,,! ,,dialogues ,,( ,,plato ,,*>mides ,by ,plato ,translat$ into ,engli% ) ,analyses & ,introductions ,by ,b4 ,j[ett1 ,m4,a4 ,ma/] ( ,balliol ,college ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ,doctor 9 ,!ology ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd5 ,,to ,,my ,,=m] ,,pupils 9 ,balliol ,college & 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d :o dur+ fifty ye>s h be5 ! be/ ( fri5ds to me ^! volumes are inscrib$ 9 grateful recognition ( _! nev] fail+ atta*m5t4 ,! additions & alt]ations :i* h be5 made1 bo? 9 ! ,introductions & 9 ! ,text ( ?is ,edition1 affect at lea/ a ?ird ( ! "w4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! ext5t ( ^! alt]ations1 & to ! annoyance :i* is naturally felt by ! own] ( a book at ! possession ( x 9 an inf]ior =m1 & /ill m ke5ly by ! writ] himself1 :o mu/ always desire to be read z he is at 8 be/1 ,i h ?\ght t ! possessor ( ei!r ( ! =m] ,editions 7#ahgj & #ahgf7 might wi% to ex*ange x = ! pres5t "o4 ,i h !re=e arrang$ t ^? :o w\ld l to make ?is ex*ange1 on deposit+ a p]fect & undamag$ copy ( ! fir/ or second ,edition ) any ag5t ( ! ,cl>5don ,press1 %all be entitl$ to receive a copy ( a new ,edition at half-price4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! ,text :i* has be5 mo/ly foll[$ 9 ?is ,translation ( ,plato is ! late/ #hvo4 edition ( ,/allbaum2 ! pr9cipal deviations are not$ at ! bottom ( ! page4 ,i h to ackn[l$ge _m obligations to old fri5ds & pupils4 ,^! are3--,mr4 ,john ,purves1 ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 ) :om ,i h revis$ ab\t half ( ! entire ,translation2 ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,campbell1 ( ,/4 ,&rews1 :o has help$ me 9 ! revision ( sev]al p>ts ( ! "w1 especially ( ! ,!aetetus1 ,sophi/1 & ,politicus2 ,mr4 ,rob9son ,ellis1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 & ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,rob9son1 ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 :o read ) me ! ,cratylus & ! ,gorgias2 ,mr4 ,p>avic9i1 ,/ud5t ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 :o assi/$ me 9 ! ,symposium2 ,mr4 ,rap]1 ,fell[ ( ,que5's ,college1 ,mr4 ,monro1 ,fell[ ( ,oriel ,college1 & ,mr4 ,%adwell1 ,/ud5t ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 :o gave me simil> assi/ance 9 ! ,laws4 ,dr4 ,gre5hill1 ( ,ha/+s1 has also k9dly s5t me rem>ks on ! physiological "p ( ! ,timaeus1 :i* ,i h ins]t$ z corrections "u ! head ( errata at ! end ( ! ,introduction4 ,! degree ( accuracy :i* ,i h be5 enabl$ to atta9 is 9 great measure due to ^! g5tlem51 & ,i he>tily ?ank !m = ! pa9s & "t :i* !y h be/[$ on my "w4 ,i h fur!r to expla9 h[ f> ,i h receiv$ help f o!r lab\r]s 9 ! same field4 ,! books :i* ,i h f\nd ( mo/ use are ,/e9h>t & ,mull]'s ,g]man ,translation ( ,plato ) ,introductions2 ,zell]'s ',philosophie d] ,grie*51' & ',platonis*e ,/udi52' ,susemihl's ',g5etis*e ,entwickelung d] ,paltonis*5 ,philosophie2' ,h]mann's ',ges*i*te d] ,platonis*5 ,philosophie2' ,bonitz1 ',platonis*e ,/udi52' ,/allbaum's ,notes & ,introductions2 ,pr(essor ,campbell's editions ( ! ',!aetetus1' ! ',sophi/1' & ! ',politicus2' ,pr(essor ,?ompson's ',pha$rus2' ,?4 ,m>t9's ',etudes sur le ,timee2' ,mr4 ,po/e's edition & translation ( ! ',philebus2' ! ,translation ( ! ',republic1' by ,messrs4 ,davies & ,vaughan1 & ! ,translation ( ! ',gorgias1' by ,mr4 ,cope4 ,i h also d]iv$ mu* assi/ance f ! great "w ( ,mr4 ,grote1 :i* conta9s excell5t analyses ( ! ,dialogues1 & is ri* 9 orig9al ?\ghts & obs]vations4 ,i agree ) him 9 reject+ z futile ! attempt ( ,s*lei]ma*] & o!rs to arrange ! ,dialogues ( ,plato into a h>moni\s :ole4 ,any su* arrangem5t appe>s to me n only to be unsupport$ by evid5ce1 b to involve an ana*ronism 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,!re is a common _s 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato1 b n a unity ( design 9 ! :ole1 nor p]haps a p]fect unity 9 any s+le ,dialogue4 ,! hypo!sis ( a g5]al plan :i* is work$ out 9 ! successive ,dialogues is an aft]-?\ght ( ! critics :o h attribut$ a sy/em to writ+s belong+ to an age :5 sy/em _h n z yet tak5 possession ( philosophy4 ,if ,mr4 ,grote %\ld d me ! hon\r to read any portion ( ?is "w he w probably rem>k t ,i h endeav\r$ to approa* ,plato f a po9t ( view :i* is oppos$ to 8 own4 ,! aim ( ! ,introductions 9 ^! volumes has be5 to repres5t ,plato z ! fa!r ( ,idealism1 :o is n to be measur$ by ! /&>d ( utilit>ianism or any o!r mod]n philosophical sy/em4 ,he is ! poet or mak] ( ideas1 satisfy+ ! wants ( 8 own age1 provid+ ! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght = future g5]ations4 ,he is no dream]1 b a great philosophical g5ius /ruggl+ ) ! unequal conditions ( light & k "u :i* he is liv+4 ,he may be illu/rat$ by ! writ+s ( mod]ns1 b he mu/ be int]pret$ by 8 own1 & by 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,we are n conc]n$ to det]m9e :at is ! residuum ( tru? :i* rema9s = ourselves4 ,8 tru? may n be our tru?1 & nev]!less may h an extraord9>y value & int]e/ = u4 ,i _c agree ) ,mr4 ,grote 9 admitt+ z g5u9e all ! writ+s commonly attribut$ to ,plato 9 antiquity1 any m ?an ) ,s*a>s*midt & "s o!r ,g]man critics :o reject ne>ly half ( !m4 ,! ,g]man critics1 to :om ,i ref]1 proce$ *iefly on gr\nds ( int]nal evid5ce2 !y appe> to me to lay too mu* /ress on ! v>iety ( doctr9e & /yle1 :i* mu/ be equally ackn[l$g$ z a fact1 ev5 9 ! ,dialogues reg>d$ by ,s*a>s*midt z g5u9e1 e4g4 9 ! ,pha$rus1 or ,symposium1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,laws4 ,he :o admits works s diff]5t 9 /yle & matt] to h be5 ! composition ( ! same au?or1 ne$ h no difficulty 9 admitt+ ! ,sophi/ or ! ,politicus4 7,! negative argum5t adduc$ by ! same s*ool ( critics1 :i* is bas$ on ! sil5ce ( ,ari/otle1 is n wor?y ( mu* consid]ation4 ,= :y %\ld ,ari/otle1 because he has quot$ sev]al ,dialogues ( ,plato1 h quot$ !m all8 ,some?+ mu/ be all[$ to *ance1 & to ! nature ( ! subjects treat$ ( 9 !m47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,grote tru/s ma9ly to ! ,alex&rian ,canon4 ,b ,i h>dly ?9k t we are ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ mu* weight to ! au?ority ( ! ,alex&rian libr>ians 9 an age :5 !re 0 no regul> publication ( books1 & e temptation to =ge !m2 & 9 :i* ! writ+s ( a s*ool 7 naturally attribut$ to ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool4 ,& ev5 )\t int5tional fraud1 !re 0 an incl9ation to believe r ?an to enquire4 ,w\ld ,mr4 ,grote accept z g5u9e all ! writ+s :i* he f9ds 9 ! li/s ( le>n$ anci5ts attribut$ to ,hippocrates1 to ,x5ophon1 to ,ari/otle8 ,! ,alex&rian ,canon ( ! ,platonic writ+s is depriv$ ( cr$it by ! admission ( ! ,epi/les1 :i* are n only unwor?y ( ,plato1 & 9 sev]al passages plagi>iz$ f him1 b flagrantly at v>iance ) hi/orical fact4 ,x w be se5 also t ,i d n agree ) ,mr4 ,grote's views ab\t ! ,sophi/s2 nor ) ! l[ e/imate :i* he has =m$ ( ,plato's ,laws2 nor ) 8 op9ion respect+ ,plato's doctr9e ( ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,b ,i 'am n go+ to lay h&s on my fa!r ,p>m5ides' 7,soph471 :o w1 ,i hope1 =give me = diff]+ f him on ^! po9ts4 ,i _c close ?is ,preface )\t express+ my deep respect = 8 noble & g5tle "*1 & ! great s]vices :i* he has r5d]$ to ,greek ,lit]ature4 ,balliol ,college1 ,janu>y1 #ahga4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,editions4 ,9 publi%+ a ,second ,edition 7#ahge7 ( ! ,dialogues ( ,plato 9 ,engli%1 ,i _h to ackn[l$ge ! assi/ance ( sev]al fri5ds3 ( ! ,rev4 ,g4,g4 ,bradley1 ,ma/] ( ,univ]sity ,college1 n[ ,dean ( ,we/m9/]1 :o s5t me "s valuable rem>ks on ! ,pha$o2 ( ,dr4 ,gre5hill1 :o _h aga9 revis$ a portion ( ! ,timaeus2 ( ,mr4 ,r4,l4 ,nettle%ip1 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,balliol ,college1 to :om ,i 0 indebt$ = an excell5t criticism ( ! ,p>m5ides2 &1 above all1 ( ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,campbell ( ,/4 ,&rews1 & ,mr4 ,p>avic9i1 late ,/ud5t ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* & ,tutor ( ,balliol ,college1 ) :om ,i _h read ov] ! great] "p ( ! translation4 ,i 0 also indebt$ to ,mr4 ,evelyn ,abbott1 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,balliol ,college1 = a complete & accurate index4 ,9 ?is1 ! ,?ird ,edition1 ,i am "u v great obligations to ,mr4 ,mat!w ,knight1 :o has n only fav\r$ me ) valuable sugge/ions ?r\gh\t ! "w1 b has l>gely ext5d$ ! ,index 7f #fa to #age pages7 & translat$ ! ,eryxias & ,second ,alcibiades2 & to ,mr ,frank ,flet*]1 ( ,balliol ,college1 my ,secret>y4 ,i am also consid]ably indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,mackail1 late ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 :o read ov] ! ,republic 9 ! ,second ,edition & not$ sev]al inaccuracies4 ,9 bo? editions ! ,introductions to ! ,dialogues h be5 enl>g$1 & essays on subjects hav+ an aff9ity to ! ,platonic ,dialogues h be5 introduc$ into sev]al ( !m4 ,! analyses h be5 correct$1 & innum]able alt]ations h be5 made 9 ! ,text4 ,!re h be5 add$ also1 9 ! ,?ird ,edition1 head+s to ! pages & a m>g9al analysis to ! text ( ea* dialogue4 ,at ! end ( a long task1 ! translator may )\t impropriety po9t out ! difficulties :i* he has _h to enc\nt]4 ,^! h be5 f> great] ?an he w\ld h anticipat$2 nor is he at all sangu9e t he has succe$$ 9 ov]com+ !m4 ,exp]i5ce has made him feel t a translation1 l a picture1 is dep5d5t = its effect on v m9ute t\*es2 & t x is a "w ( inf9ite pa9s1 to be return$ to 9 _m moods & view$ 9 diff]5t lights4 ,i4 ,an ,engli% translation ought to be idiomatic & int]e/+1 n only to ! s*ol>1 b to ! unle>n$ read]4 ,its object %\ld n simply be to r5d] ! words ( "o language into ! words ( ano!r or to pres]ve ! con/ruction & ord] ( ! orig9al2--?is is ! ambition ( a s*oolboy1 :o wi%es to %[ t he has made a good use ( 8 ,diction>y & ,gramm>2 b is q unwor?y ( ! translator1 :o seeks to produce on 8 read] an impression simil> or ne>ly simil> to t produc$ by ! orig9al4 ,to him ! feel+ %\ld be m important ?an ! exact ^w4 ,he %\ld rememb] ,dryd5's qua9t admonition n to 'lacquey by ! side ( 8 au?or1 b to m\nt up beh9d him4' 7,d$ication to ! ,a5eis47 ,he mu/ c>ry 9 8 m9d a compreh5sive view ( ! :ole "w1 ( :at has prec$$ & ( :at is to foll[1--z well z ( ! mean+ ( p>ticul> passages4 ,8 v]sion %\ld be bas$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on an intimate k ( ! text2 b ! precise ord] & arrangem5t ( ! words may be left to fade out ( sight1 :5 ! translation beg9s to take %ape4 ,he mu/ =m a g5]al idea ( ! two languages1 & r$uce ! "o to ! t]ms ( ! o!r4 ,8 "w %\ld be rhy?mical & v>i$1 ! "r admixture ( words & syllables1 & ev5 ( lett]s1 %\ld be c>efully att5d$ to2 above all1 x %\ld be equable 9 /yle4 ,!re mu/ also be quantity1 :i* is necess>y 9 prose z well z 9 v]se3 clauses1 s5t5ces1 p>agraphs1 mu/ be 9 due proportion4 ,metre & ev5 rhyme may be r>ely admitt$2 ?\gh nei!r is a legitimate elem5t ( prose writ+1 !y may help to light5 a cumbr\s expression 7,symp474 ,! translation %\ld reta9 z f> z possible ! *>act]i/ic qualities ( ! anci5t writ]--8 fre$om1 grace1 simplicity1 /atel9ess1 weight1 precision2 or ! be/ "p ( him w be lo/ to ! ,engli% read]4 ,x %\ld read z an orig9al "w1 & %\ld also be ! mo/ fai?ful transcript :i* c be made ( ! language f :i* ! translation is tak51 consi/5tly ) ! fir/ requirem5t ( all1 t x be ,engli%4 ,fur!r1 ! translation be+ ,engli%1 x %\ld also be p]fectly intelligible 9 itself )\t ref]5ce to ! ,greek1 ! ,engli% be+ really ! m lucid & exact ( ! two languages4 ,9 "s respects x may be ma9ta9$ t ord9>y ,engli% writ+1 su* z ! newspap] article1 is sup]ior to ,plato3 at any rate x is c\*$ 9 language :i* is v r>ely obscure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! greate/ writ]s ( ,greece1 ,?ucydides1 ,plato1 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 ,p9d>1 ,demo/h5es1 are g5]ally ^? :i* are f\nd to be mo/ difficult & to div]ge mo/ widely f ! ,engli% idiom4 ,! translator w (t5 h to conv]t ! m ab/ract ,greek into ! m concrete ,engli%1 or vice v]sa1 & he ought n to =ce ^u "o language ! "* ( ano!r4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e ! ord] is confus$1 ! expression feeble1 ! emphasis misplac$1 or ! s5se some:at faulty1 he w n /rive 9 8 r5d]+ to reproduce ^! *>act]i/ics1 b w re-write ! passage z 8 au?or w\ld h writt5 x at fir/1 _h he n be5 'nodd+'2 & he w n hesitate to supply any?+ :i*1 ow+ to ! g5ius ( ! language or "s accid5t ( composition1 is omitt$ 9 ! ,greek1 b is necess>y to make ! ,engli% cle> & consecutive4 ,x is difficult to h>monize all ^! conflict+ elem5ts4 ,9 a translation ( ,plato :at may be t]m$ ! int]e/s ( ! ,greek & ,engli% are (t5 at w> ) "o ano!r4 ,9 fram+ ! ,engli% s5t5ce we are ins5sibly div]t$ f ! exact mean+ ( ! ,greek2 :5 we return to ! ,greek we are apt to cramp & ov]lay ! ,engli%4 ,we sub/itute1 we compromise1 we give & take1 we add a little "h & leave out a little !re4 ,! translator may sometimes be all[$ to sacrifice m9ute accuracy = ! sake ( cle>ness & s5se4 ,b he is n !re=e at lib]ty to omit words & turns ( expression :i* ! ,engli% language is q capable ( supply+4 ,he mu/ be pati5t & self-controll$2 he mu/ n be easily run away )4 ,let him nev] all[ ! attraction ( a fav\rite expression1 or a sonor\s cad5ce1 to ov]p[] 8 bett] judgm5t1 or ?9k mu* ( an ornam5t :i* is out ( keep+ ) ! g5]al "* ( 8 "w4 ,he mu/ ev] be ca/+ 8 eyes upw>ds f ! copy to ! orig9al1 & d[n aga9 f ! orig9al to ! copy 7,rep474 ,8 call+ is n held 9 mu* hon\r by ! _w ( s*ol>s2 yet he himself may be excus$ = ?9k+ x a k9d ( glory to h liv$ s _m ye>s 9 ! companion%ip ( "o ( ! greate/ ( human intellig5ces1 & 9 "s degree1 m p]haps ?an o!rs1 to h _h ! privilege ( und]/&+ him 7,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds' ,lectures3 ,disc4 xv474 ,!re are fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 ,greek & ,engli%1 ( :i* "s may be manag$ :ile o!rs rema9 intractable4 7#a74 ,! /ructure ( ! ,greek language is p>tly adv]sative & alt]native1 & p>tly inf]5tial2 t is to say1 ! memb]s ( a s5t5ce are ei!r oppos$ to "o ano!r1 or "o ( !m expresses ! cause or effect or condition or reason ( ano!r4 ,! two t5d5cies may be call$ ! horizontal & p]p5dicul> l9es ( ! language2 & ! opposition or inf]5ce is (t5 mu* m "o ( words ?an ( ideas4 ,b mod]n languages h rubb$ (f ?is adv]sative & inf]5tial =m3 !y h few] l9ks ( connection1 !re is less mort> 9 ! int]/ices1 & !y are cont5t to place s5t5ces side by side1 leav+ _! relation to "o ano!r to be ga!r$ f _! position or f ! context4 ,! difficulty ( pres]v+ ! effect ( ! ,greek is increas$ by ! want ( adv]sative & inf]5tial p>ticles 9 ,engli%1 & by ! nice s5se ( tautology :i* *>act]izes all mod]n languages4 ,we _c h two 'buts' or two '=s' 9 ! same s5t5ce :]e ! ,greek repeats 7,greek74 ,!re is a simil> want ( p>ticles express+ ! v>i\s gradations ( objective & subjective ?\ght--7,greek7 & ! l1 :i* are s ?ickly scatt]$ ov] ! ,greek page4 ,fur!r1 we c only realize to a v imp]fect degree ! common di/9ction betwe5 7,greek71 & ! comb9ation ( ! two sugge/s a subtle %ade ( negation :i* _c be express$ 9 ,engli%4 ,& :ile ,engli% is m dep5d5t ?an ,greek ^u ! apposition ( clauses & s5t5ces1 yet !re is a difficulty 9 us+ ?is =m ( con/ruction ow+ to ! want ( case end+s4 ,= ! same reason !re _c be an equal v>iety 9 ! ord] ( words or an equal nicety ( emphasis 9 ,engli% z 9 ,greek4 7#b7 ,! =mation ( ! s5t5ce & ( ! p>agraph greatly diff]s 9 ,greek & ,engli%4 ,! l9es by :i* !y are divid$ are g5]ally mu* m m>k$ 9 mod]n languages ?an 9 anci5t4 ,bo? s5t5ces & p>agraphs are m precise & def9ite--!y d n run into "o ano!r4 ,!y are also m regul>ly develop$ f )94 ,! s5t5ce m>ks ano!r /ep 9 an argum5t or a n>rative or a /atem5t2 9 read+ a p>agraph we sil5tly turn ov] ! page & arrive at "s new view or aspect ( ! subject4 ,:]eas 9 ,plato we are n always c]ta9 :]e a s5t5ce beg9s & ends2 & p>agraphs are few & f> betwe54 ,! language is di/ribut$ 9 a diff]5t way1 & less articulat$ ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,= x 0 long be=e ! true use ( ! p]iod 0 atta9$ by ! classical writ]s bo? 9 poetry or prose2 x 0 7,greek74 ,! balance ( s5t5ces & ! introduction ( p>agraphs at suitable int]vals mu/ n be neglect$ if ! h>mony ( ! ,engli% language is to be pres]v$4 ,& /ill a caution has to be add$ on ! o!r side1 t we mu/ avoid giv+ x a num]ical or me*anical "*4 7#c7 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n "o ( ! greate/ difficulties ( ! translator2 mu* great] is t :i* arises f ! re/riction ( ! use ( ! g5d]s4 ,m5 & wom5 9 ,engli% are mascul9e & fem99e1 & !re is a simil> di/9ction ( sex 9 ! words d5ot+ animals2 b all ?+s else1 :e!r outw>d objects or ab/ract ideas1 are relegat$ to ! class ( neut]s4 ,h>dly 9 "s flight ( poetry d we ev] endue any ( !m ) ! *>act]i/ics ( a s5ti5t be+1 & !n only by speak+ ( !m 9 ! fem99e g5d]4 ,! virtues may be pictur$ 9 female =ms1 b !y are n s describ$ 9 language2 a %ip is humor\sly suppos$ to be ! sailor's bride2 m d\btful are ! p]sonifications ( *ur* & c\ntry z females4 ,n[ ! g5ius ( ! ,greek language is ! opposite ( ?is4 ,! same t5d5cy to p]sonification :i* is se5 9 ! ,greek my?ology is common also 9 ! language2 & g5d]s are attribut$ to ?+s z well z p]sons accord+ to _! v>i\s degrees ( /r5g? & weakness2 or f fanciful resemblances to ! male or female =m1 or "s analogy too subtle to be discov]$4 ,:5 ! g5d] ( any object 0 once fix$1 a simil> g5d] 0 naturally assign$ to simil> objects1 or to words ( simil> =mation4 ,?is use ( g5d]s 9 ! d5otation ( objects or ideas n only affects ! words to :i* g5d]s are attribut$1 b ! words ) :i* !y are con/ru$ or connect$1 & passes into ! g5]al "* ( ! /yle4 ,h5ce arises a difficulty 9 translat+ ,greek into ,engli% :i* _c altoge!r be ov]come4 ,%all we speak ( ! s\l & its qualities1 ( virtue1 p[]1 wisdom1 & ! l1 z fem99e or neut]8 ,! usage ( ! ,engli% language does n admit ( ! =m]1 & yet ! life & beauty ( ! /yle are impair$ by ! latt]4 ,(t5 ! translator w h rec\rse to ! repetition ( ! ^w1 or to ! ambigu\s '!y1' '_!1' etc42 = fe> ( spoil+ ! effect ( ! s5t5ce by introduc+ 'x4' ,collective n\ns 9 ,greek & ,engli% create a simil> b less] awkw>dness4 7#d7 ,to use ( relation is f> m ext5d$ 9 ,greek ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,p>tly ! great] v>iety ( g5d]s & cases makes ! connexion ( relative & antec$5t less ambigu\s3 p>tly also ! great] numb] ( demon/rative & relative pron\ns1 & ! use ( ! article1 make ! correlation ( ideas simpl] & m natural4 ,! ,greek appe>s to h _h an e> or intellig5ce = a long & complicat$ s5t5ce :i* is r>ely to be f\nd 9 mod]n nations2 & 9 ord] to br+ ! ,greek d[n to ! level ( ! mod]n1 we mu/ break up ! long s5t5ce into two or m %ort ones4 ,nei!r is ! same precision requir$ 9 ,greek z 9 ,lat9 or ,engli%1 nor 9 e>li] ,greek z 9 lat]2 !re 0 no?+ %ock+ to ! contempor>y ( ,?ucydides & ,plato 9 anacolu?a & repetitions4 ,9 su* cases ! g5ius ( ! ,engli% language requires t ! translation %\ld be m intelligible ?an ! ,greek4 ,! want ( m di/9ctions betwe5 ! demon/rative pron\ns is also greatly felt4 ,two g5itives dep5d5t on "o ano!r1 unless famili>is$ by idiom1 h an awkw>d effect 9 ,engli%4 ,frequ5tly ! n\n has to take ! place ( ! pron\n4 ',?is' & 't' are f\nd repeat+ !mselves to we>9ess 9 ! r\gh draft ( a translation4 ,z 9 ! previ\s case1 :ile ! feel+ ( ! mod]n language is m oppos$ to tautology1 !re is also a great] difficulty 9 avoid+ x4 7#e7 ,?\gh no precise rule c be laid d[n ab\t ! repetition ( words1 !re seems to be a k9d ( imp]t95ce 9 pres5t+ to ! read] ! same ?\ght 9 ! same words1 repeat$ twice ov] 9 ! same passage )\t any new aspect or modification ( x4 ,& ! evasion ( tautology--t is1 ! sub/itution ( "o ^w ( precisely ! same mean+ = ano!r--is res5t$ by u equally ) ! repetition ( words4 ,yet on ! o!r h& ! lea/ diff]5ce ( mean+ or ! lea/ *ange ( =m f a sub/antive to an adjective1 or f a p>ticiple to a v]b1 w (t5 rem$y ! unpleasant effect4 ,r>ely & only = ! sake ( emphasis or cle>ness c we all[ an important ^w to be us$ twice ov] 9 two successive s5t5ces or ev5 9 ! same p>agraph4 ,! p>ticles & pron\ns1 z !y are ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce1 are also ! mo/ tr\blesome4 ,/rictly speak+1 except a few ( ! commone/ ( !m1 '&1' '!1' etc41 !y ought n to occur twice 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,b ! ,greek has no su* precise rules2 & h5ce any lit]al translation ( a ,greek au?or is full ( tautology4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n languages is to become m correct z well z m p]spicu\s ?an anci5t4 ,&1 !re=e1 :ile ! ,engli% translator is limit$ 9 ! p[] ( express+ relation or connexion1 by ! law ( 8 own language increas$ precision & also increas$ cle>ness are requir$ ( him4 ,! famili> use ( logic1 & ! progress ( sci5ce1 h 9 ^! two respects rais$ ! /&>d4 ,b mod]n languages1 :ile !y h become m exact+ 9 _! dem&s1 are 9 _m ways n s well furni%$ ) p[]s ( expression z ! anci5t classical ones4 ,su* are a few ( ! difficulties :i* h to be ov]come 9 ! "w ( translation2 & we are f> f hav+ exhau/$ ! li/4 7#f7 ,! excell5ce ( a translation w consi/1 n m]ely 9 ! fai?ful r5d]+ ( words1 or 9 ! composition ( a s5t5ce only1 or yet ( a s+le p>agraph1 b 9 ! col\r & /yle ( ! :ole "w4 ,equability ( tone is be/ atta9$ by ! exclusive use ( famili> & idiomatic words4 ,b great c>e mu/ be tak52 = an idiomatic phrase1 if an exception to ! g5]al /yle1 is ( itself a di/urb+ elem5t4 ,no ^w1 h[ev] expressive & exact1 %\ld be employ$1 :i* makes ! read] /op to ?9k1 or unduly attracts att5tion by difficulty & peculi>ity1 or di/urbs ! effect ( ! surr\nd+ language4 ,9 g5]al ! /yle ( "o au?or is n appropriate to ano!r2 z 9 society1 s 9 lett]s1 we expect e man to h 'a good coat ( 8 own1' & n to dress himself out 9 ! rags ( ano!r4 7a7 ,ar*aic expressions are !re=e to be avoid$4 ,equival5ts may be occasionally drawn f ,%aksp]e1 :o is ! common prop]ty ( u all2 b !y mu/ be us$ sp>+ly4 ,=1 l "s o!r m5 ( g5ius ( ! ,elizabe?an & ,jacobean age1 he outdid ! capabilities ( ! language1 & _m ( ! expressions :i* he introduc$ h be5 laid aside & h dropp$ out ( use4 7b7 ,a simil> pr9ciple %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! employm5t ( ,scripture4 ,hav+ a great] =ce & beauty ?an o!r language1 & a religi\s association1 x di/urbs ! ev5 fl[ ( ! /yle4 ,x may be us$ to reproduce 9 ! translation ! qua9t effect ( "s antique phrase 9 ! orig9al1 b r>ely2 & :5 adopt$1 x %\ld h a c]ta9 fre%ness & a suitable 'ent\rage4' ,x is /range to obs]ve t ! mo/ effective use ( ,scripture phraseology arises out ( ! application ( x 9 a s5se n int5d$ by ! au?or4 7c7 ,ano!r caution3 metaphors diff] 9 diff]5t languages1 & ! translator w (t5 be compell$ to sub/itute "o = ano!r1 or to p>aphrase !m1 n giv+ ^w = ^w1 b diffus+ ov] sev]al words ! m conc5trat$ ?\ght ( ! orig9al4 ,! ,greek ( ,plato (t5 goes beyond ! ,engli% 9 its imag]y3 comp>e ,laws1 7,greek72 ,rep42 etc4 ,or aga9 ! mod]n ^w1 :i* 9 sub/ance is ! ne>e/ equival5t to ! ,greek1 may be f\nd to include associations ali5 to ,greek life3 e4g4 7,greek71 'jurym51' 7,greek71 '! b\rgeoisie4' 7d7 ,! translator has also to provide expressions = philosophical t]ms ( v indef9ite mean+ 9 ! m def9ite language ( mod]n philosophy4 ,& he mu/ n all[ discordant elem5ts to ent] into ! "w4 ,= example1 9 translat+ ,plato1 x w\ld equally be an ana*ronism to intrude on him ! feel+ & _s ( ! ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian ,scriptures or ! te*nical t]ms ( ! ,hegelian or ,d>w9ian philosophy4 7#g7 ,z no two words are precise equival5ts 7j z no two leaves ( ! =e/ are exactly simil>71 x is a mi/ak5 attempt at precision always to translate ! same ,greek ^w by ! same ,engli% ^w4 ,!re is no reason :y 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,greek7 %\ld always be r5d]$ 'righte\sness1' or 7,greek7 'cov5ant4' ,9 su* cases ! translator may be all[$ to employ two words--sometimes :5 ! two mean+s occur 9 ! same passage1 v>y+ !m by an 'or'--e4g4 7,greek71 'sci5ce' or 'k1' 7,greek71 'idea' or 'class1' 7,greek71 'temp]ance' or 'prud5ce1'--at ! po9t :]e ! *ange ( mean+ occurs4 ,if translations are int5d$ n = ! ,greek s*ol> b = ! g5]al read]1 _! wor/ fault w be t !y sacrifice ! g5]al effect & mean+ to ! ov]-precise r5d]+ ( words & =ms ( spee*4 7#h7 ,!re is no k9d ( lit]ature 9 ,engli% :i* corresponds to ! ,greek ,dialogue2 nor is ! ,engli% language easily adapt$ to x4 ,! rapidity & abruptness ( "q & answ]1 ! con/ant repetition ( 7,greek71 etc41 :i* ,cic]o avoid$ 9 ,lat9 7de ,amicit71 ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( expletives1 w\ld1 if reproduc$ 9 a translation1 give (f5ce to ! read]4 ,greek has a fre] & m frequ5t use ( ! ,int]rogative1 & is ( a m passionate & emotional "*1 & !re=e l5ds itself ) great] read9ess to ! dialogue =m4 ,mo/ ( ! s-call$ ,engli% ,dialogues are b poor imitations ( ,plato1 :i* fall v f> %ort ( ! orig9al4 ,! brea? ( conv]sation1 ! subtle adju/m5t ( "q & answ]1 ! lively play ( fancy1 ! p[] ( draw+ *>act]s1 are want+ 9 !m4 ,b ! ,platonic dialogue is a drama z well z a dialogue1 ( :i* ,socrates is ! c5tral figure1 & !re are less] p]=m]s z well3--! insol5ce ( ,?rasyma*us1 ! ang] ( ,callicles & ,anytus1 ! patroniz+ /yle ( ,protagoras1 ! self-consci\sness ( ,prodicus & ,hippias1 are all "p ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,to reproduce ?is liv+ image ! same sort ( ef=t is requir$ z 9 translat+ poetry4 ,! language1 too1 is ( a f9] quality2 ! m]e prose ,engli% is sl[ 9 l5d+ itself to ! =m ( "q & answ]1 & s ! ease ( conv]sation is lo/1 & at ! same "t ! dialectical precision ) :i* ! /eps ( ! argum5t are drawn out is apt to be impair$4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! ,introductions to ! ,dialogues !re h be5 add$ "s essays on mod]n philosophy1 & on political & social life4 ,! *ief subjects discuss$ 9 ^! are ,utility1 ,communism1 ! ,kantian & ,hegelian philosophies1 ,psy*ology1 & ! ,orig9 ( ,language4 7,!re h be5 add$ also 9 ! ,?ird ,edition rem>ks on o!r subjects4 ,a li/ ( ! mo/ important ( ^! additions is giv5 at ! end ( ?is ,preface47 ,anci5t & mod]n philosophy ?r[ a light ^u "o ano!r3 b !y %\ld be comp>$1 n conf\nd$4 ,al?\gh ! connexion betwe5 !m is sometimes accid5tal1 x is (t5 real4 ,! same que/ions are discuss$ by !m "u diff]5t conditions ( language & civilization2 b 9 "s cases a m]e ^w has surviv$1 :ile no?+ or h>dly any?+ ( ! pre-,socratic1 ,platonic1 or ,ari/otelian mean+ is reta9$4 ,!re are o!r que/ions famili> to ! mod]ns1 :i* h no place 9 anci5t philosophy4 ,! _w has gr[n old] 9 two ?\s& ye>s1 & has enl>g$ its /ock ( ideas & me?ods ( reason+4 ,yet ! g]m ( mod]n ?\ght is f\nd 9 anci5t1 & we may claim to h inh]it$1 not)/&+ _m accid5ts ( "t & place1 ! _s ( ,greek philosophy4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no cont9u\s gr[? ( ! "o into ! o!r1 b a new beg9n+1 p>tly artificial1 p>tly aris+ out ( ! que/ion+s ( ! m9d itself1 & also receiv+ a /imulus f ! /udy ( anci5t writ+s4 ,consid]+ ! great & fundam5tal diff]5ces :i* exi/ 9 anci5t & mod]n philosophy1 x seems be/ t we %\ld at fir/ /udy !m sep>ately1 & seek = ! int]pretation ( ei!r1 especially ( ! anci5t1 f itself only1 comp>+ ! same au?or ) himself & ) 8 contempor>ies1 & ) ! g5]al /ate ( ?\ght & feel+ preval5t 9 8 age4 ,aft]w>ds comes ! remot] light :i* !y ca/ on "o ano!r4 ,we beg9 to feel t ! anci5ts _h ! same ?\ghts z ourselves1 ! same difficulties :i* *>act]ize all p]iods ( transition1 almo/ ! same opposition betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,al?\gh we _c ma9ta9 t anci5t & mod]n philosophy are "o & cont9u\s 7z has be5 affirm$ ) m tru? respect+ anci5t & mod]n hi/ory71 = !y are sep>at$ by an int]val ( a ?\s& ye>s1 yet !y seem to recur 9 a sort ( cycle1 & we are surpris$ to f9d t ! new is ev] old1 & t ! tea*+ ( ! pa/ has /ill a mean+ = u4 ,,iii4 ,9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition ,i express$ a /rong op9ion at v>iance ) ,mr4 ,grote's1 t ! s-call$ ,epi/les ( ,plato 7 spuri\s4 ,8 fri5d & editor1 ,pr(essor ,ba91 ?9ks t ,i ought to give ! reasons :y ,i diff] f s em95t an au?ority4 ,res]v+ ! full] discussion ( ! "q = ano!r place1 ,i w %ortly def5d my op9ion by ! foll[+ argum5ts3-- 7a7 ,because almo/ all epi/les purport+ to be ( ! classical age ( ,greek lit]ature are =g]ies4 7,comp>e ,b5tley's ,works 7,dyce's ,edition747 ,( all docum5ts ?is class are ! lea/ likely to be pres]v$ & ! mo/ likely to be inv5t$4 ,! anci5t _w sw>m$ ) !m2 ! great libr>ies /imulat$ ! dem& = !m2 & at a "t :5 !re 0 no regul> publication ( books1 !y easily crept into ! _w4 7b7 ,:5 "o epi/le out ( a numb] is spuri\s1 ! rema9d] ( ! s]ies _c be admitt$ to be g5u9e1 unless !re be "s indep5d5t gr\nd = ?9k+ !m s3 :5 all b "o are spuri\s1 ov]:elm+ evid5ce is requir$ ( ! g5u95ess ( ! "o3 :5 !y are all simil> 9 /yle or motive1 l witnesses :o agree 9 ! same tale1 !y /& or fall toge!r4 ,b no "o1 n ev5 ,mr4 ,grote1 w\ld ma9ta9 t all ! ,epi/les ( ,plato are g5u9e1 & v few critics ?9k t m ?an "o ( !m is s4 ,& !y are cle>ly all writt5 f ! same motive1 :e!r s]i\s or only lit]>y4 ,nor is !re an example 9 ,greek antiquity ( a s]ies ( ,epi/les1 cont9u\s & yet co9cid+ ) a succession ( ev5ts ext5d+ ov] a great numb] ( ye>s4 ,! ext]nal probability !re=e aga9/ !m is enorm\s1 & ! int]nal probability is n less3 = !y are trivial & unmean+1 devoid ( delicacy & subtlety1 want+ 9 a s+le f9e expression4 ,& ev5 if ?is be matt] ( dispute1 !re c be no dispute t !re are f\nd 9 !m _m plagi>isms1 inappropriately borr[$1 :i* is a common note ( =g]y4 ,!y imitate ,plato1 :o nev] imitates ei!r himself or any "o else2 rem9isc5ces ( ! ,republic & ! ,laws are cont9ually recurr+ 9 !m2 !y are too l him & also too unlike him1 to be g5u9e 7see especially ,k>/51 ,comm5tio ,critica de ,platonis quae f]untur ,epi/olis74 ,!y are full ( egotism1 self-ass]tion1 affectation1 faults :i* ( all writ]s ,plato 0 mo/ c>eful to avoid1 & into :i* he 0 lea/ likely to fall4 ,!y ab\nd 9 obscurities1 irrelevancies1 solecisms1 pleonasms1 inconsi/5cies1 awkw>dnesses ( con/ruction1 wrong uses ( words4 ,!y also conta9 hi/orical blund]s1 su* z ! /atem5t respect+ ,hipp>9us & ,nysaeus1 ! nephews ( ,dion1 :o are said to 'h be5 well incl9$ to philosophy1 & well able to dispose ! m9d ( _! bro!r ,dionysius 9 ! same c\rse1' at a "t :5 !y c\ld n h be5 m ?an six or sev5 ye>s ( age--also fooli% allusions1 su* z ! comp>ison ( ! ,a!nian empire to ! empire ( ,d>ius1 :i* %[ a _s v diff]5t f t ( ,plato2 & mi/akes ( fact1 z e4g4 ab\t ! ,?irty ,tyrants1 :om ! writ] ( ! lett]s seems to h confus$ ) c]ta9 inf]ior magi/rates1 mak+ !m 9 all fifty-"o4 ,^! palpable errors & absurdities are absolutely irreconcilable ) _! g5u95ess4 ,& z !y appe> to h a common p>5tage1 ! m !y are /udi$1 ! m !y w be f\nd to furni% evid5ce aga9/ !mselves4 ,! ,sev5?1 :i* is ?\ght to be ! mo/ important ( ^! ,epi/les1 has aff9ities ) ! ,?ird & ! ,eigh?1 & is q z impossible & inconsi/5t z ! re/4 ,x is !re=e involv$ 9 ! same condemnation4--,! f9al conclusion is t nei!r ! ,sev5? nor any o!r ( !m1 :5 c>efully analyz$1 c be imag9$ to h proce$$ f ! h& or m9d ( ,plato4 ,! o!r te/imonies to ! voyages ( ,plato to ,sicily & ! c\rt ( ,dionysius are all ( !m lat] by sev]al c5turies ?an ! ev5ts to :i* !y ref]4 ,no extant writ] m5tions !m old] ?an ,cic]o & ,cornelius ,nepos4 ,x does n seem impossible t s attractive a !me z ! meet+ ( a philosoph] & a tyrant1 once imag9$ by ! g5ius ( a ,sophi/1 may h pass$ into a romance :i* became fam\s 9 ,hellas & ! _w4 ,x may h creat$ "o ( ! mi/s ( hi/ory1 l ! ,trojan w> or ! leg5d ( ,ar?ur1 :i* we are unable to p5etrate4 ,9 ! age ( ,cic]o1 & /ill m 9 t ( ,diog5es ,la]tius & ,appuleius1 _m o!r leg5ds _h ga!r$ ar\nd ! p]sonality ( ,plato1--m voyages1 m j\rneys to visit tyrants & ,py?agorean philosoph]s4 ,b if1 z we agree ) ,k>/5 9 suppos+1 !y are ! =g]y ( "s rhetorician or sophi/1 we _c agree ) him 9 also suppos+ t !y are ( any hi/orical value1 ! r z !re is no e>ly indep5d5t te/imony by :i* !y are support$ or ) :i* !y c be comp>$4 ,,iv4 ,!re is ano!r subject to :i* ,i mu/ briefly call att5tion1 le/ ,i %\ld seem to h ov]look$ x4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,jackson1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 a s]ies ( articles :i* he has contribut$ to ! ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 has put =w>d an entirely new explanation ( ! ,platonic ',ideas4' ,he supposes t 9 ! m9d ( ,plato !y took1 at diff]5t times 9 8 life1 two ess5tially diff]5t =ms3--an e>li] "o :i* is f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,republic & ! ,pha$o1 & a lat]1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,!aetetus1 ,philebus1 ,sophi/1 ,politicus1 ,p>m5ides1 ,timaeus4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( 8 philosophy ,plato attribut$ ,ideas to all ?+s1 at any rate to all ?+s :i* h classes or common notions3 ^! he suppos$ to exi/ only by p>ticipation 9 !m4 ,9 ! lat] ,dialogues he no long] includ$ 9 !m manufactur$ articles & ideas ( relation1 b re/rict$ !m to 'types ( nature1' & hav+ become conv9c$ t ! _m _c be p>ts ( ! "o1 = ! idea ( p>ticipation 9 !m he sub/itut$ imitation ( !m4 ,to quote ,dr4 ,jackson's own expressions1--':]eas 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,republic & ! ,pha$o1 x 0 propos$ to pass ?r\gh ontology to ! sci5ces1 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,p>m5ides & ! ,philebus1 x is propos$ to pass ?r\gh ! sci5ces to ontology'3 or1 z he repeats 9 ne>ly ! same words1--':]eas 9 ! ,republic & 9 ! ,pha$o he _h dreamt ( pass+ ?r\gh ontology to ! sci5ces1 he is n[ cont5t to pass ?r\gh ! sci5ces to ontology4' ,?is !ory is suppos$ to be bas$ on ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 a passage conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! ideas1 :i* hi!rto s*ol>s h f\nd impossible to reconcile ) ! /atem5ts ( ,plato himself4 ,! prep>ations = ! new dep>ture are discov]$ 9 ! ,p>m5ides & 9 ! ,!aetetus2 & x is said to be express$ "u a diff]5t =m by ! 7,greek7 & ! 7,greek7 ( ! ,philebus4 ,! 7,greek7 ( ! ,philebus is ! pr9ciple :i* gives =m & measure to ! 7,greek72 & 9 ! ',lat] ,!ory' is held to be ! 7,greek7 or 7,greek7 :i* conv]ts ! ,inf9ite or ,indef9ite into ideas4 ,!y are nei!r 7,greek7 nor 7,greek71 b belong to ! 7,greek7 :i* p>takes ( bo?4 ,) great respect = ! le>n+ & ability ( ,dr4 ,jackson1 ,i f9d myself unable to agree 9 ?is newly fa%ion$ doctr9e ( ! ,ideas1 :i* he ascribes to ,plato4 ,i h n ! space to g into ! "q fully2 b ,i w briefly /ate "s objections :i* are1 ,i ?9k1 fatal to x4 7#a7 ,fir/1 ! f\ndation ( 8 argum5t is laid 9 ! ,metaphysics ( ,ari/otle4 ,b we _c argue1 ei!r f ! ,metaphysics1 or f any o!r ( ! philosophical treatises ( ,ari/otle1 to ! dialogues ( ,plato until we h asc]ta9$ ! relation 9 :i* 8 s-call$ works /& to ! philosoph] himself4 ,!re is ( c\rse no d\bt ( ! great influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u ,greece & ^u ! _w by ,ari/otle & 8 philosophy4 ,b on ! o!r h& almo/ e "o :o is capable ( und]/&+ ! subject ackn[l$ges t 8 writ+s h n come d[n to u 9 an au!ntic =m l mo/ ( ! dialogues ( ,plato4 ,h[ mu* ( !m is to be ascrib$ to ,ari/otle's own h&1 h[ mu* is due to 8 successors 9 ! ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool1 is a "q :i* has nev] be5 det]m9$1 & probably nev] c be1 because ! solution ( x dep5ds ^u int]nal evid5ce only4 ,to '! height ( ?is great argum5t' ,i d n propose to asc5d4 ,b "o little fact1 n irrelevant to ! pres5t discussion1 w %[ h[ hopeless is ! attempt to expla9 ,plato out ( ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 ! *apt] ( ! ,metaphysics quot$ by ,dr4 ,jackson1 ab\t two octavo pages 9 l5g?1 !re occur no less ?an sev5 or eight ref]5ces to ,plato1 al?\gh no?+ really correspond+ to !m c be f\nd 9 8 extant writ+s3--a small matt] truly2 b :at a light does x ?r[ on ! "* ( ! entire book 9 :i* !y occur6 ,we c h>dly escape f ! conclusion t !y are n /atem5ts ( ,ari/otle respect+ ,plato1 b ( a lat] g5]ation ( ,ari/otelians respect+ a lat] g5]ation ( ,platoni/s4 7,comp>e ! /rik+ rem>k ( ! great ,scalig] respect+ ! ,magna ,moralia3--,haec non sunt ,ari/otelis1 tam5 utitur auctor ,ari/otelis nom9e tanquam suo47 7#b7 ,!re is no h9t 9 ,plato's own writ+s t he 0 consci\s ( hav+ made any *ange 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,ideas su* z ,dr4 ,jackson attributes to him1 al?\gh 9 ! ,republic ! platonic ,socrates speaks ( 'a long] & a %ort] way'1 & ( a way 9 :i* 8 disciple ,glaucon 'w be unable to foll[ him'2 also ( a way ( ,ideas1 to :i* he /ill holds fa/1 al?\gh x has (t5 des]t$ him 7,philebus1 ,pha$o71 & al?\gh 9 ! lat] dialogues & 9 ! ,laws ! ref]5ce to ,ideas disappe>s1 & ,m9d claims h] own 7,phil42 ,laws74 ,no h9t is giv5 ( :at ,plato meant by ! 'long] way' 7,rep471 or '! way 9 :i* ,glaucon 0 unable to foll['2 or ( ! relation ( ,m9d to ! ,ideas4 ,x might be said ) tru? t ! conception ( ! ,idea pr$om9ates 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,dialogues1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ord] adopt$ 9 ?is "w1 ends ) ! ,republic1 ! 'conception ( ,m9d' & a way ( speak+ m 9 agreem5t ) mod]n t]m9ology1 9 ! latt] half4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t ,plato's !ory1 or1 r1 8 v>i\s !ories1 ( ! ,ideas und]w5t any def9ite *ange dur+ 8 p]iod ( au?or%ip4 ,!y are sub/antially ! same 9 ! twelf? ,book ( ! ,laws z 9 ! ,m5o & ,pha$o2 & s9ce ! ,laws 7 writt5 9 ! la/ decade ( 8 life1 !re is no "t to :i* ?is *ange ( op9ions c be ascrib$4 ,x is true t ! !ory ( ,ideas takes sev]al diff]5t =ms1 n m]ely an e>li] & a lat] "o1 9 ! v>i\s ,dialogues4 ,!y are p]sonal & imp]sonal1 ideals & ideas1 exi/+ by p>ticipation or by imitation1 "o & _m1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 writ+s or ev5 9 ! same passage4 ,!y are ! univ]sal def9itions ( ,socrates1 & at ! same "t '( m ?an mortal k' 7,rep474 ,b !y are always ! negations ( s5se1 ( matt]1 ( g5]ation1 ( ! p>ticul>3 !y are always ! subjects ( k & n ( op9ion2 & !y t5d1 n to div]sity1 b to unity4 ,o!r entities or intellig5ces are ak9 to !m1 b n ! same ) !m1 su* z m9d1 measure1 limit1 et]nity1 ess5ce 7,philebus2 ,timaeus73 ^! & simil> t]ms appe> to express ! same tru?s f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 & to belong to ! same sph]e ) !m4 ,b we are n ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 attempt+ to id5tify !m1 any m ?an 9 :olly oppos+ !m4 ,! great oppositions ( ! s5sible & intellectual1 ! un*angeable & ! transi5t1 9 :atev] =m ( words express$1 are always ma9ta9$ 9 ,plato4 ,b ! less] logical di/9ctions1 z we %\ld call !m1 :e!r ( ontology or pr$ication1 :i* tr\bl$ ! pre-,socratic philosophy & came to ! front 9 ,ari/otle1 are v>i\sly discuss$ & expla9$4 ,?us f> we admit inconsi/5cy 9 ,plato1 b no fur!r4 ,he liv$ 9 an age be=e logic & sy/em _h :olly p]meat$ language1 & !re=e we mu/ n always expect to f9d 9 him sy/ematic arrangem5t or logical precision3--'poema magis put&um4' ,b he is always true to 8 own context1 ! c>eful /udy ( :i* is ( m value to ! int]pret] ?an all ! comm5tators & s*olia/s put toge!r4 7#c7 ,! conclusions at :i* ,dr4 ,jackson has arriv$ are su* z might be expect$ to foll[ f 8 me?od ( proc$ure4 ,= he takes words )\t reg>d to _! connection1 & pieces toge!r diff]5t p>ts ( dialogues 9 a purely arbitr>y mann]1 al?\gh !re is no indication t ! au?or int5d$ ! two passages to be s comb9$1 or t :5 he appe>s to be exp]im5t+ on ! diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* a subject ( philosophy may be reg>d$1 he is secretly elaborat+ a sy/em4 ,by su* a use ( language any premises may be made to lead to any conclusion4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o believe ,plato to h be5 a my/ic or to h _h hidd5 mean+s2 nor d ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,jackson 9 ?9k+ t ':5 he is precise & dogmatic1 he g5]ally contrives to introduce an elem5t ( obscurity into ! expo/ion' 7,j4 ( ,philol474 ,! great ma/] ( language wrote z cle>ly z he c\ld 9 an age :5 ! m9ds ( m5 7 cl\d$ by controv]sy1 & philosophical t]ms _h n yet acquir$ a fix$ mean+4 ,i h j said t ,plato is to be int]pret$ by 8 context2 & ,i d n d5y t 9 "s passages1 especially 9 ! ,republic & ,laws1 ! context is at a great] di/ance ?an w\ld be all[able 9 a mod]n writ]4 ,b we are n !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 connect+ passages f diff]5t p>ts ( 8 writ+s1 or ev5 f ! same "w1 :i* he has n himself jo9$4 ,we _c argue f ! ,p>m5ides to ! ,philebus1 or f ei!r to ! ,sophi/1 or assume t ! ,p>m5ides1 ! ,philebus1 & ! ,timaeus 7 'writt5 simultane\sly1' or '7 int5d$ to be /udi$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h nam$ 7,j4 ( ,philol47 ,we h no "r to connect /atem5ts :i* are only accid5tally simil>4 ,nor is x safe = ! au?or ( a !ory ab\t anci5t philosophy to argue f :at w happ5 if 8 /atem5ts are reject$4 ,= ^? consequ5ces may nev] h ent]$ into ! m9d ( ! anci5t writ] himself2 & !y are v likely to be mod]n consequ5ces :i* w\ld n h be5 und]/ood by him4 ',i _c ?9k1' says ,dr4 ,jackson1 't ,plato w\ld h *ang$ 8 op9ions1 b h n[h]e expla9$ ! nature ( ! *ange4' ,b is x n mu* m improbable t he %\ld h *ang$ 8 op9ions1 & n /at$ 9 an unmi/akable mann] t ! mo/ ess5tial pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy _h be5 rev]s$8 ,x is true t a few ( ! dialogues1 su* z ! ,republic & ! ,timaeus1 or ! ,!aetetus & ! ,sophi/1 or ! ,m5o & ! ,apology1 conta9 allusions to "o ano!r4 ,b ^! allusions are sup]ficial &1 except 9 ! case ( ! ,republic & ! ,laws1 h no philosophical importance4 ,!y d n affect ! sub/ance ( ! "w4 ,x may be rem>k$ fur!r t sev]al ( ! dialogues1 su* z ! ,pha$rus1 ! ,sophi/1 & ! ,p>m5ides1 h m ?an "o subject4 ,b x does n !re=e foll[ t ,plato int5d$ "o dialogue to succe$ ano!r1 or t he beg9s anew 9 "o dialogue a subject :i* he has left unf9i%$ 9 ano!r1 or t ev5 9 ! same dialogue he always int5d$ ! two p>ts to be connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,we _c argue f a casual /atem5t f\nd 9 ! ,p>m5ides to o!r /atem5ts :i* occur 9 ! ,philebus4 ,mu* m truly is 8 own mann] describ$ by himself :5 he says t 'words are m pla/ic ?an wax' 7,rep471 & ':i!r ! w9d bl[s1 ! argum5t foll[s'4 ,! dialogues ( ,plato are l poems1 isolat$ & sep>ate works1 except :]e !y are indicat$ by ! au?or himself to h an int5tional sequ5ce4 ,x is ?is me?od ( tak+ passages out ( _! context & plac+ !m 9 a new connexion :5 !y seem to confirm a preconceiv$ !ory1 :i* is ! defect ( ,dr4 ,jackson's proc$ure4 ,x may be comp>$1 ?\gh n :olly ! same ) x1 to t me?od :i* ! ,fa!rs practis$1 sometimes call$ '! my/ical int]pretation ( ,scripture1' 9 :i* isolat$ words are sep>at$ f _! context1 & receive any s5se :i* ! fancy ( ! int]pret] may sugge/4 ,x is ak9 to ! me?od employ$ by ,s*lei]ma*] ( arrang+ ! dialogues ( ,plato 9 *ronological ord] accord+ to :at he deems ! true arrangem5t ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 !m4 7,dr4 ,jackson is also incl9$1 hav+ con/ruct$ a !ory1 to make ! *ronology ( ,plato's writ+s dep5d5t ^u x 7,see ,j4 ( ,philol4 & else:]e47 ,x may likewise be illu/rat$ by ! +5uity ( ^? :o employ symbols to f9d 9 ,%akespe>e a hidd5 mean+4 ,9 ! ?ree cases ! error is ne>ly ! same3--words are tak5 out ( _! natural context1 & ?us become de/itute ( any real mean+4 7#d7 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,jackson's ',lat] ,!ory1' ,plato's ,ideas1 :i* 7 once reg>d$ z ! summa g5]a ( all ?+s1 are n[ to be expla9$ z ,=ms or ,types ( "s ?+s only1--t is to say1 ( natural objects3 ^! we conceive imp]fectly1 b are always seek+ 9 va9 to h a m p]fect notion ( !m4 ,he says 7,j4 ( ,philol47 t ',plato hop$ by ! /udy ( a s]ies ( hypo!tical or provisional classifications to arrive at "o 9 :i* nature's di/ribution ( k9ds is approximately repres5t$1 & s to atta9 approximately to ! k ( ! ideas4 ,b :]eas 9 ! ,republic1 & ev5 9 ! ,pha$o1 ?\gh less hopefully1 he _h s\ght to conv]t 8 provisional def9itions into f9al ones by trac+ _! connexion ) ! summum g5us1 ! 7,greek71 9 ! ,p>m5ides 8 aspirations are less ambiti\s1' & s on4 ,b :]e does ,dr4 ,jackson f9d any su* notion z ?is 9 ,plato or any:]e 9 anci5t philosophy8 ,is x n an ana*ronism1 graci\s to ! mod]n physical philosoph]1 & ! m acceptable because x seems to =m a l9k betwe5 anci5t & mod]n philosophy1 & betwe5 physical & metaphysical sci5ce2 b really unmean+8 7#e7 ,to ?is ',lat] ,!ory' ( ,plato's ,ideas ,i oppose ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,zell]1 :o affirms t none ( ! passages to :i* ,dr4 ,jackson appeals 7,!aet42 ,phil42 ,tim42 ,p>m47 '9 ! smalle/ degree prove 8 po9t'2 & t 9 ! second class ( dialogues1 9 :i* ! ',lat] ,!ory ( ,ideas' is suppos$ to be f\nd1 q z cle>ly z 9 ! fir/1 are admitt$ ,ideas1 n only ( natural objects1 b ( prop]ties1 relations1 works ( art1 negative notions 7,!aet42 ,p>m42 ,soph472 & t :at ,dr4 ,jackson di/+ui%es z ! fir/ class ( dialogues f ! second equally ass]t or imply t ! relation ( ?+s to ! ,ideas1 is "o ( p>ticipation 9 !m z well z ( imitation ( !m 7,pr(4 ,zell]'s summ>y ( 8 own review ( ,dr4 ,jackson1 ,ar*iv fur ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie47 ,9 conclusion ,i may rem>k t 9 ,plato's writ+s !re is bo? unity1 & also gr[? & developm5t2 b t we mu/ n intrude ^u him ei!r a sy/em or a te*nical language4 ,balliol ,college1 ,octob]1 #ahia4 ,,note ,! *ief additions to ! ,introductions 9 ! ,?ird ,edition consi/ ( ,essays on ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,language4 #b4 ,! decl9e ( ,greek ,lit]ature4 #c4 ,! ',ideas' ( ,plato & ,mod]n ,philosophy4 #d4 ,! my?s ( ,plato4 #e4 ,! relation ( ! ,republic1 ,/atesman & ,laws4 #f4 ,! leg5d ( ,atlantis4 #g4 ,psy*ology4 #h4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,laws ( ,plato ) ,sp>tan & ,a!nian ,laws & ,in/itutions4 ,,*>mides4 ,,introduction4 ,! subject ( ! ,*>mides is ,temp]ance or 7,greek71 a peculi>ly ,greek notion1 :i* may also be r5d]$ ,mod]ation 7,comp>e ,cic4 ,tusc4 '7,greek71 quam soleo equidem tum temp]antiam1 tum mod]ationem appell>e1 nonnunquam etiam mode/iam4'71 ,mode/y1 ,discretion1 ,wisdom1 )\t completely exhau/+ by all ^! t]ms ! v>i\s associations ( ! ^w4 ,x may be describ$ z 'm5s sana 9 corpore sano1' ! h>mony or due proportion ( ! high] & l[] elem5ts ( human nature :i* 'makes a man 8 own ma/]1' accord+ to ! def9ition ( ! ,republic4 ,9 ! accompany+ translation ! ^w has be5 r5d]$ 9 diff]5t places ei!r ,temp]ance or ,wisdom1 z ! connection seem$ to require3 = 9 ! philosophy ( ,plato 7,greek7 /ill reta9s an intellectual elem5t 7z ,socrates is also said to h id5tifi$ 7,greek7 ) 7,greek73 ,x54 ,mem47 & is n yet relegat$ to ! sph]e ( moral virtue1 z 9 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle4 ,! beautiful y\?1 ,*>mides1 :o is also ! mo/ temp]ate ( human be+s1 is ask$ by ,socrates1 ',:at is ,temp]ance8' ,he answ]s *>act]i/ically1 7#a7 ',quietness4' ',b ,temp]ance is a f9e & noble ?+2 & quietness 9 _m or mo/ cases is n s f9e a ?+ z quickness4' ,he tries aga9 & says 7#b7 t temp]ance is mode/y4 ,b ?is aga9 is set aside by a sophi/ical application ( ,hom]3 = temp]ance is good z well z noble1 & ,hom] has decl>$ t 'mode/y is n good = a ne$y man4' 7#c7 ,once m ,*>mides makes ! attempt4 ,?is "t he gives a def9ition :i* he has he>d1 & ( :i* ,socrates conjectures t ,critias mu/ be ! au?or3 ',temp]ance is do+ "o's own bus9ess4' ,b ! artisan :o makes ano!r man's %oes may be temp]ate1 & yet he is n do+ 8 own bus9ess2 & temp]ance def9$ ?us w\ld be oppos$ to ! division ( lab\r :i* exi/s 9 e temp]ate or well-ord]$ /ate4 ,h[ is ?is riddle to be expla9$8 ,critias1 :o takes ! place ( ,*>mides1 di/+ui%es 9 8 answ] betwe5 'mak+' & 'do+1' & ) ! help ( a misappli$ quotation f ,hesiod assigns to ! words 'do+' & '"w' an exclusively good s5se3 ,temp]ance is do+ "o's own bus9ess2--7#d7 is do+ good4 ,/ill an elem5t ( k is want+ :i* ,critias is readily induc$ to admit at ! sugge/ion ( ,socrates2 &1 9 ! _s ( ,socrates & ( ,greek life g5]ally1 proposes z a fif? def9ition1 7#e7 ,temp]ance is self-k4 ,b all sci5ces h a subject3 numb] is ! subject ( ari?metic1 heal? ( m$ic9e--:at is ! subject ( temp]ance or wisdom8 ,! answ] is t 7#f7 ,temp]ance is ! k ( :at a man kn[s & ( :at he does n "k4 ,b ?is is contr>y to analogy2 !re is no vision ( vision1 b only ( visible ?+s2 no love ( loves1 b only ( beautiful ?+s2 h[ !n c !re be a k ( k8 ,t :i* is old]1 heavi]1 light]1 is old]1 heavi]1 & light] ?an some?+ else1 n ?an itself1 & ?is seems to be true ( all relative notions--! object ( relation is outside ( !m2 at any rate !y c only h relation to !mselves 9 ! =m ( t object4 ,:e!r !re are any su* cases ( reflex relation or n1 & :e!r t sort ( k :i* we t]m ,temp]ance is ( ?is reflex nature1 has yet to be det]m9$ by ! great metaphysician4 ,b ev5 if k c "k itself1 h[ does ! k ( :at we "k imply ! k ( :at we d n "k8 ,besides1 k is an ab/raction only1 & w n in=m u ( any p>ticul> subject1 su* z m$ic9e1 build+1 & ! l4 ,x may tell u t we or o!r m5 "k some?+1 b c nev] tell u :at we "k4 ,admitt+ t !re is a k ( :at we "k & ( :at we d n "k1 :i* w\ld supply a rule & measure ( all ?+s1 /ill !re w\ld be no good 9 ?is2 & ! k :i* temp]ance gives mu/ be ( a k9d :i* w d u good2 = temp]ance is a good4 ,b ?is univ]sal k does n t5d to our happ9ess & good3 ! only k9d ( k :i* br+s happ9ess is ! k ( good & evil4 ,to ?is ,critias replies t ! sci5ce or k ( good & evil1 & all ! o!r sci5ces1 are regulat$ by ! high] sci5ce or k ( k4 ,socrates replies by aga9 divid+ ! ab/ract f ! concrete1 & asks h[ ?is k conduces to happ9ess 9 ! same def9ite way 9 :i* m$ic9e conduces to heal?4 ,& n[1 aft] mak+ all ^! concessions1 :i* are really inadmissible1 we are /ill z f> z ev] f asc]ta9+ ! nature ( temp]ance1 :i* ,*>mides has already discov]$1 & _h !re=e bett] re/ 9 ! k t ! m temp]ate he is ! happi] he w be1 & n tr\ble himself ) ! speculations ( ,socrates4 ,9 ?is ,dialogue may be not$ 7#a7 ,! ,greek ideal ( beauty & goodness1 ! vision ( ! fair s\l 9 ! fair body1 realis$ 9 ! beautiful ,*>mides2 7#b7 ,! true conception ( m$ic9e z a sci5ce ( ! :ole z well z ! p>ts1 & ( ! m9d z well z ! body1 :i* is playfully intimat$ 9 ! /ory ( ! ,?racian2 7#c7 ,! t5d5cy ( ! age to v]bal di/9ctions1 :i* "h1 z 9 ! ,protagoras & ,cratylus1 are ascrib$ to ! +5uity ( ,prodicus2 & to int]pretations or r p>odies ( ,hom] or ,hesiod1 :i* are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ,plato & 8 contempor>ies2 7#d7 ,! g]m ( an e?ical pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! notion t temp]ance is 'do+ "o's own bus9ess1' :i* 9 ! ,republic 7su* is ! %ift+ "* ( ! ,platonic philosophy7 is giv5 z ! def9ition1 n ( temp]ance1 b ( ju/ice2 7#e7 ,! impati5ce :i* is exhibit$ by ,socrates ( any def9ition ( temp]ance 9 :i* an elem5t ( sci5ce or k is n includ$2 7#f7 ,! beg9n+ ( metaphysics & logic impli$ 9 ! two que/ions3 :e!r !re c be a sci5ce ( sci5ce1 & :e!r ! k ( :at y "k is ! same z ! k ( :at y d n "k2 & also 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ':at y "k' & 't y "k1' 7,greek27 "h too is ! fir/ conception ( an absolute self-det]m9$ sci5ce 7! claims ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are disput$ by ,socrates1 :o asks cui bono87 z well z ! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! difficulty ( ! ab/ract & concrete1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ anticipations ( ! relation ( subject & object1 & ( ! subjective elem5t 9 k--a 'ri* banquet' ( metaphysical que/ions 9 :i* we 'ta/e ( _m ?+s4' 7#g7 ,& /ill ! m9d ( ,plato1 hav+ snat*$ = a mom5t at ^! %ad[s ( ! future1 quickly rejects !m3 ?us e>ly has he rea*$ ! conclusion t !re c be no sci5ce :i* is a 'sci5ce ( no?+' 7,p>m5474 7#h7 ,! conception ( a sci5ce ( good & evil also fir/ occurs "h1 an anticipation ( ! ,philebus & ,republic z well z ( moral philosophy 9 lat] ages4 ,! dramatic int]e/ ( ! ,dialogue *iefly c5tres 9 ! y\? ,*>mides1 ) :om ,socrates talks 9 ! k9dly _s ( an eld]4 ,8 *ildlike simplicity & +5u\sness are contra/$ ) ! dialectical & rhetorical arts ( ,critias1 :o is ! gr[n-up man ( ! _w1 hav+ a t9cture ( philosophy4 ,no h9t is giv51 ei!r "h or 9 ! ,timaeus1 ( ! infamy :i* atta*es to ! "n ( ! latt] 9 ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,he is simply a cultivat$ p]son :o1 l 8 k9sman ,plato1 is ennobl$ by ! connection ( 8 family ) ,solon 7,tim471 & _h be5 ! foll[]1 if n ! disciple1 bo? ( ,socrates & ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,9 ! argum5t he is n unfair1 if all[ance is made = a slight rhetorical t5d5cy1 & = a natural desire to save 8 reputation ) ! company2 he is sometimes ne>] ! tru? ?an ,socrates4 ,no?+ 9 8 language or behavi\r is unbecom+ ! gu>dian ( ! beautiful ,*>mides4 ,8 love ( reputation is *>act]i/ically ,greek1 & contra/s ) ! humility ( ,socrates4 ,nor 9 ,*>mides himself d we f9d any resemblance to ! ,*>mides ( hi/ory1 except1 p]haps1 ! mode/ & retir+ nature :i*1 accord+ to ,x5ophon1 at "o "t ( 8 life prev5t$ him f speak+ 9 ! ,assembly 7,mem472 & we are surpris$ to he> t1 l ,critias1 he aft]w>ds became "o ( ! ?irty tyrants4 ,9 ! ,dialogue he is a patt]n ( virtue1 & is !re=e 9 no ne$ ( ! *>m :i* ,socrates is unable to apply4 ,) y\?ful naivete1 keep+ 8 secret & ent]+ into ! _s ( ,socrates1 he enjoys ! detection ( 8 eld] & gu>dian ,critias1 :o is easily se5 to be ! au?or ( ! def9ition :i* he has s great an int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+4 ,! prec$+ def9ition1 ',temp]ance is do+ "o's own bus9ess1' is assum$ to h be5 borr[$ by ,*>mides f ano!r2 & :5 ! enquiry becomes m ab/ract he is sup]s$$ by ,critias 7,!aet42 ,eu?yd474 ,socrates pres]ves 8 accu/om$ irony to ! end2 he is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( sev]al great tru?s1 :i* he views 9 v>i\s lights1 b always ei!r by br++ !m to ! te/ ( common s5se1 or by dem&+ too great exactness 9 ! use ( words1 turns aside f !m & comes at la/ to no conclusion4 ,! def9itions ( temp]ance proce$ 9 regul> ord] f ! popul> to ! philosophical4 ,! fir/ two are simple en\gh & p>tially true1 l ! fir/ ?\ghts ( an intellig5t y\?2 ! ?ird1 :i* is a real contribution to e?ical philosophy1 is p]v]t$ by ! +5uity ( ,socrates1 & h>dly rescu$ by an equal p]v]sion on ! "p ( ,critias4 ,! rema9+ def9itions h a high] aim1 :i* is to introduce ! elem5t ( k1 & at la/ to unite good & tru? 9 a s+le sci5ce4 ,b ! "t has n yet arriv$ = ! realization ( ?is vision ( metaphysical philosophy2 & su* a sci5ce :5 br\ght ne>] to u 9 ! ,philebus & ! ,republic w n be call$ by ! "n ( 7,greek74 ,h5ce we see ) surprise t ,plato1 :o 9 8 o!r writ+s id5tifies good & k1 "h opposes !m1 & asks1 almo/ 9 ! _s ( ,ari/otle1 h[ c !re be a k ( k1 & ev5 if atta9able1 h[ c su* a k be ( any use8 ,! difficulty ( ! ,*>mides arises *iefly f ! two s5ses ( ! ^w 7,greek71 or temp]ance4 ,f ! e?ical notion ( temp]ance1 :i* is v>i\sly def9$ to be quietness1 mode/y1 do+ our own bus9ess1 ! do+ ( good actions1 ! dialogue passes onto ! intellectual conception ( 7,greek71 :i* is decl>$ also to be ! sci5ce ( self-k1 or ( ! k ( :at we "k & d n "k1 or ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,! dialogue repres5ts a /age 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy 9 :i* k & action 7 n yet di/+ui%$4 ,h5ce ! confusion betwe5 !m1 & ! easy transition f "o to ! o!r4 ,! def9itions :i* are (f]$ are all reject$1 b x is to be obs]v$ t !y all t5d to ?r[ a light on ! nature ( temp]ance1 & t1 unlike ! di/9ction ( ,critias betwe5 7,greek71 none ( !m are m]ely v]bal quibbles1 x is impli$ t ?is "q1 al?\gh x has n yet receiv$ a solution 9 !ory1 has be5 already answ]$ by ,*>mides himself1 :o has le>n$ to practise ! virtue ( self-k :i* philosoph]s are va9ly try+ to def9e 9 words4 ,9 a simil> _s we might say to a "y man :o is di/urb$ by !ological difficulties1 ',d n tr\ble y\rself ab\t su* matt]s1 b only lead a good life2' & yet 9 ei!r case x is n to be d5i$ t "r ideas ( tru? may contribute greatly to ! improvem5t ( "*4 ,! reasons :y ! ,*>mides1 ,lysis1 ,la*es h be5 plac$ toge!r & fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( ,platonic dialogues1 are3 7i7 ,_! %ortness & simplicity4 ,! ,*>mides & ! ,lysis1 if n ! ,la*es1 are ( ! same 'quality' z ! ,pha$rus & ,symposium3 & x is probable1 ?\gh f> f c]ta91 t ! slight] ef=t prec$$ ! great] "o4 7ii7 ,_! eri/ic1 or r ,socratic "*2 !y belong to ! class call$ dialogues ( se>* 7,greek71 :i* h no conclusion4 7iii7 ,! abs5ce 9 !m ( c]ta9 fav\rite notions ( ,plato1 su* z ! doctr9e ( recollection & ( ! ,platonic ideas2 ! que/ions1 :e!r virtue c be taught2 :e!r ! virtues are "o or _m4 7iv7 ,!y h a want ( dep?1 :5 comp>$ ) ! dialogues ( ! middle & lat] p]iod2 & a y\?ful beauty & grace :i* is want+ 9 ! lat] ones4 7v7 ,_! resemblance to "o ano!r2 9 all ! ?ree boyhood has a great "p4 ,^! reasons h v>i\s degrees ( weight 9 det]m9+ _! place 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,platonic writ+s1 ?\gh !y are n conclusive4 ,no arrangem5t ( ! ,platonic dialogues c be /rictly *ronological4 ,! ord] :i* has be5 adopt$ is int5d$ ma9ly = ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]2 at ! same "t1 indications ( ! date suppli$ ei!r by ,plato himself or allusions f\nd 9 ! dialogues h n be5 lo/ sight (4 ,mu* may be said ab\t ?is subject1 b ! results c only be probable2 !re are no mat]ials :i* w\ld enable u to atta9 to any?+ l c]ta9ty4 ,! relations ( k & virtue are aga9 br\ght =w>d 9 ! companion dialogues ( ! ,lysis & ,la*es2 & also 9 ! ,protagoras & ,eu?ydemus4 ,! opposition ( ab/ract & p>ticul> k 9 ?is dialogue may be comp>$ ) a simil> opposition ( ideas & ph5om5a :i* occurs 9 ! ,prologues to ! ,p>m5ides1 b seems r to belong to a lat] /age ( ! philosophy ( ,plato4 ,,*>mides1 ,,or ,,temp]ance ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,socrates1 :o is ! n>rator1 ,*>mides1 ,*a]ephon1 ,critias4 ,,sc5e3 ,! ,palae/ra ( ,taureas1 :i* is ne> ! ,por* ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on4 ,ye/]day ev5+ ,i return$ f ! army at ,potidaea1 & hav+ be5 a good :ile away1 ,i ?\ght t ,i %\ld l to g & look at my old haunts4 ,s ,i w5t into ! palae/ra ( ,taureas1 :i* is ov] aga9/ ! temple adjo9+ ! por* ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on1 & !re ,i f\nd a numb] ( p]sons1 mo/ ( :om ,i knew1 b n all4 ,my visit 0 unexpect$1 & no soon] did !y see me ent]+ ?an !y salut$ me f af> on all sides2 & ,*a]ephon1 :o is a k9d ( madman1 />t$ up & ran to me1 seiz+ my h&1 & say+1 ,h[ did y escape1 ,socrates8--7,i %\ld expla9 t an engagem5t _h tak5 place at ,potidaea n long be=e we came away1 ( :i* ! news _h only j rea*$ ,a!ns47 ,y see1 ,i repli$1 t "h ,i am4 ,!re 0 a report1 he said1 t ! engagem5t 0 v sev]e1 & t _m ( our acqua9tance _h fall54 ,t1 ,i repli$1 0 n f> f ! tru?4 ,i suppose1 he said1 t y 7 pres5t4 ,i 04 ,!n sit d[n1 & tell u ! :ole /ory1 :i* z yet we h only he>d imp]fectly4 ,i took ! place :i* he assign$ to me1 by ! side ( ,critias ! son ( ,callaes*rus1 & :5 ,i _h salut$ him & ! re/ ( ! company1 ,i told !m ! news f ! army1 & answ]$ _! sev]al enquiries4 ,!n1 :5 !re _h be5 en\gh ( ?is1 ,i1 9 my turn1 began to make enquiries ab\t matt]s at home--ab\t ! pres5t /ate ( philosophy1 & ab\t ! y\?4 ,i ask$ :e!r any ( !m 7 rem>kable = wisdom or beauty1 or bo?4 ,critias1 glanc+ at ! door1 invit$ my att5tion to "s y\?s :o 7 com+ 91 & talk+ noisily to "o ano!r1 foll[$ by a cr[d4 ,( ! beauties1 ,socrates1 he said1 ,i fancy t y w soon be able to =m a judgm5t4 ,= ^? :o are j ent]+ are ! advanc$ gu>d ( ! great beauty1 z he is ?\ght to be1 ( ! day1 & he is likely to be n f> (f himself4 ,:o is he1 ,i said2 & :o is 8 fa!r8 ,*>mides1 he repli$1 is 8 "n2 he is my c\s91 & ! son ( my uncle ,glaucon3 ,i r ?9k t y "k him too1 al?\gh he 0 n gr[n up at ! "t ( y\r dep>ture4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i "k him1 ,i said1 = he 0 rem>kable ev5 !n :5 he 0 /ill a *ild1 & ,i %\ld imag9e t by ?is "t he mu/ be almo/ a "y man4 ,y w see1 he said1 9 a mom5t :at progress he has made & :at he is l4 ,he _h sc>cely said ! ^w1 :5 ,*>mides ent]$4 ,n[ y "k1 my fri5d1 t ,i _c measure any?+1 & ( ! beautiful1 ,i am simply su* a measure z a :ite l9e is ( *alk2 = almo/ all "y p]sons appe> to be beautiful 9 my eyes4 ,b at t mom5t1 :5 ,i saw him com+ 91 ,i confess t ,i 0 q a/oni%$ at 8 beauty & /ature2 all ! _w seem$ to be enam\r$ ( him2 amazem5t & confusion reign$ :5 he ent]$2 & a troop ( lov]s foll[$ him4 ,t gr[n-up m5 l ourselves %\ld h be5 affect$ 9 ?is way 0 n surpris+1 b ,i obs]v$ t !re 0 ! same feel+ among ! boys2 all ( !m1 d[n to ! v lea/ *ild1 turn$ & look$ at him1 z if he _h be5 a /atue4 ,*a]ephon call$ me & said3 ,:at d y ?9k ( him1 ,socrates8 ,has he n a beautiful face8 ,mo/ beautiful1 ,i said4 ,b y w\ld ?9k no?+ ( 8 face1 he repli$1 if y c\ld see 8 nak$ =m3 he is absolutely p]fect4 ,& to ?is !y all agre$4 ,by ,h]acles1 ,i said1 !re nev] 0 su* a p>agon1 if he has only "o o!r slight addition4 ,:at is t8 said ,critias4 ,if he has a noble s\l2 & be+ ( y\r h\se1 ,critias1 he may be expect$ to h ?is4 ,he is z fair & good )91 z he is )\t1 repli$ ,critias4 ,!n1 be=e we see 8 body1 %\ld we n ask him to %[ u 8 s\l1 nak$ & undisguis$8 he is j ( an age at :i* he w l to talk4 ,t he w1 said ,critias1 & ,i c tell y t he is a philosoph] already1 & also a consid]able poet1 n 9 8 own op9ion only1 b 9 t ( o!rs4 ,t1 my de> ,critias1 ,i repli$1 is a di/9ction :i* has long be5 9 y\r family1 & is inh]it$ by y f ,solon4 ,b :y d y n call him1 & %[ him to u8 = ev5 if he 7 y\ng] ?an he is1 !re c\ld be no impropriety 9 8 talk+ to u 9 ! pres5ce ( y1 :o are 8 gu>dian & c\s94 ,v well1 he said2 !n ,i w call him2 & turn+ to ! att5dant1 he said1 ,call ,*>mides1 & tell him t ,i want him to come & see a physician ab\t ! illness ( :i* he spoke to me ! day be=e ye/]day4 ,!n aga9 address+ me1 he add$3 ,he has be5 compla9+ lately ( hav+ a heada*e :5 he rises 9 ! morn+3 n[ :y %\ld y n make him believe t y "k a cure = ! heada*e8 ,:y n1 ,i said2 b w he come8 ,he w be sure to come1 he repli$4 ,he came z he 0 bidd51 & sat d[n betwe5 ,critias & me4 ,great amusem5t 0 occasion$ by e "o pu%+ ) might & ma9 at 8 neighb\r 9 ord] to make a place = him next to !mselves1 until at ! two ends ( ! r[ "o _h to get up & ! o!r 0 roll$ ov] sideways4 ,n[ ,i1 my fri5d1 0 beg9n+ to feel awkw>d2 my =m] bold belief 9 my p[]s ( conv]s+ ) him _h vani%$4 ,& :5 ,critias told him t ,i 0 ! p]son :o _h ! cure1 he look$ at me 9 su* an indescribable mann]1 & 0 j go+ to ask a "q4 ,& at t mom5t all ! p 9 ! palae/ra cr[d$ ab\t u1 &1 ,o r>e6 ,i caught a sight ( ! inw>ds ( 8 g>m5t1 & took ! flame4 ,!n ,i c\ld no long] conta9 myself4 ,i ?\ght h[ well ,cydias und]/ood ! nature ( love1 :51 9 speak+ ( a fair y\?1 he w>ns "s "o 'n to br+ ! fawn 9 ! sight ( ! lion to be dev\r$ by him1' = ,i felt t ,i _h be5 ov]come by a sort ( wild-bea/ appetite4 ,b ,i controll$ myself1 & :5 he ask$ me if ,i knew ! cure ( ! heada*e1 ,i answ]$1 b ) an ef=t1 t ,i did "k4 ,& :at is x8 he said4 ,i repli$ t x 0 a k9d ( leaf1 :i* requir$ to be accompani$ by a *>m1 & if a p]son w\ld repeat ! *>m at ! same "t t he us$ ! cure1 he w\ld be made :ole2 b t )\t ! *>m ! leaf w\ld be ( no avail4 ,!n ,i w write out ! *>m f y\r dictation1 he said4 ,) my cons5t8 ,i said1 or )\t my cons5t8 ,) y\r cons5t1 ,socrates1 he said1 laugh+4 ,v good1 ,i said2 & are y q sure t y "k my "n8 ,i ought to "k y1 he repli$1 = !re is a great deal said ab\t y among my companions2 & ,i rememb] :5 ,i 0 a *ild see+ y 9 company ) my c\s9 ,critias4 ,i am glad to f9d t y rememb] me1 ,i said2 = ,i %all n[ be m at home ) y & %all be bett] able to expla9 ! nature ( ! *>m1 ab\t :i* ,i felt a difficulty be=e4 ,= ! *>m w d m1 ,*>mides1 ?an only cure ! heada*e4 ,i d>e say t y h he>d em95t physicians say to a pati5t :o comes to !m ) bad eyes1 t !y _c cure 8 eyes by !mselves1 b t if 8 eyes are to be cur$1 8 head mu/ be treat$2 & !n aga9 !y say t to ?9k ( cur+ ! head alone1 & n ! re/ ( ! body also1 is ! height ( folly4 ,& argu+ 9 ?is way !y apply _! me?ods to ! :ole body1 & try to treat & heal ! :ole & ! "p toge!r4 ,did y ev] obs]ve t ?is is :at !y say8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& !y are "r1 & y w\ld agree ) !m8 ,yes1 he said1 c]ta9ly ,i %\ld4 ,8 approv+ answ]s reassur$ me1 & ,i began by degrees to rega9 confid5ce1 & ! vital heat return$4 ,su*1 ,*>mides1 ,i said1 is ! nature ( ! *>m1 :i* ,i le>n$ :5 s]v+ ) ! army f "o ( ! physicians ( ! ,?racian k+ ,zamolxis1 :o are said to be s skilful t !y c ev5 give immortality4 ,?is ,?racian told me t 9 ^! notions ( !irs1 :i* ,i 0 j n[ m5tion+1 ! ,greek physicians are q "r z f> z !y g2 b ,zamolxis1 he add$1 our k+1 :o is also a god1 says fur!r1 't z y ought n to attempt to cure ! eyes )\t ! head1 or ! head )\t ! body1 s nei!r ought y to attempt to cure ! body )\t ! s\l2 & ?is1' he said1 'is ! reason :y ! cure ( _m diseases is unkn[n to ! physicians ( ,hellas1 because !y are ignorant ( ! :ole1 :i* ought to be /udi$ also2 = ! "p c nev] be well unless ! :ole is well4' ,= all good & evil1 :e!r 9 ! body or 9 human nature1 orig9ates1 z he decl>$1 9 ! s\l1 & ov]fl[s f !nce1 z if f ! head into ! eyes4 ,& !re=e if ! head & body are to be well1 y mu/ beg9 by cur+ ! s\l2 t is ! fir/ ?+4 ,& ! cure1 my de> y\?1 has to be effect$ by ! use ( c]ta9 *>ms1 & ^! *>ms are fair words2 & by !m temp]ance is implant$ 9 ! s\l1 & :]e temp]ance is1 !re heal? is spe$ily imp>t$1 n only to ! head1 b to ! :ole body4 ,& he :o taught me ! cure & ! *>m at ! same "t add$ a special direction3 ',let no "o1' he said1 'p]suade y to cure ! head1 until he has fir/ giv5 y 8 s\l to be cur$ by ! *>m4 ,= ?is1' he said1 'is ! great error ( our day 9 ! treatm5t ( ! human body1 t physicians sep>ate ! s\l f ! body4' ,& he add$ ) emphasis1 at ! same "t mak+ me swe> to 8 words1 ',let no "o1 h[ev] ri*1 or noble1 or fair1 p]suade y to give him ! cure1 )\t ! *>m4' ,n[ ,i h sworn1 & ,i mu/ keep my oa?1 & !re=e if y w all[ me to apply ! ,?racian *>m fir/ to y\r s\l1 z ! /rang] direct$1 ,i w aft]w>ds proce$ to apply ! cure to y\r head4 ,b if n1 ,i d n "k :at ,i am to d ) y1 my de> ,*>mides4 ,critias1 :5 he he>d ?is1 said3 ,! heada*e w be an unexpect$ ga9 to my "y relation1 if ! pa9 9 8 head compels him to improve 8 m9d3 & ,i c tell y1 ,socrates1 t ,*>mides is n only pre-em95t 9 beauty among 8 equals1 b also 9 t quality :i* is giv5 by ! *>m2 & ?is1 z y say1 is temp]ance8 ,yes1 ,i said4 ,!n let me tell y t he is ! mo/ temp]ate ( human be+s1 & = 8 age inf]ior to none 9 any quality4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,*>mides2 & inde$ ,i ?9k t y ought to excel o!rs 9 all good qualities2 = if ,i am n mi/ak5 !re is no "o pres5t :o c\ld easily po9t out two ,a!nian h\ses1 ^: union w\ld be likely to produce a bett] or nobl] scion ?an ! two f :i* y are sprung4 ,!re is y\r fa!r's h\se1 :i* is desc5d$ f ,critias ! son ( ,dropidas1 ^: family has be5 commemorat$ 9 ! panegyrical v]ses ( ,anacreon1 ,solon1 & _m o!r poets1 z fam\s = beauty & virtue & all o!r high =tune3 & y\r "m's h\se is equally di/+ui%$2 = y\r mat]nal uncle1 ,pyrilampes1 is reput$ nev] to h f\nd 8 equal1 9 ,p]sia at ! c\rt ( ! great k+1 or on ! cont95t ( ,asia1 9 all ! places to :i* he w5t z ambassador1 = /ature & beauty2 t :ole family is n a :it inf]ior to ! o!r4 ,hav+ su* ance/ors y ought to be fir/ 9 all ?+s1 &1 sweet son ( ,glaucon1 y\r outw>d =m is no di%on\r to any ( !m4 ,if to beauty y add temp]ance1 & if 9 o!r respects y are :at ,critias decl>es y to be1 !n1 de> ,*>mides1 bless$ art ?\1 9 be+ ! son ( ?y "m4 ,& "h lies ! po9t2 = if1 z he decl>es1 y h ?is gift ( temp]ance already1 & are temp]ate en\gh1 9 t case y h no ne$ ( any *>ms1 :e!r ( ,zamolxis or ( ,ab>is ! ,hyp]borean1 & ,i may z well let y h ! cure ( ! head at once2 b if y h n yet acquir$ ?is quality1 ,i mu/ use ! *>m be=e ,i give y ! m$ic9e4 ,please1 !re=e1 to in=m me :e!r y admit ! tru? ( :at ,critias has be5 say+2--h y or h y n ?is quality ( temp]ance8 ,*>mides blu%$1 & ! blu% height5$ 8 beauty1 = mode/y is becom+ 9 y\?2 he !n said v +5u\sly1 t he really c\ld n at once answ]1 ei!r yes1 or no1 to ! "q :i* ,i _h ask$3 ,=1 said he1 if ,i affirm t ,i am n temp]ate1 t w\ld be a /range ?+ = me to say ( myself1 & also ,i %\ld give ! lie to ,critias1 & _m o!rs :o ?9k z he tells y1 t ,i am temp]ate3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ,i say t ,i am1 ,i %all h to praise myself1 :i* w\ld be ill mann]s2 & !re=e ,i d n "k h[ to answ] y4 ,i said to him3 ,t is a natural reply1 ,*>mides1 & ,i ?9k t y & ,i ought toge!r to enquire :e!r y h ?is quality ab\t :i* ,i am ask+ or n2 & !n y w n be compell$ to say :at y d n l2 nei!r %all ,i be a ra% practition] ( m$ic9e3 !re=e1 if y please1 ,i w %>e ! enquiry ) y1 b ,i w n press y if y w\ld r n4 ,!re is no?+ :i* ,i %\ld l bett]1 he said2 & z f> z ,i am conc]n$ y may proce$ 9 ! way :i* y ?9k be/4 ,i ?9k1 ,i said1 t ,i _h bett] beg9 by ask+ y a "q2 = if temp]ance abides 9 y1 y mu/ h an op9ion ab\t h]2 %e mu/ give "s intimation ( h] nature & qualities1 :i* may enable y to =m a notion ( h]4 ,is n t true8 ,yes1 he said1 t ,i ?9k is true4 ,y "k y\r native language1 ,i said1 & !re=e y mu/ be able to tell :at y feel ab\t ?is4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 t ,i may =m a conjecture :e!r y h temp]ance abid+ 9 y or n1 tell me1 ,i said1 :at1 9 y\r op9ion1 is ,temp]ance8 ,at fir/ he hesitat$1 & 0 v unwill+ to answ]3 !n he said t he ?\ght temp]ance 0 do+ ?+s ord]ly & quietly1 su* ?+s = example z walk+ 9 ! /reets1 & talk+1 or any?+ else ( t nature4 ,9 a ^w1 he said1 ,i %\ld answ] t1 9 my op9ion1 temp]ance is quietness4 ,are y "r1 ,*>mides8 ,i said4 ,no d\bt "s w\ld affirm t ! quiet are ! temp]ate2 b let u see :e!r ^! words h any mean+2 & fir/ tell me :e!r y w\ld n ackn[l$ge temp]ance to be ( ! class ( ! noble & good8 ,yes4 ,b :i* is be/ :5 y are at ! writ+-ma/]'s1 to write ! same lett]s quickly or quietly8 ,quickly4 ,& to read quickly or sl[ly8 ,quickly aga94 ,& 9 play+ ! lyre1 or wre/l+1 quickness or %>pness are f> bett] ?an quietness & sl[ness8 ,yes4 ,& ! same holds 9 box+ & 9 ! pancratium8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& 9 leap+ & runn+ & 9 bodily ex]cises g5]ally1 quickness & agility are good2 sl[ness1 & inactivity1 & quietness1 are bad8 ,t is evid5t4 ,!n1 ,i said1 9 all bodily actions1 n quietness1 b ! greate/ agility & quickness1 is noble/ & be/8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,& is temp]ance a good8 ,yes4 ,!n1 9 ref]5ce to ! body1 n quietness1 b quickness w be ! high] degree ( temp]ance1 if temp]ance is a good8 ,true1 he said4 ,& :i*1 ,i said1 is bett]--facility 9 le>n+1 or difficulty 9 le>n+8 ,facility4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & facility 9 le>n+ is le>n+ quickly1 & difficulty 9 le>n+ is le>n+ quietly & sl[ly8 ,true4 ,& is x n bett] to tea* ano!r quickly & en]getically1 r ?an quietly & sl[ly8 ,yes4 ,& :i* is bett]1 to call to m9d1 & to rememb]1 quickly & readily1 or quietly & sl[ly8 ,! =m]4 ,& is n %rewdness a quickness or clev]ness ( ! s\l1 & n a quietness8 ,true4 ,& is x n be/ to und]/& :at is said1 :e!r at ! writ+-ma/]'s or ! music-ma/]'s1 or any:]e else1 n z quietly z possible1 b z quickly z possible8 ,yes4 ,& 9 ! se>*+s or delib]ations ( ! s\l1 n ! quiete/1 z ,i imag9e1 & he :o ) difficulty delib]ates & discov]s1 is ?\ght wor?y ( praise1 b he :o does s mo/ easily & quickly8 ,q true1 he said4 ,& 9 all t conc]ns ei!r body or s\l1 swiftness & activity are cle>ly bett] ?an sl[ness & quietness8 ,cle>ly !y are4 ,!n temp]ance is n quietness1 nor is ! temp]ate life quiet1--c]ta9ly n ^u ?is view2 = ! life :i* is temp]ate is suppos$ to be ! good4 ,& ( two ?+s1 "o is true1--ei!r nev]1 or v seldom1 d ! quiet actions 9 life appe> to be bett] ?an ! quick & en]getic ones2 or suppos+ t ( ! nobl] actions1 !re are z _m quiet1 z quick & vehem5t3 /ill1 ev5 if we grant ?is1 temp]ance w n be act+ quietly any m ?an act+ quickly & en]getically1 ei!r 9 walk+ or talk+ or 9 any?+ else2 nor w ! quiet life be m temp]ate ?an ! unquiet1 see+ t temp]ance is admitt$ by u to be a good & noble ?+1 & ! quick h be5 %[n to be z good z ! quiet4 ,i ?9k1 he said1 ,socrates1 t y are "r4 ,!n once m1 ,*>mides1 ,i said1 fix y\r att5tion1 & look )92 consid] ! effect :i* temp]ance has ^u y\rself1 & ! nature ( t :i* has ! effect4 ,?9k ov] all ?is1 &1 l a brave y\?1 tell me--,:at is temp]ance8 ,aft] a mom5t's pause1 9 :i* he made a real manly ef=t to ?9k1 he said3 ,my op9ion is1 ,socrates1 t temp]ance makes a man a%am$ or mode/1 & t temp]ance is ! same z mode/y4 ,v good1 ,i said2 & did y n admit1 j n[1 t temp]ance is noble8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& ! temp]ate are also good8 ,yes4 ,& c t be good :i* does n make m5 good8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& y w\ld inf] t temp]ance is n only noble1 b also good8 ,t is my op9ion4 ,well1 ,i said2 b surely y w\ld agree ) ,hom] :5 he says1 ',mode/y is n good = a ne$y man'8 ,yes1 he said2 ,i agree4 ,!n ,i suppose t mode/y is & is n good8 ,cle>ly4 ,b temp]ance1 ^: pres5ce makes m5 only good1 & n bad1 is always good8 ,t appe>s to me to be z y say4 ,& ! inf]5ce is t temp]ance _c be mode/y--if temp]ance is a good1 & if mode/y is z mu* an evil z a good8 ,all t1 ,socrates1 appe>s to me to be true2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :at y ?9k ab\t ano!r def9ition ( temp]ance1 :i* ,i j n[ rememb] to h he>d f "s "o1 :o said1 ',t temp]ance is do+ our own bus9ess4' ,0 he "r :o affirm$ t8 ,y mon/]6 ,i said2 ?is is :at ,critias1 or "s philosoph] has told y4 ,"s "o else1 !n1 said ,critias2 = c]ta9ly ,i h n4 ,b :at matt]1 said ,*>mides1 f :om ,i he>d ?is8 ,no matt] at all1 ,i repli$2 = ! po9t is n :o said ! words1 b :e!r !y are true or n4 ,!re y are 9 ! "r1 ,socrates1 he repli$4 ,to be sure1 ,i said2 yet ,i d\bt :e!r we %all ev] be able to discov] _! tru? or falsehood2 = !y are a k9d ( riddle4 ,:at makes y ?9k s8 he said4 ,because1 ,i said1 he :o utt]$ !m seems to me to h meant "o ?+1 & said ano!r4 ,is ! scribe1 = example1 to be reg>d$ z do+ no?+ :5 he reads or writes8 ,i %\ld r ?9k t he 0 do+ some?+4 ,& does ! scribe write or read1 or tea* y boys to write or read1 y\r own names only1 or did y write y\r enemies' names z well z y\r own & y\r fri5ds'8 ,z mu* "o z ! o!r4 ,& 0 !re any?+ m$dl+ or intemp]ate 9 ?is8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& yet if read+ & writ+ are ! same z do+1 y 7 do+ :at 0 n y\r own bus9ess8 ,b !y are ! same z do+4 ,& ! heal+ art1 my fri5d1 & build+1 & weav+1 & do+ any?+ :atev] :i* is done by art1--^! all cle>ly come "u ! head ( do+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& d y ?9k t a /ate w\ld be well ord]$ by a law :i* compell$ e man to weave & wa% 8 own coat1 & make 8 own %oes1 & 8 own flask & /rigil1 & o!r implem5ts1 on ?is pr9ciple ( e "o do+ & p]=m+ 8 own1 & ab/a9+ f :at is n 8 own8 ,i ?9k n1 he said4 ,b1 ,i said1 a temp]ate /ate w be a well-ord]$ /ate4 ,( c\rse1 he repli$4 ,!n temp]ance1 ,i said1 w n be do+ "o's own bus9ess2 n at lea/ 9 ?is way1 or do+ ?+s ( ?is sort8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!n1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 he :o decl>$ t temp]ance is a man do+ 8 own bus9ess _h ano!r & a hidd5 mean+2 = ,i d n ?9k t he c\ld h be5 su* a fool z to mean ?is4 ,0 he a fool :o told y1 ,*>mides8 ,nay1 he repli$1 ,i c]ta9ly ?\ght him a v wise man4 ,!n ,i am q c]ta9 t he put =? 8 def9ition z a riddle1 ?9k+ t no "o w\ld "k ! mean+ ( ! words 'do+ 8 own bus9ess4' ,i d>e say1 he repli$4 ,& :at is ! mean+ ( a man do+ 8 own bus9ess8 ,c y tell me8 ,inde$1 ,i _c2 & ,i %\ld n wond] if ! man himself :o us$ ?is phrase did n und]/& :at he 0 say+4 ,:]eupon he laugh$ slyly1 & look$ at ,critias4 ,critias _h long be5 %[+ uneas9ess1 = he felt t he _h a reputation to ma9ta9 ) ,*>mides & ! re/ ( ! company4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 hi!rto manag$ to re/ra9 himself2 b n[ he c\ld no long] =be>1 & ,i am conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! suspicion :i* ,i ent]ta9$ at ! "t1 t ,*>mides _h he>d ?is answ] ab\t temp]ance f ,critias4 ,& ,*>mides1 :o did n want to answ] himself1 b to make ,critias answ]1 tri$ to /ir him up4 ,he w5t on po9t+ out t he _h be5 refut$1 at :i* ,critias grew angry1 & appe>$1 z ,i ?\ght1 incl9$ to qu>rel ) him2 j z a poet might qu>rel ) an actor :o spoil$ 8 poems 9 repeat+ !m2 s he look$ h>d at him & said-- ,d y imag9e1 ,*>mides1 t ! au?or ( ?is def9ition ( temp]ance did n und]/& ! mean+ ( 8 own words1 because y d n und]/& !m8 ,:y1 at 8 age1 ,i said1 mo/ excell5t ,critias1 he c h>dly be expect$ to und]/&2 b y1 :o are old]1 & h /udi$1 may well be assum$ to "k ! mean+ ( !m2 & !re=e1 if y agree ) him1 & accept 8 def9ition ( temp]ance1 ,i w\ld mu* r argue ) y ?an ) him ab\t ! tru? or falsehood ( ! def9ition4 ,i entirely agree1 said ,critias1 & accept ! def9ition4 ,v good1 ,i said2 & n[ let me repeat my "q--,d y admit1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 t all craftsm5 make or d some?+8 ,i d4 ,& d !y make or d _! own bus9ess only1 or t ( o!rs also8 ,!y make or d t ( o!rs also4 ,& are !y temp]ate1 see+ t !y make n = !mselves or _! own bus9ess only8 ,:y n8 he said4 ,no objection on my "p1 ,i said1 b !re may be a difficulty on 8 :o proposes z a def9ition ( temp]ance1 'do+ "o's own bus9ess1' & !n says t !re is no reason :y ^? :o d ! bus9ess ( o!rs %\ld n be temp]ate4 ,nay 7,! ,engli% read] has to obs]ve t ! ^w 'make' 7,greek71 9 ,greek1 has also ! s5se ( 'd' 7,greek7471 said he2 did ,i ev] ackn[l$ge t ^? :o d ! bus9ess ( o!rs are temp]ate8 ,i said1 ^? :o make1 n ^? :o d4 ,:at6 ,i ask$2 d y mean to say t do+ & mak+ are n ! same8 ,no m1 he repli$1 ?an mak+ or work+ are ! same2 ?us mu* ,i h le>n$ f ,hesiod1 :o says t '"w is no disgrace4' ,n[ d y imag9e t if he _h meant by work+ & do+ su* ?+s z y 7 describ+1 he w\ld h said t !re 0 no disgrace 9 !m--= example1 9 ! manufacture ( %oes1 or 9 sell+ pickles1 or sitt+ = hire 9 a h\se ( ill-fame8 ,t1 ,socrates1 is n to be suppos$3 b ,i conceive him to h di/+ui%$ mak+ f do+ & "w2 &1 :ile admitt+ t ! mak+ any?+ might sometimes become a disgrace1 :5 ! employm5t 0 n hon\rable1 to h ?\ght t "w 0 nev] any disgrace at all4 ,= ?+s nobly & usefully made he call$ works2 & su* mak+s he call$ work+s1 & do+s2 & he mu/ be suppos$ to h call$ su* ?+s only man's prop] bus9ess1 & :at is hurtful1 n 8 bus9ess3 & 9 t s5se ,hesiod1 & any o!r wise man1 may be reasonably suppos$ to call him wise :o does 8 own "w4 ,o ,critias1 ,i said1 no soon] _h y op5$ y\r m\?1 ?an ,i pretty well knew t y w\ld call t :i* is prop] to a man1 & t :i* is 8 own1 good2 & t ! mak+s 7,greek7 ( ! good y w\ld call do+s 7,greek71 = ,i am no /rang] to ! endless di/9ctions :i* ,prodicus draws ab\t names4 ,n[ ,i h no objection to y\r giv+ names any signification :i* y please1 if y w only tell me :at y mean by !m4 ,please !n to beg9 aga91 & be a little pla9]4 ,d y mean t ?is do+ or mak+1 or :atev] is ! ^w :i* y w\ld use1 ( good actions1 is temp]ance8 ,i d1 he said4 ,!n n he :o does evil1 b he :o does good1 is temp]ate8 ,yes1 he said2 & y1 fri5d1 w\ld agree4 ,no matt] :e!r ,i %\ld or n2 j n[1 n :at ,i ?9k1 b :at y are say+1 is ! po9t at issue4 ,well1 he answ]$2 ,i mean to say1 t he :o does evil1 & n good1 is n temp]ate2 & t he is temp]ate :o does good1 & n evil3 = temp]ance ,i def9e 9 pla9 words to be ! do+ ( good actions4 ,& y may be v likely "r 9 :at y are say+2 b ,i am curi\s to "k :e!r y imag9e t temp]ate m5 are ignorant ( _! own temp]ance8 ,i d n ?9k s1 he said4 ,& yet 7 y n say+1 j n[1 t craftsm5 might be temp]ate 9 do+ ano!r's "w1 z well z 9 do+ _! own8 ,i 01 he repli$2 b :at is y\r drift8 ,i h no p>ticul> drift1 b ,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :e!r a physician :o cures a pati5t may d good to himself & good to ano!r also8 ,i ?9k t he may4 ,& he :o does s does 8 duty8 ,yes4 ,& does n he :o does 8 duty act temp]ately or wisely8 ,yes1 he acts wisely4 ,b mu/ ! physician necess>ily "k :5 8 treatm5t is likely to prove b5eficial1 & :5 n8 or mu/ ! craftsman necess>ily "k :5 he is likely to be b5efit$1 & :5 n to be b5efit$1 by ! "w :i* he is do+8 ,i suppose n4 ,!n1 ,i said1 he may sometimes d good or h>m1 & n "k :at he is himself do+1 & yet1 9 do+ good1 z y say1 he has done temp]ately or wisely4 ,0 n t y\r /atem5t8 ,yes4 ,!n1 z w\ld seem1 9 do+ good1 he may act wisely or temp]ately1 & be wise or temp]ate1 b n "k 8 own wisdom or temp]ance8 ,b t1 ,socrates1 he said1 is impossible2 & !re=e if ?is is1 z y imply1 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( any ( my previ\s admissions1 ,i w )draw !m1 r ?an admit t a man c be temp]ate or wise :o does n "k himself2 & ,i am n a%am$ to confess t ,i 0 9 error4 ,= self-k w\ld c]ta9ly be ma9ta9$ by me to be ! v ess5ce ( k1 & 9 ?is ,i agree ) him :o d$icat$ ! inscription1 ',"k ?yself6' at ,delphi4 ,t ^w1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is put !re z a sort ( salutation :i* ! god addresses to ^? :o ent] ! temple2 z mu* z to say t ! ord9>y salutation ( ',hail6' is n "r1 & t ! exhortation ',be temp]ate6' w\ld be a f> bett] way ( salut+ "o ano!r4 ,! notion ( him :o d$icat$ ! inscription 01 z ,i believe1 t ! god speaks to ^? :o ent] 8 temple1 n z m5 speak2 b1 :5 a wor%ipp] ent]s1 ! fir/ ^w :i* he he>s is ',be temp]ate6' ,?is1 h[ev]1 l a prophet he expresses 9 a sort ( riddle1 = ',"k ?yself6' & ',be temp]ate6' are ! same1 z ,i ma9ta91 & z ! lett]s imply 7,greek71 & yet !y may be easily misund]/ood2 & succe$+ sages :o add$ ',nev] too mu*1' or1 ',give a pl$ge1 & evil is nigh at h&1' w\ld appe> to h s misund]/ood !m2 = !y imag9$ t ',"k ?yself6' 0 a piece ( advice :i* ! god gave1 & n 8 salutation ( ! wor%ipp]s at _! fir/ com+ 92 & !y d$icat$ _! own inscription "u ! idea t !y too w\ld give equally useful pieces ( advice4 ,%all ,i tell y1 ,socrates1 :y ,i say all ?is8 ,my object is to leave ! previ\s discussion 79 :i* ,i "k n :e!r y or ,i are m "r1 b1 at any rate1 no cle> result 0 atta9$71 & to raise a new "o 9 :i* ,i w attempt to prove1 if y d5y1 t temp]ance is self-k4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,critias2 b y come to me z ?\gh ,i pr(ess$ to "k ab\t ! que/ions :i* ,i ask1 & z ?\gh ,i c\ld1 if ,i only w\ld1 agree ) y4 ,:]eas ! fact is t ,i enquire ) y into ! tru? ( t :i* is advanc$ f "t to "t1 j because ,i d n "k2 & :5 ,i h enquir$1 ,i w say :e!r ,i agree ) y or n4 ,please !n to all[ me "t to reflect4 ,reflect1 he said4 ,i am reflect+1 ,i repli$1 & discov] t temp]ance1 or wisdom1 if imply+ a k ( any?+1 mu/ be a sci5ce1 & a sci5ce ( some?+4 ,yes1 he said2 ! sci5ce ( itself4 ,is n m$ic9e1 ,i said1 ! sci5ce ( heal?8 ,true4 ,& suppose1 ,i said1 t ,i 7 ask$ by y :at is ! use or effect ( m$ic9e1 :i* is ?is sci5ce ( heal?1 ,i %\ld answ] t m$ic9e is ( v great use 9 produc+ heal?1 :i*1 z y w admit1 is an excell5t effect4 ,grant$4 ,& if y 7 to ask me1 :at is ! result or effect ( ar*itecture1 :i* is ! sci5ce ( build+1 ,i %\ld say h\ses1 & s ( o!r arts1 :i* all h _! diff]5t results4 ,n[ ,i want y1 ,critias1 to answ] a simil> "q ab\t temp]ance1 or wisdom1 :i*1 accord+ to y1 is ! sci5ce ( itself4 ,admitt+ ?is view1 ,i ask ( y1 :at good "w1 wor?y ( ! "n wise1 does temp]ance or wisdom1 :i* is ! sci5ce ( itself1 effect8 ,answ] me4 ,t is n ! true way ( pursu+ ! enquiry1 ,socrates1 he said2 = wisdom is n l ! o!r sci5ces1 any m ?an !y are l "o ano!r3 b y proce$ z if !y 7 alike4 ,= tell me1 he said1 :at result is !re ( computation or geometry1 9 ! same s5se z a h\se is ! result ( build+1 or a g>m5t ( weav+1 or any o!r "w ( any o!r art8 ,c y %[ me any su* result ( !m8 ,y _c4 ,t is true1 ,i said2 b /ill ea* ( ^! sci5ces has a subject :i* is diff]5t f ! sci5ce4 ,i c %[ y t ! art ( computation has to d ) odd & ev5 numb]s 9 _! num]ical relations to !mselves & to ea* o!r4 ,is n t true8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& ! odd & ev5 numb]s are n ! same ) ! art ( computation8 ,!y are n4 ,! art ( weigh+1 aga91 has to d ) light] & heavi]2 b ! art ( weigh+ is "o ?+1 & ! heavy & ! light ano!r4 ,d y admit t8 ,yes4 ,n[1 ,i want to "k1 :at is t :i* is n wisdom1 & ( :i* wisdom is ! sci5ce8 ,y are j fall+ into ! old error1 ,socrates1 he said4 ,y come ask+ 9 :at wisdom or temp]ance diff]s f ! o!r sci5ces1 & !n y try to discov] "s respect 9 :i* !y are alike2 b !y are n1 = all ! o!r sci5ces are ( some?+ else1 & n ( !mselves2 wisdom alone is a sci5ce ( o!r sci5ces1 & ( itself4 ,& ( ?is1 z ,i believe1 y are v well aw>e3 & t y are only do+ :at y d5i$ t y 7 do+ j n[1 try+ to refute me1 in/ead ( pursu+ ! argum5t4 ,& :at if ,i am8 ,h[ c y ?9k t ,i h any o!r motive 9 refut+ y b :at ,i %\ld h 9 exam9+ into myself8 :i* motive w\ld be j a fe> ( my unconsci\sly fancy+ t ,i knew some?+ ( :i* ,i 0 ignorant4 ,& at ?is mom5t ,i pursue ! argum5t *iefly = my own sake1 & p]haps 9 "s degree also = ! sake ( my o!r fri5ds4 ,= is n ! discov]y ( ?+s z !y truly are1 a good common to all mank9d8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 ,socrates1 he said4 ,!n1 ,i said1 be *e]ful1 sweet sir1 & give y\r op9ion 9 answ] to ! "q :i* ,i ask$1 nev] m9d+ :e!r ,critias or ,socrates is ! p]son refut$2 att5d only to ! argum5t1 & see :at w come ( ! refutation4 ,i ?9k t y are "r1 he repli$2 & ,i w d z y say4 ,tell me1 !n1 ,i said1 :at y mean to affirm ab\t wisdom4 ,i mean to say t wisdom is ! only sci5ce :i* is ! sci5ce ( itself z well z ( ! o!r sci5ces4 ,b ! sci5ce ( sci5ce1 ,i said1 w also be ! sci5ce ( ! abs5ce ( sci5ce4 ,v true1 he said4 ,!n ! wise or temp]ate man1 & he only1 w "k himself1 & be able to exam9e :at he kn[s or does n "k1 & to see :at o!rs "k & ?9k t !y "k & d really "k2 & :at !y d n "k1 & fancy t !y "k1 :5 !y d n4 ,no o!r p]son w be able to d ?is4 ,& ?is is wisdom & temp]ance & self-k--= a man to "k :at he kn[s1 & :at he does n "k4 ,t is y\r mean+8 ,yes1 he said4 ,n[ !n1 ,i said1 mak+ an (f]+ ( ! ?ird or la/ argum5t to ,zeus ! ,savi\r1 let u beg9 aga91 & ask1 9 ! fir/ place1 :e!r x is or is n possible = a p]son to "k t he kn[s & does n "k :at he kn[s & does n "k2 & 9 ! second place1 :e!r1 if p]fectly possible1 su* k is ( any use4 ,t is :at we h to consid]1 he said4 ,& "h1 ,critias1 ,i said1 ,i hope t y w f9d a way out ( a difficulty into :i* ,i h got myself4 ,%all ,i tell y ! nature ( ! difficulty8 ,by all means1 he repli$4 ,does n :at y h be5 say+1 if true1 am\nt to ?is3 t !re mu/ be a s+le sci5ce :i* is :olly a sci5ce ( itself & ( o!r sci5ces1 & t ! same is also ! sci5ce ( ! abs5ce ( sci5ce8 ,yes4 ,b consid] h[ mon/r\s ?is proposition is1 my fri5d3 9 any p>allel case1 ! impossibility w be transp>5t to y4 ,h[ is t8 & 9 :at cases d y mean8 ,9 su* cases z ?is3 ,suppose t !re is a k9d ( vision :i* is n l ord9>y vision1 b a vision ( itself & ( o!r sorts ( vision1 & ( ! defect ( !m1 :i* 9 see+ sees no col\r1 b only itself & o!r sorts ( vision3 ,d y ?9k t !re is su* a k9d ( vision8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or is !re a k9d ( he>+ :i* he>s no s\nd at all1 b only itself & o!r sorts ( he>+1 or ! defects ( !m8 ,!re is n4 ,or take all ! s5ses3 c y imag9e t !re is any s5se ( itself & ( o!r s5ses1 b :i* is incapable ( p]ceiv+ ! objects ( ! s5ses8 ,i ?9k n4 ,c\ld !re be any desire :i* is n ! desire ( any pleasure1 b ( itself1 & ( all o!r desires8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or c y imag9e a wi% :i* wi%es = no good1 b only = itself & all o!r wi%es8 ,i %\ld answ]1 ,no4 ,or w\ld y say t !re is a love :i* is n ! love ( beauty1 b ( itself & ( o!r loves8 ,i %\ld n4 ,or did y ev] "k ( a fe> :i* fe>s itself or o!r fe>s1 b has no object ( fe>8 ,i nev] did1 he said4 ,or ( an op9ion :i* is an op9ion ( itself & ( o!r op9ions1 & :i* has no op9ion on ! subjects ( op9ion 9 g5]al8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b surely we are assum+ a sci5ce ( ?is k9d1 :i*1 hav+ no subject-matt]1 is a sci5ce ( itself & ( ! o!r sci5ces8 ,yes1 t is :at is affirm$4 ,b h[ /range is ?is1 if x be inde$ true3 we mu/ n h[ev] z yet absolutely d5y ! possibility ( su* a sci5ce2 let u r consid] ! matt]4 ,y are q "r4 ,well !n1 ?is sci5ce ( :i* we are speak+ is a sci5ce ( some?+1 & is ( a nature to be a sci5ce ( some?+8 ,yes4 ,j z t :i* is great] is ( a nature to be great] ?an some?+ else8 7,socrates is int5d+ to %[ t sci5ce diff]s f ! object ( sci5ce1 z any o!r relative diff]s f ! object ( relation4 ,b :]e !re is comp>ison--great]1 less1 heavi]1 light]1 & ! l--a relation to self z well z to o!r ?+s involves an absolute contradiction2 & 9 o!r cases1 z 9 ! case ( ! s5ses1 is h>dly conceivable4 ,! use ( ! g5itive aft] ! comp>ative 9 ,greek1 7,greek71 creates an unavoidable obscurity 9 ! translation47 ,yes4 ,:i* is less1 if ! o!r is conceiv$ to be great]8 ,to be sure4 ,& if we c\ld f9d some?+ :i* is at once great] ?an itself1 & great] ?an o!r great ?+s1 b n great] ?an ^? ?+s 9 comp>ison ( :i* ! o!rs are great]1 !n t ?+ w\ld h ! prop]ty ( be+ great] & also less ?an itself8 ,t1 ,socrates1 he said1 is ! inevitable inf]5ce4 ,or if !re be a d\ble :i* is d\ble ( itself & ( o!r d\bles1 ^! w be halves2 = ! d\ble is relative to ! half8 ,t is true4 ,& t :i* is great] ?an itself w also be less1 & t :i* is heavi] w also be light]1 & t :i* is old] w also be y\ng]3 & ! same ( o!r ?+s2 t :i* has a nature relative to self w reta9 also ! nature ( its object3 ,i mean to say1 = example1 t he>+ is1 z we say1 ( s\nd or voice4 ,is t true8 ,yes4 ,!n if he>+ he>s itself1 x mu/ he> a voice2 = !re is no o!r way ( he>+4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& sight also1 my excell5t fri5d1 if x sees itself mu/ see a col\r1 = sight _c see t :i* has no col\r4 ,no4 ,d y rem>k1 ,critias1 t 9 sev]al ( ! examples :i* h be5 recit$ ! notion ( a relation to self is altoge!r inadmissible1 & 9 o!r cases h>dly cr$ible--inadmissible1 = example1 9 ! case ( magnitudes1 numb]s1 & ! l8 ,v true4 ,b 9 ! case ( he>+ & sight1 or 9 ! p[] ( self-motion1 & ! p[] ( heat to burn1 ?is relation to self w be reg>d$ z incr$ible by "s1 b p]haps n by o!rs4 ,& "s great man1 my fri5d1 is want$1 :o w satisfactorily det]m9e = u1 :e!r !re is no?+ :i* has an inh]5t prop]ty ( relation to self1 or "s ?+s only & n o!rs2 & :e!r 9 ?is class ( self-relat$ ?+s1 if !re be su* a class1 t sci5ce :i* is call$ wisdom or temp]ance is includ$4 ,i altoge!r di/ru/ my own p[] ( det]m9+ ^! matt]s3 ,i am n c]ta9 :e!r !re is su* a sci5ce ( sci5ce at all2 & ev5 if !re be1 ,i %\ld n ackn[l$ge ?is to be wisdom or temp]ance1 until ,i c also see :e!r su* a sci5ce w\ld or w\ld n d u any good2 = ,i h an impression t temp]ance is a b5efit & a good4 ,& !re=e1 ,o son ( ,callaes*rus1 z y ma9ta9 t temp]ance or wisdom is a sci5ce ( sci5ce1 & also ( ! abs5ce ( sci5ce1 ,i w reque/ y to %[ 9 ! fir/ place1 z ,i 0 say+ be=e1 ! possibility1 & 9 ! second place1 ! advantage1 ( su* a sci5ce2 & !n p]haps y may satisfy me t y are "r 9 y\r view ( temp]ance4 ,critias he>d me say ?is1 & saw t ,i 0 9 a difficulty2 & z "o p]son :5 ano!r yawns 9 8 pres5ce cat*es ! infection ( yawn+ f him1 s did he seem to be driv5 into a difficulty by my difficulty4 ,b z he _h a reputation to ma9ta91 he 0 a%am$ to admit be=e ! company t he c\ld n answ] my *all5ge or det]m9e ! "q at issue2 & he made an un9telligible attempt to hide 8 p]plexity4 ,9 ord] t ! argum5t might proce$1 ,i said to him1 ,well !n ,critias1 if y l1 let u assume t !re is ?is sci5ce ( sci5ce2 :e!r ! assumption is "r or wrong may h]eaft] be inve/igat$4 ,admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( x1 w y tell me h[ su* a sci5ce enables u to di/+ui% :at we "k or d n "k1 :i*1 z we 7 say+1 is self-k or wisdom3 s we 7 say+8 ,yes1 ,socrates1 he said2 & t ,i ?9k is c]ta9ly true3 = he :o has ?is sci5ce or k :i* kn[s itself w become l ! k :i* he has1 9 ! same way t he :o has swiftness w be swift1 & he :o has beauty w be beautiful1 & he :o has k w "k4 ,9 ! same way he :o has t k :i* is self-kn[+1 w "k himself4 ,i d n d\bt1 ,i said1 t a man w "k himself1 :5 he possesses t :i* has self-k3 b :at necessity is !re t1 hav+ ?is1 he %\ld "k :at he kn[s & :at he does n "k8 ,because1 ,socrates1 !y are ! same4 ,v likely1 ,i said2 b ,i rema9 z /upid z ev]2 = /ill ,i fail to compreh5d h[ ?is kn[+ :at y "k & d n "k is ! same z ! k ( self4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,?is is :at ,i mean1 ,i repli$3 ,i w admit t !re is a sci5ce ( sci5ce2--c ?is d m ?an det]m9e t ( two ?+s "o is & ! o!r is n sci5ce or k8 ,no1 j t4 ,b is k or want ( k ( heal? ! same z k or want ( k ( ju/ice8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! "o is m$ic9e1 & ! o!r is politics2 :]eas t ( :i* we are speak+ is k pure & simple4 ,v true4 ,& if a man kn[s only1 & has only k ( k1 & has no fur!r k ( heal? & ju/ice1 ! probability is t he w only "k t he kn[s some?+1 & has a c]ta9 k1 :e!r conc]n+ himself or o!r m54 ,true4 ,!n h[ w ?is k or sci5ce tea* him to "k :at he kn[s8 ,say t he kn[s heal?2--n wisdom or temp]ance1 b ! art ( m$ic9e has taught x to him2--& he has le>n$ h>mony f ! art ( music1 & build+ f ! art ( build+1--nei!r1 f wisdom or temp]ance3 & ! same ( o!r ?+s4 ,t is evid5t4 ,h[ w wisdom1 reg>d$ only z a k ( k or sci5ce ( sci5ce1 ev] tea* him t he kn[s heal?1 or t he kn[s build+8 ,x is impossible4 ,!n he :o is ignorant ( ^! ?+s w only "k t he kn[s1 b n :at he kn[s8 ,true4 ,!n wisdom or be+ wise appe>s to be n ! k ( ! ?+s :i* we d or d n "k1 b only ! k t we "k or d n "k8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,!n he :o has ?is k w n be able to exam9e :e!r a pret5d] kn[s or does n "k t :i* he says t he kn[s3 he w only "k t he has a k ( "s k9d2 b wisdom w n %[ him ( :at ! k is8 ,pla9ly n4 ,nei!r w he be able to di/+ui% ! pret5d] 9 m$ic9e f ! true physician1 nor betwe5 any o!r true & false pr(essor ( k4 ,let u consid] ! matt] 9 ?is way3 ,if ! wise man or any o!r man wants to di/+ui% ! true physician f ! false1 h[ w he proce$8 ,he w n talk to him ab\t m$ic9e2 & t1 z we 7 say+1 is ! only ?+ :i* ! physician und]/&s4 ,true4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! physician kn[s no?+ ( sci5ce1 = ?is has be5 assum$ to be ! prov9ce ( wisdom4 ,true4 ,& fur!r1 s9ce m$ic9e is sci5ce1 we mu/ inf] t he does n "k any?+ ( m$ic9e4 ,exactly4 ,!n ! wise man may inde$ "k t ! physician has "s k9d ( sci5ce or k2 b :5 he wants to discov] ! nature ( ?is he w ask1 ,:at is ! subject-matt]8 ,= ! sev]al sci5ces are di/+ui%$ n by ! m]e fact t !y are sci5ces1 b by ! nature ( _! subjects4 ,is n t true8 ,q true4 ,& m$ic9e is di/+ui%$ f o!r sci5ces z hav+ ! subject-matt] ( heal? & disease8 ,yes4 ,& he :o w\ld enquire into ! nature ( m$ic9e mu/ pursue ! enquiry into heal? & disease1 & n into :at is extrane\s8 ,true4 ,& he :o judges rightly w judge ( ! physician z a physician 9 :at relates to ^!8 ,he w4 ,he w consid] :e!r :at he says is true1 & :e!r :at he does is "r1 9 relation to heal? & disease8 ,he w4 ,b c any "o atta9 ! k ( ei!r unless he h a k ( m$ic9e8 ,he _c4 ,no "o at all1 x w\ld seem1 except ! physician c h ?is k2 & !re=e n ! wise man2 he w\ld h to be a physician z well z a wise man4 ,v true4 ,!n1 assur$ly1 wisdom or temp]ance1 if only a sci5ce ( sci5ce1 & ( ! abs5ce ( sci5ce or k1 w n be able to di/+ui% ! physician :o kn[s f "o :o does n "k b pret5ds or ?9ks t he kn[s1 or any o!r pr(essor ( any?+ at all2 l any o!r arti/1 he w only "k 8 fell[ 9 art or wisdom1 & no "o else4 ,t is evid5t1 he said4 ,b !n :at pr(it1 ,critias1 ,i said1 is !re any long] 9 wisdom or temp]ance :i* yet rema9s1 if ?is is wisdom8 ,if1 inde$1 z we 7 suppos+ at fir/1 ! wise man _h be5 able to di/+ui% :at he knew & did n "k1 & t he knew ! "o & did n "k ! o!r1 & to recognize a simil> faculty ( disc]nm5t 9 o!rs1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 a great advantage 9 be+ wise2 = !n we %\ld nev] h made a mi/ake1 b h pass$ ?r\gh life ! un]r+ guides ( ourselves & ( ^? :o are "u u2 & we %\ld n h attempt$ to d :at we did n "k1 b we %\ld h f\nd out ^? :o knew1 & h h&$ ! bus9ess ov] to !m & tru/$ 9 !m2 nor %\ld we h all[$ ^? :o 7 "u u to d any?+ :i* !y 7 n likely to d well2 & !y w\ld be likely to d well j t ( :i* !y _h k2 & ! h\se or /ate :i* 0 ord]$ or adm9i/]$ "u ! guidance ( wisdom1 & ev]y?+ else ( :i* wisdom 0 ! "l1 w\ld h be5 well ord]$2 = tru? guid+1 & error hav+ be5 elim9at$1 9 all _! do+s1 m5 w\ld h done well1 & w\ld h be5 happy4 ,0 n ?is1 ,critias1 :at we spoke ( z ! great advantage ( wisdom--to "k :at is kn[n & :at is unkn[n to u8 ,v true1 he said4 ,& n[ y p]ceive1 ,i said1 t no su* sci5ce is to be f\nd any:]e4 ,i p]ceive1 he said4 ,may we assume !n1 ,i said1 t wisdom1 view$ 9 ?is new light m]ely z a k ( k & ignorance1 has ?is advantage3--t he :o possesses su* k w m easily le>n any?+ :i* he le>ns2 & t ev]y?+ w be cle>] to him1 because1 9 addition to ! k ( individuals1 he sees ! sci5ce1 & ?is also w bett] enable him to te/ ! k :i* o!rs h ( :at he kn[s himself2 :]eas ! enquir] :o is )\t ?is k may be suppos$ to h a feebl] & weak] insight8 ,are n ^!1 my fri5d1 ! real advantages :i* are to be ga9$ f wisdom8 ,& are n we look+ & seek+ aft] some?+ m ?an is to be f\nd 9 h]8 ,t is v likely1 he said4 ,t is v likely1 ,i said2 & v likely1 too1 we h be5 enquir+ to no purpose2 z ,i am l$ to inf]1 because ,i obs]ve t if ?is is wisdom1 "s /range consequ5ces w\ld foll[4 ,let u1 if y please1 assume ! possibility ( ?is sci5ce ( sci5ces1 & fur!r admit & all[1 z 0 orig9ally sugge/$1 t wisdom is ! k ( :at we "k & d n "k4 ,assum+ all ?is1 /ill1 ^u fur!r consid]ation1 ,i am d\btful1 ,critias1 :e!r wisdom1 su* z ?is1 w\ld d u mu* good4 ,= we 7 wrong1 ,i ?9k1 9 suppos+1 z we 7 say+ j n[1 t su* wisdom ord]+ ! gov]nm5t ( h\se or /ate w\ld be a great b5efit4 ,h[ s8 he said4 ,:y1 ,i said1 we 7 f> too ready to admit ! great b5efits :i* mank9d w\ld obta9 f _! sev]ally do+ ! ?+s :i* !y knew1 & committ+ ! ?+s ( :i* !y are ignorant to ^? :o 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,7 we n "r 9 mak+ t admission8 ,i ?9k n4 ,h[ v /range1 ,socrates6 ,by ! dog ( ,egypt1 ,i said1 !re ,i agree ) y2 & ,i 0 ?9k+ z mu* j n[ :5 ,i said t /range consequ5ces w\ld foll[1 & t ,i 0 afraid we 7 on ! wrong track2 = h[ev] ready we may be to admit t ?is is wisdom1 ,i c]ta9ly _c make out :at good ?is sort ( ?+ does to u4 ,:at d y mean8 he said2 ,i wi% t y c\ld make me und]/& :at y mean4 ,i d>e say t :at ,i am say+ is nons5se1 ,i repli$2 & yet if a man has any feel+ ( :at is due to himself1 he _c let ! ?\ght :i* comes into 8 m9d pass away unhe$$ & unexam9$4 ,i l t1 he said4 ,he>1 !n1 ,i said1 my own dream2 :e!r com+ ?r\gh ! horn or ! ivory gate1 ,i _c tell4 ,! dream is ?is3 ,let u suppose t wisdom is su* z we are n[ def9+1 & t %e has absolute sway ov] u2 !n ea* action w be done accord+ to ! arts or sci5ces1 & no "o pr(ess+ to be a pilot :5 he is n1 or any physician or g5]al1 or any "o else pret5d+ to "k matt]s ( :i* he is ignorant1 w deceive or elude u2 our heal? w be improv$2 our safety at sea1 & also 9 battle1 w be assur$2 our coats & %oes1 & all o!r in/rum5ts & implem5ts w be skilfully made1 because ! workm5 w be good & true4 ,aye1 & if y please1 y may suppose t prophecy1 :i* is ! k ( ! future1 w be "u ! control ( wisdom1 & t %e w det] deceiv]s & set up ! true prophets 9 _! place z ! reveal]s ( ! future4 ,n[ ,i q agree t mank9d1 ?us provid$1 w\ld live & act accord+ to k1 = wisdom w\ld wat* & prev5t ignorance f intrud+ on u4 ,b :e!r by act+ accord+ to k we %all act well & be happy1 my de> ,critias1--?is is a po9t :i* we h n yet be5 able to det]m9e4 ,yet ,i ?9k1 he repli$1 t if y disc>d k1 y w h>dly f9d ! cr[n ( happ9ess 9 any?+ else4 ,b ( :at is ?is k8 ,i said4 ,j answ] me t small "q4 ,d y mean a k ( %oemak+8 ,god =bid4 ,or ( work+ 9 brass8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or 9 wool1 or wood1 or any?+ ( t sort8 ,no1 ,i d n4 ,!n1 ,i said1 we are giv+ up ! doctr9e t he :o lives accord+ to k is happy1 = ^! live accord+ to k1 & yet !y are n all[$ by y to be happy2 b ,i ?9k t y mean to conf9e happ9ess to p>ticul> individuals :o live accord+ to k1 su* = example z ! prophet1 :o1 z ,i 0 say+1 kn[s ! future4 ,is x ( him y are speak+ or ( "s "o else8 ,yes1 ,i mean him1 b !re are o!rs z well4 ,yes1 ,i said1 "s "o :o kn[s ! pa/ & pres5t z well z ! future1 & is ignorant ( no?+4 ,let u suppose t !re is su* a p]son1 & if !re is1 y w all[ t he is ! mo/ kn[+ ( all liv+ m54 ,c]ta9ly he is4 ,yet ,i %\ld l to "k "o ?+ m3 :i* ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( k makes him happy8 or d all equally make him happy8 ,n all equally1 he repli$4 ,b :i* mo/ t5ds to make him happy8 ! k ( :at pa/1 pres5t1 or future ?+8 ,may ,i inf] ?is to be ! k ( ! game ( draughts8 ,nons5se ab\t ! game ( draughts4 ,or ( computation8 ,no4 ,or ( heal?8 ,t is ne>] ! tru?1 he said4 ,& t k :i* is ne>e/ ( all1 ,i said1 is ! k ( :at8 ,! k ) :i* he disc]ns good & evil4 ,mon/]6 ,i said2 y h be5 c>ry+ me r\nd 9 a circle1 & all ?is "t hid+ f me ! fact t ! life accord+ to k is n t :i* makes m5 act rightly & be happy1 n ev5 if k include all ! sci5ces1 b "o sci5ce only1 t ( good & evil4 ,=1 let me ask y1 ,critias1 :e!r1 if y take away ?is1 m$ic9e w n equally give heal?1 & %oemak+ equally produce %oes1 & ! art ( ! weav] clo!s8--:e!r ! art ( ! pilot w n equally save our lives at sea1 & ! art ( ! g5]al 9 w>8 ,q s4 ,& yet1 my de> ,critias1 none ( ^! ?+s w be well or b5eficially done1 if ! sci5ce ( ! good be want+4 ,true4 ,b t sci5ce is n wisdom or temp]ance1 b a sci5ce ( human advantage2 n a sci5ce ( o!r sci5ces1 or ( ignorance1 b ( good & evil3 & if ?is be ( use1 !n wisdom or temp]ance w n be ( use4 ,& :y1 he repli$1 w n wisdom be ( use8 ,=1 h[ev] mu* we assume t wisdom is a sci5ce ( sci5ces1 & has a sway ov] o!r sci5ces1 surely %e w h ?is p>ticul> sci5ce ( ! good "u h] control1 & 9 ?is way w b5efit u4 ,& w wisdom give heal?8 ,i said2 is n ?is r ! effect ( m$ic9e8 ,or does wisdom d ! "w ( any ( ! o!r arts1--d !y n ea* ( !m d _! own "w8 ,h we n long ago assev]at$ t wisdom is only ! k ( k & ( ignorance1 & ( no?+ else8 ,t is obvi\s4 ,!n wisdom w n be ! produc] ( heal?4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! art ( heal? is diff]5t4 ,yes1 diff]5t4 ,nor does wisdom give advantage1 my good fri5d2 = t aga9 we h j n[ be5 attribut+ to ano!r art4 ,v true4 ,h[ !n c wisdom be advantage\s1 :5 giv+ no advantage8 ,t1 ,socrates1 is c]ta9ly inconceivable4 ,y see !n1 ,critias1 t ,i 0 n f> wrong 9 fe>+ t ,i c\ld h no s\nd notion ab\t wisdom2 ,i 0 q "r 9 depreciat+ myself2 = t :i* is admitt$ to be ! be/ ( all ?+s w\ld nev] h seem$ to u useless1 if ,i _h be5 good = any?+ at an enquiry4 ,b n[ ,i h be5 utt]ly defeat$1 & h fail$ to discov] :at t is to :i* ! impos] ( names gave ?is "n ( temp]ance or wisdom4 ,& yet _m m admissions 7 made by u ?an c\ld be fairly grant$2 = we admitt$ t !re 0 a sci5ce ( sci5ce1 al?\gh ! argum5t said ,no1 & prote/$ aga9/ u2 & we admitt$ fur!r1 t ?is sci5ce knew ! works ( ! o!r sci5ces 7al?\gh ?is too 0 d5i$ by ! argum5t71 because we want$ to %[ t ! wise man _h k ( :at he knew & did n "k2 also we nobly disreg>d$1 & nev] ev5 consid]$1 ! impossibility ( a man kn[+ 9 a sort ( way t :i* he does n "k at all2 = our assumption 01 t he kn[s t :i* he does n "k2 ?an :i* no?+1 z ,i ?9k1 c be m irrational4 ,& yet1 aft] f9d+ u s easy & good-natur$1 ! enquiry is /ill unable to discov] ! tru?2 b mocks u to a degree1 & has gone out ( its way to prove ! inutility ( t :i* we admitt$ only by a sort ( supposition & fiction to be ! true def9ition ( temp]ance or wisdom3 :i* result1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 is n s mu* to be lam5t$1 ,i said4 ,b = y\r sake1 ,*>mides1 ,i am v sorry--t y1 hav+ su* beauty & su* wisdom & temp]ance ( s\l1 %\ld h no pr(it or good 9 life f y\r wisdom & temp]ance4 ,& /ill m am ,i griev$ ab\t ! *>m :i* ,i le>n$ ) s mu* pa91 & to s little pr(it1 f ! ,?racian1 = ! sake ( a ?+ :i* is no?+ wor?4 ,i ?9k inde$ t !re is a mi/ake1 & t ,i mu/ be a bad enquir]1 = wisdom or temp]ance ,i believe to be really a great good2 & happy are y1 ,*>mides1 if y c]ta9ly possess x4 ,:]e=e exam9e y\rself1 & see :e!r y h ?is gift & c d )\t ! *>m2 = if y c1 ,i w\ld r advise y to reg>d me simply z a fool :o is nev] able to reason out any?+2 & to re/ assur$ t ! m wise & temp]ate y are1 ! happi] y w be4 ,*>mides said3 ,i am sure t ,i d n "k1 ,socrates1 :e!r ,i h or h n ?is gift ( wisdom & temp]ance2 = h[ c ,i "k :e!r ,i h a ?+1 ( :i* ev5 y & ,critias are1 z y say1 unable to discov] ! nature8--7n t ,i believe y47 ,& fur!r1 ,i am sure1 ,socrates1 t ,i d ne$ ! *>m1 & z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i %all be will+ to be *>m$ by y daily1 until y say t ,i h _h en\gh4 ,v good1 ,*>mides1 said ,critias2 if y d ?is ,i %all h a pro( ( y\r temp]ance1 t is1 if y all[ y\rself to be *>m$ by ,socrates1 & nev] des]t him at all4 ,y may dep5d on my foll[+ & n des]t+ him1 said ,*>mides3 if y :o are my gu>dian comm& me1 ,i %\ld be v wrong n to obey y4 ,& ,i d comm& y1 he said4 ,!n ,i w d z y say1 & beg9 ?is v day4 ,y sirs1 ,i said1 :at are y conspir+ ab\t8 ,we are n conspir+1 said ,*>mides1 we h conspir$ already4 ,& are y ab\t to use viol5ce1 )\t ev5 go+ ?r\gh ! =ms ( ju/ice8 ,yes1 ,i %all use viol5ce1 he repli$1 s9ce he ord]s me2 & !re=e y _h bett] consid] well4 ,b ! "t = consid]ation has pass$1 ,i said1 :5 viol5ce is employ$2 & y1 :5 y are det]m9$ on any?+1 & 9 ! mood ( viol5ce1 are irresi/ible4 ,d n y resi/ me !n1 he said4 ,i w n resi/ y1 ,i repli$4