,"y ,folks' ,libr>y ,selections f ! ,*oice/ ,lit]ature ( ,all ,l&s2 ,folk-,lore1 ,fairy ,tales1 ,fables1 ,leg5ds1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,wond]s ( ,e>?1 ,sea & ,sky1 ,animal ,/ories1 ,sea ,tales1 ,brave ,de$s1 ,explorations1 ,/ories ( ,s*ool & ,college ,life1 ,biography1 ,hi/ory1 ,patriotic ,eloqu5ce1 ,poetry ,?ird ,edition ,revis$ 9 ,conf]5ce by ,?omas ,bailey ,aldri*1 ,editor-9-,*ief1 ,presid5t ,william ,jewett ,tuck]1 ,hamilton ,wright ,mabie1 ,h5ry ,van ,dyke1 ,na?an ,haskell ,dole ,tw5ty ,volumes ,ri*ly ,illu/rat$ ,bo/on ,hall & ,locke ,company ,publi%]s ,/anhope ,press ,f4,h4 ,gilson ,company ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 #aijb ,,editorial ,,bo>d ,,?omas ,,bailey ,,aldri*1 ,editor-9-*ief1 ,au?or1 poet1 =m] editor ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,! ,,hon4 ,,john ,d4 ,,long1 ,secret>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 ,bo/on4 ,,hamilton ,,wright ,,mabie1 ,,ll4,d41 ,au?or1 lit]>ian1 associate editor ,! ,outlook1 ,new ,york4 ,,erne/ ,,?ompson ,,seton1 ,arti/1 au?or1 ,new ,york4 ,,john ,,t[ns5d ,,tr[bridge1 ,au?or1 poet1 & editor1 ,arl+ton1 ,mass4 ,! ,,rev]5d ,,cyrus ,,t[ns5d ,,brady1 ,ar*deacon1 au?or1 ,philadelphia4 ,,joel ,,*&l] ,,h>ris1 ,humor\s writ]1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,,m>y ,,h>twell ,,ca!rwood1 ,hi/orical noveli/1 ,*icago4 ,,laura ,e4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,au?or1 ,g>d9]1 ,me4 ,,roswell ,,field1 ,au?or1 editor ,! ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,*icago4 ,,tudor ,,j5ks1 ,au?or1 associate editor ,sa9t ,ni*olas1 ,new ,york4 ,,george ,a4 ,,h5ty1 ,travell]1 au?or1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,,kirk ,,munroe1 ,writ] ( /ories = boys1 ,cocoanut ,grove1 ,fla4 ,,edi? ,m4 ,,?omas1 ,poet1 ,we/ ,new ,brighton1 ,n4,y4 ,,c>ol9e ,,ticknor1 ,au?or1 editor1 ,bo/on4 ,,na?an ,,haskell ,,dole1 ,au?or1 translator1 lit]>y editor ,curr5t ,hi/ory1 ,bo/on4 ,,william ,,ra9ey ,,h>p]1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ,*icago ,univ]sity4 ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ,lel& ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity1 naturali/1 writ]1 ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 ,cal4 ,,*>les ,,eliot ,,norton1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d41 etc41 ,s*ol>1 au?or1 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,art at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,h5ry ,,van ,,dyke1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,cl]gyman1 au?or1 ,pr(essor ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,! ,,rev]5d ,,?omas ,j4 ,,%ahan1 ,dean ( ! ,faculty ( ,div9ity1 ,pr(essor ( ,e>ly ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,william ,p4 ,,tr5t1 ,au?or1 editor1 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,edw>d ,,s+leton ,,hold51 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d41 ,ex-presid5t ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 a/ronom]1 au?or1 ,u4,s4 ,milit>y ,academy1 ,we/ ,po9t4 ,,edw9 ,,erle ,,sp>ks1 ,pr(essor ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,*icago ,univ]sity4 ,! ,,v ,,rev4 ,,george ,m4 ,,grant1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,educator1 au?or1 vice-pr9cipal ,que5's ,college1 ,k+/on1 ,ont4 ,,b>oness ,,von ,,bul[1 ,educator1 au?or1 ,dresd51 ,g]many4 ,,abbie ,,f>well ,,br[n1 ,au?or1 ,bo/on4 ,,*>les ,,wel%1 ,manag+ ,editor1 ,au?or1 lectur]1 editor1 ,w9?rop ,highl&s1 ,mass4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,volumes ,,volume ,i4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,tell] ,edit$ by ,,*>les ,,eliot ,,norton ,,volume ,,ii4 ,,! ,,m]ry ,,mak] ,edit$ by ,,joel ,,*&l] ,,h>ris ,,volume ,,iii4 ,,fam\s ,,fairy ,,tales ,edit$ by ,,roswell ,,field ,,volume ,,iv4 ,,tales ,,( ,,fantasy ,edit$ by ,,tudor ,,j5ks ,,volume ,v4 ,,my?s ,,& ,,leg5ds ,edit$ by ,,?omas ,j4 ,,%ahan ,,volume ,,vi4 ,,! ,,animal ,,/ory ,,book ,edit$ by ,,erne/ ,,?ompson ,,seton ,,volume ,,vii4 ,,s*ool ,,& ,,college ,,days ,edit$ by ,,kirk ,,munroe & ,,m>y ,,h>twell ,,ca!rwood ,,volume ,,viii4 ,,book ,,( ,,adv5ture ,edit$ by ,,na?an ,,haskell ,,dole ,,volume ,,ix4 ,,fam\s ,,explor]s ,edit$ by ,,edw9 ,,erle ,,sp>ks ,,volume ,x4 ,,brave ,,de$s ,edit$ by ,,john ,,t[ns5d ,,tr[bridge ,,volume ,,xi4 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,e>?1 ,,sea ,,& ,,sky ,edit$ by ,,edw>d ,,s+leton ,,hold5 ,,volume ,,xii4 ,,fam\s ,,travels ,edit$ by ,,george ,a4 ,,h5ty ,,volume ,,xiii4 ,,sea ,,/ories ,edit$ by ,,cyrus ,,t[ns5d ,,brady ,,volume ,,xiv4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,edit$ by ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan ,,volume ,,xv4 ,,hi/oric ,,sc5es ,,9 ,,fiction ,edit$ by ,,h5ry ,,van ,,dyke ,,volume ,,xvi4 ,,fam\s ,,battles ,,by ,,l& ,,& ,,sea ,edit$ by ,,john ,d4 ,,long ,,volume ,,xvii4 ,,m5 ,,:o ,,h ,,ris5 ,edit$ by ,,hamilton ,,wright ,,mabie4 ,,volume ,,xviii4 ,,book ,,( ,,patriotism ,edit$ by ,,volume ,,xix4 ,,lead]s ,,( ,,m51 ,,or ,,hi/ory ,,told ,,9 ,,biography ,edit$ by ,,william ,,ra9ey ,,h>p] ,,volume ,,xx4 ,,fam\s ,,poems ,select$ by ,,?omas ,,bailey ,,aldri*1 ) ,poetical ,=eword by ,,edi? ,m4 ,,?omas4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,geys] ,volume ,,xi3 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,e>?1 ,,sea ,,& ,,sky ,edit$ by ,,edw>d ,,s+leton ,,hold5 ,bo/on ,hall & ,locke ,company ,publi%]s #aijb ,,cont5ts ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations xi ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,nature xiii ,,by ,,pr(essor ,e4,s4 ,,hold54 ,,:at ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/ ,,is ,,made ,,( #a ,,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne4 ,,am]ica ,,! ,,old ,,_w #de ,,by ,,l\is ,,agassiz4 ,,"s ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,rocks #gg ,,by ,n4,s4 ,,%al]4 ,,! ,,pit* ,,lake ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies #ig ,,by ,,*>les ,,k+sley4 ,a ,,/alagmite ,,cave #aaa ,,by ,,sir ,c4 ,,wyville ,,?omson4 ,,! ,,big ,,trees ,,( ,,cali=nia #aai ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,,:at ,,is ,,evolution8 #abg ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,s4 ,,hold54 ,,h[ ,,! ,,soil ,,is ,,made #ace ,,by ,,*>les ,,d>w94 ,,zo,,logical ,,my?s #adc ,,by ,,&rew ,,wilson4 ,,on ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,*alk #aga ,,by ,t4,h4 ,,huxley4 ,a ,,bit ,,( ,,sponge #bje ,,by ,a4 ,,wilson4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,sea-,,wave ,,ev] ,,kn[n #baa ,,by ,r4,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,! ,,phosphoresc5t ,,sea #bbh ,,by ,w4,s4 ,,dallas4 ,,comets #bea ,,by ,,camille ,,flamm>ion4 ,,! ,,total ,,sol> ,,eclipse ,,( #ahhc #bfa ,,by ,e4,s4 ,,hold54 ,,halos--,,p>helia--,,! ,,spectre ,,( ,,! ,,brock51 ,,etc4 #bfh ,,by ,,camille ,,flamm>ion4 ,,! ,,planet ,,v5us #bhb ,,by ,,agnes ,m4 ,,cl]ke4 ,,! ,,/>s #bif ,,by ,,sir ,r4,s4 ,,ball4 ,,ra9 ,,& ,,sn[ #cdb ,,by ,,john ,,tyndall4 ,,! ,,organic ,,_w #ceg ,,by ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t4 ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,my ,,pool #cff ,,by ,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley4 ,,biographical ,,notes4 #chg ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+4 #chi ,,note4 ,! publi%]s' ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ,messrs4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 = p]mission to use ,am]ica & ! ,old ,_w1 by ,l4 ,agassiz2 to ,messrs4 ,d4,c4 ,hea? ,co4 = p]mission to use ,"s ,records ( ! ,rocks1 by ,pr(essor ,n4,s4 ,%al]2 & to ,pr(essor ,e4,s4 ,hold5 = p]mission to use ,:at is ,evolution8 & ,an ,a/ronom]'s ,voyage to ,fairy ,l&4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,color$ ,,illu/rations ,a ,,geys]4 ,frontispiece1 ,see ,page #dg ,,view ,,9 ,a ,,ca,,on ,face ,page #ab ,a ,,volcano #dh ,a ,,/alagmite ,,cave #aaf ,,:]e ,,sponges ,,gr[ #bjh ,a ,,comet #bed ,,! ,,spectre ,,( ,,! ,,brock5 #bgb ,,& ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sixty-,,f\r ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text4 ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,nature ,,by ,,edw>d ,s4 ,,hold51 ,m4,a41 ,sc4,d4 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,e>?1 ! ,sea1 ! ,sky1 & _! wond]s--^! are ! !mes ( ?is volume4 ,! volume is s small1 & ! !me s va/6 ,m5 h liv$ on ! e>? = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & its wond]s h increas$1 n dim9i%$1 ) _! exp]i5ce4 ,to our b>b>\s ance/ors ( c5turies ago1 all 0 my/]y--! ?und]1 ! ra9b[1 ! gr[+ corn1 ! ocean1 ! />s4 ,gradually & by sl[ /eps !y le>n$ to h\se !mselves 9 trees1 9 caves1 9 huts1 9 h\ses2 to f9d a sure supply ( food2 to provide a /ock ( s]viceable clo?+4 ,! arts ( life 7 born2 tools 7 inv5t$2 ! priceless boon ( fire 0 receiv$2 tribes & clans unit$ = def5ce2 "s measure ( security & com=t 0 atta9$4 ,) security & com=t came leisure2 & ! m9d ( e>ly ,man began curi\sly to inquire ! mean+ ( ! my/]ies ) :i* he 0 surr\nd$4 ,t curi\s inquiry 0 ! bir? ( ,sci5ce4 ,art 0 born :5 "s f>-away ance/or1 9 an idle h\r1 scrat*$ on a bone ! draw+ ( two ( 8 re9de] fight+1 or c>v$ on ! walls ( 8 cave ! image ( ! mammo? t he _h b lately sla9 ) 8 spe> & arr[s4 ,9 a m9d t is completely ignorant !re is no wond]4 ,wond] is ! *ild ( k--( p>tial & imp]fect k1 to be sure1 b /ill1 ( k4 ,! v fir/ /ep 9 ,sci5ce is to make an inv5tory ( ext]nal ,nature 7& by & by ( ! faculties ( ! m9d t ?9ks74 ,! second /ep is to catalogue simil> appe>ances toge!r4 ,x is a mu* high] flight to seek ! causes ( lik5esses ?us discov]$4 ,a few ( ! *apt]s ( ?is volume are items 9 a m]e catalogue ( wond]s1 & des]ve _! place by accurate & eloqu5t description4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 repres5t high] /ages ( insight4 ,9 ! latt]1 ,nature is view$ n only ) ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 b also ) ! m9d's eye1 curi\s to discov] ! reasons = ?+s se54 ,! mo/ p5etrat+ inw>d inquiry accompanies ! acute/ ext]nal obs]vation 9 su* *apt]s z ^? ( ,d>w9 & ,huxley1 "h repr9t$4 ,n[1 ! po9t n to be ov]look$ is ?is3 to ,d>w9 & ,huxley1 z to _! remote & uncultur$ ance/ors1 ! ,_w--! ,e>?1 ! ,sea1 ! ,sky--is full ( wond]s & ( my/]ies1 b ! wond]s are ( a high] ord]4 ,! problems ( ! ?und] & ( ! ra9b[ z !y pres5t$ !mselves to ! m5 ( a ?\s& g5]ations ago1 h be5 fully solv$3 b ! que/ions2 :at is ! v]itable nature ( electricity1 exactly h[ does x diff] f light1 are /ill unansw]$4 ,& :at are simple problems l ^! to ! que/ions3 :at is love2 :y d we feel a sympa?y ) ?is p]son1 an antipa?y = t2 & o!rs ( ! sort8 ,sci5ce has made almo/ inf9ite advances s9ce pre-hi/oric man fir/ felt ! feeble curr5t ( intellectual curiosity amid 8 awe ( ! /orm2 x has /ill to gr[ almo/ inf9itely be=e any?+ l a complete explanation ev5 ( ext]nal ,nature is a*iev$4 ,suppose t1 at "s future day1 all physical & me*anical laws %\ld be f\nd to be direct consequ5ces ( a s+le maje/ic law1 j z all ! motions ( ! planets are 7b--are !y87 ! direct results ( ! s+le law ( gravitation4 ,gravitation w1 probably1 soon be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( "s remot] cause1 b ! reason ( t s+le & ultimate law ( ! univ]se :i* we h imag9$ w\ld /ill rema9 unkn[n4 ,human k w always h limits1 & beyond ^? limits !re w always be room = my/]y & wond]4 ,a complete & exhau/ive explanation ( ! _w is inconceivable1 s long z human p[]s & capacities rema9 at all z !y n[ are4 ,x is important to emphasize su* tru?s1 especially 9 a book address$ to ! "y4 ,:5 a lad he>s = ! fir/ "t t an a/ronom]1 by a simple po9t+ ( 8 spectroscope1 c det]m9e ) :at velocity a /> is approa*+ ! e>?1 or rec$+ f x1 or :5 he he>s t ! v %ape ( ! revolv+ masses ( c]ta9 />s c be calculat$ f simple measures ( ! sort1 he is apt to conclude t ,sci5ce1 :i* has made su* a/\nd+ advances s9ce ! days ( ,galileo & ,newton1 mu/ ev5tually rea* a complete explanation ( ! entire univ]se4 ,! conclusion is n unnatural1 b x is n correct4 ,!re are limits beyond :i* ,sci5ce1 9 ?is s5se1 _c g4 ,its scope is limit$4 ,beyond its limits !re are problems t x _c solve1 my/]ies t x _c expla94 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 = example1 ! nature ( ,=ce is unkn[n4 ,a weight releas$ f ! h& drops to ! e>?4 ,exactly :at is ! nature ( ! =ce ) :i* ! e>? attracts x8 ,we d n "k1 b x s happ5s t x is m ?an likely t an explanation w be rea*$ 9 our own day4 ,gravity w be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( "s m g5]al =ces4 ,! my/]y w be pu%$ back ano!r /ep1 & yet ano!r & ano!r4 ,b ! progress is n indef9ite4 ,if all ! me*anical actions ( ! entire univ]se 7 to be =mulat$ z ! results ( a s+le law or cause1 ! cause ( t cause w\ld be /ill to seek1 z has be5 said4 ,we h e "r to exult 9 ! amaz+ a*ievem5ts ( ,sci5ce2 b we h n und]/ood !m until we realize t ! univ]se ( ,sci5ce has /rict limits1 )9 :i* all its conque/s mu/ necess>ily be conf9$4 ,humility1 & n pride1 is ! f9al lesson ( sci5tific "w & /udy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *oice ( ! selections pr9t$ 9 ?is volume has be5 necess>ily limit$ by _m hamp]+ conditions1 t ( m]e space be+ "o ( ! mo/ h>ass+4 ,ea* ( ! *apt]s might readily be exp&$ into a volume4 ,volumes might be add$ on topics almo/ unt\*$ "h4 ,x has be5 necess>y to pass ov] almo/ )\t notice matt]s ( surpass+ int]e/ & importance3 ,electricity & its wond]ful & new applications2 ! new ,biology1 ) its views ^u su* fundam5tal que/ions z ! orig9s ( life & dea?2 mod]n ,a/ronomy1 ) its f>-rea*+ pron\ncem5ts ^u ! fate ( univ]ses4 ,all ^! c only be t\*$ lightly1 if at all4 ,x is ! *ief purpose ( ?is volume to po9t ! way t[>ds ! mo/ mod]n & ! greate/ conclusions ( ,sci5ce1 & to lay f\ndations ^u :i* ! read+ ( a life-"t c be laid4 ,illu/ration3 ,signature3 ,edw>d ,s4 ,hold5 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,milit>y ,,academy1 ,,we/ ,,po9t1 ,janu>y #a1 #aijb4 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,e>?1 ,,sea1 ,,& ,,sky ,,:at ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/ ,,is ,,made ,,( 7,,f ,,! ,,_w',s ,,f\ndations47 ,,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne4 ,/& /ill & consid] ! wondr\s works ( ,god4 ,illu/ration ,:at is ! e>? made (--?is r\nd e>? ^u :i* we human be+s live & move8 ,a "q m easily ask$ ?an answ]$1 z reg>ds a v l>ge portion ( x4 ,= ! e>? is a huge ball ne>ly eight ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 & we :o dwell on ! outside h no means ( gett+ d[n m ?an a v little way bel[ ! surface4 ,s x is q impossible = u to speak positively z to ! inside ( ! e>?1 & :at x is made (4 ,"s p believe ! e>?'s inside to be h>d & solid1 :ile o!rs believe x to be "o enorm\s lake or furnace ( fi]y melt$ rock4 ,b nobody really kn[s4 ,?is outside cru/ has be5 reckon$ to be ( _m diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,"o man w say x is t5 miles ?ick1 & ano!r w rate x at f\r hundr$ miles4 ,s f> z reg>ds man's k ( x1 ga9$ f m9+1 f bor+1 f exam9ation ( rocks1 & f reason+ out all t may be le>n$ f ^! obs]vations1 we %all all[ an ample m>g9 if we c\nt ! field ( geology to ext5d "s tw5ty miles d[nw>ds f ! highe/ m\nta9-tops4 ,beyond ?is we f9d ourselves 9 a l& ( d>kness & conjecture4 ,tw5ty miles is only "o f\r-hundr$? "p ( ! e>?'s diamet]--a m]e ?9 %ell ov] a massive globe4 ,if ! e>? 7 br\ght d[n 9 size to an ord9>y l>ge s*ool globe1 a piece ( r\gh br[n pap] cov]+ x might well repres5t ! ?ickness ( ?is e>?-cru/1 ) :i* ! sci5ce ( geology has to d4 ,& ! :ole ( ! globe1 ?is e>? ( ours1 is b "o t9y planet 9 ! great ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,& ! c5tre ( t ,sol> ,sy/em1 ! blaz+ sun1 ?\gh equal 9 size to m ?an a million e>?s1 is yet himself b "o /> amid millions ( tw9kl+ />s1 scatt]$ broadca/ ?r\gh ! univ]se4 ,s x w\ld seem at fir/ sight t ! field ( geology is a small field comp>$ ) t ( a/ronomy4444 ,) reg>d to ! great bulk ( ! globe little c be said4 ,v probably x is =m$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ( ! same mat]ials z ! cru/4 ,?is we d n "k4 ,nei!r c we tell1 ev5 if x be s =m$1 :e!r ! said mat]ials are solid & cold l ! outside cru/1 or :e!r !y are liquid ) heat4 ,! belief has be5 long & widely held t ! :ole inside ( ! e>? is "o va/ lake or furnace ( melt$ fi]y-hot mat]ial1 ) only a ?9 cool$ cru/ cov]+ x4 ,"s 9 ! pres5t day are incl9$ to "q ?is1 & hold r t ! e>? is solid & cold ?r\gh\t1 ?\gh ) l>ge lakes ( liquid fire "h & !re1 "u or 9 h] cru/1 f :i* our volcanoes are f$4444 ,! mat]ials ( :i* ! cru/ is made are _m & v>i\s2 yet1 g5]ally speak+1 !y may all be class$ "u "o simple ^w1 & t ^w is--,rock4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t1 :5 we talk ( rock 9 ?is geological s5se1 we d n only mean h>d & solid /one1 z 9 common conv]sation4 ,rock may be *ang$ by heat into a liquid or molt5 /ate1 z ice is *ang$ by heat to wat]4 ,liquid rock may be *ang$ by yet great] heat to vapor1 z wat] is *ang$ to /eam1 only we h 9 a common way no su* heat at comm& z w\ld be ne$$ to effect ?is4 ,rock may be h>d or s(t4 ,rock maybe *alky1 clayey1 or s&y4 ,rock may be s close-gra9$ t /rong =ce is ne$$ to break x2 or x may be s por\s--s full ( t9y holes--t wat] w dra9 ?r\gh x2 or x may be cru%$ & crumbl$ into loose gra9s1 among :i* y c pass y\r f+]s4 ,! cliffs above our bea*es are rock2 ! s& ^u our sea%ore is rock2 ! clay us$ 9 brick-mak+ is rock2 ! lime/one ( ! qu>ry is rock2 ! m>ble ( :i* our mantel-pieces are made is rock4 ,! s(t s&/one ( ,s\? ,devon1 & ! h>d granite ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 are alike rock4 ,! pebbles 9 ! road are rock2 ! v m\ld 9 our g>d5s is l>gely compos$ ( crumbl$ rock4 ,s ! ^w 9 its geological s5se is a ^w ( wide mean+4 ,n[ ! bus9ess ( ! geologi/ is to read ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ 9 ^! rocks ( :i* ! e>?'s cru/ is made4 ,?is may seem a s+ul> ?+ to d1 & ,i c assure y x is n an easy task4 ,=1 to beg9 )1 ! hi/ory itself is writt5 9 a /range language1 a language :i* man is only j beg9n+ to spell out & und]/&4 ,& ?is is only half ! difficulty ) :i* we h to /ruggle4 ,if a l>ge & le>n$ book 7 put be=e y & y 7 set to read x ?r\gh1 y w\ld p]haps1 h no insurm\ntable difficulty1 ) pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 9 ma/]+ its mean+4 ,b h[ if ! book 7 fir/ *opp$ up into pieces1 if "p ( x 7 flung away out ( rea*1 if "p ( x 7 cru%$ into a pulp1 if ! numb]+ ( ! pages 7 9 _m places lo/1 if ! :ole 7 mix$ up 9 confusion1 & if !n y 7 desir$ to sort1 & arrange1 & /udy ! volume8 ,picture to y\rself :at sort ( a task ?is w\ld be1 & y w h "s idea ( ! labors ( ! pati5t geologi/4 ,rocks may be divid$ into sev]al k9ds or classes4 ,= ! pres5t mom5t x w be en\gh to consid] ! two gr& divisions--,/ratifi$ rocks & ,un/ratifi$ rocks4 ,un/ratifi$ rocks are ^? :i* 7 once1 at a "t m or less di/ant1 9 a melt$ /ate f int5se heat1 & :i* h s9ce cool$ into a half cry/alliz$ /ate2 mu* ! same z wat]1 :5 gr[+ cold]1 cools & cry/allizes into ice4 ,/rictly speak+1 ice is rock1 j z mu* z granite & s&/one are rock4 ,wat] itself is ( ! nature ( rock1 only z we commonly "k x 9 ! liquid /ate we d n commonly call x s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,un/ratifi$ ,,rock4--,a ,,volcanic ,,block4 ,cry/allization means ^? p>ticul> =ms or %apes 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( a liquid arrange !mselves1 z t liquid h>d5s into a solid--9 o!r words1 z x freezes4 ,granite1 iron1 m>ble1 are froz5 sub/ances1 j z truly z ice is a froz5 sub/ance2 = ) great] heat !y w\ld all become liquid l wat]4 ,:5 a liquid freezes1 !re are always cry/als =m$1 ?\gh ^! are n always visible )\t ! help ( a microscope4 ,also ! cry/als are ( diff]5t %apes ) diff]5t sub/ances4 ,if y exam9e ! surface ( a puddle or pond1 :5 a ?9 cov]+ ( ice is beg9n+ to =m1 y w be able to see pla9ly ! delicate %>p ne$le-l =ms ( ! ice cry/als4 ,break a piece ( ice1 & y w f9d t x w n easily break j 9 any way t y may *oose1 b x w only split along ! l9es ( ^! ne$le-l cry/als4 ,?is p>ticul> mode ( splitt+ 9 a cry/alliz$ rock is call$ ! cleavage ( t rock4 ,cry/allization may take place ei!r sl[ly or rapidly1 & ei!r 9 ! op5 air or f> bel[ gr\nd4 ,! lava f a volcano is an example ( rock :i* has cry/alliz$ rapidly 9 ! op5 air2 & granite is an example ( rock :i* has cry/alliz$ sl[ly und]gr\nd b5ea? great pressure4 ,/ratifi$ rocks1 on ! contr>y1 :i* make up a v l>ge "p ( ! e>?'s cru/1 are n cry/alliz$4 ,in/ead ( hav+ cool$ f a liquid into a solid /ate1 !y h be5 sl[ly built up1 bit by bit & gra9 ^u gra91 into _! pres5t =m1 ?r\gh long ages ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made 7 probably once1 long1 long ago1 ! crumbl+s f granite & o!r cry/alliz$ rocks1 b !y %[ n[ no signs ( cry/allization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks4 a4 ,conglom]ate4 b4 ,pebbly ,s&/one1 c4 ,?9-b$d$ ,s&/one1 d4 ,%elly ,s&/one1 e4 ,%ale4 f4 ,lime/one4 ,!y are call$ /ratifi$ because !y are 9 !mselves made up ( di/9ct lay]s1 & also because !y lie ?us "o ^u ano!r 9 lay]s1 or /rata1 j z ! leaves ( a book lie1 or z ! bricks ( a h\se are plac$4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,europe1 ( ,asia1 ( ,africa1 ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ( ,au/ralia1 ^! rocks are to be f\nd1 /ret*+ ov] hundr$s ( miles toge!r1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 ext5d+ up to ! tops ( "s ( ! e>?'s highe/ m\nta9s1 rea*+ d[n deep into ! e>?'s cru/4 ,9 _m p>ts if y c\ld dig /raight d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! e>? = ?\s&s ( feet1 y w\ld come to lay] aft] lay] ( ^! /ratifi$ rocks1 "o k9d bel[ ano!r1 "s lay]s ?ick1 "s lay]s ?91 "h a /ratum ( gravel1 !re a /ratum ( s&/one1 "h a /ratum ( coal1 !re a /ratum ( clay4 ,b h[1 :51 :]e1 did ! build+ up ( all ^! rock-lay]s take place8 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bea* ,,9 ,,! ,,=egr\nd ,,is ,a ,,rocky ,,%elf1 ,,! ,,remnant ,,( ,,! ,,cliff ,,:i* ,,once ,,ext5d$ ,,out ,,to ,,! ,,isl&4 ,p are r apt to ?9k ( l& & wat] on ! e>? z if !y 7 fix$ 9 "o *angeless =m1--z if e cont95t & e isl& 7 ( exactly ! same %ape & size n[ t x always has be5 & always w be4 ,yet no?+ c be fur!r f ! tru?4 ,! e>?-cru/ is a sc5e ( p]petual *ange1 ( p]petual /ruggle1 ( p]petual build+ up1 ( p]petual we>+ away4 ,! "w may g on sl[ly1 b x does g on4 ,! sea is always fight+ aga9/ ! l&1 beat+ d[n h] cliffs1 eat+ into h] %ores1 swall[+ bit by bit ( solid e>?2 & ra9 & fro/ & inl& /reams are always busily at "w1 help+ ! ocean 9 h] "w ( de/ruction4 ,ye> by ye> & c5tury by c5tury x cont9ues4 ,n a c\ntry 9 ! _w :i* is bord]$ by ! op5 sea has precisely ! same coa/-l9e t x _h "o hundr$ ye>s ago2 n a l& 9 ! _w b p>ts ea* c5tury ) masses ( its mat]ial1 wa%$ piecemeal away into ! ocean4 ,is ?is h>d to believe8 ,look at ! crumbl+ cliffs ar\nd old ,engl&'s %ores4 ,see ! effect ^u ! bea* ( "o night's fi]ce /orm4 ,m>k ! pa?way on ! cliff1 h[ x seems to h crept s ne> ! edge t "h & !re x is sc>cely safe to tread2 & v soon1 z we "k1 x w become impassable4 ,j f a m]e accid5t1 ( c\rse1--! break+ away ( "s ( ! e>?1 loos5$ by ra9 & fro/ & w9d4 ,b ?is is an accid5t :i* happ5s daily 9 hundr$s ( places ar\nd ! %ores4 ,leav+ ! ocean1 look n[ at ?is riv] 9 our neighborhood1 & see ! slight mudd9ess :i* seems to color its wat]s4 ,:at f8 ,only a little e>? & s& c>ri$ (f f ! banks z x fl[$1--v unimportant & small 9 quantity1 d\btless1 j at ?is mom5t & j at ?is spot4 ,b :at ( t little go+ on week aft] week1 & c5tury aft] c5tury1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! riv]1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( e riv] & rivulet 9 our :ole c\ntry & 9 e o!r c\ntry4 ,a va/ am\nt ( mat]ial mu/ e ye> be ?us torn f ! l& & giv5 to ! ocean4 ,= ! l&'s loss "h is ! ocean's ga94 ,&1 /range to say1 we %all f9d t ?is same ocean1 s busily engag$ ) ! help ( its tribut>y riv]s 9 pull+ d[n l&1 is no less busily engag$ ) _! help 9 build+ x up4 ,y h sometimes se5 directions ^u a vial ( m$ic9e to %ake be=e tak+ ! dose4 ,:5 y h s %ak5 ! bottle ! cle> liquid gr[s ?ick2 & if y let x /& = a:ile ! ?ickness goes (f1 & a f9e gra9-l or du/-l sub/ance settles d[n at ! bottom--! settlem5t or s$im5t ( ! m$ic9e4 ,! f9] ?is s$im5t1 ! sl[] x is 9 settl+4 ,if y 7 to keep ! liquid 9 g5tle motion1 ! f9e s$im5t w\ld n settle d[n at ! bottom4 ,) co>s] & heavi] gra9s ! motion w\ld h to be quick] to keep !m support$ 9 ! wat]4 ,n[ x is j ! same ?+ ) our riv]s & /reams4 ,runn+ wat] c support & c>ry along s& & e>?1 :i* 9 /ill wat] w\ld quickly s9k to ! bottom2 & ! m rapid ! movem5t ( ! wat]1 ! great] is ! weight x is able to be>4 ,?is is pla9ly to be se5 9 ! case ( a m\nta9 torr5t4 ,z x foams fi]cely ?r\gh its rocky b$ x be>s along1 n only mud & s& & gravel1 b /ones & ev5 small rocks1 gr9d+ ! latt] r\ghly toge!r till !y are gradually worn away1 fir/ to r\nd$ pebbles1 !n to s&1 & f9ally to mud4 ,! mat]ial ?us swept away by a /ream1 gr\nd f9e1 & c>ri$ out to sea--"p be+ dropp$ by ! way on ! riv]-b$--is call$ detritus1 :i* simply means worn-out mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,m\nta9 ,,torr5t4 ,! trem5d\s c>ry+-p[] ( a m\nta9 torr5t c sc>cely be realiz$ by ^? :o h n obs]v$ x = !mselves4 ,i h se5 a little m\nta9-/ream swell 9 ! c\rse ( a heavy ?und]/orm to su* a torr5t1 br[n & turbid ) e>? torn f ! m\nta9side1 & sweep+ resi/lessly along 9 its c>e] a %[] ( /ones & rock-fragm5ts4 ,t :i* happ5s ?us occasionally ) _m /reams is m or less ! "w all ! ye> r\nd ( _m m4 ,z ! torr5t gr[s less rapid1 l[] d[n 9 its c\rse1 x ceases to c>ry rocks & /ones1 ?\gh ! gr9d+ & we>+ away ( /ones ^u ! rocky b$ cont9ues1 & co>se gravel is borne /ill ^u its wat]s4 ,pres5tly ! wid5+ /ream1 fl[+ yet m calmly1 drops ^u its b$ all su* co>s] gravel z is n worn away to f9e e>?1 b /ill be>s on ! light] gra9s ( s&4 ,next ! slack5+ spe$ makes ev5 ! s& too heavy a weight1 & t 9 turn falls to l9e ! riv]-b$1 :ile ! n[ broad & placid /ream c>ries only ! f9] p>ticles ( mud susp5d$ 9 its wat]s4 ,soon x rea*es ! ocean1 & ! fl[ be+ !re *eck$ by ! incom+ ocean-tide1 ev5 ! mud c no long] be held up1 & x also s9ks sl[ly 9 ! %all[s ne> ! %ore1 =m+ sometimes broad mud-banks dang]\s to ! m>9]4 ,?is is ! case only ) small] riv]s4 ,:]e ! /ream is /rong]1 ! mud-banks are (t5 =m$ mu* f>!r out at sea2 & m (t5 /ill ! riv]-detritus is c>ri$ away & %$ ov] ! ocean-b$1 beyond ! rea* ( our k54 ,! p[]ful ru% ( wat] 9 e>?'s great] /reams be>s enorm\s masses ( s& & mud ea* ye> f> out into ! ocean1 !re dropp+ quietly ! gravel1 s&1 & e>?1 lay] ^u lay] at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,?us pull+ d[n & build+ up g on ev] side by side2 & :ile l& is ! !atre (t5times ( decay & loss1 ocean is ! !atre (t5times ( r5ewal & ga94 ,did y notice ! ^w s$im5t us$ a few pages back ab\t ! settlem5t at ! bottom ( a m$ic9e-vial8 ,!re is a second "n giv5 to ! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks1 ( :i* ! e>?'s cru/ is s l>gely made up4 ,!y are call$ also ,s$im5t>y ,rocks4 ,! reason is simply ?is4 ,! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks ( ! pres5t day 7 once ^u a "t made up out ( ! s$im5t /ol5 fir/ f l& & !n all[$ to settle d[n on ! sea-bottom4 ,long1 long ago1 ! riv]s1 ! /reams1 ! ocean1 7 at "w1 z !y are n[1 c>ry+ away rock & gravel1 s& & e>?4 ,!n1 z n[1 all ?is mat]ial1 borne ^u ! riv]s1 wa%$ to & fro by ! ocean1 settl$ d[n at ! m\?s ( riv]s or at ! bottom ( ! sea1 into a s$im5t1 "o lay] =m+ ov] ano!r1 gradually built up ?r\gh long ages4 ,at fir/ x 0 only a s(t1 loose1 s&y or muddy s$im5t1 su* z y may see on ! sea%ore1 or 9 a mud-bank4 ,b z ! ?ickness ( ! s$im5t increas$1 ! weight ( ! lay]s above gradually press$ ! l[] lay]s into firm h>d rocks2 & /ill1 z ! "w ( build+ w5t on1 ^! lay]s 71 9 _! turn1 made solid by ! increas+ weight ov] !m4 ,c]ta9 *emical *anges _h also a %>e 9 ! trans=mation f s(t mud to h>d rock1 :i* ne$ n be "h consid]$4 ,all ?is has ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s be5 go+ on4 ,! l& is p]petually crumbl+ away2 & fre% l& "u ! sea is be+ p]petually built up1 f ! v same mat]ials :i* ! sea & ! riv]s h s m]cilessly /ol5 f cont95ts & isl&s4 ,?is is ! way1 if geologi/s rightly judge1 9 :i* a v l>ge "p ( ! enorm\s =mations ( ,/ratifi$ or ,s$im5t>y ,rocks h be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,9 ,a ,,canon4 ,s f> is cle>4 ,b n[ we come to a difficulty4 ,! ,/ratifi$ ,rocks1 ( :i* a v l>ge "p ( ! cont95ts is made1 appe> to h be5 built up sl[ly1 lay] ^u lay]1 out ( ! gravel1 s&1 & mud1 wa%$ away f ! l& & dropp$ on ! %ore ( ! ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sea ,,cliffs ,,%[+ ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks4 ,y may see ^! lay]s = y\rself z y walk out into ! c\ntry4 ,look at ! fir/ piece ( bluff rock y come ne>1 & obs]ve ! cle> p5cil-l m>k+s ( lay] above lay]--n (t5 inde$ ly+ flat1 "o ov] ano!r1 & ?is mu/ be expla9$ lat]1 b h[ev] irregul>ly slant+1 /ill pla9ly visible4 ,y c exam9e ^! l9es ( /ratification on ! ne>e/ cliff1 ! ne>e/ qu>ry1 ! ne>e/ b>e headl&1 9 y\r neighborhood4 ,b h[ c ?is be8 ,if all ^! /ratifi$ rocks are built on ! floor ( ! ocean out ( mat]ial tak5 f ! l&1 h[ c we by any possibility f9d su* rocks ^u ! l&8 ,9 ! b$s ( riv]s we might inde$ expect to see !m1 b surely n[h]e else save "u ocean wat]s4 ,yet f9d !m we d4 ,?r\gh ,engl&1 ?r\gh ! two great _w-cont95ts1 !y ab\nd on e side4 ,?\s&s ( miles 9 unbrok5 succession are compos$ ( su* rocks4 ,/& ) me ne> ! sea%ore1 & let u look ar\nd4 ,^? :ite *alk cliffs--!y1 at lea/1 are n =m$ ( s& or e>?4 ,true1 & ! l9es ( /ratification are 9 !m v indi/9ct1 if se5 at all2 yet !y too are built up ( s$im5t ( a diff]5t k9d1 dropp+ ^u ocean's floor4 ,see1 h[ev]1 9 ! r\gh sides ( yond] bluff ! m>k+s spok5 (1 f9e l9es runn+ alongside ( "o ano!r1 sometimes flat1 sometimes b5t or slant+1 b always giv+ ! impression ( lay] pil$ ^u lay]4 ,yet h[ c "o = a mom5t suppose t ! ocean-wat]s ev] rose s high8 ,/ay a mom5t4 ,look aga9 at yond] :ite *alk cliff1 & obs]ve a little way bel[ ! top a s+ul> b& ( %+les1 squeez$ into ! cliff1 z x 71 ) *alk bel[ & e>? above4 ,t is believ$ to be an old sea-bea*4 ,once ^u a "t ! wat]s ( ! sea are suppos$ to h wa%$ ^? %+les1 z n[ !y wa% ! %ore ne> :i* we /&1 & all ! :ite cliff mu/ h la9 !n b5ea? ! ocean4 ,geologi/s 7 = a long :ile sorely puzzl$ to acc\nt = ^! old sea-bea*es1 f\nd high up 9 ! cliffs ar\nd our l& 9 _m diff]5t places4 ,!y _h at fir/ a !ory t ! sea mu/ once1 9 f> back ages1 h be5 a great deal high] ?an x is n[4 ,b ?is explanation only br\ght ab\t fre% difficulties4 ,x is q impossible t ! level ( ! sea %\ld be high] 9 "o "p ( ! _w ?an 9 ano!r4 ,if ! sea ar\nd ,engl& 7 !n "o or two hundr$ feet high] ?an x is n[1 x mu/ h be5 "o or two hundr$ feet high] 9 e "p ( ! _w :]e ! ocean-wat]s h free fl[4 ,"o is r puzzl$ to "k :]e all ! wat] c\ld h come f1 = su* a trem5d\s additional am\nt4 ,besides1 9 "s places rema9s ( sea-animals are f\nd 9 m\nta9 heights1 z mu* z two or ?ree ?\s& feet above ! sea-level--z1 = in/ance1 9 ,corsica4 ,?is v mu* increases ! difficulty ( ! above explanation4 ,s ano!r !ory 0 />t$ in/ead1 & ?is is n[ g5]ally suppos$ to be ! true "o4 ,:at if in/ead ( ! :ole ocean hav+ be5 high]1 p>ts ( ! l& 7 l[]8 ,engl& at "o "t1 p>ts ( ,europe at ano!r "t1 p>ts ( ,asia & ,am]ica at o!r times1 may h sl[ly sunk b5ea? ! ocean1 & aft] long rema9+ !re h sl[ly ris5 aga94 ,?is is by no means s wild a supposition z x may seem :5 fir/ he>d1 & z x d\btless did seem :5 fir/ propos$4 ,= ev5 9 ! pres5t day ^! movem5ts ( ! solid cru/ ( our e>? are go+ on4 ,! coa/s ( ,sw$5 & ,f9l& h long be5 sl[ly & /eadily ris+ out ( ! sea1 s t ! waves c no long] rea* s high ^u ^? %ores z 9 ye>s gone by !y us$ to rea*4 ,9 ,gre5l&1 on ! contr>y1 l& has long be5 sl[ly & /eadily s9k+1 s t :at us$ to be ! %ore n[ lies "u ! sea4 ,o!r su* ris+s & s9k+s might be m5tion$1 z also _m m 9 connection ) volcanoes & e>?quakes1 :i* are nei!r sl[ nor /eady1 b sudd5 & viol5t4 ,s x becomes no impossible matt] to believe t1 9 ! c\rse ( ages pa/1 all ^? wide rea*es ( our cont95ts & isl&s1 :]e s$im5t>y rocks are to be f\nd1 7 ea* 9 turn1 at "o "t or ano!r1 dur+ long p]iods1 b5ea? ! roll+ wat]s ( ! ocean4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! built-up rocks are n only call$ ,/ratifi$1 & ,s$im5t>y4 ,!y h also ! "n ( ,aque\s ,rock1 f ! ,lat9 ^w aqua1 wat]2 because !y are believ$ to h be5 =m$ by ! action ( ! wat]4 ,!y h yet ano!r & f\r? title1 :i* is1 ,fossilif]\s ,rocks4 ,fossils are ! h>d5$ rema9s ( animals & vegetables f\nd 9 rocks4 ,!y are r>ely1 if ev]1 se5 9 un/ratifi$ rocks2 b _m lay]s ( /ratifi$ rocks ab\nd 9 ^! rema9s4 ,:ole skeletons z well z s+le bones1 :ole tree-trunks z well z s+le leaves1 are f\nd ?us emb$d$ 9 rock-lay]s1 :]e 9 ages pa/ ! animal or plant di$ & f\nd a grave4 ,!y exi/ by ?\s&s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 v>y+ 9 size f ! huge skeleton ( ! elephant to ! t9y %ell ( ! microscopic animalcule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fossil ,,( ,,c>bonif]\s ,,f]n4 ,fossils diff] greatly 9 k9d4 ,sometimes ! entire %ell or bone is *ang$ into /one1 los+ all its animal sub/ance1 b reta9+ its old outl9e & its natural m>k+s4 ,sometimes ! fossil is m]ely ! h>d5$ impress ( ! outside ( a %ell or leaf1 :i* has d5t$ its picture on s(t clay1 & has itself disappe>$1 :ile ! s(t clay has become rock1 & ! ind5t$ picture rema9s fix$ ?r\gh aft]-c5turies4 ,sometimes ! fossil is ! ca/ ( ! inside ( a %ell2 ! said %ell hav+ be5 fill$ ) s(t mud1 :i* has tak5 its exact %ape & h>d5$1 :ile ! %ell itself has vani%$4 ,! mo/ complete description ( fossil is ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree k9ds4 ,x is wond]fully %[n sometimes 9 fossil wood1 :]e all ! t9y cells & delicate fibres rema9 di/9ctly m>k$ z ( old1 only ! :ole woody sub/ance has *ang$ into h>d /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,footpr9ts ,,f ,,triassic ,,s&/one ,,( ,,connecticut4 ,b al?\gh ! fossil rema9s ( quadrup$s & o!r l&-animals are f\nd 9 l>ge quantities1 _! numb] is small comp>$ ) ! enorm\s numb] ( fossil sea-%ells & sea-animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fossil ,,footpr9ts4 ,l&-animals c1 z a rule1 h be5 s pres]v$1 only :5 !y h be5 dr[n$ 9 ponds or riv]s1 or mir$ 9 bogs & swamps1 or ov]tak5 by fro/1 or swept out to sea4 ,sea-animals1 on ! contr>y1 h be5 s pres]v$ on l& :5ev] t l& has be5 "u ! sea2 & ?is appe>s to h be5 ! case1 at "o or ano!r pa/ age1 ) ! great] "p ( our pres5t cont95ts4 ,^! fossil rema9s ( sea-animals are discov]$ 9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w1 n only on ! sea%ore b also f> inl&1 n only deep d[n und]gr\nd b also high up on ! tops ( l(ty m\nta9s--a pla9 pro( t ov] ! summits ( ^? m\nta9s ! ocean mu/ once h roll$1 & ?is n = a brief space only1 b ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t4 ,& n on ! m\nta9-summit only are ^! fossils kn[n to ab\nd1 b sometimes 9 lay] bel[ lay] ( ! m\nta91 f top to bottom1 ?r\gh ?\s&s ( feet ( rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fossil ,,%ells4 ,?is may well seem puzzl+ at fir/ sight4 ,fossils ( sea-creatures on a m\nta9-top are />tl+ en\gh2 yet h>dly s />tl+ z ! ?\ght ( fossils inside t m\nta94 ,h[ c\ld !y h f\nd _! way ?i!r8 ,! difficulty soon vani%es1 if once we cle>ly und]/& t all ^! ?\s&s ( feet ( rock 7 built up sl[ly1 lay] aft] lay]1 :5 portions ( ! l& lay deep "u ! sea4 ,?us ea* sep>ate lay] ( mud or s& or o!r mat]ial became 9 its turn ! top lay]1 & 0 = ! "t ! floor ( ! ocean1 until fur!r dropp+s ( mat]ial out ( ! wat]s made a fre% lay]1 cov]+ up ! "o bel[4 ,:ile ea* lay] 0 ?us 9 succession ! top lay] ( ! build+1 & at ! same "t ! floor ( ! ocean1 animals liv$ & di$ 9 ! ocean1 & _! rema9s sank to ! bottom1 re/+ ^u ! s$im5t floor4 ,?\s&s ( su* dead rema9s disappe>$1 crumbl+ into f9e du/ & m+l+ ) ! wat]s1 b "h & !re "o 0 caught captive by ! half-liquid mud1 & 0 quickly cov]$ & pres]v$ f decay4 ,& /ill ! build+ w5t on1 & /ill lay] aft] lay] 0 plac$1 till _m fossils lay deep d[n b5ea? ! lat]-=m$ lay]s2 & :5 at l5g?1 by sl[ or quick upheaval ( ! gr\nd1 ?is sea-bottom became a m\nta91 ! little fossils 7 buri$ )9 ! body ( t m\nta94 ,s wondr\sly ! matt] appe>s to h come ab\t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r difficulty ) respect to ! /ratifi$ rocks has to be ?\ght (4 ,all ^! lay]s or deposits ( gravel1 s&1 or e>?1 on ! floor ( ! ocean1 w\ld naturally be horizontal--t is1 w\ld lie flat1 "o ^u ano!r4 ,9 places ! ocean-floor might slant1 or a crevice or valley or ridge might break ! smoo?ness ( ! deposit4 ,b ?\gh ! lay]s might p>take ( ! slant1 ?\gh ! valley might h to be fill$1 ?\gh ! ridge might h to be surm\nt$1 /ill ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! waves w\ld be to level ! dropp+ deposits into flat lay]s4 ,!n h[ is x t :5 we exam9e ! /rata ( rocks 9 our neighborhood1 :]ev] t neighborhood may be1 we d n f9d !m s arrang$8 ,"h1 x is true1 ! l9es = a space are ne>ly horizontal1 b !re1 a little way f>!r on1 !y are p]p5dicul>2 "h !y are b5t1 & !re curv$2 "h !y are slant+1 & !re cru%$ & brok54 ,?is only be>s out :at has be5 already said ab\t ! ,book ( ,geology4 ,x has be5 b5t & di/urb$1 cru%$ & brok54 ,great p[]s h be5 at "w 9 ?is cru/ ( our e>?4 ,cont95ts h be5 rais$1 m\nta9s h be5 upheav$1 va/ masses ( rock h be5 scatt]$ into fragm5ts4 ,"h or !re we may f9d ! lay]s arrang$ z !y 7 fir/ laid d[n2 b f> m (t5 we discov] signs ( lat] di/urbance1 ei!r sl[ or sudd51 v>y+ f a m]e quiet tilt+ to a viol5t ov]turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,example ,,( ,,di/urbance ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,lay]s4 ,s ! ,book ( ,geology is a torn & disorganiz$ volume1 n easy to read4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! v *anges :i* h tak5 place are a help to ! geologi/4 ,x may seem at fir/ sight z if we %\ld h an easi] task1 if ! /rata 7 all left ly+ j z !y 7 fir/ =m$1 9 smoo? level lay]s1 "o above ano!r4 ,b if x 7 s1 we c\ld "k v little ab\t ! l[] lay]s4 ,we might inde$ feel sure1 z we d n[1 t ! l[e/ lay]s 7 ! olde/ & ! top lay]s ! newe/1 & t any fossils f\nd 9 ! l[] lay]s mu/ belong to an age f>!r back ?an any fossils f\nd 9 ! upp] lay]s4 ,s mu* w\ld be cle>4 ,& we might dig also & burr[ a little way d[n1 ?r\gh a few diff]5t k9ds ( rock1 :]e !y 7 n too ?ick4 ,b t w\ld be all4 ,!re our p[]s w\ld cease4 ,n[ h[ diff]5t4 ,?r\gh ! heav+s & tilt+s ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! l[] lay]s are (t5 pu%$ q up to ! surface1 s t we are able to exam9e !m & _! fossils )\t ! lea/ difficulty1 & v (t5 )\t digg+ und]gr\nd at all4 ,y mu/ n suppose t ! real ord] ( ! rocks is *ang$ by ^! movem5ts1 = g5]ally speak+ x is n4 ,! l[] k9ds are r>ely if ev] f\nd plac$ ov] ! upp] k9ds2 only ! ends ( !m are se5 peep+ out above gr\nd4 ,x is z if y _h a pile ( copy-books ly+ flat "o ^u ano!r1 & 7 to put y\r f+] "u ! l[e/ & pu% x up4 ,all ^? above w\ld be pu%$ up also1 & p]haps !y w\ld slip a little way d[n1 s t y w\ld h a r[ ( edges %[+ side by side1 at v mu* ! same height4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! copy-books w\ld n be *ang$1 = ! l[e/ w\ld /ill be ! l[e/ 9 actual position2 b a g5]al tilt+ or upheaval w\ld h tak5 place4 ,j su* a tilt+ or upheaval has tak5 place aga9 & aga9 ) ! rocks =m+ our e>?-cru/4 ,! edges ( ! l[] rocks (t5 %[ side by side ) ^? ( high] lay]s4 ,b geologi/s "k !m ap>t4 ,!y are able to tell confid5tly :e!r su* & su* a rock1 peep+ out at ! e>?'s surface1 belongs really to a l[] or a high] k9d4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 sort ( ord] foll[$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( rock-lay]s all ov] ! e>?1 & x is well kn[n t "s rocks are nev] f\nd bel[ "s o!r rocks1 t c]ta9 p>ticul> k9ds are nev] plac$ above c]ta9 o!r k9ds4 ,?us x foll[s t ! fossils f\nd 9 "o description ( rock1 mu/ be ! fossils ( animals :i* liv$ & di$ be=e ! animals ^: fossil rema9s are f\nd 9 ano!r neighbor+ rock1 j because ?is la/ rock-lay] 0 built ^u ! ocean-floor above & !re=e lat] ?an ! o!r4 ,all ?is is "p ( ! =eign language ( geology--"p ( ! piec+ & arrang+ ( ! torn volume4 ,_m mi/akes are made2 _m blund]s are possible2 b ! mi/akes & blund]s are be+ gradually correct$1 & c]ta9 rules by :i* to read & und]/& are becom+ m & m cle>4 ,x has be5 already said t un/ratifi$ rocks are ^? :i* h be5 at "s p]iod1 :e!r lately or v long ago1 9 a liquid /ate f int5se heat1 & :i* h s9ce cool$1 ei!r quickly or sl[ly1 cry/alliz+ z !y cool$4 ,un/ratifi$ ,rocks may be divid$ into two di/9ct classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,a ,,lava ,,bomb4 ,fir/4--,volcanic ,rocks1 su* z lava4 ,^! h be5 quickly cool$ at ! surface ( ! e>?1 or n f> bel[ x4 ,secondly4--,plutonic ,rocks1 su* z granite4 ,^! h be5 sl[ly cool$ deep d[n 9 ! e>? "u heavy pressure4 ,!re is also a class ( rocks1 call$ metamorphic rocks1 includ+ "s k9ds ( m>ble4 ,^! are1 /rictly speak+1 cry/all9e rocks1 & yet !y are arrang$ 9 some?+ l lay]s4 ,! ^w metamorphic simply means trans=m$4 ,!y are believ$ to h be5 once /ratifi$ rocks1 p]haps conta9+ (t5 ! rema9s ( animals2 b int5se heat has lat] trans=m$ !m into cry/all9e rocks1 & ! animal rema9s h almo/ or q vani%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lava-,,/ream ,,on ,,vesuvius4 ,j z ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,/ratifi$ ,rocks are (t5 call$ ,aque\s ,rocks1 or rocks =m$ by ! action ( wat]--s ^! diff]5t k9ds ( ,un/ratifi$ ,rocks are (t5 call$ ,igne\s ,rocks1 or rocks =m$ by ! action ( fire--! "n be+ tak5 f ! ,lat9 ^w = fire4 ,! ,metamorphic ,rocks are sometimes describ$ z ,aqueo-igne\s1 s9ce bo? wat] & fire help$ 9 ! =m+ ( !m4 ,x 0 at "o "t believ$1 z a matt] ( c]ta9ty1 t granite & su* rocks belong$ to a p]iod mu* f>!r back ?an ! p]iods ( ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,t is to say1 x 0 suppos$ t fire-action _h come fir/ & wat]-action second2 t ! fire-made rocks 7 all =m$ 9 v e>ly ages1 & t only wat]-made rocks /ill cont9u$ to be =m$4 ,s ! "n ( ,prim>y ,rocks1 or ,fir/ ,rocks1 0 giv5 to ! granites & o!r su* rocks1 & ! "n ( ,second>y ,rocks to all wat]-built rocks2 :ile ^? ( ! ?ird class 7 call$ ,transition ,rocks1 because !y seem$ to be a k9d ( l9k or /epp+-/one 9 ! *ange f ! ,fir/ to ! ,second ,rocks4 ,! *ief reason = ! g5]al belief t fire-built rocks 7 old] ?an wat]-built ones 01 t ! =m] are z a rule f\nd to lie l[] ?an ! latt]4 ,!y =m1 z x 71 ! basem5t ( ! build+1 :ile ! top-/ories are made ( wat]-built rocks4 ,_m /ill believe t !re is mu* tru? 9 ! ?\ght4 ,x is mo/ probable1 s f> z we are able to judge1 t ! fir/-=m$ cru/ ( rocks all ov] ! e>? 0 ( cool$ & cry/alliz$ mat]ial4 ,z ^! rocks 7 crumbl$ & wa/$ by ! ocean1 mat]ials w\ld h be5 suppli$ = ! build+-up ( rocks1 lay] ^u lay]4 ,b ?is is conjecture4 ,we _c "k ) any c]ta9ty ! c\rse ( ev5ts s f> back 9 ! pa/4 ,& geologi/s are n[ able to /ate ) tol]able confid5ce t1 h[ev] old _m ( ! granites may be1 yet a l>ge am\nt ( ! fire-built rocks are no old] ?an ! wat]-built rocks :i* lie ov] !m4 ,s by _m geologi/s ! names ( ,prim>y1 ,transition1 & ,second>y ,=mations are pretty well giv5 up4 ,x has be5 propos$ to give in/ead to ! cry/alliz$ rocks ( all k9ds ! "n ( ,und]ly+ ,rocks 7,hypog5e ,rocks74 ,b if !y really d lie "u1 h[ c !y possibly be ( ! same age8 ,"o w\ld sc>cely v5ture to suppose1 9 look+ at a build+1 t ! cell>s _h n be5 f9i%$ be=e ! upp] floors4 ,true4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance d\btless ! cell>s 7 fir/ made1 !n ! gr\nd-floor1 !n ! upp] /ories4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! h\se 0 s built1 alt]ations & improvem5ts might be v widely c>ri$ on above & bel[4 ,:ile "o set ( workm5 7 engag$ 9 remodell+ ! ro(1 ano!r set ( workm5 might be engag$ 9 remodell+ ! kit*5s & fir/ floor1 pull+ d[n1 propp+ up1 & actually rebuild+ p>ts ( ! l[] walls4 ,?is is precisely :at ! two great fell[-workm51 ,fire & ,wat]1 are ev] do+ 9 ! cru/ ( our e>?4 ,& if x be object$ t su* alt]ations too widely und]tak5 might result 9 slips1 cracks1 & slid+s1 ( ceil+s & walls 9 ! upp] /ories1 ,i c only say t su* cata/rophes h be5 ! result ( und]gr\nd alt]ations 9 t great build+1 ! e>?'s cru/4444 ,we see !re=e cle>ly t1 al?\gh ! e>lie/ fire-made rocks may v likely date f>!r back ?an ! e>lie/ wat]-made rocks1 yet ! mak+ ( ! two k9ds has gone on side by side1 "o bel[ & ! o!r above gr\nd1 ?r\gh all ages up to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,& j z 9 ! pres5t day wat] cont9ues its busy "w above gr\nd ( pull+ d[n & build+ up1 s also fire cont9ues its busy "w und]gr\nd ( melt+ rocks :i* aft]w>ds cool into new =ms1 & also ( %att]+ & upheav+ p>ts ( ! e>?-cru/4 ,= !re c be no d\bt t fi]y heat does exi/ z a mighty p[] )9 our e>?1 ?\gh to :at ext5t we are n able to say4 ,^! two fell[-work]s 9 nature h diff]5t modes ( work+4 ,"o we c see on all sides1 quietly progress+1 demoli%+ l& pati5tly bit by bit1 build+ up l& /eadily gra9 by gra94 ,! o!r1 ?\gh m commonly hidd5 f sight1 is fi]ce & tumultu\s 9 "*1 & %[s 8 p[] 9 occasional t]rific outbur/s4 ,we c sc>cely realize :at ! p[] is ( ! imprison$ fi]y =ces und]gr\nd1 ?\gh ev5 we are n )\t "s witness ( _! exi/5ce4 ,f "t to "t ev5 our firm l& has be5 felt to tremble ) a ?rill f "s f>-(f %ock2 & ev5 9 our c\ntry is se5 ! m>vel ( scald+ wat] p\r+ unceas+ly f deep und]gr\nd4444 ,?9k ( ! trem5d\s eruptions ( ,vesuvius1 ( ,etna1 ( ,hecla1 ( ,mauna ,loa4 ,?9k ( :ole t[ns cru%$ & buri$1 ) _! ?\s&s ( liv+ inhabitants4 ,?9k ( riv]s ( gl[+ lava /ream+ up f regions bel[ gr\nd1 & p\r+ along ! surface = a di/ance ( =ty1 fifty1 & ev5 sixty miles1 z 9 ,icel& & ,hawaii4 ,?9k ( r$-hot c9d]s flung f a volcano-crat] to a height ( t5 ?\s& feet4 ,?9k ( lakes ( liquid fire 9 o!r crat]s1 five hundr$ to a ?\s& feet across1 huge cauldrons ( boil+ rock4 ,?9k ( %[]s ( a%es f ! furnace bel[ ( yet ano!r1 borne s high al(t z to be c>ri$ sev5 hundr$ miles be=e !y sank to e>? aga94 ,?9k ( millions ( r$-hot /ones flung out 9 "o eruption ( ,vesuvius4 ,?9k ( a mass ( rock1 "o hundr$ cubic y>ds 9 size1 hurl$ to a di/ance ( eight miles or m out ( ! crat] ( ,cotopaxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hot ,,wells4 ,?9k also ( e>?quake-%ocks felt ?r\gh twelve hundr$ miles ( c\ntry4 ,?9k ( fi]ce trembl+s & heav+s la/+ 9 con/ant succession ?r\gh days & weeks ( t]ror4 ,?9k ( hundr$s ( miles ( l& rais$ sev]al feet 9 "o great upheaval4 ,?9k ( ! e>? op5+ 9 scores ( wide-lipp$ cracks1 to swall[ m5 & bea/s4 ,?9k ( hot mud1 boil+ wat]1 scald+ /ream1 liquid rock1 bur/+ f su* cracks1 or p\r+ f r5ts 9 a m\nta9-side4 ,truly ^! are signs ( a /ate ( ?+s 9 or bel[ ! solid cru/ on :i* we live1 t may make u d\bt ! absolute security ( ,"m ,e>?4 ,diff]5t explanations h be5 put =w>d to expla9 ?is seem+ly fi]y /ate ( ?+s und]gr\nd4 ,until lately ! belief 0 widely held t our e>? 0 "o huge globe ( liquid fire1 ) only a sl5d] cool$ cru/ cov]+ h]1 a few miles 9 ?ickness4 ,?is view 0 support$ by ! fact t heat is f\nd to increase z m5 desc5d into ! e>?4 ,measurem5ts ( su* heat-increase h be5 tak51 bo? 9 m9es & 9 bor+s = wells4 ,! usual rate is ab\t "o degree m ( heat1 ( our common !rmomet]1 = e fifty or sixty feet ( desc5t4 ,if ?is 7 /eadily cont9u$1 wat] w\ld boil at a dep? ( eight ?\s& feet bel[ ! surface2 iron w\ld melt at a dep? ( tw5ty-eight miles2 :ile at a dep? ( =ty or fifty miles no kn[n sub/ance ^u e>? c\ld rema9 solid4 ,! =ce ( ?is pro( is1 h[ev]1 weak5$ by ! fact t ! rate at :i* ! heat increases diff]s v mu* 9 diff]5t places4 ,also x is n[ g5]ally suppos$ t su* a trem5d\s furnace ( heat--a furnace ne>ly eight ?\s& miles 9 diamet]--c\ld n fail to break up & melt s slight a cov]+ %ell4 ,_m believe1 !re=e1 n t ! :ole int]ior ( ! e>? is liquid ) heat1 b t enorm\s fire-seas or lakes ( melt$ rock exi/ "h & !re1 "u or 9 ! e>?-cru/4 ,f ^! lakes ! volcanoes w\ld be f$1 & !y w\ld be ! cause ( e>?quakes & l&-upheavals or l&-s9k+s4 ,!re are /rong reasons = suppos+ t ! e>? 0 once a fi]y liquid body1 & t %e has sl[ly cool$ ?r\gh long ages4 ,"s hold t h] c5tre probably grew solid fir/ f trem5d\s pressure2 t h] cru/ aft]w>ds became gradually cold2 & t betwe5 ! solid cru/ & ! solid inside or nucleus1 a sea ( melt$ rock long exi/$1 ! rema9s ( :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 ^! trem5d\s fi]y res]voirs4 ,! idea accords well ) ! fact t l>ge numb]s ( ext9ct or dead volcanoes are scatt]$ ?r\gh _m p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,if ! above explanation be ! "r "o1 d\btless ! fire-seas 9 ! cru/ ext5d$ once ^u a "t b5ea? su* volcanoes1 b h s9ce di$ out or sm\ld]$ l[ 9 ^? p>ts4 ,a some:at curi\s calculation has be5 made1 to illu/rate ! diff]5t modes ( work+ ( ^! two mighty p[]s--,fire & ,wat]4 ,! am\nt ( l& swept away ea* ye> 9 mud1 & borne to ! ocean by ! ,riv] ,ganges1 0 r\ghly reckon$1 & also ! am\nt ( l& believ$ to h be5 upheav$ sev]al feet 9 ! great ,*ilian e>?quake4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! riv]1 /eadily work+ mon? by mon?1 w\ld require "s f\r hundr$ ye>s to c>ry to ! sea ! same weight ( mat]ial1 :i* 9 "o trem5d\s ef=t 0 upheav$ by ! fi]y und]gr\nd =ces4 ,yet we mu/ n c>ry ?is di/9ction too f>4 ,fire does n always "w sudd5ly1 or wat] sl[ly2 witness ! sl[ ris+ & s9k+ ( l& 9 p>ts ( ! e>?1 cont9u+ ?r\gh c5turies2 & witness also ! effects ( great floods & /orms4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? is made ( rock4 ,b :at is rock made (8 ,c]ta9 lead+ divisions ( rocks h be5 already consid]$3 ,! ,wat]-made ,rocks2 ,! ,fire-made ,rocks1 bo? ,plutonic & ,volcanic2 ,! ,wat]-&-,fire-made ,rocks4 ,! fir/ ( ^!--,wat]-made ,rocks--may be subdivid$ into ?ree classes4 ,^! are1-- ,i4 ,fl9t ,rocks2 ,,ii4 ,clay ,rocks2 ,,iii4 ,lime ,rocks4 ,?is is n a book 9 :i* x w\ld be wise to g closely into ! m9]al nature ( rocks4 ,two or ?ree lead+ ?\ghts may1 h[ev]1 be giv54 ,does x n seem /range t ! h>d & solid rocks %\ld be 9 great measure =m$ ( ! same sub/ances :i* =m ! ?9 invisible air float+ ar\nd u8 ,yet s x is4 ,!re is a c]ta9 gas call$ ,oxyg5 ,gas4 ,)\t t gas y c\ld n live _m m9utes4 ,bani% x f ! room 9 :i* y are sitt+1 & 9 a few m9utes y w die4 ,?is gas makes up ne>ly "o-qu>t] by weight ( ! atmosph]e r\nd ! :ole e>?4 ,! same gas plays an important "p 9 ! ocean2 = m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( wat] is oxyg54 ,x plays also an important "p 9 rocks2 = ab\t half ! mat]ial ( ! entire e>?'s cru/ is oxyg54 ,ano!r *ief mat]ial 9 rocks is silicon4 ,?is makes up "o-qu>t] ( ! cru/1 leav+ only "o-qu>t] to be acc\nt$ =4 ,silicon mix$ ) oxyg5 makes silica or qu>tz4 ,!re are few rocks :i* h n a l>ge am\nt ( qu>tz 9 !m4 ,common fl9t1 s&/ones1 & ! s& ( our %ores1 are made ( qu>tz1 & !re=e belong to ! fir/ class ( ,silici\s or ,fl9t ,rocks4 ,granites & lavas are ab\t "o-half qu>tz4 ,! beautiful /ones1 ame?y/1 agate1 *alc$ony1 & jasp]1 are all diff]5t k9ds ( qu>tz4 ,ano!r *ief mat]ial 9 rocks is a :ite metal call$ alum9ium4 ,unit$ to oxyg5 x becomes alum9a1 ! *ief sub/ance 9 clay4 ,rocks ( ?is k9d--su* z clays1 & also ! lovely blue gem1 sapphire--are call$ ,argillace\s ,rocks1 f ! ,lat9 ^w = clay1 & belong to ! second class4 ,su* rocks keep fossils well4 ,ano!r is calcium4 ,unit$ to oxyg5 & c>bonic acid1 x makes c>bonate ( lime1 ! *ief sub/ance 9 lime/one2 s all lime/ones belong to ! ?ird class ( ,calc>e\s or ,lime ,rocks4 ,o!r important mat]ials may be m5tion$1 su* z magnesium1 potassium1 sodium1 iron1 c>bon1 sulphur1 hydrog51 *lor9e1 nitrog54 ,^!1 ) _m m1 n s common1 make up ! rema9+ qu>t] ( ! e>?-cru/4 ,c>bon plays z important a "p 9 animal & vegetable life z silicon 9 rocks4 ,c>bon is mo/ commonly se5 9 ?ree di/9ct =ms--z *>coal1 z black-lead1 & z ! pure brilliant diamond4 ,c>bon unit$1 9 a p>ticul> proportion1 to oxyg51 =ms c>bonic acid2 & c>bonic acid unit$1 9 a p>ticul> proportion1 to lime1 =ms lime/one4 ,hydrog5 unit$ to oxyg5 =ms wat]4 ,ea* ( ^! two gases is invisible alone1 b :5 !y meet & m+le !y =m a liquid4 ,nitrog5 unit$ to oxyg5 & to a small quantity ( c>bonic acid gas =ms our atmosph]e4 ,rocks ( pure fl9t1 pure clay1 or pure lime1 are r>ely or nev] met )4 ,mo/ rocks are made up ( sev]al diff]5t sub/ances melt$ toge!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! fire-built rocks no rema9s ( animals are f\nd1 ?\gh 9 wat]-built rocks !y ab\nd4 ,wat]-built rocks are sometimes divid$ into two classes--^? :i* only conta9 occasional animal rema9s1 & ^? :i* are m or less built up ( ! skeletons ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,amiba ,,pr9ceps1 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,_m ,,ord]s ,,( ,,! ,,rhizopoda ,,class1 ,,magnifi$ ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,times4 ,!re are "s exce$+ly t9y creatures inhabit+ ! ocean1 call$ ,rhizopods4 ,!y live 9 m9ute %ells1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* may be almo/ ! size ( a gra9 ( :eat1 b by f> ! great] numb] are invisible z %ells )\t a microscope1 & m]ely %[ z f9e du/4 ,! rhizopods are ( diff]5t %apes1 sometimes r\nd1 sometimes spiral1 sometimes hav+ only "o cell1 sometimes hav+ sev]al cells4 ,9 ! latt] case a sep>ate animal lives 9 ea* cell4 ,! animal is ( ! v simple/ z well z ! smalle/ k9d4 ,he has n ev5 a m\? or a /oma* b c take 9 food at any "p ( 8 body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rhizopods 7,,magnifi$74 ,^! rhizopods live 9 ! oceans 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,t5s ( millions are ev] com+ into exi/5ce1 liv+ out _! t9y lives1 dy+1 & s9k+ to ! bottom4 ,!re ^u ! ocean-floor ga!r _! rema9s1 a heap$-up multitude ( m9ute skeletons or %ells1 lay] =m+ ov] lay]4 ,x 0 long suspect$ t ! :ite *alk cliffs ( ,engl& 7 built up 9 "s su* mann] z ?is ?r\gh pa/ ages4 ,& n[ at l5g? pro( has be5 f\nd1 9 ! %ape ( mud dr$g$ up f ! ocean-bottom--mud entirely compos$ ( c\ntless multitudes ( ^! little %ells1 dropp+ !re by myriads1 & becom+ sl[ly jo9$ toge!r 9 "o mass4 ,j s1 x is believ$1 7 ! :ite *alk cliffs built--gradually prep>$ on ! ocean-floor1 & !n sl[ly or sudd5ly upheav$1 s z to become a "p ( ! dry l&4 ,?9k :at ! enorm\s numb]s mu/ h be5 ( t9y liv+ creatures1 out ( ^: %ells ! wide rea*es ( :ite *alk cliffs h be5 made4 ,*alk cliffs & *alk lay]s ext5d f ,irel&1 ?r\gh ,engl& & ,france1 z f> z to ! ,crimea4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,russia !y are said to be six hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,yet "o cubic in* ( *alk is calculat$ to hold ! rema9s ( m ?an "o million rhizopods4 ,h[ _m c\ntless millions ^u millions mu/ h gone to ! :ole /ructure6 ,h[ long mu/ ! "w ( build+ up h la/$6 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,polyps ,,( ,,coral4 ,^! little %ells d n always drop s(tly & ev5ly to ! ocean-floor1 to become quietly "p ( a mass ( %ells4 ,sometimes1 :]e ! ocean is %all[ en\gh = ! waves to h p[] bel[1 or :]e l& curr5ts c rea*1 !y are wa%$ ab\t1 & ?r[n "o aga9/ ano!r1 & gr\nd into f9e p[d]2 & ! f9e p[d] becomes 9 "t1 ?r\gh diff]5t causes1 solid rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coral ,,polyp4 ,lime/one is made 9 ano!r way also4 ,9 ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean !re are _m isl&s1 l>ge & small1 :i* h be5 =m$ 9 a wond]ful mann] by t9y liv+ work]s4 ,! work]s are s(t jelly-l creatures1 call$ polyps1 :o labor toge!r 9 build+ up great walls & masses ( coral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coral ,,isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,coral ,,polyp ,,atta*$ ,,to ,a ,,rock ,,& ,,exp&$4 ,!y nev] c>ry on _! "w above ! surface ( ! wat]1 = 9 ! air !y w\ld die4 ,b ! waves break ! coral1 & heap x up above high-wat] m>k1 & c>ry e>? & se$s to drop !re till at l5g? a small l[-ly+ isl& is =m$4 ,! waves n only heap up brok5 coral1 b !y gr9d ! coral into f9e p[d]1 & f ?is p[d] lime/one rock is made1 j z x is f ! p[d]$ %ells ( rhizopods4 ,! mat]ial us$ by ! polyps 9 build+ ! coral is *iefly lime1 :i* !y h ! p[] ( ga!r+ out ( ! wat]1 & ! f9e coral-p[d]1 s9k+ to ! bottom1 makes l>ge quantities ( h>d lime/one4 ,s(t *alk is r>ely1 if ev]1 f\nd ne> ! coral isl&s4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,:ite ,,coral4 #b4 ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,bran* 7,,magnifi$74 ,lime/ones are =m$ 9 ! same mann] f ! gr9d+ up ( o!r sea-%ells & fossils1 v>i\s 9 k9d2 ! p[d] becom+ gradually unit$ into solid rock4 ,!re is yet ano!r way 9 :i* lime/one is made1 q diff]5t f all ^!4 ,sometimes /reams ( wat] h a l>ge quantity ( lime 9 !m2 & ^! z !y fl[ w drop lay]s ( lime :i* h>d5 into rock4 ,or a lime-lad5 spr+1 mak+ its way ?r\gh ! ro( ( an und]gr\nd cav]n1 w leave all k9ds ( fanta/ic arrangem5ts ( lime/one :]ev] its wat]s c trickle & drip4 ,su* a cav]n is call$ a /alactite cave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s !re are diff]5t k9ds ( fossil rock-mak+4 ,!re may be rocks made ( o!r mat]ials1 ) fossil simply buri$ 9 !m4 ,!re may be rocks made entirely ( fossils1 :i* h ga!r$ 9 masses z !y sank to ! sea-bottom1 & h !re become simply & lightly jo9$ toge!r4 ,!re may be rocks made ( ! gr\nd-up p[d] ( fossils1 press$ into a solid sub/ance or unit$ by "s o!r sub/ance4 ,rocks are also (t5 =m$ ( :ole fossils1 or /ones1 or %ells1 b\nd into "o by "s natural s(t /icky cem5t1 :i* has ga!r$ r\nd !m & aft]w>ds gr[n h>d1 l ! cem5t :i* holds toge!r ! /ones 9 a wall4 ,! t9y rhizopods 7mean+ root foot7 :i* h s l>ge a %>e 9 *alk & lime/one mak+1 are among ! smalle/ & simple/ kn[n k9ds ( animal life4 ,!re are also "s v m9ute =ms ( vegetable life1 :i* exi/ 9 equally va/ numb]s1 call$ ,diatoms4 ,= a long :ile !y 7 believ$ to be liv+ animals1 l ! rhizopods4 ,sci5tific m5 are n[1 h[ev]1 pretty well agre$ t !y really are only vegetables or plants4 ,! diatoms h ea* "o a t9y %ell or %ield1 n made ( lime l ! rhizopod-%ells1 b ( fl9t4 ,"s ?9k t common fl9t may be =m$ ( ^! t9y %ells4 ,aga91 !re is a k9d ( rock call$ ,m\nta9 ,meal1 :i* is entirely made up ( ! rema9s ( diatoms4 ,exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ?\s&s ( m9ute fl9t %ields ( v>i\s %apes are se54 ,?is rock1 or e>?1 is v abundant 9 _m places1 & is sometimes us$ z a poli%+ p[d]4 ,9 ,bohemia !re is a lay] ( x no less ?an f\rte5 feet ?ick4 ,yet s m9ute are ! %ells ( :i* x is compos$1 t "o squ>e in* ( rock is said to conta9 ab\t f\r ?\s& millions ( !m4 ,ea* "o ( ^! millions is a sep>ate di/9ct fossil4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,succession ,,( ,,buri$ ,,coal-,,gr[?s ,,& ,,erect ,,tree-,,/umps4 ,,sydney1 ,,cape ,,breton4 a4 ,s&/one1 b4 ,%ales1 c4 ,coal-seams1 d4 ,b$ conta9+ ,roots & ,/umps 9 situ4 ,if y exam9e c>efully a piece ( coal1 y w f9d1 m or less cle>ly1 m>k+s l ^? :i* are se5 9 a piece ( wood4 ,sometimes !y are v di/9ct inde$4 ,coal ab\nds 9 impressions ( leaves1 f]ns1 & /ems1 & fossil rema9s ( plants & tree-trunks are f\nd 9 numb]s 9 coal-seams4 ,coal is a vegetable sub/ance4 ,! wide coal-fields ( ,brita9 & o!r l&s are ! fossil rema9s ( va/ =e/s4 ,long ages ago1 z x seems1 broad & luxuriant =e/s fl\ri%$ ov] ! e>?4 ,9 _m p>ts g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( trees liv$ & di$ & decay$1 leav+ no trace ( _! exi/5ce1 beyond a little lay] ( black m\ld1 soon to be c>ri$ away by w9d & wat]4 ,coal c\ld only be =m$ :]e !re 7 bogs & quagmires4 ,b 9 bogs & quagmires1 & 9 %all[ lakes ( l[-ly+ l&s1 !re 7 great ga!r+s ( sl[ly-decay+ vegetable rema9s1 trees1 plants1 & f]ns all m+l+ toge!r4 ,!n aft] a :ile ! l[ l&s w\ld s9k & ! ocean p\r+ 9 w\ld cov] !m ) lay]s ( protect+ s& or mud2 & sometimes ! l& w\ld rise aga91 & fre% =e/s w\ld spr+ into life1 only to be 9 _! turn ov]:elm$ anew1 & cov]$ by fre% s&y or e>?y deposits4 ,^! buri$ =e/s lay ?r\gh ! ages foll[+1 sl[ly h>d5+ into ! black & %9+ coal1 s useful n[ to man4 ,! coal is f\nd ?us 9 ?9 or ?ick seams1 ) o!r rock-lay]s betwe51 tell+ ea* its hi/ory ( c5turies long pa/4 ,9 "o place no less ?an sixte5 su* b$s ( coal are f\nd1 "o bel[ ano!r1 ea* divid$ f ! next above & ! next und]nea? by b$s ( clay or s& or %ale4 ,! =e/s c\ld n h gr[n 9 ! sea1 & ! e>?-lay]s c\ld n h be5 =m$ on l&1 !re=e _m l&-ris+s & s9k+s mu/ h tak5 place4 ,ea* b$ probably tells ! tale ( a succession ( =e/s4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e go+ on to a sket* ( ! e>ly ages ( ! ,e>?'s hi/ory--ages /ret*+ back long long be=e ! "t ( ,adam--x is ne$ful to ?9k yet = a little long] ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* t hi/ory is writt51 & ! way 9 :i* x has to be read4 ,= ! record is "o difficult to make out1 & its /yle ( expression is (t5 d>k & my/]i\s4 ,!re is sc>cely any o!r volume 9 ! great ,book ( ,nature1 :i* ! /ud5t is s likely to misread z ?is "o4 ,x is v ne$ful1 !re=e1 to hold ! conclusions ( geologi/s ) a light grasp1 gu>d+ ea* ) a p]haps or a may be4 ,_m an impos+ edifice has be5 built1 9 geology1 ^u a rickety f\ndation :i* has spe$ily giv5 way4 ,9 all ages ( ! _w's hi/ory up to ! pres5t day1 rock-mak+ has tak5 place--fire-made rocks be+ fa%ion$ und]gr\nd1 & wat]-made rocks be+ fa%ion$ above gr\nd ?\gh "u wat]4 ,also 9 all ages diff]5t k9ds ( rocks h be5 fa%ion$ side by side--lime/one 9 "o "p ( ! _w1 s&/one 9 ano!r1 *alk 9 ano!r1 clay 9 ano!r1 & s on4 ,!re h1 x is true1 be5 ages :5 "o k9d seems to h be5 ! *ief k9d--an age ( lime/one1 or an age ( *alk4 ,b ev5 !n !re 7 d\btless m rock-build+s go+ on1 ?\gh n to s great an ext5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re may h be5 ages dur+ :i* no lime/one 0 made1 or no *alk1 or no clay4 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 ! v>i\s sorts ( rock-build+ h probably gone on toge!r4 ,?is 0 n s well und]/ood by e>ly geologi/s z x is n[4 ,! difficulty is (t5 great ( dis5tangl+ ! diff]5t /rata1 & say+ :i* 0 e>li] & :i* lat] =m$4 ,/ill1 by close & c>eful /udy ( ! rocks :i* compose ! e>?'s cru/1 a c]ta9 k9d ( ord] is f\nd to exi/1 m or less foll[$ out 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,:5 ea* lay] 0 =m$ 9 ,engl& or 9 ,am]ica1 ! geologi/ _c possibly say4 ,he c1 h[ev]1 ass]t1 9 ei!r place1 t a c]ta9 mass ( rock 0 =m$ be=e a c]ta9 o!r mass 9 t same place1 ev5 ?\gh ! two may seem to lie side by side2 = he kn[s t !y 7 s plac$ only by upheaval1 & t once ^u a "t ! "o lay b5ea? ! o!r4 ,! geologi/ c g fur!r4 ,he c (t5 decl>e t a c]ta9 mass ( rock 9 ,am]ica & a c]ta9 mass ( rock 9 ,engl&1 q diff]5t 9 k9d1 7 probably built up at ab\t ! same "t4 ,h[ long ago t "t 0 he w\ld be ra% to attempt to say2 b t ! two belong to ! same age he has good reason = suppos+4 ,we f9d rocks pil$ ^u rocks 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 s t we may g5]ally be pretty confid5t t ! l[] rocks 7 fir/ made1 & ! upp] rocks ! late/ built4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 we f9d 9 all ! said lay]s ( wat]-built rocks signs ( pa/ life4 ,z already /at$1 mu* ( ?is life 0 ocean-life1 ?\gh n all4 ,bel[ ! sea1 z ! rock-lay]s 7 be+ =m$1 bit by bit1 ( e>? dropp+ f ! ocean to ! ocean's floor1 sea-creatures liv$ out _! lives & di$ by ?\s&s1 to s9k to t same floor4 ,millions pass$ away1 dissolv+ & leav+ no trace beh9d2 b ?\s&s 7 pres]v$--%ells (t51 animals sometimes4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,= n[ & aga9 "s "p ( ! sea-bottom 0 upheav$1 sl[ly or quickly1 till x became dry l&4 ,on ?is dry l& animals liv$ aga91 & ?\s&s ( !m1 too1 di$1 & _! bones crumbl$ into du/4 ,b "h & !re "o 0 caught 9 bog or fro/1 & 8 rema9s 7 pres]v$ till1 ?r\gh lapse ( ages1 !y turn$ to /one4 ,yet aga9 t l& w\ld s9k1 & ov] x fre% lay]s 7 =m$ by ! ocean-wat]s1 ) fre% rema9s ( sea-animals buri$ 9 ) ! lay]s ( s& or lime2 & once m ! sea-bottom w\ld rise1 p]haps !n to cont9ue z dry l&1 until ! day :5 man %\ld discov] & h&le ^! hidd5 rema9s4 ,n[ note a rem>kable fact z to ^! fossils1 scatt]$ f> & wide ?r\gh ! lay]s ( /ratifi$ rock4 ,9 ! upp]mo/ & late/ built rocks ! animals f\nd are ! same1 9 great measure1 z ^? :i* n[ exi/ ^u ! e>?4 ,leav+ ! upp]mo/ rocks1 & exam9+ ^? :i* lie a little way bel[1 we f9d a diff]5ce4 ,"s are /ill ! same1 & o!rs1 if n q ! same1 are v mu* l :at we h n[2 b "h & !re a creature ( a diff]5t =m appe>s4 ,g deep] /ill1 & ! k9ds ( animals *ange fur!r4 ,few] & few] resemble ^? :i* n[ range ! e>?2 m & m belong to o!r species4 ,desc5d ?r\gh lay] aft] lay] till we come to rocks built 9 e>lie/ ages & n "o fossil %all we f9d precisely ! same z "o animal liv+ n[4 ,s n only are ! rocks built 9 successive ord]1 /ratum aft] /ratum belong+ to age aft] age 9 ! pa/1 b fossil-rema9s also are f\nd 9 successive ord]1 k9d aft] k9d belong+ to pa/ age aft] age4 ,al?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! succession ( fossils 0 und]/ood by means ( ! succession ( rock-lay]s1 yet 9 ! second place ! arrangem5t ( rock-lay]s is made m cle> by ! means ( ^! v fossils4 ,a geologi/1 look+ at ! rocks 9 ,am]ica1 c say :i* !re 7 fir/-=m$1 :i* second-=m$1 :i* ?ird-=m$4 ,also1 look+ at ! rocks 9 ,engl&1 he c say :i* !re 7 fir/-=m$1 second-=m$1 ?ird-=m$4 ,he w\ld1 h[ev]1 f9d x v difficult1 if n impossible1 to say :i* among any ( ! ,am]ican rocks 0 =m$ at ab\t ! same "t z any p>ticul> "o among ! ,engli% rocks1 7 x n = ! help af=d$ him by ^! fossils4 ,j z ! regul> succession ( rock-/rata has be5 gradually le>n$1 s ! regul> succession ( diff]5t fossils is becom+ m & m und]/ood4 ,x is n[ kn[n t "s k9ds ( fossils are always f\nd 9 ! olde/ rocks1 & 9 !m only2 t "s k9ds are always f\nd 9 ! newe/ rocks1 & 9 !m only2 t "s fossils are r>ely or nev] f\nd l[] ?an c]ta9 lay]s2 t "s fossils are r>ely or nev] f\nd high] ?an c]ta9 o!r lay]s4 ,s ?is fossil arrangem5t is gr[+ into q a hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,& a geologi/1 look+ at c]ta9 rocks1 pu%$ up f und]gr\nd1 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica1 c say3 ,^! are v diff]5t k9ds ( rocks1 x is true1 & x w\ld be impossible to say h[ long ! build+ up ( ! "o might h tak5 place be=e or aft] ! o!r4 ,b ,i see t 9 bo? ^! rocks !re are exactly ! same k9ds ( fossil-rema9s1 diff]+ f ^? 9 ! rocks above & bel[4 ,i conclude !re=e t ! two rocks belong to ab\t ! same great age 9 ! _w's pa/ hi/ory1 :5 ! same animals 7 liv+ ^u ! e>?4 ,obs]v+ & reason+ ?us1 geologi/s h drawn up a g5]al plan or ord] ( /rata2 & ! :ole ( ! va/ masses ( wat]-built rocks ?r\gh\t ! _w h be5 arrang$ 9 a regul> succession ( classes1 ris+ /ep by /ep f e>lie/ ages up to ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration ,,am]ica ,,! ,,old ,,_w 7,,f ,,geological ,,sket*es47 ,,by ,l4 ,,agassiz4 ,illu/ration ,fir/-born among ! ,cont95ts1 ?\gh s mu* lat] 9 culture & civilization ?an "s ( m rec5t bir?1 ,am]ica1 s f> z h] physical hi/ory is conc]n$1 has be5 falsely d5om9at$ ! ,new ,_w4 ,h]s 0 ! fir/ dry l& lift$ out ( ! wat]s1 h]s ! fir/ %ore wa%$ by ! ocean t envelop$ all ! e>? beside2 & :ile ,europe 0 repres5t$ only by isl&s ris+ "h & !re above ! sea1 ,am]ica already /ret*$ an unbrok5 l9e ( l& f ,nova ,scotia to ! ,f> ,we/4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 our conclusions respect+ ! beg9n+ ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 ! way 9 :i* x took =m & %ape z a di/9ct1 sep>ate planet1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be v vague & hypo!tical4 ,yet ! progress ( sci5ce is s rapidly recon/ruct+ ! pa/ t we may hope to solve ev5 ?is problem2 & to "o :o looks ^u man's appe>ance ^u ! e>? z ! cr[n+ "w 9 a succession ( creative acts1 all ( :i* h _h relation to 8 com+ 9 ! end1 x w n seem /range t he %\ld at la/ be all[$ to und]/& a hi/ory :i* 0 b ! introduction to 8 own exi/5ce4 ,x is my belief t n only ! future1 b ! pa/ also1 is ! inh]itance ( man1 & t we %all yet conqu] our lo/ bir?right4 ,ev5 n[ our k c>ries u f> en\gh to w>rant ! ass]tion t !re 0 a "t :5 our e>? 0 9 a /ate ( igne\s fusion1 :5 no ocean ba!d x & no atmosph]e surr\nd$ x1 :5 no w9d blew ov] x & no ra9 fell ^u x1 b an int5se heat held all its mat]ials 9 solution4 ,9 ^? days ! rocks :i* are n[ ! v bones & s9ews ( our "m ,e>?--h] granites1 h] porphyries1 h] basalts1 h] sy5ites--7 melt$ into a liquid mass4 ,z ,i am writ+ = ! unsci5tific read]1 :o may n be famili> ) ! facts ?r\gh :i* ^! inf]5ces h be5 rea*$1 ,i w answ] "h a "q :i*1 7 we talk+ toge!r1 he might naturally ask 9 a some:at sceptical tone4 ,h[ d y "k t ?is /ate ( ?+s ev] exi/$1 &1 suppos+ t ! solid mat]ials ( :i* our e>? consi/s 7 ev] 9 a liquid condition1 :at "r h y to inf] t ?is condition 0 caus$ by ! action ( heat ^u !m8 ,i answ]1 ,because x is act+ ^u !m /ill2 because ! e>? we tread is b a ?9 cru/ float+ on a liquid sea ( molt5 mat]ials2 because ! ag5cies t 7 at "w !n are at "w n[1 & ! pres5t is ! logical sequ5ce ( ! pa/4 ,f artesian wells1 f m9es1 f geys]s1 f hot spr+s1 a mass ( facts has be5 collect$1 prov+ inconte/ably ! heat$ condition ( all sub/ances at a c]ta9 dep? bel[ ! e>?'s surface2 & if we ne$ m positive evid5ce1 we h x 9 ! fi]y eruptions t ev5 n[ be> fe>ful te/imony to ! molt5 ocean see?+ )9 ! globe & =c+ its way b f "t to "t4 ,! mod]n progress ( ,geology has l$ u by successive & p]fectly connect$ /eps back to a "t :5 :at is n[ only an occasional & r>e ph5om5on 0 ! normal condition ( our e>?2 :5 ! int]nal fires 7 enclos$ by an envelope s ?9 t x oppos$ b little resi/ance to _! frequ5t outbreak1 & !y con/antly =c$ !mselves ?r\gh ?is cru/1 p\r+ out melt$ mat]ials t subsequ5tly cool$ & consolidat$ on its surface4 ,s con/ant 7 ^! eruptions1 & s slight 0 ! resi/ance !y enc\nt]$1 t "s portions ( ! e>li] rock-deposits are p]=at$ ) num]\s *imneys1 n>r[ tunnels z x 71 bor$ by ! liquid masses t p\r$ out ?r\gh !m & greatly modifi$ _! fir/ condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ideal ,,section ,,( ,a ,,volcano ,,9 ,,action4 ,! "q at once sugge/s itself1 ,h[ 0 ev5 ?is ?9 cru/ =m$8 :at %\ld cause any solid envelope1 h[ev] slight & filmy :5 comp>$ to ! :ole bulk ( ! globe1 to =m ^u ! surface ( su* a liquid mass8 ,at ?is po9t ( ! inve/igation ! geologi/ mu/ appeal to ! a/ronom]2 = 9 ?is vague & nebul\s bord]-l&1 :]e ! v rocks lose _! outl9es & fl[ into ea* o!r1 n yet specializ$ into def9ite =ms & sub/ances1--!re ! two sci5ces meet4 ,a/ronomy %[s u our planet ?r[n (f f ! c5tral mass ( :i* x once =m$ a "p1 to move h5ce=? 9 an indep5d5t orbit ( its own4 ,t orbit1 x tells u1 pass$ ?r\gh cele/ial spaces cold en\gh to *ill ?is heat$ globe1 & ( c\rse to consolidate x ext]nally4 ,we "k1 f ! action ( simil> causes on a small] scale & on comp>atively insignificant objects imm$iately ab\t u1 :at mu/ h be5 ! effect ( ?is cool+ process ^u ! heat$ mass ( ! globe4 ,all sub/ances :5 heat$ occupy m space ?an !y d :5 cold4 ,wat]1 :i* exp&s :5 freez+1 is ! only exception to ?is rule4 ,! fir/ effect ( cool+ ! surface ( our planet mu/ h be5 to solidify x1 & ?us to =m a film or cru/ ov] x4 ,t cru/ w\ld %r9k z ! cool+ process w5t on2 9 consequ5ce ( ! %r9k+1 wr9kles & folds w\ld arise ^u x1 & "h & !re1 :]e ! t5sion 0 too great1 cracks & fissures w\ld be produc$4 ,9 proportion z ! surface cool$1 ! masses )9 w\ld be affect$ by ! *ange ( temp]ature outside ( !m1 & w\ld consolidate int]nally also1 ! cru/ gradually ?ick5+ by ?is process4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,volcano4 ,b !re 0 ano!r elem5t )\t ! globe1 equally p[]ful 9 build+ x up4 ,fire & wat] wr\ght toge!r 9 ?is "w1 if n always h>moni\sly1 at lea/ ) equal =ce & p]si/5cy4 ,i h said t !re 0 a "t :5 no atmosph]e surr\nd$ ! e>?2 b "o ( ! fir/ results ( ! cool+ ( its cru/ mu/ h be5 ! =mation ( an atmosph]e1 ) all ! ph5om5a connect$ ) x1--! ris+ ( vapors1 _! cond5sation into cl\ds1 ! fall+ ( ra9s1 ! ga!r+ ( wat]s ^u its surface4 ,wat] is a v active ag5t ( de/ruction1 b x works ov] aga9 ! mat]ials x pulls d[n or we>s away1 & builds !m up anew 9 o!r =ms4 ,z soon z an ocean wa%$ ov] ! consolidat$ cru/ ( ! globe1 x w\ld beg9 to abrade ! surfaces ^u :i* x mov$1 gradually loos5+ & deta*+ mat]ials1 to deposit !m aga9 z s& or mud or pebbles at its bottom 9 successive lay]s1 "o above ano!r4 ,?us1 9 analyz+ ! cru/ ( ! globe1 we f9d at once two k9ds ( rocks1 ! respective "w ( fire & wat]3 ! fir/ p\r$ out f ! furnaces )91 & cool+1 z "o may see any mass ( metal cool t is p\r$ out f a smelt+-furnace to-day1 9 solid cry/all9e masses1 )\t any division into sep>ate lay]s or leaves2 & ! latt] 9 successive b$s1 "o ov] ano!r1 ! heavi] mat]ials bel[1 ! light] above1 or sometimes 9 alt]nate lay]s1 z special causes may h det]m9$ successive deposits ( light] or heavi] mat]ials at "s giv5 spot4 ,!re 7 _m well-f\ght battles betwe5 geologi/s be=e x 0 und]/ood t ^! two elem5ts _h be5 equally active 9 build+ up ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,! gr\nd 0 hotly conte/$ by ! disciples ( ! two geological s*ools1 "o ( :i* held t ! solid envelope ( ! e>? 0 exclusively due to ! influ5ce ( fire1 :ile ! o!r insi/$ t x _h be5 accumulat$ :olly "u ! ag5cy ( wat]4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion grew up v naturally2 = ! great lead]s ( ! two s*ools liv$ 9 diff]5t localities1 & pursu$ _! inve/igations ov] regions :]e ! geological ph5om5a 7 ( an entirely opposite "*1--! "o exhibit+ ! effect ( volcanic eruptions1 ! o!r t ( /ratifi$ deposits4 ,x 0 ! old /ory ( ! two knights on opposite sides ( ! %ield1 "o swe>+ t x 0 made ( gold1 ! o!r t x 0 made ( silv]2 & almo/ kill+ ea* o!r be=e !y discov]$ t x 0 made ( bo?4 ,s prone are m5 to hug _! !ories & %ut _! eyes to any antagoni/ic facts1 t x is relat$ ( ,w]n]1 ! great lead] ( ! ,aque\s s*ool1 t he 0 actually on 8 way to see a geological locality ( especial int]e/1 b1 be+ told t x confirm$ ! views ( 8 oppon5ts1 he turn$ r\nd & w5t home aga91 refus+ to see :at might =ce him to *ange 8 op9ions4 ,if ! rocks did n confirm 8 !ory1 s mu* ! worse = ! rocks1--he w\ld none ( !m4 ,at la/ x 0 f\nd t ! two great *emi/s1 fire & wat]1 _h work$ toge!r 9 ! va/ laboratory ( ! globe1 & s9ce !n sci5tific m5 h decid$ to "w toge!r also2 & if !y /ill h a passage at arms occasionally ov] "s d\btful po9t1 yet ! results ( _! inve/igations are ev] draw+ !m ne>] to ea* o!r1--s9ce m5 :o /udy tru?1 :5 !y rea* _! goal1 mu/ always meet at la/ on common gr\nd4 ,! rocks =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( heat are call$1 9 geological language1 ! ,igne\s1 or1 z "s naturali/s h nam$ !m1 ! ,plutonic rocks1 allud+ to _! fi]y orig91 :ile ! o!rs h be5 call$ ,aque\s or ,neptunic rocks1 9 ref]5ce to _! orig9 "u ! ag5cy ( wat]4 ,a simpl] t]m1 h[ev]1 q z di/9ctive1 & m descriptive ( _! /ructure1 is t ( ! /ratifi$ & massive or un/ratifi$ rocks4 ,we %all see h]eaft] h[ ! relative position ( ^! two classes ( rocks & _! action ^u ea* o!r enable u to det]m9e ! *ronology ( ! e>?1 to comp>e ! age ( h] m\nta9s1 &1 if we h no /&>d by :i* to e/imate ! positive duration ( h] cont95ts1 to say at lea/ :i* 0 ! fir/-born among !m1 & h[ _! *>act]i/ic features h be5 successfully work$ out4 ,i am aw>e t _m ( ^! inf]5ces1 drawn f :at is call$ ! geological record1 mu/ seem to be ! "w ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ?is is true1--= imag9ation1 *a/5$ by correct obs]vation1 is our be/ guide 9 ! /udy ( ,nature4 ,we are too apt to associate ! ex]cise ( ?is faculty ) works ( fiction1 :ile x is 9 fact ! ke5e/ detective ( tru?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dikes4 ,besides ! /ratifi$ & massive rocks1 !re is /ill a ?ird set1 produc$ by ! contact ( ^! two1 & call$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *anges ?us br\ght ab\t1 ! ,metamorphic rocks4 ,! effect ( heat ^u clay is to bake x into slate2 lime/one "u ! influ5ce ( heat becomes quick-lime1 or1 if subject$ aft]w>ds to ! action ( wat]1 x is *ang$ to mort>2 s& "u ! same ag5cy is *ang$ to a co>se k9d ( glass4 ,suppose1 !n1 t a volcanic eruption takes place 9 a region ( ! e>?'s surface :]e successive lay]s ( lime/one1 ( clay1 & ( s&/one1 h be5 previ\sly deposit$ by ! action ( wat]4 ,if su* an eruption has =ce en\gh to break ?r\gh ^! b$s1 ! hot1 melt$ masses w p\r out ?r\gh ! r5t1 fl[ ov] its edges1 & fill all ! less] cracks & fissures produc$ by su* a di/urbance4 ,:at w be ! effect ^u ! /ratifi$ rocks8 ,:]ev] ^! liquid masses1 melt$ by a heat m int5se ?an c be produc$ by any artificial means1 h fl[$ ov] !m or cool$ 9 imm$iate contact ) !m1 ! clays w be *ang$ to slate1 ! lime/one w h assum$ a "* m l m>ble1 :ile ! s&/one w be vitrifi$4 ,?is is exactly :at has be5 f\nd to be ! case1 :]ev] ! /ratifi$ rocks h be5 p5etrat$ by ! melt$ masses f b5ea?4 ,!y h be5 !mselves p>tially melt$ by ! contact1 & :5 !y h cool$ aga91 _! /ratification1 ?\gh /ill p]ceptible1 has be5 p>tly oblit]at$1 & _! sub/ance *ang$4 ,su* effects may (t5 be trac$ 9 dikes1 :i* are only ! cracks 9 rocks fill$ by mat]ials p\r$ into !m at "s p]iod ( eruption :5 ! melt$ masses )9 ! e>? 7 ?r[n out & fl[$ l wat] into any inequality or depression ( ! surface ar\nd4 ,! walls enclos+ su* a dike are (t5 f\nd to be completely alt]$ by contact ) its burn+ cont5ts1 & to h assum$ a "* q diff]5t f ! rocks ( :i* !y make a "p2 :ile ! mass itself :i* fills ! fissure %[s by ! "* ( its cry/allization t x has cool$ m quickly on ! outside1 :]e x meets ! walls1 ?an at ! c5tre4 ,! fir/ two great classes ( rocks1 ! un/ratifi$ & /ratifi$ rocks1 repres5t diff]5t epo*s 9 ! _w's physical hi/ory3 ! =m] m>k its revolutions1 :ile ! latt] *ronicle its p]iods ( re/4 ,all m\nta9s & m\nta9-*a9s h be5 upheav$ by great convulsions ( ! globe1 :i* r5t asund] ! surface ( ! e>?1 de/roy$ ! animals & plants liv+ ^u x at ! "t1 & 7 !n succe$$ by long int]vals ( repose1 :5 all ?+s return$ to _! accu/om$ ord]1 ocean & riv] deposit$ fre% b$s 9 un9t]rupt$ succession1 ! accumulation ( mat]ials w5t on z be=e1 a new set ( animals & plants 7 introduc$1 & a "t ( build+ up & r5ew+ foll[$ ! "t ( de/ruction4 ,^! p]iods ( revolution are naturally m difficult to deciph] ?an ! p]iods ( re/2 = !y h s torn & %att]$ ! b$s !y uplift$1 di/urb+ !m f _! natural relations to ea* o!r1 t x is n easy to recon/ruct ! p>ts & give !m coh]5ce & complet5ess aga94 ,b )9 ! la/ half-c5tury ?is "w has be5 accompli%$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ) an amaz+ degree ( accuracy1 consid]+ ! disconnect$ "* ( ! ph5om5a to be /udi$2 & ,i ?9k ,i %all be able to conv9ce my read]s t ! mod]n results ( geological inve/igation are p]fectly s\nd logical inf]5ces f well-e/abli%$ facts4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r ?+s1 we are b *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[?4 ,! _w is ! geologi/'s great puzzle-box2 he /&s be=e x l ! *ild to :om ! sep>ate pieces ( 8 puzzle rema9 a my/]y till he detects _! relation & sees :]e !y fit1 & !n 8 fragm5ts gr[ at once into a connect$ picture b5ea? 8 h&4444 ,:5 geologi/s fir/ turn$ _! att5tion to ! physical hi/ory ( ! e>?1 !y saw at once c]ta9 great features :i* !y took to be ! skeleton & basis ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,!y saw ! great masses ( granite =m+ ! m\nta9s & m\nta9-*a9s1 ) ! /ratifi$ rocks re/+ aga9/ _! slopes2 & !y assum$ t granite 0 ! fir/ prim>y ag5t1 & t all /ratifi$ rocks mu/ be ( a lat] =mation4 ,al?\gh ?is involv$ a p>tial error1 z we %all see h]eaft] :5 we trace ! upheavals ( granite ev5 into comp>atively mod]n p]iods1 yet x held an important geological tru? also2 =1 ?\gh granite =mations are by no means limit$ to ^? e>ly p]iods1 !y are nev]!less v *>act]i/ic ( !m1 & are inde$ ! f\ndation-/ones on :i* ! physical hi/ory ( ! globe is built4 ,/>t+ f ?is l&m>k1 ! e>li] geologi/s divid$ ! _w's hi/ory into ?ree p]iods4 ,z ! hi/orian recognizes ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ,mod]n ,hi/ory z di/9ct phases 9 ! gr[? ( ! human race1 s !y di/+ui%$ betwe5 :at !y call$ ! ,prim>y p]iod1 :51 z !y believ$1 no life /irr$ on ! surface ( ! e>?2 ! ,second>y or middle p]iod1 :5 animals & plants 7 introduc$1 & ! l& began to assume cont95tal proportions2 & ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 or comp>atively mod]n geological times1 :5 ! physical features ( ! e>? z well z its inhabitants 7 approa*+ m ne>ly to ! pres5t condition ( ?+s4 ,b z _! inve/igations proce$$1 !y f\nd t e "o ( ^! great ages ( ! _w's hi/ory 0 divid$ into num]\s less] epo*s1 ea* ( :i* _h be5 *>act]iz$ by a peculi> set ( animals & plants1 & _h be5 clos$ by "s great physical convulsion1 di/urb+ & displac+ ! mat]ials accumulat$ dur+ su* a p]iod ( re/4 ,! fur!r /udy ( ^! subord9ate p]iods %[$ t :at _h be5 call$ ,prim>y =mations1 namely1 ! volcanic or ,plutonic rocks =m]ly believ$ to be conf9$ to ! fir/ geological ages1 belong$ to all ! p]iods1 successive eruptions hav+ tak5 place at all times1 p\r+ up ?r\gh ! accumulat$ deposits1 p5etrat+ & inject+ _! cracks1 fissures1 & inequalities1 z well z ?r[+ out l>ge masses on ! surface4 ,up to our own day !re has nev] be5 a p]iod :5 su* eruptions h n tak5 place1 ?\gh !y h be5 con/antly dim9i%+ 9 frequ5cy & ext5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is discov]y1 t rocks ( igne\s "* 7 by no means exclusively *>act]i/ic ( ! e>lie/ times1 !y are n[ classifi$ toge!r ^u v diff]5t gr\nds f ^? on :i* geologi/s fir/ unit$ !m2 ?\gh1 z ! "n ,prim>y 0 long reta9$1 we /ill f9d x appli$ to !m1 ev5 9 geological works ( q rec5t date4 ,?is defect ( nom5clature is to be regrett$1 z likely to mislead ! /ud5t1 because x seems to ref] to "t2 :]eas x no long] signifies ! age ( ! rocks1 b simply _! "*4 ,! "n ,plutonic or ,massive rocks is1 h[ev]1 n[ almo/ univ]sally sub/itut$ = t ( ,prim>y4 ,a wide field ( inve/igation /ill rema9s to be explor$ by ! *emi/ & ! geologi/ toge!r1 9 ! m9]alogical "* ( ! ,plutonic rocks1 :i* diff]s greatly 9 ! diff]5t p]iods4 ,! e>li] eruptions seem to h be5 *iefly granitic1 ?\gh ?is mu/ n be und]/ood 9 too wide a s5se1 s9ce !re are granite =mations ev5 z late z ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 ^? ( ! middle p]iods 7 mo/ly porphyries & basalts2 :ile 9 ! m rec5t ones1 lavas pr$om9ate4 ,we h z yet no clew to ! laws by :i* ?is di/ribution ( volcanic elem5ts 9 ! =mation ( ! e>? is regulat$2 b !re is f\nd to be a diff]5ce 9 ! cry/als ( ! ,plutonic rocks belong+ to diff]5t ages1 :i*1 :5 fully und]/ood may enable u to det]m9e ! age ( any ,plutonic rock by its mode ( cry/allization2 s t ! m9]alogi/ w z readily tell y by its cry/als :e!r a bit ( /one ( igne\s orig9 belongs to ?is or t p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 z ! palontologi/ w tell y by its fossils :e!r a piece ( rock ( aque\s orig9 belongs to ! ,silurian or ,devonian or ,c>bonif]\s deposits4 ,al?\gh subsequ5t inve/igations h multipli$ s ext5sively n only ! numb] ( geological p]iods1 b also ! successive creations t h *>act]iz$ !m1 yet ! fir/ g5]al division into ?ree great eras 0 nev]!less f\nd$ ^u a broad & true g5]alization4 ,9 ! fir/ /ratifi$ rocks 9 :i* any organic rema9s are f\nd1 ! highe/ animals are fi%es1 & ! highe/ plants are cryptogams2 9 ! middle p]iods reptiles come 91 accompani$ by f]n & moss =e/s2 9 lat] times quadrup$s are introduc$1 ) a dicotyl$on\s vegetation4 ,s closely does ! m>* ( animal & vegetable life keep pace ) ! mat]ial progress ( ! _w1 t we may well consid] ^! ?ree divisions1 includ$ "u ! fir/ g5]al classification ( its physical hi/ory1 z ! ?ree ,ages ( ,nature2 ! m important epo*s :i* subdivide !m may be comp>$ to s _m great dyna/ies1 :ile ! less] p]iods are ! sep>ate reigns conta9$ !re94 ,( su* epo*s !re are t51 well kn[n to geologi/s2 ( ! less] p]iods ab\t sixty are already di/+ui%$1 :ile _m m loom up f ! dim regions ( ! pa/1 j disc]n$ by ! eye ( sci5ce1 ?\gh _! hi/ory is n yet unravell$4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 ,i w enum]ate ! geological epo*s 9 _! succession1 conf9+ myself1 h[ev]1 to su* z are p]fectly well e/abli%$1 )\t allud+ to ^? ( :i* ! limits are less def9itely det]m9$1 & :i* are /ill subject to d\bts & discussions among geologi/s4 ,z ,i d n propose to make "h any treatise ( ,geology1 b simply to place be=e my read]s "s pictures ( ! old _w1 ) ! animals & plants t h inhabit$ x at v>i\s times1 ,i %all avoid1 z f> z possible1 all debatable gr\nd1 & conf9e myself to ^? p>ts ( my subject :i* are be/ kn[n1 & c !re=e be m cle>ly pres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fossil ,,scorpion4--,,silurian ,,p]iod4 ,fir/1 we h ! ,azoic p]iod1 devoid ( life1 z its "n signifies1--namely1 ! e>lie/ /ratifi$ deposits ^u ! heat$ film =m+ ! fir/ solid surface ( ! e>?1 9 :i* no trace ( liv+ ?+ has ev] be5 f\nd4 ,next comes ! ,silurian p]iod1 :5 ! cru/ ( ! e>? _h ?ick5$ & cool$ suffici5tly to r5d] ! exi/5ce ( animals & plants ^u x possible1 & :5 ! atmosph]ic conditions necess>y to _! ma9t5ance 7 already e/abli%$4 ,_m ( ! names giv5 to ^! p]iods are by no means significant ( _! "*1 b are m]ely ! result ( accid5t3 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ,silurian1 giv5 by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison to ?is set ( b$s1 because he fir/ /udi$ !m 9 t "p ( ,wales occupi$ by ! anci5t tribe ( ! ,silures4 ,! next p]iod1 ! ,devonian1 0 = a simil> reason nam$ aft] ! c\ntry ( ,devon%ire 9 ,engl&1 :]e x 0 fir/ inve/igat$4 ,^u ?is foll[s ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 ) ! imm5se deposits ( coal f :i* x d]ives its "n4 ,!n comes ! ,p]mian p]iod1 nam$1 aga91 f local circum/ances1 ! fir/ inve/igation ( its deposits hav+ tak5 place 9 ! prov9ce ( ,p]mia 9 ,russia4 ,next 9 succession we h ! ,triassic p]iod1 s call$ f ! trio ( rocks1 ! r$ s&/one1 ,mus*el ,kalk 7%ell-lime/one71 & ,keup] 7clay71 mo/ frequ5tly comb9$ 9 its =mations2 ! ,jurassic1 s amply illu/rat$ 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,jura1 :]e geologi/s fir/ f\nd ! clew to its hi/ory2 & ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 to :i* ! *alk cliffs ( ,engl& & all ! ext5sive *alk deposits belong4 ,^u ^! foll[ ! s-call$ ,t]ti>y =mations1 divid$ into ?ree p]iods1 all ( :i* h receiv$ mo/ *>act]i/ic names 9 ?is epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory we see ! fir/ approa* to a condition ( ?+s resembl+ t n[ prevail+1 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has mo/ fitly nam$ its ?ree divisions1 ! ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! ?ree words is made f ! ,greek ^w ,ka9os1 rec5t2 :ile ,eos signifies dawn1 ,meion less1 & ,pleion m4 ,?us ,eoc5e indicates ! dawn ( rec5t species1 ,plioc5e _! increase1 :ile ,mioc5e1 ! int]m$iate t]m1 means less rec5t4 ,above ^! deposits comes :at has be5 call$ 9 sci5ce ! pres5t p]iod1--! mod]n times ( ! geologi/1--t p]iod to :i* man himself belongs1 & s9ce ! beg9n+ ( :i*1 ?\gh its duration be c\nt$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 !re has be5 no alt]ation 9 ! g5]al configuration ( ! e>?1 consequ5tly no important modification ( its climatic conditions1 & no *ange 9 ! animals & plants inhabit+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cru/acea4--,,devonian ,,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi% ,,( ,,! ,,devonian ,,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi% ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fossil ,,vegetation ,,( ,,c>bonif]\s ,,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi% ,,( ,,! ,,p]mian ,,p]iod4 ,i h spok5 ( ! fir/ ( ^! p]iods1 ! ,azoic1 z hav+ be5 absolutely devoid ( life1 & ,i believe ?is /atem5t to be /rictly true2 b ,i ought to add t !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among geologi/s ^u ?is po9t1 _m believ+ t ! fir/ surface ( our globe may h be5 inhabit$ by liv+ be+s1 b t all traces ( _! exi/5ce h be5 oblit]at$ by ! eruptions ( melt$ mat]ials1 :i* n only alt]$ ! "* ( ^? e>lie/ /ratifi$ rocks1 b de/roy$ all ! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 !m4 ,x w be my object to %[1 n only t ! abs5ce ( ! climatic & atmosph]ic conditions ess5tial to organic life1 z we und]/& x1 mu/ h r5d]$ ! previ\s exi/5ce ( any liv+ be+s impossible1 b also t ! complet5ess ( ! ,animal ,k+dom 9 ^? deposits :]e we fir/ f9d organic rema9s1 its intelligible & coh]5t connections ) ! successive creations ( all geological times & ) ! animals n[ liv+1 af=d ! /ronge/ int]nal evid5ce t we h inde$ f\nd 9 ! l[] ,silurian =mations1 imm$iately foll[+ ! ,azoic1 ! beg9n+ ( life ^u e>?4 ,:5 a /ory seems to u complete & consi/5t f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 we %all n seek = a fir/ *apt]1 ev5 ?\gh ! copy 9 :i* we h read x be s torn & defac$ z to sugge/ ! idea t "s portion ( x may h be5 lo/4 ,! unity ( ! "w1 z a :ole1 is an inconte/able pro( t we possess x 9 its orig9al integrity4 ,! validity ( ?is argum5t w be recogniz$1 p]haps1 only by ^? naturali/s to :om ! ,animal ,k+dom has begun to appe> z a connect$ :ole4 ,= ^? :o d n see ord] 9 ,nature x c h no value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fossils ,,( ,,triassic ,,vegetation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bird ,,( ,,! ,,jurassic ,,p]iod47,! ,olde/ ,bird47 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,bird ,,( ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,animal ,,( ,,! ,,eoc5e ,,p]iod4 ,= a table conta9+ ! geological p]iods 9 _! succession1 ,i w\ld ref] to any mod]n text-book ( ,geology1 or to an article 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,m>*1 #ahfb1 ^u ,me?ods ( ,/udy 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 :]e !y are giv5 9 connection ) ! ord] ( introduction ( animals ^u e>?4 ,7 ^! sets ( rocks f\nd always 9 ! regul> sequ5ce 9 :i* ,i h enum]at$ !m1 _! relative age w\ld be easily det]m9$1 = _! sup]position w\ld tell ! :ole /ory3 ! l[e/ w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! olde/1 & we might foll[ )\t difficulty ! asc5d+ s]ies1 till we rea*$ ! y\nge/ & upp]mo/ deposits4 ,b _! succession has be5 brok5 up by frequ5t & viol5t alt]ations 9 ! configuration ( ! globe4 ,l& & wat] h *ang$ _! level1--isl&s h be5 trans=m$ to cont95ts1--sea-bottoms h become dry l&1 & dry l& has sunk to =m sea-bottoms1--,alps & ,himalayas1 ,pyr5ees & ,ap5n9es1 ,alleghanies & ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 h _h _! /ormy bir?days s9ce _m ( ^! b$s h be5 pil$ "o above ano!r1 & !re are b few spots on ! e>?'s surface :]e any numb] ( !m may be f\nd 9 _! orig9al ord] & natural position4 ,:5 we rememb] t ,europe1 :i* lies be=e u on ! map z a cont95t1 0 once an ar*ipelago ( isl&s1--t1 :]e ! ,pyr5ees raise _! rocky b>ri] betwe5 ,france & ,spa91 ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,atlantic met1--t1 :]e ! ,briti% ,*annel fl[s1 dry l& unit$ ,engl& & ,france1 & ,nature 9 ^? days made "o c\ntry ( ! l&s p>t$ s9ce by enmities deep] ?an ! wat]s t run betwe51--:5 we rememb]1 9 %ort1 all ! fe>ful convulsions t h torn asund] ! surface ( ! e>?1 z if h] rocky record _h inde$ be5 writt5 on pap]1 we %all f9d a new evid5ce ( ! intellectual unity :i* holds toge!r ! :ole physical hi/ory ( ! globe 9 ! fact t ?r\gh all ! /orms ( "t ! inve/igator is able to trace "o unbrok5 ?read ( ?\ght f ! beg9n+ to ! pres5t h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,animal ,,( ,,! ,,mioc5e ,,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,animal ,,( ,,! ,,plioc5e ,,p]iod4 ,! tree is kn[n by its fruits1--& ! fruits ( *ance are incoh]5ce1 incomplet5ess1 un/ead9ess1 ! /amm]+ utt]ance ( bl9d1 unreason+ =ce4 ,a coh]5ce t b9ds all ! geological ages 9 "o *a91 a /ability ( purpose t completes 9 ! be+s born to-day an int5tion express$ 9 ! fir/ creatures t swam 9 ! ,silurian ocean or crept ^u its %ores1 a /eadfa/ness ( ?\ght1 practically recogniz$ by man1 if n ackn[l$g$ by him1 :5ev] he traces ! intellig5t connection betwe5 ! facts ( ,nature & comb9es !m into :at he is pleas$ to call 8 sy/em ( ,geology1 or ,zology1 or ,botany1--^! ?+s are n ! fruits ( *ance or ( an unreason+ =ce1 b ! legitimate results ( intellectual p[]4 ,!re is a s+ul> lack ( logic1 z x seems to me1 9 ! views ( ! mat]iali/ic naturali/s4 ,:ile !y consid] classification1 or1 9 o!r words1 _! expression ( ! relations betwe5 animals or betwe5 physical facts ( any k9d1 z ! "w ( _! intellig5ce1 !y believe ! relations !mselves to be ! "w ( physical causes4 ,! m direct inf]5ce surely is1 t1 if x requires an intellig5t m9d to recognize !m1 x mu/ h requir$ an intellig5t m9d to e/abli% !m4 ,^! relations exi/$ be=e man 0 creat$2 !y h exi/$ ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t2 h5ce1 :at we call ! classification ( facts is n ! "w ( 8 m9d 9 any direct orig9al s5se1 b ! recognition ( an intellig5t action prior to 8 own exi/5ce4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no "p ( ! _w1 c]ta9ly none famili> to sci5ce1 :]e ! e>ly geological p]iods c be /udi$ ) s mu* ease & precision z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,along _! nor!rn bord]s1 betwe5 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re runs ! l[ l9e ( hills kn[n z ! ,laur5tian ,hills4 ,insignificant 9 height1 n[h]e ris+ m ?an fifte5 hundr$ or two ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ^! are nev]!less ! fir/ m\nta9s t broke ! uni=m level ( ! e>?'s surface & lift$ !mselves above ! wat]s4 ,_! l[ /ature1 z comp>$ ) t ( o!r m l(ty m\nta9-ranges1 is 9 accordance ) an inv>iable rule1 by :i* ! relative age ( m\nta9s may be e/imat$4 ,! olde/ m\nta9s are ! l[e/1 :ile ! y\ng] & m rec5t ones t[] above _! eld]s1 & are usually m torn & dislocat$ also4 ,?is is easily und]/ood1 :5 we rememb] t all m\nta9s & m\nta9-*a9s are ! result ( upheavals1 & t ! viol5ce ( ! outbreak mu/ h be5 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! resi/ance4 ,:5 ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 s ?9 t ! heat$ masses )9 easily broke ?r\gh x1 !y 7 n ?r[n to s great a height1 & =m$ comp>atively l[ elevations1 su* z ! ,canadian hills or ! m\nta9s ( ,bretagne & ,wales4 ,b 9 lat] times1 :5 "y1 vigor\s giants1 su* z ! ,alps1 ! ,himalayas1 or1 lat] /ill1 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 =c$ _! way out f _! fi]y prison-h\se1 ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 mu* ?ick]1 & fe>ful inde$ mu/ h be5 ! convulsions :i* att5d$ _! exit4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,physical ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! ,laur5tian ,hills =m1 !n1 a granite range1 /ret*+ f ,ea/]n ,canada to ! ,upp] ,mississippi1 & imm$iately along its base are ga!r$ ! ,azoic deposits1 ! fir/ /ratifi$ b$s1 9 :i* ! abs5ce ( life ne$ n surprise u1 s9ce !y 7 =m$ b5ea? a heat$ ocean4 ,z well might we expect to f9d ! rema9s ( fi% or %ells or crabs at ! bottom ( geys]s or ( boil+ spr+s1 z on ^? e>ly %ores ba!d by an ocean ( :i* ! heat mu/ h be5 s int5se4 ,al?\gh1 f ! condition 9 :i* we f9d x1 ?is fir/ granite range has evid5tly nev] be5 di/urb$ by any viol5t convulsion s9ce its fir/ upheaval1 yet !re has be5 a gradual ris+ ( t "p ( ! cont95t2 = ! ,azoic b$s d n lie horizontally along ! base ( ! ,laur5tian ,hills 9 ! position 9 :i* !y mu/ orig9ally h be5 deposit$1 b are lift$ & re/ aga9/ _! slopes4 ,!y h be5 m or less dislocat$ 9 ?is process1 & are greatly metamorphiz$ by ! int5se heat to :i* !y mu/ h be5 expos$4 ,inde$1 all ! olde/ /ratifi$ rocks h be5 bak$ by ! prolong$ action ( heat4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ! mat]ials = ^? fir/ /ratifi$ deposits 7 provid$4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 an abundant & v>i\s soil cov]$ ! e>?1 :5 e riv] br\ght d[n to ! ocean1 n only its ye>ly tribute ( mud or clay or lime1 b ! dbris ( animals & plants t liv$ & di$ 9 its wat]s or along its banks1 :5 e lake & pond deposit$ at its bottom 9 successive lay]s ! light] or heavi] mat]ials float+ 9 its wat]s & settl+ gradually b5ea? !m1 ! process by :i* /ratifi$ mat]ials are collect$ & gradually h>d5 into rock is m easily und]/ood4 ,b :5 ! solid surface ( ! e>? 0 only j beg9n+ to =m1 x w\ld seem t ! float+ matt] 9 ! sea c h>dly h be5 9 suffici5t quantity to =m any ext5sive deposits4 ,no d\bt !re 0 "s abrasion ev5 ( t fir/ cru/2 b ! m abundant s\rce ( ! e>lie/ /ratification is to be f\nd 9 ! subm>9e volcanoes t p\r$ _! liquid /reams into ! fir/ ocean4 ,at :at rate ^! mat]ials w\ld be di/ribut$ & precipitat$ 9 regul> /rata x is impossible to det]m9e2 b t volcanic mat]ials 7 s deposit$ 9 lay]s is evid5t f ! relative position ( ! e>lie/ rocks4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! innum]able *imneys p]=at+ ! ,azoic b$s1 n>r[ outlets ( ,plutonic rock1 protrud+ ?r\gh ! e>lie/ /rata4 ,n only are su* funnels fill$ ) ! cry/all9e mass ( granite t fl[$ ?r\gh !m 9 a liquid /ate1 b x has (t5 p\r$ ov] _! sides1 m+l+ ) ! /ratifi$ b$s ar\nd4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 we c expla9 su* appe>ances only by suppos+ t ! heat$ mat]ials )9 ! e>?'s cru/ p\r$ out frequ5tly1 meet+ little resi/ance1--t !y !n scatt]$ & 7 precipitat$ 9 ! ocean ar\nd1 settl+ 9 successive /rata at its bottom1--t ?r\gh su* /rata ! heat$ masses )9 cont9u$ to p\r aga9 & aga91 =m+ = !mselves ! *imney-l outlets above m5tion$4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ! e>lie/ ,am]ican l&1--a long1 n>r[ isl&1 almo/ cont95tal 9 its proportions1 s9ce x /ret*$ f ! ea/]n bord]s ( ,canada ne>ly to ! po9t :]e n[ ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s meets ! pla9 ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,we may /ill walk along its ridge & "k t we tread ^u ! anci5t granite t fir/ divid$ ! wat]s into a nor!rn & s\!rn ocean2 & if our imag9ations w c>ry u s f>1 we may look d[n t[>d its base & fancy h[ ! sea wa%$ aga9/ ?is e>lie/ %ore ( a lifeless _w4 ,?is is no romance1 b ! bald1 simple tru?2 = ! fact t ?is granite b& 0 lift$ out ( ! wat]s s e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & has n s9ce be5 subm]g$1 has1 ( c\rse1 prev5t$ any subsequ5t deposits f =m+ above x4 ,& ?is is true ( all ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has be5 lift$ gradually1 ! b$s deposit$ 9 "o p]iod be+ subsequ5tly rais$1 & =m+ a %ore along :i* ^? ( ! succe$+ "o collect$1 s t we h _! :ole sequ5ce be=e u4 ,9 regions :]e all ! geological deposits 7,silurian1 ,devonian1 c>bonif]\s1 p]mian1 triassic1 etc47 are pil$ "o ^u ano!r1 & we c get a glimpse ( _! int]nal relations only :]e "s r5t has laid !m op51 or :]e _! ragg$ edges1 worn away by ! abrad+ action ( ext]nal influ5ces1 expose to view _! successive lay]s1 x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be m difficult to foll[ _! connection4 ,= ?is reason ! ,am]ican cont95t (f]s facilities to ! geologi/ d5i$ to him 9 ! s-call$ ,old ,_w1 :]e ! e>li] deposits are comp>atively hidd51 & ! brok5 "* ( ! l&1 int]sect$ by m\nta9s 9 e direction1 r5d]s 8 inve/igation /ill m difficult4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i speak ( ! geological deposits z s completely unveil$ to u "h1 ,i d n =get ! %eet ( drift :i* cov]s ! cont95t f nor? to s\?1 & :i* we %all discuss h]eaft]1 :5 ,i rea* t "p ( my subject4 ,b ! drift is only a sup]ficial & rec5t addition to ! soil1 re/+ loosely above ! o!r geological deposits1 & aris+1 z we %all see1 f v diff]5t causes4 ,9 ?is article ,i h int5d$ to limit myself to a g5]al sket* ( ! =mation ( ! ,laur5tian ,hills ) ! ,azoic /ratifi$ b$s re/+ aga9/ !m4 ,9 ! ,silurian epo* foll[+ ! ,azoic we h ! fir/ bea* on :i* any life /irr$2 x ext5d$ along ! base ( ! ,azoic b$s1 wid5+ by its ext5sive deposits ! n>r[ /rip ( l& already upheav$4 ,i propose 444 to invite my read]s to a /roll ) me along t bea*4 ,) :at int]e/ d we look ^u any relic ( e>ly human hi/ory6 ,! monum5t t tells ( a civilization ^: hi]oglyphic records we _c ev5 deciph]1 ! slighte/ trace ( a nation t vani%$ & left no sign ( its life except ! r\gh tools & ut5sils buri$ 9 ! old site ( its t[ns or villages1 ar\ses our imag9ation & excites our curiosity4 ,m5 gaze ) awe at ! inscription on an anci5t ,egyptian or ,assyrian /one2 !y hold ) rev]5tial t\* ! yell[ p>*m5t-roll ^: dim1 defac$ *>act]s record ! meagre le>n+ ( a buri$ nationality2 & ! ann\ncem5t1 t = c5turies ! tropical =e/s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica h hidd5 )9 _! tangl$ gr[? ! ru9$ homes & temples ( a pa/ race1 /irs ! civiliz$ _w ) a /range1 deep wond]4 ,to me x seems1 t to look on ! fir/ l& t 0 ev] lift$ above ! wa/e ( wat]s1 to foll[ ! %ore :]e ! e>lie/ animals & plants 7 creat$ :5 ! ?\ght ( ,god fir/ express$ itself 9 organic =ms1 to hold 9 "o's h& a bit ( /one f an old sea-bea*1 h>d5$ into rock ?\s&s ( c5turies ago1 & /udd$ ) ! be+s t once crept ^u its surface or 7 /r&$ !re by "s retreat+ wave1 is ev5 ( deep] int]e/ to m5 ?an ! relies ( _! own race1 = ^! ?+s tell m directly ( ! ?\ghts & creative acts ( ,god4 ,/&+ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,:itehall1 ne> ,lake ,george1 "o may look along su* a sea%ore1 & see x /ret*+ we/w>d & slop+ g5tly s\?w>d z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,x mu/ h _h a v gradual slope1 & ! wat]s mu/ h be5 v %all[2 = at t "t no great m\nta9s _h be5 uplift$1 & deep oceans are always ! concomitants ( l(ty heights4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 judge ( ?is by inf]5ce m]ely2 we h an evid5ce ( ! %all[ness ( ! sea 9 ^? days 9 ! "* ( ! %ells f\nd 9 ! ,silurian deposits1 :i* %[s t !y belong$ 9 %oal wat]s4 ,inde$1 ! fossil rema9s ( all times tell u almo/ z mu* ( ! physical condition ( ! _w at diff]5t epo*s z !y d ( its animal & vegetable population4 ,:5 ,rob9son ,crusoe fir/ caught sight ( ! footpr9t on ! s&1 he saw 9 x m ?an ! m]e footpr9t1 = x spoke to him ( ! pres5ce ( m5 on 8 des]t isl&4 ,we walk on ! old geological %ores1 l ,crusoe along 8 bea*1 & ! footpr9ts we f9d !re tell u1 too1 m ?an we actually see 9 !m4 ,! cru/ ( our e>? is a great cemet]y1 :]e ! rocks are tomb/ones on :i* ! buri$ dead h writt5 _! own epitaphs4 ,!y tell u n only :o !y 7 & :5 & :]e !y liv$1 b mu* also ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y liv$4 ,we asc]ta9 ! preval5ce ( c]ta9 physical conditions at special epo*s by ! pres5ce ( animals & plants ^: exi/5ce & ma9t5ance requir$ su* a /ate ( ?+s1 m ?an by any positive k respect+ x4 ,:]e we f9d ! rema9s ( quadrup$s correspond+ to our rum9at+ animals1 we inf] n only l&1 b grassy mead[s also1 & an ext5sive vegetation2 :]e we f9d none b m>9e animals1 we "k ! ocean mu/ h cov]$ ! e>?2 ! rema9s ( l>ge reptiles1 repres5t+1 ?\gh 9 gigantic size1 ! half aquatic1 half t]re/rial reptiles ( our own p]iod1 indicate to u ! exi/5ce ( spread+ m>%es /ill soak$ by ! retreat+ wat]s2 :ile ! traces ( su* animals z live n[ 9 s& & %oal wat]s1 or 9 mud1 speak to u ( %elv+ s&y bea*es & ( mud-flats4 ,! eye ( ! ,trilobite tells u t ! sun %one on ! old bea* :]e he liv$2 = !re is no?+ 9 nature )\t a purpose1 & :5 s complicat$ an organ 0 made to receive ! light1 !re mu/ h be5 light to ent] x4 ,! imm5se vegetable deposits 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod ann\nce ! introduction ( an ext5sive t]re/rial vegetation2 & ! impressions left by ! wood & leaves ( ! trees %[ t ^! fir/ =e/s mu/ h gr[n 9 a damp soil & a moi/ atmosph]e4 ,9 %ort1 all ! rema9s ( animals & plants hidd5 9 ! rocks h some?+ to tell ( ! climatic conditions & ! g5]al circum/ances "u :i* !y liv$1 & ! /udy ( fossils is to ! naturali/ a !rmomet] by :i* he reads ! v>iations ( temp]ature 9 pa/ times1 a plummet by :i* he s\nds ! dep?s ( ! anci5t oceans1--a regi/]1 9 fact1 ( all ! important physical *anges ! e>? has und]gone4 ,b al?\gh ! animals ( ! e>ly geological deposits indicate %all[ seas by _! simil>ity to our %oal-wat] animals1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y are by any means ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! old %ells1 cru/acea1 corals1 etc41 repres5t types :i* h exi/$ 9 all times ) ! same ess5tial /ructural elem5ts1 b "u diff]5t specific =ms 9 ! sev]al geological p]iods4 ,& "h x may n be amiss to say some?+ ( :at are call$ by naturali/s repres5tative types4 ,! /atem5t t diff]5t sets ( animals & plants h *>act]iz$ ! successive epo*s is (t5 und]/ood z indicat+ a diff]5ce ( ano!r k9d ?an t :i* di/+ui%es animals n[ liv+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,!re are s-call$ repres5tative types all ov] ! globe1 unit$ to ea* o!r by /ructural relations & sep>at$ by specific diff]5ces ( ! same k9d z ^? t unite & sep>ate animals ( diff]5t geological p]iods4 ,take1 = in/ance1 mud-flats or s&y %ores 9 ! same latitudes ( ,europe & ,am]ica2 we f9d liv+ on ea*1 animals ( ! same /ructural "* & ( ! same g5]al appe>ance1 b ) c]ta9 specific diff]5ces1 z ( color1 size1 ext]nal app5dages1 etc4 ,!y repres5t ea* o!r on ! two cont95ts4 ,! ,am]ican wolves1 foxes1 be>s1 rabbits1 are n ! same z ! ,european1 b ^? ( "o cont95t are z true to _! respective types z ^? ( ! o!r2 "u a some:at diff]5t aspect !y repres5t ! same gr\ps ( animals4 ,9 c]ta9 latitudes1 or "u conditions ( ne>] proximity1 ^! diff]5ces may be less m>k$4 ,x is well kn[n t !re is a great monotony ( type1 n only among animals & plants1 b 9 ! human races also1 ?r\gh\t ! ,arctic regions2 & "s animals *>act]i/ic ( ! high ,nor? reappe> "u su* id5tical =ms 9 ! neighborhood ( ! sn[-fields 9 l(ty m\nta9s1 t to trace ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pt>migans1 rabbits1 & o!r gnaw+ animals ( ! ,alps1 = in/ance1 & ^? ( ! ,arctics1 is among ! mo/ difficult problems ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,& s x is also ) ! animat$ _w ( pa/ ages2 9 simil> deposits ( s&1 mud1 or lime1 9 adjo9+ regions ( ! same geological age1 id5tical rema9s ( animals & plants may be f\nd2 :ile at great] di/ances1 b "u simil> circum/ances1 repres5tative species may occur4 ,9 v remote regions1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! circum/ances be simil> or dissimil>1 ! g5]al aspect ( ! organic _w diff]s greatly1 remot5ess 9 space be+ ?us 9 "s measure an indication ( ! degree ( aff9ity betwe5 diff]5t faun4 ,9 deposits ( diff]5t geological p]iods imm$iately foll[+ ea* o!r1 we sometimes f9d rema9s ( animals & plants s closely alli$ to ^? ( e>li] or lat] p]iods t at fir/ sight ! specific diff]5ces are h>dly disc]nible4 ,! difficulty ( solv+ ^! que/ions1 & ( appreciat+ correctly ! diff]5ces & simil>ities betwe5 su* closely alli$ organisms1 expla9s ! antagoni/ic views ( _m naturali/s respect+ ! range ( exi/5ce ( animals1 dur+ long] or %ort] geological p]iods2 & ! sup]ficial way 9 :i* discussions conc]n+ ! transition ( species are c>ri$ on1 is ma9ly ow+ to an ignorance ( ! conditions above allud$ to4 ,my own p]sonal obs]vation & exp]i5ce 9 ^! matt]s h l$ me to ! conviction t e geological p]iod has _h its own repres5tatives1 & t no s+le species has be5 repeat$ 9 successive ages4 ,! laws regulat+ ! geographical di/ribution ( animals1 & _! comb9ation into di/9ct zological prov9ces call$ faun1 ) def9ite limits1 are v imp]fectly und]/ood z yet2 b s closely are all ?+s l9k$ toge!r f ! beg9n+ t ,i am conv9c$ we %all nev] f9d ! clew to _! mean+ till we c>ry on our inve/igations 9 ! pa/ & ! pres5t simultane\sly4 ,! same pr9ciple accord+ to :i* animal & vegetable life is di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! e>? n[1 prevail$ 9 ! e>lie/ geological p]iods4 ,! geological deposits ( all times h _h _! *>act]i/ic faun "u v>i\s zones1 _! zological prov9ces pres5t+ special comb9ations ( animal & vegetable life ov] c]ta9 regions1 & _! repres5tative types reproduc+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b "u simil> latitudes1 ! same gr\ps ) specific diff]5ces4 ,( c\rse1 ! ne>] we approa* ! beg9n+ ( organic life1 ! less m>k$ d we f9d ! diff]5ces to be1 & = a v obvi\s reason4 ,! inequalities ( ! e>?'s surface1 h] m\nta9-b>ri]s protect+ :ole cont95ts f ! ,arctic w9ds1 h] op5 pla9s expos+ o!rs to ! full =ce ( ! pol> bla/s1 h] snug valleys & h] l(ty heights1 h] tablel&s & roll+ prairies1 h] riv]-sy/ems & h] dry des]ts1 h] cold ocean-curr5ts p\r+ d[n f ! high ,nor? on "s ( h] %ores1 :ile w>m ones f tropical seas c>ry _! s(t] influ5ce to o!rs1--9 %ort1 all ! contra/s 9 ! ext]nal configuration ( ! globe1 ) ! physical conditions att5dant ^u !m1 are naturally accompani$ by a correspond+ v>iety 9 animal & vegetable life4 ,b 9 ! ,silurian age1 :5 !re 7 no elevations high] ?an ! ,canadian hills1 :5 wat] cov]$ ! face ( ! e>?1 ) ! exception ( a few isolat$ portions lift$ above ! almo/ univ]sal ocean1 h[ monoton\s mu/ h be5 ! conditions ( life6 ,& :at %\ld we expect to f9d on ^? fir/ %ores8 ,if we are walk+ on a sea-bea* to-day1 we d n look = animals t haunt ! =e/s or roam ov] ! op5 pla9s1 or = ^? t live 9 %elt]$ valleys or 9 inl& regions or on m\nta9-heights4 ,we look = ,%ells1 = ,mussels & ,b>nacles1 = ,crabs1 = ,%rimps1 = ,m>9e ,worms1 = ,/>-,fi%es & ,sea-,ur*9s1 & we may f9d "h & !re a fi% /r&$ on ! s& or tangl$ 9 ! seawe$4 ,illu/ration ,,"s ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,rocks 7,,f ,a ,,fir/ ,,book ,,9 ,,geology47 ,,by ,n4,s4 ,,%al]1 ,s4,d4#a ,footnote #a3 ,copyright1 #ahhd1 by ,n4,s4 ,%al]4 ,illu/ration ,! geologi/ _c f9d 8 way back 9 ! record ( ! great /one book1 to ! f>-(f day :5 life began4 ,! v>i\s *anges t come ov] rocks f ! action ( heat1 ( wat]1 & ( pressure1 h sl[ly modifi$ ^! anci5t b$s1 s t !y no long] pres]ve ! frames ( ! animals t 7 buri$ 9 !m4 ,^! old rocks1 :i* are s *ang$ t we _c any long] make sure t any animals liv$ 9 !m1 are call$ ! ar*an1 :i* is ,greek = anci5t4 ,!y 7 probably mud & s& & lime/one :5 fir/ made1 b !y h be5 *ang$ to mica s*i/s1 gneiss1 granite1 m>ble1 & o!r cry/all9e rocks4 ,:5 any rock becomes cry/all9e1 ! fossils dissolve & disappe>1 z co9s lose _! /amp & =m :5 !y are melt$ 9 ! jewell]'s gold-pot4 ,^! anci5t rocks t lie deepe/ 9 ! e>? are v ?ick1 & mu/ h tak5 a great "t 9 build+2 great cont95ts mu/ h be5 worn d[n by ra9 & waves 9 ord] to supply ! wa/e out ( :i* !y 7 made4 ,x is tol]ably c]ta9 t !y took z mu* "t dur+ _! mak+ z has be5 requir$ = all ! o!r times s9ce !y 7 =m$4 ,dur+ ! va/ ages ( ?is ar*an ! life ( our e>? began to be4 ,we fir/ f9d _m c]ta9 evid5ces ( life 9 ! rocks :i* lie on top ( ! ar*an rock1 & are kn[n z ! ,cambriani & ,silurian p]iods4 ,!re we h creatures ak9 to our corals & crabs & worms1 & o!rs t are ! di/ant k9dr$ ( ! cuttle-fi%es & ( our lamp-%ells4 ,!re 7 no backbon$ animals1 t is to say1 no l& mammals1 reptiles1 or fi%es at ?is /age ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,x is n likely t !re 0 any l& life except ( plants & ^? =ms l ! l[e/ f]ns1 & probably mosses4 ,nor is x likely t !re 7 any l>ge cont95ts z at ! pres5t "t1 b r a ho/ ( isl&s ly+ :]e ! great l&s n[ are1 ! budd+ tops ( ! cont95ts j appe>+ above ! sea4 ,al?\gh ! life ( ?is "t 0 f> simpl] ?an at ! pres5t day1 x _h ab\t z great v>iety z we w\ld f9d on our pres5t sea-floors4 ,!re 7 z _m diff]5t species liv+ at ! same "t on a giv5 surface4 ,! ,cambrian & ,silurian "t--! "t be=e ! com+ ( ! fi%es--mu/ h endur$ = _m million ye>s )\t any great *ange 9 ! _w4 ,ho/s ( species liv$ & di$2 half a doz5 times or m ! life ( ! e>? 0 greatly *ang$4 ,new species came mu* l ^? t _h gone be=e1 & only a little ga9 "h & !re 0 p]ceptible at any "t4 ,/ill1 at ! end ( ! ,silurian1 ! life ( ! _w _h climb$ "s /eps high] 9 /ructure & 9 intellig5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,9 ,,cambrian ,,"t4 ,! next set ( p]iods is kn[n z ! ,devonian4 ,x is m>k$ by ! rapid ext5sion ( ! fi%es2 =1 al?\gh ! fi%es began 9 ! upp]mo/ ,silurian1 !y fir/ became abundant 9 ?is "t4 ,^!1 ! fir/ /rong-jaw$ tyrants ( ! sea1 came all at once1 l a ru% ( ! old ,norman pirates into ! peaceful seas ( ,great ,brita94 ,!y made a lively "t among ! sluggi% be+s ( t old5 sea4 ,creatures t 7 able to meet feebl] enemies 7 swept away or compell$ to und]go great *anges1 & all ! life ( ! oceans seems to h a spur giv5 to x by ^! quick]-=m$ & quick]-will$ animals4 ,9 ?is ,devonian section ( our rocks we h pro(s t ! l&s 7 ext5sively cov]$ ) =e/s ( l[ f]n trees1 & we f9d ! fir/ trace ( air-brea?+ animals 9 c]ta9 insects ak9 to our dragon-flies4 ,9 ?is /age ( ! e>?'s hi/ory ! fi%es grew con/antly m pl5tiful1 & ! seas _h a great abundance ( corals & cr9oids4 ,except = ! fi%es1 !re 7 no v great *anges 9 ! "* ( ! life f t :i* exi/$ 9 ! e>li] "t ( ! ,cambrian & ,silurian4 ,! animals are con/antly *ang+1 b ! g5]al nature ( ! life rema9s ! same z 9 ! e>li] "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,raniceps ,,lyelli--,,coal ,,"t ,,salam&]4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s or coal-be>+ age1 we h ! second great *ange 9 ! "* ( ! life on ! e>?4 ,( ! e>li] times1 we h pres]v$ only ! rocks =m$ 9 ! seas4 ,b r>ely d we f9d any trace ( ! l& life or ev5 ( ! life t liv$ along ! %ores4 ,9 ?is ,c>bonif]\s "t1 h[ev]1 we h v ext5sive %eets ( rocks :i* 7 =m$ 9 swamps 9 ! way %[n 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is book4 ,!y con/itute our coal-b$s1 :i*1 ?\gh mu* worn away by ra9 & sea1 /ill cov] a l>ge "p ( ! l& surface4 ,^! b$s ( coal grew 9 ! air1 &1 al?\gh ! swamps :]e !y 7 =m$ _h v little animal life 9 !m1 we f9d "s fossils :i* tell u t ! life ( ! l& 0 mak+ great progress2 !re are new insects1 includ+ beetles1 cockroa*es1 spid]s1 & scorpions1 &1 :at is f> m important1 !re are "s air-brea?+1 back-bon$ animals1 ak9 to ! salam&]s & wat]-dogs ( ! pres5t day4 ,^! 7 ne>ly z l>ge z alligators1 & ( mu* ! same %ape1 b !y 7 probably born f ! egg 9 ! %ape ( tadpoles & liv$ = a "t 9 ! wat] z our "y frogs1 toads1 & salam&]s d4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep upw>ds f ! fi%es to l& v]tebrates2 & we may well be int]e/$ 9 x1 = x makes "o mo/ important advance 9 creatures ?r\gh ^: lives our own exi/5ce became possible4 ,/ill1 ^! anci5t woods ( ! coal p]iod mu/ h _h little ( ! life we n[ associate ) ! =e/s2 !re 7 /ill no birds1 no s]p5ts1 no true liz>ds1 no suck-giv+ animals1 no fl[]s1 & no fruits4 ,^! coal-p]iod =e/s 7 sombre wa/es ( %ade1 ) no s\nd save ^? ( ! w9d1 ! ?und]1 & ! volcano1 or ( ! runn+ /reams & ! waves on ! %ores4 ,9 ! seas ( ! ,c>bonif]\s "t1 we notice t ! anci5t life ( ! e>? is pass+ away4 ,_m creatures1 su* z ! trilobites1 die out1 & _m o!r =ms su* z ! cr9oids or sea lilies become few] 9 k9d & ( less importance4 ,^! m>ks ( decay 9 ! m>9e life cont9ue into ! b$s j aft] ! ,c>bonif]\s1 kn[n z ! ,p]mian1 :i* are really ! la/ /ages ( ! coal-be>+ p]iod4 ,:5 ) ! *ang+ "t we pass to ! b$s kn[n z ! ,triassic1 :i* 7 made j aft] ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s "t1 we f9d ! e>? und]go+ swift *anges 9 its life4 ,! moi/ climate & l[ l&s t caus$ ! swamps to gr[ s rapidly h ceas$ to be1 & 9 _! place we appe> to h w>m1 dry air1 & high] l&s4 ,on ^! l&s ( ! ,triassic "t ! air-brea?+ life made v rapid advances4 ,! plants are se5 to und]go consid]able *anges4 ,! f]ns no long] make up all ! =e/s1 b trees m l ! p9es began to ab\nd1 & insects became m pl5tiful & m v>i$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,cycas ,,circ9alis1 ,,ak9 ,,to ,,highe/ ,,plants ,,( ,,coal ,,"t4 ,hi!rto ! only l& back-bon$ animal 0 ak9 to our salam&]s4 ,n[ we h true liz>ds 9 abundance1 _m ( !m ( l>ge size4 ,"s ( !m 7 probably plant-eat]s1 b mo/ 7 fle%-eat]s2 "s seem to h be5 t5ants ( ! e>ly swamps1 & "s dwelt 9 ! =e/s4 ,! creatures relat$ to ! salam&]s h increas$ 9 ! v>iety ( _! =ms to a wond]ful ext5t4 ,we "k !m be/ by ! tracks :i* !y h left on ! mud /ones =m$ on ! bord]s ( lakes or ! edge ( ! sea4 ,9 "s places ^! footpr9ts are f\nd 9 amaz+ numb]s & p]fection4 ,! be/ place = !m is 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley1 ne> ,turn]'s ,falls1 ,mass4 ,at ?is po9t ! r$ s&/one & %ale b$s1 :i* are compos$ ( ?9 lay]s hav+ a total ?ickness ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 are (t5 /amp$ ov] by ^! footpr9ts l ! mud ( a b>ny>d4 ,f ! little we c det]m9e f ^! footpr9ts1 ! creatures seem to h be5 some:at relat$ to our frogs1 b !y g5]ally _h tails1 &1 ?\gh provid$ ) f\r legs1 7 9 ! habit ( walk+ on ! h9d ones alone l ! kang>oo4 ,a few ( ^! tracks are %[n 9 ! figure on ?is page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,foot-,,pr9ts1 ,,connecticut ,,s&/ones4 ,^! /range creatures 7 ( _m diff]5t species4 ,"s ( !m mu/ h be5 six or sev5 feet high1 = _! /eps are z mu* z ?ree feet ap>t1 & seem to imply a creature weigh+ sev]al hundr$ p\nds4 ,o!rs 7 n bigg] ?an rob9s4 ,/rangely en\gh1 we h nev] f\nd _! bones nor ! creatures on :i* !y f$1 & b = ! =mation ( a little pat* ( rocks "h & !re we %\ld n h _h ev5 ^! footpr9ts to prove to u t su* creatures _h liv$ 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley 9 ?is f>-(f "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,foot-,,pr9t1 ,,turn]',s ,,falls4 ,b ^! wond]ful =ms are less int]e/+ ?an two or ?ree little fossil jaw-bones t prove to u t 9 ?is ,triassic "t ! e>? n[ bore ano!r animal m ak9 to ourselves1 9 ! %ape ( a little creature t gave suck to its "y4 ,once m life takes a long upw>d /ep 9 ?is little opossum-l animal1 p]haps ! fir/ creature ^: "y 0 born alive4 ,^! little creatures call$ ,microle/es or ,droma!rium1 ( :i* only "o or two diff]5t b relat$ species h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl& & 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 appe> to h be5 insect-eat]s ( ab\t ! size & %ape ( ! ,au/ralian creature %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,s f> we "k x 9 b few specim5s1--altoge!r only an ounce or two ( bones1--b !y are v preci\s monum5ts ( ! pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,droma!rium ,,sylve/re ,,& ,,tee? ,,( ,,microle/es ,,antiquus4 ,9 ?is ,triassic "t ! climate appe>s to h be5 r dry1 = 9 x we h _m ext5sive deposits ( salt =m$ by ! evaporation ( clos$ lakes1 ( seas1 su* z are n[ =m+ on ! bottom ( ! ,dead ,sea1 & ! ,great ,salt ,lake ( ,utah1 & a hundr$ or m o!r simil> bas9s ( ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,myrmecobius4 ,9 ! sea animals ( ?is "t we f9d _m *anges4 ,already "s ( ! giant liz>d-l animals1 :i* fir/ took %ape on ! l&1 are becom+ swimm+-animals4 ,!y *ang$ _! feet to paddles1 :i*1 ) ! help ( a flatt5$ tail1 =ce !m ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! fi%es on :i* ^! great swimm+ liz>ds prey$ are m l ! fi%es ( our pres5t day ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,! trilobites are gone1 & ( ! cr9oids only a remnant is left4 ,mo/ ( ! corals ( ! e>li] days h disappe>$1 b ! mollusks h n *ang$ m ?an !y did at sev]al diff]5t times 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,i*?yosaurus ,,& ,,plesiosaurus4 ,aft] ! ,trias comes a long succession ( ages 9 :i* ! life ( ! _w is /eadily advanc+ to high] & high] planes2 b = a long "t !re is no su* />tl+ *ange z t :i* came 9 ! passage f ! coal s]ies ( rocks to ! ,trias4 ,?is long set ( p]iods is kn[n to geologi/s z ! age ( reptiles4 ,x is well nam$1 = ! k9dr$ ( ! liz>ds !n _h ! control ( ! l&4 ,!re 7 !n none ( our l>ge fi% to dispute _! control1 s !y %ap$ !mselves to suit all ! occupations t c\ld give !m a *ance = a liv+4 ,"s rema9$ bea/s ( prey l our alligators1 b grew to l>g] size2 "s took to eat+ ! plants1 & came to walk on _! f\r legs z our ord9>y bea/s d1 no long] dragg+ !mselves on _! bellies z d ! liz>d & alligator1 _! l[] k9dr$4 ,o!rs became fly+ creatures l our bats1 only va/ly l>g]1 (t5 ) a spread ( w+ ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,yet o!rs1 ev5 z /rangely %ap$1 dwelt ) ! %>ks 9 ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,reptiles ,,( ,,jurassic ,,p]iod4 ,9 ?is "t ( ! e>?'s hi/ory we h ! fir/ bird-l =ms4 ,!y 7 fea!r$ creatures1 ) bills c>ry+ true tee?1 & ) /rong w+s2 b !y 7 reptiles 9 _m features1 hav+ long1 po9t$ tails su* z none ( our exi/+ birds h4 ,!y %[ u t ! birds are ! desc5dants ( reptiles1 com+ (f f !m z a bran* does f ! p>5t tree4 ,! tortoises began 9 ?is s]ies ( rocks4 ,at fir/ !y are m>9e or swimm+ =ms1 ! box-turtles com+ lat]4 ,"h too beg9 _m ( ! high] insects4 ,creatures l mo?s & bees appe>1 & ! =e/s are enliv5$ ) all ! important k9ds ( insects1 ?\gh ! species 7 v diff]5t f ^? n[ liv+4 ,9 ! age ( reptiles ! plants h made a consid]able advance4 ,palms are pl5ty2 =ms ak9 to our p9es & firs ab\nd1 & ! old fl[]less gr\p ( f]ns beg9s to %r9k 9 size1 & no long] spreads its fea!ry foliage ov] all ! l& z be=e4 ,/ill !re 7 none ( our common broad-leav$ trees2 ! _w _h n yet kn[n ! oaks1 bir*es1 maples1 or any ( our h>d-wood trees t lose _! leaves 9 autumn2 nor 7 ! fl[]+ plants1 ^? ) gay blossoms1 yet on ! e>?4 ,! woods & fields 7 d\btless fre% & gre51 b !y want$ ! grace ( blossoms1 plants1 & s++-birds4 ,none ( ! animals c\ld h _h ! social qualities or ! f9] in/9cts t are s common among animals ( ! pres5t day4 ,!re 7 probably no social animals l our ants & bees1 no m]ry s++ creatures2 probably no =ms t w5t 9 h]ds4 ,life 0 a dull r\nd ( unc>$-= bir?1 cruel self-seek+1 & ( dea?4 ,! animals at be/ 7 clumsy1 poorly-end[$ creatures1 ) h>dly m intellig5ce ?an our alligators4 ,! little ?read ( high] life begun 9 ! ,microle/es & ,droma!rium1 ! little insect-eat+ mammals ( ! =e/1 is visible all ?r\gh ?is "t4 ,x held 9 its w>m blood ! p[]s ( ! "t to come1 b x 0 an insignificant ?+ among ! mighty cold-blood$ reptiles ( ^! anci5t l&s4 ,!re are sev]al species ( !m1 b !y are all small1 & h no *ance to make headway aga9/ ! old] ma/]s ( ! e>?4 ,! ,jurassic or fir/ "p ( ! reptilian "t %ades ins5sibly into ! second "p1 call$ ! ,cretace\s1 :i* imm$iately foll[s x4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! l&s 7 und]go+ p]petual *anges2 r deep seas came to cov] mu* ( ! l& surfaces1 & !re is "s reason to believe t ! climate ( ! e>? became mu* cold] ?an x _h be51 at lea/ 9 ^? regions :]e ! great reptiles _h fl\ri%$4 ,x may be t x is due to a cold] climate t we owe ! rapid pass+ away ( ?is gigantic reptilian life ( ! previ\s age4 ,! reptiles1 be+ cold-blood$1 _c /& ev5 a mod]ate w9t] cold1 save :5 !y are s small t !y c crawl deep into crevices 9 ! rocks to sleep ! w9t] away1 gu>d$ f ! cold by ! w>m? ( ! e>?4 ,at any rate ^! gigantic animals rapidly ceas$ to be1 s t by ! middle ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod !y 7 almo/ all gone1 except ^? t inhabit$ ! sea2 & at ! end ( ?is "t !y _h %runk to liz>ds 9 size4 ,! birds cont9ue to increase & to become m l ^? ( our day2 _! tails %r9k away1 _! long bills lose _! tee?2 !y are mo/ly wat]-birds ( l>ge size1 & !re are none ( our song/]s yet2 /ill !y are = ! fir/ "t p]fect birds1 & no long] half-liz>d 9 _! nature4 ,! greate/ *ange 9 ! plants is f\nd 9 ! com+ ( ! broad-leav$ trees belong+ to ! families ( our oaks1 maples1 etc4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t our woods take on _! aspect ( to-day2 p9es & o!r cone-be>]s m+le ) ! m v>i$ foliage ( nut-be>+ or l>ge-se$$ trees4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 we lose sight ( ! little mammals ( ! e>li] "t4 ,?is is probably because !re is v little 9 ! way ( l& animals ( ?is p]iod pres]v$ to u4 ,!re are h>dly any m9es or qu>ries 9 ! b$s ( ?is age to br+ ^! fossils to light4 ,9 ! mo/ ( ! o!r rocks !re is m to tempt man to explore !m = coal ores or build+ /ones4 ,9 pass+ f ! ,cretace\s to ! ,t]ti>y1 we ent] ^u ! ?re%old ( our mod]n _w4 ,we leave beh9d all ! great wond]s ( ! old _w1 ! gigantic reptiles1 ! =e/s ( tree f]ns1 ! seas full ( ammonites & belemnites1 & come among ! no less wond]ful b m famili> mod]n =ms4 ,we come at once into l&s & seas :]e ! back-bon$ animals are ! rul+ be+s4 ,! reptiles h %runk to a few l[ =ms1--! small liz>ds1 ! crocodiles & alligators1 ! tortoises & turtles1 &1 z if to m>k m cle>ly ! bani%m5t ( ?is gr\p f _! old empire1 ! s]p5ts1 :i* are peculi>ly degrad$ =ms ( reptiles :i* h lo/ ! legs !y once _h1 came to be ! commone/ reptiles ( ! e>?4 ,! fir/ mammals t h no p\*es n[ appe>4 ,9 e>li] times1 ! suck-giv+ animals all belong$ to ! gr\p t conta9s our opossums1 kang>oos1 etc4 ,^! creatures are mu* l[] & feebl] ?an ! mammals t h no p\*es4 ,al?\gh !y h probably be5 on ! e>? two or ?ree times z long z ! high] mammals1 !y h nev] atta9$ any em95t success :atev]2 !y _c endure cold climates2 none ( !m are fitt$ = swimm+ z are ! seals & :ales1 or = fly+ z ! bats1 or = burr[+ z ! moles2 !y are dull1 weak ?+s1 :i* are n able to cont5d ) _! /rong]1 bett]-organiz$1 high] k9dr$4 ,!y seem n only weak1 b unable to fit !mselves to _m diff]5t k9ds ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,t]ti>y rocks1 we f9d at once a great v>iety ( l>ge bea/s t gave suck to _! "y4 ,x is likely t ^! creatures _h come into exi/5ce 9 a some:at e>li] "t 9 o!r l&s1 :]e we h n be5 able to /udy ! fossils2 = to make _! wond]ful =ms sl[ly1 z we believe !m to h be5 made1 w\ld require a v long "t4 ,x is probable t dur+ ! ,cretace\s "t1 9 "s l& :]e we h n yet _h a *ance to /udy ! rocks1 ^! creatures grew to _! v>i$ =ms1 & t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y "t1 !y spread into ! regions :]e we f9d _! bones4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,t]ti>y "t1 we f9d ^! l[] k9sm5 ( man1 ?r\gh :om man came to be4 ,! mammals 7 m>k$ by mu* great] simplicity & lik5ess to ea* o!r ?an !y n[ h4 ,!re 7 probably no monkeys1 no horses1 no bulls1 no %eep1 no goats1 no seals1 no :ales1 & no bats4 ,all ^! animals _h _m-f+]$ feet4 ,!re 7 no clov5 feet l ^? ( our bulls1 & no solid feet z our horses h4 ,_! bra9s1 :i* by _! size give u a g5]al idea ( ! intellig5ce ( ! creature1 are small2 h5ce we conclude t ^! e>ly mammals 7 less intellig5t ?an ^? ( our day4 ,x w\ld require volumes to trace ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ^! e>ly mammals1 & %[ h[ !y1 /ep by /ep1 came to _! pres5t high] /ate4 ,we w take only "o ( ! simple/ ( ^! *anges1 :i* happ5s to be also ! "o :i* we "k be/4 ,?is is ! *ange t l$ to ! mak+ ( our common horses1 :i* seem to h be5 br\ght into life on ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ s+ul> ?+ ab\t our horses is t ! feet h b "o l>ge toe or f+]1 ! ho(1 ! h>d cov]+ ( :i* is ! nail ( t extremity4 ,n[ x seems h>d to turn ! weak1 five-f+]$ feet ( ! animals ( ! l[] ,t]ti>y--feet :i* seem to be bett] fitt$ = tree-climb+ ?an any?+ else--into feet su* z we f9d 9 ! horse4 ,yet ! *ange is br\ght ab\t by easy /ages t lead ! successive creatures f ! weak & loose-jo9t$ foot ( ! anci5t =ms to ! solid1 s+le-f+]$ horse's ho(1 :i* is wond]fully well-fitt$ = c>ry+ a l>ge bea/ at a swift spe$1 & is s /rong a weapon ( def5ce t an active donkey c kill a lion ) a well-deliv]$ kick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,feet ,,( ,,t]ti>y ,,mammals4 ,! olde/ ( ^! creatures t lead to ! horses is call$ ,eohippus or beg9n+ horse4 ,?is fell[ _h on ! =efeet f\r l>ge toes1 ea* ) a small ho( & fif? imp]fect "o1 :i* answ]$ to ! ?umb4 ,! h9d feet _h gone fur!r 9 ! *ange1 = !y ea* _h b ?ree toes1 ea* ) ho(s1 ! middle-to$ ho( l>g] & long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,a little lat] t[>d our day we f9d ano!r advance 9 ! ,orohippus1 :5 ! little imp]fect ?umb has disappe>$1 & !re are only f\r toes on ! =efeet & ?ree on ! h9d4 ,yet lat] we h ! ,mesohippus or half-way horse4 ,!re are /ill ?ree toes on ! h9d foot1 b "o m ( ! f+]s ( ! =efeet has disappe>$4 ,?is "t x is ! little f+] t goes1 leav+ only a small bone to %[ t its go+ 0 by a sl[ %r9k+4 ,! creature n[ has ?ree little ho(s on ea* ( its feet4 ,/ill ne>] our own "t comes ! ,miohippus1 :i* %[s ! two side ho(s on ea* foot %r9k+ up s t !y d n t\* ! gr\nd1 b !y /ill be> little ho(s4 ,la/ly1 ab\t ! "t ( man's com+ on ! e>?1 appe>s 8 fai?ful s]vant1 ! horse1 9 :i* ^? little side ho(s h disappe>$1 leav+ only two little spl9t bones to m>k ! place :]e ^! side ho(s belong4 ,?us1 /ep by /ep1 our horses' feet 7 built up2 :ile ^! p>ts 7 *ang+1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! animals 7 also sl[ly alt]+4 ,!y 7 at fir/ small] ?an our horses1--"s ( !m n z l>ge z an ord9>y ,newf\ndl& dog2 o!rs z small z foxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,horses',s ,,foot4 ,z if to rem9d u ( 8 old %ape1 our horses n[ & !n1 b r>ely1 h1 9 place ( ! little spl9t bones above ! ho(1 two small] ho(s1 j l ! foot ( ,miohippus4 ,sometimes ^! are ab\t ! size ( a silv] doll>1 on ! "p t receives ! %oe :5 horses are %od4 ,9 ?is way1 by sl[-made *anges1 ! e>ly mammals pass into ! high]4 ,out ( "o orig9al "p are made limbs z diff]5t z ! feet ( ! horse1 ! w+ ( a bat1 ! paddle ( a :ale1 & ! h& ( man4 ,s ) all ! p>ts ( ! body ! =ms *ange to meet ! diff]5t uses to :i* !y are put4 ,at ! end ( ?is long promise1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ! v fir/ animals1 comes man himself1 9 =m closely ak9 to ! l[] animals1 b 9 m9d immeasurably ap>t f !m4 ,we c f9d e "p ( man's body 9 a little diff]5t %ape 9 ! monkeys1 b 8 m9d is ( a v diff]5t quality4 ,:ile 8 l[] k9dr$ _c be made to advance 9 intellig5ce any m ?an man himself c gr[ a horse's foot or a bat's w+1 he is con/antly go+ high] & high] 9 8 m5tal & moral gr[?4 ,s f> we h f\nd b few traces ( man t lead u to suppose t he has be5 = a long geological "t on ! e>?1 yet !re is good evid5ce t he has be5 "h = a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s or m4 ,x seems pretty cle> t he has *ang$ little 9 8 body 9 all ^! ?\s&s ( g5]ations4 ,! e>lie/ rema9s %[ u a l>ge-bra9$ creature1 :o us$ tools & probably _h already made a s]vant ( fire1 :i* s admirably aids him 9 8 "w4 ,besides ! developm5t ( ?is wond]ful s]ies ( animals1 t we may call 9 a c]ta9 way our k9dr$1 !re h be5 sev]al o!r rem>kable advances 9 ?is ,t]ti>y "t1 ?is age ( cr[n+ wond]s 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,! birds h gone =w>d v rapidly2 x is likely t !re 7 no song/]s at ! fir/ "p ( ?is p]iod1 b ^! s++ birds h develop$ v rapidly 9 lat] times4 ,among ! insects ! mo/ rem>kable gr[? is among ! ants1 ! bees1 & _! k9dr$4 ,^! creatures h v wond]ful habits2 !y comb9e toge!r = ! mak+ ( :at we may call /ates1 !y c>e = _! "y1 !y wage great battles1 !y keep slaves1 !y dome/icate o!r insects1 & 9 _m ways _! acts resemble ! do+s ( man4 ,com+ at ab\t ! same "t z man1 ^! intellectual insects help to m>k ?is lat] /age ( ! e>? z ! intellectual p]iod 9 its hi/ory4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t creatures are on ! e>? :i* c =m societies & help ea* o!r 9 ! difficult "w ( liv+4 ,among ! mollusks1 ! mo/ important *ange is 9 ! creation ( ! great1 /rong swimm+ squids1 ! mo/ rem>kable creatures ( ! sea4 ,"s ( ^! h arms t c /ret* = fifty feet f tip to tip4 ,among ! plants1 ! mo/ important *ange has be5 9 ! gr[? ( fl[]+ plants1 :i* h be5 con/antly becom+ m pl5ty1 & ! plants :i* be> fruits h also become m num]\s4 ,! broad-leav$ trees seem to be con/antly ga9+ on ! =e/s ( n>r[-leav$ cone-be>]s1 :i* _h 9 an e>li] day replac$ ! =e/s ( f]ns4 ,9 ^! ,t]ti>y ages1 z 9 ! prec$+ times ( ! e>?1 ! l&s & seas 7 mu* *ang$ 9 _! %ape4 ,x seems t 9 ! e>li] ages ! l& _h be5 mo/ly 9 ! %ape ( l>ge isl&s gr\p$ close toge!r :]e ! cont95ts n[ are4 ,9 ?is "t1 ^! isl&s grew toge!r to =m ! unit$ l&s ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ! tw9 ,am]ican cont95ts2 s t1 z life rose high]1 ! e>? 0 bett] fitt$ = x4 ,/ill !re 7 great tr\bles t x _h to und]go4 ,!re 7 at lea/ two diff]5t times dur+ ! ,t]ti>y age t]m$ glacial p]iods1 times :5 ! ice cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ! nor!rn cont95ts1 compell+ life ( all sorts to ab&on great regions1 & to f9d new places 9 m s\!rn l&s4 ,_m k9ds ( animals & plants seem to h be5 de/roy$ 9 ^! j\rneys2 b ^! times ( trial1 by remov+ ! weak] & less compet5t creatures1 made room = new =ms to rise 9 _! places4 ,all advance 9 nature makes dea? necess>y1 & ?is mu/ come to races z well z to individuals if ! life ( ! _w is to g onw>d & upw>d4 ,look+ back into ! d>k5$ pa/1 ( :i* we yet "k b little comp>$ ) :at we w\ld l to "k1 we c see ! great armies ( liv+ be+s l$ onw>d f victory to victory t[>d ! high] life ( our own "t4 ,ea* age sees "s advance1 ?\gh dea? ov]takes all its creatures4 ,^? t escape _! actual enemies or accid5t1 fall a prey to old age3 volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 glacial p]iods1 & a ho/ ( o!r viol5t accid5ts sweep away ! life ( wide regions1 yet ! ho/ moves on "u a control t lies beyond ! k ( sci5ce4 ,man f9ds himself "h z ! cr[n+ victory ( ?is long w>4 ,= him all ?is life appe>s to h /riv54 ,9 8 h&s lies ! pr(it ( all its toil & pa94 ,surely ?is %\ld make u feel t our duty to all ^! liv+ ?+s1 t h %>$ 9 ! /ruggle t has giv5 man 8 elevation1 is great1 b above all1 great is our duty to ! p[]s t h be5 plac$ 9 our bodies & our m9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,glaci]4 ,,! ,,pit* ,,lake ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies 7,,f ,,at ,,la/47 ,,by ,c4 ,,k+sley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coolie ,,& ,,negro4 ,! ,pit* ,lake1 l mo/ o!r ?+s1 owes its appe>ance on ! surface to no convulsion or vag>y at all1 b to a mo/ sl[1 ord]ly1 & respectable process ( nature1 by :i* buri$ vegetable matt]1 :i* w\ld h become peat1 & f9ally br[n coal1 9 a temp]ate climate1 becomes1 "u ! hot tropic soil1 asphalt & oil1 cont9ually ooz+ up b5ea? ! pressure ( ! /rata above x4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,z we ne>$ ! %ore1 we p]ceiv$ t ! bea* 0 black ) pit*2 & ! breeze be+ (f ! l&1 ! asphalt smell 7n unpleasant7 came (f to welcome u4 ,we r[$ 91 & saw 9 front ( a little r[ ( wood5 h\ses a tall mulatto1 9 blue policeman's dress1 ge/iculat+ & %\t+ to u4 ,he 0 ! w>d policeman1 & ,i f\nd him 7z ,i did all ! color$ police7 able & c\rte\s1 %rewd & tru/y4 ,^! police are excell5t specim5s ( :at c be made ( ! negro1 or half-negro1 if he be b fir/ drill$1 & !n giv5 a responsibility :i* calls out 8 self-respect4 ,he 0 w>n+ our crew n to run agr\nd on "o or o!r ( ! pit* reefs1 :i* "h take ! place ( rocks4 ,a l>ge "o1 a hundr$ y>ds (f on ! left1 has be5 almo/ all dug away1 & c>ri$ to ,new ,york or to ,p>is to make asphalt-pavem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,police ,,/ation4 ,! boat 0 run a%ore1 "u 8 directions1 on a spit ( s& betwe5 ! pit*2 & :5 %e ceas$ bump+ up & d[n 9 ! muddy surf1 we scrambl$ out into a _w exactly ! hue ( its inhabitants ( e %ade1 f jet black to copp]-br[n4 ,! pebbles on ! %ore 7 pit*4 ,a tide-pool close by 0 enclos$ 9 pit*2 a f\r-eyes 0 swimm+ ab\t 9 x1 />+ up at u2 & :5 we hunt$ him1 tri$ to escape1 n by div+1 b by jump+ on %ore on ! pit*1 & scrambl+ (f betwe5 our legs4 ,:ile ! policeman1 aft] pr(\nde/ c\rtesies1 0 gone to get a mule-c>t to take u up to ! lake1 & planks to bridge its wat] *annels1 we took a look r\nd at ?is odde/ ( corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,9 front ( u 0 ! unit ( civilization1--! police-/ation1 wood51 on wood5 /ilts 7z all well-built h\ses are "h71 to insure a draught ( air b5ea? !m4 ,we 71 ( c\rse1 ask$ to come 9 & sit d[n1 b pref]r$ look+ ab\t1 "u our umbrellas2 = ! heat 0 int5se4 ,! soil is half pit*1 half br[n e>?1 among :i* ! pit* sweals 9 & out z tall[ sweals f a c&le4 ,x is always 9 sl[ motion "u ! heat ( ! tropic sun2 & no wond] if "s ( ! cottages h sunk "r & left 9 su* a trea*]\s f\ndation4 ,a /one or brick h\se c\ld n /& "h2 b wood & palm-?at* are bo? light & t\gh en\gh to be safe1 let ! gr\nd give way z x w4 ,! soil1 h[ev]1 is v ri*4 ,! pit* c]ta9ly does n injure vegetation1 ?\gh plants w n gr[ actually 9 x4 ,! fir/ plants :i* caught our eyes 7 p9e-apples1 = :i* ,la ,brea is fam\s4 ,! heat ( ! soil1 z well z ! air1 br+s !m to special p]fection4 ,!y gr[ ab\t any:]e1 unprotect$ by h$ge or f5ce2 = ! negroes "h seem hone/ en\gh1 at lea/ t[>d ea* o!r2 & at ! corn] ( ! h\se 0 a bu% wor? look+ at1 = we _h he>d ( x = _m a ye>4 ,x bore prickly1 he>t-%ap$ pods an in* long1 fill$ ) se$s coat$ ) a r$ waxy pulp4 ,?is 0 a fam\s plant--,bixa orellana ,r\c\2 & t pulp 0 ! well-kn[n annotto dye ( comm]ce4 ,9 ,engl& & ,holl& x is us$ m]ely1 ,i believe1 to color *eeses1 b 9 ! ,spani% ,ma9 to color human be+s4 ,! ,indian ( ! ,or9oco pref]s pa9t to clo!s2 & :5 he has r\c\$ himself f head to foot1 consid]s himself 9 full dress1 :e!r = w> or danc+4 ,d\btless he kn[s 8 own bus9ess be/ f long exp]i5ce4 ,inde$1 z we /ood broil+ on ! %ore1 we began some:at to regret t ,european mann]s & cu/oms prev5t$ our adopt+ ! ,gu>aon & ,arrawak fa%ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mule-,,c>t4 ,! mule-c>t arriv$2 ! lady ( ! p>ty 0 put into x on a *air1 & sl[ly bump$ & rattl$ pa/ ! corn] ( ,dundonald ,/reet--s nam$ aft] ! old sea-h]o1 :o 01 9 8 life-"t1 full ( projects = utiliz+ ?is same pit*--& up 9 pit* road1 ) a pit* gutt] on ea* side4 ,! pit* 9 ! road has be51 mo/ ( x1 laid d[n by h&1 & is sl[ly work+ d[n ! slight incl9e1 leav+ pools & ruts full ( wat]1 (t5 invisible1 because cov]$ ) a film ( br[n pit*-du/1 & s lett+ 9 ! unw>y walk] ov] 8 %oes4 ,! pit* 9 ! gutt]-bank is 9 its native place1 & z x spues sl[ly out ( ! soil into ! dit* 9 odd wrea?s & lumps1 we c\ld wat*1 9 little1 ! process :i* has produc$ ! :ole deposit--probably ! :ole lake itself4 ,a bullock-c>t1 lad5 ) pit*1 came jolt+ d[n pa/ u1 & we obs]v$ t ! lumps1 :5 ! fracture is fre%1 h all a drawn out look2 t ! v air bubbles 9 !m1 :i* are (t5 v num]\s1 are all drawn out likewise1 long & oval1 l ! air-bubbles 9 "s ductile lavas4 ,on our left1 z we w5t on1 ! bu% 0 l[1 all ( yell[ cassia & :ite ,hibiscus1 & tangl$ ) lovely convolvulus-l creep]s1 ,ipomoea & ,e*ites1 ) :ite1 purple or yell[ fl[]s4 ,on ! "r 7 negro huts & g>d5s1 few] & few] z we w5t on1--all ri* ) fruit trees1 especially ) oranges1 hung ) fruit ( e hue2 & b5ea? !m1 ( c\rse1 ! p9e-apples ( ,la ,brea4 ,ev]y:]e along ! road grew1 seem+ly wild "h1 t pretty l[ tree1 ,ca%ew1 ) r\nd$ yell[-ve9$ leaves & little gre5 fl[]s1 foll[$ by a qua9t p9k & r$-/rip$ pe>1 f :i* hangs1 at ! l>g] & l[] end1 a kidney-%ap$ bean1 :i* bold folk eat :5 roa/$2 b woe to ^? :o try x :5 raw2 = ! acrid oil bli/]s ! lips1 & ev5 :ile ! beans are roa/+ ! fumes ( ! oil w bli/] ! cook's face if %e holds x too ne> ! fire4 ,z we w5t onw>d up ! g5tle slope 7! rise is "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight feet 9 r m ?an a mile71 ! gr\nd became m & m full ( pit*1 & ! vegetation poor] & m ru%y1 till x resembl$1 on ! :ole1 t ( an ,engli% f54 ,an ,ipomoea or two1 & a sc>let fl[]$ dw>f ,heliconia1 kept up ! tropic type1 z does a /iff brittle f]n ab\t two feet high4 ,we pick$ ! we$s1 :i* look$ l ,engli% m9t or basil1 & f\nd t mo/ ( !m _h ?ree longitud9al n]ves 9 ea* leaf1 & 7 really ,mela/omas1 ?\gh dw>f$ into a f> mean] habit ?an t ( ! noble =ms we saw at ,*aguanas1 & aga9 on ! o!r side ( ! lake4 ,on ! "r1 too1 9 a holl[1 0 a :ole wood ( ,groogroo palms1 gray /emm$1 gray leav$1 & "h & !re a pat* ( :ite or black ,roseau rose gracefully eight or t5 feet high among ! re$s4 ,! plateau ( pit* n[ wid5$ out1 & ! :ole gr\nd look$ l an asphalt pavem5t1 half ov]gr[n ) m>%-lov+ we$s1 ^: roots fe$ 9 ! sloppy wat] :i* ov]lies ! pit*4 ,b1 z yet1 !re 0 no sign ( ! lake4 ,! incl9e1 ?\gh g5tle1 %uts (f ! view ( :at is beyond4 ,?is la/ lip ( ! lake has surely ov]fl[$1 & is ov]fl[+ /ill1 ?\gh v sl[ly4 ,its furr[s all curve d[nw>d2 & x is1 9 fact1 z "o ( our p>ty said1 a black glaci]4 ,! pit*1 exp&+ "u ! burn+ sun ( day1 mu/ ne$s exp& mo/ t[>d ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance--t is1 d[nhill2 & :5 x contracts aga9 "u ! coolness ( night1 x contracts1 surely1 f ! same cause1 m d[nhill ?an uphill2 & s ea* p>ticle nev] returns to ! spot :5ce x />t$1 b r drags ! p>ticles above x d[nw>d t[>d itself4 ,at lea/1 s x seem$ to u4 ,?us may be expla9$ ! common mi/ake :i* is notic$ by ,messrs4 ,wall & ,sawk9s 9 _! admirable description ( ! lake4 ,all previ\s descriptions ref] ! bitum9\s matt] scatt]$ ov] ! ,la ,brea di/rict1 & especially t betwe5 ! village & ! lake1 to /reams :i* h issu$ at "s =m] epo* f ! lake1 & ext5d$ into ! sea4 ,?is supposition is totally incorrect1 z solidification w\ld probably h ensu$ be=e x _h proce$$ "o-t5? ( ! di/ance2 & su* ( ! asphalt z has und\bt$ly escap$ f ! lake has n advanc$ m ?an a few y>ds1 & always pres5ts ! curv$ surfaces already describ$1 & nev] appe>s z an ext5d$ %eet4 ,agree+ ) ?is /atem5t z a :ole1 ,i nev]!less _c b ?9k x probable t a great deal ( ! asphalt1 :e!r x be 9 l>ge masses or 9 scatt]$ ve9s1 may be mov+ v sl[ly d[n hill1 f ! lake to ! sea1 by ! process ( expansion by day & contraction by night1 & may be lik5$ to a cat]pill>1 or r cat]pill>s innum]able1 progress+ by exp&+ & contract+ _! r+s1 hav+ /r5g? en\gh to crawl d[n hill1 b n /r5g? en\gh to back up hill aga94 ,at la/ we surm\nt$ ! la/ rise1 & be=e u lay ! fam\s lake--n at ! bottom ( a depression1 z we expect$1 b at ! top ( a rise1 :5ce ! gr\nd slopes away f x on two sides1 & rises f x v slightly on ! two o!rs4 ,! black pool gl>$ & glitt]$ 9 ! sun4 ,a gr\p ( isl&s1 "s tw5ty y>ds wide1 7 scatt]$ ab\t ! middle ( x4 ,beyond x rose a d\ble =e/ ( ,mori*e fan-palms2 & to ! "r ( !m high wood ) giant ,momb9s & und]gr[? ( ,cocorite--a p>adise on ! o!r side ( ! ,/ygian pool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pit* ,,lake4 ,we walk$1 ) "s misgiv+s1 on to ! asphalt1 & f\nd x p]fectly h>d4 ,9 a few /eps we 7 /opp$ by a *annel ( cle> wat]1 ) t9y fi% & wat]-beetles 9 x2 &1 look+ r\nd1 saw t ! :ole lake 0 int]sect$ ) *annels1 s unlike any?+ :i* c be se5 else:]e t x is n easy to describe !m4 ,conceive a cr[d ( mu%rooms1 ( all %apes1 f t5 to fifty feet across1 close toge!r side by side1 _! tops be+ kept at exactly ! same level1 _! r\nd$ rims squeez$ tight aga9/ ea* o!r2 !n conceive wat] p\r$ on !m s z to fill ! p>t+ seams1 & 9 ! wet season1 dur+ :i* we visit$ x1 to ov]fl[ ! tops some:at4 ,?us w\ld ea* mu%room repres5t1 tol]ably well1 "o ( ! innum]able flat asphalt bosses1 :i* seem to h sprung up ea* f a sep>ate c5tre1 :ile ! p>t+ seams w\ld be ( mu* ! same %ape z ^? 9 ! asphalt1 broad & %all[ atop1 & roll+ d[nw>d 9 a smoo? curve1 till !y are at bottom m]e cracks f two to t5 feet deep4 ,:e!r ^! cracks actually close up bel[1 & ! two contigu\s masses ( pit* become "o1 _c be se54 ,z f> z ! eye goes d[n1 !y are two1 ?\gh press$ close to ea* o!r4 ,messrs4 ,wall & ,sawk9s expla9 ! odd fact cle>ly & simply4 ,! oil1 !y say1 :i* ! asphalt conta9s :5 x rises fir/1 evaporates 9 ! sun1 ( c\rse mo/ on ! outside ( ! heap1 leav+ a ?or\gh coat ( asphalt1 :i* has1 g5]ally1 no p[] to unite ) ! correspond+ coat ( ! next mass4 ,mean:ile ,mr4 ,manross1 an ,am]ican g5tleman1 :o has writt5 a v clev] & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! lake1 seems to h be5 s f> deceiv$ by ! curv$ & squeez$ edges ( ^! masses t he attributes to ea* ( !m a revolv+ motion1 & supposes t ! mat]ial is cont9ually pass+ f ! c5tre to ! edges1 :5 x rolls "u1 & rises aga9 9 ! middle4 ,c]ta9ly ! /range /uff looks1 at ! fir/ glance1 z if x 7 behav+ 9 ?is way2 & c]ta9ly1 also1 8 !ory w\ld expla9 ! appe>ance ( /icks & logs 9 ! pit*4 ,b ,messrs4 ,wall & ,sawk9s say t !y h obs]v$ no su* motion3 nor did we2 & ,i agree ) !m1 t x is n v obvi\s to :at =ce1 or :at influ5ce1 x c\ld be attributable4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 seek "s o!r way ( acc\nt+ = ! /icks--:i* utt]ly puzzl$ u1 & :i* ,mr4 ,manross well describes z num]\s pieces ( wood1 :i*1 be+ involv$ 9 ! pit*1 are con/antly com+ to ! surface4 ,!y are (t5 sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 & five or six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on rea*+ ! surface !y g5]ally assume an upright position1 "o end be+ deta9$ 9 ! pit*1 :ile ! o!r is elevat$ by ! lift+ ( ! middle4 ,!y may be se5 at frequ5t int]vals ov] ! lake1 /&+ up to ! height ( two or ev5 ?ree feet4 ,!y look l /umps ( trees protrud+ ?r\gh ! pit*2 b _! p>v5u "* is curi\sly betray$ by a ragg$ cap ( pit* :i* inv>iably cov]s ! top1 & hangs d[n l h\nds' e>s on ei!r side4 ,:5ce d !y come8 ,h !y be5 bl[n on to ! lake1 or left beh9d by man8 or are !y fossil trees1 integral p>ts ( ! vegetable /ratum bel[ :i* is cont9ually roll+ upw>d8 or are !y ( bo? k9ds8 ,i d n "k4 ,only ?is is c]ta91 z ,messrs4 ,wall & ,sawk9s h po9t$ out1 t n only ! pur] v>ieties ( asphalt1 su* z approa* or are id5tical ) asphalt glance1 h be5 obs]v$ 7?\gh n1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! lake itself7 9 isolat$ masses1 :]e !re 0 little d\bt ( _! proce$+ f ligne\s sub/ances ( l>g] dim5sions1 su* z roots & pieces ( trunks & bran*es1 b1 moreov]1 t x is also necess>y to admit a species ( conv]sion by contact1 s9ce pieces ( wood includ$ accid5tally 9 ! asphalt1 = example1 by dropp+ f ov]hang+ vegetation1 are (t5 f\nd p>tially trans=m$ into ! mat]ial4 ,?is is a /atem5t :i* we v]ifi$ aga9 & aga91 z we did ! "o :i* foll[s1 namely1 t ! holl[ bubbles :i* ab\nd on ! surface ( ! pit* g5]ally conta9 traces ( ! light] portion ( vegetation1 & are manife/ly d]iv$ f leaves1 etc41 :i* are bl[n ab\t ! lake by ! w9d1 & are cov]$ ) asphalt1 &1 z !y become asphalt !mselves1 give (f gases :i* =m bubbles r\nd !m4 ,b h[ is x t ^? logs /& up out ( ! asphalt1 ) asphalt caps & h\nds' e>s 7z ,mr4 ,manross well phrases x7 on ! tops ( !m8 ,we pu%$ on across ! lake1 ov] ! planks :i* ! negroes laid d[n f isl& to isl&4 ,"s1 mean:ile1 pref]r$ a /eeple-*ase ) wat]-jumps1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! mid%ipm5 on a c]ta9 second visit to ! lake4 ,h[ ! negroes gr9n$ delight & surprise at ! vag>ies ( ,engli% lads--a species ( animal altoge!r new to !m2 & h[ !y gr9n$ /ill m :5 c]ta9 /aid & portly dignit>ies caught ! infection1 & prov$ by m ?an "o good leap t !y too _h be5 ,engli% s*ool-boys--alas6 long1 long ago4 ,s1 :e!r by bridg+1 leap+1 or wad+1 we arriv$ at ! little isl&s1 & f\nd !m cov]$ ) a ?ick1 l[ scrub2 deep s$ge1 & among !m ,p+u9s1 l huge p9e-apples )\t ! apple2 gray wild-p9es1 p>asites on ,matapalos1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 h e/abli%$ !mselves1 l robb]s & vagrants z !y are1 ev]y:]e2 a true holly1 ) box-l leaves2 & a r>e cocoa-plum1 v l ! holly 9 habit1 :i* seems to be all b conf9$ to ^! little pat*es ( r$ e>?1 afloat on ! pit*4 ,out ( ! scrub1 :5 we 7 !re1 flew (f two or ?ree night-j>s1 v l our ,engli% species1 save t !y _h :ite 9 ! w+s2 & on ! second visit "o ( ! mid%ipm51 true to ! ,engli% boy's bird's-ne/+ in/9ct1 f\nd "o ( _! eggs1 :ite-spott$1 9 a grass ne/4 ,pass+ ^! little isl&s1 :i* are said 7,i "k n h[ truly7 to *ange _! places & numb]1 we came to ! v f\nta9s ( ,/yx1 to t "p ( ! lake :]e ! asphalt is /ill ooz+ up4 ,z ! w9d set t[>d u1 we soon became aw>e ( an evil smell--petroleum & sulphuret$ hydrog5 at once--:i* gave "s ( u a heada*e4 ,! pit* "h is yell[ & :ite ) sulphur foam2 s are ! wat]-*annels2 & out ( bo? wat] & pit* innum]able bubbles ( gas arise1 loa?some to ! smell4 ,we became aw>e t ! pit* 0 s(t "u our feet4 ,we left ! impression ( our boots2 & if we _h /ood /ill a:ile1 we %\ld soon h be5 ankle-deep4 ,no d\bt !re are spots :]e1 if a man /ay$ long en\gh1 he w\ld be sl[ly & horribly engulf$4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,manross says truly1 9 no place is x possible to =m ^? b[l-l depressions r\nd ! obs]v] describ$ by =m] travell]s4 ,:at we did see is t ! fre% pit* oozes out at ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 namely1 9 ! *annels betwe5 ! old] & m h>d5$ masses1 usually at ! upp] ends ( !m1 s t "o may /& on pit* comp>atively h>d1 & put "o's h& into pit* q liquid1 :i* is fl[+ s(tly out1 l "s ugly fungoid gr[?1 su* z may be se5 9 old w9e-cell>s1 into ! wat]4 ,"o su* pit*-fungus _h gr[n sev]al y>ds 9 l5g? 9 ! ?ree weeks betwe5 our fir/ & second visit2 & on ano!r1 "s ( our p>ty p]=m$ exactly ! same feat z ,mr4 ,manross4 ,9 "o ( ! />-%ap$ pools ( wat]1 "s five feet deep1 a column ( pit* _h be5 =c$ p]p5dicul>ly up f ! bottom4 ,on rea*+ ! surface ( ! wat] x _h =m$ a sort ( c5tre-table1 ab\t f\r feet 9 diamet]1 b )\t t\*+ ! sides ( ! pool4 ,! /em 0 ab\t a foot 9 diamet]4 ,i leap$ out on ?is table1 & f\nd t x n only su/a9$ my weight1 b t ! ela/icity ( ! /em enabl$ me to rock x f side to side4 ,pieces torn f ! edges ( ?is table sank readily1 %[+ t x _h be5 rais$ by pressure1 & n by its buoyancy4 ,true1 ?\gh /range2 b /rang] /ill did x seem to u :5 we did at la/ :at ! negroes ask$ u1 & dipp$ our h&s into ! liquid pit*1 to f9d t x did n soil ! f+]s4 ,! old prov]b t "o _c t\* pit* )\t be+ defil$ happily does n /& true "h1 or ! place w\ld be intol]ably loa?some4 ,x c be scrap$ up1 m\ld$ into any %ape y w1 w\nd 9 a /r+ 7z 0 done by "o ( ! mid%ipm57 r\nd a /ick1 & c>ri$ (f2 b no?+ is left on ! h& save clean gray mud & wat]4 ,x may be knead$ = an h\r be=e ! mud be suffici5tly driv5 out ( x to make x /icky4 ,?is v abundance ( e>?y matt] x is :i*1 :ile x keeps ! pit* f soil+1 makes x f> less valuable ?an x w\ld be 7 x pure4 ,x is easy to und]/& :5ce ?is e>?y matt] 7tw5ty or ?irty p] c5t7 comes4 ,?r\gh\t ! neighborhood ! gr\nd is full1 to ! dep? ( hundr$s ( feet1 ( coaly & asphaltic matt]4 ,lay]s ( s&/one or ( %ale conta9+ ?is decay$ vegetable alt]nate ) lay]s :i* conta9 none2 & if1 z seems probable1 ! coaly matt] is cont9ually *ang+ into asphalt & oil1 & !n work+ its way upw>d ?r\gh e crack & pore1 to escape f ! enorm\s pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t soil1 x mu/ ne$s c>ry up ) x innum]able p>ticles ( ! soils ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,9 five m9utes we _h se51 h&l$1 & smelt en\gh to satisfy u ) ?is v odd & v na/y vag>y ( tropic nature2 & z we did n wi% to become fa9t & ill betwe5 ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 & ! blaze ( ! sun reflect$ (f ! hot black pit*1 we hurri$ on ov] ! wat]-furr[s1 & ?r\gh ! s$ge-b$s to ! f>!r %ore--to f9d ourselves1 9 a s+le /ep1 out ( an ,inf]no into a ,p>adise4 ,illu/ration ,a ,,/alagmite ,,cave 7,,f ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,,! ,,*all5g]47 ,,by ,,sir ,c4 ,,wyville ,,?omson1 ,,kt41 ,,ll4,d41 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,i ?9k ! ,pa9t]'s ,vale cave is ! prettie/ ( ! :ole4 ,! op5+ is n v l>ge4 ,x is an ar* ov] a great mass ( dbris =m+ a /eep slope into ! cave1 z if "p ( ! ro( ( ! vault _h sudd5ly fall5 94 ,at ! foot ( ! bank ( dbris "o c b>ely see 9 ! dim light ! deep cle> wat] ly+ p]fectly /ill & reflect+ ! ro( & m>g9 l a mirror4 ,we clamb]$ d[n ! slope1 & z ! eye became m accu/om$ to ! obscurity ! lake /ret*$ fur!r back4 ,!re 0 a crazy little punt moor$ to ! %ore1 & aft] light+ c&les ,capta9 ,n>es r[$ ! ,gov]nor back into ! d>kness1 ! c&les ?r[+ a dim light = a "t--:ile ! voices became m holl[ & di/ant--^u ! surface ( ! wat] & ! vault ( /alactite1 & f9ally pass+ back z m]e specks into ! sil5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,guide4 ,aft] l&+ ! ,gov]nor on ! opposite side1 ,capta9 ,n>es return$ = me1 & we r[$ r\nd ! weird little lake4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly v curi\s & beautiful2 evid5tly a huge cavity out ( :i* ! calc>e\s s& _h be5 wa%$ or dissolv$1 & ^: walls1 /ill to a c]ta9 ext5t p]meable1 _h be5 h>d5$ & petrifi$ by ! con/ant p]colation ( wat] *>g$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,f ! ro( innum]able /alactites1 p]fectly :ite1 (t5 sev]al y>ds long & com+ d[n to ! delicacy ( knitt+-ne$les1 hung 9 clu/]s2 & :]ev] !re 0 any cont9u\s crack 9 ! ro( or wall1 a graceful1 s(t-look+ curta9 ( :ite /alactite fell1 & (t5 end$1 mu* to our surprise4 ,deep 9 ! wat] ,/alagmites also rose up 9 p9nacles & fr+es ?r\gh ! wat]1 :i* 0 s exquisitely /ill & cle> t x 0 some?+ difficult to tell :]e ! solid m>ble trac]y end$1 & its reflect$ image began4 ,9 ?is cave1 :i* is a consid]able di/ance f ! sea1 !re is a slight *ange ( level ) ! tide suffici5t to keep ! wat] p]fectly pure4 ,! m\? ( ! cave is ov]gr[n ) foliage1 & e tree is drap$ & fe/oon$ ) ! fragrant ,jasm9um gracile1 m+l$ n unfrequ5tly ) ! poison ivy 7,rhus toxicod5dron74 ,! ,b]mudians1 especially ! d>k p1 h a mo/ exagg]at$ horror ( ?is bu%4 ,!y imag9e t if "o t\* x or rub aga9/ x he becomes fev]i%1 & is cov]$ ) an eruption4 ,?is is no d\bt entirely my?ical4 ,! plant is v poison\s1 b ! p]fume ( ! fl[] is r agreeable1 & we con/antly pluck$ & smelt x )\t its produc+ any unpleasant effect4 ,! tide 0 ) u :5 we rega9$ ! ,flats ,bridge1 & ! galley %ot d[n ! rapid l an arr[1 ! b$s ( sc>let sponges & ! great lazy trepangs %[+ p]fectly cle>ly on ! bottom at a fa?om dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,calc>e\s ,,concretion ,,simulat+ ,a ,,fossil ,,palm-,,/em1 ,,boaz ,,isl&1 ,,b]mudas4 ,e "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! isl&s !re are gr\ps ( bodies ( v peculi> =m project+ f ! surface ( ! lime/one :]e x has be5 wea!r$4 ,^! h usually be5 reg>d$ z fossil palmetto /umps1 ! roots ( trees :i* h be5 ov]:elm$ ) s& & ^: organic matt] has be5 entirely remov$ & replac$ by c>bonate ( lime4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ^! f a gr\p on ! side ( ! road 9 ,boaz ,isl&4 ,x is a cyl9d] a foot 9 diamet] & six in*es or s high2 ! upp] surface =ms a %all[ depression an in* deep surr\nd$ by a rais$ bord]2 ! bottom ( ! cup is ev51 & pitt$ ov] ) small depressions l ! m>ks ( ra9-drops on s&2 ! walls ( ! cyl9d] seem to end a few in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! lime/one 9 a r\nd$ boss1 & all ov] ?is !re are r\nd m>k+s or little cyl9drical projections l ! orig9s ( rootlets4 ,! object c]ta9ly appe>s to agree ev5 9 e detail ) a fossil palm-root1 & z ! palmetto is abundant on ! isl&s & is con/antly liable to be de/roy$ by & ultimately envelop$ 9 a mass ( mov+ s&1 x seem$ almo/ unreasonable to "q its be+ "o4 ,/ill some?+ ab\t ! look ( ^! ?+s made me d\bt1 ) ,g5]al ,nelson1 :e!r !y 7 fossil palms1 or inde$ :e!r !y 7 ( organic orig9 at all2 & aft] c>efully exam9+ & pond]+ ov] sev]al gr\ps ( !m1 at ,boaz ,isl&1 on ! %ore at ,m\nt ,langton1 & else:]e1 ,i f9ally came to ! conclusion t !y 7 n fossils1 b some?+ totally diff]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,calc>e\s ,,concretion ,,9 ,,aeolian ,,lime/one1 ,,b]mudas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,calc>e\s ,,concretion ,,9 ,,aeolian ,,lime/one1 ,,b]mudas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,calc>e\s ,,concretion1 ,,b]mudas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,calc>e\s ,,concretion ,,9 ,,aeolian ,,lime/one1 ,,b]mudas4 ,! =m giv5 9 ,fig4 #a is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 & probably by f> ! mo/ common2 b v frequ5tly "o ( a gr\p ( ^!1 "o :i* is evid5tly ess5tially ! same z ! re/ & =m$ 9 ! same way1 has an oval or an irregul> %ape 7,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d74 ,9 ^! we h ! same rais$ bord]1 ! same sc>s on ! outside1 ! same orig9s ( root-l fibres1 & ! same pitt+ ( ! bottom ( ! %all[ cup2 b _! =m precludes ! possibility ( _! be+ tree-roots4 ,9 "s cases 7,fig4 #e71 a gr\p ( s-call$ palm-/ems is inclos$ 9 a space surr\nd$ by a ridge1 & on exam9+ x closely ?is out] ridge is f\nd to %[ ! same leaf-sc>s & traces ( rootlets z ! palm-/ems !mselves4 ,9 "s cases v irregul> honey-comb$ figures are produc$ :i* ! exam9ation ( a long s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms %[s to belong to ! same category 7,fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,concretions ,,9 ,,aeolian ,,rocks1 ,,b]mudas4 ,9 ! caves 9 ! lime/one1 ow+ to a ?read ( wat] hav+ f\nd its way 9 a p>ticul> direction ?r\gh ! por\s /one ( ! ro(1 a drop falls age aft] age on "o spot on ! cave-floor1 accurately direct$ by ! /alactite :i* x is all ! "t creat+4 ,! wat] conta9s a c]ta9 proportion ( c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is deposit$ z /alagmite z ! wat] evaporates1 & ?us a r+-l cru/ is produc$ at a little di/ance f ! spot :]e ! drop falls4 ,:5 a r+ is once =m$1 x limits ! spread ( ! drop1 & det]m9es ! position ( ! wall b\nd+ ! little pool made by ! drop4 ,! floor ( ! cave gradually rises by ! accumulation ( s& & trav]t9e1 & ) x rise ! walls & floor ( ! cup by ! deposit ( successive lay]s ( /alagmite produc$ by ! drop p]colat+ into ! lime/one ( ! floor :i* h>d5s x /ill fur!r1 b 9 ?is peculi> symmetrical way4 ,f ! floor & sides ( ! cup ! wat] oozes into ! s(t] lime/one ar\nd & b5ea?2 b1 z 9 all ^! lime/ones1 x does n ooze indiscrim9ately1 b foll[s c]ta9 m free pa?s4 ,^! become soon l9$ & f9ally block$ ) /alagmite1 & x is ^! tubes & ?reads ( /alagmite :i* aft]w>ds 9 ! pseudo-fossil repres5t ! div]g+ rootlets4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/alagmite ,,cave4 ,sometimes :5 two or m drops fall f /alactites close to "o ano!r ! cups coalesce 7,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d72 sometimes "o drop or two is m frequ5t ?an ! o!r1 & !n we h ! =m %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d2 sometimes _m drops irregul>ly scatt]$ =m a l>ge pool ) its rais$ bord]1 & a few drops m frequ5t & m con/ant ?an ! re/ gr[ _! palmetto /ems )9 its limit 7,fig4 #e72 & sometimes a numb] ( drops ne> "o ano!r make a curi\s regul> patt]n1 ) ! p>titions betwe5 ! recesses q /raight 7,fig4 #f74 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! rapid d5udation :i* is go+ on 9 ^! isl&s1 & to ! ext5t to :i* !y h be5 d5ud$ )9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! floors ( caves1 f _! be+ cem5t$ into a ne>ly homog5e\s mass by /alagmitic matt]1 are mu* h>d] ?an ! ord9>y por\s bl[n lime/one2 & x seems t 9 _m cases1 aft] ! rocks =m+ ! walls & ro( h be5 remov$1 dis9tegration has be5 at all ev5ts tempor>ily arre/$ by ! floor4 ,:]e !re is a flat surface ( rock expos$ any:]e on ! isl&1 x v g5]ally be>s traces ( hav+ be5 at "o "t ! floor ( a cave2 & z ! wea!r-we>+ ( ! surface goes on1 ! old concretion>y /ructures are gradually br\ght out aga91 ! p>ts specially h>d5$ by a localiz$ sl[ infiltration ( lime resi/ integration longe/ & project above ! g5]al surface4 ,(t5 a surface ( wea!r$ rock is s /udd$ ) ^! symmetrical concretions1 t x is h>d to believe t "o is n look+ at ! calcifi$ /umps ( a close-gr[+ grove ( palms4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,big ,,trees ,,( ,,cali=nia 7,,f ,,/udies ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,social47 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! popul> acc\nts ( ^! trees x is usual to dwell only on ! dim5sions ( ! v l>ge/ kn[n specim5s1 & sometimes ev5 to exagg]ate ^!4 ,ev5 ! small] full-gr[n trees1 h[ev]1 are ( gr& dim5sions1 v>y+ f f\rte5 to eighte5 feet 9 diamet]1 at six feet above ! gr\nd1 & keep+ ne>ly ! same ?ickness = p]haps a hundr$ feet4 ,9 ! s\? ,calav]as grove1 :]e !re are m ?an a ?\s& trees1 ! exquisite beauty ( ! trunks is well display$ by ! num]\s specim5s 9 p]fect heal? & vigor4 ,! b>k ( ^! trees1 se5 at a little di/ance1 is ( a bright orange br[n t9t1 delicately mottl$ ) d>k] %ades1 & ) a curi\s silky or plu%-l gloss1 :i* gives !m a ri*ness ( color f> beyond t ( any o!r conif]4 ,! tree :i* 0 cut d[n soon aft] ! fir/ discov]y ( ! species1 ! /ump ( :i* is n[ cov]$ ) a pavilion1 is tw5ty-five feet 9 diamet] at six feet above ! gr\nd1 b ?is is )\t ! ?ick b>k1 :i* w\ld br+ x to tw5ty-sev5 feet :5 alive4 ,a consid]able portion ( ?is tree /ill lies :]e x fell1 & at "o hundr$ & ?irty feet f ! base ,i f\nd x to be /ill twelve & a half feet 9 diamet] 7or f\rte5 feet ) ! b>k71 :ile at ! extremity ( ! la/ piece rema9+1 two hundr$ & fifte5 feet f its base1 x is six feet 9 diamet]1 or at lea/ sev5 feet ) ! b>k4 ,! height ( ?is tree :5 x 0 cut d[n is n record$1 b z "o ( ! liv+ trees is m ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixty feet high1 x is probable t ?is giant 0 n mu* %ort ( f\r hundr$ feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,"m ,,( ,,! ,,=e/4 ,9 ! accompany+ picture ! dead tree 9 ! c5tre is t f :i* ! b>k 0 /ripp$1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace & un=tunately de/roy$ by fire4 ,x is call$ ! ,"m ( ! ,=e/4 ,! two trees ne>] ! =egr\nd are heal?y1 m$ium-siz$ trees1 ab\t fifte5 feet diamet] at six feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! huge decay$ trunk call$ ,fa!r ( ! ,=e/1 :i* has fall5 p]haps a c5tury or m1 exhibits ! gr&e/ dim5sions ( any kn[n tree4 ,by measur+ its rema9s1 & all[+ = ! probable ?ickness ( ! b>k1 x seems to h be5 ab\t ?irty-five feet diamet] ne> ! gr\nd1 at n9ety feet up fifte5 feet1 & ev5 at a height ( two hundr$ & sev5ty feet1 x 0 n9e feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is )9 ! holl[ trunk ( ?is tree t a man on horse-back c ride--bo? man & horse be+ r small2 b ! dim5sions und\bt$ly %[ t x 0 consid]ably l>g] ?an ! ,pavilion tree1 & t x c>ri$ its huge dim5sions to a great] altitude2 & al?\gh ?is does n prove x to h be5 mu* tall]1 yet x 0 9 all probability m ?an f\r hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,illu/ration ,v absurd /atem5ts are made to visitors z to ! antiquity ( ^! trees1 ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s be+ usually giv5 z _! age4 ,?is is f\nd$ on ! fact t :ile _m ( ! l>ge ,sequoias are greatly damag$ by fire1 ! l>ge p9es & firs ar\nd !m are q un9jur$4 ,z _m ( ^! p9es are assum$ to be ne> a ?\s& ye>s old1 ! epo* ( ! great fire is suppos$ to be e>li] /ill1 & z ! ,sequoias h n outgr[n ! fire-sc>s 9 all t "t1 !y are suppos$ to h !n arriv$ at _! full gr[?4 ,b ! simple explanation ( ^! trees alone hav+ suff]$ s mu* f fire is1 t _! b>k is unusually ?ick1 dry1 s(t1 & fibr\s1 & x ?us cat*es fire m easily & burns m readily & = a long] "t ?an t ( ! o!r conif]4 ,=e/ fires occur cont9ually1 & ! visible damage done to ^! trees has probably all occurr$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,pr(essor ,c4,b4 ,bradley1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 has c>efully c\nt$ ! r+s ( annual gr[? on ! /ump ( ! ,pavilion tree1 & f\nd !m to be twelve hundr$ & =ty2 & aft] consid]+ all t has be5 alleg$ z to ! unc]ta9ty ( ?is mode ( e/imat+ ! age ( a tree1 he believes t 9 ! climate ( ,cali=nia1 9 ! zone ( altitude :]e ^! trees gr[1 ! seasons ( gr[? & repose are s /rongly m>k$ t ! numb] ( annual r+s gives an accurate result4 ,o!r po9ts t h be5 /udi$ by ,pr(essor ,bradley are1 ! reason :y !re are s few "y trees 9 ! groves1 & :at is ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! old trees4 ,to take ! la/ po9t fir/1 ^! noble trees seem to be s+ul>ly free f disease or f decay due to old age4 ,all ! trees t h be5 cut d[n are solid to ! he>t1 & none ( ! /&+ trees %[ any indications ( natural decay4 ,! only app>5t cause = _! ov]?r[ is ! w9d1 & by not+ ! direction ( a l>ge numb] ( fall5 trees x is f\nd t ! great majority ( !m lie m or less t[>ds ! s\?4 ,?is is n ! direction ( ! preval5t w9ds1 b _m ( ! talle/ trees lean t[>ds ! s\?1 ow+ to ! increas$ gr[? ( _! topmo/ bran*es t[>ds ! sun4 ,!y are !n act$ ^u by viol5t gales1 :i* loos5 _! roots1 & :atev] ! direction ( ! w9d t f9ally ov]?r[s !m1 !y fall 9 ! direction ( ! ov]-balanc+ top weight4 ,! "y trees gr[ spiry & p]fectly upright1 b z soon z !y ov]top ! surr\nd+ trees & get ! full influ5ce ( ! sun & w9d1 ! highe/ bran*es gr[ out lat]ally1 kill+ ^? b5ea? _! %ade1 & ?us a dome-%ap$ top is produc$4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! heal? & vigor ( ! l>ge/ trees1 x seems probable t1 "u favorable conditions ( %elt] f viol5t w9ds1 & f a numb] ( trees ar\nd !m ( ne>ly equal height1 big trees might be produc$ f> surpass+ 9 height & bulk any t h yet be5 discov]$4 ,x is to be hop$ t if any su* are f\nd to exi/ 9 ! ext5sive groves ( ^! trees to ! s\? ( ^? :i* are alone accessible to t\ri/s1 ! ,cali=nian ,gov]nm5t w take /eps to res]ve a consid]able tract conta9+ !m1 = ! in/ruction & delight ( future g5]ations4 ,! sc>city ( "y ,sequoias /rikes e visitor1 ! fact be+ t !y are only to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 favor$ spots4 ,^! are1 ei!r :]e ! loose dbris ( leaves & bran*es :i* cov]s ! gr\nd has be5 cle>$ away by fire1 or on ! spots :]e trees h be5 uproot$4 ,"h ! "y trees gr[ 9 abundance1 & s]ve to replace ^? t fall4 ,! explanation ( ?is is1 t dur+ ! long summ] dr\ght ! loose surface dbris is s dri$ up t ! roots ( ! se$l+ ,sequoias p]i% be=e !y c p5etrate ! e>? b5ea?4 ,!y require to g]m9ate on ! soil itself1 & ?is !y are enabl$ to d :5 ! e>? is turn$ up by ! fall ( a tree1 or :]e a fire has cle>$ (f ! dbris4 ,!y also fl\ri% "u ! %ade ( ! huge fall5 trunks 9 holl[ places1 :]e moi/ure is pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r conif]s ( ^! =e/s1 especially ! p9es1 h mu* l>g] se$s ?an ! ,sequoias1 & ! /ore ( n\ri%m5t 9 ^! m bulky se$s enables ! "y plants to tide ov] ! fir/ summ]'s dr\ght4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t !re are no indications ( natural decay 9 ^! =e/ giants4 ,9 e /age ( _! gr[? !y are vigor\s & heal?y1 & !y h no?+ to fe> except f ! de/roy+ h& ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$wood ,,tree ,,) ,,triple ,,trunk4 ,de/ruction f ?is cause is1 h[ev]1 rapidly dim9i%+ bo? ! giant ,sequoia & its ne> ally ! noble r$wood 7,sequoia semp]vir5s71 a tree :i* is m beautiful 9 foliage & 9 "s o!r respects m rem>kable ?an its bro!r species1 :ile !re is reason to believe t "u favorable conditions x rea*es an equally ph5om5al size4 ,x once cov]$ almo/ all ! coa/ ranges ( c5tral & nor!rn ,cali=nia1 b has be5 long s9ce cle>$ away 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco1 & greatly dim9i%$ else:]e4 ,a grove is pres]v$ = ! b5efit ( t\ri/s ne> ,santa ,cruz1 ! l>ge/ tree be+ two hundr$ & n9ety-six feet high1 tw5ty-n9e feet diamet] at ! gr\nd & fifte5 feet at six feet above x4 ,"o ( ^! trees hav+ a triple trunk is "h figur$ f a photograph4 ,mu* l>g] trees1 h[ev]1 exi/ 9 ! great =e/s ( ?is tree 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate2 b ^! are rapidly be+ de/roy$ = ! timb]1 :i* is s good & durable z to be 9 great dem&4 ,h5ce ,cali=nians h a say+ t ! r$wood is too good a tree to live4 ,on ! m\nta9s a few miles ea/ ( ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco1 !re are a numb] ( pat*es ( "y r$woods1 indicat+ :]e l>ge trees h be5 fell$1 x be+ a peculi>ity ( ?is tree t x s5ds up vigor\s "y plants f ! roots ( old ones imm$iately ar\nd ! base4 ,h5ce 9 ! =e/s ^! trees (t5 /& 9 gr\ps arrang$ ne>ly 9 a circle1 ?us m>k+ out ! size ( ! huge trunks ( _! p>5ts4 ,x is f ?is quality t ! tree has be5 nam$ semp]vir5s1 or ev] fl\ri%+4 ,dr4 ,gibbons1 ( ,alam$a1 :o has explor$ all ! rema9s ( ! r$wood =e/s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,oakl&1 k9dly took me to see ! old burnt-out /ump ( ! l>ge/ tree he _h discov]$4 ,x is situat$ ab\t fifte5 hundr$ feet above ! sea1 & is ?irty-f\r feet 9 diamet] at ! gr\nd4 ,?is is z l>ge z ! v l>ge/ specim5s ( ! ,sequoia gigantea1 b x may h spread out m at ! base & h be5 some:at small] above1 ?\gh ?is is n a special *>act]i/ic ( ! species4 ,illu/ration ,,:at ,,is ,,evolution8 7,,f ,,! ,,atlantic ,,mon?ly1 ,,m>*1 '#ic47 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,e4,s4 ,,hold54 ,illu/ration ,i 0 once try+ to tell a boy1 a fri5d ( m9e1 :at ! sci5tific m5 mean by ! long ^w ,evolution1 & to give him "s idea ( ! plan ( ! _w4 ,i want$ an illu/ration ( some?+ t _h gr[n--evolv$1 develop$--f small beg9n+s up ?r\gh m & m complicat$ =ms1 till x _h rea*$ "s v complete =m4 ,i c\ld ?9k ( no bett] example ?an ! railway by :i* we 7 sitt+4 ,! tra9s 7 runn+ ov] ! v track :]e a wagon-road _h lately be51 & be=e t a c\ntry c>t-track1 & be=e t a bridle-pa?1 & be=e t aga9 a m]e trail = cattle4 ,s ,i took ! road = an example1 & tri$ to %[ my boy h[ x _h gr[n f little ?+s by sl[ degrees accord+ to laws2 & if y l1 ,i w try to tell x aga94 ,j z "o c g fur!r & fur!r back1 & always f9d a bird to be ! p>5t ( ! egg1 & an egg to be ! p>5t ( t bird1 s 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is road ( ours2 we may g back & back into ! pa/1 always f9d+ some?+ e>li]1 :i* is ! cause ( ! some?+ lat]4 ,! e>?1 ! planets1 & ! sun 7 all a fi]y mi/ long ago4 ,& 9 t mi/1 & 9 :at came be=e x1 we may look = ! orig9 ( ?+s z !y are4 ,b we mu/ beg9 some:]e4 ,let u beg9 ) ! l&scape z we see x n[1--hills1 valleys1 /reams1 m\nta9s1 grass1--b ) only a s+le tree4 ,we w n try to say h[ ! tree came !re4 ,at lea/1 we w n try j yet4 ,:5 we are ?r\gh ) ! /ory y c say j z well z ,i c4 ,suppose1 !n1 a s+le oak-tree /ood j on t hillside ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,grass 0 gr[+ ev]y:]e1 & fl[]s1 too4 ,! se$s came ) ! w9ds4 ,ye> aft] ye> ! oak-tree bore its acorns1 hundr$s & hundr$s ( !m1 & !y fell on ! grass b5ea? & roll$ d[n ! smoo? slopes1 & spr\t$ z be/ !y c\ld1--mo/ ( !m uselessly s f> z produc+ trees 7 conc]n$1--b ea* "o did its duty & furni%$ its gre5 spr\t1 & di$ if x f\nd no n\ri%m5t4 ,all ! hundr$s ( acorns roll$ d[n ! slopes1 ,n "o roll$ up2 & "h 0 a law1--! law ( gravitation1--9 full activity4 ,!re 7 scores ( o!r laws active1 too2 = evolution _h gone a long way :5 we _h an e>? fit to be liv$ on1 & hills 9 _! pres5t %ape1 & a tree be>+ acorns t w\ld reproduce _! k9d4 ,b ev] s9ce ! fi]y mi/ ?is simple law ( gravitation has be5 act+1 b9d+ ! :ole univ]se toge!r1 mak+ a relation%ip betwe5 ea* clod & e o!r clod1 & =c+ e /one1 e acorn1 & e ra9-drop to move d[n & n up4 ,j z ?is law op]ates1--cont9u\sly1 sil5tly1 inexorably1--s e o!r law makes itself felt 9 its own sph]e4 ,gravitation is simple4 ,! law accord+ to :i* an acorn makes an oak--& n a p9e-tree is complex4 ,b ! laws ( ,nature are all alike1 & if we und]/& ! simple ones1 we c at lea/ p>tly compreh5d ! m complex4 ,!y are no?+ b fix$ habits on a l>ge scale4 ,s ! acorns fell ye> by ye> & spr\t$2 & "o out ( a ?\s& f\nd good soil1 & 0 n wa/$1 & made a tree4 ,& s all ar\nd 7bel[7 ! tree ) :i* we />t$ !re grew a grove ( oaks l x1 9 fact its *ildr52 & f9ally ! orig9al trees di$1 b n )\t hav+ left successors4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! gre5 hillside is smoo? & untrodd54 ,!re is no?+ b grass & fl[]s1 borne !re by ! w9ds1 :i* leave no track4 ,!re is no animal life ev5 9 ?is seclud$ spot save ! birds1 & !y too leave no track4 ,by & by !re comes a h>d w9t]1 or a de>? ( food1 & a pair ( /ray squirrels emigrate f _! home 9 ! valley bel[2 & ! hi/ory ( our hill & its woods beg9s4 ,m]e *ance decides ! *oice ( ! p>ticul> oak-tree 9 :i* ! squirrels make _! home4 ,f ! foot ( ?is tree !y make excursions "h & !re = _! /ore ( w9t] food1--acorns & ! l1--& !y leave little pa?s on ! hillside f tree to tree4 ,! be/-m>k$ pa?s run to ! places :]e !re are ! mo/ acorns4 ,a little lat] on !re are m squirrels 9 ! colony1--! "y ( ! p>5t pair1 & o!r coloni/s f ! valley4 ,! little tracks become pla9] & pla9]4 ,lat] /ill come o!r wild animals 9 se>* ( food1--squirrels w d4 ,! wild animals d n rema9 9 ! colony 7!re are too few squirrels1 & !y are too h>d to cat*71 b !y pass ?r\gh x1 sometimes by day b (t5e/ by night4 ,y might ?9k x 0 p]fectly a matt] ( *ance along :i* pa? a be> or a wolf pass$1 b x 0 n4 ,he c\ld walk any:]e on ! hillside2 & sometimes he w\ld be f\nd f> out ( ! pa?s t ! squirrels _h begun4 ,b usually1 :5 he 0 9 no ha/e1 he took ! easie/ pa?4 ,! easie/ "o 0 t :i* w5t betwe5 ! bu%es & n ?r\gh !m2 along ! hillside & n /raight up x2 ar\nd ! big rocks & n ov] !m4 ,! wolves & be>s & foxes h new & diff]5t wants :5 !y come2 & !y break new pa?s to ! spr+s :]e !y dr9k1 to ! %ade :]e !y lie1 to ! holl[ trees :]e ! bees sw>m & /ore ! wild honey4 ,b ! squirrels 7 ! fir/ surveyors ( ^! tracks4 ,! be>s & wolves are ! eng9e]s1 :o *ange ! e>ly pa?s to suit _! special conv5i5ce4 ,by & by ! ,indian hunt] comes to foll[ ! wild game4 ,he1 too1 takes ! easie/ trail1 ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance2 & he foll[s ! track to ! spr+ t ! de] h made1 & he dr9ks !re4 ,he is an animal z !y are1 & he satisfies 8 animal wants accord+ to ! same law t gov]ns !m4 ,aft] g5]ations ( hunt]s1 ,indians1 & !n :ite m51 !re comes a man on horseback look+ = a h\se to live 94 ,he1 too1 foll[s along ! easie/ pa?s & /ops at ! spr+2 & ne> by he f9ds ! place he is look+ =4 ,soon he returns1 driv+ be=e him h]ds ( cattle & flocks ( %eep1 :i* spread ov] ! grassy glades to fe$4 ,b ev]y:]e !y take ! easie/ place1 ! old pa?s1 f ! %ady tree to ! fl[+ spr+4 ,aft] a:ile ! hillside is pla9ly m>k$ ) ^! %eep trails4 ,y c see !m n[ :5ev] y g into ! c\ntry1 on e hillside4 ,soon !re are neighbors :o build _! homes 9 ! next valley1 & a good pa? mu/ be made betwe5 ! diff]5t h\ses4 ,a few days' "w sp5t 9 mov+ ! l>ge/ /ones1 9 cutt+ d[n trees1 & 9 levell+ (f a few /eep slopes1 makes a trail along :i* y c gallop y\r horse4 ,?+s move fa/ n[1--hi/ory beg9s to be made quickly z soon z man takes a h& 9 x4 ,soon ! trail is n en\gh3 x mu/ be wid5$ s t a wagon-load ( bo>ds = a new h\se c be c>ri$ 9 7= ! settl] has f\nd a wife74 ,aft] ! fir/ c>t-track is made to c>ry ! bo>ds & %+les 91 a bett] road w be ne$$ to haul firewood & gra9 out 7= ! wants ( ! new family h increas$1 & ?+s mu/ be b\ght 9 ! neighbor+ village ) money1 & money c only be _h by sell+ ! products ( ! f>m74 ,by & by ! neighborhood is s well inhabit$ t x is to ! advantage ( ! villages all ar\nd x to h good & safe & easy roads !re2 & ! road is decl>$ a public "o1 & x is regul>ly kept 9 repair & improv$ at ! public exp5se4 ,d n =get ! squirrels ( long ago4 ,!y 7 ! projectors ( ?is road4 ,_! successors use x n[1--m5 & squirrels alike1--& /op at ! spr+ to dr9k1 & "u ! huge oaks to re/4 ,a few ye>s m1 & x becomes to ! advantage ( all to h a railway ?r\gh ! valley & ov] ! hillside4 ,!n a "y surveyor1 j graduat$ f college1 comes ) 8 *a9-m5 & flag-m51 & f9ds t ! squirrels1 & be>s1 & hunt]s1 & all ! re/ h pick$ out ! easie/ way = him long c5turies ago4 ,he makes 8 map1 & soon ! *ief enigne] & ! presid5t ( ! road drive along 9 a buggy ) a pair ( fa/ horses 7fright5+ ! little squirrels (f _! road-way & into _! holes71 & ! r\te ( ! ,be> ,valley & ,qu]cus ,railway is f9ally select$1 & "h x is4 ,see6 !re comes a tra9 along ! track4 ,?is is ! way a railway r\te grew out ( a squirrel pa?4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( little /eps1 b y c trace !m1 or imag9e !m1 z well z ,i c tell y4 ,x is ! same all ov] ! _w4 ,/anley cut a track ?r\gh ! endless ,african =e/s4 ,b x lay betwe5 ! ,pygmy villages1 along ! pa?s !y _h made1 & ?r\gh ! glades :]e !y f\ght _! battles ) ! /orks4 ,sometimes ! fir/ road is a riv]--! track is already cut4 ,try to f9d out :]e ! settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica 7 9 ! v e>ly days--be=e #ahjj4 ,y w f9d !m along ! ,hudson1 ! ,juanita1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,james1 ! ,mississippi ,riv]s4 ,b :5 ^! are left1 m5 foll[ ! squirrel-tracks & be>-tracks1 or ! pa?s ( hunt]s1 or ! roads ( ,roman soldi]s4 ,x is a /&+ puzzle to little *ildr5 :y all ! great riv]s fl[ pa/ ! great t[ns4 7,:y d !y87 ,! answ] to t "q w tell y :y ! great battles are f\ght 9 ! same regions2 :y ,egypt has be5 ! covet$ prize ( a doz5 diff]5t conqu]ors 7x is ! gateway ( ! ,ea/72 :y our ,civil ,w> turn$ on ! possession ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,x is ! roadways we fight =1 ! ways 9 & out1 :e!r !y be l& or wat]4 ,( c\rse1 we really f\ght = some?+ bett] ?an ! m]e possession ( a roadway1 b to get :at we f\ght = we _h to h ! roadway fir/4 ,! great pr9ciple at ! bottom ( ev]y?+ 9 ,nature is t ! fitte/ survives3 or1 z ,i ?9k x is bett] to say x1 9 any p>ticul> conflict or /ruggle t ?+ survives :i* is ! fitte/ to survive 9 ?is p>ticul> /ruggle4 ,?is is ,mr4 ,d>w9's discov]y1--or "o ( !m1--& ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is a "p ( ! great /ruggle ( ! :ole univ]se1 & ! laws ( x make up ! me?ods ( ,evolution--( ,developm5t4 ,x is cle> n[1 is x n1 h[ ! railway r\te is ! direct desc5dant ( ! t9y squirrel track betwe5 two oaks8 ,! process ( developm5t we call ,evolution1 & y c trace x all ar\nd y4 ,:y are y\r skates %ap$ 9 a c]ta9 way8 ,:y is y\r gun rifl$8 ,:y h soldi]s two sets ( 7n[7 useless buttons on ! skirts ( _! coats8 7,i w give y ?ree guesses = ?is1 & ! h9t t y mu/ ?9k ( cavalry soldi]s47 ,:y are eagles' w+s ( j ! size t !y are8 ,^! & millions ( l que/ions are to be answ]$ by ref]r+ to ! pr9ciple ( developm5t4 ,sometimes x is h>d to f9d ! clew4 ,sometimes ! developm5t has gone s f>1 & ! f9al product has become s complex & special1 t x takes a good deal ( ?9k+ to f9d out ! real reasons4 ,b !y c be f\nd1 :e!r !y relate to a fa%ion1 to "o ( ! laws ( our c\ntry1 or to ! colors on a butt]fly's w+4 ,!re is a little piece ( v]se int5d$ to be comic1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is really s]i\s & philosophical1 if y und]/& x4 ,le>n x by he>t1 & apply x to all k9ds & conditions ( ?+s1 & see if x does n help y to expla9 !m to y\rself4444 ,& ,man grew a ?umb = t he _h ne$ ( x1 ,& develop$ capacities = prey4 ,= ! fa/e/ m5 caught ! mo/ animals1 ,& ! fa/e/ animals got away f ! mo/ m54 ,:]eby all ! sl[ animals 7 eat51 ,& all ! sl[ m5 />v$ to dea?4 ,illu/ration ,,h[ ,,! ,,soil ,,is ,,made 7,,f ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,vegetable ,,m\ld47 ,,by ,,*>les ,,d>w94 ,illu/ration3 ,w ,worms h play$ a m important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ?an mo/ p]sons w\ld at fir/ suppose4 ,9 almo/ all humid c\ntries !y are extraord9>ily num]\s1 & = _! size possess great muscul> p[]4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& a weight ( m ?an t5 tons 7#aj1eaf kilogrammes7 ( dry e>? annually passes ?r\gh _! bodies & is br\ght to ! surface on ea* acre ( l&2 s t ! :ole sup]ficial b$ ( vegetable m\ld passes ?r\gh _! bodies 9 ! c\rse ( e few ye>s4 ,f ! collaps+ ( ! old burr[s ! m\ld is 9 con/ant ?\gh sl[ movem5t1 & ! p>ticles compos+ x are ?us rubb$ toge!r4 ,by ^! means fre% surfaces are cont9ually expos$ to ! action ( ! c>bonic acid 9 ! soil1 & ( ! humus-acids :i* appe> to be /ill m effici5t 9 ! decomposition ( rocks4 ,! g5]ation ( ! humus-acids is probably ha/5$ dur+ ! dige/ion ( ! _m half-decay$ leaves :i* worms consume4 ,?us ! p>ticles ( e>?1 =m+ ! sup]ficial m\ld1 are subject$ to conditions em95tly favorable = _! decomposition & dis9tegration4 ,moreov]1 ! p>ticles ( ! s(t] rocks suff] "s am\nt ( me*anical trituration 9 ! muscul> gizz>ds ( worms1 9 :i* small /ones s]ve z mill-/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,alim5t>y ,,canal ,,( ,,an ,,e>?-,,worm4 ,! f9ely levigat$ ca/+s1 :5 br\ght to ! surface 9 a moi/ condition1 fl[ dur+ ra9y wea!r d[n any mod]ate slope2 & ! small] p>ticles are wa%$ f> d[n ev5 a g5tly incl9$ surface4 ,ca/+s :5 dry (t5 crumble into small pellets & ^! are apt to roll d[n any slop+ surface4 ,:]e ! l& is q level & is cov]$ ) h]bage1 & :]e ! climate is humid s t mu* du/ _c be bl[n away1 x appe>s at fir/ sight impossible t !re %\ld be any appreciable am\nt ( sub-a]ial d5udation2 b worm ca/+s are bl[n1 especially :ile moi/ & viscid1 9 "o uni=m direction by ! preval5t w9ds :i* are accompani$ by ra94 ,by ^! sev]al means ! sup]ficial m\ld is prev5t$ f accumulat+ to a great ?ickness2 & a ?ick b$ ( m\ld *ecks 9 _m ways ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ rocks & fragm5ts ( rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,worm ,,ca/+1 ,,f ,,nice4 7,natural ,size47 ,! removal ( worm-ca/+s by ! above means leads to results :i* are f> f insignificant4 ,x has be5 %[n t a lay] ( e>?14#b ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 is 9 _m places annually br\ght to ! surface p] acre2 & if a small "p ( ?is am\nt fl[s1 or rolls1 or is wa%$1 ev5 = a %ort di/ance1 d[n e incl9$ surface1 or is repeat$ly bl[n 9 "o direction1 a great effect w be produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,x 0 f\nd by measurem5ts & calculations t on a surface ) a mean incl9ation ( #i #bf'1 #b4d cubic in*es ( e>? :i* _h be5 eject$ by worms cross$1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 a horizontal l9e "o y>d 9 l5g?2 s t two hundr$ & =ty cubic in*es w\ld cross a l9e "o hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,?is latt] am\nt 9 a damp /ate w\ld weigh elev5 & "o-half p\nds4 ,?us1 a consid]able weight ( e>? is cont9ually mov+ d[n ea* side ( e valley1 & w 9 "t rea* its b$4 ,f9ally1 ?is e>? w be transport$ by ! /reams fl[+ 9 ! valleys into ! ocean1 ! great receptacle = all matt] d5ud$ f ! l&4 ,x is kn[n f ! am\nt ( s$im5t annually deliv]$ into ! sea by ! ,mississippi1 t its enorm\s dra9age-area mu/ on an av]age be l[]$4#jjbfc ( an in* ea* ye>2 & ?is w\ld suffice 9 f\r & a half million ye>s to l[] ! :ole dra9age-area to ! level ( ! sea%ore4 ,s t if a small fraction ( ! lay] ( f9e e>?14#b ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 :i* is annually br\ght to ! surface by worms1 is c>ri$ away1 a great result _c fail to be produc$ )9 a p]iod :i* no geologi/ consid]s extremely long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,druidical ,,/ones ,,at ,,/oneh5ge1 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,x ,,_h ,,sunk ,,into ,,! ,,gr\nd4 7,scale1 #a_/b in* to #a foot47 ,ar*aeologi/s ought to be grateful to worms1 z !y protect & pres]ve = an indef9itely long p]iod e object1 n liable to decay1 :i* is dropp$ on ! surface ( ! l&1 by bury+ x b5ea? _! ca/+s4 ,?us1 also1 _m elegant & curi\s tesselat$ pavem5ts & o!r anci5t rema9s h be5 pres]v$2 ?\gh no d\bt ! worms h 9 ^! cases be5 l>gely aid$ by e>? wa%$ & bl[n f ! adjo9+ l&1 especially :5 cultivat$4 ,! old tesselat$ pavem5ts h1 h[ev]1 (t5 suff]$ by hav+ subsid$ unequally f be+ unequally und]m9$ by ! worms4 ,ev5 old massive walls may be und]m9$ & subside2 & no build+ is 9 ?is respect safe1 unless ! f\ndations lie six or sev5 feet b5ea? ! surface1 at a dep? at :i* worms _c "w4 ,x is probable t _m monoli?s & "s old walls h fall5 d[n f hav+ be5 und]m9$ by worms4 ,worms prep>e ! gr\nd 9 an excell5t mann] = ! gr[? ( fibr\s-root$ plants & = se$l+s ( all k9ds4 ,!y p]iodically expose ! m\ld to ! air1 & sift x s t no /ones l>g] ?an ! p>ticles :i* !y c swall[ are left 9 x4 ,!y m+le ! :ole intimately toge!r1 l a g>d5] :o prep>es f9e soil = 8 *oice/ plants4 ,9 ?is /ate x is well fitt$ to reta9 moi/ure & to absorb all soluble sub/ances1 z well z = ! process ( nitrification4 ,! bones ( dead animals1 ! h>d] p>ts ( insects1 ! %ells ( l& mollusks1 leaves1 twigs1 etc41 are be=e long all buri$ b5ea? ! accumulat$ ca/+s ( worms1 & are ?us br\ght 9 a m or less decay$ /ate )9 rea* ( ! roots ( plants4 ,worms likewise drag an inf9ite numb] ( dead leaves & o!r p>ts ( plants into _! burr[s1 p>tly = ! sake ( plugg+ !m up & p>tly z food4 ,! leaves :i* are dragg$ into ! burr[s z food1 aft] be+ torn into ! f9e/ %r$s1 p>tially dige/$ & saturat$ ) ! inte/9al & ur9>y secretions1 are comm+l$ ) mu* e>?4 ,?is e>? =ms ! d>k-color$1 ri* humus :i* almo/ ev]y:]e cov]s ! surface ( ! l& ) a fairly well-def9$ lay] or mantle4 ,von ,h5s5 plac$ two worms 9 a vessel eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* 0 fill$ ) s&1 on :i* fall5 leaves 7 /rew$2 & ^! 7 soon dragg$ into _! burr[s to a dep? ( ?ree in*es4 ,aft] ab\t six weeks an almo/ uni=m lay] ( s&1 a c5timetre 74#d in*7 9 ?ickness1 0 conv]t$ into humus by hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canals ( ^! two worms4 ,x is believ$ by "s p]sons t worm-burr[s1 :i* (t5 p5etrate ! gr\nd almo/ p]p5dicul>ly to a dep? ( five or six feet1 mat]ially aid 9 its dra9age2 not)/&+ t ! viscid ca/+s pil$ ov] ! m\?s ( ! burr[s prev5t or *eck ! ra9-wat] directly ent]+ !m4 ,!y all[ ! air to p5etrate deeply into ! gr\nd4 ,!y also greatly facilitate ! d[nw>d passage ( roots ( mod]ate size2 & ^! w be n\ri%$ by ! humus ) :i* ! burr[s are l9$4 ,_m se$s owe _! g]m9ation to hav+ be5 cov]$ by ca/+s2 & o!rs buri$ to a consid]able dep? b5ea? accumulat$ ca/+s lie dormant1 until at "s future "t !y are accid5tally uncov]$ & g]m9ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,worm ,,ca/+ ,,f ,,s\? ,,india4 7,natural ,size47 ,worms are poorly provid$ ) s5se-organs1 = !y _c be said to see1 al?\gh !y c j di/+ui% betwe5 light & d>kness2 !y are completely deaf1 & h only a feeble p[] ( smell2 ! s5se ( t\* alone is well develop$4 ,!y c1 !re=e1 le>n little ab\t ! outside _w1 & x is surpris+ t !y %\ld exhibit "s skill 9 l9+ _! burr[s ) _! ca/+s & ) leaves1 & 9 ! case ( "s species 9 pil+ up _! ca/+s into t[]-l con/ructions4 ,b x is f> m surpris+ t !y %\ld app>5tly exhibit "s degree ( intellig5ce in/ead ( a m]e bl9d1 in/9ctive impulse1 9 _! mann] ( plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s4 ,!y act 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z w\ld a man1 :o _h to close a cyl9drical tube ) diff]5t k9ds ( leaves1 petioles1 triangles ( pap]1 etc41 = !y commonly seize su* objects by _! po9t$ ends4 ,b ) ?9 objects a c]ta9 numb] are drawn 9 by _! broad] ends4 ,!y d n act 9 ! same unv>y+ mann] 9 all cases1 z d mo/ ( ! l[] animals2 = in/ance1 !y d n drag 9 leaves by _! foot-/alks1 unless ! basil "p ( ! blade is z n>r[ z ! apex1 or n>r[] ?an x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we behold a wide1 turf-cov]$ expanse1 we %\ld rememb] t its smoo?ness1 on :i* s mu* ( its beauty dep5ds1 is ma9ly due to all ! inequalities hav+ be5 sl[ly levell$ by worms4 ,x is a m>vell\s reflection t ! :ole ( ! sup]ficial m\ld ov] any su* expanse has pass$1 & w aga9 pass1 e few ye>s ?r\gh ! bodies ( worms4 ,! pl\gh is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ valuable ( man's inv5tions2 b long be=e he exi/$ ! l& 0 9 fact regul>ly pl\gh$1 &1 /ill cont9ues to be ?us pl\gh$ by e>?-worms4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re are _m o!r animals :i* h play$ s important a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 z h ^! l[ly organiz$ creatures4 ,"s o!r animals1 h[ev]1 /ill m l[ly organiz$1 namely1 corals1 h done f> m conspicu\s "w 9 hav+ con/ruct$ innum]able reefs & isl&s 9 ! great oceans2 b ^! are almo/ conf9$ to ! tropical zones4 ,illu/ration ,,zo,,logical ,,my?s 7,,f ,,facts ,,& ,,fictions ,,( ,,zo,,logy47 ,,by ,,&rew ,,wilson4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! c\ntry swa91 loit]+ along "s lane1 comes to a /&/ill to contemplate1 ) awe & wond]1 ! spectacle ( a mass ( ! famili> hair-eels or hair-worms wriggl+ ab\t 9 a pool1 he plods on 8 way firmly conv9c$ t1 z he has be5 taught to believe1 he has j witness$ ! results ( ! trans=mation ( "s horse's hairs into liv+ creatures4 ,s famili> is ?is belief to p ( pr(ess$ly high] culture ?an ! c\ntryman1 t ! trans=mation j allud$ to has to all1 save a few ?9k+ p]sons & zologi/s1 become a matt] ( ! mo/ commonplace k9d4 ,:5 "s qu>rym51 engag$ 9 splitt+ up ! rocks1 h succe$$ 9 dislodg+ "s huge mass ( /one1 !re may sometimes be se5 to hop f among ! dbris a lively toad or frog1 :i* comes to be reg>d$ by ! excavators ) feel+s ak9 to ^? ( sup]/iti\s wond] & amazem5t4 ,! animal may or may n be captur$2 b ! fact is duly *ronicl$ 9 ! local newspap]s1 & p wond] = a season ov] ! ph5om5on ( a v]itable ,rip ,van ,w9kle ( a frog1 :i* to all appe>ance1 has liv$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! solid rock4 ,nor d ! hair-worm & ! frog /& alone 9 respect ( _! m>vell\s orig94 ,popul> zology is full ( su* m>vels4 ,we f9d unicorns1 m]maids1 & m]m52 geese develop$ f ! %ell-fi% kn[n z b>nacles2 we are told t crocodiles may weep1 & t sir5s c s+--9 %ort1 !re is no?+ s wond]ful to be told ( animals t p w n believe ! tale4 ,:il/1 curi\sly en\gh1 :5 !y are told ( v]itable facts ( animal life1 heads beg9 to %ake & d\bts to be express$1 until ! zologi/ despairs ( educat+ p into di/+ui%+ fact f fiction1 & tru? f !ories & unsupport$ beliefs4 ,! /ory told ( ! old lady1 ^: y\?ful acqua9tance ( seaf>+ habits ent]ta9$ h] ) tales ( ! wond]s he _h se51 f9ds1 aft] all1 a close application 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,! dame li/5$ ) delight1 appreciation1 & belief1 to acc\nts ( m\nta9s ( sug> & riv]s ( rum1 & to tales ( l&s :]e gold & silv] & preci\s /ones 7 m ?an pl5tiful4 ,b :5 ! n>rator desc5d$ to tell ( fi%es t 7 able to raise !mselves out ( ! wat] 9 flight1 ! old lady's cr$ulity began to fancy itself impos$ ^u2 = %e indignantly repress$ :at %e consid]$ ! lad's t5d5cy to exagg]ation1 say+1 ,sug> m\nta9s may be1 & riv]s ( rum may be1 b fi% t flee ne'er c be6 ,_m popul> beliefs conc]n+ animals p>take ( ! "* ( ! old lady's op9ions reg>d+ ! real & fabul\s2 & ! circum/ance tells p[]fully 9 favor ( ! op9ion t a k ( our surr\nd+s 9 ! _w1 & an intellig5t conception ( animal & plant life1 %\ld =m "p ( ! s*ool-tra9+ ( e boy & girl1 z ! mo/ effective antidote to sup]/itions & my?s ( e k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fly+ ,,fi%4 ,! trac+ ( my?s & fables is a v int]e/+ task1 & x may1 !re=e1 =m a curi\s /udy1 if we endeavor to inve/igate v briefly a few ( ! popul> & errone\s beliefs reg>d+ l[] animals4 ,! belief reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! hair-worms is bo? widely spread & anci5t4 ,%akespe>e tells u t ,mu*1 is bre$+ ,:i*1 l ! c\rs]'s hair1 ha?1 yet b life1 ,& n a s]p5t's poison4 ,! hair-worms c]ta9ly pres5t ! appe>ance ( long1 delicate black hairs1 :i* move ab\t ) great activity amid/ ! mud ( pools & dit*es4 ,^! worms1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! exi/5ce1 inhabit ! bodies ( insects1 & may be f\nd coil$ up )9 ! gras%opp]1 :i* ?us gives %elt] to a gue/ exce$+ _m times ! l5g? ( ! body ( its ho/4 ,soon] or lat] ! hair-worm1 or ,gordius aquaticus z ! naturali/ t]ms x1 leaves ! body ( ! insect1 & lays its eggs1 fa/5$ toge!r 9 long /r+s1 9 wat]4 ,f ea* egg a little creature arm$ ) m9ute hooks is produc$1 & ?is "y hair-worm burr[s its way into ! body ( "s insect1 !re to repeat ! hi/ory ( its p>5t4 ,su* is ! well-asc]ta9$ hi/ory ( ! hair-worm1 exclud+ entirely ! popul> belief 9 its orig94 ,!re c]ta9ly does exi/ 9 sci5ce a !ory kn[n z t ( spontane\s g5]ation1 :i*1 9 anci5t times1 acc\nt$ = ! production ( insects & o!r animals by assum+ t !y 7 produc$ 9 "s my/]i\s fa%ion out ( lifeless matt]4 ,b n ev5 ! mo/ ard5t believ] 9 ! extreme modification ( ?is !ory :i* holds a place 9 mod]n sci5tific belief1 w\ld v5ture to ma9ta9 ! production ( a hair-worm by ! my/]i\s vivification ( an in]t sub/ance su* z a horse's hair4 ,! expression crocodile's te>s has pass$ into common use1 & x !re=e may be wor? :ile not+ ! probable orig9 ( ?is my?4 ,%akespe>e1 ) t wide ext5t ( k :i* enabl$ him to draw similes f e dep>tm5t ( human ?\ght1 says t ,glo/]'s %[ ,beguiles him1 z ! m\rnful crocodile ,) sorr[ sn>es rel5t+ pass5g]s4 ,! poet ?us indicates ! belief t n only d crocodiles %$ te>s1 b t sympa?iz+ pass5g]s1 turn+ to commis]ate ! reptile's woes1 are seiz$ & de/roy$ by ! trea*]\s creatures4 ,t qua9t & cr$ul\s old au?or--! e>lie/ writ] ( ,engli% prose--,sir ,john ,m&eville1 9 8 ,voiage1 or acc\nt ( 8 ,travile1 publi%$ ab\t #acef--;9 :i*1 by ! way1 !re are to be f\nd acc\nts ( n a few wond]ful ?+s 9 ! way ( zological curiosities--tells u t 9 a c]ta9 contre & be all yonde1 b5 great pl5ty ( ,crokodilles1 t is1 a mann] ( a long ,s]p5t z ,i h sey$ be=e4 ,he fur!r rem>ks t ^! ,s]p5ts slew m51 & dev\r$ !m1 weep+2 & he tells u1 too1 t :an !i eat5 !i mev5 7move7 ! ov] j[e 7upp] jaw71 & n\ght ! ne!r 7l[]7 j[e3 & !i h no tonge 7tongue74 ,sir ,john ?us /ates two popul> beliefs ( 8 "t & ( days prior to 8 age1 namely1 t crocodiles move _! upp] jaws1 & t a tongue 0 abs5t 9 ^! animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crocodile4 ,z reg>ds ! te>s ( ! crocodile1 no f\ndation ( fact exi/s = ! belief 9 su* sympa!tic exhibitions4 ,b a highly probable explanation may be giv5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* a belief orig9at$4 ,^! reptiles unque/ionably emit v l\d & s+ul>ly pla9tive cries1 comp>$ by "s travell]s to ! m\rnful h[l+ ( dogs4 ,! e>li] & cr$ul\s travell]s w\ld v naturally associate te>s ) ^! cries1 &1 once begun1 ! supposition w\ld be readily propagat$1 = error & my? are ev] plants ( quick gr[?4 ,! belief 9 ! movem5t ( ! upp] jaw re/s on app>5t basis ( fact4 ,! l[] jaw is jo9$ to ! skull v f> back on ! latt]1 & ! m\?-op5+ ?us comes to be s+ul>ly wide2 :il/1 :5 ! m\? op5s1 ! skull & upp] jaw are app>5tly obs]v$ to move4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]2 ! app>5t movem5t aris+ f ! mann] 9 :i* ! l[] jaw & ! skull are jo9$ toge!r4 ,! belief 9 ! abs5ce ( ! tongue is ev5 m readily expla9$4 ,:5 ! m\? is widely op5$1 no tongue is to be se54 ,?is organ is n only pres5t1 b is1 moreov]1 ( l>ge size2 x is1 h[ev]1 firmly atta*$ to ! floor ( ! m\?1 & is specially adapt$1 f its peculi> =m & /ructure1 to assi/ ^! animals 9 ! capture & swall[+ ( _! prey4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s fables reg>d+ animals :i* c well be m5tion$1 is t respect+ ! s-call$ ,b]nicle or ,b>nacle ,geese1 :i* by ! naturali/s & educat$ p]sons ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 believ$ to be produc$ by ^? little ,cru/aceans nam$ ,b>nacles4 ,) ! ,b>nacles e "o mu/ be famili> :o has exam9$ ! float+ driftwood ( ! sea-bea*1 or :o has se5 %ips dock$ 9 a seaport t[n4 ,a b>nacle is simply a k9d ( crab enclos$ 9 a triangul> %ell1 & atta*$ by a fle%y /alk to fix$ objects4 ,if ! b>nacle is n famili> to read]s1 c]ta9 ne> relations ( ^! animals mu/ be well kn[n1 by sight at lea/1 z among/ ! mo/ famili> d5iz5s ( our sea-coa/4 ,^! latt] are ! ,sea-,acorn1 or ,balani1 ^: little conical %ells we cru% by hundr$s z we walk ov] ! rocks at l[-wat] m>k2 :il/ e wood5 pile imm]s$ 9 ! sea becomes coat$ 9 a %ort "t ) a ?ick cru/ ( ! ,sea-,acorns4 ,if we place "o ( ^! little animals1 b>nacle1 or sea-acorn--! latt] want+ ! /alk ( ! =m]--9 its native wat]s1 we %all obs]ve a beautiful little s]ies ( fea!ry plumes to wave backw>d & =w>d1 & ev] & anon to be quickly )drawn into ! secure recesses ( ! %ell4 ,^! organs are ! modifi$ feet ( ! animal1 :i* n only s]ve = sweep+ food-p>ticles into ! m\?1 b act also z brea?+-organs4 ,we may1 !re=e1 f9d x a curi\s /udy to inquire ?r\gh :at extraord9>y trans=mation & confusion ( ideas su* an animal c\ld be cr$it$ ) giv+ orig9 to a v]itable goose2 & ! inve/igation ( ! subject w also af=d a s+ul>ly apt illu/ration ( ! ready mann] 9 :i* ! fable ( "o ye> or p]iod becomes transmitt$ & trans=m$ into ! secure & firm belief ( ! next4 ,we may beg9 our inve/igation by inquir+ into "s ( ! op9ions :i* 7 ent]ta9$ on ?is subject & v5tilat$ by c]ta9 old writ]s4 ,betwe5 #aaed & #aahi ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 9 a "w entitl$ ,topographia ,hib]niae1 writt5 9 ,lat91 rem>ks conc]n+ _m birds :i* are call$ ,b]nacae3 aga9/ nature1 nature produces !m 9 a mo/ extraord9>y way4 ,!y are l m>% geese1 b some:at small]4 ,!y are produc$ f fir timb] toss$ along ! sea1 & are at fir/ l gum4 ,aft]w>d !y hang d[n by _! beaks1 z if f a seawe$ atta*$ to ! timb]1 surr\nd$ by %ells1 9 ord] to gr[ m freely1 ,giraldus is "h evid5tly describ+ ! b>nacles !mselves4 ,he cont9ues3 ,hav+ ?us1 9 process ( "t1 be5 clo!d ) a /rong coat ( fea!rs1 !y ei!r fall into ! wat] or fly freely away into ! air4 ,!y d]ive _! food & gr[? f ! sap ( ! wood or ! sea1 by a secret & mo/ wond]ful process ( alim5tation4 ,i h frequ5tly1 ) my own eyes1 se5 m ?an a ?\s& ( ^! small bodies ( birds1 hang+ d[n on ! sea%ore f "o piece ( timb]1 enclos$ 9 %ells1 & already =m$4 ,"h1 aga91 our au?or is speak+ ( ! b>nacles !mselves1 ) :i* he naturally confuses ! geese1 s9ce he presumes ! ,cru/aceans are simply geese 9 an undevelop$ /ate4 ,he fur!r in=ms 8 read]s t1 ow+ to _! presumably m>9e orig91 bi%ops & cl]gym5 9 "s p>ts ( ,irel& d n scruple to d9e (f ^! birds at ! "t ( fa/+1 because !y are n fle%1 nor born ( fle%1 al?\gh = c]ta9 o!r & !ological reasons1 n specially requir+ to be discuss$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ,giraldus disputes ! legality ( ?is practice ( ! ,hib]nian cl]ics4 ,9 ! ye> #aebg appe>$ ,! ,hy/ory & ,croniclis ( ,scotl&1 ) ! cosmography & dyscription ?air(1 compilit be ! noble ,cl]k ,mai/] ,hector ,boece1 ,*annon ( ,ab]d5e4 ,boece's ,hi/ory 0 writt5 9 ,lat92 ! title we h j quot$ be+ t ( ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! "w 7#aedj71 :i* title fur!r sets =? t ,boece's "w 0 ,translait laitly 9 our vulg> & comm\n langage be ,mai/] ,johne ,bell5d51 ,ar*$5e ( ,murray1 ,& ,impr5tit 9 ,ed9burgh1 be me ,?omas ,davidson1 pr5t] to ! ,kyngis nobyll grace4 ,9 ?is le>n$ "w ! au?or discr$its ! popul> ideas reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! geese4 ,"s m5 belevis t ?ir clakis 7geese7 gr[is on treis be ! nebbis 7bills74 ,bot ?air op9\n is vane4 ,& becaus ! nature & procreati\n ( ?ir clakis is /range1 we h maid na lytyll lab\re & delig5ce to s]*e ye treu? & v]ite yair(1 we h salit 7sail$7 ?r[ ye seis quh>e ?ir clakis ar br$1 & ,i fynd be gret exp]i5ce1 t ! nature ( ! seis is mair relevant caus ( ?air procreati\n ?an ony u?ir ?yng4 ,accord+ to ,boece1 !n1 ! nature ( ! seis =m$ ! *ief elem5t 9 ! production ( ! geese1 & our au?or proce$s to relate h[ all treis 7trees7 t ar case9 9 ! seis be proces ( tyme app]is fir/ wormeet9 7worm-eat571 & 9 ! small boris & hollis 7holes7 ?air( gr[is small worms4 ,our au?or no d\bt "h alludes to ! ravages ( ! ,t]$o1 or %ip-worm1 :i* burr[s into timb]1 & ) :i* ! b>nacles !mselves are ?us confus$4 ,!n he cont9ues1 ! wormis fir/ s*aw 7%[7 ?air heid & feit1 & la/ ( all ?ay s*aw ?air plumis & wyngis4 ,f9aly1 quh5 ?ay ar cumyn to ! j mesure & quantite ( geis1 ?ay fle 9 ! aire z o?ir f[lis dois1 z 0 notably provyn1 9 ! yeir ( ,god ane ?\s& iii hundr$ lxxxx1 9 si*t ( mony pepyll1 besyde ! ca/ell ( ,petslego4 ,on ! occasion ref]r$ to1 ,boece tells u t a great tree 0 ca/ on %ore1 & 0 divid$1 by ord] ( ! laird ( ! gr\nd1 by means ( a saw4 ,wond]ful to relate1 ! tree 0 f\nd n m]ely to be riddl$ ) a multitude ( wormis1 ?r[+ !mselves out ( ! holes ( ! tree1 b "s ( ! wormis _h bai? heid1 feit1 & wyngis1 b1 adds ! au?or1 !y _h no f$d]is 7fea!rs74 ,unque/ionably1 ei!r ! sci5tific use ( ! imag9ation _h op]at$ 9 ?is in/ance 9 induc+ ! obs]v]s to believe t 9 ?is tree1 riddl$ by ! %ip-worms & possibly hav+ b>nacles atta*$ to x1 !y beheld "y geese2 or ,boece _h con/ru$ ! appe>ances describ$ z ^? repres5t+ ! embryo /ages ( ! b>nacle geese4 ,boece fur!r relates h[ a %ip nam$ ! ,*ri/(ir 0 br\ght to ,lei?1 & 0 brok5 d[n because h] timb]s _h gr[n old & fail+4 ,9 ^! timb]s 7 beheld ! same wormeet9 appe>ances1 all ! hollis ?air( be+ full ( geis4 ,boece aga9 mo/ emphatically rejects ! idea t ! geis 7 produc$ f ! wood ( :i* ! timb]s 7 compos$1 & once m proclaims 8 belief t ! nature ( ! seis resolvit 9 geis may be accept$ z ! true & f9al explanation ( _! orig94 ,a c]ta9 ,mai/] ,alex&] ,gall[ay _h app>5tly /roll$ ) ! hi/orian along ! sea-coa/1 ! =m] giv+ 8 mynd ) mai/ erni/ besynes to s]*e ! v]ite ( ?is obscure & my/y d[tis4 ,lift+ up a piece ( tangle1 !y beheld ! seawe$ to be hang+ full ( mussel-%ells f ! root to ! bran*es4 ,mai/] ,gall[ay op5$ "o ( ! mussel-%ells1 & 0 mair a/onis ?an a=e to f9d no fi% !re91 b a p]fectly %ap$ f\le1 smal & gret1 z correspond$ to ! quantity ( ! %ell4 ,& once aga9 ,boece draws ! inf]5ce t ! trees or wood on :i* ! creatures are f\nd h no?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( ! birds2 & t ! f[ls are begott5 ( ! occeane see1 quhilk1 concludes our au?or1 is ! caus & production ( mony wond]ful ?+is4 ,m ?an fifty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,boece's ,hi/ory1 old ,g]>d ( ,london1 ! fam\s ma/] 9 *irurg]ie ( 8 day1 gave an acc\nt ( ! b>nacle goose1 & n only ent]$ into m9ute p>ticul>s ( its gr[? & orig91 b illu/rat$ its mann] ( production by means ( ! engrav]'s art ( 8 day4 ,g]>d's ,h]ball1 publi%$ 9 #aeig1 ?us conta9s1 among/ mu* t is curi\s 9 m$ical lore1 a v qua9t piece ( zological hi/ory4 ,he tells u t 9 ! nor? p>ts ( ,scotl&1 & ! ,h&s adjac5t1 call$ ,or*ades 7,orkneys71 are f\nd c]ta9e trees1 :]eon doe gr[e c]ta9e %ell fi%es1 ( a :ite col\r t5d+ to russet2 :]e9 are conte9$ little liv+ creatures3 :i* %els 9 "t ( maturitie doe op51 & out ( !m gr[ ^? little liv+ f\les :om we call ,b>nakles1 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& ,brant ,geese1 & 9 ,lanca%ire tree ,geese2 b ! o!r t d fall ^u ! l&1 p]i%1 & come to no?+3 ?us mu* by ! writ+s ( o!rs1 & also f ! m\?s ( p ( ^? p>ts1 :i* may1 concludes ,g]>d1 v well accord ) tru?4 ,n cont5t ) he>say evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ,g]>d relates :at 8 eyes saw & h&s t\*$4 ,he describes h[ on ! coa/s ( a c]ta9 small ,h& 9 ,lanca%ire call$ ,pile ( ,f\ld]s 7probably ,peel ,isl&71 ! wreckage ( %ips is ca/ up by ! waves1 along ) ! trunks & bran*es ( old & rott5 trees4 ,on ^! wood5 rejectam5ta a c]ta9e spume or fro? gr[s1 accord+ to ,g]>d4 ,?is spume 9 "t bre$e? unto c]ta9e %els1 9 %ape l ^? ( ! muskle1 b %>p] po9t$1 & ( a :iti% color4 ,?is description1 x may be rem>k$1 cle>ly applies to ! b>nacles !mselves4 ,g]>d !n cont9ues to po9t out h[1 :5 ! %ell is p]fectly =m$1 x gape? op51 & ! fir/ ?+ t appe]e? is ! =esaid lace or /r+--! sub/ance describ$ by ,g]>d z conta9$ )9 ! %ell--next come ! legs ( ! ,birde hang+ out2 & z x gr[e? great]1 x op5e? ! %ell by degrees1 till at l5g? x is all come =?1 & hange? only by ! bill2 9 %ort space aft] x comme? to full maturitie1 & falle? into ! sea1 :]e x ga!re? fea!rs1 & gr[e? to a f\le1 bigg] ?an a ,mall>d1 & less] ?an a ,goose1 hav+ blacke legs & bill or beake1 & fea!rs blacke & :ite 444 :i* ! p ( ,lanca%ire call by no o!r "n ?an a tree ,goose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,b>nacle ,,tree4 7,f ,g]>d's ,h]ball47 ,accompany+ ?is description is ! engrav+ ( ! b>nicle tree 7,fig4 #a7 be>+ its geese prog5y4 ,f ! op5 %ells 9 two cases1 ! little geese are se5 protrud+1 :il/ sev]al ( ! fully-fl$g$ f[ls are disport+ !mselves 9 ! sea bel[4 ,g]>d's conclud+ piece ( in=mation1 ) its exordium1 mu/ n be omitt$4 ,!y spawne1 says ! wise apo!c>y1 z x 71 9 ,m>* or ,aprill2 ! ,geese are f\nd 9 ,maie or ,june1 & come to fulnesse ( fea!rs 9 ! mone? aft]4 ,& ?us hau+1 ?r\gh ,god's assi/ance1 disc\rs$ some:at at l>ge ( ,grasses1 ,h]bes1 ,%rubs1 ,trees1 ,mosses1 & c]ta9e excresc5ces ( ! e>?1 ) o!r ?+s moe incid5t to ! ,hi/oric !re(1 we conclude & end our pres5t volume1 ) ?is woond] ( ,engl&4 ,= :i* ,god's "n be eu] honor$ & prais$4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,g]>d's description ( ! goose-prog5y ( ! b>nacle tree exactly corresponds ) ! appe>ance ( ! bird kn[n to orni?ologi/s z ! b>nacle-goose2 & !re c be no d\bt t1 skill$ z 0 ?is au?or 9 ! natural hi/ory lore ( 8 day1 !re 0 no o!r feel+ 9 8 m9d ?an t ( firm belief 9 & pi\s wond] at ! curi\s relations betwe5 ! %ells & _! f[l-(fspr+4 ,g]>d ?us attributes ! orig9 ( ! latt] to ! b>nacles4 ,he says no?+ ( ! wormeet9 holes & burr[s s frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,boece1 nor w\ld he h agre$ ) ! latt] 9 cr$it+ ! nature ( ! occeane see ) _! production1 save 9 s f> z _! b>nacle-p>5ts liv$ & exi/$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,! la/ acc\nt ( ?is curi\s fable :i* we may allude to 9 ! pres5t in/ance is t ( ,sir ,rob]t ,moray1 :o1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,a ,relation conc]n+ ,b>nacles1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #afgg-gh1 gives a succ9ct acc\nt ( ^! cru/aceans & _! bird-prog5y4 ,sir ,rob]t is describ$ z lately "o ( 8 ,maje/ies ,c\ncil = ! ,k+dom ( ,scotl&1 & we may !re=e ju/ly assume 8 acc\nt to repres5t t ( a cultur$1 obs]vant p]son ( 8 day & g5]ation4 ,! acc\nt beg9s by rem>k+ t ! mo/ ord9>y trees f\nd 9 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,scotl& are ,firr & ,a%4 ,be+1 cont9ues ,sir ,rob]t1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,ea/ 7,ui/71 ,i saw ly+ ^u ! %ore a cut ( a l>ge ,firr tree ( ab\t #b-a_/b foot diamet]1 & #i or #aj foot long2 :i* _h la9 s long out ( ! wat] t x 0 v dry3 ,& mo/ ( ! %ells t _h =m]ly cov]'d x1 7 worn or rubb'd (f4 ,only on ! p>ts t lay next ! gr\nd1 !re /ill hung multitudes ( little ,%ells2 hav+ )9 !m little ,birds1 p]fectly %ap'd1 suppos$ to be ,b>nacles4 ,"h aga9 ! description applies to ! b>nacles2 ! little birds !y are describ$ z conta9+ be+ ( c\rse ! bodies ( ! %ell-fi%4 ,! ,%ells1 cont9ues ! n>rator1 hang at ! ,tree by a ,neck long] ?an ! ,%ell2 ?is neck be+ repres5t$ by ! /alk ( ! b>nacle4 ,! neck is describ$ z be+ compos$ ( a k9d ( filmy sub/ance1 r\nd1 & holl[1 & creas$1 n unlike ! ,w9d-pipe ( a ,*ick52 spread+ out broade/ :]e x is fa/5$ to ! ,tree1 f :i* x seems to draw & convey ! matt] :i* s]ves = ! gr[? & vegetation ( ! ,%ell & ! little ,bird )9 x4 ,sir ,rob]t ,moray !re=e agrees 9 respect ( ! mann] ( n\ri%m5t ( ! b>nacles ) ! op9ion ( ,giraldus already quot$4 ,! au?or goes on to describe ! ,bird f\nd 9 e %ell he op5$2 rem>k+ t !re appe>$ no?+ want+ z to ! int]nal p>ts1 = mak+ up a p]fect ,sea-f[l3 e little "p appe>+ s di/9ctly1 t ! :ole look$ l a l>ge ,bird se5 ?r\gh a concave or dim9i%+ ,glass1 col\r & feature be+ ev]y:]e s cle> & neat4 ,! ,bird is mo/ m9utely describ$ z to its bill1 eyes1 head1 neck1 brea/1 w+s1 tail1 & feet1 ! fea!rs be+ ev]y:]e p]fectly %ap$1 & blacki%-col\r$4 ,all be+ dead & dry1 says ,sir ,rob]t1 ,i did n look aft] ! ,int]nal p>ts ( !m1 a /atem5t decid$ly inconsi/5t ) 8 previ\s ass]tion z to ! p]fect condition ( ! int]nal p>ts2 & he takes c>e to add1 nor did ,i ev] see any ( ! little ,birds alive1 nor met ) anybody t did4 ,only "s cr$ible p]sons1 he concludes1 h assur$ me !y h se5 "s z big z _! fi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,b>nacle ,,tree4 7,f ,mun/]'s ,cosmography47 ,?is la/ writ] ?us av]s t he saw little birds )9 ! %ells he cle>ly en\gh describes z ^? ( ! b>nacles4 ,we mu/ ei!r cr$it ,sir ,rob]t ) describ+ :at he nev] saw1 or ) miscon/ru+ :at he did see4 ,8 description ( ! goose corresponds ) t ( ! b>nacle goose1 ! reput$ prog5y ( ! %ells2 & x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem t ?is au?or1 ) ! my? at h&1 saw ! b>nacles only ) ! eyes ( a cr$ul\s obs]v]1 & ?us beheld1 9 ! inside ( ea* %ell--if1 inde$1 8 rese>* actually ext5d$ ?us f>--! reproduction 9 m9iature ( a goose1 ) :i*1 z a mature bird1 he 0 well acqua9t$4 ,on p4 #aeg is a woodcut1 copi$ f ,mun/]'s ,cosmography 7#aeej71 a v popul> book 9 its "t1 %[+ ! tree ) its fruit1 & ! geese :i* are suppos$ to h j escap$ f x4 ,?is hi/orical ramble may fitly preface :at we h to say reg>d+ ! probable orig9 ( ! my?4 ,by :at means c\ld ! b>nacles become cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( produc+ ! well-kn[n geese8 ,once />t$1 ! progress & gr[? ( ! my? are easily acc\nt$ =4 ,! m]e transmission ( a fable f "o g5]ation or c5tury to ano!r is a simply expla9$ circum/ance1 & "o exemplifi$ by ! practices ( our own times4 ,! process ( accretion & addition is also well illu/rat$ 9 ! p]petuation ( fables2 s9ce ! tale is c]ta9 to lose no?+ 9 its hi/orical j\rney1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to receive additional elaboration ) increas+ age4 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]1 aft] discuss+ v>i\s !ories ( ! orig9 ( ! b>nacle my?1 decl>es 9 favor ( ! idea t confusion ( language & alt]ation ( names lie at ! root ( ! error4 ,! le>n$ au?or ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language argues t ! true b>nacles 7 nam$1 prop]ly en\gh1 ,b]naculae1 & lays /ress on ! fact t ,b]nicle geese 7 fir/ caught 9 ,irel&4 ,t c\ntry becomes ,hib]nia 9 ,lat91 & ! ,iri% geese 7 accord+ly nam$ ,hib]nicae1 or ,hib]niculae4 ,by ! omission ( ! fir/ syllable--no uncommon op]ation = words to und]go--we obta9 ! "n ,b]niculae = ! geese1 ?is t]m be+ almo/ synonym\s ) ! "n ,b]naculae already appli$1 z we h se51 to ! b>nacles4 ,b]nicle geese & b]nicle %ells1 confus$ 9 "n1 ?us became confus$ 9 nature2 &1 once />t$1 ! ord9>y process ( gr[? 0 suffici5t to fur!r int5sify1 & r5d] m reali/ic1 ! /ory ( ! b]nicle tree & its wond]ful prog5y4 ,by way ( a companion leg5d to t ( ! b>nacle tree1 we may select ! /ory ( ! ,lamb ,tree ( ,ca?ay1 told by ,sir ,john ,m&eville1 ^: notes ( travel reg>d+ crocodiles' te>s1 & o!r po9ts 9 ! con=mation ( ^! reptiles1 h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,sir ,john1 9 t *apt] ( 8 "w :i* treats ,( ! ,contries & ,yles t b5 bezonde ! ,lond ( ,ca?ay2 & ( ! ,frutes !re1 etc41 relates t 9 ,ca?ay !re gr[e! a mann] ( ,fruyt1 z ?\ghe x 7 ,g[rdes3 & :an !i b5 rype1 m5 kutt5 7cut7 hem a to 7!m 9 two71 & m5 fyndem ) inne a lytylle ,be/ 7bea/71 9 ,fless*e 9 ,bon & ,blode 7bone & blood7 z ?\gh x 7 a lytylle ,lomb 7lamb7 ) out5 wolle 7)\t wool74 ,& m5 eat5 bo? ! ,frut & ! ,be/2 & t1 says ,sir ,john1 is a great m>veylle4 ,( t frut1 he cont9ues1 ,i h et52 alle ?\ghe x 7 wondirfulle--?is be+ add$1 no d\bt1 f an idea t !re might possibly be "s /ay-at-home p]sons :o w\ld take ,sir ,john's /atem5t cum grano salis4 ,b1 adds ?is wor?y knyght ( ,+olond1 ,i kn[e wel t ,god is m>veyll\s 9 ,8 ,w]kes4 ,n to be beh9d ! inhabitants ( ,ca?ay 9 a tale ( wond]s1 ! knight relat$ to ^! ,ea/]ns als gret a m>veylle to hem t is amonges u2 & t 0 ( ! ,b]nakes4 ,= ,i tolde him hat 9 oure ,c\ntree w]5 ,trees t b]5 a ,fruyt1 t becom5 ,briddes 7birds7 fleeynge3 & ?o t fell5 9 ! ,wat] lyv5 7live72 & !i t fall5 on ! ,er! dy5 anon3 & !i b5 "r gode to mannes mete 7man's meat74 ,& "h _h !i als gret m>vayle1 concludes ,sir ,john1 t sume ( hem tr[$ x 7 an impossible ?+ to be4 ,probably ! inhabitants ( ,ca?ay1 kn[+ _! own weakness z reg>ds ! lamb tree1 might possess a fell[-feel+ = _! visitor's cr$ulity1 kn[+ well1 f exp]i5ce1 ! read9ess ) :i* a gret m>vayle c\ld be evolv$ & su/a9$4 ,pass+ f ! sph]e ( ! my?ical & m>vell\s z repres5t$ 9 m$iaeval times1 we may %ortly discuss a "q1 :i*1 ( all o!rs1 may ju/ly claim a place 9 ! records ( zological curiosities--namely1 ! fam\s & (t-repeat$ /ory ( ! ,toad f ! solid rock1 z ! c\ntry newspap]s /yle ! incid5t4 ,regul>ly1 ye> by ye>1 & 9 company ) ! reports ( ! sea-s]p5t's reappe>ance1 we may read ( ! discov]ies ( toads & frogs 9 situations & "u circum/ances sugge/ive ( a s+ul> vitality on ! "p ( ! amphibians1 ( m ?an usual cr$ulity on ! "p ( ! he>]s1 or ( a l>ge %>e ( inv5tive g5ius 9 ! n>rators ( su* tales4 ,! "q possesses = e "o a c]ta9 degree ( int]e/1 evok$ by ! curi\s & /range features pres5t$ on ! face ( ! tales4 ,& x may !re=e n only prove an int]e/+ b also a useful /udy1 if we endeavor to arrive at "s j & logical conceptions ( ^! wond]ful n>rations4 ,illu/ration ,in/ances ( ! discov]y ( toads & frogs 9 solid rocks ne$ n be specially giv52 suffice x to say1 t ^! n>ratives are repeat$ ye> by ye> ) little v>iation4 ,a l>ge block ( /one or face ( rock is deta*$ f its site1 & a toad or frog is se5 h]eaft] to be hopp+ ab\t 9 its usual lively mann]4 ,! conclusion to :i* ! by/&]s inv>iably come is t ! animal mu/ h be5 conta9$ )9 ! rock1 & t x 0 lib]at$ by ! dislodgem5t ( ! mass4 ,n[1 9 _m in/ances1 cases ( ! appe>ance ( toads dur+ qu>ry+ op]ations h be5 f\nd1 on close exam9ation1 to pres5t no evid5ce :atev] t ! appe>ance ( ! animals 0 due to ! dislodgem5t ( ! /ones4 ,a frog or toad may be f\nd hopp+ ab\t among "s rec5tly =m$ dbris1 & ! animal is at once seiz$ ^u & report$ z hav+ em]g$ f ! rocks into ! light ( day4 ,!re is 9 su* a case n ! slighte/ gr\nd = suppos+ any su* ?+2 & ! animal may m reasonably be presum$ to h simply hopp$ into ! dbris f its ord9>y habitat4 ,b lay+ aside n>ratives ( ?is k9d1 :i* lose _! plausibility "u a v commonplace scrut9y1 !re /ill exi/ cases1 report$ 9 an app>5tly exact & tru?ful mann]1 9 :i* ^! animals h be5 alleg$ to appe> f ! inn] crevices ( rocks aft] ! removal ( l>ge masses ( ! =mations4 ,we %all assume ^! latt] tales to conta9 a pla91 unv>ni%$ /atem5t ( :at 0 obs]v$1 & deal ) ! evid5ce !y pres5t on ?is foot+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,toad4 ,"o or two notable examples ( su* v]ifi$ tales are relat$ by ,smellie1 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,?us1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces = #agai1 a toad is describ$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! he>t ( an elm tree2 & ano!r is /at$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ! he>t ( an old oak tree1 9 #agca1 ne> ,nantz4 ,! condition ( ! trees is n expressly /at$1 nor are we af=d$ any in=mation reg>d+ ! appe>ance ( ! toads--p>ticul>s ( consid]able importance 9 view ( ! sugge/ions & explanations to be pres5tly br\ght =w>d4 ,smellie himself1 :ile incl9$ to be sceptical 9 reg>d to ! tru? or exactness ( _m ( ! tales told ( ! vitality ( toads1 reg>ds ! matt] z af=d+ food = reflection1 s9ce he rem>ks1 ,b ,i mean n to p]suade1 = ,i _c satisfy myself2 all ,i int5d is1 to recomm5d to ^? g5tlem5 :o may h]eaft] *ance to see su* r>e ph5om5a1 a /rict exam9ation ( e circum/ance t c ?r[ light ^u a subject s d>k & my/]i\s2 = ! vulg>1 ev] incl9$ to r5d] uncommon appe>ances /ill m m>vell\s1 are n to be tru/$4 ,?is au?or /rikes ! key-note ( ! inquiry 9 8 conclud+ words1 & we %all f9d t ! explanation ( ! matt] really lies 9 ! cle> und]/&+ ( :at are ! probabilities1 & :at ! actual details1 ( ! cases pres5t$ = consid]ation4 ,we may fir/ly1 !n1 glance at a few ( ! peculi>ities ( ! frogs & toads1 reg>d$ f a zological po9t ( view4 ,z e "o kn[s1 ^! animals em]ge f ! egg 9 ! =m ( little fi%-l tadpoles1 provid$ ) outside gills1 :i* are soon replac$ by inside gills1 resembl+ ^? ( fi%es4 ,! h9d legs are next develop$1 & ! =e limbs foll[ a little lat]2 :il/1 ) ! developm5t ( lungs1 & ! disappe>ance ( ! gills & tail1 ! animal leaves ! wat]1 & rema9s = ! re/ ( its life an air-brea?+1 t]re/rial animal4 ,!n1 secondly1 9 ! adult frog or toad1 ! naturali/ w\ld po9t to ! importance ( ! sk9 z n only supplem5t+1 b1 9 "s cases1 actually supplant+ ! "w ( ! lungs z ! brea?+ organ4 ,frogs & toads w live = mon?s "u wat]1 & w survive ! excision ( ! lungs = l p]iods2 ! sk9 9 su* cases s]v+ z ! brea?+ surface4 ,a ?ird po9t wor?y ( remembrance is includ$ 9 ! facts j relat$1 & is impli$ 9 ! in=mation t ^! animals c exi/ = long p]iods )\t food1 & ) b a limit$ supply ( air4 ,we c und]/& ?is tol]ation on ! "p ( ^! animals :5 we take into consid]ation _! cold-blood$ habits1 :i* d n necessitate1 & :i* are n accompani$ by1 ! am\nt ( vital activity we are accu/om$ to note 9 high] animals4 ,&1 z a la/ feature 9 ! purely sci5tific hi/ory ( ! frogs & toads1 x may be rem>k$ t ^! animals are kn[n to live = long p]iods4 ,"o pet toad is m5tion$ by a ,mr4 ,arscott z hav+ atta9$1 to 8 k1 ! age ( ?irty-six ye>s2 & a great] age /ill might h be5 record$ ( ?is specim51 b = ! unt[>d treatm5t x su/a9$ at ! h&s1 or r beak1 ( a tame rav54 ,9 all probability x may be safely assum$ t1 :5 ! conditions ( life are favorable1 ^! creatures may atta9 a highly v5]able age--reg>d+ ! lapse ( "t f a purely human & int]e/$ po9t ( view4 ,we may n[ inquire :e!r or n ! =ego+ consid]ations may s]ve to ?r[ any light ^u ! tales ( ! qu>ryman4 ,! fir/ po9t to :i* att5tion may be direct$ is t involv$ 9 ! /atem5t t ! amphibian has be5 imprison$ 9 a solid rock4 ,mu* /ress is usually laid on ! fact t ! rock 0 solid2 ?is fact be+ held to imply ! great age1 n to say antiquity1 ( ! rock & its suppos$ t5ant4 ,! imp>tial obs]v]1 aft] an exam9ation ( ! evid5ce pres5t$1 w be incl9$ to d\bt greatly ! ju/ification = ins]t+ ! adjective solid2 = usually no evid5ce :atev] is =?com+ z to ! /ate ( ! rock prior to its removal4 ,no previ\s exam9ation ( ! rock is or c be made1 f ! circum/ance t no int]e/ c possibly atta* to its condition until its removal reveals ! app>5t wond] x conta9$1 9 ! %ape ( ! live toad4 ,& x is equally important to note t we r>ely1 if ev]1 f9d m5tion ( any exam9ation ( ! rock be+ made subsequ5tly to ! discov]y4 ,h5ce1 a fir/ & grave objection may be tak5 to ! validity ( ! supposition t ! rock 0 solid1 & x may be fairly urg$ t on ?is supposition ! :ole "q turns & dep5ds4 ,= if ! rock _c be prov$ to h be5 imp]meable to & b>r$ aga9/ ! entrance ( liv+ creatures1 ! objector may proce$ to %[ ! possibility ( ! toad hav+ ga9$ admission1 "u c]ta9 notable circum/ances1 to its prison-h\se4 ,! frog or toad 9 its "y /ate1 & hav+ j ent]$ ^u its t]re/rial life1 is a small creature1 :i* c\ld1 ) ! utmo/ ease1 wriggle into crevices & crannies ( a size :i* w\ld almo/ preclude su* ap]tures be+ notic$ at all4 ,ga9+ access to a roomi] crevice or nook )91 & f9d+ !re a due supply ( air1 along ) a diet>y consi/+ *iefly ( insects1 ! animal w\ld gr[ ) tol]able rapidity1 & w\ld increase to su* an ext5t t egress ?r\gh its ap]ture ( entrance w\ld become an impossibility4 ,next1 let u suppose t ! tol]ation ( ! toad's sy/em to />vation & to a limit$ supply ( air is tak5 into acc\nt1 toge!r ) ! fact t ^! creatures w hib]nate dur+ ea* w9t]1 & ?us economize1 z x 71 _! vital activity & /r5g?2 & aft] ! animal has ?us exi/$ = a ye> or two--no d\bt "u s+ul>ly h>d conditions--let u imag9e t ! rock is split up by ! w$ge & lev] ( ! excavator4 ,we c !n readily en\gh acc\nt = ! app>5tly inexplicable /ory ( ! toad 9 ! rock4 ,!re is ! toad & "h is ! solid rock1 say ! gossips4 ,!re is an animal :i* has s+ul> p[]s ( su/a9+ life "u unt[>d conditions1 & :i*1 9 its "y /ate1 c\ld h ga9$ admittance to ! rock ?r\gh a m]e crevice1 says ! naturali/ 9 reply4 ,d\btless1 ! great army ( ! unconv9c$ may /ill believe 9 ! tale z told !m2 = ! weigh+ ( evid5ce & ! plac+ pros & cons 9 fair contra/ are n tasks ( cong5ial or wont$ k9d 9 ! ord9>y run ( life4 ,"s p !re w be :o w believe 9 ! orig9al solid rock & its toad1 despite ! ass]tion ( ! geologi/s t ! e>lie/ fossils ( toads appe> 9 almo/ ! la/-=m$ rocks1 & t a live toad 9 rocks ( v anci5t age--presum+1 accord+ to ! popul> belief1 t ! animal 0 enclos$ :5 ! rock 0 =m$--w\ld be z great an anomaly & wond] z ! m5tion1 z an hi/orical fact1 ( an express tra9 or ! telegraph 9 ! days ( ! patri>*s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! live toad :i* hops out ( an ,old ,r$ ,s&/one rock mu/ be presum$1 on ! popul> belief1 to be old] by untold ages ?an ! olde/ fossil frogs & toads4 ,! reasonable m9d1 h[ev]1 w pond] & consid] ea* feature ( ! case1 & w r pref] to c\nt5ance a supposition bas$ on ord9>y exp]i5ce1 ?an an explanation br\ght ready-made f ! doma9 ( ! miracul\s2 :il/ n ! lea/ notewor?y feature ( ^! cases is t includ$ 9 ! rem>k ( ,smellie1 respect+ ! t5d5cy ( un$ucat$ & sup]/iti\s p]sons to magnify :at is uncommon1 & 9 8 sage conclusion t z a rule su* p]sons 9 ! matt] ( _! relations are n to be tru/$4 ,b x mu/ also be not$ t we possess valuable evid5ce ( a positive & direct k9d be>+ on ! duration ( life 9 toads "u adv]se circum/ances4 ,z ?is evid5ce tells mo/ p[]fully aga9/ ! supposition t ! exi/5ce ( ^? creatures c be indef9itely prolong$1 x =ms ( itself a v]itable c\rt ( appeal 9 ! cases "u discussion4 ,! late ,dr4 ,buckl&1 curi\s to le>n ! exact ext5t ( ! vitality ( ! toad1 caus$1 9 ! ye> #ahbe1 two l>ge blocks ( /one to be prep>$4 ,"o ( ! blocks 0 tak5 f ! olite lime/one1 & 9 ?is fir/ /one twelve cells 7 excavat$4 ,ea* cell 0 "o foot deep & five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! m\? ( ea* cell 0 groov$ s z to admit ( two cov]s be+ plac$ ov] ! ap]ture2 ! fir/ or l[] cov] be+ ( glass1 & ! upp] "o ( slate4 ,bo? cov]s 7 s adapt$ t !y c\ld be firmly lut$ d[n ) clay or putty2 ! object ( ?is d\ble protection be+ t ! slate cov] c\ld be rais$ s z to inspect ! conta9$ object ?r\gh ! clos$ glass cov] )\t admitt+ air4 ,9 ! second or s&/one block1 a s]ies ( twelve cells 0 also excavat$2 ^! latt] cells be+1 h[ev]1 ( small] size ?an ^? ( ! lime/one block1 ea* cell be+ only six in*es 9 dep? by five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! cells 7 likewise fitt$ ) d\ble cov]s4 ,on ,novemb] #bf?1 #ahbe1 a live toad--kept = "s "t previ\sly to insure its be+ heal?y--0 plac$ 9 ea* ( ! tw5ty-f\r cells4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 weigh$ #aahe gra9s1 & ! smalle/ #aae gra9s4 ,! /ones & ! immur$ toads 7 buri$ on ! day m5tion$1 ?ree feet deep1 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s g>d54 ,!re !y lay until ,decemb] #aj?1 #ahbf1 :5 !y 7 dis9t]r$ & _! t5ants exam9$4 ,all ! toads 9 ! small] cells ( ! s&/one block 7 dead1 & f ! progress ( decomposition x 0 inf]r$ t !y _h succumb$ long be=e ! date ( dis9t]m5t4 ,! majority ( ! toads 9 ! lime/one block 7 alive1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 "o or two _h actually increas$ 9 weight4 ,?us1 ,no4 #e1 :i* at ! comm5cem5t ( its captivity _h weigh$ #aahe gra9s1 _h increas$ to #abfe gra9s2 b ! glass cov] ( ,no4 #e's cell 0 f\nd to be crack$4 ,insects & air mu/ !re=e h obta9$ admittance & h af=d$ n\ri%m5t to ! imprison$ toad2 ?is supposition be+ r5d]$ ! m likely by ! discov]y t 9 "o ( ! cells1 ! cov]s ( :i* 7 also crack$ & ! t5ant ( :i* 0 dead1 num]\s insects 7 f\nd4 ,no4 #i1 weigh+ orig9ally #ihh gra9s1 _h increas$ dur+ its inc>c]ation to #aaaf gra9s2 b ,no4 #a1 :i* 9 ! ye> #ahbe _h weigh$ #ibd gra9s1 0 f\nd 9 ,decemb]1 #ahbf1 to h decreas$ to #fih gra9s2 & ,no4 #aa1 orig9ally weigh+ #icf gra9s1 _h likewise disagre$ ) ! imprisonm5t1 weigh+ only #feb gra9s :5 exam9$ 9 #ahbf4 ,at ! p]iod :5 ! blocks ( /one 7 ?us prep>$1 f\r toads 7 p9n$ up 9 holes five in*es deep & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 cut 9 ! /em ( an apple-tree2 ! holes be+ firmly plugg$ ) tightly fitt+ wood5 plugs4 ,^! f\r toads 7 f\nd to be dead :5 exam9$ along ) ! o!rs 9 #ahbf2 & ( f\r o!rs enclos$ 9 bas9s made ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 & :i* 7 also buri$ 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s g>d51 two 7 f\nd to be dead at ! end ( a ye>1 _! comrades be+ alive1 b look+ />v$ & meagre4 ,! toads :i* 7 f\nd alive 9 ! lime/one block 9 ,decemb]1 #ahbf1 7 aga9 immur$ & buri$1 b 7 f\nd to be dead1 )\t leav+ a s+le survivor1 at ! end ( ! second ye> ( _! imprisonm5t4 ,^! exp]im5ts may fairly be said to prove two po9ts4 ,!y fir/ly %[ t "u circum/ances ev5 ( a favorable k9d :5 comp>$ ) ! condition popul>ly believ$ 9--namely1 t ( be+ enclos$ 9 a solid rock--! limit ( ! toad's life may be assum$ to be )9 two ye>s2 ?is p]iod be+ no d\bt capable ( be+ ext5d$ :5 ! animal ga9s a slight advantage1 exemplifi$ by ! admission ( air & insect-food4 ,secondly1 we may reasonably argue t ^! exp]im5ts %[ t toads :5 rigor\sly treat$1 l o!r animals1 become />v$ & meagre1 & by no means resemble ! lively1 well-f$ animals report$ z hav+ em]g$ f an imprisonm5t ext5d+1 9 popul> e/imation1 ?r\gh p]iods ( inconceivable duration4 ,^! tales are1 9 %ort1 z devoid ( actual f\ndation z are ! mod]n beliefs 9 ! v5om\s prop]ties ( ! toad1 or ! anci5t beliefs 9 ! occult & my/ic p[]s ( v>i\s p>ts ( its frame :5 us$ 9 incantations4 ,%akespe>e1 :il/ attribut+ to ! toad v5om\s qualities1 has yet immortaliz$ x 9 8 fam\s simile by cr$it+ x ) ! possession ( a preci\s jewel4 ,b ev5 9 ! latt] case ! animal gets b scant ju/ice2 = sci5ce /rips x ( its poetical reputation1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 %[s x1 despite fable & my?1 to be zologically an int]e/+1 b o!rwise a commonplace memb] ( ! animal s]ies4 ,illu/ration ,,on ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,*alk ,a ,,lecture ,,to ,,work+ ,,m54 7,deliv]$ 9 ,engl&47 ,,by ,t4,h4 ,,huxley4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*alk ,,cliff4 ,if a well 7 to be sunk at our feet 9 ! mid/ ( ! city ( ,norwi*1 ! digg]s w\ld v soon f9d !mselves at "w 9 t :ite sub/ance almo/ too s(t to be call$ rock1 ) :i* we are all famili> z *alk4 ,n only "h1 b ov] ! :ole c\nty ( ,norfolk1 ! well-s9k] might c>ry 8 %aft d[n _m hundr$ feet )\t com+ to ! end ( ! *alk2 &1 on ! sea-coa/1 :]e ! waves h p>$ away ! face ( ! l& :i* brea/s !m1 ! sc>p$ faces ( ! high cliffs are (t5 :olly =m$ ( ! same mat]ial4 ,nor?w>d1 ! *alk may be foll[$ z f> z ,york%ire2 on ! s\? coa/ x appe>s abruptly 9 ! picturesque we/]n bays ( ,dorset1 & breaks into ! ,ne$les ( ! ,isle ( ,wight2 :ile on ! %ores ( ,k5t x supplies t long l9e ( :ite cliffs to :i* ,engl& owes h] "n ( ,albion4 ,7 ! ?9 soil :i* cov]s x all wa%$ away1 a curv$ b& ( :ite *alk1 "h broad]1 & !re n>r[]1 might be foll[$ diagonally across ,engl& f ,lulwor? 9 ,dorset1 to ,flambor\gh ,head 9 ,york%ire--a di/ance ( ov] two hundr$ & eighty miles z ! cr[ flies4 ,f ?is b& to ! ,nor? ,sea1 on ! ea/1 & ! ,*annel1 on ! s\?1 ! *alk is l>gely hidd5 by o!r deposits2 b1 except 9 ! ,weald ( ,k5t & ,sussex1 x ent]s into ! v f\ndation ( all ! s\?-ea/]n c\nties4 ,atta9+1 z x does 9 "s places1 a ?ickness ( m ?an a ?\s& feet1 ! ,engli% *alk mu/ be admitt$ to be a mass ( consid]able magnitude4 ,nev]!less1 x cov]s b an insignificant portion ( ! :ole area occupi$ by ! *alk =mation ( ! globe1 :i* has precisely ! same g5]al "* z ours1 & is f\nd 9 deta*$ pat*es1 "s less1 & o!rs m ext5sive1 ?an ! ,engli%4 ,*alk occurs 9 nor?-we/ ,irel&2 x /ret*es ov] a l>ge "p ( ,france--! *alk :i* und]lies ,p>is be+1 9 fact1 a cont9uation ( t ( ! ,london bas92 x runs ?r\gh ,d5m>k & ,c5tral ,europe1 & ext5ds s\?w>d to ,nor? ,africa2 :ile ea/w>d1 x appe>s 9 ! ,crimea & 9 ,syria1 & may be trac$ z f> z ! %ores ( ! ,sea ( ,aral1 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,if all ! po9ts at :i* true *alk occurs 7 circumscrib$1 !y w\ld lie )9 an irregul> oval ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles 9 long diamet]--! area ( :i* w\ld be z great z t ( ,europe1 & w\ld _m times exce$ t ( ! l>ge/ exi/+ inl& sea--! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?us ! *alk is no unimportant elem5t 9 ! masonry ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & x impresses a peculi> /amp1 v>y+ ) ! conditions to :i* x is expos$1 on ! sc5]y ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* x occurs4 ,! undulat+ d[ns & r\nd$ coombs1 cov]$ ) sweet-grass$ turf1 ( our inl& *alk c\ntry1 h a peacefully dome/ic & mutton-sugge/+ prett9ess1 b c h>dly be call$ ei!r gr& or beautiful4 ,b on our s\!rn coa/s1 ! wall-sid$ cliffs1 _m hundr$ feet high1 ) va/ ne$les & p9nacles /&+ out 9 ! sea1 %>p & solit>y en\gh to s]ve z p]*es = ! w>y cormorant1 conf] a wond]ful beauty & gr&eur ^u ! *alk headl&s4 ,& 9 ! ,ea/1 *alk has its %>e 9 ! =mation ( "s ( ! mo/ v5]able ( m\nta9 ranges1 su* z ! ,lebanon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is ?is wide-spread compon5t ( ! surface ( ! e>?8 & :5ce did x come8 ,y may ?9k ?is no v hopeful inquiry4 ,y may n unnaturally suppose t ! attempt to solve su* problems z ^! c lead to no result1 save t ( entangl+ ! inquir] 9 vague speculations1 incapable ( refutation & ( v]ification4 ,if su* 7 really ! case1 ,i %\ld h select$ "s o!r subject ?an a piece ( *alk = my disc\rse4 ,b1 9 tru?1 aft] mu* delib]ation1 ,i h be5 unable to ?9k ( any topic :i* w\ld s well enable me to lead y to see h[ solid is ! f\ndation ^u :i* "s ( ! mo/ />tl+ conclusions ( physical sci5ce re/4 ,a great *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w is writt5 9 ! *alk4 ,few passages 9 ! hi/ory ( man c be support$ by su* an ov]:elm+ mass ( direct & indirect evid5ce z t :i* te/ifies to ! tru? ( ! fragm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! globe1 :i* ,i hope to enable y to read1 ) y\r own eyes1 to-night4 ,illu/ration3 ,,microscopic ,,section ,,( ,,*alk4 7,magnifi$ ne>ly #cjj times47 #a4 ,textul>ia4 #b4 ,globig]9a4 #c4 ,rotalia4 #d4 ,coccoli?s4 ,let me add1 t few *apt]s ( human hi/ory h a m pr(\nd significance = ourselves4 ,i weigh my words well :5 ,i ass]t1 t ! man :o %\ld "k ! true hi/ory ( ! bit ( *alk :i* e c>p5t] c>ries ab\t 9 8 bree*es' pocket1 ?\gh ignorant ( all o!r hi/ory1 is likely1 if he w ?9k 8 k out to its ultimate results1 to h a tru]1 & !re=e a bett]1 conception ( ?is wond]ful univ]se1 & ( man's relation to x1 ?an ! mo/ le>n$ /ud5t :o is deep-read 9 ! records ( humanity & ignorant ( ^? ( nature4 ,! language ( ! *alk is n h>d to le>n1 n ne>ly s h>d z ,lat91 if y only want to get at ! broad features ( ! /ory x has to tell2 & ,i propose t we n[ set to "w to spell t /ory out toge!r4 ,we all "k t if we burn *alk1 ! result is quicklime4 ,*alk1 9 fact1 is a comp\nd ( c>bonic acid gas & lime2 & :5 y make x v hot1 ! c>bonic acid flies away & ! lime is left4 ,by ?is me?od ( proc$ure we see ! lime1 b we d n see ! c>bonic acid4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y 7 to p[d] a little *alk & drop x into a good deal ( /rong v9eg>1 !re w\ld be a great bubbl+ & fizz+1 &1 f9ally1 a cle> liquid1 9 :i* no sign ( *alk w\ld appe>4 ,"h y see ! c>bonic acid 9 ! bubbles2 ! lime1 dissolv$ 9 ! v9eg>1 vani%es f sight4 ,!re are a great _m o!r ways ( %[+ t *alk is ess5tially no?+ b c>bonic acid & quicklime4 ,*emi/s enunciate ! result ( all ! exp]im5ts :i* prove ?is1 by /at+ t *alk is almo/ :olly compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,x is desirable = u to />t f ! k ( ?is fact1 ?\gh x may n seem to help u v f> t[>d :at we seek4 ,= c>bonate ( lime is a widely-spread sub/ance1 & is met ) "u v v>i\s conditions4 ,all sorts ( lime/ones are compos$ ( m or less pure c>bonate ( lime4 ,! cru/ :i* is (t5 deposit$ by wat]s :i* h dra9$ ?r\gh lime/one rocks1 9 ! =m ( :at are call$ /alagmites & /alactites1 is c>bonate ( lime4 ,or1 to take a m famili> example1 ! fur on ! inside ( a tea-kettle is c>bonate ( lime2 &1 = any?+ *emi/ry tells u to ! contr>y1 ! *alk might be a k9d ( gigantic fur ^u ! bottom ( ! e>?-kettle1 :i* is kept pretty hot bel[4 ,let u try ano!r me?od ( mak+ ! *alk tell u its own hi/ory4 ,to ! unassi/$ eye *alk looks simply l a v loose & op5 k9d ( /one4 ,b x is possible to gr9d a slice ( *alk d[n s ?9 t y c see ?r\gh x--until x is ?9 en\gh1 9 fact1 to be exam9$ ) any magnify+ p[] t may be ?\ght desirable4 ,a ?9 slice ( ! fur ( a kettle might be made 9 ! same way4 ,if x 7 exam9$ microscopically1 x w\ld %[ itself to be a m or less di/9ctly lam9at$ m9]al sub/ance1 & no?+ m4 ,b ! slice ( *alk pres5ts a totally diff]5t appe>ance :5 plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,! g5]al mass ( x is made up ( v m9ute granules2 b1 imb$d$ 9 ?is matrix1 are innum]able bodies1 "s small] & "s l>g]1 b1 on a r\gh av]age1 n m ?an a hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 hav+ a well-def9$ %ape & /ructure4 ,a cubic in* ( "s specim5s ( *alk may conta9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ^! bodies1 compact$ toge!r ) incalculable millions ( ! granules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*alk4 7,magnifi$ ne>ly #ajj diamet]s47 ,! exam9ation ( a transp>5t slice gives a good notion ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! compon5ts ( ! *alk are arrang$1 & ( _! relative proportions4 ,b1 by rubb+ up "s *alk ) a bru% 9 wat] & !n p\r+ (f ! milky fluid1 s z to obta9 s$im5ts ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 ! granules & ! m9ute r\nd$ bodies may be pretty well sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 & submitt$ to microscopic exam9ation1 ei!r z opaque or z transp>5t objects4 ,by comb9+ ! views obta9$ 9 ^! v>i\s me?ods1 ea* ( ! r\nd$ bodies may be prov$ to be a beautifully-con/ruct$ calc>e\s fabric1 made up ( a numb] ( *amb]s1 communicat+ freely ) "o ano!r4 ,! *amb]$ bodies are ( v>i\s =ms4 ,"o ( ! commone/ is some?+ l a badly-gr[n raspb]ry1 be+ =m$ ( a numb] ( ne>ly globul> *amb]s ( diff]5t sizes congregat$ toge!r4 ,x is call$ ,globig]9a1 & "s specim5s ( *alk consi/ ( little else ?an ,globig]9 & granules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,globig]9a4 ,let u fix our att5tion ^u ! ,globig]9a4 ,x is ! spoor ( ! game we are track+4 ,if we c le>n :at x is & :at are ! conditions ( its exi/5ce1 we %all see our way to ! orig9 & pa/ hi/ory ( ! *alk4 ,a sugge/ion :i* may naturally en\gh pres5t itself is1 t ^! curi\s bodies are ! result ( "s process ( aggregation :i* has tak5 place 9 ! c>bonate ( lime2 t1 j z 9 w9t]1 ! rime on our w9d[s simulates ! mo/ delicate & elegantly arboresc5t foliage--prov+ t ! m]e m9]al matt] may1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 assume ! outw>d =m ( organic bodies--s ?is m9]al sub/ance1 c>bonate ( lime1 hidd5 away 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 has tak5 ! %ape ( ^! *amb]$ bodies4 ,i am n rais+ a m]ely fanciful & unreal objection4 ,v le>n$ m51 9 =m] days1 h ev5 ent]ta9$ ! notion t all ! =m$ ?+s f\nd 9 rocks are ( ?is nature2 & if no su* conception is at pres5t held to be admissible1 x is because long & v>i$ exp]i5ce has n[ %[n t m9]al matt] nev] does assume ! =m & /ructure we f9d 9 fossils4 ,if anyone 7 to try to p]suade y t an oy/]-%ell 7:i* is also *iefly compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime7 _h cry/alliz$ out ( sea-wat]1 ,i suppose y w\ld laugh at ! absurdity4 ,y\r laught] w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! fact t all exp]i5ce t5ds to %[ t oy/]-%ells are =m$ by ! ag5cy ( oy/]s1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,& if !re 7 no bett] reasons1 we %\ld be ju/ifi$1 on l gr\nds1 9 believ+ t ,globig]9a is n ! product ( any?+ b vital activity4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 bett] evid5ce 9 pro( ( ! organic nature ( ! ,globig]9 ?an t ( analogy is =?com+4 ,x s happ5s t calc>e\s skeletons1 exactly simil> to ! ,globig]9 ( ! *alk1 are be+ =m$1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 by m9ute liv+ creatures1 :i* fl\ri% 9 multitudes1 lit]ally m num]\s ?an ! s&s ( ! sea-%ore1 ov] a l>ge ext5t ( t "p ( ! e>?'s surface :i* is cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,! hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ^! liv+ ,globig]91 & ( ! "p :i* !y play 9 rock-build+1 is s+ul> en\gh4 ,x is a discov]y :i*1 l o!rs ( no less sci5tific importance1 has aris51 incid5tally1 out ( "w devot$ to v diff]5t & exce$+ly practical int]e/s4 ,:5 m5 fir/ took to ! sea1 !y spe$ily le>n$ to look out = %oals & rocks2 & ! m ! bur!n ( _! %ips increas$1 ! m imp]atively necess>y x became = sailors to asc]ta9 ) precision ! dep? ( ! wat]s !y trav]s$4 ,out ( ?is necessity grew ! use ( ! lead & s\nd+-l9e2 &1 ultimately1 m>9e-survey+1 :i* is ! record+ ( ! =m ( coa/s & ( ! dep? ( ! sea1 z asc]ta9$ by ! s\nd+-lead1 ^u *>ts4 ,at ! same "t1 x became desirable to asc]ta9 & to indicate ! nature ( ! sea-bottom1 s9ce ?is circum/ance greatly affects its goodness z hold+ gr\nd = an*ors4 ,"s +5i\s t>1 ^: "n des]ves a bett] fate ?an ! oblivion into :i* x has fall51 atta9$ ?is object by arm+ ! bottom ( ! lead ) a lump ( grease1 to :i* m or less ( ! s& or mud1 or brok5 %ells1 z ! case might be1 adh]$1 & 0 br\ght to ! surface4 ,b1 h[ev] well adapt$ su* an app>atus might be = r\gh nautical purposes1 sci5tific accuracy c\ld n be expect$ f ! arm$ lead1 & to rem$y its defects 7especially :5 appli$ to s\nd+ 9 great dep?s7 ,lieut5ant ,brooke1 ( ! ,am]ican ,navy1 "s ye>s ago inv5t$ a mo/ +5i\s ma*9e1 by :i* a consid]able portion ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! sea-bottom c be scoop$ out & br\ght up1 f any dep? to :i* ! lead desc5ds4 ,9 #ahec1 ,lieut5ant ,brooke obta9$ mud f ! bottom ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,newf\ndl& & ! ,azores1 at a dep? ( m ?an t5 ?\s& feet1 or two miles1 by ! help ( ?is s\nd+ app>atus4 ,! specim5s 7 s5t = exam9ation to ,ehr5b]g ( ,b]l91 & to ,bailey ( ,we/ ,po9t1 & ^? able microscopi/s f\nd t ?is deep-sea mud 0 almo/ entirely compos$ ( ! skeletons ( liv+ organisms--! great] proportion ( ^! be+ j l ! ,globig]9 already kn[n to occur 9 *alk4 ,?us f>1 ! "w _h be5 c>ri$ on simply 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 b ,lieut5ant ,brooke's me?od ( s\nd+ acquir$ a high comm]cial value1 :5 ! ent]prise ( lay+ d[n ! telegraph-cable betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 und]tak54 ,= x became a matt] ( imm5se importance to "k1 n only ! dep? ( ! sea ov] ! :ole l9e1 along :i* ! cable 0 to be laid1 b ! exact nature ( ! bottom1 s z to gu>d aga9/ *ances ( cutt+ or fray+ ! /r&s ( t co/ly rope4 ,! ,admiralty consequ5tly ord]$ ,capta9 ,dayman1 an old fri5d & %ipmate ( m9e1 to asc]ta9 ! dep? ov] ! :ole l9e ( ! cable1 & to br+ back specim5s ( ! bottom4 ,9 =m] days1 su* a comm& z ?is might h s\nd$ v mu* l "o ( ! impossible ?+s :i* ! "y pr9ce 9 ! ,fairy ,tales is ord]$ to d be=e he c obta9 ! h& ( ! pr9cess4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 #aheg1 my fri5d p]=m$ ! task assign$ to him ) great exp$ition & precision1 )\t1 s f> z ,i "k1 hav+ met ) any rew>d ( t k9d4 ,! specim5s ( ,atlantic mud :i* he procur$ 7 s5t to me to be exam9$ & report$ ^u4 ,! result ( all ^! op]ations is1 t we "k ! cont\rs & ! nature ( ! surface-soil cov]$ by ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 = a di/ance ( sev5te5 hundr$ miles f ea/ to we/1 z well z we "k t ( any "p ( ! dry l&4 ,x is a prodigi\s pla9--"o ( ! wide/ & mo/ ev5 pla9s 9 ! _w4 ,if ! sea 7 dra9$ (f1 y might drive a wagon all ! way f ,val5tia1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel&1 to ,tr9ity ,bay 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,&1 except ^u "o %>p incl9e ab\t two hundr$ miles f ,val5tia1 ,i am n q sure t x w\ld ev5 be necess>y to put ! skid on1 s g5tle are ! asc5ts & desc5ts ^u t long r\te4 ,f ,val5tia ! road w\ld lie d[n-hill = ab\t two hundr$ miles to ! po9t at :i* ! bottom is n[ cov]$ by sev5te5 hundr$ fa?oms ( sea-wat]4 ,!n w\ld come ! c5tral pla91 m ?an a ?\s& miles wide1 ! inequalities ( ! surface ( :i* w\ld be h>dly p]ceptible1 ?\gh ! dep? ( wat] ^u x n[ v>ies f t5 ?\s& to fifte5 ?\s& feet2 & !re are places 9 :i* ,mont ,blanc might be sunk )\t %[+ its peak above wat]4 ,beyond ?is1 ! asc5t on ! ,am]ican side comm5ces1 & gradually leads1 = ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles1 to ! ,newf\ndl& %ore4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! bottom ( ?is c5tral pla9 7:i* ext5ds = _m hundr$ miles 9 a nor? & s\? direction7 is cov]$ by a f9e mud1 :i*1 :5 br\ght to ! surface1 dries into a grayi% :ite friable sub/ance4 ,y c write ) ?is on a black-bo>d1 if y are s incl9$2 &1 to ! eye1 x is q l v s(t1 grayi% *alk4 ,exam9$ *emically1 x proves to be compos$ almo/ :olly ( c>bonate ( lime2 & if y make a section ( x1 9 ! same way z t ( ! piece ( *alk 0 made1 & view x ) ! microscope1 x pres5ts innum]able ,globig]9 emb$d$ 9 a granul> matrix4 ,?us ?is deep-sea mud is sub/antially *alk4 ,i say sub/antially1 because !re are a good _m m9or diff]5ces2 b z ^! h no be>+ on ! "q imm$iately be=e u--:i* is ! nature ( ! ,globig]9 ( ! *alk--x is unnecess>y to speak ( !m4 ,globig]9 ( e size1 f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/1 are associat$ toge!r 9 ! ,atlantic mud1 & ! *amb]s ( _m are fill$ by a s(t animal matt]4 ,?is s(t sub/ance is1 9 fact1 ! rema9s ( ! creature to :i* ! ,globig]9a %ell1 or r skeleton1 owes its exi/5ce--& :i* is an animal ( ! simple/ imag9able description4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a m]e p>ticle ( liv+ jelly1 )\t def9$ p>ts ( any k9d--)\t a m\?1 n]ves1 muscles1 or di/9ct organs1 & only manife/+ its vitality to ord9>y obs]vation by ?ru/+ out & retract+ f all p>ts ( its surface long filam5t\s processes1 :i* s]ve = arms & legs4 ,yet ?is amorph\s p>ticle1 devoid ( ev]y?+ :i*1 9 ! high] animals1 we call organs1 is capable ( fe$+1 gr[+1 & multiply+2 ( sep>at+ f ! ocean ! small proportion ( c>bonate ( lime :i* is dissolv$ 9 sea-wat]2 & ( build+ up t sub/ance into a skeleton = itself1 accord+ to a patt]n :i* c be imitat$ by no o!r kn[n ag5cy4 ,! notion t animals c live & fl\ri% 9 ! sea1 at ! va/ dep?s f :i* app>5tly liv+ ,giobig]9 h be5 br\ght up1 does n agree v well ) our usual conceptions respect+ ! conditions ( animal life2 & x is n s absolutely impossible z x might at fir/ sight appe> to be1 t ! ,globig]9 ( ! ,atlantic sea-bottom d n live & die :]e !y are f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diatom ,,ooze ,,dr$g$ ,,f ,a ,,dep? ,,( #aiej ,,feet4 7,magnifi$ ne>ly #cjj diamet]s47 ,z ,i h m5tion$1 ! s\nd+s f ! great ,atlantic pla9 are almo/ entirely made up ( ,globig]91 ) ! granules :i* h be5 m5tion$1 & "s few o!r calc>e\s %ells2 b a small p]c5tage ( ! *alky mud--p]haps at mo/ "s five p] c5t ( x--is ( a diff]5t nature1 & consi/s ( %ells & skeletons compos$ ( silex1 or pure fl9t4 ,^! silice\s bodies belong p>tly to ! l[ly vegetable organisms :i* are call$ ,diatomace1 & p>tly to ! m9ute & extremely simple animals1 t]m$ ,radiol>ia4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ^! creatures d n live at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 b at its surface--:]e !y may be obta9$ 9 prodigi\s numb]s by ! use ( a prop]ly con/ruct$ net4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ^! silice\s organisms1 ?\gh !y are n heavi] ?an ! lighte/ du/1 mu/ h fall51 9 "s cases1 ?r\gh fifte5 ?\s& feet ( wat]1 be=e !y rea*$ _! f9al re/+-place on ! ocean floor4 ,&1 consid]+ h[ l>ge a surface ^! bodies expose 9 proportion to _! weight1 x is probable t !y occupy a great l5g? ( "t 9 mak+ _! burial j\rney f ! surface ( ! ,atlantic to ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,radiol>ia4 7a4 ,natural size4 b4 ,"o-?ird natural size47 ,b if ! ,radiol>ia & ,diatoms are ?us ra9$ ^u ! bottom ( ! sea1 f ! sup]ficial lay] ( its wat]s 9 :i* !y pass _! lives1 x is obvi\sly possible t ! ,globig]9 may be simil>ly d]iv$2 & if !y 7 s1 x w\ld be mu* m easy to und]/& h[ !y obta9 _! supply ( food ?an x is at pres5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! positive & negative evid5ce all po9ts ! o!r way4 ,! skeletons ( ! full-gr[n1 deep-sea ,globig]9 are s rem>kably solid & heavy 9 proportion to _! surface z to seem little fitt$ = float+2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y are n to be f\nd along ) ! ,diatoms & ,radiol>ia1 9 ! upp]mo/ /ratum ( ! op5 ocean4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 aga91 t ! abundance ( ,globig]91 9 proportion to o!r organisms ( l k9d1 increases ) ! dep? ( ! sea2 & t deep-wat] ,globig]9 are l>g] ?an ^? :i* live 9 ! %all[] p>ts ( ! sea2 & su* facts negative ! supposition t ^! organisms h be5 swept by curr5ts f ! %all[s into ! deeps ( ! ,atlantic4 ,x !re=e seems to be h>dly d\btful t ^! wond]ful creatures live & die at ! dep?s 9 :i* !y are f\nd4#a ,footnote #a3 ,dur+ ! cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,bull-dog1 comm&$ by ,sir ,leopold ,m',cl9tock1 9 #ahfj1 liv+ />-fi% 7 br\ght up1 cl++ to ! l[e/ "p ( ! s\nd+-l9e1 f a dep? ( #abfj fa?oms1 midway betwe5 ,cape ,f>ewell1 9 ,gre5l&1 & ! ,rockall banks4 ,dr4 ,walli* asc]ta9$ t ! sea-bottom at ?is po9t consi/$ ( ! ord9>y ,globig]9a ooze1 & t ! /oma*s ( ! />-fi%es 7 full ( ,globig]94 ,?is discov]y removes all objections to ! exi/5ce ( liv+ ,globig]9 at great dep?s1 :i* are bas$ ^u ! suppos$ difficulty ( ma9ta9+ animal life "u su* conditions2 & x ?r[s ! burd5 ( pro( ^u ^? :o object to ! supposition t ! ,globig]9 live & die :]e !y are f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 ! important po9ts = u are1 t ! liv+ ,globig]9 are exclusively m>9e animals1 ! skeletons ( :i* ab\nd at ! bottom ( deep seas2 & t !re is n a %ad[ ( reason = believ+ t ! habits ( ! ,globig]9 ( ! *alk diff]$ f ^? ( ! exi/+ species4 ,b if ?is be true1 !re is no escap+ ! conclusion t ! *alk itself is ! dri$ mud ( an anci5t deep sea4 ,9 work+ ov] ! s\nd+s collect$ by ,capta9 ,dayman1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t _m ( :at ,i h call$ ! granules ( t mud 7 n1 z "o might h be5 tempt$ to ?9k at fir/1 ! m]e p[d] & wa/e ( ,globig]91 b t !y _h a def9ite =m & size4 ,i t]m$ ^! bodies coccoli?s & d\bt$ _! organic nature4 ,dr4 ,walli* v]ifi$ my obs]vation1 & add$ ! int]e/+ discov]y t1 n unfrequ5tly1 bodies simil> to ^! coccoli?s 7 aggregat$ toge!r into sph]oids1 :i* he t]m$ coccosph]es4 ,s f> z we knew1 ^! bodies1 ! nature ( :i* is extremely puzzl+ & problematical1 7 peculi> to ! ,atlantic s\nd+s4 ,b1 a few ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,sorby1 9 mak+ a c>eful exam9ation ( ! *alk by means ( ?9 sections & o!rwise1 obs]v$1 z ,ehr5b]g _h done be=e him1 t mu* ( its granul> basis possesses a def9ite =m4 ,comp>+ ^! =m$ p>ticles ) ^? 9 ! ,atlantic s\nd+s1 he f\nd ! two to be id5tical2 & ?us prov$ t ! *alk1 l ! s\nd+s1 conta9s ^! my/]i\s coccoli?s & coccosph]es4 ,"h 0 a fur!r & a mo/ int]e/+ confirmation1 f int]nal evid5ce1 ( ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! *alk ) mod]n deep-sea mud4 ,globig]91 coccoli?s1 & coccosph]es are f\nd z ! *ief con/itu5ts ( bo?1 & te/ify to ! g5]al simil>ity ( ! conditions "u :i* bo? h be5 =m$4#b ,footnote #b3 ,i h rec5tly trac$ out ! developm5t ( ! coccoli?s f a diamet] ( #a_/gjjj? ( an in* up to _! l>ge/ size 7:i* is ab\t #a_/afjj?71 & no long] d\bt t !y are produc$ by indep5d5t organisms1 :i*1 l ! ,globig]91 live & die at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! evid5ce furni%$ by ! hew+1 fac+1 & sup]position ( ! /ones ( ! ,pyramids1 t ^! /ructures 7 built by m51 has no great] weight ?an ! evid5ce t ! *alk 0 built by ,globig]92 & ! belief t ^? anci5t pyramid-build]s 7 t]re/rial & air-brea?+ creatures l ourselves1 is n bett] bas$ ?an ! conviction t ! *alk-mak]s liv$ 9 ! sea4 ,b z our belief 9 ! build+ ( ! ,pyramids by m5 is n only gr\nd$ on ! int]nal evid5ce af=d$ by ^! /ructures1 b ga!rs /r5g? f multitud9\s collat]al pro(s1 & is cl9*$ by ! total abs5ce ( any reason = a contr>y belief2 s ! evid5ce drawn f ! ,globig]9 t ! *alk is an anci5t sea-bottom1 is =tifi$ by innum]able indep5d5t l9es ( evid5ce2 & our belief 9 ! tru? ( ! conclusion to :i* all positive te/imony t5ds1 receives ! l negative ju/ification f ! fact t no o!r hypo!sis has a %ad[ ( f\ndation4 ,x may be wor? :ile briefly to consid] a few ( ^! collat]al pro(s t ! *alk 0 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! great mass ( ! *alk is compos$1 z we h se51 ( ! skeletons ( ,globig]91 & o!r simple organisms1 imb$d$ 9 granul> matt]4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 ?is h>d5$ mud ( ! anci5t sea reveals ! rema9s ( high] animals :i* h liv$ & di$1 & left _! h>d p>ts 9 ! mud1 j z ! oy/]s die & leave _! %ells beh9d !m1 9 ! mud ( ! pres5t seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,upp] ,,silurian ,,corals ,,& ,,cru/aceans4 ,!re are1 at ! pres5t day1 c]ta9 gr\ps ( animals :i* are nev] f\nd 9 fre% wat]s1 be+ unable to live any:]e b 9 ! sea4 ,su* are ! corals2 ^? corall9es :i* are call$ ,polyzoa2 ^? creatures :i* fabricate ! lamp-%ells1 & are call$ ,bra*iopoda2 ! pe>ly ,nautilus1 & all animals alli$ to x2 & all ! =ms ( sea-ur*9s & />-fi%es4 ,n only are all ^! creatures conf9$ to salt wat] at ! pres5t day1 b1 s f> z our records ( ! pa/ g1 ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce h be5 ! same3 h5ce1 _! occurr5ce 9 any deposit is z /rong evid5ce z c be obta9$1 t t deposit 0 =m$ 9 ! sea4 ,n[ ! rema9s ( animals ( all ! k9ds :i* h be5 enum]at$ occur 9 ! *alk1 9 great] or less abundance2 :ile n "o ( ^? =ms ( %ell-fi% :i* are *>act]i/ic ( fre% wat] has yet be5 obs]v$ 9 x4 ,:5 we consid] t ! rema9s ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& di/9ct species ( aquatic animals h be5 discov]$ among ! fossils ( ! *alk1 t ! great majority ( !m are ( su* =ms z are n[ met ) only 9 ! sea1 & t !re is no reason to believe t any "o ( !m inhabit$ fre% wat]--! collat]al evid5ce t ! *alk repres5ts an anci5t sea-bottom acquires z great =ce z ! pro( d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! *alk itself4 ,i ?9k y w n[ all[ t ,i did n ov]/ate my case :5 ,i ass]t$ t we h z /rong gr\nds = believ+ t all ! va/ area ( dry l& at pres5t occupi$ by ! *alk 0 once at ! bottom ( ! sea1 z we h = any matt] ( hi/ory :atev]2 :ile !re is no ju/ification = any o!r belief4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cretace\s ,,nautilus4 ,no less c]ta9 is x t ! "t dur+ :i* ! c\ntries we n[ call s\!a/ ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,pol&1 ,russia1 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,syria1 7 m or less completely cov]$ by a deep sea1 0 ( consid]able duration4 ,we h already se5 t ! *alk is1 9 places1 m ?an a ?\s& feet ?ick4 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t x mu/ h tak5 "s "t = ! skeletons ( ! animalcules ( a hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet] to heap up su* a mass z t4 ,i h said t ?r\gh\t ! ?ickness ( ! *alk ! rema9s ( o!r animals are scatt]$4 ,^! rema9s are (t5 9 ! mo/ exquisite /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! valves ( ! %ell-fi%es are commonly adh]5t2 ! long sp9es ( "s ( ! sea-ur*9s1 :i* w\ld be deta*$ by ! smalle/ j>1 (t5 rema9 9 _! places4 ,9 a ^w1 x is c]ta9 t ^! animals h liv$ & di$ :5 ! place :i* !y n[ occupy 0 ! surface ( z mu* ( ! *alk z _h !n be5 deposit$2 & t ea* has be5 cov]$ up by ! lay] ( ,globig]9a mud1 ^u :i* ! creatures imb$d$ a little high] up h1 9 l mann]1 liv$ & di$4 ,b "s ( ^! rema9s prove ! exi/5ce ( reptiles ( va/ size 9 ! *alk sea4 ,^! liv$ _! "t1 & _h _! ance/ors & desc5dants1 :i* assur$ly implies "t1 reptiles be+ ( sl[ gr[?4 ,!re is m curi\s evid5ce1 aga91 t ! process ( cov]+ up1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! deposit ( ,globig]9a skeletons1 did n g on v fa/4 ,x is demon/rable t an animal ( ! cretace\s sea might die1 t its skeleton might lie uncov]$ ^u ! sea-bottom long en\gh to lose all its outw>d cov]+s & app5dages by putrefaction2 & t1 aft] ?is _h happ5$1 ano!r animal might atta* itself to ! dead & nak$ skeleton1 might gr[ to maturity1 & might itself die be=e ! calc>e\s mud _h buri$ ! :ole4 ,cases ( ?is k9d are admirably describ$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,he speaks ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* geologi/s f9d 9 ! *alk a fossiliz$ sea-ur*9 to :i* is atta*$ ! l[] valve ( a ,crania4 ,?is is a k9d ( %ell-fi%1 ) a %ell compos$ ( two pieces1 ( :i*1 z 9 ! oy/]1 "o is fix$ & ! o!r free4 ,! upp] valve is almo/ inv>iably want+1 ?\gh occasionally f\nd 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation 9 ! :ite *alk at "s di/ance4 ,9 ?is case1 we see cle>ly t ! sea-ur*9 fir/ liv$ f y\? to age1 !n di$ & lo/ its sp9es1 :i* 7 c>ri$ away4 ,!n ! "y ,crania adh]$ to ! b>$ %ell1 grew & p]i%$ 9 its turn2 aft] :i*1 ! upp] valve 0 sep>at$ f ! l[]1 be=e ! ,e*9us became envelop$ 9 *alky mud4 ,a specim5 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 9 ,london1 /ill fur!r prolongs ! p]iod :i* mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! dea? ( ! sea-ur*9 & its burial by ! ,globig]+4 ,= ! outw>d face ( ! valve ( a ,crania1 :i* is atta*$ to a sea-ur*9 7,micra/or71 is itself ov]run by an incru/+ corall9e1 :i* spreads !nce ov] m or less ( ! surface ( ! sea-ur*94 ,x foll[s t1 aft] ! upp] valve ( ! ,crania fell (f1 ! surface ( ! atta*$ valve mu/ h rema9$ expos$ long en\gh to all[ ( ! gr[? ( ! :ole corall9e1 s9ce corall9es d n live imb$d$ 9 ! mud4 ,! progress ( k may1 "o day1 enable u to d$uce f su* facts z ^! ! maximum rate at :i* ! *alk c h accumulat$1 & ?us to arrive at ! m9imum duration ( ! *alk p]iod4 ,suppose t ! valve ( ! ,crania ^u :i* a corall9e has fix$ itself 9 ! way j describ$ is s atta*$ to ! sea-ur*9 t no "p ( x is m ?an an in* above ! face ^u :i* ! sea-ur*9 re/s4 ,!n1 z ! corall9e c\ld n h fix$ itself if ! ,crania _h be5 cov]$ up ) *alk-mud1 & c\ld n h liv$ _h itself be5 s cov]$1 x foll[s1 t an in* ( *alk mud c\ld n h accumulat$ )9 ! "t betwe5 ! dea? & decay ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! sea-ur*9 & ! gr[? ( ! corall9e to ! full size :i* x has atta9$4 ,if ! decay ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! sea-ur*92 ! atta*m5t1 gr[? to maturity1 & decay ( ! ,crania2 & ! subsequ5t atta*m5t & gr[? ( ! corall9e1 took a ye> 7:i* is a l[ e/imate en\gh71 ! accumulation ( ! in* ( *alk mu/ h tak5 m ?an a ye>3 & ! deposit ( a ?\s& feet ( *alk mu/1 consequ5tly1 h tak5 m ?an twelve ?\s& ye>s4 ,! f\ndation ( all ?is calculation is1 ( c\rse1 a k ( ! l5g? ( "t ! ,crania & ! corall9e ne$$ to atta9 _! full size2 &1 on ?is head1 precise k is at pres5t want+4 ,b !re are circum/ances :i* t5d to %[ t no?+ l an in* ( *alk has accumulat$ dur+ ! life ( a ,crania2 &1 on any probable e/imate ( ! l5g? ( t life1 ! *alk p]iod mu/ h _h a mu* long] duration ?an t ?us r\ghly assign$ to x4 ,?us1 n only is x c]ta9 t ! *alk is ! mud ( an anci5t sea-bottom2 b x is no less c]ta9 t ! *alk sea exi/$ dur+ an extremely long p]iod1 ?\gh we may n be prep>$ to give a precise e/imate ( ! l5g? ( t p]iod 9 ye>s4 ,! relative duration is cle>1 ?\gh ! absolute duration may n be def9able4 ,! attempt to affix any precise date to ! p]iod at :i* ! *alk sea began or end$ its exi/5ce1 is baffl$ by difficulties ( ! same k9d4 ,b ! relative age ( ! cretace\s epo* may be det]m9$ ) z great ease & c]ta9ty z ! long duration ( t epo*4 ,y w h he>d ( ! int]e/+ discov]ies rec5tly made1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,europe1 ( fl9t implem5ts1 obvi\sly work$ into %ape by human h&s1 "u circum/ances :i* %[ conclusively t man is a v anci5t d5iz5 ( ^! regions4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! old populations ( ,europe1 ^: exi/5ce has be5 reveal$ to u 9 ?is way1 consi/$ ( savages1 su* z ! ,esquimaux are n[2 t1 9 ! c\ntry :i* is n[ ,france1 !y hunt$ ! re9de]1 & 7 famili> ) ! ways ( ! mammo? & ! bison4 ,! physical geography ( ,france 0 9 ^? days diff]5t f :at x is n[--! riv] ,somme1 = in/ance1 hav+ cut its b$ a hundr$ feet deep] betwe5 t "t & ?is2 & x is probable t ! climate 0 m l t ( ,canada or ,sib]ia ?an t ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! p is =gott5 ev5 9 ! traditions ( ! olde/ hi/orical nations4 ,! "n & fame ( !m _h utt]ly vani%$ until a few ye>s back2 & ! am\nt ( physical *ange :i* has be5 effect$ s9ce _! day r5d]s x m ?an probable t1 v5]able z are "s ( ! hi/orical nations1 ! work]s ( ! *ipp$ fl9ts ( ,hoxne or ( ,ami5s are to !m1 z !y are to u1 9 po9t ( antiquity4 ,b1 if we assign to ^! ho> relics ( long-vani%$ g5]ations ( m5 ! greate/ age t c possibly be claim$ = !m1 !y are n old] ?an ! drift1 or b\ld] clay1 :i*1 9 comp>ison ) ! *alk1 is b a v juv5ile deposit4 ,y ne$ g no fur!r ?an y\r own seabo>d = evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,at "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ spots on ! coa/ ( ,norfolk1 ,crom]1 y w see ! b\ld] clay =m+ a va/ mass1 :i* lies ^u ! *alk1 & mu/ consequ5tly h come into exi/5ce aft] x4 ,huge b\ld]s ( *alk are1 9 fact1 includ$ 9 ! clay1 & h evid5tly be5 br\ght to ! position !y n[ occupy by ! same ag5cy z t :i* has plant$ blocks ( sy5ite f ,norway side by side ) !m4 ,! *alk1 !n1 is c]ta9ly old] ?an ! b\ld] clay4 ,if y ask h[ mu*1 ,i w aga9 take y no fur!r ?an ! same spot ^u y\r own coa/s = evid5ce4 ,i h spok5 ( ! b\ld] clay & drift z re/+ ^u ! *alk4 ,t is n /rictly true4 ,int]pos$ betwe5 ! *alk & ! drift is a comp>atively insignificant lay]1 conta9+ vegetable matt]4 ,b t lay] tells a wond]ful hi/ory4 ,x is full ( /umps ( trees /&+ z !y grew4 ,fir-trees are !re ) _! cones1 & hazel-bu%es ) _! nuts2 !re /& ! /ools ( oak & yew trees1 bee*es & ald]s4 ,h5ce ?is /ratum is appropriately call$ ! =e/-b$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! *alk mu/ h be5 upheav$ & conv]t$ into dry l& be=e ! timb] trees c\ld gr[ ^u x4 ,z ! bolls ( "s ( ^! trees are f two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 x is no less cle> t ! dry l& ?us =m$ rema9$ 9 ! same condition = long ages4 ,& n only d ! rema9s ( /ately oaks & well-gr[n firs te/ify to ! duration ( ?is condition ( ?+s1 b additional evid5ce to ! same effect is af=d$ by ! abundant rema9s ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotamuses1 & o!r great wild bea/s1 :i* x has yield$ to ! zeal\s se>* ( su* m5 z ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gunn4 ,:5 y look at su* a collection z he has =m$1 & be?9k y t ^! elephant9e bones did v]itably c>ry _! own]s ab\t1 & ^! great gr9d]s crun*1 9 ! d>k woods ( :i* ! =e/-b$ is n[ ! only trace1 x is impossible n to feel t !y are z good evid5ce ( ! lapse ( "t z ! annual r+s ( ! tree-/umps4 ,?us !re is a writ+ ^u ! wall ( cliffs at ,crom]1 & :oso runs may read x4 ,x tells u1 ) an au?ority :i* _c be impea*$1 t ! anci5t sea-b$ ( ! *alk sea 0 rais$ up1 & rema9$ dry l&1 until x 0 cov]$ ) =e/1 /ock$ ) ! great game ^: spoils h rejoic$ y\r geologi/s4 ,h[ long x rema9$ 9 t condition _c be said2 b ! :irligig ( "t br\ght its rev5ges 9 ^? days z 9 ^!4 ,t dry l&1 ) ! bones & tee? ( g5]ations ( long-liv$ elephants1 hidd5 away among ! gn>l$ roots & dry leaves ( its anci5t trees1 sank gradually to ! bottom ( ! icy sea1 :i* cov]$ x ) huge masses ( drift & b\ld] clay4 ,sea-bea/s1 su* z ! walrus1 n[ re/rict$ to ! extreme nor?1 paddl$ ab\t :]e birds _h twitt]$ among ! topmo/ twigs ( ! fir-trees4 ,h[ long ?is /ate ( ?+s endur$ we "k n1 b at l5g? x came to an end4 ,! upheav$ glacial mud h>d5$ into ! soil ( mod]n ,norfolk4 ,=e/s grew once m1 ! wolf & ! beav] replac$ ! re9de] & ! elephant2 & at l5g? :at we call ! hi/ory ( ,engl& dawn$4 ,?us y h1 )9 ! limits ( y\r own c\nty1 pro( t ! *alk c ju/ly claim a v mu* great] antiquity ?an ev5 ! olde/ physical traces ( mank9d4 ,b we may g fur!r & demon/rate1 by evid5ce ( ! same au?ority z t :i* te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( ! fa!r ( m51 t ! *alk is va/ly old] ?an ,adam himself4 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis in=ms u t ,adam1 imm$iately ^u 8 creation1 & be=e ! appe>ance ( ,eve1 0 plac$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,! problem ( ! geographical position ( ,ed5 has greatly vex$ ! spirits ( ! le>n$ 9 su* matt]s1 b !re is "o po9t respect+ :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 no comm5tator has ev] rais$ a d\bt4 ,?is is1 t ( ! f\r riv]s :i* are said to run out ( x1 ,euphrates & ,hiddekel are id5tical ) ! riv]s n[ kn[n by ! names ( ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,b ! :ole c\ntry 9 :i* ^! mighty riv]s take _! orig91 & ?r\gh :i* !y run1 is compos$ ( rocks :i* are ei!r ( ! same age z ! *alk1 or ( lat] date4 ,s t ! *alk mu/ n only h be5 =m$1 b1 aft] its =mation1 ! "t requir$ = ! deposit ( ^! lat] rocks1 & = _! upheaval into dry l&1 mu/ h elaps$1 be=e ! smalle/ brook :i* fe$s ! swift /ream ( ! great riv]1 ! riv] ( ,babylon1 began to fl[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us1 evid5ce :i* _c be rebutt$1 & :i* ne$ n be /r5g!n$1 ?\gh if "t p]mitt$ ,i might indef9itely increase its quantity1 compels y to believe t ! e>?1 f ! "t ( ! *alk to ! pres5t day1 has be5 ! !atre ( a s]ies ( *anges z va/ 9 _! am\nt z !y 7 sl[ 9 _! progress4 ,! area on :i* we /& has be5 fir/ sea & !n l&1 = at lea/ f\r alt]nations2 & has rema9$ 9 ea* ( ^! conditions = a p]iod ( great l5g?4 ,nor h ^! wond]ful metamorphoses ( sea into l&1 & ( l& into sea1 be5 conf9$ to "o corn] ( ,engl&4 ,dur+ ! *alk p]iod1 or cretace\s epo*1 n "o ( ! pres5t great physical features ( ! globe 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,our great m\nta9 ranges1 ,pyr5ees1 ,alps1 ,himalayas1 ,&es1 h all be5 upheav$ s9ce ! *alk 0 deposit$1 & ! cretace\s sea fl[$ ov] ! sites ( ,s9ai & ,ar>at4 ,all ?is is c]ta91 because rocks ( cretace\s or /ill lat] date h %>$ 9 ! elevatory movem5ts :i* gave rise to ^! m\nta9 *a9s2 & may be f\nd p]*$ up1 9 "s cases1 _m ?\s& feet high ^u _! flanks4 ,& evid5ce ( equal cog5cy demon/rates t1 ?\gh 9 ,norfolk ! =e/-b$ re/s directly ^u ! *alk1 yet x does s1 n because ! p]iod at :i* ! =e/ grew imm$iately foll[$ t at :i* ! *alk 0 =m$1 b because an imm5se lapse ( "t1 repres5t$ else:]e by ?\s&s ( feet ( rock1 is n indicat$ at ,crom]4 ,i mu/ ask y to believe t !re is no less conclusive pro( t a /ill m prolong$ succession ( simil> *anges occurr$ be=e ! *alk 0 deposit$4 ,nor h we any reason to ?9k t ! fir/ t]m 9 ! s]ies ( ^! *anges is kn[n4 ,! olde/ sea-b$s pres]v$ to u are s&s1 & mud1 & pebbles1 ! we> & te> ( rocks :i* 7 =m$ 9 /ill old] oceans4 ,b1 great z is ! magnitude ( ^! physical *anges ( ! _w1 !y h be5 accompani$ by a no less /rik+ s]ies ( modifications 9 its liv+ inhabitants4 ,all ! great classes ( animals1 bea/s ( ! field1 f[ls ( ! air1 creep+ ?+s1 & ?+s :i* dwell 9 ! wat]s1 fl\ri%$ ^u ! globe long ages be=e ! *alk 0 deposit$4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 if any1 ( ^! anci5t =ms ( animal life 7 id5tical ) ^? :i* n[ live4 ,c]ta9ly n "o ( ! high] animals 0 ( ! same species z any ( ^? n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,! bea/s ( ! field1 9 ! days be=e ! *alk1 7 n our bea/s ( ! field1 nor ! f[ls ( ! air su* z ^? :i* ! eye ( man has se5 fly+1 unless 8 antiquity dates inf9itely fur!r back ?an we at pres5t surmise4 ,if we c\ld be c>ri$ back into ^? times1 we %\ld be z "o sudd5ly set d[n 9 ,au/ralia be=e x 0 coloniz$4 ,we %\ld see mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 fi%es1 insects1 snails1 & ! l1 cle>ly recognizable z su*1 & yet n "o ( !m w\ld be j ! same z ^? ) :i* we are famili>1 & _m w\ld be extremely diff]5t4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t1 ! population ( ! _w has und]gone sl[ & gradual1 b incessant1 *anges4 ,!re has be5 no gr& cata/rophe--no de/roy] has swept away ! =ms ( life ( "o p]iod1 & replac$ !m by a totally new creation2 b "o species has vani%$ & ano!r has tak5 its place2 creatures ( "o type ( /ructure h dim9i%$1 ^? ( ano!r h increas$1 z "t has pass$ on4 ,& ?us1 :ile ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! liv+ creatures ( ! "t be=e ! *alk & ^? ( ! pres5t day appe> />tl+1 if plac$ side by side1 we are l$ f "o to ! o!r by ! mo/ gradual progress1 if we foll[ ! c\rse ( ,nature ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( ^? relics ( h] op]ations :i* %e has left beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,pt]odactyl4 ,& x is by ! population ( ! *alk sea t ! anci5t & ! mod]n inhabitants ( ! _w are mo/ completely connect$4 ,! gr\ps :i* are dy+ out fl\ri%1 side by side1 ) ! gr\ps :i* are n[ ! dom9ant =ms ( life4 ,?us ! *alk conta9s rema9s ( ^? fly+ & swimm+ reptiles1 ! pt]odactyl1 ! i*?yosaurus1 & ! plesiosaurus1 :i* are f\nd 9 no lat] deposits1 b ab\nd$ 9 prec$+ ages4 ,! *amb]$ %ells call$ ammonites & belemnites1 :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod prec$+ ! cretace\s1 9 l mann] die ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,i*?yosaurus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,plesiosaurus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ammonites4 ,b1 among ^! fad+ rema9d]s ( a previ\s /ate ( ?+s1 are "s v mod]n =ms ( life1 look+ l ,yankee p$dl]s among a tribe ( r$ ,indians4 ,crocodiles ( mod]n type appe>2 bony fi%es1 _m ( !m v simil> to exi/+ species1 almo/ supplant ! =ms ( fi% :i* pr$om9ate 9 m anci5t seas2 & _m k9ds ( liv+ %ell-fi% fir/ become kn[n to u 9 ! *alk4 ,! vegetation acquires a mod]n aspect4 ,a few liv+ animals are n ev5 di/+ui%able z species f ^? :i* exi/$ at t remote epo*4 ,! ,globig]9a ( ! pres5t day1 = example1 is n diff]5t specifically f t ( ! *alk2 & ! same may be said ( _m o!r ,=am9if]a4 ,i ?9k x probable t critical & unprejudic$ exam9ation w %[ t m ?an "o species ( mu* high] animals h _h a simil> longevity2 b ! only example :i* ,i c at pres5t give confid5tly is ! snake's-head lamp-%ell 7,t]ebratul9a caput s]p5tis71 :i* lives 9 our ,engli% seas & ab\nd$ 7z ,t]ebratul9a /riata ( au?ors7 9 ! *alk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,belemnites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t]ebratul9a4 ,! longe/ l9e ( human ance/ry mu/ hide its dim9i%$ head be=e ! p$igree ( ?is insignificant %ell-fi%4 ,we ,engli%m5 are pr\d to h an ance/or :o 0 pres5t at ! ,battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,! ance/ors ( ,t]ebratul9a caput s]p5tis may h be5 pres5t at a battle ( ,i*?yosauria 9 t "p ( ! sea :i*1 :5 ! *alk 0 =m+1 fl[$ ov] ! site ( ,ha/+s4 ,:ile all ar\nd has *ang$1 ?is ,t]ebratul9a has peacefully propagat$ its species f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & /&s to ?is day z a liv+ te/imony to ! cont9uity ( ! pres5t ) ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! globe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,up to ?is mom5t ,i h /at$1 s f> z ,i "k1 no?+ b well-au!nticat$ facts1 & ! imm$iate conclusions :i* !y =ce ^u ! m9d4 ,b ! m9d is s con/itut$ t x does n will+ly re/ 9 facts & imm$iate causes1 b seeks always aft] a k ( ! remot] l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( causation4 ,tak+ ! _m *anges ( any giv5 spot ( ! e>?'s surface1 f sea to l&1 & f l& to sea1 z an e/abli%$ fact1 we _c refra9 f ask+ ourselves h[ ^! *anges h occurr$4 ,& :5 we h expla9$ !m--z !y mu/ be expla9$--by ! alt]nate sl[ movem5ts ( elevation & depression :i* h affect$ ! cru/s ( ! e>?1 we g /ill fur!r back1 & ask1 ,:y ^! movem5ts8 ,i am n c]ta9 t any "o c give y a satisfactory answ] to t "q4 ,assur$ly ,i _c4 ,all t c be said = c]ta9 is1 t su* movem5ts are "p ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 inasmu* z !y are go+ on at ! pres5t "t4 ,direct pro( may be giv51 t "s p>ts ( ! l& ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e are at ?is mom5t ins5sibly ris+ & o!rs ins5sibly s9k+2 & !re is indirect b p]fectly satisfactory pro(1 t an enorm\s area n[ cov]$ by ! ,pacific has be5 deep5$ ?\s&s ( feet s9ce ! pres5t inhabitants ( t sea came into exi/5ce4 ,?us !re is n a %ad[ ( a reason = believ+ t ! physical *anges ( ! globe1 9 pa/ times1 h be5 effect$ by o!r ?an natural causes4 ,is !re any m reason = believ+ t ! concomitant modifications 9 ! =ms ( ! liv+ inhabitants ( ! globe h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 any o!r ways8 ,be=e attempt+ to answ] ?is "q1 let u try to =m a di/9ct m5tal picture ( :at has happ5$ 9 "s special case4 ,! crocodiles are animals :i*1 z a gr\p1 h a v va/ antiquity4 ,!y ab\nd$ ages be=e ! *alk 0 deposit$2 !y ?rong ! riv]s 9 w>m climates at ! pres5t day4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( ! jo9ts ( ! backbone1 & 9 "s m9or p>ticul>s1 betwe5 ! crocodiles ( ! pres5t epo* & ^? :i* liv$ be=e ! *alk2 b1 9 ! cretace\s epo*1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 ! crocodiles _h assum$ ! mod]n type ( /ructure4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! crocodiles ( ! *alk are n id5tically ! same z ^? :i* liv$ 9 ! times call$ old] t]ti>y1 :i* succe$$ ! cretace\s epo*2 & ! crocodiles ( ! old] t]ti>ies are n id5tical ) ^? ( ! new] t]ti>ies1 nor are ^! id5tical ) exi/+ =ms4 ,i leave op5 ! "q :e!r p>ticul> species may h liv$ on f epo* to epo*4 ,b ea* epo* has _h its peculi> crocodiles2 ?\gh all1 s9ce ! *alk1 h belong$ to ! mod]n type1 & diff] simply 9 _! proportions & 9 su* /ructural p>ticul>s z are disc]nible only to tra9$ eyes4 ,h[ is ! exi/5ce ( ?is long succession ( diff]5t species ( crocodiles to be acc\nt$ =8 ,only two suppositions seem to be op5 to u--ei!r ea* species ( crocodile has be5 specially creat$1 or x has aris5 out ( "s pre-exi/+ =m by ! op]ation ( natural causes4 ,*oose y\r hypo!sis2 ,i h *os5 m9e4 ,i c f9d no w>ranty = believ+ 9 ! di/9ct creation ( a score ( successive species ( crocodiles 9 ! c\rse ( c\ntless ages ( "t4 ,sci5ce gives no c\nt5ance to su* a wild fancy2 nor c ev5 ! p]v]se +5uity ( a comm5tator pret5d to discov] ?is s5se1 9 ! simple words 9 :i* ! writ] ( ,g5esis records ! proce$+ ( ! fif? & six? days ( ! ,creation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i see no good reason = d\bt+ ! necess>y alt]native1 t all ^! v>i$ species h be5 evolv$ f pre-exi/+ crocodilian =ms by ! op]ation ( causes z completely a "p ( ! common ord] ( nature z ^? :i* h effect$ ! *anges ( ! inorganic _w4 ,few w v5ture to affirm t ! reason+ :i* applies to crocodiles loses its =ce among o!r animals or among plants4 ,if "o s]ies ( species has come into exi/5ce by ! op]ation ( natural causes1 x seems folly to d5y t all may h aris5 9 ! same way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a small beg9n+ has l$ u to a great end+4 ,if ,i 7 to put ! bit ( *alk ) :i* we />t$ into ! hot b obscure flame ( burn+ hydrog51 x w\ld pres5tly %9e l ! sun4 ,x seems to me t ?is physical metamorphosis is no false image ( :at has be5 ! result ( our subject+ x to a jet ( f]v5t1 ?\gh n[ise brilliant1 ?\ght to-night4 ,x has become lum9\s1 & its cle> rays1 p5etrat+ ! abyss ( ! remote pa/1 h br\ght )9 our k5 "s /ages ( ! evolution ( ! e>?4 ,& 9 ! %ift+ )\t ha/e1 b )\t re/ ( ! l& & sea1 z 9 ! endless v>iation ( ! =ms assum$ by liv+ be+s1 we h obs]v$ no?+ b ! natural product ( ! =ces orig9ally possess$ by ! sub/ance ( ! univ]se4 ,illu/ration ,a ,,bit ,,( ,,sponge 7,writt5 on ,scotl&47 7,,f ,,glimpses ,,( ,,nature47 ,,by ,a4 ,,wilson4 ,illu/ration ,?is morn+1 despite ! promise ( ra9 ov]-night1 has brok5 ) all ! signs & symptoms ( a bright ,july day4 ,! ,fir? is ba!d 9 sunlight1 & ! wavelets at full tide are kiss+ ! /r&1 mak+ a s(t musical ripple z !y retire1 & z ! pebbles run d[n ! s&y slope on ! retreat ( ! waves4 ,beyond ! f>!/ contact ( ! tide is a l9e ( seawe$ dri$ & desiccat$1 mix$ up ) :i*1 9 confus+ array1 are masses ( %ells1 & su* olla podrida ( ! sea4 ,toss$ up at our v feet is a dri$ fragm5t ( sponge1 :i* d\btless ! unk9d waves tore f its rocky b$4 ,x is n a l>ge portion ( sponge ?is1 b its /ructure is nev]!less to be fairly made out1 & "s rem9isc5ces ( its hi/ory glean$1 = ! sake ( occupy+ ! by no means bad half-h\r be=e breakfa/4 ,:at is a sponge8 is a "q :i* y may well ask z a necess>y prelim9>y to ! und]/&+ ( its p]sonality4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sponge ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,its ,,rocky ,,b$4 ,! que/ion+s ( *ildhood & ! que/ion+s ( sci5ce run 9 precisely simil> grooves4 ,:at is x8 & ,h[ does x live8 & ,:]e does x come f8 are equally ! inquiries ( *ildhood1 & ( ! deepe/ philosophy :i* seeks to det]m9e ! :ole hi/ory ( life4 ,?is morn+1 we _c d bett] ?an foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! *ild1 & to ! "q1 ,:at is a sponge8 ,i fancy sci5ce w be able to return a direct answ]4 ,fir/ ( all1 we may note t a sponge1 z we "k x 9 common life1 is ! horny skeleton or framework :i* 0 made by1 & :i* support$1 ! liv+ p>ts4 ,^! liv+ p>ts consi/ ( m9ute masses ( t liv+ jelly to :i* ! "n ( protoplasm has be5 appli$4 ,?is1 9 tru?1 is ! univ]sal matt] ( life4 ,x is ! "o sub/ance ) :i* life ev]y:]e is associat$1 & z we see x simply 9 ! sponge1 s also we behold x 7only 9 m complex guise7 9 ! man4 ,n[1 ! liv+ p>ts ( ?is dri$ ca/-away sponge 7 f\nd bo? 9 its int]ior & on its surface4 ,!y l9$ ! canals t ev]y:]e p]meate ! sponge-sub/ance1 & microscopic exam9ation has told u a great deal ab\t _! nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,sponge 7,olyn?us74 #a4 ,! egg4 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,! process ( egg-division4 #e & #f4 ,! ga/rula-/age4 #g4 ,! p]fect sponge4 ,=1 :e!r f\nd 9 ! canals ( ! sponge !mselves1 or emb$d$ 9 ! sponge-sub/ance1 ! liv+ sponge-p>ticles are repres5t$ ea* by a semi-indep5d5t mass ( protoplasm4 ,s t ! fir/ view ,i w\ld h y take ( ! sponge z a liv+ mass1 is1 t x is a colony & n a s+le unit4 ,x is compos$1 9 o!r words1 ( aggregat$ masses ( liv+ p>ticles1 :i* bud out "o f ! o!r1 & manufacture ! support+ skeleton we "k z ! sponge ( comm]ce itself4 ,"u ! microscope1 ^! liv+ sponge-units appe> 9 v>i\s guises & %apes4 ,"s ( !m are =mless1 &1 z to %ape1 ev]-alt]+ masses1 resembl+ t famili> animalcule ( our pools we "k z ! ,amoeba4 ,^! memb]s ( ! sponge-colony =m ! bulk ( ! population4 ,!y are emb$d$ 9 ! sponge sub/ance2 !y w&] ab\t ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! sponge2 !y seize food & fl\ri% & gr[2 & !y probably also give orig9 to ! eggs f :i* new sponges are 9 due c\rse produc$4 ,m *>act]i/ic h[ev]1 are c]ta9 units ( ?is liv+ sponge-colony :i* live 9 ! l9+ membrane ( ! canals4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 a sponge is a k9d ( ,v5ice1 a c]ta9 proportion ( ^: inhabitants1 l ^? ( ! fam\s ,que5 ( ! ,adriatic h]self1 live on ! banks ( ! wat]ways4 ,j z 9 ,v5ice we f9d ! provisions = ! d5iz5s ( ! city br\ght to ! inhabitants by ! canals1 s f ! wat]1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is p]petually circulat+ ?r\gh a sponge1 ! memb]s ( ! sponge-colony receive _! food4 ,look1 aga91 at ! sponge-fragm5t :i* lies be=e u4 ,y p]ceive half a doz5 l>ge holes or s1 ea* op5+ on a little em95ce1 z x 74 ,^! ap]tures1 be> 9 m9d1 we call oscula4 ,!y are ! exits ( ! sponge-doma94 ,b a close inspection ( a sponge %[s t x is riddl$ ) f9] & small] ap]tures4 ,^! latt] are ! pores1 & !y =m ! entrances to ! sponge-doma94 ,on ! banks ( ! canal y may see gr[+ pl5tifully 9 summ] "t a gre5 sponge1 :i* is ! common fre%-wat] species4 ,n[1 if y drop a liv+ specim5 ( ?is species into a b[l ( wat]1 & put "s p[d]$ indigo into ! wat]1 y may note h[ ! curr5ts are p]petually be+ swept 9 by ! pores & out by ! oscula4 ,9 e liv+ sponge ?is p]petual & unceas+ circulation ( wat] proce$s4 ,?is is ! sole evid5ce ! unassi/$ sight receives ( ! vitality ( ! sponge-colony1 & ! importance ( ?is circulation 9 aid+ life 9 ^! dep?s1 to be fairly c>ri$ out _c readily be ov]-e/imat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,sponges ,,gr[4 ,let u n[ see h[ ?is circulation is ma9ta9$4 ,microscopically reg>d$1 we see "h & !re1 9 ! sides ( ! sponge-passages1 little *amb]s & recesses :i* rem9d "o ( ! pass+-places 9 a n>r[ canal4 ,l9+ ^! *amb]s1 we see liv+ sponge-units ( a type diff]5t f ! %apeless specks we not$ to occur 9 ! me%es ( ! sponge sub/ance itself4 ,! units ( ! recesses ea* consi/ ( a liv+ p>ticle1 ^: free extremity is rais$ into a k9d ( coll>1 f :i* projects a la%-l filam5t kn[n z a flagellum4 ,?is la% is 9 con/ant movem5t4 ,x waves to & fro 9 ! wat]1 & ! collection ( la%es we see 9 any "o *amb] acts z a v]itable bru%1 :i* by its movem5t n only sweeps wat] 9 by ! pores1 b s5ds x onw>ds ?r\gh ! sponge1 & 9 due "t s5ds x out by ! bigg] holes1 or oscula4 ,?is con/ant circulation 9 ! sponge dis*>ges m ?an "o important function4 ,=1 z already not$1 x s]ves ! purpose ( nutrition1 9 t ! p>ticles on :i* sponge-life is support$ are swept into ! colony4 ,aga91 ! fre% curr5ts ( wat] c>ry ) !m ! oxyg5 gas :i* is a necessity ( sponge exi/5ce1 z ( human life2 :ile1 ?irdly1 wa/e matt]s1 inevitably alike 9 sponge & 9 man z ! result ( liv+1 are swept out ( ! colony1 & dis*>g$ into ! sea beyond4 ,our bit ( sponge has ?us gr[n f a m]e dry fragm5t into a liv+ reality4 ,x is a community 9 :i* already1 l[ z x is1 ! "w ( life has come to be dis*>g$ by di/9ct & fairly specializ$ be+s4 ,! era ( new sponge-life is inaugurat$ by means ( egg-developm5t1 al?\gh !re exi/s ano!r fa%ion 7t ( gemmules or buds7 :]eby out ( ! p>5tal sub/ance "y sponges are produc$4 ,a sponge-egg develops1 z d all eggs1 9 a def9ite cycle4 ,x und]goes division 7,fig4 #a72 its "o cell becomes _m2 & its _m cells arrange !mselves fir/ ( all into a cup-l =m 7#e1 #f & #g71 :i* may rema9 9 ?is %ape if ! sponge is a simple "o1 or become develop$ into ! m complex %ape ( ! sponges we "k4 ,9 e museum y may see specim5s ( a beautiful vase-l /ructure seem+ly made ( spun-glass4 ,?is is a fl9ty sponge1 ! ,v5us fl[]-basket1 ^: pres5ce 9 ! sponge family r$eems x f ! *>ge t x conta9s no ?+s ( beauty :atev]4 ,s1 too1 ! rocks are full ( fossil-sponges1 _m ( qua9t =m4 ,our piece ( sponge1 z we may und]/&1 has yet o!r bits ( hi/ory atta*$ to x4444 ,mean:ile1 ?9k ov] ! sponge & its ways1 & le>n f x t out ( ! dry ?+s ( life1 sci5ce weaves _m a fairy tale4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,greate/ ,,sea-,,wave ,,ev] ,,kn[n 7,,f ,,light ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,leisure ,,h\rs47 ,,by ,r4,a4 ,,proctor4 ,illu/ration ,augu/ #ac?1 #ahfh1 "o ( ! mo/ t]rible calamities :i* has ev] visit$ a p befell ! un=tunate inhabitants ( ,p]u4 ,9 t l& e>?quakes are ne>ly z common z ra9 /orms are ) u2 & %ocks by :i* :ole cities are *ang$ into a heap ( ru9s are by no means infrequ5t4 ,yet ev5 9 ,p]u1 ! l& ( e>?quakes1 z ,humboldt has t]m$ x1 no su* cata/rophe z t ( ,augu/1 #ahfh1 _h occurr$ )9 ! memory ( man4 ,x 0 n "o city :i* 0 laid 9 ru9s1 b a :ole empire4 ,^? :o p]i%$ 7 c\nt$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 :ile ! prop]ty de/roy$ by ! e>?quake 0 valu$ at millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,al?\gh s _m mon?s h pass$ s9ce ?is t]rible calamity took place1 sci5tific m5 h be5 busily engag$1 until q rec5tly1 9 endeavor+ to asc]ta9 ! real significance ( ! v>i\s ev5ts :i* 7 obs]v$ dur+ & aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?quake4 ,! geograph]s ( ,g]many h tak5 a special int]e/ 9 int]pret+ ! evid5ce af=d$ by ?is great manife/ation ( ,nature's p[]s4 ,two pap]s h be5 writt5 rec5tly on ! great e>?quake ( ,augu/ #ac?1 #ahfh--"o by ,pr(essor von ,ho*/et]1 ! o!r by ,h]r von ,ts*udi1 :i* pres5t an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! v>i\s effects1 by l& & by sea1 :i* result$ f ! trem5d\s upheav+ =ce to :i* ! we/]n flanks ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es 7 subject$ on t day4 ,! effects on l&1 al?\gh surpris+ & t]rible1 only diff] 9 degree f ^? :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r e>?quakes4 ,b ! progress ( ! great sea-wave :i* 0 g5]at$ by ! upheaval ( ! ,p]uvian %ores & propagat$ ov] ! :ole ( ! ,pacific ,ocean diff]s altoge!r f any e>?quake ph5om5a be=e obs]v$4 ,o!r e>?quakes h inde$ be5 foll[$ by oceanic di/urbances2 b ^! h be5 accompani$ by t]re/rial motions1 s z to sugge/ ! idea t !y _h be5 caus$ by ! motion ( ! sea-bottom or ( ! neighbor+ l&4 ,9 no in/ance has x ev] be=e be5 kn[n t a well-m>k$ wave ( enorm\s proportions %\ld h be5 propagat$ ov] ! l>ge/ ocean tract on our globe by an e>?-%ock ^: direct action 0 limit$ to a relatively small region1 & t region n situat$ 9 ! c5tre1 b on "o side ( ! wide area trav]s$ by ! wave4 ,we propose to give a brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ?is enorm\s sea-wave4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 x may be well to rem9d ! read] ( a few ( ! m prom95t features ( ! great %ock to :i* ?is wave ow$ its orig94 ,x 0 at ,arequipa1 at ! foot ( ! l(ty volcanic m\nta9 ,mi/i1 t ! mo/ t]rible effects ( ! great e>?quake 7 exp]i5c$4 ,)9 hi/oric times ,mi/i has p\r$ =? no lava /reams1 b t ! volcano is n ext9ct is cle>ly evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 #aedb an enorm\s mass ( du/ & a%es 0 vomit$ =? f its crat]4 ,on ,augu/ #ac?4 #ahfh1 ,mi/i %[$ no signs ( be+ di/urb$4 ,s f> z ! volcanic neighbor 0 conc]n$1 ! =ty-f\r ?\s& inhabitants ( ,arequipa _h no reason to anticipate ! cata/rophe :i* pres5tly befell !m4 ,at five m9utes pa/ five an e>?quake %ock 0 exp]i5c$1 :i*1 ?\gh sev]e1 seems to h work$ little mis*ief4 ,half a m9ute lat]1 h[ev]1 a t]rible noise 0 he>d b5ea? ! e>?2 a second %ock m viol5t ?an ! fir/ 0 felt1 & !n began a sway+ motion1 gradually increas+ 9 int5sity4 ,9 !-c\rse ( ! fir/ m9ute ?is motion _h become s viol5t t ! inhabitants ran 9 t]ror out ( _! h\ses into ! /reets & squ>es4 ,9 ! next two m9utes ! sway+ movem5t _h s increas$ t ! m lightly built h\ses 7 ca/ to ! gr\nd1 & ! fly+ p c\ld sc>cely keep _! feet4 ,& n[1 says ,von ,ts*udi1 !re foll[$ dur+ two or ?ree m9utes a t]rible sc5e4 ,! sway+ motion :i* _h hi!rto prevail$ *ang$ into fi]ce v]tical upheaval4 ,! subt]ranean ro>+ increas$ 9 ! mo/ t]rify+ mann]2 !n 7 he>d ! he>t-pi]c+ %rieks ( ! wret*$ p1 ! bur/+ ( walls1 ! cra%+ fall ( h\ses & *ur*es1 :ile ov] all roll$ ?ick cl\ds ( a yell[i%-black du/1 :i*1 _h !y be5 p\r$ =? _m m9utes long]1 w\ld h suffocat$ ?\s&s4 ,al?\gh ! %ocks _h la/$ b a few m9utes1 ! :ole t[n 0 de/roy$4 ,n "o build+ rema9$ un9jur$1 & !re 7 few :i* did n lie 9 %apeless heaps ( ru9s4 ,at ,tacna & ,arica ! e>?-%ock 0 less sev]e1 b /range & t]rible ph5om5a foll[$ x4 ,at ! =m] place a circum/ance occurr$ ! cause & nature ( :i* yet rema9 a my/]y4 ,ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] ! e>?quake--9 o!r words1 at ab\t eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+--an int5sely brilliant light made its appe>ance above ! neighbor+ m\nta9s4 ,x la/$ = fully half an h\r1 & has be5 ascrib$ to ! eruption ( "s z yet unkn[n volcano4 ,at ,arica ! sea-wave produc$ ev5 m de/ructive effects ?an _h be5 caus$ by ! e>?quake4 ,ab\t tw5ty m9utes aft] ! fir/ e>?-%ock ! sea 0 se5 to retire1 z if ab\t to leave ! %ores :olly dry2 b pres5tly its wat]s return$ ) trem5d\s =ce4 ,a mighty wave1 ^: l5g? seem$ immeasurable1 0 se5 advanc+ l a d>k wall ^u ! un=tunate t[n1 a l>ge "p ( :i* 0 ov]:elm$ by x4 ,two %ips1 ! ,p]uvian corvette ,am]ica1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates d\ble-end] ,wat]ee1 7 c>ri$ ne>ly half a mile to ! nor? ( ,arica beyond ! railroad :i* runs to ,tacna1 & !re left /r&$ high & dry4 ,?is enorm\s wave 0 consid]$ by ! ,engli% vice-consul at ,arica to h be5 fully fifty feet 9 height4 ,at ,*ala ?ree su* waves swept 9 aft] ! fir/ %ocks ( e>?quake4 ,!y ov]fl[$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! t[n1 ! sea pass+ m ?an half a mile beyond its usual limits4 ,at ,islay & ,iquique simil> ph5om5a 7 manife/$4 ,at ! =m] t[n ! lava fl[$ 9 no less ?an five times1 & ea* "t ) great] =ce4 ,aft]w>d ! motion gradually dim9i%$1 b ev5 an h\r & a half aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ?is /range di/urbance ! waves /ill ran =ty feet above ! ord9>y level4 ,at ,iquique ! p beheld ! inru%+ wave :ile x 0 /ill a great way (f4 ,a d>k blue mass ( wat] "s fifty feet 9 height 0 se5 sweep+ 9 ^u ! t[n ) inconceivable rapidity4 ,an isl& ly+ be=e ! h>bor 0 completely subm]g$ by ! great wave1 :i* /ill came ru%+ on black ) ! mud & slime x _h swept f ! sea-bottom4 ,^? :o witness$ its progress f ! upp] balconies ( _! h\ses1 & pres5tly saw its black mass ru%+ close b5ea? _! feet1 look$ on _! safety z a miracle4 ,_m build+s 7 inde$ wa%$ away1 & 9 ! l[-ly+ p>ts ( ! t[n !re 0 a t]rible loss ( life4 ,aft] pass+ f> inl&1 ! wave sl[ly return$ sea-w>d1 &1 /rangely en\gh1 ! sea1 :i* else:]e heav$ & toss$ = h\rs aft] ! fir/ great wave _h swept ov] x1 "h came soon to re/4 ,at ,callao a yet m s+ul> in/ance 0 af=d$ ( ! effect :i* circum/ances may h ^u ! motion ( ! sea aft] a great e>?quake has di/urb$ x4 ,9 =m] e>?quakes ,callao has suff]$ t]ribly f ! effects ( ! great sea-wave4 ,9 fact1 on two occasions ! :ole t[n has be5 de/roy$1 & ne>ly all its inhabitants h be5 dr[n$1 ?r\gh ! inru% ( precisely su* waves z fl[$ into ! ports ( ,arica & ,*ala4 ,b ^u ?is occasion ! c5tre ( subt]ranean di/urbance mu/ h be5 s situat$ t ei!r ! wave 0 div]t$ f ,callao1 or1 m probably1 two waves rea*$ ,callao f diff]5t s\rces & at diff]5t times1 s t ! two undulations p>tly c\nt]act$ ea* o!r4 ,c]ta9 x is t1 al?\gh ! wat] retreat$ /rangely f ! coa/ ne> ,callao1 insomu* t a wide tract ( ! sea-bottom 0 uncov]$1 !re 0 no inru%+ wave comp>able ) ^? describ$ above4 ,! sea aft]w>d rose & fell 9 an irregul> mann]1 a circum/ance confirm+ ! supposition t ! di/urbance 0 caus$ by two di/9ct oscillations4 ,six h\rs aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?-%ock ! d\ble oscillations seem$ = a :ile to h work$ !mselves into unison1 = at ?is "t ?ree consid]able waves roll$ 9 ^u ! t[n4 ,b cle>ly ^! waves mu/ n be comp>$ ) ^? :i* 9 o!r in/ances _h made _! appe>ance )9 half an h\r ( ! e>?-?roes4 ,!re is little reason to d\bt t if ! sep>ate oscillations _h re-en=c$ ea* o!r e>li]1 ,callao w\ld h be5 completely de/roy$4 ,z x 01 a consid]able am\nt ( mis*ief 0 effect$2 b ! motion ( ! sea pres5tly became irregul> aga91 & s cont9u$ until ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ad?1 :5 x began to ebb ) "s regul>ity4 ,b dur+ ! #ad? !re 7 occasional r5ewals ( ! irregul> motion1 & sev]al days elaps$ be=e ! regul> ebb & fl[ ( ! sea 7 resum$4 ,su* 7 among ! ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 ! region :]e ! e>?quake itself 0 felt4 ,x w be se5 at once t )9 ?is region1 or r along t portion ( ! sea-coa/ :i* falls )9 ! c5tral region ( di/urbance1 ! true "* ( ! sea-wave g5]at$ by ! e>?quake c\ld n be recogniz$4 ,if a rock fall f a l(ty cliff into a comp>atively %all[ sea1 ! wat] ar\nd ! place :]e ! rock has fall5 is di/urb$ 9 an irregul> mann]4 ,! sea seems at "o place to leap up & d[n2 else:]e "o wave seems to beat aga9/ ano!r1 & ! %>pe/ eye c detect no law 9 ! motion ( ! see?+ wat]s4 ,b pres5tly1 outside ! sc5e ( di/urbance1 a circul> wave is se5 to =m1 & if ! motion ( ?is wave be wat*$ x is se5 to pres5t ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ ) ! turmoil & confusion at its c5tre4 ,x sweeps onw>d & outw>d 9 a regul> undulation4 ,gradually x loses its circul> figure 7unless ! sea-bottom happ5s to be unusually level71 %[+ t al?\gh its motion is ev]y:]e regul>1 x is n ev]y:]e equally swift4 ,a wave ( ?is sort1 ?\gh incomp>ably va/]1 swept swiftly away on e side f ! sc5e ( ! great e>?quake ne> ! ,p]uvian ,&es4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! wid? ( ?is wave v>i$ f "o million to five million feet1 or1 r\ghly1 f two hundr$ to "o ?\s& miles1 :ile1 :5 9 mid-,pacific1 ! l5g? ( ! wave1 measur$ along its summit 9 a widely-curv$ pa? f "o side to ano!r ( ! great ocean1 _c h be5 less ?an eight ?\s& miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ov] ,a ,,l>ge ,,portion ,,( ,,its ,,c\rse ,,its ,,passage ,,0 ,,unnot$4 ,we _c tell h[ deep-seat$ 0 ! c5tre ( subt]ranean action2 b !re c be no d\bt x 0 v deep inde$1 because o!rwise ! %ock felt 9 t[ns sep>at$ f ea* o!r by hundr$s ( miles c\ld n h be5 s ne>ly contemporane\s4 ,!re=e ! portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ upheav$ mu/ h be5 enorm\s1 = ! l5g? ( ! region :]e ! direct effects ( ! e>?quake 7 p]ceiv$ is e/imat$ by ,pr(essor von ,ho*/et] at no less ?an two hundr$ & =ty miles4 ,! bread? ( ! region is unkn[n1 because ! slope ( ! ,&es on "o side & ! ocean on ! o!r conceal$ ! motion ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! great ocean-wave swept1 z we h said1 9 all directions ar\nd ! sc5e ( ! e>?-?roe4 ,ov] a l>ge "p ( its c\rse its passage 0 unnot$1 because 9 ! op5 sea ! effects ev5 ( s va/ an undulation c\ld n be p]ceiv$4 ,a %ip w\ld sl[ly rise z ! cre/ ( ! great wave pass$ "u h]1 & !n z sl[ly s9k aga94 ,?is may seem /range1 at fir/ sight1 :5 x is rememb]$ t 9 reality ! great sea-wave we are consid]+ swept at ! rate ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ sea-miles an h\r ov] ! l>g] "p ( ! ,pacific4 ,b :5 ! true "* ( ocean-waves is und]/ood1 :5 x is rememb]$ t !re is no transf]5ce ( ! wat] itself at ?is enorm\s rate1 b simply a transmission ( motion 7precisely z :5 9 a high w9d waves sweep rapidly ov] a cornfield1 :ile yet ea* corn/alk rema9s fix$ 9 ! gr\nd71 x w be se5 t ! effects ( ! great sea-wave c\ld only be p]ceiv$ ne> ! %ore4 ,ev5 !re1 z we %all pres5tly see1 !re 0 mu* to convey ! impression t ! l& itself 0 ris+ & fall+ r ?an t ! deep 0 mov$4 ,b among ! hundr$s ( %ips :i* 7 sail+ ^u ! ,pacific :5 its l5g? & bread? 7 trav]s$ by ! great sea-wave1 !re 0 n "o 9 :i* any unusual motion 0 p]ceiv$4 ,9 some:at less ?an ?ree h\rs aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?quake ! ocean-wave inundat$ ! port ( ,coquimbo1 on ! ,*ilean seabo>d1 "s eight hundr$ miles f ,arica4 ,an h\r or s lat] x _h rea*$ ,con/itucion1 f\r hundr$ & fifty miles f>!r s\?2 & "h = "s ?ree h\rs ! sea rose & fell ) /range viol5ce4 ,f>!r s\?1 along ! %ore ( ,*ile1 ev5 to ! isl& ( ,*iloe1 ! %ore-wave travell$1 ?\gh ) cont9ually dim9i%+ =ce1 ow+1 d\btless1 to ! resi/ance :i* ! irregul>ities ( ! %ore oppos$ to its progress4 ,! nor!rly %ore-wave seems to h be5 m consid]able2 & a mom5t's /udy ( a *>t ( ! two ,am]icas w %[ t ?is circum/ance is highly significant4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! pr9cipal effects ( ! l&-%ock 7 exp]i5c$ )9 t angle :i* ! ,p]uvian ,&es =m ) ! long nor?-&-s\? l9e ( ! ,*ilean & ,bolivian ,&es1 we see at once t1 _h ! c5tre ( ! subt]ranean action be5 ne> ! sc5e :]e ! mo/ de/ructive effects 7 p]ceiv$1 no sea-wave1 or b a small "o1 c\ld h be5 s5t t[>d ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! project+ %ores ( nor!rn ,p]u & ,ecuador c\ld n h fail$ to div]t ! sea-wave t[>d ! we/2 & ?\gh a reflect$ wave might h rea*$ ,cali=nia1 x w\ld only h be5 aft] a consid]able int]val ( "t1 & ) dim5sions mu* less ?an ^? ( ! sea-wave :i* travell$ s\?w>d4 ,:5 we see t1 on ! contr>y1 a wave ( ev5 great] proportions travell$ t[>d ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we seem =c$ to ! conclusion t ! c5tre ( ! subt]ranean action mu/ h be5 s f> to ! we/ t ! sea-wave g5]at$ by x _h a free c\rse to ! %ores ( ,cali=nia4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re c be no d\bt t ! wave :i* swept ! %ores ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ris+ upw>d ( sixty feet above ! ord9>y sea-level1 0 absolutely ! mo/ impos+ ( all ! indirect effects ( ! great e>?quake4 ,:5 we consid] t ev5 9 ,san ,p$ro ,bay1 fully five ?\s& miles f ! c5tre ( di/urbance1 a wave twice ! height ( an ord9>y h\se roll$ 9 ) unspeakable viol5ce only a few h\rs aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?-?roe1 we are mo/ /rik+ly impress$ ) ! trem5d\s en]gy ( ! e>?'s movem5t4 ,turn+ to ! op5 ocean1 let u track ! great wave on its c\rse pa/ ! multitud9\s isl&s :i* dot ! surface ( ! ,pacific4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :i* lie ab\t six ?\s& ?ree hundr$ miles f ,arica1 might h imag9$ !mselves safe f any effects :i* c\ld be produc$ by an e>?quake tak+ place s f> away f !m4 ,b on ! night betwe5 ,augu/ #ac? & #ad?1 ! sea ar\nd ?is isl& gr\p rose 9 a surpris+ mann]1 insomu* t _m ?\ght ! isl&s 7 s9k+1 & w\ld %ortly subside altoge!r b5ea? ! waves4 ,"s ( ! small] isl&s1 inde$1 7 = a "t completely subm]g$4 ,be=e long1 h[ev]1 ! sea fell aga91 & z x did s ! obs]v]s f\nd x impossible to resi/ ! impression t ! isl&s 7 ris+ bodily out ( ! wat]4 ,= no less ?an ?ree days ?is /range oscillation ( ! sea cont9u$ to be exp]i5c$1 ! mo/ rem>kable ebbs & floods be+ notic$ at ,honolulu1 on ! isl& ( ,woahoo4 ,b ! sea-wave swept onw>d f> beyond ^! isl&s4 ,at ,yokohama1 9 ,japan1 m ?an t5 ?\s& five hundr$ miles f ,arica1 an enorm\s wave p\r$ 9 on ,augu/ #ad?1 b at :at h\r we h no satisfactory record4 ,s f> z di/ance is conc]n$1 ?is wave af=ds mo/ surpris+ evid5ce ( ! /up5d\s nature ( ! di/urbance to :i* ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean _h be5 subject$4 ,! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! e>? is b tw5ty-five ?\s& miles1 s t ?is wave _h travell$ ov] a di/ance consid]ably great] ?an two-fif?s ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce4 ,a di/ance :i* ! swifte/ ( our %ips c\ld n trav]se 9 less ?an six or sev5 weeks _h be5 swept ov] by ?is enorm\s undulation 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,m complete details rea* u f ! ,s\!rn ,pacific4 ,%ortly be=e midnight ! ,m>quesas ,isles & ! l[-ly+ ,tuamotu gr\p 7 visit$ by ! great wave1 & "s ( ^! isl&s 7 completely subm]g$ by x4 ,! lonely ,op>a ,isle1 :]e ! /eam]s :i* run betwe5 ,panama & ,new ,zeal& h _! coal+ /ation1 0 visit$ at ab\t half-pa/ elev5 9 ! ev5+ by a bill[ :i* swept away a portion ( ! coal depot4 ,aft]w>d great waves came roll+ 9 at int]vals ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & sev]al days elaps$ be=e ! sea resum$ its ord9>y ebb & fl[4 ,x 0 n until ab\t half-pa/ two on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ad? t ! ,samoa ,isles 7sometimes call$ ! ,navigator ,isl&s7 7 visit$ by ! great wave4 ,! wat*m5 />tl$ ! inhabitants f _! sleep by ! cry t ! sea 0 ab\t to ov]:elm !m2 & already1 :5 ! t]rifi$ p ru%$ f _! h\ses1 ! sea 0 f\nd to h ris5 f> above ! highe/ wat]-m>k4 ,b x pres5tly began to s9k aga91 & !n comm5c$ a s]ies ( oscillations1 :i* la/$ = sev]al days1 & 7 ( a v rem>kable nature4 ,once 9 e qu>t] ( an h\r ! sea rose & fell1 b x 0 notic$ t x rose twice z rapidly z x sank4 ,?is peculi>ity is well wor? rem>k+4 ,! em95t physici/ ,mallet speaks ?us 7we foll[ ,lyell's quotation7 ab\t ! waves :i* trav]se an op5 sea3 ,! great sea-wave1 advanc+ at ! rate ( sev]al miles 9 a m9ute1 consi/s1 9 ! deep ocean1 ( a long1 l[ swell ( enorm\s volume1 hav+ an equal slope be=e & beh9d1 & t s g5tle t x might pass "u a %ip )\t be+ notic$4 ,b :5 x rea*es ! edge ( s\nd+s1 its front slope becomes %ort & /eep1 :ile its re> slope is long & g5tle4 ,on ! %ores visit$ by su* a wave1 ! sea w\ld appe> to rise m rapidly ?an x sank4 ,we h se5 t ?is happ5$ on ! %ores ( ! ,samoa gr\p1 & !re=e ! way 9 :i* ! sea rose & fell on ! days foll[+ ! great e>?quake gave significant evid5ce ( ! nature ( ! sea-bottom 9 ! neighborhood ( ^! isl&s4 ,z ! *ange ( ! great wave's figure c\ld n h be5 quickly communicat$1 we may conclude ) c]ta9ty t ! ,samoan ,isl&s are ! summits ( l(ty m\nta9s1 ^: slop+ sides ext5d f> t[>d ! ea/4 ,?is conclusion af=ds int]e/+ evid5ce ( ! necessity ( obs]v+ ev5 ! seem+ly trifl+ details ( important ph5om5a4 ,! wave :i* visit$ ! ,new ,zeal& ,isles 0 altoge!r diff]5t 9 "*1 af=d+ a notewor?y illu/ration ( ano!r rem>k ( ,mallet's4 ,he says t :]e ! sea-bottom slopes 9 su* a way t !re is wat] ( "s dep? close in%ore1 ! great wave may roll 9 & d little damage2 & we h se5 t s x happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,samoan ,isl&s4 ,b he adds t1 :]e ! %ore is %elv+ !re w be fir/ a retreat ( ! wat]1 & !n ! wave w break ^u ! bea* & roll f> 9 ^u ! l&4 ,?is is precisely :at happ5$ :5 ! great wave rea*$ ! ea/]n %ores ( ,new ,zeal&1 :i* are kn[n to %elve d[n to v %all[ wat]1 cont9u+ f> away to sea t[>d ! ea/4 ,at ab\t half-pa/ ?ree on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ad? ! wat] began to retreat 9 a s+ul> mann] f ! port ( ,littleton1 on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,isl&s4 ,at l5g? ! :ole port 0 left entirely dry1 & s rema9$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,!n ! wat] 0 se5 return+ l a wall ( foam t5 or twelve feet 9 height1 :i* ru%$ ) a trem5d\s noise ^u ! port & t[n4 ,t[>d five o'clock ! wat] aga9 retir$1 v sl[ly z be=e1 n rea*+ its l[e/ ebb until six4 ,an h\r lat] a second huge wave inundat$ ! port4 ,f\r times ! sea retir$ & return$ ) great p[] at int]vals ( ab\t two h\rs4 ,aft]w>d ! oscillation ( ! wat] 0 less consid]able1 b x _h n :olly ceas$ until ,augu/ #ag?1 & only on ! #ah? did ! regul> ebb & fl[ ( ! tide recomm5ce4 ,ar\nd ! ,samoa gr\p ! wat] rose & fell once 9 e fifte5 m9utes1 :ile on ! %ores ( ,new ,zeal& ea* oscillation la/$ no less ?an two h\rs4 ,d\btless ! diff]5t dep?s ( wat]1 ! irregul> con=mation ( ! isl& gr\ps1 & o!r l circum/ances1 7 pr9cipally conc]n$ 9 produc+ ^! s+ul> v>iations4 ,yet !y d n seem fully suffici5t to acc\nt = s wide a range ( diff]5ce4 ,possibly a cause yet unnotic$ may h _h some?+ to d ) ! peculi>ity4 ,9 waves ( su* enorm\s ext5t x w\ld be q impossible to det]m9e :e!r ! c\rse ( ! wave motion 0 direct$ full ^u a l9e ( %ore or m or less obliquely4 ,x is cle> t 9 ! =m] case ! waves w\ld seem to foll[ ea* o!r m swiftly ?an 9 ! latt]1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 no diff]5ce 9 _! velocity4 ,f> on beyond ! %ores ( ,new ,zeal& ! great wave c\rs$1 rea*+ at l5g? ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,at dawn ( ,augu/ #ad? ,moreton ,bay 0 visit$ by five well-m>k$ waves4 ,at ,newca/le1 on ! ,hunt] ,riv]1 ! sea rose & fell sev]al times 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ! oscillatory motion comm5c+ at half-pa/ six 9 ! morn+4 ,b ! mo/ significant evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* ! sea-wave travell$ 9 ?is direction 0 af=d$ at ,port ,fairy1 ,belfa/1 ,s\? ,victoria4 ,"h ! oscillation ( ! wat] 0 di/9ctly p]ceiv$ at midday on ,augu/ #ad?2 & yet1 to rea* ?is po9t1 ! sea-wave mu/ n only h travell$ on a circuit\s c\rse ne>ly equal 9 l5g? to half ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?1 b mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ,bass's ,/raits1 betwe5 ,au/ralia & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 & s h lo/ a consid]able portion ( its =ce & dim5sions4 ,:5 we rememb] t _h n ! effects ( ! e>?-%ock on ! wat] be5 limit$ by ! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 a wave ( di/urbance equal 9 ext5t to t :i* travell$ we/w>d w\ld h swept t[>d ! ea/1 we see t ! =ce ( ! %ock 0 suffici5t to h di/urb$ ! wat]s ( an ocean cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! e>?4 ,= ! sea-waves :i* rea*$ ,yokohama 9 "o direction & ,port ,fairy 9 ano!r _h ea* trav]s$ a di/ance ne>ly equal to half ! e>?'s circumf]5ce2 s t if ! surface ( ! e>? 7 all sea1 waves sett+ out 9 opposite directions f ! c5tre ( di/urbance w\ld h met ea* o!r at ! antipodes ( _! />t+-po9t4 ,x is impossible to contemplate ! effects :i* foll[$ ! great e>?quake--! passage ( a sea-wave ( enorm\s volume ov] fully "o ?ird ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! =ce ) :i*1 on ! f>!rmo/ limits ( its range1 ! wave roll$ 9 ^u %ores m ?an t5 ?\s& miles f its />t+-place--)\t feel+ t ^? geologi/s are "r :o d5y t ! subt]ranean =ces ( ! e>? are dim9i%+ 9 int5sity4 ,x may be difficult1 p]haps1 to look on ! effects :i* are ascrib$ to anci5t e>?-?roes )\t imag9+ = a :ile t ! p[] ( mod]n e>?quakes is altoge!r less4 ,b :5 we consid] fairly ! %>e :i* "t _h 9 ^? anci5t processes ( *ange1 :5 we see t :ile m\nta9 ranges 7 be+ upheav$ or valleys depress$ to _! pres5t position1 race aft] race1 & type aft] type appe>$ on ! e>?1 & liv$ out ! long lives :i* belong to races & to types1 we are recall$ to ! remembrance ( ! great "w :i* ! e>?'s subt]ranean =ces are /ill engag$ ^u4 ,ev5 n[ cont95ts are be+ sl[ly depress$ or upheav$2 ev5 n[ m\nta9 ranges are be+ rais$ to a new level1 tablel&s are 9 process ( =mation1 & great valleys are be+ gradually scoop$ out4 ,x may ne$ an occasional outbur/1 su* z ! e>?quake ( ,augu/1 #ahfh1 to rem9d u t great =ces are at "w b5ea? ! e>?'s surface4 ,b1 9 reality1 ! signs ( *ange h long be5 not$4 ,old %ore-l9es %ift _! place1 old s\nd+s v>y2 ! sea advances 9 "o place & retires 9 ano!r2 on e side ,nature's pla/ic h& is at "w modell+ & remodell+ ! e>?1 9 ord] t x may always be a fit abode = ^? :o are to dwell ^u x4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,phosphoresc5t ,,sea 7,,f ,,/udies ,,( ,,animat$ ,,nature47 ,,by ,w4,s4 ,,dallas4 ,illu/ration ,x is n m]ely on l& t ?is ph5om5on ( phosphoresc5ce is to be se5 9 liv+ =ms4 ,among m>9e animals1 inde$1 x is a ph5om5on mu* m g5]al1 mu* m spl5did1 &1 we may add1 mu* m famili> to ^? :o live on our coa/s4 ,!re mu/ be _m 9 ! ,briti% ,isles :o h nev] _h ! opportunity ( see+ ! light ( ! gl[-worm1 b !re c be few ( ^? :o h frequ5t$ 9 summ] any "p ( our coa/s1 :o h nev] se5 t beautiful gre5i% light :i* is !n s (t5 visible1 especially on our s\!rn %ores1 :5 ! wat] is di/urb$ by ! blade ( an o> or ! pr[ ( a boat or %ip4 ,9 "s cases1 ev5 on our own %ores1 ! ph5om5on is mu* m brilliant1 e rippl+ wave be+ cre/$ ) a l9e ( ! same peculi> light1 & 9 w>m] seas exhibitions ( ?is k9d are mu* m common4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ?is light is due to a m9ute liv+ =m1 to :i* we w aft]w>d return4 ,b be=e go+ on to speak 9 "s detail ( ! organisms to :i* ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea is due1 x w be z well to m5tion t ! k9d ( phosphoresc5ce j spok5 ( is only "o mode 9 :i* ! ph5om5on is exhibit$ on ! ocean4 ,?\gh sometimes ! light is %[n 9 cont9u\s l9es :5ev] ! surface is di/urb$1 at o!r times1 &1 accord+ to ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 m commonly1 ! light appe>s only 9 m9ute sp>ks1 :i*1 h[ev] num]\s1 nev] coalesce4 ,9 ! little *annel kn[n z ! ,sund de ,*ausez1 he writes1 ,i h se5 on a d>k night ea* /roke ( ! o> k9dle1 z x 71 myriads ( />s1 & ! wake ( ! craft appe>$ 9 a mann] bespr9kl$ ) diamonds4 ,:5 su* is ! case ! phosphoresc5ce is due to v>i\s m9ute animals1 especially cru/aceans2 t is1 creatures :i*1 microscopically small z !y are1 are yet con/ruct$ m or less on ! type ( ! lob/] or cray-fi%4 ,at o!r times1 aga91 ! phosphoresc5ce is /ill m p>tial4 ,great domes ( pale gold ) long /ream]s1 to use ! eloqu5t words ( ,pr(essor ,m>t9 ,duncan1 move sl[ly along 9 endless succession2 small silv]y disks swim1 n[ enl>g+ & n[ contract+1 & "h & !re a gre5 or blui% gleam m>ks ! c\rse ( a t9y1 b rapidly ris+ & s9k+ globe4 ,h\r aft] h\r ! procession passes by1 & ! fi%]m5 haul+ 9 _! nets f ! mid/ drag out liquid light1 & ! s(t sea jellies1 cru%$ & torn piecemeal1 %9e 9 e cl++ p>ticle4 ,! night gr[s d>k1 ! w9d rises & is cold1 & ! tide *anges2 s does ! lum9osity ( ! sea4 ,! pale spectres bel[ ! surface s9k deep]1 & are lo/ to sight1 b ! increas+ waves are t+$ "h & !re ) gre5 & :ite1 & (t5 along a l9e1 :]e ! fre% wat] is mix+ ) ! salt 9 an e/u>y1 !re is a brightness s int5se t boats & %ores are visible4444 ,b if su* sights are to be se5 on ! surface1 :at mu/ n be ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! dep?s6 ,e sea-p5 is glori\s 9 its light1 9 fact1 ne>ly e eight-arm$ ,alcyon>ian is ?us respl5d5t1 & ! social ,pyrosoma1 bulky & a free swimm]1 gl[s l a b> ( hot metal ) a :ite & gre5 radiance4 ,su* acc\nts are en\gh to indicate h[ v>i$ & h[ g5]al a ph5om5on is ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea4 ,to take notice ( "o ti! ( ! po9ts ( int]e/ summ$ up 9 ! p>agraph j quot$ w\ld occupy _m pages1 & we mu/ !re=e conf9e ! att5tion to a few ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts relat+ to m>9e phosphoresc5ce4 ,we w return to t =m ( m>9e lum9osity to :i* we fir/ ref]r$3 :at is kn[n z ! g5]al or diffus$ phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea4 ,f ?is mode ( describ+ x ! read] mu/ n inf] t ! surface ( ! ocean is ev] to be se5 all agl[ 9 "o %eet ( cont9u\s light4 ,s f>1 at lea/1 z 0 ev] obs]v$ by ,m4 de ,quatrefages1 :o /udi$ ?is ph5om5on c>efully & dur+ long p]iods on ! coa/s ( ,brittany & else:]e1 no light 0 visible :5 ! surface ( ! sea 0 p]fectly /ill4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! sea exhibits 9 a high degree ! ph5om5on ( diffus$ phosphoresc5ce no di/urbance c be too slight to cause ! wat] to %9e ) t peculi> *>act]i/ic gleam4 ,drop b a gra9 ( s& ^u its surface1 & y w see a po9t ( light m>k+ ! spot :]e x falls1 & f t po9t z a c5tre a numb] ( increas+ wavelets1 ea* cle>ly def9$ by a l9e ( light1 w spread out 9 circles all ar\nd4 ,! cause ( ?is diffus$ phosphoresc5ce 0 long ! subject ( curiosity1 & 0 long unkn[n1 b m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago 79 #agfd7 ! light 0 /at$ by ,m4 ,kigaut to proce$ f a m9ute & v l[ly organism1 n[ kn[n z ,noctiluca mili>is2 & subsequ5t rese>*es h confirm$ ?is op9ion4 ,?is ,noctiluca is a sph]ical =m ( n m ?an "o-fiftie? ( an in* 9 size1 ) a slight depression or ind5tation at "o po9t1 m>k+ ! position ( a m\? lead+ to a %ort dige/ive cavity1 & hav+ close beside x a filam5t1 by means ( :i* x probably moves ab\t4 ,! sph]e is fill$ ) protoplasm1 9 :i* !re is a nucleus & "o or m gaps1 or vacuoles4 ,su* is ne>ly all ! /ructure t c be disc]n$ ) ! aid ( ! microscope 9 ?is simple organism4 ,nev]!less1 ?is l[ly =m is ! *ief cause ( t diffus$ phosphoresc5ce :i* is sometimes se5 ov] a wide ext5t ( ! ocean4 ,h[ innum]able ! individuals belong+ to ?is species mu/ !re=e be1 may be left to ! imag9ation4 ,probably ! ,noctiluca is n rivall$ 9 ?is respect ev5 by miscroscopic unicellul> alg :i* compose ! r$ sn[4 ,by filt]+ sea-wat] conta9+ ,noctiluc its light c be conc5trat$1 & x has be5 f\nd t a few teaspoonfuls w !n yield light en\gh to enable "o to read hold+ a book at ! ord9>y di/ance f ! eyes--ab\t t5 in*es4 ,a s+ul> & highly rem>kable case ( diffus$ m>9e phosphoresc5ce 0 obs]v$ by ,nord5skild dur+ 8 voyage to ,gre5l& 9 #ahhc4 ,"o d>k night1 :5 ! wea!r 0 calm & ! sea smoo?1 8 vessel 0 /eam+ across a n>r[ inlet call$ ! ,igaliko ,fjord1 :5 ! sea 0 sudd5ly obs]v$ to be illum9$ 9 ! re> ( ! vessel by a broad b %>ply-def9$ b& ( light1 :i* _h a uni=m1 some:at gold5 %e51 q unlike ! ord9>y blui%-gre5 phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea4 ,! latt] k9d ( light 0 di/9ctly visible at ! same "t 9 ! wake ( ! vessel4 ,?\gh ! /eam] 0 go+ at ! rate ( f five to six miles an h\r1 ! rem>kable %eet ( light got ne>] & ne>]4 ,:5 q close1 x appe>$ z if ! vessel 7 sail+ 9 a sea ( fire or molt5 metal4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an h\r ! light pass$ on ahead1 & ultimately x disappe>$ 9 ! remote horizon4 ,! nature ( ?is ph5om5on ,nord5skild is unable to expla92 & un=tunately he _h n ! opportunity ( exam9+ x ) ! spectroscope4 ,if we come n[ to consid] ! m p>tial phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 we f9d t x is due to animals belong+ to almo/ e gr\p ( m>9e =ms--to ,e*9od]ms1 or creatures ( ! sea-ur*9 & />-fi% type1 to ,annelid worm1 to ,m$usid1 or jelly-fi%1 z !y are popul>ly call$1 includ+ ! great domes & ! silv]y disks ( ! passage above quot$ f ,pr(essor ,m>t9 ,duncan1 to ,tunicates1 among :i* is ! ,pyrosoma1 to ,mollusks1 ,cru/aceans1 & 9 v _m cases to ,act9ozoa1 or =ms belong+ to ! type ( ! sea anemone & ! coral polyp4 ,( ^! we w s+le out only a few = m special notice4 ,_m ( ! ,m$usid1 or jelly-fi%1 possess ! "* ( :i* we are speak+4 ,9 "s cases ! phosphoresc5ce is spontane\s among !m1 b 9 o!rs x is n s2 ! creature requires to be irritat$ or /imulat$ 9 "s way be=e x w emit ! light4 ,x is spontane\s1 = example1 9 ! ,pelagia phosphorea1 b n 9 ! alli$ ,pelagia noctiluca1 a v common =m 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 bo? ( ! jelly-fi%es j m5tion$ ! phosphoresc5ce1 :5 display$ at all1 is on ! surface ( ! swimm+ disk1 & ?is is mo/ commonly ! case ) ! :ole gr\p4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! phosphoresc5ce is specially localiz$4 ,9 "s =ms1 z 9 ,?aumantius pilosella & o!r memb]s ( ! same g5us1 x is se5 9 buds at ! base ( t5tacles giv5 (f f ! m>g9 ( ! swimm+-bell4 ,9 o!r cases x is situat$ 9 c]ta9 int]nal organs1 z 9 ! canals :i* radiate f ! c5tre to ! m>g9 ( ! bell1 or 9 ! ov>ies4 ,x is f ?is latt] seat t ! phosphoresc5ce proce$s 9 ,oceania pilata1 ! =m :i* gives out su* a light t ,ehr5b]g comp>$ x to a lamp-globe light$ by a flame4 ,! prop]ty ( emitt+ a phosphoresc5t light1 sometimes spontane\sly & sometimes on be+ /imulat$1 is likewise exemplifi$ 9 ! ,ct5ophora1 a gr\p resembl+ ! ,m$usid 9 ! jelly-l "* ( _! bodies1 b m closely alli$ 9 /ructure to ! ,act9ozoa4 ,b we w pass ov] ^! cases 9 ord] to dwell m p>ticul>ly on ! rem>kable tunicate kn[n z ,pyrosoma1 a "n indicative ( its phosphoresc5t prop]ty1 be+ d]iv$ f two ,greek words signify+ fire-body4 ,z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ,pyrosoma is n a s+le creature1 b is compos$ ( a :ole colony ( individuals1 ea* ( :i* is repres5t$ by "o ( ! projections on ! surface ( ! tube1 clos$ at "o end1 :i* !y all comb9e to =m4 ,! free end on ! ext]ior conta9s ! m\?1 :ile !re is ano!r op5+ 9 ea* individual t[>d ! int]ior ( ! tube4 ,su* colonies1 :i* swim ab\t by ! alt]nate contraction & dilatation ( ! individuals compos+ !m1 are pretty common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e !y may atta9 ! l5g? ( p]haps f\rte5 in*es1 ) a bread? ( ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,9 ! ocean !y may rea* a mu* great] size4 ,mr4 ,moseley1 9 8 ,notes ( a ,naturali/ on ! ,*all5g]1 m5tions a giant specim5 :i* he once caught 9 ! deep-sea trawl1 a specim5 f\r feet 9 l5g? & t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ) walls ( jelly ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,pyrosoma4 ,b4 ,,poniton4 7,magnifi$47 ,! same naturali/ /ates t ! light emitt$ by ?is comp\nd =m is ! mo/ beautiful ( all k9ds ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,:5 /imulat$ by a t\*1 or %ake1 or swirl ( ! wat]1 x gives out a globe ( blui% light1 :i* la/s = sev]al seconds1 z ! animal drifts pa/ sev]al feet b5ea? ! surface1 & !n sudd5ly goes out4 ,he adds t on ! giant specim5 j ref]r$ to be wrote 8 "n ) 8 f+] z x lay on ! deck 9 a tub at night1 & 9 a few seconds he _h ! gratification ( see+ 8 "n come out 9 lett]s ( fire4 ,among mollusks1 ! be/ kn[n in/ance ( phosphoresc5ce is 9 ! rock-bor+ ,pholas1 ! lum9osity ( :i* aft] dea? is m5tion$ by ,pl9y4 ,b x is n m]ely aft] dea? t ,pholas becomes lum9\s--a ph5om5on p]fectly famili> ev5 9 ! case ( _m fi%1 especially ! h]r+ & mack]el4 ,x 0 long be=e ! lum9osity ( ! liv+ animal 0 kn[n1 b ?is is n[ a well-asc]ta9$ fact2 & ,panc]i1 an ,italian naturali/1 rec5tly dead1 has be5 able to discov] 9 ?is1 z 9 sev]al o!r m>9e phosphoresc5t =ms1 ! precise seat ( ! light-giv+ bodies1 :i* he has dissect$ out aga9 & aga9 = ! sake ( mak+ exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ?is subject4 ,a m beautiful example ( a phosphoresc5t mollusk is pres5t$ by a sea-slug call$ ,phyllirho bucephala4 ,?is is a creature ( f "o & a half to two in*es 9 l5g?1 )\t a %ell 9 ! adult /age1 & )\t ev5 gills4 ,x brea!s only by ! g5]al surface ( ! body4 ,x is common en\gh 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 b is n easy to see1 z x is almo/ p]fectly transp>5t1 s t x _c be di/+ui%$ )\t difficulty1 by day at lea/1 f ! m$ium 9 :i* x swims4 ,by night1 h[ev]1 x is m easily disc]n$1 9 consequ5ce ( its prop]ty ( emitt+ light4 ,:5 di/urb$ or /imulat$ 9 any way1 x exhibits a numb] ( lum9\s spots ( diff]5t sizes irregul>ly di/ribut$ all ov] x1 b mo/ ?ickly aggregat$ on ! upp] & "u p>ts4 ,^! phosphoresc5t spots1 x is f\nd1 are n on ! surface1 b = ! mo/ "p repres5t s _m l>ge cells :i* =m ! t]m9ations ( n]ves1 & are situat$ und]nea? ! transp>5t cuticle4 ,! spots %9e ) exceptional brilliancy :5 ! animal is )drawn f ! wat] & /imulat$ by a drop ( ammonia4 ,among ! ,annelid worms a species ( ,n]eis1 or sea-c5tip$es1 has e>n$ by its phosphoresc5t prop]ty ! specific "n ( noctiluca 7night-%9+71 & ! same prop]ty is v beautifully %[n 9 ,polyno1 a ne> ally ( ! famili> sea-m\se4 ,m4 de ,quatrefages speaks ) en?usiasm ( ! beauty ( ! spectacle pres5t$ by ?is latt] =m :5 exam9$ "u a microscope magnify+ to ! ext5t ( a hundr$ diamet]s4 ,he !n f\nd1 z he did 9 ! great majority ( cases :i* he /udi$1 t ! phosphoresc5ce 0 conf9$ to ! motor muscles1 & 0 manife/$ solely :5 ^! 7 9 ! act ( contract+1 manife/$1 too1 n 9 cont9u\s l9es along ! c\rse ( ! muscles1 b 9 r[s ( brilliant po9ts4 ,m int]e/+ ?an ! ,annelids1 h[ev]1 are ! ,alcyon>ian ,act9ozoa4 ,! ,act9ozoa h already be5 describ$ z =m$ on ! type ( ! sea-anemone & ! coral polyp1 t is1 !y are all animals ) a radiate /ructure1 atta*$ to "o end1 & hav+ _! only op5+ at ! o!r end1 :i* is surr\nd$ by t5tacles4 ,9 ! ,alcyon>ian =ms belong+ to ?is great gr\p ^! t5tacles are always eight 9 numb]1 & fr+$ on bo? sides4 ,moreov]1 ^! =ms are almo/ )\t exception comp\nd4 ,l ! ,pyrosoma1 !y h a common life belong+ to a :ole /ock or colony1 z well z an individual life4 ,n[1 ?r\gh\t ?is sub-division ( ! ,act9ozoa phosphoresc5ce is a v g5]al ph5om5on4 ,pr(essor ,moseley1 already quot$ z a naturali/ accompany+ ! ,*all5g] exp$ition1 in=ms u t all ! ,alcyon>ians dr$g$ by ! ,*all5g] 9 deep wat] 7 f\nd to be brilliantly phosphoresc5t :5 br\ght to ! surface4 ,among ^! ,alcyon>ians are ! sea-p5s m5tion$ 9 ! quotation above made f ,pr(essor ,m>t9 ,duncan4 ,ea* sea-p5 is a colony ( ,alcyon>ians1 & ! "n is due to ! s+ul> arrangem5t ( ! individuals ^u ! common /em4 ,?is /em is support$ int]nally by a coral rod1 b its out] "p is compos$ ( fle%y matt] belong+ to ! :ole colony4 ,! l[] portion ( x is fix$ 9 ! muddy bottom ( ! sea1 b ! upp] portion is free1 & gives (f a numb] ( bran*es1 on :i* ! individual polyps are seat$4 ,! :ole colony ?us has ! appe>ance ( a highly ornam5tal p54 ,!re is "o ,briti% species1 ,p5natula phosphorea1 :i* is f\nd 9 tol]ably deep wat]1 & is f two to f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! specific "n aga9 indicates ! phosphoresc5t quality belong+ to x4 ,:5 irritat$1 x %9es brilliantly1 & ! curi\s ?+ is t ! phosphoresc5ce travels gradually on f polyp to polyp1 />t+ f ! po9t at :i* ! irritation is appli$4 ,if ! l[] "p ( ! /em is irritat$1 ! phosphoresc5ce passes gradually upw>ds along ea* pair ( bran*es 9 succession2 b if ! top is irritat$ ! phosphoresc5ce w pass 9 ! same way d[nw>ds4 ,:5 bo? top & bottom are irritat$ simultane\sly two lum9\s curr5ts />t at once1 &1 meet+ 9 ! middle1 usually become ext+ui%$ !re2 b on "o occasion ,panc]i f\nd t ! two cross$1 & ea* complet$ its c\rse indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,^? ( our read]s :o h _h opportunities ( mak+ or see+ exp]im5ts ) ! s5sitive plant 7,mimosa pudica7 w be rem9d$ ( ! way 9 :i*1 :5 t plant is irritat$1 ! influ5ce travels regul>ly on f p9nules to p9nules & p9nae to p9nae4 ,9 all ! cases m5tion$ ! ph5om5on ( phosphoresc5ce is exhibit$ by inv]tebrate animals2 b ?\gh r>e1 x is n an unkn[n ph5om5on ev5 9 liv+ v]tebrates4 ,9 a g5us ( deep-sea fi%es call$ ,/omias1 ,gun!r m5tions t a s]ies ( phosphoresc5t dots run along ! l[] side ( ! head1 body1 & tail4 ,sev]al o!r deep-sea fi%es1 locally phosphoresc5t1 seem to h be5 dr$g$ up by ! ,fr5* %ip ,talisman 9 its explor+ cruise (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,nor!rn ,africa 9 #ahhc4 ,dur+ ! same exp$ition1 a numb] ( deep-sea phosphoresc5t cru/aceans 7 dr$g$ up1 ! phosphoresc5ce be+ 9 "s cases diffus$ ov] ! :ole body1 9 o!r cases localiz$ to p>ticul> areas4 ,9 deep-sea =ms ! ph5om5on is1 9 fact1 s common1 z to h giv5 rise to ! !ory t 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 :]e ! light ( ! sun _c p5etrate1 ! phosphoresc5ce ( v>i\s organisms diffuse a light :i* limits ! doma9 ( absolute d>kness4 ,s mu* by way ( illu/ration reg>d+ ! phosphoresc5ce exhibit$ by animals1 t]re/rial & m>9e2 b x ought to be notic$ t !re are also a few cases 9 :i* ! same ph5om5on is to be witness$ 9 plants4 ,^! are n s num]\s z 0 at "o "t suppos$1 ! prop]ty hav+ be5 mi/ak5ly ascrib$ to "s plants n really lum9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,phosphoresc5t ,,sea4 ,9 "s in/ances ! mi/ake appe>s to h be5 due to a subjective effect produc$ by brilliantly color$ 7r$ or orange7 fl[]s1 su* z ! great ,indian cress1 ! orange lily1 ! sunfl[]1 & ! m>igold4 ,! fact t su* fl[]s d give out 9 ! dusk sudd5 fla%es ( light has (t5 be5 /at$ on ! au?ority ( a daught] ( ,l9nu1 subsequ5tly back$ by ! ass]tions ( v>i\s o!r obs]v]s4 ,b mo/ c>eful obs]v]s seem to be agre$ t ! suppos$ fla%es ( light are 9 reality no?+ else ?an a c]ta9 dazzl+ ( ! eyes4 ,9 ano!r case1 9 :i* a moss1 ,s*i/o/ega osmundacea1 has be5 /at$ to be phosphoresc5t1 ! effect is said to be really due to ! refraction & reflection ( light by m9ute cry/als scatt]$ ov] its highly cellul> leaves1 & n to be produc$ at all :]e ! d>kness is complete4 ,among plants1 g5u9e phosphoresc5ce is to be f\nd *iefly 9 c]ta9 fungi1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* is ,rhizomorpha subt]ranea1 :i* is sometimes to be se5 ramify+ ov] ! walls ( d>k1 damp m9es1 cav]ns1 or decay$ t[]s1 & emitt+ at num]\s po9ts a mild phosphoresc5t light1 :i* is sometimes bright en\gh to all[ ( surr\nd+ objects be+ di/+ui%$ by x4 ,! "n ( vegetable gl[-worm has sometimes be5 appli$ to ?is curi\s gr[?4 ,among o!r phosphoresc5t fungi are sev]al species ( ,ag>icus1 includ+ ! ,a4 ole>ius ( ,europe1 ,a4 ,g>dn]i ( ,brazil1 & ,a4 lampas ( ,au/ralia1 & besides ! memb]s ( ?is g5us1 ,!laphora crulea1 :i* is ! cause ( ! phosphoresc5t light sometimes to be se5 on decay+ wood--! t\*wood :i* _m boys h kept 9 ! hope ( see+ ?is light display$4 ,! milky juice ( a ,s\? ,am]ican ,euphorbia 7,e4 phosphorea7 is /at$ by ,m>t9s to be phosphoresc5t :5 g5tly heat$4 ,b phosphoresc5ce is evid5tly n s int]e/+ & important a ph5om5on 9 ! vegetable z x is 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! :ole ph5om5on is "o t gives rise to a good _m que/ions :i* x is n easy to answ]1 & ?is is especially true 9 ! case ( animal phosphoresc5ce4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! light8 ,:at are ! conditions "u :i* x is manife/$8 ,:at purpose does x s]ve 9 ! animal economy8 ,z to ! nature ( ! light1 ! pr9cipal "q is :e!r x is a direct consequ5ce ( ! vital activity ( ! organism 9 :i* x is se51 ( su* a nature t no fur!r explanation c be giv5 ( x1 any m ?an we c expla9 :y a muscle is contract$ "u ! influ5ce ( a n]ve-/imulus2 or :e!r x is due to "s *emical process m or less analog\s to ! burn+ ( a c&le4 ,! fact ( lum9osity appe>+ to be 9 c]ta9 cases directly "u ! control ( ! creature 9 :i* x is f\nd1 & ! fact ( its be+ manife/$ 9 _m =ms1 z ,m4 de ,quatrefages f\nd1 only :5 muscul> contraction 0 tak+ place1 w\ld seem to favor ! =m] view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is aga9/ ?is view t ! phosphoresc5ce is (t5 f\nd to p]si/ aft] ! animal is dead1 & ev5 9 ! phosphoresc5t organs = a consid]able "t aft] !y h be5 extract$ f ! body ( ! animal4 ,9 ! gl[-worm ! light goes on %9+ = "s "t aft] ! dea? ( ! insect1 & ev5 :5 x has become completely ext+ui%$ x c be re/or$ = a "t by ! application ( a little moi/ure4 ,fur!r1 bo? ,matteucci & ,phipson f\nd t :5 ! lum9\s sub/ance 0 extract$ f ! insect x w\ld keep on gl[+ = ?irty or =ty m9utes4 ,9 ,pholas ! light is /ill m p]si/5t1 & x is f\nd t :5 ! dead body ( ?is mollusk is plac$ 9 honey1 x w reta9 = m ?an a ye> ! p[] ( emitt+ light :5 plung$ 9 w>m wat]4 ,! inve/igations ( rec5t ye>s h r5d]$ x m & m probable t ! light exhibit$ by phosphoresc5t organisms is due to a *emical process some:at analog\s to t :i* goes on 9 ! burn+ ( a c&le4 ,?is latt] process is "o ( rapid oxidation4 ,! p>ticles ( c>bon suppli$ by ! oily matt] t fe$s ! c&le become s rapidly comb9$ ) oxyg5 d]iv$ f ! air t a consid]able am\nt ( light1 along ) heat1 is produc$ !reby4 ,n[1 ! ph5om5on ( phosphoresc5ce 9 organic =ms1 :e!r liv+ or dead1 appe>s also to be due to a process ( oxidation1 b "o t goes on mu* m sl[ly ?an 9 ! case ( a light$ c&le4 ,x is ?us m closely analog\s to :at is obs]v$ 9 ! elem5t phosphorus itself1 :i* owes its "n 7mean+ light-be>]7 to ! fact t :5 expos$ to ! air at ord9>y temp]atures x gl[s 9 ! d>k1 9 consequ5ce ( its becom+ sl[ly comb9$ ) oxyg54 ,at "o "t x 0 believ$ t ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 0 n necess>y to ! exhibition ( phosphoresc5ce 9 organic =ms1 b x has n[ be5 plac$ beyond d\bt t ?is is a mi/ake4 ,oxyg5 has be5 prov$ to be indisp5sable1 & h5ce we see a reason = ! lum9\s organs 9 ! gl[-worm be+ s intimately connect$1 z above m5tion$1 ) ! air-tubes t ramify ?r\gh ! insect4 ,?is fact ( itself might be tak5 z a /rong indication ( ! *emical nature ( ! process to :i* phosphoresc5ce is due4 ,b ! problem has be5 made ! subject ( fur!r inve/igations :i* h ?r[n m light ^u x4 ,x 0 long kn[n t !re 7 v>i\s inorganic bodies besides phosphorus :i* emitt$ a phosphoresc5t light 9 ! d>k1 at lea/ aft] be+ expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun2 b x 0 n till q rec5tly t any organic comp\nd 0 kn[n to phosphoresce at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,?is discov]y 0 made by a ,poli% *emi/1 nam$ ,bronislaus ,radziszewski1 :o foll[$ x up ) a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! phosphoresc5ce ( organic comp\nds1 by :i* he 0 able to det]m9e ! conditions "u :i* t ph5om5on 0 exhibit$4 ,9 all ! sub/ances inve/igat$ by him 9 :i* phosphoresc5ce 0 introduc$ he f\nd t ?ree conditions 7 ess5tial to its production3 7#a7 t oxyg5 %\ld be pres5t2 7#b7 t !re %\ld be an alkal9e reaction 9 ! phosphoresc+ mixture--t is1 a reaction su* z is produc$ on acids & vegetable color+ matt]s by pota%1 soda1 & ! o!r alkalies2 & 7#c7 t "s k9d ( *emical action %\ld take place4 ,he f\nd1 moreov]1 t among ! organic comp\nds t c\ld be made to phosphoresce "u ^! conditions 7 ne>ly all ! fix$ & e!real oils4 ,) ref]5ce to ! phosphoresc5ce ( animals1 ?is obs]vation is important1 = x has be5 %[n 9 a great _m cases t a fatty sub/ance =ms ! ma9 con/itu5t 9 _! lum9\s organs4 ,?is has long be5 kn[n to be ! case 9 ! lum9\s insects belong+ to ! ,lampyrid & ,elat]id1 z well z 9 ! lum9\s c5tip$es2 & ! rese>*es ( ,panc]i1 already ref]r$ to1 on ! lum9\s organs ( _m m>9e =ms h %[n t x holds good ) reg>d to ^! also4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t sub/ances fitt$ to phosphoresce "u ! conditions det]m9$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,radziszewski are g5]ally1 & probably univ]sally1 pres5t 9 ! lum9\s organs ( phosphoresc5t animals4 ,n[1 :at is to be said z to ! occurr5ce ( ^! conditions8 ,! access ( oxyg5 is 9 all cases easy to acc\nt =1 b x mu/ also be %[n h[ ! alkal9e reaction is to be produc$4 ,we ne$ n expect to f9d 9 animal organisms pota%1 soda1 ammonia1 & ! o!r common alkalies2 b x 0 e/abli%$ by exp]im5t t ! alkal9e organic comp\nds *ol9 & neur91 :i* are pres5t 9 animal tissues1 w\ld also s]ve to br+ ab\t ! ph5om5on ( phosphoresc5ce 9 ! sub/ances on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,accord+ly1 x seems fair to conclude t :5 all ^! conditions = ! production ( phosphoresc5ce 9 a *emical laboratory are pres5t 9 animal organisms1 ! ph5om5on1 :5 obs]v$ 9 ^!1 is exactly ( ! same nature z t :i* is produc$ artificially4 ,by t x is meant t animal phosphoresc5ce is att5d$1 l ! artificial ph5om5on1 by a sl[ *emical action1 or 9 o!r words1 t ! phosphoresc5t light is due to a gradual process ( oxidation4 ,"o curi\s circum/ance has be5 discov]$ :i* l5ds /ill fur!r probability to ?is explanation4 ,x 0 m5tion$ above t among phosphoresc5t plants !re are sev]al species ( ,ag>icus4 ,n[1 f "o species ( ?is g5us1 ?\gh n inde$ "o ( ! phosphoresc5t species 7f ,a4 musc>ius7 !re has be5 extract$ a pr9ciple call$ amanitia1 :i* is f\nd to be id5tical ) *ol94 ,9 ! light ( ! results d]iv$ f ! inve/igations j ref]r$ to x is reasonable to draw ! conclusion t1 if s\ght =1 ?is pr9ciple w\ld likewise be f\nd 9 ! phosphoresc5t species 9 :i* ! o!r conditions ( phosphoresc5ce are also pres5t4 ,on ?is !ory ( ! production ( ! ph5om5on n[ "u consid]ation1 ! effect ( %ak+ or ( vital action 9 giv+ rise to or int5sify+ ! exhibition ( ! light is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t by ^! means fre% supplies ( oxyg5 are br\ght into contact ) ! phosphoresc5t sub/ance4 ,! effect ( ammonia on ! light emitt$ by ! sea-slug ,phyllirho bucephala1 is also fully expla9$1 ammonia be+ "o ( ^? alkal9e sub/ances :i* are s directly favorable to ! exhibition ( ! ph5om5on4 ,nor is x difficult to acc\nt = ! control :i* 9 "s cases insects appe> to h ov] ! lum9osity ( ! phosphoresc5t organs1 exhibit+ & )draw+ ! light at w4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ?is is an imm$iate effect1 a conv]sion ( n]ve =ce into light1 & a )drawal ( t =ce4 ,! action ( ! creature's w may be m]ely 9 ma9ta9+ or de/roy+ ! conditions "u :i* ! light is manife/$4 ,x may1 = example1 h ! p[] ( )draw+ ! supply ( oxyg51 & ?is supposition receives "s c\nt5ance f ! obs]vation cit$ f ,kirby & ,sp5ce on ! two captur$ gl[-worms1 "o ( :i* )drew its light1 :ile ! o!r kept x %9+1 b :ile do+ s _h ! po/]ior extremity ( ! abdom5 9 con/ant motion4 ,b ! animal may also h ! p[] 9 ano!r way ( affect+ ! *emical conditions ( ! ph5om5on4 ,x may1 = example1 h ! p[] ( increas+ or dim9i%+ by "s n]v\s influ5ce ! supply ( ! necess>y alkal9e +r$i5t4 ,b if animal phosphoresc5ce is really due to a process ( sl[ oxidation1 !re is "o s+ul> circum/ance to be not$ 9 connection ) x4 ,oxidation is a process t is normally accompani$ by ! developm5t ( heat4 ,ev5 :]e no light is produc$ an increase ( temp]ature regul>ly takes place :5 sub/ances are oxidiz$4 ,we ought1 !n1 to expect su* a rise ( temp]ature :5 light is emitt$ by ! phosphoresc5t organs ( animals4 ,b ! mo/ c>eful obs]vations h %[n t no?+ ( ! k9d c be detect$4 ,x 0 ) a view to te/ ?is t ,panc]i dissect$ out ! lum9\s organs ( s _m specim5s ( ,pholas4 ,he select$ ?is mollusk because x 0 s abundant 9 ! neighborhood ( ,naples1 :]e1 8 exp]im5ts 7 made2 & 9 mak+ 8 exp]im5ts he made use ( a !rmopile1 an app>atus by :i*1 ) ! aid ( electricity1 mu* small] quantities ( heat c be indicat$ ?an by means ( ! mo/ delicate !rmomet]4 ,! organs rema9$ lum9\s long aft] !y 7 extract$1 b no rise 9 temp]ature :atev] c\ld be f\nd to accompany ! lum9osity4 ,_m exp]im5ts ^u diff]5t animals 7 made ) simil> negative results by means ( ! !rmomet]4 ,! only explanation ( ?is t c be giv5 is probably to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! *emical process asc]ta9$ to g on 9 ! phosphoresc5ce ( organic comp\nds on :i* exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! laboratory is an extremely sl[ "o4 ,! s-call$ phosphoresc5ce ( mo/ inorganic bodies is "o ( a totally diff]5t nature f t exhibit$ 9 organic =ms4 ,! diamond %9es = a "t 9 ! d>k aft] x has be5 expos$ to ! sun2 s d pieces ( qu>tz :5 rubb$ toge!r1 & p[d]$ fluor-sp> :5 heat$ %9es ) consid]able brilliancy4 ,v>i\s artificial comp\nds1 su* z sulphide ( calcium 7,canton's phosphorus1 z x is call$ f ! discov]]71 sulphate ( b>ium 7,bologna /one1 or ,bologna phosphorus71 sulphide ( /rontium1 etc41 aft] be+ illum9at$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 give out 9 ! d>k a beautiful phosphoresc5ce1 gre51 blue1 violet1 orange1 r$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! lum9\s pa9t :i* has rec5tly attract$ s mu* att5tion is ( ! same nature4 ,9 ^! cases :at we h is ei!r a conv]sion ( heat rays into light rays 7z 9 ! p[d]$ fluor-sp>71 or ! absorption & giv+ out aga9 ( sun-rays4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ph5om5on is ess5tially ! same z fluoresc5ce1 9 :i* ! d>k rays ( ! sol> spectrum beyond ! violet are made visible4 ,b we mu/ n[ return to ! o!r que/ions t h be5 />t$ 9 relation to phosphoresc5ce 9 animals4 ,!re has be5 mu* speculation z to ! object ( ?is light1 & to ! purposes x s]ves 9 ,nature4 ,probably no g5]al answ] c be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,x is no d\bt impossible to %[ :y s _m animals h be5 end[$ ) ?is rem>kable prop]ty2 b we may consid] "s ( ! effects :i* ! possession ( x has 9 diff]5t cases4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w und\bt$ly s]ve 9 _m cases to af=d light to enable ! animal to see by1 & 9 ! ,lampyrid x w\ld seem t ! degree ( lum9osity is relat$ to ! developm5t ( ! vision4 ,9 t family1 accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,h4,s4 ,gorham1 ! eyes are develop$1 z a rule1 9 inv]se proportion to ! lum9osity4 ,:]e !re is an ample supply ( ?is k9d ( light ! eyes are small1 b :]e ! light is insignificant ! eyes are l>ge by way ( comp5sation4 ,& moreov]1 :]e bo? eyes & light are small1 !n ! ant5nae are l>ge & fea!ry1 s t ! defici5cy 9 ! s5se ( sight is made up = by an unusual developm5t 9 ! organs ( t\*4 ,b x is none ! less c]ta9 t ! pres5ce ( ?is light _c always be design$ to s]ve ?is purpose1 = _m ( ! animals s end[$ are bl9d4 ,! phosphoresc5t c5tip$es are )\t eyes1 l all ! o!r memb]s ( ! g5us 7,geophilus7 to :i* !y belong1 & probably ! majority ( phosphoresc5t m>9e =ms are likewise de/itute ( organs ( sight4 ,ano!r sugge/ion is t ! light d]iv$ f ^! m>9e =ms1 & especially f deep-sea ,alcyon>ians1 is :at enables ! memb]s ( ! deep-sea fauna t are possess$ ( eyes 7:i* are always enorm\sly enl>g$7 to see4 ,su* is ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 ,sir ,wyville ,?omson1 & ,mr4 ,gwyn ,jeffries2 & x is possible t ?is actually is "o ( ! effects ( ! phosphoresc5t prop]ty4 ,b if s1 x rema9s to inquire h[ ! =ms end[$ ) x came to be possess$ ( a p[] useful 9 t way to o!r =ms1 b n to !mselves4 ,accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e ( developm5t1 ! p[]s t are develop$ 9 diff]5t organisms by ! process ( natural selection are su* z are useful to !mselves & n to o!rs1 unless incid5tally4 ,?is consid]ation has l$ to ano!r sugge/ion1 namely1 t ! prop]ty ( phosphoresc5ce s]ves z a protection to ! =ms possess+ x1 driv+ away enemies 9 "o way or ano!r3 x may be by w>n+ !m ( ! fact t !y are unpalatable food1 z is believ$ to be ! case ) ! colors ( c]ta9 brilliantly-color$ cat]pill>s2 x may be 9 o!r ways4 ,9 ,kirby & ,sp5ce "o case is record$ 9 :i* ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! common phosphoresc5t c5tip$e 7,geophilus electricus7 0 actually se5 app>5tly to s]ve z a means ( def5ce aga9/ an enemy4 ,mr4 ,%eph]d1 says t au?ority1 once notic$ a sc>abeus runn+ r\nd ! la/-m5tion$ insect :5 %9+1 z if wi%+1 b afraid to attack x4 ,9 ! case ( ! jelly-fi%es1 x has be5 po9t$ out t _! well-kn[n urticat+ or /++ p[]s w\ld make !m at lea/ unpleasant1 if n dang]\s1 food = fi%es2 & t consequ5tly ! lum9osity by :i* s _m ( !m are *>act]iz$ at night may s]ve at once z a w>n+ to pr$atory fi%es & z a protection to !mselves4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! unpleasant prop]ties ( _m phosphoresc5t animals may likewise h taught fi%es to avoid all =ms possess+ ?is attribute1 ev5 ?\gh _m ( !m might be q h>mless4 ,la/ly1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! phosphoresc5ce 9 ! female gl[-worm may be design$ to attract ! male2 & t x w actually h ?is effect may readily be tak5 = grant$4 ,obs]vation %[s t ! male gl[-worm is v apt to be attract$ by a light4 ,gilb]t ,:ite ( ,selborne m5tions t !y1 attract$ by ! light ( ! c&les1 came into 8 p>lor4 ,ano!r obs]v] /ates t by ! same light he captur$ z _m z =ty male gl[-worms 9 "o night4 ,illu/ration ,,comets 7,,f ,,m>vels ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s47 ,,by ,,camille ,,flamm>ion4 ,je vi5s v\s annonc] une gr&e n\velle3 ,n\s l'avons1 en dormant1 madame1 *app belle4 ,un monde prs de n\s a pass t\t du long1 ,e/ *u t\t au trav]s de notre t\rbillon2 ,et s'il et en *em9 r5contr notre t]re1 ,elle et t brise en morceaux comme v]re4 ,,moli,,re4 ,illu/ration ,?is ann\ncem5t ( ,trissont9's to ,philam9te1 :o beg9s ! p>ody on ! fe>s caus$ by ! appe>ance ( comets1 w\ld n h be5 a p>ody f\r or five c5turies ago4 ,^! tail$ bodies1 :i* sudd5ly come to light up ! heav5s1 7 = long reg>d$ ) t]ror1 l s _m w>n+ signs ( div9e wra?4 ,m5 h always ?\ght !mselves mu* m important ?an !y really are 9 ! univ]sal ord]2 !y h _h ! vanity to pret5d t ! :ole creation 0 made = !m1 :il/ 9 reality ! :ole creation does n suspect _! exi/5ce4 ,! ,e>? we inhabit is only "o ( ! smalle/ worlds2 & !re=e x c sc>cely be = x alone t all ! wond]s ( ! heav5s1 ( :i* ! imm5se majority rema9s hidd5 f x1 7 creat$4 ,9 ?is disposition ( man to see 9 himself ! c5tre & ! end ( ev]y?+1 x 0 easy inde$ to consid] ! /eps ( nature z unfold$ 9 8 favor2 & if "s unusual ph5om5on pres5t$ itself1 x 0 consid]$ to be )\t d\bt a w>n+ f ,heav54 ,if ^! illusions _h _h no o!r result ?an ! amelioration ( ! m timor\s ( ! community "o w\ld regret ^! ages ( ignorance2 b n only 7 ^! fanci$ w>n+s ( no use1 see+ t once ! dang] pass$1 man return$ to 8 =m] /ate2 b !y also kept up among p imag9>y t]rors1 & reviv$ ! fatal resolutions caus$ by ! fe> ( ! end ( ! _w4 ,:5 "o fancies ! _w is ab\t to end1--& ?is has be5 believ$ = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1--no solicitude is felt 9 ! "w ( improv+ ?is _w2 &1 by ! indiff]5ce or disda9 into :i* "o falls1 p]iods ( fam9e & g5]al mis]y are induc$ :i* at c]ta9 times h ov]tak5 our community4 ,:y use ! weal? ( a _w :i* is go+ to p]i%8 ,:y "w1 be in/ruct$1 or rise 9 ! progress ( ! sci5ces or arts8 ,mu* bett] to =get ! _w1 & absorb "o's self 9 ! b>r5 contemplation ( an unkn[n life4 ,x is ?us t ages ( ignorance weigh on man1 & ?ru/ him fur!r & fur!r into d>kness1 :ile ,sci5ce makes kn[n by its influ5ce on ! :ole community1 its great value1 & ! magnitude ( its aim4 ,! hi/ory ( a comet w\ld be an in/ructive episode ( ! great hi/ory ( ! heav5s4 ,9 x c\ld be br\ght toge!r ! description ( ! progressive movem5t ( human ?\ght1 z well z ! a/ronomical !ory ( ^! extraord9>y bodies4 ,let u take1 = example1 "o ( ! mo/ memorable & be/-kn[n comets1 & give an outl9e ( its successive passages ne> ! ,e>?4 ,l ! planet>y worlds1 ,comets belong to ! sol> sy/em1 & are subject to ! rule ( ! ,/> ,k+4 ,x is ! univ]sal law ( gravitation :i* guides _! pa?2 sol> attraction gov]ns !m1 z x gov]ns ! movem5t ( ! planets & ! small satellites4 ,! *ief po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! planets is1 t _! orbits are v elongat$2 &1 in/ead ( be+ ne>ly circul>1 !y take ! elliptical =m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ^! orbits1 ! same comet may approa* v ne> ! ,sun1 & aft]w>ds travel f x to imm5se di/ances4 ,?us1 ! p]iod ( ! ,comet ( #afhj has be5 e/imat$ at ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,x approa*es ! ,sun1 s z to be ne>] to x ?an our ,moon is to u1 :il/ x rec$es to a di/ance #hec times great] ?an ! di/ance ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,decemb]1 #afhj1 x 0 at its p]ihelion--t is1 at its greate/ proximity to ! ,sun2 x is n[ cont9u+ its pa? beyond ! ,neptunian orbit4 ,its velocity v>ies accord+ to its di/ance f ! sol> body4 ,at its p]ihelion x travels ?\s&s ( leagues p] m9ute2 at its aphelion x does n pass ov] m ?an a few y>ds4 ,its proximity to ! ,sun 9 its passage ne> t body caus$ ,newton to ?9k t x receiv$ a heat tw5ty-eight ?\s& times great] ?an t we exp]i5ce at ! summ] sol/ice2 & t ?is heat be+ two ?\s& times great] ?an t ( r$-hot iron1 an iron globe ( ! same dim5sions w\ld be fifty ?\s& ye>s entirely los+ its heat4 ,newton add$ t 9 ! end comets w approa* s ne> ! ,sun t !y w n be able to escape ! prepond]ance ( its attraction1 & t !y w fall "o aft] ! o!r into ?is brilliant body1 ?us keep+ up ! heat :i* x p]petually p\rs out into space4 ,su* is ! deplorable end assign$ to comets by ! au?or ( ! ,pr9cipia1 an end :i* makes ,de la ,brtonne say to ,rtif3 ,an imm5se comet1 already l>g] ?an ,jupit]1 0 aga9 increas$ 9 its pa? by be+ bl5d$ ) six o!r dy+ comets4 ,?us displac$ f its ord9>y r\te by ^! slight %ocks1 x did n pursue its true elliptical orbit2 s t ! un=tunate ?+ 0 precipitat$ into ! dev\r+ c5tre ( ! ,sun4 ,x is said1 add$ he1 t ! poor comet1 ?us burn$ alive1 s5t =? dreadful cries6 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,comet ,x w be int]e/+1 !n1 9 a d\ble po9t ( view1 to foll[ a comet 9 its diff]5t passages 9 sight ( ! ,e>?4 ,let u take ! mo/ important 9 a/ronomical hi/ory--! "o ^: orbit has be5 calculat$ by ,edmund ,halley1 & :i* 0 nam$ aft] him4 ,x 0 9 #afhb t ?is comet appe>$ 9 its greate/ brilliancy1 accompani$ ) a tail :i* did n measure less ?an ?irty-two millions ( miles4 ,by ! obs]vation ( ! pa? :i* x describ$ 9 ! heav5s1 & ! "t x occupi$ 9 describ+ x1 ?is a/ronom] calculat$ its orbit1 & recogniz$ t ! comet 0 ! same z t :i* 0 admir$ 9 #aeca & #afjg1 & :i* ought to h reappe>$ 9 #agei4 ,nev] did sci5tific pr$iction excite a m lively int]e/4 ,! comet return$ at ! appo9t$ "t2 & on ! #ab? ( ,m>*1 #agei1 rea*$ its p]ihelion4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ab be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 x _h pres5t$ itself tw5ty-f\r times to ! ,e>?4 ,x 0 pr9cipally f ! a/ronomical annals ( ,*9a t x 0 possible to foll[ x up to ?is p]iod4 ,its fir/ memorable appe>ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,france is t ( #hcg1 9 ! reign ( ,l\is le ,dbonnaire4 ,an anonym\s writ] ( *ronicles ( t "t1 nam$ ,! ,a/ronom]1 gave ! foll[+ details ( ?is appe>ance1 relative to ! influ5ce ( ! comet on ! imp]ial imag9ation3 ,dur+ ! holy days ( ! solemnization ( ,ea/]1 a ph5om5on ev] fatal1 & ( gloomy =ebod+1 appe>$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,z soon z ! ,emp]or1 :o paid att5tion to ^! ph5om5a1 receiv$ ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( x1 he gave himself no re/ until he _h call$ a c]ta9 le>n$ man & myself be=e him4 ,z soon z ,i arriv$1 he anxi\sly ask$ me :at ,i ?\ght ( su* a sign2 ,i ask$ "t ( him1 9 ord] to consid] ! aspects ( ! />s1 & to discov] ! tru? by _! means1 promis+ to acqua9t him on ! morr[2 b ! ,emp]or1 p]suad$ t ,i wi%$ to ga9 "t1 :i* 0 true1 9 ord] n to be oblig$ to ann\nce any?+ fatal to him1 said to me3 ',g on ! t]race ( ! palace & return at once to tell me :at y h se51 = ,i did n see ?is /> la/ ev5+1 & y did n po9t x out to me2 b ,i "k t x is a comet2 tell me :at y ?9k x ann\nces to me4' ,!n sc>cely all[+ me "t to say a ^w1 he add$3 ',!re is /ill ano!r ?+ y keep back2 x is t a *ange ( reign & ! dea? ( a pr9ce are ann\nc$ by ?is sign4' ,& z ,i advanc$ ! te/imony ( ! prophet1 :o said3 ',fe> n ! signs ( ! heav5s z ! nations fe> !m1' ! pr9ce ) 8 gr& nature1 & ! wisdom :i* nev] =sook him1 said1 ',we mu/ n only fe> ,him :o has creat$ bo? u & ?is />4 ,b z ?is ph5om5on may ref] to u1 let u ackn[l$ge x z a w>n+ f ,heav54 ,l\is le ,dbonnaire gave himself & 8 c\rt to fa/+ & pray]1 & built *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,he di$ ?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #hdj1 & hi/orians h pr(it$ by ?is slight co9cid5ce to prove t ! appe>ance ( ! comet 0 a h>b+] ( dea?4 ,! hi/orian1 ,ra\l ,glad]1 add$ lat]3 ,^! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are nev] pres5t$ to man )\t surely ann\nc+ "s wond]ful & t]rible ev5t4 ,halley's comet aga9 appe>$ 9 ,april1 #ajff1 at ! mom5t :5 ,william ! ,conqu]or invad$ ,engl&4 ,x 0 pret5d$ t x _h ! greate/ influ5ce on ! fate ( ! battle ( ,ha/+s1 :i* deliv]$ ov] ! c\ntry to ! ,normans4 ,a contempor>y poet1 allud+ probably to ! ,engli% diadem ) :i* ,william 0 cr[n$1 _h proclaim$ 9 "o place1 t ! comet _h be5 m favorable to ,william ?an nature _h be5 to ,caes>2 ! latt] _h no hair1 b ,william _h receiv$ "s f ! comet4 ,a monk ( ,malmesbury apo/rophiz$ ! comet 9 ^! t]ms3 ,"h ?\ art aga91 ?\ cause ( ! te>s ( _m mo!rs6 ,x is long s9ce ,i h se5 !e1 b ,i see !e n[1 m t]rible ?an ev]2 ?\ ?reat5e/ my c\ntry ) complete ru96 ,9 #adee1 ! same comet made a m memorable appe>ance /ill4 ,! ,turks & ,*ri/ians 7 at w>1 ! ,we/ & ! ,ea/ seem$ arm$ f head to foot--on ! po9t ( annihilat+ ea* o!r4 ,! crusade und]tak5 by ,pope ,calixtus ,,iii4 aga9/ ! invad+ ,s>ac5s1 0 wag$ ) r$\bl$ ardor on ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! /> ) ! flam+ tail4 ,mahomet ,,ii4 took ,con/ant9ople by /orm1 & rais$ ! siege ( ,belgrade4 ,b ! ,pope hav+ put aside bo? ! curse ( ! comet1 & ! abom9able designs ( ! ,mussulmans1 ! ,*ri/ians ga9$ ! battle1 & vanqui%$ _! enemies 9 a bloody fight4 ,! ,angelus to ! s\nd ( bells dates f ^! ord9ances ( ,calixtus ,,iii4 ref]r+ to ! comet4 ,9 8 poem on a/ronomy1 ,d>u1 ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 describes ?is episode 9 eloqu5t t]ms3 ,un autre ,mahomet a-t-il d'un bras puissant ,aux murs de ,con/ant9e arbor le croissant3 ,le ,danube tonn se tr\ble au bruit des armes1 ,la ,grce e/ dans les f]s1 l',europe e/ en al>mes2 ,et p\r comble d'horreur1 l'a/re au visage ard5t ,de ses ailes de feu va c\vrir l',occid5t4 ,au pi$ de ses autels1 qu'il ne saurait df5dre1 ,calixte1 l'oeil en pleurs1 le front conv]t de c5dre1 ,conjure la comte1 objet de tant d'effroi3 ,reg>de v]s les cieux1 pontife1 et lve-toi6 ,l'a/re p\rsuit sa c\rse1 et le f] d',huniade ,arrte le va9queur1 qui tombe s\s ,belgrade4 ,dans les cieux cep5dant le globe susp5du1 ,p> la loi gnrale jamais ret5u1 ,ignore les t]reurs1 l'exi/5ce de ,rome1 ,et la ,t]re peut-tre1 et jusqu'au nom de l'homme1 ,de l'homme1 tre crdule1 atome ambitieux1 ,qui tremble s\s un prtre et qui lit dans les cieux4 ,?is anci5t comet witness$ _m revolutions 9 human hi/ory1 at ea* ( its appe>ances1 ev5 9 its lat] ones1 9 #afhb1 #agei1 #ahce2 x 0 also pres5t$ to ! ,e>? "u ! mo/ div]se aspects1 pass+ ?r\gh a great v>iety ( =ms1 f ! appe>ance ( a curv$ sabre1 z 9 #adef1 to t ( a mi/y head1 z 9 its la/ visit4 ,moreov]1 ?is is n an exception to ! g5]al rule1 = ^! my/]i\s />s h _h ! gift ( ex]cis+ a p[] on ! imag9ation :i* plung$ x 9 ec/asy or tr\ble4 ,swords ( fire1 bloody crosses1 flam+ dagg]s1 spe>s1 dragons1 fi%1 & o!r appe>ances ( ! same k9d1 7 giv5 to !m 9 ! middle ages & ! ,r5aissance4 ,comets l ^? ( #aegg appe>1 moreov]1 to ju/ify by _! /range =m ! titles ) :i* !y are g5]ally greet$4 ,! mo/ s]i\s writ]s 7 n free f ?is t]ror4 ,?us1 9 a *apt] on cele/ial mon/]s1 ! celebrat$ surgeon1 ,ambroise ,p>1 describ$ ! comet ( #aebh "u ! mo/ vivid & frightful colors3 ,?is comet 0 s horrible & dreadful t x eng5d]$ su* great t]ror to ! p1 t !y di$1 "s ) fe>1 o!rs ) illness4 ,x appe>$ to be ( imm5se l5g?1 & ( blood color2 at its head 0 se5 ! figure ( a curv$ arm1 hold+ a l>ge sword 9 ! h& z if x wi%$ to /rike4 ,at ! po9t ( ! sword !re 7 ?ree />s1 & on ei!r side 0 se5 a great numb] ( hat*ets1 knives1 & swords cov]$ ) blood1 among/ :i* 7 num]\s hide\s human faces1 ) bri/l+ be>ds & hair4 ,! imag9ation has good eyes :5 x ex]ts itself4 ,! great & /range v>iety ( comet>y aspects is describ$ ) exactitude by ,fa!r ,s\ciet 9 8 ,lat9 poem on comets4 ,mo/ ( !m1 says he1 %9e ) fires int]lac$ l ?ick hair1 & f ?is !y h tak5 ! "n ( comets4 ,"o draws aft] x ! twi/$ folds ( a long tail2 ano!r appe>s to h a :ite & bu%y be>d2 ?is "o ?r[s a glimm] simil> to t ( a lamp burn+ dur+ ! night2 t "o1 ,o ,titan6 repres5ts ?y respl5d5t face2 & ?is o!r1 ,o ,phoebe6 ! =m ( ?y nasc5t horns4 ,!re are "s :i* bri/le ) twi/$ s]p5ts4 ,%all ,i speak ( ^? armies :i* h sometimes appe>$ 9 ! air8 ( ^? cl\ds :i* foll[ z x 7 along a circle1 or :i* resemble ! head ( ,m$usa8 ,h !re n (t5 be5 se5 figures ( m5 or savage animals8 ,(t51 9 ! gloom ( night1 light$ up by ^! sad fires1 ! horrible s\nd ( arms is he>d1 ! cla%+ ( swords :i* meet 9 ! cl\ds1 ! e!r furi\sly res\nd+ ) fe>ful d9 :i* cru% ! p ) t]ror4 ,all comets h a melan*oly light1 b !y h n all ! same color4 ,"s h a lead5 color2 o!rs t ( flame or brass4 ,! fires ( "s h ! r$ness ( blood2 o!rs resemble ! brightness ( silv]4 ,"s aga9 are azure2 o!rs h ! d>k & pale color ( iron4 ,^! diff]5ces come f ! div]sity ( ! vapors :i* surr\nd !m1 or f ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* !y receive ! ,sun's rays4 ,d y n see 9 our fires1 t v>i\s k9ds ( wood produce diff]5t colors8 ,p9es & firs give a flame mix$ ) ?ick smoke1 & ?r[ out little light4 ,t :i* rises f sulphur & ?ick bitum5 is blui%4 ,light$ /raw gives out sp>ks ( a r$di% color4 ,! l>ge olive1 laurel1 a% ( ,p>nassus1 etc41 trees :i* always reta9 _! sap1 ?r[ a :iti% light simil> to t ( a lamp4 ,?us1 comets ^: fires are =m$ ( diff]5t mat]ials1 ea* take & pres]ve a color :i* is peculi> to !m4 ,in/ead ( be+ a cause ( fe> & t]ror1 ! v>iety & v>iability ( ! aspect ( comets ought r to indicate to u ! h>mlessness ( _! nature4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,total ,,sol> ,,eclipse ,,( #ahhc ,,an ,,a/ronom]s ,,voyage ,,to ,,fairy-,,l&4 7,,f ,,! ,,atlantic ,,mon?ly1 ,,may1 #ahij47 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,e4,s4 ,,hold54 ,illu/ration ,9 #ahhc calculations %[$ t a sol> eclipse ( unusually long duration 7#e m9utes1 #bj seconds7 w\ld occur 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! track ( ! eclipse lay s\? ( ! equator1 b nor? ( ,tahiti4 ,!re 7 9 fact only two dots ( coral isl&s on ! *>ts 9 ! l9e ( totality1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&1 & "o hundr$ & fifty miles we/ ,fl9t ,isl& 7longitude #aej we/1 latitude #aj s\?74 ,almo/ no?+ 0 kn[n ( ei!r ( ^! m9ute po9ts4 ,! /ation ( ! p>ty "u my *>ge 7s5t out by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t "u ! direction ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces7 0 to be ,c>ol9e ,isl&s4 ,e in* ( t isl& 7sev5 miles long1 a mile or s broad7 is famili> n[2 b x is almo/ ludicr\s to recollect ) :at anxiety we por$ ov] ! hydrographic *>ts & sail+ in/ructions ( ! v>i\s nations1 to f9d "s in=mation1 h[ev] scanty1 ab\t ! spot :i* 0 to be our home = ne>ly a mon?4 ,all t 0 kn[n 0 t ?is isl& _h =m]ly be5 occupi$ z a guano /ation4 ,!re 0 a l&+ !n4 ,aft] ! p]sonnel ( ! p>ty _h be5 decid$ on1 !re 7 ! prep>ations = its subsi/5ce to be look$ out =4 ,h[ to fe$ sev5te5 m5 = tw5ty-"o days8 ,=tunately ! provisions t we took1 & ! fre% fi% caught = u by ! natives1 j suffic$ to c>ry u ?r\gh ) com=t & ) heal?4 ,9 ,m>* ( #ahhc we sail$ f ,new ,york1 & ab\t ! same "t a ,fr5* exp$ition left ,europe b\nd = ! same spot4 ,f ,new ,york to ,panama1 f ,panama to ,lima1 7 our fir/ /eps4 ,"h we jo9$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates /eam%ip ,h>t=d1 ,admiral ,f>ragut's flag%ip1 & ! next day set sail = our de/9$ port1--if a coral reef surr\nd$ by a rag+ surf c be call$ a port4 ,ab\t ! same "t a p>ty ( ,fr5* obs]v]s "u ,monsieur ,janss51 ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 left ,panama 9 ! ,eclaireur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bird',s ,,eye ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,c>ol9e ,,isl&s4 ,x 0 an ocean race ( f\r ?\s& miles due we/4 ,! /ation ,c>ol9e ,isl&s 0 suppos$ to be m desirable ?an ,fl9t ,isl&4 ,admiral ,wilkes's exp$ition _h la9 (f ! latt] sev]al days )\t be+ able to l& on acc\nt ( ! trem5d\s surf1 s t x 0 em95tly desirable to beat ! ,fr5*man1 z ! sailors put x4 ,) ?is end 9 view our p>ty _h secur$ 7?r\gh a memb] ( ! ,national ,academy 9 ,wa%+ton7 ! v]bal promise ( ! prop] (ficial ( ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t t ! ,h>t=d's ord]s %\ld read to burn coal z necess>y4 ,! la/ ob/acle to success 0 ?us remov$4 ,we 7 all prep>$1 & n[ ! %ip w\ld take u spe$ily to our /ation4 ,imag9e our feel+s ! next day aft] leav+ ,callao1 :5 ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! ,h>t=d op5$ 8 seal$ ord]s4 ,!y read 7dat$ ,wa%+ton1 9 ,febru>y71 ,to arrive at ,c>ol9e ,isl&s 79 ,april7 ) full coal-bunk]s6 ,(ficialism c\ld g no fur!r4 ,"h 0 an exp$ition s5t on a sl[-sail+ %ip directly ?r\gh ! regions ( calms = f\r ?\s& miles4 ,x 0 ( no possible use to s5d ! exp$ition at all unless x arriv$ 9 "t4 ,& "h 7 our ord]s to arrive ) full coal-bunk]s4 ,=tunately we _h unhe>d-( good-luck4 ,! trade-w9d blew = u z x did = ! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 & we sp$ along ! p>allel ( #ab s\? at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles a day "u sail1 :ile ! ,eclaireur 0 /eam+ = ?irty days a little ne>] ! equator 9 a dead calm4 ,we arriv$ (f ! isl& j 9 "t1 ) n a day to sp>e4 ,x 0 a n>r[ escape1 & a w>n+ to all ( u nev] to sail aga9 "u seal$ ord]s unless we knew :at 0 "u ! seal4 ,"h we 71 !n1 ly+ (f ! isl& & scann+ its sp>se cr[n ( cocoanut palms1 look+ = a ,fr5* flag among _! wavy tufts4 ,!re 0 none 9 sight4 ,we 7 ! w9n]s 9 ! long race4 ,directly a :ale-boat 0 l[]$1 & r[$ ar\nd ! :ite fr+e ( trem5d\s surf t broke ceaselessly aga9/ ! v]tical wall ( coral rock4 ,!re 0 j "o n>r[ place :]e ! waves roll$ into a sort ( cleft & did n break4 ,"h 0 ! l&+1 !n4 ,l&+ 0 an acrobatic feat4 ,9 y w5t on ! cre/ ( a wave1 po9t+ = ! place :]e ! blue seas did n break into :ite4 ,an in/ant aft]1 y 7 9 ! quiet wat] inside ( ! surf4 ,jump out ev]ybody & hold ! boat6 ,!n x 0 pick up ! v>i\s in/rum5ts1 & c>ry !m = a qu>t] ( a mile to high-wat] m>k & beyond1 ov] ! %>p po9ts ( ! reef4 ,9 "o night we 7 fairly settl$2 9 ano!r ! ,h>t=d _h sail$ away1 leav+ u 9 our fairy p>adise1 :]e ! corals & ! fi% 7 ( all ! brilliant hues ( ! ra9b[1 & :]e ! :it5ess ( ! s&1 ! em]ald ( ! lagoon1 & ! turquoise ( ! ocean made a picture ( color & =m nev] to be =gott54 ,b :]e are ! ,fr5*m58 ,! next morn+ !re is ! ,eclaireur ly+ a mile or s out1 & !re is a boat ) ! bo'sun--matre d'quipage--pull+ t[>ds ! surf4 ,i wade out to ! br9k4 ,he halloes3 ,:]e is ! l&+1 !n8 ,mais ici--,"r "h1--,i say4 ,yes1 t's all v well = p]sons1 b :]e d y l& les bagages8 ,mais ici ,i say aga91 & he says1 ,diable6 ,b all ! same he l&s bo? p]sons & baggage 9 a neat1 sailor-l way4 ,9 a c\ple ( days our two p>ties ( fifty p]sons _h tak5 possession ( ?is fairy isle4 ,obs]vatories g up1 telescopes1 spectroscopes1 photographic cam]as are po9t$ & adju/$4 ,! ev5tful day arrives4 ,ev]y?+ is successful4 ,!n comes ! ,h>t=d & takes u away1 & a few days lat] comes ! ,eclaireur1 & ! ,fr5*m5 are gone4 ,! little isl& is left !re1 ab&on$ to ! five natives :o t5d ! sickly plantation ( cocoa-palms1 & live f ye> to ye> ) no incid5t b ! annual visit ( ! blig 7,kanaka = brig71 :i* br+s _! /ore ( %ip biscuit & molasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,obs]vatories ,,g ,,up4 ,?9k ( _! /up5d\s exp]i5ce6 ,= ye>s & ye>s !y h liv$ l t 9 ! m>vell\s1 cont9u\s *>m ( ! sil5t isl&4 ,! blig _h come & gone away ?is ye>1 & !re w be no m di/urbance & discord = a twelve-mon? long]4 ,surely1 surely1 slumb] is m sweet ?an toil1 ! %ore ,?an labor 9 ! deep mid-ocean1 w9d1 & wave1 & o>1 ,!n re/ ye1 bro!r m>9]s1 we w n w&] m6 ,n s6 = "h comes a great w>%ip out ( ! ,ea/ "u a press ( canvas4 ,:at ev5t is ?is8 ,see6 %e clews up h] light sails & fires an elev5-in* gun6 ,"o ( ^? guns ( ,mobile ,bay4 ,!n sw>ms out ! />bo>d wat*1 "o hundr$ & sixty /rong1 & a fleet ( boats br+s a%ore ^! pale a/ronom]s ) ^? useless tubes t !y po9t at ! sky e night4 ,b !re are useful ?+s too2 cook+-/oves1 & lumb]1 & bricks4 ,:at is all ?is8 ,no soon] are ^! e/abli%$ ?an comes ano!r %ip & fires its gun6 & ano!r set ( h>dy sailorm5 p\rs out1 & "h is ano!r p>ty ( madm5 ) tubes1--yes1 & ) cook+-/oves & lumb]1 too4 ,!n comes ! cr[n+1 /up5d\s1 & unspeakable ev5t4 ,! :ole sun is hidd5 & ! heav5s are light$ up ) pe>ly /ream]s6 ,9 ! "n ( all ! ,polynesian gods1 :at is ! mean+ ( all ?is8 ,& !n 9 a few days all ^! are gone4 ,all ! madm54 ,!y h tak5 away ! useless tubes1 b !y h left _! h\ses /&+4 ,_! spl5did1 priceless1 preci\s cook-/oves are "h4 ,see6 "h is a fry+-pan6 "h are empty t9 cans6 & a keg ( nails6 ,!y mu/ h =gott5 all ?is1 madm5 z !y are6 ,& ! little isl& s9ks back to its quiet & its calm4 ,! lagoon lies placid l a mirror4 ,! sl[ sea breaks et]nally on ! out] reef4 ,! :ite cl\ds sail ov] day by day4 ,! seabirds come back to _! haunts1--! fi]ce man-(-w> birds1 ! g5tle1 s(t-ey$ t]n4 ,b we1 ^: isl& home 0 ?us invad$--are we ! same8 ,0 ?is a dream8 ,w x happ5 aga9 next ye>8 e ye>8 ,:at inde$ 0 x t happ5$1--or 9 fact1 did x happ5 at all8 ,is x n a dream1 inde$8 ,if we left ^? peaceful ,kanakas to _! dream1 we ,am]icans h br\ght ours away ) u4 ,:o w =get x8 ,:i* ( u does n wi% to be 9 t peaceful fairyl& once m8 ,t is ! p]sonal long+4 ,b we h all come back1 ea* "o ) 8 note-books full2 & 9 a few weeks ! /imulus ( accu/om$ habit has tak5 possession ( u aga94 ,"r & wrong are aga9 det]m9$ by municipal sanctions4 ,we h become useful citiz5s once m4 ,p]haps x is j z well4 ,we %\ld h be5 poor poets1 & we d n =get4 ,s ends ! a/ronom]'s voyage to fairyl&4 ,illu/ration ,,halos--,,p>helia--,,! ,,spectre ,,( ,,! ,,brock51 ,,etc 7,,f ,,! ,,atmosph]e47 ,,by ,,camille ,,flamm>ion4 ,illu/ration ,treatises on meteorology h n1 up to ! pres5t day1 classifi$ ) suffici5t regul>ity ! div]s optical ph5om5a ( ! air4 ,"s ( ^! ph5om5a h1 h[ev]1 be5 se5 b r>ely1 & h n be5 suffici5tly /udi$ to admit ( _! classification4 ,we h exam9$ ! common ph5om5on ( ! ra9b[ & we h se5 t x is due to ! refraction & reflection ( light on drops ( wat]1 & t x is se5 ^u ! opposite side ( ! sky to ! sun 9 day-"t1 or ! moon at night4 ,we are n[ ab\t to consid] an ord] ( ph5om5a :i* are ( r>] occurr5ce1 b :i* h ?is prop]ty 9 common ) ! ra9b[1 viz41 t !y take place also ^u ! side ( ! sky opposite to ! sun4 ,^! diff]5t optical effects are class$ toge!r "u ! "n ( an!lia 7f ,greek1 opposite to1 & ,greek1 ! sun74 ,! optical ph5om5a :i* occur on ! same side z1 or ar\nd ! sun1 su* z halos1 p>helia1 etc41 w be dealt ) lat] on4 ,be=e com+ to ! an!lia1 prop]ly s call$1 or to ! color$ r+s :i* appe> ar\nd a %ad[1 x is z well fir/ to note ! effects produc$ on ! cl\ds & mi/s t are fac+ ! sun :5 x rises or sets4 ,^u high m\nta9s1 ! %ad[ ( ! m\nta9 is (t5 se5 ?r[n ei!r ^u ! surface ( ! l[] mi/s or ^u ! neighbor+ m\nta9s1 & project$ opposite to ! sun almo/ horizontally4 ,i once saw ! %ad[ ( ! ,righi v di/9ctly trac$ ^u ,m\nt ,pilate1 :i* is situat$ to ! we/ ( ! ,righi1 on ! o!r side ( ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne4 ,?is ph5om5on occurs a few m9utes aft] sunrise1 & ! triangul> =m ( ,righi is del9eat$ 9 a %ape v easy to recognize4 ,! %ad[ ( ,mont ,blanc is disc]n$ m easily at sunset4 ,,mm4 ,bravais & ,m>t9s1 9 "o ( _! sci5tific asc5ts1 notic$ x "u specially favorable circum/ances1 ! %ad[ be+ ?r[n ^u ! sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s1 & gradually ris+ 9 ! atmosph]e until x rea*$ a height ( #a1 /ill rema9+ q visible4 ,! air above ! cone ( ! %ad[ 0 t9t$ ) t rosy purple :i* is se51 9 a f9e sunset1 color+ ! l(ty peaks4 ,imag9e1 says ,bravais1 ! o!r m\nta9s also project+1 at ! same mom5t1 _! %ad[s into ! atmosph]e1 ! l[] p>ts d>k & slightly gre5i%1 & above ea* ( ^! %ad[s ! rosy surface1 ) ! deep] rose ( ! belt :i* sep>ates x f !m2 add to ?is ! regul> cont\r ( ! cones ( ! %ad[1 pr9cipally at ! upp] edge1 & la/ly1 ! laws ( p]spective caus+ all ^! l9es to conv]ge ! "o to ! o!r t[>d ! v summit ( ! %ad[ ( ,mont ,blanc2 t is to say1 to ! po9t ( ! sky :]e ! %ad[s ( our own selves 72 & ev5 !n "o w h b a fa9t idea ( ! ri*ness ( ! meteorological ph5om5on display$ be=e our eyes = a few in/ants4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh an invisible be+ 0 seat$ ^u a ?rone surr\nd$ by fire1 & t angels ) glitt]+ w+s 7 kneel+ be=e him 9 adoration4 ,among ! natural ph5om5a :i* n[ attract our att5tion1 b fail to excite our surprise1 !re are "s :i* possess ! *>act]i/ics ( a sup]natural int]v5tion4 ,! names :i* !y h receiv$ /ill be> witness to ! t]ror :i* !y once inspir$2 & ev5 to-day1 :5 sci5ce has /ripp$ !m ( _! m>vell\s orig91 & expla9$ ! causes ( _! production1 ^! ph5om5a h reta9$ a "p ( _! primitive importance1 & are welcom$ by ! savant ) z mu* int]e/ z :5 !y 7 attribut$ to div9e ag5cy4 ,out ( a l>ge & v div]se numb]1 ,i w fir/ select ! ,spectre ( ! ,brock54 ,! ,brock5 is ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! picturesque ,h>tz *a91 runn+ ?r\gh ,hanov]1 be+ ?ree hundr$ & ?irty feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,"o ( ! be/ descriptions ( ?is ph5om5on is giv5 by ! travell] ,hane1 :o witness$ x on ! #bc;d ( ,may1 #agig4 ,aft] hav+ asc5d$ no less ?an ?irty miles to ! summit1 he _h ! good =tune at la/ to contemplate ! object ( 8 curiosity4 ,! sun rose at ab\t f\r o'clock1 ! wea!r be+ f9e1 & ! w9d driv+ (f to ! we/ ! transp>5t vapors :i* _h n yet _h "t to be cond5s$ into cl\ds4 ,ab\t a qu>t]-pa/ f\r1 ,hane saw 9 ?is direction a human figure ( enorm\s dim5sions4 ,a gu/ ( w9d ne>ly bl[+ (f 8 hat at t mom5t1 he rais$ 8 h& to secure x1 & ! colossal figure imitat$ 8 action4 ,hane1 notic+ ?is1 at once made a /oop+ movem5t1 & ?is 0 also reproduc$ by ! spectre4 ,he !n call$ ano!r p]son to him1 & plac+ !mselves 9 ! v spot :]e ! app>ition 0 fir/ se51 ! pair kept _! eyes fix$ on ! ,a*t]mann%ohe1 b saw no?+4 ,aft] a %ort int]val1 h[ev]1 two colossal figures appe>$1 :i* repeat$ ! ge/ures made by !m1 & !n disappe>$4 ,"s few ye>s ago1 9 ! summ] ( #ahfb1 a ,fr5* arti/1 ,m4 ,/roobant1 witness$ & c>efully sket*$ ?is ph5om5on1 :i* is drawn 9 full-page illu/ration1 opposite p4 #bgb4 ,he _h slept at ! inn ( ! ,brock51 & ris+ at two 9 ! morn+1 he repair$ to ! plateau ^u ! summit 9 ! company ( a guide4 ,!y rea*$ ! highe/ po9t j z ! fir/ glimm] ( ! ris+ sun enabl$ !m to di/+ui% cle>ly objects at a great di/ance4 ,to use ,m4 ,/roobant's own words1 ,my guide1 :o _h = "s "t appe>$ to be walk+ 9 se>* ( some?+1 sudd5ly l$ me to an elevation :5ce ,i _h ! s+ul> privilege ( contemplat+ = a few in/ants ! magnific5t effect ( mirage1 :i* is t]m$ ! ,spectre ( ! ,brock54 ,! appe>ance is mo/ /rik+4 ,a ?ick mi/1 :i* seem$ to em]ge f ! cl\ds l an imm5se curta91 sudd5ly rose to ! we/ ( ! m\nta91 a ra9b[ 0 =m$1 !n c]ta9 indi/9ct %apes 7 del9eat$4 ,fir/1 ! l>ge t[] ( ! inn 0 reproduc$ ^u a gigantic scale2 aft] t we saw our two selves 9 a m vague & less exact %ape1 & ^! %ad[s 7 9 ea* in/ance surr\nd$ by ! colors ( ! ra9b[1 :i* s]v$ z a frame to ?is fairy picture4 ,"s t\ri/s :o 7 /ay+ at ! inn _h se5 ! sun rise f _! w9d[s1 b no "o _h witness$ ! magnific5t spectacle :i* _h tak5 place on ! o!r side ( ! m\nta94 ,sometimes ^! spectres are surr\nd$ by color$ conc5tric arcs4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 treatises on meteorology designate1 "u ! "n ( ! ,ulloa circle1 ! pale ext]nal ar* :i* surr\nds ! ph5om5on1 & ?is same circle has sometimes be5 call$ ! :ite ra9b[4 ,b x is n =m$ at ! same angul> di/ance z ! ra9b[1 &1 al?\gh pale1 x (t5 envelops a s]ies ( int]ior color$ arcs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spectre ,,( ,,! ,,brock5 ,ulloa1 be+ 9 company ) six fell[-travell]s ^u ! ,pambam>ca at daybreak "o morn+1 obs]v$ t ! summit ( ! m\nta9 0 entirely cov]$ ) ?ick cl\ds1 & t ! sun1 :5 x rose1 dissipat$ !m1 leav+ only 9 _! /ead light vapors1 :i* x 0 almo/ impossible to di/+ui%4 ,sudd5ly1 9 ! opposite direction to :]e ! sun 0 ris+1 ea* ( ! travell]s beheld1 at ab\t sev5ty feet f :]e he 0 /&+1 8 own image reflect$ 9 ! air z 9 a mirror4 ,! image 0 9 ! c5tre ( ?ree ra9b[s ( diff]5t colors1 & surr\nd$ at a c]ta9 di/ance by a f\r? b[ ) only "o color4 ,! inside color ( ea* b[ 0 c>nation or r$1 ! next %ade 0 violet1 ! ?ird yell[1 ! f\r? /raw color1 ! la/ gre54 ,all ^! b[s 7 p]p5dicul> to ! horizon2 !y mov$ 9 ! direction (1 & foll[$1 ! image ( ! p]son !y envelop$ z ) a glory4 ,! mo/ rem>kable po9t 0 t1 al?\gh ! sev5 spectators 7 /&+ 9 a gr\p1 ea* p]son only saw ! ph5om5on 9 reg>d to 8 own p]son1 & 0 dispos$ to disbelieve t x 0 repeat$ 9 respect to 8 companions4 ,! ext5t ( ! b[s increas$ cont9ually & 9 proportion to ! height ( ! sun2 at ! same "t _! colors fad$ away1 ! spectre became pal] & m indi/9ct1 & f9ally ! ph5om5on disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,at ! fir/ appe>ance ! %ape ( ! b[s 0 oval1 b t[>d ! end !y became q circul>4 ,! same app>ition 0 obs]v$ 9 ! pol> regions by ,scoresby1 & describ$ by him4 ,he /ates t ! ph5om5on appe>s :5ev] !re is mi/ & at ! same "t %9+ sun4 ,9 ! pol> seas1 :5ev] a r ?ick mi/ rises ov] ! ocean1 an obs]v]1 plac$ on ! ma/1 sees "o or sev]al circles ^u ! mi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ulloa ,,circle4 ,^! circles are conc5tric1 & _! common c5tre is 9 ! /raight l9e jo9+ ! eye ( ! obs]v] to ! sun1 & ext5d$ f ! sun t[>d ! mi/4 ,! numb] ( circles v>ies f "o to five2 !y are p>ticul>ly num]\s & well color$ :5 ! sun is v brilliant & ! mi/ ?ick & l[4 ,on ,july #bc1 #ahba1 ,scoresby saw f\r conc5tric circles ar\nd 8 head4 ,! colors ( ! fir/ & ( ! second 7 v well def9$2 ^? ( ! ?ird1 only visible at int]vals1 7 v fa9t1 & ! f\r? only %[$ a slight gre5i% t9t4 ,! meteorologi/ ,kaemtz has (t5 obs]v$ ! same fact 9 ! ,alps4 ,:5ev] ?is %ad[ 0 project$ ^u a cl\d1 8 head appe>$ surr\nd$ by a lum9\s aureola4 ,to :at action ( light is ?is ph5om5on due8 ,b\gu] is ( op9ion t x mu/ be attribut$ to ! passage ( light ?r\gh icy p>ticles4 ,su*1 also1 is ! op9ion ( ,de ,saussure1 ,scoresby1 & o!r meteorologi/s4 ,9 reg>d to ! m\nta9s1 z we _c assure ourselves directly ( ! fact by ent]+ ! cl\ds1 we are r$uc$ to conjecture4 ,! a]o/at trav]s+ ! cl\ds completely1 & pass+ by ! v po9t :]e ! app>ition is se51 af=ds "o an opportunity ( asc]ta9+ ! /ate ( ! cl\d4 ,?is obs]vation ,i h be5 able to make1 & s to (f] an explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,z ! balloon sails on1 borne =w>d by ! w9d1 its %ad[ travels ei!r on ! gr\nd or on ! cl\ds4 ,?is %ad[ is1 z a rule1 black1 l all o!rs2 b x frequ5tly happ5s t x appe>s alone on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ?us appe>s lum9\s4 ,exam9+ ?is %ad[ by ! aid ( a telescope1 ,i h notic$ t x is (t5 compos$ ( a d>k nucleus & a p5umbra ( ! %ape ( an aureola4 ,?is aureola1 frequ5tly v l>ge 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! c5tral nucleus1 eclipses x to ! nak$ eye1 s t ! :ole %ad[ appe>s l a nebul\s circle project$ 9 yell[ ^u ! gre5 gr\nd ( ! woods & mead[s4 ,i h notic$1 too1 t ?is lum9\s %ad[ is g5]ally all ! m /rongly m>k$ 9 proportion to ! great] humidity ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,se5 ^u ! cl\ds1 ?is %ad[ sometimes pres5ts a curi\s aspect4 ,i h (t51 :5 ! balloon em]g$ f ! cl\ds into ! cle> sky1 sudd5ly p]ceiv$1 at tw5ty or ?irty y>ds' di/ance1 a second balloon di/9ctly del9eat$1 & app>5tly ( a grayi% color1 aga9/ ! :ite gr\nd ( ! cl\ds4 ,?is ph5om5on manife/s itself at ! mom5t :5 ! sun re-appe>s4 ,! smalle/ details ( ! c> c be made out cle>ly1 & our ge/ures are /rik+ly reproduc$ by ! %ad[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,( ,,! ,,balloon ,,0 ,,se5 ,,by ,,u4 ,on ,april #ae1 #ahfh1 at ab\t half-pa/ ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 we em]g$ f a /ratum ( cl\ds1 :5 ! %ad[ ( ! balloon 0 se5 by u1 surr\nd$ by color$ conc5tric circles1 ( :i* ! c> =m$ ! c5tre4 ,x 0 v pla9ly visible ^u a yell[i% :ite gr\nd4 ,a fir/ circle ( pale blue encompass$ ?is gr\nd & ! c> 9 a k9d ( r+4 ,ar\nd ?is r+ 0 a second ( a deep] yell[1 !n a grayi% r$ zone1 & la/ly z ! ext]ior circumf]5ce1 a f\r? circle1 violet 9 hue1 & imp]ceptibly ton+ d[n into ! gray t9t ( ! cl\ds4 ,! slighte/ details 7 cle>ly disc]nible--net1 robes1 & in/rum5ts4 ,e "o ( our ge/ures 0 in/antane\sly reproduc$ by ! a]ial spectres4 ,! an!lion rema9$ ^u ! cl\ds suffici5tly di/9ct1 & = a suffici5tly long "t1 to p]mit ( my tak+ a sket* 9 my j\rnal & /udy+ ! physical condition ( ! cl\ds ^u :i* x 0 produc$4 ,i 0 able to det]m9e directly ! circum/ances ( its production4 ,inde$1 z ?is brilliant ph5om5on occurr$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! v cl\ds :i* ,i 0 trav]s+1 x 0 easy = me to asc]ta9 t ^! cl\ds 7 n =m$ ( froz5 p>ticles4 ,! !rmomet] m>k$ #b above z]o4 ,! hygromet] m>k$ a maximum ( humidity exp]i5c$1 namely1 sev5ty-sev5 at ?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty feet1 & ! balloon 0 !n at f\r ?\s& six hundr$ feet1 :]e ! humidity 0 only sev5ty-?ree4 ,x is !re=e c]ta9 t ?is is a ph5om5on ( ! diffraction ( light simply produc$ by ! vesicles ( ! mi/4 ,! "n ( diffraction is giv5 to all ! modifications :i* ! lum9\s rays und]go :5 !y come 9 contact ) ! surface ( bodies4 ,light1 "u ^! circum/ances1 is subject to a sort ( deviation1 at ! same "t becom+ decompos$1 :5ce result ^? curi\s appe>ances 9 ! %ad[s ( objects :i* 7 obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t by ,grimaldi & ,newton4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a ( diffraction are ^? pres5t$ by grat+s1 z are te*nically d5om9at$ ! sy/ems ( l9e> & v n>r[ op5+s situat$ p>allel to "o ano!r & at v small int]vals4 ,a sy/em ( ?is k9d may be realiz$ by trac+ ) a diamond1 = in/ance1 on a pane ( glass equidi/ant l9es v close toge!r4 ,z ! light w\ld be able to pass 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! /rokes1 :]eas x w\ld be /opp$ 9 ! po9ts correspond+ to ^? :]e ! glass 0 n smoo?1 !re is1 9 reality1 an effect produc$ z if !re 7 a s]ies ( op5+s v ne> to ea* o!r4 ,a hundr$ /rokes1 ab\t #a_/be? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 may ?us be drawn )\t difficulty4 ,! light is !n decompos$ 9 spectra1 ea* ov]lapp+ ! o!r4 ,x is a ph5om5on ( ?is k9d :i* is se5 :5 we look into ! light ) ! eye half clos$2 ! eyela%es 9 ?is case1 act+ z a net-"w or grat+4 ,^! net-works may also be produc$ by reflection1 & x is to ?is circum/ance t are due ! brilliant colors obs]v$ :5 a p5cil ( lum9\s rays is reflect$ on a metallic surface regul>ly /riat$4 ,to ! ph5om5a ( grat+s mu/ be attribut$1 too1 ! colors1 (t5 s brilliant1 to be se5 9 "m-(-pe>l4 ,?is sub/ance is ( a lam9at$ /ructure2 s mu* s1 t 9 c>v+ x ! diff]5t folds are (t5 cut 9 su* a way z to =m a regul> net-"w ^u ! surface4 ,x is1 aga91 to a ph5om5on ( ?is sort t are due ! ra9b[ hues se5 9 ! fea!rs ( c]ta9 birds1 & sometimes 9 spid]s' webs4 ,! latt]1 al?\gh v f9e1 are n simple1 = !y are compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( pieces jo9$ toge!r by a visc\s sub/ance1 & ?us con/itute a k9d ( net-"w4 ,if ! sun is ne> ! horizon1 & ! %ad[ ( ! obs]v] falls ^u ! grass1 ^u a field ( corn1 or o!r surface cov]$ ) dew1 !re is visible an aureola1 ! light ( :i* is especially bright ab\t ! head1 b :i* dim9i%es f bel[ ! middle ( ! body4 ,?is light is due to ! reflection ( light by ! moi/ /ubble & ! drops ( dew4 ,x is bright] ab\t ! head1 because ! blades t are ne> :]e ! %ad[ ( ! head falls expose to x all t "p ( !m :i* is light$ up1 :]eas ^? f>!r (f expose n only ! "p :i* is light$ up1 b o!r p>ts :i* are n1 & ?is dim9i%es ! brightness 9 proportion z _! di/ance f ! head increases4 ,! ph5om5on is se5 :5ev] !re is simultane\sly mi/ & sun4 ,?is fact is easily v]ifi$ ^u a m\nta94 ,z soon z ! %ad[ ( a m\nta9e] is project$ ^u a mi/1 8 head gives rise to a %ad[ surr\nd$ by a lum9\s aureola4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fog-,,b[ ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,matt]horn4 ,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news ( ,july #h1 #ahga1 illu/rates "o ( ^! app>itions1 ,! ,fog-,b[1 se5 f ! ,matt]horn1 obs]v$ by ,e4 ,:ymp] 9 ?is celebrat$ region ( ! ,alps4 ,! obs]vation 0 tak5 j aft] ! cata/rophe ( ,july #ad1 #ahfe2 & by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 two imm5se :ite a]ial crosses project$ into ! int]ior ( ! ext]nal arc4 ,^! two crosses 7 no d\bt =m$ by ! int]section ( circles1 ! rema9+ p>ts ( :i* 7 invisible4 ,! app>ition 0 ( a gr& & solemn "*1 fur!r increas$ by ! sil5ce ( ! fa?omless abyss into :i* ! f\r ill-fat$ t\ri/s _h j be5 precipitat$4 ,illu/ration ,o!r optical appe>ances ( an analog\s k9d are manife/$ "u diff]5t conditions4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if any "o1 turn+ 8 back to ! sun1 looks into wat]1 he w p]ceive ! %ad[ ( 8 head1 b always v mu* de=m$4 ,at ! same "t he w see />t+ f ?is v %ad[ :at seem to be lum9\s bodies1 :i* d>t _! rays 9 all directions ) inconceivable rapidity1 & to a great di/ance4 ,^! lum9\s appe>ances--^! aureola rays--h1 9 addition to ! d>t+ movem5t1 a rapid rot>y movem5t ar\nd ! head4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,planet ,,v5us ,,by ,,agnes ,m4 ,,cl]ke4 ,i4 ,,hesp]us ,,& ,,phosphor4 ,illu/ration ,! radiant planet t hangs on ! skirts ( dusk & dawn l a jewel 9 an ,e?iop's e>1 has be5 kn[n & sung by poets 9 all ages4 ,its supremacy ov] ! rema9d] ( ! />ry ho/ is recogniz$ 9 ! "n giv5 x by ! ,arabs1 ^? nomad wat*]s ( ! skies1 = :ile !y t]m ! moon ,el ,azh>1 ! ,bright] ,"o1 & ! sun & moon toge!r ,el ,azh>an1 ! ,bright] ,pair1 !y call ,v5us ,ez ,zahra1 ! bright or %9+ "o p> excell5ce1 9 :i* s5se ! same ^w is us$ to describe a fl[]4 ,?is ,fl[] ( ,night is suppos$ to be no o!r ?an ! :ite rose into :i* ,adonis 0 *ang$ by ,v5us 9 ! fable :i* is ! basis ( all e>ly ,asiatic my?ology4 ,! morn+ & ev5+ /> is ?us ! cele/ial symbol ( t union betwe5 e>? & heav5 9 ! vivify+ processes ( nature1 typifi$ 9 ! love ( ! goddess = a mortal4 ,! anci5t ,greeks1 on ! o!r h&1 n unnaturally took ! />1 :i* !y saw alt]nately em]g+ f ! effulg5ce ( ! ris+ & sett+ sun1 9 ! ea/ & 9 ! we/1 = two di/9ct bodies1 & nam$ x diff]5tly accord+ to ! "t ( its appe>ance4 ,! ev5+ /> !y call$ ,hesp]us1 & f its place on ! we/]n horizon1 fabl$ an e>?ly h]o ( t "n1 ! son ( ,atlas1 :o f ! slopes ( t m\nta9 on ! v]ge ( ! kn[n _w us$ to obs]ve ! />s until ev5tually c>ri$ (f by a mighty w9d1 & s translat$ to ! skies4 ,^! div9e honors 7 e>n$ by 8 piety1 wisdom1 & ju/ice z a rul] ( m51 & 8 "n long %$ a %imm]+ glory ov] ^? ,hesp]idean regions ( ! e>?1 :]e ! real & unreal t\*$ h&s 9 ! my/ical twilight ( ! unkn[n4 ,b ! morn+ /> %one ) a diff]5t significance z ! h]ald ( ! day1 ! tor*be>] :o lights ! way = radiant ,aurora on h] triumphal progress ?r\gh ! skies4 ,h5ce he 0 call$ ,eosphorus1 or ,phosphorus1 ! be>] ( ! dawn1 translat$ into ,lat9 z ,lucif]1 ! ,light-be>]4 ,! son ( ,eos1 or ,aurora1 & ! ,titan ,a/raeus1 he 0 ( ! same p>5tage z ! o!r multitude ( ! />ry ho/1 to :om a simil> orig9 0 ascrib$1 & f :om 9 ,greek my?ology he 0 evid5tly believ$ to diff] only 9 ! sup]ior ord] ( 8 brightness4 ,hom]1 :o m5tions ! planet 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,b :5 ! /> ( ,lucif] appe>$1 ,! h>b+] ( light1 :om foll[+ close1 ,spreads o'er ! sea ! saffron-rob$ morn4 7,,"l ,,d]by',s ,iliad47 recognizes no di/9ction betwe5 ^? cele/ial nomads1 ! planets1 w&]+ />s1 z ! ,arabs call !m1 :i* visibly *ange _! position relatively to ! o!r />s1 & ! latt]1 ^: places on ! sph]e are app>5tly fix$ & immutable4 ,9 ?is he & 8 compatriots 7 f> beh9d ! anci5t ,egyptians1 :o probably d]iv$ _! k f /ill e>li] speculators 9 ,asia1 = !y n only obs]v$ ! movem5ts ( "s at lea/ ( ! planets1 b believ$ t ,m]cury & ,v5us revolv$ z satellites r\nd ! sun1 :i* 9 its turn circl$ r\nd our less] _w4 ,py?agoras is said to h be5 ! fir/ to id5tify ,hesp]us ) ,phosphor1 z ! ,silv] planet bo? ( eve & morn1 & by ,plato ! same fact is recogniz$4 ,! o!r planets1 all ( :i* _h1 accord+ to him1 be5 orig9ally nam$ 9 ,egypt & ,syria1 h ea* its descriptive title 9 8 nom5clature4 ,?us ! inn]mo/1 ! ,/> ( ,m]cury1 is call$ ,/ilbon1 ! ,sp>kl]1 ,m>s1 ,pyroeis1 ! ,fi]y ,"o1 :ile ,jupit]1 ! planet ( ! sl[e/ c\rse b "o1 is designat$ z ,phaeton1 & ,saturn1 ! t>die/ ( all1 ,pha5on4 ,^! names 7 9 lat] times ab&on$ 9 favor ( ^? ( ! div9ities to :om !y 7 respectively d$icat$1 unalt]ably associat$ n[ ) ! days ( ! week1 ov] :i* !y h be5 select$ to preside4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory1 :i* once & =ev] bru%$ ! cobwebs out ( ! sky1 by cle>+ away ! mi/s ( pre-exi/+ error1 fir/ completely expla9$ ! v>y+ positions ( ! ,%eph]d's />1 irradiat+ ! fir/ or la/ wat* ( night1 accord+ to h] alt]nate function z ! foll[] or precursor ( ! sun4 ,z %e travels on a pa? ne>] to him by m ?an tw5ty-five & a half million miles ?an t ( ! e>?1 %e is se5 by u on ea* side ( him 9 turn aft] pass+ beh9d or 9 front ( him4 ,! po9ts at :i* h] orbit exp&s mo/ widely to our eyes--an effect ( c\rse entirely due to p]spective1 z h] di/ance f ! sun is n !n actually increas$--are call$ h] ea/]n & we/]n elongations2 t at :i* %e passes by ! sun on ! hi!r side h] inf]ior1 & on ! f>!r side h] sup]ior conjunction4 ,at bo? conjunctions %e is lo/ to our view1 s9ce %e accompanies ! sun s closely z to be lo/ 9 8 beams1 ris+ & sett+ at ! same "t1 & travell+ ) him 9 8 pa? ?r\gh ! heav5s dur+ ! day4 ,:5 at inf]ior conjunction1 or betwe5 u & ! sun1 %e turns h] d>k hemisph]e to u l ! new moon1 & w\ld consequ5tly be invisible 9 any case1 b :5 9 ! opposite position1 %[s u h] illum9at$ face1 & is lit]ally a day />1 invisible only because effac$ by ! sol> spl5dor4 ,x is z %e gradually sep>ates f him1 aft] leav+ ?is latt] position1 circl+ ov] t half ( h] orbit :i* lies to ! ea/ ( him1 t %e beg9s to come into view z an ev5+ />1 foll[+ him at a great] & great] di/ance1 & consequ5tly sett+ lat]1 until %e atta9s h] greate/ ea/]n elongation1 divid$ f ! sun ab\t #de ( 8 visible circuit ?r\gh ! heav5s1 & consequ5tly rema9+ above ! horizon = "s f\r h\rs aft] him4 ,f ?is po9t %e aga9 appe>s to draw ne>] to him until %e passes on 8 hi!r side 9 inf]ior conjunction1 f :i* %e em]ges on ! opposite side to ! we/w>d1 & beg9s to %9e z a morn+ />1 prec$+ him on 8 track1 at a gradually increas+ di/ance1 until atta9+ h] greate/ we/w>d elongation1 & f9ally complet+ h] cycle by return+ to sup]ior conjunction once m 9 a p]iod ( ab\t five hundr$ & eighty-f\r days4 ,v5us is ?us ,hesp]us or ,vesp]1 ! ev5+ />1 :5 foll[+ ! sun z %e passes f beyond him 9 sup]ior conjunction to inf]ior conjunction :]e %e is ne>e/ to ! e>?4 ,z %e aga9 leaves him beh9d 9 h] c\rse f ?is po9t to ! opposite "o ( sup]ior conjunction1 %e appe>s 9 h] second aspect z ,phosphorus or ,lucif]1 ! sun ( morn+1 & h]ald ( ! day1 %9+ z ,! fair /> ,t gems ! glitt]+ coronet ( morn4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,phases ,,( ,,v5us4 ,b ! *anges 9 ! aspect ( ,v5us due to h] v>y+ positions 9 h] orbit are n conf9$ to ^? :i* cause h] to oscillate ) a p5dulum movem5t ea/w>d & we/w>d f ! sun4 ,! discov]y t %e und]goes phases exactly l ^? ( ! moon1 foll[$ t ( ! exi/5ce ( ,jupit]'s satellites z ! second great result a*iev$ by ! use ( ! telescope 9 ! h&s ( ,galileo4 ,! fact t ! planets 7 intr9sically d>k bodies revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 & reflect+ its light1 z he & ,cop]nicus _h ma9ta9$1 ?us receiv$ a fur!r ocul> demon/ration4 ,! ,flor5t9e a/ronom] describes 9 a lett] to a fri5d h[ ! planet1 aft] em]g+ f sup]ior conjunction z a morn+ />1 gradually loses h] rotundity on ! side remote f ! lum9>y1 *ang+ fir/ to a half sph]e & !n to a wan+ cresc5t2 until1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! /age ( absolute ext9ction :5 int]v5+ betwe5 u & ! sun1 %e re-appe>s z a morn+ />1 & und]goes ! same s]ies ( trans=mations 9 inv]se ord]4 ,! revelation 0 inde$ s novel & unexpect$1 t :5 ! slight de=mation ( ! planet's %ape 0 fir/ detect$ by him1 he did n v5ture to ann\nce x 9 pla9 t]ms b veil$ x1 accord+ to ! prevail+ fa%ion ( ! "t1 "u a ,lat9 anagram4 ,8 celebrat$ s5t5ce-- ,haec immatura a me jam fru/ra leguntur4 7,^? incomplete obs]vations are z yet read by me 9 va947 =ms1 by transpos+ ! lett]s1 ! m def9ite /atem5t1 ,cyn?i figuras mulatur ,mat] ,amorum4 7,! "m ( ! loves imitates ! aspects ( ,diana47 t is to say1 ,v5us vies ) ! phases ( ! moon4 ,! discov]y 0 an important "o f its be>+ on popul> sup]/ition ascrib+ to ! planets special influ5ces on human affairs1 = s9ce !y 7 ?us %[n to transmit to u only borr[$ light1 belief 9 _! b5efic5t or malefic p[]s ov] man's de/9ies receiv$ a rude %ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,phases ,,op ,,v5us4 ,galileo's ann\ncem5t1 publi%$ 9 ,septemb]1 #afaj1 :5 only a slight flatt5+ ( ! planet's disk 0 visible1 receiv$ absolute confirmation 9 ! ensu+ mon?s1 z %e complet$ h] full half-circle ( *ange on ,febru>y #bd? ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & consequ5tly exhibit$ h]self to him 9 all h] v>y+ aspects4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t !y _h be5 look$ ^u by a human eye1 s9ce its unaid$ p[]s d n enable x to disc]n !m1 al?\gh "o exception to ?is rule is said to h exi/$4 ,?is 0 ! case ( ! ,swiss ma!matician ,gauss1 :o1 :5 a *ild1 on be+ %[n ! cresc5t /> ?r\gh ! telescope1 exclaim$ to 8 "m t x 0 turn$ wrong2 ! inf]5ce be+ t he recogniz$ ! rev]sal ( ! image 9 ! field ( ! glass4 ,if x 7 inde$ s1 he des]ves to rank ) ! ,sib]ian savage1 :o describ$ ! eclipses1 or ,jupit]'s satellites2 or ! %oemak] ( ,breslau1 :o c\ld see & decl>e ! positions ( ^? m9ute orbs4 ,! phases exhibit$ to u by ,v5us are due to h] mov+ 9 an orbit )9 t ( ! e>?1 at "o side ( :i* %e is betwe5 u & ! sun1 :ile at ! o!r ?is position is exactly rev]s$4 ,we may comp>e h] to a p]=m] 9 a great cele/ial circus1 lit by a c5tral *&eli]1 & ourselves to spectators 9 an ext]nal r+1 f :i* we see h] at "o "t fac+ u ) ! light full on h]1 at ! opposite po9t 9 complete %ad[1 & at ! int]m$iate ones 9 v>y+ degrees ( illum9ation accord+ to our *ang+ views ( h]4 ,! same illu/ration may s]ve to %[ :y ,v5us is brighte/1 n :5 full1 s9ce %e is !n beyond ! sun1 & at ! f>!/ possible po9t f u1 b :5 %e approa*es u at inf]ior conjunction1 m ne>ly by ov] "o hundr$ & ?irty million miles1 & /ill %[s u a cresc5t ( h] illum9at$ surface1 be=e pass+ into ! la/ phase ( total obscuration4 ,:5 actually ne>e/ to u %e is absolutely invisible1 be+ !n1 l ! new moon1 betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,h] v>y+ degrees ( brilliancy1 ev5 :5 9 ! same phase1 are ?us acc\nt$ = by h] alt]nate retreat f & advance t[>ds u z %e circles r\nd ! sun4 ,complet+1 z %e does1 h] revolution 9 ab\t sev5 mon?s & a half1 %e w\ld ( c\rse g ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( h] metamorphoses 9 t "t1 7 ! e>?1 f :i* we obs]ve !m1 a fix$ po9t4 ,_! protraction in/ead1 ov] a t]m ( five hundr$ & eighty-f\r days1 or m ?an n9ete5 mon?s1 is due to ! simultane\s motion ( ! e>? 9 ! same direction1 ov] h] l>g] orbit 9 a long] p]iod1 caus+ ! same relative position ( ! si/] planet to recur only z (t5 z %e ov]takes h] 9 h] c>e]4 ,?us ! h\r & m9ute h&s ( a wat*1 mov+ at diff]5t rates ( spe$ aft] meet+ on ! dial plate at twelve o'clock1 w n aga9 come toge!r until five m9utes pa/ "o1 :5 ! swift] pac$ ( ! two w h complet$ a revolution & a twelf?4 ,b 7 we to ret>d ! motion ( ! latt]1 r$uc+ x to only twice t ( its companion1 !y w\ld always meet at ! figure twelve1 z x w\ld exactly complete two circuits :ile ! h\r h& 0 p]=m+ "o4 ,v5us ?us ov]takes & passes ! e>? once 9 five hundr$ & eighty-f\r days1 or ne>ly two & a half ( h] own ye>s1 con/itut+ :at is call$ h] synodic p]iod ( app>5t revolution z se5 f ?is globe4 ,%e ?us pres5ts to u all ! phases und]gone by our own satellite dur+ a lun> mon?1 pass+ f new to full1 & vice v]sa1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s int]v5+ gradations ( =m4 ,! phases ( ,v5us are among/ ! mo/ beautiful subjects = obs]vation 9 a mod]ate telescope1 z h] silv] b[1 gradually bright5+ 9 ! ev5+ dusk1 or fad+ 9 ! dawn1 ,on a b$ ( daffodil sky1 is1 aft] ! two great] lum9>ies t rule ! day & night1 ! mo/ brilliant object 9 ! heav5s4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,silv] ,,cr[n4 ,! p>allel betwe5 ,v5us & ,t orb$ maid5 ) fire lad51 ,:om mortals call ! moon1 is c>ri$ a /age fur!r4 ,mo/ ( u are famili> ) ! spectacle 9 :i* ! ,anci5t ,egyptians saw symboliz$ ,horus on ! lap ( ,isis1 b :i* we m prosaically t]m ! old moon 9 ! new moon's arms4 ,! /rongly illum9at$ half circle next ! sun is !n se5 embrac+ ) its horns a dusky sph]e1 contra/+ ) x z t>ni%$ silv] does ) ! newly burni%$ metal4 ,! same ph5om5on is occasionally1 ?\gh v r>ely1 exhibit$ by ,v5us1 :ile close to ! sun at inf]ior injunction1 :5 ! %ad[y =m ( ! full orb is se5 to %9e dimly )9 h] cresc5t ) :at is t]m$ ! a%5 light4 ,m wond]ful /ill1 ?is glimm]+ sph]e is !n cr[n$1 z ) a silv] halo1 by a ?9 lum9\s ar*1 =m+ a second>y sickle fac+ ! "o ne>e/ ! sun1 & d\btless due to ! refraction ( 8 rays r\nd ! globe ( ! planet1 ?r\gh ! upp] regions ( h] twilight atmosph]e4 ,?is spectacle 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ! ,jesuit ,ricciolo1 an oppon5t ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 on ,janu>y #i?1 #afdc4 ,he describes ! planet z ruddy ne> ! sun1 yell[i% 9 ! middle1 & ( gre5i% blue on ! side remote f ! sun2 :ile he also not$ ! b[ ( light limit+ ! d>k hemisph]e4 ,sc>cely d>+ to tru/ 8 own eyesight1 he ascrib$ ^! appe>ances1 al?\gh he record$ !m1 to illusory reflection 9 ! telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5us ,,at ,,h] ,,greate/ ,,brilliancy4 ,!y 7 aga9 se51 h[ev]1 by ,d]ham ab\t #agae1 & six ye>s lat] by ,kir*1 9 ,b]l91 :o has ! foll[+ entry 9 8 di>y = ,saturday1 ,june #bi1 #agba3--;,i f\nd ,v5us 9 a region :]e ! sky 0 n v cle>4 ,! planet 0 n>r[1 & ,i seem$ to see its d>k side1 ?\gh ?is is almo/ incr$ible4 ,! diamet] ( ,v5us 0 #fe1 & its sickle seem$ to tremble 9 ! atmosph]ic vapors4 ,aga91 on ,m>* #h?1 #agbf1 he records a simil> obs]vation4 ,we obs]v$ ,v5us ) ! tw5ty-six foot telescope4 ,i p]ceiv$ h] d>k side1 & its edge seem$ to describe a small] circle ?an t ( ! light side1 z is ! case ( ! moon4 ,?is effect is due to irradiation1 t is to say1 to ! gl>e f a bright surface1 giv+ a deceptive enl>gem5t to its app>5t area4 ,he aga9 saw ! d>k side ( ! planet 9 ,octob]1 #agei1 z did ,h>d+ at ,gtt+51 ) ,h]s*el's t5-foot reflector1 on ,janu>y #bd?1 #ahjf4 ,?is latt] obs]v] saw x on ?is occasion /& out aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! sky z ( a pale a%5 gre51 :ile on ,febru>y #bh? foll[+1 x seem$ to him ( a pale r$di% gray1 l ! color ( ! eclips$ moon4 ,t ! latt] body %\ld s5d to u f h] nocturnal %ad[s suffici5t light to be visible is easily explicable1 s9ce %e is !n flood$ ) e>?-light reflect$ on h] f a surface ?irte5 & "o-half times great] ?an h] own1 & probably ca/+ on h] an illum9ation transc5d+ our full moonlight 9 ! same proportion4 ,b ! second>y light ( ,v5us admits ( no su* explanation1 s9ce e>?-light on h] surface1 dim9i%$ by #a_/abjjj? "p comp>$ to :at x is on t ( ! moon1 w\ld be q insuffici5t to r5d] h] visible to our eyes4 ,! ph5om5on 0 !re=e adduc$ z an argum5t = ! habitability ( ! planets by ,grui?uis51 ( ! ,muni* ,obs]vatory1 :o1 writ+ e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 sugge/$ t ! a%5 light ( ,v5us might be due to g5]al illum9ations 9 celebration by h] inhabitants ( "s p]iodically recurr+ fe/ivity1 ,! mat]ials = a fl>e-up on s gr& a scale w\ld1 he ?\ght1 exi/ 9 abundance1 z he conjectur$ ! vegetation ( our planet>y neighbor to be m luxuriant ?an t ( our ,brazilian =e/s4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! ,aphroditean oceans1 w>m & teem+ ) life1 z !y are held to be by ,zolln]1 0 advanc$ z an explanatory hypo!sis1 ) sc>cely m plausibility1 by ,pr(essor ,saf>ik1 :ile o!rs h resort$ to ! supposition ( atmosph]ic or electrical lum9osity produc+ on a l>ge scale "s su* display z t ( ! aurora borealis4 ,pr(essor ,vogel1 ( ,b]l91 :o himself saw "p ( ! night-side ( ,v5us1 9 its semi-obscurity 9 ,novemb]1 #ahga1 ascrib$ its visibility to a twilight effect caus$ by a v ext5sive atmosph]e4 ,! light ?us transmitt$ to u by a]ial diffusion & giv+ ! a%5 light1 is reflect$ sunlight1 :ile t s5t by ! lum9\s arc on its edge is direct sunlight1 refract$1 or b5t r\nd to u1 f beh9d ! planet4 ,! silv] selv$ge ( ! dawn edg+ ! d>k limb may consequ5tly be ! brighte/ "p ( ! brok5 nimbus t !n seems to surr\nd h]4 ,a simil> appe>ance is obs]v$ dur+ transits ( ,v5us1 :5 %e passes directly betwe5 u & ! actual sol> disk4 ,a silv] ?read is !n se5 encircl+ t side ( ! planet :i* has n yet ent]$ on ! face ( ! sun or a %ad[y nebul\s r+1 z x 0 describ$ by ,mr4 ,macdonnell at ,ed51 surr\nds ! :ole planet>y disk :5 two-?irds ( x h pass$ ! sol> edge4 ,z x moves (f x1 ! same aureole aga9 becomes visible1 te/ify+ to ! exi/5ce ( an atmosph]e ( consid]able ext5t ext]ior to ! %>ply outl9$ surface ord9>ily visible4 ,! %imm]+ haze ( reflect$ sunlight :i* p]petually enfolds h] is only made app>5t to u "u exceptional circum/ances :i* cut (f "s portion ( h] m imm$iate light1 j z we see ! motes 9 ! air illum9at$ by a c&le if we hide ! actual flame f our eyes4 ,! p]5nial twilight :i* seems to reign ov] ! nocturnal hemisph]e ( ,v5us may comp5sate1 p]haps1 = ! want ( a satellite to modify its d>kness4 ,! great prolongation at o!r times ( ! horns ( h] cresc5t1 s z to embrace almo/ h] entire circumf]5ce ) a t5u\s r+ ( light1 is d\btless due to ! same cause1 z _! visibility %\ld o!rwise be limit$ to a half segm5t ( a circle4 ,! regions ?us %9+ to u are obvi\sly ^? on :i* ! sun has n yet set1 8 appe>ance above ! horizon be+ prolong$1 z 9 our own case1 by refraction1 ?\gh to a mu* l>g] ext5t4 ,! magnitude ( ! sun's disk z se5 f ,v5us1 a ?ird l>g] ?an x appe>s to u1 is also adduct$ by ,mr4 ,proctor 9 8 po/hum\s "w1 ,! ,old & ! ,new ,a/ronomy1 edit$ & complet$ by ,mr4 ,a4,c4 ,rany>d1 z an elem5t 9 ext5d+ ! illum9ation ( ,v5us to m ?an a hemisph]e ( h] surface4 ,z 8 diamet] !re is #dd-a_/d1 a zone ( m ?an #bb wide outside ! sunw>d hemisph]e is he ?9ks illum9at$ by direct ?\gh p>tial sunlight1 ! orb be+ ?r\gh\t ?is tract /ill p>tially above ! horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geographical ,,aspect ,,( ,,v5us4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,/>s 7,,f ,,/>l&47 ,,by ,,sir ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,ball4 ,illu/ration ,! gr\p ( bodies :i* clu/] ar\nd our sun =ms a little isl&1 s to speak1 9 ! ext5t ( inf9ite space4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by a map 9 :i* we %all endeavor to %[ ! />s plac$ at _! prop] relative di/ances4 ,we fir/ op5 ! compasses "o in*1 & ?us draw a little circle to repres5t ! pa? ( ! e>?4 ,we are n go+ to put 9 all ! planets4 ,we take ,neptune1 ! out]mo/1 at once4 ,to draw its pa? ,i op5 ! compasses to ?irty in*es1 & draw a circle ) t radius4 ,t w d = our sol> sy/em1 ?\gh ! comets no d\bt w roam beyond ^! limits4 ,to complete our map we ought ( c\rse to put 9 "s />s4 ,!re are a hundr$ million to *oose f1 & we %all beg9 ) ! brighte/4 ,x is (t5 call$ ! ,dog ,/>1 b a/ronom]s "k x bett] z ,sirius4 ,let u see :]e x is to be plac$ on our map4 ,sirius is beyond ,neptune1 s x mu/ be outside some:]e4 ,inde$1 x is a good deal fur!r (f ?an ,neptune2 s ,i try at ! edge ( ! draw+-bo>d2 ,i h got a me?od ( mak+ a little calculation t ,i d n int5d to tr\ble y )1 b ,i c assure y t ! results x leads me to are q correct2 !y %[ me t ?is bo>d is n big en\gh4 ,b c\ld a bo>d :i* 0 big en\gh fit into ?is lecture !atre8 ,"h1 aga91 ,i make my little calculations1 & ,i f9d t !re w\ld n be room = a bo>d suffici5tly great2 9 fact1 if ,i put ! sun "h at "o end1 ) its planets ar\nd x8 ,sirius w\ld be too ne> on ! same scale if x 7 at ! fur!r corn]4 ,! bo>d w\ld h to g out ?r\gh ! wall ( ! !atre1 out ?r\gh ,london4 ,inde$1 big z ,london is1 x w\ld n be l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! draw+-bo>d t ,i %\ld require4 ,x w\ld h to /ret* ab\t tw5ty miles f :]e we are n[ assembl$4 ,we may !re=e dismiss any hope ( mak+ a practical map ( our sy/em on ?is scale if ,sirius is to h its prop] place4 ,let u1 !n1 take "s o!r />4 ,we %all naturally try ) ! ne>e/ ( all4 ,x is "o t we d n "k 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 b ^? t live 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e are well acqua9t$ ) x4 ,! "n ( ?is /> is ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,ev5 = ?is /> we %\ld require a draw+ ?ree or f\r miles long if ! di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun is to be tak5 z "o in*4 ,y see :at an isolat$ position our sun & 8 planets occupy4 ,! memb]s ( ! family are all close toge!r1 & ! ne>e/ neighbors are situat$ at enorm\s di/ances4 ,!re is a good reason = ?is sep>ation4 ,! />s are v pretty & p]fectly h>mless to u :]e !y are at pres5t situat$4 ,!y might be v tr\blesome neighbors if !y 7 v mu* clos] to our sy/em4 ,x is !re=e well !y are s f> (f2 !y w\ld be con/antly mak+ di/urbances 9 ! sun's family if !y 7 ne> at h&4 ,sometimes !y w\ld be dragg+ u into unpleasantly great heat by br++ u too close to ! sun1 or produc+ a coolness by pull+ u away f ! sun1 :i* w\ld be q z disagreeable4 ,! ,/>s are ,suns4 ,we are ab\t to discuss "o ( ! gr&e/ tru?s 9 ! :ole ( nature4 ,we h _h occasion to see t ?is sun ( ours is a magnific5t globe imm5sely l>g] ?an ! greate/ ( 8 planets1 :ile ! greate/ ( ^! planets is imm5sely l>g] ?an ?is e>?2 b n[ we are to le>n t our sun is1 inde$1 only a /> n ne>ly s bright z _m ( ^? :i* %9e ov] our heads e night4 ,we are comp>atively close to ! sun1 s t we are able to enjoy 8 beautiful light & *e]+ heat4 ,ea* ( ^? o!r myriads ( />s is a sun1 & ! spl5dor ( ^? di/ant suns is (t5 f> great] ?an t ( our own4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 s enorm\sly f> f !m t !y appe> dw9dl$ d[n to insignificance4 ,to judge imp>tially betwe5 our sun or /> & su* a sun or /> z ,sirius we %\ld /& halfway betwe5 ! two2 x is impossible to make a fair e/imate :5 we f9d ourselves situat$ close to "o /> & a million times z f> f ! o!r4 ,aft] all[ance is made = ! imp]fections ( our po9t ( view1 we are enabl$ to realize ! maje/ic tru? t ! sun is no m ?an a />1 & t ! o!r />s are no less ?an suns4 ,?is gives u an impos+ idea ( ! ext5t & magnific5ce ( ! univ]se 9 :i* we are situat$4 ,look lip at ! sky at night--y w see a ho/ ( />s2 try to ?9k t e "o ( !m is itself a sun4 ,x may probably be t ^? suns h planets circl+ r\nd !m1 b x is hopeless = u to expect to see su* planets4 ,7 y /&+ on "o ( ^? />s & look+ t[>ds our sy/em1 y w\ld n p]ceive ! sun to be ! brilliant & gorge\s object t we "k s well4 ,if y c\ld see him at all1 he w\ld m]ely seem l a />1 n ne>ly z bright z _m ( ^? y c see at night4 ,ev5 if y _h ! bigge/ ( telescopes to aid y\r vision1 y c\ld nev] disc]n f "o ( ^! bodies ! planets :i* surr\nd ! sun1 no a/ronom] 9 ! />s c\ld see ,jupit]1 ev5 if 8 sight 7 a ?\s& times z p[]ful z any sight or telescope t we "k4 ,s m9ute an object z our e>? w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be /ill m hopelessly beyond ! possibility ( vision4 ,! ,numb] ( ! ,/>s4 ,to c\nt ! />s involves a task :i* lies beyond ! p[] ( man to accompli%4 ,ev5 )\t ! aid ( any telescope1 we c see a great multitude ( />s f ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,!re are also _m con/ellations 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e :i* nev] appe> above our horizon4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we 7 to g to ! equator1 !n1 by wait+ !re = a twelve-mon?1 all ! />s 9 ! heav5s w\ld h be5 successively expos$ to view4 ,an a/ronom]1 ,h\zeau1 ) ! pati5ce to c\nt !m1 enum]at$ ab\t six ?\s&4 ,?is is ! nak$-eye e/imate ( ! />-population ( ! heav5s2 b if in/ead ( rely+ on unaid$ vision1 y get ! assi/ance ( a little telescope1 y w be a/\nd$ at ! enorm\s multitude ( />s :i* are disclos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4 ,,! ,,great ,,be> ,,& ,,! ,,pole4 ,an ord9>y op]a-glass or b9ocul> is a v useful in/rum5t = look+ at ! />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,if y employ an in/rum5t ( ?is sort1 y w be amaz$ to f9d t ! heav5s teem ) additional ho/s ( />s t y\r unaid$ vision w\ld nev] h giv5 y k (4 ,any "p ( ! sky may be obs]v$2 b1 j to give an illu/ration1 ,i %all take "o special region1 namely1 t ( ! ,great ,be> 7,fig4 #a74 ,! sev5 well-kn[n />s are "h %[n1 f\r ( :i* =m a sort ( oblong1 :ile ! o!r ?ree repres5t ! tail4 ,i w\ld l y to make ?is little exp]im5t4 ,on a f9e cle> night1 c\nt h[ _m />s !re are )9 ?is oblong2 !y are all v fa9t1 b y w be able to see a few1 &1 ) good sight1 & on a cle> night1 y may see p]haps t54 ,next take y\r op]a-glass & sweep x ov] ! same region2 if y w c>efully c\nt ! />s x %[s1 y w f9d fully two hundr$2 s t ! op]a-glass has1 9 ?is "p ( ! sky1 reveal$ ne>ly tw5ty times z _m />s z c\ld be se5 )\t its aid4 ,z six ?\s& />s c be se5 by ! eye all ov] ! heav5s1 we may fairly expect t tw5ty times t numb]--t is to say1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& />s--c\ld be %[n by ! op]a-glass ov] ! entire sky4 ,let u g a /ep fur!r1 & employ a telescope1 ! object-glass ( :i* is ?ree in*es across4 ,?is is a useful telescope to h1 &1 if a good "o1 w %[ multitudes ( pleas+ objects1 ?\gh an a/ronom] w\ld n consid] x v p[]ful4 ,an in/rum5t l ?is1 small en\gh to be c>ri$ 9 ! h&1 has be5 appli$ to ! task ( enum]at+ ! />s 9 ! nor!rn half ( ! sky1 & ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& />s 7 c\nt$4 ,inde$1 ! actual numb] t might h be5 se5 ) x is consid]ably great]1 = :5 ! a/ronom] ,argel&] made ?is memorable inve/igation he 0 unable to reckon _m ( ! />s 9 localities :]e !y lay v close toge!r4 ,?is gr& c\nt only ext5d$ to half ! sky1 &1 assum+ t ! o!r half is z ri*ly inlaid ) />s1 we see t a little telescope l t we h suppos$ w1 :5 swept ov] ! heav5s1 reveal a numb] ( />s :i* exce$s t ( ! population ( any city 9 ,engl& except ,london4 ,x exhibits m ?an "o hundr$ times z _m />s z our eyes c\ld possibly reveal4 ,/ill1 we are only at ! beg9n+ ( ! c\nt2 ! v great telescopes add l>gely to ! numb]4 ,!re are multitudes ( />s :i* 9 small in/rum5ts we _c see1 b :i* are di/9ctly visible f our great obs]vatories4 ,t telescope w\ld be /ill b a comp>atively small "o :i* w\ld %[ z _m />s 9 ! sky z !re are p liv+ 9 ! mighty city ( ,london2 & ) ! greate/ in/rum5ts1 ! tale ( />s has ris5 to a numb] f> great] ?an t ( ! entire population ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 addition to ^? />s :i* ! l>ge/ telescopes %[ u1 !re are myriads :i* make _! pres5ce evid5t 9 a :olly diff]5t way4 ,x is only 9 q rec5t times t an attempt has be5 made to develop fully ! p[]s ( photography 9 repres5t+ ! cele/ial objects4 ,on a photographic plate :i* has be5 expos$ to ! sky 9 a great telescope ! />s are record$ by ?\s&s4 ,_m ( ^! may1 ( c\rse1 be obs]v$ ) a good telescope1 b !re are n a few o!rs :i* no "o ev] saw 9 a telescope1 :i* app>5tly no "o ev] c\ld see1 ?\gh ! photograph is able to %[ !m4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 employ a cam]a l t :i* ! photograph] uses :o is go+ to take y\r portrait4 ,! a/ronom]'s plate is put into 8 telescope1 & !n ! telescope is turn$ t[>ds ! sky4 ,on t plate ! />s produce _! images1 ea* by its own light4 ,"s ( ^! images are excessively fa9t1 b we give a v long exposure ( an h\r or two h\rs2 sometimes z mu* z f\r h\rs' exposure is giv5 to a plate s s5sitive t a m]e fraction ( a second w\ld suffici5tly expose x dur+ ! ord9>y practice ( tak+ a photograph 9 daylight4 ,we ?us af=d suffici5t "t to enable ! fa9t] objects to indicate _! pres5ce ^u ! s5sitive film4 ,ev5 ) an exposure ( a s+le h\r a picture exhibit+ sixte5 ?\s& />s has be5 tak5 by ,mr4 ,isaac ,rob]ts1 ( ,liv]pool4 ,yet ! portion ( ! sky :i* x repres5ts is only "o t5-?\s&? "p ( ! entire heav5s4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! region :i* ,mr4 ,rob]ts has photograph$ is furni%$ ) />s 9 r exceptional pr(usion4 ,"h1 at la/1 we h obta9$ "s conception ( ! sublime scale on :i* ! /ell> univ]se is con/ruct$4 ,yet ev5 ^! plates _c repres5t all ! />s t ! heav5s conta94 ,we h e reason = kn[+ t ) l>g] telescopes1 ) m s5sitive plates1 ) m prolong$ exposures1 ev] fre% myriads ( />s w be br\ght )9 our view4 ,y mu/ rememb] t e "o ( ^! />s is truly a sun1 a lamp1 z x 71 :i* d\btless gives light to o!r objects 9 its neighborhood z our sun %$s light ^u ?is e>? & ! o!r planets4 ,9 fact1 to realize ! glories ( ! heav5s y %\ld try to ?9k t ! brilliant po9ts y see are m]ely ! lum9\s po9ts ( ! o!rwise invisible univ]se4 ,/&+ "o f9e night on ! deck ( a ,cun>d] we pass$ 9 op5 ocean ano!r great ,atlantic /eam]4 ,! vessel 0 ne> en\gh = u to see n only ! light f ! ma/-head b also ! little beams f ! sev]al cab9 ports2 & we c\ld see no?+ ( ! %ip h]self4 ,h] v exi/5ce 0 only kn[n to u by ! tw9kle ( ^! lights4 ,d\btless h] pass5g]s c\ld see1 & did see1 ! simil> lights f our own vessel1 & !y probably drew ! correct inf]5ce t ^! lights indicat$ a great %ip4 ,consid] ! multiplicity ( be+s & objects 9 a %ip3 ! capta9 & ! crew1 ! pass5g]s1 ! cab9s1 ! eng9es1 ! boats1 ! rigg+1 & ! /ores4 ,?9k ( all ! v>i$ int]e/s !re collect$ & !n reflect t out on ! ocean1 at night1 ! sole indication ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is elaborate /ructure 0 giv5 by ! few beams ( light t happ5$ to radiate f x4 ,n[ raise y\r eyes to ! />s2 !re are ! tw9kl+ lights4 ,we _c see :at ^? lights illum9ate1 we c only conjecture :at untold weal? ( non-lum9\s bodies may also lie 9 _! vic9ity2 we may1 h[ev]1 feel c]ta9 t j z ! few gleam+ lights f a %ip are utt]ly inadequate to give a notion ( ! nature & ! cont5ts ( an ,atlantic /eam]1 s are ! tw9kl+ />s utt]ly inadequate to give ev5 ! fa9te/ conception ( ! ext5t & ! int]e/ ( ! univ]se4 ,we m]ely see self-lum9\s bodies1 b ( ! multitudes ( objects & ! elaborate sy/ems ( :i* ^! bodies are only ! conspicu\s po9ts we see no?+ & we "k v little4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 entitl$ to inf] f an exam9ation ( our own />--! sun--& ( ! beautiful sy/em by :i* x is surr\nd$1 t ^! o!r suns may be also spl5didly att5d$4 ,?is is q z reasonable a supposition z t a set ( lights se5 at night on ! ,atlantic ,ocean indicates ! exi/5ce ( a f9e %ip4 ,! ,clu/]s ( ,/>s4 ,on a cle> night y c (t5 see1 /ret*+ across ! sky1 a track ( fa9t light1 :i* is kn[n to a/ronom]s z ! ,milky ,way4 ,x ext5ds bel[ ! horizon1 & !n r\nd ! e>? to =m a girdle ab\t ! heav5s4 ,:5 we exam9e ! ,milky ,way ) a telescope we f9d1 to our amazem5t1 t x consi/s ( myriads ( />s1 s small & s fa9t t we are n able to di/+ui% !m individually2 we m]ely see ! gl[ produc$ f _! collective rays4 ,rememb]+ t our sun is a />1 & t ! ,milky ,way surr\nds u1 x w\ld almo/ seem z if our sun 7 b "o ( ! ho/ ( />s :i* =m ?is clu/]4 ,!re are also o!r clu/]s ( />s1 "s ( :i* are exquisitely beautiful telescopic spectacles4 ,i may m5tion a celebrat$ pair ( ^! objects :i* lies 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus4 ,! sight ( !m 9 a great telescope is s impos+ t no "o :o is fit to look ?r\gh a telescope c\ld resi/ a %\t ( wond] & admiration :5 fir/ !y bur/ on 8 view4 ,b !re are o!r clu/]s4 ,"h is a picture ( "o :i* is kn[n z ! ,globul> ,clu/] 9 ! ,c5taur 7,fig4 #b74 ,x consi/s ( a ball ( />s1 s f> (f t1 h[ev] l>ge ^! sev]al suns may actually be1 !y h dw9dl$ d[n to extremely small po9ts ( light4 ,a homely illu/ration may s]ve to %[ ! appe>ance :i* a globul> clu/] pres5ts 9 a good telescope4 ,i take a pepp]-ca/]1 & on a %eet ( :ite pap] ,i beg9 to %ake out ! pepp] until !re is a little heap at ! c5tre & o!r gra9s are scatt]$ loosely ab\t4 ,imag9e t e "o ( ^? gra9s ( pepp] 0 to be trans=m$ into a t9y electric light1 & !n y h "s idea ( :at a clu/] ( />s w\ld look l :5 view$ ?r\gh a telescope ( suffici5t p[]4 ,!re are multitudes ( su* gr\ps scatt]$ ?r\gh ! dep?s ( space4 ,!y require our bigge/ telescopes to %[ !m adequately4 ,we h se5 t our sun is a />1 be+ only "o ( a magnific5t clu/] t =ms ! ,milky ,way4 ,we h also se5 t !re are o!r gr\ps scatt]$ ?r\gh ! l5g? & dep? ( space4 ,x is ?us we obta9 a notion ( ! rank :i* our e>? holds 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s cele/ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,globul> ,,clu/] ,,9 ,,! ,,c5taur4 ,! ,rank ( ! ,e>? z a ,globe 9 ,space4 ,let me give an illu/ration ) ! view ( expla9+ m fully ! nature ( ! relation :i* ! e>? be>s to ! o!r globes :i* ab\nd ?r\gh space1 & y mu/ all[ me to draw a little ^u my imag9ation4 ,i %all suppose t ! mails ( our c\ntry ext5d n only ov] ?is globe1 b t !y also communicate ) o!r worlds2 t po/al arrangem5ts exi/ betwe5 ,m>s & ! e>?1 betwe5 ! sun & ,orion--9 fact1 ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! univ]se4 ,we %all consid] h[ our lett]s are to be address$4 ,let u take ! case ( ,mr4 ,john ,smi?1 m]*ant1 :o lives at #ajja1 ,piccadilly2 & let u suppose t ,mr4 ,john ,smi?'s bus9ess transactions are ( su* an ext5sive nature t !y rea* n only all ov] ?is globe1 b away ?r\gh\t space4 ,i %all suppose t ! firm has a correspond5t resid+--let u say 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>2 & :5 ?is man ( bus9ess wants to write to ,mr4 ,smi? f ^! remote regions1 :at address mu/ he put ^u ! lett]1 s t ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al ( ! univ]se %all make no mi/ake ab\t its deliv]y8 ,he w write z foll[s3-- ,,mr4 ,,john ,,smi?1 #ajja ,piccadilly1 ,london1 ,engl&1 ,europe1 ,e>?1 ,ne> ! ,sun1 ,milky ,way1 ,! ,univ]se4 ,let u n[ see :at ! sev]al l9es ( ?is address mean4 ,( c\rse we put d[n ! "n ( ,mr4 ,john ,smi? 9 ! fir/ l9e1 & !n we w add #ajja ,piccadilly = ! second2 b z ! p 9 ! ,great ,be> are n likely to "k :]e ,piccadilly is1 we %all add ,london und]nea?4 ,z ev5 ,london itself _c be well kn[n ev]y:]e1 x is bett] to write ,engl&4 ,?is w\ld surely f9d ,mr4 ,john ,smi? f any po/-(fice on ?is globe4 ,f o!r globes1 h[ev]1 ! supreme importance ( ,engl& may n be s imm$iately recogniz$1 & !re=e x is z well to add ano!r l9e1 ,europe4 ,?is ought to be suffici5t1 ,i ?9k1 = any po/-(fice 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,europe is big en\gh to be visible f ,m>s or ,v5us1 & %\ld be kn[n to ! po/-(fice p !re1 j z we "k & h names = ! cont95ts on ,m>s4 ,b fur!r away !re might be a little difficulty2 f ,uranus & ,neptune ! diff]5t regions on our e>? c nev] h be5 di/+ui%$1 & !re=e we mu/ add ano!r l9e to indicate ! p>ticul> globe ( ! sol> sy/em :i* conta9s ,europe4 ,m>k ,twa9 tells u t !re 0 always "o ?+ 9 a/ronomy :i* specially puzzl$ him1 & t 0 to "k h[ we f\nd out ! names ( ! />s4 ,we are1 ( c\rse1 9 hopeless ignorance ( ! "n by :i* ?is e>? is call$ among o!r intellig5t be+s else:]e :o c see x4 ,i c only adopt ! title ( ,e>?1 & !re=e ,i add ?is l9e4 ,n[ our address is s complete t f any:]e 9 ! sol> sy/em--f ,m]cury1 f ,jupit]1 or ,neptune--!re ought to be no mi/ake ab\t ! lett] f9d+ its way to ,mr4 ,john ,smi?4 ,b f 8 correspond5t 9 ! ,great ,be> ?is address w\ld be /ill incomplete2 !y _c see our e>? f !re1 & ev5 ! sun himself only looks l a small />--l "o1 9 fact1 ( ?\s&s ( />s else:]e4 ,h[ev]1 ea* /> c be di/+ui%$1 & our sun may1 = in/ance1 be recogniz$ f ! ,great ,be> by "s designation4 ,we %all add ! l9e ,ne> ! ,sun1 & !n ,i ?9k t f ?is con/ellation1 or f any ( ! o!r />s ar\nd u1 ! address ( ,mr4 ,john ,smi? may be reg>d$ z complete4 ,b ,mr4 ,smi?'s correspond5ce may be /ill wid]4 ,he may h an ag5t liv+ 9 ! clu/] ( ,p]seus or on "s o!r objects /ill fa9t] & m di/ant2 !n ,ne> ! ,sun is utt]ly inadequate z a conclud+ l9e to ! address1 = ! sun1 if x c be se5 at all f !nce1 w be only ( ! significance ( an excessively m9ute />1 no m to be designat$ by a special "n ?an are ea* ( ! sev]al leaves on ! trees ( a =e/4 ,:at ?is di/ant correspond5t w be acqua9t$ ) is n ! e>? or ! sun b only ! clu/] ( />s among :i* ! sun is b a unit4 ,aga9 we use our own "n to d5ote ! clu/]1 & we call x ! ,milky ,way4 ,:5 we add ?is l9e1 we h made ! address ( ,mr4 ,john ,smi? z complete z circum/ances w p]mit4 ,i ?9k a lett] po/$ to him any:]e ought to rea* its de/9ation4 ,to p]fect x1 h[ev]1 we w f9i% up ) "o l9e m--,! ,univ]se4 ,! ,di/ances ( ! ,/>s4 ,i mu/ n[ tell y some?+ ab\t ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,i %all n make ! attempt to expla9 fully h[ a/ronom]s make su* measurem5ts1 b ,i w give y "s notion ( h[ x is done4 ,y may rememb] ,i %[$ y h[ we f\nd ! di/ance ( a globe t 0 hung f ! ceil+4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od = f9d+ ! di/ance ( a /> is some:at simil>1 except t we make ! two obs]vations n f ! two ends ( a table1 n ev5 f opposite sides ( ! e>?1 b f two opposite po9ts on ! e>?'s orbit1 :i* are !re=e at a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & eighty-six million miles4 ,imag9e t on ,midsumm] ,day1 :5 /&+ on ! e>? "h1 ,i measure ) a piece ( c>d ! angle betwe5 ! /> & ! sun4 ,six mon?s lat]1 on ,midw9t] ,day1 :5 ! e>? is at ! opposite po9t ( its orbit1 ,i aga9 measure ! angle betwe5 ! same /> & ! sun1 & we c n[ det]m9e ! />'s di/ance by mak+ a triangle4 ,i draw a l9e a foot long1 & we w take ?is foot to repres5t "o hundr$ & eighty-six million miles1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two /ations2 !n plac+ ! c>ds at ! corn]s1 ,i rule ! two sides & complete ! triangle1 & ! /> mu/ be at ! rema9+ corn]2 !n ,i measure ! sides ( ! triangle1 & h[ _m feet !y conta91 & recollect+ t ea* foot corresponds to "o hundr$ & eighty-six million miles1 we discov] ! di/ance ( ! />4 ,if ! />s 7 comp>atively ne> u1 ! process w\ld be a v simple "o2 b1 un=tunately1 ! />s are s extremely f> (f t ?is triangle1 ev5 ) a base ( only "o foot1 mu/ h its sides _m miles long4 ,inde$1 a/ronom]s w tell y t !re is no m delicate or tr\blesome "w 9 ! :ole ( _! sci5ce ?an t ( discov]+ ! di/ance ( a />4 ,9 all su* measurem5ts we take ! di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun z a conv5i5tly long measur+-rod1 :]eby to express ! results4 ,! ne>e/ />s are /ill hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( times z f> (f z ! sun4 ,let u pond] = a little on ! va/ness ( ^! di/ances4 ,we %all fir/ express !m 9 miles4 ,tak+ ! sun's di/ance to be n9ety-?ree million miles1 !n ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ fix$ /> is ab\t tw5ty millions ( millions ( miles--t is to say1 we express ?is by putt+ d[n a #b fir/1 & !n writ+ ?irte5 ciph]s aft] x4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 easy to speak ( su* figures1 b x is a v diff]5t matt] :5 we endeavor to imag9e ! awful magnitude :i* su* a numb] indicates4 ,i mu/ try to give "s illu/rations :i* w enable y to =m a notion ( x4 ,at fir/ ,i 0 go+ to ask y to try & c\nt ?is numb]1 b :5 ,i f\nd x w\ld require at lea/ ?ree hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 c\nt+ day & night )\t /opp+1 be=e ! task 0 ov]1 x became necess>y to adopt "s o!r me?od4 ,:5 on a visit 9 ,lanca%ire ,i 0 once k9dly p]mitt$ to visit a cotton mill1 & ,i le>n$ t ! cotton y>n !re produc$ 9 a s+le day w\ld be long en\gh to w9d r\nd ?is e>? tw5ty-sev5 times at ! equator4 ,x appe>s t ! total production ( cotton y>n ea* day 9 all ! mills toge!r w\ld be on ! av]age ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty-five million miles4 ,9 fact1 if !y w\ld only sp9 ab\t "o-fif? m1 we c\ld ass]t t ,great ,brita9 produc$ en\gh cotton y>n e day to /ret* f ! e>? to ! sun & back aga96 ,x is n h>d to f9d f ^! figures h[ long x w\ld take = all ! mills 9 ,lanca%ire to produce a piece ( y>n long en\gh to rea* f our e>? to ! ne>e/ ( ! />s4 ,if ! sp9n]s work$ z h>d z ev] !y c\ld = a ye>1 & if all ! pieces 7 !n ti$ toge!r1 !y w\ld ext5d to only a small fraction ( ! di/ance2 nor if !y work$ = t5 ye>s1 or = tw5ty ye>s1 w\ld ! task be fully accompli%$4 ,inde$1 upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ ye>s w\ld be necess>y be=e en\gh cotton c\ld be gr[n 9 ,am]ica & spun 9 ?is c\ntry to /ret* ov] a di/ance s enorm\s4 ,all ! sp9n+ t has ev] yet be5 done 9 ! _w has n =m$ a long en\gh ?read6 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* we c =m "s notion ( ! imm5sity ( ^! sid]eal di/ances4 ,y w recollect t1 :5 we 7 speak+ ( ,jupit]'s moons1 ,i told y ( ! beautiful discov]y :i* _! eclipses enabl$ a/ronom]s to make4 ,x 0 ?us f\nd t light travels at ! enorm\s spe$ ( ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty-five ?\s& miles p] second4 ,x moves s quickly t )9 a s+le second a ray w\ld fla% two hundr$ times f ,london to ,ed9burgh & back aga94 ,we said t a meteor travels "o hundr$ times z swiftly z a rifle-bullet2 b ev5 ?is great spe$ seems almo/ no?+ :5 comp>$ ) ! spe$ ( light1 :i* is t5 ?\s& times z great4 ,suppose "s brilliant outbreak ( light 7 to take place 9 a di/ant />--an outbreak :i* w\ld be ( su* int5sity t ! fla% f x w\ld ext5d f> & wide ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,! light w\ld />t =? on its voyage ) t]rific spe$4 ,any neighbor+ /> :i* 0 at a di/ance ( less ?an "o hundr$ & eighty-five ?\s& miles w\ld1 ( c\rse1 see ! fla% )9 a second aft] x _h be5 produc$4 ,m di/ant bodies w\ld receive ! intimation aft] int]vals ( "t proportion$ to _! di/ances4 ,?us1 if a body 7 "o million miles away1 ! light w\ld rea* x 9 f five to six seconds1 :ile ov] a di/ance z great z t :i* sep>ates ! e>? f ! sun ! news w\ld be c>ri$ 9 ab\t eight m9utes4 ,we c calculate h[ long a "t mu/ elapse ere ! light %all travel ov] a di/ance s great z t betwe5 ! /> & our e>?4 ,y w f9d t f ! ne>e/ ( ! />s ! "t requir$ = ! j\rney w be ov] ?ree ye>s4 ,pond] on all t ?is involves4 ,t outbreak 9 ! /> might be great en\gh to be visible "h1 b we c\ld nev] become aw>e ( x till ?ree ye>s aft] x _h happ5$4 ,:5 we are look+ at su* a /> to-night we d n see x z x is at pres5t1 = ! light t is at ?is mom5t ent]+ our eyes has travell$ s f> t x has be5 ?ree ye>s on ! way4 ,!re=e1 :5 we look at ! /> n[ we see x z x 0 ?ree ye>s previ\sly4 ,9 fact1 if ! /> 7 to g out altoge!r1 we might /ill cont9ue to see x tw9kl+ = a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s long]1 because a c]ta9 am\nt ( light 0 on its way to u at ! mom5t ( ext9ction1 & s long z t light keeps arriv+ "h1 s long %all we see ! /> %[+ z brightly z ev]4 ,:51 !re=e1 y look at ! ?\s&s ( />s 9 ! sky to-night1 !re is n "o t y see z x is n[1 b z x 0 ye>s ago4 ,i h be5 speak+ ( ! />s t are ne>e/ to u1 b !re are o!rs mu* f>!r (f4 ,x is true we _c f9d ! di/ances ( ^! m remote objects ) any degree ( accuracy1 b we c conv9ce ourselves h[ great t di/ance is by ! foll[+ reason+4 ,look at "o ( ! brighte/ />s4 ,try to conceive t ! object 0 c>ri$ away fur!r into ! dep?s ( space1 until x 0 t5 times z f> f u z x is at pres5t1 x w\ld /ill rema9 bright en\gh to be recogniz$ 9 q a small telescope2 ev5 if x 7 tak5 to "o hundr$ times its orig9al di/ance x w\ld n h )drawn f ! view ( a good telescope2 :ile if x retreat$ "o ?\s& times z f> z x 0 at fir/ x w\ld /ill be a recognizable po9t 9 our mightie/ in/rum5ts4 ,among ! />s :i* we c see ) our telescopes1 we feel confid5t !re mu/ be _m f :i* ! light has exp5d$ hundr$s ( ye>s1 or ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 on ! j\rney4 ,:51 !re=e1 we look at su* objects1 we see !m1 n z !y are n[1 b z !y 7 ages ago2 9 fact1 a /> might h ceas$ to exi/ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & /ill be se5 by u e night z a tw9kl+ po9t 9 our great telescopes4 ,rememb]+ ^! facts1 y w1 ,i ?9k1 look at ! heav5s ) a new int]e/4 ,!re is a bright />1 ,vega1 or ,alpha ,lyr1 a beautiful gem1 s f> (f t ! light f x :i* n[ rea*es our eyes />t$ be=e _m ( my audi5ce 7 born4 ,suppose t !re are a/ronom]s resid+ on worlds amid ! />s1 & t !y h suffici5tly p[]ful telescopes to view ?is globe1 :at d y ?9k !y w\ld obs]ve8 ,!y w n see our e>? z x is at pres5t2 !y w see x z x 0 ye>s 7& sometimes _m ye>s7 ago4 ,!re are />s f :i* if ,engl& c\ld n[ be se51 ! :ole ( ! c\ntry w\ld be obs]v$ at ?is pres5t mom5t to be 9 a great /ate ( excitem5t at a v auspici\s ev5t4 ,di/ant a/ronom]s might notice a great procession 9 ,london1 & !y c\ld wat* ! coronation ( a y\?ful que5 amid ! en?usiasm ( a nation4 ,!re are o!r />s /ill fur!r1 f :i*1 if ! inhabitants _h good en\gh telescopes1 !y w\ld n[ see a mighty battle 9 progress n f> f ,brussels4 ,"o spl5did army c\ld be beheld hurl+ itself "t aft] "t aga9/ ! immovable ranks ( ! o!r4 ,!y w\ld n1 inde$1 be able to he> ! ev]-memorable ,up1 ,gu>ds1 & at !m6 b !re c be no d\bt t !re are />s s f> away t ! rays ( light :i* />t$ f ! e>? on ! day ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo are only j arriv+ !re4 ,fur!r (f /ill1 !re are />s f :i* a bird's-eye view c\ld be tak5 at ?is v mom5t ( ! sign+ ( ,magna ,*>ta4 ,!re are ev5 />s f :i* ,engl&1 if x c\ld be se5 at all1 w\ld n[ appe>1 n z ! great ,engl& we "k1 b z a c\ntry cov]$ by d5se =e/s1 & inhabit$ by pa9t$ savages1 :o wag$ incessant w> ) wild bea/s t roam$ ?r\gh ! isl&4 ,! geological problems t n[ puzzle u w\ld be quickly solv$ c\ld we only g f> en\gh into space & _h we only p[]ful en\gh telescopes4 ,we %\ld !n be able to view our e>? ?r\gh ! successive epo*s ( pa/ geological "t2 we %\ld be actually able to see ^? great animals ^: fossil rema9s are treasur$ 9 our museums tramp+ ab\t ov] ! e>?'s surface1 spla%+ across its swamps1 or swimm+ ) broad flipp]s ?r\gh its oceans4 ,inde$1 if we c\ld view our own e>? reflect$ f mirrors 9 ! />s1 we might /ill see ,moses cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea1 or ,adam & ,eve be+ expell$ f ,ed54 ,s important is ! subject ( /> di/ance t ,i am tempt$ to give "o m illu/ration 9 ord] to br+ be=e y "s conception ( h[ va/ su* di/ances are4 ,i %all take1 z be=e1 ! ne>e/ ( ! />s s f> z kn[n to u1 & ,i hope to be =giv5 = tak+ an illu/ration ( a practical & a comm]cial k9d in/ead ( "o m purely sci5tific4 ,i %all suppose t a railway is ab\t to be made f ,london to ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,! l5g? ( t railway1 ( c\rse1 we h already /at$3 x is tw5ty billions ( miles4 ,s ,i am n[ go+ to ask y\r att5tion to ! simple "q z to ! f>e :i* x w\ld be reasonable to *>ge = ! j\rney4 ,we %all *oose a v *eap scale on :i* to compute ! price ( a ticket4 ,! p>liam5t>y rate "h is1 ,i believe1 a p5ny = e mile4 ,we w make our int]/ell> railway f>es mu* less ev5 ?an ?is2 we %all arrange to travel at ! rate ( "o hundr$ miles = e p5ny4 ,t1 surely1 is mod]ate en\gh4 ,if ! *>ges 7 s l[ t ! j\rney f ,london to ,ed9burgh only co/ f\rp5ce1 !n ev5 ! mo/ unreasonable pass5g] w\ld be surely cont5t$4 ,on ^! t]ms h[ mu* d y ?9k ! f>e f ,london to ?is /> ought to be8 ,i "k ( "o way 9 :i* to make our answ] intelligible4 ,!re is a ,national ,debt ) :i* y\r fa!rs are1 unhappily1 only too well acqua9t$2 y w "k q en\gh ab\t x y\rselves 9 ^? days :5 y h to pay income tax4 ,?is debt is s va/ t ! int]e/ ^u x is ab\t sixty ?\s& p\nds a day1 ! :ole am\nt ( ! ,national ,debt be+ six hundr$ & ?irty-eight millions ( p\nds4 ,if y w5t to ! book+-(fice ) ! :ole ( ?is mighty sum 9 y\r pocket--b /op a mom5t2 c\ld y c>ry x 9 y\r pocket8 ,c]ta9ly n1 if x 7 9 sov]eigns4 ,y w\ld f9d t aft] y _h z _m sov]eigns z y c\ld conv5i5tly c>ry !re w\ld /ill be "s left--s _m1 inde$1 t x w\ld be necess>y to get a c>t to help y on ) ! re/4 ,:5 ! c>t _h z great a load ( sov]eigns z ! horse c\ld draw !re w\ld be /ill "s m1 & y w\ld h to get ano!r c>t2 b t5 c>ts1 tw5ty c>ts1 fifty c>ts1 w\ld n be en\gh4 ,y w\ld want five ?\s& ( ^! be=e y w\ld be able to move (f t[>ds ! /ation ) y\r money4 ,:5 y did get !re & ask$ = a ticket at ! rate ( "o hundr$ miles = a p5ny1 d y ?9k y w\ld get any *ange8 ,no d\bt "s little "t w\ld be requir$ to c\nt ! money1 b :5 x 0 c\nt$ ! cl]k w\ld tell y t !re 0 n en\gh--t he mu/ h ne>ly two hundr$ millions ( p\nds m4 ,t w give "s notion ( ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ />1 & we may multiply x by t51 by "o hundr$1 & ev5 by "o ?\s&1 & /ill n atta9 to ! di/ance ( "s ( ! m remote />s t ! telescope %[s u4 ,on acc\nt ( ! imm5se di/ances ( ! />s we c only p]ceive !m to be m]e po9ts ( light4 ,we c nev] see a /> to be a globe ) m>ks on x l ! moon1 or l "o ( ! planets--9 fact1 ! bett] ! telescope ! small] does ! /> seem1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 its brightness is increas$ ) e addition to ! light-grasp+ p[] ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! ,brightness & ,color ( ,/>s4 ,ano!r po9t to be notic$ is ! arrangem5t ( />s 9 classes1 accord+ to _! lu/re4 ,! brighte/ />s1 ( :i* !re are ab\t tw5ty1 are said to be ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,^? j inf]ior to ! fir/ magnitude are rank$ z ! second2 & ^? j l[] ?an ! second are e/imat$ z ! ?ird2 & s on4 ,! smalle/ po9ts t y\r unaid$ eyes w %[ y are ( ab\t ! six? magnitude4 ,!n ! telescope w reveal />s /ill fa9t] & fa9t]1 d[n to :at we t]m ! sev5te5? or eighte5? magnitudes1 or ev5 l[] /ill4 ,! numb] ( />s ( ea* magnitude increases v mu* 9 ! classes ( small ones4 ,mo/ ( ! />s are :ite1 b _m are ( a some:at ruddy hue4 ,!re are a few telescopic po9ts :i* are int5sely r$1 "s exhibit beautiful gold5 t9ts1 :ile o!rs are blue or gre54 ,!re are "s curi\s />s :i* regul>ly *ange _! brilliancy4 ,let me try to illu/rate ! nature ( ^! v>iables4 ,suppose t y 7 look+ at a /reet gas-lamp f a v long di/ance1 s t x seem$ a little tw9kl+ light2 & suppose t "s "o 0 prep>+ to turn ! gas-cock up & d[n4 ,or1 bett] /ill1 imag9e a little ma*9e :i* w\ld act regul>ly s z to keep ! light fir/ ( all at its full brightness = two days & a half1 & !n gradually turn x d[n until 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs x decl9es to a feeble glimm]4 ,9 ?is l[ /ate ! light rema9s = tw5ty m9utes2 !n dur+ ?ree or f\r h\rs ! gas is to be sl[ly turn$ on aga9 until x is full4 ,9 ?is condition ! light w rema9 = two days & a half1 & !n ! same s]ies ( *anges is to recomm5ce4 ,?is w\ld be a v odd =m ( gas-lamp4 ,!re w\ld be p]iods ( two days & a half dur+ :i* x w\ld rema9 at its full2 ^! w\ld be sep>at$ by int]vals ( ab\t sev5 h\rs1 :5 ! gradual turn+ d[n & turn+ up aga9 w\ld be 9 progress4 ,! imag9>y gas-lamp is exactly p>allel$ by a /> ,algol1 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus 7,fig4 #c71 :i* goes ?r\gh ! s]ies ( *anges ,i h indicat$4 ,ord9>ily speak+1 x is a bright /> ( ! second magnitude1 &1 :atev] be ! cause1 ! /> p]=ms its v>iations ) m>vell\s uni=mity4 ,9 fact1 ,algol has always arre/$ ! att5tion ( ^? :o obs]v$ ! heav5s1 & 9 e>ly times 0 look$ on z ! eye ( a demon4 ,!re are _m o!r />s :i* also *ange _! brilliancy4 ,mo/ ( !m require mu* long] p]iods ?an ,algol1 & sometimes a new /> :i* nobody has ev] se5 be=e w sudd5ly k9dle into brilliancy4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! bright /> ,algol is att5d$ by a d>k companion4 ,?is d>k /> sometimes comes betwe5 ,algol & ! obs]v] & cuts (f ! light4 ,?us x is t ! dim9ution ( brightness is produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,p]seus ,,& ,,its ,,neighbor+ ,,/>s ,,includ+ ,,algol4 ,d\ble ,/>s4 ,:5ev] y h a *ance ( look+ at ! heav5s ?r\gh a telescope1 y %\ld ask to be %[n :at is call$ a d\ble />4 ,!re are _m />s 9 ! heav5s :i* pres5t no rem>kable appe>ance to ! unaid$ eye1 b :i* a good telescope at once %[s to be ( q a complex nature4 ,^! are :at we call d\ble />s1 9 :i* two q di/9ct />s are plac$ s close toge!r t ! unaid$ eye is unable to sep>ate !m4 ,"u ! magnify+ p[] ( ! telescope1 h[ev]1 !y are se5 to be di/9ct4 ,9 ord] to give "s notion ( :at ^! objects are l1 ,i %all briefly describe ?ree ( !m4 ,! fir/ lies 9 t be/ kn[n con/ellation1 ! ,great ,be>4 ,if y look at 8 tail1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree />s1 y w see t ne> ! middle "o ( ! ?ree a small /> is situat$2 we call ?is little /> ,alcor1 b x is ! bright] "o ne> ,alcor to :i* ,i specially call y\r att5tion4 ,! %>pe/ eye w\ld nev] suspect t x 0 compos$ ( two />s plac$ close toge!r4 ,ev5 a small telescope w1 h[ev]1 %[ ?is to be ! case1 & ?is is ! easie/ & ! fir/ obs]vation t a "y a/ronom] %\ld make :5 beg9n+ to turn a telescope to ! heav5s4 ,( c\rse y w n imag9e t ,i mean ,alcor to be ! second compon5t ( ! d\ble />2 x is ! bright /> ne> ,alcor :i* is ! d\ble4 ,"h are two m>bles1 & ^! m>bles are fa/5$ an in* ap>t4 ,y c see !m1 ( c\rse1 to be sep>ate2 b if ! pair 7 mov$ fur!r & fur!r away1 !n y w\ld soon n be able to di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 ?\gh ! actual di/ance betwe5 ! m>bles _h n alt]$4 ,look at ^! two wax tap]s :i* are n[ light$2 ! little flames are an in* ap>t4 ,y w\ld h to view !m f a /ation a ?ird ( a mile away if ! di/ance betwe5 ! two flames 7 to appe> ! same z t betwe5 ! two compon5ts ( ?is d\ble />4 ,y\r eye w\ld nev] be able to discrim9ate betwe5 two lights only an in* ap>t at s great a di/ance2 a telescope w\ld1 h[ev]1 enable y to d s1 & ?is is ! reason :y we h to use telescopes to %[ u d\ble />s4 ,y might look at t d\ble /> ye> aft] ye> ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( a long life )\t f9d+ any appreciable *ange 9 ! relative positions ( its compon5ts4 ,b we "k t !re is no su* ?+ z re/ 9 ! univ]se2 ev5 if y c\ld balance a body s z to leave x = a mom5t at re/1 x w\ld n /ay !re1 = ! simple reason t all ! bodies r\nd x 9 e direction are pull+ at x1 & x is c]ta9 t ! pull 9 "o direction w prepond]ate1 s t move x mu/4 ,especially is ?is true 9 ! case ( two suns l ^? =m+ a d\ble />4 ,plac$ comp>atively ne> ea* o!r !y c\ld n rema9 p]man5tly 9 t position2 !y mu/ gradually draw toge!r & come into collision ) an awful cra%4 ,!re is only "o way by :i* su* a disa/] c\ld be av]t$4 ,t is by mak+ "o ( ^! />s revolve ar\nd ! o!r j z ! e>? revolves ar\nd ! sun1 or ! moon revolves ar\nd ! e>?4 ,"s motion mu/1 !re=e1 be go+ on 9 e g5u9e d\ble />1 :e!r we h be5 able to see t motion or n4 ,let u n[ look at ano!r d\ble /> ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,?is "t x is 9 ! con/ellation ( ,gem9i4 ,! heav5ly tw9s are call$ ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,( ^!1 ,ca/or is a v beautiful d\ble />1 consi/+ ( two bright po9ts1 a great deal clos] toge!r ?an 7 ^? 9 ! ,great ,be>2 consequ5tly a bett] telescope is requir$ = ! purpose ( %[+ !m sep>ately4 ,ca/or has be5 wat*$ = _m ye>s1 & x c be se5 t "o ( ^! />s is sl[ly revolv+ ar\nd ! o!r2 b x takes a v long "t1 am\nt+ to hundr$s ( ye>s1 = a complete circuit to be accompli%$4 ,?is seems v a/oni%+1 b :5 y rememb] h[ exce$+ly f> ,ca/or is1 y w p]ceive t t pair ( />s :i* appe> s close toge!r t x requires a telescope to %[ !m ap>t mu/ inde$ be sep>at$ by hundr$s ( millions ( miles4 ,let u try to conceive our own sy/em trans=m$ into a d\ble />4 ,if we took our out]mo/ planet--,neptune--& enl>g$ him a good deal1 & !n heat$ him suffici5tly to make him gl[ l a sun1 he w\ld /ill cont9ue to revolve r\nd our sun at ! same di/ance1 & ?us a d\ble /> w\ld be produc$4 ,an inhabitant ( ,ca/or :o turn$ 8 telescope t[>ds u w\ld be able to see ! sun z a />4 ,he w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be able to see ! e>?1 b he might see ,neptune l ano!r small /> close to ! sun4 ,if g5]ations ( a/ronom]s 9 ,ca/or cont9u$ _! obs]vations ( our sy/em1 !y w\ld f9d a b9>y />1 ( :i* "o compon5t took a c5tury & a half to g r\nd ! o!r4 ,ne$ we !n be surpris$ t :5 we look at ,ca/or we obs]ve movem5ts t seem v sl[8 ,!re is (t5 s mu* diffus$ light ab\t ! bright />s se5 9 a telescope1 & s mu* tw9kl+ 9 "s /ates ( ! atmosph]e1 t />s appe> to dance ab\t 9 r a puzzl+ fa%ion1 especially to "o :o is n accu/om$ to a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,i rememb] he>+ h[ a g5tleman once came to visit an obs]vatory4 ,! a/ronom] %[$ him ,ca/or ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope z a f9e specim5 ( a d\ble />1 & !n1 by way ( improv+ 8 little lesson1 ! a/ronom] m5tion$ t "o ( ^! />s 0 revolv+ ar\nd ! o!r4 ,oh1 yes1 said ! visitor1 ,i saw !m go+ r\nd & r\nd 9 ! telescope4 ,he w\ld1 h[ev]1 h _h to wait = a few c5turies ) 8 eye to ! in/rum5t be=e he w\ld h be5 entitl$ to make ?is ass]tion4 ,d\ble />s also frequ5tly delight u by giv+ beautifully contra/$ colors4 ,i d>e say y h (t5 notic$ ! r$ & ! gre5 lights t are us$ on railways 9 ! signal lamps4 ,imag9e "o ( ^? r$ & "o ( ^? gre5 lights away f> up 9 ! sky & plac$ close toge!r1 !n y w\ld h "s idea ( ! appe>ance t a color$ d\ble /> pres5ts1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 ,i %\ld add t ! hues 9 ! heav5ly bodies are n s vividly diff]5t z are ^? :i* our railway p f9d necess>y4 ,!re is a p>ticul>ly beautiful d\ble /> ( ?is k9d 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan4 ,y c\ld make an imitation ( x by bor+ two holes1 ) a r$-hot ne$le1 9 a piece ( c>d1 & !n cov]+ "o ( ^! holes ) a small bit ( ! topaz-color$ gelat9e ) :i* ,*ri/mas crack]s are made4 ,! o!r /> is to be simil>ly color$ ) blue gelat9e4 ,a slide made on ?is pr9ciple plac$ 9 ! lant]n gives a v good repres5tation ( ^! two />s on ! scre54 ,!re are _m o!r color$ d\bles besides ?is "o2 &1 inde$1 x is notewor?y t we h>dly ev] f9d a blue or a gre5 /> by itself 9 ! sky2 x is always z a memb] ( "o ( ^! pairs4 ,h[ ,we ,f9d ,:at ! ,/>s are ,made (4 ,"h is a piece ( /one4 ,if ,i want$ to "k :at x 0 compos$ (1 ,i %\ld ask a *emi/ to tell me4 ,he w\ld take x into 8 laboratory1 & fir/ cru% x into p[d]1 & !n1 ) 8 te/ tubes1 & ) ! liquids :i* 8 bottles conta91 & 8 weigh+ scales1 & o!r app>atus1 he w\ld tell all ab\t x2 !re is s mu* ( ?is1 & s mu* ( t1 & pl5ty ( ?is1 & none at all ( t4 ,b n[1 suppose y ask ?is *emi/ to tell y :at ! sun is made (1 or "o ( ! />s4 ,( c\rse1 y h n a sample ( x to give him2 h[1 !n1 c he possibly f9d out any?+ ab\t x8 ,well1 he c tell y some?+1 & ?is is ! wond]ful discov]y t ,i want to expla9 to y4 ,we n[ put d[n ! gas1 & ,i k9dle a brilliant r$ light4 ,p]haps "s ( ^? :om ,i see be=e me h occasionally v5tur$ on ! some:at dang]\s practice ( mak+ fire-works4 ,if !re is any boy "h :o has ev] con/ruct$ sky-rockets1 & put ! little balls into ! top :i* are to burn ) su* vivid colors :5 ! explosion takes place1 he w "k t ! sub/ance :i* t+$ t fire r$ mu/ h be5 /rontium4 ,he w recognize x by ! color2 because /rontium gives a r$ light :i* no?+ else w give4 ,"h are "s ( ^! lightn+ pap]s1 z !y are call$2 !y are v pretty & v h>mless2 & ^!1 too1 give brilliant r$ fla%es z ,i ?r[ !m4 ,! r$ t9t has1 no d\bt1 be5 produc$ by /rontium also4 ,y see we recogniz$ ! sub/ance simply by ! color ( ! light x produc$ :5 burn+4 ,p]haps "s ( y h tri$ to make a gho/ at ,*ri/mas by dress+ up 9 a %eet1 & be>+ 9 y\r h& a ladle blaz+ ) a mixture ( common salt & spirits ( w9e1 ! effect produc$ be+ a mo/ gha/ly "o4 ,"s mammas w h>dly ?ank me = ?is sugge/ion1 unless ,i add t ! gho/ mu/ walk ab\t cauti\sly1 = o!rwise ! blaz+ _s w\ld be v apt to produce conflagrations ( a k9d m ext5sive ?an ^? int5d$4 ,h[ev]1 by ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,dew>1 ,i am enabl$ to %[ ! ph5om5on on a spl5did scale1 & also free f all dang]4 ,i k9dle a vivid flame ( an int5sely yell[ color1 :i* ,i ?9k ! ladies w unanim\sly agree is n at all becom+ to _! complexions1 :ile ! pretty dresses h lo/ _! v>iety ( colors4 ,"h is a nice b\quet1 & yet y c h>dly di/+ui% ! gre5 ( ! leaves f ! brilliant colors ( ! fl[]s1 except by trifl+ diff]5ces ( %ade4 ,expose to ?is light a numb] ( pieces ( v>i\sly color$ ribbon1 p9k & r$ & gre5 & blue1 & _! beauty is gone2 & yet we are told t ?is yell[ is a p]fectly pure color2 9 fact1 ! pure/ color t c be produc$4 ,i ?9k we h to be ?ankful t ! light :i* our good sun s5ds u does n possess purity ( t description4 ,!re is "o sub/ance :i* w produce t yell[ light2 x is a curi\s metal call$ sodium--a metal s s(t t y c cut x ) a knife1 & s light t x w float on wat]2 :ile1 /ill m /range1 x actually takes fire ! mom5t x is dropp$ on ! wat]4 ,x is only 9 a *emical laboratory t y w be likely to meet ) ! actual metallic sodium1 yet 9 o!r =ms ! sub/ance is "o ( ! mo/ abundant 9 nature4 ,inde$1 common salt is no?+ b sodium closely unit$ ) a mo/ poison\s gas1 a few respirations ( :i* w\ld kill y4 ,b ?is /range metal & ?is noxi\s gas1 :5 unit$1 become simply ! salt = our eggs at breakfa/4 ,?is pure yell[ light1 :]ev] x is se51 ei!r 9 ! flame ( spirits ( w9e mix$ ) salt or 9 t great blaze at :i* we h be5 look+1 is *>act]i/ic ( sodium4 ,:]ev] y see t p>ticul> k9d ( light1 y "k t sodium mu/ h be5 pres5t 9 ! body f :i* x came4 ,we h accord+ly le>n$ to recognize two sub/ances1 namely1 /rontium & sodium1 by ! diff]5t lights :i* !y give out :5 burn+4 ,to ^! two metals we may add a ?ird4 ,"h is a /rip ( :ite metallic ribbon4 ,x is call$ magnesium4 ,x seems l a bit ( t9 at ! fir/ glance1 b inde$ x is a v diff]5t sub/ance f t92 =1 look1 :5 ,i hold x 9 ! _s-lamp1 ! /rip ( metal imm$iately takes fire1 & burns ) a :ite light s dazzl+ t x pales ! gas-flames to insignificance4 ,!re is no o!r sub/ance :i* w1 :5 k9dl$1 give t p>ticul> k9d ( light :i* we see f magnesium4 ,i c recomm5d ?is little exp]im5t z q suitable = try+ at home2 y c buy a bit ( magnesium ribbon = a trifle at ! opticians2 x _c explode or d any h>m1 nor w y get into any tr\ble ) ! au?orities provid$ y hold x :5 burn+ ov] a tray or a newspap]1 s z to prev5t ! :ite a%es f fall+ on ! c>pet4 ,!re are1 9 nature1 a numb] ( simple bodies call$ elem5ts4 ,e "o ( ^!1 :5 ignit$ "u suitable conditions1 emits a light :i* belongs to x alone1 & by :i* x c be di/+ui%$ f e o!r sub/ance4 ,i d n say t we c try ! exp]im5ts 9 ! simple way ,i h "h indicat$4 ,_m ( ! mat]ials w yield light :i* w require to be /udi$ by mu* m elaborate artifices ?an ^? :i* h suffic$ = u4 ,b y w see t ! me?od af=ds a means ( f9d+ out ! actual sub/ances pres5t 9 ! sun or 9 ! />s4 ,!re is a practical difficulty 9 ! fact t ea* ( ! heav5ly bodies conta9s a numb] ( diff]5t elem5ts2 s t 9 ! light x s5ds u ! hues aris+ f di/9ct sub/ances are bl5d$ into "o beam4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to get "s way ( splitt+ up a beam ( light1 s z to discov] ! compon5ts ( :i* x is made4 ,y might h a ske9 ( silks ( diff]5t hues tangl$ toge!r1 & ?is w\ld be l ! sunbeam z we receive x 9 its unsort$ condition4 ,h[ %all we untangle ! light f ! sun or a />8 ,i w %[ y by a simple exp]im5t4 ,"h is a beam f ! electric light2 beautifully :ite & bright1 is x n8 ,x looks s pure & simple1 b yet t beam is compos$ ( all sorts ( colors m+l$ toge!r1 9 su* proportions z to =m :ite light4 ,i take a w$ge-%ap$ piece ( glass call$ a prism1 & :5 ,i introduce x into ! c\rse ( ! beam1 y see ! trans=mation t has tak5 place 7,fig4 #d74 ,in/ead ( ! :ite light y h n[ all ! colors ( ! ra9b[--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet1 m>k$ by _! initial lett]s 9 ! figure4 ,^! colors are v beautiful1 b !y are transi5t1 = ! mom5t we take away ! prism !y all unite aga9 to =m :ite light4 ,y see :at ! prism has done2 x has b5t all ! light 9 pass+ ?r\gh x2 b x is m effective 9 b5d+ ! blue ?an ! r$1 & consequ5tly ! blue is c>ri$ away mu* fur!r ?an ! r$4 ,su* is ! way 9 :i* we /udy ! composition ( a heav5ly body4 ,we take a beam ( its light1 we pass x ?r\gh a prism1 & imm$iately x is sep>at$ into its compon5ts2 !n we comp>e :at we f9d ) ! lights giv5 by ! diff]5t elem5ts1 & ?us we are enabl$ to discov] ! sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 ! di/ant object ^: light we h exam9$4 ,i d n mean to say t ! me?od is a simple "o2 all ,i am endeavor+ to %[ is a g5]al outl9e ( ! way 9 :i* we h discov]$ ! mat]ials pres5t 9 ! />s4 ,! in/rum5t t is employ$ = ?is purpose is call$ ! spectroscope4 ,& p]haps y may rememb] t "n by ^! l9es1 :i* ,i h he>d f an a/ronomical fri5d3-- ,tw9kle1 tw9kle1 little />1 ,n[ we f9d out :at y are1 ,:5 unto ! midnight sky1 ,we ! spectroscope apply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,h[ ,a ,,ray ,,( ,,light ,,is ,,split ,,up4 ,i am sure x w int]e/ ev]ybody to "k t ! elem5ts :i* ! />s conta9 are n altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( :i* ! e>? is made4 ,x is true !re may be sub/ances 9 ! />s ( :i* we "k no?+ "h2 b x is c]ta9 t _m ( ! mo/ common elem5ts on ! e>? are pres5t 9 ! mo/ di/ant bodies4 ,i %all only m5tion "o1 ! metal iron4 ,t useful sub/ance has be5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! />s :i* lie at almo/ incalculable di/ances f ! e>?4 ,! ,nebul4 ,9 draw+ t[>ds ! close ( ^! lectures ,i mu/ say a few words ab\t "s dim & my/]i\s objects to :i* we h n yet allud$4 ,!y are :at are call$ nebul1 or little cl\ds2 & 9 "o s5se !y are ju/ly call$ little1 = ea* ( !m occupies b a v small spot 9 ! sky z comp>$ ) t :i* w\ld be fill$ by an ord9>y cl\d 9 our air4 ,! nebul are1 h[ev]1 objects ( ! mo/ /up5d\s proportions4 ,7 our e>? & ?\s&s ( millions ( bodies q z big all put toge!r1 !y w\ld n be ne>ly s great z "o ( ^! nebul4 ,a/ronom]s reckon up ! v>i\s nebul by ?\s&s1 b ,i mu/ add t mo/ ( !m are app>5tly fa9t & un9t]e/+4 ,a nebula is sometimes liable to be mi/ak5 = a comet4 ,! comet is1 z ,i h already expla9$1 at once di/+ui%$ by ! fact t x is mov+ & *ang+ its appe>ance f h\r to h\r1 :ile scores ( ye>s elapse )\t *anges 9 ! aspect or position ( a nebula4 ,! mo/ p[]ful telescopes are employ$ 9 obs]v+ ^! fa9t objects4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( %[+ a picture ( an in/rum5t suitable = su* obs]vations4 ,x is ! great reflector ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,a ,,great ,,reflect+ ,,telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,! ,,r+ ,,nebula ,,9 ,,lyra1 ,,"u ,,diff]5t ,,telescopic ,,p[]s4 ,!re are su* multitudes ( nebul t ,i c only %[ a few ( ! m rem>kable k9ds4 ,9 ,fig4 #f w be se5 pictures ( a curi\s object 9 ! con/ellation ( ,lyra se5 "u diff]5t telescopic p[]s4 ,?is is a gigantic r+ ( lum9\s gas4 ,to judge ( ! size ( ?is r+ let u suppose t a railway 7 laid across x1 & ! tra9 y ent]$ at "o side 0 n to /op until x rea*$ ! o!r side1 h[ long d y ?9k ?is j\rney w\ld require8 ,i recollect "s "t ago a picture 9 ,pun* :i* %[$ a tra9 ab\t to />t f ,london to ,brighton1 & ! gu>d walk+ up & d[n ann\nc+ to ! pass5g]s ! al>m+ fact t ?is tra9 /ops n[h]e4 ,an old g5tleman 0 se5 va9ly ge/iculat+ out ( ! w9d[ & implor+ to be let out ere ! frightful j\rney 0 comm5c$4 ,9 ! nebul> railway ! pass5g]s w\ld almo/ require su* a w>n+4 ,let ! tra9 />t at a spe$ ( a mile a m9ute1 y w\ld ?9k1 surely1 t x mu/ soon cross ! r+4 ,b ! m9utes pass1 an h\r has elaps$2 s ! di/ance mu/ be sixty miles at all ev5ts4 ,! h\rs creep on into days1 ! days advance into ye>s1 & /ill ! tra9 goes on4 ,! ye>s w\ld l5g!n out into c5turies1 & ev5 :5 ! tra9 _h be5 ru%+ on = a ?\s& ye>s ) an unabat$ spe$ ( a mile a m9ute1 ! j\rney w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 complet$4 ,nor d ,i v5ture to say :at ages mu/ elapse ere ! t]m9us at ! o!r side ( ! r+ nebula w\ld be rea*$4 ,a clu/] ( />s view$ 9 a small telescope w (t5 seem l a nebula1 = ! rays ( ! />s become bl5d$4 ,a p[]ful telescope w1 h[ev]1 dispel ! illusion & reveal ! sep>ate />s4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ?\ght t all ! nebul might be m]ely clu/]s s exce$+ly remote t our mightie/ in/rum5ts fail$ to resolve !m into />s4 ,b ?is is n[ kn[n n to be ! case4 ,_m ( ^! objects are really masses ( gl[+ gas2 su* are1 = in/ance1 ! r+ nebul1 ( :i* ,i h j spok51 & ! =m ( :i* ,i c simulate by a pretty exp]im5t4 ,we take a l>ge box ) a r\nd hole cut 9 "o face1 & a canvas back at ! opposite side4 ,i fir/ fill ?is box ) smoke1 & !re are diff]5t ways ( do+ s4 ,burn+ br[n pap] does n answ] well1 because ! supply ( smoke is too irregul> & ! pap] itself is apt to blaze4 ,a little bit ( phosphorus set on fire yields copi\s smoke1 b x w\ld be apt to make p c\gh1 &1 besides1 phosphorus is a dang]\s ?+ to h&le incauti\sly1 & ,i d n want to sugge/ any?+ :i* might be productive ( disa/] if ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ at home4 ,a little wisp ( hay1 slightly damp$ & light$1 w safely yield a suffici5t supply1 & y ne$ n h an elaborate box l ?is2 any k9d ( old pack+-case1 or ev5 a b&box ) a du/] /ret*$ across its op5 top & a r\nd hole cut 9 ! bottom1 w answ] capitally4 ,:ile ,i h be5 speak+1 my assi/ant has k9dly fill$ ?is box ) smoke1 & 9 ord] to h a suffici5t supply1 & "o :i* %all be z little disagreeable z possible1 he has mix$ toge!r ! fumes ( hydro*loric acid & ammonia f two retorts %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,a /ill simpl] way ( do+ ! same ?+ is to put a little common salt 9 a sauc] & p\r ov] x a little oil ( vitriol2 ?is is put into ! box1 & ov] ! floor ( ! box common smell+-salts is to be scatt]$4 ,y see !re are d5se volumes ( :ite smoke escap+ f e corn] ( ! box4 ,i uncov] ! op5+ & give a pu% to ! canvas1 & y see a beautiful r+ fly+ across ! room2 ano!r r+ & ano!r foll[s4 ,if y 7 ne> en\gh to feel ! r+1 y w\ld exp]i5ce a little puff ( w9d2 ,i c %[ ?is by bl[+ out a c&le :i* is at ! o!r end ( ! table4 ,^! r+s are made by ! air :i* goes into a sort ( eddy z x passes ?r\gh ! hole4 ,all ! smoke does is to r5d] ! air visible4 ,! smoke-r+ is inde$ q ela/ic4 ,if we s5d a second r+ hurri$ly aft] ! fir/1 we c produce a collision1 & y see ea* ( ! two r+s rema9s unbrok51 ?\gh bo? are quiv]+ f ! effects ( ! bl[4 ,!y are beautifully %[n along ! beam ( ! electric lamp1 or1 bett] /ill1 along a sunbeam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,smoke ,,r+s4 ,we c make _m exp]im5ts ) smoke-r+s4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 ,i take an empty box1 s f> z smoke is conc]n$1 b air-r+s c be driv5 =? f x1 ?\gh y _c see !m1 b y c feel !m ev5 at ! o!r side ( ! room1 & !y w1 z y see1 bl[ out a c&le4 ,i c also %oot invisible air-r+s at a column ( smoke1 & :5 ! missile /rikes ! smoke x produces a little commotion & em]ges on ! o!r side1 c>ry+ ) x en\gh ( ! smoke to r5d] itself visible1 :ile ! solid black look+ r+ ( air is se5 9 ! int]ior4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ano!r way ( produc+ ^! r+s1 = ,i *>ge ?is box ) ammonia1 & ! r+s f x y _c see4 ,!re is a column ( ! vapor ( hydro*loric acid1 t also y _c see2 b :5 ! visible r+ ent]s ! invisible column1 !n a sudd5 union takes place betwe5 ! vapor ( ! ammonia & ! vapor ( ! hydro*loric acid2 ! result is a solid :ite sub/ance 9 extremely f9e du/ :i* r5d]s ! r+ in/antly visible4 ,:at ! ,nebul are made (4 ,!re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! illum9ation ( ^! little r+s t ,i h %[n y & ! great r+s 9 ! heav5s4 ,i _h to illum9ate our smoke ) ! help ( ! electric light1 =1 unless ,i _h done s1 y w\ld n h be5 able to see !m4 ,?is :ite sub/ance =m$ by ! union ( ammonia & hydro*loric acid has1 ( c\rse1 no m light ( its own ?an a piece ( *alk2 x requires o!r light fall+ ^u x to make x visible4 ,7 ! r+ nebula 9 ,lyra compos$ ( ?is mat]ial1 we c\ld n see x4 ,! sunlight :i* illum9ates ! planets might1 ( c\rse1 light up su* an object z ! r+1 if x wr]e comp>atively ne> u2 b ,lyra is at su* a /up5d\s di/ance t any light :i* ! sun c\ld s5d out !re w\ld be j z feeble z ! light we receive f a fix$ />4 ,%\ld we be able to %[ our smoke-r+s1 = in/ance1 if1 in/ead ( hav+ ! electric light1 ,i m]ely cut a hole 9 ! ceil+ & all[$ ! feeble tw9kle ( a /> 9 ! ,great ,be> to %9e ?r\gh8 ,9 a simil> way ! sunbeams w\ld be utt]ly p[]less to effect any illum9ation ( objects 9 ^! /ell> di/ances4 ,if ! sun 7 to be ext+ui%$ altoge!r1 ! calamity w\ld no d\bt be a v dire "o s f> z we are conc]n$1 b ! effect on ! o!r cele/ial bodies 7moon & planets except$7 w\ld be ( ! slighte/ possible description4 ,all ! />s ( heav5 w\ld cont9ue to %9e z be=e4 ,n a po9t 9 "o ( ! con/ellations wr\ld be alt]$1 n a v>iation 9 ! brightness1 n a *ange 9 ! hue ( any /> c\ld be notic$4 ,! ?\s&s ( nebul & clu/]s w\ld be absolutely unalt]$2 9 fact1 ! total ext9ction ( ! sun w\ld be h>dly rem>k$ 9 ! newspap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,pleiades or 9 ,orion4 ,!re might possibly be a little l9e some:]e 9 an odd corn] to ! effect ,mr4 ,s-&-,s1 our well-kn[n a/ronom]1 has notic$ t a t9y />1 inconspicu\s to ! eye1 & absolutely ( no importance :atev]1 has n[ become invisible4 ,if1 !re=e1 x be n ! sun :i* lights up ?is nebula1 :]e else c be ! s\rce ( its illum9ation8 ,!re c be no o!r /> 9 ! neighborhood adequate to ! purpose1 =1 ( c\rse1 su* an object w\ld be brilliant to u if x 7 l>ge en\gh & bright en\gh to imp>t suffici5t illum9ation to ! nebula4 ,x w\ld be absurd to say t y c\ld see a man's face by ! light ( a c&le :ile ! c&le itself 0 too fa9t or too di/ant to be visible4 ,! actual facts are1 ( c\rse1 ! o!r way2 ! c&le might be visible1 :5 x 0 impossible to disc]n ! face :i* x light$4 ,h5ce we le>n t ! r+ nebula mu/ %9e by "s light ( its own1 & n[ we h to consid] h[ x c be possible = su* mat]ial to be self-lum9\s4 ,! light ( a nebula does n seem to be l flame2 x c1 p]haps1 be bett] repres5t$ by ! pretty electrical exp]im5t ) ,geissl]'s tubes4 ,^! are glass vessels ( v>i\s %apes1 & !y are all v ne>ly empty1 z y w und]/& :5 ,i tell y ! way 9 :i* !y h be5 prep>$4 ,a little gas 0 all[$ into ea* tube1 & !n almo/ all ! gas 0 tak5 out aga91 s t only a m]e trace 0 left4 ,i pass a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh ^! tubes1 & n[ y see !y are gl[+ ) beautiful colors4 ,! diff]5t gases give out lights ( diff]5t hues1 & ! optician has ex]t$ 8 skill s z to make ! effect z beautiful z possible4 ,! electricity1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ^! tubes1 heats ! gas :i* !y conta91 & makes x gl[2 & j z ?is gas c1 :5 heat$ suffici5tly1 give out light1 s does ! great nebula1 :i* is a mass ( gas pois$ 9 space1 become visible 9 virtue ( ! heat :i* x conta9s4 ,we are n left q 9 d\bt z to ! con/itution ( ^! gase\s nebul1 = we c submit _! light to ! prism 9 ! way ,i expla9$ :5 we 7 speak+ ( ! />s4 ,di/ant ?\gh t r+ 9 ,lyra may be1 x is int]e/+ to le>n t ! +r$i5ts f :i* x is made are n entirely diff]5t f sub/ances we "k on our e>?4 ,! wat] 9 ?is glass1 & e drop ( wat]1 is =m$ by ! union ( two gases1 ( :i* "o is hydrog54 ,?is is an extremely light mat]ial1 z y see by a little balloon :i* asc5ds s prettily :5 fill$ ) x4 ,hydrog5 also burns v readily1 ?\gh ! flame is almo/ invisible4 ,:5 ,i bl[ a jet ( oxyg5 ?r\gh ! hydrog51 ,i produce a little flame ) a v int5se heat4 ,= in/ance1 ,i hold a /eel p5 9 ! flame1 & x gl[s & sputt]s1 & falls d[n 9 :ite-hot drops4 ,x is ne$less to say t1 z a con/itu5t ( wat]1 hydrog5 is "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts on ?is e>?4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( int]e/ to le>n t hydrog5 9 "s =m or o!r is a con/itu5t ( ! mo/ di/ant objects 9 space t ! telescope has reveal$4 ,photograph+ ! ,nebul4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,! ,,pleiades4 ,( late ye>s we h le>n$ a great deal ab\t nebul1 by ! help :i* photography has giv5 to u4 ,look at ?is gr\p ( />s :i* con/itutes t beautiful little configuration kn[n z ! ,pleiades 7,fig4 #h74 ,x looks l a m9iature repres5tation ( ! ,great ,be>2 9 fact1 x w\ld be f> m appropriate to call ! ,pleiades ! ,little ,be> ?an to apply t title to ano!r q diff]5t con/ellation1 z has un=tunately be5 done4 ,! ,pleiades =m a gr\p conta9+ six or sev5 />s visible to ! ord9>y eye1 ?\gh p]sons end[$ ) exceptionally good vision c usually see a few m4 ,9 an op]a-glass ! ,pleiades becomes a beautiful spectacle1 ?\gh 9 a l>ge telescope ! />s appe> too f> ap>t to make a really effective clu/]4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,rob]ts took a photograph ( ! ,pleiades he plac$ a highly s5sitive plate 9 8 telescope1 & on t plate ! ,pleiades engrav$ _! picture ) _! own light4 ,he left ! plate expos$ = h\rs1 & on develop+ x n only 7 ! />s se51 b !re 7 also pat*es ( fa9t light due to ! pres5ce ( nebul4 ,x c\ld n be said t ! objects on ! plate 7 fallaci\s1 = ano!r photograph 0 tak51 :5 ! same appe>ances 7 reproduc$4 ,:5 we look at t pretty gr\p ( />s :i* has attract$ admiration dur+ all "t1 we are to ?9k t "s ( ^? />s are m]ely ! bright po9ts 9 a va/ nebula1 invisible to our unaid$ eyes or ev5 to our mighty telescopes1 ?\gh capable ( record+ its trace on ! photographic plate4 ,does n ?is give u a greatly increas$ notion ( ! ext5t ( ! univ]se1 :5 we reflect t by photography we are enabl$ to see mu* :i* ! mightie/ ( telescopes _h previ\sly fail$ to disclose8 ,( all ! nebul1 numb]+ "s ?\s&s1 !re is b a s+le "o :i* c be se5 )\t a telescope4 ,x is 9 ! con/ellation ( ,&rom$a1 & on a cle> d>k night c j be se5 ) ! unaid$ eye z a fa9t /a9 ( light on ! sky4 ,x has happ5$ be=e n[ t p]sons notic+ ?is nebula = ! fir/ "t h ?\ght !y _h discov]$ a comet4 ,i w\ld l y to try & f9d out ?is object = y\rselves4 ,if y look at x ) an op]a-glass x appe>s to be di/9ctly elongat$4 ,y c see m ( its /ructure :5 y view x 9 l>g] in/rum5ts1 b its nature 0 nev] made cle> until "s beautiful photographs 7 tak5 by ,mr4 ,rob]ts 7,fig4 #i74 ,un=tunately1 ! nebula 9 ,&rom$a has n be5 plac$ 9 ! be/ position = its portrait f our po9t ( view4 ,x seems z if x 7 a r flat-%ap$ object1 turn$ ne>ly edgewise t[>ds u4 ,to look at ! patt]n on a plate1 y w\ld naturally hold ! plate s z to be able to look at x squ>ely4 ,! patt]n w\ld n be se5 well if ! plate 7 s tilt$ t its edge 0 turn$ t[>ds y4 ,t seems to be ne>ly ! way 9 :i* we are =c$ to view ! nebula 9 ,&rom$a4 ,we c trace 9 ! photograph "s divisions ext5d+ entirely r\nd ! nebula1 %[+ t x seems to be =m$ ( a s]ies ( r+s2 & !re are "s outly+ portions :i* =m "p ( ! same sy/em4 ,truly ?is is a m>vell\s object4 ,x is impossible = u to =m any conception ( ! true dim5sions ( ?is gigantic nebula2 x is s f> (f t we h nev] yet be5 able to det]m9e its di/ance4 ,inde$1 ,i may take ?is opportunity ( rem>k+ t no a/ronom] has yet succe$$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! di/ance ( any nebula4 ,ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 po9ts to ! conclusion t !y are at lea/ z f> z ! />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,&rom$a4 ,x is almo/ impossible to apply ! me?ods :i* we use 9 f9d+ ! di/ance ( a /> to ! discov]y ( ! di/ance ( ! nebul4 ,^! flimsy bodies are usually too ill-def9$ to admit ( be+ measur$ ) ! precision & delicacy requir$ = ! det]m9ation ( di/ance4 ,! measurem5ts necess>y = ?is purpose c only be made f "o />-l po9t to ano!r simil> po9t4 ,if we c\ld *oose a /> 9 ! nebula & det]m9e its di/ance1 !n ( c\rse1 we h ! di/ance ( ! nebula itself2 b ! difficulty is t we h1 9 g5]al1 no means ( kn[+ :e!r ! /> does actually lie 9 ! object4 ,x may1 = any?+ we c tell1 lie billions ( miles ne>] to u1 or billions ( miles fur!r (f1 & by m]ely happ5+ to lie 9 ! l9e ( sight1 appe> to glimm] 9 ! nebula itself4 ,if we h any assurance t ! /> is surr\nd$ by a mass ( ?is gl[+ vapor1 !n x may be possible to measure t nebula's di/ance4 ,x w occasionally happ5 t gr\nds c be f\nd = believ+ t a /> :i* appe>s to be 9 ! gl[+ gas does v]itably lie !re91 & is n m]ely se5 9 ! same direction4 ,!re are hundr$s ( />s visible 9 a good draw+ or a good photograph ( ! fam\s object 9 ,&rom$a1 & d\btless l>ge numb]s ( ^! are m]ely />s :i* happ5 to lie 9 ! same l9e ( sight4 ,! peculi> circum/ances att5d+ ! hi/ory ( "o /> seem1 h[ev]1 to w>rant u 9 mak+ ! assumption t x 0 c]ta9ly 9 ! nebula4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is /> is a rem>kable "o4 ,x sudd5ly k9dl$ f invisibility into brilliancy4 ,h[ is a *ange s rapid 9 ! lu/re ( a /> to be acc\nt$ =8 ,9 a few days its brightness _h und]gone an extraord9>y increase4 ,( c\rse1 ?is does n tell u = c]ta9 t ! /> lay 9 ! gl[+ gas2 b ! mo/ rational explanation t ,i h he>d (f]$ ( ?is occurr5ce is t due1 ,i believe1 to my fri5d ,mr4 ,monck4 ,he has sugge/$ t ! sudd5 outbreak 9 brilliancy might be acc\nt$ = on ! same pr9ciples z ^? by :i* we expla9 ! ignition ( meteors 9 our atmosph]e4 ,if a d>k />1 mov+ along ) t]rific spe$ ?r\gh space1 7 sudd5ly to plunge into a d5se region ( ! nebula1 heat & light mu/ be evolv$ 9 suffici5t abundance to trans=m ! /> into a brilliant object4 ,if1 !re=e1 we knew ! di/ance ( ?is /> at ! "t x 0 9 ,&rom$a1 we %\ld1 ( c\rse1 le>n ! di/ance ( t int]e/+ object4 ,?is has be5 attempt$1 & x has ?us be5 prov$ t ! ,great ,nebula mu/ be v mu* fur!r f u ?an is t /> ( ^: di/ance ,i attempt$ "s "t ago to give y a notion4 ,we ?us realize ! enorm\s size ( ! ,great ,nebula4 ,x appe>s t if1 on a map ( ?is object1 we 7 to lay d[n1 accurately to scale1 a map ( ! sol> sy/em1 putt+ ! sun 9 ! c5tre & all ! planets ar\nd _! true proportions out to ! b\nd>y trac$ by ,neptune1 ?is area1 va/ ?\gh x is1 w\ld be a m]e speck on ! draw+ ( ! object4 ,our sy/em w\ld h to be enorm\sly bigg] be=e x suffic$ to cov] any?+ l ! area ( ! sky includ$ 9 "o ( ^! great objects4 ,"h is a sket* ( a nebula1 ,fig4 #aj1 & ne> ,i h m>k$ a dot1 :i* is to indicate our sol> sy/em4 ,we may feel confid5t t ! ,great ,nebula is at ! v lea/ z mighty z ?is proportion w\ld indicate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em ,,z ,,comp>$ ,,) ,a ,,great ,,nebula4 ,,ra9 ,,& ,,sn[ 7,,f ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,wat]47 ,,by ,,john ,,tyndall4 ,oceanic ,di/illation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[ ,,cry/als4 ,at ! equator1 & )9 c]ta9 limits nor? & s\? ( x1 ! sun at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> is directly ov]head at noon4 ,^! limits are call$ ! ,tropics ( ,canc] & ( ,capricorn4 ,^u ! belt compris$ betwe5 ^! two circles ! sun's rays fall ) _! mightie/ p[]2 = "h !y %oot directly d[nw>ds1 & heat bo? e>? & sea m ?an :5 !y /rike slant+ly4 ,:5 ! v]tical sunbeams /rike ! l& !y heat x1 & ! air 9 contact ) ! hot soil becomes heat$ 9 turn4 ,b :5 heat$ ! air exp&s1 & :5 x exp&s x becomes light]4 ,?is light] air rises1 l wood plung$ into wat]1 ?r\gh ! heavi] air ov]head4 ,:5 ! sunbeams fall ^u ! sea ! wat] is w>m$1 ?\gh n s mu* z ! l&4 ,! w>m$ wat] exp&s1 becomes !reby light]1 & !re=e cont9ues to float ^u ! top4 ,?is upp] lay] ( wat] w>ms to "s ext5t ! air 9 contact ) x1 b x also s5ds up a quantity ( aque\s vapor1 :i* be+ f> light] ?an air1 helps ! latt] to rise4 ,?us bo? f ! l& & f ! sea we h asc5d+ curr5ts e/abli%$ by ! action ( ! sun4 ,:5 !y rea* a c]ta9 elevation 9 ! atmosph]e1 ^! curr5ts divide & fl[1 "p t[>ds ! nor? & "p t[>ds ! s\?2 :ile f ! nor? & ! s\? a fl[ ( heavi] & cold] air sets 9 to supply ! place ( ! asc5d+ w>m air4 ,incessant circulation is ?us e/abli%$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! equatorial air & vapor fl[ above t[>ds ! nor? & s\? poles1 :ile ! pol> air fl[s bel[ t[>ds ! equator4 ,! two curr5ts ( air ?us e/abli%$ are call$ ! upp] & ! l[] trade w9ds4 ,b be=e ! air returns f ! poles great *anges h occurr$4 ,= ! air z x quitt$ ! equatorial regions 0 lad5 ) aque\s vapor1 :i* c\ld n subsi/ 9 ! cold pol> regions4 ,x is !re precipitat$1 fall+ sometimes z ra91 or m commonly z sn[4 ,! l& ne> ! pole is cov]$ ) ?is sn[1 :i* gives bir? to va/ glaci]s4 ,x is necess>y t y %\ld h a p]fectly cle> view ( ?is process1 = great mi/akes h be5 made reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i* glaci]s are relat$ to ! heat ( ! sun4 ,x 0 suppos$ t if ! sun's heat 7 dim9i%$1 great] glaci]s ?an ^? n[ exi/+ w\ld be produc$4 ,b ! less5+ ( ! sun's heat w\ld infallibly dim9i% ! quantity ( aque\s vapor1 & ?us cut (f ! glaci]s at _! s\rce4 ,a brief illu/ration w complete y\r k "h4 ,9 ! process ( ord9>y di/illation1 ! liquid to be di/ill$ is heat$ & conv]t$ into vapor 9 "o vessel1 & *ill$ & reconv]t$ into liquid 9 ano!r4 ,:at has j be5 /at$ r5d]s x pla9 t ! e>? & its atmosph]e con/itute a va/ di/ill+ app>atus 9 :i* ! equatorial ocean plays ! "p ( ! boil]1 & ! *ill regions ( ! poles ! "p ( ! cond5s]4 ,9 ?is process ( di/illation heat plays q z necess>y a "p z cold1 & be=e ,bi%op ,heb] c\ld speak ( ,gre5l&'s icy m\nta9s1 ! equatorial ocean _h to be w>m$ by ! sun4 ,we %all h m to say ^u ?is "q aft]w>ds4 ,! heat+ ( ! tropical air by ! sun is indirect4 ,! sol> beams h sc>cely any p[] to heat ! air ?r\gh :i* !y pass2 b !y heat ! l& & ocean1 & ^! communicate _! heat to ! air 9 contact ) !m4 ,! air & vapor />t upw>ds *>g$ ) ! heat ?us communicat$4 ,tropical ,ra9s4 ,b long be=e ! air & vapor f ! equator rea* ! poles1 precipitation occurs4 ,:]ev] a humid w>m w9d mixes ) a cold dry "o1 ra9 falls4 ,inde$ ! heavie/ ra9s occur at ^? places :]e ! sun is v]tically ov]head4 ,we mu/ enquire a little m closely into _! orig94 ,fill a bladd] ab\t two-?irds full ( air at ! sea level1 & take x to ! summit ( ,m\nt ,blanc4 ,z y asc5d1 ! bladd] becomes m & m di/5d$2 at ! top ( ! m\nta9 x is fully di/5d$1 & has evid5tly to be> a pressure f )94 ,return+ to ! sea level y f9d t ! tightness disappe>s1 ! bladd] f9ally appe>+ z flaccid z at fir/4 ,! reason is pla94 ,at ! sea level ! air )9 ! bladd] has to be> ! pressure ( ! :ole atmosph]e1 be+ !reby squeez$ into a comp>atively small volume4 ,9 asc5d+ ! m\nta91 y leave m & m ( ! atmosph]e beh9d2 ! pressure becomes less & less1 & by its expansive =ce ! air )9 ! bladd] swells z ! outside pressure is dim9i%$4 ,at ! top ( ! m\nta9 ! expansion is q suffici5t to r5d] ! bladd] tight1 ! pressure )9 be+ !n actually great] ?an ! pressure )\t4 ,by means ( an air-pump we c %[ ! expansion ( a balloon p>tly fill$ ) air1 :5 ! ext]nal pressure has be5 9 "p remov$4 ,b :y d ,i dwell ^u ?is8 ,simply to make pla9 to y t ! unconf9$ air1 heat$ at ! e>?'s surface1 & asc5d+ by its lightness1 mu/ exp& m & m ! high] x rises 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,& n[ ,i h to introduce to y a new fact1 t[>ds ! /atem5t ( :i* ,i h be5 work+ = "s "t4 ,x is ?is3 ,! asc5d+ air is *ill$ by its expansion4 ,inde$ ?is *ill+ is "o s\rce ( ! coldness ( ! high] atmosph]ic regions4 ,& n[ fix y\r eye ^u ^? mix$ curr5ts ( air & aque\s vapor :i* rise f ! w>m tropical ocean4 ,!y />t ) pl5ty ( heat to pres]ve ! vapor z vapor2 b z !y rise !y come into regions already *ill$1 & !y are /ill fur!r *ill$ by _! own expansion4 ,! consequ5ce might be =ese54 ,! load ( vapor is 9 great "p precipitat$1 d5se cl\ds are =m$1 _! p>ticles coalesce to ra9-drops1 :i* desc5d daily 9 gu%es s pr(use t ! ^w torr5tial is us$ to express ! copi\sness ( ! ra9fall4 ,i c\ld %[ y ?is *ill+ by expansion1 & also ! consequ5t precipitation ( cl\ds4 ,?us long be=e ! air f ! equator rea*es ! poles its vapor is 9 great "p remov$ f x1 hav+ r$esc5d$ to ! e>? z ra94 ,/ill a good quantity ( ! vapor is c>ri$ =w>d1 :i* yields hail1 ra91 & sn[ 9 nor!rn & s\!rn l&s4 ,m\nta9 ,cond5s]s4 ,to complete our view ( ! process ( atmosph]ic precipitation we mu/ take into acc\nt ! action ( m\nta9s4 ,imag9e a s\?-we/ w9d bl[+ across ! ,atlantic t[>ds ,irel&4 ,9 its passage x *>ges itself ) aque\s vapor4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,irel& x enc\nt]s ! m\nta9s ( ,k]ry3 ! highe/ ( ^! is ,magillicuddy's ,reeks1 ne> ,kill>ney4 ,n[ ! l[e/ /ratum ( ?is ,atlantic w9d is t :i* is mo/ fully *>g$ ) vapor4 ,:5 x enc\nt]s ! base ( ! ,k]ry ,m\nta9s x is tilt$ up & fl[s bodily ov] !m4 ,its load ( vapor is !re=e c>ri$ to a height1 x exp&s on rea*+ ! height1 x is *ill$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! expansion1 & comes d[n 9 copi\s %[]s ( ra94 ,f ?is1 9 fact1 arises ! luxuriant vegetation ( ,kill>ney2 to ?is1 inde$1 ! lakes owe _! wat] supply4 ,! cold cre/s ( ! m\nta9s also aid 9 ! "w ( cond5sation4 ,note ! consequ5ce4 ,!re is a t[n call$ ,cahircive5 to ! s\?-we/ ( ,magillicuddy's ,reeks1 at :i* obs]vations ( ! ra9fall h be5 made1 & a good di/ance f>!r to ! nor?-ea/1 "r 9 ! c\rse ( ! s\?-we/ w9d !re is ano!r t[n1 call$ ,port>l+ton1 at :i* obs]vations ( ra9fall h also be5 made4 ,b be=e ! w9d rea*es ! latt] /ation x has pass$ ov] ! m\nta9s ( ,k]ry & left a great portion ( its moi/ure beh9d x4 ,:at is ! result8 ,at ,cahircive51 z %[n by ,dr4 ,lloyd1 ! ra9fall am\nts to fifty-n9e in*es 9 a ye>1 :ile at ,port>l+ton x is only tw5ty-"o in*es4 ,aga91 y may sometimes desc5d f ! ,alps :5 ! fall ( ra9 & sn[ is heavy & incessant1 into ,italy1 & f9d ! sky ov] ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy blue & cl\dless1 ! w9d at ! same "t bl[+ ov] ! pla9 t[>ds ! ,alps4 ,bel[ ! w9d is hot en\gh to keep its vapor 9 a p]fectly transp>5t /ate2 b x meets ! m\nta9s1 is tilt$ up1 exp&$1 & *ill$4 ,! cold ( ! high] summits also helps ! *ill4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! vapor is precipitat$ z ra9 or sn[1 ?us produc+ bad wea!r ^u ! heights1 :ile ! pla9s bel[1 flood$ ) ! same air1 enjoy ! aspect ( ! uncl\d$ summ] sun4 ,cl\ds bl[+ f ! ,alps are also sometimes dissolv$ ov] ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy4 ,9 connection ) ! =mation ( cl\ds by m\nta9s1 "o p>ticul>ly in/ructive effect may be "h notic$4 ,y frequ5tly see a /ream] ( cl\d _m hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g? drawn out f an ,alp9e peak4 ,its /ead9ess appe>s p]fect1 ?\gh a /rong w9d may be bl[+ at ! same "t ov] ! m\nta9 head4 ,:y is ! cl\d n bl[n away8 ,x is bl[n away2 its p]man5ce is only app>5t4 ,at "o end x is incessantly dissolv$2 at ! o!r end x is incessantly r5ew$3 supply & consumption be+ ?us equaliz$1 ! cl\d appe>s z *angeless z ! m\nta9 to :i* x seems to cl+4 ,:5 ! r$ sun ( ! ev5+ %9es ^u ^! cl\d-/ream]s !y resemble va/ tor*es ) _! flames bl[n ?r\gh ! air4 ,ar*itecture ( ,sn[4 ,we n[ resemble p]sons :o h climb$ a difficult peak1 & !reby e>n$ ! enjoym5t ( a wide prospect4 ,hav+ made ourselves ma/]s ( ! conditions necess>y to ! production ( m\nta9 sn[1 we are able to take a compreh5sive & intellig5t view ( ! ph5om5a ( glaci]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[ ,,cry/als4 ,a few words are /ill necess>y z to ! =mation ( sn[4 ,! molecules & atoms ( all sub/ances1 :5 all[$ free play1 build !mselves into def9ite &1 = ! mo/ "p1 beautiful =ms call$ cry/als4 ,iron1 copp]1 gold1 silv]1 lead1 sulphur1 :5 melt$ & p]mitt$ to cool gradually1 all %[ ?is cry/alliz+ p[]4 ,! metal bismu? %[s x 9 a p>ticul>ly /rik+ mann]1 & :5 prop]ly fus$ & solidifi$1 self-built cry/als ( great size & beauty are =m$ ( ?is metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[-,,/>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[-,,/>4 ,if y dissolve salt-petre 9 wat]1 & all[ ! solution to evaporate sl[ly1 y may obta9 l>ge cry/als1 = no portion ( ! salt is conv]t$ into vapor4 ,! wat] ( our atmosph]e is fre% ?\gh x is d]iv$ f ! salt sea4 ,sug> dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & p]mitt$ to evaporate1 yields cry/als ( sug>-c&y4 ,alum readily cry/allizes 9 ! same way4 ,fl9ts dissolv$1 z !y sometimes are 9 nature1 & p]mitt$ to cry/allize1 yield ! prisms & pyramids ( rock cry/al4 ,*alk dissolv$ & cry/alliz$ yields ,icel& sp>4 ,! diamond is cry/alliz$ c>bon4 ,all our preci\s /ones1 ! ruby1 sapphire1 b]yl1 topaz1 em]ald1 are all examples ( ?is cry/alliz+ p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[-,,/>4 ,y h he>d ( ! =ce ( gravitation1 & y "k t x consi/s ( an attraction ( e p>ticle ( matt] = e o!r p>ticle4 ,y "k t planets & moons are held 9 _! orbits by ?is attraction4 ,b gravitation is a v simple affair comp>$ to ! =ce1 or r =ces1 ( cry/allization4 ,= "h ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]1 inconceivably small z !y are1 %[ !mselves possess$ ( attractive & repell5t poles1 by ! mutual action ( :i* ! %ape & /ructure ( ! cry/al are det]m9$4 ,9 ! solid condition ! attract+ poles are rigidly lock$ toge!r2 b if suffici5t heat be appli$ ! bond ( union is dissolv$1 & 9 ! /ate ( fusion ! poles are pu%$ s f> asund] z to be practically out ( ea* o!r's range4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( ! molecules to build !mselves toge!r is ?us neutraliz$4 ,?is is ! case ) wat]1 :i* z a liquid is to all appe>ance =mless4 ,:5 suffici5tly cool$ ! molecules are br\ght )9 ! play ( ! cry/alliz+ =ce1 & !y !n arrange !mselves 9 =ms ( indescribable beauty4 ,:5 sn[ is produc$ 9 calm air1 ! icy p>ticles build !mselves into beautiful /ell> %apes1 ea* /> possess+ six rays4 ,!re is no deviation f ?is type1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects ! appe>ances ( ! sn[-/>s are inf9itely v>i\s4 ,9 ! pol> regions ^! exquisite =ms 7 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,scoresby1 :o gave num]\s draw+s ( !m4 ,i h obs]v$ !m 9 mid-w9t] fill+ ! air1 & load+ ! slopes ( ! ,alps4 ,b 9 ,engl& !y are also to be se51 & no words ( m9e c\ld convey s vivid an impression ( _! beauty z ! annex$ draw+s ( a few ( !m1 execut$ at ,gre5wi* by ,mr4 ,glai%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[-,,/>4 ,x is wor? paus+ to ?9k :at wond]ful "w is go+ on 9 ! atmosph]e dur+ ! =mation & desc5t ( e sn[-%[]2 :at build+ p[] is br\ght into play6 & h[ imp]fect seem ! productions ( human m9ds & h&s :5 comp>$ ) ^? =m$ by ! bl9d =ces ( nature6 ,b :o v5tures to call ! =ces ( nature bl9d8 ,9 reality1 :5 we speak ?us we are describ+ our own condition4 ,! bl9dness is ours2 & :at we really ought to say1 & to confess1 is t our p[]s are absolutely unable to compreh5d ei!r ! orig9 or ! end ( ! op]ations ( nature4 ,b :ile we ?us ackn[l$ge our limits1 !re is also reason = wond] at ! ext5t to :i* sci5ce has ma/]$ ! sy/em ( nature4 ,f age to age1 & f g5]ation to g5]ation1 fact has be5 add$ to fact1 & law to law1 ! true me?od & ord] ( ! ,univ]se be+ !reby m & m reveal$4 ,9 do+ ?is sci5ce has enc\nt]$ & ov]?r[n v>i\s =ms ( sup]/ition & deceit1 ( cr$ulity & impo/ure4 ,b ! _w cont9ually produces weak p]sons & wick$ p]sons2 & z long z !y cont9ue to exi/ side by side1 z !y d 9 ?is our day1 v debas+ beliefs w also cont9ue to infe/ ! _w4 ,atomic ,poles4 ,:at did ,i mean :51 a few mom5ts ago ,i spoke ( attract+ & repell5t poles8 ,let me try to answ] ?is "q4 ,y "k t a/ronom]s & geograph]s speak ( ! e>?'s poles1 & y h also he>d ( magnetic poles1 ! poles ( a magnet be+ ! po9ts at :i* ! attraction & repulsion ( ! magnet are z x 7 conc5trat$4 ,e magnet possesses two su* poles2 & if iron fil+s be scatt]$ ov] a magnet1 ea* p>ticle becomes also end[$ ) two poles4 ,suppose su* p>ticles devoid ( weight & float+ 9 our atmosph]e1 :at mu/ occur :5 !y come ne> ea* o!r8 ,manife/ly ! repell5t poles w retreat f ea* o!r1 :ile ! attractive poles w approa* & f9ally lock !mselves toge!r4 ,& suppos+ ! p>ticles1 in/ead ( a s+le pair1 to possess sev]al pairs ( poles arrang$ at def9ite po9ts ov] _! surfaces2 y c !n picture !m1 9 ob$i5ce to _! mutual attractions & repulsions1 build+ !mselves toge!r to =m masses ( def9ite %ape & /ructure4 ,imag9e ! molecules ( wat] 9 calm cold air to be gift$ ) poles ( ?is description1 :i* compel ! p>ticles to lay !mselves toge!r 9 a def9ite ord]1 & y h be=e y\r m9d's eye ! unse5 ar*itecture :i* f9ally produces ! visible & beautiful cry/als ( ! sn[4 ,?us our fir/ notions & conceptions ( poles are obta9$ f ! sight ( our eyes 9 look+ at ! effects ( magnetism2 & we !n transf] ^! notions & conceptions to p>ticles :i* no eye has ev] se54 ,! p[] by :i* we ?us picture to ourselves effects beyond ! range ( ! s5ses is :at philosoph]s call ! ,imag9ation1 & 9 ! ef=t ( ! m9d to seize ^u ! unse5 ar*itecture ( cry/als1 we h an example ( ! sci5tific use ( ?is faculty4 ,)\t imag9ation we might h critical p[]1 b n creative p[] 9 sci5ce4 ,ar*itecture ( ,lake ,ice4 ,we h ?us made ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! beautiful sn[-fl[]s self-con/ruct$ by ! molecules ( wat] 9 calm1 cold air4 ,d ! molecules %[ ?is ar*itectural p[] :5 ord9>y wat] is froz58 ,:at1 = example1 is ! /ructure ( ! ice ov] :i* we skate 9 w9t]8 ,q z wond]ful z ! fl[]s ( ! sn[4 ,! obs]vation is r>e1 if n new1 b ,i h se5 9 wat] sl[ly freez+ six-ray$ ice-/>s =m$1 & float+ free on ! surface4 ,a six-ray$ />1 moreov]1 is typical ( ! con/ruction ( all our lake ice4 ,x is built up ( su* =ms wond]fully int]lac$4 ,take a slab ( lake ice & place x 9 ! pa? ( a conc5trat$ sunbeam4 ,wat* ! track ( ! beam ?r\gh ! ice4 ,"p ( ! beam is /opp$1 "p ( x goes ?r\gh2 ! =m] produces int]nal liquefaction1 ! latt] has no effect :atev] ^u ! ice4 ,b ! liquefaction is n uni=mly diffus$4 ,f sep>ate spots ( ! ice little %9+ po9ts are se5 to sp>kle =?4 ,e "o ( ^? po9ts is surr\nd$ by a beautiful liquid fl[] ) six petals4 ,ice & wat] are s optically alike t unless ! light fall prop]ly ^u ^! fl[]s y _c see !m4 ,b :at is ! c5tral spot8 ,a vacuum4 ,ice swims on wat] because1 bulk = bulk1 x is light] ?an wat]2 s t :5 ice is melt$ x %r9ks 9 size4 ,c ! liquid fl[]s !n occupy ! :ole space ( ! ice melt$8 ,pla9ly no4 ,a little empty space is =m$ ) ! fl[]s1 & ?is space1 or r its surface1 %9es 9 ! sun ) ! lu/re ( burni%$ silv]4 ,9 all cases ! fl[]s are =m$ p>allel to ! surface ( freez+4 ,!y are =m$ :5 ! sun %9es ^u ! ice ( e lake2 sometimes 9 myriads1 & s small z to require a magnify+ glass to see !m4 ,!y are always atta9able1 b _! beauty is (t5 m>r$ by int]nal defects ( ! ice4 ,e "o portion ( ! same piece ( ice may %[ !m exquisitely1 :ile a second portion %[s !m imp]fectly4 ,annex$ is a v imp]fect sket* ( ^! beautiful figures4 ,"h we h a rev]sal ( ! process ( cry/allization4 ,! se>*+ sol> beam is delicate en\gh to take ! molecules d[n )\t d]ang+ ! ord] ( _! ar*itecture4 ,try ! exp]im5t = y\rself ) a pocket-l5s on a sunny day4 ,y w n f9d ! fl[]s confus$2 !y all lie p>allel to ! surface ( freez+4 ,9 ?is exquisite way e bit ( ! ice ov] :i* our skat]s glide 9 w9t] is put toge!r4 ,i said t a portion ( ! sunbeam 0 /opp$ by ! ice & liquefi$ x4 ,:at is ?is portion8 ,! d>k heat ( ! sun4 ,! great body ( ! light waves & ev5 a portion ( ! d>k ones1 pass ?r\gh ! ice )\t los+ any ( _! heat+ p[]4 ,:5 prop]ly conc5trat$ on combu/ible bodies1 ev5 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! ice1 _! burn+ p[] becomes manife/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,liquid ,,fl[]s ,,9 ,,lake ,,ice4 ,& ! ice itself may be employ$ to conc5trate !m4 ,) an ice-l5s 9 ! pol> regions ,dr4 ,scoresby has (t5 conc5trat$ ! sun's rays s z to make !m burn wood1 fire gunp[d]1 & melt lead2 ?us prov+ t ! heat+ p[] is reta9$ by ! rays1 ev5 aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh s cold a sub/ance4 ,by r5d]+ ! rays ( ! electric lamp p>allel1 & !n s5d+ !m ?r\gh a l5s ( ice1 we obta9 all ! effects :i* ,dr4 ,scoresby obta9$ ) ! rays ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,organic ,,_w 7,,f ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,sci5ce47 ,,by ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t ,f4,r4,s4 ,! numb] ( all ! v>i\s k9ds ( liv+ creatures is s enorm\s t x w\ld be impossible to /udy !m pr(itably1 7 !y n classifi$ 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,!re=e ! :ole mass has be5 divid$1 9 ! fir/ place1 into two supreme gr\ps1 fancifully t]m$ k+doms--! animal k+dom & ! vegetal k+dom4 ,ea* ( ^! is subdivid$ into an ord]ly s]ies ( subord9ate gr\ps1 successively conta9$ "o )9 ! o!r1 & nam$ sub-k+doms1 classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a & species4 ,! l[e/ gr\p b "o is ! g5us1 :i* conta9s "o or m diff]5t k9ds t]m$ species1 z e4g41 ! species wood anemone & ! species blue titm\se4 ,! l[e/ gr\p ( all--a species--may be said to consi/ ( individuals :i* diff] f ea* o!r only by trifl+ *>act]s1 su* z *>act]s due to diff]5ce ( sex1 :ile _! peculi> organization is fai?fully reproduc$ by g5]ation z a :ole1 ?\gh small individual diff]5ces exi/ 9 all cases4 ,! vegetal1 or vegetable1 k+dom1 consi/s ( ! great mass ( fl[]+ plants1 _m ( :i*1 h[ev]1 h su* inconspicu\s fl[]s t !y are mi/ak5ly reg>d$ z fl[]less1 z is (t5 ! case ) ! grasses1 ! p9es1 & ! yews4 ,ano!r mass1 or sub-k+dom1 ( plants consi/s ( ! really fl[]less plants1 su* z ! f]ns1 horsetails 7,fig4 #a71 lycopods1 & mosses4 ,sea & fre%-wat] we$s 7alg71 & mu%rooms1 or m\lds1 ( all k9ds 7fungi71 among/ :i* are ! n[ fam\s bact]ia1 con/itute a ?ird & l[e/ set ( plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,horse-,,tail 7,equisetum drummondii74 ,! animal k+dom consi/s1 fir/1 ( a sub-k+dom ( animals :i* possess a sp9al column1 or backbone1 & :i* are kn[n z v]tebrate animals4 ,su* are all bea/s1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es4 ,!re are also a v>iety ( remotely alli$ m>9e organisms kn[n z tunicates1 sea-squirts1 or ascidians 7,fig4 #b74 ,!re is1 fur!r1 an imm5se gr\p ( ar?ropods1 consi/+ ( all insects1 crab-l creatures1 hundr$-legs & _! allies1 ) spid]s1 scorpions1 tics & mites4 ,we h also ! sub-k+dom ( %ell-fi% or molluscs1 includ+ cuttle-fi%es1 snails1 :elks1 limpets1 ! oy/]1 & a multitude ( alli$ =ms4 ,a multitud9\s sub-k+dom ( worms also exi/s1 z well z ano!r ( />-fi%es & _! cong5]s4 ,!re is yet ano!r ( zoophytes1 or polyps1 & ano!r ( sponges1 &1 f9ally1 we h a sub-k+dom ( m9ute creatures1 or animalcul1 ( v v>i$ =ms1 :i* may make up ! sub-k+dom ( ,protozoa1 consi/+ ( animals :i* are mo/ly unicellul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a ,,tunicate 7,ascidia74 ,multitud9\s & v>i$ z are ! creatures :i* compose ?is imm5se organic _w1 !y nev]!less exhibit a v rem>kable uni=mity ( composition 9 _! ess5tial /ructure4 ,e liv+ creature f a man to a mu%room1 or ev5 to ! smalle/ animalcule or unicellul> plant is always p>tly fluid1 b nev] entirely s4 ,e liv+ creature also consi/s 9 "p 7& t "p is ! mo/ active liv+ "p7 ( a s(t1 viscid1 transp>5t1 colorless sub/ance1 t]m$ protoplasm1 :i* c be resolv$ into ! f\r elem5ts1 oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog5 & c>bon4 ,besides ^! f\r elem5ts1 liv+ organisms commonly conta9 sulphur1 phosphorus1 *lor9e1 potassium1 sodium1 calcium1 magnesium & iron4 ,9 ! fact t liv+ creatures always consi/ ( ! f\r elem5ts1 oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog5 & c>bon1 we h a fundam5tal "* :]eby ! organic & inorganic 7or non-liv+7 worlds are to be di/+ui%$1 = z we h se51 inorganic bodies1 in/ead ( be+ ?us uni=mly con/itut$1 may consi/ ( ! mo/ div]se elem5ts & sometimes ( b two or ev5 ( only "o4 ,aga91 _m m9]als1 su* z cry/als1 are b\nd$ by pla9 surfaces1 &1 ) v few exceptions 7spa?ic & hematite iron & dolomite are su* exceptions7 none are b\nd$ by curv$ l9es & surfaces1 :ile liv+ organisms are b\nd$ by su* l9es & surfaces4 ,yet1 aga91 if a cry/al be cut ?r\gh1 its int]nal /ructure w be se5 to be simil> ?r\gh\t4 ,b if ! body ( any liv+ creature be divid$1 x w1 at ! v lea/1 be se5 to consi/ ( a v>iety ( m9ute di/9ct p>ticles1 call$ granules1 v>i\sly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t its int]ior4 ,all organisms consi/ ei!r--z d ! simple/1 mo/ly microscopic1 plants & animals--( a s+le m9ute mass ( protoplasm1 or ( a few1 or ( _m1 or ( an enorm\s aggregation ( su* be=e-m5tion$ p>ticles1 ea* ( :i* is "o ( ^? bodies nam$ a cell 7,fig4 #c74 ,cells may1 or may n1 be enclos$ 9 an inve/+ coat or cell-wall4 ,e cell g5]ally conta9s )9 x a d5s]1 normally sph]oidal1 body kn[n z ! nucleus4 ,n[ protoplasm is a v un/able sub/ance--z we h se5 _m sub/ances are :]e( nitrog5 is a compon5t "p--& x possesses active prop]ties :i* are n pres5t 9 ! non-liv+1 or inorganic _w4 ,9 ! latt]1 diff]5ces ( temp]ature w produce motion 9 ! %ape ( curr5ts1 z we h se5 ) respect to masses ( air & wat]4 ,b 9 a portion ( protoplasm1 an int]nal circulation ( curr5ts 9 def9ite l9es w e/abli% itself f o!r causes4 ,inorganic bodies1 z we h se51 w exp& ) heat1 z !y may also d f imbib+ moi/ure2 b liv+ protoplasm has an app>5tly spontane\s p[] ( contraction & expansion "u c]ta9 ext]nal conditions :i* d n occasion su* movem5ts 9 inorganic matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,cell ,,f ,a ,,salam&]4 n1 nucleus2 n'1 nucleolus emb$d$ 9 ! network ( *romat9 ?reads2 k1 network ( ! cell ext]nal to ! nucleus2 a1 attraction-sph]e or ar*oplasm conta9+ m9ute bodies call$ c5trosomes2 cl1 membrane enclos+ ! cell ext]nally1 nl1 membrane surr\nd+ ! nucleus2 c1 c5trosomes4 ,"u favor+ conditions1 protoplasm has a p[] ( p]=m+ *emical *anges1 :i* result 9 produc+ heat f> m g5tly & cont9u\sly ?an x is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( inorganic bodies4 ,?us x is t ! heat is produc$ :i* makes its pres5ce evid5t to u 9 :at we call w>m-blood$ animals1 ! mo/ w>m-blood$ ( all be+ birds4 ,protoplasm has also ! wond]ful p[] ( trans=m+ c]ta9 adjac5t sub/ances into mat]ial l itself--into its own sub/ance--& s1 9 a s5se1 creat+ a new mat]ial4 ,?us x is t organisms h ! p[] to n\ri% !mselves & gr[4 ,an animal w\ld va9ly swall[ ! mo/ n\ri%+ food if ! ultimate1 protoplasmic p>ticles ( its body _h n ?is p[] ( trans=m+ suitable sub/ances br\ght ne> !m 9 ways to be h]e9aft] notic$4 ,)\t t1 no organism c\ld ev] gr[4 ,! gr[? ( organisms is utt]ly diff]5t f ! increase 9 size ( inorganic bodies4 ,cry/als1 z we h se51 gr[ m]ely by ext]nal increm5t2 b organisms gr[ by an increm5t :i* takes place 9 ! v inn]mo/ sub/ance ( ! tissues :i* compose _! bodies1 & ! inn]mo/ sub/ance ( ! cells :i* compose su* tissues2 ?is peculi> =m ( gr[? is t]m$ intussusception4 ,protoplasm1 aft] ?us augm5t+ its mass1 has a fur!r p[] ( spontane\s division1 :]eby ! mass ( ! entire organism :]e( su* protoplasm =ms a "p1 is augm5t$ & s gr[? is br\ght ab\t4 ,! small p>ticles ( protoplasm :i* con/itute cells are f> inde$ f be+ /ructureless4 ,besides ! nucleus already m5tion$ !re is a delicate network ( ?reads ( a sub/ance call$ *romat9 )9 x1 & ano!r network p]meat+ ! fluid ( ! cell sub/ance1 :i* inve/ ! nucleus (t5 ) fur!r complications4 ,^! networks g5]ally p]=m 7or und]go7 a mo/ complex s]ies ( *anges e "t a cell spontane\sly divides4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t ! nucleus divides into two 9 a m simple fa%ion1 ! re/ ( ! cell cont5ts subsequ5tly divid+--ea* half enclos+ "o "p ( ! previ\sly divid$ nucleus4 ,x is by a cont9u$ process ( cell division t ! complex /ructures ( ! mo/ complex organisms is br\ght ab\t4 ,! division ( a cell1 or p>ticle ( protoplasm1 is inde$ a necess>y consequ5ce ( its complete nutrition4 ,= new mat]ial c only be absorb$ by its surface4 ,b z ! cell gr[s1 ! proportion borne by its surface to its mass1 cont9ually decreases2 !re=e ?is surface mu/ soon be too small to take 9 n\ri%m5t en\gh1 & ! p>ticle1 or cell1 mu/ !re=e ei!r die or divide4 ,by divid+1 its p>ts c cont9ue ! nutritive process till _! surface1 9 turn1 becomes insuffici5t1 :5 !y mu/ divide aga91 & s on4 ,?us ! t]m fe$+ has two s5ses4 ,to fe$ a horse1 ord9>ily means to give x a c]ta9 quantity ( hay1 oats or :at n2 & su* inde$ is "o k9d ( fe$+4 ,b obvi\sly1 if ! n\ri%m5t s tak5 c\ld n get f ! /oma* & inte/9es into ! ultimate p>ticles & cells ( ! horse's body1 ! horse c\ld n be n\ri%$1 & /ill less c\ld x gr[4 ,x is ?is latt] process1 call$ assimilation1 :i* is ! real & ess5tial process ( fe$+1 to :i* ! process ord9>ily s call$ is b introductory4 ,protoplasm has also ! p[] ( =m+ & eject+ f its own sub/ance1 o!r sub/ances :i* x has made1 b :i* are ( a diff]5t nature to its own4 ,?is function1 z be=e said1 is t]m$ secretion2 & we "k ! liv] secretes bile1 & t ! c['s udd] secretes milk4 ,"h aga9 we h an ext]nal & an int]nal process4 ,! milk is drawn =? f a receptacle1 ! udd]1 into :i* x f9ds its way1 & s1 9 a sup]ficial s5se1 x may be call$ an organ ( secretion4 ,nev]!less ! true int]nal secretion takes place 9 ! inn]mo/ sub/ance ( ! cells or p>ticles ( protoplasm1 ( ! milk-l&1 :i* p>ticles really =m t liquid4 ,b e liv+ creature consi/s at fir/ entirely ( a p>ticle ( protoplasm4 ,!re=e e o!r k9d ( sub/ance :i* may be f\nd 9 e k9d ( plant or animal1 mu/ h be5 =m$ ?r\gh x1 & be1 9 fact1 a secretion f protoplasm4 ,su* is ! rosy *eek ( an apple1 or ( a maid51 ! lusci\s juice ( ! pea*1 ! produce ( ! ca/or-oil plant1 ! bale5 t l9es ! :ale's enorm\s jaws1 z well z t s(te/ product1 ! fur ( ! *9*illa4 ,inde$1 e p>ticle ( protoplasm requires1 9 ord] t x may live1 a cont9u\s process ( ex*ange4 ,x ne$s to be cont9u\sly fir/ built up by food1 & !n brok5 d[n by dis*>g+ :at is no long] ne$ful = its heal?y exi/5ce4 ,?us ! life ( e organism is a life ( almo/ incessant *ange1 n only 9 its be+ z a :ole1 b 9 t ( all its protoplasmic p>ticles also4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,amoeba ,,%[n ,,9 ,,two ,,( ,,! ,,_m ,,irregul> ,,%apes ,,x ,,assumes4 7,aft] ,h[es47 ,! cle> space )9 x is a contractile vesicle4 ,! d>k body is ! nucleus4 ,9 ! "r-h& figure !re is %[n a p>ticle ( food1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ext]nal surface4 ,prom95t among su* processes is t ( an int]*ange ( gases betwe5 ! liv+ be+ & its environm5t4 ,?is process consi/s 9 an absorption ( oxyg5 & a giv+-out ( c>bonic acid1 :i* ex*ange is t]m$ respiration4 ,la/ly1 protoplasm has a p[] ( motion :5 appropriately act$ on4 ,x w !n contract or exp& its %ape by alt]nate protrusions & retractions ( p>ts ( its sub/ance4 ,^! movem5ts are t]m$ amoebi=m1 because !y q resemble ! movem5ts ( a small animalcule :i* is nam$ amoeba4 7,see ,fig4 #d47 ,su* is ! ultimate /ructure1 & su* are ! fundam5tal activities or functions ( liv+ organisms1 z f> z !y c "h be describ$1 f ! l[e/ animalcule & unicellul> plant1 up to ! mo/ complex organisms & ! body ( man himself4 ,illu/ration ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,my ,,pool 7,,f ,,magic ,,glasses47 ,,by ,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley4 ,! pool lies 9 a deep holl[ among a gr\p ( rocks & b\ld]s1 close to ! entrance ( ! cove1 :i* c only be ent]$ at l[ wat]2 x does n measure m ?an two feet across1 s t y c /ep ov] x1 if y take c>e n to slip on ! masses ( gre5 & br[n seawe$ gr[+ ov] ! rocks on its sides1 z ,i h done _m a "t :5 collect+ specim5s = our salt-wat] aqu>ium4 ,i f9d n[ ! only way is to lie flat d[n on ! rock1 s t my h&s & eyes are free to obs]ve & h&le1 & !n1 br++ my eye d[n to ! edge ( ! pool1 to lift ! seawe$s & let ! sunlight ent] into ! *9ks & crannies4 ,9 ?is way ,i c cat* sight ( _m a small be+ ei!r on ! seawe$ or ! rocky l$ges1 & ev5 creatures transp>5t z glass become visible by ! ?9 outl9e gleam+ 9 ! sunlight4 ,!n ,i pluck a piece ( seawe$1 or *ip (f a fragm5t ( rock ) a %>p-edg$ collect+ knife1 br++ away ! specim5 un9jur$ ^u x1 & place x c>efully 9 its own sep>ate bottle to be c>ri$ home alive & well4 ,n[ ?\gh ?is little pool & ,i are old fri5ds1 ,i f9d new treasures 9 x almo/ e "t ,i g1 = x is almo/ z full ( liv+ ?+s z ! heav5s are ( />s1 & ! tide z x comes & goes br+s _m a "m !re to f9d a safe home = h] little ones1 & _m a waif & /ray to seek %elt] f ! tr\bl\s life ( ! op5 ocean4 ,y w p]haps f9d x difficult to believe t 9 ?is rock-b\nd bas9 !re c be millions ( liv+ creatures hidd5 away among ! f9e fea!ry we$s2 yet s x is4 ,n t !y are always ! same4 ,at "o "t x may be ! home ( myriads ( infant crabs1 n an eigh? ( an in* long1 ano!r ( baby sea-ur*9s only visible to ! nak$ eye z m9ute spots 9 ! wat]1 at ano!r ( "y jelly-fi% gr[+ on _! t9y /alks1 & splitt+ (f "o by "o z transp>5t bells to float away ) ! ris+ tide4 ,or x may be t ! :elk has *os5 ?is quiet nook to deposit h] lea!ry eggs2 or "y b>nacles1 p]iw9kles1 & limpets are gr[+ up among ! gre5 & br[n tangles1 :ile ! f>-sail+ velella & ! /ay-at-home sea-squirts1 toge!r ) a v>iety ( o!r sea-animals1 f9d a nurs]y & %elt] 9 _! y\? 9 ?is quiet h>bor ( re/4 ,& besides ^! casual visitors !re are numb]less creatures :i* h liv$ & multipli$ !re1 ev] s9ce ,i fir/ visit$ ! pool4 ,t5d] r$1 olive-color$1 & gre5 seawe$s1 /ony corall9es1 & acorn-b>nacles l9+ ! floor1 sea-anemones cl++ to ! sides1 sponges t9y & _m-color$ hid+ "u ! l$ges1 & limpets & mussels w$g$ 9 ! cracks4 ,^! c be easily se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 b !y are n ! mo/ num]\s inhabitants2 = ^! we mu/ se>* ) a magnify+ glass1 :i* w reveal to u wond]ful fairy-=ms1 delicate cry/al vases ) t9y creatures 9 !m ^: transp>5t la%es make :irlpools 9 ! wat]1 liv+ cry/al bells s t9y t :ole bran*es ( !m look only l a fr+e ( hair1 jelly globes ris+ & fall+ 9 ! wat]1 pat*es ( liv+ jelly cl++ to ! rocky sides ( ! pool1 & a hundr$ o!r =ms1 "s s m9ute t y mu/ exam9e ! f9e s& 9 :i* !y lie "u a p[]ful microscope be=e y c ev5 guess t !y are !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,seawe$s4 7,natural size47 #a1 ,ulva ,l9za4 #b1 ,sphacel>ia filic9a4 #c1 ,polysiphonia urceolata4 #d1 ,corall9a (fic9alis4 ,s x has prov$ a ri* hunt+-gr\nd1 :]e summ] & w9t]1 spr+ & autumn1 ,i f9d "s =m to put "u my magic glass4 ,!re ,i c wat* x = weeks gr[+ & multiply+ "u my c>e2 mov$ only f ! aqu>ium1 :]e ,i keep x suppli$ ) heal?y sea-wat]1 to ! t9y transp>5t tr\gh 9 :i* ,i place x = a few h\rs to see ! *anges x has und]gone4 ,i c\ld tell y endless tales ( trans=mations 9 ^! t9y lives1 b ,i want to-day to %[ y a few ( my fri5ds1 mo/ ( :i* ,i br\ght ye/]day fre% f ! pool1 & h prep>$ = y to exam9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,ulva lactuca1 ,a ,,gre5-,,seawe$1 ,,greatly ,,magnifi$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,/ructure4 7,aft] ,ore/$74 s1 ,spores 9 ! cells1 ss1 ,spores swimm+ out4 h1 ,holes ?r\gh :i* spores h escap$4 ,let u beg9 ) seawe$s4 ,i h said t !re are ?ree lead+ colors 9 my pool--gre51 olive1 & r$--& ^! t9ts m>k r\ghly ?ree k9ds ( we$1 ?\gh !y occur 9 an endless v>iety ( %apes4 ,"h is a piece ( ! beautiful pale gre5 seawe$1 call$ ! ,lav] or ,sea-,lettuce1 ,ulva ,l9za 7#a1 ,fig4 #a71a :i* gr[s 9 long ribbons 9 a sunny nook 9 ! wat]4 ,i h plac$ "u ! fir/ microscope a piece ( ?is we$ :i* is j s5d+ out "y seawe$s 9 ! %ape ( t9y cells1 ) la%es v l ^? we saw com+ f ! moss-fl[]1 & ,i h press$ !m 9 ! position 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally leave ! plant4 ,y w also see on ?is side sev]al cells 9 :i* ^! t9y spores are =m+1 ready to bur/ out & swim2 = ?is gre5 we$ is m]ely a collection ( cells1 l ! s+le-cell$ plants on l&4 ,ea* cell c "w z a sep>ate plant2 x fe$s1 gr[s1 & c s5d out its own "y spores4 ,footnote #a3 ,! slice giv5 9 ,fig4 #b is f a broad]-leav$ =m1 ,u4 lactuca1 because ?is species1 be+ compos$ ( only "o lay] ( cells1 is bett] se54 ,ulva ,l9za is compos$ ( two lay]s ( cells4 ,?is deep olive-gre5 fea!ry we$ 7#b1 ,fig4 #a71 ( :i* a piece is magnifi$ "u ! next microscope 7#b1 ,fig4 #c71 is v diff]5t4 ,x is a high] plant1 & works h>d] = its liv+1 us+ ! d>k] rays ( sunlight :i* p5etrate into %ady p>ts ( ! pool4 ,s x comes to pass t its cells divide ! "w4 ,^? ( ! fea!ry ?reads make ! food1 :ile o!rs1 gr[+ on %ort /alks on ! %afts ( ! fea!r1 make & s5d out ! "y spores4 ,la/ly1 ! lovely r$ ?readlike we$s1 su* z ?is ,polysiphonia urceolata 7#c1 ,fig4 #a71 c>ry actual urns on _! /ems l ^? ( mosses4 ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( ^! urns 7see #c1 ,fig4 #c71 is mu* ! same 9 ! two classes ( plants1 only t in/ead ( ! urn be+ pu%$ up on a ?9 /alk z 9 ! moss1 x rema9s on ! seawe$ close d[n to ! /em1 :5 x gr[s out ( ! plant-egg1 & ! t9y plant is %ut 9 till ! spores are ready to swim out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,?ree ,,seawe$s ,,( ,,fig4 #a ,,mu* ,,magnifi$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,fruits4 7,h>vey47 #b1 ,sphacel>ia filic9a4 #c1 ,polysiphonia urceolata4 #d1 ,corall9a (fic9alis4 ,! /ony corall9es 7#d1 ,figs4 #a & #c71 :i* build s mu* c>bonate ( lime into _! /ems1 are ne> relations ( ! r$ seawe$s4 ,!re are pl5ty ( !m 9 my pool4 ,"s ( !m1 ( a deep purple color1 gr[ upright 9 /iff gr\ps ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es high2 & o!rs1 :i* =m cru/s ov] ! /ones & we$s1 are a pale rose color2 b bo? k9ds1 :5 ! plant dies1 leav+ ! /ony skeleton 7#a1 ,fig4 #d71 are a pure :ite1 & us$ to be mi/ak5 = corals4 ,!y belong to ! same ord] ( plants z ! r$ we$s1 :i* all live 9 %ady nooks 9 ! pools1 & are ! highe/ ( _! race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,corall9e ,,& ,,s]tul>ia1 ,,to ,,%[ ,,lik5ess ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,animal ,,s]tul>ia ,,& ,,! ,,plant ,,corall9e4 #a1 ,corall9a (fic9alis4 #b1 ,s]tul>ia filicula4 ,my pool is full ( diff]5t =ms ( ^! f\r we$s4 ,! gre5 ribbons float on ! surface root$ to ! sides ( ! pool1 &1 z ! sun %9es ^u x1 ! glitt]+ bubbles ris+ f !m %[ t !y are work+ up food out ( ! air 9 ! wat]1 & giv+ (f oxyg54 ,! br[n we$s lie *iefly "u ! %elves ( rocks1 = !y c manage ) less sunlight1 & use ! d>k] rays :i* pass by ! gre5 we$s2 & la/ ( all1 ! r$ we$s & corall9es1 small & delicate 9 =m1 l9e ! bottom ( ! pool 9 its d>ke/ nooks4 ,& n[ if ,i h& r\nd two specim5s1--"o a corall9e1 & ! o!r some?+ y d n yet "k1--,i am sure y w say at fir/ sight t !y belong to ! same family1 &1 9 fact1 if y buy at ! seaside a gr\p ( seawe$s gumm$ on pap]1 y w mo/ likely get bo? ^! among !m4 ,yet ! tru? is2 t :ile ! corall9e 7#a1 ,fig4 #d7 is a plant1 ! o!r specim5 7#b71 :i* is call$ ,s]tul>ia filicula1 is an animal4 ,?is special s]tul>ian gr[s up "r 9 my pool on /ones or (t5 on seawe$s1 b ,i h "h 7,fig4 #e7 ano!r & mu* small] "o :i* lives lit]ally 9 millions hang+ its cups d[nw>ds4 ,i f9d x n only "u ! n>r[ l$ges ( ! pool %elt]$ by ! seawe$1 b =m+ a fr+e along all ! rocks on ea* side ( ! cove ne> to l[-wat] m>k1 & = a long "t ,i pass$ x by ?9k+ x 0 ( no int]e/4 ,b ,i h long s9ce giv5 up ?9k+ ?is ( any?+1 especially 9 my pool1 = my magic glass has taught me t !re is n ev5 a liv+ speck :i* does n op5 out into some?+ m>vell\s & beautiful4 ,s ,i *ipp$ (f a small piece ( rock & br\ght ! fr+e home1 & f\nd1 :5 ,i hung x up 9 cle> sea-wat] z ,i h done ov] ?is glass tr\gh 7,fig4 #e7 & look$ at x ?r\gh ! l5s1 t ea* ?read ( ! d5se fr+e1 9 itself n a qu>t] ( an in* deep1 turns out to be a t9y s]tul>ian ) at lea/ tw5ty m\?s4 ,y c see ?is ) y\r pocket l5s ev5 z x hangs "h1 & :5 y h exam9$ x y c by & by take (f "o ?read & put x c>efully 9 ! tr\gh4 ,i promise y a sight ( ! mo/ beautiful little be+s :i* exi/ 9 nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,s]tul>ia t5ella1 ,,hang+ ,,f ,a ,,spl9t ,,( ,,rock ,,ov] ,a ,,wat] ,,tr\gh4 ,,also ,,piece ,,enl>g$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,animal ,,protrud+4 ,come & look at x4 ,x is a horny-bran*$ /em ) a d\ble r[ ( t9y cups all along ea* side4 ,out ( ^! cups !re appe> a r[ ( t9y cups all along ea* side 7see ,fig4 #e71 ,out ( ^! cups !re appe> f "t to "t sixte5 m9ute transp>5t t5tacles z f9e z spun glass1 :i* wave ab\t 9 ! wat]4 ,if y %ake ! glass a little1 9 an in/ant ea* cry/al /> vani%es into its cup1 to come out aga9 a few m9utes lat]2 s t n[ "h1 n[ !re1 ! delicate animal-fl[]s spread out on ea* side ( ! /em1 & ! tree is cov]$ ) mov+ be+s4 ,^! t5tacles are feel]s1 :i* la% food into a m\? & /oma* 9 ea* cup1 :]e x is dige/$ & pass$1 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom1 along a jelly ?read :i* runs d[n ! /em & jo9s all ! m\?s toge!r4 ,9 ?is way ! food is di/ribut$ all ov] ! tree1 :i* is1 9 fact1 "o animal ) _m fe$+-cups4 ,"s day ,i w %[ y "o ( ^! cups ) ! t5tacles /ret*$ out & m\nt$ on a slide1 s t y c exam9e a t5tacle ) a v /rong magnify+ p[]4 ,y w !n see t x is dott$ ov] ) cells1 9 :i* are coil$ f9e ?reads4 ,! animal uses ^! ?reads to p>alyze ! creatures on :i* x fe$s1 = at ! base ( ea* ?read !re is a poison gl&4 ,9 ! l>g] ,s]tul>ia ! :ole bran*$ tree is connect$ by jelly ?reads1 runn+ ?r\gh ! /em1 & all ! ?\s&s ( m\?s are spread out 9 ! wat]4 ,"o l>ge =m call$ ,s]tul>ia cupress9a gr[s sometimes ?ree feet high & be>s z _m z a hundr$ ?\s& cups1 ) liv+ m\?s1 on its bran*es4 ,! next ( my m9ute fri5ds ,i c only %[ to ! class 9 a diagram1 b y w see x "u ! f\r? microscope by & by4 ,i _h great tr\ble 9 f9d+ x ye/]day1 ?\gh ,i "k its haunts ^u ! gre5 we$1 = x is s m9ute & transp>5t t ev5 :5 ! we$ is 9 a tr\gh a magnify+-glass w sc>cely detect x4 ,& ,i mu/ w>n y t if y want to "k any ( ! m9ute creatures we are /udy+1 y mu/ visit "o place con/antly4 ,y may 9 a casual way f9d _m ( !m on seawe$1 or 9 ! damp ooze & mud1 b x w be by *ance only2 to look = !m ) any c]ta9ty y mu/ take tr\ble 9 mak+ _! acqua9tance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,?uricolla folliculata & ,*ilomonas amygdalum4 7,saville ,k5t47 #a1 ,?uricolla erect4 #b1 ,retract$4 #c1 ,divid+4 #d1 ,*ilomonas amygdalum4 hc1 ,horny c>apace1 cv1 ,contractile vesicle4 v ,clos+ valves4 ,turn+ !n to ! diagram 7,fig4 #f7 ,i w describe x z ,i hope y w see x "u ! microscope--a curi\s1 t9y1 p]fectly transp>5t op5-m\!d vase /&+ upright on ! we$1 & hav+ an equally transp>5t be+ ris+ up 9 x & wav+ its t9y la%es 9 ! wat]4 ,?is is really all "o animal1 ! vase hc be+ ! horny cov]+ or c>apace ( ! body1 :i* la/ /&s up l a tube 9 ! c5tre4 ,if y wat* c>efully1 y may ev5 see ! m9ute atoms ( food twi/+ r\nd inside ! tube until !y are dige/$1 aft] !y h be5 swept 9 at ! wide op5 m\? by ! :irl+ la%es4 ,y w see ?is m cle>ly if y put a little rice-fl\r1 v m9utely p[d]$ & color$ by c>m9e1 into ! wat]2 = y c trace ^! r$ atoms into "s r\nd spaces call$ vacuoles :i* are dott$ ov] ! body ( ! animal1 & are really globules ( wat]y fluid 9 :i* ! food is probably p>tly dige/$4 ,y w notice1 h[ev]1 "o r\nd cle> space 7cv7 into :i* !y d n g1 & aft] a "t y w be able to obs]ve t ?is r\nd spot closes up or contracts v quickly1 & !n exp&s aga9 v sl[ly4 ,z x exp&s x fills ) a cle> fluid1 & naturali/s h n yet decid$ exactly :at "w x does4 ,x may s]ve ! animal ei!r = brea?+1 or z a v simple he>t1 mak+ ! fluids circulate 9 ! tube4 ,! next int]e/+ po9t ab\t ?is little be+ is ! way x retreats into its %elt]+ vase4 ,ev5 :ile y are wat*+1 x is q likely x may all at once draw itself d[n to ! bottom z 9 ,no4 #b1 & fold+ d[n ! valves w ( horny tee? :i* gr[ on ea* side1 %ut itself 9 f "s fanci$ dang]4 ,ano!r v curi\s po9t is t1 besides s5d+ =? "y ones1 ^! creatures multiply by divid+ 9 two 7see ,no4 #c1 ,fig4 #f71 ea* "o clos+ its own "p ( ! vase into a new home4 ,!re are hundr$s ( ^! ,infusoria1 z !y are call$1 9 my pond1 "s ) vases1 "s )\t1 "s fix$ to we$s & /ones1 o!rs swimm+ ab\t freely4 ,ev5 9 ! wat]-tr\gh 9 :i* ?is ,?uricolla /&s1 ,i saw sev]al small] =ms1 & ! next microscope has a tr\gh fill$ ) ! m9ute/ =m ( all1 call$ a ,monad4 ,^! are s small t two ?\s& ( !m c\ld lie side by side 9 an in*2 t is1 if y c\ld make !m lie at all1 = !y are ! mo/ re/less little be+s1 d>t+ hi!r & ?i!r1 sc>cely ev5 halt+ except to turn back4 ,& yet ?\gh !re are s _m ( !m1 & z f> z we "k !y h no organs ( sight1 !y nev] run up aga9/ ea* o!r1 b glide pa/ m clev]ly ?an any cle>-sight$ fi%4 ,^! creatures are mo/ly to be f\nd among decay+ seawe$1 & ?\gh !y are s t9y1 y c /ill see di/9ctly ! cle> space contract+ & exp&+ )9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,liv+ ,,diatoms4 a1 ,cocconema lanceolatum4 b1 ,bacill>ia p>adoxa4 c1 ,gomphonema m>9um4 d1 ,diatoma hyal9a4 ,b if !re are s _m ?\s&s ( m\?s to fe$1 on ! tree-l ,s]tul>i z well z 9 all ^! ,infusoria1 :]e does ! food come f8 ,p>tly f ! num]\s atoms ( decay+ life all ar\nd1 & ! m9ute eggs ( animals & spores ( plants2 b besides ^!1 ! pool is full ( m9ute liv+ plants--small jelly masses ) solid coats ( fl9t :i* are m\ld$ into mo/ lovely %apes4 ,plants =m$ ( jelly & fl9t6 ,y w ?9k ,i am jok+1 b ,i am n4 ,^! plants1 call$ ,diatoms1 :i* live bo? 9 salt & fre% wat]1 are s+le cells fe$+ & gr[+ j l ^? we took f ! wat]-butt1 only t in/ead ( a s(t cov]+ !y build up a fl9ty skeleton4 ,!y are s small1 t _m ( !m mu/ be magnifi$ to fifty times _! real size be=e y c ev5 see !m di/9ctly4 ,yet ! skeletons ( ^! almo/ invisible plants are c>v$ & *isell$ 9 ! mo/ delicate patt]ns4 ,i %[$ y a gr\p ( ^! 9 our lecture on magic glasses1 & n[ ,i h br\ght a few liv+ ones t we may le>n to "k !m4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #g7 %[s ! *ief =ms y w see on ! diff]5t slides4 ,! fir/ "o1 ,sacill>ia p>adoxa 7b1 ,fig4 #g71 looks l a numb] ( rods cl++ "o to ano!r 9 a /r+1 b ea* "o ( ^! is a s+le-cell$ plant ) a jelly cell surr\nd+ ! fl9ty skeleton4 ,y w see t !y move to & fro ov] ea* o!r 9 ! wat]4 ,! next two =ms1 a & c1 look mu* m l plants1 = ! cells arrange !mselves on a jelly /em1 :i* by & by disappe>s1 leav+ only ! sep>ate fl9t skeletons4 ,! la/ =m1 d1 is some?+ midway betwe5 ! o!r =ms1 ! sep>ate cells hang on to ea* o!r & also on to a /raight jelly /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a ,,diatom 7,diatoma vulg>e7 ,,gr[+4 a1 b1 ,fl9t skeleton inside ! jelly-cell4 a1 c & d1 b1 ,two fl9t skeletons =m$ by new valves1 c & d1 =m+ )9 ! fir/ skeleton4 ,ano!r species ( ,diatoma 7,fig4 #h7 call$ ,diatoma vulg>e1 is a v simple & common =m1 & w help to expla9 h[ ^! plants gr[4 ,! two fl9ty valves a1 b inside ! cell are n q ! same size2 ! old] "o a is l>g] ?an ! y\ng] "o b & fits ov] x l ! cov] ( a pill-box4 ,z ! plant gr[s1 ! cell enl>ges & =ms two m valves1 "o c fitt+ into ! cov] a1 s z to make a complete box ac1 & a second1 d1 back to back ) c1 fitt+ into ! valve b1 & mak+ ano!r complete bd4 ,?is goes on v rapidly1 & 9 ?is plant ea* new cell sep>ates z x is =m$1 & ! free diatoms move ab\t q actively 9 ! wat]4 ,if y consid] = a mom5t1 y w see t1 z ! new valves always fit into ! old ones1 ea* mu/ be small] ?an ! la/1 & s !re comes a "t :5 ! valves h become too small to g on increas+4 ,!n ! plant mu/ beg9 afre%4 ,s ! two halves ( ! la/ cell op51 & ?r[+ out _! fl9ty skeletons1 cov] !mselves ) a ?9 jelly lay]1 & =m a new cell :i* gr[s l>g] ?an any ( ! old ones4 ,^!1 :i* are spore-cells1 !n =m fl9ty valves inside1 & ! :ole ?+ beg9s aga94 ,n[1 ?\gh ! plants !mselves die1 or become ! food ( m9ute animals1 ! fl9ty skeletons are n de/roy$1 b g on accumulat+ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ponds1 lakes1 riv]s1 & seas1 all ov] ! _w4 ,untold millions h no d\bt crumbl$ to du/ & gone back into ! wat]s1 b untold millions also h surviv$4 ,! t[ns ( ,b]l9 9 ,europe & ( ,ri*mond 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are actually built ^u gr\nd call$ infusorial e>?1 compos$ almo/ entirely ( valves ( ^! m9ute diatoms :i* h accumulat$ to a ?ickness ( m ?an eighty feet6 ,^? "u ,b]l9 are fre%-wat] =ms1 & mu/ h liv$ 9 a lake1 :ile ^? ( ,ri*mond belong to salt-wat] =ms4 ,e in* ( ! gr\nd "u ^? cities repres5ts ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( liv+ plants :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ages long gone by1 & 7 no l>g] ?an ^? y w see pres5tly "u ! microscope4 ,^! are a v few ( ! microscopic inhabitants ( my pond1 b1 z y w confuse !m if ,i %[ y too _m1 we w conclude ) two r l>g] specim5s1 & exam9e !m c>efully4 ,! fir/1 call$ ! ,cydippe1 is a lovely1 transp>5t liv+ ball1 :i* ,i want to expla9 to y because x is s wondr\sly beautiful4 ,! second1 ! ,sea-mat or ,flu/ra1 looks l a crumpl$ drab-color$ seawe$1 b is really compos$ ( _m ?\s&s ( grottos1 ! homes ( t9y sea-animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,cydippe ,pileus4 #a1 ,animal ) t5tacles t1 be>+ small t5drils t'4 #b1 ,body ( animal enl>g$4 m1 ,m\?4 c1 ,dige/ive cavity4 s1 ,sac into :i* ! t5tacles are )drawn4 p1 ,b&s ) comb-l plates4 #c1 ,portion ( a b& enl>g$ to %[ ! mov+ plates p4 ,let u take ! ,cydippe fir/ 7#a1 ,fig4 #i74 ,i h six "h1 ea* 9 a sep>ate tumbl]1 & c\ld h br\ght _m m1 = :5 ,i dipp$ my net 9 ! pool ye/]day su* numb]s 7 caught 9 x t ,i believe ! retreat+ tide mu/ j h left a %oal beh9d4 ,put a tumbl] on ! desk 9 front ( y1 & if ! light falls well ^u x y w see a transp>5t ball ab\t ! size ( a l>ge pea m>k$ ) eight bright b&s1 :i* beg9 at ! l[] end ( ! ball & rea* ne>ly to ! top1 divid+ ! outside into sections l ! ribs ( a melon4 ,! creature is s p]fectly transp>5t t y c c\nt all ! eight b&s4 ,at ! top ( ! ball is a slight bulge :i* is ! m\? 7m #b1 ,fig4 #i71 & f x1 inside ! ball hangs a long bag or /oma*1 :i* op5s bel[ into a cavity1 f :i* two canals bran* out1 "o on ea* side1 & ^! divide aga9 into f\r canals :i* g "o into ea* ( ! tubes runn+ d[n ! b&s4 ,f ?is cavity ! food1 :i* is dige/$ 9 ! /oma*1 is c>ri$ by ! canals all ov] ! body4 ,! small] tubes :i* bran* out ( ^! canals _c be se5 cle>ly )\t a v /rong l5s1 & ! only o!r p>ts y c disc]n 9 ?is transp>5t ball are two long sacs on ea* side ( ! l[] end4 ,^! are ! t5tacle sacs1 9 :i* are coil$ up ! t5tacles1 :i* we %all describe pres5tly4 ,la/ly y c notice t ! b&s outside ! globe are broad] 9 ! middle ?an at ! ends1 & are /rip$ across by a numb] ( ridges4 ,9 mov+ ! tumbl]s ! wat] has naturally be5 %ak51 & ! creature be+ al>m$ w probably at fir/ rema9 motionless4 ,b v soon x w beg9 to play 9 ! wat]1 ris+ & fall+1 & swimm+ gracefully f side to side4 ,n[ y w notice a curi\s effect1 = ! b&s w glitt] & become t+$ ) prismatic colors1 till1 z x moves m & m rapidly ^! colors1 reflect$ 9 ! jelly1 seem to t+e ! :ole ball ) colors l ^? on a soap-bubble1 :ile f ! two sacs bel[ come =? two long transp>5t ?reads l spun glass4 ,at fir/ ^! appe> to be simple ?reads1 b z !y gradually op5 out to ab\t f\r or five in*es1 small] ?reads uncoil on ea* side ( ! l9e till !re are ab\t fifty on ea* l9e4 ,^! %ort t5drils are nev] /ill = long2 z ! ma9 ?reads wave to & fro1 "s ( ! %ort] ones coil up & hang l t9y beads1 !n ^! uncoil & o!rs roll up1 s t ^! graceful float+ l9es are nev] two seconds alike4 ,we d n really "k _! use4 ,sometimes ! creature an*ors itself by !m1 ris+ & fall+ z !y /ret* out or coil up2 b m (t5 !y float idly beh9d x 9 ! wat]4 ,at fir/ y w\ld p]haps ?9k t !y s]v$ to drive ! ball ?r\gh ! wat]1 b ?is is done by a special app>atus4 ,! cross ridges :i* we notic$ on ! b&s are really flat comb-l plates 7p1 ,fig4 #i71 ( :i* !re are ab\t tw5ty or ?irty on ea* b&2 & ^! vibrate v rapidly1 s t two hundr$ or m paddles drive ! t9y ball ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! prismatic colors2 = iridesc5t t9ts are produc$ by ! play ( light ^u ! glitt]+ plates1 z !y incessantly *ange _! angle4 ,sometimes !y move all at once1 sometimes only a few at a "t1 & x is evid5t ! creature controls !m at w4 ,?is lovely fairy-l globe1 ) its long float+ t5tacles & ra9b[ t9ts1 0 = a long "t class$ ) ! jelly-fi%2 b x really is mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! sea-anemones1 z x has a true c5tral cavity :i* acts z a /oma*1 & _m o!r po9ts 9 common ) ! ,act9ozoa4 ,we _c help wond]+1 z ! little be+ glides hi!r & ?i!r1 :e!r x c see :]e x is go+4 ,x has n]ves ( a l[ k9d :i* />t f a little d>k spot 7ng7 exactly at ! s\? pole ( ! ball1 & at t po9t a s5se-organ ( "s k9d exi/s1 b :at impression ! creature ga9s f x ( ! _w outside we _c tell4 ,i am afraid y may ?9k x dull to turn f su* a beautiful be+ z ?is1 to ! gray leaf :i* looks only l a dead dry seawe$2 yet y w be wrong1 = a m wond]ful hi/ory atta*es to ?is crumpl$ dead-look+ leaf ?an to ! lovely jelly-globe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,! ,,sea-,,mat ,,or ,,flu/ra 7,flu/ra foliacea74 #a1 ,natural size4 #b1 ,mu* magnifi$1 s1 ,slit caus$ by draw+ 9 ( ! animal a4 ,fir/ ( all ,i w pass r\nd pieces ( ! dry leaf 7#a1 ,fig4 #aj71 & :ile y are gett+ !m ,i w tell y :]e ,i f\nd ! liv+ ones4 ,great masses ( ! ,flu/ra1 z x is call$1 l9e ! bottom & sides ( my pool4 ,!y gr[ 9 tufts1 /&+ upright on ! rock1 & look+ exactly l h>d gray seawe$s1 :ile !re is no?+ to lead y to suspect t !y are any?+ else4 ,ye/]day ,i *ipp$ (f v c>efully a piece ( rock ) a tuft ^u x1 & h kept x s9ce 9 a glass globe by itself ) sea-wat]1 = ! little creatures liv+ 9 ?is m>9e city require a v good supply ( heal?y wat] & air4 ,i h call$ x a m>9e city1 & n[ ,i w tell y :y4 ,take ! piece 9 y\r h& & run y\r f+] g5tly up & d[n x2 y w glide q com=tably f ! l[] to ! high] "p ( ! leaf1 b :5 y come back y w feel y\r f+] cat* slightly on a r\gh surface4 ,y\r pocket l5s w %[ y :y ?is is1 = if y look ?r\gh x at ! surface ( ! leaf y w see x is n smoo?1 b compos$ ( hundr$s ( t9y alcoves ) ar*$ tops2 & on ea* side ( ^! tops /& two %ort blunt sp9es1 mak+ f\r 9 all1 po9t+ upw>ds1 s z p>tly to cov] ! alcove above4 ,z y\r f+] w5t up x glid$ ov] ! sp9es1 b on com+ back x met _! po9ts4 ,?is is all y c see 9 ! dead specim52 ,i mu/ %[ y ! re/ by diagrams1 & by & by "u ! microscope4 ,fir/1 !n1 9 ! liv+ specim5 :i* ,i h "h1 ^? alcoves are n op5 z 9 ! dead piece1 b cov]$ ov] ) a transp>5t sk91 9 :i*1 ne> ! top ( ! alcove j :]e ! curve beg9s1 is a slit 7s #b1 ,fig4 #aj7 ,un=tunately1 ! membrane cov]+ ?is alcove is too d5se = y to di/+ui% ! p>ts )94 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 if y are wat*+ a piece ( ?is liv+ leaf 9 a flat wat]-cell "u ! microscope1 y w see ! slit sl[ly op51 & beg9 to turn z x 7 inside out1 exactly l ! f+] ( a glove1 :i* has be5 pu%$ 9 at ! tip1 gradually rises up :5 y put y\r f+] inside x4 ,z ?is goes on1 a bundle ( ?reads appe>s1 at fir/ clos$ l a bud1 b gradually op5+ out into a cr[n ( t5tacles1 ea* "o clo!d ) hairs4 ,!n y w see t ! slit 0 n exactly a slit aft] all1 b ! r\nd edge :]e ! sac 0 pu%$ 94 ,ah6 y w say1 y are n[ %[+ me a polyp l ^? on ! s]tul>ian tree4 ,n s fa/1 my fri5d2 y h n /udi$ :at is /ill "u ! cov]+ sk9 & hidd5 9 ! liv+ animal4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 prep>$ a slide ) ?is membrane remov$ & !re y c obs]ve ! diff]5t p>ts1 & le>n t ea* "o ( ^! alcoves conta9s a complete animal1 & n m]ely "o among _m m\?s1 l ! polyp on ,s]tul>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,9 ,,! ,,flu/ra ,,or ,,sea-,,mat4 #a1 ,animal protrud+4 #b1 ,animal retract$ 9 ! %ea?1 %1 ,cov]+ %ea?1 s1 ,slit4 t1 ,t5tacles4 m1 ,m\?4 ?1 ,?roat1 /1 ,/oma*4 i1 ,inte/9e1 r1 ,retractor muscle1 e1 ,egg-=m+ p>ts4 g1 ,n]ve-ganglion4 ,ea* ( ^! little be+s 7a1 ,fig4 #aj7 liv+ 9 its alcove has a m\?1 ?roat1 /oma*1 inte/9e1 muscles1 & n]ves />t+ f ! ganglion ( n]v\s matt]1 besides all t is necess>y = produc+ eggs & s5d+ =? "y ones4 ,y c trace all ^! "u ! microscope 7see #b1 ,fig4 #aa7 z ! creature lies curi\sly d\bl$ up 9 its b$1 ) its body b5t 9 a loop2 ! inte/9e i1 out ( :i* ! refuse food passes1 com+ back close up to ! slit4 ,:5 x is at re/1 ! top ( ! sac 9 :i* x lies is pull$ 9 by ! retractor muscle r1 & looks1 z ,i h said1 l ! f+] ( a glove ) ! top pu%$ 94 ,:5 x wi%es to fe$ ?is top is drawn out by muscles runn+ r\nd ! sac1 & ! t5tacles op5 & wave 9 ! wat] 7#a1 ,fig4 #aa74 ,look n[ at ! alcoves1 ! homes ( ^! animals2 see h[ t9y !y are & h[ closely !y fit toge!r4 ,mr4 ,gosse1 ! naturali/1 has reckon$ t !re are six ?\s&1 sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty alcoves 9 a squ>e in*2 !n if y turn ! leaf ov] y w see t !re is ano!r set1 fix$ back to back ) ^!1 on ! o!r side1 mak+ 9 all1 ?irte5 ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ & =ty alcoves4 ,n[ a mod]ate-siz$ leaf ( flu/ra measures ab\t ?ree squ>e in*es1 tak+ all ! r\nd$ lobes into acc\nt1 s y w see we get =ty ?\s&1 ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty z a r\gh e/imate ( ! numb] ( be+s on ?is "o leaf4 ,b if y look at ?is tuft ,i h br\ght1 y w f9d x is compos$ ( twelve su* leaves1 & ?is aft] all is a v small "p ( ! mass gr[+ r\nd my pool4 ,0 ,i wrong1 !n1 :5 ,i said my m9iature ocean conta9s z _m millions ( be+s z !re are />s 9 ! heav5s8 ,y w want to "k h[ ^! leaves grew1 & x is 9 ?is way4 ,fir/ a little free swimm+ animal1 a m]e liv+ sac provid$ ) la%es1 settles d[n & gr[s into "o little horny alcove1 ) its live creature inside1 :i* 9 "t s5ds (f f x ?ree to five buds1 =m+ alcoves all r\nd ! top & sides ( ! fir/ "o1 gr[+ on to x4 ,^! aga9 bud out1 & y c ?us easily und]/& t1 9 ?is way1 9 "t a good-siz$ leaf is =m$4 ,mean:ile ! creatures also s5d =? new swimm+ cells1 :i* settle d[n ne> to beg9 new leaves1 & ?us a tuft is =m$2 & long aft] ! be+s 9 e>li] p>ts ( ! leaf h di$ & left _! alcoves empty1 ^? r\nd ! m>g9 are /ill alive & spread+4444 ,if y c trace ! spore-cells & urns 9 ! seawe$s1 obs]ve ! polyps 9 ! ,s]tul>ia1 & c\nt ! numb] ( m\?s on a bran* ( my animal fr+e 7,s]tul>ia t5ella72 if y make acqua9tance ) ! ,?uricolla 9 its vase1 & are =tunate en\gh to see "o divide 9 two2 if y le>n to "k "s ( ! beautiful =ms ( diatoms1 & c picture to y\rself ! life ( ! t9y inhabitants ( ! ,flu/ra2 !n y w h us$ y\r microscope ) "s effect1 & be prep>$ = an exp$ition to my pool1 :]e we w g toge!r "s day to seek new treasures4 ,illu/ration ,,notes ,,agassiz1 ,j4,l4,r41 naturali/1 born 9 ,switz]l&1 #ahjg2 di$1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #ahgc4 ,9 #ahdf he came to ,am]ica1 aft] hav+ ga9$ a high reputation 9 ,europe1 to deliv] a c\rse ( lectures 9 ,bo/on ,on ! ,plan ( ! ,creation1 & met ) su* success t he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 days !re1 decl9+ an invitation to return to 8 native c\ntry & to ,p>is4 ,9 #ahdh he 0 elect$ to ! *air ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,h>v>d4 ,9 #ahej-ea he w5t on an exp$ition to ! ,florida ,reefs4 ,9 #aheh he f\nd$ & organiz$ ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zology at ,cambridge--&1 lat] on1 w5t on 8 important voyage to ,brazil4 ,9 #ahgb he f\nd$ & organiz$ ! summ] s*ool ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,buzz>d's ,bay4 ,he wrote ,! ,fi%es ( ,brazil1 ,a ,/udy ( ,glaci]s1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,fre% ,wat] ,fi%es ( ,c5tral ,europe1 ,contributions to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7unf9i%$71 & ) 8 wife1 ,a ,j\rney 9 ,brazil4 ,,ball1 ,,pr(4 ,,sir ,r4,s41 ,engli% a/ronom]1 born 9 ,dubl91 #ahdj4 ,0 appo9t$ ,"l ,ross's a/ronom] 9 #ahfe4 ,pr(essor ( ma!matics & me*anics at ! ,royal ,iri% ,college ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahgc1 & is n[ a/ronom] royal = ,irel&4 ,he is ! au?or ( ,! ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s1 ,/>l&1 etc41 & is well kn[n z a successful lectur] on a/ronomical subjects 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,d>w91 ,,*>les ,r41 ,engli% naturali/1 born1 #ahji2 di$1 #ahhb4 ,he fir/ =mulat$ :at is kn[n z ! pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection4 ,9 #ahca he w5t 9 ! fam\s sci5tific voyage ( ! ,beagle z naturali/1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ an acc\nt ( x4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ ?or\gh1 c>eful1 & pa9/ak+ sci5tific m5 ( ?is or any age4 ,he is ! au?or ( _m fam\s books4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,insectivor\s ,plants1 ,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants1 ,! ,/ructure & ,di/ribution ( ,coral ,reefs1 ,geological ,obs]vations on ,volcanic ,isl&s4 ,! ,=mation ( ,vegetable ,m\ld 0 8 la/ publi%$ "w4 ,,flamm>ion1 ,c41 fam\s ,fr5* a/ronom]1 born1 #ahdb4 ,he has writt5 _m popul> works on a/ronomy1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,! ,/>s1 ,! ,_w ,be=e ! ,creation1 ,uranus1 ,comets1 ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 are among 8 be/ kn[n4 ,,hold51 ,,pr(4 ,e4,s41 ,am]ican a/ronom]1 born at ,/4 ,l\is1 #ahdf4 ,lieut5ant eng9e]s1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahgj-gc2 pr(essor ma!matics1 ,u4,s4,n41 #ahgc-ha2 director ,wa%burn ,obs]vatory1 #ahha-he2 presid5t ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 #ahhc-hh2 director ,lick ,obs]vatory1 #ahhh-ih4 ,is a memb] ( sev]al le>n$ societies ( ,europe4 ,is ! au?or ( a ,life ( ,william ,h]s*el1 ,a ,h&-book ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 ,e>? & ,sky1 ,prim] ( ,h]aldry1 ,elem5t>y ,a/ronomy1 ,family ( ! ,sun1 ,essays 9 ,a/ronomy1 ,/ories ( ! ,great ,a/ronom]s1 etc4 ,,huxley1 ,t4,h41 ,engli% biologi/1 born1 #ahbe2 di$1 #ahie4 ,w5t on an explor+ exp$ition on ! ,rattlesnake1 & devot$ himself to ! /udy ( m>9e life4 ,= 8 sci5tific rese>*es he receiv$ _m honors4 ,8 lectures 7 models ( cle>ness1 & he c\ld simplify ! mo/ difficult subjects4 ,he /rongly advocat$ ,d>w9's views & evolutioni/ doctr9es4 ,8 writ+s are num]\s & _m ( !m te*nical4 ,among "s ( ! mo/ popul> are ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 8 ,lay ,s]mons1 ,critiques & ,addresses1 ,am]ican ,addresses1 ,physiography1 ,sci5ce & ,culture1 ,lessons 9 ,elem5t>y ,physiology1 etc4 ,,k+sley1 ,c41 ,engli% cl]gyman & au?or1 born1 #ahai2 di$1 #ahge4 ,wrote ,we/w>d1 ,ho6 :i* e boy %\ld read1 ,hypatia1 ,alton ,locke1 ,h]ew>d ! ,wake1 etc41 & a *>m+ book ( travel1 entitl$1 ,at ,la/4 ,8 ,wat] ,babies is exce$+ly popul>1 & 8 ,h]oes is a book mu* appreciat$ by ! boys & girls alike4 ,,proctor1 ,r4,a41 ,engli% a/ronom]1 born1 #ahcd2 di$1 #ahhh4 ,he 0 a v popul> writ]1 & lectur$ on a/ronomical subjects 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ,engl& & h] colonies4 ,a memorial tea*+ obs]vatory is erect$ 9 8 honor ne> ,san ,diego1 ,cal4 ,he 0 a man ( untir+ indu/ry1 an a?lete1 a musician1 & a *ess-play]4 ,8 books are num]\s4 ,among !m are ,half ,h\rs ) ! ,telescope1 ,o!r ,worlds ?an ,ours1 ,light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs1 ,! ,expanse ( ,heav51 ,! ,moon1 ,! ,bord]l& ( ,sci5ce1 ,our ,place ,among ,inf9ites1 ,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy1 ,! ,univ]se ( ,suns1 ,o!r ,suns ?an ,ours1 etc4 ,,%al]1 ,n4,s41 pr(essor ( geology at ,h>v>d4 ,born ,newport1 ,ky41 #ahda4 ,s]v$ 9 ! ,union ,army dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,in/ructor zology1 geology1 & paleontology1 ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 till #ahhg4 ,s9ce !n at ,h>v>d4 ,is ! au?or ( ,k5tucky a ,pione] ,commonweal?1 ,! ,/ory ( ,our ,cont95t1 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,nature1 ,feature ( ,coa/s & ,oceans1 ,dome/icat$ ,animals1 ,! ,individual1 ,/udy ( ,life & ,dea?1 etc4 ,,?ompson1 ,,sir ,c4 ,,wyville1 ,engli% zologi/1 born1 #ahcj2 di$1 #ahhb4 ,he conduct$ sci5tific dr$g+ exp$itions 9 ! ,lightn+ & ,porcup9e1 #ahfh-fi1 & 0 ! sci5tific head ( ! fam\s voyage ( #fh1ijj miles 9 ! ,*all5g] = deep-sea explorations 7#ahgb-gf74 ,8 books are ,! ,dep?s ( ! ,sea1 & ,! ,voyage ( ! ,*all5g]4 ,,tyndall1 ,,john1 ,engli% physici/1 born1 #ahbj4 ,began 8 orig9al rese>*es 9 #ahdg1 :5 tea*] ( physics 9 ,que5wood ,college4 ,he & ,pr(essor ,huxley visit$ ! ,alps toge!r1 & !y wrote a "w on ! /ructure & nature ( glaci]s4 ,x is impossible to detail ! "w he has done2 b 8 inquiries & exp]im5ts 9 connection ) light1 heat1 s\nd1 & electricity h all _h practical results4 ,he is a popul> lectur]1 & devot$ ! proce$s ( a lectur+ t\r 9 ?is c\ntry to f\nd+ s*ol>%ips at ,h>v>d & ,columbia ,colleges1 = /ud5ts devot+ !mselves to orig9al rese>*4 ,among 8 books are ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 ,m\nta9e]+1 ,heat z a ,mode ( ,motion1 ,on ,radiation1 ,h\rs ( ,ex]cise 9 ! ,alps1 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 ,! ,float+ ,matt] ( ! ,air1 & volumes on ,light1 ,s\nd1 ,electricity1 & ! =ms ( wat]4 ,,wallace1 ,a4,r41 ,engli% naturali/ & travell]1 born #ahbb2 0 educat$ z l& surveyor & ar*itect1 b aft]w>ds devot$ himself entirely to ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,he explor$ ! ,valley ( ! ,amazon & ,rio ,negro1 #ahdh-eb1 & travell$ 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ,papua1 #ahed-fb1 publi%+ ! results ( 8 explorations lat] on4 ,he also wrote ,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 ,miracles & ,mod]n ,spiritualism1 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals1 ,tropical ,nature1 ,isl& ,life1 etc4 ,,gib]ne1 ,,agnes1 ,engli% au?or--liv+4 ,began to write at sev5 ye>s old4 ,h] fir/ /ory = *ildr5 0 publi%$ :5 %e 0 only sev5te54 ,h] /ories = *ildr5 h n be5 s popul> z h] sci5tific writ+s1 ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 ,! ,/>ry ,skies1 ,among ! ,/>s1 ,! ,ocean ( ,air1 ,! ,_w's ,f\ndations1 ,radiant ,suns1 etc4 ,,wilson1 ,,&rew1 ,engli% physiologi/ & lectur]1 born1 #aheb4 ,is ! au?or ( ,/udies on ,life & ,s5se1 ,leisure ,"t ,/udies1 ,sci5ce ,/ories1 ,*apt]s on ,evolution1 ,wild ,animals1 ,bra9 & ,n]ve1 etc41 & is a con/ant contributor on sci5tific subjects to ! magaz9es & newspap]s1 contribut+ weekly ,sci5ce ,jott+s to ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news ,,wond]s ,,( ,,e>?1 ,,sea1 ,,& ,,sky ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+ ,wond] ,/ories ( ,sci5ce ,d4,n4 ,,bea* ,wond]s 9 ,mon/]l& ,,edw>d ,w4,d4 ,,cum+ ,ocean ,wond]s ,w4,e4 ,,damon ,among ! ,/>s ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,! ,sc5]y ( ! ,heav5s ,,john ,,ell>d ,,gorr ,coal & ! ,coal ,m9]s ,,hom] ,,gre5e ,wond]s ( ! ,moon ,a4 ,,guillem9 ,! ,sea & ,its ,liv+ ,wond]s4 ,g4 ,,h>twig ,! ,wond]s ( ,plant ,life ,"u ! ,microscope ,,sophie ,b4 ,,h]rick ,m>vels ( ,animal ,life ,,*>les ,f4 ,,hold] ,old ,ocean ,,erne/ ,,+]soll ,mod]n ,sev5 ,wond]s ( ! ,_w ,c4 ,,k5t ,madam ,h[ & ,lady ,:y ,,*>les ,,k+sley ,wond]s ( ,optics ,f4 ,,m>ion ,! ,wond]s ( ,sci5ce ,,h5ry ,,mayhew ,wond]s ( ,man & ,nature ,e4 ,,m5ault ,a ,c5tury ( ,electricity ,t4,c4 ,,m5d5hall ,! ,orbs ( ,heav5 ,,ormsby ,s4 ,,mit*ell ,"u ,foot ,,laura ,d4 ,,ni*ols ,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy ,r4,a4 ,,proctor ,! ,wond]s ( ! ,_w ,,*>les ,g4 ,,ros5b]g ,! ,wond]s ( ,nature ,,pr(essor ,,rudolph ,volcanoes ( ,nor? ,am]ica ,,israel ,,cook ,,russell ,aspects ( ! ,e>? ,n4,s4 ,,%al] ,wond]s ( ! ,bird ,_w ,r4,b4 ,,%>pe ,! ,wond]s ( ,wat] ,,ga/on ,,tiss&i] ,total ,eclipses ( ! ,sun ,,mabel ,l4 ,,todd ,wond]s ( ,insect ,life ,,joseph ,c4 ,,willet