,,protagoras ,by ,plato ,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,,introduction4 ,! ,protagoras1 l sev]al ( ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 is put into ! m\? ( ,socrates1 :o describes a conv]sation :i* _h tak5 place betwe5 himself & ! great ,sophi/ at ! h\se ( ,callias--'! man :o _h sp5t m ^u ! ,sophi/s ?an all ! re/ ( ! _w'--& 9 :i* ! le>n$ ,hippias & ! gramm>ian ,prodicus _h also %>$1 z well z ,alcibiades & ,critias1 bo? ( :om said a few words--9 ! pres5ce ( a di/+ui%$ company consi/+ ( disciples ( ,protagoras & ( lead+ ,a!nians belong+ to ! ,socratic circle4 ,! dialogue comm5ces ) a reque/ on ! "p ( ,hippocrates t ,socrates w\ld introduce him to ! celebrat$ tea*]4 ,he has come be=e ! dawn _h ris5--s f]vid is 8 zeal4 ,socrates mod]ates 8 excitem5t & advises him to f9d out ':at ,protagoras w make ( him1' be=e he becomes 8 pupil4 ,!y g toge!r to ! h\se ( ,callias2 & ,socrates1 aft] expla9+ ! purpose ( _! visit to ,protagoras1 asks ! "q1 ',:at he w make ( ,hippocrates4' ,protagoras answ]s1 ',t he w make him a bett] & a wis] man4' ',b 9 :at w he be bett]8'--,socrates desires to h a m precise answ]4 ,protagoras replies1 ',t he w tea* him prud5ce 9 affairs private & public2 9 %ort1 ! sci5ce or k ( human life4' ,?is1 z ,socrates admits1 is a noble pr(ession2 b he is or r w\ld h be5 d\btful1 :e!r su* k c be taught1 if ,protagoras _h n assur$ him ( ! fact1 = two reasons3 7#a7 ,because ! ,a!nian p1 :o recognize 9 _! assemblies ! di/9ction betwe5 ! skill$ & ! unskill$ 9 ! arts1 d n di/+ui% betwe5 ! tra9$ politician & ! untra9$2 7#b7 ,because ! wise/ & be/ ,a!nian citiz5s d n tea* _! sons political virtue4 ,w ,protagoras answ] ^! objections8 ,protagoras expla9s 8 views 9 ! =m ( an apologue1 9 :i*1 aft] ,prome!us _h giv5 m5 ! arts1 ,zeus is repres5t$ z s5d+ ,h]mes to !m1 be>+ ) him ,ju/ice & ,rev]5ce4 ,^! are n1 l ! arts1 to be imp>t$ to a few only1 b all m5 are to be p>tak]s ( !m4 ,!re=e ! ,a!nian p are "r 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! skill$ & unskill$ 9 ! arts1 & n betwe5 skill$ & unskill$ politicians4 7#a7 ,= all m5 h ! political virtues to a c]ta9 degree1 & are oblig$ to say t !y h !m1 :e!r !y h !m or n4 ,a man w\ld be ?\ght a madman :o pr(ess$ an art :i* he did n "k2 b he w\ld be equally ?\ght a madman if he did n pr(ess a virtue :i* he _h n4 7#b7 ,& t ! political virtues c be taught & acquir$1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,a!nians1 is prov$ by ! fact t !y puni% evil-do]s1 ) a view to prev5tion1 ( c\rse--m]e retribution is = bea/s1 & n = m54 7#c7 ,aga91 w\ld p>5ts :o tea* h] sons less] matt]s leave !m ignorant ( ! common duty ( citiz5s8 ,to ! d\bt ( ,socrates ! be/ answ] is ! fact1 t ! education ( y\? 9 virtue beg9s almo/ z soon z !y c speak1 & is cont9u$ by ! /ate :5 !y pass out ( ! p>5tal control4 7#d7 ,nor ne$ we wond] t wise & good fa!rs sometimes h fooli% & wor?less sons4 ,virtue1 z we 7 say+1 is n ! private possession ( any man1 b is %>$ by all1 only h[ev] to ! ext5t ( :i* ea* individual is by nature capable4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ev5 ! wor/ ( civiliz$ mank9d w appe> virtu\s & j1 if we comp>e !m ) savages4 7#e7 ,! error ( ,socrates lies 9 suppos+ t !re are no tea*]s ( virtue1 :]eas all m5 are tea*]s 9 a degree4 ,"s1 l ,protagoras1 are bett] ?an o!rs1 & ) ?is result we ought to be satisfi$4 ,socrates is highly delight$ ) ! explanation ( ,protagoras4 ,b he has /ill a d\bt l+]+ 9 8 m9d4 ,protagoras has spok5 ( ! virtues3 are !y _m1 or "o8 are !y p>ts ( a :ole1 or diff]5t names ( ! same ?+8 ,protagoras replies t !y are p>ts1 l ! p>ts ( a face1 :i* h _! sev]al functions1 & no "o "p is l any o!r "p4 ,?is admission1 :i* has be5 some:at ha/ily made1 is n[ tak5 up & cross-exam9$ by ,socrates3-- ',is ju/ice j1 & is hol9ess holy8 ,& are ju/ice & hol9ess oppos$ to "o ano!r8'--',!n ju/ice is unholy4' ,protagoras w\ld r say t ju/ice is diff]5t f hol9ess1 & yet 9 a c]ta9 po9t ( view ne>ly ! same4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 escape 9 ?is way f ! cunn+ ( ,socrates1 :o inveigles him into an admission t ev]y?+ has b "o opposite4 ,folly1 = example1 is oppos$ to wisdom2 & folly is also oppos$ to temp]ance2 & !re=e temp]ance & wisdom are ! same4 ,& hol9ess has be5 already admitt$ to be ne>ly ! same z ju/ice4 ,temp]ance1 !re=e1 has n[ to be comp>$ ) ju/ice4 ,protagoras1 ^: temp] beg9s to get a little ruffl$ at ! process to :i* he has be5 subject$1 is aw>e t he w soon be compell$ by ! dialectics ( ,socrates to admit t ! temp]ate is ! j4 ,he !re=e def5ds himself ) 8 fav\rite weapon2 t is to say1 he makes a long spee* n mu* to ! po9t1 :i* elicits ! applause ( ! audi5ce4 ,"h occurs a sort ( int]lude1 :i* comm5ces ) a decl>ation on ! "p ( ,socrates t he _c foll[ a long spee*1 & !re=e he mu/ beg ,protagoras to speak %ort]4 ,z ,protagoras decl9es to accommodate him1 he rises to dep>t1 b is deta9$ by ,callias1 :o ?9ks him unreasonable 9 n all[+ ,protagoras ! lib]ty :i* he takes himself ( speak+ z he likes4 ,b ,alcibiades answ]s t ! two cases are n p>allel4 ,= ,socrates admits 8 inability to speak long2 w ,protagoras 9 l mann] ackn[l$ge 8 inability to speak %ort8 ,c\nsels ( mod]ation are urg$ fir/ 9 a few words by ,critias1 & !n by ,prodicus 9 balanc$ & s5t5ti\s language3 & ,hippias proposes an umpire4 ,b :o is to be ! umpire8 rejo9s ,socrates2 he w\ld r sugge/ z a compromise t ,protagoras %all ask & he w answ]1 & t :5 ,protagoras is tir$ ( ask+ he himself w ask & ,protagoras %all answ]4 ,to ?is ! latt] yields a reluctant ass5t4 ,protagoras selects z 8 !sis a poem ( ,simonides ( ,ceos1 9 :i* he pr(esses to f9d a contradiction4 ,fir/ ! poet says1 ',h>d is x to become good1' & !n reproa*es ,pittacus = hav+ said1 ',h>d is x to be good4' ,h[ is ?is to be reconcil$8 ,socrates1 :o is famili> ) ! poem1 is emb>rass$ at fir/1 & invokes ! aid ( ,prodicus1 ! c\ntryman ( ,simonides1 b app>5tly only ) ! int5tion ( flatt]+ him into absurdities4 ,fir/ a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 7,greek7 to be1 & 7,greek7 to become3 to become good is difficult2 to be good is easy4 ,!n ! ^w difficult or h>d is expla9$ to mean 'evil' 9 ! ,cean dialect4 ,to all ?is ,prodicus ass5ts2 b :5 ,protagoras reclaims1 ,socrates slily )draws ,prodicus f ! fray1 "u ! pret5ce t 8 ass5t 0 only int5d$ to te/ ! wits ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,he !n proce$s to give ano!r & m elaborate explanation ( ! :ole passage4 ,! explanation is z foll[s3-- ,! ,lac$aemonians are great philosoph]s 7al?\gh ?is is a fact :i* is n g5]ally kn[n72 & ! s\l ( _! philosophy is brevity1 :i* 0 also ! /yle ( primitive antiquity & ( ! sev5 sages4 ,n[ ,pittacus _h a say+1 ',h>d is x to be good3' & ,simonides1 :o 0 jeal\s ( ! fame ( ?is say+1 wrote a poem :i* 0 design$ to controv]t x4 ,no1 says he1 ,pittacus2 n 'h>d to be good1' b 'h>d to become good4' ,socrates proce$s to argue 9 a highly impressive mann] t ! :ole composition is int5d$ z an attack ^u ,pittacus4 ,?is1 ?\gh manife/ly absurd1 is accept$ by ! company1 & meets ) ! special approval ( ,hippias1 :o has h[ev] a fav\rite int]pretation ( 8 own1 :i* he is reque/$ by ,alcibiades to def]4 ,! argum5t is n[ resum$1 n )\t "s disda9ful rem>ks ( ,socrates on ! practice ( introduc+ ! poets1 :o ought n to be all[$1 any m ?an flute-girls1 to come into good society4 ,m5's own ?\ghts %\ld supply !m ) ! mat]ials = discussion4 ,a few soo?+ flatt]ies are address$ to ,protagoras by ,callias & ,socrates1 & !n ! old "q is repeat$1 ',:e!r ! virtues are "o or _m8' ,to :i* ,protagoras is n[ dispos$ to reply1 t f\r out ( ! five virtues are 9 "s degree simil>2 b he /ill cont5ds t ! fif?1 c\rage1 is unlike ! re/4 ,socrates proce$s to und]m9e ! la/ /ronghold ( ! adv]s>y1 fir/ obta9+ f him ! admission t all virtue is 9 ! highe/ degree good3-- ,! c\rage\s are ! confid5t2 & ! confid5t are ^? :o "k _! bus9ess or pr(ession3 ^? :o h no su* k & are /ill confid5t are madm54 ,?is is admitt$4 ,!n1 says ,socrates1 c\rage is k--an inf]5ce :i* ,protagoras evades by draw+ a futile di/9ction betwe5 ! c\rage\s & ! confid5t 9 a flu5t spee*4 ,socrates r5ews ! attack f ano!r side3 he w\ld l to "k :e!r pleasure is n ! only good1 & pa9 ! only evil8 ,protagoras seems to d\bt ! morality or propriety ( ass5t+ to ?is2 he w\ld r say t '"s pleasures are good1 "s pa9s are evil1' :i* is also ! op9ion ( ! g5]ality ( mank9d4 ,:at does he ?9k ( k8 ,does he agree ) ! common op9ion t k is ov]come by passion8 or does he hold t k is p[]8 ,protagoras agrees t k is c]ta9ly a gov]n+ p[]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! doctr9e ( m5 9 g5]al1 :o ma9ta9 t _m :o "k :at is be/1 act contr>y to _! k "u ! influ5ce ( pleasure4 ,b ?is opposition ( good & evil is really ! opposition ( a great] or less] am\nt ( pleasure4 ,pleasures are evils because !y end 9 pa91 & pa9s are goods because !y end 9 pleasures4 ,?us pleasure is se5 to be ! only good2 & ! only evil is ! pref]5ce ( ! less] pleasure to ! great]4 ,b !n comes 9 ! illusion ( di/ance4 ,"s art ( m5suration is requir$ 9 ord] to %[ u pleasures & pa9s 9 _! true proportion4 ,?is art ( m5suration is a k9d ( k1 & k is ?us prov$ once m to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( human life1 & ignorance ! orig9 ( all evil3 = no "o pref]s ! less pleasure to ! great]1 or ! great] pa9 to ! less1 except f ignorance4 ,! argum5t is drawn out 9 an imag9>y 'dialogue )9 a dialogue1' conduct$ by ,socrates & ,protagoras on ! "o "p1 & ! re/ ( ! _w on ! o!r4 ,hippias & ,prodicus1 z well z ,protagoras1 admit ! s\ndness ( ! conclusion4 ,socrates !n applies ?is new conclusion to ! case ( c\rage--! only virtue :i* /ill holds out aga9/ ! assaults ( ! ,socratic dialectic4 ,no "o *ooses ! evil or refuses ! good except ?r\gh ignorance4 ,?is expla9s :y c[>ds refuse to g to w>3--because !y =m a wrong e/imate ( good1 & hon\r1 & pleasure4 ,& :y are ! c\rage\s will+ to g to w>8--because !y =m a "r e/imate ( pleasures & pa9s1 ( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible4 ,c\rage !n is k1 & c[>dice is ignorance4 ,& ! five virtues1 :i* 7 orig9ally ma9ta9$ to h five diff]5t natures1 aft] hav+ be5 easily r$uc$ to two only1 at la/ coalesce 9 "o4 ,! ass5t ( ,protagoras to ?is la/ position is extract$ ) great difficulty4 ,socrates concludes by pr(ess+ 8 dis9t]e/$ love ( ! tru?1 & rem>ks on ! s+ul> mann] 9 :i* he & 8 adv]s>y _h *ang$ sides4 ,protagoras began by ass]t+1 & ,socrates by d5y+1 ! tea*abl5ess ( virtue1 & n[ ! latt] ends by affirm+ t virtue is k1 :i* is ! mo/ tea*able ( all ?+s1 :ile ,protagoras has be5 /riv+ to %[ t virtue is n k1 & ?is is almo/ equival5t to say+ t virtue _c be taught4 ,he is n satisfi$ ) ! result1 & w\ld l to r5ew ! enquiry ) ! help ( ,protagoras 9 a diff]5t ord]1 ask+ 7#a7 ,:at virtue is1 & 7#b7 ,:e!r virtue c be taught4 ,protagoras decl9es ?is (f]1 b comm5ds ,socrates' e>ne/ness & 8 /yle ( discussion4 ,! ,protagoras is (t5 suppos$ to be full ( difficulties4 ,^! are p>tly imag9>y & p>tly real4 ,! imag9>y ones are 7#a7 ,*ronological1--:i* 7 po9t$ out 9 anci5t times by ,a!naeus1 & are notic$ by ,s*lei]ma*] & o!rs1 & relate to ! impossibility ( all ! p]sons 9 ! ,dialogue meet+ at any "o "t1 :e!r 9 ! ye> #dbe ,b4,c41 or 9 any o!r4 ,b ,plato1 l all writ]s ( fiction1 aims only at ! probable1 & %[s 9 _m ,dialogues 7e4g4 ! ,symposium & ,republic1 & already 9 ! ,la*es7 an extreme disreg>d ( ! hi/orical accuracy :i* is sometimes dem&$ ( him4 7#b7 ,! exact place ( ! ,protagoras among ! ,dialogues1 & ! date ( composition1 h also be5 mu* disput$4 ,b !re are no crit]ia :i* af=d any real gr\nds = det]m9+ ! date ( composition2 & ! aff9ities ( ! ,dialogues1 :5 !y are n indicat$ by ,plato himself1 mu/ always to a great ext5t rema9 unc]ta94 7#c7 ,!re is ano!r class ( difficulties1 :i* may be ascrib$ to preconceiv$ notions ( comm5tators1 :o imag9e t ,protagoras ! ,sophi/ ought always to be 9 ! wrong1 & 8 adv]s>y ,socrates 9 ! "r2 or t 9 ?is or t passage--e4g4 9 ! explanation ( good z pleasure--,plato is inconsi/5t ) himself2 or t ! ,dialogue fails 9 unity1 & has n a prop] beg9n+1 middle1 & end+4 ,!y seem to =get t ,plato is a dramatic writ] :o ?r[s 8 ?\ghts into bo? sides ( ! argum5t1 & c]ta9ly does n aim at any unity :i* is inconsi/5t ) fre$om1 & ) a natural or ev5 wild mann] ( treat+ 8 subject2 also t 8 mode ( reveal+ ! tru? is by lights & %ad[s1 & f>-(f & oppos+ po9ts ( view1 & n by dogmatic /atem5ts or def9ite results4 ,! real difficulties arise out ( ! extreme subtlety ( ! "w1 :i*1 z ,socrates says ( ! poem ( ,simonides1 is a mo/ p]fect piece ( art4 ,!re are dramatic contra/s & int]e/s1 ?reads ( philosophy brok5 & resum$1 satirical reflections on mank9d1 veils ?r[n ov] tru?s :i* are lightly sugge/$1 & all wov5 toge!r 9 a s+le design1 & mov+ t[>ds "o end4 ,9 ! introductory sc5e ,plato raises ! expectation t a 'great p]sonage' is ab\t to appe> on ! /age2 p]haps ) a fur!r view ( %[+ t he is de/9$ to be ov]?r[n by a great] /ill1 :o makes no pret5sions4 ,be=e introduc+ ,hippocrates to him1 ,socrates ?9ks prop] to w>n ! y\? aga9/ ! dang]s ( 'influ5ce1' ( :i* ! invidi\s nature is recogniz$ by ,protagoras himself4 ,hippocrates readily adopts ! sugge/ion ( ,socrates t he %all le>n ( ,protagoras only ! accompli%m5ts :i* befit an ,a!nian g5tleman1 & let alone 8 'sophi/ry4' ,!re is no?+ h[ev] 9 ! introduction :i* leads to ! inf]5ce t ,plato int5d$ to black5 ! "* ( ! ,sophi/s2 he only makes a little m]ry at _! exp5se4 ,! 'great p]sonage' is some:at o/5tati\s1 b frank & hone/4 ,he is introduc$ on a /age :i* is wor?y ( him--at ! h\se ( ! ri* ,callias1 9 :i* are congregat$ ! noble/ & wise/ ( ! ,a!nians4 ,he consid]s op5ness to be ! be/ policy1 & p>ticul>ly m5tions 8 own lib]al mode ( deal+ ) 8 pupils1 z if 9 answ] to ! fav\rite accusation ( ! ,sophi/s t !y receiv$ pay4 ,he is rem>kable = ! good temp] :i* he exhibits ?r\gh\t ! discussion "u ! try+ & (t5 sophi/ical cross-exam9ation ( ,socrates4 ,al?\gh once or twice ruffl$1 & reluctant to cont9ue ! discussion1 he p>ts company on p]fectly good t]ms1 & appe>s to be1 z he says ( himself1 ! 'lea/ jeal\s ( mank9d4' ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ! s5tim5ts ( ,protagoras :i* impairs ?is pleas+ impression ( ! grave & weighty old man4 ,8 real defect is t he is inf]ior to ,socrates 9 dialectics4 ,! opposition betwe5 him & ,socrates is n ! opposition ( good & bad1 true & false1 b ( ! old art ( rhetoric & ! new sci5ce ( int]rogation & argum5t2 also ( ! irony ( ,socrates & ! self-ass]tion ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,!re is q z mu* tru? on ! side ( ,protagoras z ( ,socrates2 b ! tru? ( ,protagoras is bas$ on common s5se & common maxims ( morality1 :ile t ( ,socrates is p>adoxical or transc5d5tal1 & ?\gh full ( mean+ & insight1 h>dly intelligible to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,"h z else:]e is ! usual contra/ betwe5 ! ,sophi/s repres5t+ av]age public op9ion & ,socrates seek+ = increas$ cle>ness & unity ( ideas4 ,b to a great ext5t ,protagoras has ! be/ ( ! argum5t & repres5ts ! bett] m9d ( man4 ,= example3 7#a7 "o ( ! noble/ /atem5ts to be f\nd 9 antiquity ab\t ! prev5tive nature ( puni%m5t is put into 8 m\?2 7#b7 he is cle>ly "r also 9 ma9ta9+ t virtue c be taught 7:i* ,socrates himself1 at ! end ( ! ,dialogue1 is dispos$ to conc$e72 & also 7#c7 9 8 explanation ( ! ph5om5on t good fa!rs h bad sons2 7#d7 he is "r also 9 obs]v+ t ! virtues are n l ! arts1 gifts or atta9m5ts ( special individuals1 b ! common prop]ty ( all3 ?is1 :i* 9 all ages has be5 ! /r5g? & weakness ( e?ics & politics1 is deeply seat$ 9 human nature2 7#e7 !re is a sort ( half-tru? 9 ! notion t all civiliz$ m5 are tea*]s ( virtue2 & m ?an a half-tru? 7#f7 9 ascrib+ to man1 :o 9 8 outw>d conditions is m helpless ?an ! o!r animals1 ! p[] ( self-improvem5t2 7#g7 ! religi\s allegory %\ld be notic$1 9 :i* ! arts are said to be giv5 by ,prome!us 7:o /ole !m71 :]eas ju/ice & rev]5ce & ! political virtues c\ld only be imp>t$ by ,zeus2 7#h7 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,dialogue1 :5 ,socrates is argu+ t 'pleasure is ! only good1' ,protagoras deems x m 9 accordance ) 8 "* to ma9ta9 t '"s pleasures only are good2' & admits t 'he1 above all o!r m51 is b\nd to say t wisdom & k are ! highe/ ( human ?+s4' ,!re is no reason to suppose t 9 all ?is ,plato is depict+ an imag9>y ,protagoras2 he seems to be %[+ u ! tea*+ ( ! ,sophi/s "u ! mild] aspect "u :i* he once reg>d$ !m4 ,nor is !re any reason to d\bt t ,socrates is equally an hi/orical "*1 p>adoxical1 ironical1 tiresome1 b seek+ = ! unity ( virtue & k z = a preci\s treasure2 will+ to re/ ?is ev5 on a calculation ( pleasure1 & irresi/ible "h1 z ev]y:]e 9 ,plato1 9 8 intellectual sup]iority4 ,! aim ( ,socrates1 & ( ! ,dialogue1 is to %[ ! unity ( virtue4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( ?is "q ! id5tity ( virtue & k is f\nd to be involv$4 ,b if virtue & k are "o1 !n virtue c be taught2 ! end ( ! ,dialogue returns to ! beg9n+4 ,_h ,protagoras be5 all[$ by ,plato to make ! ,ari/otelian di/9ction1 & say t virtue is n k1 b is accompani$ ) k2 or to po9t out ) ,ari/otle t ! same quality may h m ?an "o opposite2 or ) ,plato himself 9 ! ,pha$o to d5y t good is a m]e ex*ange ( a great] pleasure = a less--! unity ( virtue & ! id5tity ( virtue & k w\ld h requir$ to be prov$ by o!r argum5ts4 ,! victory ( ,socrates ov] ,protagoras is 9 e way complete :5 _! m9ds are fairly br\ght toge!r4 ,protagoras falls be=e him aft] two or ?ree bl[s4 ,socrates p>tially ga9s 8 object 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,dialogue1 & completely 9 ! second4 ,nor does he appe> at any disadvantage :5 subject$ to '! "q' by ,protagoras4 ,he succe$s 9 mak+ 8 two 'fri5ds1' ,prodicus & ,hippias1 ludicr\s by ! way2 he also makes a long spee* 9 def5ce ( ! poem ( ,simonides1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,sophi/s1 %[+1 z ,alcibiades says1 t he is only pret5d+ to h a bad memory1 & t he & n ,protagoras is really a ma/] 9 ! two /yles ( speak+2 & t he c und]take1 n "o side ( ! argum5t only1 b bo?1 :5 ,protagoras beg9s to break d[n4 ,aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! poets ) :om ,protagoras has +5i\sly id5tifi$ himself at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,dialogue1 ,socrates sets up ! prov]bial philosoph]s & ^? ma/]s ( brevity ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,! poets1 ! ,laconiz]s1 & ,protagoras are satiriz$ at ! same "t4 ,n hav+ ! :ole ( ?is poem be=e u1 x is impossible = u to answ] c]ta9ly ! "q ( ,protagoras1 h[ ! two passages ( ,simonides are to be reconcil$4 ,we c only foll[ ! indications giv5 by ,plato himself4 ,b x seems likely t ! reconcilem5t (f]$ by ,socrates is a c>icature ( ! me?ods ( int]pretation :i* 7 practis$ by ! ,sophi/s--= ! foll[+ reasons3 7#a7 ,! transp>5t irony ( ! previ\s int]pretations giv5 by ,socrates4 7#b7 ,! ludicr\s op5+ ( ! spee* 9 :i* ! ,lac$aemonians are describ$ z ! true philosoph]s1 & ,laconic brevity z ! true =m ( philosophy1 evid5tly ) an allusion to ,protagoras' long spee*es4 7#c7 ,! manife/ futility & absurdity ( ! explanation ( 7,greek71 :i* is h>dly consi/5t ) ! rational int]pretation ( ! re/ ( ! poem4 ,! opposition ( 7,greek7 & 7,greek7 seems also int5d$ to express ! rival doctr9es ( ,socrates & ,protagoras1 & is a faceti\s comm5t>y on _! diff]5ces4 7#d7 ,! g5]al treatm5t 9 ,plato bo? ( ! ,poets & ! ,sophi/s1 :o are _! int]pret]s1 & :om he delights to id5tify ) !m4 7#e7 ,! depreciat+ _s 9 :i* ,socrates speaks ( ! introduction ( ! poets z a sub/itute = orig9al conv]sation1 :i* is int5d$ to contra/ ) ,protagoras' exaltation ( ! /udy ( !m--?is aga9 is h>dly consi/5t ) ! s]i\s def5ce ( ,simonides4 7#f7 ! m>k$ approval ( ,hippias1 :o is suppos$ at once to cat* ! famili> s\nd1 j z 9 ! previ\s conv]sation ,prodicus is repres5t$ z ready to accept any di/9ctions ( language h[ev] absurd4 ,at ! same "t ,hippias is desir\s ( sub/itut+ a new int]pretation ( 8 own2 z if ! words might really be made to mean any?+1 & 7 only to be reg>d$ z af=d+ a field = ! +5uity ( ! int]pret]4 ,?is curi\s passage is1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z ,plato's satire on ! t$i\s & hyp]critical arts ( int]pretation :i* prevail$ 9 8 own day1 & may be comp>$ ) 8 condemnation ( ! same arts :5 appli$ to my?ology 9 ! ,pha$rus1 & ) 8 o!r p>odies1 e4g4 ) ! two fir/ spee*es 9 ! ,pha$rus & ) ! ,m5ex5us4 ,sev]al less] t\*es ( satire may be obs]v$1 su* z ! claim ( philosophy advanc$ = ! ,lac$aemonians1 :i* is a p>ody ( ! claims advanc$ = ! ,poets by ,protagoras2 ! mi/ake ( ! ,laconiz+ set 9 suppos+ t ! ,lac$aemonians are a great nation because !y bruise _! e>s2 ! f>-fet*$ notion1 :i* is 'really too bad1' t ,simonides uses ! ,lesbian 787 ^w1 7,greek71 because he is address+ a ,lesbian4 ,! :ole may also be consid]$ z a satire on ^? :o sp9 pomp\s !ories out ( no?+4 ,z 9 ! argum5ts ( ! ,eu?ydemus & ( ! ,cratylus1 ! veil ( irony is nev] )drawn2 & we are left 9 d\bt at la/ h[ f> 9 ?is int]pretation ( ,simonides ,socrates is 'fool+1' h[ f> he is 9 e>ne/4 ,all ! int]e/s & contra/s ( "* 9 a great dramatic "w l ! ,protagoras are n easily exhau/$4 ,! impressiv5ess ( ! sc5e %\ld n be lo/ ^u u1 or ! gradual sub/itution ( ,socrates 9 ! second "p = ,protagoras 9 ! fir/4 ,! *>act]s to :om we are introduc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,dialogue all play a "p m or less conspicu\s t[>ds ! end4 ,!re is ,alcibiades1 :o is compell$ by ! necessity ( 8 nature to be a p>tisan1 l5d+ effectual aid to ,socrates2 !re is ,critias assum+ ! tone ( imp>tiality2 ,callias1 "h z always incl9+ to ! ,sophi/s1 b eag] = any intellectual repa/2 ,prodicus1 :o f9ds an opportunity = display+ 8 di/9ctions ( language1 :i* are valueless & p$antic1 because !y are n bas$ on dialectic2 ,hippias1 :o has previ\sly exhibit$ 8 sup]ficial k ( natural philosophy1 to :i*1 z 9 bo? ! ,dialogues call$ by 8 "n1 he n[ adds ! pr(ession ( an int]pret] ( ! ,poets4 ,! two latt] p]sonages h be5 already damag$ by ! mock h]oic description ( !m 9 ! introduction4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ,protagoras is consi/5tly pres5t$ to u ?r\gh\t z ! tea*] ( moral & political virtue2 !re is no allusion to ! !ories ( s5sation :i* are attribut$ to him 9 ! ,!aetetus & else:]e1 or to 8 d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ! gods 9 a well-kn[n fragm5t ascrib$ to him2 he is ! religi\s r ?an ! irreligi\s tea*] 9 ?is ,dialogue4 ,also x may be obs]v$ t ,socrates %[s him z mu* respect z is consi/5t ) 8 own ironical "*2 he admits t ! dialectic :i* has ov]?r[n ,protagoras has c>ri$ himself r\nd to a conclusion oppos$ to 8 fir/ !sis4 ,! =ce ( argum5t1 !re=e1 & n ,socrates or ,protagoras1 has won ! day4 ,b is ,socrates s]i\s 9 ma9ta9+ 7#a7 t virtue _c be taught2 7#b7 t ! virtues are "o2 7#c7 t virtue is ! k ( pleasures & pa9s pres5t & future8 ,^! propositions to u h an appe>ance ( p>adox--!y are really mom5ts or aspects ( ! tru? by ! help ( :i* we pass f ! old conv5tional morality to a high] conception ( virtue & k4 ,t virtue _c be taught is a p>adox ( ! same sort z ! pr(ession ( ,socrates t he knew no?+4 ,plato means to say t virtue is n br\ght to a man1 b mu/ be drawn out ( him2 & _c be taught by rhetorical disc\rses or citations f ! poets4 ,! second "q1 :e!r ! virtues are "o or _m1 ?\gh at fir/ sight di/9ct1 is really a "p ( ! same subject2 = if ! virtues are to be taught1 !y mu/ be r$ucible to a common pr9ciple2 & ?is common pr9ciple is f\nd to be k4 ,"h1 z ,ari/otle rem>ks1 ,socrates & ,plato out/ep ! tru?--!y make a "p ( virtue into ! :ole4 ,fur!r1 ! nature ( ?is k1 :i* is assum$ to be a k ( pleasures & pa9s1 appe>s to u too sup]ficial & at v>iance ) ! _s ( ,plato himself4 ,yet1 9 ?is1 ,plato is only foll[+ ! hi/orical ,socrates z he is depict$ to u 9 ,x5ophon's ,memorabilia4 ,l ,socrates1 he f9ds on ! surface ( human life "o common bond by :i* ! virtues are unit$1--_! t5d5cy to produce happ9ess1--?\gh su* a pr9ciple is aft]w>ds repudiat$ by him4 ,x rema9s to be consid]$ 9 :at relation ! ,protagoras /&s to ! o!r ,dialogues ( ,plato4 ,t x is "o ( ! e>li] or purely ,socratic works--p]haps ! la/1 z x is c]ta9ly ! greate/ ( !m--is indicat$ by ! abs5ce ( any allusion to ! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce2 & also by ! diff]5t attitude assum$ t[>ds ! tea*+ & p]sons ( ! ,sophi/s 9 "s ( ! lat] ,dialogues4 ,! ,*>mides1 ,la*es1 ,lysis1 all t\* on ! "q ( ! relation ( k to virtue1 & may be reg>d$1 if n z prelim9>y /udies or sket*es ( ! m important "w1 at any rate z closely connect$ ) x4 ,! ,io & ! less] ,hippias conta9 discussions ( ! ,poets1 :i* (f] a p>allel to ! ironical criticism ( ,simonides1 & are conceiv$ 9 a simil> _s4 ,! aff9ity ( ! ,protagoras to ! ,m5o is m d\btful4 ,= !re1 al?\gh ! same "q is discuss$1 ':e!r virtue c be taught1' & ! relation ( ,m5o to ! ,sophi/s is mu* ! same z t ( ,hippocrates1 ! answ] to ! "q is suppli$ out ( ! doctr9e ( ideas2 ! real ,socrates is already pass+ into ! ,platonic "o4 ,at a lat] /age ( ! ,platonic philosophy we %all f9d t bo? ! p>adox & ! solution ( x appe> to h be5 retract$4 ,! ,pha$o1 ! ,gorgias1 & ! ,philebus (f] fur!r corrections ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,protagoras2 9 all ( !m ! doctr9e t virtue is pleasure1 or t pleasure is ! *ief or only good1 is di/9ctly r5\nc$4 ,?us aft] _m prep>ations & oppositions1 bo? ( ! *>act]s ( m5 & aspects ( ! tru?1 especially ( ! popul> & philosophical aspect2 & aft] _m int]ruptions & det5tions by ! way1 :i*1 z ,!odorus says 9 ! ,!aetetus1 are q z agreeable z ! argum5t1 we arrive at ! great ,socratic !sis t virtue is k4 ,?is is an aspect ( ! tru? :i* 0 lo/ almo/ z soon z x 0 f\nd2 & yet has to be recov]$ by e "o = himself :o w\ld pass ! limits ( prov]bial & popul> philosophy4 ,! moral & intellectual are always divid+1 yet !y mu/ be reunit$1 & 9 ! highe/ conception ( !m are insep>able4 ,! !sis ( ,socrates is n m]ely a ha/y assumption1 b may be also deem$ an anticipation ( "s 'metaphysic ( ! future1' 9 :i* ! divid$ elem5ts ( human nature are reconcil$4 ,,protagoras ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,socrates1 :o is ! n>rator ( ! ,dialogue to 8 ,companion4 ,hippocrates1 ,alcibiades & ,critias4 ,protagoras1 ,hippias & ,prodicus 7,sophi/s74 ,callias1 a weal?y ,a!nian4 ,,sc5e3 ,! ,h\se ( ,callias4 ,,companion3 ,:]e d y come f1 ,socrates8 ,& yet ,i ne$ h>dly ask ! "q1 = ,i "k t y h be5 9 *ase ( ! fair ,alcibiades4 ,i saw him ! day be=e ye/]day2 & he _h got a be>d l a man1--& he is a man1 z ,i may tell y 9 y\r e>4 ,b ,i ?\ght t he 0 /ill v *>m+4 ,,socrates3 ,:at ( 8 be>d8 ,are y n ( ,hom]'s op9ion1 :o says ',y\? is mo/ *>m+ :5 ! be>d fir/ appe>s'8 ,& t is n[ ! *>m ( ,alcibiades4 ,,companion3 ,well1 & h[ d matt]s proce$8 ,h y be5 visit+ him1 & 0 he graci\s to y8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,i ?\ght t he 0 v graci\s2 & especially to-day1 = ,i h j come f him1 & he has be5 help+ me 9 an argum5t4 ,b %all ,i tell y a /range ?+8 ,i paid no att5tion to him1 & sev]al times ,i q =got t he 0 pres5t4 ,,companion3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,has any?+ happ5$ betwe5 y & him8 ,= surely y _c h discov]$ a fair] love ?an he is2 c]ta9ly n 9 ?is city ( ,a!ns4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 mu* fair]4 ,,companion3 ,:at d y mean--a citiz5 or a =eign]8 ,,socrates3 ,a =eign]4 ,,companion3 ,( :at c\ntry8 ,,socrates3 ,( ,abd]a4 ,,companion3 ,& is ?is /rang] really 9 y\r op9ion a fair] love ?an ! son ( ,cle9ias8 ,,socrates3 ,& is n ! wis] always ! fair]1 sweet fri5d8 ,,companion3 ,b h y really met1 ,socrates1 ) "s wise "o8 ,,socrates3 ,say r1 ) ! wise/ ( all liv+ m51 if y are will+ to accord t title to ,protagoras4 ,,companion3 ,:at6 ,is ,protagoras 9 ,a!ns8 ,,socrates3 ,yes2 he has be5 "h two days4 ,,companion3 ,& d y j come f an int]view ) him8 ,,socrates3 ,yes2 & ,i h he>d & said _m ?+s4 ,,companion3 ,!n1 if y h no engagem5t1 suppose t y sit d[n & tell me :at pass$1 & my att5dant "h %all give up 8 place to y4 ,,socrates3 ,to be sure2 & ,i %all be grateful to y = li/5+4 ,,companion3 ,?ank y1 too1 = tell+ u4 ,,socrates3 ,t is ?ank y twice ov]4 ,li/5 !n3-- ,la/ night1 or r v e>ly ?is morn+1 ,hippocrates1 ! son ( ,apollodorus & ! bro!r ( ,phason1 gave a trem5d\s ?ump ) 8 /aff at my door2 "s "o op5$ to him1 & he came ru%+ 9 & bawl$ out3 ,socrates1 are y awake or asleep8 ,i knew 8 voice1 & said3 ,hippocrates1 is t y8 & d y br+ any news8 ,good news1 he said2 no?+ b good4 ,delightful1 ,i said2 b :at is ! news8 & :y h y come hi!r at ?is une>?ly h\r8 ,he drew ne>] to me & said3 ,protagoras is come4 ,yes1 ,i repli$2 he came two days ago3 h y only j he>d ( 8 arrival8 ,yes1 by ! gods1 he said2 b n until ye/]day ev5+4 ,at ! same "t he felt = ! truckle-b$1 & sat d[n at my feet1 & !n he said3 ,ye/]day q late 9 ! ev5+1 on my return f ,o5oe :i!r ,i _h gone 9 pursuit ( my runaway slave ,satyrus1 z ,i meant to h told y1 if "s o!r matt] _h n come 9 ! way2--on my return1 :5 we _h done supp] & 7 ab\t to retire to re/1 my bro!r said to me3 ,protagoras is come4 ,i 0 go+ to y at once1 & !n ,i ?\ght t ! night 0 f> sp5t4 ,b ! mom5t sleep left me aft] my fatigue1 ,i got up & came hi!r direct4 ,i1 :o knew ! v c\rage\s madness ( ! man1 said3 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,has ,protagoras robb$ y ( any?+8 ,he repli$1 laugh+3 ,yes1 inde$ he has1 ,socrates1 ( ! wisdom :i* he keeps f me4 ,b1 surely1 ,i said1 if y give him money1 & make fri5ds ) him1 he w make y z wise z he is himself4 ,w\ld to heav51 he repli$1 t ?is 7 ! case6 ,he might take all t ,i h1 & all t my fri5ds h1 if he pleas$4 ,b t is :y ,i h come to y n[1 9 ord] t y may speak to him on my behalf2 = ,i am "y1 & also ,i h nev] se5 nor he>d him2 7:5 he visit$ ,a!ns be=e ,i 0 b a *ild27 & all m5 praise him1 ,socrates2 he is reput$ to be ! mo/ accompli%$ ( speak]s4 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n g to him at once1 & !n we %all f9d him at home4 ,he lodges1 z ,i he>1 ) ,callias ! son ( ,hipponicus3 let u />t4 ,i repli$3 ,n yet1 my good fri5d2 ! h\r is too e>ly4 ,b let u rise & take a turn 9 ! c\rt & wait ab\t !re until day-break2 :5 ! day breaks1 !n we w g4 ,= ,protagoras is g5]ally at home1 & we %all be sure to f9d him2 nev] fe>4 ,^u ?is we got up & walk$ ab\t 9 ! c\rt1 & ,i ?\ght t ,i w\ld make trial ( ! /r5g? ( 8 resolution4 ,s ,i exam9$ him & put que/ions to him4 ,tell me1 ,hippocrates1 ,i said1 z y are go+ to ,protagoras1 & w be pay+ y\r money to him1 :at is he to :om y are go+8 & :at w he make ( y8 ,if1 = example1 y _h ?\ght ( go+ to ,hippocrates ( ,cos1 ! ,asclepiad1 & 7 ab\t to give him y\r money1 & "s "o _h said to y3 ,y are pay+ money to y\r namesake ,hippocrates1 ,o ,hippocrates2 tell me1 :at is he t y give him money8 h[ w\ld y h answ]$8 ,i %\ld say1 he repli$1 t ,i gave money to him z a physician4 ,& :at w he make ( y8 ,a physician1 he said4 ,& if y 7 resolv$ to g to ,polycleitus ! ,argive1 or ,pheidias ! ,a!nian1 & 7 int5d+ to give !m money1 & "s "o _h ask$ y3 ,:at are ,polycleitus & ,pheidias8 & :y d y give !m ?is money8--h[ w\ld y h answ]$8 ,i %\ld h answ]$1 t !y 7 /atu>ies4 ,& :at w !y make ( y8 ,a /atu>y1 ( c\rse4 ,well n[1 ,i said1 y & ,i are go+ to ,protagoras1 & we are ready to pay him money on y\r behalf4 ,if our own means are suffici5t1 & we c ga9 him ) ^!1 we %all be only too glad2 b if n1 !n we are to sp5d ! money ( y\r fri5ds z well4 ,n[ suppose1 t :ile we are ?us en?usia/ically pursu+ our object "s "o 7 to say to u3 ,tell me1 ,socrates1 & y ,hippocrates1 :at is ,protagoras1 & :y are y go+ to pay him money1--h[ %\ld we answ]8 ,i "k t ,pheidias is a sculptor1 & t ,hom] is a poet2 b :at appellation is giv5 to ,protagoras8 h[ is he designat$8 ,!y call him a ,sophi/1 ,socrates1 he repli$4 ,!n we are go+ to pay our money to him 9 ! "* ( a ,sophi/8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b suppose a p]son 7 to ask ?is fur!r "q3 ,& h[ ab\t y\rself8 ,:at w ,protagoras make ( y1 if y g to see him8 ,he answ]$1 ) a blu% ^u 8 face 7= ! day 0 j beg9n+ to dawn1 s t ,i c\ld see him73 ,unless ?is diff]s 9 "s way f ! =m] in/ances1 ,i suppose t he w make a ,sophi/ ( me4 ,by ! gods1 ,i said1 & are y n a%am$ at hav+ to appe> be=e ! ,hell5es 9 ! "* ( a ,sophi/8 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 to confess ! tru?1 ,i am4 ,b y %\ld n assume1 ,hippocrates1 t ! in/ruction ( ,protagoras is ( ?is nature3 may y n le>n ( him 9 ! same way t y le>n$ ! arts ( ! gramm>ian1 or musician1 or tra9]1 n ) ! view ( mak+ any ( !m a pr(ession1 b only z a "p ( education1 & because a private g5tleman & freeman ought to "k !m8 ,j s1 he said2 & t1 9 my op9ion1 is a f> tru] acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ,protagoras4 ,i said3 ,i wond] :e!r y "k :at y are do+8 ,& :at am ,i do+8 ,y are go+ to commit y\r s\l to ! c>e ( a man :om y call a ,sophi/4 ,& yet ,i h>dly ?9k t y "k :at a ,sophi/ is2 & if n1 !n y d n ev5 "k to :om y are committ+ y\r s\l & :e!r ! ?+ to :i* y commit y\rself be good or evil4 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t ,i d "k1 he repli$4 ,!n tell me1 :at d y imag9e t he is8 ,i take him to be "o :o kn[s wise ?+s1 he repli$1 z 8 "n implies4 ,& might y n1 ,i said1 affirm ?is ( ! pa9t] & ( ! c>p5t] also3 ,d n !y1 too1 "k wise ?+s8 ,b suppose a p]son 7 to ask u3 ,9 :at are ! pa9t]s wise8 ,we %\ld answ]3 ,9 :at relates to ! mak+ ( lik5esses1 & simil>ly ( o!r ?+s4 ,& if he 7 fur!r to ask3 ,:at is ! wisdom ( ! ,sophi/1 & :at is ! manufacture ov] :i* he presides8--h[ %\ld we answ] him8 ,h[ %\ld we answ] him1 ,socrates8 ,:at o!r answ] c\ld !re be b t he presides ov] ! art :i* makes m5 eloqu5t8 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 t is v likely true1 b n en\gh2 = 9 ! answ] a fur!r "q is involv$3 ,( :at does ! ,sophi/ make a man talk eloqu5tly8 ,! play] on ! lyre may be suppos$ to make a man talk eloqu5tly ab\t t :i* he makes him und]/&1 t is ab\t play+ ! lyre4 ,is n t true8 ,yes4 ,!n ab\t :at does ! ,sophi/ make him eloqu5t8 ,mu/ n he make him eloqu5t 9 t :i* he und]/&s8 ,yes1 t may be assum$4 ,& :at is t :i* ! ,sophi/ kn[s & makes 8 disciple "k8 ,inde$1 he said1 ,i _c tell4 ,!n ,i proce$$ to say3 ,well1 b are y aw>e ( ! dang] :i* y are incurr+8 ,if y 7 go+ to commit y\r body to "s "o1 :o might d good or h>m to x1 w\ld y n c>efully consid] & ask ! op9ion ( y\r fri5ds & k9dr$1 & delib]ate _m days z to :e!r y %\ld give him ! c>e ( y\r body8 ,b :5 ! s\l is 9 "q1 :i* y hold to be ( f> m value ?an ! body1 & ^u ! good or evil ( :i* dep5ds ! well-be+ ( y\r all1--ab\t ?is y nev] consult$ ei!r ) y\r fa!r or ) y\r bro!r or ) any "o ( u :o are y\r companions4 ,b no soon] does ?is =eign] appe>1 ?an y in/antly commit y\r s\l to 8 keep+4 ,9 ! ev5+1 z y say1 y he> ( him1 & 9 ! morn+ y g to him1 nev] delib]at+ or tak+ ! op9ion ( any "o z to :e!r y ought to intru/ y\rself to him or n2--y h q made up y\r m9d t y w at all haz>ds be a pupil ( ,protagoras1 & are prep>$ to exp5d all ! prop]ty ( y\rself & ( y\r fri5ds 9 c>ry+ out at any price ?is det]m9ation1 al?\gh1 z y admit1 y d n "k him1 & h nev] spok5 ) him3 & y call him a ,sophi/1 b are manife/ly ignorant ( :at a ,sophi/ is2 & yet y are go+ to commit y\rself to 8 keep+4 ,:5 he he>d me say ?is1 he repli$3 ,no o!r inf]5ce1 ,socrates1 c be drawn f y\r words4 ,i proce$$3 ,is n a ,sophi/1 ,hippocrates1 "o :o deals :olesale or retail 9 ! food ( ! s\l8 ,to me t appe>s to be 8 nature4 ,& :at1 ,socrates1 is ! food ( ! s\l8 ,surely1 ,i said1 k is ! food ( ! s\l2 & we mu/ take c>e1 my fri5d1 t ! ,sophi/ does n deceive u :5 he praises :at he sells1 l ! deal]s :olesale or retail :o sell ! food ( ! body2 = !y praise indiscrim9ately all _! goods1 )\t kn[+ :at are really b5eficial or hurtful3 nei!r d _! cu/om]s "k1 ) ! exception ( any tra9] or physician :o may happ5 to buy ( !m4 ,9 l mann] ^? :o c>ry ab\t ! w>es ( k1 & make ! r\nd ( ! cities1 & sell or retail !m to any cu/om] :o is 9 want ( !m1 praise !m all alike2 ?\gh ,i %\ld n wond]1 ,o my fri5d1 if _m ( !m 7 really ignorant ( _! effect ^u ! s\l2 & _! cu/om]s equally ignorant1 unless he :o buys ( !m happ5s to be a physician ( ! s\l4 ,if1 !re=e1 y h und]/&+ ( :at is good & evil1 y may safely buy k ( ,protagoras or ( any "o2 b if n1 !n1 ,o my fri5d1 pause1 & d n haz>d y\r de>e/ int]e/s at a game ( *ance4 ,= !re is f> great] p]il 9 buy+ k ?an 9 buy+ meat & dr9k3 ! "o y pur*ase ( ! :olesale or retail deal]1 & c>ry !m away 9 o!r vessels1 & be=e y receive !m into ! body z food1 y may deposit !m at home & call 9 any exp]i5c$ fri5d :o kn[s :at is good to be eat5 or drunk51 & :at n1 & h[ mu*1 & :52 & !n ! dang] ( pur*as+ !m is n s great4 ,b y _c buy ! w>es ( k & c>ry !m away 9 ano!r vessel2 :5 y h paid = !m y mu/ receive !m into ! s\l & g y\r way1 ei!r greatly h>m$ or greatly b5efit$2 & !re=e we %\ld delib]ate & take c\nsel ) our eld]s2 = we are /ill "y--too "y to det]m9e su* a matt]4 ,& n[ let u g1 z we 7 int5d+1 & he> ,protagoras2 & :5 we h he>d :at he has to say1 we may take c\nsel ( o!rs2 = n only is ,protagoras at ! h\se ( ,callias1 b !re is ,hippias ( ,elis1 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ,prodicus ( ,ceos1 & sev]al o!r wise m54 ,to ?is we agre$1 & proce$$ on our way until we rea*$ ! ve/ibule ( ! h\se2 & !re we /opp$ 9 ord] to conclude a discussion :i* _h aris5 betwe5 u z we 7 go+ along2 & we /ood talk+ 9 ! ve/ibule until we _h f9i%$ & come to an und]/&+4 ,& ,i ?9k t ! door-keep]1 :o 0 a eunu*1 & :o 0 probably annoy$ at ! great inroad ( ! ,sophi/s1 mu/ h he>d u talk+4 ,at any rate1 :5 we knock$ at ! door1 & he op5$ & saw u1 he grumbl$3 ,!y are ,sophi/s--he is n at home2 & in/antly gave ! door a he>ty bang ) bo? 8 h&s4 ,aga9 we knock$1 & he answ]$ )\t op5+3 ,did y n he> me say t he is n at home1 fell[s8 ,b1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 y ne$ n be al>m$2 = we are n ,sophi/s1 & we are n come to see ,callias1 b we want to see ,protagoras2 & ,i mu/ reque/ y to ann\nce u4 ,at la/1 aft] a good deal ( difficulty1 ! man 0 p]suad$ to op5 ! door4 ,:5 we ent]$1 we f\nd ,protagoras tak+ a walk 9 ! cloi/]2 & next to him1 on "o side1 7 walk+ ,callias1 ! son ( ,hipponicus1 & ,p>alus1 ! son ( ,p]icles1 :o1 by ! "m's side1 is 8 half-bro!r1 & ,*>mides1 ! son ( ,glaucon4 ,on ! o!r side ( him 7 ,xan?ippus1 ! o!r son ( ,p]icles1 ,philippides1 ! son ( ,philomelus2 also ,antimo]us ( ,m5de1 :o ( all ! disciples ( ,protagoras is ! mo/ fam\s1 & int5ds to make sophi/ry 8 pr(ession4 ,a tra9 ( li/5]s foll[$ him2 ! great] "p ( !m appe>$ to be =eign]s1 :om ,protagoras _h br\ght ) him out ( ! v>i\s cities visit$ by him 9 8 j\rneys1 he1 l ,orpheus1 attract+ !m 8 voice1 & !y foll[+ 7,comp>e ,rep474 ,i %\ld m5tion also t !re 7 "s ,a!nians 9 ! company4 ,no?+ delight$ me m ?an ! precision ( _! movem5ts3 !y nev] got into 8 way at all2 b :5 he & ^? :o 7 ) him turn$ back1 !n ! b& ( li/5]s p>t$ regul>ly on ei!r side2 he 0 always 9 front1 & !y :eel$ r\nd & took _! places beh9d him 9 p]fect ord]4 ,aft] him1 z ,hom] says 7,od471 ',i lift$ up my eyes & saw' ,hippias ! ,elean sitt+ 9 ! opposite cloi/] on a *air ( /ate1 & ar\nd him 7 seat$ on b5*es ,eryxima*us1 ! son ( ,acum5us1 & ,pha$rus ! ,myrrh9usian1 & ,&ron ! son ( ,&rotion1 & !re 7 /rang]s :om he _h br\ght ) him f 8 native city ( ,elis1 & "s o!rs3 !y 7 putt+ to ,hippias c]ta9 physical & a/ronomical que/ions1 & he1 ex ca!dra1 0 det]m9+ _! sev]al que/ions to !m1 & disc\rs+ ( !m4 ,also1 'my eyes beheld ,tantalus 7,od472' = ,prodicus ! ,cean 0 at ,a!ns3 he _h be5 lodg$ 9 a room :i*1 9 ! days ( ,hipponicus1 0 a /oreh\se2 b1 z ! h\se 0 full1 ,callias _h cle>$ ?is out & made ! room into a gue/-*amb]4 ,n[ ,prodicus 0 /ill 9 b$1 wrapp$ up 9 %eepsk9s & b$clo!s1 ( :i* !re seem$ to be a great heap2 & !re 0 sitt+ by him on ! c\*es ne>1 ,pausanias ( ! deme ( ,c]ameis1 & ) ,pausanias 0 a y\? q "y1 :o is c]ta9ly rem>kable = 8 good looks1 &1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is also ( a fair & g5tle nature4 ,i ?\ght t ,i he>d him call$ ,aga?on1 & my suspicion is t he is ! belov$ ( ,pausanias4 ,!re 0 ?is y\?1 & also !re 7 ! two ,adeimantuses1 "o ! son ( ,cepis1 & ! o!r ( ,leucolophides1 & "s o!rs4 ,i 0 v anxi\s to he> :at ,prodicus 0 say+1 = he seems to me to be an all-wise & inspir$ man2 b ,i 0 n able to get into ! inn] circle1 & 8 f9e deep voice made an e*o 9 ! room :i* r5d]$ 8 words inaudible4 ,no soon] _h we ent]$ ?an !re foll[$ u ,alcibiades ! beautiful1 z y say1 & ,i believe y2 & also ,critias ! son ( ,callaes*rus4 ,on ent]+ we /opp$ a little1 9 ord] to look ab\t u1 & !n walk$ up to ,protagoras1 & ,i said3 ,protagoras1 my fri5d ,hippocrates & ,i h come to see y4 ,d y wi%1 he said1 to speak ) me alone1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( ! company8 ,:i*ev] y please1 ,i said2 y %all det]m9e :5 y h he>d ! purpose ( our visit4 ,& :at is y\r purpose8 he said4 ,i mu/ expla91 ,i said1 t my fri5d ,hippocrates is a native ,a!nian2 he is ! son ( ,apollodorus1 & ( a great & prosp]\s h\se1 & he is himself 9 natural ability q a mat* = anybody ( 8 own age4 ,i believe t he aspires to political em95ce2 & ?is he ?9ks t conv]sation ) y is mo/ likely to procure = him4 ,& n[ y c det]m9e :e!r y w\ld wi% to speak to him ( y\r tea*+ alone or 9 ! pres5ce ( ! company4 ,?ank y1 ,socrates1 = y\r consid]ation ( me4 ,= c]ta9ly a /rang] f9d+ 8 way into great cities1 & p]suad+ ! fl[] ( ! y\? 9 !m to leave company ( _! k9sm5 or any o!r acqua9tances1 old or "y1 & live ) him1 "u ! idea t !y w be improv$ by 8 conv]sation1 ought to be v cauti\s2 great jeal\sies are ar\s$ by 8 proce$+s1 & he is ! subject ( _m enmities & conspiracies4 ,n[ ! art ( ! ,sophi/ is1 z ,i believe1 ( great antiquity2 b 9 anci5t times ^? :o practis$ x1 fe>+ ?is odium1 veil$ & disguis$ !mselves "u v>i\s names1 "s "u t ( poets1 z ,hom]1 ,hesiod1 & ,simonides1 "s1 ( hi]ophants & prophets1 z ,orpheus & ,musaeus1 & "s1 z ,i obs]ve1 ev5 "u ! "n ( gymna/ic-ma/]s1 l ,iccus ( ,t>5tum1 or ! m rec5tly celebrat$ ,h]odicus1 n[ ( ,selymbria & =m]ly ( ,meg>a1 :o is a fir/-rate ,sophi/4 ,y\r own ,aga?ocles pret5d$ to be a musician1 b 0 really an em95t ,sophi/2 also ,py?ocleides ! ,cean2 & !re 7 _m o!rs2 & all ( !m1 z ,i 0 say+1 adopt$ ^! arts z veils or disguises because !y 7 afraid ( ! odium :i* !y w\ld incur4 ,b t is n my way1 = ,i d n believe t !y effect$ _! purpose1 :i* 0 to deceive ! gov]nm5t1 :o 7 n bl9d$ by !m2 & z to ! p1 !y h no und]/&+1 & only repeat :at _! rul]s are pleas$ to tell !m4 ,n[ to run away1 & to be caught 9 runn+ away1 is ! v height ( folly1 & also greatly increases ! exasp]ation ( mank9d2 = !y reg>d him :o runs away z a rogue1 9 addition to any o!r objections :i* !y h to him2 & !re=e ,i take an entirely opposite c\rse1 & ackn[l$ge myself to be a ,sophi/ & in/ructor ( mank9d2 su* an op5 ackn[l$gem5t appe>s to me to be a bett] sort ( caution ?an concealm5t4 ,nor d ,i neglect o!r precautions1 & !re=e ,i hope1 z ,i may say1 by ! fav\r ( heav5 t no h>m w come ( ! ackn[l$gm5t t ,i am a ,sophi/4 ,& ,i h be5 n[ _m ye>s 9 ! pr(ession--= all my ye>s :5 add$ up are _m3 !re is no "o "h pres5t ( :om ,i might n be ! fa!r4 ,:]e=e ,i %\ld mu* pref] conv]s+ ) y1 if y want to speak ) me1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! company4 ,z ,i suspect$ t he w\ld l to h a little display & glorification 9 ! pres5ce ( ,prodicus & ,hippias1 & w\ld gladly %[ u to !m 9 ! light ( 8 admir]s1 ,i said3 ,b :y %\ld we n summon ,prodicus & ,hippias & _! fri5ds to he> u8 ,v good1 he said4 ,suppose1 said ,callias1 t we hold a c\ncil 9 :i* y may sit & discuss4--,?is 0 agre$ ^u1 & great delight 0 felt at ! prospect ( he>+ wise m5 talk2 we ourselves took ! *airs & b5*es1 & arrang$ !m by ,hippias1 :]e ! o!r b5*es _h be5 already plac$4 ,mean:ile ,callias & ,alcibiades got ,prodicus out ( b$ & br\ght 9 him & 8 companions4 ,:5 we 7 all seat$1 ,protagoras said3 ,n[ t ! company are assembl$1 ,socrates1 tell me ab\t ! "y man ( :om y 7 j n[ speak+4 ,i repli$3 ,i w beg9 aga9 at ! same po9t1 ,protagoras1 & tell y once m ! purport ( my visit3 ?is is my fri5d ,hippocrates1 :o is desir\s ( mak+ y\r acqua9tance2 he w\ld l to "k :at w happ5 to him if he associates ) y4 ,i h no m to say4 ,protagoras answ]$3 ,"y man1 if y associate ) me1 on ! v fir/ day y w return home a bett] man ?an y came1 & bett] on ! second day ?an on ! fir/1 & bett] e day ?an y 7 on ! day be=e4 ,:5 ,i he>d ?is1 ,i said3 ,protagoras1 ,i d n at all wond] at he>+ y say ?is2 ev5 at y\r age1 & ) all y\r wisdom1 if any "o 7 to tea* y :at y did n "k be=e1 y w\ld become bett] no d\bt3 b please to answ] 9 a diff]5t way--,i w expla9 h[ by an example4 ,let me suppose t ,hippocrates1 in/ead ( desir+ y\r acqua9tance1 wi%$ to become acqua9t$ ) ! "y man ,zeuxippus ( ,h]aclea1 :o has lately be5 9 ,a!ns1 & he _h come to him z he has come to y1 & _h he>d him say1 z he has he>d y say1 t e day he w\ld gr[ & become bett] if he associat$ ) him3 & !n suppose t he 7 to ask him1 ',9 :at %all ,i become bett]1 & 9 :at %all ,i gr[8'--,zeuxippus w\ld answ]1 ',9 pa9t+4' ,& suppose t he w5t to ,or?agoras ! ,!ban1 & he>d him say ! same ?+1 & ask$ him1 ',9 :at %all ,i become bett] day by day8' he w\ld reply1 ',9 flute-play+4' ,n[ ,i want y to make ! same sort ( answ] to ?is "y man & to me1 :o am ask+ que/ions on 8 acc\nt4 ,:5 y say t on ! fir/ day on :i* he associates ) y he w return home a bett] man1 & on e day w gr[ 9 l mann]1--9 :at1 ,protagoras1 w he be bett]8 & ab\t :at8 ,:5 ,protagoras he>d me say ?is1 he repli$3 ,y ask que/ions fairly1 & ,i l to answ] a "q :i* is fairly put4 ,if ,hippocrates comes to me he w n exp]i5ce ! sort ( drudg]y ) :i* o!r ,sophi/s are 9 ! habit ( insult+ _! pupils2 :o1 :5 !y h j escap$ f ! arts1 are tak5 & driv5 back into !m by ^! tea*]s1 & made to le>n calculation1 & a/ronomy1 & geometry1 & music 7he gave a look at ,hippias z he said ?is72 b if he comes to me1 he w le>n t :i* he comes to le>n4 ,& ?is is prud5ce 9 affairs private z well z public2 he w le>n to ord] 8 own h\se 9 ! be/ mann]1 & he w be able to speak & act = ! be/ 9 ! affairs ( ! /ate4 ,d ,i und]/& y1 ,i said2 & is y\r mean+ t y tea* ! art ( politics1 & t y promise to make m5 good citiz5s8 ,t1 ,socrates1 is exactly ! pr(ession :i* ,i make4 ,!n1 ,i said1 y d inde$ possess a noble art1 if !re is no mi/ake ab\t ?is2 = ,i w freely confess to y1 ,protagoras1 t ,i h a d\bt :e!r ?is art is capable ( be+ taught1 & yet ,i "k n h[ to disbelieve y\r ass]tion4 ,& ,i ought to tell y :y ,i am ( op9ion t ?is art _c be taught or communicat$ by man to man4 ,i say t ! ,a!nians are an und]/&+ p1 & inde$ !y are e/eem$ to be su* by ! o!r ,hell5es4 ,n[ ,i obs]ve t :5 we are met toge!r 9 ! assembly1 & ! matt] 9 h& relates to build+1 ! build]s are summon$ z advis]s2 :5 ! "q is "o ( %ip-build+1 !n ! %ip-wrights2 & ! l ( o!r arts :i* !y ?9k capable ( be+ taught & le>n$4 ,& if "s p]son (f]s to give !m advice :o is n suppos$ by !m to h any skill 9 ! art1 ev5 ?\gh he be good-look+1 & ri*1 & noble1 !y w n li/5 to him1 b laugh & hoot at him1 until ei!r he is clam\r$ d[n & retires ( himself2 or if he p]si/1 he is dragg$ away or put out by ! con/ables at ! comm& ( ! prytanes4 ,?is is _! way ( behav+ ab\t pr(essors ( ! arts4 ,b :5 ! "q is an affair ( /ate1 !n ev]ybody is free to h a say--c>p5t]1 t9k]1 cobbl]1 sailor1 pass5g]2 ri* & poor1 high & l[--any "o :o likes gets up1 & no "o reproa*es him1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ) n hav+ le>n$1 & hav+ no tea*]1 & yet giv+ advice2 evid5tly because !y are "u ! impression t ?is sort ( k _c be taught4 ,& n only is ?is true ( ! /ate1 b ( individuals2 ! be/ & wise/ ( our citiz5s are unable to imp>t _! political wisdom to o!rs3 z = example1 ,p]icles1 ! fa!r ( ^! "y m51 :o gave !m excell5t in/ruction 9 all t c\ld be le>n$ f ma/]s1 9 8 own dep>tm5t ( politics nei!r taught !m1 nor gave !m tea*]s2 b !y 7 all[$ to w&] at _! own free w 9 a sort ( hope t !y w\ld light ^u virtue ( _! own accord4 ,or take ano!r example3 !re 0 ,cle9ias ! y\ng] bro!r ( our fri5d ,alcibiades1 ( :om ?is v same ,p]icles 0 ! gu>dian2 & he be+ 9 fact "u ! appreh5sion t ,cle9ias w\ld be corrupt$ by ,alcibiades1 took him away1 & plac$ him 9 ! h\se ( ,ariphron to be educat$2 b be=e six mon?s _h elaps$1 ,ariphron s5t him back1 n kn[+ :at to d ) him4 ,& ,i c\ld m5tion numb]less o!r in/ances ( p]sons :o 7 good !mselves1 & nev] yet made any "o else good1 :e!r fri5d or /rang]4 ,n[ ,i1 ,protagoras1 hav+ ^! examples be=e me1 am incl9$ to ?9k t virtue _c be taught4 ,b !n aga91 :5 ,i li/5 to y\r words1 ,i wav]2 & am dispos$ to ?9k t !re mu/ be some?+ 9 :at y say1 because ,i "k t y h great exp]i5ce1 & le>n+1 & inv5tion4 ,& ,i wi% t y w\ld1 if possible1 %[ me a little m cle>ly t virtue c be taught4 ,w y be s good8 ,t ,i w1 ,socrates1 & gladly4 ,b :at w\ld y l8 ,%all ,i1 z an eld]1 speak to y z y\ng] m5 9 an apologue or my?1 or %all ,i argue out ! "q8 ,to ?is sev]al ( ! company answ]$ t he %\ld *oose = himself4 ,well1 !n1 he said1 ,i ?9k t ! my? w be m int]e/+4 ,once ^u a "t !re 7 gods only1 & no mortal creatures4 ,b :5 ! "t came t ^! also %\ld be creat$1 ! gods fa%ion$ !m out ( e>? & fire & v>i\s mixtures ( bo? elem5ts 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?2 & :5 !y 7 ab\t to br+ !m into ! light ( day1 !y ord]$ ,prome!us & ,epime!us to equip !m1 & to di/ribute to !m sev]ally _! prop] qualities4 ,epime!us said to ,prome!us3 ',let me di/ribute1 & d y inspect4' ,?is 0 agre$1 & ,epime!us made ! di/ribution4 ,!re 7 "s to :om he gave /r5g? )\t swiftness1 :ile he equipp$ ! weak] ) swiftness2 "s he arm$1 & o!rs he left un>m$2 & devis$ = ! latt] "s o!r means ( pres]vation1 mak+ "s l>ge1 & hav+ _! size z a protection1 & o!rs small1 ^: nature 0 to fly 9 ! air or burr[ 9 ! gr\nd2 ?is 0 to be _! way ( escape4 ,?us did he comp5sate !m ) ! view ( prev5t+ any race f becom+ ext9ct4 ,& :5 he _h provid$ aga9/ _! de/ruction by "o ano!r1 he contriv$ also a means ( protect+ !m aga9/ ! seasons ( heav52 clo?+ !m ) close hair & ?ick sk9s suffici5t to def5d !m aga9/ ! w9t] cold & able to resi/ ! summ] heat1 s t !y might h a natural b$ ( _! own :5 !y want$ to re/2 also he furni%$ !m ) ho(s & hair & h>d & call\s sk9s "u _! feet4 ,!n he gave !m v>ieties ( food1--h]b ( ! soil to "s1 to o!rs fruits ( trees1 & to o!rs roots1 & to "s aga9 he gave o!r animals z food4 ,& "s he made to h few "y ones1 :ile ^? :o 7 _! prey 7 v prolific2 & 9 ?is mann] ! race 0 pres]v$4 ,?us did ,epime!us1 :o1 n be+ v wise1 =got t he _h di/ribut$ among ! brute animals all ! qualities :i* he _h to give1--& :5 he came to man1 :o 0 /ill unprovid$1 he 0 t]ribly p]plex$4 ,n[ :ile he 0 9 ?is p]plexity1 ,prome!us came to inspect ! di/ribution1 & he f\nd t ! o!r animals 7 suitably furni%$1 b t man alone 0 nak$ & %oeless1 & _h nei!r b$ nor arms ( def5ce4 ,! appo9t$ h\r 0 approa*+ :5 man 9 8 turn 0 to g =? into ! light ( day2 & ,prome!us1 n kn[+ h[ he c\ld devise 8 salvation1 /ole ! me*anical arts ( ,hephae/us & ,a!ne1 & fire ) !m 7!y c\ld nei!r h be5 acquir$ nor us$ )\t fire71 & gave !m to man4 ,?us man _h ! wisdom necess>y to ! support ( life1 b political wisdom he _h n2 = t 0 9 ! keep+ ( ,zeus1 & ! p[] ( ,prome!us did n ext5d to ent]+ into ! citadel ( heav51 :]e ,zeus dwelt1 :o moreov] _h t]rible s5t9els2 b he did ent] by /eal? into ! common work%op ( ,a!ne & ,hephae/us1 9 :i* !y us$ to practise _! fav\rite arts1 & c>ri$ (f ,hephae/us' art ( work+ by fire1 & also ! art ( ,a!ne1 & gave !m to man4 ,& 9 ?is way man 0 suppli$ ) ! means ( life4 ,b ,prome!us is said to h be5 aft]w>ds prosecut$ = !ft1 ow+ to ! blund] ( ,epime!us4 ,n[ man1 hav+ a %>e ( ! div9e attributes1 0 at fir/ ! only "o ( ! animals :o _h any gods1 because he alone 0 ( _! k9dr$2 & he w\ld raise alt>s & images ( !m4 ,he 0 n long 9 inv5t+ articulate spee* & names2 & he also con/ruct$ h\ses & clo!s & %oes & b$s1 & drew su/5ance f ! e>?4 ,?us provid$1 mank9d at fir/ liv$ disp]s$1 & !re 7 no cities4 ,b ! consequ5ce 0 t !y 7 de/roy$ by ! wild bea/s1 = !y 7 utt]ly weak 9 comp>ison ( !m1 & _! art 0 only suffici5t to provide !m ) ! means ( life1 & did n enable !m to c>ry on w> aga9/ ! animals3 food !y _h1 b n z yet ! art ( gov]nm5t1 ( :i* ! art ( w> is a "p4 ,aft] a :ile ! desire ( self-pres]vation ga!r$ !m into cities2 b :5 !y 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 hav+ no art ( gov]nm5t1 !y evil intreat$ "o ano!r1 & 7 aga9 9 process ( disp]sion & de/ruction4 ,zeus fe>$ t ! entire race w\ld be ext]m9at$1 & s he s5t ,h]mes to !m1 be>+ rev]5ce & ju/ice to be ! ord]+ pr9ciples ( cities & ! bonds ( fri5d%ip & conciliation4 ,h]mes ask$ ,zeus h[ he %\ld imp>t ju/ice & rev]5ce among m53--,%\ld he di/ribute !m z ! arts are di/ribut$2 t is to say1 to a fav\r$ few only1 "o skill$ individual hav+ en\gh ( m$ic9e or ( any o!r art = _m unskill$ ones8 ',%all ?is be ! mann] 9 :i* ,i am to di/ribute ju/ice & rev]5ce among m51 or %all ,i give !m to all8' ',to all1' said ,zeus2 ',i %\ld l !m all to h a %>e2 = cities _c exi/1 if a few only %>e 9 ! virtues1 z 9 ! arts4 ,& fur!r1 make a law by my ord]1 t he :o has no "p 9 rev]5ce & ju/ice %all be put to dea?1 = he is a plague ( ! /ate4' ,& ?is is ! reason1 ,socrates1 :y ! ,a!nians & mank9d 9 g5]al1 :5 ! "q relates to c>p5t]+ or any o!r me*anical art1 all[ b a few to %>e 9 _! delib]ations2 & :5 any "o else int]f]es1 !n1 z y say1 !y object1 if he be n ( ! fav\r$ few2 :i*1 z ,i reply1 is v natural4 ,b :5 !y meet to delib]ate ab\t political virtue1 :i* proce$s only by way ( ju/ice & wisdom1 !y are pati5t en\gh ( any man :o speaks ( !m1 z is also natural1 because !y ?9k t e man ought to %>e 9 ?is sort ( virtue1 & t /ates c\ld n exi/ if ?is 7 o!rwise4 ,i h expla9$ to y1 ,socrates1 ! reason ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,& t y may n suppose y\rself to be deceiv$ 9 ?9k+ t all m5 reg>d e man z hav+ a %>e ( ju/ice or hone/y & ( e o!r political virtue1 let me give y a fur!r pro(1 :i* is ?is4 ,9 o!r cases1 z y are aw>e1 if a man says t he is a good flute-play]1 or skilful 9 any o!r art 9 :i* he has no skill1 p ei!r laugh at him or are angry ) him1 & 8 relations ?9k t he is mad & g & admoni% him2 b :5 hone/y is 9 "q1 or "s o!r political virtue1 ev5 if !y "k t he is di%one/1 yet1 if ! man comes publicly =w>d & tells ! tru? ab\t 8 di%one/y1 !n1 :at 9 ! o!r case 0 held by !m to be good s5se1 !y n[ deem to be madness4 ,!y say t all m5 ought to pr(ess hone/y :e!r !y are hone/ or n1 & t a man is out ( 8 m9d :o says any?+ else4 ,_! notion is1 t a man mu/ h "s degree ( hone/y2 & t if he has none at all he ought n to be 9 ! _w4 ,i h be5 %[+ t !y are "r 9 admitt+ e man z a c\nsellor ab\t ?is sort ( virtue1 z !y are ( op9ion t e man is a p>tak] ( x4 ,& ,i w n[ endeav\r to %[ fur!r t !y d n conceive ?is virtue to be giv5 by nature1 or to gr[ spontane\sly1 b to be a ?+ :i* may be taught2 & :i* comes to a man by tak+ pa9s4 ,no "o w\ld in/ruct1 no "o w\ld rebuke1 or be angry ) ^? ^: calamities !y suppose to be due to nature or *ance2 !y d n try to puni% or to prev5t !m f be+ :at !y are2 !y d b pity !m4 ,:o is s fooli% z to *a/ise or in/ruct ! ugly1 or ! dim9utive1 or ! feeble8 ,& = ?is reason4 ,because he kn[s t good & evil ( ?is k9d is ! "w ( nature & ( *ance2 :]eas if a man is want+ 9 ^? good qualities :i* are atta9$ by /udy & ex]cise & tea*+1 & has only ! contr>y evil qualities1 o!r m5 are angry ) him1 & puni% & reprove him--( ^! evil qualities "o is impiety1 ano!r inju/ice1 & !y may be describ$ g5]ally z ! v opposite ( political virtue4 ,9 su* cases any man w be angry ) ano!r1 & reprim& him1--cle>ly because he ?9ks t by /udy & le>n+1 ! virtue 9 :i* ! o!r is defici5t may be acquir$4 ,if y w ?9k1 ,socrates1 ( ! nature ( puni%m5t1 y w see at once t 9 ! op9ion ( mank9d virtue may be acquir$2 no "o puni%es ! evil-do] "u ! notion1 or = ! reason1 t he has done wrong1--only ! unreasonable fury ( a bea/ acts 9 t mann]4 ,b he :o desires to inflict rational puni%m5t does n retaliate = a pa/ wrong :i* _c be undone2 he has reg>d to ! future1 & is desir\s t ! man :o is puni%$1 & he :o sees him puni%$1 may be det]r$ f do+ wrong aga94 ,he puni%es = ! sake ( prev5tion1 !reby cle>ly imply+ t virtue is capable ( be+ taught4 ,?is is ! notion ( all :o retaliate ^u o!rs ei!r privately or publicly4 ,& ! ,a!nians1 too1 y\r own citiz5s1 l o!r m51 puni% & take v5geance on all :om !y reg>d z evil do]s2 & h5ce1 we may inf] !m to be ( ! numb] ( ^? :o ?9k t virtue may be acquir$ & taught4 ,?us f>1 ,socrates1 ,i h %[n y cle>ly en\gh1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t y\r c\ntrym5 are "r 9 admitt+ ! t9k] & ! cobbl] to advise ab\t politics1 & also t !y deem virtue to be capable ( be+ taught & acquir$4 ,!re yet rema9s "o difficulty :i* has be5 rais$ by y ab\t ! sons ( good m54 ,:at is ! reason :y good m5 tea* _! sons ! k :i* is ga9$ f tea*]s1 & make !m wise 9 t1 b d no?+ t[>ds improv+ !m 9 ! virtues :i* di/+ui% !mselves8 ,& "h1 ,socrates1 ,i w leave ! apologue & resume ! argum5t4 ,please to consid]3 ,is !re or is !re n "s "o quality ( :i* all ! citiz5s mu/ be p>tak]s1 if !re is to be a city at all8 ,9 ! answ] to ?is "q is conta9$ ! only solution ( y\r difficulty2 !re is no o!r4 ,= if !re be any su* quality1 & ?is quality or unity is n ! art ( ! c>p5t]1 or ! smi?1 or ! pott]1 b ju/ice & temp]ance & hol9ess &1 9 a ^w1 manly virtue--if ?is is ! quality ( :i* all m5 mu/ be p>tak]s1 & :i* is ! v condition ( _! le>n+ or do+ any?+ else1 & if he :o is want+ 9 ?is1 :e!r he be a *ild only or a gr[n-up man or woman1 mu/ be taught & puni%$1 until by puni%m5t he becomes bett]1 & he :o rebels aga9/ in/ruction & puni%m5t is ei!r exil$ or condemn$ to dea? "u ! idea t he is incurable--if :at ,i am say+ be true1 good m5 h _! sons taught o!r ?+s & n ?is1 d consid] h[ extraord9>y _! conduct w\ld appe> to be4 ,= we h %[n t !y ?9k virtue capable ( be+ taught & cultivat$ bo? 9 private & public2 &1 not)/&+1 !y h _! sons taught less] matt]s1 ignorance ( :i* does n involve ! puni%m5t ( dea?3 b great] ?+s1 ( :i* ! ignorance may cause dea? & exile to ^? :o h no tra9+ or k ( !m--aye1 & confiscation z well z dea?1 &1 9 a ^w1 may be ! ru9 ( families--^? ?+s1 ,i say1 !y are suppos$ n to tea* !m1--n to take ! utmo/ c>e t !y %\ld le>n4 ,h[ improbable is ?is1 ,socrates6 ,education & admonition comm5ce 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( *ildhood1 & la/ to ! v end ( life4 ,"m & nurse & fa!r & tutor are vy+ ) "o ano!r ab\t ! improvem5t ( ! *ild z soon z ev] he is able to und]/& :at is be+ said to him3 he _c say or d any?+ )\t _! sett+ =? to him t ?is is j & t is unju/2 ?is is hon\rable1 t is di%on\rable2 ?is is holy1 t is unholy2 d ?is & ab/a9 f t4 ,& if he obeys1 well & good2 if n1 he is /raight5$ by ?reats & bl[s1 l a piece ( b5t or w>p$ wood4 ,at a lat] /age !y s5d him to tea*]s1 & enjo9 !m to see to 8 mann]s ev5 m ?an to 8 read+ & music2 & ! tea*]s d z !y are desir$4 ,& :5 ! boy has le>n$ 8 lett]s & is beg9n+ to und]/& :at is writt51 z be=e he und]/ood only :at 0 spok51 !y put into 8 h&s ! works ( great poets1 :i* he reads sitt+ on a b5* at s*ool2 9 ^! are conta9$ _m admonitions1 & _m tales1 & praises1 & encomia ( anci5t fam\s m51 :i* he is requir$ to le>n by he>t1 9 ord] t he may imitate or emulate !m & desire to become l !m4 ,!n1 aga91 ! tea*]s ( ! lyre take simil> c>e t _! "y disciple is temp]ate & gets into no mis*ief2 & :5 !y h taught him ! use ( ! lyre1 !y introduce him to ! poems ( o!r excell5t poets1 :o are ! lyric poets2 & ^! !y set to music1 & make _! h>monies & rhy?ms q famili> to ! *ildr5's s\ls1 9 ord] t !y may le>n to be m g5tle1 & h>moni\s1 & rhy?mical1 & s m fitt$ = spee* & action2 = ! life ( man 9 e "p has ne$ ( h>mony & rhy?m4 ,!n !y s5d !m to ! ma/] ( gymna/ic1 9 ord] t _! bodies may bett] m9i/] to ! virtu\s m9d1 & t !y may n be compell$ ?r\gh bodily weakness to play ! c[>d 9 w> or on any o!r occasion4 ,?is is :at is done by ^? :o h ! means1 & ^? :o h ! means are ! ri*2 _! *ildr5 beg9 to g to s*ool soone/ & leave (f late/4 ,:5 !y h done ) ma/]s1 ! /ate aga9 compels !m to le>n ! laws1 & live aft] ! patt]n :i* !y furni%1 & n aft] _! own fancies2 & j z 9 le>n+ to write1 ! writ+-ma/] fir/ draws l9es ) a /yle = ! use ( ! "y beg9n]1 & gives him ! tablet & makes him foll[ ! l9es1 s ! city draws ! laws1 :i* 7 ! inv5tion ( good lawgiv]s liv+ 9 ! old5 "t2 ^! are giv5 to ! "y man1 9 ord] to guide him 9 8 conduct :e!r he is comm&+ or obey+2 & he :o transgresses !m is to be correct$1 or1 9 o!r words1 call$ to acc\nt1 :i* is a t]m us$ n only 9 y\r c\ntry1 b also 9 _m o!rs1 see+ t ju/ice calls m5 to acc\nt4 ,n[ :5 !re is all ?is c>e ab\t virtue private & public1 :y1 ,socrates1 d y /ill wond] & d\bt :e!r virtue c be taught8 ,cease to wond]1 = ! opposite w\ld be f> m surpris+4 ,b :y !n d ! sons ( good fa!rs (t5 turn out ill8 ,!re is no?+ v wond]ful 9 ?is2 =1 z ,i h be5 say+1 ! exi/5ce ( a /ate implies t virtue is n any man's private possession4 ,if s--& no?+ c be tru]--!n ,i w fur!r ask y to imag9e1 z an illu/ration1 "s o!r pursuit or bran* ( k :i* may be assum$ equally to be ! condition ( ! exi/5ce ( a /ate4 ,suppose t !re c\ld be no /ate unless we 7 all flute-play]s1 z f> z ea* _h ! capacity1 & ev]ybody 0 freely tea*+ ev]ybody ! art1 bo? 9 private & public1 & reprov+ ! bad play] z freely & op5ly z e man n[ tea*es ju/ice & ! laws1 n conceal+ !m z he w\ld conceal ! o!r arts1 b imp>t+ !m--= all ( u h a mutual int]e/ 9 ! ju/ice & virtue ( "o ano!r1 & ?is is ! reason :y e "o is s ready to tea* ju/ice & ! laws2--suppose1 ,i say1 t !re 7 ! same read9ess & lib]ality among u 9 tea*+ "o ano!r flute-play+1 d y imag9e1 ,socrates1 t ! sons ( good flute-play]s w\ld be m likely to be good ?an ! sons ( bad ones8 ,i ?9k n4 ,w\ld n _! sons gr[ up to be di/+ui%$ or undi/+ui%$ accord+ to _! own natural capacities z flute-play]s1 & ! son ( a good play] w\ld (t5 turn out to be a bad "o1 & ! son ( a bad play] to be a good "o1 all flute-play]s w\ld be good en\gh 9 comp>ison ( ^? :o 7 ignorant & unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( flute-play+8 ,9 l mann] ,i w\ld h y consid] t he :o appe>s to y to be ! wor/ ( ^? :o h be5 br\ght up 9 laws & humanities1 w\ld appe> to be a j man & a ma/] ( ju/ice if he 7 to be comp>$ ) m5 :o _h no education1 or c\rts ( ju/ice1 or laws1 or any re/ra9ts ^u !m :i* compell$ !m to practise virtue--) ! savages1 = example1 :om ! poet ,ph]ecrates exhibit$ on ! /age at ! la/ ye>'s ,l5aean fe/ival4 ,if y 7 liv+ among m5 su* z ! man-hat]s 9 8 ,*orus1 y w\ld be only too glad to meet ) ,eurybates & ,phrynondas1 & y w\ld sorr[fully long to revisit ! rascality ( ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,y1 ,socrates1 are discont5t$1 & :y8 ,because all m5 are tea*]s ( virtue1 ea* "o accord+ to 8 ability2 & y say ,:]e are ! tea*]s8 ,y might z well ask1 ,:o tea*es ,greek8 ,= ( t too !re w n be any tea*]s f\nd4 ,or y might ask1 ,:o is to tea* ! sons ( our artisans ?is same art :i* !y h le>n$ ( _! fa!rs8 ,he & 8 fell[-workm5 h taught !m to ! be/ ( _! ability1--b :o w c>ry !m fur!r 9 _! arts8 ,& y w\ld c]ta9ly h a difficulty1 ,socrates1 9 f9d+ a tea*] ( !m2 b !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 f9d+ a tea*] ( ^? :o are :olly ignorant4 ,& ?is is true ( virtue or ( any?+ else2 if a man is bett] able ?an we are to promote virtue ev] s little1 we mu/ be cont5t ) ! result4 ,a tea*] ( ?is sort ,i believe myself to be1 & above all o!r m5 to h ! k :i* makes a man noble & good2 & ,i give my pupils _! money's-wor?1 & ev5 m1 z !y !mselves confess4 ,& !re=e ,i h introduc$ ! foll[+ mode ( paym5t3--,:5 a man has be5 my pupil1 if he likes he pays my price1 b !re is no compulsion2 & if he does n l1 he has only to g into a temple & take an oa? ( ! value ( ! in/ructions1 & he pays no m ?an he decl>es to be _! value4 ,su* is my ,apologue1 ,socrates1 & su* is ! argum5t by :i* ,i endeav\r to %[ t virtue may be taught1 & t ?is is ! op9ion ( ! ,a!nians4 ,& ,i h also attempt$ to %[ t y are n to wond] at good fa!rs hav+ bad sons1 or at good sons hav+ bad fa!rs1 ( :i* ! sons ( ,polycleitus af=d an example1 :o are ! companions ( our fri5ds "h1 ,p>alus & ,xan?ippus1 b are no?+ 9 comp>ison ) _! fa!r2 & ?is is true ( ! sons ( _m o!r arti/s4 ,z yet ,i ought n to say ! same ( ,p>alus & ,xan?ippus !mselves1 = !y are "y & !re is /ill hope ( !m4 ,protagoras end$1 & 9 my e> ',s *>m+ left 8 voice1 t ,i ! :ile ,?\ght him /ill speak+2 /ill /ood fix$ to he> 7,borr[$ by ,milton1 ,p>adise ,lo/474' ,at l5g?1 :5 ! tru? dawn$ ^u me1 t he _h really f9i%$1 n )\t difficulty ,i began to collect myself1 & look+ at ,hippocrates1 ,i said to him3 ,o son ( ,apollodorus1 h[ deeply grateful ,i am to y = hav+ br\ght me hi!r2 ,i w\ld n h miss$ ! spee* ( ,protagoras = a great deal4 ,= ,i us$ to imag9e t no human c>e c\ld make m5 good2 b ,i "k bett] n[4 ,yet ,i h /ill "o v small difficulty :i* ,i am sure t ,protagoras w easily expla91 z he has already expla9$ s mu*4 ,if a man 7 to g & consult ,p]icles or any ( our great speak]s ab\t ^! matt]s1 he might p]haps he> z f9e a disc\rse2 b !n :5 "o has a "q to ask ( any ( !m1 l books1 !y c nei!r answ] nor ask2 & if any "o *all5ges ! lea/ p>ticul> ( _! spee*1 !y g r++ on 9 a long h>angue1 l braz5 pots1 :i* :5 !y are /ruck cont9ue to s\nd unless "s "o puts 8 h& ^u !m2 :]eas our fri5d ,protagoras c n only make a good spee*1 z he has already %[n1 b :5 he is ask$ a "q he c answ] briefly2 & :5 he asks he w wait & he> ! answ]2 & ?is is a v r>e gift4 ,n[ ,i1 ,protagoras1 want to ask ( y a little "q1 :i* if y w only answ]1 ,i %all be q satisfi$4 ,y 7 say+ t virtue c be taught2--t ,i w take ^u y\r au?ority1 & !re is no "o to :om ,i am m ready to tru/4 ,b ,i m>vel at "o ?+ ab\t :i* ,i %\ld l to h my m9d set at re/4 ,y 7 speak+ ( ,zeus s5d+ ju/ice & rev]5ce to m52 & sev]al times :ile y 7 speak+1 ju/ice1 & temp]ance1 & hol9ess1 & all ^! qualities1 7 describ$ by y z if toge!r !y made up virtue4 ,n[ ,i want y to tell me truly :e!r virtue is "o :ole1 ( :i* ju/ice & temp]ance & hol9ess are p>ts2 or :e!r all ^! are only ! names ( "o & ! same ?+3 t is ! d\bt :i* /ill l+]s 9 my m9d4 ,!re is no difficulty1 ,socrates1 9 answ]+ t ! qualities ( :i* y are speak+ are ! p>ts ( virtue :i* is "o4 ,& are !y p>ts1 ,i said1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* m\?1 nose1 & eyes1 & e>s1 are ! p>ts ( a face2 or are !y l ! p>ts ( gold1 :i* diff] f ! :ole & f "o ano!r only 9 be+ l>g] or small]8 ,i %\ld say t !y diff]$1 ,socrates1 9 ! fir/ way2 !y are relat$ to "o ano!r z ! p>ts ( a face are relat$ to ! :ole face4 ,& d m5 h "s "o "p & "s ano!r "p ( virtue8 ,or if a man has "o "p1 mu/ he also h all ! o!rs8 ,by no means1 he said2 = _m a man is brave & n j1 or j & n wise4 ,y w\ld n d5y1 !n1 t c\rage & wisdom are also p>ts ( virtue8 ,mo/ und\bt$ly !y are1 he answ]$2 & wisdom is ! noble/ ( ! p>ts4 ,& !y are all diff]5t f "o ano!r8 ,i said4 ,yes4 ,& has ea* ( !m a di/9ct function l ! p>ts ( ! face2--! eye1 = example1 is n l ! e>1 & has n ! same functions2 & ! o!r p>ts are none ( !m l "o ano!r1 ei!r 9 _! functions1 or 9 any o!r way8 ,i want to "k :e!r ! comp>ison holds conc]n+ ! p>ts ( virtue4 ,d !y also diff] f "o ano!r 9 !mselves & 9 _! functions8 ,= t is cle>ly :at ! simile w\ld imply4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 y are "r 9 suppos+ t !y diff]4 ,!n1 ,i said1 no o!r "p ( virtue is l k1 or l ju/ice1 or l c\rage1 or l temp]ance1 or l hol9ess8 ,no1 he answ]$4 ,well !n1 ,i said1 suppose t y & ,i enquire into _! natures4 ,& fir/1 y w\ld agree ) me t ju/ice is ( ! nature ( a ?+1 w\ld y n8 ,t is my op9ion3 w\ld x n be y\rs also8 ,m9e also1 he said4 ,& suppose t "s "o 7 to ask u1 say+1 ',o ,protagoras1 & y1 ,socrates1 :at ab\t ?is ?+ :i* y 7 call+ ju/ice1 is x j or unju/8'--& ,i 7 to answ]1 j3 w\ld y vote ) me or aga9/ me8 ,) y1 he said4 ,!reupon ,i %\ld answ] to him :o ask$ me1 t ju/ice is ( ! nature ( ! j3 w\ld n y8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& suppose t he w5t on to say3 ',well n[1 is !re also su* a ?+ z hol9ess8'--we %\ld answ]1 ',yes1' if ,i am n mi/ak58 ,yes1 he said4 ,:i* y w\ld also ackn[l$ge to be a ?+--%\ld we n say s8 ,he ass5t$4 ',& is ?is a sort ( ?+ :i* is ( ! nature ( ! holy1 or ( ! nature ( ! unholy8' ,i %\ld be angry at 8 putt+ su* a "q1 & %\ld say1 ',peace1 man2 no?+ c be holy if hol9ess is n holy4' ,:at w\ld y say8 ,w\ld y n answ] 9 ! same way8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& !n aft] ?is suppose t he came & ask$ u1 ',:at 7 y say+ j n[8 ,p]haps ,i may n h he>d y rightly1 b y seem$ to me to be say+ t ! p>ts ( virtue 7 n ! same z "o ano!r4' ,i %\ld reply1 ',y c]ta9ly he>d t said1 b n1 z y imag9e1 by me2 = ,i only ask$ ! "q2 ,protagoras gave ! answ]4' ,& suppose t he turn$ to y & said1 ',is ?is true1 ,protagoras8 & d y ma9ta9 t "o "p ( virtue is unlike ano!r1 & is ?is y\r position8'--h[ w\ld y answ] him8 ,i c\ld n help ackn[l$g+ ! tru? ( :at he said1 ,socrates4 ,well !n1 ,protagoras1 we w assume ?is2 & n[ suppos+ t he proce$$ to say fur!r1 ',!n hol9ess is n ( ! nature ( ju/ice1 nor ju/ice ( ! nature ( hol9ess1 b ( ! nature ( unhol9ess2 & hol9ess is ( ! nature ( ! n j1 & !re=e ( ! unju/1 & ! unju/ is ! unholy'3 h[ %all we answ] him8 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly answ] him on my own behalf t ju/ice is holy1 & t hol9ess is j2 & ,i w\ld say 9 l mann] on y\r behalf also1 if y w\ld all[ me1 t ju/ice is ei!r ! same ) hol9ess1 or v ne>ly ! same2 & above all ,i w\ld ass]t t ju/ice is l hol9ess & hol9ess is l ju/ice2 & ,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :e!r ,i may be p]mitt$ to give ?is answ] on y\r behalf1 & :e!r y w\ld agree ) me4 ,he repli$1 ,i _c simply agree1 ,socrates1 to ! proposition t ju/ice is holy & t hol9ess is j1 = !re appe>s to me to be a diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,b :at matt]8 if y please ,i please2 & let u assume1 if y w ,i1 t ju/ice is holy1 & t hol9ess is j4 ,p>don me1 ,i repli$2 ,i d n want ?is 'if y wi%' or 'if y w' sort ( conclusion to be prov51 b ,i want y & me to be prov53 ,i mean to say t ! conclusion w be be/ prov5 if !re be no 'if4' ,well1 he said1 ,i admit t ju/ice be>s a resemblance to hol9ess1 = !re is always "s po9t ( view 9 :i* ev]y?+ is l e o!r ?+2 :ite is 9 a c]ta9 way l black1 & h>d is l s(t1 & ! mo/ extreme opposites h "s qualities 9 common2 ev5 ! p>ts ( ! face :i*1 z we 7 say+ be=e1 are di/9ct & h diff]5t functions1 are /ill 9 a c]ta9 po9t ( view simil>1 & "o ( !m is l ano!r ( !m4 ,& y may prove t !y are l "o ano!r on ! same pr9ciple t all ?+s are l "o ano!r2 & yet ?+s :i* are l 9 "s p>ticul> ought n to be call$ alike1 nor ?+s :i* are unlike 9 "s p>ticul>1 h[ev] slight1 unlike4 ,& d y ?9k1 ,i said 9 a tone ( surprise1 t ju/ice & hol9ess h b a small degree ( lik5ess8 ,c]ta9ly n2 any m ?an ,i agree ) :at ,i und]/& to be y\r view4 ,well1 ,i said1 z y appe> to h a difficulty ab\t ?is1 let u take ano!r ( ! examples :i* y m5tion$ in/ead4 ,d y admit ! exi/5ce ( folly8 ,i d4 ,& is n wisdom ! v opposite ( folly8 ,t is true1 he said4 ,& :5 m5 act rightly & advantage\sly !y seem to y to be temp]ate8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& temp]ance makes !m temp]ate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& !y :o d n act rightly act fooli%ly1 & 9 act+ ?us are n temp]ate8 ,i agree1 he said4 ,!n to act fooli%ly is ! opposite ( act+ temp]ately8 ,he ass5t$4 ,& fooli% actions are done by folly1 & temp]ate actions by temp]ance8 ,he agre$4 ,& t is done /rongly :i* is done by /r5g?1 & t :i* is weakly done1 by weakness8 ,he ass5t$4 ,& t :i* is done ) swiftness is done swiftly1 & t :i* is done ) sl[ness1 sl[ly8 ,he ass5t$ aga94 ,& t :i* is done 9 ! same mann]1 is done by ! same2 & t :i* is done 9 an opposite mann] by ! opposite8 ,he agre$4 ,once m1 ,i said1 is !re any?+ beautiful8 ,yes4 ,to :i* ! only opposite is ! ugly8 ,!re is no o!r4 ,& is !re any?+ good8 ,!re is4 ,to :i* ! only opposite is ! evil8 ,!re is no o!r4 ,& !re is ! acute 9 s\nd8 ,true4 ,to :i* ! only opposite is ! grave8 ,!re is no o!r1 he said1 b t4 ,!n e opposite has "o opposite only & no m8 ,he ass5t$4 ,!n n[1 ,i said1 let u recapitulate our admissions4 ,fir/ ( all we admitt$ t ev]y?+ has "o opposite & n m ?an "o8 ,we did s4 ,& we admitt$ also t :at 0 done 9 opposite ways 0 done by opposites8 ,yes4 ,& t :i* 0 done fooli%ly1 z we fur!r admitt$1 0 done 9 ! opposite way to t :i* 0 done temp]ately8 ,yes4 ,& t :i* 0 done temp]ately 0 done by temp]ance1 & t :i* 0 done fooli%ly by folly8 ,he agre$4 ,& t :i* is done 9 opposite ways is done by opposites8 ,yes4 ,& "o ?+ is done by temp]ance1 & q ano!r ?+ by folly8 ,yes4 ,& 9 opposite ways8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& !re=e by opposites3--!n folly is ! opposite ( temp]ance8 ,cle>ly4 ,& d y rememb] t folly has already be5 ackn[l$g$ by u to be ! opposite ( wisdom8 ,he ass5t$4 ,& we said t ev]y?+ has only "o opposite8 ,yes4 ,!n1 ,protagoras1 :i* ( ! two ass]tions %all we r5\nce8 ,"o says t ev]y?+ has b "o opposite2 ! o!r t wisdom is di/9ct f temp]ance1 & t bo? ( !m are p>ts ( virtue2 & t !y are n only di/9ct1 b dissimil>1 bo? 9 !mselves & 9 _! functions1 l ! p>ts ( a face4 ,:i* ( ^! two ass]tions %all we r5\nce8 ,= bo? ( !m toge!r are c]ta9ly n 9 h>mony2 !y d n accord or agree3 = h[ c !y be said to agree if ev]y?+ is assum$ to h only "o opposite & n m ?an "o1 & yet folly1 :i* is "o1 has cle>ly ! two opposites--wisdom & temp]ance8 ,is n t true1 ,protagoras8 ,:at else w\ld y say8 ,he ass5t$1 b ) great reluctance4 ,!n temp]ance & wisdom are ! same1 z be=e ju/ice & hol9ess appe>$ to u to be ne>ly ! same4 ,& n[1 ,protagoras1 ,i said1 we mu/ f9i% ! enquiry1 & n fa9t4 ,d y ?9k t an unju/ man c be temp]ate 9 8 inju/ice8 ,i %\ld be a%am$1 ,socrates1 he said1 to ackn[l$ge ?is1 :i* nev]!less _m may be f\nd to ass]t4 ,& %all ,i argue ) !m or ) y8 ,i repli$4 ,i w\ld r1 he said1 t y %\ld argue ) ! _m fir/1 if y w4 ,:i*ev] y please1 if y w only answ] me & say :e!r y are ( _! op9ion or n4 ,my object is to te/ ! validity ( ! argum5t2 & yet ! result may be t ,i :o ask & y :o answ] may bo? be put on our trial4 ,protagoras at fir/ made a %[ ( refus+1 z he said t ! argum5t 0 n enc\rag+2 at l5g?1 he cons5t$ to answ]4 ,n[ !n1 ,i said1 beg9 at ! beg9n+ & answ] me4 ,y ?9k t "s m5 are temp]ate1 & yet unju/8 ,yes1 he said2 let t be admitt$4 ,& temp]ance is good s5se8 ,yes4 ,& good s5se is good c\nsel 9 do+ inju/ice8 ,grant$4 ,if !y succe$1 ,i said1 or if !y d n succe$8 ,if !y succe$4 ,& y w\ld admit ! exi/5ce ( goods8 ,yes4 ,& is ! good t :i* is exp$i5t = man8 ,yes1 inde$1 he said3 & !re are "s ?+s :i* may be inexp$i5t1 & yet ,i call !m good4 ,i ?\ght t ,protagoras 0 gett+ ruffl$ & excit$2 he seem$ to be sett+ himself 9 an attitude ( w>4 ,see+ ?is1 ,i m9d$ my bus9ess1 & g5tly said3-- ,:5 y say1 ,protagoras1 t ?+s inexp$i5t are good1 d y mean inexp$i5t = man only1 or inexp$i5t altoge!r8 & d y call ! latt] good8 ,c]ta9ly n ! la/1 he repli$2 = ,i "k ( _m ?+s--meats1 dr9ks1 m$ic9es1 & t5 ?\s& o!r ?+s1 :i* are inexp$i5t = man1 & "s :i* are exp$i5t2 & "s :i* are nei!r exp$i5t nor inexp$i5t = man1 b only = horses2 & "s = ox5 only1 & "s = dogs2 & "s = no animals1 b only = trees2 & "s = ! roots ( trees & n = _! bran*es1 z = example1 manure1 :i* is a good ?+ :5 laid ab\t ! roots ( a tree1 b utt]ly de/ructive if ?r[n ^u ! %oots & "y bran*es2 or ,i may in/ance olive oil1 :i* is mis*iev\s to all plants1 & g5]ally mo/ injuri\s to ! hair ( e animal ) ! exception ( man1 b b5eficial to human hair & to ! human body g5]ally2 & ev5 9 ?is application 7s v>i\s & *angeable is ! nature ( ! b5efit71 t :i* is ! greate/ good to ! outw>d p>ts ( a man1 is a v great evil to 8 inw>d p>ts3 & = ?is reason physicians always =bid _! pati5ts ! use ( oil 9 _! food1 except 9 v small quantities1 j en\gh to ext+ui% ! disagreeable s5sation ( smell 9 meats & sauces4 ,:5 he _h giv5 ?is answ]1 ! company *e]$ him4 ,& ,i said3 ,protagoras1 ,i h a wret*$ memory1 & :5 any "o makes a long spee* to me ,i nev] rememb] :at he is talk+ ab\t4 ,z !n1 if ,i _h be5 deaf1 & y 7 go+ to conv]se ) me1 y w\ld h _h to raise y\r voice2 s n[1 hav+ su* a bad memory1 ,i w ask y to cut y\r answ]s %ort]1 if y w\ld take me ) y4 ,:at d y mean8 he said3 h[ am ,i to %ort5 my answ]s8 %all ,i make !m too %ort8 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i said4 ,b %ort en\gh8 ,yes1 ,i said4 ,%all ,i answ] :at appe>s to me to be %ort en\gh1 or :at appe>s to y to be %ort en\gh8 ,i h he>d1 ,i said1 t y c speak & tea* o!rs to speak ab\t ! same ?+s at su* l5g? t words nev] seem$ to fail1 or ) su* brevity t no "o c\ld use few] ( !m4 ,please !re=e1 if y talk ) me1 to adopt ! latt] or m comp5di\s me?od4 ,socrates1 he repli$1 _m a battle ( words h ,i f\ght1 & if ,i _h foll[$ ! me?od ( disputation :i* my adv]s>ies desir$1 z y want me to d1 ,i %\ld h be5 no bett] ?an ano!r1 & ! "n ( ,protagoras w\ld h be5 n[h]e4 ,i saw t he 0 n satisfi$ ) 8 previ\s answ]s1 & t he w\ld n play ! "p ( answ]] any m if he c\ld help2 & ,i consid]$ t !re 0 no call ^u me to cont9ue ! conv]sation2 s ,i said3 ,protagoras1 ,i d n wi% to =ce ! conv]sation ^u y if y _h r n1 b :5 y are will+ to argue ) me 9 su* a way t ,i c foll[ y1 !n ,i w argue ) y4 ,n[ y1 z is said ( y by o!rs & z y say ( y\rself1 are able to h discussions 9 %ort] =ms ( spee* z well z 9 long]1 = y are a ma/] ( wisdom2 b ,i _c manage ^! long spee*es3 ,i only wi% t ,i c\ld4 ,y1 on ! o!r h&1 :o are capable ( ei!r1 ought to speak %ort] z ,i beg y1 & !n we might conv]se4 ,b ,i see t y are dis9cl9$1 & z ,i h an engagem5t :i* w prev5t my /ay+ to he> y at great] l5g? 7= ,i h to be 9 ano!r place71 ,i w dep>t2 al?\gh ,i %\ld h lik$ to h he>d y4 ,?us ,i spoke1 & 0 ris+ f my seat1 :5 ,callias seiz$ me by ! "r h&1 & 9 8 left h& caught hold ( ?is old cloak ( m9e4 ,he said3 ,we _c let y g1 ,socrates1 = if y leave u !re w be an end ( our discussions3 ,i mu/ !re=e beg y to rema91 z !re is no?+ 9 ! _w t ,i %\ld l bett] ?an to he> y & ,protagoras disc\rse4 ,d n d5y ! company ?is pleasure4 ,n[ ,i _h got up1 & 0 9 ! act ( dep>ture4 ,son ( ,hipponicus1 ,i repli$1 ,i h always admir$1 & d n[ he>tily applaud & love y\r philosophical _s1 & ,i w\ld gladly comply ) y\r reque/1 if ,i c\ld4 ,b ! tru? is t ,i _c4 ,& :at y ask is z great an impossibility to me1 z if y bade me run a race ) ,crison ( ,him]a1 :5 9 8 prime1 or ) "s "o ( ! long or day c\rse runn]s4 ,to su* a reque/ ,i %\ld reply t ,i w\ld fa9 ask ! same ( my own legs2 b !y refuse to comply4 ,& !re=e if y want to see ,crison & me 9 ! same /adium1 y mu/ bid him slack5 8 spe$ to m9e1 = ,i _c run quickly1 & he c run sl[ly4 ,& 9 l mann] if y want to he> me & ,protagoras disc\rs+1 y mu/ ask him to %ort5 8 answ]s1 & keep to ! po9t1 z he did at fir/2 if n1 h[ c !re be any discussion8 ,= discussion is "o ?+1 & mak+ an oration is q ano!r1 9 my humble op9ion4 ,b y see1 ,socrates1 said ,callias1 t ,protagoras may fairly claim to speak 9 8 own way1 j z y claim to speak 9 y\rs4 ,"h ,alcibiades int]pos$1 & said3 ,t1 ,callias1 is n a true /atem5t ( ! case4 ,= our fri5d ,socrates admits t he _c make a spee*--9 ?is he yields ! palm to ,protagoras3 b ,i %\ld be greatly surpris$ if he yield$ to any liv+ man 9 ! p[] ( hold+ & appreh5d+ an argum5t4 ,n[ if ,protagoras w make a simil> admission1 & confess t he is inf]ior to ,socrates 9 argum5tative skill1 t is en\gh = ,socrates2 b if he claims a sup]iority 9 argum5t z well1 let him ask & answ]--n1 :5 a "q is ask$1 slipp+ away f ! po9t1 & in/ead ( answ]+1 mak+ a spee* at su* l5g? t mo/ ( 8 he>]s =get ! "q at issue 7n t ,socrates is likely to =get--,i w be b\nd = t1 al?\gh he may pret5d 9 fun t he has a bad memory74 ,& ,socrates appe>s to me to be m 9 ! "r ?an ,protagoras2 t is my view1 & e man ought to say :at he ?9ks4 ,:5 ,alcibiades _h done speak+1 "s "o--,critias1 ,i believe--w5t on to say3 ,o ,prodicus & ,hippias1 ,callias appe>s to me to be a p>tisan ( ,protagoras3 & ?is l$ ,alcibiades1 :o loves opposition1 to take ! o!r side4 ,b we %\ld n be p>tisans ei!r ( ,socrates or ( ,protagoras2 let u r unite 9 entreat+ bo? ( !m n to break up ! discussion4 ,prodicus add$3 ,t1 ,critias1 seems to me to be well said1 = ^? :o are pres5t at su* discussions ought to be imp>tial he>]s ( bo? ! speak]s2 rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t imp>tiality is n ! same z equality1 = bo? sides %\ld be imp>tially he>d1 & yet an equal me$ %\ld n be assign$ to bo? ( !m2 b to ! wis] a high] me$ %\ld be giv51 & a l[] to ! less wise4 ,& ,i z well z ,critias w\ld beg y1 ,protagoras & ,socrates1 to grant our reque/1 :i* is1 t y w argue ) "o ano!r & n wrangle2 = fri5ds argue ) fri5ds out ( good-w1 b only adv]s>ies & enemies wrangle4 ,& !n our meet+ w be delightful2 = 9 ?is way y1 :o are ! speak]s1 w be mo/ likely to w9 e/eem1 & n praise only1 among u :o are y\r audi5ce2 = e/eem is a s9c]e conviction ( ! he>]s' s\ls1 b praise is (t5 an ins9c]e expression ( m5 utt]+ falsehoods contr>y to _! conviction4 ,& ?us we :o are ! he>]s w be gratifi$ & n pleas$2 = gratification is ( ! m9d :5 receiv+ wisdom & k1 b pleasure is ( ! body :5 eat+ or exp]i5c+ "s o!r bodily delight4 ,?us spoke ,prodicus1 & _m ( ! company applaud$ 8 words4 ,hippias ! sage spoke next4 ,he said3 ,all ( y :o are "h pres5t ,i reckon to be k9sm5 & fri5ds & fell[-citiz5s1 by nature & n by law2 = by nature l is ak9 to l1 :]eas law is ! tyrant ( mank9d1 & (t5 compels u to d _m ?+s :i* are aga9/ nature4 ,h[ great w\ld be ! disgrace !n1 if we1 :o "k ! nature ( ?+s1 & are ! wise/ ( ! ,hell5es1 & z su* are met toge!r 9 ?is city1 :i* is ! metropolis ( wisdom1 & 9 ! greate/ & mo/ glori\s h\se ( ?is city1 %\ld h no?+ to %[ wor?y ( ?is height ( dignity1 b %\ld only qu>rel ) "o ano!r l ! meane/ ( mank9d6 ,i d pray & advise y1 ,protagoras1 & y1 ,socrates1 to agree ^u a compromise4 ,let u be y\r peacemak]s4 ,& d n y1 ,socrates1 aim at ?is precise & extreme brevity 9 disc\rse1 if ,protagoras objects1 b loos5 & let g ! re9s ( spee*1 t y\r words may be gr&] & m becom+ to y4 ,nei!r d y1 ,protagoras1 g =? on ! gale ) e sail set out ( sight ( l& into an ocean ( words1 b let !re be a mean obs]v$ by bo? ( y4 ,d z ,i say4 ,& let me also p]suade y to *oose an arbit] or ov]se] or presid5t2 he w keep wat* ov] y\r words & w prescribe _! prop] l5g?4 ,?is proposal 0 receiv$ by ! company ) univ]sal approval2 ,callias said t he w\ld n let me (f1 & !y begg$ me to *oose an arbit]4 ,b ,i said t to *oose an umpire ( disc\rse w\ld be unseemly2 = if ! p]son *os5 0 inf]ior1 !n ! inf]ior or worse ought n to preside ov] ! bett]2 or if he 0 equal1 nei!r w\ld t be well2 = he :o is our equal w d z we d1 & :at w be ! use ( *oos+ him8 ,& if y say1 ',let u h a bett] !n1'--to t ,i answ] t y _c h any "o :o is wis] ?an ,protagoras4 ,& if y *oose ano!r :o is n really bett]1 & :om y only say is bett]1 to put ano!r ov] him z ?\gh he 7 an inf]ior p]son w\ld be an unwor?y reflection on him2 n t1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 any reflection is ( mu* consequ5ce to me4 ,let me tell y !n :at ,i w d 9 ord] t ! conv]sation & discussion may g on z y desire4 ,if ,protagoras is n dispos$ to answ]1 let him ask & ,i w answ]2 & ,i w endeav\r to %[ at ! same "t h[1 z ,i ma9ta91 he ought to answ]3 & :5 ,i h answ]$ z _m que/ions z he likes to ask1 let him 9 l mann] answ] me2 & if he seems to be n v ready at answ]+ ! precise "q ask$ ( him1 y & ,i w unite 9 entreat+ him1 z y entreat$ me1 n to spoil ! discussion4 ,& ?is w require no special arbit]--all ( y %all be arbit]s4 ,?is 0 g5]ally approv$1 & ,protagoras1 ?\gh v mu* aga9/ 8 w1 0 oblig$ to agree t he w\ld ask que/ions2 & :5 he _h put a suffici5t numb] ( !m1 t he w\ld answ] 9 8 turn ^? :i* he 0 ask$ 9 %ort replies4 ,he began to put 8 que/ions z foll[s3-- ,i am ( op9ion1 ,socrates1 he said1 t skill 9 poetry is ! pr9cipal "p ( education2 & ?is ,i conceive to be ! p[] ( kn[+ :at compositions ( ! poets are correct1 & :at are n1 & h[ !y are to be di/+ui%$1 & ( expla9+ :5 ask$ ! reason ( ! diff]5ce4 ,& ,i propose to transf] ! "q :i* y & ,i h be5 discuss+ to ! doma9 ( poetry2 we w speak z be=e ( virtue1 b 9 ref]5ce to a passage ( a poet4 ,n[ ,simonides says to ,scopas ! son ( ,creon ! ,!ssalian3 ',h>dly on ! "o h& c a man become truly good1 built f\r-squ>e 9 h&s & feet & m9d1 a "w )\t a flaw4' ,d y "k ! poem8 or %all ,i repeat ! :ole8 ,!re is no ne$1 ,i said2 = ,i am p]fectly well acqua9t$ ) ! ode1--,i h made a c>eful /udy ( x4 ,v well1 he said4 ,& d y ?9k t ! ode is a good composition1 & true8 ,yes1 ,i said1 bo? good & true4 ,b if !re is a contradiction1 c ! composition be good or true8 ,no1 n 9 t case1 ,i repli$4 ,& is !re n a contradiction8 he ask$4 ,reflect4 ,well1 my fri5d1 ,i h reflect$4 ,& does n ! poet proce$ to say1 ',i d n agree ) ! ^w ( ,pittacus1 albeit ! utt]ance ( a wise man3 ,h>dly c a man be good'8 ,n[ y w obs]ve t ?is is said by ! same poet4 ,i "k x4 ,& d y ?9k1 he said1 t ! two say+s are consi/5t8 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,i ?9k s 7at ! same "t ,i c\ld n help fe>+ t !re might be some?+ 9 :at he said74 ,& y ?9k o!rwise8 ,:y1 he said1 h[ c he be consi/5t 9 bo?8 ,fir/ ( all1 premis+ z 8 own ?\ght1 ',h>dly c a man become truly good'2 & !n a little fur!r on 9 ! poem1 =gett+1 & blam+ ,pittacus & refus+ to agree ) him1 :5 he says1 ',h>dly c a man be good1' :i* is ! v same ?+4 ,& yet :5 he blames him :o says ! same ) himself1 he blames himself2 s t he mu/ be wrong ei!r 9 8 fir/ or 8 second ass]tion4 ,_m ( ! audi5ce *e]$ & applaud$ ?is4 ,& ,i felt at fir/ giddy & fa9t1 z if ,i _h receiv$ a bl[ f ! h& ( an exp]t box]1 :5 ,i he>d 8 words & ! s\nd ( ! *e]+2 & to confess ! tru?1 ,i want$ to get "t to ?9k :at ! mean+ ( ! poet really 04 ,s ,i turn$ to ,prodicus & call$ him4 ,prodicus1 ,i said1 ,simonides is a c\ntryman ( y\rs1 & y ought to come to 8 aid4 ,i mu/ appeal to y1 l ! riv] ,scam&] 9 ,hom]1 :o1 :5 beleagu]$ by ,a*illes1 summons ! ,simois to aid him1 say+3 ',bro!r de>1 let u bo? toge!r /ay ! =ce ( ! h]o 7,il474' ,& ,i summon y1 = ,i am afraid t ,protagoras w make an end ( ,simonides4 ,n[ is ! "t to rehabilitate ,simonides1 by ! application ( y\r philosophy ( synonyms1 :i* enables y to di/+ui% 'w' & 'wi%1' & make o!r *>m+ di/9ctions l ^? :i* y drew j n[4 ,& ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y w\ld agree ) me2 = ,i am ( op9ion t !re is no contradiction 9 ! words ( ,simonides4 ,& fir/ ( all ,i wi% t y w\ld say :e!r1 9 y\r op9ion1 ,prodicus1 'be+' is ! same z 'becom+4' ,n ! same1 c]ta9ly1 repli$ ,prodicus4 ,did n ,simonides fir/ set =?1 z 8 own view1 t ',h>dly c a man become truly good'8 ,q "r1 said ,prodicus4 ,& !n he blames ,pittacus1 n1 z ,protagoras imag9es1 = repeat+ t :i* he says himself1 b = say+ some?+ diff]5t f himself4 ,pittacus does n say z ,simonides says1 t h>dly c a man become good1 b h>dly c a man be good3 & our fri5d ,prodicus w\ld ma9ta9 t be+1 ,protagoras1 is n ! same z becom+2 & if !y are n ! same1 !n ,simonides is n inconsi/5t ) himself4 ,i d>e say t ,prodicus & _m o!rs w\ld say1 z ,hesiod says1 ',on ! "o h&1 h>dly c a man become good1 ,= ! gods h made virtue ! rew>d ( toil1 ,b on ! o!r h&1 :5 y h climb$ ! height1 ,!n1 to reta9 virtue1 h[ev] difficult ! acquisition1 is easy --7,works & ,days74' ,prodicus he>d & approv$2 b ,protagoras said3 ,y\r correction1 ,socrates1 involves a great] error ?an is conta9$ 9 ! s5t5ce :i* y are correct+4 ,alas6 ,i said1 ,protagoras2 !n ,i am a sorry physician1 & d b aggravate a disord] :i* ,i am seek+ to cure4 ,su* is ! fact1 he said4 ,h[ s8 ,i ask$4 ,! poet1 he repli$1 c\ld nev] h made su* a mi/ake z to say t virtue1 :i* 9 ! op9ion ( all m5 is ! h>de/ ( all ?+s1 c be easily reta9$4 ,well1 ,i said1 & h[ =tunate are we 9 hav+ ,prodicus among u1 at ! "r mom5t2 = he has a wisdom1 ,protagoras1 :i*1 z ,i imag9e1 is m ?an human & ( v anci5t date1 & may be z old z ,simonides or ev5 old]4 ,le>n$ z y are 9 _m ?+s1 y appe> to "k no?+ ( ?is2 b ,i "k1 = ,i am a disciple ( 84 ,& n[1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 y d n und]/& ! ^w 'h>d' 7*alepon7 9 ! s5se :i* ,simonides int5d$2 & ,i mu/ correct y1 z ,prodicus corrects me :5 ,i use ! ^w 'awful' 7de9on7 z a t]m ( praise4 ,if ,i say t ,protagoras or any "o else is an 'awfully' wise man1 he asks me if ,i am n a%am$ ( call+ t :i* is good 'awful'2 & !n he expla9s to me t ! t]m 'awful' is always tak5 9 a bad s5se1 & t no "o speaks ( be+ 'awfully' heal?y or weal?y1 or ( 'awful' peace1 b ( 'awful' disease1 'awful' w>1 'awful' pov]ty1 mean+ by ! t]m 'awful1' evil4 ,& ,i ?9k t ,simonides & 8 c\ntrym5 ! ,ceans1 :5 !y spoke ( 'h>d' meant 'evil1' or some?+ :i* y d n und]/&4 ,let u ask ,prodicus1 = he ought to be able to answ] que/ions ab\t ! dialect ( ,simonides4 ,:at did he mean1 ,prodicus1 by ! t]m 'h>d'8 ,evil1 said ,prodicus4 ,& !re=e1 ,i said1 ,prodicus1 he blames ,pittacus = say+1 ',h>d is ! good1' j z if t 7 equival5t to say+1 ,evil is ! good4 ,yes1 he said1 t 0 c]ta9ly 8 mean+2 & he is twitt+ ,pittacus ) ignorance ( ! use ( t]ms1 :i* 9 a ,lesbian1 :o has be5 accu/om$ to speak a b>b>\s language1 is natural4 ,d y he>1 ,protagoras1 ,i ask$1 :at our fri5d ,prodicus is say+8 ,& h y an answ] = him8 ,y are entirely mi/ak51 ,prodicus1 said ,protagoras2 & ,i "k v well t ,simonides 9 us+ ! ^w 'h>d' meant :at all ( u mean1 n evil1 b t :i* is n easy--t :i* takes a great deal ( tr\ble3 ( ?is ,i am positive4 ,i said3 ,i also incl9e to believe1 ,protagoras1 t ?is 0 ! mean+ ( ,simonides1 ( :i* our fri5d ,prodicus 0 v well aw>e1 b he ?\ght t he w\ld make fun1 & try if y c\ld ma9ta9 y\r !sis2 = t ,simonides c\ld nev] h meant ! o!r is cle>ly prov$ by ! context1 9 :i* he says t ,god only has ?is gift4 ,n[ he _c surely mean to say t to be good is evil1 :5 he aft]w>ds proce$s to say t ,god only has ?is gift1 & t ?is is ! attribute ( him & ( no o!r4 ,= if ?is be 8 mean+1 ,prodicus w\ld impute to ,simonides a "* ( recklessness :i* is v unlike 8 c\ntrym54 ,& ,i %\ld l to tell y1 ,i said1 :at ,i imag9e to be ! real mean+ ( ,simonides 9 ?is poem1 if y w te/ :at1 9 y\r way ( speak+1 w\ld be call$ my skill 9 poetry2 or if y w\ld r1 ,i w be ! li/5]4 ,to ?is proposal ,protagoras repli$3 ,z y please2--& ,hippias1 ,prodicus1 & ! o!rs told me by all means to d z ,i propos$4 ,!n n[1 ,i said1 ,i w endeav\r to expla9 to y my op9ion ab\t ?is poem ( ,simonides4 ,!re is a v anci5t philosophy :i* is m cultivat$ 9 ,crete & ,lac$aemon ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,hellas1 & !re are m philosoph]s 9 ^? c\ntries ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a secret :i* ! ,lac$aemonians d5y2 & !y pret5d to be ignorant1 j because !y d n wi% to h x ?\ght t !y rule ! _w by wisdom1 l ! ,sophi/s ( :om ,protagoras 0 speak+1 & n by val\r ( arms2 consid]+ t if ! reason ( _! sup]iority 7 disclos$1 all m5 w\ld be practis+ _! wisdom4 ,& ?is secret ( !irs has nev] be5 discov]$ by ! imitators ( ,lac$aemonian fa%ions 9 o!r cities1 :o g ab\t ) _! e>s bruis$ 9 imitation ( !m1 & h ! cae/us b\nd on _! arms1 & are always 9 tra9+1 & we> %ort cloaks2 = !y imag9e t ^! are ! practices :i* h enabl$ ! ,lac$aemonians to conqu] ! o!r ,hell5es4 ,n[ :5 ! ,lac$aemonians want to unb5d & hold free conv]sation ) _! wise m51 & are no long] satisfi$ ) m]e secret int]c\rse1 !y drive out all ^! laconiz]s1 & any o!r =eign]s :o may happ5 to be 9 _! c\ntry1 & !y hold a philosophical seance unkn[n to /rang]s2 & !y !mselves =bid _! "y m5 to g out into o!r cities--9 ?is !y are l ! ,cretans--9 ord] t !y may n unle>n ! lessons :i* !y h taught !m4 ,& 9 ,lac$aemon & ,crete n only m5 b also wom5 h a pride 9 _! high cultivation4 ,& h]eby y may "k t ,i am "r 9 attribut+ to ! ,lac$aemonians ?is excell5ce 9 philosophy & speculation3 ,if a man conv]ses ) ! mo/ ord9>y ,lac$aemonian1 he w f9d him seldom good = mu* 9 g5]al conv]sation1 b at any po9t 9 ! disc\rse he w be d>t+ out "s notable say+1 t]se & full ( mean+1 ) un]r+ aim2 & ! p]son ) :om he is talk+ seems to be l a *ild 9 8 h&s4 ,& _m ( our own age & ( =m] ages h not$ t ! true ,lac$aemonian type ( "* has ! love ( philosophy ev5 /rong] ?an ! love ( gymna/ics2 !y are consci\s t only a p]fectly educat$ man is capable ( utt]+ su* expressions4 ,su* 7 ,?ales ( ,miletus1 & ,pittacus ( ,mityl5e1 & ,bias ( ,pri5e1 & our own ,solon1 & ,cleobulus ! ,l9dian1 & ,myson ! ,*5ian2 & sev5? 9 ! catalogue ( wise m5 0 ! ,lac$aemonian ,*ilo4 ,all ^! 7 lov]s & emulators & disciples ( ! culture ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 & any "o may p]ceive t _! wisdom 0 ( ?is "*2 consi/+ ( %ort memorable s5t5ces1 :i* !y sev]ally utt]$4 ,& !y met toge!r & d$icat$ 9 ! temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 z ! fir/-fruits ( _! wisdom1 ! f>-fam$ inscriptions1 :i* are 9 all m5's m\?s--',"k ?yself1' & ',no?+ too mu*4' ,:y d ,i say all ?is8 ,i am expla9+ t ?is ,lac$aemonian brevity 0 ! /yle ( primitive philosophy4 ,n[ !re 0 a say+ ( ,pittacus :i* 0 privately circulat$ & receiv$ ! approbation ( ! wise1 ',h>d is x to be good4' ,& ,simonides1 :o 0 ambiti\s ( ! fame ( wisdom1 0 aw>e t if he c\ld ov]?r[ ?is say+1 !n1 z if he _h won a victory ov] "s fam\s a?lete1 he w\ld c>ry (f ! palm among 8 contempor>ies4 ,& if ,i am n mi/ak51 he compos$ ! entire poem ) ! secret int5tion ( damag+ ,pittacus & 8 say+4 ,let u all unite 9 exam9+ 8 words1 & see :e!r ,i am speak+ ! tru?4 ,simonides mu/ h be5 a lunatic1 if1 9 ! v fir/ words ( ! poem1 want+ to say only t to become good is h>d1 he ins]t$ 7,greek7 'on ! "o h&' 7'on ! "o h& to become good is h>d'72 !re w\ld be no reason = ! introduction ( 7,greek71 unless y suppose him to speak ) a ho/ile ref]5ce to ! words ( ,pittacus4 ,pittacus is say+ ',h>d is x to be good1' & he1 9 refutation ( ?is !sis1 rejo9s t ! truly h>d ?+1 ,pittacus1 is to become good1 n jo9+ 'truly' ) 'good1' b ) 'h>d4' ,n1 t ! h>d ?+ is to be truly good1 z ?\gh !re 7 "s truly good m51 & !re 7 o!rs :o 7 good b n truly good 7?is w\ld be a v simple obs]vation1 & q unwor?y ( ,simonides72 b y mu/ suppose him to make a trajection ( ! ^w 'truly' 7,greek71 con/ru+ ! say+ ( ,pittacus ?us 7& let u imag9e ,pittacus to be speak+ & ,simonides answ]+ him73 ',o my fri5ds1' says ,pittacus1 'h>d is x to be good1' & ,simonides answ]s1 ',9 t1 ,pittacus1 y are mi/ak52 ! difficulty is n to be good1 b on ! "o h&1 to become good1 f\r-squ>e 9 h&s & feet & m9d1 )\t a flaw--t is h>d truly4' ,?is way ( read+ ! passage acc\nts = ! ins]tion ( 7,greek7 'on ! "o h&1' & = ! position at ! end ( ! clause ( ! ^w 'truly1' & all t foll[s %[s ?is to be ! mean+4 ,a great deal might be said 9 praise ( ! details ( ! poem1 :i* is a *>m+ piece ( workman%ip1 & v f9i%$1 b su* m9utiae w\ld be t$i\s4 ,i %\ld l1 h[ev]1 to po9t out ! g5]al int5tion ( ! poem1 :i* is c]ta9ly design$ 9 e "p to be a refutation ( ! say+ ( ,pittacus4 ,= he speaks 9 :at foll[s a little fur!r on z if he meant to argue t al?\gh !re is a difficulty 9 becom+ good1 yet ?is is possible = a "t1 & only = a "t4 ,b hav+ become good1 to rema9 9 a good /ate & be good1 z y1 ,pittacus1 affirm1 is n possible1 & is n grant$ to man2 ,god only has ?is bless+2 'b man _c help be+ bad :5 ! =ce ( circum/ances ov]p[]s him4' ,n[ :om does ! =ce ( circum/ance ov]p[] 9 ! comm& ( a vessel8--n ! private individual1 = he is always ov]p[]$2 & z "o :o is already pro/rate _c be ov]?r[n1 & only he :o is /&+ upright b n he :o is pro/rate c be laid pro/rate1 s ! =ce ( circum/ances c only ov]p[] him :o1 at "s "t or o!r1 has res\rces1 & n him :o is at all times helpless4 ,! desc5t ( a great /orm may make ! pilot helpless1 or ! sev]ity ( ! season ! husb&man or ! physician2 = ! good may become bad1 z ano!r poet witnesses3-- ',! good are sometimes good & sometimes bad4' ,b ! bad does n become bad2 he is always bad4 ,s t :5 ! =ce ( circum/ances ov]p[]s ! man ( res\rces & skill & virtue1 !n he _c help be+ bad4 ,& y1 ,pittacus1 are say+1 ',h>d is x to be good4' ,n[ !re is a difficulty 9 becom+ good2 & yet ?is is possible3 b to be good is an impossibility-- ',= he :o does well is ! good man1 & he :o does ill is ! bad4' ,b :at sort ( do+ is good 9 lett]s8 & :at sort ( do+ makes a man good 9 lett]s8 ,cle>ly ! kn[+ ( !m4 ,& :at sort ( well-do+ makes a man a good physician8 ,cle>ly ! k ( ! art ( heal+ ! sick4 ',b he :o does ill is ! bad4' ,n[ :o becomes a bad physician8 ,cle>ly he :o is 9 ! fir/ place a physician1 & 9 ! second place a good physician2 = he may become a bad "o also3 b none ( u unskill$ individuals c by any am\nt ( do+ ill become physicians1 any m ?an we c become c>p5t]s or any?+ ( t sort2 & he :o by do+ ill _c become a physician at all1 cle>ly _c become a bad physician4 ,9 l mann] ! good may become det]iorat$ by "t1 or toil1 or disease1 or o!r accid5t 7! only real do+ ill is to be depriv$ ( k71 b ! bad man w nev] become bad1 = he is always bad2 & if he 7 to become bad1 he mu/ previ\sly h be5 good4 ,?us ! words ( ! poem t5d to %[ t on ! "o h& a man _c be cont9u\sly good1 b t he may become good & may also become bad2 & aga9 t ',!y are ! be/ = ! longe/ "t :om ! gods love4' ,all ?is relates to ,pittacus1 z is fur!r prov$ by ! sequel4 ,= he adds3-- ',!re=e ,i w n ?r[ away my span ( life to no purpose 9 se>*+ aft] ! impossible1 hop+ 9 va9 to f9d a p]fectly faultless man among ^? :o p>take ( ! fruit ( ! broad-bosom$ e>?3 if ,i f9d him1 ,i w s5d y ^w4' 7?is is ! vehem5t way 9 :i* he pursues 8 attack ^u ,pittacus ?r\gh\t ! :ole poem73 ',b him :o does no evil1 volunt>ily ,i praise & love2--n ev5 ! gods w> aga9/ necessity4' ,all ?is has a simil> drift1 = ,simonides 0 n s ignorant z to say t he prais$ ^? :o did no evil volunt>ily1 z ?\gh !re 7 "s :o did evil volunt>ily4 ,= no wise man1 z ,i believe1 w all[ t any human be+ errs volunt>ily1 or volunt>ily does evil & di%on\rable actions2 b !y are v well aw>e t all :o d evil & di%on\rable ?+s d !m aga9/ _! w4 ,& ,simonides nev] says t he praises him :o does no evil volunt>ily2 ! ^w 'volunt>ily' applies to himself4 ,= he 0 "u ! impression t a good man might (t5 compel himself to love & praise ano!r1 & to be ! fri5d & approv] ( ano!r2 & t !re might be an involunt>y love1 su* z a man might feel to an unnatural fa!r or "m1 or c\ntry1 or ! l4 ,n[ bad m51 :5 _! p>5ts or c\ntry h any defects1 look on !m ) malignant joy1 & f9d fault ) !m & expose & d5\nce !m to o!rs1 "u ! idea t ! re/ ( mank9d w be less likely to take !mselves to task & accuse !m ( neglect2 & !y blame _! defects f> m ?an !y des]ve1 9 ord] t ! odium :i* is necess>ily incurr$ by !m may be increas$3 b ! good man dissembles 8 feel+s1 & con/ra9s himself to praise !m2 & if !y h wrong$ him & he is angry1 he pacifies 8 ang] & is reconcil$1 & compels himself to love & praise 8 own fle% & blood4 ,& ,simonides1 z is probable1 consid]$ t he himself _h (t5 _h to praise & magnify a tyrant or ! l1 mu* aga9/ 8 w1 & he also wi%es to imply to ,pittacus t he does n c5sure him because he is c5sori\s4 ',= ,i am satisfi$' he says1 ':5 a man is nei!r bad nor v /upid2 & :5 he kn[s ju/ice 7:i* is ! heal? ( /ates71 & is ( s\nd m9d1 ,i w f9d no fault ) him1 = ,i am n giv5 to f9d+ fault1 & !re are innum]able fools' 7imply+ t if he delight$ 9 c5sure he might h abundant opportunity ( f9d+ fault74 ',all ?+s are good ) :i* evil is unm+l$4' ,9 ^! latt] words he does n mean to say t all ?+s are good :i* h no evil 9 !m1 z y might say ',all ?+s are :ite :i* h no black 9 !m1' = t w\ld be ridicul\s2 b he means to say t he accepts & f9ds no fault ) ! mod]ate or int]m$iate /ate4 7',i d n hope' he says1 'to f9d a p]fectly blameless man among ^? :o p>take ( ! fruits ( ! broad-bosom$ e>? 7if ,i f9d him1 ,i w s5d y ^w72 9 ?is s5se ,i praise no man4 ,b he :o is mod]ately good1 & does no evil1 is good en\gh = me1 :o love & approve e "o'7 7& "h obs]ve t he uses a ,lesbian ^w1 epa9emi 7approve71 because he is address+ ,pittacus1 ',:o love & ,,approve e "o ,,volunt>ily1 :o does no evil3' & t ! /op %\ld be put aft] 'volunt>ily'72 'b !re are "s :om ,i involunt>ily praise & love4 ,& y1 ,pittacus1 ,i w\ld nev] h blam$1 if y _h spok5 :at 0 mod]ately good & true2 b ,i d blame y because1 putt+ on ! appe>ance ( tru?1 y are speak+ falsely ab\t ! highe/ matt]s4'--,& ?is1 ,i said1 ,prodicus & ,protagoras1 ,i take to be ! mean+ ( ,simonides 9 ?is poem4 ,hippias said3 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t y h giv5 a v good explanation ( ! poem2 b ,i h also an excell5t int]pretation ( my own :i* ,i w prop\nd to y1 if y w all[ me4 ,nay1 ,hippias1 said ,alcibiades2 n n[1 b at "s o!r "t4 ,at pres5t we mu/ abide by ! compact :i* 0 made betwe5 ,socrates & ,protagoras1 to ! effect t z long z ,protagoras is will+ to ask1 ,socrates %\ld answ]2 or t if he w\ld r answ]1 !n t ,socrates %\ld ask4 ,i said3 ,i wi% ,protagoras ei!r to ask or answ] z he is incl9$2 b ,i w\ld r h done ) poems & odes1 if he does n object1 & come back to ! "q ab\t :i* ,i 0 ask+ y at fir/1 ,protagoras1 & by y\r help make an end ( t4 ,! talk ab\t ! poets seems to me l a commonplace ent]ta9m5t to :i* a vulg> company h rec\rse2 :o1 because !y are n able to conv]se or amuse "o ano!r1 :ile !y are dr9k+1 ) ! s\nd ( _! own voices & conv]sation1 by reason ( _! /upidity1 raise ! price ( flute-girls 9 ! m>ket1 hir+ = a great sum ! voice ( a flute in/ead ( _! own brea?1 to be ! m$ium ( int]c\rse among !m3 b :]e ! company are real g5tlem5 & m5 ( education1 y w see no flute-girls1 nor danc+-girls1 nor h>p-girls2 & !y h no nons5se or games1 b are cont5t$ ) "o ano!r's conv]sation1 ( :i* _! own voices are ! m$ium1 & :i* !y c>ry on by turns & 9 an ord]ly mann]1 ev5 ?\gh !y are v lib]al 9 _! potations4 ,& a company l ?is ( ours1 & m5 su* z we pr(ess to be1 d n require ! help ( ano!r's voice1 or ( ! poets :om y _c int]rogate ab\t ! mean+ ( :at !y are say+2 p :o cite !m decl>+1 "s t ! poet has "o mean+1 & o!rs t he has ano!r1 & ! po9t :i* is 9 dispute c nev] be decid$4 ,?is sort ( ent]ta9m5t !y decl9e1 & pref] to talk ) "o ano!r1 & put "o ano!r to ! pro( 9 conv]sation4 ,& ^! are ! models :i* ,i desire t y & ,i %\ld imitate4 ,leav+ ! poets1 & keep+ to ourselves1 let u try ! mettle ( "o ano!r & make pro( ( ! tru? 9 conv]sation4 ,if y h a m9d to ask1 ,i am ready to answ]2 or if y w\ld r1 d y answ]1 & give me ! opportunity ( resum+ & complet+ our unf9i%$ argum5t4 ,i made ^! & "s simil> obs]vations2 b ,protagoras w\ld n di/9ctly say :i* he w\ld d4 ,!reupon ,alcibiades turn$ to ,callias1 & said3--,d y ?9k1 ,callias1 t ,protagoras is fair 9 refus+ to say :e!r he w or w n answ]8 = ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t he is unfair2 he ought ei!r to proce$ ) ! argum5t1 or di/9ctly refuse to proce$1 t we may "k 8 int5tion2 & !n ,socrates w be able to disc\rse ) "s "o else1 & ! re/ ( ! company w be free to talk ) "o ano!r4 ,i ?9k t ,protagoras 0 really made a%am$ by ^! words ( ,alcibiades1 & :5 ! pray]s ( ,callias & ! company 7 sup]add$1 he 0 at la/ induc$ to argue1 & said t ,i might ask & he w\ld answ]4 ,s ,i said3 ,d n imag9e1 ,protagoras1 t ,i h any o!r int]e/ 9 ask+ que/ions ( y b t ( cle>+ up my own difficulties4 ,= ,i ?9k t ,hom] 0 v "r 9 say+ t ',:5 two g toge!r1 "o sees be=e ! o!r 7,il471' = all m5 :o h a companion are readi] 9 de$1 ^w1 or ?\ght2 b if a man ',sees a ?+ :5 he is alone1' he goes ab\t /raightway seek+ until he f9ds "s "o to :om he may %[ 8 discov]ies1 & :o may confirm him 9 !m4 ,& ,i w\ld r hold disc\rse ) y ?an ) any "o1 because ,i ?9k t no man has a bett] und]/&+ ( mo/ ?+s :i* a good man may be expect$ to und]/&1 & 9 p>ticul> ( virtue4 ,= :o is !re1 b y8--:o n only claim to be a good man & a g5tleman1 = _m are ?is1 & yet h n ! p[] ( mak+ o!rs good--:]eas y are n only good y\rself1 b also ! cause ( goodness 9 o!rs4 ,moreov] su* confid5ce h y 9 y\rself1 t al?\gh o!r ,sophi/s conceal _! pr(ession1 y proclaim 9 ! face ( ,hellas t y are a ,sophi/ or tea*] ( virtue & education1 & are ! fir/ :o dem&$ pay 9 return4 ,h[ !n c ,i d o!rwise ?an invite y to ! exam9ation ( ^! subjects1 & ask que/ions & consult ) y8 ,i mu/1 inde$4 ,& ,i %\ld l once m to h my memory refre%$ by y ab\t ! que/ions :i* ,i 0 ask+ y at fir/1 & also to h y\r help 9 consid]+ !m4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak5 ! "q 0 ?is3 ,are wisdom & temp]ance & c\rage & ju/ice & hol9ess five names ( ! same ?+8 or has ea* ( ! names a sep>ate und]ly+ ess5ce & correspond+ ?+ hav+ a peculi> function1 no "o ( !m be+ l any o!r ( !m8 ,& y repli$ t ! five names 7 n ! names ( ! same ?+1 b t ea* ( !m _h a sep>ate object1 & t all ^! objects 7 p>ts ( virtue1 n 9 ! same way t ! p>ts ( gold are l ea* o!r & ! :ole ( :i* !y are p>ts1 b z ! p>ts ( ! face are unlike ! :ole ( :i* !y are p>ts & "o ano!r1 & h ea* ( !m a di/9ct function4 ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r ?is is /ill y\r op9ion2 or if n1 ,i w ask y to def9e y\r mean+1 & ,i %all n take y to task if y n[ make a diff]5t /atem5t4 ,= ,i d>e say t y may h said :at y did only 9 ord] to make trial ( me4 ,i answ]1 ,socrates1 he said1 t all ^! qualities are p>ts ( virtue1 & t f\r out ( ! five are to "s ext5t simil>1 & t ! fif? ( !m1 :i* is c\rage1 is v diff]5t f ! o!r f\r1 z ,i prove 9 ?is way3 ,y may obs]ve t _m m5 are utt]ly unrighte\s1 unholy1 intemp]ate1 ignorant1 :o are nev]!less rem>kable = _! c\rage4 ,/op1 ,i said2 ,i %\ld l to ?9k ab\t t4 ,:5 y speak ( brave m51 d y mean ! confid5t1 or ano!r sort ( nature8 ,yes1 he said2 ,i mean ! impetu\s1 ready to g at t :i* o!rs are afraid to approa*4 ,9 ! next place1 y w\ld affirm virtue to be a good ?+1 ( :i* good ?+ y ass]t y\rself to be a tea*]4 ,yes1 he said2 ,i %\ld say ! be/ ( all ?+s1 if ,i am 9 my "r m9d4 ,& is x p>tly good & p>tly bad1 ,i said1 or :olly good8 ,:olly good1 & 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,tell me !n2 :o are !y :o h confid5ce :5 div+ into a well8 ,i %\ld say1 ! div]s4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t !y h k8 ,yes1 t is ! reason4 ,& :o h confid5ce :5 fight+ on horseback--! skill$ horseman or ! unskill$8 ,! skill$4 ,& :o :5 fight+ ) light %ields--! pelta/s or ! nonpelta/s8 ,! pelta/s4 ,& t is true ( all o!r ?+s1 he said1 if t is y\r po9t3 ^? :o h k are m confid5t ?an ^? :o h no k1 & !y are m confid5t aft] !y h le>n$ ?an be=e4 ,& h y n se5 p]sons utt]ly ignorant1 ,i said1 ( ^! ?+s1 & yet confid5t ab\t !m8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i h se5 su* p]sons f> too confid5t4 ,& are n ^! confid5t p]sons also c\rage\s8 ,9 t case1 he repli$1 c\rage w\ld be a base ?+1 = ! m5 ( :om we are speak+ are surely madm54 ,!n :o are ! c\rage\s8 ,are !y n ! confid5t8 ,yes1 he said2 to t /atem5t ,i adh]e4 ,& ^?1 ,i said1 :o are ?us confid5t )\t k are really n c\rage\s1 b mad2 & 9 t case ! wise/ are also ! mo/ confid5t1 & be+ ! mo/ confid5t are also ! brave/1 & ^u t view aga9 wisdom w be c\rage4 ,nay1 ,socrates1 he repli$1 y are mi/ak5 9 y\r remembrance ( :at 0 said by me4 ,:5 y ask$ me1 ,i c]ta9ly did say t ! c\rage\s are ! confid5t2 b ,i 0 nev] ask$ :e!r ! confid5t are ! c\rage\s2 if y _h ask$ me1 ,i %\ld h answ]$ ',n all ( !m'3 & :at ,i did answ] y h n prov$ to be false1 al?\gh y proce$$ to %[ t ^? :o h k are m c\rage\s ?an !y 7 be=e !y _h k1 & m c\rage\s ?an o!rs :o h no k1 & 7 !n l$ on to ?9k t c\rage is ! same z wisdom4 ,b 9 ?is way ( argu+ y might come to imag9e t /r5g? is wisdom4 ,y might beg9 by ask+ :e!r ! /rong are able1 & ,i %\ld say ',yes'2 & !n :e!r ^? :o "k h[ to wre/le are n m able to wre/le ?an ^? :o d n "k h[ to wre/le1 & m able aft] ?an be=e !y _h le>n$1 & ,i %\ld ass5t4 ,& :5 ,i _h admitt$ ?is1 y might use my admissions 9 su* a way z to prove t ^u my view wisdom is /r5g?2 :]eas 9 t case ,i %\ld n h admitt$1 any m ?an 9 ! o!r1 t ! able are /rong1 al?\gh ,i h admitt$ t ! /rong are able4 ,= !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ability & /r5g?2 ! =m] is giv5 by k z well z by madness or rage1 b /r5g? comes f nature & a heal?y /ate ( ! body4 ,& 9 l mann] ,i say ( confid5ce & c\rage1 t !y are n ! same2 & ,i argue t ! c\rage\s are confid5t1 b n all ! confid5t c\rage\s4 ,= confid5ce may be giv5 to m5 by art1 & also1 l ability1 by madness & rage2 b c\rage comes to !m f nature & ! heal?y /ate ( ! s\l4 ,i said3 ,y w\ld admit1 ,protagoras1 t "s m5 live well & o!rs ill8 ,he ass5t$4 ,& d y ?9k t a man lives well :o lives 9 pa9 & grief8 ,he does n4 ,b if he lives pleasantly to ! end ( 8 life1 w he n 9 t case h liv$ well8 ,he w4 ,!n to live pleasantly is a good1 & to live unpleasantly an evil8 ,yes1 he said1 if ! pleasure be good & hon\rable4 ,& d y1 ,protagoras1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 call "s pleasant ?+s evil & "s pa9ful ?+s good8--= ,i am r dispos$ to say t ?+s are good 9 z f> z !y are pleasant1 if !y h no consequ5ces ( ano!r sort1 & 9 z f> z !y are pa9ful !y are bad4 ,i d n "k1 ,socrates1 he said1 :e!r ,i c v5ture to ass]t 9 t unqualifi$ mann] t ! pleasant is ! good & ! pa9ful ! evil4 ,hav+ reg>d n only to my pres5t answ]1 b also to ! :ole ( my life1 ,i %all be saf]1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 9 say+ t !re are "s pleasant ?+s :i* are n good1 & t !re are "s pa9ful ?+s :i* are good1 & "s :i* are n good1 & t !re are "s :i* are nei!r good nor evil4 ,& y w\ld call pleasant1 ,i said1 ! ?+s :i* p>ticipate 9 pleasure or create pleasure8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,!n my mean+ is1 t 9 z f> z !y are pleasant !y are good2 & my "q w\ld imply t pleasure is a good 9 itself4 ,accord+ to y\r fav\rite mode ( spee*1 ,socrates1 ',let u reflect ab\t ?is1' he said2 & if ! reflection is to ! po9t1 & ! result proves t pleasure & good are really ! same1 !n we w agree2 b if n1 !n we w argue4 ,& w\ld y wi% to beg9 ! enquiry8 ,i said2 or %all ,i beg98 ,y ought to take ! lead1 he said2 = y are ! au?or ( ! discussion4 ,may ,i employ an illu/ration8 ,i said4 ,suppose "s "o :o is enquir+ into ! heal? or "s o!r bodily quality ( ano!r3--he looks at 8 face & at ! tips ( 8 f+]s1 & !n he says1 ,uncov] y\r *e/ & back to me t ,i may h a bett] view3--t is ! sort ( ?+ :i* ,i desire 9 ?is speculation4 ,hav+ se5 :at y\r op9ion is ab\t good & pleasure1 ,i am m9d$ to say to y3 ,uncov] y\r m9d to me1 ,protagoras1 & reveal y\r op9ion ab\t k1 t ,i may "k :e!r y agree ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,n[ ! re/ ( ! _w are ( op9ion t k is a pr9ciple n ( /r5g?1 or ( rule1 or ( comm&3 _! notion is t a man may h k1 & yet t ! k :i* is 9 him may be ov]ma/]$ by ang]1 or pleasure1 or pa91 or love1 or p]haps by fe>1--j z if k 7 a slave1 & might be dragg$ ab\t anyh[4 ,n[ is t y\r view8 or d y ?9k t k is a noble & comm&+ ?+1 :i* _c be ov]come1 & w n all[ a man1 if he only kn[s ! diff]5ce ( good & evil1 to d any?+ :i* is contr>y to k1 b t wisdom w h /r5g? to help him8 ,i agree ) y1 ,socrates1 said ,protagoras2 & n only s1 b ,i1 above all o!r m51 am b\nd to say t wisdom & k are ! highe/ ( human ?+s4 ,good1 ,i said1 & true4 ,b are y aw>e t ! majority ( ! _w are ( ano!r m9d2 & t m5 are commonly suppos$ to "k ! ?+s :i* are be/1 & n to d !m :5 !y might8 ,& mo/ p]sons :om ,i h ask$ ! reason ( ?is h said t :5 m5 act contr>y to k !y are ov]come by pa91 or pleasure1 or "s ( ^? affections :i* ,i 0 j n[ m5tion+4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 he repli$2 & t is n ! only po9t ab\t :i* mank9d are 9 error4 ,suppose1 !n1 t y & ,i endeav\r to in/ruct & in=m !m :at is ! nature ( ?is affection :i* !y call 'be+ ov]come by pleasure1' & :i* !y affirm to be ! reason :y !y d n always d :at is be/4 ,:5 we say to !m3 ,fri5ds1 y are mi/ak51 & are say+ :at is n true1 !y w\ld probably reply3 ,socrates & ,protagoras1 if ?is affection ( ! s\l is n to be call$ 'be+ ov]come by pleasure1' pray1 :at is x1 & by :at "n w\ld y describe x8 ,b :y1 ,socrates1 %\ld we tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! op9ion ( ! _m1 :o j say any?+ t happ5s to occur to !m8 ,i believe1 ,i said1 t !y may be ( use 9 help+ u to discov] h[ c\rage is relat$ to ! o!r p>ts ( virtue4 ,if y are dispos$ to abide by our agreem5t1 t ,i %\ld %[ ! way 9 :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 our rec5t difficulty is mo/ likely to be cle>$ up1 d y foll[2 b if n1 nev] m9d4 ,y are q "r1 he said2 & ,i w\ld h y proce$ z y h begun4 ,well !n1 ,i said1 let me suppose t !y repeat _! "q1 ,:at acc\nt d y give ( t :i*1 9 our way ( speak+1 is t]m$ be+ ov]come by pleasure8 ,i %\ld answ] ?us3 ,li/51 & ,protagoras & ,i w endeav\r to %[ y4 ,:5 m5 are ov]come by eat+ & dr9k+ & o!r s5sual desires :i* are pleasant1 & !y1 kn[+ !m to be evil1 nev]!less indulge 9 !m1 w\ld y n say t !y 7 ov]come by pleasure8 ,!y w n d5y ?is4 ,& suppose t y & ,i 7 to g on & ask !m aga93 ',9 :at way d y say t !y are evil1--9 t !y are pleasant & give pleasure at ! mom5t1 or because !y cause disease & pov]ty & o!r l evils 9 ! future8 ,w\ld !y /ill be evil1 if !y _h no att5dant evil consequ5ces1 simply because !y give ! consci\sness ( pleasure ( :atev] nature8'--,w\ld !y n answ] t !y are n evil on acc\nt ( ! pleasure :i* is imm$iately giv5 by !m1 b on acc\nt ( ! aft] consequ5ces--diseases & ! l8 ,i believe1 said ,protagoras1 t ! _w 9 g5]al w\ld answ] z y d4 ,& 9 caus+ diseases d !y n cause pa98 & 9 caus+ pov]ty d !y n cause pa92--!y w\ld agree to t also1 if ,i am n mi/ak58 ,protagoras ass5t$4 ,!n ,i %\ld say to !m1 9 my "n & y\rs3 ,d y ?9k !m evil = any o!r reason1 except because !y end 9 pa9 & rob u ( o!r pleasures3--!re aga9 !y w\ld agree8 ,we bo? ( u ?\ght t !y w\ld4 ,& !n ,i %\ld take ! "q f ! opposite po9t ( view1 & say3 ',fri5ds1 :5 y speak ( goods be+ pa9ful1 d y n mean rem$ial goods1 su* z gymna/ic ex]cises1 & milit>y s]vice1 & ! physician's use ( burn+1 cutt+1 drugg+1 & />v+8 ,are ^! ! ?+s :i* are good b pa9ful8'--!y w\ld ass5t to me8 ,he agre$4 ',& d y call !m good because !y occasion ! greate/ imm$iate suff]+ & pa92 or because1 aft]w>ds1 !y br+ heal? & improvem5t ( ! bodily condition & ! salvation ( /ates & p[] ov] o!rs & weal?8'--!y w\ld agree to ! latt] alt]native1 if ,i am n mi/ak58 ,he ass5t$4 ',are ^! ?+s good = any o!r reason except t !y end 9 pleasure1 & get rid ( & av]t pa98 ,are y look+ to any o!r /&>d b pleasure & pa9 :5 y call !m good8'--!y w\ld ackn[l$ge t !y 7 n8 ,i ?9k s1 said ,protagoras4 ',& d y n pursue aft] pleasure z a good1 & avoid pa9 z an evil8' ,he ass5t$4 ',!n y ?9k t pa9 is an evil & pleasure is a good3 & ev5 pleasure y deem an evil1 :5 x robs y ( great] pleasures ?an x gives1 or causes pa9s great] ?an ! pleasure4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y call pleasure an evil 9 relation to "s o!r end or /&>d1 y w be able to %[ u t /&>d4 ,b y h none to %[4' ,i d n ?9k t !y h1 said ,protagoras4 ',& h y n a simil> way ( speak+ ab\t pa98 ,y call pa9 a good :5 x takes away great] pa9s ?an ^? :i* x has1 or gives pleasures great] ?an ! pa9s3 !n if y h "s /&>d o!r ?an pleasure & pa9 to :i* y ref] :5 y call actual pa9 a good1 y c %[ :at t is4 ,b y _c4' ,true1 said ,protagoras4 ,suppose aga91 ,i said1 t ! _w says to me3 ',:y d y sp5d _m words & speak 9 _m ways on ?is subject8' ,excuse me1 fri5ds1 ,i %\ld reply2 b 9 ! fir/ place !re is a difficulty 9 expla9+ ! mean+ ( ! expression 'ov]come by pleasure'2 & ! :ole argum5t turns ^u ?is4 ,& ev5 n[1 if y see any possible way 9 :i* evil c be expla9$ z o!r ?an pa91 or good z o!r ?an pleasure1 y may /ill retract4 ,are y satisfi$1 !n1 at hav+ a life ( pleasure :i* is )\t pa98 ,if y are1 & if y are unable to %[ any good or evil :i* does n end 9 pleasure & pa91 he> ! consequ5ces3--,if :at y say is true1 !n ! argum5t is absurd :i* affirms t a man (t5 does evil kn[+ly1 :5 he might ab/a91 because he is s$uc$ & ov]p[]$ by pleasure2 or aga91 :5 y say t a man kn[+ly refuses to d :at is good because he is ov]come at ! mom5t by pleasure4 ,& t ?is is ridicul\s w be evid5t if only we give up ! use ( v>i\s names1 su* z pleasant & pa9ful1 & good & evil4 ,z !re are two ?+s1 let u call !m by two names--fir/1 good & evil1 & !n pleasant & pa9ful4 ,assum+ ?is1 let u g on to say t a man does evil kn[+ t he does evil4 ,b "s "o w ask1 ,:y8 ,because he is ov]come1 is ! fir/ answ]4 ,& by :at is he ov]come8 ! enquir] w proce$ to ask4 ,& we %all n be able to reply ',by pleasure1' = ! "n ( pleasure has be5 ex*ang$ = t ( good4 ,9 our answ]1 !n1 we %all only say t he is ov]come4 ',by :at8' he w reit]ate4 ,by ! good1 we %all h to reply2 inde$ we %all4 ,nay1 b our que/ion] w rejo9 ) a laugh1 if he be "o ( ! swagg]+ sort1 ',t is too ridicul\s1 t a man %\ld d :at he kn[s to be evil :5 he ought n1 because he is ov]come by good4 ,is t1 he w ask1 because ! good 0 wor?y or n wor?y ( conqu]+ ! evil'8 ,& 9 answ] to t we %all cle>ly reply1 ,because x 0 n wor?y2 = if x _h be5 wor?y1 !n he :o1 z we say1 0 ov]come by pleasure1 w\ld n h be5 wrong4 ',b h[1' he w reply1 'c ! good be unwor?y ( ! evil1 or ! evil ( ! good'8 ,is n ! real explanation t !y are out ( proportion to "o ano!r1 ei!r z great] & small]1 or m & few]8 ,?is we _c d5y4 ,& :5 y speak ( be+ ov]come--':at d y mean1' he w say1 'b t y *oose ! great] evil 9 ex*ange = ! less] good8' ,admitt$4 ,& n[ sub/itute ! names ( pleasure & pa9 = good & evil1 & say1 n z be=e1 t a man does :at is evil kn[+ly1 b t he does :at is pa9ful kn[+ly1 & because he is ov]come by pleasure1 :i* is unwor?y to ov]come4 ,:at measure is !re ( ! relations ( pleasure to pa9 o!r ?an excess & defect1 :i* means t !y become great] & small]1 & m & few]1 & diff] 9 degree8 ,= if any "o says3 ',yes1 ,socrates1 b imm$iate pleasure diff]s widely f future pleasure & pa9'--,to t ,i %\ld reply3 ,& d !y diff] 9 any?+ b 9 pleasure & pa98 ,!re c be no o!r measure ( !m4 ,& d y1 l a skilful weigh]1 put into ! balance ! pleasures & ! pa9s1 & _! ne>ness & di/ance1 & weigh !m1 & !n say :i* outweighs ! o!r4 ,if y weigh pleasures aga9/ pleasures1 y ( c\rse take ! m & great]2 or if y weigh pa9s aga9/ pa9s1 y take ! few] & ! less2 or if pleasures aga9/ pa9s1 !n y *oose t c\rse ( action 9 :i* ! pa9ful is exce$$ by ! pleasant1 :e!r ! di/ant by ! ne> or ! ne> by ! di/ant2 & y avoid t c\rse ( action 9 :i* ! pleasant is exce$$ by ! pa9ful4 ,w\ld y n admit1 my fri5ds1 t ?is is true8 ,i am confid5t t !y _c d5y ?is4 ,he agre$ ) me4 ,well !n1 ,i %all say1 if y agree s f>1 be s good z to answ] me a "q3 ,d n ! same magnitudes appe> l>g] to y\r sight :5 ne>1 & small] :5 at a di/ance8 ,!y w ackn[l$ge t4 ,& ! same holds ( ?ickness & numb]2 also s\nds1 :i* are 9 !mselves equal1 are great] :5 ne>1 & less] :5 at a di/ance4 ,!y w grant t also4 ,n[ suppose happ9ess to consi/ 9 do+ or *oos+ ! great]1 & 9 n do+ or 9 avoid+ ! less1 :at w\ld be ! sav+ pr9ciple ( human life8 ,w\ld n ! art ( measur+ be ! sav+ pr9ciple2 or w\ld ! p[] ( appe>ance8 ,is n ! latt] t deceiv+ art :i* makes u w&] up & d[n & take ! ?+s at "o "t ( :i* we rep5t at ano!r1 bo? 9 our actions & 9 our *oice ( ?+s great & small8 ,b ! art ( measurem5t w\ld d away ) ! effect ( appe>ances1 &1 %[+ ! tru?1 w\ld fa9 tea* ! s\l at la/ to f9d re/ 9 ! tru?1 & w\ld ?us save our life4 ,w\ld n mank9d g5]ally ackn[l$ge t ! art :i* accompli%es ?is result is ! art ( measurem5t8 ,yes1 he said1 ! art ( measurem5t4 ,suppose1 aga91 ! salvation ( human life to dep5d on ! *oice ( odd & ev51 & on ! k ( :5 a man ought to *oose ! great] or less1 ei!r 9 ref]5ce to !mselves or to ea* o!r1 & :e!r ne> or at a di/ance2 :at w\ld be ! sav+ pr9ciple ( our lives8 ,w\ld n k8--a k ( measur+1 :5 ! "q is "o ( excess & defect1 & a k ( numb]1 :5 ! "q is ( odd & ev58 ,! _w w ass5t1 w !y n8 ,protagoras himself ?\ght t !y w\ld4 ,well !n1 my fri5ds1 ,i say to !m2 see+ t ! salvation ( human life has be5 f\nd to consi/ 9 ! "r *oice ( pleasures & pa9s1--9 ! *oice ( ! m & ! few]1 & ! great] & ! less1 & ! ne>] & remot]1 mu/ n ?is measur+ be a consid]ation ( _! excess & defect & equality 9 relation to ea* o!r8 ,?is is und5iably true4 ,& ?is1 z possess+ measure1 mu/ und5iably also be an art & sci5ce8 ,!y w agree1 he said4 ,! nature ( t art or sci5ce w be a matt] ( future consid]ation2 b ! exi/5ce ( su* a sci5ce furni%es a demon/rative answ] to ! "q :i* y ask$ ( me & ,protagoras4 ,at ! "t :5 y ask$ ! "q1 if y rememb]1 bo? ( u 7 agree+ t !re 0 no?+ mighti] ?an k1 & t k1 9 :atev] exi/+1 mu/ h ! advantage ov] pleasure & all o!r ?+s2 & !n y said t pleasure (t5 got ! advantage ev5 ov] a man :o has k2 & we refus$ to all[ ?is1 & y rejo9$3 ,o ,protagoras & ,socrates1 :at is ! mean+ ( be+ ov]come by pleasure if n ?is8--tell u :at y call su* a /ate3--if we _h imm$iately & at ! "t answ]$ ',ignorance1' y w\ld h laugh$ at u4 ,b n[1 9 laugh+ at u1 y w be laugh+ at y\rselves3 = y also admitt$ t m5 err 9 _! *oice ( pleasures & pa9s2 t is1 9 _! *oice ( good & evil1 f defect ( k2 & y admitt$ fur!r1 t !y err1 n only f defect ( k 9 g5]al1 b ( t p>ticul> k :i* is call$ measur+4 ,& y are also aw>e t ! err+ act :i* is done )\t k is done 9 ignorance4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! mean+ ( be+ ov]come by pleasure2--ignorance1 & t ! greate/4 ,& our fri5ds ,protagoras & ,prodicus & ,hippias decl>e t !y are ! physicians ( ignorance2 b y1 :o are "u ! mi/ak5 impression t ignorance is n ! cause1 & t ! art ( :i* ,i am speak+ _c be taught1 nei!r g y\rselves1 nor s5d y\r *ildr51 to ! ,sophi/s1 :o are ! tea*]s ( ^! ?+s--y take c>e ( y\r money & give !m none2 & ! result is1 t y are ! worse (f bo? 9 public & private life3--,let u suppose ?is to be our answ] to ! _w 9 g5]al3 ,& n[ ,i %\ld l to ask y1 ,hippias1 & y1 ,prodicus1 z well z ,protagoras 7= ! argum5t is to be y\rs z well z ours71 :e!r y ?9k t ,i am speak+ ! tru? or n8 ,!y all ?\ght t :at ,i said 0 entirely true4 ,!n y agree1 ,i said1 t ! pleasant is ! good1 & ! pa9ful evil4 ,& "h ,i w\ld beg my fri5d ,prodicus n to introduce 8 di/9ction ( names1 :e!r he is dispos$ to say pleasurable1 delightful1 joyful4 ,h[ev]1 by :atev] "n he pref]s to call !m1 ,i w ask y1 mo/ excell5t ,prodicus1 to answ] 9 my s5se ( ! words4 ,prodicus laugh$ & ass5t$1 z did ! o!rs4 ,!n1 my fri5ds1 :at d y say to ?is8 ,are n all actions hon\rable & useful1 ( :i* ! t5d5cy is to make life pa9less & pleasant8 ,! hon\rable "w is also useful & good8 ,?is 0 admitt$4 ,!n1 ,i said1 if ! pleasant is ! good1 nobody does any?+ "u ! idea or conviction t "s o!r ?+ w\ld be bett] & is also atta9able1 :5 he might d ! bett]4 ,& ?is inf]iority ( a man to himself is m]ely ignorance1 z ! sup]iority ( a man to himself is wisdom4 ,!y all ass5t$4 ,& is n ignorance ! hav+ a false op9ion & be+ deceiv$ ab\t important matt]s8 ,to ?is also !y unanim\sly ass5t$4 ,!n1 ,i said1 no man volunt>ily pursues evil1 or t :i* he ?9ks to be evil4 ,to pref] evil to good is n 9 human nature2 & :5 a man is compell$ to *oose "o ( two evils1 no "o w *oose ! great] :5 he may h ! less4 ,all ( u agre$ to e ^w ( ?is4 ,well1 ,i said1 !re is a c]ta9 ?+ call$ fe> or t]ror2 & "h1 ,prodicus1 ,i %\ld p>ticul>ly l to "k :e!r y w\ld agree ) me 9 def9+ ?is fe> or t]ror z expectation ( evil4 ,protagoras & ,hippias agre$1 b ,prodicus said t ?is 0 fe> & n t]ror4 ,nev] m9d1 ,prodicus1 ,i said2 b let me ask :e!r1 if our =m] ass]tions are true1 a man w pursue t :i* he fe>s :5 he is n compell$8 ,w\ld n ?is be 9 flat contradiction to ! admission :i* has be5 already made1 t he ?9ks ! ?+s :i* he fe>s to be evil2 & no "o w pursue or volunt>ily accept t :i* he ?9ks to be evil8 ,t also 0 univ]sally admitt$4 ,!n1 ,i said1 ^!1 ,hippias & ,prodicus1 are our premisses2 & ,i w\ld beg ,protagoras to expla9 to u h[ he c be "r 9 :at he said at fir/4 ,i d n mean 9 :at he said q at fir/1 = 8 fir/ /atem5t1 z y may rememb]1 0 t :]eas !re 7 five p>ts ( virtue none ( !m 0 l any o!r ( !m2 ea* ( !m _h a sep>ate function4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i am n ref]r+1 b to ! ass]tion :i* he aft]w>ds made t ( ! five virtues f\r 7 ne>ly ak9 to ea* o!r1 b t ! fif?1 :i* 0 c\rage1 diff]$ greatly f ! o!rs4 ,& ( ?is he gave me ! foll[+ pro(4 ,he said3 ,y w f9d1 ,socrates1 t "s ( ! mo/ impi\s1 & unrighte\s1 & intemp]ate1 & ignorant ( m5 are among ! mo/ c\rage\s2 :i* proves t c\rage is v diff]5t f ! o!r p>ts ( virtue4 ,i 0 surpris$ at 8 say+ ?is at ! "t1 & ,i am /ill m surpris$ n[ t ,i h discuss$ ! matt] ) y4 ,s ,i ask$ him :e!r by ! brave he meant ! confid5t4 ,yes1 he repli$1 & ! impetu\s or go]s4 7,y may rememb]1 ,protagoras1 t ?is 0 y\r answ]47 ,he ass5t$4 ,well !n1 ,i said1 tell u aga9/ :at are ! c\rage\s ready to g--aga9/ ! same dang]s z ! c[>ds8 ,no1 he answ]$4 ,!n aga9/ some?+ diff]5t8 ,yes1 he said4 ,!n d c[>ds g :]e !re is safety1 & ! c\rage\s :]e !re is dang]8 ,yes1 ,socrates1 s m5 say4 ,v true1 ,i said4 ,b ,i want to "k aga9/ :at d y say t ! c\rage\s are ready to g--aga9/ dang]s1 believ+ !m to be dang]s1 or n aga9/ dang]s8 ,no1 said he2 ! =m] case has be5 prov$ by y 9 ! previ\s argum5t to be impossible4 ,t1 aga91 ,i repli$1 is q true4 ,& if ?is has be5 rightly prov51 !n no "o goes to meet :at he ?9ks to be dang]s1 s9ce ! want ( self-control1 :i* makes m5 ru% into dang]s1 has be5 %[n to be ignorance4 ,he ass5t$4 ,& yet ! c\rage\s man & ! c[>d alike g to meet t ab\t :i* !y are confid5t2 s t1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 ! c[>dly & ! c\rage\s g to meet ! same ?+s4 ,& yet1 ,socrates1 said ,protagoras1 t to :i* ! c[>d goes is ! opposite ( t to :i* ! c\rage\s goes2 ! "o1 = example1 is ready to g to battle1 & ! o!r is n ready4 ,& is go+ to battle hon\rable or disgraceful8 ,i said4 ,hon\rable1 he repli$4 ,& if hon\rable1 !n already admitt$ by u to be good2 = all hon\rable actions we h admitt$ to be good4 ,t is true2 & to t op9ion ,i %all always adh]e4 ,true1 ,i said4 ,b :i* ( ! two are !y :o1 z y say1 are unwill+ to g to w>1 :i* is a good & hon\rable ?+8 ,! c[>ds1 he repli$4 ,& :at is good & hon\rable1 ,i said1 is also pleasant8 ,x has c]ta9ly be5 ackn[l$g$ to be s1 he repli$4 ,& d ! c[>ds kn[+ly refuse to g to ! nobl]1 & pleasant]1 & bett]8 ,! admission ( t1 he repli$1 w\ld belie our =m] admissions4 ,b does n ! c\rage\s man also g to meet ! bett]1 & pleasant]1 & nobl]8 ,t mu/ be admitt$4 ,& ! c\rage\s man has no base fe> or base confid5ce8 ,true1 he repli$4 ,& if n base1 !n hon\rable8 ,he admitt$ ?is4 ,& if hon\rable1 !n good8 ,yes4 ,b ! fe> & confid5ce ( ! c[>d or foolh>dy or madman1 on ! contr>y1 are base8 ,he ass5t$4 ,& ^! base fe>s & confid5ces orig9ate 9 ignorance & un9/ruct$ness8 ,true1 he said4 ,!n z to ! motive f :i* ! c[>ds act1 d y call x c[>dice or c\rage8 ,i %\ld say c[>dice1 he repli$4 ,& h !y n be5 %[n to be c[>ds ?r\gh _! ignorance ( dang]s8 ,assur$ly1 he said4 ,& because ( t ignorance !y are c[>ds8 ,he ass5t$4 ,& ! reason :y !y are c[>ds is admitt$ by y to be c[>dice8 ,he aga9 ass5t$4 ,!n ! ignorance ( :at is & is n dang]\s is c[>dice8 ,he nodd$ ass5t4 ,b surely c\rage1 ,i said1 is oppos$ to c[>dice8 ,yes4 ,!n ! wisdom :i* kn[s :at are & are n dang]s is oppos$ to ! ignorance ( !m8 ,to t aga9 he nodd$ ass5t4 ,& ! ignorance ( !m is c[>dice8 ,to t he v reluctantly nodd$ ass5t4 ,& ! k ( t :i* is & is n dang]\s is c\rage1 & is oppos$ to ! ignorance ( ^! ?+s8 ,at ?is po9t he w\ld no long] nod ass5t1 b 0 sil5t4 ,& :y1 ,i said1 d y nei!r ass5t nor diss5t1 ,protagoras8 ,f9i% ! argum5t by y\rself1 he said4 ,i only want to ask "o m "q1 ,i said4 ,i want to "k :e!r y /ill ?9k t !re are m5 :o are mo/ ignorant & yet mo/ c\rage\s8 ,y seem to h a great ambition to make me answ]1 ,socrates1 & !re=e ,i w gratify y1 & say1 t ?is appe>s to me to be impossible consi/5tly ) ! argum5t4 ,my only object1 ,i said1 9 cont9u+ ! discussion1 has be5 ! desire to asc]ta9 ! nature & relations ( virtue2 = if ?is 7 cle>1 ,i am v sure t ! o!r controv]sy :i* has be5 c>ri$ on at great l5g? by bo? ( u--y affirm+ & ,i d5y+ t virtue c be taught--w\ld also become cle>4 ,! result ( our discussion appe>s to me to be s+ul>4 ,= if ! argum5t _h a human voice1 t voice w\ld be he>d laugh+ at u & say+3 ',protagoras & ,socrates1 y are /range be+s2 !re are y1 ,socrates1 :o 7 say+ t virtue _c be taught1 contradict+ y\rself n[ by y\r attempt to prove t all ?+s are k1 includ+ ju/ice1 & temp]ance1 & c\rage1--:i* t5ds to %[ t virtue c c]ta9ly be taught2 = if virtue 7 o!r ?an k1 z ,protagoras attempt$ to prove1 !n cle>ly virtue _c be taught2 b if virtue is entirely k1 z y are seek+ to %[1 !n ,i _c b suppose t virtue is capable ( be+ taught4 ,protagoras1 on ! o!r h&1 :o />t$ by say+ t x might be taught1 is n[ eag] to prove x to be any?+ r ?an k2 & if ?is is true1 x mu/ be q incapable ( be+ taught4' ,n[ ,i1 ,protagoras1 p]ceiv+ ?is t]rible confusion ( our ideas1 h a great desire t !y %\ld be cle>$ up4 ,& ,i %\ld l to c>ry on ! discussion until we asc]ta9 :at virtue is1 :e!r capable ( be+ taught or n1 le/ haply ,epime!us %\ld trip u up & deceive u 9 ! argum5t1 z he =got u 9 ! /ory2 ,i pref] y\r ,prome!us to y\r ,epime!us1 = ( him ,i make use1 :5ev] ,i am busy ab\t ^! que/ions1 9 ,prome!an c>e ( my own life4 ,& if y h no objection1 z ,i said at fir/1 ,i %\ld l to h y\r help 9 ! enquiry4 ,protagoras repli$3 ,socrates1 ,i am n ( a base nature1 & ,i am ! la/ man 9 ! _w to be envi\s4 ,i _c b applaud y\r en]gy & y\r conduct ( an argum5t4 ,z ,i h (t5 said1 ,i admire y above all m5 :om ,i "k1 & f> above all m5 ( y\r age2 & ,i believe t y w become v em95t 9 philosophy4 ,let u come back to ! subject at "s future "t2 at pres5t we _h bett] turn to some?+ else4 ,by all means1 ,i said1 if t is y\r wi%2 = ,i too ought long s9ce to h kept ! engagem5t ( :i* ,i spoke be=e1 & only t>ri$ because ,i c\ld n refuse ! reque/ ( ! noble ,callias4 ,s ! conv]sation end$1 & we w5t our way4