,,reading ,,made ,,easy ,,for ,,foreigners ,third ,reader ,,by ,,john ,l4 ,h,,lshof ,,teacher ,,of ,,modern ,,languages ,,in ,,the ,,public ,,schools ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,hinds1 ,,noble ,,eldredge #ca-cc-ce ,west #aeth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city ,,copyright1 #aiji1 ,,by ,,hinds1 ,,noble ,,eldredge ,,preface ,this ,reader is intended more particularly for pupils in ,class ,a of the public evening schools4 ,the pupils of this class may be considered as having passed the transition stage of which mention was made in the ,second ,reader1 and as having entered upon the last stage in acquiring the ,english language4 ,they have not only acquired a considerable vocabulary1 but have now a practical mastery of our vernacular4 ,they use ,english in their conversation2 in short1 they have acquired the power of expressing their feelings and thoughts in the ,english language4 ,notwithstanding all this1 they are conscious of the fact that their language is less idiomatic than that of the native born1 and their power over the written expression is wofully weak4 ,to remedy these defects1 they flock to the evening schools4 ,they have decided to make this country their permanent home1 and they are deeply interested in everything appertaining to our government1 our institutions1 our literature1 in fact our civilization4 ,a glance at the contents of this reader will convince the experienced teacher that the reading material is many-sided enough to satisfy the demands of both teacher and pupils4 ,that this series of readers may become a powerful incentive in implanting right ideals of social conduct1 and lay the foundation of true ,american citizenship1 is the heartfelt wish of ,,the ,,author4 ,,contents ,,preface ,,remarks ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,,lessons4 ,i4 ,,flag ,,day ,,ii4 ,,breathe ,,pure ,,air ,,iii4 ,,coffee ,,iv4 ,,our ,,national ,,flag ,v4 ,,press ,,on ,,vi4 ,,resignation ,,vii4 ,,statue ,,of ,,liberty ,,in ,,new ,,york ,,harbor ,,viii4 ,,independence ,,ix4 ,,newfoundland ,x4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,trifles ,,xi4 ,,rosa ,,bonheur ,,xii4 ,,alexander ,,and ,,the ,,robber ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,american ,,indian ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,first ,,steamboat ,,xv4 ,,knowledge ,,and ,,education ,,xvi4 ,,tact ,,and ,,talent ,,xvii4 ,,george ,,washington1 ,,part ,i ,,xviii4 ,,behavior ,,xix4 ,,essence ,,of ,,the ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,xx4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,observation ,,xxi4 ,,letters ,,xxii4 ,,reaping ,,and ,,mowing ,,machines ,,xxiii4 ,,ali ,,baba ,,xxiv4 ,,birds ,,xxv4 ,,sleep ,,xxvi4 ,,curious ,,birds' ,,nests ,,xxvii4 ,,business ,,qualifications ,,xxviii4 ,,abbreviations ,,of ,,names ,,of ,,states ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,sun ,,xxx4 ,,ivory ,,xxxi4 ,,flowers ,,xxxii4 ,,the ,,mosquito ,,xxxiii4 ,,self-,,reliance ,,xxxiv4 ,,franklin',s ,,toast ,,xxxv4 ,,humanity ,,rewarded ,,xxxvi4 ,,work ,,proclaims ,a ,,workman ,,xxxvii4 ,,republics ,,xxxviii4 ,,false ,,notions ,,of ,,liberty ,,xxxix4 ,,the ,,voice ,,xl4 ,,the ,,intrepid ,,youth ,,xli4 ,,autumn ,,xlii4 ,,words ,,and ,,their ,,meaning ,,xliii4 ,,how ,,to ,,select ,a ,,boy ,,xliv4 ,,salt ,,xlv4 ,,studies ,,xlvi4 ,,rules ,,of ,,behavior ,,xlvii4 ,,using ,,the ,,eyes ,,xlviii4 ,,the ,,affection ,,and ,,reverence ,,due ,a ,,mother ,,xlix4 ,,wheat ,l4 ,,countenance ,,and ,,character ,,li4 ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,time ,,lii4 ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,civics ,,liii4 ,,the ,,sea ,,and ,,its ,,uses ,,liv4 ,,wonderland ,,lv4 ,,our ,,country ,,to-,,day1 ,,part ,i ,,lvi4 ,,our ,,country ,,to-,,day1 ,,part ,,ii ,,lvii4 ,,pictures ,,from ,,american ,,history ,,lviii4 ,,thomas ,a4 ,,edison ,,lix4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,,lx4 ,,address ,,delivered ,,at ,,the ,,dedication ,,of ,,the ,,cemetery ,,at ,,gettysburg ,,lxi4 ,,wages ,,lxii4 ,,love ,,for ,,the ,,dead ,,lxiii4 ,,economy ,,of ,,time ,,lxiv4 ,,george ,,stephenson1 ,,the ,,engineer ,,lxv4 ,,george ,,washington1 ,,part ,,ii ,,lxvi4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin ,,lxvii4 ,,nobility ,,rewarded ,,poetry ,,selection4 ,i4 ,a ,,city ,,street ,,ii4 ,,the ,,ship ,,of ,,state ,,iii4 ,,be ,,true ,,iv4 ,,bring ,,back ,,my ,,flowers ,v4 ,,old ,,ironsides ,,vi4 ,,treasure ,,trove ,,vii4 ,,the ,,heritage ,,viii4 ,,the ,,star-,,spangled ,,banner ,,ix4 ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,bunker ,,hill ,x4 ,,the ,,hunters ,,xi4 ,,my ,,fatherland ,,xii4 ,,woodman1 ,,spare ,,that ,,tree ,,xiii4 ,,prayer ,,in ,,battle ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,retort ,,xv4 ,a ,,psalm ,,of ,,life ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,old ,,oaken ,,bucket ,,xvii4 ,,oft ,,in ,,the ,,stilly ,,night ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,picket ,,of ,,the ,,potomac ,,xix4 ,,columbia1 ,,the ,,gem ,,of ,,the ,,ocean2 ,,or1 ,,red1 ,,white1 ,,and ,,blue ,,xx4 ,,recessional ,,xxi4 ,,human ,,progress ,,xxii4 ,,give ,,me ,,the ,,people ,,miscellaneous ,,characteristic ,,of ,,heroism ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,declaration ,,of ,,independence ,,freedom ,,of ,,thought ,,useful ,,information ,,wise ,,sayings ,,remarks ,,to ,,the ,,teacher ,complete answers should be given by the pupils4 ,the simple words yes or no do not constitute an answer in these exercises2 such expressions give no practice in the use of the language4 ,the teacher should prepare himself thoroughly for each lesson in order to ask many pointed questions relative to the reading matter4 ,the entire time spent in reading the lesson and questioning the class should not exceed thirty minutes4 ,too much detail will only confuse and fatigue the pupils4 ,five or six words that present any difficulty either in spelling or pronunciation may be selected from the reading lesson for dictation4 ,such words should not be given singly1 but rather in short sentences4 ,these sentences may first be read by the class from the blackboard and then copied4 ,after new slips have been distributed1 the same sentences should then be written from dictation 7the writing on the blackboard being covered or erased in the meantime74 ,the pupils are afterwards required to compare their work with that on the board and make the necessary corrections themselves4 ,,reading ,,made ,,easy ,,for ,,foreigners ,,third ,,reader ,,lesson ,i ,,flag ,,day ,in this fair land of ours you can see the ,stars and ,stripes floating over every public school4 ,this beautiful flag stands for our country4 ,every ,american is proud of his country's flag4 ,it stands for all that is good and dear to an ,american4 ,it stands for ,liberty4 ,it proclaims liberty to all4 ,every star stands for liberty4 ,every stripe stands for liberty4 ,it stands for liberty of thought and liberty of speech as well4 ,the first ,american flag was made in ,june1 #aggg1 by ,mrs4 ,ross1 in the city of ,philadelphia4 ,when ,general ,washington saw the flag1 he was delighted with it4 ,every ,american is not only delighted with it1 but he loves the dear old flag4 ,the fourteenth day of ,june of each year is set apart as ,flag ,day4 ,i pledge allegiance to my flag and the ,republic for which it stands2 one nation indivisible1 with liberty and justice for all4 ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,above ,,lesson ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,rational ,,method4 ,see ,remarks to the ,teacher1 ,page vii4 ,what kind of a land is ours8 ,what is meant by the stars and stripes8 ,over what buildings do we see the flag floating8 ,what kind of a flag is it8 ,for what does our flag stand8 ,for what else does it stand8 ,what does our flag proclaim8 ,who is proud of the flag8 ,what does our flag tell to all the people8 ,how many stars are there in the flag8 ,for what does each star stand8 ,when was the first ,american flag made8 ,by whom was it made8 ,in what city was it made8 ,what did ,washington think of it when he saw it8 ,how do we ,americans look upon the flag8 ,when is ,flag ,day8 etc41 etc4 ,,dictation ,,exercises ,see ,remarks to the ,teacher1 ,page vii4 ,our country has a beautiful flag4 ,this flag proclaims or declares liberty to the people4 ,i am delighted with my country's flag4 ,i pledge allegiance or fidelity to my flag4 ,our nation is indivisible2 it cannot be parted4 ,,selection ,i ,a ,,city ,,street ,i love the woods1 the fields1 the streams1 ,the wild flowers fresh and sweet1 ,and yet ,i love no less than these ,the crowded city street2 ,for haunts of men1 where'er they be1 ,awake my deepest sympathy4 ,i see within the city street ,life's most extreme estates2 ,the gorgeous domes of palaces2 ,the dismal prison gates2 ,the hearths by household virtues blest1 ,the dens that are the serpent's nest4 ,i see the rich man1 proudly fed ,and richly clothed1 pass by2 ,i see the shivering1 houseless wretch ,with hunger in his eye2 ,for life's severest contrasts meet ,forever in the city street4 ,hence is it that a city street ,can deepest thoughts impart1 ,for all its people1 high and low1 ,are kindred to my heart2 ,and with a yearning love ,i share ,in all their joy1 their pain1 their care4 ,mary ,howitt4 ,questions3 ,can you put this little poem in prose8 ,tell what you admire in nature4 ,then tell what you observe in the city4 ,tell about the rich and where they live4 ,also about the poor and how they are housed and clothed4 ,let us write a composition together4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,breathe ,,pure ,,air ,some boys were playing hide-and-seek one day1 when one of their number thought it would be good sport to hide little ,robert in a large empty trunk4 ,he did so and then turned the key in the lock4 ,the little fellow in the chest was very quiet indeed1 and they almost forgot about him4 ,after some time they thought of him and some one went to the trunk and asked3 ,hello1 ,robert4 ,do you want to come out now8 ,no answer came4 ,they opened the trunk and found poor little ,robert nearly dead4 ,the doctor had to be called1 and he worked long and hard to restore the poor boy to health4 ,the air which we breathe out is not fit to be breathed in again4 ,we soon use up1 in this way1 all the pure air about us4 ,so we must have a fresh supply4 ,as soon as ,robert had breathed in all the good air that was in the trunk1 there was nothing left but poisoned air4 ,if fresh air had not been given to him by opening the trunk1 he could not have lived three minutes longer4 ,nothing is so needful to health as good1 pure air4 ,whether you are in the schoolroom or in the house1 remember this4 ,bad air is so much poison1 and the more we breathe it the worse it gets4 ,the poison is carbonic acid1 and to breathe it long is certain death4 ,not many years ago1 during a storm at sea1 a stupid sea-captain ordered his passengers to go below in the hold of the vessel4 ,then he covered up the hold1 so that no fresh air could enter4 ,when the storm was over he opened the hold1 and found that seventy human beings had died for want of pure air4 ,through his gross ignorance of the laws of life1 he had done all this mischief4 ,remember what ,i say3 insist on having good air2 for impure air1 though it may not always kill you1 is always bad for your health4 ,,lesson ,,iii ,,coffee ,coffee is made from the berries of a tree called the coffee plant1 or coffee tree4 ,this tree grows in some of the hot countries of the world1 as ,brazil1 ,cuba1 ,arabia1 and ,java4 ,the best coffee comes from ,arabia4 ,but most of the coffee that is used in this country comes from ,brazil4 ,when first known1 the coffee tree was a wild shrub growing among the hills of ,caffa1 in the northeastern part of ,africa4 ,but when people learned what a pleasant drink could be made from its berries1 they began to take it into other countries1 where they cultivated it with much care4 ,there is an old story told of a shepherd who1 it is said1 was the first to use this drink4 ,he noticed that after his goats had fed on the leaves of a certain tree--the coffee plant--they were always very lively and wakeful4 ,so he took some of the leaves and berries of the plant1 and boiling them in water1 he made a drink for himself4 ,he found it so pleasant to the taste that he told some of his neighbors about it4 ,they tried it and were as much pleased as himself4 ,and so1 little by little1 the drink came1 after a while1 into common use4 ,the coffee plant is a beautiful little tree1 growing sometimes to the height of twenty feet4 ,it has smooth1 dark leaves1 long and pointed4 ,it has pretty1 white blossoms1 which grow in thick clusters close to the branches4 ,its fruit looks a little like a cherry2 and within it are the coffee berries1 two in each cherry4 ,when ripe1 the red fruit turns to a deep purple and is sweet to the taste4 ,in ,arabia the fruit is allowed to fall on mats placed under the trees2 but in other countries it is commonly gathered as soon as it is ripe1 and it is then dried by being placed on mats in the sun4 ,after the outside part has been removed the berries are again dried4 ,they are then put in sacks and boxes to be sent into other parts of the world4 ,,lesson ,,iv ,,our ,,national ,,flag ,there is a national flag4 ,he must be cold indeed who can look upon its folds rippling in the breeze without pride of country4 ,if he be in a foreign land1 the flag is companionship and country itself with all its endearments4 ,who1 as he sees it1 can think of a state merely8 ,whose eyes1 once fastened upon it1 can fail to recognize the image of the whole nation8 ,it has been called a floating piece of poetry4 ,its highest beauty is in what it symbolizes4 ,it is because it represents all1 that all gaze at it with delight and reverence4 ,it is a piece of bunting lifted in the air1 but it speaks sublimely1 and every part has a voice4 ,its stripes of alternate red and white proclaim the original union of thirteen states4 ,its stars of white on a field of blue proclaim the union of the states4 ,a new star is added with every new state4 ,the very colors have a language1 which was understood by our fathers4 ,white is for purity1 red for valor1 blue for justice4 ,thus the bunting1 stripes and stars together1 make the flag of our country--loved by all our hearts and upheld by all our hands4 ,,selection ,,ii ,,the ,,ship ,,of ,,state ,thou1 too1 sail on1 ,o ship of ,state6 ,sail on1 ,o ,union1 strong and great6 ,humanity1 with all its fears1 ,with all the hopes of future years1 ,is hanging breathless on thy fate4 ,we know what ,master laid thy keel1 ,what ,workman wrought thy ribs of steel1 ,who made each mast1 and sail1 and rope1 ,what anvils rang1 what hammers beat1 ,in what forge and what a heat ,were shaped the anchors of thy hope6 ,fear not each sudden sound and shock1 ',tis of the wave1 and not the rock2 ',tis but the flapping of the sail1 ,and not a rent made by the gale4 ,in spite of rock and tempest's roar1 ,in spite of false lights on the shore1 ,sail on1 nor fear to breast the sea4 ,our hearts1 our hopes1 are all with thee2 ,our hearts1 our hopes1 our prayers1 our tears1 ,our faith triumphant o'er our fears1 ,are all with thee1--are all with thee4 ,h4 ,w4 ,longfellow4 ,,lesson ,v ,,press ,,on ,this is a speech1 brief1 but full of inspiration1 and opening the way to all victory4 ,the secret of ,napoleon's career was this1--under all difficulties and discouragements1 ,press on4 ,it solves the problem of all heroes2 it is the rule by which to weigh rightly all wonderful successes and triumphal marches to fortune and genius4 ,it should be the motto of all1 old and young1 high and low1 fortunate and unfortunate1 so called4 ,press on4 ,never despair2 never be discouraged1 however stormy the heavens1 however dark the way2 however great the difficulties1 and repeated the failures1 ,press on4 ,if fortune hath played false with thee today1 do thou play true for thyself to-morrow4 ,if thy riches have taken wings and left thee1 do not weep thy life away2 but be up and doing1 and retrieve the loss by new energies and action4 ,if an unfortunate bargain has deranged thy business1 do not fold thy arms1 and give up all as lost2 but stir thyself and work the more vigorously4 ,if those whom thou hast trusted have betrayed thee1 do not be discouraged1 do not idly weep1 but ,press on4 ,find others3 or1 what is better1 learn to live within thyself4 ,let the foolishness of yesterday make thee wise to-day4 ,,lesson ,,vi ,,resignation ,rabbi ,meir1 the great teacher1 sat one ,sabbath day in the school of the holy law1 and taught the people4 ,the rabbi had two sons1 who were youths of great promise and well instructed in the law4 ,on that ,sabbath day they both died4 ,tenderly their mother bore them to an upper chamber1 laid them on her bed1 and spread a white sheet over their bodies4 ,in the evening ,rabbi ,meir came home4 ,where are my sons1 asked he1 that ,i may give them my blessing8 ,they are gone into the school of the law1 was his wife's reply4 ,i looked around me1 said he1 and ,i did not see them4 ,she set before him a cup2 he praised the ,lord for the close of the ,sabbath1 drank1 and then asked again1 ,where are my sons1 that they may also drink of the wine of blessing8 ,they cannot be far off1 said his wife1 as she placed food before him and begged him to eat4 ,when he had given thanks after the meal1 she said1 ,rabbi1 allow me a question4 ,speak1 my beloved1 answered he4 ,some time ago1 said she1 a certain one gave me jewels to keep for him1 and now he asks them back4 ,shall ,i give him them8 ,my wife should not need to ask such a question1 said ,rabbi ,meir4 ,would you hesitate to give anyone back his own8 ,oh1 no1 replied she1 but ,i did not like to give them back without your knowing beforehand4 ,then she led him to the upper chamber1 stepped in1 and took the covering off the bodies4 ,oh1 my sons1 sobbed the father1 my sons1 my sons6 ,the mother turned herself away and wept4 ,soon1 however1 his wife took him by the hand and said3 ,rabbi1 have you not taught me that we must not refuse to give back what was intrusted to us to keep8 ,see1 the ,lord gave1 and the ,lord hath taken away3 the name of the ,lord be blessed4 ,and ,rabbi ,meir repeated the words1 and said from the depths of his heart1 ,amen4 ,,lesson ,,vii ,,statue ,,of ,,liberty ,,in ,,new ,,york ,,harbor ,liberty1 or ,bartholdi's statue1 was presented to the ,united ,states by the ,french people in #ahhe4 ,it is the largest statue ever built4 ,the great ,french sculptor ,bartholdi made it after the likeness of his mother4 ,eight years were consumed in the construction of this gigantic image4 ,its size is really enormous4 ,the height of the figure alone is fully one hundred and fifty feet4 ,forty persons can find standing room within the mighty head1 which is fifteen feet in diameter4 ,a six-foot man1 standing upon the lower lip1 can hardly reach the eyes of the colossal head4 ,the index finger is eight feet long1 and the nose is over three feet long4 ,yet the proportion of all the parts of the figure is so well preserved that the whole statue is in perfect harmony4 ,the materials of which the statue is composed are copper and steel4 ,the immense torch which is held in the hand of the giantess is three hundred feet above tidewater4 ,the ,colossus of ,rhodes was a pigmy compared with this huge wonder4 ,,lesson ,,viii ,,independence ,scholars1 who are enjoying the priceless blessings of that liberty which cost our forefathers so much treasure and so much blood1--have you read the ,declaration of ,independence8 ,if you have not1 read it2 if you have1 read it again2 study it2 make its noble sentiments your own1 and do not fail to grave deep in your memories these immortal lines3-- ,we hold these truths to be self-evident2 ,that all men are created equal2 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain unalienable rights2 that among these are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness2 that1 to secure these rights1 governments are instituted among men1 deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed2 that1 whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends1 it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it1 and to institute a new government1 laying its foundation on such principles1 and organizing its powers in such forms1 as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness4 ,,selection ,,iii ,,be ,,true ,thou must be true thyself1 ,if thou the truth wouldst teach2 ,thy soul must overflow1 if thou ,another's soul would'st reach2 ,it needs the overflow of hearts ,to give the lips full speech4 ,think truly1 and thy thoughts ,shall the world's famine feed2 ,speak truly1 and each word of thine ,shall be a fruitful seed2 ,live truly1 and thy life shall be ,a great and noble creed4 ,anonymous4 ,,lesson ,,ix ,,newfoundland ,newfoundland is an island about the size of ,new ,york ,state4 ,it belongs to ,england4 ,the cod fisheries there are very extensive4 ,the people of ,newfoundland are strong1 healthy and industrious4 ,they are law-abiding1 and serious2 crime is very rare among them4 ,their kindness and hospitality to strangers who visit the country are proverbial4 ,kindness to the poor and unfortunate is a marked feature in the character of the people4 ,when business is poor they are ready to share their last morsel with those in distress4 ,the fishermen are the working classes of the country4 ,during the height of the fishery season1 and when fish are abundant1 their labors are severe2 but during winter they are for the most part in a condition of enforced idleness4 ,much of the work of curing the fish is done by women and girls1 and their labors are often very heavy4 ,when the fisheries are over1 there are boats1 nets1 etc41 to repair1 stages to look after1 and fuel to be cut in the woods and hauled over the snow4 ,if the fishery has been successful1 then the fisherman has a balance coming to him after paying for his summer supplies1 and is enabled to lay in a stock of provisions for the winter4 ,winter is the season for enjoyment among the fishermen4 ,this season for fireside enjoyments1 home-born pleasures1 is welcome4 ,they have their simple social enjoyments of various kinds4 ,dancing is a favorite winter amusement among the fishermen and their families4 ,weddings are celebrated with great festivity4 ,newfoundland is often regarded as the very paradise of sportsmen4 ,its countless lakes and ponds abound with trout of the finest description1 and these bodies of water are the abodes of the wild goose1 the wild duck1 and other fresh-water fowl4 ,the pine forests are the home of numerous wild animals4 ,the fox1 the bear and the caribou furnish the highest prizes for the hunter4 ,,selection ,,iv ,,bring ,,back ,,my ,,flowers ,a child sat by a limpid stream1 ,and gazed upon the tide beneath2 ,upon her cheek was joy's bright beam1 ,and on her brow a blooming wreath4 ,her lap was filled with fragrant flowers1 ,and1 as the clear brook babbled by1 ,she scattered down the rosy showers1 ,with many a wild and joyous cry1 ,and laughed to see the mingling tide ,upon its onward progress glide4 ,and time flew on1 and flower by flower ,was cast upon the sunny stream2 ,but when the shades of eve did lower1 ,she woke up from her blissful dream4 ,bring back my flowers6 she wildly cried2 ,bring back the flowers ,i flung to thee6 ,but echo's voice alone replied1 ,as danced the streamlet down the lea2 ,and still1 amid night's gloomy hours1 ,in vain she cried1 ,bring back my flowers6 ,o maiden1 who on time's swift stream ,dost gayly see the moments flee1 ,in this poor child's delusive dream ,an emblem may be found of thee4 ,each moment is a perfumed rose1 ,into thy hand by mercy given1 ,that thou its fragrance might dispose ,and let its incense rise to heaven2 ,else when death's shadow o'er thee lowers1 ,thy heart will wail1 ,bring back my flowers6 ,lucy ,larcom4 ,,lesson ,x ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,trifles ,a certain painter once said he had become great in his art by never neglecting trifles4 ,it would be well for all of us to follow that simple and easy rule4 ,no man's house but would be more comfortable1 and no family but would be more cheerful1 if the value of trifles and the art of using them were better understood4 ,attention to trifles is the true art of economy4 ,we must1 however1 take care not to confound economy with parsimony4 ,the former means a frugal and judicious use of things without waste1 the latter a too close and sparing use of things needed4 ,now a person who understands the use of little things is economical2 for instance4 ,if you wipe a pen before you put it away it will last twice as long as if you do not4 ,generally the habits we acquire in our youth we carry with us into old age2 hence the necessity of proper training in childhood4 ,a woman who attends to trifles and has habits of economy will not hastily throw away bits of cotton or worsted1 nor will she waste soap by letting it lie in the water4 ,she will keep an eye to the pins and matches1 knowing that the less often such things are bought1 the more is saved4 ,she will not think it above her care to mend the clothes or darn the stockings1 remembering that a stitch in time saves nine4 ,,lesson ,,xi ,,rosa ,,bonheur ,rosa ,bonheur was born at ,bordeaux1 ,france1 the daughter of a painter4 ,her father was her first teacher in art4 ,at an early age1 when most children draw in an aimless way1 her father guided his little girl's efforts with his own experienced hand4 ,he taught her to study and sketch from nature instead of relying on copies4 ,as a child she cared nothing for dolls and toys1 but loved animals dearly4 ,is it any wonder1 then1 that she took them for her subject when she began to paint8 ,in her childhood she had two dogs and a goat for pets1 and later on kept a sheep in her ,parisian apartment4 ,still later1 when she had become a distinguished woman1 her studio included a farmyard4 ,her animal paintings are so real and life-like that a study of the faces of all the horses in that wonderful picture1 ,the ,horse ,fair1 will reveal distinctly different expressions in each face4 ,although most simple in her personal habits and in her life1 ,rosa ,bonheur was the greatest woman artist that ever lived4 ,the ,horse ,fair1 ,rosa ,bonheur's most famous painting1 was bought by an ,american gentleman and presented by him to the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 in ,new ,york4 ,,lesson ,,xii ,,alexander ,,and ,,the ,,robber ,alexander--,what6 art thou that ,thracian robber1 of whose exploits ,i have heard so much8 ,robber--,i am a ,thracian1 and a soldier4 ,alexander--,a soldier6--a thief1 a plunderer1 an assassin1 the pest of the country2 but ,i must detest and punish thy crimes4 ,robber--,what have ,i done of which you can complain8 ,alexander--,hast thou not set at defiance my authority1 violated the public peace and passed thy life in injuring the persons and properties of thy fellow-subjects8 ,robber--,alexander1 ,i am your captive4 ,i must hear what you please to say1 and endure what you please to inflict4 ,but my soul is unconquered2 and if ,i reply at all to your reproaches1 ,i will reply like a free man4 ,alexander--,speak freely4 ,far be it from me to take advantage of my power1 to silence those with whom ,i deign to converse4 ,robber--,i must1 then1 answer your question by another4 ,how have you passed your life8 ,alexander--,like a hero4 ,ask ,fame1 and she will tell you4 ,among the brave1 the bravest2 among sovereigns1 the noblest2 among conquerors1 the mightiest4 ,robber--,and does not ,fame speak of me too8 ,was there ever a bolder captain of a more valiant band8 ,was there ever--but ,i scorn to boast4 ,you yourself know that ,i have not been easily subdued4 ,alexander--,still1 what are you but a robber1--a base1 dishonest robber8 ,robber--,and what is a conqueror8 ,have not you too gone about the earth like an evil genius1 plundering1 killing without law1 without justice1 merely to gratify your thirst for dominion8 ,what ,i have done in a single province with a hundred followers1 you have done to whole nations with a hundred thousand4 ,what2 then1 is the difference1 but that you were born a king1 and ,i a private man2 you have been able to become a mightier robber than ,i4 ,alexander--,but if ,i have taken like a king1 ,i have given like a king4 ,if ,i have overthrown empires1 ,i have founded greater4 ,i have cherished arts1 commerce1 and philosophy4 ,robber--,i too have freely given to the poor what ,i took from the rich4 ,i know1 indeed1 very little of the philosophy you speak of1 but ,i believe neither you nor ,i shall ever atone to the world for the mischief we have done it4 ,alexander--,leave me4 ,take off his chains1 and use him well4 ,are we1 then1 so much alike8 ,alexander like a robber8 ,let me reflect4 ,,lesson ,,xiii ,,the ,,american ,,indian ,not many generations ago1 where you now sit1 surrounded with all that makes life happy1 the rank thistle nodded in the wind1 and the wild fox dug his hole unscared4 ,here lived and loved another race of beings4 ,beneath the same sun that rolls over your heads1 the ,indian hunter pursued the panting deer2 he gazed on the same moon that smiles for you1 and here too the ,indian lover wooed his dusky mate4 ,here the wigwam blaze beamed on the tender and helpless1 the council fire glared on the wise and daring4 ,here they warred2 and when the strife was over1 here curled the smoke of peace4 ,here1 too1 they worshiped2 and from many a dark bosom went up a pure prayer to the ,great ,spirit4 ,he had written ,his laws for them1 not on tables of stone1 but ,he had traced them on the tables of their hearts4 ,the poor child of nature knew not the ,god of revelation1 but the ,god of the ,universe he acknowledged in everything around4 ,he beheld ,him in the star that sunk in beauty behind his lonely dwelling2 in the flower that swayed in the morning breeze2 in the lofty trees as well as in the worm that crawled at his feet4 ,all this has passed away4 ,four hundred years have changed the face of this great continent1 and this peculiar race has been well-nigh blotted out4 ,art has taken the place of simple nature1 and civilization has been too strong for the savage tribes of the red man4 ,here and there a few ,indians remain2 but these are merely the degraded offspring of this once noble race of men4 ,,selection ,,xi ,,my ,,fatherland ,there is a land1 of every land the pride1 ,beloved by ,heaven o'er all the world beside1 ,where brighter suns dispense serener light1 ,and milder moons imparadise the night4 ,o land of beauty1 virtue1 valor1 truth1 ,time-tutored age1 and love-exalted youth6 ,the wandering mariner1 whose eye explores ,the wealthiest isles1 the most enchanting shores1 ,views not a realm so bountiful and fair1 ,nor breathes the spirit of a purer air4 ,in every clime1 the magnet of his soul1 ,touched by remembrance1 trembles to that pole2 ,for1 in this land of ,heaven's peculiar race1 ,the heritage of nature's noblest grace1 ,there is a spot of earth supremely blest1 ,a dearer1 sweeter spot than all the rest1 ,where man1 creation's tyrant1 casts aside ,his sword and scepter1 pageantry and pride1 ,while1 in his softened looks1 benignly blend ,the sire1 the son1 the husband1 brother1 friend4 ,here woman reigns2 the mother1 daughter1 wife1 ,strew with fresh flowers the narrow way of life2 ,in the clear heaven of her delightful eye1 ,an angel guard of love and graces lie2 ,around her knees domestic duties meet1 ,and fireside pleasures gambol at her feet4 ,where shall that land1 that spot of earth be found8 ,art thou a man8--a patriot8--look round2 ,oh1 thou shalt find1 howe'er thy footsteps roam1 ,that land thy country1 and that spot thy home4 ,james ,montgomery4 ,,lesson ,,xxix ,,the ,,sun ,how far away from us is the sun8 ,are we to answer just as we think1 or just as we know8 ,on a fine summer day1 when we can see him clearly1 it looks as if a short trip in a balloon might take us to his throne in the sky1 yet we know--because the astronomers tell us so--that he is more than ninety-one millions of miles distant from our earth4 ,ninety-one millions of miles6 ,it is not easy even to imagine this distance2 but let us fancy ourselves in an express-train going sixty miles an hour without making a single stop4 ,at that flying rate we could travel from the earth to the sun in one hundred and seventy-one years1--that is1 if we had a road to run on and time to spare for the journey4 ,arriving at the palace of the sun1 we might then have some idea of his size4 ,a learned ,greek who lived more than two thousand years ago thought the sun about as large as the ,peloponnesus2 if he had lived in our country1 he might have said1 ,about as large as ,massachusetts4 ,as large as their peninsula6 ,the other ,greeks laughed at him for believing that the shining ball was so vast4 ,how astonished they would have been--yes1 and the wise man too--if they had been told that the brilliant lord of the day was more than a million times as large as the whole world6 ,,lesson ,,xxx ,,ivory ,how many articles are made of ivory6 ,here is a polished knife-handle1 and there a strangely-carved paper-cutter4 ,in the same shop may be found albums and prayer-books with ivory covers2 and1 not far away1 penholders1 curious toys1 and parasol-handles1 all made of the glossy white material4 ,where ivory is abundant1 chairs of state1 and even thrones are made of it2 and in ,russia1 in the palaces of the great1 floors inlaid with ivory help to beautify the grand apartments4 ,one ,african sultan has a whole fence of elephants' tusks around his royal residence2 the residence itself is straw-roofed and barbarous enough1 both in design and in structure4 ,yet imagine that ivory fence6 ,the elephants slain in ,africa and ,india in the course of a year could not furnish half the ivory used in the great markets of the world during that time4 ,vienna1 ,paris1 ,london and ,st4 ,petersburg keep the elephant-hunters busy1 yet it is impossible for them to satisfy all the demands made upon them1 and the ivory-diggers must be called upon to add to the supply4 ,every spring1 when the ice begins to thaw1 new mines or deposits of fossil ivory--a perfect treasure of mammoths' tusks--are discovered in the marsh-lands of ,eastern ,siberia4 ,there are no mammoths now--unless we call elephants by that name2 yet their remains have been found upon both continents4 ,in the year #agii1 the perfect skeleton of one of these animals was found in an ice-bank near the mouth of a ,siberian river4 ,as the vast ice-field thawed1 the remains of the huge animal came to light4 ,the traders who search for mammoths' tusks around the ,arctic coasts of ,asia make every effort to send off1 each year1 at least fifty thousand pounds of fossil ivory to the west along the great caravan road4 ,so great is the demand1 however1 that this quantity1 added to that sent by the elephant-hunters1 is not large enough to make ivory cheap in trade or in manufacture4 ,,selection ,,xii ,,woodman1 ,,spare ,,that ,,tree ,woodman1 spare that tree6 ,touch not a single bough6 ,in youth it sheltered me1 ,and ,i'll protect it now4 ',twas my forefather's hand ,that placed it near his cot3 ,there1 woodman1 let it stand2 ,thy ax shall harm it not4 ,that old familiar tree1 ,whose glory and renown ,are spread o'er land and sea1-- ,and wouldst thou hew it down8 ,woodman1 forbear thy stroke6 ,cut not its earthbound ties6 ,oh1 spare that aged oak1 ,now towering to the skies6 ,when but an idle boy ,i sought its grateful shade2 ,in all their gushing joy1 ,here1 too1 my sisters played4 ,my mother kissed me here1 ,my father pressed my hand3 ,forgive this foolish tear1 ,but let that old oak stand4 ,my heart-strings round thee cling1 ,close as thy bark1 old friend2 ,here shall the wild bird sing1 ,and still thy branches bend4 ,old tree1 the storm still brave6 ,and1 woodman1 leave the spot6 ,while ,i've a hand to save1 ,thy ax shall harm it not4 ,george ,p4 ,morris4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi ,,flowers ,he who cannot appreciate floral beauty is to be pitied1 like any other man who is born imperfect4 ,it is a misfortune not unlike blindness4 ,but men who reject flowers as effeminate and unworthy of manhood reveal a positive coarseness4 ,many persons lose all enjoyment of many flowers by indulging false associations4 ,there are some who think that no weed can be of interest as a flower4 ,but all flowers are weeds where they grow wild and in abundance2 and somewhere our rarest flowers are somebody's commonest4 ,and generally there is a disposition to undervalue common flowers4 ,there are few that will trouble themselves to examine minutely a blossom that they have often seen and neglected2 and yet if they would question such flowers and commune with them1 they would often be surprised to find extreme beauty where it had long been overlooked4 ,it is not impertinent to offer flowers to a stranger4 ,the poorest child can proffer them to the richest4 ,a hundred persons turned into a meadow full of flowers would be drawn together in a transient brotherhood4 ,it is affecting to see how serviceable flowers often are to the necessities of the poor4 ,if they bring their little floral gift to you1 it cannot but touch your heart to think that their grateful affection longed to express itself as much as yours4 ,you have books1 or gems1 or services that you can render as you will4 ,the poor can give but little and can do but little4 ,were it not for flowers1 they would be shut out from those exquisite pleasures which spring from such gifts4 ,i never take one from a child1 or from the poor1 without thanking ,god1 in their behalf1 for flowers4 ,,characteristic ,,of ,,heroism ,the characteristic of heroism is its persistency4 ,all men have wandering impulses1 fits and starts of generosity4 ,but when you have chosen your part1 abide by it1 and do not weakly try to reconcile yourself with the world4 ,the heroic cannot be the common1 nor the common the heroic4 ,r4 ,w4 ,emerson4 ,,lesson ,,xviii ,,behavior ,there is always a best way of doing everything1 if it be to open a book4 ,manners are the happy ways of doing things4 ,they form at last a rich varnish1 with which the routine of life is washed1 and its details adorned4 ,manners are very communicable2 men catch them from each other4 ,the power of manners is incessant1--an element as unconcealable as fire4 ,the nobility cannot in any country be disguised1 and no more in a republic or a democracy than in a kingdom4 ,no man can resist their influence4 ,there are certain manners which are learned in good society1 and if a person have them1 he or she must be considered1 and is everywhere welcome1 though without beauty1 or wealth1 or genius4 ,give a boy address and accomplishments1 and you give him the mastery of palaces and fortune wherever he goes4 ,bad behavior the laws cannot reach4 ,society is infested with rude1 restless1 and frivolous persons who prey upon the rest4 ,bad manners are social inflictions which the magistrate cannot cure or defend you from1 and which must be intrusted to the restraining force of custom4 ,familiar rules of behavior should be impressed on young people in their school-days4 ,,lesson ,,xix ,,essence ,,of ,,the ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states #a4 ,congress must meet at least once a year4 7,congress consists of the ,senate and the ,house of ,representatives47 #b4 ,one ,state cannot undo the acts of another4 #c4 ,congress may admit any number of new ,states4 #d4 ,one ,state must respect the laws and legal decisions of another4 #e4 ,every citizen is guaranteed a speedy trial by jury4 #f4 ,congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already committed4 #g4 ,bills of revenue can originate only in the ,house of ,representatives4 #h4 ,a person committing a crime in one ,state cannot find refuge in another4 #i4 ,the ,constitution forbids excessive bail or cruel punishment4 #aj4 ,treaties with foreign countries are made by the ,president and ratified by the ,senate4 #aa4 ,writing alone does not constitute treason against the ,united ,states4 ,there must be an overt act4 #ab4 ,an ,act of ,congress cannot become law over the vote of the ,president except by a two-thirds vote of both ,houses4 #ac4 ,the ,territories each send one delegate to ,congress1 who has the right to debate1 but not the right to vote4 #ad4 ,an officer of the ,government cannot accept any title of nobility1 order or gift without the permission of ,congress4 #ae4 ,only a natural-born citizen of the ,united ,states can become ,president or ,vice-,president of the ,united ,states4 ,,selection ,,viii ,,the ,,star-,,spangled ,,banner #a4 ,oh1 say1 can you see1 by the dawn's early light1 ,what so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming8 ,whose broad stripes and bright stars1 through the perilous fight1 ,o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming2 ,and the rockets' red glare1 the bombs bursting in air1 ,gave proof through the night that our flag was still there3 ,oh1 say1 does that ,star-,spangled ,banner yet wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave8 #b4 ,on that shore1 dimly seen through the mists of the deep1 ,where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes1 ,what is that which the breeze1 o'er the towering steep1 ,as it fitfully blows1 now conceals1 now discloses8 ,now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam1 ,in full glory reflected now shines in the stream3 ',tis the ,star-,spangled ,banner2 oh1 long may it wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave6 #c4 ,and where are the foes who so vauntingly swore ,that the havoc of war1 and the battle's confusion1 ,a home and a country should leave us no more8 ,their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution4 ,no refuge could save the hireling and slave ,from the terror of flight1 or the gloom of the grave2 ,and the ,star-,spangled ,banner in triumph doth wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 #d4 ,oh1 thus be it ever1 when freemen shall stand ,between their loved homes and the war's desolation4 ,blest with victory and peace1 may the heaven-rescued land ,praise the ,power that hath made and preserved us a nation6 ,then conquer we must1 when our cause it is just1 ,and this be our motto1 ,in ,god is our trust2 ,and the ,star-,spangled ,banner in triumph shall wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,francis ,scott ,key4 ,,useful ,,information ,to obtain a good knowledge of pronunciation1 it is advisable for the reader to listen to the examples given by educated persons4 ,we learn the pronunciation of words1 to a great extent1 by imitation4 ,it must never be forgotten1 however1 that the dictionary alone can give us absolute certainty in doubtful cases4 ,if the riches of the ,indies1 says ,fenelon1 or the crowns of all the kingdoms of the world1 were laid at my feet in exchange for my love for reading1 ,i would despise them all4 ,that writer does the most good who gives his reader the greatest amount of knowledge and takes from him the least time4 ,a tremendous thought may be packed into a small compass1 and as solid as a cannon ball4 ,read much1 but not many works1 is the advice of a great writer4 ,,lesson ,,xx ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,observation ,the ,indian trapper is a man of close observation1 quick perception and prompt action4 ,as he goes along1 nothing escapes him4 ,often not another step is taken until some mystery that presents itself is fairly solved4 ,he will stand for hours in succession to account for certain signs1 and he may even spend days and weeks upon that same mystery until he solves it4 ,i rode once several hundred miles in the company of such an experienced trailer1 and asked him many questions about his art4 ,near the bank of a small river in ,dakota we crossed the track of a pony4 ,the guide followed the track for some distance and then said3 ,it is a stray black horse1 with a long bushy tail1 nearly starved to death2 it has a broken hoof on the left fore foot and goes very lame2 he has passed here early this morning4 ,i could scarcely believe what was said1 and asked for an explanation4 ,the trailer replied3 ,it is a stray horse1 because he did not go in a straight line2 his tail is long1 for he dragged it over the ground2 in brushing against a bush he left some of his black hair2 he is very hungry1 because he nipped at the dry weeds which horses seldom eat2 the break of his left fore foot can be seen in its track1 and the slight impression of the one foot shows that he is lame4 ,the tracks are as yet fresh1 and that shows that he passed only this morning1 when the earth was soft4 ,in this manner the whole story was accounted for1 and late in the afternoon we really did come across a riderless horse of that description wandering aimlessly in the prairies4 ,,selection ,,ix ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,bunker ,,hill ,he lay upon his dying bed1 ,his eye was growing dim1 ,when1 with a feeble voice1 he called ,his weeping son to him3 ,weep not1 my boy1 the veteran said1 ,i bow to ,heaven's high will2 ,but quickly from yon antlers bring ,the sword of ,bunker ,hill4 ,the sword was brought2 the soldier's eye ,lit with a sudden flame2 ,and1 as he grasped the ancient blade1 ,he murmured ,warren's name2 ,then said3 ,my boy1 ,i leave you gold1 ,but what is richer still1 ,i leave you1--mark me1 mark me1 now1-- ,the sword of ,bunker ,hill4 ',twas on that dread immortal day1 ,i dared the ,britons' band2 ,a captain raised his blade on me1 ,i tore it from his hand2 ,and while the glorious battle raged1 ,it lightened ,freedom's will2 ,for1 boy1 the ,god of ,freedom blessed ,the sword of ,bunker ,hill4 ,oh1 keep this sword1--his accents broke1-- ,a smile--and he was dead2 ,but his wrinkled hand still grasped the blade1 ,upon the dying bed4 ,the son remains1 the sword remains1 ,its glory growing still1 ,and eighty millions bless the sire ,and sword of ,bunker ,hill4 ,william ,r4 ,wallace4 ,the battle of ,bunker ,hill was fought on the #agth of ,june1 #agge1 in ,charlestown1 ,massachusetts4 ,the ,americans1 after having twice repulsed double their number of the ,english1 were compelled to retreat for want of ammunition4 ,this was the first actual battle of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,,note3--,joseph ,warren1 a distinguished ,american general and patriot1 born in ,massachusetts in #agda1 graduated at ,harvard ,college in #agei4 ,he was killed at the battle of ,bunker ,hill in #agge4 ,,lesson ,,xxi ,,letters ,notes of ,invitation4 ,,formal ,,note4 ,march #h1 #aiji4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,h4 ,curtis3-- ,the pupils of ,class ,a1 ,public ,school ,no4 -- most cordially invite ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,joseph ,h4 ,curtis to attend the ,closing ,exercises to be held in the school on ,thursday evening1 ,march eleventh1 at eight o'clock4 ,,informal ,,note4 ,february #b1 #aiji4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,curtis3-- ,may we have the pleasure of your company at dinner ,tuesday evening1 ,february ninth1 at seven o'clock8 ,sincerely yours1 ,,charles ,,story4 #djf ,elm ,street4 ,,informal ,,reply ,,to ,,above ,,invitation4 ,february #d1 #aiji4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,story3-- ,i thank you for your kind invitation to dine with you ,tuesday evening1 but a previous business engagement makes it impossible for me to be present4 ,i am very sorry4 ,cordially yours1 ,,henry ,,curtis4 #bae ,cedar ,street4 ,,formal ,,note4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,george ,h4 ,baldwin request the pleasure of the company of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,henry ,s4 ,gray on ,thursday evening1 ,march fourth1 at eight o'clock4 #cae ,madison ,avenue4 ,,formal ,,reply ,,to ,,above ,,invitation4 ,mr4 ,henry ,s4 ,gray regrets that he is unable to accept the invitation of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,george ,h4 ,baldwin for ,thursday evening1 at eight o'clock4 #ejf ,myrtle ,avenue4 ,,informal ,,letter4 ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 ,march #a1 #aiji4 ,my dear ,friend3-- ,i arrived here yesterday afternoon in the best of spirits4 ,i am staying here at a nice1 quiet hotel1 and expect to remain here for the next few days4 ,rochester is so different from the great ,metropolis4 ,this morning ,i went to see the ,university and some other public buildings4 ,i am delighted with my trip4 ,from here ,i intend to proceed to ,buffalo and to ,niagara ,falls4 ,from there ,i shall write you a much longer letter4 ,please give my kindest regards to all the family4 ,cordially yours1 ,,henry ,,field4 ,,lesson ,,xxii ,,reaping ,,and ,,mowing ,,machines ,the rapid settlement and improvement of many parts of our country have been greatly aided by the invention of various kinds of machinery4 ,the work of many hands can now be done by one machine1 and thus a great saving of human labor is effected4 ,in former times1 the crops of wheat and oats1 rye and barley1 were gathered with a sickle2 the grain was thrashed with a flail2 the grass in the meadows was cut with a scythe4 ,but1 now1 all this is changed2 on the great prairies of the ,west1 the wheat1 rye and oats are cut by the reaper1 and with a steady hum the thrashing-machine does its work of cleaning the grain4 ,the scythe has given place to the mowing machine1 and the sickle and flail have been laid away as relics of other times4 ,thus the machinery invented by the genius and skill of man1 not only lightens the labor of the farmer1 but it performs the work which formerly required the united effort of many men4 ,many foreign countries send to the ,united ,states for mowers and reapers1 because it is here these machines have reached their highest perfection4 ,,lesson ,,xxiii ,,ali ,,baba ,ali ,baba was a poor ,persian wood carrier1 who accidentally learned the magic words ,open ,sesame1 ,shut ,sesame1 by which he gained entrance into a vast cavern1 in which forty thieves had stored their stolen treasures4 ,he made himself rich by plundering these stores of wealth1 and through the cunning of ,morgiana1 his female slave1 ,ali ,baba succeeded in destroying the whole band of thieves4 ,he then gave ,morgiana her freedom and married her to his own son4 ,,lesson ,,xxiv ,,birds ,in the ,united ,states there are a great many birds4 ,many of them live in the woods2 others are found in the fields4 ,some are seen in the gardens1 and a few are kept in our houses4 ,the eagle builds her nest upon the highest rock1 while the wren forms her snug and tiny nest in the way-side hedge4 ,the swallow plasters her nest upon the gable of the house or under the eaves of the barn4 ,out in the wheat-field we hear the whistle of the quail4 ,the noise of the ducks and geese comes to us from the pond4 ,the birds of prey dart downward through the air4 ,everywhere we find the birds4 ,in autumn the migratory birds leave us1 but they return in the spring4 ,even in ,march we hear the call of the robin4 ,at the same time the bold and saucy blue-jay pays us his first visit4 ,one hears the sweet songs of the birds from ,may until ,october4 ,some of them remain with us during the winter4 ,there are many things that birds can do4 ,the swallows fly with the greatest ease4 ,the ostrich runs rapidly4 ,swimming birds dive with much skill4 ,the owl moves noiselessly through the night air4 ,birds of prey search out their victims with keen vision4 ,nearly all birds build skillfully made nests with their bills and feet4 ,some make them out of straw1 and the little birds usually line them with wool4 ,the large birds of prey build theirs from small sticks and twigs4 ,for the most part they hatch the eggs with the warmth of the body4 ,many birds are highly valued on account of their eggs1 while others are prized for their flesh and feathers4 ,still others charm us with their songs4 ,,lesson ,,xxv ,,sleep ,of all the wonderful things about us1 sleep is one of the most wonderful4 ,how it comes1 why it comes1 how it does its kind1 helpful work1 not even the wisest people are able to tell4 ,we do not have much trouble in seeking it1 it comes to us of itself4 ,it takes us in its kindly arms1 quiets and comforts us1 repairs and refreshes us1 and turns us out in the morning quite like new people4 ,sleep is necessary to life and health4 ,we crave it as urgently as we do food or drink4 ,in our waking hours1 rest is obtained only at short intervals2 the muscles1 the nerves1 and the brain are in full activity4 ,repair goes on every moment1 whether we are awake or asleep2 but during the waking hours the waste of the tissues is far ahead of the repair1 while during sleep the repair exceeds the waste4 ,hence a need of rest which at regular intervals causes all parts of the bodily machinery to be run at their lowest rate4 ,in other words1 we are put to sleep4 ,sleep is more or less sound1 according to circumstances4 ,fatigue1 if not too great1 aids it2 idleness lessens it4 ,anxious thought1 and pain1 and even anticipated pleasure1 may keep us awake4 ,hence we should not go to bed with the brain excited or too active4 ,we should read some pleasant book1 laugh1 talk1 sing1 or take a brisk walk1 or otherwise rest the brain for half an hour before going to bed4 ,the best time for sleep is during the silence and darkness of night4 ,people who have to work nights1 and to sleep during the day1 have a strained and wearied look4 ,the amount of sleep needed depends upon the temperament of each individual4 ,some require little sleep1 while others need a great deal4 ,eight hours of sleep for an adult1 and from ten to twelve hours for children and old people is about the average amount required4 ,some of the greatest men in history are known to have been light sleepers4 ,most of the world's great workers took a goodly amount of sleep1 however4 ,sir ,walter ,scott1 the great writer1 took eight hours of sleep1 and so did the famous philosopher ,emanuel ,kant4 ,children need more sleep than grown people4 ,they should retire early and sleep until they awake in the morning4 ,when fairly awake we should get up4 ,dozing is unhealthful1 especially for young people4 ,early to bed and early to rise1 ,makes a man healthy1 wealthy and wise4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi ,,curious ,,birds' ,,nests ,among the most curious nests are those made by the birds called weavers4 ,these feathered workmen serve no apprenticeship2 their trade comes to them by nature2 and how well they work at it6 ,but then you must admit that ,nature is a skillful teacher and birds are apt scholars4 ,the ,baltimore oriole is a weaver1 and it makes its nest out of bark1 fine grass1 moss1 and wool1 strengthening it1 when circumstances permit1 with pieces of string or horse-hair4 ,this nest1 pouch-shaped1 and open at the top1 is fastened to the branch of a tree1 and sometimes is interwoven with the twigs of a waving bough4 ,the threads of grass and long fibers of moss are woven together1 in and out1 as if by machinery2 and it seems hard to believe that the little birds can do such work without help4 ,the tailor-bird of ,india makes a still more curious nest3 it actually sews1 using its long1 slender bill as a needle4 ,birds that fly1 birds that run1 birds that swim1 and birds that sing are by no means rare2 but birds that sew1 seem like the wonderful birds in the fairy-tales4 ,yet they really exist1 and make their odd nests with great care and skill4 ,they pick out a leaf large enough for their nest1 and pierce rows of holes along the edges with their sharp bill2 then1 with the fibers of a plant or long threads of grass1 they sew the leaf up into a bag4 ,sometimes it is necessary to sew two leaves together1 that the space within may be large enough4 ,this kind of sewing resembles shoemakers' or saddlers' work2 but1 the leaf being like fine cloth and not like leather1 perhaps the name tailor-bird is the most appropriate for the little worker4 ,the bag is lined with soft1 downy material1 and in this the tiny eggs are laid--tiny indeed1 for the tailor-bird is no larger than the hummingbird4 ,the weight of the little creature does not even draw down the nest1 and the leaf in which the eggs or young birds are hidden looks like the other leaves on the trees2 so that there is nothing to attract the attention of the forest robbers4 ,another bird1 called the ,indian sparrow1 makes her nest of grass-woven cloth and shaped like a bottle4 ,the neck of the bottle hangs downward1 and the bird enters from below4 ,this structure1 swinging from a high tree1 over a river1 is safe from the visits of mischievous animals4 ,is it any wonder1 then1 that birds and their nests have always been a source of delight to thinking man8 ,with no tools but their tiny feet and sharp little bills1 these feathered songsters build their habitat1 more cunningly and artfully than any artisan could hope to do even after a long apprenticeship4 ,,selection ,x ,,the ,,hunters ,in the bright ,october morning ,savoy's ,duke had left his bride4 ,from the ,castle1 past the drawbridge1 ,flowed the hunters' merry tide4 ,steeds are neighing1 gallants glittering ,gay1 her smiling lord to greet1 ,from her splendid chamber casement ,smiles the ,duchess ,marguerite4 ,from ,vienna by the ,danube ,here she came1 a bride1 in spring1 ,now the autumn crisps the forest2 ,hunters gather1 bugles ring4 ,hark6 the game's on foot2 they scatter2 ,down the forest riding lone1 ,furious1 single horsemen gallop4 ,hark6 a shout--a crash--a groan6 ,pale and breathless1 came the hunters2 ,on the turf1 dead lies the boar1 ,but the ,duke lies stretched beside him1 ,senseless1 weltering in his gore4 ,in the dull ,october evening1 ,down the leaf-strewn forest road1 ,to the ,castle1 past the drawbridge1 ,came the hunters with their load4 ,in the hall1 with torches blazing1 ,ladies waiting round her seat1 ,clothed in smiles1 beneath the dais ,sat the ,duchess ,marguerite4 ,hark6 below the gates unbarring1 ,tramp of men and quick commands4 ',tis my lord come back from hunting1 ,and the ,duchess claps her hands4 ,slow and tired1 came the hunters2 ,stopped in darkness in the court4-- ,ho6 this way1 ye laggard hunters4 ,to the hall6 ,what sport1 what sport8 ,slow they entered with their ,master2 ,in the hall they laid him down2 ,on his coat were leaves and blood-stains1 ,on his brow an angry frown4 ,dead her princely1 youthful husband ,lay before his youthful wife2 ,bloody 'neath the flaring torches3 ,and the sight froze all her life4 ,in ,vienna by the ,danube ,kings hold revel1 gallants meet2 ,gay of old amid the gayest ,was the ,duchess ,marguerite4 ,in ,vienna by the ,danube ,feast and dance her youth beguiled4 ,till that hour she never sorrowed2 ,but from then she never smiled4 ,matthew ,arnold4 ,,wise ,,sayings ,a room hung with pictures is a room hung with thoughts4 ,a fig for your bill of fare4 ,show me your bill of company4 ,let us raise a standard to which the wise and honest can repair4 ,no evil can befall a good man1 either in life or death4 ,it is well to think well2 it is divine to act well4 ,they are never alone who are accompanied with noble1 true thoughts4 ,we find in life exactly what we put into it4 ,too much rest is rust4 ,order is heaven's first law4 ,the difference between one boy and another is not so much in talent as in energy4 ,,lesson ,,xxvii ,,business ,,qualifications ,attention1 application1 accuracy1 method1 punctuality and dispatch are the principal qualities required for the efficient conduct of business of any sort4 ,it is the precept of every day's experience that steady attention to matters of detail lies at the root of human progress1 and that diligence1 above all1 is the mother of what is erroneously called good luck4 ,a ,french statesman1 being asked how he contrived to accomplish so much work1 and at the same time attend to his social duties1 replied1 ,i do it simply by never postponing till to-morrow what should be done to-day4 ,it was said of an unsuccessful public man that he used to reverse this process1 his maxim being1 never to transact to-day what could be postponed till to-morrow4 ,but bear in mind this3 there may be success in life without success in business4 ,the merchant who failed1 but who afterward recovered his fortune1 and then spent it in paying his creditors their demands in full1 principal and interest1 thus leaving himself a poor man1 had a glorious success3 while he who failed1 paid his creditors ten cents only on a dollar1 and afterward rode in his carriage and occupied a magnificent mansion1 was sorrowfully looked on by angels and by honest men as lamentably unsuccessful4 ,true success in life is success in building up a pure1 honest1 energetic character--in so shaping our habits1 our thoughts1 and our aspirations as to best qualify us for a higher life4 ,,lesson ,,xxviii ,,abbreviations ,,of ,,names ,,of ,,states ,ala4 ,alabama1 ,mont4 ,montana1 ,alaska4 ,alaska1 ,nebr4 ,nebraska1 ,ariz4 ,arizona1 ,nev4 ,nevada1 ,ark4 ,arkansas 7sa71 ,n4 ,h4 ,new ,hampshire1 ,cal4 ,california1 ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,jersey1 ,colo4 ,colorado1 ,n4 ,mex4 ,new ,mexico1 ,conn4 ,connecticut1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york1 ,del4 ,delaware1 ,n4 ,c4 ,north ,carolina1 ,fla4 ,florida1 ,n4 ,dak4 ,north ,dakota1 ,ga4 ,georgia1 ,o4 ,ohio1 ,idaho4 ,idaho1 ,okla4 ,oklahoma1 ,ill4 ,illinois 7noi71 ,ore4 ,oregon1 ,ind4 ,indiana1 ,pa4 ,pennsylvania1 ,ind4 ,t4 ,indian ,ter41 ,r4 ,i4 ,rhode ,island1 ,ia4 ,iowa1 ,s4 ,c4 ,south ,carolina1 ,kans4 ,kansas1 ,s4 ,dak4 ,south ,dakota1 ,ky4 ,kentucky1 ,tenn4 ,tennessee1 ,la4 ,louisiana1 ,tex4 ,texas1 ,me4 ,maine1 ,utah4 ,utah1 ,md4 ,maryland 7mer7 ,vt4 ,vermont1 ,mass4 ,massachusetts ,va4 ,virginia1 ,mich4 ,michigan1 ,wash4 ,washington1 ,minn4 ,minnesota1 ,w4 ,va4 ,west ,virginia1 ,miss4 ,mississippi1 ,wis4 ,wisconsin1 ,mo4 ,missouri1 ,wyo4 ,wyoming4 99,the words ,utah1 ,idaho and ,alaska are not abbreviated4 ,,selection ,,xi ,,my ,,fatherland ,there is a land1 of every land the pride1 ,beloved by ,heaven o'er all the world beside1 ,where brighter suns dispense serener light1 ,and milder moons imparadise the night4 ,o land of beauty1 virtue1 valor1 truth1 ,time-tutored age1 and love-exalted youth6 ,the wandering mariner1 whose eye explores ,the wealthiest isles1 the most enchanting shores1 ,views not a realm so bountiful and fair1 ,nor breathes the spirit of a purer air4 ,in every clime1 the magnet of his soul1 ,touched by remembrance1 trembles to that pole2 ,for1 in this land of ,heaven's peculiar race1 ,the heritage of nature's noblest grace1 ,there is a spot of earth supremely blest1 ,a dearer1 sweeter spot than all the rest1 ,where man1 creation's tyrant1 casts aside ,his sword and scepter1 pageantry and pride1 ,while1 in his softened looks1 benignly blend ,the sire1 the son1 the husband1 brother1 friend4 ,here woman reigns2 the mother1 daughter1 wife1 ,strew with fresh flowers the narrow way of life2 ,in the clear heaven of her delightful eye1 ,an angel guard of love and graces lie2 ,around her knees domestic duties meet1 ,and fireside pleasures gambol at her feet4 ,where shall that land1 that spot of earth be found8 ,art thou a man8--a patriot8--look round2 ,oh1 thou shalt find1 howe'er thy footsteps roam1 ,that land thy country1 and that spot thy home4 ,james ,montgomery4 ,,lesson ,,xxix ,,the ,,sun ,how far away from us is the sun8 ,are we to answer just as we think1 or just as we know8 ,on a fine summer day1 when we can see him clearly1 it looks as if a short trip in a balloon might take us to his throne in the sky1 yet we know--because the astronomers tell us so--that he is more than ninety-one millions of miles distant from our earth4 ,ninety-one millions of miles6 ,it is not easy even to imagine this distance2 but let us fancy ourselves in an express-train going sixty miles an hour without making a single stop4 ,at that flying rate we could travel from the earth to the sun in one hundred and seventy-one years1--that is1 if we had a road to run on and time to spare for the journey4 ,arriving at the palace of the sun1 we might then have some idea of his size4 ,a learned ,greek who lived more than two thousand years ago thought the sun about as large as the ,peloponnesus2 if he had lived in our country1 he might have said1 ,about as large as ,massachusetts4 ,as large as their peninsula6 ,the other ,greeks laughed at him for believing that the shining ball was so vast4 ,how astonished they would have been--yes1 and the wise man too--if they had been told that the brilliant lord of the day was more than a million times as large as the whole world6 ,,lesson ,,xxx ,,ivory ,how many articles are made of ivory6 ,here is a polished knife-handle1 and there a strangely-carved paper-cutter4 ,in the same shop may be found albums and prayer-books with ivory covers2 and1 not far away1 penholders1 curious toys1 and parasol-handles1 all made of the glossy white material4 ,where ivory is abundant1 chairs of state1 and even thrones are made of it2 and in ,russia1 in the palaces of the great1 floors inlaid with ivory help to beautify the grand apartments4 ,one ,african sultan has a whole fence of elephants' tusks around his royal residence2 the residence itself is straw-roofed and barbarous enough1 both in design and in structure4 ,yet imagine that ivory fence6 ,the elephants slain in ,africa and ,india in the course of a year could not furnish half the ivory used in the great markets of the world during that time4 ,vienna1 ,paris1 ,london and ,st4 ,petersburg keep the elephant-hunters busy1 yet it is impossible for them to satisfy all the demands made upon them1 and the ivory-diggers must be called upon to add to the supply4 ,every spring1 when the ice begins to thaw1 new mines or deposits of fossil ivory--a perfect treasure of mammoths' tusks--are discovered in the marsh-lands of ,eastern ,siberia4 ,there are no mammoths now--unless we call elephants by that name2 yet their remains have been found upon both continents4 ,in the year #agii1 the perfect skeleton of one of these animals was found in an ice-bank near the mouth of a ,siberian river4 ,as the vast ice-field thawed1 the remains of the huge animal came to light4 ,the traders who search for mammoths' tusks around the ,arctic coasts of ,asia make every effort to send off1 each year1 at least fifty thousand pounds of fossil ivory to the west along the great caravan road4 ,so great is the demand1 however1 that this quantity1 added to that sent by the elephant-hunters1 is not large enough to make ivory cheap in trade or in manufacture4 ,,selection ,,xii ,,woodman1 ,,spare ,,that ,,tree ,woodman1 spare that tree6 ,touch not a single bough6 ,in youth it sheltered me1 ,and ,i'll protect it now4 ',twas my forefather's hand ,that placed it near his cot3 ,there1 woodman1 let it stand2 ,thy ax shall harm it not4 ,that old familiar tree1 ,whose glory and renown ,are spread o'er land and sea1-- ,and wouldst thou hew it down8 ,woodman1 forbear thy stroke6 ,cut not its earthbound ties6 ,oh1 spare that aged oak1 ,now towering to the skies6 ,when but an idle boy ,i sought its grateful shade2 ,in all their gushing joy1 ,here1 too1 my sisters played4 ,my mother kissed me here1 ,my father pressed my hand3 ,forgive this foolish tear1 ,but let that old oak stand4 ,my heart-strings round thee cling1 ,close as thy bark1 old friend2 ,here shall the wild bird sing1 ,and still thy branches bend4 ,old tree1 the storm still brave6 ,and1 woodman1 leave the spot6 ,while ,i've a hand to save1 ,thy ax shall harm it not4 ,george ,p4 ,morris4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi ,,flowers ,he who cannot appreciate floral beauty is to be pitied1 like any other man who is born imperfect4 ,it is a misfortune not unlike blindness4 ,but men who reject flowers as effeminate and unworthy of manhood reveal a positive coarseness4 ,many persons lose all enjoyment of many flowers by indulging false associations4 ,there are some who think that no weed can be of interest as a flower4 ,but all flowers are weeds where they grow wild and in abundance2 and somewhere our rarest flowers are somebody's commonest4 ,and generally there is a disposition to undervalue common flowers4 ,there are few that will trouble themselves to examine minutely a blossom that they have often seen and neglected2 and yet if they would question such flowers and commune with them1 they would often be surprised to find extreme beauty where it had long been overlooked4 ,it is not impertinent to offer flowers to a stranger4 ,the poorest child can proffer them to the richest4 ,a hundred persons turned into a meadow full of flowers would be drawn together in a transient brotherhood4 ,it is affecting to see how serviceable flowers often are to the necessities of the poor4 ,if they bring their little floral gift to you1 it cannot but touch your heart to think that their grateful affection longed to express itself as much as yours4 ,you have books1 or gems1 or services that you can render as you will4 ,the poor can give but little and can do but little4 ,were it not for flowers1 they would be shut out from those exquisite pleasures which spring from such gifts4 ,i never take one from a child1 or from the poor1 without thanking ,god1 in their behalf1 for flowers4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii ,,the ,,mosquito ,mosquitoes are found in many parts of the world where there are pools of water4 ,they swarm along the rivers of the sunny south and by the lakes of the far north4 ,the life of one of these troublesome little fellows is well worth some attention4 ,did you ever hear about the little boats that they build8 ,they lay their eggs on the water1 in which the sun's warmth hatches them out4 ,the insect leaves the water a full-fledged mosquito ready to annoy man and beast with its sting4 ,the eyes of this insect are remarkable4 ,they are so large that they cover the larger part of the head4 ,its feelers are very delicate1 and look as if they were made of the finest feathers4 ,its wings are very pretty1 and with them it makes a humming noise4 ,the organ1 which the female mosquito alone employs on her victims1 is called a trunk1 or proboscis4 ,this trunk is a tube1 inside of which is a bundle of stings with very sharp points4 ,when she settles on your face or hands1 she pierces the skin1 extracts some blood1 and at the same time injects a little poison2 this produces the feeling which proves so annoying4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii ,,self-,,reliance ,of all the elements of success none is more vital than self-reliance1--a determination to be one's own helper1 and not to look to others for support4 ,it is the secret of all individual growth and vigor1 the master-key that unlocks all difficulties in every profession or calling4 ,help yourself1 and ,heaven will help you1 should be the motto of every man who would make himself useful in the world4 ,he who begins with crutches will generally end with crutches4 ,help from within always strengthens1 but help from without invariably enfeebles4 ,it is said that a lobster1 when left high and dry among the rocks1 has not instinct and energy enough to work his way back to the sea1 but waits for the sea to come to him4 ,if it does not come1 he remains where he is and dies1 although the slightest effort would enable him to reach the waves4 ,the world is full of human lobsters1--men stranded on the rocks of business1 who1 instead of putting forth their energy1 are waiting for some grand billow of good fortune to set them afloat4 ,there are many young men1 who1 instead of carrying their own burdens1 are always dreaming of some ,hercules1 in the shape of a rich uncle1 or some other benevolent relative1 coming to give them a lift4 ,in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred1 pecuniary help to a beginner is not a blessing1 but a calamity4 ,under the appearance of aiding1 it weakens its victims1 and keeps them in perpetual slavery and degradation4 ,let every young man have faith in himself1 and take an earnest hold of life1 scorning all props and buttresses1 all crutches and life-preservers4 ,instead of wielding the rusted swords of valorous forefathers1 let him forge his own weapons2 and1 mindful of the ,providence over him1 let him fight his own battles with his own good lance4 ,,selection ,,xiii ,,prayer ,,in ,,battle ,father1 ,i call to ,thee4 ,roaring enshrouds me1 the din of the battle1 ,round me like lightning the leaping shots rattle4 ,leader of battles1 ,i call to ,thee4 ,father1 ,thou lead me4 ,father1 ,thou lead me4 ,lead me to victory1 lead me to death2 ,lord1 at ,thy pleasure ,i offer my breath4 ,lord1 as ,thou wilt1 so lead me4 ,god1 ,i acknowledge ,thee4 ,god1 ,i acknowledge ,thee4 ,so when the thunders of battle are breaking1 ,as when the leaves of the autumn are shaking1 ,fountain of grace1 ,i acknowledge ,thee4 ,father1 ,thou bless me4 ,father1 ,thou bless me4 ,into ,thine hand ,i my being resign2 ,thou didst bestow it--to take it be ,thine4 ,living and dying1 ,o bless me4 ,father1 ,i honor ,thee4 ,father1 ,i honor ,thee4 ,not for earth's riches unsheath we the sword2 ',tis our hearts we protect2 'tis ,thy temples1 ,o ,lord2 ,so railing or conquering1 ,i honor ,thee4 ,to ,thee1 ,god1 ,i yield me4 ,to thee1 ,god1 ,i yield me4 ,round me when death's fiery tempest is rushing1 ,when from my veins the red currents are gushing1 ,to ,thee1 ,o my ,god1 do ,i yield me4 ,father1 ,i call to ,thee4 ,theo4 ,krner4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiv ,,franklin',s ,,toast ,long after ,washington's judicious and intrepid conduct in respect to the ,french and ,english had made his name familiar to all ,europe1 ,dr4 ,franklin chanced to dine with the ,english and ,french ambassadors1 when the following toasts were given3-- ,the ,british ambassador1 rising1 said3 ,england1--the sun whose bright beams enlighten and fertilize the remotest corners of the earth4 ,the ,french ambassador1 glowing with national pride1 but too polite to dispute the previous toast1 said3 ,france1--the moon whose mild1 steady1 and cheering rays are the delight of all nations1 consoling them in darkness1 and making their dreariness beautiful4 ,dr4 ,franklin then arose1 and1 with his usual dignified simplicity1 said3 ,george ,washington1--the ,joshua who commanded the sun and moon to stand still1 and they obeyed him4 ,,lesson ,,xxxv ,,humanity ,,rewarded ,joseph the ,second1 ,emperor of ,germany1 once received a petition in favor of a poor old officer1 with a family of ten children1 who was reduced to the utmost poverty4 ,after making inquiries respecting the man1 and satisfying himself of his worth1 the ,emperor determined to judge of his necessities by personal observation4 ,accordingly he went alone to the house of the officer1 whom he found seated at table1 with eleven children around him1 dining upon vegetables of his own planting4 ,the ,emperor1 who was disguised as a private citizen1 after some general conversation with the officer1 said3 ,i heard you had ten children1 but ,i see here eleven4 ,this1 replied the officer1 pointing to one1 is a poor orphan1 whom ,i found at my door4 ,i have endeavored to obtain for him the assistance of persons who could better afford to provide for him1 but have not been able to succeed2 and of course1 ,i could do no better than share my little portion with him4 ,the ,emperor1 admiring the generous humanity of the poor man1 immediately made himself known to him1 and said1 ,i desire that all these children may be my pensioners1 and that you will continue to give them examples of virtue and honor4 ,i grant you one hundred florins per annum4 for each1 and also1 an addition of two hundred florins to your pension4 ,go tomorrow to my treasurer1 where you will receive the first quarter's payment1 together with a lieutenant's commission for your eldest son4 ,henceforth ,i will be the father of all the family4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi ,,work ,,proclaims ,a ,,workman ,a certain baron had an only son1 who was not only a comfort to his father1 but a blessing to all who lived on his father's land4 ,once1 when the young man was away from home1 a gentleman called to see his father1 and using the name of ,god irreverently1 the good old baron reproved him4 ,are you not afraid1 said he1 of offending the great ,being who reigns above1 by thus using ,his name in vain8 ,the gentleman said he neither feared nor believed in a being he could not see4 ,the next morning the baron showed the gentleman a beautiful painting that adorned his hall4 ,the gentleman admired the picture very much1 and1 when told by the baron that his son painted it1 said3 ,your son is an excellent painter4 ,the baron then took his visitor into the garden1 and showed him many beautiful flowers1 arranged in the most perfect order4 ,who has the direction of this garden8 said the gentleman4 ,my son1 said the baron4 ,indeed1 said the gentleman2 ,i begin to think he is something uncommon4 ,the baron then took him into the village1 and showed him a small1 neat cottage1 where his son had established a school1 in which a hundred orphans were fed and taught at his expense4 ,what a happy man you are1 said the gentleman1 to have so good a son6 ,how do you know that ,i have so good a son8 replied the baron4 ,because ,i have seen his works1 said the gentleman1 and ,i know he must be talented and good4 ,but you have never seen him1 said the baron4 ,i have seen what he has done1 and am disposed to love him1 without having seen him1 said the gentleman4 ,can you see anything from that window8 asked the baron4 ,the landscape is beautiful1 said the gentleman2 the golden sun1 the mighty river1 the vast forest1 are admirable4 ,how lovely1 and pleasant and cheerful1 every object appears6 ,how happens it1 said the baron1 that you could see such proof of my son's existence1 in the imperfect work of his hands1 and yet you can see no proof of the existence of a ,creator1 in the wonders and beauties which are now before you8 ,let me never hear you say again that you believe not in the existence of ,god1 unless you would have me think that you have lost the use of your reason4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii ,,republics ,the name ,republic is written upon the oldest monuments of mankind4 ,it has been connected in all ages with the noble and the great in art and letters4 ,it might be asked1 what land has ever felt the influence of liberty1 that has not flourished like the spring8 ,with regard to ourselves1 we can truly say that we live under a form of government the equal of which the world has never seen4 ,is it1 then1 nothing to be free8 ,how many nations in the history of the world have proved themselves worthy of being so8 ,were all men as enlightened1 as brave and as self-respecting as they ought to be1 would they suffer themselves to be insulted by any other form of government than a republic8 ,can anything be more striking or more sublime1 than the idea of a republic like ours2 which spreads over a territory far more extensive than that of the ancient ,roman empire8 ,and upon what is this great and glorious combination of states1 so admirably united1 really founded8 ,it is founded upon the maxims of common sense and reason1 without military despotism or monarchical domination of any kind4 ,the people simply govern themselves1 and the government is of the people1 by the people and for the people4 ,,freedom ,,of ,,thought ,we must have an end of all persecution of ideas4 ,i condemn the government of ,france and ,prussia when they oppress the ,jesuits4 ,i condemn the government of ,russia when it oppresses the ,jews4 ,i affirm that to persecute ideas is like persecuting light1 air1 electricity1 or the magnetic fluid4 ,ideas escape all persecution4 ,when repressed they explode like powder4 ,,lesson ,,xxxviii ,,false ,,notions ,,of ,,liberty ,people talk of liberty as if it meant the liberty of doing what a man likes4 ,the only liberty that a man should ask for is the privilege of removing all restrictions that prevent his doing what he ought to do4 ,i call that man free who is able to rule himself4 ,i call him free who has his flesh in subjection to his spirit2 who fears doing wrong1 but who fears nothing else4 ,i call that man free who has learned that liberty consists in obedience to the power and to the will and to the law that his higher soul approves4 ,he is not free because he does what he likes1 but he is free because he does what he ought4 ,some people think there is no liberty in obedience4 ,i tell you there is no liberty except in loyal obedience4 ,did you ever see a mother kept at home1 a kind of prisoner1 by her sick child1 obeying its every wish and caprice8 ,will you call that mother a slave8 ,or is this obedience the obedience of slavery8 ,i call it the obedience of the highest liberty--the liberty of love4 ,we hear in these days a great deal respecting rights3 the rights of private judgment1 the rights of labor1 the rights1 of property1 and the rights of man4 ,i cannot see anything manly in the struggle between rich and poor2 the one striving to take as much1 and the other to keep as much1 as he can4 ,the cry of ,my rights1 your duties1 we should change to something nobler4 ,if we can say ,my duties1 your rights1 we shall learn what real liberty is4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix ,,the ,,voice ,a good voice has a charm in speech as in song4 ,the voice1 like the face1 betrays the nature and disposition1 and soon indicates what is the range of the speaker's mind4 ,many people have no ear for music2 but everyone has an ear for skillful reading4 ,every one of us has at some time been the victim of a cunning voice1 and perhaps been repelled once for all by a harsh1 mechanical speaker4 ,the voice1 indeed1 is a delicate index of the state of mind4 ,what character1 what infinite variety1 belongs to the voice6 ,sometimes it is a flute1 sometimes a trip-hammer2 what a range of force6 ,in moments of clearer thought or deeper sympathy1 the voice will attain a music and penetration which surprise the speaker as much as the hearer4 ,,lesson ,,xl ,,the ,,intrepid ,,youth ,it was a calm1 sunny day in the year #agej2 the scene a piece of forest land in the north of ,virginia1 near a noble stream of water4 ,implements for surveying were lying about1 and several men composed a party engaged in laying out the wild lands of the country4 ,these persons had apparently just finished their dinner4 ,apart from the group walked a young man of a tall and compact frame4 ,he moved with the elastic tread of one accustomed to constant exercise in the open air4 ,his countenance wore a look of decision and manliness not usually found in one so young4 ,suddenly there was a shriek1 then another1 and several in rapid succession4 ,the voice was that of a woman1 and seemed to proceed from the other side of a dense thicket4 ,at the first scream1 the youth turned his head in the direction of the sound4 ,when it was repeated1 he pushed aside the undergrowth and1 quickening his footsteps1 he soon dashed into an open space on the bank of the stream1 where stood a rude log cabin4 ,it was but the work of a moment for the young man to make his way through the crowd and confront the woman4 ,the instant her eye fell on him1 she exclaimed3 ,oh1 sir1 you will do something for me4 ,make them release me1 for the love of ,god4 ,my boy1 my poor boy is drowning1 and they will not let me go4 ,it would be madness2 she will jump into the river1 said one1 and the rapids would dash her to pieces in a moment4 ,the youth scarcely waited for these words1 for he recollected the child1 a fine little boy of four years old1 who was a favorite with all who knew him4 ,he had been accustomed to play in the little inclosure before the cabin1 but the gate having been left open1 he had stolen out1 reached the edge of the bank1 and was in the act of looking over1 when his mother saw him4 ,the shriek she uttered only hastened the catastrophe she feared2 for the child lost its balance1 and fell into the stream4 ,scream now followed scream in rapid succession1 as the agonized mother rushed to the bank4 ,one glance at the situation was enough4 ,to take off his coat and plunge in after the drowning child were but the actions of a moment4 ,on went the youth and child2 and it was miraculous how each escaped being dashed to pieces against the rocks4 ,twice the boy went out of sight1 and a suppressed shriek escaped the mother's lips2 but twice he reappeared1 and with great anxiety she followed his progress1 as his tiny form was hurried onward with the current4 ,the youth now appeared to redouble his exertions1 for they were approaching the most dangerous part of the river4 ,the rush of the waters at this spot was tremendous1 and no one ventured to approach1 even in a canoe1 lest he should be dashed in pieces4 ,what1 then1 would be the youth's fate1 unless he soon overtook the child8 ,he urged his way through the foaming current with desperate strength4 ,three times he was on the point of grasping the child1 when the waters whirled the prize from him4 ,the third effort was made above the fall2 and when it failed1 the mother groaned1 fully expecting the youth to give up his task4 ,but no2 he only pressed forward the more eagerly4 ,and now1 like an arrow from the bow1 pursuer and pursued shot to the brink of the precipice4 ,an instant they hung there1 distinctly visible amid the foaming waters4 ,every brain grew dizzy at the sight4 ,but a shout of exultation burst from the spectators1 when they saw the boy held aloft by the right arm of the young hero4 ,and thus he brought the child back to the distracted mother4 ,with a most fervent blessing1 she thanked the young man for his heroic deed4 ,and was this blessing heard8 ,most assuredly2 for the self-sacrificing spirit which characterized the life of this youth was none other than that of ,george ,washington1 the ,first ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,,lesson ,,xli ,,autumn ,september has come4 ,the fierce heat of summer is gone4 ,men are at work in the fields cutting down the yellow grain1 and binding it up into sheaves4 ,the fields of corn stand in thick ranks1 heavy with ears4 ,the boughs of the orchard hang low with the red and golden fruit4 ,laughing boys are picking up the purple plums and the red-cheeked peaches that have fallen in the high grass4 ,large1 rich melons are on the garden vines1 and sweet grapes hang in clusters by the wall4 ,the larks with their black and yellow breasts stand watching you on the close-mown meadow4 ,as you come near1 they spring up1 fly a little distance1 and light again4 ,the robins1 that long ago left the gardens1 feed in flocks upon the red berries of the sumac1 and the soft-eyed pigeons are with them to claim their share4 ,the lazy blackbirds follow the cows and pick up crickets and other insects4 ,at noon1 the air is still1 mild1 and soft4 ,you see blue smoke off by the distant wood and hills4 ,the brook is almost dry4 ,the water runs over the pebbles with a soft1 low murmur4 ,the goldenrod is on the hill1 the aster by the brook1 and the sunflower in the garden4 ,the twitter of the birds is still heard4 ,the sheep graze upon the brown hillside4 ,the merry whistle of the plowboy comes up from the field1 and the cow lows in the distant pasture4 ,as the sun sinks in the ,october haze1 the low1 south wind creeps over the dry tree-tops1 and the leaves fall in showers upon the ground4 ,the sun sinks lower1 and lower1 and is gone2 but his bright beams still linger in the west4 ,then the evening star is seen shining with a soft1 mellow light1 and the moon rises slowly in the still and hazy air4 ,november comes4 ,the flowers are all dead4 ,the grass is pale and white4 ,the wind has blown the dry leaves into heaps4 ,the timid rabbit treads softly on the dry leaves4 ,the crow calls from the high tree-top4 ,the sound of dropping nuts is heard in the wood4 ,children go out morning and evening to gather nuts for the winter4 ,the busy little squirrels will be sure to get their share4 ,,selection ,,xiv ,,the ,,retort ,one day1 a rich man1 flushed with pride and wine1 ,sitting with guests at table1 all quite merry1 ,conceived it would be vastly fine ,to crack a joke upon his secretary4 ,young man1 said he1 by what art1 craft1 or trade ,did your good father earn his livelihood8 ,he was a saddler1 sir1 the young man said2 ,and in his line was always reckoned good4 ,a saddler1 eh8 and had you stuffed with ,greek1 ,instead of teaching you like him to sew8 ,and pray1 sir1 why did not your father make ,a saddler1 too1 of you8 ,at this each flatterer1 as in duty bound1 ,the joke applauded1 and the laugh went round4 ,at length the secretary1 bowing low1 ,said 7craving pardon if too free he made71 ,sir1 by your leave ,i fain would know ,your father's trade4 ,my father's trade8 ,why1 sir1 but that's too bad6 ,my father's trade8 ,why1 blockhead1 art thou mad8 ,my1 father1 sir1 was never brought so low3 ,he was a gentleman1 ,i'd have you know4 ,indeed6 excuse the liberty ,i take2 ,but if your story's true1 ,how happened it your father did not make ,a gentleman of you8 ,g4 ,p4 ,morris4 ,,lesson ,,xlii ,,words ,,and ,,their ,,meaning ,i tell you earnestly1 you must get into the habit of looking intensely at words1 and assuring yourself of their meaning1 syllable by syllable1 nay1 letter by letter4 ,you might read all the books in the ,british ,museum1 if you could live long enough1 and remain an utterly illiterate1 uneducated person2 but if you read ten pages of a good book1 letter by letter1--that is to say1 with real accuracy1--you are forevermore1 in some measure1 an educated person4 ,the entire difference between education and non-education 7as regards the merely intellectual part of it7 consists in this accuracy4 ,a well-educated gentleman may not know many languages1 may not be able to speak any but his own1 may have read very few books2 but whatever word he pronounces1 he pronounces rightly4 ,an ordinarily clever and sensible seaman will be able to make his way ashore at most ports2 yet he has only to speak a sentence to be known for an illiterate person2 so also the accent1 or turn of expression of a single sentence1 will at once mark a scholar4 ,let the accent of words be watched1 and closely2 let their meaning be watched more closely still4 ,a few words1 well chosen1 will do the work that a thousand cannot do1 when every one of those few is acting properly1 in the function of one another4 ,,lesson ,,xliii ,,how ,,to ,,select ,a ,,boy ,a gentleman advertised for a boy1 and nearly fifty applicants presented themselves to him4 ,out of the whole number he selected one and dismissed the rest4 ,i should like to know1 said a friend1 on what ground you selected that boy1 who had not a single recommendation8 ,you are mistaken1 said the gentleman2 he has a great many4 ,he wiped his feet when he came in1 and closed the door after him1 showing that he was careful4 ,he gave his seat instantly to that lame old man1 showing that he was thoughtful4 ,he took off his cap when he came in and answered my questions promptly1 showing that he was gentlemanly4 ,he picked up the book which ,i had purposely laid on the floor and replaced it on the table1 and he waited quietly for his turn1 instead of pushing and crowding2 showing that he was honorable and orderly4 ,when ,i talked to him ,i noticed that his clothes were brushed and his hair in order4 ,when he wrote his name ,i noticed that his finger-nails were clean4 ,don't you call those things letters of recommendation8 ,i do2 and ,i would give more for what ,i can tell about a boy by using my eyes ten minutes than for all the letters he can bring me4 ,,lesson ,,xliv ,,salt ,salt is an every-day article1 so common that we rarely give it a thought2 yet1 like most common things1 it is useful enough to be ranked among the necessaries of life4 ,i could not live without salt1 would sound to us exaggerated in the mouth of any one4 ,have you ever fancied that you could do without it8 ,how would meat taste without salt8 ,would not much of our vegetable food be insipid1 if we neglected this common seasoning8 ,and even the daily bread demands its share4 ,where is this salt found1 that we prize so little1 yet need so much8 ,the sea furnishes some1 and salt-mines and salt-springs give the rest4 ,most of the salt used in this country is obtained from the water of certain springs4 ,among the richest of these springs are those at ,salina1 now a part of the city of ,syracuse1 ,new ,york4 ,forty gallons of water from these wells yield one bushel of salt4 ,,lesson ,,xlv ,,studies ,studies serve for delight1 for ornament1 and for ability4 ,their chief use for delight is in privateness2 for ornament1 in discourse2 and for ability in the judgment and disposition of business4 ,to spend too much time in studies is sloth2 to use them too much for ornament is affectation2 to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar4 ,crafty men contemn studies2 simple men admire them2 and wise men use them4 ,read not to contradict and confute1 or to believe and take for granted1 or to find talk and discourse1 but to weigh and consider4 ,some books are to be tasted1 others to be swallowed1 and some few to be chewed and digested2 that is1 some books are to be read only in parts2 others to be read1 but not curiously2 and some few to be read wholly1 and with diligence and attention4 ,reading makes a full man2 conference1 a ready man2 and writing1 an exact man4 ,,selection ,,xv ,a ,,psalm ,,of ,,life ,tell me not1 in mournful numbers1 ,life is but an empty dream6 ,for the soul is dead that slumbers1 ,and things are not what they seem4 ,life is real6 ,life is earnest6 ,and the grave is not its goal2 ,dust thou art1 to dust returnest1 ,was not spoken of the soul4 ,not enjoyment1 and not sorrow1 ,is our destined end or way1 ,but to act1 that each to-morrow ,find us farther than to-day4 ,art is long1 and ,time is fleeting2 ,and our hearts1 though strong and brave1 ,still1 like muffled drums1 are beating ,funeral marches to the grave4 ,in the world's broad field of battle1 ,in the bivouac of life1 ,be not like dumb1 driven cattle1 ,be a hero in the strife4 ,trust no future1 however pleasant2 ,let the dead past bury its dead3 ,act1--act in the living present1 ,heart within1 and ,god o'erhead4 ,lives of great men all remind us ,we can make our lives sublime1 ,and1 departing1 leave behind us ,footprints on the sands of time4 ,footprints1 that perhaps another1 ,sailing o'er life's solemn main1 ,a forlorn and shipwrecked brother1 ,seeing1 shall take heart again4 ,let us then be up and doing1 ,with a heart for any fate2 ,still achieving1 still pursuing1 ,learn to labor and to wait4 ,h4 ,w4 ,longfellow4 ,,lesson ,,xlvi ,,rules ,,of ,,behavior ,every action in company ought to be done with some sign of respect to those present4 ,in presence of others1 sing not to yourself with a humming noise1 nor drum with your fingers or feet4 ,speak not when others speak2 sit not when others stand2 speak not when you should hold your peace2 walk not when others stop4 ,turn not your back to others1 especially in speaking2 jog not the table or desk on which another reads or writes2 lean not on any one4 ,be no flatterer2 neither play with any one that delights not to be played with4 ,read no letters1 books1 or papers1 in company2 but when there is a necessity for doing it1 you must ask leave4 ,come not near the books or writings of any one so as to read them1 unless desired4 ,when another speaks1 be attentive yourself1 and disturb not the audience4 ,if any one hesitates in his words1 help him not1 nor prompt him1 without being desired2 interrupt him not1 nor answer him till his speech is ended4 ,be not curious to know the affairs of others1 neither approach to those that speak in private4 ,make no show of taking great delight in your victuals2 feed not with greediness2 lean not on the table2 neither find fault with what you eat4 ,let your discourses with men of business be short4 ,be not immoderate in urging your friend to discover a secret4 ,speak not in an unknown tongue in company1 but in your own language1 and as those of quality do1 and not as the vulgar4 ,,lesson ,,xlvii ,,using ,,the ,,eyes ,the difference between men consists1 in great measure1 in the intelligence of their observation4 ,the ,russian proverb says of the non-observant man1 ,he goes through the forest and sees no firewood4 ,sir1 said ,johnson1 on one occasion1 to a fine gentleman1 just returned from ,italy1 some men will learn more in the ,hampstead stage than others in the tour of ,europe4 ,it is the mind that sees as well as the eye4 ,many1 before ,galileo1 had seen a suspended weight swing before their eyes with a measured beat2 but he was the first to detect the value of the fact4 ,one of the vergers in the cathedral at ,pisa1 after filling with oil a lamp which swung from the roof1 left it swinging to and fro4 ,galileo1 then a youth of only eighteen1 noting it attentively1 conceived the idea of applying it to the measurement of time4 ,fifty years of study and labor1 however1 elapsed before he completed the invention of his pendulum1--an invention the importance of which1 in the measurement of time and in astronomical calculations1 can scarcely be overvalued4 ,while ,captain ,brown was occupied in studying the construction of bridges1 he was walking in his garden one dewy morning1 when he saw a tiny spider's-net suspended across his path4 ,the idea occurred to him1 that a bridge of iron ropes might be constructed in like manner1 and the result was the invention of his ,suspension ,bridge4 ,so trifling a matter as a straw may indicate which way the wind blows4 ,it is the close observation of little things which is the secret of success in business1 in art1 in science and in every other pursuit in life4 ,,lesson ,,xlviii ,,the ,,affection ,,and ,,reverence ,,due ,a ,,mother ,what an awful state of mind must a man have attained1 when he can despise a mother's counsel6 ,her name is identified with every idea that can subdue the sternest mind2 that can suggest the most profound respect1 the deepest and most heartfelt attachment1 the most unlimited obedience4 ,it brings to the mind the first human being that loved us1 the first guardian that protected us1 the first friend that cherished us2 who watched with anxious care over infant life1 whilst yet we were unconscious of our being2 whose days and nights were rendered wearisome by her anxious cares for our welfare2 whose eager eye followed us through every path we took2 who gloried in our honor2 who sickened in heart at our shame2 who loved and mourned1 when others reviled and scorned2 and whose affection for us survives the wreck of every other feeling within4 ,when her voice is raised to inculcate religion1 or to reprehend irregularity1 it possesses unnumbered claims of attention1 respect and obedience4 ,she fills the place of the eternal ,god2 by her lips that ,god is speaking2 in her counsels ,he is conveying the most solemn admonitions2 and to disregard such counsel1 to despise such interference1 to sneer at the wisdom that addresses you1 or the aged piety that seeks to reform you1 is the surest and the shortest path which the devil himself could have opened for your perdition4 ,i know no grace that can have effect2 ,i know not any authority upon earth to which you will listen1 when once you have brought yourself to reject such advice4 ,,useful ,,information ,the officials and clerks by whom the people's business in the administration of the government is carried on1 constitute the ,civil ,service4 ,about five thousand of these officials are appointed by the ,president alone or with the consent of the ,senate2 about fifteen to twenty thousand more are appointed under what is known as the ,civil-,service ,rules1 and the remainder of our office-holders are appointed by heads of departments4 ,competitive examinations for admission to the ,civil ,service are held at regular intervals by a ,board of ,examiners in each of the principal cities of the ,united ,states4 ,men and women receive the same pay for the same work in government service4 ,the salary of the ,president of the ,united ,states is #ge1jjj a year4 ,the ,vice-president receives #h1jjj2 ,cabinet officers1 #h1jjj2 ,senators1 #e1jjj and mileage4 ,the ,chief ,justice of the ,supreme ,court receives #aj1ejj4 ,ministers to foreign nations receive from #e1jjj to #ah1jjj annually4 ,the amount varies with the importance of the post4 ,the total number of ,indians in the ,united ,states is about #bej1jjj1 ,alaska not included4 ,the most numerous tribes are the ,cherokee and ,choctaw ,indians4 ,the ,apaches are the most savage4 ,about half of the ,indian tribes are now partly civilized and are self-supporting4 ,,wise ,,sayings ,the first business of a state is the education of its citizens4 ,every child has a right to the best education4 ,the highest motive of school government is to give the child the power and necessary reason to control himself4 ,we have no right to teach anything that does not go through the intellect and reach the heart4 ,kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound together4 ,,lesson ,,xlix ,,wheat ,wheat was unknown in ,america till it was brought over by ,europeans1 but it is now grown to an immense extent in the temperate regions of both ,north and ,south ,america4 ,our country is the greatest wheat granary in the world4 ,the production of this grain in the ,united ,states is over five hundred millions of bushels a year4 ,the great wheat belt of the ,united ,states is in the ,northwest1--in ,iowa1 ,illinois1 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota and the neighboring states4 ,california also is a splendid country for this cereal1 and ,california's wheat crop is every year worth more than were ever her stores of gold4 ,people who live in cities and towns get their bread for the most part at the baker's2 so that in many families the good old art of bread-making is almost forgotten4 ,then it must be said that it is the exception rather than the rule when one finds really good home-made bread4 ,this is a great pity4 ,now1 let me add one hint for the benefit of the girls4 ,in the ,english language there is no nobler word than ,lady4 ,but go back to its origin1 and what do we find that it means8 ,we find that it means ,she that looks after the loaf4 ,,wise ,,sayings ,shallow men believe in luck2 strong men in pluck4 ,if there is honor among thieves1 they stole it4 ,have a time and place for everything1 and do everything in its time and place4 ,you will never find time for anything4 ,if you want time1 you must make it4 ,you will always find those men the most forward to do good1 or to improve the times1 who are always busy4 ,trifles make perfection1 yet perfection is no trifle4 ,,lesson ,l ,,countenance ,,and ,,character ,we know men by their looks2 we read men by looking at their faces--not at their features1 their eyes1 their lips1 because ,god made these2 but a certain cast of motion1 and shape and expression1 which their features have acquired4 ,it is this that we call the countenance4 ,and what makes this countenance8 ,the inward and mental habits2 the constant pressure of the mind2 the perpetual repetition of its acts4 ,you detect at once a conceited1 or foolish person4 ,it is stamped on his countenance4 ,you can see on the faces of the cunning or dissembling1 certain corresponding lines1 traced on the face as legibly as if they were written there4 ,as it is with the countenance1 so it is with the character4 ,character is the sum total of all our actions4 ,it is the result of the habitual use we have been making of our intellect1 heart and will4 ,we are always at work1 like the weaver at the loom4 ,so we are always forming a character for ourselves4 ,it is a plain truth1 that everybody grows up in a certain character2 some good1 some bad1 some excellent1 and some unendurable4 ,every character is formed by habits4 ,if a man is habitually proud1 or vain1 or false1 he forms for himself a character like in kind4 ,the character shows itself outwardly1 but it is wrought within4 ,every habit is a chain of acts1 and every one of those acts was a free link of the will4 ,for instance1 some people are habitually false4 ,we sometimes meet with men whose word we can never take1 and for this reason they have lost the perception of truth and falsehood4 ,they do not know when they are speaking the truth and when they are speaking falsely4 ,they bring this state upon themselves4 ,but there was a time when these same men had never told a lie4 ,a good character is to be more highly prized than riches4 ,,selection ,,xvi ,,the ,,old ,,oaken ,,bucket #a4 ,how dear to the heart are the scenes of my childhood1 ,when fond recollection presents them to view6 ,the orchard1 the meadow1 the deep-tangled wild-wood1 ,and every loved spot which my infancy knew2 ,the wide-spreading pond1 and the mill which stood by it1 ,the bridge and the rock where the cataract fell2 ,the cot of my father1 the dairy-house nigh it1 ,and e'en the rude bucket which hung in the well3 ,the old oaken bucket1 the iron-bound bucket4 ,the moss-covered bucket1 which hung in the well4 #b4 ,that moss-covered vessel ,i hail as a treasure2 ,for often1 at noon1 when returned from the field1 ,i found it the source of an exquisite pleasure1 ,the purest and sweetest that nature can yield4 ,how ardent ,i seized it1 with hands that were glowing1 ,and quick to the white-pebbled bottom it fell2 ,then soon1 with the emblem of truth overflowing1 ,and dripping with coolness1 it rose from the well3 ,the old oaken bucket1 the iron-bound bucket1 ,the moss-covered bucket arose from the well4 #c4 ,how sweet from the green mossy brim to receive it1 ,as poised on the curb it inclined to my lips6 ,not a full blushing goblet could tempt me to leave it1 ,though filled with the nectar that ,jupiter sips4 ,and now1 far removed from the loved situation1 ,the tear of regret will intrusively swell1 ,as fancy reverts to my father's plantation1 ,and sighs for the bucket which hangs in the well2 ,the old oaken bucket1 the iron-bound bucket1 ,the moss-covered bucket1 which hangs in the well4 ,samuel ,woodworth4 ,,lesson ,,li ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,time ,the value of time has passed into a proverb1--,time is money4 ,it is so because its employment brings money4 ,but it is more4 ,it is knowledge4 ,still more1 it is virtue4 ,time is more than money4 ,it brings what money cannot purchase4 ,it has in its lap all the learning of the past1 the spoils of antiquity1 the priceless treasures of knowledge4 ,who would barter these for gold or silver8 ,but knowledge is a means only1 and not an end4 ,it is valuable because it promotes the welfare1 the development and the progress of man4 ,and the highest value of time is not in knowledge1 but in the opportunity of doing good4 ,time is opportunity4 ,little or much1 it may be the occasion of usefulness4 ,it is the point desired by the philosopher where to plant the lever that shall move the world4 ,it is the napkin in which are wrapped1 not only the talent of silver1 but the treasures of knowledge and the fruits of virtue4 ,saving time1 we save all these4 ,employing time to the best advantage1 we exercise a true thrift4 ,to each of us the passing day is of the same dimensions1 nor can any one1 by taking thought1 add a moment to its hours4 ,but1 though unable to extend their duration1 he may swell them with works4 ,it is customary to say1 ,take care of the small sums1 and the large will take care of themselves4 ,with equal wisdom may it be said1 ,watch the minutes1 and the hours and days will be safe4 ,the moments are precious2 they are gold filings1 to be carefully preserved and melted into the rich ingot4 ,time is the measure of life on earth4 ,its enjoyment is life itself4 ,its divisions1 its days1 its hours1 its minutes1 are fractions of this heavenly gift4 ,every moment that flies over our heads takes from the future1 shortening by so much the measure of our days4 ,the moments lost in listlessness1 or squandered in dissipation1 are perhaps hours1 days1 weeks1 months1 years4 ,the daily sacrifice of a single hour during a year comes at its end to thirty-six working days1 an amount of time ample for the acquisition of important knowledge1 and for the accomplishment of great good4 ,who of us does not each day1 in many ways1 sacrifice these precious moments1 these golden hours8 ,seek1 then1 always to be usefully occupied4 ,employ all the faculties1 whether in study or in manual labor1 and your days shall be filled with usefulness4 ,,lesson ,,lii ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,civics ,few people have the time to undertake a thorough study of civics1 but everyone ought to find time to learn the principal features of the government under which he lives4 ,we should know also of the way in which our government came into existence1 and how this government is administered to-day4 ,such knowledge is necessary for the proper discharge of the duties of citizenship4 ,all kinds of political questions are discussed daily in the newspapers and voted on at times at the polls1 and it is the duty of every man to try to understand them4 ,for if these questions are not intelligently settled1 they will be settled by the ignorant1 and the result will be very bad4 ,eternal vigilance is the price of liberty4 ,people sometimes think that1 because our national government is called a republic1 and we have free schools and free libraries and other such free institutions1 our liberty is forever secure4 ,our government is indeed a wonderful structure of political skill1 and generally runs so very smoothly that we almost think it will run of itself4 ,beware6 ,in order that the government of the nation1 of the state1 of the city or the town shall be properly administered1 it is necessary that every citizen be watchful to secure the best officers for its government4 ,,useful ,,information ,the great obelisk in ,central ,park1 ,new ,york1 is one of the most noted monoliths in the world4 ,it was quarried1 carved and erected about the time of ,abraham1 to commemorate the deeds of an ancient ,pharaoh4 ,five hundred years later the conquering ,sesostris1 the bad ,pharaoh of the ,bible1 carved on its surface the record of his famous reign4 ,now ,sesostris1 or ,rameses ,,ii1 reigned one thousand years before the ,trojan war1 so that all the symbols now seen on the obelisk were already very old in the days of ,priam1 ,hector and ,ulysses4 ,the ,roman poet ,horace says that there were many brave men before ,agamemnon1 but there was no ,homer to put their valiant deeds in verse4 ,sesostris was an exception4 ,he escaped oblivion without the aid of ,homer1 and the figures upon the hard granite of ,cleopatra's ,needle tell us even now1 after more than thirty-five centuries1 of the reign of that remarkable king4 ,,lesson ,,liii ,,the ,,sea ,,and ,,its ,,uses ,it is a common thing in speaking of the sea to call it a waste of waters4 ,but this is a mistake4 ,instead of being a waste and a desert1 it keeps the earth itself from becoming a waste and a desert4 ,it is the world's fountain of life and health and beauty1 and if it were taken away1 the grass would perish from the mountains1 the forests would crumble on the hills4 ,water is as indispensable to all life1 vegetable or animal1 as the air itself4 ,this element of water is supplied entirely by the sea4 ,the sea is the great inexhaustible fountain which is continually pouring up into the sky precisely as many streams1 and as large1 as all the rivers of the world are pouring into the sea4 ,the sea is the real birthplace of the clouds and the rivers1 and out of it come all the rains and dews of heaven4 ,instead of being a waste and an incumbrance1 therefore1 it is a vast fountain of fruitfulness1 and the nurse and mother of all the living4 ,out of its mighty breast come the resources that feed and support the population of the world4 ,we are surrounded by the presence and bounty of the sea4 ,it is the sea that feeds us4 ,it is the sea that clothes us4 ,it cools us with the summer cloud1 and warms us with the blazing fires of winter4 ,we make wealth for ourselves and for our children out of its rolling waters1 though we may live a thousand leagues away from its shore4 ,thus the sea1 though it bears no harvest on its bosom1 yet sustains all the harvest of the world4 ,if like a desert itself1 it makes all the other wildernesses of the earth to bud and blossom as the rose4 ,though its own waters are as salt and wormwood1 it makes the clouds of heaven drop with sweetness4 ,the sea is a perpetual source of health to the world4 ,without it there could be no drainage for the lands4 ,it is the scavenger of the world4 ,the sea is also set to purify the atmosphere4 ,thus the sea1 instead of being a waste of waters1 is the very fountain of life1 health and beauty4 ,,lesson ,,liv ,,wonderland ,many of you have read of the remarkable geysers of ,iceland and the more remarkable ones in ,new ,zealand1 of grand caons in ,arizona1 of deep mountain gorges in ,colorado1 of stupendous falls in ,africa1 of lofty mountains covered with snow in ,europe1 of elevated lakes in ,south ,america1 of natural bridges in ,virginia2 but who has ever conceived of having all these wonders in one spot of the earth1 and forever free as a great ,national ,park1 visited each summer by thousands of native and foreign travelers8 ,travelers report that this corner of the earth seems to be not quite finished by the great ,creator4 ,through all this region volcanic action has been exceedingly vigorous4 ,the effect of fire upon the rocks is plainly visible and widely spread4 ,whole mountains of volcanic rock exist4 ,floods of lava everywhere abound4 ,the last feeble evidence of this gigantic force is to be seen in the hot springs on ,gardiner ,river and on many other streams1 and in the strange action of the geyser basins4 ,there are sixteen important geysers in this section1 and innumerable inferior ones4 ,one geyser is called the ,giantess4 ,it throws a great mass of water to a small height1 surging and splashing in all directions4 ,one of the most noted geysers is called the ,castle ,geyser1 because of its size and general appearance4 ,the opening of the geyser tube is circular1 and about three feet in diameter4 ,when this geyser is about to spout1 a rumbling is heard as of thousands of tons of stones rolling round and round4 ,louder and louder grows the noise and disturbance1 till it has thrown out a few tons of water and obtained apparent relief4 ,these are warnings to the observers to retreat to a safe distance4 ,in a few moments the geyser increases in noise1 the earth even trembles1 and then a great column of water is hurled into the air4 ,another geyser is ,old ,faithful1 so called because he plays regularly every sixty-five minutes4 ,the crater is quite low1 and contains an opening which is only the widening of a crack extending across the whole mound4 ,on the summit are a number of beautiful little pools1 several feet deep1 filled with water so clear that a name written in pencil on a piece of stone and placed at the bottom of the deepest pool is seen as clearly as if held in the hand4 ,another remarkable fact is1 that the water does not efface the name1 even after months of submersion4 ,old ,faithful begins with a few feeble jets4 ,soon every spasm becomes more powerful1 till with a mighty roar1 up comes the water in a great column4 ,this rises to the height of one hundred and thirty feet for the space of about five minutes4 ,after the column of water sinks down there is a discharge of steam4 ,the ,beehive ,geyser is named after the shape of its cone4 ,the water and steam issue from the opening in a steady stream1 instead of in successive impulses1 as in the two mentioned above4 ,no water falls back from this geyser1 but the whole mass appears to be driven up into fine spray or steam1 which is carried away as cloud1 or diffused into the atmosphere4 ,the names of some of the other well-known geysers are the ,giant1 ,grotto1 ,soda1 ,turban1 and ,young ,faithful4 ,the tremendous force with which some of these hot springs even now act1 and the peculiarities of the earth's formation in this section of our country1 may give us some faint idea of the phenomena through which our little world has passed until it became the dwelling-place of man4 ,,lesson ,,lv ,,our ,,country ,,to-,,day ,,part ,i ,the ,united ,states is one of the youngest nations of the world4 ,civilized men first went to ,england nearly twenty centuries ago1 but since ,columbus discovered ,america only four centuries have passed4 ,each of these four centuries has a character of its own and is quite unlike the others4 ,the first was the time of exploring1 the second of colonizing1 the third of deciding who should rule in ,america1 and the fourth of growth and development4 ,during the first century explorers from ,france1 ,england1 and ,spain visited the ,new ,world1 each claiming for his own country the part that he explored4 ,each hoped to find gold1 but only the ,spaniards1 who went to ,mexico and ,peru1 were successful4 ,there was little thought of making settlements1 and at the end of the first century the ,spanish colonies of ,st4 ,augustine and ,santa ,fe were the only ones on the mainland of what is now the territory of the ,united ,states4 ,during the second century much colonizing was done4 ,the ,french settled chiefly along the ,saint ,lawrence ,river2 the ,english settled along the ,atlantic coast of ,north ,america2 the ,spanish in ,mexico and ,south ,america2 the ,dutch by the ,hudson ,river2 the ,swedes by the ,delaware4 ,the ,european nations discovered that it was worth while to have ,american colonies4 ,during the third century there was a long struggle to see which nation should rule in ,america4 ,england and ,france were far ahead of the others1 but which of them should it be8 ,the ,french and ,indian ,wars gave the answer1 ,england4 ,then another question arose2 should it be ,england or the ,thirteen ,colonies8 ,the ,revolutionary ,war answered1 ,the ,colonies4 ,at the end of the third century the ,united ,states had been established1 and the land east of the ,mississippi was under her rule4 ,in the last century there has been a great gain in people and in land4 ,to-day there are thirty times as many people in this country as there were then4 ,,useful ,,information ,it may not be generally known that we have in the nickel five-cent piece of our ,american coinage a key to the tables of linear measures and weights4 ,the diameter of a nickel is exactly two centimeters1 and its weight is five grammes4 ,five nickels in a row will give the length of the decimeter1 and two of them will weigh a decagram4 ,as the kiloliter is a cubic meter1 the key of the measure of length is also that of capacity4 ,among the ,north ,american ,indians polished shells were used as currency4 ,this money was called wampum and was recognized by the colonists4 ,six white shells were exchanged for three purple beads1 and these in turn were equivalent to one ,english penny4 ,,lesson ,,lvi ,,our ,,country ,,to-,,day ,,part ,,ii ,how has it come about that the number of people in the ,united ,states has increased with such rapidity8 ,it is partly because more have been born than have died1 and partly because so many have come from foreign countries4 ,fifty years ago large villages were common in which there were hardly any foreigners4 ,now one-sixth of the whole number of inhabitants of the ,united ,states are people who were born in some other country4 ,these people are glad to come because the workingmen of ,america receive higher wages than those of any other country1 and because in ,america a man is free to rise to any position that he is fitted to hold4 ,the country is ready to give the education that will prepare her citizens to rise to high positions4 ,it is believed that an educated man is likely to make a better citizen than an ignorant man1 and therefore the public schools of the ,united ,states are entirely free4 ,then1 too1 there are public libraries not only in the cities but in many of the little villages1 so that men who are too old to go to school may educate themselves by reading4 ,there is opportunity to use all kinds of knowledge in carrying on the manufactures of the country4 ,almost everything that used to be made by hand is now made by machinery1 and the skill to invent a machine that will work a little better than the one in use is always well rewarded4 ,knowledge is also needed to develop the mineral wealth of the country4 ,within the limits of the ,united ,states are metals1 coal1 natural gas1 and petroleum1 and it is the skill and inventive genius of her citizens that have brought such great wealth to the country from these products4 ,this inventive genius has also given us rapid and cheap transportation4 ,in the old days a man had to make or raise most things for himself4 ,manufactured articles that could be made very cheaply in one place became exceedingly dear when they had to be carried long distances by wagons over poor roads4 ,many delicate kinds of fruit would spoil on such long journeys4 ,now1 fruit can be sent from ,california to ,maine in fine condition4 ,cheap and rapid transportation is a great convenience4 ,business men need not live in the cities near their offices1--the steam or electric cars will carry them eight or ten miles in the time that it would take to walk one mile4 ,the postal service and the telegraph are sure and rapid4 ,so also is the telephone4 ,no wonder1 then1 that our commerce has reached the fabulous sum of one billion1 five hundred million dollars in one year4 ,what the ,united ,states will become tomorrow1 will lie in the hands of those who are the children of to-day4 ,,lesson ,,lvii ,,pictures ,,from ,,american ,,history ,on the southern bank of the ,james ,river in ,virginia stand the ruins of an old church4 ,its crumbling tower and broken arch are almost hidden by the tangled vines which cover it4 ,within the walls of the church-yard may be found a few ancient tombstones overgrown with ivy and long grass4 ,this is all that remains of the first ,english settlement in ,america1--the colony of ,jamestown1 ,virginia4 ,this first permanent ,english settlement in the ,new ,world was made in the year #afjg1 more than a hundred years after the discovery of ,america by ,columbus4 ,some attempts to colonize had been made by the ,english before this time4 ,the most important of these was undertaken by the famous but unfortunate ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,raleigh obtained from ,queen ,elizabeth a grant of a vast territory1 to be called ,virginia1 in honor of ,elizabeth1 the virgin queen4 ,it extended from the ,hudson ,river to the boundary of what is now ,georgia4 ,in attempting to colonize ,virginia1 ,raleigh spent a large fortune4 ,but his colonies never prospered4 ,the settlers returned home disgusted with the hardships of the wilderness4 ,in #aehi ,raleigh sold his rights to a stock company4 ,nevertheless the enterprise which proved too difficult for ,raleigh was carried out during ,raleigh's lifetime1 under the leadership of the famous ,john ,smith4 ,the idea of colonizing ,virginia had been growing wonderfully4 ,in #afjf a company of noblemen1 gentlemen1 and merchants1 called the ,london ,company1 obtained from ,king ,james the ,first a charter for planting and ruling ,south ,virginia4 ,the company had gathered together a band of men willing to try their fortunes in ,virginia1 and they were just about to embark when ,smith reached ,london4 ,to ,smith's bold and roving disposition the idea of a ,new ,world was irresistible1 and he joined the colonists4 ,in the last month of the year #afjf1 the party--in all1 one hundred and five men--set sail in a little fleet of three vessels commanded by ,captain ,newport4 ,on the #bc;d of ,may1 #afjg1 after a weary and distressing voyage1 the ,virginia colonists landed4 ,they commenced the settlement of ,jamestown4 ,when the king's sealed instructions were opened1 and the names of the seven directors were made known1 it was found that ,john ,smith was to be one of the seven4 ,through the jealousy of ,wingfield1 who was chosen president1 he was not allowed to take his place in the council4 ,but this did not prevent his being the ablest man among them1 and the colonists were soon glad to turn to him for guidance4 ,for now their condition was most deplorable4 ,they were surrounded by hostile ,indians2 the provisions they had brought from ,england were soon consumed2 and the diseases caused by the hot1 moist climate in a short time reduced their number by one-half4 ,besides1 the colonists were a troublesome class to deal with4 ,many of them were broken-down gentlemen1 who despised hard work4 ,a very few were farmers or mechanics or persons fitted for the life they sought4 ,day by day ,smith made his influence more and more felt4 ,he soon became the head of the colony4 ,he put in force the good old rule that he who would not work should not eat4 ,many strange adventures are told about ,john ,smith during the two years he remained in ,virginia4 ,he left the colony in the autumn of #afji on account of a severe wound which he received1 and which obliged him to return to ,england to be cured4 ,the colonists1 having lost the guidance of this resourceful man1 were soon reduced to great want2 still they held out and later on became a flourishing colony4 ,,lesson ,,lviii ,,thomas ,a4 ,,edison ,one of the greatest inventors of the age is ,thomas ,a4 ,edison1 and his whole life is an interesting story for young people4 ,his mother had been a teacher1 and her greatest wish for her son was that he should love knowledge and grow up to be a good and useful man4 ,when ,edison was only twelve years of age1 he secured a position as train boy on the ,grand ,trunk ,railroad in one of the western states4 ,he went through the train and sold apples1 peanuts1 papers1 and books4 ,he had such a pleasant face that everybody liked to buy his wares4 ,he traded some of his papers for things with which to try experiments4 ,he then fitted out an old baggage car as a little room in which he began his first efforts in the way of inventions4 ,one of the things he did while working as a train boy was to print a paper on the train4 ,the ,london ,times spoke of it as the only paper in the world published on a train4 ,it was named the ,grand ,trunk ,herald4 ,young ,edison worked as a train boy for four years1 and he had in that time saved two thousand dollars1 which he gave to his parents4 ,once he thought he would like to read all the books in the city library4 ,he read for a long time1 but he found that he could not finish all the books4 ,he then made up his mind that one would have to live a thousand years in order to read all the books in that library1 so he gave up the idea4 ,one day he bought a book on electricity4 ,soon after that the basement of his home was filled with many odd things4 ,he used a stovepipe to connect his home with that of another boy1 and through this the boys could talk when they wished4 ,a kind friend taught young ,edison how to telegraph1 and in five months he could operate well and was given a position4 ,he worked very hard1 night and day1 so that he could learn all he could about electricity4 ,he lost place after place because he was always trying some new idea4 ,when he first proposed to send four messages on one wire at the same time1 he was laughed at by the people2 but ,edison succeeded4 ,later on he invented the phonograph4 ,his greatest invention is the incandescent light1 which is used for lighting purposes4 ,mr4 ,edison loves his work1 and although he is now a very wealthy man1 he keeps on inventing and working every day4 ,it is said that he sometimes works for twenty-four hours1 day and night1 without food or rest1 until he has perfected some new invention4 ,mr4 ,edison is a true type of an ,american gentleman4 ,,selection ,,xvii ,,oft ,,in ,,the ,,stilly ,,night ,oft in the stilly night1 ,ere slumber's chain has bound me1 ,fond memory brings the light ,of other days around me2 ,the smiles1 the tears ,of boyhood's years1 ,the words of love then spoken2 ,the eyes that shone1 ,now dimm'd and gone1 ,the cheerful hearts now broken4 ,thus in the stilly night1 ,ere slumber's chain has bound me1 ,sad memory brings the light ,of other days around me4 ,when ,i remember all ,the friends1 so linked together1 ,i've seen around me fall1 ,like leaves in wintry weather1 ,i feel like one ,who treads alone ,some banquet hall deserted1 ,whose lights are fled1 ,whose garlands dead1 ,and all but he departed4 ,thus in the stilly night1 ,ere slumber's chain has bound me1 ,sad memory brings the light ,of other days around me4 ,thomas ,moore4 ,,lesson ,,lix ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,abraham ,lincoln1 the restorer of the ,union1 the sixteenth president of the ,united ,states1 was born in ,kentucky on the twelfth of ,february1 #ahji4 ,his father was a typical backwoodsman1 and young ,lincoln grew up among frontier surroundings4 ,the ,lincoln family came originally from ,pennsylvania4 ,at a later period the ,lincolns moved south to ,virginia1 and again they migrated to ,kentucky4 ,it was here that the grandfather of ,abraham ,lincoln lost his life in a battle with the ,indians4 ,the first seven years of ,lincoln's life were spent in the wilds of ,kentucky4 ,in #ahaf his father left that state and moved northward to ,indiana1 but here the surroundings were not much better4 ,a rude blockhouse1 with a single large room below and a low garret above1 was the home of our young hero4 ,every hardship and privation of the pioneer's life was here the lot of our growing youth4 ,but he loved the tangled woods1 and hunting and fishing were his delight4 ,there were no schools there1 and ,abraham learned a little reading and writing from a man who shared the poor blockhouse with the ,lincoln family4 ,for writing1 a slate was used1 and now and then a pine board1 or even some flat stone upon which the figures were traced with charcoal4 ,his books were few1 but he read them over and over again1 and the impressions they made on him were so much the deeper4 ,in this way ,lincoln acquired the rudiments of education4 ,when ,abraham was scarcely nine years old1 his excellent mother died4 ,his father married again1 and fortunately for young ,lincoln1 his stepmother was a lady of refinement1 who took the greatest interest in her rugged but talented step-son4 ,she sent him to a private school for a while1 and ,abraham learned many useful things and easily kept at the head of his class4 ,his stepmother also procured more books for him1 for ,abraham was a most ardent reader1 and he spent all his leisure time in reading and self-culture4 ,being tall of stature and well built1 young ,lincoln had to help his father on the farm a great deal1 and the only time left for study was late at night or in the early morning4 ,thus our future president grew up to manhood2 a sturdy1 awkward1 but honest backwoodsman1 with a sound mind in a healthy body4 ,when ,lincoln was about eighteen years old1 his father again moved northward1 this time to ,illinois4 ,here ,abraham continued to work and to improve his mind as best he might4 ,borrowing books from some law office1 he studied them at night and returned them in the morning4 ,his honesty and true merit were soon recognized by the rest of the community where he lived1 and he was elected to represent the people in the legislature4 ,lincoln became a lawyer of more than ordinary ability1 and although his appearance remained somewhat ungainly1 he easily won his lawsuits by the clear and logical conclusions which he advanced over those of his opponents4 ,he had thus secured a splendid law-practice and had settled in ,springfield1 ,illinois1 when he became the republican candidate for president of the ,united ,states in #ahfj1 and was elected the same year4 ,the country at this time was agitated over two great questions3 the question of slavery and that of secession4 ,the ,south was ready to separate from the ,north1 and the entire country was in a most critical condition4 ,such was the state of affairs when ,abraham ,lincoln took the oath of office as president of the ,united ,states4 ,lincoln was scarcely three weeks in office when the great war of the ,rebellion between the ,north and the ,south broke out2 a war of which there is no parallel in history4 ,brother fought against brother1 and father against son4 ,here it was that ,lincoln showed his heroic courage1 and by his indomitable will kept the reins of government firmly in his hands1 thus saving the country from utter anarchy4 ,the war continued with unrelenting vigor for two years1 and its horrible consequences were sorely felt throughout the land4 ,in ,september1 #ahfb1 ,lincoln issued his famous ,emancipation ,proclamation1 by which slavery was forever banished from this country4 ,still the warring did not cease4 ,in #ahfd ,lincoln was elected for a second term in office4 ,the people knew his noble character and they had full confidence in him4 ,at last peace seemed to be in sight4 ,the ,north had sacrificed the blood of thousands of its men as well as the wealth of its treasuries4 ,the ,south1 in the same manner1 had not only lost tens of thousands of its bravest men1 but it was utterly ruined1 on account of the terrible punishment the war had inflicted upon that sunny land4 ,richmond1 the stronghold of the rebellion1 had fallen1 and victory was on the side of the ,union4 ,amidst universal rejoicings1 there came the saddest news4 ,on the #adth day of ,april1 #ahfe1 ,abraham ,lincoln was assassinated4 ,the whole nation was thrown into deepest mourning4 ,the noble heart of ,lincoln beat no more4 ,he is called the ,martyr ,president4 ,his remains were taken to ,springfield1 ,illinois1 where they rest at the foot of a small hill in ,oakwood ,cemetery4 ,a simple monument1 with the name--,lincoln--upon it1 is the only epitaph of him1 who next to ,washington was the greatest man of our glorious ,republic4 ,,lesson ,,lx ,,address ,,delivered ,,at ,,the ,,dedication ,,of ,,the ,,cemetery ,,at ,,gettysburg ,four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation1 conceived in liberty1 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal4 ,now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation1 or any nation so conceived and so dedicated1 can long endure4 ,we are met on a great battle-field of that war4 ,we have come to dedicate a portion of that field1 as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that the nation might live4 ,it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this4 ,but1 in a larger sense1 we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we cannot hallow--this ground4 ,the brave men1 living and dead1 who struggled here1 have consecrated it1 far above our poor power to add or detract4 ,the world will little note nor long remember what we say here1 but it can never forget what they did here4 ,it is for us1 the living1 rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced4 ,it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation1 under ,god1 shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people1 by the people1 for the people1 shall not perish from the earth4 ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,november #aith1 #ahfc4 ,,selection ,,xviii ,,the ,,picket ,,of ,,the ,,potomac ,all quiet along the ,potomac1 they say1 ,except now and then a stray picket ,is shot as he walks on his beat to and fro1 ,by a rifleman hid in the thicket4 ',tis nothing--a private or two now and then ,will not count in the tale of the battle2 ,not an officer lost--only one of the men ,breathing out all alone the death-rattle4 ,all quiet along the ,potomac to-night1 ,where the soldiers lie peacefully dreaming1 ,their tents in the ray of the clear autumn moon1 ,and the light of the watch-fires gleaming4 ,a tremulous sigh from the gentle night wind ,through the forest leaves slowly is creeping1 ,while the stars up above1 with their glittering eyes1 ,keep watch while the army is sleeping4 ,there's only the sound of the lone sentry's tread1 ,as he tramps from the rock to the fountain1 ,and thinks of the two in the low trundle-bed ,far away in the hut on the mountain4 ,his musket falls slack2 his face1 dark and grim1 ,grows gentle with memories tender1 ,as he mutters a prayer for the children asleep1 ,for their mother1--may heaven defend her6 ,the moon seems to shine as serenely as then1 ,that night when the love1 yet unspoken1 ,lingered long on his lips1 and when low-murmured vows ,were pledged1 never more to be broken4 ,then1 drawing his sleeve roughly over his eyes1 ,he dashes the tears that are welling1 ,and gathers his gun closer up to its place1 ,as if to keep down the heart-swelling4 ,he passes the fountain1 the blasted pine-tree-- ,the footstep is lagging and weary2 ,yet onward he glides through the broad belt of light1 ,towards the shade of a forest so dreary4 ,hark6 ,was it the night wind that rustled the leaves8 ,is it moonlight so suddenly flashing8 ,it looked like a rifle-- ,ha1 ,mary1 good-night6 ,his life-blood is ebbing and dashing4 ,all quiet along the ,potomac to-night1 ,no sound save the rush of the river2 ,but the dew falls unseen on the face of the dead-- ,the picket's off duty forever4 ,ethel ,l4 ,beers4 ,,lesson ,,lxi ,,wages ,wages are a compensation given to the laborer for the exertion of his physical powers1 or of his skill and ingenuity4 ,they must1 therefore1 vary according to the severity of the labor to be performed1 or to the degree of skill and ingenuity required4 ,a jeweller or engraver1 for example1 must be paid a higher rate of wages than a servant or laborer4 ,a long course of training is necessary to instruct a man in the business of jewelling or engraving1 and if the cost of his training were not made up to him in a higher rate of wages1 he would1 instead of learning so difficult an art1 betake himself to such employments as require hardly any instruction4 ,a skilled mason1 who has served a long apprenticeship to his trade1 will always obtain higher wages than a common laborer1 who has simply to use his mere bodily strength4 ,were it not so1 there would be nothing to induce the mason to spend many years in learning a trade at which he could earn no higher wages than the man who was simply qualified to carry lime in a hod1 or to roll a wheelbarrow4 ,the wages of labor in different employments vary with the constancy and inconstancy of employment4 ,employment is much more constant in some trades than in others4 ,many trades can be carried on only in particular states of weather1 and seasons of the year2 and if the workmen who are employed in these cannot easily find employment in others during the time they are thrown out of work1 their wages must be proportionally raised4 ,a journeyman weaver1 shoemaker1 or tailor may reckon1 unless trade is dull1 upon obtaining constant employment2 but masons1 bricklayers1 pavers1 and in general all those workmen who carry on their business in the open air1 are liable to constant interruptions4 ,their wages1 accordingly1 must be sufficient to maintain them while they are employed1 and also when they are necessarily idle4 ,from the preceding observations it is evident that those who receive the highest wages are not1 when the cost of their education1 and the chances of their success1 are taken into account1 really better paid than those who receive the lowest4 ,the wages earned by the different classes of workmen are equal1 not when each individual earns the same number of dollars in a given space of time1 but when each is paid in proportion to the severity of the labor he has to perform1 and to the degree of previous education and skill it requires4 ,so long as each individual is allowed to employ himself as he pleases1 we may be assured that the rate of wages in different employments will be comparatively equal4 ,,selection ,,xix ,,columbia1 ,,the ,,gem ,,of ,,the ,,ocean2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,red1 ,,white ,,and ,,blue #a4 ,o ,columbia1 the gem of the ocean1 ,the home of the brave and the free1 ,the shrine of each patriot's devotion1 ,a world offers homage to thee4 ,thy mandates make heroes assemble1 ,when ,liberty's form stands in view1 ,thy banners make tyranny tremble1 ,when borne by the red1 white and blue4 ,,chorus4 ,when borne by the red1 white and blue1 ,when borne by the red1 white and blue1 ,thy banners make tyranny tremble1 ,when borne by the red1 white and blue4 #b4 ,when war winged its wide desolation4 ,and threatened the land to deform1 ,the ark then of freedom's foundation1 ,columbia1 rode safe thro' the storm2 ,with her garlands of vict'ry around her1 ,when so proudly she bore her brave crew1 ,with her flag proudly floating before her1 ,the boast of the red1 white and blue4 ,,chorus4 #c4 ,the wine-cup1 the wine-cup bring hither1 ,and fill you it true to the brim2 ,may the wreaths they have won never wither1 ,nor the star of their glory grow dim4 ,may the service united ne'er sever1 ,but they to their colors prove true4 ,the ,army and ,navy forever1 ,three cheers for the red1 white and blue4 ,,chorus4 ,david ,t4 ,shaw4 ,,lesson ,,lxii ,,love ,,for ,,the ,,dead ,the sorrow for the dead is the only sorrow from which we refuse to be divorced4 ,every other wound we seek to heal--every other affliction to forget2 but this wound we consider it a duty to keep open--this affliction we cherish and brood over in solitude4 ,where is the mother who would willingly forget the infant that perished like a blossom from her arms1 though every recollection is a pang8 ,where is the child that would willingly forget the most tender of parents1 though to remember be but to lament8 ,who1 even in the hour of agony1 would forget the friend over whom he mourns8 ,who1 even when the tomb is closing upon the remains of her he most loved--when he feels his heart1 as it were1 crushed in the closing of its portal--would accept of consolation that must be bought by forgetfulness8 ,no1 the love which survives the tomb is one of the noblest attributes of the soul4 ,if it has its woes1 it has likewise its delights2 and when the overwhelming burst of grief is calmed into the gentle tear of recollection--when the sudden anguish and the convulsive agony over the present ruins of all that we most loved is softened away into pensive meditation on all that it was in the days of its loveliness--who would root out such a sorrow from the heart8 ,though it may sometimes throw a passing cloud over the bright hour of gayety1 or spread a deeper sadness over the hour of gloom1 yet who would exchange it1 even for the song of pleasure or the burst of revelry8 ,no1 there is a voice from the tomb sweeter than song4 ,there is a remembrance of the dead to which we turn even from the charms of the living4 ,oh1 the grave6 the grave6 ,it buries every error--covers every defect4 ,from its peaceful bosom spring none but fond regrets and tender recollections4 ,who can look down upon the grave even of an enemy1 and not feel remorse that he should ever have warred with the poor handful of earth that lies mouldering before him8 ,,lesson ,,lxiii ,,economy ,,of ,,time ,one of the most important lessons to be learned in life is the art of economizing time4 ,a celebrated ,italian was wont to call his time his estate2 and it is true of this as of other estates of which the young come into possession1 that it is rarely prized till it is nearly squandered4 ,habits of indolence1 listlessness1 and sloth1 once firmly fixed1 cannot be suddenly thrown off1 and the man who has wasted the precious hours of life's seed-time finds that he cannot reap a harvest in life's autumn4 ,lost wealth may be replaced by industry1 lost knowledge by study1 lost health by temperance or medicine2 but lost time is gone forever4 ,in the long catalogue of excuses for neglect of duty1 there is none which drops more often from men's lips than the want of leisure4 ,people are always cheating themselves with the idea that they would do this or that desirable thing1 if they only had the time4 ,it is thus that the lazy and the selfish excuse themselves from a thousand things which conscience dictates should be done4 ,now1 the truth is1 there is no condition in which the chance of doing any good is less than in that of leisure4 ,go1 seek out the men in any community who have done the most for their own and the general good1 and you will find they are--who8--,wealthy1 leisurely people1 who have plenty of time to themselves1 and nothing to do8 ,no2 they are almost always the men who are in ceaseless activity from ,january to ,december4 ,such men1 however pressed with business1 are always found capable of doing a little more2 and you may rely on them in their busiest seasons with ten times more assurance than on idle men4 ,the men who do the greatest things do them1 not so much by fitful efforts1 as by steady1 unremitting toil1--by turning even the moments to account4 ,they have the genius for hard work1--the most desirable kind of genius4 ,,selection ,,xx ,,recessional ,god of our fathers1 known of old-- ,lord of our far-flung battle-line-- ,beneath whose awful hand we hold ,dominion over palm and pine-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget4 ,the tumult and the shouting dies-- ,the captain and the kings depart-- ,still stands ,thine ancient sacrifice1 ,an humble and a contrite heart4 ,lord ,god of hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget4 ,far-called our navies melt away-- ,on dune and headland sinks the fire-- ,lo1 all our pomp of yesterday ,is one with ,nineveh and ,tyre4 ,judge of the ,nations1 spare us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget4 ,if1 drunk with sight of power1 we loose ,wild tongues that have not ,thee in awe-- ,such boasting as the ,gentiles use1 ,or lesser breeds without the ,law-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget4 ,for heathen heart that puts her trust ,in reeking tube and iron shard-- ,all valiant dust that builds on dust1 ,and guarding calls not ,thee to guard1-- ,for frantic boast and foolish word1 ,thy mercy on ,thy people1 ,lord4 ,amen4 ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,,selection ,,xxi ,,human ,,progress ,all is action1 all is motion1 ,in this mighty world of ours2 ,like the current of the ocean1 ,man is urged by unseen powers4 ,steadily1 but strongly moving1 ,life is onward evermore2 ,still the present is improving ,on the age that went before4 ,duty points with outstretched fingers1 ,every soul to action high2 ,woe betide the soul that lingers-- ,onward6 onward6 is the cry4 ,though man's form may seem victorious1 ,war may waste and famine blight1 ,still from out the conflict glorious1 ,mind comes forth with added light4 ,o'er the darkest night of sorrow1 ,from the deadliest field of strife1 ,dawns a clearer1 brighter morrow1 ,springs a truer1 nobler life4 ,onward6 onward6 onward1 ever6 ,human progress none may stay2 ,all who make the vain endeavor ,shall1 like chaff1 be swept away4 ,j4 ,hagan4 ,,lesson ,,lxiv ,,george ,,stephenson1 ,,the ,,engineer ,a famous engineer1 named ,stephenson1 was the first person to demonstrate the fact that an engine could be built which would draw a train of cars on a railway4 ,he was an ,englishman4 ,his parents were poor1 and the whole family had to live in one room4 ,george was one of six children2 none of them were sent to school1 because they had to work for their living4 ,from an early age ,george had assisted his father in tending the fires of the steam engine which worked the machinery of a large coal mine4 ,he devoted himself to the study of this engine until he had mastered every detail of its construction4 ,in #ahac1 a rich nobleman entrusted him with money to carry out his favorite plan of building a traveling engine1 as he then called it4 ,he made an engine that was fairly successful1 as it drew eight loaded cars on a railway at a speed of four miles an hour4 ,but he was not contented2 he knew that he could do much better4 ,soon afterward1 he was employed to construct another engine1 in which he made some great improvements that enabled it to go twice as fast as the other4 ,accounts of ,stephenson's great invention crept into print1 and people began to have faith in the locomotive4 ,in #ahbb1 a company began to build a line of railway between two towns named ,stockton and ,darlington4 ,stephenson was employed to construct the road-bed and build the engines4 ,it was completed three years later1 and was the subject of great popular curiosity4 ,great crowds came to see the line opened4 ,stephenson himself drove the first engine4 ,the train consisted of thirty-four cars4 ,the signal was given and the train started4 ,great was the sensation as it moved off1 and still greater was the admiration of the people at ,stockton when the train arrived there after a safe journey4 ,thus1 in #ahbe1 was opened the first railway ever made for public use4 ,stephenson was soon engaged in constructing a railway between ,manchester and ,liverpool4 ,but now a storm of opposition broke out4 ,pamphlets and newspaper articles were written1 making fun of ,stephenson1 and declaring that the new railroad would be a failure4 ,it was claimed that the engine would certainly set fire to the surrounding country1 that it would explode and kill the passengers1 and that it would run over the people before they could get out of its way4 ,a committee was appointed by the ,english ,parliament to look into the matter4 ,they sneered at ,stephenson as a lunatic1 when he assured them that he could run his engine at twelve miles an hour4 ,one of these wise men said to him3 ,suppose a cow were to get in the way of an engine running at that rate of speed1 wouldn't that be a very awkward circumstance8 ,yes1 answered ,stephenson1 very awkward for the cow4 ,but the consent of ,parliament was at last obtained1 and the line was completed in #ahcj1 after many great obstacles had been overcome4 ,it was shown that a train could be run at thirty miles an hour with safety1 and thus the enemies of ,stephenson were silenced4 ,stephenson superintended the building of many other lines of railroad1 and lived to see his best hopes realized4 ,he became quite wealthy1 and many honors were bestowed upon him4 ,nevertheless he remained always a simple1 kindly man1 even in his years of prosperity4 ,when ,england had experienced such success with railways1 it was not long before ,america began building railroads on a large scale4 ,more than three hundred thousand miles of railroads are now in operation in the ,united ,states1 and many more miles are added each year4 ,the great systems of railways1 with their modern improvements for fast travel1 are a triumph of skill1 energy and enterprise4 ,,lesson ,,lxv ,,george ,,washington ,,part ,,ii ,the boundary war between ,france and the ,british possessions in ,america had been the cause of the war from #agec to #agei in which ,washington and thousands of his countrymen did gallant services4 ,it ended with the surrender of ,quebec1 by which ,france lost her foothold in the ,ohio valley and all the territory east of the ,mississippi4 ,ten years later1 the whole aspect had changed4 ,the same country1 for which our forefathers in the colonies had sacrificed some of their noblest sons1 was now beginning to oppress these very colonies4 ,by unjust taxation1 ,england tried to replenish her treasury1 which a protracted war across the seas had made empty4 ,but though the war against the ,french in the interest of ,england had cost the colonies in ,america some of its best blood1 it had not been without its salutary lesson4 ,america had learned its own strength as well as the weakness of the ,british soldiers and her public officials4 ,washington1 above all1 knew these facts too well4 ,he was1 however1 no agitator1 and for many reasons was deeply attached to old ,england4 ,he1 therefore1 cautioned reserve and forbearance without sacrificing his patriotism4 ,in the meantime the ,revolution came to an outbreak4 ,washington was called upon by his compatriots to lead them on to liberty4 ,after careful examination and due consideration he consented1 and ,washington took command of the colonial troops in the war against ,england4 ,it is my intention1 said he1 if needs be1 to sacrifice my life1 my liberty and all my possessions in this holy cause4 ,thus1 we see him leading the army1 animated with the noblest sentiments4 ,general ,washington was now forty-three years of age and in the full power of manhood4 ,his personality was distinguished and his bearing serene4 ,he electrified the whole army4 ,the ,colonial troops1 however1 were not at all times equal to the well-drilled ,english soldiers1 and ,general ,washington had a difficult task before him4 ,but what the ,americans lacked in military tactics1 they doubly possessed in enthusiasm and courage4 ,from ,lexington and ,boston1 ,bunker ,hill and ,concord1 through ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,valley ,forge1 and from ,princeton to ,morristown was a wearisome march4 ,want of provisions for the army under his command1 as well as many other disappointments1 might well have discouraged any but the stoutest heart4 ,general ,washington was a hero1 and he trusted in ,god and the ultimate success of the country's just cause4 ,when at last the ,american army was in sorest distress1 there came unexpected help from many quarters4 ,such noble and self-sacrificing men as ,lafayette1 ,steuben1 ,kosciusko1 ,de ,kalb and ,de ,grasse arrived to aid our new republic1 and after an unrelenting war of six long years1 ,british rule was forever banished from the land4 ,on the #dth of ,december1 #aghb1 ,general ,washington took leave of the continental army4 ,his memorable speech on that occasion is a masterpiece of unselfish patriotism4 ,he retired to his home at ,mount ,vernon1 followed by the heartfelt blessings of a grateful people4 ,his private life was one of regularity in all his doings4 ,his hospitality was renowned1 and ,mount ,vernon soon became a much frequented1 much beloved place of reunion for many distinguished visitors4 ,not a great many years was ,washington permitted to enjoy his well-merited repose in his country home4 ,the same country of which he had been the successful liberator1 now called upon him to lead and guide this newly established government4 ,washington was chosen the ,first ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america in #aghi4 ,it was at this time that he wrote in his diary3 ,to-day ,i take leave of private life and domestic happiness with feelings of regret1 and am preparing to enter upon my official career4 ,i hope ,i shall be able to realize the expectations my country has placed in me4 ,his journey from ,mount ,vernon to ,new ,york became one of triumph4 ,he was met with the greatest enthusiasm throughout the country wherever he passed4 ,he took his oath of office in ,new ,york ,city where the sub-treasury now stands4 ,washington was elected a second time for the presidency4 ,his presidential career was characteristic of the man and the hero4 ,an equitable and conservative government was administered by him1 and the young republic was prosperous and progressive during his two terms of office4 ,having returned once more to his beloved ,virginia home1 ,washington now spent his declining years in much needed rest and quiet recreation4 ,in the fall of the year #agii ,washington was seized with a malignant fever4 ,the best medical aid proved unavailing1 and the ,father of our ,country died on the #adth day of ,december4 ,his last words were3 ,let me die in peace2 ,i am not afraid to die1 it is a debt we all must pay4 ,the exemplary life and the many noble achievements of this truly great man stand almost unique in the history of nations4 ,,lesson ,,lxvi ,,benjamin ,,franklin ,benjamin ,franklin was born poor1 but nothing could keep him ignorant4 ,his genius and strong will were wealth enough for any man4 ,at the age of twelve he was apprenticed to his brother ,james1 who was a printer4 ,at the same time--perhaps a little later--he used to sell his own ballads in the streets of ,boston4 ,at twenty-one years of age he was a master printer in ,philadelphia1 in his shop on ,market ,street4 ,he had been at school in ,boston for two years1 but after the age of ten he had been obliged to teach himself3 he was too poor to spend even those early years in a schoolhouse4 ,yet he learned without such helps as schools and schoolmasters afford4 ,he studied ,latin1 ,french1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,german1 and lived to hear two continents call him the greatest philosopher of his time4 ,he discovered that lightning and electricity are the same1 and taught men how to guard their houses against the thunder-bolt4 ,to his great mind it seemed that all things came alike3 no invention was too simple1 and no idea too lofty4 ,whatever had to be done was worth doing in the best and simplest way3 that was the ruling principle of ,benjamin ,franklin's life4 ,he was an earnest and fearless patriot1 always on the side of the people and their rights4 ,his strong will1 his cool manner1 and his bold spirit made him an enemy not to be scorned by ,england4 ,what used to be the pride of the ,americans8 asked a member of the ,english ,parliament in #aggf4 ,and ,franklin1 then pleading the cause of the colonies before the ,house of ,commons1 replied1 ,to indulge in the fashions and wear the manufactures of ,great ,britain4 ,the ,englishman1 sure that ,franklin would be less ready to answer1 continued3 ,what is now their pride8 ,and in a flash the old philosopher of threescore and ten said1 ,to wear their old clothes over again till they can make new ones4 ,years had not broken the strong will or dulled the sharp wit4 ,his efforts to secure for the ,americans the aid of ,france can never be forgotten by the ,american people4 ,burgoyne's surrender made the ,french believe that the patriots' cause was worthy of assistance1 but it is quite certain that the eloquence of ,dr4 ,franklin1 as the ,french people called the ,great ,american1 had opened the way for all that followed4 ,whatever favor he met with in society1 whatever honor he received1 whatever fame he acquired at home or abroad1 he turned all to account for the good of his country4 ,,selection ,,xxii ,,give ,,me ,,the ,,people ,some love the glow of outward show1 ,the shine of wealth1 and try to win it3 ,the house to me may lowly be1 ,if ,i but like the people in it4 ,what's all the gold that glitters cold1 ,when linked to hard and haughty feeling8 ,whate'er we're told1 the noblest gold ,is truth of heart and honest dealing4 ,a humble roof may give us proof ,that simple flowers are often fairest2 ,and trees whose bark is hard and dark ,may yield us fruit1 and bloom the rarest4 ,there's worth as sure among the poor ,as e'er adorned the highest station2 ,and minds as just as theirs1 we trust1 ,whose claim is but of rank's creation4 ,then let them seek1 whose minds are weak1 ,mere fashion's smile1 and try to win it3 ,the house to me may lowly be1 ,if ,i but like the people in it4 ,charles ,swain4 ,,lesson ,,lxvii ,,nobility ,,rewarded ,a rich man1 feeling himself growing old1 called his three sons around him and said3 ,i am resolved to divide my goods equally among you4 ,you shall each have your full share1 but there is one thing which ,i have not included in the share of any one of you4 ,it is this costly diamond which you see in my hand4 ,i will give it to that one of you who shall earn it by the noblest deed4 ,go1 therefore1 and travel for three months2 at the end of that time we will meet here again1 and you shall tell me what you have done4 ,the sons departed accordingly1 and traveled three months1 each in a different direction4 ,at the end of that time they returned2 and all came together to their father to give an account of their journey4 ,the eldest son spoke first4 ,he said3 ,on my journey a stranger entrusted to me a great number of valuable jewels1 without taking any account of them4 ,indeed1 ,i was well aware that he did not know how many the parcel contained4 ,one or two of them would never have been missed1 and ,i might easily have enriched myself without fear of detection4 ,but ,i did no such thing2 ,i gave back the parcel exactly as ,i had received it4 ,was not this a noble deed8 ,my son1 said the father1 simple honesty cannot be called noble4 ,you did what was right1 and nothing more4 ,if you had acted otherwise1 you would have been dishonest1 and your deed would have shamed you4 ,you have done well1 but not nobly4 ,the second son now spoke4 ,he said3 ,as ,i was traveling on my journey one day1 ,i saw a poor child playing by the edge of a lake2 and1 just as ,i rode by1 it fell into the water1 and was in danger of being drowned4 ,i immediately dismounted from my horse1 and1 wading into the water1 brought it safe to land4 ,all the people of the village where this occurred can bear witness of the deed4 ,was it not a noble action8 ,my son1 replied the old man1 you did only what was your duty1 and you could hardly have left the innocent child to die without making an effort to save it4 ,you1 too1 have acted well1 but not nobly4 ,then the third son came forward to tell his tale4 ,he said3 ,i had an enemy1 who for years has done me much harm and sought to take my life4 ,one evening1 during my late journey1 ,i was passing along a dangerous road which ran beside the summit of a steep cliff4 ,as ,i rode cautiously along1 my horse started at sight of something lying in the road4 ,i dismounted to see what it was1 and found my enemy lying fast asleep on the very edge of the cliff4 ,the least movement in his sleep1 and he must have rolled over1 and would have been dashed to pieces on the rocks below4 ,his life was in my hands4 ,i drew him away from the edge1 and then woke him1 and told him to go on his way in peace4 ,then the old man cried out1 in a transport of joy3 ,dear son1 the diamond is thine2 for it is a noble and godlike thing to help the enemy1 and to reward evil with good4 ,,the ,,declaration ,,of ,,independence--#aggf4 ,,in ,,congress1 ,,july #d1 #aggf4 ,the unanimous ,declaration of the thirteen ,united ,states of ,america4 ,when in the ,course of human events1 it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another1 and to assume among the ,powers of the earth1 the separate and equal station to which the ,laws of ,nature and of ,nature's ,god entitle them1 a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation4 ,we hold these truths to be self-evident1 that all men are created equal1 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain inalienable ,rights1 that among these are ,life1 ,liberty1 and the pursuit of ,happiness4 ,that to secure these rights1 ,governments are instituted among ,men1 deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed1 ,that whenever any ,form of ,government becomes destructive of these ends1 it is the ,right of the ,people to alter or to abolish it1 and to institute new ,government1 laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form1 as to them shall seem most likely to effect their ,safety and ,happiness4 ,prudence1 indeed1 will dictate that ,governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes2 and accordingly all experience hath shown1 that mankind are more disposed to suffer1 while evils are sufferable1 than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed4 ,but when a long train of abuses and usurpations1 pursuing invariably the same ,object1 evinces a design to reduce them under absolute ,despotism1 it is their right1 it is their duty1 to throw off such ,government1 and to provide new ,guards for their future security4--,such has been the patient sufferance of these ,colonies2 and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former ,systems of ,government4 ,the history of the present ,king of ,great ,britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations1 all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute ,tyranny over these ,states4 ,to prove this1 let ,facts be submitted to a candid world4 ,he has refused his ,assent to ,laws1 the most wholesome and necessary for the public good4 ,he has forbidden his ,governors to pass ,laws of immediate and pressing importance1 unless suspended in their operation till his ,assent should be obtained2 and when so suspended1 he has utterly neglected to attend to them4 ,he has refused to pass other ,laws for the accommodation of large districts of people1 unless those people would relinquish the right of ,representation in the ,legislature1 a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only4 ,he has called together legislative bodies at places unusual1 uncomfortable1 and distant from the depository of their ,public ,records1 for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures4 ,he has dissolved ,representative ,houses repeatedly1 for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people4 ,he has refused for a long time1 after such dissolutions to cause others to be elected2 whereby the ,legislative ,powers1 incapable of ,annihilation1 have returned to the ,people at large for their exercise2 the ,state remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without1 and convulsions within4 ,he has endeavored to prevent the population of these ,states2 for that purpose obstructing the ,laws for ,naturalization of ,foreigners2 refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither1 and raising the conditions of new ,appropriations of ,lands4 ,he has obstructed the ,administration of ,justice1 by refusing his ,assent to ,laws for establishing ,judiciary ,powers4 ,he has made ,judges dependent on his ,will alone1 for the tenure of their offices1 and the amount and payment of their salaries4 ,he has erected a multitude of ,new ,offices1 and sent hither swarms of ,officers to harass our ,people1 and eat out their substance4 ,he has kept among us1 in times of peace1 ,standing ,armies without the ,consent of our legislature4 ,he has affected to render the ,military independent of and superior to the ,civil ,power4 ,he has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution1 and unacknowledged by our ,laws2 giving his ,assent to their ,acts of pretended ,legislation3 ,for quartering large bodies of armed men among us3 ,for protecting them1 by a mock ,trial1 from ,punishment for any ,murders which they should commit on the ,inhabitants of these ,states3 ,for cutting off our ,trade with all parts of the world2 ,for imposing taxes on us without our ,consent2 ,for depriving us in many cases1 of the benefits of ,trial by ,jury2 ,for transporting us beyond ,seas to be tried for pretended offences3 ,for abolishing the free ,system of ,english ,laws in a neighboring ,province1 establishing therein an ,arbitrary government1 and enlarging its ,boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these ,colonies3 ,for taking away our ,charters1 abolishing our most valuable ,laws1 and altering fundamentally the ,forms of our ,governments2 ,for suspending our own ,legislatures1 and declaring themselves invested with ,power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever4 ,he has abdicated ,government1 here1 by declaring us out of his ,protection and waging ,war against us4 ,he has plundered our seas1 ravaged our ,coasts1 burnt our towns1 and destroyed the lives of our people4 ,he is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death1 desolation and tyranny1 already begun with circumstances of ,cruelty1 and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages1 and totally unworthy the ,head of a civilized nation4 ,he has constrained our fellow ,citizens taken ,captive on the high ,seas to bear arms against their ,country1 to become the executioners of their friends and ,brethren1 or to fall themselves by their ,hands4 ,he has excited domestic insurrections amongst us1 and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers1 the merciless ,indian ,savages1 whose known rule of warfare1 is an undistinguished destruction of all ages1 sexes and conditions4 ,in every stage of these ,oppressions ,we have ,petitioned for ,redress in the most humble terms3 ,our repeated ,petitions have been answered only by repeated injury4 ,a ,prince1 whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a ,tyrant1 is unfit to be the ruler of a free ,people4 ,nor have we been wanting in attention to our ,british brethren4 ,we have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us4 ,we have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here4 ,we have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity1 and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations1 which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence4 ,they too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity4 ,we must1 therefore1 acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our ,separation1 and hold them1 as we hold the rest of mankind1 ,enemies in ,war1 in ,peace ,friends4 ,we1 therefore1 the ,representatives of the united ,states of ,america1 in ,general ,congress1 ,assembled1 appealing to the ,supreme ,judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions1 do1 in the ,name1 and by ,authority of the good ,people of these ,colonies1 solemnly publish and declare1 ,that these ,united ,colonies are1 and of ,right ought to be ,free and ,independent ,states2 that they are ,absolved from all ,allegiance to the ,british ,crown and that all political connection between them and the ,state of ,great ,britain1 is and ought to be totally dissolved3 and that as ,free and ,independent ,states1 they have full ,power to levy ,war1 conclude ,peace1 contract ,alliances1 establish ,commerce1 and do all other ,acts and ,things which ,independent ,states may of right do4 ,and for the support of this ,declaration1 with a firm reliance on the ,protection of ,divine ,providence we mutually pledge to each other our ,lives1 our ,fortunes1 and our sacred ,honor4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4#a ,,the ,,preamble4 ,we1 the ,people of the ,united ,states1 in order to form a more perfect union1 establish justice1 insure domestic tranquillity1 provide for the common defence1 promote the general welfare1 and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity1 do ordain and establish this ,constitution for the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,article ,i4 ,,the ,,legislative ,,department4 ,section ,i4--,the ,congress in ,general4 ,all legislative powers herein granted1 shall be vested in a ,congress of the ,united ,states1 which shall consist of a ,senate and ,house of ,representatives4 ,section ,,ii4--,the ,house of ,representatives4 #a4 ,the ,house of ,representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several ,states1 and the electors in each ,state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the ,state ,legislature4 #b4 ,no person shall be a ,representative1 who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years1 and been seven years a citizen of the ,united ,states1 and who shall not1 when elected1 be an inhabitant of that ,state in which he shall be chosen4 #c4 ,representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several ,states which may be included within this ,union1 according to their respective numbers1 which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons1 including those bound to service for a term of years1 and excluding ,indians not taxed1 three-fifths of all other persons4 ,the actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 and within every subsequent term of ten years1 in such manner as they shall by law direct4 ,the number of ,representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand1 but each ,state shall have at least one ,representative2 and until such enumeration shall be made1 the ,state of ,new ,hampshire shall be entitled to choose three1 ,massachusetts eight1 ,rhode ,island and ,providence ,plantations one1 ,connecticut five1 ,new ,york six1 ,new ,jersey four1 ,pennsylvania eight1 ,delaware one1 ,maryland six1 ,virginia ten1 ,north ,carolina five1 ,south ,carolina five1 and ,georgia three4#b #d4 ,when vacancies happen in the representation from any ,state1 the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies4 #e4 ,the ,house of ,representatives shall choose their ,speaker and other officers2 and shall have the sole power of impeachment4 ,section ,,iii4--,the ,senate4 #a4 ,the ,senate of the ,united ,states shall be composed of two ,senators from each ,state1 chosen by the ,legislature thereof1 for six years1 and each ,senator shall have one vote4 #b4 ,immediately after they shall be assembled1 in consequence of the first election1 they shall be divided as equally as may be1 into three classes4 ,the seats of the ,senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year2 of the second class1 at the expiration of the fourth year2 and of the third class1 at the expiration of the sixth year2 so that one-third may be chosen every second year2 and if vacancies happen by resignation1 or otherwise1 during the recess of the ,legislature of any ,state1 the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the ,legislature1 which shall then fill such vacancies4 #c4 ,no person shall be a ,senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years1 and been nine years a citizen of the ,united ,states1 and who shall not1 when elected1 be an inhabitant of that ,state for which he shall be chosen4 #d4 ,the ,vice-,president of the ,united ,states shall be ,president of the ,senate1 but shall have no vote1 unless they be equally divided4 #e4 ,the ,senate shall choose their other officers1 and also a ,president pro tempore1 in the absence of the ,vice-,president1 or when he shall exercise the office of ,president of the ,united ,states4 #f4 ,the ,senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments4 ,when sitting for that purpose1 they shall be on oath or affirmation4 ,when the ,president of the ,united ,states is tried1 the ,chief-,justice shall preside2 and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present4 #g4 ,judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office1 and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor1 trust1 or profit1 under the ,united ,states2 but the party convicted shall1 nevertheless1 be liable and subject to indictment1 trial1 judgment1 and punishment1 according to law4 ,section ,,iv4--,both ,houses4 #a4 ,the times1 places1 and manner of holding elections for ,senators and ,representatives1 shall be prescribed in each ,state by the ,legislature thereof2 but the ,congress may at any time1 by law1 make or alter such regulations1 except as to the places of choosing ,senators4 #b4 ,the ,congress shall assemble at least once in every year1 and such meeting shall be on the first ,monday in ,december1 unless they shall by law appoint a different day4 ,section ,v4--,the ,houses ,separately4 #a4 ,each ,house shall be the judge of the elections1 returns1 and qualifications of its own members1 and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business2 but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day1 and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members1 in such manner1 and under such penalties1 as each ,house may provide4 #b4 ,each ,house may determine the rules of its proceedings1 punish its members for disorderly behavior1 and1 with the concurrence of two-thirds1 expel a member4 #c4 ,each ,house shall keep a journal of its proceedings1 and1 from time to time1 publish the same1 excepting such parts as may1 in their judgment1 require secrecy2 and the yeas and nays of the members of either ,house1 on any question1 shall1 at the desire of one-fifth of those present1 be entered on the journal4 #d4 ,neither ,house1 during the session of ,congress1 shall1 without the consent of the other1 adjourn for more than three days1 nor to any other place than that in which the two ,houses shall be sitting4 ,section ,,vi4--,privileges and ,disabilities of ,members4 #a4 ,the ,senators and ,representatives shall receive a compensation for their services1 to be ascertained by law1 and paid out of the treasury of the ,united ,states4 ,they shall1 in all cases1 except treason1 felony1 and breach of the peace1 be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective ,houses1 and in going to1 and returning from1 the same2 and for any speech or debate in either ,house1 they shall not be questioned in any other place4 #b4 ,no ,senator or ,representative shall1 during the time for which he was elected1 be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the ,united ,states1 which shall have been created1 or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased1 during such time2 and no person1 holding any office under the ,united ,states1 shall be a member of either ,house during his continuance in office4 ,section ,,vii4--,mode of ,passing ,laws4 #a4 ,all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the ,house of ,representatives2 but the ,senate may propose or concur with amendments1 as on other bills4 #b4 ,every bill which shall have passed the ,house of ,representatives and the ,senate1 shall1 before it become a law1 be presented to the ,president of the ,united ,states2 if he approve1 he shall sign it1 but if not1 he shall return it1 with his objections1 to that ,house in which it shall have originated1 who shall enter the objections at large on their journal1 and proceed to reconsider it4 ,if1 after such reconsideration1 two-thirds of that ,house shall agree to pass the bill1 it shall be sent1 together with the objections1 to the other ,house1 by which it shall like-wise be reconsidered1 and1 if approved by two-thirds of that ,house1 it shall become a law4 ,but in all such cases the votes of both ,houses shall be determined by yeas and nays1 and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each ,house1 respectively4 ,if any bill shall not be returned by the ,president within ten days 7,sundays excepted7 after it shall have been presented to him1 the same shall be a law1 in like manner as if he had signed it1 unless the ,congress1 by their adjournment1 prevent its return1 in which case it shall not be a law4 #c4 ,every order1 resolution1 or vote1 to which the concurrence of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives may be necessary 7except on a case of adjournment71 shall be presented to the ,president of the ,united ,states2 and before the same shall take effect1 shall be approved by him1 or1 being disapproved by him1 shall be repassed by two-thirds of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives1 according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill4 ,section ,,viii4--,powers ,granted to ,congress4 #a4 ,the ,congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes1 duties1 imposts1 and excises1 to pay the debts1 provide for the common defence and general welfare of the ,united ,states2 but all duties1 imposts1 and excises shall be uniform throughout the ,united ,states4 #b4 ,to borrow money on the credit of the ,united ,states4 #c4 ,to regulate commerce with foreign nations1 and among the several ,states1 and with the ,indian tribes4 #d4 ,to establish a uniform rule of naturalization1 and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies1 throughout the ,united ,states4 #e4 ,to coin money1 regulate the value thereof1 and of foreign coin1 and fix the standard of weights and measures4 #f4 ,to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the ,united ,states4 #g4 ,to establish post-offices and post-roads4 #h4 ,to promote the progress of science and useful arts1 by securing1 for limited times1 to authors and inventors1 the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries4 #i4 ,to constitute tribunals inferior to the ,supreme ,court4 #aj4 ,to define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas1 and offences against the law of nations4 #aa4 ,to declare war1 grant letters of marque and reprisal1 and make rules concerning captures on land and water4 #ab4 ,to raise and support armies2 but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years4 #ac4 ,to provide and maintain a navy4 #ad4 ,to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces4 #ae4 ,to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the ,union1 suppress insurrections1 and repel invasions4 #af4 ,to provide for organizing1 arming1 and disciplining the militia1 and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the ,united ,states2 reserving to the ,states respectively1 the appointment of the officers1 and the authority of training the militia1 according to the discipline prescribed by ,congress4 #ag4 ,to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever1 over such district 7not exceeding ten miles square71 as may1 by cession of particular ,states1 and the acceptance of ,congress1 become the seat of the ,government of the ,united ,states1 and to exercise like authority over all places1 purchased by the consent of the ,legislature of the ,state in which the same shall be1 for the erection of forts1 magazines1 arsenals1 dockyards1 and other needful buildings1 and #ah4 ,to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers1 and all other powers vested by this ,constitution in the ,government of the ,united ,states1 or in any department or officer thereof4 ,section ,,ix4--,powers ,denied to the ,united ,states4 #a4 ,the migration or importation of such persons1 as any of the ,states1 now existing1 shall think proper to admit1 shall not be prohibited by the ,congress1 prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight2 but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation1 not exceeding ten dollars for each person4 #b4 ,the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when1 in cases of rebellion or invasion1 the public safety may require it4 #c4 ,no bill of attainder1 or ex post facto law1 shall be passed4 #d4 ,no capitation or other direct tax shall be laid1 unless in proportion to the census or enumeration1 herein before directed to be taken4 #e4 ,no tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any ,state4 #f4 ,no preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue1 to the ports of one ,state over those of another2 nor shall vessels bound to1 or from1 one ,state1 be obliged to enter1 clear1 or pay duties1 in another4 #g4 ,no money shall be drawn from the treasury1 but in consequence of appropriations made by law2 and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published1 from time to time4 #h4 ,no title of nobility shall be granted by the ,united ,states3 and no person1 holding any office of profit or trust under them1 shall1 without the consent of the ,congress1 accept of any present1 emolument1 office1 or title1 of any kind whatever1 from any king1 prince1 or foreign state4 ,section ,x4--,powers ,denied to the ,states4 #a4 ,no ,state shall enter into any treaty1 alliance1 or confederation2 grant letters of marque and reprisal2 coin money2 emit bills of credit2 make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts1 pass any bill of attainder1 ex post facto law1 or law impairing the obligation of contracts1 or grant any title of nobility4 #b4 ,no ,state shall1 without the consent of the ,congress1 lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports1 except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws2 and the net produce of all duties and imposts1 laid by any ,state on imports or exports1 shall be for the use of the treasury of the ,united ,states2 and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the ,congress4 #c4 ,no ,state shall1 without the consent of ,congress1 lay any duty of tonnage1 keep troops1 or ships of war1 in time of peace1 enter into any agreement or compact with another ,state1 or with a foreign power1 or engage in war1 unless actually invaded1 or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,the ,,executive ,,department4 ,section ,i4--,president and ,vice-,president4 #a4 ,the executive power shall be vested in a ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,he shall hold his office during the term of four years1 and together with the ,vice-,president1 chosen for the same term1 be elected as follows3 #b4 ,each ,state shall appoint1 in such manner as the ,legislature thereof may direct1 a number of ,electors1 equal to the whole number of ,senators and ,representatives to which the ,state may be entitled in the ,congress3 but no ,senator or ,representative1 or person holding an office of trust or profit under the ,united ,states1 shall be appointed an ,elector4 #c4 #c,the ,electors shall meet in their respective ,states1 and vote by ballot for two persons1 of whom one1 at least1 shall not be an inhabitant of the same ,state with themselves4 ,and they shall make a list of all the persons voted for1 and of the number of votes for each2 which list they sign and certify1 and transmit1 sealed1 to the seat of the ,government of the ,united ,states1 directed to the ,president of the ,senate4 ,the ,president of the ,senate shall1 in the presence of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives1 open all the certificates1 and the votes shall then be counted4 ,the person having the greatest number of votes shall be the ,president1 if such number be a majority of the whole number of ,electors appointed2 and if there be more than one who have such a majority1 and have an equal number of votes1 then the ,house of ,representatives shall immediately choose1 by ballot1 one of them for ,president2 and if no person have a majority1 then1 from the five highest on the list1 the said ,house shall1 in like manner1 choose the ,president4 ,but in choosing the ,president1 the votes shall be taken by ,states1 the representation from each ,state having one vote2 a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the ,states1 and a majority of all the ,states shall be necessary to a choice4 ,in every case1 after the choice of the ,president1 the person having the greatest number of votes of the ,electors shall be the ,vice-,president4 ,but if there should remain two or more who have equal votes1 the ,senate shall choose from them1 by ballot1 the ,vice-president4 #d4 ,the ,congress may determine the time of choosing the ,electors1 and the day on which they shall give their votes2 which day shall be the same throughout the ,united ,states4 #e4 ,no person1 except a natural-born citizen1 or a citizen of the ,united ,states at the time of the adoption of this ,constitution1 shall be eligible to the office of ,president2 neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years1 and been fourteen years a resident within the ,united ,states4 #f4 ,in case of the removal of the ,president from office1 or of his death1 resignation1 or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office1 the same shall devolve on the ,vice-president1 and the ,congress may by law provide for the case of removal1 death1 resignation1 or inability both of the ,president and ,vice-president1 declaring what officer shall then act as ,president1 and such officer shall act accordingly1 until the disability be removed1 or a ,president shall be elected4 #g4 ,the ,president shall1 at stated times1 receive for his services1 a compensation1 which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected1 and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the ,united ,states1 or any of them4 #h4 ,before he enter on the execution of his office1 he shall take the following oath or affirmation3 ',i do solemnly swear 7or affirm71 that ,i will faithfully execute the office of ,president of the ,united ,states1 and will1 to the best of my ability1 preserve1 protect1 and defend the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4' ,section ,,ii4--,powers of the ,president4 #a4 ,the ,president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the ,united ,states1 and of the militia of the several ,states1 when called into the actual service of the ,united ,states2 he may require the opinion1 in writing1 of the principal officer in each of the executive departments1 upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices1 and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the ,united ,states1 except in cases of impeachment4 #b4 ,he shall have power1 by and with the advice and consent of the ,senate1 to make treaties1 provided two-thirds of the ,senators present concur2 and he shall nominate1 and by and with the advice and consent of the ,senate1 shall appoint ambassadors1 other public ministers1 and consuls1 judges of the ,supreme ,court1 and all other officers of the ,united ,states1 whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for1 and which shall be established by law3 but the ,congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers1 as they think proper1 in the ,president alone1 in the courts of law1 or in the heads of ,departments4 #c4 ,the ,president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen1 during the recess of the ,senate1 by granting commissions1 which shall expire at the end of their next session4 ,section ,,iii4--,duties of the ,president4 ,he shall1 from time to time1 give to the ,congress information of the state of the ,union1 and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient2 he may1 on extraordinary occasions1 convene both ,houses1 or either of them1 and in case of disagreement between them1 with respect to the time of adjournment1 he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper2 he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers2 he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed1 and shall commission all the officers of the ,united ,states4 ,section ,,iv4--,impeachment of the ,president4 ,the ,president1 ,vice-president1 and all civil officers of the ,united ,states1 shall be removed from office1 on impeachment for1 and conviction of1 treason1 bribery1 or other high crimes and misdemeanors4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,judicial ,,department4 ,section ,i4--,united ,states ,courts4 ,the judicial power of the ,united ,states shall be vested in one ,supreme ,court1 and in such inferior courts as the ,congress may1 from time to time1 ordain and establish4 ,the judges1 both of the ,supreme and inferior courts1 shall hold their offices during good behavior1 and shall1 at stated times1 receive for their services a compensation1 which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office4 ,section ,,ii4--,jurisdiction of the ,united ,states ,courts4 #a4 ,the ,judicial power shall extend to all cases1 in law and equity1 arising under this ,constitution1 the laws of the ,united ,states1 and treaties made1 or which shall be made1 under their authority2 to all cases affecting ambassadors1 other public ministers1 and consuls2 to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction2 to controversies to which the ,united ,states shall be a party2 to controversies between two or more ,states2 between a ,state and citizens of another ,state1 between citizens of different ,states1 between citizens of the same ,state1 claiming lands under grants of different ,states1 and between a ,state1 or the citizens thereof1 and foreign ,states1 citizens1 or subjects4 #b4 ,in all cases affecting ambassadors1 other public ministers1 and consuls1 and those in which a ,state shall be a party1 the ,supreme ,court shall have original jurisdiction4 ,in all the other cases before mentioned1 the ,supreme ,court shall have appellate jurisdiction1 both as to law and fact1 with such exceptions1 and under such regulations1 as the ,congress shall make4 #c4 ,the trial of all crimes1 except in cases of impeachment1 shall be by jury2 and such trial shall be held in the ,state where the said crimes shall have been committed2 but when not committed within any ,state1 the trial shall be at such place1 or places1 as the ,congress may by law have directed4 ,section ,,iii4--,treason4 #a4 ,treason against the ,united ,states shall consist only in levying war against them1 or in adhering to their enemies1 giving them aid and ,comfort4 ,no person shall be convicted of treason1 unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act1 or on confession in open court4 #b4 ,the ,congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason1 but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood1 or forfeiture1 except during the life of the person attainted4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,section ,i4--,state ,records4 ,full faith and credit shall be given in each ,state to the public acts1 records1 and judicial proceedings of every other ,state4 ,and the ,congress may1 by general laws1 prescribe the manner in which such acts1 records1 and proceedings shall be proved and the effect thereof4 ,section ,,ii4--,privileges of ,citizens4 #a4 ,the citizens of each ,state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several ,states4 #b4 ,a person charged in any ,state with treason1 felony1 or other crime1 who shall flee from justice1 and be found in another ,state1 shall1 on demand of the executive authority of the ,state from which he fled1 be delivered up1 to be removed to the ,state having jurisdiction of the crime4 #c4 ,no person held to service or labor in one ,state1 under the laws thereof1 escaping into another1 shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein1 be discharged from such service or labor1 but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due4 ,section ,,iii4--,new ,states and ,territories4 #a4 ,new ,states may be admitted by the ,congress into this ,union2 but no new ,state shall be formed1 or erected1 within the jurisdiction of any other ,state2 nor any ,state be formed1 by the junction of two or more ,states1 or parts of ,states1 without the consent of the ,legislatures of the ,states concerned1 as well as of the ,congress4 #b4 ,the ,congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory1 or other property1 belonging to the ,united ,states2 and nothing in this ,constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the ,united ,states1 or of any particular ,state4 ,section ,,iv4--,guarantee to the ,states4 ,the ,united ,states shall guaranty to every ,state in this ,union a republican form of government1 and shall protect each of them against invasion2 and1 on application of the ,legislature1 or of the executive 7when the ,legislature cannot be convened71 against domestic violence4 ,,article ,v4 ,,power ,,of ,,amendment4 ,the ,congress1 whenever two-thirds of both ,houses shall deem it necessary1 shall propose amendments to this ,constitution1 or1 on the application of the ,legislatures of two-thirds of the several ,states1 shall call a convention for proposing amendments1 which1 in either case1 shall be valid to all intents and purposes1 as part of this ,constitution1 when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several ,states1 or by conventions in three-fourths thereof1 as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the ,congress2 ,provided1 that no amendment1 which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight1 shall1 in any manner1 affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article2 and that no ,state1 without its consent1 shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the ,senate4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,public ,,debt1 ,,supremacy ,,of ,,the ,,constitution1 ,,oath ,,of ,,office1 ,,religious ,,test4 #a4 ,all debts contracted1 and engagements entered into1 before the adoption of this ,constitution1 shall be as valid against the ,united ,states1 under this ,constitution1 as under the ,confederation4 #b4 ,this ,constitution1 and the laws of the ,united ,states which shall be made in pursuance thereof1 and all treaties made1 or which shall be made1 under the authority of the ,united ,states1 shall be the supreme law of the land2 and the judges in every ,state shall be bound thereby1 anything in the ,constitution or laws of any ,state to the contrary notwithstanding4 #c4 ,the ,senators and ,representatives before mentioned1 and the members of the several ,state ,legislatures1 and all executive and judicial officers1 both of the ,united ,states1 and of the several ,states1 shall be bound1 by oath or affirmation1 to support this ,constitution2 but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the ,united ,states4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,ratification ,,of ,,the ,,constitution4 ,the ratification of the ,conventions of nine ,states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this ,constitution between the ,states so ratifying the same4 ,done in convention by the unanimous consent of the ,states present1 the seventeenth day of ,september1 in the year of our ,lord1 one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven1 and of the ,independence of the ,united ,states of ,america the twelfth4 ,,amendments ,,to ,,the ,,constitution4 ,,articles ,,in ,,addition ,,to1 ,,and ,,amendment ,,of1 ,,the ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4#d ,proposed by ,congress and ratified by the ,legislatures of the several ,states1 pursuant to the fifth article of the original ,constitution4 ,article ,i4--,freedom of ,religion1 etc4 ,congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion1 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof1 or abridging the freedom of speech1 or of the press2 or the right of the people peaceably to assemble1 and to petition the ,government for a redress of grievances4 ,article ,,ii4--,right to ,bear ,arms4 ,a well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free ,state1 the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed4 ,article ,,iii4--,quartering ,soldiers on ,citizens4 ,no soldier shall1 in time of peace1 be quartered in any house1 without the consent of the owner2 nor1 in time of war1 but in a manner to be prescribed by law4 ,article ,,iv4--,search-,warrants4 ,the right of the people to be secure in their persons1 houses1 papers1 and effects1 against unreasonable searches and seizures1 shall not be violated2 and no warrants shall issue1 but upon probable cause1 supported by oath or affirmation1 and particularly describing the place to be searched1 and the persons or things to be seized4 ,article ,v4--,trial for ,crime1 etc4 ,no person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime1 unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury1 except in cases arising in the land or naval forces1 or in the militia1 when in actual service1 in time of war1 or public danger2 nor shall any person be subject1 for the same offence1 to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb2 nor shall be compelled in any criminal case1 to be a witness against himself1 nor be deprived of life1 liberty1 or property1 without due process of law2 nor shall private property be taken for public use1 without just compensation4 ,article ,,vi4--,rights of ,accused ,persons4 ,in all criminal prosecutions1 the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial1 by an impartial jury of the ,state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed1 which district shall have been previously ascertained by law1 and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation2 to be confronted with the witnesses against him2 to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor2 and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence4 ,article ,,vii4--,suits at ,common ,law4 ,in suits at common law1 where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars1 the right of trial by jury shall be preserved2 and no fact1 tried by a jury1 shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the ,united ,states1 than according to the rules of the common law4 ,article ,,viii4--,excessive ,bail4 ,excessive bail shall not be required1 nor excessive fines imposed1 nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted4 ,article ,,ix4--,rights ,retained by the ,people4 ,the enumeration in the ,constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people4 ,article ,x4---,reserved ,powers of the ,states4 ,the powers not delegated to the ,united ,states by the ,constitution1 nor prohibited by it to the ,states1 are reserved to the ,states respectively1 or to the people4 ,article ,,xi4 ,the judicial power of the ,united ,states shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity1 commenced or prosecuted against one of the ,united ,states by citizens of another ,state1 or by citizens or subjects of any foreign ,state4#e ,article ,,xii4--,mode of ,choosing the ,president and ,vice-president4 #a4 ,the ,electors shall meet in their respective ,states1 and vote by ballot for ,president and ,vice-,president1 one of whom1 at least1 shall not be an inhabitant of the same ,state with themselves2 they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as ,president1 and in distinct ballots the person voted for as ,vice-president2 and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as ,president1 and of all persons voted for as ,vice-president1 and of the number of votes for each1 which lists they shall sign1 and certify1 and transmit1 sealed1 to the seat of government of the ,united ,states1 directed to the ,president of the ,senate2 the ,president of the ,senate shall1 in the presence of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives1 open all the certificates1 and the votes shall then be counted2 the person having the greatest number of votes for ,president shall be the ,president1 if such number be a majority of the whole number of ,electors appointed2 and if no person have such majority1 then1 from the persons having the highest numbers1 not exceeding three1 on the list of those voted for as ,president1 the ,house of ,representatives shall choose immediately1 by ballot1 the ,president4 ,but in choosing the ,president1 the votes shall be taken by ,states1 the representation from each ,state having one vote2 a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the ,states1 and a majority of all the ,states shall be necessary to a choice4 ,and if the ,house of ,representatives shall not choose a ,president1 whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them1 before the fourth day of ,march next following1 then the ,vice-president shall act as ,president1 and in case of the death1 or other constitutional disability1 of the ,president4 #b4 ,the person having the greatest number of votes as ,vice-president shall be the ,vice-,president1 if such number be a majority of the whole number of ,electors appointed2 and if no person have a majority1 then1 from the two highest numbers on the list1 the ,senate shall choose the ,vice-president2 a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of ,senators2 and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice4 #c4 ,but no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of ,president1 shall be eligible to that of ,vice-president of the ,united ,states4 ,article ,,xiii4--,abolition of ,slavery4 #a4 ,neither slavery nor involuntary servitude1 except as a punishment for crime1 whereof the party shall have been duly convicted1 shall exist within the ,united ,states or any place subject to their jurisdiction4 #b4 ,congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation4 ,article ,,xiv4--,right of ,citizenship1 etc4 #a4 ,all persons born or naturalized in the ,united ,states1 and subject to the jurisdiction thereof1 are citizens of the ,united ,states and of the ,state wherein they reside4 ,no ,state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the ,united ,states2 nor shall any ,state deprive any person of life1 liberty1 or property without due process of law1 nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws4 #b4 ,representatives shall be apportioned among the several ,states according to their respective numbers1 counting the whole number of persons in each ,state1 excluding ,indians not taxed4 ,but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of ,electors for ,president and ,vice-,president of the ,united ,states1 ,representatives in ,congress1 the executive and judicial officers of a ,state1 or the members of the ,legislature thereof1 is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such ,state1 being twenty-one years of age1 and citizens of the ,united ,states1 or in any way abridged1 except for participation in rebellion or other crime1 the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens1 twenty-one years of age1 in such ,state4 #c4 ,no person shall be a ,senator or ,representative in ,congress1 or ,elector of ,president and ,vice-president1 or hold any office1 civil or military1 under the ,united ,states1 or under any ,state1 who1 having previously taken an oath as a member of ,congress1 or as an officer of the ,united ,states1 or as a member of any ,state ,legislature1 or as an executive or judicial officer of any ,state1 to support the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same1 or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof4 ,but ,congress may1 by a vote of two-thirds of each ,house1 remove such disability4 #d4 ,the validity of the public debt of the ,united ,states1 authorized by law1 including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion1 shall not be questioned4 ,but neither the ,united ,states nor any ,state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the ,united ,states1 or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave1 but all such debts1 obligations1 and claims shall be held illegal and void4 #e4 ,the ,congress shall have power to enforce1 by appropriate legislation1 the provisions of this article4 ,article ,,xv4--,right of ,suffrage4 #a4 ,the right of citizens of the ,united ,states to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the ,united ,states1 or by any ,state1 on account of race1 color1 or previous condition of servitude4 #b4 ,the ,congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation4 #a,the ,articles of ,confederation proved by experience inadequate to the wants of the people of the ,united ,states1 and they were supplanted by the ,constitution4 ,the ,american ,constitution1 with its manifest defects1 still remains one of the most abiding monuments of human wisdom1 and it has received a tribute to its general excellence such as no other political system was ever honored with4--,,freeman4 #b,this clause has been superseded by ,amendment ,,xiv41 ,sect4 #b4 #c,this clause has been amended and superseded by the ,twelfth ,amendment to the ,constitution4 ,by the provisions of the original clause the person in the electoral college having the greatest number of votes 7provided he had a majority of the whole number of electors appointed7 became ,president1 and the person having the next greatest number of votes became ,vice-president1 thus giving the ,presidency to one political party and the ,vice-,presidency to another4 ,in the year #ahjj the ,democratic ,republicans determined to elect ,thomas ,jefferson ,president and ,aaron ,burr ,vice-president4 ,the result was that each secured an equal number of votes1 and neither was elected4 ,the ,constitution then1 as now1 provided that in case the electoral college failed to elect a ,president1 the ,house of ,representatives1 voting as ,states1 should elect4 ,the ,federalists distrusted and disliked ,jefferson2 the ,democratic ,republicans and some of the ,federalists distrusted and disliked ,burr4 ,the vote in the ,house on the thirty-sixth ballot gave the ,presidency to ,jefferson and the ,vice-,presidency to ,burr4 ,in order to prevent a repetition of so dangerous a struggle1 the ,twelfth ,amendment1 by which the electoral votes are cast separately for the candidates for ,president and for ,vice-,president1 was proposed by ,congress ,dec4 #ab1 #ahjc1 and declared in force ,sept4 #be1 #ahjd4 #d,more than seven hundred amendments to the ,constitution have been proposed since it was adopted4 ,several are usually proposed at each session of ,congress4 ,the first twelve articles of amendment to the ,federal ,constitution were adopted so soon after the original organization of the ,government under it in #aghi as to justify the statement that they were practically contemporaneous with the adoption of the original 7,,justice ,,miller1 ,u4 ,s4 ,supreme ,court74 #e;,in the case of ,chisholm vs4 ,the ,state of ,georgia1 the ,supreme ,court decided that under ,article ,,iii41 ,section #b1 of the ,constitution a private citizen of a ,state might bring suit against a ,state other than the one of which he was a citizen4 ,this decision1 by which a ,state might be brought as defendant before the bar of a ,federal court1 was highly displeasing to the majority of the ,states in #agid4 ,on the #eth of ,march of that year the ,eleventh ,amendment was passed by two-thirds of both houses of ,congress1 and declared in force ,january #h1 #agih4 ,practically1 the amendment has been the authority for the repudiation of debts by several ,states4