,,the ,,social ,,emergency ,studies in ,sex ,hygiene and ,morals ,,edited ,,by ,,william ,,trufant ,,foster ,,president ,,of ,,reed ,,college ,,president ,,pacific ,,coast ,,federation ,,for ,,sex ,,hygiene ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,charles ,w4 ,,eliot ,,president ,,emeritus ,,of ,,harvard ,,university ,illustration3 ,publishers ,stamp ,,boston ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,the ,riverside ,press ,cambridge ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,william ,,trufant ,,foster ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,the ,riverside ,press ,,cambridge1 ,,massachusetts ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,this volume is the outgrowth of an extension course conducted by ,reed ,college in ,portland1 ,oregon1 in #aiac4 ,the course was offered to teachers and to workers in various other fields of social service as an outline of the main problems of social hygiene and morals and as a guide to further study4 ,an edition of forty-five hundred copies of the syllabus of the course was soon exhausted1 and there appeared to be a sufficient demand for the publication of some of the lectures4 ,the chapters are the various lectures1 condensed by the editor1 but otherwise substantially as given1 with the exception of chapters ,i1 ,,ii1 and ,,xii1 which are here presented for the first time4 ,in the original course1 ,reed ,college fortunately had the services of ,calvin ,s4 ,white1 ,m4,d41 and ,l4,r4 ,alderman1 officers of the ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society4 ,their addresses have been omitted1 because they were prepared rather to meet local conditions and the needs of the course than for the general public4 ,for the same reason the greater part of the addresses of ,william ,house1 ,m4,d41 and of the editor have been omitted4 ,the ,social ,emergency does not purport to be a comprehensive or systematic treatment of the problems of sex hygiene and morals2 it presents merely the views of a number of persons on certain phases of the subject4 ,although no writer is responsible for the ideas of any other writer1 yet nearly all the writers have read and approved all the chapters4 ,furthermore1 the editor has had the aid of other competent critics4 ,the proof has been read by ,maurice ,bigelow1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,biology1 ,teachers ,college1 ,columbia ,university2 by ,calvin ,s4 ,white1 ,m4,d41 ,secretary of the ,state ,board of ,health of ,oregon and ,president of the ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society2 and by ,william ,snow1 ,m4,d41 ,secretary of the ,american ,social ,hygiene ,association4 ,others1 including ,edward ,l4 ,keyes1 ,jr41 ,m4,d41 and ,harry ,beal ,torrey1 ,ph4,d41 have read the particular chapters concerning which they could give expert opinion4 ,the editor is grateful to all these men1 and to ,florence ,read1 ,secretary of ,reed ,extension ,courses1 who has given valuable aid4 ,with their help he has endeavored to avoid the errors1 the exaggerations1 the narrowness of view1 and the hysteria that characterize some of the current discussions concerning sex and the social evil4 ,if there is one dominant truth in this volume1 it is that any plan for meeting the social emergency that would relax the control of moral and spiritual law over sex impulses is antagonistic1 not only to physical health1 but as well to the highest development of personality and to the progressive evolution of human society4 ,w4,t4,f4 ,,reed ,,college1 ,,portland1 ,,oregon1 ,april1 #aiad4 ,,contents ,,introduction4 ,by ,charles ,w4 ,eliot1 ,,ll4,d41 ,president ,emeritus of ,harvard ,university #a ,i4 ,,the ,,social ,,emergency4 ,by ,william ,trufant ,foster1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #e ,,ii4 ,,various ,,phases ,,of ,,the ,,question4 ,by ,william ,trufant ,foster #ac ,,iii4 ,,physiological ,,aspects4 ,by ,william ,house1 ,m4,d41 ,member of the ,executive ,committee1 ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society #be ,,iv4 ,,medical ,,phases4 ,by ,andrew ,c4 ,smith1 ,m4,d41 ,member of the ,oregon ,state ,board of ,health #cb ,v4 ,,economic ,,phases4 ,by ,arthur ,evans ,wood1 ,a4,b41 ,instructor in ,social ,economics1 ,reed ,college2 ,member of the ,vice ,commission1 ,portland1 ,oregon #de ,,vi4 ,,recreational ,,phases4 ,by ,lebert ,howard ,weir1 ,a4,b41 ,field ,secretary of the ,playground and ,recreation ,association of ,america #gj ,,vii4 ,,educational ,,phases4 ,by ,edward ,octavius ,sisson1 ,ph4,d41 ,commissioner of ,education for the ,state of ,idaho2 recently ,professor of ,education1 ,reed ,college #hd ,,viii4 ,,teaching ,,phases3 ,,for ,,children4 ,by ,william ,greenleaf ,eliot1 ,jr41 ,a4,b41 ,minister of ,church of ,our ,father1 ,portland2 ,member of the ,executive ,committee1 ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society #ajd ,,ix4 ,,teaching ,,phases3 ,,for ,,boys4 ,by ,harry ,h4 ,moore1 ,executive ,secretary1 ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society #abg ,x4 ,,teaching ,,phases3 ,,for ,,girls4 ,by ,bertha ,stuart1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,d41 ,director of the ,gymnasium for ,women1 ,university of ,oregon #aed ,,xi4 ,,moral ,,and ,,religious ,,phases4 ,by ,norman ,frank ,coleman1 ,a4,m41 ,professor of ,english1 ,reed ,college #afh ,,xii4 ,,agencies1 ,,methods1 ,,materials1 ,,and ,,ideals4 ,by ,william ,trufant ,foster #aij ,,list ,,of ,,references #bjc ,,index #bai ,,the ,,social ,,emergency ,,introduction ,by ,charles ,w4 ,eliot ,this book is a collection of essays by several authors on the various aspects of social hygiene1 and on the proper means of forming an enlightened public opinion concerning the measures which society can now1 at last1 wisely undertake against the vices and evils which in the human race accompany bodily self-indulgence and lack of moral stamina4 ,till within five years1 it was the custom in families1 churches1 and schools1 to say nothing about sex relations1 normal or abnormal2 and in society at large to do nothing about the ancient evil of prostitution1 to provide neither isolation nor treatment for the worst of contagious diseases1 and to regard the blindness1 feeble-mindedness1 sterility1 paralysis1 and insanity which result from those diseases as afflictions which could not be prevented4 ,the progress of medicine within twenty years1 both preventive and curative1 has greatly changed the ethical as well as the physical situation4 ,the policy of silence and concealment concerning evils which are now known to be preventable is no longer justifiable4 ,the thinking public can now learn what these evils are1 how destructive they are1 and by what measures they may be cured or prevented4 ,with this knowledge goes the responsibility and duty of applying it in defense of society and civilization4 ,this book is a sincere effort1 first1 to supply the needed knowledge of terrible wrongs and destructions2 and1 secondly1 to indicate cautiously and tentatively the most available means of attacking the evils described4 ,it is an attempt to enlighten public opinion on one of the gravest of modern problems--indeed1 the very gravest1 with the exception of the warfare between capital and labor4 ,the book is not intended for children1 or even for adolescents1 but rather for parents1 teachers1 and ministers who have to answer the questions of children and youth about sex relations1 or deal sympathetically with the victims of sexual vice4 ,all efforts to deal directly with sex relations in schools1 churches1 and clubs are hampered1 and must be for some years to come1 by the lack of competent instructors in that difficult subject4 ,so far as instruction in educational institutions is concerned1 it seems as if the normal schools and the colleges for men or for women must be selected for the first experiments on class instruction4 ,family instruction is in most cases impossible2 because neither father nor mother is competent to teach the children what needs to be taught about both the normal and the disordered sex relations4 ,the ministers and priests are as a rule equally incompetent4 ,they can give precepts or orders1 but not explanations or reasons4 ,considerate managers of large industries ought to have a keen interest in all social hygiene problems1 because they nearly concern industrial efficiency2 but it is only lately that business men have begun to understand the close connection between public health and industrial prosperity1 and most of them are not well informed on the subject4 ,against prostitution and drunkenness governments of many sorts have been struggling ineffectually for centuries4 ,these two evils go together2 but whether taken separately or together no government has yet adopted an effective mode of dealing with them4 ,fortunately medical science has lately placed in the hands of government1 and of private associations1 effective means of defense against the social vices and their consequences2 and the new social ethics call loudly on all men of good will to enlist in the warfare against these ancient evils1 which to-day are more destructive than ever before1 because of the prevailing industrial and social freedom1 and the new facilities for individual traveling1 and the migration of masses of men4 ,this book is intended to arouse public sentiment1 spread accurate knowledge1 check rash enthusiasm1 and promote well-informed and resolute action4 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,social ,,emergency ,by ,william ,trufant ,foster ,concerning matters of sex and reproduction there has been for many generations a conspiracy of silence4 ,the silence is now broken4 ,whatever may be the wisdom or the folly of this change of attitude1 it is a fact2 and it constitutes a social emergency4 ,throughout the nineteenth century the taboo prevailed4 ,certain subjects were rarely mentioned in public1 and then only in euphemistic terms4 ,the home1 the church1 the school2 and the press joined in the conspiracy4 ,supposedly1 they were keeping the young in a blessed state of innocence4 ,as a matter of fact1 other agencies were busy disseminating falsehoods4 ,most of our boys and girls1 having no opportunity to hear sex and marriage and motherhood discussed with reverence1 heard these matters discussed with vulgarity4 ,while those interested in the welfare of the young withheld the truth1 those who could profit by their downfall poisoned their minds with error and half-truths4 ,an abundance of distressing evidence showed that nearly all children gained information concerning sex and reproduction from foul sources1--from misinformed playmates1 degenerates1 obscene pictures1 booklets1 and advertisements of quack doctors4 ,at the same time the social evil and its train of tragic consequences showed no abatement4 ,the policy of silence1 after many generations of trial1 proved a failure4 ,the past few years have seen a sudden change4 ,subjects formerly tabooed are now thrust before the public4 ,the plain-spoken publications of social hygiene societies are distributed by hundreds of thousands4 ,public exhibits1 setting forth the horrors of venereal diseases1 are sent from place to place4 ,motion-picture films portray white slavers1 prostitutes1 and restricted districts1 and show exactly how an innocent girl may be seduced1 betrayed1 and sold4 ,the stage finds it profitable to offer problem plays concerned with illicit love1 with prostitution1 and even with the results of venereal contagion4 ,newspapers that formerly made only brief references to corespondents1 houses of bad repute1 statutory offenses1 and serious charges1 now fill columns with detailed accounts of divorce trials1 traffic in women1 earnings of prostitutes1 and raids on houses4 ,novels that might have been condemned and suppressed a few decades ago are now listed among the best sellers4 ,lectures on sex hygiene and morals are given widely1 over four hundred such lectures having been given under the auspices of a single society4 ,fake doctors1 while obeying the letter of new laws1 are bolder than ever in some directions and use the alarm caused by the production of ,damaged ,goods1 for example1 as a means of snaring new victims4 ,generations of silence1 enforced by the powerful influence of social custom1 have been suddenly followed by a campaign of pitiless publicity1 sanctioned by eminent men and women1 and carried forward by the agencies of public education that daily reach the largest number of human beings--namely1 the press1 the motion picture1 and the stage4 ,this far-reaching change in the customs of society is fraught with immediate dangers1 because we do not know whether the mere knowledge of facts concerning sexual processes1 vices1 and diseases will do a given individual harm or good4 ,the effect of such information upon any person is unquestionably determined by his physiological age1 by his nervous system1 by the manner and time of the presentation of the subject2 above all1 by his will power and the controlling ideals that are acquired along with scientific facts4 ,as yet1 we have not discovered thoroughly trustworthy pedagogical principles1 administrative methods1 and printed materials for public education in matters of sex4 ,so difficult and complicated are the problems1 and so disastrous are mistakes in this field of instruction1 that the home1 the church1 and the school--the institutions to which young people should naturally look for truth in all matters1 the agencies best qualified to solve the problems--are extremely cautious and conservative4 ,while these agencies1 which are concerned primarily with the welfare of the individual1 the family1 and society1 have made some efforts to solve the problems1 and to discover a safe and gradual transition from the old order to the new1 other agencies1 concerned primarily with making money1 have rushed in to exploit the new freedom and the universal interest in matters of sex4 ,this passing of the old order1 and the invasion of the new order before we are prepared for it1 constitute the social emergency of the twentieth century4 ,great as are the industrial and political revolutions of modern times1 it is doubtful if anything so deeply concerns the coming generations as our measure of success in confronting the present social emergency4 ,in no other phase of social education are mistakes so serious4 ,other changes1 demanded by new ideas of the function of the school1 have been made prematurely and clumsily1 but without grave danger4 ,we have adjusted ourselves readily enough to compulsory education1 normal schools1 higher education for women1 expert supervision1 the kindergartens1 physical training1 industrial schools1 university extension1 care of defectives1 and vocational guidance4 ,every new type of school and every new subject has been introduced before there were teachers trained for the new work4 ,we stumbled along4 ,few were greatly concerned over mistakes in the teaching of penmanship and spelling and millinery and ,latin and algebra4 ,few protested against the inefficient teaching of physiology as long as it rattled only dry bones1 and had no evident relation to the physical functions and health of the student4 ,but the moment men proposed to teach a subject of vital consequence1 there was a cry of protest--and rightly4 ,here mistakes will not do3 here incompetent teachers cannot be trusted4 ,ill-advised efforts to teach sex hygiene may aggravate the very evils we are trying to assuage4 ,because the subject is of vital importance1 education in sexual hygiene and morals must proceed cautiously and conservatively2 according to tried methods1 psychologically sound2 always under the control of men and women of maturity1 who see the present emergency in its many phases1 who know how to teach1 whose character is in keeping with the highest ideals of their work1 and who approach their subject with reverence and their pupils with the joy and inspiration which come from a large opportunity to serve mankind4 ,unhappily1 not all of those who have been stimulated by the new freedom of speech to thrust themselves forward as teachers of sex hygiene1 and as social reformers1 are safe leaders4 ,some are ignorant and unaware that enthusiasm is not a satisfactory substitute for knowledge4 ,some are hysterical4 ,at a recent purity convention1 a woman said1 ,i know little about the facts1 but it is wonderful how much ignorance can accomplish when accompanied by devotion and persistence4 ,that declaration was applauded4 ,some people appear to believe that they will arrive safely if they go rapidly enough and far enough1 even though they may be going in the wrong direction4 ,many retard the movement for social hygiene by making statements they do not know to be true1 especially in respect to the extent of sexual immorality1 the number of prostitutes1 and the prevalence of venereal disease4 ,young people of opposite sexes1 finding evidence on every hand that the traditional taboo is removed1 discuss the subject for personal pleasure4 ,the books in the field of social hygiene which have most scrupulously and successfully avoided everything that might be sexually stimulating are not the ones bought by the largest numbers4 ,the demand for erotic publications is so great as to warn us in advance that the new freedom will prove dangerous for many whose minds are already unclean4 ,the propaganda for social purity is unlike many others1 in that there is special danger of doing injury to the very ones in special need of help4 ,the fact that the young1 the ignorant1 the hysterical1 and the sexually abnormal1 as well as commercialized agencies1 are using the newfound license in dangerous ways is reason enough for the liberal and whole-hearted support of the ,american ,social ,hygiene ,association and affiliated societies4 ,these private organizations are striving to meet the present social emergency4 ,they are temporary expedients4 ,their chief aim is public education4 ,they should frustrate the efforts of all dangerous agencies and hasten the day when the home1 the church1 and the school shall meet their full responsibilities in the teaching of sexual hygiene and morals4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,various ,,phases ,,of ,,the ,,question ,by ,william ,trufant ,foster ,it is necessary to take into account all phases of the social emergency4 ,the question is not merely one of physiology1 or pathology1 or diseases1 or wages1 or industrial education1 or recreation1 or knowledge1 or commercial organization1 or legal regulation1 or lust1 or social customs1 or cultivation of will power1 or religion4 ,it is all of this and more4 ,the danger is that we shall see only one or two sides of a many-sided problem4 ,a solution may appear adequate because it leaves essential factors out of consideration4 ,one physiological factor in the situation is of fundamental importance1 namely1 the discrepancy between the age of sexual maturity and the prevailing age of marriage1--an artificial condition largely determined by social customs1 by modern educational systems1 and by standards of living4 ,while society has set forward1 generation after generation1 the age at which marriage seems feasible1 the age of puberty has remained virtually the same4 ,this unnatural condition--as artificial as the clothes we wear--is a phase of the emergency which should be considered by those who condemn as unnatural and forced the education of adolescent boys and girls in sexual hygiene and morals4 ,partly as a result of this has come the general acceptance of the double standard of chastity which has bitterly condemned the girl--made her an outcast of society--and excused the boy for the same offense1 on the false plea of physiological necessity4 ,with the sanction of this double standard1 tacitly accepted by society1 thousands of prostitutes have been harbored and protected4 ,what shall we do with them8 ,we may drive them out of certain districts and certain houses1 and even certain cities1 but they are still with us1 and we are responsible for them4 ,if they are denied resorts where men seek them1 they will seek men4 ,most of them are unable1 without special training1 to earn a living in any other way1 and many of them would not if they could4 ,a majority are mentally defective and should be wards of society4 ,any plan which fails to take care of these women--adequately1 permanently1 and humanely--ignores one of the greatest of the problems which history1 with the sanction of society1 has made a factor of the present emergency4 ,the medical phase of the present situation is not often ignored1 except by those who hold that there is no such thing as disease4 ,all countries are alarmed over the prevalence of venereal infection4 ,definite information1 however1 concerning the extent of these diseases1 the sources and conditions of contagion1 and the complications and results1 is not to be had2 because society still persists in treating venereal diseases as not subject to public registration and control1 in spite of their terrible attacks on tens of thousands of innocent victims4 ,the fear of contracting disease has long been used in attempts to promote a single standard of chastity4 ,such fear has no doubt played its part and will continue to keep many prudent men away from prostitutes4 ,but in looking forward to the work of the next generation1 we must face the need of higher motives than the fear of disease1 for science may at any time discover positive safeguards against contagion1 thus diminishing one of the factors of the present emergency and by the same stroke accentuating others4 ,of the economic phases of the emergency1 there are some which directly affect the wage-earner4 ,one is the failure of wages to keep pace with the higher cost of living2 another is the increase in the number and proportion of wage-earning women and the resultant keenness of competition for places2 another is the fact that women workers are for the most part unorganized and unprotected2 another is the occasional effect of supplementary wages of vice in lowering the wages of women in industry2 still another is the constant temptation of shop-girls to imitate their patrons' vulgar displays of finery4 ,but of all the economic factors contributing to the moral breakdown of girls1 the most general and inexcusable is the failure of our public schools to provide vocational training1 although it is certain that above fifty per cent of all girls leave the schools to become wage-earners4 ,failure to gain a living wage is undoubtedly one of the causes1 though seldom the sole cause1 of the first delinquency of some girls4 ,other economic conditions serve to promote and intrench the business of prostitution4 ,these conditions are as real as any other factors and will block reform until they are squarely met4 ,one of these is the excessive profit on property used for immoral purposes4 ,the fact that such property is often owned by persons who pass as respectable members of society does not make the problem easier4 ,then there is the intimate connection between the sale of intoxicating liquors and commercialized prostitution1 as definitely revealed by the investigations of every vice commission4 ,another economic factor intrenching prostitution as a business is the commercial organization which continues to do an international and interstate business1 partly because of our inadequate white-slave laws and inadequate appropriation for enforcement4 ,most important among the economic aids to prostitution as a business are the high immediate wages of vice in contrast with the low wages of virtue4 ,a girl in the shop1 or factory1 or office may be capitalized at six thousand dollars2 in the clutches of a procurer1 she may become worth twenty-six thousand dollars4 ,as a prostitute1 she earns more than four times as much as she is worth as a factor in the social and industrial economy1 where brains1 intelligence1 virtue and womanly charm should bring a premium4 ,in an average lifetime1 to be sure1 the wages of one woman in industry are greater than the earnings in the short life of one prostitute2 but from the viewpoint of the man who pockets most of the earnings1 it is more profitable to kill off a dozen women than to keep one at decent work through an average lifetime4 ,this economic condition is revealed to the cast-out woman after a few years1 on the brink of the grave2 but at the outset of her brief career1 she sees the immediate gain1 not the ultimate ruin4 ,there are other economic factors which will aid all movements for social hygiene when they are more clearly perceived by those engaged in reputable business3 first1 the loss to honest industry due to the reduced efficiency of sexual perverts1 of the diseased1 and of those who1 through their ignorance1 have been kept in worry by leading specialists2 and1 in the second place1 the inevitable reduction in the profits of legitimate business due to the excessive profits of illegitimate business4 ,the recreational pursuits of young people are other factors of immediate concern to those who would see the problems of social hygiene in their entirety4 ,adolescent boys and girls spend most of their leisure time either in wholesome physical activity conducive to normal sex life or in various forms of amusement fraught with danger4 ,in seeking innocent recreation1 young people can hardly escape contact with amusements cunningly devised to excite sex impulses and at the same time to lower respect for woman4 ,the bill-boards and the picture post-cards1 the penny-in-the-slot machines and the motion pictures1 the exhibits of quack doctors1 vaudeville performances1 many so-called comic operas1 popular new songs1 the dress of women approved by modern fashion1--these all help at times to prepare young people to fall before the special temptations that beset all commercial recreation centers4 ,especially dangerous are the saloons1 billiard rooms1 dance-halls1 ice-cream parlors1 road-houses and amusement parks4 ,both male and female enemies of decency frequent these resorts4 ,they are often schools of sexual immorality1 with clever and persistent teachers4 ,unless we take them into due account1 we cannot see the whole problem of education in sexual hygiene and morals4 ,then there are the legal phases of the situation4 ,we must consider1 on the one hand how much can be accomplished by legislation1 in view of all the known factors in the situation4 ,our courts1 for example1 in spasmodically or regularly rounding up women1 fining them ten or fifteen dollars apiece1 and turning them loose1 are trying to meet the social emergency by shutting their eyes to nine out of ten of its essential features4 ,their policy gives a clean bill to the male prostitute1 arrests the woman1 takes away a part of her earnings1 sets her free under the necessity of seeking new victims to offset the fine1 offers her no incentive to lead any other life1 incidentally increases opportunities for police graft1 and virtually gives the sanction of the law to the whole nefarious business4 ,the ostrich with his head buried in the sand sees our gravest social problem about as clearly and wholly as do many who are administering laws concerning prostitution in ,american cities4 ,the impotence of laws passed in advance of public education and public demand is a difficulty often overlooked4 ,some reformers seem to think they can eliminate the social evil by getting a law passed4 ,they urge state legislatures to pass laws requiring every school to teach sex hygiene4 ,these people think they are going straight at a solution2 but they fail to see the patent fact that there are not now enough competent teachers for this work2 no1 not one teacher for every hundred schools4 ,another example of futile legislation is the ,california law requiring the reporting of cases of venereal diseases4 ,one could easily list a score of laws in the domain of sexual morals which are ineffective1 either because in their very nature they could not be enforced1 or because the public do not wish to have them enforced4 ,perhaps there are no factors of the social emergency so frequently left out of account as the relation of public education to public opinion and the relation of public opinion to the possibility of law enforcement4 ,as a matter of fact the educational phases of social reform are of most immediate importance4 ,nothing can so profitably occupy the attention of social hygiene societies as the education of the public4 ,if groups of social workers come to serious disagreement on other phases of the present emergency1--if the discussion of restricted districts1 minimum-wage laws1 health certificates for marriage1 and reporting of diseases divides the group into warring camps1--all can unite in favor of spreading certain truths as widely as possible2 and it is not difficult to agree on at least a few of the many methods which have already proved effective in educational campaigns4 ,at the outset of our attempt to educate the general public in matters of sex1 we face certain factors which govern the scope1 time1 place1 and method of any successful efforts4 ,failure to give these factors due consideration has brought many attempts to early and unhappy ends1 and convinced some people that ignorance is safer than such education4 ,we must reckon carefully with the centuries of social tradition which have resulted in the taboo on the subjects of sex and reproduction4 ,it may be that this conspiracy of silence has proved a failure2 it may be that it has no basis worthy of intellectual respect4 ,it may be that all people should welcome the new freedom of speech4 ,these are not issues in the process of education4 ,our first concern is the actual state of the public mind2 we begin with that or else we fail4 ,biologically the all-inclusive issue concerns the survival of the race4 ,nature has no favorites3 the fittest of the human stock will survive after others have degenerated and disappeared2 the fittest animals will ultimately people the earth4 ,sexual degeneracy is the surest road to race extinction4 ,no aspects are more important than those concerning morals and religion4 ,the restraining influences of the fear of disease may and probably will be thrown off by science4 ,whether education in scientific aspects of the subject will do good or harm in a given case depends on the extent to which moral and religious ideals control the conduct of the individual4 ,the inadequacy of mere knowledge in the realm of sex hygiene is painfully evident4 ,to the knowledge of what is right must be added the will to do the right4 ,as moral and religious instruction is the dominant educational need of the present generation1 so the moral and religious aspects of sex problems transcend all others in importance4 ,these are the most important phases of the social emergency4 ,it is difficult to see them in all their intricate relationships and to realize that in any one approach we touch only one side of a many-sided problem4 ,the great majority of our people see only the superficial aspects1 or see one particular phase in distorted perspective1 because that is brought close to them through a special case of misfortune4 ,even social workers are in danger of narrowness of vision because of devoted service in particular fields4 ,the aim of the following chapters is to consider successively and in right relationships various aspects of the social emergency4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,physiological ,,aspects ,by ,william ,house ,all instruction in the physiology of reproduction as an aid to sexual hygiene should be so conducted as to give assurance that the wonders of the origin and development of life in all its millions of forms be taught in a respectful1 even reverent1 spirit4 ,naught in the universe is more marvelous than the beginnings of life4 ,naught else compares with the wonders of growth and development4 ,rightly taught1 reproduction may be cleansed from the foul interpretations which have soiled the minds of countless children1 and may be made into a body of wonderful and sacred truths capable of fortifying youthful minds against the uncleanness and indecencies which have contributed so largely to sexual impurity4 ,if it be never forgotten that human ingenuity has been taxed in untold numbers of unsuccessful experiments to produce life by other than nature's methods1 while the power of reproduction resides in even the lowliest of living organisms1 the mystery and marvel are multiplied a hundredfold1 and the subject of reproduction is invested with a halo of splendid and inspiring proportions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sex organs are the agencies by which every plant and every animal1 each after its kind1 brings into the world a succeeding generation4 ,sex activity is the result of sex impulse4 ,the imperative need of reproduction in the scheme of nature is responsible for the presence of sex impulse as it occurs in every normal adult animal4 ,were it not for this impulse the earth would soon become void of life4 ,the human sex impulse is a powerful one1 thought compelling1 at times well-nigh overmastering4 ,though in the main good1 it sometimes produces harmful results4 ,among the lower animals the sex function is exercised without thought or knowledge of consequence1 restrained only by the limitations of physical power1--the power to obtain by might1 by conquest4 ,in fully developed mankind1 the mind acts as a constraining force which may control or even completely subdue physical manifestations of sex impulse4 ,in adolescents--those who are approaching maturity1 but are in a transition state1 neither man nor child--sex desire may be as strong as in those of riper years4 ,many who are passing through this period know little or nothing of the forces that pulse through their frames and seem to consume them with unquenchable fires4 ,these forces are the sex impulses1 the beginning of sex life and sex activity4 ,and as every work of man or nature while in a state of transition is unstable1 less firmly founded1 more easily destroyed or injured than at any other time1 so it is that the adolescent finds himself in greater danger than at any other time of life4 ,consumed with incomprehensible desire1 which he cannot gratify1 he is the victim of circumstances which cause him distress1 yet admit of no relief4 ,probably all marriage laws have as their real object the protection of child life4 ,without marriage laws there could be no organized society and the human race would soon sink to the level of the animal world in general4 ,under present social conditions marriages are put off longer and longer4 ,each succeeding generation is marked by an increase in the age of those who marry4 ,but the conditions which cause late marriages in no way lessen the sex impulses or mitigate the distress which these impulses cause4 ,the impulse to multiply is neither greater nor less than in the past when marriages generally occurred earlier4 ,fortunately it is weaker in the female than in the male4 ,there are those who believe that the male must exercise it if he would achieve his full strength of mind and body4 ,certain political and philosophic sects take cognizance of this belief and advocate legalized provision for the gratification of the sex impulse even to the extent of providing for the destruction of the lives of the unborn4 ,the most pernicious of the false beliefs regarding physiological necessity are as follows3-- #a4 ,that a life of sexual continence is not consistent with the best physical health4 #b4 ,that the exercise of the sex function is necessary to the full development and preservation of manly power1--the power of procreation4 #c4 ,that the sexual impulse in man is so imperious that it is impossible to control it and1 therefore1 a sexually continent life cannot be expected of man4 #d4 ,that1 therefore1 the moral standard which we apply to woman cannot be applied to man4 ,to correct these erroneous beliefs about the sex function1 ,dr4 ,m4,j4 ,exner brought together the testimony of the foremost medical authorities of the ,united ,states4 ,he drew up a statement regarding sexual continence1 and submitted it to leading physiologists for criticism so as to bring its phraseology wholly within the requirements of scientific precision4 ,it was then submitted for endorsement to leading medical authorities throughout the country4 ,the ready and hearty response of #cgj of these men in endorsing the declaration leaves no doubt as to the conviction of the leading men of the medical profession on this question4 ,the declaration is as follows3-- ,in view of the individual and social dangers which spring from the widespread belief that continence may be detrimental to health1 and of the fact that municipal toleration of prostitution is sometimes defended on the ground that sexual indulgence is necessary1 we1 the undersigned1 members of the medical profession1 testify to our belief that continence has not been shown to be detrimental to health or virility2 that there is no evidence of its being inconsistent with the highest physical1 mental and moral efficiency2 and that it offers the only sure reliance for sexual health outside of marriage4#a ,the erroneous beliefs concerning physiological necessity have been propagated chiefly on the authority of advertising medical fakers1 whose business depends on misrepresentation and deceit1 men whose methods exclude them from the ranks of reputable physicians4 ,they are also taught by those within the ranks of the profession who are ignorant or unscrupulous or both1 and who for the most part have no higher incentive in their profession than the pursuit of the dollar4 ,the teaching of these men is in most cases more an expression of their own vicious habits than of real conviction4 ,both wholly misrepresent the teaching and attitude of the great majority of physicians who constitute the reputable body of the profession4 ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,howell1 ,professor of ,physiology at ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 says3 ,there is no evidence whatsoever that the sexual appetite or the act of reproduction has any physiological relationship to the preservation of the integrity of the individual4 ,this appetite has been created or evolved and made strong in us for an entirely different purpose4 ,a sexual necessity exists only so far as the integrity of the race is concerned2 so far as the individual is concerned his sexual functions may be unused or he may be completely unsexed without any injury to his bodily health4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,the full list of authorities is given in ,the ,physician's ,answer1 by ,m4,j4 ,exner1 ,m4,d41 ,secretary1 ,student ,department1 ,international ,committee1 ,young ,men's ,christian ,associations1 ,association ,press1 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,this is the best treatment of the question of physiological necessity4 ,it is freely quoted in this chapter4 ,editor4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,medical ,,phases ,by ,andrew ,c4 ,smith ,some idea of the prevalence of venereal diseases in the ,united ,states may be obtained from the following statistics of the census for #aiaj4 ,the registration area covered a population of #dh1hgg1hic persons4 ,the figures are here extended to cover a population of #ij1jjj1jjj people3 ,deaths ascribed to venereal disease1 #ebge2 spinal cord diseases1 #beih2 paresis1 #dhde4 ,other diseases partly due to syphilis3 softening of the brain1 a term indiscriminately used to cover a number of diseases including brain syphilis and paresis1 #baaa2 paralysis1 usually meaning apoplexy1 but always including many cases of brain syphilis1 #ad1dgi2 premature birth1 by some believed to be the result of syphilis in one half of all cases1 #cd1agd2 congenital debility1 deaths due in many cases to feebleness of the child resulting from syphilis1 #be1bhe2 blindness1 one fourth the total number of blind in this country estimated at #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj4 ,many estimate that over half of the entire male population have had gonorrhea4 ,the principal reason for this alarming distribution among all classes of these infections and their steady increase is ignorance and misunderstanding of physiological facts1 particularly the viciously false teaching of the street corner that sexual activity is a physiological necessity4 ,these diseases would be arrested were there a widespread knowledge of their disastrous effects4 ,although young men hear the mischievous lie that gonorrhea is no worse than a bad cold1 thousands of them are punished with sterility as a result of the disease4 ,nearly all the neglected cases result in so-called ascending infections1 reaching the bladder and kidneys and causing many deaths1 and many men carry the infection in dormant form1 to infect innocent wives in later years4 ,appalling as are the consequences of gonorrheal infection in men1 they are not so fatal or so far-reaching as syphilis4 ,the causative parasite of this disease spares not a single tissue in the body and may disturb any or all of its functions1 not even mentality escaping4 ,as a cause of death it is extremely frequent4 ,our statistics ordinarily ascribe to syphilis but a small percentage of the deaths actually due to it2 for instance1 many of our cases of spinal disease1 paralysis1 arterial and other organic diseases are tabled under other names1 although directly due to syphilis4 ,in women gonococcic infections are even more destructive than in men1 as it is extremely common for the infection to extend to the tubes and to the peritoneal cavity1 thus necessitating dangerous and mutilating operations1 generally followed by sterility and often by death4 ,syphilis1 though less frequent in women than in men1 is nearly if not quite as fatal as in men1 and otherwise similar in its baneful effects4 ,i ,the child suffers the most tragic results of venereal infection1 for it is always wholly innocent1 yet infected to a greater or less extent1 if the parents be syphilitic1 and frequently if the birth-canal be gonorrheally infected4 ,although silver nitrate is a remedy for gonorrheal infection1 if applied to the eyes immediately after birth1 nevertheless the babe frequently suffers with infected eyes1 and not infrequently with blindness4 ,if the child's sad infection is syphilis1 instead of gonorrhea1 there are still other miseries in store for it4 ,if it is not so fortunate to be stillborn1 it may have infection that ranges from almost imperceptible degrees to the most loathsome extent that it is possible for animal tissue to harbor4 ,its brain may be so invaded by the syphilitic parasites that it can never attain any degree of mentality2 its spinal column maybe so involved that paralytic conditions will surely result2 and if these nerve centers escape special involvement1 other organs may be affected1 such as the stomach1 bowels1 and liver2 if these escape1 the bones may be so deficient in vitality as to be incapable of sustaining the frame as development proceeds2 the skin only may be involved1 or the mucous membranes so affected as to make of the child a perpetual snuffler and inefficient breather4 ,in most cases of lesser as well as greater mental defect1 the tests show syphilitic infection4 ,endless are the complications that may be visited upon the innocent progeny of syphilitic antecedents4 ,the gonorrheal infections occur in the mucous membranes lining the cavities1 especially those of the urethra and female genital tract4 ,it is in these tissues that the germ of gonorrhea finds lodgment1 and once there its development is hard to interrupt4 ,although the growth of the gonorrheal germ produces acute symptoms1 such as discharge and pain1 these pass off under treatment in a few weeks4 ,unfortunately the disease is far from cured1 for the microbe has found its natural habitat in the inter-cellular structure of the genital mucus1 from which it cannot readily be dislodged1 and from which it may invade other tissues4 ,it may remain in a state of latency for an indefinite time2 then transferred to a new field1 it may resume its original activities4 ,while in this stage of latency it is difficult to destroy4 ,at this time it is more likely to be further disseminated1 as the patient1 ignorant of the condition1 is more likely to convey the disease1 which so often occurs in married life after a long forgotten infection4 ,the gonococcus 7the microbe of gonorrhea7 is a pus--producing bacterium1 occurring in pairs1 resembling in form two coffee grains1 generally with a distinct interval of separation4 ,although its natural habitat is the mucous membrane lining the genito-urinary tracts it may invade the muscular and serous and other tissues4 ,if often affects the ,fallopian tubes and ovaries and the serous lining of the pelvic and abdominal cavities4 ,the deeper sub-mucous tissues of the uterus and the male genito-urinary tracts are also frequently involved1 it being sometimes impossible to eradicate it from these deeper retreats4 ,from these deeper tissues it is more commonly taken up by the circulation and deposited in distant parts1 frequently in the joints4 ,when it becomes thus systematically disseminated1 the so-called secondary or metastatic lesions are almost as numerous1 though not as virulent1 as syphilitic infection4 ,recent pathological researchers have found that occasionally the gonococcus becomes the causative factor in inflammations of the muscles1 tendons1 and glands1 and in inflammatory conditions of the lungs1 kidneys1 heart1 and even the brain1 spinal cord1 and the serous membranes enveloping these great cranial and spinal viscera4 ,the individuality and characteristics of the syphilis microbe were not positively determined until in #aije1 ,schaudinn1 of ,germany1 convinced the medical world that it was a spiral1 corkscrew-like organism1 from a quarter to one millimeter in thickness1 and from four to twelve millimeters in length4 ,it is not so discriminating as the gonococcus in its points of inoculation1 nor is it as vulnerable to attack2 and it is vastly more destructive to the tissues invaded4 ,it spares no tissue in the human frame1 and resists destruction by any known drugs of vegetable origin4 ,when in a latent state its presence was often impossible to determine until1 two years after its discovery1 a test was worked out by ,wasserman1 also of ,germany1 by which diagnosis of the infection may be made1--even in latent form1--as in a hereditary case where no clinical manifestations have yet asserted themselves4 ,there is another valuable blood test worked out by ,noguchi4 ,with these two tests we are now able to diagnose the disease1 almost absolutely1 and follow up the treatment till cure is complete1 except in some of the incurable brain and spinal cord cases4 ,in #aiji1 ,ehrlich determined1 after a series of laboratory experiments on animals inoculated with the syphilis germ 7spirochaeta pallida71 that a complex compound1 with arsenic as its base1 had the desired effect of destroying the parasite1 in a dose not poisonous to the animal4 ,this compound1 first designated as #fjf1 representing its number among his many laboratory experiments1 he later named salvarsan4 ,with the assistance of his clinical friends1 he soon demonstrated the action of his compound on man1 and gave it freely to the world4 ,although it is now almost universally used1 it has not proved to be the absolute cure that it was hoped it would be1 as some of the spirochaetae seem to be hidden away where they are protected from the circulating poison1--to bring forth new progeny1--thus producing so-called recurrence4 ,the possibility of the infection of innocent persons is always uppermost in the mind of the medical man1 and should equally concern the layman4 ,contaminated articles and utensils1 such as towels and common drinking-cups1 have caused many infections4 ,this danger is greater from syphilis than from gonorrhea1 for the reason that the spirochaeta pallida is more virulent than the gonococcus4 ,in our own fields1 camps1 and mines1 it is common for men to drink from one jug or dipper4 ,infection almost surely follows if one of the crowd has a syphilitic sore on the lip4 ,so intense is the activity of the spirochaeta pallida in the primary stage that it may be borne to innocent parties by unwashed clothes and utensils of any kind1 that have been in recent contact with a primary syphilitic sore4 ,a dentist's or a doctor's instruments1 for instance1 are extremely dangerous as infection carriers1 if they are not thoroughly sterilized by boiling4 ,the danger of infection in syphilis and gonorrhea depends largely upon the virulence of the individual infection4 ,as some living tubercle bacilli may be harbored and thrown off with impunity1 while others will destroy the strongest man1 regardless of all treatment1 so some spirochaetae or gonococci may be safely disposed of1 while others are most deadly4 ,of all the sad instances of germ infection1 the saddest are those from venereal germs1 for they are disseminated mostly in vice1 and inoculated into the innocent through ignorance4 ,a common cause of infection of the innocent is the false popular belief that venereal germs are transmitted only in sexual congress4 ,the truth is that any part of the body is in danger of inoculation from syphilis if the germ be virulent4 ,so may any membranous point be infected by the gonococcus1 whether conveyed by hand or instrument or fabric4 ,this explains the number of gonococcic infections occurring in girl children4 ,they come in membranous contact 7at the outlet of vagina or rectum1 or in the eye7 with a contaminated article of clothing1 or with the contaminated hands of an infected person4 ,ignorance is the cause of nearly all venereal infections4 ,why1 then1 should venereal infection not be eradicated8 ,with adequate education1 if there is not eradication1 there will at least be compensation1 for the sacrifice will be mainly of those who will not accept education--the unfit4 ,the possibility of recovery from syphilis is greater at present than it has been in the past1 but we cannot yet say that the disease is absolutely curable in a given case4 ,while most cases treated early with salvarsan1 and followed by judicious use of mercury1 are curable1 there are nevertheless those which do not thus respond1 and which in spite of all treatment go from bad to worse1 till the patient's miseries are ended in insanity1 paralysis1 and death4 ,while the venereal diseases are the greatest physical evils to be attributed to sex ignorance1 there are others chargeable to the same cause4 ,there are1 for instance1 important physiological phenomena pertaining to sex development1 ignorance of which is often baneful to the developing adolescent of either sex4 ,when the boy's voice begins to change1 and hair begins to appear on his face and body1 and more thrilling sensations occasionally command his attention1 he should be told1 modestly but distinctly1 that a pure and manly function is developing within him1 the sole object of which is reproduction1 and he must not consider it in a vulgar way1 nor discuss it with others than his parents or physician or minister4 ,tell him that these physical changes of oncoming manhood are due to the establishment of the secretion of the procreative fluid1--the semen1--and will be safely cared for by nature4 ,fortify him against the mental pollution of the quack advertisement1 and the satanically false teaching of ignorant associates that sexual intercourse is physiologically necessary1 by impressing him with the fact that nature cares for the disposal of the seminal secretion4 ,when clearly made aware of these simple sex principles1 and convinced that it is unmanly and depraved to consider them vulgarly1 the rapidly developing manly boy will not become a masturbator or a frequenter of bawdy-houses and a victim of the gonococcic or spirochaetic infections2 nor will he become a moral assassin1 a seducer of girls4 ,the sister1 no less than the brother1 needs pure1 plain1 non-prudish sex education4 ,if her mother is not qualified to impart it1 she1 like the boy1 should seek the aid of her minister1 or physician1 or a qualified school teacher2 better a few suggestions from an experienced1 modest source than many suggestions from inexperienced and often lewd companions4 ,as the brother was told of the physical phenomena accompanying his sex development1 so the sister should be apprised of the physiological necessity of her periodical functions1 and of nature's kindly care and development of her delicate and wonderful sex mechanism1 the sole purpose of which is maternity4 ,it will fortify her maidenliness to tell her that much of the world is deceitful and degrading in sex matters1 and that if she would be a perfect woman1 mentally and physically1 she must vigilantly guard her virtue1 maintaining absolute purity1 not only with persons of the opposite sex1 but with persons of her own sex1 and the person of her own self4 ,incalculable good can be done toward the uplift of wayward humanity by sex education4 ,,chapter ,v ,,economic ,,phases ,by ,arthur ,evans ,wood ,in any effort for social improvement it is necessary to know conditions that make both for and against success4 ,this is especially so in social hygiene1 for it is closely related to all aspects of modern life4 ,lack of education and false instruction are largely responsible for sexual immorality4 ,it is not so generally known that economic conditions are responsible for vice1 opinions on this matter ranging all the way from a denial that economic conditions have anything to do with vice to the assertion that vice would disappear with the increase in the incomes of working-people4 ,assuming that ignorance is the fundamental cause of vice 7an assumption which does not stand to reason7 the results of ignorance must manifest themselves through the institutions of society4 ,some institutions1 such as slavery1 encourage vice4 ,likewise1 any caste system1 such as feudalism in the ,middle ,ages1 in which there must be depths as well as heights1 supplies the vicious classes4 ,the aim of this chapter is to show that1 while modern economic conditions do not create the social evil they furnish an environment favorable to its spread4 ,if this is so1 an improvement in these conditions must accompany all other measures for the eradication of vice4 ,one of the most significant facts of the industrial evolution of the last half-century is the increase in the number of women who have become wage-earners outside the home4 ,according to the ,federal ,census the number of females fifteen years of age and over1 employed as breadwinners in #aijj1 was #e1jjg1jfi1 an increase of #cd4i per cent over the number thus employed in #ahij4b ,the largest number in any one occupation1 #a1bac1hbh1 were servants and waitresses4 ,of this class the domestics were not employed outside the home4 ,the homes1 however1 were not their own1 and salutary influences of home life do not exist for the majority of domestics4 ,in the decade between #aijj and #aiaj the increase in the number of wage-earning women has been even more accelerated than in previous decades1 and to-day probably from #h1jjj1jjj to #aj1jjj1jjj women in the ,united ,states are industrially employed4 ,one important aspect of this influx of women into industry is that the proportion of those in domestic and personal service1 which has always been women's work1 has decreased2 whereas the proportion of those in manufacturing1 trade1 and transportation1 which are new employments for women1 has increased4#c ,this means that not only are working-girls and women leaving the homes1 but they are also abandoning in increasing numbers those occupations to which in times past their sex has been most accustomed4 ,it is impossible that this prodigious change in the sphere and work of women should not be accompanied by some change in the social and moral standards that were nourished in the seclusion of the home4 ,miss ,jane ,addams has made the suggestion that perhaps the superior reputation of women for virtue is due to the fact that1 generally speaking1 women have been secluded from the influences of the world4#d ,the increase in the proportion of girls engaged in non-domestic pursuits means that industrial vocations for women are becoming more dissociated from the arts of home-making1--a fact which is doubtless the cause of many an inner struggle4 ,in the present lack of industrial education young girls who must work to support themselves or their families drift about from place to place with no definite vocational aims4 ,frequently they come to the offices of child labor commissions wanting work1 but not knowing what they can do1 or even what they would like to do4 ,if they do find work1 it is rarely of a sort that offers incentives for a career4 ,lack of skill1 of interests1 and of ambitions result in industrial inefficiency4 ,they are also the usual accompaniments of moral delinquency4 ,even where opportunities for industrial training are offered1 they may not lessen the disparity between industrial opportunities that exist for girls and womanly tastes4 ,a recent report on the need for a trade school for girls in ,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 advocates a school that will train for skill in the machine-operating trades1 because there is most demand for workers in these trades4#e ,one might think in reading the report that machines for stitching corsets and underwear provided the ideal vocation for women4 ,biological considerations1 if no others1 would favor distribution of wage-earning women away from the mechanical pursuits into those which are more or less associated with the domestic arts4 ,a further significance for social hygiene of the entrance of women into industry is that it places a strain upon the spirit of chivalry which is a basis of right relations between the sexes4 ,chivalry in men has accompanied the comparative seclusion of women from the world1 and is due to those instincts which lead men to protect those who are weaker than themselves4 ,the term the weaker sex has a sound physiological basis4 ,with the passing of the domestic system of industry1 however1 the seclusion of women becomes more and more a thing of the past4 ,in factory and shop they mingle promiscuously with men4 ,crowds of young working-girls in every large city at the noon hour throng the streets4 ,if they walk to and from work they sometimes have to pass unprotected through parts of the city given over to vice4#f ,they thus become familiar with vice conditions and are often subject to ungentlemanly1 if not insulting1 conduct4 ,there are in every community a number of men who are decent only under restraint1 and the economic position of wage-earning girls weakens that restraint4 ,moreover1 the phrase the weaker sex has lost some of its significance4 ,many occupations1 such as clerking1 stenographing1 laundering1 and certain kinds of unskilled factory work are almost entirely taken over by women1 who labor throughout the same working-day as men1 and usually at a lesser wage than men would receive for the same kind of work4 ,under these conditions1 to talk of the physical weakness of women is to accuse our civilization of cruelty4 ,around wages most of the discussion has centered concerning the economic aspect of vice4 ,the investigations conducted throughout the country have revealed a great variety of opinion concerning the relation between low wages and immorality4 ,there has been much confusion of thought on the question4 ,it is true1 on the one hand1 that injustice is done to wage-earning girls and women of the country when the report is circulated that the difference between morality and immorality is only one of dollars and cents4 ,on the other hand1 to deny that low wages paid to working-girls has any bearing on the question of vice is evidence of failure to grasp the moral problem involved4 ,morality1 to be sure1 is always expressed in the overcoming of difficulties4 ,yet we can hold a person blameworthy only if in the full possession of his or her faculties4 ,a poorly nourished1 fatigued girl has no such self-possession4 ,if she does not earn enough on which to live1 and goes wrong1 her inadequate wage is a factor in her wrong-doing1 and the one who pays it to her cannot be rid of his share of the responsibility4 ,sin is misery1 misery is poverty4 ,the antidote for poverty is income1#g says ,professor ,simon ,n4 ,patten1 who is doing a vast deal toward bringing economics and morals on speaking terms with each other4 ,vice investigations in ,chicago1 ,minneapolis1 ,portland1 ,oregon1 ,philadelphia1 and elsewhere snow that there are many economic factors besides wages involved as causes of vice4 ,some of these other factors are housing1 hours of work morally dangerous employments1 associations at work1 and fatigue4 ,the wage1 however1 is more important than all of these1 for the wage largely governs living conditions1 associations and recreation4 ,the wage often makes the difference between life as mere existence and life with the opportunities for self-improvement that should belong to a human being4 ,it will be of value1 then1 to note some of the facts about wages that have appeared in recent surveys made by the ,consumers' ,league of ,oregon1 by the ,state of ,massachusetts1 and by the ,federal ,government4 ,after showing that the minimum cost of living for a self-supporting woman in ,portland is #aj a week1 the ,oregon ,survey shows that in the nine principal occupations employing women in ,portland1 from #bb to #ib per cent are receiving less than #aj a week4 ,the table is as follows3-- ,occupations ,per cent under #aj ,department stores #eh4b ,factories #gd4g ,hotels and restaurants #di4b ,laundries #ib4f ,offices 7clerks7 #df4d ,offices 7stenographers7 #bb4d ,printing-shops #ef4a ,telephone exchanges #ej4 ,miscellaneous #dh4g ,another table shows that in five different employments1--laundries1 factories1 offices1 department stores1 and miscellaneous employment1--out of #eji women all but #ca 7office workers7 close the year with a deficit4#h ,a significant point is that among all but factory workers the excess of expenditures over incomes is greatest among those who live at home4 ,this disproves the statement often made that those who live at home do not need a living wage4 ,in conclusion1 the ,report of the ,oregon ,survey says3 ,the investigation has proved beyond a doubt that a large majority of self-supporting women in the ,state are earning less than it costs them to live decently2 that many are receiving subsidiary help from their homes1 which thus contribute to the profits of their employers2 that those who do not receive help from relatives are breaking down in health from lack of proper nourishing food and comfortable lodging quarters1 or are supplementing their wages by money received from immoral living4#i ,the ,massachusetts ,commission on ,minimum ,wage ,boards reports even lower standards in wages for women4 ,among wage-earning girls and women over #ah years of age1 #ic per cent of the candy-workers1 #fj per cent of the workers in retail stores1 and #ge per cent of laundry-women receive less than #h a week4#aj ,in the cotton textile industry1 among the #hjba women over #ah years of age whose wages were investigated1 #ch per cent received less than #f a week4#aa ,among the individual stories that are buried in the ,report1 the following are typical3-- ,ernestine is an eighteen-year-old ,canadian girl1 very pretty and neatly dressed4 ,her parents both died several months ago and left her utterly alone1 without living relatives4 ,she worked as a stock girl at #d4ej a week for two months1 was laid off1 and went to a summer hotel as waitress for #c a week1 room and board4 ,she worked there for two months1 or until the season was over1 and then came to another store for #e a week4 ,she pays #a4ej for her room1 including light and heat1 has no carfare1 does her laundering1 except for shirt waists which cost her 4#cj during the summer4 ,she goes without breakfast or eats only a banana1 gets her lunch for ten or fifteen cents1 and her dinners for twenty or twenty-five cents4 ,she has never paid more than twenty-five cents for a meal since she started to work4 ,she is just a child1 and is quite bewildered over the problem of facing life on #e a week1 and is terribly afraid of debt4 ,she is intelligent and clever4#ab ,jennie is a frail little body1 about #dj years old4 ,after working #af years in a ,boston department store her wage was #e a week4444 ,for eleven years ,jennie's little #e a week had been the sole support of herself and her aged mother4444 ,when her astonished employer learned that she had worked #af years in his store and attained a wage of only #e a week1 he raised it #a4 ,so the wage is supplemented by the girls 7in the store7 underpaid themselves1 but comprehending the woman's need4444 ,thus seventeen years of faithful service to one master has won for ,jennie this position of semi-dependence upon charity1 increasing anxiety over an unprovided-for future1 and declining health as a result of her pitiless struggle to stretch a miserable #e over the cost of support of herself and mother4#ac ,the most comprehensive report has been made by the ,federal ,government1 and includes a survey of conditions among women in stores and factories in seven cities#ad4 ,according to this report the average earnings of the women in retail stores of these cities is #f4hh in the case of those who live at home1 and #g4hi in the case of those who are adrift4#ae ,among the factory women of these cities the average wage of those who live at home is #f4dj1 and of those who are adrift1 #f4gh4 ,the ,boston investigation shows that from #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj women and girls were living in lodging- or boarding-houses at an average cost of #e4ah a week for prime necessities1 leaving only #b4bd for clothing and all other expenses4 ,the following comment is made on this government report by the ,massachusetts ,minimum ,wage ,commission3-- ,although more than half the adrift women 7in ,boston7 live in lodging- or boarding-houses1--numbering be it remembered between #aa1jjj and #ab1jjj girls and women1--two thirds of them lack the use of a sitting-room and must entertain men as well as women in their bedrooms4 ,not a few indications were seen in the course of the investigation of the demoralizing results of this practice4 ,many of the young women in lodgings were young and were friendless and were earning very low pay4 ,eighteen per cent of those who were reported without the use of a sitting-room were under twenty-five4 ,the housing or food1 or both1 were reported as bad for a number of these perilously defenceless young women4#af ,consideration of wages and standards of living leads to the question1 ,what is a living wage8 ,studies in different parts of the country agree that it is about #aj a week4 ,an estimate made by social workers for the ,massachusetts ,minimum ,wage ,commission places the minimum at #aj4fj for girls who are adrift1 and #h4cg to #h4ga for girls and women living at home4 ,this estimate1 however1 made no allowance for unemployment1 sickness1 accident1 or old age4#ag ,the ,portland ,vice ,commission and the ,consumers' ,league of ,oregon have adopted a #aj minimum4#ah ,the first conference called by the ,oregon ,industrial ,welfare ,commission adopted #i4be a week1 or #dj per month1 as the sum required to maintain in frugal but decent conditions of living a self-supporting woman employed in mercantile establishments in ,portland4#ai ,to this1 however1 representatives of the employees on the conference made objection1 stating that a straight #aj a minimum was the only safe one4 ,if the minimum is rightly placed at #aj1 and if the investigations are true in showing that the majority of self-supporting women the country over are receiving less than this amount1 we may now come to a more detailed discussion as to the relation between underpayment and vice4 ,it is just here that it is easy to jump at conclusions4 ,most people approach social questions not with a scientific mind1 but with preconceptions which mar their judgment4 ,for example1 the socialist exaggerates the effect of bad wage conditions1 and the ,woman's ,auxiliary ,department of the police exaggerate the influence of home conditions4 ,again1 personal testimony is unreliable1 because1 on the one hand1 victims of the social evil are liable to blame external conditions2 and1 on the other hand1 well-fed1 well-housed investigators often underestimate the bad moral effect of poor nourishment and fatigue4 ,of this much we may be certain3 low wages poor living1 which involves poor housing1 poor food1 no savings1 and either no recreation or dependence on others for it4 ,in the federal report on living conditions of women in stores and factories1 it is estimated that in the seven cities where the investigation took place approximately #fe1jjj women are adrift4#bj ,since the majority of these are receiving less than the minimum cost of a decent living1 they are perilously defenseless young women4 ,another federal report1#ba bearing directly on the relation between conditions of work and vice1 concludes that whereas few girls go wrong on account of poverty1 the misstep once taken1 poverty and want are powerful deterrents to reform4 ,a fourfold classification is made of immoral women1 as follows3 7#a7 ,unmarried mothers2 7#b7 girls who leave and regain the path of virtue1 having their fling for the sake of good times2 7#c7 occasional prostitutes1 who enter the career as a business for a while2 7#d7 professional prostitutes4 ,mention should be here made of this report1 because its total effect is to minimize economic causes of prostitution1 placing the responsibility elsewhere than on industrial conditions4 ,it is to be noted1 however1 that it does emphasize the indirect effects of poverty1 and does speak of the moral danger lurking in certain occupations1 and of the bad effects of the lack of industrial education4 ,more definite responsibility for vice is ascribed to low wages in the reports of vice commissions4 ,the ,chicago ,report says that of one group of #aai immoral women1 #ah came from department stores1 and #ch said that they had taken up the career for the need of money4 ,the ,portland ,report presents #bb women as ,cases in which ,low ,wage and ,vice are closely associated4#bb ,the ,report continues3-- ,in presenting the foregoing table and statements from girls1 this commission does not take the position that the low wages of self-supporting girls is the sole contributing cause of their delinquency1 realizing that there are thousands of girls who would endure the utmost hardships before yielding themselves to those who are ready to seduce them4 ,the evidence as to the effect of wage conditions is taken from the girls themselves1 who1 perhaps lacking adequate moral training1 have1 in the extremities of their position1 allowed themselves to be driven the easiest way4#bc ,in the vice investigation conducted by the ,illinois ,state ,senate1 #ej girls in one day testified under oath1 #de of whom said that their downfall had been due to the lack of money4 ,the foregoing evidence is the kind unfortunate girls would be likely to give4 ,nevertheless1 making due allowances1 this evidence tends to confirm reports of vice commissions whose purpose has been strictly scientific4 ,if a conservative estimate of the proportion of vice due to low wages of girls would be #aj to #ae per cent1 it must not be concluded that this represents all of the baneful moral effect of poverty4 ,whatever the other non-economic causes of vice1 they are aggravated where poverty exists4 ,not only is this so1 but alleged other causes may be partly economic4 ,bad home conditions are due not only to the lack of moral discipline1 but also to the lack of income4 ,the average wage of the adult male wage-earner of that section of the ,united ,states lying east of the ,rockies and north of ,mason and ,dixon's line is said to be about #fjj4 ,sometimes the wage is as low as #ejj1 and in only a few instances as high as #gej4bd ,if wage-earning men attempt to support families on these incomes1 it means that they are not able to provide adequately for their wives and children4 ,if they do not attempt to do so1 it means1 taking men as they are1 an increase in the army of men who support prostitution4 ,professor ,h4,r4 ,seager has said that prostitution in aid of wages is the greatest disgrace of our civilization4#be ,an accompanying disgrace lies in the fact that economic conditions and other factors prevent the average male wage-earner in so large a section of our country from fulfilling his desire for marriage and a home of the sort that makes for health and happiness4 ,besides the low wages of women and men1 other economic facts have their bearing upon sexual hygiene and morals4 ,these facts may be grouped under the head of industrial stress and strain which is moral as well as physical4 ,the underpaid factory or store girl is subject to constant fatigue4 ,in the rush season in department stores1 girls often depend upon opiates for dulling the nervous strain4 ,no trade is free from its special physical strain4 ,there are1 moreover1 many morally dangerous trades4 ,work as chambermaids in hotels is conspicuously perilous for girls4 ,the ,chicago ,juvenile ,protective ,association says1 ,the majority of girls who work in hotels go wrong sooner or later4 ,the modern department stores1 which employ the majority of young working-girls1 offer temptations4 ,mrs4 ,florence ,kelley refers to work in these stores as the most dangerous to morals and health1 of all occupations into which children can go4#bf ,of course1 it may be said that a good girl will not go wrong4 ,it may also be said that a good social order will not place even good girls daily under conditions that are liable to bring about a physical or moral breakdown4 ,closer analysis of human character reveals the fact that physical and moral health are more closely associated than we have hitherto believed them to be4 ,according to statistics about female offenders1 domestic service is morally the most dangerous employment4#bg ,the reasons for this are two3 the social ostracism and the loneliness1 and the low grade of worker4 ,each of these causes augments the influence of the other4 ,the application of industrial standards to this neglected form of work should lead to improvements4 ,for those dependent upon employment offices1 the seeking of a job may involve moral danger4 ,the practice of private employment bureaus in sending unsuspecting girls to immoral places under the pretext of finding legitimate employment is common4 ,the director of the ,municipal ,employment ,bureau in ,portland says that1 the managers of houses are sometimes so bold as to telephone to the bureau for girls1 telling for what purpose the girls are wanted4#bh ,one of the private bureaus was detected several times cooperating in such practices4 ,the menace of such places can scarcely be overestimated4 ,we may now conclude our review of the economic phases of social hygiene4 ,economic conditions to-day are under indictment as endangering the health and morals of working-girls and women4 ,moral delinquency may arise through temptations met and hardships endured at the place of work2 through scanty wages1 inadequate for daily necessities2 through lack of sympathetic consideration on the part of employers2 through the stupidity of the community in adhering to worn-out educational methods that do not train wage-earners for earning a livelihood2 through lack of protective legislation in regard to hours and conditions of labor4 ,as a matter of fact1 each of these conditions has been found to be an accompaniment of vice2 and taken all together they constitute an environment that makes clean living difficult4 ,against the dark background of modern industry should be portrayed the luxurious conditions that are apparently enjoyed by those who have taken the easiest way4 ,in ancient society the status of the prostitute was that of slave3 to-day it is that of an industrial citizen4#bi ,if the program of social hygiene comprehended only talking about sex to working-girls--to laundry-girls1 for example1 who1 after a day's work of ten hours at the machines1 go at night to their boarding-houses where they wash dishes to eke out a living1--then this program would not be unlike the advice of a physician who tells a poor man with tuberculosis that he must go to the country for a year and live on cream and eggs4 ,even in the case of wage-earning girls who adopt loose ways to satisfy extravagant desires1 their tastes are established by women of the wealthy and middle classes4 ,the leisure of these women is due to their wage-earning sisters1 who in factories and mills make the cloth1 prepare food-stuffs1 and do all sorts of tasks that formerly kept women of the upper classes at home4 ,through the instinct of imitation1 combined with the ,american feeling of democracy1 the habits of the well-to-do determine the ambition of many a working-girl4 ,other factors are industrial arrangements which segregate men in construction and lumber camps for a part of the year1 and then1 without providing for their further employment1 turn them loose into cities where only saloons welcome them and cash their checks1 and where disease-infected lodging-houses are their only places of abode4 ,furthermore1 standing armies take thousands of able-bodied men out of normal industrial relationships1 and keep them in camps that become the congregating places of prostitutes4 ,the most hopeful phase of the whole problem that it lies within the power of the ,state to transform the industrial environment through progressive legislation4 ,the law cannot form character1 but it can protect that which has been developed through voluntary effort4 ,vice is partly a by-product of industrial chaos which can be eradicated by industrial organization4 ,when working-people can establish themselves more generally in homes of their own1--every man under his vine1 and under his fig tree1 as it were1--then they will be able to give more time to their children1 and will perhaps cooperate better in the program for sex instruction4 ,economic improvements should include a minimum wage for women1 and one for men based upon the needs of a family2 the eight-hour day2 insurance against sickness1 old age1 and accidents2 relief of unemployment2 one day's rest in seven for all continuous industries2 industrial education compulsory for all children2 abolition of child labor2 and amelioration of conditions under which women work4 ,when wage standards are raised1 there arises the problem concerning those who cannot earn a living wage4 ,who will pay poor1 ignorant ,mary ,konovsky more than #f4ij a week8 is a question asked by a manufacturer during a minimum-wage discussion in ,new ,york ,state4 ,the reply is1 ,if ,mary is really not worth more1 she must be sent by the ,state to an industrial school until she can earn her living2 and if she should be proved to be mentally deficient 7as about #ej per cent of prostitutes are said to be71 then she must be placed in an institution where she can be humanely and permanently cared for4 ,the impossible alternatives are that she should be denied a living wage when she can earn it1 or that she should be allowed to drift1 in danger of becoming the prey of vicious men4 ,meanwhile1 before the machinery of a full legislative program can be set to work1 the field is open for voluntary philanthropic endeavor4 ,welfare work in stores and factories that is done by some one who acts1 not as a detective with condescending side interests in welfare1 but whole-heartedly and sympathetically can avail much4 ,real social work in business establishments should be profitable to employers as well as to employees4 ,the aim of all public and private effort should be to make industry not the occasion of stumbling1 but what it should be1 the universal means of progress4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,statistical ,abstract of ,u4,s41 p4 #afc4 7#aiaa47 #c ,woman and ,child ,wage-,earners in ,u4,s41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #bj2 ,history of ,women in ,industry4 #d ,a ,new ,conscience and an ,ancient ,evil1 chap4 ,i4 #e ,a ,trade ,school for ,girls1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,education1 ,bulletin no4 #ag1 pp4 #eb ff47#aiac47 #f ,portland1 ,oregon1 ,vice ,commission1 ,report1 p4 #ahh4 7#aiac47 #g ,social ,basis of ,religion4 #h ,social ,survey ,committee of ,consumers' ,league of ,oregon1 ,report1 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 #i ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 #aj ,massachusetts ,commission on ,minimum ,wage ,boards1 ,report1 pp4 #ea1 #aad1 #aeg4 #aa ,ibid41 p4 #aia4 #ab ,report of ,massachusetts ,commission1 as above cited1 p4 #ahh4 #ac ,ibid41 p4 #aad4 #ad ,woman and ,child ,wage-,earners1 vol4 ,v4 ,the cities included were ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,chicago1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minneapolis1 and ,st4 ,louis4 #ae ,by adrift is meant the condition of a self-supporting woman who is alone or of a widow with children to support4 #af ,report of ,massachusetts ,commission1 p4 #bac4 #ag ,ibid41 p4 #bbb4 #ah ,report of ,portland ,vice ,commission1 p4 #afe4 #ai ,morning ,oregonian1 ,july #bd1 #aiac4 #bj ,referred to on p4 #baa of the ,report of the ,massachusetts ,commission on ,minimum ,wage ,boards4 #ba ,woman and ,child ,wage-,earners1 vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #ha1 ff42 ,relation of ,occupation and ,criminality of ,women4 #bb ,report of ,portland ,vice ,commission1 p4 #agf4 #bc ,report of ,portland ,vice ,commission1 p4 #agf4 #bd ,scott ,nearing1 ,wages in the ,united ,states1 pp4 #bjh1 ff4 #be ,american ,labor ,legislation ,review1 vol4 ,,iii1 no4 #a1 p4 #hh4 #bf ,social ,diseases1 vol4 ,,iii1 no4 #c1 p4 #i4 #bg ,see ,portland ,vice ,commission ,report1 p4 #aic2 also ,woman and ,child ,wage-,earners1 vol4 ,,xv4 #bh ,portland ,vice ,commission ,report1 p4 #aib4 #bi ,e4,r4 ,seligman1 ,the ,social ,evil1 ,introduction4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,recreational ,,phases ,by ,lebert ,howard ,weir ,this chapter is in no sense an attempt to discuss pathologic sex problems1 but rather to show the necessity of providing facilities for normal1 wholesome living for all the people during their leisure time4 ,this will solve many of the vexing sex problems4 ,at the outset1 it is important to contrast the #bg1jjj1jjj hours a year1 during which the school has charge of all the children1 with the #ace1jjj1jjj hours at the children's free disposal4 ,yet we are inclined to charge the schools with the responsibilities of many failures in the physical and moral make-up of growing boys and girls4 ,the greater part of the education of the boys and girls is received outside of school through the various activities which fill up these #ace1jjj1jjj hours a year4 ,society has1 therefore1 a great responsibility in directing the activities of the free time of young people4 ,people employed in the home1 store1 factory1 shop1 or office1 in a year of #cfe days spend about #bhhj hours of this time in sleep4 ,taking the average working-day as nine hours and the number of working-days in the year as #cjj1 excluding ,sundays and holidays1 each person is employed in needful occupations #bgjj hours during the year4 ,out of the working-days1 a total of #bajj hours are at each person's disposal to use as he sees fit4 ,of the remaining #fj days1 #ae hours of each day are for free use1--or a total of nearly #ce per cent of the entire year4 ,what are the children1 young people1 and adults doing with this time8 ,one answer is found in the records of the juvenile court1 in rescue homes1 in reformatories1 in the police and criminal courts1 in jails and penitentiaries1 in hospitals for the treatment of venereal diseases1 the insane and feeble-minded2 another in the fallen women 7and men1 too71 of whom so much has been said of late2 another in the crowded saloons and busy restaurants in the heart of the city1 with their music1 bright lights1 food1 liquor1 and overdressed1 painted women with their consorts2 still another in the billiard-rooms and the moving-picture theaters4 ,the extent to which people of all ages and races resort to the moving-picture show is known by few people4 ,in ,portland1 ,oregon1 a weekly attendance of #ejjj is reported for a house with a seating capacity of #age2 a weekly attendance of #cejj for a house seating #ge2 a weekly attendance of #be1jjj for a house seating #ejj4 ,another with a seating capacity of #efg reports a weekly attendance of #bb1jjj4 ,the attendance of all the moving-picture houses in any city is a startling revelation of the use of the time of the people4 ,all forms of leisure-time consumption are offshoots of the one great common meeting-place of all the people1 the street4 ,the street is more than an avenue for traffic4 ,it is the social meeting-place of many of the inhabitants4 ,it is the playground of nearly all the children4 ,its glitter and glare1 its lights and shadows and care-free spirit1 attract boys and girls4 ,they come as moths flutter about the candle flame and often with equally disastrous results4 ,the call of the street is irresistible4 ,it is the simplest1 most convenient avenue for the satisfaction of that hunger for pleasure1 excitement1 amusement1 and recreation1 common to all ages1 all races1 and both sexes4 ,it is the avenue for the spontaneous outpouring of the spirit of democracy4 ,no matter how thickly the city may scatter its playgrounds1 its athletic fields1 boating and swimming centers and recreation buildings1 the street will always have to be reckoned with as the one great all-engulfing factor in the use of the leisure time of the people4 ,surely the possibilities for good or evil are infinite when the spirit of youth and age play free1 willingly receiving impressions on every hand4 ,unfortunately1 in the majority of cases the ministry in this field of infinite character-building possibilities has fallen into the hands of men who for the most part reckon its possibilities only in terms of the nickels1 dimes1 and dollars that pass over the bar or counter or through the box office4 ,many of them conceive low opinions of the recreation desires of the people1 furnishing the lurid1 the risque1 the bold1 the daring forms of entertainment1 or coupling it with other lines of business1 as in the case of the saloon1 with unfortunate social results4 ,can the city afford the commercial exploitations of so much of this valuable time8 ,the answer must be that it can afford it only when the ideals of the men conducting these various forms of amusement are as high as the best that the community would demand if managing similar institutions4 ,the saloon proprietor is not interested primarily in the physical and moral welfare of his patrons or in the general social welfare of the city4 ,he provides various forms of recreation to increase the patronage of the bar2 it is an unwritten law that those who avail themselves of the card-tables1 of the pool- and billiard-tables1 the moving-picture shows in the saloons1 and who hear the music1 must patronize the bar4 ,thirty-six per cent of the pool and billiard licenses are held by men holding saloon licenses1 and in all the large pool- and billiard-halls1 especially in the center of the city1 not connected directly with saloons1 liquor is served upon the demand of the patrons4 ,the evil of the situation is significant when it is remembered that the larger percentage of the patrons of those places are men under twenty-five years of age4 ,profanity is common1 and usually gambling is permitted4 ,often these pool- and billiard-parlors are the hang-outs of vicious1 depraved young men who live upon the earnings of unfortunate women4 ,this use of the leisure time of men is physically1 morally1 and socially dangerous and should not be permitted4 ,the public skating-rink is fairly free from objectionable features1 but boys and girls attending without proper chaperons often form undesirable acquaintances4 ,women of the street and their male companions often attend4 ,juvenile court officials are aware of the immoralities springing from this source4 ,the amusement parks present almost unlimited possibilities for the formation of undesirable acquaintances4 ,the fact that they are open in the evening1 and not lighted in all parts1 the presence of cafes where liquors can be had1 inadequate police protection1 the secrecy possible through the presence of large crowds1 the size of the parks1 the distance from the homes in the city1 and the unchaperoned attendance of large crowds of young people1 all make amusement parks dangerous without closer supervision by public authorities4 ,in former days the road-house ministered to the legitimate needs of wayfaring travelers4 ,to-day the name road-house is synonymous with the bawdy-house of the city4 ,located just beyond the borders of towns and cities1 beyond police supervision1 catering to men and women who desire secrecy for their revels and orgies1 the road-house is one of the worst possible institutions now ministering to the leisure time of the people4 ,in some sections of this country1 the public excursion1 both by land and water1 is as bad as the road-house4 ,instead of being a time of relaxation and recreation1 a time of freedom from cares of the workaday life and enjoyment of pure air1 sunshine1 and beauties of nature1 and of fine social relationships of people1 the excursions have become dissipations of physical and moral energy4 ,with proper supervision and with proper standards on the part of promoters of transportation companies1 the public excursion can be a fine constructive factor in the use of the leisure time of the people4 ,festivals and carnivals conducted by the people of a community1 commemorative of national holidays or of historical events or of religious life1 are often admirable4 ,but whenever the festival or carnival becomes a commercial enterprise for the purpose of attracting crowds to the city1 for advertisement and for gain by merchants and hotel proprietors1 young people are in danger4 ,the city becomes the mecca for undesirable men and women who prey upon the susceptibilities of the people1 animated by the festival spirit4 ,the hotels are the temporary homes of women of the street4 ,every large festival of this kind has been followed by social evils of the most virulent type4 ,many a girl and many a boy1 yielding to the influences of the abandonment of the crowd1 take the first step in sexual vice4 ,this type of festival is not socially profitable to a community1 where the commercial aim and purpose predominates4 ,the commercial exploitation of the recreation and social needs of the people is usually productive of sexual immorality4 ,a characteristic feature of ,american life is the club1 union1 society1 or order spontaneously formed by the people4 ,no matter what the fundamental purposes of these groups may be1 whether for protection against sickness1 accident1 and industrial evils1 whether for the study of art1 music1 and literature1 or for the promotion of physical activities1 the primary bond that brings the group together and holds it together is the social instinct of mankind4 ,those which administer to the play and recreation life of their members most efficiently are strongest4 ,the dances1 card parties1 lectures1 entertainments1 and other social activities conducted by such groups are usually under the best kind of social control1 far better than any type of commercial amusement and perhaps better than most public-supervised amusements4 ,the strength is in the comparative smallness of the group1 the personal acquaintance of the members1 the presence of older people with the young1 and the existence of individual and group responsibility and ideals4 ,far better social control would result if all public dances and public skating-rinks and excursions were conducted on this group or society basis4 ,one field of neglected social activity is the home as a recreation and social center4 ,the day of the party seems to be past4 ,parents have thus lost one strong hold on the character development of their children4 ,thousands of parents in the modern city have lost the social spirit of the home because of crowded living conditions1 but there are also thousands1 especially in the ,western cities1 who still have individual homes2 every such home should be the primary social and recreation center for adolescent boys and girls4 ,the revival of the small group social in the home for the young people would be a constructive contribution to some of the moral problems of the young4 ,in the leisure-time activities of children1 the ,sunday supplement or funny sheet of the newspaper is of importance4 ,the funny sheet appeals not so much through humor as through glaring color and grotesque pictures which violate every canon of color combination and of art4 ,exaggerated types of mischievous children and freakish adults1 and equally freakish and unthinkable mechanical devices1 are favorite subjects4 ,disobedience of children1 premature and unnatural childish love-affairs1 domestic infelicity1 the privileges and advantages of bachelorhood are paraded ,sunday after ,sunday before the susceptible minds of millions of children4 99 99 99 99 99 ,multitudinous as are the private agencies administering to the leisure-time activities of all the people1 neither the commercial amusements nor the numerous spontaneous private organizations answer all the requirements of social and recreative needs of the people4 ,on the one hand1 commercial amusements1 while used and enjoyed by masses of the people1 have been objects of danger and distrust because of their anti-social effects4 ,on the other hand1 the private society1 club1 order1 and organization are essentially narrow1 and formed with other purposes and ideals in view than ministering to the social and recreative needs and desires of the people4 ,the providing of ample facilities for the fullest and most wholesome use of the leisure time of the people is a community responsibility1 just as important to the public welfare as a system of public education4 ,this community sense of responsibility did not in the beginning have the wide constructive vision which characterizes it to-day4 ,it was designed first as a corrective of pathological social ills1 especially relative to childhood and youth4 ,congestion in the modern city1 an incident and a result of specialization and expansion of ,american industrial and commercial life1 caused living conditions inimical to the health and morals of all the people4 ,as usual the children suffered most4 ,deprived of light1 air1 wholesome living quarters1 play space1 and the advantages of a real home1 they fell easy victims to disease1 sickness1 death1 and1 what is worse1 to the disease and death of ideals and morals4 ,juvenile faults and crimes increased at an alarming rate4 ,the therapy of play was applied4 ,it was soon found1 however1 that the great mission of playgrounds was not as a therapeutic agent1 but as a preventive and constructive force4 ,the movement took on large1 positive1 constructive aims1 purposes1 and ideals4 ,it expanded into the playground and recreation movement1 with emphasis upon the latter1 aiming to provide for and direct the leisure-time activities of all the people4 ,play was restored as the right of every child1 without which no wholesome physical1 mental1 and moral growth is possible4 ,as constructively related to other great social problems1 the playground and recreation movement was found almost universally applicable4 ,sexual immorality and the white-slave traffic are combated by recreation centers where young women obtain under normal conditions the highest ideals and satisfy the spirit of youth1 which is the sign of life itself4 ,the scope of this larger movement is as follows3 ,it promotes the establishment of playgrounds within walking distance of every child2 athletic and sport fields for older boys and girls and for men and women2 boating and swimming centers and parks for the use of all2 recreation and social centers in municipal recreation buildings and in school buildings1 where all the people of a community1 irrespective of race or creed1 may find opportunity for the fullest possible recreation and social life2 it promotes school and municipal camps1 tramping-clubs1 and other activities that cultivate the habit of outdoor life2 physical education and athletics in the schools that reach every child1 instead of a few as now2 it stands for school playgrounds1 in connection with every school2 it seeks to provide facilities through which musical1 literary1 dramatic1 and artistic talents of the people may find encouragement and expression1 and for a constructive social supervision of all commercial amusements4 ,yet playgrounds and recreation centers are not free from social dangers4 ,many of the moral dangers of commercial amusements may arise in municipally owned and managed systems of recreation4 ,in fact public playgrounds have become such moral menaces as to warrant their closure in the interests of public welfare4 ,some of the worst cases of sexual immorality coming to the juvenile courts arise in public playgrounds4 ,this is the result of bringing large numbers of young people into a common play place without the most careful supervision1 guidance1 and direction4 ,the physical growth and health1 the morals1 the happiness1 and the ideals of citizenship of great masses of the people are so deeply involved in the right use of the leisure time of the people that to conduct their activities in any way but according to the highest standards is a civic crime4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,educational ,,phases ,by ,edward ,octavius ,sisson ,the education of youth as it exists has a great gap wherever the subjects of reproduction and sex are concerned4 ,children are taught at home many things about every other part of their lives1 but usually nothing about this2 at school they learn the anatomy and physiology of bones and muscles1 of sense-organs1 and nervous system1 of glands and alimentary canal1 of respiration and circulation2 but a sudden silence falls just before sex is reached4 ,we study everything about life except its origin1 and in ignoring that we lose a most fascinating and beautiful field of inquiry1 an essential part of knowledge1 and a vital element in moral intelligence4#cj ,the aims of sex education may be stated in the main as follows3-- 7#a7 ,the first aim is individual prudence4 ,every normal human being must undergo crucial tests and solve vital problems in his own sex life4 ,the most beautiful successes of life and its most conspicuous failures are both exceedingly frequent in the realm of sex4 ,the conditions of the sexual life are sufficiently alike in all normal cases so that the experience of the race is valuable to the individual in meeting his own problems4 ,each child as he passes onward through youth to maturity is treading a road new to him1 not lacking in danger and pitfalls1 nor without opportunities for great reward4 ,education must give him all the available advance information concerning the road he is to travel4 7#b7 ,the second aim is general intelligence4 ,sex is a universal element in all living beings1 with the exception of the very lowest2 it pervades the life of the spirit as well as the life of the body4 ,no man1 therefore1 can be intelligent concerning things in general without a clear1 definite and accurate knowledge of the fundamental facts of sex4 ,one of the strongest new visions concerning sex is the marvelous way in it ramifies into all fields of thought and action4 ,not a few of the most eminent workers in modern science incline to consider all aspects of human life1 including even religion itself1 as emanations or processes from the sex basis4 ,such in particular are ,g4 ,stanley ,hall in ,america and ,freud in ,germany4 ,without going to such extremes we may still recognize the fact that in all sorts of physical and psychic problems in morals1 religion1 and sociology1 sex plays an important part and must be understood if we are to grasp the situation and its meaning4#ca 7#c7 ,the third aim is social enlightenment4 ,the human spirit in our own day is manifestly addressing itself to the solution of the special social problems which involve the sexual life of men4 ,three of these problems may be specified3 7a7 ,the so-called social evil1 including not merely prostitution1 but also all other forms of waste and injury through sexual errors2 7b7 the problem of family life1 including marriage and the rearing of children1 as well as pathological aspects such as desertion and divorce2 7c7 the vast problem of eugenics or race culture4 ,in all these fields the problems of sex are involved4 ,men and women who desire to bear their whole burden as members of a progressive society must contribute to the solution of these great social problems1 and to do this wisely must know something about the basic facts of sex life4#cb ,the first and basic part of sex education is bodily regimen3 children and youth must live an abundant1 vigorous1 wholesome physical life4#cc ,cities have threatened to be the graves of the human species in this respect4 ,sedentary life chokes and misdirects the currents of nervous energy and the very circulation of the blood4 ,the lad who plays vigorously1 even violently2 who can get his second wind1 turn a handspring1 do a good cross-country run1 swim the river1 possesses a great bulwark of defense against sexual vice1 especially in its secret forms4 ,the revival of play1 of play for all1 boys and girls1 weak as well as strong1 is one of the most hopeful movements on foot to-day4 ,let us base our promotions from grade to grade1 and especially for graduation from school1 partly upon physical tests1 requiring each student to make of himself physically1 not a record-breaking athlete1 but the best that can be made out of the stuff in him4 ,food1 sleep1 clothing1 bathing1 fresh air1--all these are vital also2 whatever turns the flow and thrill of life into wholesome channels1 abolishes indolence1 stagnation1 morbidity1 and fosters abundance of bodily life1--such is the regimen of sex health4 ,no bodily regimen can be effective without mental control4 ,nowhere does mind affect body more immediately and powerfully than in the realm of sex4 ,the educator has two great tasks in this respect3 first to improve the general environment in which the young must live and develop4 ,as things are1 our streets1 store-windows1 books and magazines1 and especially public amusements1 such as theaters and dance halls1 abound in sexual suggestion and stimulation4#cd ,these agencies stimulate an excessive stream of sexual desire1 with all its physical accompaniments1 in boys and men3 the natural and inevitable result is an overwhelming impulse toward illicit satisfaction in self-abuse or sexual immorality4 ,society in self-defense and the interest of its youth must wage war upon this mercenary exploiting of the sex impulse4 ,licentious thinking is the great foe of continence2 the saying of ,jesus may be paraphrased thus with physiological correctness3 ,he that looketh upon a woman to lust after her hath already committed the sexual act in his nervous system4 ,hence1 the second task in this connection is to arouse and arm the youth against the lusts of the mind1 and lead him in a resolute fight for mastery over his own thoughts4 ,do not harbor in your mind anything you would fear to have your enemies know1 or blush to have your friends know1 is a good motto for boys and youth4 ,when we come to instruction in matters of reproduction and sex1 the first principle is that it should be given in organic relation with the rest of life and thought4 ,it arises naturally in two main connections3 in response to the child's own questions and problems2 and as part and parcel of biological science4 ,the common questions of the little child1 ,where does the baby come from8 or perhaps even earlier1 ,how does the hen make the eggs8--an actual question of a four-year-old--are the signal and the open door for easy and natural enlightenment4 ,seize the opportunity3 tell the truth1 as simply and briefly as possible1 and the beginning is made2 watch for and utilize all such opportunities1 as they come1 and the main road of the task is marked out2 shock is minimized1 if not eliminated1 mutual confidence is engendered1 and a priceless reward may be won4 ,but if at that first question we falter1 quibble1 blush1 lie1 jest1 or repel1 we have entered the wrong road which leads eternally astray4 ,let no question ever be either ignored or neglected1 least of all repelled4 ,it is the golden opportunity for parent1 teacher1 or friend4 ,to guarantee against the child seeking promiscuous and irresponsible sources of information1 let his questions ever find the warmest welcome and kindest response at the parent's knee4#ce ,now the movements of the child's own mind in matters of sex and reproduction may either be actual questions more or less explicit1 or they may be subtler seekings for light1--hints1 vague inquiries1 gropings after what he cannot phrase or hesitates to utter2 these inward stirrings are vital1 and the alert and sympathetic and patient parent can in the main perceive them and bring them to light4 ,but success need not be hoped for in this respect unless first the beginnings are attended to2 uncounted parents can testify to the infinite difficulty of breaking to the boy or girl the silence long practiced with the child4 ,nor will occasional or spasmodic fits of interest and action by the parent achieve much2 ,emerson's proverb holds inflexibly here2 ,what wilt thou have8 quoth ,god2 pay for it and take it4 ,pay we must in time1 in thought1 in perseverance and patience1 in study of the problems and self-preparation for the task4 ,happily the progress of sex hygiene among adults is yearly increasing the number of fathers and mothers who are awake and active4 ,we have spoken of meeting the motions of the child1 as though the educator might never need to take the initiative2 in all probability that might be true in an ideal state4 ,as things are it would be unsafe to rely absolutely upon questions2 the parent and on occasion other educators must take the initiative in some cases4 ,in doing so1 however1 the most scrupulous care should be taken to be sure that the mind of the learner is ready for the particular instruction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in biological instruction what is needed is not an artificial appendix or addendum1 but simply that we should cease to mutilate science by omitting its most fruitful and essential elements4 ,nature study for little children is the first available field2 it should begin even before the kindergarten age1 with the simplest and easiest observations1 and proceed by gentle gradations of progress2 it finds abundant and fascinating material in growing plants1 eggs1 brooding chickens1 kittens1 puppies1 and1 best of all1 the new baby1 where the home questions and the nature study meet in a profound emotional and intellectual experience4#cf ,the botany1 zooelogy1 physiology1 and hygiene the upper grades and the high school the natural mediums for further scientific treatment4#cg ,it will probably be found advisable to separate the sexes for this part of the work1 and have boys taught by men and girls by women4 ,not a few high schools and colleges are already carrying on such instruction with entire success4 ,it seems quite clear that the school must set itself1 wisely1 indeed1 but also resolutely and effectively1 to provide clear1 true1 scientific knowledge of the origin of life and the laws of sex4 ,the educator can1 must1 and will answer truly and purely1 all questions in these matters on which the child and youth are now left to random1 miscellaneous1 clandestine sources1 and get vile1 false1 and pernicious answers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as childhood passes into youth and the pubertal changes begin1 the objective curiosity of the earliest years passes gradually into the intense concern of personal problems4 ,the general principle is the same3 do not drag in the subject of sex and reproduction1 but do not evade or ignore it when it appears2 deal with it truly1 purely1 honestly1 fearlessly1 as an essential and organic part of truth and life4 ,the safe and happy outcome in these personal problems can be guaranteed in only one way--that the young person should be able to turn with complete confidence and little embarrassment to some trusted and intimate counselor1 preferably the parent1 but otherwise physician1 pastor1 older friend1 with whom he has already discussed sexual questions1 and who he knows will receive his advances with sympathy1 answer his questions with frankness and intelligence1 and hold his confidence sacred4 ,happy the youth or maiden who has such a guide in the crises of unfolding powers and perils4 ,the chief problem of this part of the education is the accurate and timely adaptation of what is taught to the needs of the successive periods of development4 ,hence chronological or calendar age and school grade are both unreliable guides to the educator3 a group of fifteen-year-old boys1 or of eighth grade boys1 includes some who are children not yet entered upon pubescence1 others who are mature1--that is1 have attained the power of reproduction1--and still others who are in process of change4 ,these three groups cannot be treated identically2 each period has its own peculiar needs4 ,the problem of sorting out the individuals and meeting the needs of each group is difficult because of our traditional neglect of the whole task4 ,but of any particular lesson we may agree with him who says1 ,better a year too early than an hour too late4 ,the earliest safeguard1 rather regimen than instruction1 is the inculcation of the idea and habit of ,hands off the sex organs4 ,the little child is taught this by his mother1 and it becomes second nature4 ,the pre-pubescent boy and girl may receive some slight but impressive additional perception as to the danger of meddling in any way4 ,they should also be warned strictly against any other person who offers to tamper with their sex organs or adjacent parts of the body4 ,let them understand that they are justified in any means of defense1 the fist1 a club1 or a stone2 and that the offender is forever damned by his act and must never again be trusted2 and1 of course1 that they should at once lay the whole case before their parents or other persons in authority4 ,the special instruction of the pre-pubescent and pubescent periods is as yet by no means fully agreed upon among experts4 ,we can give here only a few points that seem fairly clear4 7#a7 ,girls should know in advance enough of the general facts of menstruation so that the onset of the period may not cause1 as it now does in thousands of cases1 shock and sometimes dangerous errors of conduct4 ,they should also know that the sexual nature of men is active and aggressive instead of passive and defensive as in the woman2 and that hence the woman must in general take the leading part in the control of the sexual relation1 or1 at least1 of those preliminary intimacies that tend to culminate in sexual union4 ,if it be contended that this is a delicate and difficult idea to convey1 liable to be exaggerated and to produce false attitudes1 the answer is that if difficulty is to deter us we may as well stop the whole task of sex education before we begin2 and moreover that the disasters now resulting from ignorance are ten times worse than any probable results of instruction4 ,this sexual difference means not only that the girl must be intolerant of improper advances1 but also that for her own sake and that of her sister women she must beware of conduct1 attitudes1 or forms of dress that tend unduly to excite the sexual impulses in boys and men4 ,in view of the enormous morbidity and mortality inflicted upon innocent women and their children by sexual disease1 the girl should learn the main facts concerning the nature1 effects1 and incidence of gonorrhea and syphilis4 ,health certificates of prospective bridegrooms will probably be more easily enforced if such intelligence becomes general4 ,the time for such instruction is difficult to state1 and would vary with the social environment2 probably late adolescence would be early enough in most cases2 earlier information is indispensable for girls who by reason of their economic or social status are peculiarly exposed to sexual temptation and danger4 ,training for motherhood1 a great gap in our educational system1 is a closely related theme1 of incomparable importance1 but beyond the scope of this work4 7#b7 ,boys should learn early the rewards of continence3 that the conservation of the sexual secretions is the indispensable condition of manly growth in stature1 muscular powers1 voice1 heart1 and brain4 ,they should learn the possibility and healthiness of continence--always understanding that mental continence is the prerequisite of physical continence4 ,they should know in good time that nocturnal emissions are quite normal1 when not too frequent1 and indicate not lost manhood or the danger of it1 but merely the fact that the sexual glands are now for the first time all developed and active4 ,this is one of the simplest and most commonplace facts in the whole range of sex knowledge1 yet1 through ignorance of it1 unknown multitudes of boys have suffered anxiety sometimes amounting to terror1 have become moody and dejected1 lost interest in work and studies2 and finally thousands of them1 ashamed to ask counsel or enlightenment from any decent source1 have had recourse to the venereal quack1 who so artfully spreads his snares for them in daily paper and widely circulated pamphlet4 ,once the victim is in his hands there is almost no limit to the evil that may result4#ch ,high-school principals tell of watching the faces of their boys during a lecture on sex hygiene and noting the visible signs of relief and new hope when the lecturer explained the true nature and meaning of emissions4 ,so far as the so-called sexual necessity is concerned1 let boys understand that it is unknown among animals2 that its completest embodiment is found in degenerates and imbeciles2 and that athletes1 thinkers1 priests1 scholars1 warriors1 the finest men of every type1 hold their passions strictly subject to their wills4 ,let them know that the world is well supplied with wretches whom this very sexual necessity has robbed of their precious virile powers1 but that the cases of impotence through chastity are certainly unproved and probably non-existent except in the imagination of people who want to believe in them4 ,and finally that numberless fathers of big healthy families were as chaste as the wives who bore their children4 ,boys should learn that the man who insists on premarital sexual necessity has two roads open to him--one that of the libertine and seducer1 the most contemptible of creatures2 the other that of the whore-follower1 whom nature perpetually menaces with vile and pestilential plagues1 making him a misery to himself and menace to all clean persons who associate with him1 especially his future wife and unborn children4 ,this involves1 at least for the present state of society1 some information regarding the two chief venereal diseases3 that all prostitutes1 professional or otherwise1 are sooner or later infected1 and that no reglementation can give security4 ,they should know something of the horrors of syphilis1 its loathsomeness1 its extraordinary power to penetrate to the physiological ,holy of ,holies1 poison the germ cells1 and damn in advance the unborn children of its victim4 ,they must know the fatal treachery of gonorrhea3 how it lurks unsuspected in the victim who supposes himself cured1 and strikes1 like a bolt out of clear sky1 blinding newborn infants1 and robbing innocent wives of motherhood1 health1 or life itself4 ,to object to this instruction because it is gruesome1 or because it may seem like intimidation1 is sentimentalism3 in this matter1 as elsewhere in the realm of knowledge1 the truth should scare no one who does not need to be scared4 ,it is better to be safe than sorry2 and it is better to be scared than syphilitic4 ,i dare do all that may become a man1 says ,macbeth2 who dares do more is none2 let a man dare if he will with his own body1 aye1 his own soul2 he is but a coward who does not shrink from buying voluptuous moments with the hazard of wife and child4 ,hydrophobia is far less perilous than venereal disease1 and if one hundredth as many were attacked by it the world would be placarded with scarlet danger signs2 the man who decried the precautions as intimidation would be shut up in a home for imbeciles4 ,if this is intimidation1 let us have more of it4 ,above all1 boys should learn the beauty and glory of the true relation of the sexes2 the bond of love and unity between man and woman truly married--in soul as well as body4 ,as he cherishes and vindicates the honor of his father and mother and sisters1 so should he be taught to use his intelligence and heart to hold sacred in youth the powers and functions that will enable him to become in turn husband and father1 to give a clean soul and body in marriage to a pure woman1 and to pass on the germ of life to the children of his body4 ,a few lessons on heredity will show him that he is but the steward of an inheritance that has come down from a thousand ancestors and may well be perpetuated through generations to come4 ,prudence is good2 but no narrow selfish motive will meet the need4 ,the lad who is good merely for the sake of his own skin is usually a poor creature2 the finest lad--who might perhaps hazard his own individual fate--will refuse to gamble with the souls and bodies of those others who shall be his own flesh and blood4 ,no virtue is safe that is not enthusiastic3 and only altruism is truly enthusiastic4 ,the boy and girl1 now young man and young woman1 must both learn that prostitution is a social sin3#ci the scarlet woman has been truly called the eternal priestess bearing the sins of humanity4 ,this is a vast theme2 we have got beyond the realm of mere sex education2--but truth is one1 and life is one1 and neither logic nor humanity will consent to our stopping short of the whole truth4 ,social intelligence--the illumination of man's life with man--the scientific and spiritual comprehension of the apostolic dictum1 ,we are all members one of another--and if one member suffer1 all members suffer with it--these are the great arrears of education4 ,but there never was a time when the spirit of man moved so rapidly forward as here and now1 and the movement for sex education is but one striking phase of the great advance4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,an examination of tables of contents and indexes of standard school texts in nature study and biology will reveal the almost universal absence of all ideas relating to sex and reproduction4 ,there are two or three recent exceptions4 #ca ,g4 ,stanley ,hall1 ,educational ,problems1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #chh-ig1 ,thomson and ,geddes1 ,problems of ,sex1 pp4 #e-ag4 #cb ,thomson and ,geddes1 op4 cit41 pp4 #df-eb2 ,saleeby1 ,parenthood and ,race ,culture2 ,morrow1 ,social ,diseases and ,marriage2 ,hall1 ,educational ,problems1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dbd-dc4 #cc ,fisher1 ,national ,vitality2 ,hall1 ,youth1 chaps4 ,,ii1 ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,xii4 #cd ,what makes a ,magazine8 ,twentieth ,century ,magazine1 ,september1 #aiab1 pp4 #aa-bj2 ,the ,exploitation of ,pleasure4 ,russell ,sage ,foundation4 #ce ,see ,mrs4 ,woodallen ,chapman1 ,the ,moral ,problem of the ,children1 esp4 pp4 #fa-ic4 ,also the chapter in this book on the education of children4 #cf ,an epoch-marking book in this field is ,miss ,torelle's ,plant and ,animal ,children and ,how ,they ,grow4 7,heath47 ,see also pamphlet1 ,the ,origin of ,life1 by ,r4,e4 ,blount4 7,scott1 ,foresman ,co47 #cg ,the ,teaching of ,sex in ,schools and ,colleges1 ,social ,diseases1 ,october1 #aiaa4 ,addresses by ,g4 ,stanley ,hall1 ,maurice ,a4 ,bigelow1 ,josiah ,strong1 ,charles ,w4 ,eliot1 and ,mary ,putnam ,blount1 ,sexual ,reproduction in ,animals3 the ,purpose and ,methods of teaching it4 ,proceedings ,n4,e4,a41 #aiab1 pp4 #acbd-bg4 #ch ,hall1 ,g4,s41 ,adolescence1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dei-fb4 #ci ,jane ,addams1 ,a ,new ,conscience and an ,ancient ,evil4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,teaching ,,phases3 ,,for ,,children ,by ,william ,greenleaf ,eliot1 ,jr4 ,my children when they were little were fascinated with a book which their mother used to read to them1 called ,mother ,nature and ,her ,helpers4 ,each chapter or lesson was made up of interesting information and ideas suggested by the pictures4 ,at the head of the first chapter was a picture of a mother sitting by a cradle with every surrounding and circumstance of humble1 happy home life4 ,succeeding chapters were upon the cradle and the home of plants and animals4 ,ovaries of plants and nests of birds and squirrels were all set forth in terms of the child's experience of home life1 home-building1 home-protecting1 and feeding the baby4 ,doubtless the design of the author was to lead the child to an understanding and appreciation of its own home life and love by showing it home life in its origins and elements4 ,but an equally important implication lay in the fact that the child was brought into its intimacy with plant and animal life along the angle of its own human experience and of its own home ideals4 ,after such an introduction to the homes of plants and animals1 whenever it should seem best to apprise the child of the details of plant and animal reproduction1 the additional facts would instantly find their places in close relation to facts already familiar and already related to his highest childish affections and ideals4 ,for the basis of sexual instruction for a child should be the difference1 not the similarity between man and animals4 ,if the basis is made the similarity between man and animals1 the child1 as time goes on and as its own sexual life increasingly awakens1 may tend to imitate animals1 may attempt to justify the natural and unrestrained promiscuousness of its own instincts1 may justify unrestrained sexual life in the name of nature as against the alleged artificialities of civilization4 ,the basis must be human1 not animal2 moral1 not biological4 ,biology goes far to explain humanity1 but the interpretation is found in the spiritual affections1 experiences1 and implications of family life4 ,the family life of animals is constituted of animal instinct freely followed4 ,the family life of man would be ruined by the free following of animal instinct4 ,there is a distinct danger in all so-called sex instruction of children which makes plant and animal life the norm4 ,the definite and clean instruction of children in the physical facts of reproduction may rightly and wisely begin with the simple facts1 anatomical and functional1 of plants and animals2 but it is important that a true philosophy lie back of this instruction4 ,man is not only a higher order of mammalia2 he is a worshiper of ,god and capable of practicing his presence4 ,and from this base our instruction to children1 drawn from the anatomical and functional life of plants and animals1 must always subserve the moral1 the spiritual superiority of man and the human family4 ,the little child will understand and even idealize plant and animal life if he learns of plant and animal life first in human terms4 ,his moral development is menaced if this process is reversed so that a counter-tendency is set up1--a tendency to interpret the human functions in animal terms4 ,it is better for the child to humanize animal relationships than to animalize human relationships1--and this can be achieved only through a constant observance of the human basis in the sexual as indeed in all phases of a child's education4 ,the little book which ,i mentioned at the beginning does just this1--it introduces the child to the home life of animals1 it interprets animal life in ideal terms4 ,it lays a basis for relating later information of sex functions to the home life of plants and animals4 ,at the proper time in a child's development1 he is prepared to place a true and intelligent value upon the differences between the home life of animals and the home life of human beings1 and to justify intelligently and with full consent of mind and sanction of conscience the differences of sexual practice as between plants and animals on the one hand and human beings on the other4 ,he is prepared to see that it is enough for the sex life of plants and animals that it be physically and biologically normal4 ,it is not enough for the true and ideal family life of man that the sex relation should be biologically normal4 ,it must be morally normal--normal1 that is1 to the highest human interests4 ,the more concrete and detailed problems of method would not be serious if every child's mind were a blank or even if its instincts were analogous to normal animals4 ,but neither is the case1 and the problem of method and means of instruction is therefore amazingly complicated4 ,if the sex life of a child were analogous to that of normal animals1 it would not awaken at all until puberty4 ,and if the child's mind were a blank on sex matters1 it need only be kept from the invasion of wrong ideas from outside4 ,but the sex life of a child begins long before puberty1--both physically and mentally4 ,in the child1 the physical signs are more or less detached from the mental signs1--at this or that phase of a child's life1 the one or the other may have precedence2 but the two are subtly interrelated1 and tend to contribute to each other4 ,in the human being a sex life that is normal1 both biologically and morally1 is an achievement2 not a thing which would take care of itself if the child were left alone and merely kept ignorant of the abnormal4 ,the human child is born abnormal1--that is to say1 with latent possibilities of sexual abnormality1 physical and mental1--and this by virtue of the mere fact that he is not only with animals a creature of instinct1 but with humanity a being with ideas4 ,this statement is doubtless oftener true of the sex life of boy children than of girl children2 but it is a fact and a very important fact1 and it lies at the bottom of the problem when we come to consider the details of instructional method4 ,if it were not for these facts1 it would make no difference who imparted sex information to the child1 so the facts were accurately told2 and it would make no difference what facts were given1 or at what age the child received them1 if no lies were conveyed4 ,but because the child's physical and mental sex life awakens early1 and because every child has latent tendencies to abnormality and latent responsiveness to the abnormal1 it is of critical importance that we decide who shall teach the individual child1 when the child shall be informed1 and what the child shall be told4 ,it is of critical importance because1 if the instruction comes wrongly1 we may1 even with good intentions1 contribute to the very abnormality that we wish to forefend or overcome4 ,with some children we could perhaps safely take chances so far as the self-awakening sex life is concerned if we did not know that it is impossible1 without more harm than good to keep the child from such perfectly normal relations with other children as almost certainly will expose it to disastrous misinformation a suggestion4 ,whatever ought to be said of the importance of the home tradition and ideals and the general physical and moral regimen of the child 7and these are of supreme importance71 the facts of the last two paragraphs lay the ground for this general statement3 that in the case of a child whose moral and sexual environment has been bad and perverting1 proper sex instruction cannot make matters worse1 whereas in the best families much harm may arise from the lack of such instruction4 ,if any information is imparted to the child at all1 the first instruction should properly come from one or other of the child's parents4 ,it is sometimes the case that opportunity for the first information is presented when the child asks questions4 ,and the supposed question of the child is1 ,where did the baby come from8 ,our course would be much smoother if every child asked its mother or father this question1 or if every child began with this particular question1 or if every child asked any question at all4 ,sometimes the child asks the nurse this question2 sometimes the child is an only child or for some other reason this question never occurs to it2 sometimes the child's first question pertains to some curiosity about its own navel1 or where eggs come from1 or why the hen makes them1 or how they get into the hen1 or what is meant by half shepherd and half ,st4 ,bernard4 ,but children do not ask the questions that the books say they ask1 and ready-made answers do not always apply4 ,whether a child asks the conventional questions or the unexpected questions1 and whether it asks questions or not1 the parent ought to have some pretty definite notion of when1 what1 and how to tell a child4 ,a child's questions about the baby should be answered truthfully2 all such replies as escape by the stork1 cabbage-patch1 or grocer-boy route should be avoided4 ,it goes without saying that children's questions should be met seriously and even reverently1 and that parents should never speak of nor allude lightly1 jokingly1 or irreverently to sex relationships in the child's presence4 ,a child may ask a question prematurely1 or at a time when the parent finds it impossible to answer in such a way as to make the desired impression or to avoid the undesirable impression4 ,the postponement should be frankly a postponement1 and the parent should answer the question at some later time chosen by the parent and upon the parent's own motion4 ,if the child never affords the parent a natural opening for the first or later conversation1 the parent should make the opening by reference to the recent arrival of a baby in the child's home1 or in some neighbor's family1 or even to the arrival of kittens or chicks4 ,such preliminary information should come at or near the first asking of questions1 or if no questions are asked1 at any convenient time between the ages of six and eight years1 and in any case before the child goes to school or mingles much away from home with other children4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that very much need be said to the young child4 ,if the child's normal curiosity is satisfied in a clean way from the right source1 that is sufficient4 ,especially should it be advised of the truth about those facts concerning which it is liable be misinformed in its contacts with other children4 ,only1 parents ought to remember that their child1 however carefully brought up and protected1 at any time and of its own motion1 may itself be that corrupting other child against which we are so sedulously warned6 ,or1 again1 the child when it has been duly instructed by parents may without harmful intentions talk too freely with other children4 ,it may do some harm to other children in this2 but what is more likely1 it may receive harm by calling out uninformed and hurtful conversation from the other side4 ,for this reason1 a parent in talking to children should be careful to explain that they should not talk to others4 ,if they are properly brought-up children1 their modesty will respond1 and their trained obedience will keep faith4 ,this is the place to try to make clear the importance of such secrecy and confidence between parents and child4 ,there is a secrecy which adds a glamour of pleasurable naughtiness1 leading straight to prudery and pruriency with all their consequences4 ,such secrecy is the sort that develops when parents do take the child into their confidence4 ,such harmful secrecy is not to be confounded with the confidence between parent and child4 ,in opposing the harmful kind of secrecy1 there are those who very wrongly1 as ,i believe1 object to any secrecy2 who say1 ,all things are clean2 why should any difference whatever be made between the lungs or the stomach1 and the sex organs2 it is often the very making of any distinction that causes and helps cause all the trouble4 ,now the case against all secrecy would be valid if the premises of the argument were sound4 ,roughly speaking1 lungs are lungs1 and stomachs are stomachs1 but the sex organs and their impulses1 reflexes1 and irradiations are connected with the subtlest complexes of mind and affections1 inextricably connected with everything human1 with further irradiations into the entire social body4 ,by all that makes it important to prevent the private and mutual secrecies of children1 by so much and ten times more is it important to establish confidential secrecy between parent and child4 ,for in so doing1 you not only prevent the undesirable secrecy1 but you build normally on modesty2 you lay foundations for a true sense of shame1 disgust1 and disgrace2 and in doing so1 set up one of the strong defenses against perversions and prurient allurement and seduction4 ,prudery should be made impossible and true modesty conserved by proper secrecy in sex matters1 and back of that by the proper attitude1 conversation1 and practice in the child's familiar domestic functions4 ,prudery and modesty must not be confounded2 for by as much as we condemn the one1 ought we to value the other4 ,up to the time1 then1 that a child goes to school1 everything has probably been done that can be done so far as its instruction is concerned1 7#a7 if the child has been kept as far as possible from foul suggestions from others2 7#b7 if the child has had its questions honestly answered or temporarily though unevasively postponed2 7#c7 if the child knows from its parents' lips that it came into the world from its mother's body1 first growing there beneath its mother's heart until it was strong enough to be born2 and that the mother would never have wished to have her child grow in her body had it not been that there was a strong man who would care for both mother and little child with great love and tenderness2 that there has to be a father to love the mother and child1 and that1 therefore1 mother and child must love the father1 and the child must love both father and mother1 and that this love is what makes the home2 and 7#d7 if in the process of imparting information1 confidence has been established and modesty conserved4 ,anyone who has ever seen a group of six- to ten-year-old boys and girls stand side by side and gaze with rapt but natural wonder and delight at a bureau drawer or chest full of the beautiful little garments waiting and ready for an expected child can never doubt the wisdom of a child's knowing from the start some better version of the story than any of the evasive temporizings of the conventional parent4 ,what shall the parent do who has never spoken of these things to his child until now the child is ten1 eleven1 or twelve years of age1 and especially if the parent has given the child one of these evasive answers in reply to its innocent questions8 ,it may be said in passing that if the parent has thus evasively answered the child's first questions1 he will never be bothered in all probability with any more questions4 ,for the best way to set up the barrier is to answer questions falsely2 and one way to establish confidence and to facilitate further communication is to answer truthfully4 ,the child may know more or less than you think it knows4 ,the parent does not know what a ten- or twelve-year-old child knows or does not know4 ,again1 a parent does not know at what time or in what way or to what extent the child's sexual life and impulse have already awakened4 ,and the parent does not know to what extent the child may know what ain't so4 ,it is a mistake in most cases for the parent to try to find answers to these questions by questioning the child4 ,for just as a parent may start wrong by deceiving the child1 so the child may start wrong by deceiving the parent1 and even a pretty good child1 especially after it has been deceived by the parent1 is likely to follow the same cue when it is questioned by the parent4 ,the parent should not tempt the child to such a misstep4 ,again1 the parent1 whether mother or father1 should never try to open the conversation or resume it at a time when the boy or girl is likely to be interrupted or distracted or is eager at the moment to be somewhere else and doing something else4 ,the mother and daughter quietly sewing together1 or the father and son off for a walk1 or sitting on a log1 or lying on the grass1 are ready for a confidential talk4 ,if the boy or girl was deceived in response to its first questions1 the father or mother may retract in some such way as this3 ,do you remember1 ,molly1 that when you asked me where your baby brother came from1 ,i told you the doctor made us a present8 ,well1 that's the way fathers and mothers answer little children1 just as we told you that ,christmas presents came from ,santa ,claus4 ,you came to know that papa and mamma are ,santa ,claus and that ,santa ,claus is a fairy story--and so you have probably already learned how the baby came4 ,the baby really grows in the mother's body--did you know that8 ,do you know how long it takes for it to grow there8 ,no8 ,it takes nine months4 ,before you were born1 you were growing inside of your mother's body4 ,the blood from your mother's body flowed into your body2 in this way your body grew4 ,when the baby comes out of its mother's body1 it does not hurt the baby1 but it hurts the mother4 ,it was so when you were born1 but your mother was so happy to think she was to have a baby and to feel it growing inside her body that she did not think much about the pain4 ,if your mother is ever a little tired and cross1 you must remember that she loves you beyond anything that pain can measure and that she deserves your tenderest care4 ,at this or some other fitting time1 the father or mother may give the child some further intimation of the process by which the child comes to grow in the mother's body1 and in some such way as follows3 ,some one may have told you how babies come to grow in their mothers' bodies4 ,but most people are ignorant about these things4 ,i think ,i can explain it to you a little if you will look for a moment at this flower that ,i have in my hand1 because the coming of a baby in the mother's body is in some ways like the coming of the seed in the body of the flower4 ,you have probably learned at school in your nature-study work that these are--what8 ,yes1 the petals4 ,and these stamens1 and this is the pistil4 ,do you notice the powder on the end of the stamen8 ,that is called pollen4 ,if you put that powder under magnifying glass1 each grain will look like a grain of wheat4 ,now1 do you notice that the pistil spreads out here at the base like a vase with a narrow neck and big bowl8 ,i am going to cut the thick part open4 ,do you notice those tiny things like seeds8 ,yes1 those are seeds1 but they would not grow just by themselves4 ,a grain of that pollen gets on to the end of the pistil 7sometimes the wind1 sometimes a bee puts it there71 and immediately it begins to send a long thread from itself right down the center of the pistil1 and this thread carries at the front the heart of the pollen grain1 and when it reaches the tiny seed the two go together and the heart of the pollen joins with the heart of the seed and then it is a true seed and can grow1--and can grow into another plant that can have flowers that can have seeds1 and so on almost forever4 ,no one fully understands this very wonderful fact4 ,we only know that it is a fact1--that the heart of a seed from a father flower had to join to the heart of a seed of a mother flower before a true seed that can grow into a plant is born4 ,and we only know that something like this is true about father and mother animals1 and that something like this is true of our own human father and mother4 ,so much to show how the parent may break in1 for that is often the crucial thing4 ,after the start is made1 details may be found in the books provided for just this purpose4#dj ,indeed1 after beginning1 it is sometimes better to put the right book into the boy's hands2 or better yet to read the book with the child4 ,especially is the latter course preferable if the book seems at any point unwise1--and there are few books prepared for children which are not at some point or other unwise4 ,only1 in all this process of definite instruction in which analogies from the life of plants and animals are used1 the instructor must make sure that the illustrations are thought of as analogies for the anatomy and biology only1 and guards must be reserved1 implicitly and explicitly1 against the child's supposing that everything in plants and animals is normal for human beings4 ,all that the child learns of reproduction of plants and animals should be related to the home and affectional life even of animals1 and the analogy between animals and man should stop far short of that to which in all the animal world there is no real analogy--the life and meaning of the higher order of human family life4 ,if the proper person to teach the child is the parent and if the parent does not know how1 the obvious thing to do is to call the parents together and to try to teach them how4 ,besides meetings for parents 7fathers and mothers together71 excellent results have come from meetings for fathers and sons addressed by a man1 and from meetings for mothers and daughters addressed by a woman4 ,the following details as to arrangement and conducting of parents' meetings may be of value4 ,for such meetings in the public school1 the consent of the local school board must be obtained4 ,this ought not to be granted if those seeking permission are either cranks or quacks4 ,the ,viavi people are said to be obtaining such permission for use of schoolhouses under the specious plea of social hygiene4 ,others1 well intentioned but with extreme purist ideas and unwise methods1 occasionally volunteer their services4 ,the school authorities should be cautious4 ,but when those who apply are intelligent and honest and above question as to their standing and judgment1 school boards ought not only to consent1 but to support and cooperate4 ,a grudging consent1 mixed with indifference1 finds its way by capillary attraction to the school principals and teachers and constitutes a real hindrance4 ,when the consent of the school authorities has been obtained1 the next step is the selection and training of speakers and the notification or the parents4 ,where permitted1 the notices or invitations should be sent out by the school in which the meeting is to be held1 by mail1 sealed1 to every home in the district whence pupils in that school come4 ,this should be done even if the local society has to pay the postage4 ,if the school authorities will not or cannot do this1 then cards of invitation should be sent home through the pupils4 ,in either case1 the invitation should be so worded as to do no harm to the children who may read it4 ,parents' meetings may be addressed by two speakers1 a physician and a layman4 ,the two speakers should get to the schoolhouse in time to see that the speaker's desk and chair are not on a high platform too far from the little group of parents4 ,the chair and table should be brought down to the floor close to the seats and the parents brought forward4 ,the principal of the school should introduce the layman1 accompanying the physician1 to be chairman of the evening4 ,the chairman should make a brief address1 as outlined in the syllabus provided by the ,committee on ,education of the ,society1 introducing the physician4 ,the physician should make a brief address as outlined in the syllabus1 and then1 after proper explanations1 the physician should resume his chair4 ,both physician and layman1 seated1 should engage in a dialogue1 in which the layman should endeavor with all the intelligence1 sympathy1 and skill at his command to put himself in the place of the humblest parent in the room and ask such questions of the physician as such a parent might ask or ought to ask4 ,for example3-- ,layman1 ,doctor1 ,i have a little boy four years old4 ,when ought ,i to talk to him about sex matters8 ,physician1 ,when the child asks questions4 ,layman1 ,what do you mean by that8 ,physician1 ,well1--suppose the child asks where the baby came from8 ,layman1 ,what do you say if the child asks that8 ,physician1 ,i would tell it that the baby grows in its mother's body1 etc4 ,layman1 ,i have a little boy eight years old to whom ,i have never talked about these things4 ,what do you advise8 ,physician1 ,i would take the first opportunity1 some time when the boy is not likely to be interrupted4 ,refer to some newly arrived or expected baby and tell him frankly where the baby comes from4 ,layman1 ,but ,doctor1 ,i have already told him that a stork brought the baby4 ,physician1 ,then tell him you told him that as a fairy story like the ,santa ,claus story1 but that now he is old enough to know the truth4 ,then tell him the truth4 ,layman1 ,but ,i find it hard to talk about these things and ,i am afraid my child might ask me questions ,i could not answer4 ,physician1 ,there are books1 a list of which will be handed you1 which you can read1 and parts or all of which you can read to your child4 ,layman1 ,what if my child asks me a question ,i can't answer4 ,physician1 ,don't dodge or evade4 ,if you must postpone an answer1 do so frankly with a promise that when you can you will answer1 or that you will put him in the way of getting good information by reading or otherwise4 ,this conversation should be extended to apply to adolescent boys and girls and to young men and women4 ,enough has been given to show the nature and spirit of the dialogue4 ,the people's interest never flags4 ,the layman must ask all the strategic questions1 and he must keep at it until he gets answers in simple1 understandable terms4 ,if the physician uses function or coordinate or puberty or adolescence or other academic terms1 the layman must force simple words at every turn2 and in any attempts to describe what a parent should say to a child1 the layman should take care that a child's comprehension is reached and that the parent is guided as1 to vocabulary4 ,both speakers should lift the level of their counsels above that of mere physical prudence2 they should explain and duly emphasize the moral issue4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,a classified bibliography is provided at the end of this volume4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,teaching ,,phases3 ,,for ,,boys ,by ,harry ,h4 ,moore ,the adolescent boy is the hope of our race4 ,he is the man in the making4 ,whether he is to be a constructive force1 a nonentity1 or a destructive force depends largely on influences during this period4 ,in adolescence the processes of destruction are quick and sudden4 ,statistics of reformatories and prisons show that either crime itself or the moral breakdown which leads to crime begins in boyhood4 ,a study of the lives of great constructive characters shows that their success was largely determined by influences during this period4 ,certainly1 there is no more important task for our nation than the training of our boys4 ,adolescence begins at puberty1 the transition period during which the sex functions come into full prominence4 ,its beginning is marked by great physical changes4 ,there are also mental and psychic changes4 ,this fuller development of sex means for the youth new power1 new emotion1 new capacities for enjoyment of life4 ,at this time the will should emerge as an asset of character4 ,the boy now desires more knowledge of the new world in which he finds himself4 ,he wants to see it by day and by night4 ,he wants to be physically active1 or entertained4 ,he belongs to some sort of gang and is loyal to it4 ,his is an age of hero worship4 ,if the knowledge and the entertainment he finds is wholesome1 if the gang is a good one1 if the hero is a noble character1 if1 with emotion and new powers1 there is also a strong will1 all goes well4 ,but if these influences are not helpful and the will is weak1 the result may be quickly disastrous4#da ,inquiry into the lives of any considerable number of adolescent boys leads one to believe that there exists what almost might be called a conspiracy of silence1 misinformation1 and bad influence against most boys of this age4 ,parents for the most part either evade or answer untruthfully the questions of their six-1 seven-1 and eight-year-old boys regarding birth and reproduction4 ,from this time on1 nearly all boys receive many false and low ideas regarding sex1 marriage1 and the relationship between men and women4 ,after the stork story1 there come incorrect versions of reproduction from boy companions4 ,then come notes at school1 picture cards1 comic weeklies1 quack advertisements1 and unwholesome vaudeville acts4 ,these destructive influences come1 for the most part1 entirely unsolicited1 in response to a normal desire for knowledge and clean entertainment4 ,boys seldom go to their first shows to see what is vulgar or sensual4 ,they go for clean fun1 gymnastics1 magicians1 and other legitimate amusements4 ,the unwholesome features are thrust upon them4 ,as a result of these influences on the impressionable mind of the growing boy1 he comes to regard sex as low and vile instead of sacred4 ,he acquires a vulgar vocabulary which he necessarily uses in his thinking and sometimes in his conversation4 ,the silence and evasive answers of adults withhold healthful knowledge and increase curiosity4 ,curiosity often leads to investigation1 which often results disastrously4 ,the specific evil results are of three kinds3 7#a7 masturbation2 7#b7 needless mental suffering due largely to ignorance2 7#c7 illicit intercourse4 ,masturbation is prevalent among boys4 ,two hundred and thirty-two replies were received to a question asked college students regarding their severest temptations of school days4 ,of these1 one hundred and thirty-two said that masturbation had been one of their severest temptations and one hundred and thirty-one said they had yielded to it4#db ,similar inquiries have brought similar results4 ,the sum total of vitality lost to humanity by this practice is great4 ,there is much needless mental suffering among boys and young men due to ignorance and false ideas advanced by quacks4 ,groundless fear1 brooding anxiety1 and despair sometimes start before adolescence and often last into the twenties4 ,physical peculiarities of no consequence sometimes cause boys to fear that they are abnormal4 ,unaware of the fact that spontaneous nocturnal emissions are to be expected1 many suffer mental anguish4 ,according to one writer1 a single ,new ,york dealer had #c1jjj1jjj confidential letters1 written to advertising medical companies and doctors1 mostly by youth with their heart's blood4#dc ,large sums of money are obtained by quacks everywhere for treating normal conditions4 ,many men have applied to the ,advisory ,department of the ,oregon ,state ,board of ,health after years of worry4 ,although those who apply are no longer boys1 most of their troubles began in boyhood4 ,a large proportion of the suffering could have been avoided by simple instruction in sexual hygiene4 ,social vice often occurs in adolescent boyhood1 both as a direct result of unmastered passion and as an indirect result of individual vice4 ,in some cases1 the habits a boy forms in his early 'teens make him a subject of venereal disease in later life4 ,a doctor writes1 ,i am aware that it is popularly supposed that self-abuse and sexual intercourse are antagonistic--by many1 the one is regarded as a necessary alternative of the other4 ,so far from being a protective1 the former is a most powerful provocative of the latter4 ,according to my own observation1 it is not the strongly sexed1 the most virile young men1 who are most given to licentiousness1 but those whose organs have been rendered weak and irritable from this unnatural exercise--in whom the habit of sensual indulgence has been set up1 and in whom self-control has not been developed by exercise4#dd ,this combination of silence1 misinformation1 and bad influence causes a damnable attitude of mind on the part of the boy toward women1 love1 marriage1 and the home4#de ,the experience of a ,chicago business man with his sixteen-year-old son is told in a recent popular magazine4 ,whether an actual occurrence or not1 it is typical of conditions in most any city4 ,i do not desire to convey the idea that our boy was a wicked boy4 ,he was not4 ,he was just the average type of what we call the upper middle-class boy4 ,he was merely tuned to the low moral tone of the city4 ,vice to him was not a monster of hideous mien4 ,he had seen it from childhood4444 ,i knew that a greater part of his ideas on patriotism1 on women1 on the sanctity of marriage were but reflections of views he had heard expressed1 often tritely and cleverly1 and cynicism born of hearing such things flaunted over the footlights or dished out as clever in the newspapers4 ,in the father's earnest efforts to understand the remedy for the situation1 he is reminded of his own experience when he began life in the city4 ,he continues3-- ,the boy's words awakened memories4 ,i recalled the sense of shocked and shamed decency ,i felt when first ,i came to the city1 a boy almost1 and fresh from the country2 how ,i tossed in my bed trying to see as right things that every one in the city appeared to accept as a matter of course1 but that1 from earliest boyhood ,i had been taught to regard as wicked4 ,i could not for many months become accustomed to seeing immodestly dressed women on or off the stage1 or to hearing half-veiled indecency flaunted from the stage1 blazoned in the newspapers1 or used even in ordinary conversation4 ,i could not get used to 444 scenes and actions directly forbidden as unforgivable at home4#df ,we are horrified by certain vices1 the public now and then cries out against specific manifestations of lust1 and sometimes it is with difficulty that mobs are restrained from violence ,but about much of our immorality there is an attractiveness that has made it acceptable and even wins for it applause4 ,the influence is there1 and it is insidiously and perniciously working itself into the minds of our boys ,many commercialized amusements now exploit the sex impulse4 ,it is impossible to measure the effects of such exploitation4 ,there are brighter pictures4 ,those who have intimate relation with hundreds of boys learn to admire the ,american boy for his earnest desire to be clean and strong and for his attitude toward the sacred things of life4 ,if we give the boy positive help1 we may expect him to grow into noble manhood4 ,we would not remove him from all the evil in the world1 but we may expect a minimum of harm as a result of contact with evil4 ,we may not expect to keep him away from all foul talk2 but we may make foul talk disgust rather than attract him4 ,the ,american boy is normally clean4 ,if we will do our part1 he will respond4 ,william ,holabird represents a type which may well be taken as an example in sex education4 ,while chiefly known to the public as a golfer1 ,holabird was catcher on the school baseball team1 half-back on the eleven1 held the gold medal for the inter-class track meet1 and1 in fact1 excelled in all athletic sports4 ,as a scholar he always ranked high4 ,he was devotion itself to his parents1 his brothers and sisters1 respectful to his elders1 a leader among his associates1 and beloved by all who knew him2 tall in stature and muscled like a ,greek god1 with clear-cut1 delicate1 refined1 and manly features4444 ,with a rare combination of strength and gentleness accompanied by a bearing and life well illustrating ,he was one of nature's noblemen4444 ,a splendid athlete1 with a life without a spot or stain1 he was a natural leader and a model for all the fellows in the school4 ,the younger boys followed and imitated him4444 ,he hated everything false or unclean or vulgar4 ,to us all1 men and boys alike1 it was an inspiration to know him4#dg ,our standards for boys and men have been too low4 ,charles ,wagner says1 in writing of youth and love3-- ,chastity has a host of enemies4444 ,these enemies are quick to throw at your head1 as an unanswerable argument1 ,he who tries to play the angel1 plays the fool4 ,but he continues3-- ,many play the fool who have never tried to play the angel4 ,they have not fallen into the mud because they tried to fly too high1 but because they began too low down4444 ,a society which permits license in youth1 and counsels it1 degrades love4444 ,sin against love at its base1--in youth1--and the life of the whole nation is torn1 and suffers immeasurably4444 ,the rule of conduct here is chastity ,every infraction is a sin4 ,though this law may seem difficult and severe1 it is the only safe one4 ,morality without it is but rubbish4#dh ,a start has been made4 ,during the last decade1 we have declared that we must no longer have two standards of purity1 one for the man and another for the woman4 ,we recognize a difference between the nature of the man and the nature of the woman2 but as our goal and as our standard for practical life1 we have abandoned the double standard4 ,this is a great advance1 for our young people as a whole measure up fairly well to standards which society as a whole sets for them4 ,it is entirely within reason to expect a large majority of our boys to reach full maturity and marriage with an absolutely clean record1 as far as personal and social purity are concerned4 ,in fact1 we should be constantly working toward a time when the personally impure boy and the socially impure young man will be eliminated4 ,both the men and the women of our nation must demand this4 ,there are many ways by which we may guide and help the adolescent4 ,only the abnormal boy is not active and curious4 ,if we do not provide wholesome activity1 boys are likely to find activity which is destructive in its influence4 ,therefore1 we must do far more than mitigate bad influences4 ,we must plan proper regimen4 ,we must supply a steady succession of constructive activities as well as definite instruction to satisfy curiosity4 ,no other course will do4 ,in the matter of regimen1 wholesome food1 sufficient sleep1 proper clothing1 bathing1 fresh air1 and physical exercise are of great importance4 ,the life and energy and passion of the adolescent boy must not be checked1 but diverted into wholesome and constructive channels4 ,excessive mental labor1 a sedentary life1 pernicious reading1 idleness1 can transform into a tormenting and persistent desire that which1 without it would have been easily mastered4 ,on the other hand1 a healthful regimen1 energetic habits1 amusements and physical fatigue are diversions so useful that1 thanks to them1 the most critical years pass by unnoticed4#di ,a daily cold shower1 followed by a vigorous rubdown1 is beneficial if the boy reacts favorably to it4 ,the bath1 acts as a sedative4 ,the value of gymnasium work1 track and field athletics1 swimming1 and hiking is constantly demonstrated in the lives of ,american boys4 ,athletics are to be recommended as possessing a positive prophylactic value against the indulgence of sensual propensities4 ,physical exercise serves as an outlet for the superabundant energy which might otherwise be directed toward the sexual sphere4 ,in the period of storm and stress which characterizes pubescence and which often leads to nervous perturbation and excitement 444 there is no better divertitive from sexual thoughts than active athletic exercises pushed to the point of physical fatigue1 as a relief to nerve tension4#ej ,in addition1 physical exercise tends to develop an ambition to excel1 to become physically strong and robust4 ,with such an ambition1 boys realize1 intuitively to a certain extent1 that to succeed they must refrain from vice4 ,physical exercise has a fourfold moral value3 it substitutes wholesome activity for vice2 it serves as an outlet for excess of nervous energy2 it develops the will2 it develops ambition to be virile4 ,all wholesome recreation is an enemy of impurity4 ,jane ,addams says that recreation is stronger than vice1 and that recreation alone can stifle the lust for vice4#ea ,recreation which involves physical activity is the most helpful to the adolescent boy4 ,the boy's companions are important4 ,emerson says1 ,you send your child to the schoolmaster1 but 'tis the schoolboys who educate him4#eb ,books which contain high ideals of manhood and also of womanhood are obviously helpful1 as are also dramas of this character4 ,and finally those general principles of moral and religious education must be used1 without which we can have no strong foundation for clean living4 ,if we have failed to give proper instruction previous to adolescence1 we now have a golden opportunity 7and in thousands of cases1 our last opportunity7 to save the adolescent to a life of purity4 ,as a rule1 he has ideas of sex life which are1 at least1 unwholesome4 ,curiosity is at a high pitch1 and passion is likely to be strong4 ,nevertheless1 the ambitions and ideals of a boy at adolescence are high4 ,he will fight to be clean if he understands that clean living means the acquisition of strength4 ,he would rather have virility than anything else in the world4 ,as to method1 let us deal with the boy as a creature with reason4 ,the best plan is to place before boys a standard of virile manhood1 and then to show how such a standard may be met by clean living4 ,real characters who have achieved high standards of vigor should be shown as heroes worthy of imitation4 ,lincoln is known by most adolescent boys to have been a man of great physical strength4 ,he was a man without vices1 even in his youth1 but full even in ripe age of the sap of virility4#ec ,the effect of clean living upon nations may also be spoken of4 ,charles ,kingsley writes of the ,teuton3#ed-- ,it was not the mere muscle of the ,teuton which enabled him to crush the decrepit and debauched slave nations4444 ,it had given him more1 that purity of his3 it had given him1 as it may give you1 gentlemen1 a calm and steady brain1 and a free and loyal heart2 the energy which comes from self-restraint2 and the spirit which shrinks from neither ,god nor man1 and feels it light to die for wife and child1 for people and for ,queen4 ,because thousands of our boys are now growing into manhood who will never receive the advantages of such a plan as we hope will be worked out during the next decade1--boys who are now at the danger point1--an emergency exists that must be met in the best way possible4 ,for these boys1 we are now forced to give single talks or short series of talks4 ,just what facts should be mentioned in a talk to any particular group of boys is a matter which must always be governed by the age1 development1 and environment of the boys concerned4 ,the first task for a teacher or a speaker giving a single lesson or a series of lessons is to set up a high standard of manhood4 ,the lessons may concern the development and the conservation of virility4 ,the teacher may explain that virility means not only muscular strength but endurance1 energy1 will power1 and courage2 and that in addition to these1 a true man has chivalry1--he is concerned for the welfare of others1 especially for the safety of women and children4 ,he must possess more than physical prowess2 he must possess human virtues or he is no better than a brute4 ,the need for the conservation of virility in the race as well as in the individual should be explained4 ,boys should see that the conservation of virility in men is of far more importance than the conservation of our water-power or our mines1--that we owe a duty not only to ourselves1 but to the nation and to the next generation4 ,a statement somewhat like the following can then be made3 ,it is our duty to pass on to the next generation at least a little more vitality than we inherited from the past generation4 ,it is1 therefore1 important that we understand the main facts of reproduction1 so that now we may live right and make no mistakes which may cause us to reproduce inferior children when we mature4 ,the speaker may then describe the wonderful and beautiful process of reproduction in plants1 and explain that human reproduction is a similar process4 ,under the subject of the development of virility1 much time should be spent upon a discussion of various ways by which virility can be developed4 ,the relative values of various kinds of physical exercise1 proper eating1 the value of fresh air and of sufficient rest should be emphasized4 ,it may then be said that in addition to these things an important source of virility is the absorption of the secretions of various glands by the blood4 ,the speaker may make a statement similar to this3 ,when our bodies were designed1 we were given reproductive organs for two different and distinct purposes4 ,we have referred to the second and final purpose of reproduction4 ,you already knew more or less about that4 ,the earlier function of the reproductive organs is not understood by most boys4 ,it is this3 the rebuilding of boys into men4 ,the first purpose and1 in some respects1 the most important purpose of the reproductive organs is to rebuild a boy into a man4 ,it would be absolutely impossible for us to become men were it not for these organs4 ,i will explain this by three illustrations4 ,these three illustrations are generally very effective3 an explanation of the influence of the thyroid gland upon development2 a comparison of two horses1 one of which was castrated when a colt2 and the effect of castration upon boys in ,oriental countries4 ,the speaker may then say that the testicles do two things3 first1 manufacture the male germ cells1 spermatozoa1 which are the most highly potentialized and highly energized portions of matter in all living nature2 and1 second1 secrete a substance that is absorbed by the blood1 giving tone to the muscle1 power to the brain and strength to the nerves4 ,it should be made clear that this is one of the great sources of virility4 ,from the illustrations referred to1 a boy is likely to draw conclusions regarding the vital importance of the functions of the testicles and regarding any possible misuse of them4 ,it may be well at this point to use a cross-section drawing showing the scrotum1 the testicle1 the seminal vesicle1 and the bladder4#ee ,some teachers will consider it desirable to add that some boys1 who do not understand the high purposes of these organs1 misuse them2 that when such boys realize their mistake1 if they stop absolutely and at once1 nature comes to the rescue and restores virility4 ,the talks should be essentially constructive4 ,to warn boys against horrible effects of masturbation and to tell them things not to do is a poor method4 ,it is far better to explain that by keeping clean a boy may acquire virility4 ,the boy can draw conclusions4 ,in referring to the normality of seminal emissions1 it should be explained that the fluid excreted by a nocturnal seminal emission comes from the seminal vesicles up in the body4 ,this will show that the loss of fluid involved in a nocturnal emission is different from the loss caused by masturbation4#ef ,in this connection1 boys should be warned against quack doctors2 also against their advertisements which are often worded to scare the ignorant4 ,the venereal diseases should be referred to in talks to adolescent boys4 ,in this connection1 the four sex lies may be vigorously contradicted4 ,these are 7#a7 that gonorrhea is no worse than a bad cold2 7#b7 that sexual intercourse is necessary for the preservation of health2 7#c7 that emissions are dangerous and lead to debility1 lost manhood1 and insanity2 and 7#d7 that one standard of morality is right for men and another for women4 ,it should be explained that although both animals and human beings are endowed with the sex instinct1 only human beings have the gift of control4 ,that the sex instinct is a great blessing1 and not a curse1 should be made clear4 ,it may be stated that various blessings are sometimes converted into sources of destruction when not controlled4 ,a spirited horse is a source of great enjoyment1 but if not controlled may maim us for life4 ,fire is a great blessing and a great joy to us when we are camping by a lake or in the mountains2 but1 beyond our control1 it may cause forest fires4 ,temper1 the capacity for anger1 is highly desirable2 but it must be controlled or murder may result4 ,we must control the sex instinct1 or it may control us and sink us lower than the brutes4 ,on the other hand1 if we control this instinct1 we gain virility1 a keener appreciation of the beauties of life1 and life itself becomes richer and fuller4 ,in conclusion1 the appeal should be for clean living for the sake of physical strength and vigor1 not for one's own sake1 but for the sake of country and future wife and children4 ,the standard toward which we are working in sex education involves the dissemination throughout the school curriculum of such information as we now give in a single talk4 ,in addition to such nature-study work and simple biology and physiology and hygiene as should be included in the lower grades1 there should be instruction in biology and in personal hygiene required for all upper-grammar and all high-school students1 as soon as well qualified teachers are available4 ,in personal hygiene a proper amount of sex hygiene should be incorporated2 and with the treatment of other diseases1 gonorrhea and syphilis should be given adequate attention2 the idea of the whole plan being to place all these matters in their proper setting1 without undue emphasis on matters of sex4 ,either 7first7 as a part of one of these courses or 7second7 as a part of some other general course1 or 7third7 as a separate course1 the following subjects should be considered3-- #a4 ,what is virility8 7a7 ,virility and the next generation4 7b7 ,virility and our nation4 7c7 ,types of virility4 #b4 ,muscle1 exercise1 and virility4 7a7 ,how1 when1 and where to exercise4 7b7 ,second wind4 7c7 ,rest4 7d7 ,will power4 #c4 ,food1 good blood1 and virility4 7a7 ,what to eat4 7b7 ,tobacco4 7c7 ,clogged-up machines4 7d7 ,blood and other body fluids4 #d4 ,fresh air1 bathing1 and virility4 7a7 ,sleeping-porches1 camping4 7b7 ,how to bathe4 7c7 ,change of clothes4 #e4 ,virility and disease4 7a7 ,disease generally an unnecessary evil4 7b7 ,relative seriousness of tuberculosis1 typhoid1 syphilis1 gonorrhea1 diphtheria1 colds1 headaches1 adenoids1 enlarged tonsils4 7c7 ,body and mind4 #f4 ,virility and certain glands4 7a7 ,importance of the thyroid gland and the testicles4 7b7 ,difference between stallion and gelding4 7c7 ,seminal vesicles4 7d7 ,quack doctors4 #g4 ,virility and reproduction4 #h4 ,fatherhood and the next generation4 ,in our attitude toward the boy1 we must show him that we respect him1 that we have faith and confidence in him1 and expect great things of him4 ,we should meet him on the level of a boy's everyday interests in sport1 use simple language1 and no unnecessary technical terms4 ,some workers with boys unwisely force confessions of guilt4 ,we should respect the boy's right of privacy4 ,when we deal with boys in the mass1 the grouping is difficult4 ,boys who have reached the period of puberty should be in a separate group from pre-pubescents1 and boys who are well advanced in adolescence--those who have been pubescent for two or three years--should be taught in still a third group4 ,this applies to single talks as well as to courses of instruction4 ,as far as we know the best basis of division between the pubescent and pre-pubescent boy 7when physical examinations are not possible7 is the change of voice4 ,only one who understands these matters well and knows the boys should do the grouping4 ,even such a man should not adopt an arbitrary basis of grouping but must take one boy at a time and place him in the group for which he seems best fitted4 ,we should endeavor to include the father in our plans of sex instruction and be careful not to break down such confidence as exists between father and son4 ,we shall find that only a small proportion of fathers give their sons any instruction in sexual matters1 and that it is difficult to stir them to action4 ,in one investigation1 it was found that one hundred boys out of one hundred and twenty-one had received no sex instruction from their fathers4#eg ,when confidence between father and son does exist1 we should help the father rather than relieve him of his task4 ,it is difficult to discover fathers who have confidential relations with their boys unless each family is dealt with separately4 ,the ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society has conducted father and son meetings1 and has required the father either to accompany the boy or sign a card signifying his willingness to have his son attend4 ,few fathers have attended1 sometimes none at all4 ,on one occasion there were thirty-five boys and not one father4#eh ,requiring permission may be regarded as an assumption that the talk is questionable2 and1 furthermore1 the requiring of special permission is likely to create an undesirable attitude on the part of the boy4 ,plans for father and son meetings which will be free from these objections will possibly be developed by other schools or social hygiene societies4 ,our aim is so to educate one generation of boys that when they become fathers they will inform their son regarding these sacred relationships and functions of life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the boy is normally clean and wholesome4 ,his first question regarding the origin of life is a good question4 ,when denied wholesome information1 the further investigation which often follows is indicative of desirable qualities of character4 ,later1 though disturbed by false ideas which have been forced upon him1 he still wishes to be clean and strong4 ,he desires to master low passions4 ,he would rather have muscular strength and endurance and energy and will power and courage and chivalry than any amount of money4 ,he shudders at the thought of causing suffering to an innocent woman or child4 ,he would sacrifice his life for the girl whom he regards as the personification of loveliness and purity4 ,if we will but deal with him fairly and honestly1 he will see in birth an ever-recurring miracle2 he will regard his body as a sacred temple2 he will see in sex power a source of richer and fuller life2 he will respect women2 he will regard marriage as the most sacred relationship in life4 ,thus noble manhood1 a nation's greatest asset1 will in large measure be achieved4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,john ,l4 ,alexander 7editor71 ,boy ,training4 ,association ,press1 ,new ,york1 especially pp4 #aa to #bb4 #db ,pedagogical ,seminary1 vol4 ,,ix1 no4 #c4 ,worcester1 ,massachusetts4 #dc ,g4 ,stanley ,hall1 ,adolescence1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dei4 #dd ,prince ,a4 ,morrow in the ,transactions 7vol4 ,i1 p4 #hh7 of the ,american ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis4 #de ,charles ,wagner1 ,the ,simple ,life1 p4 #aha4 7,mc,clure1 ,phillips ,co47 ,caleb ,williams ,saleeby1 ,parenthood and ,race ,culture4 7,moffat1 ,yard ,co47 ,francis ,g4 ,peabody1 ,jesus ,christ and the ,social ,question1 p4 #afb4 7,grosset ,dunlap47 #df ,what my ,boy ,knows1 ,american ,magazine1 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #aiac4 #dg ,robert ,e4 ,speer1 ,young ,men ,who ,overcame1 p4 #ba4 7,fleming ,h4 ,revell ,co41 ,chicago47 #dh ,charles ,wagner1 ,youth1 pp4 #bdh-ej4 #di ,charles ,wagner1 ,youth1 p4 #bdf4 #ej ,the ,boy ,problem1 ,educational ,pamphlet no4 #d1 p4 #bf1 of the ,american ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis1 #aje ,west #djth ,street1 ,new ,york4 #ea ,jane ,addams1 ,the ,spirit of ,youth and the ,city ,streets1 p4 #bj4 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york4 #eb ,emerson1 ,education1 p4 #ch4 ,riverside ,monograph ,series4 #ec ,henry ,bryan ,binns1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 p4 #cef4 #ed ,charles ,kingsley1 ,the ,roman and the ,teuton1 p4 #df4 #ee ,winfield ,s4 ,hall1 ,m4,d41 ,from ,youth into ,manhood1 p4 #cb4 ,association ,press1 ,new ,york4 #ef ,hall1 ,reproduction and ,sexual ,hygiene4 #eg ,from an investigation conducted by ,dr4 ,winfield ,s4 ,hall4 #eh ,a ,social ,emergency1 ,first ,annual ,report of the ,social ,hygiene ,society of ,portland1 ,oregon1 and the ,bulletin of the ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society1 vol4 ,i1 no4 ,i4 ,,chapter ,x ,,teaching ,,phases3 ,,for ,,girls ,by ,bertha ,stuart ,the normality of the reaction to sex knowledge depends upon the physical and mental training of the child4 ,our thoughts concerning girls run in fixed grooves4 ,we believe that1 in babyhood1 instinct leads them to prefer dolls to their brothers' guns and a little later renders them less active physically and more gentle and tractable mentally4 ,because of this supposed difference in instincts and because of a well-defined picture in our own minds of the final product we wish to evolve1 we build a structure externally fair1 but lacking the foundation to enable it to resist the stress of time and circumstance4 ,because of our traditionally different ways of dealing with girls and boys1 we have produced girls who are not healthy little animals1 but women in miniature with nervous systems too unstable to cope successfully with the strain of our modern complex life4 ,the stability of the nervous system is dependent upon the proper development of the fundamental centers4 ,incomplete development of the lower parts means incomplete development in the higher4 ,these fundamental centers are stimulated to growth and development especially by the activity of the large muscle masses4 ,not only is the development of the brain and nervous system dependent upon muscular activity1 but the growth and activity of the vital organs as well1--the heart1 lungs1 and digestive system1--and the normality of sex life4 ,all this we acknowledge in the case of the boy4 ,even with him1 we fail to live up to our convictions1 as is shown by the long hours of inactivity in school and the lack of suitable activities during recess periods4 ,but on the whole we encourage the boy to run and climb and jump and take distinct pride in these accomplishments4 ,the same accomplishments in our girls occasion alarm2 we have an ideal of gentle womanhood4 ,even though unrestrained up to the time she attends school1 the girl then enters upon the long career of physical repression which characterizes her training4 ,parents1 teachers1 neighbors1 and schoolmates often seem to conspire to curb all the natural impulses upon which her health and rounded development depend4 ,aside from the reproductive organs1 the physical mechanism of the girl is much like that of the boy4 ,there is no peculiarity in the structure of the reproductive organs to prohibit vigorous activity4 ,the development and health of these organs and their ligamentous supports are dependent primarily upon the quality and free circulation of the blood1 both of which are preeminently the result of fresh air and exercise4 ,if the muscular system in general is well developed1 there is no reason why the muscular and ligamentous structure of the reproductive organs should not be equally well developed4 ,to insure their proper development1 exercise is essential4 ,a questionnaire answered by girls at the ,university of ,oregon shows that1 with few exceptions1 plays and games were not indulged in throughout the high-school period and systematic playing ceased for the majority in the seventh and eighth grades4 ,this custom prevails throughout the country4 ,just at the time when a girl needs abundant and free open-air play to develop the muscles1 train endurance of the heart1 and increase the capacity of the lungs1 she omits it altogether4 ,this is one of the chief factors in the anaemias and poor circulation common in that period4 ,the derangement in the blood results in digestive disturbances and loss of appetite1 followed by headache and lassitude which further disincline the girl for activity4 ,add to this the nervous strain incident to endeavors to carry on a successful social career1 the nerve tension resulting from the unhygienic clothing assumed at this time1 the lack of the steadying influence of home responsibilities1 and we have ample cause for the nervous1 high-strung girl who is becoming so common that we are in danger of regarding her as the normal girl4 ,so greatly has the school curriculum encroached upon the home that the girl has no longer time to share its responsibilities1 nor is there longer time for the family reading-circle1 or music1 or games for the maintenance of the unity and fellowship of the home4 ,this condition cannot but react unfavorably upon the nervous system4 ,if the brain is not rested and the emotions satisfied by the relationships in the home1 a feverish unrest1 a nervous irritability1 a futile search supplant the calmness of spirit1 stableness of reactions and depth of contentment which must be long continued to become a habit of mind4 ,our school systems of to-day are designed for a girl as strong physically as a boy2 in fact stronger than most of our city boys4 ,our girls should possess as much vitality as our boys2 but until we change our methods of dealing with girls1 we must treat them as they exist and not as the normal individuals we hope some day to evolve4 ,most girls have disorders1--nervousness1 headache1 backache1 constipation1 colds1 fatigue1 or pain at the menstrual period4 ,so common are these disturbances that we consult a physician only in extreme cases1 and rarely seek the cause of the condition or attempt more than temporary relief4 ,a pain which under ordinary circumstances would receive medical attention is viewed with resignation when coincident with the menses4 ,as a consequence of this neglect1 many girls suffer unnecessary drains upon their vitality4 ,we find all degrees of menstrual pain4 ,it may be so mild as to be little more than discomfort1 or so intense that unconsciousness results4 ,the pain may be sharp and knife-like1 or it may be a dull ache4 ,it may be localized1 low down in one or both sides1 distributed over the whole abdomen or concentrated in the back4 ,with this pain1 there may be headache1 or a headache may be the only symptom4 ,frequently there is gastro-intestinal disturbance--nausea1 vomiting1 diarrhoea1 or constipation4 ,in anaemic cases fainting is common4 ,local or operative treatment is not as a rule necessary1 for the majority of cases yield to a strict regime of hygienic living4 ,the regime should include regulation of sleeping1 of eating1 of hours of work and relaxation1 of dressing and of exercise4 ,the exercise should be prescribed and directed by a person trained in medical gymnastics4 ,frequently mental disturbances are associated with the phenomenon of menstruation4 ,the most usual symptoms are heightened irritability1 hysterical manifestations and depression4 ,depression is often the only symptom2 to some girls the premonitory blues signify the approach of the period4 ,occasionally we encounter the reverse1 an excessive stimulation and feeling of well-being and strength4 ,there is some loss in the power of concentration4 ,in normal cases1 however1 this loss is less than many people suppose it to be4 ,lassitude and a feeling of general debility are confined chiefly to the anaemic cases4 ,the mental symptoms clear up as the physical condition is improved1 aided by a sensible attitude toward the whole process4 ,often girls who suffer some pain live through the whole month in dread of the period4 ,this attitude should be changed1 by lessening the pain and by psychic therapy4 ,psychic therapy has proved successful in obstinate cases4 ,the girl who suffers considerably from any of these disorders at the monthly period should be relieved from the strain of examinations1 the classroom1 and lessons which must be learned1 although mental hygiene requires that her mind be kept active and her interests in quiet pleasures stimulated4 ,she should not be left to introspection and morbidness or to the sickly sentimental thoughts often recommended for her4 ,this alone would cause her to exhibit some of the so-called phenomena of adolescence4 ,many of these phenomena are abnormal and are traceable to low physical vitality and lack of strong mental interests4 ,the menstrual period should not be attended by pain or discomfort2 nor should our girls be brought up to regard it as a time of sickness4 ,when our girls are taught that normal girls experience no indisposition at this time1 they will not be resigned to pain4 ,the high-school life of the girl below the average in physical vitality cannot be regulated to her advantage in a co-educational school4 ,cities should maintain girls' high schools1 taught by women teachers1 for all girls upon whom the stress and strain of competition with normal individuals would react unfavorably4 ,in the majority of cases1 menstrual pain in girls is due to nerve tension1 anaemia and poor circulation1 improper clothing1 and mental attitude4 ,the girls who experience no pain are those who have led an active out-of-door life and have never stopped playing4 ,the character and arrangement of a girl's clothing is one of the most important matters in her whole regimen4 ,clothing may neutralize the beneficial effects of her otherwise hygienic habits4 ,the long-continued even though light pressure of the corset--and it is seldom light--interferes with the free circulation of the blood4 ,the alteration in intro-abdominal pressure is conducive to misplacements of abdominal and pelvic organs2 the anterior pressure on the iliac bones1 the result of the modern long hip corset1 is a fruitful source of partial separation of sacro-iliac joints--the cause of many backaches4 ,respiration is limited1 the free play of abdominal muscles is prevented1 constipation is promoted1 and digestion is impaired4 ,the strain on muscles and nerves caused by high-heeled shoes is a prolific source of headache and backache and reduced efficiency4 ,women have no conception how greatly their susceptibility to fatigue is increased and their total efficiency reduced by their methods of dress4 ,the pity is that the majority will not learn unless the decrees of fashion change4 ,the hygienic problems of girls in industry will largely disappear when it becomes a matter of common knowledge that industrial efficiency is dependent upon physical efficiency4 ,the physical efficiency of the worker cannot be maintained at its highest standard when the period allotted to rest is too short to allow the body to rebuild its tissues and dispose of the toxic products of fatigue4 ,all activity must be balanced by rest4 ,if this equilibrium between expenditure and income is disturbed1 exhaustion ensues4 ,if long continued1 it results in permanent impairment of health4 ,the organism poisoned by its own toxic products is incapable of productive effort and the output will steadily diminish as the fatigue increases4 ,the present long working day causes a progressive diminution in the vitality of the worker1 defeats its own end1 and leaves the girl weak in the face of temptations4 ,the housing of unmarried girls is a very serious question4 ,homes for working-girls require skillful management and a matron of insight and sympathy4 ,the bedrooms may be small1 but well lighted and ventilated4 ,there should be a sunny dining-room1 a library1 several small parlors1 attractively furnished1 a gymnasium which could be used for dancing1 shower baths1 and an assembly room for concerts1 lectures1 and moving pictures4 ,this should be in charge of a trained social leader who would direct entertainments and stimulate wholesome interests4 ,with an establishment of this kind we should not find so many of our girls on the streets or seeking diversion in cheap theaters and dance halls4 ,when girls are able to live1--not simply exist in the deadening monotony of alternation between work and sleep1--their heightened mental activity1 interest1 and enthusiasm will prove a valuable asset to employers4 ,one of the chief requisites of the mental training of girls is a knowledge1 supplied at the right time and in the right way1 of the fundamental principles of reproduction4 ,with such knowledge the girl's mind will not be distracted by curiosity1 or become morbid1 when1 instead of intelligent response1 the girl meets with evasions and attempted concealments4 ,she should not receive this knowledge in the form of isolated facts1 but as a correlated part of a great whole to be assimilated gradually4 ,the girl who is trained in this way will understand and accept human reproduction as a natural process4 ,questionnaires show that a majority of girls hear the facts of reproduction at the age of seven or eight1 a few younger1 and a few at the age of ten1--almost none at a later age4 ,the majority hear these facts from children a year or two older1 a few from their mothers1 and the rest from books4 ,a large number experience a feeling of disgust which remains with them until they receive better information4 ,their questions disclose a depth of ignorance and misconception which is appalling4 ,girls1 at the age of twelve1 thirteen1 or fourteen1 should have presented to them a course in physiology which includes the anatomy and hygiene of the reproductive organs4 ,this is carefully omitted from present-day secondary-school textbooks4 ,this course should use charts1 pictures1 and models4 ,the significance of menstruation1 the hygiene of the period1 and the causes and prevention of pain should be explained4 ,under the hygiene of the period1 the daily bath should be urged1 with caution against chills1 in which lies the only possibility of injury4 ,the fertilization of the ovum and cell division may be described by use of the blackboard and embryological models of the later stages of development4 ,the forces which bring about labor can be explained without unduly stressing the attending pain4 ,the course would be incomplete without a discussion of the necessity of careful selection in marriage from the eugenic standpoint4 ,the perils and results of the venereal diseases should be told simply and frankly4 ,the instruction in eugenics1 like that in reproduction1 should be progressive and indirect1 at least up to the age of seventeen or eighteen years4 ,again it may be correlated with plant life by pointing out the beauty of strong1 hardy plants and their relation to the seeds4 ,children can be taught to save the seeds of the most beautiful blossoms for the following year4 ,instruction can be continued with the lower animals4 ,the child will then grow up with the idea that strength and vigor and freedom from disease are desirable qualities1 and must exist in the parent if they are to exist in the offspring4 ,the idea can be readily carried over to the human family4 ,at the age of seventeen or eighteen1 the influence of heredity and the effects of the racial poisons should be fully explained1 and emphasis laid upon qualities necessary for racial betterment4 ,for our girls the first need is a sounder physical organism1 which can be attained only through the systematic continuance of physical activities through childhood and girlhood2 the second need is sounder mental interests1 which can be attained only through the systematic guidance of the mental activities throughout childhood and girlhood2 and the third need is instruction in laws of reproduction4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,moral ,,and ,,religious ,,phases ,by ,norman ,frank ,coleman ,personal and social hygiene in matters of sex are1 in very important ways1 dependent upon moral and religious training4 ,on the other hand1 morals and religion are in important ways dependent upon forces set free by the growth and activity of sex instincts and powers4 ,one of the most significant facts in modern social progress is its recognition of this interdependence of mind and body4 ,we have learned that physical health depends upon peace of mind1 hopefulness1 courage1 and many other things that have seemed in the past to be purely mental or spiritual2 and we have learned also that the character of people and the spirit in which they do their work depend upon their health1 upon conditions of food and warmth and shelter1 things which in the past have been regarded as affecting only the physical man4 ,it is now somewhat out of date to set physical conditions over against moral and religious2 every great human problem is more and more clearly seen in this day to involve all these conditions in its rise1 and to require thoughtful consideration of them all for its solution4 ,as we face the problems of sex1 we must recognize the importance of fresh air1 exercise1 wholesome food1 clean cups and clean towels1 and we must also recognize the importance of clean thoughts and high purposes4 ,we must know clearly the facts of biological and medical science1 and with them in mind we must touch the springs of conduct in affection and imagination4 ,our aim must be to achieve that mastery over the forces of life finely expressed by ,browning's ,rabbi ben ,ezra3 ,nor soul helps flesh more1 now1 than flesh helps soul4 ,we may consider1 first1 how1 in matters of sex1 flesh helps soul2 second1 how soul helps flesh2 and third1 how in normal childhood and youth soul and flesh grow together in mutual help4 ,the first great outstanding fact is that the physical powers of sex reach maturity in the same years in which the moral and religious instincts are greatly quickened4 ,if we recall our youth1 we must realize that1 in the years between twelve and twenty1 our lives were greatly disturbed and perplexed1 and also greatly exalted and inspired by desires and impulses partly toward the opposite sex and partly toward the service of ,god and our fellows4 ,in the normal adolescent boy or girl there is a powerful expanding and enriching of sex thoughts and desires and purposes4 ,there is also a rapid development of social sympathy and passion2 the revolutionary movements of all lands are recruited from those who like ,shelley have in their youth vowed1-- ,i will be wise1 ,and just1 and free1 and mild1 if in me lies ,such power1 for ,i grow weary to behold ,the selfish and the strong still tyrannize ,without reproach or check4 ,and there is a wonderful flowering of the young life in religious feeling and aspiration2 a large majority of religious conversions take place in adolescence4 ,we can scarcely escape the conviction that these are not different awakenings1 but rather different phases of the one great awakening of the young life as it prepares for the tasks and responsibilities of manhood and womanhood4 ,the part that sex development plays in this awakening has been variously stressed by different special students of the physiology and psychology of adolescence4 ,some scientists have not hesitated to give it first place and to treat social passion and religious enthusiasm as secondary manifestations of sex energy4#ei ,however that may be1 we know that each speaks naturally in terms of the other4 ,the religious mystic of the ,middle ,ages was devoted to the ,divine ,lover or the ,heavenly ,lady1 and the modern revolutionary is wedded to the ,cause4 ,on the other hand1 the lover naturally adopts the language of religion to express his devotion to the lady of his heart4 ,the water-tight compartment theory of life is in these days thoroughly discredited4 ,we know that the various powers of soul and body are related and interdependent1 and we feel sure that the developing powers of sex do have very vital relation to developing powers of moral purpose and religious aspiration4 ,in support of this relation we recall the unfortunate effects upon the character of those who by chance or the barbarity of men have been desexed in childhood4 ,we must allow for other factors at work here1 yet the clearly established facts of the stunting of mental and moral growth in desexed children reinforce our own experience and observation1 and indicate that the energies that are developed with sex and maturity are largely available for moral and religious growth4 ,the youth with full sex consciousness and impulse is normally the youth of abundant energy for moral and religious activity4 ,it seems1 therefore1 quite fundamental to the right understanding of sex that we consider the body1 not the enemy of the soul1 but its friend2 not a clog upon the spiritual growth of boy and girl advancing into manhood and womanhood1 but an important source of energy for the upward climb4 ,when we turn to the second part of our discussion and ask how in matters of sex soul helps flesh1 the need and the fact are clearer and perhaps more urgent4 ,dante found the souls of the lustful in the second circle of hell1 driven hither and thither by warring winds1-- ,the stormy blast of hell ,with restless fury drives the spirits on1 ,whirled round and dashed amain with sore annoy4 ,here we have clear recognition of the two great characters of sex impulse1 its violence and its fitfulness4 ,in the one character it needs to be subdued that it may not destroy2 in the other it needs to be directed that it may build up4 ,as we look back through history1 and as we look abroad through our land and through all civilized lands1 one of the most conspicuous facts concerning the powers of sex is their frightful destructiveness4 ,the spectacle of wasted manhood and womanhood1 of depleted powers in body1 mind1 and soul1 is in history and in present society appalling4 ,it is so oppressive that it has driven many thoughtful men and women to despair4 ,men otherwise hopeful and purposeful here become gloomy and fatalistic2 they have no hope that lust will ever be effectively controlled4 ,such pessimism1 however1 contradicts the history as well as the instincts of the race4 ,in the face of great evils there have always been those who would sit down in discouragement despair2 every great destructive force in human history has daunted some men to the point of inactivity4 ,yet the evils have been controlled4 ,ignorant and fearful people have said1 ,this thing is beyond human power2 it is useless for us to struggle against fate4 ,yet men of vision and of courage have struggled and won4 ,no man of moral passion and religious purpose can adopt an attitude of passive submission to the forces of destruction4 ,we can admit no necessary evil1 or the battle of human progress is lost4 ,we ask ourselves soberly1 therefore1 how this tremendous outrush of destructive energy may be controlled4 ,the answer is plain4 ,men have by the agency of fire itself constructed the means by which fire is controlled and domesticated2 they have turned disease against itself1 and by the agency of antitoxins have conquered it2 they are learning to arouse and organize the fighting spirit of men against its own most ancient and fearful expression and are enlisting soldiers of peace in a war against war4 ,even so the race depends upon the higher affections for control of the lower1 and lust is controlled by love4 ,i talked once to a young man in college who had given himself to sexual vice when he had been in high school2 until a year before ,i spoke with him1 he had supposed that virtually all men were and must be sexually indulgent4 ,for twelve months he had kept himself clean4 ,i inquired why and how4 ,he replied simply that he had fallen in love with a young woman and wished to marry her4 ,his former course now seemed to him shameful and unmanly4 ,lust yielding to love6 ,in one of his sonnets to the woman who afterward became his wife1 ,edmund ,spenser says3-- ,you frame my thoughts and fashion me within3 ,you stop my tongue and teach my heart to speak3 ,you calm the storm that passion did begin3 ,strong through your cause1 but by your virtue weak4 ,in our own experience1 as far as we have achieved victory in our own bodies and minds over our baser passions1 we have achieved it by the power of the higher affections4 ,it is a fact of common experience that love calms the storm that passion did begin4 ,so ,spenser's lady strengthened passion by her charm1 but weakened it by her virtue4 ,nor is this the only higher affection that1 in the practical experience of men1 has controlled and transformed animal passion4 ,thousands of fully sexed men have1 through the centuries1 turned their bodily and mental energies so fully to devoted service for ,god and their fellows as to rise above the clamoring demands of physical appetite1 in the vigorous terms of the ,new ,testament making themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of ,god's sake4 ,this is a hard saying1 and the experience it treats of must always be confined to a small number of men2 yet it goes far toward demonstrating a general possibility1 and it should effectively dispose of the necessity argument1 by which men often excuse their vicious practices4 ,one thing more should be said on this subject of control4 ,not only are the higher1 more spiritual affections the most effective masters of the lower2 they are the only effective masters4 ,public reprobation can do much1 but it is ineffectual with large numbers of relatively unattached members of society1 and it is impotent against secret vice4 ,motives of cautious fear are always weak with full-blooded and generous youth1 and they are likely to become weaker with all men as medical science discovers ways to prevent or escape the most obviously fearful consequences of sexual license4 ,a familiar phrase comes to my mind1 as no doubt it comes to yours3 ,the expulsive power of the higher affections2 yet ,i think that phrase is not quite suitable4 ,it is not a question of expulsion4 ,it is not wholly a question of control2 it is mainly a question of direction4 ,what we need to-day with boys and girls for the solving of the sex problems is to direct those energies1 which in their false direction are destructive1 into right and healthful ways2 that is1 we need to socialize and elevate that affection1 which in baser forms has aspects of ugly animalism4 ,as one of the solutions of the problem of control it has been proposed to separate the sexes in the adolescent years4 ,from my point of view1 this would defeat our object4 ,in the association of boys and girls during the adolescent period1 we may enlist the higher affections for the control and the direction of the powers that are set free by sex impulses developed in that very period of life4 ,what happens in the experience of the normal boy8 ,in this period of early adolescence he finds within himself a wonderful quickening of mind1--impulses1 feelings1 longings that he does not understand4 ,these impulses1 feelings1 longings1 perplex him1 it may be for years4 ,they reach out vaguely1 blindly toward the opposite sex1 sometimes in a perverted way1 but oftener naturally and honestly4 ,then the young man falls in love4 ,at once his more or less vague1 cloudy1 incoherent1 formless feelings and purposes are concentrated1 directed1 and fixed in devotion to a young woman whom he idealizes1 almost deifies4 ,that is the first stage in the natural directing and forming of sex powers and impulses toward social1 moral1 and religious ends4 ,of course the young man may discover1 after a while1 that the first object of his fancy is not so angelic as he thought4 ,by and by his fancy changes and may rove to several other maidens before he reaches maturity2 but each successive experience1 if he is true to his better self1 concentrates his affections and directs them1 until1 if he is fortunate1 in the course of time he finds his true mate and enters upon marriage4 ,he is now fairly equipped for what most of us know to be a long course in the discipline of the selfish1 the personal1 the more or less brute desires and ambitions of man4 ,here he learns to subject himself1 his own comfort1 his own ends1 his own ambitions1 to the good of his wife and her happiness1 to the good of his children and the satisfaction of their needs4 ,then1 more and more1 after having concentrated the powers of his spirit through faithful courtship and through happy marriage and fatherhood1 the man is able to diffuse these same energies through many channels1 for the protection of all sorts and conditions of women and children4 ,the man is now a citizen1 a member of society1 with developed powers of social sympathy1 of social energy4 ,how has he developed these powers8 ,not by any supposition that the early sex instincts he felt in his boyhood were wholly animal and must be atrophied by disuse1 but by gathering and directing them into the right channels4 ,direction1 like control1 depends upon enlightened1 purposeful1 persistent love4 ,in the third place1 we may consider how1 in matters of sex1 the flesh and the soul may grow together in mutual help4 ,the essential facts and the vital importance of the sex life appeal to the developing boy or girl in four great relations1 in relation to father and mother1 in relation to the strength and grace of his or her own body and mind1 in relation to his or her future family1 and in relation to society in general4 ,these appeals come in successive periods and open the way to healthful instruction and guidance from childhood up to manhood and womanhood4 ,sex questions first arise in the child's mind in connection with parenthood4 ,the first thing a little boy or girl needs to know is that the young life is sheltered and fed during long months in the mother's body1 and that the father had a share in that life4 ,is it not amazing that in this twentieth century we find many girls twelve years old and over who do not know that their father had any share in starting their lives8 ,i knew of a girl nineteen years old1 a student in college1 who did not know that a man had any essential part in bringing children into the world1 but supposed1 when any question of illegitimate childbirth was raised1 that possibly ,god punished a bad woman by sending her a baby before she was married4 ,it is little short of criminal that many girls are allowed to reach adolescence with no sex thought or image clearly in their minds except such as they have received directly or indirectly from animals4 ,if boys and girls knew from the beginning that a part of the father's life and a part of the mother's life united to form the beginning of their lives1 the question of sex would begin on a plane where there were religious1 moral1 and spiritual associations1 and an atmosphere of love and holiness4 ,these young people could then see the facts of sex clearly instead of through the mists of prurient fancy and suggestion as they see them now4#fj ,the boy and girl who know these two tremendous facts of the nurturing care of the mother before birth1 and the cooperation of the father and mother in the beginning of life1 are fortified against the principal moral and spiritual dangers that they are to face in the future4 ,the next information and guidance needed by our boys and girls concerns the influence of sex upon their own development4 ,the objection is continually raised that it is not well for little children to have sex thoughts emphasized in their minds4 ,but at present no boy or girl grows up and plays among other children1 or hears talk on the streets1 or goes to work in factory or store1 without hearing these facts emphasized day by day1 emphasized unhealthily and distorted shamefully4 ,we propose simply to have the emphasis shifted and lightened for it will be lightened if the facts are given truly and in right relations4 ,boys and girls should learn1 at the same time they are learning facts of nutrition1 excretion1 respiration1 and circulation of the blood1 those facts regarding sex which are most important for healthy growth of mind and body4 ,they should know that the organs of reproduction have a definite relation to the natural and healthful development of the full powers of their bodies in future years2 that internal secretions of these organs coming into the blood help to build up bones and muscles1 help to make their nerve fibers active and vigorous1 help to form their brains1 and help to equip them for manly strength and womanly grace in the years that are to come4 ,these are very simple matters4 ,these facts of sex can be conveyed by just a few sentences of clear1 considerate1 wise information at the right time1 in relation to the other facts of bodily development4 ,considering now the period of puberty1 we find additional needs1 for no boy or girl reaches puberty1 under ordinary conditions1 without knowing that it brings the possibility of fatherhood and motherhood1 brings the possibility of that process that we call fertilization1 in which the life of plants and animals begins4 ,the boy or girl who reaches this age has a right to know what fertilization means1 and what fertilization implies2 has a right to the simple biological facts which will tell him the relation between the life of the parents and the life of the child1 the mysterious relation in body and mind that we call heredity4 ,the beginning of the socializing of sex energy and sex power depends upon recognition of the fact that this power that develops in the young man and young woman at puberty is not to be used for selfish gratification1 is not primarily a source of pleasure1 but has a very direct relation to the health1 intelligence1 and happiness of others4 ,this relation may be enforced by a simple study of succeeding generations of flowers and the ways in which forms1 colors1 and sizes originate and are handed down from generation to generation in wonderful variety4 ,or it may be illustrated from an observation of the beginnings of sex in infusoria2 how tiny animals in stagnant water grow to full size and each divides simply into two to form a new generation2 how this simple asexual process continuing for several generations results in growing weakness and old age1 steadily decreasing size1 steadily decreasing vitality until there comes a time when one infusorian unites with another4 ,there sex begins4 ,that union of two individuals is required to restore youth1 to refresh vitality and energy1 and to produce greater variety in the forms of life4 ,when a boy or girl knows these simple facts1 he is better able to understand the power of reproduction than he can possibly be if they are not before him1 or if all he has heard has been ceaseless reiteration of the pleasures of selfish indulgence of sex appetite4 ,finally1 when the boy and the girl come into later adolescence and face manhood and womanhood1 they are ready to know some of the larger social aspects of sex4 ,they are ready to know of the diseases brought on by perverted sex habits2 of the frightful waste of those who give themselves to licentiousness1 the frightful waste of strength and youthful energy not only in those that actually go down1 but in those that survive4 ,more than that1 seeking right relations of themselves to society1 they need to know the social aspects of sex4 ,the young man needs to know what it means for a woman to bear a child2 he needs to know the social and economic dependence of the pregnant woman and of the young mother1 so that he may realize what the power of fatherhood means in the actual work of society4 ,i cannot imagine any man talking glibly of the necessary evil1 or of man's inability to control sex passions1 if he knows the social facts of sex4 ,any young man who knows even a part of the burden his mother bore for him1 if he has a spark of manhood in his being1 is surely fortified against temptation to selfish indulgence4 ,if1 beyond that1 he can see the relation of the home to society1 the relative steadiness and dependability of a worker with a wife and children1 who bears the home burdens in a man's way1 as compared with the floating1 homeless wanderer who walks our streets2 if he knows these central facts and the dependence of the home upon the faithfulness of the man and the presence of the man1 if he has a spark of patriotism in his heart1 he must realize in his thought and in his practice the necessity for the socialization of that passion which1 though it begin in individual and selfish forms1 issues in such fateful social consequences4 ,the solution of this great1 urgent1 pressing problem1 which we are feeling the weight of more and more in these years of careful investigation of our social conditions1 will come in frankly recognizing the beginnings upon which the whole sex life in mind and body is based1 and in transforming fundamentally important animal instincts and desires into higher affections1 humanizing them for the sake of the loved one1 for the sake of family1 for the sake of the social brotherhood and sisterhood in which we are members4 ,my closing word is one which seems to me most significant of the true1 the beautiful1 the victorious way out of so much discouragement and so much crime1--that is the word consecration4 ,that word includes two essential ideas1 the ideas of sacredness and cooperation4 ,the problems of sex will never be solved until the sacredness of sex is recognized1 for sex is vitally and indissolubly bound up with the two greatest facts that you and ,i know4 ,the greatest fact of the organized world around us is life1 the greatest fact of the spiritual world into which we lift our souls is love1 and the beginnings of life and the beginnings of love are in sex4 ,no boy or girl will readily understand what life means except as he has some clear1 wise teaching about sex2 no boy or girl will fully understand what love means except through recognition of the dignity and worth and purity of the fundamental facts and powers of sex4 ,who shall give this enlightenment8 ,i think it must be clear that this enlightenment cannot be given by the very young and inexperienced person1 that the facts can be rightly given only by some person who knows their sacredness for himself or herself4 ,they can be given best by a mature person who has seen and felt what they mean4 ,in the long run1 ,i have no doubt that our boys and girls will get the information that they must have from their parents1 for the father and the mother are the best qualified to give it4 ,i have named both the father and the mother1 for the solution of our problem is not only in knowing the sacredness of sex1 it is also in working together for the elevation of sex life4 ,we shall not be able1 we men1 in the future1 to sit down and say1 ,oh1 well1 ,john will learn from his mother2 ,mary's mother will make that clear to her2 ,their mother does these things4 ,it will not be possible for the socializing of the sex instincts and the ripening of the sex powers to be made clear to young people except as men and women both recognize the sacredness of the sex relation and undertake to make things clear to boys and girls4 ,men must give up their selfish indifference to evil conditions1 and women--some women--must give up the bitterness and hardness that come into their hearts and their faces when they think of the suffering that their sex has endured at the hands of man4 ,this is not a problem for one sex4 ,it cannot be solved by either half of the great whole of humanity4 ,we know this to be true in our personal life2 it is equally true in our social life4 ,it is only by the girding-up of the whole spirit of man to go forth and meet his duty as a lover1 as a husband1 as a father1 and it is only by the girding-up of all the powers of the woman to lead and to help1 that the family is organized4 ,in this great human family of ours the man and the woman in days that are coming will cooperate to remove from our midst the blackest and most fearful perversion of the natural powers of our race4 ,we do not believe in sitting down idly before this problem and saying1 ,it has always been1 it always will be4 ,in this great day of moral and spiritual progress1 with powers that we have inherited from our forefathers in this land and other lands1 we know that there is no necessary evil4 ,we are learning what the evil of sex is1 and how it arises1 and we are beginning to use the forces at hand for its destruction4 ,conscience is kindling and determination is hardening among our people that this thing shall cease to be4 ,the ape and the tiger shall yet die from our midst1 and man's spirit shall triumph in his flesh4 ,,footnotes3 #ei ,a4 ,forel1 ,the ,sexual ,question1 chap4 ,,xii1 ,religion and ,sexual ,life2 ,william ,james1 ,varieties of ,religious ,experience1 chap4 ,i2 especially the first footnote4 #fj ,f4,w4 ,foerster1 ,marriage and the ,sex ,problem1 chap4 ,,iv2 especially section 7d71 ,the ,educational ,significance of ,monogamy4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,agencies1 ,,methods1 ,,materials1 ,,and ,,ideals ,by ,william ,trufant ,foster ,at the outset we observed that the present social emergency is not concerned merely with diseases1 or physiology1 or laws1 or wages1 or suffrage1 or recreation1 or education1 or religion4 ,all of these phases of the present situation1 and many others1 must be taken into account in our attempted solution of the problem of sex hygiene and morals4 ,a person who believes that he can offer a quick and certain way out of our difficulties appears to have no comprehension of the problem4 ,this much1 however1 is certain3 the greatest need is public education4 ,the policy of silence has failed4 ,accurate and widespread knowledge is a necessary condition of progress1 whatever may be the chosen direction4 ,the main questions at issue concern the ,agencies1 ,methods1 ,materials1 and ,ideals of education4#fa ,the following propositions are intended as a brief summary of the most important truths concerning each of those four aspects4 ,i4 ,,agencies #a4 ,as there are but few parents who can and will give the necessary instruction1 it must be given by other agencies1 at least until a new generation of parents has been prepared to meet this responsibility4 #b4 ,although the failure of parents calls for the immediate action of other agencies1 the instruction should be so conducted as to break down the barriers of false modesty and establish confidence between parents and children4#fb #c4 ,as the public school is the only agency of formal education that reaches nearly all of the children of the nation1 sex instruction must eventually be given in all public schools2 only thus can we bring forward a new generation of parents1 equipped with the knowledge and desire to do their duty by their children4 #d4 ,as a majority of our boys and girls do not enter high school1 some instruction in matters of sex should be given in grammar schools4 #e4 ,no community should introduce direct sex education into the schools as a part of the curriculum1 until it has informed parents1 cultivated favorable public opinion1 and obtained the services of teachers who are qualified for the work by nature and by special preparation4 #f4 ,all normal schools and all college departments of education should at once embody1 in their courses for teachers1 instruction in the matter and methods of sex education1 and adequate instruction should be provided for teachers now in service2 and within a reasonable time after such opportunities have been offered in a given ,state1 certificates to teach in that ,state should be granted only to those who have had the prescribed preparation4 #g4 ,as there is not now a sufficient number of public school teachers prepared to teach sex hygiene1 such teaching must be done in part1 at least for many years1 by private agencies4 #h4 ,lectures should be arranged for parents by churches1 schools1 colleges1 clubs1 granges1 boards of health1 and other organizations2 but no one should be accepted as a lecturer until he is approved by a board of health1 social hygiene society1 college1 or other organization which is unquestionably competent to pass judgment on the qualifications of the speaker4 #i4 ,since there are adults in every community that will not be reached1 even when sex education becomes a part of the day-school curriculum1 such instruction should be offered in continuation schools1 in social settlements1 in ,young ,men's ,christian ,associations1 in college extension courses1 in factories1 stores1 lumber-camps1 car-shops1--indeed1 wherever the happy connection can be made between those who need the help and those who are surely qualified to give help4#fc ,,ii4 ,,methods #a4 ,sex instruction as a rule should not be isolated2 it should not be prominent2 it should be an integral part of courses in biology1 hygiene1 and ethics4 ,specialists in sex education are undesirable as teachers of boys and girls1 in or out of school4 #b4 ,as there is a discrepancy between the age of puberty and the age of marriage1 due to artificial conditions of modern society1 it is important that sex consciousness and sex curiosity should develop slowly3 accordingly1 sex instruction1 unlike instruction in other subjects1 must seek to satisfy rather than to stimulate interest in the subject2 questions must be answered truthfully1 but the answers must not lead the curiosity of the child beyond the information that is immediately necessary for the guidance of his own conduct4 #c4 ,the aims of sex education can be fully attained only by the encouragement of every means for keeping the mind occupied throughout waking hours with wholesome thoughts and the body sufficiently active in vigorous work and play1 preferably out of doors4 #d4 ,lectures and class instruction should be provided only for carefully selected groups3 almost nothing can be gained1 and much may be lost1 by presenting the subject before miscellaneous audiences4 #e4 ,at every age1 in every class1 there are likely to be individuals who need certain instruction not needed by the entire class3 such instruction should be given privately4 #f4 ,books dealing directly with human sex life should not be given to children before the age of puberty2 some of the books most widely used are dangerous2 instruction should come directly from parent or teacher4 #g4 ,traveling exhibits1 made up of concrete and vivid materials1 and prepared with due consideration of all the accepted principles of sex education1 may be used effectively and inexpensively to bring the truths before many thousands of adults in many places4#fd #h4 ,against commercialized prostitution1 the educational campaign should be one of pitiless publicity3 the public should know the names of all persons engaged in promoting the business1 whether they are prostitutes 7including female and male71 or liquor dealers1 owners of houses1 owners of real estate1 lessees1 proprietors1 financial backers1 policemen1 or politicians2 their connection with the traffic should be proclaimed by means as effective as the tin-plate signs for disorderly houses4 #i4 ,reliable investigations should be made further to reveal the relationships between sexual immorality and venereal diseases1 on the one hand1 and1 on the other hand1 between sexual immorality and ignorance1 low wages1 injurious clothing1 lack of wholesome amusements1 low dance-halls1 grills1 moving-picture houses1 vaudeville shows and so-called legitimate theaters1 mental deficiency1 armies and navies1 and--most important of all--the liquor traffic2 and the outcome of such investigations should be made known through persistent campaigns of public education4 #aj4 ,the conclusions of every vice commission and of every other dependable investigation--not the details--must be kept before the public1 until the truth is common knowledge that segregation never segregates2 that safeguarding clinics never safeguard2 that medical control never controls2 that official protection of immorality increases immorality2 and that1 if there be any such thing as a necessary evil1 it is not the shameless partnership of government and vice4#fe ,,iii4 ,,materials #a4 ,elementary nature-study for children and biological study for boys and girls of high-school age may lead gradually and safely to the teaching of plant and animal reproduction1 provided that the subject is not left on the plane of animal life2 it is a mistake to suppose that the teaching of biology necessarily promotes right conduct in matters of sex4 #b4 ,subordinate and incidental to instruction in normal sex processes1 warning should be given of the dangers of individual vice1 illicit sexual intercourse1 and venereal diseases2 but such instruction should be given only to groups that are homogeneous in respect to sex1 physiological age1 and social environment1 or preferably1 to individuals4#ff #c4 ,instruction concerning venereal disease1 which leaves the impression that the chief danger of illicit intercourse is getting caught1 should not be tolerated3 knowledge of facts though scientifically accurate1 is not necessarily protection to the individual or to society4 #d4 ,as sex instruction for young people has none but practical aims1 hygienic and moral1 only such knowledge concerning sex processes1 reproduction1 and diseases should be given at each period as is necessary for the welfare of the individual at that period4 #e4 ,the practice of masturbation is sufficiently common among both boys and girls to call for warnings to all children at the earliest ages2 any teacher or parent should be qualified to help in individual cases4 #f4 ,the education of adolescent boys must stress the six great truths that will fortify them against the main arguments of the enemies of decency and health3-- 7#a7 ,sexual intercourse is not a physiological necessity2 continence was never known to impair physical or mental vigor4 7#b7 ,there can be but one standard of chastity2 the purity a man demands for his sister1 he must achieve for himself4 7#c7 ,seminal emissions are natural among healthy men2 usually they need cause no concern4 7#d7 ,gonorrhea is a terrible disease1 with tragic consequences that one can never fully foretell2 syphilis is worse4 7#e7 ,every woman who offers her body for prostitution is1 sooner or later1 a probable source of contagion2 clean living is the only positive safeguard against venereal disease4 7#f7 ,nearly every advertising specialist is a criminal of the most contemptible type2 the only safe adviser is the doctor in reputable standing who is not afraid to sign his name to his prescription or to his advice4 ,,iv4 ,,ideals #a4 ,the function of education is to guide the intellect into a knowledge of right and wrong1 to supply motives for right conduct1 and to furnish occasions by which alone can moral habits be cultivated4 7,drummond47 #b4 ,the first aim of sex education is necessarily to bring about an open-minded1 serious1 if possible a reverent1 attitude toward sex and motherhood1 in place of the traditional secrecy and vulgarity2 a teacher who cannot do this should do nothing4#fg #c4 ,in so far as the sex life of animals is made the basis of instruction1 the difference between man and the lower animals is the point to emphasize2 otherwise the facts of animal life may appear to justify irresponsible sex activities1 whereas the glory of man is his control over animal instincts4 #d4 ,since it is not ignorance of what is right1 but rather the will to do the right1 that is usually responsible for sexual delinquency among adults1 the program of public education must include more effective moral education in all grades of all schools2 every subject1 properly taught1 is a means of cultivating will power1 of strengthening character2 but the school curriculum is now made to yield but a small part of its possibilities4 #e4 ,the appeal must be made to self-respect and to chivalry2 especially through history and literature the idea of sex must be spiritualized2 the right education of the emotions is fundamental4#fh #f4 ,through the study of heredity and eugenics1 the social responsibility of the individual may be made to serve as a higher incentive for right conduct than the fear of disease4 #g4 ,if there is one truth concerning sex education that needs emphasis above all others1 it is that all plans for meeting the social emergency must strengthen the control of moral and spiritual law over sex impulses2 otherwise sex education may be antagonistic not only to physical health1 but as well to the highest development of personality and to the progressive evolution of human society4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,the best expression of the consensus of opinion of those who should know most about the subject is the ,report of the ,special ,committee on the ,matter and ,methods of ,sex ,education issued by the ,american ,federation for ,sex ,hygiene1 ,new ,york1 ,december1 #aiab4 #fb ,sex ,education1 by ,ira ,s4 ,wile1 ,m4,s41 ,m4,d4 7,new ,york1 #aiab71 aims to assist parents to banish the difficulties and to suggest a course of instruction4 ,it is a brief and wholly admirable treatise4 #fc ,progress1 the second annual report of the ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society1 gives some account of the most extensive public education that has been conducted in this country4 #fd ,the ,exhibit of the ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society has been seen by over #ej1jjj people1 at a total cost of less than two cents for each person4 #fe ,especially valuable are the two volumes by ,abraham ,flexner1 written for the ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene4 ,see ,list of ,references4 #ff ,see ,american ,youth1 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #aiac 7,sex ,education ,number74 ,an article by ,george ,w4 ,hinckley tells of the ideal way in which he gives individual instruction to his boys at ,good ,will ,farm1 ,hinckley1 ,maine4 #fg ,sex-instruction as a ,phase of ,social ,education1 in ,religious ,education1 #aiac1 by ,maurice ,a4 ,bigelow1 is one of the best articles on this subject4 #fh ,f4,w4 ,foerster1 ,marriage and the ,sex ,problem4 ,no book on this subject has reached a higher plane of idealism4 ,at the same time it is scientifically sound4 ,,list ,,of ,,references ,,chapters ,i1 ,,ii ,,general ,,survey ,prepared by ,maida ,rossiter1 ,librarian1 ,reed ,college ,addams1 ,jane4 ,a ,new ,conscience and an ,ancient ,evil4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,american ,federation for ,sex ,hygiene4 ,report of the ,sex ,education ,sessions of the ,fourth ,international ,congress on ,school ,hygiene4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,american ,medical ,association4 ,nostrums and ,quackery4 ,chicago4 ,bloch1 ,iwan4 ,sexual ,life of our ,time in its ,relation to ,modern ,civilization2 tr4 by ,eden ,paul4 ,st4 ,louis1 #aiaa4 ,brieux1 ,eugene4 ,damaged ,goods4 ,in his ,three ,plays4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,commonwealth ,club of ,california4 ,the ,red ,plague4 ,commonwealth ,club of ,california4 ,transactions1 vol4 ,,vi1 no4 #a1 ,may1 #aiaa2 vol4 ,,viii1 no4 #g1 ,august1 #aiac4 ,dealey1 ,j4,q4 ,the ,family in its ,sociological ,aspects4 ,boston1 #aiab4 ,ellis1 ,havelock4 ,task of ,social ,hygiene4 ,boston1 #aiab4 ,flexner1 ,a4 ,prostitution in ,western ,europe4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene ,publications4 ---- ,prostitution in the ,united ,states4 7,in preparation47 ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene ,publications4 ,foerster1 ,f4,w4 ,marriage and the ,sex ,problem2 tr4 by ,meyrick ,booth4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,forel1 ,august4 ,sexual ,question2 tr4 by ,c4,f4 ,marshall4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,fosdick1 ,r4,d4 ,european ,police ,systems4 ,new ,york #aiac4 ,kneeland1 ,g4,j4 ,commercialized ,prostitution in ,new ,york ,city4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene ,publications4 ,morrow1 ,p4,a4 ,social ,diseases and ,marriage4 ,new ,york #aijd4 ,northcote1 ,hugh4 ,christianity and ,sex ,problems4 ,philadelphia1 #aijf4 ,seligman1 ,e4,r4,a41 ed4 ,social ,evil4 ,ed4 #b1 rev4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,sisson1 ,e4,o4 ,educational ,emergency4 ,atlantic ,monthly1 vol4 #ajf1 pp4 #ed-fc1 ,july1 #aiaj4 ,thomson1 ,j4,a41 and ,geddes1 ,p4 ,problem of ,sex4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,westermarck1 ,edward4 ,history of ,human ,marriage4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,wilson1 ,r4,n4 ,american ,boy and the ,social ,evil4 ,philadelphia1 #aije4 ,zenner1 ,philip4 ,education in ,sexual ,physiology and ,hygiene4 ,cincinnati1 #aiaj4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,physiological ,,aspects ,reproduction ,exner1 ,m4,j4 ,the ,physician's ,answer4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,howell1 ,w4,h4 ,textbook of ,physiology4 ,ed4 #d4 ,philadelphia1 #aiaa4 ,landois1 ,leonard4 ,textbook of ,human ,physiology4 ,ed4 #aj4 ,philadelphia1 #aijd4 ,marshall1 ,f4,h4,a4 ,physiology of ,reproduction4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,heredity and ,eugenics ,castle1 ,w4,e4 ,heredity4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,darbishire1 ,a4,d4 ,breeding and the ,mendelian ,theory4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,davenport1 ,c4,b4 ,heredity in ,relation to ,eugenics4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,ellis1 ,havelock4 ,problem of ,race ,regeneration4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,jordan1 ,d4,s4 ,heredity of ,richard ,roe4 ,boston1 #aiaa4 ,kellicott1 ,w4,e4 ,social ,direction of ,human ,evolution4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,punnett1 ,r4,c4 ,mendelism4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,saleeby1 ,c4,w4 ,methods of ,race ,regeneration4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ---- ,parenthood and ,race ,culture4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,walter1 ,h4,e4 ,genetics4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,winship1 ,a4,e4 ,jukes-,edwards2 a ,study in ,education and ,heredity4 ,harrisburg1 #aijj4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,medical ,,phases ,dock1 ,l4,l4 ,hygiene and ,morality2 ,medical1 ,social and ,legal ,aspects of ,venereal ,diseases4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,fisher1 ,irving4 ,national ,vitality4 ,washington1 #aiaj4 ,u4,s4 #fast ,cong41 #b;d ,sess4 ,senate ,doc4 #dai4 ,hall1 ,w4,s4 ,biology1 ,physiology1 and ,sociology of ,reproduction also1 ,sexual ,hygiene4 ,ed4 #aa4 ,chicago1 #aijf4 ,keyes1 ,e4,l4 ,observations of the ,persistence of ,gonococci in the ,male ,urethra4 ,american ,journal of the ,medical ,science1 ,january1 #aiab4 ,morrow1 ,p4,a4 ,social ,diseases and ,marriage4 ,philadelphia1 #aijd4 ,taylor1 ,r4,w4 ,practical ,treatise on ,genito-,urinary and ,venereal ,diseases and ,syphilis4 ,ed4 #c4 ,philadelphia1 #aijd4 ,,chapter ,v ,,economic ,,phases ,adams1 ,t4,s41 and ,sumner1 ,h4,l4 ,labor ,problems4 ,ed4 #h4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,chap4 ,i4 ,addams1 ,jane4 ,a ,new ,conscience and an ,ancient ,evil4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,butler1 ,e4,b4 ,women and the ,trades4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,flexner1 ,abraham4 ,prostitution in the ,united ,states4 ,new ,york4 7,in preparation47 ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene ,publications4 ---- ,prostitution in ,western ,europe4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene ,publications4 ,fosdick1 ,r4,d4 ,european ,police ,systems4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene ,publications4 ,goldmark1 ,josephine4 ,fatigue and ,efficiency4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,kelley1 ,florence4 ,some ,ethical ,gains through ,legislation4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,kneeland1 ,g4,j4 ,commercialized ,prostitution in ,new ,york ,city4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene ,publications4 ,more1 ,l4,b4 ,life ,earner's ,budgets2 ,a ,study of ,standards and ,cost of ,living in ,new ,york ,city4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,roe1 ,c4,g4 ,panders and their ,white ,slaves4 ,chicago1 #aiaj4 ,ryan1 ,j4,a4 ,a ,living ,wage4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,sanger1 ,w4,w4 ,history of ,prostitution4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,seligman1 ,e4,r4,a41 ed4 ,social ,evil4 ,ed4 #b1 rev4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,chap4 ,i4 ,streightoff1 ,f4,h4 ,standard of ,living among ,industrial ,people of ,america4 ,boston1 #aiaa4 ,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,labor4 ,women and ,child ,wage-,earners in the ,united ,states4 ,washington1 #aiaa-ab4 ,vols4 #e1 #ae4 ,u4,s4 ,immigration ,commission4 ,steerage ,conditions2 ,importation and ,harboring ,women for ,immoral ,purposes4444 ,washington1 #aiaa4 ,u4,s4 #fast ,cong41 #c;d ,sess4 ,senate ,doc4 #gec4 ,reports of ,commission1 vol4 #cg4 ,vice ,commission ,reports4 ,a list of vice commissions is printed at the end of these references4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,recreational ,,phases ,addams1 ,jane4 ,spirit of ,youth and the ,city ,streets4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,allen1 ,w4,h4 ,civics and ,health4 ,boston1 #aiji4 ,camp-,fire ,girls of ,america4 ,manual4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,chicago ,vice ,commission4 ,report1 #aiaa4 ,collier1 ,john4 ,moving ,pictures2 ,their ,function and ,proper ,regulation4 ,playground ,magazine1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #bcb-ci1 ,october1 #aiaj4 ,health ,department ,control of ,venereal ,diseases4 ,social ,diseases1 vol4 #b1 nos4 #b-c1 ,april and ,july1 #aiaa4 ,israels1 ,mrs4 ,c4,h4 ,dance ,problem4 ,playground ,magazine1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #bdb-ej1 ,october1 #aiaj4 ,juvenile ,protective ,association of ,chicago4 ,reports on dance halls1 moving picture theaters1 saloons1 department stores1 etc4 ,chicago1 #aiaa-ab4 ,minneapolis ,vice ,commission4 ,report1 #aiaa1 pp4 #abi-ca4 ,perry1 ,c4,a4 ,wider ,use of the ,school ,plant4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,playground ,association of ,america4 ,proceedings1 #aijg to date4 ,new ,york1 #aijh to date4 ,russell ,sage ,foundation4 ,recreation ,bibliography4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,ward1 ,e4,j41 ed4 ,social ,centers4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,educational ,,phases ,american ,federation for ,sex ,hygiene4 ,proceedings1 #aiac4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,report of the ,sex ,education ,sessions of the ,fourth ,international ,congress on ,school ,hygiene and the ,annual ,meeting of the ,federation at ,buffalo1 ,august #bg-bi1 #aiac4 ---- ,report of ,special ,committee on the ,matter and ,methods of ,sex ,education4 ,presented before the ,sub-,section on ,sex ,hygiene of the ,fifteenth ,international ,congress on ,hygiene and ,demography1 held in ,washington1 ,d4,c41 ,september #bc-bh1 #aiab4 ,new ,york ,city1 #aiac4 ,cocks1 ,o4,g4 ,engagement and ,marriage3 ,talks with ,young ,men4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,sex ,education ,series4 ,study no4 #d4 ,cook1 ,w4,a4 ,problems of ,sex ,education4 ,journal of ,educational ,psychology1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #bec-fj1 ,may1 #aiac4 ,ellis1 ,havelock4 ,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex4 ,philadelphia1 #aijj-aj4 #f vols4 ,hall1 ,g4,s4 ,adolescence4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,chap4 ,,vi4 ---- ,educational ,problems4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,chap4 ,,vii4 ,hall1 ,w4,s4 ,sexual ,knowledge4 ,philadelphia1 #aiac4 ---- ,strength of ,ten4 #aiji4 ,henderson1 ,c4,r4 ,education with ,reference to ,sex4 ,national ,society for the ,scientific ,study of ,education4 #hth ,yearbook1 #aiji4 ,lyttleton1 ,edward4 ,training of the ,young in ,laws of ,sex4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,manny1 ,f4,a4 ,bibliography of ,sex ,hygiene4 ,educational ,review1 vol4 #df1 pp4 #afh-gf1 ,september1 #aiac4 ,moll1 ,albert4 ,sexual ,life of the ,child4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,phelps1 ,jessie4 ,teaching of ,sex in ,normal ,schools4 ,national ,conference of ,charities and ,corrections4 ,proceedings1 #aiab1 pp4 #bfg-gj4 ,putnam1 ,h4,c4 ,sex ,instruction in ,schools4 ,national ,society for the ,scientific ,study of ,education4 #hth ,yearbook1 #aiji1 pt4 #b4 ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis4 ,educational pamphlets4 ,no4 #a4 ,young ,man's ,problem4 ,no4 #b4 ,instruction in ,physiology and ,hygiene of ,sex for ,teachers4 ,no4 #c4 ,relations of ,social ,diseases with ,marriage and their ,prophylaxis4 ,no4 #d4 ,boy ,problem4 ,no4 #e4 ,how my ,uncle the ,doctor instructed me in ,matters of ,sex4 ,no4 #f4 ,health and ,hygiene of ,sex4 ,thomas1 ,w4,i4 ,sex and ,society4 ,chicago1 #aijg4 ,wagner1 ,charles4 ,youth4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,book #c4 ,warthin1 ,a4,s4 ,sex ,pedagogy in the ,high ,school4 ,in ,johnston1 ,c4,h41 ed41 ,high ,school ,education4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,wile1 ,i4,s4 ,sex ,education4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,bibliography1 pp4 #adi-ej4 ,willson1 ,r4,n4 ,american ,boy and the ,social ,evil4 ,philadelphia1 #aije4 ---- ,education of the ,young in ,sex ,hygiene2 ,a ,textbook for ,parents and ,teachers4 ,philadelphia1 #aiac4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,teaching ,,phases ,for ,children ,chapman1 ,mrs4 ,rose ,wood ,allen4 ,how ,shall ,i ,tell my ,child8 ,chicago1 #aiab4 ,hall1 ,w4,s4 ,strength of ,ten4 #aiji4 ,lyttleton1 ,edward4 ,training of the ,young in ,laws of ,sex4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,moll1 ,albert4 ,sexual ,life of the ,child4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,morley1 ,margaret4 ,renewal of ,life4 ,chicago1 #aijf4 ,torelle1 ,ellen4 ,plant and ,animal ,children2 how they grow4 ,boston1 #aiab4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,teaching ,,phases ,for ,boys ,boys' ,venereal ,peril4 ,chicago1 #aiaa4 7#af-ah years47 ,hall1 ,w4,s4 ,from ,youth into ,manhood4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 7#aa-ae years47 ---- ,instead of ,wild ,oats4 ,chicago1 #aiab4 ---- ,john's ,vacation2 ,a ,story for ,boys4 ,chicago1 #aiac4 ---- ,life's ,beginnings4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 7#aj-ad yrs47 ,lowry1 ,e4,b4 ,truths2 ,talks with a ,boy concerning himself4 ,chicago1 #aiaa4 ,morley1 ,m4,w4 ,a ,song of ,life4 ,chicago1 #aijb4 7,young men47 ,oker-,blom1 ,max4 ,how my ,uncle1 the ,doctor1 instructed me in ,matters of ,sex4 ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis4 ,educational ,pamphlet no4 #e4 7#aj-ad years47 ,sperry1 ,l4,b4 ,confidential ,talks with ,young ,men4 ,wegener1 ,hans4 ,we ,young ,men4 ,philadelphia1 #aiaa4 7#ba years and upward47 ,wilson1 ,r4,n4 ,american ,boy and the ,social ,evil4 ,philadelphia1 #aije4 7#ah years and upward47 ---- ,nobility of ,boyhood4 ,philadelphia1 #aiaj4 7#ad-ah years47 ,young ,man's ,problem4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis4 ,educational ,pamphlet no4 #a4 ,,chapter ,x ,,teaching ,,phases ,for ,girls ,chamberlain1 ,a4,f4 ,the ,child2 ,a ,study in the ,evolution of ,man4 ,ed4 #b4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,cleaves1 ,m4,a4 ,education in ,sexual ,hygiene for ,young ,working ,women4 ,charities and the ,commons1 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #gba-bd1 ,feb4 #bd1 #aijf4 ,dudley1 ,gertrude1 and ,kellor1 ,f4,a4 ,athletic ,games in the ,education of ,women4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,gesell1 ,a4,l4 ,normal ,child and ,principles of ,education4 ,boston1 #aiab4 ,goldmark1 ,j4,c4 ,fatigue and ,efficiency4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,gordon1 ,h4,l4 ,modern ,mother4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,hall1 ,w4,s4 ,the ,doctor's ,daughter2 ,a ,story for ,girls4 ,chicago1 #aiac4 ---- ,life ,problems2 ,a ,story for ,girls4 ,chicago1 #aiac4 ,johnson1 ,g4,e4 ,education by ,plays and ,games4 ,boston1 #aijg4 ,lowry1 ,e4,b4 ,herself2 ,talks with ,women concerning themselves4 ,chicago1 #aiaa4 ---- ,false ,modesty4 ,chicago1 #aiab4 ---- ,confidences2 ,talks with a ,young ,girl concerning herself4 ,chicago1 #aiaj4 ,mosher1 ,e4,m4 ,health and ,happiness4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,oppenheim1 ,nathan4 ,care of the ,child in ,health4 ---- ,development of the ,child4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,partridge1 ,g4,e4 ,genetic ,philosophy of ,education4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,plain ,talks with ,girls about their ,health and ,physical ,development4 ,salem1 #aiab4 ,oregon ,state ,board of ,health4 ,circular no4 #d4 ,puffer1 ,j4,a4 ,the ,boy and his ,gang4 ,boston1 #aiab4 ,saleeby1 ,c4,w4 ,woman and ,womanhood4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,smith1 ,n4,m4 ,three ,gifts of ,life4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,sperry1 ,l4,b4 ,confidential ,talks with ,young ,women4 ,chicago1 n4d4 ,tyler1 ,j4,m4 ,growth and ,education4 ,boston1 #aije4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,moral ,,and ,,religious ,,phases ,abbott1 ,lyman4 ,womanhood4 ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society4 ,circular no4 #af4 ,bible4 ,mark ,x1 #b-ab4 ,compare ,deut4 ,,xxiv1 #a-d4 ,bible4 ,matt4 ,v1 #bg-cj4 ,bible4 ,i ,cor4 #g4 ,foerster1 ,f4,w4 ,marriage and the ,sex ,problem4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,hall1 ,g4,s4 ,adolescence4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,chaps4 ,,xiii-,,xv4 ,hamilton1 ,cosmo4 ,a ,plea for the ,younger ,generation4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,james1 ,william4 ,varieties of ,religious ,experience4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,chap4 ,i4 ,,periodicals ,the following periodicals are sources of news in regard to sex education1 sex hygiene1 and allied subjects3-- ,american ,breeders' ,magazine2 ,a ,journal of ,genetics and ,eugenics4 ,published quarterly by the ,american ,breeders' ,association4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,sent to members1 annual membership1 #b4jj4 ,american ,medical ,association3 ,journal4 ,published weekly by the ,american ,medical ,association1 #ece ,dearborn ,avenue1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 #e4jj yearly4 ,american ,physical ,education ,review4 ,published monthly by the ,american ,physical ,education ,association1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #c4jj yearly4 ,eugenics ,review4 ,published quarterly by the ,eugenics ,education ,society1 #f1 ,york ,buildings1 ,adelphi1 ,london4 #ds4 #f;d4 yearly4 ,journal of ,educational ,psychology4 ,published monthly1 except ,july and ,august1 by ,warwick ,york1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #b4ej yearly4 ,social ,diseases4 ,published quarterly4 #aje ,west #djth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 #a4jj yearly4 ,survey2 ,a ,journal of ,constructive ,philanthropy4 ,published weekly by the ,survey ,associates1 #aje ,east #bb;d ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 #b4jj yearly4 ,vigilance4 ,a monthly magazine correlating constructive efforts for the suppression of the social evil4 ,published monthly by the ,american ,vigilance ,association1 #aef ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 #a4jj yearly4 ,u4,s4 ,commissioner of ,education4 ,monthly record of current educational publications4 ,bibliography1 published monthly1 devotes one section to sex hygiene4 ,sent free from ,commissioner's ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,organizations ,,interested ,,in ,,social ,,hygiene ,american ,federation for ,sex ,hygiene4 ,combined with ,american ,vigilance ,association to form ,american ,social ,hygiene ,association4 ,american ,health ,defense ,league4 #cg ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,american ,medical ,association4 #ece ,dearborn ,avenue1 ,chicago4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,alex4 ,r4 ,craig4 ,american ,purity ,alliance4 #bjg ,east #aeth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,american ,social ,hygiene ,association4 #aje ,west #djth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,secys41 ,dr4 ,william ,snow1 ,j4,b4 ,reynolds4 ,american ,unitarian ,association4 ,department of ,social and ,public ,service4 ,committee on ,sex ,education and ,hygiene4 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,american ,vigilance ,association4 ,combined with ,american ,federation for ,sex ,hygiene to form ,american ,social ,hygiene ,association4 ,bureau of ,social ,hygiene4 ,members3 ,davis1 ,katharine ,b42 ,warburg1 ,paul ,m42 ,murphy1 ,starr ,j42 ,rockefeller1 ,john ,d41 ,jr41 ,chairman4 ,p4,o4 ,box #egi1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,california ,social ,hygiene ,society4 ,san ,francisco4 ,secy41 ,c4,n4 ,white4 ,chicago ,society of ,social ,hygiene4 #ajj ,state ,street1 ,chicago4 ,secy41 ,w4,t4 ,belfield4 ,colorado ,society for ,social ,health4 ,denver1 ,colo4 ,committee of ,fourteen4 #bg ,e4 #bb;d ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,secy41 ,f4,h4 ,whitin4 ,commonwealth ,club of ,california4 #hjd ,first ,national ,bank ,building1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,connecticut ,society of ,social ,hygiene4 #db ,high ,street1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,secy41 ,t4,n4 ,hepburn4 ,detroit ,society for ,sex ,hygiene4 #cc ,high ,street ,e41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,secy41 ,raymond ,e4 ,van ,syckle4 ,friends' ,committee on ,philanthropic ,labor4 ,park ,avenue and ,laurens ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,illinois ,vigilance ,association4 #aec ,lasalle ,street1 ,chicago4 ,indiana ,society of ,social ,hygiene4 #gbc ,hume-,mansur ,building1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,h4,g4 ,hamer4 ,indiana ,state ,board of ,health4 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,international ,congress on ,school ,hygiene4 ,fourth meeting held in ,buffalo1 ,august #bg-bi1 #aiac4 ,international ,purity ,association4 ,juvenile ,protective ,association4 #haf ,south ,halsted ,street1 ,chicago4 ,los ,angeles ,society of ,social ,hygiene4 #caa ,higgins ,building1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,maryland ,society of ,social ,hygiene4 #ae ,e4 ,pleasant ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,secy41 ,howard ,c4 ,hill4 ,massachusetts ,association of ,boards of ,health4 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,massachusetts ,society for ,sex ,education4 #g ,hancock ,avenue1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health4 ,state ,house1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,mexican ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis of ,venereal ,diseases4 ,milwaukee ,society of ,social and ,moral ,hygiene4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,national ,conference of ,charities and ,corrections4 ,angola1 ,ind4 ,secy41 ,alexander ,johnson4 ,national ,consumers' ,league4 #aje ,east #bb;d ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,national ,education ,association4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,secy41 ,d4,w4 ,springer4 ,national ,purity ,association4 #gi ,fifth ,avenue1 ,chicago4 ,new ,jersey ,society for the ,prevention of ,social ,diseases4 ,east ,orange1 ,n4,j4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,thomas ,n4 ,gray4 ,new ,york ,state ,reformatory for ,women at ,bedford4 ,laboratory of ,social ,hygiene4 ,supt41 ,katharine ,bement ,davis4 ,new ,zealand ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis4 ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society4 #gjc ,selling ,building1 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,secy41 ,h4,h4 ,moore4 ,oregon ,state ,board of ,health4 #gbj ,selling ,building1 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,calvin ,s4 ,white4 ,pacific ,coast ,federation for ,sex ,hygiene4 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,secy41 ,h4,h4 ,moore4 ,pennsylvania ,society for the ,study and ,prevention of ,social ,diseases4 #agjh ,locust ,street1 ,philadelphia4 ,secy41 ,r4,n4 ,wilson4 ,rhode ,island ,state ,board of ,health4 ,state ,house1 ,providence1 ,r4,i4 ,st4 ,louis ,society of ,social ,hygiene4 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,h4,e4 ,kleinschmidt4 ,school of ,eugenics of ,boston4 #afh ,newbury ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,seattle ,society of ,hygiene4 ,league ,building1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,sydney ,strong4 ,social ,purity and ,white ,cross ,movement4 ,the ,philanthropist1 ,p4,o4 ,box #beed1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,society of ,sanitary and ,moral ,prophylaxis4 #faa ,tilden ,building1 #aje ,west #djth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,e4,l4 ,keyes1 ,jr4 ,spokane ,society of ,social and ,moral ,hygiene4 #dbj ,old ,national ,bank ,building1 ,spokane1 ,wash4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,j4,r4 ,lantz4 ,texas ,state ,society of ,social ,hygiene4 ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4 ,secy41 ,dr4 ,t4,y4 ,hull4 ,triennial ,congress for the ,suppression of the ,white ,slave ,traffic4 ,fifth meeting held in ,london1 ,june #cj-;,july #d1 #aiac4 ,washington ,state ,board of ,education4 ,olympia1 ,washington4 ,west ,virginia ,society of ,social ,hygiene4 ,elkins1 ,west ,va4 ,secy41 ,o4,g4 ,wilson1 ,supt4 of ,public ,schools4 ,world's ,purity ,federation4 ,la,crosse1 ,wis4 ,pres41 ,b4,s4 ,steadwell4 ,,reports ,,and ,,investigations ,,municipal ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,vice ,commission4 ,report1 #aiab4 ,chicago4 ,vice ,commission4 ,social ,evil in ,chicago4 ,chicago1 #aiaa4 ,cleveland4 ,vice ,commission4 ,report1 #aiaa4 ,columbia1 ,mo4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,march1 #aiac4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,appointed ,march1 #aiac4 ,denver1 ,colo4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,september #ae1 #aiab4 ,became ,denver ,morals ,commission ,january #ca1 #aiac4 ,grand ,rapids4 ,morals ,efficiency ,commission of the ,citizens4 ,to carry on work started by ,committee of #da4 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,january1 #aiab4 ,jacksonville1 ,fla4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,september1 #aiab4 ,kansas ,city4 ,vice ,commission4 ,report1 #aiab4 ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 ,vice ,commission4 ,report1 #aiab4 ,macon1 ,ga4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,january1 #aiac4 ,minneapolis4 ,vice ,commission4 ,report1 #aiaa4 ,new ,york ,city-- ,seligman1 ,e4,r4,a41 ed4 ,social ,evil4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,kneeland1 ,g4,j4 ,commercialized ,prostitution in ,new ,york ,city4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,philadelphia4 ,vice ,commission4 ,report4 ,philadelphia1 #aiac4 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,vice ,commission4 ,report1 #aiac4 ,rochester4 ,vice ,commission4 ,report4 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,morals ,committee4 ,report4 ,san ,francisco-- ,commonwealth ,club of ,california4 ,report on ,prevalence of ,venereal ,diseases4 ,february1 #aiaa4 ,shreveport1 ,la4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,april1 #aiac4 ,syracuse4 ,moral ,survey ,committee4 ,report on the ,social ,evil in ,syracuse4 #aiac4 ,,state ,illinois4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,february1 #aiac4 ,maryland4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,march1 #aiac4 ,massachusetts4 ,vice ,commission4 ,established ,april1 #aiac4 ,missouri4 ,vice ,commission4 ,appointed ,april1 #aiac4 ,wisconsin4 ,vice ,commission4 ,established ,may1 #aiac4 ,,standing ,,commissions ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,morals ,efficiency ,commission4 ,appointed ,may1 #aiab4 ,chairman1 ,frederick ,a4 ,rhodes4 ,minneapolis4 ,morals ,commission4 ,appointed ,march1 #aiac4 ,chairman1 ,dr4 ,marion ,d4 ,shutter4 ,denver4 ,morals ,commission4 ,appointed ,january #ca1 #aiac4 ,chairman1 ,rev4 ,h4,f4 ,rail4 ,new ,york4 ,committee of ,fourteen4 ,chicago4 ,morals ,court4 ,,index ,addams1 ,jane1 cited1 #dg1 #aci4 ,adolescence1 a critical period1 #abg2 begins at puberty1 #abg2 information and entertainment sought during1 #abh1 #abi2 evils to which it is exposed1 #acj-cd2 ways in which the boy may be helped during1 #acg-da4 ,adolescents1 sex impulse in1 #bg4 ,agencies of sex education1 summary1 #aia-ic4 ,american ,social ,hygiene ,association1 #ab4 ,amusement parks1 dangers of1 #ai1 #ge4 ,armies1 dangers of their camps1 #fg4 ,athletics1 benefits of1 #ach4 ,see ,play4 ,bathing1 benefits of1 #ach4 ,bill-boards1 evils of1 #ai4 ,billiard rooms1 dangers of1 #ai1 #gd4 ,biological aspect of the social emergency1 #bc4 ,blindness1 sometimes due to venereal infection1 #cb1 #cd4 ,boating1 #hb4 ,bodily regimen4 ,see ,regimen4 ,books1 #g1 #aa1 #aie4 ,boston1 report on women's wages in1 #ef1 #ei4 ,botany1 study of1 in upper grades and high schools1 #ic4 ,boy ,problem1 ,the1 quoted1 #ach4 ,boys1 pre-pubescent and pubescent instruction to be given to1 #ih-ajb2 teaching phases for1 #abg-ec2 adolescence of1 #abg-cj2 evils to which they are exposed 7masturbation1 mental suffering1 illicit intercourse71 #acj-cd2 are normally clean1 #acd1 #aeb2 ways in which they may be helped during adolescence1 #acg-da2 subjects and methods of instruction for1 #adb-di2 conditions to be observed in giving instruction to1 #adi-eb4 ,camps1 construction and lumber1 #ff2 military1 #fg2 school and municipal1 #hb4 ,card parties1 #gh4 ,carnivals1 #gf1 #gg4 ,castration1 effect of1 #add4 ,chastity1 double standard of1 #ad1 #acf1 #adf4 ,chicago1 report on women's wages in1 #ef1 #ei4 ,chicago ,juvenile ,protective ,association1 quoted1 #fc4 ,chicago ,vice ,commission1 report of1 #fj4 ,child labor1 abolition of1 #fh4 ,children1 infection in1 #cd1 #ce4 ,clean living1 importance of1 to be indicated to the boy1 #adj1 #ada1 #adg4 ,clothing of girls1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afb4 ,clubs1 social1 #gg1 #hj4 ,colleges1 instruction in sex relations to begin in1 #c2 sex education for teachers to be given in1 #aib4 ,commissions1 vice1 #ea-fa4 ,companions of the boy1 #aci4 ,consecration1 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,consumers' ,league of ,oregon1 #eg4 ,contagion1 sources and conditions of1 #ae4 ,see ,venereal infection1 ,venereal diseases4 ,control4 ,see ,self-control4 ,cost of living1 #af4 ,see ,wages and vice4 ,dance-halls1 #ai4 ,dances1 #gh4 ,degeneracy1 sexual1 road to race extinction1 #bc4 ,department stores1 employment of girls in1 #fc4 ,diseases4 ,see ,venereal diseases4 ,domestic service1 #df-dh1 #fd4 ,double standard of chastity1 #ad2 abandonment of1 #acf1 #adf4 ,dress of women1 #ai4 ,drunkenness and prostitution1 #c1 #d4 ,economic phases of immorality1 #af-ah1 #de-fi2 women as wage-earners1 #df2 wages and immorality1 #ej-fb2 industrial stress1 and dangers in 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,family1 not competent to instruct in sex relations1 #c4 ,federal ,government1 report on women's wages1 #ee1 #ef4 ,federal report 7,woman and ,child ,wage-,earners71 #ei4 ,festivals1 #gf1 #gg4 ,freud1 his view of sex basis1 #hf4 ,girls1 pre-pubescent and pubescent instruction to be given to1 #if-ih2 teaching phases for1 #aed-fg2 stability of nervous system1 #aed-eh2 menstruation and menstrual pain1 #aei-fa2 clothing of1 #afa1 #afb2 in industry1 #afb1 #afc2 housing of unmarried1 #afc1 #afd2 instruction to be given on reproduction1 #afd-fg4 ,girls' high schools1 #afa4 ,gonorrhea and the gonorrhea microbe1 #cc-ci1 #ajj1 #adf1 #aii4 ,hall1 ,g4 ,stanley1 his view of sex basis1 #hf4 ,holabird1 ,william1 #ace4 ,home1 the1 as recreation and social center1 #gh1 #gi4 ,hotels1 employment of girls in1 #fc4 ,housing of unmarried girls1 #afc1 #afd4 ,howell1 ,dr4 ,william ,h41 quoted on the sexual appetite1 #ca4 ,hygiene4 ,see ,social emergency1 ,reproduction4 ,ice-cream parlors1 #ai4 ,ideals of sex 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,charles1 quoted1 #ada4 ,lectures1 #g1 #gh1 #aib1 #aic4 ,legislation and prostitution1 #bj1 #ba4 ,living wage4 ,see ,wages4 ,love1 as controller of passion1 #agd-gh4 ,marriage1 age of1 and age of sexual maturity1 discrepancy between1 #ac1 #bg1 #bh4 ,marriage laws1 object of1 #bg4 ,massachusetts ,commission on ,minimum ,wage ,boards1 report of1 #ed-eg4 ,masturbation1 #acj-cb1 #ade1 #aih4 ,materials of sex education1 summary1 #aig-ii4 ,medical phases of immorality1 #ae1 #af1 #cb-dd2 statistics of venereal diseases in the ,united ,states1 #cb2 the microbes of syphilis and gonorrhea1 #cf-ci2 infection of innocent persons1 #ci-da2 possibility of recovery1 #da2 bibliography1 #bje4 ,medicine1 means of defense against social evils provided by1 #b1 #d4 ,menstrual pain1 #aei-fa4 ,menstruation1 #aei-fa4 ,mental suffering among adolescents1 #acj1 #aca4 ,methods of sex education1 summary1 #aic-ig4 ,minimum wage1 #fg4 ,ministers1 not competent to give instruction in sex relations1 #c4 ,minneapolis1 report on women's wages in1 #ef1 #ei4 ,moral and religious phases of the social emergency1 #bc1 #afh-hi2 bibliography1 #bab4 ,mother ,nature and ,her ,helpers1 #ajd1 #ajg4 ,motion-pictures1 #f1 #ai1 #gb4 ,muscular activity1 importance of1 #aee-eh4 ,nature study1 #ib4 ,nervous system1 stability of1 #aed-eh4 ,newspapers1 #gi4 ,new ,york1 report on women's wages in1 #ef1 #ei4 ,noguchi1 his test of the syphilis microbe1 #ch4 ,normal schools1 instruction in sex relations to begin in1 #c2 sex education for teachers to be given in1 #aib4 ,novels1 #g4 ,opiates1 #fc4 ,orders1 social1 #gg1 #hj4 ,oregon1 surveys made by the ,consumers' ,league in1 #eb1 #ec4 ,oregon ,social ,hygiene ,society1 #aea1 #aie n4 ,paralysis1 #cb1 #cd4 ,parenthood1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,parents1 confidence between child and1 in matters of reproduction1 #hi-ib1 #aaj-bb2 meetings for1 #abb-bf4 ,see ,instruction4 ,paresis1 #cb4 ,parties1 social1 #gh4 ,passion1 controlled by love1 #agd-gh2 by religious fervor #agf4 ,patten1 ,prof4 ,simon ,n41 quoted1 #ea4 ,pessimism1 #agc4 ,philadelphia1 report on women's wages in1 #ef1 #ei4 ,physical exercise1 #ach1 #aci4 ,see ,play4 ,physiological phases of immorality1 #ac-ae1 #be-ca2 instruction in physiology of reproduction1 #be2 the sex impulse1 #bf-bh2 belief in physiological necessity of gratification1 #bh-ca1 #cc1 #ii1 #adf1 #agf1 #aih2 bibliography1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,physiology1 study of1 #ic4 ,picture post-cards1 #ai4 ,play1 #ha-hc1 #hg1 #hh4 ,playgrounds1 #ha-hc4 ,pool-halls1 #gd4 ,portland1 ,ore41 women's wages in1 #eb1 #ec2 attendance at moving-picture shows in1 #gb4 ,portland1 ,ore41 ,municipal ,employment ,bureau1 #fd4 ,portland1 ,ore41 ,vice ,commission1 #eg1 #fj4 ,priests1 not competent to give instruction in sex relations1 #c4 ,problem plays1 #f4 ,property1 used for immoral purposes1 #ag4 ,prostitutes1 what is to be done with them1 #ad2 status of1 #fe4 ,see ,prostitution4 ,prostitution1 past efforts to deal with1 #a1 #c2 physiological factors of1 #ac-ae1 #be-ca2 medical phase of1 #ae1 #af2 economic phases of1 #af-ah2 commercialized1 #ag1 #ah1 #aie2 and recreational pursuits1 #ai2 legal phases of1 #bj1 #ba2 and public education1 #ba-bc2 moral and religious aspects of1 #bc2 biological aspect of1 #bc4 ,see ,social emergency4 ,psychic therapy1 #afj4 ,public opinion1 relation of1 to public education and to law enforcement1 #ba4 ,quack doctors1 #g1 #ah1 #cj1 #acj1 #ade1 #aii4 ,recreation centers1 #ha-hh4 ,recreation movement1 #ha-hc4 ,recreational phases of the social emergency1 #ai1 #gj-hc2 bibliography1 #bjg4 ,regimen for boys1 #hg1 #hh1 #acg4 ,religious aspect of the social emergency1 #bc1 #afh-hi2 bibliography1 #bab4 ,reproduction1 silence hitherto in regard to1 #a1 #b1 #e1 #f2 recent change of attitude in regard to matters of1 #f1 #g2 dangers in this change of attitude1 #g-ab2 instruction in1 #be1 #hi-ajb1 #ajf1 #aaj-bb1 #afd-fg2 the impulse toward1 #bf-bh2 instruction in1 at present lacking1 #hd2 aims of instruction in1 #hd-hf2 a true 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age of1 and age of marriage1 discrepancy between1 #ac1 #bg1 #bh4 ,sexual necessity1 belief in1 #bh-ca1 #cc1 #ii1 #adf1 #agf1 #aih4 #fjf1 #ci4 ,skating-rinks1 #ge4 ,social emergency1 the1 what constitutes1 #i2 phases of1 #ac-bd2 physiological phases1 #ac-ae1 #be-ca2 medical phases1 #ae1 #af1 #cb-dd2 economic phases1 #af-ah1 #de-fi2 recreational phases1 #ai1 #gj-hc2 legal phases1 #bj1 #ba2 educational phases1 #ba-bc1 #hd-ajc2 biological phases1 #bc2 moral and religious phases1 #bc1 #afh-hi2 teaching phases3 for children1 #ajd-bf2 teaching phases3 for boys1 #abg-ec2 teaching phases3 for girls1 #aed-fg4 ,social hygiene1 movement for1 retarded by many1 #aa2 books on1 #aa4 ,see ,social emergency1 ,reproduction4 ,societies1 of social hygiene1 #ab4 ,society1 sex life in relation to1 #ahd-hf4 ,spinal diseases1 #cb1 #cd4 ,stage1 the1 #f1 #ai4 ,standard of chastity1 double4 ,see ,double standard4 ,standards of living1 #ej-fb4 ,sterility1 #cc1 #cd4 ,street1 the1 as an attraction1 #gb1 #gc4 ,sunday supplement1 #gi4 ,swimming1 #hb4 ,syphilis1 and the syphilis microbe1 #cb-ci1 #ajj1 #aii2 infection of innocent persons1 #ci-da2 possibility of recovery from1 #da4 ,teachers of sex hygiene1 instruction to be provided for1 in normal schools and colleges1 #aib4 ,teaching phases of the social emergency1 for children1 #ajd-bf2 for boys1 #abg-ec2 for girls1 #aed-fg2 bibliography1 #baa1 #bab4 ,tramping-clubs1 #hb4 ,traveling exhibits1 #aie4 ,unemployment1 relief of1 #fg4 ,unions1 social1 #gg4 ,venereal diseases1 in the ,united ,states1 statistics of1 #cb2 reason for frequency of1 #cc2 gonorrhea and syphilis1 #cc-ci1 #ajj1 #adf1 #aii2 as affecting children1 #cd2 infection of innocent persons1 #ci-da2 possibility of recovery from1 #da4 ,venereal infection1 prevalence of1 #ae1 #cb2 fear of1 not sufficient motive in promoting chastity1 #ae2 effects of1 #cb-dd2 in men1 #cb1 #cc2 in women1 #cd2 in children1 #cd1 #ce2 of innocent persons1 #ci-da4 ,see ,venereal diseases4 ,vice commissions1 #eb-fa4 ,vice in adolescents1 #aca-cd4 ,vice investigations1 #ea-fa4 ,virility1 importance of1 to be taught1 #adb-di4 ,vocational training1 #af4 ,wage-earners1 women as1 increase of numbers1 #df4 ,see ,women4 ,wages and vice1 #af1 #ag1 #ej-fb4 ,wagner1 ,charles1 quoted1 #ace1 #acf1 #ach4 ,wasserman1 his test of the syphilis microbe1 #ch4 ,weaker sex1 the1 the phrase has lost some of its significance1 #di1 #ej4 ,welfare work1 #fh1 #fi4 ,woman's ,auxiliary ,department of the ,police1 #eh4 ,women1 infection in1 #cd2 as wage-earners1 increase of numbers1 #df2 drift of1 from domestic service1 #dg2 lack of industrial education for1 #dh2 loss due to emergence from seclusion1 #di2 the phrase the weaker sex has lost some of its significance1 #di1 #ej2 connection of wages and immorality among1 #ea-fb2 bearing of industrial stress on morals of1 #fb-fd2 dangers to1 in seeking employment1 #fd2 summing up of their economic condition1 #fe1 #ff4 ,zooelogy1 #ic4