,,la*es  ,,or ,,c\rage  ,by ,plato      
,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett            
,,introduction4  ,lysima*us1 ! son (    
,ari/ides ! ,j1 & ,melesias1 ! son ( !  
eld] ,?ucydides1 two ag$ m5 :o live     
toge!r1 are desir\s ( educat+ _! sons 9 
! be/ mann]4 ,_! own education1 z (t5   
happ5s ) ! sons ( great m51 has be5     
neglect$2 & !y are resolv$ t _! *ildr5  
%all h m c>e tak5 ( !m1 ?an !y receiv$  
!mselves at ! h&s ( _! fa!rs4  ,at _!   
reque/1 ,nicias & ,la*es h accompani$ !m
 to see a man nam$ ,/esilaus fight+ 9   
heavy arm\r4 ,! two fa!rs ask ! two     
g5]als :at !y ?9k ( ?is exhibition1 &   
:e!r !y w\ld advise t _! sons %\ld      
acquire ! accompli%m5t4 ,nicias & ,la*es
 are q will+ to give _! op9ion2 b !y    
sugge/ t ,socrates %\ld be invit$ to    
take "p 9 ! consultation4 ,he is a      
/rang] to ,lysima*us1 b is aft]w>ds     
recognis$ z ! son ( 8 old fri5d         
,sophroniscus1 ) :om he nev] _h a       
diff]5ce to ! h\r ( 8 dea?4 ,socrates is
 also kn[n to ,nicias1 to :om he _h     

introduc$ ! excell5t ,damon1 musician & 
sophi/1 z a tutor = 8 son1 & to ,la*es1 
:o _h witness$ 8 h]oic behavi\r at !    
battle ( ,delium 7comp>e ,symp474       
,socrates1 z he is y\ng] ?an ei!r       
,nicias or ,la*es1 pref]s to wait until 
!y h deliv]$ _! op9ions1 :i* !y give 9 a
 *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,nicias1 ! tactician1
 is v mu* 9 fav\r ( ! new art1 :i* he   
describes z ! gymna/ics ( w>--useful :5 
! ranks are =m$1 & /ill m useful :5 !y  
are brok52 creat+ a g5]al int]e/ 9      
milit>y /udies1 & greatly add+ to !     
appe>ance ( ! soldi] 9 ! field4 ,la*es1 
! blunt w>rior1 is ( op9ion t su* an art
 is n k1 & _c be ( any value1 because ! 
,lac$aemonians1 ^? great ma/]s ( arms1  
neglect x4 ,8 own exp]i5ce 9 actual     
s]vice has taught him t ^! pret5d]s are 
useless & ridicul\s4 ,?is man ,/esilaus 
has be5 se5 by him on bo>d %ip mak+ a v 
sorry exhibition ( himself4 ,!          
possession ( ! art w make ! c[>d ra%1 & 
subject ! c\rage\s1 if he *ance to make 
a slip1 to invidi\s rem>ks4 ,& n[ let   

,socrates be tak5 into c\nsel4 ,z !y    
diff] he mu/ decide4  ,socrates w\ld r n
 decide ! "q by a plurality ( votes3 9  
su* a s]i\s matt] z ! education ( a     
fri5d's *ildr51 he w\ld consult ! "o    
skill$ p]son :o has _h ma/]s1 & has     
works to %[ z evid5ces ( 8 skill4 ,?is  
is n himself2 = he has nev] be5 able to 
pay ! sophi/s = in/ruct+ him1 & has nev]
 _h ! wit to d or discov] any?+4 ,b     
,nicias & ,la*es are old] & ri*] ?an he 
is3 !y h _h tea*]s1 & p]haps h made     
discov]ies2 & he w\ld h tru/$ !m        
entirely1 if !y _h n be5 diametrically  
oppos$4  ,lysima*us "h proposes to      
resign ! argum5t into ! h&s ( ! y\ng] "p
 ( ! company1 z he is old1 & has a bad  
memory4 ,he e>ne/ly reque/s ,socrates to
 rema92--9 ?is %[+1 z ,nicias says1 h[  
little he kn[s ! man1 :o w c]ta9ly n g  
away until he has cross-exam9$ ! company
 ab\t _! pa/ lives4 ,nicias has (t5     
submitt$ to ?is process2 & ,la*es is q  
will+ to le>n f ,socrates1 because 8    
actions1 9 ! true ,dorian mode1         

correspond to 8 words4  ,socrates       
proce$s3 ,we might ask :o are our       
tea*]s8 ,b a bett] & m ?or\gh way (     
exam9+ ! "q w be to ask1 ',:at is       
,virtue8'--or r1 to re/rict ! enquiry to
 t "p ( virtue :i* is conc]n$ ) ! use ( 
weapons--',:at is ,c\rage8' ,la*es ?9ks 
t he kn[s ?is3 7#a7 ',he is c\rage\s :o 
rema9s at 8 po/4' ,b "s nations fight   
fly+1 aft] ! mann] ( ,a5eas 9 ,hom]2 or 
z ! heavy-arm$ ,sp>tans also did at !   
battle ( ,plataea4 7#b7 ,socrates wants 
a m g5]al def9ition1 n only ( milit>y   
c\rage1 b ( c\rage ( all sorts1 tri$ bo?
 amid pleasures & pa9s4 ,la*es replies t
 ?is univ]sal c\rage is endurance4 ,b   
c\rage is a good ?+1 & m]e endurance may
 be hurtful & injuri\s4 ,!re=e 7#c7 !   
elem5t ( intellig5ce mu/ be add$4 ,b !n 
aga9 un9tellig5t endurance may (t5 be m 
c\rage\s ?an ! intellig5t1 ! bad ?an !  
good4 ,h[ is ?is contradiction to be    
solv$8 ,socrates & ,la*es are n set 'to 
! ,dorian mode' ( words & actions2 = _! 
words are all confusion1 al?\gh _!      

actions are c\rage\s4 ,/ill !y mu/      
'endure' 9 an argum5t ab\t endurance4   
,la*es is v will+1 & is q sure t he kn[s
 :at c\rage is1 if he c\ld only tell4   
,nicias is n[ appeal$ to2 & 9 reply he  
(f]s a def9ition :i* he has he>d f      
,socrates himself1 to ! effect t 7#a7   
',c\rage is intellig5ce4' ,la*es d]ides 
?is2 & ,socrates enquires1 ',:at sort ( 
intellig5ce8' to :i* ,nicias replies1   
',intellig5ce ( ?+s t]rible4' ',b e man 
kn[s ! ?+s to be dread$ 9 8 own art4'   
',no !y d n4 ,!y may pr$ict results1 b  
_c tell :e!r !y are really t]rible2 only
 ! c\rage\s man c tell t4' ,la*es draws 
! inf]5ce t ! c\rage\s man is ei!r a    
soo?say] or a god4  ,aga91 7#b7 9       
,nicias' way ( speak+1 ! t]m 'c\rage\s' 
mu/ be d5i$ to animals or *ildr51       
because !y d n "k ! dang]4 ,aga9/ ?is   
inv]sion ( ! ord9>y use ( language      
,la*es reclaims1 b is 9 "s degree       
mollifi$ by a complim5t to 8 own c\rage4
 ,/ill1 he does n l to see an ,a!nian   
/atesman & g5]al desc5d+ to sophi/ries (

 ?is sort4 ,socrates resumes ! argum5t4 
,c\rage has be5 def9$ to be intellig5ce 
or k ( ! t]rible2 & c\rage is n all     
virtue1 b only "o ( ! virtues4 ,!       
t]rible is 9 ! future1 & !re=e ! k ( !  
t]rible is a k ( ! future4 ,b !re c be  
no k ( future good or evil sep>at$ f a k
 ( ! good & evil ( ! pa/ or pres5t2 t is
 to say1 ( all good & evil4 ,c\rage1    
!re=e1 is ! k ( good & evil g5]ally4 ,b 
he :o has ! k ( good & evil g5]ally1 mu/
 n only h c\rage1 b also temp]ance1     
ju/ice1 & e o!r virtue4 ,?us1 a s+le    
virtue w\ld be ! same z all virtues     
7comp>e ,protagoras74 ,& aft] all ! two 
g5]als1 & ,socrates1 ! h]o ( ,delium1   
are /ill 9 ignorance ( ! nature (       
c\rage4 ,!y mu/ g to s*ool aga91 boys1  
old m5 & all4  ,"s po9ts ( resemblance1 
& "s po9ts ( diff]5ce1 appe> 9 ! ,la*es 
:5 comp>$ ) ! ,*>mides & ,lysis4 ,!re is
 less ( poetical & simple beauty1 & m ( 
dramatic int]e/ & p[]4 ,!y are ri*] 9 ! 
ext]nals ( ! sc5e2 ! ,la*es has m play &
 developm5t ( "*4 ,9 ! ,lysis & ,*>mides

 ! y\?s are ! c5tral figures1 & frequ5t 
allusions are made to ! place ( meet+1  
:i* is a palae/ra4 ,"h ! place ( meet+1 
:i* is also a palae/ra1 is q =gott51 & !
 boys play a subord9ate "p4 ,! seance is
 ( old & eld] m51 ( :om ,socrates is !  
y\nge/4  ,fir/ is ! ag$ ,lysima*us1 :o  
may be comp>$ ) ,cephalus 9 ! ,republic1
 &1 l him1 )draws f ! argum5t4          
,melesias1 :o is only 8 %ad[1 also      
subsides into sil5ce4 ,bo? ( !m1 by _!  
own confession1 h be5 ill-educat$1 z is 
fur!r %[n by ! circum/ance t ,lysima*us1
 ! fri5d ( ,sophroniscus1 has nev] he>d 
( ! fame ( ,socrates1 8 son2 !y belong  
to diff]5t circles4 ,9 ! ,m5o _! want ( 
education 9 all b ! arts ( rid+ & wre/l+
 is adduc$ z a pro( t virtue _c be      
taught4 ,! recognition ( ,socrates by   
,lysima*us is extremely graceful2 & 8   
milit>y exploits naturally connect him )
 ! two g5]als1 ( :om "o has witness$ !m4
 ,! *>act]s ( ,nicias & ,la*es are      
indicat$ by _! op9ions on ! exhibition (
 ! man fight+ 9 heavy arm\r4 ,! m       

enlight5$ ,nicias is q ready to accept !
 new art1 :i* ,la*es treats ) ridicule1 
seem+ to ?9k t ?is1 or any o!r milit>y  
"q1 may be settl$ by ask+1 ',:at d !    
,lac$aemonians say8' ,! "o is ! ?\ghtful
 g5]al1 will+ to avail himself ( any    
discov]y 9 ! art ( w> 7,ari/oph4 ,aves72
 ! o!r is ! practical man1 :o relies on 
8 own exp]i5ce1 & is ! enemy (          
innovation2 he c act b _c speak1 & is   
apt to lose 8 temp]4 ,x is to be not$ t 
"o ( !m is suppos$ to be a he>] (       
,socrates2 ! o!r is only acqua9t$ ) 8   
actions4 ,la*es is ! admir] ( ! ,dorian 
mode2 & into 8 m\? ! rem>k is put t !re 
are "s p]sons :o1 hav+ nev] be5 taught1 
are bett] ?an ^? :o h4 ,l a novice 9 !  
art ( disputation1 he is delight$ ) !   
hits ( ,socrates2 & is dispos$ to be    
angry ) ! ref9em5ts ( ,nicias4  ,9 !    
discussion ( ! ma9 !sis ( !             
,dialogue--',:at is ,c\rage8' !         
antagonism ( ! two *>act]s is /ill m    
cle>ly br\ght out2 & 9 ?is1 z 9 !       
prelim9>y "q1 ! tru? is p>t$ betwe5 !m4 

,gradually1 & n )\t difficulty1 ,la*es  
is made to pass on f ! m popul> to ! m  
philosophical2 x has nev] occurr$ to him
 t !re 0 any o!r c\rage ?an t ( !       
soldi]2 & only by an ef=t ( ! m9d c he  
frame a g5]al notion at all4 ,no soon]  
has ?is g5]al notion be5 =m$ ?an x      
evanesces be=e ! dialectic ( ,socrates2 
& ,nicias appe>s f ! o!r side ) !       
,socratic doctr9e1 t c\rage is k4 ,?is  
is expla9$ to mean k ( ?+s t]rible 9 !  
future4 ,b ,socrates d5ies t ! k ( !    
future is sep>able f t ( ! pa/ & pres5t2
 9 o!r words1 true k is n t ( ! soo?say]
 b ( ! philosoph]4 ,& all k w ?us be    
equival5t to all virtue--a position :i* 
else:]e ,socrates is n unwill+ to admit1
 b :i* w n assi/ u 9 di/+ui%+ ! nature (
 c\rage4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! ,dialogue !      
contra/ betwe5 ! mode ( cross-exam9ation
 :i* is practis$ by ,la*es & by         
,socrates1 & also ! mann] 9 :i* !       
def9ition ( ,la*es is made to           
approximate to t ( ,nicias1 are wor?y ( 
att5tion4  ,?us1 ) "s intimation ( !    

connexion & unity ( virtue & k1 we      
arrive at no di/9ct result4 ,! two      
aspects ( c\rage are nev] h>moniz$4 ,! k
 :i* 9 ! ,protagoras is expla9$ z !     
faculty ( e/imat+ pleasures & pa9s is "h
 lo/ 9 an unmean+ & transc5d5tal        
conception4 ,yet sev]al true intimations
 ( ! nature ( c\rage are all[$ to appe>3
 7#a7 ,t c\rage is moral z well z       
physical3 7#b7 ,t true c\rage is        
insep>able f k1 & yet 7#c7 is bas$ on a 
natural in/9ct4 ,la*es exhibits "o      
aspect ( c\rage2 ,nicias ! o!r4 ,!      
p]fect image & h>mony ( bo? is only     
realiz$ 9 ,socrates himself4  ,!        
,dialogue (f]s "o among _m examples ( ! 
fre$om ) :i* ,plato treats facts4 ,= !  
sc5e mu/ be suppos$ to h occurr$ betwe5 
,b4,c4 #dbd1 ! ye> ( ! battle ( ,delium1
 & ,b4,c4 #dah1 ! ye> ( ! battle (      
,mant9ea1 at :i* ,la*es fell4 ,b if     
,socrates 0 m ?an sev5ty ye>s ( age at 8
 trial 9 #cii 7see ,apology71 he c\ld n 
h be5 a "y man at any "t aft] ! battle (
 ,delium4     ,,la*es1 ,,or ,,c\rage4   

,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3            
,lysima*us1 son ( ,ari/ides4            
,melesias1 son ( ,?ucydides4      ,_!   
sons4      ,nicias1 ,la*es1 ,socrates4  
,,lysima*us3 ,y h se5 ! exhibition ( !  
man fight+ 9 arm\r1 ,nicias & ,la*es1 b 
we did n tell y at ! "t ! reason :y my  
fri5d ,melesias & ,i ask$ y to g ) u &  
see him4 ,i ?9k t we may z well confess 
:at ?is 01 = we c]ta9ly ought n to h any
 res]ve ) y4 ,! reason 01 t we 7 int5d+ 
to ask y\r advice4 ,"s laugh at ! v     
notion ( advis+ o!rs1 & :5 !y are ask$ w
 n say :at !y ?9k4 ,!y guess at ! wi%es 
( ! p]son :o asks !m1 & answ] accord+ to
 81 & n accord+ to _! own1 op9ion4 ,b z 
we "k t y are good judges1 & w say      
exactly :at y ?9k1 we h tak5 y into our 
c\nsels4 ,! matt] ab\t :i* ,i am mak+   
all ?is preface is z foll[s3 ,melesias &
 ,i h two sons2 t is 8 son1 & he is nam$
 ,?ucydides1 aft] 8 gr&fa!r2 & ?is is   
m9e1 :o is also call$ aft] 8 gr&fa!r1   
,ari/ides4 ,n[1 we are resolv$ to take !
 greate/ c>e ( ! y\?s1 & n to let !m run

 ab\t z !y l1 :i* is too (t5 ! way ) !  
"y1 :5 !y are no long] *ildr51 b to beg9
 at once & d ! utmo/ t we c = !m4 ,&    
kn[+ y to h sons ( y\r own1 we ?\ght t y
 7 mo/ likely to h att5d$ to _! tra9+ & 
improvem5t1 &1 if p]*ance y h n att5d$  
to !m1 we may rem9d y t y ought to h    
done s1 & w\ld invite y to assi/ u 9 !  
fulfilm5t ( a common duty4 ,i w tell y1 
,nicias & ,la*es1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+   
t$i\s1 h[ we came to ?9k ( ?is4         
,melesias & ,i live toge!r1 & our sons  
live ) u2 & n[1 z ,i 0 say+ at fir/1 we 
are go+ to confess to y4 ,bo? ( u (t5   
talk to ! lads ab\t ! _m noble de$s :i* 
our own fa!rs did 9 w> & peace--9 !     
managem5t ( ! allies1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration
 ( ! city2 b nei!r ( u has any de$s ( 8 
own :i* he c %[4 ,! tru? is t we are    
a%am$ ( ?is contra/ be+ se5 by !m1 & we 
blame our fa!rs = lett+ u be spoil$ 9 ! 
days ( our y\?1 :ile !y 7 occupi$ ) !   
conc]ns ( o!rs2 & we urge all ?is ^u !  
lads1 po9t+ out to !m t !y w n gr[ up to
 hon\r if !y are rebelli\s & take no    

pa9s ab\t !mselves2 b t if !y take pa9s 
!y may1 p]haps1 become wor?y ( ! names  
:i* !y be>4 ,!y1 on _! "p1 promise to   
comply ) our wi%es2 & our c>e is to     
discov] :at /udies or pursuits are      
likely to be mo/ improv+ to !m4 ,"s "o  
comm5d$ to u ! art ( fight+ 9 arm\r1 :i*
 he ?\ght an excell5t accompli%m5t = a  
"y man to le>n2 & he prais$ ! man ^:    
exhibition y h se51 & told u to g & see 
him4 ,& we det]m9$ t we w\ld g1 & get y 
to accompany u2 & we 7 int5d+ at ! same 
"t1 if y did n object1 to take c\nsel ) 
y ab\t ! education ( our sons4 ,t is !  
matt] :i* we want$ to talk ov] ) y2 & we
 hope t y w give u y\r op9ion ab\t ?is  
art ( fight+ 9 arm\r1 & ab\t any o!r    
/udies or pursuits :i* may or may n be  
desirable = a "y man to le>n4 ,please to
 say :e!r y agree to our proposal4      
,,nicias3 ,z f> z ,i am conc]n$1        
,lysima*us & ,melesias1 ,i applaud y\r  
purpose1 & w gladly assi/ y2 & ,i       
believe t y1 ,la*es1 w be equally glad4 
,,la*es3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,nicias2 & ,i q      

approve ( ! rem>k :i* ,lysima*us made   
ab\t 8 own fa!r & ! fa!r ( ,melesias1 & 
:i* is applicable1 n only to !m1 b to u1
 & to e "o :o is occupi$ ) public       
affairs4 ,z he says1 su* p]sons are too 
apt to be neglig5t & c>eless ( _! own   
*ildr5 & _! private conc]ns4 ,!re is mu*
 tru? 9 t rem>k ( y\rs1 ,lysima*us4 ,b  
:y1 in/ead ( consult+ u1 d y n consult  
our fri5d ,socrates ab\t ! education ( !
 y\?s8 ,he is ( ! same deme ) y1 & is   
always pass+ 8 "t 9 places :]e ! y\? h  
any noble /udy or pursuit1 su* z y are  
enquir+ aft]4  ,,lysima*us3 ,:y1 ,la*es1
 has ,socrates ev] att5d$ to matt]s (   
?is sort8  ,,la*es3 ,c]ta9ly1           
,lysima*us4  ,,nicias3 ,t ,i h ! means (
 kn[+ z well z ,la*es2 = q lately he    
suppli$ me ) a tea*] ( music = my       
sons1--,damon1 ! disciple ( ,aga?ocles1 
:o is a mo/ accompli%$ man 9 e way1 z   
well z a musician1 & a companion (      
ine/imable value = "y m5 at _! age4     
,,lysima*us3 ,^? :o h rea*$ my "t (     
life1 ,socrates & ,nicias & ,la*es1 fall

 out ( acqua9tance ) ! "y1 because !y   
are g5]ally deta9$ at home by old age2 b
 y1 ,o son ( ,sophroniscus1 %\ld let y\r
 fell[ demesman h ! b5efit ( any advice 
:i* y are able to give4 ,moreov] ,i h a 
claim ^u y z an old fri5d ( y\r fa!r2 = 
,i & he 7 always companions & fri5ds1 & 
to ! h\r ( 8 dea? !re nev] 0 a diff]5ce 
betwe5 u2 & n[ x comes back to me1 at ! 
m5tion ( y\r "n1 t ,i h he>d ^! lads    
talk+ to "o ano!r at home1 & (t5 speak+ 
( ,socrates 9 t]ms ( ! highe/ praise2 b 
,i h nev] ?\ght to ask !m :e!r ! son (  
,sophroniscus 0 ! p]son :om !y meant4   
,tell me1 my boys1 :e!r ?is is !        
,socrates ( :om y h (t5 spok58  ,,son3  
,c]ta9ly1 fa!r1 ?is is he4  ,,lysima*us3
 ,i am delight$ to he>1 ,socrates1 t y  
ma9ta9 ! "n ( y\r fa!r1 :o 0 a mo/      
excell5t man2 & ,i fur!r rejoice at !   
prospect ( our family ties be+ r5ew$4   
,,la*es3 ,inde$1 ,lysima*us1 y ought n  
to give him up2 = ,i c assure y t ,i h  
se5 him ma9ta9+1 n only 8 fa!r's1 b also
 8 c\ntry's "n4 ,he 0 my companion 9 !  

retreat f ,delium1 & ,i c tell y t if   
o!rs _h only be5 l him1 ! hon\r ( our   
c\ntry w\ld h be5 upheld1 & ! great     
defeat w\ld nev] h occurr$4             
,,lysima*us3 ,t is v high praise :i* is 
accord$ to y1 ,socrates1 by fai?ful     
witnesses & = actions l ^? :i* !y       
praise4 ,let me tell y ! pleasure :i* ,i
 feel 9 he>+ ( y\r fame2 & ,i hope t y w
 reg>d me z "o ( y\r w>me/ fri5ds4 ,y   
ought to h visit$ u long ago1 & made    
y\rself at home ) u2 b n[1 f ?is day    
=w>d1 z we h at la/ f\nd "o ano!r out1 d
 z ,i say--come & make acqua9tance ) me1
 & ) ^! "y m51 t ,i may cont9ue y\r     
fri5d1 z ,i 0 y\r fa!r's4 ,i %all expect
 y to d s1 & %all v5ture at "s future "t
 to rem9d y ( y\r duty4 ,b :at say y ( !
 matt] ( :i* we 7 beg9n+ to speak--! art
 ( fight+ 9 arm\r8 ,is t a practice 9   
:i* ! lads may be advantage\sly         
in/ruct$8  ,,socrates3 ,i w endeav\r to 
advise y1 ,lysima*us1 z f> z ,i c 9 ?is 
matt]1 & also 9 e way w comply ) y\r    
wi%es2 b z ,i am y\ng] & n s exp]i5c$1  

,i ?9k t ,i ought c]ta9ly to he> fir/   
:at my eld]s h to say1 & to le>n ( !m1 &
 if ,i h any?+ to add1 !n ,i may v5ture 
to give my op9ion to !m z well z to y4  
,suppose1 ,nicias1 t "o or o!r ( y beg94
  ,,nicias3 ,i h no objection1          
,socrates2 & my op9ion is t ! acquirem5t
 ( ?is art is 9 _m ways useful to "y m54
 ,x is an advantage to !m t among !     
fav\rite amusem5ts ( _! leisure h\rs !y 
%\ld h "o :i* t5ds to improve & n to    
injure _! bodily heal?4 ,no gymna/ics   
c\ld be bett] or h>d] ex]cise2 & ?is1 & 
! art ( rid+1 are ( all arts mo/ befitt+
 to a freeman2 = !y only :o are ?us     
tra9$ 9 ! use ( arms are ! a?letes ( our
 milit>y pr(ession1 tra9$ 9 t on :i* !  
conflict turns4 ,moreov] 9 actual       
battle1 :5 y h to fight 9 a l9e ) a     
numb] ( o!rs1 su* an acquirem5t w be (  
"s use1 & w be ( ! greate/ :5ev] ! ranks
 are brok5 & y h to fight s+ly1 ei!r 9  
pursuit1 :5 y are attack+ "s "o :o is   
def5d+ himself1 or 9 flight1 :5 y h to  
def5d y\rself aga9/ an assailant4       

,c]ta9ly he :o possess$ ! art c\ld n    
meet ) any h>m at ! h&s ( a s+le p]son1 
or p]haps ( sev]al2 & 9 any case he w\ld
 h a great advantage4 ,fur!r1 ?is sort (
 skill incl9es a man to ! love ( o!r    
noble lessons2 = e man :o has le>n$ h[  
to fight 9 arm\r w desire to le>n !     
prop] arrangem5t ( an army1 :i* is !    
sequel ( ! lesson3 & :5 he has le>n$    
?is1 & 8 ambition is once fir$1 he w g  
on to le>n ! complete art ( ! g5]al4    
,!re is no difficulty 9 see+ t ! k &    
practice ( o!r milit>y arts w be        
hon\rable & valuable to a man2 & ?is    
lesson may be ! beg9n+ ( !m4 ,let me add
 a fur!r advantage1 :i* is by no means a
 slight "o1--t ?is sci5ce w make any man
 a great deal m valiant & self-possess$ 
9 ! field4 ,& ,i w n disda9 to m5tion1  
:at by "s may be ?\ght to be a small    
matt]2--he w make a bett] appe>ance at !
 "r "t2 t is to say1 at ! "t :5 8       
appe>ance w /rike t]ror into 8 enemies4 
,my op9ion !n1 ,lysima*us1 is1 z ,i say1
 t ! y\?s %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 ?is art1 & 

= ! reasons :i* ,i h giv54 ,b ,la*es may
 take a diff]5t view2 & ,i %all be v    
glad to he> :at he has to say4  ,,la*es3
 ,i %\ld n l to ma9ta91 ,nicias1 t any  
k9d ( k is n to be le>n$2 = all k appe>s
 to be a good3 & if1 z ,nicias & z !    
tea*]s ( ! art affirm1 ?is use ( arms is
 really a species ( k1 !n x ought to be 
le>n$2 b if n1 & if ^? :o pr(ess to tea*
 x are deceiv]s only2 or if x be k1 b n 
( a valuable sort1 !n :at is ! use (    
le>n+ x8 ,i say ?is1 because ,i ?9k t if
 x _h be5 really valuable1 !            
,lac$aemonians1 ^: :ole life is pass$ 9 
f9d+ out & practis+ ! arts :i* give !m  
an advantage ov] o!r nations 9 w>1 w\ld 
h discov]$ ?is "o4 ,& ev5 if !y _h n1   
/ill ^! pr(essors ( ! art w\ld c]ta9ly n
 h fail$ to discov] t ( all ! ,hell5es !
 ,lac$aemonians h ! greate/ int]e/ 9 su*
 matt]s1 & t a ma/] ( ! art :o 0 hon\r$ 
among !m w\ld be sure to make 8 =tune   
among o!r nations1 j z a tragic poet    
w\ld :o is hon\r$ among ourselves2 :i*  
is ! reason :y he :o fancies t he c     

write a trag$y does n g ab\t it9]at+ 9 !
 neighb\r+ /ates1 b ru%es hi!r /raight1 
& exhibits at ,a!ns2 & ?is is natural4  
,:]eas ,i p]ceive t ^! fight]s 9 arm\r  
reg>d ,lac$aemon z a sacr$ inviolable   
t]ritory1 :i* !y d n t\* ) ! po9t ( _!  
foot2 b !y make a circuit ( ! neighb\r+ 
/ates1 & w\ld r exhibit to any o!rs ?an 
to ! ,sp>tans2 & p>ticul>ly to ^? :o    
w\ld !mselves ackn[l$ge t !y are by no  
means fir/-rate 9 ! arts ( w>4 ,fur!r1  
,lysima*us1 ,i h enc\nt]$ a good _m ( ^!
 g5tlem5 9 actual s]vice1 & h tak5 _!   
measure1 :i* ,i c give y at once2 = none
 ( ^! ma/]s ( f5ce h ev] be5 di/+ui%$ 9 
w>1--!re has be5 a sort ( fatality ab\t 
!m2 :ile 9 all o!r arts ! m5 ( note h   
be5 always ^? :o h practis$ ! art1 !y   
appe> to be a mo/ un=tunate exception4  
,= example1 ?is v ,/esilaus1 :om y & ,i 
h j witness$ exhibit+ 9 all t cr[d &    
mak+ su* great pr(essions ( 8 p[]s1 ,i h
 se5 at ano!r "t mak+1 9 sob] tru?1 an  
involunt>y exhibition ( himself1 :i* 0 a
 f> bett] spectacle4 ,he 0 a m>9e on    

bo>d a %ip :i* /ruck a transport vessel1
 & 0 arm$ ) a weapon1 half spe>1 half   
scy!2 ! s+ul>ity ( ?is weapon 0 wor?y ( 
! s+ul>ity ( ! man4 ,to make a long /ory
 %ort1 ,i w only tell y :at happ5$ to   
?is notable inv5tion ( ! scy! spe>4 ,he 
0 fight+1 & ! scy! 0 caught 9 ! rigg+ ( 
! o!r %ip1 & /uck fa/2 & he tugg$1 b 0  
unable to get 8 weapon free4 ,! two %ips
 7 pass+ "o ano!r4 ,he fir/ ran along 8 
own %ip hold+ on to ! spe>2 b z ! o!r   
%ip pass$ by & drew him aft] z he 0     
hold+ on1 he let ! spe> slip ?r\gh 8 h& 
until he reta9$ only ! end ( ! h&le4 ,! 
p 9 ! transport clapp$ _! h&s1 & laugh$ 
at 8 ridicul\s figure2 & :5 "s "o ?rew a
 /one1 :i* fell on ! deck at 8 feet1 &  
he quitt$ 8 hold ( ! scy!-spe>1 ! crew (
 8 own trireme also bur/ out laugh+2 !y 
c\ld n refra9 :5 !y beheld ! weapon wav+
 9 ! air1 susp5d$ f ! transport4 ,n[ ,i 
d n d5y t !re may be some?+ 9 su* an    
art1 z ,nicias ass]ts1 b ,i tell y my   
exp]i5ce2 &1 z ,i said at fir/1 :e!r ?is
 be an art ( :i* ! advantage is s       

slight1 or n an art at all1 b only an   
imposition1 9 ei!r case su* an          
acquirem5t is n wor? hav+4 ,= my op9ion 
is1 t if ! pr(essor ( ?is art be a c[>d1
 he w be likely to become ra%1 & 8 "* w 
be only m notori\s2 or if he be brave1 &
 fail ev] s little1 o!r m5 w be on !    
wat*1 & he w be greatly traduc$2 = !re  
is a jeal\sy ( su* pret5d]s2 & unless a 
man be pre-em95t 9 val\r1 he _c help be+
 ridicul\s1 if he says t he has ?is sort
 ( skill4 ,su* is my judgm5t1           
,lysima*us1 ( ! desirabl5ess ( ?is art2 
b1 z ,i said at fir/1 ask ,socrates1 & d
 n let him g until he has giv5 y 8      
op9ion ( ! matt]4  ,,lysima*us3 ,i am   
go+ to ask ?is fav\r ( y1 ,socrates2 z  
is ! m necess>y because ! two c\ncillors
 disagree1 & "s "o is 9 a mann] /ill    
ne$$ :o w decide betwe5 !m4 ,_h !y      
agre$1 no arbit] w\ld h be5 requir$4 ,b 
z ,la*es has vot$ "o way & ,nicias      
ano!r1 ,i %\ld l to he> ) :i* ( our two 
fri5ds y agree4  ,,socrates3 ,:at1      
,lysima*us1 are y go+ to accept ! op9ion

 ( ! majority8  ,,lysima*us3 ,:y1 yes1  
,socrates2 :at else am ,i to d8         
,,socrates3 ,& w\ld y d s too1          
,melesias8 ,if y 7 delib]at+ ab\t !     
gymna/ic tra9+ ( y\r son1 w\ld y foll[ !
 advice ( ! majority ( u1 or ! op9ion ( 
! "o :o _h be5 tra9$ & ex]cis$ "u a     
skilful ma/]8  ,,melesias3 ,! latt]1    
,socrates2 z w\ld surely be reasonable4 
,,socrates3 ,8 "o vote w\ld be wor? m   
?an ! vote ( all u f\r8  ,,melesias3    
,c]ta9ly4  ,,socrates3 ,& = ?is reason1 
z ,i imag9e1--because a good decision is
 bas$ on k & n on numb]s8  ,,melesias3  
,to be sure4  ,,socrates3 ,mu/ we n !n  
fir/ ( all ask1 :e!r !re is any "o ( u  
:o has k ( t ab\t :i* we are delib]at+8 
,if !re is1 let u take 8 advice1 ?\gh he
 be "o only1 & n m9d ! re/2 if !re is n1
 let u seek fur!r c\nsel4 ,is ?is a     
slight matt] ab\t :i* y & ,lysima*us are
 delib]at+8 ,are y n risk+ ! greate/ (  
y\r possessions8 ,= *ildr5 are y\r      
ri*es2 & ^u _! turn+ out well or ill    
dep5ds ! :ole ord] ( _! fa!r's h\se4    

,,melesias3 ,t is true4  ,,socrates3    
,great c>e1 !n1 is requir$ 9 ?is matt]8 
,,melesias3 ,c]ta9ly4  ,,socrates3      
,suppose1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 t we 7      
consid]+1 or want+ to consid]1 :o 0 !   
be/ tra9]4 ,%\ld we n select him :o knew
 & _h practis$ ! art1 & _h ! be/ tea*]s8
  ,,melesias3 ,i ?9k t we %\ld4         
,,socrates3 ,b w\ld !re n arise a prior 
"q ab\t ! nature ( ! art ( :i* we want  
to f9d ! ma/]s8  ,,melesias3 ,i d n     
und]/&4  ,,socrates3 ,let me try to make
 my mean+ pla9] !n4 ,i d n ?9k t we h z 
yet decid$ :at t is ab\t :i* we are     
consult+1 :5 we ask :i* ( u is or is n  
skill$ 9 ! art1 & has or has n _h a     
tea*] ( ! art4  ,,nicias3 ,:y1          
,socrates1 is n ! "q :e!r "y m5 ought or
 ought n to le>n ! art ( fight+ 9 arm\r8
  ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,nicias2 b !re is   
also a prior "q1 :i* ,i may illu/rate 9 
?is way3 ,:5 a p]son consid]s ab\t      
apply+ a m$ic9e to ! eyes1 w\ld y say t 
he is consult+ ab\t ! m$ic9e or ab\t !  
eyes8  ,,nicias3 ,ab\t ! eyes4          

,,socrates3 ,& :5 he consid]s :e!r he   
%all set a bridle on a horse & at :at   
"t1 he is ?9k+ ( ! horse & n ( ! bridle8
  ,,nicias3 ,true4  ,,socrates3 ,& 9 a  
^w1 :5 he consid]s any?+ = ! sake (     
ano!r ?+1 he ?9ks ( ! end & n ( ! means8
  ,,nicias3 ,c]ta9ly4  ,,socrates3 ,& :5
 y call 9 an advis]1 y %\ld see :e!r he 
too is skilful 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! end 
:i* y h 9 view8  ,,nicias3 ,mo/ true4   
,,socrates3 ,& at pres5t we h 9 view "s 
k1 ( :i* ! end is ! s\l ( y\?8          
,,nicias3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,& we are  
enquir+1 ,:i* ( u is skilful or         
successful 9 ! treatm5t ( ! s\l1 & :i* (
 u has _h good tea*]s8  ,,la*es3 ,well  
b1 ,socrates2 did y nev] obs]ve t "s    
p]sons1 :o h _h no tea*]s1 are m skilful
 ?an ^? :o h1 9 "s ?+s8  ,,socrates3    
,yes1 ,la*es1 ,i h obs]v$ t2 b y w\ld n 
be v will+ to tru/ !m if !y only pr(ess$
 to be ma/]s ( _! art1 unless !y c\ld %[
 "s pro( ( _! skill or excell5ce 9 "o or
 m works4  ,,la*es3 ,t is true4         
,,socrates3 ,& !re=e1 ,la*es & ,nicias1 

z ,lysima*us & ,melesias1 9 _! anxiety  
to improve ! m9ds ( _! sons1 h ask$ our 
advice ab\t !m1 we too %\ld tell !m :o  
our tea*]s 71 if we say t we h _h any1 &
 prove !m to be 9 ! fir/ place m5 ( m]it
 & exp]i5c$ tra9]s ( ! m9ds ( y\? & also
 to h be5 really our tea*]s4 ,or if any 
( u says t he has no tea*]1 b t he has  
works ( 8 own to %[2 !n he %\ld po9t out
 to !m :at ,a!nians or /rang]s1 bond or 
free1 he is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to h      
improv$4 ,b if he c %[ nei!r tea*]s nor 
works1 !n he %\ld tell !m to look out = 
o!rs2 & n run ! risk ( spoil+ ! *ildr5 (
 fri5ds1 & !reby incurr+ ! mo/ =midable 
accusation :i* c be br\ght aga9/ any "o 
by ^? ne>e/ to him4 ,z = myself1        
,lysima*us & ,melesias1 ,i am ! fir/ to 
confess t ,i h nev] _h a tea*] ( ! art (
 virtue2 al?\gh ,i h always f my e>lie/ 
y\? desir$ to h "o4 ,b ,i am too poor to
 give money to ! ,sophi/s1 :o are ! only
 pr(essors ( moral improvem5t2 & to ?is 
day ,i h nev] be5 able to discov] ! art 
myself1 ?\gh ,i %\ld n be surpris$ if   

,nicias or ,la*es may h discov]$ or     
le>n$ x2 = !y are f> weal?i] ?an ,i am1 
& may !re=e h le>nt ( o!rs4 ,& !y are   
old] too2 s t !y h _h m "t to make !    
discov]y4 ,& ,i really believe t !y are 
able to educate a man2 = unless !y _h   
be5 confid5t 9 _! own k1 !y w\ld nev] h 
spok5 ?us decid$ly ( ! pursuits :i* are 
advantage\s or hurtful to a "y man4 ,i  
repose confid5ce 9 bo? ( !m2 b ,i am    
surpris$ to f9d t !y diff] f "o ano!r4  
,& !re=e1 ,lysima*us1 z ,la*es sugge/$ t
 y %\ld deta9 me1 & n let me g until ,i 
answ]$1 ,i 9 turn e>ne/ly besee* &      
advise y to deta9 ,la*es & ,nicias1 & "q
 !m4 ,i w\ld h y say to !m3 ,socrates   
av]s t he has no k ( ! matt]--he is     
unable to decide :i* ( y speaks truly2  
nei!r discov]] nor /ud5t is he ( any?+ (
 ! k9d4 ,b y1 ,la*es & ,nicias1 %\ld ea*
 ( y tell u :o is ! mo/ skilful educator
 :om y h ev] kn[n2 & :e!r y inv5t$ ! art
 y\rselves1 or le>n$ ( ano!r2 & if y    
le>n$1 :o 7 y\r respective tea*]s1 & :o 
7 _! bro!rs 9 ! art2 & !n1 if y are too 

mu* occupi$ 9 politics to tea* u        
y\rselves1 let u g to !m1 & pres5t !m ) 
gifts1 or make int]e/ ) !m1 or bo?1 9 ! 
hope t !y may be induc$ to take *>ge (  
our *ildr5 & ( y\rs2 & !n !y w n gr[ up 
inf]ior1 & disgrace _! ance/ors4 ,b if y
 are y\rselves orig9al discov]]s 9 t    
field1 give u "s pro( ( y\r skill4 ,:o  
are !y :o1 hav+ be5 inf]ior p]sons1 h   
become "u y\r c>e good & noble8 ,= if   
?is is y\r fir/ attempt at education1   
!re is a dang] t y may be try+ !        
exp]im5t1 n on ! 'vile corpus' ( a      
,c>ian slave1 b on y\r own sons1 or !   
sons ( y\r fri5d1 &1 z ! prov]b says1   
'break ! l>ge vessel 9 le>n+ to make    
pots4' ,tell u !n1 :at qualities y claim
 or d n claim4 ,make !m tell y t1       
,lysima*us1 & d n let !m (f4            
,,lysima*us3 ,i v mu* approve ( ! words 
( ,socrates1 my fri5ds2 b y1 ,nicias &  
,la*es1 mu/ det]m9e :e!r y w be         
que/ion$1 & give an explanation ab\t    
matt]s ( ?is sort4 ,assur$ly1 ,i &      
,melesias w\ld be greatly pleas$ to he> 

y answ] ! que/ions :i* ,socrates asks1  
if y w3 = ,i began by say+ t we took y  
into our c\nsels because we ?\ght t y   
w\ld h att5d$ to ! subject1 especially z
 y h *ildr5 :o1 l our own1 are ne>ly (  
an age to be educat$4 ,well1 !n1 if y h 
no objection1 suppose t y take ,socrates
 into p>tn]%ip2 & d y & he ask & answ]  
"o ano!r's que/ions3 =1 z he has well   
said1 we are delib]at+ ab\t ! mo/       
important ( our conc]ns4 ,i hope t y w  
see fit to comply ) our reque/4         
,,nicias3 ,i see v cle>ly1 ,lysima*us1 t
 y h only kn[n ,socrates' fa!r1 & h no  
acqua9tance ) ,socrates himself3 at     
lea/1 y c only h kn[n him :5 he 0 a     
*ild1 & may h met him among 8           
fell[-w>dsm51 9 company ) 8 fa!r1 at a  
sacrifice1 or at "s o!r ga!r+4 ,y cle>ly
 %[ t y h nev] kn[n him s9ce he arriv$  
at manhood4  ,,lysima*us3 ,:y d y say t1
 ,nicias8  ,,nicias3 ,because y seem n  
to be aw>e t any "o :o has an           
intellectual aff9ity to ,socrates &     
ent]s into conv]sation ) him is liable  

to be drawn into an argum5t2 & :atev]   
subject he may />t1 he w be cont9ually  
c>ri$ r\nd & r\nd by him1 until at la/  
he f9ds t he has to give an acc\nt bo? (
 8 pres5t & pa/ life2 & :5 he is once   
entangl$1 ,socrates w n let him g until 
he has completely & ?or\ghly sift$ him4 
,n[ ,i am us$ to 8 ways2 & ,i "k t he w 
c]ta9ly d z ,i say1 & also t ,i myself  
%all be ! suff]]2 = ,i am fond ( 8      
conv]sation1 ,lysima*us4 ,& ,i ?9k t !re
 is no h>m 9 be+ rem9d$ ( any wrong ?+  
:i* we are1 or h be51 do+3 he :o does n 
fly f repro( w be sure to take m he$ ( 8
 aft]-life2 z ,solon says1 he w wi% &   
desire to be le>n+ s long z he lives1 & 
w n ?9k t old age ( itself br+s wisdom4 
,to me1 to be cross-exam9$ by ,socrates 
is nei!r unusual nor unpleasant2 inde$1 
,i knew all along t :]e ,socrates 01 !  
argum5t w\ld soon pass f our sons to    
ourselves2 & !re=e1 ,i say t = my "p1 ,i
 am q will+ to disc\rse ) ,socrates 9 8 
own mann]2 b y _h bett] ask our fri5d   
,la*es :at 8 feel+ may be4  ,,la*es3 ,i 

h b "o feel+1 ,nicias1 or 7%all ,i say87
 two feel+s1 ab\t discussions4 ,"s w\ld 
?9k t ,i am a lov]1 & to o!rs ,i may    
seem to be a hat] ( disc\rse2 = :5 ,i   
he> a man disc\rs+ ( virtue1 or ( any   
sort ( wisdom1 :o is a true man & wor?y 
( 8 !me1 ,i am delight$ beyond measure3 
& ,i comp>e ! man & 8 words1 & note !   
h>mony & correspond5ce ( !m4 ,& su* an  
"o ,i deem to be ! true musician1 attun$
 to a fair] h>mony ?an t ( ! lyre1 or   
any pleasant in/rum5t ( music2 = truly  
he has 9 8 own life a h>mony ( words &  
de$s arrang$1 n 9 ! ,ionian1 or 9 !     
,phrygian mode1 nor yet 9 ! ,lydian1 b 9
 ! true ,hell5ic mode1 :i* is ! ,dorian1
 & no o!r4 ,su* an "o makes me m]ry ) ! 
s\nd ( 8 voice2 & :5 ,i he> him ,i am   
?\ght to be a lov] ( disc\rse2 s eag] am
 ,i 9 dr9k+ 9 8 words4 ,b a man ^:      
actions d n agree ) 8 words is an       
annoyance to me2 & ! bett] he speaks ! m
 ,i hate him1 & !n ,i seem to be a hat] 
( disc\rse4 ,z to ,socrates1 ,i h no k (
 8 words1 b ( old1 z w\ld seem1 ,i h _h 

exp]i5ce ( 8 de$s2 & 8 de$s %[ t free & 
noble s5tim5ts are natural to him4 ,& if
 8 words accord1 !n ,i am ( "o m9d )    
him1 & %all be delight$ to be int]rogat$
 by a man su* z he is1 & %all n be      
annoy$ at hav+ to le>n ( him3 = ,i too  
agree ) ,solon1 't ,i w\ld fa9 gr[ old1 
le>n+ _m ?+s4' ,b ,i mu/ be all[$ to add
 '( ! good only4' ,socrates mu/ be will+
 to all[ t he is a good tea*]1 or ,i    
%all be a dull & uncong5ial pupil3 b t !
 tea*] is y\ng]1 or n z yet 9           
repute--any?+ ( t sort is ( no acc\nt ) 
me4 ,& !re=e1 ,socrates1 ,i give y      
notice t y may tea* & confute me z mu* z
 ev] y l1 & also le>n ( me any?+ :i* ,i 
"k4 ,s high is ! op9ion :i* ,i h        
ent]ta9$ ( y ev] s9ce ! day on :i* y 7  
my companion 9 dang]1 & gave a pro( (   
y\r val\r su* z only ! man ( m]it c     
give4 ,!re=e1 say :atev] y l1 & d n m9d 
ab\t ! diff]5ce ( our ages4  ,,socrates3
 ,i _c say t ei!r ( y %[ any reluctance 
to take c\nsel & advise ) me4           
,,lysima*us3 ,b ?is is our prop]        

bus9ess2 & y\rs z well z ours1 = ,i     
reckon y z "o ( u4 ,please !n to take my
 place1 & f9d out f ,nicias & ,la*es :at
 we want to "k1 = ! sake ( ! y\?s1 &    
talk & consult ) !m3 = ,i am old1 & my  
memory is bad2 & ,i d n rememb] !       
que/ions :i* ,i am go+ to ask1 or !     
answ]s to !m2 & if !re is any           
int]ruption ,i am q lo/4 ,i w !re=e beg 
( y to c>ry on ! propos$ discussion by  
y\r selves2 & ,i w li/51 & ,melesias &  
,i w act ^u y\r conclusions4            
,,socrates3 ,let u1 ,nicias & ,la*es1   
comply ) ! reque/ ( ,lysima*us &        
,melesias4 ,!re w be no h>m 9 ask+      
ourselves ! "q :i* 0 fir/ propos$ to u3 
',:o h be5 our own in/ructors 9 ?is sort
 ( tra9+1 & :om h we made bett]8' ,b !  
o!r mode ( c>ry+ on ! enquiry w br+ u   
equally to ! same po9t1 & w be m l      
proce$+ f fir/ pr9ciples4 ,= if we knew 
t ! addition ( some?+ w\ld improve "s   
o!r ?+1 & 7 able to make ! addition1 !n1
 cle>ly1 we mu/ "k h[ t ab\t :i* we are 
advis+ may be be/ & mo/ easily atta9$4  

,p]haps y d n und]/& :at ,i mean4 ,!n   
let me make my mean+ pla9] 9 ?is way4   
,suppose we knew t ! addition ( sight   
makes bett] ! eyes :i* possess ?is gift1
 & also 7 able to imp>t sight to ! eyes1
 !n1 cle>ly1 we %\ld "k ! nature (      
sight1 & %\ld be able to advise h[ ?is  
gift ( sight may be be/ & mo/ easily    
atta9$2 b if we knew nei!r :at sight is1
 nor :at he>+ is1 we %\ld n be v good   
m$ical advis]s ab\t ! eyes or ! e>s1 or 
ab\t ! be/ mode ( giv+ sight & he>+ to  
!m4  ,,la*es3 ,t is true1 ,socrates4    
,,socrates3 ,& are n our two fri5ds1    
,la*es1 at ?is v mom5t invit+ u to      
consid] 9 :at way ! gift ( virtue may be
 imp>t$ to _! sons = ! improvem5t ( _!  
m9ds8  ,,la*es3 ,v true4  ,,socrates3   
,!n mu/ we n fir/ "k ! nature ( virtue8 
,= h[ c we advise any "o ab\t ! be/ mode
 ( atta9+ some?+ ( :i* we are :olly     
ignorant8  ,,la*es3 ,i d n ?9k t we c1  
,socrates4  ,,socrates3 ,!n1 ,la*es1 we 
may presume t we "k ! nature ( virtue8  
,,la*es3 ,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,& t :i* we 

"k we mu/ surely be able to tell8       
,,la*es3 ,c]ta9ly4  ,,socrates3 ,i w\ld 
n h u beg91 my fri5d1 ) enquir+ ab\t !  
:ole ( virtue2 = t may be m ?an we c    
accompli%2 let u fir/ consid] :e!r we h 
a suffici5t k ( a "p2 ! enquiry w ?us   
probably be made easi] to u4  ,,la*es3  
,let u d z y say1 ,socrates4            
,,socrates3 ,!n :i* ( ! p>ts ( virtue   
%all we select8 ,mu/ we n select t to   
:i* ! art ( fight+ 9 arm\r is suppos$ to
 conduce8 ,& is n t g5]ally ?\ght to be 
c\rage8  ,,la*es3 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4        
,,socrates3 ,!n1 ,la*es1 suppose t we   
fir/ set ab\t det]m9+ ! nature ( c\rage1
 & 9 ! second place proce$ to enquire h[
 ! "y m5 may atta9 ?is quality by ! help
 ( /udies & pursuits4 ,tell me1 if y c1 
:at is c\rage4  ,,la*es3 ,inde$1        
,socrates1 ,i see no difficulty 9       
answ]+2 he is a man ( c\rage :o does n  
run away1 b rema9s at 8 po/ & fights    
aga9/ ! enemy2 !re c be no mi/ake ab\t  
t4  ,,socrates3 ,v good1 ,la*es2 & yet  
,i fe> t ,i did n express myself cle>ly2

 & !re=e y h answ]$ n ! "q :i* ,i int5d$
 to ask1 b ano!r4  ,,la*es3 ,:at d y    
mean1 ,socrates8  ,,socrates3 ,i w      
endeav\r to expla92 y w\ld call a man   
c\rage\s :o rema9s at 8 po/1 & fights ) 
! enemy8  ,,la*es3 ,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld4    
,,socrates3 ,& s %\ld ,i2 b :at w\ld y  
say ( ano!r man1 :o fights fly+1 in/ead 
( rema9+8  ,,la*es3 ,h[ fly+8           
,,socrates3 ,:y1 z ! ,scy?ians are said 
to fight1 fly+ z well z pursu+2 & z     
,hom] says 9 praise ( ! horses ( ,a5eas1
 t !y knew 'h[ to pursue1 & fly quickly 
hi!r & ?i!r'2 & he passes an encomium on
 ,a5eas himself1 z hav+ a k ( fe> or    
flight1 & calls him 'an au?or ( fe> or  
flight4'  ,,la*es3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 &   
!re ,hom] is "r3 = he 0 speak+ ( *>iots1
 z y 7 speak+ ( ! ,scy?ian cavalry1 :o h
 t way ( fight+2 b ! heavy-arm$ ,greek  
fights1 z ,i say1 rema9+ 9 8 rank4      
,,socrates3 ,& yet1 ,la*es1 y mu/ except
 ! ,lac$aemonians at ,plataea1 :o1 :5 !y
 came ^u ! light %ields ( ! ,p]sians1   
are said n to h be5 will+ to /& & fight1

 & to h fl$2 b :5 ! ranks ( ! ,p]sians 7
 brok51 !y turn$ ^u !m l cavalry1 & won 
! battle ( ,plataea4  ,,la*es3 ,t is    
true4  ,,socrates3 ,t 0 my mean+ :5 ,i  
said t ,i 0 to blame 9 hav+ put my "q   
badly1 & t ?is 0 ! reason ( y\r answ]+  
badly4 ,= ,i meant to ask y n only ab\t 
! c\rage ( heavy-arm$ soldi]s1 b ab\t ! 
c\rage ( cavalry & e o!r /yle ( soldi]2 
& n only :o are c\rage\s 9 w>1 b :o are 
c\rage\s 9 p]ils by sea1 & :o 9 disease1
 or 9 pov]ty1 or aga9 9 politics1 are   
c\rage\s2 & n only :o are c\rage\s aga9/
 pa9 or fe>1 b mighty to cont5d aga9/   
desires & pleasures1 ei!r fix$ 9 _! rank
 or turn+ ^u _! enemy4 ,!re is ?is sort 
( c\rage--is !re n1 ,la*es8  ,,la*es3   
,c]ta9ly1 ,socrates4  ,,socrates3 ,& all
 ^! are c\rage\s1 b "s h c\rage 9       
pleasures1 & "s 9 pa9s3 "s 9 desires1 & 
"s 9 fe>s1 & "s are c[>ds "u ! same     
conditions1 z ,i %\ld imag9e4  ,,la*es3 
,v true4  ,,socrates3 ,n[ ,i 0 ask+ ab\t
 c\rage & c[>dice 9 g5]al4 ,& ,i w beg9 
) c\rage1 & once m ask1 ,:at is t common

 quality1 :i* is ! same 9 all ^! cases1 
& :i* is call$ c\rage8 ,d y n[ und]/&   
:at ,i mean8  ,,la*es3 ,n ov] well4     
,,socrates3 ,i mean ?is3 ,z ,i might ask
 :at is t quality :i* is call$          
quickness1 & :i* is f\nd 9 runn+1 9     
play+ ! lyre1 9 speak+1 9 le>n+1 & 9 _m 
o!r simil> actions1 or r :i* we possess 
9 ne>ly e action t is wor? m5tion+ (    
arms1 legs1 m\?1 voice1 m9d2--w\ld y n  
apply ! t]m quickness to all ( !m8      
,,la*es3 ,q true4  ,,socrates3 ,&       
suppose ,i 7 to be ask$ by "s "o3 ,:at  
is t common quality1 ,socrates1 :i*1 9  
all ^! uses ( ! ^w1 y call quickness8 ,i
 %\ld say ! quality :i* accompli%es mu* 
9 a little "t--:e!r 9 runn+1 speak+1 or 
9 any o!r sort ( action4  ,,la*es3 ,y   
w\ld be q correct4  ,,socrates3 ,& n[1  
,la*es1 d y try & tell me 9 l mann]1    
,:at is t common quality :i* is call$   
c\rage1 & :i* includes all ! v>i\s uses 
( ! t]m :5 appli$ bo? to pleasure & pa91
 & 9 all ! cases to :i* ,i 0 j n[       
ref]r+8  ,,la*es3 ,i %\ld say t c\rage  

is a sort ( endurance ( ! s\l1 if ,i am 
to speak ( ! univ]sal nature :i* p]vades
 !m all4  ,,socrates3 ,b t is :at we mu/
 d if we are to answ] ! "q4 ,& yet ,i _c
 say t e k9d ( endurance is1 9 my       
op9ion1 to be deem$ c\rage4 ,he> my     
reason3 ,i am sure1 ,la*es1 t y w\ld    
consid] c\rage to be a v noble quality4 
,,la*es3 ,mo/ noble1 c]ta9ly4           
,,socrates3 ,& y w\ld say t a wise      
endurance is also good & noble8         
,,la*es3 ,v noble4  ,,socrates3 ,b :at  
w\ld y say ( a fooli% endurance8 ,is n  
t1 on ! o!r h&1 to be reg>d$ z evil &   
hurtful8  ,,la*es3 ,true4  ,,socrates3  
,& is any?+ noble :i* is evil & hurtful8
  ,,la*es3 ,i ought n to say t1         
,socrates4  ,,socrates3 ,!n y w\ld n    
admit t sort ( endurance to be c\rage--=
 x is n noble1 b c\rage is noble8       
,,la*es3 ,y are "r4  ,,socrates3 ,!n1   
accord+ to y1 only ! wise endurance is  
c\rage8  ,,la*es3 ,true4  ,,socrates3 ,b
 z to ! epi!t 'wise1'--wise 9 :at8 ,9   
all ?+s small z well z great8 ,=        

example1 if a man %[s ! quality (       
endurance 9 sp5d+ 8 money wisely1 kn[+ t
 by sp5d+ he w acquire m 9 ! end1 d y   
call him c\rage\s8  ,,la*es3 ,assur$ly  
n4  ,,socrates3 ,or1 = example1 if a man
 is a physician1 & 8 son1 or "s pati5t (
 81 has inflammation ( ! lungs1 & begs t
 he may be all[$ to eat or dr9k some?+1 
& ! o!r is firm & refuses2 is t c\rage8 
,,la*es3 ,no2 t is n c\rage at all1 any 
m ?an ! la/4  ,,socrates3 ,aga91 take ! 
case ( "o :o endures 9 w>1 & is will+ to
 fight1 & wisely calculates & kn[s t    
o!rs w help him1 & t !re w be few] &    
inf]ior m5 aga9/ him ?an !re are ) him2 
& suppose t he has also advantages (    
position2 w\ld y say ( su* a "o :o      
endures ) all ?is wisdom & prep>ation1 t
 he1 or "s man 9 ! oppos+ army :o is 9 !
 opposite circum/ances to ^! & yet      
endures & rema9s at 8 po/1 is ! brav]8  
,,la*es3 ,i %\ld say t ! latt]1         
,socrates1 0 ! brav]4  ,,socrates3 ,b1  
surely1 ?is is a fooli% endurance 9     
comp>ison ) ! o!r8  ,,la*es3 ,t is true4

  ,,socrates3 ,!n y w\ld say t he :o 9  
an engagem5t ( cavalry endures1 hav+ ! k
 ( horseman%ip1 is n s c\rage\s z he :o 
endures1 hav+ no su* k8  ,,la*es3 ,s ,i 
%\ld say4  ,,socrates3 ,& he :o endures1
 hav+ a k ( ! use ( ! sl+1 or ! b[1 or (
 any o!r art1 is n s c\rage\s z he :o   
endures1 n hav+ su* a k8  ,,la*es3      
,true4  ,,socrates3 ,& he :o desc5ds    
into a well1 & dives1 & holds out 9 ?is 
or any simil> action1 hav+ no k ( div+1 
or ! l1 is1 z y w\ld say1 m c\rage\s ?an
 ^? :o h ?is k8  ,,la*es3 ,:y1          
,socrates1 :at else c a man say8        
,,socrates3 ,no?+1 if t be :at he ?9ks4 
,,la*es3 ,b t is :at ,i d ?9k4          
,,socrates3 ,& yet m5 :o ?us run risks &
 endure are fooli%1 ,la*es1 9 comp>ison 
( ^? :o d ! same ?+s1 hav+ ! skill to d 
!m4  ,,la*es3 ,t is true4  ,,socrates3  
,b fooli% boldness & endurance appe>$   
be=e to be base & hurtful to u4         
,,la*es3 ,q true4  ,,socrates3 ,:]eas   
c\rage 0 ackn[l$g$ to be a noble        
quality4  ,,la*es3 ,true4  ,,socrates3  

,& n[ on ! contr>y we are say+ t !      
fooli% endurance1 :i* 0 be=e held 9     
di%on\r1 is c\rage4  ,,la*es3 ,v true4  
,,socrates3 ,& are we "r 9 say+ s8      
,,la*es3 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i am sure t
 we are n "r4  ,,socrates3 ,!n accord+  
to y\r /atem5t1 y & ,i1 ,la*es1 are n   
attun$ to ! ,dorian mode1 :i* is a      
h>mony ( words & de$s2 = our de$s are n 
9 accordance ) our words4 ,any "o w\ld  
say t we _h c\rage :o saw u 9 action1 b 
n1 ,i imag9e1 he :o he>d u talk+ ab\t   
c\rage j n[4  ,,la*es3 ,t is mo/ true4  
,,socrates3 ,& is ?is condition ( ours  
satisfactory8  ,,la*es3 ,q ! rev]se4    
,,socrates3 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t we admit 
! pr9ciple ( :i* we are speak+ to a     
c]ta9 ext5t4  ,,la*es3 ,to :at ext5t &  
:at pr9ciple d y mean8  ,,socrates3 ,!  
pr9ciple ( endurance4 ,we too mu/ endure
 & p]sev]e 9 ! enquiry1 & !n c\rage w n 
laugh at our fa9t-he>t$ness 9 se>*+ =   
c\rage2 :i* aft] all may1 v likely1 be  
endurance4  ,,la*es3 ,i am ready to g   
on1 ,socrates2 & yet ,i am unus$ to     

inve/igations ( ?is sort4 ,b ! _s (     
controv]sy has be5 ar\s$ 9 me by :at has
 be5 said2 & ,i am really griev$ at be+ 
?us unable to express my mean+4 ,= ,i   
fancy t ,i d "k ! nature ( c\rage2 b1   
someh[ or o!r1 %e has slipp$ away f me1 
& ,i _c get hold ( h] & tell h] nature4 
,,socrates3 ,b1 my de> fri5d1 %\ld n !  
good sportsman foll[ ! track1 & n be    
lazy8  ,,la*es3 ,c]ta9ly1 he %\ld4      
,,socrates3 ,& %all we invite ,nicias to
 jo9 u8 he may be bett] at ! sport ?an  
we are4 ,:at d y say8  ,,la*es3 ,i %\ld 
l t4  ,,socrates3 ,come !n1 ,nicias1 & d
 :at y c to help y\r fri5ds1 :o are     
toss+ on ! waves ( argum5t1 & at ! la/  
gasp3 y see our extremity1 & may save u 
& also settle y\r own op9ion1 if y w    
tell u :at y ?9k ab\t c\rage4  ,,nicias3
 ,i h be5 ?9k+1 ,socrates1 t y & ,la*es 
are n def9+ c\rage 9 ! "r way2 = y h    
=gott5 an excell5t say+ :i* ,i h he>d f 
y\r own lips4  ,,socrates3 ,:at is x1   
,nicias8  ,,nicias3 ,i h (t5 he>d y say 
t ',e man is good 9 t 9 :i* he is wise1 

& bad 9 t 9 :i* he is unwise4'          
,,socrates3 ,t is c]ta9ly true1 ,nicias4
  ,,nicias3 ,& !re=e if ! brave man is  
good1 he is also wise4  ,,socrates3 ,d y
 he> him1 ,la*es8  ,,la*es3 ,yes1 ,i he>
 him1 b ,i d n v well und]/& him4       
,,socrates3 ,i ?9k t ,i und]/& him2 & he
 appe>s to me to mean t c\rage is a sort
 ( wisdom4  ,,la*es3 ,:at c he possibly 
mean1 ,socrates8  ,,socrates3 ,t is a "q
 :i* y mu/ ask ( himself4  ,,la*es3     
,yes4  ,,socrates3 ,tell him !n1        
,nicias1 :at y mean by ?is wisdom2 = y  
surely d n mean ! wisdom :i* plays !    
flute8  ,,nicias3 ,c]ta9ly n4           
,,socrates3 ,nor ! wisdom :i* plays !   
lyre8  ,,nicias3 ,no4  ,,socrates3 ,b   
:at is ?is k !n1 & ( :at8  ,,la*es3 ,i  
?9k t y put ! "q to him v well1         
,socrates2 & ,i w\ld l him to say :at is
 ! nature ( ?is k or wisdom4  ,,nicias3 
,i mean to say1 ,la*es1 t c\rage is ! k 
( t :i* inspires fe> or confid5ce 9 w>1 
or 9 any?+4  ,,la*es3 ,h[ /rangely he is
 talk+1 ,socrates4  ,,socrates3 ,:y d y 

say s1 ,la*es8  ,,la*es3 ,:y1 surely    
c\rage is "o ?+1 & wisdom ano!r4        
,,socrates3 ,t is j :at ,nicias d5ies4  
,,la*es3 ,yes1 t is :at he d5ies2 b he  
is s silly4  ,,socrates3 ,suppose t we  
in/ruct in/ead ( abus+ him8  ,,nicias3  
,la*es does n want to in/ruct me1       
,socrates2 b hav+ be5 prov$ to be talk+ 
nons5se himself1 he wants to prove t ,i 
h be5 do+ ! same4  ,,la*es3 ,v true1    
,nicias2 & y are talk+ nons5se1 z ,i    
%all endeav\r to %[4 ,let me ask y a "q3
 ,d n physicians "k ! dang]s ( disease8 
or d ! c\rage\s "k !m8 or are !         
physicians ! same z ! c\rage\s8         
,,nicias3 ,n at all4  ,,la*es3 ,no m ?an
 ! husb&m5 :o "k ! dang]s ( husb&ry1 or 
?an o!r craftsm51 :o h a k ( t :i*      
inspires !m ) fe> or confid5ce 9 _! own 
arts1 & yet !y are n c\rage\s a :it ! m 
= t4  ,,socrates3 ,:at is ,la*es say+1  
,nicias8 ,he appe>s to be say+ some?+ ( 
importance4  ,,nicias3 ,yes1 he is say+ 
some?+1 b x is n true4  ,,socrates3 ,h[ 
s8  ,,nicias3 ,:y1 because he does n see

 t ! physician's k only ext5ds to !     
nature ( heal? & disease3 he c tell !   
sick man no m ?an ?is4 ,d y imag9e1     
,la*es1 t ! physician kn[s :e!r heal? or
 disease is ! m t]rible to a man8 ,_h n 
_m a man bett] nev] get up f a sick b$8 
,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y ?9k t life is    
always bett] ?an dea?4 ,may n dea? (t5  
be ! bett] ( ! two8  ,,la*es3 ,yes      
c]ta9ly s 9 my op9ion4  ,,nicias3 ,& d y
 ?9k t ! same ?+s are t]rible to ^? :o  
_h bett] die1 & to ^? :o _h bett] live8 
,,la*es3 ,c]ta9ly n4  ,,nicias3 ,& d y  
suppose t ! physician or any o!r arti/  
kn[s ?is1 or any "o inde$1 except he :o 
is skill$ 9 ! gr\nds ( fe> & hope8 ,&   
him ,i call ! c\rage\s4  ,,socrates3 ,d 
y und]/& 8 mean+1 ,la*es8  ,,la*es3     
,yes2 ,i suppose t1 9 8 way ( speak+1 ! 
soo?say]s are c\rage\s4 ,= :o b "o ( !m 
c "k to :om to die or to live is bett]8 
,& yet ,nicias1 w\ld y all[ t y are     
y\rself a soo?say]1 or are y nei!r a    
soo?say] nor c\rage\s8  ,,nicias3 ,:at6 
d y mean to say t ! soo?say] ought to "k

 ! gr\nds ( hope or fe>8  ,,la*es3      
,inde$ ,i d3 :o b he8  ,,nicias3 ,mu* r 
,i %\ld say he ( :om ,i speak2 = !      
soo?say] ought to "k only ! signs ( ?+s 
t are ab\t to come to pass1 :e!r dea? or
 disease1 or loss ( prop]ty1 or victory1
 or defeat 9 w>1 or 9 any sort ( conte/2
 b to :om ! suff]+ or n suff]+ ( ^! ?+s 
w be = ! be/1 c no m be decid$ by !     
soo?say] ?an by "o :o is no soo?say]4   
,,la*es3 ,i _c und]/& :at ,nicias w\ld  
be at1 ,socrates2 = he repres5ts !      
c\rage\s man z nei!r a soo?say]1 nor a  
physician1 nor 9 any o!r "*1 unless he  
means to say t he is a god4 ,my op9ion  
is t he does n l hone/ly to confess t he
 is talk+ nons5se1 b t he %uffles up &  
d[n 9 ord] to conceal ! difficulty into 
:i* he has got himself4 ,y & ,i1        
,socrates1 might h practis$ a simil>    
%uffle j n[1 if we _h only want$ to     
avoid ! appe>ance ( inconsi/5cy4 ,& if  
we _h be5 argu+ 9 a c\rt ( law !re might
 h be5 reason 9 s do+2 b :y %\ld a man  
deck himself out ) va9 words at a meet+ 

( fri5ds su* z ?is8  ,,socrates3 ,i q   
agree ) y1 ,la*es1 t he %\ld n4 ,b      
p]haps ,nicias is s]i\s1 & n m]ely talk+
 = ! sake ( talk+4 ,let u ask him j to  
expla9 :at he means1 & if he has reason 
on 8 side we w agree ) him2 if n1 we w  
in/ruct him4  ,,la*es3 ,d y1 ,socrates1 
if y l1 ask him3 ,i ?9k t ,i h ask$     
en\gh4  ,,socrates3 ,i d n see :y ,i    
%\ld n2 & my "q w d = bo? ( u4  ,,la*es3
 ,v good4  ,,socrates3 ,!n tell me1     
,nicias1 or r tell u1 = ,la*es & ,i are 
p>tn]s 9 ! argum5t3 ,d y mean to affirm 
t c\rage is ! k ( ! gr\nds ( hope & fe>8
  ,,nicias3 ,i d4  ,,socrates3 ,& n e   
man has ?is k2 ! physician & ! soo?say] 
h x n2 & !y w n be c\rage\s unless !y   
acquire x--t is :at y 7 say+8  ,,nicias3
 ,i 04  ,,socrates3 ,!n ?is is c]ta9ly n
 a ?+ :i* e pig w\ld "k1 z ! prov]b     
says1 & !re=e he c\ld n be c\rage\s4    
,,nicias3 ,i ?9k n4  ,,socrates3 ,cle>ly
 n1 ,nicias2 n ev5 su* a big pig z !    
,crommyonian s[ w\ld be call$ by y      
c\rage\s4 ,& ?is ,i say n z a joke1 b   

because ,i ?9k t he :o ass5ts to y\r    
doctr9e1 t c\rage is ! k ( ! gr\nds (   
fe> & hope1 _c all[ t any wild bea/ is  
c\rage\s1 unless he admits t a lion1 or 
a leop>d1 or p]haps a bo>1 or any o!r   
animal1 has su* a degree ( wisdom t he  
kn[s ?+s :i* b a few human be+s ev] "k  
by reason ( _! difficulty4 ,he :o takes 
y\r view ( c\rage mu/ affirm t a lion1 &
 a /ag1 & a bull1 & a monkey1 h equally 
little pret5sions to c\rage4  ,,la*es3  
,capital1 ,socrates2 by ! gods1 t is    
truly good4 ,& ,i hope1 ,nicias1 t y w  
tell u :e!r ^! animals1 :i* we all admit
 to be c\rage\s1 are really wis] ?an    
mank9d2 or :e!r y w h ! boldness1 9 !   
face ( univ]sal op9ion1 to d5y _!       
c\rage4  ,,nicias3 ,:y1 ,la*es1 ,i d n  
call animals or any o!r ?+s :i* h no fe>
 ( dang]s1 because !y are ignorant ( !m1
 c\rage\s1 b only fe>less & s5seless4 ,d
 y imag9e t ,i %\ld call little *ildr5  
c\rage\s1 :i* fe> no dang]s because !y  
"k none8 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 to my way (
 ?9k+1 betwe5 fe>lessness & c\rage4 ,i  

am ( op9ion t ?\ghtful c\rage is a      
quality possess$ by v few1 b t ra%ness &
 boldness1 & fe>lessness1 :i* has no    
=e?\ght1 are v common qualities possess$
 by _m m51 _m wom51 _m *ildr51 _m       
animals4 ,& y1 & m5 9 g5]al1 call by !  
t]m 'c\rage\s' actions :i* ,i call      
ra%2--my c\rage\s actions are wise      
actions4  ,,la*es3 ,behold1 ,socrates1  
h[ admirably1 z he ?9ks1 he dresses     
himself out 9 words1 :ile seek+ to      
deprive ( ! hon\r ( c\rage ^? :om all ! 
_w ackn[l$ges to be c\rage\s4  ,,nicias3
 ,n s1 ,la*es1 b d n be al>m$2 = ,i am q
 will+ to say ( y & also ( ,lama*us1 & (
 _m o!r ,a!nians1 t y are c\rage\s &    
!re=e wise4  ,,la*es3 ,i c\ld answ] t2 b
 ,i w\ld n h y ca/ 9 my tee? t ,i am a  
haughty ,aexonian4  ,,socrates3 ,d n    
answ] him1 ,la*es2 ,i r fancy t y are n 
aw>e ( ! s\rce f :i* 8 wisdom is d]iv$4 
,he has got all ?is f my fri5d ,damon1 &
 ,damon is always ) ,prodicus1 :o1 ( all
 ! ,sophi/s1 is consid]$ to be ! be/    
pull] to pieces ( words ( ?is sort4     

,,la*es3 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & ! exam9ation
 ( su* niceties is a mu* m suitable     
employm5t = a ,sophi/ ?an = a great     
/atesman :om ! city *ooses to preside   
ov] h]4  ,,socrates3 ,yes1 my sweet     
fri5d1 b a great /atesman is likely to h
 a great intellig5ce4 ,& ,i ?9k t ! view
 :i* is impli$ 9 ,nicias' def9ition (   
c\rage is wor?y ( exam9ation4  ,,la*es3 
,!n exam9e = y\rself1 ,socrates4        
,,socrates3 ,t is :at ,i am go+ to d1 my
 de> fri5d4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 suppose ,i %all
 let y out ( ! p>tn]%ip2 = ,i %all      
expect y to apply y\r m9d1 & jo9 ) me 9 
! consid]ation ( ! "q4  ,,la*es3 ,i w if
 y ?9k t ,i ought4  ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,i
 d2 b ,i mu/ beg ( y1 ,nicias1 to beg9  
aga94 ,y rememb] t we orig9ally consid]$
 c\rage to be a "p ( virtue4  ,,nicias3 
,v true4  ,,socrates3 ,& y y\rself said 
t x 0 a "p2 & !re 7 _m o!r p>ts1 all (  
:i* tak5 toge!r are call$ virtue4       
,,nicias3 ,c]ta9ly4  ,,socrates3 ,d y   
agree ) me ab\t ! p>ts8 ,= ,i say t     
ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & ! l1 are all ( !m  

p>ts ( virtue z well z c\rage4 ,w\ld y n
 say ! same8  ,,nicias3 ,c]ta9ly4       
,,socrates3 ,well !n1 s f> we are agre$4
 ,& n[ let u proce$ a /ep1 & try to     
arrive at a simil> agreem5t ab\t !      
fe>ful & ! hopeful3 ,i d n want y to be 
?9k+ "o ?+ & myself ano!r4 ,let me !n   
tell y my own op9ion1 & if ,i am wrong y
 %all set me "r3 9 my op9ion ! t]rible &
 ! hopeful are ! ?+s :i* d or d n create
 fe>1 & fe> is n ( ! pres5t1 nor ( !    
pa/1 b is ( future & expect$ evil4 ,d y 
n agree to t1 ,la*es8  ,,la*es3 ,yes1   
,socrates1 entirely4  ,,socrates3 ,t is 
my view1 ,nicias2 ! t]rible ?+s1 z ,i   
%\ld say1 are ! evils :i* are future2 & 
! hopeful are ! good or n evil ?+s :i*  
are future4 ,d y or d y n agree ) me8   
,,nicias3 ,i agree4  ,,socrates3 ,& ! k 
( ^! ?+s y call c\rage8  ,,nicias3      
,precisely4  ,,socrates3 ,& n[ let me   
see :e!r y agree ) ,la*es & myself z to 
a ?ird po9t4  ,,nicias3 ,:at is t8      
,,socrates3 ,i w tell y4 ,he & ,i h a   
notion t !re is n "o k or sci5ce ( !    

pa/1 ano!r ( ! pres5t1 a ?ird ( :at is  
likely to be be/ & :at w be be/ 9 !     
future2 b t ( all ?ree !re is "o sci5ce 
only3 = example1 !re is "o sci5ce (     
m$ic9e :i* is conc]n$ ) ! inspection (  
heal? equally 9 all times1 pres5t1 pa/1 
& future2 & "o sci5ce ( husb&ry 9 l     
mann]1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! productions ( 
! e>? 9 all times4 ,z to ! art ( !      
g5]al1 y y\rselves w be my witnesses t  
he has an excell5t =ekn[l$ge ( ! future1
 & t he claims to be ! ma/] & n ! s]vant
 ( ! soo?say]1 because he kn[s bett] :at
 is happ5+ or is likely to happ5 9 w>3 &
 accord+ly ! law places ! soo?say] "u ! 
g5]al1 & n ! g5]al "u ! soo?say]4 ,am ,i
 n correct 9 say+ s1 ,la*es8  ,,la*es3  
,q correct4  ,,socrates3 ,& d y1        
,nicias1 also ackn[l$ge t ! same sci5ce 
has und]/&+ ( ! same ?+s1 :e!r future1  
pres5t1 or pa/8  ,,nicias3 ,yes1 inde$  
,socrates2 t is my op9ion4  ,,socrates3 
,& c\rage1 my fri5d1 is1 z y say1 a k ( 
! fe>ful & ( ! hopeful8  ,,nicias3 ,yes4
  ,,socrates3 ,& ! fe>ful1 & ! hopeful1 

are admitt$ to be future goods & future 
evils8  ,,nicias3 ,true4  ,,socrates3 ,&
 ! same sci5ce has to d ) ! same ?+s 9 !
 future or at any "t8  ,,nicias3 ,t is  
true4  ,,socrates3 ,!n c\rage is n !    
sci5ce :i* is conc]n$ ) ! fe>ful &      
hopeful1 = !y are future only2 c\rage1 l
 ! o!r sci5ces1 is conc]n$ n only ) good
 & evil ( ! future1 b ( ! pres5t & pa/1 
& ( any "t8  ,,nicias3 ,t1 z ,i suppose1
 is true4  ,,socrates3 ,!n ! answ] :i* y
 h giv51 ,nicias1 includes only a ?ird  
"p ( c\rage2 b our "q ext5d$ to ! :ole  
nature ( c\rage3 & accord+ to y\r view1 
t is1 accord+ to y\r pres5t view1 c\rage
 is n only ! k ( ! hopeful & ! fe>ful1 b
 seems to include ne>ly e good & evil   
)\t ref]5ce to "t4 ,:at d y say to t    
alt]ation 9 y\r /atem5t8  ,,nicias3 ,i  
agree1 ,socrates4  ,,socrates3 ,b !n1 my
 de> fri5d1 if a man knew all good &    
evil1 & h[ !y are1 & h be51 & w be      
produc$1 w\ld he n be p]fect1 & want+ 9 
no virtue1 :e!r ju/ice1 or temp]ance1 or
 hol9ess8 ,he w\ld possess !m all1 & he 

w\ld "k :i* 7 dang]s & :i* 7 n1 & gu>d  
aga9/ !m :e!r !y 7 sup]natural or       
natural2 & he w\ld provide ! good1 z he 
w\ld "k h[ to deal bo? ) gods or m54    
,,nicias3 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t !re is a 
great deal ( tru? 9 :at y say4          
,,socrates3 ,b !n1 ,nicias1 c\rage1     
accord+ to ?is new def9ition ( y\rs1    
in/ead ( be+ a "p ( virtue only1 w be   
all virtue8  ,,nicias3 ,x w\ld seem s4  
,,socrates3 ,b we 7 say+ t c\rage is "o 
( ! p>ts ( virtue8  ,,nicias3 ,yes1 t 0 
:at we 7 say+4  ,,socrates3 ,& t is 9   
contradiction ) our pres5t view8        
,,nicias3 ,t appe>s to be ! case4       
,,socrates3 ,!n1 ,nicias1 we h n        
discov]$ :at c\rage is4  ,,nicias3 ,we h
 n4  ,,la*es3 ,& yet1 fri5d ,nicias1 ,i 
imag9$ t y w\ld h made ! discov]y1 :5 y 
7 s contemptu\s ( ! answ]s :i* ,i made  
to ,socrates4 ,i _h v great hopes t y   
w\ld h be5 enlight5$ by ! wisdom (      
,damon4  ,,nicias3 ,i p]ceive1 ,la*es1 t
 y ?9k no?+ ( hav+ display$ y\r         
ignorance ( ! nature ( c\rage1 b y look 

only to see :e!r ,i h n made a simil>   
display2 & if we are bo? equally        
ignorant ( ! ?+s :i* a man :o is good = 
any?+ %\ld "k1 t1 ,i suppose1 w be ( no 
consequ5ce4 ,y c]ta9ly appe> to me v l !
 re/ ( ! _w1 look+ at y\r neighb\r & n  
at y\rself4 ,i am ( op9ion t en\gh has  
be5 said on ! subject :i* we h be5      
discuss+2 & if any?+ has be5 imp]fectly 
said1 t may be h]eaft] correct$ by !    
help ( ,damon1 :om y ?9k to laugh d[n1  
al?\gh y h nev] se5 him1 & ) ! help (   
o!rs4 ,& :5 ,i am satisfi$ myself1 ,i w 
freely imp>t my satisfaction to y1 = ,i 
?9k t y are v mu* 9 want ( k4  ,,la*es3 
,y are a philosoph]1 ,nicias2 ( t ,i am 
aw>e3 nev]!less ,i w\ld recomm5d        
,lysima*us & ,melesias n to take y & me 
z advis]s ab\t ! education ( _! *ildr52 
b1 z ,i said at fir/1 !y %\ld ask       
,socrates & n let him (f2 if my own sons
 7 old en\gh1 ,i w\ld h ask$ him myself4
  ,,nicias3 ,to t ,i q agree1 if        
,socrates is will+ to take !m "u 8 *>ge4
 ,i %\ld n wi% = any "o else to be !    

tutor ( ,nic]atus4 ,b ,i obs]ve t :5 ,i 
m5tion ! matt] to him he recomm5ds to me
 "s o!r tutor & refuses himself4 ,p]haps
 he may be m ready to li/5 to y1        
,lysima*us4  ,,lysima*us3 ,he ought1    
,nicias3 = c]ta9ly ,i w\ld d ?+s = him  
:i* ,i w\ld n d = _m o!rs4 ,:at d y say1
 ,socrates--w y comply8 ,& are y ready  
to give assi/ance 9 ! improvem5t ( !    
y\?s8  ,,socrates3 ,inde$1 ,lysima*us1  
,i %\ld be v wrong 9 refus+ to aid 9 !  
improvem5t ( anybody4 ,& if ,i _h %[n 9 
?is conv]sation t ,i _h a k :i* ,nicias 
& ,la*es h n1 !n ,i admit t y w\ld be "r
 9 invit+ me to p]=m ?is duty2 b z we   
are all 9 ! same p]plexity1 :y %\ld "o (
 u be pref]r$ to ano!r8 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t
 no "o %\ld2 & "u ^! circum/ances1 let  
me (f] y a piece ( advice 7& ?is ne$ n g
 fur!r ?an ourselves74 ,i ma9ta91 my    
fri5ds1 t e "o ( u %\ld seek out ! be/  
tea*] :om he c f9d1 fir/ = ourselves1 :o
 are greatly 9 ne$ ( "o1 & !n = ! y\?1  
reg>dless ( exp5se or any?+4 ,b ,i _c   
advise t we rema9 z we are4 ,& if any "o

 laughs at u = go+ to s*ool at our age1 
,i w\ld quote to !m ! au?ority ( ,hom]1 
:o says1 t  ',mode/y is n good = a ne$y 
man4'  ,let u !n1 reg>dless ( :at may be
 said ( u1 make ! education ( ! y\?s our
 own education4  ,,lysima*us3 ,i l y\r  
proposal1 ,socrates2 & z ,i am ! olde/1 
,i am also ! mo/ eag] to g to s*ool ) ! 
boys4 ,let me beg a fav\r ( y3 ,come to 
my h\se to-morr[ at dawn1 & we w advise 
ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,= ! pres5t1 let u make 
an end ( ! conv]sation4  ,,socrates3 ,i 
w come to y to-morr[1 ,lysima*us1 z y   
propose1 ,god will+4