,,collect$ ,,essays2 ,,volume ,v        
,,sci5ce ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,tradition  ,,by
 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley  ,,new ,,york1 ,d4
 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #aijb        
,,preface   ,= close ^u =ty ye>s ,i h   
be5 writ+ ) "o purpose2 f "t to "t1 ,i h
 f\ght = t :i* seem$ to me ! tru?1      
p]haps /ill m1 aga9/ t :i* ,i h ?\ght   
error2 &1 9 ?is way1 ,i h rea*$1 inde$  
ov]-/epp$1 ! ?re%old ( old age4 ,!re1 e 
e>ne/ man has to li/5 to ! voice )93    
',give an acc\nt ( ?y /ew>d%ip1 = ?\    
maye/ be no long] /ew>d4'  ,t ,i h be5  
an unju/ /ew>d my consci5ce does n be>  
witness4 ,at times blund]+1 at times    
neglig5t1 ,heav5 kn[s3 b1 on ! :ole1 ,i 
h done t :i* ,i felt able & call$ ^u to 
d2 & ,i h done x )\t look+ to ! "r or to
 ! left2 seek+ no man's favor1 fe>+ no  
man's disfavor4  ,b :at is x t ,i h be5 
do+8 ,9 ! end "o's conceptions %\ld =m a
 :ole1 ?\gh only p>ts may h f\nd        
utt]ance1 z occasion arose2 n[ d ^!     
exhibit h>mony & mutual connexion8 ,9   
"o's zeal mu* ( ! old gets brok5 to     

pieces2 b has "o made ready some?+ new1 
fit to be set 9 ! place ( ! old8  ,t !y 
m]ely de/roy )\t recon/ruct+1 is !      
especial *>ge1 ) :i* ^? :o "w 9 ?is     
direction are con/antly reproa*$4 ,9 a  
c]ta9 s5se ,i d n def5d myself aga9/ !  
*>ge2 b ,i d5y t any reproa* is des]v$4 
,i h nev] propos$ to myself to beg9     
outw>d con/ruction2 because ,i d n      
believe t ! "t has come = x4 ,our pres5t
 bus9ess is ) inw>d prep>ation1         
especially ! prep>ation ( ^? :o h ceas$ 
to be cont5t ) ! old1 & f9d no          
satisfaction 9 half measures4 ,i h wi%$1
 & ,i /ill wi%1 to di/urb no man's peace
 ( m9d1 no man's beliefs2 b only to po9t
 out to ^? 9 :om !y are already %att]$1 
! direction 9 :i*1 9 my conviction1     
firm] gr\nd lies4#a  ,s wrote "o ( !    
protagoni/s ( ! ,new ,re=mation--& a    
well-abus$ man if ev] !re 0 "o--a score 
( ye>s s9ce1 9 ! rem>kable book 9 :i* he
 discusses ! negative & ! positive      
results ( ! rigor\s application (       
sci5tific me?od to ! inve/igation ( !   

high] problems ( human life4  ,rec5t    
exp]i5ce leads me to imag9e t !re may be
 a good _m c\ntrym5 ( my own1 ev5 at ?is
 "t1 to :om x may be pr(itable to read1 
m>k & inw>dly dige/1 ! weighty words ( !
 au?or ( t ,leb5 ,jesu1 :i*1 half a     
c5tury ago1 /irr$ ! religi\s _w s       
s]i\sly t x has nev] settl$ d[n aga9 q  
on ! old f\ndations2 inde$1 "s ?9k x    
nev] w4 ,i h a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! c>ry+ 
out ( ! recomm5dation ,i v5ture to make4
 ,x may enable _m wor?y p]sons1 9 ^:    
e/imation ,i %\ld really be glad to /&  
high] ?an ,i d1 to become aw>e ( !      
possibility t my motives 9 writ+ !      
essays1 conta9$ 9 ?is & ! prec$+ volume1
 7 n exactly ^? t !y ascribe to me4  ,i 
too h rea*$ ! t]m at :i* ! /ill1 small  
voice1 m audible ?an any o!r to ! dull$ 
e> ( age1 makes its dem&2 & ,i h f\nd t 
x is ( no sort ( use to try to cook !   
acc\nts r5d]$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i di/9ctly  
decl9e to admit "s ( ! items *>g$2 m    
p>ticul>ly t ( hav+ gone out ( my way to
 attack ! ,bible2 & ,i z /eadfa/ly d5y t

 hatr$ ( ,*ri/ianity is a feel+ ) :i* ,i
 h any acqua9tance4 ,!re are v few ?+s  
:i* ,i f9d x p]missible to hate2 & ?\gh1
 x may be1 t "s ( ! organisations1 :i*  
arrogate to !mselves ! ,*ri/ian "n1 h   
ri*ly e>n$ a place 9 ! category (       
hateful ?+s1 t ought to h no?+ to d )   
"o's e/imation ( ! religion1 :i* !y h   
p]v]t$ & disfigur$ out ( all lik5ess to 
! orig9al4  ,! simple fact is t1 z ,i h 
already m ?an once h9t$1 my /ory is t ( 
! wolf & ! lamb ov] aga94 ,i h nev] gone
 out ( my way to attack ! ,bible1 or    
any?+ else3 x 0 ! dom9ant ecclesia/icism
 ( my e>ly days1 :i*1 z ,i believe1 )\t 
any w>rant f ! ,bible itself1 ?ru/ !    
book 9 my way4  ,i _h set out on a      
j\rney1 ) no o!r purpose ?an t ( explor+
 a c]ta9 prov9ce ( natural k2 ,i /ray$  
no hair's bread? f ! c\rse :i* x 0 my "r
 & my duty to pursue2 & yet ,i f\nd t1  
:atev] r\te ,i took1 be=e long1 ,i came 
to a tall & =midable-look+ f5ce4        
,confid5t z ,i might be 9 ! exi/5ce ( an
 anci5t & indefeasible "r ( way1 be=e me

 /ood ! ?orny b>ri] ) its comm9atory    
notice-bo>d--,no ,?or\ghf>e4 ,by ord]4  
,moses4 ,!re seem$ no way ov]2 nor did !
 prospect ( creep+ r\nd1 z ,i saw "s d1 
attract me4 ,true !re 0 no long] any    
cause to fe> ! spr+ guns & man-traps set
 by =m] lords ( ! manor2 b "o is apt to 
get v dirty go+ on all-f\rs4 ,! only    
alt]natives 7 ei!r to give up my        
j\rney--:i* ,i 0 n m9d$ to d--or to     
break ! f5ce d[n & g ?r\gh x4  ,n[ ,i 0 
& am1 by nature1 a law-abid+ p]son1     
ready & will+ to submit to all          
legitimate au?ority4 ,b ,i also _h & h a
 root$ conviction1 t reasonable         
assurance ( ! legitimacy %\ld prec$e !  
submission2 s ,i made x my bus9ess to   
look up ! manorial title-de$s4 ,!       
pret5sions ( ! ecclesia/ical ,moses to  
ex]cise a control ov] ! op]ations ( !   
reason+ faculty 9 ! se>* aft] tru?1     
?irty c5turies aft] 8 age1 might be     
ju/ifiable2 b1 assur$ly1 ! cr$5tials    
produc$ 9 ju/ification ( claims s l>ge  
requir$ c>eful scrut9y4  ,s+ul>         

discov]ies rew>d$ my indu/ry4 ,!        
ecclesia/ical ,moses prov$ to be a m]e  
traditional mask1 beh9d :i*1 no d\bt1   
lay ! features ( ! hi/orical ,moses--j z
 _m a m$ival fresco has be5 hidd5 by !  
:itewa% ( ,georgian *ur*w>d5s4 ,& z !   
/hetic rector too (t5 scrapes away !    
defacem5t1 only to f9d blurr$1          
p>ti-col\r$ pat*es1 9 :i* ! orig9al     
design is no long] to be trac$2 s1 :5 ! 
successive lay]s ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian    
traditional pigm5t1 laid on1 at         
int]vals1 = ne> ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 _h be5  
remov$1 by ev5 ! t5d]e/ critical        
op]ations1 !re 0 n mu* to be disc]n$ ( !
 lead] ( ! ,exodus4  ,only "o po9t      
became p]fectly cle> to me1 namely1 t   
,moses is n responsible = n9e-t5?s ( !  
,p5tateu*2 c]ta9ly n = ! leg5ds :i* _h  
be5 made ! bugbe>s ( sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! 
f5ce turn$ out to be a m]e heap ( dry   
/icks & bru%wood1 & "o might walk ?r\gh 
x ) impunity3 ! :i* ,i did4 ,b ,i 0 /ill
 "y1 :5 ,i ?us v5tur$ to ass]t my       
lib]ty2 & "y p are apt to be fill$ ) a  

k9d ( sva indignatio1 :5 !y discov] !   
wide discrepancies betwe5 ?+s z !y seem 
& ?+s z !y are4 ,x hurts _! vanity to   
feel t !y h prep>$ !mselves = a mighty  
/ruggle to climb ov]1 or break _! way   
?r\gh1 a ramp>t1 :i* turns out1 on close
 approa*1 to be a m]e heap ( ru9s2      
v5]able1 inde$1 & ar*ologically int]e/+1
 b ( no o!r mom5t4 ,& "s fragm5t ( !    
sup]flu\s en]gy accumulat$ is apt to f9d
 v5t 9 /rong language4  ,su*1 ,i        
suppose1 0 my case1 :5 ,i wrote "s      
passages :i* occur 9 an essay repr9t$   
among ,d>w9iana4#b ,b :51 n long ago !  
voice put x to me1 :e!r ,i _h bett] n   
expunge1 or modify1 ^! passages2 :e!r1  
really1 !y 7 n a little too /rong2 ,i _h
 to reply1 ) all def]5ce1 t :ile1 f a   
m]ely lit]>y po9t ( view1 ,i might admit
 !m to be r crude1 ,i mu/ /& by !       
sub/ance ( ^! items ( my exp5diture4 ,i 
fur!r v5tur$ to express ! conviction t  
sci5tific criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1  
s9ce #ahfj1 has ju/ifi$ e ^w ( ! e/imate
 ( ! au?ority ( ! ecclesia/ical ,moses  

writt5 at t "t4 ,&1 c>ri$ away by ! heat
 ( self-ju/ification1 ,i ev5 v5tur$ to  
add1 t ! desp]ate attempt n[ set afoot  
to =ce biblical & po/-biblical my?ology 
into elem5t>y in/ruction1 r5d]s x useful
 & necess>y to g on mak+ a consid]able  
outlay 9 ! same direction4 ,n yet1 has !
 cosmogony ( ! semi-b>b>\s ,hebrew ceas$
 to be ! incubus ( ! philosoph]1 & !    
opprobrium ( ! or?odox2 n yet1 has !    
zeal ( ! ,bibliolat] ceas$ f tr\bl+2 n  
yet1 are ! weak] sort1 ev5 ( ! in/ruct$1
 at re/ f _! fruitless toil to h>monise 
impossibilities1 & to =ce ! g5]\s new   
w9e ( sci5ce into ! old bottles (       
,judaism4  ,b ,i am aw>e t ! head &     
front ( my (f5d+ lies n n[ :]e x =m]ly  
lay4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 criticism ( ,moses
 0 held by mo/ respectable p to be      
deadly s92 n[ x has sunk to ! rank ( a  
m]e peccadillo2 at lea/1 if x /ops %ort 
( ! hi/ory ( ,abraham4 ,de/roy !        
f\ndation ( mo/ =ms ( dogmatic          
,*ri/ianity conta9$ 9 ! second *apt] (  
,g5esis1 if y w2 ! new ecclesia/icism   

und]takes to und]p9 ! sup]/ructure &    
make x1 at any rate to ! eye1 z firm z  
ev]3 b let him be ana!ma :o applies     
exactly ! same canons ( criticism to !  
op5+ *apt]s ( ,mat!w or ( ,luke4        
,s*ool-*ildr5 may be told t ! _w 0 by no
 means made 9 six days1 & t implicit    
belief 9 ! /ory ( ,noah's ,ark is       
p]missible only1 z a matt] ( bus9ess1 to
 _! toy-mak]s2 b !y are to hold = !     
c]ta9e/ ( tru?s1 to be d\bt$ only at    
p]il ( _! salvation1 t _! ,galilean     
fell[-*ild ,jesus1 n9ete5 c5turies ago1 
_h no human fa!r4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,well1 we w pass !
 item ( #ahfj1 said ! voice4 ,b :y all  
?is m rec5t coil ab\t ! ,gad>5e sw9e & !
 l8 ,d y pret5d t ^! poor animals got 9 
y\r way1 ye>s & ye>s aft] ! ,mosaic     
f5ces 7 d[n1 at any rate s f> z y are   
conc]n$8  ,got 9 my way8 ,:y1 my good   
voice1 !y 7 driv5 9 my way4 ,i _h happ5$
 to make a /atem5t1 ?an :i*1 s f> z ,i h
 ev] be5 able to see1 no?+ c be m mode/ 
or in(f5sive2 to wit1 t ,i am conv9c$ ( 

my own utt] ignorance ab\t a great numb]
 ( ?+s1 respect+ :i* ! great majority ( 
my neighb\rs 7n only ^? ( adult ye>s1 b 
*ildr5 repeat+ _! cate*isms7 affirm     
!mselves to possess full in=mation4 ,i  
ask any c&id & imp>tial judge1 ,is t    
attack+ anybody or any?+8  ,yet1 if ,i  
_h made ! mo/ wanton & arrogant         
onslaught on ! hone/ convictions ( o!r  
p1 ,i c\ld n h be5 m h>dly dealt )4 ,!  
p5teco/al *>ism1 ,i believe1 exhau/$    
itself among/ ! e>lie/ disciples4 ,yet  
any "o :o has _h to att5d1 z ,i h done1 
to copi\s objurgations1 /rewn ) su*     
appellations z infidel & c[>d1 mu/ be a 
h>d5$ sceptic inde$ if he d\bts !       
exi/5ce ( a gift ( tongues 9 ! ,*ur*es (
 our "t2 unless1 inde$1 x %\ld occur to 
him t "s ( ^! outp\r+s may h tak5 place 
aft] ! ?ird h\r ( ! day4 ,i am f> f ?9k+
 t x is wor? :ile to give mu* att5tion  
to ^! inevitable incid5ts ( all         
controv]sies1 9 :i* "o p>ty has acquir$ 
! m5tal peculi>ities :i* are g5]at$ by !
 habit ( mu* talk+1 ) immunity f        

criticism4 ,b z a rule1 !y are ! sauce (
 di%es ( misrepres5tations &            
inaccuracies :i* x may be a duty1 nay1  
ev5 an innoc5t pleasure1 to expose4 ,9 !
 p>ticul> case ( :i* ,i am ?9k+1 ,i     
felt1 z ,/rauss says1 able & call$ ^u to
 und]take ! bus9ess3 & x is no          
responsibility ( m9e1 if ,i f\nd !      
,gospels1 ) _! miracul\s /ories1 ( :i* !
 ,gad>5e is a typical example1 block+ my
 way1 z h]et(ore1 ! ,p5tateu* _h done4  
,i 0 *all5g$ to "q ! au?ority = ! !ory (
 ! spiritual _w1 & ! practical          
consequ5ces d$ucible f human relations  
to x1 conta9$ 9 ^! docum5ts4  ,9 my     
judgm5t1 ! actuality ( ?is spiritual    
_w--! value ( ! evid5ce = its objective 
exi/5ce & its influ5ce ^u ! c\rse (     
?+s--are matt]s1 :i* lie z mu* )9 !     
prov9ce ( sci5ce1 z any o!r "q ab\t !   
exi/5ce & p[]s ( ! v>i$ =ms ( liv+ &    
consci\s activity4  ,x really is my     
/rong conviction t a man has no m "r to 
say he believes ?is _w is haunt$ by     
sw>ms ( evil spirits1 )\t be+ able to   

produce satisfactory evid5ce ( ! fact1  
?an he has a "r to say1 )\t adduc+      
adequate pro(1 t ! circumpol> ant>ctic  
ice sw>ms ) sea-s]p5ts4 ,i %\ld n l to  
ass]t positively t x does n4 ,i imag9e t
 no cauti\s biologi/ w\ld say z mu*2 b  
:ile q op5 to conviction1 he might      
prop]ly decl9e to wa/e "t ^u !          
consid]ation ( talk1 no bett] accr$it$  
?an =eca/le y>ns1 ab\t su* mon/]s ( !   
deep4 ,& if ! int]e/s ( ord9>y v]acity  
dictate ?is c\rse1 9 relation to a matt]
 ( s little consequ5ce z ?is1 :at mu/ be
 our obligations 9 respect ( ! treatm5t 
( a "q :i* is fundam5tal alike = sci5ce 
& = e?ics8 ,= n only does our g5]al !ory
 ( ! univ]se & ( ! nature ( ! ord] :i*  
p]vades x1 hang ^u ! answ]2 b ! rules ( 
practical life mu/ be deeply affect$ by 
x4  ,! belief 9 a demonic _w is         
inculcat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,gospels & ! re/ ( !
 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 x p]vades !   
:ole patri/ic lit]ature2 x col\rs ! !ory
 & ! practice ( e ,*ri/ian *ur* d[n to  
mod]n times4 ,inde$1 ,i d\bt if1 ev5 n[1

 !re is any *ur* :i*1 (ficially1 dep>ts 
f su* a fundam5tal doctr9e ( primitive  
,*ri/ianity z ! exi/5ce1 9 addition to !
 ,cosmos ) :i* natural k is conv]sant1 (
 a _w ( spirits2 t is to say1 (         
intellig5t ag5ts1 n subject to !        
physical or m5tal limitations (         
humanity1 b nev]!less compet5t to       
int]f]e1 to an undef9$ ext5t1 ) ! ord9>y
 c\rse ( bo? physical & m5tal ph5om5a4  
,m especially is ?is conception         
fundam5tal = ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels4 ,)\t
 ! belief t ! pres5t _w1 & p>ticul>ly t 
"p ( x :i* is con/itut$ by human        
society1 has be5 giv5 ov]1 s9ce ! ,fall1
 to ! influ5ce ( wick$ & malignant      
spiritual be+s1 gov]n$ & direct$ by a   
supreme devil--! moral anti!sis & enemy 
( ! supreme ,god--_! !ory ( salvation by
 ! ,messiah falls to pieces4 ,to ?is end
 0 ! ,son ( ,god manife/$1 t he might   
de/roy ! works ( ! devil4#c  ,!         
half-he>t$ religiosity ( latt]-day      
,*ri/ianity may *oose to ignore ! fact2 
b x rema9s none ! less true1 t he :o    

refuses to accept ! demonology ( !      
,gospels rejects ! revelation ( a       
spiritual _w1 made 9 !m1 z mu* z if he  
d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( su* a p]son z ,jesus ( 
,naz>e?2 & des]ves1 z mu* z any "o c d1 
to be e>-m>k$ infidel by our g5tle      
%eph]ds4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,n[ t :i* ,i ?\ght x       
desirable to make p]fectly cle>1 on my  
own acc\nt1 & = ! sake ( ^? :o f9d _!   
capacity ( belief 9 ! ,gospel !ory ( !  
univ]se fail+ !m1 is ! fact1 t1 9 my    
judgm5t1 ! demonology ( primitive       
,*ri/ianity is totally devoid (         
f\ndation2 & t no man1 :o is guid$ by ! 
rules ( inve/igation :i* are f\nd to    
lead to ! discov]y ( tru? 9 o!r matt]s1 
n m]ely ( sci5ce1 b 9 ! ev]yday affairs 
( life1 w arrive at any o!r conclusion4 
,to ^? :o pr(ess to be o!rwise guid$1 ,i
 h no?+ to say2 b to beg !m to g _! own 
way & leave me to m9e4  ,i ?9k x may be 
z well to repeat :at ,i h said1 ov] &   
ov] aga91 else:]e1 t a priori notions1  
ab\t ! possibility1 or ! impossibility1 

( ! exi/5ce ( a _w ( spirits1 su* z t   
presuppos$ by g5u9e ,*ri/ianity1 h no   
influ5ce on my m9d4 ,! "q = me is purely
 "o ( evid5ce3 is ! evid5ce adequate to 
be> out ! !ory1 or is x n8 ,9 my judgm5t
 x is n only inadequate1 b q absurdly   
insuffici5t4 ,& on t gr\nd1 ,i %\ld feel
 compell$ to reject ! !ory2 ev5 if !re 7
 no positive gr\nds = adopt+ a totally  
diff]5t conception ( ! ,cosmos4  ,= mo/ 
p1 ! "q ( ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a     
demonic _w1 9 ! long run1 resolves      
itself into t ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( !      
,gospels2 fir/1 z to ! objective tru? ( 
t :i* !y n>rate on ?is topic2 second1 z 
to ! accuracy ( ! int]pretation :i* _!  
au?ors put ^u ^! objective facts4 ,=    
example1 ) respect to ! ,gad>5e miracle1
 x is "o "q :e!r1 at a c]ta9 "t & place1
 a rav+ madman became sane1 & a h]d (   
sw9e ru%$ into ! lake ( ,tib]ias2 & q   
ano!r1 :e!r ! cause ( ^! occurr5ces 0 ! 
transmigration ( c]ta9 devils f ! man   
into ! pigs4 ,& aga91 x is "o "q :e!r   
,jesus made a long oration on a c]ta9   

occasion1 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ ,gospel2     
altoge!r ano!r1 :e!r m or few] ( !      
propositions conta9$ 9 ! ,s]mon on !    
,m\nt 7 utt]$ on t occasion4 ,"o may    
give an affirmative answ] to "o ( ea* ( 
^! pairs ( que/ions & a negative to !   
o!r3 "o may affirm all1 or d5y all4  ,9 
consid]+ ! hi/orical value ( any f\r    
docum5ts1 pro( :5 !y 7 writt5 & :o wrote
 !m is1 no d\bt1 highly important4 ,= if
 pro( exi/s1 t ,a ,b ,c & ,d wrote !m1 &
 t !y 7 intellig5t p]sons1 writ+        
indep5d5tly & )\t prejudice1 ab\t facts 
)9 _! own k--_! /atem5ts mu/ ne$s be    
wor?y ( ! mo/ att5tive consid]ation4#d  
,b1 ev5 ecclesia/ical tradition does n  
ass]t t ei!r ,m>k or ,luke wrote f 8 own
 k--inde$ ,luke expressly ass]ts he did 
n4 ,i _c discov] t any compet5t au?ority
 n[ ma9ta9s t ! apo/le ,mat!w wrote !   
,gospel :i* passes "u 8 "n4 ,& :e!r !   
apo/le ,john _h1 or _h n1 any?+ to d ) !
 f\r? ,gospel2 & if he _h1 :at 8 %>e    
am\nt$ to2 are1 z ev]ybody :o has att5d$
 to ^! matt]s kn[s1 que/ions /ill hotly 

disput$1 & ) reg>d to :i* ! extant      
evid5ce c h>dly c>ry an imp>tial judge  
beyond ! admission ( a possibility ?is  
way or t4  ,?us1 no?+ b a balanc+ ( v   
dubi\s probabilities is to be atta9$ by 
approa*+ ! "q f ?is side4 ,x is o!rwise 
if we make ! docum5ts tell _! own /ory3 
if we /udy !m1 z we /udy fossils1 to    
discov] int]nal evid5ce1 ( :5 !y arose1 
& h[ !y h come to be4 ,t really fruitful
 l9e ( inquiry has l$ to ! /atem5t & !  
discussion ( :at is kn[n z ! ,synoptic  
,problem4  ,9 ! ,essays 7,,vii4--,,xi47 
:i* deal ) ! consequ5ces ( ! application
 ( ! agno/ic pr9ciple to ,*ri/ian       
,evid5ces1 conta9$ 9 ?is volume1 !re are
 sev]al ref]5ces to ! results ( !       
attempts :i* h be5 made1 dur+ ! la/     
hundr$ ye>s1 to solve ?is problem4 ,&1  
?\gh x has be5 cle>ly /at$ & discuss$1 9
 works accessible to1 & intelligible by1
 e ,engli% read]1#e x may be well t ,i  
%\ld "h set =? a v brief exposition ( ! 
matt]s ( fact out ( :i* ! problem has   
aris52 & ( "s consequ5ces1 :i*1 z ,i    

conceive1 mu/ be admitt$ if ! facts are 
accept$4  ,^! undisput$ &1 app>5tly1    
indisputable data may be ?us /at$3  ,i4 
,! ?ree books ( :i* an anci5t1 b v      
que/ionable1 ecclesia/ical tradition    
ass]ts ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke to be !    
au?ors1 agree1 n only 9 pres5t+ ! same  
g5]al view1 or ,synopsis1 ( ! nature & !
 ord] ( ! ev5ts n>rat$2 b1 to a         
rem>kable ext5t1 ! v words :i* !y employ
 co9cide4  ,,ii4 ,nev]!less1 !re are _m 
equally m>k$1 & "s irreconcilable1      
diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,n>ratives1 v]bally
 id5tical 9 "s portions1 div]ge m or    
less 9 o!rs4 ,! ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9   
"o1 or 9 two1 ,gospels may be *ang$ 9   
ano!r4 ,9 ,mat!w & 9 ,luke ev5ts ( great
 importance make _! appe>ance1 :]e !    
/ory ( ,m>k seems to leave no place =   
!m2 &1 at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! two =m]  
,gospels1 !re is a great am\nt ( matt] (
 :i* !re is no trace 9 ,m>k4  ,,iii4    
,obvi\s & highly important diff]5ces1 9 
/yle & sub/ance1 sep>ate ! ?ree         
,synoptics1 tak5 toge!r1 f ! f\r?       

,gospel1 connect$1 by ecclesia/ical     
tradition1 ) ! "n ( ! apo/le ,john4 ,9  
its philosophical proemium2 9 !         
conspicu\s abs5ce ( exorci/ic miracles2 
9 ! self-ass]tive !osophy ( ! long &    
diffuse monologues1 :i* are s utt]ly    
unlike ! brief & pregnant utt]ances (   
,jesus record$ 9 ! ,synoptics2 9 !      
ass]tion t ! crucifixion took place be=e
 ! ,passov]1 :i* involves ! d5ial1 by   
implication1 ( ! tru? ( ! ,synoptic     
/ory--to m5tion only a few p>ticul>s--! 
,johann9e ,gospel pres5ts a wide        
div]g5ce f ! o!r ?ree4  ,,iv4 ,if !     
mutual resemblances & diff]5ces ( !     
,synoptic ,gospels are closely consid]$1
 a curi\s result comes out2 namely1 t   
ea* may be analyz$ into f\r compon5ts4  
,! fir/ ( ^! consi/s ( passages1 to a   
great] or less ext5t v]bally id5tical1  
:i* occur 9 all ?ree ,gospels4 ,if ?is  
triple tradition is sep>at$ f ! re/ x w 
be f\nd to comprise3  a4 ,a n>rative1 ( 
a some:at brok5 & anecdotic aspect1 :i* 
cov]s ! p]iod f ! appe>ance ( ,john !   

,bapti/ to ! discov]y ( ! empt9ess ( !  
tomb1 on ! fir/ day ( ! week1 "s        
six-&-?irty h\rs aft] ! crucifixion4  b4
 ,an apocalyptic address4  c4 ,p>ables &
 brief disc\rses1 or r1 c5tos ( religi\s
 & e?ical exhortations & injunctions4   
,! second & ! ?ird set ( compon5ts ( ea*
 ,gospel pres5t equally close           
resemblances to passages1 :i* are f\nd 9
 only "o ( ! o!r ,gospels2 !re=e x may  
be said t1 = !m1 ! tradition is d\ble4  
,! f\r? compon5t is peculi> to ea*      
,gospel2 x is a s+le tradition & has no 
repres5tative 9 ! o!rs4  ,to put ! facts
 9 ano!r way3 ea* ,gospel is compos$ ( a
 ?reefold tradition1 two tw(old         
traditions1 & "o peculi> tradition4 ,if 
! ,gospels 7 ! "w ( totally indep5d5t   
writ]s1 x w\ld foll[ t !re are ?ree     
witnesses = ! /atem5ts 9 ! fir/         
tradition2 two = ea* ( ^? 9 ! second1 & 
only "o = ^? 9 ! ?ird4  ,v4 ,if ! read] 
w n[ take up t extremely in/ructive     
little book1 ,abbott & ,ru%brooke's     
,common ,tradition he w easily satisfy  

himself t ,m>k has ! rem>kable /ructure 
j describ$4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ?is ,gospel 
consi/s ( ! fir/ compon5t2 namely1 !    
?reefold tradition4 ,b 9 *ap4 i4 #bc-bh 
he w discov] an exorci/ic /ory1 n to be 
f\nd 9 ,mat!w1 b repeat$1 (t5 ^w = ^w1 9
 ,luke4 ,?is1 !re=e1 belongs to "o ( !  
tw(old traditions4 ,9 *ap4 viii4 #a-aj1 
on ! o!r h&1 !re is a detail$ acc\nt ( !
 miracle ( fe$+ ! f\r ?\s&2 :i* is      
closely repeat$ 9 ,mat!w xv4 #cb-ci1 b  
is n to be f\nd 9 ,luke4 ,?is is an     
example ( ! o!r tw(old tradition1       
possible 9 ,m>k4 ,f9ally1 ! /ory ( !    
bl9d man ( ,be?saida1 ,m>k viii4 #bb-bf1
 is peculi> to ,m>k4  ,,vi4 ,suppose t1 
,a /&+ = ! ?reefold tradition1 or !     
matt] common to all ?ree ,gospels2 we   
call ! matt] common to ,m>k & ,mat!w    
only--,b2 t common to ,m>k & ,luke      
only--,c2 t common to ,mat!w & ,luke    
only--,d2 :ile ! peculi> compon5ts (    
,m>k1 ,mat!w1 & ,luke are sev]ally      
indicat$ by ,e1 ,f1 ,g2 !n ! /ructure ( 
! ,gospels may be repres5t$ ?us3        

,compon5ts ( ,m>k  ,a  ,b  ,c  ,e4      
,mat!w  ,a  ,b  ,d  ,f4                 
,luke  ,a  ,c  ,d  ,g4  ,,vii4 ,!       
analysis ( ! ,synoptic docum5ts ne$ be  
c>ri$ no fur!r ?an ?is po9t1 9 ord] to  
sugge/ "o extremely important1 &1       
app>5tly unavoidable conclusion2 & t is1
 t _! au?ors 7 nei!r ?ree indep5d5t     
witnesses ( ! ?+s n>rat$2 nor1 = ! p>ts 
( ! n>rative ab\t :i* all agree1 t is to
 say1 ! ?reefold tradition1 did !y      
employ indep5d5t s\rces ( in=mation4 ,x 
is simply incr$ible t ea* ( ?ree        
indep5d5t witnesses ( any s]ies (       
occurr5ces %\ld tell a /ory s simil>1 n 
only 9 arrangem5t & 9 small details1 b 9
 words1 to t ( ea* ( ! o!rs4  ,h5ce x   
foll[s1 ei!r t ! ,synoptic writ]s h1    
m$iately or imm$iately1 copi$ "o f !    
o!r3 or t ! ?ree h drawn f a common     
s\rce2 t is to say1 f "o arrangem5t (   
simil> traditions 7:e!r oral or writt572
 ?\gh t arrangem5t may h be5 extant 9   
?ree or m1 some:at diff]5t v]sions4     
,,viii4 ,! suppositions 7a7 t ,m>k _h   

,mat!w & ,luke be=e him2 & 7b7 t ei!r ( 
! two latt] 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ! o!r1  
w\ld seem to involve "s s+ul>           
consequ5ces4  a4 ,! second ,gospel is   
saturat$ ) ! l[e/ sup]naturalism4 ,jesus
 is exhibit$ z a wond]-work] & exorci/ (
 ! fir/ rank4 ,! e>lie/ public          
recognition ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus    
comes f an unclean _s2 he himself is    
made to te/ify to ! occurr5ce ( !       
miracul\s fe$+ twice ov]4  ,! purpose ) 
:i* ,m>k sets out is to %[ =? ,jesus z !
 ,son ( ,god1 & x is sugge/$1 if n      
di/9ctly /at$1 t he acquir$ ?is "* at 8 
baptism by ,john4 ,! abs5ce ( any       
ref]5ce to ! miracul\s ev5ts ( !        
infancy1 detail$ by ,mat!w & ,luke2 or  
to ! appe>ances aft] ! discov]y ( !     
empt9ess ( ! tomb2 is un9telligible1 if 
,m>k knew any?+ ab\t !m1 or believ$ 9 ! 
miracul\s conception4 ,! second ,gospel 
is no summ>y3 ,m>k c f9d room = !       
detail$ /ory1 irrelevant to 8 ma9       
purpose1 ( ! behead+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 
& 8 miracul\s n>rations are cr[d$ )     

m9ute p>ticul>s4 ,is x to be imag9$ t1 )
 ! suppos$ apo/olic au?ority ( ,mat!w   
be=e him1 he c\ld leave out ! miracul\s 
conception ( ,jesus & ! asc5sion8       
,fur!r1 ecclesia/ical tradition w\ld h u
 believe t ,m>k wrote d[n 8             
recollections ( :at ,pet] taught4 ,did  
,pet] !n omit to m5tion ^! matt]s8 ,did 
! fact te/ifi$ by ! olde/ au?ority      
extant1 t ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ris5     
,jesus 0 to himself seem n wor? m5tion+8
 ,did he really fail to speak ( ! great 
position 9 ! ,*ur* solemnly assign$ to  
him by ,jesus8 ,! alt]native w\ld seem  
to be ! impea*m5t ei!r ( ,m>k's memory1 
or ( 8 judgm5t4 ,b ,m>k's memory1 is s  
good t he c recollect h[1 on ! occasion 
( ! /ill+ ( ! waves1 ,jesus 0 asleep on 
! cu%ion1 he rememb]s t ! woman ) !     
issue _h sp5t all %e _h on h]           
physicians2 t !re 0 n room ev5 ab\t !   
door on a c]ta9 occasion at ,cap]naum4  
,& x is surely h>d to believe t ,m>k    
%\ld h fail$ to recollect occurr5ces (  
inf9itely great] mom5t1 or t he %\ld h  

delib]ately left !m out1 z ?+s n wor?y (
 m5tion4  b4 ,! supposition t ,mat!w 0  
acqua9t$ ) ,luke1 or ,luke ) ,mat!w has 
equally grave implications4 ,if t be s1 
! "o :o us$ ! o!r c\ld h _h b a poor    
op9ion ( 8 pr$ecessor's hi/orical       
v]acity4 ,if1 z mo/ exp]ts agree1 ,luke 
is lat] ?an ,mat!w1 x is cle> t he does 
n cr$it ,mat!w's acc\nt ( ! infancy2    
does n believe ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt z    
giv5 by ,mat!w 0 prea*$2 does n believe 
9 ! two fe$+ miracles1 to :i* ,jesus    
himself is made to ref]2 :olly discr$its
 ,mat!w's acc\nt ( ! ev5ts aft] !       
crucifixion2 & ?9ks x n wor? :ile to    
notice ,mat!w's grave admission t "s    
d\bt$4  ,,ix4 ,none ( ^! tr\blesome     
consequ5ces pursue ! hypo!sis t !       
?reefold tradition1 9 "o1 or m1 ,greek  
v]sions1 0 extant be=e ei!r ( !         
canonical ,synoptic ,gospels2 & t x     
furni%$ ! fundam5tal framework ( _!     
sev]al n>ratives4 ,:]e & :5 ! ?reefold  
n>rative arose1 !re is no positive      
evid5ce2 ?\gh x is obvi\sly probable t !

 traditions x embodies1 & p]haps _m     
o!rs1 took _! rise 9 ,pale/9e & spread  
!nce to ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 ,egypt &  
,italy1 9 ! track ( ! e>ly mission>ies4 
,nor is x less likely t !y =m$ "p ( !   
didaskalia ( ! primitive ,naz>5e &      
,*ri/ian communities4#f  ,x4 ,! int]e/  
:i* atta*es to ,m>k arises f ! fact t x 
seems to pres5t ?is e>ly1 probably      
e>lie/1 ,greek ,gospel n>rative1 ) lea/ 
addition1 or modification4 ,if1 z appe>s
 likely f "s int]nal evid5ces1 x 0      
compil$ = ! use ( ! ,*ri/ian sodalities 
9 ,rome2 & t x 0 accept$ by !m z an     
adequate acc\nt ( ! life & "w ( ,jesus1 
x is evid5ce ( ! mo/ valuable k9d       
respect+ _! beliefs & ! limits ( dogma1 
z conceiv$ by !m4  ,9 su* case1 a good  
,roman ,*ri/ian ( t epo* might "k no?+ (
 ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation1 z taught by  
,mat!w & ,luke2 /ill less ( ! logos     
doctr9e ( ,john2 nei!r ne$ he h believ$ 
any?+ m ?an ! simple fact ( !           
resurrection4 ,x 0 op5 to him to believe
 x ei!r corporeal or spiritual4 ,he w\ld

 nev] h he>d ( ! p[] ( ! keys be/[$ ^u  
,pet]2 nor h _h br\ght to 8 m9d s mu* z 
a sugge/ion ( tr9it>ian doctr9e4 ,he    
might be a rigidly mono!i/ic            
,judo-,*ri/ian1 & consid] himself b\nd  
by ! law3 he might be a ,g5tile ,paul9e 
conv]t1 nei!r kn[+ ( nor c>+ = su*      
re/rictions4 ,9 nei!r case w\ld he f9d 9
 ,m>k any s]i\s /umbl+-block4 ,9 fact1  
p]sons ( all ! categories admitt$ to    
salvation by ,ju/91 9 ! middle ( !      
second c5tury1#g c\ld accept ,m>k f     
beg9n+ to end4 ,x may well be1 t1 9 ?is 
wide adaptability1 back$ by ! au?ority (
 ! metropolitan *ur*1 !re lies ! reason 
= ! fact ( ! pres]vation ( ,m>k1 not)/&+
 its limit$ & dogmatically col\rless "*1
 z comp>$ ) ! ,gospels ( ,luke & ,mat!w4
  ,,xi4 ,m>k1 z we h se51 conta9s a     
relatively small body ( e?ical &        
religi\s in/ruction & only a few        
p>ables4 ,7 ^! all t exi/$ 9 ! primitive
 ?reefold tradition8 ,7 none o!rs curr5t
 9 ! ,roman communities1 at ! "t ,m>k   
wrote1 suppos+ he wrote 9 ,rome8 ,or1 on

 ! o!r h&1 0 !re extant1 z e>ly z ! "t  
at :i* ,m>k compos$ 8 ,greek edition ( !
 primitive ,evangel1 "o or m collections
 ( p>ables & tea*+s1 su* z ^? :i* =m !  
bulk ( ! tw(old tradition1 common       
exclusively to ,mat!w & ,luke1 & are    
also f\nd 9 _! s+le traditions8 ,_m h   
assum$ ?is1 or ^!1 collections to be    
id5tical )1 or at any rate bas$ ^u1 !   
logia1 ( :i* ecclesia/ical tradition    
says1 t !y 7 writt5 9 ,aramaic by       
,mat!w1 & t ev]ybody translat$ !m z he  
c\ld4  ,"h is ! old difficulty aga94 ,if
 su* mat]ials 7 kn[n to ,m>k1 :at       
imag9able reason c\ld he h = n us+ !m8  
,surely displacem5t ( ! long episode (  
,john ! ,bapti/--ev5 p]haps ( ! /ory ( !
 ,gad>5e sw9e--by portions ( ! ,s]mon on
 ! ,m\nt or by "o or two ( ! beautiful  
p>ables 9 ! tw(old & s+le traditions    
w\ld h be5 great improvem5ts2 & might h 
be5 effect$1 ev5 ?\gh ,m>k 0 z mu*      
press$ = space z "s h imag9$4 ,b !re is 
no gr\nd = t imag9ation2 ,m>k has       
actually f\nd room = f\r or five        

p>ables2 :y %\ld he n h giv5 ! be/1 if  
he _h kn[n ( !m8 ,admitt+ he 0 ! m]e    
p$issequus et breviator ( ,mat!w1 t ev5 
,augu/9e suppos$ him to be1 :at c\ld    
induce him to omit ! ,"l's ,pray]8      
,:e!r m or less ( ! mat]ials ( ! tw(old 
tradition ,d1 & ( ! peculi> traditions  
,f & ,g1 7 or 7 n curr5t 9 "s ( !       
communities1 z e>ly z1 or p]haps e>li]  
?an1 ! triple tradition1 x is n necess>y
 = me to discuss2 nor to consid] ^?     
solutions ( ! ,synoptic problem :i*     
assume t x exi/$ e>li]1 & 0 already     
comb9$ ) m or less n>rative4 ,^? :o are 
work+ out ! f9al solution ( ! ,synoptic 
problem are tak+ into acc\nt1 m ?an     
hi!rto1 ! possibility t ! widely sep>at$
 ,*ri/ian communities ( ,pale/9e1 ,asia 
,m9or1 ,egypt1 & ,italy1 especially aft]
 ! ,jewi% w> ( ,a4,d4 #ff-gj1 may h f\nd
 !mselves 9 possession ( v diff]5t      
traditional mat]ials4 ,_m circum/ances  
t5d to ! conclusion t1 9 ,asia ,m9or1   
ev5 ! n>rative "p ( ! ?reefold tradition
 _h a =midable rival2 & t1 ar\nd ?is    

second n>rative1 tea*+ traditions ( a   
totally diff]5t ord] f ^? 9 !           
,synoptics1 gr\p$ !mselves2 &1 "u !     
influ5ce ( conv]ts imbu$ m or less ) !  
philosophical speculations ( ! "t1      
ev5tually took %ape 9 ! f\r? ,gospel &  
its associat$ lit]ature4  ,,xii4 ,b x is
 unnecess>y1 & x w\ld be out ( place1 = 
me to attempt to d m ?an indicate !     
exi/5ce ( ^! complex & difficult        
que/ions4 ,my purpose has be5 to make x 
cle> t ! ,synoptic problem mu/ =ce      
itself ^u e "o :o /udies ! ,gospels )   
att5tion2 t ! broad facts ( ! case1 & "s
 ( ! consequ5ces d$ucible f ^! facts1   
are j z pla9 to ! simple ,engli% read] z
 !y are to ! pr(\nde/ s*ol>4  ,"o ( ^!  
consequ5ces is t ! ?reefold tradition   
pres5ts u ) a n>rative believ$ to be    
hi/orically true1 9 all its p>ticul>s1  
by ! major "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! ,*ri/ian
 communities4 ,t n>rative is p5etrat$1 f
 beg9n+ to end1 by ! demonological      
beliefs ( :i* ! ,gad>5e /ory is a       
specim52 &1 if ! f\r? ,gospel indicates 

! exi/5ce ( ano!r &1 9 "s respects1     
irreconcilably div]g5t n>rative1 9 :i* !
 demonology retires into ! backgr\nd1 x 
is none ! less !re4  ,!re=e1 !          
demonology is an integral & insep>able  
compon5t ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,!    
f>!r back ! orig9 ( ! gospels is dat$1 !
 /rong] does ! c]ta9ty ( ?is conclusion 
gr[2 & ! m difficult x becomes to       
suppose t ,jesus himself may n h %>$ !  
sup]/iti\s beliefs ( 8 disciples4  ,x   
fur!r foll[s t ^? :o accept devils1     
possession1 & exorcism z ess5tial       
elem5ts ( _! conception ( ! spiritual _w
 may consi/5tly consid] ! te/imony ( !  
,gospels to be unimpea*able 9 respect ( 
! in=mation !y give u respect+ o!r      
matt]s :i* app]ta9 to t _w4  ,^? :o     
reject ! gospel demonology1 on ! o!r h&1
 w\ld seem to be z completely b>r$1 z ,i
 feel myself to be1 f pr(ess+ to take ! 
accuracy ( t in=mation = grant$4 ,if !  
?reefold tradition is wrong ab\t "o     
fundam5tal topic1 x may be wrong ab\t   
ano!r1 :ile ! au?ority ( ! s+le         

traditions1 (t5 mutually contradictory z
 !y are1 becomes a vani%+ quantity4  ,x 
really is unreasonable to ask any       
rejector ( ! demonology to say m )      
respect to ^? o!r matt]s1 ?an t !       
/atem5ts reg>d+ !m may be true1 or may  
be false2 & t ! ultimate decision1 if x 
is to be fav\rable1 mu/ dep5d on !      
production ( te/imony ( a v diff]5t "* f
 t ( ! writ]s ( ! f\r gospels4 ,until   
su* evid5ce is br\ght =w>d1 t refusal ( 
ass5t1 ) will+ness to re-op5 ! "q1 on   
cause %[n1 :i* is :at ,i mean by        
,agno/icism1 is1 = me1 ! only c\rse op54
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,a v]dict ( n prov5 is und\bt$ly    
unsatisfactory & ess5tially provisional1
 s f> =? z ! subject ( ! trial is       
capable ( be+ dealt ) by due process (  
reason4  ,^? :o are ( op9ion t !        
hi/orical realities at ! root (         
,*ri/ianity1 lie beyond ! jurisdiction (
 sci5ce1 ne$ n be consid]$4 ,^? :o are  
conv9c$ t ! evid5ce is1 & mu/ always    
rema91 insuffici5t to support any       

def9ite conclusion1 are ju/ifi$ 9 ignor+
 ! subject4 ,!y mu/ be cont5t to put up 
) t reproa* ( be+ m]e de/roy]s1 ( :i*   
,/rauss speaks4 ,!y may say t !re are s 
_m problems :i* are & mu/ rema9         
insoluble1 t ! burd5 ( ! my/]y ( all ?is
 un9telligible _w is n appreciably      
affect$ by "o m or less4  ,= myself1 ,i 
mu/ confess t ! problem ( ! orig9 ( su* 
v rem>kable hi/orical ph5om5a z !       
doctr9es1 & ! social organization1 :i* 9
 _! broad features c]ta9ly exi/$1 & 7 9 
a /ate ( rapid developm5t1 )9 a hundr$  
ye>s ( ! crucifixion ( ,jesus2 & :i* h  
/eadily prevail$ aga9/ all rivals1 among
 ! mo/ intellig5t & civiliz$ nations 9 !
 _w ev] s9ce1 is1 & always has be51     
pr(\ndly int]e/+2 &1 consid]+ h[ rec5t !
 really sci5tific /udy ( t problem1 & h[
 great ! progress made dur+ ! la/ half  
c5tury 9 supply+ ! conditions = a       
positive solution ( ! problem1 ,i _c    
d\bt t ! atta9m5t ( su* a solution is a 
m]e "q ( "t4  ,i am well aw>e t x has   
la9 f> beyond my p[]s to take any %>e 9 

?is great und]tak+4 ,all t ,i c hope is 
to h done some:at t[>ds ! prep>ation (  
^? :o h ceas$ to be cont5t$ ) ! old &   
f9d no satisfaction 9 half measures3    
p]haps1 also1 some?+ t[>ds ! less5+ ( t 
great proportion ( my c\ntrym51 ^: em95t
 *>act]i/ic x is t !y f9d full          
satisfaction 9 half measures4  ,t4,h4,h4
 ,,hodeslea1 ,,ea/b\rne1 ,decemb] #d?1  
#ahic4  ,,footnotes3        #a ,d4,f4   
,/rauss1 ,d] alte und d] neue ,glaube   
7#ahgb71 pp4 #i1 #aj4        #b         
,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 ii41 ,on !      
,orig9 (           ,species 7#ahfj74    
#c #a ,john iii4 #h4        #d ,n       
necess>ily ( m ?an ?is4 ,a few c5turies 
ago ! twelve mo/ intellig5t & imp>tial  
m5 to be           f\nd 9 ,engl&1 w\ld h
 indep5d5tly te/ifi$           t ! sun  
moves1 f ea/ to we/1 across !           
heav5s e day4        #e ,n[h]e m        
concisely & cle>ly ?an 9 ,dr4           
,su!rl& ,black's article ,gospels 9     
,*amb]s's           ,encyclopdia4       
,ref]5ces are giv5 to ! m               

elaborate discussions ( ! problem4      
#f ,^? :o reg>d ! ,apocalyptic disc\rse 
z a           vatic9ation aft] ! ev5t   
may draw conclusions           !refrom z
 to ! date ( ! ,gospels 9 :i* its       
sev]al =ms occur4 ,b ! assumption is    
surely           dang]\s1 f an          
apologetic po9t ( view1 s9ce x          
begs ! "q z to ! unhi/orical "* (       
?is solemn prophecy4        #g ,see p4  
#bhg ( ?is volume4     ,,cont5ts        
,,page    ,i4 ,,prologue                
#a       7,controv]t$ ,que/ions1 #ahib74
    ,,ii4 ,,sci5tific ,,&               
,,pseudo-,,sci5tific ,,realism #ahhg    
#ei   ,,iii4 ,,sci5ce ,,&               
,,pseudo-,,sci5ce #ahhg                 
#ij    ,,iv4 ,,an ,,episcopal ,,trilogy 
#ahhg                      #abf     ,v4 
,,! ,,value ,,( ,,witness ,,to ,,!      
,,miracul\s #ahhi    #afj    ,,vi4      
,,possibilities ,,& ,,impossibilities   
#ahia         #aib   ,,vii4 ,,agno/icism
 #ahhi                                  
#bji  ,,viii4 ,,agno/icism3 ,a ,,rejo9d]

 #ahhi                  #bfc    ,,ix4   
,,agno/icism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity #ahhi     
#cji     ,x4 ,,! ,,keep]s ,,( ,,! ,,h]d 
,,( ,,sw9e #ahij          #cff    ,,xi4 
,,illu/rations ,,( ,,mr4 ,,glad/one',s  
,,controv]sial       ,,me?ods #ahia     
#cic     ,i3 ,,prologue  ,controv]t$    
,que/ions1 #ahib  ,le plus gr& s]vice   
qu'on puisse r5dre  la sci5ce e/ d'y    
faire place nette avant d'y ri5         
con/ruire4--,,cuvi]4   ,mo/ ( ! ,essays 
compris$ 9 ! pres5t volume h be5 writt5 
dur+ ! la/ six or sev5 ye>s1 )\t        
prem$itat$ purpose or int5tional        
connection1 9 reply to attacks ^u       
doctr9es :i* ,i hold to be well f\nd$2  
or 9 refutation ( allegations respect+  
matt]s ly+ )9 ! prov9ce ( natural k1 :i*
 ,i believe to be errone\s2 & !y be> !  
m>k ( _! orig9 9 ! controv]sial tone :i*
 p]vades !m4  ,( polemical writ+1 z (   
o!r k9ds ( w>f>e1 ,i ?9k x may be said1 
t x is (t5 useful1 sometimes necess>y1 &
 always m or less ( an evil4 ,x is      
useful1 :5 x attracts att5tion to topics

 :i* might o!rwise be neglect$2 & :51 z 
does sometimes happ51 ^? :o come to see 
a conte/ rema9 to ?9k4 ,x is necess>y1  
:5 ! int]e/s ( tru? & ( ju/ice are at   
/ake4 ,x is an evil1 9 s f> z controv]sy
 always t5ds to deg5]ate into qu>rell+1 
to sw]ve f ! great issue ( :at is "r &  
:at is wrong to ! v small "q ( :o is "r 
& :o is wrong4 ,i v5ture to hope t !    
useful & ! necess>y 7 m conspicu\s ?an !
 evil attributes ( lit]>y militancy1 :5 
^! pap]s 7 fir/ publi%$2 b ,i h _h "s   
hesitation ab\t repr9t+ !m4 ,if ,i may  
judge by my own ta/e1 few lit]>y di%es  
are less appetis+ ?an cold controv]sy2  
moreov]1 !re is an air ( unfairness ab\t
 ! pres5tation ( only "o side ( a       
discussion1 & a flav\r ( unk9dness 9 !  
reproduction ( w+$ words1 :i*1 h[ev]    
appropriate at ! "t ( _! utt]ance1 w\ld 
f9d a /ill m appropriate place 9        
oblivion4 ,yet1 s9ce ,i c\ld h>dly ask  
^? :o h hon\r$ me by _! polemical       
att5tions to conf] lu/re on ?is         
collection1 by p]mitt+ me to pres5t _!  

lucubrations along ) my own2 & s9ce x   
w\ld be a manife/ wrong to !m to deprive
 _!1 by no means r>e1 vivacities (      
language ( su* ju/ification z !y may    
d]ive f simil> fre$oms on my "p2 ,i came
 to ! conclusion t my be/ c\rse 0 to    
leave ! essays j z !y 7 writt52#h assur+
 my hon\rable adv]s>ies t any heat ( :i*
 signs may rema9 0 g5]at$1 9 accordance 
) ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 by !   
=ce ( _! own bl[s1 & has long s9ce be5  
dissipat$ into space4  ,b1 h[ev] !      
polemical co9comitants ( ^! discussions 
may be reg>d$--or bett]1 disreg>d$--!re 
is no d\bt ei!r ab\t ! importance ( !   
topics ( :i* !y treat1 or z to ! public 
int]e/ 9 ! ,controv]t$ ,que/ions ) :i*  
!y deal4 ,or r1 ! ,controv]t$ ,"q2 =    
disconnect$ z ^! pieces may1 p]haps1    
appe> to be1 !y are1 9 fact1 conc]n$    
only ) diff]5t aspects ( a s+le problem1
 ) :i* ?9k+ m5 h be5 occupi$1 ev] s9ce  
!y began s]i\sly to consid] ! wond]ful  
frame ( ?+s 9 :i* _! lives are set1 & to
 seek = tru/wor?y guidance among its    

intricacies4  ,exp]i5ce spe$ily taught  
!m t ! %ift+ sc5es ( ! _w's /age h a    
p]man5t backgr\nd2 t !re is ord] amid/ !
 seem+ confusion1 & t _m ev5ts take     
place accord+ to un*ang+ rules4 ,to ?is 
region ( famili> /ead9ess & cu/om>y     
regul>ity !y gave ! "n ( ,nature4 ,b1 at
 ! same "t1 _! infantile & untutor$     
reason1 little m1 z yet1 ?an ! playfell[
 ( ! imag9ation1 l$ !m to believe t ?is 
tangible1 commonplace1 ord]ly _w (      
,nature 0 surr\nd$ & int]p5etrat$ by    
ano!r intangible & my/]i\s _w1 no m b\nd
 by fix$ rules ?an1 z !y fanci$1 7 !    
?\ghts & passions :i* c\rs$ ?r\gh _!    
m9ds & seem$ to ex]cise an int]mitt5t & 
caprici\s rule ov] _! bodies4 ,!y       
attribut$ to ! entities1 ) :i* !y peopl$
 ?is dim & dreadful region1 an unlimit$ 
am\nt ( t p[] ( modify+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts 
( :i* !y !mselves possess$ a small %>e1 
& ?us came to reg>d !m z n m]ely beyond1
 b above1 ,nature4  ,h5ce arose !       
conception ( a ,sup]nature anti!tic to  
,nature--! primitive dualism ( a natural

 _w fix$ 9 fate & a sup]natural1 left to
 ! free play ( volition--:i* has p]vad$ 
all lat] speculation &1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 
has ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on        
practice4 ,= x is obvi\s t1 on ?is !ory 
( ! ,univ]se1 ! successful conduct (    
life mu/ dem& c>eful att5tion to bo?    
worlds2 &1 if ei!r is to be neglect$1 x 
may be saf] t x %\ld be ,nature4 ,9 any 
giv5 cont+5cy1 x mu/ d\btless be        
desirable to "k :at may be expect$ to   
happ5 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s2 b x mu/ be
 q z necess>y to h "s inkl+ ( ! l9e     
likely to be tak5 by sup]natural ag5cies
 able1 & possibly will+1 to susp5d or   
rev]se t c\rse4 ,inde$1 logically       
develop$1 ! duali/ic !ory mu/ ne$s end 9
 almo/ exclusive att5tion to            
,sup]nature1 & 9 tru/ t its ov]rul+     
/r5g? w be ex]t$ 9 fav\r ( ^? :o /& well
 ) its d5iz5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lessons (
 ! great s*oolma/]1 exp]i5ce1 h h>dly   
seem$ to accord ) ?is conclusion4 ,!y h 
taught1 ) consid]able emphasis1 t x does
 n answ] to neglect ,nature2 & t1 on !  

:ole1 ! m att5tion paid to h] dictates !
 bett] m5 f>e4  ,?us ! !oretical        
anti!sis br\ght ab\t a practical        
antagonism4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h
 any k1 ,naturalism & ,sup]naturalism h 
consci\sly1 or unconsci\sly1 compet$ &  
/ruggl$ ) "o ano!r2 & ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! 
conte/ are writt5 9 ! records ( ! c\rse 
( civilisation1 f ^? ( ,egypt &         
,babylonia1 six ?\s& ye>s ago1 d[n to ^?
 ( our own "t & p4  ,^! records in=m u  
t1 s f> z m5 h paid att5tion to ,nature1
 !y h be5 rew>d$ = _! pa9s4 ,!y h       
develop$ ! ,arts :i* h furni%$ !        
conditions ( civilis$ exi/5ce2 & !      
,sci5ces1 :i* h be5 a progressive       
revelation ( reality & h af=d$ ! be/    
discipl9e ( ! m9d 9 ! me?ods ( discov]+ 
tru?4 ,!y h accumulat$ a va/ body (     
univ]sally accept$ k2 & ! conceptions ( 
man & ( society1 ( morals & ( law1 bas$ 
^u t k1 are e day m & m1 ei!r op5ly or  
tacitly1 ackn[l$g$ to be ! f\ndations ( 
"r action4  ,hi/ory also tells u t !    
field ( ! sup]natural has rew>d$ its    

cultivators ) a h>ve/1 p]haps n less    
luxuriant1 b ( a diff]5t "*4 ,x has     
produc$ an almo/ inf9ite div]sity (     
,religions4 ,^!1 if we set aside !      
e?ical concomitants ^u :i* natural k    
also has a claim1 are compos$ (         
in=mation ab\t ,sup]nature2 !y tell u ( 
! attributes ( sup]natural be+s1 ( _!   
relations ) ,nature1 & ( ! op]ations by 
:i* _! int]f]5ce ) ! ord9>y c\rse (     
ev5ts c be secur$ or av]t$4 ,x does n   
appe>1 h[ev]1 t sup]naturali/s h atta9$ 
to any agreem5t ab\t ^! matt]s1 or t    
hi/ory indicates a wid5+ ( ! influ5ce ( 
sup]naturalism on practice1 ) ! onw>d   
fl[ ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! v>i\s        
religions are1 to a great ext5t1        
mutually exclusive2 & _! adh]5ts delight
 9 *>g+ ea* o!r1 n m]ely ) error1 b )   
crim9ality1 des]v+ & ensu+ puni%m5t (   
inf9ite sev]ity4 ,9 s+ul> contra/ )     
natural k1 aga91 ! acqua9tance ( mank9d 
) ! sup]natural appe>s ! m ext5sive & ! 
m exact1 & ! influ5ce ( sup]natural     
doctr9es ^u conduct ! great]1 ! fur!r   

back we g 9 "t & ! l[] ! /age (         
civilisation submitt$ to inve/igation4  
,hi/orically1 inde$1 !re w\ld seem to be
 an inv]se relation betwe5 sup]natural &
 natural k4 ,z ! latt] has wid5$1 ga9$ 9
 precision & 9 tru/wor?9ess1 s has ! =m]
 %runk1 gr[n vague & que/ionable2 z ! "o
 has m & m fill$ ! sph]e ( action1 s has
 ! o!r retreat$ into ! region (         
m$itation1 or vani%$ beh9d ! scre5 ( m]e
 v]bal recognition4  ,:e!r ?is diff]5ce 
( ! =tunes ( ,naturalism & (            
,sup]naturalism is an indication ( !    
progress1 or ( ! regress1 ( humanity2 ( 
a fall f1 or an advance t[>ds1 ! high]  
life2 is a matt] ( op9ion4 ,! po9t to   
:i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion is t !    
diff]5ce exi/s & is mak+ itself felt4   
,m5 are gr[+ to be s]i\sly alive to !   
fact t ! hi/orical evolution ( humanity1
 :i* is g5]ally1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k n   
unreasonably1 reg>d$ z progress1 has    
be51 & is be+1 accompani$ by a          
co-ord9ate elim9ation ( ! sup]natural f 
its orig9ally l>ge occupation ( m5's    

?\ghts4 ,! "q--,h[ f> is ?is process to 
g8--is1 9 my appreh5sion1 ! ,controv]t$ 
,"q ( our "t4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,controv]sy on ?is
 matt]--prolong$1 bitt]1 & f\ght out ) !
 weapons ( ! fle%1 z well z ) ^? ( !    
_s--is no new ?+ to ,engli%m54 ,we h be5
 m or less occupi$ ) x ^! five hundr$   
ye>s4 ,&1 dur+ t "t1 we h made attempts 
to e/abli% a modus viv5di betwe5 !      
antagoni/s1 "s ( :i* h _h a _w-wide     
influ5ce2 ?\gh1 un=tunately1 none h     
prov$ univ]sally & p]man5tly            
satisfactory4  ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !   
controv]t$ "q among u 01 :e!r c]ta9     
portions ( ! ,sup]naturalism ( m$ival   
,*ri/ianity 7 well-f\nd$4 ,john ,wicliff
 propos$ a solution ( ! problem :i*1 9 !
 c\rse ( ! foll[+ two hundr$ ye>s1      
acquir$ wide popul>ity & va/ hi/orical  
importance3 ,loll>ds1 ,hussites1        
,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 ,zw+lians1         
,soc9ians1 & ,anabapti/s1 :atev] _!     
disagreem5ts1 concurr$ 9 ! proposal to  
r$uce ! ,sup]naturalism ( ,*ri/ianity )9

 ! limits sanction$ by ! ,scriptures4   
,none ( ! *iefs ( ,prote/antism call$ 9 
"q ei!r ! sup]natural orig9 & infallible
 au?ority ( ! ,bible1 or ! exactitude ( 
! acc\nt ( ! sup]natural _w giv5 9 its  
pages4 ,9 fact1 !y c\ld n af=d to       
ent]ta9 any d\bt ab\t ^! po9ts1 s9ce !  
infallible ,bible 0 ! fulcrum ( ! lev] )
 :i* !y 7 endeav\r+ to upset ! ,*air (  
,/4 ,pet]4 ,! fre$om ( private judgm5t  
:i* !y proclaim$1 meant no m1 9         
practice1 ?an p]mission to !mselves to  
make free ) ! public judgm5t ( ! ,roman 
,*ur*1 9 respect ( ! canon & ( ! mean+  
to be atta*$ to ! words ( ! canonical   
books4 ,private judgm5t--t is to say1   
reason--0 7!oretically1 at any rate7 at 
lib]ty to decide :at books 7 & :at 7 n  
to take ! rank ( ,scripture2 & to       
det]m9e ! s5se ( any passage 9 su*      
books4 ,b ?is s5se1 once asc]ta9$ to !  
m9d ( ! sect>y1 0 to be tak5 = pure     
tru?--= ! v ^w ( ,god4 ,! controv]sial  
effici5cy ( ! pr9ciple ( biblical       
infallibility lay 9 ! fact t !          

cons]vative adv]s>ies ( ! ,re=m]s 7 n 9 
a position to contrav5e x )\t entangl+  
!mselves 9 s]i\s difficulties2 :ile1    
s9ce bo? ,papi/s & ,prote/ants agre$ 9  
tak+ effici5t measures to /op ! m\?s (  
any m radical critics1 ^! did n c\nt4   
,! impot5ce ( _! adv]s>ies1 h[ev]1 did n
 remove ! inh]5t weakness ( ! position (
 ! ,prote/ants4 ,! dogma ( !            
infallibility ( ! ,bible is no m        
self-evid5t ?an is t ( ! infallibility (
 ! ,pope4 ,if ! =m] is held by fai?1 !n 
! latt] may be4 ,if ! latt] is to be    
accept$1 or reject$1 by private judgm5t1
 :y n ! =m]8 ,ev5 if ! ,bible c\ld be   
prov$ any:]e to ass]t its own           
infallibility1 ! value ( t self-ass]tion
 to ^? :o dispute ! po9t is n obvi\s4   
,on ! o!r h&1 if ! infallibility ( !    
,bible 0 re/$ on t ( a primitive ,*ur*1 
! admission t ! ,*ur* 0 =m]ly infallible
 0 awkw>d 9 ! extreme = ^? :o d5i$ its  
pres5t infallibility4 ,moreov]1 no soon]
 0 ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple appli$ to      
practice1 ?an x became evid5t t ev5 an  

infallible text1 :5 manipulat$ by       
private judgm5t1 w imp>tially c\nt5ance 
contradictory d$uctions2 & furni% =?    
cre$s & confessions z div]se z ! quality
 & ! in=mation ( ! intellects :i*       
ex]cise1 & ! prejudices & passions :i*  
sway1 su* judgm5ts4 ,e sect1 confid5t 9 
! d]ivative infallibility ( its         
wire-draw+ ( infallible mat]ials1 0     
ready to supply its cont+5t ( m>tyrs2 & 
to enable hi/ory1 once m1 to illu/rate !
 tru?1 t /eadfa/ness "u p]secution says 
mu* = ! s9c]ity & /ill m = ! t5acity1 ( 
! believ]1 b v little = ! objective tru?
 ( t :i* he believes4 ,no m>tyrs h seal$
 _! fai? ) _! blood m /eadfa/ly ?an !   
,anabapti/s4  ,la/1 b n lea/1 !         
,prote/ant pr9ciple conta9$ )9 itself ! 
g]ms ( ! de/ruction ( ! f9ality1 :i* !  
,lu!ran1 ,calv9i/ic1 & o!r ,prote/ant   
,*ur*es fondly imag9$ !y _h rea*$4 ,s9ce
 _! cre$s 7 pr(ess$ly bas$ on !         
canonical ,scriptures1 x foll[$ t1 9 !  
long run1 :oso settl$ ! canon def9$ !   
cre$4 ,if ! private judgm5t ( ,lu!r     

might legitimately conclude t ! epi/le (
 ,james 0 contemptible1 :ile ! epi/les (
 ,paul conta9$ ! v ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1
 x mu/ be p]missible = "s o!r private   
judgm5t1 on z good or z bad gr\nds1 to  
rev]se ^! conclusions2 ! critical       
process :i* exclud$ ! ,apocrypha c\ld n 
be b>r$1 at any rate by p :o reject$ !  
au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 f ext5d+ its        
op]ations to ,daniel1 ! ,canticles1 &   
,ecclesia/es2 nor1 hav+ got s f>1 0 x   
easy to allege any good gr\nd = /ay+ !  
fur!r progress ( criticism4 ,9 fact1 !  
logical developm5t ( ,prote/antism c\ld 
n fail to lay ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures
 at ! feet ( ,reason2 &1 9 ! h&s (      
latitud9>ian & rationali/ic !ologians1 !
 despotism ( ! ,bible 0 rapidly conv]t$ 
into an extremely limit$ mon>*y4 ,treat$
 ) z mu* respect z ev]1 ! sph]e ( its   
practical au?ority 0 m9imis$2 & its     
decrees 7 valid only s f> z !y 7        
c\nt]sign$ by common s5se1 ! responsible
 m9i/]4  ,! *ampions ( ,prote/antism are
 mu* giv5 to glorify ! ,re=mation ( !   

sixte5? c5tury z ! emancipation (       
,reason2 b x may be d\bt$ if _!         
cont5tion has any solid gr\nd2 :ile !re 
is a good deal ( evid5ce to %[1 t       
aspirations aft] intellectual fre$om _h 
no?+ :atev] to d ) ! movem5t4 ,dante1 :o
 /ruck ! ,papacy z h>d bl[s z ,wicliff2 
,wicliff himself & ,lu!r himself1 :5 !y 
began _! "w2 7 f> en\gh f any int5tion (
 m$dl+ ) ev5 ! mo/ irrational ( ! dogmas
 ( m$ival ,sup]naturalism4 ,f ,wicliff  
to ,soc9us1 or ev5 to ,mnz]1 ,ro?mann1 &
 ,john ( ,leyd51 ,i fail to f9d a trace 
( any desire to set reason free4 ,! mo/ 
t c be discov]$ is a proposal to *ange  
ma/]s4 ,f be+ ! slave ( ! ,papacy !     
intellect 0 to become ! s]f ( ! ,bible2 
or1 to speak m accurately1 ( somebody's 
int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 :i*1 rapidly  
%ift+ its attitude f ! humility ( a     
private judgm5t to ! arrogant           
,cs>o-papi/ry ( a /ate-en=c$ cre$1 _h no
 m hesitation ab\t =cibly ext+ui%+      
oppon5t private judgm5ts & judges1 ?an  
_h ! old-fa%ion$ ,pontiff-papi/ry4  ,x 0

 ! iniquities1 & n ! irrationalities1 ( 
! ,papal sy/em t lay at ! bottom ( !    
revolt ( ! laity2 :i* 01 ess5tially1 an 
attempt to %ake (f ! intol]able burd5 ( 
c]ta9 practical d$uctions f a           
,sup]naturalism 9 :i* ev]ybody1 9       
pr9ciple1 acquiesc$4 ,:at 0 ! ga9 to    
intellectual fre$om ( aboli%+           
transub/antiation1 image wor%ip1        
indulg5ces1 ecclesia/ical infallibility2
 if consub/antiation1 real-unreal       
pres5ce my/ifications1 ! bibliolatry1 ! 
inn]-light pret5sions1 & ! demonology1  
:i* are fruits ( ! same sup]naturali/ic 
tree1 rema9$ 9 enjoym5t ( ! spiritual & 
temporal support ( a new infallibility8 
,"o does n free a prison] by m]ely      
scrap+ away ! ru/ f 8 %ackles4  ,x w be 
ask$1 p]haps1 0 n ! ,re=mation "o ( !   
products ( t great outbreak ( _m-sid$   
free m5tal activity includ$ "u ! g5]al  
head ( ! ,r5asc5ce8 ,melan*?on1 ,ulri*  
von ,hutt51 ,beza1 7 !y n all humani/s8 
,0 n ! ar*-humani/1 ,erasmus1           
fautor-9-*ief ( ! ,re=mation1 until he  

got fright5$ & basely des]t$ x8  ,f !   
language ( ,prote/ant hi/orians1 x w\ld 
seem t !y (t5 =get t ,re=mation &       
,prote/antism are by no means conv]tible
 t]ms4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( s9c]e & inde$     
zeal\s re=m]s1 be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! bir?
 & gr[? ( ,prote/antism1 :o w\ld h no?+ 
to d ) x4 ,assur$ly1 ! rejuv5esc5ce (   
sci5ce & ( art2 ! wid5+ ( ! field (     
,nature by geographical & a/ronomical   
discov]y2 ! revelation ( ! noble ideals 
( antique lit]ature by ! revival (      
classical le>n+2 ! /ir ( ?\ght1 ?r\gh\t 
all classes ( society1 by ! pr9t]s' "w1 
loos5$ traditional bonds & weak5$ ! hold
 ( m$ival ,sup]naturalism4 ,9 ! int]e/s 
( lib]al culture & ( national welf>e1 ! 
humani/s 7 eag] to l5d a h& to any?+ :i*
 t5d$ to ! discomfiture ( _! sworn      
enemies1 ! monks1 & !y will+ly support$ 
e movem5t 9 ! direction ( weak5+        
ecclesia/ical int]f]5ce ) civil life4 ,b
 ! bond ( a common enemy 0 ! only real  
tie betwe5 ! humani/ & ! prote/ant2 _!  
alliance 0 b\nd to be ( %ort duration1  

&1 soon] or lat]1 to be replac$ by      
int]nec9e w>f>e4 ,! goal ( ! humani/s1  
:e!r !y 7 aw>e ( x or n1 0 ! atta9m5t ( 
! complete intellectual fre$om ( !      
antique philosoph]1 ?an :i* no?+ c\ld be
 m abhorr5t to a ,lu!r1 a ,calv91 a     
,beza1 or a ,zw+li4  ,! key to !        
compreh5sion ( ! conduct ( ,erasmus1    
seems to me to lie 9 ! cle> appreh5sion 
( ?is fact4 ,t he 0 a man ( _m          
weaknesses may be true2 9 fact1 he 0 q  
aw>e ( !m & pr(ess$ himself no h]o4 ,b  
he nev] des]t$ t re=matory movem5t :i*  
he orig9ally contemplat$2 & x 0         
impossible he %\ld h des]t$ !           
specifically ,prote/ant re=mation 9 :i* 
he nev] took "p4 ,he 0 ess5tially a     
!ological :ig1 to :om radicalism 0 z    
hateful z x is to all :igs2 or1 to borr[
 a /ill m appropriate comp>ison f mod]n 
times1 a broad *ur*man :o refus$ to     
enli/ ) ei!r ! ,high ,*ur* or ! ,l[     
,*ur* zealots1 & paid ! p5alty ( be+    
call$ c[>d1 "t-s]v] & traitor1 by bo?4  
,yet really !re is a good deal 9 8      

pa!tic remon/rance t he does n see :y he
 is b\nd to become a m>tyr = t 9 :i* he 
does n believe2 & a fair consid]ation ( 
! circum/ances & ! consequ5ces ( !      
,prote/ant re=mation seems to me to g a 
long way t[>ds ju/ify+ ! c\rse he       
adopt$4  ,few m5 _h bett] means ( be+   
acqua9t$ ) ! condition ( ,europe2 none  
c\ld be m compet5t to gauge !           
intellectual %all[ness &                
self-contradiction ( ! ,prote/ant       
criticism ( ,ca?olic doctr9e2 & to      
e/imate1 at its prop] value1 ! fond     
imag9ation t ! wat]s let out by !       
,r5asc5ce w\ld come to re/ amid/ ! bl9d 
alleys ( ! new ecclesia/icism4 ,! ba/>d1
 :ilom poor /ud5t & monk1 become !      
famili> ( bi%ops & pr9ces1 at home 9 all
 grades ( society1 c\ld n fail to be    
aw>e ( ! gravity ( ! social position1 ( 
! dang]s imm95t f ! pr(ligacy &         
indiff]5ce ( ! rul+ classes1 no less ?an
 f ! an>*ical t5d5cies ( ! p :o groan$  
"u _! oppression4 ,! w&]] :o _h liv$ 9  
,g]many1 9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,italy1 

& :o c\nt$ _m ( ! be/ & mo/ influ5tial  
m5 9 ea* c\ntry among 8 fri5ds1 0 n     
likely to e/imate wrongly ! enorm\s =ces
 :i* 7 /ill at ! comm& ( ! ,papacy4 ,bad
 z ! *ur*m5 might be1 ! /atesm5 7 worse2
 & a p]son ( f> m sangu9e temp]am5t ?an 
,erasmus might h se5 no hope = ! future1
 except 9 gradually free+ ! ubiquit\s   
organisation ( ! ,*ur* f ! corruptions  
:i* alone1 z he imag9$1 prev5t$ x f be+ 
z b5efic5t z x 0 p[]ful4 ,! broad       
tol]ance ( ! s*ol> & man ( ! _w might   
well be revolt$ by ! ruffianism1 h[ev]  
g5ial1 ( "o great light ( ,prote/antism1
 & ! n>r[ fanaticism1 h[ev] le>n$ &     
logical1 ( o!rs2 & to a cauti\s ?9k]1 by
 :om1 :atev] 8 %ortcom+s1 ! e?ical ideal
 ( ! ,*ri/ian evangel 0 s9c]ely priz$1 x
 really 0 a fair "q1 :e!r x 0 wor? :ile 
to br+ ab\t a political & social deluge1
 ! end ( :i* no mortal c\ld =esee1 = !  
purpose ( sett+ up ,lu!ran1 ,zw+lian1 & 
o!r ,pet]k9s1 9 ! place ( ! actual      
claimant to ! rev]sion ( ! spiritual    
weal? ( ! ,galilean fi%]man4  ,let u    

suppose t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,lu!ran &    
,zw+lian movem5t1 a vision ( its        
imm$iate consequ5ces _h be5 grant$ to   
,erasmus2 imag9e t to ! spectre ( !     
fi]ce outbreak ( ,anabapti/ communism1  
:i* op5$ ! apocalypse1 _h succe$$1 9    
%ad[y procession1 ! reign ( t]ror & (   
spoliation 9 ,engl&1 ) ! judicial murd]s
 ( 8 fri5ds1 ,m & ,fi%]2 ! bitt] tyranny
 ( evangeli/ic cl]icalism 9 ,g5eva & 9  
,scotl&2 ! long agony ( religi\s w>s1   
p]secutions1 & massacres1 :i* deva/at$  
,france & r$uc$ ,g]many almo/ to        
savag]y2 f9i%+ ) ! spectacle (          
,lu!ranism 9 its native c\ntry sunk into
 m]e dead ,era/ian =malism1 be=e x 0 a  
c5tury old2 :ile ,jesuitry triumph$ ov] 
,prote/antism 9 ?ree-f\r?s ( ,europe1   
br++ 9 its tra9 a recrudesc5ce ( all !  
corruptions ,erasmus & 8 fri5ds s\ght to
 aboli%2 might n he h q hone/ly ?\ght   
?is a some:at too heavy price to pay =  
,prote/antism2 m especially1 s9ce no "o 
0 9 a bett] position ?an himself to "k  
h[ little ! dogmatic f\ndation ( ! new  

confessions 0 able to be> ! light :i* ! 
inevitable progress ( humani/ic         
criticism w\ld ?r[ ^u !m8 ,z ! wis] ( 8 
contempor>ies saw1 ,erasmus 01 at he>t1 
nei!r ,prote/ant nor ,papi/1 b an       
,indep5d5t ,*ri/ian2 &1 z ! wis] ( 8    
mod]n biograph]s h disc]n$1 he 0 !      
precursor1 n ( sixte5? c5tury re=m1 b ( 
eighte5? c5tury enlight5m5t2 a sort (   
broad-*ur* ,voltaire1 :o held by 8      
,indep5d5t ,*ri/ianity z /\tly z        
,voltaire by 8 ,deism4  ,9 fact1 ! /ream
 ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 :i* bore ,erasmus along1
 left ,prote/antism /r&$ amid/ !        
mudbanks ( its articles & cre$s3 :ile   
its true c\rse became visible to all m51
 two c5turies lat]4 ,by ?is "t1 ^? 9 :om
 ! movem5t ( ! ,r5asc5ce 0 inc>nate     
became aw>e :at _s !y 7 (2 & !y attack$ 
,sup]naturalism 9 its ,biblical         
/ronghold1 def5d$ by ,prote/ants &      
,romani/s ) equal zeal4 ,9 ! eyes ( !   
,patri>*1 ,ultramontanism1 ,jans5ism1 & 
,calv9ism 7 m]ely ?ree p]sons ( ! "o    
,infme :i* x 0 ! object ( 8 life to     

cru%4 ,if he hat$ "o m ?an ano!r1 x 0   
probably ! la/2 :ile ,d',holba*1 & !    
extreme left ( ! free-?9k+ ho/1 7       
dispos$ to %[ no m m]cy to ,deism &     
,pan!ism4  ,! sceptical insurrection ( !
 eighte5? c5tury made a t]rific noise & 
fright5$ n a few wor?y p out ( _! wits2 
b cool judges might h =ese51 at !       
outset1 t ! ef=ts ( ! lat] rebels 7 no m
 likely ?an ^? ( ! e>li]1 to furni%     
p]man5t re/+-places = ! _s ( sci5tific  
inquiry4 ,h[ev] wor?y ( admiration may  
be ! acut5ess1 ! common s5se1 ! wit1 !  
broad humanity1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! writ+s ( !
 be/ ( ! free-?9k]s2 !re is r>ely mu* to
 be said = _! "w z an example ( !       
adequate treatm5t ( a grave & difficult 
inve/igation4 ,i d n ?9k any imp>tial   
judge w ass]t t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 !y  
are mu* bett] ?an _! adv]s>ies4 ,x mu/  
be admitt$ t !y %>e to ! full ! fatal   
weakness ( a priori philosophis+1 no    
less ?an ! moral frivolity common to _! 
age2 :ile a s+ul> want ( appreciation ( 
hi/ory1 z ! record ( ! moral & social   

evolution ( ! human race1 p]mitt$ !m to 
resort to prepo/]\s !ories ( impo/ure1 9
 ord] to acc\nt = ! religi\s ph5om5a :i*
 are natural products ( t evolution4  ,=
 ! mo/ "p1 ! ,romani/ & ,prote/ant      
adv]s>ies ( ! free-?9k]s met !m )       
argum5ts no bett] ?an _! own2 & )       
vitup]ation1 s f> inf]ior t x lack$ !   
wit4 ,b "o great ,*ri/ian ,apologi/     
fairly captur$ ! guns ( ! free-?9k+     
array1 & turn$ _! batt]ies ^u !mselves4 
,speculative infidelity ( ! eighte5?    
c5tury type 0 mortally w\nd$ by !       
,analogy2 :ile ! progress ( ! hi/orical 
& psy*ological sci5ces br\ght to light !
 important "p play$ by ! my?opoeic      
faculty2 &1 by demon/rat+ ! extreme     
read9ess ( m5 to impose ^u !mselves1    
r5d]$ ! call+ 9 ( sac]dotal coop]ation1 
9 mo/ cases1 a sup]fluity4  ,aga91 z 9 !
 f\rte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies1 social & 
political influ5ces came into play4 ,!  
free-?9k+ philosophes1 :o object$ to    
,r\sseau's s5tim5tal religiosity almo/ z
 mu* z !y did to ,l',infme1 7 cr$it$ ) !

 responsibility = all ! evil de$s (     
,r\sseau's ,jacob9 disciples1 ) ab\t z  
mu* ju/ification z ,wicliff 0 held      
responsible = ! ,peasants' revolt1 or   
,lu!r = ! ,bau]n-krieg4 ,9 ,engl&1 ?\gh 
our anci5 rgime 0 n altoge!r lovely1 !  
social edifice 0 nev] 9 su* a bad way z 
9 ,france2 x 0 /ill capable ( be+       
repair$2 & our =efa!rs1 v wisely1       
pref]r$ to wait until t op]ation c\ld be
 safely p]=m$1 r ?an pull x all d[n ab\t
 _! e>s1 9 ord] to build a              
philosophically plann$ h\se on br&-new  
speculative f\ndations4 ,"u ^!          
circum/ances1 x is n wond]ful t1 9 ?is  
c\ntry1 practical m5 pref]r$ ! gospel ( 
,wesley & ,:itfield to t ( ,jean        
,jacques2 :ile en\gh ( ! old leav5 (    
,puritanism rema9$ to ensure ! fav\r &  
support ( a l>ge numb] ( religi\s m5 to 
a revival ( evangelical sup]naturalism4 
,?us1 by degrees1 ! free-?9k+1 or !     
indiff]5ce1 preval5t among u 9 ! fir/   
half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 replac$ by a
 /rong sup]naturali/ic reaction1 :i*    

subm]g$ ! "w ( ! free-?9k]s2 & ev5      
seem$1 = a "t1 to h arre/$ ! naturali/ic
 movem5t ( :i* t "w 0 an imp]fect       
indication4 ,yet1 l ,loll>dry1 f\r      
c5turies e>li]1 free-?\ght m]ely took to
 runn+ und]gr\nd1 safe1 soon] or lat]1  
to return to ! surface4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,my      
memory1 un=tunately1 c>ries me back to !
 f\r? decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 !   
evangelical flood _h a little abat$ & ! 
tops ( c]ta9 m\nta9s 7 soon to appe>1   
*iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ox=d2 b :5   
nev]!less1 bibliolatry 0 rampant2 :5    
*ur* & *apel alike proclaim$1 z !       
oracles ( ,god1 ! crude assumptions ( ! 
wor/ in=m$ &1 9 natural sequ5ce1 ! mo/  
presumptu\sly bigot$1 ( all !ological   
s*ools4  ,9 accordance ) promises made  
on my behalf1 b c]ta9ly )\t my          
au?orisation1 ,i 0 v e>ly tak5 to he>   
s]mons 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,& vulg> en\gh 
(t5 0 ! tongue 9 :i* "s prea*]1 ignorant
 alike ( lit]ature1 ( hi/ory1 ( sci5ce1 
& ev5 ( !ology1 outside t patronis$ by 8

 own n>r[ s*ool1 p\r$ =?1 f ! safe      
entr5*m5t ( ! pulpit1 invectives aga9/  
^? :o deviat$ f 8 notion ( or?odoxy4 ,f 
d>k allusions to sceptics & infidels1 ,i
 became aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( p :o tru/$ 9 
c>nal reason2 :o audaci\sly d\bt$ t ! _w
 0 made 9 six natural days1 or t !      
deluge 0 univ]sal2 p]haps ev5 w5t s f> z
 to "q ! lit]al accuracy ( ! /ory (     
,eve's temptation1 or ( ,balaam's ass2  
&1 f ! horror ( ! tones 9 :i* !y 7      
m5tion$1 ,i %\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ !
 conclusion t ^! ra% m5 belong$ to !    
crim9al classes4 ,at ! same "t1 ^? :o 7 
m directly responsible = provid+ me ) ! 
k ess5tial to ! "r guidance ( life 7& :o
 s9c]ely desir$ to d s71 imag9$ !y 7    
dis*>g+ t mo/ sacr$ duty by impress+ ^u 
my *ildi% m9d ! necessity1 on pa9 (     
reprobation 9 ?is _w & damnation 9 !    
next1 ( accept+1 9 ! /rict & lit]al     
s5se1 e /atem5t conta9$ 9 ! ,prote/ant  
,bible4 ,i 0 told to believe1 & ,i did  
believe1 t d\bt ab\t any ( !m 0 a s91 n 
less repreh5sible ?an a moral delict4 ,i

 suppose t1 out ( a ?\s& ( my           
contempor>ies1 n9e hundr$1 at lea/1 _h  
_! m9ds sy/ematically w>p$ & poison$1 9 
! "n ( ! ,god ( tru?1 by l discipl9e4 ,i
 am sure t1 ev5 a score ( ye>s lat]1 ^? 
:o v5tur$ to "q ! exact hi/orical       
accuracy ( any "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & a 
=tiori ( ! ,gospels1 _h to expect a     
pitiless %[] ( v]bal missiles1 to say   
no?+ ( ! o!r disagreeable consequ5ces   
:i* visit ^? :o1 9 any way1 run c\nt] to
 t *aos ( prejudices call$ public       
op9ion4  ,my recollections ( ?is "t h   
rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ! p]usal ( a      
rem>kable docum5t1#i sign$ by z _m z    
?irty-eight out ( ! tw5ty odd ?\s&      
cl]gym5 ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,x does n  
appe> t ! signat>ies are (ficially      
accr$it$ spokesm5 ( ! ecclesia/ical     
corporation to :i* !y belong2 b ,i feel 
b\nd to take _! ^w = x1 t !y are /ew>ds 
( ! ,"l1 :o h receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/1 &1 
!re=e1 to accept ?is memorial z evid5ce 
t1 ?\gh ! ,evangelicism ( my e>ly days  
may be depos$ f its place ( p[]1 ?\gh s 

_m ( ! colleagues ( ! ?irty-eight ev5   
repudiate ! title ( ,prote/ants1 yet !  
gre5 bay tree ( bibliolatry fl\ri%es z x
 did sixty ye>s ago4 ,&1 z 9 ^? good old
 times1 :oso refuses to (f] inc5se to ! 
idol is held to be guilty ( a di%on\r to
 ,god1 imp]ill+ 8 salvation4  ,x is to !
 cr$it ( ! p]spicacity ( ! memoriali/s t
 !y disc]n ! real nature ( ! ,controv]t$
 ,"q ( ! age4 ,!y are awake to !        
unque/ionable fact t1 if ,scripture has 
be5 discov]$ n to be wor?y ( unque/ion+ 
belief1 fai? 9 ! sup]natural itself is1 
s f>1 und]m9$4 ,& ,i may congratulate   
myself ^u su* weighty confirmation ( an 
op9ion 9 :i* ,i h _h ! =tune to         
anticipate !m4 ,b :e!r x is m to ! cr$it
 ( ! c\rage1 ?an to ! intellig5ce1 ( !  
?irty-eight t !y %\ld g on to proclaim t
 ! canonical scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new 
,te/am5ts decl>e incontrov]tibly !      
actual hi/orical tru? 9 all records1 bo?
 ( pa/ ev5ts & ( ! deliv]y ( pr$ictions 
to be !reaft] fulfill$1 mu/ be left to !
 com+ g5]ation to decide4  ,! int]e/ :i*

 atta*es to ?is s+ul> docum5t w1 ,i ?9k1
 be bas$ by mo/ ?9k+ m51 n ^u :at x is1 
b ^u t ( :i* x is a sign4 ,x is an op5  
secret1 t ! memorial is put =? z a      
c\nt]bla/ to a manife/ation ( op9ion ( a
 contr>y "*1 on ! "p ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! 
same ecclesia/ical body1 :o !re=e h1 z  
,i suppose1 an equal "r to decl>e       
!mselves /ew>ds ( ! ,"l & recipi5ts ( ! 
,holy ,gho/4 ,9 fact1 ! /ream ( t5d5cy  
t[>ds ,naturalism1 ! c\rse ( :i* ,i h   
briefly trac$1 has1 ( late ye>s1 fl[$ s 
/rongly1 t ev5 ! ,*ur*es h begun1 ,i d>e
 n say to drift1 b1 at any rate1 to sw+ 
at _! moor+s4 ,)9 ! pale ( ! ,anglican  
e/abli%m5t1 ,i v5ture to d\bt1 :e!r1 at 
?is mom5t1 !re are z _m ?or\gh-go+      
def5d]s ( pl5>y inspiration z !re 7     
timid que/ion]s ( t doctr9e1 half a     
c5tury ago4 ,comm5t>ies1 sanction$ by ! 
highe/ au?ority1 give up ! actual       
hi/orical tru? ( ! cosmogonical &       
diluvial n>ratives4 ,univ]sity pr(essors
 ( des]v$ly high repute accept !        
critical decision t ! ,hexateu* is a    

compilation1 9 :i* ! %>e ( ,moses1 ei!r 
z au?or or z editor1 is n q s cle>ly    
demon/rable z x might be2 highly plac$  
,div9es tell u t ! pre-,abrahamic       
,scripture n>ratives may be ignor$2 t ! 
book ( ,daniel may be reg>d$ z a        
patriotic romance ( ! second c5tury     
,b4,c42 t ! words ( ! writ] ( ! f\r?    
,gospel are n always to be di/+ui%$ f ^?
 :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus4       
,cons]vative1 b consci5ti\s1 revis]s    
decide t :ole passages1 "s ( dogmatic & 
"s ( e?ical importance1 are             
int]polations4 ,an uneasy s5se ( !      
weakness ( ! dogma ( ,biblical          
infallibility seems to be at ! bottom ( 
a prevail+ t5d5cy once m to sub/itute ! 
au?ority ( ! ,*ur* = t ( ! ,bible4 ,9 my
 old age1 x has happ5$ to me to be tak5 
to task = reg>d+ ,*ri/ianity z a        
religion ( a book z gravely z1 9 my y\?1
 ,i %\ld h be5 repreh5d$ = d\bt+ t      
proposition4 ,x is a no less int]e/+    
symptom t ! ,/ate ,*ur* seems m & m     
anxi\s to repudiate all complicity ) !  

pr9ciples ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation & to
 call itself ,anglo-,ca?olic4           
,inspiration1 depriv$ ( its old         
intelligible s5se1 is wat]$ d[n into a  
my/ification4 ,! ,scriptures are1 inde$1
 inspir$2 b !y conta9 a :olly undef9$ & 
indef9able human elem5t2 & ?is un=tunate
 intrud] is conv]t$ into a sort (       
biblical :ipp+ boy4 ,:atsoev] sci5tific 
inve/igation1 hi/orical or physical1    
proves to be errone\s1 ! human elem5t   
be>s ! blame2 :ile ! div9e inspiration (
 su* /atem5ts1 z by _! nature are out ( 
rea* ( pro( or dispro(1 is /ill ass]t$ )
 all ! vig\r inspir$ by consci\s safety 
f attack4 ,?\gh ! proposal to treat !   
,bible l any o!r book :i* caus$ s mu*   
sc&al1 =ty ye>s ago1 may n yet be       
g5]ally accept$1 & ?\gh ,bi%op ,col5so's
 criticisms may /ill lie1 =mally1 "u    
ecclesia/ical ban1 yet ! ,*ur* has n    
:olly turn$ a deaf e> to ! voice ( !    
sci5tific tempt]2 & _m a coy div9e1 :ile
 cry+ ,i w ne'er cons5t1 has cons5t$ to 
! proposals ( t sci5tific criticism :i* 

! memoriali/s r5\nce & d5\nce4  ,a      
humble layman1 to :om x w\ld seem !     
height ( presumption to assume ev5 !    
unconsid]$ dignity ( a /ew>d ( sci5ce1  
may well f9d ?is conflict ( app>5tly    
equal ecclesia/ical au?orities          
p]plex+--sugge/ive1 inde$1 ( ! wisdom ( 
po/pon+ att5tion to ei!r1 until ! "q (  
prec$5ce betwe5 !m is settl$4 ,& ?is    
c\rse w probably appe> ! m advisable1 ! 
m closely ! fundam5tal position ( !     
memoriali/s is exam9$4  ,no op9ion ( !  
fact or =m ( ,div9e ,revelation1 f\nd$  
on lit]>y criticism & ,i suppose ,i may 
add hi/orical1 or physical1 criticism ( 
! ,scriptures !mselves1 c be admitt$ to 
int]f]e ) ! tradition>y te/imony ( !    
,*ur*1 :5 t has be5 once asc]ta9$ &     
v]ifi$ by appeal to antiquity4#aj       
,grant t x is ! tradition>y te/imony ( !
 ,*ur* :i* gu>antees ! canonicity ( ea* 
& all ( ! books ( ! ,old & ,new         
,te/am5ts4 ,grant also t canonicity     
means infallibility2 yet1 accord+ to !  
?irty-eight1 ?is tradition>y te/imony   

has to be asc]ta9$ & v]ifi$ by appeal to
 antiquity4 ,b asc]ta9m5t & v]ification 
are purely intellectual processes1 :i*  
mu/ be conduct$ accord+ to ! /rict rules
 ( sci5tific inve/igation1 or be        
self-convict$ ( wor?lessness4 ,moreov]1 
be=e we c set ab\t ! appeal to          
antiquity1 ! exact s5se ( t usefully    
vague t]m mu/ be def9$ by simil> means4 
,antiquity may include any numb] (      
c5turies1 great or small2 & :e!r        
antiquity is to comprise ! ,c\ncil (    
,tr5t1 or to /op a little beyond t (    
,nica1 or to come to an end 9 ! "t (    
,ir5nus1 or 9 t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 are     
knotty que/ions :i* c be decid$1 if at  
all1 only by ^? critical me?ods :i* !   
signat>ies treat s cavali]ly4 ,& yet !  
decision ( ^! que/ions is fundam5tal1 = 
z ! limits ( ! canonical scriptures v>y1
 s may ! dogmas d$uc$ f !m require      
modification4 ,*ri/ianity is "o ?+1 if !
 f\r? ,gospel1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 
! pa/oral ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse are 
canonical & 7by ! hypo!sis7 infallibly  

true2 & ano!r ?+1 if !y are n4 ,z ,i h  
already said1 :oso def9es ! canon def9es
 ! cre$4  ,n[ x is q c]ta9 ) respect to 
"s ( ^! books1 su* z ! ,apocalypse & !  
,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 t ! ,ea/]n & !   
,we/]n ,*ur* diff]$ 9 op9ion = c5turies2
 & yet nei!r ! "o bran* nor ! o!r c h   
consid]$ its judgm5t infallible1 s9ce !y
 ev5tually agre$ to a transaction by :i*
 ea* gave up its objection to ! book    
patronis$ by ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 ! fa!rs   
argue 79 a m or less rational mann]7    
ab\t ! canonicity ( ?is or t book1 & are
 by no means above produc+ evid5ce1     
int]nal & ext]nal1 9 fav\r ( ! op9ions  
!y advocate4 ,9 fact1 imp]fect z _!     
conceptions ( sci5tific me?od may be1 !y
 n unfrequ5tly us$ x to ! be/ ( _!      
ability4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t ?\gh       
sci5ce1 l ,nature1 may be driv5 out ) a 
=k1 ecclesia/ical or o!r1 yet %e surely 
comes back aga94 ,! appeal to antiquity 
is1 9 fact1 an appeal to sci5ce1 fir/ to
 def9e :at antiquity is2 secondly1 to   
det]m9e :at antiquity1 s def9$1 says    

ab\t canonicity2 ?irdly1 to prove t     
canonicity means infallibility4 ,& :5   
sci5ce1 l>gely 9 ! %ape ( ! abhorr$     
criticism1 has answ]$ ?is appeal1 & has 
%[n t antiquity us$ h] own me?ods1 h[ev]
 clumsily & imp]fectly1 %e naturally    
turns r\nd ^u ! appellants1 & dem&s t !y
 %\ld %[ cause :y1 9 ^! days1 sci5ce    
%\ld n resume ! "w ! anci5ts did s      
imp]fectly1 & c>ry x out effici5tly4  ,b
 no su* cause c be %[n4 ,if antiquity   
p]mitt$ ,eusebius1 ,orig51 ,t]tullian1  
,ir5u1 to argue = ! reception ( ?is book
 into ! canon & ! rejection ( t1 ^u     
rational gr\nds1 antiquity admitt$ !    
:ole pr9ciple ( mod]n criticism4 ,if    
,ir5u produces ridicul\s reasons =      
limit+ ! ,gospels to f\r1 x 0 op5 to any
 "o else to produce good reasons 7if he 
_h !m7 = cutt+ !m d[n to ?ree1 or       
increas+ !m to five4 ,if ! ,ea/]n bran* 
( ! ,*ur* _h a "r to reject !           
,apocalypse & accept ! ,epi/le to !     
,hebrews1 & ! ,we/]n an equal "r to     
accept ! ,apocalypse & reject ! ,epi/le1

 d[n to ! f\r? c5tury1 any o!r bran*    
w\ld h an equal "r1 on cause %[n1 to    
reject bo?1 or1 z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*      
aft]w>ds actually did1 to accept bo?4   
,?us ,i _c b ?9k t ! ?irty-eight are    
hoi/ ) _! own pet>d4 ,_! appeal to      
antiquity turns out to be no?+ b a      
r\nd-ab\t way ( appeal+ to ! tribunal1 !
 jurisdiction ( :i* !y affect to d5y4   
,hav+ re/$ ! _w ( ,*ri/ian              
sup]naturalism on ! elephant ( biblical 
infallibility1 & furni%$ ! elephant )   
/&+ gr\nd on ! tortoise ( antiquity1 !y1
 l _! fam\s ,h9doo analogue1 h be5      
cont5t to look no fur!r2 & h !reby be5  
sp>$ ! horror ( discov]+ t ! tortoise   
re/s on a griev\sly fragile con/ruction1
 to a great ext5t ! "w ( t v            
intellectual op]ation :i* !y ana!matise 
& repudiate4  ,moreov]1 !re is ano!r    
po9t to be consid]$4 ,x is ( c\rse true 
t a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7:e!r ! ,*ri/ian     
,*ur*1 or n1 dep5ds on ! connotation ( !
 def9ite article7 exi/$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian 
scriptures2 & t ! infallibility ( ^!    

dep5ds ^u ! infallibility ( ! judgm5t ( 
! p]sons :o select$ ! books ( :i* !y are
 compos$1 out ( ! mass ( lit]ature      
curr5t among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,!       
logical acum5 ( ,augu/9e %[$ him t !    
au?ority ( ! ,gospel he prea*$ mu/ re/  
on t ( ! ,*ur* to :i* he belong$4#aa ,b 
x is no less true t ! ,hebrew & !       
,septuag9t v]sions ( mo/1 if n all1 ( ! 
,old ,te/am5t books exi/$ be=e ! bir? ( 
,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 & t _! div9e au?ority 
is presuppos$ by1 & !re=e c h>dly dep5d 
^u1 ! religi\s body con/itut$ by 8      
disciples4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 ! v        
conception ( a ,*ri/ is purely ,jewi%4  
,! validity ( ! argum5t f ! ,messianic  
prophecies vani%es unless _! infallible 
au?ority is grant$2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1
 :e!r we turn to ! ,gospels1 ! ,epi/les1
 or ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,apologi/s1 !     
,jewi% scriptures are recognis$ z !     
highe/ c\rt ( appeal ( ! ,*ri/ian4  ,!  
proposal to cite ,*ri/ian antiquity z a 
witness to ! infallibility ( ! ,old     
,te/am5t1 :5 its own claims to au?ority 

vani%1 if c]ta9 propositions conta9$ 9 !
 ,old ,te/am5t are errone\s1 h>dly      
satisfies ! requirem5ts ( lay logic4 ,x 
is z if a claimant to be sole legatee1  
"u ano!r k9d ( te/am5t1 %\ld (f] 8      
ass]tion z suffici5t evid5ce ( !        
validity ( ! w4 ,&1 ev5 7 n su* a       
circul>1 or r rotatory1 argum5t1 t !    
infallibility ( ! ,bible is te/ifi$ by !
 infallible ,*ur*1 ^: infallibility is  
te/ifi$ by ! infallible ,bible1 too     
absurd = s]i\s consid]ation1 x rema9s   
p]missible to ask1 ,:]e & :5 ! ,*ur*1   
dur+ ! p]iod ( its infallibility1 z     
limit$ by ,anglican dogmatic            
necessities1 has (ficially decre$ !     
actual hi/orical tru? ( all records 9 ! 
,old ,te/am5t8 ,0 ,augu/9e h]etical :5  
he d5i$ ! actual hi/orical tru? ( !     
record ( ! ,creation8 ,fa!r ,su>ez1 /&+ 
on lat] ,roman tradition1 may h a "r to 
decl>e t he 02 b x does n lie 9 ! m\? ( 
^? :o limit _! appeal to t e>ly         
antiquity1 9 :i* ,augu/9e play$ s great 
a "p1 to say s4         99       99     

99       99       99  ,among ! wat*]s ( 
! c\rse ( ! _w ( ?\ght1 "s view )       
delight & "s ) horror1 ! recrudesc5ce ( 
,sup]naturalism :i* manife/s itself     
among u1 9 %apes rang$ along ! :ole     
flight ( /eps1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 sep>ates
 ! sublime f ! ridicul\s--f             
,neo-,ca?olicism & ,inn]-light my/icism1
 at ! top1 to unclean ?+s1 n wor?y (    
m5tion 9 ! same brea?1 at ! bottom4 ,9  
my poor op9ion1 ! importance ( ^!       
manife/ations is (t5 greatly            
ov]-e/imat$4 ,! extant =ms (            
,sup]naturalism h deep roots 9 human    
nature1 & w und\bt$ly die h>d2 b1 9 ^!  
latt] days1 !y h to cope ) an enemy ^:  
full /r5g? is only j beg9n+ to be put   
out1 & ^: =ces1 ga!r+ /r5g? ye> by ye>1 
are hemm+ !m r\nd on e side4 ,?is enemy 
is ,sci5ce1 9 ! acceptation ( sy/ematiz$
 natural k1 :i*1 dur+ ! la/ two         
c5turies1 has ext5d$ ^? me?ods (        
inve/igation1 ! wor? ( :i* is confirm$  
by daily appeal to ,nature1 to e region 
9 :i* ! ,sup]natural has hi!rto be5     

recognis$4  ,:5 sci5tific hi/orical     
criticism r$uc$ ! annals ( h]oic ,greece
 & ( regal ,rome to ! level ( fables2 :5
 ! unity ( au?or%ip ( ! ,iliad 0        
successfully assail$ by sci5tific lit]>y
 criticism2 :5 sci5tific physical       
criticism1 aft] explod+ ! geoc5tric !ory
 ( ! univ]se & r$uc+ ! sol> sy/em itself
 to "o ( millions ( gr\ps ( l cosmic    
specks1 circl+1 at unimag9able di/ances 
f "o ano!r ?r\gh inf9ite space1 %[$ !   
sup]naturali/ic !ories ( ! duration ( ! 
e>? & ( life ^u x1 to be z inadequate z 
^? ( its relative dim5sions & importance
 _h be52 x ne$$ no prophetic gift to see
 t1 soon] or lat]1 ! ,jewi% & ! e>ly    
,*ri/ian records w\ld be treat$ 9 ! same
 mann]2 t ! au?or%ip ( ! ,hexateu* & ( !
 ,gospels w\ld be z sev]ely te/$2 & t ! 
evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! v]acity ( _m ( !    
/atem5ts f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures w\ld h to 
be /rong inde$1 if !y 7 to be oppos$ to 
! conclusions ( physical sci5ce4 ,9 po9t
 ( fact1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 no "o     
compet5t to judge ( ! evid5tial /r5g? ( 

^! conclusions1 v5tures n[ to say t !   
biblical acc\nts ( ! creation & ( !     
deluge are true 9 ! natural s5se ( !    
words ( ! n>ratives4 ,! mo/ mod]n       
,reconcil]s v5ture ^u is to affirm1 t "s
 q diff]5t s5se may he put ^u ! words2 &
 t ?is non-natural s5se may1 ) a little 
tr\ble1 be manipulat$ into "s sort (    
noncontradiction ( sci5tific tru?4  ,my 
purpose1 9 ! essay 7,,xvi47 :i* treats (
 ! n>rative ( ! ,deluge1 0 to prove1 by 
physical criticism1 t no su* ev5t z t   
describ$ ev] took place2 to exhibit !   
untru/wor?y "* ( ! n>rative demon/rat$  
by lit]>y criticism2 &1 f9ally1 to      
acc\nt = its orig91 by produc+ a =m ( ^?
 anci5t leg5ds ( pagan ,*alda1 f :i* !  
biblical compilation is manife/ly d]iv$4
 ,i h yet to le>n t ! ma9 propositions (
 ?is essay c be s]i\sly *all5g$4  ,9 !  
essays 7,,ii41 ,,iii47 on ! n>rative ( !
 ,creation1 ,i h endeav\r$ to controv]t 
! ass]tion t mod]n sci5ce supports1 ei!r
 ! int]pretation put ^u x by ,mr4       
,glad/one1 or any int]pretation :i* is  

compatible ) ! g5]al s5se ( ! n>rative1 
q ap>t f p>ticul> details4 ,! fir/ *apt]
 ( ,g5esis tea*es ! sup]natural creation
 ( ! pres5t =ms ( life2 mod]n sci5ce    
tea*es t !y h come ab\t by evolution4 ,!
 fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis tea*es !          
successive orig9--fir/ly1 ( all !       
plants1 secondly1 ( all ! aquatic &     
a]ial animals1 ?irdly1 ( all ! t]re/rial
 animals1 :i* n[ exi/--dur+ di/9ct      
int]vals ( "t2 mod]n sci5ce tea*es t1   
?r\gh\t all ! duration ( an imm5sely    
long pa/ s f> z we h any adequate k ( x 
7t is z f> back z ! ,silurian epo*71    
plants1 aquatic1 a]ial1 & t]re/rial     
animals h co-exi/$2 t ! e>lie/ kn[n are 
unlike ^? :i* at pres5t exi/2 & t !     
mod]n species h come into exi/5ce z !   
la/ t]ms ( a s]ies1 ! memb]s ( :i* h    
appe>$ "o aft] ano!r4 ,?us1 f> f        
confirm+ ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis1 ! results (
 mod]n sci5ce1 s f> z !y g1 are 9       
pr9ciple1 z 9 detail1 hopelessly        
discordant ) x4  ,yet1 if ! pret5sions  
to infallibility set up1 n by ! anci5t  

,hebrew writ+s !mselves1 b by !         
ecclesia/ical *ampions & fri5ds f :om !y
 may well pray to be deliv]$1 ?us %att] 
!mselves aga9/ ! rock ( natural k1 9    
respect ( ! two mo/ important ( all     
ev5ts1 ! orig9 ( ?+s & ! pal+5esis (    
t]re/rial life1 :at hi/orical cr$it d>e 
any s]i\s ?9k] atta* to ! n>ratives ( ! 
fabrication ( ,eve1 ( ! ,fall1 ( !      
comm]ce betwe5 ! ,b5e ,elohim & !       
daught]s ( m51 :i* lie betwe5 !         
creational & ! diluvial leg5ds8 ,&1 if  
^! are to lose all hi/orical wor?1 :at  
becomes ( ! infallibility ( ^? :o1      
accord+ to ! lat] scriptures1 h accept$ 
!m1 argu$ f !m1 & /ak$ f>-rea*+ dogmatic
 conclusions ^u _! hi/orical accuracy8  
,x is ! m]e/ o/ri* policy = contempor>y 
ecclesia/icism to try to hide its       
,hexateu*al head--9 ! hope t !          
insep>able connection ( its body )      
pre-,abrahamic leg5ds may be ov]look$4  
,! "q w /ill be ask$1 if ! fir/ n9e     
*apt]s ( ! ,p5tateu* are unhi/orical1 h[
 is ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! rema9d] to 

be gu>ante$8 ,:at m intr9sic claim has !
 /ory ( ! ,exodus ?an t ( ! ,deluge1 to 
belief8 ,if ,god did n walk 9 ! ,g>d5 ( 
,ed51 h[ c we be assur$ t he spoke f    
,s9ai8         99       99       99     
99       99  ,9 "s o!r ( ! foll[+ essays
 7,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xi41 ,,xii41 ,,xiv41    
,,xv47 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t sob] &    
well-f\nd$ physical & lit]>y criticism  
plays no less havoc ) ! doctr9e t !     
canonical scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t  
decl>e incontrov]tibly ! actual         
hi/orical tru? 9 all records4 ,we are   
told t ! ,gospels conta9 a true         
revelation ( ! spiritual _w--a          
proposition :i*1 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w       
spiritual1 ,i %\ld n ?9k x necess>y to  
dispute4 ,b1 :5 x is tak5 to signify t  
ev]y?+ we are told ab\t ! _w ( spirits 9
 ^! books is infallibly true2 t we are  
b\nd to accept ! demonology :i*         
con/itutes an insep>able "p ( _! tea*+2 
& to pr(ess belief 9 a ,sup]naturalism z
 gross z t ( any primitive p--x is at   
any rate p]missible to ask :y8 ,sci5ce  

may be unable to def9e ! limits (       
possibility1 b x _c escape f ! moral    
obligation to weigh ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( 
any alleg$ wond]ful occurr5ce2 & ,i h   
endeav\r$ to %[ t ! evid5ce = ! ,gad>5e 
miracle is altoge!r wor?less4 ,we h     
simply ?ree1 p>tially discrepant1       
v]sions ( a /ory1 ab\t ! primitive =m1 !
 orig91 & ! au?ority = :i* we "k        
absolutely no?+4 ,b ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( 
! ,gad>5e miracle is z good z t = any   
o!r4  ,else:]e1 ,i h po9t$ out t x is   
utt]ly beside ! m>k to declaim aga9/ ^! 
conclusions on ! gr\nd ( _! ass]t$      
t5d5cy to deprive mank9d ( !            
consolations ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & to    
de/roy ! f\ndations ( morality2 /ill    
less to br& !m ) ! "q-begg+ vitup]ative 
appellation ( infidelity4 ,! po9t is n  
:e!r !y are wick$2 b1 :e!r1 f ! po9t (  
view ( sci5tific me?od1 !y are          
irrefragably true4 ,if !y are1 !y w be  
accept$ 9 "t1 :e!r !y are wick$1 or n   
wick$4 ,nature1 s f> z we h be5 able to 
atta9 to any insight into h] ways1 recks

 little ab\t consolation & makes =      
righte\sness by v r\nd-ab\t pa?s4 ,&1 at
 any rate1 :atev] may be possible = o!r 
p1 x is becom+ less & less possible = ! 
man :o puts 8 fai? 9 sci5tific me?ods ( 
asc]ta9+ tru?1 & is accu/om$ to h t fai?
 ju/ifi$ by daily exp]i5ce1 to be       
consci\sly false to 8 pr9ciple 9 any    
matt]4 ,b ! numb] ( su* m51 driv5 into !
 use ( sci5tific me?ods ( inquiry &     
taught to tru/ !m1 by _! education1 _!  
daily pr(essional & bus9ess ne$s1 is    
increas+ & w cont9ually increase4 ,!    
phraseology ( ,sup]naturalism may rema9 
on m5's lips1 b 9 practice !y are       
,naturali/s4 ,! magi/rate :o li/5s )    
dev\t att5tion to ! precept ,?\ %alt n  
suff] a wit* to live on ,sunday1 on     
,monday1 dismisses1 z intr9sically      
absurd1 a *>ge ( bewit*+ a c[ br\ght    
aga9/ "s old woman2 ! sup]9t5d5t ( a    
lunatic asylum :o sub/itut$ exorcism =  
rational modes ( treatm5t w\ld h b a    
%ort t5ure ( (fice2 ev5 p>i% cl]ks d\bt 
! utility ( pray]s = ra91 s long z ! w9d

 is 9 ! ea/2 & an outbreak ( pe/il5ce   
s5ds m51 n to ! *ur*es1 b to ! dra9s4 ,9
 spite ( pray]s = ! success ( our arms &
 ,te ,deums = victory1 our real fai? is 
9 big battalions & keep+ our p[d] dry2 9
 k ( ! sci5ce ( w>f>e2 9 en]gy1 c\rage1 
& discipl9e4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 all o!r         
practical affairs1 we act on ! aphorism 
,labor>e e/ or>e2 we admit t intellig5t 
"w is ! only acceptable wor%ip2 & t1    
:e!r !re be a ,sup]nature or n1 our     
bus9ess is ) ,nature4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,x is    
important to note t ! pr9ciple ( !      
sci5tific ,naturalism ( ! latt] half ( !
 n9ete5? c5tury1 9 :i* ! intellectual   
movem5t ( ! ,r5asc5ce has culm9at$1 &   
:i* 0 fir/ cle>ly =mulat$ by ,desc>tes1 
leads n to ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any    
,sup]nature2#ab b simply to ! d5ial ( ! 
validity ( ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 fav\r (   
?is1 or ( t1 extant =m (                
,sup]naturalism4  ,look+ at ! matt] f ! 
mo/ rigidly sci5tific po9t ( view1 !    
assumption t1 amid/ ! myriads ( worlds  

scatt]$ ?r\gh endless space1 !re c be no
 intellig5ce1 z mu* great] ?an man's z 8
 is great] ?an a blackbeetle's2 no be+  
end[$ ) p[]s ( influ5c+ ! c\rse ( nature
 z mu* great] ?an 81 z 8 is great] ?an a
 snail's seems to me n m]ely baseless1 b
 imp]t95t4 ,)\t /epp+ beyond ! analogy (
 t :i* is kn[n1 x is easy to p ! cosmos 
) entities1 9 asc5d+ scale1 until we    
rea* some?+ practically indi/+ui%able f 
omnipot5ce1 omnipres5ce1 & omnisci5ce4  
,if our intellig5ce c1 9 "s matt]s1     
surely reproduce ! pa/ ( ?\s&s ( ye>s   
ago & anticipate ! future1 ?\s&s ( ye>s 
h5ce1 x is cle>ly )9 ! limits (         
possibility t "s great] intellect1 ev5 (
 ! same ord]1 may be able to mirror !   
:ole pa/ & ! :ole future2 if ! univ]se  
is p5etrat$ by a m$ium ( su* a nature t 
a magnetic ne$le on ! e>? answ]s to a   
commotion 9 ! sun1 an omnipres5t ag5t is
 also conceivable2 if our insignificant 
k gives u "s influ5ce ov] ev5ts1        
practical omnisci5ce may conf]          
indef9ably great] p[]4 ,f9ally1 if      

evid5ce t a ?+ may be1 7 equival5t to   
pro( t x is1 analogy might ju/ify !     
con/ruction ( a naturali/ic !ology &    
demonology n less wond]ful ?an ! curr5t 
sup]natural2 j z x might ju/ify ! peopl+
 ( ,m>s1 or ( ,jupit]1 ) liv+ =ms to :i*
 t]re/rial biology (f]s no p>allel4     
,until human life is long] & ! duties ( 
! pres5t press less heavily1 ,i d n ?9k 
t wise m5 w occupy !mselves ) ,jovian1  
or ,m>tian1 natural hi/ory2 & !y w      
probably agree to a v]dict ( n prov5 9  
respect ( naturali/ic !ology1 tak+      
refuge 9 t agno/ic confession1 :i*      
appe>s to me to be ! only position = p  
:o object to say t !y "k :at !y are q   
aw>e !y d n "k4 ,z to ! int]e/s (       
morality1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t if     
mank9d c\ld be got to act up to ?is la/ 
pr9ciple 9 e relation ( life1 a         
re=mation w\ld be effect$ su* z ! _w has
 n yet se52 an approximation to !       
mill5nium1 su* z no sup]naturali/ic     
religion has ev] yet succe$$1 or seems  
likely ev] to succe$1 9 effect+4        

99       99       99       99       99  
,i h hi!rto dwelt ^u sci5tific          
,naturalism *iefly 9 its critical &     
de/ructive aspect4 ,b ! pres5t          
inc>nation ( ! _s ( ! ,r5asc5ce diff]s f
 its pr$ecessor 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 t
 x builds up1 z well z pulls d[n4  ,t ( 
:i* x has laid ! f\ndation1 ( :i* x is  
already rais+ ! sup]/ructure1 is !      
doctr9e ( evolution4 ,b s _m /range     
misconceptions are curr5t ab\t ?is      
doctr9e--x is attack$ on su* false      
gr\nds by its enemies1 & made to cov] s 
mu* t is disputable by "s ( its fri5ds1 
t ,i ?9k x well to def9e z cle>ly z ,i  
c1 :at ,i d n & :at ,i d und]/& by !    
doctr9e4  ,i h no?+ to say to any       
,philosophy ( ,evolution4 ,attempts to  
con/ruct su* a philosophy may be z      
useful1 nay1 ev5 z admirable1 z 0 !     
attempt ( ,desc>tes to get at a !ory ( !
 univ]se by ! same a priori road2 b1 9  
my judgm5t1 !y are z premature4 ,nor1 = 
?is purpose1 h ,i to d ) any !ory ( !   
,orig9 ( ,species1 mu* z ,i value t :i* 

is kn[n z ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,t ! doctr9e 
( natural selection presupposes         
evolution is q true2 b x is n true t    
evolution necess>ily implies natural    
selection4 ,9 fact1 evolution might     
conceivably h tak5 place )\t !          
developm5t ( gr\ps possess+ ! *>act]s ( 
species4  ,= me1 ! doctr9e ( evolution  
is no speculation1 b a g5]alisation (   
c]ta9 facts1 :i* may be obs]v$ by any "o
 :o w take ! necess>y tr\ble4 ,^! facts 
are ^? :i* are class$ by biologi/s "u ! 
heads ( ,embryology & ( ,palontology4   
,embryology proves t e high] =m (       
individual life becomes :at x is by a   
process ( gradual diff]5tiation f an    
extremely l[ =m2 palontology proves1 9  
"s cases1 & r5d]s probable 9 all1 t !   
olde/ types ( a gr\p are ! l[e/2 & t !y 
h be5 foll[$ by a gradual succession ( m
 & m diff]5tiat$ =ms4 ,x is simply a    
fact1 t evolution ( ! individual animal 
& plant is tak+ place1 z a natural      
process1 9 millions & millions ( cases e
 day2 x is a fact1 t ! species :i* h    

succe$$ "o ano!r 9 ! pa/1 d1 9 _m cases1
 pres5t j ^? morphological relations1   
:i* !y mu/ possess1 if !y _h proce$$1 "o
 f ! o!r1 by an analog\s process (      
evolution4  ,! alt]native pres5t$1      
!re=e1 is3 ei!r ! =ms ( "o & ! same     
type--say1 e4g41 t ( ! ,horse           
tribe#ac--;arose successively1 b        
indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 at int]vals1    
dur+ myriads ( ye>s2 or1 ! lat] =ms are 
modifi$ desc5dants ( ! e>li]4 ,& ! latt]
 supposition is s va/ly m probable ?an !
 =m]1 t rational m5 w adopt x1 unless   
satisfactory evid5ce to ! contr>y c be  
produc$4 ,! objection sometimes put     
=w>d1 t no "o yet pr(esses to h se5 "o  
species pass into ano!r1 comes oddly f  
^? :o believe t mank9d are all desc5d$ f
 ,adam4 ,has any "o !n yet se5 !        
production ( negroes f a :ite /ock1 or  
vice v]s8 ,moreov]1 is x absolutely     
necess>y to h wat*$ e /ep ( ! progress (
 a planet1 to be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t x 
really does g r\nd ! sun8 ,if s1        
a/ronomy is 9 a bad way4  ,i d n1 = a   

mom5t1 presume to sugge/ t "s "o1 f>    
bett] acqua9t$ ?an ,i am ) a/ronomy &   
physics2 or t a ma/] ( ! new *emi/ry1 ) 
its extraord9>y revelations2 or t a     
/ud5t ( ! developm5t ( human society1 ( 
language1 & ( religions1 may n f9d a    
suffici5t f\ndation = ! doctr9e (       
evolution 9 ^! sev]al regions4 ,on !    
contr>y1 ,i rejoice to see t sci5tific  
inve/igation1 9 all directions1 is t5d+ 
to ! same result4 ,& x may well be1 t x 
is only my long occupation ) biological 
matt]s t leads me to feel saf] among !m 
?an any:]e else4 ,be t z x may1 ,i take 
my /& on ! facts ( embryology & (       
palontology2 & ,i hold t our pres5t k ( 
^! facts is suffici5tly ?or\gh &        
ext5sive to ju/ify ! ass]tion t all     
future philosophical & !ological        
speculations w h to accommodate !mselves
 to "s su* common body ( e/abli%$ tru?s 
z ! foll[+3--  #a4 ,plants & animals h  
exi/$ on our planet = _m hundr$ ?\s&1   
probably millions1 ( ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t1
 _! =ms1 or species1 h und]gone a       

succession ( *anges1 :i* ev5tually gave 
rise to ! species :i* con/itute ! pres5t
 liv+ population ( ! e>?4 ,!re is no    
evid5ce1 nor any reason to suspect1 t   
?is secul> process ( evolution is o!r   
?an a "p ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature2 !re 
is no m gr\nd = imag9+ ! occurr5ce (    
sup]natural int]v5tion1 at any mom5t 9 !
 developm5t ( species 9 ! pa/1 ?an !re  
is = suppos+ su* int]v5tion to take     
place1 at any mom5t 9 ! developm5t ( an 
individual animal or plant1 at ! pres5t 
day4  #b4 ,at pres5t1 e individual      
animal or plant comm5ces its exi/5ce z  
an organism ( extremely simple          
anatomical /ructure2 & x acquires all ! 
complexity x ultimately possesses by    
gradual diff]5tiation into p>ts ( v>i\s 
/ructure & function4 ,:5 a s]ies (      
specific =ms ( ! same type1 ext5d+ ov] a
 long p]iod ( pa/ "t1 is exam9$1 !      
relation betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] =ms is 
analog\s to t betwe5 e>li] & lat] /ages 
( individual developm5t4 ,!re=e1 x is a 
probable conclusion t1 if we c\ld foll[ 

liv+ be+s back to _! e>li] /ates1 we    
%\ld f9d !m to pres5t =ms simil> to ^? (
 ! individual g]m1 or1 :at comes to !   
same ?+1 ( ^? l[e/ kn[n organisms :i* /&
 ^u ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 plants &        
animals4 ,at pres5t1 our k ( ! anci5t   
liv+ _w /ops v f> %ort ( ?is po9t4  #c4 
,x is g5]ally agre$1 & !re is c]ta9ly no
 evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t all plants are 
devoid ( consci\sness2 t !y nei!r feel1 
desire1 nor ?9k4 ,x is conceivable t !  
evolution ( ! primordial liv+ sub/ance  
%\ld h tak5 place only along ! plant    
l9e4 ,9 t case1 ! result might h be5 a  
weal? ( vegetable life1 z great1 p]haps 
z v>i$1 z at pres5t1 ?\gh c]ta9ly widely
 diff]5t f ! pres5t flora1 9 ! evolution
 ( :i* animals h play$ s great a "p4 ,b 
! liv+ _w ?us con/itut$ w\ld be simply  
an admirable piece ( unconsci\s ma*9]y1 
! work+ out ( :i* lay pot5tially 9 its  
primitive composition2 pleasure & pa9   
w\ld h no place 9 x2 x w\ld be a        
v]itable ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 )\t any tree ( ! k
 ( good & evil4 ,! "q ( ! moral gov]nm5t

 ( su* a _w c\ld no m be ask$1 ?an we   
c\ld reasonably seek = a moral purpose 9
 a kaleidoscope4  #d4 ,h[ f> d[n ! scale
 ( animal life ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness 
are manife/$1 x is impossible to say4   
,no "o d\bts _! pres5ce 9 8 fell[-m52 &1
 unless any /rict ,c>tesians are left1  
no "o d\bts t mammals & birds are to be 
reckon$ creatures t h feel+s analog\s to
 our smell1 ta/e1 sight1 he>+1 t\*1     
pleasure1 & pa94 ,= my own "p1 ,i %\ld  
be dispos$ to ext5d ?is analogical      
judgm5t a good deal fur!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 if ! l[e/ =ms ( plants are to be d5i$  
consci\sness1 ,i d n see on :at gr\nd x 
is to be ascrib$ to ! l[e/ animals4 ,i  
f9d x h>d to believe t an infusory      
animalcule1 a =am9if]1 or a fre%-wat]   
polype is capable ( feel+2 &1 9 spite ( 
,%aksp]e1 ,i h d\bts ab\t ! great       
s5sitiv5ess ( ! poor beetle t we tread  
^u4 ,! "q is equally p]plex+ :5 we turn 
to ! /ages ( developm5t ( ! individual4 
,grant$ a f[l feels2 t ! *ick j hat*$   
feels2 t ! *ick :5 x *irps )9 ! egg may 

possibly feel2 :at is to be said ( x on 
! fif? day1 :5 ! bird is !re1 b ) all   
its tissues nasc5t8 ,/ill m1 on ! fir/  
day1 :5 x is no?+ b a flat cellul> disk8
 ,i c]ta9ly _c br+ myself to believe t  
?is disk feels4 ,yet if x does n1 !re   
mu/ be "s "t 9 ! ?ree weeks1 betwe5 !   
fir/ day & ! day ( hat*+1 :51 z a       
concomitant1 or a consequ5ce1 ( !       
atta9m5t by ! bra9 ( ! *ick ( a c]ta9   
/age ( /ructural evolution1 consci\sness
 makes its appe>ance4 ,i h frequ5tly    
express$ my incapacity to und]/& !      
nature ( ! relation betwe5 consci\sness 
& a c]ta9 anatomical tissue1 :i* is ?us 
e/abli%$ by obs]vation4 ,b ! fact rema9s
 t1 s f> z obs]vation & exp]im5t g1 !y  
tea* u t ! psy*ical ph5om5a are dep5d5t 
on ! physical4  ,9 l mann]1 if fi%es1   
insects1 scorpions1 & su* animals z !   
pe>ly nautilus1 possess feel+1 !n       
und\bt$ly consci\sness 0 pres5t 9 ! _w z
 f> back z ! ,silurian epo*4 ,b1 if !   
e>lie/ animals 7 simil> to our rhizopods
 & monads1 !re mu/ h be5 "s "t1 betwe5 !

 mu* e>li] epo* 9 :i* !y con/itut$ !    
:ole animal population & ! ,silurian1 9 
:i* feel+ dawn$1 9 consequ5ce ( !       
organism hav+ rea*$ ! /age ( evolution  
on :i* x dep5ds4  #e4 ,consci\sness has 
v>i\s =ms1 :i* may be manife/$          
indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,! feel+s (     
light & col\r1 ( s\nd1 ( t\*1 ?\gh s (t5
 associat$ ) ^? ( pleasure & pa91 are1  
by nature1 z entirely indep5d5t ( !m z  
is ?9k+4 ,an animal devoid ( ! feel+s ( 
pleasure & ( pa91 may nev]!less exhibit 
all ! effects ( s5sation & purposive    
action4 ,!re=e1 x w\ld be a ju/ifiable  
hypo!sis t1 long aft] organic evolution 
_h atta9$ to consci\sness1 pleasure &   
pa9 7 /ill abs5t4 ,su* a _w w\ld be )\t 
ei!r happ9ess or mis]y2 no act c\ld be  
puni%$ & none c\ld be rew>d$2 & x c\ld h
 no moral purpose4  #f4 ,suppose1 =     
argum5t's sake1 t all mammals & birds   
are subjects ( pleasure & pa94 ,!n we   
may be c]ta9 t ^! =ms ( consci\sness 7 9
 exi/5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mesozoic epo*4
 ,f t "t =?1 pleasure has be5 di/ribut$ 

)\t ref]5ce to m]it1 & pa9 inflict$ )\t 
ref]5ce to dem]it1 ?r\gh\t all b a m]e  
fraction ( ! high] animals4 ,moreov]1 ! 
am\nt & ! sev]ity ( ! pa91 no less ?an !
 v>iety & acut5ess ( ! pleasure1 h      
increas$ ) e advance 9 ! scale (        
evolution4 ,z suff]+ came into ! _w1 n 9
 consequ5ce ( a fall1 b ( a rise1 9 !   
scale ( be+1 s e fur!r rise has br\ght m
 suff]+4 ,z ! evid5ce /&s x w\ld appe> t
 ! sort ( bra9 :i* *>act]izes ! highe/  
mammals & :i*1 s f> z we "k1 is !       
indisp5sable condition ( ! highe/       
s5sibility1 did n come into exi/5ce be=e
 ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,! primordial an?ropoid
 0 probably1 9 ?is respect1 on mu* !    
same foot+ z 8 pi!coid k94 ,l !m he /ood
 ^u 8 natural rights1 gratifi$ all 8    
desires to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 & 0 z     
incapable ( ei!r "r or wrong do+ z !y4  
,x w\ld be z absurd z 9 _! case1 to     
reg>d 8 pleasures1 any m ?an !irs1 z    
moral rew>ds1 & 8 pa9s1 any m ?an !irs1 
z moral puni%m5ts4  #g4 ,f ! remote/    
ages ( :i* we h any cognizance1 dea? has

 be5 ! natural &1 app>5tly1 ! necess>y  
concomitant ( life4 ,9 our hypo!tical _w
 7#c71 inhabit$ by no?+ b plants1 dea?  
mu/ h v e>ly result$ f ! /ruggle =      
exi/5ce3 _m ( ! cr[d mu/ h jo/l$ "o     
ano!r out ( ! conditions on :i* life    
dep5ds4 ,! occurr5ce ( dea?1 z f> back z
 we h any fossil record ( life1 h[ev]1  
ne$s n to be prov$ by su* argum5ts2 =1  
if !re _h be5 no dea? !re w\ld h be5 no 
fossil rema9s1 su* z ! great majority ( 
^? we met )4 ,n only 0 !re dea? 9 ! _w1 
z f> z ! record ( life takes u2 b1 ev]  
s9ce mammals & birds h be5 prey$ ^u by  
c>nivor\s animals1 !re has be5 pa9ful   
dea?1 inflict$ by me*anisms specially   
adapt$ = inflict+ x4  #h4 ,^? :o are    
acqua9t$ ) ! clos5ess ( ! /ructural     
relations betwe5 ! human organisation & 
t ( ! mammals :i* come ne>e/ to him1 on 
! "o h&2 & ) ! palontological hi/ory (  
su* animals z horses & dogs1 on ! o!r2 w
 n be dispos$ to "q ! orig9 ( man f =ms 
:i* /& 9 ! same sort ( relation to ,homo
 sapi5s1 z ,hipp>ion does to ,equus4 ,i 

?9k x a conclusion1 fully ju/ifi$ by    
analogy1 t1 soon] or lat]1 we %all      
discov] ! rema9s ( our less specialis$  
primatic ance/ors 9 ! /rata :i* h yield$
 ! less specialis$ equ9e & can9e        
quadrup$s4 ,at pres5t1 fossil rema9s (  
m5 d n take u hack fur!r ?an ! lat] "p (
 ! ,quat]n>y epo*2 &1 z 0 to be expect$1
 !y d n diff] m f exi/+ m51 ?an         
,quat]n>y horses diff] f exi/+ horses4  
,/ill e>li] we f9d traces ( man1 9      
implem5ts1 su* z are us$ by ! rud]      
savages at ! pres5t day4 ,lat]1 ! rema9s
 ( ! paloli?ic & neoli?ic conditions    
take u gradually f ! savage /ate to !   
civilizations ( ,egypt & ( ,myc52 ?\gh !
 true *ronological ord] ( ! rema9s      
actually discov]$ may be unc]ta94  #i4  
,mu* has yet to be le>n$1 b1 at pres5t1 
natural k af=ds no support to ! notion t
 m5 h fall5 f a high] to a l[] /ate4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ po9ts to a sl[       
natural evolution2 :i*1 fav\r$ by !     
surr\nd+ conditions 9 su* localities z !
 valleys ( ! ,yang-tse-kang1 !          

,euphrates1 & ! ,nile1 rea*$ a          
relatively high pit*1 five or six ?\s&  
ye>s ago2 :ile1 9 _m o!r regions1 !     
savage condition has p]si/$ d[n to our  
day4 ,9 all ?is va/ lapse ( "t !re is n 
a trace ( ! occurr5ce ( any g5]al       
de/ruction ( ! human race2 n ! smalle/  
indication t man has be5 treat$ on any  
o!r pr9ciples ?an ! re/ ( ! animal _w4  
#aj4 ,! results ( ! process ( evolution 
9 ! case ( man1 & 9 t ( 8 m ne>ly alli$ 
contempor>ies1 h be5 m>vell\sly diff]5t4
 ,yet x is easy to see t small primitive
 diff]5ces ( a c]ta9 ord]1 mu/1 9 ! long
 run1 br+ ab\t a wide div]g5ce ( ! human
 /ock f ! o!rs4 ,x is a reasonable      
supposition t1 9 ! e>lie/ human         
organisms1 an improv$ bra91 a voice m   
capable ( modulation & articulation1    
limbs :i* l5t !mselves bett] to ge/ure1 
a m p]fect h&1 capable among o!r ?+s (  
imitat+ =m 9 pla/ic or o!r mat]ial1 7   
comb9$ ) ! curiosity1 ! mimetic t5d5cy1 
! /rong family affection ( ! next l[]   
gr\p2 & t !y 7 accompani$ by exceptional

 l5g? ( life & a prolong$ m9ority4 ,!   
la/ two peculi>ities are obvi\sly       
calculat$ to /r5g!n ! family            
organisation1 & to give great weight to 
its educative influ5ces4 ,! pot5tiality 
( language1 z ! vocal symbol ( ?\ght1   
lay 9 ! faculty ( modulat+ & articulat+ 
! voice4 ,! pot5tiality ( writ+1 z !    
visual symbol ( ?\ght1 lay 9 ! h& t c\ld
 draw2 & 9 ! mimetic t5d5cy1 :i*1 z we  
"k1 0 gratifi$ by draw+1 z f> back z !  
days ( ,quat]n>y man4 ,) spee* z !      
record1 9 tradition1 ( ! exp]i5ce ( m   
?an "o g5]ation2 ) writ+ z ! record ( t 
( any numb] ( g5]ations2 ! exp]i5ce ( ! 
race1 te/$ & correct$ g5]ation aft]     
g5]ation1 c\ld be /or$ up & made ! />t+ 
po9t = fre% progress4 ,hav+ ^! p]fectly 
natural factors ( ! evolution>y process 
9 man be=e u1 x seems unnecess>y to g   
fur!r a-field 9 se>* ( o!rs4  #aa4 ,t ! 
doctr9e ( evolution implies a =m] /ate (
 innoc5ce ( mank9d is q true2 b1 z ,i h 
rem>k$1 x is ! innoc5ce ( ! ape & ( !   
tig]1 ^: acts1 h[ev] !y may run c\nt] to

 ! pr9ciples ( morality1 x w\ld be      
absurd to blame4 ,! lu/ ( ! "o & !      
f]ocity ( ! o!r are z mu* provid$ = 9 _!
 organisation1 are z cle> evid5ces (    
design1 z any o!r features t c be nam$4 
,obs]vation & exp]im5t ^u ! ph5om5a (   
society soon taught m5 t1 9 ord] to     
obta9 ! advantages ( social exi/5ce1    
c]ta9 rules mu/ be obs]v$4 ,morality    
comm5c$ ) society4 ,society is possible 
only ^u ! condition t ! memb]s ( x %all 
surr5d] m or less ( _! individual fre$om
 ( action4 ,9 primitive societies1      
individual selfi%ness is a c5trifugal   
=ce ( su* int5sity t x is con/antly br++
 ! social organisation to ! v]ge (      
de/ruction4 ,h5ce ! prom95ce ( !        
positive rules ( ob$i5ce to ! eld]s2 (  
/&+ by ! family or ! tribe 9 all        
em]g5cies2 ( fulfill+ ! religi\s rites1 
non-obs]vance ( :i* is conceiv$ to      
damage x ) ! sup]natural p[]s1 belief 9 
^: exi/5ce is "o ( ! e>lie/ products (  
human ?\ght2 & ( ! negative rules :i*   
re/ra9 ea* f m$dl+ ) ! life or prop]ty (

 ano!r4  #ab4 ,! highe/ conceivable =m (
 human society is t 9 :i* ! desire to d 
:at is be/ = ! :ole dom9ates & limits ! 
action ( e memb] ( t society4 ,! m      
complex ! social organisation ! great] !
 numb] ( acts f :i* ea* man mu/ ab/a9 if
 he desires to d t :i* is be/ = all4    
,?us ! progressive evolution ( society  
means increas+ re/riction ( individual  
fre$om 9 c]ta9 directions4  ,) ! advance
 ( civilisation1 & ! gr[? ( cities & (  
nations by ! coalesc5ce ( families & (  
tribes1 ! rules :i* con/itute ! common  
f\ndation ( morality & ( law became m   
num]\s & complicat$1 & ! temptations to 
break or evade _m ( !m /rong]4 ,9 !     
abs5ce ( a cle> appreh5sion ( ! natural 
sanctions ( ^! rules1 a sup]natural     
sanction 0 assum$2 & imag9ation suppli$ 
! motives :i* reason 0 suppos$ to be    
incompet5t to furni%4 ,religion1 at fir/
 indep5d5t ( morality1 gradually took   
morality "u its protection2 & !         
sup]naturali/s h ev] s9ce tri$ to       
p]suade mank9d t ! exi/5ce ( e?ics is   

b\nd up ) t ( sup]naturalism4  ,i am n (
 t op9ion4 ,b1 :e!r x is correct or     
o!rwise1 x is v cle> to me t1 z         
,beelzebub is n to be ca/ out by ! aid (
 ,beelzebub1 s morality is n to be      
e/abli%$ by immorality4 ,x is1 we are   
told1 ! special peculi>ity ( ! devil t  
he 0 a li> f ! beg9n+4 ,if we set out 9 
life ) pret5d+ to "k t :i* we d n "k2 ) 
pr(ess+ to accept = pro( evid5ce :i* we 
are well aw>e is inadequate2 ) wilfully 
%utt+ our eyes & our e>s to facts :i*   
militate aga9/ ?is or t com=table       
hypo!sis2 we are assur$ly do+ our be/ to
 des]ve ! same "*4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,i h n !          
presumption to imag9e t1 9 spite ( all  
my ef=ts1 errors may n h crept into ^!  
propositions4 ,b ,i am tol]ably confid5t
 t "t w prove !m to be sub/antially     
correct4 ,& if !y are s1 ,i confess ,i d
 n see h[ any extant sup]naturali/ic    
sy/em c also claim exactness4 ,t !y are 
irreconcilable ) ! biblical cosmogony1  
an?ropology1 & !odicy is obvi\s2 b !y   

are no less inconsi/5t ) ! s5tim5tal    
,deism ( ! ,vicaire ,savoy>d & 8 num]\s 
mod]n prog5y4 ,x is z impossible1 to my 
m9d1 to suppose t ! evolution>y process 
0 set go+ ) full =ekn[l$ge ( ! result & 
yet ) :at we %\ld und]/& by a purely    
b5evol5t int5tion1 z x is to imag9e t ! 
int5tion 0 purely malevol5t4 ,& !       
preval5ce ( duali/ic !ories f ! e>lie/  
times to ! pres5t day--:e!r 9 ! %ape ( !
 doctr9e ( ! inh]5tly evil nature (     
matt]2 ( an ,ahriman2 ( a h>d & cruel   
,demiurge2 ( a diabolical pr9ce ( ?is   
_w1 %[ h[ widely ?is difficulty has be5 
felt4  ,_m seem to ?9k t1 :5 x is       
admitt$ t ! anci5t lit]ature1 conta9$ 9 
our ,bibles1 has no m claim to          
infallibility ?an any o!r anci5t        
lit]ature2 :5 x is prov$ t ! ,israelites
 & _! ,*ri/ian successors accept$ a     
great _m sup]naturali/ic !ories & leg5ds
 :i* h no bett] f\ndation ?an ^? (      
hea!nism1 no?+ rema9s to be done b to   
?r[ ! ,bible aside z s mu* wa/e pap]4   
,i h always oppos$ ?is op9ion4 ,x appe>s

 to me t if !re is anybody m            
objectionable ?an ! or?odox ,bibliolat] 
x is ! het]odox ,phili/9e1 :o c discov] 
9 a lit]ature :i*1 9 "s respects1 has no
 sup]ior1 no?+ b a subject = sc(f+ & an 
occasion = ! display ( 8 conceit$       
ignorance ( ! debt he owes to =m]       
g5]ations4  ,tw5ty-two ye>s ago ,i      
plead$ = ! use ( ! ,bible z an in/rum5t 
( popul> education1 & ,i v5ture to      
repeat :at ,i !n said3  ,consid] ! great
 hi/orical fact t1 = ?ree c5turies1 ?is 
book has be5 wov5 into ! life ( all t is
 be/ & noble/ 9 ,engli% hi/ory2 t x has 
become ! national ,epic ( ,brita9 & is z
 famili> to g5tle & simple1 f ,john o'  
,groat's ,h\se to ,l&'s ,end1 z ,dante &
 ,tasso once 7 to ! ,italians2 t x is   
writt5 9 ! noble/ & pure/ ,engli% &     
ab\nds 9 exquisite beauties ( m]e lit]>y
 =m2 &1 f9ally1 t x =bids ! v]ie/ h9d1  
:o nev] left 8 village1 to be ignorant (
 ! exi/5ce ( o!r c\ntries & o!r         
civilisations & ( a great pa/1 /ret*+   
back to ! fur!/ limits ( ! olde/ nations

 9 ! _w4 ,by ! /udy ( :at o!r book c\ld 
*ildr5 be s mu* humanis$ & made to feel 
t ea* figure 9 t va/ hi/orical          
procession fills1 l !mselves1 b a       
mom5t>y space 9 ! int]val betwe5 !      
,et]nities2 & e>ns ! bless+s or ! curses
 ( all "t1 accord+ to its ef=t to d good
 & hate evil1 ev5 z !y also are e>n+ _! 
paym5t = _! "w8#ad  ,at ! same "t1 ,i   
laid /ress ^u ! necessity ( plac+ su*   
in/ruction 9 lay h&s2 9 ! hope & belief1
 t x w\ld ?us gradually accommodate     
itself to ! com+ *anges ( op9ion2 t !   
!ology & ! leg5d w\ld drop m & m out (  
sight1 :ile ! p]5nially int]e/+         
hi/orical1 lit]>y1 & e?ical cont5ts w\ld
 come m & m into view4  ,i may add yet  
ano!r claim ( ! ,bible to ! respect & ! 
att5tion ( a democratic age4 ,?r\gh\t ! 
hi/ory ( ! we/]n _w1 ! ,scriptures1     
,jewi% & ,*ri/ian1 h be5 ! great        
in/igators ( revolt aga9/ ! wor/ =ms (  
cl]ical & political despotism4 ,! ,bible
 has be5 ! ,magna ,*>ta ( ! poor & ( !  
oppress$2 d[n to mod]n times1 no ,/ate  

has _h a con/itution 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( !
 p are s l>gely tak5 into acc\nt1 9 :i* 
! duties1 s mu* m ?an ! privileges1 (   
rul]s are insi/$ ^u1 z t drawn up =     
,israel 9 ,deut]onomy & 9 ,leviticus2   
n[h]e is ! fundam5tal tru? t ! welf>e ( 
! ,/ate1 9 ! long run1 dep5ds on !      
uprightness ( ! citiz5 s /rongly laid   
d[n4 ,assur$ly1 ! ,bible talks no tra%  
ab\t ! rights ( man2 b x insi/s on !    
equality ( duties1 on ! lib]ty to br+   
ab\t t righte\sness :i* is some:at      
diff]5t f /ruggl+ = rights2 on !        
frat]nity ( tak+ ?\ght = "o's neighb\r z
 = "o's self4  ,s f> z su* equality1    
lib]ty1 & frat]nity are includ$ "u !    
democratic pr9ciples :i* assume ! same  
names1 ! ,bible is ! mo/ democratic book
 9 ! _w4 ,z su* x began1 ?r\gh !        
h]etical sects1 to und]m9e !            
cl]ico-political despotism ( ! middle   
ages1 almo/ z soon z x 0 =m$1 9 ! elev5?
 c5tury2 ,pope & ,k+ _h z mu* z !y c\ld 
d to put d[n ! ,albig5ses & ! ,wald5ses 
9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies2 !        

,loll>ds & ! ,hussites gave !m /ill m   
tr\ble 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5?2 f !       
sixte5? c5tury onw>d1 ! ,prote/ant sects
 h fav\r$ political fre$om 9 proportion 
to ! degree 9 :i* !y h refus$ to        
ackn[l$ge any ultimate au?ority save t (
 ! ,bible4  ,b ! enorm\s influ5ce :i*   
has ?us be5 ex]t$ by ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian
 ,scriptures has _h no necess>y         
connection ) cosmogonies1 demonologies1 
& miracul\s int]f]5ces4 ,_! /r5g? lies 9
 _! appeals1 n to ! reason1 b to !      
e?ical s5se4 ,i d n say t ev5 ! highe/  
biblical ideal is exclusive ( o!rs or   
ne$s no supplem5t4 ,b ,i d believe t !  
human race is n yet1 possibly may nev]  
be1 9 a position to disp5se ) x4        
,,footnotes3       #h  ,) a few         
exceptions1 :i* are duly not$ :5        
!y am\nt to m ?an v]bal corrections4    
#i  ,decl>ation on ! ,tru? ( ,holy      
,scripture4 ,!           ,times1 #ah?   
,decemb]1 #ahia4       #aj ,decl>ation1 
,article #aj4       #aa ,ego v]o        
evangelio non cr$]em1 nisi ecclesi      

,ca?olic me commov]et                   
auctoritas4--,contra ,epi/olam          
,mani*i1 cap4 v4       #ab ,i employ !  
words ,sup]nature & ,sup]natural        
9 _! popul> s5ses4 ,= myself1 ,i am b\nd
 to say           t ! t]m ,nature cov]s 
! totality ( t           :i* is4 ,! _w (
 psy*ical ph5om5a appe>s to           me
 to be z mu* "p ( ,nature z ! _w (      
physical ph5om5a2 & ,i am unable to     
p]ceive any           ju/ification =    
cutt+ ! ,univ]se into two halves1       
"o natural & "o sup]natural4       #ac  
,! g5]al read] w f9d an admirably cle>  
& concise /atem5t ( ! evid5ce 9 ?is     
case1 9           ,pr(essor ,fl[]'s     
rec5tly publi%$ "w ,! ,horse3           
a ,/udy 9 ,natural ,hi/ory4       #ad ,!
 ,s*ool ,bo>ds3 ,:at !y ,c d & :at !y   
,may d1 #ahgj4 ,critiques & ,addresses1 
p4 #ea4     ,,ii3 ,,sci5tific ,,&       
,,pseudo-,,sci5tific ,,realism  #ahhg   
,next to undue precipitation 9          
anticipat+ ! results ( p5d+             
inve/igations1 ! intellectual s9 :i* is 

commone/ & mo/ hurtful to ^? :o devote  
!mselves to ! increase ( k is ! omission
 to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( _! pr$ecessors
 record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce &          
philosophy4 ,x is true t1 at ! pres5t   
day1 !re is m excuse ?an at any =m] "t =
 su* neglect4 ,no small lab\r is ne$$ to
 raise "o's self to ! level ( !         
acquisitions already made2 & able m51 :o
 h a*iev$ ?us mu*1 "k t1 if !y devote   
!mselves body & s\l to ! increase ( _!  
/ore1 & avoid look+ back1 ) z mu* c>e z 
if ! injunction laid on ,lot & 8 family 
7 b9d+ ^u !m1 su* devotion is sure to be
 ri*ly repaid by ! joys ( ! discov]] & !
 solace ( fame1 if n by rew>ds ( a less 
elevat$ "*4  ,s1 foll[+ ! advice (      
,francis ,bacon1 we refuse int] mortuos 
qur]e vivum2 we leave ! pa/ to bury its 
dead1 & ignore our intellectual ance/ry4
 ,nor are we cont5t ) t4 ,we foll[ !    
evil example set u1 n only by ,bacon b  
by almo/ all ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 9    
p\r+ scorn ^u ! "w ( our imm$iate       
spiritual =efa!rs1 ! s*oolm5 ( ! ,middle

 ,ages4 ,x is accept$ z a tru? :i* is   
indisputable1 t1 = sev5 or eight        
c5turies1 a long succession ( able      
m5--"s ( !m ( transc5d5t acut5ess &     
encyclopdic k--devot$ labori\s lives to 
! grave discussion ( m]e frivolities & !
 ardu\s pursuit ( intellectual          
w-o'-!-wisps4 ,to say no?+ ( a little   
mode/y1 a little imp>tial pond]+ ov]    
p]sonal exp]i5ce might sugge/ a d\bt z  
to ! adequacy ( ?is %ort & easy me?od ( 
deal+ ) a l>ge *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( !     
human m9d4 ,ev5 an acqua9tance ) popul> 
lit]ature :i* _h ext5d$ s f> z to       
include t "p ( ! contributions ( ,sam   
,slick :i* conta9s 8 weighty aphorism t 
!re is a great deal ( human nature 9 all
 mank9d1 might raise a d\bt :e!r1 aft]  
all1 ! m5 ( t epo*1 :o1 take !m all     
r\nd1 7 end[$ ) wisdom & folly 9 mu* !  
same proportion z ourselves1 7 likely to
 display no?+ bett] ?an ! qualities (   
en]getic idiots1 :5 !y devot$ _!        
faculties to ! elucidation ( problems   
:i* 7 to !m1 & inde$ are to u1 ! mo/    

s]i\s :i* life has to (f]4 ,speak+ =    
myself1 ! long] ,i live ! m ,i am       
dispos$ to ?9k t !re is mu* less ei!r ( 
pure folly1 or ( pure wick$ness1 9 ! _w 
?an is commonly suppos$4 ,x may be d\bt$
 if any sane man ev] said to himself1   
,evil1 be ?\ my good1 & ,i h nev] yet _h
 ! good =tune to meet ) a p]fect fool4  
,:5 ,i h br\ght to ! inquiry ! pati5ce &
 long-suff]+ :i* become a sci5tific     
inve/igator1 ! mo/ promis+ specim5s h   
turn$ out to h a good deal to say =     
!mselves f _! own po9t ( view4 ,&1      
sometimes1 calm reflection has taught ! 
humiliat+ lesson1 t _! po9t ( view 0 n s
 diff]5t f my own z ,i _h fondly imag9$4
 ,compreh5sion is m ?an half-way to     
sympa?y1 "h z else:]e4  ,if we turn our 
att5tion to s*ola/ic philosophy 9 !     
frame ( m9d sugge/$ by ^! prefatory     
rem>ks1 x assumes a v diff]5t "* f t :i*
 x be>s 9 g5]al e/imation4 ,no d\bt x is
 surr\nd$ by a d5se ?icket ( ?orny      
logoma*ies & obscur$ by ! du/-cl\ds ( a 
b>b>\s & p]plex+ t]m9ology4 ,b suppose  

t1 undet]r$ by mu* grime & by _m        
scrat*es1 ! explor] has toil$ ?r\gh ?is 
jungle1 he comes to an op5 c\ntry :i* is
 amaz+ly l 8 de> native l&4 ,! hills :i*
 he has to climb1 ! rav9es he has to    
avoid1 look v mu* ! same2 !re is ! same 
inf9ite space above1 & ! same abyss ( ! 
unkn[n bel[2 ! means ( travell+ are !   
same1 & ! goal is ! same4  ,t goal = !  
s*oolm51 z = u1 is ! settlem5t ( ! "q h[
 f> ! univ]se is ! manife/ation ( a     
rational ord]2 9 o!r words1 h[ f>       
logical d$uction f indisputable         
premisses w acc\nt = :at :i* has happ5$ 
& does happ54 ,t 0 ! object (           
s*ola/icism1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 !    
object ( mod]n sci5ce may be express$ 9 
! same t]ms4 ,9 pursuit ( ?is end1 mod]n
 sci5ce takes into acc\nt all ! ph5om5a 
( ! univ]se :i* are br\ght to our k by  
obs]vation or by exp]im5t4 ,x admits t  
!re are two worlds to be consid]$1 ! "o 
physical & ! o!r psy*ical2 & t ?\gh !re 
is a mo/ intimate relation &            
int]connection betwe5 ! two1 ! bridge f 

"o to ! o!r has yet to be f\nd2 t _!    
ph5om5a run1 n 9 "o s]ies1 b along two  
p>allel l9es4  ,to ! s*oolm5 ! duality (
 ! univ]se appe>$ "u a diff]5t aspect4  
,h[ ?is came ab\t w n be intelligible   
unless we cle>ly appreh5d ! fact t !y   
did really believe 9 dogmatic           
,*ri/ianity z x 0 =mulat$ by ! ,roman   
,*ur*4 ,!y did n give a m]e dull ass5t  
to any?+ ! ,*ur* told !m on ,sundays1 & 
ignore h] tea*+s = ! re/ ( ! week2 b !y 
liv$ & mov$ & _h _! be+ 9 t sup]s5sible 
!ological _w :i* 0 creat$1 or r grew up1
 dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies ( our reckon+1
 & :i* occupi$ _! ?\ghts f> m ?an !     
s5sible _w 9 :i* _! e>?ly lot 0 ca/4  ,=
 ! mo/ "p1 we le>n hi/ory f ! col\rless 
comp5diums or p>tisan briefs ( m]e      
s*ol>s1 :o h too little acqua9tance )   
practical life1 & too little insight    
into speculative problems1 to und]/& t  
ab\t :i* !y write4 ,9 hi/orical sci5ce1 
z 9 all sci5ces :i* h to d ) concrete   
ph5om5a1 laboratory practice is         
indisp5sable2 & ! laboratory practice ( 

hi/orical sci5ce is af=d$1 on ! "o h&1  
by active social & political life1 &1 on
 ! o!r1 by ! /udy ( ^? t5d5cies &       
op]ations ( ! m9d :i* embody !mselves 9 
philosophical & !ological sy/ems4       
,?ucydides & ,tacitus1 &1 to come ne>]  
our own "t1 ,hume & ,grote1 7 m5 (      
affairs1 & _h acquir$1 by direct contact
 ) social & political hi/ory 9 ! mak+1 !
 secret ( und]/&+ h[ su* hi/ory is made4
 ,our notions ( ! intellectual hi/ory ( 
! middle ages are1 un=tunately1 too (t5 
d]iv$ f writ]s :o h nev] s]i\sly grappl$
 ) philosophical & !ological problems3 &
 h5ce t /range my? ( a mill5nium (      
moon%9e to :i* ,i h adv]t$4  ,h[ev]1 no 
v pr(\nd /udy ( ! works ( contempor>y   
writ]s :o1 )\t devot+ !mselves specially
 to !ology or philosophy1 7 le>n$ &     
enlight5$--su* m51 = example1 z ,eg9h>d 
or ,dante--is necess>y to conv9ce "o's  
self1 t1 = !m1 ! _w ( ! !ologian 0 an   
ev]-pres5t & awful reality4 ,f ! c5tre (
 t _w1 ! ,div9e ,tr9ity1 surr\nd$ by a  
hi]>*y ( angels & sa9ts1 contemplat$ &  

gov]n$ ! insignificant s5sible _w 9 :i* 
! inf]ior spirits ( m51 burd5$ ) !      
debasem5t ( _! mat]ial embodim5t &      
cont9ually solicit$ to _! p]dition by a 
no less num]\s & almo/ z p[]ful hi]>*y (
 devils1 7 con/antly /ruggl+ on ! edge (
 ! pit ( ev]la/+ damnation4#ae  ,! m5 ( 
! middle ages believ$ t ?r\gh !         
,scriptures1 ! traditions ( ! ,fa!rs1 & 
! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 9 possession 
( f> m1 & m tru/wor?y1 in=mation )      
respect to ! nature & ord] ( ?+s 9 !    
!ological _w ?an !y _h 9 reg>d to !     
nature & ord] ( ?+s 9 ! s5sible _w4 ,&1 
if ! two s\rces ( in=mation came into   
conflict1 s mu* ! worse = ! s5sible _w1 
:i*1 aft] all1 0 m or less "u ! dom9ion 
( ,satan4 ,let u suppose t a telescope  
p[]ful en\gh to %[ u :at is go+ on 9 !  
nebula ( ! sword ( ,orion1 %\ld reveal a
 _w 9 :i* /ones fell upw>ds1 p>allel    
l9es met1 & ! f\r? dim5sion ( space 0 q 
obvi\s4 ,m5 ( sci5ce w\ld h only two    
alt]natives be=e !m4 ,ei!r ! t]re/rial &
 ! nebul> facts mu/ be br\ght into      

h>mony by su* feats ( subtle sophi/ry z 
! human m9d is always capable ( p]=m+ :5
 driv5 into a corn]2 or sci5ce mu/ ?r[  
d[n its arms 9 despair1 & commit        
suicide1 ei!r by ! admission t ! univ]se
 is1 aft] all1 irrational1 inasmu* z t  
:i* is tru? 9 "o corn] ( x is absurdity 
9 ano!r1 or by a decl>ation (           
incompet5cy4  ,9 ! middle ages1 ! lab\rs
 ( ^? great m5 :o endeav\r$ to reconcile
 ! sy/em ( ?\ght :i* />t$ f ! data (    
pure reason1 ) t :i* />t$ f ! data (    
,roman !ology1 produc$ ! sy/em ( ?\ght  
:i* is kn[n z s*ola/ic philosophy2 !    
alt]native ( surr5d] & suicide is       
exemplifi$ by ,avic5na & 8 foll[]s :5 !y
 decl>$ t t :i* is true 9 !ology may be 
false 9 philosophy1 & vice v]s2 & by    
,san*ez 9 8 fam\s def5ce ( ! !sis ,quod 
nil scitur4  ,to ^? :o d5y ! validity ( 
"o ( ! prim>y assumptions ( !           
disputants--:o decl9e1 on ! gr\nd ( !   
utt] insuffici5cy ( ! evid5ce1 to put   
fai? 9 ! reality ( t o!r _w1 ! geography
 & ! inhabitants ( :i* are s confid5tly 

describ$ 9 ! s-call$#af ,*ri/ianity (   
,ca?olicism--! long & bitt] conte/1 :i* 
engag$ ! be/ intellects = s _m c5turies1
 may seem a t]rible illu/ration ( !     
wa/eful way 9 :i* ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is
 c>ri$ on 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 no less ?an 9 
t ( matt]4 ,b !re is a m *e]ful mode (  
look+ at ! hi/ory ( s*ola/icism4 ,x     
gr\nd & %>p5$ ! dialectic implem5ts (   
our race z p]haps no?+ b discussions1 9 
! result ( :i* m5 ?\ght _! et]nal1 no   
less ?an _! temporal1 int]e/s 7 at /ake1
 c\ld h done4 ,:5 a logical blund] may  
ensure combu/ion1 n only 9 ! next _w b 9
 ?is1 ! con/ruction ( syllogisms        
acquires a peculi> int]e/4 ,moreov]1 !  
s*ools kept ! ?9k+ faculty alive &      
active1 :5 ! di/urb$ /ate ( civil life1 
! mephitic atmosph]e eng5d]$ by !       
dom9ant ecclesia/icism1 & ! almo/ total 
neglect ( natural k1 might well h /ifl$ 
x4 ,&1 f9ally1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t     
s*ola/icism really did ?re% out pretty  
effectually c]ta9 problems :i* h pres5t$
 !mselves to mank9d ev] s9ce !y began to

 ?9k1 & :i*1 ,i suppose1 w pres5t       
!mselves s long z !y cont9ue to ?9k4    
,consid]1 = example1 ! controv]sy ( !   
,reali/s & ! ,nom9ali/s1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on 
) v>y+ =tunes1 & "u v>i\s names1 f ! "t 
( ,scotus ,erig5a to ! end ( ! s*ola/ic 
p]iod4 ,has x n[ a m]ely antiqu>ian     
int]e/8 ,has ,nom9alism1 9 any ( its    
modifications1 s completely won ! day t 
,realism may be reg>d$ z dead & buri$   
)\t hope ( resurrection8 ,_m p seem to  
?9k s1 b x appe>s to me t1 )\t tak+     
,ca?olic philosophy into consid]ation1  
"o has n to look ab\t f> to f9d evid5ce 
t ,realism is /ill to ! =e1 & inde$     
extremely lively4#ag         99       99
       99       99       99  ,! o!r day 
,i happ5$ to meet ) a report ( a s]mon  
rec5tly prea*$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4  
,f int]nal evid5ce ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t
 ! report is sub/antially correct4 ,b z 
,i h n ! slighte/ int5tion ( f9d+ fault 
) ! em95t !ologian & eloqu5t prea*] to  
:om ! disc\rse is attribut$1 = employm5t
 ( sci5tific language 9 a mann] = :i* he

 c\ld f9d only too _m sci5tific         
prec$5ts1 ! accuracy ( ! report 9 detail
 is n to ! purpose4 ,i may safely take x
 z ! embodim5t ( views :i* are ?\ght to 
be q 9 accordance ) sci5ce by _m        
excell5t1 in/ruct$1 & intellig5t p4     
,! prea*] fur!r cont5d$ t x 0 yet m     
difficult to realise t our e>?ly home   
w\ld become !      sc5e ( a va/ physical
 cata/rophe4 ,imag9ation recoils      f 
! idea t ! c\rse ( nature--! phrase     
helps to      disguise ! tru?--s unv>y+ 
& regul>1 ! ord]$      sequ5ce ( movem5t
 & life1 %\ld sudd5ly cease4            
,imag9ation looks m reasonable :5 x     
assumes ! air (      sci5tific reason4  
,physical law1 x says1 w prev5t !       
occurr5ce ( cata/rophes only anticipat$ 
by an apo/le 9      an unsci5tific age4 
,might n !re1 h[ev]1 be a      susp5sion
 ( a l[] law by ! int]v5tion ( a high]8 
,?us e "t we lift$ our arms we defi$ !  
laws (      gravitation1 & 9 railways & 
/eamboats p[]ful laws      7 held 9 *eck
 by o!rs4 ,! flood & ! de/ruction      (

 ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7 br\ght ab\t by !  
op]ation (      exi/+ laws1 & may x n be
 t 9 ,8 illimitable      univ]se !re are
 m important laws ?an ^? :i*            
surr\nd our puny life--moral & n m]ely  
physical      =ces8 ,is x inconceivable 
t ! day w come :5      ^! royal &       
ultimate laws %all wreck ! natural ord] 
( ?+s :i* seems s /able & s fair8       
,e>?quakes      7 n ?+s ( remote        
antiquity1 z an isl& (f ,italy1      !  
,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 ,greece1 & ,*icago  
bore      witness4444 ,9 pres5ce ( a    
great e>?quake m5 feel h[      p[]less  
!y are1 & _! v k adds to _!             
weakness4 ,! end ( human probation1 !   
f9al dissolution      ( organis$        
society1 & ! de/ruction ( man's home on 
! surface ( ! globe1 7 none ( !m        
viol5tly      contr>y to our pres5t     
exp]i5ce1 b only ! ext5sion      (      
pres5t facts4 ,! pres5tim5t ( dea? 0    
common2      !re 7 felt to be _m ?+s :i*
 ?reat5$ !      exi/5ce ( society2 & z  
our globe 0 a ball ( fire1      at any  

mom5t ! p5t-up =ces :i* surge & boil    
b5ea? our feet might be p\r$ out 7,pall 
,mall ,gazette1      ,decemb] #f1       
#ahhf74  ,! prea*] appe>s to ent]ta9 !  
notion t ! occurr5ce ( a cata/rophe#ah  
involves a brea* ( ! pres5t ord] (      
nature--t x is an ev5t incompatible ) ! 
physical laws :i* at pres5t obta94 ,he  
seems to be ( op9ion t sci5tific reason 
l5ds its au?ority to ! imag9ative       
supposition t physical law w prev5t !   
occurr5ce ( ! cata/rophes anticipat$ by 
an unsci5tific apo/le4  ,sci5tific      
reason1 l ,hom]1 sometimes nods2 b ,i am
 n aw>e t x has ev] dream$ dreams ( ?is 
sort4 ,! fundam5tal axiom ( sci5tific   
?\ght is t !re is n1 nev] has be51 &    
nev] w be1 any disord] 9 nature4 ,!     
admission ( ! occurr5ce ( any ev5t :i* 0
 n ! logical consequ5ce ( ! imm$iately  
antec$5t ev5ts1 accord+ to ^! def9ite1  
asc]ta9$1 or unasc]ta9$ rules :i* we    
call ! laws ( nature1 w\ld be an act (  
self-de/ruction on ! "p ( sci5ce4       
,cata/rophe is a relative conception4 ,=

 ourselves x means an ev5t :i* br+s ab\t
 v t]rible consequ5ces to man1 or       
impresses 8 m9d by its magnitude        
relatively to him4 ,b ev5ts :i* are q 9 
! natural ord] ( ?+s to u1 may be       
frightful cata/rophes to o!r s5ti5t     
be+s4 ,surely no int]ruption ( ! ord] ( 
nature is involv$ if1 9 ! c\rse (       
desc5d+ ?r\gh an ,alp9e p9e-wood1 ,i    
jump ^u an an?ill & 9 a mom5t wreck a   
:ole city & de/roy a hundr$ ?\s& ( its  
inhabitants4 ,to ! ants ! cata/rophe is 
worse ?an ! e>?quake ( ,lisbon4 ,to me x
 is ! natural & necess>y consequ5ce ( ! 
laws ( matt] 9 motion4 ,a r$i/ribution (
 en]gy has tak5 place1 :i* is p]fectly 9
 accordance ) natural ord]1 h[ev]       
unpleasant its effects may be to ! ants4
  ,imag9ation1 inspir$ by sci5tific     
reason1 & n m]ely assum+ ! airs !re(1 z 
x un=tunately too (t5 does 9 ! pulpit1 s
 f> f hav+ any "r to repudiate          
cata/rophes & d5y ! possibility ( !     
cessation ( motion & life1 easily f9ds  
ju/ification = ! exactly contr>y c\rse4 

,kant 9 8 fam\s ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s       
decl>es ! end ( ! _w & its r$uction to a
 =mless condition to be a necess>y      
consequ5ce ( ! causes to :i* x owes its 
orig9 & cont9uance4 ,&1 z to cata/rophes
 ( prodigi\s magnitude & frequ5t        
occurr5ce1 !y 7 ! fav\rite asylum       
ignoranti ( geologi/s1 n a qu>t] ( a    
c5tury ago4 ,if mod]n geology is becom+ 
m & m dis9cl9$ to call 9 cata/rophes to 
its aid1 x is n because ( any a priori  
difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! occurr5ce ( su*
 ev5ts ) ! univ]sality ( ord]1 b because
 ! a po/]iori evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce (   
ev5ts ( ?is "* 9 pa/ times has m or less
 completely brok5 d[n4  ,x is1 to say ! 
lea/1 highly probable t ?is e>? is a    
mass ( extremely hot matt]1 inve/$ by a 
cool$ cru/1 ?r\gh :i* ! hot int]ior /ill
 cont9ues to cool1 ?\gh ) extreme       
sl[ness4 ,x is no less probable t !     
faults & dislocations1 ! fold+s &       
fractures1 ev]y:]e visible 9 ! /ratifi$ 
cru/1 its l>ge & sl[ movem5ts ?r\gh     
miles ( elevation & depression1 & its   

small & rapid movem5ts :i* give rise to 
! innum]able p]ceiv$ & unp]ceiv$        
e>?quakes :i* are con/antly occurr+1 are
 due to ! %r9kage ( ! cru/ on its cool+ 
& contract+ nucleus4  ,)\t go+ beyond ! 
range ( fair sci5tific analogy1         
conditions are easily conceivable :i*   
%\ld r5d] ! loss ( heat f> m rapid ?an x
 is at pres5t2 & su* an occurr5ce w\ld  
be j z mu* 9 accordance ) asc]ta9$ laws 
( nature1 z ! m rapid cool+ ( a r$-hot  
b>1 :5 x is ?ru/ into cold wat]1 ?an :5 
x rema9s 9 ! air4 ,b mu* m rapid cool+  
might entail a %ift+ & re>rangem5t ( !  
p>ts ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? on a scale (      
unprec$5t$ magnitude1 & br+ ab\t        
cata/rophes to :i* ! e>?quake ( ,lisbon 
is b a trifle4 ,x is conceivable t man &
 8 works & all ! high] =ms ( animal life
 %\ld be utt]ly de/roy$2 t m\nta9       
regions %\ld he conv]t$ into ocean dep?s
 & ! floor ( oceans rais$ into m\nta9s2 
& ! e>? become a sc5e ( horror :i* ev5 !
 lurid fancy ( ! writ] ( ! ,apocalypse  
w\ld fail to portray4 ,& yet1 to ! eye (

 sci5ce1 !re w\ld he no m disord] "h ?an
 9 ! sabbatical peace ( a summ] sea4 ,n 
a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( natural causes & effects
 w\ld he brok51 n[h]e w\ld !re be !     
slighte/ indication ( ! susp5sion ( a   
l[] law by a high]4 ,if a sob] sci5tific
 ?9k] is incl9$ to put little fai? 9 !  
wild vatic9ations ( univ]sal ru9 :i*1 9 
a less sa9tly p]son ?an ! se] ( ,patmos1
 might seem to be dictat$ by ! fury ( a 
rev5geful fanatic1 r ?an by ! _s ( !    
tea*] :o bid m5 love _! enemies1 x is n 
on ! gr\nd t !y contradict sci5tific    
pr9ciples2 b because ! evid5ce ( _!     
sci5tific value does n fulfil !         
conditions on :i* weight is atta*$ to   
evid5ce4 ,! imag9ation :i* supposes t x 
does1 simply does n assume ! air (      
sci5tific reason4  ,i repeat t1 if      
imag9ation is us$ )9 ! limits laid d[n  
by sci5ce1 disord] is unimag9able4 ,if a
 be+ end[$ ) p]fect intellectual &      
/hetic faculties1 b devoid ( ! capacity 
= suff]+ pa91 ei!r physical or moral1 7 
to devote 8 utmo/ p[]s to ! inve/igation

 ( nature1 ! univ]se w\ld seem to him to
 be a sort ( kaleidoscope1 9 :i*1 at e  
successive mom5t ( "t1 a new arrangem5t 
( p>ts ( exquisite beauty & symmetry    
w\ld pres5t itself2 & ea* ( !m w\ld %[  
itself to be ! logical consequ5ce ( !   
prec$+ arrangem5t1 "u ! conditions :i*  
we call ! laws ( nature4 ,su* a         
spectator might well be fill$ ) t ,amor 
intellectualis ,dei1 ! beatific vision (
 ! vita contemplativa1 :i* "s ( !       
greate/ ?9k]s ( all ages1 ,ari/otle1    
,aqu9as1 ,sp9oza1 h reg>d$ z ! only     
conceivable et]nal felicity2 & ! vision 
( illimitable suff]+1 z if s5sitive be+s
 7 unreg>d$ animalcules :i* _h got      
betwe5 ! bits ( glass ( ! kaleidoscope1 
:i* m>s ! prospect to u poor mortals1 9 
no wise alt]s ! fact t ord] is "l ( all1
 & disord] only a "n = t "p ( ! ord] :i*
 gives u pa94  ,! o!r fallaci\s         
employm5t ( ! names ( sci5tific         
conceptions :i* p]vades ! prea*]'s      
utt]ance1 br+s me back to ! prop] topic 
( ! pres5t essay4 ,x is ! use ( ! ^w law

 z if x d5ot$ a ?+--z if a law ( nature1
 z sci5ce und]/&s x1 7 a be+ end[$ )    
c]ta9 p[]s1 9 virtue ( :i* ! ph5om5a    
express$ by t law are br\ght ab\t4 ,!   
prea*] asks1 ,might n !re be a susp5sion
 ( a l[] law by ! int]v5tion ( a high]8 
,he tells u t e "t we lift our arms we  
defy ! law ( gravitation4 ,he asks :e!r 
"s day c]ta9 royal & ultimate laws may n
 come & wreck ^? laws :i* are at pres5t1
 x w\ld appe>1 act+ z nature's police4  
,x is evid5t1 f ^! expressions1 t laws1 
9 ! m9d ( ! prea*]1 are entities hav+ an
 objective exi/5ce 9 a graduat$ hi]>*y4 
,& x w\ld appe> t ! royal laws are by no
 means to be reg>d$ z con/itutional     
royalties3 at any mom5t1 !y may1 l      
,ea/]n despots1 desc5d 9 wra? among !   
middle-class & plebeian laws1 :i* h     
hi!rto done ! drudg]y ( ! _w's "w1 &1 to
 use phraseology n unkn[n 9 our seats ( 
le>n+--make hay ( _! belong+s4 ,or      
p]haps a /ill m famili> analogy has     
sugge/$ ?is s+ul> !ory2 & x is ?\ght t  
high laws may susp5d l[ laws1 z a bi%op 

may susp5d a curate4  ,f> be x f me to  
controv]t ^! views1 if any "o likes to  
hold !m4 ,all ,i wi% to rem>k is t su* a
 conception ( ! nature ( laws has no?+  
to d ) mod]n sci5ce4 ,x is s*ola/ic     
realism--realism z int5se & unmitigat$ z
 t ( ,scotus ,erig5a a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!
 ess5ce ( su* realism is t x ma9ta9s !  
objective exi/5ce ( univ]sals1 or1 z we 
call !m n[adays1 g5]al propositions4 ,x 
affirms1 = example1 t man is a real ?+1 
ap>t f individual m51 hav+ its exi/5ce1 
n 9 ! s5sible1 b 9 ! intelligible _w1 & 
clo?+ itself ) ! accid5ts ( s5se to make
 ! ,jack & ,tom & ,h>ry :om we "k4      
,/range z su* a notion may appe> to     
mod]n sci5tific ?\ght1 x really p]vades 
ord9>y language4 ,!re are few p :o w\ld1
 at once1 hesitate to admit t col\r1 =  
example1 exi/s ap>t f ! m9d :i*         
conceives ! idea ( col\r4 ,!y hold x to 
be some?+ :i* resides 9 ! col\r$ object2
 & s f> !y are z mu* ,reali/s z if !y _h
 sat at ,plato's feet4 ,reflection on ! 
facts ( ! case mu/1 ,i imag9e1 conv9ce e

 "o t col\r is--n a m]e "n1 :i* 0 !     
extreme ,nom9ali/ position--b a "n = t  
gr\p ( /ates ( feel+ :i* we call blue1  
r$1 yell[1 & s on1 & :i* we believe to  
be caus$ by lum9if]\s vibrations :i* h n
 ! slighte/ resemblance to col\r2 :ile  
^! aga9 are set afoot by /ates ( ! body 
to :i* we ascribe col\r1 b :i* are      
equally devoid ( lik5ess to col\r4  ,9 !
 same way1 a law ( nature1 9 ! sci5tific
 s5se1 is ! product ( a m5tal op]ation  
^u ! facts ( nature :i* come "u our     
obs]vation1 & has no m exi/5ce outside !
 m9d ?an col\r has4 ,! law ( gravitation
 is a /atem5t ( ! mann] 9 :i* exp]i5ce  
%[s t bodies1 :i* are free to move1 d1 9
 fact1 move t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,b ! o!r    
facts ( obs]vation1 t bodies are n      
always mov+ 9 ?is fa%ion1 & sometimes   
move 9 a contr>y direction1 are impli$ 9
 ! words free to move4 ,if x is a law ( 
nature t bodies t5d to move t[>ds "o    
ano!r 9 a c]ta9 way2 x is ano!r & no    
less true law ( nature t1 if bodies are 
n free to move z !y t5d to d1 ei!r 9    

consequ5ce ( an ob/acle1 or ( a contr>y 
impulse f "s o!r s\rce ( en]gy ?an t to 
:i* we give ! "n ( gravitation1 !y ei!r 
/op /ill1 or g ano!r way4               
,sci5tifically speak+1 x is ! acme (    
absurdity to talk ( a man defy+ ! law ( 
gravitation :5 he lifts 8 arm4 ,! g5]al 
/ore ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se work+ ?r\gh    
t]re/rial matt] is d\btless t5d+ to br+ 
! man's arm d[n2 b ! p>ticul> fraction (
 t en]gy :i* is work+ ?r\gh c]ta9 ( 8   
n]v\s & muscul> organs is t5d+ to drive 
x up1 & m en]gy be+ exp5d$ on ! arm 9 ! 
upw>d ?an 9 ! d[nw>d direction1 ! arm   
goes up accord+ly4 ,b ! law (           
gravitation is no m defi$1 9 ?is case1  
?an :5 a groc] ?r[s s mu* sug> into !   
empty pan ( 8 scales t ! "o :i* conta9s 
! weight kicks ! beam4  ,! t5acity ( !  
wond]ful fallacy t ! laws ( nature are  
ag5ts1 in/ead ( be+1 z !y really are1 a 
m]e record ( exp]i5ce1 ^u :i* we base   
our int]pretations ( t :i* does happ51 &
 our anticipation ( t :i* w happ51 is an
 int]e/+ psy*ological fact2 & w\ld be   

un9telligible if ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d 
t[>ds realism 7 less /rong4  ,ev5 at !  
pres5t day1 & 9 ! writ+s ( m5 :o w\ld at
 once repudiate s*ola/ic realism 9 any  
=m1 law is (t5 inadv]t5tly employ$ 9 !  
s5se ( cause1 j z1 9 common life1 a man 
w say t he is compell$ by ! law to d s &
 s1 :51 9 po9t ( fact1 all he means is t
 ! law ord]s him to d x1 & tells him :at
 w happ5 if he does n d x4 ,we commonly 
he> ( bodies fall+ to ! gr\nd by reason 
( ! law ( gravitation1 :]eas t law is   
simply ! record ( ! fact t1 accord+ to  
all exp]i5ce1 !y h s fall5 7:5 free to  
move71 & ( ! gr\nds ( a reasonable      
expectation t !y w s fall4 ,if x %\ld be
 wor? anybody's :ile to seek = examples 
( su* misuse ( language on my own "p1 ,i
 am n at all sure he might n succe$1    
?\gh ,i h usually be5 on my gu>d aga9/  
su* loos5ess ( expression4 ,if ,i am    
guilty1 ,i d p5ance be=eh&1 & only hope 
t ,i may !reby det] o!rs f committ+ ! l 
fault4 ,& ,i v5ture on ?is p]sonal      
obs]vation by way ( %[+ t ,i h no wi% to

 be> h>dly on ! prea*] = fall+ into an  
error = :i* he might f9d good prec$5ts4 
,b x is "o ( ^? errors :i*1 9 ! case ( a
 p]son engag$ 9 sci5tific pursuits1 d   
little h>m1 because x is correct$ z soon
 z its consequ5ces become obvi\s2 :ile  
^? :o "k physical sci5ce only by "n are1
 z has be5 se51 easily l$ to build a    
mighty fabric ( unrealities on ?is      
fundam5tal fallacy4 ,9 fact1 ! habitual 
use ( ! ^w law1 9 ! s5se ( an active ?+1
 is almo/ a m>k ( pseudo-sci5ce2 x      
*>act]ises ! writ+s ( ^? :o h           
appropriat$ ! =ms ( sci5ce )\t kn[+     
any?+ ( its sub/ance4  ,!re are two     
classes ( ^! p3 ^? :o are ready to      
believe 9 any miracle s long z x is     
gu>ante$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority2 & ^?
 :o are ready to believe 9 any miracle s
 long z x has "s diff]5t gu>antee4 ,!   
believ]s 9 :at are ord9>ily call$       
miracles--^? :o accept ! miracul\s      
n>ratives :i* !y are taught to ?9k are  
ess5tial elem5ts ( religi\s doctr9e--are
 9 ! "o category2 ! _s-rapp]s1          

table-turn]s1 & all ! o!r devotees ( !  
occult sci5ces ( our day are 9 ! o!r3 &1
 if !y disagree 9 mo/ ?+s !y agree 9    
?is1 namely1 t !y ascribe to sci5ce a   
dictum t is n sci5tific2 & t !y endeav\r
 to upset ! dictum ?us foi/$ on sci5ce  
by a reali/ic argum5t :i* is equally    
unsci5tific4  ,x is ass]t$1 = example1  
t1 on a p>ticul> occasion1 wat] 0 turn$ 
into w9e2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ass]t$ t 
a man or a woman levitat$ to ! ceil+1   
float$ ab\t !re1 & f9ally sail$ out by !
 w9d[4 ,& x is assum$ t ! p>donable     
scepticism1 ) :i* mo/ sci5tific m5      
receive ^! /atem5ts1 is due to ! fact t 
!y feel !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 d5y+ !       
possibility ( any su* metamorphosis (   
wat]1 or ( any su* levitation1 because  
su* ev5ts are contr>y to ! laws (       
nature4 ,s ! "q ( ! prea*] is           
triumphantly put3 ,h[ d y "k t !re are n
 high] laws ( nature ?an y\r *emical &  
physical laws1 & t ^! high] laws may n  
int]v5e & wreck ! latt]8  ,! pla9 answ] 
to ?is "q is1 ,:y %\ld anybody be call$ 

^u to say h[ he kn[s t :i* he does n "k8
 ,y are assum+ t laws are               
ag5ts--effici5t causes ( t :i* happ5s--&
 t "o law c int]f]e ) ano!r4 ,to u1 t   
assumption is z nons5sical z if y 7 to  
talk ( a proposition ( ,euclid be+ !    
cause ( ! diagram :i* illu/rates x1 or (
 ! integral calculus int]f]+ ) ! rule ( 
?ree4 ,y\r "q really implies t we pret5d
 to complete k n only ( all pa/ & pres5t
 ph5om5a1 b ( all t are possible 9 !    
future1 & we leave all t sort ( ?+ to ! 
adepts ( esot]ic ,buddhism4 ,our        
pret5sions are inf9itely m mode/4 ,we h 
succe$$ 9 f9d+ out ! rules ( action ( a 
little bit ( ! univ]se2 we call ^! rules
 laws ( nature1 n because anybody kn[s  
:e!r !y b9d nature or n1 b because we   
f9d x is obligatory on u to take !m into
 acc\nt1 bo? z actors "u nature1 & z    
int]pret]s ( nature4 ,we h any quantity 
( g5u9e miracles ( our own1 & if y w    
furni% u ) z good evid5ce ( y\r miracles
 z we h ( ours1 we %all be q happy to   
accept !m & to am5d our expression ( !  

laws ( nature 9 accordance ) ! new      
facts4  ,z to ! p>ticul> cases adduc$1  
we are s p]fectly fair-m9d$ z to be     
will+ to help y\r case z f> z we c4 ,y  
are q mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t anybody :o is  
acqua9t$ ) ! possibilities ( physical   
sci5ce w und]take categorically to d5y t
 wat] may be turn$ into w9e4 ,_m v      
compet5t judges are already incl9$ to   
?9k t ! bodies1 :i* we h hi!rto call$   
elem5t>y1 are really composite          
arrangem5ts ( ! p>ticles ( a uni=m      
primitive matt]4 ,suppos+ t view to be  
correct1 !re w\ld be no m !oretical     
difficulty ab\t turn+ wat] into alcohol1
 e!real & col\r+ matt]s1 ?an !re is1 at 
?is pres5t mom5t1 any practical         
difficulty 9 work+ o!r su* miracles2 z  
:5 we turn sug> into alcohol1 c>bonic   
acid1 glyc]9e1 & succ9ic acid2 or       
transmute gas-refuse into p]fumes r>]   
?an musk & dyes ri*] ?an ,tyrian purple4
 ,if ! s-call$ elem5ts1 oxyg5 & hydrog51
 :i* compose wat]1 are aggregates ( !   
same ultimate p>ticles1 or physical     

units1 z ^? :i* ent] into ! /ructure ( !
 s-call$ elem5t c>bon1 x is obvi\s t    
alcohol & o!r sub/ances1 compos$ (      
c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 may be produc$ 
by a re>rangem5t ( "s ( ! units ( oxyg5 
& hydrog5 into ! elem5t c>bon1 & _!     
syn!sis ) ! re/ ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog54    
,!oretically1 !re=e1 we c h no sort (   
objection to y\r miracle4 ,& our reply  
to ! levitators is j ! same4 ,:y %\ld n 
y\r fri5d levitate8 ,fi% are said to    
rise & s9k 9 ! wat] by alt]+ ! volume ( 
an int]nal air-receptacle2 & !re may be 
_m ways sci5ce1 z yet1 kn[s no?+ (1 by  
:i* we1 :o live at ! bottom ( an ocean (
 air1 may d ! same ?+4 ,dialectic gas & 
w9d appe> to be by no means want+ among 
y1 & :y %\ld n long practice 9 pneumatic
 philosophy h result$ 9 ! int]nal       
g5]ation ( some?+ a ?\s& times r>] ?an  
hydrog51 by :i*1 9 accordance ) ! mo/   
ord9>y natural laws1 y w\ld n only rise 
to ! ceil+ & float !re 9 quasi-angelic  
po/ure1 b p]haps1 z "o ( y\r fem99e     
adepts is said to h done1 flit swift]   

?an tra9 or telegram to /ill-vex$       
,b]moo!s1 & twit ,ariel1 if he happ5s to
 be !re1 = a slugg>d8 ,we h n !         
presumption to d5y ! possibility ( any?+
 y affirm2 only1 z our bre?r5 are       
p>ticul> ab\t evid5ce1 d give u z mu* to
 g ^u z may save u f be+ ro>$ d[n by _! 
inext+ui%able laught]4  ,en\gh ( !      
realism :i* cl+s ab\t laws4 ,!re are    
pl5ty ( o!r exemplifications ( its      
vitality 9 mod]n sci5ce1 b ,i w cite    
only "o ( !m4  ,?is is ! conception (   
vital =ce :i* comes /raight f !         
philosophy ( ,ari/otle4 ,x is a         
fundam5tal proposition ( t philosophy t 
a natural object is compos$ ( two       
con/itu5ts--! "o its matt]1 conceiv$ z  
in]t or ev51 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 oppos$ to
 ord]ly & purposive motion2 ! o!r its   
=m1 conceiv$ z a quasi-spiritual some?+1
 conta9+ or condition+ ! actual         
activities ( ! body & ! pot5tiality (   
its possible activities4  ,i am dispos$ 
to ?9k t ! prom95ce ( ?is conception 9  
,ari/otle's !ory ( ?+s arose f !        

circum/ance t he 0 to beg9 ) & ?r\gh\t 8
 life1 devot$ to biological /udies4 ,9  
fact x is a notion :i* mu/ =ce itself ^u
 ! m9d ( any "o :o /udies biological    
ph5om5a1 )\t ref]5ce to g5]al physics1 z
 !y n[ /&4 ,ev]ybody :o obs]ves ! obvi\s
 ph5om5a ( ! developm5t ( a se$ into a  
tree1 or ( an egg into an animal1 w note
 t a relatively =mless mass ( matt]     
gradually gr[s1 takes a def9ite %ape &  
/ructure1 &1 f9ally1 beg9s to p]=m      
actions :i* contribute t[>ds a c]ta9    
end1 namely1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! individual 
9 ! fir/ place1 & ( ! species 9 !       
second4 ,/>t+ f ! axiom t e ev5t has a  
cause1 we h "h ! causa f9alis manife/$ 9
 ! la/ set ( ph5om5a1 ! causa mat]ialis 
& =malis 9 ! fir/1 :ile ! exi/5ce ( a   
causa effici5s )9 ! se$ or egg & its    
product1 is a coroll>y f ! ph5om5a (    
gr[? & metamorphosis1 :i* proce$ 9      
unbrok5 succession & make up ! life ( ! 
animal or plant4  ,?us1 at />t+1 ! egg  
or se$ is matt] hav+ a =m l all o!r     
mat]ial bodies4 ,b ?is =m has !         

peculi>ity1 9 contradi/9ction to l[]    
sub/antial =ms1 t x is a p[] :i*        
con/antly works t[>ds an end by means ( 
liv+ organisation4  ,s f> z ,i "k1      
,leibnitz is ! only philosoph] 7at !    
same "t a man ( sci5ce1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 
( ! fir/ rank7 :o has not$ t ! mod]n    
conception ( ,=ce1 z a sort ( atmosph]e 
envelop+ ! p>ticles ( bodies1 & hav+    
pot5tial or actual activity1 is simply a
 new "n = ! ,ari/otelian ,=m4#ai ,9     
mod]n biology1 up till )9 q rec5t times1
 ! ,ari/otelian conception held         
undisput$ sway2 liv+ matt] 0 end[$ )    
vital =ce1 & t acc\nt$ = ev]y?+4        
,:osoev] 0 n satisfi$ ) t explanation 0 
treat$ to t v pla9 argum5t--conf\nd y   
et]nally--:]e) ,"l ,pet] ov]comes !     
d\bts ( 8 bro!rs 9 ! ,tale ( a ,tub4    
,mat]iali/ 0 ! milde/ t]m appli$ to     
him--=tunate if he escap$ pelt+ )       
infidel & a!i/4 ,!re may be sci5tific   
,rip ,van ,w9kles ab\t1 :o /ill hold by 
vital =ce2 b among ^? biologi/s :o h n  
be5 asleep = ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury     

vital =ce no long] figures 9 ! vocabul>y
 ( sci5ce4 ,x is a pat5t survival (     
realism2 ! g5]alisation f exp]i5ce t all
 liv+ bodies exhibit c]ta9 activities ( 
a def9ite "* is made ! basis ( ! notion 
t e liv+ body conta9s an entity1 vital  
=ce1 :i* is assum$ to be ! cause ( ^?   
activities4  ,x is rem>kable1 9 look+   
back1 to notice to :at an ext5t ?is &   
o!r survivals ( s*ola/ic realism arre/$ 
or1 at any rate1 imp$$ ! application (  
s\nd sci5tific pr9ciples to !           
inve/igation ( biological ph5om5a4 ,:5  
,i 0 beg9n+ to ?9k ab\t ^! matt]s1 !    
sci5tific _w 0 occasionally agitat$ by  
discussions respect+ ! nature ( !       
species & g5]a ( ,naturali/s1 ( a       
diff]5t ord] f ! disputes ( a lat] "t4  
,i ?9k mo/ 7 agre$ t a species 0 some?+ 
:i* exi/$ objectively1 someh[ or o!r1 & 
_h be5 creat$ by a ,div9e fiat4 ,z to ! 
objective reality ( g5]a1 !re 0 a good  
deal ( diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
!re 7 a few :o c\ld see no objective    
reality 9 any?+ b individuals1 & look$  

^u bo? species & g5]a z hypo/atis$      
univ]sals4 ,z = myself1 ,i seem to h    
unconsci\sly emulat$ ,william ( ,occam1 
inasmu* z almo/ ! fir/ public disc\rse  
,i ev] v5tur$ ^u1 dealt ) ,animal       
,individuality1 & its t5d5cy 0 to fight 
! ,nom9ali/ battle ev5 9 t qu>t]4       
,realism appe>$ 9 /ill /rang] =ms at !  
"t to :i* ,i ref]4 ,! community ( plan  
:i* is obs]vable 9 ea* great gr\p (     
animals 0 hypo/atis$ into a ,platonic   
idea ) ! appropriate "n ( ar*etype1 & we
 7 told1 z a disciple ( ,philo-,judu    
might h told u1 t ?is reali/ic figm5t 0 
! ar*etypal light by :i* ,nature has be5
 guid$ amid/ ! wreck ( worlds4 ,s1 aga91
 ano!r naturali/1 :o _h no less e>n$ a  
well-des]v$ reputation by 8             
contributions to positive k1 put =w>d a 
!ory ( ! production ( liv+ ?+s :i*1 z   
ne>ly z ! increase ( k all[$1 0 a       
reproduction ( ! doctr9e inculcat$ by ! 
,jewi% ,cabbala4  ,annex+ ! ar*etype    
notion1 & c>ry+ x to its full logical   
consequ5ce1 ! au?or ( ?is !ory conceiv$ 

t ! species ( animals & plants 7 s _m   
inc>nations ( ! ?\ghts ( ,god--mat]ial  
repres5tations ( ,div9e ideas--dur+ !   
p>ticul> p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory at :i* !y
 exi/$4 ,b1 "u ! influ5ce ( !           
embryological & palontological          
discov]ies ( mod]n times1 :i* _h already
 l5t "s sci5tific support to ! reviv$   
anci5t !ories ( cosmical evolution or   
emanation1 ! +5i\s au?or ( ?is          
speculation1 :ile d5y+ & repudiat+ !    
ord9>y !ory ( evolution by successive   
modification ( individuals1 ma9ta9$ &   
endeav\r$ to prove ! occurr5ce ( a      
progressive modification 9 ! div9e ideas
 ( successive epo*s4  ,on ! f\ndation ( 
a suppos$ elevation ( organisation 9 !  
:ole liv+ population ( any epo*1 z      
comp>$ ) t ( its pr$ecessor1 & a suppos$
 complete diff]5ce 9 species betwe5 !   
populations ( any two epo*s 7nei!r ( :i*
 suppositions has /ood ! te/ ( fur!r    
inquiry71 ! au?or ( ?is speculation bas$
 8 conclusion t ! ,creator _h1 s to     
speak1 improv$ ^u 8 ?\ghts z "t w5t on2 

& t1 z ea* su* am5d$ s*eme ( creation   
came up1 ! embodim5t ( ! e>li] div9e    
?\ghts 0 swept away by a univ]sal       
cata/rophe1 & an inc>nation ( ! improv$ 
ideas took its place4 ,only aft] ! la/  
su* wreck ?us br\ght ab\t1 did !        
embodim5t ( a div9e ?\ght1 9 ! %ape ( ! 
fir/ man1 make its appe>ance z ! ne plus
 ultra ( ! cosmogonical process4  ,i    
imag9e t ,l\is ,agassiz1 ! g5ial        
backwoodsman ( ! sci5ce ( my "y days1 :o
 did m to op5 out new tracks 9 !        
sci5tific =e/ ?an mo/ m51 w\ld h be5 mu*
 surpris$ to le>n t he 0 prea*+ !       
doctr9e ( ! ,cabbala1 pure & simple4    
,accord+ to ?is modification (          
,neoplatonism by contact ) ,hebrew      
speculation1 ! div9e ess5ce is          
unkn[able--)\t =m or attribute2 b !     
int]val betwe5 x & ! _w ( s5se is fill$ 
by intelligible entities1 :i* are no?+ b
 ! famili> hypo/atis$ ab/ractions ( !   
reali/s4 ,^! h emanat$1 l imm5se waves (
 light1 f ! div9e c5tre1 &1 z t5        
consecutive zones ( ,sephiro?1 =m !     

univ]se4 ,! f>!r away f ! c5tre1 ! m !  
primitive light wanes1 until ! p]iph]y  
ends 9 ^? m]e negations1 d>kness & evil1
 :i* are ! ess5ce ( matt]4 ,on ?is1 !   
div9e ag5cy transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,sephiro?
 op]ates aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,ari/otelian 
=ms1 &1 at fir/1 produces ! l[e/ ( a    
s]ies ( worlds4 ,aft] a c]ta9 duration !
 primitive _w is demoli%$ & its fragm5ts
 us$ up 9 mak+ a bett]2 & ?is process is
 repeat$1 until at l5g? a f9al _w1 ) man
 = its cr[n & f9i%1 makes its appe>ance4
 ,x is ne$less to trace ! process (     
retrogressive metamorphosis by :i*1     
?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,messiah1 ! /eps ( !  
process ( evolution "h sket*$ are       
retrac$4 ,suffici5t has be5 said to     
prove t ! extremi/ realism curr5t 9 !   
philosophy ( ! ?irte5? c5tury c be fully
 mat*$ by ! speculations ( our own "t4  
,,footnotes3       #ae ,!re is no       
exagg]ation 9 ?is brief & summ>y view   
( ! ,ca?olic cosmos4 ,b x w\ld be unfair
 to leave x           to be suppos$ t ! 
,re=mation made any ess5tial            

alt]ation1 except p]haps = ! worse1 9 t 
cosmology           :i* call$ itself    
,*ri/ian4 ,! protagoni/ ( !             
,re=mation1 f :om ! :ole ( !            
,evangelical sects           are l9eally
 desc5d$1 /ates ! case ) t pla9ness     
( spee*1 n to say brutality1 :i*        
*>act]is$ him4           ,lu!r says t   
man is a bea/ ( burd5 :o only moves z   
8 rid] ord]s2 sometimes ,god rides him1 
& sometimes           ,satan4 ,sic      
voluntas humana 9 m$io posita e/1 ceu   
jum5tum2 si ins$]it ,deus1 vult et      
vadit1 quo vult           ,deus4444 ,si 
ins$]it ,satan1 vult et vadit1 quo vult 
,satan2           nec e/ 9 ejus arbitrio
 ad utrum sessorem curr]e1 aut eum      
qur]e1 s$ ipsi sessores c]tant ob ipsum 
obt95dum et           possid5dum 7,de   
,s]vo ,arbitrio1 ,m4 ,lu!ri ,op]a1 ed4  
#aedf1 t4 ii4 p4 #dfh74 ,"o may he>     
sub/antially ! same           doctr9e   
prea*$ 9 ! p>ks & at /reet-corn]s by    
zeal\s volunte] mission>ies (           
,evangelicism1 any ,sunday1           9 

mod]n ,london4 ,:y ^! doctr9es1 :i* are 
conspicu\s           by _! abs5ce 9 !   
f\r ,gospels1 %\ld arrogate to          
!mselves ! title ( ,evangelical1 9      
contradi/9ction to           ,ca?olic1  
,*ri/ianity1 may well p]plex ! imp>tial 
inquir]1 :o1 if he 7 oblig$ to *oose    
betwe5 ! two1           might naturally 
pref] t :i* leaves ! poor bea/ (        
burd5 a little fre$om ( *oice4       #af
 ,i say s-call$ n by way ( (f5ce1 b z a 
prote/ aga9/ ! mon/r\s assumption t     
,ca?olic           ,*ri/ianity is       
explicitly or implicitly conta9$ 9 any  
tru/wor?y record ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus (   
,naz>e?4       #ag ,x may be desirable  
to obs]ve t1 9 mod]n times1           ! 
t]m ,realism has acquir$ a signification
 :olly           diff]5t f t :i* atta*$ 
to x 9 ! middle ages4           ,we     
commonly use x z ! contr>y ( ,idealism4 
,! ,ideali/           holds t ! ph5om5al
 _w has only a subjective               
exi/5ce1 ! ,reali/ t x has an objective 
exi/5ce4 ,i           am n aw>e t any   

m$ival philosoph] 0 an ,ideali/         
9 ! s5se 9 :i* we apply ! t]m to        
,b]keley4 ,9           fact1 ! c>d9al   
defect ( _! speculations lies 9         
_! ov]sight ( ! consid]ations :i* lead  
to           ,idealism4 ,if _m ( !m     
reg>d$ ! mat]ial _w z a                 
negation1 x 0 an active negation2 n z]o1
 b a m9us           quantity4       #ah 
,at any rate a cata/rophe great] ?an !  
flood1           :i*1 z ,i obs]ve )     
int]e/1 is z calmly assum$ by           
! prea*] to be an hi/orical ev5t z if   
sci5ce _h           nev] _h a ^w to say 
on t subject6       #ai ,les =mes des   
anci5s ou ,entl*ies ne sont autre       
*ose que les =ces 7,leibnitz1 ,lettre au
 ,pre ,b\vet1           #afig74         
,,iii3 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,pseudo-,,sci5ce   
#ahhg   ,9 ! op5+ s5t5ces ( a           
contribution to ! la/ numb] ( ?is       
,review1#bj ! ,duke ( ,argyll has fav\r$
 me ) a lecture on ! proprieties (      
controv]sy1 to :i* ,i %\ld be dispos$ to
 li/5 ) m docility if 8 ,grace's        

precepts appe>$ to me to be bas$ ^u     
rational pr9ciples1 or if 8 example 7 m 
exempl>y4  ,) respect to ! latt] po9t1 !
 ,duke has ?\ght fit to entitle 8       
article ,pr(essor ,huxley on ,canon     
,liddon1 & ?us =ces into prom95ce an    
elem5t ( p]sonality1 :i* ^? :o read !   
pap] :i* is ! object ( ! ,duke's        
animadv]sions w obs]ve ,i h endeav\r$1  
mo/ c>efully1 to avoid4 ,my criticisms  
dealt ) a report ( a s]mon1 publi%$ 9 a 
newspap]1 & !reby address$ to all ! _w4 
,:e!r t s]mon 0 prea*$ by ,a or ,b 0 n a
 matt] ( ! smalle/ consequ5ce2 & ,i w5t 
out ( my way to absolve ! le>n$ div9e to
 :om ! disc\rse 0 attribut$ f !         
responsibility = /atem5ts :i*1 = any?+  
,i knew to ! contr>y1 might conta9      
imp]fect1 or inaccurate1 repres5tations 
( 8 views4 ,! ass]tion t ,i _h ! wi%1 or
 0 beset1 by any temptation to attack   
,canon ,liddon is simply contr>y to     
fact4  ,b suppose t if1 in/ead (        
s$ul\sly avoid+ ev5 ! appe>ance ( su*   
attack1 ,i _h ?\ght fit to take a       

diff]5t c\rse2 suppose t1 aft] satisfy+ 
myself t ! em95t cl]gyman ^: "n is p>ad$
 by ! ,duke ( ,argyll _h really utt]$ ! 
words attribut$ to him f ! pulpit ( ,/4 
,paul's1 :at "r w\ld any "o h to f9d    
fault ) my action on gr\nds ei!r (      
ju/ice1 exp$i5cy1 or good ta/e8         
,e/abli%m5t has its duties z well z its 
rights4 ,! cl]gy ( a ,/ate ,*ur* enjoy  
_m advantages ov] ^? ( unprivileg$ &    
un5d[$ religi\s p]suasions2 b !y lie "u 
a correlative responsibility to ! ,/ate1
 & to e memb] ( ! body politic4 ,i am n 
aw>e t any sacr$ness atta*es to s]mons4 
,if prea*]s /ray beyond ! doctr9al      
limits set by lay lawy]s1 ! ,privy      
,c\ncil w see to x2 &1 if !y ?9k fit to 
use _! pulpits = ! promulgation (       
lit]>y1 or hi/orical1 or sci5tific      
errors1 x is n only ! "r1 b ! duty1 ( ! 
humble/ layman1 :o may happ5 to be bett]
 in=m$1 to correct ! evil effects ( su* 
p]v]sion ( ! opportunities :i* ! ,/ate  
af=ds !m2 & su* misuse ( ! au?ority :i* 
its support l5ds !m4 ,:atev] else x may 

claim to be1 9 its relations ) ! ,/ate1 
! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* is a bran* ( ! ,civil 
,s]vice2 &1 = ^? :o repudiate !         
ecclesia/ical au?ority ( ! cl]gy1 !y are
 m]ely civil s]vants1 z mu* responsible 
to ! ,engli% p = ! prop] p]=mance ( _!  
duties z any o!rs4  ,! ,duke ( ,argyll  
tells u t ! "w & call+ ( ! cl]gy prev5t 
!m f pursu+ disputation z o!rs c4 ,i    
wond] if 8 ,grace ev] reads ! s-call$   
religi\s newspap]s4 ,x is n an          
occupation :i* ,i %\ld comm5d to any "o 
:o wi%es to employ 8 "t pr(itably2 b a v
 %ort devotion to ?is ex]cise w suffice 
to conv9ce him t ! pursuit (            
disputation1 c>ri$ to a degree (        
acrimony & vehem5ce unsurpass$ 9 lay    
controv]sies1 seems to be f\nd q        
compatible ) ! "w & call+ ( a rem>kably 
l>ge numb] ( ! cl]gy4  ,f9ally1 x appe>s
 to me t no?+ c be 9 worse ta/e ?an !   
assumption t a body ( ,engli% g5tlem5 c1
 by any possibility1 desire t immunity f
 criticism :i* ! ,duke ( ,argyll claims 
= !m4 ,no?+ w\ld be m p]sonally (f5sive 

to me ?an ! supposition t ,i %irk$      
criticism1 j or unju/1 ( any lecture ,i 
ev] gave4 ,i %\ld be utt]ly a%am$ (     
myself if1 :5 ,i /ood up z an in/ructor 
( o!rs1 ,i _h n tak5 e pa9s to assure   
myself ( ! tru? ( t :i* ,i 0 ab\t to    
say2 & ,i %\ld feel myself b\nd to be   
ev5 m c>eful ) a popul> assembly1 :o    
w\ld take me m or less on tru/1 ?an ) an
 audi5ce ( compet5t & critical exp]ts4  
,i decl9e to assume t ! /&>d ( morality1
 9 ^! matt]s1 is l[] among ! cl]gy ?an x
 is among sci5tific m54 ,i refuse to ?9k
 t ! prie/ :o /&s up be=e a             
congregation1 z ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( ! 
,div9ity1 is less c>eful 9 8 utt]ances1 
less ready to meet adv]se comm5t1 ?an ! 
layman :o comes be=e 8 audi5ce1 z !     
m9i/] & int]pret] ( nature4 ,yet :at    
%\ld we ?9k ( ! man ( sci5ce :o1 :5 8   
ignorance or 8 c>elessness 0 expos$1 :9$
 ab\t ! want ( delicacy ( 8 critics1 or 
plead$ 8 "w & call+ z a reason = be+ let
 alone8  ,no man1 nor any body ( m51 is 
good en\gh1 or wise en\gh1 to disp5se ) 

! tonic ( criticism4 ,no?+ has done m   
h>m to ! cl]gy ?an ! practice1 too      
common among laym51 ( reg>d+ !m1 :5 9 ! 
pulpit1 z a sort ( *>t]$ lib]t9es1 ^:   
divagations are n to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,&
 ,i am well assur$ t ! di/+ui%$ div9e1  
to :om ! s]mon is attribut$1 is ! la/   
p]son :o w\ld desire to avail himself ( 
! di%on\r+ protection :i* has be5       
sup]flu\sly ?r[n ov] him4  ,s mu* = !   
lecture on propriety4 ,b ! ,duke (      
,argyll1 to :om ! hortatory /yle seems  
to come naturally1 does me ! hon\r to   
make my say+s ! subjects ( a s]ies ( o!r
 admonitions1 "s on philosophical1 "s on
 geological1 "s on biological topics4 ,i
 c b rejoice t ! ,duke's au?ority 9 ^!  
matt]s is n always employ$ to %[ t ,i am
 ignorant ( !m2 on ! contr>y1 ,i meet ) 
an am\nt ( agreem5t1 ev5 ( approbation1 
= :i* ,i pr(f] su* gratitude z may be   
due1 ev5 if t gratitude is sometimes    
almo/ ov]%ad[$ by surprise4  ,i am      
unfeign$ly a/oni%$ to f9d t ! ,duke (   
,argyll1 :o pr(esses to int]v5e on      

behalf ( ! prea*]1 does really1 l ano!r 
,balaam1 bless me altoge!r 9 respect ( !
 ma9 issue4  ,i d5i$ ! ju/ice ( !       
prea*]'s ascription to m5 ( sci5ce ( !  
doctr9e t miracles are incr$ible1       
because !y are violations ( natural law2
 & ! ,duke ( ,argyll says t he believes 
my d5ial to be well-f\nd$4 ,! prea*] 0  
answ]+ an objection :i* has n[ be5      
g5]ally ab&on$4 ,ei!r ! prea*] knew ?is 
or he did n "k x4 ,x seems to me1 z a   
m]e lay tea*]1 to be a pity t ! great   
dome ( ,/4 ,paul's %\ld h be5 made to   
e*o 7if s be t su* /5torian effects 7   
really produc$7 a /atem5t :i*1 admitt+ !
 fir/ alt]native1 0 unfair1 &1 admitt+ !
 second1 0 ignorant4#ba  ,hav+ ?us      
sacrifi$ "o half ( ! prea*]'s argum5ts1 
! ,duke ( ,argyll proce$s to make       
equally %ort "w ) ! o!r half4 ,x appe>s 
t he fully accepts my position t !      
occurr5ce ( ^? ev5ts1 :i* ! prea*]      
speaks ( z cata/rophes1 is no evid5ce ( 
disord]1 inasmu* z su* cata/rophes may  
be necess>y occasional consequ5ces (    

uni=m *anges4 ,:5ce ,i conclude1 8      
,grace agrees ) me1 t ! talk ab\t royal 
laws wreck+ ord9>y laws may be eloqu5t  
metaphor1 b is also nons5se4  ,& n[     
comes a fur!r surprise4 ,aft] hav+ giv5 
^! sup]flu\s /abs to ! sla9 body ( !    
prea*]'s argum5t1 my good ally rem>ks1 )
 magnific5t calmness3 ,s f>1 !n1 !      
prea*] & ! pr(essor are at "o4 ,let !m  
smoke ! calumet4 ,by all means3 smoke   
w\ld be ! mo/ appropriate symbol ( ?is  
wond]ful attempt to cov] a retreat4     
,aft] all1 ! ,duke has come to bury !   
prea*]1 n to praise him2 only he makes !
 fun]al obsequies look z mu* l a        
triumphal procession z possible4  ,s f> 
z ! que/ions betwe5 ! prea*] & myself   
are conc]n$1 !n1 ,i may feel happy4 ,!  
au?ority ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll is rang$ on
 my side4 ,b ! ,duke has rais$ a numb] (
 o!r que/ions1 ) respect to :i* ,i fe>  
,i %all h to disp5se ) 8 support--nay1  
ev5 be compell$ to diff] f him z mu*1 or
 m1 ?an ,i h done ab\t 8 ,grace's new   
r5d]+ ( ! b5efit ( cl]gy4  ,9 discuss+  

cata/rophes1 ! ,duke indulges 9         
/atem5ts1 p>tly sci5tific1 p>tly        
anecdotic1 :i* appe> to me to be some:at
 mislead+4 ,we are told1 to beg9 )1 t   
,sir ,*>les ,lyell's doctr9e respect+ ! 
prop] mode ( int]pret+ ! facts ( geology
 7:i* is commonly call$ uni=mit>ianism7 
does n hold its head q s high z x once  
did4 ,t is great news inde$4 ,b is x    
true8 ,all ,i c say is t ,i am aw>e (   
no?+ t has happ5$ ( late t c 9 any way  
ju/ify x2 & my op9ion is1 t ! body (    
,lyell's doctr9e1 z laid d[n 9 t great  
"w1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 :atev] may
 h happ5$ to its head1 is a *ief &      
p]man5t con/itu5t ( ! f\ndations (      
geological sci5ce4  ,b ?is "q _c he     
advantage\sly discuss$1 unless we take  
"s pa9s to discrim9ate betwe5 ! ess5tial
 "p ( ! uni=mit>ian doctr9e & its       
accessories2 & x does n appe> t ! ,duke 
( ,argyll has c>ri$ 8 /udies (          
geological philosophy s f> z ?is po9t4  
,= he def9es uni=mit>ianism to be !     
assumption ( ! extreme sl[ness & p]fect 

cont9uity ( all geological *anges4  ,:at
 p]fect cont9uity may mean 9 ?is        
def9ition1 ,i am by no means sure2 b ,i 
c only imag9e t x signifies ! abs5ce (  
any break 9 ! c\rse ( natural ord] dur+ 
! millions ( ye>s1 ! lapse ( :i* is     
record$ by geological ph5om5a4  ,is !   
,duke ( ,argyll prep>$ to say t any     
geologi/ ( au?ority1 at ! pres5t day1   
believes t !re is ! slighte/ evid5ce ( !
 occurr5ce ( sup]natural int]v5tion1    
dur+ ! long ages ( :i* ! monum5ts are   
pres]v$ to u 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?8 ,& if he 
is n1 9 :at s5se has ?is "p ( !         
uni=mit>ian doctr9e1 z he def9es x1 l[]$
 its pret5sions to repres5t sci5tific   
tru?8  ,z to ! extreme sl[ness ( all    
geological *anges1 x is simply a popul> 
error to reg>d t z1 9 any wise1 a       
fundam5tal & necess>y dogma (           
uni=mit>ianism4 ,x is extremely a/oni%+ 
to me t any "o :o has c>efully /udi$    
,lyell's great "w c h s completely fail$
 to appreciate its purport1 :i* yet is  
writ l>ge on ! v title-page3 ,!         

,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 be+ an attempt to
 expla9 ! =m] *anges ( ! e>?'s surface  
by ref]5ce to causes n[ 9 op]ation4 ,!  
ess5ce ( ,lyell's doctr9e is "h writt5 s
 t ^? :o run may read2 & x has no?+ to d
 ) ! quickness or sl[ness ( ! pa/ *anges
 ( ! e>?'s surface2 except 9 s f> z     
exi/+ analog\s *anges may g on sl[ly1 & 
!re=e create a presumption 9 fav\r ( !  
sl[ness ( pa/ *anges4  ,) t epigrammatic
 =ce :i* *>act]ises 8 /yle1 ,buffon     
wrote1 ne>ly a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 
9 8 fam\s ,?orie de la ,t]re3 ,p\r jug] 
de ce qui e/ arriv1 et mme de ce qui    
arriv]a1 n\s n'avons qu' exam9] ce qui  
arrive4 ,! key ( ! pa/1 z ( ! future1 is
 to be s\ght 9 ! pres5t2 &1 only :5 kn[n
 causes ( *ange h be5 %[n to be         
insuffici5t1 h we any "r to h rec\rse to
 unkn[n causes4 ,geology is z mu* a     
hi/orical sci5ce z ar*ology2 & ,i       
appreh5d t all s\nd hi/orical           
inve/igation re/s ^u ?is axiom4 ,x      
und]lay all ,hutton's "w & animat$      
,lyell & ,scope 9 _! successful ef=ts to

 revolutionise ! geology ( half a c5tury
 ago4  ,!re is no antagonism :atev]1 &  
!re nev] 01 betwe5 ! belief 9 ! views   
:i* _h _! *ief & unwe>i$ advocate 9     
,lyell & ! belief 9 ! occurr5ce (       
cata/rophes4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,lyell's 
,pr9ciples1 publi%$ 9 #ahcj1 lies be=e  
me2 & a l>ge "p ( ! fir/ volume is      
occupi$ by an acc\nt ( volcanic1        
seismic1 & diluvial cata/rophes :i* h   
occurr$ )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,moreov]1 
! au?or1 ov] & ov] aga91 expressly draws
 ! att5tion ( 8 read]s to ! consi/5cy ( 
cata/rophes ) 8 doctr9e4       ,not)/&+1
 !re=e1 t we h n witness$      )9 ! la/ 
?ree ?\s& ye>s ! deva/ation by          
deluge ( a l>ge cont95t1 yet1 z we may  
pr$ict !      future occurr5ce ( su*    
cata/rophes1 we are au?oriz$ to         
reg>d !m z "p ( ! pres5t ord] ( nature1 
& !y      may be introduc$ into         
geological speculations respect+      ! 
pa/1 provid$ t we d n imag9e !m to h be5
      m frequ5t or g5]al ?an we expect  
!m to be 9 "t      to come 7vol4 i4 p4  

#hi74  ,aga93--       ,if we reg>d ea* (
 ! causes sep>ately1 :i* we "k to       
be at pres5t ! mo/ in/rum5tal 9         
remodell+ ! /ate      ( ! surface1 we   
%all f9d t we mu/ expect ea* to      be 
9 action = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 )\t produc+ any
      ext5sive alt]ations 9 ! habitable 
surface1 & !n to      give rise1 dur+ a 
v brief p]iod1 to important             
revolutions 7vol4 ii4 p4 #afa74bb       
,lyell qu>rell$ ) ! cata/rophi/s !n1 by 
no means because !y assum$ t cata/rophes
 occur & h occurr$1 b because !y _h got 
into ! habit ( call+ on _! god          
,cata/rophe to help !m1 :5 !y ought to h
 be5 putt+ _! %\ld]s to ! :eel (        
obs]vation ( ! pres5t c\rse ( nature1 9 
ord] to help !mselves out ( _!          
difficulties4 ,& geological sci5ce has  
become :at x is1 *iefly because         
geologi/s h gradually accept$ ,lyell's  
doctr9e & foll[$ 8 precepts4  ,s f> z ,i
 "k any?+ ab\t ! matt]1 !re is no?+ t c 
be call$ pro(1 t ! causes ( geological  
ph5om5a op]at$ m int5sely or m rapidly1 

at any "t betwe5 ! old] t]ti>y & ! olde/
 palozoic epo*s ?an !y h done betwe5 !  
old] t]ti>y epo* & ! pres5t day4 ,& if t
 is s1 uni=mit>ianism1 ev5 z limit$ by  
,lyell1#bc has no call to l[] its cre/4 
,b if ! facts 7 o!rwise1 ! position     
,lyell took up rema9s impregnable4 ,he  
did n say t ! geological op]ations (    
nature 7 nev] m rapid1 or m va/1 ?an !y 
are n[2 :at he did ma9ta9 is ! v diff]5t
 proposition t !re is no good evid5ce ( 
any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,& t proposition has n   
yet be5 %[n to be incorrect4  ,i owe m  
?an ,i c tell to ! c>eful /udy ( !      
,pr9ciples ( ,geology 9 my "y days2 &1  
long be=e ! ye> #ahef1 my m9d 0 famili> 
) ! tru? t ! doctr9e ( uni=mity is n    
incompatible ) great & sudd5 *anges1    
:i*1 z ,i h %[n1 is taught totidem v]bis
 9 t "w4 ,ev5 _h x be5 possible = me to 
%ut my eyes to ! s5se ( :at ,i _h read 9
 ! ,pr9ciples1 ,:ewell's ,philosophy ( !
 ,inductive ,sci5ces1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 a
 "w ) :i* ,i 0 also tol]ably famili>1   
mu/ h op5$ !m4 ,= ! always acute1 if n  

always pr(\nd1 au?or1 9 argu+ aga9/     
,lyell's uni=mit>ianism1 expressly po9ts
 out t x does n 9 any way contrav5e !   
occurr5ce ( cata/rophes4       ,) reg>d 
to su* occurr5ces e>?quakes1 deluges1   
etc41 t]rible z !y appe> at ! "t1 !y may
 n      mu* affect ! av]age rate (      
*ange3 !re may be a      cycle1 ?\gh an 
irregul> "o1 ( rapid & sl[ *ange3      &
 if su* cycles g on succe$+ ea* o!r1 we 
may /ill      call ! ord] ( nature      
uni=m1 not)/&+ !      p]iods ( viol5ce  
:i* x involves4#bd  ,! read] :o has     
foll[$ me ?r\gh ?is brief *apt] ( !     
hi/ory ( geological philosophy w        
probably f9d ! foll[+ passage 9 ! pap] (
 ! ,duke ( ,argyll to be n a little     
rem>kable3--       ,_m ye>s ago1 :5 ,i  
_h ! honor ( be+ ,presid5t (      !     
,briti% ,association1#be ,i v5tur$ to   
po9t out1 9 !      pres5ce & 9 ! he>+ ( 
t mo/ di/+ui%$ man      ,sir ,c4 ,lyell 
t ! doctr9e ( uni=mity 0 n              
incompatible ) great & sudd5 *anges1    
s9ce cycles (      ^! & o!r cycles (    

comp>ative re/ might well be            
con/itu5t p>ts ( t uni=mity :i* he      
ass]t$4      ,lyell did n object to ?is 
ext5d$ int]pretation ( 8      own       
doctr9e1 & inde$ express$ to me 8 entire
      concurr5ce4  ,i %\ld ?9k he did2  
=1 z ,i h %[n1 !re 0 no?+ 9 x t ,lyell  
himself _h n said1 six-&-tw5ty ye>s     
be=e1 & en=c$1 ?ree ye>s be=e2 & x is   
almo/ v]bally id5tical ) ! view (       
uni=mit>ianism tak5 by ,:ewell1 sixte5  
ye>s be=e1 9 a "w ) :i*1 "o w\ld ?9k1 t 
any "o :o und]takes to discuss !        
philosophy ( sci5ce %\ld be famili>4    
,?irty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n] (    
#ahef p]suad$ himself t he enlight5$ !  
=emo/ geologi/ ( 8 "t1 & "o ( ! mo/     
acute & f>-see+ m5 ( sci5ce ( any "t1 z 
to ! scope ( ! doctr9es :i* ! vet]an    
philosoph] _h gr[n gray 9 promulgat+2 & 
! ,duke ( ,argyll's acqua9tance ) !     
lit]ature ( geology has n1 ev5 n[1      
become suffici5tly pr(\nd to dissipate t
 pleasant delusion4  ,if ! ,duke (      
,argyll's guidance 9 t bran* ( physical 

sci5ce1 ) :i* alone he has giv5 evid5ce 
( any practical acqua9tance1 is ?us     
unsafe1 ,i may brea! m freely 9 sett+ my
 op9ion aga9/ ! au?oritative deliv]ances
 ( 8 ,grace ab\t matt]s :i* lie outside 
! prov9ce ( geology4  ,& "h ! ,duke's   
pap] (f]s me su* a weal? ( opportunities
 t *oice becomes emb>rass+4 ,i mu/ be> 9
 m9d ! good old adage1 ,non multa s$    
multum4 ,tempt+ z x w\ld be to foll[ !  
,duke ?r\gh 8 labyr9?9e misund]/&+s ( ! 
ord9>y t]m9ology ( philosophy & to      
comm5t on ! curi\s un9telligibility :i* 
hangs ab\t 8 frequ5t outp\r+s ( f]vid   
language1 limits ( space oblige me to   
re/rict myself to ^? po9ts1 ! discussion
 ( :i* may help to enlight5 ! public 9  
respect ( matt]s ( m importance ?an !   
compet5ce ( my ,m5tor = ! task :i* he   
has und]tak54  ,i am n sure :5 !        
employm5t ( ! ^w ,law1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we
 speak ( laws ( nature1 comm5c$1 b      
examples ( x may be f\nd 9 ! works (    
,bacon1 ,desc>tes1 & ,sp9oza4 ,bacon    
employs ,law z ! equival5t ( ,=m1 & ,i  

am incl9$ to ?9k t he may be responsible
 = a good deal ( ! confusion t has      
subsequ5tly aris52 b ,i am n aw>e t !   
t]m is us$ by o!r au?orities1 9 !       
sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 9 any o!r 
s5se ?an t ( rule or def9ite ord] ( !   
coexi/5ce ( ?+s or succession ( ev5ts 9 
nature4 ,desc>tes speaks ( rgles1 que je
 nomme les lois de la nature4 ,leibnitz 
says loi ou rgle gnrale1 z if he        
consid]$ ! t]ms int]*angeable4  ,! ,duke
 ( ,argyll1 h[ev]1 affirms t ! law (    
gravitation z put =? by ,newton 0 some?+
 m ?an ! /atem5t ( an obs]v$ ord]4 ,he  
admits t ,kepl]'s ?ree laws 7 an obs]v$ 
ord] ( facts & no?+ m4 ,z to ! law (    
gravitation1 x conta9s an elem5t :i*    
,kepl]'s laws did n conta91 ev5 an      
elem5t ( causation1 ! recognition ( :i* 
belongs to a high] category (           
intellectual conceptions ?an t :i* is   
conc]n$ 9 ! m]e obs]vation & record (   
sep>ate & app>5tly unconnect$ facts4    
,!re is h>dly a l9e 9 ^! p>agraphs :i*  
appe>s to me to be indisputable4 ,b1 to 

conf9e myself to ! matt] 9 h&1 ,i _c    
conceive t any "o :o _h tak5 ord9>y pa9s
 to acqua9t himself ) ! real nature (   
ei!r ,kepl]'s or ,newton's "w c\ld h    
writt5 !m4 ,t ! lab\rs ( ,kepl]1 ( all  
m5 9 ! _w1 %\ld be call$ m]e obs]vation 
& record1 is truly wond]ful4 ,& any "o  
:o w look into ! ,pr9cipia1 or !        
,optics1 or ! ,lett]s to ,b5tley1 w see1
 ev5 if he has no m special k ( ! topics
 discuss$ ?an ,i h1 t ,newton ov] & ov] 
aga9 insi/$ t he _h no?+ to d )         
gravitation z a physical cause1 & t :5  
he us$ ! t]ms attraction1 =ce1 & ! l1 he
 employ$ !m1 z he says1 ma!matic & n    
physic4       ,h[ ^! attractions (      
gravity1 magnetism1 &      electricity  
may be p]=m$1 ,i d n "h consid]4 ,:at   
,i call attraction may be p]=m$ by      
impulse or by "s      o!r means unkn[n  
to me4 ,i use t ^w "h to signify        
only 9 a g5]al way any =ce by :i* bodies
 t5d t[>ds      "o ano!r1 :atev] be !   
cause4#bf  ,accord+ to my read+ ( ! be/ 
au?orities ^u ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ,newton

 discov]$ nei!r gravitation1 nor ! law (
 gravitation2 nor did he pret5d to (f] m
 ?an a conjecture z to ! causation (    
gravitation4 ,moreov]1 8 ass]tion t !   
notion ( a body act+ :]e x is n1 is "o t
 no compet5t ?9k] c\ld ent]ta91 is      
antagoni/ic to ! :ole curr5t conception 
( attractive & repulsive =ces1 & !re=e (
 ! attractive =ce ( gravitation4 ,:at1  
!n1 0 t lab\r ( unsurpass$ magnitude &  
excell5ce & ( immortal influ5ce :i*     
,newton did p]=m8 ,9 ! fir/ place1      
,newton def9$ ! laws1 rules1 or obs]v$  
ord] ( ! ph5om5a ( motion1 :i* come "u  
our daily obs]vation1 ) great] precision
 ?an _h be5 be=e atta9$2 &1 by foll[+   
out1 ) m>vell\s p[] & subtlety1 !       
ma!matical consequ5ces ( ^! rules1 he   
almo/ creat$ ! mod]n sci5ce ( pure      
me*anics4 ,9 ! second place1 apply+     
exactly ! same me?od to ! explication ( 
! facts ( a/ronomy z t :i* 0 appli$ a   
c5tury & a half lat] to ! facts (       
geology by ,lyell1 he set himself to    
solve ! foll[+ problem4 ,assum+ t all   

bodies1 free to move1 t5d to approa* "o 
ano!r z ! e>? & ! bodies on x d2 assum+ 
t ! /r5g? ( t t5d5cy is directly z !    
mass & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances2
 assum+ t ! laws ( motion1 det]m9$ =    
t]re/rial bodies1 hold good ?r\gh\t !   
univ]se2 assum+ t ! planets & _!        
satellites 7 creat$ & plac$ at _! obs]v$
 mean di/ances1 & t ea* receiv$ a c]ta9 
impulse f ! ,creator2 w ! =m ( ! orbits1
 ! v>y+ rates ( motion ( ! planets1 & ! 
ratio betwe5 ^? rates & _! di/ances f ! 
sun1 :i* mu/ foll[ by ma!matical reason+
 f ^! premisses1 agree ) ! ord] ( facts 
det]m9$ by ,kepl] & o!rs1 or n8         
,newton1 employ+ ma!matical me?ods :i*  
are ! admiration ( adepts1 b :i* no "o b
 himself appe>s to h be5 able to use )  
ease1 n only answ]$ ?is "q 9 !          
affirmative1 b /ay$ n 8 con/ructive     
g5ius be=e x _h f\nd$ mod]n physical    
a/ronomy4  ,! hi/orians ( me*anical & ( 
a/ronomical sci5ce appe> to be agre$ t  
he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o cle>ly & di/9ctly  
put =? ! hypo!sis t ! ph5om5a compreh5d$

 "u ! g5]al "n ( gravity foll[ ! same   
ord] ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & t all mat]ial 
bodies exhibit ^! ph5om5a2 s t1 9 ?is   
s5se1 ! idea ( univ]sal gravitation may1
 d\btless1 be prop]ly ascrib$ to him4   
,newton prov$ t ! laws ( ,kepl] 7       
p>ticul> consequ5ces ( ! laws ( motion &
 ! law ( gravitation--9 o!r words1 !    
reason ( ! fir/ lay 9 ! two latt]4 ,b to
 talk ( ! law ( gravitation alone z !   
reason ( ,kepl]'s laws1 & /ill m z /&+ 9
 any causal relation to ,kepl]'s laws1  
is simply a misuse ( language4 ,x w\ld  
really be int]e/+ if ! ,duke ( ,argyll  
w\ld expla9 h[ he proposes to set ab\t  
%[+ t ! elliptical =m ( ! orbits ( !    
planets1 ! con/ant area describ$ by !   
radius vector1 & ! proportionality ( !  
squ>es ( ! p]iodic times to ! cubes ( ! 
di/ances f ! sun1 are ei!r caus$ by !   
=ce ( gravitation or d$ucible f ! law ( 
gravitation4 ,i conceive t x w\ld be    
ab\t z apposite to say t ! v>i\s        
comp\nds ( nitrog5 ) oxyg5 are caus$ by 
*emical attraction & d$ucible f ! atomic

 !ory4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,newton assur$ly l5t no    
%ad[ ( support to ! mod]n               
pseudo-sci5tific philosophy :i* conf\nds
 laws ) causes4 ,i h n tak5 ! tr\ble to 
trace out ?is commone/ ( fallacies to   
its fir/ beg9n+2 b ,i 0 famili> ) x 9   
full bloom m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 9 a "w 
:i* _h a great vogue 9 its day--!       
,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory (         
,creation--( :i* ! fir/ edition 0       
publi%$ 9 #ahdd4  ,x is full ( apt &    
=cible illu/rations ( pseudo-sci5tific  
realism4 ,consid]1 = example1 ?is gem   
s]5e4 ,:5 a boy :o has climb$ a tree    
loses 8 hold ( ! bran*1 ! law (         
gravitation unrel5t+ly pulls him to !   
gr\nd1 & !n he is hurt1 :]eby !         
,almighty is q reliev$ f any            
responsibility = ! accid5t4 ,"h is ! law
 ( gravitation act+ z a cause 9 a way q 
9 accordance ) ! ,duke ( ,argyll's      
conception ( x4 ,9 fact1 9 ! m9d ( !    
au?or ( ! ,ve/iges1 laws are exi/5ces   
int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,creator & ,8 works1

 l ! ideas ( ! ,platonis]s or ! ,logos (
 ! ,alex&rians4#bg ,i may cite a passage
 :i* is q 9 ! ve9 ( ,philo3--       ,we 
h se5 p[]ful evid5ces t ! con/ruction ( 
?is globe & its associates2 &1          
inf]5tially1 t (      all ! o!r globes 9
 space1 0 ! result1 n ( any             
imm$iate or p]sonal ex]tion on ! "p ( ! 
,deity1 b      ( natural laws :i* are ! 
expression ( ,8 w4 ,:at      is to h9d] 
our suppos+ t ! organic creation is also
      a result ( natural laws :i* are 9 
l mann] an      expression ( ,8 w8 7p4  
#aed1 #a/ edition74  ,& creation op]at+ 
by law is con/antly cit$ z reliev+ !    
,creator f tr\ble ab\t insignificant    
details4  ,i am p]plex$ to picture to   
myself ! /ate ( m9d :i* accepts ^! v]bal
 juggl]ies4 ,x is intelligible t !      
,creator %\ld op]ate accord+ to su*     
rules z he might ?9k fit to lay d[n =   
himself 7& !re=e accord+ to law72 b t   
w\ld leave ! op]ation ( 8 w j z mu* a   
direct p]sonal act z x w\ld be "u any   
o!r circum/ances4 ,i c also und]/& t 7z 

9 ,leibnitz's c>icature ( ,newton's     
views7 ! ,creator might h made !        
cosmical ma*9e1 &1 aft] sett+ x go+1 h  
left x to itself till x ne$$ repair4 ,b 
!n1 by ! supposition1 8 p]sonal         
responsibility w\ld h be5 involv$ 9 all 
t x did2 j z mu* z a dynamit] is        
responsible = :at happ5s1 :5 he has set 
8 ma*9e go+ & left x to explode4  ,!    
only hypo!sis :i* gives a sort ( mad    
consi/5cy to ! ,ve/igi>ian's views is ! 
supposition t laws are a k9d ( angels or
 demiurgoi1 :o1 be+ suppli$ ) ! ,great  
,ar*itect's plan1 7 p]mitt$ to settle ! 
details among !mselves4 ,accept+ ?is    
doctr9e1 ! conception ( royal laws &    
plebeian laws1 & ( ^? m ?an ,hom]ic     
conte/s 9 :i* ! big laws wreck ! little 
ones1 becomes q intelligible4 ,&1 9     
fact1 ! hon\r ( ! pat]nity ( ^?         
rem>kable ideas :i* come into full fl[] 
9 ! prea*]'s disc\rse mu/1 s f> z my    
imp]fect k goes1 be attribut$ to ! au?or
 ( ! ,ve/iges4  ,b ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges 
is n ! only writ] :o is responsible = ! 

curr5t pseudo-sci5tific my/ifications   
:i* hang ab\t ! t]m law4 ,:5 ,i wrote my
 pap] ab\t ,sci5tific &                 
,pseudo-,sci5tific ,realism1 ,i _h n    
read a "w by ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 ,!      
,reign ( ,law1 :i*1 ,i believe1 has     
enjoy$1 possibly /ill enjoys1 a         
widespread popul>ity4 ,b ! vivacity ( ! 
,duke's attack l$ me to ?9k x possible t
 criticisms direct$ else:]e might h come
 home to him4 ,&1 9 fact1 ,i f9d t !    
second *apt] ( ! "w 9 "q1 :i* is entitl$
 ,law2 its def9itions1 is1 f my po9t (  
view1 a sort ( summa ( pseudo-sci5tific 
philosophy4 ,x w be wor? :ile to exam9e 
x 9 "s detail4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to
 be not$ t ! au?or ( ! ,reign ( ,law    
admits t law1 9 _m cases1 means no?+ m  
?an ! /atem5t ( ! ord] 9 :i* facts      
occur1 or1 z he says1 an obs]v$ ord] (  
facts 7p4 #ff74 ,b 8 appreciation ( !   
value ( accuracy ( expression does n    
h9d] him f add+1 almo/ 9 ! same brea?1  
,9 ?is s5se ! laws ( nature are simply  
^? facts ( nature :i* recur accord+ to  

rule 7p4 #ff74 ,?us laws1 :i* 7 rightly 
said to be ! /atem5t ( an ord] ( facts 9
 "o p>agraph1 are decl>$ to be ! facts  
!mselves 9 ! next4  ,we are next told t1
 ?\gh x may be cu/om>y & p]missible to  
use law 9 ! s5se ( a /atem5t ( ! ord] ( 
facts1 ?is is a l[ use ( ! ^w2 &1 inde$1
 two pages f>!r on1 ! writ]1 flatly     
contradict+ himself1 altoge!r d5ies its 
admissibility4       ,an obs]v$ ord] (  
facts1 to be entitl$ to ! rank ( a      
law1 mu/ be an ord] s con/ant & uni=m z 
to indicate      necessity1 & necessity 
c only arise out ( ! action      ( "s   
compell+ =ce 7p4 #fh74  ,?is is         
und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> propositions 
t ,i h ev] met ) 9 a pr(ess$ly sci5tific
 "w1 & its r>ity is embelli%$ by ano!r  
direct self-contradiction :i* x implies4
 ,= on ! prec$+ page 7#fg71 :5 ! ,duke (
 ,argyll is speak+ ( ! laws ( ,kepl]1   
:i* he admits to be laws1 & :i* are     
types ( t :i* m5 ( sci5ce und]/& by     
laws1 he says t !y are simply & purely  
an ord] ( facts4 ,moreov]1 he adds3 ,a v

 l>ge proportion ( ! laws ( e sci5ce are
 laws ( ?is k9d & 9 ?is s5se4  ,if1     
accord+ to ! ,duke ( ,argyll's          
admission1 law is und]/ood1 9 ?is s5se1 
?us widely & con/antly by sci5tific     
au?orities1 :]e is ! ju/ification = 8   
unqualifi$ ass]tion t su* /atem5ts ( !  
obs]v$ ord] ( facts are n entitl$ to !  
rank ( laws8  ,b let u exam9e !         
consequ5ces ( ! really int]e/+          
proposition ,i h j quot$4 ,i presume t x
 is a law ( nature t a /raight l9e is ! 
%orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts4 ,?is   
law affirms ! con/ant association ( a   
c]ta9 fact ( =m ) a c]ta9 fact (        
dim5sion4 ,:e!r ! notion ( necessity :i*
 atta*es to x has an a priori1 or an a  
po/]iori orig9 is a "q n relevant to !  
pres5t discussion4 ,b ,i w\ld beg to be 
in=m$1 if x is necess>y1 :]e is !       
compell+ =ce out ( :i* ! necessity      
arises2 & fur!r1 if x is n necess>y1    
:e!r x loses ! "* ( a law ( nature8  ,i 
take x to be ! law ( nature1 bas$ on    
unexceptionable evid5ce1 t ! mass (     

matt] rema9s un*ang$1 :atev] *emical or 
o!r modifications x may und]go4 ,?is law
 is "o ( ! f\ndations ( *emi/ry4 ,b x is
 by no means necess>y4 ,x is q possible 
to imag9e t ! mass ( matt] %\ld v>y     
accord+ to circum/ances1 z we "k its    
weight does4 ,moreov]1 ! det]m9ation ( !
 =ce :i* makes mass con/ant 7if !re is  
any intelligibility 9 t =m ( words7 w\ld
 n1 s f> z ,i c see1 conf] any m        
validity on ! law ?an x has n[4  ,!re is
 a law ( nature1 s well v\*$ by         
exp]i5ce1 t all mank9d1 f pure logicians
 9 se>* ( examples to p>i% sextons 9    
se>* ( fees1 confide 9 x4 ,?is is ! law 
t all m5 are mortal4 ,x is simply a     
/atem5t ( ! obs]v$ ord] ( facts t all m5
 soon] or lat] die4 ,i am n acqua9t$ )  
any law ( nature :i* is m con/ant &     
uni=m ?an ?is4 ,b w any "o tell me t    
dea? is necess>y8 ,c]ta9ly !re is no    
priori necessity 9 ! case1 = v>i\s m5 h 
be5 imag9$ to be immortal4 ,& ,i %\ld be
 glad to be in=m$ ( any necessity t c be
 d$uc$ f biological consid]ations4 ,x is

 q conceivable1 z has rec5tly be5 po9t$ 
out1 t "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life may be    
immortal1 aft] a fa%ion4 ,h[ev] ?is may 
be1 ,i w\ld fur!r ask1 suppos+ all m5   
are mortal to be a real law ( nature1   
:]e & :at is t to :i*1 ) any propriety1 
! title ( compell+ =ce ( ! law c be     
giv58  ,on page #fi1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll  
ass]ts t ! law ( gravitation is a law 9 
! s5se1 n m]ely ( a rule1 b ( a cause4  
,b ?is revival ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,ve/iges   
has already be5 exam9$ & dispos$ (2 & :5
 ! ,duke ( ,argyll /ates t ! obs]v$ ord]
 :i* ,kepl] _h discov]$ 0 simply a      
necess>y consequ5ce ( ! =ce (           
gravitation1 ,i ne$ n recapitulate !    
evid5ce :i* proves su* a /atem5t to be  
:olly fallaci\s4 ,b x may be useful to  
say1 once m1 t1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1    
nobody kn[s any?+ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( a =ce
 ( gravitation ap>t f ! fact2 t ,newton 
decl>$ ! ord9>y notion ( su* =ce to be  
inconceivable2 t v>i\s attempts h be5   
made to acc\nt = ! ord] ( facts we call 
gravitation1 )\t rec\rse to ! notion (  

attractive =ce2 t1 if su* a =ce exi/s1 x
 is utt]ly incompet5t to acc\nt =       
,kepl]'s laws1 )\t tak+ into ! reckon+ a
 great numb] ( o!r consid]ations2 &1    
f9ally1 t all we "k ab\t ! =ce (        
gravitation1 or any o!r s-call$ =ce1 is 
t x is a "n = ! hypo!tical cause ( an   
obs]v$ ord] ( facts4  ,?us1 :5 ! ,duke (
 ,argyll says3 ,=ce1 asc]ta9$ accord+ to
 "s measure ( its op]ation--?is is inde$
 "o ( ! def9itions1 b only "o1 ( a      
sci5tific law 7p4 #ga7 ,i reply t x is a
 def9ition :i* mu/ be repudiat$ by e "o 
:o possesses an adequate acqua9tance )  
ei!r ! facts1 or ! philosophy1 ( sci5ce1
 & be relegat$ to ! limbo (             
pseudo-sci5tific fallacies4 ,if ! human 
m9d has nev] ent]ta9$ ?is notion ( =ce1 
nay1 if x sub/itut$ b>e inv>iable       
succession = ! ord9>y notion (          
causation1 ! idea ( law1 z ! expression 
( a con/antly-obs]v$ ord]1 :i* g5]ates a
 correspond+ int5sity ( expectation 9   
our m9ds1 w\ld h exactly ! same value1 &
 play its "p 9 real sci5ce1 exactly z x 

does n[4  ,x is ne$less to ext5d fur!r !
 pres5t excursus on ! orig9 & hi/ory (  
mod]n pseudo-sci5ce4 ,"u su* high       
patronage z x has enjoy$1 x has gr[n &  
fl\ri%$ until1 n[adays1 x is becom+     
some:at rampant4 ,x has its weekly      
,ephem]ides1 9 :i* e new                
pseudo-sci5tific m>e's-ne/ is hail$ &   
belaud$ ) ! unconsci\s unfairness (     
ignorance2 & an army ( reconcil]s1      
enli/$ 9 its s]vice1 ^: bus9ess seems to
 be to mix ! black ( dogma & ! :ite (   
sci5ce into ! neutral t9t ( :at !y call 
lib]al !ology4  ,i rememb] t1 n long    
aft] ! publication ( ! ,ve/iges1 a %rewd
 & s>ca/ic c\ntryman ( ! au?or def9$ x z
 cauld kail made het aga94 ,a cynic     
might f9d amusem5t 9 ! reflection t1 at 
! pres5t "t1 ! pr9ciples & ! me?ods ( ! 
mu*-vilifi$ ,ve/igi>ian are be+ made het
 aga92 & are n only e*o$ by ! dome ( ,/4
 ,paul's1 b ?und]$ f ! ca/le ( ,inv]>y4 
,b my turn ( m9d is n cynical1 & ,i c b 
regret ! wa/e ( "t & en]gy be/[$ on !   
endeav\r to deal ) ! mo/ difficult      

problems ( sci5ce1 by ^? :o h nei!r     
und]gone ! discipl9e1 nor possess !     
in=mation1 :i* are indisp5sable to !    
successful issue ( su* an ent]prise4  ,i
 h already _h occasion to rem>k t !     
,duke ( ,argyll's views ( ! conduct (   
controv]sy are diff]5t f m9e2 & ?is     
mu*-to-be lam5t$ discrepancy becomes yet
 m acc5tuat$ :5 ! ,duke rea*es          
biological topics4 ,any?+ t 0 good en\gh
 = ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 8 dep>tm5t (   
/udy1 is c]ta9ly good en\gh = me 9 m9e2 
& ,i by no means demur to be+           
p$agogically in/ruct$ ab\t a v>iety (   
matt]s ) :i* x has be5 ! bus9ess ( my   
life to try to acqua9t myself4 ,b !     
,duke ( ,argyll is n cont5t ) fav\r+ me 
) 8 op9ions ab\t my own bus9ess2 he also
 answ]s = m9e2 &1 at t po9t1 really !   
worm mu/ turn4 ,i am told t no "o kn[s  
bett] ?an ,pr(essor ,huxley a v>iety (  
?+s :i* ,i really d n "k2 & ,i am said  
to be a disciple ( t ,positive          
,philosophy :i* ,i h1 ov] & ov] aga91   
publicly repudiat$ 9 language :i* is    

c]ta9ly n lack+ 9 intelligibility :atev]
 may be its o!r defects4  ,i am told t  
,i h be5 amus+ myself ) a metaphysical  
ex]citation or logoma*y 7may ,i rem>k   
incid5tally t ^! are n q conv]tible     
t]ms871 :51 to ! be/ ( my belief1 ,i h  
be5 try+ to expose a process (          
my/ification1 bas$ ^u ! use ( sci5tific 
language by writ]s :o exhibit no sign ( 
sci5tific tra9+1 ( accurate sci5tific k1
 or ( cle> ideas respect+ ! philosophy (
 sci5ce1 :i* is do+ v s]i\s h>m to !    
public4 ,naturally en\gh1 !y take !     
lion's sk9 ( sci5tific phraseology =    
evid5ce t ! voice :i* issues f b5ea? x  
is ! voice ( sci5ce1 & ,i desire to     
relieve !m f ! consequ5ces ( _! error4  
,! ,duke ( ,argyll asks1 app>5tly )     
sorr[ t x %\ld be 8 duty to subject me  
to repro(--       ,:at %all we say ( a  
philosophy :i* conf\nds !      organic )
 ! inorganic1 &1 refus+ to take note ( a
      diff]5ce s pr(\nd1 assumes to     
expla9 "u "o common      ab/raction1 !  
movem5ts due to gravitation & !         

movem5ts due to ! m9d ( man8  ,to :i* ,i
 may fitly reply by ano!r "q3 ,:at %all 
we say to a controv]siali/ :o attributes
 to ! subject ( 8 attack op9ions :i* are
 notori\sly n 82 & expresses himself 9  
su* a mann] t x is obvi\s he is         
unacqua9t$ ) ev5 ! rudim5ts ( t k :i* is
 necess>y to ! discussion into :i* he   
has ru%$8  ,:at l9e ( my writ+ c ! ,duke
 ( ,argyll produce :i* conf\nds !       
organic ) ! inorganic8  ,z to ! latt]   
half ( ! p>agraph1 ,i h to confess a    
d\bt :e!r x has any def9ite mean+4 ,b ,i
 imag9e t ! ,duke is allud+ to my       
ass]tion t ! law ( gravitation is n[ise 
susp5d$ or defi$ :5 a man lifts 8 arm2 b
 t1 "u su* circum/ances1 "p ( ! /ore (  
en]gy 9 ! univ]se op]ates on ! arm at a 
me*anical advantage z aga9/ ! op]ation (
 ano!r "p4 ,i 0 simple en\gh to ?9k t no
 "o :o _h z mu* k ( physiology z is to  
be f\nd 9 an elem5t>y prim]1 or :o _h   
ev] he>d ( ! greate/ physical           
g5]alisation ( mod]n times--! doctr9e ( 
! cons]vation ( en]gy--w\ld dream (     

d\bt+ my /atem5t2 & ,i 0 fur!r simple   
en\gh to ?9k t no "o :o lack$ ^!        
qualifications w\ld feel tempt$ to *>ge 
me ) error4 ,x appe>s t my simplicity is
 great] ?an my p[]s ( imag9ation4  ,!   
,duke ( ,argyll may n be aw>e ( ! fact1 
b x is nev]!less true1 t :5 a man's arm 
is rais$1 9 sequ5ce to t /ate (         
consci\sness we call a volition1 !      
volition is n ! imm$iate cause ( !      
elevation ( ! arm4 ,on ! contr>y1 t     
op]ation is effect$ by a c]ta9 *ange (  
=m1 te*nically kn[n z contraction 9     
sundry masses ( fle%1 te*nically kn[n z 
muscles1 :i* are fix$ to ! bones ( !    
%\ld] 9 su* a mann] t1 if ^! muscles    
contract1 !y mu/ raise ! arm4 ,n[ ea* ( 
^! muscles is a ma*9e comp>able1 9 a    
c]ta9 s5se1 to "o ( ! donkey-eng9es ( a 
/eam%ip1 b m complete1 inasmu* z ! s\rce
 ( its ability to *ange its =m1 or      
contract1 lies )9 itself4 ,e "t t1 by   
contract+1 ! muscle does "w1 su* z t    
involv$ 9 rais+ ! arm1 m or less ( !    
mat]ial :i* x conta9s is us$ up1 j z m  

or less ( ! fuel ( a /eam-eng9e is us$  
up1 :5 x does "w4 ,& ,i d n ?9k !re is a
 d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any compet5t physici/1  
or physiologi/1 t ! "w done 9 lift+ !   
weight ( ! arm is ! me*anical equival5t 
( a c]ta9 proportion ( ! en]gy set free 
by ! molecul> *anges :i* take place 9 ! 
muscle4 ,x is fur!r a tol]ably well-bas$
 belief t ?is1 & all o!r =ms ( en]gy1   
are mutually conv]tible2 &1 !re=e1 t !y 
all come "u t g5]al law or /atem5t ( !  
ord] ( facts1 call$ ! cons]vation (     
en]gy4 ,&1 z t c]ta9ly is an ab/raction1
 s ! view :i* ! ,duke ( ,argyll ?9ks s  
extremely absurd is really "o ( !       
commonplaces ( physiology4 ,b ?is       
,review is h>dly an appropriate place = 
giv+ in/ruction 9 ! elem5ts ( t sci5ce1 
& ,i cont5t myself ) recomm5d+ ! ,duke (
 ,argyll to devote "s /udy to ,book     
,,ii4 *ap4 v4 section #d ( my fri5d ,dr4
 ,fo/]'s excell5t text-book (           
,physiology 7#a/ edition1 #ahgg1 p4     
#cba71 :i* beg9s ?us3--       ,broadly  
speak+1 ! animal body is a ma*9e =      

conv]t+ pot5tial into actual en]gy4 ,!  
pot5tial      en]gy is suppli$ by !     
food2 ?is ! metabolism ( !      body    
conv]ts into ! actual en]gy ( heat &    
me*anical      lab\r4  ,!re is no m     
difficult problem 9 ! _w ?an t ( !      
relation ( ! /ate ( consci\sness1 t]m$  
volition1 to ! me*anical "w :i*         
frequ5tly foll[s ^u x4 ,b no "o c ev5   
compreh5d ! nature ( ! problem1 :o has n
 c>efully /udi$ ! long s]ies ( modes (  
motion :i*1 )\t a break1 connect ! en]gy
 :i* does t "w ) ! g5]al /ore ( en]gy4  
,! ultimate =m ( ! problem is ?is3 ,h we
 any reason to believe t a feel+1 or    
/ate ( consci\sness1 is capable (       
directly affect+ ! motion ( ev5 !       
smalle/ conceivable molecule ( matt]8   
,is su* a ?+ ev5 conceivable8 ,if we    
answ] ^! que/ions 9 ! negative1 x foll[s
 t volition may be a sign1 b _c be a    
cause1 ( bodily motion4 ,if we answ] !m 
9 ! affirmative1 !n /ates ( consci\sness
 become undi/+ui%able f mat]ial ?+s2 = x
 is ! ess5tial nature ( matt] to be !   

vehicle or sub/ratum ( me*anical en]gy4 
,!re is no?+ new 9 all ?is4 ,i h m]ely  
put into mod]n language ! issue rais$ by
 ,desc>tes m ?an two c5turies ago4 ,!   
philosophies ( ! ,occasionali/s1 (      
,sp9oza1 ( ,malebran*e1 ( mod]n idealism
 & mod]n mat]ialism1 h all gr[n out ( ! 
controv]sies :i* ,c>tesianism evok$4 ,( 
all ?is ! pseudo-sci5ce ( ! pres5t "t   
appe>s to be unconsci\s2 o!rwise x w\ld 
h>dly cont5t itself ) mak+ het aga9 !   
pseudo-sci5ce ( ! pa/4  ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! 
obs]vations ,i h already _h occasion to 
express my appreciation ( ! copi\s &    
p]f]vid eloqu5ce :i* enri*es ! ,duke (  
,argyll's pages4 ,i am almo/ a%am$ t a  
con/itutional ins5sibility to ! ,sir5ian
 *>ms ( rhetoric has p]mitt$ me 9 w&]+  
?r\gh ^! fl[]y meads1 to be attract$1   
almo/ exclusively1 to ! b>e places (    
fallacy & ! /ony gr\nds ( defici5t      
in=mation1 :i* are disguis$1 ?\gh n     
conceal$1 by ^! floral decorations4 ,b1 
9 8 conclud+ s5t5ces1 ! ,duke so>s into 
a ,tyrtan /ra9 :i* r\s$ ev5 my dull s\l4

       ,x 0 high "t1 inde$1 t "s revolt 
%\ld be rais$      aga9/ t ,reign (     
,t]ror :i* _h come to be      e/abli%$ 9
 ! sci5tific _w "u ! abuse ( a          
great "n4 ,pr(essor ,huxley has n jo9$  
?is revolt      op5ly1 = z yet1 inde$1 x
 is only beg9n+ to raise      its head4 
,b m ?an once--& v lately--he has       
utt]$ a w>n+ voice aga9/ ! %all[        
dogmatism t      has provok$ x4 ,! "t is
 com+ :5 t revolt w be      c>ri$ fur!r4
 ,high] int]pretations w be e/abli%$4   
,unless ,i am mu* mi/ak51 !y are already
 com+ 9 sight      7p4 #cci74  ,i h be5 
liv+ v mu* out ( ! _w = ! la/ two or    
?ree ye>s1 & :5 ,i read ?is d5unciatory 
outbur/1 z ( "o fill$ ) ! _s ( prophecy1
 ,i said to myself1 ,m]cy ^u u1 :at has 
happ5$8 ,c x be t ,x4 & ,y4 7x w\ld be  
wrong to m5tion ! names ( ! vigor\s "y  
fri5ds :i* occurr$ to me7 are play+     
,danton & ,robespi]re2 & t a guillot9e  
is erect$ 9 ! c\rty>d ( ,burl+ton ,h\se 
= ! b5efit ( all anti-,d>w9ian ,fell[s (
 ! ,royal ,society8 ,:]e are ! secret   

conspirators aga9/ ?is tyranny1 :om ,i  
am suppos$ to fav\r1 & yet n h ! c\rage 
to jo9 op5ly8 ,& to ?9k ( my poor       
oppress$ fri5d1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1     
'compell$ to speak ) bat$ brea?' 7p4    
#cch7 c]ta9ly = ! fir/ "t 9 my ?irty-odd
 ye>s' acqua9tance ) him6 ,my al>m &    
horror at ! supposition t :ile ,i _h be5
 fiddl+ 7or at any rate physick+71 my   
belov$ ,rome _h be5 burn+1 9 ?is fa%ion1
 may be imag9$4  ,i am sure ! ,duke (   
,argyll w be glad to he> t ! anxiety he 
creat$ 0 ( extremely %ort duration4 ,x  
is my privilege to h access to ! be/    
s\rces ( in=mation1 & nobody 9 !        
sci5tific _w c tell me any?+ ab\t ei!r !
 ,reign ( ,t]ror or ! ,revolt4 ,9 fact1 
! sci5tific _w laughs mo/ indecor\sly at
 ! notion ( ! exi/5ce ( ei!r2 & "s are s
 lo/ to ! s5se ( ! sci5tific dignity1 t 
!y desc5d to ! use ( transatlantic      
slang1 & call x a bogus sc>e4 ,z to my  
fri5d ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,i h e reason 
to "k t1 9 ! ,factors ( ,organic        
,evolution1 he has said exactly :at 0 9 

8 m9d1 )\t any p>ticul> def]5ce to !    
op9ions ( ! p]son :om he is pleas$ to   
reg>d z 8 mo/ dang]\s critic & ,devil's 
,advocate-,g5]al1 & /ill less ( any "o  
else4  ,i d n "k :e!r ! ,duke ( ,argyll 
pictures himself z ! ,talli5 ( ?is      
imag9>y revolt aga9/ a no less imag9>y  
,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,b if s1 ,i mo/        
respectfully b firmly decl9e to jo9 8   
=ces4 ,x is only a few weeks s9ce ,i    
happ5$ to read ov] aga9 ! fir/ article  
:i* ,i ev] wrote 7n[ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s    
ago7 on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & ,i f\nd  
no?+ t ,i wi%$ to modify 9 ! op9ions t  
are !re express$1 ?\gh ! subsequ5t va/  
accumulation ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,mr4   
,d>w9's views w\ld give me mu* to add4  
,z is ! case ) all new doctr9es1 s ) t (
 ,evolution1 ! en?usiasm ( advocates has
 sometimes t5d$ to deg5]ate into        
fanaticism2 & m]e speculation has1 at   
times1 ?reat5$ to %oot beyond its       
legitimate b\nds4 ,i h occasionally     
?\ght x wise to w>n ! m adv5tur\s       
spirits among u aga9/ ^! dang]s1 9      

suffici5tly pla9 language2 & ,i h       
sometimes je/+ly said t ,i expect$1 if  
,i liv$ long en\gh1 to be look$ on z a  
reaction>y by "s ( my m ard5t fri5ds4 ,b
 no?+ %ort ( midsumm] madness c acc\nt =
 ! fiction t ,i am wait+ till x is safe 
to jo9 op5ly a revolt1 hat*$ by "s p]son
 or p]sons unkn[n1 aga9/ an intellectual
 movem5t ) :i* ,i am 9 ! mo/ entire &   
he>ty sympa?y4 ,x is a great _m ye>s    
s9ce1 at ! outset ( my c>e]1 ,i _h to   
?9k s]i\sly :at life _h to (f] t 0 wor? 
hav+4 ,i came to ! conclusion t ! *ief  
good1 = me1 0 fre$om to le>n1 ?9k1 & say
 :at ,i pleas$1 :5 ,i pleas$4 ,i h act$ 
on t conviction1 & h avail$ myself ( !  
r>a temporum felicitas ubi s5tire qu    
velis1 et qu s5tias dic]e licet1 :i* is 
n[ enjoyable1 to ! be/ ( my ability2 &  
?\gh /rongly1 & p]haps wisely1 w>n$ t ,i
 %\ld probably come to grief1 ,i am     
entirely satisfi$ ) ! results ( ! l9e ( 
action ,i h adopt$4  ,my c>e] is at an  
end4 ,i h      ,w>m$ bo? h&s be=e ! fire
 ( life2  & no?+ is left me1 be=e ,i    

dep>t1 b to help1 or at any rate to     
ab/a9 f h9d]+1 ! y\ng] g5]ation ( m5 (  
sci5ce 9 do+ bett] s]vice to ! cause we 
h at he>t ?an ,i h be5 able to r5d]4  ,&
 yet1 =soo?1 ,i am suppos$ to be wait+ =
 ! signal ( revolt1 :i* "s fi]y spirits 
among ^! "y m5 are to raise be=e ,i d>e 
express my real op9ions conc]n+ que/ions
 ab\t :i* we old] m5 _h to fight1 9 !   
tee? ( fi]ce public opposition &        
obloquy--( some?+ :i* might almo/ ju/ify
 ev5 ! gr&iloqu5t epi!t ( a ,reign (    
,t]ror--be=e our excell5t successors _h 
left s*ool4  ,x w\ld appe> t ! _s (     
pseudo-sci5ce has impregnat$ ev5 !      
imag9ation ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll4 ,!      
sci5tific imag9ation always re/ra9s     
itself )9 ! limits ( probability4       
,,footnotes3       #bj ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1
 ,m>*1 #ahhg4       #ba ,! ,duke (      
,argyll speaks ( ! rec5t date ( !       
demon/ration ( ! fallacy ( ! doctr9e 9  
"q4 ,rec5t is a relative t]m1 b ,i may  
m5tion t ! "q is fully discuss$ 9 my    
book           on ,hume2 :i*1 if ,i may 

believe my publi%]s1 has           be5  
read by a good _m p s9ce x appe>$ 9     
#ahgi4 ,moreov]1 ,i obs]ve1 f a note at 
page #hi (           ,! ,reign ( ,law1 a
 "w to :i* ,i %all h           occasion 
to adv]t by & by1 t ! ,duke ( ,argyll   
draws att5tion to ! circum/ance t1 s    
long ago           z #ahff1 ! views :i* 
,i hold on ?is subject 7           well 
kn[n4 ,! ,duke1 9 fact1 writ+ ab\t ?is  
"t1           says1 aft] quot+ a phrase 
( m9e3 ,! "q (           miracles seems 
n[ to be admitt$ on all h&s to be       
simply a "q ( evid5ce4 ,9 sci5ce1 we ?9k
           t a tea*] :o ignores views   
:i* h be5           discuss$ coram      
populo = tw5ty ye>s1 is h>dly up        
to ! m>k4       #bb ,see also vol4 i4 p4
 #dfj4 ,9 ! n9? edition 7#ahec71        
publi%$ tw5ty-?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/4    
,lyell           deprives ev5 ! mo/     
c>eless read] ( any excuse           =  
misund]/&+ him3 ,s 9 reg>d to           
subt]ranean           movem5ts1 ! !ory (
 ! p]petual uni=mity (           ! =ce  

:i* !y ex]t on ! e>?-cru/ is q          
consi/5t ) ! admission ( _! alt]nate    
developm5t & susp5sion = indef9ite      
p]iods           )9 limit$ geographical 
areas 7p4 #ahg74       #bc ,a great _m  
ye>s ago 7,presid5tial ,address to !    
,geological ,society1 #ahfi7 ,i v5tur$  
to indicate t           :i* seem$ to me 
to be ! weak po9t1 n 9 !                
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( uni=mit>ianism1 b
 9           uni=mit>ianism z taught by 
,lyell4 ,x lay1 to my           m9d1 9 !
 refusal by ,hutton1 & 9 a less degree  
by           ,lyell1 to look beyond !   
limits ( ! "t record$           by !    
/ratifi$ rocks4 ,i said3 ,?is attempt to
           limit1 at a p>ticul> po9t1 ! 
progress ( inductive           &        
d$uctive reason+ f ! ?+s :i* are to     
! ?+s :i* 7--?is fai?lessness to its own
           logic1 seems to me to h co/  
uni=mit>ianism !           place z !    
p]man5t =m ( geological speculation     
:i* x might o!rwise h held 7,lay        
,s]mons1 p4           #bfj74 ,! context 

%[s t uni=mit>ianism "h           means 
t doctr9e1 z limit$ 9 application by    
,hutton & ,lyell1 & t :at ,i mean by    
evolutionism is consi/5t & ?or\gh-go+   
uni=mit>ianism4       #bd ,philosophy ( 
! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 i4 p4 #fgj4 
,new edition1 #ahdg4       #be ,at      
,glasg[ 9 #ahef4       #bf ,optics1 qu]y
 #ca4       #bg ,! au?or recognises ?is 
9 8 ,explanations4     ,,iv3 ,,an       
,,episcopal ,,trilogy  #ahhg   ,if !re  
is any tru? 9 ! old adage t a burnt *ild
 dreads ! fire1 ,i ought to be v loa? to
 t\* a s]mon1 :ile ! memory ( :at befell
 me on a rec5t occasion1 possibly n yet 
=gott5 by ! read]s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1
 is uneffac$4 ,b ,i suppose t ev5 !     
di/+ui%$ c5sor ( t unhe>d-( audacity to 
:i* n ev5 ! newspap] report ( a s]mon is
 sacr$1 c h>dly reg>d a man ( sci5ce z  
ei!r indelicate or presumptu\s1 if he   
v5tures to (f] "s comm5ts ^u ?ree       
disc\rses1 specially address$ to ! great
 assemblage ( m5 ( sci5ce :i* rec5tly   
ga!r$ at ,man*e/]1 by ?ree bi%ops ( !   

,/ate ,*ur*4 ,on my return to ,engl& n  
long ago1 ,i f\nd a pamphlet#bh conta9+ 
a v]sion1 :i* ,i presume to be au?oris$1
 ( ^! s]mons1 among ! huge mass ( lett]s
 & pap]s :i* _h accumulat$ dur+ two     
mon?s' abs5ce2 & ,i h read !m n only )  
att5tive int]e/1 b ) a feel+ (          
satisfaction :i* is q new to me z a     
result ( he>+1 or read+1 s]mons4 ,^!    
excell5t disc\rses1 9 fact1 appe> to me 
to signalise a new dep>ture 9 ! c\rse   
adopt$ by !ology t[>ds sci5ce1 & to     
indicate ! possibility ( br++ ab\t an   
hon\rable modus viv5di betwe5 ! two4 ,h[
 f> ! ?ree bi%ops speak z accr$it$      
repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* is a "q to be  
consid]$ by & by4 ,mo/ assur$ly1 ,i am n
 au?oris$ to repres5t any "o b myself4  
,b ,i suppose t !re mu/ be a good _m p 9
 ! ,*ur* ( ! bi%ops' way ( ?9k+2 & ,i h 
reason to believe t1 9 ! ranks ( sci5ce1
 !re are a good _m p]sons :o1 m or less1
 %>e my views4 ,& x is to ^! s5sible p  
on bo? sides1 z ! bi%ops & ,i mu/ ne$s  
?9k ^? :o agree ) u1 t my pres5t        

obs]vations are address$4 ,!y w probably
 be a/oni%$ to le>n h[ insignificant1 9 
pr9ciple1 _! diff]5ces are4  ,x is      
impossible to read ! disc\rses ( ! ?ree 
prelates )\t be+ impress$ by ! k :i* !y 
display1 & by ! _s ( equity1 ,i might   
say ( g5]osity1 t[>ds sci5ce :i* p]vades
 !m4 ,!re is no trace ( t tacit or op5  
assumption t ! rejection ( !ological    
dogmas1 on sci5tific gr\nds1 is due to  
moral p]v]sity1 :i* is ! ord9>y note (  
ecclesia/ical homilies on ?is subject1 &
 :i* makes !m look s supremely silly to 
m5 ^: lives h be5 sp5t 9 wre/l+ ) ^!    
que/ions4 ,!re is no attempt to hide    
away real /umbl+-blocks "u rhetorical   
/ucco2 no resort to ! tu quoque device (
 sett+ sci5tific blund]s aga9/ !ological
 errors2 no sugge/ion t an hone/ man may
 keep contradictory beliefs 9 sep>ate   
pockets ( 8 bra92 no "q t ! me?od (     
sci5tific inve/igation is valid1 :atev] 
! results to :i* x may lead2 & t ! se>* 
aft] tru?1 & tru? only1 ennobles ! se>*]
 & leaves no d\bt t 8 life1 at any rate1

 is wor? liv+4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle     
decl>es himself pl$g$ to ! belief t !   
advancem5t ( sci5ce1 ! progress ( human 
k1 is 9 itself a wor?y aim ( ! greate/  
ef=t ( ! greate/ m9ds4  ,h[ (t5 0 x my  
fate1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 to see !  
:ole artill]y ( ! pulpit br\ght to be>  
^u ! doctr9e ( evolution & its          
support]s6 ,any "o unaccu/om$ to !      
am5ities ( ecclesia/ical controv]sy w\ld
 h ?\ght we 7 too wick$ to be p]mitt$ to
 live4 ,b let u he> ! ,bi%op ( ,b$=d4   
,aft] a p]fectly frank /atem5t ( !      
doctr9e ( evolution & "s ( its obvi\s   
consequ5ces1 t le>n$ prelate pleads1 )  
all e>ne/ness1 aga9/       a ha/y       
d5unciation ( :at may be prov$ to h at  
lea/ "s elem5ts ( tru? 9 x1 a           
contemptu\s rejection      ( !ories :i* 
we may "s day le>n to accept z          
freely & ) z little s5se ( inconsi/5cy )
 ,god's      ^w z we n[ accept ! !ory ( 
! e>?'s motion r\nd      ! sun1 or !    
long duration ( ! geological epo*s 7p4  
#bh74  ,i d n see t ! mo/ conv9c$       

evolutioni/ c\ld ask any "o1 :e!r cl]ic 
or layman1 to say m ?an ?is2 9 fact1 ,i 
d n ?9k t any "o has a "r to say m1 )   
respect to any "q ab\t :i* two op9ions c
 he held1 ?an t 8 m9d is p]fectly op5 to
 ! =ce ( evid5ce4  ,!re is ano!r portion
 ( ! ,bi%op ( ,b$=d's s]mon :i* ,i ?9k w
 be w>mly appreciat$ by all hone/ &     
cle>-head$ m54 ,he repudiates ! views ( 
^? :o say t !ology & sci5ce       occupy
 :olly diff]5t sph]es1 & ne$ 9 no way   
int]m$dle ) ea* o!r4 ,!y revolve1 z x 71
 9      diff]5t planes1 & s nev] meet4  
,?us we may pursue      sci5tific /udies
 ) ! utmo/ fre$om &1 at ! same      "t1 
may pay ! mo/ rev]5t reg>d to !ology1   
hav+      no fe>s ( collision1 because  
all[+ no po9ts ( contact      7p4 #bi74 
,surely e unsophi/icat$ m9d w he>tily   
concur ) ! ,bi%op's rem>k ^u ?is        
conv5i5t refuge = ! desc5dants ( ,mr4   
,fac+-bo?-ways4 ,i h nev] be5 able to   
und]/& ?is position ?\gh ,i h (t5 se5 x 
assum$4 ,nor c any demurr] be su/a9$ :5 
! ,bi%op proce$s to po9t out t !re are1 

& mu/ be1 v>i\s po9ts ( contact betwe5  
!ological & natural sci5ce1 & !re=e t x 
is fooli% to ignore or d5y ! exi/5ce ( z
 _m dang]s ( collision4  ,f9ally1 !     
,bi%op ( ,man*e/] freely admits ! =ce ( 
! objections :i* h be5 rais$1 on        
sci5tific gr\nds1 to pray]1 & attempts  
to turn !m by argu+ t ! prop] objects ( 
pray] are n physical b spiritual4 ,he   
tells u t natural accid5ts & moral      
mis=tunes are n to be tak5 = moral      
judgm5ts ( ,god2 he admits ! propriety (
 ! application ( sci5tific me?ods to !  
inve/igation ( ! orig9 & gr[? (         
religions2 & he is z ready to recognise 
! process ( evolution !re1 z 9 !        
physical _w4 ,m>k ! foll[+ /rik+        
passage3--       ,& h[ utt]ly all !     
common objections to ,div9e             
revelation vani% away :5 !y are set 9 ! 
light (      ?is !ory ( a spiritual     
progression4 ,are we rem9d$ t      !re  
prevail$1 9 ^? e>li] days1 views ( !    
nature      ( ,god & man1 ( human life &
 ,div9e ,provid5ce1 :i*      we n[ f9d  

to be unt5able8 ,t1 we answ]1 is        
precisely      :at ! !ory ( developm5t  
presupposes4 ,if e>ly views      (      
religion & morality _h n be5 imp]fect1  
:]e _h      be5 ! developm5t8 ,if       
symbolical visions & my?ical            
creations _h f\nd no place 9 ! e>ly     
,ori5tal      expression ( ,div9e tru?1 
:]e _h be5 ! developm5t8      ,!        
suffici5t answ] to n9ety-n9e out ( a    
hundr$ ( !      ord9>y objections to !  
,bible1 z ! record ( a div9e            
education ( our race1 is ask$ 9 t "o    
^w--developm5t4 ,& to :at are we indebt$
 = t      pot5t ^w1 :i*1 z ) ! w& ( a   
magician1 has at      ! same mom5t s    
completely trans=m$ our k &             
dispell$ our difficulties8 ,to mod]n    
sci5ce1 resolutely      pursu+ its se>* 
= tru? 9 spite ( popul> obloquy         
&--alas6 t "o %\ld h to say x--9 spite  
too      (t5 ( !ological d5unciation 7p4
 #ec74  ,ap>t f its g5]al importance1 ,i
 read ?is rem>kable /atem5t ) ! m       
pleasure1 s9ce1 h[ev] imp]fectly ,i may 

h endeav\r$ to illu/rate ! evolution (  
!ology 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,n9ete5?    
,c5tury la/ ye>1#bi x seems to me t 9   
pr9ciple1 at any rate1 ,i may h]eaft]   
claim high !ological sanction = ! views 
!re set =?4  ,if !ologians are h5ce=w>d 
prep>$ to recognise ! au?ority ( secul> 
sci5ce 9 ! mann] & to ! ext5t indicat$ 9
 ! ,man*e/] trilogy2 if ! di/+ui%$      
prelates :o (f] ^! t]ms are really      
pl5ipot5ti>ies1 !n1 s f> z ,i may       
presume to speak on su* a matt]1 !re w  
be no difficulty ab\t conclud+ a        
p]petual treaty ( peace1 & inde$ (      
alliance1 betwe5 ! high contract+ p[]s1 
^: hi/ory has hi!rto be5 little m ?an a 
record ( cont9ual w>f>e4 ,b if ! great  
,*ancellor's maxim1 ,d ut des1 is to =m 
! basis ( negotiation1 ,i am afraid t   
secul> sci5ce w be ru9$2 = x seems to me
 t !ology1 "u ! g5]\s impulse ( a sudd5 
conv]sion1 has giv5 all t %e ha?2 &     
inde$1 on "o po9t1 has surr5d]$ m ?an c 
reasonably be ask$4  ,i suppose ,i mu/  
be prep>$ to face ! reproa* :i* atta*es 

to ^? :o criticise a gift1 if ,i v5ture 
to obs]ve t ,i d n ?9k t ! ,bi%op (     
,man*e/] ne$ h be5 s mu* al>m$1 z he    
evid5tly has be51 by ! objections :i* h 
(t5 be5 rais$ to pray]1 on ! gr\nd t a  
belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray] is          
inconsi/5t ) a belief 9 ! con/ancy ( !  
ord] ( nature4  ,! ,bi%op appe>s to     
admit t !re is an antagonism betwe5 !   
regul> economy ( nature & ! regul>      
economy ( pray] 7p4 #ci71 & t pray]s = !
 int]ruption ( ,god's natural ord] are (
 d\btful validity 7p4 #db74 ,x appe>s to
 me t ! ,bi%op's difficulty simply adds 
ano!r example to ^? :i* ,i h sev]al     
times insi/$ ^u 9 ! pages ( ?is ,review 
& else:]e1 ( ! mis*ief :i* has be5 done1
 & is be+ done1 by a mi/ak5 appreh5sion 
( ! real mean+ ( natural ord] & law (   
nature4  ,may ,i1 !re=e1 be p]mitt$ to  
repeat1 once m1 t ! /atem5ts d5ot$ by ^!
 t]ms h no great] value or cog5cy ?an   
su* z may atta* to g5]alisations f      
exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 & to expectations = ! 
future bas$ ^u t exp]i5ce8 ,nobody c    

presume to say :at ! ord] ( nature mu/  
be2 all t ! wide/ exp]i5ce 7ev5 if x    
ext5d$ ov] all pa/ "t & ?r\gh all space7
 t ev5ts _h happ5$ 9 a c]ta9 way c\ld   
ju/ify1 w\ld be a proportionally /rong  
expectation t ev5ts w g on happ5+1 & !  
dem& = a proportional /r5g? ( evid5ce 9 
fav\r ( any ass]tion t !y _h happ5$     
o!rwise4  ,x is ?is weighty             
consid]ation1 ! tru? ( :i* e "o :o is   
capable ( logical ?\ght mu/ surely      
admit1 :i* knocks ! bottom out ( all    
priori objections ei!r to ord9>y        
miracles or to ! efficacy ( pray]1 9 s  
f> z ! latt] implies ! miracul\s        
int]v5tion ( a high] p[]4 ,no "o is     
entitl$ to say  priori t any giv5       
s-call$ miracul\s ev5t is impossible2 & 
no "o is entitl$ to say  priori t pray] 
= "s *ange 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature _c 
possibly avail4  ,! supposition t !re is
 any inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! acceptance ( !
 con/ancy ( natural ord] & a belief 9 ! 
efficacy ( pray]1 is ! m unacc\ntable z 
x is obvi\sly contradict$ by analogies  

furni%$ by ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,! belief 9
 ! efficacy ( pray] dep5ds ^u !         
assumption t !re is somebody1 some:]e1  
:o is /rong en\gh to deal ) ! e>? & its 
cont5ts z m5 deal ) ! ?+s & ev5ts :i* !y
 are /rong en\gh to modify or control2 &
 :o is capable ( be+ mov$ by appeals su*
 z m5 make to "o ano!r4 ,?is belief does
 n ev5 involve !ism2 = our e>? is an    
insignificant p>ticle ( ! sol> sy/em1   
:ile ! sol> sy/em is h>dly wor? speak+ (
 9 relation to ! ,all2 &1 = any?+ t c be
 prov$ to ! contr>y1 !re may be be+s    
end[$ ) full p[]s ov] our sy/em1 yet1   
practically1 z insignificant z ourselves
 9 relation to ! univ]se4 ,if any "o    
pleases1 !re=e1 to give unre/ra9$ lib]ty
 to 8 fancy1 he may plead analogy 9     
fav\r ( ! dream t !re may be1 some:]e1 a
 f9ite be+1 or be+s1 :o c play ) ! sol> 
sy/em z a *ild plays ) a toy2 & t su*   
be+ may be will+ to d any?+ :i* he is   
prop]ly supplicat$ to d4 ,= we are n    
ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t x is impossible = be+s 
hav+ ! nature ( m51 only va/ly m p[]ful1

 to exi/2 & if !y d exi/1 !y may act z &
 :5 we ask !m to d s1 j z our bro!r m5  
act4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! great mass ( !
 human race has believ$1 & /ill         
believes1 9 su* be+s1 "u ! v>i\s names (
 fairies1 gnomes1 angels1 & demons4     
,c]ta9ly ,i d n lack fai? 9 ! con/ancy (
 natural ord]4 ,b ,i am n less conv9c$ t
 if ,i 7 to ask ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] to d
 me a k9dness :i* lay )9 8 p[]1 he w\ld 
d x4 ,& ,i am unable to see t 8 action  
on my reque/ involves any violation ( ! 
ord] ( nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,i h n !
 hon\r to "k ! ,bi%op p]sonally1 my     
action w\ld be bas$ ^u my fai?1 9 t law 
( nature1 or g5]alisation f exp]i5ce1   
:i* tells me t1 z a rule1 m5 :o occupy !
 ,bi%op's position are k9dly & c\rte\s4 
,h[ is ! case alt]$ if my reque/ is     
pref]r$ to "s imag9>y sup]ior be+1 or to
 ! ,mo/ ,high be+1 :o1 by ! supposition1
 is able to arre/ disease1 or make ! sun
 /& /ill 9 ! heav5s1 j z easily z ,i c  
/op my wat*1 or make x indicate any h\r 
t pleases me8  ,i repeat t x is n ^u any

  priori consid]ations t objections1    
ei!r to ! suppos$ efficacy ( pray] 9    
modify+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 or to ! suppos$
 occurr5ce ( miracles1 c be             
sci5tifically bas$4 ,! real objection1  
&1 to my m9d1 ! fatal objection1 to bo? 
^! suppositions1 is ! inadequacy ( !    
evid5ce to prove any giv5 case ( su*    
occurr5ces :i* has be5 adduc$4 ,x is a  
canon ( common s5se1 to say no?+ (      
sci5ce1 t ! m improbable a suppos$      
occurr5ce1 ! m cog5t ought to be !      
evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,i h look$ some:at 
c>efully into ! subject1 & ,i am unable 
to f9d 9 ! records ( any miracul\s ev5t 
evid5ce :i* ev5 approximates to !       
fulfilm5t ( ?is requirem5t4  ,b1 9 !    
case ( pray]1 ! ,bi%op po9ts out a mo/ j
 & necess>y di/9ction betwe5 its effect 
on ! c\rse ( nature1 outside ourselves1 
& its effect )9 ! region ( !            
supplicator's m9d4  ,x is a law (       
nature1 v]ifiable by ev]yday exp]i5ce1 t
 our already =m$ convictions1 our /rong 
desires1 our int5t occupation ) p>ticul>

 ideas1 modify our m5tal op]ations to a 
mo/ m>vell\s ext5t1 & produce endur+    
*anges 9 ! direction & 9 ! int5sity (   
our intellectual & moral activities4 ,m5
 c intoxicate !mselves ) ideas z        
effectually z ) alcohol or ) bang1 &    
produce1 by d9t ( int5se ?9k+1 m5tal    
conditions h>dly di/+ui%able f          
monomania4 ,demoniac possession is      
my?ical2 b ! faculty ( be+ possess$1 m  
or less completely1 by an idea is       
probably ! fundam5tal condition ( :at is
 call$ g5ius1 :e!r x %[ itself 9 ! sa9t1
 ! arti/1 or ! man ( sci5ce4 ,"o calls x
 fai?1 ano!r calls x inspiration1 a ?ird
 calls x insight2 b ! int5d+ ( ! m9d1 to
 borr[ ,newton's well-kn[n phrase1 !    
conc5tration ( all ! rays ( intellectual
 en]gy on "s "o po9t1 until x gl[s &    
col\rs ! :ole ca/ ( ?\ght ) its peculi> 
light1 is common to all4  ,i take x t ! 
,bi%op ( ,man*e/] has psy*ological      
sci5ce ) him :5 he insi/s ^u !          
subjective efficacy ( pray] 9 fai?1 & on
 ! seem+ly miracul\s effects :i* su*    

int5d+ ( ! m9d ^u religi\s & moral      
ideals may h ^u "* & happ9ess4          
,sci5tific fai?1 at pres5t1 takes x no  
fur!r ?an ! pray] :i* ,ajax (f]$2 b t   
petition is cont9ually grant$4  ,:atev] 
po9ts ( detail may yet rema9 op5 =      
discussion1 h[ev]1 ,i repeat ! op9ion ,i
 h already express$1 t ! ,man*e/] s]mons
 conc$e all t sci5ce1 has an            
indisputable "r1 or any press+ ne$1 to  
ask1 & t n grudg+ly b g5]\sly2 &1 if !  
?ree bi%ops ( #ahhg c>ry ! ,*ur* ) !m1  
,i ?9k !y w h z good title to ! p]man5t 
gratitude ( po/]ity z ! fam\s sev5 :o   
w5t to ! ,t[] 9 def5ce ( ! ,*ur* two    
hundr$ ye>s ago4  ,w _! bre?r5 foll[ _! 
j & prud5t guidance8 ,i h no su*        
acqua9tance ) ! curr5ts ( ecclesia/ical 
op9ion z w\ld ju/ify me 9 ev5 haz>d+ a  
guess on su* a difficult topic4 ,b "s   
rec5t om5s are h>dly fav\rable4 ,!re    
seems to be an impression abroad--,i d n
 desire to give any c\nt5ance to x--t ,i
 am fond ( read+ s]mons4 ,f "t to "t1   
unkn[n correspond5ts--"s app>5tly       

animat$ by ! *>itable desire to promote 
my conv]sion1 & o!rs unmi/akably anxi\s 
to spur me to ! expression ( wra?ful    
antagonism--fav\r me ) reports or copies
 ( su* productions4  ,i f\nd "o ( !     
latt] category among ! accumulat$ arre>s
 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4  ,x is a   
full1 & app>5tly accurate1 report ( a   
disc\rse by a p]son ( no less           
ecclesia/ical rank ?an ! ?ree au?ors ( !
 s]mons ,i h hi!rto be5 consid]+2 b :o  
he is1 & :]e or :5 ! s]mon 0 prea*$1 are
 secrets :i* wild horses %all n te> f   
me1 le/ ,i fall aga9 "u high c5sure =   
attack+ a cl]gyman4 ,only if ! editor ( 
?is ,review ?9ks x 8 duty to h indep5d5t
 evid5ce t ! s]mon has a real exi/5ce1 w
 ,i1 9 ! /ricte/ confid5ce1 communicate 
x to him4  ,! prea*]1 9 ?is case1 is ( a
 v diff]5t m9d f ! ?ree bi%ops--& ?is   
m9d is diff]5t 9 quality1 diff]5t 9 _s1 
& diff]5t 9 cont5ts4 ,he disc\rses on ! 
priori objections to miracles1 app>5tly 
)\t be+ aw>e1 9 spite ( all !           
discussions ( ! la/ sev5 or eight ye>s1 

t he is do+ battle ) a %ad[4  ,i tru/ ,i
 d n misrepres5t ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] 9  
say+ t ! ess5ce ( 8 rem>kable disc\rse  
is ! insi/5ce ^u ! supreme importance ( 
! purely spiritual 9 our fai?1 & ( !    
relative1 if n absolute1 insignificance 
( aught else4 ,he obvi\sly p]ceives !   
be>+ ( 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! alt]ability ( 
! c\rse ( outw>d nature by pray]1 on !  
"q ( miracles 9 g5]al2 = he is c>eful to
 say t ! possibility ( miracles1 ( a r>e
 & unusual transc5d5ce ( ! _w ord] is n 
"h 9 "q 7p4 #ch74 ,x may be p]mitt$ me  
to suppose1 h[ev]1 t1 if miracles 7 9   
"q1 ! speak] :o w>ns u t we mu/ look = !
 he>t ( ! absolute religion 9 t "p ( x  
:i* prescribes our moral & religi\s     
relations 7p4 #df7 w\ld n be dispos$ to 
advise ^? :o _h f\nd ! he>t (           
,*ri/ianity to take mu* ?\ght ab\t its  
miracul\s integum5t4  ,my anonym\s s]mon
 w h no?+ to d ) su* notions z ^!1 & its
 prea*] is n too polite1 to say no?+ (  
*>itable1 t[>ds ^? :o ent]ta9 !m4       
,sci5tific m51 !re=e1 are p]fectly "r 9 

ass]t+      t ,*ri/ianity re/s on       
miracles4 ,if miracles nev]      happ5$1
 ,*ri/ianity1 9 any s5se :i* is n a     
mock]y1      :i* does n make ! t]m (    
none effect1 has no reality4      ,i    
dwell on ?is because !re is n[ an ef=t  
mak+ to get      up a non-miracul\s1    
inv]tebrate ,*ri/ianity1 :i* may        
escape ! ban ( sci5ce4 ,& ,i w\ld w>n y 
v      di/9ctly aga9/ ?is new           
contrivance4 ,*ri/ianity is             
ess5tially miracul\s1 & falls to ! gr\nd
 if miracles      be impossible4  ,well1
 w>n+ = w>n+4 ,i v5ture to w>n ?is      
prea*] & ^? :o1 ) him1 p]si/ 9 id5tify+ 
,*ri/ianity ) ! miracul\s1 t su* =ms (  
,*ri/ianity are n only doom$ to fall to 
! gr\nd2 b t1 )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 !y h
 be5 driv+ t way ) cont9ually accel]at$ 
velocity4  ,! s-call$ religi\s _w is    
giv5 to a /range delusion4 ,x fondly    
imag9es t x possesses ! monopoly ( s]i\s
 & con/ant reflection ^u ! t]rible      
problems ( exi/5ce2 & t ^? :o _c accept 
its %ibbole?s are ei!r m]e ,gallios1 c>+

 = none ( ^! ?+s1 or lib]t9es desir+ to 
escape f ! re/ra9ts ( morality4 ,x does 
n appe> to h ent]$ ! imag9ations ( ^! p 
t1 outside _! pale & firmly resolv$ nev]
 to ent] x1 !re are ?\s&s ( m51 c]ta9ly 
n _! inf]iors 9 "*1 capacity1 or k ( !  
que/ions at issue1 :o e/imate ^? purely 
spiritual elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? (   
:i* ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] speaks z highly 
z ! ,bi%op does2 b :o w h no?+ to d ) ! 
,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 because 9 _!          
appreh5sion & = !m1 ! pr(ession ( belief
 9 ! miracul\s1 on ! evid5ce (f]$ w\ld  
be simply immoral4  ,s f> z my exp]i5ce 
goes1 m5 ( sci5ce are nei!r bett] nor   
worse ?an ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,occupation ) ! 
endlessly great p>ts ( ! univ]se does n 
necess>ily involve greatness ( "*1 nor  
does microscopic /udy ( ! inf9itely     
little always produce humility4 ,we h   
our full %>e ( orig9al s92 ne$1 gre$1 & 
va+lory beset u z !y d o!r mortals2 &   
our progress is1 = ! mo/ "p1 l t ( a    
tack+ %ip1 ! resultant ( opposite       
div]g5cies f ! /raight pa?4 ,b1 = all t1

 !re is "o moral b5efit :i* ! pursuit ( 
sci5ce unque/ionably be/[s4 ,x keeps !  
e/imate ( ! value ( evid5ce up to !     
prop] m>k2 & we are con/antly receiv+   
lessons1 & sometimes v %>p ones1 on !   
nature ( pro(4 ,m5 ( sci5ce w always act
 up to _! /&>d ( v]acity1 :5 mank9d 9   
g5]al leave (f s9n+2 b t /&>d appe>s to 
me to be high] among !m ?an 9 any o!r   
class ( ! community4  ,i d n "k any body
 ( sci5tific m5 :o c\ld be got to li/5  
)\t ! /ronge/ expressions ( disgu/$     
repudiation to ! exposition ( a pret5d$ 
sci5tific discov]y1 :i* _h no bett]     
evid5ce to %[ = itself ?an ! /ory ( !   
devils ent]+ a h]d ( sw9e1 or ( !       
fig-tree t 0 bla/$ = be>+ no figs :5 x 0
 n ! season ( figs4 ,:e!r su* ev5ts are 
possible or impossible1 no man c say2 b 
sci5tific e?ics c & does decl>e t !     
pr(ession ( belief 9 !m1 on ! evid5ce ( 
docum5ts ( unkn[n date & ( unkn[n       
au?or%ip1 is immoral4 ,!ological        
apologi/s :o insi/ t morality w vani% if
 _! dogmas are explod$1 w\ld d well to  

consid] ! fact t1 9 ! matt] (           
intellectual v]acity1 sci5ce is already 
a long way ahead ( ! ,*ur*es2 & t1 9 ?is
 p>ticul>1 x is ex]t+ an educational    
influ5ce on mank9d ( :i* ! ,*ur*es h %[n
 !mselves utt]ly incapable4  ,und\bt$ly 
t v>y+ comp\nd ( "s ( ! be/ & "s ( !    
wor/ elem5ts ( ,paganism & ,judaism1    
m\ld$ 9 practice by ! innate "* ( c]ta9 
p ( ! ,we/]n _w1 :i*1 s9ce ! second     
c5tury1 has assum$ to itself ! title (  
or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 re/s on miracles & 
falls to ! gr\nd1 n if miracles be      
impossible1 b if ^? to :i* x is committ$
 prove !mselves unable to fulfil !      
conditions ( hone/ belief4 ,t ?is       
,*ri/ianity is doom$ to fall is1 to my  
m9d1 beyond a d\bt2 b its fall w be     
nei!r sudd5 nor spe$y4 ,! ,*ur*1 ) all !
 aid l5t x by ! secul> arm1 took _m     
c5turies to extirpate ! op5 practice (  
pagan idolatry )9 its own fold2 & ^? :o 
h travell$ 9 s\!rn ,europe w be aw>e t x
 has n extirpat$ ! ess5ce ( su* idolatry
 ev5 yet4 ,mutato nom9e1 x is probable t

 !re is z mu* %e] feti*ism among !      
,roman populace n[ z !re 0 eighte5      
hundr$ ye>s ago2 & if ,m>cus ,antonius  
c\ld desc5d f 8 horse & asc5d ! /eps ( !
 ,ara ,coeli *ur* ab\t ,twelf? ,day1 !  
only ?+ t ne$ /rike him w\ld be !       
extremely contemptible "* ( ! mod]n     
idols z works ( art4  ,sci5ce w c]ta9ly 
nei!r ask =1 nor receive1 ! aid ( !     
secul> arm4 ,x w tru/ to ! mu* bett] & m
 p[]ful help ( t education 9 sci5tific  
tru? & 9 ! morals ( ass5t1 :i* is r5d]$ 
z indisp5sable1 z x is inevitable1 by ! 
p]meation ( practical life ) ! products 
& ideas ( sci5ce4 ,b no "o :o consid]s !
 pres5t /ate ( ev5 ! mo/ develop$       
c\ntries c d\bt t ! sci5tific light t   
has come into ! _w w h to %9e 9 ! mid/ (
 d>kness = a long "t4 ,! urban          
populations1 driv5 into contact ) sci5ce
 by trade & manufacture1 w m & m receive
 x1 :ile ! pagani w lag beh9d4 ,let u   
hope t no ,julian may arise among !m to 
head a =lorn hope aga9/ ! inevitable4   
,:atev] happ5s1 sci5ce may bide h] "t 9 

pati5ce & 9 confid5ce4  ,b to return to 
my ,anonym\s4 ,i am afraid t if he      
repres5ts any great p>ty 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! _s
 ( ju/ice & reasonabl5ess :i* animates !
 ?ree bi%ops has z sl5d] a *ance ( be+  
imitat$1 on a l>ge scale1 z _! common   
s5se & _! c\rtesy4 ,=1 n cont5t$ )      
misrepres5t+ sci5ce on its speculative  
side1 ,anonym\s attacks its morality4   
,= two :ole ye>s1 inve/igations &       
conclusions :i*      w\ld upset ! !ories
 ( ,d>w9 on ! =mation ( coral      isl&s
 7 actually suppress$1 & t by ! advice  
ev5 ( ^? :o accept$ !m1 = fe> ( upsett+ 
!      fai? & di/urb+ ! judgm5t =m$ by !
 multitude      on ! sci5tific "*--!    
infallibility--( ! great      ma/]6  ,s 
f> z ,i "k any?+ ab\t ! matt]s :i* are  
"h ref]r$ to1 ! "p ( ?is passage :i* ,i 
h italicis$ is absolutely untrue4 ,i    
believe t ,i am intimately acqua9t$ )   
all ,mr4 ,d>w9's imm$iate sci5tific     
fri5ds3 & ,i say t no "o ( !m1 nor any  
o!r man ( sci5ce kn[n to me1 ev] c\ld1  
or w\ld1 h giv5 su* advice to any "o--if

 = no o!r reason ?an t1 ) ! example ( ! 
mo/ c&id & pati5t li/5] to objections t 
ev] liv$ fre% 9 _! memories1 !y c\ld n s
 grossly h at once violat$ _! highe/    
duty & di%on\r$ _! fri5d4  ,! *>ge ?us  
br\ght by ,anonym\s affects ! hon\r & ! 
probity ( m5 ( sci5ce2 if x is true1 we 
h =feit$ all claim to ! confid5ce ( !   
g5]al public4 ,9 my belief x is utt]ly  
false1 & its real effect w be to        
discr$it ^? :o are responsible = x4 ,z  
is ! way ) sl&]s1 x has gr[n by         
repetition4 ,anonym\s is responsible = !
 peculi>ly (f5sive =m :i* x has tak5 9 8
 h&s2 b he is n responsible = orig9at+  
x4 ,he has evid5tly be5 inspir$ by an   
article entitl$ ,a ,great ,lesson1      
publi%$ 9 ! ,septemb] numb] ( ?is       
,review4 ,truly x is a great lesson1 b n
 q 9 ! s5se int5d$ by ! giv] !re(4  ,9 !
 c\rse ( 8 d\btless well-meant          
admonitions1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll commits  
himself to a great] numb] ( /atem5ts :i*
 are demon/rably incorrect & :i* any "o 
:o v5tur$ to write ^u ! subject ought to

 h kn[n to be incorrect1 ?an ,i h ev]   
se5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 s small a space4  ,i 
submit a ga!r+ f ! ri* /ore = !         
appreciation ( ! public4  ,fir/3--      
,mr4 ,murray's new explanation ( !      
/ructure ( coral-reefs      & isl&s 0   
communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society (      
,ed9burgh 9 #ahhj1 & support$ ) su* a   
weight ( facts      & su* a close       
texture ( reason+1 t no s]i\s reply     
has ev] be5 attempt$ 7p4 #cje74  ,no    
s]i\s reply has ev] be5 attempt$6 ,i    
suppose t ! ,duke ( ,argyll may h he>d (
 ,pr(essor ,dana1 ^: ye>s ( lab\r devot$
 to corals & coral-reefs :5 he 0        
naturali/ ( ! ,am]ican exp$ition "u     
,commodore ,wilkes1 m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 
h ev] s9ce caus$ him to be recognis$ z  
an au?ority ( ! fir/ rank on su*        
subjects4 ,n[ does 8 ,grace "k1 or does 
he n "k1 t1 9 ! ye> #ahhe1 ,pr(essor    
,dana publi%$ an elaborate pap] ,on !   
,orig9 ( ,coral-,reefs & ,isl&s1 9 :i*1 
aft] ref]r+ to a ,presid5tial ,address  
by ! ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey (

 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& deliv]$ 9      
#ahhc1 9 :i* special att5tion is direct$
 to ,mr4 ,murray's views ,pr(essor ,dana
 says3--       ,! exi/+ /ate ( d\bt on !
 "q has l$ !      writ] to reconsid] !  
e>li] & lat] facts1 & 9 !      foll[+   
pages he gives 8 results4  ,pr(essor    
,dana !n devotes _m pages ( 8 v s]i\s   
reply to a mo/ admirable & weighty      
criticism ( ! objections :i* h at v>i\s 
times be5 rais$ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's doctr9e1
 by ,pr(essor ,semp]1 by ,dr4 ,re91 &   
f9ally by ,mr4 ,murray1 & he /ates 8    
f9al judgm5t z foll[s3--       ,) ! !ory
 ( abrasion & solution incompet5t1 all  
! hypo!ses ( objectors to ,d>w9's !ory  
are alike      weak2 = all h made ^!    
processes _! *ief      reliance1 :e!r   
appeal+ to a calc>e\s1 or a volcanic1   
or a m\nta9-peak basem5t = ! /ructure4  
,!      subsid5ce :i* ! ,d>w9ian !ory   
requires has n be5      oppos$ by !     
m5tion ( any fact at v>iance ) x1 nor   
by sett+ aside ,d>w9's argum5ts 9 its   
fav\r2 & x      has f\nd new support 9 !

 facts f ! ,*all5g]'s      s\nd+s (f    
,tahiti1 t _h be5 put 9 array aga9/ x1  
& /rong corroboration 9 ! facts f ! ,we/
 ,indies4       ,d>w9's !ory1 !re=e1    
rema9s z ! !ory t      acc\nts = ! orig9
 ( reefs & isl&s4#cj  ,be x und]/ood t  
,i express no op9ion on ! controv]t$    
po9ts4 ,i d\bt if !re are t5 liv+ m5 :o1
 hav+ a practical k ( :at a coral-reef  
is1 h endeav\r$ to ma/] ! v difficult   
biological & geological problems involv$
 9 _! /udy4 ,i happ5 to h sp5t ! be/ "p 
( ?ree ye>s among coral-reefs & to h    
made t attempt2 &1 :5 ,mr4 ,murray's "w 
appe>$1 ,i said to myself t until ,i _h 
two or ?ree mon?s to give to ! r5ew$    
/udy ( ! subject 9 all its be>+s1 ,i mu/
 be cont5t to rema9 9 a condition (     
susp5d$ judgm5t4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ! man :o
 w\ld be vot$ by common acclamation z ! 
mo/ compet5t p]son n[ liv+ to act z     
umpire1 has deliv]$ ! v]dict ,i h quot$2
 &1 to g no fur!r1 has fully ju/ifi$ !  
hesitation ,i & o!rs may h felt ab\t    
express+ an op9ion4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1

 x seems to me to require a good deal ( 
c\rage to say no s]i\s reply has ev] be5
 attempt$2 & to *ide ! m5 ( sci5ce1 9   
l(ty tones1 = _! reluctance to admit an 
error :i* is n admitt$2 & = _! sl[ &    
sulky acquiesc5ce 9 a conclusion :i* !y 
h ! grave/ w>ranty = suspect+4          
,second3--       ,d>w9 himself _h liv$  
to he> ( ! new solution &1      ) t     
spl5did c&\r :i* 0 em95t 9 him 8        
m9d1 ?\gh n[ gr[n old 9 8 own e>ly      
convictions1 0      at lea/ ready to    
ent]ta9 x1 & to confess t s]i\s         
d\bts _h be5 awak5$ z to ! tru? ( 8     
fam\s      !ory 7p4 #cje74  ,i wi% t    
,d>w9's spl5did c&\r c\ld be convey$ by 
"s description ( spiritual microbe to ^?
 :o write ab\t him4 ,i am n aw>e t ,mr4 
,d>w9 ev] ent]ta9$ s]i\s d\bts z to !   
tru? ( 8 fam\s !ory2 & !re is tol]ably  
good evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,! second    
edition ( 8 "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahgf1 proves 
t he ent]ta9$ no su* d\bts !n2 a lett]  
to ,pr(essor ,semp]1 ^: objections1 9 "s
 respects1 =e/all$ ^? ( ,mr4 ,murray1   

dat$ ,octob] #b1 #ahgi1 expresses 8     
cont9u$ adh]5ce to ! op9ion t ! atolls &
 b>ri] reefs 9 ! middle ( ! ,pacific &  
,indian ,oceans indicate subsid5ce2 & ! 
lett] ( my fri5d ,pr(essor ,judd1 pr9t$ 
at ! end ( ?is article 7:i* ,i _h p]haps
 bett] say ,pr(essor ,judd _h n se57 w  
prove t ?is op9ion rema9$ unalt]$ to !  
end ( 8 life4  ,?ird3--       444       
,d>w9's !ory is a dream4 ,x is n only   
uns\nd1 b      x is 9 _m respects !     
rev]se ( tru?4 ,) all 8                 
consci5ti\sness1 ) all 8 caution1 ) all 
8 p[]s      ( obs]vation1 ,d>w9 9 ?is   
matt] fell into errors z      pr(\nd z !
 abysses ( ! ,pacific 7p4 #cja74        
,really8 ,x seems to me t1 "u !         
circum/ances1 x is pretty cle> t ^! l9es
 exhibit a lack ( ! qualities ju/ly     
ascrib$ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 :i* plunges _!   
au?or into a mu* deep] abyss1 & "o f :i*
 !re is no hope ( em]g5ce4  ,f\r?3--    
,all ! acclamations ) :i* x 0 receiv$ 7 
z !      %\ts ( an ignorant mob 7p4     
#cja74  ,b surely x %\ld be add$ t !    

,coryphu ( ?is ignorant mob1 ! fugleman 
( ! %\ts1 0 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$       
naturali/s & geologi/s n[ liv+--!       
,am]ican ,dana--:o1 aft] ye>s (         
indep5d5t /udy ext5d+ ov] num]\s reefs 9
 ! ,pacific1 gave 8 he>ty ass5t to      
,d>w9's views1 & aft] all t _h be5 said1
 delib]ately reaffirm$ t ass5t 9 ! ye>  
#ahhe4  ,fif?3--       ,! ov]?r[ (      
,d>w9's speculation is only beg9n+ to   
be kn[n4 ,x has be5 :isp]$ = "s "t4 ,!  
*]i%$      dogma has be5 dropp+ v sl[ly 
out ( sight 7p4 #cja74  ,d>w9's         
speculation may be "r or wrong1 b ,i    
submit t t :i* has n happ5$ _c ev5 beg9 
to be kn[n1 except by ^? :o h miracul\s 
gifts to :i* we poor sci5tific p d n    
aspire4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ,d>w9's views may h 
be5 :isp]$ by ^? :o hop$ = x2 & !y 7    
p]haps wise 9 n rais+ _! voices above a 
:isp]4 ,incorrect /atem5ts1 if made too 
l\dly1 are apt to br+ ab\t unpleasant   
consequ5ces4  ,six?3--  ,mr4 ,murray's  
views1 publi%$ 9 #ahhj1 are said to h   
met ) sl[ & sulky acquiesc5ce 7p4 #cje74

 ,i h prov$ t !y _c be said to h met )  
g5]al acquiesc5ce ( any sort1 :e!r quick
 & *e]ful1 or sl[ & sulky2 & if ?is     
ass]tion is meant to convey ! impression
 t ,mr4 ,murray's views h be5 ignor$1 t 
!re has be5 a conspiracy ( sil5ce aga9/ 
!m1 x is utt]ly contr>y to notori\s     
fact4  ,pr(essor ,geikie's well-kn[n    
,textbook ( ,geology 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhb1 
& at pages #deg-dei ( t "w !re is a     
c>eful exposition ( ,mr4 ,murray's      
views4 ,moreov] ,pr(essor ,geikie has   
specially advocat$ !m on o!r            
occasions1#ca notably 9 a long article  
on ,! ,orig9 ( ,coral-,reefs1 publi%$ 9 
two numb]s ( ,nature = #ahhc1 & 9 a     
,presid5tial ,address deliv]$ 9 ! same  
ye>4 ,if1 9 s %ort a "t aft] !          
publication ( 8 views1 ,mr4 ,murray c\ld
 boa/ ( a conv]t1 s di/+ui%$ &          
influ5tial z ! ,director ( ! ,geological
 ,survey1 x seems to me t ?is wond]ful  
conspiration de sil5ce 7:i* has ab\t z  
mu* real exi/5ce z ! ,duke ( ,argyll's  
o!r bogie1 ,! ,reign ( ,t]ror 7 mu/ h   

ipso facto collaps$4 ,i wi% t1 :5 ,i 0 a
 "y man1 my endeav\rs to upset "s       
preval5t errors _h met ) z spe$y &      
effectual back+4  ,sev5?3--       444   
,mr4 ,john ,murray 0 /rongly advis$     
aga9/ !      publication ( 8 views 9    
d]ogation ( ,d>w9's      long-accept$   
!ory ( ! coral isl&s1 & 0 actually      
induc$ to delay x = two ye>s4 ,yet !    
late ,sir ,wyville      ,?omson1 :o 0 at
 ! head ( ! naturali/s ( !      ,*all5g]
 exp$ition1 0 himself conv9c$ by ,mr4   
,murray's reason+ 7p4 #cjg74  ,cle>ly1  
!n1 x c\ld n be ,mr4 ,murray's (ficial  
*ief :o gave him ?is advice4 ,:o 0 x8 ,&
 :at 0 ! exact nature ( ! advice giv58  
,until we h "s precise in=mation on ?is 
head1 ,i %all take leave to d\bt :e!r   
?is /atem5t is m accurate ?an ^? :i* ,i 
h previ\sly cit$4  ,:e!r su* advice 0   
wise or fooli%1 j or immoral1 dep5ds    
entirely on ! motive ( ! p]son :o gave  
x4 ,if he meant to sugge/ to ,mr4       
,murray t x might be wise = a "y &      
comp>atively unkn[n man to walk w>ily1  

:5 he propos$ to attack a g5]alisation  
bas$ on _m ye>s' lab\r ( "o und\bt$ly   
compet5t p]son1 & =tifi$ by ! indep5d5t 
results ( ! _m ye>s' lab\r ( ano!r      
und\bt$ly compet5t p]son2 & ev51 if     
necess>y1 to take two :ole ye>s 9 =tify+
 8 position1 ,i ?9k t su* advice w\ld h 
be5 sagaci\s & k9d4 ,i suppose t !re are
 few work+ m5 ( sci5ce :o h n kept _!   
ideas to !mselves1 :ile ga!r+ & sift+   
evid5ce1 = a mu* long] p]iod ?an two    
ye>s4  ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,murray 0 
advis$ to delay ! publication ( 8       
criticisms1 simply to save ,mr4 ,d>w9's 
cr$it & to pres]ve "s reputation =      
infallibility1 :i* no "o ev] he>d (1 !n 
,i h no hesitation 9 decl>+ t 8 advis] 0
 pr(\ndly di%one/1 z well z extremely   
fooli%2 & t1 if he is a man ( sci5ce1 he
 has disgrac$ 8 call+4  ,b1 aft] all1   
?is suppos$ sci5tific ,a*itophel has n  
yet made good ! prim>y fact ( 8 exi/5ce4
 ,until ! ne$ful pro( is =?com+1 ,i ?9k 
,i am ju/ifi$ 9 susp5d+ my judgm5t z to 
:e!r he is mu* m ?an an anti-sci5tific  

my?4 ,i leave x to ! ,duke ( ,argyll to 
judge ( ! ext5t ( ! obligation "u :i*1 =
 8 own sake1 he may lie to produce !    
evid5ce on :i* 8 asp]sions ( ! hon\r (  
sci5tific m5 are bas$4 ,i _c pret5d t we
 are s]i\sly di/urb$ by *>ges :i* e "o  
:o is acqua9t$ ) ! tru? ( ! matt] kn[s  
to be ridicul\s2 b mud has a habit (    
/a9+ if x lies too long1 & x is z well  
to h x bru%$ (f z soon z may be4  ,s mu*
 = ! ,great ,lesson4 ,x is foll[$ by a  
,little ,lesson1 app>5tly direct$ aga9/ 
my infallibility--a doctr9e ab\t :i* ,i 
%\ld be incl9$ to p>aphrase ,wilkes's   
rem>k to ,george ! ,?ird1 :5 he decl>$ t
 he1 at any rate1 0 n a ,wilkite4 ,b ,i 
really %\ld be glad to ?9k t !re are p  
:o ne$ ! w>n+1 because !n x w be obvi\s 
t ?is rak+ up ( an old /ory _c h be5    
sugge/$ by a m]e fanatical desire to    
damage m5 ( sci5ce4 ,i c b rejoice1 !n1 
t ^! misguid$ en?usia/s1 ^: fai?1 9 me  
has s f> exce$$ ! b\nds ( reason1 %\ld  
be set "r4 ,b t want ( f9i% 9 ! matt] ( 
accuracy :i* s t]ribly m>s ! effect ( ! 

,great ,lesson1 is no less conspicu\s 9 
! case ( ! ,little ,lesson1 &1 in/ead ( 
sett+ my too f]v5t disciples "r1 x w set
 !m wrong4  ,! ,duke ( ,argyll1 9 tell+ 
! /ory ( ,ba?ybius1 says t my m9d 0     
caught by ?is new & gr& g5]alisation ( !
 physical basis ( life4 ,i nev] h be5   
guilty ( a reclamation ab\t any?+ to my 
cr$it1 & ,i d n mean to be2 b if !re is 
any blame go+1 ,i d n *oose to be       
relegat$ to a subord9ate place :5 ,i h a
 claim to ! fir/4 ,! responsibility = ! 
fir/ description & ! nam+ ( ,ba?ybius is
 m9e & m9e only4 ,! pap] on ,"s         
,organisms liv+ at great ,dep?s 9 !     
,atlantic ,ocean1 9 :i* ,i drew att5tion
 to ?is sub/ance1 is to be f\nd by !    
curi\s 9 ! eigh? volume ( ! ,qu>t]ly    
,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce1 & 0   
publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahfh4 ,:atev] errors   
are conta9$ 9 t pap] are my own peculi> 
prop]ty2 b nei!r at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% 
,association 9 #ahfh1 nor any:]e else1 h
 ,i gone beyond :at is !re /at$2 except 
9 s f> t1 at a long-subsequ5t meet+ ( ! 

,association1 be+ importun$ ab\t !      
subject1 ,i v5tur$ to express1 some:at  
emphatically1 ! wi% t ! ?+ 0 at ! bottom
 ( ! sea4  ,:at is meant by my be+      
caught by a g5]alisation ab\t ! physical
 basis ( life ,i d n "k2 /ill less c ,i 
und]/& ! ass]tion t ,ba?ybius 0 accept$ 
because ( its suppos$ h>mony ) ,d>w9's  
speculations4 ,t :i* int]e/$ me 9 !     
matt] 0 ! app>5t analogy ( ,ba?ybius )  
o!r well-kn[n =ms ( l[] life1 su* z !   
plasmodia ( ! ,myxomycetes & !          
,rhizopods4 ,speculative hopes or fe>s  
_h no?+ to d ) ! matt]2 & if ,ba?ybius 7
 br\ght up alive f ! bottom ( !         
,atlantic to-morr[1 ! fact w\ld n h !   
slighte/ be>+1 t ,i c disc]n1 ^u ,mr4   
,d>w9's speculations1 or ^u any ( !     
disput$ problems ( biology4 ,x w\ld     
m]ely be "o elem5t>y organism ! m add$  
to ! ?\s&s already kn[n4  ,up to ?is    
mom5t ,i 0 n aw>e ( ! univ]sal fav\r )  
:i* ,ba?ybius 0 receiv$4#cb ,^?         
simulators ( an ignorant mob :o1 accord+
 to ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 welcom$ ,d>w9's  

!ory ( coral-reefs1 made no demon/ration
 9 my fav\r1 unless 8 ,grace includes   
,sir ,wyville ,?omson1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1    
,dr4 ,bessels1 & ,pr(essor ,haeckel "u t
 head4 ,on ! contr>y1 a sagaci\s fri5d (
 m9e1 ?an :om !re 0 no m compet5t judge1
 ! late ,mr4 ,george ,busk1 0 n to be   
conv]t$2 :ile1 long be=e ! ,*all5g] "w1 
,ehr5b]g wrote to me v sceptically2 & ,i
 fully expect$ t t em95t man w\ld fav\r 
me ) pretty %>p criticism4 ,un=tunately1
 he di$ %ortly aft]w>ds1 & no?+ f him1 t
 ,i "k (1 appe>$4 ,:5 ,sir ,wyville     
,?omson wrote to me a brief acc\nt ( !  
results obta9$ on bo>d ! ,*all5g] ,i s5t
 ?is /atem5t to ,nature1 9 :i* j\rnal x 
appe>$ ! foll[+ week1 )\t any fur!r note
 or comm5t ?an 0 ne$ful to expla9 !     
circum/ances4 ,9 ?us all[+ judgm5t to g 
by default1 ,i am afraid ,i %[$ a       
reckless & ungraci\s disreg>d = ! feel+s
 ( ! believ]s 9 my infallibility4 ,no   
d\bt ,i ought to h h$g$ & f5c$ &        
att5uat$ ! effect ( ,sir ,wyville       
,?omson's brief note 9 e possible way4  

,or p]haps ,i ought to h suppress$ !    
note altoge!r1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 a m]e ex
 p>te /atem5t4 ,my excuse is t1 not)/&+ 
a l>ge & abid+ fai? 9 human folly1 ,i   
did n "k !n1 any m ?an ,i "k n[1 t !re 0
 anybody fooli% en\gh to be unaw>e t !  
only p sci5tific or o!r1 :o nev] make   
mi/akes are ^? :o d no?+2 or t anybody1 
= ^: op9ion ,i c>$1 w\ld n r see me     
commit t5 blund]s ?an try to hide "o4   
,p5d+ ! production ( fur!r evid5ce1 ,i  
hold t ! exi/5ce ( p :o believe 9 !     
infallibility ( m5 ( sci5ce is z purely 
my?ical z t ( ! evil c\nsellor :o advis$
 ! )hold+ ( ! tru? le/ x %\ld conflict )
 t belief4  ,i v5ture to ?9k1 !n1 t !   
,duke ( ,argyll might h sp>$ 8 ,little  
,lesson z well z 8 ,great ,lesson )     
advantage4 ,! pat]nal au?ority :o :ips !
 *ild = s9s he has n committ$ does n    
/r5g!n 8 moral influ5ce--r excites      
contempt & repugnance4 ,& if1 z w\ld    
seem f ?is & =m] monitory allocutions   
:i* h be5 address$ to u1 ! ,duke aspires
 to ! position ( c5sor1 or spiritual    

director1 9 relation to ! m5 :o are do+ 
! "w ( physical sci5ce1 he really mu/   
get up 8 facts bett]4 ,!re w be an end  
to all *ance ( our kiss+ ! rod if 8     
,grace goes wrong a ?ird "t4 ,he mu/ n  
say aga9 t no s]i\s reply has be5       
attempt$ to a view :i* 0 discuss$ &     
repudiat$1 two ye>s be=e1 by "o ( !     
highe/ extant au?orities on ! subject2  
he mu/ n say t ,d>w9 accept$ t :i* x c  
be prov$ he did n accept2 he mu/ n say t
 a doctr9e has dropp$ into ! abyss :5 x 
is q obvi\sly alive & kick+ at !        
surface2 he mu/ n assimilate a man l    
,pr(essor ,dana to ! compon5ts ( an     
ignorant mob2 he mu/ n say t ?+s are    
beg9n+ to be kn[n :i* are n kn[n at all2
 he mu/ n say t sl[ & sulky acquiesc5ce 
has be5 giv5 to t :i* _c yet boa/ (     
g5]al acquiesc5ce ( any k9d2 he mu/ n   
sugge/ t a view :i* has be5 publicly    
advocat$ by ! ,director ( ! ,geological 
,survey & no less publicly discuss$ by  
_m o!r au?oritative writ]s has be5      
int5tionally & sy/ematically ignor$2 he 

mu/ n ascribe ill motives = a c\rse (   
action :i* is ! only prop] "o2 & f9ally1
 if any "o b myself 7 int]e/$1 ,i %\ld  
say t he _h bett] n wa/e 8 "t 9 rak+ up 
! errors ( ^? ^: lives h be5 occupi$1 n 
9 talk+ ab\t sci5ce1 b 9 toil+1         
sometimes ) success & sometimes )       
failure1 to get "s real "w done4  ,! mo/
 consid]able diff]5ce ,i note among m5  
is n 9 _! read9ess to fall into error1 b
 9 _! read9ess to ackn[l$ge ^!          
inevitable lapses4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll   
has n[ a spl5did opportunity = prov+ to 
! _w 9 :i* ( ^! categories x is h]eaft] 
to rank him4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,de> ,,pr(essor  
,,huxley1--,a %ort "t be=e ,mr4 ,d>w9's 
dea?1 ,i _h a conv]sation )1 him conc]n+
 ! obs]vations :i* _h be5 made by ,mr4  
,murray ^u coral-reefs1 & ! speculations
 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ ^u ^? obs]vations4 ,i 
f\nd t ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h v c>efully consid]$
 ! :ole subject1 & t :ile1 on ! "o h&1  
he did n reg>d ! actual facts record$ by
 ,mr4 ,murray z absolutely inconsi/5t ) 

8 own !ory ( subsid5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 he 
did n believe t !y necessitat$ or       
support$ ! hypo!sis advanc$ by ,mr4     
,murray4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's attitude1 z ,i    
und]/ood x1 t[>ds ,mr4 ,murray's        
objections to ! !ory ( subsid5ce 0      
exactly simil> to t ma9ta9$ by him )    
respect to ,pr(essor ,semp]'s criticism1
 :i* 0 ( a v simil> "*2 & 8 position )  
reg>d to ! :ole "q 0 almo/ id5tical ) t 
subsequ5tly s cle>ly def9$ by ,pr(essor 
,dana 9 8 well-kn[n articles publi%$ 9 !
 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = #ahhe4  ,x
 is difficult to imag9e h[ any "o1      
acqua9t$ ) ! sci5tific lit]ature ( ! la/
 sev5 ye>s1 c\ld possibly sugge/ t ,mr4 
,murray's memoir publi%$ 9 #ahhj _h     
fail$ to secure a due am\nt ( att5tion4 
,mr4 ,murray1 by 8 position 9 ! ,*all5g]
 (fice1 occupi$ an exceptionally        
fav\rable position = mak+ 8 views widely
 kn[n2 & he _h1 moreov]1 ! s+ul> good   
=tune to secure f ! fir/ ! advocacy ( s 
able & brilliant a writ] z ,pr(essor    
,ar*ibald ,geikie1 :o 9 a special       

disc\rse & 9 sev]al treatises on geology
 & physical geology v /rongly support$ !
 new !ory4 ,x w\ld be an endless task to
 attempt to give ref]5ces to ! v>i\s    
sci5tific j\rnals :i* h discuss$ !      
subject1 b ,i may add t e treatise on   
geology :i* has be5 publi%$1 s9ce ,mr4  
,murray's views 7 made kn[n1 has dealt )
 8 obs]vations at consid]able l5g?4 ,?is
 is true ( ,pr(essor ,a4,h4 ,gre5's     
,physical ,geology1 publi%$ 9 #ahhb2 (  
,pr(essor ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 ,*emical 
& ,physical2 & ( ,pr(essor ,james       
,geikie's ,outl9es ( ,geology1 publi%$ 9
 #ahhf4 ,simil> prom95ce is giv5 to !   
subject 9 ,de ,lapp>5t's ,trait de      
,gologie1 publi%$ 9 #ahhe1 & 9 ,cr$n]'s 
,elem5te d] ,geologie1 :i* has appe>$   
dur+ ! pres5t ye>4 ,if ?is be a         
conspiracy ( sil5ce1 :]e1 alas6 c !     
geological speculator seek =            
fame8--,y\rs v truly1 ,,john ,w4 ,,judd4
  ,octob] #aj1 #ahhg4  ,,footnotes3     
#bh ,! ,advance ( ,sci5ce4 ,?ree s]mons 
prea*$ 9           ,man*e/] ,ca!dral on 

,sunday1 ,septemb] #d1 #ahhg1           
dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = 
!           ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 by ! 
,bi%op ( ,c>lisle1 !           ,bi%op ( 
,b$=d1 & ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/]4       #bi 
,repr9t$ 9 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ( ?is collection4
       #cj ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1  
#ahhe1 p4 #aij4       #ca ,pr(essor     
,geikie1 h[ev]1 ?\gh a /rong1 is a fair 
& c&id advocate4 ,he says ( ,d>w9's     
!ory1 ,t           x may be possibly    
true1 9 "s in/ances1 may be             
readily grant$4 ,= ,pr(essor ,geikie1   
!n1 x is n           yet ov]-?r[n--/ill 
less a dream4       #cb ,i f9d1 moreov]1
 t ,i specially w>n$ my read]s          
aga9/ ha/y judgm5t4 ,aft] /at+ ! facts (
           obs]vation1 ,i add1 ,i h1    
hi!rto1 said no?+           ab\t _!     
mean+1 z1 9 an inquiry s difficult &    
fraught ) int]e/ z ?is1 x seems to me to
 be 9           ! highe/ degree         
important to keep ! que/ions (          
fact & ! que/ions ( int]pretation well  
ap>t           7p4 #baj74     ,v3 ,,!   

,,value ,,( ,,witness ,,to ,,!          
,,miracul\s  #ahhi   ,*>les1 or1 m      
prop]ly1 ,k>l1 ,k+ ( ! ,franks1         
consecrat$ ,roman ,emp]or 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s 
on ,*ri/mas ,day1 ,a4,d4 #hjj1 & kn[n to
 po/]ity z ! ,great 7*iefly by 8        
agglut9ative ,gallicis$ d5om9ation1 (   
,*>lemagne71 0 a man great 9 all ways1  
physically & m5tally4 ,)9 a c\ple (     
c5turies aft] 8 dea? ,*>lemagne became !
 c5tre ( innum]able leg5ds2 & ! my?-mak+
 process does n seem to h be5 s5sibly   
int]f]$ ) by ! exi/5ce ( sob] & tru?ful 
hi/ories ( ! ,emp]or & ( ! times :i*    
imm$iately prec$$ & foll[$ 8 reign by a 
contempor>y writ] :o occupi$ a high &   
confid5tial position 9 8 c\rt1 & 9 t ( 8
 successor4 ,?is 0 "o ,eg9h>d1 or       
,e9h>d1 :o appe>s to h be5 born ab\t    
,a4,d4 #ggj1 & sp5t 8 y\? at ! c\rt1 be+
 educat$ along ) ,*>les's sons4 ,!re is 
excell5t contempor>y te/imony n only to 
,eg9h>d's exi/5ce1 b to 8 abilities1 &  
to ! place :i* he occupi$ 9 ! circle ( !
 intimate fri5ds ( ! great rul] ^: life 

he subsequ5tly wrote4 ,9 fact1 !re is z 
good evid5ce ( ,eg9h>d's exi/5ce1 ( 8   
(ficial position1 & ( 8 be+ ! au?or ( ! 
*ief works attribut$ to him1 z c        
reasonably be expect$ 9 ! case ( a man  
:o liv$ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & 0 nei!r
 a great k+ nor a great w>rior4 ,! works
 are--#a4 ,! ,life ( ! ,emp]or ,k>l4 #b4
 ,! ,annals ( ! ,franks4 #c4 ,lett]s4   
#d4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,translation ( !     
,bless$ ,m>tyrs ( ,*ri/1 ,,ss4          
,m>cell9us & ,petrus4  ,x is to ! la/1 z
 "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & int]e/+ records ( ! 
p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,roman _w pass$ into t 
( ! ,middle ,ages1 t ,i wi% to direct   
att5tion4#cc ,x 0 writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury1
 some:]e1 app>5tly1 ab\t ! ye> #hcj1 :5 
,eg9h>d1 ail+ 9 heal? & we>y ( political
 life1 _h )drawn to ! mona/]y (         
,selig5/adt1 ( :i* he 0 ! f\nd]4 ,a     
manuscript copy ( ! "w1 made 9 ! t5?    
c5tury1 & once ! prop]ty ( ! mona/]y (  
,/4 ,bavon on ! ,s*eldt1 ( :i* ,eg9h>d 0
 ,abbot1 is /ill extant1 & !re is no    
reason to believe t1 9 ?is copy1 !      

orig9al has be5 9 any way int]polat$ or 
o!rwise tamp]$ )4 ,! ma9 features ( !   
/range /ory conta9$ 9 ! ,hi/oria        
,translationis are set =? 9 ! foll[+    
pages1 9 :i*1 9 reg>d to all matt]s (   
importance1 ,i %all adh]e z closely z   
possible to ,eg9h>d's own words4        
,:ile ,i 0 /ill at ,c\rt1 busi$ ) secul>
 affairs1 ,i      (t5 ?\ght ( ! leisure 
:i* ,i hop$ "o day to enjoy      9 a    
solit>y place1 f> away f ! cr[d1 ) :i* !
      lib]ality ( ,pr9ce ,l\is1 :om ,i  
!n s]v$1 _h provid$      me4 ,?is place 
is situat$ 9 t "p ( ,g]many :i*         
lies betwe5 ! ,neck> & ! ,ma9e1#cd & is 
n[adays      call$ ! ,od5wald by ^? :o  
live 9 & ab\t x4 ,&      "h hav+ built1 
accord+ to my capacity & res\rces1      
n only h\ses & p]man5t dwell+s1 b also a
 basilica      fitt$ = ! p]=mance (     
div9e s]vice & ( no mean      /yle (    
con/ruction1 ,i began to ?9k to :at sa9t
 or      m>tyr ,i c\ld be/ d$icate x4 ,a
 good deal ( "t _h      pass$ :ile my   
?\ghts fluctuat$ ab\t ?is matt]1 :5     

x happ5$ t a c]ta9 deacon ( ! ,roman    
,*ur*1 nam$      ,deusdona1 arriv$ at ! 
,c\rt = ! purpose ( seek+      ! fav\r (
 ! ,k+ 9 "s affairs 9 :i* he 0          
int]e/$4 ,he rema9$ "s "t2 & !n1 hav+   
transact$ 8 bus9ess1 he 0 ab\t to return
 to ,rome1      :5 "o day1 mov$ by      
c\rtesy to a /rang]1 we invit$      him 
to a mode/ refection2 & :ile talk+ ( _m 
?+s      at table1 m5tion 0 made ( !    
translation ( ! body (      ! bless$    
,seba/ian1#ce & ( ! neglect$ tombs (    
! m>tyrs1 ( :i* !re is su* a prodigi\s  
numb] at      ,rome2 & ! conv]sation    
hav+ turn$ t[>ds !      d$ication ( our 
new basilica1 ,i began to inquire h[ x  
might be possible = me to obta9 "s ( !  
true relics      ( ! sa9ts :i* re/ at   
,rome4 ,he at fir/ hesitat$1 &          
decl>$ t he did n "k h[ t c\ld be done4 
,b      obs]v+ t ,i 0 bo? anxi\s &      
curi\s ab\t !      subject1 he promis$  
to give me an answ] "s o!r day4         
,:5 ,i return$ to ! "q "s "t aft]w>ds1  
he      imm$iately drew f 8 bosom a     

pap]1 :i* he begg$ me      to read :5 ,i
 0 alone1 & to tell him :at ,i 0        
dispos$ to ?9k ( t :i* 0 !re9 /at$4 ,i  
took      ! pap] &1 z he desir$1 read x 
alone & 9 secret4      7,cap4 i4 #b1    
#c47  ,i %all h occasion to return to   
,deacon ,deusdona's conditions1 & to :at
 happ5$ aft] ,eg9h>d's acceptance ( !m4 
,suffice x1 = ! pres5t1 to say t        
,eg9h>d's not>y1 ,ratleicus 7,ratleig71 
0 despat*$ to ,rome & succe$$ 9 secur+  
two bodies1 suppos$ to be ^? ( ! holy   
m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,petrus2 & :5 he _h 
got z f> on 8 homew>d j\rney z !        
,burgundian t[n ( ,solo?urn1 or         
,soleure1#cf not>y ,ratleig despat*$ to 
8 ma/]1 at ,/4 ,bavon1 a lett] ann\nc+ !
 success ( 8 mission4       ,z soon z by
 read+ x ,i 0 assur$ ( ! arrival ( !    
sa9ts1 ,i despat*$ a confid5tial mess5g]
 to ,mae/ri*t      to ga!r toge!r       
prie/s1 o!r cl]ics1 & also laym51       
to g out to meet ! com+ sa9ts z spe$ily 
z possible4      ,& he & 8 companions1  
hav+ lo/ no "t1 aft] a few      days met

 ^? :o _h *>ge ( ! sa9ts at ,solo?urn4  
,jo9$ ) !m1 & ) a va/ cr[d ( p :o       
ga!r$ f all p>ts1 s++ hymns1 & amid/    
great &      univ]sal rejoic+s1 !y      
travell$ quickly to ! city (            
,arg5toratum1 :i* is n[ call$ ,/rasburg4
 ,!nce      emb>k+ on ! ,rh9e1 !y came  
to ! place call$      ,portus1#cg & l&+ 
on ! ea/ bank ( ! riv]1 at      ! fif?  
/ation !nce !y arriv$ at ,mi*il9/adt1#ch
      accompani$ by an imm5se multitude1
 prais+ ,god4 ,?is      place is 9 t =e/
 ( ,g]many :i* 9 mod]n times is         
call$ ! ,od5wald1 & ab\t six leagues f !
 ,ma9e4      ,& "h1 hav+ f\nd a basilica
 rec5tly built by me1 b      n yet      
consecrat$1 !y c>ri$ ! sacr$ rema9s into
 x      & deposit$ !m !re91 z if x 7 to 
be _! f9al      re/+-place4 ,z soon z   
all ?is 0 report$ to me ,i      travell$
 ?i!r z quickly z ,i c\ld4 7,cap4 ii4   
#ad47  ,?ree days aft] ,eg9h>d's arrival
 began ! s]ies ( wond]ful ev5ts :i* he  
n>rates1 & = :i* we h 8 p]sonal         
gu>antee4 ,! fir/ ?+ t he notices is !  

dream ( a s]vant ( ,ratleig1 ! not>y1   
:o1 be+ set to wat* ! holy relics 9 !   
*ur* aft] vesp]s1 w5t to sleep &1 dur+ 8
 slumb]s1 _h a vision ( two pigeons1 "o 
:ite & "o gray & :ite1 :i* came & sat ^u
 ! bi] ov] ! relics2 :ile1 at ! same "t1
 a voice ord]$ ! man to tell 8 ma/] t ! 
holy m>tyrs _h *os5 ano!r re/+-place &  
desir$ to be transport$ ?i!r )\t delay4 
,un=tunately1 ! sa9ts seem to h =gott5  
to m5tion :]e !y wi%$ to g2 &1 ) ! mo/  
anxi\s desire to gratify _! smalle/     
wi%es1 ,eg9h>d 0 naturally greatly      
p]plex$ :at to d4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate (    
m9d1 he 0 "o day contemplat+ 8 great &  
wond]ful treasure1 m preci\s ?an all !  
gold 9 ! _w1 :5 x /ruck him t ! *e/ 9   
:i* ! relics 7 conta9$ 0 q unwor?y ( its
 cont5ts2 &1 aft] vesp]s1 he gave ord]s 
to "o ( ! sacri/ans to take ! measure ( 
! *e/ 9 ord] t a m fitt+ %r9e might be  
con/ruct$4 ,! man1 hav+ light$ a wax    
c&le & rais$ ! pall :i* cov]$ ! relics1 
9 ord] to c>ry out 8 ma/]'s ord]s1 0    
a/oni%$ & t]rifi$ to obs]ve t ! *e/ 0   

cov]$ ) a blood-l exudation 7loculum    
mirum 9 modum humore sangu9eo undique   
di/illantem71 & at once s5t a message to
 ,eg9h>d4       ,!n ,i & ^? prie/s :o   
accompani$ me beheld ?is      /up5d\s   
miracle1 wor?y ( all admiration4 ,= j z 
:5 x is go+ to ra91 pill>s & slabs &    
m>ble      images exude moi/ure1 &1 z x 
71 sweat1 s ! *e/      :i* conta9$ ! mo/
 sacr$ relics 0 f\nd moi/ )      ! blood
 exud+ on all sides4 7,cap4 ii4 #af47   
,?ree days' fa/ 0 orda9$ 9 ord] t !     
mean+ ( ! port5t might be asc]ta9$4 ,all
 t happ5$1 h[ev]1 0 t1 at ! end ( t "t1 
! blood1 :i* _h be5 exud+ 9 drops all ! 
:ile1 dri$ up4 ,eg9h>d is c>eful to say 
t ! liquid _h a sal9e ta/e1 some?+ l t (
 te>s1 & 0 ?9 z wat] ?\gh ( ! col\r (   
true blood1 & he cle>ly ?9ks ?is        
satisfactory evid5ce t x 0 blood4  ,!   
same night1 ano!r s]vant _h a vision1 9 
:i* /ill m imp]ative ord]s = ! removal (
 ! relics 7 giv52 &1 f t "t =?1 n a s+le
 night pass$ )\t "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree ( 
our companions receiv+ revelations 9    

dreams t ! bodies ( ! sa9ts 7 to be     
transf]r$ f t place to ano!r4 ,at la/ a 
prie/1 ,hildfrid1 saw1 9 a dream1 a     
v5]able :ite-hair$ man 9 a prie/'s      
ve/m5ts1 :o bitt]ly reproa*$ ,eg9h>d = n
 obey+ ! repeat$ ord]s ( ! sa9ts2 &1 ^u 
?is1 ! j\rney 0 comm5c$4 ,:y ,eg9h>d    
delay$ ob$i5ce to ^! repeat$ visions s  
long does n appe>4 ,he does n say s1 9 s
 _m words1 b ! g5]al t5or ( ! n>rative  
leads "o to suppose t ,mul9heim         
7aft]w>ds ,selig5/adt7 is ! solit>y     
place 9 :i* he _h built ! *ur* :i*      
await$ d$ication4 ,9 t case1 all ! p    
ab\t him w\ld "k t he desir$ t ! sa9ts  
%\ld g !re4 ,if a glimm]+ ( secul> s5se 
l$ him to be a little suspici\s ab\t !  
real cause ( ! unanimity ( ! vision>y   
be+s :o manife/$ !mselves to 8 ent\rage1
 9 fav\r ( mov+ on1 he does n say s4    
,at ! end ( ! fir/ day's j\rney1 !      
preci\s relics 7 deposit$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4
 ,m>t91 9 ! village ( ,o/heim4 ,hi!r1 a 
p>alytic nun 7sanctimonialis qudam      
p>alytica7 ( ! "n ( ,ruodlang 0 br\ght1 

9 a c>1 by h] fri5ds & relatives f a    
mona/]y a league (f4 ,%e sp5t ! night   
wat*+ & pray+ by ! bi] ( ! sa9ts2 &     
heal? return+ to all h] memb]s1 on !    
morr[ %e w5t back to h] place :5ce %e   
came1 on h] feet1 nobody support+ h]1 or
 9 any way giv+ h] assi/ance4 7,cap4 ii4
 #ai47  ,on ! second day1 ! relics 7    
c>ri$ to ,upp] ,mul9heim2 &1 f9ally1 9  
accordance ) ! ord]s ( ! m>tyrs1        
deposit$ 9 ! *ur* ( t place1 :i* 0 !re=e
 r5am$ ,selig5/adt4 ,"h1 ,daniel1 a     
begg> boy ( fifte51 & s b5t t he c\ld n 
look at ! sky )\t ly+ on 8 back1        
collaps$ & fell d[n dur+ ! celebration (
 ! ,mass4 ,?us he lay a long "t1 z if   
asleep1 & all 8 limbs /raight5+ & 8 fle%
 /r5g!n+ 7recepta firmitate n]vorum71 he
 arose be=e our eyes1 q well4 7,cap4 ii4
 #bj47  ,"s "t aft]w>ds an old man ent]$
 ! *ur* on 8 h&s & knees1 be+ unable to 
use 8 limbs prop]ly3--       ,he1 9     
pres5ce ( all ( u1 by ! p[] ( ,god & !  
m]its ( ! bless$ m>tyrs1 9 ! same h\r 9 
:i* he      ent]$ 0 s p]fectly cur$ t he

 walk$ )\t s      mu* z a /ick4 ,& he   
said t1 ?\gh he _h be5 deaf      = five 
ye>s1 8 deafness _h ceas$ along ) !     
palsy4 7,cap4 iii4 #cc47  ,eg9h>d 0 n[  
oblig$ to return to ! ,c\rt at          
,aix-la-,*apelle1 :]e 8 duties kept him 
?r\gh ! w9t]2 & he is c>eful to po9t out
 t ! lat] miracles :i* he proce$s to    
speak ( are kn[n to him only at second  
h&4 ,b1 z he naturally obs]ves1 hav+ se5
 su* wond]ful ev5ts ) 8 own eyes1 :y    
%\ld he d\bt simil> n>rations :5 !y are 
receiv$ f tru/wor?y s\rces8  ,wond]ful  
/ories ^! are inde$1 b z !y are1 = ! mo/
 "p1 ( ! same g5]al "* z ^? already     
rec\nt$1 !y may be pass$ ov]4 ,!re is1  
h[ev]1 an acc\nt ( a possess$ maid5 :i* 
is wor? att5tion4 ,?is is set =? 9 a    
memoir1 ! pr9cipal cont5ts ( :i* are !  
spee*es ( a demon :o decl>$ himself to  
possess ! s+ul> appellation ( ,wiggo1 & 
reveal$ himself 9 ! pres5ce ( _m        
witnesses1 be=e ! alt>1 close to !      
relics ( ! bless$ m>tyrs4 ,x is         
notewor?y t ! revelations appe> to h be5

 made 9 ! %ape ( replies to ! que/ions (
 ! exorcis+ prie/2 & !re is no means (  
judg+ h[ f> ! answ]s are1 really1 only !
 que/ions to :i* ! pati5t repli$ yes or 
no4  ,! possess$ girl1 ab\t sixte5 ye>s 
( age1 0 br\ght by h] p>5ts to !        
basilica ( ! m>tyrs4       ,:5 %e       
approa*$ ! tomb conta9+ ! sacr$ bodies1 
! prie/1 accord+ to cu/om1 read ! =mula 
(      exorcism ov] h] head4 ,:5 he     
began to ask h[ & :5      ! demon _h    
ent]$ h]1 %e answ]$1 n 9 ! tongue      (
 ! b>b>ians1 :i* alone ! girl knew1 b 9 
!      ,roman tongue4 ,& :5 ! prie/ 0   
a/oni%$ & ask$      h[ %e came to "k    
,lat91 :5 h] p>5ts1 :o /ood by1      7  
:olly ignorant ( x1 ,?\ ha/ nev] se5 my 
p>5ts1 0 ! reply4 ,to ?is ! prie/1 ,:5ce
 art      ?\1 !n1 if ^! are n ?y p>5ts8 
,& ! demon1 by      ! m\? ( ! girl1 ,i  
am a foll[] & disciple (      ,satan1 & 
= a long "t ,i 0 gatekeep] 7janitor7 9  
hell2 b = "s ye>s1 along ) elev5        
companions1 ,i      h ravag$ ! k+dom ( !
 ,franks4 7,cap4 v4 #di47  ,he !n goes  

on to tell h[ !y bla/$ ! crops & scatt]$
 pe/il5ce among bea/s & m51 because ( ! 
preval5t wick$ness ( ! p4#ci  ,!        
enum]ation ( all ^! iniquities1 9       
oratorical /yle1 takes up a :ole octavo 
page2 & at ! end x is /at$1 ,all ^! ?+s 
! demon spoke 9 ,lat9 by ! m\? ( ! girl4
       ,& :5 ! prie/ imp]atively ord]$  
him to come out1 ,i      %all g1 said   
he1 n 9 ob$i5ce to y1 b on acc\nt      (
 ! p[] ( ! sa9ts1 :o d n all[ me to     
rema9      any long]4 ,& hav+ said ?is1 
he ?rew ! girl d[n on      ! floor & !re
 compell$ h] to lie pro/rate = a        
"t1 z ?\gh %e slumb]$4 ,aft] a little   
:ile1      h[ev]1 he go+ away1 ! girl1  
by ! p[] ( ,*ri/ &      ! m]its ( !     
bless$ m>tyrs1 z x 7 awak+ f      sleep1
 rose up q well1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( all   
pres5t2 nor aft] ! demon _h gone out 0  
%e able to      speak ,lat93 s t x 0    
pla9 en\gh t x 0 n %e      :o _h spok5 9
 t tongue1 b ! demon by h] m\?4         
7,cap4 v4 #ea47  ,if ! ,hi/oria         
,translationis conta9$ no?+ m ?an has   

be5 laid be=e ! read]1 up to ?is "t1    
disbelief 9 ! miracles ( :i* x gives s  
precise & full a record might well be   
reg>d$ z hyp]-scepticism4 ,x might      
fairly be said1 ,"h y h a man1 ^: high  
"*1 acute intellig5ce1 & l>ge in/ruction
 are c]tifi$ by em95t contempor>ies2 a  
man :o /ood high 9 ! confid5ce ( "o ( ! 
greate/ rul]s ( any age1 & ^: o!r works 
prove him to be an accurate & judici\s  
n>rator ( ord9>y ev5ts4 ,?is man tells  
y1 9 language :i* be>s ! /amp ( s9c]ity1
 ( ?+s :i* happ5$ )9 8 own k1 or )9 t ( 
p]sons 9 ^: v]acity he has entire       
confid5ce1 :ile he appeals to 8 sov]eign
 & ! c\rt z witnesses ( o!rs2 :at       
possible gr\nd c !re be = disbeliev+    
him8  ,well1 x is h>d ^u ,eg9h>d to say 
s1 b x is exactly ! hone/y & s9c]ity ( !
 man :i* are 8 undo+ z a witness to !   
miracul\s4 ,he himself makes x q obvi\s 
t :5 8 pr(\nd piety comes on ! /age1 8  
good s5se & ev5 8 p]ception ( "r &      
wrong1 make _! exit4 ,let u g back to ! 
po9t at :i* we left him1 secretly p]us+ 

! lett] ( ,deacon ,deusdona4 ,z he tells
 u1 its cont5ts 7       t he ! deacon _h
 _m relics ( sa9ts at home1 &      t he 
w\ld give !m to me if ,i w\ld furni% him
 )      ! means ( return+ to ,rome2 he  
_h obs]v$ t ,i _h      two mules1 & if  
,i w\ld let him h "o ( !m & w\ld        
despat* ) him a confid5tial s]vant to   
take *>ge (      ! relics1 he w\ld at   
once s5d !m to me4 ,?is plausibly       
express$ proposition pleas$ me1 & ,i    
made up my m9d to      te/ ! value ( !  
some:at ambigu\s promise at             
once2#dj s giv+ him ! mule & money = 8  
j\rney ,i      ord]$ my not>y ,ratleig  
7:o already desir$ to g to ,rome      to
 (f] 8 devotions !re7 to g ) him4       
,!re=e1      hav+ left ,aix-la-,*apelle 
7:]e ! ,emp]or & 8 ,c\rt      resid$ at 
! "t7 !y came to ,soissons4 ,"h !y spoke
      ) ,hildo91 abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4
 ,m$>dus1      because ! said deacon _h 
assur$ him t he _h !      means ( plac+ 
9 8 possession ! body ( ! bless$        
,tiburtius ! ,m>tyr4 ,attract$ by :i*   

promises he      7,hildo97 s5t ) !m a   
c]ta9 prie/1 ,hunus by "n1 a      %>p   
man 7hom9em callidum71 :om he ord]$ to  
receive      & br+ back ! body ( ! m>tyr
 9 "q4 ,& s1      resum+ _! j\rney1 !y  
proce$$ to ,rome z fa/ z      !y c\ld4  
7,cap4 i4 #c47  ,un=tunately1 a s]vant (
 ! not>y1 "o ,reg9bald1 fell ill ( a    
t]tian fev]1 & imp$$ ! progress ( !     
p>ty4 ,h[ev]1 ?is piece ( adv]sity _h   
its sweet uses2 = ?ree days be=e !y     
rea*$ ,rome1 ,reg9bald _h a vision4     
,somebody habit$ z a deacon appe>$ to   
him & ask$ :y 8 ma/] 0 9 su* a hurry to 
get to ,rome2 & :5 ,reg9bald expla9$ _! 
bus9ess1 ?is vision>y deacon1 :o seems  
to h tak5 ! measure ( 8 bro!r 9 ! fle% )
 "s accuracy1 told him n by any means to
 expect t ,deusdona w\ld fulfil 8       
promises4 ,moreov]1 tak+ ! s]vant by !  
h&1 he l$ him to ! top ( a high m\nta9  
&1 %[+ him ,rome 7:]e ! man _h nev]     
be571 po9t$ out a *ur*1 add+ ,tell      
,ratleig ! ?+ he wants is hidd5 !re2 let
 him get x z quickly z he c & g back to 

8 ma/]4 ,by way ( a sign t ! ord] 0     
au?oritative1 ! s]vant 0 promis$ t1 f t 
"t =?1 8 fev] %\ld disappe>4 ,& z ! fev]
 did vani% to return no m1 ! fai? (     
,eg9h>d's p 9 ,deacon ,deusdona         
naturally vani%$ ) x 7et fidem diaconi  
promissis non hab]5t74 ,nev]!less1 !y   
put up at ! deacon's h\se ne> ,/4 ,pet] 
ad ,v9cula4 ,b "t w5t on & no relics    
made _! appe>ance1 :ile ! not>y & !     
prie/ 7 put (f ) all sorts ( excuses--! 
bro!r to :om ! relics _h be5 confid$ 0  
gone to ,b5ev5tum & n expect$ back = "s 
"t1 & s on--until ,ratleig & ,hunus     
began to despair1 & 7 m9d$ to return1   
infecto negotio4       ,b my not>y1     
call+ to m9d 8 s]vant's dream1 propos$  
to 8 companion t !y %\ld g to ! cemet]y 
:i*      _! ho/ _h talk$ ab\t )\t him4  
,s1 hav+ f\nd      & hir$ a guide1 !y   
w5t 9 ! fir/ place to !      basilica ( 
! bless$ ,tiburtius 9 ! ,via ,labicana1 
ab\t      ?ree ?\s& paces fron ! t[n1 & 
cauti\sly &      c>efully inspect$ !    
tomb ( t m>tyr1 9 ord] to      discov]  

:e!r x c\ld be op5$ )\t any "o be+      
! wis]4 ,!n !y desc5d$ into ! adjo9+    
crypt1 9      :i* ! bodies ( ! bless$   
m>tyrs ( ,*ri/1      ,m>cell9us &       
,petrus1 7 buri$2 &1 hav+ made out      
! nature ( _! tomb1 !y w5t away ?9k+ _! 
ho/      w\ld n "k :at !y _h be5 ab\t4  
,b ?+s fell out      diff]5tly f :at !y 
_h imag9$4 7,cap4 i4 #g47  ,9 fact1     
,deacon ,deusdona1 :o d\btless kept an  
eye on 8 gue/s1 knew all ab\t _!        
manoeuvres & made ha/e to (f] 8 s]vices1
 9 ord] t1 ) ! help ( ,god 7si ,deus    
votis eorum fav]e dign>etur71 !y %\ld   
all "w toge!r4 ,! deacon 0 evid5tly     
al>m$ le/ !y %\ld succe$ )\t 8 help4    
,s1 by way ( prep>ation = ! contemplat$ 
vol avec effraction !y fa/$ ?ree days2 &
 !n1 at night1 )\t be+ se51 !y betook   
!mselves to ! basilica ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1
 & tri$ to break op5 ! alt> erect$ ov] 8
 rema9s4 ,b ! m>ble prov+ too solid1 !y 
desc5d$ to ! crypt1 &1 hav+ evok$ our   
,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & ador$ ! holy m>tyrs1 
!y proce$$ to prise (f ! /one :i* cov]$ 

! tomb1 & !reby expos$ ! body ( ! mo/   
sacr$ m>tyr1 ,m>cell9us1 ^: head re/$ on
 a m>ble tablet on :i* 8 "n 0 inscrib$4 
,! body 0 tak5 up ) ! greate/ v5]ation1 
wrapp$ 9 a ri* cov]+1 & giv5 ov] to !   
keep+ ( ! deacon & 8 bro!r1 ,lunison1   
:ile ! /one 0 replac$ ) su* c>e t no    
sign ( ! !ft rema9$4  ,z sacrilegi\s    
proce$+s ( ?is k9d 7 puni%able ) dea? by
 ! ,roman law1 x seems n unnatural t    
,deacon ,deusdona %\ld h become uneasy1 
& h urg$ ,ratleig to be satisfi$ ) :at  
he _h got & be (f ) 8 spoils4 ,b ! not>y
 hav+ ?us clev]ly captur$ ! bless$      
,m>cell9us1 ?\ght x a pity he %\ld be   
p>t$ f ! bless$ ,petrus1 side by side ) 
:om he _h re/$1 = five hundr$ ye>s & m1 
9 ! same sepul*re 7z ,eg9h>d pa!tically 
obs]ves72 & ! pi\s man c\ld nei!r eat1  
dr9k1 nor sleep1 until he _h compass$ 8 
desire to re-unite ! sa9tly colleagues4 
,?is "t1 app>5tly 9 consequ5ce (        
,deusdona's opposition to any fur!r     
resurrectioni/ do+s1 he took c\nsel ) a 
,greek monk1 "o ,basil1 &1 accompani$ by

 ,hunus1 b say+ no?+ to ,deusdona1 !y   
committ$ ano!r sacrilegi\s burgl>y1     
secur+ ?is "t1 n only ! body ( ! bless$ 
,petrus1 b a quantity ( du/1 :i* !y     
agre$ ! prie/ %\ld take1 & tell 8       
employ] t x 0 ! rema9s ( ! bless$       
,tiburtius4 ,h[ ,deusdona 0 squ>$1 & :at
 he got = 8 n v valuable complicity 9 ^!
 transactions1 does n appe>4 ,b at la/ !
 relics 7 s5t (f 9 *>ge ( ,lunison1 !   
bro!r ( ,deusdona1 & ! prie/ ,hunus1 z  
f> z ,pavia1 :ile ,ratleig /opp$ beh9d =
 a week to see if ! robb]y 0 discov]$1  
&1 presumably1 to act z a bl9d1 if any  
hue & cry 0 rais$4 ,b1 z ev]y?+ rema9$  
quiet1 ! not>y betook himself to ,pavia1
 :]e he f\nd ,lunison & ,hunus await+ 8 
arrival4 ,! not>y's op9ion ( ! "* ( 8   
wor?y colleagues1 h[ev]1 may be ga!r$ f 
! fact t1 hav+ p]suad$ !m to set out 9  
advance along ! road :i* he told !m he 0
 ab\t to take1 he imm$iately adopt$     
ano!r r\te1 &1 travell+ by way ( ,/4    
,maurice & ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ev5tually  
rea*$ ,soleure4  ,eg9h>d tells all ?is  

/ory ) ! mo/ naive air ( unconsci\sness 
t !re is any?+ rem>kable ab\t an abbot1 
& a high (fic] ( /ate to boot1 be+ an   
accessory1 bo? be=e & aft] ! fact1 to a 
mo/ gross & sc&al\s act ( sacrilegi\s & 
burgl>i\s robb]y4 ,& an amus+ sequel to 
! /ory proves t1 :]e relics 7 conc]n$1 8
 fri5d ,hildo91 ano!r high ecclesia/ical
 dignit>y1 0 ev5 less scrupul\s ?an     
himself4  ,on go+ to ! palace e>ly "o   
morn+1 aft] ! sa9ts 7 safely be/[$ at   
,selig5/adt1 he f\nd ,hildo9 wait+ = an 
audi5ce 9 ! ,emp]or's ante*amb]1 & began
 to talk to him ab\t ! miracle ( !      
bloody exudation4 ,9 ! c\rse (          
conv]sation1 ,eg9h>d happ5$ to allude to
 ! rem>kable f95ess ( ! g>m5t ( ! bless$
 ,m>cell9us4 ,:]eupon ,abbot ,hildo9    
obs]v$ 7to ,eg9h>d's /upefaction7 t 8   
obs]vation 0 q correct4 ,mu* a/oni%$ at 
?is rem>k f a p]son :o 0 suppos$ n to h 
se5 ! relics1 ,eg9h>d ask$ him h[ he    
knew t8 ,^u ?is1 ,hildo9 saw t he _h    
bett] make a clean brea/ ( x1 & he told 
! foll[+ /ory1 :i* he _h receiv$ f 8    

prie/ly ag5t1 ,hunus4 ,:ile ,hunus &    
,lunison 7 at ,pavia1 wait+ = ,eg9h>d's 
not>y1 ,hunus 7accord+ to 8 own acc\nt7 
_h robb$ ! robb]s4 ,! relics 7 plac$ 9 a
 *ur*2 & a numb] ( laym5 & cl]ics1 ( :om
 ,hunus 0 "o1 und]took to keep wat* ov] 
!m4 ,"o night1 h[ev]1 all ! wat*]s1 save
 ! wide-awake ,hunus1 w5t to sleep2 &   
!n1 accord+ to ! /ory :i* ?is %>p       
ecclesia/ic foi/$ ^u 8 patron1       x 0
 borne 9 ^u 8 m9d t !re mu/ be "s great 
reason :y all ! p1 except himself1 _h   
sudd5ly      become somnol5t2 &1 det]m9+
 to avail himself ( !      opportunity  
?us (f]$ 7oblata occasione ut5dum71 he  
rose &1 hav+ light$ a c&le1 sil5tly     
approa*$ !      *e/s4 ,!n1 hav+ burnt   
?r\gh ! ?reads ( ! seals      ) ! flame 
( ! c&le1 he quickly op5$ ! *e/s1       
:i* _h no locks2#da & tak+ out portions 
( ea* (      ! bodies :i* 7 ?us expos$1 
he clos$ ! *e/s      & connect$ ! burnt 
ends ( ! ?reads ) ! seals      aga91 s t
 !y appe>$ n to h be5 t\*$2 &1      no  
"o hav+ se5 him1 he return$ to 8 place4 

7,cap4 iii4      #bc47  ,hildo9 w5t on  
to tell ,eg9h>d t ,hunus at fir/ decl>$ 
to him t ^! purlo9$ relics belong$ to   
,/4 ,tiburtius2 b aft]w>ds confess$1 z a
 great secret1 h[ he _h come by !m1 & he
 w\nd up 8 disc\rse ?us3       ,!y h a  
place ( hon\r beside ,/4 ,m$>dus1 :]e !y
      are wor%ipp$ ) great v5]ation by  
all ! p2 b      :e!r we may keep !m or n
 is = y\r judgm5t 7,cap4      iii4 #bc47
  ,poor ,eg9h>d 0 ?r[n into a /ate (    
great p]turbation ( m9d by ?is          
revelation4 ,an acqua9tance ( 8 _h      
rec5tly told him ( a rum\r t 0 spread   
ab\t t ,hunus _h contriv$ to ab/ract all
 ! rema9s ( ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus  
:ile ,eg9h>d's ag5ts 7 9 a drunk5 sleep2
 & t1 :ile ! real relics 7 9 ,abbot     
,hildo9's h&s at ,/4 ,m$>dus1 ! %r9e at 
,selig5/adt conta9$ no?+ b a little du/4
 ,?\gh greatly annoy$ by ?is execrable  
rum\r1 spread ev]y:]e by ! subtlety ( ! 
devil1 ,eg9h>d _h d\btless com=t$       
himself by 8 suppos$ k ( its falsity1 & 
he only n[ discov]$ h[ consid]able a    

f\ndation !re 0 = ! sc&al4 ,!re 0 no?+ =
 x b to insi/ ^u ! return ( ! /ol5      
treasures4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t ! holy    
man1 :o _h admitt$ himself to be kn[+ly 
a receiv] ( /ol5 goods1 w\ld h made     
in/ant re/itution & begg$ only =        
absolution4 ,b ,eg9h>d intimates t he _h
 v great difficulty 9 gett+ 8 bro!r     
abbot to see t ev5 re/itution 0         
necess>y4  ,hildo9's proce$+s 7 n ( su* 
a nature z to lead any "o to place      
implicit confid5ce 9 any?+ he might say2
 /ill less _h 8 ag5t1 prie/ ,hunus1     
e/abli%$ mu* claim to confid5ce2 & x is 
n surpris+ t ,eg9h>d %\ld h lo/ no "t 9 
summon+ 8 not>y & ,lunison to 8 pres5ce1
 9 ord] t he might he> :at !y _h to say 
ab\t ! bus9ess4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 at once     
prote/$ t prie/ ,hunus's /ory 0 a p>cel 
( lies1 & t aft] ! relics left ,rome no 
"o _h any opportunity ( m$dl+ ) !m4     
,moreov]1 ,lunison1 ?r[+ himself at     
,eg9h>d's feet1 confess$ ) _m te>s :at  
actually took place4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 
aft] ! body ( ,/4 ,m>cell9us 0 ab/ract$ 

f its tomb1 ,ratleig deposit$ x 9 ! h\se
 ( ,deusdona1 9 *>ge ( ! latt]'s bro!r1 
,lunison4 ,b ,hunus1 be+ v mu*          
disappo9t$ t he c\ld n get hold ( ! body
 ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1 & afraid to g back to
 8 abbot empty-h&$1 brib$ ,lunison ) f\r
 pieces ( gold & five ( silv] to give   
him access to ! *e/4 ,?is ,lunison did1 
& ,hunus help$ himself to z mu* z w\ld  
fill a gallon measure 7vas sext>ii      
m5suram7 ( ! sacr$ rema9s4 ,eg9h>d's    
indignation at ! rap9e ( ?is nequissimus
 nebulo is exquisitely droll4 ,x w\ld   
appe> t ! adage ab\t ! receiv] be+ z bad
 z ! ?ief 0 n curr5t 9 ! n9? c5tury4    
,let u n[ briefly sum up ! hi/ory ( !   
acquisition ( ! relics4 ,eg9h>d makes a 
contract ) ,deusdona = ! deliv]y ( c]ta9
 relics :i* ! latt] says he possesses4  
,eg9h>d makes no inquiry h[ he came by  
!m2 o!rwise1 ! transaction is innoc5t   
en\gh4  ,deusdona turns out to be a     
sw9dl]1 & has no relics4 ,!reupon       
,eg9h>d's ag5t1 aft] due fa/+ & pray]1  
breaks op5 ! tombs & helps himself4     

,eg9h>d discov]s by ! self-betrayal ( 8 
bro!r abbot1 ,hildo91 t portions ( 8    
relics h be5 /ol5 & convey$ to ! latt]4 
,) mu* ado he succe$s 9 gett+ !m back4  
,hildo9's ag5t1 ,hunus1 9 deliv]+ ^!    
/ol5 goods to him1 at fir/ decl>$ !y 7 !
 relics ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1 :i* ,hildo9   
desir$ him to obta92 b aft]w>ds inv5t$ a
 /ory ( _! be+ ! product ( a !ft1 :i* ! 
provid5tial dr[s9ess ( 8 companions     
enabl$ him to p]petrate1 f ! relics :i* 
,hildo9 well knew 7 ! prop]ty ( 8 fri5d4
  ,lunison1 on ! contr>y1 swe>s t all 8 
/ory is false1 & t he himself 0 brib$ by
 ,hunus to all[ him to /eal :at he      
pleas$ f ! prop]ty confid$ to 8 own & 8 
bro!r's c>e by _! gue/ ,ratleig4 ,& !   
hone/ not>y himself seems to h no       
hesitation ab\t ly+ & /eal+ to any      
ext5t1 :]e ! acquisition ( relics is !  
object 9 view4  ,= a p>allel to ^!      
transactions "o mu/ read a police report
 ( ! do+s ( a long firm or ( a set (    
horse-c\p]s2 yet ,eg9h>d seems to be    
aw>e ( no?+1 b t he has be5 r badly us$ 

by 8 fri5d ,hildo91 & ! nequissimus     
nebulo ,hunus4  ,x is n easy = a mod]n  
,prote/ant1 /ill less = any "o :o has ! 
lea/ t9cture ( sci5tific culture1 :e!r  
physical or hi/orical1 to picture to    
himself ! /ate ( m9d ( a man ( ! n9?    
c5tury1 h[ev] cultivat$1 enlight5$1 &   
s9c]e he may h be54 ,8 deepe/           
convictions1 8 mo/ *]i%$ hopes1 7 b\nd  
up ) ! belief 9 ! miracul\s4 ,life 0 a  
con/ant battle betwe5 sa9ts & demons = !
 possession ( ! s\ls ( m54 ,! mo/       
sup]/iti\s among our mod]n c\ntrym5 turn
 to sup]natural ag5cies only :5 natural 
causes seem insuffici5t2 to ,eg9h>d & 8 
fri5ds ! sup]natural 0 ! rule2 & !      
suffici5cy ( natural causes 0 all[$ only
 :5 !re 0 no?+ to sugge/ o!rs4          
,moreov]1 x mu/ be recollect$ t !       
possession ( miracle-work+ relics 0     
greatly covet$1 n only on high1 b on v  
l[ gr\nds4 ,to a man l ,eg9h>d1 ! m]e   
satisfaction ( ! religi\s s5tim5t 0     
obvi\sly a p[]ful attraction4 ,b1 m ?an1
 ?is1 ! possession ( su* a treasure 0 an

 imm5se practical advantage4 ,if ! sa9ts
 7 duly flatt]$ & wor%ipp$1 !re 0 no    
tell+ :at b5efits might result f _!     
int]position on y\r behalf4 ,= physical 
evils1 access to ! %r9e 0 l ! grant ( ! 
use ( a univ]sal pill & o9tm5t          
manufactory2 & pilgrimages !reto might  
suffice to cleanse ! p]=m]s f any am\nt 
( s94 ,a lett] to ,lupus1 subsequ5tly   
abbot ( ,f]r>a1 writt5 :ile ,eg9h>d 0   
sm>t+ "u ! grief caus$ by ! loss ( 8    
mu*-lov$ wife ,imma1 af=ds a /rik+      
insight into ! curr5t view ( ! relation 
betwe5 ! glorifi$ sa9ts & _! wor%ipp]s4 
,! writ] %[s t he is any?+ b satisfi$ ) 
! way 9 :i* he has be5 treat$ by !      
bless$ m>tyrs ^: rema9s he has tak5 su* 
pa9s to convey to ,selig5/adt1 & to     
hon\r !re z !y w\ld nev] h be5 hon\r$ 9 
_! ,roman obscurity4       ,x is an     
aggravation ( my grief & a reop5+ ( my  
w\nd1 t our v[s h be5 ( no avail1 & t ! 
fai? :i* we plac$ 9 ! m]its & int]v5tion
 ( !      m>tyrs has be5 utt]ly         
disappo9t$4  ,we may admit1 !n1 )\t     

impea*m5t ( ,eg9h>d's s9c]ity1 or ( 8   
hon\r "u all ord9>y circum/ances1 t :5  
piety1 self-int]e/1 ! glory ( ! ,*ur* 9 
g5]al1 & t ( ! *ur* at ,selig5/adt 9    
p>ticul>1 all pull$ "o way1 ev5 !       
workaday pr9ciples ( morality 7         
disreg>d$2 &1 a =tiori1 any?+ l prop]   
inve/igation ( ! reality ( alleg$       
miracles 0 ?r[n to ! w9ds4  ,& if ?is 0 
! condition ( m9d ( su* a man z ,eg9h>d1
 :at is x n legitimate to suppose may h 
be5 t ( ,deacon ,deusdona1 ,lunison1    
,hunus1 & ,company1 ?ieves & *eats by _!
 own confession1 or ( ! probably        
hy/]ical nun1 or ( ! pr(essional begg>s1
 = ^: incapacity to walk & /raight5     
!mselves !re is no gu>antee b _! own8   
,:o is to make sure t ! exorci/ ( !     
demon ,wiggo 0 n j su* ano!r prie/ z    
,hunus2 & is x n at lea/ possible1 :5   
,eg9h>d's s]vants dream$1 night aft]    
night1 9 su* a curi\sly co9cid5t fa%ion1
 t a c>eful inquir] might h f\nd !y 7 v 
anxi\s to please _! ma/]4  ,q ap>t f    
delib]ate & consci\s fraud 7:i* is a r>]

 ?+ ?an is (t5 suppos$71 p1 ^: my?opoeic
 faculty is once /irr$1 are capable (   
say+ ! ?+ t is n1 & ( act+ z !y %\ld n1 
to an ext5t :i* is h>dly imag9able by   
p]sons :o are n s easily affect$ by !   
contagion ( bl9d fai?4 ,!re is no       
falsity s gross t hone/ m5 &1 /ill m1   
virtu\s wom51 anxi\s to promote a good  
cause1 w n l5d !mselves to x )\t any    
cle> consci\sness ( ! moral be>+s ( :at 
!y are do+4  ,! cases (                 
miracul\sly-effect$ cures ( :i* ,eg9h>d 
is ocul> witness appe> to belong to     
classes ( disease 9 :i* mal+]+ is       
possible or hy/]ia presumable4 ,)\t     
mod]n means ( diagnosis1 ! names giv5 to
 !m are q wor?less4 ,"o miracle1 h[ev]1 
9 :i* ! pati5t1 a woman1 0 cur$ by ! m]e
 sight ( ! *ur* 9 :i* ! relics ( !      
bless$ m>tyrs lay1 is an unmi/akable    
case ( dislocation ( ! l[] jaw2 & x is  
obvi\s t1 z n unfrequ5tly happ5s 9 su*  
accid5ts 9 weakly subjects1 ! jaws      
slipp$ sudd5ly back into place1 p]haps 9
 consequ5ce ( a jolt1 z ! woman rode    

t[>ds ! *ur*4 7,cap4 v4 #ec47db  ,!re is
 also a good deal said ab\t a v         
que/ionable bl9d man--"o ,albricus      
7,alb]i*87--:o1 hav+ be5 cur$1 n ( 8    
bl9dness1 b ( ano!r disease "u :i* he   
lab\r$1 took up 8 qu>t]s at ,selig5/adt1
 & came out z a prophet1 inspir$ by !   
,ar*angel ,gabriel4 ,eg9h>d intimates t 
8 prophecies 7 fulfill$2 b z he does n  
/ate exactly :at !y 71 or h[ !y 7       
accompli%$1 ! /atem5t mu/ be accept$ )  
mu* caution4 ,x is obvi\s t he 0 n ! man
 to hesitate to ease a prophecy until x 
fitt$1 if ! cr$it ( ! %r9e ( 8 fav\rite 
sa9ts c\ld be increas$ by su* a         
proc$ure4 ,!re is no impea*m5t ( 8 hon\r
 9 ! supposition4 ,! logic ( ! matt] is 
q simple1 if some:at sophi/ical4 ,!     
hol9ess ( ! *ur* ( ! m>tyrs gu>antees ! 
reality ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,ar*angel     
,gabriel !re2 & :at ! ar*angel says mu/ 
be true4 ,!re=e1 if any?+ seem to be    
wrong1 t mu/ be ! mi/ake ( ! transmitt]2
 &1 9 ju/ice to ! ar*angel1 x mu/ be    
suppress$ or set "r4 ,?is sort (        

reconciliation is n unkn[n 9 q mod]n    
times1 & among p :o w\ld be v mu* %ock$ 
to be comp>$ ) a b5ight$ papi/ ( ! n9?  
c5tury4  ,! read]s ( ?is essay are1 ,i  
imag9e1 v l>gely compos$ ( p :o w\ld be 
%ock$ to be reg>d$ z any?+ b enlight5$  
,prote/ants4 ,x is n unlikely t ^? ( !m 
:o h accompani$ me ?us f> may be dispos$
 to say1 ,well1 ?is is all v amus+ z a  
/ory1 b :at is ! practical int]e/ ( x8  
,we are n likely to believe 9 ! miracles
 work$ by ! spolia ( ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & 
,petrus1 or by ^? ( any o!r sa9ts 9 !   
,roman ,cal5d>4  ,! practical int]e/ is 
?is3 if y d n believe 9 ^! miracles     
rec\nt$ by a witness ^: "* & compet5cy  
are firmly e/abli%$1 ^: s9c]ity _c be   
d\bt$1 & :o appeals to 8 sov]eign & o!r 
contempor>ies z witnesses ( ! tru? ( :at
 he says1 9 a docum5t ( :i* a ,,ms4 copy
 exi/s1 probably dat+ )9 a c5tury ( !   
au?or's dea?1 :y d y pr(ess to believe 9
 /ories ( a l "*1 :i* are f\nd 9        
docum5ts ( ! dates & ( ! au?or%ip ( :i* 
no?+ is c]ta9ly det]m9$1 & no kn[n      

copies ( :i* come )9 two or ?ree        
c5turies ( ! ev5ts !y record8 ,if x be  
true t ! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts 7 writt5
 by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 all t 
we "k ( ^! p]sons comes to no?+ 9       
comp>ison ) our k ( ,eg9h>d2 & n only is
 !re no pro( t ! traditional au?ors ( ^!
 works wrote !m1 b v /rong reasons to ! 
contr>y may be alleg$4 ,if1 !re=e1 y    
refuse to believe t ,wiggo 0 ca/ out ( !
 possess$ girl on ,eg9h>d's au?ority1 ) 
:at ju/ice c y pr(ess to believe t !    
legion ( devils 7 ca/ out ( ! man among 
! tombs ( ! ,gad>5es8 ,& if1 on ! o!r   
h&1 y accept ,eg9h>d's evid5ce1 :y d y  
laugh at ! suppos$ efficacy ( relics & !
 sa9t-wor%ip ( ! mod]n ,romani/s8 ,x _c 
be pret5d$1 9 ! face ( all evid5ce1 t ! 
,jews ( ! ye> #cj ,a4,d41 or !reab\ts1 7
 less imbu$ ) ! belief 9 ! sup]natural  
?an 7 ! ,franks ( ! ye> #hjj ,a4,d4 ,!  
same influ5ces 7 at "w 9 ea* case1 & x  
is only reasonable to suppose t !       
results 7 ! same4 ,if ! evid5ce (       
,eg9h>d is insuffici5t to lead          

reasonable m5 to believe 9 ! miracles he
 relates1 a =tiori ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! 
,gospels & ! ,acts mu/ be s4#dc  ,b x   
may be said t no s]i\s critic d5ies !   
g5u95ess ( ! f\r great ,paul9e          
,epi/les--,galatians1 ,fir/ & ,second   
,cor9?ians1 & ,romans--& t 9 ?ree out ( 
^! f\r ,paul lays claim to ! p[] ( work+
 miracles4#dd ,mu/ we suppose1 !re=e1 t 
! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles has /at$ t :i*  
is false8 ,b to h[ mu* does ?is s-call$ 
claim am\nt8 ,x may mean mu* or little4 
,paul n[h]e tells u :at he did 9 ?is    
direction2 & 9 8 sore ne$ to ju/ify 8   
assumption ( apo/le%ip aga9/ ! sne]s ( 8
 enemies1 x is h>dly likely t1 if he _h 
any v /rik+ cases to br+ =w>d1 he w\ld h
 neglect$ evid5ce s well calculat$ to   
put !m to %ame4 ,&1 )\t ! slighte/      
impea*m5t ( ,paul's v]acity1 we mu/     
fur!r rememb] t 8 /rongly-m>k$ m5tal    
*>act]i/ics1 display$ 9 unmi/akable     
fa%ion by ^! ,epi/les1 are any?+ b ^?   
:i* w\ld ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ him z a      
critical witness respect+ matt]s ( fact1

 or z a tru/wor?y int]pret] ( _!        
significance4 ,:5 a man te/ifies to a   
miracle1 he n only /ates a fact1 b he   
adds an int]pretation ( ! fact4 ,we may 
admit 8 evid5ce z to ! =m]1 & yet ?9k 8 
op9ion z to ! latt] wor?less4 ,if       
,eg9h>d's calm & objective n>rative ( ! 
hi/orical ev5ts ( 8 "t is no gu>antee = 
! s\ndness ( 8 judgm5t :]e ! sup]natural
 is conc]n$1 ! heat$ rhetoric ( !       
,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 8 absolute        
confid5ce 9 ! inn] light1 & !           
extraord9>y conceptions ( ! nature &    
requirem5ts ( logical pro( :i* he       
betrays1 9 page aft] page ( 8 ,epi/les1 
af=d /ill less security4  ,!re is a     
comp>atively mod]n man :o %>$ to ! full 
,paul's tru/ 9 ! inn] light1 & :o1 ?\gh 
widely diff]5t f ! fi]y evangeli/ (     
,t>sus 9 v>i\s obvi\s p>ticul>s1 yet1 if
 ,i am n mi/ak51 %>es 8 deepe/          
*>act]i/ics4 ,i speak ( ,george ,fox1 :o
 sep>at$ himself f ! curr5t             
,prote/antism ( ,engl&1 9 ! sev5te5?    
c5tury1 z ,paul sep>at$ himself f !     

,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury1 at ! bidd+ ( !
 inn] light2 :o w5t ?r\gh p]secutions z 
s]i\s z ^? :i* ,paul enum]ates2 :o 0    
beat51 /on$1 ca/ out = dead1 imprison$  
n9e times1 sometimes = long p]iods2 :o 0
 9 p]ils on l& & p]ils at sea4 ,george  
,fox 0 an ev5 m widely-travell$         
mission>y2 :ile 8 success 9 f\nd+       
congregations1 & 8 en]gy 9 visit+ !m1 n 
m]ely 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& & ! ,we/
 ,india ,isl&s1 b on ! cont95t ( ,europe
 & t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 7 no less         
rem>kable4 ,a few ye>s aft] ,fox began  
to prea*1 !re 7 reckon$ to be a ?\s&    
,fri5ds 9 prison 9 ! v>i\s gaols (      
,engl&2 at 8 dea?1 less ?an fifty ye>s  
aft] ! f\ndation ( ! sect1 !re 7 #gj1jjj
 ,quak]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,!          
*e]fulness ) :i* ^! p--wom5 z well z    
m5--und]w5t m>tyrdom 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ! 
,new ,engl& ,/ates is "o ( ! mo/        
rem>kable facts 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4  
,no "o :o reads ! volum9\s autobiography
 ( ,hone/ ,george c d\bt ! man's utt]   
tru?fulness2 & ?\gh1 9 8 multitud9\s    

lett]s1 he b r>ely rises = above !      
incoh]5t commonplaces ( a /reet prea*]1 
!re c be no "q ( 8 p[] z a speak]1 nor  
any d\bt z to ! dignity & attractiv5ess 
( 8 p]sonality1 or ( 8 possession ( a   
l>ge am\nt ( practical good s5se &      
gov]n+ faculty4  ,b t ,george ,fox _h   
full fai? 9 8 own p[]s z a              
miracle-work]1 ! foll[+ passage ( 8     
autobiography 7to :i* o!rs might he     
add$7 demon/rates3--       ,n[ aft] ,i 0
 set at lib]ty f ,nott+ham gaol 7:]e ,i 
_h be5 kept a prison] a pretty long "t7 
,i travell$ z      be=e1 9 ! "w ( ! ,"l4
 ,& com+ to ,mansfield      ,woodh\se1  
!re 0 a di/ract$ woman1 "u a doctor's   
h&1 ) h] hair let loose all ab\t h] e>s2
 & he 0      ab\t to let h] blood1 %e   
be+ fir/ b\nd1 & _m      p be+ ab\t h]1 
hold+ h] by viol5ce2 b he      c\ld get 
no blood f h]4 ,& ,i desir$ !m to unb9d 
h] & let h] alone2 = !y c\ld n t\* ! _s 
9 h] by :i* %e 0 torm5t$4 ,s !y did     
unb9d h]1      & ,i 0 mov$ to speak to  
h]1 & 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l      to bid h] be  

quiet & /ill4 ,& %e 0 s4 ,& !      ,"l's
 p[] settl$ h] m9d & %e m5d$2 & aft]w>ds
      receiv$ ! tru? & cont9u$ 9 x to h]
 dea?4 ,& !      ,"l's "n 0 hon\r$2 to  
:om ! glory ( all ,8 works      belongs4
 ,_m great & wond]ful ?+s 7 wr\ght by ! 
heav5ly p[] 9 ^? days4 ,= ! ,"l made b>e
 8      omnipot5t arm & manife/$ ,8 p[] 
to ! a/oni%m5t      ( _m2 by ! heal+    
virtue :]e( _m h be5      deliv]$ f     
great infirmities1 & ! devils 7 made    
subject ?r\gh 8 "n3 ( :i* p>ticul>      
in/ances      might be giv5 beyond :at  
?is unbeliev+ age is able to            
receive or be>4#de  ,x ne$s no long /udy
 ( ,fox's writ+s1 h[ev]1 to arrive at ! 
conviction t ! di/9ction betwe5         
subjective & objective v]ities _h n !   
same place 9 8 m9d z x has 9 t ( an     
ord9>y mortal4 ,:5 an ord9>y p]son w\ld 
say ,i ?\ght s & s1 or ,i made up my m9d
 to d s & s1 ,george ,fox says1 ,x 0    
op5$ to me1 or at ! comm& ( ,god ,i did 
s & s4 ,!n at ! comm& ( ,god on ! n9?   
day ( ! sev5? mon? #afdc 7,fox be+ j    

n9ete571 ,i left my relations & brake (f
 all famili>ity or fri5d%ip ) "y or old4
 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #afdg ,i 0 mov$ 
( ! ,"l to g into ,d>by%ire4 ,fox he>s  
voices & he sees visions1 "s ( :i* he   
br+s be=e ! read] ) apocalyptic p[] 9 ! 
simple & /rong ,engli%1 alike untutor$ &
 undefil$1 ( :i*1 l ,john ,bunyan1 8    
contempor>y1 he 0 a ma/]4  ,& "o morn+ z
 ,i 0 sitt+ by ! fire1 a great cl\d came
 ov] me & a temptation beset me2 & ,i   
sate /ill4 ,& x 0 said1 ,all ?+s come by
 ,nature4 ,& ! elem5ts & />s came ov]   
me2 s t ,i 0 9 a mann] q cl\d$ ) x4444  
,& z ,i sate /ill "u x1 & let x alone1 a
 liv+ hope arose 9 me1 & a true voice   
arose 9 me :i* said1 ,!re is a liv+ ,god
 :o made all ?+s4 ,& imm$iately ! cl\d &
 ! temptation vani%$ away1 & life rose  
ov] x all1 & my he>t 0 glad & ,i prais$ 
! liv+ ,god 7p4 #ac74  ,if ,george ,fox 
c\ld speak1 z he proves 9 ?is & "s o!r  
passages he c\ld write1 8 a/\nd+        
influ5ce on ! contempor>ies ( ,milton & 
( ,cromwell is no my/]y4 ,b ?is mod]n   

reproduction ( ! anci5t prophet1 ) 8    
,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,?is is ! "w ( ! ,"l1  
/eep$ 9 sup]naturalism & glory+ 9 bl9d  
fai?1 is ! m5tal antipodes ( !          
philosoph]1 f\nd$ 9 naturalism & a      
fanatic = evid5ce1 to :om ^!            
affirmations inevitably sugge/ ! previ\s
 "q3 ,h[ d y "k t ! ,"l sai? x8 ,h[ d y 
"k t ! ,"l doe? x8 & :o is compell$ to  
dem& t rational gr\nd = belief1 )\t :i*1
 to ! man ( sci5ce1 ass5t is m]ely an   
immoral pret5ce4  ,& x is ?is rational  
gr\nd ( belief :i* ! writ]s ( !         
,gospels1 no less ?an ,paul1 & ,eg9h>d1 
& ,fox1 s little dream ( (f]+ t !y w\ld 
reg>d ! dem& = x z a k9d ( blasphemy4   
,,footnotes3       #cc ,my citations are
 made f ,teulet's ,e9h>di omnia         
qu extant op]a1 ,p>is1 #ahdj-ahdc1 :i*  
conta9s a           biography ( ! au?or1
 a hi/ory ( ! text1 )                   
translations into ,fr5*1 & _m valuable  
annotations4       #cd ,at pres5t       
includ$ 9 ! ,du*ies ( ,hesse-,d>m/adt   
& ,bad54       #ce ,?is took place 9 !  

ye> #hbf ,a4,d4 ,! relics 7             
br\ght f ,rome & deposit$ 9 ! ,*ur* (   
,/4           ,m$>dus at ,soissons4     
#cf ,n[ includ$ 9 ,we/]n ,switz]l&4     
#cg ,probably1 accord+ to ,teulet1 !    
pres5t           ,s&h(]fahrt1 a little  
bel[ ! emb\*ure ( !           ,neck>4   
#ch ,! pres5t ,mi*il/adt1 ?irty miles   
,n4,e4 (           ,heidelb]g4       #ci
 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages "o ( ! mo/ fav\rite 
accusations aga9/ wit*es 0 t !y committ$
           j ^! enormities4       #dj ,x
 is pretty cle> t ,eg9h>d _h 8 d\bts    
ab\t           ! deacon1 ^: pl$ges he   
qualifies z sponsiones           inc]t4 
,b1 to be sure1 he wrote aft] ev5ts :i* 
fully ju/ifi$ scepticism4       #da ,!  
words are scr9ia s9e clave1 :i* seems to
 mean           hav+ no key4 ,b !       
circum/ances =bid ! idea           (    
break+ op54       #db ,eg9h>d speaks )  
l(ty contempt ( ! vana ac               
sup]/itiosa prsumptio ( ! poor woman's  
companions 9 try+ to alleviate h]       
suff]+s )           h]bs & frivol\s     

incantations4 ,va9 en\gh1 no            
d\bt1 b ! muli]cul might h return$ !    
epi!t sup]/iti\s ) int]e/4       #dc ,( 
c\rse !re is no?+ new 9 ?is argum5t3 b x
           does n gr[ weak] by age4 ,& !
 case ( ,eg9h>d           is f> m       
in/ructive ?an t ( ,augu/9e1 because    
! =m] has s v frankly1 ?\gh incid5tally1
           reveal$ to u n only 8 own    
m5tal & moral           habits1 b ^? ( !
 p ab\t him4       #dd ,see #a ,cor4    
xii4 #aj-bh2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #ab2 ,rom4 xv4
 #ai4       #de ,a ,j\rnal or ,hi/orical
 ,acc\nt ( ! ,life1 ,travels1           
,suff]+s1 & ,*ri/ian ,exp]i5ces1 c41 (  
,george           ,fox1 ,ed4 #afid1 pp4 
#bg1 #bh4     ,,vi3 ,,possibilities ,,& 
,,impossibilities  #ahia   ,9 ! c\rse ( 
a discussion :i* has be5 go+ on dur+ !  
la/ two ye>s1#df x has be5 ma9ta9$ by ! 
def5d]s ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity t ! 
demonology ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t  
is an ess5tial & integral "p ( !        
revelation ( ! nature ( ! spiritual _w  
promulgat$ by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,inde$1 

if ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,gospels & (
 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is to be tak5 =   
grant$1 if ! tea*+s ( ! ,epi/les are    
div9ely inspir$1 & if ! univ]sal belief 
& practice ( ! primitive ,*ur* are !    
models :i* all lat] times mu/ foll[1 !re
 c be no d\bt t ^? :o accept !          
demonology are 9 ! "r4 ,x is z pla9 z   
language c make x1 t ! writ]s ( !       
,gospels believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,satan & 
! subord9ate m9i/]s ( evil z /rongly z  
!y believ$ 9 t ( ,god & ! angels1 & t !y
 _h an unhesitat+ fai? 9 possession & 9 
exorcism4 ,no read] ( ! fir/ ?ree       
,gospels c hesitate to admit t1 9 !     
op9ion ( ^? p]sons among :om !          
traditions out ( :i* !y are compil$     
arose1 ,jesus held1 & con/antly act$ ^u1
 ! same !ory ( ! spiritual _w4 ,n[h]e d 
we f9d ! slighte/ h9t t he d\bt$ ! !ory1
 or que/ion$ ! efficacy ( ! curative    
op]ations bas$ ^u x4  ,?us1 :5 su* a    
/ory z t ab\t ! ,gad>5e sw9e is plac$   
be=e u1 ! importance ( ! decision1 :e!r 
x is to be accept$ or reject$1 _c be    

ov]-e/imat$4 ,if ! demonological "p ( x 
is to be accept$1 ! au?ority ( ,jesus is
 unmi/akably pl$g$ to ! demonological   
sy/em curr5t 9 ,juda 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,!
 belief 9 devils :o possess m5 & c be   
transf]r$ f m5 to pigs1 becomes z mu* a 
"p ( ,*ri/ian dogma z any article ( !   
cre$s4 ,if x is to be reject$1 !re are  
two alt]native conclusions4 ,suppos+ !  
,gospels to be hi/orically accurate1 x  
foll[s t ,jesus %>$ 9 ! errors1 respect+
 ! nature ( ! spiritual _w1 preval5t 9 !
 age 9 :i* he liv$ & among ! p ( 8      
nation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,gospel     
traditions gives u only a popul> v]sion 
( ! say+s & do+s ( ,jesus1 falsely      
col\r$ & di/ort$ by ! sup]/iti\s imag9+s
 ( ! m9ds ?r\gh :i* x _h pass$1 :at     
gu>antee h we t a simil> unconsci\s     
falsification1 9 accordance )           
preconceiv$ ideas1 may n h tak5 place 9 
respect ( o!r report$ say+s & do+s8 ,:at
 is to prev5t a consci5ti\s inquir] f   
f9d+ himself at la/ 9 a purely agno/ic  
position ) respect to ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1

 & consequ5tly ) respect to !           
fundam5tals ( ,*ri/ianity8  ,9 deal+ ) !
 "q :e!r ! ,gad>5e /ory 0 to be believ$ 
or n1 ,i conf9$ myself altoge!r to a    
discussion ( ! value ( ! evid5ce 9 its  
fav\r4 ,&1 z x 0 easy to prove t ?is    
consi/s ( no?+ m ?an ?ree p>tially      
discrepant1 b (t5 v]bally co9cid5t1     
v]sions ( an orig9al1 ( ! au?or%ip ( :i*
 nobody kn[s any?+1 x appe>$ to me t x 0
 :olly wor?less4 ,ev5 if ! ev5t describ$
 _h be5 probable1 su* evid5ce w\ld h    
requir$ corroboration2 be+ grossly      
improbable1 & involv+ acts que/ionable 9
 _! moral & legal aspect1 ! ?ree acc\nts
 sank to ! level ( m]e tales4  ,?us f>1 
,i am unable1 ev5 aft] ! mo/ c>eful     
revision1 to f9d any flaw 9 my argum5t2 
& ,i incl9e to ?9k none has be5 f\nd by 
my critics--at lea/1 if !y h1 !y h kept 
! discov]y to !mselves4  ,9 ano!r "p (  
my treatm5t ( ! case ,i h be5 less      
=tunate4 ,i 0 c>eful to say t1 = any?+  
,i c\ld absolutely prove to ! contr>y1  
!re might be 9 ! univ]se demonic be+s :o

 c\ld ent] into & possess m51 & ev5 be  
transf]r$ f !m to pigs2 & t ,i1 = my "p1
 c\ld n v5ture to decl>e  priori t !    
exi/5ce ( su* entities 0 impossible4 ,i 
01 h[ev]1 no less c>eful to rem>k t ,i  
?\ght ! evid5ce hi!rto adduc$ 9 fav\r ( 
! exi/5ce ( su* be+s ridicul\sly        
insuffici5t to w>rant ! belief 9 !m4    
,to my surprise1 ?is /atem5t ( :at1 aft]
 ! close/ reflection1 ,i /ill conceive  
to be ! "r conclusion1 has be5 hail$ z a
 satisfactory admission by oppon5ts1 &  
lam5t$ z a p]il\s concession by         
sympa?is]s4 ,inde$1 ! tone ( ! comm5ts (
 "s c&id fri5ds has be5 su* t ,i began  
to suspect t ,i mu/ be ent]+ ^u a       
process ( retrogressive metamorphosis   
:i* might ev5tually give me a place     
among ! respectabilities4 ,! prospect1  
p]haps1 ought to h pleas$ me2 b ,i      
confess ,i felt some?+ ( ! uneas9ess ( !
 tailor :o said t1 :5ev] a cu/om]'s     
circumf]5ce 0 ei!r mu* less1 or mu* m1  
?an at ! la/ measurem5t1 he at once s5t 
9 8 bill2 & ,i 0 n consol$ until ,i     

recollect$ t1 ?irte5 ye>s ago1 9        
discuss+ ,hume's essay on ,miracles1 ,i 
_h quot$1 ) entire ass5t1 ! foll[+      
passage f 8 writ+s3 ,:atev] is          
intelligible & c be di/9ctly conceiv$   
implies no contradiction1 & c nev] be   
prov$ false by any demon/rative argum5t 
or ab/ract reason+  priori4#dg  ,n[1 x  
is c]ta9 t ! exi/5ce ( demons c be      
di/9ctly conceiv$4 ,9 fact1 f ! e>lie/  
times ( :i* we h any record to ! pres5t 
day1 ! great majority ( mank9d h _h     
extremely di/9ct conceptions ( !m1 & _! 
practical life has be5 m or less %ap$ by
 ^? conceptions4 ,fur!r1 ! notion ( !   
exi/5ce ( su* be+s implies no           
contradiction4 ,no d\bt1 9 our exp]i5ce1
 intellig5ce & volition are always f\nd 
9 connection ) a c]ta9 mat]ial          
organisation1 & nev] disconnect$ ) x2   
:ile1 by ! hypo!sis1 demons h no su*    
mat]ial sub/ratum4 ,b !n1 z ev]ybody    
kn[s1 ! exact relation betwe5 m5tal &   
physical ph5om5a1 ev5 9 ourselves1 is ! 
subject ( endless dispute4 ,we may all h

 our op9ions z to :e!r m5tal ph5om5a h a
 sub/ratum di/9ct f t :i* is assum$ to  
und]lie mat]ial ph5om5a1 or n2 ?\gh if  
any "o ?9ks he has demon/rative evid5ce 
( ei!r ! exi/5ce or ! non-exi/5ce ( a   
s\l1 all ,i c say is1 8 notion (        
demon/ration diff]s f m9e4 ,b1 if x be  
impossible to demon/rate ! non-exi/5ce (
 a sub/ance ( m5tal ph5om5a--t is1 ( a  
s\l--indep5d5t ( mat]ial sub/ance2 if ! 
idea ( su* a s\l is intelligible & c be 
di/9ctly conceiv$1 !n x foll[s t x is n 
ju/ifiable to talk ( demons z           
impossibilities4 ,! idea ( _! exi/5ce   
implies no m contradiction ?an does !   
idea ( ! exi/5ce ( pa?og5ic microbes 9 !
 air4 ,inde$1 ! microbes con/itute a    
tol]ably exact physical analogue ( !    
p[]s ( ! air ( anci5t belief4  ,/rictly 
speak+1 ,i am unaw>e ( any ?+ t has a "r
 to ! title ( an impossibility except a 
contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,!re are          
impossibilities logical1 b none natural4
 ,a r\nd squ>e1 a pres5t pa/1 two       
p>allel l9es t int]sect1 are            

impossibilities1 because ! ideas d5ot$  
by ! pr$icates1 r\nd1 pres5t1 int]sect1 
are contradictory ( ! ideas d5ot$ by !  
subjects1 squ>e1 pa/1 p>allel4 ,b walk+ 
on wat]1 or turn+ wat] into w9e1 or     
procreation )\t male int]v5tion1 or     
rais+ ! dead1 are pla9ly n              
impossibilities 9 ?is s5se4  ,9 !       
affirmation1 t a man walk$ ^u wat]1 !   
idea ( ! subject is n contradictory ( t 
9 ! pr$icate4 ,naturali/s are famili> ) 
insects :i* walk on wat]1 & imag9ation  
has no m difficulty 9 putt+ a man 9     
place ( ! insect ?an x has 9 giv+ a man 
"s ( ! attributes ( a bird & mak+ an    
angel ( him2 or 9 ascrib+ to him !      
asc5sive t5d5cies ( a balloon1 z !      
levitationi/s d4 ,und\bt$ly1 !re are v  
/rong physical & biological argum5ts =  
?9k+ x extremely improbable t a man c\ld
 be support$ on ! surface ( ! wat] z !  
insect is2 or t 8 organisation c\ld be  
compatible ) ! possession & use ( w+s2  
or t he c\ld rise ?r\gh ! air )\t       
me*anical aid4 ,inde$1 if we h any      

reason to believe t our pres5t k ( !    
nature ( ?+s exhau/s ! possibilities (  
nature1 we might prop]ly say t !        
attributes ( m5 are contradictory (     
walk+ on wat]1 or float+ 9 ! air1 &     
consequ5tly t ^! acts are truly         
impossible = him4 ,b x is suffici5tly   
obvi\s1 n only t we are at ! beg9n+ (   
our k ( nature1 in/ead ( hav+ arriv$ at 
! end ( x1 b t ! limitations ( our      
faculties are su* t we nev] c be 9 a    
position to set b\nds to ! possibilities
 ( nature4 ,we h k ( :at is happ5+ & (  
:at has happ5$2 ( :at w happ5 we h & c h
 no m ?an expectation1 gr\nd$ on our m  
or less correct read+ ( pa/ exp]i5ce &  
prompt$ by ! fai?1 begott5 ( t exp]i5ce1
 t ! ord] ( nature 9 ! future w resemble
 its ord] 9 ! pa/4  ,! same             
consid]ations apply to ! o!r examples ( 
suppos$ miracul\s ev5ts4 ,! *ange ( wat]
 into w9e und\bt$ly implies a           
contradiction1 & is assur$ly impossible1
 if we are p]mitt$ to assume t !        
elem5t>y bodies ( ! *emi/s are1 n[ & =  

ev]1 immutable4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is a    
negative proposition ( ?is k9d incapable
 ( pro(1 b mod]n *emi/ry is incl9+ t[>ds
 ! contr>y doctr9e4 ,& if c>bon c be got
 out ( hydrog5 or oxyg51 ! conv]sion (  
wat] into w9e comes )9 range ( sci5tific
 possibility--x becomes a m]e "q (      
molecul> arrangem5t4  ,z = virg9        
procreation1 x is n only cle>ly         
imag9able1 b mod]n biology recognises x 
z an ev]yday occurr5ce among "s gr\ps ( 
animals4 ,s ) re/oration to life aft]   
dea?4 ,c]ta9 animals1 long z dry z      
mummies1 &1 to all appe>ance1 z dead1 :5
 plac$ 9 prop] conditions resume _!     
vitality4 ,x may be said t ^! creatures 
are n dead1 b m]ely 9 a condition (     
susp5d$ vitality4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is only    
begg+ ! "q by mak+ ! incapacity =       
re/oration to life "p ( ! def9ition (   
dea?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( obvi\s lesions ( "s 
( ! m important organs1 x is no easy    
matt]1 ev5 = exp]ts1 to say t an        
app>5tly dead man is incapable (        
re/oration to life2 &1 9 ! record$      

in/ances ( su* re/oration1 ! want ( any 
conclusive evid5ce t ! man 0 dead is ev5
 m rem>kable ?an ! insuffici5cy ( !     
te/imony z to 8 com+ to life aga94  ,x  
may be urg$1 h[ev]1 t !re is1 at any    
rate1 "o miracle c]tifi$ by all ?ree ( !
 ,synoptic ,gospels :i* really does     
imply a contradiction1 & is1 !re=e1     
impossible 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,?is
 is ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! fe$+ ( sev]al  
?\s& m51 to ! complete satisfaction ( _!
 hung]1 by ! di/ribution ( a few loaves 
& fi%es among !m2 ! wondr\sness ( ?is   
already some:at surpris+ p]=mance be+   
int5sifi$ by ! ass]tion t ! quantity ( !
 fragm5ts ( ! meal1 left ov]1 am\nt$ to 
mu* m ?an ! orig9al /ore4  ,und\bt$ly1  
if ! op]ation is /at$ 9 its mo/ g5]al   
=m2 if x is to be suppos$ t a c]ta9     
quantity1 or magnitude1 0 divid$ into _m
 m p>ts ?an ! :ole conta9$2 & t1 aft] ! 
subtraction ( sev]al ?\s&s ( su* p>ts1 !
 magnitude ( ! rema9d] am\nt$ to m ?an !
 orig9al magnitude1 !re does seem to be 
an  priori difficulty ab\t accept+ !    

proposition1 see+ t x appe>s to be      
contradictory ( ! s5ses :i* we atta* to 
! words :ole & p>ts respectively4 ,b ?is
 difficulty is remov$ if we reflect t we
 are n1 9 ?is case1 deal+ ) magnitude 9 
! ab/ract1 or ) :ole & p>ts 9 _!        
ma!matical s5se1 b ) concrete ?+s1 _m ( 
:i* are kn[n to possess ! p[] ( gr[+1 or
 increas+ 9 magnitude4 ,!y ?us furni% u 
) a conception ( gr[? :i* we may1 9     
imag9ation1 apply to loaves & fi%es2 j z
 we may1 9 imag9ation1 apply ! idea (   
w+s to ! idea ( a man4 ,x mu/ be admitt$
 t a numb] ( %eep might be f$ on a      
pa/ure1 & yet !re might be m grass on ! 
pa/ure1 :5 ! %eep left x1 ?an !re 0 at  
fir/4 ,we may g5]alise ?is & o!r su*    
facts into a p]fectly def9ite conception
 ( ! increase ( food 9 excess (         
consumption2 :i* ?us becomes a          
possibility1 ! limitations ( :i* are to 
be discov]$ only by exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 if
 x is ass]t$ t cook$ food has be5 made  
to gr[ 9 excess ( rapid consumption1 t  
/atem5t _c logically be reject$ z an    

priori impossibility1 h[ev] improbable  
exp]i5ce ( ! capabilities ( cook$ food  
may ju/ify u 9 hold+ x to be4  ,on !    
/r5g? ( ?is und5iable improbability1    
h[ev]1 we n only h a "r to dem&1 b are  
morally b\nd to require1 /rong evid5ce 9
 its fav\r be=e we ev5 take x into s]i\s
 consid]ation4 ,b :at is ! evid5ce 9 ?is
 case8 ,x is m]ely t ( ^? ?ree books1#dh
 :i* also concur 9 te/ify+ to ! tru? ( !
 mon/r\s leg5d ( ! h]d ( sw9e4 ,9 ^!    
?ree books1 !re are five acc\nts ( a    
miracul\s fe$+1 :i* fall into two gr\ps4
 ,?ree ( ! /ories1 obvi\sly d]iv$ f "s  
common s\rce1 /ate t five loaves & two  
fi%es suffic$ to fe$ five ?\s& p]sons1 &
 t twelve baskets ( fragm5ts rema9$ ov]4
 ,9 ! two o!rs1 also obvi\sly d]iv$ f a 
common s\rce1 di/9ct f ! prec$+1 sev5   
loaves & a few small fi%es are di/ribut$
 to f\r ?\s& p]sons1 & sev5 baskets (   
fragm5ts are left4  ,if we 7 deal+ )    
secul> records1 ,i suppose no c&id &    
compet5t /ud5t ( hi/ory w\ld ent]ta9 mu*
 d\bt t ! orig9als ( ! ?ree /ories & ( !

 two are !mselves m]ely div]g5t v]sions 
( "s primitive /ory :i* exi/$ be=e !    
?ree ,synoptic gospels 7 compil$ out ( !
 body ( traditions curr5t ab\t ,jesus4  
,?is view ( ! case1 h[ev]1 is           
incompatible ) a belief 9 ! hi/orical   
accuracy ( ! fir/ & second gospels4#di  
,= ^! agree 9 mak+ ,jesus himself speak 
( bo? ! f\r ?\s& & ! five ?\s& miracle4 
,:5 ,i brake ! five loaves among ! five 
?\s&1 h[ _m baskets full ( brok5 pieces 
took ye up8 ,!y say unto him1 twelve4 ,&
 :5 ! sev5 among ! f\r ?\s&1 h[ _m      
baskets full ( brok5 pieces took ye up8 
,& !y say unto him1 sev54  ,?us we are  
face to face ) a dilemma ! way ( escape 
f :i* is n obvi\s4 ,ei!r ! f\r ?\s& & ! 
five ?\s& /ories are bo? hi/orically    
true1 & describe two sep>ate ev5ts2 or !
 fir/ & second gospels te/ify to ! v    
words ( a conv]sation betwe5 ,jesus & 8 
disciples :i* _c h be5 utt]$4  ,my *oice
 betwe5 ^! alt]natives is det]m9$ by no 
priori speculations ab\t ! possibility  
or impossibility ( su* ev5ts z ! fe$+ ( 

! f\r or ( ! five ?\s&4 ,b ,i ask myself
 ! "q1 ,:at evid5ce ought to be produc$ 
be=e ,i c\ld feel ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ,i   
believ$ su* an ev5t to h occurr$8 ,t "q 
is v easily answ]$4 ,pro( mu/ be giv5   
7#a7 ( ! weight ( ! loaves & fi%es at   
/>t+2 7#b7 ( ! di/ribution to #d-e1jjj  
p]sons1 )\t any additional supply1 ( ?is
 quantity & quality ( food2 7#c7 ( !    
satisfaction ( ^! p's appetites2 7#d7 ( 
! weight & quality ( ! fragm5ts ga!r$ up
 into ! baskets4 ,:atev] my pres5t      
notions ( probability & improbability   
may be1 satisfactory te/imony "u ^! f\r 
heads w\ld lead me to believe t !y 7    
errone\s2 & ,i %\ld accept ! s-call$    
miracle z a new & unexpect$ example ( ! 
possibilities ( nature4  ,b :51 in/ead (
 su* evid5ce1 no?+ is produc$ b two sets
 ( discrepant /ories1 orig9at+ nobody   
kn[s h[ or :51 among p]sons :o c\ld     
believe z firmly 9 devils :i* ent] pigs1
 ,i confess t my feel+ is "o ( a/oni%m5t
 t any "o %\ld expect a reasonable man  
to take su* te/imony s]i\sly4  ,i am    

anxi\s to br+ ab\t a cle> und]/&+ ( !   
diff]5ce betwe5 impossibilities &       
improbabilities1 because mi/akes on ?is 
po9t lay u op5 to ! attacks (           
ecclesia/ical apologi/s ( ! type ( !    
late ,c>d9al ,newman2 acute sophi/s1 :o 
?9k x fitt+ to employ _! intellects1 z  
burgl>s employ d>k lant]ns = ! discov]y 
( o!r p's weak places1 :ile !y c>efully 
keep ! light away f _! own position4    
,:5 x is rightly /at$1 ! ,agno/ic view (
 miracles is1 9 my judgm5t1             
unassailable4 ,we are n ju/ifiable 9 !  
priori ass]tion t ! ord] ( nature1 z    
exp]i5ce has reveal$ x to u1 _c *ange4  
,9 argu+ ab\t ! miracul\s1 ! assumption 
is illegitimate1 because x involves !   
:ole po9t 9 dispute4 ,fur!rmore1 x is an
 assumption :i* takes u beyond ! range (
 our faculties4 ,obvi\sly1 no am\nt (   
pa/ exp]i5ce c w>rant u 9 any?+ m ?an a 
correspond+ly /rong expectation = !     
pres5t & future4 ,we f9d1 practically1 t
 expectations1 bas$ ^u c>eful           
obs]vations ( ev5ts1 are1 z a rule1     

tru/wor?y4 ,we %\ld be fooli% inde$ n to
 foll[ ! only guide we h ?r\gh life4 ,b1
 = all t1 our highe/ & sure/            
g5]alisations rema9 on ! level (        
ju/ifiable expectations2 t is1 v high   
probabilities4 ,= my "p1 ,i am unable to
 conceive ( an intellig5ce %ap$ on !    
model ( t ( man1 h[ev] sup]ior x might  
be1 :i* c\ld be any bett] (f ?an our own
 9 ?is respect2 t is1 :i* c\ld possess  
logically ju/ifiable gr\nds = c]ta9ty   
ab\t ! con/ancy ( ! ord] ( ?+s1 & !re=e 
be 9 a position to decl>e t su* & su*   
ev5ts are impossible4 ,"s ( ! old       
my?ologies recognis$ ?is cle>ly en\gh4  
,beyond & above ,zeus & ,od91 !re lay ! 
unkn[n & inscrutable ,fate :i*1 "o day  
or o!r1 w\ld crumple up !m & ! _w !y    
rul$ to give place to a new ord] ( ?+s4 
,i s9c]ely hope t ,i %all n be accus$ ( 
,pyrrhonism1 or ( any desire to weak5 ! 
f\ndations ( rational c]ta9ty4 ,i h     
m]ely desir$ to po9t out t rational     
c]ta9ty is "o ?+1 & talk ab\t           
impossibilities1 or violation ( natural 

laws1 ano!r4 ,rational c]ta9ty re/s ^u  
two gr\nds--! "o t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a
 giv5 /atem5t is z good z x c be2 ! o!r 
t su* evid5ce is pla9ly insuffici5t4 ,9 
! =m] case1 ! /atem5t is to be tak5 z   
true1 9 ! latt] z untrue2 until some?+  
arises to modify ! v]dict1 :i*1 h[ev]   
prop]ly rea*$1 may always be m or less  
wrong1 ! be/ in=mation be+ nev]         
complete1 & ! be/ reason+ be+ liable to 
fallacy4  ,to qu>rel ) ! unc]ta9ty t    
besets u 9 intellectual affairs1 w\ld be
 ab\t z reasonable z to object to live  
"o's life1 ) due ?\ght = ! morr[1       
because no man c be sure he w be alive  
an h\r h5ce4 ,su* are ! conditions      
impos$ ^u u by nature1 & we h to make ! 
be/ ( !m4 ,& ,i ?9k t ! greate/ mi/ake  
^? ( u :o are int]e/$ 9 ! progress (    
free ?\ght c make is to ov]look ^!      
limitations1 & to deck ourselves ) !    
dogmatic fea!rs :i* are ! traditional   
adornm5t ( our oppon5ts4 ,let u be      
cont5t ) rational c]ta9ty1 leav+        
irrational c]ta9ties to ^? :o l to      

muddle _! m9ds ) !m4 ,i _c see my way to
 say t demons are impossibilities2 b ,i 
am n m c]ta9 ab\t any?+1 ?an ,i am t !  
evid5ce t5d]$ 9 fav\r ( ! demonology1 ( 
:i* ! ,gad>5e /ory is a typical example1
 is utt]ly valueless4 ,i _c see my way  
to say t x is impossible t ! hung] (    
?\s&s ( m5 %\ld be satisfi$ out ( ! food
 suppli$ by half-a-doz5 loaves & a fi%  
or two2 b x seems to me mon/r\s t ,i    
%\ld be ask$ to believe x on ! fai? ( ! 
five /ories :i* te/ify to su* an        
occurr5ce4 ,x is true t ! position t    
miracles are impossible _c be su/a9$4 ,b
 ,i "k ( no?+ :i* calls ^u me to qualify
 ! grave v]dict ( ,hume3 ,!re is n to be
 f\nd1 9 all hi/ory1 any miracle atte/$ 
by a suffici5t numb] ( m51 ( su*        
unque/ion$ goodness1 education1 & le>n+ 
z to secure u aga9/ all delusion 9      
!mselves2 ( su* und\bt$ integrity z to  
place !m beyond all suspicion ( any     
design to deceive o!rs2 ( su* cr$it &   
reputation 9 ! eyes ( mank9d z to h a   
great deal to lose 9 case ( _! be+      

detect$ 9 any falsehood2 & at ! same "t 
atte/+ facts p]=m$ 9 su* a public mann]1
 & 9 s celebrat$ a "p ( ! _w1 z to r5d] 
! detection unavoidable3 all :i*        
circum/ances are requisite to give u a  
full assurance 9 ! te/imony ( m54#ej    
,! prec$+ pap] call$ =? ! foll[+        
criticism      sign$ ,agnosco1 to :i* ,i
 app5d my reply3--       ,:ile agree+   
g5]ally ) ,pr(essor ,huxley's rem>ks    
respect+ miracles1 9 ,! ,agno/ic ,annual
 = #ahib1 x      has seem$ to me t "o ( 
8 argum5ts at lea/ requires             
qualification4 ,! ,pr(essor1 9 ma9ta9+ t
 s-call$      miracul\s ev5ts are       
possible1 al?\gh ! evid5ce      adduc$  
is n suffici5t to r5d] !m probable1     
ref]s to      ! possibility ( *ang+ wat]
 into w9e by molecul>                   
recomposition4 ,he tells u t1 if c>bon c
 be got out      ( hydrog5 or oxyg51 !  
conv]sion ( wat] into w9e      comes )9 
range ( sci5tific possibility4 ,b 9     
ma9ta9+ t miracles 7s-call$7 h a        
prospective      possibility1 ,pr(essor 

,huxley loses sight--at lea/1 s x       
appe>s to me--( ! "q ( _! retrospective 
possibility4 ,=1 if x requires a c]ta9  
degree (      k & exp]i5ce1 yet f> f    
hav+ be5 atta9$1      to p]=m ^? acts   
:i* h be5 call$ miracul\s1 x      is n  
only improbable1 b impossible likewise1 
t !y      %\ld h be5 done by m5 ^: k &  
exp]i5ce      7 consid]ably less ?an our
 own4 ,x has seem$ to me1 9      fact1 t
 ?is "q ( ! retrospective possibility ( 
miracles is m important to u            
,rationali/s1 &1 = !      matt] ( t1 to 
,*ri/ians also1 ?an ! "q (      _!      
prospective possibility1 ) :i* ,pr(essor
 ,huxley's      article ma9ly deals4    
,p]haps ! ,pr(essor himself c\ld        
help ^? ( u :o ?9k s1 by giv+ u 8       
op9ion4       ,i am n sure t ,i fully   
appreciate ! po9t rais$ by              
,agnosco1 nor ! di/9ction betwe5 !      
prospective &      ! retrospective      
possibility ( su* a miracle z !         
conv]sion ( wat] into w9e4 ,if we may   
contemplate su* an      ev5t z possible 

9 ,london 9 ! ye> #aijj1 x mu/1 9      !
 same s5se1 h be5 possible 9 ! ye> #cj  
7or      !reab\ts7 at ,cana 9 ,galilee4 
,if ,i %\ld live s long1 ,i      %all   
take great int]e/ 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( !    
p]=mance ( ?is op]ation1 say1 n9e ye>s  
h5ce2 &1      if !re is no objection    
rais$ by *emical exp]ts1 ,i %all        
accept ! fact t ! feat has be5 p]=m$1   
)\t      hesitation4 ,b ,i %all h no m  
gr\nd = believ+      ! ,cana /ory ?an ,i
 _h be=e2 simply because !      evid5ce 
9 its fav\r w rema91 = me1 exactly :]e x
      is4 ,possible or impossible1 t    
evid5ce is wor? no?+4      ,to leave !  
safe gr\nd ( no evid5ce = speculations  
ab\t impossibilities1 consequ5t ^u !    
want (      sci5tific k ( ! suppos$     
work]s ( miracles1      appe>s to me to 
be a mi/ake2 especially 9 view ( !      
or?odox cont5tion t !y possess$         
sup]natural p[]      & sup]natural k4   
,t4,h4 ,,huxley4  ,,footnotes3       #df
 #ahhi-ahia4 ,see ! next ,essay 7,,vii7 
& ^? :i*           foll[ x4       #dg   

,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+1 p4 
#e2           #agdh4 ,! passage is cit$ 
& discuss$ 9 my           ,hume1 pp4    
#acb1 #acc4       #dh ,! /ory 9 ,john   
vi4 #e-ad is obvi\sly d]iv$ f           
! five ?\s& n>rative ( ! ,synoptics4    
#di ,mat!w xvi4 #e-ab2 ,m>k viii4       
#ad-ba4       #ej ,hume1 ,inquiry1 sec4 
,x41 "p ii4     ,,vii3 ,,agno/icism     
#ahhi   ,)9 ! la/ few mon?s1 ! public   
has receiv$ mu* & v>i$ in=mation on !   
subject ( agno/ics1 _! t5ets1 & ev5 _!  
future4 ,agno/icism ex]cis$ ! orators ( 
! ,*ur* ,congress at ,man*e/]4#ea ,x has
 be5 furni%$ ) a set ( articles few]1 b 
n less rigid1 & c]ta9ly n less consi/5t 
?an ! ?irty-n9e2 its nature has be5     
analys$1 & its future sev]ely pr$ict$ by
 ! mo/ eloqu5t ( t prophetical s*ool ^: 
,samuel is ,augu/e ,comte4 ,x may /ill  
be a "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! public is z mu* !
 wis] z might be expect$1 consid]+ all !
 tr\ble t has be5 tak5 to enlight5 x4 ,n
 only are ! ?ree acc\nts ( ! agno/ic    
position sadly out ( h>mony ) "o ano!r1 

b ,i propose to %[ cause = my belief t  
all ?ree mu/ be s]i\sly que/ion$ by any 
"o :o employs ! t]m agno/ic 9 ! s5se 9  
:i* x 0 orig9ally us$4 ,! le>n$         
,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college1 :o br\ght ! 
topic ( ,agno/icism be=e ! ,*ur*        
,congress1 took a %ort & easy way (     
settl+ ! bus9ess3--       ,b if ?is be  
s1 = a man to urge1 z an escape f ?is   
article ( belief1 t he has no means ( a 
sci5tific      k ( ! unse5 _w1 or ( !   
future1 is      irrelevant4 ,8 diff]5ce 
f ,*ri/ians lies n 9 !      fact t he   
has no k ( ^! ?+s1 b t he      does n   
believe ! au?ority on :i* !y are /at$4  
,he      may pref] to call himself an   
,agno/ic2 b 8 real "n is      an old]   
"o--he is an infidel2 t is to say1 an   
unbeliev]4 ,! ^w infidel1 p]haps1 c>ries
 an unpleasant      significance4       
,p]haps x is "r t x %\ld4 ,x is1 &      
x ought to be1 an unpleasant ?+ = a man 
to h to say      pla9ly t he does n     
believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4#eb  ,s mu* (    
,dr4 ,wace's address ei!r explicitly or 

implicitly conc]ns me1 t ,i take ^u     
myself to deal ) x2 b1 9 s do+1 x mu/ be
 und]/ood t ,i speak = myself alone4 ,i 
am n aw>e t !re is any sect ( ,agno/ics2
 & if !re be1 ,i am n its ackn[l$g$     
prophet or pope4 ,i desire to leave to !
 ,comti/s ! entire monopoly ( !         
manufacture ( imitation ecclesia/icism4 
,let u calmly & dispassionately consid] 
,dr4 ,wace's appreciation ( agno/icism4 
,! agno/ic1 accord+ to 8 view1 is a     
p]son :o says he has no means ( atta9+ a
 sci5tific k ( ! unse5 _w or ( ! future2
 by :i* some:at loose phraseology ,dr4  
,wace presumably means ! !ological unse5
 _w & future4 ,i _c ?9k ?is description 
happy1 ei!r 9 =m or sub/ance1 b = !     
pres5t x may pass4 ,dr4 ,wace cont9ues1 
t x is n 8 diff]5ce f ,*ri/ians4 ,are   
!re !n any ,*ri/ians :o say t !y "k no?+
 ab\t ! unse5 _w & ! future8 ,i 0       
ignorant ( ! fact1 b ,i am ready to     
accept x on ! au?ority ( a pr(essional  
!ologian1 & ,i proce$ to ,dr4 ,wace's   
next proposition4  ,! real /ate ( !     

case1 !n1 is t ! agno/ic does n believe 
! au?ority on :i* ^! ?+s are /at$1 :i*  
au?ority is ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he is simply 
an old-fa%ion$ infidel :o is afraid to  
own to 8 "r "n4 ,z ,presbyt] is prie/   
writ l>ge1 s is agno/ic ! m]e ,greek    
equival5t = ! ,lat9 infidel4 ,!re is an 
attractive simplicity ab\t ?is solution 
( ! problem2 & x has t advantage ( be+  
some:at (f5sive to ! p]sons attack$1 :i*
 is s de> to ! less ref9$ sort (        
controv]siali/4 ,! agno/ic says1 ,i _c  
f9d good evid5ce t s & s is true4 ,ah1  
says 8 adv]s>y1 seiz+ 8 opportunity1 !n 
y decl>e t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 untru?ful1 =  
he said s & s2 a v tell+ me?od ( r\s+   
prejudice4 ,b suppose t ! value ( !     
evid5ce z to :at ,jesus may h said &    
done1 & z to ! exact nature & scope ( 8 
au?ority1 is j t :i* ! agno/ic f9ds x   
mo/ difficult to det]m9e4 ,if ,i v5ture 
to d\bt t ! ,duke ( ,well+ton gave !    
comm& ,up1 ,gu>ds1 & at 'em6 at         
,wat]loo1 ,i d n ?9k t ev5 ,dr4 ,wace   
w\ld accuse me ( disbeliev+ ! ,duke4    

,yet x w\ld be j z reasonable to d ?is z
 to accuse any "o ( d5y+ :at ,jesus     
said1 be=e ! prelim9>y "q z to :at he   
did say is settl$4  ,n[1 ! "q z to :at  
,jesus really said & did is /rictly a   
sci5tific problem1 :i* is capable (     
solution by no o!r me?ods ?an ^?        
practis$ by ! hi/orian & ! lit]>y       
critic4 ,x is a problem ( imm5se        
difficulty1 :i* has occupi$ "s ( ! be/  
heads 9 ,europe = ! la/ c5tury2 & x is  
only ( late ye>s t _! inve/igations h   
begun to conv]ge t[>ds "o conclusion4#ec
  ,t k9d ( fai? :i* ,dr4 ,wace describes
 & lauds is ( no use "h4 ,inde$1 he     
himself takes pa9s to de/roy its        
evid5tial value4  ,:at made ! ,mahomm$an
 _w8 ,tru/ & fai? 9 ! decl>ations &     
assurances ( ,mahomm$4 ,& :at made !    
,*ri/ian _w8 ,tru/ & fai? 9 !           
decl>ations & assurances ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 
& ,8 ,apo/les 7l4c4 p4 #bec74 ,!        
triumphant tone ( ?is imag9>y cate*ism  
leads me to suspect t its au?or has     
h>dly appreciat$ its full import4       

,presumably1 ,dr4 ,wace reg>ds ,mahomm$ 
z an unbeliev]1 or1 to use ! t]m :i* he 
pref]s1 infidel2 & consid]s t 8         
assurances h giv5 rise to a va/ delusion
 :i* has l$1 & is lead+1 millions ( m5  
/raight to ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,& ?is be+ 
s1 ! ,tru/ & fai? :i* h made !          
,mahomm$an _w1 9 j ! same s5se z !y h   
made ! ,*ri/ian _w1 mu/ be tru/ & fai? 9
 falsehoods4 ,no man :o has /udi$       
hi/ory1 or ev5 att5d$ to ! occurr5ces ( 
ev]yday life1 c d\bt ! enorm\s practical
 value ( tru/ & fai?2 b z little w he be
 incl9$ to d5y t ?is practical value has
 n ! lea/ relation to ! reality ( !     
objects ( t tru/ & fai?4 ,9 examples (  
pati5t con/ancy ( fai? & ( unsw]v+ tru/1
 ! ,acta ,m>tyrum d n excel ! annals (  
,babism4#ed         99       99       99
       99       99  ,! discussion ^u :i*
 we h n[ ent]$ goes s ?or\ghly to ! root
 ( ! :ole matt]2 ! "q ( ! day is s      
completely1 z ! au?or ( ,rob]t ,elsm]e  
says1 ! value ( te/imony1 t ,i %all (f] 
no apology = foll[+ x out some:at 9     

detail2 &1 by way ( giv+ sub/ance to !  
argum5t1 ,i %all base :at ,i h to say ^u
 a case1 ! consid]ation ( :i* lies      
/rictly )9 ! prov9ce ( natural sci5ce1 &
 ( t p>ticul> "p ( x kn[n z ! physiology
 & pa?ology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4  ,i f9d1 9 
! second ,gospel 7*ap4 v471 a /atem5t1  
to all appe>ance int5d$ to h ! same     
evid5tial value z any o!r conta9$ 9 t   
hi/ory4 ,x is ! well-kn[n /ory ( !      
devils :o 7 ca/ out ( a man1 & ord]$1 or
 p]mitt$1 to ent] into a h]d ( sw9e1 to 
! great loss & damage ( ! innoc5t       
,g]as5e1 or ,gad>5e1 pig own]s4 ,!re c  
be no d\bt t ! n>rator int5ds to convey 
to 8 read]s 8 own conviction t ?is ca/+ 
out & ent]+ 9 7 effect$ by ! ag5cy (    
,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 t1 by spee* & action1 
,jesus en=c$ ?is conviction2 nor does   
any inkl+ ( ! legal & moral difficulties
 ( ! case manife/ itself4  ,on ! o!r h&1
 ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( physiological &       
pa?ological sci5ce leads me to ent]ta9 a
 v /rong conviction t ! ph5om5a ascrib$ 
to possession are z purely natural z ^? 

:i* con/itute small-pox2 ev]y?+ t ,i "k 
( an?ropology leads me to ?9k t ! belief
 9 demons & demoniacal possession is a  
m]e survival ( a once univ]sal          
sup]/ition1 & t its p]si/5ce1 at !      
pres5t "t1 is pretty mu* 9 ! inv]se     
ratio ( ! g5]al in/ruction1 intellig5ce1
 & s\nd judgm5t ( ! population among :om
 x prevails4 ,ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( law &    
ju/ice conv9ces me t ! wanton de/ruction
 ( o!r p's prop]ty is a misdemean\r (   
evil example4 ,aga91 ! /udy ( hi/ory1 & 
especially ( t ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 &  
sev5te5? c5turies1 leaves no %ad[ ( d\bt
 on my m9d t ! belief 9 ! reality (     
possession & ( wit*craft1 ju/ly bas$1   
alike by ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 ^u ?is
 & innum]able o!r passages 9 bo? ! ,old 
& ,new ,te/am5ts1 gave rise1 ?r\gh !    
special influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian             
ecclesia/ics1 to ! mo/ horrible         
p]secutions & judicial murd]s ( ?\s&s ^u
 ?\s&s ( innoc5t m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,& 
:5 ,i reflect t ! record ( a pla9 &     
simple decl>ation ^u su* an occasion z  

?is1 t ! belief 9 wit*craft & possession
 is wick$ nons5se1 w\ld h r5d]$ ! long  
agony ( m$ival humanity impossible1 ,i  
am prompt$ to reject1 z di%on\r+1 !     
supposition t su* decl>ation 0 )held out
 ( condesc5sion to popul> error4  ,come 
=?1 ?\ unclean _s1 out ( ! man 7,m>k v4 
#h71ee are ! words attribut$ to ,jesus4 
,if ,i decl>e1 z ,i h no hesitation 9   
do+1 t ,i utt]ly disbelieve 9 ! exi/5ce 
( unclean spirits1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 !  
possibility ( _! com+ =? out ( a man1 ,i
 suppose t ,dr4 ,wace w tell me ,i am   
disreg>d+ ! te/imony ( our ,"l4 ,=1 if  
^! words 7 really us$1 ! mo/ res\rceful 
( reconcil]s c h>dly v5ture to affirm t 
!y are compatible ) a disbelief 9 ^!    
?+s4 ,z ! le>n$ & fair-m9d$1 z well z   
or?odox1 ,dr4 ,alex&] rem>ks1 9 an      
editorial note to ! article ,demoniacs1 
9 ! ,biblical ,cyclopdia 7vol4 i4 p4    
#ffd1 note73--       444 ,on ! l[e/     
gr\nds on :i* our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les     
c be plac$ !y mu/1 at lea/1 be reg>d$ z 
hone/      m54 ,n[1 ?\gh hone/ spee*    

does n require t words      %\ld be us$ 
always & only 9 _! etymological s5se1   
x does require t !y %\ld n be us$ s z to
 affirm      :at ! speak] kn[s to be    
false4 ,:il/1 !re=e1 our      ,"l & ,8  
,apo/les might use ! ^w ,greek3         
daimonize/hai1      or ! phrase1 ,greek3
 daimonion e*e9 z a popul>              
description ( c]ta9 diseases1 )\t giv+ 9
 to !      belief :i* lay at ! s\rce (  
su* a mode ( expression1      !y c\ld n 
speak ( demons ent]+ into a man1 or be+ 
ca/ out ( him1 )\t pl$g+ !mselves to !  
belief (      an actual possession ( !  
man by ! demons4 7,campbell1      ,prel4
 ,diss4 vi4 #a1 #aj47 ,if1 consequ5tly1 
!y did n hold      ?is belief1 !y spoke 
n z hone/ m54  ,! /ory :i* we are       
consid]+ does n re/ on ! au?ority ( !   
second ,gospel alone4 ,! ?ird confirms !
 second1 especially 9 ! matt] ( comm&+ !
 unclean _s to come out ( ! man 7,luke  
viii4 #bi72 &1 al?\gh ! fir/ ,gospel    
ei!r gives a diff]5t v]sion ( ! same    
/ory1 or tells ano!r ( l k9d1 ! ess5tial

 po9t rema9s3 ,if ?\ ca/ u out1 s5d u   
away into ! h]d ( sw9e4 ,& ,he said unto
 !m3 ,g6 7,matt4 viii4 #ca1 #cb74  ,if !
 concurr5t te/imony ( ! ?ree synoptics1 
!n1 is really suffici5t to d away ) all 
rational d\bt z to a matt] ( fact ( !   
utmo/ practical & speculative           
importance--belief or disbelief 9 :i*   
may affect1 & has affect$1 m5's lives & 
_! conduct t[>ds o!r m51 9 ! mo/ s]i\s  
way--!n ,i am b\nd to believe t ,jesus  
implicitly affirm$ himself to possess a 
k ( ! unse5 _w1 :i* af=d$ full          
confirmation ( ! belief 9 demons &      
possession curr5t among 8 contempor>ies4
 ,if ! /ory is true1 ! m$ival !ory ( !  
invisible _w may be1 & probably is1 q   
correct2 & ! wit*-f9d]s1 f ,spr5g] to   
,hopk9s & ,ma!r1 are mu*-malign$ m54    
,on ! o!r h&1 humanity1 not+ ! frightful
 consequ5ces ( ?is belief2 common s5se1 
obs]v+ ! futility ( ! evid5ce on :i* x  
is bas$1 9 all cases t h be5 prop]ly    
inve/igat$2 sci5ce1 m & m see+ its way  
to inclose all ! ph5om5a ( s-call$      

possession )9 ! doma9 ( pa?ology1 s f> z
 !y are n to be relegat$ to t ( !       
police--all ^! p[]ful influ5ces concur 9
 w>n+ u1 at our p]il1 aga9/ accept+ !   
belief )\t ! mo/ c>eful scrut9y ( !     
au?ority on :i* x re/s4  ,i c disc]n no 
escape f ?is dilemma3 ei!r ,jesus said  
:at he is report$ to h said1 or he did  
n4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is inevitable t 8   
au?ority on matt]s connect$ ) ! unse5 _w
 %\ld be r\ghly %ak52 9 ! latt]1 ! bl[  
falls ^u ! au?ority ( ! synoptic        
,gospels4 ,if _! report on a matt] ( su*
 /up5d\s & f>-rea*+ practical import z  
?is is untru/wor?y1 h[ c we be sure (   
its tru/wor?9ess 9 o!r cases8 ,!        
fav\rite e>?1 9 :i* ! h>d-press$        
reconcil] takes refuge1 t ! ,bible does 
n pr(ess to tea* sci5ce1#ef is /opp$ 9  
?is in/ance4 ,= ! "q ( ! exi/5ce (      
demons & ( possession by !m1 ?\gh x lies
 /rictly )9 ! prov9ce ( sci5ce1 is also 
( ! deepe/ moral & religi\s             
significance4 ,if physical & m5tal      
disord]s are caus$ by demons1 ,gregory (

 ,t\rs & 8 contempor>ies rightly        
consid]$ t relics & exorci/s 7 m useful 
?an doctors2 ! grave/ que/ions arise z  
to ! legal & moral responsibilities (   
p]sons inspir$ by demoniacal impulses2 &
 our :ole conception ( ! univ]se & ( our
 relations to x becomes totally diff]5t 
f :at x w\ld be on ! contr>y hypo!sis4  
,! !ory ( life ( an av]age m$ival       
,*ri/ian 0 z diff]5t f t ( an av]age    
n9ete5?-c5tury ,engli%man z t ( a ,we/  
,african negro is n[1 9 ^! respects4 ,! 
mod]n _w is sl[ly1 b surely1 %ak+ (f ^! 
& o!r mon/r\s survivals ( savage        
delusions2 &1 :atev] happ5s1 x w n      
return to t wall[+ 9 ! mire4 ,until !   
contr>y is prov$1 ,i v5ture to d\bt     
:e!r1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1 any          
,prote/ant !ologian1 :o has a reputation
 to lose1 w say t he believes ! ,gad>5e 
/ory4  ,! *oice !n lies betwe5 discr$it+
 ^? :o compil$ ! ,gospel biographies &  
disbeliev+ ! ,ma/]1 :om !y1 simple s\ls1
 ?\ght to hon\r by pres]v+ su*          
traditions ( ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority ov] 

,satan's invisible _w4 ,?is is !        
dilemma4 ,no deep s*ol>%ip1 no?+ b a k (
 ! revis$ v]sion 7on :i* x is to be     
suppos$ all t m]e s*ol>%ip c d has be5  
done71 ) ! application !reto ( !        
commone/ canons ( common s5se1 is ne$ful
 to enable u to make a *oice betwe5 its 
alt]natives4 ,x is h>dly d\btful t !    
/ory1 z told 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 is m]ely 
a v]sion ( t told 9 ! second & ?ird4    
,nev]!less1 ! discrepancies are s]i\s & 
irreconcilable2 &1 on ?is gr\nd alone1 a
 susp5sion ( judgm5t1 at ! lea/1 is     
call$ =4 ,b !re is a great deal m to be 
said4 ,f ! dawn ( sci5tific biblical    
criticism until ! pres5t day1 ! evid5ce 
aga9/ ! long-*]i%$ notion t ! ?ree      
synoptic ,gospels are ! works ( ?ree    
indep5d5t au?ors1 ea* prompt$ by ,div9e 
inspiration1 has /eadily accumulat$1    
until1 at ! pres5t "t1 !re is no visible
 escape f ! conclusion t ea* ( ! ?ree is
 a compilation consi/+ ( a gr\ndwork    
common to all ?ree--! ?reefold          
tradition2 & ( a sup]/ructure1 consi/+1 

fir/ly1 ( matt] common to x ) "o ( !    
o!rs1 &1 secondly1 ( matt] special to   
ea*4 ,! use ( ! t]ms gr\ndwork &        
sup]/ructure by no means implies t !    
latt] mu/ be ( lat] date ?an ! =m]4 ,on 
! contr>y1 "s p>ts ( x may be1 &        
probably are1 old] ?an "s p>ts ( !      
gr\ndwork4#eg  ,! /ory ( ! ,gad>5e sw9e 
belongs to ! gr\ndwork2 at lea/1 !      
ess5tial "p ( x1 9 :i* ! belief 9       
demoniac possession is express$1 does2 &
 !re=e ! compil]s ( ! fir/1 second1 &   
?ird ,gospels1 :oev] !y 71 c]ta9ly      
accept$ t belief 7:i*1 inde$1 0 univ]sal
 among bo? ,jews & pagans at t "t71 &   
attribut$ x to ,jesus4  ,:at1 !n1 d we  
"k ab\t ! orig9ator1 or orig9ators1 (   
?is gr\ndwork--( t ?reefold tradition   
:i* all ?ree witnesses 79 ,paley's      
phrase7 agree ^u--t we %\ld all[ _! m]e 
/atem5ts to outweigh ! c\nt] argum5ts ( 
humanity1 ( common s5se1 ( exact sci5ce1
 & to imp]il ! respect :i* all w\ld be  
glad to be able to r5d] to _! ,ma/]8    
,absolutely no?+4#eh ,!re is no pro(1   

no?+ m ?an a fair presumption1 t any "o 
( ! ,gospels exi/$1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we   
f9d x 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,bible1   
be=e ! second c5tury1 or1 9 o!r words1  
sixty or sev5ty ye>s aft] ! ev5ts       
record$4 ,&1 betwe5 t "t & ! date ( !   
olde/ extant manuscripts ( ! ,gospels1  
!re is no tell+ :at additions &         
alt]ations & int]polations may h be5    
made4 ,x may be said t ?is is all m]e   
speculation1 b x is a good deal m4 ,z   
compet5t s*ol>s & hone/ m51 our revis]s 
h felt compell$ to po9t out t su* ?+s h 
happ5$ ev5 s9ce ! date ( ! olde/ kn[n   
manuscripts4 ,! olde/ two copies ( !    
second ,gospel end ) ! #h? v]se ( ! #af?
 *apt]2 ! rema9+ twelve v]ses are       
spuri\s1 & x is notewor?y t ! mak] ( !  
addition has n hesitation to introduce a
 spee* 9 :i* ,jesus promises 8 disciples
 t 9 ,my "n %all !y ca/ out devils4  ,! 
o!r passage reject$ to ! m>g9 is /ill m 
in/ructive4 ,x is t t\*+ apologue1 ) its
 pr(\nd e?ical s5se1 ( ! woman tak5 9   
adult]y--:i*1 if int]nal evid5ce 7 an   

infallible guide1 might well be affirm$ 
to be a typical example ( ! tea*+s (    
,jesus4 ,yet1 say ! revis]s1 pitilessly1
 ,mo/ ( ! anci5t au?orities emit ,john  
vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa4 ,n[ let any         
reasonable man ask himself ?is "q4 ,if1 
aft] an approximate settlem5t ( ! canon 
( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ev5 lat] ?an ! f\r?
 & fif? c5turies1 lit]>y fabricators _h 
! skill & ! audacity to make su*        
additions & int]polations z ^!1 :at may 
!y h done :5 no "o _h ?\ght ( a canon2  
:5 oral tradition1 /ill unfix$1 0 reg>d$
 z m valuable ?an su* writt5 records z  
may h exi/$ 9 ! latt] portion ( ! fir/  
c5tury8 ,or1 to take ! o!r alt]native1  
if ^? :o gradually settl$ ! canon did n 
"k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! olde/ codices :i* h  
come d[n to u2 or if1 kn[+ !m1 !y       
reject$ _! au?ority1 :at is to be ?\ght 
( _! compet5cy z critics ( ! text8  ,p  
:o object to free criticism ( ! ,*ri/ian
 ,scriptures =get t !y are :at !y are 9 
virtue ( v free criticism2 unless !     
advocates ( inspiration are prep>$ to   

affirm t ! majority ( influ5tial        
ecclesia/ics dur+ sev]al c5turies 7     
safegu>d$ aga9/ error4 ,=1 ev5 grant+ t 
"s books ( ! p]iod 7 inspir$1 !y 7      
c]ta9ly few among/ _m2 & ^? :o select$ !
 canonical books1 unless !y !mselves 7  
also inspir$1 mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( 
m]e critics1 &1 f ! evid5ce !y h left ( 
_! intellectual habits1 v uncritical    
critics4 ,:5 "o ?9ks t su* delicate     
que/ions z ^? involv$ fell into ! h&s ( 
m5 l ,papias 7:o believ$ 9 ! fam\s      
mill5>ian grape /ory72 ( ,ir5u ) 8      
reasons = ! exi/5ce ( only f\r ,gospels2
 & ( su* calm & dispassionate judges z  
,t]tullian1 ) 8 ,cr$o quia impossibile3 
! m>vel is t ! selection :i* con/itutes 
our ,new ,te/am5t is z free z x is f    
obvi\sly objectionable matt]4 ,!        
apocryphal ,gospels c]ta9ly des]ve to be
 apocryphal2 b "o may suspect t a little
 m critical discrim9ation w\ld h enl>g$ 
! ,apocrypha n inconsid]ably4  ,at ?is  
po9t a v obvi\s objection arises &      
des]ves full & c&id consid]ation4 ,x may

 be said t critical scepticism c>ri$ to 
! l5g? sugge/$ is hi/orical pyrrhonism2 
t if we are altoge!r to discr$it an     
anci5t or a mod]n hi/orian1 because he  
has assum$ fabul\s matt] to be true1 x w
 be z well to give up pay+ any att5tion 
to hi/ory4 ,x may be said1 & ) great    
ju/ice1 t ,eg9h>d's ,life ( ,*>lemagne  
is none ! less tru/wor?y because ( !    
a/\nd+ revelation ( cr$ulity1 ( lack (  
judgm5t1 & ev5 ( respect = ! eigh?      
comm&m5t1 :i* he has unconsci\sly made 9
 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,translation ( ! ,bless$ 
,m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,paul4 ,or1 to g no
 fur!r back ?an ! la/ numb] ( ! ,n9ete5?
 ,c5tury1 surely t excell5t lady1 ,miss 
,/rickl&1 is n to be refus$ all cr$5ce1 
because ( ! my? ab\t ! second ,james's  
rema9s :i* %e seems to h unconsci\sly   
inv5t$4  ,( c\rse ?is is p]fectly true4 
,i am afraid !re is no man alive ^:     
witness c\ld be accept$1 if ! condition 
prec$5t 7 pro( t he _h nev] inv5t$ &    
promulgat$ a my?4 ,9 ! m9ds ( all ( u   
!re are little places "h & !re1 l !     

indi/+ui%able spots on a rock :i* give  
foo?old to moss or /onecrop2 on :i*1 if 
! g]m ( a my? fall1 x is c]ta9 to gr[1  
)\t 9 ! lea/ degree affect+ our accuracy
 or tru?fulness else:]e4 ,sir ,walt]    
,scott knew t he c\ld n repeat a /ory   
)\t1 z he said1 giv+ x a new hat & /ick4
 ,mo/ ( u diff] f ,sir ,walt] only 9 n  
kn[+ ab\t ?is t5d5cy ( ! my?opoeic      
faculty to break out unnotic$4 ,b x is  
also p]fectly true t ! my?opoeic faculty
 is n equally active 9 all m9ds1 nor 9  
all regions & "u all conditions ( ! same
 m9d4 ,david ,hume 0 c]ta9ly n s liable 
to temptation z ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 or ev5 
z "s rec5t hi/orians :o c\ld be m5tion$2
 & ! mo/ imag9ative ( debtors1 if he    
owes five p\nds1 nev] makes an          
obligation to pay a hundr$ out ( x4 ,!  
rule ( common s5se is prim facie to tru/
 a witness 9 all matt]s1 9 :i* nei!r 8  
self-int]e/1 8 passions1 8 prejudices1  
nor t love ( ! m>vell\s1 :i* is inh]5t  
to a great] or less degree 9 all mank9d1
 are /rongly conc]n$2 &1 :5 !y are      

involv$1 to require corroborative       
evid5ce 9 exact proportion to !         
contrav5tion ( probability by ! ?+      
te/ifi$4  ,n[1 9 ! ,gad>5e affair1 ,i d 
n ?9k ,i am unreasonably sceptical1 if  
,i say t ! exi/5ce ( demons :o c be     
transf]r$ f a man to a pig1 does ?us    
contrav5e probability4 ,let me be       
p]fectly c&id4 ,i admit ,i h no  priori 
objection to (f]4 ,!re are physical ?+s1
 su* z tni & tri*91 :i* c be transf]r$ f
 m5 to pigs1 & vice v]s1 & :i* d        
und\bt$ly produce mo/ diabolical &      
deadly effects on bo?4 ,= any?+ ,i c    
absolutely prove to ! contr>y1 !re may  
be spiritual ?+s capable ( ! same       
transmigration1 ) l effects4 ,moreov] ,i
 am b\nd to add t p]fectly tru?ful      
p]sons1 = :om ,i h ! greate/ respect1   
believe 9 /ories ab\t spirits ( ! pres5t
 day1 q z improbable z t we are         
consid]+4  ,s ,i decl>e1 z pla9ly z ,i  
c1 t ,i am unable to %[ cause :y ^!     
transf]able devils %\ld n exi/2 nor c ,i
 d5y t1 n m]ely ! :ole ,roman ,*ur*1 b  

_m ,wacean infidels ( no mean repute1 d 
hone/ly & firmly believe t ! activity ( 
su* l demonic be+s is 9 full sw+ 9 ?is  
ye> ( grace #ahhi4  ,nev]!less1 z good  
,bi%op ,butl] says1 probability is !    
guide ( life2 & x seems to me t ?is is j
 "o ( ! cases 9 :i* ! canon ( cr$ibility
 & te/imony1 :i* ,i h v5tur$ to lay d[n1
 has full =ce4 ,s t1 ) ! mo/ entire     
respect = _m 7by no means = all7 ( our  
witnesses = ! tru? ( demonology1 anci5t 
& mod]n1 ,i conceive _! evid5ce on ?is  
p>ticul> matt] to be ridicul\sly        
insuffici5t to w>rant _! conclusion4#ei 
,aft] :at has be5 said ,i d n ?9k t any 
s5sible man1 unless he happ5 to be      
angry1 w accuse me ( contradict+ ! ,"l &
 ,8 ,apo/les if ,i reit]ate my total    
disbelief 9 ! :ole ,gad>5e /ory4 ,b1 if 
t /ory is discr$it$1 all ! o!r /ories ( 
demoniac possession fall "u suspicion4  
,& if ! belief 9 demons & demoniac      
possession1 :i* =ms ! sombre backgr\nd (
 ! :ole picture ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1
 pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is     

%ak51 :at is to be said1 9 any case1 ( !
 uncorroborat$ te/imony ( ! ,gospels )  
respect to ! unse5 _w8  ,i am n aw>e t  
,i h be5 influ5c$ by any m bias 9 reg>d 
to ! ,gad>5e /ory ?an ,i h be5 9 deal+ )
 o!r cases ( l k9d ! inve/igation ( :i* 
has int]e/$ me4 ,i 0 br\ght up 9 !      
/ricte/ s*ool ( evangelical or?odoxy2 & 
:5 ,i 0 old en\gh to ?9k = myself1 ,i   
/>t$ ^u my j\rney ( inquiry ) little    
d\bt ab\t ! g5]al tru? ( :at ,i _h be5  
taught2 & ) t feel+ ( ! unpleasantness (
 be+ call$ an infidel :i* we are told1  
is s "r & prop]4 ,ne> my j\rney's end1  
,i f9d myself 9 a condition ( some?+ m  
?an m]e d\bt ab\t ^! matt]s4  ,9 ! c\rse
 ( o!r inquiries1 ,i h _h to d ) fossil 
rema9s :i* look$ q pla9 at a di/ance1 & 
became m & m indi/9ct z ,i tri$ to def9e
 _! outl9e by close inspection4 ,!re 0  
some?+ !re--some?+ :i*1 if ,i c\ld w9   
assurance ab\t x1 might m>k a new epo* 9
 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?2 b1 /udy z long z ,i  
might1 c]ta9ty elud$ my grasp4 ,s _h x  
be5 ) me 9 my ef=ts to def9e ! gr&      

figure ( ,jesus z x lies 9 ! prim>y     
/rata ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,is he !    
k9dly1 peaceful ,*ri/ depict$ 9 !       
,catacombs8 ,or is he ! /]n ,judge :o   
fr[ns ^u ! alt> ( ,,ss4 ,cosmas &       
,damianus8 ,or c he be rightly repres5t$
 by ! ble$+ ascetic1 brok5 d[n by       
physical pa91 ( too _m m$ival pictures8 
,are we to accept ! ,jesus ( ! second1  
or ! ,jesus ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 z ! true  
,jesus8 ,:at did he really say & d2 & h[
 mu* t is attribut$ to him1 9 spee* &   
action1 is ! embroid]y ( ! v>i\s p>ties 
into :i* 8 foll[]s t5d$ to split        
!mselves )9 tw5ty ye>s ( 8 dea?1 :5 ev5 
! ?reefold tradition 0 only nasc5t8  ,if
 any "o w answ] ^! que/ions = me )      
some?+ m to ! po9t ?an feeble talk ab\t 
! c[>dice ( agno/icism1 ,i %all be      
deeply 8 debtor4 ,unless & until !y are 
satisfactorily answ]$1 ,i say (         
agno/icism 9 ?is matt]1 ,j'y suis1 et   
j'y re/e4  ,b1 z we h se51 x is ass]t$ t
 ,i h no bus9ess to call myself an      
agno/ic2 t1 if ,i am n a ,*ri/ian ,i am 

an infidel2 & t ,i ought to call myself 
by t "n ( unpleasant significance4      
,well1 ,i d n c>e mu* :at ,i am call$ by
 o!r p1 & if ,i _h at my side all ^? :o1
 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era1 h be5 call$       
infidels by o!r folks1 ,i c\ld n desire 
bett] company4 ,if ^! are my ance/ors1  
,i pref]1 ) ! old ,frank1 to be ) !m    
:]ev] !y are4 ,b !re are sev]al po9ts 9 
,dr4 ,wace's cont5tion :i* mu/ be       
elucidat$ be=e ,i c ev5 ?9k ( und]tak+  
to c>ry out 8 wi%es4 ,i mu/1 = in/ance1 
"k :at a ,*ri/ian is4 ,n[ :at is a      
,*ri/ian8 ,by ^: au?ority is !          
signification ( t t]m def9$8 ,is !re any
 d\bt t ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,jesus1 !  
sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 7 /rictly or?odox    
,jews diff]+ f o!r ,jews n m ?an !      
,sadducees1 ! ,ph>isees1 & ! ,ess5es    
diff]$ f "o ano!r2 9 fact1 only 9 !     
belief t ! ,messiah1 = :om ! re/ ( _!   
nation wait$1 _h come8 ,0 n _! *ief1    
,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 rev]5c$ alike  
by ,sadducee1 ,ph>isee1 & ,naz>5e8 ,at !
 fam\s conf]5ce :i*1 accord+ to ! ,acts1

 took place at ,j]usalem1 does n ,james 
decl>e t myriads ( ,jews1 :o1 by t "t1  
_h become ,naz>5es1 7 all zeal\s = !    
,law8 ,0 n ! "n ( ,*ri/ian fir/ us$ to  
d5ote ! conv]ts to ! doctr9e promulgat$ 
by ,paul & ,b>nabas at ,antio*8 ,does ! 
subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity leave any
 d\bt t1 f ?is "t =?1 ! little rift )9 !
 lute caus$ by ! new tea*+1 develop$1 if
 n inaugurat$1 at ,antio*1 grew wid] &  
wid]1 until ! two types ( doctr9es      
irreconcilably div]g$8 ,did n !         
primitive ,naz>5ism1 or ,ebionism1      
develop into ! ,naz>5ism1 & ,ebionism1 &
 ,elkasaitism ( lat] ages1 & f9ally die 
out 9 obscurity & condemnation1 z       
damnable h]esy2 :ile ! y\ng] doctr9e    
?rove & pu%$ out its %oots into t       
endless v>iety ( sects1 ( :i* ! ?ree    
/ronge/ survivors are ! ,roman & ,greek 
,*ur*es & mod]n ,prote/antism8  ,s+ul>  
/ate ( ?+s6 ,if ,i 7 to pr(ess ! doctr9e
 :i* 0 held by ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 
& by e "o ( ! myriads ( 8 foll[]s &     
co-religioni/s 9 ,j]usalem up to tw5ty  

or ?irty ye>s aft] ! ,crucifixion 7& "o 
kn[s n h[ mu* lat] at ,pella71 ,i %\ld  
be condemn$1 ) unanimity1 z an ebionis+ 
h]etic by ! ,roman1 ,greek1 & ,prote/ant
 ,*ur*es6 ,&1 probably1 ?is he>ty &     
unanim\s condemnation ( ! cre$1 held by 
^? :o 7 9 ! close/ p]sonal relation ) _!
 ,"l1 is almo/ ! only po9t ^u :i* !y    
w\ld be cordially ( "o m9d4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 ?\gh ,i h>dly d>e imag9e su* a ?+1  
,i v mu* fe> t ! pill>s ( ! primitive   
,hi]osolymitan ,*ur* w\ld h consid]$    
,dr4 ,wace an infidel4 ,no "o c read !  
fam\s second *apt] ( ,galatians & ! book
 ( ,revelation )\t see+ h[ n>r[ 0 ev5   
,paul's escape f a simil> fate4 ,&1 if  
ecclesia/ical hi/ory is to be tru/$1 !  
?irty-n9e articles1 be !y "r or wrong1  
div]ge f ! primitive doctr9e ( !        
,naz>5es va/ly m ?an ev5 ,paul9e        
,*ri/ianity did4  ,b1 fur!r ?an ?is1 ,i 
h great difficulty 9 assur+ myself t ev5
 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & 8 myriads ( 
,naz>5es1 prop]ly repres5t$ ! doctr9es (
 _! ,ma/]4 ,= x is con/antly ass]t$ by  

our mod]n pill>s t "o ( ! *ief features 
( ! "w ( ,jesus 0 ! in/auration (       
,religion by ! abolition ( :at our      
/ickl]s = articles & liturgies1 )1      
unconsci\s hum\r1 call ! n>r[           
re/rictions ( ! ,law4 ,yet1 if ,james   
knew ?is1 h[ c\ld ! bitt] controv]sy )  
,paul h aris52 & :y did n "o or ! o!r   
side quote any ( ! v>i\s say+s ( ,jesus1
 record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 :i* directly be> 
on ! "q--sometimes1 app>5tly1 9 opposite
 directions8  ,s1 if ,i am ask$ to call 
myself an infidel1 ,i reply3 ,to :at    
doctr9e d y ask me to be fai?ful8 ,is x 
t conta9$ 9 ! ,nic5e & ! ,a?anasian     
,cre$s8 ,my firm belief is t ! ,naz>5es1
 say ( ! ye> #dj1 head$ by ,james1 w\ld 
h /opp$ _! e>s & ?\ght wor?y ( /on+ !   
audaci\s man :o prop\nd$ x to !m4 ,is x 
conta9$ 9 ! s-call$ ,apo/le's ,cre$8 ,i 
am pretty sure t ev5 t w\ld h creat$ a  
recalcitrant commotion at ,pella 9 ! ye>
 #gj1 among ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem1 :o  
_h fl$ f ! soldi]s ( ,titus4 ,& yet1 if 
! unadult]at$ tradition ( ! tea*+s ( !  

,naz>5e 7 to be f\nd any:]e1 x surely   
%\ld h be5 amid/ ^? n v ag$ disciples :o
 may h he>d !m z !y 7 deliv]$4  ,!re=e1 
h[ev] sorry ,i may be to be unable to   
demon/rate t1 if necess>y1 ,i %\ld n be 
afraid to call myself an infidel1 ,i _c 
d x4 ,infidel is a t]m ( reproa*1 :i*   
,*ri/ians & ,mahomm$ans1 9 _! mode/y1   
agree to apply to ^? :o diff] f !m4 ,if 
he _h only ?\ght ( x1 ,dr4 ,wace might h
 us$ ! t]m miscreant1 :i*1 ) ! same     
etymological signification1 has !       
advantage ( be+ /ill m unpleasant to !  
p]sons to :om x is appli$4 ,b :y %\ld a 
man be expect$ to call himself a        
miscreant or an infidel8 ,t ,/4 ,patrick
 _h two bir?days because he 0 a tw9 is a
 reasonable & intelligible utt]ance     
beside t ( ! man :o %\ld decl>e himself 
to be an infidel on ! gr\nd ( d5y+ 8 own
 belief4 ,x may be logically1 if n      
e?ically1 def5sible t a ,*ri/ian %\ld   
call a ,mahomm$an an infidel & vice v]s2
 b1 on ,dr4 ,wace's pr9ciples1 bo? ought
 to call !mselves infidels1 because ea* 

applies ! t]m to ! o!r4  ,n[ ,i am      
afraid t all ! ,mahomm$an _w w\ld agree 
9 reciprocat+ t appellation to ,dr4     
,wace himself4 ,i once visit$ ! ,haz>   
,mosque1 ! great ,univ]sity (           
,mohamm$anism1 9 ,cairo1 9 ignorance ( !
 fact t ,i 0 unprovid$ ) prop] au?ority4
 ,a sw>m ( angry und]graduates1 z ,i    
suppose ,i ought to call !m1 came buzz+ 
ab\t me & my guide2 & if ,i _h kn[n     
,arabic1 ,i suspect t dog ( an infidel  
w\ld h be5 by no means ! mo/ unpleasant 
( ! epi!ts %[]$ ^u me1 be=e ,i c\ld     
expla9 & apologise = ! mi/ake4 ,if ,i _h
 _h ! pleasure ( ,dr4 ,wace's company on
 t occasion1 ! undiscrim9ative foll[]s (
 ! ,prophet w\ld1 ,i am afraid1 h made  
no diff]5ce betwe5 u2 n ev5 if !y _h    
kn[n t he 0 ! head ( an or?odox ,*ri/ian
 sem9>y4 ,& ,i h n ! smalle/ d\bt t ev5 
"o ( ! le>n$ mollahs1 if 8 grave c\rtesy
 w\ld h p]mitt$ him to say any?+ (f5sive
 to m5 ( ano!r mode ( belief1 w\ld h    
told u t he wond]$ we did n f9d x v     
unpleasant to disbelieve 9 ! ,prophet ( 

,islam4  ,f :at prec$es1 ,i ?9k x       
becomes suffici5tly cle> t ,dr4 ,wace's 
acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! "n ( ,agno/ic is q 
wrong4 ,inde$1 ,i am b\nd to add t v    
slight ef=t to discov] ! tru? w\ld h    
conv9c$ him t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! t]m  
arose o!rwise4 ,i am loa? to g ov] an   
old /ory once m2 b m ?an "o object :i*  
,i h 9 view w be s]v$ by tell+ x a      
little m fully ?an x has yet be5 told4  
,look+ back ne>ly fifty ye>s1 ,i see    
myself z a boy1 ^: education has be5    
int]rupt$1 & :o1 intellectually1 0 left1
 = "s ye>s1 altoge!r to 8 own devices4  
,at t "t1 ,i 0 a voraci\s & omnivor\s   
read]2 a dream] & speculator ( ! fir/   
wat]1 well end[$ ) t spl5did c\rage 9   
attack+ any & e subject1 :i* is ! bless$
 comp5sation ( y\? & inexp]i5ce4 ,among 
! books & essays1 on all sorts ( topics 
f metaphysics to h]aldry1 :i* ,i read at
 ?is "t1 two left indelible impressions 
on my m9d4 ,"o 0 ,guizot's ,hi/ory (    
,civilization1 ! o!r 0 ,sir ,william    
,hamilton's essay ,on ! ,philosophy ( ! 

,uncondition$1 :i* ,i came ^u1 by *ance1
 9 an odd volume ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 
,! latt] 0 c]ta9ly /range read+ = a boy1
 & ,i c\ld n possibly h und]/ood a great
 deal ( x2#fj nev]!less1 ,i dev\r$ x )  
avidity1 & x /amp$ ^u my m9d ! /rong    
conviction t1 on ev5 ! mo/ solemn &     
important ( que/ions1 m5 are apt to take
 cunn+ phrases = answ]s2 & t !          
limitation ( our faculties1 9 a great   
numb] ( cases1 r5d]s real answ]s to su* 
que/ions1 n m]ely actually impossible1 b
 !oretically inconceivable4  ,philosophy
 & hi/ory hav+ laid hold ( me 9 ?is     
ecc5tric fa%ion1 h nev] loos5$ _! grip4 
,i h no pret5sion to be an exp]t 9 ei!r 
subject2 b ! turn = philosophical &     
hi/orical read+1 :i* r5d]$ ,hamilton &  
,guizot attractive to me1 has n only    
fill$ _m lawful leisure h\rs1 & /ill m  
sleepless ones1 ) ! repose ( *ang$ m5tal
 occupation1 b has n unfrequ5tly disput$
 my prop] "w-"t ) my liege lady1        
,natural ,sci5ce4 ,9 ?is way ,i h f\nd x
 possible to cov] a good deal ( gr\nd 9 

! t]ritory ( philosophy2 & all ! m      
easily t ,i h nev] c>$ mu* ab\t ,a's or 
,b's op9ions1 b h r s\ght to "k :at     
answ] he _h to give to ! que/ions ,i _h 
to put to him--t ( ! limitation (       
possible k be+ ! *ief4 ,! ord9>y exam9]1
 ) 8 ,/ate ! views ( ,s-&-s1 w\ld h     
floor$ me at any "t4 ,if he _h said :at 
d y ?9k ab\t any giv5 problem1 ,i might 
h got on fairly well4  ,! read] :o has  
_h ! pati5ce to foll[ ! en=c$1 b        
unwill+1 egotism ( ?is v]itable hi/ory  
7especially if 8 /udies h l$ him 9 !    
same direction71 w n[ see :y my m9d     
/eadily gravitat$ t[>ds ! conclusions ( 
,hume & ,kant1 s well /at$ by ! latt] 9 
a s5t5ce1 :i* ,i h quot$ else:]e4  ,!   
greate/ & p]haps ! sole use ( all       
philosophy ( pure reason is1 aft] all1  
m]ely negative1 s9ce x s]ves n z an     
organon = ! enl>gem5t ( k1 b z a        
discipl9e = its delimitation2 &1 in/ead 
( discov]+ tru?1 has only ! mode/ m]it (
 prev5t+ error4#fa  ,:5 ,i rea*$        
intellectual maturity & began to ask    

myself :e!r ,i 0 an a!i/1 a !i/1 or a   
pan!i/2 a mat]iali/ or an ideali/2 a    
,*ri/ian or a free?9k]2 ,i f\nd t ! m ,i
 le>n$ & reflect$1 ! less ready 0 !     
answ]2 until1 at la/1 ,i came to !      
conclusion t ,i _h nei!r art nor "p )   
any ( ^! d5om9ations1 except ! la/4 ,!  
"o ?+ 9 :i* mo/ ( ^! good p 7 agre$ 0 ! 
"o ?+ 9 :i* ,i diff]$ f !m4 ,!y 7 q sure
 !y _h atta9$ a c]ta9 gnosis1--_h1 m or 
less successfully1 solv$ ! problem (    
exi/5ce2 :ile ,i 0 q sure ,i _h n1 & _h 
a pretty /rong conviction t ! problem 0 
insoluble4 ,&1 ) ,hume & ,kant on my    
side1 ,i c\ld n ?9k myself presumptu\s 9
 hold+ fa/ by t op9ion4 ,l ,dante1      
,nel mezzo del camm9 di no/ra vita      
,mi ritrovai p] una selva oscura1  b1   
unlike ,dante1 ,i _c add1      ,*e la   
diritta via era sm>rita4  ,on ! contr>y1
 ,i _h1 & h1 ! firme/ conviction t ,i   
nev] left ! v]ace via--! /raight road2 &
 t ?is road l$ n[h]e else b into ! d>k  
dep?s ( a wild & tangl$ =e/4 ,& ?\gh ,i 
h f\nd leop>ds & lions 9 ! pa?2 ?\gh ,i 

h made abundant acqua9tance ) ! hungry  
wolf1 t ) privy paw dev\rs apace & no?+ 
said1 z ano!r great poet says ( ! rav5+ 
bea/2 & ?\gh no fri5dly spectre has ev5 
yet (f]$ 8 guidance1 ,i 01 & am1 m9d$ to
 g /raight on1 until ,i ei!r come out on
 ! o!r side ( ! wood1 or f9d !re is no  
o!r side to x1 at lea/1 none atta9able  
by me4  ,?is 0 my situation :5 ,i _h !  
good =tune to f9d a place among ! memb]s
 ( t rem>kable confrat]nity (           
antagoni/s1 long s9ce deceas$1 b ( gre5 
& pi\s memory1 ! ,metaphysical ,society4
 ,e v>iety ( philosophical & !ological  
op9ion 0 repres5t$ !re1 & express$      
itself ) entire op5ness2 mo/ ( my       
colleagues 7 -i/s ( "o sort or ano!r2 &1
 h[ev] k9d & fri5dly !y might be1 ,i1 ! 
man )\t a rag ( a label to cov] himself 
)1 c\ld n fail to h "s ( ! uneasy feel+s
 :i* mu/ h beset ! hi/orical fox :51    
aft] leav+ ! trap 9 :i* 8 tail rema9$1  
he pres5t$ himself to 8 normally        
elongat$ companions4 ,s ,i took ?\ght1 &
 inv5t$ :at ,i conceiv$ to be !         

appropriate title ( agno/ic4 ,x came    
into my head z sugge/ively anti!tic to !
 gno/ic ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 :o pr(ess$ to "k
 s mu* ab\t ! v ?+s ( :i* ,i 0 ignorant2
 & ,i took ! e>lie/ opportunity ( p>ad+ 
x at our ,society1 to %[ t ,i1 too1 _h a
 tail1 l ! o!r foxes4 ,to my great      
satisfaction1 ! t]m took2 & :5 !        
,spectator _h /ood godfa!r to x1 any    
suspicion 9 ! m9ds ( respectable p1 t a 
k ( its p>5tage might h awak5$ 01 (     
c\rse1 completely lull$4  ,t is ! hi/ory
 ( ! orig9 ( ! t]ms agno/ic &           
agno/icism2 & x w be obs]v$ t x does n q
 agree ) ! confid5t ass]tion ( ! rev]5d 
,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college1 t ! adoption
 ( ! t]m agno/ic is only an attempt to  
%ift ! issue1 & t x involves a m]e      
evasion 9 relation to ! ,*ur* &         
,*ri/ianity4#fb         99       99     
99       99       99  ,! la/ objection  
7,i rejoice z mu* z my read]s mu/ d1 t x
 is ! la/7 :i* ,i h to take to ,dr4     
,wace's deliv]ance be=e ! ,*ur*         
,congress arises1 ,i am sorry to say1 on

 a "q ( morality4  ,x is1 & x ought to  
be1 au?oritatively decl>es ?is (ficial  
repres5tative ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 an      
unpleasant ?+ = a man to h to say pla9ly
 t he does n believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/     
7l4c4 p4 #bed74  ,:e!r x is s dep5ds1 ,i
 imag9e1 a good deal on :e!r ! man 0    
br\ght up 9 a ,*ri/ian h\sehold or n4 ,i
 d n see :y x %\ld be unpleasant = a    
,mahomm$an or ,buddhi/ to say s4 ,b t x 
ought to be unpleasant = any man to say 
any?+ :i* he s9c]ely1 & aft] due        
delib]ation1 believes1 is1 to my m9d1 a 
proposition ( ! mo/ pr(\ndly immoral "*4
 ,i v]ily believe t ! great good :i* has
 be5 effect$ 9 ! _w by ,*ri/ianity has  
be5 l>gely c\nt]act$ by ! pe/il5t       
doctr9e on :i* all ! ,*ur*es h insi/$1 t
 hone/ disbelief 9 _! m or less a/oni%+ 
cre$s is a moral (f5ce1 inde$ a s9 ( !  
deepe/ dye1 des]v+ & involv+ ! same     
future retribution z murd] & robb]y4 ,if
 we c\ld only see1 9 "o view1 ! torr5ts 
( hypocrisy & cruelty1 ! lies1 !        
slaught]1 ! violations ( e obligation ( 

humanity1 :i* h fl[$ f ?is s\rce along !
 c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian nations1   
our wor/ imag9ations ( ,hell w\ld pale  
beside ! vision4  ,a ?\s& times1 no6 ,x 
ought n to be unpleasant to say t :i* "o
 hone/ly believes or disbelieves4 ,t x s
 con/antly is pa9ful to d s1 is q en\gh 
ob/acle to ! progress ( mank9d 9 t mo/  
valuable ( all qualities1 hone/y ( ^w or
 ( de$1 )\t erect+ a sad concomitant (  
human weakness into some?+ to be admir$ 
& *]i%$4 ,! brave/ ( soldi]s (t51 & v   
naturally1 feel x unpleasant to g into  
action2 b a c\rt-m>tial :i* did its duty
 w\ld make %ort "w ( ! (fic] :o         
promulgat$ ! doctr9e t 8 m5 ought to    
feel _! duty unpleasant4  ,i am v well  
aw>e1 z ,i suppose mo/ ?\ghtful p are 9 
^! times1 t ! process ( break+ away f   
old beliefs is extremely unpleasant2 &  
,i am mu* dispos$ to ?9k t !            
enc\ragem5t1 ! consolation1 & ! peace   
af=d$ to e>ne/ believ]s 9 ev5 ! wor/ =ms
 ( ,*ri/ianity are ( great practical    
advantage to !m4 ,:at d$uctions mu/ be  

made f ?is ga9 on ! score ( ! h>m done  
to ! citiz5 by ! ascetic o!r-worldl9ess 
( logical ,*ri/ianity2 to ! rul]1 by !  
hatr$1 malice1 & all un*>itabl5ess (    
sect>ian bigotry2 to ! legislator1 by ! 
_s ( exclusiv5ess & dom9ation ( ^? t    
c\nt !mselves pill>s ( or?odoxy2 to !   
philosoph]1 by ! re/ra9ts on ! fre$om ( 
le>n+ & tea*+ :i* e ,*ur* ex]cises1 :5 x
 is /rong en\gh2 to ! consci5ti\s s\l1  
by ! introspective hunt+ aft] s9s ( !   
m9t & cumm9 type1 ! fe> ( !ological     
error1 & ! ov]p[]+ t]ror ( possible     
damnation1 :i* h accompani$ ! ,*ur*es l 
_! %ad[1 ,i ne$ n n[ consid]2 b !y are  
assur$ly n small4 ,if agno/ics lose     
heavily on ! "o side1 !y ga9 a good deal
 on ! o!r4 ,p :o talk ab\t ! com=ts (   
belief appe> to =get its discom=ts2 !y  
ignore ! fact t ! ,*ri/ianity ( !       
,*ur*es is some?+ m ?an fai? 9 ! ideal  
p]sonality ( ,jesus1 :i* !y create =    
!mselves1 plus s mu* z c be c>ri$ into  
practice1 )\t disorganis+ civil society1
 ( ! maxims ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,trip

 9 morals or 9 doctr9e 7especially 9    
doctr9e71 )\t due rep5tance or          
retractation1 or fail to get prop]ly    
baptiz$ be=e y die1 & a plbiscite ( !   
,*ri/ians ( ,europe1 if !y 7 true to _! 
cre$s1 w\ld affirm y\r ev]la/+ damnation
 by an imm5se majority4  ,prea*]s1      
or?odox & het]odox1 d9 into our e>s t ! 
_w _c get on )\t fai? ( "s sort4 ,!re is
 a s5se 9 :i* t is z em95tly z obvi\sly 
true2 !re is ano!r1 9 :i*1 9 my judgm5t1
 x is z em95tly z obvi\sly false1 & x   
seems to me t ! hortatory1 or pulpit1   
m9d is apt to oscillate betwe5 ! false &
 ! true mean+s1 )\t be+ aw>e ( ! fact4  
,x is q true t ! gr\nd ( e "o ( our     
actions1 & ! validity ( all our         
reason+s1 re/ ^u ! great act ( fai?1 :i*
 leads u to take ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ z a 
safe guide 9 our deal+s ) ! pres5t & !  
future4 ,f ! nature ( ratioc9ation1 x is
 obvi\s t ! axioms1 on :i* x is bas$1 _c
 be demon/rat$ by ratioc9ation4 ,x is   
also a trite obs]vation t1 9 ! bus9ess (
 life1 we con/antly take ! mo/ s]i\s    

action ^u evid5ce ( an utt]ly           
insuffici5t "*4 ,b x is surely pla9 t   
fai? is n necess>ily entitl$ to disp5se 
) ratioc9ation because ratioc9ation _c  
disp5se ) fai? z a />t+-po9t2 & t       
because we are (t5 oblig$1 by ! pressure
 ( ev5ts1 to act on v bad evid5ce1 x    
does n foll[ t x is prop] to act on su* 
evid5ce :5 ! pressure is abs5t4  ,!     
writ] ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews tells u t
 fai? is ! assurance ( ?+s hop$ =1 !    
prov+ ( ?+s n se54 ,9 ! au?oris$ v]sion1
 sub/ance /&s = assurance1 & evid5ce =  
prov+4 ,! "q ( ! exact mean+ ( ! two    
words1 ,greek3 hypo/asis & ,greek3      
eleg*os af=ds a f9e field ( discussion =
 ! s*ol> & ! metaphysician4 ,b ,i fancy 
we %all be n f> f ! m>k if we take !    
writ] to h _h 9 8 m9d ! pr(\nd          
psy*ological tru?1 t m5 con/antly feel  
c]ta9 ab\t ?+s = :i* !y /rongly hope1 b 
h no evid5ce1 9 ! legal or logical s5se 
( ! ^w2 & he calls ?is feel+ fai?4 ,i   
may h ! mo/ absolute fai? t a fri5d has 
n committ$ ! crime ( :i* he is accus$4  

,9 ! e>ly days ( ,engli% hi/ory1 if my  
fri5d c\ld h obta9$ a few m compurgators
 ( a l robu/ fai?1 he w\ld h be5        
acquitt$4 ,at ! pres5t day1 if ,i t5d]$ 
myself z a witness on t score1 ! judge  
w\ld tell me to /& d[n1 & ! y\nge/      
b>ri/] w\ld smile at my simplicity4     
,mis]able inde$ is ! man :o has n su*   
fai? 9 "s ( 8 fell[-m5--only less       
mis]able ?an ! man :o all[s himself to  
=get t su* fai? is n1 /rictly speak+1   
evid5ce2 & :5 8 fai? is disappo9t$1 z w 
happ5 n[ & aga91 turns ,timon & blames !
 univ]se = 8 own blund]s4 ,& s1 if a man
 c f9d a fri5d1 ! hypo/asis ( all 8     
hopes1 ! mirror ( 8 e?ical ideal1 9 !   
,jesus ( any1 or all1 ( ! ,gospels1 let 
him live by fai? 9 t ideal4 ,:o %all or 
c =bid him8 ,b let him n delude himself 
) ! notion t 8 fai? is evid5ce ( !      
objective reality ( t 9 :i* he tru/s4   
,su* evid5ce is to be obta9$ only by !  
use ( ! me?ods ( sci5ce1 z appli$ to    
hi/ory & to lit]ature1 & x am\nts at    
pres5t to v little4  ,x appe>s t ,mr4   

,glad/one "s "t ago ask$ ,mr4 ,la+ if he
 c\ld draw up a %ort summ>y ( ! negative
 cre$2 a body ( negative propositions1  
:i* h s f> be5 adopt$ on ! negative side
 z to be :at ! ,apo/les' & o!r accept$  
cre$s are on ! positive2 & ,mr4 ,la+ at 
once k9dly oblig$ ,mr4 ,glad/one ) !    
desir$ articles--eight ( !m4  ,if any "o
 _h pref]r$ ?is reque/ to me1 ,i %\ld h 
repli$ t1 if he ref]r$ to agno/ics1 !y h
 no cre$2 &1 by ! nature ( ! case1 _c h 
any4 ,agno/icism1 9 fact1 is n a cre$1 b
 a me?od1 ! ess5ce ( :i* lies 9 !       
rigor\s application ( a s+le pr9ciple4  
,t pr9ciple is ( great antiquity2 x is z
 old z ,socrates2 z old z ! writ] :o    
said1 ,try all ?+s1 hold fa/ by t :i* is
 good2 x is ! f\ndation ( ! ,re=mation1 
:i* simply illu/rat$ ! axiom t e man    
%\ld be able to give a reason = ! fai? t
 is 9 him2 x is ! great pr9ciple (      
,desc>tes2 x is ! fundam5tal axiom (    
mod]n sci5ce4 ,positively ! pr9ciple may
 be express$3 ,9 matt]s ( ! intellect1  
foll[ y\r reason z f> z x w take y1 )\t 

reg>d to any o!r consid]ation4 ,&       
negatively3 ,9 matt]s ( ! intellect d n 
pret5d t conclusions are c]ta9 :i* are n
 demon/rat$ or demon/rable4 ,t ,i take  
to be ! agno/ic fai?1 :i* if a man keep 
:ole & undefil$1 he %all n be a%am$ to  
look ! univ]se 9 ! face1 :atev] ! future
 may h 9 /ore = him4  ,! results ( !    
work+ out ( ! agno/ic pr9ciple w v>y    
accord+ to individual k & capacity1 &   
accord+ to ! g5]al condition ( sci5ce4  
,t :i* is unprov5 to-day may be prov5 by
 ! help ( new discov]ies to-morr[4 ,!   
only negative fix$ po9ts w be ^?        
negations :i* fl[ f ! demon/rable       
limitation ( our faculties4 ,& ! only   
obligation accept$ is to h ! m9d always 
op5 to conviction4 ,agno/ics :o nev]    
fail 9 c>ry+ out _! pr9ciples are1 ,i am
 afraid1 z r>e z o!r p ( :om ! same     
consi/5cy c be tru?fully pr$icat$4 ,b1  
if y 7 to meet ) su* a pho5ix & to tell 
him t y _h discov]$ t two & two make    
five1 he w\ld pati5tly ask y to /ate y\r
 reasons = t conviction1 & express 8    

read9ess to agree ) y if he f\nd !m     
satisfactory4 ,! apo/olic injunction to 
suff] fools gladly %\ld be ! rule ( life
 ( a true agno/ic4 ,i am deeply consci\s
 h[ f> ,i myself fall %ort ( ?is ideal1 
b x is my p]sonal conception ( :at      
agno/ics ought to be4  ,h[ev]1 z ,i     
began by /at+1 ,i speak only = myself2 &
 ,i d n dream ( ana!matiz+ &            
excommunicat+ ,mr4 ,la+4 ,b1 :5 ,i      
consid] 8 cre$ & comp>e x ) !           
,a?anasian1 ,i ?9k ,i h on ! :ole a     
cle>] conception ( ! mean+ ( ! latt]4   
,pol>ity1 9 ,article ,,viii1 = example1 
is a ^w ab\t :i* ,i he>d a good deal 9  
my y\?1 :5 ,naturphilosophie 0 9 fa%ion1
 & greatly did ,i suff] f x4 ,= _m ye>s 
pa/1 :5ev] ,i h met ) pol>ity any:]e b 9
 a discussion ( "s purely physical      
topic1 su* z magnetism1 ,i h %ut ! book4
 ,mr4 ,la+ mu/ excuse me if ! =ce (     
habit 0 too mu* = me :5 ,i read 8 eigh? 
article4  ,& n[1 :at is to be said to   
,mr4 ,h>rison's rem>kable deliv]ance ,on
 ! future ( agno/icism 8#fc ,i w\ld t x 

7 n my bus9ess to say any?+1 = ,i am    
afraid ,i c say no?+ :i* %all manife/ my
 great p]sonal respect = ?is able writ]1
 & = ! zeal & en]gy ) :i* he ev] & anon 
galvanises ! weakly frame ( ,positivism 
until x looks1 m ?an ev]1 l ,john       
,bunyan's ,pope & ,pagan roll$ into "o4 
,!re is a /ory (t5 repeat$1 & ,i am     
afraid none ! less my?ical on t acc\nt1 
( a valiant & l\d-voic$ corporal 9 comm&
 ( two full privates :o1 fall+ 9 ) a    
regim5t ( ! enemy 9 ! d>k1 ord]s x to   
surr5d] "u pa9 ( in/ant annihilation by 
8 =ce2 & ! enemy surr5d]s accord+ly4 ,i 
am always rem9d$ ( ?is tale :5 ,i read !
 positivi/ comm&s to ! =ces (           
,*ri/ianity & ( ,sci5ce2 only ! enemy %[
 no m signs ( int5d+ to obey n[ ?an !y h
 done any "t ^! =ty ye>s4  ,! allocution
 "u consid]ation has a c]ta9 papal      
flav\r4 ,mr4 ,h>rison speaks ) au?ority 
& n z "o ( ! common scribes ( ! p]iod4  
,he kn[s n only :at agno/icism is & h[ x
 has come ab\t1 b :at w become ( x4 ,!  
agno/ic is to cont5t himself ) be+ !    

precursor ( ! positivi/4 ,9 8 place1 z a
 sort ( navvy levell+ ! gr\nd & cleans+ 
x ( su* poor /uff z ,*ri/ianity1 he is a
 useful creature :o des]ves patt+ on !  
back1 on condition t he does n v5ture   
beyond 8 la/4 ,b let n ^! sci5tific     
,sanballats presume t !y are good en\gh 
to take "p 9 ! build+ ( ! ,temple--!y   
are m]e ,sam>itans1 doom$ to die out 9  
proportion z ! ,religion ( ,humanity is 
accept$ by mank9d4 ,well1 if t is _!    
fate1 !y h "t to be *e]ful4 ,b let u he>
 ,mr4 ,h>rison's pron\ncem5t ( _! doom4 
,agno/icism is a /age 9 ! evolution (   
religion1 an entirely negative /age1 !  
po9t rea*$ by physici/s1 a purely m5tal 
conclusion1 ) no relation to ?+s social 
at all 7p4 #aed74 ,i am q daz$ by ?is   
decl>ation4 ,are !re1 !n1 any           
conclusions t are n purely m5tal8 ,is   
!re no relation to ?+s social 9 m5tal   
conclusions :i* affect m5's :ole        
conception ( life8 ,0 t pr9ce (         
agno/ics1 ,david ,hume1 p>ticul>ly imbu$
 ) physical sci5ce8 ,suppos+ physical   

sci5ce to be non-exi/5t1 w\ld n !       
agno/ic pr9ciple1 appli$ by ! philologi/
 & ! hi/orian1 lead to exactly ! same   
results8 ,is ! mod]n m or less complete 
susp5sion ( judgm5t z to ! facts ( !    
hi/ory ( regal ,rome1 or ! real orig9 ( 
! ,hom]ic poems1 any?+ b agno/icism 9   
hi/ory & 9 lit]ature8 ,& if s1 h[ c     
agno/icism be ! m]e negation ( !        
physici/8  ,agno/icism is a /age 9 !    
evolution ( religion4 ,no two p agree z 
to :at is meant by ! t]m religion2 b if 
x means1 z ,i ?9k x ought to mean1      
simply ! rev]5ce & love = ! e?ical      
ideal1 & ! desire to realise t ideal 9  
life1 :i* e man ought to feel--!n ,i say
 agno/icism has no m to d ) x ?an x has 
to d ) music or pa9t+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1
 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 l mo/ p1 means by       
religion !ology1 !n1 9 my judgm5t1      
agno/icism c be said to be a /age 9 its 
evolution1 only z dea? may be said to be
 ! f9al /age 9 ! evolution ( life4      
,:5 agno/ic logic is simply "o ( !      
canons ( ?\ght1      agno/icism1 z a    

di/9ctive fai?1 w h spontane\sly        
disappe>$ 7p4 #aee74  ,i c b m>vel t su*
 s5t5ces z ?is1 & ^? already quot$1 %\ld
 h proce$$ f ,mr4 ,h>rison's p54 ,does  
he really mean to sugge/ t agno/ics h a 
logic peculi> to !mselves8 ,w lie k9dly 
help me out ( my bewild]m5t :5 ,i try to
 ?9k ( logic be+ any?+ else ?an ! canon 
7:i*1 ,i believe1 means rule7 ( ?\ght8  
,z to agno/icism be+ a di/9ctive fai?1  
,i h already %[n t x _c possibly be     
any?+ ( ! k9d1 unless p]fect fai? 9     
logic is di/9ctive ( agno/ics2 :i*1 aft]
 all1 x may be4       ,agno/icism z a   
religi\s philosophy p] se re/s on an    
almo/ total ignor+ ( hi/ory & social    
evolution 7p4      #aeb74  ,b nei!r p]  
se nor p] aliud has agno/icism 7if ,i "k
 any?+ ab\t x7 ! lea/ pret5sion to be a 
religi\s philosophy2 s f> f re/+ on     
ignorance ( hi/ory1 & t social evolution
 ( :i* hi/ory is ! acc\nt1 x is & has   
be5 ! inevitable result ( ! /rict       
adh]5ce to sci5tific me?ods by hi/orical
 inve/igators4 ,our =efa!rs 7 q confid5t

 ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,romulus & ,remus1 (  
,k+ ,ar?ur1 & ( ,h5gi/ & ,horsa4 ,mo/ ( 
u h become agno/ics 9 reg>d to ! reality
 ( ^! wor?ies4 ,x is a matt] ( notoriety
 ( :i* ,mr4 ,h>rison1 :o accuses u all s
 freely ( ignor+ hi/ory1 %\ld n be      
ignorant1 t ! critical process :i* has  
%att]$ ! f\ndations ( or?odox ,*ri/ian  
doctr9e owes its orig91 n to ! devotees 
( physical sci5ce1 b1 be=e all1 to      
,ri*>d ,simon1 ! le>n$ ,fr5* ,oratorian1
 j two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,i _c f9d       
evid5ce t ei!r ,simon1 or any "o ( !    
great s*ol>s & critics ( ! eighte5? &   
n9ete5? c5turies :o h cont9u$ ,simon's  
"w1 _h any p>ticul> acqua9tance )       
physical sci5ce4 ,i h already po9t$ out 
t ,hume 0 indep5d5t ( x4 ,& c]ta9ly "o (
 ! mo/ pot5t influ5ces 9 ! same         
direction1 ^u hi/ory 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 
t ( ,grote1 did n come f ! physical     
side4 ,physical sci5ce1 9 fact1 has _h  
no?+ directly to d ) ! criticism ( !    
,gospels2 x is :olly incompet5t to      
furni% demon/rative evid5ce t any       

/atem5t made 9 ^! hi/ories is untrue4   
,inde$1 mod]n physiology c f9d p>allels 
9 nature = ev5ts ( app>5tly ! mo/       
em95tly sup]natural k9d rec\nt$ 9 "s (  
^? hi/ories4  ,x is a com=t to he>1 ^u  
,mr4 ,h>rison's au?ority1 t ! laws (    
physical nature %[ no signs ( becom+    
less def9ite1 less consi/5t1 or less    
popul> z "t goes on 7p4 #aed74 ,h[ a law
 ( nature is to become indef9ite1 or    
inconsi/5t1 passes my poor p[]s (       
imag9ation4 ,b ) univ]sal suffrage & !  
coa*-dog !ory ( premi]%ip 9 full view2 !
 !ory1 ,i mean1 t ! :ole duty ( a       
political *ief is to look %>p = ! way ! 
social coa* is driv+1 & !n run 9 front &
 b>k l\d--z if be+ ! lead+ noise-mak] & 
guid+ 7 ! same ?+s--x is truly          
satisfactory to me to "k t ! laws (     
nature are increas+ 9 popul>ity4 ,look+ 
at rec5t developm5ts ( ! policy :i* is  
said to express ! great he>t ( ! p1 ,i h
 _h my d\bts ( ! fact2 & my love = my   
fell[-c\ntrym5 has l$ me to reflect1 )  
dread1 on :at w happ5 to !m1 if any ( ! 

laws ( nature ev] become s unpopul> 9 _!
 eyes1 z to be vot$ d[n by ! transc5d5t 
au?ority ( univ]sal suffrage4 ,if !     
legion ( demons1 be=e !y set out on _!  
j\rney 9 ! sw9e1 _h _h "t to hold a     
meet+ & to resolve unanim\sly ,t ! law (
 gravitation is oppressive & ought to be
 repeal$1 ,i am afraid x w\ld h made no 
sort ( diff]5ce to ! result1 :5 _! two  
?\s& unwill+ port]s 7 once laun*$ d[n ! 
/eep slopes ( ! fatal %ore ( ,g5nes>et4 
,! "q ( ! place ( religion z an elem5t (
 human      nature1 z a =ce ( human     
society1 its orig91 analysis1      &    
functions1 has nev] be5 consid]$ at all 
f an      agno/ic po9t ( view 7p4 #aeb74
  ,i d\bt n t ,mr4 ,h>rison kn[s va/ly m
 ab\t hi/ory ?an ,i d2 9 fact1 he tells 
! public t "s ( my fri5ds & ,i h _h no  
opportunity ( occupy+ ourselves ) t     
subject4 ,i d n l to contradict any     
/atem5t :i* ,mr4 ,h>rison makes on 8 own
 au?ority2 only1 if ,i may be true to my
 agno/ic pr9ciples1 ,i humbly ask h[ he 
has obta9$ assurance on ?is head4 ,i d n

 pr(ess to "k any?+ ab\t ! range ( ,mr4 
,h>rison's /udies2 b z he has ?\ght x   
fitt+ to />t ! subject1 ,i may v5ture to
 po9t out t1 on evid5ce adduc$1 x might 
be equally p]missible to draw !         
conclusion t ,mr4 ,h>rison's o!r lab\rs 
h n all[$ him to acquire t acqua9tance )
 ! me?ods & results ( physical sci5ce1  
or ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 or (        
philological & hi/orical criticism1 :i* 
is ess5tial to any "o :o desires to     
obta9 a "r und]/&+ ( agno/icism4        
,incompet5ce 9 philosophy1 & 9 all      
bran*es ( sci5ce except ma!matics1 is ! 
well-kn[n m5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! f\nd] (  
positivism4 ,fai?fulness 9 disciples is 
an admirable quality 9 itself2 ! pity is
 t x n unfrequ5tly leads to ! imitation 
( ! weaknesses z well z ( ! /r5g? ( !   
ma/]4 ,x is only su* ov]-fai?fulness :i*
 c acc\nt = a /rong m9d really saturat$ 
) ! hi/orical s5se 7p4 #aec7 exhibit+ ! 
extraord9>y =getfulness ( ! hi/orical   
fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ,david ,hume impli$  
by ! ass]tion t       x w\ld be         

difficult to "n a s+le kn[n agno/ic :o  
has giv5 to hi/ory any?+ l ! am\nt (    
?\ght &      /udy :i* he br+s to a k ( !
 physical _w      7p4 #aec74  ,:oso     
calls to m9d :at ,i may v5ture to t]m ! 
bright side ( ,*ri/ianity--t ideal (    
manhood1 ) its /r5g? & its pati5ce1 its 
ju/ice & its pity = human frailty1 its  
helpfulness to ! extremity (            
self-sacrifice1 its e?ical purity &     
nobility1 :i* apo/les h pictur$1 9 :i*  
armies ( m>tyrs h plac$ _! un%akable    
fai?1 & :5ce obscure m5 & wom51 l       
,ca!r9e ( ,si5na & ,john ,knox1 h d]iv$ 
! c\rage to rebuke popes & k+s--is n    
likely to und]rate ! importance ( !     
,*ri/ian fai? z a factor 9 human hi/ory1
 or to d\bt t if t fai? %\ld prove to be
 incompatible ) our k1 or necess>y want 
( k1 "s o!r hypo/asis ( m5's hopes1     
g5u9e en\gh & wor?y en\gh to replace x1 
w arise4 ,b t ! incongru\s mixture ( bad
 sci5ce ) evisc]at$ papi/ry1 out ( :i*  
,comte manufactur$ ! positivi/ religion1
 w be ! heir ( ! ,*ri/ian ages1 ,i h too

 mu* respect = ! humanity ( ! future to 
believe4 ,*>les ! ,second told 8 bro!r1 
,!y w n kill me1 ,james1 to make y k+4  
,& if critical sci5ce is remorselessly  
de/roy+ ! hi/orical f\ndations ( !      
noble/ ideal ( humanity :i* mank9d h yet
 wor%ipp$1 x is little likely to p]mit !
 pitiful reality to climb into ! vacant 
%r9e4  ,t a man %\ld det]m9e to devote  
himself to ! s]vice ( humanity--includ+ 
intellectual & moral self-culture "u t  
"n2 t ?is %\ld be1 9 ! prop] s5se ( !   
^w1 8 religion--is n only an            
intelligible1 b1 ,i ?9k1 a laudable     
resolution4 ,& ,i am greatly dispos$ to 
believe t x is ! only religion :i* w    
prove itself to be unassailably         
acceptable s long z ! human race        
endures4 ,b :5 ! ,comti/ asks me to     
wor%ip ,humanity--t is to say1 to adore 
! g5]alis$ conception ( m5 z !y ev] h   
be5 & probably ev] w be--,i mu/ reply t 
,i c\ld j z soon b[ d[n & wor%ip !      
g5]alis$ conception ( a wild]ness (     
apes4 ,surely we are n go+ back to !    

days ( ,paganism1 :5 individual m5 7    
deifi$1 & ! h>d good s5se ( a dy+       
,vepasian c\ld prompt ! bitt] je/1 ,ut  
puto ,deus fio4 ,no div9ity do? h$ge a  
mod]n man1 be he ev5 a sov]eign rul]4   
,nor is !re any "o1 except a municipal  
magi/rate1 :o is (ficially decl>$       
wor%ipful4 ,b if !re is no sp>k (       
wor%ip-wor?y div9ity 9 ! individual     
twigs ( humanity1 :5ce comes t godlike  
spl5d\r :i* ! ,moses ( ,positivism      
fondly imag9es to p]vade ! :ole bu%8  ,i
 "k no /udy :i* is s unutt]ably sadd5+ z
 t ( ! evolution ( humanity1 z x is set 
=? 9 ! annals ( hi/ory4 ,out ( ! d>kness
 ( prehi/oric ages man em]ges ) ! m>ks (
 8 l[ly orig9 /rong ^u him4 ,he is a    
brute1 only m intellig5t ?an ! o!r      
brutes1 a bl9d prey to impulses1 :i* z  
(t5 z n lead him to de/ruction2 a victim
 to endless illusions1 :i* make 8 m5tal 
exi/5ce a t]ror & a burd51 & fill 8     
physical life ) b>r5 toil & battle4 ,he 
atta9s a c]ta9 degree ( physical com=t1 
& develops a m or less workable !ory (  

life1 9 su* fav\rable situations z !    
pla9s ( ,mesopotamia or ( ,egypt1 & !n1 
= ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1 /ruggles1 ) v>y+
 =tunes1 att5d$ by inf9ite wick$ness1   
blood%$1 & mis]y1 to ma9ta9 himself at  
?is po9t aga9/ ! gre$ & ! ambition ( 8  
fell[-m54 ,he makes a po9t ( kill+ &    
o!rwise p]secut+ all ^? :o fir/ try to  
get him to move on2 & :5 he has mov$ on 
a /ep1 fooli%ly conf]s po/-mortem       
deification on 8 victims4 ,he exactly   
repeats ! process ) all :o want to move 
a /ep yet f>!r4 ,& ! be/ m5 ( ! be/     
epo*s are simply ^? :o make ! fewe/     
blund]s & commit ! fewe/ s9s4  ,t "o    
%\ld rejoice 9 ! good man1 =give ! bad  
man1 & pity & help all m5 to ! be/ (    
"o's ability1 is surely indisputable4 ,x
 is ! glory ( ,judaism & ( ,*ri/ianity  
to h proclaim$ ?is tru?1 ?r\gh all _!   
ab]rations4 ,b ! wor%ip ( a ,god :o ne$s
 =giv5ess & help1 & des]ves pity e h\r (
 8 exi/5ce1 is no bett] ?an t ( any o!r 
volunt>ily select$ feti%4 ,! ,emp]or    
,julian's project 0 hopeful 9 comp>ison 

) ! prospects ( ! ,comti/ ,an?ropolatry4
  ,:5 ! hi/orian ( religion 9 ! tw5tie? 
c5tury is writ+ ab\t ! n9ete5?1 ,i =esee
 he w say some?+ ( ?is k9d3  ,! mo/     
curi\s & in/ructive ev5ts 9 ! religi\s  
hi/ory ( ! prec$+ c5tury are ! rise &   
progress ( two new sects call$ ,mormons 
& ,positivi/s4 ,to ! /ud5t :o has       
c>efully consid]$ ^! rem>kable ph5om5a  
no?+ 9 ! records ( religi\s             
self-delusion c appe> improbable4  ,!   
,mormons arose 9 ! mid/ ( ! great       
,republic1 :i*1 ?\gh comp>atively       
insignificant1 at t "t1 9 t]ritory z 9 !
 numb] ( its citiz5s1 0 7z we "k f !    
fragm5ts ( ! spee*es ( its orators :i* h
 come d[n to u7 no less rem>kable = !   
native intellig5ce ( its population ?an 
= ! wide ext5t ( _! in=mation1 ow+ to ! 
activity ( _! publi%]s 9 diffus+ all t  
!y c\ld inv5t1 beg1 borr[1 or /eal4 ,nor
 7 !y less not$ = _! p]fect fre$om f all
 re/ra9ts 9 ?\ght1 or spee*1 or de$2    
except1 to be sure1 ! b5efic5t & wise   
influ5ce ( ! majority1 ex]t$1 9 case (  

ne$1 ?r\gh an in/itution kn[n z t>r+ &  
fea!r+1 ! exact nature ( :i* is n[      
disput$4  ,!re is a complete cons5sus ( 
te/imony t ! f\nd] ( ,mormonism1 "o     
,joseph ,smi?1 0 a l[-m9d$1 ignorant    
scamp1 & t he /ole ! ,scriptures :i* he 
prop\nd$2 n be+ clev] en\gh to =ge ev5  
su* contemptible /uff z !y conta94      
,nev]!less he mu/ h be5 a man ( "s =ce (
 "*1 = a consid]able numb] ( disciples  
soon ga!r$ ab\t him4 ,9 spite ( repeat$ 
outbur/s ( popul> hatr$ & viol5ce--dur+ 
"o ( :i* p]secutions ,smi? 0 brutally   
murd]$--! ,mormon body /eadily increas$1
 & became a fl\ri%+ community4 ,b !     
,mormon practices be+ objectionable to !
 majority1 !y 71 m ?an once1 )\t any    
pret5ce ( law1 b by =ce ( riot1 arson1 &
 murd]1 driv5 away f ! l& !y _h occupi$4
 ,h>ri$ by ^! p]secutions1 ! ,mormon    
body ev5tually committ$ itself to ! t5d]
 m]cies ( a des]t z b>r5 z t ( ,s9ai2 & 
aft] t]rible suff]+s & privations1 rea*$
 ! ,oasis ( ,utah4 ,"h x grew & fl\ri%$1
 s5d+ out mission>ies to1 & receiv+     

conv]ts f1 all p>ts ( ,europe1 sometimes
 to ! numb] ( #aj1jjj 9 a ye>2 until1 9 
#ahhj1 ! ri* & fl\ri%+ community numb]$ 
#aaj1jjj s\ls 9 ,utah alone1 :ile !re 7 
probably #cj1jjj or #dj1jjj scatt]$     
abroad else:]e4 ,9 ! :ole hi/ory (      
religions !re is no m rem>kable example 
( ! p[] ( fai?2 &1 9 ?is case1 ! f\nd] (
 t fai? 0 indubitably a mo/ despicable  
creature4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t !   
c\rse tak5 by ! great ,republic & its   
citiz5s runs exactly p>allel ) t tak5 by
 ! ,roman ,empire & its citiz5s t[>ds ! 
e>ly ,*ri/ians1 except t ! ,romans _h a 
c]ta9 legal excuse = _! acts ( viol5ce1 
inasmu* z ! ,*ri/ian sodalitia 7 n      
lic5s$1 & consequ5tly 71 ipso facto1    
illegal assemblages4 ,until1 9 ! latt]  
"p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
legislature decre$ ! illegality (       
polygamy1 ! ,mormons 7 :olly )9 ! law4  
,no?+ c pres5t a great] contra/ to all  
?is ?an ! hi/ory ( ! ,po/ivi/s4 ,?is    
sect arose mu* ab\t ! same "t z t ( !   
,mormons1 9 ! upp] & mo/ in/ruct$ /ratum

 ( ! quick-witt$1 sceptical population (
 ,p>is4 ,! f\nd]1 ,augu/e ,comte1 0 a   
tea*] ( ma!matics1 b ( no em95ce 9 t    
dep>tm5t ( k1 & ) no?+ b an amateur's   
acqua9tance ) physical1 *emical1 &      
biological sci5ce4 ,8 works are         
repulsive1 on acc\nt ( ! dull diffus5ess
 ( _! /yle1 & a c]ta9 air1 z ( a sup]ior
 p]son1 :i* *>act]ises !m2 b nev]!less  
!y conta9 good ?+s "h & !re4 ,x w\ld    
take too mu* space to reproduce 9 detail
 a sy/em :i* proposes to regulate all   
human life by ! promulgation ( a ,g5tile
 ,leviticus4 ,suffice x to say1 t ,m4   
,comte may be describ$ z a syncretic1   
:o1 l ! ,gno/ics ( e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory1   
attempt$ to comb9e ! sub/ance (         
imp]fectly compreh5d$ contempor>y sci5ce
 ) ! =m ( ,roman ,*ri/ianity4 ,x may be 
t ?is is ! reason :y 8 disciples 7 s v  
angry ) "s obscure p call$ ,agno/ics1 ^:
 views1 if we may judge by ! acc\nt left
 9 ! works ( a great ,positivi/         
controv]sial writ]1 7 v absurd4  ,to put
 ! matt] briefly1 ,m4 ,comte1 f9d+      

,*ri/ianity & ,sci5ce at dagg]s drawn1  
seems to h said to ,sci5ce1 ,y f9d      
,*ri/ianity rott5 at ! core1 d y8 ,well1
 ,i w scoop out ! inside ( x4 ,& to     
,romanism3 ,y f9d ,sci5ce m]e dry       
light--cold & b>e4 ,well1 ,i w put y\r  
%ell ov] x1 & s1 z s*oolboys make a     
spectre out ( a turnip & a tall[ c&le1  
behold ! new religion ( ,humanity       
complete6  ,un=tunately nei!r !         
,romani/s1 nor ! p :o 7 some?+ m ?an    
amateurs 9 sci5ce1 c\ld be got to wor%ip
 ,m4 ,comte's new idol prop]ly4 ,9 !    
native c\ntry ( ,positivism1 "o di/+ui%$
 man ( lett]s & "o ( sci5ce1 = a "t1    
help$ to make up a roomful ( ! fai?ful1 
b _! love soon grew cold4 ,9 ,engl&1 on 
! o!r h&1 !re appe>s to be little d\bt  
t1 9 ! n9? decade ( ! c5tury1 !         
multitude ( disciples rea*$ ! gr& total 
( sev]al score4 ,!y _h ! advantage ( !  
advocacy ( "o or two mo/ eloqu5t & le>n$
 apo/les1 &1 at any rate1 ! sympa?y (   
sev]al p]sons ( light & lead+2 &1 if !y 
7 n se51 !y 7 he>d1 all ov] ! _w4 ,on ! 

o!r h&1 z a sect1 !y lab\r$ "u !        
prodigi\s disadvantage ( be+ ref9$1     
e/imable p1 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! worn-out  
civilisation ( ! old _w2 :]e any "o :o  
_h tri$ to p]secute !m1 z ! ,mormons 7  
p]secut$1 w\ld h be5 in/antly hang$4 ,b 
! majority nev] dream$ ( p]secut+ !m2 on
 ! contr>y1 !y 7 r giv5 to scold &      
o!rwise try ! pati5ce ( ! majority4  ,! 
hi/ory ( ^! sects 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( !    
c5tury is highly in/ructive4 ,mormonism 
444  ,b ,i f9d ,i h sudd5ly slipp$ (f   
,mr4 ,h>rison's tripod1 :i* ,i _h borr[$
 = ! occasion4 ,! fact is1 ,i am n equal
 to ! prophetical bus9ess1 & ought n to 
h und]tak5 x4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,x did n occur to 
me1 :ile writ+ ! latt] "p ( ?is essay1 t
 x c\ld be ne$ful to disclaim ! int5tion
 ( putt+ ! religi\s sy/em ( ,comte on a 
level ) ,mormonism4 ,& ,i 0 unaw>e ( !  
fact t ,mr4 ,h>rison rejects ! great] "p
 ( ! ,positivi/ ,religion1 z taught by  
,comte4 ,i h1 !re=e1 eras$ "o or two    
passages1 :i* impli$ 8 adh]5ce to !     

,religion ( ,humanity z develop$ by     
,comte1 #ahic4  ,,footnotes3       #ea  
,see ! ,(ficial ,report ( ! ,*ur*       
,congress held           at ,man*e/]1   
,octob] #ahhh1 pp4 #bec1 #bed4       #eb
 ,9 ?is place & 9 ! elev5? essay1 !re   
are           ref]5ces to ! late        
,ar*bi%op ( ,york :i* are (           no
 importance to my ma9 argum5t1 & :i* ,i 
h           expung$ because ,i desire to
 oblit]ate ! traces ( a                 
tempor>y misund]/&+ ) a man ( r>e       
ability1           c&\r1 & wit1 = :om ,i
 ent]ta9$ a great lik+           & no   
less respect4 ,i rejoice to ?9k n[ ( !  
7!n7 ,bi%op's cordial hail ! fir/ "t we 
met           aft] our little skirmi%1  
,well1 is x to be peace or           w>8
 ,i repli$1 ,a little ( bo?4 ,b !re 0   
only           peace :5 we p>t$1 & ev]  
aft]4       #ec ,dr4 ,wace tells u1 ,x  
may be ask$ h[ f> we c rely           on
 ! acc\nts we possess ( our ,"l's tea*+ 
on           ^! subjects4 ,& he seems to
 ?9k ! "q           appropriately answ]$

 by ! ass]tion t x ought           to be
 reg>d$ z settl$ by ,m4 ,r5an's         
practical           surr5d] ( ! adv]se  
case4 ,i ?\ght ,i knew ,m4              
,r5an's works pretty well1 b ,i h       
contriv$ to miss           ?is practical
 7,i wi% ,dr4 ,wace _h def9$ ! scope    
( t useful adjective7 surr5d]4 ,h[ev]1 z
 ,dr4           ,wace c f9d no          
difficulty 9 po9t+ out ! passage        
( ,m4 ,r5an's writ+s1 by :i* he feels   
ju/ifi$ 9           mak+ 8 /atem5t1 ,i  
%all wait = fur!r           enlight5m5t1
 cont5t+ myself1 = ! pres5t1 )          
rem>k+ t if ,m4 ,r5an 7 to retract & d  
p5ance 9 ,notre-,dame to-morr[ = any    
contributions           to ,biblical    
criticism t may be specially 8          
prop]ty1 ! ma9 results ( t criticism1 z 
!y           are set =? 9 ! works (     
,/rauss1 ,baur1 ,reuss1 &               
,volkm>1 = example1 w\ld n be s5sibly   
affect$4       #ed ,see ,de ,gob9eau1   
,les ,religions et les ,philosophies    
dans l',asie ,c5trale2 & ! rec5tly      

publi%$ "w           ( ,mr4 ,e4,g4      
,br[ne1 ,! ,episode ( ! ,bab4       #ee 
,"h1 z always1 ! revis$ v]sion is cit$4 
#ef ,does any "o really mean to say t   
!re is any           int]nal or ext]nal 
crit]ion by :i* ! read] ( a             
biblical /atem5t1 9 :i* sci5tific matt] 
is           conta9$1 is enabl$ to judge
 :e!r x is to betak5           au srieux
 or n8 ,is ! acc\nt ( ! ,deluge1        
accept$ z true 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 less  
precise &           specific ?an t ( !  
call ( ,abraham1 also           accept$ 
z true !re98 ,by :at m>k does ! /ory    
( ! fe$+ ) manna 9 ! wild]ness1 :i*     
involves "s v curi\s sci5tific problems1
 %[           t x is meant m]ely =      
edification1 :ile !           /ory ( !  
inscription ( ! ,law on /one by !       
h& ( ,jahveh is lit]ally true8 ,if !    
/ory ( !           ,fall is n ! true    
record ( an hi/orical                   
occurr5ce1 :at becomes ( ,paul9e !ology8
 ,yet !           /ory ( ! ,fall z      
directly conflicts )                    

probability1 & is z devoid ( tru/wor?y  
evid5ce1           z t ( ! creation or t
 ( ! ,deluge1 )           :i* x =ms an  
h>moni\sly leg5d>y s]ies4       #eg     
,see1 = an admirable discussion ( ! :ole
 subject1           ,dr4 ,abbott's      
article on ! ,gospels 9 !               
,encyclopdia ,britannica2 & ! rem>kable 
monograph           by ,pr(essor        
,volkm>1 ,jesus ,naz>5us und die er/e   
*ri/li*e ,zeit 7#ahhb74 ,:e!r we agree )
 !           conclusions ( ^! writ]s or 
n1 ! me?od (           critical         
inve/igation :i*1 !y adopt is           
unimpea*able4       #eh ,not)/&+ ! h>d  
words %ot at me f beh9d           ! h$ge
 ( anonymity by a writ] 9 a rec5t numb] 
( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,i repeat1 )\t !  
slighte/ fe> ( refutation1 t ! f\r      
,gospels1 z           !y h come to u1   
are ! "w ( unkn[n writ]s4       #ei ,_! 
argum5ts1 9 ! long run1 are always      
r$ucible           to "o =m4 ,o!rwise   
tru/wor?y witnesses affirm           t  
su* & su* ev5ts took place4 ,^! ev5ts   

are           inexplicable1 except !    
ag5cy ( spirits is           admitt$4   
,!re=e spirits 7 ! cause ( !            
ph5om5a4            ,& ! heads ( ! reply
 are always ! same4           ,rememb]  
,goe!'s aphorism3 ,alles factis*e i/    
s*on           ,!orie4 ,tru/wor?y       
witnesses are con/antly                 
deceiv$1 or deceive !mselves1 9 _!      
int]pretation ( s5sible ph5om5a4 ,no "o 
c prove           t ! s5sible ph5om5a1 9
 ^! cases1 c\ld be           caus$ only 
by ! ag5cy ( spirits3 & !re is          
abundant gr\nd = believ+ t !y may be    
produc$           9 o!r ways4 ,!re=e1 ! 
utmo/ t c be           reasonably ask$  
=1 on ! evid5ce z x /&s1 is             
susp5sion ( judgm5t4 ,&1 on ! necessity 
= ev5           t susp5sion1 reasonable 
m5 may diff]1 accord+           to _!   
views ( probability4       #fj ,yet ,i  
mu/ someh[ h laid hold ( ! pi? ( !      
matt]1 =1 _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ,dean    
,mansel's           ,bampton ,lectures 7
 publi%$1 x seem$ to me ,i              

already knew all t ?is em95tly agno/ic  
?9k]           _h to tell me4       #fa 
,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,edit4        
,h>t5/e91 p4 #bef4       #fb ,report ( !
 ,*ur* ,congress1 ,man*e/]1 #ahhh1 p4   
#beb4       #fc ,=tnightly ,review1     
,jan4 #ahhi4     ,,viii3 ,,agno/icism3  
,a ,,rejo9d]  #ahhi   ,^? :o pass$ f    
,dr4 ,wace's article 9 ! la/ numb] ( !  
,n9ete5? ,c5tury to ! anticipatory      
confutation ( x :i* foll[$ 9 ,! ,new    
,re=mation1 mu/ h enjoy$ ! pleasure ( a 
dramatic surprise--j z :5 ! fif? act ( a
 new play proves unexpect$ly bright &   
int]e/+4 ,mrs4 ,w>d w1 ,i hope1 p>don ! 
comp>ison1 if ,i say t h] effective     
cle>+ away ( antiquat$ incumbrances f ! 
li/s ( ! controv]sy1 rem9ds me ( no?+ s 
mu* z ( ! action ( "s neat-h&$1 b       
/rong-wri/$1 ,phyllis1 :o1 gracefully   
wield+ h] long-h&l$ ,turk's head1 sweeps
 away ! accumulat$ results ( ! toil (   
g5]ations ( spid]s4 ,i am ! m indebt$ to
 ?is lum9\s sket* ( ! results ( critical
 inve/igation1 z x is c>ri$ out among ^!

 !ologians :o are m5 ( sci5ce & n m]e   
c\nsel = cre$s1 s9ce x has reliev$ me f 
! necessity ( deal+ ) ! great] "p ( ,dr4
 ,wace's polemic1 & enables me to devote
 m space to ! really important issues   
:i* h be5 rais$4#fd  ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x  
may be well = me to obs]ve t approbation
 ( ! mann] 9 :i* a great biblical s*ol>1
 = in/ance1 ,reuss1 does 8 "w does n    
commit me to ! adoption ( all1 or inde$ 
any ( 8 views2 &1 fur!r1 t !            
disagreem5ts ( a s]ies ( inve/igators d 
n 9 any way int]f]e ) ! fact t ea* ( !m 
has made important contributions to !   
body ( tru? ultimately e/abli%$4 ,if ,i 
cite ,buffon1 ,l9nu1 ,lam>ck1 & ,cuvi]1 
z hav+ ea* & all tak5 a lead+ %>e 9     
build+ up mod]n biology1 ! /atem5t t e  
"o ( ^! great naturali/s disagre$ )1 &  
ev5 m or less contradict$1 all ! re/ is 
q true2 b ! supposition t ! latt]       
ass]tion is 9 any way inconsi/5t ) !    
=m]1 w\ld betray a /range ignorance ( ! 
mann] 9 :i* all true sci5ce advances4   
,dr4 ,wace takes a great deal ( tr\ble  

to make x appe> t ,i h desir$ to evade !
 real que/ions rais$ by 8 attack ^u me  
at ! ,*ur* ,congress4 ,i assure ! rev]5d
 ,pr9cipal t 9 ?is1 z 9 "s o!r respects1
 he has ent]ta9$ a v errone\s conception
 ( my int5tions4 ,?+s w\ld assume m     
accurate proportions 9 ,dr4 ,wace's m9d1
 if he w\ld k9dly rememb] t x is j ?irty
 ye>s s9ce ecclesia/ical ?und]bolts     
began to fly ab\t my e>s4 ,i h _h !     
,lion & ! ,be> to deal )1 & x is long   
s9ce ,i got q us$ to ! ?reat5+s (       
episcopal ,golia?s1 ^: crozi]s 7 l unto 
a weav]'s beam4 ,s t ,i almo/ ?9k ,i    
might n h notic$ ,dr4 ,wace's attack1   
p]sonal z x 02 & al?\gh1 z he is good   
en\gh to tell u1 sep>ate copies are to  
be _h = ! mode/ equival5t ( twop5ce1 z a
 matt] ( fact1 x did n come "u my notice
 = a long "t aft] x 0 made4 ,may ,i     
fur!r v5ture to po9t out t 7reckon+     
po/age7 ! exp5diture ( twop5ce-halfp5ny1
 or1 at ! mo/1 ?reep5ce1 w\ld h enabl$  
,dr4 ,wace s f> to comply ) ord9>y      
conv5tions z to direct my att5tion to ! 

fact t he _h attack$ me be=e a meet+ at 
:i* ,i 0 n pres5t8 ,i really am n       
responsible = ! five mon?s' neglect (   
:i* ,dr4 ,wace compla9s4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1
 ! ,engli%ry :o sw>m$ ab\t ! ,engad9e1  
dur+ ! ?ree mon?s t ,i 0 be+ br\ght back
 to life by ! glori\s air & p]fect com=t
 ( ! ,maloja1 did n1 9 my he>+1 say     
any?+ ab\t ! important ev5ts :i* _h tak5
 place at ! ,*ur* ,congress2 & ,i ?9k ,i
 c v5ture to affirm t !re 0 n a s+le    
copy ( ,dr4 ,wace's pamphlet 9 any ( !  
hotel libr>ies :i* ,i rummag$1 9 se>* ( 
some?+ m edify+ ?an dull ,engli% or     
que/ionable ,fr5* novels4  ,& n[1 hav+1 
z ,i hope1 set myself "r ) ! public z   
reg>ds ! s9s ( commission & omission )  
:i* ,i h be5 *>g$1 ,i feel free to deal 
) matt]s to :i* "t & type may be m      
pr(itably devot$4  ,i believe t !re is n
 a solit>y argum5t ,i h us$1 or t ,i am 
ab\t to use1 :i* is orig9al1 or has     
any?+ to d ) ! fact t ,i h be5 *iefly   
occupi$ ) natural sci5ce4 ,!y are all1  
facts & reason+ alike1 ei!r id5tical )1 

or consequ5tial ^u1 propositions :i* are
 to be f\nd 9 ! works ( s*ol>s &        
!ologians ( ! highe/ repute 9 ! only two
 c\ntries1 ,holl& & ,g]many1#fe 9 :i*1  
at ! pres5t "t1 pr(essors ( !ology are  
to be f\nd1 ^: t5ure ( _! po/s does n   
dep5d ^u ! results to :i* _! inquiries  
lead !m4#ff ,x is true t1 to ! be/ ( my 
ability1 ,i h satisfi$ myself ( !       
s\ndness ( ! f\ndations on :i* my       
argum5ts are built1 & ,i desire to be   
held fully responsible = ev]y?+ ,i say4 
,b1 nev]!less1 my position is really no 
m ?an t ( an expositor2 & my            
ju/ification = und]tak+ x is simply t   
conviction ( ! supremacy ( private      
judgm5t 7inde$1 ( ! impossibility (     
escap+ x7 :i* is ! f\ndation ( !        
,prote/ant ,re=mation1 & :i* 0 ! doctr9e
 accept$ by ! va/ majority ( !          
,anglicans ( my y\?1 be=e t backslid+   
t[>ds ! begg>ly rudim5ts ( an effete &  
idolatr\s sac]dotalism :i* has1 ev5 n[1 
provid$ u ) ! sadde/ spectacle :i* has  
be5 (f]$ to ! eyes ( ,engli%m5 9 ?is    

g5]ation4 ,a high c\rt ( ecclesia/ical  
jurisdiction1 ) a ho/ ( great lawy]s 9  
battle array1 is &1 = ,heav5 kn[s h[    
long1 w be1 occupi$ ) ^! v que/ions (   
wa%+ ( cups & pots & braz5 vessels1 :i* 
! ,ma/]1 ^: pr(ess$ repres5tatives are  
r5d+ ! ,*ur* ov] ^! squabbles1 _h 9 8   
m9d :51 z we are told1 he utt]$ ! sca?+ 
rebuke3--      ,well did ,isaiah        
prophesy ( y hypocrites1 z x is writt51 
,?is p hon\re? me ) _! lips1         ,b 
_! he>t is f> f me4         ,b 9 va9 d  
!y wor%ip me1         ,tea*+ z _!       
doctr9es ! precepts ( m54               
7,m>k vii4 #f-g47  ,m5 :o c be absorb$ 9
 bick]+s ov] mis]able disputes ( ?is k9d
 c h b little sympa?y ) ! old           
evangelical doctr9e ( ! op5 ,bible1 or  
any?+ b a grave misgiv+ ( ! results (   
dilig5t read+ ( ! ,bible1 )\t ! help (  
ecclesia/ical spectacles1 by ! mass ( ! 
p4 ,greatly to ! surprise ( _m ( my     
fri5ds1 ,i h always advocat$ ! read+ ( !
 ,bible1 & ! diffusion ( ! /udy ( t mo/ 
rem>kable collection ( books among ! p4 

,its tea*+s are s inf9itely sup]ior to  
^? ( ! sects1 :o are j z busy n[ z !    
,ph>isees 7 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 9  
smo!r+ !m "u ! precepts ( m52 x is s    
c]ta91 to my m9d1 t ! ,bible conta9s )9 
itself ! refutation ( n9e-t5?s ( !      
mixture ( sophi/ical metaphysics &      
old-_w sup]/ition :i* has be5 pil$ r\nd 
x by ! s-call$ ,*ri/ians ( lat] times2 x
 is s cle> t ! only imm$iate & ready    
antidote to ! poison :i* has be5 mix$ ) 
,*ri/ianity1 to ! intoxication &        
delusion ( mank9d1 lies 9 copi\s        
draughts f ! undefil$ spr+1 t ,i ex]cise
 ! "r & duty ( free judgm5t on ! "p ( e 
man1 ma9ly = ! purpose ( induc+ o!r     
laym5 to foll[ my example4 ,if ! ,new   
,te/am5t is translat$ into ,zulu by     
,prote/ant mission>ies1 x mu/ be assum$ 
t a ,zulu conv]t is compet5t to draw f  
its cont5ts all ! tru?s :i* x is        
necess>y = him to believe4 ,i tru/ t ,i 
may1 )\t immode/y1 claim to be put on ! 
same foot+ z a ,zulu4  ,! mo/ con/ant   
reproa* :i* is laun*$ aga9/ p]sons ( my 

way ( ?9k+ is t x is all v well = u to  
talk ab\t ! d$uctions ( sci5tific ?\ght1
 b :at are ! poor & ! un$ucat$ to d8    
,has x ev] occurr$ to ^? :o talk 9 ?is  
fa%ion1 t _! cre$s & ! articles ( _!    
sev]al confessions1 _! det]m9ation ( !  
exact nature & ext5t ( ! tea*+s (       
,jesus1 _! expositions ( ! real mean+ ( 
t :i* is writt5 9 ! ,epi/les 7to leave  
aside all que/ions conc]n+ ! ,old       
,te/am5t71 are no?+ m ?an d$uctions :i*1
 at any rate1 pr(ess to be ! result (   
/rictly sci5tific ?9k+1 & :i* are n wor?
 att5d+ to unless !y really possess t   
"*8 ,if x is n hi/orically true t su* & 
su* ?+s happ5$ 9 ,pale/9e eighte5       
c5turies ago1 :at becomes ( ,*ri/ianity8
 ,& :at is hi/orical tru? b t ( :i* !   
evid5ce be>s /rict sci5tific            
inve/igation8 ,i d n call to m9d any    
problem ( natural sci5ce :i* has come "u
 my notice :i* is m difficult1 or m     
curi\sly int]e/+ z a m]e problem1 ?an t 
( ! orig9 ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels & t ( !
 hi/orical value ( ! n>ratives :i* !y   

conta94 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,*ur*es /&s  
or falls by ! results ( ! purely        
sci5tific inve/igation ( ^! que/ions4   
,!y 7 fir/ tak5 up1 9 a purely sci5tific
 _s1 ab\t a c5tury ago2 !y h be5 /udi$  
ov] & ov] aga9 by m5 ( va/ k & critical 
acum52 b he w\ld be a ra% man :o %\ld   
ass]t t any solution ( ^! problems1 z   
yet =mulat$1 is exhau/ive4 ,! mo/ t c be
 said is t c]ta9 preval5t solutions are 
c]ta9ly false1 :ile o!rs are m or less  
probably true4  ,if ,i am do+ my be/ to 
r\se my c\ntrym5 out ( _! dogmatic      
slumb]s1 x is n t !y may be amus$ by    
see+ :o gets ! be/ ( x 9 a conte/ betwe5
 a sci5ti/ & a !ologian4 ,! s]i\s "q is 
:e!r !ological m5 ( sci5ce1 or !ological
 special plead]s1 are to h ! confid5ce (
 ! g5]al public2 x is ! "q :e!r a c\ntry
 9 :i* x is possible = a body ( excell5t
 cl]ical & lay g5tlem5 to discuss1 9    
public meet+ assembl$1 h[ mu* x is      
desirable to let ! congregations ( !    
fai?ful "k ( ! results ( biblical       
criticism1 is likely to wake up ) any?+ 

%ort ( ! grasp ( a r\gh lay h& ^u its   
%\ld]2 x is ! "q :e!r ! ,new ,te/am5t   
books1 be+1 z ,i believe !y 71 writt5 & 
compil$ by p :o1 accord+ to _! lights1 7
 p]fectly s9c]e1 w n1 :5 prop]ly /udi$ z
 ord9>y hi/orical docum5ts1 af=d u !    
means ( self-criticism4 ,& x mu/ be     
rememb]$ t ! ,new ,te/am5t books are n  
responsible = ! doctr9e inv5t$ by !     
,*ur*es t !y are any?+ b ord9>y         
hi/orical docum5ts4 ,! au?or ( ! ?ird   
gospel tells u1 z /raight=w>dly z a man 
c1 t he has no claim to any o!r "* ?an t
 ( an ord9>y compil] & editor1 :o _h    
be=e him ! works ( _m & v>i\sly qualifi$
 pr$ecessors4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,9 my =m] pap]s1  
accord+ to ,dr4 ,wace1 ,i h evad$ giv+  
an answ] to 8 ma9 proposition1 :i* he   
/ates z foll[s--       ,ap>t f all      
disput$ po9ts ( criticism1 no "o        
practically d\bts t our ,"l liv$1 & t   
,he di$ on      ! cross1 9 ! mo/ int5se 
s5se ( filial relation to      ,8 ,fa!r 
9 ,heav51 & t ,he bore te/imony to t    

,fa!r's provid5ce1 love1 & grace t[>ds  
mank9d4 ,!      ,"l's ,pray] af=ds a    
suffici5t evid5ce on ^! po9ts4      ,if 
! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt alone be add$1 !    
:ole unse5      _w1 ( :i* ! ,agno/ic    
refuses to "k any?+1      /&s unveil$   
be=e u4444 ,if ,jesus ,*ri/ prea*$ t    
,s]mon1 made ^? promises1 & taught t    
pray]1 !n      any "o :o says t we "k   
no?+ ( ,god1 or ( a future      life1 or
 ( an unse5 _w1 says t he does n believe
      ,jesus ,*ri/ 7pp4 #ced-cee74      
,aga9--       ,! ma9 "q at issue1 9 a   
^w1 is "o :i*      ,pr(essor ,huxley has
 *os5 to leave entirely on "o           
side--:e!r1 namely1 all[+ = ! utmo/     
unc]ta9ty      on o!r po9ts ( !         
criticism to :i* he appeals1 !re      is
 any reasonable d\bt t ! ,"l's ,pray] & 
!      ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt af=d a true    
acc\nt ( our ,"l's      ess5tial belief 
& c>d9al tea*+ 7p4 #cee47  ,i c]ta9ly 0 
n aw>e t ,i _h evad$ ! que/ions "h /at$2
 inde$ ,i %\ld say t ,i h indicat$ my   
reply to !m pretty cle>ly2 b1 z ,dr4    

,wace wants a pla9] answ]1 he %all      
c]ta9ly be gratifi$4 ,if1 z ,dr4 ,wace  
decl>es x is1 8 :ole case is involv$ 9 !
 argum5t z /at$ 9 ! latt] ( ^! two      
extracts1 s mu* ! worse = 8 :ole case4  
,= ,i am ( op9ion t !re is ! grave/     
reason = d\bt+ :e!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 
0 ev] prea*$1 & :e!r ! s-call$ ,"l's    
,pray] 0 ev] pray$1 by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4
 ,my reasons = ?is op9ion are1 among    
o!rs1 ^!3--,!re is n[ no d\bt t ! ?ree  
,synoptic ,gospels1 s f> f be+ ! "w (   
?ree indep5d5t writ]s1 are closely      
int]dep5d5t1#fg & t 9 "o ( two ways4    
,ei!r all ?ree conta91 z _! f\ndation1  
v]sions1 to a l>ge ext5t v]bally        
id5tical1 ( "o & ! same tradition2 or   
two ( !m are ?us closely dep5d5t on !   
?ird2 & ! op9ion ( ! majority ( ! be/   
critics has ( late ye>s m & m conv]g$   
t[>ds ! conviction t our canonical      
second gospel 7! s-call$ ,m>k's ,gospel7
 is t :i* mo/ closely repres5ts !       
primitive gr\ndwork ( ! ?ree4#fh ,t ,i  
take to be "o ( ! mo/ valuable results (

 ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 ( immeasurably
 great] importance ?an ! discussion ab\t
 dates & au?or%ip4  ,b if1 z ,i believe 
to be ! case1 beyond any rational d\bt  
or dispute1 ! second gospel is ! ne>e/  
extant repres5tative ( ! olde/          
tradition1 :e!r writt5 or oral1 h[ comes
 x t x conta9s nei!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt
 nor ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ^? typical         
embodim5ts1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wace1 ( !  
ess5tial belief & c>d9al tea*+ ( ,jesus8
 ,n only does ,m>k's gospel fail to     
conta9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 or any?+ b a
 v few ( ! say+s conta9$ 9 t collection2
 b1 at ! po9t ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus :]e ! 
,s]mon occurs 9 ,mat!w1 !re is 9 ,m>k an
 app>5tly unbrok5 n>rative f ! call+ (  
,james & ,john to ! heal+ ( ,simon's    
wife's "m4 ,?us ! olde/ tradition n only
 ignores ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 b1 by     
implication1 raises a probability aga9/ 
its be+ deliv]$ :5 & :]e ! lat] ,mat!w  
ins]ts x 9 8 compilation4  ,& /ill m    
weighty is ! fact t ! ?ird gospel1 !    
au?or ( :i* tells u t he wrote aft] _m  

o!rs _h tak5 9 h& ! same ent]prise2 :o  
%\ld !re=e h kn[n ! fir/ gospel 7if x   
exi/$71 & 0 b\nd to pay to x ! def]5ce  
due to ! "w ( an apo/olic eye-witness   
7if he _h any reason = ?9k+ x 0 s7--?is 
writ]1 :o exhibits f> m lit]>y compet5ce
 ?an ! o!r two1 ignores any ,s]mon on ! 
,m\nt1 su* z t report$ by ,mat!w1 j z   
mu* z ! olde/ au?ority does4 ,yet ,luke 
has a great _m passages id5tical1 or    
p>allel1 ) ^? 9 ,mat!w's ,s]mon on !    
,m\nt1 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 scatt]$ ab\t
 9 a totally diff]5t connection4        
,int]pos$1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! nom9ation ( !
 ,apo/les & a visit to ,cap]naum2       
occupy+1 !re=e1 a place :i* answ]s to t 
( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 ! fir/ gospel1 
!re is 9 ! ?ird gospel a disc\rse :i* is
 z closely simil> to ! ,s]mon on !      
,m\nt1 9 "s p>ticul>s1 z x is widely    
unlike x 9 o!rs4  ,?is disc\rse is said 
to h be5 deliv]$ 9 a pla9 or level place
 7,luke vi4 #ag71 & by way ( di/9ction  
we may call x ! ,s]mon on ! ,pla94  ,i  
see no reason to d\bt t ! two           

,evangeli/s are deal+1 to a consid]able 
ext5t1 ) ! same traditional mat]ial2 & a
 comp>ison ( ! two ,s]mons sugge/s v    
/rongly t ,luke's v]sion is ! e>li]4 ,! 
correspond5ces betwe5 ! two =bid !      
notion t !y are indep5d5t4 ,!y bo? beg9 
) a s]ies ( bless+s1 "s ( :i* are almo/ 
v]bally id5tical4 ,9 ! middle ( ea*     
7,luke vi4 #bg-ch1 ,matt4 v4 #dc-dh7 !re
 is a /rik+ exposition ( ! e?ical _s ( !
 comm& giv5 9 ,leviticus xix4 #ah4 ,&   
ea* ends ) a passage conta9+ !          
decl>ation t a tree is to be kn[n by its
 fruit1 & ! p>able ( ! h\se built on !  
s&4 ,b :ile !re are only #bi v]ses 9 !  
,s]mon on ! ,pla9 !re are #ajg 9 !      
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 ! excess 9 l5g? ( !  
latt] be+ *iefly due to ! long          
int]polations1 "o ( #cj v]ses be=e & "o 
( #cd v]ses aft]1 ! middlemo/ p>allelism
 ) ,luke4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is q    
impossible to admit t !re is m          
probability t ,mat!w's v]sion ( ! ,s]mon
 is hi/orically accurate1 ?an !re is t  
,luke's v]sion is s2 & !y _c bo? be     

accurate4  ,luke ei!r knew ! collection 
( loosely-connect$ & aphori/ic utt]ances
 :i* appe> "u ! "n ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt
 9 ,mat!w2 or he did n4 ,if he did n1 he
 mu/ h be5 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a 
docum5t z our canonical ,mat!w1 a fact  
:i* does n make = ! g5u95ess1 or !      
au?ority1 ( t book4 ,if he did1 he has  
%[n t he does n c>e = its au?ority on a 
matt] ( fact ( no small importance2 & t 
does n p]mit u to conceive t he believ$ 
! fir/ gospel to be ! "w ( an au?ority  
to :om he ought to def]1 let alone t (  
an apo/olic eye-witness4  ,! tradition (
 ! ,*ur* ab\t ! second gospel1 :i* ,i   
believe to be q wor?less1 b :i* is all !
 evid5ce !re is = ,m>k's au?or%ip1 w\ld 
h u believe t ,m>k 0 little m ?an !     
m\?piece ( ! apo/le ,pet]4 ,consequ5tly1
 we are to suppose t ,pet] ei!r did n   
"k1 or did n c>e v mu* =1 t acc\nt ( !  
ess5tial belief & c>d9al tea*+ ( ,jesus 
:i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 &1
 c]ta9ly1 he c\ld n h %>$ ,dr4 ,wace's  
view ( its importance4#fi  ,i ?\ght t   

all fairly att5tive & intellig5t /ud5ts 
( ! gospels1 to say no?+ ( !ologians (  
reputation1 knew ^! ?+s4 ,b h[ c any "o 
:o does "k !m h ! consci5ce to ask :e!r 
!re is any reasonable d\bt t ! ,s]mon on
 ! ,m\nt 0 prea*$ by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8  
,if conjecture is p]missible1 :]e no?+  
else is possible1 ! mo/ probable        
conjecture seems to be t ,mat!w1 hav+ a 
c5to ( say+s attribut$--rightly or      
wrongly x is impossible to say--to      
,jesus among 8 mat]ials1 ?\ght !y 71 or 
might be1 records ( a cont9u\s disc\rse1
 & put !m 9 at ! place he ?\ght         
likelie/4 ,anci5t hi/orians ( ! highe/  
"* saw no h>m 9 compos+ long spee*es :i*
 nev] 7 spok51 & putt+ !m into ! m\?s ( 
/atesm5 & w>riors2 & ,i presume t :oev] 
is repres5t$ by ,mat!w w\ld h be5       
griev\sly a/oni%$ to f9d t any "o       
object$ to 8 foll[+ ! example ( ! be/   
models accessible to him4  ,s ) ! ,"l's 
,pray]4 ,abs5t 9 our repres5tative ( !  
olde/ tradition1 x appe>s 9 bo? ,mat!w &
 ,luke4 ,!re is reason to believe t e   

pi\s ,jew1 at ! comm5cem5t ( our era1   
pray$ ?ree times a day1 accord+ to a    
=mula :i* is embodi$ 9 ! pres5t         
,s*mone-,esre#gj ( ! ,jewi% pray]-book4 
,jesus1 :o 0 assur$ly1 9 all respects1 a
 pi\s ,jew1 :atev] else he may h be51   
d\btless did ! same4 ,:e!r he modifi$ ! 
curr5t =mula1 or :e!r ! s-call$ ,"l's   
,pray] is ! pray] sub/itut$ = !         
,s*mone-,esre 9 ! congregations ( !     
,g5tiles1 is a "q :i* c h>dly be answ]$4
  ,9 a subsequ5t passage ( ,dr4 ,wace's 
article 7p4 #cef7 he adds to ! li/ ( !  
v]ities :i* he imag9es to be            
unassailable1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,passion4 ,i 
am n q sure :at he means by ?is4 ,i am n
 aw>e t any "o 7) ! exception ( c]ta9   
anci5t h]etics7 has prop\nd$ d\bts z to 
! reality ( ! crucifixion2 & c]ta9ly ,i 
h no incl9ation to argue ab\t ! precise 
accuracy ( e detail ( t pa!tic /ory (   
suff]+ & wrong4 ,b1 if ,dr4 ,wace means1
 z ,i suppose he does1 t t :i*1 accord+ 
to ! or?odox view1 happ5$ aft] !        
crucifixion1 & :i* is1 9 a dogmatic     

s5se1 ! mo/ important "p ( ! /ory1 is   
f\nd$ on solid hi/orical pro(s1 ,i mu/  
beg leave to express a diametrically    
opposite conviction4  ,:at d we f9d :5 !
 acc\nts ( ! ev5ts 9 "q1 conta9$ 9 !    
?ree ,synoptic gospels1 are comp>$      
toge!r8 ,9 ! olde/1 !re is a simple1    
/raight=w>d /atem5t :i*1 = any?+ t ,i h 
to urge to ! contr>y1 may be exactly    
true4 ,9 ! o!r two1 !re is1 r\nd ?is    
possible & probable nucleus1 a mass (   
accretions ( ! mo/ que/ionable "*4  ,!  
cruelty ( dea? by crucifixion dep5d$ v  
mu* ^u its l+]+ "*4 ,if !re 7 a support 
= ! weight ( ! body1 z n unfrequ5tly 0 !
 practice1 ! pa9 dur+ ! fir/ h\rs ( !   
infliction 0 n1 necess>ily1 extreme2 nor
 ne$ any s]i\s physical symptoms1 at    
once1 arise f ! w\nds made by ! nails 9 
! h&s & feet1 suppos+ !y 7 nail$1 :i* 0 
n inv>iably ! case4 ,:5 exhau/ion set 91
 & hung]1 ?ir/1 & n]v\s irritation _h   
done _! "w1 ! agony ( ! suff]] mu/ h be5
 t]rible2 & ! m t]rible t1 9 ! abs5ce ( 
any effectual di/urbance ( ! ma*9]y (   

physical life1 x might be prolong$ = _m 
h\rs1 or ev5 days4 ,temp]ate1 /rong m51 
su* z 7 ! ord9>y ,galilean peasants1    
might live = sev]al days on ! cross4 ,x 
is necess>y to be> ^! facts 9 m9d :5 we 
read ! acc\nt conta9$ 9 ! fifte5? *apt] 
( ! second gospel4  ,jesus 0 crucifi$ at
 ! ?ird h\r 7xv4 #be71 & ! n>rative     
seems to imply t he di$ imm$iately aft] 
! n9? h\r 7v4 #cd74 ,9 ?is case1 he w\ld
 h be5 crucifi$ only six h\rs2 & ! "t   
sp5t on ! cross _c h be5 mu* long]1     
because ,joseph ( ,arima?a mu/ h gone to
 ,pilate1 made 8 prep>ations1 & deposit$
 ! body 9 ! rock-cut tomb be=e sunset1  
:i*1 at t "t ( ! ye>1 0 ab\t ! twelf?   
h\r4 ,t any "o %\ld die aft] only six   
h\rs' crucifixion c\ld n h be5 at all 9 
accordance ) ,pilate's l>ge exp]i5ce ( !
 effects ( t me?od ( puni%m5t4 ,x1      
!re=e1 q agrees ) :at might be expect$1 
t ,pilate m>vell$ if he 7 already dead &
 requir$ to be satisfi$ on ?is po9t by !
 te/imony ( ! ,roman (fic] :o 0 9 comm& 
( ! execution p>ty4 ,^? :o h paid       

att5tion to ! extraord9>y difficult "q1 
,:at are ! indisputable signs ( dea?8--w
 be able to e/imate ! value ( ! op9ion (
 a r\gh soldi] on su* a subject2 ev5 if 
8 report to ! ,procurator 7 9 no wise   
affect$ by ! fact t ! fri5d ( ,jesus1 :o
 anxi\sly await$ 8 answ]1 0 a man (     
influ5ce & ( weal?4  ,! inanimate body1 
wrapp$ 9 l951 0 deposit$ 9 a spaci\s1#ga
 cool rock *amb]1 ! entrance ( :i* 0    
clos$1 n by a well-fitt+ door1 b by a   
/one roll$ aga9/ ! op5+1 :i* w\ld (     
c\rse all[ free passage ( air4 ,a little
 m ?an ?irty-six h\rs aft]w>ds 7,friday 
#f ,p4,m41 to ,sunday #f ,a4,m41 or a   
little aft]7 ?ree wom5 visit ! tomb &   
f9d x empty4 ,& !y are told by a "y man 
array$ 9 a :ite robe t ,jesus is gone to
 8 native c\ntry ( ,galilee1 & t !      
disciples & ,pet] w f9d him !re4  ,?us x
 /&s1 pla9ly record$1 9 ! olde/         
tradition t1 = any evid5ce to ! contr>y1
 ! sepul*re may h be5 empti$ at any "t  
dur+ ! ,friday or ,saturday nights4 ,if 
x is said t no ,jew w\ld h violat$ !    

,sabba? by tak+ ! =m] c\rse1 x is to be 
recollect$ t ,joseph ( ,arima?a might   
well be famili> ) t wise & lib]al       
int]pretation ( ! f\r? comm&m5t1 :i*    
p]mitt$ works ( m]cy to m5--nay1 ev5 !  
draw+ ( an ox or an ass out ( a pit--on 
! ,sabba?4 ,at any rate1 ! ,saturday    
night 0 free to ! mo/ scrupul\s (       
obs]v]s ( ! ,law4  ,^! are ! facts ( !  
case z /at$ by ! olde/ extant n>rative (
 !m4 ,i d n see :y any "o %\ld h a ^w to
 say aga9/ ! inh]5t probability ( t     
n>rative2 &1 = my "p1 ,i am q ready to  
accept x z an hi/orical fact1 t s mu* & 
no m is positively kn[n ( ! end ( ,jesus
 ( ,naz>e?4 ,on :at gr\nds c a          
reasonable man be ask$ to believe any m8
 ,s f> z ! n>rative 9 ! fir/ gospel1 on 
! "o h&1 & ^? 9 ! ?ird gospel & ! ,acts1
 on ! o!r1 g beyond :at is /at$ 9 !     
second gospel1 !y are hopelessly        
discrepant ) "o ano!r4 ,& ?is is ! m    
significant because ! pregnant phrase "s
 d\bt$1 9 ! fir/ gospel1 is ignor$ 9 !  
?ird4  ,b x is said t we h ! witness    

,paul speak+ to u directly 9 ! ,epi/les4
 ,!re is little d\bt t we h1 & a v s+ul>
 witness he is4 ,accord+ to 8 own %[+1  
,paul1 9 ! vig\r ( 8 manhood1 ) e means 
( becom+ acqua9t$1 at fir/ h&1 ) !      
evid5ce ( eye-witnesses1 n m]ely refus$ 
to cr$it !m1 b p]secut$ ! *ur* ( ,god & 
made havoc ( x4 ,! reason+ ( ,/eph5 fell
 dead ^u ! acute intellect ( ?is zealot 
= ! traditions ( 8 fa!rs3 8 eyes 7 bl9d 
to ! ec/atic illum9ation ( ! m>tyr's    
c\nt5ance z x _h be5 ! face ( an angel2 
& :51 at ! words ,behold1 ,i see !      
heav5s op5$ & ! ,son ( ,man /&+ on ! "r 
h& ( ,god1 ! murd]\s mob ru%$ ^u & /on$ 
! rapt disciple ( ,jesus1 ,paul         
o/5tati\sly made himself _! (ficial     
accomplice4  ,yet ?is /range man1       
because he has a vision1 "o day1 at     
once1 & ) equally headlong zeal1 flies  
to ! opposite pole ( op9ion4 ,& he is   
mo/ c>eful to tell u t he ab/a9$ f any  
re-exam9ation ( ! facts4                
,imm$iately ,i conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood2
 nei!r      w5t ,i up to ,j]usalem to !m

 :i* 7 ,apo/les be=e      me2 b ,i w5t  
away into ,arabia4 7,galatians i4 #af1  
#ag47  ,i d n presume to qu>rel )       
,paul's proc$ure4 ,if x satisfi$ him1 t 
0 8 affair2 &1 if x satisfies anyone    
else1 ,i am n call$ ^u to dispute ! "r (
 t p]son to be satisfi$4 ,b ,i c]ta9ly h
 ! "r to say t x w\ld n satisfy me1 9 l 
case2 t ,i %\ld be v mu* a%am$ to pret5d
 t x c\ld1 or ought to1 satisfy me2 & t 
,i c ent]ta9 b a v l[ e/imate ( ! value 
( ! evid5ce ( p :o are to be satisfi$ 9 
?is fa%ion1 :5 que/ions ( objective     
fact1 9 :i* _! fai? is int]e/$1 are     
conc]n$4 ,s t :5 ,i am call$ ^u to      
believe a great deal m ?an ! olde/      
gospel tells me ab\t ! f9al ev5ts ( !   
hi/ory ( ,jesus on ! au?ority ( ,paul   
7#a ,cor9?ians xv4 #e-h7 ,i mu/ pause4  
,did he ?9k x1 at any subsequ5t "t1 wor?
 :ile to conf] ) fle% & blood1 or1 9    
mod]n phrase1 to re-exam9e ! facts =    
himself8 or 0 he ready to accept any?+ t
 fitt$ 9 ) 8 preconceiv$ ideas8 ,does he
 mean1 :5 he speaks ( all ! appe>ances (

 ,jesus aft] ! crucifixion z if !y 7 ( !
 same k9d1 t !y 7 all visions1 l !      
manife/ation to himself8 ,&1 f9ally1 h[ 
is ?is acc\nt to be reconcil$ ) ^? 9 !  
fir/ & ?ird gospels--:i*1 z we h se51   
disagree ) "o ano!r8  ,until ^! que/ions
 are satisfactorily answ]$1 ,i am afraid
 t1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,paul's       
te/imony _c be s]i\sly reg>d$1 except z 
x may af=d evid5ce ( ! /ate (           
traditional op9ion at ! "t at :i* he    
wrote1 say betwe5 #ee & #fj ,a4,d42 t   
is1 m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ! ev5t2 a     
p]iod mu* m ?an suffici5t = ! developm5t
 ( any am\nt ( my?ology ab\t matt]s (   
:i* no?+ 0 really kn[n4 ,a few ye>s     
lat]1 among ! contempor>ies & neighb\rs 
( ! ,jews1 &1 if ! mo/ probable         
int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse c he      
tru/$1 among ! foll[]s ( ,jesus also1 x 
0 fully believ$1 9 spite ( all ! evid5ce
 to ! contr>y1 t ! ,emp]or ,n]o 0 n     
really dead1 b t he 0 hidd5 away some:]e
 9 ! ,ea/1 & w\ld spe$ily come aga9 at !
 head ( a great army1 to be rev5g$ ^u 8 

enemies4#gb  ,?us1 ,i conceive t ,i h   
%[n cause = ! op9ion t ,dr4 ,wace's     
*all5ge t\*+ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 !     
,"l's ,pray]1 & ! ,passion 0 m valor\s  
?an discreet4 ,aft] all ?is discussion1 
,i am /ill at ! agno/ic po9t4 ,tell me1 
fir/1 :at ,jesus c be prov$ to h be51   
said1 & done1 & ,i w say :e!r ,i believe
 him1 or 9 him1#gc or n4 ,z ,dr4 ,wace  
admits t ,i h dissipat$ 8 l+]+ %ade (   
unbelief ab\t ! b$evilm5t ( ! ,gad>5e   
pigs1 he might h done some?+ to help    
m9e4 ,in/ead ( t1 he manife/s a total   
want ( conception ( ! nature ( !        
ob/acles :i* imp$e ! conv]sion ( 8      
infidels4  ,! tru? ,i believe to be1 t !
 difficulties 9 ! way ( arriv+ at a sure
 conclusion z to ^! matt]s1 f ! ,s]mon  
on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 or any o!r  
data (f]$ by ! ,synoptic gospels 7& a   
=tiori f ! f\r? gospel71 are insup]able4
 ,e "o ( ^! records is col\r$ by !      
prepossessions ( ^? among :om !         
primitive traditions arose1 & ( ^? by   
:om !y 7 collect$ & edit$3 & !          

difficulty ( mak+ all[ance = ^!         
prepossessions is enhanc$ by our        
ignorance ( ! exact dates at :i* !      
docum5ts 7 fir/ put toge!r2 ( ! ext5t to
 :i* !y h be5 subsequ5tly work$ ov] &   
int]polat$2 & ( ! hi/orical s5se1 or    
want ( s5se1 & ! dogmatic t5d5cies ( _! 
compil]s & editors4 ,let u see if !re is
 any o!r road :i* w take u into some?+  
bett] ?an negation4  ,!re is a          
widespread notion t ! primitive ,*ur*1  
:ile "u ! guidance ( ! ,apo/les & _!    
imm$iate successors1 0 a sort ( dogmatic
 dovecot1 p]vad$ by ! mo/ lov+ unity &  
doctr9al h>mony4 ,prote/ants1           
especially1 are fond ( attribut+ to     
!mselves ! m]it ( be+ ne>] ! ,*ur* ( !  
,apo/les ?an _! neighb\rs2 & !y are !   
less to be excus$ = _! /range delusion  
because !y are great read]s ( ! docum5ts
 :i* prove ! exact contr>y4 ,! fact is  
t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies (   
its exi/5ce1 ! ,*ur* rapidly und]w5t a  
process ( evolution ( ! mo/ rem>kable   
"*1 ! f9al /age ( :i* is f> m diff]5t f 

! fir/ ?an ,anglicanism is f ,quak]ism4 
,! key to ! compreh5sion ( ! problem ( !
 orig9 ( t :i* is n[ call$ ,*ri/ianity1 
& its relation to ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 lies
 "h4 ,nor c we arrive at any s\nd       
conclusion z to :at x is probable t     
,jesus actually said & did1 )\t be+ cle>
 on ?is head4 ,by f> ! mo/ important &  
subsequ5tly influ5tial /eps 9 !         
evolution ( ,*ri/ianity took place 9 !  
c\rse ( ! c5tury1 m or less1 :i* foll[$ 
^u ! crucifixion4 ,x is almo/ ! d>ke/   
p]iod ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 b1 mo/ =tunately1 
! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! p]iod are brightly 
illum9at$ by ! contempor>y evid5ce ( two
 writ]s ( ^: hi/orical exi/5ce !re is no
 d\bt1#gd & aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ^: mo/   
important works !re is no widely-admitt$
 objection4 ,^! are ,ju/91 ! philosoph] 
& m>tyr1 & ,paul1 ! ,apo/le to !        
,g5tiles4 ,i %all call ^u ^! witnesses  
only to te/ify to ! condition ( op9ion  
among ^? :o call$ !mselves disciples (  
,jesus 9 _! "t4  ,ju/91 9 8 ,dialogue ) 
,trypho ! ,jew1 :i* 0 writt5 some:]e    

ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1        
enum]ates c]ta9 categories ( p]sons :o1 
9 8 op9ion1 w1 or w n1 be sav$1#ge ,^!  
are3--  #a4 ,or?odox ,jews :o refuse to 
believe t ^? :o d obs]ve x to be        
h]etics4 ,sav$4  #b4 ,jews :o obs]ve !  
,law2 believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/2 b :o
 insi/ on ! obs]vance ( ! ,law by       
,g5tile conv]ts4 ,n ,sav$4  #c4 ,jews :o
 obs]ve ! ,law2 believe ,jesus to be !  
,*ri/1 & hold t ,g5tile conv]ts ne$ n   
obs]ve ! ,law4 ,sav$ 79 ,ju/9's op9ion2 
b "s ( 8 fell[-,*ri/ians ?9k ! contr>y74
  #d4 ,g5tile conv]ts to ! belief 9     
,jesus z ! ,*ri/1 :o obs]ve ! ,law4     
,sav$ 7possibly74  #e4 ,g5tile believ]s 
9 ,jesus z ! ,*ri/1 :o d n obs]ve ! ,law
 !mselves 7except s f> z ! refusal (    
idol sacrifices71 b d n consid] ^? :o d 
obs]ve x h]etics4 ,sav$ 7?is is ,ju/9's 
own view74  #f4 ,g5tile believ]s :o d n 
obs]ve ! ,law1 except 9 refus+ idol     
sacrifices1 & hold ^? :o d obs]ve x to  
be h]etics4 ,sav$4  #g4 ,g5tiles :o     
believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/ & call     

!mselves ,*ri/ians1 b :o eat meats      
sacrific$ to idols4 ,n ,sav$4  #h4      
,g5tiles :o disbelieve 9 ,jesus z !     
,*ri/4 ,n ,sav$4  ,ju/9 does n consid]  
,*ri/ians :o believe 9 ! natural bir? ( 
,jesus1 ( :om he implies t !re is a     
respectable m9ority1 to be h]etics1 ?\gh
 he himself /rongly holds ! pret]natural
 bir? ( ,jesus & 8 pre-exi/5ce z !      
,logos or ,^w4 ,he conceives ! ,logos to
 be a second ,god1 inf]ior to ! fir/1   
unkn[able ,god1 ) respect to :om ,ju/91 
l ,philo1 is a complete agno/ic4 ,!     
,holy ,_s is n reg>d$ by ,ju/9 z a      
sep>ate p]sonality1 & is (t5 mix$ up ) !
 ,logos4 ,! doctr9e ( ! natural         
immortality ( ! s\l is1 = ,ju/91 a      
h]esy2 & he is z firm a believ] 9 !     
resurrection ( ! body1 z 9 ! spe$y      
,second ,com+ & ! e/abli%m5t ( !        
mill5nium4  ,! pill> ( ! ,*ur* 9 !      
middle ( ! second c5tury--a mu*-travell$
 native ( ,sam>ia--0 c]ta9ly well       
acqua9t$ ) ,rome1 probably ) ,alex&ria2 
& x is likely t he knew ! /ate ( op9ion 

?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,*ri/ian _w 
z well z any man ( 8 "t4 ,if ! v>i\s    
categories above enum]at$ are arrang$ 9 
a s]ies ?us3--                          
,ju/9's ,*ri/ianity                     
_/                        _/            
,or?odox    ,judo-,*ri/ianity           
,idolo?ytic ,judaism      _/            
,*ri/ianity   ,paganism               _/
                     ,i4     ,,ii4      
,,iii4  ,,iv4    ,v4       ,,vi4  ,,vii4
          ,,viii4  x is obvi\s t !y =m a
 gradational s]ies f or?odox ,judaism1  
on ! extreme left1 to ,paganism1 :e!r   
philosophic or popul>1 on ! extreme "r2 
& x w fur!r be obs]v$ t1 :ile ,ju/9's   
conception ( ,*ri/ianity is v broad1 he 
rigor\sly excludes two classes ( p]sons 
:o1 9 8 "t1 call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians2   
namely1 ^? :o insi/ on circumcision &   
o!r obs]vances ( ! ,law on ! "p (       
,g5tile conv]ts2 t is to say1 ! /rict   
,judo-,*ri/ians 7,,ii472 &1 on ! o!r h&1
 ^? :o ass]t ! lawfulness ( eat+ meat   
(f]$ to idols--:e!r !y are ,gno/ic or n 

7,,vii474 ,^! la/ ,i h call$ idolo?ytic 
,*ri/ians1 because ,i _c devise a bett] 
"n1 n because x is /rictly def5sible    
etymologically4  ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ,i 
d n suppose !re is an ,engli% mission>y 
9 any hea!n l& :o w\ld tr\ble himself   
:e!r ! mat]ials ( 8 d9n] _h be5         
previ\sly (f]$ to idols or n4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 ,i suppose !re is no ,prote/ant sect
 )9 ! pale ( or?odoxy1 to say no?+ ( !  
,roman & ,greek ,*ur*es1 :i* w\ld       
hesitate to decl>e ! practice (         
circumcision & ! obs]vance ( ! ,jewi%   
,sabba? & diet>y rules1 %ock+ly         
h]etical4  ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity has1 9    
fact1 n only %ift$ f> to ! "r ( ,ju/9's 
position1 b x is ( mu* n>r[] compass4   
,ju/9                      _/           
_/                                      
,judo-,*ri/ianity   ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity  
,paganism ,judaism     _/               
_/              _/                      
_/                     ,i4     ,,ii4    
,,iii4     ,,iv4        ,v4   ,,vi4     
,,vii4     ,,viii4  ,=1 ?\gh x includes 

,,vii41 & ev51 9 sa9t & relic wor%ip1   
cuts a mon/r\s cantle out ( paganism1 x 
excludes1 n only all ,judo-,*ri/ians1 b 
all :o d\bt t su* are h]etics4 ,ev] s9ce
 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,inquisition w\ld h
 *e]fully burn$1 & 9 ,spa9 did          
abundantly burn1 all p]sons :o came "u !
 categories ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v4 ,&
 ! wolf w\ld play ! same havoc n[1 if x 
c\ld only get its blood-/a9$ jaws free f
 ! muzzle impos$ by ! secul> arm4       
,fur!r1 !re is n a ,prote/ant body      
except ! ,unit>ian1 :i* w\ld n decl>e   
,ju/9 himself a h]etic1 on acc\nt ( 8   
doctr9e ( ! inf]ior god%ip ( ! ,logos2  
:ile ,i am v mu* afraid t1 9 /rict      
logic1 ,dr4 ,wace w\ld be "u !          
necessity1 s pa9ful to him1 ( call+ him 
an infidel1 on ! same & on o!r gr\nds4  
,n[ let u turn to our o!r au?ority4 ,if 
!re is any result ( critical            
inve/igations ( ! s\rces ( ,*ri/ianity  
:i* is c]ta91#gf x is t ,paul ( ,t>sus  
wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians some:]e 
betwe5 ! ye>s #ee & #fj ,a4,d41 t is to 

say1 r\ghly1 tw5ty1 or five-&-tw5ty ye>s
 aft] ! crucifixion4 ,if ?is is s1 !    
,epi/le to ! ,galatians is "o ( ! olde/1
 if n ! v olde/1 ( extant docum5t>y     
evid5ces ( ! /ate ( ! primitive ,*ur*4  
,&1 be x obs]v$1 if x is ,paul's writ+1 
x unque/ionably furni%es u ) ! evid5ce (
 a p>ticipator 9 ! transactions n>rat$4 
,) ! exception ( two or ?ree ( ! o!r    
,paul9e ,epi/les1 !re is n "o solit>y   
book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! au?or%ip &   
au?ority ( :i* we h su* good evid5ce4   
,& :at is ! /ate ( ?+s we f9d disclos$8 
,a bitt] qu>rel1 9 8 acc\nt ( :i* ,paul 
by no means m9ces matt]s1 or hesitates  
to hurl defiant s>casms aga9/ ^? :o 7   
reput$ to be pill>s3 ,james ! bro!r ( ! 
,"l1 ,pet]1 ! rock on :om ,jesus is said
 to h built 8 ,*ur*1 & ,john1 ! belov$  
disciple4 ,& no def]5ce t[>d ! rock     
)holds ,paul f *>g+ ,pet] to 8 face )   
dissimulation4  ,! subject ( ! hot      
dispute 0 simply ?is4 ,7 ,g5tile conv]ts
 b\nd to obey ! ,law or n8 ,paul answ]$ 
9 ! negative2 &1 act+ ^u 8 op9ion1 he _h

 creat$ at ,antio* 7& else:]e7 a        
specifically ,*ri/ian community1 ! sole 
qualifications = admission into :i* 7 ! 
confession ( ! belief t ,jesus 0 !      
,messiah1 & baptism ^u t confession4 ,9 
! epi/le 9 "q1 ,paul puts ?is--8 gospel1
 z he calls x--9 its mo/ extreme =m4 ,n 
only does he d5y ! necessity ( con=mity 
) ! ,law1 b he decl>es su* con=mity to h
 a negative value4 ,behold1 ,i1 ,paul1  
say unto y1 t if ye receive             
circumcision1 ,*ri/ w pr(it y no?+      
7,galatians v4 #b74 ,he calls ! legal   
obs]vances begg>ly rudim5ts1 &          
ana!matises e "o :o prea*es to !        
,galatians any o!r gospel ?an 8 own4 ,t 
is to say1 by direct consequ5ce1 he     
ana!matises ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem1 ^:  
zeal = ! ,law is te/ifi$ by ,james 9 a  
passage ( ! ,acts cit$ fur!r on4 ,9 !   
fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 deal+ ) ! 
"q ( eat+ meat (f]$ to idols1 x is cle> 
t ,paul himself ?9ks x a matt] (        
indiff]5ce2 b he advises t x %\ld n he  
done1 = ! sake ( ! weak] bre?r54 ,on !  

o!r h&1 ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem mo/      
/r5u\sly oppos$ ,paul's gospel1 insi/+  
on e conv]t becom+ a regul> ,jewi%      
proselyte1 & consequ5tly on 8 obs]vance 
( ! :ole ,law2 & ?is p>ty 0 l$ by ,james
 & ,pet] & ,john 7,galatians ii4 #i74   
,paul does n sugge/ t ! "q ( pr9ciple 0 
settl$ by ! discussion ref]r$ to 9      
,galatians4 ,all he says is1 t x end$ 9 
! practical agreem5t t he & ,b>nabas    
%\ld d z !y _h be5 do+1 9 respect to !  
,g5tiles2 :ile ,james & ,pet] & ,john   
%\ld deal 9 _! own fa%ion ) ,jewi%      
conv]ts4 ,aft]w>ds1 he compla9s bitt]ly 
( ,pet]1 because1 :5 on a visit to      
,antio*1 he1 at fir/1 incl9$ to ,paul's 
view & ate ) ! ,g5tile conv]ts2 b :5    
c]ta9 came f ,james1 drew back1 &       
sep>at$ himself1 fe>+ !m t 7 ( !        
circumcision4 ,& ! re/ ( ! ,jews        
dissembl$ likewise ) him2 insomu* z ev5 
,b>nabas 0 c>ri$ away ) _! dissimulation
 7,galatians ii4 #ab-ac74  ,!re is b "o 
conclusion to be drawn f ,paul's acc\nt 
( ?is fam\s dispute1 ! settlem5t ( :i*  

det]m9$ ! =tunes ( ! nasc5t religion4 ,x
 is t ! disciples at ,j]usalem1 head$ by
 ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r1 & by ! lead+    
apo/les1 ,pet] & ,john1 7 /rict ,jews1  
:o _h object$ to admit any conv]ts into 
_! body1 unless ^!1 ei!r by bir?1 or by 
becom+ proselytes1 7 also /rict ,jews4  
,9 fact1 ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 ,james &
 ,pet] & ,john1 ) ! body ( ! disciples  
:om !y l$ & ! ,jews by :om !y 7         
surr\nd$1 & ) :om !y1 = _m ye>s1 %>$ !  
religi\s obs]vances ( ! ,temple1 0 t !y 
believ$ t ! ,messiah1 :om ! lead]s ( !  
nation yet look$ =1 _h already come 9 ! 
p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4  ,! ,acts ( ! 
,apo/les is h>dly a v tru/wor?y hi/ory2 
x is c]ta9ly ( lat] date ?an ! ,paul9e  
,epi/les1 suppos+ !m to be g5u9e4 ,& !  
writ]'s v]sion ( ! conf]5ce ( :i* ,paul 
gives s graphic a description1 if t is  
correct1 is unmi/akably col\r$ ) all !  
art ( a reconcil]1 anxi\s to cov] up a  
sc&al4 ,b x is none ! less in/ructive on
 ?is acc\nt4 ,! judgm5t ( ! c\ncil      
deliv]$ by ,james is t ! ,g5tile conv]ts

 %all m]ely ab/a9 f ?+s sacrific$ to    
idols1 & f blood & f ?+s /rangl$1 & f   
=nication4 ,b not)/&+ ! accommodation 9 
:i* ! writ] ( ! ,acts w\ld h u believe1 
! ,j]usalem ,*ur* held to its endeav\r  
to reta9 ! obs]vance ( ! ,law4 ,long    
aft] ! conf]5ce1 "s "t aft] ! writ+ ( ! 
,epi/les to ! ,galatians & ,cor9?ians1 &
 imm$iately aft] ! despat* ( t to !     
,romans1 ,paul makes 8 la/ visit to     
,j]usalem1 & pres5ts himself to ,james &
 all ! eld]s4 ,& ?is is :at ! ,acts     
tells u ( ! int]view3--       ,& !y said
 unto him1 ,?\ see/1 bro!r1 h[ _m       
?\s&s or myriads !re are among ! ,jews (
 !m      :i* h believ$2 & !y are all    
zeal\s = ! law2      & !y h be5 in=m$   
conc]n+ !e1 t ?\      tea*e/ all ! ,jews
 :i* are among ! ,g5tiles to      =sake 
,moses1 tell+ !m n to circumcise _!     
*ildr51 nei!r to walk aft] ! cu/oms4    
7,acts xxi4 #bj1      #ba47  ,!y !re=e  
reque/ t he %\ld p]=m a c]ta9 public    
religi\s act 9 ! ,temple1 9 ord] t      
all %all "k t !re is no tru? 9 ! ?+s    

:]e(      !y h be5 in=m$ conc]n+ !e2 b t
 ?\      ?yself walke/ ord]ly1 keep+ !  
law 7ibid4 #bd74gg  ,h[ f> ,paul c\ld d 
:at he is "h reque/$ to d1 & :i* ! writ]
 ( ! ,acts goes on to say he did1 ) a   
cle> consci5ce1 if he wrote ! ,epi/les  
to ! ,galatians & ,cor9?ians1 ,i may    
leave any c&id read] ( ^! epi/les to    
decide4 ,! po9t to :i* ,i wi% to direct 
att5tion is ! decl>ation t ! ,j]usalem  
,*ur*1 l$ by ! bro!r ( ,jesus & by 8    
p]sonal disciples & fri5ds1 tw5ty ye>s &
 m aft] 8 dea?1 consi/$ ( /rict & zeal\s
 ,jews4  ,t]tullus1 ! orator1 c>+ v     
little ab\t ! int]nal diss5sions ( !    
foll[]s ( ,jesus1 speaks ( ,paul z a    
r+lead] ( ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es 7,acts    
xxiv4 #e71 :i* mu/ h affect$ ,james mu* 
9 ! same way z x w\ld h mov$ ! ,ar*bi%op
 ( ,cant]bury1 9 ,george ,fox's day1 to 
he> ! latt] call$ a r+lead] ( ! sect (  
,anglicans4 ,9 fact1 ,naz>5e 01 z is    
well kn[n1 ! di/9ctive appellation      
appli$ to ,jesus2 8 imm$iate foll[]s 7  
kn[n z ,naz>5es2 :ile ! congregation ( !

 disciples1 &1 lat]1 ( conv]ts at       
,j]usalem--! ,j]usalem ,*ur*--0         
emphatically ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 no m1 
9 itself1 to be reg>d$ z any?+ outside  
,judaism ?an ! sect ( ! ,sadducees1 or t
 ( ! ,ess5es4#gh ,9 fact1 ! t5ets ( bo? 
! ,sadducees & ! ,ess5es div]g$ mu* m   
widely f ! ,ph>isaic /&>d ( or?odoxy ?an
 ,naz>5ism did4  ,let u consid] !       
condition ( affairs n[ 7,a4,d4 #ej-fj7 9
 relation to t :i* obta9$ 9 ,ju/9's "t1 
a c5tury lat]4 ,x is pla9 t !           
,naz>5es--presid$ ov] by ,james1 ! bro!r
 ( ! ,"l1 & compris+ )9 _! body all !   
twelve apo/les--belong$ to ,ju/9's      
second category ( ,jews :o obs]ve !     
,law1 believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/1 b :o
 insi/ on ! obs]vance ( ! ,law by       
,g5tile conv]ts1 up till ! "t at :i* !  
controv]sy report$ by ,paul arose4 ,!y  
!n1 accord+ to ,paul1 simply all[$ him  
to =m 8 congregations ( non-legal       
,g5tile conv]ts at ,antio* & else:]e2 & 
x w\ld seem t x 0 to ^! conv]ts1 :o w\ld
 come "u ,ju/9's fif? category1 t !     

title ( ,*ri/ian 0 fir/ appli$4 ,if any 
( ^! ,*ri/ians _h act$ ^u ! m ?an       
half-p]mission giv5 by ,paul1 & _h eat5 
meats (f]$ to idols1 !y w\ld h belong$  
to ,ju/9's sev5? category4  ,h5ce1 x    
appe>s t1 if ,ju/9's op9ion1 :i* 0      
probably t ( ! ,*ur* g5]ally 9 ! middle 
( ! second c5tury1 0 correct1 ,james &  
,pet] & ,john & _! foll[]s c\ld n be    
sav$2 nei!r c\ld ,paul1 if he c>ri$ into
 practice 8 views z to ! indiff]5ce (   
eat+ meats (f]$ to idols4 ,or1 to put ! 
matt] ano!r way1 ! c5tre ( gravity (    
or?odoxy1 :i* is at ! extreme "r ( !    
s]ies 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 at ! extreme
 left j be=e ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury1  
:5 ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es con/itut$ ! :ole 
*ur* f\nd$ by ,jesus & ! apo/les2 :ile1 
9 ! "t ( ,ju/91 x lay mid-way betwe5 !  
two4 ,x is !re=e a pr(\nd mi/ake to     
imag9e t ! ,judo-,*ri/ians 7,naz>5es &  
,ebionites7 ( lat] times 7 h]etical     
outgr[?s f a primitive univ]sali/       
,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! univ]sali/
 ,*ri/ianity is an outgr[? f !          

primitive1 purely ,jewi%1 ,naz>5ism2    
:i*1 gradually elim9at+ all ! c]emonial 
& diet>y p>ts ( ! ,jewi% law1 has ?ru/  
aside its p>5t1 & all ! int]m$iate /ages
 ( its developm5t1 into ! position (    
damnable h]esies4  ,su* be+ ! case1 we  
are 9 a position to =m a safe judgm5t ( 
! limits )9 :i* ! tea*+ ( ,jesus (      
,naz>e? mu/ h be5 conf9$4 ,ecclesia/ical
 au?ority w\ld h u believe t ! words :i*
 are giv5 at ! end ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 ,g 
ye1 !re=e1 & make disciples ( all !     
nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & (
 ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 are "p ( !   
la/ comm&s ( ,jesus1 issu$ at ! mom5t ( 
8 p>t+ ) ! elev54 ,if s1 ,pet] & ,john  
mu/ h he>d ^! words2 !y are too pla9 to 
be misund]/ood2 & ! occasion is too     
solemn = !m ev] to be =gott54 ,yet !    
,acts tells u t ,pet] ne$$ a vision to  
enable him s mu* z to baptize           
,cornelius2 & ,paul1 9 ! ,galatians1    
kn[s no?+ ( words :i* w\ld h completely 
borne him out z aga9/ ^? :o1 ?\gh !y    
he>d1 mu/ be suppos$ to h ei!r =gott51  

or ignor$ !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pet] &     
,john1 :o are suppos$ to h he>d ! ,s]mon
 on ! ,m\nt1 "k no?+ ( ! say+ t ,jesus  
_h n come to de/roy ! ,law1 b t e jot & 
tittle ( ! ,law mu/ be fulfill$1 :i*    
surely w\ld h be5 pretty good evid5ce = 
_! view ( ! "q4  ,we are sometimes told 
t ! p]sonal fri5ds & daily companions ( 
,jesus rema9$ zeal\s ,jews & oppos$     
,paul's innovations1 because !y 7 h>d ( 
he>t & dull ( compreh5sion4 ,?is        
hypo!sis is h>dly 9 accordance ) !      
concomitant fai? ( ^? :o adopt x1 9 !   
miracul\s insight & sup]human sagacity (
 _! ,ma/]2 nor d ,i see any way ( gett+ 
x to h>monise ) ! or?odox po/ulate2     
namely1 t ,mat!w 0 ! au?or ( ! fir/     
gospel & ,john ( ! f\r?4 ,if t is s1 !n1
 mo/ assur$ly1 ,mat!w 0 no dull>d2 & z =
 ! f\r? gospel--a !osophic romance ( !  
fir/ ord]--x c\ld h be5 writt5 by none b
 a man ( rem>kable lit]>y capacity1 :o  
_h drunk deep ( ,alex&rian philosophy4  
,moreov]1 ! doctr9e ( ! writ] ( ! f\r?  
gospel is m remote f t ( ! sect ( !     

,naz>5es ?an is t ( ,paul himself4 ,i am
 q aw>e t or?odox critics h be5 capable 
( ma9ta9+ t ,john1 ! ,naz>5e1 :o 0      
probably well pa/ fifty ye>s ( age1 :5  
he is suppos$ to h writt5 ! mo/ ?or\ghly
 ,judais+ book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--!     
,apocalypse--9 ! r\ghe/ ( ,greek1       
und]w5t an a/\nd+ metamorphosis ( bo?   
doctr9e & /yle by ! "t he rea*$ ! ripe  
age ( n9ety or s1 & provid$ ! _w ) a    
hi/ory 9 :i* ! acute/ critic _c always  
make out :]e ! spee*es ( ,jesus end & ! 
text ( ! n>rative beg9s2 :ile t n>rative
 is utt]ly irreconcilable1 9 reg>d to   
matt]s ( fact1 ) t ( 8 fell[-apo/le1    
,mat!w4  ,! end ( ! :ole matt] is       
?is3--,! sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 ! bro!r & ! 
imm$iate foll[]s ( ,jesus1 commission$  
by him z apo/les1 & ^? :o 7 taught by !m
 up to ! ye> #ej ,a4,d41 7 n ,*ri/ians 9
 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m has be5 und]/ood ev]
 s9ce its ass]t$ orig9 at ,antio*1 b    
,jews--/rict or?odox ,jews--^: belief 9 
! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus nev] l$ to _!    
exclusion f ! ,temple s]vices1 nor w\ld 

h %ut !m out f ! wide embrace (         
,judaism4#gi ,! op5 proclamation ( _!   
special view ab\t ! ,messiah 0 d\btless 
(f5sive to ! ,ph>isees1 j z rampant ,l[ 
,*ur*ism is (f5sive to bigot$ ,high     
,*ur*ism 9 our own c\ntry2 or z any k9d 
( diss5t is (f5sive to f]vid religioni/s
 ( all cre$s4 ,to ! ,sadducees1 no d\bt1
 ! political dang] ( any ,messianic     
movem5t 0 s]i\s2 & !y w\ld h be5 glad to
 put d[n ,naz>5ism1 le/ x %\ld end 9    
useless rebellion aga9/ _! ,roman ma/]s1
 l t o!r ,galilean movem5t head$ by     
,judas1 a g5]ation e>li]4 ,galilee 0    
always a hotb$ ( s$iti\s en?usiasm aga9/
 ! rule ( ,rome2 & high prie/ &         
procurator alike _h ne$ to keep a %>p   
eye ^u natives ( t di/rict4 ,on ! :ole1 
h[ev]1 ! ,naz>5es 7 b little tr\bl$ = ! 
fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( _! exi/5ce2 & ! undy+ 
hatr$ ( ! ,jews aga9/ ^? lat] conv]ts1  
:om !y reg>d$ z apo/ates & fautors ( a  
%am ,judaism1 0 awak5$ by ,paul4 ,f _!  
po9t ( view1 he 0 a m]e r5egade ,jew1   
oppos$ alike to or?odox ,judaism & to   

or?odox ,naz>5ism2 & ^: tea*+s ?reat5$  
,judaism ) de/ruction4 ,&1 f _! po9t (  
view1 !y 7 q "r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 
,paul9e influ5ces _h a l>ge %>e 9 driv+ 
primitive ,naz>5ism f be+ ! v he>t ( !  
new fai? into ! position ( sc\t$ error2 
& ! _s ( ,paul's doctr9e cont9u$ its "w 
( driv+ ,*ri/ianity f>!r & f>!r away f  
,judaism1 until meats (f]$ to idols     
might be eat5 )\t scruple1 :ile !       
,naz>5e me?ods ( obs]v+ ev5 ! ,sabba?1  
or ! ,passov]1 7 br&$ ) ! m>k ( ,judais+
 h]esy4  ,b if ! primitive ,naz>5es (   
:om ! ,acts speak 7 or?odox ,jews1 :at  
sort ( probability c !re be t ,jesus 0  
any?+ else8 ,h[ c he h f\nd$ ! univ]sal 
religion :i* 0 n he>d ( till tw5ty ye>s 
aft] 8 dea?8#hj ,t ,jesus possess$1 9 a 
r>e degree1 ! gift ( atta*+ m5 to 8     
p]son & to 8 =tunes2 t he 0 ! au?or ( _m
 a /rik+ say+1 & ! advocate ( equity1 ( 
love1 & ( humility2 t he may h disreg>d$
 ! subtleties ( ! bigots = legal        
obs]vance1 & appeal$ r to ^? noble      
conceptions ( religion :i* con/itut$ !  

pi? & k]nel ( ! tea*+ ( ! great prophets
 ( 8 nation sev5 hundr$ ye>s e>li]2 & t1
 9 ! la/ sc5es ( 8 c>e]1 he may h       
embodi$ ! ideal suff]] ( ,isaiah1 may   
be1 z ,i ?9k x is1 extremely probable4  
,b all ?is involves n a /ep beyond !    
bord]s ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,aga91 :o is 
to say :e!r ,jesus proclaim$ himself !  
v]itable ,messiah1 expect$ by 8 nation  
s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! pseudoprophetic "w 
( ,daniel1 a c5tury & a half be=e 8 "t2 
or :e!r ! en?usiasm ( 8 foll[]s         
gradually =c$ him to assume t position8 
,b "o ?+ is q c]ta93 if t belief 9 !    
spe$y second com+ ( ! ,messiah :i* 0 %>$
 by all p>ties 9 ! primitive ,*ur*1 :e!r
 ,naz>5e or ,paul9e2 :i* ,jesus is made 
to prophesy1 ov] & ov] aga91 9 !        
,synoptic gospels2 & :i* dom9at$ ! life 
( ,*ri/ians dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] !   
crucifixion2--if he believ$ & taught t1 
!n assur$ly he 0 "u an illusion1 & he is
 responsible = t :i* ! m]e effluxion (  
"t has demon/rat$ to be a prodigi\s     
error4  ,:5 ,i v5tur$ to d\bt :e!r any  

,prote/ant !ologian :o has a reputation 
to lose w say t he believes ! ,gad>5e   
/ory1 x appe>s t ,i reckon$ )\t ,dr4    
,wace1 :o1 ref]r+ to ?is passage 9 my   
pap]1 says3--       ,he w judge :e!r ,i 
fall "u 8 description2 b ,i      repeat 
t ,i believe x1 & t he has remov$ ! only
      objection to my believ+ x 7p4     
#cfc74  ,f> be x f me to set myself up z
 a judge ( any su* delicate "q z t put  
be=e me2 b ,i ?9k ,i may v5ture to      
express ! conviction t1 9 ! matt] (     
c\rage1 ,dr4 ,wace has rais$ = himself a
 monum5t re p]5nius4 ,= really1 9 my    
poor judgm5t1 a c]ta9 spl5did           
intrepidity1 su* z "o admires 9 ! lead] 
( a =lorn hope1 is manife/$ by ,dr4     
,wace :5 he solemnly affirms t he       
believes ! ,gad>5e /ory on ! evid5ce    
(f]$4 ,i feel less complim5t$ p]haps ?an
 ,i ought to d1 :5 ,i am told t ,i h be5
 an accomplice 9 ext+ui%+ 9 ,dr4 ,wace's
 m9d ! la/ glimm] ( d\bt :i* common s5se
 may h sugge/$4 ,9 fact1 ,i mu/ disclaim
 all responsibility = ! use to :i* !    

in=mation ,i suppli$ has be5 put4 ,i    
=mally decl9e to admit t ! expression ( 
my ignorance :e!r devils1 9 ! exi/5ce ( 
:i* ,i d n believe1 if !y did exi/1     
might or might n be made to g out ( m5  
into pigs1 c1 z a matt] ( logic1 h be5 (
 any use :atev] to a p]son :o already   
believ$ 9 devils & 9 ! hi/orical        
accuracy ( ! gospels4  ,( ! ,gad>5e     
/ory1 ,dr4 ,wace1 ) all solemnity &     
twice ov]1 affirms t he believes x4 ,i  
am sorry to tr\ble him fur!r1 b :at does
 he mean by x8 ,because !re are two     
/ories1 "o 9 ,m>k & ,luke1 & ! o!r 9    
,mat!w4 ,9 ! =m]1 :i* ,i quot$ 9 my     
previ\s pap]1 !re is "o possess$ man2 9 
! latt] !re are two4 ,! /ory is told    
fully1 ) ! vigor\s homely diction & !   
picturesque details ( a piece (         
folklore1 9 ! second gospel4 ,!         
imm$iately antec$5t ev5t is ! /orm on ! 
,lake ( ,g5nes>et4 ,! imm$iately        
consequ5t ev5ts are ! message f ! rul] (
 ! synagogue & ! heal+ ( ! woman ) an   
issue ( blood4 ,9 ! ?ird gospel1 ! ord] 

( ev5ts is exactly ! same1 & !re is an  
extremely close g5]al & v]bal           
correspond5ce betwe5 ! n>ratives ( !    
miracle4 ,bo? agree 9 /at+ t !re 0 only 
"o possess$ man1 & t he 0 ! resid5ce (  
_m devils1 ^: "n 0 ,legion4  ,9 ! fir/  
gospel1 ! ev5t :i* imm$iately prec$es ! 
,gad>5e affair is1 z be=e1 ! /orm2 !    
message f ! rul] & ! heal+ ( ! issue are
 sep>at$ f x by ! acc\nts ( ! heal+ ( a 
p>alytic1 ( ! call+ ( ,mat!w1 & ( a     
discussion ) "s ,ph>isees4 ,aga91 :ile !
 second gospel speaks ( ! c\ntry ( !    
,g]as5es z ! locality ( ! ev5t1 ! ?ird  
gospel has ,g]as5es1 ,g]ges5es1 &       
,gad>5es 9 diff]5t anci5t ,,mss42 :ile !
 fir/ has ,gad>5es4  ,! really important
 po9ts to be notic$1 h[ev]1 9 ! n>rative
 ( ! fir/ gospel1 are ^!--t !re are two 
possess$ m5 in/ead ( "o2 & t :ile ! /ory
 is abbreviat$ by omissions1 :at !re is 
( x is (t5 v]bally id5tical ) !         
correspond+ passages 9 ! o!r two        
gospels4 ,! mo/ unaba%$ ( reconcil]s _c 
well say t "o man is ! same z two1 or   

two z "o2 &1 ?\gh ! sugge/ion really has
 be5 made1 t two diff]5t miracles1      
agree+ 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 except 
! numb] ( ! possess$1 7 effect$         
imm$iately aft] ! /orm on ! lake1 ,i    
%\ld be sorry to accuse any "o ( s]i\sly
 adopt+ x4 ,nor w x he pret5d$ t !      
allegory refuge is accessible 9 ?is     
p>ticul> case4  ,s1 :5 ,dr4 ,wace says t
 he believes 9 ! synoptic evangeli/s'   
acc\nt ( ! miracul\s b$evilm5t ( sw9e1  
,i may fairly ask :i* ( !m does he      
believe8 ,does he hold by ! "o          
evangeli/'s /ory1 or by t ( ! two       
evangeli/s8 ,& hav+ made 8 election1 :at
 reasons has he to give = 8 *oice8 ,if x
 is sugge/$ t ! witness ( two is to be  
tak5 aga9/ t ( "o1 n only is ! te/imony 
dealt ) 9 t common-s5se fa%ion aga9/ :i*
 ! !ologians ( 8 s*ool prote/ s w>mly2 n
 only is all "q ( inspiration at an end1
 b ! fur!r inquiry arises1 ,aft] all1 is
 x ! te/imony ( two aga9/ "o8 ,are !    
au?ors ( ! v]sions 9 ! second & ?ird    
gospels really indep5d5t witnesses8 ,9  

ord] to answ] ?is "q1 x is only ne$ful  
to place ! ,engli% v]sions ( ! two side 
by side1 & comp>e !m c>efully4 ,x w !n  
be se5 t ! co9cid5ces betwe5 !m1 n m]ely
 9 sub/ance1 b 9 arrangem5t1 & 9 ! use (
 id5tical words 9 ! same ord]1 are su*1 
t only two alt]natives are conceivable3 
ei!r "o evangeli/ freely copi$ f ! o!r1 
or bo? bas$ !mselves ^u a common s\rce1 
:i* may ei!r h be5 a writt5 docum5t1 or 
a def9ite oral tradition le>n$ by he>t4 
,assur$ly1 ^! two te/imonies are n ^? ( 
indep5d5t witnesses4 ,fur!r1 :5 !       
n>rative 9 ! fir/ gospel is comp>$ ) t 9
 ! o!r two1 ! same fact comes out4      
,suppos+1 !n1 t ,dr4 ,wace is "r 9 8    
assumption t ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke wrote
 ! works :i* we f9d attribut$ to !m by  
tradition1 :at is ! value ( _! agreem5t1
 ev5 t some?+ m or less l ?is p>ticul>  
miracle occurr$1 s9ce x is demon/rable1 
ei!r t all dep5d on "s antec$5t /atem5t1
 ( ! au?or%ip ( :i* no?+ is kn[n1 or t  
two are dep5d5t ^u ! ?ird8  ,dr4 ,wace  
says he believes ! ,gad>5e /ory2 :i*ev] 

v]sion ( x he accepts1 !re=e1 he        
believes t ,jesus said :at he is /at$ 9 
all ! v]sions to h said1 & !reby        
virtually decl>$ t ! !ory ( ! nature ( !
 spiritual _w involv$ 9 ! /ory is true4 
,n[ ,i hold t ?is !ory is false1 t x is 
a mon/r\s & mis*iev\s fiction2 & ,i     
unhesitat+ly express my disbelief 9 any 
ass]tion t x is true1 by :omsoev] made4 
,s t1 if ,dr4 ,wace is "r 9 8 belief1 he
 is also q "r 9 class+ me among ! p he  
calls infidels2 & al?\gh ,i _c fulfil ! 
ecc5tric expectation t ,i %all glory 9 a
 title :i*1 f my po9t ( view1 x w\ld be 
simply silly to adopt1 ,i c]ta9ly %all  
rejoice n to be reckon$ among ,*ri/ians 
s long z ! pr(ession ( belief 9 su*     
/ories z ! ,gad>5e pig affair1 on !     
/r5g? ( a tradition ( unkn[n orig91 (   
:i* two discrepant reports1 also (      
unkn[n orig91 alone rema91 =ms any "p ( 
! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,&1 al?\gh ,i h1 m ?an 
once1 repudiat$ ! gift ( prophecy1 yet  
,i ?9k ,i may v5ture to express !       
anticipation1 t if ,*ri/ians g5]ally are

 go+ to foll[ ! l9e tak5 by ,dr4 ,wace1 
x w n be long be=e all m5 ( common s5se 
qualify = a place among ! infidels4     
,,footnotes3       #fd ,i may p]haps    
return to ! "q ( ! au?or%ip           ( 
! ,gospels4 ,= ! pres5t ,i mu/ cont5t   
myself           ) w>n+ my read]s aga9/ 
any reliance ^u ,dr4           ,wace's  
/atem5ts z to ! results arriv$ at by    
mod]n criticism4 ,!y are z gravely z    
surpris+ly           errone\s4       #fe
 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ought1 p]haps1 to be  
add$1 b           ,i am n sure4         
#ff ,imag9e t all our *airs ( a/ronomy  
_h be5           f\nd$ 9 ! f\rte5?      
c5tury1 & t _!           incumb5ts 7    
b\nd to sign ,ptolemaic articles4 ,9    
t case1 ) e respect = ! ef=ts (         
p]sons ?us hamp]$ to atta9 & exp\nd !   
tru?1           ,i ?9k m5 ( common s5se 
w\ld g else:]e to le>n                  
a/ronomy4 ,zell]'s ,vortrge und         
,abh&lung5 7           publi%$ & came   
into my h&s a qu>t] ( a c5tury          
ago4 ,! writ]'s rank1 z a !ologian to   

beg9 )1           & subsequ5tly z a     
hi/orian ( ,greek philosophy1 is        
( ! highe/4 ,among ^! essays are        
two--,das           ,ur*ir/5?um & ,die  
,tb+] hi/oris*e           ,s*ule--:i*   
are likely to be ( m use to ^?          
:o wi% to "k ! real /ate ( ! case ?an   
all           t ! (ficial apologi/s1 )  
_! "o eye on           tru? & ! o!r on !
 t5ets ( _! sect1 h           writt54 ,=
 ! op9ion ( a sci5tific !ologian        
ab\t !ologians ( ?is /amp see pp4 #bbe &
 #bbg (           ! ,vortrge4       #fg 
,i suppose ?is is :at ,dr4 ,wace is ?9k+
 ab\t :5           he says t ,i allege t
 !re is no visible escape           f ! 
supposition ( an ,ur-,m>cus 7p4 #cfg74  
,t a           !ologian ( repute %\ld   
conf\nd an indisputable           fact )
 "o ( ! modes ( expla9+ t fact is       
n s s+ul> z ^? :o are unaccu/om$ to !   
ways ( !ologians might imag9e4       #fh
 ,any exam9] ^: duty x has be5 to exam9e
 into a           case ( copy+ w be     
p>ticul>ly well prep>$ to               

appreciate ! =ce ( ! case /at$ 9 t mo/  
excell5t little book1 ,! ,common        
,tradition ( !           ,synoptic      
,gospels1 by ,dr4 ,abbott & ,mr4        
,ru%brooke           7,macmillan1       
#ahhd74 ,to ^? :o h n pass$ ?r\gh       
su* pa9ful exp]i5ces ,i may recomm5d !  
brief           discussion ( ! g5u95ess 
( ! ,casket ,lett]s           9 my fri5d
 ,mr4 ,skelton's int]e/+ book1 ,maitl&  
( ,le?+ton4 ,! second edition (         
,holtzmann's           ,lehrbu*1 publi%$
 9 #ahhf1 gives a rem>kably fair        
& full acc\nt ( ! pres5t results (      
criticism4           ,at p4 #cff he     
writes t ! pres5t burn+ "q           is 
:e!r ! relatively primitive n>rative & !
           root ( ! o!r synoptic texts  
is conta9$ 9           ,mat!w or 9 ,m>k4
 ,x is only on ?is po9t t               
prop]ly-in=m$ 7sa*kundige7 critics      
diff]1 &           he decides 9 fav\r ( 
,m>k4       #fi ,holtzmann 7,die        
synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 #ahfc1 p4 #ge71  
foll[+ ,ewald1 argues t ! ,s\rce ,a 7 ! 

?reefold tradition1 m or less7 conta9$  
some?+           t answ]$ to ! ,s]mon on
 ! ,pla9 imm$iately           aft] !    
words ( our pres5t ,m>k1 ,& he come?    
into a h\se 7iii4 #ai74 ,b :at          
conceivable motive           c\ld ,m>k h
 = omitt+ x8 ,holtzmann has no          
d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is a 
compilation1 or1 z he calls x 9 8       
rec5tly-publi%$ ,lehrbu* 7p4 #cgb71 an  
artificial           mosaic "w4         
#gj ,see ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5    
,volkes1           ,zweit] ,?iel1 p4    
#chd4       #ga ,spaci\s1 because a "y  
man c\ld sit 9 x on !           "r side 
7xv4 #e71 & !re=e ) pl5ty ( room        
to sp>e4       #gb ,k+ ,h]od _h n ! lea/
 difficulty 9 suppos+           !       
resurrection ( ,john ! ,bapti/--,john1  
:om ,i           behead$1 he is ris5    
7,m>k vi4 #af74       #gc ,i am v sorry 
= ! int]polat$ 91 because               
citation ought to be accurate 9 small   
?+s z 9           great4 ,b :at diff]5ce
 x makes :e!r "o           believes     

,jesus or believes 9 ,jesus mu* ?\ght   
has n enabl$ me to discov]4 ,if y       
believe him           y mu/ believe him 
to be :at he pr(ess$ to           be--t 
is1 believe 9 him2 & if y believe 9     
him y mu/ necess>ily believe him4       
#gd ,true = ,ju/93 b !re is a s*ool (   
!ological           critics1 :o m or    
less "q ! hi/orical           reality ( 
,paul1 & ! g5u95ess ( ev5 ! f\r         
c>d9al epi/les4       #ge ,see ,dial4   
cum ,tryphone1 #dg & #ce4 ,x is to be   
und]/ood t ,ju/9 does n arrange ^!      
categories 9 ord]1 z ,i h done4         
#gf ,i gu>d myself aga9/ be+ suppos$ to 
affirm t           ev5 ! f\r c>d9al     
epi/les ( ,paul may n h           be5   
s]i\sly tamp]$ )4 ,see note #a1 p4 #bhg 
above4       #gg ,paul1 9 fact1 is      
requir$ to commit 9 ,j]usalem1 an act   
( ! same "* z t :i* he br&s z           
dissimulation on ! "p ( ,pet] 9 ,antio*4
       #gh ,all ?is 0 q cle>ly po9t$ out
 by ,rits*l ne>ly           =ty ye>s    
ago4 ,see ,die ,ent/*ung d]             

alt-ka?olis*5 ,kir*e 7#ahej71 p4 #ajh4  
#gi ,if e "o 0 baptiz$ z soon z he      
ackn[l$g$           ,jesus to be !      
,messiah1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians c h          
be5 aw>e ( no o!r ess5tial diff]5ces f !
           ,jews4--,zell]1 ,vortrge     
7#ahfe71 p4 #bf4       #hj ,dr4 ,h>nack1
 9 ! lately-publi%$ second edition (    
8 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 says 7p4 #ci71 ,jesus 
,*ri/           br\ght =w>d no new      
doctr9e2 & aga9 7p4 #fe71           ,x  
is n difficult to set aga9/ e portion ( 
! utt]ances ( ,jesus an obs]vation :i*  
deprives           him ( orig9ality4    
,see also ,zusatz #d1 on ! same         
page4     ,,ix3 ,,agno/icism ,,&        
,,*ri/ianity  #ahhi  ,nemo ergo ex me   
scire qurat1 quod me nescire scio1 nisi 
=te ut nescire discat4--,,augu/9us1 ,de 
,civ4 ,dei1 xii4 #g4   #ha ,! pres5t    
discussion has aris5 out ( ! use1 :i*   
has become g5]al 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ( !  
t]ms ,agno/ic & ,agno/icism4  ,! p :o   
call !mselves ,agno/ics h be5 *>g$ ) do+
 s because !y h n ! c\rage to decl>e    

!mselves ,infidels4 ,x has be5 ins9uat$ 
t !y h adopt$ a new "n 9 ord] to escape 
! unpleasantness :i* atta*es to _! prop]
 d5om9ation4 ,to ?is :olly errone\s     
imputation1 ,i h repli$ by %[+ t ! t]m  
,agno/ic did1 z a matt] ( fact1 arise 9 
a mann] :i* negatives x2 & my /atem5t   
has n be51 & _c be1 refut$4 ,moreov]1   
speak+ = myself1 & )\t impugn+ ! "r (   
any o!r p]son to use ! t]m 9 ano!r s5se1
 ,i fur!r say t ,agno/icism is n prop]ly
 describ$ z a negative cre$1 nor inde$ z
 a cre$ ( any k9d1 except 9 s f> z x    
expresses absolute fai? 9 ! validity ( a
 pr9ciple1 :i* is z mu* e?ical z        
intellectual4 ,?is pr9ciple may be /at$ 
9 v>i\s ways1 b !y all am\nt to ?is3 t x
 is wrong = a man to say t he is c]ta9 (
 ! objective tru? ( any proposition     
unless he c produce evid5ce :i*         
logically ju/ifies t c]ta9ty4 ,?is is   
:at ,agno/icism ass]ts2 &1 9 my op9ion1 
x is all t is ess5tial to ,agno/icism4  
,t :i* ,agno/ics d5y & repudiate1 z     
immoral1 is ! contr>y doctr9e1 t !re are

 propositions :i* m5 ought to believe1  
)\t logically satisfactory evid5ce2 & t 
reprobation ought to atta* to !         
pr(ession ( disbelief 9 su* inadequately
 support$ propositions4 ,! ju/ification 
( ! ,agno/ic pr9ciple lies 9 ! success  
:i* foll[s ^u its application1 :e!r 9 ! 
field ( natural1 or 9 t ( civil1 hi/ory2
 & 9 ! fact t1 s f> z ^! topics are     
conc]n$1 no sane man ?9ks ( d5y+ its    
validity4  ,/ill speak+ = myself1 ,i    
add1 t ?\gh ,agno/icism is n1 & _c be1 a
 cre$1 except 9 s f> z its g5]al        
pr9ciple is conc]n$2 yet t ! application
 ( t pr9ciple results 9 ! d5ial (1 or ! 
susp5sion ( judgm5t conc]n+1 a numb] (  
propositions respect+ :i* our           
contempor>y ecclesia/ical gno/ics pr(ess
 entire c]ta9ty4 ,&1 9 s f> z ^!        
ecclesia/ical p]sons c be ju/ifi$ 9 _!  
old-e/abli%$ cu/om 7:i* _m n[adays ?9k m
 hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an ! obs]vance7 ( us+
 opprobri\s names to ^? :o diff] f !m1  
,i fully admit _! "r to call me & ^? :o 
?9k ) me ,infidels2 all ,i h v5tur$ to  

urge is t !y mu/ n expect u to speak (  
ourselves by t title4  ,! ext5t ( !     
region ( ! unc]ta91 ! numb] ( ! problems
 ! inve/igation ( :i* ends 9 a v]dict ( 
n prov51 w v>y accord+ to ! k & !       
intellectual habits ( ! individual      
,agno/ic4 ,i d n v mu* c>e to speak (   
any?+ z unkn[able4#hb ,:at ,i am sure   
ab\t is t !re are _m topics ab\t :i* ,i 
"k no?+2 & :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 are out
 ( rea* ( my faculties4 ,b :e!r ^! ?+s  
are kn[able by any "o else is exactly "o
 ( ^? matt]s :i* is beyond my k1 ?\gh ,i
 may h a tol]ably /rong op9ion z to !   
probabilities ( ! case4 ,relatively to  
myself1 ,i am q sure t ! region (       
unc]ta9ty--! nebul\s c\ntry 9 :i* words 
play ! "p ( realities--is f> m ext5sive 
?an ,i c\ld wi%4 ,mat]ialism &          
,idealism2 ,!ism & ,a!ism2 ! doctr9e ( !
 s\l & its mortality or                 
immortality--appe> 9 ! hi/ory (         
philosophy l ! %ades ( ,sc&9avian h]oes1
 et]nally slay+ "o ano!r & et]nally com+
 to life aga9 9 a metaphysical          

,nifelheim4 ,x is gett+ on = tw5ty-five 
c5turies1 at lea/1 s9ce mank9d began    
s]i\sly to give _! m9ds to ^! topics4   
,g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 philosophy has 
be5 doom$ to roll ! /one uphill2 &1 j z 
all ! _w swore x 0 at ! top1 d[n x has  
roll$ to ! bottom aga94 ,all ?is is     
writt5 9 innum]able books2 & he :o w    
toil ?r\gh !m w discov] t ! /one is j   
:]e x 0 :5 ! "w began4 ,hume saw ?is2   
,kant saw x2 s9ce _! "t1 m & m eyes h   
be5 cleans$ ( ! films :i* prev5t$ !m f  
see+ x2 until n[ ! weight & numb] ( ^?  
:o refuse to be ! prey ( v]bal          
my/ifications has begun to tell 9       
practical life4  ,x 0 inevitable t a    
conflict %\ld arise betwe5 ,agno/icism &
 ,!ology2 or r1 ,i ought to say1 betwe5 
,agno/icism & ,ecclesia/icism4 ,=       
,!ology1 ! sci5ce1 is "o ?+2 &          
,ecclesia/icism1 ! *ampion%ip ( a =egone
 conclusion#hc z to ! tru? ( a p>ticul> 
=m ( ,!ology1 is ano!r4 ,) sci5tific    
,!ology1 ,agno/icism has no qu>rel4 ,on 
! contr>y1 ! ,agno/ic1 kn[+ too well !  

influ5ce ( prejudice & idiosyncrasy1 ev5
 on ^? :o desire mo/ e>ne/ly to be      
imp>tial1 c wi% = no?+ m urg5tly ?an t !
 sci5tific !ologian %\ld n only be at   
p]fect lib]ty to ?re% out ! matt] 9 8   
own fa%ion2 b t he %\ld1 if he c1 f9d   
flaws 9 ! ,agno/ic position2 &1 ev5 if  
demon/ration is n to be _h1 t he %\ld   
put1 9 _! full =ce1 ! gr\nds ( !        
conclusions he ?9ks probable4 ,!        
sci5tific !ologian admits ! ,agno/ic    
pr9ciple1 h[ev] widely 8 results may    
diff] f ^? rea*$ by ! majority (        
,agno/ics4  ,b1 z betwe5 ,agno/icism &  
,ecclesia/icism1 or1 z our neighb\rs    
across ! ,*annel call x1 ,cl]icalism1   
!re c be nei!r peace nor truce4 ,!      
,cl]ic ass]ts t x is morally wrong n to 
believe c]ta9 propositions1 :atev] !    
results ( a /rict sci5tific inve/igation
 ( ! evid5ce ( ^! propositions4 ,he     
tells u t religi\s error is1 9 itself1 (
 an immoral nature4#hd ,he decl>es t he 
has prejudg$ c]ta9 conclusions1 & looks 
^u ^? :o %[ cause = arre/ ( judgm5t z   

emiss>ies ( ,satan4 ,x necess>ily foll[s
 t1 = him1 ! atta9m5t ( fai?1 n !       
asc]ta9m5t ( tru?1 is ! highe/ aim (    
m5tal life4 ,&1 on c>eful analysis ( !  
nature ( ?is fai?1 x w too (t5 be f\nd  
to be1 n ! my/ic process ( unity ) !    
,div9e1 und]/ood by ! religi\s en?usia/2
 b t :i* ! c&id simplicity ( a ,sunday  
s*ol> once def9$ x to be4 ,fai?1 said   
?is unconsci\s plagi>i/ ( ,t]tullian1 is
 ! p[] ( say+ y believe ?+s :i* are     
incr$ible4  ,n[ ,i1 & _m o!r ,agno/ics1 
believe t fai?1 9 ?is s5se1 is an       
abom9ation2 & ?\gh we d n indulge 9 !   
luxury ( self-righte\sness s f> z to    
call ^? :o are n ( our way ( ?9k+ h>d   
names1 we d n feel t ! disagreem5t      
betwe5 ourselves & ^? :o hold ?is       
doctr9e is ev5 m moral ?an intellectual4
 ,x is desirable !re %\ld be an end (   
any mi/akes on ?is topic4 ,if our       
cl]ical oppon5ts 7 cle>ly aw>e ( ! real 
/ate ( ! case1 !re w\ld be an end ( !   
curi\s delusion1 :i* (t5 appe>s betwe5 !
 l9es ( _! writ+s1 t ^? :om !y are s    

fond ( call+ ,infidels are p :o n only  
ought to be1 b 9 _! he>ts are1 a%am$ (  
!mselves4 ,x w\ld be disc\rte\s to d m  
?an h9t ! antipodal opposition ( ?is    
pleasant dream ( !irs to facts4  ,!     
cl]ics & _! lay allies commonly tell u1 
t if we refuse to admit t !re is good   
gr\nd = express+ def9ite convictions    
ab\t c]ta9 topics1 ! bonds ( human      
society w dissolve & mank9d lapse into  
savag]y4 ,!re are sev]al answ]s to ?is  
ass]tion4 ,"o is t ! bonds ( human      
society 7 =m$ )\t ! aid ( _! !ology2 &1 
9 ! op9ion ( n a few compet5t judges1 h 
be5 weak5$ r ?an /r5g!n$ by a good deal 
( x4 ,greek sci5ce1 ,greek art1 ! e?ics 
( old ,israel1 ! social organisation (  
old ,rome1 contriv$ to come into be+1   
)\t ! help ( any "o :o believ$ 9 a s+le 
di/9ctive article ( ! simple/ ( !       
,*ri/ian cre$s4 ,! sci5ce1 ! art1 !     
jurisprud5ce1 ! *ief political & social 
!ories1 ( ! mod]n _w h gr[n out ( ^? (  
,greece & ,rome--n by fav\r (1 b 9 !    
tee? (1 ! fundam5tal tea*+s ( e>ly      

,*ri/ianity1 to :i* sci5ce1 art1 & any  
s]i\s occupation ) ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 7    
alike despicable4  ,aga91 all t is be/ 9
 ! e?ics ( ! mod]n _w1 9 s f> z x has n 
gr[n out ( ,greek ?\ght1 or ,b>b>ian    
manhood1 is ! direct developm5t ( !     
e?ics ( old ,israel4 ,!re is no code (  
legislation1 anci5t or mod]n1 at once s 
j & s m]ciful1 s t5d] to ! weak & poor1 
z ! ,jewi% law2 &1 if ! ,gospels are to 
be tru/$1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? himself      
decl>$ t he taught no?+ b t :i* lay     
implicitly1 or explicitly1 9 ! religi\s 
& e?ical sy/em ( 8 p4       ,& ! scribe 
said unto him1 ,( a tru?1 ,tea*]1 ?\ ha/
      well said t he is "o2 & !re is    
none o!r b he1      & to love him ) all 
! he>t1 & ) all !      und]/&+1 & ) all 
! /r5g?1 & to love 8      neighb\r z    
himself1 is mu* m ?an all :ole burnt    
(f]+s & sacrifices4 7,m>k xii4 #cb1     
#cc47  ,"h is ! briefe/ ( summ>ies ( !  
tea*+ ( ! prophets ( ,israel ( ! eigh?  
c5tury2 does ! ,tea*]1 ^: doctr9e is ?us
 set =? 9 8 pres5ce1 repudiate !        

exposition8 ,nay2 we are told1 on !     
contr>y1 t ,jesus saw t he answ]$       
discreetly1 & repli$1 ,?\ art n f> f !  
k+dom ( ,god4  ,s t ,i ?9k t ev5 if !   
cre$s1 f ! s-call$ ,apo/les1 to !       
s-call$ ,a?anasian1 7 swept into        
oblivion2 & ev5 if ! human race %\ld    
arrive at ! conclusion t1 :e!r a bi%op  
wa%es a cup or leaves x unwa%$1 is n a  
matt] ( ! lea/ consequ5ce1 x w get on v 
well4 ,! causes :i* h l$ to ! developm5t
 ( morality 9 mank9d1 :i* h guid$ or    
impell$ u all ! way f ! savage to !     
civilis$ /ate1 w n cease to op]ate      
because a numb] ( ecclesia/ical hypo!ses
 turn out to be baseless4 ,&1 ev5 if !  
absurd notion t morality is m ! *ild (  
speculation ?an ( practical necessity & 
inh]it$ in/9ct1 _h any f\ndation2 if all
 ! _w is go+ to ?ieve1 murd]1 & o!rwise 
misconduct itself z soon z x discov]s t 
c]ta9 portions ( anci5t hi/ory are      
my?ical1 :at is ! relevance ( su*       
argum5ts to any "o :o holds by !        
,agno/ic pr9ciple8  ,surely1 ! attempt  

to ca/ out ,beelzebub by ! aid (        
,beelzebub is a hopeful proc$ure z      
comp>$ to t ( pres]v+ morality by ! aid 
( immorality4 ,= ,i suppose x is admitt$
 t an ,agno/ic may be p]fectly s9c]e1   
may be compet5t1 & may h /udi$ ! "q at  
issue ) z mu* c>e z 8 cl]ical oppon5ts4 
,b1 if ! ,agno/ic really believes :at he
 says1 ! dreadful consequ5ce argufi]    
7consi/5tly1 ,i admit1 ) 8 own          
pr9ciples7 virtually asks him to ab/a9 f
 tell+ ! tru?1 or to say :at he believes
 to be untrue1 because ( ! suppos$      
injuri\s consequ5ces to morality4       
,belov$ bre?r51 t we may be spotlessly  
moral1 be=e all ?+s let u lie1 is ! sum 
total ( _m an exhortation address$ to ! 
,infidel4 ,n[1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1
 we _c oblige our exhort]s4 ,we leave ! 
practical application ( ! conv5i5t      
doctr9es ( ,res]ve & ,non-natural       
int]pretation to ^? :o inv5t$ !m4  ,i   
tru/ t ,i h n[ made am5ds = any         
ambiguity1 or want ( fulness1 9 my      
previ\s exposition ( t :i* ,i hold to be

 ! ess5ce ( ! ,agno/ic doctr9e4         
,h5ce=w>d1 ,i might hope to he> no m ( !
 ass]tion t we are necess>ily           
,mat]iali/s1 ,ideali/s1 ,a!i/s1 ,!i/s1  
or any o!r i/s1 if exp]i5ce _h l$ me to 
?9k t ! prov$ falsity ( a /atem5t 0 any 
gu>antee aga9/ its repetition4 ,& ^? :o 
appreciate ! nature ( our position w    
see1 at once1 t :5 ,ecclesia/icism      
decl>es t we ought to believe ?is1 t1 & 
! o!r1 & are v wick$ if we don't1 x is  
impossible = u to give any answ] b ?is3 
,we h n ! slighte/ objection to believe 
any?+ y l1 if y w give u good gr\nds =  
belief2 b1 if y _c1 we mu/ respectfully 
refuse1 ev5 if t refusal %\ld wreck     
mortality & insure our own damnation    
sev]al times ov]4 ,we are q cont5t to   
leave t to ! decision ( ! future4 ,!    
c\rse ( ! pa/ has impress$ u ) ! firm   
conviction t no good ev] comes (        
falsehood1 & we feel w>rant$ 9 refus+   
ev5 to exp]im5t 9 t direction4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t discussion x has  

be5 ass]t$ t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & !    
,"l's ,pray] furni% a summ>y & cond5s$  
view ( ! ess5tials ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ( 
,naz>e?1 set =? by himself4 ,n[ ?is     
suppos$ ,summa ( ,naz>5e !ology di/9ctly
 affirms ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual _w1 ( a
 ,heav51 & ( a ,hell ( fire2 x tea*es ! 
,fa!rhood ( ,god & ! malignity ( !      
,devil2 x decl>es ! sup]9t5d+ provid5ce 
( ! =m] & our ne$ ( deliv]ance f !      
ma*9ations ( ! latt]2 x affirms ! fact (
 demoniac possession & ! p[] ( ca/+ out 
devils by ! fai?ful4 ,& f ^! premises1 !
 conclusion is drawn1 t ^? ,agno/ics :o 
d5y t !re is any evid5ce ( su* a "* z to
 ju/ify c]ta9ty1 respect+ ! exi/5ce & ! 
nature ( ! spiritual _w1 contradict !   
express decl>ations ( ,jesus4 ,i h      
repli$ to ?is argum5tation by %[+ t !re 
is /rong reason to d\bt ! hi/orical     
accuracy ( ! attribution to ,jesus (    
ei!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or ! ,"l's     
,pray]2 &1 !re=e1 t ! conclusion 9 "q is
 n w>rant$1 at any rate1 on ! gr\nds set
 =?4  ,b1 :e!r ! ,gospels conta9        

tru/wor?y /atem5ts ab\t ?is & o!r alleg$
 hi/orical facts or n1 x is q c]ta9 t f 
!m1 tak5 toge!r ) ! o!r books ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t1 we may collect a pretty       
complete exposition ( t !ory ( !        
spiritual _w :i* 0 held by bo? ,naz>5es 
& ,*ri/ians2 & :i* 0 und\bt$ly suppos$  
by !m to be fully sanction$ by ,jesus1  
?\gh x is j z cle> t !y did n imag9e x  
conta9$ any revelation by him ( some?+  
h]et(ore unkn[n4 ,if ! pneumatological  
doctr9e :i* p]vades ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t
 is n[h]e sy/ematically /at$1 x is      
ev]y:]e assum$4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,gospels &
 ( ! ,acts take x = grant$1 z a matt] ( 
common k2 & x is easy to ga!r f ^!      
s\rces a s]ies ( propositions1 :i* only 
ne$ arrangem5t to =m a complete sy/em4  
,9 ?is sy/em1 ,man is consid]$ to be a  
duality =m$ ( a spiritual elem5t1 ! s\l2
 & a corporeal#he elem5t1 ! body4 ,& ?is
 duality is repeat$ 9 ! ,univ]se1 :i*   
consi/s ( a corporeal _w embrac$ &      
int]p5etrat$ by a spiritual _w4 ,! =m]  
consi/s ( ! e>?1 z its pr9cipal & c5tral

 con/itu5t1 ) ! subsidi>y sun1 planets1 
& />s4 ,above ! e>? is ! air1 & bel[ is 
! wat]y abyss4 ,:e!r ! heav51 :i* is    
conceiv$ to be above ! air1 & ! hell 91 
or bel[1 ! subt]ranean deeps1 are to be 
tak5 z corporeal or incorporeal is n    
cle>4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! heav5 & !    
air1 ! e>? & ! abyss1 are peopl$ by     
innum]able be+s analog\s 9 nature to !  
spiritual elem5t 9 man1 & ^! spirits are
 ( two k9ds1 good & bad4 ,! *ief ( !    
good spirits1 inf9itely sup]ior to all !
 o!rs1 & _! creator1 z well z ! creator 
( ! corporeal _w & ( ! bad spirits1 is  
,god4 ,8 resid5ce is heav51 :]e he is   
surr\nd$ by ! ord]$ ho/s ( good spirits2
 8 angels1 or mess5g]s1 & ! executors ( 
8 w ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 
*ief ( ! bad spirits is ,satan1 ! devil 
p> excell5ce4 ,he & 8 company ( demons  
are free to roam ?r\gh all p>ts ( !     
univ]se1 except ! heav54 ,^! bad spirits
 are f> sup]ior to man 9 p[] & subtlety2
 & _! :ole en]gies are devot$ to br++   
physical & moral evils ^u him1 & to     

?w>t+1 s f> z 8 p[] goes1 ! b5evol5t    
int5tions ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 fact1 ! 
s\ls & bodies ( m5 =m bo? ! !atre & !   
prize ( an incessant w>f>e betwe5 ! good
 & ! evil spirits--! p[]s ( light & !   
p[]s ( d>kness4 ,by lead+ ,eve a/ray1   
,satan br\ght s9 & dea? ^u mank9d4 ,z ! 
gods ( ! hea!n1 ! demons are ! f\nd]s & 
ma9ta9]s ( idolatry2 z ! p[]s ( ! air !y
 afflict mank9d ) pe/il5ce & fam9e2 z   
unclean spirits !y cause disease ( m9d &
 body4  ,! significance ( ! appe>ance ( 
,jesus1 9 ! capacity ( ! ,messiah1 or   
,*ri/1 is ! rev]sal ( ! satanic "w by   
putt+ an end to bo? s9 & dea?4 ,he      
ann\nces t ! k+dom ( ,god is at h&1 :5 !
 ,pr9ce ( ?is _w %all be f9ally ca/ out 
7,john xii4 #ca7 f ! cosmos1 z ,jesus1  
dur+ 8 e>?ly c>e]1 ca/ him out f        
individuals4 ,!n w ,satan & all 8       
devilry1 along ) ! wick$ :om !y h s$uc$ 
to _! de/ruction1 be hurl$ into ! abyss 
( unqu5*able fire--!re to endure        
cont9ual torture1 )\t a hope ( w9n+     
p>don f ! m]ciful ,god1 _! ,fa!r2 or (  

mov+ ! glorifi$ ,messiah to "o m act (  
pitiful int]cession2 or ev5 ( int]rupt+1
 by a mom5t>y sympa?y ) _! wret*$ness1 !
 h>moni\s psalmody ( _! bro!r angels &  
m51 et]nally lapp$ 9 bliss unspeakable4 
,! /raite/ ,prote/ant1 :o refuses to    
admit ! exi/5ce ( any s\rce ( ,div9e    
tru?1 except ! ,bible1 w n d5y t e po9t 
( ! pneumatological !ory "h set =? has  
ample scriptural w>ranty4 ,! ,gospels1 !
 ,acts1 ! ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse     
ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ! devil1 ( 8 demons & 
( ,hell1 z pla9ly z !y d t ( ,god & 8   
angels & ,heav54 ,x is pla9 t !         
,messianic & ! ,satanic conceptions ( ! 
writ]s ( ^! books are ! obv]se & !      
rev]se ( ! same intellectual co9age4 ,if
 we turn f ,scripture to ! traditions ( 
! ,fa!rs & ! confessions ( ! ,*ur*es1 x 
w appe> t1 9 ?is "o p>ticul>1 at any    
rate1 "t has br\ght ab\t no important   
deviation f primitive belief4 ,f ,ju/9  
onw>ds1 x may (t5 be a fair "q :e!r     
,god1 or ! devil1 occupies a l>g] %>e ( 
! att5tion ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,x is ! devil :o 

in/igates ! ,roman au?orities to        
p]secute2 ! gods & goddesses ( paganism 
are devils1 & idolatry itself is an     
inv5tion ( ,satan2 if a sa9t falls away 
f grace1 x is by ! s$uction ( ! demon2  
if h]esy arises1 ! devil has sugge/$ x2 
& "s ( ! ,fa!rs#hf g s f> z to *all5ge !
 pagans to a sort ( exorcis+ mat*1 by   
way ( te/+ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,m$ival
 ,*ri/ianity is at "o ) patri/ic1 on ?is
 head4 ,! masses1 ! cl]gy1 ! !ologians1 
& ! philosoph]s alike1 live & move & h  
_! be+ 9 a _w full ( demons1 9 :i*      
sorc]y & possession are ev]yday         
occurr5ces4 ,nor did ! ,re=mation make  
any diff]5ce4 ,:atev] else ,lu!r        
assail$1 he left ! traditional          
demonology unt\*$2 nor c\ld any "o h    
ent]ta9$ a m he>ty & uncompromis+ belief
 9 ! devil1 ?an he &1 at a lat] p]iod1 !
 ,calv9i/ic fanatics ( ,new ,engl& did4 
,f9ally1 9 ^! la/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5?      
c5tury1 ! demonological hypo!ses ( !    
fir/ c5tury are1 explicitly or          
implicitly1 held & occasionally act$ ^u 

by ! imm5se majority ( ,*ri/ians ( all  
confessions4  ,only "h & !re has !      
progress ( sci5tific ?\ght1 outside !   
ecclesia/ical _w1 s f> affect$          
,*ri/ians1 t !y & _! tea*]s fight %y ( !
 demonology ( _! cre$4 ,!y are fa9 to   
conceal _! real disbelief 9 "o half (   
,*ri/ian doctr9e by judici\s sil5ce ab\t
 x2 or by flight to ^? refuges = !      
logically de/itute1 accommodation or    
allegory4 ,b ! fai?ful :o fly to        
allegory 9 ord] to escape absurdity     
resemble no?+ s mu* z ! %eep 9 ! fable  
:o--to save _! lives--jump$ into ! pit4 
,! allegory pit is too commodi\s1 is    
ready to swall[ up s mu* m ?an "o wants 
to put into x4 ,if ! /ory ( ! temptation
 is an allegory2 if ! e>ly recognition (
 ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god by ! demons is  
an allegory2 if ! pla9 decl>ation ( !   
writ] ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john 7iii4    
#h71 ,to ?is end 0 ! ,son ( ,god        
manife/$1 t ,he might de/roy ! works ( !
 devil1 is allegorical1 !n ! ,paul9e    
v]sion ( ! ,fall may be allegorical1 &  

/ill m ! words ( consecration ( !       
,eu*>i/1 or ! promise ( ! second com+2 9
 fact1 !re is n a dogma ( ecclesia/ical 
,*ri/ianity ! scriptural basis ( :i* may
 n be :ittl$ away by a simil> process4  
,z to accommodation1 let any hone/ man  
:o c read ! ,new ,te/am5t ask himself   
:e!r ,jesus & 8 imm$iate fri5ds &       
disciples c be di%on\r$ m grossly ?an by
 ! supposition t !y said & did t :i* is 
attribut$ to !m2 :ile1 9 reality1 !y    
disbeliev$ 9 ,satan & 8 demons1 9       
possession & 9 exorcism8#hg  ,an em95t  
!ologian has ju/ly obs]v$ t we h no "r  
to look at ! propositions ( ! ,*ri/ian  
fai? ) "o eye op5 & ! o!r %ut4 7,tract  
#he1 p4 #bi47 ,x really is n p]missible 
to see1 ) "o eye1 t ,jesus is affirm$ to
 decl>e ! p]sonality & ! ,fa!rhood (    
,god1 ,8 lov+ provid5ce & ,8            
accessibility to pray]2 & to %ut ! o!r  
to ! no less def9ite tea*+ ascrib$ to   
,jesus1 9 reg>d to ! p]sonality & !     
misan?ropy ( ! devil1 8 malignant       
wat*fulness1 & 8 subjection to exorci/ic

 =mula & rites4 ,jesus is made to say t 
! devil 0 a murd]] f ! beg9n+ 7,john    
viii4 #dd7 by ! same au?ority z t ^u :i*
 we dep5d = 8 ass]t$ decl>ation t ,god  
is a _s 7,john iv4 #bd74  ,to ^? :o     
admit ! au?ority ( ! fam\s ,v9c5tian    
dictum t ! doctr9e :i* has be5 held     
always1 ev]y:]e1 & by all is to be      
receiv$ z au?oritative1 ! demonology mu/
 possess a high] sanction ?an any o!r   
,*ri/ian dogma1 except1 p]haps1 ^? ( !  
,resurrection & ( ! ,messiah%ip (       
,jesus2 = x w\ld be difficult to "n any 
o!r po9ts ( doctr9e on :i* ! ,naz>5e    
does n diff] f ! ,*ri/ian1 & ! diff]5t  
hi/orical /ages & contempor>y           
subdivisions ( ,*ri/ianity f "o ano!r4  
,&1 if ! demonology is accept$1 !re c be
 no reason = reject+ all ^? miracles 9  
:i* demons play a "p4 ,! ,gad>5e /ory   
fits into ! g5]al s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity2 &
 ! evid5ce = ,legion & _! do+s is j z   
good z any o!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t = !    
doctr9e :i* ! /ory illu/rates4  ,x 0 ) !
 purpose ( br++ ?is great fact into     

prom95ce2 ( gett+ p to op5 bo? _! eyes  
:5 !y look at ,ecclesia/icism2 t ,i     
devot$ s mu* space to t miracul\s /ory  
:i* happ5s to be "o ( ! be/ types ( its 
class4 ,& ,i c\ld n wi% = a bett]       
ju/ification ( ! c\rse ,i h adopt$1 ?an 
! fact t my h]oically consi/5t adv]s>y  
has decl>$ 8 implicit belief 9 ! ,gad>5e
 /ory & 7by necess>y consequ5ce7 9 !    
,*ri/ian demonology z a :ole4 ,x mu/ be 
obvi\s1 by ?is "t1 t1 if ! acc\nt ( !   
spiritual _w giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1    
pr(ess$ly on ! au?ority ( ,jesus1 is    
true1 !n ! demonological half ( t acc\nt
 mu/ be j z true z ! o!r half4 ,&1      
!re=e1 ^? :o "q ! demonology1 or try to 
expla9 x away1 d5y ! tru? ( :at ,jesus  
said1 & are1 9 ecclesia/ical t]m9ology1 
,infidels j z mu* z ^? :o d5y !         
spirituality ( ,god4 ,?is is z pla9 z   
any?+ c well be1 & ! dilemma = my       
oppon5t 0 ei!r to ass]t t ! ,gad>5e     
pig-b$evilm5t actually occurr$1 or to   
write himself d[n an ,infidel4 ,z 0 to  
be expect$1 he *ose ! =m] alt]native2 & 

,i may express my great satisfaction at 
f9d+ t !re is "o spot ( common gr\nd on 
:i* bo? he & ,i /&4 ,s f> z ,i c judge1 
we are agre$ to /ate "o ( ! broad issues
 betwe5 ! consequ5ces ( agno/ic         
pr9ciples 7z ,i draw !m71 & !           
consequ5ces ( ecclesia/ical dogmatism 7z
 he accepts x71 z foll[s4               
,ecclesia/icism says3 ,! demonology ( ! 
,gospels is an ess5tial "p ( t acc\nt ( 
t spiritual _w1 ! tru? ( :i* x decl>es  
to be c]tifi$ by ,jesus4  ,agno/icism   
7me judice7 says3 ,!re is no good       
evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a demoniac        
spiritual _w1 & mu* reason = d\bt+ x4   
,h]eupon ! ecclesia/ic may obs]ve3 ,y\r 
d\bt means t y disbelieve ,jesus2 !re=e 
y are an ,infidel in/ead ( an ,agno/ic4 
,to :i* ! agno/ic may reply3 ,no2 = two 
reasons3 fir/1 because y\r evid5ce t    
,jesus said :at y say he said is wor? v 
little2 & secondly1 because a man may be
 an agno/ic1 9 ! s5se ( admitt+ he has  
no positive k1 & yet consid] t he has m 
or less probable gr\nd = accept+ any    

giv5 hypo!sis ab\t ! spiritual _w4 ,j z 
a man may frankly decl>e t he has no    
means ( kn[+ :e!r ! planets g5]ally are 
inhabit$ or n1 & yet may ?9k "o ( ! two 
possible hypo!ses m likely t ! o!r1 s he
 may admit t he has no means ( kn[+     
any?+ ab\t ! spiritual _w1 & yet may ?9k
 "o or o!r ( ! curr5t views on !        
subject1 to "s ext5t1 probable4  ,!     
second answ] is s obvi\sly valid t x    
ne$s no discussion4 ,i draw att5tion to 
x simply 9 ju/ice to ^? agno/ics :o may 
atta* great] value t ,i d to any sort ( 
pneumatological speculations2 & n       
because ,i wi% to escape !              
responsibility ( decl>+ t1 :e!r ,jesus  
sanction$ ! demonological "p (          
,*ri/ianity or n1 ,i unhesitat+ly reject
 x4 ,! fir/ answ]1 on ! o!r h&1 op5s up 
! :ole "q ( ! claim ( ! biblical & o!r  
s\rces1 f :i* hypo!ses conc]n+ !        
spiritual _w are d]iv$1 to be reg>d$ z  
unimpea*able hi/orical evid5ce z to     
matt]s ( fact4  ,n[1 9 respect ( !      
tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,gospel n>ratives1 ,i 0

 anxi\s to get rid ( ! common assumption
 t ! det]m9ation ( ! au?or%ip & ( !     
dates ( ^! works is a matt] ( fundam5tal
 importance4 ,t assumption is bas$ ^u ! 
notion t :at contempor>y witnesses say  
mu/ be true1 or1 at lea/1 has always a  
prim facie claim to be s reg>d$2 s t if 
! writ]s ( any ( ! ,gospels 7           
contempor>ies ( ! ev5ts 7& /ill m if !y 
7 9 ! position ( eye-witnesses7 !       
miracles !y n>rate mu/ be hi/orically   
true1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! demonology :i*  
!y involve mu/ be accept$4 ,b ! /ory ( !
 ,translation ( ! bless$ m>tyrs         
,m>cell9us & ,petrus1 & ! o!r           
consid]ations 7to :i* endless additions 
might h be5 made f ! ,fa!rs & ! m$ival  
writ]s7 set =? 9 a prec$+ essay1 yield1 
9 my judgm5t1 satisfactory pro( t1 :]e !
 miracul\s is conc]n$1 nei!r consid]able
 intellectual ability1 nor und\bt$      
hone/y1 nor k ( ! _w1 nor prov$         
fai?fulness z civil hi/orians1 nor      
pr(\nd piety1 on ! "p ( eye-witnesses & 
contempor>ies1 af=ds any gu>antee ( !   

objective tru? ( _! /atem5ts1 :5 we "k t
 a firm belief 9 ! miracul\s 0 +ra9$ 9  
_! m9ds1 & 0 ! pre-supposition ( _!     
obs]vations & reason+s4  ,!re=e1 al?\gh 
x be1 z ,i believe1 demon/rable t we h  
no real k ( ! au?or%ip1 or ( ! date (   
composition ( ! ,gospels1 z !y h come   
d[n to u1 & t no?+ bett] ?an m or less  
probable guesses c be arriv$ at on t    
subject1 ,i h n c>$ to exp5d any space  
on ! "q4 ,x w be admitt$1 ,i suppose2 t 
! au?ors ( ! works attribut$ to ,mat!w1 
,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 :oev] !y may be1  
are p]sonages ^: capacity & judgm5t 9 ! 
n>ration ( ord9>y ev5ts are n q s well  
c]tifi$ z ^? ( ,eg9h>d2 & we h se5 :at !
 value ( ,eg9h>d's evid5ce is :5 !      
miracul\s is 9 "q4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,i h be5 c>eful to
 expla9 t ! argum5ts :i* ,i h us$ 9 !   
c\rse ( ?is discussion are n new2 t !y  
are hi/orical & h no?+ to d ) :at is    
commonly call$ sci5ce2 & t !y are all1  
to ! be/ ( my belief1 to be f\nd 9 !    
works ( !ologians ( repute4  ,! position

 :i* ,i h tak5 up1 t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r (
 su* miracles z ^? record$ by ,eg9h>d1 &
 consequ5tly ( m$ival demonology1 is q z
 good z t 9 fav\r ( su* miracles z !    
,gad>5e1 & consequ5tly ( ,naz>5e        
demonology1 is none ( my discov]y4 ,its 
/r5g? 01 witt+ly or unwitt+ly1 sugge/$1 
a c5tury & a half ago1 by a !ological   
s*ol> ( em95ce2 & x has be51 if n       
exactly occupi$1 yet s =tifi$ ) ba/ions 
& r$\bts by a liv+ ecclesia/ical        
,vauban1 t1 9 my judgm5t1 x has be5     
r5d]$ impregnable4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ 
c5tury1 ! ecclesia/ical m9d 9 ?is c\ntry
 0 mu* ex]cis$ by ! "q1 n exactly (     
miracles1 ! occurr5ce ( :i* 9 biblical  
times 0 axiomatic1 b by ! problem3 ,:5  
did miracles cease8 ,anglican div9es 7 q
 sure t no miracles _h happ5$ 9 _! day1 
nor = "s "t pa/2 !y 7 equally sure t !y 
happ5$ sixte5 or sev5te5 c5turies e>li]4
 ,& x 0 a vital "q = !m to det]m9e at   
:at po9t ( "t1 betwe5 ?is t]m9us a quo &
 t t]m9us ad quem1 miracles came to an  
end4  ,! ,anglicans & ! ,romani/s agre$ 

9 ! assumption t ! possession ( ! gift (
 miracle-work+ 0 prim facie evid5ce ( ! 
s\ndness ( ! fai? ( ! miracle-work]s4 ,!
 supposition t miracul\s p[]s might be  
wield$ by h]etics 7?\gh x might be      
support$ by high au?ority7 l$ to        
consequ5ces too frightful to be ent]ta9$
 by p :o 7 busi$ 9 build+ _! dogmatic   
h\se on ! s&s ( e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,if1 
z ! ,romani/s ma9ta9$1 an unbrok5 s]ies 
( g5u9e miracles adorn$ ! records ( _!  
,*ur*1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its exi/5ce1 no 
,anglican c\ld lightly v5ture to accuse 
!m ( doctr9al corruption4 ,h5ce1 !      
,anglicans1 :o indulg$ 9 su*            
accusations1 7 b\nd to prove ! mod]n1 ! 
m$ival ,roman1 & ! lat] ,patri/ic       
miracles false2 & to %ut (f !           
wond]-work+ p[] f ! ,*ur* at ! exact    
po9t ( "t :5 ,anglican doctr9e ceas$ &  
,roman doctr9e began4 ,) a little       
adju/m5t--a squeeze "h & a pull !re--!  
,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ ?ree or f\r        
c5turies might be made to fit1 or seem  
to fit1 pretty well into ! ,anglican    

s*eme4 ,s ! miracles1 f ,ju/9 say to    
,j]ome1 might be recognis$2 :ile1 9 lat]
 times1 ! ,*ur* hav+ become corrupt--t  
is to say1 hav+ pursu$ "o & ! same l9e (
 developm5t fur!r ?an 0 pleas+ to       
,anglicans--its alleg$ miracles mu/ ne$s
 be %ams & impo/ures4  ,"u ^!           
circum/ances1 x may be imag9$ t !       
e/abli%m5t ( a sci5tific fronti] betwe5 
! e>li] realm ( suppos$ fact & ! lat] ( 
ass]t$ delusion1 _h its difficulties2 & 
torr5ts ( !ological special plead+ ab\t 
! subject fl[$ f cl]ical p5s2 until t   
le>n$ & acute ,anglican div9e1 ,cony]s  
,middleton1 9 8 ,free ,inquiry1 tore !  
sophi/ical web !y _h labori\sly wov5 to 
pieces1 & demon/rat$ t ! miracles ( !   
patri/ic age1 e>ly & late1 mu/ /& or    
fall toge!r1 inasmu* z ! evid5ce = !    
lat] is j z good z ! evid5ce = ! e>li]  
wond]s4 ,if ! "o set are c]tifi$ by     
contemporane\s witnesses ( high repute1 
s are ! o!r2 &1 9 po9t ( probability1   
!re is n a p9 to *oose betwe5 ! two4 ,t 
is ! solid & irrefragable1 result (     

,middleton's contribution to ! subject4 
,b ! ,free ,inquir]'s fre$om _h its     
limits2 & he draws a %>p l9e (          
dem>cation betwe5 ! patri/ic & ! ,new   
,te/am5t miracles--on ! pr(ess$ gr\nd t 
! acc\nts ( ! latt]1 be+ inspir$1 are   
out ( ! rea* ( criticism4  ,a c5tury    
lat]1 ! "q 0 tak5 up by ano!r div9e1    
,middleton's equal 9 le>n+ & acut5ess1 &
 f> 8 sup]ior 9 subtlety & dialectic    
skill2 :o1 ?\gh an ,anglican1 scorn$ !  
"n ( ,prote/ant2 &1 :ile yet a ,*ur*man1
 made x 8 bus9ess to p>ade1 ) inf9ite   
skill1 ! utt] holl[ness ( ! argum5ts (  
^? ( 8 bro!r ,*ur*m5 :o dream$ t !y c\ld
 be bo? ,anglicans & ,prote/ants4 ,!    
argum5t ( ! ,essay on ! ,miracles       
record$ 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( !  
,e>ly ,ages#hh by ! pres5t #ahhi ,roman 
,c>d9al1 b !n ,anglican ,doctor1 ,john  
,h5ry ,newman1 is comp5di\sly /at$ by   
himself 9 ! foll[+ passage3--       ,if 
! miracles ( ,*ur* hi/ory _c be def5d$  
by !      argum5ts ( ,leslie1           
,lyttleton1 ,paley1 or ,d\glas1 h[ _m   

( ! ,scripture miracles satisfy _!      
conditions8 7p4 cvii74  ,&1 al?\gh !    
answ] is n giv5 9 s _m words1 little    
d\bt is left on ! m9d ( ! read]1 t1 9 ! 
m9d ( ! writ]1 x is3 ,none4 ,9 fact1 ?is
 conclusion is "o :i* _c be resi/$1 if !
 argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,scripture miracles
 is bas$ ^u t :i* laym51 :e!r lawy]s1 or
 m5 ( sci5ce1 or hi/orians1 or ord9>y m5
 ( affairs1 call evid5ce4 ,b !re is     
some?+ really impressive 9 ! magnific5t 
contempt ) :i*1 at times1 ,dr4 ,newman  
sweeps aside alike ^? :o (f] & ^? :o    
dem& su* evid5ce4       ,"s infidel     
au?ors advise u to accept no miracles   
:i*      w\ld n h a v]dict 9 _! fav\r 9 
a c\rt (      ju/ice2 t is1 !y employ   
aga9/ ,scripture a weapon      :i*      
,prote/ants w\ld conf9e to attacks ^u ! 
,*ur*2      z if moral & religi\s       
que/ions requir$ legal pro(1      &     
evid5ce 7 ! te/ ( tru?#hi 7p4 cvii74  ,z
 if evid5ce 7 ! te/ ( tru?6--al?\gh !   
tru? 9 "q is ! occurr5ce1 or !          
non-occurr5ce1 ( c]ta9 ph5om5a at a     

c]ta9 "t & 9 a c]ta9 place4 ,?is sudd5  
revelation ( ! great gulf fix$ betwe5 ! 
ecclesia/ical & ! sci5tific m9d is en\gh
 to take away ! brea? ( any "o unfamili>
 ) ! cl]ical organon4 ,z if1 "o may     
retort1 ! assumption t miracles may1 or 
h1 s]v$ a moral or a religi\s end1 9 any
 way alt]s ! fact t !y pr(ess to be     
hi/orical ev5ts1 ?+s t actually happ5$2 
&1 z su*1 mu/ ne$s be exactly ^?        
subjects ab\t :i* evid5ce is appropriate
 & legal pro(s 7:i* are su* m]ely       
because !y af=d adequate evid5ce7 may be
 ju/ly dem&$4 ,! ,gad>5e miracle ei!r   
happ5$1 or x did n4 ,:e!r ! ,gad>5e "q  
is moral or religi\s1 or n1 has no?+ to 
d ) ! fact t x is a purely hi/orical "q 
:e!r ! demons said :at !y are decl>$ to 
h said1 & ! devil-possess$ pigs did1 or 
did n1 ru% ov] ! heights b\nd+ ! ,lake (
 ,g5nes>et on a c]ta9 day ( a c]ta9 ye>1
 aft] ,a4,d4 #bf & be=e ,a4,d4 #cf2 =   
vague & unc]ta9 z ,new ,te/am5t         
*ronology is1 ,i suppose x may be assum$
 t ! ev5t 9 "q1 if x happ5$ at all1 took

 place dur+ ! procurator%ip ( ,pilate4  
,if t is n a matt] ab\t :i* evid5ce     
ought to be requir$1 & n only legal1 b  
/rict sci5tific pro( dem&$ by sane m5 :o
 are ask$ to believe ! /ory--:at is8 ,is
 a reasonable be+ to be s]i\sly ask$ to 
cr$it /atem5ts :i*1 to put ! case g5tly1
 are n exactly probable1 & on !         
acceptance or rejection ( :i* 8 :ole    
view ( life may dep5d1 )\t ask+ = z mu* 
legal pro( z w\ld s5d an alleg$         
pickpocket to gaol1 or z w\ld suffice to
 prove ! validity ( a disput$ w8        
,infidel au?ors 7if1 z ,i am assur$1 ,i 
may answ] = !m7 w decl9e to wa/e "t on  
m]e d>k5+s ( c\nsel ( ?is sort2 b to ^? 
,anglicans :o accept 8 premises1 ,dr4   
,newman is a truly =midable antagoni/4  
,:at1 inde$1 are !y to reply :5 he puts 
! v p]t95t "q3--       :e!r p]sons :o n 
m]ely "q1 b prejudge !                  
,ecclesia/ical miracles on ! gr\nd ( _! 
want (      resemblance1 :atev] t be1 to
 ^? conta9$ 9      ,scripture--z if !   
,almighty c\ld n d 9 ! ,*ri/ian         

,*ur* :at ,he _h n already done at ! "t 
( its      f\ndation1 or "u ! ,mosaic   
,cov5ant--:e!r su*      reason]s are n  
sid+ ) ! sceptic1  &       :e!r x is n a
 happy inconsi/5cy by :i* !y            
cont9ue to believe ! ,scriptures :ile !y
 reject !      ,*ur*#ij 7p4 liii74      
,aga91 ,i invite ,anglican or?odoxy to  
consid] ?is passage3--       ! n>rative 
( ! combats ( ,/4 ,an?ony ) evil        
spirits1 is a developm5t r ?an a        
contradiction (      revelation1 viz4 ( 
su* texts z speak ( ,satan be+ ca/      
out by pray] & fa/+4 ,to be %ock$1 !n1  
at !      miracles ( ,ecclesia/ical     
hi/ory1 or to ridicule !m =      _!     
/rang5ess1 is no "p ( a scriptural      
philosophy      7pp4 liii-liv74  ,fur!r 
on1 ,dr4 ,newman decl>es t x has be5    
admitt$       t a di/9ct l9e c be drawn 
9 po9t ( "* &      circum/ance betwe5 ! 
miracles ( ,scripture & ( ,*ur*         
hi/ory2 b ?is is by no means ! case 7p4 
lv7 444      specim5s are n want+ 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 (      miracles z     

awful 9 _! "* & z mom5t\s 9      _!     
effects z ^? :i* are record$ 9          
,scripture4 ,!      fire int]rupt+ !    
rebuild+ ( ! ,jewi% temple1 &      !    
dea? ( ,arius1 are in/ances1 9          
,ecclesia/ical      hi/ory1 ( su* solemn
 ev5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 difficult         
in/ances 9 ! ,scripture hi/ory are su* z
 ^!3 !      s]p5t 9 ,ed51 ! ,ark1       
,jacob's vision = !      multiplication 
( 8 cattle1 ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass1   
! axe swimm+ at ,eli%a's ^w1 ! miracle  
on ! sw9e1      & v>i\s in/ances (      
pray]s or prophecies1 9 :i*1 z      9 t 
( ,noah's bless+ & curse1 words :i* seem
 !      result ( private feel+ are      
expressly or virtually      ascrib$ to a
 ,div9e sugge/ion 7p4 lvi74  ,:o is to  
ga9say our ecclesia/ical au?ority "h8   
,infidel au?ors might be accus$ ( a wi% 
to ridicule ! ,scripture miracles by    
putt+ !m on a level ) ! rem>kable /ory  
ab\t ! fire :i* /opp$ ! rebuild+ ( !    
,temple1 or t ab\t ! dea? ( ,arius--b   
,dr4 ,newman is above suspicion4 ,! pity

 is t 8 li/ ( :at he delicately t]ms    
difficult in/ances is s %ort4 ,:y omit !
 manufacture ( ,eve out ( ,adam's rib1  
on ! /rict hi/orical accuracy ( :i* !   
*ief argum5t ( ! def5d]s ( an iniquit\s 
portion ( our pres5t law dep5ds8 ,:y    
leave out ! acc\nt ( ! ,b5e ,elohim & _!
 gallantries1 on :i* a l>ge "p ( ! wor/ 
practices ( ! m$ival inquisitors into   
wit*craft 0 bas$8 ,:y =get ! angel :o   
wre/l$ ) ,jacob1 &1 z ! acc\nt sugge/s1 
some:at ov]-/epp$ ! b\nds ( fair play1  
at ! end ( ! /ruggle8 ,surely1 we mu/   
agree ) ,dr4 ,newman t1 if all ^! camels
 h gone d[n1 x sav\rs ( affectation to  
/ra9 at su* gnats z ! sudd5 ailm5t (    
,arius 9 ! mid/ ( 8 deadly1 if          
pray]ful1#ia enemies2 & ! fi]y explosion
 :i* /opp$ ! ,julian build+ op]ations4  
,?\gh ! words ( ! ,conclusion ( ! ,essay
 on ,miracles may1 p]haps1 be quot$     
aga9/ me1 ,i may express my satisfaction
 at f9d+ myself 9 sub/antial accordance 
) a !ologian above all suspicion (      
het]odoxy4 ,) all my he>t1 ,i c decl>e  

my belief t !re is j z good reason =    
believ+ 9 ! miracul\s slay+ ( ! man :o  
fell %ort ( ! ,a?anasian p[] ( affirm+  
contradictories1 ) respect to ! nature (
 ! ,godhead1 z !re is = believ+ 9 !     
/ories ( ! s]p5t & ! ark told 9 ,g5esis1
 ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass 9 ,numb]s1 or 
! float+ ( ! axe1 at ,eli%a's ord]1 9 ! 
second book ( ,k+s4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,x is "o ( !      
peculi>ities ( a really s\nd argum5t t x
 is susceptible ( ! fulle/ developm5t2 &
 t x sometimes leads to conclusions     
unexpect$ by ^? :o employ x4 ,to my m9d1
 x is impossible to refuse to foll[ ,dr4
 ,newman :5 he ext5ds 8 reason+1 f !    
miracles ( ! patri/ic & m$ival ages     
backw>d 9 "t1 z f> z miracles are       
record$4 ,b1 if ! rules ( logic are     
valid1 ,i feel compell$ to ext5d !      
argum5t =w>ds to ! alleg$ ,roman        
miracles ( ! pres5t day1 :i* ,dr4       
,newman might n h admitt$1 b :i* ,c>d9al
 ,newman may h>dly reject4 ,beyond "q1  
!re is z good1 or p]haps bett]1 evid5ce 

= ! miracles work$ by our ,lady (       
,l\rdes1 z !re is = ! float+ ( ,eli%a's 
axe1 or ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass4 ,b we 
mu/ g /ill fur!r2 !re is a mod]n sy/em (
 ?aumaturgy & demonology :i* is j z well
 c]tifi$ z ! anci5t4#ib ,v]aci\s1       
excell5t1 sometimes le>n$ & acute       
p]sons1 ev5 philosoph]s ( no mean       
pret5sions1 te/ify to ! levitation (    
bodies mu* heavi] ?an ,eli%a's axe2 to !
 exi/5ce ( spirits :o1 to ! m]e tactile 
s5se1 h be5 indi/+ui%able f fle% &      
blood2 &1 occasionally1 h wre/$ ) all ! 
vig\r ( ,jacob's oppon5t2 yet1 fur!r1 to
 ! spee*1 9 ! language ( raps1 (        
spiritual be+s1 ^: disc\rses1 9 po9t (  
coh]5ce & value1 are f> inf]ior to t (  
,balaam's humble b sagaci\s /e$4 ,i h n 
! smalle/ d\bt t1 if ^! 7 p]secut+      
times1 !re is _m a wor?y spirituali/ :o 
w\ld *e]fully g to ! /ake 9 support ( 8 
pneumatological fai?2 & furni% evid5ce1 
aft] ,paley's own he>t1 9 pro( ( ! tru? 
( 8 doctr9es4 ,n a few mod]n div9es1    
d\btless /ruck by ! impossibility (     

refus+ ! spirituali/ evid5ce1 if !      
ecclesia/ical evid5ce is accept$1 &     
depriv$ ( any  priori objection by _!   
implicit belief 9 ,*ri/ian ,demonology1 
%[ !mselves ready to take poor ,sludge  
s]i\sly1 & to believe t he is possess$  
by o!r devils ?an ^? ( ne$1 gre$1 &     
va+lory4  ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x 0 to be
 expect$1 ?\gh x is none ! less int]e/+ 
to note ! fact1 t ! argum5ts ( ! late/  
s*ool ( spirituali/s pres5t a wond]ful  
family lik5ess to ^? :i* adorn ! subtle 
disquisitions ( ! advocate (            
ecclesia/ical miracles ( =ty ye>s ago4  
,x is un=tunate = ! spirituali/s t1 ov] 
& ov] aga91 celebrat$ & tru/$ m$ia1 :o  
really1 9 "s respects1 call to m9d !    
,montani/#ic & gno/ic se]s ( ! second   
c5tury1 are ei!r prov$ 9 c\rts ( law to 
be fraudul5t impo/ors2 or1 9 %e]        
we>9ess1 z x w\ld seem1 ( ! hone/ dupes 
:o swe> by !m1 spontane\sly confess _!  
long-cont9u$ iniquities1 z ! ,fox wom5  
did ! o!r day 9 ,new ,york4#id ,b1 :5ev]
 a cata/rophe ( ?is k9d takes place1 !  

believ]s are no wise dismay$ by x4 ,!y  
freely admit t n only ! m$ia1 b !       
spirits :om !y summon1 are sadly apt to 
lose sight ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( "r &
 wrong2 & !y triumphantly ask3 ,h[ does 
! occurr5ce ( occasional impo/ures      
disprove ! g5u9e manife/ations 7t is to 
say1 all ^? :i* h n yet be5 prov$ to be 
impo/ures or delusions78 ,&1 9 ?is1 !y  
unconsci\sly plagi>ise f ! *ur*man1 :o j
 z freely admits t _m ecclesia/ical     
miracles may h be5 =g$2 & asks1 ) calm  
contempt1 n only ( legal pro(s1 b (     
common-s5se probability1 ,:y does x     
foll[ t none are to be suppos$ g5u9e8 ,i
 mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t ! spirituali/s1 s f> 
z ,i "k1 d n v5ture to outrage "r reason
 s boldly z ! ecclesia/ics4 ,!y d n sne]
 at evid5ce2 nor repudiate ! requirem5t 
( legal pro(s4 ,9 fact1 !re c be no d\bt
 t ! spirituali/s produce bett] evid5ce 
= _! manife/ations ?an c be %[n ei!r = !
 miracul\s dea? ( ,arius1 or = !        
,inv5tion ( ! ,cross4#ie  ,f !          
levitation ( ! axe at "o end ( a p]iod (

 ne> ?ree ?\s& ye>s to ! levitation (   
,sludge  ,co4 at ! o!r end1 !re is a    
complete cont9uity ( ! miracul\s1 ) e   
gradation1 f ! *ildi% to ! /up5d\s1 f ! 
gratification ( a caprice to !          
illu/ration ( sublime tru?4 ,!re is no  
draw+ a l9e 9 ! s]ies t might be set out
 ( plausibly atte/$ cases ( spiritual   
int]v5tion4 ,if "o is true1 all may be  
true2 if "o is false1 all may be false4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,?is is1 to my m9d1 ! inevitable result 
( t me?od ( reason+ :i* is appli$ to !  
confutation ( ,prote/antism1 ) s mu*    
success1 by "o ( ! acute/ & subtle/     
disputants :o h ev] *ampion$            
,ecclesia/icism--& "o _c put 8 claims to
 acut5ess & subtlety high]4       444 ! 
,*ri/ianity ( hi/ory is n ,prote/antism4
 ,if      ev] !re 7 a safe tru? x is    
?is4444 ,to be deep 9      hi/ory is to 
cease to be a ,prote/ant4#if  ,i h n a  
%ad[ ( d\bt t ^! anti-,prote/ant        
epigrams are pr(\ndly true4 ,b ,i h z   
little t1 9 ! same s5se1 ! ,*ri/ianity (

 hi/ory is n ,romanism2 & t to be deep] 
9 hi/ory is to cease to be a ,romani/4  
,! reasons :i* compel my d\bts ab\t !   
compatibility ( ! ,roman doctr9e1 or any
 o!r =m ( ,ca?olicism1 ) hi/ory1 arise  
out ( exactly ! same l9e ( argum5t z t  
adopt$ by ,dr4 ,newman 9 ! fam\s essay  
:i* ,i h j cit$4 ,if1 ) "o h&1 ,dr4     
,newman has de/roy$ ,prote/antism1 he   
has annihilat$ ,romanism ) ! o!r2 & !   
total result ( 8 ambidextral ef=ts is to
 %ake ,*ri/ianity to its f\ndations4    
,nor 0 any "o bett] aw>e t ?is mu/ be ! 
inevitable result ( 8 argum5ts--if ! _w 
%\ld refuse to accept ,roman doctr9es & 
,roman miracles--?an ! writ] ( ,tract   
#he4  ,dr4 ,newman made 8 *oice & pass$ 
ov] to ! ,roman ,*ur* half a c5tury ago4
 ,"s ( ^? :o 7 ess5tially 9 h>mony ) 8  
views prec$$1 & _m foll[$ him4 ,b _m    
rema9$2 &1 z ! quondam ,puseyite &      
pres5t ,rituali/ic p>ty1 !y are cont9u+ 
t "w ( sapp+ & m9+ ! ,prote/antism ( !  
,anglican ,*ur* :i* he & 8 fri5ds s ably
 comm5c$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 !y h no      

little claim to be consid]$ victori\s   
all along ! l9e4 ,i am old en\gh to     
recollect ! small beg9n+s ( ! ,tract>ian
 p>ty2 & ,i am amaz$ :5 ,i consid] !    
pres5t position ( _! heirs4 ,_! little  
leav5 has leav5$ if n ! :ole1 yet a v   
l>ge lump ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*2 :i* is n[
 pretty mu* ( a prep>atory s*ool =      
,papi/ry4 ,s t x really behoves         
,engli%m5 7:o1 z ,i h be5 in=m$ by high 
au?ority1 are all legally1 memb]s ( !   
,/ate ,*ur*1 if !y pr(ess to belong to  
no o!r sect7 to wake up to :at t p[]ful 
organization is ab\t1 & :i!r x is t5d+4 
,on ?is po9t1 ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,newman1  
:ile he /ill rema9$ )9 ! ,anglican fold1
 are a va/ /ore ( ! be/ & ! mo/         
au?oritative in=mation4 ,8 doctr9es on  
,ecclesia/ical miracles & on ,developm5t
 are ! corn]-/ones ( ! ,tract>ian       
fabric4 ,he believ$ t 8 argum5ts l$ ei!r
 ,romew>d1 or to :at ecclesia/ics call  
,infidelity1 & ,i call ,agno/icism4 ,i  
believe t he 0 q "r 9 ?is conviction2 b 
:ile he *ooses ! "o alt]native1 ,i *oose

 ! o!r2 z he rejects ,prote/antism on ! 
gr\nd ( its incompatibility ) hi/ory1 s1
 a =tiori1 ,i conceive t ,romanism ought
 to be reject$2 & t an imp>tial         
consid]ation ( ! evid5ce mu/ refuse !   
au?ority ( ,jesus to any?+ m ?an !      
,naz>5ism ( ,james & ,pet] & ,john4 ,&  
let x n be suppos$ t ?is is a m]e       
infidel p]v]sion ( ! facts4 ,no "o has m
 op5ly & cle>ly admitt$ ! possibility t 
!y may be fairly int]pret$ 9 ?is way ?an
 ,dr4 ,newman4 ,if1 he says1 !re are    
texts :i* seem to %[ t ,jesus           
contemplat$ ! evangelisation ( ! hea!n3 
444 ,did n ! ,apo/les he> our ,"l8 & :at
 0 _!      impression f :at !y he>d8 ,is
 x n c]ta9 t !      ,apo/les did n ga!r 
?is tru? f ,8 tea*+8 7,tract      #he1  
p4 #fc74       ,he said1 ,prea* !       
,gospel to e creature4 ,^! words        
ne$ h only meant ,br+ all m5 to         
,*ri/ianity      ?r\gh ,judaism4 ,make  
!m ,jews1 t !y may enjoy      ,*ri/'s   
privileges1 :i* are lodg$ 9 ,judaism2   
tea* !m      ^? rites & c]emonies1      

circumcision & ! l1 :i*      hi!rto h   
be5 dead ord9ances1 & n[ are liv+2 &    
s ! ,apo/les seem to h und]/ood !m      
7ibid4 p4      #fe74  ,s f> z ,naz>5ism 
diff]5tiat$ itself f contempor>y or?odox
 ,judaism1 x seems to h t5d$ t[>ds a    
revival ( ! e?ical & religi\s _s ( !    
prophetic age1 accompani$ by ! belief 9 
,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & by v>i\s         
accretions :i* _h gr[n r\nd ,judaism    
subsequ5tly to ! exile4 ,to ^! belong ! 
doctr9es ( ! ,resurrection1 ( ! ,la/    
,judgm5t1 ( ,heav5 & ,hell2 ( ! hi]>*y (
 good angels2 ( ,satan & ! hi]>*y ( evil
 spirits4 ,& !re is v /rong gr\nd =     
believ+ t all ^! doctr9es1 at lea/ 9 !  
%apes 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! po/-exilic   
,jews1 7 d]iv$ f ,p]sian &              
,babylonian#ig s\rces1 & are ess5tially 
( hea!n orig94  ,h[ f> ,jesus positively
 sanction$ all ^! indra9+s ( circumjac5t
 ,paganism into ,judaism2 h[ f> any "o  
has a "r to decl>e1 t ! refusal to      
accept "o or o!r ( ^! doctr9es1 z       
asc]ta9$ v]ities1 comes to ! same ?+ z  

contradict+ ,jesus1 x appe>s to me n    
easy to say4 ,b x is h>dly less         
difficult to conceive t he c\ld h       
di/9ctly negativ$ any ( !m2 &1 m        
especially1 t demonology :i* has be5    
accept$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 9 e age &
 "u all _! mutual antagonisms4 ,b1 ,i   
repeat my conviction t1 :e!r ,jesus     
sanction$ ! demonology ( 8 "t & nation  
or n1 x is doom$4 ,! future (           
,*ri/ianity1 z a dogmatic sy/em & ap>t f
 ! old ,israeliti% e?ics :i* x has      
appropriat$ & develop$1 lies 9 ! answ]  
:i* mank9d w ev5tually give to ! "q1    
:e!r !y are prep>$ to believe su* /ories
 z ! ,gad>5e & ! pneumatological        
hypo!ses :i* g ) x1 or n4 ,my belief is 
!y w decl9e to d any?+ ( ! sort1 :5ev] &
 :]ev] _! m9ds h be5 discipl9$ by       
sci5ce4 ,& t discipl9e mu/1 & w1 at once
 foll[ & lead ! foot/eps ( advanc+      
civilisation4  ,! prec$+ pages 7 writt5 
be=e ,i became acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! 
,may numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 :]e9 ,i
 discov] _m ?+s :i* are decid$ly n to my

 advantage4 ,x w\ld appe> t evasion is  
my *ief res\rce1 incapacity = /rict     
argum5t & rott5ness ( ratioc9ation my   
ma9 m5tal *>act]i/ics1 & t x is b>ely   
cr$ible t a /atem5t :i* ,i pr(ess to    
make ( my own k is true4 ,all :i* ?+s ,i
 notice1 m]ely to illu/rate ! great     
tru?1 =c$ on me by long exp]i5ce1 t x is
 only f ^? :o enjoy ! bless+ ( a firm   
hold ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? t su*            
manife/ations ( meekness1 pati5ce1 &    
*>ity are to be expect$4  ,i _h imag9$ t
 no "o :o _h read my prec$+ pap]s1 c\ld 
ent]ta9 a d\bt z to my position 9       
respect ( ! ma9 issue1 z x has be5 /at$ 
& re/at$ by my oppon5t3       an        
,agno/icism :i* kn[s no?+ ( ! relation (
 man to      ,god mu/ n only refuse     
belief to our ,"l's mo/ und\bt$         
tea*+1 b mu/ d5y ! reality ( ! spiritual
      convictions 9 :i* ,he liv$4#ih  ,t
 is said to be ! simple "q :i* is at    
issue betwe5 u1 & ! ?ree te/imonies to t
 tea*+ & ^? convictions select$ are !   
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & !  

,/ory ( ! ,passion4  ,my answ]1 r$uc$ to
 its briefe/ =m1 has be53 ,9 ! fir/     
place1 ! evid5ce is su* t ! exact nature
 ( ! tea*+s & ! convictions ( ,jesus is 
extremely unc]ta92 s t :at ecclesia/ics 
are pleas$ to call a d5ial ( !m may be  
no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 if  
,jesus taught ! demonological sy/em     
involv$ 9 ! ,gad>5e /ory--if a belief 9 
t sy/em =m$ a "p ( ! spiritual          
convictions 9 :i* he liv$ & di$--!n ,i1 
= my "p1 unhesitat+ly refuse belief 9 t 
tea*+1 & d5y ! reality ( ^? spiritual   
convictions4 ,& ,i g fur!r & add1 t1    
exactly 9 s f> z x c be prov$ t ,jesus  
sanction$ ! ess5tially pagan            
demonological !ories curr5t among !     
,jews ( 8 age1 exactly 9 s f>1 = me1 w 8
 au?ority 9 any matt] t\*+ ! spiritual  
_w be weak5$4  ,) respect to ! fir/ half
 ( my answ]1 ,i h po9t$ out t ! ,s]mon  
on ! ,m\nt1 z giv5 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 is1
 9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ critics1 a mosaic "w
 ( mat]ials d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 & ,i
 d n und]/& t ?is /atem5t is *all5g$4 ,!

 only o!r ,gospel--! ?ird--:i* conta9s  
some?+ l x1 makes1 n only ! disc\rse1 b 
! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 deliv]$1 v    
diff]5t4 ,n[1 x is "o ?+ to say t !re 0 
some?+ real at ! bottom ( ! two         
disc\rses--:i* is q possible2 & ano!r to
 affirm t we h any "r to say :at t      
some?+ 01 or to fix ^u any p>ticul>     
phrase & decl>e x to be a g5u9e         
utt]ance4 ,^? :o pursue !ology z a      
sci5ce1 & br+ to ! /udy an adequate k ( 
! ways ( anci5t hi/orians1 w f9d no     
difficulty 9 provid+ illu/rations ( my  
mean+4 ,i may supply "o :i* has come )9 
range ( my own limit$ vision4  ,9       
,josephus's ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,jews  
7*ap1 xix471 t writ] reports a spee* :i*
 he says ,h]od made at ! op5+ ( a w> ) !
 ,arabians4 ,x is 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & w\ld
 naturally be suppos$ by ! read] to be  
int5d$ = a true v]sion ( :at ,h]od said4
 ,9 ! ,antiquities1 writt5 "s sev5te5   
ye>s lat]1 ! same writ] gives ano!r     
report1 also 9 ! fir/ p]son1 ( ,h]od's  
spee* on ! same occasion4 ,?is second   

oration is twice z long z ! fir/ &1 ?\gh
 ! g5]al t5or ( ! two spee*es is pretty 
mu* ! same1 !re is h>dly any v]bal      
id5tity1 & a good deal ( matt] is       
introduc$ into ! "o1 :i* is abs5t f !   
o!r4 ,josephus prides himself on 8      
accuracy2 p ^: fa!rs might h he>d       
,h]od's oration 7 8 contempor>ies2 & yet
 8 hi/orical s5se is s curi\sly         
undevelop$ t he c1 q innoc5tly1         
p]petrate an obvi\s lit]>y fabrication2 
= "o ( ! two acc\nts mu/ be incorrect4  
,n[1 if ,i am ask$ :e!r ,i believe t    
,h]od made "s p>ticul> /atem5t on ?is   
occasion2 :e!r1 = example1 he utt]$ !   
pi\s aphorism1 ,:]e ,god is1 !re is bo? 
multitude & c\rage1 :i* is giv5 9 !     
,antiquities1 b n 9 ! ,w>s1 ,i am       
compell$ to say ,i d n "k4 ,"o ( ! two  
reports mu/ be errone\s1 possibly bo?   
are3 at any rate1 ,i _c tell h[ mu* (   
ei!r is true4 ,&1 if "s f]v5t admir] ( !
 ,idumean %\ld build up a !ory ( ,h]od's
 piety ^u ,josephus's evid5ce t he      
prop\nd$ ! aphorism1 x is a m]e evasion 

to say1 9 reply1 t ! evid5ce t he did   
utt] x is wor?less8  ,x appe>s aga9 t1  
adopt+ ! tactics ( ,cona*> :5 br\ght    
face to face ) ,hal o' ! ,wynd1 ,i h be5
 try+ to get my simple-m9d$ adv]s>y to  
foll[ me on a wild-goose *ase ?r\gh !   
e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! hope (   
escap+ imp5d+ defeat on ! ma9 issue4 ,b 
,i may be p]mitt$ to po9t out t !re is  
an alt]native hypo!sis :i* equally fits 
! facts2 & t1 aft] all1 !re may h be5   
me?od 9 ! madness ( my suppos$ panic4   
,= suppose x to be e/abli%$ t ,g5tile   
,*ri/ianity 0 a totally diff]5t ?+ f !  
,naz>5ism ( ,jesus & 8 imm$iate         
disciples2 suppose x to be demon/rable  
t1 z e>ly z ! six? decade ( our era at  
lea/1 !re 7 viol5t div]g5cies ( op9ion  
among ! foll[]s ( ,jesus2 suppose x to  
be h>dly d\btful t ! ,gospels & ! ,acts 
took _! pres5t %apes "u ! influ5ce ( ^? 
div]g5cies2 suppose t _! au?ors1 & ^?   
?r\gh ^: h&s !y pass$1 _h notions (     
hi/orical v]acity n m ecc5tric ?an ^?   
:i* ,josephus occasionally displays3    

surely ! *ances t ! ,gospels are        
altoge!r tru/wor?y records ( ! tea*+s ( 
,jesus become v sl5d]4 ,&1 s9ce ! :ole (
 ! case ( ! o!r side is bas$ on !       
supposition t !y are accurate records   
7especially ( spee*es1 ab\t :i* anci5t  
hi/orians are s curi\sly loose71 ,i     
really d v5ture to submit t ?is "p ( my 
argum5t be>s v s]i\sly on ! ma9 issue2  
&1 z ratioc9ation1 is s\nd to ! core4   
,aga91 :5 ,i pass$ by ! topic ( !       
spee*es ( ,jesus on ! ,cross1 x appe>s t
 ,i c\ld h _h no o!r motive ?an !       
dictates ( my native evasiv5ess4 ,an    
ecclesia/ical dignit>y may h respectable
 reasons = decl9+ a f5c+ mat* 9 sight ( 
,ge?semane & ,calv>y2 b an ecclesia/ical
 ,infidel6 ,nev]4 ,x is obvi\sly        
impossible t 9 ! belief t ! great]      
includes ! less1 ,i1 hav+ decl>$ !      
,gospel evid5ce 9 g5]al1 z to ! say+s ( 
,jesus1 to be ( que/ionable value1 ?\ght
 x ne$less to select = illu/ration ( my 
views1 ^? p>ticul> in/ances :i* 7 likely
 to be mo/ (f5sive to p]sons ( ano!r way

 ( ?9k+4 ,b any supposition t may h be5 
ent]ta9$ t ! old famili> tones ( !      
ecclesia/ical w>-drum w tempt me to     
engage 9 su* ne$less discussion _h bett]
 be r5\nc$4 ,i %all d no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,let
 x suffice t ,i ask my read]s to turn to
 ! tw5ty-?ird *apt] ( ,luke 7revis$     
v]sion71 v]se ?irty-f\r1 & he w f9d 9 ! 
m>g9       ,"s anci5t au?orities omit3  
,& ,jesus said ,fa!r1      =give !m1 =  
!y "k n :at !y d4  ,s t1 ev5 z late z ! 
f\r? c5tury1 !re 7 anci5t au?orities1   
inde$ "s ( ! mo/ anci5t & weightie/1 :o 
ei!r did n "k ( ?is utt]ance1 s (t5     
quot$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,jesus1 or did n   
believe x _h be5 utt]$4  ,_m ye>s ago1  
,i receiv$ an anonym\s lett]1 :i* abus$ 
me he>tily = my want ( moral c\rage 9 n 
speak+ out4 ,i ?\ght t "o ( ! odde/     
*>ges an anonym\s lett]-writ] c\ld br+4 
,b ,i am n sure t ! pl5tiful s[+ ( !    
pages ( ! article ) :i* ,i am deal+ )   
accusations ( evasion1 may n seem odd]  
to ^? :o consid] t ! ma9 /r5g? ( !      
answ]s ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ 79 ?is     

review & else:]e7 is devot$ n to any?+ 9
 ! text ( my fir/ pap]1 b to a note :i* 
occurs at p4 #bab4 ,9 ?is ,i say3       
,dr4 ,wace tells u3 ,x may be ask$ h[ f>
 we c rely on      ! acc\nts we possess 
( our ,"l's tea*+ on ^!      subjects4  
,& he seems to ?9k ! "q appropriately   
answ]$ by ! ass]tion t x ought to be    
reg>d$ z      settl$ by ,m4 ,r5an's     
practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se      case4 
,i reque/$ ,dr4 ,wace to po9t out !     
passages ( ,m4 ,r5an's works 9 :i*1 z he
 affirms1 ?is practical surr5d] 7n m]ely
 z to ! age & au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels1 be 
x obs]v$1 b z to _! hi/orical value7 is 
made1 & he has be5 s good z to d s4 ,n[ 
let u consid] ! p>ts ( ,dr4 ,wace's     
citation f ,r5an :i* are relevant to !  
issue3--       ,! au?or ( ?is ,gospel   
,luke is c]ta9ly ! same z      ! au?or (
 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,n[ ! au?or (    
! ,acts seems to be a companion ( ,/4   
,paul--a "*      :i* accords completely 
) ,/4 ,luke4 ,i "k t m      ?an "o      
objection may be oppos$ to ?is reason+3 

b "o      ?+1 at all ev5ts1 is beyond   
d\bt1 namely1 t !      au?or ( ! ?ird   
,gospel & ( ! ,acts is a man :o         
belong$ to ! second apo/olic g5]ation2 &
 ?is      suffices = our purpose4  ,?is 
is a curi\s practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se
 case4 ,m4 ,r5an ?9ks t !re is no d\bt t
 ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel is ! au?or ( !
 ,acts--a conclusion 9 :i* ,i suppose   
critics g5]ally agree4 ,he goes on to   
rem>k t ?is p]son seems to be a         
companion ( ,/4 ,paul1 & adds t ,luke 0 
a companion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!n1 some:at   
ne$lessly1 ,m4 ,r5an po9ts out t !re is 
m ?an "o objection to jump+1 f su* data 
z ^!1 to ! conclusion t ,luke is ! writ]
 ( ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,&1 f9ally1 ,m4 ,r5an
 is cont5t to r$uce t :i* is beyond d\bt
 to ! fact t ! au?or ( ! two books is a 
man ( ! second apo/olic g5]ation4 ,well1
 x seems to me t ,i c\ld agree ) all t  
,m4 ,r5an consid]s beyond d\bt "h1 )\t  
surr5d]+ any?+1 ei!r practically or     
!oretically4  ,dr4 ,wace 7,n9ete5?      
,c5tury1 ,m>*1 p4 #cfc7 /ates t he      

d]ives ! above citation f ! preface to !
 #ae? edition ( ! ,vie de ,jsus4 ,my    
copy ( ,les vangiles1 dat$ #ahgg1       
conta9s a li/ ( ,r5an's ,oeuvres        
,compltes1 at ! head ( :i* ,i f9d ,vie  
de ,jsus1 #ae;e dition4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a 
lat] "w ?an ! edition ( ! ,vie de ,jsus 
:i* ,dr4 ,wace quotes4 ,n[ ,les         
vangiles1 z its "n implies1 treats fully
 ( ! que/ions respect+ ! date & au?or%ip
 ( ! ,gospels2 & any "o :o desir$1 n    
m]ely to use ,m4 ,r5an's expressions =  
controv]sial purposes1 b to give a fair 
acc\nt ( 8 views 9 _! full significance1
 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 ref] to ! lat] s\rce4    
,if ?is c\rse _h be5 tak51 ,dr4 ,wace   
might h f\nd "s z decid$ expressions (  
op9ion1 9 fav\r ( ,luke's au?or%ip ( !  
?ird ,gospel1 z he has discov]$ 9 ,!    
,apo/les4 ,i m5tion ?is circum/ance1    
because ,i desire to po9t out t1 tak+   
ev5 ! /ronge/ ( ,r5an's /atem5ts1 ,i am 
/ill at a loss to see h[ x ju/ifies t   
l>ge-s\nd+ phrase1 practical surr5d] ( !
 adv]se case4 ,=1 on p4 #dch ( ,les     

vangiles1 ,r5an speaks ( ! way 9 :i*    
,luke's excell5t int5tions h l$ him to  
torture hi/ory 9 ! ,acts2 he decl>es    
,luke to be ! f\nd] ( t et]nal fiction  
:i* is call$ ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 &1 on
 ! prec$+ page1 he talks ( ! my? ( !    
,asc5sion--) its mise en scne v\lue4 ,at
 p4 #dce1 ,i f9d ,luc1 ou l'auteur quel 
qu'il soit du troisime vangile2 at p4   
#bhj1 ! acc\nts ( ! ,passion1 ! dea? & !
 resurrection ( ,jesus1 are said to be  
peu hi/oriques2 at p4 #bhc1 ,la valeur  
hi/orique du troisime vangile e/ srem5t 
mo9dre que celles des deux premi]s4 ,a  
,pyrrhic sort ( victory = or?odoxy1 ?is 
surr5d]6 ,&1 all ! :ile1 ! sci5tific    
/ud5t ( !ology kn[s t1 ! m reason !re   
may be to believe t ,luke 0 ! companion 
( ,paul1 ! m d\btful becomes 8          
cr$ibility if he really wrote ! ,acts4  
,=1 9 t case1 he c\ld n fail to h be5   
acqua9t$ ) ,paul's acc\nt ( ! ,j]usalem 
conf]5ce & he mu/ h consci\sly          
misrepres5t$ x4  ,we may next turn to ! 
ess5tial "p ( ,dr4 ,wace's citation     

7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cfe7 t\*+ ! fir/ 
,gospel3--       ,/4 ,mat!w evid5tly    
des]ves peculi> confid5ce = !           
disc\rses4 ,"h are ! oracles--! v notes 
tak5      :ile ! memory ( ! in/ruction (
 ,jesus 0 liv+ &      def9ite4  ,m4     
,r5an "h expresses ! v g5]al op9ion z to
 ! exi/5ce ( a collection ( logia1 hav+ 
a diff]5t orig9 f ! text 9 :i* !y are   
emb$d$1 9 ,mat!w4 ,notes are some:at    
sugge/ive ( a %or?& writ]1 b ! sugge/ion
 is un9t5tional1 = ,m4 ,r5an assumes t  
^! notes 7 tak51 n at ! "t ( ! deliv]y (
 ! logia b subsequ5tly1 :ile 7z he      
assumes7 ! memory ( !m 0 liv+ & def9ite2
 s t1 9 ?is v citation1 ,m4 ,r5an leaves
 op5 ! "q ( ! g5]al hi/orical value ( ! 
fir/ ,gospel2 :ile x is obvi\s t !      
accuracy ( ,notes tak51 n at ! "t (     
deliv]y1 b f memory1 is a matt] ab\t :i*
 m ?an "o op9ion may be fairly held4    
,moreov]1 ,r5an expressly calls att5tion
 to ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! au!ntic   
logia f lat] additions ( ! same k9d     
7,les vangiles1 p4 #bja74 ,! fact is1   

!re is no contradiction "h to t op9ion  
ab\t ! fir/ ,gospel :i* is express$ 9   
,les vangiles 7p4 #age74       ,! text (
 ! s-call$ ,mat!w supposes ! pre-exi/5ce
      ( t ( ,m>k1 & does little m ?an   
complete x4 ,he      completes x 9 two  
fa%ions--fir/1 by ! ins]tion (      ^?  
long disc\rses :i* gave _! *ief value to
 !      ,hebrew ,gospels2 !n by add+    
traditions ( a m mod]n      =mation1    
results ( successive developm5ts ( !    
leg5d1      & to :i* ! ,*ri/ian         
consci\sness already atta*$      inf9ite
 value4  ,m4 ,r5an goes on to sugge/ t  
besides ,m>k1 pseudo-,mat!w us$ an      
,aramaic v]sion ( ! ,gospel1 orig9ally  
set =? 9 t dialect4 ,f9ally1 z to !     
second ,gospel 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4    
#cfe73--       ,he ,m>k is full ( m9ute 
obs]vations1 proce$+1 beyond      d\bt1 
f an eye-witness4 ,!re is no?+ to       
conflict      ) ! supposition t ?is     
eye-witness 444 0 !      ,apo/le ,pet]  
himself1 z ,papias has x4  ,let u       
consid] ?is citation by ! light ( ,les  

vangiles3--       ,?is "w1 al?\gh       
compos$ aft] ! dea? ( ,pet]1 01      9 a
 s5se1 ! "w ( ,pet]2 x repres5ts ! way 9
      :i* ,pet] 0 accu/om$ to relate !  
life ( ,jesus 7p4      #aaf74  ,m4 ,r5an
 goes on to say t1 z an hi/orical       
docum5t1 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k has a great   
sup]iority 7p4 #aaf72 b ,m>k has a      
motive = omitt+ ! disc\rses1 & he       
atta*es a pu]ile importance to miracles 
7p4 #aag74 ,! ,gospel ( ,m>k is less a  
leg5d1 ?an a biography writt5 ) cr$ulity
 7p4 #aah74 ,x w\ld be ra% to say t ,m>k
 has n be5 int]polat$ & ret\*$ 7p4      
#abj74  ,if any "o ?9ks t ,i h n be5    
w>rant$ 9 draw+ a %>p di/9ction betwe5  
sci5tific !ologians & c\nsels = cre$s2  
or t my w>n+ aga9/ ! too ready          
acceptance ( c]ta9 decl>ations z to !   
/ate ( biblical criticism 0 ne$less2 or 
t my anxiety z to ! s5se ( ! ^w         
practical 0 sup]flu\s2 let him comp>e ! 
/atem5t t ,m4 ,r5an has made a practical
 surr5d] ( ! adv]se case ) ! facts j set
 =?4 ,= :at is ! adv]se case8 ,! "q1 z  

,dr4 ,wace puts x1 is1 ,x may be ask$ h[
 f> c we rely on ! acc\nts we possess ( 
our ,"l's tea*+ on ^! subjects4 ,x w be 
obvi\s t ,m4 ,r5an's /atem5ts am\nt to  
an adv]se answ]--to a practical d5ial t 
any great reliance c be plac$ on ^!     
acc\nts4 ,he does n believe t ,mat!w1 ! 
apo/le1 wrote ! fir/ ,gospel2 he does n 
pr(ess to "k :o is responsible = !      
collection ( logia1 or h[ _m ( !m are   
au!ntic2 ?\gh he calls ! second ,gospel 
! mo/ hi/orical1 he po9ts out t x is    
writt5 ) cr$ulity1 & may h be5          
int]polat$ & ret\*$2 &1 z to ! au?or1   
quel qu'il soit1 ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 :o is
 to rely on ! acc\nts ( a writ]1 :o     
des]ves ! cavali] treatm5t :i* ,luke    
meets ) at ,m4 ,r5an's h&s4  ,i repeat  
:at ,i h already m ?an once said1 t ! "q
 ( ! age & ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels has  
n1 9 my judgm5t1 ! importance :i* is s  
commonly assign$ to x2 = ! simple reason
 t ! reports1 ev5 ( eye-witnesses1 w\ld 
n suffice to ju/ify belief 9 a l>ge &   
ess5tial "p ( _! cont5ts2 on ! contr>y1 

^! reports w\ld discr$it ! witnesses4 ,!
 ,gad>5e miracle1 = example1 is s       
extremely improbable1 t ! fact ( its be+
 report$ by ?ree1 ev5 indep5d5t1        
au?orities c\ld n ju/ify belief 9 x1    
unless we _h ! cle>e/ evid5ce z to _!   
capacity z obs]v]s & z int]pret]s ( _!  
obs]vations4 ,b x is evid5t t ! ?ree    
au?orities are n indep5d5t2 t !y h      
simply adopt$ a leg5d1 ( :i* !re 7 two  
v]sions2 & in/ead ( _! prov+ its tru?1 x
 sugge/s _! sup]/iti\s cr$ulity3 s t if 
,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke are really        
responsible = ! ,gospels1 x is n ! bett]
 = ! ,gad>5e /ory1 b ! worse = !m4  ,a  
wond]ful am\nt ( controv]sial capital   
has be5 made out ( my ass]tion 9 ! note 
to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 z an obit] dictum ( 
no consequ5ce to my argum5t1 t if       
,r5an's "w#ii 7 non-extant1 ! ma9       
results ( biblical criticism1 z set =? 9
 ! works ( ,/rauss1 ,baur1 ,reuss1 &    
,volkm>1 = example1 w\ld n be s5sibly   
affect$4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h expla9$ x       
satisfactorily already1 b x seems t my  

explanation has only exhibit$ /ill m (  
my native p]v]sity1 s ,i ask = "o m     
*ance4  ,9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/orical        
developm5t ( any bran* ( sci5ce1 :at is 
univ]sally obs]v$ is ?is3 t ! m5 :o make
 epo*s1 & are ! real ar*itects ( !      
fabric ( exact k1 are ^? :o introduce   
fruitful ideas or me?ods4 ,z a rule1 !  
man :o does ?is pu%es 8 idea1 or 8      
me?od1 too f>2 or1 if he does n1 8 s*ool
 is sure to d s2 & ^? :o foll[ h to     
r$uce 8 "w to its prop] value1 & assign 
x its place 9 ! :ole4 ,n unfrequ5tly1   
!y1 9 _! turn1 ov]do ! critical process1
 &1 9 try+ to elim9ate error1 ?r[ away  
tru?4  ,?us1 z ,i said1 ,l9nu1 ,buffon1 
,cuvi]1 ,lam>ck1 really set =? ! results
 ( a develop+ sci5ce1 al?\gh !y (t5     
he>tily contradict "o ano!r4 ,not)/&+   
?is circum/ance1 mod]n classificatory   
me?od & nom5clature h l>gely gr[n out ( 
! "w ( ,l9nu2 ! mod]n conception (      
biology1 z a sci5ce1 & ( its relation to
 climatology1 geography1 & geology1 are1
 z l>gely1 root$ 9 ! results ( ! lab\rs 

( ,buffon2 comp>ative anatomy &         
palontology owe a va/ debt to ,cuvi]'s  
results2 :ile inv]tebrate zoology & !   
revival ( ! idea ( evolution are        
intimately dep5d5t on ! results ( ! "w (
 ,lam>ck4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ma9 results ( 
biology up to ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury  
are to be f\nd 91 or spr+ out (1 ! works
 ( ^! m54  ,s1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ,/rauss1 
if he did n orig9ate ! idea ( tak+ !    
my?opoeic faculty into acc\nt 9 !       
developm5t ( ! ,gospel n>ratives1 & ?\gh
 he may h exagg]at$ ! influ5ce ( t      
faculty1 oblig$ sci5tific !ology1       
h]eaft]1 to take t elem5t into s]i\s    
consid]ation2 s ,baur1 9 giv+ prom95ce  
to ! c>d9al fact ( ! div]g5ce ( !       
,naz>5e & ,paul9e t5d5cies 9 ! primitive
 ,*ur*2 s ,reuss1 9 sett+ a m>vell\s    
example ( ! cool & dispassionate        
application ( ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific   
criticism ov] ! :ole field ( ,scripture2
 s ,volkm>1 9 8 cle> & =cible /atem5t ( 
! ,naz>5e limitations ( ,jesus1         
contribut$ results ( p]man5t value 9    

sci5tific !ology4 ,i took ^! names z !y 
occurr$ to me4 ,und\bt$ly1 ,i might h   
advantage\sly add$ to !m2 p]haps1 ,i    
might h made a bett] selection4 ,b x    
really is absurd to try to make out t ,i
 did n "k t ^! writ]s widely disagree2 &
 ,i believe t no sci5tific !ologian w   
d5y t1 9 pr9ciple1 :at ,i h said is     
p]fectly correct4 ,ecclesia/ical        
advocates1 ( c\rse1 _c be expect$ to    
take ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,to !m1 ^! m]e 
seek]s aft] tru?1 9 s f> z _! results   
are unfav\rable to ! cre$ ! cl]ics h to 
support1 are m or less infidels1 or     
fav\r]s ( infidelity2 & ! only ?+ !y c>e
 to see1 or probably c see1 is ! fact t1
 9 a great _m matt]s1 ! tru?-seek]s     
diff] f "o ano!r1 & !re=e c easily be   
exhibit$ to ! public1 z if !y did no?+  
else2 z if any "o :o ref]r$ to _! hav+1 
ea* & all1 contribut$ 8 %>e to ! results
 ( !ological sci5ce1 0 m]ely %[+ 8      
ignorance2 & z if a *>ge ( inconsi/5cy  
c\ld be bas$ on ! fact t he himself (t5 
disagrees ) :at !y say4 ,i h nev] l5t a 

%ad[ ( f\ndation to ! assumption t ,i am
 a foll[] ( ei!r ,/rauss1 or ,baur1 or  
,reuss1 or ,volkm>1 or ,r5an2 my debts  
to ^! em95t m5--s f> my sup]iors 9      
!ological k--is1 inde$1 great2 yet x is 
n = _! op9ions1 b = ^? ,i h be5 able to 
=m = myself1 by _! help4  ,9            
,agno/icism3 a ,rejo9d] 7p4 #bff71 ,i h 
ref]r$ to ! difficulties "u :i* ^?      
pr(essors ( ! sci5ce ( !ology1 ^: t5ure 
( _! po/s dep5ds on ! results ( _!      
inve/igations1 mu/ lab\r2 &1 9 a note1  
,i add--       ,imag9e t all our *airs (
 ,a/ronomy _h be5 f\nd$ 9      ! f\rte5?
 c5tury1 & t _! incumb5ts 7 b\nd      to
 sign ,ptolemaic articles4 ,9 t case1 ) 
e respect      = ! ef=ts ( p]sons ?us   
hamp]$ to atta9 &      exp\nd ! tru?1 ,i
 ?9k m5 ( common s5se w\ld g            
else:]e to le>n a/ronomy4  ,i did n     
write ?is p>agraph )\t a k t its s5se   
w\ld be op5 to ! k9d ( p]v]sion :i* x   
has suff]$2 b1 if t 0 cle>1 ! necessity 
= ! /atem5t 0 /ill cle>]4 ,x is my      
delib]ate op9ion3 ,i reit]ate x2 & ,i   

say t1 9 my judgm5t1 x is extremely     
inexp$i5t t any subject :i* calls itself
 a sci5ce %\ld be intru/$ to tea*]s :o  
are deb>r$ f freely foll[+ out sci5tific
 me?ods to _! legitimate conclusions1   
:atev] ^? conclusions may be4 ,if ,i may
 borr[ a phrase p>ad$ at ! ,*ur*        
,congress1 ,i ?9k x ought to be         
unpleasant = any man ( sci5ce to f9d    
himself 9 ! position ( su* a tea*]4     
,human nature is n alt]$ by seat+ x 9 a 
pr(essorial *air1 ev5 ( !ology4 ,i h v  
little d\bt t if1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 ! t5ure
 ( my (fice _h dep5d$ ^u my adh]5ce to !
 doctr9es ( ,cuvi]1 ! objections to !m  
set =? 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species w\ld h _h a
 halo ( gravity ab\t !m t1 be+ free to  
tea* :at ,i pleas$1 ,i fail$ to discov]4
 ,&1 9 mak+ t /atem5t1 x does n appe> to
 me t ,i am confess+ t ,i %\ld h be5    
deb>r$ by selfi% int]e/s f mak+ c&id    
inquiry1 or t ,i %\ld h be5 biass$ by   
sordid motives4 ,i hope t ev5 su* a     
fragm5t ( moral s5se z may rema9 9 an   
ecclesia/ical infidel might h got me    

?r\gh ! difficulty2 b x w\ld be unwor?y 
to d5y1 or disguise1 ! fact t a v s]i\s 
difficulty mu/ h be5 creat$ = me by !   
nature ( my t5ure4 ,& let x be obs]v$ t 
! temptation1 9 my case1 w\ld h be5 f>  
slight] ?an 9 t ( a pr(essor ( !ology2  
:atev] biological doctr9e ,i _h         
repudiat$1 nobody ,i c>$ = w\ld h ?\ght 
! worse ( me = s do+4 ,no sci5tific     
j\rnals w\ld h h[l$ me d[n1 z ! religi\s
 newspap]s h[l$ d[n my too hone/ fri5d1 
! late ,bi%op ( ,natal2 nor w\ld my     
colleagues ( ! ,royal ,society h turn$  
_! backs ^u me1 z 8 episcopal colleagues
 boycott$ him4  ,i say ^! facts are     
obvi\s1 & t x is :olesome & ne$ful t !y 
%\ld be /at$4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/s (       
!ology1 if x be a sci5ce1 & x is 9 !    
int]e/s ( ^? tea*]s ( !ology :o desire  
to be some?+ bett] ?an c\nsel = cre$s1 t
 x %\ld be tak5 to he>t4 ,! seek] aft]  
!ological tru? & t only1 w no m suppose 
t ,i h insult$ him1 ?an ! prison] :o    
works 9 fett]s w try to pick a qu>rel ) 
me1 if ,i sugge/ t he w\ld get on bett] 

if ! fett]s 7 knock$ (f3 unless inde$1 z
 x is said does happ5 9 ! c\rse ( long  
captivities1 t ! victim at l5g? ceases  
to feel ! weight ( 8 *a9s1 or ev5 takes 
to hugg+ !m1 z if !y 7 hon\rable        
ornam5ts4#ajj  ,,footnotes3       #ha ,!
 sub/ance ( a p>agraph :i* prec$es ?is  
has           be5 transf]r$ to !        
,prologue4       #hb ,i confess t1 long 
ago1 ,i once or twice made ?is          
mi/ake2 ev5 to ! wa/e ( a capital ',u4' 
#ahic4       #hc ,let u ma9ta91 be=e we 
h prov$4 ,?is seem+           p>adox is 
! secret ( happ9ess 7,dr4 ,newman3      
,tract           #he1 p4 #he74       #hd
 ,dr4 ,newman1 ,essay on ,developm5t1 p4
 #ceg4       #he ,x is by no means to be
 assum$ t spiritual &                   
corporeal are exact equival5ts (        
immat]ial &           mat]ial 9 ! m9ds (
 anci5t speculators on           ^!     
topics4 ,! spiritual body ( ! ris5 dead 
7#a ,cor4 xv47 is n ! natural fle% &    
blood           body4 ,paul does n tea* 
! resurrection ( ! body           9 !   

ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w body2 a fact1        
(t5 ov]look$1 b pregnant ) _m           
consequ5ces4       #hf ,t]tullian       
7,apolog4 ,adv4 ,g5tes1 cap4 xxiii7 ?us 
*all5ges ! ,roman au?orities3 let !m br+
 a           possess$ p]son into !      
pres5ce ( a ,*ri/ian           be=e _!  
tribunal1 & if ! demon does n           
confess himself to be su*1 on ! ord] ( !
           ,*ri/ian1 let ! ,*ri/ian be  
execut$ out ( h&4       #hg ,see !      
expression ( or?odox op9ion ^u !        
accommodation subt]fuge already cit$    
above1 p4 #bag4       #hh ,i quote !    
fir/ edition 7#ahdc74 ,a second edition 
appe>$ 9 #ahgj4 ,tract #he ( ! ,tracts =
 !           ,times %\ld be read ) ?is  
,essay4 ,if ,i 7           call$ ^u to  
compile a ,prim] ( ,infidelity1 ,i      
?9k ,i %\ld save myself tr\ble by mak+ a
           selection f ^! works1 & f !  
,essay on           ,developm5t by !    
same au?or4       #hi ,yet1 :5 x suits 8
 purpose1 z 9 ! ,introduction           
to ! ,essay on ,developm5t1 ,dr4 ,newman

 c dem&           /rict evid5ce 9       
religi\s que/ions z %>ply z             
any infidel au?or2 & he c ev5 pr(ess to 
yield           to its =ce 7,essay on   
,miracles1 #ahgj2 note1 p4 #cia74       
#ij ,comp>e ,tract #he1 p4 #aaj2 ,i am  
p]suad$ t 7 m5           b consi/5t :o  
oppose ! ,*ur* doctr9es z be+           
unscriptural1 !y w\ld v9dicate ! ,jews =
           reject+ ! ,gospel4       #ia 
,accord+ to ,dr4 ,newman1 ,?is pray] t (
 ,bi%op           ,alex&]1 :o begg$ ,god
 to 'take ,arius away' is said          
to h be5 (f]$ ab\t #c ,p4,m4 on !       
,saturday2 t           same ev5+ ,arius 
0 9 ! great squ>e (                     
,con/ant9e1 :5 he 0 sudd5ly seiz$ )     
indisposition 7p4 clxx74 ,! infidel     
,gibbon seems to           h d>$ to     
sugge/ t an option betwe5 poison        
& miracle is pres5t$ by ?is case2 & x   
mu/ be           admitt$1 t1 if ! ,bi%op
 _h be5 )9 ! rea*           ( a mod]n   
police magi/rate1 ?+s might h gone      
h>dly ) him4 ,mod]n ,infidels1 possess$ 

( a           slight k ( *emi/ry1 are n 
unlikely1 )           no less audacity1 
to sugge/ an option betwe5              
fire-damp & miracle 9 seek+ = ! cause ( 
!           fi]y outbur/ at ,j]usalem4  
#ib ,a writ] 9 a spirituali/ j\rnal     
takes me r\ndly           to task =     
v5tur+ to d\bt ! hi/orical &            
lit]al tru? ( ! ,gad>5e /ory4 ,! foll[+ 
passage 9 8 lett] is wor? quotation3 ,n[
 to !           mat]iali/ic & sci5tific 
m9d1 to ! un9itiat$           9         
spiritual v]ities1 c]ta9ly ?is /ory ( ! 
,gad>5e or ,g]ges5e sw9e pres5ts        
insurm\ntable           difficulties2 x 
seems grotesque & nons5sical4 ,to       
! exp]i5c$1 tra9$1 & cultivat$          
,spirituali/           ?is miracle is1 z
 ,i am prep>$ to %[1 "o ( !             
mo/ in/ructive1 ! mo/ pr(\ndly useful1 &
 !           mo/ b5efic5t :i* ,jesus ev]
 wr\ght 9 ! :ole           c\rse ( ,8   
pilgrimage ( r$emption on e>?4 ,j       
s4 ,& ! fir/ page ( ?is same j\rnal     
pres5ts           ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t1 

among o!rs ( ! same           kidney3   
,to ,,weal?y ,,spirituali/s--,a ,lady   
,m$ium ( tri$ p[]           wi%es to    
meet ) an eld]ly g5tleman :o w\ld be    
will+ to give h] a com=table home &     
ma9t5ance           9 ,ex*ange = h]     
,spirituali/ic s]vices1 z h]            
guides consid] h] heal? is too delicate 
= public           sitt+s3 ,london      
pref]r$4--,address ',m>y1' ,(fice (     
,light4            ,are we go+ back to !
 days ( ! ,judges1 :5           weal?y  
,micah set up 8 private ephod1 t]aphim1 
&           ,levite8       #ic ,consid] 
,t]tullian's si/] 7hodie apud nos71     
:o conv]s$ ) angels1 saw & he>d my/]ies1
           knew m5's ?\ghts1 & prescrib$
 m$ic9e = _!           bodies 7,de      
,anima1 cap4 #i74 ,t]tullian tells u t  
?is woman saw ! s\l z corporeal1 &      
describ$ its           col\r & %ape4 ,! 
infidel w probably be unable            
to refra9 f insult+ ! memory ( ! ec/atic
           sa9t by ! rem>k1 t           
,t]tullian's kn[n views           ab\t !

 corporeality ( ! s\l may h _h          
some?+ to d ) ! rem>kable p]ceptive p[]s
           ( ! ,montani/ m$ium1 9 ^:    
revelations ( !           spiritual _w  
he took su* pr(\nd int]e/4       #id    
,see ! ,new ,york ,_w = ,sunday1 #ba/   
,octob]1           #ahhh2 & ! ,report ( 
! ,seyb]t ,commission1                  
,philadelphia1 #ahhg4       #ie ,dr4    
,newman's obs]vation t ! miracul\s      
multiplication ( ! pieces ( ! true cross
 7)           :i* ! :ole _w is fill$1   
accord+ to ,cyril           ( ,j]usalem2
 & ( :i* "s say !re are en\gh           
extant to build a man-(-w>7 is no m     
wond]ful           ?an t ( ! loaves &   
fi%es1 is "o t ,i d           n see my  
way to contradict4 ,see ,essay on       
,miracles4           #b;d ed4 p4 #afc4  
#if ,an ,essay on ! ,developm5t (       
,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1           by ,j4,h4  
,newman1 ,d4,d41 pp4 #g & #h4 7#ahgh47  
#ig ,dr4 ,newman faces ?is "q ) 8       
cu/om>y           ability4 ,n[1 ,i own1 
,i am n at all solicit\s to             

d5y t ?is doctr9e ( an apo/ate ,angel & 
8           ho/s 0 ga9$ f ,babylon3 x   
might /ill be           ,div9e          
nev]!less4 ,god :o made ! prophet's ass 
speak1 & !reby in/ruct$ ! prophet1 might
           in/ruct ,8 ,*ur* by means (  
hea!n ,babylon           7,tract #he1 p4
 #hc74 ,!re seems to be no end to !     
apologetic burd5 t ,balaam's ass may    
c>ry4       #ih ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may  
#ahhi 7p4 #gja74       #ii ,i tru/ x may
 n be suppos$ t ,i und]value ,m4        
,r5an's lab\rs1 or int5d$ to speak      
slight+ly (           !m4      #ajj     
,to-day's ,times conta9s a report ( a   
rem>kable           spee* by ,pr9ce     
,bism>ck1 9 :i* he tells !              
,rei*/ag t he has long giv5 up inve/+ 9 
=eign /ock1 le/ s do+ %\ld mislead 8    
judgm5t 9 8 transactions ) =eign /ates4 
,does           ?is decl>ation prove t !
 ,*ancellor accuses           himself ( 
be+ sordid & selfi%2 or does x n        
r %[ t1 ev5 9 deal+ ) himself1 he       
rema9s ! man ( realities8     ,x3 ,,!   

,,keep]s ,,( ,,! ,,h]d ,,( ,,sw9e  #ahij
   ,i _h fondly hop$ t ,mr4 ,glad/one & 
,i _h come to an end ( disputation1 & t 
! hat*et ( w> 0 f9ally sup]s$$ by !     
calumet1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ,i      
believe1 objects to tobacco1 ,i 0 q     
will+ to smoke = bo?4 ,b ,i h _h1 once  
aga91 to discov] t ! adage t :oso seeks 
peace w ensue x1 is a some:at ha/y      
g5]alisation4 ,! r5[n$ w>rior ) :om x is
 my mis=tune to be oppos$ 9 mo/ ?+s has 
dug up ! axe & is on ! w>-pa? once m4 ,!
 weapon has be5 wield$ ) all ! dext]ity 
:i* long practice has conf]r$ on a pa/  
ma/] 9 craft1 :e!r ( wood or /ate4 ,& ,i
 h reason to believe t ! simpl] sort ( !
 great tribe :i* he heads1 imag9e t my  
scalp is already on its way to adorn _! 
big *ief's wigwam4 ,i am glad !re=e to  
be able to relieve any anxieties :i* my 
fri5ds may ent]ta9 )\t delay4 ,i assure 
!m t my skull reta9s its normal cov]+1 &
 t ?\gh1 naturally1 ,i may h felt al>m$1
 no?+ s]i\s has happ5$4 ,my d\ghty      
adv]s>y has m]ely p]=m$ a w> dance1 & 8 

bl[s h = ! mo/ "p cut ! air4 ,i regret  
to add1 h[ev]1 t by misadv5ture1 & ,i am
 afraid ,i mu/ say c>elessness1 he has  
inflict$ "o or two sev]e contusions on  
himself4  ,:5 ! noise ( approa*+ battle 
r\s$ me f ! dreams ( peace :i* occupy my
 retirem5t1 ,i 0 glad to obs]ve 7s9ce ,i
 mu/ fight7 t ! campaign 0 to be op5$ ^u
 a new field4 ,:5 ! conte/ rag$ ov] !   
,p5tateu*al my? ( ! creation1 ,mr4      
,glad/one's manife/ want ( acqua9tance )
 ! facts & pr9ciples involv$ 9 !        
discussion1 no less ?an ) ! be/         
lit]ature on 8 own side ( ! subject1    
gave me ! uncom=table feel+ t ,i _h my  
adv]s>y at a disadvantage4 ,! sun (     
sci5ce1 at my back1 0 9 8 eyes4 ,b1 on !
 pres5t occasion1 we are happily on an  
equality4 ,hi/ory & ,biblical criticism 
are z mu*1 or z little1 my vocation z !y
 are t ( ,mr4 ,glad/one2 ! bl9d+ f too  
mu* light1 or ! bl9dness f too little1  
may be presum$ to be equally %>$ by bo? 
( u4  ,mr4 ,glad/one takes up 8 new     
position 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es4 ,8    

/rategic s5se ju/ly leads him to see t !
 au?ority ( ! tea*+s ( ! synoptic       
,gospels1 t\*+ ! nature ( ! spiritual   
_w1 turns ^u ! acceptance1 or !         
rejection1 ( ! ,gad>5e & o!r l /ories4  
,z we accept1 or repudiate1 su* hi/ories
 z t ( ! possess$ pigs1 s %all we       
accept1 or reject1 ! witness ( !        
synoptics to su* miracul\s int]v5tions4 
,x is exactly because ^! /ories         
con/itute ! key-/one ( ! or?odox ar*1 t 
,i orig9ally drew att5tion to !m2 &1 9  
spite ( my long+ = peace1 ,i am truly   
oblig$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one = compell+ me  
to place my case be=e ! public once m4  
,x may be ?\ght t ?is is a "w (         
sup]]ogation by ^? :o are aw>e t my     
essay is ! subject ( attack 9 a "w s    
l>gely circulat$ z ! ,impregnable ,rock 
( ,holy ,scripture2 & :o may possibly1 9
 _! simplicity1 assume t x mu/ be       
tru?fully set =? 9 t "w4 ,b ! w>me/     
admir]s ( ,mr4 ,glad/one w h>dly be     
prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ma!matical accuracy 9
 /at+ ! op9ions ( an oppon5t is ! mo/   

prom95t feature ( 8 controv]sial me?od4 
,& :at foll[s w %[ t1 9 ! pres5t case1 !
 desire to be fair & accurate1 ! exi/5ce
 ( :i* ,i am b\nd to assume1 has n borne
 z mu* fruit z might h be5 expect$4  ,9 
ref]r+ to ! /atem5t ( ! n>rators1 t !   
h]d ( sw9e p]i%$ 9 consequ5ce ( !       
entrance into !m ( ! demons by !        
p]mission1 or ord]1 ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 
,i said3  ,ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( law & ju/ice
 conv9ces me t ! wanton de/ruction ( o!r
 p's prop]ty is a misdemean\r ( evil    
example 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y1    
#ahhi1 p4 #agb74  ,mr4 ,glad/one has n  
f\nd x conv5i5t to cite ?is passage2 &1 
9 view ( v>i\s consid]ations1 ,i d>e n  
assume t he w\ld ass5t to x1 )\t sundry 
subtle modifications :i*1 = me1 might   
possibly rob x ( its argum5tative value4
 ,b1 until ! proposition is s]i\sly     
controv]t$1 ,i %all assume x to be true1
 & cont5t myself ) w>n+ ! read] t nei!r 
he nor ,i h any gr\nds = assum+ ,mr4    
,glad/one's concurr5ce4 ,) ?is caution1 
,i proce$ to rem>k t ,i ?9k x may be    

grant$ t ! p ^: h]d ( #bjjj sw9e 7m or  
few]7 0 sudd5ly de/roy$ suff]$ great    
loss & damage4 ,& x is q c]ta9 t !      
n>rators ( ! ,gad>5e /ory d n1 9 any    
way1 ref] to ! po9t ( morality &        
legality ?us rais$2 z ,i said1 !y %[ no 
inkl+ ( ! moral & legal difficulties :i*
 arise4  ,su* be+ ! facts ( ! case1 ,i  
submit t = ^? :o admit ! pr9ciple laid  
d[n1 ! conclusion :i* ,i h drawn        
necess>ily foll[s2 ?\gh ,i repeat t1    
s9ce ,mr4 ,glad/one does n explicitly   
admit ! pr9ciple1 ,i am f> f sugge/+ t  
he is b\nd by its logical consequ5ces4  
,h[ev]1 ,i di/9ctly reit]ate ! op9ion t 
any "o :o act$ 9 ! way describ$ 9 ! /ory
 w\ld1 9 my judgm5t1 be guilty ( a      
misdemean\r ( evil example4 ,ab\t t po9t
 ,i desire to leave no ambiguity :atev]2
 & x foll[s t1 if ,i believ$ ! /ory1 ,i 
%\ld h no hesitation 9 apply+ ?is       
judgm5t to ! *ief actor 9 x4  ,b1 if any
 "o w d me ! fav\r to turn to ! pap] 9  
:i* ^! passages occur1 he w f9d t a     
consid]able "p ( x is devot$ to !       

exposure ( ! famili> trick ( ! c\nsel = 
cre$s1 :o1 :5 !y wi% to pr(it by !      
easily /irr$ odium !ologicum1 are c>eful
 to confuse disbelief 9 a n>rative ( a  
man's act1 or disapproval ( ! acts z    
n>rat$1 ) disbeliev+ & vilip5d+ ! man   
himself4 ,if ,i say t accord+ to        
p>agraphs 9 sev]al newspap]s1 my valu$  
,sep>ati/ fri5d ,a4,b4 has h\gh$ a lot (
 cattle1 :i* he consid]$ to be          
unlawfully 9 ! possession ( an ,iri%    
l&-grabb]2 t1 9 my op9ion1 any su* act  
is a misdemean\r ( evil example2 b1 t ,i
 utt]ly disbelieve ! :ole /ory & h no   
d\bt t x is a m]e fabrication3 x really 
appe>s to me t1 if any "o *>ges me )    
call+ ,a4,b4 an immoral misdemeanant ,i 
%\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 us+ v /rong language  
respect+ ei!r 8 sanity or 8 v]acity4 ,&1
 if an analog\s *>ge has be5 br\ght 9   
ref]5ce to ! ,gad>5e /ory1 !re is       
c]ta9ly no excuse producible1 on acc\nt 
( any lack ( pla9 spee* on my "p4       
,surely no language c be m explicit ?an 
t :i* foll[s3  ,i c disc]n no escape f  

?is dilemma2 ei!r ,jesus said :at he is 
report$ to h said1 or he did n4 ,9 ! =m]
 case1 x is inevitable t 8 au?ority on  
matt]s connect$ ) ! 'unse5 _w' %\ld be  
r\ghly %ak52 9 ! latt]1 ! bl[ falls ^u !
 au?ority ( ! synoptic ,gospels 7p4     
#agc74 ,! *oice !n lies betwe5 discr$it+
 ^? :o compil$ ! ,gospel biographies &  
disbeliev+ ! ,ma/]1 :om !y1 simple s\ls1
 ?\ght to hon\r by pres]v+ su*          
traditions ( ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority ov] 
,satan's invisible _w 7p4 #agd74 ,& ,i  
leave no %ad[ ( d\bt z to my own *oice3 
,aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i d n ?9k t any
 s5sible man1 unless he happ5 to be     
angry1 w accuse me ( 'contradict+ ! ,"l 
& 8 ,apo/les' if ,i reit]ate my total   
disbelief 9 ! :ole ,gad>5e /ory 7p4     
#agh74  ,i am afraid1 !re=e1 t ,mr4     
,glad/one mu/ h be5 exce$+ly angry :5 he
 committ$ himself to su* a /atem5t z    
foll[s3       ,s1 !n1 aft] eighte5      
c5turies ( wor%ip (f]$ to our      ,"l  
by ! mo/ cultivat$1 ! mo/ develop$1 & ! 
mo/ progressive portion ( ! human race1 

x has be5      res]v$ to a sci5tific    
inquir] to discov] t ,he 0 no      bett]
 ?an a law-break] & an evil-do]4444 ,h[1
 9 su*      a matt]1 came ! hon\rs (    
orig9ality to be res]v$ to      our "t &
 to ,pr(essor ,huxley8 7,pp4 #bfi1      
#bgj47  ,truly1 ! hat*et is h>dly a     
weapon ( precision1 b w\ld seem to h r m
 ! "* ( ! boom]ang1 :i* returns to      
damage ! reckless ?r[]4 ,d\btless su*   
incid5ts are some:at ludicr\s4 ,b !y h a
 v s]i\s side2 &1 if ,i rat$ ! op9ion ( 
^? :o bl9dly foll[ ,mr4 ,glad/one's     
lead+1 b n light1 9 ^! matt]s1 mu* high]
 ?an ! great ,duke ( ,well+ton's fam\s  
/&>d ( m9imum value1 ,i ?9k ,i might    
fairly beg !m to reflect ^u ! g5]al     
be>+s ( ?is p>ticul> example ( 8        
controv]sial me?od4 ,i imag9e x c h>dly 
comm5d itself to _! cool judgm5t4  ,aft]
 ?is tragi-comical end+ to :at an old   
hi/orian calls a robu/i\s & r\gh com+   
on2 & aft] "s praises ( ! provisions ( !
 ,mosaic law 9 ! matt] ( n eat+ pork--9 
:i*1 z pork disagrees ) me & = "s o!r   

reasons1 ,i am mu* dispos$ to concur1   
?\gh ,i d n see :at !y h to d ) ! matt] 
9 h&--comes ! s]i\s onslaught4          
,mr4 ,huxley1 ex]cis+ 8 rapid judgm5t on
 ! text1 does      n appe> to h encumb]$
 himself ) ! lab\r (      inquir+ :at   
anybody else _h kn[n or said ab\t x4 ,he
      has ?us miss$ a po9t :i* might h  
be5 set up 9      support ( 8 accusation
 aga9/ our ,"l4 7,p4 #bgc47  ,unhappily 
= my conduct1 ,i h be5 mu* ex]cis$ 9    
controv]sy dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s2 & !   
only comp5sation = ! loss ( "t & !      
trials ( temp] :i* x has inflict$ ^u me1
 is t ,i h come to reg>d x z a bran* ( !
 f9e arts1 & to take an imp>tial &      
/hetic int]e/ 9 ! way 9 :i* x is        
conduct$1 ev5 by ^? ^: ef=ts are direct$
 aga9/ myself4 ,n[1 f ! purely arti/ic  
po9t ( view 7:i*1 z we are all be+ told1
 has no?+ to d ) morals71 ,i consid] x  
an axiom1 t "o %\ld nev] appe> to d\bt t
 ! o!r side has p]=m$ ! elem5t>y duty ( 
acquir+ prop] elem5t>y in=mation1 unless
 !re is demon/rative evid5ce to !       

contr>y4 ,& ,i ?9k1 ?\gh ,i admit t ?is 
may be a purely subjective appreciation1
 t 7unless y are q c]ta97 !re is a want 
( f9i%1 z a great ma/] ( disputation    
once put x1 ab\t ! sugge/ion t y\r      
oppon5t has miss$ a po9t on 8 own side4 
,because x may happ5 t he has n miss$ x 
at all1 b only ?\ght x unwor?y ( s]i\s  
notice4 ,& if he proves t1 ! sugge/ion  
looks fooli%4  ,m]ely not+ ! c>eful     
repetition ( a *>ge1 ! absurdity ( :i*  
has be5 suffici5tly expos$ above1 ,i n[ 
ask my read]s to accompany me on a      
little voyage ( discov]y 9 se>* ( ! side
 on :i* ! rapid judgm5t & ! ignorance ( 
! lit]ature ( ! subject lie4 ,i ?9k ,i  
may promise !m v little tr\ble1 & a good
 deal ( ent]ta9m5t4  ,mr4 ,glad/one is (
 op9ion t ! ,gad>5e sw9efolk 7 ,hebrews 
b\nd by ! ,mosaic law 7p4 #bgd72 & he   
conceives t x has n occurr$ to me to    
le>n :at may be said 9 fav\r ( & aga9/  
?is view4 ,he tells u t       ,"s       
comm5tators h alleg$ ! au?ority (       
,josephus =      /at+ t ,gad>a 0 a city 

( ,greeks r ?an (      ,jews1 f :5ce x  
might be inf]r$ t to keep sw9e      0   
innoc5t & lawful4 7,p4 #bgc47  ,mr4     
,glad/one !n goes on to in=m 8 read]s t 
9 8 pa9/ak+ se>* aft] tru? he has       
submitt$ to ! lab\r ( p]sonally exam9+ !
 writ+s ( ,josephus4 ,moreov]1 9 a note1
 he positively exhibits an acqua9tance1 
9 addition1 ) ! works ( ,bi%op          
,wordswor? & ( ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*2 & ev5   
%[s t he has read ,hudson's comm5t>y on 
,josephus4 ,& yet p say t our ,biblical 
critics d n equal ! ,g]mans 9 rese>*6 ,b
 ,mr4 ,glad/one's citation ( ,cuvi] &   
,sir ,john ,h]s*el ab\t ! ,creation my?1
 & 8 ignorance ( all ! be/ mod]n writ+s 
on 8 own side1 produc$ a great          
impression on my m9d4 ,i h _h ! audacity
 to suspect t 8 acqua9tance ) :at has   
be5 done 9 ,biblical hi/ory might /& at 
no high] level ?an 8 in=mation ab\t !   
natural sci5ces4 ,h[ev] unwill+ly1 ,i h 
felt b\nd to consid] ! possibility t    
,mr4 ,glad/one's lab\rs 9 ?is matt] may 
h c>ri$ him no fur!r ?an ,josephus & !  

wor?y1 b some:at antique1 episcopal &   
o!r au?orities to :om he ref]s2 t ev5 8 
read+ ( ,josephus may h be5 ( ! mo/     
cursory nature1 direct$ n to ! und]/&+ (
 8 au?or1 b to ! discov]y ( useful      
controv]sial matt]2 & t1 9 view ( ! n   
inconsid]able misrepres5tation ( my     
/atem5ts to :i* ,i h drawn att5tion1 x  
might be t ,mr4 ,glad/one's exposition (
 ! evid5ce ( ,josephus 0 n m tru/wor?y4 
,i proce$ to %[ t my previsions h be5   
fully ju/ifi$4 ,i d\bt if controv]sial  
lit]ature conta9s any?+ m piquant ?an ! 
/ory ,i h to unfold4  ,t ,i %\ld be     
reprov$ = rapidity ( judgm5t is v j2    
h[ev] qua9t ! situation ( ,mr4          
,glad/one1 z ! reprov]1 may seem to p   
bless$ ) a s5se ( hum\r4 ,b x is a      
quality1 ! defects ( :i* h be5 pa9fully 
obvi\s to me all my life2 & ,i try to   
keep my ,pegasus--at be/1 a poor ,%etl& 
v>iety ( t species ( quadrup$--at a     
respectable jog-trot1 by load+ him      
heavily ) bales ( read+4 ,^? :o took !  
tr\ble to /udy my pap] 9 good fai? & n =

 m]e controv]sial purposes1 h a "r to   
"k1 t some?+ m ?an a ha/y glimpse ( two 
or ?ree passages ( ,josephus 7ev5 ) z _m
 episcopal works ?r[n 97 lay at ! back (
 ! few p>agraphs ,i devot$ to ! ,gad>5e 
/ory4 ,i proce$ to set =?1 z briefly z  
,i c1 "s results ( t prep>atory "w4 ,my 
arti/ic pr9ciples d n p]mit me1 at      
pres5t1 to express a d\bt t ,mr4        
,glad/one 0 acqua9t$ ) ! facts ,i am    
ab\t to m5tion :5 he und]took to write4 
,b1 if he did "k !m1 !n bo? :at he has  
said & :at he has n said1 8 ass]tions & 
8 omissions alike1 w require a p>agraph 
to !mselves4  ,! common cons5t ( !      
synoptic ,gospels affirms t ! miracul\s 
transf]5ce ( devils f a man1 or m51 to  
sundry pigs1 took place some:]e on !    
ea/]n %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias2 on !   
o!r side ( ! sea ov] aga9/ ,galilee1 !  
we/]n %ore be+1 )\t d\bt1 includ$ 9 !   
latt] prov9ce4 ,b !re is no su* concord 
:5 we come to ! "n ( ! "p ( ! ea/]n     
%ore1 on :i*1 accord+ to ! /ory1 ,jesus 
& 8 disciples l&$4 ,9 ! revis$ v]sion1  

,mat!w calls x ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es3   
,luke & ,m>k h ,g]as5es4 ,9 sundry v    
anci5t manuscripts ,g]ges5es occurs4  ,!
 exi/5ce ( any place call$ ,g]gesa1     
h[ev]1 is decl>$ by ! weightie/         
au?orities :om ,i h consult$ to be v    
que/ionable2 & no su* t[n is m5tion$ 9 !
 li/ ( ! cities ( ! ,decapolis1 9 !     
t]ritory ( :i* 7z x w\ld seem f ,m>k v4 
#bj7 ! transaction 0 suppos$ to take    
place4 ,ab\t ,g]asa1 on ! o!r h&1 !re   
hangs no su* d\bt4 ,x 0 a l>ge &        
important memb] ( ! gr\p ( !            
,decapolitan cities4 ,b ,g]asa is m ?an 
?irty miles di/ant f ! ne>e/ "p ( !     
,lake ( ,tib]ias1 :ile ! city m5tion$ 9 
! n>rative c\ld n h be5 v f> (f ! sc5e (
 ! ev5t4 ,h[ev]1 z ,g]asa 0 a v         
important ,hell5ic city1 n mu* m ?an a  
score ( miles f ,gad>a1 x is easily     
imag9able t a locality :i* 0 "p (       
,decapolitan t]ritory may h be5 spok5 ( 
z belong+ to "o ( ! two cities1 :5 x    
really app]ta9$ to ! o!r4 ,aft] weigh+  
all ! argum5ts1 no d\bt rema9s on my m9d

 t ,gad>5e is ! prop] read+4 ,at ! p]iod
 "u consid]ation1 ,gad>a appe>s to h be5
 a good-siz$ =tifi$ t[n1 ab\t two miles 
9 circumf]5ce4 ,x 0 a place (           
consid]able /rategic importance1 inasmu*
 z x lay on a high ridge at ! po9t (    
int]section ( ! roads f ,tib]ias1       
,scy?opolis1 ,damascus1 & ,g]asa4 ,?ree 
miles nor? f x1 :]e ! ,tib]ias road     
desc5d$ into ! valley ( ! ,hi]omices1   
lay ! fam\s hot spr+s & ! fa%ionable    
ba?s ( ,ama?a4 ,on ! nor?-ea/ side1 !   
rema9s ( ! ext5sive necropolis ( ,gad>a 
are /ill to be se54 ,innum]able         
sepul*ral *amb]s are excavat$ 9 !       
lime/one cliffs1 & _m ( !m /ill conta9  
s>cophaguses ( basalt2 :ile n a few are 
conv]t$ into dwell+s by ! inhabitants ( 
! pres5t village ( ,um ,keis4 ,! di/ance
 ( ,gad>a f ! s\?-ea/]n %ore ( ! ,lake (
 ,tib]ias is less ?an sev5 miles4 ,!    
ne>e/ ( ! o!r cities ( ! ,decapolis1 to 
! nor?1 is ,hippos1 :i* also lay "s sev5
 miles (f1 9 ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ! %ore 
( ! lake4 ,9 accordance ) ! anci5t      

,hell5ic practice1 t ea* city %\ld be   
surr\nd$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( t]ritory    
am5able to its jurisdiction1#aja & on   
o!r gr\nds1 x may be tak5 = c]ta9 t !   
int]m$iate c\ntry 0 divid$ betwe5 ,gad>a
 & ,hippos2 & t ! citiz5s ( ,gad>a _h   
free access to a port on ! lake4 ,h5ce !
 title ( c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es appli$ to !
 locality ( ! porc9e cata/rophe becomes 
easily intelligible4 ,! sw9e may well be
 imag9$ to h be5 fe$+ 7z !y d n[ 9 !    
adjac5t region7 on ! hillsides1 :i*     
slope some:at /eeply d[n to ! lake f !  
nor!rn b\nd>y wall ( ! valley ( !       
,hi]omices 7,nahr ,y>muk71 ab\t half-way
 betwe5 ! city & ! %ore1 & d\btless lay 
well )9 ! t]ritory ( ! polis ( ,gad>a4  
,! pro( t ,gad>a 01 to all int5ts &     
purposes1 a ,g5tile1 & n a ,jewi%1 city 
is complete4 ,! date & ! occasion ( its 
f\ndation are unkn[n2 b x c]ta9ly exi/$ 
9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,antio*us !      
,great annex$ x to 8 dom9ions 9 ,b4,c4  
#aih4 ,aft] ?is1 dur+ ! brief revival ( 
,jewi% autonomy1 ,alex&] ,jannu took x2 

& = ! fir/ "t1 s f> z ! records g1 x    
fell "u ,jewi% rule4#ajb ,f ?is x 0     
rescu$ by ,pompey 7,b4,c4 #fc71 :o      
rebuilt ! city & incorporat$ x ) !      
prov9ce ( ,syria4 ,9 gratitude to !     
,romans = ! dissolution ( a hat$ union1 
! ,gad>5es adopt$ ! ,pompeian era ( _!  
co9age4 ,gad>a 0 a comm]cial c5tre ( "s 
importance1 & !re=e1 x may be assum$1   
,jews settl$ 9 x1 z !y settl$ 9 almo/   
all consid]able ,g5tile cities4 ,b a    
:olly mi/ak5 e/imate ( ! magnitude ( !  
,jewi% colony has be5 bas$ ^u ! notion t
 ,gab9ius1 proconsul ( ,syria 9 #eg-ee  
,b4,c41 seat$ "o ( ! five sanh$r9s 9    
,gad>a4 ,s*r] has po9t$ out t :at he    
really did 0 to lodge "o ( !m 9 ,gad>a1 
f> away on ! o!r side ( ! ,jordan4 ,?is 
is "o ( ! _m errors :i* h aris5 out ( ! 
confusion ( ! names ,gadara1 ,gazara1 & 
,gabara4  ,augu/us made a pres5t (      
,gad>a to ,h]od ! ,great1 z an appanage 
p]sonal to himself2 &1 ^u ,h]od's dea?1 
recognis+ x to be a ,grecian city l     
,hippos & ,gaza1#ajc he transf]r$ x back

 to its =m] place 9 ! prov9ce ( ,syria4 
,t ,h]od made no ef=t to judaise 8      
tempor>y possession1 b r ! contr>y1 is  
obvi\s f ! fact t ! co9s ( ,gad>a1 :ile 
"u 8 rule1 be> ! image ( ,augu/us ) !   
sup]scription ,greek3 ,seba/os--a fly+ 9
 ! face ( ,jewi% prejudices :i*1 ev5 he1
 did n d>e to v5ture ^u 9 ,juda4 ,& ,i  
may rem>k t1 if my co-tru/ee ( ! ,briti%
 ,museum _h tak5 ! tr\ble to visit !    
spl5did numismatic collection "u our    
*>ge1 he might h se5 two co9s ( ,gad>a1 
"o ( ! "t ( ,tib]ius & ! o!r ( t (      
,titus1 ea* be>+ ! effigies ( ! emp]or  
on ! obv]se3 :ile ! p]sonifi$ g5ius ( ! 
city is on ! rev]se ( ! =m]4 ,fur!r1 !  
well-kn[n works ( ,de ,saulcy & ( ,ekhel
 w\ld h suppli$ ! in=mation t1 f ! "t ( 
,augu/us to t ( ,gordian1 ! ,gad>5e     
co9age _h ! same ?or\ghly ,g5tile "*4   
,curi\s t a city ( ,hebrews b\nd by !   
,mosaic law %\ld tol]ate su* a m9t6     
,:atev] increase 9 population ! ,ghetto 
( ,gad>a may h und]gone1 betwe5 ,b4,c4  
#d & ,a4,d4 #ff1 x n[ise affect$ !      

g5tile & anti-judaic "* ( ! city at !   
outbreak ( ! great w>2 = ,josephus tells
 u t1 imm$iately aft] ! great massacre (
 ,cs>ea1 ! revolt$ ,jews laid wa/e !    
villages ( ! ,syrians & _! neighb\r+    
cities1 ,philadelphia & ,sebonitis &    
,g]asa & ,pella & ,scy?opolis1 & aft] !m
 ,gad>a & ,hippos 7,w>s1 ,,ii4 xviii4   
#a74 ,i submit t1 if ,gad>a _h be5 a    
city ( ,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law1 !
 ravag+ ( _! t]ritory by _! bro!r ,jews1
 9 rev5ge = ! massacre ( ! ,cs>ean ,jews
 by ! ,g5tile population ( t place1 w\ld
 surely h be5 a some:at unacc\ntable    
proce$+4 ,b :5 we proce$ a little fur!r1
 to ! fif? section ( ! *apt] 9 :i* ?is  
/atem5t occurs1 ! :ole affair becomes   
intelligible en\gh4       ,besides ?is  
murd] at ,scy?opolis1 ! o!r cities rose 
up      aga9/ ! ,jews t 7 among !m3 ^? (
 ,askelon slew      two ?\s& five       
hundr$1 & ^? ( ,ptolemais two      ?\s&1
 & put n a few into bonds2 ^? ( ,tyre   
also      put a great numb] to dea?1 b  
kept a great numb] 9      prison2       

moreov]1 ^? ( ,hippos & ^? ( ,gad>a did 
! l1 :ile !y put to dea? ! bolde/ ( !   
,jews1      b kept ^? ( :om !y 7 mo/    
afraid 9 cu/ody2 z      did ! re/ ( !   
cities ( ,syria accord+ z !y e      "o  
ei!r hat$ !m or 7 afraid ( !m4          
,josephus is n always tru/wor?y1 b he   
has no conceivable motive = alt]+ facts 
"h2 he speaks ( contempor>y ev5ts1 9 :i*
 he himself took an active "p1 & he     
*>act]ises ! cities 9 ! way famili> to  
him4 ,= ,josephus1 ,gad>a is j z mu* a  
,g5tile city z ,ptolemais2 x 0 res]v$ = 
8 late/ comm5tator1 ei!r ignor+1 or     
ignorant (1 all ?is1 to tell u t ,gad>a 
_h a ,hebrew population1 b\nd by !      
,mosaic law4  ,9 ! face ( all ?is       
evid5ce1 mo/ ( :i* has be5 put be=e     
s]i\s /ud5ts1 ) full ref]5ce to ! ne$ful
 au?orities & 9 a ?or\ghly judicial     
mann]1 by ,s*r] 9 8 classical "w1#ajd "o
 reads ) /upefaction ! /atem5t :i* ,mr4 
,glad/one has ?\ght fit to put be=e !   
un9/ruct$ public3       ,"s comm5tators 
h alleg$ ! au?ority ( ,josephus =       

/at+ t ,gad>a 0 a city ( ,greeks r ?an (
      ,jews1 f :5ce x might be inf]r$ t 
to keep sw9e      0 innoc5t & lawful4   
,?is is n q ! place = a      critical   
exam9ation ( ! matt]2 b ,i h exam9$ x1  
& h satisfi$ myself t ,josephus gives no
 reason      :atev] to suppose t !      
population ( ,gad>a1 & /ill      less   
7if less may be7 ! population ( !       
neighb\rhood1      & lea/ ( all !       
sw9e-h]d+ or l[] portion ( t            
population1 7 o!r ?an ,hebrews b\nd by !
 ,mosaic law4      7,pp4 #cgc-d47  ,ev5 
rapid judgm5t _c be plead$ 9 excuse =   
?is surpris+ /atem5t1 because a ,note on
 ! ,gad>5e miracle is add$ 79 a special 
app5dix71 9 :i* ! ref]5ces are giv5 to !
 passages ( ,josephus1 by ! improv$     
int]pretation ( :i*1 ,mr4 ,glad/one has 
?us contriv$ to satisfy himself ( ! ?+  
:i* is n4 ,"o ( ^! is ,antiquities      
,,xvii4 xiii4 #d1 9 :i* section1 ,i     
regret to say1 ,i c f9d no m5tion (     
,gad>a4 ,9 ,antiquities1 ,,xvii4 xi4 #d1
 h[ev]1 !re is a passage :i* w\ld appe> 

to be t ,mr4 ,glad/one means2 & ,i w    
give x 9 full1 al?\gh ,i h already cit$ 
"p ( x3       ,!re 7 also c]ta9 ( !     
cities :i* paid tribute to              
,ar*elaus2 ,/rato's t[]1 & ,seba/e1 )   
,joppa &      ,j]usalem2 =1 z to ,gaza1 
,gad>a1 & ,hippos1 !y 7      ,grecian   
cities1 :i* ,cs> sep>at$ f 8 gov]nm5t1  
& add$ !m to ! prov9ce ( ,syria4  ,t is 
to say1 ,augu/us simply re/or$ ! /ate ( 
?+s :i* exi/$ be=e he gave ,gad>a1 !n   
c]ta9ly a ,g5tile city1 ly+ outside     
,juda1 to ,h]od z a m>k ( great p]sonal 
fav\r4 ,yet ,mr4 ,glad/one c gravely    
tell ^? :o are n 9 a position to *eck 8 
/atem5ts3       ,! s5se seems to be1 n t
 ^! cities 7 inhabit$      by a ,greek  
population1 b t !y _h politically be5   
tak5 out ( ,juda & add$ to ,syria1 :i*  
,i presume 0      classifi$ z simply    
,hell5ic1 a portion ( ! great ,greek    
empire erect$ by ,alex&]4 7,pp4 #bie-f47
  ,mr4 ,glad/one's next ref]5ce is to ! 
,w>s1 ,,iii4 vii4 #a3       ,s          
,vespasian m>*$ to ! city ,gad>a1 & took

 x ^u      ! fir/ onset1 because he f\nd
 x de/itute ( a      consid]able numb] (
 m5 gr[n up = w>4 ,he !n came      into 
x1 & slew all ! y\?1 ! ,romans hav+ no  
m]cy      on any age :atsoev]2 & ?is 0  
done out ( ! hatr$      !y bore !       
nation1 & because ( ! iniquity !y _h    
be5 guilty ( 9 ! affair ( ,ce/ius4      
,obvi\sly1 !n1 ,gad>a 0 an ultra-,jewi% 
city4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,b a /ud5t tra9$ 9 ! use
 ( weapons ( precision1 r ?an 9 t (     
rhetorical tomahawks1 has _h _m & pa9ful
 w>n+s to look well ab\t him1 be=e tru/+
 an argum5t to ! m]cies ( a passage1 !  
context ( :i* he has n c>efully         
consid]$4 ,if ,mr4 ,glad/one _h n be5   
too mu* 9 a hurry to turn 8 imag9>y     
prize to acc\nt--if he _h paus$ j to    
look at ! prec$+ *apt] ( ,josephus--he  
w\ld h discov]$ t 8 mu* ha/e meant v    
little spe$4 ,he w\ld h f\nd 7,w>s1     
,,iii4 vi4 #b7 t ,vespasian m>*$ f 8    
base1 ! port ( ,ptolemais 7,acre71 on ! 
%ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 into ,galilee2  
&1 hav+ dealt ) ! s-call$ ,gad>a1 0 m9d$

 to f9i% ) ,jotapata1 a /rong place ab\t
 f\rte5 miles s\?-ea/ ( ,ptolemais1 into
 :i* ,josephus1 :o at fir/ _h fl$ to    
,tib]ias1 ev5tually ?rew                
himself--,vespasian arriv+ be=e         
,jotapata ! v next day4 ,n[1 if any "o w
 take a dec5t map ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e 9  
h&1 he w see t ,jotapata1 z ,i h said1  
lies ab\t f\rte5 miles 9 a /raight l9e  
ea/-s\?-ea/ ( ,ptolemais1 :ile a c]ta9  
t[n1 ,gab>a 7:i* 0 also held by !       
,jews71 is situat$1 ab\t ! same di/ance1
 to ! ea/ ( t port4 ,no?+ c be m obvi\s 
?an t ,vespasian1 wi%+ to advance f     
,ptolemais into ,galilee1 c\ld n af=d to
 leave ^! /rongholds 9 ! possession ( ! 
enemy2 &1 z ,gab>a w\ld lie on 8 left   
flank :5 he mov$ to ,jotapata1 he took t
 city1 :5ce 8 communications ) 8 base   
c\ld easily be ?reat5$1 fir/4 ,x might  
really h be5 fair evid5ce ( demoniac    
possession1 if ! be/ g5]al ( ,rome _h   
m>*$ =ty odd miles1 z ! cr[ flies1 ?r\gh
 ho/ile ,galilee1 to take a city 7:i*1  
moreov]1 _h j tri$ to aboli% its ,jewi% 

population7 on ! o!r side ( ! ,jordan2 &
 !n m>*$ back aga9 to a place f\rte5    
miles (f 8 />t+-po9t4#aje ,"o w\ld ?9k t
 ! mo/ c>eless ( read]s mu/ be />tl$ by 
?is incongruity into inquir+ :e!r !re   
might n be some?+ wrong ) ! text2 &1 if 
he _h done s1 he w\ld h easily discov]$ 
t s9ce ! "t ( ,rel&1 a c5tury & a half  
ago1 c>eful s*ol>s h read ,gabara =     
,gadara4#ajf  ,once m1 ,i v5ture to po9t
 out t tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! weapons (      
precision ( sci5ce may h its value 9    
hi/orical /udies1 if only 9 prev5t+ !   
occurr5ce ( droll blund]s 9 geography4  
,9 ! ?ird citation 7,w>s1 ,,iv4 vii47   
,josephus tells u t ,vespasian m>*$     
aga9/ ,gad>a1 :i* he calls ! metropolis 
( ,p]a 7x 0 possibly ! seat ( a common  
fe/ival ( ! ,decapolitan cities71 &     
ent]$ x1 )\t opposition1 ! weal?y &     
p[]ful citiz5s hav+ op5$ negotiations ) 
him )\t ! k ( an opposite p>ty1 :o1 z   
be+ inf]ior 9 numb] to _! enemies1 :o 7 
)9 ! city1 & see+ ! ,romans v ne> !     
city1 resolv$ to fly4 ,be=e do+ s1      

h[ev]1 !y1 aft] a fa%ion un=tunately too
 common among ! ,zealots1 murd]$ &      
%ock+ly mutilat$ ,dolesus1 a man ( !    
fir/ rank1 :o _h promot$ ! embassy to   
,vespasian2 & !n ran out ( ! city4      
,h]eupon1 ! p ( ,gad>a 7surely n ?is "t 
,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law7 receiv$ 
,vespasian ) joyful acclamations1       
volunt>ily pull$ d[n _! wall1 s t ! city
 c\ld n 9 future be us$ z a =tress by ! 
,jews1 & accept$ a ,roman g>rison = _!  
future protection4 ,grant+ t ?is ,gad>a 
really is ! city ( ! ,gad>5es1 !        
ref]5ce1 )\t citation1 to ! passage1 9  
support ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's cont5tion    
seems r rem>kable4 ,tak5 9 conjunction )
 ! %ortly antec$5t ravag+ ( ! ,gad>5e   
t]ritory by ! ,jews1 9 fact1 bett] pro( 
c\ld h>dly be expect$ ( ! real /ate ( ! 
case2 namely1 t ! population ( ,gad>a 7&
 notably ! weal?y & respectable "p ( x7 
0 ?or\ghly ,hell5ic2 ?\gh1 z 9 ,cs>ea & 
else:]e among ! ,pale/9ian cities1 !    
rabble conta9$ a consid]able body (     
fanatical ,jews1 ^: reckless f]ocity    

made !m1 ev5 ?\gh a m]e m9ority ( !     
population1 a /&+ dang] to ! city4  ,?us
 ,mr4 ,glad/one's conclusion f 8 /udy ( 
,josephus1 t ! population ( ,gad>a 7    
,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law1 turns   
out to dep5d ^u no?+ bett] ?an !        
m>vell\sly complete mis9t]pretation (   
:at t au?or says1 comb9$ ) equally      
m>vell\s geographical misund]/&+s1 long 
s9ce expos$ & rectifi$2 :ile ! positive 
evid5ce t ,gad>a1 l o!r cities ( !      
,decapolis1 0 ?or\ghly ,hell5ic 9       
organisation1 & ess5tially ,g5tile 9    
population1 is ov]:elm+4  ,&1 t be+ !   
fact ( ! matt]1 pat5t to all :o w take !
 tr\ble to enquire ab\t :at has be5 said
 ab\t x1 h[ev] obscure to ^? :o m]ely   
talk ( s do+1 ! !sis t ! ,gad>5e        
sw9eh]ds1 or own]s1 7 ,jews violat+ !   
,mosaic law %[s itself to be an empty & 
mo/ un=tunate guess4 ,b really1 :e!r !y 
t kept ! sw9e 7 ,jews1 or :e!r !y 7     
,g5tiles1 is a consid]ation :i* has no  
relevance :atev] to my case4 ,! legal   
provisions1 :i* alone _h au?ority ov] an

 inhabitant ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es1 7 !
 ,g5tile laws sanction$ by ! ,roman     
suz]a9 ( ! prov9ce ( ,syria1 j z ! only 
law1 :i* has au?ority 9 ,engl&1 is t    
recognis$ by ! sov]eign ,legislature4   
,jewi% communities 9 ,engl& may h _!    
private code1 z !y d\btless _h 9 ,gad>a4
 ,b an ,engli% magi/rate1 if call$ ^u to
 en=ce _! peculi> laws1 w\ld dismiss !  
compla9ants f ! judgm5t seat1 let u hope
 ) m polit5ess ?an ,gallio did 9 a l    
case1 b q z firmly4 ,moreov]1 9 ! matt] 
( keep+ pigs1 we may be q c]ta9 t       
,gad>5e law left ev]ybody free to d z he
 pleas$1 inde$ enc\rag$ ! practice r ?an
 o!rwise4 ,n only 0 pork "o ( ! commone/
 & "o ( ! mo/ fav\rite articles ( ,roman
 diet2 b1 to bo? ,greeks & ,romans1 !   
pig 0 a sacrificial animal ( high       
importance4 ,suck+ pigs play$ an        
important "p 9 ,hell5ic purificatory    
rites2 & ev]ybody kn[s ! significance ( 
! ,roman suovetaurilia1 depict$ on s _m 
bas-reliefs4  ,"u ^! circum/ances1 only 
! extreme ne$ ( a despair+ reconcil]    

dr[n+ 9 a sea ( adv]se facts1 c expla9 !
 cat*+ at su* a poor /raw z ! reckless  
guess t ! sw9eh]ds ( ! c\ntry ( !       
,gad>5es 7 err+ ,jews1 do+ a little     
cl&e/9e bus9ess on _! own acc\nt4 ,!    
endeav\r to ju/ify ! ass]t$ de/ruction (
 ! sw9e by ! analogy ( break+ op5 a cask
 ( smuggl$ spirits1 & wa/+ _! cont5ts on
 ! gr\nd1 is curi\sly un=tunate4 ,does  
,mr4 ,glad/one mean to sugge/ t a       
,fr5*man l&+ at ,dov]1 & com+ ^u a cask 
( smuggl$ br&y 9 ! c\rse ( a /roll along
 ! cliffs1 has ! "r to break x op5 &    
wa/e its cont5ts on ! gr\nd8 ,yet ! p>ty
 ( ,galileans :o1 accord+ to ! n>rative1
 l&$ & took a walk on ! ,gad>5e         
t]ritory1 7 z mu* =eign]s 9 ! ,decapolis
 z ,fr5*m5 w\ld be at ,dov]4 ,h]od      
,antipas1 _! sov]eign1 _h no            
jurisdiction 9 ! ,decapolis--!y 7       
/rang]s & ali5s1 ) no m "r to int]f]e ) 
a pig-keep+ ,hebrew1 ?an ,i h a "r to   
int]f]e ) an ,engli% pr(essor ( !       
,israelitic fai?1 if ,i see a slice (   
ham on 8 plate4 ,accord+ to ! law ( !   

c\ntry 9 :i* ^! ,galilean =eign]s f\nd  
!mselves1 m5 might keep pigs if !y      
pleas$4 ,if ! m5 :o kept !m 7 ,jews1 x  
might be p]missible = ! /rang]s to in=m 
! religi\s au?ority ackn[l$g$ by ! ,jews
 ( ,gad>a2 b to int]f]e !mselves1 9 su* 
a matt]1 0 a /ep devoid ( ei!r moral or 
legal ju/ification4  ,suppose a mod]n   
,engli% ,sabbat>ian fanatic1 :o         
believes1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 int]pretation (
 ! f\r? comm&m5t1 t x is a deadly s9 to 
"w on ! ,"l's ,day1 sees a fell[        
,puritan yield+ to ! temptation ( gett+ 
9 8 h>ve/ on a f9e ,sunday morn+--is !  
=m] ju/ifi$ 9 sett+ fire to ! latt]'s   
corn8 ,w\ld n an ,engli% c\rt ( ju/ice  
spe$ily tea* him bett]8  ,9 tru?1 !     
gov]nm5t :i* p]mits private p]sons1 on  
any pretext 7especially pi\s & patriotic
 pretexts71 to take ! law into _! own   
h&s1 fails 9 ! p]=mance ( ! prim>y      
duties ( all gov]nm5ts2 :ile ^? :o set !
 example ( su* acts1 or :o approve !m1  
or :o fail to disapprove !m1 are do+ _! 
be/ to dissolve civil society2 !y are   

compass]s ( illegality & fautors (      
immorality4  ,i fully und]/& t ,mr4     
,glad/one may n see ! matt] 9 ?is light4
 ,he may possibly consid] t ! union (   
,gad>a ) ! ,decapolis1 by ,augu/us1 0 a 
blackgu>d transaction1 :i* depriv$      
,hell5ic ,gad>5e law ( all moral =ce2 & 
t x 0 q prop] = a ,jewi% ,galilean1 go+ 
back to ! "t :5 ! l& ( ! ,girga%ites 0  
giv5 to 8 ance/ors1 "s #aejj ye>s be=e1 
to act1 z if ! /ate ( ?+s :i* ought to  
obta91 9 t]ritory :i* traditionally1 at 
any rate1 belong$ to 8 =efa!rs1 did     
really exi/4 ,&1 t be+ s1 ,i c only say 
,i d n agree ) him1 b leave ! matt] to !
 appreciation ( ^? ( our c\ntrym51      
happily n yet ! m9ority1 :o believe t ! 
fir/ condition ( endur+ lib]ty is       
ob$i5ce to ! law ( ! l&4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,! end ( 
! mon? draw+ nigh1 ,i ?\ght x well to   
s5d away ! manuscript ( ! =ego+ pages   
ye/]day1 leav+ op51 9 my own m9d1 !     
possibility ( add+ a succ9ct            
*>act]isation ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's        

controv]sial me?ods z illu/rat$ !re94   
,?is morn+1 h[ev]1 ,i _h ! pleasure (   
read+ a spee* :i* ,i ?9k mu/ satisfy !  
requirem5ts ( ! mo/ fa/idi\s (          
controv]sial arti/s2 & !re occurs 9 x s 
concise1 yet s complete1 a del9eation ( 
,mr4 ,glad/one's way ( deal+ ) disput$  
que/ions ( ano!r k9d1 t no poor ef=t (  
m9e c\ld bett] x z a description ( !    
aspect :i* 8 treatm5t ( sci5tific1      
hi/orical1 & critical que/ions pres5ts  
to me4       ,! smalle/ exam9ation w\ld 
h told a man ( 8      capacity & ( 8    
exp]i5ce t he 0 utt]+ !      grosse/    
exagg]ations1 t he 0 bas+ argum5ts ^u   
! slighte/ hypo!ses1 & t 8 discussions  
only _h      to be critically exam9$ by 
! mo/ c>eless critic 9      ord] to %[  
_! intr9sic holl[ness4  ,^? :o h foll[$ 
me ?r\gh ?is pap] w h>dly dispute !     
ju/ice ( ?is judgm5t1 sev]e z x is4 ,b !
 ,*ief ,secret>y = ,irel& has sci5ce 9 !
 blood2 & has ! advantage ( a natural1 z
 well z a highly cultivat$1 aptitude = !
 use ( me?ods ( precision 9             

inve/igation1 & = ! exact enunciation ( 
! results !reby obta9$4  ,,footnotes3   
#aja ,?us ,josephus 7lib4 ix47 says t 8 
rival1 ,ju/us1           p]suad$ !      
citiz5s ( ,tib]ias to set ! villages    
t belong$ to ,gad>a & ,hippos on fire2  
:i*           villages 7 situat$ on !   
bord]s ( ,tib]ias &           ( ! region
 ( ,scy?opolis4      #ajb ,x is said to 
h be5 de/roy$ by its captors4      #ajc 
,b z to ! ,grecian cities1 ,gaza &      
,gad>a &           ,hippos1 he cut !m (f
 f ! k+dom & add$ !m           to       
,syria4--,josephus1 ,w>s1 ,,ii4 vi4 #c4 
,see also           ,antiquities1       
,,xvii4 xi4 #d4      #ajd ,ges*i*te des 
jdis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,*ri/i1     
#ahhf-ij4      #aje ,if ,william !      
,conqu]or1 aft] fight+ ! battle         
( ,ha/+s1 _h m>*$ to capture ,*i*e/] &  
!n           return$ to assault ,rye1   
be+ all ! :ile anxi\s to           rea* 
,london1 8 proce$+s w\ld n h be5 m      
ecc5tric ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one mu/ imag9e  
^? (           ,vespasian 74      #ajf  

,see ,rel&1 ,pale/9a 7#agad71 t4 ii4 p4 
#gga4 ,also           ,rob9son1 ,lat]   
,biblical ,rese>*es 7#ahef71 p4 #hg     
note4     ,,xi3 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,mr4
 ,,glad/one',s ,,controv]sial ,,me?ods  
#ahia   ,! s]ies ( essays1 9 def5ce ( ! 
hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian
 ,scriptures1 contribut$ by ,mr4        
,glad/one to ,good ,words1 hav+ be5     
revis$ & enl>g$ by _! au?or1 appe>$ la/ 
ye> z a sep>ate volume1 "u ! some:at    
defiant title ( ,! ,impregnable ,rock ( 
,holy ,scripture4  ,! la/ ( ^! ,essays1 
entitl$ ,conclusion1 conta9s an attack1 
or r sev]al attacks1 c\*$ 9 language :i*
 c]ta9ly does n err ^u ! side (         
mod]ation or ( c\rtesy1 ^u /atem5ts &   
op9ions ( m9e4 ,"o ( ^! assaults is a   
delib]ately devis$ attempt1 n m]ely to  
r\se ! !ological prejudices +ra9$ 9 !   
majority ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's read]s1 b to
 hold me up z a p]son :o has endeav\r$  
to besmir* ! p]sonal "* ( ! object ( _! 
v5]ation4 ,= ,mr4 ,glad/one ass]ts t ,i 
h und]tak5 to try ! "* ( our ,"l 7p4    

#bfh72 & he tells ! _m :o are1 z ,i ?9k 
un=tunately1 pr$ispos$ to place implicit
 cr$it 9 8 ass]tions1 t x has be5 res]v$
 = me to discov] t ,jesus 0 no bett] ?an
 a law-break] & an evil-do]6 7p4 #bfi74 
,x 0 extremely easy = me to prove1 z ,i 
did 9 ! pages ( ?is ,review la/         
,decemb]1 t1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable         
int]pretation1 ?is amaz+ decl>ation mu/ 
be ascrib$ to extreme confusion ( ?\ght4
 ,&1 by br++ an abundance ( good-w to ! 
consid]ation ( ! subject1 ,i h n[       
conv9c$ myself t x is "r = me to admit t
 a p]son ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's intellectual
 acut5ess really did mi/ake !           
reprobation ( ! c\rse ( conduct ascrib$ 
to ,jesus1 9 a /ory ( :i* ,i expressly  
say ,i d n believe a ^w1 = an attack on 
8 "* & a decl>ation t he 0 no bett] ?an 
a law-break]1 & an evil-do]4 ,at any    
rate1 s f> z ,i c see1 ?is is :at ,mr4  
,glad/one wi%$ to be believ$ :5 he wrote
 ! foll[+ passage3--       ,i mu/1      
h[ev]1 9 pass+1 make ! confession t ,i  
did      n /ate ) accuracy1 z ,i ought  

to h done1 !      precise =m ( !        
accusation4 ,i treat$ x z an            
imputation on ! action ( our ,"l2 he    
replies t x is      only an imputation  
on ! n>rative ( ?ree evangeli/s         
respect+ ,him4 ,! diff]5ce1 f 8 po9t (  
view1 is      probably mat]ial1 & ,i    
!re=e regret t ,i ov]look$      x4#ajg  
,consid]+ ! gravity ( ! error :i* is "h 
admitt$1 ! fa%ion ( ! )drawal appe>s m  
s+ul> ?an admirable4 ,f my po9t (       
view--n f ,mr4 ,glad/one's app>5tly--!  
little discrepancy betwe5 ! facts & ,mr4
 ,glad/one's c>efully (f5sive trave/y ( 
!m is probably 7only probably7 mat]ial4 
,h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one concludes ) an 
(ficial expression ( regret = 8 error1 x
 is my bus9ess to return an equally     
(ficial expression ( gratitude = !      
att5uat$ rep>ation ) :i* ,i am fav\r$4  
,hav+ cle>$ ?is specim5 ( ,mr4          
,glad/one's controv]sial me?od out ( !  
way1 ,i may proce$ to ! next assault1 t 
on a passage 9 an article on ,agno/icism
 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y #ahhi71    

publi%$ two ye>s ago4 ,i !re said1 9    
ref]r+ to ! ,gad>5e /ory1 ,ev]y?+ ,i "k 
( law & ju/ice conv9ces me t ! wanton   
de/ruction ( o!r p's prop]ty is a       
misdemean\r ( evil example4 ,on ?is1    
,mr4 ,glad/one1 cont9u+ 8 c&id & urbane 
obs]vations1 rem>ks 7,impregnable ,rock1
 p4 #bgc7 t1 ,ex]cis+ 8 rapid judgm5t on
 ! text1 & n inquir+ :at anybody else _h
 kn[n or said ab\t x1 ,i _h miss$ a po9t
 9 support ( t accusation aga9/ our ,"l 
:i* he has n[ be5 con/ra9$ to admit ,i  
nev] made4  ,! po9t 9 "q is t ,gad>a 0 a
 city ( ,greeks r ?an ( ,jews1 f :5ce x 
might be inf]r$ t to keep sw9e 0 innoc5t
 & lawful4 ,i conceive t ,i h abundantly
 prov$ t ,gad>a answ]$ exactly to !     
description "h giv5 ( x2 & ,i %all %[1  
by & by1 t ,mr4 ,glad/one has us$       
language :i*1 to my m9d1 involves !     
admission t ! au?orities ( ! city 7 n   
,jews4 ,b ,i h also tak5 a good deal (  
pa9s to %[ t ! "q ?us rais$ is ( no     
importance 9 relation to ! ma9          
issue4#ajh ,if ,gad>a 01 z ,i ma9ta9 x  

01 a city ( ! ,decapolis1 ,hell5i/ic 9  
con/itution & conta9+ a pr$om9antly     
,g5tile population1 my case is          
sup]abundantly =tifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 
! hypo!sis t ,gad>a 0 "u ,jewi%         
gov]nm5t1 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one seems      
sometimes to def5d & sometimes to give  
up1 7 accept$1 my case w\ld be n[ise    
weak5$4 ,at any rate1 ,gad>a 0 n includ$
 )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! tetra* (         
,galilee2 if x _h be51 ! ,galileans :o  
cross$ ov] ! lake to ,gad>a _h no       
(ficial /atus2 & !y _h no m civil "r to 
puni% law-break]s ?an any o!r /rang]s4  
,9 my turn1 h[ev]1 ,i may rem>k t !re is
 a po9t :i* appe>s to h escap$ ,mr4     
,glad/one's notice4 ,& t is some:at     
un=tunate1 because 8 :ole argum5t turns 
^u x4 ,mr4 ,glad/one assumes1 z a matt] 
( c\rse1 t pig-keep+ 0 an (f5ce aga9/ ! 
,law ( ,moses2 &1 !re=e1 t ,jews :o kept
 pigs 7 z mu* liable to legal pa9s &    
p5alties z ,engli%m5 :o smuggle br&y    
7,impregnable ,rock1 p4 #bgd74  ,!re c  
be no d\bt t1 accord+ to ! ,law1 z x is 

def9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! pig 0 an unclean 
animal1 & t pork 0 a =bidd5 article (   
diet4 ,moreov]1 s9ce pigs are h>dly     
likely to be kept = ! m]e love ( ^?     
unsav\ry animals1 pig-own+1 or          
sw9e-h]d+1 mu/ h be51 & evid5tly 01     
reg>d$ z a suspici\s & degrad+          
occupation by /rict ,jews1 9 ! fir/     
c5tury ,a4,d4 ,b ,i %\ld l to "k on :at 
provision ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 z x is laid 
d[n 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,mr4 ,glad/one bases 
! assumption1 :i* is ess5tial to 8 case1
 t ! possession ( pigs & ! call+ ( a    
sw9eh]d 7 actually illegal4 ,! inquiry 0
 put to me ! o!r day2 &1 z ,i c\ld n    
answ] x1 ,i turn$ up ! article ,s*we9 9 
,riehm's /&>d ,h&wrt]bu*1 = help out (  
my difficulty2 b un=tunately )\t        
success4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! m>tyrdom :i* !
 ,jews1 "u ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 pref]r$
 to eat+ pork1 ! writ] proce$s3--       
,x may be1 nev]!less1 t ! practice (    
keep+ pigs      may h f\nd its way into 
,pale/9e 9 ! ,grco-,roman      "t1 9    
consequ5ce ( ! great increase ( !       

non-,jewi%      population2 yet !re is  
no evid5ce ( x 9 ! ,new      ,te/am5t2 !
 great h]d ( sw9e1 #b1jjj 9 numb]1      
m5tion$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! possess$1 0    
fe$+ 9      ! t]ritory ( ,gad>a1 :i*    
belong$ to ! ,decapolis2      & !       
prodigal son became a sw9eh]d ) ! native
 ( a      f> c\ntry into :i* he _h w&]$2
 9 nei!r ( ^!      cases is !re reason =
 ?9k+ t ! possessors (      ^! h]ds 7   
,jews4#aji  ,hav+ fail$ 9 my se>*1 s f>1
 ,i took up ! next book ( ref]5ce at h&1
 ,kitto's ,cyclopdia 7vol4 iii4 #ahgf74 
,!re1 "u ,sw9e1 ! writ]1 ,colonel       
,hamilton ,smi?1 seem$ at fir/ to give  
me :at ,i want$1 z he says t sw9e appe> 
to h be5 repeat$ly introduc$ & re>$ by !
 ,hebrew p1#aaj not)/&+ ! /rong         
prohibition 9 ! ,law ( ,moses 7,is4 lxv4
 #d74 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,isaiah's     
writ+s =m no "p ( ! ,law ( ,moses2 &1 9 
! second place1 ! p d5\nc$ by ! prophet 
9 ?is passage are nei!r ! possessors (  
pigs1 nor sw9eh]ds1 b ^! :i* eat sw9e's 
fle% & bro? ( abom9able ?+s is 9 _!     

vessels4 ,& :51 9 despair1 ,i turn$ to !
 provisions ( ! ,law itself1 my         
difficulty 0 n cle>$ up4 ,leviticus xi4 
#h 7,revis$ ,v]sion7 says1 9 ref]5ce to 
! pig & o!r unclean animals3 ,( _! fle% 
ye %all n eat1 & _! c>casses ye %all n  
t\*4 ,9 ! revis$ v]sion ( ,deut]onomy1  
xiv4 #h1 ! words ( ! prohibition are    
id5tical1 & a skilful ref9] might       
possibly satisfy himself1 ev5 if he     
satisfi$ nobody else1 t c>case means !  
body ( a live animal z well z a dead "o2
 & t1 s9ce sw9eh]ds c\ld h>dly avoid    
contact ) _! *>ges1 _! call+ 0          
implicitly =bidd54#aaa ,un=tunately1 !  
au?oris$ v]sion expressly says dead     
c>case2 & ?us ! mo/ rabb9ically m9d$ (  
reconcil]s might f9d 8 casui/ry foil$ by
 t great s\rce ( surprises1 ! orig9al   
,hebrew4 ,t su* *eck is at any rate     
possible1 is cle> f ! fact t ! legal    
uncleanness ( "s animals1 z food1 did n 
int]f]e ) _! be+ lawfully possess$1 c>$ 
=1 & sold by ,jews4 ,! provisions = !   
ransom+ ( unclean bea/s 7,lev4 xxvii4   

#bg7 & = ! r$emption ( _! suckl+s       
7,numb]s xviii4 #ae7 suffici5tly prove  
?is4 ,z ! late ,dr4 ,kalis* has obs]v$ 9
 8 ,comm5t>y on ,leviticus1 "p ii4 p4   
#abi1 note3--       ,?\gh asses &       
horses1 camels & dogs1 7 kept by !      
,israelites1 !y 71 to a c]ta9 ext5t1    
associat$ )      ! notion ( impurity2 !y
 might be turn$ to pr(itable      acc\nt
 by _! lab\r or o!rwise1 b 9 respect to 
food      !y 7 an abom9ation4  ,! same  
le>n$ comm5tator 7loc4 cit4 p4 #hh7     
proves t ! ,talmudi/s =bade ! re>+ (    
pigs by ,jews1 unconditionally &        
ev]y:]e2 & ev5 includ$ x "u ! same ban z
 ! /udy ( ,greek philosophy1 s9ce bo?   
alike 7 consid]$ to lead to ! des]tion (
 ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,x is v possible1 inde$ 
probable1 t ! ,ph>isees ( ! f\r? decade 
( our fir/ c5tury took z /rong a view ( 
pig-keep+ z did _! spiritual desc5dants4
 ,b1 = all t1 x does n foll[ t !        
practice 0 illegal4 ,! /rict] ,jews c\ld
 n h despis$ & hat$ sw9eh]ds m ?an !y   
did publicans2 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 !re is  

no provision 9 ! ,law aga9/ ! practice (
 ! call+ ( a tax-ga!r] by a ,jew4 ,!    
publican 0 9 fact v mu* 9 ! position (  
an ,iri% process-s]v] at ! pres5t       
day--m1 r ?an less1 despis$ & hat$ on   
acc\nt ( ! p]fect legality ( 8          
occupation4 ,except = c]ta9 sacrificial 
purposes1 pigs 7 held 9 su* abhorr5ce by
 ! anci5t ,egyptians1 t sw9eh]ds 7 n    
p]mitt$ to ent] a temple1 or to int]m>ry
 ) o!r ca/es2 & any "o :o _h t\*$ a pig1
 ev5 accid5tally1 0 unclean4 ,b ^! v    
regulations prove t pig-keep+ 0 n       
illegal2 x m]ely involv$ c]ta9 civil &  
religi\s disabilities4 ,= ! ,jews1 dogs 
7 typically unclean animals2 b :5 t     
em95tly pi\s ,hebrew1 ,tobit1 w5t =? ) !
 angel ! "y man's dog w5t ) !m 7,tobit  
v4 #af7 )\t app>5t remon/rance f !      
cele/ial guide4 ,i really d n see h[ an 
appeal to ! ,law c\ld h ju/ifi$ any "o 9
 dr[n+ ,tobit's dog1 on ! gr\nd t 8 ma/]
 0 keep+ & fe$+ an animal q z unclean z 
any pig4 ,c]ta9ly ! excell5t ,raguel mu/
 h fail$ to see ! h>m ( dog-keep+1 = we 

are told t1 on ! travell]'s return      
homew>ds1 ! dog w5t aft] !m 7xi4 #d74   
,until bett] light ?an ,i h be5 able to 
obta9 is ?r[n ^u ! subject1 !re=e1 x is 
obvi\s t ,mr4 ,glad/one's argum5tative  
h\se has be5 built ^u an extremely      
slipp]y quick-s&2 p]haps ev5 has no     
f\ndation at all4  ,yet ano!r po9t does 
n seem to h occurr$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one1  
:o is s mu* %ock$ t ,i atta* no ov]:elm+
 weight to ! ass]tions conta9$ 9 !      
synoptic ,gospels1 ev5 :5 all ?ree      
concur4 ,^! ,gospels agree 9 /at+1 9 !  
mo/ express1 & to "s ext5t v]bally      
id5tical1 t]ms1 t ! devils ent]$ ! pigs 
at _! own reque/1#aab & ! ?ird ,gospel  
7viii4 #ca7 tells u :at ! motive ( !    
demons 0 9 ask+ ! s+ul> boon3 ,!y       
intreat$ him t he w\ld n comm& !m to    
dep>t into ! abyss4 ,f ?is1 x w\ld seem 
t ! devils ?\ght to ex*ange ! heavy     
puni%m5t ( transportation to ! abyss = !
 light] p5alty ( imprisonm5t 9 sw9e4 ,& 
"s comm5tators1 m +5i\s ?an respectful  
to ! suppos$ *ief actor 9 ?is           

extraord9>y fable1 h dwelt1 )           
satisfaction1 ^u ! v unpleasant qu>t] ( 
an h\r :i* ! evil spirits mu/ h _h1 :5 !
 headlong ru% ( _! madd5$ t5em5ts       
conv9c$ !m h[ completely !y 7 tak5 94 ,9
 ! :ole /ory1 !re is n "o solit>y h9t t 
! de/ruction ( ! pigs 0 int5d$ z a      
puni%m5t ( _! own]s1 or ( ! sw9eh]ds4   
,on ! contr>y1 ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! 
?ree n>ratives is to ! effect t !       
cata/rophe 0 ! consequ5ce ( diabolic    
sugge/ion4 ,&1 inde$1 no s\rce c\ld be m
 appropriate = an act ( su* manife/     
inju/ice & illegality4  ,i c b m>vel t  
mod]n def5d]s ( ! fai? %\ld n be glad ( 
any reasonable excuse = gett+ rid ( a   
/ory :i*1 if x _h be5 inv5t$ by         
,voltaire1 w\ld h ju/ly let loose floods
 ( or?odox indignation4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,?us1 !  
hypo!sis1 to :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one s fondly
 cl+s1 f9ds no support 9 ! provisions ( 
! ,law ( ,moses z t law is def9$ 9 !    
,p5tateu*2 :ile x is :olly inconsi/5t ) 
! concurr5t te/imony ( ! synoptic       

,gospels1 to :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one atta*es 
s mu* weight4 ,9 my judgm5t1 x is       
directly contr>y to ev]y?+ :i* pr(ane   
hi/ory tells u ab\t ! con/itution & !   
population ( ! city ( ,gad>a2 & x       
commits ^? :o accept x to a /ory :i*1 if
 x 7 true1 w\ld implicate ! f\nd] (     
,*ri/ianity 9 an illegal & inequitable  
act4  ,su* be+ ! case1 ,i consid] myself
 excus$ f foll[+ ,mr4 ,glad/one ?r\gh   
all ! me&]+s ( 8 late attempt to        
extricate himself f ! maze ( hi/orical &
 exegetical difficulties 9 :i* he is    
entangl$4 ,i cont5t myself ) assur+ ^?  
:o1 ) my pap] 7n ,mr4 ,glad/one's v]sion
 ( my argum5ts7 9 h&1 consult ! orig9al 
au?orities1 t !y w f9d full ju/ification
 = e /atem5t ,i h made4 ,b 9 ord] to    
dispose ^? :o _c1 or w n1 take t tr\ble1
 to believe t ! prov]bial bl9dness ( "o 
t judges 8 own cause plays no "p 9      
induc+ me to speak ?us decid$ly1 ,i beg 
_! att5tion to ! foll[+ exam9ation1 :i* 
%all be z brief z ,i c make x1 ( ! sev5 
propositions 9 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one       

pr(esses to give a fai?ful summ>y ( my  
errors4  ,:51 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5?   
c5tury1 ! ,holy ,see decl>$ t c]ta9     
propositions conta9$ 9 ! "w ( ,bi%op    
,jans5 7 h]etical1 ! ,jans5i/s ( ,port  
,royal repli$ t1 :ile !y 7 ready to def]
 to ! ,papal au?ority ab\t que/ions (   
fai? & morals1 !y mu/ be p]mitt$ to     
judge ab\t que/ions ( fact = !mselves2 &
 t1 really1 ! condemn$ propositions 7 n 
to be f\nd 9 ,jans5's writ+s4 ,z        
ev]ybody kn[s1 ,8 ,hol9ess & ! ,gr&     
,mon>que repli$ to ?is1 surely n        
unreasonable1 plea aft] ! mann] ( ,"l   
,pet] 9 ! ,tale ( a ,tub4 ,x is1 !re=e1 
n )\t "s appreh5sion ( meet+ ) a simil> 
fate1 t ,i put 9 a l plea aga9/ ,mr4    
,glad/one's ,bull4 ,! sev5 propositions 
decl>$ to be false & condemnable1 9 t   
k9dly & g5tle way :i* s pleasantly      
comp>es ) ! au?oritative /yle ( !       
,vatican 7,no4 #e m p>ticul>ly71 may or 
may n be true4 ,b !y are n to be f\nd 9 
any?+ ,i h writt54 ,& "s ( !m           
diametrically contrav5e t :i* ,i h      

writt54 ,i proce$ to prove my ass]tions4
  ,,prop4 #a4 ,?r\gh\t ! pap] he        
conf\nds toge!r :at ,i _h di/+ui%$1     
namely1 ! city ( ,gad>a & ! vic9age     
atta*$ to x1 n z a m]e pomo]ium1 b z a  
rural di/rict4  ,9 my judgm5t1 ?is      
/atem5t is devoid ( f\ndation4 ,9 my    
pap] on ,! ,keep]s ( ! ,h]d ( ,sw9e ,i  
po9t out1 at "s l5g?1 t1 9 accordance ) 
! anci5t ,hell5ic practice1 ea* city ( !
 ,decapolis mu/ h be5 surr\nd$ by a     
c]ta9 am\nt ( t]ritory am5able to its   
jurisdiction3 &1 to en=ce ?is           
conclusion1 ,i quote :at ,josephus says 
ab\t ! villages t belong$ to ,gad>a &   
,hippos4 ,z ,i und]/& ! t]m pom]ium or  
pomo]ium1#aac x means ! space :i*1      
accord+ to ,roman cu/om1 0 kept free f  
build+s1 imm$iately )9 & )\t ! walls ( a
 city2 & :i* def9$ ! range ( ! auspicia 
urbana4 ,! conception ( a pomo]ium z a  
vic9age atta*$ to a city1 appe>s to be  
some?+ q novel & orig9al4 ,b !n1 to be  
sure1 ,i d n "k h[ _m s5ses ,mr4        
,glad/one may atta* to ! ^w vic9age4    

,:e!r ,gad>a _h a pomo]ium1 9 ! prop]   
te*nical s5se1 or n1 is a po9t on :i* ,i
 (f] no op9ion4 ,b t ! city _h a v      
consid]able rural di/rict atta*$ to x & 
not)/&+ its di/9ctness1 am5able to !    
jurisdiction ( ! ,g5tile municipal      
au?orities1 is "o ( ! ma9 po9ts ( my    
case4  ,,prop4 #b4 ,he m fatally        
conf\nds ! local civil gov]nm5t & its   
foll[+1 includ+1 p]haps1 ! :ole weal?y  
class & ^? atta*$ to x1 ) ! e?nical "* (
 a g5]al population4  ,hav+ surviv$     
confusion ,no4 #a1 :i* turns out n to be
 on my side1 ,i am n[ confront$ 9 ,no4  
#b ) a m fatal error--& s x is1 if !re  
be degrees ( fatality2 b1 aga91 x is    
,mr4 ,glad/one's & n m9e4 ,x w\ld appe>1
 f ?is proposition 7ab\t ! grammatical  
int]pretation ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i admit !re
 are difficulties71 t ,mr4 ,glad/one    
holds t ! local civil gov]nm5t & its    
foll[+ among ! weal?y1 7 e?nically      
diff]5t f ! g5]al population4 ,on p4    
#cdh1 he fur!r admits t ! weal?y & !    
local gov]n+ p[] 7 fri5dly to ! ,romans4

 ,are we !n to suppose t x 0 ! p]sons ( 
,jewi% e?nical "* :o fav\r$ ! ,romans1  
:ile ^? ( ,g5tile e?nical "* 7 oppos$ to
 !m8 ,b1 if t supposition is absurd1 !  
only alt]native is t ! local civil      
gov]nm5t 0 e?nically ,g5tile4 ,?is is   
exactly my cont5tion4  ,at pp4 #cgi to  
#cia ( ! essay on ,! ,keep]s ( ! ,h]d ( 
,sw9e ,i h fully discuss$ ! "q ( !      
e?nical "* ( ! g5]al population4 ,i h   
%[n t1 accord+ to ,josephus1 :o surely  
ought to h kn[n1 ,gad>a 0 z mu* a       
,g5tile city z ,ptolemais2 ,i h prov$ t 
he includes ,gad>a among/ ! cities t    
rose up aga9/ ! ,jews t 7 among/ !m1 :i*
 is a pretty def9ite expression ( 8     
belief t ! e?nical "* ( ! g5]al         
population 0 ,g5tile4 ,!re is no "q "h (
 ,jews ( ! ,roman p>ty fight+ ) ,jews ( 
! ,zealot p>ty1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one        
sugge/s4 ,x is ! non-,jewi% &           
anti-,jewi% g5]al population :i* rises  
up aga9/ ! ,jews :o _h settl$ among !m4 
,,prop4 #c4 ,8 "o item ( direct evid5ce 
z to ! ,g5tile "* ( ! city ref]s only to

 ! =m] & n to ! latt]4  ,m fatal /ill4  
,b1 once m1 n to me4 ,i adduce n "o1 b a
 v>iety ( items 9 pro( ( ! non-,judaic  
"* ( ! population ( ,gad>a3 ! evid5ce ( 
hi/ory2 t ( ! co9age ( ! city2 ! direct 
te/imony ( ,josephus1 j cit$--to m5tion 
no o!rs4 ,i repeat1 if ! weal?y p & ^?  
connect$ ) !m--! classes & ! hang]s on (
 ,mr4 ,glad/one's well-kn[n taxonomy--71
 z he appe>s to admit !y 71 ,g5tiles2 if
 ! civil gov]nm5t ( ! city 0 9 _! h&s1 z
 ! co9age proves x 02 :at becomes ( ,mr4
 ,glad/one's orig9al proposition 9 ,!   
,impregnable ,rock ( ,scripture t !     
population ( ,gad>a1 & /ill less 7if    
less may be7 ! population ( !           
neighb\rhood1 7 ,hebrews b\nd by !      
,mosaic law8 ,& :at is ! importance (   
e/imat+ ! precise proportion ( ,hebrews 
:o may h resid$1 ei!r 9 ! city ( ,gad>a 
or 9 its indep5d5t t]ritory1 :51 z ,mr4 
,glad/one n[ seems to admit 7,i am      
c>eful to say seems71 ! gov]nm5t1 &     
consequ5tly ! law1 :i* rul$ 9 t t]ritory
 & def9$ civil "r & wrong 0 ,g5tile & n 

,judaic8 ,b p]haps ,mr4 ,glad/one is    
prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ! ,g5tile local civil
 gov]nm5t ( a city ( ! ,decapolis       
adm9i/]$ ,jewi% law2 & %[$ _! respect = 
x1 m p>ticul>ly1 by /amp+ _! co9age )   
effigies ( ! ,emp]ors4  ,9 po9t ( fact1 
9 8 ha/e to attribute to me errors :i*  
,i h n committ$1 ,mr4 ,glad/one has giv5
 away 8 case4  ,,prop4 #d4 ,he fatally  
conf\nds ! "q ( political p>ty ) ^? (   
nationality & ( religion1 & assumes t ^?
 :o took ! side ( ,rome 9 ! factions t  
prevail$ c\ld n be subject to ! ,mosaic 
,law4  ,x w\ld seem t ,i h a fel9e      
t5acity ( life2 once m1 a fatal error4  
,b ,mr4 ,glad/one has =gott5 an excell5t
 rule ( controv]sy2 say :at is true1 (  
c\rse1 b m9d t x is dec5tly probable4   
,n[ x is n dec5tly probable1 h>dly inde$
 conceivable1 t any "o :o has read      
,josephus1 or any o!r hi/orian ( !      
,jewi% w>1 %\ld be unaw>e t !re 7 ,jews 
7( :om ,josephus himself 0 "o7 :o       
,romanis$ &1 m or less op5ly1 oppos$ !  
w> p>ty4 ,b1 h[ev] t may be1 ,i ass]t t 

,mr4 ,glad/one nei!r has produc$1 nor c 
produce1 a passage ( my writ+ :i* af=ds 
! slighte/ f\ndation = ?is p>ticul>     
article ( 8 indictm5t4  ,,prop4 #e4 ,8  
exam9ation ( ! text ( ,josephus is alike
 "o-sid$1 inadequate1 & errone\s4  ,easy
 to say1 h>d to prove4 ,s long z !      
au?orities :om ,i h cit$ are on my side1
 ,i d n "k :y ?is s+ul>ly temp]ate &    
conv9c+ dictum %\ld tr\ble me4 ,i h yet 
to become acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,glad/one's   
claims to speak ) an au?ority equal to t
 ( s*ol>s ( ! rank ( ,s*r]1 ^: obvi\sly 
j & necess>y em5dations he s            
unc]emoni\sly pooh-poohs4  ,,prop4 #f4  
,f9ally1 he sets aside1 on gr\nds n     
critical or hi/orical1 b p>tly          
subjective1 ! prim>y hi/orical te/imony 
on ! subject1 namely1 t ( ! ?ree        
,synoptic ,evangeli/s1 :o write z       
contempor>ies & deal directly ) !       
subject1 nei!r ( :i* is done by any o!r 
au?ority4  ,really ?is is too mu*6 ,!   
fact is1 z anybody c see :o w turn to my
 article ( ,febru>y #ahhi ,,vii4 supra1 

out ( :i* all ?is discussion has aris51 
t ! argum5ts ^u :i* ,i re/ ! /r5g? ( my 
case t\*+ ! sw9e-miracle1 are exactly   
hi/orical & critical4 ,expressly1 & 9   
words t _c be misund]/ood1 ,i refuse to 
re/ on :at ,mr4 ,glad/one calls         
subjective evid5ce4 ,i ab/a9 f d5y+ !   
possibility ( ! ,gad>5e occurr5ce1 & ,i 
ev5 g s f> z to speak ( "s physical     
analogies to possession4 ,9 fact1 my    
quondam oppon5t1 ,dr4 ,wace1 %rewdly1 b 
q fairly1 made ! mo/ ( ^! admissions2 & 
/at$ t ,i _h remov$ ! only consid]ation 
:i* w\ld h be5 a s]i\s ob/acle 9 ! way (
 8 belief 9 ! ,gad>5e /ory4#aad  ,s f> f
 sett+ aside ! au?ority ( ! synoptics on
 subjective gr\nds1 ,i h tak5 a great   
deal ( tr\ble to %[ t my non-belief 9 ! 
/ory is bas$ ^u :at appe>s to me to be  
evid5t2 fir/ly1 t ! acc\nts ( ! ?ree    
synoptic ,gospels are n indep5d5t1 b are
 f\nd$ ^u a common s\rce2 secondly1 t1  
ev5 if ! /ory ( ! common tradition      
proce$$ f a contempor>y1 x w\ld /ill be 
wor?y ( v little cr$it1 see+ ! mann] 9  

:i* ! leg5ds ab\t m$ival miracles h be5 
prop\nd$ by contempor>ies4 ,& 9         
illu/ration ( ?is position ,i wrote a   
special essay ab\t ! miracles report$ by
 ,eg9h>d4#aae  ,9 tru?1 "o ne$ g no     
fur!r ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one's six?         
proposition to be conv9c$ t contempor>y 
te/imony1 ev5 ( well-kn[n & di/+ui%$    
p]sons1 may be b a v frail re$ = !      
support ( ! hi/orian1 :5 !ological      
prepossession bl9ds ! witness4#aaf      
,,prop4 #g4 ,& he treats ! entire "q1 9 
! n>r[$ =m 9 :i* x arises ^u secul>     
te/imony1 z if x 7 capable ( a solution 
s cle> & summ>y z to w>rant ! use ( !   
extreme/ weapons ( controv]sy aga9/ ^?  
:o presume to diff] f him4  ,! six      
h]etical propositions :i* h gone be=e   
are enunciat$ ) suffici5t cle>ness to   
enable me to prove1 )\t any difficulty1 
t1 :osesoev] !y are1 !y are n m9e4 ,b   
numb] sev51 ,i confess1 is too h>d = me4
 ,i _c und]take to contradict t :i* ,i d
 n und]/&4  ,:at is ! entire "q :i*     
arises 9 a n>r[$ =m ^u secul> te/imony8 

,aft] mu* guess+1 ,i am fa9 to give up !
 conundrum4 ,! "q may be ! own]%ip ( !  
pigs2 or ! e?nological "* ( ! ,gad>5es2 
or ! propriety ( m$dl+ ) o!r p's prop]ty
 )\t legal w>rant4 ,& ea* ( ^! que/ions 
might be s n>r[$ :5 x arose on secul>   
te/imony t ,i %\ld n "k :]e ,i 04 ,s ,i 
am sil5t on ?is "p ( ! proposition4  ,b 
,i d dimly disc]n1 9 ! latt] moiety (   
?is my/]i\s p>agraph1 a repro( ( t use (
 ! extreme/ weapons ( controv]sy :i* is 
attribut$ to me4 ,^u :i* ,i h to obs]ve 
t ,i guide myself1 9 su* matt]s1 v mu*  
by ! maxim ( a great /atesman1 ,d ut    
des4 ,if ,mr4 ,glad/one objects to !    
employm5t ( su* weapons ( def5ce1 he    
w\ld d well to ab/a9 f !m 9 attack4 ,he 
%\ld n frame *>ges :i* he has1 aft]w>ds1
 to admit are errone\s1 9 language (    
c>efully calculat$ (f5siv5ess           
7,impregnable ,rock1 pp4 #bfi-gj72 he   
%\ld n assume t p]sons ) :om he         
disagrees are s recklessly unconsci5ti\s
 z to evade ! tr\ble ( inquir+ :at has  
be5 said or kn[n ab\t a grave "q        

7,impregnable ,rock1 p4 #bgc72 he %\ld n
 qualify ! results ( c>eful ?\ght z     
h&-ov]-head reason+ 7,impregnable ,rock1
 p4 #bgd72 he %\ld n1 z 9 ! extraord9>y 
propositions :i* ,i h j analys$1 make   
ass]tions respect+ 8 oppon5t's position 
& argum5ts :i* are contradict$ by !     
pla9e/ facts4  ,p]sons :o1 l myself1 h  
sp5t _! lives outside ! political _w1   
yet take a mild & philosophical conc]n 9
 :at goes on 9 x1 (t5 f9d x difficult to
 und]/& :at our neighb\rs call !        
psy*ological mom5t ( ?is or t p>ty      
lead]1 & are1 occasionally1 lo? to      
believe 9 ! seem+ conditions ( c]ta9    
k9ds ( success4 ,& :5 "s *iefta91 fam\s 
9 political w>f>e1 adv5tures into !     
region ( lett]s or ( sci5ce1 9 full     
confid5ce t ! me?ods :i* h br\ght fame &
 hon\r 9 8 own prov9ce w answ] !re1 he  
is apt to =get t he w be judg$ by ^! p1 
on :om rhetorical artifices h long ceas$
 to take effect2 & to :om m]e dext]ity 9
 putt+ toge!r clev]ly ambigu\s phrases1 
& ev5 ! great art ( (f5sive             

misrepres5tation1 are unspeakably       
we>isome4 ,&1 if t we>9ess f9ds its     
expression 9 s>casm1 ! (f5d] really has 
no "r to cry out4 ,assur$ly ridicule is 
no te/ ( tru?1 b x is ! righte\s me$ (  
"s k9ds ( error4 ,nor ought ! attempt to
 conf\nd ! expression ( a revolt$ s5se (
 fair deal+ ) arrogant impati5ce (      
contradiction1 to re/ra9 ^? to :om !    
extreme weapons ( controv]sy come h&y f 
us+ !m4 ,! function ( police 9 !        
intellectual1 if n 9 ! civil1 economy   
may sometimes be legitimately dis*>g$ by
 volunte]s4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,"s "t ago 9 "o ( ! 
_m criticisms ) :i* ,i am fav\r$1 ,i met
 ) ! rem>k t1 at our "t ( life1 ,mr4    
,glad/one & ,i might be bett] occupi$   
?an 9 fight+ ov] ! ,gad>5e pigs4 ,&1 if 
^! too fam\s sw9e 7 ! only p>ties to !  
suit1 ,i1 = my "p1 %\ld fully admit !   
ju/ice ( ! rebuke4 ,b1 "u ! b5efic5t    
rule ( ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 9 =m] times1 x
 0 n uncommon1 t a qu>rel ab\t a few    
p]*es ( wor?less l&1 end$ 9 ! ru9 (     

anci5t families & ! engulf+ ( great     
e/ates2 & ,i ?9k t our admoni%] fail$ to
 obs]ve ! analogy--to note ! mom5t\s    
consequ5ces ( ! judgm5t :i* may be aw>d$
 9 ! pres5t app>5tly insignificant      
action 9 re ! sw9eh]ds ( ,gad>a4  ,!    
imm$iate effect ( su* judgm5t w be !    
decision ( ! "q1 :e!r ! m5 ( ! n9ete5?  
c5tury are to adopt ! demonology ( ! m5 
( ! fir/ c5tury1 z div9ely reveal$ tru?1
 or to reject x1 z degrad+ falsity4 ,!  
rev]5d ,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college has   
deliv]$ 8 judgm5t 9 p]fectly cle> & c&id
 t]ms4 ,two ye>s s9ce1 ,dr4 ,wace said t
 he believ$ ! /ory z x /&s2 &           
consequ5tly he holds1 z a "p ( div9e    
revelation1 t ! spiritual _w comprises  
devils1 :o1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 may  
ent] m5 & be transf]r$ f !m to f\r-foot$
 bea/s4 ,= ! di/+ui%$ ,anglican ,div9e &
 ,biblical s*ol>1 t is "p & p>cel ( !   
tea*+s respect+ ! spiritual _w :i* we   
owe to ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is an  
insep>able "p ( t ,*ri/ian or?odoxy :i*1
 if a man rejects1 he is to be consid]$ 

& call$ an infidel4 ,accord+ to ! ord9>y
 rules ( int]pretation ( language1 ,mr4 
,glad/one mu/ hold ! same view4  ,if    
antiquity & univ]sality are valid te/s (
 ! tru? ( any belief1 no d\bt ?is is "o 
( ! beliefs s c]tifi$4 ,!re are no kn[n 
savages1 nor p sunk 9 ! ignorance (     
p>tial civilisation1 :o d n hold !m4 ,! 
great majority ( ,*ri/ians h held !m &  
/ill hold !m4 ,moreov] ! olde/ records  
we possess ( ! e>ly conceptions ( mank9d
 9 ,egypt & 9 ,mesopotamia prove t      
exactly su* demonology1 z is impli$ 9 ! 
,gad>5e /ory1 =m$ ! sub/ratum1 &1 among 
! e>ly ,accadians1 app>5tly ! great] "p1
 ( _! suppos$ k ( ! spiritual _w4 ,m4   
,l5ormant's pr(\ndly int]e/+ "w on      
,babylonian magic & ! magical texts giv5
 9 ! ,app5dix to ,pr(essor ,sayce's     
,hibb]t ,lectures leave no d\bt on ?is  
head4 ,!y prove t ! doctr9e (           
possession1 & ev5 ! p>ticul> case ( pig1
 possession1#aag 7 firmly believ$ 9 by !
 ,egyptians & ! ,mesopotamians be=e !   
tribes ( ,israel invad$ ,pale/9e4 ,& x  

is evid5t t ^! beliefs1 f "s "t aft] !  
exile & probably mu* e>li]1 completely  
int]p5etrat$ ! ,jewi% m9d1 & ?us became 
insep>ably int]wov5 ) ! fabric ( !      
synoptic ,gospels4  ,!re=e1 beh9d ! "q (
 ! acceptance ( ! doctr9es ( ! olde/    
hea!n demonology z "p ( ! fundam5tal    
beliefs ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re lies ! "q ( !
 cr$ibility ( ! ,gospels1 & ( _! claim  
to act z our in/ructors1 outside t      
e?ical prov9ce 9 :i* !y appeal to !     
consci\sness ( all ?\ghtful m54 ,& /ill1
 beh9d ?is problem1 !re lies ano!r--h[  
f> d ^! anci5t records give a sure      
f\ndation to ! prodigi\s fabric (       
,*ri/ian dogma1 :i* has be5 built ^u !m 
by ! cont9u\s lab\rs ( speculative      
!ologians1 dur+ eighte5 c5turies8  ,i   
submit t !re are few que/ions be=e ! m5 
( ! ris+ g5]ation1 on ! answ] to :i* !  
future hangs m fatally1 ?an ?is4 ,we are
 at ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,:e!r ! tw5tie?    
c5tury %all see a recrudesc5ce ( !      
sup]/itions ( m$ival papi/ry1 or :e!r x 
%all witness ! sev]ance ( ! liv+ body ( 

! e?ical ideal ( prophetic ,israel f !  
c>case1 f\l ) savage sup]/itions &      
cank]$ ) false philosophy1 to :i* !     
!ologians h b\nd x1 turns ^u _! f9al    
judgm5t ( ! ,gad>5e tale4  ,! gravity ( 
! problems ultimately involv$ 9 !       
discussion ( ! leg5d ( ,gad>a w1 ,i     
hope1 excuse a p]si/5ce 9 return+ to !  
subject1 to :i* ,i %\ld n h be5 mov$ by 
m]ely p]sonal consid]ations4  ,) respect
 to ! diluvial invective :i* ov]fl[$    
?irty-?ree pages ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury   
la/ ,janu>y1 ,i d\bt n t x has a        
cata/rophic importance 9 ! e/imation (  
its au?or4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 may be      
p]mitt$ to reg>d x z a m]e spate2 noisy 
& ?reat5+ :ile x la/$1 b =gott5 almo/ z 
soon z x 0 ov]4 ,)\t my help1 x w be    
judg$ by e in/ruct$ & cle>-head$ read]2 
& t is =tunate1 because1 7 aid necess>y1
 ,i h cog5t reasons = )hold+ x4  ,9 an  
article *>act]is$ by ! same qualities ( 
?\ght & diction1 entitl$ ,a ,great      
,lesson1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury
 = ,septemb] #ahhg1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll1  

fir/ly1 *>g$ ! :ole body ( m5 ( sci5ce1 
int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 ) hav+ conspir$ to      
ignore c]ta9 criticisms ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's  
!ory ( ! orig9 ( coral reefs2 &1        
secondly1 he ass]t$ t "s p]son unnam$ _h
 actually induc$ ,mr4 ,john ,murray to  
delay ! publication ( 8 views on t      
subject = two ye>s4  ,x 0 easy = me & = 
o!rs to prove t ! fir/ /atem5t 0 n only1
 to use ! ,duke ( ,argyll's fav\rite    
expression1 contr>y to fact1 b t x 0 )\t
 any f\ndation :atev]4 ,! second /atem5t
 re/$ on ! ,duke ( ,argyll's p]sonal    
au?ority4 ,all ,i c\ld d 0 to dem& !    
production ( ! evid5ce = x4 ,up to !    
pres5t "t1 s f> z ,i "k1 t evid5ce has n
 made its appe>ance2 nor has !re be5 any
 )drawal (1 or apology =1 ! errone\s    
*>ge4  ,"u ^! circum/ances mo/ p w      
und]/& :y ! ,duke ( ,argyll may feel q  
secure ( hav+ ! battle all to himself1  
:5ev] x pleases him to attack me4  ,see 
! note at ! end ( ,hasisadra's ,adv5ture
 7vol iv4 p4 #bhc74 ,! discussion on    
coral reefs1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti%     

,association ?is ye>1 proves t ,mr4     
,d>w9's views are def5d$ n[1 z /rongly z
 9 #ahia1 by highly compet5t au?orities4
 ,octob] #be1 #ahic4  ,,footnotes3      
#ajg ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y #ahia1  
pp4 #cci-dj4      #ajh ,nei!r is x ( any
 consequ5ce :e!r ! locality           ( 
! suppos$ miracle 0 ,gad>a1 or ,g]asa1  
or           ,g]gesa4 ,b ,i may say t ,i
 0 well acqua9t$ )           ,orig5's   
op9ion respect+ ,g]gesa4 ,x is fully    
discuss$ & reject$ 9 ,riehm's           
,h&wrt]bu*4 ,9           ,kitto's       
,biblical ,cyclopdia 7ii4 p4 #ea7       
,pr(essor           ,port] rem>ks t     
,orig5 m]ely conjectures t              
,g]gesa 0 indicat$3 & he adds1 ,n[1 9 a 
"q           ( ?is k9d conjectures _c be
 admitt$4 ,we mu/           implicitly  
foll[ ! mo/ anci5t & cr$itable          
te/imony1 :i* cle>ly pron\nces 9 fav\r (
           ,gad>nhn4 ,?is read+ is      
adopt$ by ,tis*5dorf1           ,al=d1 &
 ,tregelles4      #aji ,i may call      
att5tion1 9 pass+1 to ! fact t ?is      

au?ority1 at any rate1 has no sort (    
d\bt ( !           fact t ,jewi% ,law   
did n rule 9 ,gad>a 7inde$1           "u
 ! head ( ,gad>a1 9 ! same "w1 x is     
expressly /at$ t ! population ( ! place 
consi/$ pr$om9antly ( hea!ns71 & t he   
sc\ts ! notion t ! ,gad>5e sw9eh]ds 7   
,jews4      #aaj ,! evid5ce adduc$1 s f>
 z po/-exile times are                  
conc]n$1 appe>s to me insuffici5t to    
prove ?is           ass]tion4      #aaa 
,ev5 ,leviticus xi4 #bf1 cit$ )\t       
ref]5ce to !           context1 w n s]ve
 ! purpose2 because ! sw9e           is 
clov5-foot$ 7,lev4 xi4 #g74      #aab   
#a/ ,gospel3 ,& ! devils bes\ght him1   
say+1           ,if ,?\ ca/ u out s5d u 
away into ! h]d (           sw9e4 #b;d  
,gospel3 ,!y bes\ght him1 say+1 ,s5d    
u into ! sw9e4 #c;d ,gospel3 ,!y        
intreat$ him           t he w\ld give !m
 leave to ent] into !m4      #aac ,see  
,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 ,bd4 
,,iii4           p4 #djh4      #aad     
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>* #ahhi 7p4 #cfb74 

#aae ,! ,value ( ,witness to !          
,miracul\s4 ,n9ete5?           ,c5tury1 
,m>* #ahhi4      #aaf ,i _c ask !       
,editor ( ?is ,review to repr9t pages   
( an old article1--b ! foll[+ passages  
suffici5tly illu/rate ! ext5t & ! "* (  
! discrepancy betwe5 ! facts ( ! case & 
,mr4           ,glad/one's acc\nt (     
!m3--            ,n[1 9 ! ,gad>5e       
affair1 ,i d n ?9k ,i am                
unreasonably sceptical if ,i say t !    
exi/5ce (           demons :o c be      
transf]r$ f a man to a pig does         
?us contrav5e probability4 ,let me be   
p]fectly           c&id4 ,i admit ,i h  
no  priori objection to                 
(f]4444 ,i decl>e1 z pla9ly z ,i c1 t ,i
 am           unable to %[ cause :y ^!  
transf]able devils           %\ld n     
exi/4 444 7,agno/icism1 ,n9ete5?        
,c5tury1 #ahhi1 p4 #agg74               
,:at !n d we "k ab\t ! orig9ator1 or    
orig9ators1 ( ?is gr\ndwork--( t        
?reefold           tradition :i* all    
?ree witnesses 79 ,paley's phrase7      

agree ^u--t we %\ld all[ _! m]e /atem5ts
           to outweigh ! c\nt] argum5ts 
( humanity1 (           common s5se1 (  
exact sci5ce1 & to imp]il !             
respect :i* all w\ld be glad to be able 
to r5d] to           _! ,ma/]8 7ibid4 p4
 #age74            ,i !n g on ?r\gh a   
c\ple ( pages to discuss !              
value ( ! evid5ce ( ! synoptics on      
critical &           hi/orical gr\nds4  
,mr4 ,glad/one cites ! essay f          
:i* ^! passages are tak51 :5ce ,i       
suppose he has           read x2 ?\gh x 
may be t he %>es ! impati5ce           (
 ,c>d9al ,mann+ :]e my writ+s are       
conc]n$4           ,su* impati5ce w     
acc\nt =1 ?\gh x w n           excuse1 8
 six? proposition4      #aag ,! wick$1  
be=e be+ annihilat$1 return$ to !       
_w to di/urb m52 !y ent]$ into ! body ( 
unclean animals1 (t5 t ( a pig1 z on !  
,s>cophagus ( ,seti ,i4 9 ! ,soane      
,museum4--,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic1 p4
 #hh1 ,editorial           ,note4       
,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,v         99       99 

99       99       99  ,,?omas ,h4       
,,huxley',s ,,works4  ,collect$4        
,essays1 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be p] volume4  
,vol4 #a4 ,me?od & ,results4       #b4  
,d>w9iana4       #c4 ,sci5ce &          
,education4       #d4 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew 
,tradition4       #e4 ,sci5ce & ,*ri/ian
 ,tradition4       #f4 ,hume4       #g4 
,man's ,place 9 ,nature4       #h4      
,disc\rses1 ,biological & ,geological4  
#i4 ,evolution & ,e?ics1 & ,o!r ,essays4
  ,! ,crayfi%3   ,an ,introduction to ! 
,/udy ( ,zology4   ,) #hb ,illu/rations4
 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ge4  ,manual ( !       
,anatomy ( ,v]tebrat$   ,animals4       
,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4ej4  ,manual
 ( ! ,anatomy ( ,inv]tebrat$   ,animals4
 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4ej4        
,physiography3   ,an ,introduction to ! 
,/udy ( ,nature4 ,)   ,illu/rations &   
,color$ ,plates4 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4ej4  ,!
 ,orig9 ( ,species2   ,or1 ,! ,causes ( 
! ,ph5om5a ( ,nature4   #abmo1 clo?1    
#a4jj4  ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1   
,,new ,,york4         99       99       

99       99       99  ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,!
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 ,,h5ry ,,huxley      ,by 8 ,son1       
,,leon>d ,,huxley4      ,9 two volumes4 
,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj net4     
,?is v complete revelation ( ! "* & "w (
      a man :o mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( !   
=ces :i* gave      "* to ! n9ete5?      
c5tury w be welcom$ by a      f> wid]   
circle ( read]s ?an t :i* is int]e/$ 9  
,huxley's /rictly sci5tific rese>*es4444
 ,^! two ri*ly      int]e/+ volumes are 
sure to be widely read4--,london        
,times4       ,x 'goes )\t say+' :at    
preci\s freight 0 c>ri$      by         
,huxley's lett]s4444 ,^! two delightful 
volumes4--,london ,*ronicle4            
,huxley's life 0 s full1 s active1 s    
_m-sid$1 9      t\* ) su* a numb] (     
int]e/+ p1 t ?is      "w appeals to all 
sorts & conditions ( m54444 ,an         
admirably writt5 biography4--,london    
,/&>d4       ,8 lett]s are a            
self-revelation ( ! man1 8 "w1 8        
ambitions1 8 trials1 8 views ( religion1

 8      philosophy1 8 public activity & 
dome/ic happ9ess4444      ,:oso reads ^!
 volumes w feel t he kn[s bett] a       
man wor? kn[+1 & ! numb] :o w read !m w 
be      great4--,london ,telegraph4     
,huxley's c>e] makes a wond]ful         
/ory4--,london ,mail4       ,mr4 ,leon>d
 ,huxley has giv5 ! _w _m extremely     
valuable & int]e/+ lett]s1 all          
*>act]i/ic1 & he      has connect$ !m by
 a well-writt5 consecutive n>rative     
:i* is suffici5t to weave !m            
toge!r4--,london ,news4  ,d4 ,,appleton 
,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4        99  
99       99       99       99  ,,rec5t  
,,books ,,by ,,di/+ui%$ ,,speciali/s4   
,,! ,,comp>ative ,,physiology ,,&       
,,morphology ,,( ,,animals4    ,by ,pr(4
 ,,joseph ,,le ,,conte4    ,illu/rat$4  
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4   ,,evolution ,,by 
,,atrophy4    ,by ,,jean ,,demoor1      
,,jean ,,mass>t1 & ,,mile ,,v&]velde4   
,a new volume 9 ! ,int]national         
,sci5tific ,s]ies4    #abmo1 ,clo?1     
#a4ej4  ,,foot-,,notes ,,to ,,evolution4

    ,a ,s]ies ( ,popul> ,addresses on ! 
,evolution ( ,life4    ,by ,,david ,,/>r
 ,,jordan1 ,ph4,d41    ,presid5t ( ,lel&
 ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity4    #abmo4   
,clo?1 #a4ej4  ,,outl9es ,,( ,,!        
,,e>?',s ,,hi/ory4    ,a ,popul> ,/udy 9
 ,physiography4    ,by ,pr(4 ,n4,s4     
,,%al]1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4            
,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4        
,,/udies ,,( ,,good ,,& ,,evil4    ,by  
,,josiah ,,royce1    ,pr(essor ( !      
,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 ,h>v>d          
,univ]sity4    #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4     
,,evolution ,,e?ics ,,& ,,animal        
,,psy*ology4    ,by ,e4,p4 ,,evans1     
,au?or ( ,animal ,symbolism 9           
,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture1 etc4       
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4  ,,wages ,,&       
,,capital4    ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,wages
 ,fund ,doctr9e4    ,by ,f4,w4          
,,taussig1 ,pr(essor ( ,political       
,economy 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1    ,au?or 
( ,t>iff ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ate &     
,! ,silv] ,situation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4  ,,:at ,,is        

,,electricity8    ,by ,pr(4 ,,john      
,,tr[bridge1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4       
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4  ,,! ,,psy*ology   
,,( ,,sugge/ion4    ,a ,rese>* into !   
,subconsci\s ,nature ( ,man & ,society4 
,by ,,boris ,,sidis1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41   
,associate 9 ,psy*ology at !            
,pa?ological ,in/itute    ( ! ,new ,york
 ,/ate ,hospitals4    ,) an             
,introduction by ,pr(4 ,william ,james1 
( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4    ,illu/rat$4     
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4  ,d4 ,,appleton ,,&
 ,,company1 ,,new ,,york         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,sp5c]',s ,,syn!tic ,,philosophy1      
#abmo1 clo?1 #b4jj p] volume4      ,,new
 ,,edition ,,(      ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4   
,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,new & revis$      
7six?7 edition ( !      fir/ volume ( ! 
au?or's ,syn!tic ,philosophy4       ,?is
 fundam5tal & mo/ important "w has be5  
*ang$ 9      sub/ance & 9 =m to a       
consid]able ext5t1 & l>gely             
rewritt5 & :olly reset4 ,x is n[ =ty    
ye>s s9ce !      au?or began ! ,fir/    

,pr9ciples1 & its pres5tation 9      ?is
 def9itive =m1 ) ! au?or's la/          
revisions1 is      an ev5t ( peculi>    
int]e/ & consequ5ce4 ,:ile      exp]i5ce
 has n caus$ him to rec$e f ! g5]al     
pr9ciples set =?1 he has made "s        
important *anges 9      ! sub/ance & =m4
 ,8 am5dm5ts ( matt] & mann]      are n[
 f9al4       ,! cont5ts ( ! sev]al      
volumes ( ! s]ies are z      foll[s3    
#a4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4             ,i4 ,!
 ,unkn[able4            ,,ii4 ,!        
,kn[able4       #b4 ,! ,pr9ciples (     
,biology4 ,vol4 #a4            ,i4 ,!   
,data ( ,biology4           ,,ii4 ,!    
,inductions ( ,biology4          ,,iii4 
,! ,evolution ( ,life4       #c4 ,!     
,pr9ciples ( ,biology4 ,vol4 #b4        
,,iv4 ,morphological ,developm5t4       
,v4 ,physiological ,developm5t4         
,,vi4 ,laws ( ,multiplication4       #d4
 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,vol4 #a4  
,i4 ,! ,data ( ,psy*ology4              
,,ii4 ,! ,inductions ( ,psy*ology4      
,,iii4 ,g5]al ,syn!sis4           ,,iv4 

,special ,syn!sis4            ,v4       
,physical ,syn!sis4       #e4 ,!        
,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,vol4 #b4      
,,vi4 ,special ,analysis4               
,,vii4 ,g5]al ,analysis4         ,,viii4
 ,congruities4           ,,ix4          
,coroll>ies4       #f4 ,! ,pr9ciples (  
,sociology4 ,vol4 #a4            ,i4 ,! 
,data ( ,sociology4           ,,ii4 ,!  
,inductions ( ,sociology4               
,,iii4 ,! ,dome/ic ,relations4       #g4
 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,vol4 #b4  
,,iv4 ,c]emonial ,in/itutions4          
,v4 ,political ,in/itutions4       #h4  
,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,vol4 #c4   
,,vi4 ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions4      
,,vii4 ,pr(essional ,in/itutions4       
,,viii4 ,indu/rial ,in/itutions4        
#i4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics4 ,vol4 #a4   
,i4 ,! ,data ( ,e?ics4           ,,ii4  
,! ,inductions ( ,e?ics4          ,,iii4
 ,! ,e?ics ( ,individual ,life4         
#aj4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics4 ,vol4 #b4  
,,iv4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,social ,life3        
,ju/ice4            ,v4 ,! ,e?ics (     

,social ,life3 ,negative ,b5efic5ce4    
,,vi4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,social ,life3        
,positive ,b5efic5ce4  ,d4 ,,appleton   
,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,,books  
,,by ,,pr(4 ,g4 ,,fr$]ick ,,wright4  ,,!
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,,evid5ces4      ,by ,g4 ,,fr$]ick      
,,wright1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41             
,f4,g4,s4,a41      ,pr(essor ( ! ,h>mony
 ( ,sci5ce & ,revelation1 ,ob]l9        
,college2      ,au?or ( ,! ,logic (     
,*ri/ian ,evid5ces1      ,! ,ice ,age 9 
,nor? ,am]ica1 etc4      ,illu/rat$4    
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4       ,?is volume  
conta9s ! ripe/ fruit ( ! au?or's v>i$  
/udies along ! sev]al cognate l9es (    
evid5ce :i*      conv]ge ) special p[] 9
 rec5t times to %$ light      ^u !      
f\ndations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,among !      
subjects      discuss$ are ,limits (    
,sci5tific ,?\ght1 ,p>adoxes (          
,sci5ce1 ,god & ,nature1 ,d>w9ism &     
,design1 ,m$iate      ,miracles1 ,beyond
 ,reasonable ,d\bt1 ,! ,newly ,discov]$ 

,ext]nal ,evid5ces1 ,! ,evid5ce (       
,textual ,criticism1      ,int]nal      
,evid5ce ( ! ,e>ly ,date ( ! ,gospel1 & 
,positive ,results ( ! ,cumulative      
,evid5ce4 ,^! *apt]s      are an        
elaboration ( ! ,l[ell ,in/itute        
,lectures      deliv]$ 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahif4
  ,,gre5l& ,,icefields1 ,,& ,,life ,,9  
,,! ,,nor? ,,atlantic4      ,) a ,new   
,discussion ( ! ,causes ( ! ,ice ,age4  
,by ,g4 ,,fr$]ick ,,wright1 ,d4,d41     
,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4,a41 ,au?or (      ,!
 ,ice ,age 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,man & !    
,glacial      ,p]iod1 etc41 & ,,w>r5    
,,upham1 ,a4,m41 ,f4,g4,s4,a41 late ( ! 
,geological ,surveys ( ,new ,hamp%ire1  
,m9nesota1 & !      ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,)   
num]\s ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #abmo4    
,clo?1 #b4jj4  ,,! ,,ice ,,age ,,9      
,,nor? ,,am]ica1 & its ,be>+s ^u !      
,antiquity ( ,man4      ,) an ,app5dix  
on ,! ,probable ,cause ( ,glaciation1 by
      ,,w>r5 ,,upham1 ,f4,g4,s4,a41     
,assi/ant on ! ,geological ,surveys     
( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,m9nesota1 & ! ,unit$ 

,/ates4 ,new &      enl>g$ edition4 ,)  
#aej ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 #fbe  
pages1 & ,index4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4  ,,man   
,,& ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4              
,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4      ,)
 num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1    
#a4ge4       ,! e>li] *apt]s describ+   
glacial action1 & !      traces ( x 9   
,nor? ,am]ica--especially ! def9+ (     
its limits1 su* z ! t]m9al mora9e ( !   
great      movem5t itself--are ( great  
int]e/ & value ,! maps      & diagrams  
are ( mu* assi/ance 9 enabl+ ! read]    
to grasp ! va/ ext5t ( !                
movem5t4--,london      ,spectator4  ,d4 
,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 
99       99       99       99       99  
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,,publications4  ,,miscellane\s ,,works 
,,( ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4  ,,social ,,/atics4
      ,new & revis$ edition1 includ+ ,! 
,man v]sus ,!      ,/ate4 ,a s]ies (    
essays on political t5d5cies            
h]et(ore publi%$ sep>ately4 #abmo4 #dbj 
pages4 ,clo?1      #b4jj4       ,mr4    

,sp5c] has ?or\ghly /udi$ ! issues :i*  
are      beh9d ! social & political life
 ( our own "t1 n      exactly ^? issues 
:i* are discuss$ 9 ,p>liam5t or 9       
,congress1 b ! pr9ciples ( all mod]n    
gov]nm5t1 :i*      are sl[ly *ang+ 9    
response to ! broad] indu/rial      &   
g5]al developm5t ( human exp]i5ce4 ,"o w
 obta9      no sugge/ions out ( 8 book =
 guid+ a political p>ty      or c>ry+ a 
po9t 9 economics1 b he w f9d !          
pr9ciples ( sociology1 z !y p]ta9 to !  
:ole (      life1 bett] /at$ 9 ^! pages 
?an he c f9d !m      express$ any:]e    
else4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ?is "w      is 
important & fre% & vitaliz+4 ,x goes    
con/antly to      ! f\ndation (         
?+s4--,bo/on ,h]ald4  ,,v>i\s           
,,fragm5ts1      #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4   
,along ) a consid]able v>iety ( o!r     
matt]1 ^!      ,fragm5ts include a numb]
 ( replies to criticisms1 among      :i*
 w be f\nd "s ( ! be/ specim5s ( ,mr4   
,sp5c]'s controv]sial writ+s1 notably 8 
lett] to !      ,london ,a!num on       

,pr(essor ,huxley's fam\s address on    
,evolution>y ,e?ics4 ,8 views on        
copyright1 national &      int]national1
 ,social ,evolution & ,social ,duty1 &  
,anglo-,am]ican ,arbitration1 also =m a 
"p ( !      cont5ts4  ,,education3      
,intellectual1 ,moral1 & ,physical4     
#abmo4 ,pap]1 #ej c5ts2 clo?1 #a4be4    
,,cont5ts3 ,:at ,k is ( mo/ ,wor?8      
,intellectual      ,education4 ,moral   
,education4 ,physical ,education4  ,,!  
,,/udy ,,( ,,sociology4      ,! fif?    
volume 9 ! ,int]national sci5tific      
,s]ies4      #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4       
,,cont5ts3 ,our ne$ ( x4 ,is !re a      
,social ,sci5ce8 ,nature      ( !       
,social ,sci5ce4 ,difficulties ( !      
,social ,sci5ce4      ,objective        
,difficulties4 ,subjective              
,difficulties1      ,intellectual4      
,subjective ,difficulties1 ,emotional1  
,!      ,educational ,bias4 ,! ,bias (  
,patriotism4 ,! ,class ,bias4      ,!   
,political ,bias4 ,! ,!ological ,bias4  
,discipl9e4      ,prep>ation 9 ,biology4

 ,prep>ation 9 ,psy*ology4              
,conclusion4  ,,! ,,inadequacy ,,(      
,,natural ,,selection4      #abmo4      
,pap]1 #cj c5ts4       ,?is essay1 9 :i*
 ,pr(essor ,weismann's !ories are       
criticis$1 is repr9t$ f ! ,contempor>y  
,review1 &      comprises a =cible      
pres5tation ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s views       
^u ! g5]al subject indicat$ 9 ! title4  
,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new     
,,york4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,,pione]s ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 
,,am]ica4      ,sket*es ( _! ,lives &   
,sci5tific ,"w4      ,edit$ & revis$ by 
,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans1 ,m4,d4      ,)
 ,portraits4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d4jj4        
,impell$ solely by an en?usia/ic love ( 
,nature1 &      nei!r ask+ nor receiv+  
outside aid1 ^! e>ly      work]s op5$ ! 
way & initiat$ ! movem5t ?r\gh      :i* 
,am]ican sci5ce has rea*$ its pres5t    
comm&+      position4 ,?is book gives "s
 acc\nt ( ^! m51 _!      e>ly /ruggles1 
_! sci5tific labors1 &1 :5ev]           
possible1 some?+ ( _! p]sonal           

*>act]i/ics4 ,?is      in=mation1 (t5 v 
difficult to obta91 has be5             
collect$ f a great v>iety ( s\rces1 ) ! 
utmo/      c>e to secure accuracy4 ,x is
 pres5t$ 9 a s]ies (      sket*es1 "s   
fifty 9 all1 ea* ) a s+le exception     
accompani$ ) a well-au!nticat$ portrait4
       ,fills a place t ne$$ fill+1 & is
 likely to be      widely read4--,n4,y4 
,sun4       ,x is c]ta9ly a useful &    
conv5i5t volume1 &      readable too1 if
 we judge correctly ( ! degree (        
accuracy ( ! :ole by critical exam9ation
 ( ^? cases      9 :i* our own k enables
 u to =m an op9ion4444      ,9 g5]al1 x 
seems to u t ! h&y volume is            
specially to be comm5d$ = sett+ 9 j     
hi/orical      p]spective _m ( ! e>li]  
sci5ti/s :o are nei!r      v g5]ally nor
 v well kn[n4--,new ,york ,ev5+         
,po/4       ,a wond]fully int]e/+       
volume4 ,_m a "y man w      f9d x       
fasc9at+4 ,! compilation ( ! book is a  
"w      well done1 well wor? !          
do+4--,philadelphia ,press4       ,"o ( 

! mo/ valuable books :i* we h           
receiv$4--,bo/on ,adv]tis]4       ,a    
book ( no little educational value4444  
,an extremely      valuable "w (        
ref]5ce4--,bo/on ,beacon4       ,a      
valuable h&book = ^? ^: "w runs on ^!   
same      l9es1 & is likely to prove (  
la/+ int]e/ to ^?      = :om 'les       
docum5ts huma9' are second only to      
hi/ory      9 importance--nay1 are a    
vital "p ( hi/ory4--,bo/on              
,transcript4       ,a biographical      
hi/ory ( sci5ce 9 ,am]ica1 notewor?y    
= its complet5ess & scope4444 ,all ( !  
sket*es are      excell5tly prep>$ &    
unusually int]e/+4--,*icago             
,record4       ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable     
contributions to ,am]ican      lit]ature
 rec5tly made4444 ,! pleas+ /yle 9 :i*  
^! sket*es are writt51 ! plans tak5 to  
secure      accuracy1 & ! in=mation     
convey$1 comb9e to give !m      great   
value & int]e/4 ,no bett] or m inspir+  
read+ c\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( an        
intellig5t &      aspir+ "y man4--,new  

,york ,*ri/ian ,"w4       ,a book ^:    
int]e/ & value are n = to-day or        
to-morr[1 b = indef9ite "t4--,ro*e/]    
,h]ald4       ,x is difficult to imag9e 
a read] ( ord9>y      intellig5ce :o    
w\ld n be ent]ta9$ by ! book4444        
,concis5ess1 exactness1 urbanity ( tone1
 &      int]e/+ness are ! f\r qualities 
:i* *iefly impress      ! read] ( ^!    
sket*es4--,buffalo ,express4       ,full
 ( int]e/+ & valuable matt]4--,!        
,*ur*man4  ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton   
,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,,pione]s
 ,,( ,,evolution1 f ,?ales to ,huxley4  
,by ,,edw>d ,,clodd1 ,presid5t ( !      
,folk-,lore ,society2      ,au?or ( ,!  
,/ory ( ,creation1      ,! ,/ory (      
',primitive' ,man1 etc4      ,)         
,portraits4 #abmo4 ,clo?4 #a4ej4        
,! mass ( int]e/+ mat]ial :i* ,mr4      
,clodd has got      toge!r & wov5 into a
 symmetrical /ory ( ! progress      f   
ignorance & !ory to k & ! intellig5t    
record+ ( fact is prodigi\s4444 ,!      

'goal' to :i* ,mr4      ,clodd leads u 9
 s ma/]ly a fa%ion is b ! />t+      po9t
 ( fre% a*ievem5ts1 &1 9 due c\rse1 fre%
      !ories4 ,8 book furni%es an       
important contribution to a      lib]al 
education4--,london ,daily ,*ronicle4   
,we are always glad to meet ,mr4 ,clodd4
 ,he is nev] dull2 he      is always    
well in=m$1 & he says :at he has to say 
)      cle>ness & precision4444 ,!      
int]e/ int5sifies z ,mr4      ,clodd    
attempts to %[ ! "p really play$ 9 !    
gr[?      ( ! doctr9e ( evolution by m5 
l ,wallace1 ,d>w91      ,huxley1 &      
,sp5c]4444 ,we comm5d ! book to ^? :o   
want to "k :at evolution really         
means4--,london ,times4       ,?is is a 
book :i* 0 ne$$4444 ,altoge!r1 ! book   
c\ld h>dly be bett] done4 ,x is lum9\s1 
lucid1 ord]ly1      & temp]ate4 ,above  
all1 x is entirely free f p]sonal       
p>tisan%ip4 ,ea* *ief actor is          
sympa!tically treat$1      & fri5d%ip is
 seldom or nev] all[$ to ov]weight      
s\nd judgm5t4--,london ,academy4        

,we c assure ! read] t he w f9d 9 ?is "w
 a      v useful guide to ! lives &     
labors ( lead+      evolutioni/s ( ! pa/
 & pres5t4 ,especially      s]viceable  
is ! acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & 8    
%>e 9 r$iscov]+ evolution1 & illu/rat+  
its      relations to ! :ole field (    
human k4 ,8      =cible /yle & weal? (  
metaphor make all t ,mr4      ,clodd    
writes arre/ive & int]e/+4--,london     
,lit]>y      ,_w4       ,c n b prove    
welcome to fair-m9d$ m54444 ,to read x  
is to h an object-lesson 9 ! mean+ (    
evolution4444      ,!re is no bett] book
 on ! subject = ! g5]al      read]4444  
,no "o c\ld g ?r\gh ! book )\t be+      
bo? refre%$ & newly in/ruct$ by its     
ma/]ly survey      ( ! gr[? ( ! mo/     
p[]ful idea ( mod]n      times4--,!     
,scotsman4  ,d4 ,,appleton ,,&          
,,company1 ,,new ,,york4         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,evolution ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,*ri/ianity4 
,new edition4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,h[>d        
,,macque>y4      ,) a new ,preface1 9   

:i* ! ,au?or answ]s 8 ,critics1      & )
 "s important ,additions4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 
#a4ge4       ,?is is a revis$ & enl>g$  
edition ( a book publi%$      la/ ye>4  
,! au?or reviews criticisms ^u ! fir/   
edition1 d5ies t he rejects ! doctr9e ( 
!      inc>nation1 admits 8 d\bts ( !   
physical resurrection      ( ,*ri/1 & 8 
belief 9 evolution4 ,! volume is to be  
m>k$ z "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd expressions ( !
 mod]n      movem5t t[>d broad]         
!ological positions4--,brooklyn         
,times4       ,he does n write ) !      
animus ( ! de/ructive      s*ool2 he    
int5ds to be1 & hone/ly believes he is1 
do+      a "w ( con/ruction1 or at lea/ 
( recon/ruction4444 ,he      writes )   
manife/ e>ne/ness & conviction1 & 9 a   
/yle :i* is always cle> &               
en]getic4--,*ur*man4  ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,!  
,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,religion ,,&      
,,sci5ce4      ,by ,dr4 ,,john ,,william
 ,,drap]4      #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4     
,! key-note to ?is volume is f\nd 9 !   
antagonism      betwe5 ! progressive    

t5d5cies ( ! human m9d & !              
pret5sions ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 z  
develop$ 9 !      hi/ory ( mod]n sci5ce4
 ,no previ\s writ] has treat$      !    
subject f ?is po9t ( view1 & ! pres5t   
monograph w be f\nd to possess no less  
orig9ality (      conception ?an vigor (
 reason+ & weal? (      erudition4--,new
 ,york ,tribune4  ,a ,,critical ,,hi/ory
 ,,( ,,free ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to  
,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion4      ,by ,rev4
 ,canon ,,adam ,,/orey ,,f>r>1 ,d4,d41  
,f4,r4,s41 etc4      #abmo4 ,clo?1      
#b4jj4       ,a conflict might naturally
 be anticipat$ betwe5 !      reason+    
faculties ( man & a religion :i* claims 
!      "r1 on sup]human au?ority1 to    
impose limits on !      field or mann] (
 _! ex]cise4 ,x is ! *ief ( !           
movem5ts ( free ?\ght :i* x is my       
purpose to      describe1 9 _! hi/oric  
succession1 & _! connection      )      
intellectual causes4 ,we mu/ asc]ta9 !  
facts1      discov] ! causes1 & read !  
moral4--,! ,au?or4  ,,creation ,,or     

,,evolution8 ,a ,philosophical ,inquiry4
      ,by ,,george ,,ticknor ,,curtis1  
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4       ,a treatise  
on ! great "q ( ,creation or ,evolution 
by "o :o is nei!r a naturali/ nor       
!ologian1 & :o      does n pr(ess to br+
 to ! discussion a special      equipm5t
 9 ei!r ( ! sci5ces :i* ! controv]sy    
arrays aga9/ ea* o!r1 may seem /range at
 fir/ sight2      b ,mr4 ,curtis w      
satisfy ! read]1 be=e _m pages      h   
be5 turn$1 t he has a sub/antial        
contribution to      make to ! debate1 &
 t 8 book is "o to be treat$      )     
respect4 ,8 "p is to apply to ! reason+s
 ( !      m5 ( sci5ce ! rigid scrut9y ) 
:i* ! lawy] is      accu/om$ to te/ !   
value & p]t95cy ( te/imony1      & !    
legitimacy ( inf]5ces f e/abli%$        
facts4--,new ,york ,tribune4       ,mr4 
,curtis's book is honorably di/+ui%$ f a
 sadly      too great proportion (      
treatises :i* pr(ess to discuss      !  
relation ( sci5tific !ories to religion1
 by its      au?or's ?or\gh acqua9tance 

) 8 subject1 8      scrupul\s fairness1 
& rem>kable fre$om f                    
passion4--,london ,lit]>y ,_w4  ,d4     
,,appleton  ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue1    
,new ,york4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,,! ,,w>f>e ,,(     
,,sci5ce ,,) ,,!ology4 ,a ,hi/ory ( !   
,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom4 
,by ,,&rew ,d4 ,,:ite1 ,,ll4,d41 late   
,presid5t &      ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory at 
,cornell ,univ]sity4      ,9 two        
volumes4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4       ,!   
/ory ( ! /ruggle ( se>*]s aft] tru? ) ! 
organiz$ =ces ( ignorance1 bigotry1 &   
sup]/ition is      ! mo/ inspir+ *apt] 9
 ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d4      ,t /ory   
has nev] be5 bett] told ?an by !        
ex-,presid5t ( ,cornell ,univ]sity 9 ^! 
two volumes4444      ,a wond]ful /ory x 
is t he tells4--,london ,daily          
,*ronicle4       ,a lit]>y ev5t ( prime 
importance is ! appe>ance (      ',a    
,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9
      ,*ri/5dom4'--,philadelphia ,press4
       ,su* an hone/ & ?or\gh treatm5t (

 ! subject 9 all      its be>+s t x w   
c>ry weight & be accept$ z an           
au?ority 9 trac+ ! process by :i* !     
sci5tific      me?od has come to be     
supreme 9 mod]n ?\ght &                 
life4--,bo/on ,h]ald4       ,a great "w 
( a great man ^u great subjects1 & w    
always be a religio-sci5tific           
classic4--,*icago ,ev5+      ,po/4      
,x is graphic1 lucid1 ev5-temp]$--nev]  
bitt] nor      v9dictive4 ,no /ud5t (   
human progress %\ld fail to read      ^!
 volumes4 ,:ile !y h ab\t !m !          
fasc9ation (      a well-told tale1 !y  
are also cr[d$ ) ! facts (      hi/ory t
 h _h a trem5d\s be>+ ^u !              
developm5t ( ! race4--,brooklyn ,eagle4 
,! same lib]al _s t m>k$ 8 public life  
is se5      9 ! pages ( 8 book1 giv+ x a
 ze/ & int]e/ t      c n fail to secure 
= x he>ty comm5dation & hone/           
praise4--,philadelphia ,public ,l$g]4   
,a consci5ti\s summ>y ( ! body ( le>n+  
to :i* x      relates accumulat$ dur+   
long ye>s ( rese>*4444 ,a      monum5t (

 indu/ry4--,n4,y4 ,ev5+ ,po/4       ,a  
"w :i* con/itutes 9 _m ways ! mo/       
in/ructive      review t has ev] be5    
writt5 ( ! evolution ( human      k 9   
its conflict ) dogmatic belief4444 ,z a 
contribution to ! lit]ature ( lib]al    
?\ght1 ! book      is "o ! importance ( 
:i* c n be easily      ov]rat$4--,bo/on 
,beacon4       ,! mo/ valuable          
contribution t has yet be5 made to      
! hi/ory ( ! conflicts betwe5 ! !ologi/s
 & !      sci5ti/s4--,buffalo           
,comm]cial4       ,und\bt$ly ! mo/      
exhau/ive treatise :i* has be5          
writt5 on ?is subject4444 ,able1        
s*ol>ly1 critical1      imp>tial 9 tone 
& exhau/ive 9 treatm5t4--,bo/on         
,adv]tis]4  ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton  
,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,a ,,new 
,,book ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,groos4  ,,! ,,play 
,,( ,,man4      ,by ,,k>l ,,groos1      
,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity (
      ,basel1 & au?or ( ,! ,play (      
,animals4 ,translat$1 )      ! au?or's  

coop]ation1 by ,elizabe? ,l4 ,baldw91 & 
edit$1 ) a ,preface & ,app5dix1 by ,pr(4
 ,j4 ,m>k      ,baldw91 ( ,pr9ceton     
,univ]sity4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej net2    
po/age1 #ab c5ts additional4       ,!   
results ( ,pr(essor ,groos's orig9al &  
acute      inve/igations are ( peculi>  
value to ^? :o are      int]e/$ 9       
psy*ology & sociology1 & !y are (       
great importance to educators4 ,he      
pres5ts !      an?ropological aspects ( 
! subject treat$ 9 8      psy*ological  
/udy ( ! ,play ( ,animals1 :i* has      
already become a classic4 ,pr(essor     
,groos1 :o agrees )      ! foll[]s (    
,weismann1 develops ! great importance (
      ! *ild's play z t5d+ to /r5g!n 8  
inh]itance 9      ! acquisition (       
adaptations to 8 environm5t4 ,!         
influ5ce ( play on "*1 & its relation to
      education1 are sugge/ively        
indicat$4 ,! playful      manife/ations 
affect+ ! *ild himself & ^?      affect+
 8 relations to o!rs h be5 c>efully     
classifi$1 & ! read] is l$ f ! simpl]   

ex]cises      ( ! s5sory app>atus ?r\gh 
a v>iety ( divisions to      inn]       
imitations & social play4 ,! biological1
 /hetic1      e?ical1 & p$agogical      
/&po9ts receive mu* att5tion      f !   
inve/igator4 ,:ile ?is book is an       
illum9at+      contribution to sci5tific
 lit]ature1 x is ( em95tly              
practical value4 ,its illu/rations &    
lessons w be      /udi$ & appli$ by     
educators1 & ! importance ( ?is         
orig9al pres5tation ( a mo/ f]tile      
subject w be      appreciat$ by p>5ts z 
well z by ^? :o are      int]e/$ z g5]al
 /ud5ts ( sociological &                
psy*ological !mes4  ,d4 ,,appleton ,,&  
,,company1 ,,new ,,york4