file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #afjce-;h4htm or #afjce-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ f_/j_/c_/afjce_/afjce-;h_/#afjce-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ f_/j_/c_/afjce_/afjce-;h4zip7 ,,the ,,food ,,of ,,the ,,gods ,greek3 ,theo ,broma ,a ,popular ,account of ,cocoa by ,,brandon ,,head ,london3 ,r4 ,brimley ,johnson #d1 ,adam ,street1 ,adelphi1 ,w4,c4 #aijc ,illustration--,colour ,plate3 ,,east ,,indian ,,coolies ,,on ,a ,,trinidad ,,cacao ,,estate ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,its ,,nature #a ,,ii4 ,,its ,,growth ,,and ,,cultivation #be ,,iii4 ,,its ,,manufacture #de ,,iv4 ,,its ,,history #ga ,v4 ,,its ,,sources ,,and ,,varieties #ia ,appendices3 ,,ancient ,,manufacture ,,of ,,cocoa #ajc ,,bournville ,,works ,,suggestion ,,scheme #ajf ,,the ,,early ,,cocoa ,,houses #aji ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,and ,,maps4 ,,page ,,east ,,indian ,,coolies ,,of ,a ,,trinidad ,,cacao ,,estate 7,,coloured7 frontispiece ,,ceylon1 ,a ,,hill ,,cacao ,,estate to face #a ,,make ,a ,,cup ,,of ,,cocoa ,,in ,,perfection 7see p4 #ai7 #a ,,cacao ,,trees1 ,,trinidad to face #c ,,ancient ,,mexican ,,drinking ,,cups #d ,,molinillo1 ,,or ,,chocolate ,,whisk #e ,,cacao ,,harvest1 ,,trinidad to face #g ,,the ,,coco-,,nut ,,palm #h ,,coco-,,de-,,mer #i ,,leaves ,,and ,,flower ,,of ,,the ,,cuca ,,shrub #aj ,,gathering ,,cacao3 ,,santa ,,cruz1 ,,trinidad to face #aa ,,pure ,,decorticated ,,cocoa1 ,,magnified #ab ,,adulterated ,,cocoa1 ,,magnified #ac ,,how ,,the ,,cacao ,,grows to face #ag ,,cacao ,,crop1 ,,trinidad #ba ,,analytical ,,apparatus #bj ,,cacao ,,pods 7,,coloured7 to face #be ,,cacao ,,harvesting #be ,,ceylon1 ,,nursery ,,of ,,cacao ,,seedlings to face #bg ,,samoa3 ,,cacao ,,in ,,its ,,fourth ,,year #bi ,,young ,,cacao ,,cultivation ,,with ,,catch ,,crop #cj ,,pods ,,of ,,cacao ,,theobroma #ca ,,varieties ,,of ,,the ,,cacao to face #cb ,,the ,,home ,,of ,,the ,,cacao #ce ,,ortinola1 ,,maracas1 ,,trinidad #cf ,,goulet ,,and ,,wooden ,,spoon #cg ,,cutlasses #cg ,,cacao ,,drying ,,in ,,the ,,sun to face #ci ,,labourers' ,,cottage1 ,,cacao ,,estate #dj ,,baskets ,,of ,,cacao ,,on ,,plantain ,,leaves #da ,,cacao ,,tree ,,and ,,seedling 7,,coloured7 to face #dc ,,bournville3 ,,the ,,factory ,,in ,a ,,garden #de ,,on ,,arrival ,,at ,,the ,,factory #de ,,office ,,buildings to face #dg ,,cricket ,,pavilion #di ,,girls' ,,dining-,,hall #ea ,,boot-,,shelf ,,on ,,stool #ec ,,the ,,dinner ,,hour to face #ed ,,laburnam ,,road #eh ,,packing-,,room #fj ,,suggestion ,,box #fb ,,linden ,,road to face #fc ,,fishing ,,pool #fd ,,almshouses #fg ,,section ,,of ,a ,,cocoa ,,factory 7,,coloured7 #fi ,,american ,,indian ,,with ,,chocolate ,,pot #ga ,,native ,,americans ,,preparing ,,cocoa to face #gb ,a ,,cacao ,,plantation #ge ,,grenada3 ,,cacao ,,drying ,,on ,,trays to face #gg ,,mexican ,,drinking-,,vessels ,,and ,,whisk #gh ,,cacao ,,tree1 ,,trinidad to face #hj ,,mexican ,,cocoa ,,whisk #hc ,,white',s ,,cocoa ,,house to face #hg ,,chart ,,of ,,cocoa-,,producing ,,countries 7,,coloured7 to face #ia ,,sacks ,,of ,,cacao ,,beans #ia ,,maracas ,,valley1 ,,trinidad #ib ,,map ,,of ,,trinidad 7,,coloured7 #ie ,,grenada1 ,,british ,,west ,,indies #if ,,cacao ,,estate1 ,,grenada to face #if ,,map ,,of ,,principe #ig ,s4 ,,thome #ih ,,ceylon3 ,,carting ,,cacao ,,to ,,rail to face #ii ,,map ,,of ,,ceylon #ii ,,samoa #ajj ,,samoa1 ,,clearing ,,for ,,cacao to face #ajj ,,mexican ,,grinding-,,stone #ajd ,illustration--,black ,white ,plate3 ,ceylon3 ,a ,hill ,cacao ,estate4 ,,the ,,food ,,of ,,the ,,gods4 ,i4 ,,its ,,nature4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,make ,a ,,cup ,,of ,,cocoa ,,in ,,perfection ,when one thinks of the marvellously nourishing and stimulating virtue of cocoa1 and of the exquisite and irresistible dainties prepared from it1 one cannot wonder that the great ,linnaeus should have named it theo broma1 the food of the gods4 ,no other natural product1 with the exception of milk1 can be said to serve equally well as food or drink1 or to possess nourishing and stimulating properties in such well-adjusted proportions4 ,few1 however1 realize that in its stimulating properties cocoa ranks ahead of coffee1 though below tea4 ,as a matter of fact1 the active principles of all three are alkaloids1 practically identical and equally effective4#a ,each derives its value from its influence on the nervous system1 which it stimulates1 while checking the waste of tissue1 but the cocoa-bean provides in addition solid food to replace wasted tissue4 ,it is1 indeed1 so closely allied in composition to pure dried milk1 that in this respect there is little to choose between an absolutely pure cocoa essence and the natural fluid4#b ,it is this which makes it invaluable as an alternative food for invalids or infants4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,cacao ,trees1 ,trinidad4 ,an early ,english writer on this valuable product spoke truly when he remarked3 ,all the ,american travellers have written such panegyricks1 that ,i should degrade this royal liquor if ,i should offer any2 yet several of these curious travellers and physicians do agree in this1 that the cocoa has a wonderful faculty of quenching thirst1 allaying hectick heats1 of nourishing and fattening the body4 ,a modern writer#c affords the same testimony in a more practical form when he records that3 ,cocoa is of domestic drinks the most alimentary2 it is without any exception the cheapest food that we can conceive1 as it may be literally termed meat and drink1 and were our half-starved artisans and over-worked factory children induced to drink it1 instead of the in-nutritious beverage called tea1 its nutritive qualities would soon develop themselves in their improved looks and more robust condition4 ,such a drink well deserved the treatment it received at the hands of the ,mexicans to whom we are indebted for it4 ,at the royal banquets frothing chocolate was served in golden goblets with finely wrought golden or tortoise-shell spoons4 ,the froth in this case was of the consistency of honey1 so that when eaten cold it would gradually dissolve in the mouth4 ,here is a luscious suggestion for twentieth century housewives1 handed to them from five hundred years ago6 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,ancient ,,mexican ,,drinking ,,cups4 7,british ,museum47 ,in health or sickness1 infancy or age1 at home or on our travels1 nothing is so generally useful1 so sustaining and invigorating4 ,far better than the majority of vaunted substitutes for human milk as an infant's food1 to supplement what other milk may be available2 incomparable as a family drink for breakfast or supper1 when both tea and coffee are really out of place unless the latter is nearly all milk2 prepared as chocolate to eat on journeys1 and in many other ways1 cocoa is a constant stand-by4 ,travelling in ,eastern deserts on mule-back1 the present writer has never been without a tin of cocoa essence if he could help it1 as1 whatever straits he might be put to for provisions1 so long as he had this and water1 refreshment was possible1 and whenever milk was available he had command in his lonely tent of a luxury unsurpassed in ,paris or ,london4 ,for the sustenance of invalids he has found nothing better in the home-land than a nightly cup of cocoa essence boiled with milk4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,molinillo 7,,little ,,mill7 ,,or ,,chocolate ,,whisk4 ,add to these experiences a love for the flavour which dates from childhood1 and his admiration for this food of the gods will be appreciated1 even if not sympathized in1 by the few who have escaped its spell4 ,its value in the eyes of practical as well as scientific men is sufficiently demonstrated by its increasing use in naval and military commissariats1 in hospitals1 and in public institutions of all classes4 ,in the ,british ,navy1 which down to #ahcj consumed more cocoa than the rest of the nation together1 it is served out daily1 and in the army twice or thrice a week4 ,brillat ,savarin1 the author of the ,physiologie du ,gout1 remarks3 ,the persons who habitually take chocolate are those who enjoy the most equable and constant health1 and are least liable to a multitude of illnesses which spoil the enjoyment of life4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,a ,cacao ,harvest1 ,trinidad4 ,it certainly behoves us1 therefore1 to learn something more of such a valuable article than may be gleaned from the perusal of an advertisement1 or the instructions on a packet containing it4 ,there is something more than usually fascinating even in its history1 in all the tales regarding this treasure-trove of the ,new ,world1 and in the curious methods by which it has been treated4 ,the story of its discovery takes us into the atmosphere of the ,elizabethan period1 and into the company of ,cortes and ,columbus2 to learn of its cultivation and preparation we are transported to the glorious realms of the tropics1 and to some of the most healthful centres of labour in the old country--in one case to the model village of the ,english ,midlands4 ,it is therefore an exceedingly pleasant round that lies before us in investigating this subject1 as well as one which will afford much useful knowledge for every-day life4 ,before proceeding to a closer acquaintance with the origin of cocoa1 it may be well to clear the ground of possible misconceptions which occasionally cause confusion4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,the ,,coco-,,nut ,,palm4 ,first1 there is the word cocoa itself1 an unfortunate inversion of the name of the tree from which it is derived1 the cacao4#d ,a still more unfortunate corruption is that of coco-nut to cocoa-nut1 which is altogether inexcusable4 ,in this case it is therefore quite correct to drop the concluding a1 as the coco-nut has nothing whatever to do with cocoa or the cacao1 being the fruit of a palm#e in every way distinct from it1 as will be seen from the accompanying illustration4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,coco-,,de-,,mer4 ,the name coco is also applied to another quite distinct fruit1 the coco-de-mer1 or sea-coco1 somewhat resembling a coco-nut in its pod1 but weighing about #bh lbs41 and likewise growing on a lofty tree2 its habitat is the ,seychelles ,islands4 ,sometimes also1 confusion arises between the cacao and the coca or cuca1#f a small shrub like a blackthorn1 also widely cultivated in ,central ,america1 from the leaves of which the powerful narcotic cocaine is extracted4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,leaves ,,and ,,flower ,,of ,,the ,,cuca ,,shrub4 ,in the second place1 the name cocoa1 which is strictly applicable only to the pure ground nib or its concentrated essence1 is sometimes unjustifiably applied to preparations of cocoa with starch1 alkali1 sugar1 etc41 which it would be more correct to describe as chocolate powder1 chocolate being admittedly a confection of cocoa with other substances and flavourings4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,gathering ,cacao3 ,santa ,cruz1 ,trinidad4 ,chocolate is1 therefore1 a much wider term than cocoa1 embracing both the food and the drink prepared from the cacao1 and is the ,mexican name1 chocolatl1 slightly modified1 having nothing to do with the word cacao1 in ,mexican cacauatl4#g ,in the ,new ,world it was compounded of cacao1 maize1 and flavourings to which the ,spaniards1 on discovering it1 added sugar1 cinnamon1 vanilla1 and other ingredients1 such as musk and ambergris1 cloves and nutmegs1 almonds and pistachios1 anise1 and even red peppers or chillies4 ,sometimes1 says a treatise on ,the ,natural ,history of ,chocolate1 ,china quinine and assa foetida82 and sometimes steel and rhubarb1 may be added for young and green ladies4 ,in our own times it is unfortunately common to add potato-starch1 arrowroot1 etc41 to the cocoa1 and yet to sell it by the name of the pure article4 ,such preparations thicken in the cup1 and are preferred by some under the mistaken impression that this is a sign of its containing more nutriment instead of less4 ,although not so wholesome1 there could be no objection to these additions so long as the preparations were not labelled cocoa1 and were sold at a lower price4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,pure ,,decorticated ,,cocoa1 ,,highly ,,magnified4 ,such adulteration is rendered possible by the presence in the bean of a large proportion of fatty matter or cocoa-butter1 which renders it too rich for most digestions4 ,to overcome this difficulty one or other of two methods is available3 7#a7 ,lowering the percentage of fat by the addition of starch1 sugar1 etc42 or 7#b7 removing a large proportion of the fat by some extractive process2 this latter method being in every respect preferable to that first mentioned4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,cocoa ,,adulterated ,,with ,,arrowroot ,,or ,,potato ,,starch4 ,in order to avoid the expense and trouble consequent on the latter process1 some manufacturers add alkali1 by which means the free fatty acids are saponified1 and the fat is held in a state of emulsion1 thus giving the cocoa a false appearance of solubility4 ,another effect of the alkali is to impart to the beverage a much darker colour1 from its action on the natural red colouring matter of the cocoa1 this darkening being often taken1 unfortunately1 as indicative of increased strength4 ,on this account the presence of added alkali should be regarded as an adulteration1 unless notified on the package in which the cocoa is contained4 ,a more subtle treatment with alkali for the same purpose is the addition to the pulverized bean of carbonate of ammonia1 or caustic ammonia4 ,this is afterwards volatilized by the application of heat4 ,scents and flavourings are then added to disguise their smell and taste4 ,besides these combinations of cocoa with starch1 sugar1 etc41 and cocoa treated with alkali1 there are now found on the market mixtures of cocoa with such substances as kola1 malt1 hops1 etc41 sold under strange-sounding names1 reminding one of the many mixtures that are made up as medicines rather than food4 ,while the substances thus incorporated are of value in their place1 they possess no virtues which are absent from the pure cocoa1 and cannot be in any way considered an improvement of cocoa as food4 ,the sooner this practice of drug taking under cover of diet comes to an end the better it will be for the national health4 ,formerly ,venetian red1 umber1 peroxide of iron1 and even brick-dust1 were employed to produce a cheaper article1 but modern science and legislation combined have rendered such practices almost impossible4 ,as early as the reign of ,george ,,iii4 an ,act#h was passed1 providing that1 if any article made to resemble cocoa shall be found in the possession of any dealer1 under the name of ',american cocoa' or ',english cocoa1' or any other name of cocoa1 it shall be forfeited1 and the dealer shall forfeit ,l#ajj4 ,yet this ,act was allowed to become so much a dead letter that in #ahea the ,lancet published the analysis of fifty-six preparations sold as cocoa1 of which only eight were free from adulteration4 ,in some of the soluble cocoas1 the adulteration was as high as #fe per cent41 potato starch in one case forming #ej per cent4 of the sample4 ,the majority of the samples were found to be coloured with mineral or earthy pigments1 and specimens treated with red lead are on exhibition at ,south ,kensington4 ,the inclusion of the husk or shell in some of the cheaper forms of chocolate is another reprehensible practice 7strongly condemned71 as they do not possess the qualities for which the kernel or nib is so highly prized4 ,to prevent this practice it was enacted in #aggj that the shells or husks should be seized or destroyed1 and the officer seizing them rewarded up to #bjs4 per hundredweight4 ,from these a light1 but not unpalatable1 table decoction is still prepared in ,ireland and elsewhere1 under the designation of miserables4 ,among other beverages which have from time to time been produced from the cacao was a fermented drink much in vogue at the ,mexican ,court1 to which it appears from the accounts of the conquest that ,montezuma was addicted1 as after the hot dishes 7#cjj in number7 had been removed1 every now and then was handed to him a golden pitcher filled with a kind of liquor made from cacao1 which is very exciting4 ,one variety1 called zaca1 drunk by the ,itzas1 consisted of cocoa mixed with a fermented liquor prepared from maize2 but a more harmless invention was a drink composed of cocoa-butter and maize4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,photgraph3 ,how the ,cacao ,grows4 7,showing ,leaf1 ,flower1 and ,fruit47 ,there remain three forms in which pure cocoa may be prepared as a beverage3 #a4 ,cocoa-nibs4--,the natural broken segments of the roasted cocoa-bean1 after the shell has been removed1 prepared for table as an infusion by prolonged simmering4 ,it is strange that this ridiculous and wasteful means is still in use at all1 as next to none of the valuable portions of the nib are extracted4 ,the quantity of matter removed by the hot water is so small1 that close upon #ij per cent1 of the nourishing and feeding constituents are left behind in the undissolved sediment1 the substances extracted being principally salts and colouring matters4 ,one can but suppose that the long habit of drinking an infusion from coffee-beans and tea-leaves has fixed in the mind the erroneous idea that the substance of the cocoa-bean is also valueless4 ,the fact remains1 however1 that it is still customary at some hydropathic establishments1 and perhaps in a few other instances1 for doctors to order nibs for their patient1 which may sometimes be accounted for by injury having resulted from drinking one of the many faked cocoas offered for sale2 the order for nibs being a despairing effort to obtain the genuine article4 #b4 ,consolidated ,nibs--i4e41 cocoa-nibs ground between heated stones1 whence it flows in a paste of the consistency of cream1 which1 when cool1 hardens into a cake containing all the cocoa-butter4 ,cocoa in this form 7mixed with sugar before cooling7 is served in the ,british ,navy--a somewhat wasteful and inconvenient practice1 as when stirred1 the excess of fat at once floats to the top of the cup1 and is generally removed with a spoon1 to make the drink more appetising4 #c4 ,cocoa ,essence4--,this is the same article as ,no4 #b1 with about #fj per cent1 of the natural butter removed2 consequently the proportion of albuminous and stimulating elements is greatly increased4 ,it is prepared instantly by pouring boiling water upon it1 thus forming a light beverage with all the strength and flesh-forming constituents of the decorticated bean4#i ,chemical analysis of cacao-nibs and cocoa essence shows them to contain on an average3 ,cacao-nibs4 ,cocoa ,essence4 ,cocoa-butter #ej parts4 #cj parts4 ,albuminoid substances #af #bb ,carbohydrates 7sugar1 starch1 and digestible cellulose7 #ba #cj ,theobromine #a4e #b ,salts #c4e #e ,other constituents #h #aa ------ ------ #ajj #ajj ,the cocoa-butter when clarified is of a pale yellow colour1 and as it melts at about #ij deg4 ,f4 it is of great value for pharmaceutical purposes1 especially as it only becomes rancid when subjected to excessive heat and light1 as to the direct rays of the sun4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,analytical ,,apparatus4 ,the albuminoid or nitrogenous constituents will be seen to form about a sixth of the whole nib1 or more than a fifth of the cocoa essence1 and to their presence is due the fact that absolutely pure cocoa is such a remarkable flesh-former4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,cacao ,crop1 ,trinidad4 ,the carbohydrates1 producing warmth and fat1 are also important food substances1 the proportion of which1 while forming about a fifth of the whole bean1 rises to close upon a third of the essence4 ,cocoa also contains a volatile oil1 from which it derives its peculiar and delicious aroma4 ,thus nearly nine-tenths of the cacao-bean may be assimilated by the digestive organs1 while three-fourths of tea and coffee are thrown away as waste4 ,for the same bulk1 therefore1 cocoa is said to yield thirteen times the nutriment of tea1 and four and a half times that of coffee4 ,its value as a substitute for mother's milk has already been alluded to1 but may well be emphasized by a quotation from a paper read before the ,surgical ,society of ,ireland in #ahgg by one of its ,fellows1 ,mr4 ,faussett3 ,without presuming to pass any judgment on the many artificial substitutes which1 on alleged chemical and scientific principles1 have from time to time been pressed forward under the notice of the profession and the public to take the place of mother's milk1 ,i beg to call attention to a very cheap and simple article which is easily procurable--viz41 cocoa1 and which1 when pure and deprived of an excess of fatty matter1 may safely be relied on1 as cocoa in the natural state abounds in a number of valuable nutritious principles1 in fact1 in every material necessary for the growth1 development1 and sustenance of the body4 ,after giving some remarkable cases of children being restored from the last stage of exhaustion by its use1 and continued through the whole period of infancy1 with the effect of their becoming fine1 healthy children1 he concluded by saying3 ,i beg therefore respectfully to commend cocoa1 as an article of infant's food1 to the notice of my professional brethren1 especially those who1 holding office under the ,poor ,laws1 have such large and extensive opportunities of testing its value4 ,as a beverage for mothers or nurses cocoa is recommended by ,dr4 ,milner ,fothergill1 in his work on ,the ,food we ,eat1 in preference to porter1 stout or ale1 an opinion now becoming generally adopted4 ,it may1 therefore1 be regarded as the indispensable1 all-round nursery food1 if not the constant stand-by of the family4 ,that it is as nutritious for old as well as young we have an interesting proof in the fact that the first ,englishman born in ,jamaica1 ,colonel ,montague ,james1 who lived to the age of #ajd1 took scarcely any food but cocoa and chocolate for the last thirty years of his life4 ,for athletes and all who desire the development of the muscular tissues1 its use is most beneficial4 ,professor ,cavill1 in his celebrated swim from ,southampton to ,portsmouth1 and his nearly successful attempt to swim across the ,english ,channel1 considered it to be the most concentrated and sustaining food he could use for that trying test of endurance4 ,in his ,treatise on ,food and ,dietetics1 ,dr4 ,pavy remarks that3 ,containing1 as pure cocoa does1 twice as much nitrogenous matter1 and twenty-five times as much fatty matter as wheaten flour1 with a notable quantity of starch1 and an agreeable aroma to tempt the palate1 it cannot be otherwise than a valuable alimentary material4 ,it has been compared in this respect to milk4 ,it conveniently furnishes a large amount of agreeable nourishment in a small bulk1 and1 taken with bread1 will suffice1 in the absence of any other food1 to furnish a good repast4 ,indeed1 the value of cocoa as food for ordinary mortals as well as for mythical beings cannot be better summed up than in the words of ,professor ,lankester1 ,superintendent of the ,food ,collections at ,south ,kensington1 who declares3 ,it can hardly be regarded as a substitute for tea and coffee2 it is1 in fact1 a substitute for all other kinds of food1 and when taken with some form of bread1 little or nothing else need be added at a meal4 ,the same may be said of chocolate4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,according to ,drs4 ,playfair and ,lankester3 ,tea contains #c per cent4 theine4 ,coffee #a #c_/d caffeine4 ,cocoa #b theobromine4 ,probably the proportion of caffeine in coffee would be more correctly stated as #a #a_/d per cent4 ,theine and caffeine are identical1 but theobromine 7,c#g;,h#h,n#d,o#b7 differs from both in the greater proportion of nitrogen which it contains4 #b ,dr4 ,johnson's analysis3 ,dried milk #ce ,cocoa essence #cd #c_/d ,flesh formers in ,cocoa-nibs #bc _/ each hundred parts4 ,best ,french chocolates #aa _/ #c ,mr4 ,o4,l4 ,symonds1 ,commercial ,products of the ,vegetable ,kingdom4 #d ,the ,cacao theobroma4 ,there are several other varieties of cacao1 but none of them produce the famous food4 #e ,the ,cocos nucifera1 or nut-bearing coco4 #f ,erythroxylon coca4 #g ,or1 as otherwise written1 cacava quahuitl4 #h #aj ,george ,,iii41 c4 #aj4 #i ,to make cocoa in perfection1 for three breakfast-cups3 in a quart jug 7with rounded bottom and narrower neck by preference7 mix #a #a_/b dessert spoonfuls 7#c_/d oz47 of ,cocoa ,essence with equal bulk of powdered white sugar1 and stir to a thin paste with a little boiling water4 ,mix in an enamelled saucepan one breakfast-cup of milk with two cups of water 7cups to be about #c_/d full71 and boil with care4 ,when on the boil1 pour this over the contents of the jug1 and whisk vigorously for a few seconds 7see illustration1 p4 #a74 ,serve to table without delay4 ,to make a richer drink1 use equal parts of milk and water4 ,to ensure the beverage being served as hot as possible1 it is desirable to warm the jug before the cocoa is put into it4 ,the effect of this method of preparation is to impart to the cocoa a more mellow taste1 and to produce a deep froth on the surface1 giving it a most appetizing appearance4 ,the thorough mixing to which the cocoa is subjected also materially lessens the amount of sediment in the bottom of the cup4 ,illustration--,colour ,plate3 ,,cacao ,,pods ,,ii4 ,,its ,,growth ,,and ,,cultivation4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,cacao ,,harvesting4 ,cocoa is now grown in many parts of the tropics1 reference to which is made in another chapter4 ,the conditions1 however1 do not greatly vary1 and there are probably many lands in the tropical belt where it is yet unknown that possess soil well suited to its extended cultivation4 ,the cacao-tree grows wild in the forests of ,central ,america1 and varieties have been found also in ,jamaica and other ,west ,indian islands1 and in ,south ,america4 ,it does not thrive more than fifteen degrees north or south of the equator1 and even within these limits it is not very successfully grown more than #fjj feet above the sea-level2 in many districts where sugar formerly monopolized the plains1 it was supposed that cocoa needed an altitude of at least #bjj feet1 but experiments of planting on the old sugar estates and other low-lying places are generally successful where the soil is good1 as in ,trinidad1 ,cuba1 and ,british ,guiana4 ,it has been found that the expense saved in roads1 labour1 and transit on the level has been very considerable in comparison with that incurred on some of the hill estates4 ,in appearance the cacao-tree is not greatly unlike one of our own orchard trees1 and trained by the pruning knife it grows similar in shape to a well-kept apple tree1 no very low boughs being left1 so that a man on horseback can generally pass freely down the long glades4 ,left to nature1 it will in good soil reach a height of over twenty feet1 and its branches will extend for ten feet from the centre4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,ceylon3 ,nursery of ,cacao ,seedlings in ,baskets of plaited ,palm ,leaf4 ,the best soil is that made by the decomposition of volcanic rock1 so that it is a common sight to find areas strewn with large boulders turned into a cocoa plantation of great fertility2 but the best trees of all lie along the vegas which intersect the hills1 where the soil is deep1 and the stream winding among the trees supplies natural irrigation4 ,the tree also grows well in loams and the richer marls1 but will not thrive on clay and other heavy soils4 ,the cacao is one of the tenderest of tropical growths1 and will not flourish in any exposed position1 for which reason large shade belts are left along exposed ridges and other parts of a hill estate1 thus greatly reducing the total area under cultivation1 in comparison with an estate of equal extent on the level plains1 where no shade belts are necessary4 ,the beans are planted either at stake1--when three beans are put in round each stake1 the one thriving best after the first year being left to mature1--or from nursery1 whence1 after a few months' growth in bamboo or palm-leaf baskets1 they are transplanted into the clearing4 ,the preparation of the land is the first and greatest expense2 trees have to be felled1 and bush cut down and spread over the land1 so that the sun can quickly render it combustible4 ,when all is clear1 the cacao is put in among a catch crop of vegetables 7the cassava1 tania1 pigeon-pea1 and others71 and frequently bananas1 though1 as taking more nutriment from the soil1 they are sometimes objected to4 ,but the seedling cacao needs a shade1 and as it is some years before it comes into bearing1 it is usual to plant the catch crop for the sake of a small return on the land1 as well as to meet this need4 ,in ,trinidad1 at the same time that the cacao#aj is planted at about twelve feet centres1 large forest trees are also planted at from fifty to sixty feet centres1 to provide permanent shade4 ,the tree most used for this purpose is the ,bois ,immortelle 7,erythrina umbrosa72 but others are also employed1 and experiments are now being made on some estates to grow rubber as a shade tree4 ,in recent clearings in ,samoa1 trees are left standing at intervals to serve this end4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,samoa3 ,cacao in its fourth ,year4 ,in ,grenada1 ,british ,west ,indies1 and some other districts1 shade is entirely dispensed with1 and the trees are planted at about eight feet centres1 thus forming a denser foliage4 ,by this means at least #ejj trees will be raised on an acre1 against less than #cjj in ,trinidad1 the result showing almost invariably a larger output from the ,grenada estates4 ,this practice is better suited to steep hillside plantations than to those in open valleys or on the plains4 ,the cacao leaves1 at first a tender yellowish-brown1 ultimately turn to a bright green1 and attain a considerable size1 often fourteen to eighteen inches in length1 sometimes even larger4 ,the tree is subject to scale insects1 which attack the leaf1 also to grubs1 which quickly rot the limbs and trunks1 this last being at one time a very serious pest in ,ceylon4 ,if left to ,nature the trees are quickly covered lichen1 moss1 vines1 ferns1 and innumerable parasitic growths1 and the cost of keeping an estate free from all the natural enemies which would suck the strength of the tree and lessen the crop is very great4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,young ,cultivation1 with catch ,crop of ,bananas1 ,cassava1 and ,tania3 ,trinidad4 ,the cacao will bloom in its third year1 but does not bear fruit till its fourth or fifth4 ,the flower is small1 out of all proportion to the size of the mature fruit4 ,little clusters of these tiny pink and yellow blossoms show in many places along the old wood of the tree1 often from the upright trunk itself1 and within a few inches of the ground2 they are extremely delicate1 and a planter will be satisfied if every third or fourth produces fruit4 ,in dry weather or cold1 or wind1 the little pods only too quickly shrivel into black shells2 but if the season be good they as quickly swell1 till1 in the course of three or four months1 they develop into full grown pods from seven to twelve inches long4 ,during the last month of ripening they are subject to the attack of a fresh group of enemies--squirrels1 monkeys1 rats1 birds1 deer1 and others1 some of them particularly annoying1 as it is often found that when but a small hole has been made1 and a bean or so extracted1 the animal passes on to similarly attack another pod2 such pods rot at once4 ,snakes generally abound in the cacao regions1 and are never killed1 being regarded as the planter's best friends1 from their hostility to his animal foes4 ,a boa will probably destroy more than the most zealous hunter's gun4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,pods ,,of ,,cacao ,,theobroma4 ,from its twelfth to its sixtieth year1 or later1 each tree will bear from fifty to a hundred and fifty pods1 according to the season1 each pod containing from thirty-six to forty-two beans4 ,eleven pods will produce about a pound of cured beans1 and the average yield of a large estate will be1 in some cases1 four hundredweight per acre1 in others1 twice as much4 ,the trees bear nearly all the year round1 but only two harvests are gathered1 the most abundant from ,november to ,january1 known as the ,christmas crop1 and a smaller picking about ,june1 known as the ,st4 ,john's crop4 ,the trees throw off their old leaves about the time of picking1 or soon after2 should the leaves change at any other time1 the young flower and fruit will also probably wither4 ,of the many varieties of the cacao1 the best known are the criollo1 forastero1 and calabacilla4 ,the criollo 7native7 fruit is of average size1 characterized by a pinched neck and a curving point4 ,this is the best kind1 though not the most productive2 it is largely planted in ,venezuela1 ,columbia and ,ceylon1 and produces a bean light in colour and delicate in flavour4 ,the forastero 7foreign7 pod is long and regular in shape1 deeply furrowed1 and generally of a rough surface4 ,the calabacilla 7little calabash7 is smooth and round1 like the fruit after which it is named4 ,all varieties are seen in bearing with red1 yellow1 purple1 and sometimes green pods1 the colour not being necessarily an indication of ripeness4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,varieties of the ,cacao4 ,on breaking open the pod1 the beans are seen clinging in a cluster round a central fibre1 the whole embedded in a white sticky pulp1 through which the red skin of the cacao-bean shows a delicate pink4 ,the pulp has the taste of acetic acid1 refreshing in a hot climate1 but soon dries if exposed to the sun and air4 ,the pod or husk is of a porous1 woody nature1 from a quarter to half an inch thick1 which1 when thrown aside on warm moist soil1 rots in a day or two4 ,much has been written of life on a cocoa estate2 and all who have enjoyed the proverbial hospitality of a ,west ,indian or ,ceylon planter1 highly praise the conditions of their life4 ,the description of an estate in the northern hills of ,trinidad will serve as an example4 ,the other industry of this island is sugar1 in cultivating which the coloured labourers work in the broiling sun1 as near to the steaming lagoon as they may in safety venture4 ,later on in the season the long rows between the stifling canes have to be hoed2 then1 when the time of crop arrives1 the huge mills in the usine are set in motion1 and for the longest possible hours of daylight the workers are in the field1 loading mule-cart or light railway with massive canes4 ,in the yard around the crushing-mills the shouting drivers bring their mule-teams to the mouth of the hopper1 and the canes are bundled into the crushing rollers with lightning speed4 ,the mills run on into the night1 and the hours of sleep are only those demanded by stern necessity1 until the crop is safely reaped and the last load of canes reduced to shredded megass and dripping syrup4 ,but upon the cocoa estate there is lasting peace4 ,from the railway on the plain we climb the long valley1 our strong-boned mule or lithe ,spanish horse taking the long slopes at a pleasant amble1 standing to cool in the ford of the river we cross and re-cross1 or plucking the young shoots of the graceful bamboos so often fringing our path4 ,villages and straggling cottages1 with palm thatch and adobe walls1 are passed1 orange or bread-fruit shading the little garden1 and perhaps a mango towering over all4 ,the proprietor is still at work on the plantation1 but his wife is preparing the evening meal1 while the children1 almost naked1 play in the sunshine4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,the ,home of the ,cacao4 7,one of ,messrs4 ,cadburys' ,estates1 ,maracas1 ,trinidad47 ,the cacao-trees of neighbouring planters come right down to the ditch by the roadside1 and beneath dense foliage1 on the long rows of stems hang the bright glowing pods4 ,above all towers the bois immortelle1 called by the ,spaniards la madre del cacao1 the mother of the cacao4 ,in ,january or ,february the immortelle sheds its leaves and bursts into a crown of flame-coloured blossom4 ,as we reach the shoulder of the hill1 and look down on the cacao-filled hollow1 with the immortelle above all1 it is a sea of golden glory1 an indescribably beautiful scene4 ,now we note at the roadside a plant of dragon's blood1 and if we peer among the trees there is another just within sight2 this1 therefore1 is the boundary of two estates4 ,at an opening in the trees a boy slides aside the long bamboos which form the gateway1 and a short canter along a grass track brings us to the open savanna or pasture around the homestead4 ,here are grazing donkeys1 mules1 and cattle1 while the chickens run under the shrubs for shelter1 reminding one of home4 ,the house is surrounded with crotons and other brilliant plants1 beyond which is a rose garden1 the special pride of the planter's wife4 ,if the sun has gone down behind the western hills1 the boys will come out and play cricket in the hour before sunset4 ,these savannas are the beauty-spots of a country clothed in woodland from sea-shore to mountain-top4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,ortinola1 ,maracas1 ,trinidad4 ,next morning we are awaked by a blast from a conch-shell4 ,it is #f4cj1 and the mist still clings in the valley2 the sun will not be over the hills for another hour or more1 so in the cool we join the labourers on the mule-track to the higher land1 and for a mile or more follow a stream into the heart of the estate4 ,if it is crop-time1 the men will carry a goulet--a hand of steel1 mounted on a long bamboo--by the sharp edges of which the pods are cut from the higher branches without injury to the tree4 ,men and women all carry cutlasses1 the one instrument needful for all work on the estate1 serving not only for reaping the lower pods1 but for pruning and weeding1 or cutlassing1 as the process of clearing away the weed and brush is called4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,goulet ,,and ,,wooden ,,spoon4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,cutlasses4 ,gathering the pods is heavy work1 always undertaken by men4 ,the pods are collected from beneath the trees and taken to a convenient heap1 if possible near to a running stream1 where the workers can refill their drinking-cups for the mid-day meal4 ,here women sit1 with trays formed of the broad banana leaves1 on which the beans are placed as they extract them from the pod with wooden spoons4 ,the result of the day's work1 placed in panniers on donkey-back1 is crooked down to the cocoa-house1 and that night remains in box-like bins1 with perforated sides and bottom1 covered in with banana leaves4 ,every twenty-four hours these bins are emptied into others1 so that the contents are thoroughly mixed1 the process being continued for four days or more1 according to circumstances4 ,this is known as sweating4 ,day by day the pulp becomes darker1 as fermentation sets in1 and the temperature is raised to about #adj deg4 ,f4 ,during fermentation a dark sour liquid runs away from the sweat-boxes1 which is1 in fact1 a very dilute acetic acid1 but of no commercial value4 ,during the process of sweating the cotyledons of the cocoa-bean1 which are at first a purple colour and very compact in the skin1 lose their brightness for a duller brown1 and expand the skin1 giving the bean a fuller shape4 ,when dry1 a properly cured bean should crush between the finger and thumb4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,cacao ,drying in the ,sun1 ,maracas1 ,trinidad4 ,finally the beans are turned on to a tray to dry in the sun4 ,they are still sticky1 but of a brown1 mahogany colour4 ,among them are pieces of fibre and other trash1 as well as small1 undersized beans1 or balloons1 as the nearly empty shell of an unformed bean is called4 ,while a man shovels the beans into a heap1 a group of women1 with skirts kilted high1 tread round the sides of the heap1 separating the beans that still hold together4 ,then the beans are passed on to be spread in layers on trays in the full heat of the tropical sun1 the temperature being upwards of #adj deg4 ,f4#aa ,when thus spread1 the women can readily pick out the foreign matter and undersized beans4 ,two or three days will suffice to dry them1 after which they are put in bags for the markets of the world1 and will keep with but very slight loss of weight or aroma for a year or more4 ,between crops the labourers are employed in cutlassing1 pruning1 and cleaning the land and trees4 ,nearly all the work is in pleasant shade1 and none of it harder than the duties of a market gardener in our own country2 indeed1 the work is less exacting1 for daylight lasts at most but thirteen hours1 limiting the time that a man can see in the forest3 ten hours per day1 with rests for meals1 is the average time spent on the estate4 ,wages are paid once a month1 and a whole holiday follows pay-day1 when the stores in town are visited for needful supplies4 ,other holidays are not infrequent1 and between crops the slacker days give ample time for the cultivation of private gardens4 ,labourers from ,india are largely imported by the ,government under contract with the planters1 and the strictest regulations are observed in the matter of housing1 medical aid1 etc4 ,at the expiration of the term of contract 7about six years7 a free pass is granted to return to ,india1 if desired4 ,many1 however1 prefer to remain in their adopted home1 and become planters themselves1 or continue to labour on the smaller estates1 which are generally worked by free labour1 as the preparations for contracted labour are expensive1 and can only be undertaken on a large scale4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,labourer's ,cottage1 ,cacao ,estate1 ,trinidad4 7,bread ,fruit and ,bananas47 ,the natives of ,india work on very friendly terms with the coloured people of the islands1 the descendants of the old ,african slaves1 and the cocoa estate provides a healthy life for all1 with a home amid surroundings of the most congenial kind4#ab ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,baskets ,,of ,,cacao ,,on ,,plantain ,,leaves4 ,in other cocoa-growing countries processes vary somewhat4 ,on the larger estates artificial drying is slowly superseding the natural method1 for though the sun at its best is all that is needed1 a showery day will seriously interfere with the process1 even though the sliding roof is promptly pulled across to keep the rain from the trays4 ,in ,venezuela an old ,spanish custom still prevails of sprinkling a fine red earth over the beans in the process of drying2 this plan has little to recommend it1 unless it be for the purpose of long storage in warehouses in the tropics1 when the claying may protect the bean from mildew and preserve the aroma4 ,in ,ceylon it is usual to thoroughly wash the beans after the process of fermentation1 thus removing all remains of the pulp1 and rendering the shell more tender and brittle4 ,such beans arrive on the market in a more or less broken state1 and it seems probable that they are more subject to contamination owing to the thinness of the shell4 ,the best estate cocoa from ,ceylon has a very bright1 clear appearance1 and commands a high price on the ,london market2 this cocoa is of the pure criollo strain1 light brown 7pale burnt sienna7 in colour4 ,illustration--,colour ,plate3 ,,cacao ,,tree ,,and ,,seedling ,the valleys of ,trinidad and ,grenada have grown cocoa for upwards of a hundred years1 but up to the present time very little in the way of manuring has been done beyond the natural vegetable deposits of the forest4 ,in many estates of recent years cattle have been quartered in temporary pens on the hills1 moving on month by month1 with a large central pen for the stock down on the savanna4 ,the cocoa-beans are shipped to ,europe in bags containing from one to one and a half hundredweight1 and are disposed of by the ,london brokers nearly every ,tuesday in the year at a special sale in the ,commercial ,sale ,room in ,mincing ,lane4 ,the cacao-tree has sometimes been grown from seed in hot-houses in this country1 but always with difficulty1 for not only must a mean temperature of at least #hj deg4 ,f4 be maintained1 but the tree must be shielded from all draught4 ,among the most successful are the trees grown by ,mr4 ,james ,epps1 ,jun41 of ,norwood1 by whose kind permission the accompanying sketches from life were made4 ,success has only crowned his efforts after many years of patient care4 ,to grow a mere plant was comparatively simple1 but to produce even a flower needed long tending1 and involved much disappointment2 while to secure fruition by cross-fertilization was a still more difficult task1 accomplished in ,england probably on only one other occasion4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,for full information on the subject of planting1 see ,simmond's ,tropical ,agriculture 7,spon1 ,london and ,new ,york72 ,nicholl's ,tropical ,agriculture 7,macmillan74 #aa ,see plate facing p4 #gg4 #ab ,see frontispiece4 ,,iii4 ,,its ,,manufacture4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,bournville3 ,the ,factory in a ,garden4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,on ,,arrival ,,at ,,the ,,factory4 ,up to this point the operations described have taken place in the lands where cacao is produced4 ,to watch the further processes in its development as an article of food1 let us in imagination follow one of the shiploads of cacao on its sea journey from the far tropics to one of the countries of the old world1 until the sacks of beans are finally deposited at a cocoa factory4 ,an ,english factory1 that of ,messrs4 ,cadbury1 at ,bournville1 affords an excellent illustration of its manufacture1 not only because about a third of all the beans imported into this country are treated there1 but also because this treatment is effected amid ideal surroundings4 ,half a century ago ,messrs4 ,cadbury ,brothers employed but a dozen or twenty hands1 and until within the last twenty-six years the firm was established in the town of ,birmingham4 ,the need for greater accommodation for the rapidly growing business1 and a desire to secure improved conditions for the work-people1 led to the removal of the factory to a distance of about four miles south of the city4 ,a number of cottages erected for the work-people in those early days became the nucleus of a great scheme which in the last few years has expanded into the model village of ,bournville1 a name taken from the neighbouring ,bourn stream4 ,year by year the factory grew and developed1 until the green hay-fields1 with the trout stream flowing through them1 became gradually covered with buildings4 ,to-day the factory seems like a small town in itself1 intersected by streets1 and surrounded by its own railway4 ,but the greenness of the country clings wherever a chance is afforded1 ivy and other creepers adorning the brick walls1 window boxes bright with flowers1 and trees planted here and there2 for no opportunity has been neglected of making the surroundings beautiful4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,bournville ,cocoa ,works3 ,office ,buildings4 ,taking train from the city1 glimpses can be caught1 as we near our destination1 of the pretty houses and gardens of the village1 forming a great contrast to the densely populated district of ,stirchley on the other side of the line4 ,stepping on to the station1 we are greeted by a whiff of the most delicious fragrance1 which is quite enough of itself to betray the whereabouts of the great factory lying beneath us1 of which from this point we have a fairly good bird's-eye view4 ,down the station steps1 and a few yards up the lane to the left1 with a playing field on one side1 and on the other a plantation of fir-trees almost hiding the red brick and timbered gables of the office buildings1 and we have arrived at the factory lodge4 ,looking through the open door down a vista of archways bowered in clematis and climbing roses1 with an alpine rock garden at each side of the broad walk1 we might almost imagine ourselves to be at the entrance to some botanical gardens4 ,but a glance at the thousands of check hooks covering the inner wall of the lodge informs us that more than #b1djj girls pass in and out every day4 ,the men's lodge is at a separate gate4 ,before entering the works1 a few steps further along the road will give us some idea of the many advantages gained by moving the factory out into the country4 ,just opposite the lodge a sloping path leads to the cycle-house1 where some #bjj machines are stored during work hours4 ,beyond this1 in the middle of a flower garden1 stands the ,estate ,office of the ,bournville ,village ,trust1 and in the background higher up a girls' pavilion can be seen through the trees4 ,behind it stretch asphalt tennis-courts and playing-fields1 bordered by a belt of fine old trees1 under whose shade wind pretty shrubbery walks lined with rustic seats4 ,a passage under the road leads straight from the works into these beautiful grounds1 and on a summer's day few prettier sights could be found than the numbers of white-robed girls who stream across in the dinner-hour to revel in the sunshine of the open fields1 or sit in groups beneath the shady trees1 enjoying a picnic lunch4 ,a little further along the road the trees and the rhododendron bushes sweep backwards1 leaving an open space1 where a smooth lawn reaches to the front of a fine old mansion1 for many years used as a home for some fifty of the work-girls whose own homes are at a distance1 or who have no home at all4 ,the fruit gardens and vineries belonging to ,bournville ,hall are used for the benefit of work-people who are ill4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,coronation ,cricket ,pavilion1 ,bournville4 ,turning back again1 we find on the other side of the road a magnificent pavilion1 the ,coronation gift of the firm to their employees1 which overlooks the broad level stretch of one of the finest cricket grounds in the ,midlands4 ,away in the hollow beyond1 the ,bourn forms a picturesque1 shady pool1 part of which is used to make a capital open-air swimming bath for the men4 ,in the rising background are the pretty houses and the gardens of the model village4 ,still retracing our steps1 we now come to the original cottages built by the firm4 ,plainer and less picturesque than those of more modern construction1 their air of comfort1 and the creepers which cover many of their walls1 make them harmonize well with their surroundings4 ,one of them is now used as a youths' club1 providing games1 a circulating library1 and reading and lecture rooms4 ,another contains club rooms for the office staff4 ,in passing we catch sight of a fine swimming bath for the girls4 ,through the lodge and under the clematis1 a few steps bring us to the private railway-station1 which in size would do credit to many a town4 ,here trucks are loaded with finished goods and despatched to their various destinations4 ,every working day of the year a long train1 extending often in the busiest season to as many as forty truck-loads1 steams out of this station to scatter the productions of ,bournville over the face of the ,earth4 ,close by the station we turn into the offices1 where the fittings and general arrangement convey an air of refined solidity according well with the goods produced4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,girls' ,dining ,hall1 ,bournville4 ,before proceeding to study the manufacture of cocoa essence and chocolate from the bean as it is imported1 it will be interesting to see the careful provision that is made for the health and cleanliness of the workers1 for in connection with any food nothing is of greater importance than the circumstances attending its preparation4 ,a gratuitous sick club is provided by the firm for the employees1 including the services of a doctor and three trained nurses4 ,a special retiring room1 comfortably furnished1 is provided for girls needing a quiet hour's rest4 ,we are taken into the girls' dining-hall1 capable of seating over two thousand at a time1 fitted with benches1 the backs of which are convertible into table tops4 ,the far end of the dining-hall leads into the huge kitchen1 to which the girls can bring their own dinners to be cooked1 or where they can buy a large variety of things at coffee-house prices4 ,here again the health of the workers is carefully studied4 ,fruit is made a speciality1 an experienced buyer being employed to insure its better supply4 ,a private dining-room is provided for the forewomen4 ,returning to the dining-hall1 we descend a flight of steps into the spacious dressing-rooms1 with vistas of wooden screens1 filled on each side with numbered hooks4 ,here every morning the thousands of girls not only divest themselves of their outer garments1 but change their dresses for washing frocks of white holland4 ,the material for these is provided by the firm1 free for the first1 and afterwards at less than cost price1 and the girls are required to start work in a clean frock every ,monday morning4 ,it will be seen at once how this helps them to keep neat and respectable2 their strong white washing frocks only being soiled by their work1 after which they change back into their own unstained clothes1 and turn out looking as great a contrast to the usually pictured type of factory girl as can be imagined4 ,the forewomen also conform to this arrangement1 but wear washing dresses of blue cotton to distinguish them from the girls4 ,round the walls of this vast dressing-room hot-water pipes are placed1 and over these are shelves where on a rainy day wet boots can be deposited to dry4 ,specially thoughtful is the provision of rubber snow-shoes1 imported from ,america for their use1 and supplied under cost price4 ,beneath each stool1 too1 is a shelf for heavy boots1 which can be replaced in the factory by slippers4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,boot-,,shelf ,,on ,,stool4 ,mention has already been made of the provision for illness or accidents1 and of the care shown in the many arrangements for maintaining and improving the health and physical development of the girls4 ,further evidence of this is found in the airy and well-lighted work-rooms1 from which funnels and exhaust fans collect and carry off all dust1 and improve the ventilation1 so that in spite of the multitudinous operations in progress1 the whole place is kept as spick and span as a ship of the line4 ,but another aggressive sign of the firm's belief in the motto mens sana in corpore sano is the presence of a lady whose whole time is devoted to the physical culture of the girls4 ,trained in ,swedish athletics1 this lady and her assistant undertake the teaching1 not only of gymnastics1 but of swimming and numerous games4 ,every day drill classes are held1 an opportunity being thus provided for all the younger girls to attend a half-hour's lesson twice a week4 ,the result of all this thoughtful care is abundantly evident in the general air of health and comfort which pervades the whole factory1 and in the bright faces which greet us at every turn1 as we pass to and fro among the busy workers in this monster hive4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,the ,dinner ,hour1 ,bournville4 ,entering now1 and turning into the private station1 we see thousands of sacks of the freshly-imported beans being transferred to the neighbouring stores4 ,the new arrivals must first be sifted and picked over to get rid of any that may be unsound1 or of any foreign material still remaining4 ,this is accomplished by a sorting and winnowing machine1 which delivers by separate shoots the cleaned beans1 graded according to size1 and the dust and foreign matter4 ,a battery of roasters await the survivors of this operation1 which are automatically conveyed to the hoppers4 ,high-pressure steam supplies the requisite heat without waste or smoke1 and as the huge drums slowly rotate1 experienced workmen1 on whose judgment great reliance is placed1 carefully watch their contents1 and decide when precisely the right degree of roasting has been attained to secure the richest aroma4 ,then they are passed through a cooling chamber1 after which they are in condition for breaking down4 ,this consists in cracking the shells of the beans1 and releasing the kernels or nibs1 from which the shells and dust are winnowed by a powerful blast4 ,it is accomplished by carrying the beans mechanically to the cracking machine at a considerable height1 whence husks and nibs are allowed to fall before the winnower3 the separated nibs are assorted according to size4 ,some of the shells find their way to the ,emerald ,isle1 to be used by the peasants for the weak infusion called miserables4 ,now comes the important process of grinding1 performed between horizontal mill-stones1 the friction of which produces heat and melts the butter1 while it grinds the nibs till the whole mass flows1 solidifying into a brittle cake when cold4 ,the thick fluid of the consistency of treacle flowing from the grinding-mills is poured into round metal pots1 the top and bottom of which are lined with pads of felt1 and these are1 when filled1 put under a powerful hydraulic press1 which extracts a large percentage of the natural oil or butter4 ,the pressure is at first light1 but as soon as the oil begins to flow the remaining mass in the press-pot is stiffened into the nature of indiarubber1 and upon this it is safe to place any pressure that is desired4 ,as it is not advisable to extract all the butter possible1 the pressure is regulated to give the required result4 ,in the end a firm1 dry cake is taken from the press1 and when cool is ground again to the consistency of flour2 this is the cocoa essence for which the firm of ,cadbury is so well known in all parts of the world4#ac ,between cocoa and chocolate there are essential differences4 ,both are made from the cocoa nib1 but whereas in cocoa the nibs are ground separately1 and the butter extracted1 in chocolate sugar and flavourings are added to the nib1 and all are ground together into a paste1 the sugar absorbing all the superfluous butter4 ,if good quality cocoa is used1 the butter contained in the nib is all that is needful to incorporate sugar and nib into one soft chocolate paste for grinding and moulding1 but in the commoner chocolates extra cocoa butter has to be added4 ,it is a regrettable fact that some unprincipled makers are tempted to use cheaper vegetable fats as substitutes for the natural butter1 but none of these are really palatable or satisfactory in use1 and none of the leading ,british firms are guilty of using such adulterants1 or of the still more objectionable practice of grinding cocoa-shells and mixing them with their common chocolates4#ad ,flavouring is introduced according to the object in view2 vanilla is largely employed in this country1 though in ,france and ,spain cinnamon is used1 and elsewhere various spices4 ,willoughby1 in his ,travels in ,spain 7#affd71 writes3 ,to every three and a half pounds of powder they add two pounds of sugar1 twelve ,vanillos1 a little ,guiny pepper 7which is used by the ,spaniards only71 and a little ,achiote#ae to give a colour4 ,they melt the sugar1 and then mingle all together1 and work it up either in rolls or leaves4 ,another writer says3 ,the usual proportion at ,madrid to a hundred kernels of cocoa is to add two grains of ,chile pepper1 a handful of anise1 as many flowers--called by the natives vinacaxtlides1 or little ears--six white roses in powder1 a pod of campeche1#af two drachms of cinnamon1 a dozen almonds and as many hazel-nuts1 with achiote enough to give it a reddish tincture2 the sugar and vanilla are mixed at discretion1 as also the musk and ambergris4 ,they frequently work this paste with orange water1 which they think gives it a greater consistence and firmness4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,bournville ,village3 ,laburnum ,road4 ,when the chocolate is sufficiently ground it is put into a stove to attain the correct temperature1 and is then passed on to a moulding-table1 where it is pressed into tin moulds1 and shaken till it settles4 ,after passing through a refrigerating chamber1 the contents of these moulds are ready as cakes of hard chocolate for putting up in the well-known blue ,mexican1 or the dark-red ,milk1 packets4 ,it would1 of course1 be interesting to proceed to an inspection of the many processes involved in making all the dainties that are prepared with chocolate1 and of the numerous trades concerned in the production of packages1 boxes1 and fancy cases1 did space permit4 ,room after room might be visited1 bright in the daylight1 or equally well lighted by electricity at night1 humming with busy machines2 some peopled with girls--among whom only men wearing a certain badge on their arms are allowed--some with men and boys1 but all vibrating with a genial air of content as well as of busy occupation4 ,suffice it to say that half the handicrafts of the town seem represented in this centre of industry1 in every department of which order and cheerfulness reign supreme4 ,each would require a chapter to do it justice1 for everything employed in packing seems to be made on the premises1 and that1 too1 on a system of piece-work paid for1 not at the lowest possible price1 but on the basis of securing a satisfactory living wage to the average worker4 ,no wonder the faces around are bright1 no wonder that openings at the ,bournville factory are in demand1 and that long service for the firm is the boast of so many of the employees4 ,among these1 a little band of about thirty still upholds the traditions of the old firm that laid the foundations of the present company in the city of ,birmingham4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,packing ,room1 ,bournville4 ,the work hours are forty-eight each week1 and the wages depend both on age and length of service1 no man of twenty-three years of age and over twelve months' service receiving less than #bds4 weekly4 ,there are no deductions for sick club or fines1 the sick fund1 as before stated1 being a free gift from the company4 ,offences and late time are entered in a record book1 and an opportunity is given to wipe off all past records by two years' good service4 ,the ,athletic ,club1 with over #ejj voluntary subscribers1 runs three cricket1 four football1 and two hockey teams1 besides bowling1 tennis1 swimming1 and other sports4 ,one of the most interesting events of the ,cricket ,club is the annual match with a team representing ,messrs4 ,fry and ,sons1 of ,bristol1 the oldest established cocoa firm in this country4 ,in friendly opposition to the ,bournville ,club are the teams drawn from the ,youths' ,club1 and other outside organizations4 ,a summer camp of over a hundred boys has been successfully held at the seaside for some years past4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,suggestion ,,box4 ,the recent introduction of the system of suggestion-boxes throughout the works has been a great success4 ,all employees are invited to make suggestions1 which are dealt with each week by two committees1 one for the men and one for the girls4 ,prizes amounting to about ,l#hj are offered every half-year for the best suggestions4 ,during the first seven months of operation over #a1jjj suggestions were received1 a very large percentage of which were found sufficiently useful to be adopted4 ,the result has been to draw all sections closer together1 as each feels sure of getting due credit for original ideas4 ,many important alterations in organization and methods of working have been carried into effect1 entirely owing to this scheme4#ag ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,bournville ,village3 ,linden ,road4 ,in order to encourage thrift 7at the same time insuring privacy71 a ,savings ,fund on a novel system has been working successfully for several years at ,bournville4 ,the fund was opened in ,jubilee year by gifts of ,l#a to each employee who had been three years in the service of the firm1 and #ajs4 to those employed for a shorter time4 ,deposits are received1 and amounts withdrawn in the usual way during the year1 through collectors in each department1 the depositors' cards being called in quarterly for audit4 ,at the end of each financial year1 in ,may1 interest at the rate of four per cent4 is added to the amount standing to the credit of each depositor1 and the whole amount paid over to the ,post ,office ,savings ,bank4 ,at this time also1 ,post ,office officials attend at the works1 and enter the amounts to the credit of each depositor1 issuing new ,post ,office ,savings books where necessary4 ,this system secures absolute privacy for the permanent savings1 and places the fund upon a secure basis4 ,as some evidence that the scheme is appreciated1 it may be stated that the total balance transferred to the ,post ,office ,savings ,bank has averaged over ,l#c1bjj per annum4 ,while in the district of ,bournville1 the opportunity must not be lost of becoming more closely acquainted with the village around the works4 ,away beyond the factory stretches an estate of nearly #ejj acres1 set apart for the purpose of alleviating the evils which arise from the insanitary and insufficient accommodation supplied to large numbers of the working classes1 and of securing to workers in factories some of the advantages of outdoor village life1 with opportunities for the natural and healthful occupation of cultivating the soil4 ,as yet only some #dej houses have been erected1 pretty1 picturesque cottages all of them1 for the most part semi-detached1 each on its sixth of an acre1 more or less1 housing in all a population of about #b1jjj4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,fishing ,pool1 ,bournville4 ,it was compassion for the ill-housed work-people of ,birmingham that led ,mr4 ,george ,cadbury1 the founder of the village1 to undertake so splendid a task1 and having accomplished it1 he crowned it by making a gift of the whole to the nation1 placing its administration in the hands of a ,trust4 ,in doing so he laid down ideal stipulations for its development1 and for the regulation of the villages which may in the future be built out of the income of the ,trust4 ,the principal of these are that factories or workshops shall never occupy more than one fifteenth of the area2 that no house shall occupy more than one-fourth of the ground allotted to it2 that in addition to wide roads and the ample gardens thus secured1 one-tenth of the area shall be reserved for public open spaces for ever1 parts of which are to be used as children's playgrounds4 ,at present no intoxicants are sold or prepared on the estate1 and if ever the trustees should see fit to permit this1 it is to be as a co-operative undertaking1 the profits of which shall be devoted to securing for the village community recreation and counter-attraction to the liquor trade as ordinarily conducted4 ,such a scheme affords a model for public bodies tackling the housing problem in earnest1 and is fraught with great hopes for the future4 ,the annual income1 nearly ,l#f1jjj1 is to be applied first to the development of this estate1 and subsequently to the purchase of estates near ,birmingham or other large towns1 and the establishment of new villages thereon4 ,a most important feature is1 that although the rents are calculated to yield a fair return on the cost1 including a proportion of development expenses1 they are so low that a five-roomed cottage with bath and every convenience can be had for the rent of a two-roomed hovel in the slums4 ,about two-fifths of the householders find employment in the cocoa works1 the rest in the adjoining villages or in ,birmingham4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,almshouse ,quadrangle1 ,bournville4 ,the gardens are a special feature1 and before the houses are let1 they are laid out by the ,trust1 and planted with fruit trees4 ,all are well worked1 and an average yield in vegetables and fruit of nearly two shillings a week has been found possible1 equivalent to something like ,l#fj an acre--more than twelve times as much food as would be produced if under pasturage4 ,two professional gardeners1 with several men under them1 are employed to look after the gardening department1 and they are always ready to give any information or advice required by the tenants1 so that the cottage gardens may be cultivated to the utmost profit4 ,at present the public buildings consist of a village inn and baths2 a school is shortly to be erected4 ,building is being steadily proceeded with1 and although the development of the estate may be somewhat slow at first1 it will advance with growing rapidity as the revenue increases4 ,no wonder that there is an omnipresent air of comfort and prosperity1 or that the death-rate is only about eight per thousand1 in comparison with nineteen in the neighbouring city4 ,no description of ,bournville would be complete without a mention of its picturesque alms-houses4 ,here a haven of rest is provided for some of those who1 in their best years1 have rendered faithful service to the firm4 ,thirty-three independent houses1 brick and stone built1 each with its own doorway to the quiet greensward1 and its windows to the sun1 form an inviting1 reposeful quadrangle4 ,they were the last gift of a life devoted to the interests of others1 and the happiness and peace which characterize them are fitting memorials of the late ,richard ,cadbury1 the elder of the two brothers who founded this great industry1 and who have in their lives been favoured to see such untold blessing upon their labours4 ,illustration--,colour ,plate3 ,section of a ,chocolate ,factory4 ,,section ,,of ,a ,,chocolate ,,factory4 ,the accompanying diagram of a chocolate factory is reproduced by kind permission of the ,berlin publishers of ,dr4 ,paul ,zipperer's well-known work on ,the ,manufacture of ,chocolate1 which contains much valuable information4 ,the machinery described is that of ,messrs4 ,lehmann1 of ,dresden1 one of the largest makers on the ,continent4 ,by means of the lift 7#a7 all the raw materials1 sugar1 cocoa1 packing1 etc41 are carried up to the store-rooms 7#b74 ,here are the machines for cleansing and picking the raw cocoa-beans1 which are fed into the elevator boxes 7#c7 above the cleansing machine 7#d71 which frees them from dust2 they then pass to the continuous band 7#e7 on which they are picked over1 and from which they fall into movable boxes 7#f74 ,they are thence transferred to the hoppers 7#g71 and fed by opening a slide in the hopper1 into the roasting machine 7#h74 ,the quantity contained in the hoppers is sufficient to charge the roasting machine4 ,when the roasting is completed the cocoa is emptied into trucks 7#i71 and carried to the exhaust arrangement 7#aj71 where the beans are cooled down1 the vapour given off passing out into the open air4 ,at the same time the air of the roasting chamber is sucked out through the funnel-shaped tube fitted to the cover4 ,the roasted cocoa is then passed to boxes 7#aa71 to be conveyed by the elevator to the crushing and cleansing machine 7#ab74 ,after being cleansed1 the cocoa is carried in trucks 7#ac7 to hoppers 7#ad7 by which it is fed into the mills 7#ae7 on the lower floor4 ,the sugar mill and sifting apparatus 7#bf7 placed near the crushing and cleansing machines are also fed by a hopper from above4 ,cocoa and sugar are now supplied to the mixing machine 7#af71 to be worked together before passing to the rolls 7#ag7 by which the final grinding is effected4 ,after passing once or more through the mill1 the finished chocolate mass is taken to the hot-room 7#ah71 where it remains in boxes until further treated1 after which it is taken to the moulding-room4 ,in the mixer 7#ai7 the mass acquires the consistency and temperature requisite for moulding4 ,the mass is then taken in lumps to the dividing machine 7#bj71 and cut into pieces of the desired size and weight4 ,on the table 7#ba7 the moulds1 lying upon boards1 are filled with chocolate and then taken to the shaking-table 7#bb74 ,by means of a double lift 7#bc7 the moulded chocolate1 still lying upon boards1 is conveyed to the cooling-room or cellar1 in which there are benches or frames 7#bd7 for receiving the moulds as they are slipped off the boards4 ,the cellar has to be cooled artificially1 according to situation4 ,adjoining the cellar is the wrapping-room 7#be71 and further on the warehouse4 ,the goods so far finished are then taken by the lift 7#a7 to the rooms where they are packed for delivery4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,for ancient processes see ,appendix ,i41 p4 #ajc4 #ad ,chocolate is an article so disguised in the manufacture that it is impossible to tell its purity or value4 ,the only safeguard is to buy that which bears the name of a reputable maker4--,chambers1 ,manual of ,diet4 #ae ,the heart-leaved bixa1 or anotta4 #af ,log-wood4 #ag ,the regulations adopted are so interesting that a place has been found for them in an ,appendix 7p4 #ajf74 ,,iv4 ,,its ,,history4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,from ,dufour4 ,,old ,,drawing ,,of ,,an ,,american ,,indian1 ,,with ,,chocolate-,,pot ,,and ,,whisk4 ,although now cultivated in many other tropical countries1 the cacao tree is one of the ,new ,world's rich gifts1 first made known to our ancestors by the venturesome ,spaniards1 who probably became acquainted with its cultivation early in the sixteenth century1 and spread the knowledge derived from the ,mexicans and the inhabitants of ,central ,america to their other colonies4 ,they found cacao a more veritable mine of wealth than even the gold of which they procured such store4 ,it is indeed a curious coincidence that in those countries of gold the cacao-beans were not only the form in which tribute was paid1 but themselves passed as currency4 ,on account of their use for this purpose by the ,mexicans1 ,peter ,martyr styled them amygdalae pecuniariae--pecuniary almonds--exclaiming3 ,blessed money1 which exempts its possessors from avarice1 since it cannot be hoarded or hidden underground6 ,joseph ,acosta tells us that the ,indians used no gold nor silver to trafficke in or buy withall 444 and unto this day 7#afjd7 the custom continues amongst the ,indians1 as in the province of ,mexico1 instede of money they use cacao4 ,the ,aztecs also made use of cacao in this way1 as many as #h1jjj beans being legal tender--rather a task1 one would imagine1 for the money-changers4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,native ,americans ,preparing and ,cooking ,cocoa4 ,ogibe's ,america1 #afga4 ,in ,nicaragua this practice was so general that none but the rich and noble could afford to drink it1 as it was literally drinking money4 ,a rabbit sold there for ten beans1 a tolerably good slave for a hundred4 ,slaves must1 however1 have been at a discount just then1 if the silver value of the beans was no greater than when ,thomas ,candish wrote in #aehf3 ,these cacaos serve amongst them both for meat and money 444 #aej of them being as good as a ,real of ,plate--about #f;d4 ,a bag1 of unknown size1 was worth ten crowns4 ,one of the storehouses of ,montezuma1 the last of the old independent ,mexican ,chieftains1#ah was found by the ,spaniards to contain as much as #dj1jjj loads of this precious commodity1 in wicker baskets which six men could not grasp4 ,john ,ogilby1 writing in #afga of the produce of ,america1 says3 ,but much more beneficial is the cacao1 with which ,fruit ,new ,spain drives a great ,trade2 nay1 serves for ,coin'd ,money4 ,when they deliver a ,parcel of ,cacao1 they tell them by five1 thirty1 and a hundred4 ,their ,charity to the ,poor never exceeds above one ,cacao-nut4 ,the chief ,reason for which this ,fruit is so highly esteem'd1 is for the ,chocolate1 which is made of the same1 without which the ,inhabitants 7being so us'd to it7 are not able to live4 ,before the ,spaniards made themselves ,masters of ,mexico1 no other ,drink was esteem'd but that of the ,cacao2 none caring for ,wine1 notwithstanding the ,soil produces ,vines everywhere in great ,abundance of itself4 ,from contemporary travellers' records are to be gleaned many such strange facts and stranger fancies regarding the precious bean and its products1 some of them extremely quaint and curious4 ,bancroft1 for instance1 writing of the ,maya races of the ,pacific1 tells us that before planting the seed they held a festival in honour of their gods1 ,ekchuah1 ,chac1 and ,hobnil1 who were their patron deities4 ,to solemnize it1 they all went to the plantation of one of their number1 where they sacrificed a dog having a spot on its skin the colour of cacao4 ,they burned incense to their idols1 after which they gave to each of the officials a branch of the cacao plant4 ,palacio also tells us that the ,pipiles1 before beginning to plant1 gathered all seeds in small bowls1 after performing certain rites with them before the idol1 among which was the drawing of blood from different parts of the body with which to anoint the idol2 and1 as ,ximinez states1 the blood of slain fowls was sprinkled over the land to be sown4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,from ,bontekoe4 ,a ,,cacao ,,plantation4 7,one of the earliest illustrations of this subject known1 showing the shade trees1 and beans drying47 ,the idea that secret rites were necessary at the planting of cacao to counteract their ignorance of its requirements was long current also among the superstitious ,spaniards1 who similarly accounted for the early failures of the ,english1 as witness the following amusing extract from a contribution to the ,harleian ,miscellany in #afij3 ,cocoa is now a commodity to be regarded in our colonies1 though at first it was the principal invitation to the peopling of ,jamaica1 for those walks the ,spaniards left behind them there1 when we conquered it1 produced such prodigious profit with so little trouble that ,sir ,thomas ,modiford and several others set up their rests to grow wealthy therein1 and fell to planting much of it1 which the ,spanish slaves had always foretold would never thrive1 and so it happened3 for1 though it promised fair and throve finely for five or six years1 yet still at that age1 when so long hopes and cares had been wasted upon it1 withered and died away by some unaccountable cause1 though they imputed it to a black worm or grub1 which they found clinging to its roots4444 ,and did it not almost constantly die before1 it would come into perfection in fifteen years' growth and last till thirty1 thereby becoming the most profitable tree in the world1 there having been ,l#bjj sterling made in one year of an acre of it4 ,but the old trees1 being gone by age and few new thriving1 as the ,spanish negroes foretold1 little or none now is produced worthy the care and pains in planting and expecting it4 ,those slaves gave a superstitious reason for its not thriving1 many religious rites being performed at its planting by the ,spaniards1 which their slaves were not permitted to see4 ,but it is probable that1 where a nation as they removed the art of making cochineal and curing vanilloes into their inland provinces1 which were the commodities of those islands in the ,indians' time1 and forbade the opening of any mines in them for fear some maritime nation might be invited to the conquering of them1 so they might1 likewise1 in their transplanting cocoa from the ,caracas and ,guatemala1 conceal wilfully some secret in its planting from their slaves1 lest it might teach them to set up for themselves by being able to produce a commodity of such excellent use for the support of man's life1 with which alone and water some persons have been necessitated to live ten weeks together1 without finding the least diminution of health or strength4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,grenada1 ,b4,w4,i43 ,samaritan ,estate 7,showing trays which slide on rails2 the iron covers slide over the whole in case of wet47 ,however valuable this last quality rendered the newly-discovered drink1 its method of preparation and the unwonted spices employed prevented its ready adoption abroad1 although the ,spaniards and ,portuguese took to it more kindly than some of the northern races4 ,joseph ,acosta1 writing of ,mexico and ,peru1 says3 ,the cocoa is a fruite little less than almonds1 yet more fatte1 the which being roasted hath no ill taste4 ,it is so much esteemed among the ,indians 7yea1 among the ,spaniards71 that it is one of the richest and the greatest traffickes of ,new ,spain4 ,the chief use of this cocoa is in a drincke which they call chocholate1 whereof they make great account1 foolishly and without reason3 for it is loathsome to such as are not acquainted with it1 having a skumme or frothe that is very unpleasant to taste1 if they be not well conceited thereof4 ,yet it is a drincke very much esteemed among the ,indians1 whereof they feast noble men as they passe through their country4 ,the ,spaniards1 both men and women1 that are accustomed to the country1 are very greedy of this chocholate4 ,they say they make diverse sortes of it1 some hote1 some colde1 and put therein much of that chili3 yea1 they make paste thereof1 the which they say is good for the stomacke1 and against the catarre4 ,but this was not the only medicinal property attributed to the food of the gods1 for the ,aztecs used to prescribe as a cure for diarrhoea and dysentery a potion prepared of cacao mixed with the ground bones of their giant ancestors1 exhumed in the mountains4 ,such a very active principle was sure to make its enemies too1 and several amusing attacks have survived to witness their own refutation4 ,it was regarded by some as a violent inflamer of the passions1 which should be prohibited to the monks2 for1 as one writer puts it1 if such an interdiction had existed1 the scandal with which that holy order has been branded might have proved groundless4 ,as late as #agab1 after its use had become established in this country1 the mentor of the ,spectator writes3 ,i shall also advise my fair readers to be in a particular manner careful how they meddle with romances1 chocolates1 novels1 and the like inflamers1 which ,i look upon as very dangerous to be made use of during this great carnival 7the month of ,may74 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,mexican ,,drinking-,,vessels1 ,,rolling-,,pin ,,and ,,whisk4 ,some accounted for the assumed ill-effects of cocoa to its admixture with sugar in the form of chocolate1 for a few years earlier a ,london doctor had declared that coffee1 chocolate1 and tea were at the first used only as medicines while they continued unpleasant1 but since they were made delicious with sugar they are become poison4 ,similarly1 an anonymous assailant in a pamphlet ,printed at the ,black ,boy1 over against ,st4 ,dunstan's ,church1 in ,fleet ,street1 exclaims3 ,as for the great quantity of sugar which is commonly put in1 it may destroy the native and genuine temper of the chocolate1 sugar being such a corrosive salt1 and such an hypocritical enemy of the body4 ,simeon ,pauli 7a learned ,dane7 thinks sugar to be one cause of our ,english consumption1 and ,dr4 ,willis blames it as one of our universal scurvies3 therefore1 when chocolate produces any ill effects1 they may be often imputed to the great superfluity of its sugar4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,cacao ,tree1 ,trinidad4 ,in the ,new ,world fewer questions were raised1 and the only conscientious objection appears to have been felt by a ,bishop of ,chiapa1 whose performance of the ,mass was disturbed by its use4 ,the story is told in ,gaze's ,new ,survey of the ,west ,indies1 published in #afdh1 and is worth repetition4 ,it is well to bear in mind his information that two or three hours after a good meal of three or four dishes of mutton1 veal or beef1 kid1 turkeys or other fowles1 our stomackes would bee ready to faint1 and so wee were fain to support them with a cup of chocolatte4 ,the women of that city1 it seems1 pretend much weakness and squeamishness of stomacke1 which they say is so great that they are not able to continue in church while the mass is briefly hurried over1 much lesse while a solemn high mass is sung and a sermon preached1 unles they drinke a cup of hot chocolatte and eat a bit of sweetmeats to strengthen their stomackes4 ,for this purpose it was much used by them to make their maids bring them to church1 in the middle of mass or sermon1 a cup of chocolatte1 which could not be done to all without a great confusion and interrupting both mass and sermon4 ,the ,bishop1 perceiving this abuse1 and having given faire warning for the omitting of it1 but all without amendment1 thought fit to fix in writing upon the church dores an excommunication against all such as should presume at the time of service to eate or drinke within the church4 ,this excommunication was taken by all1 but especially by the gentlewomen1 much to heart1 who protested1 if they might not eate or drinke in the church1 they could not continue in it to hear what otherwise they were bound unto4 ,but none of these reasons would move the ,bishop4 ,the women1 seeing him so hard to be entreated1 began to slight him with scornefull and reproachfull words3 others slighted his excommunication1 drinking in iniquity in the church1 as the fish doth water1 which caused one day such an uproar in the ,cathedrall that many swordes were drawn against the ,priests1 who attempted to take away from the maids the cups of chocolatte which they brought unto their mistresses1 who at last1 seeing that neither faire nor foule means would prevail with the ,bishop1 resolved to forsake the ,cathedrall3 and so from that time most of the city betooke themselves to the ,cloister ,churches1 where by the ,nuns and ,fryers they were not troubled4444 ,the ,bishop fell dangerously sick4 ,physicians were sent for far and neere1 who all with a joynt opinion agreed that the ,bishop was poisoned4 ,a gentlewoman1 with whom ,i was well acquainted1 was commonly censured to have prescribed such a cup of chocolatte to be ministered by the ,page1 which poisoned him who so rigorously had forbidden chocolatte to be drunk in the church4 ,myself heard this gentlewoman say that the women had no reason to grieve for him1 and that she judged1 he being such an enemy to chocolatte in the ,church1 that which he had drunk in his house had not agreed with his body4 ,and it became afterwards a ,proverbe in that country3 ',beware of the chocolatte of ,chiapa6' 444 that poisoning and wicked city1 which truly deserves no better relation than what ,i have given of the simple ,dons and the chocolatte-confectioning ,donas4 ,it was only natural that the nuns and friars of the cloister churches should raise no objection to this practice of chocolate drinking1 for we read further that two of these cloisters were talked off far and near1 not for their religious practices1 but for their skill in making drinkes which are used in those parts1 the one called chocolatte1 another atolle4 ,chocolatte is 7also7 made up in boxes1 and sent not only to ,mexico1 but much of it yearly transported to ,spain4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,modern ,,mexican ,,cocoa ,,whisk ,,with ,,loose ,,rings4 7,brought home by the author47 ,the introduction of cocoa into ,europe1 indeed1 as well as its cultivation for the ,european market1 is due rather to the ,jesuit missionaries than to the explorers of the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,it was the monks1 too1 who about #affa made it known in ,france4 ,it is curious1 therefore1 to notice the contest that at one time raged among ecclesiastics as to whether it was lawful to make use of chocolate in ,lent2 whether it was to be regarded as food or drink4 ,a consensus of opinion on the subject1 published in ,venice in #agdh1 states that ,among the first ,probabilist ,theologians who undertook to write entire ,treatises and to collect all the possible reasons as to whether the ,indian beverage 7chocolate7 could agree with ,european fasting1 was ,father ,tommaso ,hurtado4 ,he employed the whole of the ,tenth ,treatise of the second volume of the ',moral ,resolutions1' printed in #afea1 and added thereto an ,appendix of more chapters4 ,father ,diana found reason for acquitting the consciences of those who1 in time of fasting1 should drink chocolate4 ,father ,hurtado1 more courageous withal1 and more benign than ,diana1 does not speak of this treatise in order to investigate the law2 the nature of fasting admits drinking without eating4 ,therefore consumers are1 without the help of casuists1 troubled themselves and afflicted1 when in ,lent they empty chocolate cups4 ,excited on the one hand by the pungent cravings of the throat to moisten it1 reproved on the other by breaking their fast1 they experience grave remorse of conscience2 and1 with consciences agitated and torn with drinking the sweet beverage1 they sin4 ,under the guidance of these skilful theologians1 the remorse aroused by natural and ,divine light being blunted1 ,christians drink joyfully4 ,for all agree that he will break his fast who eats any portion of chocolate1 which1 dissolved and well mixed with warm water1 is not prejudicial to keeping a fast4 ,this is a sufficiently marvellous presupposition4 ,he who eats #d ozs4 of exquisite sturgeon roasted has broken his fast2 if he has it dissolved and prepared in an extract of thick broth1 he does not sin4 ,as for the introduction of cocoa into this country1 the contemporary ,gaze tells us that ,our ,english and ,hollanders make little use of it when they take a prize at sea1 as1 not knowing the secret virtue and quality of it for the good of the stomach1 of whom ,i have heard the ,spaniards say1 when we have taken a good prize1 a ship laden with cocoa1 in anger and wrath we have hurled overboard this good commodity1 not regarding the worth of it4 ,about the time of the ,commonwealth1 however1 the new drink began to make its way among the ,english1 and the ,public ,advertiser of #afeg contains the notice that in ,bishopsgate ,street1 in ,queen's ,head ,alley1 at a ,frenchman's house1 is an excellent ,west ,india drink1 called chocolate1 to be sold1 where you may have it ready at any time1 and also unmade1 at reasonable rates4 ,these rates appear to have been from #ajs4 to #aes4 a pound1 a price which made chocolate1 rather than coffee1 the beverage of the aristocracy1 who flocked to the chocolate-houses soon to spring up in the fashionable centres4 ,here1 records a ,spanish visitor to ,london1 were to be found such members of the polite world as were not at the same time members of either ,house4 ,the chocolate-houses were thus the forerunners of our modern clubs1 and one of them1 ,the ,cocoa ,tree1 early the headquarters of the ,jacobite party1 became subsequently recognised as the club of the literati1 including among its members such men as ,garrick and ,byron4 ,white's ,cocoa ,house1 adjoining ,st4 ,james' ,palace1 was even better known1 eventually developing into the respectable ,white's ,club1 though at one time a great gambling centre4#ai ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,white's ,club1 on left of ,st4 ,james's ,palace4 7,from a ,drawing of the time of ,queen ,anne47 ,a little later the ,indian ,nectar1 recommended by a learned doctor on account of its secret virtue1 was to be obtained of an honest though poor man in ,east ,smithfield at #fs4 #h;d4 a pound1 or the commoner sort at about half the price1 so that it was getting within more general reach4 ,subsequently the following advertisement appeared regarding a patented preparation of cocoa now sold at #ds4 #i;d4 per pound4 ,n4,b4--,the curious may be supplied with this superfine chocolate1 that exceeds the finest sold by other makers1 plain at #fs41 with vanillos at #gs4 ,to be sold for ready money only at ,mr4 ,churchman's ,chocolate ,warehouse1 at ,mr4 ,john ,young's1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 ,london1 ,a4,d4 #agcb4 ,the opportunities of increasing the revenue from the growing favourite were not lost sight of1 and till #ahbj its spread was checked by a duty of #as4 #f;d4 a pound1 collected by the sale of stamped wrappers for each pound1 half-pound1 or quarter-pound1 neither more nor less1 just as in the case of patent medicines at present4 ,in the reign of ,george ,,iii4 the duty on colonial cocoa was raised to #as4 #aj;d4 a pound1 that on such as the ,east ,india ,company imported to #bs41 and that on all other sources of supply to #cs4 ,in the early years of the last century the cocoa imported from any country not a ,british possession was charged no less than #es4 #aj;d4 a pound as excise1 with an extra ,custom's duty of from #b #a_/b;d4 to #d #c_/d;d4 on entry for home consumption4 ,this restrictive tariff was by degrees relaxed1 but it is only since #ahec that the duty has been reduced to #b;d4 a pound on the manufactured article1 or #a;d4 a pound on the raw material4 ,while the heavy duties were in force1 all houses in which the manufacture or sale of cocoa was carried on were compelled to have the fact stated over their doors1 under penalty of ,l#bjj from the dealer having more than six pounds in his possession 7who had to be licensed71 and ,l#ajj from the customer encouraging the illicit trade4 ,no less than ,l#ejj as fine and twelve months in the county gaol were inflicted for counterfeiting the stamp or selling chocolate without a stamp4 ,to prevent evasion by selling the drink ready made1 it was enacted under ,george ,i41 whose physicians were extolling its medicinal virtues1 that ,notice shall be given by those who make chocolate for private families1 and not for sale1 three days before it is begun to be made1 specifying the quantity1 etc41 and within three days after it is finished the person for whom it is made shall enter the whole quantity on oath1 and have it duly stamped4 ,nothing is more eloquent of the growing favour in which cocoa is held in this country1 as its real value becomes more generally appreciated1 than the remarkable progressive increase of the quantities imported during recent years1 as will be seen from the table appended4 ,these quantities doubled between #ahhj and #ahij1 and have since more than doubled again4 ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,quantities ,,of ,,cacao ,,cleared ,,for ,,home ,,consumption ,,since #ahhj4 lbs4 #ahhj #aj1eef1aei #ahha #aj1hig1gie #ahhb #aa1iif1hec #ahhc #ab1hfh1agj #ahhd #ac1igf1hia #ahhe #ad1eie1afh #ahhf #ae1afe1gad #ahhg #ae1hgc1fih #ahhh #ah1bbg1jag #ahhi #ah1dfd1afd #ahij #bj1bbd1age #ahia #ba1eii1hfj #ahib #bj1gig1bhc #ahic #bj1hgd1iie #ahid #bb1dda1jdh #ahie #bd1dhd1ejb #ahif #bd1ebc1dbh #ahig #bg1heb1aeb #ahih #cb1jhg1jhd #ahii #cd1jac1hab #aijj #cg1hbi1cbf #aija #db1cec1gbd #aijb #de1fdc1ghd ,,footnotes3 #ah ,not an ,emperor1 as reported by his conquerors4 #ai ,see ,appendix ,,iii4 ,illustration--,colour ,plate3 ,,chart ,,showing ,,the ,,positions ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,cocoa ,,plantations ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,v4 ,,its ,,sources ,,and ,,varieties4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,sacks ,,of ,,cacao ,,beans4 ,guayaquil1 in the republic of ,ecuador1 on the west coast of ,south ,america1 produces the largest output in the world4 ,this cacao has a bold bean and a fine flavour1 and is rich in theobromine2 it is much valued on the market1 and its strength and character render it indispensable to the manufacturer4 ,the neighbouring countries of ,columbia and ,venezuela1 facing the ,caribbean ,sea1 have for centuries grown cacao of excellent quality4 ,the criollo 7creole7 bean is generally used as seed1 and for it high prices are obtained4 ,owing1 however1 to the unsettled state of the republics and their unstable governments1 its cultivation has gone back rather than forward during the past decade4 ,with better administration and settled peace1 great developments might easily be achieved4 ,the ,british ,royal ,mail ,steam ,packet ,company provides a good fortnightly service to ,england4 ,in early times the ,jesuit missionaries encouraged the natives to form small plantations on the borders of the river ,orinoco1 and ,father ,gumilla1 in his ,history of the ,orinoco1 says3 ,i have seen in these plains forests of wild cacao-trees1 laden with bunches of pods1 supplying food to an infinite multitude of monkeys1 squirrels1 parrots1 and other animals4 ,the name of ,soconosco cocoa is still a guarantee of excellent quality4 ,this district in ,guatemala was in bygone days so noted for its cacao that the whole crop was monopolized for the use of the ,spanish ,court4 ,in ,central ,america1 as in other countries1 the ,spaniards gathered more solid riches from the cacao than from the gold mines they hoped to discover4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,a ,scene in the ,maracas ,valley1 ,trinidad4 ,british and ,dutch ,guiana produced but little cacao as long as sugar realized high prices1 but in comparatively recent years it has been more extensively planted1 and the crops from the lowlands at the mouths of the great ,south ,american rivers have been very heavy4 ,in ,french ,guiana cacao was scarcely cultivated until about #agcd1 when a forest of it was discovered on a branch of the ,yari1 which flows into the ,amazon4 ,from this forest seeds were gathered1 and plantations were laid out in ,cayenne4 ,the cacao of ,para in ,brazil differs from all other growths2 the bean is much smaller and rounder1 and is elongated1 but when well cured it is mild1 and has a very pleasant flavour1 highly valued by manufacturers4 ,bahia produces large quantities of cacao1 formerly of an inferior quality1 owing to careless cultivation and indiscriminate mixing of all that was brought from the interior1 some of it wild and uncured4 ,but now this state of things is being improved1 and the good quality of fermented ,bahian cacao is fully recognised4 ,a little cacao is grown in the low-lying parts of ,rio ,janeiro1 but it is not to be met with further south than this4 ,the part of ,florida which borders the ,gulf of ,mexico and the southern part of ,louisiana mark the northerly limit of its natural growth4#bj ,a traveller in ,louisiana in #agif speaks of the cacao-tree among others as covering with delightful shade the shores of the ,mississippi1 and on the banks of the ,alatamaha in ,georgia1 but it is not cultivated so far north4 ,at the present day the ,west ,india ,islands rival the ,south ,american ,continent in providing cocoa from the ,new ,world4 ,trinidad has for more than a century deservedly claimed to be the first of these cocoa-producing islands4 ,as far back as the sixteenth century the ,spaniards who first colonized the island were interested in the cultivation of cacao4 ,in the year #aghj a ,french gentleman residing in the neighbouring island of ,grenada visited ,trinidad1 and gave such a glowing account of its fertility that agriculturists from ,france and elsewhere flocked to the colony1 and ever since this date it has maintained a high standard of agricultural advance4 ,the names of the cacao estates at the present day are nearly all ,spanish or ,french1 and throughout the ,british occupation of more than a hundred years the old families have in many cases held the same lands4#ba ,illustration--,colour ,plate3 ,,map ,,of ,,trinidad4 ,the oldest estates in the island lie in the northern valleys of ,santz ,cruz1 ,maracas1 and ,arima2 but cultivation has been considerably extended in the ,montserrat and ,naparima districts1 and more recently in almost every part of the island reached by the extension of the railway and the coasting steamboat4 ,the ,trinidad bean is the largest and finest flavoured1 and commands a higher price on the market than any other from the ,west ,indies4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,map ,,of ,,grenada1 ,,british ,,west ,,indies4 ,next in importance to ,trinidad is the little island of ,grenada2 here cacao is the staple industry1 the sugar estates that once lined the shores having entirely disappeared4 ,grenada cacao is smaller than that of ,trinidad1 possibly on account of the different method of planting described in a previous chapter1 but the flavour of the bean is exceedingly good and regular1 and the crop is bought up eagerly on the ,british and ,american markets4 ,the other ,west ,indian islands producing cocoa are ,jamaica and ,dominica1 where its cultivation is reviving2 also ,st4 ,lucia1 ,st4 ,vincent1 ,tobago1 and ,montserrat1 each of which have a few plantations2 those in ,st4 ,vincent suffered severely by the recent hurricane4 ,the ,french islands of ,guadeloupe and ,martinique supply exclusively to the port of ,havre2 the cocoa from ,san ,domingo is of a somewhat inferior quality4 ,cuba will probably considerably extend its output under ,american rule4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,a ,hill ,cacao ,estate1 ,grenada1 ,b4,w4,i4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,map ,,of ,,principe4 ,in the ,eastern ,hemisphere by far the largest supplies come from the small islands of ,st4 ,thome and ,principe1 in the ,gulf of ,guinea1 belonging to the ,portuguese4 ,these have in recent years proved especially adapted for the growth of the cacao1 and the exports1 especially from the island of ,st4 ,thome1 are very large2 most of the crop finds its way to ,european markets1 transhipping at ,lisbon4 ,there is little cacao grown in the mainland ,african colonies1 though the ,german ,government offers special inducements in the ,kameruns2 no ,british ,african colony grows it to any extent4 ,fernando ,po sends supplies to ,spain1 and occasionally on the ,london market strange packages made of rough cowhide stitched with leather thongs are seen1 containing beans from ,madagascar4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,map ,,of ,s4 ,,thome4 ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,ceylon3 ,carting ,cacao to ,rail4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,map ,,of ,,ceylon4 ,further east are the plantations of ,ceylon4 ,in the hill districts1 of which ,matale is the centre1 are many estates1 some in joint cultivation of tea and cocoa4 ,the output from this colony is at the present time nearly stationary4 ,the ,dutch ,east ,indian produce is almost exclusively shipped to ,amsterdam4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,,map ,,of ,,samoa4 ,in the preceding pages extracts have frequently been culled from writers of the past3 in the literature of the present day ,charles ,kingsley's graphic account of ,trinidad and its cacao and sugar plantations in ,at ,last should be read in extenso4 ,another very interesting episode of modern date is the introduction of the cacao into the ,samoan ,islands in the ,pacific by ,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,writing to ,sidney ,colvin1 on ,december #g1 #ahia1 in one of his ,vailima ,letters1 he says3 ,when ,i was filling baskets all ,saturday1 in my dull1 mulish way1 perhaps the slowest worker there1 surely the most particular1 and the only one that never looked up or knocked off1 ,i could not but think ,i should have been sent on exhibition as an example to young literary men4 ',here is how to learn to write' might be the motto4 ,you should have seen us2 the veranda was like an ,irish bog1 our hands and faces were bedaubed with soil1 and ,faauma was supposed to have struck the right note when she remarked 7a propos of nothing71 ',too much eleele 7soil7 for me4' ,the cacao1 you must understand1 has to be planted at first in baskets of plaited cocoa-leaf4#bb ,from four to ten natives were plaiting these in the wood-shed4 ,four boys were digging up soil and bringing it by the boxful to the veranda4 ,lloyd and ,i and ,belle1 and sometimes ,s4 7who came to bear a hand71 were filling the baskets1 removing stones and lumps of clay2 ,austin and ,faauma carried them when full to ,fanny1 who planted a seed in each1 and then set them1 packed close1 in the corners of the veranda4 ,from #ab on ,friday till #e p4m4 on ,saturday we planted the first #a1ejj1 and more than #gjj of a second lot4 ,you cannot dream how filthy we were1 and we were all properly tired4#bc ,illustration--,black and ,white ,plate3 ,samoa3 ,a ,new ,clearing for ,cacao4 ,three years later he records3 ,i have been forbidden to work1 and have been instead doing my two or three hours in the plantation every morning4 ,i only wish somebody would pay me ,l#aj a day for taking care of cacao1 and ,i could leave literature to others4 ,cacao cultivation in this island of ,upolu has since that date developed wonderfully1 and is attracting much attention1 the first produce having been sold in ,hamburg at a very high price4 ,the consular report on ,samoa published in ,february1 #aijc1 states that the mainstay of ,samoa is cocoa1 and it will be interesting to follow the progress of an industry of which the versatile ,scotchman was an early pioneer4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,florida even boasts a town of the name of ,cocoa1 but inquiries on the spot have failed to discover that any attempt was ever made to cultivate the plant there4 #ba ,two of the coloured plates in this volume are reproductions of pictures by members of one of the oldest ,french families in the island1 painted on their cocoa estate in the beautiful valley of ,santa ,cruz4 #bb ,leaf of the coco-nut palm4 #bc ,see plates facing pp4 #bg and #bi4 ,,appendix ,i4 ,,ancient ,,manufacture ,,of ,,cocoa4 ,most of the operations described are only the performance on a large scale by modern machinery of those employed by the ,mexicans1 and by those who learned from them1 of whom we read3 ,for this purpose they have a broad1 smooth stone1 well polished or glazed very hard1 and being made fit in all respects for their use1 they grind the cacaos thereon very small1 and when they have so done1 they have another broad stone ready1 under which they keep a gentle fire4 ,a more speedy way for the making up of the cacao into chocolate is this3 ,they have a mill made in the form of some kind of malt-mills1 whose stones are firm and hard1 which work by turning1 and upon this mill are ground the cacaos grossly1 and then between other stones they work that which is ground yet smaller1 or else by beating it up in a mortar bring it into the usual form4 ,a later writer remarks of this process3 ,the ,indians1 from whom we borrow it1 are not very nice in doing it2 they roast the kernels in earthen pots1 then free them from their skins1 and afterwards crush and grind them between two stones1 and so form cakes of it with their hands4 ,illustration--,drawing3 ,a ,,mexican ,,metate1 ,,or ,,grinding ,,stone4 ,and1 further on1 in speaking of the ,spaniards' mode of preparation1 he says3 ,they put them 7the kernels7 into a large mortar to reduce them to a gross powder1 which they afterwards grind upon a stone4 ,they make choice of a stone which naturally resists the fire1 from sixteen to eighteen inches broad1 and about twenty-seven or thirty long and three in thickness1 and hollowed in the middle about one inch and a half deep4 ,under this they place a pan of coals to heat the stone1 so that the heat makes it easy for the iron roller to make it so fine as to leave neither lump nor the least hardness4 ,at the present day1 when the beans are plentiful on the cacao estates1 but no machines for manufacture exist1 the planters prepare a palatable drink by roasting the beans on a moving shovel or pan over the open fire1 husking them by the time-honoured plan of tossing in the breeze1 and grinding out on a flat stone in much the same manner as did the old ,spaniards4 ,the writer has even seen a little tobacco-press ingeniously adapted for the purpose of extracting the butter1 the invention of ,mr4 ,j4,h4 ,hart1 of the ,trinidad ,botanical ,gardens1 a gentleman who has done much in the direction of investigating the best cacao for seed1 and the most favourable methods of cultivation4 ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,,bournville ,,works ,,suggestion ,,scheme4 ,,objects4 ,december1 #aijb4 ,the objects in view are3 #a4 ,to encourage our employes to make all the suggestions they can for the mutual welfare of the business and everyone connected with it4 ,even the smallest suggestion may be of value4 #b4 ,to enable those in our employ to share in the benefit of the suggestions they make1 and to receive personal recognition for them4 #c4 ,to insure harmonious relations between all sections of the work4 ,,prizes4 ,prizes of the undermentioned values will be given half-yearly for suggestions meriting reward3 ,,men',s ,,departments4--,one of ,l#aj2 two of ,l#e2 two of ,l#b #ajs42 ten of ,l#a2 fifteen of #ajs42 thirty of #es4 ,,girls' ,,departments4--,one of ,l#e2 two of ,l#b2 eight of ,l#a2 fifteen of #ajs42 thirty of #es4 ,the following list will indicate on what lines suggestions may be made3 #a4 ,comfort1 safety1 or health of employes4 #b4 ,means by which waste of material may be avoided4 #c4 ,saving of time or expense4 #d4 ,improvements in machinery or in methods of working4 #e4 ,introduction of new goods1 or new ideas4 #f4 ,calling attention to any existing defects4 #g4 ,suggestions affecting athletic and other clubs and societies1 libraries1 magazine1 etc4 #h4 ,any suggestion not included in the above list will be welcomed4 ,,regulations4 ,everyone1 including foremen and forewomen1 is encouraged to make suggestions which1 if of value1 will be eligible for the prizes mentioned above 7excepting those sent in by foremen and forewomen74 ,suggestions should be written on or attached to the forms which will be found on each box1 the boxes being fixed in the various departments1 also in the entrance lodges1 dining-rooms1 and recreation grounds4 ,suggestions can be placed in any of these4 ,it is imperative that all particulars at head of form1 which will bear a distinctive number1 should be carefully filled in4 ,if this is not complied with no notice will be taken of suggestions4 ,forms may be taken from the book and filled up at home4 ,all suggestions will be acknowledged by a notice posted on the boards once a week1 giving a list of the printed numbers on the suggestion forms received for consideration4 ,should any number not appear in this list a communication should at once be sent to the ,secretary4 ,those who have left the employ of the firm are entitled to prizes for any suggestions made whilst they were here1 unless they should leave through misconduct4 ,the suggestions are considered weekly by the committees with a member of the firm1 and are dealt with in the order in which they are received4 ,they are finally judged by the firm at the end of ,may and ,november1 and prizes distributed before the summer holidays and at the ,christmas gathering4 ,every effort is made by the committees to keep the names of the suggestors strictly private4 ,,appendix ,,iii4 ,,the ,,early ,,cocoa ,,houses4 ,at ,no4 #fd1 ,st4 ,james's ,street is the ,cocoa ,tree ,club4 ,in the reign of ,queen ,anne there was a famous chocolate-house known as the ,cocoa ,tree1 a favourite sign to mark that new and fashionable beverage4 ,its frequenters were ,tories of the strictest school4 ,de ,foe tells us in his ,journey through ,england1 that a ,whig will no more go to the ',cocoa ,tree' 444 than a ,tory will be seen at the coffee-house of ,st4 ,james's4 ,in course of time the ,cocoa ,tree developed into a gaming-house and a club4 ,as a club1 the ,cocoa ,tree did not cease to keep up its reputation for high play4 ,although the present establishment bearing the name dates its existence only from the year #ahec1 the old chocolate-house was probably converted into a club as far back as the middle of the last century4 ,lord ,byron was a member of this club1 and so was ,gibbon1 the historian4 --,from ,old and ,new ,london1 ,cassell ,co4 ,,note4 ,reference in detail to the numerous authorities who have been laid under contribution for this brochure would be out of place in so popular a compilation1 but the writer desires to express his special indebtedness to ,cocoa3 ,all about ,it by ,historicas1 not only for facts1 but also for some of his illustrations4 ,to ,messrs4 ,cadbury1 too1 he is indebted for permission to use several of the illustrations1 as well as for much valuable information4