,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #fac ,,new ,,york1 ,,octob] #a1 #ahhg4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #fac4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,biography4--,dr4 ,morell ,mack5zie4--,biographical note & portrait ( ! great ,engli% l>yngologi/--! physician ( ! ,prussian ,cr[n ,pr9ce4--#a illu/ration4 #igid ,,ii4 ,,botany4--,s\dan ,c(fee4--,! ,p>kia biglobosa4--,its prop]ties & appe>ance1 ) analyses ( its beans4--#h illu/rations4 #igig ,wiscons9 ,cranb]ry ,culture4--,! great cranb]ry crop ( ,wiscons94--,! ,indian pick]s & details ( ! cultivation4 #igif ,,iii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,analysis ( ,kola ,nut4--,a new article adapt$ z a sub/itute = cocoa & *ocolate to milit>y & o!r diet>ies4--,its use by ! ,fr5* & ,g]man gov]nm5ts4 #ighe ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ! ,air4--,by ,,?omas ,c4 ,,van ,,nuys & ,,b5jam9 ,f4 ,,adams1 ,jr4--,! results ( eighte5 analyses ( air by ,van ,nuys app>atus4 #ighe ,! ,crimson ,l9e ( ,phosphoresc5t ,alum9a4--,note on ,pr(4 ,crooke's rec5t inve/igation ( ! anomalies ( ! oxide ( alum9um z reg>ds its spectrum4 #ighd ,,iv4 ,,electricity4--,electric ,"t4--,by ,m4 ,,littmann4--,an ab/ruse rese>* into a natural electric /&>d ( "t4--,! results & necess>y =mul4 #igic ,new ,me?od ( ,ma9ta9+ ! ,vibration ( a ,p5dulum4--,+5i\s magneto-electric me?od ( ma9ta9+ ! sw++ ( a p5dulum4 #igid ,! ,"p t ,electricity ,plays 9 ,cry/allization4--,c4 ,de*>me's inve/igations into ?is mu* debat$ "q4--,! results ( 8 "w describ$4--#c illu/rations4 #igic ,v4 ,,eng9e]+4--,a ,new ,type ( ,railway ,c>4--,a c> ) lat]al passageways1 adapt$ = use 9 ,africa--#b illu/rations4 #igib ,c5trifugal ,pumps at ,m>e ,isl& ,navy ,y>d1 ,cali=nia4--,by ,h4,r4 ,,cornelius4--,! great pumps = ! ,m>e ,isl& dry docks4--,_! capacity & practical work+4 #igib ,f\ndations ( ! ,c5tral ,viaduct ( ,clevel&1 ,o4--,details ( ! f\ndations ( ?is viaduct1 probably ! l>ge/ ( its k9d ev] con/ruct$4 #igib ,,vi4 ,,metallurgy4--,*ap9 ,wr\ght ,iron4--,by ,w4,h4 ,,se>les4--,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! comb9$ pneumatic & me*anical treatm5t ( pig iron1 giv+ z product a true wr\ght iron4 #ighe ,,vii4 ,,meteorology4--,on ! ,cause ( ,iridesc5ce 9 ,cl\ds4--,by ,g4 ,,john/one ,,/oney4--,an int]e/+ !ory ( ! production ( prismatic colors 9 cl\ds1 ref]r+ x to int]f]5ce ( light4 #igih ,! ,height ( ,summ] ,cl\ds4--,a comp5di\s /atem5t1 giv+ ! mo/ reliable e/imation ( ! elevations ( diff]5t =ms ( cl\ds4 #igig ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,! ,briti% ,association4--,portraits ( ! presid5t & section presid5ts ( ! late ,man*e/] meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ) report ( ! address ( ! presid5t1 ,sir ,h5ry ,e4 ,roscoe4--#i illu/rations4 #ighc ,,ix4 ,,physiology4--,hypnotism 9 ,france4--,a valuable review ( ! pres5t /atus ( ?is subject1 n[ s mu* /udi$ 9 ,p>is4 #igie ,! ,duod5um a ,siphon ,trap4--,by ,,mayo ,,colli]1 ,m4,s41 etc4--,a curi\s obs]vation 9 anatomy4--,! only trap f\nd 9 ! inte/9al canal4--,its uses4--#b illu/rations4 #igif ,x4 ,,te*nology4--,app>atus = ,te/+ ,*ampagne ,bottles & ,corks4--,+5i\s app>atus due to ,mr4 ,j4 ,sall]on1 = use especially 9 ! *ampagne indu/ry4--#b illu/rations4 #ighf ,celluloid4--,notes ( ! hi/ory & pres5t me?od ( manufacture ( ?is widely us$ sub/ance4 #ighe ,c5trifugal ,extractors4--,by ,,rob]t ,f4 ,,gibson4--,! second in/allm5t ( ?is ext5sive & important pap]1 giv+ _m additional =ms ( c5trifugal app>atus--#ab illu/rations4 #ighi ,cotton ,indu/ries ( ,japan4--,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! primitive me?ods ( treat+ cotton by ! ,japanese4--,_! me?ods ( g9n+1 c>d+1 etc41 describ$4 #ighh ,gas f ,oil4--,notes on a pap] read by ,dr4 ,/ev5son ,macadam at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,gas ,in/itute1 giv+ 8 results ) petroleum gas4 #ighg ,improv$ ,biscuit ,ma*9e4--,a ma*9e hav+ a capacity = mak+ #d1jjj small biscuits p] m9ute4--#a illu/ration4 #ighg ,improv$ ,cream ,sep>ator4--,a c5trifugal app>atus = dairy use ( high capacity4--#c illu/rations4 #ighg ,! ,manufacture ( ,salt ne> ,middlesbr\gh4--,by ,sir ,,l[?ian ,,bell1 ,b>t41 ,f4,c4,s4--,! hi/ory & orig9 ( ?is indu/ry1 ! me?ods us$1 & ! soda a% process z !re appli$4 #ighh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,briti% ,,association4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,briti% ,,association ,,at ,,man*e/] ,,portraits ,,( ,,! ,,presid5t ,,& ,,presid5ts ,,( ,,sections ,! fifty-sev5? annual meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 0 op5$ on ,w$nesday ev5+1 ,aug4 #ca1 #ahhg1 at ,man*e/]1 by an address f ! presid5t1 ,sir ,h4,e4 ,roscoe1 ,m4,p4 ,?is 0 deliv]$ 9 ! ,free ,trade ,hall4 ,! *air 0 occupi$ by ,pr(essor ,williamson1 :o 0 support$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/]1 ,sir ,f4 ,bramwell1 ,pr(essor ,gamgee1 ,pr(essor ,milnes ,m>%all1 ,pr(essor ,wilk9s1 ,pr(essor ,boyd ,dawk9s1 ,pr(essor ,w>d1 & _m o!r di/+ui%$ m54 ,a telegram 0 read f ! retir+ presid5t1 ,sir ,wm4 ,dawson1 ( ,montreal1 congratulat+ ! association & ,man*e/] on ?is ye>'s meet+4 ,! new presid5t1 ,sir ,h4 ,roscoe1 hav+ be5 introduc$ to ! audi5ce1 0 he>tily applaud$4 ,! presid5t1 9 8 inaugural address1 said ,man*e/]1 di/+ui%$ z ! bir?place ( two ( ! greate/ discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 welcom$ ! visit ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ?ird "t4 ,^? discov]ies 7 ! atomic !ory ( :i* ,john ,dalton 0 ! au?or1 & ! mo/ f>-rea*+ sci5tific pr9ciple ( mod]n times1 namely1 t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 :i* 0 giv5 to ! _w ab\t ! ye> #ahdb by ,dr4 ,j\le4 ,:ile ! place sugge/$ ^! rem9d]s1 ! "t1 ! ye> ( ! ,que5's jubilee1 excit$ a feel+ ( ?ankfulness t !y _h liv$ 9 an age :i* _h witness$ an advance 9 our k ( nature & a consequ5t improvem5t 9 ! physical1 moral1 & intellectual well-be+ ( ! p hi!rto unkn[n4 ,,progress ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,a sket* ( t progress 9 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry alone w\ld be ! subject ( 8 address4 ,! initial po9t 0 ! views ( ,dalton & 8 contempor>ies comp>$ ) ! ideas :i* n[ prevail2 & he 7! presid5t7 exam9$ ?is comp>ison by ! light :i* ! rese>* ( ! la/ fifty ye>s _h ?r[n on ! subject ( ! ,daltonian atoms1 9 ! ?ree-fold aspect ( _! size1 indivisibility1 & mutual relation%ips1 & _! motions4 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,atom4 ,z to ! size ( ! atom1 ,los*midt1 ( ,vi5na1 _h come to ! conclusion t ! diamet] ( an atom ( oxyg5 or nitrog5 0 ! t5-million? "p ( a c5timet]4 ,) ! highe/ kn[n magnify+ p[] we c\ld di/+ui% ! =ty-?\s&? "p ( a c5timet]4 ,if1 n[1 we imag9e a cubic box ea* ( ^: sides _h ?is l5g?1 su* a box1 :5 fill$ ) air1 w\ld conta9 f sixty to a hundr$ millions ( atoms ( oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,z to ! indivisibility ( ! atom1 ! space ( fifty ye>s _h completely *ang$ ! face ( ! inquiry4 ,n only _h ! numb] ( di/9ct1 well-e/abli%$ elem5t>y bodies increas$ f fifty-?ree 9 #ahcg to sev5ty 9 #ahhg1 b ! prop]ties ( ^! elem5ts _h be5 /udi$1 & 7 n[ kn[n ) a degree ( precision !n undreamt (4 ,_h ! atoms ( our pres5t elem5ts be5 made to yield8 ,to ?is a negative answ] mu/ und\bt$ly be giv51 = ev5 ! highe/ ( t]re/rial temp]atures1 t ( ! electric sp>k1 _h fail$ to %ake any "o ( ^! atoms 9 two4 ,?is 0 %[n by ! results ) :i* spectrum analysis _h enri*$ our k4 ,t]re/rial analysis _h fail$ to furni% favorable evid5ce2 &1 turn+ to ! *emi/ry ( ! />s1 ! spectra ( ! :ite1 :i* 7 presumably ! hotte/ />s1 furni%$ no direct evid5ce t a decomposition ( any t]re/rial atom _h tak5 place2 inde$1 we le>n$ t ! hydrog5 atom1 z we "k x "h1 c endure unsca!d ! inconceivably fi]ce temp]ature ( />s presumably _m times m f]v5t ?an our sun1 z ,sirius & ,vega4 ,x 0 !re=e no matt] = surprise if ! e>?-b\nd *emi/ %\ld = ! pres5t cont9ue to reg>d ! elem5ts z ! unalt]able f\ndation /ones ^u :i* 8 sci5ce is bas$4 ,,atomic ,,motion4 ,pass+ to ! consid]ation ( atoms 9 motion1 :ile ,dalton & ,graham indicat$ t !y 7 9 a cont9ual /ate ( motion1 we 7 indebt$ to ,j\le = ! fir/ accurate det]m9ation ( ! rate ( t motion4 ,cl]k-,maxwell _h calculat$ t a hydrog5 molecule1 mov+ at ! rate ( sev5ty miles p] m9ute1 mu/1 9 "o second ( "t1 knock aga9/ o!rs no few] ?an eighte5 ?\s& million times4 ,?is l$ to ! reflection t 9 nature !re is no su* ?+ z great or small1 & t ! /ructure ( ! smalle/ p>ticle1 invisible ev5 to our mo/ se>*+ vision1 may be z complicat$ z t ( any "o ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* circle r\nd our sun4 ,h[ did ?is wond]ful atomic motion affect _! *emi/ry8 ,,atomic ,,comb9ation4 ,lavoisi] left unexpla9$ ! dynamics ( combu/ion2 b 9 #ahdc1 be=e ! *emical section ( ! association meet+ at ,cork1 ,dr4 ,j\le ann\nc$ ! discov]y :i* 0 to revolutionize mod]n sci5ce1 namely1 ! det]m9ation ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,e *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles he f\nd 0 accompani$ by a def9ite evolution or an absorption ( heat4 ,heat 0 evolv$ by ! cla%+ ( ! atoms1 & ?is am\nt 0 fix$ & def9ite4 ,?us to ,j\le we owe ! f\ndation ( *emical dynamics & ! basis ( !rmal *emi/ry4 ,x 0 ^u a k ( ! mode ( arrangem5t ( atoms1 & on a recognition ( _! di/9ctive prop]ties1 t ! sup]/ructure ( mod]n organic *emi/ry re/$4 ,we n[ assum$ on good gr\nds t ! atom ( ea* elem5t possess$ di/9ct capabilities ( comb9ation4 ,! k ( ! mode 9 :i* ! atoms 9 ! molecule are arrang$ _h giv5 to organic *emi/ry an impetus :i* _h ov]come _m exp]im5tal ob/acles1 & organic *emi/ry _h n[ become syn!tic4 ,liebig & ,wohl]1 9 #ahcg1 =esaw ! artificial production 9 ! laboratories ( all organic sub/ances s f> z !y did n con/itute a liv+ organism4 ,& aft] fifty ye>s _! prophecy _h be5 fulfill$1 = at ! pres5t "t we c\ld prep>e an artificial sweet5+ pr9ciple1 an artificial alkaloid1 & salac9e4 ,,syn!sis4 ,we "k n[ t ! same laws regulate ! =mation ( *emical comp\nds 9 bo? animate & inanimate nature1 & ! *emi/ only ask$ = a k ( ! con/itution ( any def9ite *emical comp\nds f\nd 9 ! organic _w 9 ord] to be able to promise to prep>e x artificially4 ,sev5te5 ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ,wohl]'s discov]y ( ! artificial production ( urea & ! next real syn!sis1 :i* 0 accompli%$ by ,kolbe1 :5 9 #ahde he prep>$ acetic acid f its elem5ts4 ,s9ce !n a spl5did h>ve/ ( results _h be5 ga!r$ 9 by *emi/s ( all nations4 ,9 #ahcd ,dumas made kn[n ! law ( sub/itution1 & %[$ t an ex*ange c\ld take place betwe5 ! con/itu5t atoms 9 a molecule1 & ^u ?is law dep5d$ 9 great measure ! a/\nd+ progress made 9 ! wide field ( organic syn!sis4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable result _h be5 ! production ( an artificial sweet5+ ag5t1 t]m$ sac*>91 #bej times sweet] ?an sug>1 prep>$ by a complicat$ s]ies ( reactions f coal t>4 ,^! discov]ies 7 n only ( sci5tific int]e/1 = !y _h giv5 rise to ! indu/ry ( coal t> colors1 f\nd$ by our c\ntryman ,p]k91 ! value ( :i* 0 measur$ by millions /]l+ annually4 ,ano!r int]e/+ application ( syn!tic *emi/ry to ! ne$s ( ev]yday life 0 ! discov]y ( a s]ies ( valuable febrifuges1 ( :i* antipyr9 might be nam$ z ! mo/ useful4 ,an important aspect 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ^! bodies 0 ! physiological value :i* _h be5 f\nd to atta* to ! introduction ( c]ta9 organic radicals1 s t an indication 0 giv5 ( ! possibility ( prep>+ a comp\nd :i* w possess c]ta9 desir$ physiological prop]ties1 or ev5 to =etell ! k9d ( action :i* su* bodies may ex]t on ! animal economy4 ,b n[ ! "q might well be put1 ,0 any limit set to ?is syn!tic p[] ( ! *emi/8 ,al?\gh ! dang] ( dogmatiz+ z to ! progress ( sci5ce _h already be5 %[n 9 too _m in/ances1 yet "o c\ld n help feel+ t ! b>ri] betwe5 ! organiz$ & unorganiz$ worlds 0 "o :i* ! *emi/ at pres5t saw no *ance ( break+ d[n4 ,true1 !re 7 ^? :o pr(ess$ to =esee t ! day w\ld arrive :5 ! *emi/1 by a succession ( con/ructive ef=ts1 might pass beyond album51 & ga!r ! elem5ts ( lifeless matt] into a liv+ /ructure4 ,:atev] might be said reg>d+ ?is f o!r /&po9ts1 ! *emi/ c\ld only say t at pres5t no su* problem lay )9 8 prov9ce4 ,protoplasm1 ) :i* ! simple/ manife/ations ( life are associat$1 0 n a comp\nd1 b a /ructure built up ( comp\nds4 ,! *emi/ might successfully syn!size any ( its compon5t molecules1 b he _h no m reason to look =w>d to ! syn!tic production ( ! /ructure ?an to imag9e t ! syn!sis ( gallic acid l$ to ! artificial production ( gall nuts4 ,al?\gh !re 0 ?us no prospect ( effect+ a syn!sis ( organiz$ mat]ial1 yet ! progress made 9 our k ( ! *emi/ry ( life dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s _h be5 v great1 s mu* s inde$ t ! sci5ces ( physiological & ( pa?ological *emi/ry might be said to h entirely aris5 )9 t p]iod4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,vital ,,functions4 ,he w\ld n[ briefly trace a few ( ! m important /eps :i* _h m>k$ ! rec5t /udy ( ! relations betwe5 ! vital ph5om5a & ^? ( ! inorganic _w4 ,no portion ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry 0 ( great] int]e/ or great] complexity ?an t :i*1 be>+ on ! vital functions bo? ( plants & ( animals1 endeavor$ to unravel ! tangl$ ske9 ( ! *emi/ry ( life1 & to expla9 ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* our bodies live1 & move1 & h _! be+4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! less complicat$ problems ) :i* o!r portions ( our sci5ce h to deal1 we f\nd ourselves (t5 f> f possess+ satisfactory solutions1 we c\ld n be surpris$ to le>n t ) reg>d to ! *emi/ry ( ! liv+ body--:e!r vegetable or animal--9 heal? or disease1 we 7 /ill f>!r f a complete k ( ph5om5a1 ev5 ^? ( fundam5tal importance4 ,liebig ask$ if we c\ld di/+ui%1 on ! "o h&1 betwe5 ! k9d ( food :i* goes to create w>m? &1 on ! o!r1 t by ! oxidation ( :i* ! motions & me*anical en]gy ( ! body are kept up4 ,he ?\ght he 0 able to d ?is1 & he divid$ food into two categories4 ,! />*y or c>bo-hydrate food 0 t1 said he1 :i* by its combu/ion provid$ ! w>m? necess>y = ! exi/5ce & life ( ! body4 ,! album9\s or nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( our food1 ! fle% meat1 ! glut51 ! case9 out ( :i* our muscles are built up1 7 n available = ! purpose ( creat+ w>m?1 b x 0 by ! wa/e ( ^? muscles t ! me*anical en]gy1 ! activity1 ! motions ( ! animal are suppli$4 ,soon aft] ! promulgation ( ^! views1 ,j4,r4 ,may] w>mly attack$ !m1 ?r[+ out ! hypo!sis t all muscul> action is due to ! combu/ion ( food1 & n to ! de/ruction ( muscle4 ,:at did mod]n rese>* say to ?is "q8 ,c\ld x be br\ght to ! crucial te/ ( exp]im5t8 ,x c\ld2 b h[8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we c\ld asc]ta9 ! "w done by a man or any o!r animal2 we c\ld measure ?is "w 9 t]ms ( our me*anical /&>d1 9 kilogramme-met]s or foot-p\nds4 ,we c\ld next det]m9e :at 0 ! de/ruction ( nitrog5\s tissue at re/ & "u ex]cise by ! am\nt ( nitrog5\s mat]ial ?r[n (f by ! body4 ,& "h we mu/ rememb] t ^! tissues 7 nev] completely burn$1 s t free nitrog5 0 nev] elim9at$4 ,if n[ we knew ! heat value ( ! burn$ muscle1 x 0 easy to conv]t ?is into its me*anical equival5t & ?us measure ! en]gy g5]at$4 ,:at 0 ! result8 ,0 ! weight ( muscle de/roy$ by asc5d+ ! ,faulhorn or by work+ on ! treadmill suffici5t to produce on combu/ion heat en\gh :5 trans=m$ into me*anical ex]cise to lift ! body up to ! summit ( ! ,faulhorn or to d ! "w on ! treadmill8 ,c>eful exp]im5t _h %[n t ?is 0 s f> f be+ ! case t ! actual en]gy develop$ 0 twice z great z t :i* c\ld possibly be produc$ by ! oxidation ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts elim9at$ f ! body dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,t 0 to say1 tak+ ! am\nt ( nitrog5\s sub/ance ca/ (f f ! body1 n only :ile ! "w 0 be+ done1 b dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! me*anical effect capable ( be+ produc$ by ! muscul> tissue f :i* ?is ca/-(f mat]ial 0 d]iv$ w\ld only raise ! body half way up ! ,faulhorn1 or enable ! prison] to "w half 8 "t on ! treadmill4 ,h5ce x 0 cle> t ,liebig's proposition 0 n true4 ,! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! food did d\btless g to repair ! wa/e ( muscle1 :i*1 l e o!r portion ( ! body1 ne$$ r5ewal1 :ile ! function ( ! non-nitrog5\s food 0 n only to supply ! animal heat1 b also to furni%1 by its oxidation1 ! muscul> en]gy ( ! body4 ,we ?us came to ! conclusion t x 0 ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! food :i* furni%$ ! actual en]gy ( ! body1 express$ 9 t]ms ei!r ( heat or ( me*anical "w4 ,b !re 0 "o o!r factor :i* came into play 9 ?is "q ( me*anical en]gy1 & mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt2 & ?is factor we 7 z yet unable to e/imate 9 our usual t]ms4 ,x conc]n$ ! action ( ! m9d on ! body1 & al?\gh incapable ( exact expression1 ex]t$ none ! less an important influ5ce on ! physics & *emi/ry ( ! body1 s t a connection und\bt$ly exi/$ betwe5 intellectual activity or m5tal "w & bodily nutrition4 ,:at 0 ! exp5diture ( me*anical en]gy :i* accompani$ m5tal ef=t 0 a "q :i* sci5ce 0 probably f> f answ]+2 b t ! body exp]i5c$ exhau/ion z ! result ( m5tal activity 0 a well-recogniz$ fact4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,vegetation4 ,! ph5om5a ( vegetation1 no less ?an ^? ( ! animal _w1 _h1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s be5 plac$ by ! *emi/ on an entirely new basis4 ,liebig1 9 #ahfj1 ass]t$ t ! :ole ( ! c>bon ( vegetation 0 obta9$ f ! atmosph]ic c>bonic acid1 :i*1 ?\gh only pres5t 9 ! small relative proportion ( f\r p>ts 9 #aj1jjj ( air1 0 conta9$ 9 su* absolutely l>ge quantity t if all ! vegetation on ! e>?'s surface 7 burn$1 ! proportion ( c>bonic acid :i* w\ld ?us be ?r[n into ! air w\ld n be suffici5t to d\ble ! pres5t am\nt4 ,t ?is conclusion 0 correct ne$$ exp]im5tal pro(1 b su* pro( c\ld only be giv5 by long-cont9u$ & labori\s exp]im5t4 ,x 0 to our ,engli% agricultural *emi/s1 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 t we ow$ ! complete exp]im5tal pro( requir$1 & ?is exp]im5t 0 long & t$i\s1 = x _h tak5 =ty-f\r ye>s to give a def9ite reply4 ,at ,ro?am/$ a plot 0 set ap>t = ! gr[? ( :eat4 ,= =ty-f\r successive ye>s t field _h gr[n :eat )\t ! addition ( any c>boniz$ manure1 s t ! only possible s\rce f :i* ! plant c\ld obta9 ! c>bon = its gr[? 0 ! atmosph]ic c>bonic acid4 ,! quantity ( c>bon :i* on an av]age 0 remov$ 9 ! =m ( :eat & /raw f a plot manur$ only ) m9]al matt] 0 #a1jjj lb41 :ile on ano!r plot1 = :i* a nitrog5\s manure 0 employ$1 #a1ejj lb4 m c>bon 0 annually remov$1 or #b1ejj lb4 ( c>bon 7 remov$ by ?is crop annually )\t ! addition ( any c>bonace\s manure4 ,s t ,liebig's prevision _h receiv$ a complete exp]im5tal v]ification4 ,,*emical ,,pa?ology4 ,t\*+ u z human be+s ev5 /ill m closely ?an ! =ego+ 0 ! influ5ce :i* *emi/ry _h ex]t$ on ! sci5ce ( pa?ology1 & 9 no direction _h great] progress be5 made ?an 9 ! /udy ( micro-organisms 9 relation to heal? & disease4 ,9 ! complicat$ *emical *anges to :i* we gave ! names ( f]m5tation & putrefaction1 ,pa/eur _h e/abli%$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t ^! processes 7 insep>ately connect$ ) ! life ( c]ta9 l[ =ms ( organisms4 ,?us 0 f\nd$ ! sci5ce ( bact]iology1 :i* 9 ,li/]'s h&s _h yield$ su* spl5did results 9 ! treatm5t ( surgical cases1 & 9 ^? ( ,klebs1 ,ko*1 & o!rs1 _h be5 ! means ( detect+ ! cause ( _m diseases bo? 9 man & animals1 ! late/ & n ! lea/ important ( :i* 0 ! rem>kable s]ies ( successful rese>*es by ,pa/eur into ! nature & mode ( cure ( t mo/ dreadful ( maladies1 hydrophobia4 ,! value ( 8 discov]y 0 great] ?an c\ld be e/imat$ by its pres5t utility1 = x %[$ t x might be possible to av]t o!r diseases besides hydrophobia by ! adoption ( a some:at simil> me?od ( inve/igation & ( treatm5t4 ,"h x might seem z if we _h out/epp$ ! b\nd>ies ( *emi/ry1 & _h to d ) ph5om5a purely vital4 ,b rec5t rese>* indicat$ t ?is 0 n ! case1 & po9t$ to ! conclusion t ! microscopi/ mu/ aga9 give way to ! *emi/1 & t x 0 by *emical r ?an biological inve/igation t ! causes ( diseases w\ld be discov]$1 & ! p[] ( remov+ !m obta9$4 ,= we le>n$ t ! symptoms ( infective diseases 7 no m due to ! microbes :i* con/itut$ ! infection ?an alcoholic intoxication 0 produc$ by ! yea/ cell1 b t ^! symptoms 7 due to ! pres5ce ( def9ite *emical comp\nds1 ! result ( ! life ( ^! microscopic organisms4 ,s x 0 to ! action ( ^! poison\s sub/ances =m$ dur+ ! life ( ! organism1 r ?an to t ( ! organism itself1 t ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! disease 7 to be trac$1 = x _h be5 %[n t ! disease c\ld be communicat$ by su* poisons 9 ! entire abs5ce ( liv+ organisms4 ,_h "t p]mitt$1 he w\ld h wi%$ to h illu/rat$ ! dep5d5ce ( indu/rial success ^u orig9al inve/igation1 & to h po9t$ out ! prodigi\s /rides :i* *emical indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry _h made dur+ ! fifty ye>s ( h] ,maje/y's reign4 ,z x 01 he mu/ be cont5t to rem>k h[ mu* our mod]n life1 bo? 9 its arti/ic & useful aspects1 ow$ to *emi/ry1 & !re=e h[ ess5tial a k ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce 0 to all :o _h ! indu/rial progress ( ! c\ntry at he>t4 ,! c\ntry 0 n[ beg9n+ to see t if %e 0 to ma9ta9 h] comm]cial & indu/rial supremacy1 ! education ( h] p f top to bottom mu/ be c>ri$ out on new l9es4 ,! "q h[ ?is c\ld be mo/ safely & surely accompli%$ 0 "o ( transc5d5t national importance1 & ! /atesman :o solv$ ?is educational problem w\ld e>n ! gratitude ( g5]ations yet to come4 ,9 welcom+ ! unprec$5t$ly l>ge numb] ( =eign m5 ( sci5ce :o _h on ?is occasion honor$ ! ,briti% ,association by _! pres5ce1 he hop$ t t meet+ might be ! comm5cem5t ( an int]national sci5tific organization1 ! only means n[adays exi/+ ( e/abli%+ t frat]nity among nations f :i* politics appe>$ to remove !m fur!r & fur!r1 by absorb+ human p[]s & human "w1 & direct+ !m to purposes ( de/ruction4 ,x w\ld inde$ be well if ,great ,brita91 :i* _h hi!rto tak5 ! lead 9 s _m ?+s t are great & good1 %\ld n[ direct h] att5tion to ! fur!r+ ( int]national organizations ( a sci5tific nature4 ,a m appropriate occasion ?an ! pres5t meet+ c\ld p]haps h>dly be f\nd = ! inauguration ( su* a movem5t4 ,b :e!r ?is hope 7 realiz$ or n1 !y all unit$ 9 t "o great object1 ! se>* aft] tru? = its own sake1 & !y all1 !re=e1 might jo9 9 re-e*o+ ! words ( ,less+3 ,! wor? ( man lies n 9 ! tru? :i* he possesses1 or believes t he possesses1 b 9 ! hone/ endeavor :i* he puts =? to secure t tru?2 = n by ! possession ( tru?1 b by ! se>* aft] x1 are ! faculties ( man enl>g$1 & 9 ?is alone consi/s 8 ev]-gr[+ p]fection4 ,possession fo/]s cont5t1 indol5ce1 & pride4 ,if ,god %\ld hold 9 8 "r h& all tru?1 & 9 8 left h& ! ev]-active desire to seek tru?1 ?\gh ) ! condition ( p]petual error1 ,i w\ld humbly ask = ! cont5ts ( ! left h&1 say+1 ',fa!r1 give me ?is2 pure tru? is only = !e4' ,at ! close ( 8 address a vote ( ?anks 0 pass$ to ! presid5t1 on ! motion ( ! ,mayor ( ,man*e/]1 second$ by ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,! presid5t m5tion$ t ! numb] ( memb]s is already l>g] ?an at any previ\s annual meet+1 namely1 #c1efh1 includ+ eighty =eign]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,crimson ,,l9e ,,( ,,phosphoresc5t ,,alum9a4 ,crookes has pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society a pap] on ! color emitt$ by pure alum9a :5 submitt$ to ! electric dis*>ge 9 vacuo1 9 answ] to ! /atem5ts ( ,de ,boisbaudran4 ,9 #ahgi he _h /at$ t next to ! diamond1 alum9a1 9 ! =m ( ruby1 is p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ly phosphoresc5t /one ,i h exam9$4 ,x gl[s ) a ri*1 full r$2 & a rem>kable feature is t x is ( little consequ5ce :at degree ( color ! e>? or /one possesses naturally1 ! color ( ! phosphoresc5ce is ne>ly ! same 9 all cases2 *emically precipitat$ amorph\s alum9a1 rubies ( a pale r$di% yell[1 & gems ( ! priz$ 'pigeon's blood' color gl[+ alike 9 ! vacuum4 ,^! results1 z well z ! spectra obta9$1 he /at$ fur!r1 corroborat$ ,becqu]el's obs]vations4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! opposite results obta9$ by ,de ,boisbaudran1 ,crookes has n[ re-exam9$ ?is "q ) a view to cle> up ! my/]y4 ,on exam9+ a specim5 ( alum9a prep>$ f tol]ably pure alum9um sulphate1 %[n by ! ord9>y te/s to be free f *romium1 ! bright crimson l9e1 to :i* ! r$ phosphoresc5t light is due1 0 brightly visible 9 its spectrum4 ,! alum9um sulphate 0 !n1 9 sep>ate portions1 purifi$ by v>i\s processes especially adapt$ to sep>ate f x any *romium t might be pres5t2 ! be/ ( ^! be+ t giv5 by ,wohl]1 solution 9 excess ( potassium hydrate & precipitation ( ! alum9a by a curr5t ( *lor9e4 ,! alum9a filt]$ (f1 ignit$1 & te/$ 9 a radiant matt] tube gave z good a crimson l9e spectrum z did t f ! orig9al sulphate4 ,a repetition ( ?is purify+ process gave no *ange 9 ! result4 ,f\r possible explanations are (f]$ ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$3 7#a7 ,! crimson l9e is due to alum9a1 b x is capable ( be+ suppress$ by an accompany+ e>? :i* conc5trates t[>d "o end ( ! fractionations2 7#b7 ! crimson l9e is n due to alum9a1 b is due to ! pres5ce ( an accompany+ e>? conc5trat+ t[>d ! o!r end ( ! fractionations2 7#c7 ! crimson l9e belongs to alum9a1 b its full developm5t requires c]ta9 precautions to be obs]v$ 9 ! "t & int5sity ( ignition1 degree ( exhau/ion1 or its absolute fre$om f alkal9e & o!r bodies c>ri$ d[n by precipitat$ alum9a & difficult to remove by wa%+2 exp]i5ce n hav+ yet %[n :i* ( ^! precautions are ess5tial to ! full developm5t ( ! crimson l9e & :i* are uness5tial2 & 7#d7 ! e>? alum9a is a comp\nd molecule1 "o ( its con/itu5t molecules giv+ ! crimson l9e4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 alum9a w\ld be analog\s to yttria4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,9 ,,! ,,air4 ,by ,,?omas ,c4 ,,van ,,nuys & ,,b5jam9 ,f4 ,,adams1 ,,jr4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,april1 #ahhf1 we made eighte5 e/imations ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air1 employ+ ,van ,nuys' app>atus1#a rec5tly describ$ 9 ?is j\rnal4 ,^! e/imations 7 made 9 ! ,univ]sity ,p>k1 "o-half mile f ! t[n ( ,bloom+ton4 ,! p>k is hilly1 ?9ly %ad$1 & high] ?an ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! =mation is sub-c>bonif]\s & altitude #bbh met]s4 ,!re are no l[l&s or swamps ne>4 ,! e/imations 7 made at #aj ,a4,m4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,,sci4 ,,am4 ,,supplem5t ,no4 #egg4 ,! air 0 obta9$ "o-half met] f ! gr\nd & ab\t #ajj met]s f any ( ! univ]sity build+s4 ,! numb] ( volumes ( c>bonic acid is calculat$ at z]o ,c4 & normal pressure #gfj mm4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,vols4 ,,co#b ,date4 ,b>4 9 #ajj1jjj ,/ate ( ,wea!r4 ,pressure ,vols4 ,air4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,april #b #gdc4e #bh4hf ,cl\dy1 sn[ on gr\nd4 #e #gdc4e #bh4ig #f #gce #bh4fa ,sn[+4 #g #gdd4e #bh4fc ,cle>1 sn[ on gr\nd4 #h #gdh #bg4ei ?aw+4 #i #gdg4e #bh4aj #ab #gdd #bh4jd ,cl\dy4 #ac #gdd #bh4aj ,cle>4 #ad #gdc4e #bh4ih #ae #gej4e #bh4ag ,ra9+4 #ai #gdh #bh4ji ,cle>4 #bj #gdf #bg4gb #ba #gdf #bh4af #bb #gda4e #bg4ib #bc #gdj #bh4ab #bd #gch4e #bh4ae #be #gch4e #bg4df #bh #gch #bg4cd ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! av]age numb] ( volumes ( c>bonic acid 9 #ajj1jjj volumes ( air is #bh4af1 ! maximum numb] is #bh4ih1 & ! m9imum #bg4cd4 ,^! results agree ) e/imations made )9 ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s4 ,reiset#b made a great numb] ( e/imations f ,septemb] #i1 #ahgb1 to ,augu/ #bj1 #ahgc1 ! av]age ( :i* is #bi4db4 ,six ye>s lat]#c he made _m e/imations f ,june to ,novemb]1 ! av]age ( :i* is #bi4gh4 ,! av]age ( ,s*ultze's#d e/imations is #bi #b4 ,! results ( e/imations ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air1 made "u ! sup]vision ( ,munz & ,aub9#e 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]1 #ahhb1 at ! /ations :]e obs]vations 7 made ( ! transit ( ,v5us by a/ronom]s s5t out by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 yield ! av]age1 = all /ations nor? ( ! equator to latitude #bi #ed' 9 ,florida1 #bh4b volumes c>bonic acid 9 #ajj1jjj volumes air1 & = all /ations s\? ( ! equator #bg4a volumes4 ,! av]age ( ,claesson's#f e/imations is #bg4i volumes1 8 maximum numb] is #cb4g1 & 8 m9imum is #bc4g4 ,x is app>5t1 f ! results ( e/imations ( c>bonic acid ( ! air ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe1 by ! employm5t ( app>atus ) :i* errors are avoid$1 t ! quantity ( c>bonic acid is subject to slight v>iation1 & n1 z /at$ 9 ne>ly all text books ( sci5ce1 f #d to #f volumes 9 #aj1jjj volumes ( air2 & x is fur!r app>5t t ! law ( ,s*loes+#g holds good4 ,by ?is law ! c>bonic acid ( an atmosph]e 9 contact ) wat] conta9+ calcium or magnesium c>bonate 9 solution is dissolv$ accord+ to ! t5sion ( ! c>bonic acid2 t is1 by an increas$ quantity its t5sion increases1 & m w\ld pass 9 solution 9 ! =m ( bic>bonates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by dim9i%+ ! quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e1 "s ( ! bic>bonates w\ld decompose & c>bonic acid pass into ! atmosph]e4 ,footnote #b3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #hh1 #ajjg4 ,footnote #c3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ij1 #aadd4 ,footnote #d3 ,*em4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahgb & #ahge4 ,footnote #e3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #if1 #agic4 ,footnote #f3 ,b]i*te d] deuts* *em4 ,gesells*aft1 #i1 #agd4 ,footnote #g3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #gd1 #aeeb1 & #ge1 #gj4 ,s*loes+'s law has be5 v]ifi$ by ,r4 ,engel#h4 ,footnote #h3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #aja1 #idi4 ,! results ( e/imations ( bases & c>bonic acid 9 ! wat] ( ! ,engli% ,*annel lead ,s*loes+#i to conclude t ! c>bonic acid comb9$ ) normal c>bonates1 =m+ bic>bonates1 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ( ! globe is t5 times great] 9 quantity ?an t ( ! atmosph]e1 & on acc\nt ( ?is available c>bonic acid1 if ! atmosph]e %\ld be depriv$ ( "s ( its c>bonic acid1 ! loss w\ld soon be suppli$4 ,footnote #i3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ij1 #adaj4 ,z1 9 ne>ly all ( ! me?ods :i* 7 employ$ = e/imat+ c>bonic acid 9 ! air1 provision is n made = ! exclusion ( air n measur$ conta9+ c>bonic acid f ! alkal9e fluid be=e titrat+ or weigh+1 ! results are g5]ally too high & %[ a f> great] v>iation ?an is f\nd by m exact me?ods4 ,= example1 ,gilm#aj f\nd f #cf to #dh volumes2 ,levy's#aa av]age is #cd volumes2 ,de ,luna's#ab #ej volumes2 & ,fodor's1#ac #ch4i volumes4 ,admitt+ t ! quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air is subject to v>iation1 yet ! results ( ,reiset's & ,s*ultze's e/imations g to prove t ! v>iation is )9 n>r[ limits4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sitzung%]4 d4 ,wi54 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*aft51 #cd1 #beg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ann4 d4 l',obs]v4 d4 ,m\nts\ris1 #ahgh & #ahgi4 ,footnote #ab3 ,e/udios quimicos sobre el aire atmosf]ico1 ,madrid1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #ac3 ,hygi54 ,unt]su*41 #a1 #aj4 ,indiana ,univ]sity ,*emical ,laboratory1 ,bloom+ton1 ,indiana4 --,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,analysis ,,( ,,kola ,,nut4 ,alkaloids or cry/allizable pr9ciples3 ,p] ,c5t4 ,caffe9e4 #b4gaj ,!obrom9e4 #j4jhd ,bitt] pr9ciple4 #j4jah ,total alkaloids4 ----- #b4hab ,fatty matt]s3 ,saponifiable fat or oil4 #j4gcd ,ess5tial oil4 #j4jha ,total oils4 ----- #j4hae ,res9oid matt] 7sol4 9 abs4 alcohol7 #a4jab ,sug>3 ,glucose 7r$uces alkal9e cuprammonium74 #c4cab ,sucrose8 7r$4 alk4 cupram4 aft] inv]sion7#a4 #j4fjb ,total sug>s4 ----- #c4iad ,/>*1 gum1 etc43 ,gum 7soluble 9 ,h#b,o at #ij ,f474 #d4hgf ,/>*4 #bh4iij ,amid9\s matt] 7color+ ) iod9e74 #b4acj ,total gum & fecula4 ----- #ce4iii ,album9oid matt]s4 #h4fdb ,r$ & o!r color+ matt]s4 #c4fgj ,kolatannic acids4 #a4bjd ,m9]al matt]3 ,potassa4 #a4dae ,*lor9e4 #j4gjb ,phosphoric acid4 #j4cga ,o!r salts1 etc4 #b4ccj ,total a%4 ----- #d4hah ,moi/ure4 #i4gbb ,ligne\s matt] & loss4 #bg4cie ------- #ajj4jjj ,footnote #a3 ,inv]t$ by boil+ ) a #b4e p] c5t4 solution ( citric acid = t5 m9utes4 ,bo? ! ,fr5* & ,g]man gov]nm5ts are introduc+ x into _! milit>y diet>ies1 & 9 ,engl& sev]al l>ge contract ord]s _c yet be fill$1 ow+ to insuffici5cy ( supply1 :ile a well-kn[n cocoa manufactur+ firm has tak5 up ! prep>ation ( kola *ocolate ^u a comm]cial scale4--,w4 ,lascelles-,scott1 9 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,arts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap9 ,,wr\ght ,,iron4 ,by ,w4,h4 ,,se>les1 ,*airman ( ! ,committee1 ,civil ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,clevel&1 ,o4 ,not)/&+ ! wond]ful developm5t ( our /eel indu/ries 9 ! la/ decade1 ! improvem5ts 9 ! modes ( manufacture1 & ! und\bt$ /r5g? ( ! metal "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 nev]!less we f9d t /eel has n altoge!r met ! requirem5ts ( eng9e]s z a /ructural mat]ial4 ,al?\gh its break+ /ra9 & ela/ic limit are high] ?an ^? ( wr\ght iron1 ! latt] metal is frequ5tly pref]r$ & select$ = t5sile memb]s1 ev5 :5 /eel is us$ "u compression 9 ! same /ructure4 ,! ,niag>a cantilev] bridge is a notable in/ance ( ?is practice4 ,:5 /eel is us$ 9 t5sion its work+ /ra9s are n all[$ to be ov] fifty p] c5t4 above ^? adopt$ = wr\ght iron4 ,! reasons = ! suspicion ) :i* /eel is reg>d$ are well und]/ood4 ,n only is !re a lack ( uni=mity 9 ! product1 b app>5tly ! same /eel w manife/ v diff]5t results "u slight provocation4 ,/eel is v s5sitive1 n only to slight *anges 9 *emical composition1 b also to me*anical treatm5t1 su* z /raight5+1 b5d+1 pun*+1 plan+1 heat+1 etc4 ,initial /ra9s may be develop$ by any ( ^! processes t w\ld s]i\sly affect ! effici5cy ( ! metal 9 s]vice4 ,among ! /eels1 ^? t are s(t] are m s]viceable & reliable ?an ! h>d] ones1 especially :]eev] %ocks & concussions or rapidly alt]nat+ /ra9s are to be endur$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m ne>ly /eel resembles good wr\ght iron1 ! m c]ta9 x is to r5d] la/+ s]vice :5 us$ )9 appropriate limits ( /ra94 ,inde$1 a wr\ght iron ( f9e quality is bett] calculat$ to endure fatigue ?an any /eel4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 /eam hamm] pi/ons1 propell] %afts1 & railroad axles4 ,a bett] quality ( wr\ght iron1 !re=e1 has long be5 a desid]atum1 & x appe>s n[ t x has at la/ be5 f\nd4 ,sev]al ye>s s9ce1 a pneumatic process ( manufactur+ wr\ght iron 0 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,dr4 ,*ap91 & an exp]im5tal plant 0 erect$ ne> ,*icago4 ,en\gh 0 done to demon/rate1 fir/1 t an iron ( unprec$5t$ly good qualities 0 atta9able f common pig2 & second1 t ! co/ ( its manufacture w\ld n exce$ t ( ,bessem] /eel4 ,nev]!less1 ow+ to lack ( funds prop]ly to pu% ! inv5tion aga9/ ! jeal\s opposition :i* x enc\nt]$1 ! ent]prise came to a halt until q rec5tly1 :5 its m]its f\nd a *ampion 9 ,gu/av ,l9d5?al1 ,c4,e41 memb] ( ?is club1 :o is n[ ! g5]al manag] ( ! ,*ap9 ,pneumatic ,iron ,co41 & "u ^: direction ?is new quality ( iron w soon be put ^u ! m>ket4 ,! process ( manufacture is briefly z foll[s3 ,! pig metal1 aft] be+ melt$ 9 a cupola & tapp$ into a dis*>g+ ladle1 is deliv]$ into a ,bessem] conv]t]1 9 :i* ! metal is l>gely reliev$ ( its silicon1 sulphur1 c>bon1 etc41 by ! ord9>y pneumatic process4 ,at ! end ( ! bl[ ! conv]t] is turn$ d[n & its cont5ts dis*>g$ into a travel+ ladle1 & quickly deliv]$ to ma*9es call$ ball]s1 :i* are rot>y rev]b]atory furnaces1 ea* revolv+ on a horizontal axis4 ,9 ! ball] ! iron is v soon made into a ball )\t manual aid4 ,x is !n lift$ out by means ( a susp5d$ =k & c>ri$ to a ,w9sl[ squeez]1 :]e ! ball is r$uc$ to a roll twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!nce x is tak5 to a furnace = a wa% heat1 & f9ally to ! muck tra94 ,no reag5ts are employ$1 z 9 /eel mak+ or ord9>y iron puddl+4 ,! high heat ( ! metal is suffici5t to pres]ve its fluidity dur+ its transit f ! conv]t] to ! ball]2 & ! c9d] f ! bl[ is kept 9 ! ladle4 ,! ball] is a bulg+ cyl9d] hav+ holl[ trunnions ?r\gh :i* ! flame passes4 ,! cyl9d] is l9$ ) fire brick1 & ?is 9 turn is cov]$ ) a suitable refractory iron ore1 f eight to t5 in*es ?ick1 gr\t$ ) pulv]iz$ iron ore1 =m+ a bottom1 z 9 ! common puddl+ furnace4 ,! phosphorus ( ! iron1 :i* _c be elim9at$ 9 ! int5se heat ( ! conv]t]1 is1 h[ev]1 r$uc$ to a m9imum 9 ! ball] at a mu* l[] temp]ature & on ! basic l9+4 ,! process wa/es ! l9+ v slightly inde$4 ,z _m z sixty heats h be5 tak5 (f 9 succession )\t giv+ ! l9+ any att5tion4 ,! abs5ce ( any reag5t leaves ! iron simply pure & homog5e\s to a degree nev] realiz$ 9 muck b>s made by ! old puddl+ process4 ,?us ! exp5se ( a reheat+ & r]oll+ to ref9e ! iron is obviat$4 ,x 0 su* iron z "h results t ,bessem]1 9 8 e>ly exp]im5ts1 0 seek+ to obta9 :5 he 0 div]t$ f 8 purpose by 8 spl5did discov]ies 9 ! art ( mak+ /eel4 ,s effective is ! new process1 t ev5 f ! poore/ grades ( pig may be obta9$ economically an iron equal 9 quality to ! ref9$ irons made f ! be/ pig by ! ord9>y process ( puddl+4 ,num]\s te/s ( ! ,*ap9 irons h be5 made by compet5t & dis9t]e/$ p>ties1 & ! results publi%$4 ,! samples "h not$ 7 cut & pil$ only once f ! muck b>4 ,sample ,a 0 made f ,no4 #c mill c9d] pig4 ,sample ,b 0 made f ,no4 #d mill pig & ,no4 #c ,bessem] pig1 half & half4 ,sample ,c 0 made f ,no4 #c ,bessem] pig1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,sample4 ,a ,b ,c ,t5sile /r5g? p] sq4 94 #ef1jjj #fj1ggb #fd1cgg ,ela/ic limit4 #cd1jjj 4444 #cf1jjj ,ext5sion1 p] c5t4 #aa4h 4444 #ag4j ,r$uction ( area1 p] c5t4 #fe4j #af4j #cc4j ,! t5sile /r5g? ( ^! irons made by ord9>y puddl+ w\ld be ab\t #ch1jjj1 #dj1jjj1 & #db1jjj respectively1 or ! ga9 ( ! iron 9 t5sile /r5g? by ! ,*ap9 process is ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ,n only s1 b ^! irons made 9 ?is mann] f inf]ior pig %[ a high] ela/ic limit & break+ /ra9 ?an are commonly specifi$ = ref9$ iron ( be/ quality4 ,! usual specifications are = ref9$ iron3 ,t5sile /r5g?1 #ej1jjj2 elongation1 #ae p] c5t42 ela/ic limit1 #bf1jjj2 r$uction1 #be c5t4 ,?us ! limits ( ! ,*ap9 iron are f #ab to #bj p] c5t4 above ^? ( ref9$ iron1 & n f> bel[ ^? ( /ructural /eel1 :ile !re is a sav+ ( "s f\r doll>s p] ton 9 ! price ( ! pig iron f :i* x c be made4 ,:5 made f ! be/ pig metal its break+ & ela/ic limits w probably rea* #gj1jjj & #dj1jjj p\nds respectively4 ,if s1 x w be a saf] mat]ial ?an /eel "u ! same work+ /ra9s1 ow+ to its great] resili5ce4 ,su* results are v int]e/+ 9 bo? a me*anical & economical po9t ( view4 ,eng9e]s w hail ) delight ! accession to ! li/ ( available build+ mat]ials ( a wr\ght iron at once f9e1 fibr\s1 homog5e\s1 ductile1 easily weldable1 n subject to injury by ! ord9>y processes ( %ap+1 pun*+1 etc41 & hav+ a t5sile /r5g? & ela/ic limit ne>ly equal to any /eel t c\ld safely be us$ 9 ! same situation4 ,a plant = ! manufacture ( ,*ap9 iron is n[ 9 c\rse ( erection at ,be?lehem1 ,pa41 & !re is e reason to believe t ! excell5t results atta9$ 9 ,*icago w be m ?an rea*$ 9 ! new works4--,proce$4 ,j\r4 ,asso4 ( ,eng4 ,societies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,celluloid4 ,pr(essor ,sadl]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 has lately giv5 an acc\nt ( ! developm5t & me?od ( ! manufacture ( celluloid4 ,alex&] ,p>kes1 an ,engli%man1 inv5t$ ?is rem>kable sub/ance 9 #ahee1 b aft] twelve ye>s quit mak+ x because ( difficulties 9 manipulation1 al?\gh he made a f9e display at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahfg4 ,daniel ,spill1 also ( ,engl&1 began exp]im5ts two ye>s aft] ,p>kes1 b a pat5t ( 8 = dissolv+ ! nitrat$ wood fib]1 or pyroxyl9e1 9 alcohol & camphor 0 decid$ by ,judge ,blat*=d 9 a suit br\ght aga9/ ! ,celluloid ,manufactur+ ,company to be valueless4 ,no fur!r progress 0 made until ! ,hyatt ,bro!rs1 ( ,albany1 ,n4,y41 discov]$ t gum camphor1 :5 f9ely divid$1 mix$ ) ! nitrat$ fib] & !n heat$1 is a p]fect solv5t1 giv+ a homog5e\s & pla/ic mass4 ,am]ican pat5ts ( #ahgj & #ahgd are sub/antially id5tical ) ^? n[ 9 use 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,france !re is only "o factory1 & !re is none else:]e on ! ,cont95t1 "o 9 ,hanov] hav+ be5 giv5 up on acc\nt ( ! explosive nature ( ! /uff4 ,9 ?is c\ntry pure cellulose is commonly obta9$ f pap] mak]s1 9 ! =m ( tissue pap]1 9 wide rolls2 ?is1 aft] be+ nitrat$ by a ba? ( mix$ nitric & sulphuric acids1 is ?or\ghly wa%$ & p>tially dri$4 ,camphor is !n add$1 & ! :ole is gr\nd toge!r & ?or\ghly mix$4 ,at ?is /age color+ matt] may be put 94 ,a little alcohol increases ! pla/icity ( ! mass1 :i* is !n treat$ = "s "t to p[]ful hydraulic pressure4 ,!n comes break+ up ! cakes & fe$+ ! fragm5ts betwe5 heat$ rolls1 by :i* ! amalgamation ( ! :ole is complet$4 ,its p]fect pla/icity all[s x to be roll$ into %eets1 drawn into tubes1 or m\ld$ into any desir$ %ape4--,jewel]s' ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,te/+ ,,*ampagne ,,bottles ,,& ,,corks4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,sall]on has devis$ sev]al app>atus :i* are de/9$ to r5d] valuable s]vice 9 ! *ampagne indu/ry4 ,! app>5tly simple op]ation ( conf9+ ! c>bonic acid due to f]m5tation 9 a bottle 9 ord] to bl[ ! cork f ! latt] ) =ce at a giv5 mom5t is n always successful1 not)/&+ ! skill & exp]i5ce ( ! manipulator4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! production ( *ampagne w9e 0 b rec5tly unkn[n & unexpla9$4 ,! proportion+ ( ! sug> accurately dates1 z x 71 f b ye/]day1 & ! measurem5t ( ! absorb+ p[] ( w9e = c>bonic acid has b j ent]$ into practice1 ?anks to ,mr4 ,sall]on's absorptiomet]4 ,! real /r5g? ( ! bottles1 & ! laws ( ! ela/icity ( glass & its v>iation ) ! temp]ature1 are b little kn[n4 ,f9ally1 ! physical con/itution ( cork1 its *emical composition1 its resi/ance to compression & ! dissolv+ action ( ! w9e1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 fact1 all ! elem5ts ( ! difficult problem ( ! manufacture ( sp>kl+ w9e %[ t !re is an urg5t necessity ( introduc+ sci5tific me?ods into ?is indu/ry1 z )\t !m "w c n[ no long] be done4 ,no "o has _h a bett] opportunity to %[ h[ easy x is to conv]t ! juice ( ! grape into sp>kl+ w9e ?r\gh a s]ies ( simple op]ations ^: details are kn[n & accurately det]m9$1 s we believe x our duty to recomm5d ^? ( our read]s :o are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ?is subject to read ,mr4 ,sall]on's book on sp>kl+ w9e4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves 9 ?is article to a description ( two ( ! app>atus inv5t$ by ! au?or = te/+ ! resi/ance ( bottles & cork /opp]s4 ,x is well1 9 ! fir/ place1 to say t "o ( ! important elem5ts 9 ! treatm5t ( sp>kl+ w9e is ! normal pressure t x is to produce 9 ! bottles4 ,aft] judici\s d$uctions & num]\s exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,sall]on has adopt$ = ! normal pressure ( highly sp>kl+ w9es five atmosph]es at ! temp]ature ( ! cell>1 :i* does n exce$ #aj degrees4 ,b1 9 a defective cell>1 ! bottles may be expos$ to fro/ 9 w9t] & to a temp]ature ( #be 9 summ]1 correspond+ to a t5sion ( t5 atmosph]es4 ,x may naturally be ask$ :e!r bottles w )/& su* an ordeal4 ,mr4 ,sall]on has det]m9$ _! resi/ance ?r\gh ! process by :i* we e/imate t ( build+ mat]ials1 viz41 by measur+ ! limit ( _! ela/icity1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! pressure "u :i* !y take on a new p]man5t volume4 ,9 fact1 glass mu/ be assimilat$ to a p]fectly ela/ic body2 & bottles exp& "u ! int]nal pressure t !y support4 ,if _! resi/ance is insuffici5t1 !y cont9ue to increase 9 measure z ! pressure is fur!r prolong$1 & at e increase 9 p]man5t capacity1 _! resi/ance dim9i%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,ma*9e ,,= ,,te/+ ,,bottles4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #a is call$ an ela/icimet]1 & p]mits ( a prelim9>y te/+ ( bottles4 ,! bottle to be te/$ is put into ! receptacle1 ,a ,b1 :i* is kept full ( wat]1 & :5 x has become full1 its neck is play$ betwe5 ! jaws ( ! clamp1 p4 ,^u turn+ ! h& :eel1 ,l1 ! bottle & ! receptacle t holds x are lift$1 & ! m\? ( ! bottle presses aga9/ a rubb] disk fix$ "u ! support1 ,c ,d4 ,! pressure ( ! neck ( ! bottle aga9/ ?is disk is su* t ! clos+ is absolutely h]metical4 ,! support1 ,c ,d1 conta9s an ap]ture :i* all[s ! int]ior ( ! bottle to communicate ) a glass tube1 a b1 :i* ?us =ms a prolongation ( ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,?is tube is v n>r[ & is divid$ into fiftie?s ( a cubic c5timet]4 ,a microscope1 m1 fix$ 9 front ( ! tube1 magnifies ! divisions1 & all[s ! position ( ! level ( ! wat] to be asc]ta9$ to )9 ab\t a million? ( a cubic c5timet]4 ,a =ce & suction pump1 ,p1 sucks 9 air ?r\gh ! tube1 t1 & compresses x ?r\gh ! tube1 t'1 9 ! copp] tube1 ,t1 :i* communicates ) ! glass tube1 a b1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! pressure gauge1 ,m4 ,?is pump1 !n1 compresses ! air 9 ! bottle1 & ! gauge accurately measures its pressure4 ,to make a te/1 aft] ! bottle full ( wat] has be5 fa/5$ "u ! support1 ,c ,d1 ! cock1 s1 is op5$ & ! liquid ) :i* ! small res]voir1 ,r1 has be5 fill$ fl[s ?r\gh an ap]ture above ! m\? ( ! bottle & rises 9 ! tube1 a b4 ,:5 its level rea*es ! division1 ,o1 ! cock1 s1 is clos$4 ,! bottle & its prolongation1 a b1 are n[ exactly full ( wat] )\t any air bubbles4 ,! pump is actuat$1 &1 9 measure z ! pressure rises1 ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! tube1 a b1 is se5 to desc5d4 ,?is desc5t measures ! expansion or flexion ( ! bottle z well z ! compression ( ! wat] itself4 ,:5 ! pressure is judg$ to be suffici5t1 ! button1 n1 is turn$1 & ! air compress$ by ! pump f9d+ an exit1 ! ne$le ( ! pressure gauge w be se5 to r$esc5d & ! level ( ! tube1 a b1 to rise4 ,if ! glass ( ! bottle has und]gone no p]man5t de=mation1 ! level w rise exactly to ! z]o m>k1 & d5ote t ! bottle has support$ ! te/ )\t any modification ( its /ructure4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ! level does n return to ! z]o m>k1 ! limit ( ! glass's ela/icity has be5 ext5d$1 its molecules h tak5 on a new /ate ( equilibrium1 & its resi/ance has dim9i%$1 &1 ev5 if x has n brok51 x is absolutely c]ta9 t x has lo/ its =m] resi/ance & t x pres5ts no p>ticul> gu>antee ( /r5g?4 ,! vessel1 ,a ,b1 :i* mu/ be always full ( wat]1 is design$ to keep ! bottle at a con/ant temp]ature dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t4 ,?is is an ess5tial condition1 s9ce ! bottle ?us fill$ ) wat] con/itutes a g5u9e !rmomet]1 ( :i* a b is ! graduat$ tube4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to avoid attribut+ a v>iation 9 level due to an expansion ( ! wat] produc$ by a *ange 9 temp]ature1 to a de=mation ( ! bottle4 ,! te/1 !n1 t c be made ) bottles by means ( ! ela/icimet] consi/s 9 compress+ !m to a pressure ( t5 atmosph]es :5 fill$ ) wat] at a temp]ature ( #be1 & 9 f9d+ out :e!r1 "u su* a /ress1 !y *ange _! volume p]man5tly4 ,9 ord] t ! ela/icimet] may n be complicat$ by a special heat+ app>atus1 x suffices to det]m9e once = all :at ! pressure is t1 at a mean temp]ature ( #ae1 acts ^u bottles ) ! same en]gy z t ( t5 atmosph]es at #be4 ,exp]im5t has demon/rat$ t su* /ress corresponds to twelve atmosph]es 9 a space 9 :i* ! temp]ature rema9s ab\t #ae4 ,9 addition1 ! ela/icimet] is capable ( giv+ o!r & no less useful data4 ,x p]mits ( comp>+ ! resi/ance ( bottles & ( classify+ !m accord+ to ! degree ( su* resi/ance4 ,aft] num]\s exp]im5ts1 x has be5 f\nd t fir/ class bottles easily support a pressure ( twelve atmosph]es )\t di/ortion1 :ile 9 ^? ( an inf]ior quality ! resi/ance is v v>iable4 ,! *ampagne w9e indu/ry %\ld !re=e use ! =m] exclusively4 ,v>i\s precautions mu/ be tak5 9 ! use ( corks4 ,! bottles t lose _! w9e 9 consequ5ce ( ! bad quality ( _! corks are _m 9 numb]1 & x is n long s9ce t !y 7 ! cause ( g5u9e disa/] to ! *ampagne trade4 ,mr4 ,sall]on has l>gely contribut$ to ! improv+ ( ! quality ( corks f\nd 9 ! m>ket4 ,! physical & *emical composition ( cork b>k is peculi>ly favorable to ! special use to :i* x is appli$2 b ! *ampagne w9e indu/ry requires ( x an exagg]at$ degree ( resi/ance1 inalt]ability1 & ela/icity4 ,a #a in* cork mu/1 "u ! action ( a p[]ful ma*9e1 ent] a in* neck1 support ! dissolv+ action ( a liquid conta9+ #ab p] c5t4 ( alcohol compress$ to at lea/ five atmosph]es1 &1 9 a few ye>s1 %oot out ( ! bottle & assume its pri/9e =m & color4 ,out ( a hundr$ corks ( good quality1 n m ?an t5 support su* a te/4 ,9 ord] to expla9 :]e9 resides ! quality ( cork1 x is necess>y to ref] to a *emical analysis ( x4 ,9 cork b>k !re is #gj p] c5t4 ( sub]9e1 :i* is soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 & is pla/ic1 ductile1 & malleable "u ! action ( humid heat4 ,mix$ ) sub]9e1 c]9e & res9 give cork its insolubility & inalt]ability4 ,^! sub/ances are soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 b insoluble 9 wat]4 ,accord+ to ! orig9 ( cork1 ! wax & res9 exi/ 9 x 9 v v>iable proportion4 ,! m res9\s k9ds resi/ ! dissolv+ action ( w9e bett] ?an ^? t are b slightly res9\s4 ,! latt] soon become corrod$ & spoil$ by w9e4 ,an attempt has (t5 be5 made1 b )\t success1 to improve poor corks by impregnat+ !m ) ! res9\s pr9ciple t !y lack4 ,v>i\s o!r processes h be5 tri$ )\t success1 & s x f9ally became necess>y simply to sep>ate ! good f ! bad corks by a practical & rapid op]ation4 ,a simple exam9ation does n suffice4 ,mr4 ,b\* has f\nd t corks imm]s$ 9 wat] f9ally became cov]$ ) br[n spots1 &1 by analogy1 9 ord] to te/ corks1 he imm]s$ !m 9 wat] = a =tnight or a mon?4 ,all ^? t came out spott$ 7 reject$4 ,"u ! prolong$ action ( moi/ure1 ! sub]9e becomes s(t1 &1 if x is n res9\s en\gh1 ! cells ( ! ext]nal lay] ( ! cork bur/1 ! wat] ent]s1 & ! cork becomes spott$4 ,x 0 left to ,mr4 ,sall]on to r5d] ! me?od ( te/+ practical4 ,he compresses ! cork 9 a v /rong res]voir fill$ ) wat] "u a pressure ( f f\r to five atmosph]es4 ,by ?is means1 ! b slightly res9\s cork is quickly dissolv$1 s t1 aft] a few h\rs' imm]sion1 ! bad corks come out spott$ & *annel$ z if !y _h be5 9 ! neck ( a bottle = six mon?s4 ,on ! contr>y1 good corks resi/ ! op]ation1 & come out ( ! res]voir z :ite & firm z !y 7 :5 !y 7 put into x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,sall]on',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,te/+ ,,corks4 ,fig4 #b gives a p]spective view ( ,mr4 ,sall]on's app>atus = te/+ corks4 ,a res]voir1 ,a ,b1 ( t9n$ copp]1 capable ( hold+ #ajj corks1 is provid$ ) a cov] firmly held 9 place by a clamp4 ,into ! cov] is screw$ a pressure gauge1 ,m1 :i* measures ! int]nal pressure ( ! app>atus4 ,a pump1 ,p1 sucks wat] f a vessel ?r\gh ! tubulure1 t'1 & =ces x ?r\gh ! tubulure1 t1 into ! res]voir full ( corks4 ,aft] be+ submitt$ to a pressure ( five atmosph]es 9 ?is app>atus = a few h\rs1 ! corks are v]ifi$ & !n sort$ out4 ,9 addition to ! app>atus "h illu/rat$1 !re is "o ( l>g] dim5sions = indu/rial applications4 ,?is diff]s f ! o!r only 9 ! arrangem5t ( its details1 & w hold z _m z #aj1jjj corks4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,biscuit ,,ma*9e4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration repres5ts a comb9$ biscuit cutt+1 scrapp+1 & pann+ ma*9e1 specially design$ = runn+ at high spe$s1 & s arrang$ z to all[ ( ! relative movem5ts ( ! v>i\s p>ts be+ adju/$ :ile 9 motion4 ,! cutt]s or dies1 m\nt$ on a cross head work+ 9 a v]tical guide frame1 are op]at$ f ! ma9 %aft by ecc5trics & v]tical connect+ rods1 z %[n4 ,^! rods are connect$ to ! l[] /rap ( ! ecc5tric by long guide bolts1 on :i* int]m$iate spiral spr+s are m\nt$1 & by ?is means1 al?\gh ! dies are br\ght quickly d[n to ! d\gh1 !y are suff]$ to rema9 9 contact !re)1 "u a gradually increas+ pressure1 = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to insure ! d\gh be+ effectually /amp$ & completely cut ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,biscuit ,,ma*9e4 ,fur!r1 ! spr+s t5d to c\nt]act any t5d5cy to vibration t might be set up by ! rapid reciprocation ( ! cross head1 cutt]s1 & _! att5dant p>ts4 ,m\nt$ also on ! ma9 %aft is "o ( a pair ( rev]s$ cone drums4 ,^!1 ) _! accompany+ belt & its adju/+ ge>1 work$ by a h& :eel & trav]s+ screw1 z %[n1 s]ve to adju/ ! spe$ ( ! fe$ roll]s1 s z to suit ! diff]5t l5g?s ( ! int]m$iate travel or skip ( ! d\gh-c>ry+ web4 ,provision is made = tak+ up ! slack ( ?is belt by m\nt+ ! sp9dle ( ! out] con$ drum 9 be>+s adju/able along a circul> pa? /ruck f ! axis ( ! l[] fe$ roll] z a c5t]1 ?us insur+ a uni=m engagem5t betwe5 ! tee? ( ! small p9ion & ^? ( ! spur :eel ) :i* ! drum & roll] are respectively provid$4 ,! webs = c>ry+ =w>d ! d\gh betwe5 ! diff]5t op]ations pass r\nd roll]s1 :i* are ea* op]at$ by an adju/able sil5t clut* fe$1 9 place ( ! usual rat*et & pawl me*anism4 ,movem5t is giv5 to ea* fe$ by ! connect+ l9ks %[n1 to ea* ( :i* motion is 9 turn imp>t$ by ! bell crank lev] plac$ beside ! ecc5tric4 ,?is lev] is actuat$ by a crank p9 on ! ma9 %aft1 work+ into a block slid+ 9 a slot 9 ! %ort] or horizontal arm ( ! lev]1 :ile a simil> b adju/able block1 slid+ 9 ! v]tical arm1 s]ves to imp>t ! motion ( ! lev] to ! sy/em ( connect+ l9ks1 ! adju/able block all[+ ( a long] or %ort] /roke be+ giv5 to ! diff]5t fe$s1 z desir$4 ,! scraps are c>ri$ ov] ! roll] 9 re> ( ! cutt]s1 & s to a scrap pan1 :ile ! /amp$ biscuits pass by a l[] web into ! pans4 ,^! pans are c>ri$ by two endless *a9s1 provid$ ) p9s1 :i* take hold ( ! pans & c>ry !m along 9 ! prop] position4 ,! roll] ov] :i* ^! *a9s pass is op]at$ by a sil5t clut*1 & 9 ord] to give an additional motion to ! *a9s :5 a pan is full1 & x is desir$ to br+ ! next pan into position1 an additional clut* is caus$ to op]ate ^u ! roll]4 ,?is clut* is kept out ( ge> ) its pulley by means ( a projection ^u x be>+ aga9/ a disk slightly great] 9 diamet] ?an ! pulley1 & provid$ ) two not*es1 into :i* ! projection passes :5 ! additional fe$ is requir$4 ,! mak]s1 ,h4 ,edw>ds ,co41 ,liv]pool1 h run "o ( ^! ma*9es easily & smoo?ly at a hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute1 at :i* spe$1 & :5 absorb+ ab\t #c4e horse p[]1 ! output w\ld equal #d1jjj small biscuits p] m9ute4--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,cream ,,sep>ator4 ,a h& sep>ator ( ?is type 0 exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,%[ at ,newca/le by ! ,aylesbury ,dairy ,company1 ( #ca ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,place1 ,bayswat]1 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,cream ,,sep>ator4 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,cream ,,sep>ator4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #a is a p]spective view ( ! ma*9e1 ,fig4 #b be+ a v]tical section4 ,! drums ( ^! ma*9es1 :i* make #b1gjj revolutions p] m9ute = ! l>ge & #d1jjj = ! small "o1 h a diamet] ( #bg 94 & #ae 94 respectively1 & are capable ( extract+ ! cream f #bbj & #aae gallons ( milk p] h\r4 ,^! drums are =m$ by hydraulic pressure f "o piece ( %eet /eel4 ,to avoid ! possibility ( ! ma*9es be+ ov]driv51 :i* might happ5 ?r\gh ! neglig5ce ( ! att5dant or ?r\gh ! gov]n+ ge> on ! eng9e fail+ to act1 an +5i\s controll+ app>atus is fix$ to ! int]m$iate motion ( ! sep>ator z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a pair ( gov]nor balls pivot$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! arms & atta*$ to ! ma9 %aft ( ! int]m$iate ge> by means ( a coll> fix$ on x4 ,! ma9 %aft is bor$ out suffici5tly deep to admit a /eel rod1 aga9/ :i* be> ! ?ree ends ( ! gov]nor arms4 ,! /eel rod presses aga9/ ! c\nt]balance1 :i* is made exactly ! "r weight to )/& ! =ce t5d+ to raise x1 :5 ! int]m$iate motion is runn+ at its design$ spe$4 ,! =ks betwe5 :i* ! belt runs are also provid$ ) a balance weight4 ,?is br+s !m to ! loose pulley1 unless !y are fix$ by means ( ! rat*et4 ,%\ld ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! int]m$iate increase beyond ! correct am\nt1 ! extra c5trifugal =ce imp>t$ to ! gov]nor balls enables !m to ov]come ! balance weight1 & 9 rais+ ?is !y raise ! arm4 ,?is arm /rik+ aga9/ ! rat*et det5t releases ! balance weight1 & ! belt is at once br\ght on to ! loose pulley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,cream ,,sep>ator4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! /eel drum is fitt$ ) an int]nal r+ at ! bottom 7see ,fig4 #b71 into :i* ! milk fl[s1 & f :i* x is deliv]$1 by ?ree ap]tures1 to ! p]iph]y ( ! drum1 ?us prev5t+ ! milk f /rik+ aga9/ ! cone ( ! drum1 & f mix+ ) ! cream :i* has already be5 sep>at$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! drum is fitt$ ) an annul> flange1 ab\t #a 94 f ! top1 rea*+ to )9 "o-sixte5? ( an in* ( ! p]iph]y4 ,aft] ! sep>ation ( ! skim milk f ! cream1 ! =m] passes beh9d & above ?is flange ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 ,b1 & is remov$ by means ( ! tube1 ,d1 furni%$ ) a /eel tip project+ f ! cov] ( ! ma*9e into ! space betwe5 ! top ( ! drum & ! annul> flange1 a simil> tube1 ,f1 rea*+ bel[ ?is flange1 remov+ ! cream :i* collects !re4 ,! skim milk tube is provid$ ) a screw regulator1 ! function ( :i* is to enable cream ( any desir$ consi/5cy to be obta9$1 v>y+ ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! skim milk & cream po9ts f ! c5t] ( ! drum4 ,ano!r po9t ab\t ^! tubes is _! use z elevat+ tubes = ! skim1 milk & cream1 z1 ow+ to ! velocity at :i* ! drum is rotat+1 ! products c be deliv]$ by ^! tubes at a height ( #h or #aj feet above ! ma*9e if requir$1 ?us enabl+ scald+ & cool+ ( ei!r to be c>ri$ on :ile ! sep>ator is at "w1 & sav+ h& labor4--,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gas ,,f ,,oil4 ,at ! tw5ty-f\r? annual meet+ ( ! ,gas ,in/itute1 :i* 0 rec5tly held 9 ,glasg[1 ,dr4 ,/ev5son ,macadam1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 lectur] on *emi/ry1 ,ed9burgh1 submitt$ ! fir/ pap]1 :i* 0 on ,gas f ,oil4 ,he said t dur+ ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s he _h devot$ mu* att5tion to ! photog5ic or illum9at+ values ( diff]5t qualities ( p>aff9 oils 9 v>i\s lamps1 & to ! production ( p]man5t illum9at+ gas f su* oils4 ,! e>li] exp]im5ts 7 direct$ to ! employm5t ( p>aff9 oils z oils1 & ! results prov$ ! great sup]iority ( ! p>aff9 oils z illum9at+ ag5ts ov] vegetable & animal oils1 alike = ligh?\se & ord9>y h\se s]vice4 ,! lat] trials 7 ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! break+ up ( ! p>aff9 oils into p]man5t illum9at+ gas4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made at l[ heats1 m$ium heats1 & high heats1 :i* prov$ t1 accord+ to ! respective qualities ( ! p>aff9 oils employ$ 9 ! trials1 !re 0 m or less t5d5cy at ! l[] heats to di/ill oil in/ead ( p]man5t gas1 :ile at ! high heats !re 0 a liability to dec>bonize ! oil & gas1 & to obta9 a ?9 gas ( comp>atively small illum9at+ p[]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a good *]ry r$ heat 0 ma9ta9$1 ! oils split up 9 l>ge proportion into p]man5t gas ( high illum9at+ quality1 accompani$ by little t>ry matt]1 & ) only a slight am\nt ( sep>at$ c>bon or deposit$ soot4 ,! be/ mode ( splitt+ up ! p>aff9 oils1 & ! special arrangem5ts ( ! retort or di/ill+ app>atus1 also =m$1 he said1 an ext5sive inquiry by itself4 ,9 "o set ( trials ! oil 0 di/ill$ into gase\s vapor1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh ! retort4 ,9 ano!r set ( exp]im5ts1 ! oil 0 run into or all[$ to trickle into ! retorts1 :ile bo? modes ( introduc+ ! oil 7 tri$ 9 retorts *>g$ ) r$ hot coke & 9 retorts free f coke4 ,ultimately1 x 0 f\nd t ! be/ results 7 obta9$ by ! m simple arrangem5t ( employ+ iron retorts at a good *]ry r$ heat1 & runn+ 9 ! oil z a ?9 /ream direct into ! retort1 s t x quickly imp+$ ^u ! r$ hot metal1 & )\t ! int]v5tion ( any coke or o!r matt] 9 ! retorts4 ,! p>aff9 oils employ$ 9 ! inve/igations 7 pr9cipally3 7#a7 ,crude p>aff9 oil1 be+ ! oil obta9$ direct f ! de/ructive di/illation ( %ale 9 retorts2 7#b7 gre5 p>aff9 oil1 :i* is yield$ by di/ill+ or re-runn+ ! crude p>aff9 oil1 & remov+ ! light] or m inflammable portion by fractional di/illation2 & 7#c7 blue p>aff9 oil1 :i* is obta9$ by rectify+ ! twice run oil ) sulphuric acid & soda1 & di/ill+ (f ! p>aff9 _s1 burn+ oil1 & int]m$iate oil1 & freez+ out ! solid p>aff9 z p>aff9 scale4 ,! be/ practical trials 7 obta9$ 9 ,p9ts*'s app>atus & 9 ,kei?'s app>atus4 ,aft] describ+ bo? ( ^!1 ,dr4 ,macadam w5t on to give 9 great detail ! results obta9$ 9 splitt+ up blue p>aff9 oil into gas 9 ea* app>atus4 ,he !n said t ^! exp]im5tal results demon/rat$ t ,p9ts*'s app>atus yield$ f ! gallon ( oil 9 "o case #ij4gj cubic feet ( gas ( #fb4ej c&le p[]1 & 9 ! second case #ajc4cf cubic feet ( #ei4ae c&le gas1 or an av]age ( #ig4jc cubic feet ( #fj4hb c&le p[] gas4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! fir+ ( ! retorts 0 mod]ate1 ?\gh 9 ! second trial great] c>e 0 tak5 to secure uni=mity ( heat1 & ! oil 0 run 9 m sl[ly1 s t !re 0 m ?or\gh splitt+ up ( ! oil into p]man5t gas4 ,! gas obta9$ 9 ! two trials 0 ( high quality1 ow+ to its conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( heavy hydroc>bons1 ( :i* !re 71 respectively1 #ci4be & #cg4ae p] c5t41 or an av]age ( #ch4b p] c5t41 :ile ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 0 no?+1 & ! c>bonic acid a m]e trace4 ,besides te/+ ! gas on ! occasion ( ! actual trials1 he _h also exam9$ samples ( ! gas :i* he _h tak5 f v>i\s cyl9d]s 9 :i* ! gas _h be5 /or$ = sev]al mon?s "u a pressure ( t5 atmosph]es1 & 9 all cases ! gas 0 f\nd to be practically equal to ! quantity m5tion$1 & h5ce ( a p]man5t "*4 ,by us+ ,kei?'s app>atus ! results obta9$ 7 g5]ally ! same1 ) ! exception t an av]age ( #j4bg p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid gas & decid$ proportions ( sulphuret$ hydrog5 7 f\nd to be pres5t 9 ! gas4 ,dr4 ,macadam devot$ "s rem>ks to ! consid]ation ( ! "q z to h[ f> ! gas obta9$ f ! p>aff9 oil repres5t$ ! light p[] ( ! oil itself1 & !n he proce$$ to say t1 tak+ ! crude p>aff9 oil at #b;d4 a gallon1 & ) a specific gravity ( #hej 7wat] #a1jjj71 or #h lb4 to ! gallon1 !re 7 #bfd gallons to ! ton1 at a co/ ( #b #ds4 p] ton4 ,! sp]m light f ! ton ( oil z gas be+ #c1ddc lb41 he reckon$ t fully #f lb4 ( sp]m light 7 obta9$ f a p5nywor? ( ! crude oil z gas4 ,!n1 tak+ ! blue p>aff9 oil at #d;d4 p] gallon1 & !re be+ #bee gallons to ! ton1 x 0 f\nd t ! co/ ( "o ton 0 #d #es41 & z ! sp]m light ( a ton ( t oil z gas 0 #e1aej lb41 x 0 calculat$ t #e lb4 ( sp]m light 7 yield$ 9 ! gas f a p5nywor? ( ! blue oil4 ,! v ri* "* ( ! oil gas r5d]$ x unsuitable = consumption at ord9>y gas jets1 ?\gh x burn$ readily & satisfactorily at small burn]s n l>g] ?an ,no4 #a jets4 ,9 practical use x w\ld be advisable to r$uce ! quality by admixture ) ?9 & feeble gas1 or to employ ! oil gas simply = enri*+ inf]ior gases d]iv$ f ! m common coals4 ,on ! "q ( dilution1 he said t he pref]r$ to use c>bonic oxide & hydrog51 & mo/ ( ! rema9d] ( 8 pap] 0 devot$ to an explanation ( ! be/ mode ( prep>+ ^? gases 7wat] gases74 ,he conclud$ by say+3 ,! employm5t ( p>aff9 oil = gas mak+ has advantages 9 its favor1 9 ! read9ess ( *>g+ ! retorts1 z ! oil c be run 9 cont9u\sly = days at a "t1 & may be discont9u$ & comm5c$ aga9 )\t op5+1 cle>+ out residual products1 re*>g+ & reclos+ ! retorts4 ,!re is necess>ily1 !re=e1 less labor & co/ 9 work+1 & z ! gas is clean] or fre] f impurities1 purify+ plant & mat]ial w be correspond+ly less4 ,oil gas is n[ employ$ = ligh?\se s]vice 9 ! illum9ation ( ! lant]ns on ,ailsa ,craig & z motive p[] 9 ! gas eng9es connect$ ) ! fog horns at ,langness & ,ailsa ,craig ligh?\se /ations4 ,x is also us$ l>gely 9 ! light+ ( railway c>riages4 ,v>i\s popul\s places are n[ introduc+ oil gas = h\se s]vice1 & he felt sure t ! sy/em is "o :i* ought to comm5d itself = its future developm5t to ! c>eful consid]ation & practical skill ( ! memb]s ( ! ,gas ,in/itute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,salt ,,ne> ,,middlesbr\gh4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ab/ract ( pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,may #ag1 #ahhg4 ,by ,sir ,,l[?ian ,,bell1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! geology ( ! ,middlesbr\gh salt region 0 fir/ ref]r$ to1 & x 0 /at$ t ! developm5t ( ! salt indu/ry 9 t di/rict 0 ! result ( accid5t4 ,9 #ahei1 ,messrs4 ,bolck[ ,vaughan sank a deep well at ,middlesbr\gh1 9 ! hope ( obta9+ wat] = /eam & o!r purposes 9 connection ) _! iron works 9 t t[n1 al?\gh !y _h previ\sly be5 in=m$ ( ! probably unsuitable "* ( ! wat] if f\nd4 ,! bore hole 0 put d[n to a dep? ( #a1bjj feet1 :5 a b$ ( salt rock 0 /ruck1 :i* prov$ to h a ?ickness ( ab\t #ajj feet4 ,at t "t "o-eigh? ( ! total salt production ( ,*e%ire 0 be+ br\ght to ! ,tyne = ! *emical works on t riv]1 h5ce ! discov]y ( salt in/ead ( wat] 0 reg>d$ by "s z ! rev]se ( a disappo9tm5t4 ,! mode ( rea*+ ! salt rock by an ord9>y %aft1 h[ev]1 fail$1 f ! influx ( wat] be+ too great1 & no?+ m 0 he>d ( ,middlesbr\gh salt until a doz5 ye>s lat]1 :5 ,messrs4 ,bell ,bro!rs1 ( ,port ,cl>5ce1 decid$ to try ! practicability ( rais+ ! salt by a me?od detail$ 9 ! pap]4 ,a site 0 select$ #a1cad y>ds di/ant f ! well ( ,messrs4 ,bolck[ ,vaughan1 & ! ,diamond ,rock ,bor+ ,company 0 intru/$ ) ! "w ( putt+ d[n a hole 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! b$ ( salt ext5d$ "u _! l&4 ,?is occupi$ ne>ly two ye>s1 :5 ! salt1 #fe feet 9 ?ickness1 0 rea*$ at a dep? ( #a1abg feet4 ,o!r reasons induc$ ! own]s ( ! ,cl>5ce iron works to cont9ue ! bore hole = #aej feet bel[ ! b$ ( salt2 a dep? ( #a1cdb feet f ! surface 0 !n rea*$4 ,dur+ ! process ( bor+1 consid]able quantities ( inflammable gas 7 met )1 :i*1 on ! application ( flame1 took fire at ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! bore hole4 ,! orig9 ( ?is gas1 9 connection ) ! coal measures und]ly+ ! magnesian lime/one1 w probably h]eaft] be inve/igat$4 ,= rais+ ! salt1 rec\rse 0 _h to ! me?od ( solution1 ! pr9ciple be+ t a column ( desc5d+ wat] %\ld raise ! br9e ne>ly z f> z ! diff]5ces ( specific gravity betwe5 ! two liquids p]mitt$--9 ! pres5t case ab\t #iig feet4 ,9 o!r words1 a column ( fre% wat] ( #a1bjj feet br\ght ! br9e to )9 #bjc feet ( ! surface4 ,= ! practical application ( ?is sy/em a hole ( say #ab in*es 9 diamet] at ! surface 0 comm5c$1 & a succession ( wr\ght iron tubes put d[n z ! bor+ proce$$1 ! pipes be+ ( gradually decreas+ diamet]1 until ! bottom ( ! salt b$ 0 rea*$4 ,! portion ( ?is out] or reta9+ tube1 :]e x pass$ ?r\gh ! b$ ( salt1 0 pi]c$ ) two sets ( ap]tures1 ! upp] edge ( ! high] set co9cid+ ) ! top ( ! seam1 & ! o!r set occupy+ ! l[] portion ( ! tube4 ,)9 ! tube s arrang$1 & secur$ at its l[] extremity by means ( a cavity sunk 9 ! lime/one1 a second tube 0 l[]$1 hav+ an out] diamet] f two to f\r in*es less ?an ! int]ior diamet] ( ! fir/ tube4 ,! latt] s]v$ = pump+ ! br9e4 ,! pump us$ 0 ( ! ord9>y bucket & clack type1 b1 9 addition1 at ! surface1 !re 0 a plung]1 :i* s]v$ to =ce ! br9e into an air vessel = ! purposes ( di/ribution4 ,! bucket & clack 7 plac$ "s feet bel[ ! po9t to :i* ! br9e 0 rais$ by ! column ( fre% wat] desc5d+ 9 ! annulus =m$ betwe5 ! two tubes4 ,9 comm5c+ "w1 wat] 0 let d[n ! annulus until ! cavity =m$ 9 ! salt became suffici5tly l>ge to admit ( a few h\rs' pump+ ( conc5trat$ br9e4 ,on ! ma*9]y be+ set 9 motion1 ! /rong] br9e 0 fir/ drawn1 :i*1 f its great] specific gravity1 occupi$ ! l[] portion ( ! cavity4 ,z ! br9e 0 rais$1 fre% wat] fl[$ d[n4 ,! solv5t p[] ( ! newly admitt$ wat] 0 ( c\rse great] ?an t ( wat] p>tially saturat$1 & be+ also light] x occupi$ ! upp] portion ( ! excavat$ space4 ,! comb9$ effect 0 to give ! cavity ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone4 ,! mode ( extraction ?us possess$ ! disadvantage ( remov+ ! greate/ quantity ( ! m9]al :]e x 0 mo/ want$ = support+ ! ro(1 & _h giv5 rise to occasional accid5ts to ! pipes und]gr\nd4 ,^! 7 ref]r$ to 9 detail1 & ! "q 0 />t$ z to possible legal complications aris+ h]eaft] f new bore holes put d[n 9 close proximity to ! divid+ l9e ( diff]5t prop]ties1 ! pump+ ( br9e =m$ "u ! conditions describ$ pres5t+ an altoge!r diff]5t aspect f ! pump+ ( wat] or natural br9e4 ,! second "p ( ! pap] ref]r$ to ! uses to :i* ! br9e 0 appli$1 ! *ief "o be+ ! manufacture ( common salt4 ,= ?is purpose ! br9e1 z deliv]$ f ! wells1 0 run into a l>ge res]voir1 :]e any e>?y matt] held 9 susp5sion 0 all[$ to settle4 ,! cle> solution 0 !n run into pans sixty feet long by tw5ty feet wide by two feet deep4 ,heat 0 appli$ at "o end by ! combu/ion ( small coal1 beyond :i* longitud9al walls1 s]v+ to support ! pan & to di/ribute ! heat1 conduct$ ! products ( combu/ion to ! fur!r extremity1 :]e !y escap$ into ! *imney at a temp]ature ( f #ejj to #gjj ,fahr4 ,on ! surface ( ! heat$ br9e1 kept at #aif ,fahr41 m9ute cubical cry/als spe$ily =m$4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ^!1 o!r small cubes ( salt arrang$ !mselves 9 su* a way t1 9 c\rse ( "t1 a holl[ inv]t$ pyramid ( cry/alliz$ salt 0 =m$4 ,?is ultimately sank to ! bottom1 :]e o!r small cry/als unit$ ) x1 s t ! %ape became frequ5tly completely cubical4 ,e second day ! salt 0 fi%$ out & laid on dra9]s to p]mit ! adh]+ br9e to run back into ! pans4 ,= ! production ( table salt ! boil+ 0 c>ri$ on mu* m rapidly1 & at a high] temp]ature ?an = salt int5d$ = soda manufacture4 ,! cry/als 7 v m9ute1 & adh]$ toge!r by ! solidification ( ! br9e1 effect$ by exposure on heat$ flues4 ,= fi%]y purposes ! cry/als 7 pref]r$ v co>se 9 size4 ,^! 7 obta9$ by evaporat+ ! br9e m sl[ly & at a /ill l[] temp]ature ?an :5 salt = soda mak]s 0 requir$4 ,at ! ,cl>5ce works exp]im5ts _h be5 made 9 utiliz+ surplus gas f ! adjac5t bla/ furnaces1 in/ead ( fuel1 "u ! evaporat+ pans1 ! furnaces supply+ m gas ?an 0 ne$$ = heat+ air & rais+ /eam = iron mak+4 ,by means ( ?is wa/e heat1 f #bjj to #cjj tons ( salt p] week 7 n[ obta9$4 ,! pap] conclud$ ) "s p>ticul>s ( ! soda indu/ry4 ,! well-kn[n sulphuric acid process ( ,leblanc _h /ood its gr\nd = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury 9 spite ( sev]al disadvantages1 & v>i\s modes ( utiliz+ ! by-products hav+ be5 f "t to "t introduc$1 x _h until rec5t ye>s seem$ too firmly e/abli%$ to fe> any rivals4 ,ab\t sev5 ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,solvay1 ( ,brussels1 reviv$ 9 a practical =m ! ammonia process1 pat5t$ =ty ye>s ago by ,messrs4 ,hemm+ ,dy>1 b us+ br9e in/ead ( salt1 & ?us avoid+ ! co/ ( evaporation4 ,?is process consi/$ ( =c+ into ! br9e curr5ts ( c>bonic acid & ammoniacal gases 9 su* proportions z to g5]ate bic>bonate ( ammonia1 :i*1 react+ on ! salt ( ! br9e1 gave bic>bonate ( soda & *loride ( ammonium4 ,! bic>bonate 0 plac$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 :]e ! heat drove (f ! wat] & "o equival5t ( c>bonic acid1 leav+ ! alkali z monoc>bonate4 ,ne> ,middlesbr\gh1 ! only bran* ( indu/ry e/abli%$ 9 connection ) its salt trade 0 ! manufacture ( soda by an ammonia process1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,s*loes+1 ( ,p>is4 ,! works 7 c>ri$ on 9 connection ) ! ,cl>5ce salt works4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! total quantity ( dry soda produc$ by ! two ammonia processes1 ,solvay's & ,s*loes+'s1 9 ?is c\ntry 0 some?+ "u #ajj1jjj tons p] annum1 b ?is make 0 consid]ably exce$$ on ! ,cont95t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cotton ,,indu/ries ,,( ,,japan4 ,! cotton plant pr9cipally cultivat$ 9 ,japan is ( ! species kn[n z ,gossypium h]baceum1 resembl+ t ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,egypt4 ,! plant is ( %ort /ature1 seldom atta9+ a gr[? ( ov] two feet2 ! fl[] is decidu\s1 ) yell[ petals & purple c5t]1 & ! /aple is %ort1 b f9e4 ,x is v widely cultivat$ 9 ,japan1 & is produc$ 9 ?irty-sev5 out ( ! =ty-f\r prefectures =m+ ! empire1 b ! be/ qualities & l>ge/ quantities are gr[n 9 ! s\!rn m>itime prov9ces ( ! ma9l& & on ! isl&s ( ,kiusiu & ,%ikoku4 ,vice consul ,long=d1 9 8 la/ report1 says t ! plant is n indig5\s to ,japan1 ! se$ hav+ be5 fir/ import$ f ,*9a 9 ! ye> #aeeh4 ,!re are n[ _m v>ieties ( ! orig9al species1 & ! cultivation ( ! plant v>ies 9 its details 9 diff]5t localities4 ,! v>iations are1 h[ev]1 mo/ly 9 dates1 & ! g5]al gr9d+ pr9ciples ( ! sev]al op]ations are ne>ly ! same ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! l& be/ suit$ = cotton gr[+ is "o ( a s&y soil1 ! admixture ( e>? & s& be+ 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts e>? to "o ( s&4 ,dur+ ! w9t] & spr+ mon?s1 crops ( :eat or b>ley are rais$ on x1 & x is :5 ^! crops h atta9$ _! full height dur+ ! mon? ( ,may t ! cotton is s[n4 ,ab\t fifty days prior to ! s[+ a manure is prep>$ consi/+ ( *opp$ /raw1 /raw a%es1 gre5 grass1 rice1 bran1 & e>? f ! bottom ( ! /agnant pools4 ,^! +r$i5ts are all c>efully mix$ toge!r 9 equal proportions1 & ! manure ?us made is all[$ to /& till requir$ = use4 ,t5 days be=e ! "t fix$ = s[+1 n>r[ tr5*es1 ab\t "o in* 9 dep?1 are dug 9 ! furr[s1 betwe5 ! r[s ( /&+ :eat or b>leys & ! manure is lib]ally spr9kl$ along !m by h&4 ,= "o night be=e s[+ ! se$ is /eep$ 9 wat]4 ,x is !n tak5 out1 slightly mix$ ) /raw a%es1 & s[n 9 ! tr5*es at int]vals ( a few in*es4 ,:5 s[n1 x is cov]$ ) e>? to ! dep? ( half an in*1 & g5tly trampl$ d[n by foot4 ,f\r or five days aft] s[+1 ! buds beg9 to appe> above ! e>?1 & almo/ simultane\sly ! :eat or b>ley betwe5 :i* !y gr[ is ripe = ! sickle4 ,:ile ! latt] is be+ h>ve/$1 ! cotton may be left to itself1 b n = v long4 ,! buds appe> 9 mu* l>g] numb]s ?an ! soil c\ld support if !y 7 all[$ to gr[4 ,!y h accord+ly to be c>efully ?9n$ out1 s t n m ?an five or six plants are left 9 ea* foot ( l5g?4 ,! next process is ! spr9kl+ ( a manure compos$ ( "o "p night soil & ?ree p>ts wat]1 & aga91 subsequ5t to ?is1 !re are two fur!r manur+s2 "o ( a mixture ( dri$ s>d9es1 lees ( oil1 & lees ( rice be]1 :i* is appli$ ab\t ! middle ( ,june1 :5 ! plant has atta9$ a height ( f\r in*es2 & aga9 e>ly 9 ,july1 :5 ! plant has gr[n to a height ( six or sev5 in*es1 a fur!r manur+ ( night soil1 mix$ ) a l>g] proportion ( wat] ?an be=e4 ,at ?is /age ! head ( ! plant is p9*$ (f ) ! f+]s1 9 ord] to *eck ! excessive gr[? ( ! /em1 & direct ! /r5g? into ! bran*es1 :i* usually numb] five or six4 ,f ^! bran*es m9or ones spr+1 b ! latt] are c>efully prun$ (f z !y appe>4 ,9 ! middle ( ,augu/ ! fl[]s beg9 to appe> gradually4 ,!y fall soon aft] _! appe>ance1 leav+ 9 _! place ! pod or pea* 7momo71 :i*1 aft] rip5+1 op5s 9 ,octob] by ?ree or f\r valves & exposes ! cotton to view4 ,! cotton is ga!r$ 9 baskets1 9 :i* x is all[$ to rema9 till a bright1 sun%9y day1 :5 x is spread out on mats to dry & swell 9 ! sun = two or ?ree days4 ,aft] dry+1 ! cotton is pack$ 9 bags made ( /raw matt+1 & ei!r sold or put aside until su* "t z ! f>m]'s leisure f o!r agricultural op]ations enables him to deal ) x4 ,! av]age yield ( cotton 9 good di/ricts 9 ,japan is ab\t #abj lb4 to ! acre1 b z cotton is only a second>y crop1 ?is does n !re=e repres5t ! :ole pr(it ga9$ by ! f>m] f 8 l&4 ,! prefectures 9 :i* ! production is l>ge/ are ,ai*i on ! ea/ coa/1 ,osaka1 ,hiogo1 ,hiro%ima1 & ,yamagu*i on ! inl& sea1 & ,fukui & ,i%ikawa on ! we/ coa/4 ,vice-consul ,long=d says t ! manufacture ( cotton 9 ,japan is /ill 9 all its /ages l>gely a dome/ic "o4 ,g91 sp9dle1 & loom are all f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ! f>m] on ^: l& ! cotton is gr[n1 & n only :at is requir$ = ! wants ( 8 own family is spun & wov5 by ! female memb]s !re(1 b a surplus is also produc$ = sale4 ,sev]al sp9n+ factories ) important ,engli% ma*9]y h be5 e/abli%$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 b ,consul ,long=d says t he has only kn[n ( "o simil> cotton-weav+ factory1 & t has n be5 a successful exp]im5t4 ,o!r s call$ weav+ factories ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry consi/ only ( a collection ( ! ord9>y h& looms1 to ! numb] ( =ty or fifty1 sc>cely ev] rea*+ to "o hundr$1 9 "o build+ or %$1 :]e9 individual manufactur]s h _! own special piece goods made4 ,! fir/ op]ation 9 ! manufacture is t ( g9n+1 :i* is conduct$ by means ( a small implem5t call$ ! rokuro1 or w9dlass4 ,?is consi/s ( two wood5 roll]s revolv+ 9 opposite directions1 fix$ on a frame ab\t #ab in*es high & #f in*es 9 wid?1 /&+ on a small plat=m1 ! dim5sions ( :i* slightly exce$ t ( ! frame4 ,! op]ator1 usually a woman1 kneels on "o side ( ! frame1 hold+ x firm by h] weight1 works ! roll] ) "o h&1 & ) ! o!r presses ! cotton1 :i* %e takes f a heap at h] side1 betwe5 ! roll]s4 ,! cotton passes ?r\gh1 fall+ 9 small lumps on ! o!r side ( ! frame1 :ile ! se$s fall on t ne>e/ ! woman4 ,! utmo/ weight ( ung9n$ cotton t "o woman work+ an entire day ( t5 h\rs c give is f #h lb4 to #aj lb41 :i* gives1 9 ! end1 only a little ov] #c lb4 weight ( g9n$ cotton1 & h] daily e>n+s am\nt to less ?an #b;d4 ,a few saw g9s h be5 introduc$ into ,japan dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 b no ef=t has be5 made to secure _! di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,aft] g9n+1 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! se$ is res]v$ = ! agricultural requirem5ts ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! rema9d] is s5t to oil factories1 :]e x is press$1 & yields ab\t "o-eigh? ( its capacity 9 measurem5t 9 oil1 ! refuse1 aft] press+1 be+ us$ = manure4 ,! g9n+ hav+ be5 f9i%$ 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts1 ! cotton is ei!r pack$ 9 bales & s5t to ! deal]s 9 ! cities1 or else ! next process1 t ( c>d+1 is at once proce$$ ) on ! spot4 ,?is process is almo/ z primitive z t ( ! g9n+4 ,a long bamboo1 suffici5tly ?9 to be flexible1 is fa/5$ at its base to a pill> or ! corn] ( a small room4 ,x slopes upw>d into ! c5t] ( ! room1 & f its upp] end a hemp5 cord is susp5d$4 ,to ?is is fa/5$ ! b[1 an in/rum5t made ( oak1 ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 two in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & %ap$ l a ladle4 ,a /r+ ( co>se catgut is tightly /ret*$ f end to end ( ! b[1 & ?is is beat5 ) a small mallet made ( will[1 b\nd at ! end ) a r+ ( iron or brass4 ,! raw cotton1 9 its co>se /ate1 is pil$ on ! floor j und]nea? ! /r+ ( ! b[4 ,! /r+ is !n rapidly beat5 ) ! mallet1 & z x rises & falls x cat*es ! r\gh cotton1 cuts x to ! requir$ degree ( f95ess1 removes impurities f x1 & fl+s x to ! side ( ! op]ator1 :]e x falls on a hemp5 net /ret*$ ov] a f\r-corn]$ wood5 frame4 ,! spaces ( ! net are ab\t "o-qu>t] ( an in* squ>e1 & ?r\gh ^! any p>ticles ( du/ t may /ill h adh]$ to ! cotton fall to ! floor1 leav+ pil$ on top ( ! net ! pure cotton wool 9 its f9i%$ /ate4 ,?is "w is always p]=m$ by a man1 & by assidu\s toil ?r\gh\t a long day1 "o man c c>d f t5 to tw5ty p\nds weight ( raw cotton4 ,paym5t is made 9 proportion to ! "w done1 & 9 ! less remote c\ntry di/ricts is at ! rate ( ab\t "o p5ny = ea* p\nd c>d$4 ,z reg>ds sp9n+ & weav+1 9 ! fir/ ( ^! bran*es ( cotton manufacture ! ,japanese h l>gely _h rec\rse to ! aid ( =eign ma*9]y1 b x is /ill to a mu* great] ext5t a dome/ic indu/ry1 or at be/ c>ri$ on l weav+ 9 ! e/abli%m5ts ( cotton trad]s1 9 :i* a numb] ( work]s1 v>y+ f #bj to #ajj or m1 ea* ) 8 own sp9n+ :eel1 are collect$ toge!r4 ,consul ,long=d says ! sp9n+ :eel us$ 9 ,japan diff]s 9 no respect f t us$ 9 ! c\ntry #cjj ye>s ago or 7except t bamboo =ms an integral "p ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is made7 f t us$ 9 ,engl& prior to ! inv5tion ( ! j5ny4 ,! co/ ( "o ( ! :eels is ab\t #i;d41 x w la/ = five or six ye>s1 & ) x a woman ( ord9>y skill c sp9 ab\t #a lb4 ( y>n 9 a day ( t5 h\rs1 e>n+ !reby ab\t #b;d4 ,!re are at pres5t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,japan1 9 all1 #ba sp9n+ factories work$ by =eign ma*9]y4 ,( f\r ( ^! !re is no in=mation1 b ( ! rema9d]1 "o has #abj sp9dles2 elev51 #b1jjj sp9dles2 two1 #c1jjj sp9dles2 two1 #d1jjj sp9dles2 & "o1 #ah1jjj sp9dles4--,j\rnal ,soc4 ( ,arts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #fab1 page #iggd4 ,,c5trifugal ,,extractors4 ,by ,,rob]t ,f4 ,,gibson4 ,,sug> ,,ma*9es4--,besides sep>at+ ! cry/all9e sug> & ! sirup1 second>y objects are to wa% ! cry/als & to pack !m 9 cakes4 ,! cleans+ fluid or :ite liquor is introduc$ at ! c5t] ( ! basket & is hurl$ aga9/ & passes ?r\gh ! sug> wall left f dra9+4 ,! basket may be divid$ into comp>tm5ts & ! liquor guid$ into ea*4 ,! comp>tm5ts are removable boxes & are %ap$ to give b>s or cakes or any =m desir$ ( sug> 9 mass4 ,^! boxes be+ removable _c fit tightly aga9/ ! liquor guides1 & ! liquor is apt to escape4 ,?is difficulty is ov]come by giv+ ! guides radial movem5t or by hav+ rubb] pack+ ar\nd ! edges4 ,sug> ma*9es prop] are ( two k9ds--^? :i* are load$1 dra9$ & !n unload$ & ^? :i* are cont9u\s 9 _! work+4 ,! v>i\s figures prec$+ are ( ! fir/ k9d1 & :at has be5 said ( vibrations applies directly to ^!4 ,! g5]al advantages claim$ = cont9u\s work+ ov] int]mitt5t are--t sav+ is made ( "t & motive p[] incid5t to introduc+ *>ge & develop+ velocity1 9 ret>d+ & /opp+1 & 9 dis*>g+2 t1 z ! p[] is br\ght into ! ma*9e cont9u\sly1 no %ift+ ( belts or unge>+ is necess>y2 & t !re are less ( ! dang]s incid5t to v>iable motion1 ei!r 9 ! ma*9e itself or ! belt+ or ge>+4 ,! magma 7! mixture ( cry/all9e sug> & sirup7 is f$ 9 gradually1 by :i* means x is m likely to assume a position ( equilibrium 9 ! basket4 ,!re are two me?ods ( dis*>g+ 9 cont9u\s work+--! sug> is ?r[n out p]iodically z ! basket fills1 or cont9u\sly4 ,9 nei!r case is ! spe$ slack5$4 ,9 ! fir/ ei!r ! upp] half ( ! basket has an upw>d motion1 on ! l[] half a d[nw>d motion 7,pat4 #beb1dhc72 & ?r\gh ! op5+ ?us made ! sug> is ?r[n4 ,fig4 #bb 7,r4,b4 ,palm] ,sons7 is a ma*9e ( ?is k9d4 ,! bottom1 ,b1 ) ! cone di/ributor1 a1 h d[nw>d motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,cont9u\s dis*>ge ( ! second k9d may be br\ght ab\t by hav+ a scoop fix$ to ! curb 7or cas+71 ext5d+ d[n into ! basket & deliv]+ ! sug> ov] ! side 7,pat4 #add1cai74 ,ano!r me?od w be describ$ "u ,beet ,ma*9es4 ,,basket4--,! con/ruction ( ! basket is exce$+ly important4 ,h>d exp]i5ce has taught ?is4 ,:5 c5trifugals 7 fir/ introduc$1 us]s 7 compell$ by law to put !m bel[ gr\nd2 = !y frequ5tly explod$1 ow+ to ! spe$ be+ sudd5ly augm5t$ by inequalities 9 ! runn+ ( ! eng9e or to ! basket be+ too weak to resi/ ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! ov]*>ge4 ,increas+ ! ?ickness m]ely adds to ! c5trifugal =ce1 & h5ce to ! dang]1 z ev5 a p]fectly balanc$ basket may sev]4 ,"o plan = a bett] basket 0 to h m ?an "o wall4 ,= example1 !re might be an inn] wall ( p]=at$ copp]1 !n "o ( wire gauze1 & !n ano!r ( copp] ) l>g] p]=ations4 ,ano!r plan 0 to h an int]nal metallic clo?1 be>+ aga9/ ! int]nally project+ ridges ( ! corrugations ( ! basket wall4 ,a fur!r complication is to give ?is int]nal gauze cyl9d] a rotation relative to ! basket4 ,! basket wall has be5 v>i\sly con/ruct$4 ,9 "o case x consi/s ( wire w\nd r\nd & r\nd & fa/5$ to uprights1 commonly kn[n z ! wire basket2 9 ano!r case ( a p]iph]y )\t p]=ations1 b spirally corrugat$ & hav+ an op5+ at ! bottom = ! escape ( ! extract$ liquid2 9 /ill ano!r ( a s]ies ( n>r[ b>s or r+s1 plac$ edgewise1 pack$ z close z desir$4 ,an advantage ( ?is la/ /yle is t x is easily clean$4 ,! be/ basket consi/s ( %eet metal ) bor$ p]=ations & hav+ b&s or flanges sprung on ar\nd ! outside4 ,! metal is brass1 if x is apt to be corrod$2 if n1 %eet iron4 ,! p]=ations may be r\nd1 or horizontally mu* long] ?an wide v]tically4 ,"o me?od = ! manufacture ( ! basket wall 7,pat4 #adi1eec7 is to roll d[n a plate1 hav+ r\nd p]=ations1 to ! requir$ ?ickness1 caus+ n>r[+ & elongation ( ! holes & at ! same "t h>d5+ ! plate by compact+ its texture4 ,long n>r[ slots are well adapt$ to cat* sug> cry/als1 & ?is is n an unimportant po9t4 ,r\nd p]=ations are usually c\nt]sunk4 ,in/ead ( flanges1 wire b&s h be5 us$1 _! lapp+ ends secur$ by sold]4 ,z to comp>ative we>1 x maybe rem>k$ t "o p]=at$ basket w outla/ ?ree wire ones4 ,z to size1 sug> baskets v>y f #hj in*es 9 diamet] by #ad 94 dep? to #ed by #bd4 ,!y are made1 h[ev]1 9 ,engl& z l>ge z #f feet 9 diamet]--a size :i* c be run only at a comp>atively sl[ spe$4 ,a peculi> complication ( basket des]ves notice 7,pat4 #bge #hgd74 ,x _h be5 notic$ t :5 a *>ge ( magma 0 put into a c5trifugal 9 "o mass1 ! sug> wall on ! side ( ! basket 0 apt to =m irregul>ly1 too ?ick at base & ( v>i$ color4 ,to rem$y ?is x 0 sugge/$ to h )9 & conc5tric ) ! basket a *>g] ) fl>+ sides1 into :i* ! mixture 0 to be put4 ,:5 ?is *>g] rea*$ a c]ta9 rot>y velocity1 ! magma w\ld be hurl$ out ov] ! edge by c5trifugal =ce & ev5ly di/ribut$ on ! wall ( ! ma9 basket4 ,,sp9dle4--,! sp9dle z n[ made is solid ca/ /eel1 & ! consid]ations gov]n+ its size1 =m1 mat]ial1 etc41 are id5tical ) ^? = any sp9dle4 ,9 ord] t ! basket might be replac$ by ano!r aft] dra9+1 ! %aft has be5 made telescopic1 b at ! exp5se ( /ability & rigidity4 ,9 ,fig4 #af is %[n a device to avoid cry/allizations1 :i* are apt to occur 9 l>ge =g+s1 & w\ld prove fatal %\ld !y creep into ! upp] "p ( ! sp9dle prop] 9 a hang+ ma*9e4 ,x consi/s ( ! second>y sp9dle1 c4 ,,dis*>g+4--,! dra9$ sug> may ei!r be lift$ ov] ! top ( ! basket 79 ma*9es :i* /op to be empti$71 or be ca/ ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! bottom provid$ ) valves4 ,a section ( ! be/ =m ( valve may be se5 9 ,figs4 #ae & #ag4 ,fig4 #bc is a plan ( ! op5+s4 ,! valve turns on ! basket be>+4 ,x may be con/ruct$ to op5 9 ! same direction 9 :i* ! basket turns2 s t :5 ! brake is put on1 ! in]tia ( ! valve op]ates to op5 x & :ile runn+ to keep x clos$4 ,!re are _m o!r /yles1 b no o!r ne$ be m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,cas+4--,! diff]5t /yles ( cas+ may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! v>i\s draw+s4 ,9 "o ma*9e 7n describ$7 ! cas+ is rigidly fix$ to ! basket1 space en\gh be+ left betwe5 ! bottom ( ! basket & ! bottom ( ! cas+ to hold all ! molasses f a *>ge4 ,?is arrangem5t m]ely adds to ! bulk ( ! revolv+ p>ts1 & no real advantage is ga9$4 ,,be>+s4--,! v>i\s /yles ( be>+s c be se5 by ref]5ce to ! figures4 ,"o :i* des]ves special att5tion is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af & ,fig4 #ai4 ,9 "o case x consi/s ( loose disks1 9 ! o!r ( loose wa%]s1 rotat+ on "o ano!r4 ,!y are alt]nately ( /eel & h>d bronze 7copp] & t974 ,!re is probably no ma*9e s little und]/ood or s imp]fectly con/ruct$ by ! common manufactur] ( sug> supplies z ! high spe$ sep>ator or c5trifugal4 ,unless ! product ( exp]i5ce & good workman%ip1 x is a dang]\s ?+ at high velocities4 ,besides1 its usual fate is to h an incompet5t workman assign$ to x1 :o does n use judgm5t 9 *>g+ & runn+4 ,s t design]s & manufactur]s h be5 =c$ n only to take into acc\nt ! di/urb+ =ces inh]5t 9 revolv+ bodies1 b also to make all[ance = poor managem5t 9 runn+ & neglect 9 clean+4 ,,cane ,,& ,,beet ,,ma*9es4--,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( sug> mak+ is ! extraction ( ! juice f ! beet or cane4 ,?is juice is obta9$ by pressure4 ,! op]ation is n usually1 b may be1 p]=m$ 9 a special k9d ( c5trifugal4 ,"o /yle 7,pat4 #bci1bbb7 consi/s ( a conical basket ) a spiral flange )9 on ! %aft1 & turn+ on ! %aft1 & hav+ a slight rot>y motion relative to ! basket4 ,! mat]ial is f$ 9 & moves d[nw>d "u increas$ pressure1 ! sirup releas$ fly+ out ?r\gh ! p]=ations ( ! basket1 ! :ole revolv+ at high velocity4 ,! solid portion falls out at ! bottom4 ,ano!r plan sugge/$ 7,pat4 #cdc1icb7 is to let a loose cov] ( an ord9>y cyl9drical basket screw itself d[n into ! basket1 by reason ( its sl[] velocity 7ow+ to in]tia71 caus+ pressure on ! *>ge4 ,v>i\s o!r applications ( ! diff]5t /yles ( sug> ma*9es are ! defibration ( raw sug> juice1 free+ beet cry/als ( objectionable salts1 free+ v>i\s cry/als ( ! "m liquor1 dry+ saltpet]4 ,,dri]s4--,ano!r important division ( ?is fir/ class ( c5trifugals is t ( dri]s or1 z !y are v>i\sly /yl$1 :izz]s1 wr+]s1 hydro-extractors4 ,! *>ge 9 ^! is nev] l>ge 9 weight comp>$ to a sug> *>ge1 & its initial di/ribution c be made m symmetrical4 ,! uses ( dri]s are v>i\s1 su* z extract+ wat] f clo!s1 clo?1 silk1 y>ns1 etc4 ,wat] may be introduc$ at ! c5t] ( ! basket f above or bel[ to wa% ! mat]ial be=e dra9+4 ,a typical =m ( dri] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 7,pat4 ,aug4 #bb1 #ahgf--,w4,p4 ,uhl+]47 ,baskets h be5 made removable = use 9 dye+ e/abli%m5ts1 basket & load toge!r go+ into dye+ vat4 ,y>n & simil> mat]ial c be dra9$ by a me?od analog\s to t ( hang+ x ^u /icks 9 a room & all[+ ! wat] to drip (f4 ,x is susp5d$ f %ort /icks1 :i* are held 9 horizontal lay]s ar\nd ! %aft 9 ! basket1 & ! action is su* dur+ ! op]ation z to cause ! y>n to /& out 9 radial l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,dri]s are n mat]ially diff]5t f sug> ma*9es4 ,any ( ! devices be=e enum]at$ = meet+ vibrations 9 ! latt] may be appli$ to ! =m]4 ,!re is "o curi\s inv5tion :i* has be5 appli$ to dri]s only 7,pat4 #cbb1gfb--,w4,h4 ,tolhur/74 ,see ,fig4 #be4 ,a convex %aft-support+ /ep re/+ on a concave support+ base1 ) ! c5t] ( its arc ( concavity at ! c5t] ( ! upp] univ]sal jo9t1 has be5 employ$1 & its movem5ts controll$ by spr+s1 b ! /ep 0 apt to be =c$ f its support4 ,! draw+ %[s ! improvem5t on ?is1 :i* is to give ! %aft-support+ /ep a less radius ( curvature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,an int]e/+ =m ( dri] has its own motor1 a little /eam eng9e1 atta*$ to ! frame ( ! ma*9e4 ,see ,fig #bd4 ,?is ( c\rse dem&s fix$ be>+s4 ,! eng9e is v small4 ,"o size us$ is #cd4 ,:5 a high] velocity ( basket is requir$1 we h ! arrangem5t 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,motors4--,?is naturally introduces ! subject ( motive p[]4 ,we may h ! eng9e direct act+ z above1 or ! p[] may be br\ght on by belt+4 ,fig4 #bg %[s a dri] ) pulley = belt+4 ,fig4 #bh 7,w4,h4 ,tolhur/7 %[s a v common arrangem5t ( belt+ & also ! fa/ & loose pulleys4 ,:5 ! heavie/ "p ( ! eng9e is s f> f ! v]tical %aft z to ov]hang ! cas+ on "o side1 !re is apt to be an objectionable tremor4 ,to rem$y ?is1 x is sugge/$ to put ^! heavy p>ts z ne> ! %aft z possible4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ also to use ! ,we/+h\se type ( eng9e1 al?\gh ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd works faultlessly 9 practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,"o plan 7,pat4 #cdf1jcj71 design$ to comb9e ! advantages ( a direct act+ motor & an oscillat+ %aft1 m\nts ! :ole ma*9e1 motor & all1 on a rock+ frame4 ,! sp9dle is ( c\rse 9 fix$ be>+s 9 ! frame4 ,h[ev]1 ! plan is n practical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,9 dri]s ! direct act+ eng9e has _m advantages ov] ! belt4 ,! atmosph]e is always v moi/ ab\t a :izz]1 & !re are frequ5tly injuri\s fumes4 ,! belt w be alt]nately dry & wet1 /ret*$ & limp1 & we>s out rapidly & is liable to sev]4 ,9 all ma*9es 9 :i* ! %aft oscillates1 if ! c5t] ( oscillation does n lie 9 ! c5tral plane ( ! belt1 ! t5sion ( ! latt] is n uni=m4 ,?is affects badly bo? ! belt & ! runn+4 ,a ref]5ce to ! v>i\s figures w %[ ! be/ position = ! pulley4 ,! greate/ difficulty exp]i5c$ ) belt+ is 9 gett+ up spe$ & /opp+4 ,! basket mu/ n be />t$ ) a sudd5 impulse4 ,its in]tia w resi/ & some?+ mu/ give way4 ,a gradual />t+ c be obta9$ by ! slipp+ ( ! belt at fir/1 b ?is is exp5sive4 ,! be/ plan is to conduct ! p[] ?r\gh a species ( friction clut*--an iron disk betwe5 two wood5 ones4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to "w admirably4 ,,brakes4--,! fir/ c5trifugals _h no brakes4 ,!y ran until ! friction ( ! be>+s 0 suffici5t to /op !m4 ,?is occasion$1 h[ev]1 rapid we>+ & too great a loss ( "t4 ,! be/ mat]ial = a brake consi/s ( s(t wood into :i* %oe pegs h be5 driv51 & :i* is ?or\ghly saturat$ ) oil4 ,! wood5 disks ref]r$ to j above are ( ! same con/ruction4 ,! c5t] ( oscillation ought to be 9 ! c5tral plane ( ! brake z well z t ( ! pulley1 b ! pref]5ce is giv5 to ! pulley4 ,figs4 #ae & #af 7,i7 give sectional views ( a brake = hang+ ma*9es4 ,figs4 #ai1 #bj1 & #ba give two sections & a view ( a brake :i* c be us$ on bo? hang+ & /&+ ma*9es4 ,a v simple =m ( brake is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bd1 #bf1 & #bg 7,a71 a m]e block press+ on ! rim ( ! basket4 ,,oil ,,& ,,fat4--,a ma*9e 9 mo/ respects l a :izz] is us$ = ! extraction ( oil & fat & oily & fatty matt]s f wool5 y>ns & fabrics1 & su* o!r fibr\s mat]ial or mixtures ( mat]ials z are f _! nature affect$ 9 color or quality :5 hydroc>bons are us$ = ! purpose ( extract+ su* oily or fatty matt]s1 & are subsequ5tly remov$ f ! mat]ial "u treatm5t by ! sl[ process ( admitt+ /eam1 or us+ o!r means ( rais+ ! temp]ature to ! respective boil+ po9ts ( su* hydroc>bons1 & s driv+ !m (f by evaporation4 ,9 ! c5trifugal me?od c>bon-bisulphide1 or "s o!r volatile ag5t1 is admitt$ & is driv5 ?r\gh ! mat]ial by c5trifugal =ce1 :5 ! necess>y reactions take place1 & is all[$ to escape 9 ! =m ( hydroc>bons4 ,a ma*9e diff]+ only 9 slight p>ticul>s f ! above is us$ = cleans+ wool4 ,,loose ,,fib]4--,ano!r application is ! dry+ ( loose fib]4 ,two di/9ctive po9ts des]ve to be notic$ 9 ! c5trifugal us$ = ?is purpose4 ,an endless *a9 or belt provid$ ) blades moves ! mat]ial v]tically 9 ! basket1 & dis*>ges x ov] ! edge4 ,dur+ its upw>d c\rse ! mat]ial is subject$ to a %[] ( wat] to wa% x4 ,,oil ,,f ,,metal ,,*ips4--,v mat]ial sav+s are made 9 _m factories by collect+ ! metal *ips & turn+s1 coat$ & mix$ ) oil1 :i* fall f ! v>i\s ma*9es1 & extract+ ! oil c5trifugally4 ,! sep>ator consi/s ( a *ip hold]1 hav+ an imp]=ate %ell fl>+ upw>d & outw>d f ! sp9dle 79 fix$ be>+s7 to :i* x is atta*$4 ,:5 fill$1 a cov] is plac$ ^u x & key$ to ! sp9dle4 ,betwe5 ! cov] & hold] !re is a small annul> op5+ ?r\gh :i* oil1 b n *ips1 c escape4 ,fig4 #bi 7,pat4 #bbe1idi--;,c4,f4 ,rop]7 is design$ 7l ! great] "p ( ! draw+s ins]t$7 to %[ relative position ( p>ts m]ely1 & n relative size4 ,?is /yle ( ma*9e c be us$ = sug> sep>at+ 7,pat4 #cde1iid--;,f4,p4 ,%]man7 & _m o!r purposes1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are o!r /yles m especially adapt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,filt]]s4--,!re are two di/9ct k9ds ( c5trifugal filt]]s1 work+ on diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,petroleum sep>ators 7,pat4 #bag1jfc7 are ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,!y are 9 =m 9 all respects l a sug> ma*9e4 ,! flakes ( p>aff9e1 /e>9e1 etc41 :i* are to be extract$1 :5 *ill$ are v brittle & w\ld be dis9tegrat$ ^u be+ hurl$ aga9/ a pla9 wire gauze & w\ld escape4 ,ev5 a wov5 fabric pres5ts too h>% a surface4 ,x is necess>y to h a v ela/ic basket l9+ ( wool1 cotton1 or o!r fibr\s mat]ial4 ,! basket itself may be ei!r wire or p]=at$1 b mu/ h a p]fectly smoo? bottom4 ,z ! pressure ( ! liquor ^u ! filt]+ m$ium p] unit ( surface dep5ds entirely ^u its radial dep?1 m]e tubes1 connect+ a c5tral inlet ) an annul> comp>tm5t1 w s]ve ! purpose q z well z a :ole basket4 ,9 ?is /yle ( ma*9e 7,pat4 #aj1deg7 ! filt]+ mat]ial con/itutes a wall betwe5 two annul> comp>tm5ts4 ,! out] "o is connect$ ) a vacuum app>atus4 ,filt]]s ( ! second k9d "w on ! foll[+ pr9ciple3 ,if a cyl9d] be rapidly revolv$ 9 a liquid 9 :i* solid p>ticles are susp5d$1 ! liquid w be drawn into a l rotation & ! heavy p>ticles w be ?r[n to ! out] "p ( ! receptacle4 ,if a p]=at$ cyl9d] is us$ z /irr]1 ! purifi$ liquid w escape into x ?r\gh ! p]=ations & may be conduct$ away4 ,! impurities1 likewise1 aft] fall+ d[n ! sides ( ! receptacle1 are c>ri$ (f4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are t no filt]+ mat]ial is ne$$ & ! filt]+ surface is nev] 9 contact ) any?+ b pure liquor4 ,v f9e sawdu/ is1 to a consid]able ext5t1 employ$ 9 sug> ref9]ies z a filt]+ m$ium4 ,by su* use ! sawdu/ becomes mix$ ) s&1 f9e p>ticles ( cane1 etc4 ,z sawdu/ ( su* f95ess is exp5sive1 x is desirable to purify x 9 ord] to reuse x4 ,a c5trifugal 7,pat4 #cec1gge--;,j4,v4,v4 ,booraem7 built on ! foll[+ pr9ciple is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t by rotat+ r sl[ly small p>ticles ( v>i\s sub/ances 9 wat]1 ! f9] p>ticles w be ?r[n outw>d & deposit ne> ! circumf]5ce ( ! vessel1 :ile ! heavi] & co>s] p>ticles w deposit ne>] to or at ! c5t]1 _! c5trifugal =ce n be+ suffici5t to c>ry !m out4 ,a m]e rod1 ext5d+ radially 9 bo? directions1 s]ves by its rotation to set ! wat] 9 motion4 ,ano!r =m ( filt] ( ?is second k9d 7,pat4 #adh1eac7 has a rotat+ imp]=ate basket into :i* ! impure liquor is run4 ,)9 & conc5tric ) x is ano!r cyl9d] ^: walls are ( "s filt]+ m$ium4 ,! liquid already p>tly purifi$ by c5trifugal =ce passes ?r\gh into ! inn] cyl9d]1 ?us becom+ fur!r purifi$4 ,c5trifugal filt]s are us$ also to cleanse gums = v>ni%es4 ,,honey4--,! simple/ =m ( honey extractor 7,pat4 #fa1baf7 consi/s ( a squ>e framework1 symmetrical ) respect to a v]tical sp9dle4 ,?is framework is surr\nd$ by a wire gauze4 ,! combs1 aft] hav+ ! heads ( ! cells cut (f1 are plac$ 9 comb-hold]s aga9/ ! wire nett+ on ! f\r sides1 ! cells po9t+ outw>d4 ,! ma*9e is turn$ by h&4 ,! honey is hurl$ aga9/ ! walls ( a receiv+ case & caught bel[4 ,b few improvem5ts h be5 made on ?is4 ,! late/ ma*9es are /ill h&-driv51 z a suffici5tly high velocity c be obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 "o /yle ! combs are plac$ ^u a floor :i* re/s ^u spr+s4 ,! rotat+ box is giv5 a slight v]tical & horizontal reciprocatory motion1 by :i* ! combs are made to grate on ! wire gauze sides1 break+ ! cells & lib]at+ ! honey4 ,?us ! labor ( cutt+ ! cells is sav$4 ,e comb has two sides1 & to pres5t ea* side 9 succession to ! outside )\t remov+ f ! basket1 sev]al devices h be5 pat5t$4 ,9 "s ! comb hold]s are h+$ 9 ! corn]s ( ! basket1 & h an angul> motion ( n9ety degrees4 ,decreas+ ! spe$ is suffici5t to sw+ ^!4 ,! o!r side is !n empti$ by revolv+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 "o case ea* hold] has a sp9dle ( its own1 connect$ ) ! ma9 sp9dle by ge>+ &1 to pres5t opposite side1 turns ?r\gh #ahj4 ,! usual numb] ( sides & h5ce ( comb hold]s is f\r1 b eight h be5 us$4 ,!re are m9or diff]5ces 9 details ( con/ruction1 look+ to ! mo/ conv5i5t removal & ins]tion ( comb1 ! reception ( ! extract$ honey 9 cups1 buckets1 etc41 & ! be/ me?od ( giv+ rapid rotation1 :i* _c be t\*$ ^u4 ,! product ( ! op]ation is :ite & opaque1 b ^u heat+ rega9s its gold5 color & transp>5cy4 ,,/>*4--,a c5trifugal to sep>ate />* f triturat$ gra91 c>ri$ 9 susp5sion 9 wat]1 is z foll[s4 7,pat4 #bgc1abg--,mll] ,deca/ro47 ,! />* wat] is l$ to ! bottom ( a basket1 &1 z />* is heavi] ?an ! glut5 ) :i* x is mix$1 ! =m] w be imm$iately compact$ aga9/ ! p]iph]y ( ! basket1 lodg+ fir/ 9 ! l[] corn]1 ! />* & glut5 =m+ two di/9ct /rata4 ,a tube ) a cutt+ edge ent]s ! compact$ mass s deeply z to peel (f ! glut5 & "p ( ! />*1 :i* is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! tube to ano!r comp>tm5t ( ! basket1 j above1 :]e ! same op]ation is p]=m$1 & s on4 ,!re may be only "o comp>tm5t1 ! tube c>ry+ ! glut5 directly out ( ! ma*9e4 ,^! ma*9es are cont9u\s work+1 & h5ce "s way mu/ be devis$ to c>ry ! wat] (f4 ,! inn] surface ( ! wat] is1 z we h se51 a cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! diamet] ( ?is cyl9d] becomes too small1 ov]fl[ mu/ be all[$4 ,"o plan is to h an ov]fl[ op5+ made 9 ! bottom ( ! basket 9 su* a way t z ! />* wall ?ick5s1 ! op5+ rec$es t[>d ! c5t]4 ,! />* wall is ei!r lift$ out 9 cakes or put aga9 9 susp5sion by spray+ wat] on x & conduct+ ! mixture (f4 ,a c5trifugal 7,pat4 #gd1jba7 to sep>ate liquids f pa9ts dep5ds on build+ a wall ( pa9t on ! sides ( ! basket & c>ry+ ! liquids (f at ! c5t]4 ,a c5trifugal 7,pat4 #caj1dfi7 = assort+ wood pulp1 pap] pulp1 etc41 works by mass+ ! con/itu5ts 9 two or ?ree cyl9drical /rata1 & aft] action sev]+ & remov+ ^! sep>ately4 ,,brew+4--,9 brew+1 c5trifugals are q useful4 ,aft] ! wort has be5 boil$ ) hops1 album9\s matt]s are precipitat$ by ! tannic acid1 :i* mu/ be extract$4 ,besides ^! ! mixture frequ5tly conta9s husk1 fib]1 & glut54 ,! ma*9e 7,pat4 #cae1hgf71 al?\gh q unique 9 con/ruction1 has ! same pr9ciple ( work+ z a sug> c5trifugal1 & ne$ n be describ$4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 :i* might be notic$--t air is introduc$ at ab\t ! same po9t z ! mat]ial1 & has an oxidiz+ & refrig]at+ effect4 ,class ,i4 includes also c5trifugals = ! foll[+ purposes3 ,! removal ( mu/ f ! grape aft] cru%+1 mak+ butt]1 extract+ oils f solid fats1 sep>at+ ! liquid & solid p>ts ( sew]age1 dry+ hides1 sk9s1 sp5t tan & ! l1 dry+ coils ( wire4 ,,horizontal ,,c5trifugals4--,only v]tical ma*9es h be5 & w be dealt )4 ,horizontal c5trifugals1 t is1 ^? ^: sp9dles are horizontal h be5 made1 b ! great inconv5i5ce ( *>g+ & dis*>g+ connect$ ) !m has occasion$ _! disuse2 ?\gh 9 o!r respects = liquids !y are q z good z v]tical sep>ators4 ,_! und]ly+ !ory is practically ! same z t h]e9be=e discuss$4 ,,class ,,ii41 ,,cream]s4--,c5trifugals ( ! second class sep>ate liquids f liquids4 ,!re are two ma9 applications 9 ?is class--to sep>ate cream f milk & fusel oil f alcoholic liquors4 ,:5 a liquid is to be sep>at$ f a liquid1 ! receptacle mu/ be imp]=ate4 ,! compon5ts ( diff]5t specific gravity become arrang$ 9 di/9ct conc5tric cyl9drical /rata 9 ! basket1 & mu/ be conduct$ away sep>ately4 ,9 cream]s ! p>ticles ( cream mu/ n be brok5 or subject$ to any concussion1 z p>tial *urn+ is caus$ & ! cream w1 9 consequ5ce1 s\r m rapidly4 ,! *ief cause ( oscillations 9 ma*9es ( ?is class1 :]e ! *>ge is liquid1 is ! waves :i* =m on ! inn] surface4 ,!y may be met by all[+ a slight ov]fl[ ov] ! inn] edge ( ! rim ( ! basket2 or by hav+ ei!r horizontal p>titions1 or v]tical1 radial ones1 special cases ( :i* w be notic$4 ,oscillations may also be met 9 ! same mann] z 9 sug> ma*9es1 by all[+ ! revolv+ p>ts to revolve ab\t an axis ?r\gh _! common c5t] ( gravity4 7,pat4 #cfj1cdb--;,j4 ,evans47 ,! crude/ =m ( cream] conta9s a numb] ( bottles1 ) _! necks all direct$ t[>d ! sp9dle1 fill$ ) milk4 ,! necks1 9 :i* ! cream collects1 are graduat$ to tell :5 ! op]ation is complete4 ,_m me?ods = introduc+ ! milk into cream]s h be5 devis$4 ,x may run 9 f ! top at ! c5t]1 or em]ge f a pipe at ! bottom ( ! basket2 or ! sp9dle may be holl[ & ! milk suck$ up ?r\gh x f a bas9 bel[4 ,x is usual to let ! milk ent] "u hydro/atic pressure 7,pat4 #bci1ijj--;,d4 ,m4 ,we/on7 & let ! =ce ( expulsion ( ! cream be dep5d5t on ?is pressure4 ,?is r5d]s ! escape quiet1 & prev5ts *urn+4 ,gravity1 too1 is made effective 9 c>ry+ ! con/itu5ts (f4 ,! cream may escape ?r\gh a passage 9 ! bottom at ! c5t]1 & ! skim milk at ! l[] out] corn]2 or by +5i\sly manag$ passages bo? may escape at or ne> c5t]4 ,! rate ( dis*>ge c be manag$ by regulat+ ! size ( op5+ ( exit passages4 ,a curi\s me?od consi/s 9 hav+ dis*>ge pipes provid$ ) valves & floats at _! l[] ends1 dipp+ into ! liquid 7,pat4 #bdj1age74 ,! valves are op5$ & clos$1 or p>tially op5$ or clos$1 by ! floats atta*$ to !m1 ^! floats be+ s con/ruct$ & arrang$ ) ref]5ce to _! specific gravity & ! specific gravity ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! liquids op]at$ ^u1 t !y w p]mit only a liquid ( a det]m9ate specific gravity to escape ?r\gh ! pipes to :i* !y are respectively atta*$4 ,we may h tubes direct$ into ! diff]5t /rata ) cutt+ edges4 7,pat4 #bhh1ghb47 ,a rem>kable fact notic$ 9 _! use is t ^! edges we> z rapidly z if solids 7 cut in/ead ( liquids4 ,! sep>at$ fluids may be receiv$ into recess$ r+s1 hav+ dis*>ge pipes1 ! proportionate quantity dis*>g$ be+ regulat$ by ! proximity ( ! dis*>ge lips to ! surface ( ! r+1 & ! c5trifugal =ce be+ avail$ ( to project ! liquids ?r\gh ! dis*>ge pipes4 ,!re is a v simple device by :i* a v rapid circulation ( ! liquid is br\ght ab\t4 7,pat4 #ceh1ehg--;,c4,a4 ,back/rom47 ,! basket has radial v]tical p>titions1 all b "o hav+ communicat+ holes1 alt]nately 9 upp] & l[] corn]s4 ,! milk is deliv]$ into ! basket on "o side ( ?is imp]=ate p>tition & mu/ travel ! :ole circuit ( ! basket ?r\gh ^! communicat+ holes1 until x rea*es ! p>tition aga91 & !n passes into a dis*>ge pipe4 ,?us dur+ ?is long c\rse e p>ticle ( cream escapes to ! c5t]4 ,z ! holes are close to ! walls ( ! basket1 ! cream has n ! undulatory motion ( ! milk1 :i* w\ld injure x4 ,! great] ! numb] ( p>titions1 ! long] is ! travel ( ! milk1 & ! m rapid ! circulation4 ,blades h be5 devis$ simil> to ! above1 hav+ communicat+ passages ext5d+ ! :ole wid? ( ! blade1 b we see t "h ! cream w\ld circulate ) ! milk2 :i* mu/ n be all[$4 ,curv$ blades h be5 us$1 & paddles & /irr]s1 to set ! milk 9 motion1 b to !m ! same objection may be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,fig4 #cj 7,pat4 #cee1jdh--;,c4,a4 ,back/rom7 illu/rates "o ( ! late/ & be/ /yles ( cream]s4 ,! milk ent]s at ,c4 ,! skim milk passes into tube1 ,t1 & ! cream goes to ! c5t] & passes out ( ! op5+s 9 ! bottom1 kl1 k#b1 & k#c1 out ( ! slit1 k1 & !nce out ?r\gh ,d#e4 ,! skim milk moves ?r\gh ,t1 becom+ m ?or\ghly sep>at$ all ! :ile1 & at ea* ( ! radial bran* tubes1 ,t#a1 ,t#b1 ,t#c1 & ,t#d1 "s cream leaves x & goes to ! c5t]1 :ile x passes d[n out ( slit1 t#c1 & !nce out ( ,d#f4 ,fig4 #ca 7,pat4 #cee1jej--;,c4,a4 ,back/rom7 %[s ano!r v late /yle ( cream]4 ,a pipe deliv]s ! milk into ,p#d4 ,pass+ out ( ! tube sep>ation takes place1 & cream falls d[n ! c5t] to ,p#b & out ( ,o#c4 ,:5 ! comp>tm5t "u ! fir/ %elf becomes full ( ! skim milk1 ! latt] passes up ?r\gh ! slot1 ,s1 /rikes a radial p>tition1 ,r1 & its c\rse is rev]s$4 ,"h m cream sep>ates & passes to c5t] & falls directly1 & s on ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( annul> comp>tm5ts1 until ! top "o1 :5 ! skim milk ent]s tube ,t#b & passes out ( ,o#b4 ,by ?is op]ation !re are sub/antially repeat$ subjections ( specifi$ quantities ( milk to ! action ( c5trifugal =ce1 br++ ab\t a ?or\gh sep>ation4 ,by *ang+ ! c\rse ( ! milk 9 direction1 its pa? is made long]4 ,?is ma*9e c run at mu* l[] spe$ ?an _m o!r /yles1 & yet d ! same "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca ,,class ,,iii41 ,,solids ,,f ,,solids4--,z = gra9 ma*9es1 :i* are 9 ?is class1 x may be said t 9 c5trifugal fl\r bolt]s1 bran clean]s1 & middl+s purifi]s1 ?\gh !oretically c5trifugal =ce plays an important "p 9 _! action1 yet practically ! real sep>ation is br\ght ab\t by o!r ag5cies3 9 "s by bru%es :i* rub ! f9] p>ticles ?r\gh wire nett+ z !y rotate aga9/ x4 ,! pr9ciple exhibit$ 9 a sep>ator ( gra9s & se$s is v neat4 7,pat4 #afg1big47 ,see ,fig4 #cb4 ,t "p ( ! ma*9e ) :i* we h to d consi/s ess5tially ( a horizontal revolv+ disk4 ,! mix$ gra9s are ca/ on ?is disk1 pass to ! edge1 & are hurl$ (f at a tang5t4 ,suppose at ,a4 ,ea* p>ticle is imm$iately act$ on by ?ree =ces4 ,= all p>ticles ( ! same size & hav+ ! same velocity ! resi/ance ( ! air may be tak5 ! same1 t is1 proportional to ! area pres5t$4 ,! accel]ation ( gravity is ! same2 b ! in]tia ( ! heavi] gra9 is great]4 ,! resultant ( ! two conspir+ =ces ,r & 7,mv#b7_/b v>ies1 & is great] = a heavi] gra94 ,!re=e1 ! pa?s describ$ 9 ! air w v>y1 especially 9 l5g?2 & h[ ?is is utiliz$ ! draw+ illu/rates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,ore4--,9 ore ma*9es !re is "o = pulv]iz+ & sep>at+ coal 7,pat4 #cjf1edd71 9 :i* !re is a break] provid$ ) helical blades or paddles1 p>tak+ ( rapid rot>y motion )9 a /ation>y cyl9d] ( wire nett+4 ,! du/1 con/itut+ ! valuable "p ( ! product1 is hurl$ out z fa/ z =m$4 ,9 ?is /yle ( ma*9e1 beat]s are necess>y n only = pulv]iz+1 b to get up rot>y motion = g5]at+ c5trifugal =ce4 ,9 ! classes prec$+1 ! friction ( ! basket suffic$ = ?is latt] purpose2 b "h !re is no rotat+ basket & no def9ite *>ge4 ,z ! mat]ial falls ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 sep>ation takes place4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( ore may be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,an ore conc5trator 7,pat4 #bed1abc71 z x is call$1 consi/s ( a pan hav+ rot>y & oscillatory motions4 ,cru%$ ore is deliv]$ ov] ! edge 9 wat]4 ,! heavy p>ticles ( ! metal are ?r[n by c5trifugal =ce aga9/ ! rim ( ! pan1 ov]com+ ! =ce ( ! wat]1 :i* c>ries ! s& & o!r impurities 9 t[>d ! c5t] & away4 ,,amalgamators4--,! be/ ore c5trifugal or sep>ator is :at is call$ an amalgamator4 ,! la/ inv5tion 7,pat4 #cee1ieh1 ,:ite7 consi/s ess5tially ( a pan1 a m]idian section ( :i* w\ld give a curve ^: normal at any po9t is 9 ! direction ( ! resultant ( ! c5trifugal =ce at t po9t & gravity4 ,!re is a cov] to ?is pan ^: convexity almo/ fits ! concavity ( ! pan1 leav+ a space ( ab\t an in* betwe54 ,cru%$ ore ) wat] is admitt$ at ! c5t] betwe5 ! cov] & ! pan1 & is driv5 by c5trifugal =ce ?r\gh a mass ( m]cury 7:i* occupies "p ( ?is space betwe5 ! two7 & out ov] ! edge ( ! pan4 ,! p>ticles ( metal com+ 9 contact ) ! m]cury amalgamate1 & z ! spe$ is regulat$ s t x is nev] great en\gh to hurl ! m]cury out1 no?+ b s&1 wat]1 etc41 escape4 ,!re h be5 _m diff]5t con/ructions devis$1 b ?is g5]al pr9ciple runs ?r\gh all4 ,by hav+ annul> flanges runn+ d[n f ! cov] ) op5+s plac$ alt]nately1 ! mixture is compell$ to foll[ a tortu\s c\rse1 ?us giv+ "t = all ! gold or o!r metal to become amalgamat$4 ,!re are ridges 9 ! pan1 too1 aga9/ :i* ! amalgam lodges4 ,x is claim$ = ?is ma*9e t n a p>ticle ( ! preci\s metal is lo/1 & exp]im5ts seem to uphold ! claim4 ,a ma*9e = sep>at+ f9e f co>se clay = porcela9 or = sep>at+ ! f9] quality ( plumbago f ! co>s] = lead p5cils uses an imp]=ate basket1 aga9/ ! wall ( :i* ! co>s] "p banks & cat*es "u ! rim4 ,! f9] "p =ms an inn] cyl9drical /ratum1 b is all[$ to spill ov] ! edge ( ! rim4 ,! mixture is introduc$ at ! bottom ( ! basket at ! c5t]4 ,,class ,,iv41 ,,gases ,,& ,,solids4--,!re is a v simple contrivance illu/rat+ ma*9es ( ?is class us$ to free air f du/ or o!r heavy solid impurities :i* may be 9 susp5sion4 ,see ,fig4 #cc4 ,! air ent]s ! passage1 ,b 7if x has no consid]able velocity ( itself1 x mu/ be =c$ 971 =ms a :irlpool 9 ! conically %ap$ receptable1 ,a1 & passes up out ( ! passage1 ,d4 ,! heavy p>ticles are ?r[n on ! sides & collect !re & fall ?r\gh op5+1 ,c1 into "s clos$ receiv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc ,,class ,v41 ,,gases ,,& ,,liquids4--,! occlud$ gases 9 /eel & o!r metal ca/+s1 if n sep>at$1 r5d] ! ca/+s m or less por\s4 ,?is sep>ation is effect$ by subject+ ! molt5 metal to ! action ( c5trifugal =ce "u exclusion ( air1 produc+ n only ! mo/ m9ute division ( ! p>ticles1 b also a vacuum1 bo? favorable conditions = obta9+ a d5se metal ca/+4 ,mo/ ( ! devices = dry+ /eam come "u ?is head4 ,su* are ^? 9 :i* ! /eam ) ! wat] 9 susp5sion is =c$ to take a circul> pa?1 by :i* ! wat] is hurl$ by c5trifugal =ce aga9/ ! concave side ( ! passage & passes back to ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,,spe$4--,! c5trifugal =ce ( a revolv+ p>ticle v>ies1 z we h se51 z ! squ>e ( ! angul> velocity1 s t ! ef=t has be5 to obta9 z high a numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute z 0 consi/5t ) safety & ) ! pr9ciple ( ! ma*9e4 ,= example1 cream]s :i* are small & light make #d1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ?\gh ! late/ /yles run mu* m sl[ly4 ,dri]s & sug> ma*9es v>y f #fjj to #b1jjj1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! necessity ( keep+ ! m]cury f hurl+ (f 9 an amalgamator prev5ts its turn+ m rapidly ?an sixty or eighty times a m9ute4 ,h[ev]1 spe$ 9 ano!r s5se1 ! spe$ ) :i* ! op]ation is p]=m$1 is :at especially *>act]izes c5trifugal extractors4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> a contra/ betwe5 ! old me?ods & ! new is impressive4 ,"u ! action ( gravity1 cream rises to ! milk's surface1 b comp>e ! h\rs necess>y = ?is to ! almo/ in/antane\s sep>ation 9 a c5trifugal cream]4 ,! sug> manufactur] tru/$ to gravity to dra9 ! sirup f 8 cry/als1 b ! op]ation 0 long & at be/ imp]fect4 ,an av]age sug> c5trifugal w sep>ate #fjj p\nds ( magma p]fectly 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,gold qu>tz :i* =m]ly c\ld n pay = its m9+ is n[ mak+ its own]s' =tunes4 ,x is boa/$ by a ,s\!rn company t :]eas !y 7 by old me?ods mak+ tw5ty-five c5ts p] ton ( gold qu>tz1 !y n[ by ! use ( ! late/ amalgamator make tw5ty-five doll>s4 ,c5trifugal =ce1 z appli$ 9 extractors1 has op5$ up new indu/ries & enl>g$ old ones1 has l[]$ prices & add$ to our com=ts1 & c5trifugal extractors may well comm&1 z !y d1 ! admiration ( all z wond]ful examples ( ! way 9 :i* ?is busy age economizes "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,type ,,( ,,railway ,,c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,c> ,,) ,,lat]al ,,passageways4 ,figs4 #a & #b give a p]spective view & plan ( a new /yle ( c> rec5tly adopt$ by ! ,bone-,guelma ,railroad ,company1 & :i* has isolat$ comp>tm5ts op5+ ^u a lat]al passageway4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t1 :i* is due to ,mr4 ,desgranges1 ! lat]al passageway does n ext5d all along "o side ( ! c>1 b passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! latt] & !n runs along ! opposite side s z to =m a lett] ,s4 ,! c> consi/s 9 reality ( two boxes connect$ b5ea? ! transv]se passageway1 b hav+ a cont9u\s ro( & floor+4 ,! two ends are provid$ ) plat=ms t are rea*$ by means ( /eps1 & t p]mit "o to ent] ! correspond+ half ( ! c> or to pass on to ! next4 ,! l5g? f end to end is #cc feet 9 ! mix$ c>s1 compris+ two fir/-class & f\r second-class comp>tm5ts1 & #cb feet 9 c>s ( ! ?ird class1 ) six comp>tm5ts4 ,! wid? ( ! comp>tm5ts is #e4f & #e feet1 accord+ to ! class4 ,! passageway is #bh in*es 9 wid? 9 ! mix$ c>s1 & #bd 9 ^? ( ! ?ird class4 ,! ro( is s arrang$ z to af=d a circulation ( cool air 9 ! int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,plan4 ,! application ( ! zigzag passageway has ! inconv5i5ce ( slightly elongat+ ! c>1 b x is advantage\s to ! pass5g]s1 :o c ?us enjoy a view ( ! l&scape on bo? sides ( ! tra94--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,viaduct ,,( ,,clevel&1 ,o4 ,! ,c5tral viaduct1 n[ "u con/ruction 9 ! city ( ,clevel&1 is probably ! longe/ /ructure ( ! k9d devot$ entirely to /reet traffic4 ,! sup]/ructure is 9 two di/9ct portions1 sep>at$ by a po9t ( high gr\nd4 ,! ma9 portion1 ext5d+ across ! riv] valley f ,hill /reet to ,j5n+s av5ue1 is #b1hdj feet long on ! floor l9e1 includ+ ! riv] bridge1 a sw+ #bcc feet 9 l5g?2 ! o!r portion1 cross+ ,walwor? run f ,davidson /reet to ,abbey /reet1 is #a1jic feet long4 ,add to ^! ! e>?work & masonry approa*es1 #a1dae feet long1 & we h a total l5g? ( #e1cdh feet4 ,! wid? ( roadway is #dj feet1 sidewalks #h feet ea*4 ,! elevation ( ! roadway above ! wat] level at ! riv] cross+ is #ajb feet4 ,! sup]/ructure is ( wr\ght iron1 ma9ly trapezoidal trusses1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #de feet to #aej feet4 ,! riv] pi]s are ( fir/-class masonry1 on pile & timb] f\ndations4 ,! o!r supports ( ! viaduct are wr\ght iron tre/les on masonry pi]s1 re/+ on broad concrete f\ndations4 ,! pressure on ! mat]ial b5ea? ! concrete1 :i* is pla/ic blue clay ( v>y+ degrees ( /iffness mix$ ) f9e s&1 is ab\t "o ton p] squ>e foot4 ,! ,cuyahoga valley1 :i* ! viaduct crosses f bluff to bluff1 is compos$ ma9ly ( blue clay to a dep? ( ov] #aej feet bel[ ! riv] level4 ,no attempt is made to c>ry ! f\ndation to ! rock4 ,:ite oak piles f #ej to #fj feet 9 l5g? & #aj in*es 9 diamet] at small end are driv5 = ! bridge pi]s ei!r side ( ! riv] b$1 & ^! are cut (f ) a circul> saw #ah feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,excavation by dr$g+ 0 made to a dep? ( #c feet bel[ :]e ! piles are cut (f to all[ = ! ris+ ( ! clay dur+ ! driv+ ( ! piles4 ,! piles are spac$ ab\t #b feet #e in*es ea* way1 c5t] to c5t]4 ,! grillage or plat=m cov]+ ! piles consi/s ( #ad c\rses ( :ite oak timb]1 #ab in*es by #ab in*es1 hav+ a few p9e timb]s int]sp]s$ s z to all[ ! mass to float dur+ con/ruction4 ,! l[] half ( ! plat=m 0 built on %ore1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! l[] surface ( ! mass ( timb] out ( w9d4 ,! upp] & l[] surfaces ( ea* timb] 7 dress$ 9 a ,daniels plan]1 & all pieces 9 ! same c\rse 7 br\ght to a uni=m ?ickness4 ,! timb]s 9 adjac5t c\rses are at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! l[] c\rse is ab\t #eh feet by #bb feet1 ! top c\rse ab\t #ej by #bd feet1 ?us all[+ f\r /eps ( "o foot ea* all ar\nd4 ,! fir/ c\rse ( masonry is #dh feet by #ba feet #h in*es2 ! fir/ c\rse ( batt]$ "w is #da feet #h in*es by #af feet #c in*es4 ,?us ! area ( ! plat=m on ! piles is #a1hef squ>e feet1 & ( ! fir/ batt] c\rse ( masonry #ggg4f squ>e feet1 or 9 ! ratio ( #b4d to #a4 ,! height ( ! masonry is #gh feet above ! timb]1 or #gc feet above ! wat]4 ,! numb] ( piles 9 ea* f\ndation is #cab4 ,! av]age load p] pile is ab\t #aa tons1 & ! e/imat$ pressure p] squ>e in* ( ! timb] on ! heads ( ! piles is ab\t #bjj p\nds4 ,to prev5t ! subm]sion ( ! l[] c\rses ( masonry dur+ con/ruction1 tempor>y sides ( timb] 7 drift-bolt$ to ! m>g9 ( ! upp] c\rse ( ! timb] plat=m1 & c>ri$ high en\gh to be above ! surface ( ! wat] :5 ! plat=m 0 sunk to ! head ( ! piles by ! increas+ weight ( masonry4 ,! c5t] pi] is octagonal1 & is built 9 ! same g5]al mann] z to f\ndations z ! %ore pi]s1 b ! piles are cut (f #bb feet bel[ wat]1 & !re are eighte5 c\rses ( timb] 9 ! grillage4 ,! diamet] ( ! plat=m betwe5 p>allel sides is #ec feet1 :ile t ( ! l[] c\rse ( batt]$ masonry is b #cg feet4 ,! areas are z #b1ccb to #a1adg1 or z #b to #a ne>ly4 ,! pressure p] squ>e in* ( timb] on ! heads ( ! piles is ab\t ! same z /at$ above = ! %ore pi]s4 ,! numb] ( piles "u ! c5t] pi] is #dhc4 ,! risks & delays by ?is me?od ( con/ruct+ ! f\ndations 7 mu* less1 & ! co/ also1 ?an if an ord9>y c(f] dam _h be5 us$4 ,also ! total weight ( ! pi]s is mu* less1 z t portion bel[ a po9t ab\t two feet bel[ ! wat] adds no?+ to _! weight4 ,! piles 7 driv5 ) a ,cram /eam hamm] weigh+ two tons1 9 a frame weigh+ also two tons4 ,! iron frame re/s directly ^u ! head ( ! pile & goes d[n ) x4 ,! fall ( ! hamm] is ab\t #dj in*es be=e /rik+ ! pile4 ,! total p5etration ( ! piles into ! clay av]ag$ #bg feet4 ,! settlem5t ( ! pile dur+ ! f9al /rokes ( ! hamm] v>i$ f "o qu>t] to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* p] bl[4 ,!re are #abb masonry p$e/als1 ( :i* eight are l>ge & heavy1 c>ry+ spans ( consid]able l5g?4 ,!y w all be built ^u concrete b$s1 except a few ne> ! riv] on ! nor? side1 :]e piles are requir$4 ,! f\r abutm5ts ) _! reta9+ walls are ( fir/-class rock-fac$ masonry4 ,! foot+ c\rses are /epp$ out lib]ally1 s z to pres5t an unusually l>ge bottom surface4 ,!y re/ on b$s ( concrete #d feet ?ick4 ,! f\ndation pits are ab\t #ej feet bel[ ! top ( ! bluffs1 & are 9 a mat]ial common to ! ,clevel& plateau1 a mixture ( blue s& & clay1 ) "s wat]4 ,! e/imat$ load ( masonry on ! e>? at ! bottom ( ! concrete is "o & sev5 t5?s tons to ! squ>e foot4 ,two ( ! l>ge abutm5ts 7 complet$ la/ season4 ,!y %[ an av]age settlem5t ( ?ree eigh?s ( an in* s9ce ! l[] foot+ c\rses 7 laid4 ,! facts & figures "h giv5 reg>d+ ! viaduct 7 k9dly furni%$ by ! city civil eng9e]1 ,c4,g4 ,=ce1 :o has ! "w 9 *>ge4--,j\r4 ,asso4 ( ,eng4 ,societies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= /ick+ pap] to z9c1 use />* pa/e ) :i* a little ,v5ice turp5t9e has be5 incorporat$1 or else use a dilute solution ( :ite gelat9e or is+lass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c5trifugal ,,pumps ,,at ,,m>e ,,isl& ,,navy ,,y>d1 ,,cali=nia4#a ,footnote #a3 ,built by ! ,s\?w>k ,f\ndry & ,ma*9e ,company1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,by ,h4,r4 ,,cornelius4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahhc1 bids 7 ask$ = by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t on pump+ ma*9]y1 to remove ! wat] f a dry dock = vessels ( l>ge size4 ,! dim5sions ( ! dock1 :i* is situat$ on ,san ,pablo ,bay1 directly opposite ! city ( ,vallejo1 are z foll[s3 ,five hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e feet wide at its wide/ "p1 #cf feet deep1 ) a capacity at mean tide ( #i1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,aft] receiv+ ! contract1 sev]al diff]5t sizes ( pumps 7 consid]$1 b ! foll[+ dim5sions 7 f9ally *os53 ,two #db in* c5trifugal pumps1 ) runn] #ff in*es 9 diamet] & dis*>ge pipes #db in*es1 ea* driv5 direct by a v]tical eng9e ) #bh in* diamet] cyl9d] & #bd in* /roke4 ,^! 7 complet$ & %ipp$ 9 ,june1 #ahhe1 on n9e c>s1 con/itut+ a special tra91 :i* arriv$ safely at its de/9ation 9 ! %ort space ( two weeks1 & ! pumps 7 !re erect$ on f\ndations prep>$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,f ! ,report ( ! ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,y>ds & ,docks ,i quote ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! (ficial te/s3 ,! bo>d appo9t$ to make ! te/ resolv$ to fill ! dock to ab\t ! level t w\ld atta9 9 actual s]vice ) a naval %ip ( second rate 9 ! dock1 & ! tide at a /age :i* w\ld give ! m9imum pump+ necess>y to free ! dock4 ,! level ( ! #bj? alt> 0 consid]$ z ! prop] po9t1 & ! wat] 0 admitt$ ?r\gh two ( ! gates ( ! caisson until ?is level 0 rea*$2 !y 7 !n clos$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! dock at ?is po9t is #e1ifc1iba gallons4 ,! trial 0 comm5c$ & cont9u$ to completion )\t any int]ruption 9 a v satisfactory mann]4 ,9 ! sep>ate trials _h ( ea* pump1 ! av]age dis*>ge p] m9ute 0 tak5 ( ! :ole process1 & !re 0 a s+ul> uni=mity ?r\gh\t ) equal pi/on spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,x 0 to be expect$1 & 9 a measure realiz$1 t dur+ ! fir/ mom5ts ( ! op]ations1 :5 ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! dock 0 above ! c5t] ( ! runn] ( ! pumps1 t ! dis*>ge w\ld be proportion$ to ! "w done1 :]e no ef=t 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 a free & full fl[ ?r\gh ! suction pipes2 b z ! level pass$ l[] & f>!r away f ! c5t] !re 0 no app>5t dim9ution ( ! fl[1 & no noticeable addition to ! load impos$ on ! eng9e4 ,! v>iation 9 pi/on spe$1 not$ dur+ ! trial1 0 probably due to ! v>iation ( ! boil] pressure1 z x 0 difficult to pres]ve an equal pressure1 z x rose 9 spite ( great c>e1 ow+ to ! p[]ful draught & easy /eam+ qualities ( ! boil]s4 ,aft] ! trial ( ! second pump _h be5 complet$ ! dock 0 aga9 fill$ ?r\gh ! caisson1 & z bo? pumps 7 to be tri$1 ! wat] 0 admitt$ to a level ) ! #bc;d alt>1 conta9+ #g1cag1ggi gallons1 :i* 0 sev5 feet above ! c5t] ( ! pumps2 ?is 0 9 favor ( ! pumps = ! reasons be=e /at$4 ,9 ?is case all ! boil]s 7 us$4 ,ev]y?+ mov$ mo/ admirably1 & ! p]=mance ( ^! imm5se ma*9es 0 almo/ />tl+4 ,by wat*+ ! wat] 9 ! dock x c\ld be se5 to l[] bodily1 & s rapidly t x c\ld be detect$ by ! eye )\t ref]5ce to any fix$ po9t4 ,! well :i* communicates ) ! suction tunnel 0 op51 & ! wat] w\ld rise & fall1 full ( rapid swirls & eddies1 ?\gh f> above ! entrance ( ^! tunnels4 ,?r\gh ! man hole 9 ! dis*>ge culv]t ! issuance f ! pipes c\ld be se51 & its volume 0 beyond conception4 ,x fl[$ rapidly ?r\gh ! culv]t1 & its outfall 0 a solid prism ( wat]1 ! full size ( ! tunnel1 project+ f> into ! riv]4 ,dur+ a pump+ p]iod ( #ee m9utes1 ! dock _h be5 empti$ f ! tw5ty-?ird to two in*es above ! six? alt>1 conta9+ #f1baj1fih gallons1 an av]age ?r\gh\t ( #aab1ibb gallons p] m9ute4 ,at "o "t1 :5 ! revolutions 7 increas$ to #afj p] m9ute1 ! dis*>ge 0 #acg1gig gallons p] m9ute4 ,?is is almo/ a riv]1 & is h>dly conceivable4 ,aft] ! pumps 7 /opp$1 on ?is occasion1 te/s 7 made ) ea* 9 succession z to ! p[] ( ! ejectors ) :i* ea* is fitt$ to re*>ge ! pumps4 ,! valves 9 ! dis*>ge pipe 7 clos$ & /eam admitt$ to ! ejector1 ! pump be+ /ill & no wat] 9 ! gauge glass on ! pump cas+1 :i* mu/ be full be=e ! pumps w "w4 ,! suction pipe ( ! ejector is only two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 ! /eam pipe "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,to fully *>ge ! pumps at ?is po9t requir$ fill+ ! pump cas+ & ! suction pipe conta9+ ab\t #b1jjj gallons2 ?is 0 accompli%$ 9 f\r m9utes1 & :5 ! gauge glass 0 full ! pump op]at$ in/antly & ) c]ta9ty1 dis*>g+ its full volume ( wat]4 ,i w5t on sev]al occasions d[n 9 ! valve pits on ! ladd] ( ! cas+1 & to all accessible p>ts :ile 9 motion at its highe/ spe$1 & !re 0 no undue vibration1 only a uni=m murmur ( well-balanc$ p>ts1 & ! peculi> cla% ( wat] aga9/ ! sides ( ! cas+ z its velocity 0 *eck$ by ! blank spaces 9 ! runn]4 ,! pumps are noisy :ile at "w1 due to ! cla%+ ( ! wat] j m5tion$1 b x af=ds a means ( detect+ any faulty arrangem5ts ( ! runn] or unequal dis*>ge f any ( its op5+s4 ,:ile mov+ at a uni=m spe$1 ?is cla%+ has a tone ^: pit* corresponds ) t velocity ( dis*>ge1 & if ?is tone is lack+ 9 quality1 or at all confus$1 !re is want ( equality ( dis*>ge ?r\gh ! v>i\s op5+s ( ! runn]4 ,to ?is "p ,i gave close att5tion1 & !re 0 no?+ t ! e> c\ld detect to indicate aught b ! nice/ adju/m5t4 ,! be>+s ( ! runn]s work$ ) great smoo?ness1 & did n become at all heat$4 ,?r\gh a simple1 novel arrangem5t1 ^! be>+s are lubricat$ & kept cool4 ,!re is a con/ant circulation ( wat] f ! pumps by means ( a small pipe1 :i* completes a circuit to an annul> 9 ! be>+s back to ! dis*>ge pipe :ile ! pump is 9 motion1 requir+ no oil & mak+ x seem+ly impossible to heat ^! be>+s4 ,! l>ge ca/ /eel valves plac$ 9 ! emb\*em5t ( ! cas+1 x 0 ?\ght1 might act to *eck ! free dis*>ge1 & arrangem5ts 7 provid$ = rais+ & keep+ !m op5 by a long lev] key atta*$ to _! axes ( revolution1 b1 to our great surprise1 at ! fir/ gu% f ! pumps ^! valves1 weigh+ ne>ly #a1ejj p\nds1 7 lift$ into _! recess$ *amb]s1 giv+ an unob/ruct$ op5+ to ! fl[1 & !y float$ on its surface unsupport$1 save by ! swiftly fl[+ wat]1 )\t a movem5t1 :ile ! pump 0 9 op]ation4 ,! /eam-actuat$ valves 9 ! suction & dis*>ge pipes work$ v well1 & ! wat] cu%ion gave a sl[1 uni=m motion1 & )\t %ock1 ei!r 9 op5+ or clos+ !m4 ,! eng9es work$ noiselessly1 )\t %ock or labor4 ,at no "t dur+ ! trial 0 ! ?rottle valve op5 m ?an ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,! indicator c>ds tak5 at v>i\s int]vals gave #gif horse p[]1 & ! revolutions did n exce$ #afj at any "t1 ?\gh x 0 e/imat$ t #ijj horse p[] & #baj revolutions w\ld be necess>y to atta9 ! requisite deliv]y4 ,s t !re is a l>ge res]ve ( p[] available at any "t4 ,! erection ( ?is massive ma*9]y has be5 admirably done4 ,! p>ts1 z s5t f ! %ops ( ! contractor1 h mat*$ 9 all cases )\t int]f]5ce "h2 &1 :5 l[]$ into place1 its f9al adju/m5t 0 !n made )\t ! use ( *isel or file1 & has nev] be5 t\*$ s9ce4 ,! jo9ts ( ! /eam & wat] connections 7 p]fect1 & ! me?od ( conc5trat+ all valves1 wa/e pipes1 & important movem5ts at ! po/ ( ! eng9e] 9 *>ge gives him complete control ( ! :ole sy/em ( ea* eng9e & pump )\t leav+ 8 place1 & r$uces to a m9imum ! necess>y att5dance4 ,all ! p>ts are /rong & ( excell5t design & workman%ip2 simple1 & )\t ornam5tation4 ,look+ d[n ^u !m f a level ( ! pump h\se gall]y1 !y are impressive & massive 9 _! simplicity4 ,! gov]nm5t is well wor? ( congratulation 9 possess+ ! l>ge/ pump+ ma*9]y ( ?is type & ( ! greate/ capacity 9 ! _w1 & ! contractors h reason to be pr\d ( _! "w4--,proc4 ,eng4 ,club4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,"p ,,t ,,electricity ,,plays ,,9 ,,cry/allization4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! multiply+ galvanomet]1 we "k = an absolute c]ta9ty t 9 e *emical action !re is a production ( electricity 9 a m or less notable quantity1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! bodies 9 pres5ce4 ,?\gh1 9 ! play ( aff9ity1 !re is a manife/ation ( electricity1 is x ! same ) cohesion1 :i* also is a *emical =ce8 ,we "k1 on ano!r h&1 t1 on caus+ electricity to int]v5e1 we br+ ab\t ! cry/allization ( a l>ge numb] ( sub/ances4 ,b is ! conv]se true8 ,is spontane\s cry/allization accompani$ ) an appreciable manife/ation ( electricity8 ,if we consult ! annals ( sci5ce & works treat+ on electricity 9 reg>d to ?is subject1 we f9d v few examples & exp]im5ts prop] to elucidate ! "q4 ,mr4 ,masc>t is cont5t to say3 ,"s exp]im5ts seem to indicate t ! solidification ( a body produces electricity4 ,mr4 ,becqu]el does m ?an d\bt--he d5ies3 ,z reg>ds ! dis5gagem5t ( electricity 9 ! *ang+ ( ! /ate ( bodies1 we f9d none4 ,?is ass]tion is too sweep+1 = fur!r along we %all cite facts t prove1 on ! contr>y1 t 9 ! ph5om5a ( cry/allization 7to speak ( ?is *ange ( /ate only7 !re is an unequivocal production ( electricity4 ,let u rem>k1 9 ! fir/ place1 t :5 a numb] ( ph5om5a ( physical & *emical ord] inconte/ably te/ify to ! v intimate correlation t exi/s betwe5 ! molecul> motions ( bodies & _! electrical /ate1 x w\ld n be v logical to grant t electricity is abs5t 9 cry/allization4 ,?us1 to select an example f among physical effects1 ! vibratory ph5om5a t occur 9 telephone transmissions1 "u ! influ5ce ( a v feeble electric curr5t1 %[ u t ! molecul> con/itution ( a solid body is extremely v>iable1 al?\gh )9 slight limits4 ,! feeble/ modification 9 ! electric curr5t may be %[n by molecul> motions capable ( propagat+ !mselves to consid]able di/ances 9 ! conduct+ wire4 ,conv]sely1 x is logical to suppose t a modification 9 ! molecul> /ate ( a body mu/ br+ electricity into play4 ,if1 9 ! ph5om5a ( solidification1 & p>ticul>ly ( cry/allization1 we collect b small quantities ( electricity1 t may be due to ! fact t1 "u ! exp]im5tal conditions involv$1 ! electricity is m or less completely absorb$ by ! "w ( cry/al build+4 ,on ano!r h&1 ! behavior ( electricity %[s 9 advance ! multiple role t ?is ag5t may play 9 ! v>i\s physical1 *emical1 & me*anical ph5om5a4 ,!re is no d\bt t electricity exi/s immovable or 9 circulation ev]y:]e1 lat5t or imp]ceptible1 ar\nd u1 & )9 ourselves1 & t x ent]s z a cause into ! majority ( ! *emical1 physical1 & me*anical ph5om5a t are con/antly tak+ place be=e our eyes4 ,a body _c *ange /ate1 nature1 temp]ature1 =m1 or place1 ev51 )\t electricity be+ br\ght into play1 & )\t its accompany+ su* modifications1 if x presides !re94 ,l heat1 x is ! natural ag5t p> excell5ce2 x is ! invisible & ev] pres5t =ce :i*1 9 ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]1 causes ^? motions1 vibrations1 & rotations t h ! effect ( *ang+ ! prop]ties ( bodies4 ,^u ent]+ _! intimate /ructure1 x ori5ts or gr\ps _! atoms1 & sep>ates _! molecules or br+s !m toge!r4 ,f ?is1 w\ld x n be surpris+ if x did n int]v5e 9 ! wond]ful ph5om5on ( cry/allization8 ,cry/allization1 9 fact1 dep5ds ^u cohesion1 &1 9 ! !rmic !ory1 ?is =ce is n di/9ct f aff9ity1 j z solution & dissociation are n di/9ct f comb9ation4 ,on ?is occasion1 x is necess>y to say t1 betwe5 aff9ity1 heat1 & electricity !re is su* a correlation1 su* a dep5d5cy1 t physici/s h endeavor$ to r$uce to "o s+le pr9ciple all ! causes t are n[ di/9ct4 ,! me*anical !ory ( heat has made a great /ride 9 ?is direction4 ,! equival5ce ( ! !rmic1 me*anical & *emical =ces has be5 demon/rat$2 ! only "q h]eaft] w be to select f among su* =ces ! "o t mu/ be adopt$ z ! sole pr9ciple1 9 ord] to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a t dep5d ^u ^! causes ( v>i\s ord]s4 ,b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 x is n yet possible to expla9 completely by heat or electricity1 tak5 isolat$ly1 all ! effects dep5d5t ^u ! causes j m5tion$4 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves = ! pres5t to a /udy ( ! relations t exi/ betwe5 ! pr9cipal natural =ces--aff9ity1 molecul> =ces1 heat1 electricity1 & light4 ,b f ! mutual dep5d5ce ( su* =ces1 x is admitt$ t1 9 e natural ph5om5on1 !re is a m or less app>5t simultane\s concurr5ce ( ^! causes4 ,9 ord] to expla9 electric or magnetic ph5om5a1 & also ^? ( cry/allization1 x is admitt$ t ! atoms ( :i* bodies are compos$ are surr\nd$1 ea* ( !m1 ) a sort ( atmosph]e =m$ ( electric curr5ts1 ow+ to :i* ^! atoms are attract$ or repell$ on c]ta9 sides1 & produce ^? v>i$ effects t we obs]ve "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !n1 atoms w\ld be small electro-magnets behav+ l g5u9e magnets4 ,entirely free 9 gases1 b less s 9 liquids & /ill less s 9 solids1 !y are nev]!less capable ( arrang+ !mselves & ( becom+ pol>iz$ 9 a regul> ord]1 special to ea* k9d ( atom1 9 ord] to produce cry/als ( geometrical =m *>act]i/ic ( ea* species4 ,?us1 z ,mr4 ,saigey rem>ks 9 ,physique ,mod]ne 7p4 #aha73 ,s long z ! atmosph]es ( ! molecules d n t\* ea* o!r1 no trace ( cohesion manife/s itself2 b z soon z !y come toge!r =ce is born4 ,we und]/& :y ! temp]atures ( fusion & solidification are fix$ = ! same body4 ,su* effects occur at ! precise mom5t at :i* ^! atmosph]es1 :i* are v>iable ) ! temp]ature1 h rea*$ ! desir$ diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a41 #b41 & #c4 ,al?\gh ! ph5om5on ( cry/allization does n ess5tially dep5d ^u temp]ature1 b r ^u ! relative quantity ( liquid t holds ! sub/ance 9 solution1 x w be conceiv$ t a mom5t w arrive :51 ! liquid hav+ evaporat$1 ! atmosph]es w be close en\gh to ea* o!r to attract ea* o!r & become pol>iz$ & symmetrically juxtapos$1 &1 9 a ^w1 to cry/allize4 ,be=e giv+ examples ( ! production ( electricity 9 ! ph5om5on ( cry/allization1 x w be well to exam9e1 be=eh&1 ! diff]5t circum/ances "u :i* electricity acts z ! det]m9+ cause ( cry/allization or int]v5es among ! causes t br+ ab\t ! ph5om5on4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 two words conc]n+ cry/allization itself3 ,we "k t cry/allization is ! passage1 or r ! result ( ! passage1 ( a body f a liquid or gase\s /ate to a solid "o4 ,x occurs :5 ! sub/ance has lo/ its cohesion ?r\gh any cause :atev]1 & :51 su* cause ceas+ to act1 ! body sl[ly returns to a solid /ate4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x may take on regul>1 geometrical =ms call$ cry/all9e4 ,su* conditions are br\ght ab\t by diff]5t processes--fusion1 volatilization1 solution1 ! dry way1 wet way1 & electric way4 ,fur!r along1 we %all give "s examples ( ! la/ nam$ means4 ,let u add t cry/allization may be reg>d$ z a g5]al prop]ty ( bodies1 = ! majority ( sub/ances are capable ( cry/alliz+4 ,al?\gh c]ta9 bodies seem to be amorph\s at fir/ sight1 x is only necess>y to exam9e _! fracture ) a l5s or microscope to see t !y are =m$ ( a l>ge numb] ( small juxtapos$ cry/als4 ,_m amorph\s precipitates become cry/all9e 9 ! long run4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! v>i\s cry/allizations t occupy u1 we %all di/+ui% ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,^? t are produc$ ?r\gh ! direct int]v5tion ( ! electric curr5t2 7#b7 ^? 9 :i* electricity is manife/ly produc$ by small voltaic c\ples result+ f ! pres5ce ( two diff]5t metals 9 ! solution exp]im5t$ )2 7#c7 ^? 9 :i* !re are no voltaic c\ples1 b 9 :i* x is prov$ t electricity is "o ( ! causes t concur 9 ! production ( ! ph5om5on2 7#d7 f9ally1 ^? 9 :i* x is rational1 ?r\gh analogy ) ! prec$+1 to inf] t electricity is n abs5t f ! ph5om5on4 ,i4 ,we "k t1 by means ( voltaic electricity or induction1 we c cry/allize a l>ge numb] ( sub/ances4 ,despretz tri$ ?is means = mon?s at a "t ^u c>bon1 ei!r by us+ ! electricity f a ,ruhmkorff coil or ! curr5t f a weak ,daniell's batt]y4 ,9 bo? cases1 he obta9$ on ! plat9um wires a black p[d]1 9 :i* 7 f\nd v small octoh$ral cry/als1 hav+ ! prop]ty ( poli%+ rubies rapidly & p]fectly--a prop]ty *>act]i/ic ( diamonds4 ,! use ( voltaic app>atus ( high t5sion has all[$ ,mr4 ,cross to =m a l>ge numb] ( m9]al sub/ances artificially1 & among ^! we may m5tion c>bonate ( lime1 arragonite1 qu>tz1 ars5iate ( copp]1 cry/all9e sulphur1 etc4 ,z reg>ds products =m$ ) ! concurr5ce ( electricity 7oxides1 sulphides1 *lorides1 iodides1 etc471 see ,des ,=ces ,physico-,*imiques1 by ,becqu]el 7p4 #bca74 ,!re is no d\bt z to ! "p play$ by electricity 9 ! *emical effects ( electro-metallurgy1 b x w n prove useless = our subject to rem>k t :51 9 ?is op]ation1 ! curr5t has become too weak1 ! deposit ( metal1 in/ead ( =m+ 9 a ?91 adh]5t1 & uni=m lay]1 sometimes occurs "u ! =m ( protub]ances & cry/all9e1 brittle nodules4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! curr5t is v /rong1 ! deposit is pulv]ul5t1 t is1 9 a confus$ cry/allization or 9 an amorph\s /ate4 ,fur!r along1 we %all f9d an application ( ?is rem>k4 ,we obta91 moreov]1 all ! int]m$iate effects ( cohesion1 =m1 & color ( galvanic deposits4 ,:51 into a solution ( acetate ( lead1 we pass a curr5t ?r\gh two plat9um electrodes1 we obs]ve ! =mation1 at ! negative pole1 ( num]\s arborizations ( metallic lead t gr[ "u ! obs]v]'s eye 7,fig4 #a74 ,! ph5om5on is ( a mo/ int]e/+ "* :51 by means ( sol> or electric light1 we project ^! brilliant vegetations on a scre54 ,"o might believe t he 0 witness ( ! rapid gr[? ( a plant 7,fig4 #b74 ,! same ph5om5on occurs none ! less brilliantly ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,a l>ge numb] ( sal9e solutions are adapt$ to ^! decompositions1 9 :i* ! metal is laid b>e "u a cry/all9e =m4 ,fur!r along we %all see ano!r means ( produc+ analog\s ramifications1 )\t ! direct use ( ! electric curr5t4--,c4 ,de*>me1 9 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,"t4 ,by ,m4 ,,lippmann4 ,! unit ( "t univ]sally adopt$1 ! second1 und]goes only v sl[ secul> v>iations1 & c be det]m9$ ) a precision & an ease :i* compel its employm5t4 ,/ill x is true t ! second is an arbitr>y & a v>iable unit--arbitr>y1 9 z f> z x has no relation ) ! prop]ties ( matt]1 ) physical con/ants2 v>iable1 s9ce ! duration ( ! diurnal movem5t und]goes causes ( secul> p]turbation1 "s ( :i*1 su* z ! friction ( ! tides1 are n z yet calculable4 ,we may ask if x is possible to def9e an absolutely inv>iable unit ( "t2 x w\ld be desirable to det]m9e ) suffici5t precision1 if only once 9 a c5tury1 ! relation ( ! second to su* a unit1 s t we might v]ify ! v>iations ( ! second indirectly & indep5d5tly ( any a/ronomical hypo!sis4 ,n[1 ! /udy ( c]ta9 electrical ph5om5a furni%es a unit ( "t :i* is absolutely inv>iable1 z ?is magnitude is a specific con/ant4 ,let u consid] a conductive sub/ance :i* may always be f\nd id5tical ) itself1 & to fix our ideas let u *oose m]cury1 tak5 at ! temp]ature ( #j ,c41 :i* completely fulfills ?is condition4 ,we may det]m9e by sev]al me?ods ! specific electric resi/ance1 rho1 ( m]cury 9 absolute electro/atic units2 rho is a specific prop]ty ( m]cury1 & is consequ5tly a magnitude absolutely inv>iable4 ,moreov]1 rho is an int]val ( "t4 ,we might1 !re=e1 take rho z a unit ( "t1 unless we pref] to consid] ?is value z an imp]i%able /&>d ( "t4 ,9 fact1 rho is n simply a quantity ! measure ( :i* is f\nd to be 9 relation ) ! measure ( "t4 ,x is a concrete int]val ( "t1 disreg>d+ e conv5tion e/abli%$ ) ref]5ce to measures & e selection ( unit4 ,x may at fir/ sight1 appe> s+ul> t an int]val ( "t is f\nd 9 a mann] hidd5 "u ! designation electric resi/ance4 ,b we ne$ m]ely call to m9d t 9 ! electro/atic sy/em ! int5sities ( ! curr5t are spe$s ( efflux & t ! resi/ances are times1 i4e41 ! times necess>y = ! efflux ( ! electricity "u giv5 conditions4 ,we mu/1 9 p>ticul>1 rememb] :at is meant by ! specific resi/ance1 rho ( m]cury 9 ! electro/atic sy/em4 ,if we consid] a circuit hav+ a resi/ance equal to t ( a cube ( m]cury1 ! side ( :i* ! unit ( l5g?1 ! circuit be+ submitt$ to an electromotive =ce equal to unity1 ?is circuit w take a giv5 "t to be trav]s$ by ! unit quantity ( electricity1 & ?is "t is precisely rho4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! selection ( ! unit ( l5g?1 l t ( ! unit ( mass1 is indiff]5t1 = ! diff]5t units br\ght "h into play dep5d on x 9 su* a mann] t rho is n affect$4 ,x is n[ requir$ to br+ ?is def9ition exp]im5tally into action1 i4e41 to realize an int]val ( "t :i* may be a kn[n multiple ( rho4 ,?is problem may be solv$ 9 v>i\s ways1#a & especially by means ( ! foll[+ app>atus4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ?is sy/em ! measurem5t ( "t is n effect$1 z ord9>ily1 by obs]v+ ! movem5ts ( a mat]ial sy/em1 b by exp]im5ts ( equilibrium4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! app>atus rema9 immovable1 ! electricity alone be+ 9 motion4 ,su* appliances are 9 a mann] clepsydr4 ,?is analogy ) ! clepsydr w be p]ceiv$ if we consid] ! =m ( ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,two immovable metallic plates con/itute ! armatures ( a *>g$ cond5s]1 & attract ea* o!r ) a =ce1 ,f4 ,if ! plates are insulat$1 ^! *>ges rema9 con/ant1 z well z ! =ce1 ,f4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we connect ! armatures ( resi/ance1 ,r1 _! *>ges dim9i% & ! =ce1 ,f1 becomes a function ( ! "t1 t2 ! "t1 t1 inv]sely becomes a function ( ,p4 ,we f9d t by ! foll[+ =mula3 t rho 7l,s _/ ,spies7 log hyp7,f#j_/;,f7 ,f#j & ,f be+ ! values ( ! =ce at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ! "t1 t4 ,! above =mula is indep5d5t ( ! *oice ( units4 ,if we wi% t to be express$ 9 seconds1 we mu/ give rho ! correspond+ value 7rho #a4jeh ,x #aj-af74 ,if we take rho z a unit we make rho #a1 & we f9d ! absolute value ( ! "t by ! expression3 7l,s7 _/ 7#hpies7 log hyp7,f#j_/;,f7 ,we rem>k t ?is expression ( "t conta9s only ab/ract numb]s1 be+ indep5d5t ( ! *oice ( ! units ( l5g? & =ce4 ,s & e d5ote surface & ! ?ickness ( ! cond5s]2 s & l ! section & ! l5g? ( a column ( m]cury ( ! resi/ance1 ,r4 ,?is =m ( app>atus enables u practically to measure ! notable values ( t only if ! value ( ! resi/ance1 ,r1 is enorm\s1 ! arrangem5t describ$ 9 ! text has n ! same inconv5i5ce4 ,a batt]y ( an arbitr>y electromotive =ce1 ,e1 actuates at ! same "t ! two antagoni/ic circuits ( a diff]5tial galvanomet]4 ,9 ! fir/ circuit1 :i* has a resi/ance1 ,r1 ! batt]y s5ds a cont9u\s curr5t ( ! int5sity1 ,i2 9 ! second circuit ! batt]y s5ds a discont9u\s s]ies ( dis*>ges1 obta9$ by *>g+ p]iodically by means ( ! batt]y a cond5s] ( ! capacity1 ,c1 :i* is !n dis*>g$ ?r\gh ?is second circuit4 ,! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] rema9s 9 equilibrium if ! two curr5ts yield equal quantities ( electricity dur+ "o & ! same "t1 tau4 ,let u suppose ?is condition ( equilibrium realiz$ & ! ne$le rema9+ motionless at z]o2 x is easy to write ! conditions ( equilibrium4 ,dur+ ! "t1 tau1 ! cont9u\s curr5t yields a ,e quantity ( electricity -- tau2 on ! o!r h&1 ea* *>ge ( ,r ! cond5s] ,,ce1 & dur+ ! "t1 tau1 ! numb] ( tau dis*>ges -----1 t be+ ! fix$ "t betwe5 two dis*>ges2 t tau & t are "h suppos$ to be express$ by ! aid ( an arbitr>y unit ( "t2 ! second circuit yields1 !re=e1 a tau quantity ( electricity equal to ,,ce -----4 ,! condition ( t ,e tau equilibrium is !n ---tau ,,ce ----- 2 or1 m simply1 t ,,cr4 ,r t ,c & ,r are kn[n 9 absolute values1 i4e41 we "k t ,c is equal to p times ! capacity ( a sph]e ( ! radius1 l2 we h1 !re=e1 ,c pl2 9 ! same mann] we "k t ,r is equal to q times ! resi/ance ( a cube ( m]cury hav+ l = its side4 ,we l rho h1 !re=e1 ,r qrho --- q ----- 2 & consequ5tly t pqrho4 l l ,su* is ! value ( t obta9$ on leav+ all ! units undet]m9$4 ,if we express rho z a function ( ! second1 we h t 9 seconds4 ,if we take rho #a1 we h ! absolute value ,!ta ( ! same int]val ( "t z a function ( ?is unit2 we h simply ,!ta pq4 ,if we suppose t ! commutator :i* produces ! successive *>ges & dis*>ges ( ! cond5s] consi/s ( a vibrat+ tun+ =k1 we see t ! duration ( a vibration is equal to ! product ( ! two ab/ract numb]s1 pq4 ,x rema9s = u to asc]ta9 to :at degree ( approximation we c det]m9e p & q4 ,to f9d q we mu/ fir/ con/ruct a column ( m]cury ( kn[n dim5sions2 ?is problem 0 solv$ by ! ,int]national ,bureau ( ,weights & ,measures = ! con/ruction ( ! legal ohm4 ,! legal ohm is suppos$ to h a resi/ance equal to #ajf4jj times t ( a cube ( m]cury ( #j4ja met]1 side measurem5t4 ,! approximation obta9$ is compris$ betwe5 #a_/ejjjj & #a_/bjjjjj4 ,to obta9 p1 we mu/ be able to con/ruct a plane cond5s] ( kn[n capacity4 ,! difficulty "h consi/s 9 kn[+ ) a suffici5t approximation ! ?ickness ( ! /ratum ( air4 ,we may employ z armatures two surfaces ( glass1 gr\nd optically1 silv]$ to r5d] !m conductive1 b s slightly z to obta9 by transp>5ce ,fizeau's int]f]5ce r+s4 ,fizeau's me?od w !n p]mit u to arrive at a close approximation4 ,9 f9e1 !n1 we may1 a priori1 hope to rea* an approximation ( "o hundr$-?\s&? ( ! value ( pq4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! use :i* may be made ( x = measur+ "t 9 absolute value1 ! app>atus describ$ possesses peculi> prop]ties4 ,x con/itutes a k9d ( clock :i* indicates1 regi/]s1 &1 if ne$ful1 corrects automatically its own v>iations ( spe$4 ,! app>atus be+ regulat$ s t ! magnetic ne$le may be at z]o1 if ! spe$ ( ! commutator is slightly increas$1 ! equilibrium is di/urb$ & ! magnetic ne$le deviates 9 ! correspond+ direction2 if on ! contr>y ! spe$ dim9i%es1 ! action ( ! antagoni/ic circuit pr$om9ates1 & ! ne$le deviates 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,^! deviations1 :5 small1 are proportional to ! v>iations ( spe$4 ,!y may be1 9 ! fir/ place1 obs]v$4 ,!y may1 fur!r1 be regi/]$1 ei!r photographically or by employ+ a ,r$i] app>atus1 l t :i* ,m4 ,masc>t has adapt$ to 8 quadrant electromet]2 f9ally1 we may arrange ! ,r$i] to react ^u ! spe$ s z to r$uce its v>iations to z]o4 ,if ^! v>iations are n completely annull$1 !y w /ill be regi/]$ & c be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,z an indicator ( v>iations ?is app>atus c be ( rem>kable s5sitiv5ess1 :i* may be increas$ indef9itely by enl>g+ its dim5sions4 ,) a batt]y ( #aj volts1 a cond5s] ( a micr(>ad1 #aj dis*>ges p] second1 & a ,?omson's diff]5tial galvanomet] s5sitive to #aj-aj amp]es1 we obta9 already a s5sitiv5ess ( #a_/ajjjjjj1 i4e41 a v>iation ( #a_/ajjjjjj 9 ! spe$ is %[n aft] "s seconds ( a deviation ( "o millimet]4 ,ev5 ! /roboscopic me?od does n admit ( su* s5sitiv5ess4 ,we may !re=e f9d1 ) a v close approximation1 a spe$ always ! same on condition t ! solid p>ts ( ! app>atus 7! cond5s] & ! resi/ance7 are protect$ f causes ( v>iation & us$ always at ! same temp]ature4 ,d\btless1 a well-con/ruct$ a/ronomical clock ma9ta9s a v uni=m movem5t2 b ! electric clock is plac$ 9 bett] conditions = inv>iability1 = all ! p>ts are massive & immovable2 !y are m]ely requir$ to rema9 un*ang$1 & !re is no "q ( ! we> & te> ( :eel-"w1 ! oxidation ( oils1 or ! v>iations ( weight4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sy/em =m$ by a cond5s] & a resi/ance con/itutes a /&>d ( "t easy ( pres]vation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,ma9ta9+ ,,! ,,vibration ,,( ,a ,,p5dulum4 ,a rec5t numb] ( ! ,comptes ,r5dus conta9s a note by ,m4,j4 ,c>p5ti] describ+ a me?od ( ma9ta9+ ! vibrations ( a p5dulum by means ( electricity1 :i* diff]s f previ\s devices ( ! same "* 9 t ! impulse giv5 to ! p5dulum at ea* vibration is indep5d5t ( ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t employ$1 & t ! p5dulum itself is entirely free1 save at ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,! vibrations are ma9ta9$1 n by direct impulsion1 b by a slight horizontal displacem5t ( ! po9t ( susp5sion 9 alt]nate directions4 ,?is1 z ,m4 ,c>p5ti] obs]ves1 is ! me?od :i* we naturally adopt 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! amplitude ( sw+ ( a heavy body susp5d$ f a cord held 9 ! h&4 ,! requir$ movem5t ( ! po9t ( susp5sion is effect$ by means ( a pol>iz$ relay1 ?r\gh ! coils ( :i* ! curr5t is p]iodically rev]s$ by ! action ( ! p5dulum1 9 a mann] :i* w pres5tly be expla9$4 ,! armature ( ! relay oscillates betwe5 two /ops ^: di/ance ap>t is capable ( f9e adju/m5t4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! impulse is indep5d5t ( ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 9 ! relay1 provid$ t ! armature is br\ght up to ! /op on ei!r side4 ,! rev]sal ( ! curr5t is effect$ by means ( a small magnet c>ri$ by ! bob ( ! p5dulum1 & :i* z x passes und]nea? ! po9t ( susp5sion is br\ght close to a s(t iron armature1 :i* has ! =m ( an arc ( a circle describ$ ab\t ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,?is armature is pivot$ at its c5t]1 & ?us executes vibrations syn*ron\sly ) ^? ( ! p5dulum4 ,^! vibrations are adju/$ to a v n>r[ range1 b are suffici5t to close ! contacts ( a commutator :i* rev]ses ! curr5t at ea* semi-vibration ( ! p5dulum4 ,! beauty & +5uity ( ?is device w readily be appreciat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,morell ,,mack5zie4 ,! "n ( ! great ,engli% l>yngologi/1 :i* has long be5 honor$ by sci5ti/s ( ,engl& & ! ,cont95t1 has lately become famil> to ev]yone1 ev5 9 unpr(essional circles1 9 ,g]many because ( 8 op]ations on ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce's ?roat4 ,if 8 wide exp]i5ce & great skill enable him to p]man5tly remove ! gr[? f ! ?roat ( 8 royal pati5t1 if 8 diagnosis & prognosis are confirm$1 s t no fe> ne$ be ent]ta9$ = ! life & heal? ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 ! ,engli% speciali/ w c]ta9ly des]ve ! mo/ s9c]e ?anks ( ! ,g]man nation4 ,e phase ( ?is treatm5t1 e new developm5t1 is wat*$ ) susp5se & hope4 ,_m h be5 unable to suppress ! expression ( regret t ?is important case 0 n "u ! c>e ( a ,g]man1 & "p ( ! press look ^u x z unju/ treatm5t ( ! ,g]man speciali/s4 ,b sci5ce is int]national1 x kn[s no political b\nd>ies1 & ! *oice ( ,dr4 ,mack5zie by ! family ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 ^: sympa?y ) ,engl& is natural1 _c be consid]$ a slight to ,g]man physicians :5 x is tak5 into consid]ation t ! ,g]man au?orities pron\nc$ ! gr[? suspici\s & advis$ a difficult & d\btful op]ation1 & t ,pr(4 v4 ,b]gman recomm5d$ t a =eign au?ority be consult$4 ,z ,dr4 ,mack5zie remov$ ! ob/ruction1 :i* _h already become ?reat5+ &1 9 fact1 dang]\s1 caus+ a loss ( voice1 & promis$ to remove any new gr[? f ! inside )\t dang] to ! pati5t1 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce naturally tru/$ him4 ,s9ce ,vir*[ has made a microscopic exam9ation ( ! "p :i* 0 cut away1 & has decl>$ ! new gr[? to be b5ign1 all ,g]mans %\ld wat* ! results ( ,dr4 ,mack5zie's op]ations ) sympa?y1 tru/+ t all fur!r gr[? w be prev5t$1 & t ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce w be re/or$ to ! ,g]man p 9 8 =m] /ate ( heal?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,morell ,,mack5zie4 ,dr4 ,morell ,mack5zie has lately rea*$ 8 fiftie? ye>1 & has atta9$ ! height ( 8 fame z an au?or & practition]4 ,he 0 born at ,leyton/on 9 #ahcg1 & /udi$ fir/ 9 ,london4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two he pass$ 8 exam9ation1 !n practic$ z physician 9 ! ,london ,hospital1 & obta9$ 8 degree 9 #ahfb4 ,a ye> lat] he receiv$ ! ,jackson prize f ! ,royal ,society ( ,surgeons = 8 treatm5t ( a l>yngeal case4 ,he complet$ 8 /udies 9 ,p>is1 ,vi5na 7) ,siegmund71 & ,budape/4 ,9 ! latt] place he work$ ) ,cz]mak1 mak+ a special /udy ( ! l>yngoscope4 ,lat] he publi%$ an excell5t "w on ,diseases ( ! ,?roat & ,nose1 :i* 0 ! fruit ( twelve ye>s' "w4 ,! ev5+ be=e ! day on :i* ?is "w 0 to h be5 issu$1 ! :ole edition 0 de/roy$ by a fire :i* occurr$ 9 ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 & _h to be repr9t$ f ! pro( %eets1 :i* 7 sav$4 ,9 #ahgj 8 "w ,on ,gr[?s 9 ! ,?roat appe>$1 & he has also publi%$ _m articles 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ! ,lancet1 ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 etc41 :i* h be5 translat$ into diff]5t languages1 mak+ 8 "n r5[n$ all ov] ,europe4 ,s9ce he f\nd$ ! fir/ ,engli% hospital = diseases ( ! ?roat & *e/1 9 ,london 9 #ahfc1 & held ! position ( lectur] on diseases ( ! ?roat 9 ! ,london ,m$ical ,college1 8 c>e] has be5 wat*$ ) int]e/ by ! public1 & 8 practice 9 ,engl& is rem>kable4 ,!re=e x is no wond] t 8 lately publi%$ "w ,on ! ,hygi5e ( ! ,vocal ,organs has rea*$ its f\r? edition already4 ,?is "w is read n only by physicians1 b also by s+]s & lectur]s4 ,z a le>n$ man 9 8 pr(ession1 z an exp]i5c$ diagno/ician1 & z a skillful & =tunate practition]1 he is surpass$ by none2 & 8 ability w be well kn[n f> beyond ! bord]s ( ,great ,brita9 if =tune favors him & he re/ores ! future ,emp]or ( ,g]many to 8 =m] /r5g? & vigor1 )\t :i* we _c imag9e ?is knightly =m4 ,! c]ta9ty ) :i* ,dr4 ,mack5zie speaks ( p]man5t cures :i* he has effect$ 9 simil> cases1 toge!r ) ! cle> & satisfactory report ( ! great pa?ologi/ ,vir*[1 lead u to look to ! future ) confid5ce4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hypnotism ,,9 ,,france4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translat$ = ,sci5ce f ,d] ,sp9x4 ,! volunt>y production ( ^? abnormal conditions ( ! n]ves :i* to-day are d5ot$ by ! t]m hypnotic rese>*es has manife/$ itself 9 all ages & among mo/ ( ! nations t are kn[n to u4 ,)9 mod]n times ^! ph5om5a 7 fir/ r$uc$ to a sy/em by ,mesm]1 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 = ! future des]ve ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w4 ,! hi/orical description ( ?is dep>tm5t1 if "o int5ds to give a connect$ acc\nt ( its developm5t1 & n a s]ies ( isolat$ facts1 mu/ beg9 ) a notice ( ,mesm]'s p]sonality1 & we mu/ n conf\nd ! m rec5t developm5t ( our subject ) its pa/ hi/ory4 ,! p]iod ( mesm]ism is suffici5tly und]/ood f ! num]\s writ+s on ! subject1 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t 9 ,braid's ,exposition ( ,hypnotism ! end ( ?is subject _h be5 rea*$4 ,9 a lat] "w ,i hope to %[ t ! fundam5tal ideas ( biomagnetism h n only _h 9 all p]iods ( ?is c5tury capable & en?usia/ic advocates1 b t ev5 9 our day !y h be5 subject$ to te/s by ,fr5* & ,engli% inve/igators f :i* !y h issu$ triumphant4 ,! second division ( ?is hi/orical developm5t is c>ri$ on by ,braid1 ^: mo/ important s]vice 0 emphasiz+ ! subjectivity ( ! ph5om5a4 ,)\t any connection ) him1 & yet by foll[+ out almo/ exactly ! same exp]im5ts1 ,pr(essor ,heid5ha9 rea*$ 8 physiological explanations4 ,a ?ird division is bas$ ^u ! discov]y ( ! hypnotic condition 9 animals1 & connects itself to ! exp]im5tum mirabile4 ,9 #ahgb ! fir/ writ+s on ?is subject appe> f ! p5 ( ! physiologi/ ,cz]mak2 & s9ce !n ! inve/igations h be5 cont9u$1 p>ticul>ly by ,pr(essor ,prey]4 ,:ile ,engl& & ,g]many 7 l$ q indep5d5tly to ! /udy ( ! same ph5om5a1 ,france exp]i5c$ a /range developm5t1 :i* %[s1 z no?+ else c\ld1 h[ tru? ev]y:]e comes to ! surface1 & f small beg9n+s swells to a flood :i* c>ries irresi/ibly all opposition ) x4 ,?is f\r? division ( ! hi/ory ( hypnotism is ! m important1 because x =ms ! f\ndation ( a transc5d5tal psy*ology1 & w ex]t a great influ5ce ^u our future culture2 & x is ?is division to :i* we wi% to turn our att5tion4 ,we h int5tionally limit$ ourselves to a *ronological arrangem5t1 s9ce a sy/ematic acc\nt w\ld necess>ily fall into ! /udy ( s+le ph5om5a1 & w\ld f> exce$ ! space (f]$ to u4 ,james ,braid's writ+s1 al?\gh !y 7 discuss$ 9 detail 9 ,littr & ,rob9's ,lexicon1 7 n at all ! cause ( ,dr4 ,philips' fir/ books1 :o !re=e came m indep5d5tly to ! /udy ( ! same ph5om5a4 ,braid's !ories became kn[n to him lat] by ! obs]vations made ^u !m 9 ,braud's ,elem5ts ( ,physiology & 9 ,littr's notes 9 ! translation ( ,mll]'s ,h&book ( ,physiology2 & he !n wrote a second bro*ure1 9 :i* he gave 9 8 allegiance to braidism4 ,8 pr9cipal ef=t 0 direct$ to )draw+ ! veil ( my/]y f ! occurr5ces1 & by a natural explanation relegat+ !m to ! realm ( ! kn[n4 ,! trance caus$ by reg>d+ fix$ly a gleam+ po9t produces 9 ! bra91 9 8 op9ion1 an accumulation ( a peculi> n]v\s p[]1 :i* he calls electrodynamism4 ,if ?is is direct$ 9 a skillful mann] by ! op]ator ^u c]ta9 po9ts1 x manife/s itself 9 c]ta9 situations & actions t we call hypnotic4 ,beyond ?is some:at que/ionable !ory1 bo? books conta9$ a detail$ description ( "s ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a2 b ) ! practical mean+ ( ! ph5om5a1 & especially ) _! !rapeutic value1 ! au?or conc]n$ himself b slightly4 ,j on acc\nt ( ?is pa?ological side1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 att5tion has be5 paid to hypnotism up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdg two surgeons 9 ,poicti]s1 ,drs4 ,ribaut & ,ki>os1 employ$ hypnotism ) great success 9 ord] to make an op]ation pa9less4 ,?is long & horrible "w1 says a j\rnal ( ! day1 0 mu* m l a demon/ration 9 a dissect+ room ?an an op]ation p]=m$ ^u a liv+ be+4 ,al?\gh ?is op]ation produc$ su* an excitem5t1 yet x 0 twelve ye>s lat] be=e decisive & positive (ficial intellig5ce 0 giv5 ( ^! facts by ,broca1 ,foll91 ,velpeau1 & ,gur9au4 ,b ^! acc\nts1 z well z ! excell5t little book by ,dr4 ,azam1 %>$ ! fate ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,!y 7 look$ ^u by /ud5ts ) di/ru/1 & by ! disciples ( ,mesm] ) scornful contempt4 ,! "w ( ,dem>quay & ,giraud ,teulon %[$ consid]able advance 9 ?is direction4 ,! au?ors1 inde$1 fell back ^u ! !ory ( ,james ,braid1 :i* !y call$ /illborn1 & ( :i* !y said1 ,elle e/ re/e accro*e en r\te2 b !y did n satisfy !mselves ) a simple /atem5t ( facts1 z did ,gigot ,su>d 9 8 "w t appe>$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,?r\gh sy/ematic exp]im5ts !y tri$ to f9d out :]e ! l9e ( hypnotic ph5om5a int]sect$ ! l9e ( ! realm ( ! kn[n4 ,!y ju/ly recogniz$ t hypnotism & hy/]ia h _m po9ts ( lik5ess1 & 9 ?is way 7 ! precursors ( ! pres5t ,p>isian s*ool4 ,!y say t f magnetic sleep to ! hypnotic condition an iron *a9 c be easily =m$ f ! v same organic elem5ts t we f9d 9 hi/orical conditions4 ,at ! same "t1 z if to br+ an exp]im5tal pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 ,lasigue publi%$ a report on catalepsy 9 p]sons ( hy/]ical t5d5cies1 :i* be aft]w>d incorporat$ into 8 l>g] "w4 ,among 8 pati5ts1 ^? :o 7 ( a quiet & le?>gic temp]am5t1 by simply press+ d[n ! eyelids1 7 made to ent] into a peculi> /ate ( languor1 9 :i* cataleptic contractions 7 easily produc$1 & :i* =cibly recall$ hypnotic ph5om5a4 ,"o c sc>cely imag9e1 says ! au?or1 a m rem>kable spectacle ?an t ( a sick p]son sunk 9 deep sleep1 & ins5sible to all ef=ts to ar\se him1 :o reta9s e position 9 :i* he is plac$1 & 9 x pres]ves ! immobility & rigidity ( a /atue4 ,b ?is impulse also 0 9 va91 & 9 only a few cases 7 ! practical te/s foll[$ up ) !oretical explanations4 ,unb\nd$ en?usiasm & unju/ blame alike subsid$ into a sil5ce t 0 n brok5 = t5 ye>s4 ,!n ,*>les ,ri*et1 a r5[n$ sci5ti/1 came =w>d 9 #ahge1 impell$ by ! duty he felt he ow$ z a prie/ ( tru?1 & made "s ann\ncem5ts conc]n+ ! ph5om5a ( somnambulism2 & 9 c\ntless books1 all ( :i* are wor?y ( att5tion1 he has s9ce !n consid]$ ! problem f its v>i\s sides4 ,he sep>ates somnambulism into ?ree p]iods4 ,! ^w "h is us$ = ?is :ole class ( subjects z ,ri*et himself uses x1 viz41 torpeur1 excitation1 & /upeur4 ,9 ! fir/1 :i* is produc$ by ! s-call$ magnetic passes & ! fix+ ( ! eyes1 sil5ce & languor come ov] ! subject4 ,! second p]iod1 usually produc$ by con/ant repetition ( ! exp]im5t1 is *>act]iz$ *iefly by s5sibility to halluc9ation & sugge/ion4 ,! ?ird p]iod has z its pr9cipal *>act]i/ics sup]s5sibility ( ! muscles & lack ( s5sation4 ,yet let x be notic$ t ^! divisions 7 n express$ 9 _! pres5t cle>ness until #ahhj2 :ile 9 ! ye>s betwe5 #ahgb & #ahhj1 f an entirely diff]5t qu>t]1 a simil> hypo!sis 0 made out = hypnotic ph5om5a4 ,jean ,m>t9 ,*>cot1 ! r5[n$ neurologi/ ( ! ,p>isian ,salpetri]e1 )\t exactly desir+ x1 0 l$ into ! /udy ( artificial somnambulism by 8 c>eful exp]im5ts 9 ref]5ce to hy/]ia1 & especially by ! "q ( metallo!rapie1 & 9 ! ye> #ahgi _h prep>$ suitable demon/rations1 :i* 7 giv5 9 public lectures at ! ,salpetri]e4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>s he devot$ himself to clos] inve/igation ( ?is subject1 & 0 happily & skillfully assi/$ by ,dr4 ,paul ,ri*]1 ) :om 7 associat$ _m o!r physicians1 su* z ,b\rneville1 ,regn>d1 ,f]e1 & ,b9et4 ,! inve/igations ( ^! m5 pres5t ! peculi>ity t !y obs]ve hypnotism f its cl9ical & nosographical side1 :i* side _h until n[ be5 entirely neglect$1 & t !y obs]ve pati5ts ( ! /ronge/ hy/]ical temp]am5ts4 ,if we c reasonably ass]t t ! hypnotic ph5om5a :i* dep5d ^u ! di/urbance ( a regul> function ( ! organism dem& = _! developm5t a peculi> temp]am5t1 !n we %all f9d ! mo/ m>k$ ph5om5a :5 we turn to an hy/]ical p]son4 ,! inf]5ces ( ! ,p>isian s*ool up to ?is "t are some:at ! foll[+1 b _! results1 belong+ almo/ entirely to ! m$ical side ( ! "q1 c h no place 9 ?is discussion4 ,!y divide ! ph5om5a ( hy/]o-hypnotism1 :i* !y also call gr&e hy/]ie1 into ?ree pla9ly sep>able classes1 :i* ,*>cot designates catalepsy1 le?>gy1 & somnambulism4 ,catalepsy is produc$ by a sudd5 %>p noise1 or by ! sight ( a brightly gleam+ object4 ,x also produces itself 9 a p]son :o is 9 a /ate ( le?>gy1 & ^: eyes are op5$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! cataleptic condition is immobility4 ,! subject reta9s e position 9 :i* he is plac$1 ev5 if x is an unnatural "o1 & is only ar\s$ by ! action ( sugge/ion f ! rigor ( a /atue to ! half life ( an automaton4 ,! face is expressionless & ! eyes wide op54 ,if !y are clos$1 ! pati5t falls into a le?>gy4 ,9 ?is second condition1 beh9d ! tightly clos$ lids1 ! pupils ( ! eyes are convulsively turn$ upw>d4 ,! body is almo/ entirely )\t s5sation or p[] ( ?\ght4 ,especially *>act]i/ic ( le?>gy is ! hyp]-excitability ( ! n]ves & muscles 7hyp]excitabilite neuromusculaire71 :i* manife/s itself at ! slighte/ t\* ( any object4 ,= in/ance1 if ! ext5sor muscles ( ! arm are lightly t\*$1 ! arm /iff5s imm$iately1 & is only made flexible aga9 by a h>d rubb+ ( ! same muscles4 ,! n]ves also react 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! irritation ( a n]ve trunk n only contracts all ! small n]ves into :i* x bran*es1 b also all ^? muscles ?r\gh :i* x runs4 ,f9ally1 ! somnambuli/ic condition proce$s f catalepsy or f le?>gy by means ( a slight pressure ^u ! v]tex1 & is p>ticul>ly s5sitive to e psy*ical influ5ce4 ,9 "s subjects ! eyes are op51 9 o!rs clos$4 ,"h1 also1 a slight irritation produces a c]ta9 am\nt ( rigor 9 ! muscle t has be5 t\*$1 b x does n weak5 ! antagoni/ic muscle1 z 9 le?>gy1 nor does x vani% "u ! influ5ce ( ! same excitem5t t has produc$ x4 ,9 ord] to put an end to ! somnambuli/ic condition1 "o mu/ press s(tly ^u ! pupil ( ! eye1 ^u :i* ! subject becomes le?>gic1 & is easily r\s$ by brea?+ ^u him4 ,9 ?is e>ly /age1 somnambulism appe>s v infrequ5tly4 ,*>cot's s*ool also recognize ! exi/5ce ( comp\nd conditions1 ! hi/ory ( ^: symptoms we mu/ n foll[ "h4 ,^! slightly sket*$ results1 z well z a numb] ( o!r facts1 7 only obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al ye>s2 yet 9 #ahhb ! fundam5tal inve/igations ( ?is s*ool 7 consid]$ virtually conclud$4 ,!n ,dumont-,palli]1 ! head ( ! ,p>isian ,hospital ,piti1 came =w>d ) a numb] ( obs]vations1 drawn also exclusively f ! /udy ( hy/]o-hypnotism1 & yet diff]+ widely f ^? rea*$ by ! physicians ( ! ,salpetri]e4 ,9 a long s]ies ( communications1 he has giv5 8 views1 :i* h 9 _! turn be5 viol5tly attack$1 especially by ,magn9 & ,brillon4 ,i give only ! mo/ important po9ts4 ,accord+ to ^! m51 ! hyp]-excitability ( ! n]ves & muscles is pres5t n only 9 ! le?>gic condition1 b 9 all ?ree p]iods2 & 9 ord] to prove ?is1 we ne$ only apply ! suitable rem$y1 :i* mu/ be *ang$ = ea* p]iod & e subject4 ,slight irritations ( ! sk9 prove ?is mo/ p[]fully4 ,a drop ( w>m wat] or a ray ( sun%9e produces contractions ( a muscle ^: sk9 cov]+ !y t\*4 ,dumont-,palli] & ,magn9 acc$e to ! !ory ( int]m$iate /ages1 & h tri$ to lay d[n rules = !m ) z great exactness z ,*>cot's s*ool4 ,!y also are v decid$ ab\t ! ?ree p]iods1 ^: succession does n appe> to !m z fix$2 b !y discov]$ a new fundam5tal law :i* regulates ! production z well z ! cessation ( ! condition--,la cause qui fait1 defait2 t is1 ! /imulus :i* produces "o ( ! ?ree p]iods ne$s only to be repeat$ 9 ord] to d away ) t condition4 ,f ?is ! foll[+ diagram ( hypnotic conditions is evolv$3 ,illu/ration ,&1 fur!rmore1 ,dumont-,palli] %\ld be consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 = he 0 ! fir/ "o to %[ 9 a decisive mann] t ! duality ( ! c]ebral sy/em 0 prov$ by ^! hypnotic ph5om5a2 & 8 works1 z well z ^? ( ,messrs4 ,brillon & ,desc\rtis1 h br\ght to light ! foll[+ facts3 ,"u hypnotic conditions1 ! psy*ical activity ( a bra9 hemisph]e may be suppress$ )\t nullify+ ! intellectual activity or consci\sness4 ,bo? hemisph]es may be />t$ at ! same "t 9 diff]5t degrees ( activity2 & also1 :5 ! grade is ! same1 !y may be indep5d5tly ! seat ( psy*ical manife/ations :i* are 9 _! natures entirely diff]5t4 ,9 close connection ) ?is & ) ! :ole doctr9e ( hemi-hypnotism1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u ^! facts1 /& ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght transf]5ce1 :i* we mu/ consid] lat]4 ,z an addition to ! inve/igations ( ,*>cot & ,dumont-,palli]1 ,brmaud1 9 #ahhd1 made ! discov]y t !re 0 a f\r? hypnotic /ate1 fasc9ation1 :i* prec$$ ! ?ree o!rs1 & manife/$ itself by a t5d5cy to muscul> contractions1 z well z ?r\gh s5sitiv5ess to halluc9ation & sugge/ion1 b at ! same "t left to ! subject a full consci\sness ( 8 surr\nd+s & remembrance ( :at _h tak5 place4 ,desc\rtis1 9 addition1 p]ceiv$ a simil> condition 9 ! transition f hypnotic sleep to wak+1 :i* he call$ delire po/hypnotique1 &1 in/ead ( us+ ! ^w fasc9ation to express ! op5+ /age1 he sub/itut$ captation4 ,accord+ to him1 ! diagram w\ld be ! foll[+3 ,illu/ration ,?is :ole movem5t1 :i* ,i h tri$ to sket*1 & ^: *ief peculi>ity is t x consid]s hypnotism a n]v\s malady1 & "o t mu/ be treat$ cl9ically & nosographically1 0 oppos$ 9 #ahhj 9 two directions--"o s\rce ( opposition produc+ great results1 :ile ! o!r fell to ! gr\nd4 ,! latt] jo9$ itself to ! !ory ( ! mesm]i/s1 & tri$1 by means ( exact exp]im5ts1 to measure ! fluid emanat+ f ! human body--an und]tak+ :i* gave slight promise ( any satisfactory result4 ,baillif 9 8 !sis 7#ahgh7 & ,*evill>d 9 8 7= spirituali/s7 v int]e/+ books1 tri$1 by means ( v>i\s argum5ts1 to uphold ! fluidic explanation4 ,desp9e also ?\ght t by its help he _h be5 able to expla9 ! ph5om5a2 b x 0 ,b>ty :o1 9 ! ye> #ahha1 fir/ turn$ g5]al att5tion 9 ?is direction4 ,accord+ to him1 mank9d possesses a n]ve =ce :i* emanates f him 9 diff]5t k9ds ( /reams4 ,^? com+ f ! eyes & f+]s produce ins5sibility to pa91 :ile ^? g5]at$ by ! brea? cause hypnotic conditions4 ,?is n]ve =ce goes out into ! e!r1 & !re obeys ! laws t gov]n light1 be+ brok5 into spectra1 etc4 ,claude ,p]ronnet has m lately advanc$ simil> views1 & 8 greate/ "w is n[ 9 press4 ,fr$]ick ,w4,h4 ,my]s & ,edmund ,gurney sympa?ize ) ^! views1 & try to unite !m ) ! mesm]i/ doctr9e ( p]sonal influ5ce & _! !ory ( telepa?y4 ,! ?ird *ampion 9 ,engl& ( hypnotism1 ,pr(4 ,hack ,tuke1 on ! contr>y1 sympa?izes entirely ) ! ,p>isian s*ool1 only diff]+ f !m 9 t he has exp]im5t$ ) satisfactory results ^u heal?y subjects4 ,9 ,france ?is view has lately be5 accept$ by ,dr4 ,bottey1 :o recognizes ! ?ree hypnotic /ages 9 heal?y p]sons1 b has obs]v$ o!r ph5om5a 9 !m1 & vehem5tly opposes ! conception ( hypnotism z a malady4 ,8 excell5tly writt5 book is p>ticul>ly comm5d$ to ^? :o wi% to exp]im5t 9 ! same mann] z ! ,fr5* inve/igator1 )\t us+ hy/]ical subjects4 ,! second c\nt] curr5t t oppos$ itself to ! ,fr5* neuropa?ologi/s1 & produc$ ! mo/ la/+ impression1 is express$ by ! magic ^w sugge/ion4 ,a g5]ation ago1 ,dr4 ,liebault1 ! pati5t inve/igator & skillful physician1 _h endeavor$ to make a rem$ial use ( sugge/ion 9 8 cl9ic at ,nancy4 ,*>les ,ri*et & o!rs h s9ce ref]r$ to x1 b ,pr(essor ,b]nheim 0 ! fir/ "o to demon/rate its full significance 9 ! realm ( hypnotism4 ,accord+ to him1 sugge/ion--t is1 ! influ5ce ( any idea1 :e!r receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses or 9 a hyp]s5sible mann] 7sugge/ion m5tale7--is ! key to all hypnotic ph5om5a4 ,he has n be5 able 9 a s+le case to v]ify ! bodily ph5om5a ( gr&ehypnotisme )\t f9d+ sugge/ion ! prim>y cause1 & on ?is acc\nt d5ies ! tru? ( ! ass]t$ physical causes4 ,b]nheim says t :5 ! int5se expectance ( ! subject has produc$ a compliant condition1 a peculi> capacity is develop$ to *ange ! idea t has be5 receiv$ into an action z well z a great acut5ess ( acceptation1 :i* toge!r w produce all ^? ph5om5a t we %\ld call by ! "n ( pa?ological sleep1 s9ce !y are only sep>able 9 a gradual way f ! ord9>y sleep & dream conditions4 ,b]nheim is p>ticul>ly /r5u\s t psy*ology %\ld appe> 9 ! =egr\nd ( hypnotism1 & on ?is po9t has be5 /rongly upheld by m5 l ,pr(essors ,beaunis & ,ri*et4 ,! possibility ( sugge/ion 9 wak+ conditions1 & also a long "t aft] ! sleep has pass$ (f 7sugge/ions po/hypnotiques ou sugge/ions a 7longue7 e*eance71 z well z ! rem>kable capacity ( subjects to *ange _! p]sonality 7*angem5t de la p]sonnalite objectivation des types71 h be5 made ! subject ( c>eful inve/igation4 ,! volunt>y production ( ble$+ & /igmata ?r\gh spiritual influ5ce has be5 ass]t$1 p>ticul>ly by ,messrs4 ,toca*on1 ,b\rru1 & ,burot4 ,! judicial significance ( sugge/ion has be5 discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,liegeois & ,dr4 ,ladame4 ,pr(essor ,pitres 9 ,bordeaux is "o ( ! sugge/ioni/s1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 _m po9ts f ! ,nancy s*ool4 ,?is :ole t5d5cy br+s into prom95ce ! psy*ical influ5ce1 :ile x d5ies ! production ( ^! results f purely physical ph5om5a1 endeavor+ to expla9 !m 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,^! explanations c>ry u into two realms1 ! fir/ ( :i* has be5 lately op5$1 & at pres5t seems to ab\nd m 9 enigmas ?an 9 solutions4 ,metallo!rapie1 :i* 0 call$ into exi/5ce by ,dr4 ,burg1 & fur!r ext5d$ by ,dr4 ,gell1 conta9s a special po9t ( int]e/--! s-call$ transf]5ce 9 ! case ( hy/]ically or hypnotically affect$ p]sons4 ,transf]5ce is caus$ by electro-magnetism1 :i* has ?is peculi>ity--t 9 ! case ( specially s5sitive p]sons x c transf] ! bodily affection f left to "r1 & vice v]sa4 ,! transf]5ce ( p>alysis1 ! cures attempt$ on ?is plan1 & ! s-call$ psy*ical transf]5ce1 :i* conta9s special int]e/ = graphologi/s1 are at ! pres5t "t /ill op5 que/ions1 z well z ! closely connect$ !ory ( human pol>ity2 & ! odic exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,*az>a9 are yet wait+ = _! confirmation4 ,at pres5t ! problem ( ! connection betwe5 magnetism & hypnotism is "u inve/igation1 & 9 su* a mann] t we may hope = a spe$y solution4 ,/ill /rang] ?an ^! reports are ! acc\nts ( ! di/ant op]ation ( c]ta9 bodies2 at lea/1 !y seem /range to ^? unacqua9t$ ) psy*ometry & ! lit]ature ( ! pa/ c5tury relat+ to ?is subject4 ,two physicians 9 ,ro*e=t1 ,pr(essors ,b\rru & ,burot1 9 treat+ a hy/]o-epileptic p]son1 f\nd t gold1 ev5 :5 at a di/ance ( fifte5 c5timet]s1 produc$ 9 him a feel+ ( unbe>able heat4 ,!y cont9u$ ^! exp]im5ts ) great c>e1 &1 aft] a numb] ( trials1 came to ?is conclusion--t 9 "s p]sons c]ta9 sub/ances1 ev5 :5 c>efully sep>at$ f !m by long di/ance1 ex]cise exactly ! same physiological influ5ce z if introduc$ into _! organism4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ^! ph5om5a1 !y ref] to ! radiat+ =ce ( ,b>ty1 an explanation nei!r satisfactory to !mselves nor to o!rs4 ,lately ! di/+ui%$ ,p>isian physician1 ,dr4 ,luys1 has confirm$ by 8 exp]im5ts ! exi/5ce ( ^! ph5om5a1 b he ?9ks ! explanation ref]able to hyp]-s5sitiv5ess ( ! regions emotives et intellectuelles de l'encephale yet ev5 he has n rea*$ ! k]nel ( ! difficulty4 ,9 close connection ) action at a di/ance is ! "q ( di/ant production ( hypnotic sleep4 ,= an answ] to ?is problem1 !y are exp]im5t+ 9 bo? ,france & ,engl&2 & ,fr$]ick ,w4,h4 ,my]s has ?r[n an entirely new light ^u ! subject by ! inve/igations he is mak+ ^u a purely exp]im5tal basis4 ,9 ,italy !y h limit$ !mselves to ! /udy ( isolat$ cases ( hy/]o-hypnotism1 except z ! ph5om5a ( magnetic fasc9ation inve/igat$ by ,donato h giv5 rise to fur!r rese>*2 b all ! books ,i h se5 ^u ?is subject1 z well z _m by ,fr5* au?ors1 suff] f ignorance ( ! late/ ,engli% discov]ies4 ,) ?is ,i ?9k t ,i h giv5 a slight outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( hypnotic inve/igation to ! end ( ! ye> #ahhf4 ,i %all attempt a criticism ( ?is :ole movem5t at "s o!r "t1 z space is n af=d$ to me "h2 b ,i %\ld l to make ?is /atem5t n[1 t two ( ! *>act]i/ic indications ( ?is p]iod are ( ! grave/ import--fir/ ! me?od 7,our "w1 says ,ri*et1 is t ( /rictly sci5tific te/+1 obs]vation1 & arrangem5t72 &1 secondly1 ! result4 ,hypnotism has be5 receiv$ into ! realm ( sci5tific inve/igation1 & ) ?is ! f\ndation ( a true exp]im5tal psy*ology has be5 laid4 ,,max ,,dessoir4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,duod5um3 ,a ,,siphon ,,trap4 ,by ,,mayo ,,colli]1 ,m4,s4 ,lond41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,eng42 ,s5ior ,assi/ant ,surgeon1 ,nor?-,we/ ,london ,hospital2 ,assi/ant ,demon/rator ( ,anatomy1 ,london ,hospital ,m$ical ,college4 ,we may take x = grant$ t all gases g5]at$ 9 ! jejunum1 ileum1 & l>ge inte/9es pass onw>d t[>d ! anus1 & !re soon] or lat] escape4 ,fetid gases--except ^? g5]at$ 9 ! /oma* & duod5um--nev] pass upw>d1 n ev5 dur+ vomit+ due to h]nia1 ob/ruction1 & o!r causes4 ,physiologi/s1 x w\ld appe>1 h nev] busi$ !mselves to f9d an explanation = ?is app>5t brea* ( ! laws ( gravity4 ,! inte/9al canal is a tube ) v>i\s dilatations & con/rictions1 b at no spot except ! pylorus does ! con/riction completely oblit]ate ! lum5 ( ! tube1 & "h only p]iodically4 ,x is p]fectly evid5t1 !n1 t1 unless "s sy/em ( trap exi/s 9 ! canal1 gases are free to travel f bel[ upw>d 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( gravity1 & w\ld1 z a matt] ( fact1 soon] or lat] d s4 ,f ! /raight1 c\rse & v]tical position ( ! oesophagus1 a v slight pressure ( gas 9 ! /oma* easily ov]comes ! closure ( its c>diac sph9ct] & all[s ( escape4 ,:5 ! /oma* has dige/$ its cont5ts & ! pylorus is relax$1 gases g5]at$ 9 ! duod5um c & d asc5d into ! /oma* & s escape4 ,normally1 no fetid gases are g5]at$ 9 ! /oma* or duod5um4 ,if we foll[ ! c\rse ( ! inte/9es d[n1 we f9d t ! duod5um pres5ts a rem>kable curve4 ,n[1 !re are "s po9ts ( great int]e/ 9 connection ) ?is rem>kable1 almo/ circul>1 curve ( ! duod5um4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is curve is a con/ant feature 9 all mammalians4 ,mr4 ,treves says x is "o ( ! mo/ con/ant features 9 ! anatomy ( ! inte/9es 9 man1 &1 speak+ ( mammalians 9 g5]al1 t ! curve ( ! duod5um v>ies 9 %ape1 b is nev] abs5t1 becom+ m complex 9 "s ( ! high] primates1 b seldom less di/9ct ?an 9 man4 ,9 birds ! duod5um always =ms a long loop embrac+ ! pancreas4 ,a second po9t ( great int]e/ is ! absolute con/ancy & fixation ( its t]m9al portion at ! po9t ( junction ) ! jejunum1 m correctly t]m$ second asc5d+ or f\r? portion4 ,mr4 ,treves says t ?is f\r? portion is nev] less ?an an in*1 & is practically con/ant4 ,x ext5ds along ! side ( ! left crus ( ! diaphragm opposite ! second lumb> v]tebra1 & is !re firmly fix$ to ! front ( ! aorta & crus ( ! diaphragm by a /rong fibro-muscul> b&1 sl++ x up & absolutely reta9+ x 9 position4 ,?is b& has be5 t]m$ ! musculus susp5sorius duod5i1 b is *iefly compos$ ( :ite fibr\s tissue1 & is m ( ! native ( a ligam5t ?an a muscle4 ,?is ligam5t is always pres5t1 & its position is nev] alt]$4 ,! curve ( ! duod5um may desc5d z f> z ! iliac fossa1 b ! t]m9al portion is always ma9ta9$ by ?is b& 9 its normal position4 ,ano!r po9t ( great con/ancy is ! position ( ! pancreas & its relation to ! curve ( ! duod5um4 ,! duod5um always curves r\nd ! head ( ! pancreas & is1 z x 71 m\ld$ on x & reta9$ 9 position by x4 ,9 birds ! duod5um always =ms a long loop embrac+ ! pancreas4 ,fur!r1 ! ducts ( ! liv] & pancreas always op5 into ! c5t] ,( ! duod5um1 ei!r sep>ately or by a common op5+4 ,illu/ration ,n[1 ! absolute con/ancy ( ! curve ( ! duod5um1 ! complete fixation ( its f\r? portion1 ! position ( ! pancreas1 & ! place ( entry ( ! ducts ( ! pancreas & liv]1 are all compon5t p>ts ( a siphon trap1 :]eby gases g5]at$ bel[ ! duod5um are prev5t$ f pass+ upw>d4 ,a ref]5ce to ! accompany+ diagrams w make ?is q cle>4 ,a is a diagram ( a siphon trap copi$ f ,p>kes' hygi5e4 ,b is a v diagrammatic outl9e ( ! /oma* & duod5um1 a is int5d$ to m>k ! position ( ! fibr\s b&1 or musculus susp5sorius duod5i2 & b ! position ( entry ( ! ducts ( ! liv] & pancreas4 ,! duod5um1 !n1 is a siphon trap1 & a mo/ effici5t "o4 ,n[1 ! effici5cy ( a siphon trap dep5ds n only on its %ape1 b :at is absolutely ess5tial is t ! curve mu/ be kept con/antly full ( fluid1 )\t :i* x ceases to be a trap1 & w\ld all[ gases to asc5d freely4 ,! position ( ! place ( entry ( ! ducts ( ! pancreas & liv] assures t ?is s9e qua non %all be pres5t4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! secretions ( ! pancreas & liv]1 al?\gh m active dur+ & aft] fe$+1 is practically con/ant1 & s insures 9 an admirable mann] t ! curve on :i* ! effici5cy ( ! trap dep5ds %all be con/antly kept full n only ) fluid1 b1 z ,i w\ld sugge/1 antiseptic fluid4 ,!re is no o!r trap 9 ! inte/9al canal1 b ! peculi> position ( ! colon w\ld no d\bt h m or less effect 9 prev5t+ gases asc5d+ ?r\gh ! ileo-ccal valve4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wiscons9 ,,cranb]ry ,,culture4 ,among ! _m ?\s&s ( well in=m$ p]sons ) :om ! cranb]ry is a /aple article ( food ?r\gh\t ! autumn & w9t]1 & :o especially d]ive f its pung5t flavor %>p reli% = _! ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas turkey1 n "o 9 t5 has any def9ite idea z to :]e ! delici\s fruit comes f1 or ( ! me?od ( gr[+ & h>ve/+ x4 ,mo/ p are1 h[ev]1 aw>e t x is rais$ on little truck pat*es some:]e d[n 9 ,new ,j]sey or ab\t ,cape ,cod1 & "s h he>d t x is glean$ f ! swamps 9 ! ,f> ,we/ by ,indians & %ipp$ to m>ket by :ite trad]s4 ,b to ! great majority its real hi/ory is unkn[n4 ,yet ! cranb]ry culture is an indu/ry 9 :i* millions ( doll>s are inve/$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x gives employm5t1 = at lea/ a portion ( ea* ye>1 to _m ?\s&s ( p4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 :]e ! value ( an acre ( ev5 swamp l& may run up into ! ?\s&s ( doll>s1 a cranb]ry m>% ( five or t5 acres is consid]$ a l>ge "o1 &1 cultivat$ 9 ! c>eful1 frugal /yle 9 vogue !re1 may yield its own] a h&some ye>ly income4 ,b 9 ! great1 b\ndless ,we/1 :]e l&1 & m especially swamp l&1 may be _h = f #a to #e an acre1 we d ^! ?+s diff]5tly1 if n bett]4 ,! ,/ate ( ,wiscons9 produces ne>ly "o-half ( ! cranb]ries annually gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are m>%es !re cov]+ ?\s&s ( acres1 :]eon ?is fruit gr[s wild1 hav+ done s ev5 z f> back z ! olde/ tradition ( ! native r$ man ext5ds4 ,9 _m cases ! l& on :i* ! b]ries gr[ has be5 b\ght f ! gov]nm5t by individuals or firms1 9 va/ tracts1 & ! gr[? ( ! fruit promot$ & enc\rag$ by a sy/em ( dikes & dams :]eby ! effects ( dr\ghts1 fro/1 & heavy ra9falls are c\nt]act$ to almo/ any ext5t desir$4 ,"s ( ^! hold+s aggregate _m ?\s&s ( acres "u a s+le own]%ip2 & aft] a m>% ( ?is va/ ext5t has be5 ?or\ghly dit*$ & good build+s1 wat] works1 etc41 are erect$ on x1 its value may rea* _m ?\s&s ( doll>s1 :ile ! orig9al co/ ( ! l& may h be5 m]ely nom9al4 ,l>ge portions ( ,jackson1 ,wood1 ,monroe1 ,m>9ette1 ,juneau1 & ,gre5 c\nties are natural cranb]ry m>%es4 ,! ,wiscons9 ,valley division ( ! ,*icago1 ,milwaukee ,/4 ,paul ,railway runs ?r\gh a closely cont9u\s m>%1 =ty miles long & ne>ly z wide1 z level z a floor1 :i* is an almo/ unbrok5 s]ies ( cranb]ry f>ms4 ,! ,indians1 :o inhabit$ ?is c\ntry be=e ! :ite man came1 us$ to congregate "h e fall1 _m ( !m travel+ sev]al hundr$ miles1 to lay 9 _! w9t] supply ( b]ries4 ,_m ?\s&s ( b>rels are n[ annually %ipp$ f ?is region2 & ?us ?is va/ area1 :i* to ! /rang] look+ ^u x w\ld appe> utt]ly wor?less1 is z valuable z ! ri*e/ f>m+ l&s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,9 a few in/ances1 h[ev]1 ?is fruit is cultivat$ 9 ,wiscons9 9 a /yle simil> to t practic$ 9 ! ,ea/2 t is1 by p>+ ! natural sod f ! bog1 cov]+ ! e>? to a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es ) s&1 & !n transplant+ ! v9es into soil ?us prep>$4 ,! we$s are !n kept d[n = a ye> or two1 :5 ! v9es take full possession ( ! soil1 & fur!r att5tion is unnecess>y4 ,! natural /& ( ! v9es 9 ! sod is s productive1 h[ev]1 & ! ext5t ( c\ntry ov] :i* b\ntiful nature has di/ribut$ !m s va/1 t few op]ators h ?\ght x necess>y to incur ! exp5se ( special culture4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ p]fectly equipp$ m>%es 9 ,wiscons9 is own$ by ,mr4 ,g4,b4 ,sackett1 ( ,b]l94 ,x is situat$ f\r miles nor? ( t village1 & comprises #a1fjj acres1 ne>ly all ( :i* is a v]itable bog1 & is cov]$ ) a natural & luxuriant gr[? ( cranb]ry v9es4 ,a canal has be5 cut f ! ,fox ,riv] to ! s\!rn limit ( ! m>%1 a di/ance ( #d1djj ft4 ,x is #de ft4 wide1 & ! wat] /&s 9 x to a dep? ( n9e feet1 suffici5t to float fair siz$ /eamboats4 ,at ! int]section ( ! canal ) ! m>% /eam wat] works h be5 erect$1 ) flood gates & dams by means ( :i* ! entire m>% may be flood$ to a dep? ( a foot or m :5 desir$4 ,!re are two eng9es ( #aej horse p[] ea*1 & two pumps t are capable ( rais+ #hj1jjj gallons p] m9ute4 ,:51 9 e>ly autumn1 ! meteorological conditions indicate ! approa* ( fro/1 ! pumps may he put to "w 9 ! aft]noon & ! b]ries be effectually cov]$ by wat] & ?us protect$ be=e nightfall4 ,at sunrise ! gates are op5$ & ! wat] all[$ to run (f aga91 s t ! pick]s may proce$ ) _! "w4 ,! m>% is flood$ to a dep? ( ab\t two feet at ! beg9n+ ( ea* w9t] & all[$ to rema9 s until spr+1 ! heavy body ( ice t =ms prev5t+ ! upheaval t w\ld result f freez+ & ?aw+--a natural process :i*1 if p]mitt$1 works injury to ! v9es4 ,!re is a ?ree-/ory w>eh\se on ! m>%1 ) a capacity ( #bj1jjj b>rels ( b]ries1 & f\r l>ge two-/ory h\ses capable ( furni%+ %elt] = #a1ejj pick]s4 ,! sup]9t5d5t's resid5ce is a com=table cottage h\se1 surr\nd$ by giant oaks & elms1 & /&s ne> ! w>eh\se on an isl&1 or small tract ( high1 dry l& ne> ! c5t] ( ! great m>%4 ,! pick]s' qu>t]s /& on ano!r isl& ab\t #bjj y>ds away4 ,a plank roadway1 built on piles1 ab\t two feet above ! level ( ! gr\nd1 leads f ! ma9l& to ! w>eh\se & o!r build+s1 a di/ance ( m ?an half a mile4 ,sev]al wood5 railways div]ge f ! w>eh\se to all p>ts ( ! m>%1 & on !m flat c>s1 propell$ by h&1 are s5t out at int]vals dur+ ! pick+ season to br+ 9 ! b]ries f ! h&s ( ! pick]s4 ,ea* pick] is provid$ ) a crate1 hold+ j a bu%el1 :i* is kept close at h&4 ,! b]ries are fir/ pick$ into t9 pans & pails1 & f ^! empti$ into ! crates1 9 :i* !y are c>ri$ to ! w>eh\se1 :]e an empty crate is giv5 ! pick] 9 ex*ange = a full "o4 ,?us equipp$ & improv$1 ! ,sackett m>% is valu$ at #aej1jjj4 ,?irte5 ?\s& b>rels h be5 h>ve/$ f ?is great f>m 9 a s+le season4 ,! sell+ price 9 ! ,*icago m>ket v>ies1 9 diff]5t seasons1 f #h to #af p] b>rel4 ,!re are sev]al o!r m>%es ( v>i\s sizes 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! pick+ season usually beg9s ab\t ,sept4 #a1 & f t "t until ,oct4 #a ! m>%es sw>m ) m51 wom51 & *ildr51 rang+ 9 age f six to eight ye>s1 made up f almo/ e nationality "u ! sun4 ,bohemians & ,poles furni% ! majority ( ! work+ =ce1 :ile ,g]mans1 ,iri%1 ,sw$es1 ,norwegians1 ,danes1 negroes1 ,indians1 & ,am]icans contribute to ! motley cont+5t4 ,!y come f e direction & f v>i\s di/ances1 "s ( !m travel+ a hundr$ miles or m to secure a few days' or weeks' "w4 ,almo/ e f>m] or woodsman liv+ any:]e 9 ! region ( ! m>%es turns out ) 8 entire family2 & ! families ( all ! labor+ m5 & me*anics ( ! surr\nd+ t[ns & cities jo9 9 ! g5]al hegira to ! bogs1 & help to h>ve/ ! fruit4 ,^? liv+ )9 a few miles g out 9 ! morn+ & return home at night1 tak+ _! noon-day meal ) !m1 :ile ^? f a di/ance take provisions & b$d+ ) !m & camp 9 ! build+s provid$ = t purpose by ! m>% own]s1 do+ _! own cook+ on ! /oves & ) ! fuel furni%$ !m4 ,! wages v>y f fifty c5ts to a doll> a bu%el1 ow+ to ! abundance or sc>city ( ! fruit4 ,a good pick] w ga!r f ?ree to f\r bu%els a day :]e ! yield is light1 & five to six bu%els :]e x is good4 ,! mo/ money is made by families numb]+ f half a doz5 to a doz5 memb]s4 ,e *ick & *ild 9 su* families ov] six ye>s old is requir$ to turn out & help swell ! rev5ue ( ! little h\sehold1 & ! frugal fa!r (t5 pockets t5 to tw5ty doll>s a day z ! fruits ( ! comb9$ labors4 ,! pick]s wade into ! grass1 we$s1 & v9es1 h[ev] wet ) dew or ra91 or h[ev] deeply flood$ und]nea?1 mak+ n ! slighte/ ef=t to keep ev5 _! feet dry1 & aft] an h\r's "w 9 ! morn+ are almo/ z wet z if !y _h swum a riv]4 ,_m ( !m wade 9 b>efoot$1 o!rs we>+ l[ c[hide %oes1 & _! feet1 at lea/1 are necess>ily wet all day long4 ,9 _m cases _! bodies are ?9ly clad1 & !y mu/ inevitably suff] 9 fro/y morn+s & ev5+s & on ! raw1 cold1 ra9y days t are frequ5t 9 ! autumn mon?s 9 ?is latitude2 yet !y g ab\t _! "w s++1 %\t+1 & jabb]+ z m]rily z a p>ty ( com=tably clad s*ool *ildr5 at play4 ,h[ any ( !m avoid colds1 rheumatism1 & a doz5 o!r diseases is a my/]y2 & yet x is r>ely t "o ( !m is ill f ! effects ( ?is exposure4 ,z _m z #cjjj or #djjj pick]s are sometimes employ$ on a s+le m>% :5 !re is a heavy crop1 & an army ( su* ragamuff9s z get toge!r = ?is purpose1 scatt]$ ov] a bog 9 confusion & disord]1 pres5ts a /range & picturesque appe>ance4 ,indians are n usually z good pick]s z :ite p1 b 9 ! sp>sely settl$ di/ricts1 :]e _m ( ! b]ry f>ms are situat$1 x is impossible to get :ite help en\gh to take c>e ( ! crop 9 ! %ort "t available = ! "w1 & own]s are compell$ to employ ! aborig9es4 ,a rake1 ) ! prongs %ap$ l ! lett] ,v1 is us$ = pick+ 9 "s cases1 b ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( grass & we$s t gr[ among ! v9es on ^! wild m>%es1 ?is in/rum5t is r>ely available4 ,aft] be+ pick$ ! b]ries are /or$ 9 w>eh\ses = a p]iod v>y+ f "o to ?ree weeks4 ,!y are wa%$ & dri$ by be+ pass$ ?r\gh a fann+ mill made = ! purpose1 & are !n all[$ to cure & rip5 ?or\ghly be=e !y are %ipp$ to m>ket4 ,f /ati/ics ga!r$ by ! ,am]ican ,cranb]ry ,gr[]s' ,association x is le>n$ t 9 #ahhc ,wiscons9 produc$ #ace1ejg bu%els1 9 #ahhd #bd1gch bu%els1 9 #ahhe #bfd1dcb bu%els1 & 9 #ahhf #gj1fhf bu%els ( ?is fruit4 ,by ^! figures x w be se5 t ! yield is v irregul>4 ,?is is ow+1 pr9cipally1 to ! fact t _m ( ! m>%es are n yet provid$ ) ! means ( flood+1 & ( c\rse suff] f worms1 dr\ghts1 late spr+ or e>ly autumn fro/s1 & ext5sive fires />t$ by sp>ks f ! eng9es on railroads runn+ ?r\gh ! m>%es4 ,^! & v>i\s o!r evils are av]t$ on ! m improv$ f>ms4 ,s t1 :ile h&some =tunes h 9 _m cases be5 made 9 cranb]ry gr[+1 _m ?\s&s ( doll>s h1 on ! o!r h&1 be5 sunk 9 ! same indu/ry4 ,only ! weal?i] own]s1 :o h exp5d$ va/ sums ( money 9 improv+ & equipp+ _! prop]ty1 c calculate ) any degree ( c]ta9ty on a pay+ crop ( fruit e ye>4 ,*icago is ! great di/ribut+ po9t = ! b]ries produc$ 9 ,wiscons91 %ipm5ts be+ made !nce to ne>ly e ,/ate & ,t]ritory 9 ! ,union1 to ,canada1 to ,mexico1 & to sev]al ,european c\ntries4 ,b]ries s5t to ! ,s\!rn m>kets are put up 9 wat]tight packages1 & ! casks are !n fill$ ) wat]1 ?is be+ ! only means by :i* !y c be kept 9 hot wea!r4 ,ev5 9 ?is condition !y c only be kept a few days aft] rea*+ hot climates4--,am]ican ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s\dan ,,c(fee4 7,p>kia biglobosa47 ,!re are valuable plants on e cont95t4 ,civiliz$ ,europe no long] c\nts !m4 ,my/]i\s ,africa is no less l>gely & spontane\sly favor$ ) !m ?an "y ,am]ica & ! anci5t t]ritory ( ,asia4 ,! latt] has giv5 u ! majority ( ! be/ fruits ( our g>d5s4 ,we h already %[n h[ useful ! butt] tree 7,butyrosp]mum ,p>kii7 is 9 tropical ,africa1 & we also "k h[ ! g\r\ 7,/]culia acum9ata7 is cultivat$ 9 ! same regions4 ,b t is n all1 = ! great family ( ,legum9os1 ^: num]\s repres5tatives encumb] ?is cont95t1 likewise furni%es ! negro natives a food t is ne>ly z indisp5sable to !m z ! g\r\ or ! products ( ! baobab--ano!r valuable tree & c]ta9ly ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ "o 9 torrid ,africa4 ,?is legum9\s tree1 :i* is z yet b little kn[n 9 ! civiliz$ _w1 has be5 nam$ sci5tifically ,p>kia biglobosa by ,b5?am4 ,! negroes give x v>i\s names1 accord+ to ! tribe2 among ! ,oul(fs1 x is ! h\lle2 among ! ,m&igues1 naytay2 9 ,cazamance 7,nalon language71 x is nayray2 9 ,born\1 r\nuo2 9 ,ha\ssa1 doroa2 9 ,hant-fleure 7,s5egal71 nayrayt\4 ,on ! old my/]i\s cont95t x plays ! same role t ! alg>obas d 9 "y ,am]ica4 ,h[ev]1 x is q a common rule to f9d 9 ! ord] ,legum9os1 & especially 9 ! section ,mimos1 plants ^: pods are edible4 ,examples ( ?is fact are num]\s4 ,z reg>ds ! ,m$it]ranean region1 x suffices to cite ! classic c>ob tree 7,c]atonia siliqua71 :i* also is ( ,african nationality1 b :i* is want+ 9 ! w>m region ( ?is cont95t4 ,?r\gh\t ! tropical region ( ,africa1 ! aborig9es love to consume ! sac*>9e pulp & ! se$ conta9$ 9 ! pod ( ! h\lle4 ,prep>$ 9 diff]5t ways1 accord+ to tribe & latitude1 ^! two products con/itute a valuable alim5t4 ,! pulp is consum$ ei!r j z x is or z a f]m5t$ bev]age4 ,z = ! se$s1 !y s]ve1 raw or roa/$1 = ! production ( a tea-l infusion 7:5ce ! "n ,s\dan c(fee71 or1 aft] f]m5tation 9 wat]1 = mak+ a national condim5t1 :i* 9 c]ta9 places is call$ k9da1 & :i* is mix$ ) boil$ rice or prep>$ meats4 ,?is prep>ation has 9 mo/ cases a pa/y =m or ! consi/5cy ( cohesive fl\r2 b 9 ord] to r5d] its c>riage easi] 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,african c5t]s :]e ! trade 9 x is brisk1 x is compress$ into tablets simil> to ^? ( our *ocolate4 ,z ^! two products are v little kn[n 9 ,europe1 x has seem$ to u t x w\ld be ( int]e/ to give a description & *emical analysis ( !m4 ,we %all say b little ( ! plant1 :i* has suffici5tly occupi$ botani/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a ,,to #f4--,,pods ,,( ,,! ,,h\lle ,,& ,,microscopic ,,details4 ,! h\lle 7,p>kia biglobosa7 is a l>ge tree f #ce to #ej feet 9 height1 ) a gray b>k1 _m bran*es1 & l>ge1 elegant leaves4 ,! latt] are comp\nd1 bip9nate 7,fig4 #g71 & h fifty pairs ( leaflets1 :i* are l9e> & obtuse & ( a grayi% gre54 ,! infloresc5ce is v pleas+ to ! eye4 ,! fl[]s1 say ! au?ors ( ! ,flor ,s5egambi ,t5tam51 =m balls ( a dazzl+ r$1 contract$ at ! base1 & resembl+ ! pompons ( our gr5adi]s 7,fig4 #h74 ,! support ( ?is latt] consi/s only ( male fl[]s4 ,! fruit t succe$s ^! fl[]s is support$ by a club-%ap$ receptacle4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge pod1 :i* at maturity is #ac in*es 9 l5g? by #aj 9 wid? 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is pod is *ocolate br[n1 q smoo? or slightly tub]cul>1 & is swoll5 at ! po9ts :]e ! se$s are situat$4 ,! pods are /raight or slightly curv$4 ,! aborig9es ( ,rio ,nunez use ! pods = poison+ ! fi%es t ab\nd 9 ! wat]c\rses4 ,we d n "k :at ! nature ( ! toxic pr9ciple is t is conta9$ 9 ^! h>d pods1 b we well "k ! nature ( ! yell[i% pulp & ( ! se$s t entirely fill ! pods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,,p>kia ,,biglobosa4 ,al?\gh ! pulp =ms a cont9u\s :ole1 ea* se$ easily sep>ates f ! foll[+ & c>ries ) x a "p ( ! pulp t surr\nds x & t con/itutes an indep5d5t mass 7,fig4 #b74 ,?is pulpy sub/ance1 =m$ entirely ( oval cells fill$ ) aleurone1 consi/s ( two di/9ct lay]s4 ,! fir/1 an ext]nal "o ( a beautiful yell[1 is f #aj to #ae times bulki] ?an ! int]nal "o1 :i* likewise is ( a beautiful yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h--;,,fl[]s ,,( ,,p>kia4 ,x deta*es itself easily f ! se$1 :ile ! int]nal lay]1 :i* adh]es firmly to ! ext]ior ( ! se$1 c be deta*$ only by mac]ation 9 wat]4 ,?is fre% pulp has a sweet & agreeable al?\gh slightly insipid ta/e4 ,^u gr[+ old & becom+ dry1 x takes on a /ill m agreeable ta/e1 = x pres]ves its sweetness & gets a p]fume l t ( ! violet4 ,z = ! se$1 :i* is ( a br[n color & provid$ ) a h>d1 %9+ sk91 t is #j4d in* long1 #j4c in* wide1 & #j4b in* ?ick4 ,x is oval 9 =m1 ) q a prom95t beak at ! hilum 7,fig4 #d74 ,! m>g9 is blunt & ! two convex sides are provid$ 9 ! c5t] ) a gibbosity limit$ by a l9e p>allel ) ! m>g91 & ?is has giv5 ! plant its specific "n ( biglobosa4 ,! mean weight ( ea* se$ is #d gra9s4 ,! sk91 ?\gh ?ick1 is n v /rong4 ,x consi/s1 anatomically1 ( f\r lay]s 7,fig4 #e7 ( a ?ick cuticle1 c2 ( a zone ( palissade cells1 z p2 ( a zone ( cells ) ?ick tang5tial walls arrang$ 9 a s+le r[2 & ( a zone t\gh] ?an ! o!rs1 =m$ ( num]\s cells ) ?ick walls1 )\t def9ite =m1 & fill$ ) a blacki% r$ color+ matt]1 cs4 ,?is p]isp]m cov]s an exalbum9\s embryo =m$ almo/ entirely ( two ?ick1 gre5i% yell[ cotyl$ons hav+ a /rong ta/e ( legum9e4 ,:5 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ^! cotyl$ons1 ! alim5t>y "p ( ! se$1 h ! appe>ance repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #f1 :]e ep is ! epid]mic lay] & cp con/itutes ! uni=m p>5*yma ( ! cotyl$on>y leaf4 ,?is p>5*ymat\s mass consi/s ( oval cells fill$ ) fatty matt] & granules ( aleurone4 ,accord+ to "s *emical rese>*es made by ,pr(essor ,s*lagd5hauff51 ! pulp has ! foll[+ composition p] #ajj p>ts3 ,fatty matt] #b4djg ,glucose #cc4ib ,inv]t$ sug> #g4hbe ,color+ matt] & free acids #a4cjj ,album9\s matt] #e4bdj ,gummy matt] #ai4aji ,cellulose #h4iba ,lignose #ag4aie ,salts #d4jhj ------- ,total #ajj4jjj ,! sali5t po9t ( ^! analytical results is ! enorm\s quantity ( matt] 7ne>ly #fj p] c5t47 =m$ almo/ exclusively by sug>4 ,x is n surpris+1 f ?is t ?is product con/itutes a food bo? agreeable & useful4 ,an analysis ( ! entire se$1 made by ! same *emi/1 has giv5 ! foll[+ results3 ,solid fatty matt] #ba4ade ,unr$uc$ sug> #f4ahc ,undet]m9$ matt]s #e4eaj ,gummy #aj4bgb ,album9oid #bd4fbf ,cellulosic #e4geb ,lignose & losses #bj4igh ,salts #e4ecd ------- ,total #ajj4jjj ,! pres5ce 9 ^! se$s ( a l>ge quantity ( fatty matt]s & sug>1 & especially ( album9oid matt]s 7v nutritive71 l>gely ju/ifies ! use made ( !m z a food4 ,! innate in/9ct ( ! savage peoples ( ,africa has ?us anticipat$ ! data ( sci5ce4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,height ,,( ,,summ] ,,cl\ds4 ,a k ( ! heights & movem5ts ( ! cl\ds is ( mu* int]e/ to sci5ce1 & ( especial importance 9 ! pr$iction ( wea!r4 ,! subject has !re=e receiv$ mu* att5tion dur+ rec5t ye>s f meteorologi/s1 *iefly 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,sw$54 ,9 ! la/ publi%$ report ( ! ,meteorological ,c\ncil = #ahhe-hf w be f\nd an acc\nt ( ! /eps tak5 by t body to obta9 cl\d photographs2 & 9 ! ,meteorologis*e ,zeits*rift = ,m>* la/1 ,m4,m4 ,ekholm & ,hag/rom h publi%$ an int]e/+ summ>y ( ! results ( obs]vations made at ,upsala dur+ ! summ]s ( #ahhd-he4 ,!y det]m9$ ! p>allax ( ! cl\ds by angul> measurem5ts made f two /ations at ! extremities ( a base ( conv5i5t l5g? & hav+ telephonic connection4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ 7 altazimu?s1 con/ruct$ "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,mohn1 specially = measur+ ! p>allax ( ! aurora borealis4 ,a full description ( ^! in/rum5ts & ( ! calculations w be f\nd 9 ! ,acta ,reg ,soc4 ,sc4 ,ups41 #ahhd4 ,! results n[ 9 "q are bas$ ^u ne>ly #a1ejj measurem5ts ( heights2 ! motions w =m ! subject ( a future pap]4 ,x 0 f\nd t cl\ds are =m$ at all levels1 b t !y occur mo/ frequ5tly at c]ta9 elevations or /ages4 ,! foll[+ are1 approximately1 ! mean heights1 9 feet1 ( ! pr9cipal =ms3 ,/ratus1 #b1jjj2 nimbus1 #e1jjj2 cumulus 7base7 #d1ejj1 7summit7 #f1jjj2 cumulo-/ratus 7base71 #d1fjj2 false-cirrus 7a =m :i* (t5 accompanies ! cumulo-/ratus71 #ab1hjj2 cirro cumulus1 #ba1jjj2 cirrus1 #bi1jjj 7! highe/ be+ #da1jjj74 ,! maximum ( cl\d frequ5cy 0 f\nd to be at levels ( #b1cjj & #e1ejj feet4 ,g5]ally speak+1 all ! =ms ( cl\d h a t5d5cy to rise dur+ ! c\rse ( ! day2 ! *ange1 except+ = ! cumulus =m1 am\nt+ to ne>ly #f1ejj feet4 ,9 ! morn+1 :5 ! cirrus cl\ds are at _! l[e/ level1 ! frequ5cy ( _! l[e/ =ms--! cirro-cumulus--is greate/2 & 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! height ( ! cirrus is greate/1 ! frequ5cy ( its highe/ =ms--! cirro-/ratus--is also greate/4 ,) reg>d to ! connection betwe5 ! "* ( ! wea!r & ! height ( ! cl\ds1 ! heights ( ! bases ( ! cumulus are ne>ly con/ant 9 all conditions4 ,! summits1 h[ev]1 are l[e/ 9 ! vic9ity ( a b>ometric maximum4 ,!y increase 9 ! region ( a depression1 & atta9 _! greate/ height 9 ?und]/orms1 ! ?ickness ( ! cumulo /ratus /ret*+ sometimes = sev]al miles4 ,! highe/ =ms ( cl\ds appe> to float at _! l[e/ levels 9 ! region ( a depression4 ,! =ms ( cl\ds are id5tical 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 z has be5 %[n 9 pap]s lately read by ! ,hon4 ,r4 ,ab]cromby be=e ! ,engli% & ,scotti% ,meteorological ,societies4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,iridesc5ce ,,9 ,,cl\ds4 ,by ,g4 ,,john/one ,,/oney4 ,:5 ! sky is occupi$ by light cirro-cumulus cl\d1 an optical ph5om5on ( ! mo/ delicate beauty sometimes pres5ts itself1 9 :i* ! bord]s ( ! cl\ds & _! light] portions are suffus$ ) s(t %ades ( color l ^? ( "m-(-pe>l1 among :i* lovely p9ks & gre5s are ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,usually ^! colors are di/ribut$ 9 irregul> pat*es1 j z 9 "m-(-pe>l2 b occasionally !y are se5 to =m r\nd ! d5s] pat*es ( cl\d a regul> color$ fr+e1 9 :i* ! sev]al t9ts are arrang$ 9 /ripes foll[+ ! s9uosities ( ! outl9e ( ! cl\d4 ,i _c f9d 9 any ( ! books an explanation ( ?is beautiful spectacle1 all ! m pleas+ because x g5]ally pres5ts itself 9 delightful summ] wea!r4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ! "p ( ,moigno's great ,rep]toire d',optique :i* treats ( meteorological optics1 nor 9 any o!r "w :i* ,i h consult$4 ,x seems desirable1 !re=e1 to make an attempt to se>* out :at appe>s to be its explanation4 ,at ! elevation 9 our atmosph]e at :i* ^! delicate cl\ds are =m$ ! temp]ature is too l[1 ev5 9 midsumm]1 = wat] to exi/ 9 ! liquid /ate2 & accord+ly1 ! att5uat$ vapor f :i* !y 7 cond5s$ pass$ at once into a solid =m4 ,!y consi/1 9 fact1 ( t9y cry/als ( ice1 n ( little drops ( wat]4 ,if ! precipitation has be5 ha/y1 ! cry/als w1 ?\gh all small1 be ( _m sizes jumbl$ toge!r1 & 9 t case ! beautiful optical ph5om5on ) :i* we are n[ deal+ w n occur4 ,b if ! opposite conditions prevail 7:i* !y d on r>e occasions71 if ! vapor _h be5 ev5ly di/ribut$1 & if ! precipitation took place sl[ly1 !n w ! cry/als 9 any "o neighborhood be little ice cry/als ( ne>ly ! same =m & size1 & f "o neighborhood to ano!r !y w diff] *iefly 9 numb] & size1 ow+ to ! process hav+ gone on long] or tak5 place some:at fa/]1 or ?r\gh a great] dep?1 9 "s neighborhoods ?an o!rs4 ,?is w give rise to ! pat*$ appe>ance ( ! cl\ds :i* prevails :5 ?is ph5om5on pres5ts itself4 ,x also causes ! t9y cry/als1 ( :i* ! cl\d consi/s1 to gr[ l>g] 9 "s places ?an o!rs4 ,capta9 ,scoresby1 9 8 ,acc\nt ( ! ,arctic ,regions1 gives ! be/ description ( sn[ cry/als =m$ at l[ temp]atures ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,f 8 obs]vations x appe>s--7a7 t :5 =m$ at temp]atures sev]al degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 ! cry/als1 :e!r simple or comp\nd1 are ne>ly all ( symmetrical =ms2 7b7 t ?9 tabul> cry/als are extremely num]\s1 consi/+ ei!r ( simple transv]se slices ( ! fundam5tal hexagon or1 m frequ5tly1 ( aggregations ( ^! atta*$ edgewise & ly+ 9 "o plane2 & 7c7 t1 accord+ z atmosph]ic conditions v>y1 "o =m ( cry/al or ano!r l>gely prepond]ates4 ,a full] acc\nt ( ^! mo/ significant obs]vations is giv5 9 ! app5dix to ?is pap]4 ,let u !n consid] ! cry/als 9 any "o neighborhood 9 ! sky1 :]e ! conditions t prevail are su* z to produce lamell> cry/als ( ne>ly ! same ?ickness4 ,! tabul> plates are subsid+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e--9 fact1 fall+ t[>d ! e>?4 ,& al?\gh _! desc5t is v sl[1 ow+ to _! m9ute size1 ! resi/ance ( ! air w act ^u !m z x does ^u a fall+ fea!r4 ,x w cause !m1 if di/urb$1 to oscillate be=e !y settle into t horizontal position :i* flat plates f9ally assume :5 fall+ ?r\gh quiesc5t air4 ,we %all pres5tly consid] :at ! conditions mu/ be1 9 ord] t ! cry/als may be liable to be n[ & !n di/urb$ f ! horizontal position4 ,if ?is occasionally happ5s1 ! cry/als w keep flutt]+1 & at any "o mom5t "s ( !m w be turn$ s z to reflect a ray f ! sun to ! eye ( ! obs]v] f ! flat surface ( ! cry/al :i* is next him4 ,n[1 if ! conditions are su* z to produce cry/als :i* are plates ) p>allel faces1 & z !y are also transp>5t1 "p only ( ! sun's ray t rea*es ! front face ( ! cry/al w be reflect$ f x2 ! re/ w ent] ! cry/al1 &1 fall+ on ! p>allel surface beh9d1 a portion w be !re reflect$1 & pass+ out ?r\gh ! front face1 w also rea* ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,^! two portions ( ! ray--t reflect$ f ! front face & t reflect$ f ! back--are precisely 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y c int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 s z to produce ! spl5did colors ) :i* we are famili> 9 soap bubbles4 ,if ! cry/als are ( div]se ?icknesses1 ! colors f ! individual cry/als w be diff]5t1 & ! mixture ( !m all w produce m]ely :ite light2 b if all are ne>ly ( ! same ?ickness1 !y w transmit ! same color t[>d ! obs]v]1 :o w accord+ly see ?is color 9 ! "p ( ! cl\d occupi$ by ^! cry/als4 ,! color w1 ( c\rse1 n be undilut$2 = o!r cry/als w s5d =w>d :ite light1 & ?is1 bl5d$ ) ! color$ light1 w produce delicate %ades 9 cases :]e ! correspond+ colors ( a soap bubble w\ld be vivid4 ,we h n[ only to expla9 h[ x happ5s t on v r>e occasions ! colors1 in/ead ( ly+ 9 irregul> pat*es1 =m def9ite fr+es r\nd ! bord]s ( ! cl\dlets4 ,! circum/ances t give rise to ?is special =m ( ! ph5om5on appe> to be ! foll[+3 ,:ile ! cl\d is 9 ! process ( gr[? 7t is1 s long z ! precipitation ( vapor into ! cry/all9e /ate cont9ues to take place71 s long w ! cry/als keep augm5t+4 ,if1 !n1 a cl\dlet is 9 ! process ( =mation1 n only by ! spr++ up ( fre% cry/als ar\nd1 b also by ! cont9u$ gr[? ( ! cry/als )9 x1 !n w t pat* ( cl\d consi/ ( cry/als :i* are l>ge/ 9 its c5tral "p1 & gradually small] z _! situation approa*es ! outside4 ,"h1 !n1 are conditions :i* w produce "o color r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! cl\d1 & t color mix$ ) o!rs1 & s giv+ rise to o!r t9ts1 f>!r 94 ,9 ?is way !re comes into exi/5ce t iris-l bord] :i* is n[ & !n se54 ,! occasional upsett+ ( ! cry/als1 :i* is requir$ to keep !m flutt]+1 may be produc$ 9 any ( ?ree ways4 ,! cl\dlets may h be5 =m$ f ! bl5d+ toge!r ( two lay]s ( air saturat$ at diff]5t temp]atures1 & mov+ ) diff]5t velocities or 9 diff]5t directions4 ,:]e ^! curr5ts int]mix1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( di/urbance w prevail1 :i*1 if suffici5tly slight1 w\ld n mu* int]f]e ) ! regul>ity ( ! cry/als1 & might yet be suffici5t to occasion little draughts1 :i* w\ld bl[ !m ab\t :5 =m$4 ,or1 if ! cold lay] is above1 & if x is 9 a suffici5t degree cold]1 !re ne$ n be any previ\s relative motion ( ! two lay]s2 ! inevitable convection curr5ts w suffice4 ,ano!r1 & probably ! mo/ frequ5t1 cause = little breezes 9 ! neighborhood ( ! cl\dlets is t :5 ! cl\dlets are =m$ !y imm$iately absorb ! heat ( ! sun 9 a way t ! previ\sly cle> air _h n done4 ,if !y absorb en\gh1 !y w rise l feeble balloons1 & slight return curr5ts w travel d[nw>d r\nd _! m>g9s1 ?r[+ all cry/als 9 t situation into disord]4 ,i d n include among ! causes :i* may agitate ! cry/als ano!r cause :i* mu/ produce excessively slight curr5ts ( air1 namely1 t aris+ f ! subsid5ce ( ! cl\dlets ow+ to _! weight4 ,! cry/als w fall fa/] :]e9 cl\d masses ?an 9 ! int]v5+ portions :]e ! cl\d is ?9n]4 ,b ! subsid5ce itself is s sl[ t any relative motions to :i* diff]5ces 9 ! rate ( subsid5ce c give rise are probably too feeble to produce an appreciable effect4 ,( c\rse1 9 g5]al1 m ?an "o ( ! above causes w concur2 & x is ! resultant ( ! effects :i* !y w\ld h sep>ately produc$ t w be felt by ! cry/als4 ,if ! precipitation _h tak5 place s v ev5ly ov] ! sky t !re 7 no cl\dlets =m$1 b only "o uni=m veil ( haze1 !n ! curr5ts :i* w\ld flutt] ! cry/als may be s entirely abs5t t ! little plates ( cry/als c fix$ly assume ! horizontal position :i* is natural to !m4 ,9 ?is ev5t ! cl\d w exhibit no iridesc5ce1 b1 in/ead ( x1 a v]tical circle ?r\gh ! sun w pres5t itself4 ,?is1 on "s r>e occasions1 is a feature ( ! ph5om5on ( p>helia4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! occasional iridesc5ce ( cirrus cl\ds is satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by ! concurr5ce ( conditions1 ea* ( :i* is kn[n to h a real exi/5ce 9 nature4444--,phil4 ,mag41 ,july #ahhg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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