,,the ,,pleasures ,,of ,,england4       
,,lectures ,,given ,,in ,,oxford4  ,,by 
,,john ,,ruskin1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41   
,,honorary ,,student ,,of ,,christ      
,,church1 ,,and ,,honorary ,,fellow ,,of
 ,,corpus-,,christi ,,college4  ,,during
 ,,his  ,,second ,,tenure ,,of ,,the    
,,slade ,,professorship4    ,,new       
,,york3 ,,john ,,wiley ,,and ,,sons4    
#ahhh4         99       99       99     
99       99    ,,contents   ,,lecture   
,i4  ,,the ,,pleasures ,,of ,,learning4 
,bertha to ,osburga #e   ,,lecture ,,ii4
  ,,the ,,pleasures ,,of ,,faith4       
,alfred to the ,confessor #ca           
,,lecture ,,iii4  ,,the ,,pleasures ,,of
 ,,deed4 ,alfred to ,coeur de ,lion #fa 
,,lecture ,,iv4  ,,the ,,pleasures ,,of 
,,fancy4 ,coeur de ,lion to ,elizabeth  
#ia         99       99       99        
99       99     ,,lecture ,i4  ,,the    
,,pleasures ,,of ,,learning4  ,,bertha  
,,to ,,osburga4   ,in the short review  
of the present state of ,english ,art1  
given you last year1 ,i left necessarily

 many points untouched1 and others      
unexplained4 ,the seventh lecture1 which
 ,i did not think it necessary to read  
aloud1 furnished you with some of the   
corrective statements of which1 whether 
spoken or not1 it was extremely         
desirable that you should estimate the  
balancing weight4 ,these ,i propose in  
the present course farther to           
illustrate1 and to arrive with you at1  
,i hope1 a just--you would not wish it  
to be a flattering--estimate of the     
conditions of our ,english artistic     
life1 past and present1 in order that   
with due allowance for them we may      
determine1 with some security1 what     
those of us who have faculty ought to   
do1 and those who have sensibility1 to  
admire4  #b4 ,in thus rightly doing and 
feeling1 you will find summed a wider   
duty1 and granted a greater power1 than 
the moral philosophy at this moment     
current with you has ever conceived2 and
 a prospect opened to you besides1 of   
such a ,future for ,england as you may  

both hopefully and proudly labour for   
with your hands1 and those of you who   
are spared to the ordinary term of human
 life1 even see with your eyes1 when all
 this tumult of vain avarice and idle   
pleasure1 into which you have been      
plunged at birth1 shall have passed into
 its appointed perdition4  #c4 ,i wish  
that you would read for introduction to 
the lectures ,i have this year arranged 
for you1 that on the ,future of         
,england1 which ,i gave to the cadets at
 ,woolwich in the first year of my      
,professorship here1 #ahfi2 and which is
 now placed as the main conclusion of   
the ,crown of ,wild ,olive3 and with it1
 very attentively1 the close of my      
inaugural lecture given here2 for the   
matter1 no less than the tenor of which1
 ,i was reproved by all my friends1 as  
irrelevant and ill-judged2--which1      
nevertheless1 is of all the pieces of   
teaching ,i have ever given from this   
chair1 the most pregnant and essential  
to whatever studies1 whether of ,art or 

,science1 you may pursue1 in this place 
or elsewhere1 during your lives4  ,the  
opening words of that passage ,i will   
take leave to read to you again1--for   
they must still be the ground of        
whatever help ,i can give you1 worth    
your acceptance4  ,there is a destiny   
now possible to us--the highest ever set
 before a nation to be accepted or      
refused4 ,we are still undegenerate in  
race3 a race mingled of the best        
northern blood4 ,we are not yet         
dissolute in temper1 but still have the 
firmness to govern1 and the grace to    
obey4 ,we have been taught a religion of
 pure mercy1 which we must either now   
finally betray1 or learn to defend by   
fulfilling4 ,and we are rich in an      
inheritance of honour1 bequeathed to us 
through a thousand years of noble       
history1 which it should be our daily   
thirst to increase with splendid        
avarice2 so that ,englishmen1 if it be a
 sin to covet honour1 should be the most
 offending souls alive4 ,within the last

 few years we have had the laws of      
natural science opened to us with a     
rapidity which has been blinding by its 
brightness2 and means of transit and    
communication given to us1 which have   
made but one kingdom of the habitable   
globe4  ,one kingdom2--but who is to be 
its king8 ,is there to be no king in it1
 think you1 and every man to do that    
which is right in his own eyes8 ,or only
 kings of terror1 and the obscene       
empires of ,mammon and ,belial8 ,or will
 you1 youths of ,england1 make your     
country again a royal throne of kings2 a
 sceptred isle2 for all the world a     
source of light1 a centre of peace2     
mistress of ,learning and of the        
,arts2--faithful guardian of great      
memories in the midst of irreverent and 
ephemeral visions--faithful servant of  
time-tried principles1 under temptation 
from fond experiments and licentious    
desires2 and amidst the cruel and       
clamorous jealousies of the nations1    
worshipped in her strange valour1 of    

goodwill towards men8  ,the fifteen     
years that have passed since ,i spoke   
these words must1 ,i think1 have        
convinced some of my immediate hearers  
that the need for such an appeal was    
more pressing than they then            
imagined2--while they have also more and
 more convinced me myself that the      
ground ,i took for it was secure1 and   
that the youths and girls now entering  
on the duties of active life are able to
 accept and fulfil the hope ,i then held
 out to them4  ,in which assurance ,i   
ask them to-day to begin the examination
 with me1 very earnestly1 of the        
question laid before you in that seventh
 of my last year's lectures1 whether    
,london1 as it is now1 be indeed the    
natural1 and therefore the              
heaven-appointed outgrowth of the       
inhabitation1 these #ahjj years1 of the 
valley of the ,thames by a progressively
 instructed and disciplined people2 or  
if not1 in what measure and manner the  
aspect and spirit of the great city may 

be possibly altered by your acts and    
thoughts4  ,in my introduction to the   
,economist of ,xenophon ,i said that    
every fairly educated ,european boy or  
girl ought to learn the history of five 
cities1--,athens1 ,rome1 ,venice1       
,florence1 and ,london2 that of ,london 
including1 or at least compelling in    
parallel study1 knowledge also of the   
history of ,paris4  ,a few words are    
enough to explain the reasons for this  
choice4 ,the history of ,athens1 rightly
 told1 includes all that need be known  
of ,greek religion and arts2 that of    
,rome1 the victory of ,christianity over
 ,paganism2 those of ,venice and        
,florence sum the essential facts       
respecting the ,christian arts of       
,painting1 ,sculpture1 and ,music2 and  
that of ,london1 in her sisterhood with 
,paris1 the development of ,christian   
,chivalry and ,philosophy1 with their   
exponent art of ,gothic architecture4   
,without the presumption of forming a   
distinct design1 ,i yet hoped at the    

time when this division of study was    
suggested1 with the help of my pupils1  
to give the outlines of their several   
histories during my work in ,oxford4    
,variously disappointed and arrested1   
alike by difficulties of investigation  
and failure of strength1 ,i may yet hope
 to lay down for you1 beginning with    
your own metropolis1 some of the lines  
of thought in following out which such a
 task might be most effectively         
accomplished4  ,you observe that ,i     
speak of architecture as the chief      
exponent of the feelings both of the    
,french and ,english races4 ,together   
with it1 however1 most important        
evidence of character is given by the   
illumination of manuscripts1 and by some
 forms of jewellery and metallurgy3 and 
my purpose in this course of lectures is
 to illustrate by all these arts the    
phases of national character which it is
 impossible that historians should      
estimate1 or even observe1 with         
accuracy1 unless they are cognizant of  

excellence in the aforesaid modes of    
structural and ornamental craftsmanship4
  ,in one respect1 as indicated by the  
title chosen for this course1 ,i have   
varied the treatment of their subject   
from that adopted in all my former      
books4 ,hitherto1 ,i have always        
endeavoured to illustrate the personal  
temper and skill of the artist2 holding 
the wishes or taste of his spectators at
 small account1 and saying of ,turner   
you ought to like him1 and of ,salvator1
 you ought not1 etc41 etc41 without in  
the least considering what the genius or
 instinct of the spectator might        
otherwise demand1 or approve4 ,but in   
the now attempted sketch of ,christian  
history1 ,i have approached every       
question from the people's side1 and    
examined the nature1 not of the special 
faculties by which the work was         
produced1 but of the general instinct by
 which it was asked for1 and enjoyed4   
,therefore ,i thought the proper heading
 for these papers should represent them 

as descriptive of the ,pleasures of     
,england1 rather than of its ,arts4     
,and of these pleasures1 necessarily1   
the leading one was that of ,learning1  
in the sense of receiving               
instruction2--a pleasure totally        
separate from that of finding out things
 for yourself1--and an extremely sweet  
and sacred pleasure1 when you know how  
to seek it1 and receive4  ,on which ,i  
am the more disposed1 and even          
compelled1 here to insist1 because your 
modern ideas of ,development imply that 
you must all turn out what you are to   
be1 and find out what you are to know1  
for yourselves1 by the inevitable       
operation of your anterior affinities   
and inner consciences3--whereas the old 
idea of education was that the baby     
material of you1 however accidentally or
 inevitably born1 was at least to be by 
external force1 and ancestral knowledge1
 bred2 and treated by its ,fathers and  
,tutors as a plastic vase1 to be shaped 
or mannered as they chose1 not as it    

chose1 and filled1 when its form was    
well finished and baked1 with sweetness 
of sound doctrine1 as with ,hybla honey1
 or ,arabian spikenard4  ,without       
debating how far these two modes of     
acquiring knowledge--finding out1 and   
being told--may severally be good1 and  
in perfect instruction combined1 ,i have
 to point out to you that1 broadly1     
,athens1 ,rome1 and ,florence are       
self-taught1 and internally developed2  
while all the ,gothic races1 without any
 exception1 but especially those of     
,london and ,paris1 are afterwards      
taught by these2 and had1 therefore1    
when they chose to accept it1 the       
delight of being instructed1 without    
trouble or doubt1 as fast as they could 
read or imitate2 and brought forward to 
the point where their own northern      
instincts might wholesomely superimpose 
or graft some national ideas upon these 
sound instructions4 ,read over what ,i  
said on this subject in the third of my 
lectures last year 7page #gi71 and      

simplify that already brief statement   
further1 by fastening in your mind      
,carlyle's general symbol of the best   
attainments of northern religious       
sculpture1--three whalecubs combined by 
boiling1 and reflecting that the mental 
history of all northern ,european art is
 the modification of that graceful type1
 under the orders of the ,athena of     
,homer and ,phidias4  ,and this being   
quite indisputably the broad fact of the
 matter1 ,i greatly marvel that your    
historians never1 so far as ,i have     
read1 think of proposing to you the     
question--what you might have made of   
yourselves without the help of ,homer   
and ,phidias3 what sort of beings the   
,saxon and the ,celt1 the ,frank and the
 ,dane1 might have been by this time1   
untouched by the spear of ,pallas1      
unruled by the rod of ,agricola1 and    
sincerely the native growth1 pure of    
root1 and ungrafted in fruit of the clay
 of ,isis1 rock of ,dovrefeldt1 and     
sands of ,elbe8 ,think of it1 and think 

chiefly what form the ideas1 and images1
 of your natural religion might probably
 have taken1 if no ,roman missionary had
 ever passed the ,alps in charity1 and  
no ,english king in pilgrimage4  ,i have
 been of late indebted more than ,i can 
express to the friend who has honoured  
me by the dedication of his recently    
published lectures on ',older ,england2'
 and whose eager enthusiasm and far     
collected learning have enabled me for  
the first time to assign their just     
meaning and value to the ritual and     
imagery of ,saxon devotion4 ,but while  
every page of ,mr4 ,hodgett's book1 and1
 ,i may gratefully say also1 every      
sentence of his teaching1 has increased 
and justified the respect in which ,i   
have always been by my own feeling      
disposed to hold the mythologies founded
 on the love and knowledge of the       
natural world1 ,i have also been led by 
them to conceive1 far more forcibly than
 hitherto1 the power which the story of 
,christianity possessed1 first heard    

through the wreaths of that cloudy      
superstition1 in the substitution1 for  
its vaporescent allegory1 of a positive 
and literal account of a real ,creation1
 and an instantly present1 omnipresent1 
and compassionate ,god4  ,observe1 there
 is no question whatever in examining   
this influence1 how far ,christianity   
itself is true1 or the transcendental   
doctrines of it intelligible4 ,those who
 brought you the story of it believed it
 with all their souls to be true1--and  
the effect of it on the hearts of your  
ancestors was that of an unquestionable1
 infinitely lucid message straight from 
,god1 doing away with all difficulties1 
grief1 and fears for those who willingly
 received it1 nor by any1 except        
wilfully and obstinately vile persons1  
to be1 by any possibility1 denied or    
refused4  ,and it was precisely1        
observe1 the vivacity and joy with which
 the main fact of ,christ's life was    
accepted which gave the force and wrath 
to the controversies instantly arising  

about its nature4  ,those controversies 
vexed and shook1 but never undermined1  
the faith they strove to purify1 and the
 miraculous presence1 errorless precept1
 and loving promises of their ,lord were
 alike undoubted1 alike rejoiced in1 by 
every nation that heard the word of     
,apostles4 ,the ,pelagian's assertion   
that immortality could be won by man's  
will1 and the ,arian's that ,christ     
possessed no more than man's nature1    
never for an instant--or in any         
country--hindered the advance of the    
moral law and intellectual hope of      
,christianity4 ,far the contrary2 the   
,british heresy concerning ,free ,will1 
though it brought bishop after bishop   
into ,england to extinguish it1 remained
 an extremely healthy and active element
 in the ,british mind down to the days  
of ,john ,bunyan and the guide ,great   
,heart1 and the calmly ,christian       
justice and simple human virtue of      
,theodoric were the very roots and first
 burgeons of the regeneration of        

,italy4#a ,but of the degrees in which  
it was possible for any barbarous nation
 to receive during the first five       
centuries1 either the spiritual power of
 ,christianity itself1 or the           
instruction in classic art and science  
which accompanied it1 you cannot rightly
 judge1 without taking the pains1 and   
they will not1 ,i think1 be irksome1 of 
noticing carefully1 and fixing          
permanently in your minds1 the          
separating characteristics of the       
greater races1 both in those who learned
 and those who taught4  ,footnote #a3   
,gibbon1 in his #cgth chapter1 makes    
,ulphilas also an ,arian1 but might have
 forborne1 with grace1 his own          
definition of orthodoxy3--and you are to
 observe generally that at this time the
 teachers who admitted the inferiority  
of ,christ to the ,father as touching   
his ,manhood1 were often counted among  
,arians1 but quite falsely4 ,christ's   
own words1 ,my ,father is greater than  
,i1 end that controversy at once4       

,arianism consists not in asserting the 
subjection of the ,son to the ,father1  
but in denying the subjected ,divinity4 
,of the ,huns and ,vandals we need not  
speak4 ,they are merely forms of        
,punishment and ,destruction4 ,put them 
out of your minds altogether1 and       
remember only the names of the immortal 
nations1 which abide on their native    
rocks1 and plough their unconquered     
plains1 at this hour4  ,briefly1 in the 
north1--,briton1 ,norman1 ,frank1       
,saxon1 ,ostrogoth1 ,lombard2 briefly1  
in the south1--,tuscan1 ,roman1 ,greek1 
,syrian1 ,egyptian1 ,arabian4  ,now of  
these races1 the ,british 7,i avoid the 
word ,celtic1 because you would expect  
me to say ,keltic2 and ,i don't mean to1
 lest you should be wanting me next to  
call the patroness of music ,st4        
,kekilia71 the ,british1 including      
,breton1 ,cornish1 ,welsh1 ,irish1      
,scot1 and ,pict1 are1 ,i believe1 of   
all the northern races1 the one which   
has deepest love of external            

nature2--and the richest inherent gift  
of pure music and song1 as such2        
separated from the intellectual gift    
which raises song into poetry4 ,they are
 naturally also religious1 and for some 
centuries after their own conversion are
 one of the chief evangelizing powers in
 ,christendom4 ,but they are neither    
apprehensive nor receptive2--they cannot
 understand the classic races1 and learn
 scarcely anything from them2 perhaps   
better so1 if the classic races had been
 more careful to understand them4       
,next1 the ,norman is scarcely more     
apprehensive than the ,celt1 but he is  
more constructive1 and uses to good     
advantage what he learns from the       
,frank4 ,his main characteristic is an  
energy1 which never exhausts itself in  
vain anger1 desire1 or sorrow1 but      
abides and rules1 like a living         
rock3--where he wanders1 he flows like  
lava1 and congeals like granite4  ,next1
 ,i take in this first sketch the ,saxon
 and ,frank together1 both pre-eminently

 apprehensive1 both docile exceedingly1 
imaginative in the highest1 but in life 
active more than pensive1 eager in      
desire1 swift of invention1 keenly      
sensitive to animal beauty1 but with    
difficulty rational1 and rarely1 for the
 future1 wise4 ,under the conclusive    
name of ,ostrogoth1 you may class       
whatever tribes are native to ,central  
,germany1 and develope themselves1 as   
time goes on1 into that power of the    
,german ,caesars which still asserts    
itself as an empire against the licence 
and insolence of modern                 
republicanism1--of which races1 though  
this general name1 no description can be
 given in rapid terms4  ,and lastly1 the
 ,lombards1 who1 at the time we have to 
deal with1 were sternly indocile1       
gloomily imaginative1--of almost ,norman
 energy1 and differing from all the     
other western nations chiefly in this   
notable particular1 that while the ,celt
 is capable of bright wit and happy     
play1 and the ,norman1 ,saxon1 and      

,frank all alike delight in caricature1 
the ,lombards1 like the ,arabians1 never
 jest4  ,these1 briefly1 are the six    
barbaric nations who are to be taught3  
and of whose native arts and faculties1 
before they receive any tutorship from  
the south1 ,i find no well-sifted       
account in any history3--but thus much  
of them1 collecting your own thoughts   
and knowledge1 you may easily           
discern--they were all1 with the        
exception of the ,scots1 practical      
workers and builders in wood2 and those 
of them who had coasts1 first rate      
sea-boat builders1 with fine            
mathematical instincts and practice in  
that kind far developed1 necessarily    
good sail-weaving1 and sound            
fur-stitching1 with stout iron-work of  
nail and rivet2 rich copper and some    
silver work in decoration--the ,celts   
developing peculiar gifts in linear     
design1 but wholly incapable of drawing 
animals or figures2--the ,saxons and    
,franks having enough capacity in that  

kind1 but no thought of attempting it2  
the ,normans and ,lombards still farther
 remote from any such skill4 ,more and  
more1 it seems to me wonderful that     
under your ,british block-temple1 grimly
 extant on its pastoral plain1 or beside
 the first crosses engraved on the rock 
at ,whithorn--you ,english and ,scots do
 not oftener consider what you might or 
could have come to1 left to yourselves4 
,next1 let us form the list of your     
tutor nations1 in whom1 it generally    
pleases you to look at nothing but the  
corruptions4 ,if we could get into the  
habit of thinking more of our own       
corruptions and more of their virtues1  
we should have a better chance of       
learning the true laws alike of art and 
destiny4 ,but1 the safest way of all1 is
 to assure ourselves that true knowledge
 of any thing or any creature is only of
 the good of it2 that its nature and    
life are in that1 and that what is      
diseased1--that is to say1 unnatural and
 mortal1--you must cut away from it in  

contemplation1 as you would in surgery4 
,of the six tutor nations1 two1 the     
,tuscan and ,arab1 have no effect on    
early ,christian ,england4 ,but the     
,roman1 ,greek1 ,syrian1 and ,egyptian  
act together from the earliest times2   
you are to study the influence of ,rome 
upon ,england in ,agricola1             
,constantius1 ,st4 ,benedict1 and ,st4  
,gregory2 of ,greece upon ,england in   
the artists of ,byzantium and ,ravenna2 
of ,syria and ,egypt upon ,england in   
,st4 ,jerome1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4     
,chrysostom1 and ,st4 ,athanase4  ,st4  
,jerome1 in central ,bethlehem2 ,st4    
,augustine1 ,carthaginian by birth1 in  
truth a converted ,tyrian1 ,athanase1   
,egyptian1 symmetric and fixed as an    
,egyptian aisle2 ,chrysostom1 golden    
mouth of all2 these are1 indeed1 every  
one teachers of all the western world1  
but ,st4 ,augustine especially of lay1  
as distinguished from monastic1         
,christianity to the ,franks1 and       
finally to us4 ,his rule1 expanded into 

the treatise of the ,city of ,god1 is   
taken for guide of life and policy by   
,charlemagne1 and becomes certainly the 
fountain of ,evangelical ,christianity1 
distinctively so called1 7and broadly   
the lay ,christianity of ,europe1 since1
 in the purest form of it1 that is to   
say1 the most merciful1 charitable1     
variously applicable1 kindly wise47 ,the
 greatest type of it1 as far as ,i know1
 ,st4 ,martin of ,tours1 whose character
 is sketched1 ,i think in the main      
rightly1 in the ,bible of ,amiens2 and  
you may bind together your thoughts of  
its course by remembering that ,alcuin1 
born at ,york1 dies in the ,abbey of    
,st4 ,martin1 at ,tours2 that as ,st4   
,augustine was in his writings          
,charlemagne's ,evangelist in faith1    
,alcuin was1 in living presence1 his    
master in rhetoric1 logic1 and          
astronomy1 with the other physical      
sciences4  ,a hundred years later than  
,st4 ,augustine1 comes the rule of ,st4 
,benedict--the ,monastic rule1          

virtually1 of ,european ,christianity1  
ever since--and theologically the ,law  
of ,works1 as distinguished from the    
,law of ,faith4 ,st4 ,augustine and all 
the disciples of ,st4 ,augustine tell   
,christians what they should feel and   
think3 ,st4 ,benedict and all the       
disciples of ,st4 ,benedict tell        
,christians what they should say and do4
  ,in the briefest1 but also the        
perfectest distinction1 the disciples of
 ,st4 ,augustine are those who open the 
door to ,christ--,if any man hear my    
voice2 but the ,benedictines those to   
whom ,christ opens the door--,to him    
that knocketh it shall be opened4  ,now1
 note broadly the course and action of  
this rule1 as it combines with the older
 one4 ,st4 ,augustine's1 accepted       
heartily by ,clovis1 and1 with various  
degrees of understanding1 by the kings  
and queens of the ,merovingian dynasty1 
makes seemingly little difference in    
their conduct1 so that their profession 
of it remains a scandal to ,christianity

 to this day2 and yet it lives1 in the  
true hearts among them1 down from ,st4  
,clotilde to her great grand-daughter   
,bertha1 who in becoming ,queen of      
,kent1 builds under its chalk downs her 
own little chapel to ,st4 ,martin1 and  
is the first effectively and permanently
 useful missionary to the ,saxons1 the  
beginner of ,english ,erudition1--the   
first laid corner stone of beautiful    
,english character4  ,i think           
henceforward you will find the          
memorandum of dates which ,i have here  
set down for my own guidance more simply
 useful than those confused by record of
 unimportant persons and inconsequent   
events1 which form the indices of common
 history4  ,from the year of the ,saxon 
invasion #ddi1 there are exactly #djj   
years to the birth of ,alfred1 #hdi4    
,you have no difficulty in remembering  
those cardinal years4 ,then1 you have   
,four great men and great events to     
remember1 at the close of the fifth     
century4 ,clovis1 and the founding of   

,frank ,kingdom2 ,theodoric and the     
founding of the ,gothic ,kingdom2       
,justinian and the founding of ,civil   
law2 ,st4 ,benedict and the founding of 
,religious law4  ,of1 ,justinian1 and   
his work1 ,i am not able myself to form 
any opinion--and it is1 ,i think1       
unnecessary for students of history to  
form any1 until they are able to        
estimate clearly the benefits1 and      
mischief1 of the civil law of ,europe in
 its present state4 ,but to ,clovis1    
,theodoric1 and ,st4 ,benedict1 without 
any question1 we owe more than any      
,english historian has yet              
ascribed1--and they are easily held in  
mind together1 for ,clovis ascended the 
,frank throne in the year of ,st4       
,benedict's birth1 #dha4 ,theodoric     
fought the battle of ,verona1 and       
founded the ,ostrogothic ,kingdom in    
,italy twelve years later1 in #dic1 and 
thereupon married the sister of ,clovis4
 ,that marriage is always passed in a   
casual sentence1 as if a merely         

political one1 and while page after page
 is spent in following the alternations 
of furious crime and fatal chance1 in   
the contests between ,fredegonde and    
,brunehaut1 no historian ever considers 
whether the great ,ostrogoth who wore in
 the battle of ,verona the dress which  
his mother had woven for him1 was likely
 to have chosen a wife without love6--or
 how far the perfectness1 justice1 and  
temperate wisdom of every ordinance of  
his reign was owing to the sympathy and 
counsel of his ,frankish queen4  ,you   
have to recollect1 then1 thus far1 only 
three cardinal dates3--    #ddi4 ,saxon 
invasion4   #dha4 ,clovis reigns and    
,st4 ,benedict is born4   #dic4         
,theodoric conquers at ,verona4  ,then1 
roughly1 a hundred years later1 in #eij1
 ,ethelbert1 the fifth from ,hengist1   
and ,bertha1 the third from ,clotilde1  
are king and queen of ,kent4 ,i cannot  
find the date of their marriage1 but the
 date1 #eij1 which you must recollect   
for cardinal1 is that of ,gregory's     

accession to the pontificate1 and ,i    
believe ,bertha was then in middle life1
 having persevered in her religion      
firmly1 but inoffensively1 and made     
herself beloved by her husband and      
people4 ,she1 in ,england1 ,theodolinda 
in ,lombardy1 and ,st4 ,gregory in      
,rome3--in their hands1 virtually lay   
the destiny of ,europe4  ,then the      
period from ,bertha to ,osburga1 #eij to
 #hdi--say #bej years--is passed by the 
,saxon people in the daily more reverent
 learning of the ,christian faith1 and  
daily more peaceful and skilful practice
 of the humane arts and duties which it 
invented and inculcated4  ,the statement
 given by ,sir ,edward ,creasy of the   
result of these #bej years of lesson is1
 with one correction1 the most simple   
and just that ,i can find4  ,a few years
 before the close of the sixth century1 
the country was little more than a wide 
battle-field1 where gallant but rude    
warriors fought with each other1 or     
against the neighbouring ,welsh or      

,scots2 unheeding and unheeded by the   
rest of ,europe1 or1 if they attracted  
casual attention1 regarded with dread   
and disgust as the fiercest of          
barbarians and the most untameable of   
pagans4 ,in the eighth century1 ,england
 was looked up to with admiration and   
gratitude1 as superior to all the other 
countries of ,western ,europe in piety  
and learning1 and as the land whence the
 most zealous and successful saints and 
teachers came forth to convert and      
enlighten the still barbarous regions of
 the continent4  ,this statement is     
broadly true2 yet the correction it     
needs is a very important one4          
,england1--under her first ,alfred of   
,northumberland1 and under ,ina of      
,wessex1 is indeed during these         
centuries the most learned1 thoughtful1 
and progressive of ,european states4    
,but she is not a missionary power4 ,the
 missionaries are always to her1 not    
from her3--for the very reason that she 
is learning so eagerly1 she does not    

take to preaching4 ,ina founds his      
,saxon school at ,rome not to teach     
,rome1 nor convert the ,pope1 but to    
drink at the source of knowledge1 and to
 receive laws from direct and           
unquestioned authority4 ,the missionary 
power was wholly ,scotch and ,irish1 and
 that power was wholly one of zeal and  
faith1 not of learning4 ,i will ask you1
 in the course of my next lecture1 to   
regard it attentively2 to-day1 ,i must  
rapidly draw to the conclusions ,i would
 leave with you4  ,it is more and more  
wonderful to me as ,i think of it1 that 
no effect whatever was produced on the  
,saxon1 nor on any other healthy race of
 the ,north1 either by the luxury of    
,rome1 or by her art1 whether           
constructive or imitative4 ,the ,saxon  
builds no aqueducts--designs no roads1  
rounds no theatres in imitation of      
her1--envies none of her vile           
pleasures1--admires1 so far as ,i can   
judge1 none of her far-carried realistic
 art4 ,i suppose that it needs          

intelligence of a more advanced kind to 
see the qualities of complete sculpture3
 and that we may think of the ,northern 
intellect as still like that of a child1
 who cares to picture its own thoughts  
in its own way1 but does not care for   
the thoughts of older people1 or attempt
 to copy what it feels too difficult4   
,this much at least is certain1 that for
 one cause or another1 everything that  
now at ,paris or ,london our painters   
most care for and try to realize1 of    
ancient ,rome1 was utterly innocuous and
 unattractive to the ,saxon3 while his  
mind was frankly open to the direct     
teaching of ,greece and to the methods  
of bright decoration employed in the    
,byzantine ,empire3 for these alone     
seemed to his fancy suggestive of the   
glories of the brighter world promised  
by ,christianity4 ,jewellery1 vessels of
 gold and silver1 beautifully written   
books1 and music1 are the gifts of ,st4 
,gregory alike to the ,saxon and        
,lombard2 all these beautiful things    

being used1 not for the pleasure of the 
present life1 but as the symbols of     
another2 while the drawings in ,saxon   
manuscripts1 in which1 better than in   
any other remains of their life1 we can 
read the people's character1 are rapid  
endeavours to express for themselves1   
and convey to others1 some likeness of  
the realities of sacred event in which  
they had been instructed4 ,they differ  
from every archaic school of former     
design in this evident correspondence   
with an imagined reality4 ,all previous 
archaic art whatsoever is symbolic and  
decorative--not realistic4 ,the contest 
of ,herakles with the ,hydra on a ,greek
 vase is a mere sign that such a contest
 took place1 not a picture of it1 and in
 drawing that sign the potter is always 
thinking of the effect of the engraved  
lines on the curves of his pot1 and     
taking care to keep out of the way of   
the handle2--but a ,saxon monk would    
scratch his idea of the ,fall of the    
angels or the ,temptation of ,christ    

over a whole page of his manuscript in  
variously explanatory scenes1 evidently 
full of inexpressible vision1 and eager 
to explain and illustrate all that he   
felt or believed4  ,of the progress and 
arrest of these gifts1 ,i shall have to 
speak in my next address2 but ,i must   
regretfully conclude to-day with some   
brief warning against the complacency   
which might lead you to regard them as  
either at that time entirely original in
 the ,saxon race1 or at the present day 
as signally characteristic of it4 ,that 
form of complacency is exhibited in its 
most amiable but1 therefore1 most       
deceptive guise1 in the passage with    
which the late ,dean of ,westminster    
concluded his lecture at ,canterbury in 
,april1 #ahed1 on the subject of the    
landing of ,augustine4 ,i will not spoil
 the emphasis of the passage by comment 
as ,i read1 but must take leave         
afterwards to intimate some grounds for 
abatement in the fervour of its         
self-gratulatory ecstasy4  ,let any one 

sit on the hill of the little church of 
,st4 ,martin1 and look on the view which
 is there spread before his eyes4       
,immediately below are the towers of the
 great abbey of ,st4 ,augustine1 where  
,christian learning and civilization    
first struck root in the ,anglo-,saxon  
race2 and within which now1 after a     
lapse of many centuries1 a new          
institution has arisen1 intended to     
carry far and wide1 to countries of     
which ,gregory and ,augustine never     
heard1 the blessings which they gave to 
us4 ,carry your view on--and there rises
 high above all the magnificent pile of 
our cathedral1 equal in splendour and   
state to any1 the noblest temple or     
church that ,augustine could have seen  
in ancient ,rome1 rising on the very    
ground which derives its consecration   
from him4 ,and still more than the      
grandeur of the outward buildings that  
rose from the little church of          
,augustine and the little palace of     
,ethelbert have been the institutions of

 all kinds of which these were the      
earliest cradle4 ,from ,canterbury1 the 
first ,english ,christian city1--from   
,kent1 the first ,english ,christian    
kingdom--has by degrees arisen the whole
 constitution of ,church and ,state in  
,england which now binds together the   
whole ,british ,empire4 ,and from the   
,christianity here established in       
,england has flowed1 by direct          
consequence1 first the ,christianity of 
,germany2 then1 after a long interval1  
of ,north ,america2 and lastly1 we may  
trust1 in time1 of all ,india and all   
,australasia4 ,the view from ,st4       
,martin's ,church is indeed one of the  
most inspiriting that can be found in   
the world2 there is none to which ,i    
would more willingly take any one who   
doubted whether a small beginning could 
lead to a great and lasting good2--none 
which carries us more vividly back into 
the past1 or more hopefully forward into
 the future4  ,to this ,gregorian       
canticle in praise of the ,british      

constitution1 ,i grieve1 but am         
compelled1 to take these following      
historical objections4 ,the first       
missionary to ,germany was ,ulphilas1   
and what she owes to these islands she  
owes to ,iona1 not to ,thanet4 ,our     
missionary offices to ,america as to    
,africa1 consist ,i believe principally 
in the stealing of land1 and the        
extermination of its proprietors by     
intoxication4 ,our rule in ,india has   
introduced there1 ,paisley instead of   
,cashmere shawls3 in ,australasia our   
,christian aid supplies1 ,i suppose1 the
 pious farmer with convict labour4 ,and 
although1 when the ,dean wrote the above
 passage1 ,st4 ,augustine's and the     
cathedral were--,i take it on trust from
 his description--the principal objects 
in the prospect from ,st4 ,martin's     
,hill1 ,i believe even the cheerfullest 
of my audience would not now think the  
scene one of the most inspiriting in the
 world4 ,for recent progress has        
entirely accommodated the architecture  

of the scene to the convenience of the  
missionary workers above enumerated2 to 
the peculiar necessities of the         
civilization they have achieved4 ,for   
the sake of which the cathedral1 the    
monastery1 the temple1 and the tomb1 of 
,bertha1 contract themselves in distant 
or despised subservience under the      
colossal walls of the county gaol4      
,,lecture ,,ii4  ,,the ,,pleasures ,,of 
,,faith4  ,,alfred ,,to ,,the           
,,confessor4   ,i was forced in my last 
lecture to pass by altogether1 and      
to-day can only with momentary          
definition notice1 the part taken by    
,scottish missionaries in the           
,christianizing of ,england and         
,burgundy4 ,i would pray you therefore1 
in order to fill the gap which ,i think 
it better to leave distinctly1 than     
close confusedly1 to read the histories 
of ,st4 ,patrick1 ,st4 ,columba1 and    
,st4 ,columban1 as they are given you by
 ,montalembert in his ',moines          
d',occident4' ,you will find in his     

pages all the essential facts that are  
known1 encircled with a nimbus of       
enthusiastic sympathy which ,i hope you 
will like better to see them through1   
than distorted by blackening fog of     
contemptuous rationalism4 ,but although 
,i ask you thus to make yourselves aware
 of the greatness of my omission1 ,i    
must also certify you that it does not  
break the unity of our own immediate    
subject4 ,the influence of ,celtic      
passion and art both on ,northumbria and
 the ,continent1 beneficent in all      
respects while it lasted1 expired       
without any permanent share in the work 
or emotion of the ,saxon and ,frank4    
,the book of ,kells1 and the bell of    
,st4 ,patrick1 represent sufficiently   
the peculiar character of ,celtic       
design2 and long since1 in the first    
lecture of the ',two ,paths1' ,i        
explained both the modes of skill1 and  
points of weakness1 which rendered such 
design unprogressive4 ,perfect in its   
peculiar manner1 and exulting in the    

faultless practice of a narrow skill1 it
 remained century after century         
incapable alike of inner growth1 or     
foreign instruction2 inimitable1 yet    
incorrigible2 marvellous1 yet           
despicable1 to its death4 ,despicable1  
,i mean1 only in the limitation of its  
capacity1 not in its quality or nature4 
,if you make a ,christian of a lamb or a
 squirrel--what can you expect of the   
lamb but jumping--what of the squirrel1 
but pretty spirals1 traced with his     
tail8 ,he won't steal your nuts any     
more1 and he'll say his prayers like    
this--#b2 but you cannot make a         
,beatrice's griffin1 and emblem of all  
the ,catholic ,church1 out of him4      
,footnote #b3 ,making a sign4  ,you will
 have observed1 also1 that the plan of  
these lectures does not include any     
reference to the ,roman ,period in      
,england2 of which you will find all ,i 
think necessary to say1 in the part     
called ,valle ,crucis of ',our ,fathers 
have told us4' ,but ,i must here warn   

you1 with reference to it1 of one       
gravely false prejudice of              
,montalembert4 ,he is entirely blind to 
the conditions of ,roman virtue1 which  
existed in the midst of the corruptions 
of the ,empire1 forming the characters  
of such ,emperors as ,pertinax1 ,carus1 
,probus1 the second ,claudius1          
,aurelian1 and our own ,constantius2 and
 he denies1 with abusive violence1 the  
power for good1 of ,roman ,law1 over the
 ,gauls and ,britons4  ,respecting      
,roman national character1 ,i will      
simply beg you to remember1 that both   
,st4 ,benedict and ,st4 ,gregory are    
,roman patricians1 before they are      
either monk or pope2 respecting its     
influence on ,britain1 ,i think you may 
rest content with ,shakespeare's        
estimate of it4 ,both ,lear and         
,cymbeline belong to this time1 so      
difficult to our apprehension1 when the 
,briton accepted both ,roman laws and   
,roman gods4 ,there is indeed the born  
,kentish gentleman's protest against    

them in ,kent's--              ,now1 by 
,apollo1 king1   ,thou swear'st thy gods
 in vain2  but both ,cordelia and       
,imogen are just as thoroughly ,roman   
ladies1 as ,virgilia or ,calphurnia4    
,of ,british ,christianity and the      
,arthurian ,legends1 ,i shall have a    
word or two to say in my lecture on     
,fancy1 in connection with the similar  
romance which surrounds ,theodoric and  
,charlemagne3 only the worst of it is1  
that while both ,dietrich and ,karl are 
themselves more wonderful than the      
legends of them1 ,arthur fades into     
intangible vision3--this much1 however1 
remains to this day1 of ,arthurian blood
 in us1 that the richest fighting       
element in the ,british army and navy is
 ,british native1--that is to say1      
,highlander1 ,irish1 ,welsh1 and        
,cornish4  ,content1 therefore1 7means  
being now given you for filling gaps17  
with the estimates given you in the     
preceding lecture of the sources of     
instruction possessed by the ,saxon     

capital1 ,i pursue to-day our question  
originally proposed1 what ,london might 
have been by this time1 if the nature of
 the flowers1 trees1 and children1 born 
at the ,thames-side1 had been rightly   
understood and cultivated4  ,many of my 
hearers can imagine far better than ,i1 
the look that ,london must have had in  
,alfred's and ,canute's days4#c ,i have 
not1 indeed1 the least idea myself what 
its buildings were like1 but certainly  
the groups of its shipping must have    
been superb2 small1 but entirely        
seaworthy vessels1 manned by the best   
seamen in the then world4 ,of course1   
now1 at ,chatham and ,portsmouth we have
 our ironclads1--extremely beautiful and
 beautifully manageable things1 no      
doubt--to set against this ,saxon and   
,danish shipping2 but the ,saxon        
war-ships lay here at ,london           
shore--bright with banner and shield and
 dragon prow1--instead of these you may 
be happier1 but are not handsomer1 in   
having1 now1 the coal-barge1 the penny  

steamer1 and the wherry full of shop    
boys and girls4 ,i dwell however for a  
moment only on the naval aspect of the  
tidal waters in the days of ,alfred1    
because ,i can refer you for all detail 
on this part of our subject to the      
wonderful opening chapter of ,dean      
,stanley's ,history of ,westminster     
,abbey1 where you will find the origin  
of the name of ,london given as ,the    
,city of ,ships4 ,he does not1 however1 
tell you1 that there were built1 then   
and there1 the biggest war-ships in the 
world4 ,i have often said to friends who
 praised my own books that ,i would     
rather have written that chapter than   
any one of them2 yet if ,i had been able
 to write the historical part of it1 the
 conclusions drawn would have been      
extremely different4 ,the ,dean indeed  
describes with a poet's joy the ,river  
of wells1 which rose from those once    
consecrated springs which now lie choked
 in ,holywell and ,clerkenwell1 and the 
rivulet of ,ulebrig which crossed the   

,strand under the ,ivy bridge2 but it is
 only in the spirit of a modern citizen 
of ,belgravia that he exults in the fact
 that the great arteries of our crowded 
streets1 the vast sewers which cleanse  
our habitations1 are fed by the         
life-blood of those old and living      
streams2 that underneath our tread the  
,tyburn1 and the ,holborn1 and the      
,fleet1 and the ,wall ,brook1 are still 
pursuing their ceaseless course1 still  
ministering to the good of man1 though  
in a far different fashion than when    
,druids drank of their sacred springs1  
and ,saxons were baptized in their      
rushing waters1 ages ago4  ,footnote #c3
 ,here ,alfred's ,silver ,penny was     
shown and commented on1 thus3--,of what 
,london was like in the days of faith1  
,i can show you one piece of artistic   
evidence4 ,it is ,alfred's silver penny 
struck in ,london mint4 ,the character  
of a coinage is quite conclusive        
evidence in national history1 and there 
is no great empire in progress1 but     

tells its story in beautiful coins4     
,here in ,alfred's penny1 a round coin  
with ,l4,o4,n4,d4,i4,n4,i4,a4 struck on 
it1 you have just the same beauty of    
design1 the same enigmatical arrangement
 of letters1 as in the early            
inscription1 which it is the pride of my
 life to have discovered at ,venice4    
,this inscription 7the first words that 
,venice ever speaks aloud7 is1 it will  
be remembered1 on the ,church of ,st4   
,giacomo di ,rialto1 and runs1 being    
interpreted--,around this temple1 let   
the merchant's law be just1 his weights 
true1 and his covenants faithful4       
,whatever sympathy you may feel with    
these eloquent expressions of that      
entire complacency in the present1 past1
 and future1 which peculiarly animates  
,dean ,stanley's writings1 ,i must1 in  
this case1 pray you to observe that the 
transmutation of holy wells into sewers 
has1 at least1 destroyed the charm and  
utility of the ,thames as a salmon      
stream1 and ,i must ask you to read with

 attention the succeeding portions of   
the chapter which record the legends of 
the river fisheries in their relation to
 the first ,abbey of ,westminster2      
dedicated by its builders to ,st4       
,peter1 not merely in his office of     
cornerstone of the ,church1 nor even    
figuratively as a fisher of men1 but    
directly as a fisher of fish3--and which
 maintained themselves1 you will see1 in
 actual ceremony down to #achb1 when a  
fisherman still annually took his place 
beside the ,prior1 after having brought 
in a salmon for ,st4 ,peter1 which was  
carried in state down the middle of the 
refectory4  ,but as ,i refer to this    
page for the exact word1 my eye is      
caught by one of the sentences of       
,londonian#d thought which constantly   
pervert the well-meant books of pious   
,england4 ,we see also1 says the ,dean1 
the union of innocent fiction with      
worldly craft1 which marks so many of   
the legends both of ,pagan and          
,christian times4 ,i might simply reply 

to this insinuation that times which    
have no legends differ from the         
legendary ones merely by uniting guilty1
 instead of innocent1 fiction1 with     
worldly craft2 but ,i must farther      
advise you that the legends of these    
passionate times are in no wise1 and in 
no sense1 fiction at all2 but the true  
record of impressions made on the minds 
of persons in a state of eager spiritual
 excitement1 brought into bright focus  
by acting steadily and frankly under its
 impulses4 ,i could tell you a great    
deal more about such things than you    
would believe1 and therefore1 a great   
deal more than it would do you the least
 good to hear2--but this much any who   
care to use their common sense modestly1
 cannot but admit1 that unless they     
choose to try the rough life of the     
,christian ages1 they cannot understand 
its practical consequences4 ,you have   
all been taught by ,lord ,macaulay and  
his school that because you have        
,carpets instead of rushes for your     

feet2 and ,feather-beds instead of fern 
for your backs2 and ,kickshaws instead  
of beef for your eating2 and ,drains    
instead of ,holy ,wells for your        
drinking2--that1 therefore1 you are the 
,cream of ,creation1 and every one of   
you a seven-headed ,solomon4 ,stay in   
those pleasant circumstances and        
convictions if you please2 but don't    
accuse your roughly bred and fed fathers
 of telling lies about the aspect the   
earth and sky bore to them1--till you   
have trodden the earth as they1         
barefoot1 and seen the heavens as they1 
face to face4 ,if you care to see and to
 know for yourselves1 you may do it with
 little pains2 you need not do any great
 thing1 you needn't keep one eye open   
and the other shut for ten years over a 
microscope1 nor fight your way through  
icebergs and darkness to knowledge of   
the celestial pole4 ,simply1 do as much 
as king after king of the ,saxons       
did1--put rough shoes on your feet and a
 rough cloak on your shoulders1 and walk

 to ,rome and back4 ,sleep by the       
roadside1 when it is fine1--in the first
 outhouse you can find1 when it is wet2 
and live on bread and water1 with an    
onion or two1 all the way2 and if the   
experiences which you will have to      
relate on your return do not1 as may    
well be1 deserve the name of spiritual2 
at all events you will not be disposed  
to let other people regard them either  
as ,poetry or ,fiction4  ,footnote #d3  
,not ,londinian4  ,with this warning1   
presently to be at greater length       
insisted on1 ,i trace for you1 in ,dean 
,stanley's words1 which cannot be       
bettered except in the collection of    
their more earnest passages from among  
his interludes of graceful but dangerous
 qualification1--,i trace1 with only    
such omission1 the story he has told us 
of the foundation of that ,abbey1 which1
 he tells you1 was the ,mother of       
,london1 and has ever been the shrine   
and the throne of ,english faith and    
truth4  ,the gradual formation of a     

monastic body1 indicated in the charters
 of ,offa and ,edgar1 marks the spread  
of the ,benedictine order throughout    
,england1 under the influence of        
,dunstan4 ,the 'terror' of the spot1    
which had still been its chief          
characteristic in the charter of the    
wild ,offa1 had1 in the days of the more
 peaceful ,edgar1 given way to a dubious
 'renown4' ,twelve monks is the number  
traditionally said to have been         
established by ,dunstan4 ,a few acres   
further up the river formed their chief 
property1 and their monastic character  
was sufficiently recognized to have     
given to the old locality of the        
'terrible place' the name of the        
',western ,monastery1' or ',minster of  
the ,west4'  ,the ,benedictines         
then--twelve ,benedictine monks--thus   
begin the building of existent          
,christian ,london4 ,you know ,i told   
you the ,benedictines are the ,doing    
people1 as the disciples of ,st4        
,augustine the ,sentimental people4 ,the

 ,benedictines find no terror in their  
own thoughts--face the terror of        
places--change it into beauty of        
places1--make this terrible place1 a    
,motherly ,place--,mother of ,london4   
,this first ,westminster1 however1 the  
,dean goes on to say1 seems to have been
 overrun by the ,danes1 and it would    
have had no further history but for the 
combination of circumstances which      
directed hither the notice of ,edward   
the ,confessor4  ,i haven't time to read
 you all the combination of             
circumstances4 ,the last clinching      
circumstance was this--  ,there was in  
the neighbourhood of ,worcester1 'far   
from men in the wilderness1 on the slope
 of a wood1 in a cave deep down in the  
grey rock1' a holy hermit 'of great age1
 living on fruits and roots4' ,one night
 when1 after reading in the ,scriptures 
'how hard are the pains of hell1 and how
 the enduring life of ,heaven is sweet  
and to be desired1' he could neither    
sleep nor repose1 ,st4 ,peter appeared  

to him1 'bright and beautiful1 like to a
 clerk1' and warned him to tell the     
,king that he was released from his vow2
 that on that very day his messengers   
would return from ,rome2 7that is the   
combination of circumstances--bringing  
,pope's order to build a church to      
release the ,king from his vow of       
pilgrimage72 that 'at ,thorney1 two     
leagues from the city1' was the spot    
marked out where1 in an ancient church1 
'situated low1' he was to establish a   
perfect ,benedictine monastery1 which   
should be 'the gate of heaven1 the      
ladder of prayer1 whence those who serve
 ,st4 ,peter there1 shall by him be     
admitted into ,paradise4' ,the hermit   
writes the account of the vision on     
parchment1 seals it with wax1 and brings
 it to the ,king1 who compares it with  
the answer of the messengers1 just      
arrived from ,rome1 and determines on   
carrying out the design as the ,apostle 
had ordered4  ,the ancient church1      
'situated low1' indicated in this vision

 the one whose attached monastery had   
been destroyed by the ,danes1 but its   
little church remained1 and was already 
dear to the ,confessor1 not only from   
the lovely tradition of its dedication  
by the spirit of ,st4 ,peter2 7you must 
read that for yourselves27 but also     
because of two miracles happening there 
to the ,king himself4  ,the first was   
the cure of a cripple1 who sat in the   
road between the ,palace and 'the       
,chapel of ,st4 ,peter1' which was      
'near1' and who explained to the        
,chamberlain ,hugolin that1 after six   
pilgrimages to ,rome in vain1 ,st4      
,peter had promised his cure if the     
,king would1 on his own royal neck1     
carry him to the ,monastery4 ,the ,king 
immediately consented2 and1 amidst the  
scoffs of the court1 bore the poor man  
to the steps of the ,high ,altar4 ,there
 the cripple was received by ,godric the
 sacristan1 and walked away on his own  
restored feet1 hanging his stool on the 
wall for a trophy4  ,before that same   

,high ,altar was also believed to have  
been seen one of the ,eucharistical     
portents1 so frequent in the ,middle    
,ages4 ,a child1 'pure and bright like a
 spirit1' appeared to the ,king in the  
sacramental elements4 ,leofric1 ,earl of
 ,mercia1 who1 with his famous countess1
 ,godiva1 was present1 saw it also4     
,such as these were the motives of      
,edward4 ,under their influence was     
fixed what has ever since been the local
 centre of the ,english monarchy4  ,such
 as these were the motives of ,edward1  
says the ,dean4 ,yes1 certainly2 but    
such as these also1 first1 were the acts
 and visions of ,edward4 ,take care that
 you don't slip away1 by the help of the
 glycerine of the word motives1 into    
fancying that all these tales are only  
the after colours and pictorial         
metaphors of sentimental piety4 ,they   
are either plain truth or black lies2   
take your choice1--but don't tickle and 
treat yourselves with the prettiness or 
the grotesqueness of them1 as if they   

were ,anderssen's fairy tales4 ,either  
the ,king did carry the beggar on his   
back1 or he didn't2 either ,godiva rode 
through ,coventry1 or she didn't2 either
 the ,earl ,leofric saw the vision of   
the bright child at the altar--or he    
lied like a knave4 ,judge1 as you will2 
but do not ,doubt4  ,the ,abbey was     
fifteen years in building4 ,the ,king   
spent upon it one-tenth of the property 
of the kingdom4 ,it was to be a marvel  
of its kind4 ,as in its origin it bore  
the traces of the fantastic and childish
 7,i must pause1 to ask you to          
substitute for these blameful terms1    
'fantastic and childish1' the better    
ones of 'imaginative and pure'7         
character of the ,king and of the age2  
in its architecture it bore the stamp of
 the peculiar position which ,edward    
occupied in ,english history between    
,saxon and ,norman4 ,by birth he was a  
,saxon1 but in all else he was a        
foreigner4 ,accordingly the ,church at  
,westminster was a wide-sweeping        

innovation on all that had been seen    
before4 ',destroying the old building1' 
he says in his charter1 ',i have built  
up a new one from the very foundation4' 
,its fame as a 'new style of            
composition' lingered in the minds of   
men for generations4 ,it was the first  
cruciform church in ,england1 from which
 all the rest of like shape were        
copied--an expression of the increasing 
hold which1 in the tenth century1 the   
idea of the ,crucifixion had laid on the
 imagination of ,europe4 ,the massive   
roof and pillars formed a contrast with 
the rude wooden rafters and beams of the
 common ,saxon churches4 ,its very      
size--occupying1 as it did1 almost the  
whole area of the present building--was 
in itself portentous4 ,the deep         
foundations1 of large square blocks of  
grey stone1 were duly laid2 the east end
 was rounded into an apse2 a tower rose 
in the centre1 crowned by a cupola of   
wood4 ,at the western end were erected  
two smaller towers1 with five large     

bells4 ,the hard strong stones were     
richly sculptured2 the windows were     
filled with stained glass2 the roof was 
covered with lead4 ,the cloisters1      
chapter-house1 refectory1 dormitory1 the
 infirmary1 with its spacious chapel1 if
 not completed by ,edward1 were all     
begun1 and finished in the next         
generation on the same plan4 ,this      
structure1 venerable as it would be if  
it had lasted to our time1 has almost   
entirely vanished4 ,possibly one vast   
dark arch in the southern transept1     
certainly the substructures of the      
dormitory1 with their huge pillars1     
'grand and regal at the bases and       
capitals1' the massive1 low-browed      
passage leading from the great cloister 
to ,little ,dean's ,yard1 and some      
portions of the refectory and of the    
infirmary chapel1 remain as specimens of
 the work which astonished the last age 
of the ,anglo-,saxon and the first age  
of the ,norman monarchy4  ,hitherto ,i  
have read to you with only supplemental 

comment4 ,but in the next following     
passage1 with which ,i close my series  
of extracts1 sentence after sentence    
occurs1 at which as ,i read1 ,i must    
raise my hand1 to mark it for following 
deprecation1 or denial4  ,in the centre 
of ,westminster ,abbey thus lies its    
,founder1 and such is the story of its  
foundation4 ,even apart from the        
legendary elements in which it is       
involved1 it is impossible not to be    
struck by the fantastic character of all
 its circumstances4 ,we seem to be in a 
world of poetry4 7,i protest1 ,no47     
,edward is four centuries later than    
,ethelbert and ,augustine2 but the      
origin of ,canterbury is commonplace and
 prosaic compared with the origin of    
,westminster4 7,yes1 that's true47 ,we  
can hardly imagine a figure more        
incongruous to the soberness of later   
times than the quaint1 irresolute1      
wayward prince whose chief              
characteristics have just been          
described4 ,his titles of ,confessor and

 ,saint belong not to the general       
instincts of ,christendom but to the    
most transitory feelings of the age4 7,i
 protest1 ,no47 ,his opinions1 his      
prevailing motives1 were such as in no  
part of modern ,europe would now be     
shared by any educated teacher or ruler4
 7,that's true enough47 ,but in spite of
 these irreconcilable differences1 there
 was a solid ground for the charm which 
he exercised over his contemporaries4   
,his childish and eccentric fancies have
 passed away2 7,i protest1 ,no27 but his
 innocent faith and his sympathy with   
his people are qualities which1 even in 
our altered times1 may still retain     
their place in the economy of the world4
 ,westminster ,abbey1 so we hear it     
said1 sometimes with a cynical sneer1   
sometimes with a timorous scruple1 has  
admitted within its walls many who have 
been great without being good1 noble    
with a nobleness of the earth earthy1   
worldly with the wisdom of this world4  
,but it is a counterbalancing           

reflection1 that the central tomb1 round
 which all those famous names have      
clustered1 contains the ashes of one    
who1 weak and erring as he was1 rests   
his claims of interment here1 not on any
 act of power or fame1 but only on his  
artless piety and simple goodness4 ,he1 
towards whose dust was attracted the    
fierce ,norman1 and the proud           
,plantagenet1 and the grasping ,tudor1  
and the fickle ,stuart1 even the        
,independent ,oliver1 the ,dutch        
,william1 and the ,hanoverian ,george1  
was one whose humble graces are within  
the reach of every man1 woman1 and child
 of every time1 if we rightly part the  
immortal substance from the perishable  
form4  ,now ,i have read you these      
passages from ,dean ,stanley as the most
 accurately investigatory1 the most     
generously sympathetic1 the most        
reverently acceptant account of these   
days1 and their people1 which you can   
yet find in any ,english history4 ,but  
consider now1 point by point1 where it  

leaves you4 ,you are told1 first1 that  
you are living in an age of poetry4 ,but
 the days of poetry are those of        
,shakespeare and ,milton1 not of ,bede3 
nay1 for their especial wealth in       
melodious theology and beautifully      
rhythmic and pathetic meditation1       
perhaps the days which have given us    
',hiawatha1' ',in ,memoriam1' ',the     
,christian ,year1' and the ',soul's     
,diary' of ,george ,macdonald1 may be   
not with disgrace compared with those of
 ,caedmon4 ,and nothing can be farther  
different from the temper1 nothing less 
conscious of the effort1 of a poet1 than
 any finally authentic document to which
 you can be referred for the relation of
 a ,saxon miracle4  ,i will read you1   
for a perfectly typical example1 an     
account of one from ,bede's ',life of   
,st4 ,cuthbert1' ,the passage is a      
favourite one of my own1 but ,i do not  
in the least anticipate its producing   
upon you the solemnizing effect which ,i
 think ,i could command from reading1   

instead1 a piece of ',marmion1'         
',manfred1' or ',childe ,harold4'  444  
,he had one day left his cell to give   
advice to some visitors2 and when he had
 finished1 he said to them1 ',i must now
 go in again1 but do you1 as you are    
inclined to depart1 first take food2 and
 when you have cooked and eaten that    
goose which is hanging on the wall1 go  
on board your vessel in ,god's name and 
return home4' ,he then uttered a prayer1
 and1 having blessed them1 went in4 ,but
 they1 as he had bidden them1 took some 
food2 but having enough provisions of   
their own1 which they had brought with  
them1 they did not touch the goose4     
,but when they had refreshed themselves 
they tried to go on board their vessel1 
but a sudden storm utterly prevented    
them from putting to sea4 ,they were    
thus detained seven days in the island  
by the roughness of the waves1 and yet  
they could not call to mind what fault  
they had committed4 ,they therefore     
returned to have an interview with the  

holy father1 and to lament to him their 
detention4 ,he exhorted them to be      
patient1 and on the seventh day came out
 to console their sorrow1 and to give   
them pious exhortations4 ,when1 however1
 he had entered the house in which they 
were stopping1 and saw that the goose   
was not eaten1 he reproved their        
disobedience with mild countenance and  
in gentle language3 ',have you not left 
the goose still hanging in its place8   
,what wonder is it that the storm has   
prevented your departure8 ,put it       
immediately into the caldron1 and boil  
and eat it1 that the sea may become     
tranquil1 and you may return home4'     
,they immediately did as he commanded2  
and it happened most wonderfully that   
the moment the kettle began to boil the 
wind began to cease1 and the waves to be
 still ,having finished their repast1   
and seeing that the sea was calm1 they  
went on board1 and to their great       
delight1 though with shame for their    
neglect1 reached home with a fair wind4 

,now this1 as ,i have related1 ,i did   
not pick up from any chance authority1  
but ,i had it from one of those who were
 present1 a most reverend monk and      
priest of the same monastery1 ,cynemund1
 who still lives1 known to many in the  
neighbourhood for his years and the     
purity of his life4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,i hope that the  
memory of this story1 which1 thinking it
 myself an extremely pretty one1 ,i have
 given you1 not only for a type of      
sincerity and simplicity1 but for an    
illustration of obedience1 may at all   
events quit you1 for good and all1 of   
the notion that the believers and       
witnesses of miracle were poetical      
persons4 ,saying no more on the head of 
that allegation1 ,i proceed to the      
,dean's second one1 which ,i cannot but 
interpret as also intended to be        
injurious1--that they were artless and  
childish ones2 and that because of this 
rudeness and puerility1 their motives   
and opinions would not be shared by any 

statesmen of the present day4  ,it is   
perfectly true that ,edward the         
,confessor was himself in many respects 
of really childish temperament2 not     
therefore1 perhaps1 as ,i before        
suggested to you1 less venerable4 ,but  
the age of which we are examining the   
progress1 was by no means represented or
 governed by men of similar disposition4
 ,it was eminently productive of--it was
 altogether governed1 guided1 and       
instructed by--men of the widest and    
most brilliant faculties1 whether       
constructive or speculative1 that the   
world till then had seen2 men whose acts
 became the romance1 whose thoughts the 
wisdom1 and whose arts the treasure1 of 
a thousand years of futurity4  ,i warned
 you at the close of last lecture       
against the too agreeable vanity of     
supposing that the ,evangelization of   
the world began at ,st4 ,martin's1      
,canterbury4 ,again and again you will  
indeed find the stream of the ,gospel   
contracting itself into narrow channels1

 and appearing1 after long-concealed    
filtration1 through veins of unmeasured 
rock1 with the bright resilience of a   
mountain spring4 ,but you will find it  
the only candid1 and therefore the only 
wise1 way of research1 to look in each  
era of ,christendom for the minds of    
culminating power in all its brotherhood
 of nations2 and1 careless of local     
impulse1 momentary zeal1 picturesque    
incident1 or vaunted miracle1 to fasten 
your attention upon the force of        
character in the men1 whom1 over each   
newly-converted race1 ,heaven visibly   
sets for its shepherds and kings1 to    
bring forth judgment unto victory4 ,of  
these ,i will name to you1 as messengers
 of ,god and masters of men1 five monks 
and five kings2 in whose arms during the
 range of swiftly gainful centuries     
which we are following1 the life of the 
world lay as a nursling babe4 ,remember1
 in their successive order1--of monks1  
,st4 ,jerome1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4     
,martin1 ,st4 ,benedict1 and ,st4       

,gregory2 of kings1--and your national  
vanity may be surely enough appeased in 
recognizing two of them for             
,saxon1--,theodoric1 ,charlemagne1      
,alfred1 ,canute1 and the ,confessor4 ,i
 will read three passages to you1 out of
 the literal words of three of these ten
 men1 without saying whose they are1    
that you may compare them with the best 
and most exalted you have read          
expressing the philosophy1 the religion1
 and the policy of to-day1--from which  
,i admit1 with ,dean ,stanley1 but with 
a far different meaning from his1 that  
they are indeed separate for evermore4  
,i give you first1 for an example of    
,philosophy1 a single sentence1         
containing all--so far as ,i can myself 
discern--that it is possible for us to  
know1 or well for us to believe1        
respecting the world and its laws4      
,,of ,,god',s ,,universal ,,providence1 
,,ruling ,,all1 ,,and ,,comprising      
,,all4  ,wherefore the great and mighty 
,god2 ,he that made man a reasonable    

creature of soul and body1 and ,he that 
did neither let him pass unpunished for 
his sin1 nor yet excluded him from      
mercy2 ,he that gave1 both unto good and
 bad1 essence with the stones1 power of 
production with the trees1 senses with  
the beasts of the field1 and            
understanding with the angels2 ,he from 
whom is all being1 beauty1 form1 and    
number1 weight1 and measure2 ,he from   
whom all nature1 mean and excellent1 all
 seeds of form1 all forms of seed1 all  
motion1 both of forms and seeds1 derive 
and have being2 ,he that gave flesh the 
original beauty1 strength1 propagation1 
form and shape1 health and symmetry2 ,he
 that gave the unreasonable soul1 sense1
 memory1 and appetite2 the reasonable1  
besides these1 fantasy1 understanding1  
and will2 ,he1 ,i say1 having left      
neither heaven1 nor earth1 nor angel1   
nor man1 no1 nor the most base and      
contemptible creature1 neither the      
bird's feather1 nor the herb's flower1  
nor the tree's leaf1 without the true   

harmony of their parts1 and peaceful    
concord of composition3--,it is in no   
way credible that ,he would leave the   
kingdoms of men and their bondages and  
freedom loose and uncomprised in the    
laws of ,his eternal providence4#e      
,footnote #e3 ,from ,st4 ,augustine's   
',citie of ,god1' ,book ,v41 ch4 xi4    
7,english trans41 printed by ,george    
,eld1 #afaj47  ,this for the            
philosophy4#f ,next1 ,i take for example
 of the ,religion of our ancestors1 a   
prayer1 personally and passionately     
offered to the ,deity conceived as you  
have this moment heard4  ,footnote #f3  
,here one of the ,stones of ,westminster
 was shown and commented on4  ,o ,thou  
who art the ,father of that ,son which  
has awakened us1 and yet urgeth us out  
of the sleep of our sins1 and exhorteth 
us that we become ,thine2 7note you     
that1 for apprehension of what          
,redemption means1 against your base and
 cowardly modern notion of 'scaping     
whipping4 ,not to take away the         

,punishment of ,sin1 but by ,his        
,resurrection to raise us out of the    
sleep of sin itself6 ,compare the legend
 at the feet of the ,lion of the ,tribe 
of ,judah in the golden ,gospel of      
,charles le ,chauve#g3--    ,,hic ,,leo 
,,surgendo ,,portas ,,confregit ,,averni
   ,,qui ,,nunquam ,,dormit1 ,,nusquam  
,,dormitat ,,in ,,aevum27  to ,thee1    
,lord1 ,i pray1 who art the supreme     
truth2 for all the truth that is1 is    
truth from ,thee4 ,thee ,i implore1 ,o  
,lord1 who art the highest wisdom4      
,through ,thee are wise all those that  
are so4 ,thou art the true life1 and    
through ,thee are living all those that 
are so4 ,thou art the supreme felicity1 
and from ,thee all have become happy    
that are so4 ,thou art the highest good1
 and from ,thee all beauty springs4     
,thou art the intellectual light1 and   
from ,thee man derives his              
understanding4  ,footnote #g3 ,at       
,munich3 the leaf has been exquisitely  
drawn and legend communicated to me by  

,professor ,westwood4 ,it is written in 
gold on purple4  ,to ,thee1 ,o ,god1 ,i 
call and speak4 ,hear1 ,o hear me1      
,lord6 for ,thou art my ,god and my     
,lord2 my ,father and my ,creator2 my   
ruler and my hope2 my wealth and my     
honour my house1 my country1 my         
salvation1 and my life6 ,hear1 hear me1 
,o ,lord6 ,few of ,thy servants         
comprehend ,thee4 ,but ,thee alone ,i   
love1#h indeed1 above all other things4 
,thee ,i seek3 ,thee ,i will follow3    
,thee ,i am ready to serve4 ,under ,thy 
power ,i desire to abide1 for ,thou     
alone art the ,sovereign of all4 ,i pray
 ,thee to command me as ,thou wilt4     
,footnote #h3 ,meaning--not that he is  
of those few1 but that1 without         
comprehending1 at least1 as a dog1 he   
can love4  ,you see this prayer is      
simply the expansion of that clause of  
the ,lord's ,prayer which most men      
eagerly omit from it1--,fiat voluntas   
tua4 ,in being so1 it sums the          
,christian prayer of all ages4 ,see now1

 in the third place1 how far this king's
 letter ,i am going to read to you sums 
also ,christian ,policy4      ,wherefore
 ,i render high thanks to ,almighty     
,god1 for the happy     accomplishment  
of all the desires which ,i have set    
before me1     and for the satisfying of
 my every wish4      ,now therefore1 be 
it known to you all1 that to ,almighty  
,god     ,himself ,i have1 on my knees1 
devoted my life1 to the end that     in 
all things ,i may do justice1 and with  
justice and rightness     rule the      
kingdoms and peoples under me2          
throughout everything     preserving an 
impartial judgment4 ,if1 heretofore1 ,i 
have1     through being1 as young men   
are1 impulsive or careless1 done        
anything unjust1 ,i mean1 with ,god's   
help1 to lose no time     in remedying  
my fault4 ,to which end ,i call to      
witness my     counsellors1 to whom ,i  
have entrusted the counsels of the      
kingdom1 and ,i charge them that by no  
means1 be it through     fear of me1 or 

the favour of any other powerful        
personage1 to     consent to any        
injustice1 or to suffer any to shoot out
 in any     part of my kingdom4 ,i      
charge all my viscounts and those set   
over my whole kingdom1 as they wish to  
keep my friendship or     their own     
safety1 to use no unjust force to any   
man1 rich or     poor2 let all men1     
noble and not noble1 rich and poor      
alike1     be able to obtain their      
rights under the law's justice2 and     
from that law let there be no deviation1
 either to favour the     king or any   
powerful person1 nor to raise money for 
me4 ,i have     no need of money raised 
by what is unfair4 ,i also would have   
you know that ,i go now to make peace   
and firm treaty by the     counsels of  
all my subjects1 with those nations and 
people who     wished1 had it been      
possible for them to do so1 which it was
     not1 to deprive us alike of kingdom
 and of life4 ,god brought     down     
their strength to nought3 and may ,he of

 ,his benign love     preserve us on our
 throne and in honour4 ,lastly1 when ,i 
have     made peace with the            
neighbouring nations1 and settled and   
pacified all my dominions in the ,east1 
so that we may nowhere     have any war 
or enmity to fear1 ,i mean to come to   
,england this     summer1 as soon as ,i 
can fit out vessels to sail4 ,my reason1
     however1 in sending this letter    
first is to let all the people     of my
 kingdom share in the joy of my welfare3
 for as you     yourselves know1 ,i have
 never spared myself or my labour2 nor  
will ,i ever do so1 where my people are 
really in want of some     good that ,i 
can do them4  ,what think you now1 in   
candour and honour1 you youth of the    
latter days1--what think you of these   
types of the thought1 devotion1 and     
government1 which not in words1 but     
pregnant and perpetual fact1 animated   
these which you have been accustomed to 
call the ,dark ,ages8  ,the ,philosophy 
is ,augustine's2 the ,prayer ,alfred's2 

and the ,letter ,canute's4  ,and1       
whatever you may feel respecting the    
beauty or wisdom of these sayings1 be   
assured of one thing above all1 that    
they are sincere2 and of another1 less  
often observed1 that they are joyful4   
,be assured1 in the first place1 that   
they are sincere1 ,the ideas of         
diplomacy and priestcraft are of recent 
times4 ,no false knight or lying priest 
ever prospered1 ,i believe1 in any age1 
but certainly not in the dark ones4 ,men
 prospered then1 only in following      
openly-declared purposes1 and preaching 
candidly beloved and trusted creeds4    
,and that they did so prosper1 in the   
degree in which they accepted and       
proclaimed the ,christian ,gospel1 may  
be seen by any of you in your historical
 reading1 however partial1 if only you  
will admit the idea that it could be so1
 and was likely to be so4 ,you are all  
of you in the habit of supposing that   
temporal prosperity is owing either to  
worldly chance or to worldly prudence2  

and is never granted in any visible     
relation to states of religious temper4 
,put that treacherous doubt away from   
you1 with disdain2 take for basis of    
reasoning the noble postulate1 that the 
elements of ,christian faith are        
sound1--instead of the base one1 that   
they are deceptive2 reread the great    
story of the world in that light1 and   
see what a vividly real1 yet miraculous 
tenor1 it will then bear to you4  ,their
 faith then1 ,i tell you first1 was     
sincere2 ,i tell you secondly that it   
was1 in a degree few of us can now      
conceive1 joyful4 ,we continually hear  
of the trials1 sometimes of the         
victories1 of ,faith1--but scarcely ever
 of its pleasures4 ,whereas1 at this    
time1 you will find that the chief      
delight of all good men was in the      
recognition of the goodness and wisdom  
of the ,master1 who had come to dwell   
with them upon earth4 ,it is almost     
impossible for you to conceive the      
vividness of this sense in them2 it is  

totally impossible for you to conceive  
the comfort1 peace1 and force of it4 ,in
 everything that you now do or seek1 you
 expose yourselves to countless miseries
 of shame and disappointment1 because in
 your doing you depend on nothing but   
your own powers1 and in seeking choose  
only your own gratification4 ,you cannot
 for the most part conceive of any work 
but for your own interests1 or the      
interests of others about whom you are  
anxious in the same faithless way2      
everything about which passion is       
excited in you or skill exerted is some 
object of material life1 and the idea of
 doing anything except for your own     
praise or profit has narrowed itself    
into little more than the precentor's   
invitation to the company with little   
voice and less practice to sing to the  
praise and glory of ,god4  ,i have said 
that you cannot imagine the feeling of  
the energy of daily life applied in the 
real meaning of those words4 ,you cannot
 imagine it1 but you can prove it4 ,are 

any of you willing1 simply as a         
philosophical experiment in the greatest
 of sciences1 to adopt the principles   
and feelings of these men of a thousand 
years ago for a given time1 say for a   
year8 ,it cannot possibly do you any    
harm to try1 and you cannot possibly    
learn what is true in these things1     
without trying4 ,if after a year's      
experience of such method you find      
yourself no happier than before1 at     
least you will be able to support your  
present opinions at once with more grace
 and more modesty2 having conceded the  
trial it asked for1 to the opposite     
side4 ,nor in acting temporarily on a   
faith you do not see to be reasonable1  
do you compromise your own integrity    
more1 than in conducting1 under a       
chemist's directions1 an experiment of  
which he foretells inexplicable         
consequences4 ,and you need not doubt   
the power you possess over your own     
minds to do this4 ,were faith not       
voluntary1 it could not be praised1 and 

would not be rewarded4  ,if you are     
minded thus to try1 begin each day with 
,alfred's prayer1--fiat voluntas tua2   
resolving that you will stand to it1 and
 that nothing that happens in the course
 of the day shall displease you4 ,then  
set to any work you have in hand with   
the sifted and purified resolution that 
ambition shall not mix with it1 nor love
 of gain1 nor desire of pleasure more   
than is appointed for you2 and that no  
anxiety shall touch you as to its issue1
 nor any impatience nor regret if it    
fail4 ,imagine that the thing is being  
done through you1 not by you2 that the  
good of it may never be known1 but that 
at least1 unless by your rebellion or   
foolishness1 there can come no evil into
 it1 nor wrong chance to it4 ,resolve   
also with steady industry to do what you
 can for the help of your country and   
its honour1 and the honour of its ,god2 
and that you will not join hands in its 
iniquity1 nor turn aside from its       
misery2 and that in all you do and feel 

you will look frankly for the immediate 
help and direction1 and to your own     
consciences1 expressed approval1 of     
,god4 ,live thus1 and believe1 and with 
swiftness of answer proportioned to the 
frankness of the trust1 most surely the 
,god of hope will fill you with all joy 
and peace in believing4  ,but1 if you   
will not do this1 if you have not       
courage nor heart enough to break away  
the fetters of earth1 and take up the   
sensual bed of it1 and walk2 if you say 
that you are bound to win this thing1   
and become the other thing1 and that the
 wishes of your friends1--and the       
interests of your family1--and the bias 
of your genius1--and the expectations of
 your college1--and all the rest of the 
bow-wow-wow of the wild dog-world1 must 
be attended to1 whether you like it or  
no1--then1 at least1 for shame give up  
talk about being free or independent    
creatures2 recognize yourselves for     
slaves in whom the thoughts are put in  
ward with their bodies1 and their hearts

 manacled with their hands3 and then at 
least also1 for shame1 if you refuse to 
believe that ever there were men who    
gave their souls to ,god1--know and     
confess how surely there are those who  
sell them to ,his adversary4            
,,lecture ,,iii4  ,,the ,,pleasures ,,of
 ,,deed4  ,,alfred ,,to ,,coeur ,,de    
,,lion4   ,it was my endeavour1 in the  
preceding lecture1 to vindicate the     
thoughts and arts of our ,saxon         
ancestors from whatever scorn might lie 
couched under the terms applied to them 
by ,dean ,stanley1--'fantastic' and     
'childish4' ,to-day my task must be     
carried forward1 first1 in asserting the
 grace in fantasy1 and the force in     
infancy1 of the ,english mind1 before   
the ,conquest1 against the allegations  
contained in the final passage of ,dean 
,stanley's description of the first     
founded ,westminster2 a passage which   
accepts and asserts1 more distinctly    
than any other equally brief statement  
,i have met with1 the to my mind        

extremely disputable theory1 that the   
,norman invasion was in every respect a 
sanitary1 moral1 and intellectual       
blessing to ,england1 and that the arrow
 which slew her ,harold was indeed the  
,arrow of the ,lord's deliverance4  ,the
 ,abbey itself1 says ,dean              
,stanley1--the chief work of the        
,confessor's life1--was the portent of  
the mighty future4 ,when ,harold stood  
beside his sister ,edith1 on the day of 
the dedication1 and signed his name with
 hers as witness to the ,charter of the 
,abbey1 he might have seen that he was  
sealing his own doom1 and preparing for 
his own destruction4 ,the solid pillars1
 the ponderous arches1 the huge edifice1
 with triple tower and sculptured stones
 and storied windows1 that arose in the 
place and in the midst of the humble    
wooden churches and wattled tenements of
 the ,saxon period1 might have warned   
the nobles who were present that the    
days of their rule were numbered1 and   
that the avenging1 civilizing1          

stimulating hand of another and a       
mightier race was at work1 which would  
change the whole face of their language1
 their manners1 their ,church1 and their
 commonwealth4 ,the ,abbey1 so far      
exceeding the demands of the dull and   
stagnant minds of our ,anglo-,saxon     
ancestors1 was founded not only in      
faith1 but in hope3 in the hope that    
,england had yet a glorious career to   
run2 that the line of her sovereigns    
would not be broken1 even when the race 
of ,alfred had ceased to reign4  ,there 
must surely be some among my hearers who
 are startled1 if not offended1 at being
 told in the terms which ,i emphasized  
in this sentence1 that the minds of our 
,saxon fathers were1 although fantastic1
 dull1 and1 although childish1 stagnant2
 that farther1 in their fantastic       
stagnation2 they were savage1--and in   
their innocent dullness1 criminal2 so   
that the future character and fortune of
 the race depended on the critical      
advent of the didactic and              

disciplinarian ,norman baron1 at once to
 polish them1 stimulate1 and chastise4  
,before ,i venture to say a word in     
distinct arrest of this judgment1 ,i    
will give you a chart1 as clear as the  
facts observed in the two previous      
lectures allow1 of the state and        
prospects of the ,saxons1 when this     
violent benediction of conquest happened
 to them3 and especially ,i would       
rescue1 in the measure that justice     
bids1 the memory even of their ,pagan   
religion from the general scorn in which
 ,i used ,carlyle's description of the  
idol of ancient ,prussia as universally 
exponent of the temper of ,northern     
devotion4 ,that ,triglaph1 or ,triglyph 
,idol1 7derivation of ,triglaph wholly  
unknown to me--,i use ,triglyph only for
 my own handiest epithet71 last set up1 
on what is now ,st4 ,mary's hill in     
,brandenburg1 in #ajbc1 belonged indeed 
to a people wonderfully like the        
,saxons1--geographically their close    
neighbours1--in habits of life1 and     

aspect of native land1 scarcely         
distinguishable from them1--in          
,carlyle's words1 a strong-boned1       
iracund1 herdsman and fisher people1    
highly averse to be interfered with1 in 
their religion especially1 and          
inhabiting a moory flat country1 full of
 lakes and woods1 but with plenty also  
of alluvial mud1 grassy1 frugiferous1   
apt for the plough--in all things like  
the ,saxons1 except1 as ,i read the     
matter1 in that 'aversion to be         
interfered with' which you modern       
,english think an especially ,saxon     
character in you1--but which is1 on the 
contrary1 you will find on examination1 
by no means ,saxon2 but only ,wendisch1 
,czech1 ,serbic1 ,sclavic1--other hard  
names ,i could easily find for it among 
the tribes of that vehemently heathen   
old ,preussen--resolutely worshipful of 
places of oak trees1 of wooden or stone 
idols1 of ,bangputtis1 ,patkullos1 and  
,i know not what diabolic dumb blocks4  
,your ,english dislike to be interfered 

with is in absolute fellowship with     
these1 but only gathers itself in its   
places of ,stalks1 or chimneys1 instead 
of oak trees1 round its idols of iron1  
instead of wood1 diabolically vocal now2
 strident1 and sibilant1 instead of     
dumb4  ,far other than these1 their     
neighbour ,saxons1 ,jutes and           
,angles6--tribes between whom the       
distinctions are of no moment           
whatsoever1 except that an ,english boy 
or girl may with grace remember that    
',old ,england1' exactly and strictly so
 called1 was the small district in the  
extreme south of ,denmark1 totally with 
its islands estimable at sixty miles    
square of dead flat land4 ,directly     
south of it1 the definitely so-called   
,saxons held the western shore of       
,holstein1 with the estuary of the      
,elbe1 and the sea-mark isle1           
,heligoland4 ,but since the principal   
temple of ,saxon worship was close to   
,leipsic1#i we may include under our    
general term1 ,saxons1 the inhabitants  

of the whole level district of ,north   
,germany1 from the ,gulf of ,flensburg  
to the ,hartz2 and1 eastward1 all the   
country watered by the ,elbe as far as  
,saxon ,switzerland4  ,footnote #i3     
,turner1 vol4 i41 p4 #bbc4  ,of the     
character of this race ,i will not here 
speak at any length3 only note of it    
this essential point1 that their        
religion was at once more practical and 
more imaginative than that of the       
,norwegian peninsula2 the ,norse        
religion being the conception rather of 
natural than moral powers1 but the      
,saxon1 primarily of moral1 as the lords
 of natural--their central divine image1
 ,irminsul1#aj holding the standard of  
peace in her right hand1 a balance in   
her left4 ,such a religion may          
degenerate into mere slaughter and      
rapine2 but it has the making in it of  
the noblest men4  ,footnote #aj3        
,properly plural ',images'--,irminsul   
and ,irminsula4  ,more practical at all 
events1 whether for good or evil1 in    

this trust in a future reward for       
courage and purity1 than the mere       
,scandinavian awe of existing ,earth and
 ,cloud1 the ,saxon religion was also   
more imaginative1 in its nearer         
conception of human feeling in divine   
creatures4 ,and when this wide hope and 
high reverence had distinct objects of  
worship and prayer1 offered to them by  
,christianity1 the ,saxons easily became
 pure1 passionate1 and thoughtful       
,christians2 while the ,normans1 to the 
last1 had the greatest difficulty in    
apprehending the ,christian teaching of 
the ,franks1 and still deny the power of
 ,christianity1 even when they have     
become inveterate in its form4  ,quite  
the deepest-thoughted creatures of the  
then animate world1 it seems to me1     
these ,saxon ploughmen of the sand or   
the sea1 with their worshipped deity of 
,beauty and ,justice1 a red rose on her 
banner1 for best of gifts1 and in her   
right hand1 instead of a sword1 a       
balance1 for due doom1 without          

wrath1--of retribution in her left4 ,far
 other than the ,wends1 though stubborn 
enough1 they too1 in battle rank1--seven
 times rising from defeat against       
,charlemagne1 and unsubdued but by      
death--yet1 by no means in that ,john   
,bull's manner of yours1 'averse to be  
interfered with1' in their opinions1 or 
their religion4 ,eagerly docile on the  
contrary--joyfully reverent--instantly  
and gratefully acceptant of whatever    
better insight or oversight a stranger  
could bring them1 of the things of ,god 
or man4  ,and let me here ask you       
especially to take account of that      
origin of the true bearing of the ,flag 
of ,england1 the ,red ,rose4 ,her own   
madness defiled afterwards alike the    
white and red1 into images of the       
paleness1 or the crimson1 of death2 but 
the ,saxon ,rose was the symbol of      
heavenly beauty and peace4  ,i told you 
in my first lecture that one swift      
requirement in our school would be to   
produce a beautiful map of ,england1    

including old ,northumberland1 giving   
the whole country1 in its real          
geography1 between the ,frith of ,forth 
and ,straits of ,dover1 and with only   
six sites of habitation given1 besides  
those of ,edinburgh and                 
,london1--namely1 those of ,canterbury  
and ,winchester1 ,york and ,lancaster1  
,holy ,island and ,melrose2 the latter  
instead of ,iona1 because1 as we have   
seen1 the influence of ,st4 ,columba    
expires with the advance of             
,christianity1 while that of ,cuthbert  
of ,melrose connects itself with the    
most sacred feelings of the entire      
,northumbrian kingdom1 and ,scottish    
border1 down to the days of             
,scott--wreathing also into its circle  
many of the legends of ,arthur4 ,will   
you forgive my connecting the personal  
memory of having once had a wild rose   
gathered for me1 in the glen of ,thomas 
the ,rhymer1 by the daughter of one of  
the few remaining ,catholic houses of   
,scotland1 with the pleasure ,i have in 

reading to you this following true      
account of the origin of the name of    
,st4 ,cuthbert's birthplace2--the rather
 because ,i owe it to friendship of the 
same date1 with ,mr4 ,cockburn ,muir1 of
 ,melrose4  ,to those who have eyes to  
read it1 says ,mr4 ,muir1 the name      
',melrose' is written full and fair1 on 
the fair face of all this reach of the  
valley4 ,the name is anciently spelt    
,mailros1 and later1 ,malros1 never     
,mulros2 7',mul' being the ,celtic word 
taken to mean 'bare'74 ,ros is ,rose2   
the forms ,meal or ,mol imply great     
quantity or number4 ,thus ,malros means 
the place of many roses4  ,this is      
precisely the notable characteristic of 
the neighbourhood4 ,the wild rose is    
indigenous4 ,there is no nook nor       
cranny1 no bank nor brae1 which is not1 
in the time of roses1 ablaze with their 
exuberant loveliness4 ,in gardens1 the  
cultured rose is so prolific that it    
spreads literally like a weed4 ,but it  
is worth suggestion that the word may be

 of the same stock as the ,hebrew rosh  
7translated ros by the ,septuagint71    
meaning chief1 principal1 while it is   
also the name of some flower2 but of    
which flower is now unknown4 ,affinities
 of rosh are not far to seek2 ,sanskrit1
 ,raj7a71 ,ra7ja7ni2 ,latin1 ,rex1      
,reg7ina74  ,i leave it to ,professor   
,max ,muller to certify or correct for  
you the details of ,mr4 ,cockburn's     
research1#aa--this main head of it ,i   
can positively confirm1 that in old     
,scotch1--that of ,bishop ,douglas1--the
 word ',rois' stands alike for ,king1   
and ,rose4  ,footnote #aa3 ,i had not   
time to quote it fully in the lecture2  
and in my ignorance1 alike of ,keltic   
and ,hebrew1 can only submit it here to 
the reader's examination4 ,the ancient  
,cognizance of the town confirms this   
etymology beyond doubt1 with customary  
heraldic precision4 ,the shield bears a 
,rose2 with a ,maul1 as the exact       
phonetic equivalent for the expletive4  
,if the herald had needed to express    

'bare promontory1' quite certainly he   
would have managed it somehow4 ,not only
 this1 the ,earls of ,haddington were   
first created ,earls of ,melrose        
7#afai72 and their ,shield1 quarterly1  
is charged1 for ,melrose1 in #bnd and   
#crd 7fesse wavy between7 three ,roses  
gu4  ,beyond this ground of certainty1  
we may indulge in a little excursus into
 lingual affinities of wide range4 ,the 
root mol is clear enough4 ,it is of the 
same stock as the ,greek mala1 ,latin   
mul7tum71 and ,hebrew m'la4 ,but1 ,rose8
 ,we call her ,queen of ,flowers1 and   
since before the ,persian poets made    
much of her1 she was everywhere ,regina 
,florum4 ,why should not the name mean  
simply the ,queen1 the ,chief8 ,now1 so 
few who know ,keltic know also ,hebrew1 
and so few who know ,hebrew know also   
,keltic1 that few know the surprising   
extent of the affinity that             
exists--clear as day--between the       
,keltic and the ,hebrew vocabularies4   
,that the word ,rose may be a case in   

point is not hazardously speculative4   
,summing now the features ,i have too   
shortly specified in the ,saxon         
character1--its imagination1 its        
docility1 its love of knowledge1 and its
 love of beauty1 you will be prepared to
 accept my conclusive statement1 that   
they gave rise to a form of ,christian  
faith which appears to me1 in the       
present state of my knowledge1 one of   
the purest and most intellectual ever   
attained in ,christendom2--never yet    
understood1 partly because of the       
extreme rudeness of its expression in   
the art of manuscripts1 and partly      
because1 on account of its very purity1 
it sought no expression in architecture1
 being a religion of daily life1 and    
humble lodging4 ,for these two practical
 reasons1 first2--and for this more     
weighty third1 that the intellectual    
character of it is at the same time most
 truly1 as ,dean ,stanley told you1     
childlike2 showing itself in swiftness  
of imaginative apprehension1 and in the 

fearlessly candid application of great  
principles to small things4 ,its        
character in this kind may be instantly 
felt by any sympathetic and gentle      
person who will read carefully the book 
,i have already quoted to you1 the      
,venerable ,bede's life of ,st4         
,cuthbert2 and the intensity and        
sincerity of it in the highest orders of
 the laity1 by simply counting the      
members of ,saxon ,royal families who   
ended their lives in monasteries4  ,now1
 at the very moment when this faith1    
innocence1 and ingenuity were on the    
point of springing up into their        
fruitage1 comes the ,northern invasion2 
of the real character of which you can  
gain a far truer estimate by studying   
,alfred's former resolute contest with  
and victory over the native ,norman in  
his paganism1 than by your utmost       
endeavours to conceive the character of 
the afterwards invading ,norman1        
disguised1 but not changed1 by          
,christianity4 ,the ,norman could not1  

in the nature of him1 become a          
,christian at all2 and he never did2--he
 only became1 at his best1 the enemy of 
the ,saracen4 ,what he was1 and what    
alone he was capable of being1 ,i will  
try to-day to explain4  ,and here ,i    
must advise you that in all points of   
history relating to the period between  
#hjj and #abjj1 you will find ,m4       
,viollet le ,duc1 incidentally          
throughout his ',dictionary of          
,architecture1' the best-informed1 most 
intelligent1 and most thoughtful of     
guides4 ,his knowledge of architecture1 
carried down into the most minutely     
practical details1--7which are often the
 most significant71 and embracing1 over 
the entire surface of ,france1 the      
buildings even of the most secluded     
villages2 his artistic enthusiasm1      
balanced by the acutest sagacity1 and   
his patriotism1 by the frankest candour1
 render his analysis of history during  
that active and constructive period the 
most valuable known to me1 and          

certainly1 in its field1 exhaustive4 ,of
 the later nationality his account is   
imperfect1 owing to his professional    
interest in the mere science of         
architecture1 and comparative           
insensibility to the power of           
sculpture2--but of the time with which  
we are now concerned1 whatever he tells 
you must be regarded with grateful      
attention4  ,i introduce1 therefore1 the
 ,normans to you1 on their first        
entering ,france1 under his descriptive 
terms of them4#ab  ,footnote #ab3       
,article ,architecture1 vol4 i41 p4     
#ach4  ,as soon as they were established
 on the soil1 these barbarians became   
the most hardy and active builders4     
,within the space of a century and a    
half1 they had covered the country on   
which they had definitely landed1 with  
religious1 monastic1 and civil edifices1
 of an extent and richness then little  
common4 ,it is difficult to suppose that
 they had brought from ,norway the      
elements of art1#ac but they were       

possessed by a persisting and           
penetrating spirit2 their brutal force  
did not want for grandeur4 ,conquerors1 
they raised castles to assure their     
domination2 they soon recognized the    
,moral force of the clergy1 and endowed 
it richly4 ,eager always to attain their
 end1 when once they saw it1 they never 
left one of their enterprises           
unfinished1 and in that they differed   
completely from the ,southern           
inhabitants of ,gaul4 ,tenacious        
extremely1 they were perhaps the only   
ones among the barbarians established in
 ,france who had ideas of order2 the    
only ones who knew how to preserve their
 conquests1 and compose a state4 ,they  
found the remains of the ,carthaginian  
arts on the territory where they planted
 themselves1 they mingled with those    
their national genius1 positive1 grand1 
and yet supple4  ,footnote #ac3 ,they   
had brought some1 of a variously        
,charybdic1 ,serpentine1 and ,diabolic  
character4--,j4,r4  ,supple1            

',delie1'--capable of change and play of
 the mental muscle1 in the way that     
savages are not4 ,i do not1 myself1     
grant this suppleness to the ,norman1   
the less because another sentence of ,m4
 le ,duc's1 occurring incidentally in   
his account of the archivolt1 is of     
extreme counter-significance1 and wide  
application4 ,the ,norman arch1 he says1
 is never derived from traditional      
classic forms1 but only from            
mathematical arrangement of line4 ,yes2 
that is true3 the ,norman arch is never 
derived from classic forms4 ,the        
cathedral1#ad whose aisles you saw or   
might have seen1 yesterday1             
interpenetrated with light1 whose vaults
 you might have heard prolonging the    
sweet divisions of majestic sound1 would
 have been built in that stately        
symmetry by ,norman law1 though never an
 arch at ,rome had risen round her field
 of blood1--though never her ,sublician 
bridge had been petrified by her        
,augustan pontifices4 ,but the          

decoration1 though not the structure of 
those arches1 they owed to another      
race1#ae whose words they stole without 
understanding1 though three centuries   
before1 the ,saxon understood1 and used1
 to express the most solemn majesty of  
his ,kinghood1--    ,,ego1 ,,edgar1     
,,totivs ,,albionis--  not ,rex1 that   
would have meant the ,king of ,kent or  
,mercia1 not of ,england1--no1 nor      
,imperator2 that would have meant only  
the profane power of ,rome1 but         
,,basilevs1 meaning a ,king who reigned 
with sacred authority given by ,heaven  
and ,christ4  ,footnote #ad3 ,of        
,oxford1 during the afternoon service4  
,footnote #ae3 ,see the concluding      
section of the lecture4  ,with far      
meaner thoughts1 both of themselves and 
their powers1 the ,normans set          
themselves to build impregnable military
 walls1 and sublime religious ones1 in  
the best possible practical ways2 but   
they no more made books of their church 
fronts than of their bastion flanks2 and

 cared1 in the religion they accepted1  
neither for its sentiments nor its      
promises1 but only for its immediate    
results on national order4  ,as ,i read 
them1 they were men wholly of this      
world1 bent on doing the most in it1 and
 making the best of it that they        
could2--men1 to their death1 of ,deed1  
never pausing1 changing1 repenting1 or  
anticipating1 more than the completed   
square1 ,greek3 'aneu psogou1 of their  
battle1 their keep1 and their cloister4 
,soldiers before and after everything1  
they learned the lockings and bracings  
of their stones primarily in defence    
against the battering-ram and the       
projectile1 and esteemed the pure       
circular arch for its distributed and   
equal strength more than for its beauty4
 ,i believe again1 says ,m4 le ,duc1#af 
that the feudal castle never arrived at 
its perfectness till after the ,norman  
invasion1 and that this race of the     
,north was the first to apply a         
defensive system under unquestionable   

laws1 soon followed by the nobles of the
 ,continent1 after they had1 at their   
own expense1 learned their superiority4 
,footnote #af3 ,article ,chateau1 vol4  
iii1 p4 #fe4  ,the next sentence is a   
curious one4 ,i pray your attention to  
it4 ,the defensive system of the ,norman
 is born of a profound sentiment of     
distrust and cunning1 foreign to the    
character of the ,frank4 ,you will find 
in all my previous notices of the       
,french1 continual insistance upon their
 natural ,franchise1 and also1 if you   
take the least pains in analysis of     
their literature down to this day1 that 
the idea of falseness is to them indeed 
more hateful than to any other ,european
 nation4 ,to take a quite cardinal      
instance4 ,if you compare ,lucian's and 
,shakespeare's ,timon with ,moliere's   
,alceste1 you will find the ,greek and  
,english misanthropes dwell only on     
men's ingratitude to themselves1 but    
,alceste1 on their falsehood to each    
other4  ,now hear ,m4 le ,duc farther3  

,the castles built between the tenth and
 twelfth centuries along the ,loire1    
,gironde1 and ,seine1 that is to say1   
along the lines of the ,norman          
invasions1 and in the neighbourhood of  
their possessions1 have a peculiar and  
uniform character which one finds       
neither in central ,france1 nor in      
,burgundy1 nor can there be any need for
 us to throw light on 7faire ressortir7 
the superiority of the warrior spirit of
 the ,normans1 during the later times of
 the ,carlovingian epoch1 over the      
spirit of the chiefs of ,frank descent1 
established on the ,gallo-,roman soil4  
,there's a bit of honesty in a          
,frenchman for you6  ,i have just said  
that they valued religion chiefly for   
its influence of order in the present   
world3 being in this1 observe1 as nearly
 as may be the exact reverse of modern  
believers1 or persons who profess to be 
such1--of whom it may be generally      
alleged1 too truly1 that they value     
religion with respect to their future   

bliss rather than their present duty2   
and are therefore continually careless  
of its direct commands1 with easy excuse
 to themselves for disobedience to them4
 ,whereas the ,norman1 finding in his   
own heart an irresistible impulse to    
action1 and perceiving himself to be    
set1 with entirely strong body1 brain1  
and will1 in the midst of a weak and    
dissolute confusion of all things1 takes
 from the ,bible instantly into his     
conscience every exhortation to ,do and 
to ,govern2 and becomes1 with all his   
might and understanding1 a blunt and    
rough servant1 knecht1 or knight of     
,god1 liable to much misapprehension1 of
 course1 as to the services immediately 
required of him1 but supposing1 since   
the whole make of him1 outside and in1  
is a soldier's1 that ,god meant him for 
a soldier1 and that he is to establish1 
by main force1 the ,christian faith and 
works all over the world so far as he   
comprehends them2 not merely with the   
,mahometan indignation against spiritual

 error1 but with a sound and honest     
soul's dislike of material error1 and   
resolution to extinguish that1 even if  
perchance found in the spiritual persons
 to whom1 in their office1 he yet       
rendered total reverence4  ,which force 
and faith in him ,i may best illustrate 
by merely putting together the broken   
paragraphs of ,sismondi's account of the
 founding of the ,norman ,kingdom of    
,sicily3 virtually contemporary with the
 conquest of ,england4  ,the ,normans   
surpassed all the races of the west in  
their ardour for pilgrimages4 ,they     
would not1 to go into the ,holy ,land1  
submit to the monotony#ag of a long sea 
voyage--the rather that they found not  
on the ,mediterranean the storms or     
dangers they had rejoiced to encounter  
on their own sea4 ,they traversed by    
land the whole of ,france and ,italy1   
trusting to their swords to procure the 
necessary subsistence1#ah if the charity
 of the faithful did not enough provide 
for it with alms4 ,the towns of ,naples1

 ,amalfi1 ,gaeta1 and ,bari1 held       
constant commerce with ,syria2 and      
frequent miracles1 it was believed1     
illustrated the ,monte ,cassino 7,st4   
,benedict again67 on the road of        
,naples1 and the ,mount of ,angels      
7,garganus7 above ,bari4 7,querceta     
,gargani--verily1 laborant2 now1 et     
orant47 ,the pilgrims wished to visit   
during their journey the monasteries    
built on these two mountains1 and       
therefore nearly always1 either going or
 returning to the ,holy ,land1 passed   
through ,magna ,graecia4  ,footnote #ag3
 ,i give ,sismondi's idea as it stands1 
but there was no question in the matter 
of monotony or of danger4 ,the journey  
was made on foot because it was the most
 laborious way1 and the most humble4    
,footnote #ah3 ,see farther on1 p4 #aaj1
 the analogies with ,english            
arrangements of the same kind4  ,in one 
of the earliest years of the eleventh   
century1 about forty of these religious 
travellers1 having returned from the    

,holy ,land1 chanced to have met        
together in ,salerno at the moment when 
a small ,saracen fleet came to insult   
the town1 and demand of it a military   
contribution4 ,the inhabitants of ,south
 ,italy1 at this time1 abandoned to the 
delights of their enchanted climate1 had
 lost nearly all military courage4 ,the 
,salernitani saw with astonishment forty
 ,norman knights1 after having demanded 
horses and arms from the ,prince of     
,salerno1 order the gates of the town to
 be opened1 charge the ,saracens        
fearlessly1 and put them to flight4 ,the
 ,salernitani followed1 however1 the    
example given them by these brave       
warriors1 and those of the ,mussulmans  
who escaped their swords were forced to 
re-embark in all haste4  ,the ,prince of
 ,salerno1 ,guaimar ,,iii41 tried in    
vain to keep the warrior-pilgrims at his
 court3 but at his solicitation other   
companies established themselves on the 
rocks of ,salerno and ,amalfi1 until1 on
 ,christmas ,day1 #ajda1 7exactly a     

quarter of a century before the         
coronation here at ,westminster of the  
,conqueror17 they gathered their        
scattered forces at ,aversa1#ai twelve  
groups of them under twelve chosen      
counts1 and all under the ,lombard      
,ardoin1 as commander-in-chief4 ,be so  
good as to note that1--a marvellous     
key-note of historical fact about the   
unjesting ,lombards1 ,i cannot find the 
total ,norman number3 the chief         
contingent1 under ,william of the ,iron 
,arm1 the son of ,tancred of            
,hauteville1 was only of three hundred  
knights2 the ,count of ,aversa's troop1 
of the same number1 is named as an      
important part of the little army--admit
 it for ten times ,tancred's1 three     
thousand men in all4 ,at ,aversa1 these 
three thousand men form1 coolly on      
,christmas ,day1 #ajda1 the design      
of--well1 ,i told you they didn't design
 much1 only1 now we're here1 we may as  
well1 while we're about it1--overthrow  
the ,greek empire6 ,that was their      

little game6--a ,christmas mumming to   
purpose4 ,the following year1 the whole 
of ,apulia was divided among them4      
,footnote #ai3 ,in ,lombardy1 south of  
,pavia4  ,i will not spoil1 by          
abstracting1 the magnificent following  
history of ,robert ,guiscard1 the most  
wonderful soldier of that or any other  
time3 ,i leave you to finish it for     
yourselves1 only asking you to read     
together with it1 the sketch1 in        
,turner's history of the ,anglo-,saxons1
 of ,alfred's long previous war with the
 ,norman ,hasting2 pointing out to you  
for foci of character in each contest1  
the culminating incidents of naval      
battle4 ,in ,guiscard's struggle with   
the ,greeks1 he encounters for their    
chief naval force the ,venetian fleet   
under the ,doge ,domenico ,selvo4 ,the  
,venetians are at this moment undoubted 
masters in all naval warfare2 the       
,normans are worsted easily the first   
day1--the second day1 fighting harder1  
they are defeated again1 and so         

disastrously that the ,venetian ,doge   
takes no precautions against them on the
 third day1 thinking them utterly       
disabled4 ,guiscard attacks him again on
 the third day1 with the mere wreck of  
his own ships1 and defeats the tired and
 amazed ,italians finally6  ,the        
sea-fight between ,alfred's ships and   
those of ,hasting1 ought to be still    
more memorable to us4 ,alfred1 as ,i    
noticed in last lecture1 had built war  
ships nearly twice as long as the       
,normans'1 swifter1 and steadier on the 
waves4 ,six ,norman ships were ravaging 
the ,isle of ,wight2 ,alfred sent nine  
of his own to take them4 ,the ,king's   
fleet found the ,northmen's embayed1 and
 three of them aground4 ,the three      
others engaged ,alfred's nine1 twice    
their size2 two of the ,viking ships    
were taken1 but the third escaped1 with 
only five men6 ,a nation which verily   
took its pleasures in its ,deeds4  ,but 
before ,i can illustrate farther either 
their deeds or their religion1 ,i must  

for an instant meet the objection which 
,i suppose the extreme probity of the   
nineteenth century must feel acutely    
against these men1--that they all lived 
by thieving4  ,without venturing to     
allude to the raison d'etre of the      
present ,french and ,english ,stock     
,exchanges1 ,i will merely ask any of   
you here1 whether of ,saxon or ,norman  
blood1 to define for himself what he    
means by the possession of ,india4 ,i   
have no doubt that you all wish to keep 
,india in order1 and in like manner ,i  
have assured you that ,duke ,william    
wished to keep ,england in order4 ,if   
you will read the lecture on the life of
 ,sir ,herbert ,edwardes1 which ,i hope 
to give in ,london after finishing this 
course1#bj you will see how a ,christian
 ,british officer can1 and does1 verily1
 and with his whole heart1 keep in order
 such part of ,india as may be entrusted
 to him1 and in so doing1 secure our    
,empire4 ,but the silent feeling and    
practice of the nation about ,india is  

based on quite other motives than ,sir  
,herbert's4 ,every mutiny1 every danger1
 every terror1 and every crime1         
occurring under1 or paralyzing1 our     
,indian legislation1 arises directly out
 of our national desire to live on the  
loot of ,india1 and the notion always   
entertained by ,english young gentlemen 
and ladies of good position1 falling in 
love with each other without immediate  
prospect of establishment in ,belgrave  
,square1 that they can find in ,india1  
instantly on landing1 a bungalow ready  
furnished with the loveliest fans1      
china1 and shawls1--ices and sherbet at 
command1--four-and-twenty slaves        
succeeding each other hourly to swing   
the punkah1 and a regiment with a       
beautiful band to keep order outside1   
all round the house4  ,footnote #bj3    
,this was prevented by the necessity for
 the re-arrangement of my terminal      
,oxford lectures3 ,i am now preparing   
that on ,sir ,herbert for publication in
 a somewhat expanded form4  ,entreating 

your pardon for what may seem rude in   
these personal remarks1 ,i will further 
entreat you to read my account of the   
death of ,coeur de ,lion in the third   
number of ',fors ,clavigera'--and also  
the scenes in ',ivanhoe' between ,coeur 
de ,lion and ,locksley2 and commending  
these few passages to your quiet        
consideration1 ,i proceed to give you   
another anecdote or two of the ,normans 
in ,italy1 twelve years later than those
 given above1 and1 therefore1 only      
thirteen years before the battle of     
,hastings4  ,their division of ,south   
,italy among them especially1 and their 
defeat of ,venice1 had alarmed everybody
 considerably1--especially the ,pope1   
,leo ,,ix41 who did not understand this 
manifestation of their piety4 ,he sent  
to ,henry ,,iii4 of ,germany1 to whom he
 owed his ,popedom1 for some ,german    
knights1 and got five hundred spears2   
gathered out of all ,apulia1 ,campania1 
and the ,march of ,ancona1 what ,greek  
and ,latin troops were to be had1 to    

join his own army of the patrimony of   
,st4 ,peter2 and the holy ,pontiff1 with
 this numerous army1 but no general1    
began the campaign by a pilgrimage with 
all his troops to ,monte ,cassino1 in   
order to obtain1 if it might be1 ,st4   
,benedict for general4  ,against the    
,pope's collected masses1 with ,st4     
,benedict1 their contemplative but at   
first inactive general1 stood the little
 army of ,normans1--certainly not more  
than the third of their number--but with
 ,robert ,guiscard for captain1 and     
under him his brother1 ,humphrey of     
,hauteville1 and ,richard of ,aversa4   
,not in fear1 but in devotion1 they     
prayed the ,pope 'avec instance1'--to   
say on what conditions they could       
appease his anger1 and live in peace    
under him4 ,but the ,pope would hear of 
nothing but their evacuation of ,italy4 
,whereupon1 they had to settle the      
question in the ,norman manner4  ,the   
two armies met in front of ,civitella1  
on ,waterloo day1 #ahth ,june1 thirteen 

years1 as ,i said1 before the battle of 
,hastings4 ,the ,german knights were the
 heart of the ,pope's army1 but they    
were only five hundred2 the ,normans    
surrounded them first1 and slew them1   
nearly to a man--and then made extremely
 short work with the ,italians and      
,greeks4 ,the ,pope1 with the wreck of  
them1 fled into ,civitella2 but the     
townspeople dared not defend their      
walls1 and thrust the ,pope himself out 
of their gates--to meet1 alone1 the     
,norman army4  ,he met it1 not alone1   
,st4 ,benedict being with him now1 when 
he had no longer the strength of man to 
trust in4  ,the ,normans1 as they       
approached him1 threw themselves on     
their knees1--covered themselves with   
dust1 and implored his pardon and his   
blessing4  ,there's a bit of poetry--if 
you like1--but a piece of steel-clad    
fact also1 compared to which the battle 
of ,hastings and ,waterloo both1 were   
mere boys' squabbles4  ,you don't       
suppose1 you ,british schoolboys1 that  

you overthrew ,napoleon--you8 ,your     
prime ,minister folded up the map of    
,europe at the thought of him4 ,not you1
 but the snows of ,heaven1 and the hand 
of ,him who dasheth in pieces with a rod
 of iron4 ,he casteth forth ,his ice    
like morsels1--who can stand before ,his
 cold8  ,but1 so far as you have indeed 
the right to trust in the courage of    
your own hearts1 remember also--it is   
not in ,norman nor ,saxon1 but in       
,celtic race that your real strength    
lies4 ,the battles both of ,waterloo and
 ,alma were won by ,irish and ,scots--by
 the terrible ,scots ,greys1 and by ,sir
 ,colin's ,highlanders4 ,your 'thin red 
line1' was kept steady at ,alma only by 
,colonel ,yea's swearing at them4  ,but 
the old ,pope1 alone against a ,norman  
army1 wanted nobody to swear at him4    
,steady enough he1 having somebody to   
bless him1 instead of swear at him4 ,st4
 ,benedict1 namely2 whose 7memory shall 
we say87 helped him now at his pinch in 
a singular manner1--for the ,normans1   

having got the old man's forgiveness1   
vowed themselves his feudal servants2   
and for seven centuries afterwards the  
whole kingdom of ,naples remained a fief
 of ,st4 ,peter1--won for him thus by a 
single man1 unarmed1 against three      
thousand ,norman knights1 captained by  
,robert ,guiscard6  ,a day of deeds1    
gentlemen1 to some purpose1--that #ahth 
of ,june1 anyhow4  ,here1 in the        
historical account of ,norman character1
 ,i must unwillingly stop for           
to-day--because1 as you choose to spend 
your ,university money in building      
ball-rooms instead of lecture-rooms1 ,i 
dare not keep you much longer in this   
black hole1 with its nineteenth century 
ventilation4 ,i try your patience--and  
tax your breath--only for a few minutes 
more in drawing the necessary           
corollaries respecting ,norman art4#ba  
,footnote #ba3 ,given at much greater   
length in the lecture1 with diagrams    
from ,iffley and ,poictiers1 without    
which the text of them would be         

unintelligible4 ,the sum of what ,i said
 was a strong assertion of the          
incapacity of the ,normans for any but  
the rudest and most grotesque           
sculpture1--,poictiers being1 on the    
contrary1 examined and praised as       
,gallic-,french--not ,norman4  ,how far 
the existing ,british nation owes its   
military prowess to the blood of        
,normandy and ,anjou1 ,i have never     
examined its genealogy enough to tell   
you2--but this ,i can tell you          
positively1 that whatever constitutional
 order or personal valour the ,normans  
enforced or taught among the nations    
they conquered1 they did not at first   
attempt with their own hands to rival   
them in any of their finer arts1 but    
used both ,greek and ,saxon sculptors1  
either as slaves1 or hired workmen1 and 
more or less therefore chilled and      
degraded the hearts of the men thus set 
to servile1 or at best1 hireling1       
labour4  ,in #ahgd1 ,i went to see      
,etna1 ,scylla1 ,charybdis1 and the     

tombs of the ,norman ,kings at ,palermo2
 surprised1 as you may imagine1 to find 
that there wasn't a stroke nor a notion 
of ,norman work in them4 ,they are1     
every atom1 done by ,greeks1 and are as 
pure ,greek as the temple of ,a,egina2  
but more rich and refined4 ,i drew with 
accurate care1 and with measured profile
 of every moulding1 the tomb built for  
,roger ,,ii4 7afterwards ,frederick     
,,ii4 was laid in its dark porphyry74   
,and it is a perfect type of the        
,greek-,christian form of tomb--temple  
over sarcophagus1 in which the pediments
 rise gradually1 as time goes on1 into  
acute angles--get pierced in the gable  
with foils1 and their sculptures thrown 
outside on their flanks1 and become at  
last in the fourteenth century1 the     
tombs of ,verona4 ,but what is the      
meaning of the ,normans employing these 
,greek slaves for their work in ,sicily 
7within thirty miles of the field of    
,himera78 ,well1 the main meaning is    
that though the ,normans could build1   

they couldn't carve1 and were wise      
enough not to try to1 when they         
couldn't1 as you do now all over this   
intensely comic and tragic town3 but1   
here in ,england1 they only employed the
 ,saxon with a grudge1 and therefore    
being more and more driven to use barren
 mouldings without sculpture1 gradually 
developed the structural forms of       
archivolt1 which breaking into the      
lancet1 brighten and balance themselves 
into the symmetry of early ,english     
,gothic4  ,but even for the first       
decoration of the archivolt itself1 they
 were probably indebted to the ,greeks  
in a degree ,i never apprehended1 until 
by pure happy chance1 a friend gave me  
the clue to it just as ,i was writing   
the last pages of this lecture4  ,in the
 generalization of ornament attempted in
 the first volume of the ',stones of    
,venice1' ,i supposed the ,norman zigzag
 7and with some practical truth7 to be  
derived from the angular notches with   
which the blow of an axe can most easily

 decorate1 or at least vary1 the solid  
edge of a square fillet4 ,my good       
friend1 and supporter1 and for some time
 back the single trustee of ,st4        
,george's ,guild1 ,mr4 ,george ,baker1  
having come to ,oxford on ,guild        
business1 ,i happened to show him the   
photographs of the front of ,iffley     
church1 which had been collected for    
this lecture2 and immediately           
afterwards1 in taking him through the   
schools1 stopped to show him the ,athena
 of ,a,egina as one of the most         
important of the ,greek examples lately 
obtained for us by ,professor ,richmond4
 ,the statue is 7rightly7 so placed that
 in looking up to it1 the plait of hair 
across the forehead is seen in a steeply
 curved arch4 ,why1 says ,mr4 ,baker1   
pointing to it1 there's the ,norman arch
 of ,iffley4 ,sure enough1 there it     
exactly was3 and a moment's reflection  
showed me how easily1 and with what     
instinctive fitness1 the ,norman        
builders1 looking to the ,greeks as     

their absolute masters in sculpture1 and
 recognizing also1 during the ,crusades1
 the hieroglyphic use of the zigzag1 for
 water1 by the ,egyptians1 might have   
adopted this easily attained decoration 
at once as the sign of the element over 
which they reigned1 and of the power of 
the ,greek goddess who ruled both it and
 them4  ,i do not in the least press    
your acceptance of such a tradition1 nor
 for the rest1 do ,i care myself whence 
any method of ornament is derived1 if   
only1 as a stranger1 you bid it reverent
 welcome4 ,but much probability is added
 to the conjecture by the indisputable  
transition of the ,greek egg and arrow  
moulding into the floral cornices of    
,saxon and other twelfth century        
cathedrals in ,central ,france4 ,these  
and other such transitions and          
exaltations ,i will give you the        
materials to study at your leisure1     
after illustrating in my next lecture   
the forces of religious imagination by  
which all that was most beautiful in    

them was inspired4     ,,lecture ,,iv4  
7,,nov4 #h1 #ahhd47  ,,the ,,pleasures  
,,of ,,fancy4  ,,coeur ,,de ,,lion ,,to 
,,elizabeth  7#aahi ,,to #aeeh74   ,in  
using the word ,fancy1 for the mental   
faculties of which ,i am to speak       
to-day1 ,i trust you1 at your leisure1  
to read the ,introductory ,note to the  
second volume of ',modern ,painters' in 
the small new edition1 which gives      
sufficient reason for practically       
including under the single term ,fancy1 
or ,fantasy1 all the energies of the    
,imagination1--in the terms of the last 
sentence of that preface1--the healthy1 
voluntary1 and necessary1#bb action of  
the highest powers of the human mind1 on
 subjects properly demanding and        
justifying their exertion4  ,footnote   
#bb3 ,meaning that all healthy minds    
possess imagination1 and use it at will1
 under fixed laws of truthful perception
 and memory4  ,i must farther ask you to
 read1 in the same volume1 the close of 
the chapter ',of ,imagination           

,penetrative1' pp4 #abj to #acj1 of     
which the gist1 which ,i must give as   
the first principle from which we start 
in our to-day's inquiry1 is that        
,imagination1 rightly so called1 has no 
food1 no delight1 no care1 no           
perception1 except of truth2 it is for  
ever looking under masks1 and burning up
 mists2 no fairness of form1 no majesty 
of seeming1 will satisfy it2 the first  
condition of its existence is           
incapability of being deceived4#bc ,in  
that sentence1 which is a part1 and a   
very valuable part1 of the original     
book1 ,i still adopted and used         
unnecessarily the ordinary distinction  
between ,fancy and ,imagination--,fancy 
concerned with lighter things1 creating 
fairies or centaurs1 and ,imagination   
creating men2 and ,i was in the habit   
always of implying by the meaner word   
,fancy1 a voluntary ,fallacy1 as        
,wordsworth does in those lines to his  
wife1 making of her a mere lay figure   
for the drapery of his fancy--    ,such 

if thou wert1 in all men's view     ,an 
universal show1   ,what would my ,fancy 
have to do1     ,my feelings to bestow4 
,but you will at once understand the    
higher and more universal power which ,i
 now wish you to understand by the      
,fancy1 including all imaginative       
energy1 correcting these lines of       
,wordsworth's to a more worthy          
description of a true lover's happiness4
 ,when a boy falls in love with a girl1 
you say he has taken a fancy for her2   
but if he love her rightly1 that is to  
say for her noble qualities1 you ought  
to say he has taken an imagination for  
her2 for then he is endued with the new 
light of love which sees and tells of   
the mind in her1--and this neither      
falsely nor vainly4 ,his love does not  
bestow1 it discovers1 what is indeed    
most precious in his mistress1 and most 
needful for his own life and happiness4 
,day by day1 as he loves her better1 he 
discerns her more truly2 and it is only 
the truth of his love that does so4     

,falsehood to her1 would at once        
disenchant and blind him4  ,footnote    
#bc3 ,vide pp4 #abd-e4  ,in my first    
lecture of this year1 ,i pointed out to 
you with what extreme simplicity and    
reality the ,christian faith must have  
presented itself to the ,northern       
,pagan's mind1 in its distinction from  
his former confused and monstrous       
mythology4 ,it was also in that         
simplicity and tangible reality of      
conception1 that this ,faith became to  
them1 and to the other savage nations of
 ,europe1 ,tutress of the real power of 
their imagination and it became so1 only
 in so far as it indeed conveyed to them
 statements which1 however in some      
respects mysterious1 were yet most      
literally and brightly true1 as compared
 with their former conceptions4 ,so that
 while the blind cunning of the savage  
had produced only misshapen logs or     
scrawls2 the seeing imagination of the  
,christian painters created1 for them   
and for all the world1 the perfect types

 of the ,virgin and of her ,son2 which  
became1 indeed1 ,divine1 by being1 with 
the most affectionate truth1 human4     
,and the association of this truth in   
loving conception1 with the general     
honesty and truth of the character1 is  
again conclusively shown in the feelings
 of the lover to his mistress2 which we 
recognize as first reaching their height
 in the days of chivalry4 ,the truth and
 faith of the lover1 and his piety to   
,heaven1 are the foundation1 in his     
character1 of all the joy in imagination
 which he can receive from the          
conception of his lady's--now no more   
mortal--beauty4 ,she is indeed          
transfigured before him2 but the truth  
of the transfiguration is greater than  
that of the lightless aspect she bears  
to others4 ,when therefore1 in my next  
lecture1 ,i speak of the ,pleasures of  
,truth1 as distinct from those of the   
,imagination1--if either the limits or  
clearness of brief title had permitted  
me1 ,i should have said1 untransfigured 

truth2--meaning on the one side1 truth  
which we have not heart enough to       
transfigure1 and on the other1 truth of 
the lower kind which is incapable of    
transfiguration4 ,one may look at a girl
 till one believes she is an angel2     
because1 in the best of her1 she is one2
 but one can't look at a cockchafer till
 one believes it is a girl4  ,with this 
warning of the connection which exists  
between the honest intellect and the    
healthy imagination2 and using          
henceforward the shorter word ',fancy'  
for all inventive vision1 ,i proceed to 
consider with you the meaning and       
consequences of the frank and eager     
exertion of the fancy on ,religious     
subjects1 between the twelfth and       
sixteenth centuries4  ,its first1 and   
admittedly most questionable action1 the
 promotion of the group of martyr saints
 of the third century to thrones of     
uncontested dominion in heaven1 had     
better be distinctly understood1 before 
we debate of it1 either with the        

,iconoclast or the ,rationalist4 ,this  
apotheosis by the ,imagination is the   
subject of my present lecture4 ,to-day  
,i only describe it1--in my next lecture
 ,i will discuss it4  ,observe1 however1
 that in giving such a history of the   
mental constitution of nascent          
,christianity1 we have to deal with1 and
 carefully to distinguish1 two entirely 
different orders in its accepted        
hierarchy3--one1 scarcely founded at all
 on personal characters or acts1 but    
mythic or symbolic2 often merely the    
revival1 the baptized resuscitation of a
 ,pagan deity1 or the personified       
omnipresence of a ,christian            
virtue2--the other1 a senate of ,patres 
,conscripti of real persons1 great in   
genius1 and perfect1 humanly speaking1  
in holiness2 who by their personal force
 and inspired wisdom1 wrought the       
plastic body of the ,church into such   
noble form as in each of their epochs it
 was able to receive2 and on the right  
understanding of whose lives1 nor less  

of the affectionate traditions which    
magnified and illumined their memories1 
must absolutely depend the value of     
every estimate we form1 whether of the  
nature of the ,christian ,church        
herself1 or of the directness of        
spiritual agency by which she was       
guided4#bd  ,footnote #bd3 ,if the      
reader believes in no spiritual agency1 
still his understanding of the first    
letters in the ,alphabet of ,history    
depends on his comprehending rightly the
 tempers of the people who did4  ,an    
important distinction1 therefore1 is to 
be noted at the outset1 in the objects  
of this ,apotheosis1 according as they  
are1 or are not1 real persons4  ,of     
these two great orders of ,saints1 the  
first2 or mythic1 belongs--speaking     
broadly--to the southern or ,greek      
,church alone4  ,the ,gothic            
,christians1 once detached from the     
worship of ,odin and ,thor1 abjure from 
their hearts all trust in the elements1 
and all worship of ideas4 ,they will    

have their ,saints in flesh and blood1  
their ,angels in plume and armour2 and  
nothing incorporeal or invisible4 ,in   
all the ,religious sculpture beside     
,loire and ,seine1 you will not find    
either of the great rivers personified2 
the dress of the highest seraph is of   
true steel or sound broadcloth1 neither 
flecked by hail1 nor fringed by thunder2
 and while the ideal ,charity of ,giotto
 at ,padua presents her heart in her    
hand to ,god1 and tramples at the same  
instant on bags of gold1 the treasures  
of the world1 and gives only corn and   
flowers2 that on the west porch of      
,amiens is content to clothe a beggar   
with a piece of the staple manufacture  
of the town4  ,on the contrary1 it is   
nearly impossible to find in the imagery
 of the ,greek ,church1 under the former
 exercise of the ,imagination1 a        
representation either of man or beast   
which purports to represent only the    
person1 or the brute4 ,every mortal     
creature stands for an ,immortal        

,intelligence or ,influence3 a ,lamb    
means an ,apostle1 a ,lion an           
,evangelist1 an ,angel the ,eternal     
justice or benevolence2 and the most    
historical and indubitable of ,saints   
are compelled to set forth1 in their    
vulgarly apparent persons1 a ,platonic  
myth or an ,athanasian article4  ,i     
therefore take note first of the mythic 
saints in succession1 whom this         
treatment of them by the ,byzantine     
,church made afterwards the favourite   
idols of all ,christendom4  ,i4 ,the    
most mythic is of course ,st4 ,sophia2  
the shade of the ,greek ,athena1 passing
 into the ',wisdom' of the ,jewish      
,proverbs and ,psalms1 and the          
,apocryphal ',wisdom of ,solomon4' ,she 
always remains understood as a          
personification only2 and has no direct 
influence on the mind of the unlearned  
multitude of ,western ,christendom1     
except as a godmother1--in which kindly 
function she is more and more accepted  
as times go on2 her healthy influence   

being perhaps greater over sweet vicars'
 daughters in ,wakefield--when          
,wakefield was1--than over the          
prudentest of the rarely prudent        
,empresses of ,byzantium4  ,,ii4 ,of    
,st4 ,catharine of ,egypt there are     
vestiges of personal tradition which may
 perhaps permit the supposition of her  
having really once existed1 as a very   
lovely1 witty1 proud1 and 'fanciful'    
girl4 ,she afterwards becomes the       
,christian type of the ,bride1 in the   
',song of ,solomon1' involved with an   
ideal of all that is purest in the life 
of a nun1 and brightest in the death of 
a martyr4 ,it is scarcely possible to   
overrate the influence of the           
conceptions formed of her1 in ennobling 
the sentiments of ,christian women of   
the higher orders2--to their practical  
common sense1 as the mistresses of a    
household or a nation1 her example may  
have been less conducive4  ,,iii4 ,st4  
,barbara1 also an ,egyptian1 and ,st4   
,catharine's contemporary1 though the   

most practical of the mythic saints1 is 
also1 after ,st4 ,sophia1 the least     
corporeal3 she vanishes far away into   
the ',inclusa ,danae1' and her ,tunis   
aenea becomes a myth of ,christian      
safety1 of which the ,scriptural        
significance may be enough felt by      
merely looking out the texts under the  
word ,tower1 in your concordance2 and   
whose effectual power1 in the fortitudes
 alike of matter and spirit1 was in all 
probability made impressive enough to   
all ,christendom1 both by the           
fortifications and persecutions of      
,diocletian4 ,i have endeavoured to mark
 her general relations to ,st4 ,sophia  
in the little imaginary dialogue between
 them1 given in the eighth lecture of   
the ',ethics of the ,dust4'             
,afterwards1 as ,gothic architecture    
becomes dominant1 and at last beyond    
question the most wonderful of all      
temple-building1 ,st4 ,barbara's ,tower 
is1 of course1 its perfected symbol and 
utmost achievement2 and whether in the  

coronets of countless battlements worn  
on the brows of the noblest cities1 or  
in the ,lombard bell-tower on the       
mountains1 and the ,english spire on    
,sarum plain1 the geometric majesty of  
the ,egyptian maid became glorious in   
harmony of defence1 and sacred with     
precision of symbol4  ,as the buildings 
which showed her utmost skill were      
chiefly exposed to lightning1 she is    
invoked in defence from it2 and our     
petition in the ,litany1 against sudden 
death1 was written originally to her4   
,the blasphemous corruptions of her into
 a patroness of cannon and gunpowder1   
are among the most ludicrous1 7because  
precisely contrary to the original      
tradition17 as well as the most deadly1 
insolences and stupidities of           
,renaissance ,art4  ,,iv4 ,st4 ,margaret
 of ,antioch was a shepherdess2 the ,st4
 ,genevieve of the ,east2 the type of   
feminine gentleness and simplicity4     
,traditions of the resurrection of      
,alcestis perhaps mingle in those of her

 contest with the dragon2 but at all    
events1 she differs from the other three
 great mythic saints1 in expressing the 
soul's victory over temptation or       
affliction1 by ,christ's miraculous     
help1 and without any special power of  
its own4 ,she is the saint of the meek  
and of the poor2 her virtue and her     
victory are those of all gracious and   
lowly womanhood2 and her memory is      
consecrated among the gentle households 
of ,europe2 no other name1 except those 
of ,jeanne and ,jeanie1 seems so gifted 
with a baptismal fairy power of giving  
grace and peace4  ,i must be forgiven   
for thinking1 even on this canonical    
ground1 not only of ,jeanie ,deans1 and 
,margaret of ,branksome2 but of         
,meg--,merrilies4 ,my readers will1 ,i  
fear1 choose rather to think of the more
 doubtful victory over the ,dragon1 won 
by the great ,margaret of ,german       
literature4  ,v4 ,with much more        
clearness and historic comfort we may   
approach the shrine of ,st4 ,cecilia2   

and even on the most prosaic and        
realistic minds--such as my own--a visit
 to her house in ,rome has a comforting 
and establishing effect1 which reminds  
one of the carter in ',harry and ,lucy1'
 who is convinced of the truth of a     
plaustral catastrophe at first          
incredible to him1 as soon as he hears  
the name of the hill on which it        
happened4 ,the ruling conception of her 
is deepened gradually by the enlarged   
study of ,religious music2 and is at its
 best and highest in the thirteenth     
century1 when she rather resists than   
complies with the already tempting and  
distracting powers of sound2 and we are 
told that cantantibus organis1 ,cecilia 
virgo in corde suo soli ,domino         
decantabat1 dicens1 ',fiat1 ,domine1 cor
 meum et corpus meum immaculatum1 ut non
 confundar4'  7,while the instruments   
played1 ,cecilia the virgin sang in her 
heart only to the ,lord1 saying1 ,oh    
,lord1 be my heart and body made        
stainless1 that ,i be not confounded47  

,this sentence occurs in my great       
,service-book of the convent of         
,beau-pre1 written in #abij1 and it is  
illustrated with a miniature of ,cecilia
 sitting silent at a banquet1 where all 
manner of musicians are playing4 ,i need
 not point out to you how the law1 not  
of sacred music only1 so called1 but of 
all music1 is determined by this        
sentence2 which means in effect that    
unless music exalt and purify1 it is not
 under ,st4 ,cecilia's ordinance1 and it
 is not1 virtually1 music at all4  ,her 
confessed power at last expires amidst a
 hubbub of odes and sonatas2 and ,i     
suppose her presence at a ,morning      
,popular is as little anticipated as    
desired4 ,unconfessed1 she is of all the
 mythic saints for ever the greatest2   
and the child in its nurse's arms1 and  
every tender and gentle spirit which    
resolves to purify in itself1--as the   
eye for seeing1 so the ear for          
hearing1--may still1 whether behind the 
,temple veil1#be or at the fireside1 and

 by the wayside1 hear ,cecilia sing4    
,footnote #be3;,but1 standing in the    
lowest place1   ,and mingled with the   
work-day crowd1   ,a poor man looks1    
with lifted face1   ,and hears the      
,angels cry aloud4    ,he seeks not how 
each instant flies1   ,one moment is    
,eternity2   ,his spirit with the       
,angels cries   ,to ,thee1 to ,thee1    
continually4    ,what if1 ,isaiah-like1 
he know   ,his heart be weak1 his lips  
unclean1   ,his nature vile1 his office 
low1   ,his dwelling and his people     
mean8    ,to such the ,angels spake of  
old--   ,to such of yore1 the glory     
came2   ,these altar fires can ne'er    
grow cold3     ,then be it his1 that    
cleansing flame4  ,these verses1 part of
 a very lovely poem1 ,to ,thee all      
,angels cry aloud1 in the ',monthly     
,packet' for ,september #ahgc1 are only 
signed ',veritas4' ,the volume for that 
year 7the #afth7 is well worth getting1 
for the sake of the admirable papers in 
it by ,miss ,sewell1 on questions of the

 day2 by ,miss ,a4,c4 ,owen1 on         
,christian ,art2 and the unsigned       
,cameos from ,english ,history4  ,it    
would delay me too long just now to     
trace in specialty farther the functions
 of the mythic1 or1 as in another sense 
they may be truly called1 the universal1
 ,saints3 the next greatest of them1    
,st4 ,ursula1 is essentially            
,british1--and you will find enough     
about her in ',fors ,clavigera'2 the    
others1 ,i will simply give you in      
entirely authoritative order from the   
,st4 ,louis' ,psalter1 as he read and   
thought of them4  ,the proper           
,service-book of the thirteenth century 
consists first of the pure ,psalter2    
then of certain essential passages of   
the ,old ,testament--invariably the     
,song of ,miriam at the ,red ,sea and   
the last song of ,moses2--ordinarily    
also the #abth of ,isaiah and the prayer
 of ,habakkuk2 while ,st4 ,louis'       
,psalter has also the prayer of ,hannah1
 and that of ,hezekiah 7,isaiah xxxviii4

 #aj-bj72 the ,song of the ,three       
,children2 then the ,benedictus1 the    
,magnificat1 and the ,nunc ,dimittis4   
,then follows the ,athanasian ,creed2   
and then1 as in all ,psalters after     
their chosen ,scripture passages1 the   
collects to the ,virgin1 the ,te ,deum1 
and ,service to ,christ1 beginning with 
the ,psalm ',the ,lord reigneth'2 and   
then the collects to the greater        
individual saints1 closing with the     
,litany1 or constant prayer for mercy to
 ,christ1 and all saints2 of whom the   
order is1--,archangels1 ,patriarchs1    
,apostles1 ,disciples1 ,innocents1      
,martyrs1 ,confessors1 ,monks1 and      
,virgins4 ,of women the ,magdalen always
 leads2 ,st4 ,mary of ,egypt usually    
follows1 but may be the last4 ,then the 
order varies in every place1 and        
prayer-book1 no recognizable supremacy  
being traceable2 except in relation to  
the place1 or person1 for whom the book 
was written4 ,in ,st4 ,louis'1 ,st4     
,genevieve 7the last saint to whom he   

prayed on his death-bed7 follows the two
 ,maries2 then come--memorable for you  
best1 as easiest1 in this six-foil      
group1--,saints ,catharine1 ,margaret1  
and ,scolastica1 ,agatha1 ,cecilia1 and 
,agnes2 and then ten more1 whom you may 
learn or not as you like3 ,i note them  
now only for future reference1--more    
lively and easy for your learning1--by  
their ,french names1  ,felicite1        
,colombe1  ,christine1         99       
99       99       99       99  ,auree1  
,honorine1         99       99       99 
99       99  ,radegonde1  ,praxede1     
,euphemie1         99       99       99 
99       99  ,bathilde1 ,eugenie4  ,such
 was the system of ,theology into which 
the ,imaginative ,religion of ,europe   
was crystallized1 by the growth of its  
own best faculties1 and the influence of
 all accessible and credible            
authorities1 during the period between  
the eleventh and fifteenth centuries    
inclusive4 ,its spiritual power is      
completely represented by the angelic   

and apostolic dynasties1 and the        
women-saints in ,paradise2 for of the   
men-saints1 beneath the apostles and    
prophets1 none but ,st4 ,christopher1   
,st4 ,nicholas1 ,st4 ,anthony1 ,st4     
,james1 and ,st4 ,george1 attained      
anything like the influence of          
,catharine or ,cecilia2 for the very    
curious reason1 that the men-saints were
 much more true1 real1 and numerous4    
,st4 ,martin was reverenced all over    
,europe1 but definitely1 as a man1 and  
the ,bishop of ,tours4 ,so ,st4 ,ambrose
 at ,milan1 and ,st4 ,gregory at ,rome1 
and hundreds of good men more1 all over 
the world2 while the really good women  
remained1 though not rare1              
inconspicuous4 ,the virtues of ,french  
,clotilde1 and ,swiss ,berthe1 were     
painfully borne down in the balance of  
visible judgment1 by the guilt of the   
,gonerils1 ,regans1 and ,lady ,macbeths1
 whose spectral procession closes only  
with the figure of ,eleanor in          
,woodstock maze2 and in dearth of nearer

 objects1 the daily brighter powers of  
fancy dwelt with more concentrated      
devotion on the stainless ideals of the 
earlier maid-martyrs4 ,and observe1 even
 the loftier fame of the men-saints     
above named1 as compared with the rest1 
depends on precisely the same character 
of indefinite personality2 and on the   
representation1 by each of them1 of a   
moral idea which may be embodied and    
painted in a miraculous legend2         
credible1 as history1 even then1 only to
 the vulgar2 but powerful over them1    
nevertheless1 exactly in proportion to  
the degree in which it can be pictured  
and fancied as a living creature4       
,consider even yet in these days of     
mechanism1 how the dullest ,john ,bull  
cannot with perfect complacency adore   
himself1 except under the figure of     
,britannia or the ,british ,lion2 and   
how the existence of the popular        
jest-book1 which might have seemed      
secure in its necessity to our weekly   
recreation1 is yet virtually centred on 

the imaginary animation of a puppet1 and
 the imaginary elevation to reason of a 
dog4 ,but in the ,middle ,ages1 this    
action of the ,fancy1 now distorted and 
despised1 was the happy and sacred      
tutress of every faculty of the body and
 soul2 and the works and thoughts of    
art1 the joys and toils of men1 rose and
 flowed on in the bright air of it1 with
 the aspiration of a flame1 and the     
beneficence of a fountain4  ,and now1 in
 the rest of my lecture1 ,i had intended
 to give you a broad summary of the rise
 and fall of ,english art1 born under   
this code of theology1 and this         
enthusiasm of duty2--of its rise1 from  
the rude vaults of ,westminster1 to the 
finished majesty of ,wells2--and of its 
fall1 from that brief hour of the       
thirteenth century1 through the wars of 
the ,bolingbroke1 and the pride of the  
,tudor1 and the lust of the ,stewart1 to
 expire under the mocking snarl and     
ruthless blow of the ,puritan4 ,but you 
know that ,i have always1 in my most    

serious work1 allowed myself to be      
influenced by those ,chances1 as they   
are now called1--but to my own feeling  
and belief1 guidances1 and even1 if     
rightly understood1 commands1--which1 as
 far as ,i have read history1 the best  
and sincerest men think providential4   
,had this lecture been on common        
principles of art1 ,i should have       
finished it as ,i intended1 without fear
 of its being the worse for my          
consistency4 ,but it deals1 on the      
contrary1 with a subject1 respecting    
which every sentence ,i write1 or speak1
 is of importance in its issue2 and ,i  
allowed1 as you heard1 the momentary    
observation of a friend1 to give an     
entirely new cast to the close of my    
last lecture4 ,much more1 ,i feel it    
incumbent upon me in this one1 to take  
advantage of the most opportune help1   
though in an unexpected direction1 given
 me by my constant tutor1 ,professor    
,westwood4 ,i went to dine with him1 a  
day or two ago1 mainly--being neither of

 us1 ,i am thankful to say1             
blue-ribanded--to drink his health on   
his recovery from his recent accident4  
,whereupon he gave me a feast of good   
talk1 old wine1 and purple manuscripts4 
,and having had as much of all as ,i    
could well carry1 just as it came to the
 good-night1 out he brings1 for a       
finish1 this leaf of manuscript in my   
hand1 which he has lent me to show      
you1--a leaf of the ,bible of ,charles  
the ,bald6  ,a leaf of it1 at least1 as 
far as you or ,i could tell1 for        
,professor ,westwood's copy is just as  
good1 in all the parts finished1 as the 
original3 and1 for all practical        
purpose1 ,i show you here in my hand a  
leaf of the ,bible which your own ,king 
,alfred saw with his own bright eyes1   
and from which he learned his           
child-faith in the days of dawning      
thought6  ,there are few ,english       
children who do not know the story of   
,alfred1 the king1 letting the cakes    
burn1 and being chidden by his peasant  

hostess4 ,how few ,english              
children--nay1 how few perhaps of their 
educated1 not to say learned1           
elders--reflect upon1 if even they know1
 the far different scenes through which 
he had passed when a child6  ,concerning
 his father1 his mother1 and his own    
childhood1 suppose you were to teach    
your children first these following main
 facts1 before you come to the toasting 
of the muffin8  ,his father1 educated by
 ,helmstan1 ,bishop of ,winchester1 had 
been offered the throne of the great    
,saxon kingdom of ,mercia in his early  
youth2 had refused it1 and entered1 as a
 novice under ,st4 ,swithin the         
monastery at ,winchester4 ,from ,st4    
,swithin1 he received the monastic      
habit1 and was appointed by ,bishop     
,helmstan one of his sub-deacons6  ,the 
quiet seclusion which ,ethelwulph's     
slow#bf capacity and meek temper coveted
 was not permitted to him by fate4 ,the 
death of his elder brother left him the 
only living representative of the line  

of the ,west ,saxon princes4 ,his       
accession to the throne became the      
desire of the people4 ,he obtained a    
dispensation from the ,pope to leave the
 cloister2 assumed the crown of ,egbert2
 and retained ,egbert's prime minister1 
,alstan1 ,bishop of ,sherborne1 who was 
the ,minister in peace and war1 the     
,treasurer1 and the ,counsellor1 of the 
kings of ,england1 over a space1 from   
first to last1 of fifty years4          
,footnote #bf3 ,turner1 quoting ,william
 of ,malmesbury1 ,crassioris et hebetis 
ingenii1--meaning that he had neither   
ardour for war1 nor ambition for        
kinghood4  ,alfred's mother1 ,osburga1  
must have been married for love4 ,she   
was the daughter of ,oslac1 the king's  
cup-bearer4 ,extolled for her piety and 
understanding1 she bore the king four   
sons2 dying before the last1 ,alfred1   
was five years old1 but leaving him ,st4
 ,swithin for his tutor4 ,how little do 
any of us think1 in idle talk of rain or
 no rain on ,st4 ,swithin's day1 that we

 speak of the man whom ,alfred's father 
obeyed as a monk1 and whom his mother   
chose for his guardian6  ,alfred1 both  
to father and mother1 was the best      
beloved of their children4 ,on his      
mother's death1 his father sent him1    
being then five years old1 with a great 
retinue through ,france and across the  
,alps to ,rome2 and there the ,pope     
anointed him ,king1 7heir-apparent to   
the ,english throne71 at the request of 
his father4  ,think of it1 you          
travellers through the ,alps by tunnels1
 that you may go to balls at ,rome or   
hells at ,monaco4 ,here is another      
manner of journey1 another goal for it1 
appointed for your little king4 ,at     
twelve1 he was already the best hunter  
among the ,saxon youths4 ,be sure he    
could sit his horse at five4 ,fancy the 
child1 with his keen genius1 and holy   
heart1 riding with his ,saxon chiefs    
beside him1 by the ,alpine flowers under
 ,velan or ,sempione1 and down among the
 olives to ,pavia1 to ,perugia1 to      

,rome2 there1 like the little fabled    
,virgin1 ascending the ,temple steps1   
and consecrated to be ,king of ,england 
by the great ,leo1 ,leo of the ,leonine 
city1 the saviour of ,rome from the     
,saracen4  ,two years afterwards1 he    
rode again to ,rome beside his father2  
the ,west ,saxon king bringing presents 
to the ,pope1 a crown of pure gold      
weighing four pounds1 a sword adorned   
with pure gold1 two golden images1#bg   
four ,saxon silver dishes2 and giving a 
gift of gold to all the ,roman clergy   
and nobles1#bh and of silver to the     
people4  ,footnote #bg3 ,turner1 ,book  
,,iv41--not a vestige of hint from the  
stupid ,englishman1 what the ,pope      
wanted with crown1 sword1 or image6 ,my 
own guess would be1 that it meant an    
offering of the entire household        
strength1 in war and peace1 of the      
,saxon nation1--their crown1 their      
sword1 their household gods1 ,irminsul  
and ,irminsula1 their feasting1 and     
their robes4  ,footnote #bh3 ,again1    

what does this mean8 ,gifts of honour to
 the ,pope's immediate                  
attendants--silver to all ,rome8 ,does  
the modern reader think this is buying  
little ,alfred's consecration too dear1 
or that ,leo is selling the ,holy       
,ghost8  ,no idle sacrifices or symbols1
 these gifts of courtesy6 ,the ,saxon   
,king rebuilt on the highest hill that  
is bathed by ,tiber1 the ,saxon street  
and school1 the ,borgo1#bi of whose     
miraculously arrested burning ,raphael's
 fresco preserves the story to this day4
 ,and further he obtained from ,leo the 
liberty of all ,saxon men from bonds in 
penance2--a first phase this of ,magna  
,charta1 obtained more honourably1 from 
a more honourable person1 than that     
document1 by which ,englishmen of this  
day1 suppose they live1 move1 and have  
being4  ,footnote #bi3 ,quae in eorum   
lingua ,burgus dicitur1--the place where
 it was situated was called the ,saxon  
street1 ,saxonum vicum 7,anastasius1    
quoted by ,turner74 ,there seems to me  

some evidence in the scattered passages 
,i have not time to collate1 that at    
this time the ,saxon ,burg1 or tower1 of
 a village1 included the idea of its    
school4  ,how far into ,alfred's soul1  
at seven years old1 sank any true image 
of what ,rome was1 and had been2 of what
 her ,lion ,lord was1 who had saved her 
from the ,saracen1 and her ,lion ,lord  
had been1 who had saved her from the    
,hun2 and what this ,spiritual ,dominion
 was1 and was to be1 which could make   
and unmake kings1 and save nations1 and 
put armies to flight2 ,i leave those to 
say1 who have learned to reverence      
childhood4 ,this1 at least1 is sure1    
that the days of ,alfred were bound each
 to each1 not only by their natural     
piety1 but by the actual presence and   
appeal to his heart1 of all that was    
then in the world most noble1 beautiful1
 and strong against ,death4  ,in this   
living ,book of ,god he had learned to  
read1 thus early2 and with perhaps      
nobler ambition than of getting the     

prize of a gilded psalm-book at his     
mother's knee1 as you are commonly told 
of him4 ,what sort of psalm-book it was1
 however1 you may see from this leaf in 
my hand4 ,for1 as his father and he     
returned from ,rome that year1 they     
stayed again at the ,court of           
,charlemagne's grandson1 whose daughter1
 the ,princess ,judith1 ,ethelwolf was  
wooing for ,queen of ,england1 7not     
queen-consort1 merely1 but crowned      
queen1 of authority equal to his own47  
,from whom ,alfred was like enough to   
have had a reading lesson or two out of 
her father's ,bible2 and like enough1   
the little prince1 to have stayed her   
hand at this bright leaf of it1 the     
,lion-leaf1 bearing the symbol of the   
,lion of the tribe of ,judah4  ,you     
cannot1 of course1 see anything but the 
glittering from where you sit2 nor even 
if you afterwards look at it near1 will 
you find a figure the least admirable or
 impressive to you4 ,it is not like     
,landseer's ,lions in ,trafalgar        

,square2 nor like ,tenniel's in         
',punch'2 still less like the real ones 
in ,regent's ,park4 ,neither do ,i show 
it you as admirable in any respect of   
art1 other than that of skilfullest     
illumination4 ,i show it you1 as the    
most interesting ,gothic type of the    
imagination of ,lion2 which1 after the  
,roman ,eagle1 possessed the minds of   
all ,european warriors2 until1 as they  
themselves grew selfish and cruel1 the  
symbols which at first meant heaven-sent
 victory1 or the strength and presence  
of some ,divine spirit1 became to them  
only the signs of their own pride or    
rage3 the victor raven of ,corvus sinks 
into the shamed falcon of ,marmion1 and 
the lion-heartedness which gave the     
glory and the peace of the gods to      
,leonidas1 casts the glory and the might
 of kinghood to the dust before         
,chalus4#cj  ,footnote #cj3 ',fors      
,clavigera1' ,march1 #ahga1 p4 #ai4 ,yet
 read the preceding pages1 and learn the
 truth of the lion heart1 while you     

mourn its pride4 ,note especially his   
absolute law against usury4  ,that      
death1 #fth ,april1 #aaii1 ended the    
advance of ,england begun by ,alfred1   
under the pure law of ,religious        
,imagination4 ,she began1 already1 in   
the thirteenth century1 to be           
decoratively1 instead of vitally1       
religious4 ,the history of the          
,religious ,imagination expressed       
between ,alfred's time and that of      
,coeur de ,lion1 in this symbol of the  
,lion only1 has material in it rather   
for all my seven lectures than for the  
closing section of one2 but ,i must     
briefly specify to you the main sections
 of it4 ,i will keep clear of my        
favourite number seven1 and ask you to  
recollect the meaning of only ,five1    
,mythic ,lions4  ,first of all1 in      
,greek art1 remember to keep yourselves 
clear about the difference between the  
,lion and the ,gorgon4  ,the ,gorgon is 
the power of evil in heaven1 conquered  
by ,athena1 and thenceforward becoming  

her aegis1 when she is herself the      
inflictor of evil4 ,her helmet is then  
the helmet of ,orcus4  ,but the ,lion is
 the power of death on earth1 conquered 
by ,heracles1 and becoming thenceforward
 both his helmet and aegis4 ,all        
ordinary architectural lion sculpture is
 derived from the ,heraclean4  ,then the
 ,christian ,lions are1 first1 the ,lion
 of the ,tribe of ,judah--,christ       
,himself as ,captain and ,judge3 ,he    
shall rule the nations with a rod of    
iron1 7the opposite power of ,his       
adversary1 is rarely intended in        
sculpture unless in association with the
 serpent--inculcabis supra leonem et    
aspidem72 secondly1 the ,lion of ,st4   
,mark1 the power of the ,gospel going   
out to conquest2 thirdly1 the ,lion of  
,st4 ,jerome1 the wrath of the brute    
creation changed into love by the       
kindness of man2 and1 fourthly1 the     
,lion of the ,zodiac1 which is the ,lion
 of ,egypt and of the ,lombardic        
pillar-supports in ,italy2 these four1  

if you remember1 with the ,nemean ,greek
 one1 five altogether1 will give you1   
broadly1 interpretation of nearly all   
,lion symbolism in great art4 ,how they 
degenerate into the ,british door       
knocker1 ,i leave you to determine for  
yourselves1 with such assistances as ,i 
may be able to suggest to you in my next
 lecture2 but1 as the grotesqueness of  
human history plans it1 there is        
actually a connection between that last 
degradation of the ,leonine symbol1 and 
its first and noblest significance4     
,you see there are letters round this   
golden ,lion of ,alfred's spelling-book1
 which his princess friend was likely   
enough to spell for him4 ,they are two  
,latin hexameters3--    ,hic ,leo1      
surgendo1 portas confregit ,averni      
,qui nunquam dormit1 nusquam dormitat1  
in aevum4   7,this ,lion1 rising1 burst 
the gates of ,death3   ,this1 who sleeps
 not1 nor shall sleep1 for ever47  ,now 
here is the ,christian change of the    
,heraclean conquest of ,death into      

,christ's ,resurrection4 ,samson's      
bearing away the gates of ,gaza is      
another like symbol1 and to the mind of 
,alfred1 taught1 whether by the ,pope   
,leo for his schoolmaster1 or by the    
great-granddaughter of ,charlemagne for 
his schoolmistress1 it represented1 as  
it did to all the intelligence of       
,christendom1 ,christ in ,his own first 
and last1 ,alpha and ,omega1 description
 of ,himself1--  ,i am ,he that liveth  
and was dead1 and behold ,i am alive for
 evermore1 and have the keys of ,hell   
and of ,death4 ,and in ,his servant ,st4
 ,john's description of ,him--  ,who is 
the ,faithful ,witness and the          
,first-begotten of the dead1 and the    
,prince of the kings of the earth4  ,all
 this assuredly1 so far as the young    
child1 consecrated like ,david1 the     
youngest of his brethren1 conceived his 
own new life in ,earth and ,heaven1--he 
understood already in the ,lion symbol4 
,but of all this ,i had no thought#ca   
when ,i chose the prayer of ,alfred as  

the type of the ,religion of his era1 in
 its dwelling1 not on the deliverance   
from the punishment of sin1 but from the
 poisonous sleep and death of it4 ,will 
you ever learn that prayer              
again1--youths who are to be priests1   
and knights1 and kings of ,england1 in  
these the latter days8 when the gospel  
of ,eternal ,death is preached here in  
,oxford to you for the ,pride of ,truth8
 and the mountain of the ,lord's ,house 
has become a ,golgotha1 and the new song
 before the throne sunk into the rolling
 thunder of the death rattle of the     
,nations1 crying1 ,o ,christ1 where is  
,thy ,victory6  ,footnote #ca3 ,the     
reference to the ,bible of ,charles le  
,chauve was added to my second lecture  
7page #ed71 in correcting the press1    
mistakenly put into the text instead of 
the notes4   ,,notes4  #a4 ,the ,five   
,christmas ,days4 7,these were drawn out
 on a large and conspicuous diagram47   
,these days1 as it happens1 sum up the  
,history of their ,five ,centuries4     

,christmas ,day1 #dif4 ,clovis baptized4
                #hjj4 ,charlemagne      
crowned4               #ajda4 ,vow of   
the ,count of ,aversa 7,page #hj74      
#ajff4 ,the ,conqueror crowned4         
#aacj4 ,roger ,,ii4 crowned ,king of the
 ,two ,sicilies4  #b4 ,for conclusion of
 the whole matter two pictures were     
shown and commented on--the two most    
perfect pictures in the world4  7#a7 ,a 
small piece from ,tintoret's ,paradiso  
in the ,ducal ,palace1 representing the 
group of ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,st4 ,jerome1   
,st4 ,gregory1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and     
behind ,st4 ,augustine his mother       
watching him1 her chief joy even in     
,paradise4  7#b7 ,the ,arundel          
,society's reproduction of the          
,altar-piece by ,giorgione in his native
 hamlet of ,castel ,franco4 ,the        
,arundel ,society has done more for us  
than we have any notion of4         99  
99       99       99       99     ,,the 
,,works  ,,of  ,,john ,,ruskin1         
7,,separately ,,and ,,in ,,sets47       

99       99       99       99       99  
,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,some ,,of ,,the 
,,conditions   ,,affecting ,,the ,,study
 ,,of ,,architecture ,,in   ,,our       
,,schools4 #abmo1 paper4                
#aj    ,,aratra ,,pentelici4 ,six       
,lectures on the   ,elements of         
,sculpture1 given before the ,university
   of ,oxford1 with cuts4 #abmo1 russet 
cloth4               #ej    ,,ditto1    
,with #ba full-page plates 7two         
colored71   printed separately4 #abmo1  
russet cloth4               #a #jj      
,,ariadne ,,florentina4 ,six ,lectures  
on ,wood   and ,metal ,engraving1 given 
before the ,university   of ,oxford1    
#abmo1 cloth4 ,complete with            
,appendix4 #abmo1 russet cloth4         
#ej      ,,ditto4 ,with #ab full-page   
plates1 printed separately4       #abmo1
 russet cloth4                          
#a #jj    ,,arrows ,,of ,,the ,,chace4  
,a ,collection   of ,letters from #ahdj 
to #ahhj4 ,edited by an ,oxford         
,pupil4 #b vols4 bound in one4 ,plate4  

#abmo1 cloth4      #a #jj    ,,art      
,,culture4 ,a ,hand-,book of ,art       
,technicalities   and ,criticisms1      
selected from the ,works of ,john       
,ruskin1 and arranged and supplemented  
by ,rev4 ,w4,h4   ,platt1 for the use of
 the ,intelligent ,traveler and   ,art  
,student1 with a new ,glossary of ,art  
,terms and   an ,alphabetical and       
,chronological ,list of ,artists4       
,with illustrations4 #abmo1 russet      
cloth4               #a #ej  ,mr4 ,platt
 has worked out an idea so striking for 
its attractiveness and utility that1    
perceiving it1 we at once go to work    
wondering that somebody else had not    
executed it before him4 ,he has gone    
over the vast and superb areas of ,john 
,ruskin's ,writings1 and cutting out one
 block here and another there1 as it has
 suited his purpose1 has put all these  
parts together again into a literary    
mosaic1 constituting a clear and        
harmonious system of art principles1    
wherein ,ruskin all the while is the    

teacher4 ,he has reduced ,ruskin to a   
code4 ,on the whole1 we see not what    
this book lacks of being a complete     
text-book of the ,gospel of ,art        
according to ,st4 ,john                 
,ruskin4--,christian ,union4    ,,art   
,,of ,,england4 ,lectures given in      
,oxford   during the second tenure of   
the ,slade ,professorship4   ,parts ,i4 
to ,,vi4 complete1 #abmo1 russet cloth4 
#ej    ,,art ,,of ,,england4 #abmo1     
cloth extra4                    #a #jj  
,,autobiography--,,praeterita4          
,,outlines ,,of ,,scenes ,,and          
,,thoughts1 perhaps   worthy of memory1 
in ,,my ,,past ,,life4 ,by ,john        
,ruskin1 ,,ll4,d4      ,vol4 ,i4        
7,chapters #a to #ab47 #hvo1 cloth      
extra4       #c #jj     ,vol4 ,,ii4     
7,chapters #a to #aj47 #hvo1 paper1     
each4        #be     ,vol4 ,i4          
7,chapters #a to #ab47 #abmo1 cloth4    
#a #ej    ,,bibliography ,,of ,,ruskin4 
,a ,,bibliographical   ,,list1 arranged 
in chronological order of the           

published writings in ,prose and ,verse 
of ,john   ,ruskin1 from #ahcd to the   
present time   7,october1 #ahgh47 #abmo1
 russet cloth4                    #ej   
,,birthday ,,book4 ,a ,selection of     
,thoughts1   ,mottoes and ,aphorisms for
 ,every ,day to the ,tear1   from the   
works of ,,john ,,ruskin1 ,,ll4,d4      
,collected   and arranged by ,m4,a4,b4  
and ,g4,a4 ,with a new   and fine       
portrait of ,mr4 ,ruskin4 ,square #abmo1
   cloth1 extra beveled boards1 gilt    
edges4              #a #ej    ,,crown   
,,of ,,wild ,,olive1 ,,the4 ,three      
,lectures   on ,work1 ,traffic1 and     
,war4 #abmo1 russet cloth4          #ej 
,,deucalion4 ,collected ,studies on the 
,lapse   of ,waves and ,life of ,stones4
 ,vol4 ,i4 7,parts #a to   #f47 ,plates4
 #abmo1 russet cloth4                   
#a #be      ,,ditto4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7,parts
 #g and #h7 ,plates4 #abmo1       russet
 cloth4                                 
#ge    ,,eagle',s ,,nest1 ,,the4 ,ten   
,lectures on the   ,relation of ,natural

 ,science to ,art1 given before   the   
,university of ,oxford4 #abmo1 russet   
cloth4           #ej    ,,elements ,,of 
,,drawing1 ,,the4 ,in ,three   ,letters 
to ,beginners4 ,with illustrations      
drawn by the author1 #abmo1 russet      
cloth4                #ej    ,,elements 
,,of ,,perspective1 ,,the4   ,arranged  
for the use of ,schools1 #abmo1 russet  
cloth4    #ej    ,,ethics ,,of ,,the    
,,dust1 ,,the4 ,ten ,lectures   to      
,little ,housewives on the ,elements of 
,crystallization4 #abmo1 russet cloth4  
#ej    ,,fors ,,clavigera4 ,letters to  
the ,workmen   and ,laborers of ,great  
,britain--,complete4      ,vols4 #a and 
#b4--b vols4 in one4 #abmo1 russet      
cloth4 #a #jj     ,vols4 #c and #d4--b  
vols4 in one1 #abmo1 russet cloth4 #a   
#jj     ,vols4 #e and #f4--b vols4 in   
one4 #abmo1 russet cloth4 #a #jj        
,vols4 #g and #h4--b vols4 in one4      
#abmo1 russet cloth4 #a #jj     ,,ditto4
 #h vols4 in four1 #aa full-page plates4
 #abmo1       russet cloth4             

#e #jj    ,,frondes ,,agrestes4         
,headings on ,modern   ,painters4       
,chosen at her pleasure by the          
author's friend1 the ,younger ,lady of  
the ,thwaite1   ,coniston4 #abmo1 russet
 cloth4                           #ej   
,,king ,,of ,,the ,,golden ,,river1     
,,the4   ,or1 ,the ,black ,brothers4 ,a 
,legend of ,stiria4 ,a   ,fairy ,tale4  
,illustrated4 #abmo1 cloth extra4       
#ej    ,,laws ,,of ,,fesole1 ,,the4 ,a  
,familiar ,treatise   on the ,elementary
 ,principles and ,practice of   ,drawing
 and ,painting as determined by the     
,tuscan   ,masters1 with numerous       
plates4 ,arranged for the   use of      
,schools4 #abmo1 russet cloth4          
#ej      ,,ditto1 ,with #ab plates4     
#abmo1 russet cloth4          #a #jj    
,,lectures ,,on ,,architecture ,,and    
,,painting4   ,delivered at ,edinburgh4 
#abmo1 russet cloth4             #ej    
,,ditto4 ,with #ae plates1 full-page1   
printed       separately4 #abmo1 russet 
cloth4                   #a #jj         

,,lectures ,,on ,,art4 ,delivered before
 the   ,university of ,oxford in ,hilary
 ,term4 #abmo1 russet   cloth4          
#ej    ,,letters ,,and ,,advice ,,to    
,,young ,,girls ,,and ,,young   ,,ladies
 ,,on ,,dress1 ,,education1 ,,marriage4 
,,their ,,sphere1   ,,influence1        
,,women',s ,,work1 ,,women',s ,,rights1 
,,etc41 ,,etc4   #abmo1 extra gilt1     
cloth4                                  
#ej    ,,love',s ,,meine4 ,lectures on  
,greek and ,english   ,birds1 given     
before the ,university of ,oxford4      
#abmo1 russet cloth4                    
#ej    ,,miscellanea4 ,containing       
,catalogue of ,turner's   ,drawings as  
revised and cast up into progressive    
groups1 etc4 ,notes on some of the      
,principal ,pictures   in ,royal        
,academy--,guide to the ,principal      
,pictures   of the ,academy of          
,venice--,michael ,angelo and           
,tintoret--,inaugural ,address at       
,cambridge--,opening of   ,crystal      
,palace--,fiction1 ,fair and            

,foul--,giotto and   ,his ,works--,pront
 and ,hunt--,studies of ,mountain and   
,cloud ,form--,king of ,golden          
,river--,sheepfolds4 #b vols4   ,russet 
cloth1 each                             
#a #jj    ,,modern ,,painters4 #e vols4 
,bound in #d   vols4 ,complete with all 
,plates and ,wood ,cuts4      ,vol4     
#a4--,part #a4 ,general ,principles4    
,part #b4 ,truth4     ,vol4 #b4--,part  
#c4 ,of ,ideas of ,beauty4     ,vol4    
#c4--,part #d4 ,of ,many ,things4       
,vol4 #d4--,part #e4 ,of ,mountain      
,beauty1     ,vol4 #e4--,part #f4 ,leaf 
,beauty4 ,part #g4 ,of ,cloud           
,beauty4 ,part #h4 ,ideas of ,relation  
of ,invention1       ,formal4 ,part #i1 
,ideas of ,relation of ,invention1      
,spiritual4 #d vols41 russet cloth4     
#f #jj     ,,ditto4 ,with all the       
,plates and ,woodcuts1 in box1       #e 
vols41 #abmo1 extra cloth4              
#aj #jj     ,,ditto4 ,with all the      
,plates and ,woodcuts1 in box1       #e 
vols41 #abmo1 half calf4                

#ag #jj     ,,ditto4 ,with all the      
,woodcuts1 #e vols4 bound in       #h   
vols41 #abmo1 russet cloth4             
#c #ej    ,,modern ,,painters4 ,people's
 edition4 #e vols4     in #b4 ,neat blue
 cloth4                              #b 
#jj    ,,modern ,,painters4 ,,extra     
,,vol4 ,being the reissue of     ,volume
 ,,ii4 of this work4 ,revised and       
rearranged     with critical notes by   
the author4     #abmo1 russet cloth4    
#ej     ,,ditto4 #abmo1 extra cloth4    
#ge     ,,ditto4 #abmo1 green cloth4    
#ej    ,,mornings ,,in ,,florence4      
,being simple   studies on ,christian   
,art for ,english ,travelers4   ,santa  
,croce--,the ,golden ,gate--,before the 
,soldan--,the   ,vaulted ,roof--,the    
,strait ,gate4 #abmo1 russet cloth4     
#ej    ,,munera ,,pulveris4 ,six ,essays
 on the ,elements   of ,political       
,economy4 #abmo1 russet cloth4          
#ej    ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,construction
 ,,of ,,sheepfolds3 or1   ,visible      
,churches4 7,see ,miscellanea47    ,,our

 ,,fathers ,,have ,,told ,,us4          
,sketches of the ,history of            
,christendom for ,boys   and ,girls who 
have been held at its ,fonts4 ,four     
full-page plates4 ,russet cloth1 each4  
#a #jj    ,,pearls ,,for ,,young        
,,ladies4 ,from the   later works of    
,john ,ruskin4 ,selected and arranged   
by ,louisa ,c4 ,tuthill4 #abmo1 russet  
cloth4             #a #jj     ,,ditto4  
,extra gilt cloth4                      
#a #be    ,,pleasures ,,of ,,england4   
,lectures   given at ,oxford by ,john   
,ruskin1 viz43 ,pleasures   of          
,learning2 ,pleasures of ,faith2        
,pleasures of   ,deed2 ,pleasures of    
,fancy4 #abmo1 boards4                  
#ej    ,,poems1 ,,the ,,old ,,water     
,,wheel ,,and ,,other ,,poems4   ,by    
,john ,ruskin1 ,collected and edited    
from their   original ,annual           
publication4 #abmo1 russet cloth4       
#ej     ,,ditto1 ditto1 with an etched  
frontispiece4 ,extra       gilt1 cloth4 
#a #be    ,,poetry ,,of ,,architecture1 

,,the4   ,cottage1 ,villa1 etc41 to     
which is added ,suggestions   on ,works 
of ,art4 ,with numerous illustrations4  
,by ,kata ,phusin4 7,nom de ,plume of   
,john ,ruskin47   #abmo1 russet cloth4  
#ej    ,,political ,,economy ,,of ,,art1
 ,,the   ,,or1 ,a ,,joy ,,forever4      
,being the substance   of two lectures  
7with additions7 delivered   at         
,manchester4 #abmo1 russet cloth4       
#ej    ,,precious ,,thoughts3 ,moral and
 ,religious4   ,gathered from the ,works
 of ,john ,ruskin1   ,a4,m4 ,by ,mrs4   
,l4,c4 ,tuthill4 #abmo1 russet cloth4   
#a #jj     ,,ditto1 ditto4 ,extra gilt1 
cloth4                    #a #be        
,,pre-,,raphaelitism4 #abmo1 russet     
cloth4                   #ej            
,,praeterita4 ,see ,ruskin's            
,autobiography4   ,vol4 #a4 #hvo1 cloth4
                                   #c   
#jj    ,,proserpina4 ,studies of        
,wayside ,flowers   while the air was   
yet pure among the ,alps and in   the   
,scotland and ,england which my father  

knew4     ,vol4 ,i4 7,parts ,i to #f47  
,plates4 #abmo1 russet cloth  #a #be    
,vol4 ,,ii4 7,parts #g1 #h1 and #i47    
,plates4 #abmo1 russet        cloth4    
#a #jj    ,,queen ,,of ,,the ,,air1     
,,the4 ,being a ,study of the   ,greek  
,myths of ,cloud and ,storm4 #abmo1     
russet cloth4     #ej    ,,st4 ,,mark',s
 ,,rest4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,venice4 
,written for the help of the ,few       
,travelers who still   care for her     
,monuments4 ,parts ,i41 ,,ii41 and      
,,iii41   with two ,supplements4 #abmo1 
russet cloth4               #ej         
,,selections ,,from ,,the ,,writings    
,,of ,,john   ,,ruskin4 #abmo1 russet   
cloth4                             #ge  
,,ditto1 ditto4 #abmo1 extra cloth4     
#a #jj    ,,sesame ,,and ,,lilies4      
,three ,lectures 7on   ,books1 ,women1  
etc47 #a4 ,of ,kings' ,treasuries4 #b4  
,of ,queens' ,gardens4 #c4 ,of the      
,mystery of ,life4   #abmo1 blue cloth4 
#ej     ,new ,edition4 #abmo1 thick     
paper1 russet cloth4         #ge        

,new ,edition4 #abmo1 thick paper1 ex4  
cloth4          #a #jj    ,,seven       
,,lamps ,,of ,,architecture4   ,with    
copies of illustrations drawn by the    
author4   #ad full-page plates1 #abmo1  
ex4 cloth4                #a #be        
,,ditto1 ditto4 #abmo1 russet cloth4    
#ge     ,,ditto4 ,cheap edition1 without
 plates4 #abmo1       green-cloth4      
#ej     ,,ditto4 ,people's edition4     
,neat blue cloth4             #ej       
,,stones ,,of ,,venice4 ,vol4 #a4       
,foundations4   ,vol4 #b4 ,sea ,stories4
 ,vol4 #h4 ,the ,fall4 #c vols4 in      
two4 #abmo1 russet cloth4               
#a #ej     ,,ditto1 ditto4 #c vols4 in  
two4 #ed ,plates4            #c #jj     
#c vols4 in box4 ,plates1 #abmo1 ex4    
cloth4          #d #ej     ,,ditto4 #c  
vols4 ,plates1 #abmo1 #a_/b calf4       
#g #ej     ,,ditto4 ,people's edition4  
#c vols4 in one4 ,neat       blue cloth4
                                        
#a #be    ,,storm ,,cloud ,,of ,,the    
#ai,,th ,,century4    ,by ,john ,ruskin4

 #abmo1 bds4                            
#ej    ,,the ,,true ,,and ,,the         
,,beautiful ,,in ,,nature4 ,,art1       
,,morals ,,and ,,religion4 ,selected    
from the ,works   of ,john ,ruskin1     
,a4,m4 ,with a notice of the author   by
 ,mrs4 ,l4,c4 ,tuthill4 #abmo1 russet   
cloth4             #a #jj     ,,ditto1  
ditto1 with ,portrait4 #abmo1 extra     
cloth4     #a #be    ,,the ,,two        
,,paths4 ,being ,lectures on ,art1 and  
its ,application to ,decoration and     
,manufacture4   ,with steel plates and  
cuts4 #abmo1 russet cloth4         #ge  
,,ditto4 ,without plates4               
#ej    ,,time ,,and ,,tide ,,by ,,weare 
,,and ,,tyne4   ,twenty-five ,letters to
 a ,workingman of ,sunderland   on the  
,laws of work4 #abmo1 russet cloth4     
#ej    ,,unto ,,this ,,last4 ,four      
,essays on the ,first   ,principles of  
,political ,economy1 #abmo1 russet      
cloth4    #ej    ,,val ,d',,arno4 ,ten  
,lectures on the ,tuscan   ,art directly
 ,antecedent to ,florentine year of     

,victories4 #ac plates4 #abmo1 russet   
cloth4             #a #jj               
,,ruskin',s ,,complete ,,works4         
,with all the ,wood ,engravings1 and    
,with and ,without ,plates4     ,there  
are #bgg ,,full ,,page ,,plates in the  
complete edition4     ,printed on plate 
paper4 ,some of them in colors1 as      
follows3    ,,ruskin',s ,,works4        
,uniformly bound in #ac volumes4        
,elegant style4 #bbc full-page ,plates1 
colored and   plain1 on plate paper4    
#abmo1 extra cloth4           #ah #jj   
,,ditto1 ditto1 with all the plates4    
#abmo1 #a_/b calf4   #cf #jj     ,ditto1
 ditto1 without plates4 #ab vols4 #abmo1
 extra       cloth4                     
#ab #jj    ,,ruskin',s ,,works4 7,second
 ,series74 ,additional   ,writings1     
completing his ,works4 ,uniform   in    
size and binding with the #ab-volume    
edition4       #f vols41 #abmo1 cloth   
extra4                       #g #ej     
#f vols41 with all the plates1 #abmo1   
cloth extra4 #aj #ej       #f vols41    

with all the plates1 #abmo1 #a_/b calf1 
#ba #jj     ,,ditto1 including both     
series4 ,wood engravings1       #ah     
vols41 extra cloth4                     
#ai #ej     ,,ditto1 including both     
series4 ,plates and ,wood               
engravings1 #ah vols41 extra cloth4     
#bh #ej     ,,ditto1 including both     
series4 ,plates and ,wood               
engravings4 #bj vols41 extra cloth4     
#cj #jj     ,,ditto1 including both     
series4 ,plates and ,wood               
engravings4 #ai vols41 #a_/b calf4      
#eh #jj     ,,ditto1 including both     
series4 ,plates and ,wood               
engravings4 #bj vols41 #a_/b calf4      
#fj #jj         99       99       99    
99       99  ,,choice ,,works ,,of      
,,john ,,ruskin    ,an elegant octavo   
edition1 including ,modern ,painters1   
#e vols41 ,stones of ,venice1 #c vols41 
and ,seven ,lamps1   #a vol4 ,with very 
fine copies of all the ,plates and      
,wood engravings of the earliest ,london
 editions4     #i vols41 #hvo1 cloth1   

#de #jj     #i vols41 #a_/b calf1       
#fc #jj     #i vols41 full calf1        
#gb #jj  ,,suitable ,,for ,,presents4   
,ruskin's ,beauties4    ,,the ,,true    
,,and ,,beautiful4        #c vols4      
,,precious ,,thoughts4             in   
box4               #c #ej   ,,choice    
,,selections4             ex4 clo4      
,,ditto1 #c vols4 in box1 #a_/b calf1   
#g #ej  ,ruskin's ,popular ,volumes4    
,,crown ,,of ,,wild ,,olive4          #d
 vols4   ,,sesame ,,and ,,lilies4       
in box1   ,,queen ,,of ,,the ,,air4     
extra                 #h #ej   ,,ethics 
,,of ,,the ,,dust4           cloth4     
,ruskin on ,art4    ,,lectures ,,on     
,,art4                #d vols4   ,,two  
,,paths4--,,plates4             in box1 
,,eagle',s ,,nest4                      
extra                #c #ej             
,,political ,,economy ,,of ,,art4       
cloth4     ,,ditto1 #b vols4 in box1    
#a_/b calf                       #g #jj 
,ruskin on ,architecture4    ,,poetry   
,,of ,,architecture--,,plates4        #d

 vols4   ,,seven ,,lamps ,,of           
,,architecture--,,plates4   in          
,,lectures ,,on ,,architecture ,,and    
,box1          #d #jj                   
,,painting--,,plates4                   
ex4   ,,stones ,,of ,,venice            
7,selections47         cloth4     #b    
vols4 in box1 #a_/b calf4               
#g #ej  ,ruskin on ,drawing1 ,etc4      
,,elements ,,of ,,drawing4              
#d vols4   ,,elements ,,of              
,,perspective4         in box1   ,,laws 
,,of ,,fesole--,,plates4          extra 
#c #ej   ,,frondes ,,agrestes4          
cloth4     #b vols4 in box1 #a_/b calf4 
#g #jj  ,,the ,,following ,,beautiful   
,,volumes ,,being ,,selections ,,from   
,,ruskin',s ,,works4  ,in ,neat #abmo4  
,volumes4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4    ,,art
 ,,culture4 ,with ,illustrations1 cloth 
extra4         #b #ej   ,,letters ,,and 
,,advice ,,to ,,young ,,ladies4 ,cloth  
extra4        #ej   ,,pearls ,,for      
,,young ,,ladies4 ,cloth extra4         
#a #be   ,,precious ,,thoughts4 ,cloth  

extra4                       #a #be     
,,choice ,,selections4 ,cloth extra4    
#a #jj   ,,true ,,and ,,beautiful4      
,cloth extra4                      #a   
#be   ,,ruskin',s ,,birthday ,,book4    
,cloth extra4                  #a #ej   
,,ruskin',s ,,autobiography             
7,,praeterita47     ,vol4 #a4 ,plate1   
#hvo1 cloth extra4                    #c
 #jj  ,,also--,,with ,,illustrations4   
,,ruskin',s ,,alexander',s ,,roadside   
,,songs ,,of ,,tuscany4   #cj ,full     
,page ,plates4 #hvo1 cloth extra4       
#c #ej   ,,ruskin',s ,,alexander',s     
,,story ,,of ,,ida4   ,with a ,beautiful
 ,portrait4 #abmo1 cloth extra4         
#ge     ,,ditto1 ,ditto4 ,with          
,portrait4 #dto1 cloth extra4      #a   
#ej  ,the following volumes are valuable
 as  ,,reading ,,books1  and are        
specially recommended for use to ,,high 
,,schools ,,and ,,ladies' ,,seminaries4 
,,the ,,true ,,and ,,beautiful4         
,selected   from ,ruskin's ,works4      
#abmo1 russet cloth4              #a #jj

   ,,art ,,culture4 ,selected from      
,ruskin's   ,works4 #abmo1 russet cloth4
                            #a #ej      
,,precious ,,thoughts4 ,selected   from 
,ruskin's ,works4 #abmo1 russet cloth4  
#a #jj   ,,choice ,,selections4         
,selected from   ,ruskin's ,works4      
#abmo1 russet cloth4                    
#ge   ,,sesame ,,and ,,lilies4 #abmo1   
russet cloth4                  #ge      
,,lectures ,,to ,,little ,,housewives4  
,ethics of the ,dust74 #abmo1 russet    
cloth4                #ej  999999       
,copies of these volumes will be sent   
for examination1 with reference to      
introduction1 ,,free1 by mail1 on       
receipt of two-thirds of the printed    
price4  ,,elegant #h,,vo ,,edition  ,,of
  ,,ruskin',s ,,choice ,,works1  7,,but 
,,few ,,copies ,,remain ,,of ,,this     
,,edition47    ,,modern ,,painters4  ,by
 ,john ,ruskin4   ,new and beautiful    
edition4 ,containing fine copies   of   
all the plates1 7#hg7 and wood          
engravings of the   original ,london    

edition4     ,vol4 #a4--,part #a4       
,general ,principles4 ,part #b4 ,truth4 
,vol4 #b4--,part #c4 ,of ,ideas of      
,beauty4     ,vol4 #c4--,part #d4 ,of   
,many ,things4     ,vol4 #d4--,part #e4 
,of ,mountain ,beauty4     ,vol4        
#e4--,part #f4 ,leaf ,beauty4 ,part #g4 
,of ,cloud       ,beauty4 ,part #h4     
,ideas of ,relation of ,invention1      
,formal4 ,part #i4 ,ideas of ,relation  
of ,invention1       ,spiritual4        
#e vols41 #hvo1 extra cloth4            
#cj #jj         #f vols41 #hvo1 #a_/b   
calf4                          #dj #jj  
#e vols41 #hvo1 full calf4              
#de #jj    ,,stones ,,of ,,venice4 ,by  
,john ,ruskin4   ,new and beautiful     
edition1 ,containing fine copies   of   
all the plates1 7#ed7 colored and plain1
 and wood   engravings of the original  
,london edition4     ,vol4 #a4--,the    
,foundations4     ,vol4 #b4--,the ,sea  
,stories4     ,vol4 #c4--,the ,fall4    
#c vols41 #hvo1 extra cloth4            
#ah #jj       #c vols41 #hvo1 #a_/b     

calf4                             #d #jj
       #c vols41 #hvo1 full calf4       
#bg #jj     ,,plates to ditto           
separately1 including fine copies       
of all the plates in ,london edition4   
7#ed7 colored       and plain4 #hvo1    
extra cloth4                      #f #jj
    ,,seven ,,lamps ,,of ,,architecture4
   ,by ,john ,ruskin4 ,new and beautiful
 edition1 containing   fine copies of   
all the plates 7#ad7 of the original    
,london edition4 ,lamp of ,sacrifice4   
,lamp of ,truth4   ,lamp of ,power4     
,lamp of ,beauty4 ,lamp of ,life4 ,lamp 
of ,memory4 ,lamp of ,obedience1        
extra cloth4                            
#f #jj      #a_/b calf4                 
#h #jj      full calf4                  
#i #jj    ,,miss ,,alexander',s ,,works4
    ,,roadside ,,songs ,,of ,,tuscany4  
,by   ,miss ,francesca ,alexander1 with 
#bj full page plates1   from drawings of
 the author4 ,edited by ,john ,ruskin4  
#hvo1 cloth extra4                      
#c #ej     ,,ditto1 ,,ditto4 #bj        

,plates1 #a_/b morocco4                 
#f #ej    ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,ida4     
,,epitaph ,,on ,,an ,,etrurian ,,tomb4  
,by ,francesca ,alexander1 with ,preface
 by ,john ,ruskin4   ,illustrated1 with 
a ,beautiful ,portrait4     #abmo1 laid 
paper1 cloth extra4                     
#j #ge     #dto1 heavy paper1 cloth     
extra4                      #a #ej