,,an ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,?\ght ,,s9ce ,,kant ,,by ,,edw>d ,,caldwell ,,moore ,,p>kman ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,!ology ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aiab ,,to ,,adolf ,,h>nack ,,on ,,8 ,,sixtie? ,,bir?day ,,by ,,8 ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,pupil ,,prefatory ,,note ,x is hop$ t ?is book may s]ve z an outl9e = a l>g] "w1 9 :i* ! ,judgm5ts "h express$ may be support$ 9 detail4 ,especially1 ! au?or desires to treat ! lit]ature ( ! social "q & ( ! mod]ni/ movem5t ) a fulness :i* has n be5 possible )9 ! limits ( ?is sket*4 ,! philosophy ( religion & ! hi/ory ( religions %\ld h place1 z also t e/imate ( ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity :i* is sugge/$ by ! contact ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! liv+ religions ( ! ,ori5t4 ,,pasque ,,isl&1 ,,mass41 ,july #bh1 #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,a4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,b4 ,,! ,,backgr\nd4 #bc4 ,,deism4 #bc4 ,,rationalism4 #be4 ,,pietism4 #cj4 ,,/hetic ,,idealism4 #cc4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ideali/ic ,,philosophy4 #ci4 ,,kant4 #ci4 ,,fi*te4 #ee4 ,,s*ell+4 #fj4 ,,hegel4 #ff4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,!ological ,,recon/ruction4 #gd4 ,,s*lei]ma*]4 #gd4 ,,rits*l ,,& ,,! ,,rits*lians4 #hi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,critical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,movem5t4 #aaj4 ,,/rauss4 #aad4 ,,baur4 #aah4 ,,! ,,canon4 #abc4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #abg4 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 #acj4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,doctr9e4 #acf4 ,,h>nack4 #adj4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces4 #aea4 ,,positivism4 #aef4 ,,naturalism ,,& ,,agno/icism4 #afb4 ,,evolution4 #agj4 ,,miracles4 #age4 ,,! ,,social ,,sci5ces4 #agf4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,engli%-,,speak+ ,,peoples2 ,,action ,,& ,,reaction4 #aia4 ,,! ,,poets4 #aie4 ,,col]idge4 #aig4 ,,! ,,oriel ,,s*ool4 #aii4 ,,ers9e ,,& ,,campbell4 #bja4 ,,maurice4 #bjd4 ,,*ann+4 #bje4 ,,bu%nell4 #bjg4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,revival4 #baa4 ,,! ,,ox=d ,,movem5t4 #bab4 ,,newman4 #bad4 ,,mod]nism4 #bba4 ,,rob]tson4 #bbc4 ,,phillips ,,brooks4 #bbd4 ,,! ,,broad ,,*ur*4 #bbd4 ,,c>lyle4 #bbh4 ,,em]son4 #bcj4 ,,arnold4 #bcb4 ,,m>t9eau4 #bcd4 ,,james4 #bch4 ,,bibliography4 #bdc4 ,,*apt] ,i ,a4 ,,introduction ,! ,prote/ant ,re=mation m>k$ an era bo? 9 life & ?\ght = ! mod]n _w4 ,x u%]$ 9 a revolution 9 ,europe4 ,x e/abli%$ di/9ctions & initiat$ t5d5cies :i* are /ill significant4 ,^! di/9ctions h be5 significant n = ,europe alone4 ,!y h _h influ5ce also ^u ^? cont95ts :i* s9ce ! ,re=mation h come "u ! dom9ion ( ,europeans4 ,yet few w\ld n[ reg>d ! ,re=mation z epo*-mak+ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t pre-em95ce has be5 claim$4 ,no "o n[ e/eems t x sep>ates ! mod]n f ! m$ival & anci5t _w 9 ! mann] once suppos$4 ,! p]spective ( hi/ory makes x evid5t t l>ge areas ( life & ?\ght rema9$ !n unt\*$ by ! new _s4 ,assumptions :i* _h _! orig9 9 feudal or ev5 9 classical culture cont9u$ unque/ion$4 ,m ?an ?is1 impulses 9 rational life & 9 ! int]pretation ( religion1 :i* %[$ !mselves ) cle>ness 9 "o & ano!r ( ! re=m]s !mselves1 7 lo/ sight (1 if n actually repudiat$1 by _! successors4 ,x is possible to view _m ?+s 9 ! intellectual & religi\s life ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ev5 "s :i* ,prote/ants h passionately reprobat$1 z b ! tak+ up aga9 ( clues :i* ! re=m]s _h let fall1 ! c>ry+ out ( purposes ( _! movem5t :i* 7 p>tly hidd5 f !mselves4 ,m5 h ass]t$ t ! ,r5aissance inaugurat$ a p]iod ( paganism4 ,!y h glori$ t !re sup]v5$ ^u ?is paganism ! religi\s revival :i* ! ,re=mation 04 ,ev5 ^! m5 w1 h[ev]1 n d5y t x 0 ! intellectual rejuv5ation :i* made ! religi\s re=mation possible or1 at all ev5ts1 effective4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t aft] ! ,revolution1 9 ! ,prote/ant communities ! intellectual elem5t 0 ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd4 ,! practical & devotional prevail$4 ,humanism 0 = a "t %ut out4 ,!re 0 m room = x 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* ?an among ,prote/ants4 ,aga91 ! ,r5aissance itself _h be5 n s mu* an era ( discov]y ( a new intellectual & spiritual _w4 ,x _h be51 r1 ! r$iscov]y ( valid pr9ciples ( life 9 an anci5t culture & civilisation4 ,t ?or\gh-go+ review ( ! pr9ciples at ! basis ( all relations ( ! life ( man1 :i* once seem$ possible to ,r5aissance & ,re=mation1 0 po/pon$ to a mu* lat] date4 ,:5 x did take place1 x 0 "u f> diff]5t auspices4 ,!re is a rem>kable unity 9 ! hi/ory ( ,prote/ant ?\ght 9 ! p]iod f ! ,re=mation to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is a /ill m surpris+ unity ( ,prote/ant ?\ght 9 ?is p]iod ) ! ?\ght ( ! m$ival & anci5t ,*ur*4 ,! basis & me?ods are ! same4 ,^u _m po9ts ! conclusions are id5tical4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( :i* ! ,prote/ant s*ola/ics 7 m pr\d ?an ( _! agreem5t ) ! ,fa!rs ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,!y did n p]ceive 9 h[ l>ge degree !y 7 at "o ) ,*ri/ian ?9k]s ( ! ,roman communion z well4 ,few seem to h realis$ h[ l>gely ,ca?olic 9 pr9ciple ,prote/ant ?\ght has be54 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples at ! basis ( ! reason+ h be5 ! same4 ,! notions ( revelation & inspiration 7 id5tical4 ,! idea ( au?ority 0 common to bo?1 only ! in/ance 9 :i* t au?ority is lodg$ 0 diff]5t4 ,! ?\ghts ( ,god & man1 ( ! _w1 ( creation1 ( provid5ce & pray]1 ( ! nature & means ( salvation1 are simil>4 ,newman 0 "r 9 discov]+ t f ! fir/ he _h ?\ght1 only & always1 9 :at he call$ ,ca?olic t]ms4 ,x 0 veil$ f him t _m ( ^? :o ard5tly oppos$ him ?\ght 9 ^? same t]ms4 ,x is impossible to write ^u ! !me :i* ?is book sets itself )\t us+ ! t]ms ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant 9 ! conv5tional s5se4 ,! words /& = c]ta9 hi/oric magnitudes4 ,x is equally impossible to conceal f ourselves h[ mislead+ ! language (t5 is4 ,! l9e betwe5 t :i* has be5 happily call$ ! religion ( au?ority & ! religion ( ! _s does n run betwe5 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant4 ,x runs ?r\gh ! middle ( _m ,prote/ant bodies1 ?r\gh ! bord] only ( "s1 & :o w say t ! ,roman ,*ur* kn[s no?+ ( ?is contra/8 ,! sole use ( recurr5ce "h to ! hi/oric di/9ction is to emphasise ! fact t ?is di/9ction /&s = less ?an has commonly be5 suppos$4 ,9 a l>ge way ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 f e>lie/ times to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 pres5ts a v /rik+ unity4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 t mod]n reflection :i* has tak5 ! ph5om5on kn[n z religion &1 specifically1 t hi/oric =m ( religion kn[n z ,*ri/ianity1 z its object1 has inde$ also sl[ly reveal$ ! fact t x is 9 possession ( c]ta9 pr9ciples4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! pr9ciples1 z !y h em]g$1 h be5 felt to be new & di/9ctive pr9ciples4 ,!y are ess5tially mod]n pr9ciples4 ,!y are ! pr9ciples :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 diff]5tiate ! ?9k] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f all :o h ev] be5 be=e him4 ,!y are pr9ciples :i* unite all ?9k]s at ! end ( ! n9ete5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5turies1 9 practically e portion ( ! _w1 z !y ?9k ( all subjects except religion4 ,x comes m & m to be felt t ^! pr9ciples mu/ be reckon$ ) 9 our ?\ght conc]n+ religion z well4 ,"o ( ^! pr9ciples is1 = example1 t ( deal+ 9 true critical fa%ion ) problems ( hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,long be=e ! end ( ! age ( rationalism1 ?is pr9ciple _h be5 appli$ to lit]ature & hi/ory1 o!r ?an ^? call$ sacr$4 ,! ?or\gh go+ application ( ?is sci5tific me?od to ! lit]atures & hi/ory ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts is almo/ :olly an a*ievem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x has completely alt]$ ! view ( revelation & inspiration4 ,! alt]$ view ( ! nature ( ! docum5ts ( revelation has _h immeasurable consequ5ces = dogma4 ,ano!r ( ^! elem5ts is ! new view ( nature & ( man's relation to nature4 ,c]ta9 notable discov]ies 9 physics & a/ronomy _h prov$ possible ( comb9ation ) traditional religion1 z 9 ! case ( ,newton4 ,or aga91 !y _h prov$ impossible ( comb9ation ) any religion1 z 9 ! case ( ,laplace4 ,! review ( ! religi\s & ,*ri/ian problem 9 ! light ( ! ev] increas+ volume ( sci5tific discov]ies--?is is ! new ?+ 9 ! p]iod :i* we h und]tak5 to describe4 ,a !ory ( nature z a totality1 9 :i* man1 n m]ely z physical1 b ev5 also z social & moral & religi\s be+1 has place 9 a s]ies :i* sugge/s no break1 has affect$ ! doctr9es ( ,god & ( man 9 a way :i* nei!r ^? :o rev]$ nor ^? :o repudiat$ religion at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury c\ld h imag9$4 ,ano!r lead+ pr9ciple gr[s out ( ,kant's di/9ction ( two worlds & two ord]s ( reason4 ,t di/9ction issu$ 9 a new !ory ( k4 ,x laid a new f\ndation = an ideali/ic con/ru+ ( ! univ]se4 ,9 "o way x 0 ! answ] ( a pr(\ndly religi\s nature to ! triviality & effront]y into :i* ! great rationali/ic movem5t _h run out4 ,by x ! philosoph] gave /&+ =ev] to mu* t prophets & my/ics 9 e age _h felt to be true1 yet _h nev] be5 able to prove by any me?od :i* ! ord]$ reason+ ( man _h provid$4 ,religion z feel+ rega9$ its place4 ,e?ics 0 set once m 9 ! light ( ! et]nal4 ,! s\l ( man became ! object ( a sci5tific /udy4 ,!re h be5 ?us indicat$ ?ree1 at lea/1 ( ! l>g] factors :i* ent] into an int]pretation ( ,*ri/ianity :i* may fairly be said to be new 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y are new 9 a s5se 9 :i* ! intellectual elem5ts ent]+ into ! reconsid]ation ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! age ( ! ,re=mation 7 n new4 ,!y are *>act]i/ic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y w\ld naturally issue 9 an int]pretation ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! g5]al context ( ! life & ?\ght ( t c5tury4 ,! philosophical revolution inaugurat$ by ,kant1 ) ! g5]al drift t[>d monism 9 ! int]pretation ( ! univ]se1 sep>ates f _! =ebe>s m5 :o h liv$ s9ce ,kant1 by a great] int]val ?an t :i* divid$ ,kant f ,plato4 ,! evolution>y view ( nature1 z develop$ f ,s*ell+ & ,comte ?r\gh ,d>w9 to ,b]gson1 divides m5 n[ liv+ f ! contempor>ies ( ,kant 9 8 y\?ful /udies ( nature1 z ^? m5 7 n divid$ f ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle4 ,( purpose1 ! phrase ,*ri/ian ?\ght has be5 int]pret$ z ?\ght conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! problem :i* ?is book essays is t ( an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! ?\ght :i* has be5 devot$1 dur+ ?is p]iod ( m>vell\s progress1 to t p>ticul> object 9 consci\sness & hi/ory :i* is kn[n z ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity1 z object ( ! philosophical1 critical1 & sci5tific reflection ( ! age--?is x is :i* we propose to consid]4 ,our religion z affect$ 9 its int]pretation by pr9ciples ( ?\ght :i* are already widespread1 & bid fair to become univ]sal among educat$ m5--?is x is :i* 9 ?is little volume we aim to discuss4 ,! t]m religi\s ?\ght has n always _h ?is significance4 ,philosophy ( religion has signifi$1 (t51 a philosophis+ ( :i* religion 01 s to say1 ! atmosph]e4 ,we _c wond] if1 9 ^! circum/ances1 to ! m9ds ( "s1 ! atmosph]e has seem$ to h9d] cle>ness ( vision4 ,! :ole subject ( ! philosophy ( religion has )9 ! la/ few decades und]gone a revival1 s9ce x has be5 accept$ t ! aim is n to philosophise ^u ?+s 9 g5]al 9 a religi\s _s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! aim is to consid] religion itself1 ) ! be/ aid :i* curr5t philosophy & sci5ce af=d4 ,9 ?is s5se only c we give ! /udy ( religion & ,*ri/ianity a place among ! sci5ces4 ,x rema9s true1 n[ z always1 t ! majority1 at all ev5ts1 ( ^? :o h ?\ght pr(\ndly conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity w be f\nd to h be5 ,*ri/ian m54 ,religion is a =m ( consci\sness4 ,x w be ^? :o h _h exp]i5ce to :i* t consci\sness corresponds1 ^: judgm5ts c be suppos$ to h weight4 ,t rem>k is true1 = example1 ( /hetic matt]s z well4 ,to be a good judge ( music "o mu/ h musical feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,to speak ) any deep] reasonabl5ess conc]n+ fai?1 "o mu/ h fai?4 ,to ?9k pr(\ndly conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity "o ne$s to h _h ! ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is is v diff]5t f say+ t to speak wor?ily ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 "o mu/ ne$s h made 8 own ! /atem5ts ( religion :i* m5 ( a =m] g5]ation may h f\nd s]viceable4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 religion itself1 on ! "o h&1 & ! expression ( religion 9 doctr9es & rites1 or ! application ( religion ?r\gh in/itutions1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 itself "o ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is "o :i* sep>ates u f ,*ri/ian m5 9 previ\s c5turies z m>k$ly z x does any o!r4 ,x is a simple implication ( ! ,kantian !ory ( k4 ,! evid5ce = its validity has come ?r\gh ! application ( hi/orical criticism to all ! cre$s4 ,my/ics ( all ages h se5 ! tru? f f>4 ,! fact t we may assume ! preval5ce ( ?is di/9ction among ,*ri/ian m51 & lay x at ! base ( ! discussion we propose1 is assur$ly "o ( ! ga9s :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury has to record4 ,x foll[s t n all ( ! ?9k]s ) :om we h to deal w h be51 9 _! own "t1 ( ! numb] ( av[$ly ,*ri/ian m54 ,"s :o h greatly fur!r$ movem5ts :i* 9 ! end prov$ fruitful = ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 h be5 m5 :o 9 _! own "t ali5at$ f pr(ess$ & (ficial religion4 ,9 ! retrospect we mu/ (t5 feel t _! opposition to t :i* !y took to be religion 0 ju/ifiable4 ,yet _! id5tification ( t ) religion itself1 & _! frank decl>ation ( :at !y call$ _! own irreligion1 0 (t5 a mi/ake4 ,x 0 a mi/ake to :i* bo? !y & _! oppon5ts 9 due proportion contribut$4 ,a /ill l>g] class ( ^? ) :om we h to d h inde$ ass]t$ = !mselves a p]sonal adh]5ce to ,*ri/ianity4 ,b _! id5tification ) ,*ri/ianity1 or ) a p>ticul> ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 has be5 (t5 bitt]ly d5i$ by ^? :o bore (ficial responsibility 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! h]esy ( "o g5]ation is ! or?odoxy ( ! next4 ,!re is some?+ p]v]se 9 ,gottfri$ ,arnold's maxim1 t ! true ,*ur*1 9 any age1 is to be f\nd ) ^? :o h j be5 excommunicat$ f ! actual ,*ur*4 ,h[ev]1 ! maxim po9ts 9 ! direction ( a tru?4 ,by f> ! l>g] "p ( ^? ) :om we h to d h _h ackn[l$g$ relation to ! ,*ri/ian tradition & in/itution4 ,!y 7 ,*ri/ians &1 at ! same "t1 true *ildr5 ( ! intellectual life ( _! own age4 ,!y e/eem$ x n m]ely _! privilege1 b also _! duty1 to endeav\r to pond] anew ! religi\s & ,*ri/ian problem1 & to /ate t :i* !y ?\ght 9 a mann] congru\s ) ! ?\ghts :i* ! m5 ( ! age w\ld naturally h conc]n+ o!r !mes4 ,x has be5 to mo/ ( ^! m5 axiomatic t doctr9e has only relative tru?4 ,doctr9e is b a composite ( ! cont5t ( ! religi\s consci\sness ) mat]ials :i* ! intellect ( a giv5 man or age or nation 9 ! total view ( life af=ds4 ,z su*1 doctr9e is necess>y & inevitable = all ^? :o 9 any measure live ! life ( ! m9d4 ,b ! condition ( doctr9e is its mobile1 its fluid & *ang+ "*4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( a m or less /able & *>act]i/ic exp]i5ce1 ) a reflection :i*1 exactly 9 proportion z x is g5u9e1 is trans=m$ f age to age1 is modifi$ by qualities ( race &1 9 ! la/ analysis1 diff]s ) individual m54 ,dogma is t portion ( doctr9e :i* has be5 elevat$ by decree ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 or ev5 only by common cons5t1 into an absolut5ess :i* is altoge!r =eign to its nature4 ,x is t "p ( doctr9e conc]n+ :i* m5 h =gott5 t x _h a hi/ory1 & h decid$ t x %all h no m4 ,9 its v notion dogma conf\nds a /atem5t ( tru?1 :i* mu/ ( necessity be human1 ) ! tru? itself1 :i* is div9e4 ,9 its id5tification ( /atem5t & tru? x dem&s cr$5ce in/ead ( fai?4 ,m5 h conf\nd$ doctr9e & dogma2 !y h be5 taught s to d4 ,!y h felt ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e to be an unfruitful & un9t]e/+ !me4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght w\ld seek to set =? ! s]ies ( int]pretations put1 by successive g5]ations1 ^u ! greate/ ( all human exp]i5ces1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! communion ( m5 ) ,god4 ,^! int]pretations ray out at all edges into ! g5]al intellectual life ( ! age4 ,!y draw "o :ole set ( _! =mative impulses f ! g5]al intellectual life ( ! age4 ,x is ?is relation ( ! progress ( doctr9e to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ?\ght 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* ! writ] design$ to emphasise 9 *oos+ ! title ( ?is "w4 ,z 0 indicat$ 9 ! clos+ p>agraphs ( ! prec$+ volume ( ?is s]ies1 ! issue ( ! age ( rationalism _h be5 = ! cause ( religion on ! :ole a di/ress+ "o4 ,! majority ( ^? :o 7 resolv$ to foll[ reason 7 agre$ 9 abjur+ religion4 ,t !y _h1 z x seems to u1 b a meagre und]/&+ ( :at religion is1 made little diff]5ce 9 _! conclusion4 ,bi%op ,butl] compla9s 9 8 ,analogy t religion 0 9 8 "t h>dly consid]$ a subject = discussion among reasonable m54 ,s*lei]ma*] 9 ! v title ( 8 ,disc\rses makes x pla9 t 9 ,g]many ! situation 0 n diff]5t4 ,if ! reasonable es*ew$ religi\s prote/s 9 ,g]many1 evangelicals 9 ,engl&1 ! m5 ( ! great revivals 9 ,am]ica1 _m ( !m1 took up a correspond+ position z t[>ds ! life ( reason1 especially t[>d ! use ( reason 9 religion4 ,! s9i/] ca/ :i* ! ^w rationalism be>s 9 mu* ( ! popul> spee* is evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,to _m m9ds x appe>$ z if "o c\ld n be an adh]5t bo? ( reason & ( fai?4 ,t 0 a contradiction :i* ,kant1 fir/ ( all 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 & !n ?r\gh 8 sy/em ( ?\ght1 did mu* to transc5d4 ,! deliv]ance :i* he wr\ght has be5 comp>$ to ! deliv]ance :i* ,lu!r 9 8 "t a*iev$ = ^? :o _h be5 9 bondage to s*ola/icism 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,al?\gh ,kant has be5 dead a hundr$ ye>s1 bo? ! def5ce ( religion & ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( reason are /ill1 ) _m1 on ! anci5t l9es4 ,!re is no su* /rife betwe5 rationality & belief z has be5 suppos$4 ,b ! confid5ce ( t fact is /ill f> f be+ %>$ by all ,*ri/ians at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! c\rse 9 re9t]pretation & readju/m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* t calm conviction w\ld imply1 is /ill f> f be+ ! "o tak5 by all ( ^? :o be> ! ,*ri/ian "n4 ,if x is p]missible 9 ! writ+ ( a book l ?is to h an aim besides t ( ! mo/ objective del9eation1 ! au?or may p]haps be p]mitt$ to say t he writes ) ! e>ne/ hope t 9 "s measure he may contribute also to ! e/abli%m5t ( an und]/&+ ^u :i* s mu* bo? = ! ,*ur* & ! _w dep5ds4 ,we %\ld say a ^w at ?is po9t z to ! g5]al relation ( religion & philosophy4 ,we realise ! evil :i* ,kant fir/ 9 cle>ness po9t$ out4 ,x 0 ! evil ( an appreh5sion :i* made ! /udy ( religion a dep>tm5t ( metaphysics4 ,! t5d5cy ( t appreh5sion 0 to d b scant ju/ice to ! hi/orical cont5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,religion is an hi/orical ph5om5on4 ,especially is ?is true ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is a fact1 or r1 a va/ complex ( facts4 ,x is a positive religion4 ,x is connect$ ) p]sonalities1 above all ) "o transc5d5t p]sonality1 t ( ,jesus4 ,x sprang out ( ano!r religion :i* _h already em]g$ into ! light ( _w-hi/ory4 ,x has be5 associat$ = two ?\s& ye>s ) portions ( ! race :i* h made a*ievem5ts 9 culture & left record ( ^? a*ievem5ts4 ,x is ! function ( speculation to int]pret ?is ph5om5on4 ,:5 speculation is tempt$ to sp9 by its own processes some?+ :i* x w\ld set beside ?is hi/oric magnitude or put 9 place ( x1 & /ill call t ,*ri/ianity1 we mu/ disall[ ! claim4 ,x 0 ! lic5ce ( its speculative endeav\r1 & ! id5tification ( ^! endeav\rs ) ,*ri/ianity1 :i* f9ally discr$it$ ,hegelianism ) religi\s m54 ,nor c x be d5i$ t !ologians !mselves h be5 s9n]s 9 ?is respect4 ,! disposition to reg>d ,*ri/ianity z a reveal$ & div9ely au?oritative metaphysic began e>ly & cont9u$ long4 ,:5 ! !ologians also set out to int]pret ,*ri/ianity & end 9 (f]+ u a sub/itute1 :i*1 if x 7 ackn[l$g$ z absolute tru?1 w\ld d away ) ,*ri/ianity z hi/oric fact1 z little c we all[ ! claim4 ,aga91 ,*ri/ianity exi/s n m]ely z a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,x exi/s also z a fact 9 liv+ consci\sness4 ,x is ! function ( psy*ology to inve/igate t consci\sness4 ,we mu/ say t1 accurately speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,!re are philosophies1 good or bad1 curr5t or obsolete4 ,^! are ,*ri/ian only 9 be+ appli$ to ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity & ! cont5t ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,!re is1 /rictly speak+1 no su* ?+ z ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,!re is ! human consci\sness1 op]at+ ) & op]at$ ^u by ! impulse ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ! great human exp]i5ce f :i* we s+le out = inve/igation t "p :i* is conc]n$ ) religion1 & call t ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 t ^? g5]al inve/igations ( human consci\sness & exp]i5ce1 z su*1 :i* are be+ c>ri$ on all ab\t u %\ld be reckon$ )1 if our ,*ri/ian life & ?\ght are n altoge!r to fall out ( t\* ) advanc+ k4 ,= ?is reason we h misgiv+ ab\t ! position ( "s foll[]s ( ,rits*l4 ,_! op9ion1 pu%$ to ! limit1 seems to mean t we h no?+ to d ) philosophy1 or ) ! advance ( sci5ce4 ,religion is a feel+ ( :i* he alone :o possesses x c give acc\nt4 ,he alone :o has x c appreciate su* an acc\nt :5 giv54 ,we ackn[l$ge t religion is 9 "p a feel+4 ,b t feel+ mu/ h rational ju/ification4 ,x mu/ also h rational guidance if x is to be sav$ f deg5]at+ into fanaticism4 ,to say t we h no?+ to d ) philosophy ends 9 our hav+ to d ) a bad philosophy4 ,9 t case we h a philosophy ) :i* we op]ate )\t hav+ inve/igat$ x1 in/ead ( hav+ "o ) :i* we op]ate because we h inve/igat$ x4 ,! philosophy ( :i* we are aw>e we h4 ,! philosophy ( :i* we are n aw>e has u4 ,no d\bt1 we may h religion )\t philosophy1 b we _c =mulate x ev5 9 ! rude/ way to ourselves1 we _c communicate x 9 any way :atsoev] to o!rs1 except 9 ! t]ms ( a philosophy4 ,9 ! g5]al s5se 9 :i* e man has a philosophy1 ?is is m]ely ! deposit ( ! regnant notions ( ! "t4 ,x may be am5d$ or sup]s$$1 & our !ology ) x4 ,yet :ile x la/s x is our "o possible vehicle ( expression4 ,x is ! int]pret] & ! critique ( :at we h exp]i5c$4 ,x is n op5 to a man to retreat )9 himself & say1 ,i am a ,*ri/ian1 ,i feel ?us1 ,i ?9k s1 ^! ?\ghts are ! cont5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! consequ5ce ( t position is t we make ! religi\s exp]i5ce to be no "p ( ! normal human exp]i5ce4 ,if we cont5d t ! be+ a ,*ri/ian is ! great human exp]i5ce1 t ! religi\s life is ! true human life1 we mu/ pursue ! opposite c\rse4 ,we mu/ make ! religi\s life coh]5t ) all ! o!r phases & elem5ts ( life4 ,if we w\ld cont5d t religi\s ?\ght is ! true/ & deepe/ ?\ght1 we mu/ beg9 at ?is v po9t4 ,we mu/ make x con=m absolutely to ! laws ( all o!r ?\ght4 ,to cont5d = its isolation1 z an area by itself & a process subject only to its own laws1 is to c\rt ! judgm5t ( m51 t 9 its zeal to be ,*ri/ian x has ceas$ to be ?\ght4 ,our mo/ pr(itable mode ( proc$ure w\ld seem to be ?is4 ,we %all seek to foll[1 z we may1 ^? few ma9 movem5ts ( ?\ght m>k+ ! n9ete5? c5tury :i* h imm$iate be>+ ^u our !me4 ,we %all try to regi/] ! effect :i* ^! movem5ts h _h ^u religi\s conceptions4 ,x w n be possible at any po9t to d m ?an to select typical examples4 ,p]haps ! true me?od is t we %\ld g back to ! beg9n+s ( ea* "o ( ^! movem5ts4 ,we %\ld m>k ! em]g5ce ( a few great ideas4 ,x is ! em]g5ce ( an idea :i* is dramatically int]e/+4 ,x is ! mom5t ( em]g5ce 9 :i* t :i* is *>act]i/ic appe>s4 ,our subject is f> too complicat$ to p]mit t ! ramifications ( ^! influ5ces %\ld be foll[$ 9 detail4 ,modifications1 subtractions1 additions1 ! read] mu/ make = himself4 ,^! ma9 movem5ts ( ?\ght are1 z has be5 said1 ?ree 9 numb]4 ,we %all take !m 9 _! *ronological ord]4 ,!re is fir/ ! philosophical revolution :i* is commonly associat$ ) ! "n ( ,kant4 ,if we 7 to seek ) arbitr>y exactitude to fix a date = ! beg9n+ ( ?is movem5t1 ?is might be ! ye> ( ! publication ( 8 fir/ great "w1 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 9 #agha4a ,kant 0 inde$ himself1 bo? intellectually & spiritually1 ! product ( t5d5cies :i* _h long be5 ga!r+ /r5g?4 ,he 0 ! expon5t ( ideas :i* 9 fragm5t>y way _h be5 express$ by o!rs1 b he ga!r$ into himself 9 amaz+ fa%ion ! impulses ( 8 age4 ,out f "s portion ( 8 works lead almo/ all ! pa?s :i* philosophical ?9k]s s9ce 8 "t h trod4 ,"o _c say ev5 ( 8 "w1 ,d] ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 #agic1 t x is ! sole s\rce1 or ev5 ! greate/ s\rce1 ( 8 influ5ce ^u religi\s ?9k+4 ,b f ! body ( 8 "w z a :ole1 !re came a new !ory ( k :i* has *ang$ completely ! notion ( revelation4 ,!re came also a view ( ! univ]se z an ideal unity :i*1 especially z elaborat$ by ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 has radically alt]$ ! traditional ideas ( ,god1 ( man1 ( nature & ( _! relations1 ! "o to ! o!r4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! text ! titles ( books :i* are discuss$ are giv5 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! language 9 :i* !y are writt54 ,books :i* are m]ely allud$ to are m5tion$ 9 ,engli%4 ,we %all h !n1 secondly1 to note ! hi/orical & critical movem5t4 ,x is ! ef=t to apply consi/5tly & )\t fe> ! maxims ( hi/orical & lit]>y criticism to ! docum5ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,) /ill great] arbitr>9ess1 & yet ) appreciation ( ! significance ( ,/rauss' endeav\r1 we might set z ! date ( ! full impact ( ?is movem5t ^u *]i%$ religi\s convictions1 t ( ! publication ( 8 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #ahce4 ,?is movem5t has support$ ) abundant evid5ce ! insight ( ! philosoph]s z to ! nature ( revelation4 ,x has %[n t t :i* we actually h 9 ! ,scriptures is j t :i* ,kant1 ) 8 rev]5ce = ! fre$om ( ! human m9d1 _h indicat$ t we mu/ h1 if revelation is to be believ$ 9 at all4 ,) ?is *ang$ view has come an alt]$ attitude t[>d _m /atem5ts :i* dev\t m5 _h held t !y mu/ accept z true1 because ^! 7 f\nd 9 ,scripture4 ,) ?is *ang$ view ! :ole hi/ory1 :e!r ( ! ,jewi% p or ( ,jesus & ! orig9s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 has be5 set 9 a new light4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we %all h to deal ) ! influ5ce ( ! sci5ces ( nature & ( society1 z ^! h be5 develop$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,if "o mu/ h a date = an out/&+ ev5t 9 ?is portion ( ! hi/ory1 p]haps t ( ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 #ahei1 w\ld s]ve z well z any o!r4 ,! pr9ciples ( ^! sci5ces h come to und]lie 9 a great measure all ! reflection ( cultivat$ m5 9 our "t4 ,9 amaz+ degree !y h p]colat$1 ?r\gh elem5t>y in/ruction1 ?r\gh popul> lit]ature1 & ?r\gh ! newspap]s1 to ! masses ( mank9d4 ,!y are recognis$ z ! basis ( a triumphant mat]ial civilisation1 :i* has made ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! inn] & spiritual life seem remote4 ,?r\gh ! social sci5ces !re has come an impulse to ! transf] ( emphasis f ! individual to society1 ! disposition to see ev]y?+ 9 its social be>+1 to d ev]y?+ 9 ! light ( its social antec$5ts & ( its social consequ5ces4 ,"h aga9 we h to note ! pr(\nde/ influ5ce ^u religi\s conceptions4 ,! v notion connect$ ) ! words r$emption & salvation appe>s to h be5 *ang$4 ,9 ! case ( ea* ( ^! p>ticul> movem5ts ! *ur*1 z ! organ ( ,*ri/ianity1 has pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( antagonism to ^! influ5ces1 ( fe> ( _! consequ5ces1 ( resi/ance to _! progress4 ,9 l>ge portions ( ! *ur* at ! pres5t mom5t ! prote/ is r5ew$4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! mod]n tea*+s1 :i* yet seem to be ! v w>p & wo( ( ! intellectual life ( ! mod]n man1 is repudiat$ & d5\nc$4 ,x is held to imp]il ! salvation ( ! s\l4 ,x is pron\nc$ impossible ( comb9ation ) belief 9 a div9ely reveal$ tru? conc]n+ ! univ]se & a sav+ fai? = m54 ,9 o!r *ur*es1 outside ! *ur*es1 ! =ms 9 :i* m5 hold _! ,*ri/ianity h be5 9 l>ge measure adju/$ to ! results ( ^! great movem5ts ( ?\ght4 ,!y h1 z ^! m5 !mselves believe1 be5 imm5sely /r5g!n$ & made sure by ^? v influ5ces :i* 7 once consid]$ dang]\s4 ,9 connection ) ?is indication ( ! nature ( our mat]ials1 we h s\ght to say some?+ ( ! "t ( em]g5ce ( ! sali5t elem5ts4 ,x may be 9 po9t also to give "s intimation ( ! place ( _! orig9s1 t is to say1 ( ! p>ticipation ( ! v>i\s nationalities 9 ?is common task ( ! mod]n ,*ri/ian _w4 ,t int]national quality ( s*ol>%ip :i* seems to u natural1 is a ?+ ( v rec5t date4 ,t a discov]y %\ld )9 a reasonable int]val become ! prop]ty ( all educat$ m51 t s*ol>s ( "o nation %\ld pr(it by t :i* ! le>n$ ( ano!r l& h done1 appe>s to u a ?+ to be assum$4 ,x has n always be5 s1 especially n 9 matt]s ( religi\s fai?4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* & ! ,lat9 language gave to m$ieval ,*ri/ian ?\ght a c]ta9 int]national "*4 ,aga9 ! ,r5aissance & ,re=mation _h a c]ta9 _w wide quality4 ,! relations ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* 9 ! reigns ( ! la/ ,tudors to ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 & ,france are n to be =gott54 ,b ! life ( ! ,prote/ant national *ur*es 9 ! eighte5? c5tury %[s little ( ?is trait4 ,! b>ri]s ( language c\nt$ = some?+4 ,! prov9cialism ( national *ur*es & d5om9ational pr$ilections c\nt$ = m4 ,9 ! philosophical movem5t we mu/ beg9 ) ! ,g]mans4 ,! movem5t ( ,engli% ?\ght kn[n z deism 0 a di/9ct =]unn] ( ! rationali/ movem5t1 )9 ! p>ticul> area ( ! discussion ( religion4 ,h[ev]1 x ran into ! s&4 ,! rationali/ movem5t1 consid]$ 9 its o!r aspects1 nev] atta9$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! proportions :i* x assum$ 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,9 ,france t movem5t ran its full c\rse1 bo? among ! le>n$ &1 equally1 z a radical & revolution>y influ5ce among ! unle>n$4 ,x _h mom5t\s practical consequ5ces4 ,9 no sph]e 0 x m radical ?an 9 t ( religion4 ,n 9 va9 _h ,voltaire = ye>s cri$1 'crasez l'infme1' & ,r\sseau prea*$ t ! y\? w\ld all be wise & pure1 if only ! k9d ( education :i* he _h _h 9 ! religi\s s*ools 7 made impossible4 ,!re 0 = _m m9ds no alt]native betwe5 cl]icalism & a!ism4 ,q logically1 !re=e1 aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,republic & ( ! ,empire !re set 9 a great reaction4 ,/ill x 0 simply a rev]sion to ! absolute religion ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* z set =? by ! ,jesuit p>ty4 ,!re 0 no real transc5d+ ( ! rationali/ movem5t 9 ,france 9 ! int]e/ ( religion4 ,!re has be5 no great con/ructive movem5t 9 religi\s ?\ght 9 ,france 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re is relatively little lit]ature ( our subject 9 ! ,fr5* language until rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rationali/ movem5t _h always _h ov] aga9/ x ! great foil & c\nt]poise ( ! pieti/ movem5t4 ,rationalism ran a mu* sob]] c\rse ?an 9 ,france4 ,x 0 nev] a revolution>y & de/ructive movem5t z 9 ,france4 ,x 0 n a dilettante & ari/ocratic movem5t z deism _h be5 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 f> m creative & con/ructive ?an else:]e4 ,"h also be=e ! end ( ! c5tury x _h run its c\rse4 ,yet "h ! m5 :o transc5d$ ! rationali/ movem5t & %ap$ ! spiritual revival 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 m5 :o _h !mselves be5 tra9$ 9 ! bosom ( ! rationali/ movem5t4 ,!y _h appropriat$ ! b5efits ( x4 ,!y did n repres5t a viol5t reaction aga9/ x1 b a natural & inevitable progress )9 & beyond x4 ,?is x 0 :i* gave to ! ,g]mans _! lead]%ip at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! sph]e ( ! intellectual life4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! great h]oes ( ! intellectual life 9 ,g]many1 9 ! p]iod ( :i* we speak1 7 mo/ ( !m deeply int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( religion4 ,! fir/ man to br+ to ,engl& ! leav5 ( ?is new _s1 & !re) to transc5d ! old philosophical /&po9t ( ,locke & ,hume1 0 ,col]idge ) 8 ,aids to ,reflection1 publi%$ 9 #ahbe4 ,b ev5 aft] ?is impulse ( ,col]idge ! movem5t rema9$ 9 ,engl& a sporadic & unc]ta9 "o4 ,x _h no?+ ( ! volume & cons]vativ5ess :i* belong$ to x 9 ,g]many4 ,col]idge left among 8 lit]>y rema9s a "w publi%$ 9 #ahdj "u ! title ( ,confessions ( an ,enquir+ ,_s4 ,:at is "h writt5 is l>gely ^u ! basis ( intuition & =eca/ l t ( ,rem>us & ,less+ a half-c5tury e>li] 9 ,g]many4 ,/rauss & o!rs 7 already at "w 9 ,g]many ^u ! problem ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,vatke & ,reuss ^u t ( ! ,old4 ,?is 0 a diff]5t k9d ( lab\r1 & de/9$ to h immeasurably great] significance4 ,george ,eliot's maid5 lit]>y lab\r 0 ! translation into ,engli% ( ,/rauss' fir/ edition4 ,b ! results ( t criticism 7 only sl[ly appropriat$ by ! ,engli%4 ,! o/5sible results 7 at fir/ radical & subv]sive 9 ! extreme4 ,!y 7 fi]cely repudiat$ 9 ,/rauss' own c\ntry4 ,yet 9 ! ma9 !re 0 ackn[l$gem5t ( ! correctness ( ! pr9ciple = :i* ,/rauss _h /ood4 ,h>dly be=e ! decade ( ! sixties 0 t me?od accept$ 9 ,engl& 9 any wid] way1 & h>dly be=e ! decade ( ! sev5ties 9 ,am]ica4 ,ronan 0 ! fir/ to set =?1 9 #ahfc1 ! hi/orical & critical problem 9 ! new _s1 9 a way t ! wide public :i* read ,fr5* und]/ood4 ,:5 we come to speak ( ! sci5tific movem5t x is n easy to say :]e ! lead]%ip lay4 ,_m ,engli%m5 7 9 ! fir/ rank ( inve/igators & accumulators ( mat]ial4 ,! fir/ attempt at a sy/ematisation ( ! results ( ! mod]n sci5ces 0 t ( ,augu/e ,comte 9 8 ,philosophie ,positive4 ,?is philosophy1 h[ev]1 "u its "n ( ,positivism1 ex]t$ a f> great] influ5ce1 bo? 9 ,comte's "t & subsequ5tly1 9 ,engl& ?an x did 9 ,france4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 aft] ! middle ( ! decade ( ! sixties1 essay$ to d some?+ ( ! sort :i* ,comte _h attempt$4 ,he _h f> great] advantages = ! solution ( ! problem4 ,comte's foil 9 all ( 8 discussions ( religion 0 ! ,ca?olicism ( ! s\? ( ,france4 ,none ! less1 ! religion :i* 9 8 lat] ye>s he creat$1 be>s /rik+ resemblance to t :i* 9 8 e>li] ye>s he _h s\ght to de/roy4 ,sp5c]'s attitude t[>d religion 0 9 8 e>li] "w "o ( m pron\nc$ antagonism or1 at lea/1 ( m complete agno/icism ?an 9 lat] days he f\nd requisite to ! ma9t5ance ( 8 sci5tific fre$om & consci5ti\sness4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 repres5t ! ef=t to con/rue ! _w1 includ+ man1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! natural & also ( ! social sci5ces1 & to def9e ! place ( religion 9 t view ( ! _w :i* is ?us set =?4 ,! fact t !re _h be5 no su* philosophical readju/m5t 9 ,great ,brita9 z 9 ,g]many1 made ! acceptance ( ! evolution>y !ory ( ! univ]se1 :i* m & m ! sci5ces en=c$1 sl[] & m difficult4 ,! p]iod ( resi/ance on ! "p ( ^? int]e/$ 9 religion ext5d$ f> into ! decade ( ! sev5ties4 ,a ^w may be add$ conc]n+ ,am]ica4 ,! e>ly settl]s _h be5 pr\d ( _! connection ) ! ,engli% univ]sities4 ,an extraord9>y numb] ( !m1 9 ,massa*usetts at lea/1 _h be5 ,cambridge m54 ,yet a tradition ( le>n+ 0 lat] develop$1 :i* 0 n )\t ! traits ( isolation natural 9 ! circum/ances4 ,! resid5ce1 = a "t1 ev5 ( a man l ,b]keley 9 ?is c\ntry1 alt]$ t b little4 ,! cl]gy rema9$ 9 s+ul> degree ! educat$ & highly influ5tial class4 ,! *ur*es _h develop$1 9 consonance ) _! ,puritan "*1 a !ology & philosophy s port5t\s 9 _! conclusions1 t we c )\t difficulty und]/& ! reaction :i* 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,wesleyanism _h modifi$ x 9 "s portions ( ! c\ntry1 b int5sifi$ x 9 o!rs4 ,deism app>5tly _h _h no great influ5ce4 ,:5 ! rationali/ movem5t ( ! old _w began to make itself felt1 x 0 at fir/ l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,france4 ,! religi\s life ( ! c\ntry at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 at a l[ ebb4 ,m5 l ,belaham & ,prie/ley 7 kn[n z apo/les ( a fre] _s 9 ! treatm5t ( ! problem ( religion4 ,prie/ley came to ,p5nsylvania 9 8 exile4 ,9 ! l>ge1 h[ev]1 "o may say t ! ,new ,engl& lib]al movem5t1 :i* came by & by to be call$ ,unit>ian1 0 z truly ,am]ican z 0 ! or?odoxy to :i* x 0 oppos$4 ,*ann+ rem9ds "o (t5 ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,!re is no evid5ce t he _h le>n$ f ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,! lib]al movem5t by its v impetuosity gave a new lease ( life to an or?odoxy :i*1 )\t t antagonism1 w\ld soon] h wan$4 ,! great revivals1 :i* 7 a b5$iction to ! life ( ! c\ntry1 7 ?\ght to h clos] relation to ! !ology ( ^? :o p>ticipat$ 9 !m ?an !y _h4 ,! brea* betwe5 ! lib]al & cons]vative t5d5cies ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ?is c\ntry came at a "t :5 ! philosophical recon/ruction 0 already well "u way 9 ,europe4 ,! debate cont9u$ until long aft] ! biblical-critical movem5t 0 9 progress4 ,! controv]sy 0 conduct$ ^u bo? sides 9 practically total ignorance ( ^! facts4 ,!re are traces ^u bo? sides ( t insight :i* makes ! my/ic a discov]] 9 religion1 be=e ! logic kn[n to him w su/a9 ! conclusion :i* he draws4 ,!re w always be int]e/ 9 ! lit]ature ( a discussion conduct$ by rev]5t &1 9 _! own way1 le>n$ & orig9al m54 ,yet !re is a pa?os ab\t ! /urdy orig9ality ( good m5 exp5d$ ^u a problem :i* _h be5 already solv$4 ,! m5 9 ei!r camp proce$$ f assumptions :i* are n[ impossible to ! m5 ( bo?4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! ,civil ,w> t ,am]ican /ud5ts ( !ology began 9 numb]s to /udy 9 ,g]many4 ,x is a mu* m rec5t ?+ t "o may assume ! imm$iate read+ ( =eign books1 or boa/ ( curr5t contribution f ,am]ican s*ol>s to ! lab\r ( ! _w's ?\ght ^u ^! !mes4 ,we %\ld make a great mi/ake if we suppos$ t ! progress has be5 an unceas+ =w>d movem5t4 ,q ! contr>y1 9 e aspect ( x ! life ( ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury pres5ts ! spectacle ( a great reaction4 ,! resurg5ce ( old ideas & =ces seems almo/ incr$ible4 ,9 ! political _w we are wont to attribute ?is fact to ! disillusionm5t :i* ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h wr\ght1 & ! suff]+ :i* ! ,napoleonic ,empire _h entail$4 ,! reaction 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 & p>ticul>ly ( religi\s ?\ght1 01 moreov]1 z m>k$ z t 9 ! _w ( de$s4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* pr(it$ by ?is sw+ ( ! p5dulum 9 ! m9ds ( m5 z mu* z did ! absolute ,/ate4 ,almo/ ! fir/ act ( ,pius ,,vii4 aft] 8 return to ,rome 9 #ahad1 0 ! revival ( ! ,society ( ,jesus1 :i* _h be5 aft] long agony 9 #aggc dissolv$ by ! papacy itself4 ',alt> & ?rone' became ! wat*word ( an ard5t attempt at re/oration ( all ( t :i* millions _h giv5 _! lives to d away4 ,all too easily1 "o :o writes 9 sympa?y ) t :i* is conv5tionally call$ progress may give ! impression t our p]iod is "o 9 :i* movem5t has be5 all 9 "o direction4 ,t is f> f be+ true4 ,"o ^: v ideal ( progress is t ( movem5t 9 directions opposite to ^? we h describ$ may well say t ! n9ete5? c5tury has _h its gifts = him z well4 ,! life ( mank9d is too complex t "o %\ld write ( x ) "o exclusive /&>d z to loss & ga94 ,& :atev] be "o's /&>d ! facts _c be ignor$4 ,! ,france ( ! ?irties & ! =ties saw a lib]al movem5t )9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! names ( ,lam5nais1 ( ,lacordaire1 ( ,montalemb]t & ,ozanam1 ! title l',av5ir occur to m5's m9ds at once4 ,p]haps !re has nev] be5 9 ,france a p>ty m truly ,ca?olic1 m dev\t1 ref9$ & tol]ant1 m fitt$ to heal ! brea* betwe5 ! cultivat$ & ! ,*ur*4 ,h[ev]1 be=e ! ,second ,empire1 an end _h be5 made ( t4 ,x _c be said t ! ,fr5* ,*ur* exactly fav\r$ ! infallibility4 ,x c]ta9ly did n /& aga9/ ! decree z 9 ! old days x w\ld h done4 ,! decree ( infallibility is itself ! greate/ witness ( ! /eady progress ( reaction 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,t action1 !oretically at lea/1 does away ) ev5 t measure ( popul> con/itution 9 ! ,*ur* to :i* ! end ( ! ,middle ,age _h held fa/ )\t wav]+1 :i* ! mightie/ ( popes _h n be5 able to aboli% & ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t _h n d>$ e>ne/ly to debate4 ,:e!r ! decree ( #ahgj is view$ 9 ! light ( ! ,syllabus ( ,errors ( #ahfd1 & aga9 ( ! ,encyclical ( #aijg1 or :e!r ! encyclicals are view$ 9 ! light ( ! decree1 ! fact rema9s t a p[] has be5 giv5 to ! ,curia aga9/ :at has come to be call$ ,mod]nism su* z ,innoc5t nev] wield$ aga9/ ! h]esies ( 8 day4 ,meantime1 s ho/ile are exactly ^? peoples among :om ,roman ,ca?olicism has _h full sway1 t x w\ld almo/ appe> t ! hope ( ! ,roman ,*ur* is 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i*1 9 ! sequ5ce ( ! ,re=mation1 a religi\s tol]ance obta9s1 :i* ! ,roman ,*ur* w\ld h done ev]y?+ 9 its p[] to prev5t4 ,aga91 we %\ld deceive ourselves if we suppos$ t ! reaction _h be5 felt only 9 ,roman ,ca?olic l&s4 ,a m9i/] ( ,prussia =bade ,kant to speak conc]n+ religion4 ,! ,prussia ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 & ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv4 0 almo/ z reaction>y z if ,mett]ni* _h rul$ 9 ,b]l9 z well z 9 ,vi5na4 ,! hi/ory ( ! c5sor%ip ( ! press & ( ! repression ( free ?\ght 9 ,g]many until ! ye> #ahdh is a sad *apt]4 ,! rul+ influ5ces 9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9 t era1 practically ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 7 reaction>y4 ,! univ]sities did inde$ 9 l>ge measure reta9 _! anci5t fre$om4 ,b ! *ur* 9 :i* ,h5g/5b]g c\ld be a lead]1 & 9 :i* /aun* sev5te5?-c5tury ,lu!ranism c\ld be effectively su/a9$1 0 almo/ doom$ to fur!r t ali5ation betwe5 ! life ( piety & ! life ( le>n+ :i* is s mu* to be deplor$4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ! cons]vatives h to ?is mom5t l>gely triumph$4 ,9 ! !ological faculties ( ! univ]sities ! lib]als 9 ! ma9 h held _! own4 ,! fact t bo? ,*ur* & faculties are function>ies ( ! ,/ate is (t5 cit$ z sure 9 ! end to br+ ab\t a solution ( ?is unhappy /ate ( ?+s4 ,= su* a solution1 x mu/ be own$1 we wait4 ,! ,engl& ( ! p]iod aft] #ahae _h inde$ no su* cause = reaction z obta9$ 9 ,france or ev5 9 ,g]many4 ,! nation hav+ _h its ,revolution 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury escap$ t ( ! eighte5?4 ,/ill ! c\ntry 0 exhau/$ 9 ! conflict aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,comm]cial1 indu/rial & social problems agitat$ x4 ,! ,*ur* slumb]$4 ,= a "t ! lib]al ?\ght ( ,engl& f\nd utt]ance ma9ly ?r\gh ! poets4 ,by ! decade ( ! ?irties movem5t _h begun4 ,! op9ions ( ! ,noetics 9 ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d1 n[ seem di/9ctly mild4 ,!y 7 suffici5t to awak5 ,newman & ,pusey1 ,fr\de1 ,keble1 & ! re/4 ,!n foll[$ ! mo/ significant ecclesia/ical movem5t :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury has se51 ! ,ox=d or ,tract>ian movem5t1 z x has be5 call$4 ,!re 0 consci\s recurr5ce ( a m9d l t ( ,newman to ! ,ca?olic position4 ,he _h nev] be5 able to conceive religion 9 any o!r t]ms ?an ^? ( dogma1 or ! ,*ri/ian assurance on any o!r basis ?an t ( ext]nal au?ority4 ,no?+ c\ld be frank] ?an ! antagonism ( ! movem5t1 f its inception1 to ! lib]al _s ( ! age4 ,by inn] logic ,newman f\nd himself at la/ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,yet ! ,anglo-,ca?olic movem5t is to-day ov]:elm+ly 9 ! asc5dant 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,! ,broad ,*ur*m5 ( ! middle ( ! c5tury h _h few successors4 ,x is ! ,high ,*ur* :i* /&s ov] aga9/ ! great mass ( ! diss5t+ *ur*es :i*1 tak5 9 ! l>ge1 c h>dly be said to be !ologically m lib]al ?an itself4 ,x is ! ,high ,*ur* :i* has %[$ ,franciscanlike devotion 9 ! problems ( social readju/m5t :i* ,engl& to-day pres5ts4 ,x has %[n 9 "s "p ( its con/itu5cy a p[] ( assimilation ( new philosophical1 critical & sci5tific views1 :i* makes all comp>ison ( x ) ! ,roman ,*ur* mislead+4 ,& yet x rema9s 9 its own consci\sness ,ca?olic to ! core4 ,9 ,am]ica also ! vig\r ( onset ( ! lib]alis+ =ces at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury t5d$ to provoke reaction4 ,! al>m ) :i* ! defection ( s consid]able a portion ( ! ,puritan ,*ur* 0 view$ gave coh]5ce to ! opposition4 ,!re 7 ^? :o dev\tly held t ! hope ( religion lay 9 its fur!r lib]alisation4 ,equally !re 7 ^? :o deeply felt t ! deliv]ance lay 9 resi/ance to lib]alisation4 ,"o ( ! concrete effects ( ! division ( ! *ur*es 0 ! sep>ation ( ! education ( ! cl]gy f ! univ]sities1 ! entru/+ x to isolat$ !ological s*ools "u d5om9ational control4 ,! sy/em has done less h>m ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,yet at pres5t !re w\ld appe> to be a g5]al movem5t ( recurr5ce to ! eld] tradition4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! religi\s life is to "s ext5t a matt] ( nurture & obs]vances1 ( religi\s habit & practice4 ,?is tru? is "o :i* lib]als1 9 _! emphasis ^u lib]ty & ! individual1 are always 9 dang] ( ov]look+4 ,! great revivals ( religion 9 ?is c5tury1 l ^? ( ! c5tury previ\s1 h be5 connect$ ) a =m ( religi\s ?\ght pron\nc$ly pieti/ic4 ,! build+ up ( religi\s in/itutions 9 ! new regions ( ! ,we/1 & ! p>ticipation ( ! *ur*es ( ! c\ntry 9 missions1 we> pr$om9antly ?is ca/4 ,antec$5tly1 "o might h said t ! lack ( ecclesia/ical cohesion among ! ,*ri/ians ( ! l&1 ! ease ) :i* a small gr\p might split (f = ! fur!rance ( its own p>ticul> view1 w\ld t5d to lib]alisation4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is is true4 ,isolation is n necess>ily a condition ( progress4 ,! emphasis ^u trivial diff]5ces becomes r a condition ( _! p]man5ce4 ,! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 a p]iod ( int5se d5om9ationalism4 ,t is synonym\s ) a p]iod ( ! /agnation ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,! religion ( a p absorb$ 9 ! practical is likely to be "o :i* !y at lea/ suppose to be a practical religion4 ,9 "o age ! mo/ practical ?+ w appe> to m5 to be to escape hell1 9 ano!r to fur!r socialism4 ,! ne$ ( adju/m5t ( religion to ! great intellectual life ( ! _w comes ) contact ) t life4 ,:at /rikes "o 9 ! survey ( ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! c\ntry1 by & l>ge1 = a c5tury & a qu>t]1 is n s mu* t x has be5 reaction>y1 z t x has be5 /ation>y4 ,almo/ e o!r aspect ( ! life ( our c\ntry1 includ+ ev5 t ( religi\s life z di/+ui%$ f religi\s ?\ght1 has gone ahead by leaps & b\nds4 ,?is x is :i* 9 a measure has creat$ ! t5sion :i* we feel4 ,b4 ,,! ,,backgr\nd ,deism ,9 ,engl& be=e ! end ( ! ,civil ,w> a movem5t = ! rationalisation ( religion _h begun to make itself felt4 ,x 0 9 full =ce 9 ! "t ( ! ,revolution ( #afhh4 ,x _h n altoge!r sp5t itself by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! movem5t has borne ! "n ( ,deism4 ,9 s f> z x _h "o wat*word1 ?is came to be 'natural religion4' ,! anti!sis _h 9 m9d 0 t to reveal$ religion1 z ?is _h be5 set =? 9 ! tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 & p>ticul>ly "u ! bibliolatry ( ! ,puritans4 ,x is a witness to ! lib]ty ( spee* enjoy$ by ,engli%m5 9 t day & to _! int]e/ 9 religion1 t su* a movem5t c\ld h aris5 l>gely among laym5 :o 7 (t5 m5 ( rank4 ,x is an hon\r to ! ,engli% race t1 9 ! p]iod ( ! ris+ might ( ! rational _s ?r\gh\t ! we/]n _w1 m5 %\ld h s\ght at once to utilise t =ce = ! re/atem5t ( religion4 ,yet "o may say q simply t ?is und]tak+ ( ! dei/s 0 premature4 ,! "t 0 n ripe = ! endeav\r4 ,! rationali/ movem5t itself ne$$ great] bread? & deep] und]/&+ ( itself4 ,above all1 x ne$$ ! salut>y correction ( oppos+ pr9ciples be=e x c\ld avail = ?is delicate & difficult task4 ,religion is ! mo/ cons]vative ( human int]e/s4 ,rationalism w\ld be successful 9 e/abli%+ a new int]pretation ( religion only aft] x _h be5 successful 9 _m o!r fields4 ,! argum5ts ( ! dei/s 7 nev] successfully refut$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! /rik+ ?+ is t _! oppon5ts1 ! militant div9es & writ+s ( numb]less volumes ( ',evid5ces = ,*ri/ianity1' _h come to ! same rational basis ) ! dei/s4 ,!y ref]r$ ev5 ! mo/ subtle que/ions to ! pure reason1 z no "o n[ w\ld d4 ,! dei/ical movem5t 0 n really defeat$4 ,x l>gely compell$ its oppon5ts to adopt its me?ods4 ,x left a deposit :i* is m ne>ly rat$ at its wor? at ! pres5t ?an x 0 9 its own "t4 ,b x ceas$ to comm& confid5ce1 or ev5 int]e/4 ,samuel ,johnson said1 z to ! publication ( ,bol+broke's "w by 8 executor1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! au?or's dea?3 ',x 0 a ru/y old blund]buss1 :i* he ne$ n h be5 afraid to dis*>ge himself1 in/ead ( leav+ a half-cr[n to a ,scot*man to let x (f aft] 8 dea?4' ,x is a great mi/ake1 h[ev]1 9 describ+ ! influ5ce ( rationalism ^u ,*ri/ian ?\ght to deal ma9ly ) deism4 ,engli% deism made itself felt 9 ,france1 z "o may see 9 ! case ( ,voltaire4 ,kant 0 at "o "t deeply mov$ by "s ,engli% writ]s :o w\ld be assign$ to ?is class4 ,9 a s5se ,kant %[$ traces ( ! dei/ical view to ! la/4 ,! c5tre ( ! rationali/ic movem5t _h1 h[ev]1 long s9ce pass$ f ,engl& to ! ,cont95t4 ,! religi\s problem 0 no long] its c5tral problem4 ,we q fail to appreciate :at ! n9ete5? c5tury owes to ! eighte5? & to ! rationali/ movem5t 9 g5]al1 unless we view ?is latt] 9 a f> great] way4 ,rationalism ,9 #aghd ,kant wrote a tractate entitl$1 ,0 i/ ,aufklrung8 ,he said3 ',aufklrung is ! advance ( man beyond ! /age ( volunt>y immaturity4 ,by immaturity is meant a man's inability to use 8 und]/&+ except "u ! guidance ( ano!r4 ,! immaturity is volunt>y :5 ! cause is n want ( intellig5ce b ( resolution4 ,sap]e aude6 ,d>e to use ?9e own und]/&+1 is !re=e ! motto ( free ?\ght4 ,if x be ask$1 ,d we live 9 a free-?9k+ age8 ! answ] is1 ,no1 b we live 9 an age ( free ?\ght4 ,z ?+s are at pres5t1 m5 9 g5]al are v f> f possess+1 or ev5 f be+ able to acquire1 ! p[] ( mak+ a sure & "r use ( _! own und]/&+ )\t ! guidance ( o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h cle> indications t ! field n[ lies1 nev]!less1 op5 be=e !m1 to :i* !y c freely make _! way & t ! h9drances to g5]al fre$om ( ?\ght are gradually becom+ less4 ,& aga9 he says3 ',if we wi% to insure ! true use ( ! und]/&+ by a me?od :i* is univ]sally valid1 we mu/ fir/ critically exam9e ! laws :i* are involv$ 9 ! v nature ( ! und]/&+ itself4 ,= ! k ( a tru? :i* is valid = ev]yone is possible only :5 bas$ on laws :i* are involv$ 9 ! nature ( ! human m9d1 z su*1 & h n be5 import$ into x f )\t ?r\gh facts ( exp]i5ce1 :i* mu/ always be accid5tal & conditional4' ,!re speaks1 ( c\rse1 ! prophet ( ! new age :i* 0 to transc5d ! old rationali/ movem5t4 ,m5 _h come to h>p 9 complac5cy ^u reason4 ,!y _h nev] inquir$ into ! nature & laws ( action ( ! reason itself4 ,kant1 ?\gh 9 fulle/ sympa?y ) its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 0 yet aw>e ( ! excesses & weaknesses 9 :i* ! rationali/ movem5t 0 runn+ out4 ,no man 0 ev] m truly a *ild ( rationalism4 ,no man has ev] writt51 to :om ! human reason 0 m div9e & inviolable4 ,yet no man ev] _h great] res]ves )9 himself :i* rationalism1 z x _h be51 _h nev] t\*$4 ,x 0 he1 !re=e1 :o c\ld lay ! f\ndations = a new & nobl] philosophy = ! future4 ,! ^w ,aufklrung1 :i* ! spee* ( ! ,fa!rl& furni%$ him1 is a bett] ^w ?an ours4 ,x is a bett] ^w ?an ! ,fr5* l',illum9isme1 ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,/ill we are app>5tly committ$ to ! t]m ,rationalism1 al?\gh x is n an altoge!r =tunate designation :i* ! ,engli%-speak+ race has giv5 to a t5d5cy practically univ]sal 9 ! ?9k+ ( ,europe1 f ab\t #afej to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,hi/orically1 ! rationali/ic movem5t 0 ! necess>y prelim9>y = ! mod]n p]iod ( ,european civilization z di/+ui%$ f ! ecclesia/ically & !ologically det]m9$ culture :i* _h prevail$ up to t "t4 ,x m>ks ! great cleft betwe5 ! anci5t & m$ival _w ( culture on ! "o h& & ! mod]n _w on ! o!r4 ,! ,re=mation _h b pu%$ aj> ! door to ! mod]n _w & !n seem$ 9 surprise & fe> ab\t to close x aga94 ,! ?read ( ! ,r5aissance 0 tak5 up aga9 only 9 ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,! /ream fl[$ und]gr\nd :i* 0 yet to f]tilise ! mod]n _w4 ,we are "h ma9ly conc]n$ to note ! bread? & univ]sality ( ! movem5t4 ,x 0 a trans=mation ( culture1 a *ange 9 ! pr9ciples und]ly+ civilisation1 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,x _h inde$1 z "o ( its mo/ g5]al traits1 ! antagonism to ecclesia/ical & !ological au?ority4 ,:atev] x 0 do+1 x 0 nev] )\t a sidelong glance at religion4 ,t 0 because ! alleg$ div9e "r ( *ur*es & /ates 0 ! "o might :i* x seem$ ev]y:]e necess>y to break4 ,! conflict ) ecclesia/icism1 h[ev]1 0 tak5 up also by ,pietism1 ! o!r great spiritual =ce ( ! age4 ,?is 0 9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,pieti/s' view ( religion 0 ! opposite ( ! rationali/ view4 ,rationalism 0 *>act]is$ by ?or\gh-go+ antagonism to sup]naturalism ) all its consequ5ces4 ,?is arose f its zeal = ! natural & ! human1 9 a day :5 all m51 def5d]s & assailants ( religion alike1 accept$ ! dictum t :at 0 human c\ld n be div9e1 ! div9e mu/ necess>ily be ! opposite ( ! human4 ,9 reality ?is g5]al trait ( opposition to religion deceives u4 ,x is sup]ficial4 ,9 l>ge "p ! rationali/s 7 will+ to leave ! "q ( religion on "o side if ! ecclesia/ics w\ld let !m alone4 ,?is is true 9 spite ( ! fact t ! pot-h\se rationalism ( ,g]many & ,france 9 ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd ! ma9 butt ( its ridicule 9 ! prie/hood & ! ,*ur*4 ,on its sob] side1 9 ! /udies ( s*ol>s1 9 ! bureaux ( /atesm51 9 ! laboratories ( discov]]s1 x f\nd m solid "w4 ,x accompli%$ results :i* t o!r trivial aspect mu/ n hide f u4 ,troelts* fir/ 9 our own day has giv5 u a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! va/ a*ievem5t ( ! movem5t 9 e dep>tm5t ( human life4#b ,x annihilat$ ! !ological notion ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! p]iod aft] ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> m5 began to "q :at _h be5 ! purpose ( x all4 ,diplomacy fre$ itself f ,jesuitical & papal notions4 ,x turn$ prepond]antly to comm]cial & economic aims4 ,a secul> view ( ! purpose ( ,god 9 hi/ory began to prevail 9 all classes ( society4 ,! ,gr& ,mon>que 0 ready to proclaim ! div9e "r ( ! ,/ate :i* 0 himself4 ,/ill1 n until ! p]iod ( 8 dotage did t claim be> any relation to :at ev5 he w\ld h call$ religion4 ,publici/s1 bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 s\ght to recur to ! lex natur 9 contradi/9ction ) ! old lex div9a4 ,! natural rights ( man1 ! rights ( ! p1 ! rationally condition$ rights ( ! ,/ate1 a natural1 prud5tial1 utilit>ian morality int]e/$ m54 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is !ory ( ! ,/ate 0 a complete alt]ation 9 ! ?\ght ( ! relation ( ,/ate & ,*ur*4 ,! nature ( ! ,*ur* itself z an empirical in/itution 9 ! mid/ ( human society 0 subject$ to ! same criticism ) ! ,/ate4 ,m5 saw ! ,*ur* 9 a new light4 ,z ! ,/ate 0 view$ z a k9d ( contract 9 m5's social int]e/1 s ! ,*ur* 0 reg>d$ z b a volunt>y association to c>e = _! religi\s int]e/s4 ,x 0 to be judg$ accord+ to ! practical success ) :i* x p]=m$ ?is function4 ,footnote #b3 ,troelts*1 ,art4 ',aufklrung' 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cylopdie1 #c ,aufl41 ,bd4 ii41 s4 #bbe f4 ,!n also1 9 ! economic & social field ! rational _s made itself felt4 ,comm]ce & ! gr[? ( colonies1 ! ext5sion ( ! middle class1 ! r$i/ribution ( weal?1 ! gr[? ( cities1 ! dep5d5ce 9 relations ( trade ( "o nation ^u ano!r1 all ^! ?+s %ook ! anci5t organisation ( society4 ,! indu/rial sy/em grew up ^u ! basis ( a naturali/ic !ory ( all economic relations4 ,unlimit$ fre$om 9 lab\r & 9 ! use ( capital 7 claim$4 ,!re came a great revolution 9 public op9ion ^u all matt]s ( morals4 ,! f]ocity ( religi\s w>s1 ! cruelty ( religi\s controv]sies1 ! bigotry ( ! confessional1 ^! all1 :i*1 only a g5]ation e>li]1 _h be5 tak5 by long-suff]+ humanity z if !y _h be5 matt]s ( c\rse1 7 n[ view$ ) contrition by ! m exalt$ spirits & ) contempt & embitt]m5t by ! re/4 ,m5 said1 if religion c give u n bett] morality ?an ?is1 x is high "t we look$ to ! natural basis ( morality4 ,natural morality came to be ! phrase ev] on ! lips ( ! lead+ spirits4 ,too frequ5tly !y _h come to look askance at ! morality ( ^? :o alleg$ a sup]natural sanction = t :i* !y at lea/ enjo9$ ^u o!rs4 ,we come 9 ?is field also1 z 9 o!rs1 ^u ! ass]tion ( ! human z nobl] & m beautiful ?an t :i* _h by ! !ologians be5 alleg$ to be div9e4 ,! ass]tion came inde$ to be made 9 ribald & blasphem\s =ms1 b x 0 n )\t a great measure ( provocation4 ,!n !re 0 ! alt]$ view ( nature :i* came ?r\gh ! sci5tific discov]ies ( ! age4 ,bacon1 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 ,gass5di1 ,newton1 are ! fa!rs ( ! mod]n sci5ces4 ,^! are ! m5 :o br\ght new worlds to our k & new me?ods to our use4 ,t ! sun does n move ab\t ! e>?1 t ! e>? is b a speck 9 space1 t heav5 _c be above nor hell b5ea?1 ^! are ?\ghts :i* h consequ5ces4 ,in/ead ( ! old d$uctive me?od1 t ( ! m$ival ,ari/otelianism1 :i* _h be5 worse ?an fruitless 9 ! /udy ( nature1 m5 n[ set out ) a great en?usiasm to /udy facts1 & to obs]ve _! laws4 ,mod]n optics1 ac\/ics1 *emi/ry1 geology1 zoology1 psy*ology & m$ic9e1 took _! rises )9 ! p]iod ( :i* we speak4 ,! influ5ce 0 indescribable4 ,newton might ma9ta9 8 own simple piety side by side1 s to say1 ) 8 "*1 z a sci5tific man1 ?\gh ev5 he did n escape ! accusation ( be+ a ,unit>ian4 ,9 ! resi/ance :i* (ficial religion (f]$ at e /ep to ! advance ( ! sci5ces1 x is small wond] if natures less placid f\nd ! ma9t5ance ( _! ance/ral fai? too difficult4 ,natural sci5ce 0 dei/ic ) ,locke & ,voltaire1 x 0 pan!i/ic 9 ! antique s5se ) ,%aftesbury1 x 0 pan!i/ic-my/ical ) ,sp9oza1 spirituali/ic ) ,desc>tes1 !i/ic ) ,leibnitz1 mat]iali/ic ) ! m5 ( ! ,encyclopdia4 ,x 0 or?odox ) nobody4 ,! miracle z traditionally def9$ became impossible4 ,at all ev5ts x became ! mill/one ar\nd ! neck ( ! apologi/s4 ,! movem5t w5t to an extreme4 ,all ! evils ( excess ^u ?is side f :i* we s9ce h suff]$ 7 =eca/4 ,!y 7 9 a measure call$ out by ! evils & errors :i* _h s long reign$ ^u ! o!r side4 ,aga91 9 ! field ( ! writ+ ( hi/ory & ( ! critique ( anci5t lit]atures1 ! pr9ciples ( rational criticism 7 work$ out & appli$ 9 all s]i\sness4 ,!n ^! maxims began to be appli$1 sometimes timidly & sometimes 9 scorn & %all[ness1 to ! sacr$ hi/ory & lit]ature z well4 ,to claim1 z ! def5d]s ( ! fai? 7 fa9 to d1 t ?is "o dep>tm5t ( hi/ory 0 exempt1 0 only to tempt hi/orians to say t ?is 0 equival5t to confession t we h n "h to d ) hi/ory at all4 ,nor c we ov]look ! fact t ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies witness$ a great philosophical revival4 ,"h aga9 x is ! rationali/ pr9ciple :i* is ev]y:]e at "w4 ,! obs]vations ^u nature1 ! new feel+ conc]n+ man1 ! va/ complex ( facts & impulses :i* we h be5 able 9 ^! few words to sugge/1 dem&$ a new philosophical treatm5t4 ,! philosophy :i* n[ took its rise 0 no long] ! s]vant ( !ology4 ,x 01 at mo/1 ! fri5d1 & ev5 possibly ! enemy1 ( !ology4 ,be=e ! end ( ! rationali/ p]iod x 0 ! ma/] ( !ology1 ?\gh (t5 :olly indiff]5t to !ology1 exactly because ( its s5se ( ma/]y4 ,! great philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,hume1 ,b]keley1 & ,kant1 belong ) a "p only ( _! "w & t5d5cy to ! rationali/ movem5t4 ,/ill _! "w re/$ ^u t :i* _h already be5 done by ,sp9oza & ,malebran*e1 by ,hobbes & ,leibnitz1 by ,desc>tes & ,bayle1 by ,locke & ,wolff1 by ,voltaire & ! ,encyclopdi/s4 ,) all ( ! contra/s among ^! m5 !re are common elem5ts4 ,!re is an ev] increas+ antipa?y to ! ?\ght ( orig9al s9 & ( sup]natural revelation1 !re is ! confid5ce ( human reason1 ! tru/ 9 ! w ( man1 ! en?usiasm = ! simple1 ! natural1 ! intelligible & practical1 ! hatr$ ( :at 0 s*ola/ic &1 above all1 ! repudiation ( au?ority4 ,all ^! elem5ts l$1 t[>d ! end ( ! p]iod1 to ! ef=t at ! con/ruction ( a really rational !ology4 ,leibnitz & ,less+ bo? work$ at t problem4 ,h[ev]1 n until aft] ! lab\rs ( ,kant 0 x possible to utilise ! results ( ! rationali/ movem5t = ! recon/ruction ( !ology4 ,if evid5ce = ?is /atem5t 7 want+1 x c\ld be abundantly giv5 f ! "w ( ,h]d]4 ,he 0 y\ng] ?an ,kant1 yet ! latt] seems to h ex]t$ b slight influ5ce ^u him4 ,he e>ne/ly desir$ to re9t]pret ,*ri/ianity 9 ! new light ( 8 "t1 yet p]haps no "p ( 8 "w is s futile4 ,pietism ,allusion has be5 made to pietism4 ,we h no ne$ to set =? its own a*ievem5ts4 ,we mu/ recur to x m]ely z "o ( ! influ5ces :i* made ! transition f ! c5tury ( rationalism to be>1 9 ,g]many1 an aspect diff]5t f t :i* x bore 9 any o!r l&4 ,pietism _h at fir/ mu* 9 common ) rationalism4 ,x %>$ ) ! latt] its opposition to ! :ole adm9i/ration ( religion e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate1 its antagonism to ! social di/9ctions :i* prevail$1 its individualism1 its emphasis ^u ! practical4 ,x 0 "p ( a g5]al religi\s reaction aga9/ ecclesia/icism1 z 7 also ,jans5ism 9 ,france1 & ,me?odism 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,:itefieldian revival 9 ,am]ica4 ,b1 ?r\gh ! "* ( ,sp5]1 & ?r\gh ! peculi>ity ( ,g]man social relations1 x ga9$ an influ5ce ov] ! educat$ classes1 su* z ,me?odism nev] _h 9 ,engl&1 nor1 on ! :ole1 ! ,great ,awak5+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 virtue ( ?is1 ,g]man pietism 0 able1 among influ5tial p]sons1 to pres5t victori\s opposition to ! m]ely secul> t5d5cies ( ! rationali/ic movem5t4 ,9 no small measure x brea!d into t movem5t a religi\s quality :i* 9 o!r l&s 0 utt]ly lack+4 ,x gave to x an e?ical s]i\sness f :i* 9 o!r places x _h too (t5 set itself free4 ,9 ,engl& !re _h foll[$ ^u ! age ( ! great religi\s conflict "o ( a/\nd+ ebb ( spiritual int]e/4 ,m5 turn$ ) all en]gy to ! political & economic int]e/s ( a :olly mod]n civilisation4 ,!y reta9$1 aft] a %ort p]iod ( friction1 a smug & latitud9>ian or?odoxy1 :i* ,me?odism did little to *ange4 ,9 ,france n only 0 ! ,hugu5ot ,*ur* annihilat$1 b ! ,jans5i/ movem5t 0 savagely suppress$4 ,! tyranny ( ! ,b\rbon ,/ate & ! corruption ( ! ,gallican ,*ur* :i* 0 s deeply id5tifi$ ) x caus$ ! rationali/ movem5t to be> ! trait ( a passionate opposition to religion4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pascal1 ,jans5ism _h a mom5t :5 x bade fair to be to ,france :at pietism 0 to ,g]many4 ,lat]1 9 ! angui% & isolation ( ! conflict ! movem5t lo/ its poise & intellectual quality4 ,9 ,g]many1 ev5 aft] ! tempor>y alliance ( pietism & rationalism aga9/ ! ,*ur* _h be5 transc5d$1 & ! l5g? & bread? ( _! mutual antagonism _h be5 reveal$1 !re rema9$ a deep mutual respect & salut>y int]action4 ,obscuranti/s & s5tim5tali/s might d5\nce rationalism4 ,vulg> rant]s l ,dippel & ,b>? might defame religion4 ,t _h little weight z comp>$ ) ! fact t ,klop/ock1 ,hamann & ,h]d]1 ,jacobi1 ,goe! & ,jean ,paul1 _h all pass$ at "s "t "u ! influ5ce ( pietism4 ,less+ le>n$ f ! ,moravians ! undogmatic ess5ce ( religion4 ,s*lei]ma*] 0 br$ among ! devot$ foll[]s ( ,z9z5dorf4 ,ev5 ! radicalism ( ,kant reta9$ f ! tea*+ ( 8 pieti/ic y\? ! /r+5cy ( its e?ic1 ! s5se ( ! radical evil ( human nature & ( ! categorical imp]ative ( duty4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d any?+ to surpass 8 te/imony to ! purity ( "* & _s ( 8 p>5ts1 or ! beauty ( ! home life 9 :i* he 0 br$4 ,su* facts z ^! made !mselves felt bo? 9 ! philosophy & 9 ! poetry ( ! age4 ,! rationali/ movem5t itself came to h an e?ical & spiritual trait4 ,! triviality1 ! morbidness & sup]/ition ( pietism receiv$ _! j condemnation4 ,b among ! lead]s ( ! nation 9 e walk ( life 7 "s :o felt ! draw+ to deal ) e?ical & religi\s problems 9 ! untrammell$ fa%ion :i* ! c5tury _h taught4 ,we may be p]mitt$ to try to %[ ! mean+ ( pietism by a concrete example4 ,no "o c read ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! y\?ful ,s*lei]ma*] & 8 lov+ b mi/ak5 fa!r1 or aga91 ! lifelong correspond5ce ( ,s*lei]ma*] ) 8 si/]1 )\t receiv+1 if he has any religion ( 8 own1 a t\*+ impression ( :at ! pieti/ic religion meant4 ,! fa!r _h long be=e1 unkn[n to ! son1 pass$ ?r\gh ! torm5ts ( ! rational assault ^u a fai? :i* 0 sacr$ to him4 ,he _h prea*$1 ?r\gh ye>s1 9 ! mis]y ( contradiction ) himself4 ,he _h rescu$ 8 dr[n+ s\l 9 ! ark ( ! mo/ intol]ant confessional or?odoxy4 ,9 ! crisis ( 8 son's life he pitiably conceal$ ^! facts4 ,!y %\ld h be5 ! bond ( sympa?y4 ,! son1 a sorr[ful little mo!rless boy1 0 s5t to ! ,moravian s*ool at ,niesky1 & !n to ,b>by4 ,he 0 to escape ! contam9ation ( ! univ]sities1 & ! woes ?r\gh :i* 8 fa!r _h pass$4 ,ev5 !re ! _s ( ! age pursu$ him4 ,! precoci\s lad1 9 8 lonel9ess1 rais$ e "q :i* ! race 0 wre/l+ )4 ,he long conceal$ ^! facts1 dread+ to w\nd ! man he s rev]$4 ,!n 9 a bur/ ( filial c&\r1 he ?rew himself ^u 8 fa!r's m]cy1 only to be abus$ & measurelessly condemn$4 ,he _h 8 way4 ,he resort$ to ,halle1 turn$ 8 back on sacr$ ?+s1 work$ 9 titanic fa%ion at ev]y?+ b ! problem ( religion4 ,at lea/ he kept 8 life clean & 8 s\l s5sitive among ! flagrantly immoral :o 7 all ab\t him1 ev5 9 ! pieti/s' own univ]sity4 ,he laid ! f\ndations = 8 future philosophical con/ruction4 ,he ba!d 9 ! s5tim5ts & sympa?ies1 poetic1 arti/ic & humanit>ian1 ( ! romantici/ movem5t4 ,9 8 e>ly ,b]l9 p]iod he 0 almo/ swept f 8 feet by its flood4 ,he rescu$ himself1 h[ev]1 by 8 rationalism & romanticism into a bread? & p[] ( fai? :i* made him ! prophet ( ! new age4 ,by him1 = a g5]ation1 m5 l-m9d$ sav$ _! s\ls4 ,z "o reads1 "o realises t x 0 ! pieti/s' religion :i* sav$ him1 & :i*1 9 ano!r s5se1 he sav$4 ,8 recollections ( 8 in/ruction among ! ,h]rnhut] are full ( beauty & pa?os4 ,8 si/] nev] advanc$ a /ep ^u ! long road :i* he travell$4 ,yet 8 sympa?y ) h] rema9$ unimpair$4 ,! two poles ( ! life ( ! age are visible "h4 ,! episode1 full ( exquisite p]sonal *>m1 is a v]itable m9iature ( ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ! movem5t :i* we h to record4 ,no "o did = ,engl& or = ,france :at ,s*lei]ma*] _h done = ! ,fa!rl&4 /hetic ,idealism ,besides pietism1 ! ,g]many ( ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury possess$ /ill ano!r foil & c\nt]poise to its decad5t rationalism4 ,?is 0 ! s-call$ /hetic-ideali/ic movem5t1 :i* %ades (f into romanticism4 ,! debt ( ,s*lei]ma*] to t movem5t has be5 already h9t$ at4 ,x 0 ! revolt ( ^? :o _h ?is 9 common ) ! pieti/s1 t !y hat$ & despis$ ! outworn rationalism4 ,!y ?\ght !y want$ no religion4 ,x is op5 to u to say t !y misund]/ood religion4 ,x 0 ?is misund]/&+ :i* ,s*lei]ma*] s\ght to br+ home to !m4 ,:at religion !y und]/ood1 ecclesia/icism1 ,roman or ,lu!ran1 or aga91 ! banalities & fanaticisms ( middle-class pietism1 !y despis$4 ,_! w> ) rationalism 0 n because x _h depriv$ man ( religion4 ,x _h be5 equally de/ructive ( ano!r side ( ! life ( feel+1 ! /hetic4 ,_! w> 0 n on behalf ( ! good1 x 0 9 ! "n ( ! beautiful4 ,rationalism _h />v$ ! s\l1 x _h m9imis$ & d]id$ feel+4 ,x _h suppress$ emotion4 ,x _h be5 fatal to art4 ,x 0 b>r5 ( poetry4 ,x _h _h no sympa?y ) hi/ory & no und]/&+ ( hi/ory4 ,x _h r$uc$ ev]y?+ to ! process by :i* two & two make f\r4 ,! pieti/s said t ! fr5zy = reason _h made man oblivi\s ( ! elem5t ( ! div9e4 ,! /hetic ideali/s said t x _h be5 fatal to ! elem5t ( ! human4 ,f ?is po9t ( view _! movem5t has be5 call$ ! new humanism4 ,! glam\r ( life 0 gone1 !y said4 ,my/]y _h vani%$4 ,& my/]y is ! womb ( e art4 ,rationalism _h be5 absolutely uncreative1 only & always de/ructive4 ,r\sseau _h e>li] utt]$ ?is wail 9 ,france1 & _h greatly influ5c$ c]ta9 m9ds 9 ,g]many4 ,%elley & ,keats 7 say+ some?+ ( ! sort 9 ,engl&4 ,ev5 z to ,wordswor?1 x may be an op5 "q if 8 religion 0 n ma9ly romanticism4 ,all ^! m5 us$ language :i* _h be5 conv5tionally associat$ ) religion1 to describe ?is o!r emotion4 ,rationalism _h end$ 9 prov+ deadly to ideals4 ,?is 0 true4 ,b m5 =got = ! mom5t h[ glori\s an ideal x _h once be5 to be rational & to ass]t ! rationality ( ! univ]se4 ,/ill ! "t _h come :51 9 ,g]many at all ev5ts1 ! great cry 01 'back to ! ideal4' ,x is curi\s t m5 always cry 'back' :5 !y mean '=w>d4' ,= x 0 n ! old idealism1 ei!r religi\s or /hetic1 :i* !y 7 seek+4 ,x 0 a new "o 9 :i* ! sob] fruits ( rationalism %\ld f9d place4 ,/ill1 = ! mom5t1 z we h se51 ! air 0 full ( ! cry1 'back to ! ,/ate by div9e "r1 back to ! ,*ur*1 back to ! ,middle ,age1 back to ! beauty ( classical antiquity4' ,! poetry1 ! romance1 ! arti/ic criticism ( ?is movem5t set !mselves free at a /roke f !ological bondage & f ! ext]nality ( conv5tional e?ics4 ,x %ook (f ! du/ ( ! doctr9aires4 ,x ridicul$ ! petty utilit>ianism :i* _h be5 ! vogue4 ,x _h su* an horizon z m5 _h nev] dream$ be=e4 ,x ow$ t horizon to ! rationalism x despis$4 ,f its new elevation x survey$ all ! great elem5ts ( ! life ( man4 ,x saw morals & religion1 language & society1 along ) art & itself1 z ! free & unconsci\s product ?r\gh ! ages1 ( ! vitality ( ! human _s4 ,x mu/ be said t x nei!r solv$ nor put away ! anci5t que/ions4 ,especially ?r\gh its "o-sid$ /heticism x veil$ t elem5t ( dualism 9 ! _w :i* ,kant cle>ly saw1 & we n[ see aga91 aft] a c5tury :i* has sometimes lean$ to easy pan!ism4 ,h[ev]1 x l$ to a /udy ( ! human s\l & ( all its activities1 :i* came clos] to liv+ nature ?an any?+ :i* ! _w _h yet se54 ,to ?is gr\p ( /hetic ideali/s belong1 n to m5tion less] names1 ,less+ & ,hamann & ,w9ckelmann1 b above all ,h]d] & ,goe!4 ,h]d] 0 surely ! f9e/ _s among ! eld] contempor>ies ( ,goe!4 ,bitt]ly ho/ile to ! rationali/s1 he _h be5 mov$ by ,r\sseau to en?usiasm = ! free creative life ( ! human _s4 ,) ,less+ he felt ! wor? ( e art 9 & = itself1 & ! greatness ( life 9 its own fulfilm5t4 ,he sets out f ! analysis ( ! poetic & arti/ic p[]s1 ! appreciation ( :i* seem$ to him to be ! key to ! und]/&+ ( ! spiritual _w4 ,!n fir/ he approa*es ! analysis ( ! e?ical & religi\s feel+4 ,all ! k & insight ?us ga9$ he ga!rs toge!r into a hi/ory ( ! spiritual life ( mank9d4 ,?is life ( ! human _s comes =? ev]y:]e f nature1 is b\nd to nature4 ,x con/itutes "o :ole ) a nature :i* ! dev\t s\l calls ,god1 & appreh5ds )9 itself z ! secret ( all t x is & does4 ,ev5 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* he _h become passionately ,*ri/ian1 ,h]d] nev] 0 able to atta9 to a sci5tific e/abli%+ ( 8 ,*ri/ianity1 or to any s5se ( ! specific aim ( its developm5t4 ,he felt himself to be sep>at$ f ,kant by an impassable gulf4 ,all ! %>p ant9omies among :i* ,kant mov$1 contra/s ( t :i* is s5su\s ) t :i* is reasonable1 ( exp]i5ce ) pure conception1 ( sub/ance & =m 9 ?\ght1 ( nature & fre$om1 ( incl9ation & duty1 seem$ to ,h]d] grossly exagg]at$1 if n absolutely false4 ,sometimes ,h]d] speaks z if ! end ( life 7 simply ! happ9ess :i* a man gets out ( ! use ( all 8 p[]s & out ( ! m]e fact ( exi/5ce4 ,deep] is ,kant's cont5tion1 t ! true aim ( life c be only moral culture1 ev5 indep5d5t ( happ9ess1 or r "o mu/ f9d 8 noble/ happ9ess 9 t moral culture4 ,at a p]iod 9 8 life :5 ,h]d] _h und]gone conv]sion to c\rt or?odoxy at ,bckeburg & ?reat5$ to ?r[ away t = :i* 8 life _h /ood1 he 0 greatly help$ by ,goe!4 ,! id5tification ( ,h]d] ) ,*ri/ianity cont9u$ to be m deep & direct ?an t ( ,goe! ev] became1 yet ,goe! has also 8 measure ( significance = our !me4 ,if he /eadi$ ,h]d] 9 8 religi\s exp]i5ce1 he /eadi$ o!rs 9 _! poetical emotionalism & arti/ic s5tim5tality1 :i* 7 fa/ becom+ vices ( ! "t4 ,! classic repose ( 8 _s1 8 app>5tly unconsci\s illu/ration ( ! anci5t maxim1 'no?+ too mu*1' 0 ! m rem>kable1 because !re 7 few influ5ces 9 ! :ole gamut ( human life to :i* he did n soon] or lat] surr5d] himself1 few exp]i5ces :i* he did n seek1 few areas ( ?\ght ^u :i* he did n ent]4 ,sy/ems & !ories 7 nev] mu* to 8 m9d4 ,a fact1 ev5 if x 7 inexplicable1 int]e/$ him mu* m4 ,to ! evolution ( =mal ?\ght 9 8 age he held himself receptive r ?an direct+4 ,he kept1 to ! la/1 8 own mann] ( brood+ & creat+1 )9 ! limits ( a poetic impressionabl5ess :i* in/9ctively view$ ! mat]ial _w & ! life ( ! s\l 9 sub/antially simil> fa%ion4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ humor\s 9 ! way 9 :i* he eag]ly appropriat$ ! results ( ! philosophis+ ( 8 "t1 9 s f> z he c\ld use ^! to su/a9 8 own positions1 & cau/ically reject$ ^? :i* he c\ld n ?us use4 ,he soon got by he>t ! negative lessons ( ,voltaire & f\nd1 to use ! words :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,fau/1 t :ile x fre$ him f 8 sup]/itions1 at ! same "t x made ! _w empty & dismal beyond endurance4 ,9 ! me*anical philosophy :i* pres5t$ itself 9 ! ,sy/me de la ,nature z a positive sub/itute = 8 lo/ fai?1 he f\nd only t :i* fill$ 8 poet's s\l ) horror4 ',x appe>$ to u1' he says1 's grey1 s cimm]ian & s dead t we %udd]$ at x z at a gho/4 ,we ?\ght x ! v qu9tess5ce ( old age4 ,all 0 said to be necess>y1 & !re=e !re 0 no ,god4 ,:y n a necessity = a ,god to take its place among ! o!r necessities6' ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ord9>y teleological !ology1 ) its ext]nal ar*itect ( ! _w & its ext]nally det]m9$ designs1 c\ld n seem to ,goe! m satisfactory ?an ! me*anical philosophy4 ,he jo9$ = a "t 9 ,r\sseau's cry = ! return to nature4 ,b ,goe! 0 f> too well balanc$ n to p]ceive t su* a cry may be ! expression ( a v artificial & sophi/icat$ /ate ( m9d4 ,x beg9s inde$ 9 ! desire to ?r[ (f t :i* is really oppressive4 ,x ends 9 a fretful & reckless revolt aga9/ ! mo/ necess>y conditions ( human life4 ,goe! liv$ long en\gh to see 9 ,france t dissolution ( all au?ority1 :e!r ( ,/ate or ,*ur*1 = :i* ,r\sseau _h p9$4 ,he saw x result 9 ! return ( a portion ( mank9d to :at we n[ believe to h be5 _! primitive /ate1 a /ate 9 :i* !y 7 'r$ 9 too? & claw4' ,x 0 n t p>adisaic /ate ( love & innoc5ce1 :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 bo? ,r\sseau & ! !ologians seem to h imag9$ 0 ! primitive /ate4 ,! ?\ght ( ! discipl9e & r5unciation ( our l[] nature 9 ord] to ! realisation ( a high] nature ( mank9d is writt5 ^u ! v face ( ! second "p ( ,fau/4 ,c]ta9 passages 9 ,di*tung & ,wahrheit are ev5 m famili>4 ',our physical z well z our social life1 morality1 cu/om1 k ( ! _w1 philosophy1 religion1 ev5 _m an accid5tal occurr5ce 9 our daily life1 all tell u t we mu/ r5\nce4' ',r5unciation1 once = all1 9 view ( ! et]nal1' t 0 ! lesson :i* he said made him feel an atmosph]e ( peace brea!d ^u him4 ,he p]ceiv$ ! supreme moral prom95ce ( c]ta9 ,*ri/ian ideas1 especially t ( ! atonem5t z he int]pret$ x4 ',x is altoge!r /range to me1' he writes to ,jacobi1 't ,i1 an old hea!n1 %\ld see ! cross plant$ 9 my own g>d51 & he> ,*ri/'s blood prea*$ )\t its (f5d+ me4' ,goe!'s qu>rel ) ,*ri/ianity 0 due to two causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 due to 8 view+ ,*ri/ianity z ma9ly1 if n exclusively1 a religion ( ! o!r _w1 z x has be5 call$1 a religion ^: ,god is n ! pr9ciple ( all life & nature & = :i* nature & life are n div9e4 ,9 ! second place1 x 0 due to ! prom95ce ( ! negative or ascetic elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity z commonly pres5t$1 to ! fact t 9 t pres5tation ! law ( self-sacrifice bore no relation to ! law ( self-realisation4 ,9 bo? ( ^! respects he w\ld h f\nd himself mu* m at home ) ! appreh5sion ( ,*ri/ianity :i* we h inh]it$ f ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! programme ( *>ity :i* he outl9es 9 ! ,w&]jahre z a sub/itute = religion w\ld be tak5 to-day1 s f> z x goes1 z a r mod]ate expression ( ! v _s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ideali/ic ,,philosophy ,! causes :i* we h nam$1 religi\s & /hetic1 z well z purely speculative1 l$ to su* a revision ( philosophical pr9ciples 9 ,g]many z took place 9 no o!r l&4 ,! new ideali/ic philosophy1 z x took %ape prim>ily at ! h&s ( ,kant1 complet$ ! dissolution ( ! old rationalism4 ,x laid ! f\ndation = ! speculative ?\ght ( ! we/]n _w = ! c5tury :i* 0 to come4 ,! answ]s :i* /heticism & pietism gave to rationalism 7 incomplete4 ,!y consi/$ l>gely 9 call+ att5tion to t :i* rationalism _h ov]look$4 ,kant's idealism1 h[ev]1 met ! intellectual movem5t on its own gr\nds4 ,x triumph$ ov] x ) its own weapons4 ,! o!rs set feel+ ov] aga9/ ?\ght4 ,he taught m5 a new me?od 9 ?9k+4 ,! o!rs put emotion ov] aga9/ reason4 ,he criticis$ 9 dra/ic fa%ion ! use :i* _h be5 made ( reason4 ,he inquir$ into ! nature ( reason4 ,he v9dicat$ ! reasonabl5ess ( "s tru?s :i* m5 _h inde$ felt to be indefeasibly true1 b :i* !y _h n be5 able to e/abli% by reason+4 ,,kant ,immanuel ,kant 0 born 9 #agbd 9 ,knigsb]g1 possibly ( remot] ,scotti% ance/ry4 ,8 fa!r 0 a saddl]1 z ,melan*?on's _h be5 an arm\r] & ,wolff's a tann]4 ,8 native city ) its univ]sity 0 ! sc5e ( 8 :ole life & lab\r4 ,he 0 nev] outside ( ,prussia except = a brief int]val :5 ,knigsb]g belong$ to ,russia4 ,he 0 a ,g]man pr(essor ( ! old /yle4 ,/udy+1 tea*+1 writ+ books1 ^! 7 8 :ole exi/5ce4 ,he 0 ! f\r? ( n9e *ildr5 ( a devot$ pieti/ h\sehold4 ,two ( 8 si/]s s]v$ 9 ! h\ses ( fri5ds4 ,! consi/orial-ra? op5$ ! way to ! univ]sity4 ,an uncle aid$ him to publi% 8 fir/ books4 ,8 e>li] int]e/ 0 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,he 0 sl[ 9 com+ to promotion4 ,only aft] #aggj 0 he full pr(essor ( logic & metaphysics4 ,9 #agha he publi%$ ! fir/ ( ! books ^u :i* re/s 8 _w-wide fame4 ,nev]!less1 he liv$ to see ! triumph ( 8 philosophy 9 mo/ ( ! ,g]man univ]sities4 ,8 subjects are ab/ruse1 8 /yle involv$4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him to make ! treatm5t ( 8 !mes easi] by use ( ! imag9ation4 ,he _h b a modicum ( t quality4 ,he 0 ho/ile to ! pride ( intellect (t5 manife/$ by petty rationali/s4 ,he 0 almo/ equally ho/ile to excessive en?usiasm 9 religion4 ,! note ( 8 life1 ap>t f 8 intellectual p[]1 0 8 e?ical s]i\sness4 ,he 0 9 conflict ) ecclesia/ical p]sonages & out ( sympa?y ) mu* ( in/itutional religion4 ,none ! less1 he 0 9 8 own way "o ( ! mo/ religi\s ( m54 ,8 brief conflict ) ,wlln]'s gov]nm5t 0 ! only in/ance 9 :i* 8 peace & public hon\r 7 di/urb$4 ,he nev] m>ri$4 ,he di$ 9 ,knigsb]g 9 #ahjd4 ,he _h be5 = t5 ye>s s mu* enfeebl$ t 8 dea? 0 a m]ciful release4 ,kant us$ ! ^w 'critique' s (t5 t 8 philosophy has be5 call$ ! 'critical philosophy4' ,! ^w !re=e ne$s an explanation4 ,kant himself di/+ui%$ two types ( philosophy1 :i* he call$ ! dogmatic & critical types4 ,! ess5ce ( a dogmatic philosophy is t x makes belief to re/ ^u k4 ,its endeav\r is to demon/rate t :i* is believ$4 ,x br+s out z its foil ! *>act]i/ically sceptical philosophy4 ,?is e/eems t ! pro(s advanc$ 9 ! int]e/ ( belief are inadequate4 ,! belief itself is !re=e an illusion4 ,! ess5ce ( a critical philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t x makes a di/9ction betwe5 ! functions ( kn[+ & believ+4 ,x di/+ui%es betwe5 ! p]ception ( t :i* is 9 accordance ) natural law & ! und]/&+ ( ! moral mean+ ( ?+s4#c ,kant ?us uses 8 ^w critique 9 accordance ) ! /rict etymological mean+ ( ! root4 ,he seeks to make a cle> sep>ation betwe5 ! prov9ces ( belief & k1 & ?us to f9d an adju/m5t ( _! claims4 ,( an object ( belief we may inde$ say t we "k x4 ,yet we mu/ make cle> to ourselves t we "k x 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* we "k physical fact4 ,fai?1 s9ce x does n spr+ f ! pure reason1 _c inde$1 z ! old dogmatisms1 bo? philosophical & !ological1 h unit$ 9 ass]t+1 be demon/rat$ by ! reason4 ,equally x _c1 z scepticism has decl>$1 be ov]?r[n by ! pure reason4 ,! anci5t positive dogmatism _h be5 ! ideali/ic philosophy ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! old negative dogmatism _h be5 ! mat]ialism ( ! ,epicureans4 ,to ,plato ! _w 0 ! realisation ( ideas4 ,ideas1 spiritual entities1 7 ! c\nt]p>ts & necess>y antec$5ts ( ! natural objects & actual facts ( life4 ,to ! ,epicureans1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are only mat]ial bodies & natural laws4 ,!re are no ideas or purposes4 ,9 ! foot/eps ( ! =m] mov$ all ! s*ola/ics ( ! ,middle ,age1 & aga91 ev5 ,locke & ,leibnitz 9 _! s-call$ 'natural !ology4' ,9 ! foot/eps ( ! latt] mov$ ! m5 :o _h made mat]ialism & scepticism to be ! dom9ant philosophy ( ,france 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! aim ( ,kant 0 to resolve ?is age-long contradiction4 ,free1 unprejudic$ inve/igation ( ! facts & laws ( ! ph5om5al _w c nev] t\* ! f\ndations ( fai?4 ,natural sci5ce c lead 9 ! k only ( ! realm ( ! laws ( ?+s4 ,x _c give u ! inn] moral s5se ( ^? ?+s4 ,to speak ( ! purposes ( nature z m5 _h done 0 absurd4 ,natural !ology1 z m5 _h talk$ ( x1 0 impossible4 ,:at sci5ce c give is a k ( ! facts ab\t u 9 ! _w1 ( ! gr[? ( ! cosmos1 ( ! developm5t ( life1 ( ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 all view$ z necess>y sequ5ces ( cause & effect4 ,footnote #c3 ,pauls51 ,kant1 a4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) ! ideali/s1 ,kant is fully p]suad$ t !re is a mean+ 9 ?+s & t we c "k x4 ,!re is a s5se 9 life4 ,) imm$iate c]ta9ty we set moral good z ! absolute aim 9 life4 ,?is is done1 h[ev]1 n ?r\gh ! pure reason or by sci5tific ?9k+1 b prim>ily ?r\gh ! w1 or z ,kant pref]s to call x1 ! practical reason4 ,:at is meant by ! practical reason is ! intellig5ce1 ! w & ! affections op]at+ toge!r2 t is to say1 ! :ole man & n m]ely 8 intellect1 direct$ to ^? problems ^u :i*1 9 sympa?y & moral reaction1 ! :ole man mu/ be direct$ & ^u :i* ! pure reason1 ! m]e faculty ( ratioc9ation1 does n adequately op]ate4 ,9 ! practical reason ! w is ! c5tral ?+4 ,! w is t faculty ( man to :i* moral magnitudes appeal4 ,x is ) moral magnitudes t ! w is prim>ily conc]n$4 ,! pure reason may op]ate )\t ! w & ! affections4 ,! w1 z a s\rce ( k1 nev] works )\t ! intellig5ce & ! affections4 ,b x is ! w :i* alone judges accord+ to ! pr$icates good & evil4 ,! pure reason judges accord+ to ! pr$icates true & false4 ,x is ! practical reason :i* v5tures ! cr$5ce t moral wor? is ! supreme wor? 9 life4 ,x !n confirms ?is v5tur$ cr$5ce 9 a manifold exp]i5ce t yields a c]ta9ty ) :i* no c]ta9ty ( objects giv5 9 ! s5ses is = a mom5t to be comp>$4 ,we "k t :i* we h believ$4 ,we "k x z well z t two & two make f\r4 ,/ill we d n "k x 9 ! same way4 ,nor c we br+ k ( x to o!rs save ?r\gh an act ( fre$om on _! "p1 :i* is p>allel to ! orig9al act ( fre$om on our own "p4 ,h[ c ^! two modes ( ?\ght /& relat$ ! "o to ! o!r8 ,kant's answ] is t !y correspond to ! di/9ction betwe5 two worlds1 ! _w ( s5se & ! transc5d5tal or sup]s5sible _w4 ,! pure & ! practical reason are ! faculties ( man = deal+ ) ^! two worlds respectively1 ! ph5om5al & ! n\m5al4 ,! _w :i* is ! object ( sci5tific inve/igation is n ! actuality itself4 ,?is is true 9 spite ( ! fact t to ! common man ! mat]ial & s5sible is always1 z he w\ld say1 ! real4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ,kant's op9ion ! mat]ial _w is only ! pres5tation to our s5ses ( some?+ deep]1 ( :i* our s5ses are no judge4 ,! reality lies beh9d ?is s5sible pres5tation & appe>ance4 ,! _w ( religi\s belief is ! _w ( ?is transc5d5t reality4 ,! _s ( man1 :i* is n pure reason only1 b moral w z well1 recognises itself also z "p ( ?is reality4 ,x expresses ! ess5ce ( t my/]i\s reality 9 t]ms ( its own ess5ce4 ,its own ess5ce z free _s is ! highe/ aspect ( reality ( :i* x is aw>e4 ,x may be unconsci\s ( ! symbolic nature ( its language 9 describ+ t :i* is high] ?an any?+ :i* we "k1 by ! highe/ :i* we d "k4 ,yet1 grant+ t1 & suppos+ t x is n a contradiction to attempt a description ( ! transc5d5t at all1 !re is no description :i* c>ries u s f>4 ,?is s]ies ( ideas 0 p]haps t :i* gave to ,kant's philosophy its imm$iate & imm5se effect ^u ! m9ds ( m5 we>i$ ) ! endless /rife & insoluble contradiction ( ! dogmatic & sceptical spirits4 ,we may disagree ) mu* else 9 ! ,kantian sy/em4 ,ev5 "h we may say t we h n two reasons1 b only two function+s ( "o4 ,we h n two worlds4 ,! philosophical my? ( two worlds has no bett] /&+ ?an ! religi\s my? ( two worlds4 ,we h two *>act]i/ic aspects ( "o & ! same _w4 ,^! p]fectly int]p5etrate ! "o ! o!r1 if we may help ourselves ) ! language ( space4 ,ea* is ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! actions ( reason & aspects ( _w %ade into "o ano!r by imp]ceptible degrees4 ,almo/ all function+s ( reason h some?+ ( ! qualities ( bo?4 ,h[ev]1 :5 all is said1 x 0 ( greate/ wor? to h _h ^! two opposite poles ( ?\ght br\ght cle>ly to m9d4 ,! dogmati/s1 9 ! int]e/ ( fai?1 7 resi/+ at e /ep ! progress ( ! sci5ces1 feel+ t t progress 0 inimical to fai?4 ,! devotees ( sci5ce 7 say+ t its processes 7 ( univ]sal validity1 its conclusions irresi/ible1 ! gradual dissolution ( fai? 0 c]ta94 ,kant made pla9 t nei!r p>ty _h ! "r to su* conclusions4 ,ea* 0 attempt+ to apply ! processes appropriate to "o =m ( rational activity )9 ! sph]e :i* belong$ to ! o!r4 ,no?+ b confusion c\ld result4 ,! religi\s man has no reason to be jeal\s ( ! advance ( ! sci5ces4 ,! int]e/s ( fai? itself are fur!r$ by su* inve/igation4 ,illusions z to fact :i* h be5 mi/ak5ly id5tifi$ ) fai? are ?us done away4 ,nev]!less1 its own et]nal "r is assur$ to fai?4 ,) x lies ! int]pretation ( ! facts ( nature & ( hi/ory1 :atev] ^? facts may be f\nd to be4 ,) ! practical reason is ! int]pretation ( ^! facts accord+ to _! moral wor?1 a wor? ( :i* ! pure reason kn[s no?+ & sci5tific inve/igation reveals no?+4 ,"h 0 a deliv]ance n unlike t :i* ! ,re=mation _h br\ght4 ,! m+l+ ( ,ari/otelianism & religion 9 ! s*ola/ic !ology ,lu!r _h assail$4 ,in/ead ( ass5t to human dogmas ,lu!r _h ! imm$iate assurance ( ! he>t t ,god 0 on 8 side4 ,& :at is t b a judgm5t ( ! practical reason1 ! response ( ! he>t 9 man to ! spiritual univ]se8 ,x is giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,x is n m$iat$ by argum5t4 ,x _c be de/roy$ by syllogism4 ,x ne$s no confirmation f sci5ce4 ,x is capable ( comb9ation ) any ( ! *ang+ int]pretations :i* sci5ce may put ^u ! outw>d univ]se4 ,! ,re=mation _h1 h[ev]1 n held fa/ to its great tru?4 ,x _h gone back to ! old s*ola/ic position4 ,x _h re/$ fai? 9 an ess5tially rationali/ic mann] ^u suppos$ facts 9 nature & alleg$ ev5ts ( hi/ory 9 connection ) ! revelation4 ,x _h ?us jeop>dis$ ! :ole cont5t ( fai?1 %\ld ^! suppos$ facts ( nature or ev5ts 9 hi/ory be at any "t disprov$4 ,m5 _h made fai? to re/ ^u /atem5ts ( ,scripture1 alleg+ su* & su* acts & ev5ts4 ,!y did n recognise ^! z ! nave & *ildlike assumptions conc]n+ nature & hi/ory :i* ! au?ors ( ,scripture w\ld naturally h4 ,:51 !re=e1 ^! /atem5ts began ) ! progress ( ! sci5ces to be disprov$1 ! def5d]s ( ! fai? pres5t$ always ! feeble spectacle ( be+ driv5 f "o =m ( evid5ce to ano!r1 z ! old 7 9 turn de/roy$4 ,! assumption 0 rife at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ,*ri/ianity 0 discr$it$ 9 ! m9ds ( all free & reasonable m54 ,its t5ets 7 incompatible ) t :i* enlight5$ m5 infallibly knew to be true4 ,x c\ld be no long "t until ! holl[ness & %am w\ld be pat5t to all4 ,ev5 ! int]e/$ & ! ignorant w\ld be compell$ to give x up4 ,( c\rse1 ! inv9cibly dev\t 9 e nation felt ( in/9ct t ?is 0 n true4 ,!y felt t !re is an inexpugnable tru? ( religion4 ,/ill t 0 m]ely an intuition ( _! he>ts4 ,!y 7 "r4 ,b !y 7 unable to prove t !y 7 "r1 or ev5 to get a he>+ ) _m ( ! cultivat$ ( _! age4 ,to ,kant we owe ! debt1 t he put an end to ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,he made ! real evid5ce = religion t ( ! moral s5se1 ( ! nonsci5ce & he>ts ( m5 !mselves4 ,! real gr\nd ( religi\s conviction is ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,he ?us set free bo? sci5ce & religion f an emb>rassm5t "u :i* bo? lab\r$1 & by :i* bo? _h be5 injur$4 ,kant p>t$ company ) ! empirical philosophy :i* _h held t all k arises f )\t1 comes f exp]i5c$ s5sations1 is ess5tially p]ception4 ,?is !ory _h n be5 able to expla9 ! fact t human exp]i5ce always con=ms to c]ta9 laws4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! philosophy ( s-call$ innate ideas _h s\ght to d]ive all k f ! con/itution ( ! m9d itself4 ,x left out ( consid]ation ! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d ^u exp]i5ce4 ,x t5d$ to conf\nd ! creations ( its own speculation ) reality1 or r1 to claim correspond5ce ) fact = /atem5ts :i* _h no w>rant 9 exp]i5ce4 ,!re 0 no limit to :i* ?is speculative process might n be pu%$4 ,by ?is process ! m$ieval !ologians1 ) all gravity1 prop\nd$ ! mo/ absurd speculations conc]n+ nature4 ,by ?is process m5 made ! mo/ a/oni%+ decl>ations ^u ! basis1 z !y suppos$1 ( revelation4 ,!y made allegations conc]n+ hi/ory & ! religi\s exp]i5ce :i* ! mo/ rudim5t>y k ( hi/ory or reflection ^u consci\sness prov$ to be q contr>y to fact4 ,bo? empiricism & ! !ory ( innate ideas _h agre$ 9 reg>d+ all k z some?+ giv51 f )\t or f )94 ,! kn[+ m9d 0 only a passive recipi5t ( impressions ?us imp>t$ to x4 ,x 0 z wax "u ! /ylus1 tabula rasa1 clean pap] wait+ to be writt5 ^u4 ,kant dep>t$ f ?is radically4 ,he decl>$ t all cognition re/s ^u ! union ( ! m9d's activity ) its receptivity4 ,! mat]ial ( ?\ght1 or at lea/ "s ( ! mat]ials ( ?\ght1 mu/ be giv5 u 9 ! multi=mity ( our p]ceptions1 ?r\gh :at we call exp]i5ce f ! out] _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =mation ( ?is mat]ial into k is ! "w ( ! activity ( our own m9ds4 ,k is ! result ( ! sy/ematis+ ( exp]i5ce & ( reflection ^u x4 ,?is activity ( ! m9d takes place always 9 accordance ) ! m9d's own laws4 ,kant held !m to ! absolute dep5d5ce ( k ^u mat]ial appli$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,he comp>$ himself to ,cop]nicus :o _h taught m5 t !y !mselves revolv$ ar\nd a c5tral fact ( ! univ]se4 ,!y _h suppos$ t ! facts revolv$ ab\t !m4 ,! c5tral fact ( ! intellectual _w is exp]i5ce4 ,?is exp]i5ce seems to be giv5 u 9 ! =ms ( "t & space & cause4 ,^! are m]ely =ms ( ! m9d's own activity4 ,x is n possible = u to "k '! ?+ 9 itself1' ! ,d+ an si* 9 ,kant's phrase1 :i* is ! ext]nal factor 9 any s5sation or p]ception4 ,we _c di/+ui% t ext]nal factor f ! contribution to x1 z x /&s 9 our p]ception1 :i* our own m9ds h made4 ,if we _c d t ev5 = ourselves1 h[ mu* less c we d x = o!rs6 ,x is ! subject1 ! ?9k+ be+ :o says ',i1' :i*1 by means ( its *>act]i/ic & necess>y active processes1 9 ! p]ception ( ?+s "u ! =ms ( "t & space1 conv]ts ! *aotic mat]ial ( k into a regul> & ord]$ _w ( reason$ exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se ! und]/&+ itself imposes laws1 if n ^u nature1 yet1 at lea/1 ^u nature z we c ev] "k x4 ,!re is ?us 9 ,kant's philosophy a sceptical aspect4 ,k is limit$ to ph5om5a4 ,we _c by pure reason "k any?+ ( ! _w :i* lies beyond exp]i5ce4 ,?is ?\ght _h be5 put =? by ,locke & ,b]keley1 & by ,hume also1 9 a diff]5t way4 ,b ) ,kant ?is scepticism 0 n ! gi/ ( 8 philosophy4 ,x 0 urg$ r z ! basis ( ! uncondition$ "* :i* he propos$ to ass]t = ! practical reason4 ,kant's scepticism is !re=e v diff]5t f t ( ,hume4 ,x does n militate aga9/ ! pr(\nde/ religi\s conviction4 ,yet x prep>$ ! way = "s ( ! j claims ( mod]n agno/icism4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 x is z mu* ! prov9ce ( ! practical reason to lay d[n laws = action z x is ! prov9ce ( pure reason to det]m9e ! conditions ( ?\ght1 ?\gh ! practical reason c def9e only ! =m ( action :i* %all be 9 ! _s ( duty4 ,x _c pres5t duty to u z an object ( desire4 ,desire c be only a =m ( self-love4 ,9 ! end x reckons ) ! advantage ( hav+ done "o's duty4 ,x ?us becomes selfi% & degrad$4 ,! id5tification ( duty & int]e/ 0 p>ticul>ly (f5sive to ,kant4 ,he 0 at w> ) e =m ( h$onism4 ,to d "o's duty because "o expects to reap advantage is n to h done "o's duty4 ,! do+ ( duty 9 ?is _s simply resolves itself into a subtl] & m p]vasive =m ( selfi%ness4 ,he ca/igates ! popul> pres5tation ( religion z fo/]+ ?is same fault4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a trait ( rigorism 9 ,kant1 a survival ( ! anci5t dualism1 :i* 0 n altoge!r consi/5t ) ! implications ( 8 own philosophy4 ,?is philosophy af=d$1 z we h se51 ! basis = a moni/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,b to 8 m9d ! natural incl9ations ( man are oppos$ to good consci5ce & s\nd reason4 ,he _h contempt = ! %all[ optimism ( 8 "t1 accord+ to :i* ! nature ( man 0 all good1 & ne$$ only to be all[$ to run its natural c\rse to produce highe/ e?ical results4 ,he does n seem to h p5etrat$ to ! root ( ,r\sseau's fallacy1 ! d\ble s5se 9 :i* he con/antly us$ ! words 'nature' & 'natural4' ,o!rwise1 ,kant w\ld h be5 able to repudiate ! prepo/]\s doctr9e ( ,r\sseau1 )\t himself fall+ back ^u ! doctr9e ( ! radical evil ( human nature4 ,9 ?is doctr9e he is practically at "o ) ! popul> tea*+ ( 8 own pieti/ic backgr\nd1 & ) ,calv9ism z x prevail$ ) _m ( ! religi\sly-m9d$ ( 8 day4 ,9 its extreme /atem5ts ! latt] rem9ds "o ( ! pagan & ori5tal dualisms :i* s long ran p>allel to ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght & s pr(\ndly influ5c$ x4 ,kant's sy/em is n at "o ) itself at ?is po9t4 ,accord+ to him ! natural incl9ations ( m5 are su* z to produce a nev]-end+ /ruggle betwe5 duty & desire4 ,to desire to d a ?+ made him suspici\s t he 0 n actuat$ by ! pure _s ( duty 9 do+ x4 ,! s5se 9 :i* man may be 9 8 nature bo? a *ild ( ,god1 &1 at ! same "t1 "p ( ! great complex ( nature1 0 n yet cle> ei!r to ,kant or to 8 oppon5ts4 ,8 pessimism 0 a reflection ( 8 moral s]i\sness4 ,yet x fail$ to reckon ) t :i* is yet a glori\s fact4 ,"o ( ! *ief results ( do+ "o's duty is ! gradual escape f ! desire to d ! contr>y4 ,x is ! gradual fo/]+ by u1 ! ultimate dom9ance 9 u1 ( ! desire to d t duty4 ,ev5 to h se5 "o's duty is ! dawn+ 9 u ( ?is high desire4 ,9 ! l[e/ man !re is inde$ ! sup]ficial desire to indulge 8 passions4 ,!re is also ! lat5t long+ to be con=m$ to ! good4 ,!re is ! s5se t he fulfils himself !n only :5 he is ob$i5t to ! good4 ,"o ( ! great facts ( spiritual exp]i5ce is ?is gradual1 or ev5 sudd51 inv]sion ( /&>d )9 u4 ,we d really cease to desire ! ?+s :i* are aga9/ "r reason & consci5ce4 ,we come to desire ! good1 ev5 if x %all co/ u pa9 & sacrifice to d x4 ,paul c\ld write3 ',:5 ,i w\ld d good1 evil is pres5t ) me4' ,b1 9 ! vividness ( 8 id5tification ( 8 will+ self ) 8 bett] self aga9/ 8 s9n+ self1 he c\ld also write3 ',s !n x is no m ,i t d ! s94' ,das radicale ,bse ( human nature is less radical ?an ,kant suppos$1 & '! categorical imp]ative' ( duty less ext]nally categorical ?an he alleg$4 ,/ill x is ! great m]it ( ,kant's philosophy to h br\ght out ) all possible emphasis1 n m]ely z aga9/ ! optimism ( ! %all[1 b z aga9/ ! h$onism ( sob]] p1 t our life is a conflict betwe5 incl9ation & duty4 ,! claims ( duty are ! high] ones4 ,!y are m&atory1 absolute4 ,we d our duty :e!r or n we sup]ficially desire to d x4 ,we d our duty :e!r or n we =esee advantage 9 hav+ done x4 ,we %\ld d x if we =esaw ) cle>ness disadvantage4 ,we %\ld f9d our satisfaction 9 hav+ done x1 ev5 at ! co/ ( all our o!r satisfactions4 ,!re is a mu/ :i* is ov] & above all our desires4 ,?is is :at ,kant really means by ! categorical imp]ative4 ,nev]!less1 8 /atem5t comes 9 conflict ) ! pr9ciple ( fre$om1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal 9 8 sy/em4 ,! phrases above us$ only eddy ab\t ! "o po9t :i* is to be held fa/4 ,!re may be t 9 ! univ]se :i* de/roys ! man :o does n con=m to x1 b 9 ! la/ analysis he is self-de/roy$1 t is1 he *ooses n to con=m4 ,if he is sav$1 x is because he *ooses ?us to con=m4 ,man w\ld be !n mo/ truly man 9 resi/+ t :i* w\ld m]ely ov]p[] him1 ev5 if x 7 goodness4 ,( c\rse1 !re c be no goodness :i* ov]p[]s4 ,!re c be no goodness :i* is n will$4 ,no?+ c be a motive except ?r\gh awak5+ our desire4 ,t :i* "o desires is nev] :olly ext]nal to oneself4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 morality becomes religion :5 t :i* ! =m] %[s to be ! end ( man is conceiv$ also to be ! end ( ! supreme law-giv]1 ,god4 ,religion is ! recognition ( our duties z div9e comm&s4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 reveal$ & natural religion is /at$ ?us3 ,9 ! =m] we "k a ?+ to be a div9e comm& be=e we recognise x z our duty4 ,9 ! latt] we "k x to be our duty be=e we recognise x z a div9e comm&4 ,religion may be bo? natural & reveal$4 ,its t5ets may be su* t man c be conceiv$ z arriv+ at !m by unaid$ reason4 ,b he w\ld ?us h arriv$ at !m at a lat] p]iod 9 ! evolution ( ! race4 ,h5ce revelation might be salut>y or ev5 necess>y = c]ta9 times & places )\t be+ ess5tial at all times or1 = t matt]1 a p]man5t gu>antee ( ! tru? ( religion4 ,!re is no?+ "h :i* is new or orig9al ) ,kant4 ,?is l9e ( reason+ 0 "o by :i* m5 s9ce ,less+ _h help$ !mselves ov] c]ta9 difficulties4 ,x is cit$ only to %[ h[ ,kant1 too1 fail$ to transc5d 8 age 9 "s matt]s1 al?\gh he s spl5didly transc5d$ x 9 o!rs4 ,! or?odox _h immemorially ass]t$ t revelation imp>t$ in=mation n o!rwise atta9able1 or n !n atta9able4 ,! rationali/s "h allege ! same4 ,kant is held fa/ 9 ?is view4 ,assur$ly :at revelation imp>ts is n in=mation ( any sort :atsoev]1 n ev5 in=mation conc]n+ ,god4 ,:at revelation imp>ts is ,god himself1 ?r\gh ! w & ! affection1 ! practical reason4 ,revelation is exp]i5ce1 n in/ruction4 ,! reveal]s are ^? :o h exp]i5c$ ,god1 ,jesus ! =emo/ among !m4 ,!y h exp]i5c$ ,god1 :om !n !y h manife/$ z be/ !y c\ld1 b f> m significantly 9 :at !y 7 ?an 9 :at !y said4 ,!re is surely ! grave/ exagg]ation ( :at is /atutory & ext]nal 9 t :i* ,kant says ( ! relation ( e?ics & religion4 ,h[ c we "k t to be a comm& ( ,god1 :i* does n comm5d itself 9 our own he>t & consci5ce8 ,! traditionali/ w\ld h said1 by docum5ts miracul\sly confirm$4 ,x 0 n 9 consonance ) 8 noble/ ideas = ,kant to say t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* ,i p]ceive to be my duty ,i1 z religi\s man1 feel to be a comm& ( ,god1 :e!r or n a m&ate ( ,god to t effect c be adduc$4 ,:e!r an alleg$ revelation f ,god inculcates su* a tru? or duty may be incid5tal4 ,9 a s5se x is accid5tal4 ,! cont5t ( all hi/oric revelation is condition$ 9 ! circum/ances ( ! man to :om ! revelation is address$4 ,x is cle> t ! :ole matt] ( revelation is ?us appreh5d$ by ,kant ) m ext]nality ?an we %\ld h believ$4 ,8 ?\ght is /ill ess5tially ar*aic & duali/ic4 ,he is1 !re=e1 n[ & !n ^u ! po9t ( d5y+ t su* a ?+ z revelation is possible4 ,! v idea ( revelation1 9 ?is =m1 does viol5ce to 8 fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! autonomy ( ! human reason & w4 ,at _m po9ts 9 8 reflection x is transp>5tly cle> t no?+ c ev] come to a man1 or be giv5 =? by him1 :i* is n creatively %ap$ by himself4 ,z reg>ds revelation1 h[ev]1 ,kant nev] frankly took t /ep4 ,! implications ( 8 own sy/em w\ld h l$ him to t /ep4 ,!y l$ to an idea ( revelation :i* 0 psy*ologically 9 h>mony ) ! assumptions ( 8 sy/em1 & hi/orically c\ld be conceiv$ z tak+ place )\t ! int]jection ( ! miracul\s 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,if ! div9e revelation is to be ?\ght z tak+ place )9 ! human _s1 & 9 consonance ) ! laws ( all o!r exp]i5ce1 !n ! human _s mu/ itself be conceiv$ z /&+ 9 su* relation to ! div9e t ! et]nal reason may express & reveal itself 9 ! regul> c\rse ( ! m9d's own activity4 ,!n ! manifold moral & religi\s ideals ( mank9d 9 all hi/ory mu/ take _! place z integral factors also 9 ! progress ( ! div9e revelation4 ,:5 we come to ! m specific topics ( 8 religi\s tea*+1 fre$om1 immortality1 ,god1 ,kant is prompt to ass]t t ^! _c be objects ( !oretical k4 ,insoluble contradictions arise :5ev] a pro( ( !m is attempt$4 ,if an object ( fai? c\ld be demon/rat$ x w\ld cease to be an object ( fai?4 ,x w\ld h be5 br\ght d[n out ( ! transc5d5tal _w4 ,7 ,god to u an object among o!r objects1 he w\ld cease to be a ,god4 ,7 ! s\l a demon/rable object l any o!r object1 x w\ld cease to be ! transc5d5tal aspect ( ourselves4 ,kant makes %ort "w ( ! s-call$ pro(s = ! exi/5ce ( ,god :i* _h done duty 9 ! s*ola/ic !ology4 ,) subtilty1 sometimes also ) bitt] irony1 he %[s t !y "o & all assume t :i* !y set out to prove4 ,!y are !oretically insuffici5t & practically unnecess>y4 ,!y h su* high-s\nd+ names--! ontological argum5t1 ! cosmological1 ! physico-!ological--t almo/ 9 spite ( ourselves we br+ a rev]5tial mood to !m4 ,!y h be5 set =? ) solemnity by su* r$\btable ?9k]s t !re is some?+ almo/ />tl+ 9 ! way t ,kant knocks !m ab\t4 ,! fact t ! ord9>y man among u easily p]ceives t ,kant 0 "r %[s only h[ ! climate ( ! intellectual _w has *ang$4 ,fre$om1 immortality1 ,god1 are n inde$ provable4 ,if giv5 at all1 !y c be giv5 only 9 ! practical reason4 ,/ill !y are po/ulates 9 ! moral ord] :i* makes man ! citiz5 ( an intelligible _w4 ,!re c be no 'ought' = a be+ :o is necessitat$4 ,we c p]ceive1 & d p]ceive1 t we ought to d a ?+4 ,x foll[s t we c d x4 ,h[ev]1 ! h9drances to ! realisation ( ! moral ideal are su* t x _c be realis$ 9 a f9ite "t4 ,h5ce ! po/ulate ( et]nal life = ! individual4 ,f9ally1 reason dem&s realisation ( a supreme good1 bo? a p]fect virtue & a correspond+ happ9ess4 ,man is a f9al end only z a moral subject4 ,!re mu/ be ,"o :o is n only a law-giv]1 b 9 himself also ! realisation ( ! law ( ! moral _w4 ,kant's moral argum5t ?us /eps (f ! l9e ( ! o!rs4 ,x is n a pro( at all 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y attempt$ to be pro(s4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god appe>s z a necess>y assumption1 if ! highe/ good & value 9 ! _w are to be fulfill$4 ,b ! conception & possibility ( realisation ( a highe/ good is itself some?+ :i* _c be conclud$ ) !oretical evid5tiality4 ,x is ! object ( a belief :i* 9 entire fre$om is direct$ to t end4 ,kant lays /ress ^u ! fact t among ! practical ideas ( reason1 t ( fre$om is ! "o ^: reality admits mo/ ne>ly ( be+ prov$ by ! laws ( pure reason1 z well z 9 conduct & exp]i5ce4 ,^u an act ( fre$om1 !n1 belief re/s4 ',x is ! free hold+ t to be true1 :i* = ! fulfilm5t ( a purpose we f9d necess>y4' ,n[1 z object ( ?is 'free hold+ some?+ to be true1' he sets =? ! conception ( ! highe/ good 9 ! _w1 to be realis$ ?r\gh fre$om4 ,x is cle> t be=e ?is argum5t w\ld prove t a ,god is necess>y to ! realisation ( ! moral ord]1 x w\ld h to be %[n t !re are no adequate =ces imman5t )9 society itself = ! e/abli%m5t & fulfilm5t ( t ord]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 reflexion 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 devot$ z x has be5 to ! evolution ( society1 has busi$ itself ) h>dly any?+ m ?an ) ! /udy ( ^? imman5t elem5ts :i* make = morality4 ,x is !re=e n an ext]nal gu>antor ( morals1 su* z ,kant ?\ght1 :i* is "h giv54 ,x is ! imman5t ,god :o is reveal$ 9 ! hi/ory & life ( ! race1 ev5 z also x is ! imman5t ,god :o is reveal$ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! individual s\l4 ,ev5 ! moral argum5t1 !re=e1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,kant puts x1 s\nds remote & /range to u4 ,8 reason+ /ra9s & creaks almo/ z if he 7 /ill try+ to d t :i* he _h j decl>$ c\ld n be done4 ,:at rema9s ( significance = u1 is ?is4 ,all ! debate ab\t fir/ causes1 absolute be+s1 & ! re/1 gives u no ,god su* z our s\ls ne$4 ,if a man is to f9d ! witness = s\l1 immortality & ,god at all1 he mu/ f9d x )9 himself & 9 ! spiritual hi/ory ( 8 fell[s4 ,he mu/ v5ture1 9 fre$om1 ! belief 9 ^! ?+s1 & f9d _! corroboration 9 ! contribution :i* !y make to ! solution ( ! my/]y ( life4 ,"o mu/ v5ture to w9 !m4 ,"o mu/ cont9ue to v5ture1 to keep !m4 ,if x 7 n s1 !y w\ld n be objects ( fai?4 ,! s\rce ( ! radical evil 9 man is an intelligible act ( human fre$om n fur!r to be expla9$4 ,moral evil is n1 z su*1 transmitt$4 ,moral qualities are insep>able f ! responsibility ( ! p]son :o commits ! de$s4 ,yet ?is radical disposition to evil is to be *ang$ into a good "o1 n altoge!r by a process ( moral re=mation4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z a fundam5tal revolution ( a man's habit ( ?\ght1 a consci\s & volunt>y transf]5ce ( a man's int5tion to obey1 f ! sup]ficial & selfi% desires :i* he has foll[$1 to ! deep & spiritual ones :i* he w h5ce=? all[4 ,!re is an epo* 9 a man's life :5 he makes ! transition4 ,he probably does x "u ! spell ( p]sonal influ5ce1 by ! p[] ( example1 ?r\gh ! beauty ( ano!r p]sonality4 ,to ,kant salvation 0 "*4 ,x 0 ( & 9 & by "*4 ,to no ?9k] has ! moral p>ticipation ( a man 9 ! reg5]ation ( 8 own "* be5 m c]ta9 & necess>y ?an to ,kant4 ,yet1 ! *ange 9 direction ( ! w g5]ally comes by an impulse f )\t4 ,x comes by ! impress ( a noble p]sonality4 ,x is su/a9$ by en?usiasm = t p]sonality4 ,kant has !re=e a p]fectly rational & e?ical & vital mean+ = ! phrase 'new bir?4' ,= ! purpose ( ?is impulse to goodness1 no?+ is s effective z ! contemplation ( an hi/orical example ( su* surpass+ moral gr&eur z t :i* we behold 9 ,jesus4 ,= ?is reason we may look to ,jesus z ! ideal ( goodness pres5t$ to u 9 fle% & blood4 ,yet ! ass]tion t ,jesus' hi/orical p]sonality altoge!r corresponds ) ! complete & et]nal e?ical ideal is "o :i* we h no ne$ to make4 ,we d n possess 9 our own m9ds ! absolute ideal ) :i* 9 t ass]tion we comp>e him4 ,! e?ical ideal ( ! race is /ill 9 process ( developm5t4 ,jesus has be5 ! greate/ factor urg+ =w>d t developm5t4 ,we ourselves /& at a c]ta9 po9t 9 t developm5t4 ,we h ! ideals :i* we h because we /& at t po9t at :i* we d4 ,! m5 :o come aft] u w h a wor?i] ideal ?an we d4 ,aga91 to say t ,jesus 9 8 words & conduct express$ 9 its totality ! et]nal e?ical ideal1 w\ld make ( 8 life some?+ diff]5t f ! real1 human life4 ,e real1 human life is liv$ )9 c]ta9 actual anti!ses :i* call out c]ta9 qualities & d n call out o!rs4 ,!y dem& c]ta9 reactions & n o!rs4 ,?is is ! concrete elem5t )\t :i* no?+ hi/orical c be conceiv$4 ,to say t ,jesus liv$ 9 entire con=mity to ! e?ical ideal s f> z we are able to conceive x1 & )9 ! circum/ances :i* 8 own "t & place impos$1 is ! mo/ t we c say4 ,b 9 any case1 ,kant insi/s1 ! real object ( our religi\s fai? is n ! hi/oric man1 b ! ideal ( humanity well-pleas+ to ,god4 ,s9ce ?is ideal is n ( our own creation1 b is giv5 u 9 our sup]-s5sible nature1 x may be conceiv$ z ! ,son ( ,god come d[n f heav54 ,! turn ( ?is la/ phrase is an absolutely *>act]i/ic "o1 & br+s out ano!r quality ( ,kant's m9d 9 deal+ ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es4 ,!y are to him b symbols1 =ms into :i* a v>iety ( mean+s may be run4 ,he _h no great appreciation ( ! hi/orical elem5t 9 doctr9e4 ,he _h no deep s5se ( ! social elem5t & ( t = :i* ,*ri/ian in/itutions /&4 ,we may illu/rate ) t :i* he says conc]n+ ,*ri/'s vic>i\s sacrifice4 ,sub/itution _c take place 9 ! moral _w4 ,e?ical salvation c\ld n be conf]r$ ?r\gh su* a sub/itution1 ev5 if ?is c\ld take place4 ,/ill1 ! conception ( ! vic>i\s suff]+ ( ,*ri/ may be tak5 z a symbolical expression ( ! idea t 9 ! pa9 ( self-discipl9e1 ( ob$i5ce & pati5ce1 ! new man 9 u suff]s1 z x 7 vic>i\sly1 = ! old4 ,! atonem5t is a cont9ual e?ical process 9 ! he>t ( ! religi\s man4 ,x is a grave defect ( ,kant's religi\s philosophy1 t x 0 s absolutely individuali/ic4 ,_h he realis$ m deeply ?an he did ! social "* ( religion & ! mean+ ( ^! doctr9es1 n alone z betwe5 man & ,god1 b z betwe5 man & man1 he surely w\ld h drawn ne>] to t int]pretation ( ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t :i* has come m & m to prevail4 ,?is is ! solution :i* f9ds 9 ! atonem5t ( ,*ri/ ! la/ & mo/ glori\s example ( a univ]sal law ( human life & hi/ory4 ,t law is t no r$emptive good = m5 is ev] secur$ )\t ! suff]+ & sacrifice ( ^? :o seek to conf] t good ^u _! fell[s4 ,kant 0 dispos$ to reg>d ! traditional =ms ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 n z ! old rationalism _h done1 z impositions ( a prie/hood or inh]5tly absurd4 ,he s\ght to dive/ !m inde$ ( t :i* 0 speculatively untrue1 ?\gh he saw 9 !m only symbols ( ! great moral tru?s :i* lie at ! he>t ( religion4 ,! hi/orical _s ( ! next fifty ye>s 0 to tea* m5 a v diff]5t way ( deal+ ) ^! same doctr9es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kant _h said t ! prim>y condition1 fundam5tal n m]ely to k1 b to all connect$ exp]i5ce1 is ! kn[+1 exp]i5c+1 ?9k+1 act+ self4 ,x is t :i* says ',i1' ! ego1 ! p]man5t subject4 ,b t is n en\gh4 ,! kn[+ self dem&s 9 turn a kn[able _w4 ,x mu/ h some?+ outside ( itself to :i* x yet /&s relat$1 ! object ( k4 ,k is someh[ ! comb9ation ( ^? two1 ! result ( _! co-op]ation4 ,h[ h we to ?9k ( ?is co-op]ation8 ,bo? ,hume & ,b]keley _h end$ 9 scepticism z to ! reality ( k4 ,hume 0 9 d\bt z to ! reality ( ! subject1 ,b]keley z to t ( ! object4 ,kant diss5t$ f bo?4 ,he v9dicat$ ! und\bt$ reality ( ! impression :i* we h conc]n+ a ?+4 ,yet h[ f> t impression is ! reproduction ( ! ?+ z x is 9 itself1 we c nev] p]fectly "k4 ,:at we h 9 our m9ds is n ! object4 ,x is a notion ( t object1 al?\gh we may be assur$ t we c\ld h no su* notion 7 !re no object4 ,equally1 ! notion is :at x is because ! subject is :at x is4 ,we c nev] get outside ! processes ( our own ?\ght4 ,we _c "k ! ?+ z x is1 ! ,d+-an-si*1 9 ,kant's phrase4 ,we "k only t !re mu/ be a '?+ 9 itself4' ,,fi*te ,fi*te ask$1 ,:y8 ,:y mu/ !re be a ,d+-an-si*8 ,:y is n t also ! result ( ! activity ( ! ego8 ,:y is n ! ego1 ! ?9k+ subject1 all t is1 ! creator ( ! _w1 accord+ to ! laws ( ?\ght8 ,if s mu* is r$uc$ to idea1 :y n all8 ,?is 0 ,fi*te's r =c$ resolution ( ! old dualism ( ?\ght & ?+4 ,x is n ! d5ial ( ! reality ( ?+s1 b ! ass]tion t _! ideal elem5t1 t "p ( !m :i* is n m]e '?+1' ! action & subject ( ! action1 is _! und]ly+ reality4 ,accord+ to ,kant ?+s exi/ 9 a _w beyond u4 ,man has no faculty by :i* he c p5etrate into t _w4 ,/ill1 ! f>!r we foll[ ,kant 9 8 analysis ! m does ! contribution to k f ! side ( ! m9d t5d to increase1 & ! m does ! factor 9 our impressions f ! side ( ?+s t5d to fade away4 ,?is basis ( impression be+ :olly unkn[able is z good z non-exi/5t = u4 ,yet x nev] actually disappe>s4 ,!re w\ld seem to be inevitable a sort ( k]nel ( matt] or prick ( s5se ab\t :i* all our ?\ghts are g5]at$4 ,yet ?is residue is a vani%+ quantity4 ,?is seem$ to ,fi*te to be a self-contradiction & a half-way measure4 ,only two positions appe>$ to him ?or\gh-go+ & consequ5t4 ,ei!r "o posits z fundam5tal ! ?+ itself1 matt]1 indep5d5t ( any consci\sness ( x4 ,s ,sp9oza _h taught4 ,or else "o takes consci\sness1 ! consci\s subject1 indep5d5t ( any matt] or ?+ z fundam5tal4 ,?is la/ ,fi*te claim$ to be ! real issue ( ,kant's ?\ght4 ,he ass]ts t f ! po9t ( view ( ! ?+ 9 itself we c nev] expla9 k4 ,we may be z skilful z possible 9 plac+ "o ?+ beh9d ano!r 9 ! relation ( cause to effect4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an un5d+ s]ies4 ,x is l ! cosmogony ( ! ,ea/]n p :i* fabl$ t ! e>? re/s ^u ! back ( an elephant4 ,! elephant /&s ^u a tortoise4 ,! "q is1 ^u :at does ! tortoise /&8 ,s "h1 we may say1 9 ! conclusive mann] 9 :i* m5 h always said1 t ,god made ! _w4 ,yet soon] or lat] we come to ! *ild's "q3 ,:o made ,god8 ,fi*te rightly repli$3 ',if ,god is = u only an object ( k1 ! ,d+-an-si* at ! end ( ! s]ies1 !re is no escape f ! answ] t man1 ! ?9k]1 9 ?9k+ ,god made him4' ,all ! _w1 includ+ man1 is b ! reflexion1 ! revelation 9 =ms ( ! f9ite1 ( an unceas+ action ( ?\ght ( :i* ! ego is ! object4 ,no?+ m p>adoxical ?an ?is conclusion c be imag9$4 ,x seems to make ! human subject1 ! man myself1 ! creator ( ! univ]se1 & ! univ]se only t :i* ,i happ5 to ?9k x to be4 ,?is int]pretation 0 at fir/ put ^u ,fi*te's reason+ ) su* vig\r t he 0 accus$ ( a!ism4 ,he 0 driv5 f 8 *air 9 ,j5a4 ,only aft] sev]al ye>s 0 he call$ to a correspond+ po/ 9 ,b]l94 ,lat]1 9 8 ,vocation ( ,man1 he br\ght 8 ?\ght to cle>ness 9 ?is =m3 ',if ,god be only ! object ( ?\ght1 x rema9s true t he is !n b ! creation ( man's ?\ght4 ,god is1 h[ev]1 to be und]/ood z subject1 z ! real subject1 ! transc5d5t ?9k+ & kn[+ subject1 indwell+ 9 ! _w & mak+ ! _w :at x is1 indwell+ 9 u & mak+ u :at we are4 ,we ourselves are subjects only 9 s f> z we are p>ts ( ,god4 ,we ?9k & "k only 9 s f> z ,god ?9ks & kn[s & acts & lives 9 u4 ,! _w1 includ+ ourselves1 is b ! reflection ( ! ?\ght ( ,god1 :o ?us only has exi/5ce4 ,nei!r ! _w nor we h exi/5ce ap>t f him4' ,johann ,gottlieb ,fi*te 0 born at ,ramm5au 9 #agfb4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ribbon weav]4 ,he came ( a family di/+ui%$ = piety & uprightness4 ,he /udi$ at ,j5a1 & became an in/ructor !re 9 #agic4 ,he 0 at fir/ a dev\t disciple ( ,kant1 b gradually sep>at$ himself f 8 ma/]4 ,!re is a humor\s tale z to "o ( 8 e>ly books :i* 01 ?r\gh mi/ake ( ! publi%]1 put =? )\t ! au?or's "n4 ,= a brief "t x 0 hail$ z a "w ( ,kant--8 ,critique ( ,revelation4 ,fi*te 0 a man ( high moral en?usiasm1 v uncompromis+1 unable to put himself 9 ! place ( an oppon5t1 9 incessant /rife4 ,! great "w ( 8 ,j5a p]iod 0 8 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 #agid4 ,8 popul> ,works1 ,die ,be/immung des ,m5s*5 & ,anweisung zum selig5 ,leb51 belong to 8 ,b]l9 p]iod4 ,! disa/]s ( #ahjf drove him out ( ,b]l94 ,amid/ ! dang]s & disc\ragem5ts ( ! next few ye>s he wrote 8 fam\s ,r$5 an die deuts*e ,nation4 ,he drew up ! plan = ! f\nd+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,9 #ahaj he 0 call$ to be rector ( ! newly e/abli%$ univ]sity4 ,he 01 p]haps1 ! *ief advis] ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii 9 ! lay+ ( ! f\ndations ( ! univ]sity1 :i* 0 surely a notable v5ture = ^? try+ ye>s4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahab & aga9 9 #ahac1 :5 ! hospitals 7 full ( sick & w\nd$ aft] ! ,russian & ,leipzig campaigns1 ,fi*te & 8 wife 7 unceas+ 9 _! c>e ( ! suff]]s4 ,he di$ ( fev] contract$ 9 ! hospital 9 ,janu>y #ahad4 ,accord+ to ,fi*te1 z we h se51 ! _w ( s5se is ! reflection ( our own inn] activity4 ,x exi/s = u z ! sph]e & mat]ial ( our duty4 ,! moral ord] only is div9e4 ,we1 ! f9ite intellig5ces1 exi/ only 9 & ?r\gh ! inf9ite intellig5ce4 ,all our life is ?us ,god's life4 ,we are immortal because he is immortal4 ,our consci\sness is 8 consci\sness4 ,our life & moral =ce is 81 ! reflection & manife/ation ( 8 be+1 individuation ( ! inf9ite reason :i* is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 ! f9ite4 ,9 ,god we see ! _w also 9 a new light4 ,!re is no long] any nature :i* is ext]nal to ourselves & unrelat$ to ourselves4 ,!re is only ,god manife/+ himself 9 nature4 ,ev5 ! evil is only a means to good &1 !re=e1 only an app>5t evil4 ,we are ,god's imm$iate manife/ation1 be+ _s l himself4 ,! _w is 8 m$iate manife/ation4 ,! _w ( dead matt]1 z m5 h call$ x1 does n exi/4 ,god is ! reality )9 ! =ms ( nature & )9 ourselves1 by :i* alone we h reality4 ,! duty to :i* a ,god outside ( ourselves c\ld only comm& u1 becomes a privilege to :i* we ne$ no comm&m5t1 b to ! fulfilm5t ( :i*1 r1 we are drawn 9 joy by ! =ces ( our own be+4 ,h[ a man c\ld1 ev5 9 ! immature /ages ( ^! ?\ghts1 h be5 p]secut$ = a!ism1 x is n easy to see1 al?\gh we may admit t 8 e>li] =ms ( /atem5t 7 bewild]+4 ,:5 we h 8 :ole ?\ght be=e u we %\ld say r t x bord]s on acosmic pan!ism1 = :i* ev]y?+ is ,god & ! _w does n exi/4 ,we h no ne$ to foll[ ,fi*te f>!r4 ,suffice x to say1 ) ref]5ce to ! !ory ( k1 t he _h discov]$ t "o c\ld n /& /ill ) ,kant4 ,"o mu/ ei!r g back t[>d ! position ( ! old empiricism :i* assum$ ! reality ( ! _w exactly z x appe>$1 or else "o mu/ g =w>d to an idealism m ?or\gh-go+ ?an ,kant _h plann$4 ,( ! two pa?s :i*1 ) all ! va/ advance ( ! natural sci5ces1 ! ?\ght ( ! n9ete5? c5tury might trav]se1 t ( ! d5ial ( ev]y?+ except ! me*anism ( nature1 & t ( ! ass]tion t nature is b ! organ ( _s & is in/9ct ) reason1 ,fi*te *ose ! latt] & blaz$ out ! pa? along :i* all ! ideali/s h foll[$ him4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! philosophy ( religion1 we mu/ say t1 ) all ! extravagance1 ! pan!ism & my/icism ( 8 phrases1 ,fi*te's great contribution 0 8 break+ d[n ( ! old dualism betwe5 ,god & man :i* 0 /ill fundam5tal to ,kant4 ,x 0 8 ass]tion ( ! unity ( man & ,god & ( ! life ( ,god 9 man4 ,?is ?\ght has be5 appropriat$ 9 all ( mod]n !ology4 ,,s*ell+ ,x 0 ! meagr5ess ( ,fi*te's treatm5t ( nature :i* impell$ ,s*ell+ to :at he call$ 8 outbreak into reality4 ,nature w n be dismiss$1 z simply t :i* is n ,i4 ,y _c say t nature is only ! sph]e ( my self-realisation4 ,individuals are 9 _! way ! *ildr5 ( nature4 ,!y are ?is 9 respect ( _! s\ls z mu* z ( _! bodies4 ,nature 0 be=e !y 74 ,nature is1 moreov]1 n ali5 to intellig5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a treasure-h\se ( intelligible =ms :i* dem& to be treat$ z su*4 ,x appe>$ to ,s*ell+1 !re=e1 a tru] idealism to "w out an intelligible sy/em ( nature1 exhibit+ its ess5tial on5ess ) p]sonality4 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,joseph von ,s*ell+ 0 born 9 #agge at ,leonb]g 9 ,wrttemb]g4 ,8 fa!r 0 a cl]gyman4 ,he 0 precoci\s 9 8 intellectual developm5t & mu* spoil$ by vanity4 ,be=e he 0 tw5ty ye>s old he _h publi%$ ?ree works ^u problems sugge/$ by ,fi*te4 ,at tw5ty-?ree he 0 extraord9>ius at ,j5a4 ,he _h app>5tly a brilliant c>e] be=e him4 ,he publi%$ 8 ,er/] ,entwurf e9es ,sy/ems d] ,naturphilosophe1 #agii1 & also 8 ,sy/em des transc5d5tal5 ,idealismus1 #ahjj4 ,ev5 8 %ort resid5ce at ,j5a 0 tr\bl$ by viol5t conflicts ) 8 colleagues4 ,x 0 br\ght to an end by 8 m>riage ) ! wife ( ,augu/us von ,s*legel1 :o _h be5 divorc$ = ! purpose4 ,f #ahjf to #ahda he liv$ 9 ,muni* 9 retirem5t4 ,! long-expect$ books :i* 7 to fulfil 8 e>ly promise nev] appe>$4 ,hegel's /ricture 0 j4 ,s*ell+ _h no ta/e = ! prolong$ & int5se lab\r :i* 8 brilliant e>ly works m>k$ out4 ,he di$ 9 #ahed1 hav+ rea*$ ! age ( sev5ty-n9e ye>s1 ( :i* at lea/ fifty 7 z melan*oly & fruitless z c\ld well be imag9$4 ,! dom9at+ idea ( ,s*ell+'s philosophy ( nature may be said to be ! exhibition ( nature z ! progress ( intellig5ce t[>d consci\sness & p]sonality4 ,nature is ! ego 9 evolution1 p]sonality 9 ! mak+4 ,all natural objects are visible analogues & c\nt]p>ts ( m9d4 ,! intellig5ce :i* _! /ructure reveals1 m5 _h int]pret$ z resid+ 9 ! m9d ( a mak] ( ! _w4 ,nature _h be5 spok5 ( z if x 7 a wat*4 ,god 0 its great artific]4 ,no "o ass]t$ t its intellig5ce & p[] ( developm5t lay )9 itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 nature is always 9 ! process ( advance f l[]1 less highly organis$ & less intelligible =ms1 to ^? :i* are m highly organis$1 m ne>ly ! c\nt]p>t ( ! active intellig5ce 9 man himself4 ,! p]sonality ( man _h be5 view$ z /&+ ov] aga9/ nature1 ?is la/ be+ ?\ght ( z /atic & p]man5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! p]sonality ( man1 ) all ( its intellig5ce & free w1 is b ! climax & fulfilm5t ( a long succession ( intelligible =ms 9 nature1 pass+ upw>d f ! inorganic to ! organic1 f ! unconsci\s to ! consci\s1 f ! non-moral to ! moral1 z ^! are at la/ se5 9 man4 ,( c\rse1 x 0 ! life ( organic nature :i* fir/ sugge/$ ?is notion to ,s*ell+4 ,an organism is a self-mov+1 self-produc+ :ole4 ,x is an idea 9 process ( self-realisation4 ,:at 0 obs]v$ 9 ! organism 0 !n made by ,s*ell+ ! root idea ( univ]sal nature4 ,nature is 9 all its p>ts liv+1 self-mov+ along ! l9es ( its developm5t1 productivity & product bo? 9 "o4 ,empirical sci5ce may deal ) sep>ate products ( nature4 ,x may treat !m z objects ( analysis & inve/igation4 ,x may ev5 take ! :ole ( nature z an object4 ,b nature is n m]e object4 ,philosophy has to treat ( ! inn] life :i* moves ! :ole ( nature z intelligible productivity1 z subject1 no long] z object4 ,p]sonality has sl[ly aris5 out ( nature4 ,nature 0 go+ ?r\gh ?is process ( self-developm5t be=e !re 7 any m5 to contemplate x4 ,x w\ld g ?r\gh ?is process 7 !re no long] m5 to contemplate x4 ,s*ell+ has "h r\nd$ out ! !ory ( absolute idealism :i* ,fi*te _h c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 a "o-sid$ way4 ,he has giv5 u also a wond]ful anticipation ( c]ta9 mod]n ideas conc]n+ nature's prep>ation = ! doctr9e ( evolution1 :i* 0 a /roke ( g5ius 9 its way4 ,he attempt$ to arrange ! realm ( unconsci\s intellig5ces 9 an asc5d+ s]ies :i* %\ld bridge ! gulf betwe5 ! l[e/ ( natural =ms & ! fully equipp$ organism 9 :i* self consci\sness1 ) ! intellectual1 ! emotional1 & moral life1 at la/ integrat$4 ,inadequate mat]ial & a fondness = analogies l$ ,s*ell+ into vag>ies 9 foll[+ out ?is s*eme4 ,nev]!less1 x is only 9 detail t we c look askance at 8 attempt4 ,9 pr9ciple our own conception ( ! univ]se is ! same4 ,x is ! dynamic view ( nature & an application ( ! pr9ciple ( evolution 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,8 errors 7 ^? into :i* a man 0 b\nd to fall :o und]took to =e/all by a sweep ( ! imag9ation t :i* has be5 ! result ( ! detail$ & pati5t inve/igation ( ?ree g5]ations4 ,:at ,s*ell+ attempt$ 0 to take nature z we "k x & to exhibit x z 9 reality a function ( intellig5ce1 po9t+1 ?r\gh all ! gradations ( its v>i$ =ms1 t[>ds its necess>y goal 9 self-consci\s p]sonality4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( our hav+ 9 nature & p]sonality two ?+s :i* _c be br\ght toge!r1 ^! become memb]s ( "o great organism ( intellig5ce ( :i* ! imman5t ,god is ! s\rce & ! su/a9+ p[]4 ,^! ideas con/itute ,s*ell+'s contribution to an ideali/ic &1 ( c\rse1 an ess5tially moni/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,! unity ( man ) ,god1 ,fi*te _h ass]t$4 ,s*ell+ set =? ! on5ess ( ,god & nature1 & aga9 ( man & nature4 ,! circle 0 complete4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we h succe$$ 9 convey+ a cle> idea ( ! movem5t ( ?\ght f ,kant to ,hegel1 t idea might be /at$ ?us4 ,!re are b ?ree possible objects :i* c engage ! ?\ght ( man4 ,^! are nature & man & ,god4 ,!re is ! univ]se1 ( :i* we become aw>e ?r\gh exp]i5ce f our e>lie/ *ildhood4 ,!n !re is man1 ! man giv5 9 self-consci\sness1 prim>ily ! man myself4 ,9 ?is s5se man seems to /& ov] aga9/ nature4 ,!n1 z ! ?ird possible object ( ?\ght1 we h ,god4 ,^u ! ?\ght ( ,god we usually come f ! po9t ( view ( ! category ( cause4 ,god is ! "n :i* m5 give to t :i* lies beh9d nature & man z ! orig9 & explanation ( bo?4 ,plato's *ief int]e/ 0 9 man4 ,he talk$ mu* conc]n+ a ,god :o 0 someh[ ! speculative po/ulate ( ! spiritual nature 9 man4 ,ari/otle began a real obs]vation ( nature4 ,b ! anci5t &1 /ill m1 ! m$ival /udy ( nature 0 dom9at$ by ab/ract & !ological assumptions4 ,^! prev5t$ any real /udy ( t nature 9 ! mid/ ( :i* man lives1 9 reaction aga9/ :i* he develops 8 p[]s1 & to :i*1 on "o :ole side ( 8 nature1 he belongs4 ,ev5 9 respect ( t :i* m5 rev]5tly took to be ?\ght conc]n+ ,god1 !y seem to h be5 unaw>e h[ mu* ( _! mat]ial 0 imag9ative & poetic symbolism drawn f ! exp]i5ce ( man4 ,! traditional idea ( revelation prov$ a di/urb+ factor4 ,assum+ t revelation gave in=mation conc]n+ ,god1 & n r ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( communion ) ,god himself1 m5 accept$ /atem5ts ( ! docum5ts ( revelation z if !y _h be5 def9itions graci\sly giv5 f out ! realm ( ! unse54 ,9 reality1 !y 7 b fet*es f out ! _w ( ! kn[n into ! _w ( ! unkn[n4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ is ?is3--,9 all possible comb9ations 9 :i*1 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ^! ?ree objects _h be5 set1 ! "o ) ! o!rs1 !y _h always rema9$ ?ree objects4 ,!re 0 no ess5tial relation ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,!y 7 l ! po9ts ( a triangle ( :i* any "o /ood ov] aga9/ ! o!r two4 ,god /ood ov] aga9/ ! man :om he _h fa%ion$1 man ov] aga9/ ! ,god to :om he 0 responsible4 ,! consequ5ces = !ology are evid5t4 ,:5 m5 wi%$ to describe1 = example1 ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god1 !y laid emphasis ^u e quality :i* he _h1 or 0 suppos$ to h1 :i* 0 n common to him ) o!r m54 ,!y lo/ sight ( t pr(\nd int]e/ ( religion :i* has always claim$ t1 9 "s s5se1 all m5 are sons ( ,god & ,jesus 0 ! son ( man4 ,jesus 0 !n only truly hon\r$ z div9e :5 e trait ( 8 humanity 0 ignor$4 ,simil>ly1 :5 m5 spoke ( revelation !y laid emphasis ^u ^? p>ticul>s 9 :i* ?is suppos$ me?od ( com+ by in=mation 0 unlike all o!r me?ods4 ,k d]iv$ directly f ,god ?r\gh revelation 0 9 no s5se ! p>allel ( k d]iv$ by m5 9 any o!r way4 ,s also ,god /ood ov] aga9/ nature4 ,god 0 inde$ decl>$ to h made nature4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 b giv5 x1 s to say1 an orig9al impulse4 ,t impulse also x _h 9 "s /range way lo/ or p]v]t$1 s t ! _w1 ?\gh x _h be5 made by ,god1 0 n good4 ,= ! mo/ "p x mov$ itself1 al?\gh ,god's sov]eignty 0 evid5c$ 9 t he c\ld /ill sup]v5e ^u x1 if he *ose4 ,! sup]natural 0 ! realm ( ,god4 ,natural & sup]natural 7 mutually exclusive t]ms1 j z we saw t div9e & human 7 exclusive t]ms4 ,s also1 on ! ?ird side ( our triangle1 man /ood ov] aga9/ nature4 ,nature 0 to primitive m5 ! realm ( caprice1 9 :i* !y imag9$ demons1 spirits & ! l4 ,^! 7 antagoni/ic to m51 z also ho/ile to ,god4 ,!n1 :5 ) ! advance ( reflexion ^! spirits1 & equally _! c\nt]p>ts1 ! good g5ii & angels1 _h all di$1 nature became ! realm ( iron necessity1 ( reg>dless law1 ( all-de/roy+ =ce1 ( cruel & indiff]5t fate4 ,f ?is m5 took refuge 9 ! ?\ght ( a compassionate ,god1 ?\gh !y c\ld n )draw !mselves or ^? :om !y lov$ f ! inexorable laws ( nature4 ,!y c\ld n see t ,god always1 or ev5 (t51 int]v5$ on _! behalf4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ^! ideas prevail to "s ext5t 9 ! popul> !ology at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,mu* ( our popul> religi\s language is an inh]itance f a "t :5 !y univ]sally prevail$4 ,! religi\s intuition ev5 ( psalmi/s & prophets oppos$ _m ( ^! notions4 ,! pure religi\s intuition ( ,jesus oppos$ almo/ e "o ( !m4 ,my/ics 9 e religion h _h1 at times1 insight into an altoge!r diff]5t s*eme ( ?+s4 ,! philosophy1 h[ev]1 ev5 ( ! le>n$1 w\ld1 9 ! ma91 h support$ ! views above describ$1 f ! dawn ( reflexion almo/ to our own "t4 ,x 0 ,kant :o fir/ began ! resolution ( ?is ?ree-corn]$ difficulty4 ,:5 he po9t$ out t into ! _w1 z we "k x1 an elem5t ( _s goes1 t 9 x an elem5t ( ! ideal inh]es1 he began a movem5t :i* has issu$ 9 mod]n monism4 ,he affirm$ t t elem5t f my ?\ght :i* ent]s into ! _w1 z ,i "k x1 may be s great t only j a po9t ( matt] & a prick ( s5se rema9s4 ,fi*te said3 ',:y d we put x all 9 s p]v]se a way8 ,:y r$uce ! _w ( matt] to j a po9t8 ,:y is x n tak5 = :at x is1 & yet und]/ood to be all alive ) ,god & we able to ?9k ( x1 because we are p>ts ( ! great ?9k] ,god8' ,/ill ,fi*te _h busi$ himself almo/ :olly ) consci\sness4 ,s*ell+ endeav\r$ to correct t4 ,nature lives & moves 9 ,god1 j z truly 9 "o way z does man 9 ano!r4 ,m5 arise out ( nature4 ,a circle has be5 drawn ?r\gh ! po9ts ( our triangle4 ,nature & man are 9 a new & deep] s5se revelations ( ,god4 ,9 fact1 supplem5t+ "o ano!r1 !y con/itute ! only possible *annels = ! manife/ation ( ,god4 ,x h>dly ne$s to be said t ^! ?\ghts are widely appropriat$ 9 our mod]n _w4 ,^! once novel speculations ( ! k+s ( ?\ght h made _! way sl[ly to all /rata ( society4 ,remote & difficult 9 _! fir/ expression 9 ! language ( ! s*ools1 _! implications are to-day on ev]ybody's lips4 ,x is ?is unit>y view ( ! univ]se :i* has made difficult ! acceptance ( a !ology1 ! und]/&lng ( a religion1 :i* are /ill l>gely phras$ 9 ! language ( a philosophy to :i* ^! ideas did n belong4 ,!re is n an hi/oric cre$1 !re is h>dly a great] sy/em ( !ology1 :i* is n /at$ 9 t]ms ( a philosophy & sci5ce :i* no long] reign4 ,m5 are ask+3 '_c ,*ri/ianity be s /at$ & int]pret$ t x %all meet ! ne$s ( m5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 z truly z x met ^? ( m5 ( ! fir/ or ( ! sixte5?8' ,hegel1 ! la/ ( ?is great gr\p ( ideali/ic philosoph]s :om we %all "n1 en?usia/ically believ$ 9 ?is new int]pretation ( ! fai? :i* 0 pr(\ndly de> to him4 ,he made important contribution to t int]pretation4 ,,hegel ,georg ,wilhelm ,fri$ri* ,hegel 0 born 9 ,/uttg>t 9 #aggj4 ,8 fa!r 0 9 ! fiscal s]vice ( ! ,k+ ( ,wrttemb]g4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,tb+54 ,he 0 heavy & sl[ ( developm5t1 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ,s*ell+4 ,he s]v$ z tutor 9 ,b]n & ,frank=t1 & began to lecture 9 ,j5a 9 #ahja4 ,he 0 mu* ov]%ad[$ by ,s*ell+4 ,! victory ( ,napoleon at ,j5a 9 #ahjf clos$ ! univ]sity = a "t4 ,9 #ahah he 0 call$ to ,fi*te's old *air 9 ,b]l94 ,nev] on v good t]ms ) ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t1 he yet %[$ 8 l>ge sympa?y ) life 9 e way4 ,aft] #ahbj a s*ool ( philosophical ?9k]s began to ga!r ab\t him4 ,8 fir/ great book1 8 ,ph5om5ologie des ,gei/es #ahjg 7translat$1 ,baillie1 ,london1 #aiaj71 0 publi%$ at ! end ( 8 ,j5a p]iod4 ,8 ,philosophie d] ,religion & ,philosophie d] ,ges*i*te 7 edit$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,!y are ma9ly 9 ! =m :i* 8 notes took betwe5 #ahbc & #ahbg4 ,he di$ dur+ an epidemic ( *ol]a 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahca4 ,besides 8 deep int]e/ 9 hi/ory ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ,hegel's prelim9>y tra9+ 0 8 pr(\nd /udy ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he might almo/ be said to h turn$ to philosophy z a means ( =mulat+ ! ideas :i* he _h conceiv$ conc]n+ ! developm5t ( ! religi\s consci\sness1 :i* seem$ to him to h be5 ! be>] ( all human culture4 ,no "o c\ld fail to see t ! idea ( ! relation ( ,god & man1 ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 0 b\nd to make itself felt 9 ! int]pretation ( ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation & ( all ! dogmas1 l t ( ! tr9ity1 :i* are connect$ ) x4 ,*>act]i/ically1 ,hegel _h pure joy 9 ! speculative aspects ( ! problem4 ,if "o may speak 9 all rev]5ce1 &1 at ! same "t1 n )\t a %ade ( hum\r1 ,hegel rejoic$ to f9d himself able1 z he suppos$1 to rehabilitate ! dogma ( ! tr9ity1 rationalis$ 9 approv$ fa%ion4 ,x is z if ! dogma _h be5 a rev]$ =m or m\ld1 :i* 0 = him inde$ empti$ ( its orig9al cont5t4 ,he felt b\nd to fill x anew4 ,or to speak m ju/ly1 he 0 really conv9c$ t ! new mean+ :i* he p\r$ into ! dogma 0 ! true mean+ :i* ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs _h be5 seek+ all ! :ile4 ,9 ! light ( two g5]ations ( sob] deal+1 z hi/orians1 ) su* problems1 we c b view 8 solution 9 a mann] v diff]5t f t :i* he indulg$4 ,he 0 ev5 dispos$ mildly to c5sure ! pr(essional !ologians = leav+ ! def5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ! tr9ity to ! philosoph]s4 ,!re 7 !n1 & h s9ce be51 def5d]s ( ! doctr9e :o h ?\ght t ,hegel t5d]$ !m great aid4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 despite 8 own utt] s]i\sness & rev]5t desire1 8 solution 0 a complete dissolution ( ! doctr9e & ( mu* else besides4 ,8 view w\ld h be5 fatal1 n m]ely to t p>ticul> =m ( or?odox ?\ght1 b1 :at is mu* m s]i\s1 to ! religi\s mean+ = :i* x /ood4 ,soon] or lat] m5 h se5 t ! :ole drift ( ,hegelianism 0 to trans=m religion into intellectualism4 ,"o might say t x 0 exactly ?is :i* ! anci5t metaphysicians1 9 ! classic doctr9e ( ! tr9ity1 _h done4 ,!y _h trans=m$ religion into metaphysics4 ,! matt] w\ld n h be5 rem$i$ by hav+ a mod]n metaphysician d ! same ?+ 9 ano!r way4 ,hegel 0 we>y ( ,fi*te's endless discussion ( ! ego & ,s*ell+'s ( ! absolute4 ,x 0 n ! abyss ( ! unkn[able f :i* ?+s said to come1 or t into :i* !y g1 :i* int]e/$ ,hegel4 ,x 0 _! process & progress :i* we c "k4 ,x 0 t "p ( _! movem5t :i* is obs]vable )9 actual exp]i5ce1 ) :i* he 0 conc]n$4 ,n[ "o ( ! laws ( ! movem5t ( all ?+s1 he said1 is t by :i* e ?\ght sugge/s1 & e =ce t5ds directly to produce1 its opposite4 ,no?+ /&s alone4 ,ev]y?+ exi/s by ! balance & friction ( oppos+ t5d5cies4 ,we h ! univ]sal contra/s ( heat & cold1 ( light & d>kness1 ( inw>d & outw>d1 ( /atic & dynamic1 ( yes & no4 ,!re are two sides to e case1 democratic gov]nm5t & absolutism1 fre$om ( religion & au?ority1 ! individuali/ic & ! social pr9ciples1 a mat]iali/ic & a spiritual int]pretation ( ! univ]se4 ,only ?+s :i* are dead h ceas$ to h ?is tide & alt]nation4 ,*ri/ is = liv+ religion n[ a man1 n[ ,god1 revelation n[ natural1 n[ sup]natural4 ,religion 9 ! et]nal conflict betwe5 reason & fai?1 morals ! /ruggle ( good & evil1 ,god n[ my/]i\s & n[ manife/4 ,fi*te _h said3 ,! ess5ce ( ! univ]se is _s4 ,hegel said3 ,yes1 b ! true notion ( _s is t ( ! resolution ( contradiction1 ( ! exhibition ( opposites z held toge!r 9 _! unity4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! tr9ity4 ,9 ! tr9ity we h ,god :o wills to manife/ himself1 ,jesus 9 :om he is manife/1 & ! _s common to !m bo?4 ,god's exi/5ce is n /atic1 x is dynamic4 ,x is motion1 n re/4 ,god is reveal]1 recipi5t1 & revelation all 9 "o4 ,! tr9ity 0 = ,hegel ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,popul> or?odoxy _h drawn ne> to ! ass]tion ( ?ree ,gods4 ,! revolt1 h[ev]1 9 ass]t+ ! unity ( ,god1 _h made ( ,god a mean+less absolute z f\ndation ( ! univ]se4 ,! or?odox1 9 respect to ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 _h always inde$ ass]t$ 9 lab\r$ way t ,jesus 0 bo? ,god & man4 ,/>t+ f _! own ab/ract conception ( ,god1 & attribut+ to ,jesus ! qualities ( t ab/raction1 !y _h end$ 9 mak+ ( ! humanity ( ,jesus a p]fectly unreal ?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o _h set out f ,jesus's real humanity _h be5 unable to see t he 0 any?+ m ?an a m]e man1 z _! phrase 04 ,on _! own assumption ( ! mutual exclusiv5ess ( ! conceptions ( ,god & man1 !y c\ld n d o!rwise4 ,hegel saw cle>ly t ,god c be kn[n to u only 9 & ?r\gh manife/ation4 ,we c c]ta9ly make no pr$ication z to h[ ,god exi/s1 9 himself1 z m5 say1 & ap>t f our k4 ,he exi/s = our k only z manife/ 9 nature & man4 ,man is = ,hegel "p ( nature & ,jesus is ! highe/ po9t :i* ! nature ( ,god z manife/ 9 man has rea*$4 ,9 ?is s5se ,hegel sometimes ev5 calls nature ! ,son ( ,god1 & mank9d & ,jesus are ?\ght ( z p>ts ( ?is "o manife/ation ( ,god4 ,if ! ,scripture ass]ts1 z x seem$ to ! fram]s ( ! cre$s to d1 t ,god manife/$ himself f be=e all worlds 9 & to a self-consci\s p]sonality l 8 own1 ,hegel w\ld answ]3 ,b ! ,scripture is no ?ird s\rce ( k1 besides nature & man4 ,scripture is only ! record ( ,god's revelation ( himself 9 & to m54 ,if ^! m5 fram$ _! pr(\nde/ ?\ght 9 ?is way1 t is only because !y liv$ 9 an age :5 m5 _h all _! ?\ghts ( ?is sort 9 a =m :i* we c hi/orically trace4 ,= ,platoni/s & ,neoplatoni/s1 su* z ! mak]s ( ! cre$s--& "s portions ( ! ,scripture %[ ?is influ5ce1 z well--! div9e1 ! ideal1 0 always ?\ght ( z et]nal4 ,x always exi/$ z pure ar*etype be=e x ev] exi/$ z hi/oric fact4 ,! rabb9s _h a speculation to ! same effect4 ,! div9e :i* exi/s mu/ h pre-exi/$4 ,jesus z ,son ( ,god c\ld n be ?\ght ( by ! anci5t _w 9 any t]ms b ^!4 ,! div9e 0 /atic1 *angelessly p]fect4 ,= ! mod]n man ! div9e/ ( all ?+s is ! my/]y ( gr[?4 ,! p]fect man is n at ! beg9n+1 b f> d[n ! immeasurable s]ies ( approa*es to p]fection4 ,! p]fection ( o!r m5 is ! "w ( /ill o!r ages1 9 :i* ?is extraord9>y & inexplicable moral magnitude :i* ,jesus is1 has _h its influ5ce1 & conf]r$ ^u !m p[] to aid !m 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ,god's int5t = !mselves1 :i* is l t int5t = himself :i* ,jesus has fulfill$4 ,surely en\gh has be5 said to %[ t :at we h "h is only ! absorption ( ev5 ! pr(\nde/ religi\s mean+s into ! vortex ( an all-dissolv+ metaphysical sy/em4 ,! mo/ obvi\s mean+ ( ! phrase ',son ( ,god1' its moral & spiritual1 its real religi\s mean+1 is dwelt on1 "h 9 ,hegel1 z little z ,hegel claim$ t ! ,nic5e tr9it>ians _h dwelt ^u x4 ,no?+ m>ks m cle>ly ! di/ance we h travell$ s9ce ,hegel ?an does ! g5]al recognition t 8 attempt$ solution does n ev5 lie 9 ! "r direction4 ,x is an attempt )9 ! same area z t ( ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil & ! cre$s1 namely1 ! metaphysical area4 ,:at is at /ake is n ! pre-exi/5ce or ! two natures4 ,hegel 0 "r 9 :at he said conc]n+ ^!4 ,! pre-exi/5ce _c be ?\ght ( except z ideal4 ,! two natures we ass]t = e man1 only n 9 su* a mann] z to de/roy unity 9 ! p]sonality4 ,! he>t ( ! dogma is n 9 ^!4 ,x is ! on5ess ( ,god & man1 a moral & spiritual on5ess1 on5ess 9 conduct & consci\sness1 ! pres5ce & realisation ( ,god1 :o is _s1 9 a real man1 ! div95ess ( ,jesus1 9 a s5se :i* sees no mean+ any long] 9 ! old debate z betwe5 8 div9ity & 8 deity4 ,9 ! light ( ! new !ory ( ! univ]se :i* we h review$1 x fla%es ^u u t bo? def5d]s & assailants ( ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation1 9 ! age-long debate1 h proce$$ f ! assumption t ,god & man are opposites4 ,m5 cont5d$ = ! div95ess ( ,jesus 9 t]ms :i* by def9ition %ut out 8 true humanity4 ,!y ass]t$ ! id5tity ( a real man1 a true hi/oric p]sonage1 ) an ab/ract notion ( ,god :i* _h actually be5 fram$ by ! d5ial ( all human qualities4 ,_! oppon5ts ) a l helplessness m]ely rev]s$ ! situation4 ,to admit ! deity ( ,jesus w\ld h be5 = !m1 9 all c&\r & cle>-sight$ness1 absolutely impossible1 because ! admission w\ld h %ut out 8 true humanity4 ,on ! old def9itions we _c wond] t ! /ruggle 0 a bitt] "o4 ,ea* p>ty 0 on its own t]ms "r4 ,if ,god is by def9ition o!r ?an man1 & man ! opposite ( ,god1 !n x is n surpris+ t ! attempt to say t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 bo?1 rema9$ my/icism to ! "o & seem$ folly to ! o!r4 ,n[1 )9 ! area ( ! philosophy :i* beg9s ) ,kant ?is old ant9omy has be5 resolv$4 ,an actual circle ( cle> relations jo9s ! po9ts ( ! old hopeless triangle4 ,m5 are m5 because ( ,god indwell+ 9 !m1 work+ ?r\gh !m4 ,! phrase 'm]e man' is se5 to be a m]e phrase4 ,to say t ! ,naz>5e1 9 "s way n g5etically to be expla9$1 b :i* is hidd5 )9 ! recesses ( 8 own p]sonality1 %[s =? 9 incomp>able fulness t relation ( ,god & man :i* is ! ideal = u all1 seems only to be say+ ov] aga9 :at ,jesus said :5 he proclaim$3 ',i & ,my ,fa!r are "o4' ,t ,jesus actualis$1 n absolutely 9 ! s5se t he /ood out ( relation to hi/ory1 b /ill p]fectly )9 8 relation to hi/ory1 t :i* 9 u & = u is pot5tial1 ! son%ip ( ,god--t seems a v simple & intelligible ass]tion4 ,x c]ta9ly makes a l>ge "p ( ! debate ( ages seem remote f u4 ,x br+s home to u t we live 9 a new _w4 ,int]e/+ & fruitful is ,hegel's expansion ( ! idea ( r$emption beyond t ( ! individual to t ( ! :ole humanity1 & 9 e aspect ( its life4 ,9 my relation to ! _w are giv5 my duties4 ,! r5unciation ( outw>d duty makes ! inw>d life b>r54 ,! pr9ciple :i* is to trans=m ! _w we>s an aspect v diff]5t f t ( /oicism1 ( asceticism or ev5 ( ! individualism :i* has s\ght s\l-salvation4 ,9 ! mid/ ( unwor?9ess & helplessness !re spr+s up ! consci\sness ( reconciliation4 ,man1 ) all 8 imp]fections1 becomes aw>e t he is ! object ( ! lov+ purpose ( ,god4 ,/ill ?is r$emption ( a man is some?+ :i* is to be work$ out1 9 ! individual life & on ! /age ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,! fir/ /ep beyond ! individual life is t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is f )9 ?is community ( believ]s t m51 9 ! rule1 receive ! impulse to ! good4 ,! community is1 9 its idea1 a society 9 :i* ! conque/ ( evil is already be+ a*iev$1 :]e ! individual is sp>$ mu* bitt] conflict & lonel9ess4 ,nev]!less1 s long z ?is unity ( ! life ( man ) ,god is realis$ 9 ! ,*ur* alone !re rema9s a false & h>mful opposition betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! _w4 ,religion is fac$ by a ho/ile p[] to :i* its pr9ciples h no application4 ,! _w is d5\nc$ z unholy4 ,) ?is /igma ca/ ^u x1 x may be unholy4 ,yet ! retribution falls also ^u ! ,*ur*1 9 t x becomes artificial1 cl]ical1 ph>isaical4 ,! end is nev] t :at h be5 call$ ! /&>ds ( ! ,*ur* %all prevail4 ,! end is t ! ,*ur* %all be ! %r9e & c5tre ( an influ5ce by virtue ( :i* ! /&>d ( tru? & goodness :i* naturally belongs to any relation ( life %all prevail4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 religion & secul> life mu/ be ab&on$4 ,no?+ is less sacr$ ?an a ,*ur* set on its own aggr&isem5t4 ,! relations ( family & ( ! ,/ate1 ( bus9ess & social life1 are to be re/or$ to ! div95ess :i* belongs to !m1 or r1 ! div95ess :i* is inali5able f !m is to be recognis$4 ,9 ! laws & cu/oms ( a true ,/ate1 ,*ri/ianity fir/ p5etrates ) its pr9ciples ! real _w4 ,"o sees h[ l>ge a portion ( ^! ?\ghts h be5 tak5 up into ! programme ( mod]n social movem5ts4 ,!y are ! basis ( :at m5 call a social !ology4 ,a book l ,fremantle's ,_w z ! ,subject ( ,r$emption is _! ?or\gh-go+ exposition 9 ! ,engli% tongue4 ,we h no cause to pursue ! philosophical movem5t beyond ?is po9t4 ,its expon5ts are n )\t int]e/4 ,especially is ?is true ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,b ! deposit f _! "w is = our p>ticul> purpose n great4 ,! wond]ful impulse _h sp5t itself4 ,^! f\r brilliant m5 /& toge!r1 almo/ z mu* isolat$ f ! g5]ation :i* foll[$ !m z f t :i* w5t be=e4 ,! hi/orian ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury _c ov]e/imate ! significance ( _! p]sonal int]e/ 9 religion4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,!ological ,,recon/ruction ,! out/&+ trait ( ,kant's reflection ^u religion is its supreme int]e/ 9 morals & conduct4 ,metaphysician t he 01 ,kant saw ! evil :i* intellectualism _h done to religion4 ,religion 0 a pr(\ndly real ?+ to him 9 8 own life4 ,religion is a life4 ,x is a sy/em ( ?\ght only because life is a :ole4 ,x is a sy/em ( ?\ght only 9 ! way ( deposit f a vivid & vigor\s life4 ,a man normally reflects on ! conditions & aims ( :at he does4 ,religion is conduct4 ,ends 9 "* are supreme4 ,religions & ! _m int]pretations ( ,*ri/ianity h be5 good or bad1 accord+ z !y m9i/]$ to "*4 ,s /rong 0 ?is e?ical trait 9 ,kant t x dw>f$ all else4 ,he 0 n himself a man ( great bread? or ri*ness ( feel+4 ,he 0 n a man ( imag9ation4 ,8 religion 0 au/]e1 n to say arid4 ,hegel 0 be=e all ?+s an intellectuali/4 ,speculation 0 ! brea? ( life to him4 ,he _h metaphysical g5ius4 ,he t5d$ to trans=m 9 ?is direction ev]y?+ :i* he t\*$4 ,religion is ?\ght4 ,he criticis$ ! rationali/ movem5t f ! height ( vantage :i* idealism _h rea*$4 ,b z pure intellectuali/ he w\ld put mo/ rationali/s to %ame4 ,we owe to ?is temp]am5t 8 zeal = an int]pretation ( ! univ]se 'all 9 "o piece4' ,its highe/ quality w\ld be its ab/ract tru?4 ,8 und]/&+ ( religion _h ! glory & ! limitations :i* att5d ?is view4 ,,s*lei]ma*] ,betwe5 ,kant & ,hegel came ano!r1 ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,he too 0 no mean philosoph]4 ,b he 0 ess5tially a !ologian1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n !ology4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! same faculty ) ,hegel & 0 ov]%ad[$ by him4 ,8 influ5ce ^u religi\s ?\ght 0 less imm$iate4 ,x has be5 m p]man5t4 ,x 0 *>act]i/ically ^u ! side :i* ,kant & ,hegel _h neglect$4 ,t 0 ! side ( feel+4 ,8 !ology has be5 call$ ! !ology ( feel+4 ,he def9$ religion z feel+4 ,*ri/ianity is = him a specific feel+4 ,because he made s mu* ( feel+1 8 "n has be5 made a !ological h\sehold ^w by _m :o appropriat$ little else ( all he _h to tea*4 ,8 w>m? & passion1 8 en?usiasm = ,*ri/1 ! c5tral place ( ,*ri/ 9 8 sy/em1 made him lov$ by _m :o1 _h !y und]/ood him bett]1 might h lov$ him less4 ,= 8 real greatness lay1 n 9 ! fact t he possess$ ^! qualities alone1 b t he possess$ !m 9 a s+ul>ly beautiful comb9ation ) o!r qualities4 ,! emphasis is1 h[ev]1 correct4 ,he 0 ! prophet ( feel+1 z ,kant _h be5 ( e?ical religion & ,hegel ( ! intellectuality ( fai?4 ,! entire ,prote/ant !ology ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has felt 8 influ5ce4 ,! ,engli%-speak+ race is almo/ z mu* 8 debtor z is 8 own4 ,! ,fr5* ,hugu5ots ( ! revival felt him to be "o ( !mselves4 ,ev5 to ,amiel & ,s*]] he 0 a k9dr$ _s4 ,x is a true rem>k ( ,dil!y t 9 unusual degree an und]/&+ ( ! man's p]sonality & c>e] is necess>y to ! appreciation ( 8 ?\ght4 ,fri$ri* ,ern/ ,daniel ,s*lei]ma*] 0 born 9 #agfh 9 ,breslau1 ! son ( a *apla9 9 ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,he nev] connect$ himself (ficially ) ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,we h allud$ to an episode broadly *>act]i/ic ( 8 y\?4 ,he 0 tutor 9 ! h\se ( "o ( ! l&$ nobility ( ,prussia1 curate 9 a c\ntry p>i%1 prea*] at ! ,*>it 9 ,b]l9 9 #agie1 pr(essor extraord9>ius at ,halle 9 #ahjd1 prea*] at ! ,*ur* ( ! ,dreifaltigkeit 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahjg1 pr(essor ( !ology & organis] ( t faculty 9 ! newly-f\nd$ ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 9 #ahaj4 ,he nev] gave up 8 position z pa/or & prea*]1 ma9ta9+ ?is activity along ) 8 unusual lab\rs z tea*]1 executive & au?or4 ,he di$ 9 #ahcd4 ,9 8 e>li] ye>s 9 ,b]l9 he belong$ to ! circle ( brilliant m5 & wom5 :o made ,b]l9 fam\s 9 ^? ye>s4 ,x 0 a fa%ionable society compos$ ( p]sons m or less ( ! rationali/ic s*ool4 ,n a few ( !m1 l ! ,s*legels1 7 deeply t+$ ) romanticism4 ,!re 7 also among !m ,jews ( ! h\se ( ! eld] ,m5delssohn4 ,morally x 0 a society n altoge!r above reproa*4 ,its opposition to religion 0 a by-^w4 ,an affection ( ! susceptible y\? = a woman unhappily m>ri$ br\ght him to ! v]ge ( despair4 ,x 0 an affection :i* 8 pass+ pride z romantici/ w\ld h made him ?9k x prudi% to disc>d1 :ile ! deep1 und]ly+ elem5ts ( 8 nature made x inconceivable t he %\ld indulge4 ,only 9 lat] ye>s did he heal 8 w\nd 9 a happy m>ri$ life4 ,! episode 0 typical ( ! exp]i5ce he 0 pass+ ?r\gh4 ,he und]/ood ! public ) :i* 8 fir/ book dealt4 ,t book be>s ! /rik+ title1 ,r$5 b] die ,religion1 an die ,gebildet5 unt] ihr5 ,v]*t]n 7translat$1 ,oman1 ,ox=d1 #ahic74 ,8 public und]/ood him4 ,he c\ld rea* !m z p]haps no o!r man c\ld d4 ,if he _h ev] conceal$ :at religion 0 to him1 he n[ paid ! price4 ,if !y _h made light ( him1 he n[ made w> on !m4 ,?is me$ !y c\ld h>dly )hold f him1 t he und]/ood mo/ o!r ?+s q z well z !y1 & religion mu* bett] ?an !y4 ,! rhetorical =m is a fiction4 ,! addresses 7 nev] deliv]$4 ,_! t5sion & /ra9+ aft] effect is palpable4 ,!y are a cry ( pa9 on ! "p ( "o :o sees t assail$ :i* is sacr$ to him1 ( triumph z he feels himself able to repel ! assault1 ( brood+ p]suasiv5ess le/ any %\ld fail to be won = 8 tru?4 ,he conc$es ev]y?+4 ,x is "p ( 8 art to g fur!r ?an 8 detractors4 ,he is s well v]s$ 9 8 subject t he c d t ) consummate ma/]y1 :]e !y are clumsy or dilettante4 ,x is b a pale gho/ ( religion t he has left4 ,b he has atta9$ 8 purpose4 ,he has v9dicat$ ! place ( religion 9 ! life ( culture4 ,he has %[n ! relation ( religion to e great ?+ 9 civilisation1 its aff9ity ) art1 its common quality ) poetry1 its id5tity ) all pr(\nd activities ( ! s\l4 ,^! all are religion1 ?\gh _! vot>ies "k x n4 ,^! are rev]5ce = ! highe/1 dep5d5ce on ! highe/1 self-surr5d] to ! highe/4 ,no great man ev] liv$1 no great "w 0 ev] done1 save 9 an attitude t[>d ! univ]se1 :i* is id5tical ) t ( ! religi\s man t[>d ,god4 ,! univ]se is ,god4 ,god is ! univ]se4 ,t religioni/s h obscur$ ?is simple tru? & d5i$ ?is gr& relation is true1 & no?+ to ! po9t4 ,! cultivat$ %\ld be a%am$ n to "k ?is4 ,!n1 ) a sympa?y ) in/itutional religion & a k ( hi/ory 9 :i* he /ood almo/ alone1 he retracts mu* t he has yield$1 he rebuilds mu* t he has ?r[n d[n1 proclaims mu* :i* !y mu/ n[ conc$e4 ,! book 0 publi%$ 9 #agii4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] he said sadly t if he 7 rewrit+ x1 its %afts w\ld be direct$ aga9/ "s v diff]5t p]sons1 aga9/ glib & smug p :o boa/$ ! =m ( godl9ess1 conv5tional1 ev5 fa%ionable religioni/s & loveless ecclesia/ics4 ,va/ & v>i\s influ5ces 9 ! ,g]many ( ! fir/ two decades ( ! c5tury _h wr\ght = ! revival ( religion4 ,( ^? influ5ces1 n ! lea/ _h be5 t ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s book4 ,among ! greate/ _h be5 ,s*lei]ma*] himself4 ,! religion ( feel+1 z advocat$ 9 ! ,r$51 _h left mu* on ! e?ical side to be desir$4 ,?is defect ! au?or s\ght to rem$y 9 8 ,monolog51 publi%$ 9 #ahjj4 ,! programme ( !ological /udies = ! new ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 ,kurze ,d>/ellung des ,!ologis*5 ,/udiums1 #ahaa1 %[s 8 !ological sy/em already 9 l>ge "p matur$4 ,8 ,d] *ri/li*e ,glaube1 publi%$ 9 #ahba1 revis$ ?ree ye>s be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahcd1 is 8 monum5tal "w4 ,8 ,e?ik1 8 lectures ^u _m subjects1 num]\s volumes ( s]mons1 all publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 witness 8 v]satility4 ,8 s]mons h ! r>e note :i* "o f9ds 9 ,rob]tson & ,brooks4 ,all ( ! imm$iacy ( religion1 its indep5d5ce ( rational argum5t1 ( hi/orical tradition or in/itutional =ms1 :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,s*lei]ma*] to 8 late/ day1 is felt 9 ! ,r$54 ,by x he ?rill$ ! he>ts ( m5 z !y h r>ely be5 ?rill$4 ,x is n =ms & traditions :i* create religion4 ,x is religion :i* creates ^!4 ,!y _c exi/ )\t x4 ,x may exi/ )\t !m1 ?\gh n s well or s effectively4 ,religion is ! s5se ( ,god4 ,t s5se we h1 ?\gh _m call x by ano!r "n4 ,x w\ld be m true to say t t s5se has u4 ,x is inescapable4 ,all :o h x are ! religi\s4 ,^? :o hold to dogmas1 rites1 in/itutions 9 su* a way z to obscure & ov]lay ?is s5se ( ,god1 ^? :o hold ^? z sub/itute = t s5se1 are ! ne>e/ to be+ irreligi\s4 ,any =m1 ! mo/ outr1 biz>re & unconv5tional1 is good1 s only t x helps a man to ,god4 ,all =ms are evil1 ! mo/ accr$it$ ! mo/ evil1 if !y come betwe5 a man & ,god4 ,! pan!ism ( ! ?\ght ( ,god 9 all ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s e>ly "w is und5iable4 ,he nev] :olly put x aside4 ,! p]sonality ( ,god seem$ to him a limitation4 ,language is "h only symbolical1 a m]e expression f an environm5t :i* we "k1 flung out into ! dep?s ( t we _c see4 ,if ! language ( p]sonal relations helps m5 9 liv+ ) _! tru?--well & good4 ,x h9d]s also4 ,= himself he felt t x h9d]$ m ?an help$4 ,8 def9ition ( religion z ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u ,god1 is cit$ z evid5ce ( ! effect ^u him ( 8 cont5tion aga9/ ! p]sonalness ( ,god4 ,religion is also1 x is alleg$1 ! s5tim5t ( fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,fell[%ip implies p]sons4 ,b to no man 0 ! fell[%ip ) ! s\l ( 8 own s\l & ( all ! univ]se m real ?an 0 t fell[%ip to ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,?is 0 ! m true 9 8 matur] ye>s1 ! ye>s ( ! magnific5t r\nd+ out ( 8 ?\ght4 ,god 0 to him inde$ n 'a man 9 ! next /reet4' ,:at he says ab\t ! problem ( ! p]sonalness ( ,god is true4 ,we see1 p]haps1 m cle>ly ?an did he t ! debate is l>gely ab\t words4 ,simil>ly1 we may say t ,s*lei]ma*]'s pass+ d5ial ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 direct$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 aga9/ ! crass1 unsocial & immoral view :i* has disfigur$ mu* ( ! tea*+ ( religion4 ,8 cont5tion 0 direct$ t[>d t los+ ( oneself 9 ,god ?r\gh ideals & s]vice n[1 :i* 9 m mod]n phrase we call ! entrance ^u ! immortal life "h1 ! be+ 9 et]nity n[4 ,= a s\l s dispos$1 = a life ?us inspir$1 dea? is b an episode4 ,= himself he rejoices to decl>e x "o to ! issue ( :i* he is indiff]5t4 ,if he may ?us live ) ,god n[1 he c>es little :e!r or n he %all live by & by4 ,9 8 ,monologues ,s*lei]ma*] fir/ sets =? 8 e?ical ?\ght4 ,z x is religion t a man feels himself dep5d5t ^u ,god1 s is x ! beg9n+ ( morality t a man feels 8 dep5d5ce ^u 8 fell[s & _! dep5d5ce on him4 ,slaves ( _! own "t & circum/ance1 m5 live out _! lives 9 sup]ficiality & isolation4 ,!y are a prey to _! own selfi%ness4 ,!y nev] come into ^? relations ) _! fell[s 9 :i* ! moral ideal c be realis$4 ,man 9 8 isolation f 8 fell[s is no?+ & accompli%es no?+4 ,! int]e/s ( ! :ole humanity are 8 private int]e/s4 ,8 own happ9ess & welf>e are n possible to be secur$ save ?r\gh 8 co-op]ation ) o!rs1 8 "w & s]vice = o!rs4 ,! happ9ess & welf>e ( o!rs n m]ely react ^u 8 own4 ,!y are 9 a l>ge s5se id5tical ) 8 own4 ,?is on5ess ( a man ) all m5 is ! basis ( morality1 j z ! on5ess ( man ) ,god is ! basis ( religion4 ,9 bo? cases ! on5ess exi/s :e!r or n we "k x4 ,! contradictions & mis]ies into :i* immoral or unmoral conduct plunges u1 are ! witness ( ! fact t ?is inviolable unity ( a man ) humanity is op]ative1 ev5 if he ignores x4 ,(t5 x is 8 ignor+ ( ?is relation :i* br+s him ?r\gh mis]y to consci\sness ( x4 ,man z moral be+ is b an individuation ( humanity1 j z1 aga91 z religi\s be+ he is b an individuation ( ,god4 ,! goal ( ! moral life is ! absorption ( self1 ! elim9ation ( self1 :i* is at ! same "t ! realisation ( self1 ?r\gh ! life & s]vice = o!rs4 ,! goal ( religion is ! elim9ation ( self1 ! swall[+ up ( self1 9 ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,9 tru?1 ! unity ( man ) man is at bottom only ano!r =m ( 8 unity ) ,god1 & ! s]vice ( humanity is ! id5tical s]vice ( ,god4 ,o!r s-call$ s]vices ( ,god are a means to ?is1 or else an illusion4 ,?is p>allel ( religion & morals is to be set ov] aga9/ o!r passages1 easily to be cit$1 9 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] speaks ( passivity & contemplation z ! means ( ! realisation ( ! unity ( man & ,god1 z if ! elim9ation ( self meant a sort ( ,nirvana4 ,s*lei]ma*] 0 a pan!i/ & my/ic4 ,no philosoph] save ,kant ev] influ5c$ him half s mu* z did ,sp9oza4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ ori5tal 9 8 mood at times4 ,an occasional fragm5t ( description ( religion might pass z a bett] del9eation ( ,buddhism ?an ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is univ]sality ( 8 m9d is int]e/+4 ,^! elem5ts h n be5 unattractive to "s portions ( 8 foll[+4 ,"o we>i$ ) ! ,phili/9ism ( ! mod]n popul> urg5cy ^u practicality turns to ,s*lei]ma*]1 z inde$ sometimes to ,sp9oza1 & says1 "h is a man :o at lea/ kn[s :at religion is4 ,yet no?+ is fur!r f ! tru? ?an to say t ,s*lei]ma*] _h no s5se = ! mean+ ( religion 9 ! outw>d life & pres5t _w4 ,9 ! ,r$5 ,s*lei]ma*] _h cont5d$ t religion is a condition ( dev\t feel+1 specifically ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u ,god4 ,?is view dom9ates 8 treatm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x gives him 8 po9t ( dep>ture4 ,a ,*ri/ian is possess$ ( ! dev\t feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ or1 z aga9 he phrases x1 ( dep5d5ce ^u ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ianity is a positive religion 9 ! s5se t x has direct relation to c]ta9 facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 mo/ ( all to ! p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,b x does n consi/ 9 any positive propositions :atsoev]4 ,^! h aris5 9 ! process ( int]pretation ( ! fai?4 ,! sub/ance ( ! fai? is ! exp]i5ce ( r5ewal 9 ,*ri/1 ( r$emption ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,?is inw>d exp]i5ce is nei!r produc$ by pure ?\ght nor dep5d5t ^u x4 ,l all o!r exp]i5ce x is simply an object to be describ$ & reckon$ )4 ,or?odox dogmati/s _h held t ! cont5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? is a doctr9e giv5 9 revelation4 ,s*lei]ma*] held t x is a consci\sness inspir$ prim>ily by ! p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,x mu/ be connect$ ) ! o!r data & acta ( our consci\sness "u ! g5]al laws ( ! op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,aga9/ rationalism & mu* s-call$ lib]al ,*ri/ianity1 ,s*lei]ma*] cont5d$ t ,*ri/ianity is n a new set ( propositions p]iodically br\ght up to date & proclaim$ z if ^! alone 7 true4 ,new propositions c h only ! same relativity ( tru? :i* belong$ to ! old ones 9 _! day4 ,!y may /& betwe5 m5 & religion z s]i\sly z ! o!rs _h done4 ,! condition ( ! he>t1 :i* is religion1 ! exp]i5ce ?r\gh ,jesus :i* is ,*ri/ianity1 is prim>ily an individual matt]4 ,b x is n solely su*4 ,x is a common exp]i5ce also4 ,s*lei]ma*] recognises ! common elem5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 ! elem5t :i* %[s itself 9 ! ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce ( all ages1 ( diff]5t races & ( c\ntless numb]s ( m54 ,by ?is recognition ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 its deep & spiritual s5se1 ,s*lei]ma*] hopes to escape ! vag>ies & ecc5tricities1 & aga9 ! n>r[ness & bigotries ( pure individualism4 ,no lib]al !ologian until ,s*lei]ma*] _h _h any simil> s5se ( ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & ( ! privilege & duty ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght to contribute to ! welf>e ( t body ( m5 believ+ 9 ,god & foll[+ ,*ri/ :i* is meant by ! ,*ur*4 ,?is is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! individualism ( ,kant4 ,( c\rse1 ,s*lei]ma*] w\ld nev] h recognis$ z ! ,*ur* t "p ( humanity :i* is held toge!r by adh]5ce to p>ticul> dogmas1 s9ce1 = him1 ,*ri/ianity is n dogma4 ,/ill less c\ld he recognise z ! ,*ur* t "p ( mank9d :i* is held toge!r by a common tradition ( wor%ip1 or by a giv5 !ory ( organisation1 s9ce ^! also are hi/orical & incid5tal4 ,he meant by ! ,*ur* t "p ( humanity1 9 all places & at all times1 :i* has be5 held toge!r by ! common possession ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness & ! ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,! outl9e ( ?is exp]i5ce1 ! cont5t ( ?is consci\sness1 c nev] be s def9$ z to make x legislatively op]ative4 ,if x 7 s def9$ we %\ld h dogma & n ,*ri/ianity4 ,nev]!less1 x may be practically pot5t4 ,! degree 9 :i* a giv5 man may ju/ly id5tify 8 own consci\sness & exp]i5ce ) t ( ! ,*ri/ian _w is problematical4 ,9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s own case1 ! id5tification ( "s ( 8 cont5tions z1 = example1 ! ?\ght t ,god is n p]sonal ) ! great ,*ri/ian consci\sness ( ! pa/1 is m ?an problematical4 ,to ?is ,s*lei]ma*] w\ld reply t if ^! cont5tions 7 true1 !y w\ld become ! possession ( spiritual ,*ri/5dom ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,advance always orig9at$ ) "o or a few4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ! end1 a giv5 portion f\nd no place 9 ! consci\sness ( g5]ation truly evid5c+ _! ,*ri/ian life1 t position w\ld be adjudg$ an idiosyncrasy1 a negligible quantity4 ,?is view ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s z to ! ,*ur* is sugge/ive4 ,x is ! und]tone ( a view :i* widely prevails 9 our own "t4 ,x is some:at difficult ( practical comb9ation ) ! traditional m>ks ( ! *ur*es1 z ^! h be5 inh]it$ ev5 9 ,prote/antism f ! ,ca?olic age4 ,9 a v real s5se ,jesus occupi$ ! c5tral place 9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s sy/em4 ,! c5tralness ( ,jesus ,*ri/ he himself 0 nev] we>y ( emphasis+4 ,x became 9 ! next g5]ation a favorite phrase ( "s :o foll[$ ,s*lei]ma*]'s pure & b\nte\s _s af> (f4 ,too mu* ( a my/ic to ass]t t x is ?r\gh ,jesus alone t we "k ,god1 he yet accords to ,jesus an absolutely unique place 9 revelation4 ,x is ?r\gh ! "* & p]sonality ( ,jesus t ! *ange 9 ! "* ( man1 :i* is r$emption1 is m>%all$ & su/a9$4 ,r$emption is a man's be+ br\ght out ( ! condition 9 :i* all high] self consci\sness 0 dimm$ & enfeebl$1 into "o 9 :i* ?is high] consci\sness is vivid & /rong & ! p[] ( self-det]m9ation t[>d ! good has be5 re/or$4 ,salvation is ?us moral & spiritual1 pres5t z well z future4 ,x is possible 9 ! future only because actual 9 ! pres5t4 ,x is ! recon/ruction ( a man's nature & life by ! action ( ! _s ( ,god1 conjo9tly ) t ( man's own free _s4 ,x is intelligible 9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s context t ,jesus %\ld be spok5 ( z ! sole r$eem] ( m51 _! only hope1 & t ! ,*ri/ian's dep5d5ce ^u him %\ld be describ$ z absolute4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( dep5d5ce ^u ,*ri/ alone has be5 (t51 inde$1 "o may say g5]ally1 associat$ ) a conception ( salvation widely diff]5t f t ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,x has be5 (t5e/ associat$ ) ! notion ( some?+ purely ext]nal1 =5sic1 ev5 magical4 ,x is connect$1 ev5 d[n to our own "t1 ) reliance ^u ! blood ( ,*ri/1 almo/ z if ?is 7 ext]nally appli$4 ,x has po/ulat$ a propitiatory sacrifice1 a vic>i\s atonem5t1 a complet$ transaction1 some?+ :i* 0 laid up = all & wait+ to be avail$ ( by "s4 ,n[ e ext]nal1 =5sic1 magical notion ( salvation1 z some?+ pur*as$ = u1 imput$ to u1 conf]r$ ^u u1 w\ld h be5 utt]ly impossible to ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,x is )9 ! s\l ( man t r$emption takes place4 ,conf]m5t f ! side ( ,god & ,*ri/1 or f ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/1 c be no?+ m1 z also x c be no?+ less1 ?an ! imp>t+ ( wisdom & grace & spiritual p[] f ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 :i* a man !n freely takes up )9 himself & gives =? z f himself4 ,! ,*ri/ian consci\sness conta9s1 along ) ! s5se ( dep5d5ce ^u ,jesus1 ! s5se ( moral alliance & spiritual sympa?y ) him1 ( a free relation ( ! w ( man to ! w ( ,god z reveal$ 9 ,jesus4 ,! w ( man is set ^u ! reproduction )9 himself1 s f> z possible1 ( ! consci\sness1 exp]i5ce & "* ( ,jesus4 ,! s9 f :i* man is to be deliv]$ is describ$ by ,s*lei]ma*] ?us3 ,x is ! dom9ance ( ! l[] nature 9 u1 ( ! s5se-consci\sness4 ,x is ! det]m9ation ( our c\rse ( life by ! s5ses4 ,?is prepond]ance ( ! s5ses ov] ! consci\sness ( ,god is ! secret ( unhapp9ess1 ( ! feel+ ( defeat & mis]y 9 m51 ( ! ne$ ( salvation4 ,"o has to read ,s*lei]ma*]'s phrase1 '! s5ses' "h1 z we read ,paul's phrase1 '! fle%4' ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prepond]ance ( ! consci\sness ( ,god1 ! will+ ob$i5ce to x 9 e act ( life1 becomes to u ! secret ( /r5g? & ( bless$ness 9 life4 ,?is is ! special exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x is ! effect ( ! impulse & influ5ce ( ,*ri/4 ,we receive ?is impulse 9 a mann] :olly consi/5t ) ! laws ( our psy*ological & moral be+4 ,we c>ry =w>d ?is impulse ) v>y+ =tunes & by free w4 ,x comes to u1 h[ev]1 f )\t & f above1 ?r\gh "o :o 0 inde$ true man1 b :o is also1 9 a mann] n fur!r explicable1 to be id5tifi$ ) ! moral ideal ( humanity4 ,?is id5tification ( ,jesus ) ! moral ideal is complete & unque/ion+ ) ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,x is visible 9 ! int]*angeable use ( ! titles ,jesus & ,*ri/4 ,our sav+ consci\sness ( ,god c\ld proce$ f ! p]son ( ,jesus only if t consci\sness 7 actually pres5t 9 ,jesus 9 an absolute measure4 ,ideal & p]son 9 him p]fectly co9cide4 ,z typical & ideal man1 accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,jesus 0 di/+ui%$ f all o!r f\nd]s ( religions4 ,^! come be=e u z m5 *os5 f ! numb] ( _! fell[s1 receiv+1 q z mu* = !mselves z = o!rs1 t :i* !y receiv$ f ,god4 ,x is n[h]e impli$ t ,jesus himself 0 9 ne$ ( r$emption1 b r t he alone possess$ f e>lie/ ye>s ! fulness ( r$emptive p[]4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ f o!r m5 by 8 absolute moral p]fection4 ,?is exclud$ n m]ely actual s91 b all possibility ( s9 &1 accord+ly1 all real moral /ruggle4 ,?is p]fection 0 *>act]is$ also by 8 fre$om f error4 ,he nev] orig9at$ an errone\s notion nor adopt$ "o f o!rs z a conviction ( 8 own4 ,9 ?is respect 8 p]son 0 a moral miracle 9 ! mid/ ( ! common life ( our humanity1 ( an ord] to be expla9$ only by a new spiritually creative act ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,s*lei]ma*] says squ>ely t ! abs5ce ( ! natural pat]nal p>ticipation 9 ! orig9 ( ! physical life ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ! acc\nt 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels1 w\ld add no?+ to ! moral miracle if x c\ld be prov$ & detract no?+ if x %\ld be tak5 away4 ,s+ul> is ?is ability on ! "p ( ,s*lei]ma*] to believe 9 ! moral miracle1 n ^u its own t]ms1 ( :i* we %all speak lat]1 b ^u t]ms ^u :i* ! outw>d & physical miracle1 commonly s-call$1 _h become1 we ne$ n say incr$ible1 b unnecess>y to ,s*lei]ma*] himself4 ,s+ul> is ?is :ole "p ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s con/ruction1 ) its lapse into ab/raction ( ! famili> sort1 ( :i*1 9 g5]al1 ! work+ ( 8 m9d _h be5 s free4 ,= surely :at we "h h is ab/raction4 ,x is an undissolv$ fragm5t ( metaphysical !ology4 ,x is impossible ( comb9ation ) ! hi/orical4 ,x is :olly unnecess>y = ! religi\s view ( salvation :i* ,s*lei]ma*] _h di/9ctly tak54 ,x is surpris+ h[ sl[ m5 h be5 to le>n t ! absolute _c be hi/oric nor ! hi/oric absolute4 ,surely ! claim t ,jesus 0 free f error 9 intellectual conception is unnecess>y1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! sav+ influ5ce ^u "* :i* ,s*lei]ma*] _h ass]t$4 ,x is 9 contradiction ) ! view ( revelation to :i* ,s*lei]ma*] _h already advanc$4 ,x is to be acc\nt$ = only f ! po9t ( view ( ! mi/ak5 assumption t ! div9e1 ev5 9 manife/ation1 mu/ be p]fect1 9 ! s5se ( t :i* is /atic & n ( t :i* is dynamic4 ,! ass]tion is n su/a9$ f ! ,gospel itself4 ,x r$uces _m aspects ( ! life ( ,jesus to m]e semblance4 ,t also :i* is claim$ 9 reg>d to ! ab/ract impossibility ( s9 ^u ! "p ( ,jesus is 9 hopeless contradiction ) t :i* ,s*lei]ma*] _h said z to ! normal & actual developm5t ( ,jesus1 9 moral z also 9 all o!r ways4 ,su* developm5t is impossible )\t /ruggle4 ,/ruggle is n real :5 failure is impossible4 ,s f> z we "k1 x is 9 /ruggle only t "* is made4 ,ev5 z to ! actual commission ( s9 on ,jesus' "p1 ! ass]tion ( ! ab/ract necessity ( 8 s9lessness1 = ! "w ( moral r$emption1 goes beyond any?+ :i* we "k4 ,! "q ( ! s9lessness ( ,jesus is n an a priori "q4 ,to say t he 0 by conception free f s9 is to beg ! "q4 ,we ?us =m a conception & !n read ! ,gospels to f9d evid5ce to su/a9 x4 ,to say t he did1 ?\gh tempt$ 9 all po9ts l z we are1 yet s conduct himself 9 ! my/]y ( life z to rema9 un/a9$1 is inde$ to allege t he a*iev$ t :i*1 s f> u we "k1 is )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,b x is to leave him true man1 & s ! moral r$eem] ( m5 :o w\ld be true4 ,to say t1 if he 7 true man1 he mu/ h s9n$1 is aga9 to beg ! "q4 ,let u repeat t ! "q is "o ( evid5ce4 ,to say t he 01 ?\gh true man1 s f> z we h any evid5ce 9 fact1 free f s91 is only to say t 8 humanity 0 uniquely p5etrat$ by ! _s ( ,god = ! purposes ( ! life :i* he _h to live4 ,t he>t-brok5 recollection ( 8 own s9 :i* "o he>s 9 ,! ,sc>let ,lett]1 giv+ p[] to ! prea*] :o w\ld rea* m5 9 _! s9s1 has n ! remote/ p>allel 9 any rem9isc5ce ( ,jesus :i* we possess4 ,!re is e evid5ce ( ! purity ( ,jesus' consci\sness4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( ! consci\sness ( s94 ,!re is a passage 9 ! ,disc\rses1 9 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] himself decl>$ t ! id5tification ( ! fundam5tal idea ( religion ) ! hi/orical fact 9 :i* t religion _h its rise1 0 a mi/ake4 ,surely x is exactly ?is mi/ake :i* ,s*lei]ma*] has "h made4 ,x w be evid5t f all t has be5 said t to ,s*lei]ma*] ! ,scripture 0 n ! f\ndation ( fai?4 ,z su* x 0 almo/ univ]sally reg>d$ 9 8 "t4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t1 he decl>$1 is itself b a product ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,x is a record ( ! ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce ( ! m5 ( ! e>li] "t4 ,to u x is a means ( grace because x is ! vivid & orig9al regi/] ( t exp]i5ce4 ,! ,scriptures c be reg>d$ z ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s only 9 s f> z ?is 0 ?is common _s ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,?is _s has borne witness to ,*ri/ 9 ^! writ+s n ess5tially o!rwise ?an 9 lat] writ+s1 only m at fir/ h&1 m "u ! impression ( int]c\rse ) ,jesus4 ,lea/ ( all may we base ! au?ority ( ,scripture ^u a !ory ( inspiration su* z t g5]ally curr5t 9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s "t4 ,x is ! p]sonality ( ,jesus :i* is ! inspiration ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,*ri/ian fai?1 includ+ ! fai? 9 ! ,scriptures1 c re/ only ^u ! total impression ( ! "* ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! same mann] ,s*lei]ma*] speaks ( miracles4 ,^! _c be reg>d$ 9 ! conv5tional mann] z supports ( religion1 = ! simple/ ( all reasons4 ,!y presuppose religion & fai? & mu/ be und]/ood by means ( ^?4 ,! acc\nts ( ext]nal miracles conta9$ 9 ! ,gospels are matt]s = unhesitat+ criticism4 ,! ,*ri/ian f9ds1 = moral reasons & because ( ! response ( 8 own he>t1 ! highe/ revelation ( ,god 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,extraord9>y ev5ts may be expect$ 9 ,jesus' c>e]4 ,yet ^! c be call$ miracles only relatively1 z conta9+ some?+ extraord9>y = contempor>y k4 ,!y may rema9 to u ev5ts :olly inexplicable1 illu/rat+ a law high] ?an any :i* we yet "k4 ,!re) !y are n tak5 out ( ! realm ( ! ord]ly ph5om5a ( nature4 ,9 o!r words1 ! notion ( ! miracul\s is purely subjective4 ,:at is a miracle = "o age may be no miracle 9 ! view ( ! next4 ,:atev] ! de$s ( ,jesus may h be51 h[ev] inexplicable all ages may f9d !m1 we c b reg>d !m z m]ely natural consequ5ces ( ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 unique because he 0 unique4 ',9 ! int]e/s ( religion ! necessity c nev] arise ( reg>d+ an ev5t z tak5 out ( its connection ) nature1 9 consequ5ce ( its dep5d5ce ^u ,god4' ,x is n possible )9 ! compass ( ?is book to d m ?an deal ) typical & repres5tative p]sons4 ,s*lei]ma*] 0 epo*-mak+4 ,he ga!r$ 9 himself ! creative impulses ( ! prec$+ p]iod4 ,! *>act]i/ic !ological t5d5cies ( ! two succe$+ g5]ations may be trac$ back to him4 ,_m m5 work$ 9 s]i\sness ^u ! !ological problem4 ,no "o ( !m m>ks an era aga9 until we come to ,rits*l4 ,! !ologians ( ! int]val betwe5 ,s*lei]ma*] & ,rits*l h be5 divid$ into ?ree gr\ps4 ,! fir/ gr\p is ( di/9ctly philosophical t5d5cy4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hegel 0 felt ^u !m all4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ,s*weitz]1 ,bi$]mann1 ,lipsius1 & ,pfleid]]4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hegel 0 greate/ ^u ,bi$]mann1 lea/ ^u ,lipsius4 ,an e/imate ( ! influ5ce ( ,s*lei]ma*] w\ld rev]se t ord]4 ,especially did ,lipsius seek to lay at ! f\ndation ( 8 "w t exact psy*ological /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( religion :i* ,s*lei]ma*] _h decl>$ requisite4 ,x is possible t ,lipsius w m ne>ly come to 8 own :5 ! en?usiasm = ,rits*l has wan$4 ,! second gr\p ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s foll[]s took ! direction opposite to t :i* we h nam$4 ,!y 7 ! confessional !ologians4 ,h(fmann %[s himself le>n$1 acute & full ( p[]4 ,"o does n see1 h[ev]1 :y 8 me?od %\ld n prove any?+ :i* any confession ev] claim$4 ,he sets out f ,s*lei]ma*]'s decl>ation conc]n+ ! cont5t ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,9 ,h(fmann's own dev\t consci\sness !re _h be5 response1 s9ce 8 *ildhood1 to e item :i* ! cre$ alleg$4 ,!re=e ^! items mu/ h objective tru?4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( an ,engli% p>allel 9 ,newman's ,gramm> ( ,ass5t4 ,yet ano!r gr\p1 t ( ! s-call$ m$iat+ !ologians1 conta9s "s well-kn[n names4 ,"h belong ,nitzs*1 ,ro!1 ,mll]1 ,dorn]4 ,! "n _h orig9ally describ$ ! ef=t to f9d1 9 ! ,union1 common gr\nd betwe5 ,lu!rans & ,re=m$4 ,9 ! fact t x made ! cre$s ( little importance & fell back on ,s*lei]ma*]'s emphasis ^u feel+1 ! movem5t came to h ! "* also ( an attempt to f9d a middle way betwe5 confessionali/s & rationali/s4 ,its repres5tatives _h (t5 ! k9d ( bread? ( sympa?y :i* goes ) lack ( insight1 r ?an t bread? ( sympa?y :i* is due to ! possession ( insight4 ,yet ,ro! rises to real di/9ction1 especially 9 8 =eca/ ( ! social int]pretation ( religion4 ,) ! m5 ( ?is gr\p arose a speculation conc]n+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/ :i* = a "t _h "s curr5cy4 ,x 0 call$ ! !ory ( ! k5osis4 ,jesus is spok5 ( 9 a fam\s passage ( ! lett] to ! ,philippians2 z hav+ empti$ himself ( div9e qualities t he might be f\nd 9 fa%ion z a man4 ,9 ?is speculation ! div9e attributes 7 divid$ into two classes4 ,( ! "o class x 0 held ,*ri/ _h empti$ himself 9 becom+ fle%1 or at lea/ he _h !m 9 abeyance4 ,he _h !m1 b did n use !m4 ,:at we h "h is b a despair+ ef=t to be j to ,jesus' humanity & yet to ass]t 8 deity 9 ! anci5t metaphysical t]ms4 ,x is b say+ yes & no 9 ! same brea?4 ,bi$]mann said sadly ( ! speculation t x repres5t$ ! k5osis1 n ( ! div9e nature1 b ( ! human und]/&+4 ,,rits*l ,,& ,,! ,,rits*lians ,if any man 9 ! dep>tm5t ( !ology 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury atta9$ a position su* z to entitle him to be comp>$ ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 x 0 ,rits*l4 ,he 0 long ! mo/ conspicu\s figure 9 any *air ( dogmatic !ology 9 ,g]many4 ,he e/abli%$ a s*ool ( !ological ?9k]s 9 a s5se 9 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] nev] desir$ to ga9 a foll[+4 ,he ex]t$ ecclesia/ical influ5ce ( a k9d :i* ,s*lei]ma*] nev] s\ght4 ,he 0 involv$ 9 controv]sy 9 a degree to :i* ! life ( ,s*lei]ma*] pres5ts no p>allel4 ,he 0 n a prea*]1 he 0 no philosoph]4 ,he 0 n a man ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s bread? ( int]e/4 ,8 intellectual hi/ory pres5ts m ?an "o brea* )9 itself1 z t ( ,s*lei]ma*] pres5t$ none1 despite ! wide arc :i* he trav]s$4 ,( ,rits*l1 z ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 x may be said t he ex]t$ a great influ5ce ov] _m :o h only 9 "p agre$ ) him4 ,albre*t ,rits*l 0 born 9 #ahbb 9 ,b]l91 ! son ( a bi%op 9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,bonn & at ,tb+54 ,he e/abli%$ himself at ,bonn1 :]e1 9 #ahec1 he became pr(essor extraord9>ius & 9 #ahfj ord9>ies4 ,9 #ahfd he 0 call$ to ,gtt+54 ,9 #ahgd he became consi/orialra? 9 ! new ,prussian e/abli%m5t = ! ,hanov]ian ,*ur*4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhh4 ,^! are ! simple outw>d facts ( a some:at /ormy pr(essional c>e]4 ,!re 0 pieti/ic influ5ce 9 ,rits*l's ance/ry1 z also 9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s4 ,rits*l _h1 h[ev]1 react$ viol5tly aga9/ x4 ,8 attitude 0 t ( repudiation ( ev]y?+ my/ical4 ,he _h /rong av]sion to ! type ( piety :i* re/$ its assurance solely ^u inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,?is av]sion is "o root ( ! hi/oric positivism :i* makes him1 at ! la/1 ass]t ! wor?lessness ( all suppos$ revelations outside ( ! ,bible & ( all suppos$ ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce ap>t f ! influ5ce ( ! hi/orical ,*ri/4 ,he began 8 c>e] "u ! influ5ce ( ,hegel4 ,he came to ! position 9 :i* he felt t ! sole hope = !ology 0 9 ! elim9ation f x ( all metaphysical elem5ts4 ,he felt t none ( 8 pr$ecessors _h c>ri$ out ,s*lei]ma*]'s dictum1 t religion is n ?\ght1 b religi\s ?\ght only "o ( ! functions ( religion4 ,yet1 ( c\rse1 he 0 n able to discuss fundam5tal !ological que/ions )\t philosophical basis1 p>ticul>ly an explicit !ory ( k4 ,8 !ory ( k he _h d]iv$ eclectically & some:at ecc5trically1 f ,lotze & ,kant4 ,to ?is day n all1 ei!r ( 8 fri5ds or foes1 are q c]ta9 :at x 04 ,x is op5 to d\bt :e!r ,rits*l really arriv$ at 8 !ory ( cognition & !n made x "o ( ! bases ( 8 !ology4 ,x is conceivable t he made 8 !ology & !n prop\nd$ 8 !ory ( cognition 9 its def5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 ! basis ( di/9ction betwe5 religi\s & sci5tific k is n to be s\ght 9 its object4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! sph]e ( ! subject1 9 ! diff]5ce ( attitude ( ! subject t[>d ! object4 ,religion is conc]n$ ) :at he calls ,w]?ur!ile1 judgm5ts ( value1 consid]ations ( our relation to ! _w1 :i* are ( mom5t solely 9 accordance ) _! value 9 awak5+ feel+s ( pleasure or ( pa94 ,! ?\ght ( ,god1 = example1 mu/ be treat$ solely z a judgm5t ( value4 ,x is a conception :i* is ( wor? = ! atta9m5t ( good1 = our spiritual peace & victory ov] ! _w4 ,:at ,god is 9 himself we _c "k1 an exi/5tial ,judgm5t we _c =m )\t go+ ov] to ! metaphysicians4 ,:at ,god is to u we c "k simply z religi\s m5 & solely ^u ! basis ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,god is holy love4 ,t is a religi\s value-judgm5t4 ,b :at sort ( a be+ ,god mu/ be 9 ord] t we may assign to him ^! attributes1 we _c say )\t leav+ ! basis ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is is pragmatism inde$4 ,x op5s up b\ndless possibilities ( subjectivism 9 a man :o 0 app>5tly only too matt]-(-fact4 ,!re 0 a "t 9 8 c>e] :5 ,rits*l 0 popul> ) bo? cons]vatives & lib]als4 ,!re 7 long ye>s 9 :i* he 0 bitt]ly d5\nc$ by bo?4 ,yet !re 0 some?+ 9 ! man & 9 8 tea*+ :i* w5t beyond all ! antagonisms ( ! s*ools4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x 0 ! int5tion ( ,rits*l to build 8 !ology solely ^u ! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! joy & confid5ce ) :i* ?is !ology c\ld be prea*$1 ,rits*l awak5$ 9 8 pupils 9 a degree :i* _h n be5 equall$ by any !ologian s9ce ,s*lei]ma*] himself4 ,numb]s :o1 9 ! "t ( philosophical & sci5tific unc]ta9ty1 _h lo/ _! c\rage1 rega9$ x 9 contact ) 8 confid5t & deeply religi\s _s4 ,a :olesome nature1 em95tly objective 9 temp]1 conc5trat$ ) all 8 =ce ^u 8 task1 ( r>e dialectical gifts1 he _h a great s5se ( hum\r & occasionally also ! faculty ( bitt]ly s>ca/ic spee*4 ,8 v figure radiat$ ! delight ( conflict z he walk$ ! ,gtt+5 wall4 ,a devot$ pupil1 writ+ imm$iately aft] ,rits*l's dea?1 us$ conc]n+ ,s*lei]ma*] a phrase :i* we may transf] to ,rits*l himself4 ',"o wond]s :e!r su* a !ology ev] exi/$ z a connect$ :ole1 except 9 ! m9d ( its orig9ator4 ,nei!r by ^? ab\t him1 nor by ^? aft] him1 has x be5 reproduc$ 9 its entirety or free f gl>+ contradictions4' ,x 0 n free f contradictions 9 ,rits*l's own m9d4 ,8 pupils divid$ 8 inh]itance among !m4 ,ea* appropriat$ t :i* accord$ ) 8 own way ( look+ at ?+s & view$ ! rema9d] z some?+ :i* might be left out ( ! acc\nt4 ,x is long s9ce "o c\ld prop]ly speak ( a ,rits*lian s*ool4 ,x w be long until we %all cease to reckon ) a ,rits*lian influ5ce4 ,he did yeoman s]vice 9 break+ d[n ! high ,lu!ran confessionalism :i* _h be5 ! ord] ( ! day4 ,9 8 recognition ( ! excesses ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool all w\ld n[ agree4 ,9 8 feel+ aga9/ m]e s5tim5talities ( piety _m sympa?ise4 ,9 8 emphasis ^u ! e?ical & practical1 9 8 urg5cy ^u ! actual problem ( a man's vocation 9 ! _w1 he meets 9 /rik+ mann] ! temp] ( our age4 ,9 8 emphasis ^u ! social factor 9 religion1 he repres5ts a popul> phase ( ?\ght4 ,) all ( ?is1 x is /range to f9d a man ( s mu* le>n+ :o _h s little sympa?y ) ! comp>ative /udy ( religions1 :o 0 su* a dogmati/ on behalf ( 8 own inadequate notion ( revelation1 ! logical effect ( ^: tea*+ conc]n+ ! ,*ur* w\ld be ! revival ( an in/itutionalism & ext]nalism su* z ,prote/antism has h>dly kn[n4 ,s9ce ,s*lei]ma*] ! ,g]man !ologians _h made ! problem ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ ! c5tre ( discussion4 ,9 ! same p]iod ! problem ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ _h be5 ! c5tral po9t ( debate 9 ,am]ica4 ,"h1 z !re1 all ! o!r po9ts arrang$ !mselves ab\t ?is "o4 ,! new movem5t :i* w5t out f ,rits*l took z its c5tre ! "w ( ,*ri/ 9 r$emption4 ,?is is obvi\s f ! v title ( ,rits*l's great book1 ,die ,*ri/li*e ,lehre von d] ,re*tf]tigung und ,v]shnung4 ,( ?is "w ! fir/ edition ( ! ?ird & significant volume 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgd4 ,be=e t "t ! =mal treatises on !ology _h foll[$ a traditional ord] ( topics4 ,x _h be5 assum$ z self-evid5t t "o %\ld speak ( a p]son be=e "o talk$ ( 8 "w4 ,x did n occur to ! !ologians t 9 ! case ( ! div9e p]son1 at all ev5ts1 we c securely say t we "k some?+ z to 8 "w4 ,mu* conc]n+ 8 p]son mu/ rema9 a my/]y to u1 exactly because he is div9e4 ,our safe/ c\rse1 !re=e1 w\ld be to inf] ! unkn[n qualities ( 8 p]son f ! kn[n traits ( 8 "w4 ,c]ta9ly ?is w\ld be true z to ! "w ( ,god 9 nature4 ,?is 0 n ! way1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! m9ds ( !ologians work$4 ,! habit ( deal+ ) conceptions z if !y 7 facts _h too deep hold ^u !m4 ,s long z m5 believ$ 9 revelation z giv+ !m1 n prim>ily ,god & ! transc5d5tal _w itself1 b in=mation ab\t ,god & ! transc5d5tal1 !y naturally held t !y knew z mu* ( ! p]sons ( ,god & ,*ri/ z ( _! works4 ,s*lei]ma*] _h op5$ m5's eyes to ! fact t ! great "w ( ,*ri/ 9 r$emption is an inw>d "o1 an e?ical & spiritual "w1 ! trans=mation ( "*4 ,he _h said1 n m]ely t ! trans=mation ( man's "* foll[s ^u ! "w ( r$emption4 ,x is ! "w ( r$emption4 ,! prim>y witness to ! "w ( ,*ri/ is1 !re=e1 9 ! facts ( consci\sness & hi/ory4 ,^! are capable ( empirical scrut9y4 ,!y dem& psy*ological inve/igation4 ,:5 ?us inve/igat$ !y yield our prim>y mat]ial = any ass]tion we may make conc]n+ ,god4 ,above all1 x is ! nature ( ,jesus1 z le>n$ on ! evid5ce ( 8 "w 9 ! he>ts ( m51 :i* is our great revelation & s\rce ( inf]5ce conc]n+ ! nature ( ,god4 ,in/ead ( say+ 9 ! fam\s phrase1 t ! ,*ri/ians ?9k ( ,*ri/ z ,god1 we say t we are able to ?9k ( ,god1 z a religi\s magnitude1 9 no o!r t]ms ?an 9 ^? ( 8 manife/ation & r$emptive activity 9 ,jesus4 ,none s9ce ,kant1 except extreme confessionali/s1 & ^? 9 dim9i%+ degree1 h held t ! great effect ( ! "w ( ,*ri/ 0 ^u ! m9d & attitude ( ,god4 ,less & less h m5 ?\ght ( ju/ification z =5sic & judicial1 a decl>+ s9n]s righte\s 9 ! eye ( ! div9e law1 ! attribution ( ,*ri/'s righte\sness to m51 s f> at lea/ z to relieve ^! la/ ( p5alty4 ,?is 0 ! ,anselmic s*eme4 ,inde$1 x _h be5 ,t]tullian's4 ,less & less h m5 ?\ght ( reconciliation z t ( an angry ,god to m51 m & m z ( ali5at$ m5 ) ,god4 ,! phrases ( ! or?odoxy ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,lu!ran z well z ,calv9i/ic1 survive4 ,m & m new mean+1 n always consi/5t1 is inject$ into !m4 ,no "o w\ld d5y t ! l(tie/ moral en?usiasm1 ! noble/ s5se ( duty1 animat$ ! he>ts ( _m :o ?\ght 9 ! t]ms ( ,calv9ism4 ,! del9eation ( ,god z unreconcil$1 ( ! "w & suff]+s ( ,*ri/ z a sub/itution1 ( salvation z a conf]m5t1 caus$ gratitude1 t5d] devotion1 h]oic allegiance 9 "s4 ,x work$ revulsion 9 o!rs4 ,x 0 prote/$ aga9/ mo/ radically by ,kant1 z inde$ x _h be5 condemn$ by _m be=e him4 ,= ,kant ! r5ovation ( "* 0 ! ess5tial salvation4 ,yet ! developm5t ( 8 doctr9e 0 defici5t ?r\gh ! individuali/ic =m :i* x took4 ,salvation 0 ess5tially a *ange 9 ! individual m9d1 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! practical reason1 & hav+ its ideal 9 ,jesus4 ,yet = ,kant our salvation _h no clos] relation to ! hi/oric revelation 9 ,jesus4 ,fur!rmore1 s mu* 0 ?is *ange an individual issue t we may say t ! actualisation ( r$emption w\ld be ! same = a giv5 man1 7 he ! only man 9 ! univ]se4 ,to hold fa/ to ! e?ical idealism ( ,kant1 & to ov]come its subjectivity & individualism1 0 ! problem4 ,! ref]5ce to exp]i5ce :i* und]lies all t 0 said above 0 p>ticul>ly congru\s ) ! mood ( an age gr[n we>y ( ,hegelianism & mu* impress$ ) ! value ( ! empirical me?od 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,ano!r great cont5tion ( our age is = ! recognition ( ! value ( :at is social4 ,its emphasis is ^u t :i* b9ds m5 toge!r4 ,salvation is n normally a*iev$ except 9 ! life ( a man among & = 8 fell[s4 ,x is by do+ "o's duty t "o becomes good4 ,"o is sav$1 n 9 ord] to become a citiz5 ( heav5 by & by1 b 9 ord] to be an active citiz5 ( a k+dom ( real human goodness "h & n[4 ,9 reality no man is be+ sav$1 except z he does actively & devot$ly belong to t k+dom4 ,! individual w\ld h>dly be 9 ,god's eyes wor? ! sav+1 except 9 ord] t he might be ! in/rum5tality ( ! realisation ( ! k+dom4 ,^? are ideas :i* x is possible to exagg]ate 9 /atem5t or1 at lea/1 to set =? 9 all ! isolation ( _! quality z half-tru?s4 ,b x is h>dly possible to exagg]ate _! significance z a rev]sal ( ! immemorial "o-sid$ness1 inadequacy1 & artificiality bo? ( ! (ficial /atem5t & ( ! popul> appreh5sion ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! ideas appeal to m5 9 our "t4 ,!y are popul> because m5 ?9k !m already4 ,m5 are pleas$1 ev5 :5 some:at incr$ul\s1 to le>n t ,*ri/ianity w be> ?is social int]pretation4 ,mo/ ,*ri/ians are 9 our "t ov]:elm+ly conv9c$ t 9 ?is direction lies ! int]pretation :i* ,*ri/ianity mu/ be>1 if x is to d ! "w & meet ! ne$s ( ! age4 ,its consonance ) "s ( ! tru?s und]ly+ socialism may acc\nt1 9 a measure1 = ! influ5ce :i* ! ,rits*lian !ology has _h4 ,z 0 indicat$1 ,rits*l's epo*-mak+ book be>s ! title1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,ju/ification & ,reconciliation4 ,! book might be describ$ 9 ! language ( ! s*ools z a monograph ^u "o great dogma ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ar\nd :i*1 z ! au?or treats x1 all ! o!r doctr9es are arrang$4 ,! famili> topic ( ju/ification1 ( :i* ,lu!r made s mu*1 0 ?us giv5 aga9 ! c5tral place4 ,:at ! book really (f]$ 0 some?+ q diff]5t f ?is4 ,x 0 a complete sy/em ( !ology1 b x diff]$ f ! traditional sy/ems ( !ology4 ,^! _h foll[$ helplessly a logical s*eme :i* beg9s ) ,god z he is 9 himself & ap>t f any k :i* we h ( him4 ,!y !n sl[ly proce$$ to man & s9 & r$emption1 "o empirical object & two concrete exp]i5ces :i* we may "k some?+ ab\t4 ,rits*l rev]s$ ! process4 ,he aim$ to beg9 ) c]ta9 facts ( life4 ,su* facts are s9 & ! consci\sness ( =giv5ess1 aw>5ess ( re/oration to ! w & p[] ( goodness1 ! gift ( love & ( a _s :i* c feel itself victori\s ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ills 9 life1 confid5ce t ?is life is n all4 ,^! phrases1 tak5 toge!r1 w\ld describe ! consci\sness ( salvation4 ,?is consci\sness ( s9 & salvation is a fact 9 individual m54 ,x has evid5tly be5 a fact 9 ! life ( masses ( m5 = _m g5]ations4 ,! facts h ?us a psy*ology & a hi/ory f :i* reflection on ! ph5om5on ( fai? mu/ take its dep>ture4 ,!re is no reason :y1 ^u ?is basis1 & until x dep>ts f ! sci5tific me?ods :i* are giv5 ) ! nature ( its object1 !ology %\ld n be z truly a sci5ce z is any o!r kn[n among m54 ,?is sci5ce />ts ) man1 :o 9 ! object ( _m o!r sci5ces4 ,x conf9es itself to man 9 ?is "o aspect ( 8 relation to moral life & to ! transc5d5t mean+ ( ! univ]se4 ,x notes ! fact t m51 :5 awak5$1 usually h ! s5se ( n be+ 9 h>mony ) ! life ( ! univ]se or on ! way to realisation ( its mean+4 ,x notes ! fact t _m m5 h _h ! consci\sness ( progressive re/oration to t h>mony4 ,x inquires z to ! process ( t re/oration4 ,x asks z to ! p[] ( x4 ,x discov]s t t p[] is a p]sonal "o4 ,m5 h believ$ t ?is p[] has be5 ex]t$ ov] !m1 ei!r 9 p]sonal contact1 or across ! ages & ?r\gh g5]ations ( believ]s1 by "o ,jesus1 :om !y call ,savi\r4 ,!y h believ$ t x 0 ,god :o ?r\gh ,jesus sav$ !m4 ,jesus' consci\sness ?us became to !m a revelation ( ,god4 ,! ?\ght leads on to ! consid]ation ( t :i* a sav$ man does1 or ought to d1 9 ! life ( ! _w & among 8 fell[s1 ( ! in/itution 9 :i* ?is attitude ( m9d is *]i%$ & ( ! sum total ( human in/itutions & relations ( :i* ! sav$ life %\ld be ! inw>d =ce4 ,!re is room ev5 = a clause 9 :i* to compress ! little t we "k ( any?+ beyond ?is life4 ,we h writt5 9 unconv5tional words4 ,!re is no "o place1 ei!r 9 ,rits*l's "w or else:]e1 :]e ?is gr& & simple s*eme /&s toge!r 9 "o context4 ,?is is un=tunate4 ,7 ?is ! case1 ev5 wayf>+ m5 might h und]/ood some:at bett] ?an !y h :at ,rits*l 0 aim+ at4 ,x is a /ill great] pity t ! execution ( ! s*eme %\ld h left s mu* to be desir$4 ,t ?is execution w\ld prove difficult ne$s h>dly to be said4 ,t x c\ld nev] be ! "w ( "o man is c]ta9ly true4 ,to h _h s great an insight is title en\gh to fame4 ,rits*l falls (f f 8 endeav\r z (t5 z did ,s*lei]ma*]--m (t5 & ) less excuse4 ,! might ( ! pa/ is great4 ,! lumb] :i* he meekly c>ries along ) him is surpris+1 z "o feels 8 lack ( meekness 9 ! h&l+ ( ! lumb] :i* he recognis$ z su*4 ,! putt+ ( new w9e into old bottles is s (t5 reprobat$ by ,rits*l t ! read] is ju/ly surpris$ :5 he nev]!less recognises ! bottles4 ,! sy/em is n 'all ( "o piece'--di/9ctly n4 ,!re are places :]e ! r5t is c]ta9ly made worse by ! old clo? on ! new g>m5t4 ,! "w tak5 z a :ole is s bewild]+ t "o f9ds himself ask+1 ',:at is ,rits*l's me?od8' ,if :at is meant is n a "q ( detail1 b ( ! total appreh5sion ( ! problem to be solv$1 ! appreh5sion :i* we /rove to outl9e above1 !n ,rits*l's c\rage\s & complete inv]sion ( ! anci5t me?od1 8 dem& t we proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 is a contribution s great t all %ortcom+s 9 ! execution ( x are insignificant4 ,8 fir/ volume deals ) ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( ju/ification1 beg9n+ ) ,anselm & ,abel>d4 ,9 x ,rits*l's em95t qualities z hi/orian come out4 ,9 x also 8 prejudices h _! play4 ,! second volume deals ) ! ,biblical f\ndations = ! doctr9e4 ,rits*l 0 br$ 9 ! ,tb+5 s*ool4 ,yet "h is mu* =c$ exegesis4 ,rits*l's positivi/ic view ( ! ,scripture & ( ! :ole "q ( revelation1 0 n congru\s ) 8 well-le>n$ biblical criticism4 ,! ?ird volume is ! con/ructive "o4 ,x is ( immeasurably great] value ?an ! o!r two4 ,x is ?is ?ird volume :i* has frequ5tly be5 translat$4 ,9 respect ( 8 cont5tion aga9/ metaphysics x is h>dly necess>y t we %\ld g into detail4 ,) 8 empirical & psy*ological po9t ( dep>ture1 giv5 above1 mo/ m5 w f9d !mselves 9 entire sympa?y4 ,! confusion ( religion1 :i* is an exp]i5ce1 ) dogma :i* is reason+ ab\t x1 & ! acceptance ( /atem5ts 9 ,scripture :i* are metaphysical 9 nature1 z if !y 7 religi\s tru?s--^! two ?+s h1 9 "t pa/1 prev5t$ _m e>ne/ ?9k]s f foll[+ ! true road4 ,:5 x comes to ! con/ructive portion ( 8 "w1 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible = ,rits*l to build )\t ! !oretical supports :i* philosophy gives1 or to foll[ up c]ta9 ( ! *>act]i/ic magnitudes ( religion )\t foll[+ !m into ! realm ( metaphysics1 to :i*1 q z truly z to t ( religion1 !y belong4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to ,rits*l to suppose t ^! facts 7 hidd5 f him4 ,z to 8 attitude t[>d my/icism1 !re is a ^w to say4 ,9 ! long hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght ^? :o h revolt$ aga9/ metaphysical int]pretation1 or?odox or unor?odox1 h usually tak5 refuge 9 my/icism4 ,hi!r ! prophet ,augu/9e takes refuge :5 he w\ld flee ! ecclesia/ic ,augu/9e1 himself4 ,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,free ,_s1 ,taul]1 ,kempis1 ,suso1 ! au?or ( ! ,!ologia ,g]manica1 ,mol9os1 ,madame ,gayon1 illu/rate ! ?+ we mean4 ,rits*l _h se5 mu* ( my/icism 9 pieti/ circles4 ,he knew ! hi/ory ( ! movem5t well4 ,:at impress$ 8 sane m9d 0 ! fact t unheal?y m9ds h (t5 claim$1 z _! revelation f ,god1 an exp]i5ce :i* might1 ) m tru?1 be assign$ to almo/ any o!r s\rce4 ,he desir$ to cut (f ! possibility ( :at seem$ to him (t5 a tragic delusion4 ,! m>g9 ( any my/ical movem5t /ret*es out t[>d mon/rosities & absurdities4 ,= t matt]1 :at prev5ts a ,buddhi/ f decl>+ 8 ?\ghts & feel+s to be ,*ri/ianity8 ,inde$1 ,rits*l asks1 :y is n ,buddhism z good z su* ,*ri/ianity8 ,he is1 !re=e1 suspici\s ( revelations :i* h no?+ by :i* !y c be measur$ & *eck$4 ,! claim ( my/ics t !y came1 9 communion ) ,god1 to ! po9t :]e !y h no ne$ ( ,*ri/1 seem$ to him impi\s4 ,!re is no way ( kn[+ t we are 9 fell[%ip ) ,god1 except by comp>+ :at we feel t ?is fell[%ip has giv5 u1 ) t :i* we hi/orically le>n t ! fell[%ip ) ,god gave to ,*ri/4 ,?is is ! s5se & ?is ! connexion 9 :i* ,rits*l says t we _c come to ,god save 9 & ?r\gh ! hi/oric ,*ri/ z he is giv5 u 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! inn] life1 at lea/1 :i* is !re depict$ = u is1 9 ?is outw>d & au?oritative s5se1 our norm & guide4 ,l>ge difficulties loom ^u ! horizon ( ?is positivi/ic insi/5ce ^u hi/ory4 ,c we "k ! inn] life ( ,*ri/ well en\gh to use x ?us z te/ 9 e1 or ev5 9 any case8 ,does n ! use ( su* a te/1 or ( any te/ 9 ?is ext]nal way1 take u out ( ! realm ( ! religion ( ! _s8 ,m5 once said t ! ,*ur* 0 _! guide4 ,o!rs said ! ,scripture 0 _! guide4 ,n[1 9 ! s5se ( ! outw>dness ( its au?ority1 we repudiate ev5 ?is4 ,x r+s dev\tly if we say ,*ri/ is our guide4 ,yet1 z ,rits*l describes ?is guidance1 9 ! exig5cy ( 8 cont5tion aga9/ my/icism1 h we any?+ diff]5t8 ,:at becomes ( ,confuciani/s & ,%9toi/s1 :o h nev] he>d ( ! hi/oric ,*ri/8 ,& all ! :ile we h ! s5se ( a qu]y 9 our m9ds4 ,is x op5 to any man to repudiate my/icism absolutely & ) contumely1 & !n leave u to discov] t he does n mean my/icism z hi/orians ( e fai? h und]/ood x1 b only ! m>g9 ( evil :i* is app>5tly insep>able f x8 ,t m>g9 ( evil o!rs see & deplore4 ,aga9/ x o!r rem$ies h be5 sugge/$1 z1 = example1 intellig5ce4 ,"s w\ld feel t 9 ,rits*l's rem$y ! loss is great] ?an ! ga94 ,?is hi/orical "* ( revelation is s truly "o ( ! f\nta9 heads ( ! !ology :i* takes its rise 9 ,rits*l1 t x des]ves to be consid]$ some:at m at l5g?4 ,! ,rits*lian movem5t has engag$ a g5]ation ( m or less notable ?9k]s 9 ! p]iod s9ce ,rits*l's dea?4 ,^! h diss5t$ at _m po9ts f ,rits*l's views1 div]g$ f 8 pa? & m>k$ out c\rses ( _! own4 ,we %all d well 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] to attempt ! del9eation 9 t]ms1 n exclusively ( ,rits*l1 b ( t :i* may ) "s laxity be /yl$ ,rits*lianism4 ,! value judgm5ts ( religion indicate only ! subjective =m ( religi\s k1 z ! ,rits*lians und]/& x4 ,fai?1 h[ev]1 does n inv5t its own cont5ts4 ,hi/orical facts1 compos+ ! revelation1 actually exi/1 q indep5d5t ( ! use :i* ! believ] makes ( !m4 ,no gr\p ( ?9k]s h m truly s\ght to draw ne> to ! p]son ( ! hi/oric ,jesus4 ,! hi/orical p]son1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 is ! div9e revelation4 ,t sums up ?is aspect ( ! ,rits*lian position4 ,"s negative consequ5ces ( ?is position we h already not$4 ,let u turn to its positive significance4 ,h]rmann is ! "o ( ! ,rits*lians :o has dealt ) ?is matt] n only ) great cle>ness1 b also ) deep ,*ri/ian feel+ 9 8 ,v]kehr des ,*ri/5 mit ,gott1 #ahhf1 & notably 9 8 address1 ,d] ,begriff d] ,(f5b>ung1 #ahhg4 ,if ! motive ( religion 7 an intellectual curiosity1 a v]bal communication w\ld suffice4 ,z x is a practical necessity1 ?is mu/ be met by actual impulse 9 life4 ,t pass+ out ( ! unhapp9ess ( s91 into ! peace & l>g] life :i* is salvation1 does inde$ imply ! movem5t ( ,god's _s on our he>ts1 9 conv]sion & !reaft]4 ,?is is ess5tially m$iat$ to u ?r\gh ! ,scriptures1 especially ?r\gh ^? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 because ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s ! record ( ! p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,9 t our p]sonality is fill$ ) ! _s :i* brea!s 9 him1 our salvation is a*iev$4 ,! image ( ,jesus :i* we receive acts ^u u z some?+ indubitably real4 ,x v9dicates itself z real1 9 t x takes hold ^u our manhood4 ,( c\rse1 ?is assumes t ! ,*ur* has be5 "r 9 accept+ ! ,gospels z hi/orical4 ,h]rmann c&idly faces ?is "q4 ,n e ^w or de$1 he says1 :i* is record$ conc]n+ ,jesus1 belongs to ?is c5tral & dynamic revelation ( :i* we speak4 ,we d n help m5 to see ,jesus 9 a sav+ way if1 on ! /r5g? ( acc\nts 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we insi/ conc]n+ ,jesus t he 0 born ( a virg91 t he rais$ ! dead1 t he himself rose f ! dead4 ,we %\ld n put ^! ?+s be=e m5 ) ! decl>ation t !y mu/ ass5t to !m4 ,we mu/ n try to p]suade ourselves t t :i* act$ ^u ! disciples z indubitably real mu/ ( necessity act simil>ly ^u u4 ,we are to all[ ourselves to be seiz$ & uplift$ by t :i*1 9 our position1 t\*es u z indubitably real4 ,?is is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! moral "* ( ,jesus4 ,x is 8 inn] life :i*1 on ! te/imony ( ! disciples1 meets u z some?+ real & active 9 ! _w1 z truly n[ z !n4 ,:at are "s facts ( ?is inn] life8 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,new ,te/am5t %[s a firmness ( religi\s conviction1 a cle>ness ( moral judgm5t1 a purity & =ce ( w1 su* z are n f\nd unit$ 9 any o!r figure 9 hi/ory4 ,we h ! image ( a man :o is consci\s t he does n fall %ort ( ! ideal = :i* he (f]s himself4 ,x is ?is consci\sness :i* is yet unit$ 9 him ) ! mo/ p]fect humility4 ,he lives out 8 life & faces dea? 9 a confid5ce & indep5d5ce :i* h nev] be5 approa*$4 ,he has confid5ce t he c lift m5 to su* a height t !y also w p>take ) him 9 ! highe/ good1 ?r\gh _! full surr5d] to ,god & _! life ( love = _! fell[s4 ,x is cle> t ,h]rmann aims to br+ to ! front only ^? elem5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus :i* are likely to prove mo/ effectual 9 meet+ ! ne$ & w9n+ ! fai? ( ! m5 ( our age4 ,he w\ld ca/ into ! backgr\nd ^? elem5ts :i* are likely to awak5 d\bt & to h9d] ! approa* ( m5's s\ls to ,god4 ,= ,h]rmann himself ! virg9 bir? has ! significance t ! spiritual life ( ,jesus did n proce$ f ! s9ful race4 ,b ,h]rmann admits t a man c\ld hold ev5 t )\t ne$+ to allege t ! physical life ( ,jesus did n come into be+ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! inn] & outw>d life ( ,jesus1 & ! decl>ation t belief 9 ! =m] alone is necess>y1 has ! result ( ?us ridd+ u ( que/ions :i* c sc>cely fail to be pres5t to ! m9d ( e mod]n man4 ,yet x w\ld be unju/ to imply t ?is is ! purpose4 ,q ! contr>y1 ! di/9ction is logical = ?is !ology4 ,r$emption is an affair ( ! inn] life ( a man4 ,x is ! =ce ( ! inn] life ( ! ,r$eem] :i* avails = x4 ,x is f ! belief t su* an inn] & spiritual life 0 once realis$ "h on e>?1 t our own fai? ga!rs /r5g?1 & gets guidance 9 ! conflict = ! salvation ( our s\ls4 ,! belief 9 ! hi/oricity ( su* an inn] life is necess>y4 ,s ,h>nack also decl>es 9 8 ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums1 #aijj4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ?is connexion nei!r ( ^! writ]s advances to a =m ( speculation conc]n+ ! exalt$ ,*ri/1 :i* 9 rec5t ye>s has _h "s curr5cy4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 !re is ascrib$ to ! ris5 & asc5d$ ,jesus an exi/5ce ) ,god :i* is ?\ght ( 9 t]ms diff]5t f ^? :i* we associate ) ! idea ( immortality4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ z ,god is a c\nt]p>t ( t exi/5ce be=e ! inc>nation1 :i* ! doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce alleg$4 ,b surely ?is speculation c h no bett] /&+ ?an t ( ! pre-exi/5ce4 ,s9 9 ! language ( religion is defection f ! law ( ,god4 ,x is ! transgression ( ! div9e comm&4 ,9 :at measure1 !re=e1 ! life ( man c be ?\ght ( z s9ful1 dep5ds ^u 8 k ( ! w ( ,god4 ,9 ,scripture1 z 9 ! leg5ds ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! race1 ?is k /&s 9 intimate connexion ) ! witness to a primitive revelation4 ,?is ?\ght has _h a curi\s hi/ory4 ,! ideas ( mank9d conc]n+ ,god & 8 w h gr[n & *ang$ z mu* z h any o!r ideas4 ,! rudim5t>y idea ( ! good is probably ( social orig94 ,x fir/ em]ges 9 ! conflict ( m5 "o ) ano!r4 ,z ! p]sonalis$ ideal ( conduct1 ! god !n reacts ^u conduct1 z ! conduct reacts ^u ! notion ( ! god4 ,only sl[ly has ! ideal ( ! good be5 cl>ifi$4 ,only sl[ly h ! gods be5 e?icis$4 ',an hone/ ,god is ! noble/ "w ( man4' ,! moralis+ & spiritualis+ ( ! idea ( ,jahve lies "r ^u ! face ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! asc5t ( man on 8 e?ical & spiritual side is z c]ta9 z is t on 8 physical side4 ,long /ruggle upw>d ?r\gh ignorance1 weakness1 s91 gradual elevat+ ( ! /&>d ( :at ought to he1 gr[+ly successful ef=t to con=m to t /&>d--?is is :at ! hi/ory ( ! race has se54 ,a?w>t ?is lies ! traditional dogma4 ,! dogma took up into itself a leg5d ( ! *ildhood ( ! _w4 ,x elaborat$ t :i* 9 ,g5esis is vague & poetic into a va/ s*eme :i* has pass$ z a sacr$ philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,x po/ulat$ an orig9al revelation4 ,x affirm$ ! creat$ /ate ( man z "o ( hol9ess be=e a fall4 ,to ! fram]s ( ! dogma1 if s9 is ! transgression ( ,god's w1 !n x mu/ be 9 light ( a revelation ( t w4 ,9 ! ,scriptures we h vague intimations conc]n+ ,god's w1 gr[+ly cle>] k ( t w1 evolv+ ?r\gh hi/ory to ,jesus4 ,9 ! dogma we h ?is gr& assumption ( a p>adisaic /ate ( p]fectness 9 :i* ! w ( ,god 0 f ! beg9n+ p]fectly kn[n4 ,9 ! ,platonic1 z 9 ! rabb9ic1 speculation ! idea mu/ prec$e ! fact4 ,e /ep ( progress is a defection f t idea4 ,! dogma suff]s f an insoluble contradiction )9 itself4 ,x aims to give u ! po9t ( dep>ture by :i* we are to recognise ! nature ( s94 ,at ! same mom5t x w\ld describe ! p]fection ( man at :i* ,god has will$ t by age-long /ruggle he %\ld arrive4 ,n[1 if we place ?is p]fection at ! beg9n+ ( human hi/ory1 be=e all human self-det]m9ation1 we dive/ x ( e?ical quality4 ,:atev] else x may be1 x is n "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we w\ld make ?is p]fection really t ( moral "*1 !n we _c place x at ! beg9n+ ( human hi/ory1 b f> d[n ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( ! high] human traits1 ( ! consci\sness ( s9 & ( ! /ruggle = r$emption4 ,x is n revelation f ,god1 b nave imag9ation1 lat] giv+ place to adv5tur\s speculation conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 :i* we h 9 ! doctr9e ( ! primeval p]fection ( man4 ,we d n really make e>ne/ ) our ,*ri/ian claim t 9 ,jesus we h our p>am\nt revelation1 until we admit ?is4 ,x is ?r\gh ,jesus1 & n f ,adam t we "k s94 ,s we might g on to say t ! dogma ( inh]it$ guilt is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,disadvantage may be inh]it$1 weakness1 proclivity to s91 b n guilt1 n s9 9 ! s5se ( t :i* entails guilt4 ,:at entails guilt is action c\nt] to ! w ( ,god :i* we "k4 ,t is always ! act ( ! individual man myself4 ,x _c by any possibility be ! act ( ano!r4 ,x may be ! consequ5ce ( ! s9s ( my ance/ors t ,i d moral evil )\t kn[+ x to be su*4 ,ev5 my fell[s view ?is z a mitigation1 if n z an exculpation4 ,! v same act1 h[ev]1 :i* up to ?is po9t has be5 only an occasion = pity1 becomes s9 & entails guilt1 :5 x passes ?r\gh my own m9d & w z a defection f a w ( ,god 9 :i* ,i believe1 & z a righte\sness :i* ,i refuse4 ,! confusion ( guilt & s9 9 ord] to ! inclusion ( all "u ! ne$ ( salvation1 z 9 ! ,augu/9ian s*eme1 end$ 9 bewild]m5t & /ultification ( ! moral s5se4 ,x caus$ m5 to despair ( !mselves & gravely to misrepres5t ,god4 ,x is no wond] if 9 ! age ( rationalism ?is dogma 0 l>gely done away )4 ,! religi\s s5se ( s9 0 decl>$ to be an halluc9ation4 ,no?+ is m evid5t 9 ! rationali/ !ology ?an its lack ( ! s5se ( s94 ,?is alone is suffici5t explanation ( ! impot5cy & inadequacy ( t !ology4 ,kant's doctr9e ( radical evil te/ifies to 8 deep s5se t ! rationali/s 7 wrong4 ,he c\ld see also ! impossibility ( ! anci5t view4 ,b he _h no sub/itute4 ,hegel1 mu* z he prid$ himself ^u ! re/oration ( dogma1 view$ evil z only relative1 good 9 ! mak+4 ,s*lei]ma*] made a beg9n+ ( con/ru+ ! ?\ght ( s9 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,rits*l 0 ! fir/ consi/5tly to c>ry out ,s*lei]ma*]'s idea1 plac+ ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness 9 ! c5tre & claim+ t ! revelation ( ! righte\sness ( ,god & ( ! p]fection ( man is 9 ,jesus4 ,all m5 be+ s9n]s1 !re is a va/ solid>ity1 :i* he describes z ! ,k+dom ( ,evil & sets ov] aga9/ ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 yet n s t ! fre$om or responsibility ( man is impair$4 ,god =gives all s9 save t ( wilful resi/ance to ! _s ( ! good4 ,t is1 ,rits*l reg>ds all s91 %ort ( ?is la/1 z ma9ly ignorance & weakness4 ,x is f ,rits*l1 & m p>ticul>ly f ,kaftan1 t ! phrases h be5 ma9ly tak5 :i* s]v$ z introduction to ?is p>agraph4 ,= ! "w ( ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/1 9 ! salvation ( m5 f ! guilt & p[] ( s91 v>i\s t]ms h be5 us$4 ,diff]5t aspects ( ! "w h be5 describ$ by diff]5t names4 ,r$emption1 reg5]ation1 ju/ification1 reconciliation & election or pr$e/9ation--^! are ! famili> words4 ,?is is ! ord] 9 :i* ! conceptions /&1 if we take !m z !y occur 9 consci\sness4 ,election !n means no?+ m ?an ! ultimate ref]5ce to ,god ( ! my/]y ( an exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! believ] already rejoices4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! dogma ! ord] is rev]s$4 ,election mu/ come fir/1 s9ce x is ! decree ( ,god ^u :i* all dep5ds4 ,r$emption & reconciliation h1 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 be5 traditionally reg>d$ z complet$ transactions1 wait+ inde$ to be appli$ to ! individual or appropriat$ by him ?r\gh fai?1 b ( !mselves )\t relation to fai?4 ,reconciliation 0 long ?\ght ( z t ( an angry ,god to man4 ,especially 0 ?is la/ ! *>act]i/ic view ( ! ,we/1 :]e juri/ic notions prevail$4 ,orig5 talk$ ( a "r ( ! devil ov] ! s\l ( man until b\ght (f by ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is pure paganism1 ( c\rse4 ,! doctr9e ( ,anselm m>ks a great advance4 ,x runs some:at ?us3 ,! div9e hon\r is (f5d$ 9 ! s9 ( man4 ,satisfaction correspond+ to ! greatness ( ! guilt mu/ be r5d]$4 ,man is "u obligation to r5d] ?is satisfaction2 yet he is unable s to d4 ,a s9 aga9/ ,god is an inf9ite (f5ce4 ,x dem&s an inf9ite satisfaction4 ,man c r5d] no satisfaction :i* is n f9ite4 ,! way out ( ?is dilemma is ! inc>nation ( ! div9e ,logos4 ,= ! god-man1 z man1 is entitl$ to br+ ?is satisfaction = m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,god he is able s to d4 ,9 8 dea? ?is satisfaction is embodi$4 ,he gave 8 life freely4 ,god hav+ receiv$ satisfaction ?r\gh him dem&s no?+ m f u4 ,abel>d _h1 almo/ at ! same "t ) ,anselm1 int]pret$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 9 f> diff]5t fa%ion4 ,x 0 a revelation ( ! love ( ,god :i* w9s m5 to love 9 turn4 ,?is notion ( ,abel>d 0 f> too subtle4 ,! crass objective dogma ( ,anselm prevail$4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 a sacrifice4 ,! purpose 0 ! propitiation ( an angry ,god4 ,! effect 0 t1 on ! side ( ,god1 a h9drance to man's salvation 0 remov$4 ,! doctr9e accurately reflects ! feudal ideas ( ! "t :i* produc$ x4 ,9 ,grotius 0 done away ! notion ( private "r1 :i* lies at ! basis ( ! !ory ( ,anselm4 ,t ( public duty took its place4 ,a sov]eign ne$ n /& ^u 8 (f5d$ hon\r1 z 9 ,anselm's ?\ght4 ,/ill1 he _c1 l a private citiz51 freely =give4 ,he mu/ ma9ta9 ! dignity ( 8 (fice1 9 ord] n to demoralise ! _w4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ did n effect a necess>y private satisfaction4 ,!y 7 an example :i* satisfi$ ! moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,ap>t f ?is *ange1 ! conception rema9s ! same4 ,z ,kaftan argues1 we c escape ! dreadful ext]nality & artificiality ( ?is s*eme1 only z r$emption & reg5]ation are br\ght back to _! prim>y place 9 consci\sness4 ,^! are ! initial exp]i5ces 9 :i* we become aw>e ( ,god's "w ?r\gh ,*ri/ 9 u & = u4 ,! reconciliation is ( u4 ,! r$emption is f our s9s4 ,! reg5]ation is to a new moral life4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,jesus1 reconcil$ on our "p to ,god & believ+ 9 ,8 un*ang+ love to u1 we are translat$ into ,god's k+dom & live = ! et]nal 9 our pres5t exi/5ce4 ,r$emption is inde$ ! "w ( ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/1 b x has intelligible p>allel 9 ! awak5+ ( ! life ( ! m9d1 or aga9 ( ! _s ( self-sacrifice1 ?r\gh ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! wise & good4 ,salvation beg9s 9 su* an awak5+ ?r\gh ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! wise/ & be/4 ,x is trans=mation ( our p]sonality ?r\gh ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 by ! p]sonal ,god ( tru?1 ( goodness & ( love4 ,all t :i* ,god ?r\gh ,jesus has done = u is futile1 save z we make ! actualisation ( our deliv]ance f s9 our cont9u\s & unceas+ task4 ,:5 ?is connexion ( ?\ght is brok5 ?r\gh1 we transf] ! :ole matt] ( salvation f ! inn] to ! out] _w & make ( x a transaction indep5d5t ( ! moral life ( man4 ,ju/ification & reconciliation also are prim>ily acts & gifts ( ,god4 ,ju/ification is a =5sic act4 ,! s5se is n t 9 ju/ification we are made j4 ,we are1 s to say1 tempor>ily ?us reg>d$1 n t l5i5cy may become ! occasion ( a new (f5ce1 b t 9 grateful love we may make x ! />t+ po9t ( a new life4 ,we mu/ ju/ify our ju/ification4 ,x is easy to see ! objections to su* a c\rse on ! "p ( a civil judge4 ,he mu/ consid] ! rights ( o!rs4 ,x 0 ?is :i* br\ght ,grotius & ! re/1 ) ! ,new ,engl& !ologians d[n to ,p>k1 to feel t =giv5ess c\ld n be q free4 ,if we ackn[l$ge t ?is symbolism ( ,god z judge or sov]eign is all symbolism1 m]e figure ( spee*1 n fact at all1 !n t objection--& mu* else--falls away4 ,if we ass]t t ano!r figure ( spee*1 t ( ,god z ,fa!r1 m p]fectly sugge/s ! relation ( ,god & man1 !n =giv5ess may be free4 ,!n ju/ification & =giv5ess are only two words = "o & ! same idea4 ,!n ! nightm>e ( a ,god :o w\ld =give & _c1 ( a ,god :o w =give b may n ju/ify until some?+ fur!r happ5s1 is all done away4 ,!n ! relation ( ! dea? ( ,jesus to ! =giv5ess ( our s9s _c be o!r ?an ! relation ( 8 life to t =giv5ess4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r are a revelation ( ! =giv+ love ( ,god4 ,we may say t 9 8 dea? ! :ole mean+ ( 8 life 0 ga!r$4 ,we may say t 8 dea? 0 ! consummation ( 8 life1 t )\t x 8 life w\ld n h be5 :at x is4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 v f> f be+ ! ord9>y /atem5t ( ! relation ( ,jesus' dea?1 ei!r to 8 own life or to ! =giv5ess ( our s9s4 ,! doctr9al tradition made mu* also ( ! deliv]ance f puni%m5t :i* foll[s aft] ! =giv5ess ( s94 ,9 fact1 9 _m =ms ( ! dogma1 x has be5 ! escape f puni%m5t :i* 0 *iefly _h 9 m9d4 ,along ) ! =5sic notion ( salvation we l>gely or :olly disc>d ! notion ( puni%m5t4 ,we reta9 only ! s5se t ! consequ5ce ( cont9u+ 9 s9 is to become m s9ful4 ,god himself is p[]less to prev5t t4 ,puni%m5t is imman5t1 vital1 necess>y4 ,! p5alty is gradually tak5 away if ! s9 itself is tak5 away--n o!rwise4 ,x returns ) ! s91 x cont9ues 9 ! s91 x is insep>able f ! s94 ,puni%m5t is no long] ! "r ^w4 ,rew>d is n ! true description ( t gr[+ bett] :i* is ! consequ5ce ( be+ good4 ,rew>d or puni%m5t z quid pro quo1 z arbitr>y assignm5ts1 z ext]nal equival5ts1 d n s mu* z belong to ! _w ( ideas 9 :i* we move4 ,= ?is view ! idea t ,god laid ^u ,jesus p5alties due to u1 fades into ?9 air4 ,jesus c\ld by no possibility h met ! puni%m5t ( s91 except he himself _h be5 a s9n]4 ,!n he mu/ h met ! puni%m5t ( 8 own s9 & n t ( o!rs4 ,t portion :i* "o may gladly be> ( ! consequ5ces ( ano!r's s9 may rightfully be call$ by almo/ any o!r "n4 ,x _c be call$ puni%m5t s9ce puni%m5t is imman5t4 ,ev5 et]nal dea? is n a judicial assignm5t = our ob/9ate s9fulness4 ,et]nal dea? is ! ob/9ate s9fulness1 & ! s9fulness ! dea?4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t reconciliation c h1 9 ?is s*eme1 no mean+ save t man's be+ reconcil$ to ,god4 ,jesus reveals a ,god :o has no ne$ to be reconcil$ to u4 ,! ali5ation is n on ! side ( ,god4 ,t1 be+ ali5at$ f ,god1 man may imag9e t ,god is ho/ile to him1 is only ! work+ ( a famili> law ( ! human m9d4 ,! fiction ( an angry ,god is ! mo/ awful survival among u ( primitive paganism4 ,t :i* ,jesus by 8 revelation ( ,god br\ght to pass 0 a true 'at-"o-m5t1' a caus+ ( ,god & man to be at "o aga94 ,to ! ^w atonem5t1 z curr5tly pron\nc$1 & z1 until a half c5tury ago1 almo/ univ]sally appreh5d$1 ! notion ( t :i* is sacrificial atta*$4 ,to ! life & dea? ( ,jesus1 z revelation ( ,god & ,savi\r ( m51 we c no long] atta* any sacrificial mean+ :atsoev]4 ,!re is inde$ ! p]fectly g5]al s5se 9 :i* s beautiful a life & s h]oic a dea? 71 ( c\rse1 a gr& exemplification ( self-sacrifice4 ,yet ?is is a s5se s diff]5t f ! o!r & 9 itself s obvi\s1 t "o hesitates to use ! same ^w 9 ! imm$iate context ) t o!r1 le/ x %\ld appe> t ! int5tion 0 to obscure r ?an to make cle> ! mean+4 ,= atonem5t 9 a s5se diff]5t f t ( reconciliation1 we h no significance :atev]4 ,reconciliation & atonem5t describe "o & ! same fact4 ,9 ! dogma ! words 7 z f> z possible f be+ synonyms4 ,!y ref]r$ to two facts1 ! "o ( :i* 0 ! means & ess5tial pr]equisite ( ! o!r4 ,! vic>i\s sacrifice 0 ! antec$5t condition ( ! reconcil+ ( ,god4 ,9 our ?\ght x is n a reconciliation ( ,god :i* is aim$ at4 ,no sacrifice is necess>y4 ,no sacrifice su* z t po/ulat$ is possible4 ,( ! reconciliation ( man to ,god ! only condition is ! revelation ( ! love ( ,god 9 ! life & dea? ( ,jesus & ! ob$i5t acceptance ( t revelation on ! "p ( m54 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,critical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,movem5t ,x has be5 said t 9 ,*ri/ian times ! relation ( philosophy & religion may be det]m9$ by ! attitude ( reason t[>d a s+le matt]1 namely1 ! *ur*ly doctr9e ( revelation4#d ,!re are ?ree possible relations ( reason to ?is doctr9e4 ,fir/1 x may be affirm$ t ! cont5t ( religion & !ology is matt] communicat$ to man 9 extraord9>y fa%ion1 tru? o!rwise unatta9able1 on :i* x is beyond ! compet5ce ( reason to sit 9 judgm5t4 ,we h !n ! two sph]es arbitr>ily sep>at$4 ,z reg>ds _! relation1 !ology is at fir/ supreme4 ,reason is ! h&maid5 ( fai?4 ,x is occupi$ 9 apply+ ! pr9ciples :i* x receives at ! h&s ( !ology4 ,^! are ! s-call$ ,ages ( ,fai?4 ,notably 0 ?is ! attitude ( ! ,middle ,age4 ,b 9 ! long run ei!r au?oritative revelation1 ?us conceiv$1 mu/ ext+ui% reason altoge!r1 or else reason mu/ claim ! :ole man4 ,aft] all1 x is 9 virtue ( 8 hav+ "s reason t man is ! subject ( revelation4 ,he is cont9ually ask$ to ex]cise 8 reason ^u c]ta9 p>ts ( ! revelation1 ev5 by ^? :o ma9ta9 t he mu/ d s only )9 limits4 ,x is only because !re 9 a c]ta9 reasonabl5ess 9 ! conceptions ( reveal$ religion t man has ev] be5 able to make !m 8 own or to f9d 9 !m mean+ & edification4 ,?is ext]nal relation ( reason to revelation _c cont9ue4 ,nor c ! encroa*m5ts ( reason be met by tempor>y di/9ctions su* z t betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural4 ,! anti!sis to ! natural is n ! sup]natural1 b ! unnatural4 ,! anti!sis to reason is n fai?1 b irrationality4 ,! anti!sis to human tru? is n ! div9e tru?4 ,x is falsehood4 ,footnote #d3 ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison1 ,! ,philosophical ,radicals1 p4 #baf4 ,:5 m5 h made ?is discov]y1 a revulsion c>ries _! m9ds to ! second position ( :i* we spoke4 ,?is is1 namely1 ! position ( extreme d5ial4 ,x is an attitude ( negation t[>d revelation1 su* z prevail$ 9 ! b>r5 & trivial rationalism ( ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! reason hav+ be5 long repress$ rev5ges itself1 usurp+ ev]y?+4 ,! explanation ( ! rise ( positive religion & ( ! claim ( revelation is s\ght 9 ! hypo!sis ( deceit1 ( ambiti\s prie/craft & incurable cr$ulity4 ,! religion ( ^? :o ?us argue1 9 s f> z !y claim any religion1 is m]ely ! curr5t morality4 ,_! explanation ( ! religion ( o!rs is t x is m]ely ! curr5t morality plus c]ta9 unprovable assumptions4 ,inde$1 !y may ?9k x to be b ! ob/9ate adh]5ce to ^! assumptions m9us ! curr5t morality4 ,x is impossible t ?is %all[ view %\ld prevail4 ,to ov]come x1 h[ev]1 !re is ne$ ( a philosophy :i* %all give n less1 b great] scope to reason & at ! same "t an inw>d mean+ to revelation4 ,?is br+s u to ! ?ird possible position1 to :i* ! be/ ?9k]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h advanc$4 ,s long z dei/ic views ( ! relation ( ,god to man & ! _w held ! field1 revelation meant some?+ int]ject$ ab extra into ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,! popul> !ology :i* s abhorr$ deism 0 yet ess5tially dei/ic 9 its notion ( ,god & ( 8 sep>ation f ! _w4 ,m5 did n p]ceive t by ?us sep>at+ ,god f ! _w !y set up alongside ( him a sph]e & an activity to :i* 8 relations 7 transi5t & accid5tal4 ,no wond] t o!r m51 f9d+ _! satisfy+ activity )9 ! sph]e :i* 0 ?us sep>at$ f ,god1 came to ?9k ( ?is abs5tee ,god z an app5dage to ! s*eme ( ?+s4 ,b if man himself be inexplicable1 save z %>+ 9 ! wid] life ( univ]sal reason1 if ! process ( hi/ory be realis$ z b ! work+ out ( an inh]5t div9e purpose1 ! manife/ation ( an indwell+ div9e =ce1 !n revelation d5otes no long] an int]f]5ce ) t evolution4 ,x is a factor 9 t evolution4 ,x is b ! normal relation ( ! imman5t _s ( ,god to ! *ildr5 ( m5 at ! crises ( _! fate4 ,!n revelation is an exp]i5ce ( m5 precisely 9 ! l9e & accord+ to ! me?od ( all _! nobl] exp]i5ces4 ,x is itself reasonable & moral4 ,inspiration is ! normal & cont9u\s effect ( ! contact ( ! ,god :o is _s ) man :o is _s too4 ,! relation is nev] brok54 ,b !re are times 9 :i* x has be5 m p>ticul>ly felt4 ,!re h be5 p]sonalities to :om 9 em95t degree ?is dep? ( communion ) ,god has be5 v\*saf$4 ,to su* p]sons & eras ! religi\s s5se ( mank9d1 by a true in/9ct1 has t5d$ to re/rict ! words 'revelation' & 'inspiration4' ,?is re/riction1 h[ev]1 signifies ! sep>ation ( ! gr& exp]i5ce f ! ord9>y1 only 9 degree & n 9 k9d4 ,su* an exp]i5ce 0 t ( prophets & law-giv]s "u ! anci5t cov5ant4 ,su* an exp]i5ce1 9 immeasurably great] degree1 0 t ( ,jesus himself4 ,su* a turn+-po9t 9 ! life ( ! race 0 ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! _w has n be5 wrong 9 call+ ! docum5ts ( ^! revelations sacr$ books & 9 attribut+ to !m div9e au?ority4 ,x has be5 l>gely wrong 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x con/ru$ _! au?ority4 ,x has be5 :olly wrong 9 imag9+ t ! docum5ts !mselves 7 ! revelation4 ,!y are m]ely ! record ( a p]sonal communion ) ! transc5d5t4 ,x 0 ,less+ :o fir/ ca/ ^! f]tile ideas into ! soil ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,!y 7 nev] he>tily tak5 up by ,kant4 ,"o c ?9k1 h[ev]1 ) :at en?usiasm m5 recurr$ to !m aft] _! po/ulates _h be5 v]ifi$ & ! idea ( ,god1 ( man & ( ! _w :i* !y impli$1 _h be5 confirm$ by ,fi*te & ,s*ell+4 ,9 ! philosophical movem5t1 ! outl9e ( :i* we h sugge/$1 :at "o may call ! nidus ( a new fai? 9 ,scripture _h be5 prep>$4 ,! quality _h be5 =eca/ :i* ! ,scripture mu/ be f\nd to possess1 if x 7 to reta9 its "* z docum5t ( revelation4 ,9 ^? v same ye>s ! great movem5t ( biblical criticism 0 ga!r+ =ce :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 to prove by /r+5t lit]>y & hi/orical me?ods1 :at qualities ! docum5ts :i* we "k z ,scripture d possess4 ,x 0 to prove 9 ! mo/ objective fa%ion t ! ,scripture does n possess ^? qualities :i* m5 _h long assign$ to x4 ,x 0 to prove t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! lit]ature does possess ! qualities :i* ! philosophic =eca/1 above h9t$1 requir$4 ,x 0 ?us actually to re/ore ! ,bible to an age 9 :i* _m reasonable m5 _h lo/ _! fai? 9 x4 ,x 0 to give a g5etic recon/ruction ( ! lit]ature & %[ ! progress ( ! hi/ory :i* ! ,scripture en%r9es4 ,aft] a conte/ 9 :i* ! v f\ndations ( fai? seem$ to be remov$1 x 0 to af=d a basis = a belief 9 ,scripture & revelation z positive & secure z any :i* m5 ev] enjoy$1 ) ! advantage t x is a f\ndation ^u :i* ! mod]n man c & does securely build4 ,! syn*ronism ( ! two endeav\rs is rem>kable4 ,! conv]g5ce ^u "o po9t1 ( /udies />t+1 s to say1 f opposite poles & hav+ no app>5t int]e/ 9 common1 is in/ructive4 ,x is an illu/ration ( t :i* ,comte said1 t all ! great intellectual movem5ts ( a giv5 "t are b ! manife/ation ( a common impulse1 :i* p]vades & possesses ! m9ds ( ! m5 ( t "t4 ,! attempt to rationalise ! n>rative ( ,scripture 0 no new "o4 ,x grew 9 int5sity 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! conflict :i* 0 pres5tly precipitat$ conc]n$ prim>ily ! ,gospels4 ,x 0 natural t x %\ld d s4 ,^! conta9 ! mo/ important ,scripture n>rative1 t ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,/rauss _h 9 good fai? turn$ 8 att5tion to ! ,gospels1 precisely because he felt _! c5tral importance4 ,8 g5]ation 0 to le>n t !y pres5t$ also ! greate/ difficulties4 ,! old rationali/ic int]pretation _h />t$ f ! assumption t :at we h 9 ! gospel n>rative is fact4 ,yet1 ( c\rse1 = ! rationali/s1 ! facts mu/ be natural4 ,!y _h ! appe>ance ( be+ sup]natural only ?r\gh ! errone\s judgm5t ( ! n>rators4 ,x 0 = ! int]pret] to r$uce ev]y?+ :i* is relat$ to its simple1 natural cause4 ,! wat] at ,cana 0 c]ta9ly n turn$ into w9e4 ,x mu/ h be5 br\ght by ,jesus z a pres5t & op5$ ?us 9 je/4 ,jesus 01 ( c\rse1 begott5 9 ! natural mann]4 ,a simple maid5 mu/ h be5 deceiv$4 ,! execution ( ?is task ( ! rationalis+ ( ! n>ratives by "o ,dr4 ,paulus1 0 ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! claim4 ,! mo/ spiritual ( ! n>ratives1 ! f9e/ fl[] ( religi\s poetry1 0 ?us turn$ into ! meane/ & mo/ trivial incid5t )\t any religi\s significance :atsoev]4 ,! obtus5ess ( ! proc$ure 0 exce$$ only by its vulg>ity4 ,,/rauss ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,pfleid]] has said1 we mu/ rememb] ! difficulty :i* beset ! m5 ( t age4 ,_! g5]al culture made x difficult = !m to accept ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ! gospel n>rative z x /ood4 ,yet _! !ory ( ,scripture gave !m no notion z to any o!r way 9 :i* ! n>ratives might be und]/ood4 ,! m5 _h nev] ask$ !mselves h[ ! n>ratives arose4 ,9 ! preface to 8 ,leb5 ,jesu1 ,/rauss said3 ',or?odox & rationali/s alike proce$ f ! false assumption t we h always 9 ! ,gospels te/imony1 sometimes ev5 t ( eye-witnesses1 to fact4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 r$uc$ to ask+ !mselves :at c h be5 ! real & natural fact :i* is "h witness$ to 9 su* extraord9>y way4 ,we h to realise1' ,/rauss proce$s1 't ! n>rators te/ify sometimes1 n to outw>d facts1 b to ideas1 (t5 mo/ poetical & beautiful ideas1 con/ructions :i* ev5 eye-witnesses _h unconsci\sly put ^u facts1 imag9ation conc]n+ !m1 reflexions ^u !m1 reflexions & imag9+s su* z 7 natural to ! "t & at ! au?or's level ( culture4 ,:at we h "h is n falsehood1 n misrepres5tation ( ! tru?4 ,x is a pla/ic1 nave1 &1 at ! same "t1 (t5 mo/ pr(\nd appreh5sion ( tru?1 )9 ! area ( religi\s feel+ & poetic insight4 ,x results 9 n>rative1 leg5d>y1 my?ical 9 nature1 illu/rative (t5 ( spiritual tru? 9 a mann] m p]fect ?an any h>d1 prosaic /atem5t c\ld a*ieve4' ,be=e ,/rauss m5 _h appreciat$ t p>ticul> episodes1 l ! virg9 bir? & ! bodily resurrection1 might h "s su* explanation z ?is4 ,no "o _h ev] und]tak5 to apply ?is me?od consi/5tly1 f "o end to ! o!r ( ! gospel n>rative4 ,:at 0 ( m significance1 no "o _h cle>ly def9$ ! conception ( leg5d4 ,/rauss 0 sure t 9 ! application ( ?is notion to c]ta9 portions ( ! ,scripture no irrev]5ce 0 %[n4 ,no moral ta9t 0 involv$4 ,no?+ :i* c\ld detract f ! rev]5ce 9 :i* we hold ! ,scripture 0 impli$4 ,r1 9 8 view1 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus is m wond]ful ?an ev]1 :5 "s1 at lea/1 ( its elem5ts are view$ 9 ?is way1 :5 !y are se5 z ! product ( ! poetic _s1 work+ all unconsci\sly at a c]ta9 level ( culture & "u ! impulse ( a great en?usiasm4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,/rauss1 :o 0 at t "t an e>ne/ ,*ri/ian1 felt ! relief f c]ta9 difficulties 9 ! biography ( ,jesus :i* ?is !ory af=ds4 ,he put x =? 9 all s9c]ity z af=d+ to o!rs l relief4 ,he said t :ile rationali/s & sup]naturali/s alike1 by _! me?ods1 sacrific$ ! div9e cont5t ( ! /ory & clung only to its =m1 8 hypo!sis sacrific$ ! hi/oricity ( ! n>rative =m1 b kept ! et]nal & spiritual tru?4 ,9 8 op9ion1 ! lapse ( a s+le g5]ation 0 en\gh to give room = ?is process ( ! gr[? ( ! leg5d>y elem5ts :i* h f\nd place 9 ! writt5 ,gospels :i* we h4 ,ideas ent]ta9$ by primitive ,*ri/ians relative to _! lo/ ,ma/]1 h be51 all unwitt+ly1 trans=m$ into facts & wov5 into ! tale ( 8 c>e]4 ,! leg5ds ( a p are 9 _! basal elem5ts nev] ! "w ( a s+le individual4 ,!y are nev] int5tionally produc$4 ,! imp]ceptible gr[? ( a jo9t creative "w ( ?is k9d 0 possible1 h[ev]1 only on ! supposition t oral tradition 01 = a "t1 ! means ( transmission ( ! rem9isc5ces ( ,jesus4 ,/rauss' explanation ( 8 !ory has be5 giv5 above1 to "s ext5t 9 8 own words4 ,we may see h[ he und]/ood himself4 ,we may appreciate also ! g5u95ess ( ! religi\s _s ( 8 "w4 ,at ! same "t ! ?or\gh-go+ way 9 :i* he appli$ 8 pr9ciple1 ! rel5tless m>* ( 8 argum5t1 ! "* ( 8 results1 mu/ sometimes h be5 />tl+ ev5 to himself4 ,!y c]ta9ly />tl$ o!rs4 ,! effect ( 8 "w 0 in/antane\s & imm5se4 ,x 0 n at all ! effect :i* he anticipat$4 ,! issue ( ! furi\s controv]sy :i* broke out 0 disa/r\s bo? to ,/rauss' pr(essional c>e] & to 8 :ole temp]am5t & "*4 ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss 0 born 9 #ahjh 9 ,ludwigsburg 9 ,wrttemb]g4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,tb+5 & 9 ,b]l94 ,he became an in/ructor 9 ! !ological faculty 9 ,tb+5 9 #ahcb4 ,he publi%$ 8 ,leb5 ,jesu 9 #ahce4 ,he 0 almo/ at once remov$ f 8 portion4 ,9 #ahcf he )drew altoge!r f ! pr(essorial c>e]4 ,8 answ] to 8 critics1 writt5 9 #ahcg1 0 9 bitt] tone4 ,m conciliatory 0 8 book1 b] ,v]gngli*es und ,bleib5des im ,*ri/5?um1 publi%$ 9 #ahci4 ,inde$ !re 7 "s concessions 9 ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,leb5 ,jesu 9 #ahch1 b ^! 7 all repudiat$ 9 #ahdj4 ,8 ,leb5 ,jesu fr das deuts*e ,volk1 publi%$ 9 #ahff 0 ! ef=t to popul>ise t :i* he _h done4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 po9t ( me?od1 sup]ior to 8 e>li] "w1 ,comm5ts 7 met ) ev5 great] bitt]ness4 ,f9ally1 n long be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahgd1 he publi%$ ,d] ,alte und d] ,neue ,glaube1 9 :i* he def9itely broke ) ,*ri/ianity altoge!r & w5t ov] to mat]ialism & pessimism4 ,pfleid]]1 :o _h p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,/rauss & held him 9 reg>d1 once wrote3 ',/rauss' error did n lie 9 8 reg>d+ "s ( ! gospel /ories z leg5ds1 & "s ( ! n>ratives ( ! miracul\s z symbols ( ideal tru?s4 ,s f> ,/rauss 0 "r4 ,! contribution :i* he made is "o :i* we h all appropriat$ & built ^u4 ,8 error lay 9 8 look+ = ^? religi\s tru?s :i* are ?us symbolis$1 outside ( religion itself1 9 adv5tur\s metaphysical speculations4 ,he did n seek !m 9 ! facts ( ! dev\t he>t & moral w1 z ^! are illu/rat$ 9 ! actual life ( ,jesus4' ,if ,/rauss1 aft] ! dis9tegration 9 criticism ( c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ! biography ( ,jesus1 _h giv5 u a positive picture ( ,jesus z ! ideal ( religi\s "* & e?ical =ce1 8 "w w\ld inde$ h be5 attack$4 ,b x w\ld h outliv$ ! attack & conf]r$ a v great b5efit4 ,x conf]r$ a great b5efit z x 01 al?\gh n ! b5efit :i* ,/rauss suppos$4 ,! b5efit :i* x really conf]r$ 0 9 its critical me?od1 & n at all 9 its results4 ,( ! mass ( polemic & apologetic lit]ature :i* ,/rauss' ,leb5 ,jesu call$ =?1 little is at ?is di/ance wor? ! m5tion+4 ,ullmann1 :o 0 f> m appreciative ?an mo/ ( 8 adv]s>ies1 po9ts out ! real weakness ( ,/rauss' "w4 ,t weakness lay 9 ! failure to draw any di/9ction betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! my?ical4 ,he ?reat5$ to dissolve ! :ole hi/ory into my?4 ,he _h no s5se = ! e?ical elem5t 9 ! p]sonality & tea*+ ( ,jesus nor ( ! creative =ce :i* ?is mu/ h ex]t$4 ,ullmann says ) cog5cy t1 accord+ to ,/rauss1 ! ,*ur* creat$ its ,*ri/ virtually out ( pure imag9ation4 ,b we are !n left ) ! qu]y3 ,:at creat$ ! ,*ur*8 ,to ?is qu]y ,/rauss has absolutely no answ] to give4 ,! answ] is1 says ,ullmann1 t ! e?ical p]sonality ( ,jesus creat$ ! ,*ur*4 ,?is e?ical p]sonality is ?us a supreme hi/oric fact & a sublime hi/oric cause1 to :i* we mu/ endeav\r to p5etrate1 if ne$ be ?r\gh ! veil ( leg5d4 ,! old rationali/s _h made !mselves ridicul\s by _! ef=t to expla9 ev]y?+ 9 "s natural way4 ,/rauss & 8 foll[]s (t5 appe>$ frivol\s1 s9ce1 accord+ to !m1 !re 0 little left to be expla9$4 ,if a portion ( ! n>rative pres5t$ a difficulty1 x 0 decl>$ my?ical4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 su* a discrim9ation betwe5 ! leg5d>y & hi/orical elem5ts 9 ! ,gospels z c\ld be rea*$ only by pati5t1 pa9/ak+ /udy ( ! actual hi/orical quality & /&+ ( ! docum5ts4 ,no adequate /udy ( ?is k9d _h ev] be5 und]tak54 ,/rauss did n und]take x1 nor ev5 p]ceive t x 0 to be und]tak54 ,!re _h be5 _m m5 ( va/ le>n+ 9 textual & philological criticism4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a new sort ( critique 0 appli$ to a problem :i* _h b j n[ be5 reveal$ 9 all its l5g? & bread?4 ,! e/abli%+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ?is hi/orical criticism--! s-call$ ,high] ,criticism--0 ! h]culean task ( ! g5]ation foll[+ ,/rauss4 ,to ! developm5t ( t sci5ce ano!r ,tb+5 pr(essor1 ,baur1 made p]man5t contribution4 ,) ,/rauss himself1 sadd] ?an ! ru9 ( 8 c>e]1 0 ! trag$y ( ! uproot+ ( 8 fai?4 ,?is trag$y foll[$ 9 _m places 9 ! wake ( ! recognition ( ,/rauss' fatal half-tru?4 ,,baur ,baur1 ,/rauss' own tea*] 9 ,tb+51 aft]w>d fam\s z biblical critic & *ur*-hi/orian1 said ( ,/rauss' book1 t ?r\gh x 0 reveal$ 9 />tl+ fa%ion to t g5]ation ( s*ol>s1 h[ little real k !y _h ( ! problem :i* ! ,gospels pres5t4 ,to ,baur x 0 cle> t if advance 0 to be made beyond ,/rauss' negative results1 ! criticism ( ! gospel hi/ory mu/ wait ^u an adequate criticism ( ! docum5ts :i* are our s\rces = t hi/ory4 ,/rauss' failure _h br\ght home to ! m9ds ( m5 ! fact t !re 7 c]ta9 prelim9>y /udies :i* mu/ ne$s be tak5 up4 ,meantime ! o!r "w mu/ wait4 ,z "o surveys ! lit]ature ( ! next ?irty ye>s ?is fact /&s out4 ,_m apologetic lives ( ,jesus _h to be writt5 9 reply to ,/rauss4 ,b !y are almo/ completely negligible4 ,no con/ructive "w 0 done 9 ?is field until ne>ly a g5]ation _h pass$4 ,s9ce all hi/ory1 said ,baur1 be=e x rea*es u mu/ pass ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a n>rator1 our fir/ "q z to ! gospel hi/ory is n1 :at objective reality c be accord$ to ! n>rative itself4 ,!re is a previ\s "q4 ,?is conc]ns ! relation ( ! n>rative to ! n>rator4 ,x might be v difficult = u to make up our m9ds z to :at x 0 t1 9 a giv5 case1 ! witness saw4 ,we h n mat]ial = su* a judgm5t4 ,we h probably mu* evid5ce1 up & d[n 8 writ+s1 z to :at sort ( man ! witness 01 9 :at mann] he w\ld be likely to see any?+ & ) :at p]sonal equation he w\ld relate t :i* he saw4 ,baur w\ld seem to h be5 ! fir/ vigor\sly & consi/5tly to apply ?is pr9ciple to ! gospel n>ratives4 ,be=e we c p5etrate deeply into ! mean+ ( an au?or we mu/ "k1 if we may1 8 purpose 9 writ+4 ,e au?or belongs to ! "t 9 :i* he lives4 ,! great] ! importance ( 8 subject = ! p>ties & /ruggles ( 8 day1 ! saf] is ! assumption t bo? he & 8 "w w be> ! impress ( ^! /ruggles4 ,he w repres5t ! int]e/s ( "o or ano!r ( ! p>ties4 ,8 "w w h a t5d5cy ( "s k9d4 ,?is 0 "o ( ,baur's (t-us$ words--! t5d5cy ( a writ] & ( 8 "w4 ,we mu/ asc]ta9 t t5d5cy4 ,! explanation ( _m ?+s bo? 9 ! =m & sub/ance ( a writ+ w\ld be giv5 c\ld we b "k t4 ,! lett]s ( ,paul1 = example1 are writt5 9 palpable advocacy ( op9ions :i* 7 bitt]ly oppos$ by o!r apo/les4 ,! biographies ( ,jesus sugge/ t !y also repres5t1 ! "o ?is t5d5cy1 ! o!r t4 ,we h no cause to ass]t t ?is trait ( :i* we speak implies consci\s di/ortion ( ! facts :i* ! au?or w\ld relate4 ,! simple-m9d$ are g5]ally ^? lea/ aw>e ( ! bias 9 ! work+ ( _! own m9ds4 ,x is obvi\s t until we h reckon$ ) su* elem5ts z ^!1 we _c truly judge ( t :i* ! ,gospels say4 ,to ! elaboration ( ! pr9ciples ( ?is hi/orical criticism ,baur gave ! lab\r ( 8 life4 ,8 biblical "w alone w\ld h be5 epo*-mak+4 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,baur 0 born 9 #agic 9 ,s*mi$51 ne> ,/uttg>t4 ,he became a pr(essor 9 ,tb+5 9 #ahbf & di$ !re 9 #ahfj4 ,he 0 an ard5t disciple ( ,hegel4 ,8 greate/ "w 0 surely 9 ! field ( ! hi/ory ( dogma4 ,8 works1 ,die ,*ri/li*e ,lehre von d] ,v]ehnung1 #ahch1 ,die ,*ri/li*e ,lehre von d] ,dreie9igkeit und ,m5s*w]dung ,gottes1 #ahda-ahdc1 8 ,lehrbu* d] ,*ri/li*5 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #ahdg1 toge!r con/itute a contribution to :i* ,h>nack's "w 9 our own "t alone furni%es a p>allel4 ,baur _h begun 8 ?or\gh biblical /udies be=e ! publication ( ,/rauss' book4 ,! direction ( ^? /udies 0 m ?an ev] confirm$ by 8 insight ( ! %ortcom+s ( ,/rauss' "w4 ,v *>act]i/ically also he _h begun 8 inve/igations1 n at ! mo/ difficult po9t1 t ( ! ,gospels1 z ,/rauss _h done1 b at ! easie/ po9t1 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4 ,z e>ly z #ahca he _h publi%$ a tractate1 ,die ,*ri/us-,p>tei 9 d] ,cor9?is*5 ,geme9de4 ,9 t book he _h del9eat$ ! bitt] conte/ betwe5 ,paul & ! ,judais+ elem5t 9 ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* :i* oppos$ ,paul :i!rsoev] he w5t4 ,9 #ahce 8 disquisition1 ,die sog5annt5 ,pa/oral-,briefe1 appe>$4 ,9 ! tea*+s ( ^! lett]s he discov]$ ! anti!sis to ! gno/ic h]esies ( ! second c5tury4 ,he ?\ght also t ! /age ( organisation ( ! ,*ur* :i* !y imply1 accord$ bett] ) ?is supposition ?an ) t ( _! apo/olic au?or%ip4 ,! same g5]al !me is treat$ 9 a mu* l>g] way 9 ,baur's ,paulus1 d] ,apo/el ,jesu ,*ri/i1 9 #ahde4 ,"h ! results ( 8 /udy ( ! book ( ! ,acts are comb9$ ) ^? ( 8 inquiries z to ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! apo/olic age m5 _h be5 accu/om$ to see ! evid5ce only ( peace & h>mony4 ,baur s\ght to %[ t ! p]iod _h be5 "o ( fi]ce /ruggle1 betwe5 ! n>r[ ,judaic & legali/ic =m ( fai? 9 ! ,messiah & t conception1 introduc$ by ,paul1 ( a _w-religion free f ! law4 ,out ( ?is conflict1 :i* la/$ a hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 w5t =? ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! monum5ts ( ?is /ruggle & witnesses ( ?is process ( gr[? are ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 mo/ ( :i* 7 produc$ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,! only docum5ts :i* we h :i* 7 writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #gj1 7 ! f\r great ,epi/les ( ,paul1 ^? to ! ,galatians1 to ! ,romans1 & to ! ,cor9?ians1 toge!r ) ! ,apocalypse4 ,_m details 9 ,baur's view are n[ se5 to h be5 ov]/at$ & o!rs false4 ,yet ?is 0 ! fir/ "t t a true hi/orical me?od _h be5 appli$ to ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature z a :ole4 ,baur's contribution lay 9 ! orig9ality ( 8 conception ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 8 emphasis ^u ,paul1 9 8 realisation ( ! magnitude ( ! /ruggle :i* ,paul inaugurat$ aga9/ ,jewi% prejudices 9 ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,9 8 idea1 ! issue ( t /ruggle 01 on ! "o h&1 ! free+ ( ,*ri/ianity f ,judaism & on ! o!r1 ! develop+ ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght into a sy/em ( dogma & ( ! scatt]$ ,*ri/ian communities into an organis$ ,*ur*4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel conta9s1 accord+ to ,baur1 a ,*ri/ian gnosis p>allel to ! gnosis :i* 0 m & m repudiat$ by ! ,*ur* z h]esy4 ,! ,logos1 ! div9e pr9ciple ( life & light1 appe>s bodily 9 ! ph5om5al _w 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,x ent]s into conflict ) ! d>kness & evil ( ! _w4 ,?is speculation is b ?9ly clo!d 9 ! =m ( a biography ( ,jesus4 ,t an acc\nt completely dom9at$ by speculative motives gives b slight gu>antee ( hi/orical tru?1 0 = ,baur self-evid5t4 ,! au?or rema9s unkn[n1 ! age unc]ta94 ,! book1 h[ev]1 c h>dly h appe>$ be=e ! "t ( ! ,montani/ movem5t1 t is1 t[>d ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,s*ol>s n[ rate f> m highly ?an did ,baur ! elem5t ( g5u9e ,johann9e tradition :i* may lie beh9d ! ,f\r? ,gospel & acc\nt = its "n4 ,!y d n f9d traces ( ,montanism or ( pas*al controv]sies4 ,b ! ma9 cont5tion /&s4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel repres5ts ! beg9n+ ( elaborate reflexion ^u ! life & "w ( ,jesus4 ,x is :at x is because ( ! fusion ( ! e?ical & spiritual cont5t ( ! revelation 9 ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 ) metaphysical ab/ractions & philosophical int]pretation4 ,baur 0 by no means s =tunate 9 ! solution :i* he (f]$ ( ! problem :i* ! synoptic ,gospels pres5t4 ,8 op9ions are ( no int]e/ except z %[+ t he too work$ dilig5tly ^u a "q :i* = a long "t seem$ only to gr[ 9 complexity & :i* has busi$ s*ol>s practically f ,baur's day to our own4 ,8 zeal "h also to discov] dogmatic purposes l$ him a/ray4 ,! ,t5d5zkritik _h its own t5d5cies4 ,! *ief 0 to exagg]ation & "o-sid$ness4 ,baur _h ! k9d ( e> :i* he>s grass gr[4 ,!re is mu* ov]/ra9$ acum54 ,_m radically false conclusions are rea*$ by prejudic$ op]ation ) an hi/orical =mula1 :i* 9 ! la/ analysis is t ( ,hegel4 ,ev]y?+ is to be expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( anti!sis4 ,aga91 ! assumption ( consci\s purpose 9 ev]y?+ :i* m5 d or write is a grave exagg]ation4 ,x is (t5 9 contradiction ( t wond]ful unconsci\sness ) :i* m5 & in/itutions move to ! fulfilm5t ( a purpose = ! good1 ! purpose ( ,god1 into :i* _! own life is gr&ly tak5 up4 ,to make ea* phase ( su* a movem5t ! contribution ( "s "o man's s*eme or endeav\r is1 z 0 once said1 to make ,god act l a pr(essor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! me?od ( ?is book is t x seeks to deal only ) m5 :o h inaugurat$ movem5ts1 or m>k$ "s turn+-po9t 9 _! c\rse :i* has prov$ ( m ?an usual significance4 ,! compass ( ! book dem&s su* a limitation4 ,b by ?is me?od :ole *apt]s 9 ! life ( le>n+ are pass$ ov]1 9 :i* ! sub/ance ( a*ievem5t has be5 ! c>ry+ out ( a plan ( :i* we h be5 able to note only ! inception4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* ! c>ry+ out ( a plan is bo? m difficult & m wor?y ?an ! m]e sett+ x 9 motion4 ,:5 "o ?9ks ( ! lab\r & pati5ce :i* h be5 exp5d$1 = example1 ^u ! problem ( ! ,gospels 9 ! pa/ sev5ty ye>s1 ^? tru?s come home to u4 ,:5 "o rem9ds himself ( ! hypo!ses :i* h be5 made b to be ab&on$1 :i* h yet _h ! value t !y at lea/ indicat$ ! area )9 :i* solutions d n lie1--:5 "o ?9ks ( ! wellnigh immeasurable toil by :i* we h be5 l$ to l>ge results :i* n[ seem secure1 "o is made to realise t ! conditions ( ! advance ( sci5ce are1 = !ologians1 n diff]5t f ^? :i* obta9 = s*ol>s :o1 9 any o!r field1 w\ld e/abli% tru? & lead m54 ,9 a g5]al way1 h[ev]1 x may be said t ! c\rse ( op9ion 9 ^! two g5]ations1 9 ref]5ce to su* que/ions z ^? ( ! dates & au?or%ip ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 has be5 "o ( r notewor?y retrogression f _m ( ! ,tb+5 positions4 ,h>nack's ,ges*i*te d] alt*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur1 #ahic1 & 8 ,*ronologie d] alt*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur1 #ahig1 pres5t a m>k$ contra/ to ,baur's s*eme4 ,,! ,,canon ,! m9ds ( ,new ,te/am5t s*ol>s 9 ! la/ g5]ation h be5 engag$ ) a "q :i*1 9 its full significance1 0 h>dly pres5t to ! att5tion ( ,baur's s*ool4 ,x is ! "q ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z a :ole4 ,x is ! "q z to ! "t & mann] & motives ( ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! sep>ate writ+s into a canon ( ,scripture :i*1 despite ! div]sity ( its elem5ts1 ex]t$ its influ5ce z a unit & to :i* an au?ority 0 ascrib$1 :i* ! p>ticul> writ+s _c orig9ally h _h4 ,:5 & h[ did ! ,*ri/ians come to h a sacr$ book :i* !y plac$ on an equality ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* la/ !y _h tak5 ov] f ! synagogue8 ,h[ did !y *oose ! writ+s :i* 7 to belong to ?is new collection8 ,:y did !y reject books :i* we "k 7 read = edification 9 ! e>ly *ur*es8 ,deep] ev5 ?an ! "q ( ! gr[? ( ! collection is t ( ! gr[? ( ! appreh5sion conc]n+ x4 ,?is appreh5sion ( ^! tw5ty-sev5 diff]5t writ+s z con/itut+ ! sole docum5t ( ,*ri/ian revelation1 giv5 by ! ,holy ,_s1 ! id5tical holy book ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 gave to ! book a significance altoge!r diff]5t f t :i* its con/itu5t elem5ts mu/ h _h = m5 to :om !y _h appe>$ z b ! natural lit]>y deposit ( ! religi\s movem5t ( ! apo/olic age4 ,?is appreh5sion took possession ( ! m9d ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,x 0 made ! subject ( deliv]ances by c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h[ did ?is great trans=mation take place8 ,0 x an isolat$ a*ievem5t1 or 0 x "p ( a g5]al movem5t8 ,did n ?is developm5t ( life 9 ! ,*ri/ian communities :i* gave !m a ,new ,te/am5t belong to an evolution :i* gave !m also ! s-call$ ,apo/les' ,cre$ & a mon>*ical organisation ( ! ,*ur* & ! beg9n+s ( a ritual ( wor%ip8 ,x is cle> t we h "h a "q ( greate/ mom5t4 ,) ! rise ( ?is idea ( ! canon1 ) ! assign+ to ?is body ( lit]ature ! "* ( ,scripture1 we h ! beg9n+ ( ! l>g] ma/]y :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t has ex]t$ ov] ! m9ds & life ( m54 ,comp>$ ) ?is "q1 inve/igations z to ! au?or%ip & z to ! "t1 place & circum/ance ( ! production ( p>ticul> books1 came1 = ! "t1 to occupy a second>y rank4 ,z !y h em]g$ aga91 !y we> a new aspect & are approa*$ 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,! writ+s are reveal$ z belong+ to a f> l>g] context1 t ( ! :ole body ( ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! age4 ,x 9 no way foll[s f t :i* we h said t ! body ( docum5ts1 :i* ultimately f\nd !mselves toge!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h n a unity o!r ?an ! outw>d "o :i* 0 by cons5sus ( op9ion or concili> decree impos$ ^u !m4 ,!y d repres5t1 9 ! l>ge & 9 v>y+ degrees1 an inw>d & spiritual unity4 ,!re 0 an inspiration ( ! ma9 body ( ^! writ+s1 ! outw>d condition ( :i*1 at all ev5ts1 0 ! ne>ness ( _! writ]s to ,jesus or to 8 eye-witnesses1 & ! consequ5ce ( :i* 0 ! unique relation :i* ! m important ( ^! docum5ts hi/orically bore to ! =mation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,!re 0 a heav5 :i* lay ab\t ! infancy ( ,*ri/ianity :i* only sl[ly fad$ into ! common light ( day4 ,t heav5 0 ! _s ( ! ,ma/] himself4 ,! *ief ( ^! writ+s d c5trally en%r9e ! fir/ pure illum9ation ( t _s4 ,b ! *ur*m5 :o made ! canon & ! ,fa!rs :o argu$ ab\t x v (t5 gave mi/ak5 reasons = facts 9 respect ( :i* !y nev]!less 7 "r4 ,!y gave :at !y consid]$ s\nd ext]nal reasons4 ,!y alleg$ apo/olic au?or%ip4 ,!y %\ld h be5 cont5t ) int]nal evid5ce & spiritual effectiv5ess4 ,! apo/les _h come1 9 ! m9d ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 to occupy a place ( unique di/9ction4 ,writ+s long en%r9$ 9 affection = _! pot5t influ5ce1 b ^: orig9 _h n be5 mu* consid]$1 7 n[ assign$ to apo/les1 t !y might h au?ority & di/9ction4 ,! !ory ( ! canon came aft] ! fact4 ,! !ory 0 (t5 wrong4 ,! canon _h be51 9 ! ma9 & 9 its inw>d pr9ciple1 s\ndly con/itut$4 ,mod]n critics rev]s$ ! process4 ,!y began :]e ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs left (f4 ,!y tore d[n fir/ t :i* _h be5 la/ built up4 ,mod]n criticism1 too1 pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod 9 :i* po9ts l ^? ( au?or%ip & date ( ,gospels & ,epi/les seem$ ! only ones to be consid]$4 ,! results be+ "h (t5 negative1 complete dis9tegration ( ! canon seem$ ?reat5$1 ?r\gh discov]y ( errors 9 ! processes by :i* ! canon _h be5 outw>dly built up4 ,m5 realise n[ t t 0 a mi/ake4 ,two ?+s h be5 ga9$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,!re is fir/ ! recognition t ! canon is a gr[?4 ,! holy book & ! conception ( its hol9ess1 z well1 7 evolv$4 ,*ri/ianity 0 n prim>ily a book-religion save 9 ! s5se t almo/ all ,*ri/ians rev]$ ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,o!r writ+s ?an ^? :i* we e/eem canonical 7 long us$ 9 *ur*es4 ,"s ( ^? aft]w>d canonical 7 n us$ 9 all ! *ur*es4 ,9 simil> fa%ion we h le>n$ t id5tical /atem5ts ( fai? 7 n curr5t 9 ! e>lie/ *ur*es4 ,nor 0 !re "o uni=m sy/em ( organisation & gov]nm5t4 ,!re 0 a "t conc]n+ :i* we _c accurately use ! ^w ,*ur*4 ,!re 7 *ur*es1 v simple1 wor%ipp+ communities4 ,b ! ,*ur*1 z outw>d magnitude1 z triumphant organisation1 grew4 ,s !re 7 _m cre$s or1 at lea/1 in=mally accr$it$ & curr5t beg9n+s ( doctr9e4 ,by & by !re 0 a =mally accept$ cre$4 ,s !re 7 fir/ de>ly lov$ memorials ( ,jesus & lett]s ( apo/olic m54 ,only by & by 0 !re a ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! fir/ ga9 is ! recognition ( ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,! second foll[s4 ,x is ! recognition t1 despite a s5se 9 :i* ?is lit]ature is unique1 !re is also a s5se 9 :i* x is b a "p ( ! :ole body ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,f ! exact & exhau/ive /udy ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature z a :ole1 we are to expect a cle>] und]/&+ & a ju/] e/imate ( ! canonical "p ( x4 ,x is n easy to say to :om we h to ascribe ! discov]y & elaboration ( ^! tru?s4 ,! hi/orians ( dogma h done mu* = ?is body ( op9ion4 ,! hi/orians ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature h p]haps done m4 ,/ud5ts ( in/itutions & ( ! canon law h _h _! %>e4 ,baur _h m ?an an inkl+ ( ! true /ate ( ?+s4 ,b by f> ! mo/ conspicu\s tea*] ( our g5]ation1 9 two at lea/ ( ^! p>ticul> fields1 has be5 ,h>nack4 ,9 8 lifelong lab\r ^u ! s\rces ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 he _h come ^u ?is "q ( ! canon aga9 & aga94 ,9 8 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #ahhg-ahij1 #dte4 ,aufl41 #aiaj1 ! view ( ! canon1 :i* 0 giv5 above1 is absolutely fundam5tal4 ,9 8 ,ges*i*te d] alt*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur bis ,eusebius1 #ahic1 & ,*ronologic d] all*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur1 #ahig-aijd1 ! evid5ce is (f]$ 9 ri* detail4 ,x 0 9 8 tractate1 ,das ,neue ,te/am5t um das ,jahr #bjj1 #ahhi1 t he cont5d$ = ! lat] date aga9/ ,zahn1 :o _h urg$ t ! outl9e ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 e/abli%$ & ! conception ( x z ,scripture pres5t1 by ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,h>nack argues t ! decision practically %ap$ itself betwe5 ! "t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 c4 ,a4,d4 #aej1 & t ( ,ir5u1 c4 ,a4,d4 #ahj4 ,! /udies ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s h m & m confirm$ ?is view4 ,,life ,,( ,,jesus ,we said t ! "w ( ,/rauss reveal$ no?+ s cle>ly z ! ignorance ( 8 "t conc]n+ ! docum5ts ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian movem5t4 ,! lab\rs ( ,baur & ( 8 foll[]s 7 direct$ t[>d ov]com+ ?is difficulty4 ,sudd5ly ! public int]e/ 0 /irr$1 & ! e>li] excitem5t recall$ by ! publication ( a new life ( ,jesus4 ,! au?or 0 a ,fr5*man1 ,erne/ ,r5an1 at "o "t a c&idate = ! prie/hood 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,he 0 a man ( le>n+ & lit]>y skill1 :o made 8 ,vie de ,jsus1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfc1 ! />t+-po9t = a s]ies ( hi/orical works "u ! g5]al title1 ,les ,orig9es de ,*ri/ianisme4 ,9 ! next ye> appe>$ ,/rauss' popul> "w1 ,leb5 ,jesu fr das deuts*e ,volk4 ,9 #ahfd 0 publi%$ also ,weizsck]'s contribution to ! life ( ,*ri/1 8 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te4 ,to ! same ye> belong$ ,s*5kel's ,*>akt]bild ,jesu4 ,9 ! ye>s f #ahfg-ahgb appe>$ ,keim's ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a4 ,!re is some?+ v /rik+ 9 ?is recurr5ce to ! topic4 ,aft] ail1 ?is 0 ! po9t = ! sake ( :i* ^? labori\s inve/igations _h be5 und]tak54 ,?is 0 & is ! !me ( undy+ religi\s int]e/1 ! "* & c>e] ( ! ,naz>5e4 ,r5an's philosophical /udies _h be5 ma9ly 9 ,engli%1 /udies ( ,locke & ,hume4 ,b ,h]d] also _h be5 8 belov$ guide4 ,= 8 biblical & ori5tal /udies he _h turn$ almo/ exclusively to ! ,g]mans4 ,!re is a deep religi\s _s 9 ! "w ( ! p]iod ( 8 conflict ) ! ,*ur*4 ,! en?usiasm = ,*ri/ su/a9$ him 9 8 /ruggle4 ,( ! days be=e he )drew f ! ,*ur* he wrote3 ',= two mon?s ,i 0 a ,prote/ant l a pr(essor 9 ,halle or ,tb+54' ,fr5* 0 at t "t a language mu* bett] kn[n 9 ! _w at l>ge1 p>ticul>ly ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 ?an 0 ,g]man4 ,r5an's book _h great art & *>m4 ,x took a place almo/ at once z a bit ( _w-lit]ature4 ,! numb] ( editions 9 ,fr5* & ( translations into o!r languages is amaz+4 ,beyond "q1 ! critical position 0 made kn[n ?r\gh ,r5an to multitudes :o w\ld nev] h be5 rea*$ by ! ,g]man works :i* 7 really ,r5an's au?orities4 ,x is idle to say ) ,pfleid]] t x is a pity t1 hav+ possess$ s mu* le>n+1 ,r5an _h n possess$ m4 ,t is n q ! po9t4 ,! book has mu* bread? & solidity ( le>n+4 ,yet ,r5an has sc>cely ! hi/orian's quality4 ,8 "w is a "w ( art4 ,x has ! halo ( romance4 ,imag9ation & poetical feel+ make x 9 a measure :at x is4 ,r5an 0 born 9 #ahbc 9 ,tregui] 9 ,brittany4 ,he set out = ! prie/hood1 b turn$ aside to ! /udy ( ori5tal languages & hi/ory4 ,he made long soj\rn 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he spoke ( ,pale/9e z hav+ be5 to him a fif? ,gospel4 ,he became ,pr(essor ( ,hebrew 9 ! ,college de ,france4 ,he 0 susp5d$ f 8 (fice 9 #ahfc1 & p]mitt$ to read aga9 only 9 #ahga4 ,he _h =mally sep>at$ himself f ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 #ahde4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,academy4 ,8 diction is unsurpass$4 ,he di$ 9 #ahid4 ,9 8 own phrase1 he s\ght to br+ ,jesus =? f ! d>kness ( dogma into ! mid/ ( ! life ( 8 p4 ,he pa9ts him fir/ z an idyllic national lead]1 !n z a /ruggl+ & err+ h]o1 always aim+ at ! highe/1 b doom$ to tragic failure ?r\gh ! resi/ance (f]$ by reality to 8 ideal4 ,he calls ! traditional ,*ri/ an ab/ract be+ :o nev] 0 alive4 ,he w\ld br+ ! m>vell\s human figure be=e our eyes4 ,he height5s ! brilliancy ( 8 del9eation by ! deep %ad[s ( mi/akes & indiscretion ^u ,jesus' "p4 ,9 "s respects an epic or an hi/orical romance1 )\t tea*+ u hi/ory 9 detail1 may yet enable u by means ( ! arti/'s intuition to realise an ev5t or p]iod1 or make pres5tation to ourselves ( a p]sonality1 bett] ?an ! scant records ackn[l$g$ by ! /rict hi/orian c\ld ev] d4 ,our mat]ials = a real biography ( ,jesus are inadequate4 ,?is 0 ! fact :i*1 by all ^! biographies ( ,jesus1 0 br\ght home to m5's m9ds4 ,keim's book1 ! mo/ le>n$ ( ^? m5tion$1 is h>dly m ?an a va/ collection ( mat]ial = ! hi/ory ( ,jesus' age1 :i* has n[ be5 l>gely sup]s$$ by ,s*r]'s ,ges*i*te des ,judis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitali] ,jesu ,*ri/i1 #b ,bde41 #ahhf-ahij4 ,!re h be5 aga91 s9ce ! decade ( ! sixties1 p]iods ( approa* to ! great problem4 ,weiss & ,beys*lag publi%$ at ! end ( ! eighties lives ( ,jesus :i*1 especially ! =m]1 are notewor?y 9 _! treatm5t ( ! critical mat]ial4 ,!y d n = a mom5t face ! "q ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,! same rem>k might be made1 almo/ )\t exception1 z to ^? lives ( ,jesus :i* h appe>$ 9 numb]s 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,! be/ books ( rec5t ye>s are ,alb]t ,reville's ,jesus de ,naz>e?1 #ahig1 & ,osc> ,holtzmann's ,leb5 ,jesu1 #aija4 ,s great are ! difficulties & 9 su* di%e>t5+ fa%ion are !y urg$ f all sides1 t "o _c )hold en?usia/ic recognition ( ! s]vice :i* ,holtzmann p>ticul>ly has "h r5d]$1 9 a calm1 objective1 & )al deeply dev\t h&l+ ( 8 !me4 ,meantime new que/ions h aris51 que/ions ( ! relation ( ,jesus to ,messianism1 l ^? t\*$ ^u by ,wr$e 9 8 ,das ,messias ,geheimniss 9 d5 ,evangeli51 #aija1 & que/ions z to ! es*atological trait 9 ,jesus' own tea*+4 ,s*weitz]'s book1 ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e3 e9e ,ges*i*te d] ,leb5 ,jesu-,=s*ung1 #aijf1 n m]ely sets =? ?is deeply int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ?\ght ( mod]n m51 b has also s]i\s int]pretative value 9 itself4 ,= ,engli% read]s ,s&ay's ,life ( ,*ri/ 9 ,rec5t ,rese>*1 #aijg1 foll[s ! descriptive aspect1 at lea/1 ( ! same purpose ) ,s*weitz]'s book1 cov]+1 h[ev]1 only ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,x is *>act]i/ic t ,rits*l1 not)/&+ 8 emphasis ^u ! hi/orical ,jesus1 ass]t$ ! impossibility ( a biography ( ,jesus4 ,! und]/&+ ( ,jesus is ?r\gh fai?4 ,= ,wr$e1 on ! o!r h&1 su* a biography is impossible because ( ! nature ( our s\rces4 ,n alone are !y scant1 b !y are n biographical4 ,!y are apologetic1 propag&i/1 int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ except ^? problems :i* a biograph] mu/ raise4 ,! la/ few ye>s h ev5 conjur$ up ! "q :e!r ,jesus ev] liv$4 ,"o may say ) all simplicity1 t ! "q has1 ( c\rse1 z mu* rightfulness z has any o!r "q any man c\ld raise4 ,! some:at ext5d$ discussion has1 h[ev]1 done no?+ to make evid5t h[ x c\ld arise1 save 9 m9ds unfamili> ) ! mat]ials & unskill$ 9 hi/orical rese>*4 ,! conditions :i* beset u :5 we ask = a biography ( ,jesus t %all answ] sci5tific requirem5t are n ess5tially diff]5t f ^? :i* meet u 9 ! case ( any o!r p]sonage equally remote 9 po9t ( "t1 & equally wov5 ab\t--if any su* h be5--by ! love & devotion ( m54 ,b\sset's little book1 ,0 ,wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 #aijd1 conv9ces a quiet m9d t we "k a good deal4 ,qualities 9 ! p]sonality ( ,jesus obvi\sly work$ 9 transc5d5t measure to call out devotion4 ,no und]/&+ ( hi/ory is adequate :i* has no place = ! unfa?om$ 9 p]sonality4 ,exactly because we ourselves %>e ?is devotion1 we c\ld e>ne/ly wi% t ! situation z to ! biography ( ,jesus 7 o!r ?an x is4 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,we h spok5 ?us f> z if ! :ole biblical-critical problem _h be5 t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 reality ! same impulses :i* _h op5$ up t "q to ! m9ds ( m5 _h set !m work+ ^u ! problem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z well4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ,*ri/ians made = !mselves a canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ! =ce ( t conception ( ! canon1 & ?r\gh ! belief t1 almo/ 9 a lit]al s5se1 ,god 0 ! au?or ( ! :ole book1 ! obvi\s diff]5ces among ! writ+s _h be5 obscur$4 ,m5 =got ! evolution ?r\gh :i* ! writ+s _h pass$4 ,! same ?+ _h happ5$ = ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% synagogues & = ! rabbis be=e ! ,*ri/ian movem5t4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ians took ov] ! ,old ,te/am5t !y took x ov] 9 ?is s5se4 ,x 0 a clos$ book :]e9 all appreciation ( ! long road :i* ! religion ( ,israel _h trav]s$ 9 its evolution _h be5 lo/4 ,! relation ( ! old cov5ant to ! new 0 obscur$4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t became a ,*ri/ian book4 ,n m]ely 7 ! ,*ri/ian facts prophesi$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b its doctr9es also 7 impli$4 ,almo/ d[n to mod]n times texts h be5 drawn indiff]5tly f ei!r ,te/am5t to prove doctr9e & su/a9 !ology4 ,moses & ,jesus1 prophets & ,paul1 are cit$ to support an argum5t1 )\t any s5se ( diff]5ce4 ,:at we h said is h>dly m true ( ,augu/9e or ,anselm ?an ( ! classic ,puritan div9es4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s :i* ! critics fac$4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t critical movem5t is a p>allel at all po9ts ( ! "o :i* we h describ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,new4 ,( c\rse1 eld] s*ol>s1 ev5 ,sp9oza1 _h rais$ ! "q z to ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( c]ta9 portions ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,roman ,ca?olic s*ol>s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 = :om ! /r+5t !ory ( inspiration _h less significance ?an = ,prote/ants1 _h set =? views :i* %[$ an awak5+ to ! real condition4 ,yet1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 no "o w\ld h =eca/ a revolution 9 op9ion :i* w\ld recognise ! leg5d>y quality ( consid]able portions ( ! ,p5tateu* & hi/orical books1 :i* w\ld leave b little t is ( undisput$ ,mosaic au?or%ip1 :i* w\ld place ! prophets be=e ! law1 :i* w\ld conc$e ! gr[? ( ! ,jewi% canon1 :i* w\ld p]ceive ! relation ( ,judaism to ! religions ( ! o!r ,semite peoples & w\ld seek to e/abli% ! true relation ( ,judaism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! ye> #ahce1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,/rauss' ,leb5 ,jesu saw ! light1 ,wilhelm ,vatke publi%$ 8 ,religion des ,alt5 ,te/am5ts4 ,vatke 0 born 9 #ahjf1 began to tea* 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahcj1 0 pr(essor extraord9>ius !re 9 #ahcg & di$ 9 #ahhb1 n yet hold+ a full pr(essor%ip4 ,8 book 0 obscurely writt5 & s*ola/ic4 ,public att5tion 0 l>gely occupi$ by ! conflict :i* ,/rauss' "w _h caus$4 ,reuss 9 ,/rassburg 0 work+ on ! same l9es1 b publi%$ ! ma9 body ( 8 results mu* lat]4 ,! tru? = :i* ^! s*ol>s & o!rs l !m argu$1 work$ its way sl[ly by =ce ( its own m]it4 ,p]haps x 0 due to ?is fact t ! developm5t ( ,old ,te/am5t critical views 0 subject to a fluctuation less m>k$ ?an t :i* *>act]is$ ! case ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is n necess>y to describe ! e>li] /ages ( ! discussion 9 ,vatke's own t]ms4 ,to 8 hon\r be x said t ! views :i* he ?us e>ly enunciat$ 7 9 no small degree id5tical ) ^? :i* 7 9 ma/]ful fa%ion sub/antiat$ 9 ,holl& by ,ku55 ab\t #ahgj1 9 ,g]many by ,wellhaus5 aft] #ahgh1 & made kn[n to ,engli% read]s by ,rob]tson ,smi? ,9 #ahha4 ,budde has %[n 9 8 ,kanon des ,alt5 ,te/am5ts1 #aijj1 t ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* lies be=e u f9i%$ & complete1 assum$ its pres5t =m only z ! result ( ! gr[? ( sev]al c5turies4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is process ( ! canonisation /&s t /range ev5t1 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a holy book ( ! law "u ,k+ ,josiah1 9 #fba ,b4,c4 ,! end ( ! process1 ?r\gh ! decisions ( ! scribes1 falls aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 possibly ev5 9 ! second c5tury4 ,lag>de seems to h prov$ t ! rabbis ( ! second c5tury succe$$ 9 de/roy+ all copies ( ! ,scripture :i* diff]$ f ! /&>d !n set up4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s has enorm\sly increas$ a difficulty :i* 0 already great en\gh1 t ( ! detection & sep>ation ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( :i* _m ( ! books 9 ?is anci5t lit]ature are made up4 ,c]ta9 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t also pres5t ! problem ( ! discrim9ation ( elem5ts ( diff]5t ages1 :i* h be5 wr\ght toge!r into ! docum5ts z we n[ h !m1 9 a way t almo/ defies our skill to dis5gage4 ,! synoptic ,gospels are1 ( c\rse1 ! great example4 ,! book ( ! ,acts pres5ts a problem ( ! same k9d4 ,b ! ,p5tateu*1 or r ,hexateu*1 ! hi/orical books 9 less degree1 ! writ+s ev5 ( "s ( ! prophets1 ! codes :i* =mulate ! law & ritual1 are composites :i* h be5 :ole c5turies 9 ! mak+ & remak+4 ,!re 0 no su* ?+ z "r ( au?or%ip 9 anci5t ,israel1 little ( x 9 ! anci5t _w at all4 ,:at 0 once writt5 0 popul> or prie/ly prop]ty4 ,hi/ories 7 newly n>rat$1 laws enl>g$ & re>rang$1 prophecies attribut$ to conspicu\s p]sons4 ,all ?is took place n 9 delib]ate int5tion to p]v]t hi/oric tru?1 b because !re 0 no int]e/ 9 hi/oric tru? & no conception ( x4 ,! rewrit+ ( a nation's hi/ory f ! po9t ( view ( its prie/hood bore1 to ! anci5t ,israelite1 beyond "q1 an aspect altoge!r diff]5t f t :i* ! same transaction w\ld be> to u4 ,! difficulty ( ! sep>ation ( ^! mat]ials1 great 9 any case1 is enhanc$ by ! fact allud$ to1 t we h none b int]nal evid5ce4 ,! success ( ! a*ievem5t1 & ! unanimity atta9$ ) ref]5ce to ! mo/ significant que/ions1 is "o ( ! m>vels ( ! life ( le>n+ ( our age4 ,9 ! ,jewi% tradition x _h be5 assum$ t ! ,mosaic law 0 writt5 d[n 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!n1 9 ! times ( ! ,judges & ( ! ,k+s1 ! hi/orical books took %ape1 ) ,david's ,psalms & ! wise words ( ,solomon4 ,at ! end ( ! p]iod ( ! ,k+s we h ! prophetic lit]ature & f9ally ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,de ,wette _h disput$ ?is ord]1 b ,wellhaus5 9 8 ,prolegom5a zur ,ge%i*te ,israels1 #ahhc1 may be said to h prov$ t ?is view 0 no long] t5able4 ,m5 ask1 c\ld ! law1 or ev5 any great] "p ( x1 h be5 giv5 to nomads 9 ! wild]ness8 ,d n all p>ts ( x assume a settl$ /ate ( society & an agricultural life8 ,d ! hi/orical books f ,judges to ! ,,ii4 ,k+s "k any?+ ab\t ! law8 ,are ! practices ( wor%ip :i* !y imply consonant ) ! supposition t ! law 0 9 =ce8 ,h[ is x t t law appe>s bo? "u ,josiah & aga9 "u ,ezra1 z some?+ new1 ?us f> unkn[n1 & yet z rul+ ! religi\s life ( ! p f t day =?8 ,x seems impossible to escape ! conclusion t only aft] ,josiah's re=mation1 m completely aft] ! re/oration "u ,ezra1 did ! religion ( ! law exi/4 ,! c5tralisation ( wor%ip at "o po9t1 su* z ! book ( ,deut]onomy dem&s1 seems to h be5 ! ?+ a*iev$ by ! re=m "u ,josiah4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! prie/ly hi]>*y su* z ! code orda9s 0 ! issue ( ! religi\s revolution wr\ght 9 ,ezra's "t4 ,to put x diff]5tly1 ! s-call$ ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 ! nucleus ( ! law-giv+1 itself implies ! multiplicity ( ! places ( wor%ip4 ,deut]onomy dem&s ! c5tralisation ( ! wor%ip z some?+ :i* is yet to take place4 ,! prie/ly ,code decl>es t ! limitation ( wor%ip to "o place 0 a fact already 9 ! "t ( ! j\rneys ( ,israel 9 ! wild]ness4 ,x is assum$ t ! ,hebrews 9 ! "t ( ,moses %>$ ! almo/ univ]sal wor%ip ( ! />s4 ,moses may inde$ h conclud$ a cov5ant betwe5 8 p & ,jahve1 _! ,god1 hall[+ ! judicial & moral life ( ! p1 br++ ^! into relation to ! div9e w4 ,jahve 0 a holy ,god ^: w 0 to guide ! p com+ up out ( ! degradation ( nature-wor%ip4 ,t "p ( ! p held to ! old nature-wor%ip is evid5t 9 ! "t ( ,elijah4 ,! hi/ory ( ,israel is n t ( defection f a pure revelation4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( a gradual atta9m5t ( pur] revelation1 ( enl>gem5t 9 ! application ( x1 ( discov]y ( new pr9ciples conta9$ 9 x4 ,x is ! hi/ory also ( ! decl9e ( spiritual religion4 ,! zeal ( ! prophets aga9/ ! c]emonial wor%ip %[s t4 ,_! prote/ reveals at t e>ly date ! beg9n+ ( t anti!sis :i* _h become s %>p 9 ,jesus' "t4 ,?is det]m9ation ( ! relative positions ( law & prophets 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! hi/ory1 bo? ( ! nation ( ,israel & ( its lit]ature4 ,at ! beg9n+1 z 9 e lit]ature1 are songs ( w> & victory1 ( praise & grief1 hymns1 ev5 riddles & phrases ( magic4 ,ev]y:]e poetry prec$es prose4 ,!n come my?s relat+ to ! wor%ip & tales ( ! fa!rs & h]oes4 ,elem5ts ( bo? ^! sorts are emb$d$ 9 ! simple *ronicles :i* began n[ to be writt51 primitive hi/orical works1 su* z ^? ( ! ,jahvi/ & ,elohi/1 ( ! n>rators ( ! de$s ( ! judges & ( ,david & ( ,saul4 ,p]haps at ?is po9t belong ! e>lie/ attempts at fix+ ! tradition ( family & clan rights1 & ( ! regulation ( p]sonal conduct1 z 9 ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,!n comes ! great outbur/ ( ! prophetic _s1 ! prea*+ ( an age ( great religi\s revival4 ,!n foll[s ! law1 ) its m9ute regulation ( all details ( life ^u :i* w\ld dep5d ! fav\r ( ! ,god :o _h br\ght puni%m5t ^u ! p 9 ! exile4 ,! prophecy runs on into apocalyptic l t ( ! book ( ,daniel4 ,! contact ) ! outside _w makes possible a phase ( lit]ature su* z t to :i* ! books ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es belong4 ,! deep5+ ( ! inn] life gave ! _w ! lyric ( ! ,psalms1 "s ( :i* are cr$ibly assign$ to a p]iod s late z t ( ! ,maccabees4 ,9 ?is :i* has be5 said ( ! lit]ature we h ! clue also = ! recon/ruction ( ! nation's hi/ory4 ,! nave assumption 9 ! writ+ ( all hi/ory _h once be5 t "o mu/ beg9 ) ! beg9n+4 ,b to ,wellhaus51 ,/ade1 ,edu>d ,mey] & ,kittel & ,cornill1 x has be5 cle> t ! hi/ory ( ! e>lie/ times is ! mo/ unc]ta94 ,x is ! lea/ adapt$ to furni% a secure po9t ( dep>ture = hi/orical inquiry4 ,!re exi/ = x usually no contempor>y au?orities1 or only su* z are ( problematical wor?4 ,?is e>lie/ p]iod con/itutes a problem1 ! solution ( :i*1 s f> z any solution is possible1 c be hop$ = only ?r\gh approa* f ! side ( asc]ta9$ facts4 ,we mu/ />t f a p]iod :i* is hi/orically kn[n4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 ?is is ! "t ( ! fir/ prophets ( :om we h writt5 records1 or f :om we h writt5 prophecies4 ,we get f ^!1 z also f ! e>lie/ direct attempts at hi/ory writ+1 only t conception ( ,israel's pre-hi/oric life :i* 0 ent]ta9$ 9 prophetic circles 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,we le>n ! h]oic leg5ds 9 ! int]pretation :i* ! prophets put ^u !m4 ,we h /ill to seek to int]pret !m = ourselves4 ,we mu/ beg9 9 ! middle & "w bo? backw>d & =w>d4 ,su* a view ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel af=ds e opportunity = ! connect+ ( ! hi/ory & religion ( ,israel ) ^? ( ! o!r ,semite /ocks4 ,"s ( ^! h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 discov]$ to (f] extraord9>y p>allels to t :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t relates4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,doctr9e ,:5 speak+ ( ,baur's contribution to ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 we allud$ to 8 hi/orical works4 ,he 0 9 a di/9ct s5se a re=m] ( ! me?od ( ! writ+ ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,to u ! notions ( ! hi/orical & ( t :i* is g5etic are id5tical4 ,( c\rse1 nave religi\s *ronicles d n meet t te/4 ,a glance at ! hi/ories produc$ by ! age ( rationalism w %[ t ^! also fall %ort ( x4 ,! p]ception ( ! relativity ( in/itutions l ! papacy is "h :olly want+4 ,m5 & ?+s are br\ght summ>ily to ! b> ( ! wisdom ( ! au?or's ye> ( grace4 ,!y are approv$ or condemn$ by ?is crit]ion4 ,= ,baur1 all ?+s _h come to pass 9 ! process ( ! great life ( ! _w4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a rationale ( _! becom+4 ,x is = ! hi/orian ) sympa?y & imag9ation to f9d out :at _! inh]5t reason 04 ,"o o!r ?+ di/+ui%es ,baur z *ur* hi/orian f 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he realis$ t be=e "o c del9eate "o mu/ inve/igate4 ,"o mu/ g to ! s\rces4 ,"o mu/ e/imate ! value ( ^? s\rces4 ,"o mu/ h gr\nd 9 ! s\rces = e judgm5t4 ,baur 0 himself a great inve/igator4 ,yet ! movem5t = ! inve/igation ( ! s\rces ( biblical & ecclesia/ical hi/ory :i* 8 g5]ation initial$ has gone on to su* a*ievem5ts t1 9 "s respects1 we c b view ! f\ndations ( ,baur's own "w z prec>i\s1 ! results at :i* he arriv$ z unw>rant$4 ,new docum5ts h come to light s9ce 8 day4 ,=g]ies h be5 prov$ to be su*1 ,! :ole /ate ( le>n+ z to ! lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ian orig9s has be5 va/ly *ang$4 ,!re is /ill ano!r o!r ?+ to say conc]n+ ,baur4 ,he 0 a ,hegelian4 ,he has ! disposition always to int]pret ! movem5ts ( ! religi\s _s 9 ! s5se ( philosophical ideas4 ,he frankly says t )\t speculation e hi/orical inve/igation rema9s b a play ^u ! surface ( ?+s4 ,baur's fault 0 t 9 8 se>* =1 or r 9 8 confid5t discov]y (1 ! great connect+ =ces ( hi/ory1 ! biographical elem5t1 ! significance ( p]sonality1 ?reat5$ altoge!r to disappe>4 ,! =ce 9 ! hi/ory 0 ! absolute1 ! imman5t div9e w4 ,! me?od ev]y:]e 0 t ( advance by contra/s & antagonisms4 ,"o gets an impression1 = example1 t ! ,nic5e dogma became :at x did by ! might ( ! idea1 t x c\ld n by any possibility h _h any o!r issue4 ,! foil to mu* ( ?is 9 ,baur's own age 0 repres5t$ 9 ! "w ( ,ne&]1 a conv]t$ ,jew1 pr(essor ( *ur* hi/ory 9 ,b]l91 :o ex]t$ great influ5ce ^u a g5]ation ( ,engli% & ,am]ican s*ol>s4 ,he 0 n an inve/igator ( s\rces4 ,he _h no tal5t = ! task4 ,he 0 a del9eator1 "o ( ! la/ ( ! great pa9t]s ( hi/ory1 if "o may s describe ! type4 ,he _h imag9ation1 sympa?y1 a dev\t _s4 ,8 great trait 0 8 insight into p]sonality4 ,he wrote hi/ory ) ! biographical int]e/4 ,he almo/ resolves hi/ory into a s]ies ( biographical types4 ,he has too little s5se = ! connexion ( ?+s1 = ! laws ( ! evolution ( ! religi\s _s4 ,! great dramatic elem5ts t5d to disappe> beh9d ! emotions ( individuals4 ,! old del9eators 7 be=e ! age ( inve/igation4 ,s9ce t impulse became ma/]ful1 "s hi/orians h be5 completely absorb$ 9 ! ef=t to make contribution to ?is inve/igation4 ,o!rs1 ) a s5se ( ! impossibility ( ma/]+ ! results ( inve/igation 9 all fields1 h lo/ ! zeal = ! writ+ ( *ur* hi/ory on a great scale4 ,!y h cont5t$ !mselves ) produc+ monographs ^u "s p>ticul> subject1 9 :i*1 at ! mo/1 !y may hope to embody all t is kn[n z to "s specific "q4 ,we spoke above ( ! new conception ( ! relation ( ! canonical lit]ature ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! extracanonical4 ,we allud$ to ! new s5se ( ! cont9uity ( ! hi/ory ( ! apo/olic *ur*es ) t ( ! ,*ur* ( ! succe$+ age4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! ideas has be5 to set all problems "h involv$ 9 a new light4 ,until #ahhf x might h be5 said ) tru? t we _h no good hi/ory ( ! apo/olic age4 ,9 t ye> ,weizsck]'s book1 ,das ,apo/olis*e ,zeitalt] d] ,*ri/li*5 ,kir*e1 admirably fill$ ! place4 ,a "p ( ! problem ( ! hi/orian ( ! apo/olic age is difficult = ! same reason :i* 0 giv5 :5 we 7 speak+ ( ! biography ( ,jesus4 ,our mat]ials are inadequate4 ,fir/ ) ! beg9n+ ( ! activities ( ,paul h we s\rces ( ! fir/ rank4 ,! relation ( /atem5ts 9 ! ,paul9e lett]s to data 9 ! book ( ! ,acts 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ problems :i* ! ,tb+5 s*ool set itself4 ,an attempt to write ! biography ( ,paul rem9ds u %>ply ( our limitations4 ,we "k almo/ no?+ ( ,paul prior to 8 conv]sion1 or subsequ5t to ! enigmatical break+ (f ( ! acc\nt ( ! beg9n+s ( 8 "w at ,rome4 ,h>nack's ,mission und ,ausbreitung des ,*ri/5?ums1 #aijb 7translat$1 ,m(fatt1 #aijh71 takes up ! "w ( ,paul's successors 9 t c>d9al activity4 ,x (f]s1 /range z x may seem1 ! fir/ discussion ( ! dissem9ation ( ,*ri/ianity :i* has dealt adequately ) ! s\rces4 ,x gives also a picture ( ! _w into :i* ! ,*ri/ian movem5t w5t4 ,x emphasises anew ! tru? :i* has = a g5]ation pa/ gr[n 9 m5's appreh5sion t !re is no possibility ( und]/&+ ,*ri/ianity1 except aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! religi\s life & ?\ght ( ! _w into :i* x came4 ,*ri/ianity _h vital relation1 at e /ep ( its progress1 to ! religi\s movem5ts & impulses ( ! anci5t _w1 especially 9 ^? c5tres ( civilisation :i* ,paul s+l$ out = 8 endeav\r & :i* rema9$ ! c5tres ( ! ,*ri/ian gr[?4 ,x 0 an age :i* has (t5 be5 summ>ily describ$ z corrupt4 ,despite its corruption1 or possibly because x 0 corrupt1 x gives evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ( religi\s /irr+1 ( /rong e?ical reaction1 ( spiritual endeav\r r>ely p>allel$4 ,9 ! ,roman ,empire ev]y?+ travell$4 ,religions travell$4 ,9 ! c5tres ( civilisation !re 0 sc>cely a fai? ( mank9d :i* _h n its vot>ies4 ,x 0 an age ( religi\s syncretism1 ( hospitality to div]se religi\s ideas1 ( ! comm+l+ ( ^? ideas4 ,^! ?+s facilitat$ ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y made c]ta9 t if ! ,*ri/ian movem5t _h 9 x ! div9e vitality :i* m5 claim$1 x w\ld "o day conqu] ! _w4 ,equally1 !y made c]ta9 t1 z ! v condition ( ?is conque/1 ,*ri/ianity w\ld be itself trans=m$4 ,?is x is :i* has happ5$ 9 ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity f its v e>lie/ /ages & 9 all phases ( its life4 ,( any giv5 rite1 op9ion or in/itution1 ( ! _m :i* h pass$ = almo/ two mill5niums un*all5g$ "u ! ,*ri/ian "n1 m5 ab\t u are n[ ask+3 ,b h[ mu* ( x is ,*ri/ian8 ,9 :at measure h we to ?9k ( x z d]iv$ f "s o!r s\rce1 & repres5t+ ! accommodation & assimilation ( ,*ri/ianity to its environm5t 9 process ( its "w8 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 ,n unnaturally ! anci5t ,*ur* look$ ) satisfaction ^u ! great *ange :i* pass$ ov] ,*ri/ianity :5 ,con/ant9e sudd5ly made t :i* _h be5 ! fai? ( a despis$ & p]secut$ sect1 ! religion ( ! _w4 ,! ,fa!rs c h ?\ght ?us only because _! m9ds re/$ ^u t :i* 0 outw>d & spectacul>4 ,n unnaturally ! metamorphosis 9 ! inw>d nature ( ,*ri/ianity :i* _h tak5 place a c5tury & a qu>t] e>li] 0 hidd5 f _! eyes4 ,9 tru?1 by t e>li] & subtl] trans=mation ,*ri/ianity _h pass$ p]man5tly beyond ! /age 9 :i* x _h be5 prepond]antly a moral & spiritual en?usiasm1 ) its c5tre & au?ority 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,x became a sy/em & an in/itution1 ) a canon ( ,new ,te/am5t ,scripture1 a mon>*ical organisation & a rule ( fai? :i* 0 =mulat$ 9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,to ,baur ! tru? z to ! conflict ( ,paul ) ! ,judais]s _h meant mu*4 ,he ?\ght1 !re=e1 ) ref]5ce to ! rise ( prie/hood & ritual among ! ,*ri/ians1 to ! emphasis on ,scripture 9 ! fa%ion ( ! scribes1 to ! insi/5ce ^u rules & dogmas aft] ! mann] ( ! ,ph>isees1 t !y 7 b ! evid5ce ( ! decl9e & defeat ( ,paul's free _s & ( ! resurg5ce ( ,judaism 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,he s\ght to expla9 ! rise ( ! episcopal organisation by ! example ( ! synagogue4 ,rits*l 9 8 ,ent/ehung d] alt-ca?olis*5 ,kir*e1 #aheg1 _h se5 t ,baur's !ory c\ld n be true4 ,*ri/ianity did n fall back into ,judaism4 ,x w5t =w>d to embrace ! ,hell5ic & ,roman _w4 ,! in/itutions1 dogmas1 practices ( t :i*1 aft] ,a4,d4 #bjj1 may ) propriety be call$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 are ! fruit ( t embrace4 ,!re 0 "h a fall+ (f f primitive & spiritual ,*ri/ianity4 ,b x 0 n a fall+ back into ,judaism4 ,!re 7 prie/s & scribes & ,ph>isees ) o!r names else:]e4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! wan+ ( ! orig9al en?usiasm ( a p]iod ( religi\s revelation has be5 a frequ5t "o4 ,*ri/ianity on a gr& scale illu/rat$ ?is ph5om5on anew4 ,h>nack has elaborat$ ?is !sis ) unexampl$ brilliancy & p[]4 ,he has support$ x ) a le>n+ 9 :i* he has no rival & ) a religi\s int]e/ :i* n ev5 ho/ile critics w\ld d5y4 ,! phrase1 '! ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity1' might almo/ be tak5 z ! motto ( ! "w to :i* he owes 8 fame4 ,,h>nack ,adolf ,h>nack 0 born 9 #ahea 9 ,dorpat1 9 "o ( ! ,baltic prov9ces ( ,russia4 ,8 fa!r1 ,!odosius ,h>nack1 0 pr(essor ( pa/oral !ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,dorpat4 ,h>nack /udi$ 9 ,leipzig & began to tea* !re 9 #ahgd4 ,he 0 call$ to ! *air ( *ur* hi/ory 9 ,giess5 9 #ahgi4 ,9 #ahhf he remov$ to ,m>burg & 9 #ahhi to ,b]l94 ,h>nack's e>li] publi%$ "w 0 almo/ entirely 9 ! field ( ! /udy ( ! s\rces & mat]ials ( e>ly *ur* hi/ory4 ,8 fir/ book1 publi%$ 9 #ahgc1 0 an inquiry z to ! s\rces = ! hi/ory ( ,gno/icism4 ,8 ,patrum ,apo/olicorum ,op]a1 #ahgf1 prep>$ by him jo9tly ) von ,gehh>dt & ,zahn1 0 9 a way only a =eca/ ( ! great collection1 ,texte und ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,ges*ickte d] alt-*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur1 begun 9 #ahhb1 ^u :i* numb]s ( s*ol>s h work$ toge!r ) him4 ,! collection has already m ?an ?irty-five volumes4 ,9 8 own two works1 ,die ,ges*i*te d] alt-*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur bis ,eusebius1 #ahic1 & ,die ,*ronologie d] alt-*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur bis ,eusebius1 #ahig1 are deposit$ ! results ( 8 reflexion on ! mass ( ?is mat]ial4 ,8 ,beitrage zur ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #aijf1 etc41 %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,he has _h ! good =tune to be among ^? :o h discov]$ manuscripts ( importance4 ,he has _h to d ) ! ,prussian ,academy's edition ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs4 ,a li/ ( 8 publi%$ works1 :i* 0 prep>$ 9 connexion ) ! celebration ( 8 sixtie? bir?day 9 #aiaa1 be>s witness to 8 amaz+ dilig5ce & f]tility4 ,he 0 = ?irty-five ye>s associat$ ) ,s*ur] 9 ! publication ( ! ,!ologis*e ,lit]aturzeitung4 ,he has fill$ important po/s 9 ! ,*ur* & "u ! gov]nm5t4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ an activity z a tea*] :i* has plac$ a :ole g5]ation ( /ud5ts f e portion ( ! _w "u undy+ obligation4 ,"o speaks ) res]ve ( ! liv+1 b surely no man ( our g5]ation has done m to make ! hi/ory ( :i* we write4 ,h>nack's epo*-mak+ "w 0 8 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #ahhf-hh1 f\r? edition1 #aiaj4 ,! book met1 almo/ f ! mom5t ( its appe>ance1 ) ! realisation ( ! magnitude ( t :i* _h be5 a*iev$4 ,x re/$ ^u a fre% & indep5d5t /udy ( ! s\rces4 ,x dep>t$ f ! me*anism :i* _h made ! old treatises ^u ! hi/ory ( doctr9e =mal & lifeless4 ,h>nack realis$ to ! full h[ _m influ5ces o!r ?an !ological _h _h "p 9 ! developm5t ( doctr9e4 ,he recognis$ ! reaction ( modes ( life & practice1 & ( ext]nal circum/ances on ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,8 hi/ory ( doctr9e has ?us a bread? & human quality nev] be=e atta9$4 ,philosophy1 wor%ip1 morals1 ! developm5t ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t & ( ! canon1 ! common int]e/s & passions ( ! age & ^? ( ! individual p>ticipants1 are all made tribut>y to 8 del9eation4 ,h>nack _c %>e ,baur's view t ! triumph ( ! ,logos-,*ri/ology at ,nica & ,*alc$on 0 inevitable4 ,a c]ta9 hi/oric naturalness ( ! movem5t he w\ld conc$e1 ! _w on :i* ,*ri/ianity ent]$ be+ :at x 04 ,he is aw>e1 h[ev]1 t _m elem5ts o!r ?an ,*ri/ian h ent]$ into ! developm5t4 ,he has phras$ 8 appreh5sion ?us4 ,t ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity :i* ,gno/icism repres5t$1 & aga9/ :i*1 9 ?is1 its acute =m1 ! ,*ur* cont5d$ 01 aft] all1 ! same ?+ :i*1 by sl[] process & m unconsci\sly1 befell ! ,*ur* itself4 ,t pure moral en?usiasm & inspiration :i* _h be5 ! gi/ ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t1 9 its endeav\r to appropriate ! _w1 _h be5 appropriat$ by ! _w 9 f> great] measure ?an its adh]5ts knew4 ,x _h tak5 up its mission to *ange ! _w4 ,x _h dream$ t :ile *ang+ ! _w x _h itself rema9$ un*ang$4 ,! _w 0 *ang$1 ! _w ( life1 ( feel+ & ( ?\ght4 ,b ,*ri/ianity 0 also *ang$4 ,x _h conqu]$ ! _w4 ,x _h no p]ception ( ! fact t x illu/rat$ ! old law t ! conqu]$ give laws to ! conqu]ors4 ,x _h fus$ ! anci5t culture ) ! flame ( its inspiration4 ,x did n appreciate ! degree 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( t anci5t culture n[ col\r$ its f>-%9+ flame4 ,x _h be5 a mak] ( hi/ory4 ,meantime x _h be5 unmade & remade by its own hi/ory4 ,x confid5tly c>ri$ back its canon1 dogma1 organisation1 to ,*ri/ & ! apo/les4 ,x did n realise t ! v fact t x c\ld f9d ^! ?+s natural & decl>e !m anci5t1 prov$ ) conclusiv5ess t x _h itself dep>t$ f ! /&>d ( ,*ri/ & ! apo/les4 ,x e/eem$ t ^! 7 its def5ces aga9/ ! _w4 ,x little dream$ t !y 71 by _! v exi/5ce1 ! evid5ce ( ! fact t ! ,*ur* _h n def5d$ itself aga9/ ! _w4 ,its dogma 0 ! ,hell5isation ( its ?\ght4 ,its organisation 0 ! ,romanis+ ( its life4 ,its canon & ritual 7 ! ext]nalis+1 & conv5tionalis+ ( its _s & en?usiasm4 ,^! are positive & con/ructive /atem5ts ( ,h>nack's ma9 position4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y are turn$ ab\t & /at$ negatively1 ^! /atem5ts all convey1 m or less1 ! impression t ! advance ( ,*ri/ianity _h be5 its de/ruction1 & ! evolution ( dogma _h be5 a defection f ,*ri/4 ,?is is ! aspect ( ! cont5tion :i* gave ho/ile critics opportunity to say t we h be=e u ! hi/ory ( ! loss ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,h>nack himself has _m s5t5ces :i* sup]ficially w be> t con/ruction4 ,hat* _h said 9 8 brilliant book1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #ahia1 t ! dome/ication ( ,greek philosophy 9 ! ,*ur* signifi$ a defection f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ,gospel 0 *ang$ f life to doctr9e1 f morals to metaphysics1 f goodness to or?odoxy4 ,! *ange 0 port5t\s4 ,! aspect ( pessimism is1 h[ev]1 remov$ :5 "o recognises ! inevitabl5ess ( "s su* process1 if ,*ri/ianity 0 ev] to wield an influ5ce 9 ! _w at all4 ,aga91 "o mu/ consid] t ! process ( ! recov]y ( pure ,*ri/ianity mu/ beg9 at exactly ?is po9t1 namely1 ) ! recognition ( h[ mu* 9 curr5t ,*ri/ianity is extrane\s4 ,x mu/ beg9 ) ! sl\gh+ (f ( ^! extrane\s elem5ts1 ) ! recov]y ( ! s5se = t :i* orig9al ,*ri/ianity 04 ,su* a recov]y w\ld be ! sett+ free aga9 ( ! p[] ( ! religion itself4 ,! con/ant t\*/one & po9t ( ref]5ce = e /age ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* mu/ be ! gospel ( ,jesus4 ,b :at 0 ! gospel ( ,jesus8 ,9 :at way did ! v e>lie/ ,*ri/ians appreh5d t gospel8 ,?is "q is f> m difficult = u to answ] ?an x 0 = ^? to :om ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 a clos$ body ( lit]ature1 ext]nally diff]5tiat$ f all o!r1 & ) a miracul\s inspiration ext5d+ uni=mly to e phrase 9 any book4 ,^! m5 w\ld h said t !y _h b to f9d ! prop] comb9ation ( ! sacr$ phrases4 ,b we ackn[l$ge t ! c5tral inspiration 0 ! p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,! books possess ?is inspiration 9 v>y+ degree4 ,c]ta9 ( ! books h di/9ctly begun ! fusion ( ,*ri/ian ) o!r elem5ts4 ,!y !mselves repres5t ! fir/ /ages ( ! hi/ory ( doctr9e4 ,we ackn[l$ge t ^? utt]ances ( ,jesus :i* h be5 pres]v$ = u1 %ap$ !mselves by ! anti!ses 9 :i* ,jesus /ood4 ,!re is mu* ab\t !m t is palpably incid5tal1 practically relevant & unque/ionably only relative4 ,9 a l>ge s5se1 mu* ( ! mean+ ( ! gospel has to be ga!r$ out ( ! evid5ce ( ! op]ation ( its _s 9 subsequ5t ages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & f remot] aspects ( ! influ5ce ( ,jesus on ! _w4 ,?us ! v conception ( ! gospel ( ,jesus becomes inevitably m or less subjective4 ,x becomes an ideal con/ruction4 ,! id5tification ( ?is ideal ) ! orig9al gospel proclamation becomes prec>i\s4 ,we seem to move 9 a circle4 ,we d]ive ! ideal f ! hi/ory1 & !n judge ! hi/ory by ! ideal4 ,is !re any escape f ?is situation1 %ort ( ! return to ! au?ority ( ,*ur* or ,scripture 9 ! anci5t s5se8 ,fur!rmore1 ev5 ! m5 to :om ! gospel 0 9 ! /ricte/ s5se a lett]1 id5tifi$ ! gospel ) _! own private int]pretation ( ?is lett]4 ,c]ta9ly ! foll[]s ( ,rits*l :o w ackn[l$ge no traits ( ! gospel save ^? ( :i* !y f9d direct witness 9 ! ,gospels1 ?us ignore t ! ,gospels are !mselves int]pretations4 ,?is undue /ress ^u ! docum5ts :i* we are =tunate en\gh to possess1 makes u =get ! limitations ( ^! docum5ts4 ,we t5d ?us to exagg]ate t :i* mu/ be only incid5tal1 z1 = example1 ! ,jewi% elem5t1 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,we ?us und]rate phases ( ,jesus' tea*+ :i*1 no d\bt1 a man l ,paul w\ld h appreh5d$ bett] ?an did ! evangeli/s !mselves4 ,9 tru?1 9 ,h>nack's own del9eation ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 ^? elem5ts ( x :i* f\nd _! way to expression 9 ,paul1 or aga9 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 are r und]rat$ ?an ov]/at$1 9 ! au?or's anxiety to exclude elem5ts :i* are ackn[l$g$ to be int]pretative 9 _! nature4 ,we are driv51 9 "s measure1 to seek to f9d out :at ! gospel 0 f ! way 9 :i* ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians took x up4 ,we return ev] afre% to que/ions ne>ly unansw]able f ! mat]ials at h&4 ,:at 0 ! c5tral pr9ciple 9 ! %ap+ ( ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! new community1 bo? z to its ?\ght & life8 ,0 x ! long+ = ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ! /riv+ aft] ! righte\sness ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt8 ,or 0 x ! fai? ( ! ,messiah1 ! rev]5ce = ! ,messiah1 direct$ to ! p]son ( ,jesus8 ,:at ^w dom9at$ ! prea*+8 ,0 x t ! ,k+dom ( ,god 0 ne>1 t ! ,son ( ,man w\ld come8 ,or 0 x t 9 ,jesus ,messiah has come8 ,:at 0 ! dem& ^u ! he>]8 ,0 x1 ,rep5t1 or 0 x1 ,believe on ! ,"l ,jesus1 or 0 x bo?1 & :i* _h ! great] emphasis8 ,0 ! "n ( ,jesus us$ 9 ! =mulas ( wor%ip be=e ! "t ( ,paul8 ,:at d we "k ab\t pray] 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 or baptism 9 t "n1 or miracles 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 or ( ! ,"l's ,supp] & ! conception ( ! ,"l z pres5t ) 8 disciples 9 ! rite8 ,0 ?is rev]+ ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 fa/ mov+ t[>d a wor%ip ( him1 ! inn] motive =ce ( ! :ole con/ruction ( ! dogma ( 8 p]son & ( ! tr9ity8 ,9 ! second volume ,h>nack treats ( ! developm5t prim>ily ( ! ,*ri/ological & tr9it>ian dogma1 f ! f\r? to ! sev5? c5turies4 ,! dramatic int]e/ ( ! n>rative exce$s any?+ :i* has be5 writt5 on ?is !me4 ,a debate :i* to mo/ mod]n m5 is remote & ab/ruse almo/ to ! po9t ( un9telligibility1 & ( :i* _m ( ! ext]nal aspects are di%e>t5+ 9 ! extreme1 is "h br\ght be=e u 9 some?+ ( ! reasonabl5ess :i* x mu/ h _h = ^? :o took "p 9 x4 ,t]tullian %ap$ ! problem & e/abli%$ ! nom5clature = ! ,*ri/ological solution :i* ! ,ori5t two hundr$ ye>s lat] made its own4 ,x 0 he :o1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,juri/1 r ?an ( ! philosoph]1 gave ! words 'p]son' & 'sub/ance1' :i* cont9ually occur 9 ?is discussion1 ! mean+ :i* 9 ! ,nic5e ,cre$ !y be>4 ,mo/ brilliant is ,h>nack's *>act]isation ( ,arius & ,a?anasius4 ,9 ,arius ! notion ( ! ,son ( ,god is altoge!r done away4 ,only ! "n rema9s4 ,! victory ( ,arianism w\ld h resolv$ ,*ri/ianity into cosmology & =mal e?ics4 ,x w\ld h de/roy$ x z religion4 ,yet ! p]v]se situation into :i* ! long & fi]ce controv]sy _h drift$ _c be bett] illu/rat$ ?an by "o undisput$ fact4 ,a?anasius1 :o assur$ = ,*ri/ianity its "* z a religion ( ! liv+ communion ( ,god ) man1 is yet ! !ologian 9 ^: ,*ri/ology almo/ e possible trace ( ! recollection ( ! hi/oric ,jesus has disappe>$4 ,! purpose ( ! r$emption is to br+ m5 into community ( life ) ,god4 ,b ,a?anasius appreh5d$ ?is r$emption z a conf]m5t1 f )\t & f above1 ( a div9e nature4 ,he subord9at$ ev]y?+ to ?is idea4 ,! :ole n>rative conc]n+ ,jesus falls "u ! int]pretation t ! only quality requisite = ! ,r$eem] 9 8 "w 0 ! possession 9 all fulness ( ! div9e nature4 ,8 inc>nation1 8 manife/ation 9 real human life1 held fa/ to 9 ^w1 is r$uc$ to a m]e semblance4 ,salvation is n an e?ical process1 b a miracul\s end[m5t4 ,! ,*ri/1 :o 0 ,god1 lifts m5 up to godhood4 ,!y become ,god4 ,^! phrases are ( c\rse capable ( e?ical & intelligible mean+4 ,! developm5t ( ! doctr9e1 h[ev]1 ?rew ! emphasis ^u ! metaphysical & miracul\s aspects ( ! "w4 ,x glori$ 9 ! fact t ! pres5ce ( div9e & human1 two natures 9 "o p]son =ev]1 0 un9telligible4 ,9 ! end x came to pass t ! en?usia/ic ass5t to t :i* defi$ explanation became ! v m>k ( a humble & submissive fai?4 ,"o reads ! s-call$ ,a?anasian ,cre$1 & he>s ! r+ ( its det]m9ation to exact ass5t4 ,x _h long s9ce be5 cle> to ^! ,ca?olics & *ur*m5 t1 ) ! m]e au?ority ( ,scripture1 x 0 n possible to def5d ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! h]etics4 ,! h]esies read _! h]esies out ( ! ,bible4 ,! or?odox read or?odoxy f ! same page4 ,m>cion _h prov$ t1 9 ! v days :5 ! canon took its %ape4 ,!re mu/ be an au?ority to def9e ! int]pretation ( ! ,scripture4 ,^? :o w\ld %>e ! b5efits :i* ! ,*ur* disp5s$ mu/ ass5t unconditionally to ! t]ms ( memb]%ip4 ,all ^! que/ions 7 veil$ = ! e>ly ,*ri/ians beh9d ! "q ( ! k9d ( ,*ri/ 9 :om _! he>ts believ$4 ,) all t we h said ab\t ! repreh5sible admixture ( ! metaphysical elem5t 9 ! dogma1 ) all ! accusation :i* we br+ conc]n+ acute or gradual ,hell5isation1 secul>isation & defection f ! ,*ri/1 we ought n to hide f ourselves t 9 ?is gigantic /ruggle !re 7 real religi\s int]e/s at /ake1 & t = ! m5 ( bo? p>ties4 ,dimly1 or p]haps vividly1 ! man ( ei!r p>ty felt t ! conception ( ! ,*ri/ :i* he 0 fight+ = 0 congru\s ) ! conception ( religion :i* he _h1 or felt t he mu/ h4 ,x is ?is religi\s issue1 ev]y:]e pres5t1 :i* gives dignity to a /ruggle :i* o!rwise does (t5 sadly lack x4 ,!re are two religi\s views ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ :i* h /ood1 f ! beg9n+1 ! "o ov] aga9/ ! o!r4#e ,! "o saw 9 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? a man1 di/+ui%$ by 8 special call+ z ! ,messianic ,k+1 endu$ ) special p[]s1 lift$ above all m5 ev] kn[n1 yet a man1 completely subject to ,god 9 fai?1 ob$i5ce & pray]4 ,?is view is surely su/a9$ by _m ( ,jesus' own words & de$s4 ,x %9es ?r\gh ! te/imony ( ! m5 :o foll[$ him4 ,ev5 ! belief 9 8 resurrection & 8 second com+ did n altoge!r d away ) x4 ,! o!r view saw 9 him a new ,god :o1 desc5d+ f ,god1 br\ght my/]i\s p[]s = ! r$emption ( mank9d into ! _w1 & aft] %ort obscur+ ( 8 glory1 return$ to ! abode ( ,god1 :]e he _h be5 be=e4 ,f ?is belief come all ! hymns & pray]s to ,jesus z to ,god1 all miracles & exorcisms 9 8 "n4 ,footnote #e3 ,w]nle1 ,e9fzhrung 9 das ,!ologis*e ,/udium1 #aijh1 v4 #bjd4 ,9 ! long run1 ! simpl] view did n ma9ta9 itself4 ,if false gods & demons 7 expell$1 x 0 ! ,god ,jesus :o expell$ !m4 ,! m mode/ fai? believ$ t 9 ! man ,jesus1 be+ su* an "o z he 01 m5 _h receiv$ ! greate/ gift :i* ! love ( ,god _h to be/[4 ,9 turn ! believ] felt ! assurance t he also 0 a *ild ( ,god1 & 9 ! _s ( ,jesus 0 to realise t son%ip4 ,syncreti/ religions sugge/$ o!r ?\ghts4 ,we see t already ev5 9 ! synoptic tradition ! call+ ^u ! "n ( ,jesus _h f\nd place4 ,"o wond]s :e!r t fir/ appreh5sion ev] /ood alone 9 its purity4 ,! ,g5tile ,*ur*es f\nd$ by ,paul1 at all ev5ts1 _h no su* simple tru/4 ,equally1 ! second =m ( fai? seems nev] to h be5 able to /& alone 9 its peculi> quality4 ,"s ( ! gno/ic sects _h x4 ,m>cion aga9 is our example4 ,! new ,god ,jesus _h no?+ to d ) ! cruel ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he supplant$ ! old ,god & became ! only ,god4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ! new ,god1 come d[n f heav51 mu/ be set 9 relation ) ! long-kn[n ,god ( ,israel4 ,no less1 mu/ he /& 9 relation to ! simple h]o ( ! ,gospels ) 8 human traits4 ,! problem ( !ological reflexion 0 to f9d ! "r middle c\rse1 to keep ! div9e ,*ri/ 9 h>mony1 on ! "o side1 ) mono!ism1 & on ! o!r1 ) ! picture :i* ! ,gospels gave4 ,belief knew no?+ ( ^! contradictions4 ,! same simple s\l ?ank$ ,god = ,jesus ) 8 sorr[s & 8 sympa?y1 z man's guide & help]1 & aga9 pray$ to ,jesus because he seem$ too wond]ful to be a man4 ,! same k9d ( fai? a*ieves ! same wond]+ & t\*+ comb9ation to-day1 aft] two ?\s& ye>s4 ,) ?\ght comes tr\ble4 ,reflexion we>s itself out ^u ! insoluble difficulty1 ! impossible comb9ation1 ! flat contradiction1 :i* ! two views pres5t1 s soon z !y are cle>ly se54 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ+s ! fruit ( ?is reflexion lies be=e u 9 ?is =m3--,! ,creator ( worlds1 ! m$iator1 ! "l ( angels & demons1 ! ,logos :i* 0 ,god & is our ,savi\r1 0 yet a humble son ( man1 und]go+ suff]+ & dea?1 hav+ laid aside 8 div9e glory4 ,?is picture is made ) mat]ials :i* ! canonical writ+s !mselves af=d4 ,!ological /udy _h h5ce=? no?+ to d b to avoid extremes & seek to make ?is image1 :i* reflexion ^u two pol> opposites _h yield$1 z ne>ly ?9kable z possible4 ,x has be5 said t ! tr9it>ian doctr9e is n 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t x 0 lat] elaborat$ by a diff]5t k9d ( m9d4 ,?is is n true4 ,b ! inf]5ce is precisely ! contr>y ( t :i* def5d]s ( ! dogma w\ld =m]ly h drawn f ?is concession4 ,! same k9d ( m9d1 or r ! same two k9ds ( m9d1 are at "w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,bo? ( ! religi\s elem5ts above sugge/$ are 9 ! ,gospels & ,epi/les4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t pres5ts attempts at _! comb9ation4 ,ei!r =m may be f\nd 9 ! lit]ature ( ! lat] age4 ,if we ask ourselves1 ,:at is t 9 ,jesus :i* gives u ! s5se ( r$emption1 surely we %\ld answ]1 ,x is 8 glad & confid5t re/+ 9 ! love ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,x is 8 c\rage1 8 fai? 9 m51 :i* becomes our fai? 9 ourselves4 ,x is 8 wond]ful m+l+ ( purity & love ( righte\sness ) love ( ^? :o h s9n$4 ,y may f9d ?is 9 ! anci5t lit]ature1 z ! ,fa!rs describe t to :i* _! s\ls cl+4 ,b ?is is n ! po9t ( view f :i* ! dogma is organis$4 ,! ,nic5e ,*ri/ology is n to be und]/ood f ?is approa*4 ,! cry ( a dy+ civilisation aft] p[] & light & life1 ! feel+ t ^! might come to x1 /ream+ d[n z x 71 f above1 z a physical1 a me*anical1 a magical deliv]ance1 ?is is ! frame )9 :i* is set :at is "h said ( ! help & r$emption wr\ght by ,*ri/4 ,! resurrection & ! inc>nation are ! po9ts at :i* ?is /ream+ 9 ( ! div9e light & p[] ^u a d>k5$ _w is felt4 ,t religion seem$ ! highe/1 t int]pretation ( ,*ri/ianity ! true/1 ! absolute "o1 :i* c\ld boa/ t x possess$ ! p[] ( ! ,almighty ?r\gh 8 physical union ) m54 ,he :o cont5d$ t ,jesus 0 ,god1 cont5d$ !re) = a p[] :i* c\ld come ^u m5 & make !m 9 "s s5se "o ) ,god4 ,?is is ! view :i* has be5 almo/ exclusively held 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,x is ! view :i* has run "u & ?r\gh & ar\nd ! o!r conception 9 ! ,roman & ,prote/ant ,*ur*es4 ,! s5se t salvation is inw>d1 moral1 spiritual1 has r>ely inde$ be5 abs5t f ,*ri/5dom4 ,x w\ld be prepo/]\s to allege t x _h4 ,yet ?is s5se has be5 ov]laid & und]run & %ot ?r\gh ) t o!r & disp>ate idea ( salvation1 z ( a pure be/[m5t1 some?+ a*iev$ ap>t f u1 or1 if "o may s say1 "s alt]ation ( ourselves ^u o!r ?an moral & spiritual t]ms4 ,! conception ( ! p]son ,*ri/ %[s ! same unc]ta9ty4 ,or r1 ) a giv5 view ( ! nature ( religion & salvation1 ! correspond+ view ( ,*ri/ is c]ta94 ,9 ! age-long & _w-wide conte/ ov] ! tr9it>ian =mula1 ) all t is sadd5+ 9 ! /ruggle & all t 0 mislead+ 9 ! issue1 x is because we see m5 /ruggl+ to come into ! cle> z to ^! two mean+s ( religion1 t ! conte/ has su* absorb+ int]e/4 ,m5 h be5 "r 9 decl9+ to call t religion 9 :i* a man saves himself4 ,!y h be5 wrong 9 e/eem+ t !y 7 !n only sav$ ( ,god or ,*ri/ :5 !y 7 sav$ by an obvi\sly ext]nal process4 ,ev5 ?is ant9omy is s(t5$ :5 "o no long] holds t ,god & m5 are mutually exclusive conceptions4 ,x is ,god work+ )9 u :o saves1 ! ,god :o 9 ,jesus work$ su* a wond] ( righte\sness & love z else ! _w has nev] se54 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,contribution ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,& ,,social ,,sci5ces ,by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! empirical sci5ces _h und]gone va/ expansion 9 ! /udy ( detail & 9 ! discov]y ( pr9ciples4 ,m5 felt ! necessity ( "s adequate discussion ( ! relation ( ^! sci5ces "o to ano!r & ( _! unity4 ,!re 0 ne$ ( ! organisation ( ! mass ( k1 l>gely new & ev] increas+1 :i* ! sci5ces furni%$4 ,x lay 9 ! logic ( ! case t "s ( ^! attempts %\ld advance ! bold claim to deal ) all k :atsoev] & to (f] a !ory ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,religion1 bo? 9 its my?ological & 9 its !ological /ages1 _h (f]$ a !ory ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,! great metaphysical sy/ems _h (f]$ !ories ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,bo? _h pr(ess$ to include all facts4 ,notori\sly bo? !ology & metaphysics _h dealt 9 mo/ inadequate fa%ion ) ! mat]ial _w1 9 ! /udy ( :i* ! sci5ces 7 n[ a*iev+ great results4 ,inde$1 ! me?ods curr5t & au?oritative ) !ologians & metaphysicians _h actually prev5t$ /udy ( ! physical univ]se4 ,bo? ( ^! _h invad$ areas ( fact to :i* _! me?ods _h no application & utt]$ dicta :i* _h no relation to tru?4 ,! v life ( ! sci5ces dep5d$ ^u deliv]ance f ?is bondage4 ,! record ( t deliv]ance is "o ( ! mo/ dramatic *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,c\ld "o be surpris$ if1 9 ! res5tm5t :i* long oppression _h eng5d]$ & 9 ! joy :i* ov]:elm+ victory _h br\ght1 sci5tific m5 n[ invad$ ! fields ( _! oppon5ts8 ,!y repaid _! enemies 9 _! own co94 ,!re 0 ) "s a disposition to d5y t !re exi/s an area ( k to :i* ! me?ods ( metaphysicians & !ologians might apply4 ,?is 0 ,comte's cont5tion4 ,o!rs conc$$ t !re might be su* an area1 b claim$ t we c h no k ( x4 ,ev5 ! !ologians1 aft] _! fir/ %ock1 7 dispos$ to conc$e t1 conc]n+ ! magnitudes 9 :i* !y 7 mo/ int]e/$1 z = example1 ,god & s\l1 we h no k ( ! sort :i* ! me?od ( ! physical sci5ces w\ld give4 ,!y fell back ^u ,kant's di/9ction ( ! two reasons & two worlds4 ,!y exagg]at$ ! %>pness ( t di/9ction4 ,!y le>n$ t ! claim ( agno/icism 0 capable ( be+ view$ z a l9e ( def5ce1 beh9d :i* ! transc5d5tal magnitudes might be secure4 ,inde$1 if "o may take ,sp5c] z an example1 x is n c]ta9 t ?is 0 n ! int5t ( "s ( ! sci5ti/s 9 _! /rong ass]tion ( agno/icism4 ,sp5c]'s lat] "w reveals t he _h no disposition to d5y t !re are f\ndations = belief 9 a _w ly+ beh9d ! ph5om5al1 & f :i* ! latt] gets its mean+4 ,meantime1 aft] positivism 0 buri$ & agno/icism dead1 a ?+ 0 a*iev$ = :i* ,comte himself laid ! f\ndation & 9 :i* ,sp5c] z he grew old] 0 ev] m deeply int]e/$4 ,?is 0 ! great developm5t ( ! social sci5ces4 ,e aspect ( ! life ( man1 includ+ religion itself1 has be5 drawn )9 ! area ( ! social sci5ces4 ,to all ^! subjects1 includ+ religion1 !re h be5 appli$ empirical me?ods :i* h ! close/ analogy ) ^? :i* h reign$ 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,psy*ology has be5 made a sci5ce ( exp]im5t1 & ! psy*ology ( religion has be5 giv5 a place )9 ! area ( its obs]vations & g5]alizations4 ,! e?ical1 & aga9 ! religi\s consci\sness has be5 subject$ to ! same k9d ( inve/igation to :i* all o!r aspects ( consci\sness are subject$4 ,ef=t has be5 made to asc]ta9 & classify ! ph5om5a ( ! religi\s life ( ! race 9 all l&s & 9 all ages4 ,a sci5ce ( religions is tak+ its place among ! o!r sci5ces4 ,x is z purely an inductive sci5ce z is any o!r4 ,! hi/ory ( religions & ! philosophy ( religion are be+ rewritt5 f ?is po9t ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ l9es ( ?is *apt] we spoke ( ! empirical sci5ces1 mean+ ! sci5ces ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! sci5ces ( m9d1 ( morals & ( religion h n[ become empirical sci5ces4 ,!y h _! basis 9 exp]i5ce1 ! exp]i5ce ( individuals & ! exp]i5ce ( masses ( m51 ( ages ( obs]vable human life4 ,!y all proce$ by ! me?od ( obs]vation & inf]5ce1 ( hypo!sis & v]ification4 ,!re is a unity ( me?od z betwe5 ! natural & social & psy*ical sci5ces1 ! rea* ( :i* is />tl+ to reflect ^u4 ,inde$1 ! physiological aspects ( psy*ology1 ! inve/igations ( ! relation ( adolesc5ce to conv]sion1 sugge/ t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! physical & ! psy*ical is a vani%+ di/9ction4 ,sci5ce comes ne>] to (f]+ an int]pretation ( ! univ]se z a :ole ?an ! op5+ p>agraphs ( ?is *apt] w\ld imply4 ,b x does s by includ+ religion1 n by exclud+ x4 ,no "o w\ld any long] ?9k ( cit+ ,kant's di/9ction ( two reasons & two worlds 9 ! s5se ( e/abli%+ a city ( refuge into :i* ! p]secut$ might flee4 ,kant r5d]$ incomp>able s]vice by mak+ cle> two poles ( ?\ght4 ,yet we mu/ realise h[ ! space betwe5 is fill$ ) ! gradations ( an absolute cont9uity ( activity4 ,man has b "o reason4 ,?is may conceivably op]ate ^u appropriate mat]ial 9 "o or ! o!r ( ^! pol> fa%ions4 ,x does op]ate 9 inf9ite v>iations ( degree1 9 unity ) itself1 aft] bo? fa%ions1 at all times & ^u all mat]ials4 ,positivism 0 a sy/em4 ,agno/icism 0 at lea/ a phase ( ?\ght4 ,! broad5+ ( ! conception ( sci5ce & ! invasion ( e area ( life by a sci5ce ?us broadly conceiv$1 has be5 an influ5ce less tangible ?an ^? o!rs b n1 !re=e1 less effective4 ,positivism 0 bitt]ly ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh1 9 ! m9d ( ,comte himself & ( a few o!rs1 x produc$ a curi\s sub/itute1 possess+ _m ( ! m>ks ( ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,! "n 'agno/ic' 0 s loosely us$ t "o mu/ say t ! cont5tion 0 ho/ile to religion 9 ! m9ds ( "s & n ( o!rs4 ,! new movem5t = an inclusive sci5ce is n ho/ile to religion4 ,yet x w trans=m curr5t conceptions ( religion z ^? o!rs nev] did4 ,9 proportion z x is sci5tific1 x _c be ho/ile4 ,x may at mo/ be indiff]5t4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! long run1 few w *oose ! !me ( religion = ! sci5tific lab\r ( life :o h n "s int]e/ 9 religion4 ,m5 ( ^! ?ree classes h accept$ ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,comte ?\ght he _h discov]$ x4 ,sp5c] & ^? = :om we h tak5 him z type1 did s]vice 9 ! elaboration ( x4 ,to ! m5 ( our ?ird gr\p1 ! tru? ( evolution seems no long] debatable4 ,"h too1 9 ! ^w 'evolution1' we h a t]m :i* has be5 us$ ) laxity4 ,x corresponds to a notion :i* has only gradually be5 evolv$4 ,its implications 7 at fir/ by no means und]/ood4 ,x 0 associat$ ) a me*anical view ( ! univ]se :i* 0 diametrically oppos$ to its tru?4 ,/ill1 !re c\ld n be a d\bt t ! doctr9e contrav5$ ^? ideas z to ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & m p>ticul>ly ( man1 ( ! relations ( species1 & especially ( ! human species to o!r =ms ( animal life1 :i* _h immemorially prevail$ 9 ,*ri/ian circles & :i* _h ! witness ( ! ,scriptures on _! behalf4 ,if we 7 to attempt1 ) ackn[l$g$ latitude1 to "n a book ^: import might be said to be c>d9al = ! :ole movem5t treat$ ( 9 ?is *apt]1 t book w\ld be ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei4 ,long be=e ,d>w9 ! creation leg5d _h be5 recognis$ z su*4 ,! a/ronomy ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h remov$ ! e>? f its c5tral position4 ,! geology ( ! eighte5? _h %[n h[ long mu/ h be5 ! ages ( ! lay+ d[n ( ! e>?'s /rata4 ,! "q ( ! desc5t ( man1 h[ev]1 br\ght home ! significance ( evolution = religion m =cibly ?an any o!r aspect ( ! debate _h done4 ,!re 7 sci5tific m5 ( di/9ction :o 7 n conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! evolution>y hypo!sis4 ,to mo/ ,*ri/ian m5 ! !ory seem$ to leave no unique di/9ction or spiritual quality = man4 ,x seem$ to r5d] impossible fai? 9 ! ,scriptures z revelation4 ,to _m x seem$ t ! :ole issue z betwe5 a spiritual & a purely mat]iali/ic view ( ! univ]se 0 involv$4 ,p>ticul>ly 0 ?is true ( ! ,engli%-speak+ peoples4 ,"o o!r factor 9 ! trans=mation ( ! ,*ri/ian view ne$s to be dwelt ^u4 ,x is less !oretical ?an ^? ^u :i* we h dwelt4 ,x is ! influ5ce ( socialism1 tak+ t ^w 9 its l>ge/ s5se4 ,an indu/rial civilisation has develop$ bo? ! good & ! evil ( individualism 9 incr$ible degree4 ,! unity ( society :i* ! feudal sy/em & ! ,*ur* gave to ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,age _h be5 de/roy$4 ,! individualism & democracy :i* 7 ess5tial to ,prote/antism notori\sly aid$ ! civil & social revolution1 b ! c5trifugal =ces 7 too great4 ,initiative has be5 wond]ful1 b cohesion is lack+4 ,democracy is yet f> f be+ realis$4 ,! civil lib]ations :i* 7 ! great crises ( ! we/]n _w f #afdj to #ahcj appe> n[ to _m z depriv$ ( _! fruit4 ,gov]nm5ts und]take on behalf ( subjects t :i* =m]ly no gov]nm5t w\ld h dream$ ( do+4 ,! dem& is t ! ,*ur*1 too1 become a factor 9 ! fur!rance ( ! outw>d & pres5t welf>e ( mank9d4 ,if t meant ! call to love & *>ity x w\ld be an old refra94 ,t is exactly :at x does n mean4 ,x means ! attack ^u evils :i* make *>ity necess>y4 ,x means ! tak+ up into ! idealisation ( religion ! endeav\r to r$ress all wrongs1 to d away ) all evils1 to conf] all goods1 to create a new _w & n1 z h]et(ore1 ma9ly at lea/1 a new s\l 9 ! mid/ ( ! old _w4 ,no "o c d5y ei!r ! magnitude ( ! evils :i* x is s\ght to rem$y1 or ! greatness ( ! goal :i* is ?us set be=e religion4 ,! volume ( religi\s & ,*ri/ian lit]ature devot$ to ^! social que/ions is imm5se4 ,x is revolution>y 9 its effect4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! v gi/ ( religion has be5 held to be t x deals prim>ily ) ! inn] life & ! transc5d5t _w4 ,t x has dealt ) ! problem ( ! inn] life & transc5d5t _w 9 su* a mann] z to ret>d1 or ev5 only n to fur!r1 ! o!r aspects ( man's life is inde$ a grave indictm5t4 ,t x %\ld1 h[ev]1 see ends 9 ! out] life & pres5t _w z ends fully suffici5t 9 !mselves1 t x %\ld cease to set ^! 9 ! light ( ! et]nal1 is t x %\ld cease to be religion4 ,! physical & social sci5ces h giv5 to m5 an outw>d sett+ 9 ! _w1 a basis ( p[] & happ9ess su* z m5 nev] h enjoy$4 ,yet ! tragic failure ( our civilisation to give to va/ multitudes t p[] & happ9ess1 is ! pro( t some?+ m ?an ! outw>d basis is ne$$4 ,! success ( our civilisation is its failure4 ,?is is by no means a recurr5ce to ! old anti!sis ( religion & civilisation1 z if ^! 7 contradictory elem5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is b to %[ t ! pres5t _w ( religion & ( economics are n two worlds1 b m]ely diff]5t aspects ( ! same _w4 ,!re) x is n alleg$ t religion has n a specific contribution to make4 ,,positivism ,! p]man5t influ5ce ( t phase ( ?\ght :i* call$ itself ,positivism has n be5 great4 ,b a s*ool ( ?\ght :i* numb]$ among its adh]5ts su* m5 & wom5 z ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,george ,h5ry ,lewes1 ,george ,eliot1 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 & ,mat!w ,arnold1 _c be said to h be5 )\t significance4 ,a book ^u ! translation ( :i* ,h>riet ,m>t9ean work$ ) su/a9$ en?usiasm _c be dismiss$ z if x 7 m]ely a curiosity4 ,comte's "w1 ,c\ra de ,philosophie ,positive1 appe>$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcj & #ahdb4 ,littr 0 8 *ief ,fr5* int]pret]4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! positivi/ movem5t belongs to ! hi/ory ( ,engli% philosophical & religi\s ?\ght1 r ?an to t ( ,france4 ,comte 0 born at ,montpelli] 9 #agih1 ( a family ( int5se ,roman ,ca?olic piety4 ,he %[$ at s*ool a precocity :i* might be> comp>ison ) ,mill's4 ,expell$ f s*ool1 ca/ (f by 8 p>5ts1 dismiss$ by ! eld] ,casimir ,p]i]1 ^: secret>y he _h be51 he ek$ out a liv+ by tutor+ 9 ma!matics4 ,fri5ds ( 8 philosophy ralli$ to 8 support4 ,he nev] occupi$ a po/ comp>able ) 8 g5ius4 ,he 0 unhappy 9 8 m>riage4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( m5tal ab]ration1 due1 p]haps1 to ! /ra9 "u :i* he work$4 ,he did n rega9 8 lib]ty )\t an exp]i5ce :i* embitt]$ him aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5 ye>s ( ! production ( 8 book he cut himself (f f any read+ save t ( curr5t sci5tific discov]y4 ,he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,madame ,vaux1 :om1 aft] h] dea?1 he idolis$ ev5 m ?an be=e4 ,= ! problem :i*1 9 ! e>li] portion ( 8 "w1 he set himself1 t namely1 ( ! organis+ ( ! sci5ces into a compact body ( doctr9e1 he possess$ extraord9>y gifts4 ,lat]1 he took on r ! air ( a high prie/ ( humanity1 legislat+ conc]n+ a new religion4 ,x is b fair to say t at ?is po9t ,littr & _m o!rs p>t$ company ) ,comte4 ,he develop$ a habit & practice ascetic 9 its rig\r & my/ic 9 its devotion to ! positivi/s' religion--! wor%ip ( humanity4 ,he 0 ! fri5d & c\nsellor ( work+-m5 & agitators1 ( little *ildr51 ( ! poor & mis]able4 ,he end$ 8 r pa!tic & turbul5t c>e] 9 #aheg1 ga!r+ a few disciples ab\t 8 b$ z he rememb]$ t ,socrates _h done4 ,comte beg9s ) ! natural sci5ces & po/ulates ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,to ! def9ition ( ?is doctr9e he makes "s int]e/+ approa*es4 ,! discussion ( ! ord] & arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s sci5ces & ( _! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces is wond]ful 9 its insight & sugge/iv5ess4 ,he ass]ts t 9 ! /udy ( nature we are conc]n$ solely ) ! facts be=e u & ! relations :i* connect ^? facts4 ,we h no?+ to d ) ! suppos$ ess5ce or hidd5 nature & mean+ ( ^? facts4 ,facts & ! inv>iable laws :i* gov]n !m are ! only legitimate objects ( pursuit4 ,comte inf]s t because we c "k1 9 ?is s5se1 only ph5om5a & _! relations1 we %\ld 9 consequ5ce gu>d aga9/ illusions :i* creep 9 aga9 if we s mu* z use ! words pr9ciple1 or cause1 or w1 or =ce4 ,by ph5om5a mu/ be und]/ood objects ( p]ception1 to ! exclusion1 = example1 ( psy*ological *anges reput$ to be kn[n 9 self-consci\sness4 ,t !re is no k b ( ! physical1 t !re is no kn[+ except by p]ception--?is is ev] reit]at$ z self-evid5t4 ,ev5 psy*ology1 re/+ z x does l>gely ^u ! obs]vation ( ! self by ! self1 mu/ be illusive4 ,physiology1 or ev5 phr5ology1 ) ! value ( :i* ,comte 0 mu* impress$1 mu/ take its place4 ,e object ( k is o!r ?an ! kn[+ subject4 ,:atev] else ! m9d kn[s1 x c nev] "k itself4 ,by inv9cible necessity ! human m9d c obs]ve all ph5om5a except its own4 ,comm5t+ ^u ?is1 ,james ,m>t9eau obs]v$3 ',we h _h 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght num]\s =ms ( idealism :i* con/ru$ all outw>d ph5om5a z m]e appe>ances )9 ! m9d4 ,we h hi!rto _h no /rictly correspond+ mat]ialism1 :i* claim$ c]ta9ty = ! out] _w precisely because x 0 =eign to ourselves4' ,man is ! highe/ product ( nature1 ! highe/ /age ( nature's mo/ mature & complex =m4 ,man z individual is no?+ m4 ,physiology gives u n m]ely 8 ext]nal con/itution & "o set ( relations4 ,x is ! :ole sci5ce ( man4 ,!re is no /udy ( m9d 9 :i* its actions & /ates c be contemplat$ ap>t f ! physical basis 9 conjunction ) :i* m9d exi/s4 ,?us f> man has be5 treat$ only biologically1 z individual4 ,we mu/ advance to man 9 society4 ,almo/ "o half ( ,comte's bulky "w is devot$ to ?is side ( ! inquiry4 ,social ph5om5a are a class complex beyond any :i* h yet be5 inve/igat$4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case & s difficult is ! problem pres5t$1 t ,comte felt con/ra9$ 9 "s degree to *ange 8 me?od4 ,we proce$ f exp]i5ce1 f data 9 fact1 z be=e4 ,b ! facts are n m]e illu/rations ( ! s call$ laws ( individual human nature4 ,social facts are ! results also ( situations :i* repres5t ! accumulat$ influ5ce ( pa/ g5]ations4 ,9 ?is1 z aga9/ ,b5?am1 = example1 ) 8 endless recurr5ce to human nature1 z he call$ x1 ,comte 0 "r4 ,comte ?us fir/ gave ! /udy ( hi/ory its place 9 sociology4 ,9 ?is /udy ( hi/ory & sociology1 ! collective ph5om5a are m accessible to u & bett] kn[n by u1 ?an are ! p>ts ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,we !re=e proce$ "h f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 n f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 z 9 rese>* ( ! k9ds previ\sly nam$4 ,! /ate ( e "p ( ! social organisation is ultimately connect$ ) ! contemporane\s /ate ( all ! o!r p>ts4 ,philosophy1 sci5ce1 ! f9e arts1 comm]ce1 navigation1 gov]nm5t1 are all 9 close mutual dep5d5ce4 ,:5 any consid]able *ange takes place 9 "o1 we may "k t a p>allel *ange has prec$$ or w foll[ 9 ! o!rs4 ,! progress ( society is n ! aggregate ( p>tial *anges1 b ! product ( a s+le impulse act+ ?r\gh all ! p>tial ag5cies4 ,x c !re=e be mo/ easily trac$ by /udy+ all toge!r4 ,^! are ! ma9 pr9ciples ( sociological inve/igation z set =? by ,comte1 "s ( !m z !y h be5 phras$ by ,mill4 ,! mo/ sweep+ exemplification ( ! axiom la/ allud$ to1 z to p>allel *anges1 is ,comte's s-call$ law ( ! ?ree /ates ( civilisation4 ,"u ?is law1 he ass]ts1 ! :ole hi/orical evolution c be summ$ up4 ,x is z c]ta9 z ! law ( gravitation4 ,ev]y?+ 9 human society has pass$1 z has ! individual man1 ?r\gh ! !ological & !n ?r\gh ! metaphysical /age1 & s arrives at ! positive /age4 ,9 ?is la/ /age ( ?\ght no?+ ei!r ( sup]/ition or ( speculation w survive4 ,!ology & metaphysics ,comte repeat$ly *>act]ises z ! two successive /ages ( nesci5ce1 unavoidable z preludes to sci5ce4 ,equally unavoidable is x t sci5ce %all ultimately prevail 9 _! place4 ,! advance ( sci5ce hav+ once begun1 !re is no possibility b t x w ultimately possess itself ( all4 ,"o he>s ! e*o ( ?is confid5ce 9 ,haeckel also4 ,!re is a p]si/5ce ab\t ! d5ial ( any k :atsoev] t goes beyond ext]nal facts1 :i* ill comports ) ! pret5sions ( positivism to be a philosophy4 ,= its f9al claim is n t x is cont5t to re/ 9 exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld trans=m ?is sci5ce into a homog5e\s doctr9e :i* is able to expla9 ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,?is is b a t\r de =ce4 ,! promise is fulfill$ ?r\gh ! d5ial ( ! reality ( ev]y?+ :i* sci5ce _c expla94 ,comte 0 nev] will+ to face ! fact t ! v exi/5ce ( k has a n\m5al z well z a ph5om5al side4 ,! reasonabl5ess ( ! univ]se is c]ta9ly a conception :i* we br+ to ! obs]vation ( nature4 ,if we did n ?us br+ x ) u1 no m]e obs]vation ( nature w\ld ev] give x to u4 ,x is impossible = sci5ce to get rid ( ! conception ( =ce1 & ultimately ( cause4 ,!re c be no ph5om5on :i* is n a manife/ation ( some?+4 ,! v nom5clature falls into hopeless confusion )\t ^! conceptions4 ,yet ! mom5t we t\* !m we transc5d sci5ce & pass into ! realm ( philosophy4 ,x is m]e juggl+ ) words to say t our sci5ce has n[ become a philosophy4 ,! adjective 'positive' conta9s ! same fallacy4 ,app>5tly ,comte meant by ! *oice ( x to convey ! s5se t he w\ld limit rese>* to ph5om5a 9 _! ord]s ( resemblance1 co-exi/5ce & succession4 ,b to call ! inquiry into ph5om5a positive1 9 ! s5se t x alone deals ) reality1 to imply t ! inquiry into causes deals ) t :i* has no reality1 is to beg ! "q4 ,?is is n a premise ) :i* he may set out 9 ! evolution ( 8 sy/em4 ,comte d5i$ ! accusation ( mat]ialism & a!ism4 ,he did ! fir/ only by *ang+ ! mean+ ( ! t]m mat]ialism4 ,mat]ialism ! _w has suppos$ to be ! view ( man's condition & de/9y :i* makes ^! to beg9 & end 9 nature4 ,t c]ta9ly 0 ,comte's view4 ,! accusation ( a!ism also he avoids by a m]e play on words4 ,he is n )\t a ,god4 ,humanity is ,god4 ,mank9d is ! positivi/'s ,supreme4 ,altruism takes ! place ( devotion4 ,! devotion s long wa/$ ^u a m]e creature ( ! imag9ation1 to :om x c\ld d no good1 he w\ld n[ give to m5 :o sorely ne$ x & c obvi\sly pr(it by x4 ,surely ! anti!sis betwe5 nature & ! sup]natural1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,comte argues aga9/ x1 is n[ ab&on$ by ?\ghtful p4 ,equally ! anti!sis ( altruism to ! s]vice ( ,god is p]v]se4 ,x ar\ses "o's pity t ,comte %\ld n h se5 h[1 9 true religion ^! two ?+s coalesce4 ,moreov]1 ?is deification ( mank9d1 9 s f> z x is n a s\nd+ phrase1 is an absurdity4 ,:5 ,comte says1 = example1 t ! au?ority ( humanity mu/ take ! place ( t ( ,god1 he has recognis$ t religion mu/ h au?ority4 ,inde$1 ! :ole social ord] mu/ h au?ority4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n = him1 z we are accu/om$ to say1 ! au?ority ( ! tru? & ( ! "r4 ,!re is no su* ab/raction z ! tru?1 com+ to v>i\s manife/ations4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z "r1 ap>t f relatively "r concrete measures4 ,!re is no l>g] be+ indwell+ 9 m54 ,society1 humanity 9 its collective capacity1 mu/1 if ne$ be1 ov]ride ! individual4 ,yet ,comte despises ! m]e rule ( majorities4 ,! majority :i* he w\ld h rule is t ( ^? :o h ! sci5tific m9d4 ,we may admit t 9 ?is he aims at ! supremacy ( tru?4 ,b1 9 fact1 he prep>es ! way = a doctr9aire tyranny :i*1 ( all =ms ( gov]nm5t1 might easily turn out to be ! wor/ :i* a long-suff]+ humanity has yet endur$4 ,9 ! end1 we are told1 love is to take ! place ( =ce4 ,humanity is pres5t to u fir/ 9 our mo!rs1 wives & daught]s4 ,= ^! x is pres5t 9 _! fa!rs1 husb&s1 sons4 ,f ?is prim>y circle love wid5s & wor%ip ext5ds z he>ts enl>ge4 ,x is ! pray] to humanity :i* fir/ rises above ! m]e selfi%ness ( ! sort to get some?+ out ( ,god4 ,remembrance 9 ! he>ts ( ^? :o lov$ u & owe some?+ to u is ! only wor?y =m ( immortality4 ,cle>ly x is only ! c>icature ( pray] or ( ! desire ( immortality :i* rises be=e ,comte's m9d z ! ?+ to be escap$4 ,= ?is c>icature religi\s m51 bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 )\t d\bt1 gave him cause4 ,!re 7 to be sev5 sacram5ts1 correspond+ to sev5 significant epo*s 9 a man's c>e]4 ,!re 7 to be prie/s = ! p]=mance ( ^! sacram5ts & = ! inculcation ( ! doctr9es ( positivism4 ,!re 7 to be temples ( humanity1 af=d+ opportunity = & rem9d] ( ?is wor%ip4 ,9 ea* temple !re 0 to be set up ! symbol ( ! positivi/ religion1 a woman ( ?irty ye>s ) h] little son 9 h] arms4 ,littr spoke bitt]ly ( ! positivi/ religion z a lapse ( ! au?or into 8 old ab]ration4 ,?is religion 0 c]ta9ly reg>d$ z negligible by _m to :om 8 sy/em z a :ole meant a great deal4 ,at lea/1 x is an int]e/+ example1 z is also 8 trans=mation ( sci5ce into a philosophy1 ( ! resurg5ce ( valid elem5ts 9 life1 ev5 9 ! case ( a man :o has made x 8 boa/ to d away ) !m4 ,,naturalism ,,& ,,agno/icism ,we may take ,sp5c] z repres5tative ( a gr\p ( m5 :o1 aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 lab\r$ en?usia/ically to set =? evolution>y & naturali/ic !ories ( ! univ]se4 ,^! !ories _h also1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! common trait t !y pr(ess$ agno/icism z to all t lay beyond ! rea* ( ! natural-sci5tific me?ods1 9 :i* ! au?ors 7 adept4 ,bo? ,w>d & ,b\tr\x accept ,sp5c] z su* a type4 ,agno/icism = obvi\s reasons c\ld be no sy/em4 ,naturalism is a t5d5cy 9 int]pretation ( ! univ]se :i* has _m ramifications4 ,!re is no int5tion ( mak+ ! ref]5ce to "o man's "w d m ?an s]ve z introduction to ! field4 ,sp5c] 0 eag] 9 d5ial t he _h be5 influ5c$ by ,comte4 ,yet !re is a c]ta9 rem9d] ( ,comte 9 ,sp5c]'s monum5tal endeav\r to sy/ematise ! :ole mass ( mod]n sci5tific k1 "u ! g5]al title ( ',a ,syn!tic ,philosophy4' ,he w\ld %[ ! unity ( ! sci5ces & _! common pr9ciples or1 r1 ! "o great common pr9ciple :i* !y all illu/rate1 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 z ?is _h tak5 %ape s9ce ! "t ( ,d>w94 ,s9ce #aijd we h an autobiography ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :i*1 to be sure1 seems l>gely to h be5 writt5 prior to #ahhi4 ,! book is int]e/+1 z well 9 ! light :i* x ?r[s ^u ! expansion ( ! sci5ces & ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( evolution 9 ^? ye>s1 z 9 ! revelation ( ! p]sonal traits ( ! man himself4 ,conc]n+ ^! ,tol/oi wrote to a fri5d1 apropos ( a gift ( ! book3 ',9 autobiographies ! mo/ important psy*ological ph5om5a are (t5 reveal$ q indep5d5tly ( ! au?or's w4' ,sp5c] 0 born 9 #ahbj 9 ,d]by1 ! son ( a s*oolma/]4 ,he came ( ,noncon=mi/ ance/ry ( mo/ m>k$ individuality4 ,8 e>ly education 0 irregul> & inadequate4 ,be=e he rea*$ ! age ( sev5te5 8 read+ _h be5 imm5se4 ,he work$ ) an eng9e] 9 ! p]iod ( ! build+ ( ! railways 9 ! ,midl&s4 ,he always reta9$ 8 int]e/ 9 inv5tions4 ,he wrote = ! newspap]s & magaz9es & def9itely laun*$ ^u a lit]>y c>e]4 ,at ! age ( ?irty he publi%$ 8 fir/ book1 on ,social ,/atics4 ,he made fri5ds among ! mo/ notable m5 & wom5 ( 8 age4 ,s e>ly z #ahee he 0 ! victim ( a disease ( ! he>t :i* nev] left him4 ,x 0 on 8 recov]y f 8 fir/ grave attack t he %ap$ ! plan :i* h5ce=? held him1 ( organis+ ! mod]n sci5ces & incorporat+ !m into :at he call$ a syn!tic philosophy4 ,!re 0 imm5se increase 9 actual k & 9 ! p[] ( 8 reflection on t k1 z ! ye>s w5t by4 ,a g5]ation elaps$ betwe5 ! publication ( 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples & ! conclusion ( 8 m =mal lit]>y lab\rs4 ,!re is some?+ captivat+ ab\t a man's life1 ! en]gy ( :i* rema9s s little impair$ t he e/eems x bett] to write a new book1 cov]+ "s unt\*$ portion ( 8 s*eme1 ?an to give to an e>li] volume ! revision :i* 9 ! light ( 8 matur$ convictions x may ne$4 ,8 philosophical limitations he nev] transc5d$4 ,he does n s navely (f] a sub/itute = philosophy z does ,comte4 ,b he 0 no ma/] 9 philosophy4 ,!re is a reflexion ( ! consci\sness ( ?is fact 9 8 agno/icism4 ,t ! ef=t ( ! agno/ic cont5tion has be5 great1 & on ! :ole salut>y1 few w\ld d5y4 ,sp5c]'s own lat] "w %[s t 8 decl>ation1 t ! absolute :i* lies beh9d ! univ]se is unkn[able1 is to be tak5 ) consid]able qualification4 ,x is only a relative unkn[abl5ess :i* he pr$icates4 ,moreov]1 be=e ,sp5c]'s dea?1 ! doctr9e ( evolution _h made itself pr(\ndly felt 9 ! discussion ( all aspects ( life1 includ+ t ( religion4 ,!re seem$ no long] any reason = ! b>ri] betwe5 sci5ce & religion :i* ,sp5c] _h once ?\ght requisite4 ,! epi!t agno/ic1 z appli$ to a c]ta9 attitude ( sci5tific m9d1 is j1 z ov] aga9/ excessive claims to valid k made1 n[ by !ology & n[ by speculative philosophy4 ,x is h>dly descriptive 9 any absolute s5se4 ,sp5c] _h co9$ ! r =tunate illu/ration :i* describes sci5ce z a gradually increas+ sph]e1 su* t e addition to its surface does b br+ u into m ext5sive contact ) surr\nd+ nesci5ce4 ,ev5 ^u ?is illu/ration ,w>d has comm5t$ t ! metaphor is mislead+4 ,! cont95t ( our k is n m]ely b\nd$ by an ocean ( ignorance4 ,x is int]sect$ & cut up by /raits & seas ( ignorance4 ,! au?or ( ,ecce ,coelum has decl>$3 ',?+s die out "u ! microscope into ! same unfa?om$ &1 s f> z we c see1 unfa?omable my/]y1 into :i* !y die (f beyond ! range ( our mo/ p[]ful telescope4' ,?is s5se ( ! circumambi5t unkn[n has become c>d9al ) ! be/ spirits ( ! age4 ,m5 h a m rigor\s s5se ( :at con/itutes k4 ,!y h reckon$ m /rictly ) ! me?ods by :i* alone secure & solid k may be atta9$4 ,!y h undisguis$ scepticism z to alleg$ k n arriv$ at 9 ^? ways4 ,x 0 ! work+ ( ^! motives :i* gave to ! lab\rs ( ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury s prevail+ly ! aspect ( d5ial1 ! "* :i* ,c>lyle describ$ z an ev]la/+ ,no4 ,?is 0 b a prep>atory /age1 a retrogression = a new & firm] advance4 ,9 ! s5se ( ! recognition ( our ignorance & ( a becom+ mode/y ( affirmation1 ov] aga9/ ! my/]y into :i* all our ?\ght runs out1 we _c reject ! correction :i* agno/icism has adm9i/]$4 ,x is a fact :i* has _h disa/r\s consequ5ces1 t precisely ! dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 namely ! religi\s1 :i* "o might suppose w\ld mo/ h rem9d$ m5 ( ! outly+ my/]y1 t phase ( life ^: v atmosph]e is my/]y1 has mo/ (t5 be5 guilty ( arrant dogmatism4 ,x has be5 ?us guilty ^u ! basis ( ! claim t x possess$ a revelation4 ,x has all[$ itself unlimit$ lic5ce ( affirmation conc]n+ ! mo/ remote & difficult matt]s4 ,x has alleg$ miracul\sly communicat$ in=mation conc]n+ ^? matt]s4 ,x has clo!d ) a div9e au?oritativ5ess1 ov]rid+ ! mature reflexion & labori\s inve/igation ( le>n$ m51 t :i* 01 aft] all1 no?+ b ! innoc5t imag9+s ( ! *ildhood ( ! race4 ,9 ?is good s5se ( a p>allel to t agno/icism :i* sci5ti/s pr(ess = !mselves )9 _! own appo9t$ realm1 !re is a religi\s agno/icism :i* is "o ( ! be/ fruits ( ! lab\r ( ! age4 ,x is n t religi\s m5 h ab&on$ ! ?\ght ( revelation4 ,!y appreh5d$ m ju/ly ! nature ( revelation4 ,!y confess t !re is mu* ignorance :i* revelation does n mitigate4 ,exeunt omnia 9 my/]ium4 ,!y are prep>$ to say conc]n+ _m ( ! dicta ( religiosity1 t !y _c affirm _! tru?4 ,!y are prep>$ to say conc]n+ ! exp]i5ce ( ,god & ! s\l1 t !y "k ^! ) an indefeasible c]titude4 ,?is j & :olesome attitude t[>d religi\s tru? is only a coroll>y ( ! attitude :i* sci5ce has taught u t[>d all tru? :atsoev]4 ,! /rictly philosophic t]m ph5om5on1 to :i* sci5ce has tak5 s k9dly1 is 9 itself an explicit av[al ( some?+ beyond ! ph5om5al4 ,sp5c] is c>eful to insi/ ^u ?is relation ( ! ph5om5al to ! n\m5al4 ,8 ,syn!tic ,philosophy op5s ) an exposition ( ?is non-relative or absolute1 )\t :i* ! relative itself becomes contradictory4 ,x is an ess5tial "p ( ,sp5c]'s doctr9e to ma9ta9 t our consci\sness ( ! absolute1 indef9ite z x is1 is positive & n negative4 ',?\gh ! absolute _c 9 any mann] or degree be kn[n1 9 ! /rict s5se ( kn[+1 yet we f9d t its positive exi/5ce is a necess>y datum ( consci\sness4 ,! belief :i* ?is datum ( consci\sness con/itutes has a high] w>rant ?an any o!r belief :atsoev]4' ,9 %ort1 ! absolute or n\m5al1 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 ?\gh n kn[n z ! ph5om5al or relative is kn[n1 is s f> f be+ = k a pure blank1 t ! ph5om5al1 :i* is said to be kn[n1 is 9 ! /rict s5se inconceivable )\t x4 ,?is actuality beh9d appe>ances1 )\t :i* appe>ances are un?9kable1 is by ,sp5c] id5tifi$ ) t ultimate v]ity ^u :i* religion ev] insi/s4 ,religion itself is a ph5om5on1 & ! s\rce & secret ( mo/ complex & int]e/+ ph5om5a4 ,x has always be5 ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,x has be5 able to hold its own 9 face ( ! attacks ( sci5ce4 ,x mu/ conta9 an elem5t ( tru?4 ,all religions1 h[ev]1 ass]t t _! ,god is = u n altoge!r cognisable1 t ,god is a great my/]y4 ,! high] _! rank1 ! m d !y ackn[l$ge ?is4 ,x is by ! flippant invasion ( ?is my/]y t ! popul> religiosity (f5ds4 ,x talks ( ,god z if he 7 a man 9 ! next /reet4 ,x does n di/+ui% betwe5 m]ely imag9ative fet*es into ! tru?1 & presumably accurate def9ition ( t tru?4 ,equally1 ! attempts :i* are logically possible at metaphysical solutions ( ! problem1 namely1 !ism1 pan!ism1 & a!ism1 if !y are consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 ass]t1 ea* ( !m1 m ?an we "k & are involv$ 9 contradiction ) !mselves4 ,b ! results ( mod]n physics & *emi/ry reveal1 z ! con/ant elem5t 9 all ph5om5a1 =ce4 ,?is manife/s itself 9 v>i\s =ms :i* are int]*angeable1 :ile amid all ^! *anges ! =ce rema9s ! same4 ,?is latt] mu/ be reg>d$ z ! reality1 & basis ( all t is relative & ph5om5al4 ,! entire univ]se is to be expla9$ f ! movem5ts ( ?is absolute =ce4 ,! ph5om5a ( nature & ( m5tal life come "u ! same g5]al laws ( matt]1 motion1 & =ce4 ,sp5c]'s doctr9e1 z "h /at$1 is n adequate to acc\nt = ! _w ( m5tal life or adapt$ to s]ve z ! basis ( a reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion4 ,x does n c>ry u beyond mat]ialism4 ,sp5c]'s real int5tion 0 direct$ to some?+ high] ?an t4 ,if ! absolute is to be conceiv$ at all1 x is z a necess>y correlative ( our self-consci\sness4 ,if we get ! idea ( =ce f ! exp]i5ce ( our own p[] ( volition1 is x n natural to ?9k ( m9d-=ce z ! prius ( physical =ce1 & n ! rev]se8 ,accord+ly1 ! absolute =ce1 basis ( all specific =ces1 w\ld be m9d & w4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution w\ld h>monise p]fectly ) ^! inf]5ces4 ,b x w\ld h to become ideali/ic evolution1 z 9 ,s*ell+1 in/ead ( mat]iali/ic1 z 9 ,comte4 ,we are oblig$1 ,sp5c] owns1 to ref] ! ph5om5al _w ( law & ord] to a fir/ cause4 ,he says t ?is fir/ cause is incompreh5sible4 ,yet he fur!r says1 :5 ! "q ( attribut+ p]sonality to ?is fir/ cause is rais$1 t ! *oice is n betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ l[]4 ,x is betwe5 p]sonality & some?+ high]4 ,to ?is may belong a mode ( be+ z mu* transc5d+ intellig5ce & w z ^! transc5d me*anical motion4 ,x is /range1 he says1 t m5 %\ld suppose ! highe/ wor%ip to lie 9 assimilat+ ! object ( wor%ip to !mselves4 ,& yet1 aga91 9 "o ( ! late/ ( 8 works he writes3 ',unexpect$ z x w be to mo/ ( my read]s1 ,i mu/ ass]t t ! p[] :i* manife/s itself 9 consci\sness is b a diff]5tly condition$ =m ( ! p[] :i* manife/s itself beyond consci\sness4 ,! conception to :i* ! exploration ( nature ev]y:]e t5ds is mu* less t ( a univ]se ( dead matt] ?an t ( a univ]se ev]y:]e alive4' ,simil> is ! issue 9 ! reflexion ( ,huxley4 ,agno/icism _h at fir/ be5 ass]t$ 9 relation to ! spiritual & ! teleological4 ,x end$ 9 fa/5+ ^u ! mat]ial & me*anical4 ,aft] all1 says ,huxley1 9 "o ( 8 essays3--',:at d we "k ( ?is t]rible matt]1 except z a "n = an unkn[n & hypo!tical cause ( /ates ( our own consci\sness8 ,aga91 :at d we "k ( t _s ov] ^: ?reat5$ ext9ction by matt] s great lam5tation has n[ aris51 except t x is also a "n = an unkn[n & hypo!tical cause ( /ates ( our consci\sness8' ,he conc$es t matt] is inconceivable ap>t f m9d1 b t m9d is n inconceivable ap>t f matt]4 ,he conc$es t ! conception ( univ]sal & necess>y law is an ideal4 ,x is an inv5tion ( ! m9d's own devis+4 ,x is n a physical fact4 ,9 brief1 tak+ agno/ic naturalism j z x seem$ dispos$ a g5]ation ago to pres5t itself1 x n[ appe>s z if x _h be5 turn$ exactly inside out4 ,in/ead ( ! physical _w be+ prim>y & fundam5tal & ! m5tal _w second>y1 if n altoge!r problematical1 ! precise conv]se is true4 ,nature1 z sci5ce reg>ds x1 may be describ$ z a sy/em ^: p>ts1 be !y simple or complex1 are :olly gov]n$ by univ]sal laws4 ,k ( ^! laws is an indisp5sable condition ( t control ( nature ^u :i* human welf>e 9 s l>ge degree dep5ds4 ,b ?is reign ( law is an hypo!sis4 ,x is n an axiom :i* x w\ld be absurd to d5y4 ,x is n an obvi\s fact1 ?ru/ ^u u :e!r we w or no4 ,exp]i5ces are possible )\t ! conception ( law & ord]4 ,! fruit ( exp]i5ce 9 k is n possible )\t x4 ,t is only to say t ! reason :y we assume t nature is a connect$ sy/em ( uni=m laws1 lies 9 ! fact t we ourselves are self-consci\s p]sonalities4 ,:5 ! naturali/s say t ! notion ( cause is a feti%1 an an?ropomorphic sup]/ition :i* we mu/ elim9ate1 we h to answ]3 'f ! realm ( empirical sci5ce p]haps1 b n f exp]i5ce z a :ole4' ,inde$1 a glance at ! hi/ory1 & p>ticul>ly at ! popul> lit]ature1 ( sci5ce af=ds ! int]e/+ spectacle ( ! rise ( an halluc9ation1 ! gr[? ( a habit ( my?ological spee*1 :i* is truly surpris+4 ,we beg9 to he> ( self-exi/5t laws :i* reign supreme & b9d nature fa/ 9 fact4 ,by ?is le>n$ sub/itution = ,god1 x 0 once confid5tly assum$ t ! race 0 to em]ge f my?ical dawn & metaphysical %ad[s into ! noon-day ( positive k4 ,r1 x w\ld appe> t at ?is po9t a "p ( ! human race plung$ into a new era ( my?-mak+ & feti% wor%ip--! homage to ! feti% ( law4 ,ev5 ! great m9ds d n altoge!r escape4 ',fact ,i "k & law ,i "k1' says ,huxley1 ) a fa9t sugge/ion ( sacr$ rhetoric4 ,b surely we d n "k law 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* we "k fact4 ,if !re are no causes among our facts1 !n we d n "k any?+ ab\t ! laws4 ,if we d "k laws x is because we assume causes4 ,if1 9 ! language ( rational be+s1 laws ( nature are to be spok5 ( z self-exi/5t & indep5d5t ( ! ph5om5a :i* !y are said to gov]n1 su* language mu/ be m]ely analog\s to ! mann] 9 :i* we (t5 speak ( ! civil law4 ,we say ! law does t :i* we "k ! executive does4 ,b ! ?or\gh-go+ naturali/ ca/ (f ^! implications z ! la/ rags ( a cre$ outworn4 ,physici/s 7 fond ( talk+ ( ! movem5t ( molecules1 j z ! anci5t a/rolog]s imag9$ t ! planets _h s\ls & guid$ _! own c\rses4 ,we _h suppos$ t ?is 0 an?ropomorphism4 ,9 tru?1 ?is w\ld-be sci5tific mode ( spee* is z an?ropomorphic z is ! cosmogony ( ,hesiod1 only on a small] scale4 ,primitive religion ascrib$ life to ev]y?+ ( :i* x talk$4 ,poly!ism 9 religion & indep5d5t =ces & self-exi/5t laws 9 sci5ce are ?us ^u a p>4 ,! gods _m & lords _m1 s am5able to concrete pres5tation 9 poetry & art1 h giv5 place to "o ,supreme ,be+4 ,s also light1 heat1 & o!r natural ag5cies1 palpable & ready to h& = ! explanation ( ev]y?+1 9 ! my?-mak+ p]iod ( sci5ce :i* liv+ m5 c /ill rememb]1 h by ?is "t pal$4 ,!y h become simply v>i\s manife/ations ( "o und]ly+ spiritual en]gy1 :i* is inde$ beyond our p]ception4#f ,:5 ,comte said t ! univ]se c\ld n re/ ^u w1 because !n x w\ld be arbitr>y1 incalculable1 subject to caprice1 "o feels ! hum\r & pa?os ( x4 ,comte's exp]i5ce ) w1 8 own & t ( o!rs1 _h evid5tly be5 too l>gely ( t sad sort4 ,real fre$om consi/s 9 con=mity to :at ought to be4 ,9 ,god1 :om we conceive z p]fect1 ?is con=mity is complete4 ,) u x rema9s an ideal4 ,7 we ! creatures ( a bl9d me*anical necessity !re c\ld be no talk ( ideal /&>ds & no mean+ 9 reason at all4 ,footnote #f3 ,w>d1 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdh4 ,,evolution ,9 ! progress ( ! ?\ght ( ! g5]ation1 say1 f #ahgj to ! pres5t day1 ! conception ( evolution has be5 mu* *ang$4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution has itself be5 l>gely evolv$ )9 t p]iod4 ,! application ( x has become famili> 9 fields ( :i* !re 0 at fir/ no ?\ght4 ,! be>+ ( ! acceptance ( x ^u religion has be5 se5 to be q diff]5t f t :i* 0 at fir/ suppos$4 ,! advocacy ( ! doctr9e 0 at fir/ associat$ ) ! claims ( naturalism or positivism4 ,wid] applications ( ! doctr9e & deep] insight into its mean+ h done away ) ?is misund]/&+4 ,evolution1 z orig9ally und]/ood1 0 z f> z possible f sugge/+ any?+ me*anical4 ,by ! t]m 0 meant prim>ily ! gradual unfold+ ( a liv+ g]m f its embryonic beg9n+ to its mature & f9al /age4 ,?is adult =m 0 reg>d$ n m]ely z ! goal actually rea*$ ?r\gh successive /ages ( gr[?4 ,x 0 conceiv$ z ! end aim$ at1 & a*iev$ ?r\gh ! =ce ( "s vital or ideal pr9ciple %ap+ ! pla/ic mat]ial & direct+ ! process ( gr[?4 ,9 %ort1 evolution impli$ ideal ends controll+ physical means4 ,yet we f9d ) ,sp5c]1 z prevail+ly also ) o!rs 9 ! /udy ( ! natural sci5ces1 ! ideas ( end & ( cause look$ at askance4 ,!y are reg>d$ an outside ! pale ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,9 a v def9ite s5se t is true4 ,! logical consequ5ce ( ?is admission %\ld be m]ely ! recognition t ! idea ( evolution z develop$ 9 ! natural sci5ces _c be ! :ole idea4 ,! entire hi/ory ( any?+1 ,sp5c] tells u1 mu/ include its appe>ance out ( ! imp]ceptible1 & its disappe>ance aga9 into ! imp]ceptible4 ,be x a s+le object1 or ! :ole univ]se1 an acc\nt :i* beg9s ) x 9 a concrete =m1 or leaves (f ) its concrete =m1 is incomplete4 ,he uses a famili> in/ance1 t ( a cl\d appe>+ :5 vap\r drifts ov] a cold m\nta9 top1 & aga9 disappe>+ :5 x em]ges into w>m] air4 ,! cl\d em]ges f ! imp]ceptible z heat is dissipat$4 ,x is dissolv$ aga9 z heat is absorb$ & ! wat]y p>ticles evaporate4 ,sp5c] e/eems ?is an analogue ( ! appe>ance ( ! univ]se itself1 accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,yet assur$ly1 z ! cl\d presupposes vap\rs :i* _h previ\sly cond5s$1 & ! vap\r cl\ds t _h previ\sly evaporat$1 & z cl\ds dissolve 9 "o place ev5 at ! mom5t t !y are =m+ 9 ano!r1 s we are told ( nebul :i* are 9 e phase ( advance or ( decl9e4 ,to ask :i* 0 fir/1 solid masses or nebul\s haze1 is mu* l recurr+ to ! riddle ( ! h5 & ! egg4 ,/ill1 we are told1 we h b to ext5d our ?\ght beyond ?is em]g5ce & subsid5ce ( sid]eal sy/ems1 ( cont95ts1 nations1 m51 to f9d a p]man5t totality made up ( transi5t individuals 9 e /age ( *ange4 ,! physical assumption ) :i* ,sp5c] sets out is t ! mass ( ! univ]se & its en]gy are fix$ 9 quantity4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( evolution are includ$ 9 ! cons]vation ( ?is matt] & =ce4 ,besides ! criticism :i* 0 (f]$ above1 t ! m]e law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce does n initiate our s]ies1 !re is a fur!r objection4 ,ev5 )9 ! s]ies1 once x has be5 />t$1 ?is law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce is solely a quantitative law4 ,:5 en]gy is trans=m$ !re is an equival5ce betwe5 ! new =m & ! old4 ,( ! reasons = ! direction evolution takes1 = ! p]man5ce ( t direction once x has be5 tak51 s t ! sequ5ce ( =ms is a progression1 ! explication ( a lat5t nature--( all ?is1 ! m]e law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce gives u no explanation :atev]4 ,! *ange at r&om f "o =m ( manife/ation to ano!r might be a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 b x w\ld be ! contradiction ( evolution4 ,! v notion ( evolution is t ( ! sequ5ce ( =ms1 s t some?+ is express$ or a*iev$4 ,t a*ievem5t implies m ?an ! m]e =ce4 ,or r1 x involves a quality ( ! =ce ) :i* ! language ( me*anism does n reckon4 ,x assumes ! idea :i* gives direction to ! =ce1 an ideal quality ( ! =ce4 ,unque/ionably t :i* m5 s\ght to be rid ( 0 ! idea ( purpose 9 nature1 9 ! old s5se ( design 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 ext]nal to ! mat]ial univ]se1 ( =ce ex]t$ ^u nature f )\t1 s z to cause nature to con=m to ! design ( its ',great ,orig9al1' 9 ,addison's high phrase4 ,9 ?is ef=t1 h[ev]1 ! r$uc+ ( all to m]e =ce & p]mutation ( =ce1 n m]ely expla9s no?+1 b contradicts facts :i* />e u 9 ! face4 ,x deprives evolution ( ! quality :i* makes x evolution4 ,to put 9 ?is incongru\s quality at ! beg9n+1 because we f9d x necess>y at ! end1 is1 to say ! lea/1 nave4 ,to d5y t we h put x 91 to insi/ t 9 ! m>vell\s sequ5ce we h only an illu/ration ( me*anism & ( cons]vation ( =ce1 is p]v]se4 ,we pass$ ?r\gh an era 9 :i* "s said t !y did n believe 9 ,god2 ev]y?+ 0 acc\nt$ = by evolution4 ,9 s f> z !y meant t !y did n believe 9 ! ,god ( deism & ( mu* traditional !ology1 !y did n /& alone 9 ?is claim4 ,9 s f> z !y meant by evolution m]e me*anism1 !y expla9$ no?+ & de/roy$ ! notion ( evolution besides4 ,9 s f> z !y meant m ?an m]e me*anism1 !y laps$ into ! company ( ! sci5tific my?-mak]s to :om we allud$ above4 ,!y attribut$ to _! ab/raction1 evolution1 qualities :i* o!r p f\nd 9 ! =ms ( ! univ]se view$ z ! manife/ation ( an imman5t ,god4 ,only by s do+ 7 !y able to ascribe to evolution t :i* o!r p describe z ! "w ( ,god4 ,at ?is level ! controv]sy becomes "o simply ab\t words4 ,( c\rse1 ! great illum9ation z to ! mean+ ( evolution has come ) its application to _m fields besides ! physical4 ,d>w9 0 c]ta9ly ! great inaugurator ( ! evolution>y movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,/ill1 ,d>w9's problem 0 /rictly limit$4 ,! impression is widespread t ! biological evolution>y !ories 7 fir/ develop$1 & furni%$ ! basis = ! o!rs4 ,yet bo? ,hegel & ,comte1 n to speak ( ,s*ell+1 7 f> m int]e/$ 9 ! intellectual & hi/orical1 ! e?ical & social aspects ( ! "q4 ,bo? ,hegel & ,comte 71 :e!r rightly or wrongly1 r contemptu\s ( ! appeal to biology & organic life4 ,bo? _h ! s5se t !y us$ a great figure ( spee* :5 !y spoke ( society z an organism1 & comp>$ ! work+ ( in/itutions to biological functions4 ,?is is inde$ ! "q4 ,x is a "q ov] :i* ,sp5c] sets himself lightly4 ,he passes back & =? betwe5 organic evolution & ! e?ical1 economic1 & social movem5ts :i* are describ$ by ! same t]m1 z if we 7 9 possession ( a p]fectly safe analogy1 or r z if we 7 assur$ ( an id5tical pr9ciple4 ,mu* t is already ar*aic 9 ,sp5c]'s economic & social1 8 hi/orical & e?ical1 n to say 8 religi\s1 *apt]s is due to ! influ5ce ( ?is fact4 ,( 8 own m9d x 0 true t he _h come to ! doctr9e ( evolution f ! physical side4 ,he br\ght to 8 o!r subjects a m or less develop$ me?od ( op]at+ ) ! conception4 ,he nev] fully realis$ h[ new subjects w\ld alt] ! me?od & trans=m ! conception4 ,sp5c]ian evolution is an ass]tion ( ! all-suffici5cy ( natural law4 ,! au?ority ( consci5ce is b ! exp]i5ce ( law-abid+ & dutiful g5]ations fl[+ 9 our ve9s4 ,! public weal has hold ov] u1 because ! happ9ess & mis]y ( pa/ ages are inh]it$ by u4 ,x m>k$ a great dep>ture :5 ,huxley began vigor\sly to diss5t f ^! views4 ,accord+ to him evolution>y sci5ce has done no?+ = e?ics4 ,m5 become e?ical only z !y set !mselves aga9/ ! pr9ciples embodi$ 9 ! evolution>y process ( ! _w4 ,evolution is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is prepo/]\s to say t man became good by succe$+ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,in/ead ( ! old s+le movem5t1 z 9 ,sp5c]1 /raight f ! nebula to ! sa9t1 ,huxley has place = suff]+4 ,suff]+ is mo/ int5se 9 man precisely "u conditions mo/ ess5tial to ! evolution ( 8 nobl] p[]s4 ,! loss ( ease or money may be ga9 9 "*4 ,! cosmical process is n only full ( pa94 ,x is full ( m]cilessness & ( wick$ness4 ,good has be5 evolv$1 b s has evil4 ,! fitte/ may h surviv$4 ,!re is no gu>antee t !y are ! be/4 ,! cont9ual /ruggle aga9/ our fell[s poisons our high] life4 ,x w h>dly d to say ) ,huxley t ! e?ical /ruggle is ! rev]se ( ! cosmical process4 ,nev]!less1 we h "h a mo/ int]e/+ trans=mation 9 ?\ght4 ,^! ideas & pr9ciples1 z is well kn[n1 7 elaborat$ & advanc$ ^u 9 a v popul> book1 ,drummond's ,asc5t ( ,man1 #ahid4 ,ev5 ! title 0 a happy & sugge/ive "o4 ,/ruggle = life is a fact1 b x is n ! :ole fact4 ,x is balanc$ by ! /ruggle = ! life ( o!rs4 ,?is latt] rea*es f> d[n into ! levels ( :at we call brute life4 ,its div9e/ rea* is only ! fulfilm5t ( ! real nature ( humanity4 ,x is ! liv+ ) m5 :i* develops ! moral 9 man4 ,! prolongation ( infancy 9 ! high] species has _h to d ) ! developm5t ( moral nature4 ,s only t we hold a suffici5tly deep view ( reason1 provid$ we see cle>ly t reason trans=ms1 p]fects1 makes new :at we inh]it f ! bea/1 we ne$ n fe> = morality1 ?\gh x %\ld univ]sally be taught t morality came into be+ by ! sl[ & gradual fa%ion+ ( brute impulse4 ,b5jam9 ,kidd 9 8 ,social ,evolution1 #ahie1 has rev]t$ aga9 to extreme ,d>w9ism 9 morals & sociology4 ,! law is t ( unceas+ /ruggle4 ,reason does n tea* u to mod]ate ! /ruggle4 ,x b %>p5s ! conflict4 ,all religions are prt]-rational1 ,*ri/ianity mo/ ( all1 9 be+ ! mo/ altrui/ic4 ,kidd1 n )\t reason1 comm5ts bitt]ly ^u ,sp5c]'s ,utopia1 ! passage ( milit>ism into indu/rialism4 ,! /ruggle 9 indu/rialism is fi]c] ?an ev]4 ,reason affects ! animal nature ( man = ! worse4 ,cle>ly consci\s ( :at he is do+1 man objects to sacrific+ himself = 8 family or tribe4 ,in/9ct might lead an ape to d t4 ,intellig5ce w>ns a man aga9/ x4 ,reason is cruel beyond any?+ dream$ ( 9 ! bea/4 ,t portion ( ! community :i* loves to he> ! abuse ( reason1 rejoic$ to he> ?is phrase4 ,!y rejoic$ :5 !y he>d t religion 0 ! only rem$y1 & t religion 0 ultra-rational1 contra-rational1 sup]natural1 9 ?is new s5se4 ,h[ "o comes by x1 or h[ "o c rationally ju/ify ! yield+ ( allegiance to x1 is n cle>4 ,"o mu/ inde$ h ! w to believe if "o believes on ^! t]ms4 ,^! aga9 are b examples4 ,!y convey b a sup]ficial impression ( ! ef=t to apply ! conception ( evolution to ! moral & religi\s life ( man4 ,all ?is has tak5 place1 ( c\rse1 9 a f> l>g] sett+ t ( ! endeav\r to elaborate ! evolution>y view ( politics & ( ! /ate1 ( economics & ( trade1 ( social life & in/itutions1 ( culture & civilisation 9 e aspect4 ,?is elaboration & reit]ation ( ! doctr9e ( evolution sometimes we>ies u4 ,x is b ! unwe>i$ foll[+ ( ! ma9 clue to ! riddle ( ! univ]se :i* ! age has giv5 u4 ,x is no?+ m & no?+ less ?an ! endeav\r to appreh5d ! ideal life1 no long] z some?+ held out to u1 set up be=e u1 b also z some?+ work+ )9 u1 realis+ itself ?r\gh u & among u4 ,to d5y ! aff9ity ( ?is ) religion w\ld be fatu\s & also futile4 ,tempor>ily1 at lea/1 & to _m int]e/s ( religion1 x w\ld be fatal4 ,,miracles ,x mu/ be evid5t t ! total view ( ! univ]se :i* ! acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution implies1 has _h effect 9 ! dim9ution ( ! acut5ess ( ! "q conc]n+ miracles4 ,x c]ta9ly gives to t "q a new =m4 ,a philosophy :i* ass]ts ! con/ant pres5ce ( ,god 9 nature & ! :ole life ( ! _w1 a criticism :i* has giv5 u a tru] notion ( ! docum5ts :i* record ! biblical miracles1 ! rev]5t s5se ( ignorance :i* our increas+ k af=ds1 h t5d$ to dim9i% ! dogmatism ( m5 on ei!r side ( ! debate4 ,! cont5tion on behalf ( ! miracle1 9 ! traditional s5se ( ! ^w1 once seem$ ! bulw>k ( positive religion1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! man :o 0 satisfi$ ) a naturali/ic explanation ( ! univ]se & "o ^: dev\t s\l ask$ = some?+ m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cont5tion aga9/ ! miracle appe>$ to be a necess>y coroll>y ( ! notion ( a law & ord] :i* are inviolable ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,fur!rmore1 _m m5 h come ( !mselves to ! conclusion = :i* ,s*lei]ma*] long ago cont5d$4 ,:atev] may be !oretically det]m9$ conc]n+ miracles1 yet ! miracle c nev] aga9 be reg>d$ z among ! f\ndations ( fai?4 ,?is is = ! simple/ ( reasons4 ,! belief 9 a miracle presupposes fai?4 ,x is ! fai? :i* su/a9s ! miracle1 & n ! miracle ! fai?4 ,jesus is to m5 ! incomp>able moral & spiritual magnitude :i* he is1 n on ! evid5ce ( "s unp>allel$ ?+s physical :i* x is alleg$ he did4 ,q ! contr>y1 x is ! imm$iate impression ( ! moral & spiritual wond] :i* ,jesus is1 t prep>es :at cr$5ce we c ga!r = ! wond]s :i* x is decl>$ he did4 ,?is is a transf] ( emphasis1 a r$i/ribution ( weight 9 ! /ructure ( our ?\ght1 ! relief ( :i* _m appreciate :o h n reason$ ! matt] ?r\gh = !mselves4 ,s*lei]ma*] _h said1 & ,h]rmann & o!rs repeat ! ?\ght1 t1 z ! ,*ri/ian fai? f9ds 9 ,*ri/ ! highe/ revelation1 miracles may reasonably be expect$ ( him4 ,nev]!less1 he adds1 ^! de$s c be call$ miracles or e/eem$ extraord9>y1 only z conta9+ some?+ :i* 0 beyond contempor>y k ( ! regul> & ord]ly connexion betwe5 physical & spiritual life4 ,!re)1 x mu/ be evid5t1 t ! notion ( ! miracul\s is fundam5tally *ang$4 ,s x comes to pass t we h a book l ,mack9to%'s ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 #ahid1 ^: av[$ purpose is to d away ) ! miracul\s altoge!r4 ,( c\rse1 ! au?or means ! traditional notion ( ! miracul\s1 accord+ to :i* x is ! ess5ce ( arbitr>9ess & ! negation ( law4 ,x is n t he has less s5se = ! div9e life ( ! _w1 or = ! quality ( ,*ri/ianity z revelation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h a book l ,p]cy ,g>dn]'s ,exploratio ,evangelica1 #ahii4 ,) ! mo/ se>*+ criticism ( ! n>ratives ( "s miracles1 !re is rev]5t confession1 on ! au?or's "p1 t he is baffl$ by ! reports ( o!rs4 ,!re is recognition ( unkn[n possibilities 9 ! case ( a "* l t ( ,jesus4 ,x is n t ,g>dn] has a less /r+5t s5se ( fact & ( ! inexorabl5ess ( law ?an has ,mack9to% or an ard5t physici/4 ,! problem is r$uc$ to t ( ! *oice ( expression4 ,we are n able to )hold a ju/ification ( ! s*ol> :o decl>es3 ,we mu/ n say t we believe 9 ! miracul\s4 ,?is language is sure to be appropriat$ by ^? :o /ill take _! dep>ture f ! old dualism1 n[ hopelessly obsolete1 = :i* a brea* ( ! law ( nature 0 ! cr[n+ evid5ce ( ! love ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ass]tion t we d n believe 9 ! miracul\s w easily be tak5 by "s to mean ! d5ial ( ! :ole s5se ( ! ne>ness & p[] & love ( ,god1 & ( ! unimag9$ possibilities ( su* a moral nature z 0 t ( ,*ri/4 ,x is to be repeat$ t we h "h a m]e diff]5ce z to t]ms4 ,! debate is no long] ab\t ideas4 ,! traditional notion ( ! miracle arose out ( ! confusion ( two s]ies ( ideas :i*1 9 ! la/ analysis1 h no?+ to d ) ea* o!r4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is ! conception ( law & ord]1 ( cause & effect1 ( ! unbrok5 connexion ( nature4 ,on ! o!r h& is ! ?\ght ( ! div9e purpose 9 ! life ( ! _w & ( ! individual4 ,by ! aid ( t fir/ sequ5ce ( ?\ghts we f9d ourselves 9 ! univ]se & int]pret ! _w ( fact to ourselves4 ,yet 9 ! o!r sequ5ce lies ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,! two sequ5ces may p]fectly well coexi/ 9 ! same m9d4 ,out ( ! attempt to comb9e !m no?+ cle> or satisfy+ c issue4 ,if "o %\ld be1 to-day1 br\ght face to face ) a fact :i* 0 alleg$ to be a miracle1 8 in/9ctive ef=t w\ld be1 nev]!less1 to seek to f9d its cause1 to e/abli% = x a connexion 9 ! natural ord]4 ,9 ! anci5t _w m5 did n argue ?us1 nor 9 ! mod]n _w until less ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! presumption ( ! ord] ( nature _h n assum$ = !m ! proportions :i* x has = u4 ,= u x is ov]:elm+1 self-evid5t4 ,!re) is n involv$ t we lack belief 9 a div9e purpose = ! _w & = ! individual life4 ,we d n d5y t !re are laws ( nature ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 facts :i* we d n und]/&1 ev5ts :i*1 if !y %\ld occur1 w\ld /& be=e u z unique4 ,/ill1 ! decisive ?+ is1 t 9 face ( su* an ev5t1 in/ead ( view+ x q simply z a div9e int]v5tion1 z m5 us$ to d1 we1 ) equal simplicity & no less dev\tness1 conceive t same ev5t z only an illu/ration ( a connexion 9 nature :i* we d n und]/&4 ,!re is no inh]5t reason :y we may n und]/& x4 ,:5 we d und]/& x1 !re w be no?+ m ab\t x t is conceivably miracul\s4 ,!re w be !n no long] a unique quality atta*+ to ! ev5t4 ,!re) ends ! possible significance ( su* an ev5t z pro( ( div9e int]v5tion = our especial help4 ,we h b a connexion 9 nature su* t1 :e!r und]/ood or n1 if x 7 to recur1 ! ev5t w\ld recur4 ,! miracles :i* are relat$ 9 ! ,scripture may be divid$ = our consid]ation into ?ree classes4 ,to ! fir/ class belong mo/ ( ^? :i* are relat$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b "s also :i* are conspicu\s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!y are1 9 "s cases1 ! poetical & imag9ative repres5tation ( ! pr(\nde/ religi\s ideas4 ,s soon z "o op5ly conc$es ?is1 :5 !re is no long] any necessity ei!r to attack or to def5d ! miracle 9 "q1 "o is 9 a position to ackn[l$ge h[ deep & wond]ful ! ?\ghts (t5 are & h[ beautiful ! =m 9 :i* !y are convey$4 ,x is ?r\gh imag9ation & symbolism t we are able to convey ! subtle/ mean+s :i* we h4 ,/ill m 0 ?is ! case ) m5 ( an e>li] age4 ,9 ! second place1 ! n>ratives ( miracles are1 "s ( !m1 ( su* a sort t we may say t an ev5t or circum/ance 9 nature has be5 obvi\sly appreh5d$ 9 nave fa%ion4 ,?is by no means =bids u to int]pret t same ev5t 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,! m5 ( =m] "t1 exactly 9 proportion z !y _h less s5se ( ! ord] ( nature ?an h we1 s 7 !y also f> readi] to assume ! imm$iate =?putt+ ( ! p[] ( ,god4 ,?is 0 true n m]ely ( ! un$ucat$4 ,x is difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 = u to f9d out :at ! ev5t 04 ,fact & appreh5sion are inextricably int]wov54 ,t :i* really happ5$ is conceal$ f u by ! tale :i* _h int5d$ to reveal x4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re are _m cases 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 & "s 9 t ( ! apo/les & prophets1 9 :i* t :i* is relat$ moves 9 ! bord]l& betwe5 body & s\l1 _s & matt]1 ! region ( ! influ5ce ( w1 "o's own or t ( ano!r1 ov] physical conditions4 ,conc]n+ su* cases we are dispos$1 f> m ?an 7 m5 ev5 a few ye>s ago1 to conc$e t !re is mu* t is by no means yet inve/igat$1 & ! s\nde/ judgm5t we c =m is f> f be+ sure4 ,ev5 if we recognise to ! full ! lam5table resurg5ce ( outworn sup]/itions & /upidities1 :i* aga9 pass curr5t among u = an unhappy mom5t1 if we detect ! que/ionable or manife/ly evil consequ5ces ( c]ta9 uses made or alleg$ ( psy*ic influ5ce1 yet /ill we are n always 9 a position to say1 ) c]ta9ty1 :at is true 9 tales ( heal+ :i* we he> 9 our own day4 ,!re are c]ta9 ( ! /atem5ts conc]n+ ,jesus' heal+ p[] & action :i* are absolutely baffl+4 ,!y c be elim9at$ f ! n>rative only by a proc$ure :i* might j z well elim9ate ! n>rative4 ,9 _m ( ! n>ratives !re may be mu* t is true4 ,9 "s all may be z relat$4 ,9 ,jesus' "t1 on ! witness ( ! ,scripture itself1 x 0 assum$ z some?+ no "o que/ion$1 t miracul\s de$s 7 p]=m$1 n alone by ,jesus & ! apo/les1 b by _m o!rs1 & n always ev5 by ! good4 ,su* de$s 7 p]=m$ ?r\gh ! p[] ( evil spirits z well z by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,to imag9e t ! work+ ( miracles prov$ t ,jesus came f ,god1 is ! mo/ pat5t importation ( a mod]n apologetic notion into ! area ( anci5t ?\ght4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ,jesus himself laid no great weight ^u ! miracles :i* we assume t he believ$ he wr\ght1 & "s ( :i* we may believe t he did "w4 ,_m he p]=m$ ) hesitation & desir$ s f> z possible to conceal4 ,ev5 if we 7 9 a position at "o po9t or ano!r 9 ! life ( ,jesus to def5d ! traditional assumptions conc]n+ ! miracul\s1 yet x mu/ be evid5t h[ oppos$ x is to "r reason1 to lay /ress on ! ab/ract necessity ( belief 9 ! miracul\s4 ,! traditional conception ( ! miracul\s is done away = u4 ,?is is n at all by ! fact t we are 9 a position to say ) ,mat!w ,arnold3 ',! tr\ble ) miracles is t !y nev] happ54' ,we d n "k en\gh to say t4 ,to /ake all on ! ass]tion ( ! impossibility ( s-call$ miracles is z fooli% z to /ake mu* on ! affirmation ( _! actuality4 ,! connexion ( nature is only an induction4 ,?is c nev] be complete4 ,! real "q is bo? m complex & also m simple4 ,! "q is :e!r1 ev5 if an ev5t1 ! mo/ unp>allel$ ( ^? relat$ 9 ! ,gospels or outside ( !m1 %\ld be prov$ be=e our v eyes to h tak5 place1 ! "q is :e!r we %\ld believe x to h be5 a miracle 9 ! traditional s5se1 an ev5t 9 :i* ! actual--n ! kn[n1 b ! possible--ord] ( nature _h be5 brok5 ?r\gh1 & 9 ! old s5se1 ,god _h arbitr>ily sup]v5$4 ,all[$ t ! ev5t 71 9 our own exp]i5ce & 9 ! kn[n exp]i5ce ( ! race1 unp>allel$1 yet x w\ld nev] occur to u to suppose b t !re 0 a law ( ?is case1 also1 a connexion 9 nature 9 :i*1 z "w ( ,god1 x occurr$1 & 9 :i*1 if ! conditions 7 repeat$1 x w\ld recur4 ,we %\ld unceas+ly endeav\r ?r\gh obs]vation1 reflexion1 & new k1 to %[ h[ we might subord9ate ?is ev5t 9 ! connexion ( nature :i* we assume4 ,we %\ld feel t we knew m1 & n less1 ( ,god1 if we %\ld succe$4 ,& if our ef=t %\ld prove altoge!r futile1 we %\ld be no less sure t su* natural connexion exi/s4 ,?is is because nature is = u ! revelation ( ! div9e4 ,! div9e1 we assume1 has a natural ord] ( work+4 ,its inviolability is ! div9e/ ?+ ab\t x4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is sequ5ce ( ideas t we are 9 a position to d5y1 n facts :i* may be inexplicable1 b ! traditional conception ( ! miracle4 ,= surely no "o ne$s to be told t ?is is n ! conception ( ! miracle :i* has exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! dev\t1 & equally ( ! undev\t1 f ! beg9n+ ( ?\ght until ! pres5t day4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no?+ 9 all ( ?is :i* h9d]s u f believ+ ) a full he>t 9 ! love & grace & c>e ( ,god1 9 8 holy & r$eem+ purpose = mank9d & = ! individual4 ,x is true t ?is belief _c any long] reta9 its nave & *ildi% =m4 ,x is true t x dem&s ( a man f> m ( moral =ce1 ( e?ical & spiritual ma/]y1 ( insight & firm w1 to su/a9 ! belief 9 ! purpose ( ,god = himself & = all m51 :5 a man believes t he sees & feels ,god only 9 & ?r\gh nature & hi/ory1 ?r\gh p]sonal consci\sness & ! p]sonal consci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,x is true t x has1 app>5tly1 be5 easi] = m5 to ?9k ( ,god z outside & above 8 _w1 & ( !mselves z sep>at$ f _! fell[s by 8 special provid5ce4 ,x is m difficult1 ?r\gh glad & intellig5t subjection to all laws ( nature & ( hi/ory1 to a*ieve ! education ( "o's _s1 to make good "o's inn] deliv]ance f ! _w1 to aid o!rs 9 ! same /ruggle & to set !m on _! way to ,god4 ,m5 gr[ unc]ta9 )9 !mselves1 because !y say t traditional religion has appreh5d$ ! matt] 9 a diff]5t way4 ,?is is true4 ,x is also mislead+4 ,:atev] miracles ,jesus may h p]=m$1 no "o c say t he p]=m$ !m to make life easi] = himself1 to escape ! common lot1 to avoid /ruggle1 to evade suff]+ & disgraceful dea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 g5u9e human self-di/ru/1 b also 9 g5u9e h]oism1 he gave himself to 8 vocation1 accept+ all t w5t !re)1 & f9i%$ ! "w ( ,god :i* he _h made 8 own4 ,?is is ! m wond]ful because x lay s mu* ne>] to him ?an x c lie to u1 to pray = special evid5ce ( ! love ( ,god & to set 8 fai? on ! receiv+ ( x4 ,he _h n ! conception ( ! relation ( ,god to nature & hi/ory :i* we h4 ,we may well view ! mod]n t5d5cy to belief 9 heal+s ?r\gh pray]1 sugge/ion & fai?1 z an intelligible1 an int]e/+1 & 9 "p1 a t\*+ manife/ation4 ,( c\rse !re is m+l$ ) x mu* d5se ignorance1 "s sup]/ition & ev5 deception4 ,yet beh9d su* a ph5om5on !re is mean+4 ,m5 ( ?is m9d make e>ne/ ) ! ?\ght t ,god c>es = !m4 ,)\t t ?\ght !re is no religion4 ,!y h be5 taught to f9d ! evid5ce ( ,god's love & c>e 9 ! unusual4 ,!y are q logical4 ,x has be5 a weak po9t ( ! traditional belief t m5 h said t 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ !re 7 miracles1 b s9ce t "t1 no m4 ,:y n1 if we c only 9 _s come ne> to ,*ri/ & ,god8 ,!y are q logical also 9 t !y h repudiat$ mod]n sci5ce4 ,to be sure1 no inconsid]able "p ( !m use ! ^w sci5ce cont9ually4 ,b ! v esot]ic quality ( _! sci5ce is t x means some?+ :i* no "o else ev] und]/ood t x meant4 ,9 reality _! brea* ) sci5ce is m radical ?an _! brea* ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y feel ! contradiction 9 :i* mo/ m5 are b\nd fa/1 :o w let sci5ce h its way1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 b :o beyond t1 w\ld reta9 ! miracle4 ,dimly ! =m] appreciate t ?is position is impossible4 ,!y leave x to o!r m5 to become altoge!r sci5tific if !y wi%4 ,= !mselves !y pref] to rema9 religi\s4 ,:at a revival ( anci5t sup]/itions !y h br\ght to pass1 is obvi\s4 ,/ill we %all nev] get beyond su* adv5tur\s & prepo/]\s endeav\rs to rescue t :i* is ine/imably preci\s 9 religion1 until ! false anti!sis betwe5 reason & fai?1 ! ly+ contradiction betwe5 ! provid5ce ( ,god & ! ord] ( nature1 is ov]come4 ,"s sci5ce mank9d app>5tly mu/ h4 ,altoge!r )\t religion ! majority1 x w\ld seem1 w nev] be4 ,h[ ^! are relat$1 ! "o to ! o!r1 n e "o sees4 ,_m attempt _! admixture 9 unhappy ways4 ,!y might try lett+ !m /& 9 peace z complem5t & supplem5t ! "o to ! o!r4 ,/ill bett]1 !y may p]haps "s day see h[ ea* p5etrates1 p]meates & glorifies ! o!r4 ,,! ,,social ,,sci5ces ,we said t ! la/ g5]ation _h be5 *>act]is$ by an unexampl$ conc5tration ( intellectual int]e/ ^u problems pres5t$ by ! social sci5ces4 ,) ?is has gone an unrivall$ e>ne/ness 9 ! int]pretation ( religion z a social =ce4 ,! great religi\s en?usiasm has be5 t ( ! application ( ,*ri/ianity to ! social aspects ( life4 ,?is ef=t has furni%$ mo/ ( ! wat*words ( religi\s tea*+4 ,x has laid vigor\s1 n to say viol5t1 h&s on religi\s in/itutions4 ,x has giv5 a new p]spective to ef=t & a new impulse to devotion4 ,! revival ( religion 9 our age has tak5 ?is direction1 ) an exclusiv5ess :i* has _h bo? good & evil consequ5ces4 ,yet1 be=e all1 x %\ld be made cle> t x con/itutes a religi\s revival4 ,"s are deplor+ ! pro/rate condition ( spiritual int]e/s4 ,if "o judg$ only by conv5tional /&>ds1 !y h mu* evid5ce ^u _! side4 ,"s are seek+ to galvanise religi\s life by recurr5ce to evangeli/ic me?ods successfully op]ative half a c5tury ago4 ,! out/&+ fact is t ! age %[s imm5se religi\s vitality1 s soon z "o conc$es t x mu/ be all[$ to %[ its vitality 9 its own way4 ,x is ! age ( ! social "q4 ,"o mu/ be ignorant inde$ ( ! activity ( ! *ur*es & ( ! productivity ( religi\s ?9k]s1 if he does n own t 9 ,*ri/ian circles also no que/ions are s rife z ^!4 ,:e!r ! panaceas h be5 all wise or pr(itable may be que/ion$4 ,:e!r ! int]e/ has n be5 ev5 excessive & "o-sid$1 :e!r ! accusation has n be5 occasionally unju/ & ! self-accusation morbid1 ^! are que/ions :i* x might be possible 9 "s qu>t]s to ask4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only ano!r =m ( pro( ( :at we say4 ,! religi\s int]e/ 9 social que/ions has n be5 ar\s$ prim>ily by intellectual & sci5tific impulses1 nor fo/]$ ma9ly by doctr9aire discussion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! initiative has be5 f ! practical side4 ,x has be5 a "q ( life & s]vice4 ,if any?+1 "o (t5 misses ! sci5tific note 9 ! flood ( semi-religi\s lit]ature relat+ to ?is !me1 ! realisation t1 to d well1 x is (t5 pr(itable to ?9k4 ,yet !re is ef=t to m$iate ! be/ results ( social-sci5tific ?9k+1 ?r\gh cl]ical education & directly to ! laity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a deep s5se ( e?ical & spiritual responsibility is preval5t among ?9k]s ^u social topics4 ,(t5 inde$ has ! quality ( ,*ri/ianity be5 obs]v$ :i* is "h exemplifi$4 ,ea* succe$+ age has read into ,*ri/'s tea*+s1 or drawn out f 8 example1 ! special mean+ :i* t g5]ation1 or t social level1 or t individual man _h ne$ to draw4 ,to !m 9 _! en?usiasm x has (t5 seem$ z if ?is 7 ! only lesson reasonable m5 c\ld draw4 ,no?+ c\ld be m enlight5+ ?an is reflexion ^u ?is read+ ( ! ev]-*ang+ ideals ( man's life into ,*ri/ianity1 or ( ,*ri/ianity into ! ev]-advanc+ ideals ( man's life4 ,?is *ameleonlike quality ( ,*ri/ianity is ! f>!/ possible remove f ! *angelessness :i* m5 love to attribute to religion4 ,x is ! mo/ wond]ful quality :i* ,*ri/ianity possesses4 ,x is precisely because ( ! recognition ( ?is capacity = *ange t "o may safely argue ! cont9uance ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! _w4 ,yet also because ( ?is recognition1 "o is put ^u 8 gu>d aga9/ jo9+ too easily 9 ! clam\r t a pa/ appreh5sion ( religion 0 altoge!r wrong1 or t a new & urg5t "o1 9 its exclusive emphasis & its entirety1 is "r4 ,our age is haunt$ by ! s5se ( t]rific social & economic inequalities :i* prevail4 ,x has set its he>t ^u ! elim9ation ( ^? inequalities4 ,x is an age ^: disrespect = religion is 9 "s "p due to ! fact t religion has n done away ) ^! inequalities4 ,x is an age :i* is imm$iately int]e/$ 9 an int]pretation ( religion :i* w make c5tral ! cont5tion t1 be=e all ?+s else1 ^! inequalities mu/ be done away4 ,if religion c be made a means ( e man's gett+ 8 %>e ( ! bless+s ( ?is _w1 well & good4 ,if n1 !re are _m m5 & wom5 to :om religion seems utt]ly mean+less4 ,?is s5t5ce h>dly ov]/ates ! case4 ,x is ! *all5ge ( ! age to religion to d some?+ :i* ! age pr(\ndly ne$s1 & :i* religion "u its age-long dom9ant appreh5sion has n conspicu\sly done1 nor ev5 on a great scale attempt$4 ,x is ! *all5ge to religion to und]take a "w ( surpass+ gr&eur--no?+ less ?an ! actualisation ( ! :ole ideal ( ! life ( man4 ,religi\s m5 respond ) ! quick5$ & consci5ti\s conviction1 n inde$ t !y h laid too great an emphasis ^u ! spiritual1 b t "u a duali/ic conception ( ,god & man & _w1 !y h nev] suffici5tly realis$ t ! spiritual is to be realis$ 9 ! mat]ial1 ! ideal 9 & n ap>t f ! actual1 ! et]nal 9 & n aft] ! temporal4 ,yet ) t oscillatory quality :i* belongs to human movem5ts1 especially :]e old wrongs & errors h come deeply to be felt1 a "p ( ! lit]ature ( ! cont5tion %[s m>k$ t5d5cy to extremes4 ,a religion 9 ! body mu/ become a religion ( ! body4 ,a ,*ri/ianity ( ! social /ate runs risk ( be+ appreh5d$ z m]ely "o m means = compass+ outw>d & mat]ial ends4 ,religion does /& = ! inn] life & ! transc5d5t _w1 only n an inn] life ?r\gh ! neglect ( ! out]1 or a transc5d5t _w 9 "s f>-(f /> or aft] an on or two4 ,!re might be mean+ 9 ! argum5t t1 exactly because s _m o!r =ces 9 our age d make = ! realisation ( ! out] life & pres5t _w ) an effectiv5ess & success :i* no previ\s age has ev] dream$1 !re is ! m reason1 & n ! less1 :y religion %\ld /ill be religion4 ,exactly ?is is ! cont5tion ( ,euek5 9 "o ( ! mo/ significant contributions ( rec5t ye>s to ! philosophy ( religion1 8 ,wahrheitsgehalt d] ,religion1 #aija1 transl4 ,jones1 #aiaa4 ,! v s\rce & cause ( ! sure recov]y ( religion 9 our age w be ! exp]i5ce ( ! futility1 ! bankruptcy1 ( a civilisation )\t fai?4 ,no nobl] argum5t has be5 he>d 9 our "t = ! spiritual mean+ ( religion1 ) ! fulle/ recognition ( all its o!r mean+s4 ,! mod]n emphasis on ! social aspects ( religion may be said to h be5 fir/ cle>ly express$ 9 ,seeley's ,ecce ,homo1 #ahfg4 ,! pi? ( ! book is 9 ?is phrase3 ',to reorganise society & to b9d ! memb]s ( x toge!r by ! close/ ties 0 ! bus9ess ( ,jesus' life4' ,allusion has be5 made to ,fremantle's ,! ,_w z ! ,subject ( ,r$emption1 #ahhe4 ,wor?y ( note is also ,fairbairn's ,religion 9 ,hi/ory & ,mod]n ,life1 #ahid2 pre-em95tly s is ,bosanquet's ,! ,civilisation ( ,*ri/5dom1 #ahic4 ,we/cott's ,inc>nation & ,common ,life1 #ahic1 conta9s utt]ances ( weight4 ,peabody1 9 8 book1 ,jesus ,*ri/ & ! ,social ,"q1 #aije1 has giv51 on ! :ole1 ! be/ rsum ( ! discussion4 ,he conveys incid5tally an impression ( ! body ( lit]ature produc$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 9 :i* x is assum$1 sometimes ) embitt]m5t1 t ! c5tre ( gravity ( ,*ri/ianity is outside ! ,*ur*4 ,sell1 9 ! v title ( 8 illum9at+ little book1 ,*ri/5?um und ,weltges*i*te seit d] ,re=mation3 das ,*ri/5?um 9 se9] ,entwickelung b] die ,kir*e h9aus1 #aiaj1 records an impression1 :i* is widespread & true1 t ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity is t x has transc5d$ ! organs & ag5cies (ficially creat$ = x4 ,x has become non-ecclesia/ical1 if n actually ho/ile to ! ,*ur*4 ,x has p]meat$ ! _w 9 unexpect$ fa%ion & does ! de$s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh r eag] to avoid ! "n4 ,! anti-cl]icalism ( ! ,lat9 c\ntries is n un9telligible1 ! anti-ecclesia/icism ( ! ,teutonic n )\t a cause4 ,g]man socialism1 ev] s9ce ,k>l ,m>x1 has be5 fundam5tally antagoni/ic to any religion :atsoev]4 ,x is purely secul>i/ 9 tone4 ,?is is also a /ra9$ situation1 liable to become p]v]se4 ,t "p ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :i* und]/&s itself1 rejoices 9 no?+ s mu* z 9 ! fact t ! _s ( ,*ri/ is s widely dissem9at$1 8 influ5ce felt by _m :o d n "k :at influ5ce x is :i* !y feel1 8 "w done by va/ numb]s :o w\ld nev] call !mselves 8 work]s4 ,t "p ( ! ,*ur* is n !re) conv9c$ b t !re is ne$ ( ! ,*ur* z in/itution1 & ( ^? :o are consci\sly disciples ( ,jesus 9 ! _w4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ "q1 h[ev]1 :i* is rais$ 9 ?is connexion1 is "o diff]5t f any ?us f> intimat$4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! la/ "q "o w\ld h expect$ ! lit]ature ( ! social movem5t to raise4 ,x is1 namely1 ! "q ( ! individual4 ,ev] s9ce ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury a sort ( univ]sali/ic optimism1 to :i* ! individual is sacrific$1 has obta9$4 ,)9 ! p]iod ( :i* ?is book treats ! _w has won an enl>gem5t ( horizon ( :i* x nev] dream$4 ,x has ga9$ a =eca/ ( ! future ( culture & civilisation :i* is beyond imag9ation4 ,! access ( com=t makes m5 at home 9 ! _w z !y nev] 7 at home4 ,!re has be5 set a value on ?is life :i* life nev] _h be=e4 ,! succession ( discov]ies & applications ( discov]y makes x seem z if !re 7 to be no end 9 ?is direction4 ,f ,r\sseau to ,sp5c] m5 h elaborat$ ! view t ! hi/orical process _c really issue 9 any?+ else ?an 9 ev] high] /ages ( p]fection & ( happ9ess4 ,!y po/ulate a cont9u\s enhancem5t ( en]gy & a /eady p]fect+ ( intellectual & moral quality4 ,z ! goal ( evolution appe>s an ideal condition :i* is ei!r indef9itely remote1 t is1 :i* gives room = ! bliss ( inf9ite progress 9 its direction1 or else a def9itely atta9able condition1 :i* w\ld h )9 itself ! conditions ( p]petuity4 ,! resi/lessness ) :i* ?is new view ( ! life ( civilisation has won ackn[l$gm5t f m5 ( all classes is amaz+4 ,x re/s ^u a belief 9 ! self-suffici5cy & ! all-suffici5cy ( ! life ( ?is _w1 ( ! be>+s ( :i* x may be assum$ t few ( its vot>ies are aw>e4 ,9 reality ?is view _c by any possibility be describ$ z ! result ( k4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a v5ture ( fai?4 ,x is ! peculi>1 ! v *>act]i/ic & sugge/ive =m :i* ! fai? ( our age takes4 ,m5 believe 9 ?is indef9ite progress ( ! _w & ( mank9d1 because )\t po/ulat+ su* progress !y d n see h[ !y c assume ! absolute wor? ( an activity :i* is yet ! only ?+ :i* has any int]e/ to mo/ ( !m4 ,"u ?is view "o c assign to ! individual life a def9ite significance1 only ^u ! supposition t ! individual is ! organ ( realisation ( a "p ( ?is progress ( mank9d4 ,all happ9ess & suff]+1 all *anges 9 k & mann] ( conduct1 are suppos$ to h no wor? ea* = itself or = ! sake ( ! individual1 b only = _! relation to ! movem5t z a :ole4 ,surely ?is is an illusion4 ,exactly t 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic quality ( ! _w & ( life is f\nd1 ! individual p]sonalities1 ! s+le g5]ations1 ! concrete ev5ts--^! lose1 9 ?is view1 _! own p>ticul> wor?4 ,:at c possibly be ! wor? ( a :ole ( :i* ! p>ts h no wor?8 ,we h "h b a p>allel on a huge scale ( t deadly trait 9 our own private lives1 accord+ to :i* x makes no diff]5ce :at we are do+1 s only t we are do+1 or :i!r we are go+1 s only t we cease n to g1 or :at our noise is all ab\t1 s only t !re be no end ( ! noise4 ,c]ta9ly no "o c e/abli% ! value ( ! evolution>y process 9 & ( itself4 ,if ! movem5t z a :ole has no def9ite end t has absolute wor?1 !n x has no wor? except z ! /ages1 ! individual factors includ$ 9 x1 atta9 to some?+ )9 !mselves :i* is ( increas+ wor?4 ,if ! movem5t a*ieves ?is1 !n x has wor?1 n o!rwise4 ,we may illu/rate ?is "q by ask+ ourselves conc]n+ ! exi/5ce & significance ( suff]+ & ( ! evil & ( ! bad :i* are 9 ! _w1 9 _! relation to ?is t5d5cy to indef9ite progress :i* is suppos$ to be inh]5t 9 civilisation4 ,on ?is !ory we h to say t ! suff]+ ( ! individual is necess>y = ! developm5t & p]fect+ ( ! :ole4 ,z ov] aga9/ ! :ole ! individual has no "r to make dem&s z to welf>e or happ9ess4 ,! bad also becomes only relative4 ,9 ! movem5t tak5 z a :ole1 x is probably unavoidable4 ,9 any case x is negligible1 s9ce ! movem5t is irresi/ible4 ,all e?ical values are absorb$ 9 ! dynamic ones1 all p]sonal values 9 ! collective ones4 ,surely ! sole intellig5t "q ab\t any civilisation is1 :at sort ( m5 does x produce4 ,if x produces wor?less individuals1 x is s f> =? a wor?less civilisation4 ,if x has sacrific$ _m wor?y m5 9 ord] to produce ?is ignoble result1 !n x is m obvi\sly ignoble ?an ev]4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is notion ( an inh]5t necessity & an irresi/ible t5d5cy to progress is a *im]a4 ,! progress ( mank9d is a task4 ,x is some?+ to :i* ! wor?y human _s is call$ ^u to make contribution4 ,! unwor?y nev] he> ! call4 ,progress is n a natural necessity4 ,x is an e?ical obligation4 ,x is a task :i* has be5 fulfill$ by previ\s g5]ations 9 v>y+ degrees ( p]fectness4 ,x w be p>ticipat$ 9 by succe$+ g5]ations ) v>y+ degrees ( wisdom & success4 ,b z to !re be+ any?+ autonom\s ab\t x1 ?is is %e] halluc9ation1 my?-mak+ aga91 on ! "p ( ^? :o boa/ t !y despise ! my?1 miracle-mong]+ on ! "p ( ^? :o h abjur$ ! miracle1 nons5se on ! "p ( ^? :o boa/ t !y alone are sane4 ,!re is no ultimate s\rce ( civilisation b ! individual1 z !re is also no issue ( civilisation b 9 individuals4 ,m51 *>act]s1 p]sonalities1 are ! mak]s ( x4 ,m5 are ! product :i* is made4 ,! high] /ages & a*ievem5ts ( ! life ( society h come to pass always & only ^u condition t s+le p]sonalities h recognis$ ! problem1 se5 _! individual duty & kn[n h[ to inspire o!rs ) en?usiasm4 ,p]iods ( decl9e are always ^? 9 :i* ?is p]sonal elem5t _c make itself felt4 ,democracies & p]iods ( ! int5sity ( emphasis ^u ! social movem5t1 t5d directly to ! depression & suppression ( p]sonality4#g ,su* reflexions w h s]v$ _! purpose if !y give u "s cle> s5se ( :at we h to und]/& z ! effect ( ! social movem5t on religion4 ,!y may give also "s =eca/ ( ! effect ( real religion on ! social movem5t4 ,= religion is ! relation ( ,god & p]sonality4 ,x c be social only 9 ! s5se t society1 9 all its normal relations1 is ! sph]e )9 :i* t relation ( ,god & p]sonality is to be wr\ght out4 ,footnote #g3 ,siebeck1 ,religionsphilosophie1 #ahic1 s4 #djg4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,engli%-,,speak+ ,,peoples3 ,,action ,,& ,,reaction ,9 ^? aspects ( our subject ) :i* we h ?us f> dealt1 lead]%ip has be5 l>gely ) ! ,g]mans4 ,ef=t 0 inde$ made 9 ! *apt] on ! sci5ces to illu/rate ! progress ( ?\ght by ref]5ce to ,briti% writ]s4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ! orig9al & creative contribution ( ,briti% au?ors 0 great4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 also 9 ! e>li] portion ( ! n9ete5? c5tury movem5ts ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica relat$ to "s ( ^? :i* we h previ\sly consid]$4 ,moreov]1 "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial movem5ts ( ,engli% religi\s ?\ght1 ! s-call$ ,ox=d ,movem5t1 ) ! ,anglo-,ca?olic revival :i* x introduc$1 0 ( a reaction>y t5d5cy4 ,x has seem$1 !re=e1 feasible to app5d to ?is *apt] t :i* we mu/ briefly say conc]n+ ! g5]al movem5t ( reaction :i* m>k$ ! c5tury4 ,?is reaction>y movem5t has inde$ ev]y:]e run p>allel to ! "o :i* we h endeav\r$ to record4 ,x has (t5 ) vig\r run c\nt] to our movem5t4 ,x has reveal$ ! work+ ( e>ne/ & sometimes anxi\s m9ds 9 directions oppos$ to ^? :i* we h be5 /udy+4 ,no "o c fail to be aw>e t !re has be5 a great ,ca?olic revival 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,t revival has _h place 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t z well4 ,x 0 9 ord] to include ! privilege ( ref]5ce to ^! aspects ( our subject t ?is *apt] 0 giv5 a d\ble title4 ,yet 9 no c\ntry has ! n9ete5? c5tury s fav\rably alt]$ ! position ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* z 9 ,engl&4 ,9 no c\ntry has a ,*ur* :i* has be5 e/eem$ to be ,prote/ant be5 s mu* influ5c$ by ,ca?olic ideas4 ,?is aga9 is a reason = includ+ our ref]5ce to ! reaction "h4 ,accord+ to ,pfleid]]1 a new movem5t 9 philosophy may be said to h begun 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ! ye> #ahbe1 ) ! publication ( ,col]idge's ,aids to ,reflection4 ,9 ,col]idge's ,confessions ( an ,enquir+ ,_s1 publi%$ six ye>s aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahcd1 we h a sugge/ion ( ! biblical-critical movem5t :i* 0 beg9n+ to %ape itself 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! same ye>s we h evid5ce 9 ! works ( ,ersk9e & ! e>ly writ+s ( ,campbell1 t 9 ,scotl& !ologians 7 ?9k+ on ,s*lei]ma*]'s l9es4 ,9 ^? same ye>s books ( m or less m>k$ rationali/ic t5d5cy 7 put =? by ! ,oriel ,s*ool4 ,f9ally1 ) ,pusey's ,assize ,s]mon1 9 #ahcc1 ,newman felt t ! movem5t lat] to be call$ ,tract>ian _h begun4 ,we %all n be wrong1 !re=e1 9 say+ t ! decade foll[+ #ahbe saw ! beg9n+s 9 ,brita9 ( m =mal reflexion ^u all ! aspects ( ! !me ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,:at w5t be=e t1 h[ev]1 9 ! way ( lib]al religi\s ?9k+1 ?\gh in=mal 9 its nature1 %\ld n be ignor$4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ! poets ( ! end ( ! eighte5? & ( ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! culm9ation ( ! great revolt aga9/ ! traditional 9 /ate & society & aga9/ ! conv5tional 9 religion1 _h be5 voic$ 9 ,brita9 l>gely by ! poets4 ,s vigor\s 0 ?is utt]ance & s effective1 t "s h spok5 ( ! contribution ( ! ,engli% poets to ! !ological recon/ruction4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! utt]ances ( ! poets t5d$ greatly to ! dissem9ation ( ! new ideas4 ,!re 0 9 ,great ,brita9 no su* unity z we h obs]v$ among ! ,g]mans1 ei!r ( ! movem5t z a :ole or 9 its v>i\s p>ts4 ,!re 0 a consecution no?+ less ?an m>vell\s 9 ! "w ( ! philosoph]s f ,kant to ,hegel4 ,!re 0 a !ological sequ5ce f ,s*lei]ma*] to ,rits*l4 ,!re 0 an unceas+ critical advance f ! days ( ,/rauss4 ,!re 0 no?+ resembl+ ?is 9 ! "w ( ! ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,! contributions 7 = a long "t only sporadic4 ,! movem5t _h no inclusiv5ess4 ,!re 0 no aspect ( a solid front 9 ! advance4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ces only 0 ! situation diff]5t4 ,9 a way1 !re=e1 x w be necess>y 9 ?is *apt] m]ely to s+le out individuals1 to note po9ts ( conflict1 "o & ano!r1 all along ! great l9e ( advance4 ,or1 to put x diff]5tly1 x w be possible to pursue a *ronological arrangem5t :i* w\ld h be5 bewild]+ 9 our /udy h]et(ore4 ,) ! "o great division betwe5 ! progressive spirits & ! m5 ( ! reaction1 x w be possible to speak ( philosoph]s1 critics & !ologians toge!r1 among _! own contempor>ies1 & s to foll[ ! c5tury z x advances4 ,9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,engl& :at claim$ to be a rational sup]naturalism prevail$4 ,m5 s\ght to comb9e fai? 9 reveal$ religion ) ! empirical philosophy ( ,locke4 ,!y conceiv$ ,god & 8 relation to ! _w "u dei/ical =ms4 ,! educat$ (t5 lack$ 9 s+ul> degree all deep] religi\s feel+4 ,!y 7 av]se to my/icism & spurn$ en?usiasm4 ,utilit>ian consid]ations1 :i* =m$ ! practical side ( ! empirical philosophy1 play$ a prom95t "p also 9 or?odox belief4 ,! !ory ( ! univ]se :i* obta9$ among ! religi\s is se5 at its wor/ 9 "s ( ! volumes ( ! ,w>burton ,lectures1 & at its be/ p]haps 9 ,butl]'s ,analogy ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,! "* & views ( ! cl]gy & ( ! rul+ class among ! laity ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 are pictur$ ) love & hum\r 9 ,trollope's novels4 ,!y =m ! backgr\nd 9 _m ( ,george ,eliot's books1 :]e1 9 m mordant mann]1 bo? _! /r5g? & weaknesses are %[n4 ,ev5 ! rem>ks :i* introduce ,dean ,*ur*'s ,ox=d ,movem5t1 #ahia1 9 :i* ! *ur*ly elem5t is dealt ) 9 deep affection1 give any?+ b an inspir+ view4 ,! contra/ ) ?is w\ld-be rational & unemotional religi\s respectability ( ! upp] classes 0 furni%$1 = masses ( ! p1 9 ! quick5+ ( ! consci\sness ( s9 & grace aft] ! mann] ( ! ,me?odi/s4 ,b ! ,me?odism ( ! e>li] age _h z good z no intellectual relations :atsoev]4 ,! ,wesleys & ,:itefield _h inde$ influ5c$ a consid]able portion ( ! ,anglican communion4 ,_! pieti/ic trait1 comb9$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) a ,calv9ism :i* ,wesley abhorr$ & an old-fa%ion$ l[ *ur* feel+ ) :i* also ,wesley _h no sympa?y1 %[s itself 9 ! s-call$ evangelical p>ty :i* 0 /rong be=e #ahcj4 ,?is evangelical movem5t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& manife/$ deep religi\s feel+1 x put =? zeal\s philan?ropic ef=t1 x _h among its repres5tatives m5 & wom5 ( great beauty ( p]sonal "* & piety4 ,yet x 0 completely cut (f f any liv+ relation to ! ?\ght ( ! age4 ,!re 0 among its repres5tatives no _s ( !ological inquiry4 ,!re 01 if any?+1 less probability ( !ological recon/ruction1 f ?is qu>t]1 ?an f ! circles ( ! old] ,g]man pietism1 ) :i* ?is ,engli% evangelicalism ( ! "t ( ! lat] ,georges _h n a little 9 common4 ,!re _h be5 a great en?usiasm = humanity at ! op5+ ( ! p]iod ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 b ! excesses & atrocities ( ! ,revolution _h pr(\ndly %ock$ ! ,engli% m9d4 ,!re 0 abroad some?+ ( ! same s5se = ! return to nature1 & ( ! greatness ( man1 :i* mov$ ,s*ill] & ,goe!4 ,! expon5ts ( x 71 h[ev]1 almo/ exclusively ! poets1 ,wordswor?1 ,%elley1 ,keats & ,byron4 ,!re 0 no?+ :i* comb9$ ^! v>i\s elem5ts z p>ts ( a great :ole4 ,brita9 _h /ood outside ! area ( ! ,revolution1 & yet _h put =? /up5d\s ef=ts1 ultimately successful1 to make an end ( ! revolution>y era & ( ! ,napoleonic despotism4 ,?is t5d$ p]haps to give to ,britons "s natural satisfaction 9 ! ,briti% ,con/itution & ! e/abli%$ ,*ur* :i* fl\ri%$ "u x4 ,f9ally1 :ile m5 on ! ,cont95t 7 devis+ holy alliances & o!r *im]as ( ! sort1 ,engl& 0 precipitat$ into ! e>li] acute /ages ( ! indu/rial revolution 9 :i* %e has l$ ! ,european nations & /ill leads4 ,?is fact expla9s a c]ta9 preoccupation ( ! ,briti% m9d ) que/ions remote f !ological recon/ruction or religi\s speculation4 ,,! ,,poets ,x may n[ s\nd l a contradiction if we ass]t t ! ye>s f #aghj to #ahcj con/itute ! era ( ! noble/ ,engli% poetry s9ce ! times ( great ,elizabe?4 ,! social direction ( ! new !ology ( ! pres5t day1 ) its cry aga9/ e k9d ( inju/ice1 ) its claim ( an equal opportunity = a happy life = e man--?is 0 ! =eca/ ( ,c[p]1 z x _h be5 ( ,blake4 ,to ,blake all outw>d infallible au?ority ( books or *ur*es 0 iniquit\s4 ,he 0 at dagg]s drawn ) e doctr9e :i* set limit to ! fre$om ( all m5 to love ,god1 or :i* c\ld d\bt t ,god _h lov$ all m54 ,jesus alone _h se5 ! true ?+4 ,god 0 a fa!r1 e man 8 *ild4 ,long be=e #aghi1 ,burns 0 fill$ ) ! new ideas ( ! fre$om & bro!rhood ( man1 ) zeal = ! ov]?r[ ( unju/ privilege4 ,he _h spok5 9 imp]i%able words ( ! hol9ess ( ! common life4 ,he _h come into contact ) ! mo/ dreadful consequ5ces ( ,calv9ism4 ,he has pillori$ ^! m]cilessly 9 8 ',holy ,tulzie' & 9 8 ',holy ,willie's ,pray]4' ,su* poems mu/ h %ak5 ,calv9ism m ?an a ?\s& lib]al s]mons c\ld h done4 ,:at ,col]idge might h done 9 ?is field1 _h he n s e>ly turn$ to prose1 x is n easy to say4 ,! v]se ( 8 e>ly days re/s ^u ! conviction1 fundam5tal to 8 lat] philosophy1 t all ! new ideas conc]n+ m5 & ! _w are a revelation ( ,god4 ,wordswor? seems nev] consci\sly to h brok5 ) ! curr5t !ology4 ,8 view ( ! natural glory & goodness ( humanity1 especially among ! poor & simple1 has n mu* relation to t !ology4 ,8 view ( nature1 n z creat$ ( ,god4 9 ! conv5tional s5se1 b z itself fill$ ) ,god1 ( ,god z consci\s ( himself at e po9t ( nature's be+1 has /ill less4 ,man & nature are b diff]5t manife/ations ( ! "o s\l ( all4 ,byron's contribution to ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 we ne$ h>dly say1 0 ( a negative sort4 ,x 0 de/ructive r ?an con/ructive4 ,among ! conv5tions & hypocrisies ( society !re 7 none :i* he m utt]ly despis$ ?an ^? ( religion & ! ,*ur* z he saw ^!4 ,!re is some?+ volcanic1 ,voltairean 9 8 outbreaks4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce4 ,bo? ,voltaire & ,byron knew t !y _h n ! curr5t religion4 ,voltaire ?\ght1 nev]!less1 t he _h a religion4 ,po/]ity has e/eem$ t he _h little4 ,byron ?\ght he _h none4 ,po/]ity has felt t he _h mu*4 ,8 attack 0 made 9 a reckless bitt]ness :i* less5$ its effect4 ,yet ! tru? ( _m ?+s :i* he said is n[ ov]:elm+ly obvi\s4 ,%elley began ) be+ :at he call$ an a!i/4 ,he end$ ) be+ :at we call an agno/ic1 ^: pure poetic _s c>ri$ him f> into ! realm ( ! highe/ idealism4 ,! exi/5ce ( a consci\s w )9 ! univ]se is n q ?9kable4 ,yet immortal love p]vades ! :ole4 ,immortality is improbable1 b 8 highe/ flights cont9ually imply x4 ,he is sure t :5 any !ology violates ! prim>y human affections1 x tramples into ! du/ all ?\ghts & feel+s by :i* m5 may become good4 ,! m5 :o1 ab\t #ahdj1 /ood p>alys$ betwe5 :at ,/rauss lat] call$ '! old fai? & ! new1' or1 z ,arnold phras$ x1 7 'betwe5 two worlds1 "o dead1 ! o!r p[]less to be born1' f\nd _! inmo/ ?\ghts writt5 broad = !m 9 ,ar?ur ,cl\gh4 ,f ! "t ( ! op5+ ( ,t5nyson's "w1 ! poets1 n by de/ruction b by con/ruction1 n 9 opposition to religion b 9 h>mony ) x1 h built up new doctr9es ( ,god & man & aid$ incalculably 9 prep>+ ! way = a new & nobl] !ology4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 p]haps no "o man 9 ,engl& :o did m to read all ( ! va/ advance ( k 9 ! light ( high] fai?1 & to fill su* a fai? ) ! _s ( ! glad advance ( k1 ?an did ,br[n+4 ,ev5 ,arnold has voic$ 9 8 poetry n a little ( ! noble/ conviction ( ! age4 ,& :at %all "o say ( ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 ( ! ,rossettis & ,william ,morris1 ( ,em]son & ,l[ell1 ( ,lani] & ,:itman1 :o h spok51 (t5 ) consummate p[] & beauty1 t :i* "o nev] says at all )\t fai? & r>ely says well )\t art8 ,,col]idge ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge 0 born 9 #aggb at 8 fa!r's vic>age1 ,ott]y ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,devon%ire4 ,he 0 ! t5? *ild ( 8 p>5ts1 weak 9 frame1 always suff]+ mu*4 ,he 0 a /ud5t at ,*ri/'s ,hospital1 ,london1 :]e he 0 prop]ly bulli$1 !n at ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he did n take 8 degree4 ,= "s happy ye>s he liv$ 9 ! ,lake region & 0 ! fri5d ( ,wordswor? & ,s\!y4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,gtt+51 a ?+ almo/ unhe>d ( 9 8 "t4 ,! ye>s #agih to #ahac 7 inde$ sp5t 9 utt] mis]y1 ?r\gh ! opium habit :i* he _h contract$ :ile seek+ relief f rheumatic pa94 ,he wrote & taught & talk$ 9 ,highgate f #ahad to #ahcd4 ,he _h plann$ great works :i* nev] took %ape4 ,= a brief p]iod he sev]$ 8 connexion ) ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 com+ "u ,unit>ian influ5ce4 ,he !n rev]t$ to ! relation 9 :i* 8 ecclesia/ical in/9cts 7 satisfi$4 ,we read 8 ,aids to ,reflection & 8 ,confessions ( an ,enquir+ ,_s1 & wond] h[ !y c ev] h ex]t$ a great influ5ce4 ,nev]!less1 !y 7 fre% & /imulat+ 9 _! "t4 ,t ,col]idge 0 a p[]1 we h te/imony f m5 diff]+ among !mselves s widely z d ,h>e1 ,/]l+1 ,newman & ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,he 0 a ma/] ( /yle4 ,he _h insight & bread?4 ,tullo* says ( ! ,aids1 t x is a book :i* none b a ?9k] ^u div9e ?+s w ev] l4 ,n all ev5 ( ^! h lik$ x4 ,inexcusably fragm5t>y x sometimes seems4 ,"o is fa9 to ask3 ,:at "r has any man to publi% a scrap-book ( 8 mus+s8 ,col]idge _h ! ambition to lay anew ! f\ndations ( spiritual philosophy4 ,! ,aids 7 b ( ! nature ( prolegom5a4 ,= sub/ance 8 philosophy w5t back to ,locke & ,hume & to ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s4 ,he _h le>n$ ( ,kant & ,s*lei]ma*] z well4 ,he 0 no metaphysician1 b a ke5 int]pret] ( spiritual facts1 :o himself _h be5 quick5$ by a p>ticul>ly pa9ful exp]i5ce4 ,he saw 9 ,*ri/ianity1 rightly conceiv$1 at once ! true explanation ( our spiritual be+ & ! rem$y = its disord]4 ,! evangelical tradition br\ght religion to a man f )\t4 ,x took no acc\nt ( man's spiritual con/itution1 beyond ! fact t he 0 a s9n] & 9 dang] ( hell4 ,col]idge set out1 n f s9 alone1 b f ! :ole deep basis ( spiritual capacity & responsibility ^u :i* s9 re/s4 ,he ass]ts exp]i5ce4 ,we are z sure ( ! capacity = ! good & ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! good z we c be ( ! evil4 ,! case is simil> z to ! tru?4 ,!re are aspects ( tru? :i* transc5d our p[]s4 ,we use words )\t mean+ :5 we talk ( ! plans ( a be+ :o is nei!r an object = our s5ses nor a "p ( our self-consci\sness4 ,all tru? mu/ be capable ( be+ r5d]$ into words con=mable to reason4 ,!ologians _h decl>$ _! doctr9es true or false )\t ref]5ce to ! subjective /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,col]idge cont5d$ t fai? mu/ re/ n m]ely ^u objective data1 b ^u inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,! au?ority ( ,scripture is 9 its tru?fulness1 its answ] to ! highe/ aspirations ( ! human reason & ! mo/ urg5t necessities ( ! moral life4 ,! doctr9e ( an atonem5t is intelligible only 9 s f> z x too comes )9 ! range ( spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,! apo/olic language took col\r f ! traditions conc]n+ sacrifice4 ,mu* has be5 tak5 by ! ,*ur* z lit]al dogmatic /atem5t :i* %\ld be tak5 z m figure ( spee*1 borr[$ f ,jewi% s\rces4 ,col]idge fe>$ t 8 ?\ghts conc]n+ ,scripture might1 if publi%$1 d m h>m ?an good4 ,!y 7 pr9t$ fir/ 9 #ahdj4 ,_! writ+ goes back into ! p]iod long be=e ! conflict rais$ by ,/rauss4 ,!re is n mu* "h t "o might n h le>n$ f ,h]d] & ,less+4 ,utt]ances ( ,:ately & ,arnold %[$ t m9ds 9 ,engl& 7 wak+4 ,b ,col]idge's utt]ances re/ consi/5tly ^u ! philosophy ( religion & !ory ( dogma :i* h be5 above impli$4 ,!y are m significant ?an are m]e fla%es ( g5]\s insight1 l ^? ( ! m5 nam$4 ,! notion ( v]bal inspiration or infallible dictation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures c\ld n possibly survive aft] ! mod]n _s ( hi/orical inquiry _h made itself felt4 ,! rabb9ical idea 0 b\nd to disappe>4 ,a tru] s5se ( ! conditions att5d+ ! orig9s & progress ( civilisation & ( ! immaturities ?r\gh :i* religi\s z well z moral & social ideas advance1 br\ght ( necessity a *ang$ idea ( ! nature ( ,scripture & revelation4 ,its lit]ature mu/ be read z lit]ature1 its hi/ory z hi/ory4 ,= ! answ] 9 our he>ts to ! _s 9 ! ,book1 ,col]idge us$ ! phrase3 ',x f9ds me4' ',:atev] f9ds me be>s witness to itself t x has proce$$ f ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 ! ,bible !re is m t f9ds me ?an 9 all ! o!r books :i* ,i h read4' ,/ill1 !re is mu* 9 ! ,bible t does n f9d me4 ,x is full ( contradictions1 bo? moral & hi/orical4 ,are we to reg>d ^! z all equally inspir$8 ,! ,scripture itself does n claim t4 ,besides1 :at good w\ld x d u to claim t ! orig9al docum5ts 7 in]rant1 unless we c\ld claim also t !y _h be5 in]rantly transmitt$8 ,app>5tly ,col]idge ?\ght t no "o w\ld ev] claim t4 ,col]idge wrote also conc]n+ ! ,*ur*4 ,8 volume on ,! ,con/itution ( ,*ur* & ,/ate appe>$ 9 #ahcj4 ,x is ! lea/ satisfactory ( 8 works4 ,! vacillation ( ,col]idge's own c\rse %[$ t ^u ?is po9t 8 m9d 0 nev] cle>4 ,arnold also1 ?\gh 9 a some:at diff]5t way1 0 zeal\s = ! !ory t ,*ur* & ,/ate are really id5tical1 ! ,*ur* be+ m]ely ! ,/ate 9 its educational & religi\s aspect & organisation4 ,if ,?omas ,arnold's moral e>ne/ness & 8 g5]\s _s c\ld n save ?is !ory f be+ *im]ical1 no bett] result 0 to be expect$ f ,col]idge4 ,,! ,,oriel ,,s*ool ,x has (t5 happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% univ]sities t a giv5 college has become1 ?r\gh its body ( tutors & /ud5ts1 ?r\gh its common-room talk & lit]>y "w1 ! c5tre1 = ! "t1 ( a movem5t ( ?\ght :i* gives lead]%ip to ! college4 ,9 ?is mann] x has be5 cu/om>y to speak ( ! gr\p ( m5 :o1 be=e ! rise ( ! ,ox=d ,movem5t1 ga!r$ at ,oriel ,college1 z ! ,oriel ,s*ool4 ,newman & ,keble 7 bo? ,oriel tutors4 ,! ,oriel m5 7 ( di/9ctly lib]al t5d5cy4 ,!re 7 m5 ( note among !m4 ,!re 0 ,:ately1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl9 aft] #ahca1 & ,cople/on1 f :om bo? ,keble & ,newman own$ t !y le>n$ mu*4 ,!re 0 ,arnold1 subsequ5tly ,headma/] ( ,rugby4 ,!re 0 ,hampd51 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity aft] #ahcf4 ,! s*ool 0 call$ f its lib]alism ! ,noetic s*ool4 ,:e!r ?is epi!t conta9$ m ( satire or ( complac5cy x is difficult to say4 ,^! m5 arre/$ att5tion & fill$ "s ( ! old] academic & ecclesia/ical heads ) al>m4 ,)\t disrespect "o may say t x is difficult n[ to und]/& ! commotion :i* !y made4 ,arnold _h a truly beautiful "*4 ,:at he might h done z ,pr(essor ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 9 ,ox=d 0 nev] reveal$1 = he di$ 9 #ahdb4 ,:ately1 view$ z a noetic1 appe>s commonplace4 ,p]haps ! only "o ( ! gr\p ^u :om we ne$ dwell 0 ,hampd54 ,9 8 ,bampton ,lectures ( #ahcb1 "u ! title ( ,! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy consid]$ 9 its ,relation to ,*ri/ian ,!ology1 he assail$ :at _h long be5 ! v bulw>k ( traditionalism4 ,8 idea 0 to %[ h[ ! va/ fabric ( s*ola/ic !ology _h gr[n up1 p>ticul>ly :at contributions _h be5 made to x 9 ! ,middle ,age4 ,! traditional dogma is a /ructure re>$ ^u ! logical t]m9ology ( ! patri/ic & m$ival s*ools4 ,x has little f\ndation 9 ,scripture & no response 9 ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,we h "h ! application1 )9 set limits1 ( ! !sis :i* ,h>nack 9 our own "t has appli$ 9 a univ]sal way4 ,hampd5's oppon5ts 7 n wrong 9 say+ t 8 me?od w\ld dissolve1 n m]ely t p>ticul> sy/em ( !ology1 b all cre$s & !ologies :atsoev]4 ,patri/ic1 m$ival ,ca?olic !ology & s*ola/ic ,prote/antism1 no less1 w\ld g d[n be=e x4 ,a pamphlet attribut$ to ,newman1 publi%$ 9 #ahcf1 precipitat$ a discussion :i*1 = bitt]ness1 has r>ely be5 surpass$ 9 ! melan*oly hi/ory ( !ological dispute4 ,! excitem5t w5t to almo/ unhe>d ( l5g?s4 ,9 ! controv]sy ! ,ar*bi%op1 ,dr4 ,h[ley1 made b a poor figure4 ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton did n add to 8 fame4 ,wilb]=ce & ,newman nev] cle>$ !mselves ( ! suspicion ( indirectness4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,ox=d ,movem5t4 ,,ersk9e ,,& ,,campbell ,! p]iod f #ahbj to #ahej 0 "o ( religi\s & intellectual activity 9 ,scotl& z well4 ,tullo* depicts ) a ,scotsman's patriotism ! movem5t :i* c5tres ab\t ! names ( ,ersk9e & ,campbell4 ,pfleid]] also judges t _! contribution 0 z significant z any made to dogmatic !ology 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y a*iev$ ! same recon/ruction ( ! doctr9e ( salvation :i* _h be5 effect$ by ,kant & ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,at _! h&s ! doctr9e 0 rescu$ f t =5sic ext]nality into :i* ,calv9ism _h deg5]at$4 ,x 0 giv5 aga9 its quality ( e?ical inw>dness1 & bas$ directly ^u religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,high ,lu!ranism _h issu$ 9 ! same ext]nality 9 ,g]many be=e ,kant & ,s*lei]ma*]1 & ! ,new ,engl& !ology be=e ,*ann+ & ,bu%nell4 ,! m]its ( ,*ri/ a*iev$ an ext]nal salvation1 ( :i* a man became p>ticipant practically ^u condition ( ass5t to c]ta9 propositions4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,ca?olic revival1 salvation 0 conceiv$ z an ext]nal & future good1 ( :i* a man became p>ticipant ?r\gh ! sacram5ts appli$ to him by prie/s 9 apo/olical succession4 ,9 po9t ( ext]nality !re 0 n mu* to *oose betwe5 views :i* 7 felt to be radically oppos$ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,ersk9e 0 n a man !ologically educat$4 ,he l$ a peculi>ly seclud$ life4 ,he 0 an advocate by pr(ession1 b1 )draw+ f t c>e]1 virtually gave himself up to m$itation4 ,campbell 0 a m9i/] ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 9 a remote village1 ,r[1 ^u ! ,g>e ,lo*4 ,:5 he 0 convict$ ( h]esy & driv5 f ! m9i/ry1 he also devot$ himself to /udy & au?or%ip4 ,bo? m5 seem to h come to _! results l>gely f ! application ( _! own s\nd religi\s s5se to ! ,scriptures4 ,t ! ,scotti% ,*ur* %\ld h reject$ ! tru? = :i* ^! m5 cont5d$ 0 ! heavie/ bl[ :i* x c\ld h inflict$ on itself4 ,!reby x arre/$ its own heal?y developm5t4 ,x p]petuat$ its traditional view1 some:at z ,new ,engl& or?odoxy 0 giv5 a new lease ( life ?r\gh ! p>tisan%ip :i* ! ,unit>ian s*ism eng5d]$4 ,! matt] 0 n m5d$ at ! "t ( ! great rupture ( ! ,scotti% ,*ur* 9 #ahdc4 ,t body :i* broke away f ! ,e/abli%m5t1 & a*iev$ a purely ecclesia/ical control ( its own cl]gy1 won1 inde$1 by ?is means ! "n ( ! ,free ,*ur*1 ?\gh1 9 po9t ( !ological op9ion1 x 0 f> f repres5t+ ! m free & progressive elem5t4 ,tullo* pays a beautiful tribute to ! "* ( ,ersk9e1 :om he knew4 ,quiet1 brood+1 introspective1 he read 8 ,bible & 8 own s\l1 & ) s+ul> purity ( intuition g5]alis$ f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,!re) is describ$1 h[ev]1 bo? ! p[] & ! limitation ( 8 "w4 ,8 fir/ book 0 entitl$ ,rem>ks on ! ,int]nal ,evid5ce = ! ,tru? ( ,reveal$ ,religion1 #ahbj4 ,! title itself is sugge/ive ( ! revolution ?r\gh :i* ! m9d bo? ( ,ersk9e & ( 8 age 0 pass+4 ,8 book1 ,! ,unconditional ,fre5ess ( ! ,gospel1 appe>$ 9 #ahbh2 ,! ,braz5 ,s]p5t 9 #ahca4 ,m5 h conf\nd$ =giv5ess & p>don4 ,!y h made p>don equival5t to salvation4 ,b salvation is "*4 ,=giv5ess is only "o ( ! means ( x4 ,salvation is n a future good4 ,x is a pres5t fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,x is sanctification ( "* by means ( our lab\r & ,god's love4 ,! fall 0 ! rise ( ! _s ( fre$om4 ,fall5 man c nev] be sav$ except ?r\gh glad surr5d] ( 8 *ildi% indep5d5ce to ! tru? & goodness ( ,god4 ,yet t surr5d] is ! pres]vation & enl>gem5t ( our indep5d5ce4 ,x is ! secret ( true self-realisation4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ reveal ,god's holy love4 ,x is n z if ,god's love _h be5 pur*as$ by ! suff]+s ( 8 ,son4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is man :o ne$s to believe 9 ,god's love1 & s be reconcil$ to ! ,god :om he has fe>$ & hat$4 ,*ri/ ov]comes s9 by ob$i5tly endur+ ! suff]+ :i* s9 naturally entails4 ,he endures x 9 pure love ( 8 bre?r54 ,man mu/ ov]come s9 9 ! same way4 ,campbell publi%$1 s late z #ahef1 8 great "w ,! ,nature ( ! ,atonem5t & its ,relation to ! ,remission ( ,s9s & ,et]nal ,life4 ,x 0 ! matur$ result ( ! reflections ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 sp5t p>tly 9 en=c$ retirem5t aft] #ahca4 ,campbell ma9ta9s unequivocally t ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ _c be und]/ood z a puni%m5t due to man's s91 met$ out to ,*ri/ 9 man's /ead4 ,view$ retrospectively1 ,*ri/'s "w 9 ! atonem5t is b ! highe/ example ( a law o!rwise univ]sally op]ative4 ,no man c "w r$emption = 8 fell[s except by ent]+ into _! condition1 z if ev]y?+ 9 t condition 7 8 own1 ?\gh mu* ( x may be 9 no s5se 8 due4 ,x is freely borne by him because ( 8 id5tification ( himself ) !m4 ,campbell l+]s 9 ! my? ( ,*ri/'s be+ ! f$]al head ( ! humanity4 ,!re is some?+ pa!tic 9 ! /ruggle ( 8 m9d to save phrases & ! p>aph]nalia ( an anci5t view :i*1 h[ev]1 8 fundam5tal pr9ciple r5d]$ obsolete1 ,he /ruggles to save ! ^w satisfaction1 ?\gh x means no?+ 9 8 sy/em save t ,god is satisfi$ z he contemplates ! "* ( ,*ri/4 ,prospectively consid]$1 ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ effects salvation by its moral p[] ov] m5 9 example & inspiration4 ,vic>i\s sacrifice1 ! result ( :i* 0 m]ely imput$1 w\ld leave ! s9n] j :]e he 0 be=e4 ,x is an empty fiction4 ,b ! spectacle ( suff]+ freely und]tak5 = our sakes discov]s ! treasures ( ! div9e image 9 man4 ,! love ( ,god & a man's own resolve make him 9 ! end1 9 fact1 t :i* he has always be5 9 capacity & de/9y1 a *ild ( ,god1 possess$ ( ! secret ( a gr[+ righte\sness1 :i* is itself salvation4 ,,maurice ,scotti% books seem to h be5 b little read 9 ,engl& 9 t day4 ,x 0 ,maurice :o fir/ made ! sub/ance ( ,campbell's tea*+ kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,fr$]ick ,d5ison ,maurice 0 ! son ( a ,unit>ian m9i/]1 educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 at a "t :5 x 0 impossible = a ,noncon=mi/ to obta9 a degree4 ,he 0 orda9$ a prie/ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 #ahcd1 ev5 suff]+ himself to be baptis$ aga94 ,he 0 *apla9 ( ,l9coln's ,inn & ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,aft] #ahff he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,cambridge1 ?\gh 8 life-"w 0 ov]4 ,at ! he>t ( ,maurice's !ology lies ! cont5tion to :i* he gave ! "n ( univ]sal r$emption4 ,*ri/'s "w is = e man4 ,e man is inde$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,man's unhapp9ess lies only 9 ! fact t he w n own ?is fact & live accord+ly4 ,man z man is ! *ild ( ,god4 ,he _c undo t fact or alt] t relation if he w\ld4 ,he does n ne$ to become a *ild ( ,god1 z ! phrase has be54 ,he ne$s only to recognise t he already is su* a *ild4 ,he c nev] cease to be> ?is relation%ip4 ,he c only refuse to fulfil x4 ,) o!r words ,ersk9e & ,col]idge & ,s*lei]ma*] _h said ?is same ?+4 ,= ! re/1 "o may speak briefly ( ,maurice4 ,he 0 animat$ by ! /ronge/ desire = ,*ur* unity1 b at ! back ( 8 m9d lay a conception ( ! ,*ur* & an insi/5ce ^u uni=mity :i* made unity impossible4 ,9 ! light ( 8 own inh]itance 8 ecclesia/ical positivism seems /range4 ,p]haps x 0 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce :i* made ?is irrational positivism natural4 ,few m5 9 8 g5]ation suff]$ great] p]secutions "u ! unw>rant$ supposition on ! "p ( contempor>ies t he _h a lib]al m9d4 ,9 reality1 few m5 9 8 g5]ation _h less ( a quality :i*1 _h he possess$ x1 w\ld h giv5 him peace & joy ev5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p]secutions4 ,! casual rem>k above made conc]n+ ,campbell is true 9 enhanc$ degree ( ,maurice4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! indu/ry ( a v indu/ri\s life 0 devot$ to ! ef=t to conv9ce o!rs & himself t ^? few really wond]ful glimpses ( spiritual tru? :i* he _h1 _h no disa/r\s consequ5ces = an inh]it$ sy/em ( ?\ght 9 :i* !y c]ta9ly did n take _! rise4 ,8 "n 0 connect$ ) ! social en?usiasm t inaugurat$ a new movem5t 9 ,engl& :i* w claim att5tion 9 ano!r p>agraph4 ,,*ann+ ,allusion has be5 made to a revision ( traditional !ology :i* took place 9 ,am]ica also1 ^u ! same g5]al l9es :i* we h se5 9 ,s*lei]ma*] & 9 ,campbell4 ,! typical figure "h1 ! protagoni/ ( ! movem5t1 is ,william ,ell]y ,*ann+4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re has ev] be5 a civilisation m completely controll$ by its ,*ur* & m9i/]s1 or a culture m entirely dom9at$ by !ology1 ?an 7 ^? ( ,new ,engl& until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re _h be5 inde$ a m>k$ decl9e 9 religi\s life4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,great ,awak5+ %[s t4 ,remon/rances aga9/ ! ,great ,awak5+ %[ also h[ m5's m9ds 7 mov+ away f ! !ory ( ! univ]se :i* ! !ology ( t movem5t impli$4 ,"o _c say t 9 ! prea*+ ( ,hopk9s !re is an appreciable relaxation ( ! ,edw>dsian s*eme4 ,int]e/+ly en\gh1 x 0 9 ,newport t ,*ann+ 0 born & ) ,hopk9s t he associat$ until ! "t ( 8 lic5sure to prea* 9 #ahjb4 ,_m ?\ght t ,*ann+ w\ld /& ) ! mo/ /r+5t ( ! or?odox4 ,deism & rationalism _h made !mselves felt 9 ,am]ica aft] ! ,revolution4 ,*ann+1 dur+ 8 ye>s 9 ,h>v>d ,college1 c h>dly h fail$ to come into contact ) ! criticism ( religion f ?is side4 ,!re is no su* cle> influ5ce ( curr5t rationalism ^u ,*ann+ z1 = example1 ^u ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,yet "h 9 ! ,we/1 :i* mo/ ,europeans ?\ght ( z a wild]ness1 circum/ances br\ght ab\t ! laun*+ ( ?is man ^u ! c>e] ( a lib]al religi\s ?9k]1 :5 z yet ,s*lei]ma*] _h h>dly advanc$ beyond ! position ( ! ,disc\rses1 :5 ,ersk9e _h n yet writt5 a l9e & ,campbell 0 /ill a *ild4 ,*ann+ became m9i/] ( ! ,f$]al ,/reet ,*ur* 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahjc4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ,w>e z ,hollis ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ,h>v>d ,college took place 9 #ahje4 ,t appo9tm5t 0 ! fir/ cle> indication ( ! lib]al p>ty's /r5g?4 ,*ann+'s ,baltimore ,address 0 deliv]$ 9 #ahai4 ,he di$ 9 #ahdg4 ,9 ! s*ism among ! ,congregational ,*ur*es 9 ,new ,engl&1 :i* be=e #ahai app>5tly _h come to be reg>d$ by bo? p>ties z rem$iless1 ,*ann+ took ! side ( ! opposition to ,calv9i/ic or?odoxy4 ,he develop$ qualities z controv]siali/ & lead] :i* ! g5tl] aspect ( 8 e>ly ye>s _h h>dly l$ m5 to suspect4 ,?is ,am]ican lib]al movem5t _h be5 ref]r$ to by ,bel%am z relat$ to ,engli% ,unit>ianism4 ,aft] #ahae1 9 ?is c\ntry1 by its oppon5ts at lea/1 ! movem5t 0 consi/5tly call$ ,unit>ian4 ,*ann+ did ) zeal cont5d aga9/ ! traditional doctr9e ( ! atonem5t & ( ! tr9ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he saw 9 ,*ri/ ! p]fect revelation ( ,god to humanity & at ! same "t ! ideal ( humanity4 ,he believ$ 9 ,jesus' s9lessness & 9 8 miracles1 especially 9 8 resurrection4 ,! keynote ( ,*ann+'s "* & convictions is f\nd 9 8 s5se ( ! inh]5t greatness ( man4 ,( ?is feel+ 8 entire sy/em is b ! unfold+4 ,x 0 e>ly & delib]ately adopt$ by him z a fundam5tal fai?4 ,x rema9$ ! immovable c5tre ( 8 rev]5ce & tru/ amid all ! inroads ( d\bt & sorr[4 ,political int]e/ 0 z natural to ,*ann+'s e>li] manhood z x _h be5 to ,fi*te 9 ! em]g5cy ( ! ,fa!rl&4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life1 :5 evils connect$ ) slav]y _h made !mselves felt1 8 p>ticipation 9 ! abolitioni/ agitation %[$ ! same en?usiasm & practical b5t4 ,he _h 8 dream ( communism1 8 p]ception ( ! evils ( our indu/rial sy/em1 8 contempt = *>ity 9 place ( economic rem$y4 ,all 0 = man1 all re/$ ^u supreme fai? 9 man4 ,t man is end[$ ) k ( ! "r & ) ! p[] to realise x1 0 a fundam5tal maxim4 ,h5ce arose ,*ann+'s ass]tion ( free-w4 ,! d5ial ( free-w r5d]s ! s5tim5t ( duty b illusory4 ,9 ! consci5ce !re is bo? a revelation & a type ( ,god4 ,its sugge/ions1 by ! v au?ority !y c>ry ) !m1 decl>e !mselves to be ,god's law4 ,god1 concurr+ ) our highe/ nature1 pres5t 9 its action1 c be ?\ght ( only aft] ! patt]n :i* he gives u 9 ourselves4 ,:atev] revelation ,god makes ( himself1 he mu/ deal ) u z ) free be+s liv+ "u natural laws4 ,revelation mu/ be m]ely supplem5t>y to ^? laws4 ,ev]y?+ arbitr>y & magical1 ev]y?+ :i* despairs ( u or insults u z moral ag5ts1 ev]y?+ :i* does n address itself to u ?r\gh reason & consci5ce1 mu/ be exclud$ f ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,god & man4 ,:at ! doctr9es ( salvation & atonem5t1 ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s1 z con/ru$ f ?is c5tre w\ld be1 may )\t difficulty be surmis$4 ,! :ole ( ,*ann+'s tea*+ is ba!d 9 an atmosph]e ( ! rev]5t love ( ,god :i* is ! v s\rce ( 8 en?usiasm = man4 ,,bu%nell ,a v diff]5t man 0 ,horace ,bu%nell1 born 9 ! ye> ( ,*ann+'s lic5sure1 #ahjb4 ,he 0 n br$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! /rict ,calv9ism ( 8 day4 ,8 fa!r 0 an ,arm9ian4 ,edw>ds _h made ,arm9ians dete/$ 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,8 "m _h be5 re>$ 9 ! ,episcopal ,*ur*4 ,%e 0 ( ,hugu5ot orig94 ,:5 ab\t sev5te51 :ile t5d+ a c>d+-ma*9e1 he wrote a pap] 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to br+ ,calv9ism into logical coh]5ce &1 9 ! int]e/ ( s\nd reason1 to correct ,/4 ,paul's will+ness to be accurs$ = ! sake ( 8 bre?r54 ,he graduat$ f ,yale ,college 9 #ahbg4 ,he taught !re :ile /udy+ law aft] #ahbi4 ,he describes himself at ?is p]iod z s\nd 9 e?ics & sceptical 9 religion1 ! s\ndness ( 8 morals be+ due to nature & tra9+1 ! scepticism1 to ! !ology 9 :i* he 0 involv$4 ,8 law /udies 7 complete1 yet he turn$ to ! m9i/ry4 ,he _h be5 born on ! or?odox side ( ! great cont5tion 9 :i* ,*ann+ 0 a lead] ( ! lib]als 9 ! days ( :i* we speak4 ,he nev] saw any reason to *ange ?is relation4 ,8 cl]ical colleagues1 = half a life-"t1 s\ght to *ange x = him4 ,9 #ahcc he 0 orda9$ & in/all$ z m9i/] ( ! ,nor? ,*ur* 9 ,h>t=d1 a pa/orate :i* he nev] left4 ,! process ( dis9tegration ( ! or?odox body 0 cont9u+4 ,!re 0 almo/ z mu* ranc\r betwe5 ! old & ! new or?odoxy z betwe5 or?odox & ,unit>ians !mselves4 ,almo/ be=e 8 c>e] 0 well begun an incurable disease fa/5$ itself ^u him4 ,n mu* lat]1 all ! sev]ity ( !ological /rife befell him4 ,betwe5 ^! two we h to ?9k ( him do+ 8 "w & keep+ 8 s5se ( hum\r4 ,8 e>lie/ book ( consequ5ce 0 on ,*ri/ian ,nurture1 publi%$ 9 #ahdf4 ,consi/5t ,calv9ism presupposes 9 its conv]ts mature ye>s4 ,ev5 an adult mu/ pass ?r\gh wat]s deep = him4 ,he is n a s9ful *ild ( ! ,fa!r4 ,he is a be+ totally deprav$ & damn$ to ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,god becomes 8 ,fa!r only aft] he is r$eem$4 ,! revivali/s' !ory ,bu%nell bitt]ly oppos$4 ,x made ( religion a transc5d5tal matt] :i* belong$ on ! outside ( life1 a k9d ( miracul\s epidemic4 ,he repudiat$ ! prevail+ individualism4 ,he anticipat$ mu* t is n[ be+ said conc]n+ h]$ity1 environm5t & subconsci\sness4 ,he reviv$ ! s5se ( ! ,*ur* 9 :i* ,puritanism _h be5 s sadly lack+4 ,! book is a classic1 "o ( ! ri* treasures :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury (f]s to ! tw5tie?4 ,bu%nell1 s f> z "o c judge1 _h no k ( ,kant4 ,he is1 nev]!less1 deal+ ) ,kant's own problem1 ( ! !ory ( k1 9 8 r diffuse ',diss]tation on ,language1' :i* is prefix$ to ! volume :i* be>s ! title ,god 9 ,*ri/1 #ahdi4 ,he 0 foll[+ 8 liv+ pr9ciple1 ! ref]5ce ( doctr9e to consci5ce4 ,god mu/ be a '"r ,god4' ,dogma mu/ make no ass]tion conc]n+ ,god :i* w n /& ?is te/4 ,n alone does ! dogma make su* ass]tions4 ,! ,scripture makes !m z well4 ,h[ c ?is be8 ,:at is ! relation ( language to ?\ght & ( ?\ght to fact8 ,h[ c ! language ( ,scripture be expla9$1 & yet ! reality ( ! revelation n be expla9$ away8 ,!re is a t\*+ int]e/ :i* atta*es to ?is ,h>t=d m9i/]1 work+ out1 alone & clumsily1 a problem ! solution ( :i* ! greate/ m9ds ( ! age _h be5 gradually br++ to p]fection = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdh ,bu%nell 0 invit$ to give addresses at ! ,comm5cem5ts ( ?ree div9ity s*ools3 t at ,h>v>d1 !n unqualifi$ly ,unit>ian2 t at ,&ov]1 :]e ! battle ) ,unit>ianism _h be5 f\ght2 & t at ,yale1 :]e ,bu%nell _h be5 tra9$4 ,! address at ,cambridge 0 on ! subject ( ! ,atonem5t2 ! "o at ,new ,hav5 on ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 includ+ ,bu%nell's doctr9e ( ! tr9ity2 ! "o at ,&ov] on ,dogma & ,_s1 a plea = ! cessation ( /rife4 ,he says squ>ely ( ! old s*ool !ories ( ! atonem5t1 :i* repres5t ,*ri/ z suff]+ ! p5alty ( ! law 9 our /ead3 ',!y are capable1 "o & all ( !m1 ( no light 9 :i* !y d n (f5d "s "r s5tim5t ( our moral be+4 ,if ! great ,r$eem]1 9 ! excess ( 8 goodness1 cons5ts to receive ! p5al woes ( ! _w 9 8 p]son1 & if t (f] is accept$1 :at does x signify1 save t ,god w h 8 modicum ( suff]+ someh[2 & if he lets ! guilty g he w yet satisfy himself out ( ! innoc5t8' ,! vic>i\sness ( love1 ! id5tification ( ! suff]] ) ! s9n]1 9 ! s5se t ! ,savi\r is involv$ by 8 desire to help u 9 ! woes :i* naturally foll[ s91 ?is ,bu%nell mightily affirm$4 ,yet !re is no pret5ce t he us$ vic>i\sness or satisfaction 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* 8 adv]s>ies did4 ,he is magnific5tly free f all su* indirection4 ,9 ! ,new ,hav5 address !re is ?is same comb9ation ( fire & light4 ,! *ief !ological value ( ! doctr9e ( ! tr9ity1 z ma9ta9$ by ! ,new ,engl& ,calv9i/ic tea*]s1 _h be5 to furni% ! dramatis p]son = ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,9 ! speculation z to ! negotiation ( ?is sub/itution>y transaction1 ! language ( ! !ologians _h deg5]at$ into />k tri!ism4 ,edw>ds1 describ+ ! c\ncils ( ! tr9ity1 spoke ( ! ?ree p]sons z '!y4' ,bu%nell saw t any prop] view ( ! unity ( ,god made ! =5sic idea ( ! atonem5t incr$ible4 ,he s\ght to replace ! ontological notion ( ! tr9ity by t ( a tr9ity ( revelation1 :i* held = him ! practical tru?s by :i* 8 fai? 0 n\ri%$1 & yet avoid$ ! contradictions :i* ! o!r doctr9e pres5t$ bo? to reason & fai?4 ,bu%nell w\ld h be5 f> f claim+ t he 0 ! fir/ to make ?is fight4 ,! ,am]ican ,unit>ians _h be5 mak+ x = m ?an a g5]ation4 ,! ,unit>ian prote/ 0 :olesome4 ,x 0 magnific5t4 ,x 0 provid5tial1 b x paus$ 9 negation4 ,x nev] advanc$ to con/ruction4 ,bu%nell's significance is n t he f\ght ?is battle1 b t he f\ght x f ! ranks ( ! or?odox ,*ur*4 ,he f\ght x ) a p]sonal equipm5t :i* ,*ann+ _h n _h4 ,he 0 decades lat] 9 8 "w4 ,he took up ! c5tral religi\s problem :5 ,*ann+'s successors 7 foll[+ ei!r ,em]son or ,p>k]4 ,! ,&ov] address consi/$ 9 ! /atem5t ( ,bu%nell's views ( ! causes :i* _h l$ to ! s*ism 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,*ur*4 ,a s+le quotation may give ! key-note ( ! disc\rse3--',we _h on our side an article ( ! cre$ :i* ass]t$ a metaphysical tr9ity4 ,t made ! ass]tion ( ! metaphysical unity inevitable & desirable4 ,we _h !ories ( atonem5t1 ( depravity1 ( orig9al s91 :i* requir$ ! appe>ance ( antagoni/ic !ories4 ,on our side1 !ological culture 0 s limit$ t we took :at 0 really only our own op9ion = ! unalt]able tru? ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r side1 x 0 s limit$ t m51 p]ceiv+ ! insuffici5cy ( dogma1 took ! opposite cont5tion ) ! same s]i\sness & totality ( conviction4 ,!y ass]t$ lib]ty1 z inde$ !y mu/1 to v9dicate _! revolt4 ,!y produc$1 meantime1 ! mo/ int5sely human &1 9 t s5se1 ! mo/ int5sely op9ionat$ religion ev] inv5t$4' ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,revival ,! ,ox=d ,movem5t has be5 spok5 ( z a reaction aga9/ ! s-call$ ,oriel ,movem5t1 a cons]vative t5d5cy ov] aga9/ an intellectuali/ & progressive "o4 ,9 a measure ! p]sonal animosities )9 ! ,ox=d circle may be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4 ,! ,tract>ian ,movem5t1 h[ev]1 :i* issu$1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! go+ ov] ( ,newman to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome &1 on ! o!r1 9 a great revival ( ,ca?olic pr9ciples )9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* itself1 /&s 9 a f> l>g] sett+4 ,x 0 n m]ely an ,engli% or insul> movem5t4 ,x 0 a wave f a cont95tal flood4 ,on its own %[+ x 0 n m]ely an ecclesia/ical movem5t4 ,x _h political & social aims z well4 ,!re 0 a univ]sal ,european reaction aga9/ ! ,enlight5m5t & ! ,revolution4 ,t reaction 0 n simple1 b complex4 ,x 0 a revolt ( ! cons]vative _s f ! new ideals :i* _h be5 sudd5ly translat$ into port5t\s realities4 ,x 0 m>k$ ev]y:]e by hatr$ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ) all its ways & works4 ,on ! "o side we h ! revolution>y !sis1 ! rights ( man1 ! au?ority ( reason1 ! wat*words lib]ty1 equality1 frat]nity4 ,on ! o!r side /ood =? ^? :o 7 prep>$ to ass]t ! mean+ ( community1 ! cont9uity ( hi/ory1 spiritual z well z civil au?ority z ! basis ( ord]1 & ord] z ! condition ( ! highe/ good4 ,9 lit]ature ! t5d5cy appe>s z romanticism1 9 politics z legitimism1 9 religion z ultramontanism4 ,le ,mai/re ) 8 ,l',eglise gallicane du ,pape2 ,*ateaubri& ) 8 ,gnie du ,*ri/ianisme2 ,lam5nais ) 8 ,essai sur l',indiff]5ce en ,matire1 de ,religion1 71 f #ahbj to #ahfj1 ! expon5ts ( a view :i* has _h prodigi\s consequ5ces = ,france & ,italy4 ,! romantic movem5t arose outside ( ,ca?olicism4 ,x 0 imp]sonat$ 9 ,h]d]4 ,fri$ri* ,s*legel1 ,w]n] & o!rs w5t ov] to ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! political reaction 0 specifically ,lat9 & ,ca?olic4 ,9 ! lurid light ( an>*y ,rome seem$ to h a mission aga94 ,div9e "r 9 ! ,/ate mu/ be re/or$ ?r\gh ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,ca?olic apologetic saw ! ,revolution z only ! logical conclusion ( ! premises ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! religi\s revolt ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! philosophical revolt ( ! sev5te5?1 ! political revolt ( ! eighte5?1 ! social revolt ( ! n9ete5?1 are all p>ts ( "o dreadful sequ5ce4 ,z ! ,*ur* lift$ up ! _w aft] ! fir/ flood ( ! b>b>ians1 s mu/ %e aga9 lift up ! _w aft] ! deva/ations made by ! m t]rible b>b>ians ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,engl& _h inde$ /ood a little outside ( ! cyclone :i* _h deva/at$ ! _w f ,coronna to ,mosc[ & f ! ,*annel to ! ,pyramids1 b %e _h be5 exhau/$ 9 putt+ d[n ! revolution4 ,only ,god's goodness _h pres]v$ ,engl&4 ,! logic ( ,puritanism w\ld h be5 ! same4 ,inde$1 9 ,engl& ! ,/ate 0 weak] & worse ?an 7 ! /ates ^u ! ,cont95t4 ,= s9ce #afhh x _h be5 a popul> & con/itutional mon>*y4 ,9 ,fr$]ick ,william's phrase1 its sov]eign took 8 cr[n f ! gutt]4 ,! ,*ur* 0 ?r\gh & ?r\gh ,era/ian1 a creature ( ! ,/ate4 ,bi%ops 7 made by p>ty repres5tatives4 ,acts l ! ,re=m ,bills1 ! c\rse ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! matt] ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*1 7 /eps :i* w\ld surely br+ ,engl& to ! pass :i* ,france _h rea*$ 9 #aghi4 ,! s\rce ( su* acts 0 wrong4 ,x 0 ) ! p4 ,x 0 9 m51 n 9 ,god4 ,x 0 9 reason1 n 9 au?ority4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov]/ate ! /r5g? ( ?is reaction>y s5tim5t 9 important circles 9 ,engl& at ! end ( ! ?ird decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,ox=d ,,movem5t ,9 s f> z t complex ( causes j allud$ to made ( ! ,ox=d ,movem5t or ! ,ca?olic revival a movem5t ( life1 ecclesia/ical1 social & political z well1 its hi/ory falls outside ! purpose ( ?is book4 ,we propos$ to deal ) ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,reaction>y movem5ts h frequ5tly got on )\t mu* ?\ght4 ,!y h left little deposit ( _! own 9 ! realm ( ideas4 ,_! av[$ pr9ciple has be5 t ( recurr5ce to t :i* has already be5 ?\ght1 ( fidelity to ideas :i* h long prevail$4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! cons]vatives h n a l>ge place 9 su* a sket* z ?is4 ,x is n t _! writ+s h n (t5 be5 full ( high le>n+ & ( ! subtle/ ( reason+4 ,x is only t ! ideas ab\t :i* !y reason d n belong to ! hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y belong1 on ! e>ne/ cont5tion ( ! cons]vatives !mselves--^? ( ,prote/ants1 to ! hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation--& ( ,ca?olics1 bo? ,anglican & ,roman1 to ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly or m$ival ,*ur*4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ) passionate conviction a great man1 tak+ ! reaction>y c\rse1 ?9ks ! problem ?r\gh aga9 f 8 own po9t ( view1 !n we h a real ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( contempor>y ?\ght4 ,:5 su* an "o wre/les be=e ,god to give reason to himself & to 8 fell[s = ! fai? t is 9 him1 !n ! reaction>y's reason+ is z impos+ & sugge/ive z is any o!r4 ,he leaves 9 8 "w an intellectual deposit :i* mu/ be consid]$4 ,he makes a contribution :i* mu/ be reckon$ )1 ev5 m s]i\sly1 p]haps1 by ^? :o diss5t f x ?an by ^? :o may agree ) x4 ,su* deposit ,newman & ! ,tract>ian movem5t c]ta9ly did make4 ,!y (f]$ a rationale ( ! reaction4 ,!y gave to ! ,ca?olic revival a /&+ 9 ! _w ( ideas1 n m]ely 9 ! _w ( action4 ,:e!r _! reason+ has weight to-day1 is a "q ^u :i* op9ion is divid$4 ,yet ,newman & 8 compe]s1 by _! "* & /&+1 by _! di/9ctively ,engli% qualities & by ! road ( reason :i* !y took 9 ! def5ce ( ,ca?olic pr9ciples1 made ,ca?olicism ,engli% aga91 9 a s5se 9 :i* x _h n be5 ,engli% = ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,yet ?\gh ,newman br\ght to ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 ,engl&1 on 8 conv]sion to x1 a pre/ige & qualities :i* 9 t communion 7 unequall$1 he 0 nev] p]sona grata 9 t ,*ur*4 ,outw>dly ! ,roman ,ca?olic revival 9 ,engl& 0 n 9 l>ge measure due to ,newman & 8 argum5ts4 ,x 0 due f> m to m5 l ,wiseman & ,mann+1 :o 7 n m5 ( argum5t b ( de$s4 ,,newman ,john ,h5ry ,newman 0 born 9 #ahja1 ! son ( a ,london bank]4 ,8 "m 0 ( ,hugu5ot desc5t4 ,he came "u ,calv9i/ic influ5ce4 ,?r\gh /udy especially1 ( ,roma9e ,on ,fai? he became ! subject ( an inw>d conv]sion1 ( :i* 9 #ahfd he wrote3 ',i am /ill m c]ta9 ( x ?an t ,i h h&s & feet4' ,?omas ,scott1 ! evangelical1 mov$ him4 ,be=e he 0 sixte5 he made a collection ( ,scripture texts 9 pro( ( ! doctr9e ( ! tr9ity4 ,f ,newton ,on ! ,prophecies he le>n$ to id5tify ! ,pope ) anti-,*ri/--a doctr9e by :i*1 he adds1 8 imag9ation 0 /a9$ up to ! ye> #ahdc4 ,9 8 ,apologia1 #ahfe1 he decl>es3 ',f ! age ( fifte51 dogma has be5 a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( my religion4 ,i _c ent] into ! idea ( any o!r sort ( religion4' ,at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 two ye>s aft] he _h tak5 8 degree1 he came "u v diff]5t influ5ces4 ,he pass$ f ,tr9ity ,college to a fell[%ip 9 ,oriel4 ,to use 8 own phrase1 he drift$ 9 ! direction ( lib]alism4 ,he 0 t\*$ by ,:ately4 ,he 0 too logical1 & also too dogmatic1 to be satisfi$ ) ,:ately's position4 ,( ! ye>s f #ahbc to #ahbg ,mozley says3 ',probably no "o :o !n knew ,newman c\ld h told :i* way he w\ld g4 ,x is n c]ta9 t he himself knew4' ,francis ,w4 ,newman1 ,newman's bro!r1 :o lat] became a ,unit>ian1 rememb]+ 8 own ye>s ( /ress1 speaks ) embitt]m5t ( 8 eld] bro!r1 :o 0 pr(\ndly uncong5ial to him4 ,! ye> #ahbg1 9 :i* ,keble's ,*ri/ian ,ye> 0 publi%$1 saw ano!r *ange 9 ,newman's views4 ,illness & b]eavem5t came to him ) awak5+ effect4 ,he made ! acqua9tance ( ,hurrell ,fr\de4 ,fr\de br\ght ,newman & ,keble toge!r4 ,h5ce=? ,newman bore no m traces ei!r ( evangelicalism or ( lib]alism4 ,( ,fr\de x is difficult to speak ) confid5ce4 ,8 bro!r1 ,james ,an?ony ,fr\de1 ! hi/orian1 au?or ( ! ,nemesis ( ,fai?1 #ahdh1 says t he 0 gift$1 brilliant1 en?usia/ic4 ,newman speaks ( him ) almo/ b\ndless praise4 ,two volumes ( 8 s]mons1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahcf1 make ! impression nei!r ( le>n+ nor judgm5t4 ,cle>ly he _h *>m4 ,possibly he talk$ himself into a common-room reputation4 ,newman says3 ',fr\de made me look ) admiration t[>d ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4' ,keble nev] _h felt ! lib]alism ?r\gh :i* ,newman _h pass$4 ,cradl$ z ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& _h be5 9 ,puritanism1 ! latt] 0 to him simply evil4 ,op9ions diff]+ f 8 own 7 n simply mi/ak51 !y 7 s9ful4 ,he conceiv$ no religi\s tru? outside ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,ye> "o p]ceives an influ5ce :i* ,newman /rongly felt4 ,x 0 t ( ! idea ( ! sacram5tal significance ( all natural objects or ev5ts4 ,pusey became pr(essor ( ,hebrew 9 #ahcj4 ,he l5t ! movem5t academic /&+1 :i* ! o!rs c\ld n give4 ,he _h be5 9 ,g]many1 & _h publi%$ an ,inquiry into ! ,rationali/ ,"* ( ,g]man ,!ology1 #ahbe4 ,he h>dly did m ?an expose ! ignorance ( ,rose4 ,he 0 himself d5\nc$ z a ,g]man rationali/ :o d>$ to speak ( a new era 9 !ology4 ,pusey1 m\rn+ ! defection ( ,newman1 :om he deeply lov$1 ga!r$ 9 #ahdf ! =ces ( ! ,anglo-,ca?olics & cont9u$ 9 "s s5se a lead] to ! end ( 8 long life 9 #ahhb4 ,! c\rse ( political ev5ts 0 frett+ ! ,cons]vatives intol]ably4 ,! agitation = ! ,re=m ,bill 0 tak+ %ape4 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 ! memb] = ,ox=d1 _h introduc$ a ,bill = ! emancipation ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,!re 0 viol5t commotion 9 ,ox=d4 ,keble & ,newman /r5u\sly oppos$ ! measure4 ,9 #ahcj !re 0 revolution 9 ,france4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,:igs _h come into p[]4 ,newman's m9d 0 excit$ 9 ! la/ degree4 ',! vital "q1' he says1 'is ?is1 h[ are we to keep ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& f be+ lib]alis$8' ,at ! end ( #ahcb ,newman & ,fr\de w5t abroad toge!r4 ,on ?is j\rney1 z he lay becalm$ 9 ! /raits ( ,bonifacio1 he wrote 8 immortal hymn1 ',lead1 ,k9dly ,light4' ,he came home assur$ t he _h a "w to d4 ,keble's ,assize ,s]mon on ! ,national ,apo/asy1 prea*$ 9 ,july #ahcc1 on ! ,sunday aft] ,newman's return to ,ox=d1 k9dl$ ! conflagration :i* _h be5 long prep>+4 ,newman conceiv$ ! idea ( ! ,tracts = ! ,times z a means ( express+ ! feel+s & propagat+ ! op9ions :i* deeply mov$ him4 ',f ! fir/1' he says1 'my battle 0 ) lib]alism4 ,by lib]alism ,i mean ! anti-dogmatic pr9ciple4 ,secondly1 my aim 0 ! ass]tion ( ! visible ,*ur* ) sacram5ts & rites & def9ite religi\s tea*+ on ! f\ndation ( dogma2 & ?irdly1 ! ass]tion ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* z oppos$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4' ,newman grew greatly 9 p]sonal influ5ce4 ,8 aft]noon s]mons at ,/4 ,m>y's ex]t$ spiritual p[]4 ,!y des]v$ s to d4 ,"h he 0 at 8 be/4 ,all ( 8 /r5g? & little ( 8 weakness %[s4 ,8 insight1 8 subtility1 8 pa?os1 8 love ( s\ls1 8 m>vell\s play ( dramatic z well z ( spiritual faculty1 are 9 evid5ce4 ,keble & ,pusey 7 busy+ !mselves ) ! hi/orical aspects ( ! "q4 ,pusey began ! ,libr>y ( ! ,fa!rs1 ! mo/ elaborate lit]>y monum5t ( ! movem5t4 ,no?+ c\ld be m amaz+ ?an ! uncritical quality ( ! :ole p]=mance4 ,! fir/ *eck to ! movem5t came 9 #ahch1 :5 ! ,bi%op ( ,ox=d animadv]t$ ^u ! ,tracts4 ,newman pr(ess$ 8 will+ness to /op !m4 ,! ,bi%op did n insi/4 ,newman's own ?\ght mov$ rapidly onw>d 9 ! only c\rse :i* 0 /ill op5 to x4 ,newman _h be5 br$ 9 ! deepe/ rev]5ce = ,scripture4 ,9 a s5se t rev]5ce nev] left him1 ?\gh x *ang$ its =m4 ,he saw t x 0 absurd to appeal to ! ,bible 9 ! old way z an infallible s\rce ( doctr9e4 ,h[ c\ld tru? be infallibly convey$ 9 defective & fallible expressions8 ,newman's own /udies 9 criticism1 by no means pr(\nd1 l$ him to ?is correct conclusion4 ,?is 0 ! end = him ( evangelical ,prote/antism4 ,! rec\rse 0 !n to ! infallible ,*ur*4 ,infallible guide & au?ority "o mu/ h4 ,)\t ^! !re c be no religion4 ,to tru/ to reason & consci5ce z convey+ some?+ ( ! light ( ,god is impossible4 ,to wait 9 pati5ce & to lab\r 9 =titude = ! increase ( t light is un5durable4 ,"o mu/ h c]ta9ty4 ,!re c be no c]ta9ty by ! processes ( ! m9d f )94 ,?is c come only by miracul\s c]tification f )\t4 ,accord+ to ,newman ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* %\ld nev] h be5 impair$ 9 ! ,re=mation4 ,or r1 9 8 view ( t movem5t1 ?is au?ority1 = truly ,*ri/ian m51 _h nev] be5 impair$4 ,! intellect is aggressive1 caprici\s1 untru/wor?y4 ,its action 9 religi\s matt]s is corrosive1 dissolv+1 sceptical4 ',man's en]gy ( intellect mu/ be smitt5 h>d & ?r[n back by infallible au?ority1 if religion is to be sav$ at all4' ,newman's philosophy 0 utt]ly sceptical1 al?\gh1 unlike mo/ absolute philosophical sceptics1 he _h a deep religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! mo/ complete secul>i/1 9 8 negation ( religion1 does n diff] f ,newman 9 8 l[ op9ion ( ! value ( ! surmises ( ! m9d z to ! transc5d5tal mean+ ( life & ! _w4 ,he diff]s f ,newman only 9 lack+ t :i* to ,newman 0 ! mo/ indefeasible ?+ :i* he _h at all1 namely1 religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,newman 0 ! *ild ( 8 age1 ?\gh no "o ev] abus$ m fi]cely ! age ( :i* he 0 ! *ild4 ,he suppos$ t he believ$ 9 religion on ! basis ( au?ority4 ,q ! contr>y1 he believ$ 9 religion because he _h religion or1 z he says1 9 a magnific5t passage 9 "o ( 8 p>o*ial s]mons1 because religion _h him4 ,8 scepticism =bade him to recognise t ?is 0 ! basis ( 8 belief4 ,8 diremption ( human nature 0 absolute4 ,! s\l 0 ( ,god4 ,! m9d 0 ( ! devil4 ,he d>e n tru/ 8 own intellect conc]n+ ?is ine/imable treasure ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,he d>e n tru/ intellect at all4 ,he knew n :i!r x might lead him4 ,! m9d _c be brok5 to ! belief ( a p[] above x4 ,x mu/ h its /iff neck b5t to recognise its ,creator4 ,8 :ole book1 ,! ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 #ahgj1 is p]vad$ by ! int5se/ philosophical scepticism4 ,scepticism supplies its motives1 det]m9es its problems1 necessitates its di/9ctions1 rules ov] ! succession & gradation ( its argum5ts4 ,! :ole aim ( ! "w is to )draw religion & ! pro(s ( x1 f ! region ( reason into ! realm ( consci5ce & imag9ation1 :]e ! argum5ts :i* reign may satisfy p]sonal exp]i5ce )\t alleg+ objective validity or be+ able to be> ! criticism :i* te/s x4 ,aga91 he is ! p]v]se1 unconsci\s *ild ( ! age :i* he curses4 ,_h n ,kant & ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,col]idge & ,*ann+ s\ght1 does n ,rits*l seek1 to remove religion f ! realm ( metaphysics & to br+ x )9 ! realm ( exp]i5ce8 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 pursu$ ! same end by diff]5t means4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( t say+ ( ,gret*5 conc]n+ ,mephi/opheles3 ',he says ! same ?+ ) ! pa/or1 only 9 diff]5t words4' ,newman says ! same words1 b means a diff]5t ?+4 ,assum+ ! r$uction ( religion to exp]i5ce1 9 :i* ,kant & ,s*lei]ma*] w\ld h agre$1 & ass]t+ ! wor?lessness ( m5tality1 :i* !y w\ld h d5i$1 we are n surpris$ to he> ,newman say t )\t ,ca?olicism d\bt is inv9cible4 ',! ,*ur*'s infallibility is ! provision adopt$ by ! m]cy ( ! ,creator to pres]ve religion 9 ! _w4 ,outside ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* all ?+s t5d to a!ism4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! "o face to face antagoni/1 able to )/& & baffle ! fi]ce en]gy ( passion & ! all-dissolv+ scepticism ( ! m9d4 ,i am a ,ca?olic by virtue ( my belief 9 ,god4 ,if ,i %\ld be ask$ :y ,i believe 9 ,god1 ,i %\ld answ]1 because ,i believe 9 myself4 ,i f9d x impossible to believe 9 myself1 )\t believ+ also 9 ! exi/5ce ( him :o lives z a p]sonal1 all-see+1 all-judg+ be+ 9 my consci5ce4' ,^! passages are ma9ly tak5 f ! ,apologia1 writt5 long aft] ,newman _h gone ov] to ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,!y p]fectly describe ! attitude ( 8 m9d t[>d ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 s long z he believ$ ?is1 & n ! ,roman1 to be ! true ,*ur*4 ,he _h once ?\ght t a man c\ld hold a position midway betwe5 ! ,prote/antism :i* he repudiat$ & ! ,romanism :i* he /ill resi/$4 ,he /ay$ 9 ! via m$ia s long z he c\ld4 ,b 9 #ahci he began to h d\bts ab\t ! ,anglican ord] ( succession4 ,! ca?olicity ( ,rome began to ov]%ad[ ! apo/olicity ( ,anglicanism4 ,! ,anglican =mul>ies _c be at v>iance ) ! tea*+s ( ! au?oritative & univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,?is is ! problem :i* ! la/ ( ! ,tracts1 ,tract ,n9ety1 sets itself4 ,x is "o ( ^? :i* ,newman wrote4 ,"o mu/ f9d ! s5se ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 9 ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles4 ,?is tract is prefac$ by an extraord9>y disquisition ^u res]ve 9 ! communication ( religi\s k4 ,god's revelations ( himself to mank9d h always be5 a k9d ( veil4 ,tru? is ! rew>d ( hol9ess4 ,! ,fa!rs 7 holy m54 ,!re=e :at ! ,fa!rs said mu/ be true4 ,! pr9ciple ( res]ve ! ,articles illu/rate4 ,!y d n mean :at !y say4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 an unca?olic age1 t is1 9 ! age ( ! ,re=mation4 ,!y 7 writt5 by ,ca?olic m54 ,else h[ c ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& be n[ a ,ca?olic ,*ur*8 ,?r\gh _! res]ve !y 7 acceptable 9 an unca?olic age4 ,!y _c be unca?olic 9 _s1 else h[ %\ld !y be id5tical 9 mean+ ) ! great ,ca?olic cre$s8 ,!n foll[s an exposition ( e important article ( ! ?irty-n9e1 an ef=t to int]pret ea* 9 ! s5se ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( to-day4 ,f\r tutors publi%$ a prote/ aga9/ ! tract4 ,=mal c5sure 0 pass$ ^u x4 ,x 0 n[ evid5t to ,newman t 8 place 9 ! lead]%ip ( ! ,ox=d ,movem5t 0 gone4 ,f ?is "t1 ! spr+ ( #ahda1 he says he 0 on 8 dea?b$ z reg>ds ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,he )drew to ,littlemore & e/abli%$ a bro!rhood !re4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahdc he resign$ ! p>o*ial *>ge ( ,/4 ,m>y's at ,ox=d4 ,on ! #i? ( ,octob] #ahde he 0 =mally admitt$ to ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,on ! #f? ( ,octob] ,erne/ ,r5an _h =mally sev]$ 8 connexion ) t ,*ur*4 ,x is a /range ?+ t 9 8 ,essay on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 writt5 9 #ahde1 ,newman himself %\ld h advanc$ sub/antially ,hampd5's cont5tion4 ,"h are writt5 _m ?+s conc]n+ ! developm5t ( doctr9e :i* comm5d !mselves to m9ds conv]sant ) ! application ( hi/orical criticism to ! :ole dogmatic /ructure ( ! ,*ri/ian ages4 ,! purpose is ) ,newman entirely polemical1 ! issue exactly t :i* "o w\ld n h =ese54 ,precisely because ! developm5t ( doctr9e is s obvi\s1 because no hi/orical po9t c be f\nd at :i* ! gr[? ( doctr9e ceas$ & ! rule ( fai? 0 once = all settl$1 !re=e an infallible au?ority outside ( ! developm5t mu/ h exi/$ f ! beg9n+1 to provide a means ( di/+ui%+ true developm5t f false4 ,?is infallible guide is1 ( c\rse1 ! ,*ur*4 ,x seems incr$ible t ,newman c\ld escape apply+ to ! ,*ur* ! same argum5t :i* he _h s skilfully appli$ to ,scripture & dogmatic hi/ory4 ,simil> is ! case ) ! argum5t ( ! ,gramm> ( ,ass5t4 ',no man is c]ta9 ( a tru? :o c endure ! ?\ght ( its contr>y4' ,if ! reason :y ,i _c endure ! ?\ght ( ! contradictory ( a belief :i* ,i h made my own1 is t s to ?9k br+s me pa9 & d>kness1 ?is does n prove my tru?4 ,if my belief ev] _h its orig9 9 reason1 x mu/ be ev] refutable by reason4 ,x is n corroborat$ by ! fact t ,i d n wi% to see any?+ t w\ld refute x4#h ,?is la/ fact may be 9 ! highe/ degree an act ( arbitr>9ess4 ,to make ! impossibility ( ?9k+ ! opposite1 ! te/ ( tru?1 & !n to %ut "o's eyes to ^? evid5ces :i* might compel "o to ?9k ! opposite1 is ! ess5ce ( irrationality4 ,"o atta9s by ?is me?od indef9ite ass]tiv5ess1 b n c]ta9ty4 ,newman liv$ 9 "s seclusion 9 ! ,oratory ( ,/4 ,philip ,n]i 9 ,birm+ham = _m ye>s4 ,a few di/+ui%$ m51 & a numb] ( 8 foll[]s1 9 all n m ?an a hundr$ & fifty1 w5t ov] to ! ,roman ,*ur* aft] him4 ,! defection 0 nev] s great z1 9 ! fir/ %ock1 x 0 suppos$ t x w\ld be4 ,! outw>d influ5ce ( ,newman ^u ! ,anglican ,*ur* !n ceas$4 ,b ! ideas :i* he put =? h c]ta9ly be5 ( great influ5ce 9 t ,*ur* to ?is day4 ,mo/ m5 "k ! portrait ( ! great c>d9al1 ! wide =ehead1 pl\gh$ deep ) horizontal furr[s1 ! pale *eek1 d[n :i* 'long l9es ( %ad[ slope1 :i* ye>s & anxi\s ?\ght & suff]+ give4' ,"o looks into ! wond]ful face ( ^? la/ days--,newman liv$ to 8 n9etie? ye>--& wond]s if he f\nd 9 ! infallible ,*ur* ! peace :i* he s e>ne/ly s\ght4 ,footnote #h3 ,fairbairn1 ,ca?olicism1 ,roman & ,anglican1 p4 #aeg4 ,,mod]nism ,x 0 said t ! ,ox=d ,movem5t furni%$ ! rationale ( ! reaction4 ,_m causes1 ( c\rse1 comb9e to make ! situation ( ! ,roman ,*ur* & ! /atus ( religion 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t ! lam5table "o t x is4 ,t position is wor/ 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! ,roman ,*ur* has mo/ ne>ly _h free play4 ,! ali5ation bo? ( ! intellectual & civil life f organis$ religion is grave4 ,t ! ,roman ,*ur* occupies 9 ,engl& to-day a position m fav\rable ?an 9 almo/ any nation on ! ,cont95t1 & bett] ?an x occupi$ 9 ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is due 9 l>ge measure to ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! movem5t ) :i* we h be5 deal+4 ,! ,anglican ,*ur* 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury prepond]antly evangelical1 l[-*ur* & consci\s ( itself z ,prote/ant4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? x is dom9antly rituali/ic & dispos$ to m9imise its relation to ! ,re=mation4 ,?is resurg5ce ( ,ca?olic pr9ciples is ano!r effect ( ! movem5t ( :i* we speak4 ,o!r factors mu/ h wr\ght = ?is result besides ! body ( argum5ts :i* ,newman & 8 compe]s (f]$4 ,! argum5t itself1 ! m]e intellectual factor1 is n adequate4 ,!re is an inh]5t contradiction 9 ! ef=t to gr\nd 9 reason an au?ority :i* is to take ! place ( reason4 ,yet r\nd & r\nd ?is circle all ! lab\rs ( ,john ,h5ry ,newman g4 ,c>d9al ,mann+ felt ?is4 ,! victory ( ! ,*ur* 0 n to be won by argum5t4 ,x is well kn[n t ,newman oppos$ ! decree ( infallibility4 ,x _c be said t ^u ?is po9t 8 argum5ts _h great weight4 ,if "o assumes t tru? comes to u ext]nally ?r\gh repres5tatives ( ,god1 & if ! tru? is t :i* !y ass]t1 !n 9 ! la/ analysis :at !y ass]t is tru?4 ,if "o has giv5 9 to su* au?ority because "o di/ru/s 8 reason1 !n x is qu]ul\s to compla9 t ! deliv]ances ( au?ority d n comport ) reason4 ,!re may be1 ( c\rse1 ! greate/ int]e/ 9 ! /ruggle z to ! in/ance 9 :i* ?is au?ority is to be lodg$4 ,?is int]e/ atta*es to ! age-long /ruggle betwe5 ,pope & ,c\ncil4 ,x atta*es to ! dramatic /ruggle ( ,dll+]1 ,dupanl\p1 ,"l ,acton & ! re/1 9 #ahgj4 ,once ! ,*ur* has spok5 !re is1 = ! advocate ( au?oritative religion1 no logic b to submit4 ,simil>ly z to ! ,encyclical & ,syllabus ( ,errors ( #ahfd1 :i* =eca/ ! pres5t conflict conc]n+ ,mod]nism4 ,! ,syllabus _h a diff]5t atmosph]e f t :i* any ,engli%man 9 ! sixties w\ld h giv5 x4 ,_h n ,newman1 h[ev]1 made passionate w>f>e on ! lib]alism ( ! mod]n _w8 ,0 x n m]ely a "q ( degrees8 ,0 ,glad/one's attitude intelligible8 ,! contra/ ( two pr9ciples 9 life & religion1 ! pr9ciples ( au?ority & ( ! _s1 is be+ br\ght home to m5's consci\sness z x has nev] be5 be=e4 ,"o reads ,il ,santo & le>ns conc]n+ ! dea? ( ,fogazz>o1 "o looks into ! lit]ature relat+ to ,tyrrell1 "o sees ! fate ( ,loisy1 comp>+ ! really maje/ic a*ievem5t 9 8 works & ! _s ( 8 ,simple ,reflections ) ! ,encyclical ,pasc5di1 #aijg4 ,"o und]/&s :y ^! m5 h done :at !y c\ld to rema9 )9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,"o recalls ! attitude ( ,dll+] to ! inauguration ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,movem5t1 reflects ^u ! relative futility ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ^u ! position ( ,hyac9! ,loyson4 ,"o appreciates ! feel+ ( ^! m5 t x is impossible1 f )\t1 to influ5ce z !y w\ld ! ,*ur* :i* !y h lov$4 ,! pres5t difficulty ( influ5c+ x f )9 seems almo/ insup]able4 ,! hi/ory ( ,mod]nism z an effective cont5tion 9 ! _w ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght seems sc>cely begun4 ,! opposition to ,mod]nism is n yet a "p ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,,rob]tson ,9 no life are reflect$ m p]fectly ! spiritual conflicts ( ! fif? decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?an 9 t ( ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,rob]tson4 ,no m9d work$ itself m triumphantly out ( ^! difficulties4 ,desc5d$ f a family ( ,scotti% soldi]s1 evangelical 9 piety1 a /ud5t 9 ,ox=d 9 #ahcg1 repell$ by ! ,ox=d ,movem5t1 he und]took 8 m9i/ry "u a morbid s5se ( responsibility4 ,he react$ viol5tly aga9/ 8 evangelicalism4 ,he travell$ abroad1 read enorm\sly1 0 plung$ into an agony :i* ?reat5$ m5tally to undo him4 ,he took 8 *>ge at ,brighton 9 #ahdg1 /ill only ?irty-"o ye>s old1 & at once %one =? 9 ! spl5d\r ( 8 g5ius4 ,a m>tyr to disease & petty p]secution1 dy+ at ?irty-sev51 he yet left ! impress ( "o ( ! greate/ prea*]s :om ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has produc$4 ,he left no =mal lit]>y "w su* z he _h design$4 ,( 8 s]mons we h almo/ none f 8 own manuscripts4 ,yet 8 influ5ce is to-day almo/ z int5se z :5 ! s]mons 7 deliv]$4 ,x is1 be=e all1 ! weal? & dep? ( 8 ?\ght1 ! reality ( ! cont5t ( ! s]mons1 :i* comm&s admiration4 ,!y are a classic refutation ( ! rem>k t "o _c prea* !ology4 ,out ( !m1 ev5 9 _! fragm5t>y /ate1 a well-articulat$ sy/em might be made4 ,he br\ght to 8 age ! liv+ message ( a man ^u :om ! be/ light ( 8 age _h %one4 ,,phillips ,,brooks ,some?+ ( ! same sort may be said conc]n+ ,phillips ,brooks4 ,he inh]it$ on 8 fa!r's side ! sob] rationalism & ! humane & secul> int]e/ ( ! e>li] ,unit>ianism1 on 8 "m's side ! int5sity ( evangelical pietism ) ! ,calv9i/ic =m ( ?\ght4 ,! conflict ( ^! oppos+ t5d5cies 9 ,new ,engl& 0 at t "t s great t ,brooks's p>5ts s\ght refuge ) ! l[-*ur* elem5t 9 ! ,episcopal ,*ur*4 ,brooks's education at ,h>v>d ,college1 :]e he took 8 degree 9 #ahee1 z also at ,alex&ria1 & /ill m1 8 read+ & exp]i5ce1 made him sympa!tic ) t :i*1 9 ,engl& 9 ^? ye>s1 0 call$ ! ,broad ,*ur* p>ty4 ,he 0 deeply influ5c$ by ,campbell & ,maurice4 ,lat] well kn[n 9 ,engl&1 he 0 ! compe] ( ! be/ spirits ( 8 g5]ation !re4 ,deep5$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! great w>1 he held 9 succession two pulpits ( l>ge influ5ce1 dy+ z ,bi%op ( ,massa*usetts 9 #ahic4 ,!re is a !ological note ab\t 8 prea*+1 z 9 ! case ( ,rob]tson4 ,(t5 x is ! same note4 ,brooks _h pass$ ?r\gh no su* crisis z _h ,rob]tson4 ,he _h fl[]$ into ! greatness ( rational belief4 ,8 s]mons are a contribution to ! ?9k+ ( 8 age4 ,we h mu* f9i%$ mat]ial ( ?is k9d f 8 own h&1 & a book or two besides4 ,8 s]vice ?r\gh _m ye>s z prea*] to 8 univ]sity 0 ( ine/imable wor?4 ,! pres5tation ( ev]-advanc+ ?\ght to a great public con/itu5cy is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( tasks4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ necess>y4 ,! fusion ( su* ?\ghtfulness ) spiritual impulse has r>ely be5 m p]fectly a*iev$ ?an 9 ! prea*+ ( ,phillips ,brooks4 ,,! ,,broad ,,*ur* ,we h us$ ! phrase1 ! ,broad ,*ur* p>ty4 ,/anley _h employ$ ! adjective to describe ! real "* ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 ov] aga9/ ! anti!sis ( ! ,l[ ,*ur* & ! ,high4 ,! designation adh]$ to a gr\p ( :i* ,/anley 0 himself a type4 ,!y 7 n b\nd toge!r 9 a p>ty4 ,!y _h no ecclesia/ical end 9 view4 ,!y 7 ( a common _s4 ,x 0 n ! _s ( evangelicalism4 ,/ill less 0 x t ( ! ,tract>ians4 ,x 0 t :i* ,rob]tson _h manife/$4 ,x aim$ to hold ! fai? ) an op5 m9d 9 all ! intellectual movem5t ( ! age4 ,maurice %\ld be enum]at$ "h1 ) res]vations4 ,k+sley beyond "q belong$ to ?is gr\p4 ,!re 0 great ard\r among !m = ! improvem5t ( social conditions1 a s5se ( ! social mission ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re grew up :at 0 call$ a ,*ri/ian ,sociali/ movem5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 nev] atta9$ or s\ght a political /&+4 ,! ,broad ,*ur* movem5t seem$1 at "o "t1 assur$ ( asc5dancy 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,its aims appe>$ congru\s ) ! _s ( ! times4 ,yet ,dean ,fremantle e/eems himself p]haps ! la/ survivor ( an illu/ri\s company4 ,! m5 :o 9 #ahfj publi%$ ! volume kn[n z ,essays & ,reviews w\ld be class$ ) ! ,broad ,*ur*4 ,9 its au?or%ip 7 associat$ sev5 s*ol>s1 mo/ly ,ox=d m54 ,"s "o describ$ ,essays & ,reviews z ! ,tract ,n9ety ( ! ,broad ,*ur*4 ,x /irr$ public s5tim5t & br\ght ! au?ors into conflict ) au?ority 9 a some:at simil> way4 ,! liv+ antagonism ( ! ,broad ,*ur* 0 surely ) ! ,tract>ians r ?an ) ! evangelicals4 ,yet ! mo/ significant ( ! essays1 ^? on miracles & on prophecy1 t\*$ op9ions common to bo? ^! gr\ps4 ,j[ett1 lat] ,ma/] ( ,balliol1 contribut$ an essay on ! ',int]pretation ( ,scripture4' ,x h>dly belongs to ,j[ett's be/ "w4 ,yet ! controv]sy !n precipitat$ may h _h to d ) ,j[ett's adh]5ce to ,platonic /udies in/ead ( 8 devot+ himself to !ology4 ,! mo/ decisive ( ! pap]s 0 t ( ,bad5 ,p[ell on ! ',/udy ( ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4' ,x 0 ma9ly a discussion ( ! miracle4 ,x 0 radical & conclusive4 ,! essay closes ) an allusion to ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 :i* _h !n j appe>$4 ,bad5 ,p[ell di$ %ortly aft] its publication4 ,! fight came on ,r[l& ,williams's pap] ^u ,bunson's ,biblical ,rese>*es4 ,x 0 really ^u ! prophecies & _! use 9 ',*ri/ian ,evid5ces4' ,b>on ,buns5 0 n a great ar*ologi/1 b he br\ght to ! att5tion ( ,engli% read]s t :i* 0 be+ done 9 ,g]many 9 ?is field4 ,williams us$ ! ar*ological mat]ial to rectify ! curr5t !ological notions conc]n+ anci5t hi/ory4 ,a c]ta9 type ( ,engli% m9d has always %[n zeal = ! int]pretation ( prophecy4 ,williams's !sis1 briefly put1 0 ?is3 ! ,bible does n always give ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ ) accuracy2 x does n give ! hi/ory ( ! future at all2 prophecy means spiritual tea*+1 n secul> progno/ication4 ,a read] ( our day may naturally feel t ,wilson1 ) 8 pap] on ! ',national ,*ur*1' made ! greate/ contribution4 ,he built inde$ ^u ,col]idge1 b he _h a l>g] horizon4 ,he knew ! argum5ts ( ! great ,fr5*m5 ( 8 day & ( _! ,engli% imitators :o1 9 ,b5n's phrase1 n>r[$ & p]v]t$ ! ideal ( a _w-wide humanity into t ( a ,*ur* f\nd$ on dogmas & adm9i/]$ by cl]icals4 ,wilson argu$ t 9 ,jesus' tea*+ ! basis ( ! religi\s community is e?ical4 ,! ,*ur* is b ! in/rum5t = c>ry+ out ! w ( ,god z manife/ 9 ! moral law4 ,! realisation ( ! w ( ,god mu/ ext5d beyond ! limits ( ! ,*ur*'s activity1 h[ev] widely ^! are drawn4 ,!re arose a viol5t agitation4 ,williams & ,wilson 7 prosecut$4 ,! case 0 tri$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,ar*es4 ,williams 0 def5d$ by no less a p]son ?an ,fitzjames ,/eph54 ,! two div9es 7 s5t5c$ to a ye>'s susp5sion4 ,?is decision 0 rev]s$ by ! ,"l ,*ancellor4 ,fitzjames ,/eph5 _h argu$ t if ! m5 mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! *ur*1 namely1 its cl]gy1 are ! only m5 :o may be puni%$ = s]i\s discussion ( ! facts & tru?s ( religion1 !n respect on ! "p ( ! _w = ! ,*ur* is at an end4 ,by ?is discussion ! ,engli% cl]gy1 ev5 if ,anglo-,ca?olic1 are 9 a v diff]5t position f ! ,roman prie/s1 ov] :om encyclicals1 ev5 if n execut$1 are always susp5d$4 ,simil> 0 ! issue 9 ! case ( ,col5so1 ,bi%op ( ,natal4 ,equipp$ ma9ly ) ,cambridge ma!matics add$ to pure/ self-devotion1 he _h be5 s5t out z a mission>y bi%op4 ,9 ! process ( ! translation ( ! ,p5tateu* = 8 ,zulus1 he _h come to reflect ^u ! problem :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t pres5ts4 ,9 a mann] :i* is altoge!r m>vell\s he work$ out critical conclusions p>allel to ^? ( ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>s on ! ,cont95t4 ,he 0 nev] really an exp]t1 b 9 8 ma9 cont5tion he 0 "r4 ,he adh]$ to 8 op9ion despite sev]e pressure & 0 n remov$ f ! episcopate4 ,) su* gu>antees x w\ld be /range inde$ if we c\ld n say t biblical /udies ent]$ 9 ,great ,brita91 z also 9 ,am]ica1 on a developm5t 9 :i* s*ol>s ( ^! nations are n beh9d ! be/ s*ol>s ( ! _w4 ,! trials = h]esy ( ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ,ed9burgh & ( ,dr4 ,briggs 9 ,new ,york h n[ little liv+ int]e/4 ,yet biblical /udies 9 ,scotl& & ,am]ica 7 incalculably fur!r$ by ^? discussions4 ,! publication ( a book l ,sup]natural ,religion1 #ahgb1 illu/rates a proclivity n uncommon 9 self-consci\s lib]al circles1 = tak+ up a cont5tion j :5 ^? :o made x & h liv$ ) x h decid$ to lay x d[n4 ,h[ev]1 ! names ( ,hat* & ,lightfoot alone1 n to m5tion ! liv+1 are suffici5t to w>rant ! ass]tions above made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m ?an once 9 ^! *apt]s we h spok5 ( ! s]vice r5d]$ to ! progress ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght by ! criticism & int]pretation ( religion at ! h&s ( lit]>y m54 ,t c\ntry & age may be e/eem$ =tunate 9 :i* religion occupies a place su* t x compels ! att5tion ( m5 ( g5ius4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( culture ?is has by no means always be5 ! case4 ,t ^! m5 d n always speak ! language ( edification is ( m9or consequ5ce4 ,:at is ( inf9ite wor? is t ! l>ge/ m9ds ( ! g5]ation %all engage !mselves ) ! topic ( religion4 ,a hi/ory ( ?\ght conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity _c b reckon ) ! op9ions1 = example1 ( ,c>lyle1 ( ,em]son1 ( ,mat!w ,arnold--to m5tion only types4 ,,c>lyle ,c>lyle has pictur$ = u 8 e>ly home at ,ecclefe*an on ! ,bord]2 8 fa!r1 a /one mason ( ! highe/ "*2 8 "m ) h] frugal1 pi\s ways2 ! m9i/]1 f :om he le>n$ ,lat91 '! prie/lie/ man ,i ev] beheld 9 any ecclesia/ical guise4' ,! picture ( 8 "m nev] fad$ f 8 memory4 ,c>lyle 0 de/9$ = ! ,*ur*4 ,su* _h be5 8 "m's pray]4 ,he took 8 arts c\rse 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,9 ! univ]sity1 he says1 '!re 0 mu* talk ab\t progress ( ! species1 d>k ages1 & ! l1 b ! hungry "y look$ to _! spiritual nurses & 7 bidd5 to eat ! ea/ w9d4' ,he ent]$ ,div9ity ,hall1 b already1 9 #ahaf1 prohibitive d\bts _h aris5 9 8 m9d4 ,irv+ s\ght to help him4 ,irv+ 0 n ! man = ! task4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,*ur* _h become intellectually incr$ible to ,c>lyle4 ,= a "t he 0 acutely mis]able1 bord]+ ^u despair4 ,he has describ$ 8 spiritual deliv]ance3 ',precisely t befel me :i* ! ,me?odi/s call _! conv]sion1 ! deliv]ance ( _! s\ls f ! devil & ! pit4 ,!re bur/ =? a sacr$ flame ( joy 9 me4' ,) ,s>tor ,res>tus 8 message to ! _w began4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e 9 #ahcc1 b n publi%$ sep>ately until #ahch4 ,8 difficulty 9 f9d+ a publi%] embitt]$ him4 ,/yle _h some?+ to d ) ?is1 ! newness ( 8 message _h m4 ,!n = tw5ty ye>s he p\r$ =? 8 message4 ,nev] did a man c>ry su* a pair ( eyes into ! great _w ( ,london or set a m p]emptory m>k ^u its notabilities4 ,8 be/ "w 0 done be=e #ahea4 ,8 lat] ye>s 7 d>k5$ ) mu* mis]y ( body4 ,no "o c allege t he ev] _h a happy m9d4 ,he 0 a true prophet1 b1 ,elijah-l1 he seem$ to himself to be alone4 ,8 d]ision ( ! curr5t religion seems sometimes ne$less4 ,yet ev5 t has ! gr& note ( s9c]ity4 ,:at he desir$ he 9 no small measure a*iev$--t 8 read]s %\ld be arre/$ & feel !mselves face to face ) reality4 ,8 />tl+ intuition1 8 intellectual uprightness1 8 grasp ^u ?+s z !y are1 8 passion = :at ought to be1 made a great impression ^u 8 age4 ,x 0 9 itself a religi\s influ5ce4 ,"h 0 a m9d ( giant =ce1 ( /]ne/ tru?fulness4 ,8 untru?s 7 ^? ( exagg]ation4 ,8 inju/ices 7 ^? ( prejudice4 ,he inve/$ _m que/ions ( a social & moral1 ( a political & religi\s sort ) a nobl] mean+ ?an !y _h _h be=e4 ,8 ,fr5* ,revolution1 8 pap]s on ,*>tism1 8 unceas+ comm5t on ! tr\bl$ life ( ! ye>s f #ahcj to #ahfe1 are ( highe/ mom5t = our und]/&+ ( ! gr[? ( t social feel+ 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live & "w4 ,9 8 brood+ sympa?y ) ! d[ntrodd5 he 0 a great inaugurator ( ! social movem5t4 ,he felt ! curse ( an ari/ocratic society1 yet no "o has told u ) m dra/ic tru?fulness ! evils ( our democratic in/itutions4 ,8 ^w 0 a great corrective = mu* 'rose-wat]' optimism :i* prevail$ 9 8 day4 ,! note ( hope is1 h[ev]1 (t5 lack+4 ,! my?ology ( an abs5tee ,god _h fad$ f him4 ,yet ! ,god :o 0 cle> to 8 mature consci\sness1 cle> z ! sun 9 ! heav5s1 0 a ,god ov] ! _w1 to judge x inexorably4 ,aga91 x is n difficult to accumulate evid5ce 9 8 words :i* looks t[>d pan!ism2 b :at "o may call ! religi\s b5efit ( pan!ism1 ! s5se t ,god is 9 8 _w1 ,c>lyle (t5 loses4 ,mat]ialism is to-day s deeply discr$it$ t we f9d x difficult to realise t sixty ye>s ago ! problem wore a diff]5t look4 ,c>lyle 0 nev] we>y ( p\r+ out ! vials ( 8 contempt on 'mud-philosophies' & exalt+ ! _s z aga9/ matt]4 ,nev] 0 a man m oppos$ to ! idea ( a godless _w1 9 :i* man is 8 own *ief end1 & 8 s5sual pleasures ! ma9 aims ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,8 insight into ! consequ5ces ( our comm]cialism & luxury & absorption 9 ! outw>d nev] fails4 ,man is ,god's son1 b ! ef=t to realise t son%ip 9 ! joy & tru/ ( a dev\t he>t & 9 ! humble r\nd ( daily life sometimes seems to him cant or sup]/ition4 ,! humble life ( godl9ess made an unspeakable appeal to him4 ,he _h kn[n ^? :o liv$ t life4 ,8 love = !m 0 imp]i%able4 ,yet he _h s recoil$ f ! sup]/itions & hypocrisies ( o!rs1 ! ,et]nal 9 8 maje/y 0 s ineffable1 all ef=t to approa* him s unwor?y1 t almo/ in/9ctively he w\ld call ^u ! man :o made ! ef=t1 to desi/4 ,s magnific5t1 all 8 life long1 _h be5 8 prote/ aga9/ ! cr$ulity & /upidity ( m51 aga9/ beliefs :i* ass]t ! impossible & bl9k ! facts1 t1 = himself1 ! great objects ( fai? 7 held fa/ to1 s to say1 9 _! nak$ v]ity1 ) a giant's /r5g?4 ,!y 7 half-qu]ul\sly d5i$ all g>m5t & embodim5t1 le/ he also %\ld be f\nd cr$ul\s & self-deceiv$4 ,f ?is titan lab\r+ at ! f\ndations ( ! _w1 ?is ,samson pull+ d[n temples ( ! ,phili/9es on 8 head1 ?is cyclops heav+ hills at %ips z !y pass by1 x seems a long way to ,em]son4 ,yet ,em]son 0 ,c>lyle's fri5d4 ,,em]son ,arnold said 9 "o ( 8 ,am]ican addresses3 ',besides ^! voices--,newman1 ,c>lyle1 ,goe!--!re came to u 9 ! ,ox=d ( my y\? a voice also f ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 a cle> & pure voice :i*1 = my e> at any rate1 br\ght a /ra9 z new & mov+ & un=getable z ^? o!rs4 ,l[ell has describ$ ! app>ition ( ,em]son to y\r "y g5]ation "h4 ,he 0 y\r ,newman1 y\r man ( s\l & g5ius1 speak+ to y\r bodily e>s1 a pres5t object = y\r he>t & imag9ation4' ,!n he quotes z "o ( ! mo/ memorable passages 9 ,engli% spee*3 ',tru/ ?yself4 ,accept ! place :i* ! div9e provid5ce has f\nd = y1 ! society ( y\r contempor>ies1 ! connection ( ev5ts4 ,great m5 h always done s1 confid+ !mselves *ildlike to ! g5ius ( _! age1 betray+ a p]ception :i* 0 /irr+ 9 _! he>ts1 work+ ?r\gh _! h&s1 dom9at+ _! :ole be+4' ,arnold speaks ( ,c>lyle's grim insi/5ce ^u lab\r & righte\sness b ( 8 scorn ( happ9ess1 & !n says3 ',b ,em]son taught happ9ess 9 lab\r1 9 righte\sness & v]acity4 ,9 all ! life ( ! _s1 happ9ess & et]nal hope1 t 0 ,em]son's gospel4 ,by 8 conviction t 9 ! life ( ! _s is happ9ess1 by 8 hope & expectation t ?is life ( ! _s w m & m be und]/ood & w prevail1 by ?is ,em]son 0 great4' ,sev5 ( ,em]son's ance/ors 7 m9i/]s ( ,new ,engl& *ur*es4 ,he inh]it$ qualities ( self-reliance1 love ( lib]ty1 /r5u\s virtue1 s9c]ity1 sobriety & fe>less loyalty to ideals4 ,! =m ( 8 ideals 0 modifi$ by ! gl[ ( transc5d5talism :i* pass$ ov] p>ts ( ,new ,engl& 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b ! _s 9 :i* ,em]son conceiv$ ! laws ( life1 rev]5c$ !m & liv$ !m1 0 ! ,puritan _s1 only elevat$1 enl>g$ & beautifi$ by ! poetic temp]am5t4 ,tak+ 8 degree f ,h>v>d 9 #ahba1 despis+ s*ool tea*+1 /irr$ by ! passion = spiritual lead]%ip1 ! m9i/ry seem$ to (f] ! faire/ field = its satisfaction4 ,9 #ahbe he ent]$ ! ,div9ity ,s*ool 9 ,h>v>d to prep>e himself = ! ,unit>ian m9i/ry4 ,9 #ahbi he became associate m9i/] ( ! ,second ,unit>ian ,*ur* 9 ,bo/on4 ,he arriv$ at ! conviction t ! ,"l's ,supp] 0 n int5d$ by ,jesus to be a p]man5t sacram5t4 ,he f\nd 8 congregation1 n unnaturally1 reluctant to agree ) him4 ,he !re=e retir$ f ! pa/oral (fice4 ,he 0 always a prea*]1 ?\gh ( a s+ul> ord]4 ,8 task 0 to befri5d & guide ! inn] life ( man4 ,! influ5ces ( ?is p]iod 9 8 life h be5 enum]at$ z ! lib]at+ philosophy ( ,col]idge1 ! my/ical vision ( ,sw$5borg1 ! intimate poetry ( ,wordswor?1 ! /imulat+ essays ( ,c>lyle4 ,8 address be=e ! graduat+ class ( ! ,div9ity ,s*ool at ,cambridge 9 #ahch 0 an impassion$ prote/ aga9/ :at he call$ ! defects ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 its undue reliance ^u ! p]sonal au?ority ( ,jesus1 its failure to explore ! moral nature ( man4 ,he made a d>+ plea = absolute self-reliance & new inspiration 9 religion3 ',9 ! s\l let r$emption be s\ght4 ,refuse ! good models1 ev5 ^? :i* are sacr$ 9 ! imag9ation ( m54 ,ca/ con=mity beh9d y4 ,acqua9t m5 at fir/ h& ) deity4' ,he nev] c\ld h be5 ! p[] he 0 by ! =ce ( 8 negations4 ,8 p[] lay 9 ! weal?1 ! v>iety1 ! beauty & insight ) :i* he set =? ! positive side ( 8 doctr9e ( ! greatness ( man1 ( ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 man1 ( ! div95ess ( life1 ( ,god's judgm5t & m]cy 9 ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,"o sees bo? ! p[] & ! limitation ( ,em]son's religi\s tea*+4 ,at ! root ( x lay a real philosophy4 ,he c\ld n philosophise4 ,he 0 always pass+ f ! pr9ciple to its application4 ,he c\ld n sy/ematise4 ,he speaks ( 8 '=midable t5d5cy to ! lapid>y /yle4' ,grant+ t "o f9ds 8 philosophy 9 fragm5ts1 j z "o f9ds 8 int]pretation ( religion 9 fla%es ( m>vell\s insight1 bo? are wor? se>*+ =1 & ei!r1 9 ,col]idge's phrase1 f9ds u1 :e!r we se>* = x or n4 ,,arnold ,:at %all we say ( ,mat!w ,arnold himself8 ,)\t d\bt ! tw5ty ye>s by :i* ,arnold 0 ,newman's junior at ,ox=d made a great diff]5ce 9 ! intellectual atmosph]e ( t place1 & ( ! ,engli% _w ( lett]s1 at ! "t :5 ,arnold's m9d 0 matur+4 ,he 0 n too late to feel ! spell ( ,newman4 ,8 m9d 0 h>dly "o to appreciate ! :ole =ce ( t spell4 ,he 0 at ,ox=d too e>ly = ! full und]/&+ ( ! limits )9 :i* alone ! sci5tific conception ( ! _w c be said to be true4 ,arnold (t5 boa/$ t he 0 no metaphysician4 ,he really ne$ nev] h m5tion$ ! fact4 ,! assumption t :atev] is true c be v]ifi$ 9 ! s5se ( ! precise k9d ( v]ification :i* sci5ce implies is a v s]i\s mi/ake4 ,yet 8 :ole intellectual /r5g? 0 devot$ to ! su/a9+1 "o _c say exactly ! cause ( religion1 b c]ta9ly t ( noble conduct1 & to ! ass]tion ( ! elation ( duty & ! joy ( righte\sness4 ,) all ! scorn t ,arnold p\rs ^u ! tru/ :i* we place 9 ,god's love1 he yet holds to ! conviction t '! p[] )\t ourselves :i* makes = righte\sness' is "o ^u :i* we may 9 rapture rely4 ,arnold _h conv9c$ himself t 9 an ago su* z ours1 :i* w take no?+ = grant$1 b mu/ v]ify ev]y?+1 ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! old =m ( au?oritative belief 9 sup]natural be+s & miracul\s ev5ts1 is no long] t5able4 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves to su* e?ical tru?s z c be v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ reject ev]y?+ :i* goes beyond ^!4 ,religion has no m to d ) sup]natural dogma ?an ) metaphysical philosophy4 ,x has no?+ to d ) ei!r4 ,x has to d ) conduct4 ,x is folly to make religion dep5d ^u ! conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t & moral gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 z ! !ologians h done4 ,= ! object ( fai? 9 ! e?ical s5se ,arnold co9$ ! phrase3 ',! ,et]nal n ourselves :i* makes = righte\sness4' ,s soon z we g beyond ?is1 we ent] ^u ! region ( fanciful an?ropomorphism1 ( extra belief1 ab]glaube1 :i* always rev5ges itself4 ,^! are ! ma9 cont5tions ( 8 book1 ,lit]ature & ,dogma1 #ahge4 ,"o feels ! value ( ,arnold's recall to ! s5se ( ! lit]>y "* ( ! ,scriptural docum5ts1 z urg$ 9 8 book1 ,sa9t ,paul & ,prote/antism1 #ahgj1 & aga9 to ! s5se ( ! influ5ce :i* ! imag9ation ( mank9d has _h ^u religion4 ,"o feels ! tru? ( 8 ass]tion ( our ignorance4 ,"o feels ,arnold's own deep e>ne/ness4 ,x 0 8 conc]n t reason & ! w ( ,god %\ld prevail4 ,?\gh he 0 prim>ily a lit]>y man1 yet 8 great int]e/ 0 9 religion4 ,"o feels s s9c]ely t 8 ma9 conclusion is s\nd1 t x is ! m try+ t 8 /atem5t ( x %\ld be (t5 s p]v]se & 8 me?od ( su/a9+ x s prec>i\s4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! idea ( ! ,et]nal n ourselves :i* makes = righte\sness is f> f be+ ! cle> idea :i* ,arnold claims4 ,x is f> f be+ an idea d]iv$ f exp]i5ce or v]ifiable 9 exp]i5ce1 9 ! s5se :i* he ass]ts4 ,x seems positively incr$ible t ,arnold did n "k t ) ?is conception he pass$ ! b\nd>y ( ! realm ( sci5ce & ent]$ ! realm ( metaphysics1 :i* he s abhorr$4 ,he 0 ! elde/ son ( ,?omas ,arnold ( ,rugby4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,w9*e/] & ,rugby & at ,balliol ,college4 ,he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,poetry 9 ,ox=d f #aheg to #ahfg4 ,he 0 an inspector ( s*ools4 ,! ye>s ( 8 be/ lit]>y lab\r 7 mu* tak5 up 9 ways :i* 7 wa/eful ( 8 r>e p[]s4 ,he came by lit]>y intuition to an idea ( ,scripture :i* o!rs _h built up f ! po9t ( view ( a !ory ( k & by inve/igation ( ! facts4 ,he is ! helpless p]sonification ( a view ( ! relation ( sci5ce & religion :i* has absolutely pass$ away4 ,yet ,arnold di$ only 9 #ahhh4 ,h[ mu* a di/+ui%$ inh]itance may mean is ga!r$ f ! fact t a gr&-daught] ( ,?omas ,arnold & niece ( ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d1 9 h] novels1 has dealt l>gely ) problems ( religi\s life1 & m p>ticul>ly ( religi\s ?\ghtfulness4 ,%e has done = h] g5]ation1 9 h] measure1 t :i* ,george ,eliot did = h]s4 ,,m>t9eau ,z ! *apt] & ! book draw to _! close we c ?9k ( no man ^: life m ne>ly spann$ ! c5tury1 or ^: "w t\*$ m fruitfully almo/ e aspect ( ,*ri/ian ?\ghtfulness ?an did t ( ,james ,m>t9eau4 ,we c ?9k ( no man :o ga!r$ into himself m fully ! significant !ological t5d5cies ( ! age1 or ^: utt]ance entitles him to be li/5$ to m rev]5tly z se] & sa9t4 ,he 0 born 9 #ahje4 ,he 0 br$ z an eng9e]4 ,he fulfill$ = ye>s ! call+ ( m9i/] & prea*]4 ,he gradually ex*ang$ ?is = ! activity ( a pr(essor4 ,he 0 a religi\s philosoph] 9 ! old s5se1 b he 0 also a critic & hi/orian4 ,8 position ) ref]5ce to ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 p>tly antiquat$ be=e 8 ,seat ( ,au?ority 9 ,religion1 #ahij1 made its appe>ance4 ,evolutionism nev] became ) him a coh]5t & consi/5t assumption4 ,e?ics nev] altoge!r got rid ( ! innate ideas4 ,! social movem5t left him almo/ unt\*$4 ,yet1 despite all ?is1 he 0 9 "s s5se a repres5tative progressive !ologian ( ! c5tury4 ,!re is a p>allel betwe5 ,newman & ,m>t9eau4 ,bo? busi$ !mselves ) ! problem ( au?ority4 ,criticism _h be5 fatal to ! appreh5sion :i* bo? _h inh]it$ conc]n+ ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,f t po9t onw>d !y took div]g5t c\rses4 ,! argum5ts :i* t\*$ ! infallible & oracul> au?ority ( ,scripture1 = ,newman e/abli%$ t ( ! ,*ur*2 = ,m>t9eau !y _h de/roy$ t ( ! ,*ur* f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,m>t9eau's s5se1 ev5 ( ! au?ority ( ,jesus1 rev]5t z x is1 is yet no pieti/ic & my/ical view4 ,! au?ority ( ,jesus is t ( ! tru? :i* he speaks1 ( ! goodness :i* dwells 9 him1 ( ,god himself & ,god alone4 ,a real int]e/ 9 ! sci5ces & true le>n+ 9 "s ( !m made ,m>t9eau able to write t wond]ful *apt] 9 8 ,seat ( ,au?ority1 :i* he entitl$ ',god 9 ,nature4' ,newman c\ld see 9 nature1 at mo/ a sacram5tal sugge/ion1 a symbol ( transc5d5tal tru?4 ,! ,m>t9eaus came ( old ,hugu5ot /ock1 :i* 9 ,engl& belong$ to ! lib]al ,presbyt]ianism out ( :i* mu* ( ,briti% ,unit>ianism came4 ,! righte\sness ( a p]secut$ race _h left an au/]e impress ^u _! dome/ic & social life4 ,intellectually !y inh]it$ ! advanc$ lib]alism ( _! day4 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau's e>li] piety _h be5 ( ! mo/ f]v5t sort4 ,%e react$ viol5tly aga9/ x 9 lat] ye>s4 ,%e _h little ( ! politic temp] & g5tl5ess ( h] bro!r4 ,%e describ$ "o ( h] own lat] works z ! la/ ^w ( philosophic a!ism4 ,james 01 & always rema9$1 ( deepe/ s5sitiv5ess & rev]5ce & ( a g5tl5ess :i* /ood 9 high contra/ ) 8 p[]s ( conflict1 if necessity arose4 ,out ( ,m>t9eau's ye>s z prea*] 9 ,liv]pool & ,london came two books ( r>e devotional quality1 ,endeav\rs aft] ! ,*ri/ian ,life1 #ahdc & #ahdg1 & ,h\rs ( ,?\ght on ,sacr$ ,?+s1 #ahgc & #ahgi4 ,almo/ all 8 life he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,man*e/] ,college1 z a /ud5t :5 ! college 0 locat$ at ,york1 z a tea*] :5 x return$ to ,man*e/] & aga9 :5 x 0 remov$ to ,london4 ,) its removal to ,ox=d1 accompli%$ 9 #ahhi1 he _h n fully sympa?is$4 ,he believ$ t ! univ]sity itself mu/ "s day d ju/ice to ! education ( m5 = ! m9i/ry 9 o!r *ur*es ?an ! ,anglican4 ,he 0 eighty ye>s old :5 he publi%$ 8 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 eighty-two :5 he gave to ! _w 8 ,/udy ( ,religion1 eighty-five :5 8 ,seat ( ,au?ority saw ! light4 ,! effect ( ?is po/ponem5t ( publication 0 n :olly good4 ,! books repres5t$ m>vell\s le>n+ & rip5ess ( reflection4 ,b !y belong to a p]iod ant]ior to ! dates !y be> ^u _! title-pages4 ,m>t9eau's education & 8 e>ly pr(essional exp]i5ce put him 9 t\* ) ! advanc+ sci5ces4 ,9 ! days :5 mo/ m5 ( progressive _s 7 c>ri$ (f _! feet1 :5 mat]ialism 0 flaunt$ 9 m5's faces & ! def5ce ( religion 0 l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o knew no?+ ( ! sci5ces1 ,m>t9eau 0 n mov$4 ,he saw ! end f ! beg9n+4 ,!re is no?+ f9] 9 8 late/ "w ?an 8 e>ly essays--',nature & ,god1' ',sci5ce1 ,nesci5ce & ,fai?1' & ',religion z affect$ by ,mod]n ,mat]ialism4' ,he di$ 9 #aijj 9 8 n9ety-fif? ye>4 ,x is difficult to speak ( ! liv+ 9 ^! pages4 ,p]sonal relations en=ce res]ve & brevity4 ,nev]!less1 no "o c ?9k ( ,man*e/] ,college & ,m>t9eau )\t be+ rem9d$ ( ,mansfield ,college & ( ,fairbairn1 a ,scot*man1 b ( ! ,indep5d5t ,*ur*4 ,he also 0 bo? tea*] & prea*] all 8 days1 lead] ( ! movem5t :i* br\ght ,mansfield ,college f ,birm+ham to ,ox=d1 by ! confession bo? ( ,anglicans & ( ,non-con=mi/s ! mo/ le>n$ man 9 8 subjects 9 ! ,ox=d ( 8 "t1 an hi/orian1 t\*$ by ! social en?usiasm1 b a religi\s philosoph]1 p> excell5ce4 ,8 ,religion & ,mod]n ,life1 #ahid1 8 ,ca?olicism1 ,roman & ,anglican1 #ahii1 8 ,place ( ,*ri/ 9 ,mod]n ,!ology1 #ahic1 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 #aijb1 & 8 ,/udies 9 ,religion & ,!ology1 #aiaj1 indicate ! wid5ess ( 8 sympa?ies & ! scope ( ! application1 ( 8 p[]s4 ,if imitation is homage1 grateful ackn[l$gm5t is "h made ( ri* spoil tak5 f 8 books4 ,philosophy took a new turn 9 ,brita9 aft] ! middle ( ! decade ( ! sixties4 ,x began to be conc$$ t ,locke & ,hume 7 dead4 ,_h ,mill really appreciat$ t fact he might h be5 a philosoph] m fruitful & influ5tial ?an he 04 ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 dead4 ,mansel's endeav\r1 out ( agno/icism to conjure ! mo/ absurdly positivi/ic fai?1 _h left ?9k+ m5 m expos$ to scepticism1 if possible1 ?an !y _h be5 be=e4 ,:5 ,hegel 0 ?\ght 9 ,g]many to be obsolete1 & ev]y:]e ! cry 0 'back to ,kant1' "s ,scot* & ,engli% s*ol>s1 ! two ,cairds & ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison1 ) ,?omas ,hill ,gre51 made a modifi$ ,hegelianism curr5t 9 ,great ,brita94 ,!y l$ by ?is pa? 9 ! introduction ( _! c\ntrym5 to lat] ,g]man idealism4 ,by ?is introduction philosophy 9 bo? ,brita9 & ,am]ica has greatly ga9$4 ,despite ^! facts1 ,john ,caird's ,introduction to ! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 #ahhj1 is /ill only a religi\s philosophy4 ,x is n a philosophy ( religion4 ,8 ,fundam5tal ,ideas ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahif1 h>dly escapes ! old anti!ses among :i* !ological discussion mov$1 say1 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,edw>d ,caird's ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 #ahhi1 & especially 8 ,evolution ( ,religion1 #ahib1 m>k$ ! com+ *ange m def9itely ?an did any ( ! lab\rs ( 8 bro!r4 ,?omas ,hill ,gre5 gave great promise 9 8 ,introduction to ,hume1 #ahhe1 8 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #ahhc1 & /ill m 9 essays & pap]s scatt]$ ?r\gh ! volumes edit$ by ,nettle%ip aft] ,gre5's dea?4 ,8 contribution to religi\s discussion 0 su* z to make 8 untimely end to be deeply deplor$4 ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison's e>ly "w1 ,! ,developm5t f ,kant to ,hegel1 #ahha1 /ill has great wor?4 ,8 ,hegelianism & ,p]sonality1 #ahic1 deals ) "o aspect ( ! topic :i* ne$s ev] aga9 to be explor$1 because ( ! psy*ological basis :i* 9 religi\s discussion is n[ assum$4 ,,james ,! greate/ contribution ( ,am]ica to religi\s discussion 9 rec5t ye>s is surely ,william ,james's ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 #aijb4 ,! book is unres]v$ly ackn[l$g$ 9 ,brita91 & 9 ,g]many z well1 to be ! be/ :i* we yet h ^u ! psy*ology ( religion4 ,n only s1 x gives a new intimation z to :at psy*ology ( religion means4 ,x blazes a pa? along :i* inve/igators are eag]ly foll[+4 ,boyce1 9 8 ,phi ,beta ,kappa address at ,h>v>d 9 #aiaa1 decl>$ ,james to be ! ?ird repres5tative philosoph] :om ,am]ica has produc$4 ,he _h ! =m ( philosophy z ,em]son nev] _h4 ,he c\ld realise :i!r he 0 go+1 z ,em]son 9 8 intuitiv5ess nev] did4 ,he criticis$ ! dom9ant monism 9 mo/ pregnant way4 ,he recurr$ to ! problems :i* dualism own$ b c\ld n solve4 ,we _c call ! new s*eme dualism4 ,! _w does n g back4 ,yet ,james made an ov]-confid5t g5]ation feel t ! c5turies to :i* dualism _h seem$ reasonable 7 n s completely )\t intellig5ce z has be5 suppos$ by "s4 ,no philosophy may claim complet5ess z an int]pretation ( ! univ]se4 ,no m conclusive pro( ( ?is judgm5t c\ld be ask$ ?an is giv5 q un9t5tionally 9 ,haeckel's ,weltr?sel4 ,at no po9t is ?is recall m e>ne/ ?an 9 ,james's deal+ ) ! anti!sis ( good & evil4 ,! reaction ( ! m9d ( ! race1 & prim>ily ( individuals1 ^u ! fact ( evil1 m5's consci\sness ( evil 9 !mselves1 _! desire to be rid ( x1 _! belief t !re is a deliv]ance f x & t !y h f\nd t deliv]ance1 is = ,james ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! /udy ( ! actual ph5om5a & ! active pr9ciple ( religion4 ,! true/ psy*ological & philosophical in/9ct ( ! ago ?us sets ! exp]i5ce ( conv]sion 9 ! c5tre ( discussion4 ,app>5tly mo/ m5 h1 at "s "t & 9 "s way1 ! consci\sness ( a capacity = ,god :i* is unfulfill$1 ( a relation to ,god unrealis$1 :i* is brok5 & resum$1 or yet to be resum$4 ,!y h ! s5se t _! own ef=t mu/ contribute to ?is recov]y4 ,!y h ! s5se also t some?+ )\t !mselves emp[]s !m to attempt ?is recov]y & to p]sev]e 9 ! attempt4 ,! psy*ology ( religion is ?us put 9 ! =efront4 ,! va/ masses ( mat]ial ( ?is sort :i* ! religi\s _w1 bo? pa/ & pres5t1 possesses1 h be5 ei!r actually unexplor$1 or else set =? 9 ways :i* di/ort$ & obscur$ ! facts4 ,! exp]i5ce is ! fact4 ,! be/ sci5ce ! _w kn[s is n[ to deal ) x z x w\ld deal ) any o!r fact4 ,?is is ! epo*-mak+ ?+1 ! contribution to me?od 9 ,james's book4 ,james 0 born 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahdb1 ! son ( a ,sw$5borgian !ologian4 ,he took 8 m$ical degree at ,h>v>d 9 #ahgj4 ,he began to lecture !re 9 anatomy 9 #ahgb & became ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 #ahhe4 ,he 0 a ,gif=d & a ,hibb]t ,lectur]4 ,he di$ 9 #aiaj4 ,:5 ,james's !sis %all h be5 fully work$ out1 mu* suppos$ inve/igation ( primitive religions1 :i* is really no?+ b imag9ation conc]n+ primitive religions1 w be %[n 9 its true wor?lessness4 ,we "k v little ab\t primitive man4 ,:at we le>n z to primitive man1 on ! side ( 8 religion1 we mu/ le>n 9 "p f ! psy*ology ( ! matur$ & civilis$1 ! pres5t liv+1 ?9k+1 feel+ man 9 contact ) 8 religion4 ,matur$ religion is n to be judg$ by ! primitive1 b ! rev]se4 ,! real /udy ( ! hi/ory ( religions1 ! /udy ( ! objective ph5om5a1 f e>lie/ to late/ times1 has its place4 ,b ! hi/ory ( religions is p]v]t$ :5 x takes = fact 9 ! life ( primitive man t :i* nev] exi/$ save 9 ! imag9ation ( tw5tie? c5tury /ud5ts4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 on its inn] & spiritual side1 is to be judg$ by lat] ,*ri/ianity1 by pres5t ,*ri/ianity1 by ! ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce :i* we see & "k to-day1 & n conv]sely1 z m5 h always claim$4 ,! mod]n man is n to be conv]t$ aft] ! patt]n :i* x is alleg$ t 8 gr&fa!r foll[$4 ,=1 fir/1 !re is ! "q z to :e!r 8 gr&fa!r did con=m to ?is patt]n4 ,& beyond t1 x is saf] to try to und]/& ! exp]i5ce ( ! gr&fa!r1 :om we d n "k1 by ! psy*ology & exp]i5ce ( ! gr&son1 :om we d "k1 )1 ( c\rse1 a judici\s admixture ( k ( ! hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* w\ld occasion *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,! mod]n sa9t is n ask$ to be a sa9t l ,francis4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ d we "k :at ,francis 0 l8 ,9 ! second place1 ! exp]i5ce ( ,francis may be mo/ easily und]/ood by ! aid ( mod]n exp]i5ce ( true revolt f worldl9ess & ( consecration to self-sacrifice1 z ^! exi/ among u1 )1 ( c\rse1 ! prop] backgr\nd furni%$ by ! hi/ory ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,s\ls are "o4 ,our s\ls may be1 at lea/ 9 "s measure1 kn[n to ourselves4 ,ev5 ! s\ls ( "s ( our fell[s may be measurably kn[n to u4 ,:at are ! facts ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce8 ,h[ d s\ls react 9 face ( ! et]nal8 ,! exp]i5ce ( religion1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god1 ( ! son%ip ( man1 ( ! mov+ ( ! _s1 is surely "o exp]i5ce4 ,h[ did ev5 ,*ri/'s great s\l react1 exp]i5ce1 "w1 w1 & suff]8 ,by :at possible means c we ev] "k h[ he react$1 work$1 will$1 suff]$8 ,9 ! lit]ature we le>n only h[ m5 ?\ght t he react$4 ,we mu/ inquire ( our own s\ls4 ,to be sure1 ,*ri/ belong$ to ! fir/ c5tury1 & we live 9 ! tw5tie?4 ,x is possible = u to le>n some?+ ( ! fir/ c5tury & ( ! concrete outw>d conditions :i* caus$ 8 life to take ! %ape :i* x did4 ,we le>n ?is by /rict hi/orical rese>*4 ,assur$ly ! supreme measure 9 :i* ! _s ( all tru? & goodness once took possession ( ! ,naz>5e1 rema9s to u a my/]y unfa?om$ & unfa?omable4 ,dwell+ 9 ,jesus1 t _s made ?r\gh him a revelation ( ! div9e su* z ! _w has nev] se54 ,yet t my/]y leads =? along ! pa? ( t :i* is intelligible4 ,&1 9 ano!r s5se1 ev5 su* religi\s exp]i5ce z we ourselves may h1 poor ?\gh x be & sadly limit$1 leads back into ! same my/]y4 ,x 0 ) ?is cont5tion t religion is a fact ( ! inn] life ( man1 t x is to be und]/ood ?r\gh consci\sness1 t x is ess5tially & absolutely reasonable & yet belongs to ! transc5d5tal _w1 x 0 ) ?is cont5tion t1 9 ! p]son ( ,immanuel ,kant1 ! hi/ory ( mod]n religi\s ?\ght began4 ,x is ) ?is cont5tion1 9 "o ( its newe/ & mo/ f>-rea*+ applications 9 ! "w ( ,william ,james1 t ?is hi/ory cont9ues4 ,= no "o c ?9k ( ! numb] ( que/ions :i* rec5t ye>s h rais$1 )\t realis+ t ?is hi/ory is by no means conclud$4 ,x is conceivable t ! *anges :i* ! tw5tie? c5tury w br+ may be z notewor?y z ^? :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury has se54 ,at lea/ we may be grateful t s great & sure a f\ndation has be5 laid4 ,,bibliography ,,*apt] ,i ,,w]nle1 ,,paul4 ,e9fhrung 9 das !ologis*e ,/udium4 ,tb+51 #b4 ,aufl41 #aiaa4 ,,die ,,kultur ,,d] ,,geg5w>t4 ,?4 ,i41 ,ab?4 iv4 #a4 ,ges*i*te d] ,*ri/li*5 ,religion1 v4 ,wellhaus51 ,jlieb]1 ,h>nack u4 ,a41 #b4 ,aufl4 ,b]l91 #aiji4 ,,die ,,kultur ,,d] ,,geg5w>t4 ,?4 ,i41 ,ab?4 iv4 #b4 ,sy/ematis*e ,*ri/li*e ,religion1 v4 ,troelts*1 ,h]rmann1 ,holtzmann u4 ,a41 #b4 ,aufl4 ,b]l91 #aiji4 ,,pfleid]]1 ,,otto4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,!ology 9 ,g]many s9ce ,kant1 & its ,progress 9 ,great ,brita9 s9ce #ahbe4 ,transl41 ,j4 ,,fr$]ick ,,smi?4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,,li*t5b]g]1 ,f4 ,hi/oire des ,ides ,religieuses en ,allemagne despuis le milieu du ,,xviii' sicle nos j\rs4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,transl41 ) notes1 ,w4 ,,ha/ie4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhi4 ,,ad5ey1 ,w4,f4 ,a ,c5tury ( ,progress 9 ,religi\s ,life & ,?\ght4 ,london1 #aija4 ,,h>nack1 ,,adolf4 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums4 ,b]l91 #aijj4 ,transl41 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 ,t4,b4 ,,saund]s4 ,london1 #aija4 ,,/eph51 ,,leslie4 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 #b vols4 ,london1 #crd ed41 #aijb4 ,,troelts*1 ,,ern/4 ,art4 ',deismus' 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cyclopdie fr ,prote/antis*e ,!ologie und ,kir*e4 #c4 ,aufl4 ,leipzig1 #d4 ,bd41 #ahih1 s4 #ecb f43 art4 ',aufklrung1' #b4 ,bd41 #ahig1 s4 #bbe f43 art4 ',idealismus1 deuts*]1' #h4 ,bd41 #aijj1 s4 #fab f4 ,,mirbt1 ,,c>l4 ,art4 ',pietiamus' 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cydopdie1 #ae4 ,bd41 #aijd1 s4 #ggd f4 ,,rits*l1 ,,albre*t4 ,ges*i*te des ,pietismus1 #c ,bde4 ,bonn1 #ahhj-ahhf4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,w9delb&1 ,w4 ,die ,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,philosophie 9 ihrem ,zusamm5hang mit d] allgeme95 ,kultur und d5 bes\d]5 ,wiss5s*aft54 #b ,bde4 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 ,h,,ffd+1 ,,h>old4 ,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,philosophie4 ,ueb]setzt v4 ,b5dix54 #b ,bde4 ,leipzig1 #ahif4 ,,euck51 ,,rudolf4 ,die ,leb5sans*auung5 d] gross5 ,d5k]4 #h4 ,anfl4 ,leipzig1 #aiji4 ,transl41 ,! ,problem ( ,human ,life z view$ by ! ,great ,?9k]s1 by ,w4,s4 ,,h\gh & ,w4,r4 ,,boyce ,,gibson4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,,pr+le-,,pattison1 ,a4 ,,se?4 ,! ,developm5t f ,kant to ,hegel4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,,drews1 ,,ar?ur4 ,die ,deuts*e ,spekulation seit ,kant #b ,bde4 ,b]l91 #ahic4 ,,royce1 ,,josiah4 ,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,bo/on1 #ahic4 ,! ,religi\s ,aspect ( ,philosophy4 ,bo/on1 #ahhe4 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual4 #b vols4 ,new ,york1 #aija & #aijd4 ,,pauls51 ,,fri$ri*4 ,immanuel ,kant1 se9 ,leb5 und se9e ,lehre4 ,/uttg>t1 #c4 ,aufl41 #ahii4 ,transl41 ,,creighton ,,& ,,lefev]4 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,,caird1 ,,edw>d4 ,a ,critical ,acc\nt ( ! ,philosophy ( ,kant3 ) an ,hi/orical ,introduction4 ,glasg[1 #ahgg4 ,,fis*]1 ,,kuno4 ,hegels ,leb51 ,w]ke und ,lehre4 #b ,bde4 ,heidelb]g1 #aija4 ,,siebeck1 ,,h]mann4 ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsphilosophie4 ,freiburg1 #ahic4 ,,euck51 ,,rudolf4 ,d] ,wahrheitsgehalt d] ,religion4 ,leipzig1 #d4 ,aufl41 #aijf4 ,transl41 ,,jones4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,,tiele1 ,c4,p4 ,comp5dium d] ,religionsges*i*te4 ,ueb]setzt v4 ,web]4 #c4 ,aufl4 umge>beitet v4 ,sd]blom4 ,breslau1 #aijc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,von ,,frank1 ,h4,r4 ,ges*i*te und ,kritik d] neu]5 ,!ologie insbesond]e d] sy/ematis*5 seit ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,hrsg1 v4 ,s*a>s*midt4 ,eriang51 #ahih4 ,,s*w>z1 ,,c>l4 ,zur ,gesehi*te d] neuit5 ,!ologie4 ,leipzig1 #d4 ,aufl41 #ahfi4 ,,katt5bus*1 ,,f]d9&4 ,von ,s*lei]ma*] zu ,rits*l4 ,giess51 #ahib4 ,,br[n1 ,,william ,,adams4 ,! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity3 a ,/udy 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,def9ition4 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,,dil!y1 ,,wilhelm4 ,leb5 ,s*lei]ma*]s1 #a4 ,bd4 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 ,,gass1 ,,wilhelm4 ,ges*i*te d] ,prote/antis*5 ,dogmatik1 #d ,bde4 ,leipzig1 #ahed-fg4 ,,g>vie1 ,,alfr$4 ,! ,rits*lian ,!ology1 #bnd ed4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijb4 ,,h]rmann1 ,w4 ,d] evangeli*e ,glaube und die ,!ologie ,albre*t ,rits*ls4 ,m>burg1 #ahif4 ,,pfleid]]1 ,,otto4 ,die ,rits*l*e ,!ologie kritie* beleu*tet4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahia4 ,,kaftan1 ,,julius4 ,dogmatik4 ,tb+51 #d4 ,aufl41 #aija4 ,,/ev5s1 ,,george ,b4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,salvation4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,c>p5t]1 ,j4 ,,e/l94 ,! ,bible 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,,g>dn]1 ,p]cy4 ,a ,hi/oric ,view ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,london1#aija4 ,j,,li*]1 ,,adolf4 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t4 ,freiliurg1 #f4 ,aufl41 #aijf4 ,transl41 ,miss ,janet ,w>d4 #aijd4 ,,moore1 ,,edw>d ,,caldwell4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,,liktzmann1 ,,hans4 ,wie wurd5 die ,b*] des neu5 ,te/am5ts heilige ,s*rift8 ,tb+51 #aijg4 ,,loisy1 ,a4 ,l',ecangile el ,i',eglise4 ,p>is1 #bnd ed41 #aijc4 ,transl41 ,london1 #aijd4 ,,w]nle1 ,,paul4 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion4 ,tb+51 #aija4 ,,s*weitz]1 ,,alb]t4 ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e1 e9e ,ges*i*te d] ,leb5-,jesu-,=s*ung4 ,tb+51 #aijf4 ,,s&ay1 ,,william4 ,! ,life ( ,*ri/ 9 ,rec5t ,rese>*4 ,ox=d1 #aijg4 ,,holtzmann1 ,,osk>4 ,neu-,te/am5tli*e ,zeitges*i*te4 ,freiburg1 #b4 ,aufl41 #aijf4 ,,driv]1 ,,samuel ,b4 ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,ed9burgh1 #bnd ed41 #aiji4 ,,wellhaus51 ,,julius4 ,prolegom5a sur ,ges*i*te ,israels4 ,b]l91 #e4 ,aufl41 #ahii4 ,,budde1 ,,k>l4,! ,religion ( ,israel to ! ,exile4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,,kauts*1 ,e4 ,abriss d] ,ges*i*te des alt-t5tam5tli*5 ,s*rift?ums 9 se9] ',heilige ,s*rift des ,alt5 ,te/am5ts4' ,freiburg1 #ahid4 ,transl41 ,j4,j4 ,,taylor1 & publi%$ sep>ately1 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,,smi?1 ,w4 ,,rob]tson4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,glasg[1 #bnd ed41 #ahib4 ,! ,prophets ( ,israel1 #bnd ed41 #ahib4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,mehz1 ,,johh4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,vols4 #a & #b1 ,ed9burgh1 #aijd & #aijc4 ,,:ite1 ,,&rew ,d4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom4 #b vols4 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,,otto1 ,,rudolf4 ,naturali/isehe und religise ,weltansi*t4 ,tb+51 #b4 ,aufl41 #aiji4 ,,w>d1 ,,james4 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,,fl9t1 ,,rob]t4 ,agno/icism4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijc4 ,,tullo*1 ,,john4 ,mod]n ,!ories 9 ,philosophy & ,religion4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd4 ,,m>t9eau1 ,,james4 ,essays1 ,reviews & ,addresses4 ,vols4 #a & #c ,london1 #ahij4 ,,b\tr\x1 ,,emile4 ,sci5ce et ,religion dans la ,philosophie contempora9e4 ,p>is1 #ajjh4 ,transl41 ,,nield4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,,fl9t1 ,,rob]t4 ,socialism4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,,peabody1 ,,francis ,g4 ,jesus ,*ri/ & ! ,social ,"q4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,hunt1 ,,john4 ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,,tullo*1 ,,john4 ,movem5ts ( ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,,b5n1 ,,alfr$ ,,william4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,,hutton1 ,,ri*>d ,h4 ,essays on "s ( ! ,mod]n ,guides to ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ,matt]s ( ,fai?4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,,mellone1 ,,sidney ,h4 ,lead]s ( ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,ed9burgh1 #aijb4 ,,brooke1 ,,/op=d ,a4 ,!ology 9 ! ,engli% ,poets4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,,scudd]1 ,,vida ,d4 ,! ,life ( ! ,_s 9 ! ,mod]n ,engli% ,poets4 ,bo/on1 #ahii4 ,,*ur*1 ,r4,w4 ,! ,ox=d ,movem5t3 ,twelve ,ye>s1 #ahcc-ahde4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,,fairbairn1 ,,&rew ,m4 ,ca?olicism1 ,roman & ,anglican4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,,w>d1 ,,wilfrid4 ,life & ,times ( ,c>d9al ,newman4 #b vols4 #e? ed4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,,w>d1 ,,wilfrid4 ,life ( ,john ,h5ry1 ,c>d9al ,newman4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,doll+]1 ,j4,j4 ,,ignaz ,,von4 ,das ,pap/?um2 ,neube>beitung von ,janus3 ,d] ,pap/ und das ,concil1 von ,j4 ,fri$ri*4 ,mn*51 #ahib4 ,,g\t1 ,,ra\l4 ,l',affaire ,tyrrell4 ,p>is1 #aiaj4 ,,sabati]1 ,,paul4 ,mod]nism4 ,transl41 ,,miles4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,,/anley1 ,,ar?ur ,p4 ,! ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,?omas ,arnold4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ac? ed41 #ahhb4 ,,brooke1 ,,/op=d ,a4 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,rob]tson4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,,abbott1 ,,evelyn & ,,campbell1 ,,lewis4 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,b5jam9 ,j[ett4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,,drummond1 ,,james1 & ,,upton1 ,c4,b4 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,james ,m>t9eau4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,,all51 ,,alex&] ,v4,g4 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,phillips ,brooks4 #b vols4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,,mung]1 ,,!odore ,t4 ,horace ,bu%nell1 ,prea*] & ,!ologian4 ,bo/on1 #ahii4