,,timaeus          by ,plato            
,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett            
,cont5ts     ,,introduction ,,&         
,,analysis4   ,section #a4   ,section   
#b4   ,section #c4   ,section #d4       
,section #e4   ,section #f4   ,section  
#g4   ,section #h4     ,,timaeus        
,,introduction ,,& ,,analysis4          
,( all ! writ+s ( ,plato ! ,timaeus is !
 mo/ obscure &        repulsive to !    
mod]n read]1 & has nev]!less _h !       
greate/ influ5ce ov] ! anci5t & m$iaeval
 _w4 ,!        obscurity arises 9 !     
infancy ( physical sci5ce1 out ( !      
confusion ( !ological1 ma!matical1 &    
physiological        notions1 out ( !   
desire to conceive ! :ole ( nature      
)\t any adequate k ( ! p>ts1 & f a      
great]        p]ception ( simil>ities   
:i* lie on ! surface ?an (              
diff]5ces :i* are hidd5 f view4 ,to br+ 
s5se "u !        control ( reason2 to   
f9d "s way ?r\gh ! mi/ or labyr9?       
( appe>ances1 ei!r ! highway (          
ma!matics1 or m        devi\s pa?s      

sugge/$ by ! analogy ( man ) ! _w1 &    
( ! _w ) man2 to see t all ?+s h a cause
 &        are t5d+ t[>ds an end--?is is 
! _s ( ! anci5t        physical         
philosoph]4 ,he has no notion ( try+ an 
exp]im5t        & is h>dly capable (    
obs]v+ ! curiosities ( nature        :i*
 are #8tumbl+ out at 8 feet1' or (      
int]pret+ ev5 !        mo/ obvi\s ( !m4 
,he is driv5 back f ! ne>] to !        m
 di/ant1 f p>ticul>s to g5]alities1 f ! 
e>? to        ! />s4 ,he lifts up 8 eyes
 to ! heav5s & seeks to guide        by 
_! motions 8 err+ foot/eps4 ,b we nei!r 
appreciate        ! conditions ( k to   
:i* he 0 subject$1 nor h        ! ideas 
:i* fa/5$ ^u 8 imag9ation ! same hold ^u
        u4 ,= he is hang+ betwe5 matt] &
 m9d2 he is "u !        dom9ion at !    
same "t bo? ( s5se & ( ab/ractions2 8   
impressions are tak5 almo/ at r&om f !  
outside (        nature2 he sees !      
light1 b n ! objects :i* are reveal$    
by ! light2 & he br+s into juxtaposition
 ?+s :i* to u        appe> wide z !     

poles asund]1 because he f9ds no?+      
betwe5 !m4 ,he passes abruptly f p]sons 
to ideas &        numb]s1 & f ideas &   
numb]s to p]sons1--f ! heav5s        to 
man1 f a/ronomy to physiology2 he       
confuses1 or r does        n di/+ui%1   
subject & object1 fir/ & f9al causes1 & 
is dream+ ( geometrical figures lo/ 9 a 
flux ( s5se4 ,he        contra/s !      
p]fect movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies ) !  
imp]fect repres5tation ( !m 7,rep471 &  
he does n always        require /rict   
accuracy ev5 9 applications ( numb] &   
figure        7,rep474 ,8 m9d l+]s ar\nd
 ! =ms ( my?ology1 :i* he        uses z 
symbols or translates into figures (    
spee*4 ,he has no        implem5ts (    
obs]vation1 su* z ! telescope or        
microscope2        ! great sci5ce (     
*emi/ry is a blank to him4 ,x is only by
        an ef=t t ! mod]n ?9k] c brea! !
 atmosph]e (        ! anci5t philosoph]1
 or und]/& h[1 "u su* unequal           
conditions1 he seems 9 _m in/ances1 by a
 sort ( inspiration1        to h        

anticipat$ ! tru?4          ,! influ5ce 
) ! ,timaeus has ex]cis$ ^u po/]ity is  
due p>tly to a misund]/&+4 ,9 ! suppos$ 
dep?s ( ?is        dialogue !           
,neo-,platoni/s f\nd hidd5 mean+s &     
connections        ) ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian
 ,scriptures1 & out ( !m !y             
elicit$ doctr9es q at v>iance ) ! _s (  
,plato4        ,believ+ t he 0 inspir$  
by ! ,holy ,gho/1 or _h receiv$        8
 wisdom f ,moses1 !y seem$ to f9d 9 8   
writ+s !        ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 ! ,^w1
 ! ,*ur*1 ! creation ( !        _w 9 a  
,jewi% s5se1 z !y really f\nd !         
p]sonality (        ,god or ( m9d1 & !  
immortality ( ! s\l4 ,all religions     
& philosophies met & m+l$ 9 ! s*ools (  
,alex&ria1        & ! ,neo-,platoni/s _h
 a me?od ( int]pretation :i* c\ld       
elicit any mean+ out ( any words4 ,!y 7 
really incapable        ( di/+ui%+      
betwe5 ! op9ions ( "o philosoph] &      
ano!r-- betwe5 ,ari/otle & ,plato1 or   
betwe5 ! s]i\s        ?\ghts ( ,plato & 
8 pass+ fancies4 ,!y 7 absorb$ 9        

8 !ology & 7 "u ! dom9ion ( 8 "n1 :ile t
        :i* 0 truly great & truly       
*>act]i/ic 9 him1 8 ef=t        to      
realize & connect ab/ractions1 0 n      
und]/ood by !m        at all4 ,yet !    
g5ius ( ,plato & ,greek philosophy      
react$ ^u        ! ,ea/1 & a ,greek     
elem5t ( ?\ght & language ov]laid       
& p>tly r$uc$ to ord] ! *aos (          
,ori5talism4 ,& k9dr$        spirits1 l 
,/4 ,augu/9e1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 acqua9t$    
) 8 writ+s only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a ,lat9 
translation1        7 pr(\ndly affect$  
by !m1 seem+ to f9d #8,god & 8        ^w
 ev]y:]e ins9uat$' 9 !m 7,augu/4        
,confess47          ,!re is no dang] ( !
 mod]n comm5tators on ! ,timaeus        
fall+ into ! absurdities ( !            
,neo-,platoni/s4 ,9 !        pres5t day 
we are well aw>e t an anci5t philosoph] 
is to        be int]pret$ f himself & by
 ! contempor>y hi/ory (        ?\ght4   
,we "k t my/icism is n criticism4 ,!    
fancies (        ! ,neo-,platoni/s are  
only int]e/+ to u because !y            

exhibit a phase ( ! human m9d :i*       
prevail$ widely 9 !        fir/ c5turies
 ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & is n :olly ext9ct  
9 our own day4 ,b !y h no?+ to d ) !    
int]pretation ( ,plato1 & 9 _s !y are   
oppos$ to him4        ,!y are ! feeble  
expression ( an age :i* has lo/ ! p[]   
n only ( creat+ great works1 b ( und]/&+
 !m4 ,!y        are ! spuri\s bir? ( a  
m>riage betwe5 philosophy &             
tradition1 betwe5 ,hellas & !           
,ea/--7,greek7 7,rep474 ,:]eas        ! 
s-call$ my/icism ( ,plato is purely     
,greek1 aris+ out (        8 imp]fect k 
& high aspirations1 & is ! gr[?        (
 an age 9 :i* philosophy is n :olly     
sep>at$ f poetry        & my?ology4     
,a great] dang] ) mod]n int]pret]s (    
,plato is !        t5d5cy to reg>d !    
,timaeus z ! c5tre ( 8 sy/em4 ,we d     
n "k h[ ,plato w\ld h arrang$ 8 own     
dialogues1 or        :e!r ! ?\ght (     
arrang+ any ( !m1 besides ! two         
#8,trilogies' :i* he has expressly      
connect$2 0 ev] pres5t to        8 m9d4 

,b1 if he _h arrang$ !m1 !re are _m     
indications t ?is is n ! place :i* he   
w\ld h        assign$ to ! ,timaeus4 ,we
 obs]ve1 fir/ ( all1 t !        dialogue
 is put into ! m\? ( a ,py?agorean      
philosoph]1 &        n ( ,socrates4 ,&  
?is is requir$ by dramatic propriety2 = 
! inve/igation ( nature 0 expressly     
r5\nc$ by ,socrates        9 ! ,pha$o4  
,nor does ,plato himself attribute any  
importance to        8 guesses at       
sci5ce4 ,he is n at all absorb$ by !m1 z
 he        is by ! ,,idea ( good4 ,he is
 mode/ & hesitat+1 &        confesses t 
8 words p>take ( ! unc]ta9ty ( !        
subject 7,tim474 ,! dialogue is prim>ily
 conc]n$ ) !        animal creation1    
includ+ "u ?is t]m ! heav5ly bodies1    
& ) man only z "o among ! animals4 ,b we
 c h>dly        suppose t ,plato w\ld h 
pref]r$ ! /udy ( nature to        man1  
or t he w\ld h deem$ ! =mation ( ! _w & 
! human frame to h ! same int]e/ :i* he 
ascribes to        ! my/]y ( be+ &      
n-be+1 or to ! great political          

problems :i* he discusses 9 ! ,republic 
& ! ,laws4 ,!re        are no           
speculations on physics 9 ! o!r         
dialogues ( ,plato1        & he himself 
reg>ds ! consid]ation ( !m z a rational 
pa/ime only4 ,he is beg9n+ to feel ! ne$
 ( fur!r        divisions ( k2 & is     
becom+ aw>e t besides        dialectic1 
ma!matics1 & ! arts1 !re is ano!r field 
:i* has be5 hi!rto unexplor$ by him4 ,b 
he has n z yet        def9$ ?is         
int]m$iate t]ritory :i* lies some:]e    
betwe5        m$ic9e & ma!matics1 & he  
w\ld h felt t !re 0        z great an   
impiety 9 rank+ !ories ( physics fir/ 9 
!        ord] ( k1 z 9 plac+ ! body be=e
 ! s\l4          ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! 
,timaeus is by no means conf9$ to       
speculations on physics4 ,! deep]       
f\ndations ( ! ,platonic                
philosophy1 su* z ! nature ( ,god1 !    
di/9ction ( !        s5sible &          
intellectual1 ! great orig9al           
conceptions ( "t        & space1 also   
appe> 9 x4 ,!y are f\nd pr9cipally 9 !  

fir/ half ( ! dialogue4 ,! con/ruction (
 ! heav5s is        = ! mo/ "p ideal2 ! 
cyclic ye> s]ves z ! connection         
betwe5 ! _w ( absolute be+ & ( g5]ation1
 j z        ! numb] ( population 9 !    
,republic is ! expression or            
symbol ( ! transition f ! ideal to !    
actual /ate4 ,9        "s passages we   
are unc]ta9 :e!r we are read+ a         
description ( a/ronomical facts or      
contemplat+ processes (        ! human  
m9d1 or ( t div9e m9d 7,phil47 :i* 9    
,plato is        h>dly sep>able f x4 ,! 
*>act]i/ics ( man are        transf]r$  
to ! _w-animal1 z = example :5          
intellig5ce        & k are said to be   
p]fect$ by ! circle ( ! ,same1        & 
true op9ion by ! circle ( ! ,o!r2 &     
conv]sely !        motions ( ! _w-animal
 reappe> 9 man2 its amorph\s /ate       
cont9ues 9 ! *ild1 & 9 bo? disord] &    
*aos are        gradually succe$$ by    
/ability & ord]4 ,x is n h[ev] to       
passages l ^! t ,plato is ref]r+ :5 he  
speaks ( !        unc]ta9ty ( 8 subject1

 b r to ! composition (        bodies1  
to ! relations ( col\rs1 ! nature (     
diseases1 &        ! l1 ab\t :i* he     
truly feels ! lam5table ignorance       
prevail+ 9 8 own age4          ,we are  
l$ by ,plato himself to reg>d !         
,timaeus1 n z !        c5tre or inmo/   
%r9e ( ! edifice1 b z a deta*$          
build+ 9 a diff]5t /yle1 fram$1 n aft] !
 ,socratic1        b aft] "s ,py?agorean
 model4 ,z 9 ! ,cratylus &              
,p>m5ides1 we are unc]ta9 :e!r ,plato is
 express+ 8 own        op9ions1 or      
appropriat+ & p]haps improv+ !          
philosophical speculations ( o!rs4 ,9   
all ?ree dialogues he        is ex]t+ 8 
dramatic & imitative p[]2 9 ! ,cratylus 
m+l+ a satirical & humor\s purpose )    
true pr9ciples (        language2 9 !   
,p>m5ides ov]?r[+ ,meg>ianism by a sort 
(        ultra-,meg>ianism1 :i* discov]s
 contradictions 9 ! "o z        great z 
^? :i* h be5 previ\sly %[n to exi/ 9 !  
ideas4 ,!re is a simil> unc]ta9ty ab\t !
 ,timaeus2 9 !        fir/ "p he scales 

! heights ( transc5d5talism1 9 !        
latt] "p he treats 9 a bald & sup]ficial
 mann] ( !        functions & diseases (
 ! human frame4 ,he uses ! ?\ghts       
& almo/ ! words ( ,p>m5ides :5 he       
disc\rses ( be+        & ( ess5ce1      
adopt+ f old religion into philosophy ! 
conception ( ,god1 & f ! ,meg>ians !    
,,idea ( good4 ,he        agrees )      
,emp$ocles & ! ,atomi/s 9 attribut+ !   
great] diff]5ces ( k9ds to ! figures ( !
 elem5ts &        _! movem5ts into & out
 ( "o ano!r4 ,) ,h]acleitus1 he         
ackn[l$ges ! p]petual flux2 l           
,anaxagoras1 he ass]ts !                
pr$om9ance ( m9d1 al?\gh admitt+ an     
elem5t ( necessity        :i* reason is 
incapable ( subdu+2 l ! ,py?agoreans he 
supposes ! my/]y ( ! _w to be conta9$ 9 
numb]4        ,_m1 if n all ! elem5ts ( 
! ,pre-,socratic philosophy are         
includ$ 9 ! ,timaeus4 ,x is a composite 
or eclectic "w (        imag9ation1 9   
:i* ,plato1 )\t nam+ !m1 ga!rs up into  
a k9d ( sy/em ! v>i\s elem5ts (         

philosophy :i*        prec$$ him4       
,if we all[ = ! diff]5ce ( subject1 & = 
"s gr[? 9        ,plato's own m9d1 !    
discrepancy betwe5 ! ,timaeus & !       
o!r dialogues w n appe> to be great4 ,x 
is probable t        ! relation ( !     
ideas to ,god or ( ,god to ! _w 0       
diff]5tly conceiv$ by him at diff]5t    
times ( 8 life4 ,9        all 8 lat]    
dialogues we obs]ve a t5d5cy 9 him to   
p]sonify        m9d or ,god1 & he !re=e 
naturally incl9es to view creation      
z ! "w ( design4 ,! creator is l a human
 arti/ :o        frames 9 8 m9d a plan  
:i* he executes by ! help ( 8           
s]vants4 ,?us ! language ( philosophy   
:i* speaks ( fir/        & second causes
 is cross$ by ano!r sort ( phraseology3 
#8,god        made ! _w because he 0    
good1 & ! demons m9i/]$ to        him4' 
,! ,timaeus is ca/ 9 a m !ological &    
less        philosophical m\ld ?an ! o!r
 dialogues1 b ! same        g5]al _s is 
app>5t2 !re is ! same dualism or        
opposition betwe5 ! ideal & actual--!   

s\l is prior to !        body1 !        
intelligible & unse5 to ! visible &     
corporeal4        ,!re is ! same        
di/9ction betwe5 k & op9ion :i*         
occurs 9 ! ,!aetetus & ,republic1 ! same
 enmity to !        poets1 ! same       
comb9ation ( music & gymna/ics4 ,!      
doctr9e        ( transmigration is /ill 
held by him1 z 9 ! ,pha$rus &           
,republic2 & ! s\l has a view ( ! heav5s
 9 a prior /ate        ( be+4 ,! ideas  
also rema91 b !y h become types 9       
nature1 =ms ( m51 animals1 birds1 fi%es4
 ,& ! attribution        ( evil to      
physical causes accords ) ! doctr9e :i* 
he        ma9ta9s 9 ! ,laws respect+ !  
involunt>9ess ( vice4          ,! /yle &
 plan ( ! ,timaeus diff] greatly f t (  
any        o!r ( ! ,platonic dialogues4 
,! language is weighty1 abrupt1        &
 9 "s passages sublime4 ,b ,plato has n 
! same ma/]y        ov] 8 in/rum5t :i*  
he exhibits 9 ! ,pha$rus or             
,symposium4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! beauty or   
art ( !        introduction1 9 :i* he is

 us+ words aft] 8 accu/om$        mann]4
 ,b 9 ! re/ ( ! "w ! p[] ( language     
seems        to fail him1 & ! dramatic  
=m is :olly giv5 up4 ,he c\ld           
write 9 "o /yle1 b n 9 ano!r1 & ! ,greek
 language        _h n z yet be5 fa%ion$ 
by any poet or philosoph] to            
describe physical ph5om5a4 ,! e>ly      
physiologi/s _h        g5]ally writt5 9 
v]se2 ! prose writ]s1 l ,democritus     
& ,anaxagoras1 z f> z we c judge f _!   
fragm5ts1        nev] atta9$ to a       
p]iodic /yle4 ,& h5ce we f9d ! same     
sort ( clums9ess 9 ! ,timaeus ( ,plato  
:i* *>act]izes        ! philosophical   
poem ( ,lucretius4 ,!re is a want ( fl[ 
&        (t5 a defect ( rhy?m2 ! mean+  
is sometimes obscure1 &        !re is a 
great] use ( apposition & m ( repetition
 ?an        occurs 9 ,plato's e>li]     
writ+s4 ,! s5t5ces are less             
closely connect$ & also m involv$2 !    
antec$5ts (        demon/rative &       
relative pron\ns are 9 "s cases remote &
        p]plex+4 ,! great] frequ5cy (   

p>ticiples & ( absolute                 
con/ructions gives ! effect ( heav9ess4 
,! descriptive        portion ( !       
,timaeus reta9s traces ( ! fir/ ,greek  
prose        composition2 = ! great ma/]
 ( language 0 speak+ on a        !me )  
:i* he 0 imp]fectly acqua9t$1 & _h no   
words        9 :i* to express 8 mean+4  
,! rugg$ gr&eur ( !        op5+ disc\rse
 ( ,timaeus may be comp>$ ) ! m         
h>moni\s beauty ( a simil> passage 9 !  
,pha$rus4          ,to ! same cause we  
may attribute ! want ( plan4 ,plato _h  
n ! comm& ( 8 mat]ials :i* w\ld h enabl$
 him to        produce a p]fect "w (    
art4 ,h5ce !re are sev]al new           
beg9n+s & resumptions & =mal or         
artificial connections2        we miss !
 #8callida junctura' ( ! e>li]          
dialogues4 ,8        speculations ab\t !
 ,et]nal1 8 !ories ( creation1 8        
ma!matical anticipations1 are supplem5t$
 by desultory rem>ks        on ! "o     
immortal & ! two mortal s\ls ( man1 on !
        functions ( ! bodily organs 9   

heal? & disease1 on sight1        he>+1 
smell1 ta/e1 & t\*4 ,he so>s into !     
heav5s1 &        !n1 z if 8 w+s 7       
sudd5ly clipp$1 he walks                
ungracefully & ) difficulty ^u ! e>?4 ,!
 greate/        ?+s 9 ! _w1 & ! lea/ ?+s
 9 man1 are br\ght        )9 ! compass (
 a %ort treatise4 ,b ! int]m$iate       
l9ks are miss+1 & we _c be surpris$ t   
!re %\ld        be a want ( unity 9 a "w
 :i* embraces a/ronomy1 !ology1         
physiology1 & natural philosophy 9 a few
 pages4          ,x is n easy to det]m9e
 h[ ,plato's cosmos may be pres5t$      
to ! read] 9 a cle>] & %ort] =m2 or h[  
we may supply        a ?read ( connexion
 to 8 ideas )\t giv+ great]             
consi/5cy to !m ?an !y possess$ 9 8 m9d1
 or add+ on        consequ5ces :i* w\ld 
nev] h occurr$ to him4 ,= he has        
glimpses ( ! tru?1 b no compreh5sive or 
p]fect vision4        ,!re are isolat$  
expressions ab\t ! nature ( ,god :i* h  
a wond]ful dep? & p[]2 b we are n       
ju/ifi$ 9 assum+        t ^! _h any     

great] significance to ! m9d ( ,plato   
?an        language ( a neutral &       
imp]sonal "*444 ,) a view to        !   
illu/ration ( ! ,timaeus ,i propose to  
divide ?is        ,introduction into    
sections1 ( :i* ! fir/ w conta9 an      
outl9e ( ! dialogue3 7#b7 ,i %all       
consid] ! aspects (        nature :i*   
pres5t$ !mselves to ,plato & 8 age1 & ! 
elem5ts ( philosophy :i* ent]$ into !   
conception ( !m3        7#c7 ! !ology & 
physics ( ! ,timaeus1 includ+ ! s\l     
( ! _w1 ! conception ( "t & space1 & !  
composition ( ! elem5ts3 7#d7 9 ! f\r?  
section ,i %all        consid] !        
,platonic a/ronomy1 & ! position ( !    
e>?4        ,!re w rema91 7#e7 !        
psy*ology1 7#f7 ! physiology (          
,plato1 & 7#g7 8 analysis ( ! s5ses to  
be briefly comm5t$        ^u3 7#h7      
la/ly1 we may exam9e 9 :at po9ts ,plato 
approa*es        or anticipates !       
discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4              
,section #a4            ,socrates beg9s 
! ,timaeus ) a summ>y ( ! ,republic4 ,he

        lightly t\*es ^u a few po9ts1--!
 division ( lab\r &        di/ribution (
 ! citiz5s into classes1 ! d\ble nature 
&        tra9+ ( ! gu>dians1 ! community
 ( prop]ty & ( wom5        & *ildr54 ,b 
he makes no m5tion ( ! second education1
 or        ( ! gov]nm5t ( philosoph]s4  
,& n[ he desires to see ! ideal ,/ate   
set 9 motion2 he w\ld        l to "k h[ 
%e behav$ 9 "s great /ruggle4 ,b he is  
unable to inv5t su* a n>rative himself2 
& he is afraid t        ! poets are     
equally incapable2 =1 al?\gh he pret5ds 
to        h no?+ to say aga9/ !m1 he    
rem>ks t !y are a        tribe (        
imitators1 :o c only describe :at !y h  
se54        ,& he fe>s t ! ,sophi/s1 :o 
are pl5tifully suppli$ )        graces (
 spee*1 9 _! erratic way ( life hav+    
nev] _h a        city or h\se ( _! own1 
may ?r\gh want ( exp]i5ce err 9         
_! conception ( philosoph]s & /atesm54  
#8,& !re=e to        y ,i turn1         
,timaeus1 citiz5 ( ,locris1 :o are at   
once a        philosoph] & a /atesman1 &

 to y1 ,critias1 :om all        ,a!nians
 "k to be simil>ly accompli%$1 & to     
,h]mocrates1        :o is also fitt$ by 
nature & education to %>e 9 our         
disc\rse4'          ,,h]mocrates3 #8,we 
w d our be/1 & h be5 already            
prep>+2 = on our way home1 ,critias told
 u ( an anci5t        tradition1 :i* ,i 
wi%1 ,critias1 t y w\ld repeat to       
,socrates4' #8,i w1 if ,timaeus         
approves4' #8,i approve4' ,li/5         
!n1 ,socrates1 to a tale ( ,solon's1 :o1
 be+ ! fri5d (        ,dropidas my      
great-gr&fa!r1 told x to my gr&fa!r     
,critias1        & he told me4 ,!       
n>rative relat$ to anci5t fam\s actions 
( ! ,a!nian p1 & to "o especially1 :i*  
,i w        rehe>se 9 hon\r ( y & ( !   
goddess4 ,critias :5 he        told ?is 
tale ( ! old5 "t1 0 n9ety ye>s old1 ,i  
be+        n m ?an t54 ,! occasion ( !  
rehe>sal 0 ! day (        ! ,apaturia   
call$ ! ,regi/ration ( ,y\?1 at :i* our 
p>5ts gave prizes = recitation4 ,"s     
poems ( ,solon 7        recit$ by !     

boys4 ,!y _h n at t "t gone out (       
fa%ion1 & ! recital ( !m l$ "s "o to    
say1 p]haps 9        complim5t to       
,critias1 t ,solon 0 n only ! wise/ ( m5
        b also ! be/ ( poets4 ,! old man
 bright5$ up at he>+        ?is1 & said3
 ,_h ,solon only _h ! leisure :i* 0     
requir$        to complete ! fam\s leg5d
 :i* he br\ght ) him f        ,egypt he 
w\ld h be5 z di/+ui%$ z ,hom] & ,hesiod4
        #8,& :at 0 ! subject ( ! poem8' 
said ! p]son :o made        ! rem>k4 ,! 
subject 0 a v noble "o2 he describ$ !   
mo/ fam\s action 9 :i* ! ,a!nian p 7 ev]
        engag$4 ,b ! memory ( _!        
exploits has pass$ away ow+        to ! 
lapse ( "t & ! ext9ction ( ! actors4    
#8,tell u1'        said ! o!r1 #8! :ole 
/ory1 & :]e ,solon he>d !        /ory4' 
,he repli$--,!re is at ! head ( !       
,egyptian ,delta1        :]e ! riv]     
,nile divides1 a city & di/rict call$   
,sais2        ! city 0 ! bir?place ( ,k+
 ,amasis1 & is "u !        protection ( 
! goddess ,nei? or ,a!ne4 ,! citiz5s h a

        fri5dly feel+ t[>ds ! ,a!nians1 
believ+ !mselves to        be relat$ to 
!m4 ,hi!r came ,solon1 & 0 receiv$ )    
hon\r2 & "h he fir/ le>nt1 by conv]s+ ) 
! ,egyptian        prie/s1 h[ ignorant  
he & 8 c\ntrym5 7 ( antiquity4          
,p]ceiv+ ?is1 & ) ! view ( elicit+      
in=mation f        !m1 he told !m !     
tales ( ,phoroneus & ,niobe1 & also (   
,deucalion & ,pyrrha1 & he endeav\r$ to 
c\nt ! g5]ations        :i* _h s9ce     
pass$4 ,!reupon an ag$ prie/ said to    
him3 #8,o        ,solon1 ,solon1 y      
,hell5es are ev] "y1 & !re is no old    
man :o is a ,hell5e4' #8,:at d y mean8' 
he ask$4 #8,9 m9d1'        repli$ !     
prie/1 #8,i mean to say t y are *ildr52 
!re        is no op9ion or tradition ( k
 among y :i* is :ite        ) age2 & ,i 
w tell y :y4 ,l ! re/ ( mank9d y        
h suff]$ f convulsions ( nature1 :i* are
 *iefly        br\ght ab\t by ! two     
great ag5cies ( fire & wat]4 ,!         
=m] is symboliz$ 9 ! ,hell5ic tale ( "y 
,phae?on :o        drove 8 fa!r's horses

 ! wrong way1 & hav+ burnt up !         
e>? 0 himself burnt up by a ?und]bolt4  
,= !re occurs at        long int]vals a 
d]angem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & !n !    
e>? is de/roy$ by fire4 ,at su* times1 &
 :5 fire is !        ag5t1 ^? :o dwell  
by riv]s or on ! sea%ore are saf]       
?an ^? :o dwell ^u high & dry places1 :o
 9 _! turn        are saf] :5 ! dang] is
 f wat]4 ,n[ ! ,nile is our             
savi\r f fire1 & z !re is little ra9 9  
,egypt1 we are        n h>m$ by wat]2   
:]eas 9 o!r c\ntries1 :5 a deluge       
comes1 ! inhabitants are swept by !     
riv]s into ! sea4 ,!        memorials   
:i* y\r own & o!r nations h once _h ( ! 
fam\s actions ( mank9d p]i% 9 ! wat]s at
 c]ta9        p]iods2 & ! rude survivors
 9 ! m\nta9s beg9 aga91        kn[+ no?+
 ( ! _w be=e ! flood4 ,b 9 ,egypt !     
traditions ( our own & o!r l&s are by u 
regi/]$ =        ev] 9 our temples4 ,!  
g5ealogies :i* y h recit$ to u          
out ( y\r own annals1 ,solon1 are a m]e 
*ildr5's /ory4 ,=        9 ! fir/ place1

 y rememb] "o deluge only1 & !re 7      
_m ( !m1 & y "k no?+ ( t faire/ & noble/
        race ( :i* y are a se$ or       
remnant4 ,! memory ( !m 0        lo/1   
because !re 0 no writt5 voice among y4  
,= 9 !        times be=e ! great flood  
,a!ns 0 ! greate/ & be/ (        cities 
& did ! noble/ de$s & _h ! be/          
con/itution (        any "u ! face (    
heav54' ,solon m>vell$1 & desir$ to be  
in=m$ ( ! p>ticul>s4 #8,y are welcome to
 he> !m1' said        ! prie/1 #8bo? =  
y\r own sake & = t ( ! city1 &          
above all = ! sake ( ! goddess :o is !  
common f\ndress        ( bo? our cities4
 ,n9e ?\s& ye>s h elaps$ s9ce %e        
f\nd$ y\rs1 & eight ?\s& s9ce %e f\nd$  
ours1 z our        annals record4 ,_m   
laws exi/ among u :i* are ! c\nt]p>t    
( y\rs z !y 7 9 ! old5 "t4 ,i w briefly 
describe        !m to y1 & y %all read !
 acc\nt ( !m at y\r        leisure 9 !  
sacr$ regi/]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 a 
ca/e ( prie/s among ! anci5t ,a!nians1 &
 ano!r (        artisans2 also ca/es (  

%eph]ds1 hunt]s1 & husb&m51 &           
la/ly ( w>riors1 :o1 l ! w>riors (      
,egypt1 7        sep>at$ f ! re/1 &     
c>ri$ %ields & spe>s1 a cu/om        :i*
 ! goddess fir/ taught y1 & !n !        
,asiatics1 & we        among ,asiatics  
fir/ receiv$ f h]4 ,obs]ve aga91 :at c>e
        ! law took 9 ! pursuit ( wisdom1
 se>*+ out ! deep        ?+s ( ! _w1 &  
apply+ !m to ! use ( man4 ,!        spot
 ( e>? :i* ! goddess *ose _h ! be/ (    
climates1        & produc$ ! wise/ m52 9
 no o!r 0 %e h]self1 !        philosoph]
 & w>rior goddess1 s likely to h        
vot>ies4 ,&        !re y dwelt z became 
! *ildr5 ( ! gods1 excell+ all        m5
 9 virtue1 & _m fam\s actions are       
record$ ( y4 ,!        mo/ fam\s ( !m   
all 0 ! ov]?r[ ( ! isl& (               
,atlantis4 ,?is great isl& lay ov] aga9/
 ! ,pill>s (        ,h]acles1 9 ext5t   
great] ?an ,libya & ,asia put toge!r1 & 
0 ! passage to o!r isl&s & to a great   
ocean ( :i*        ! ,m$it]ranean sea 0 
only ! h>b\r2 & )9 !        ,pill>s !   

empire ( ,atlantis rea*$ 9 ,europe to   
,tyrrh5ia &        9 ,libya to ,egypt4  
,?is mighty p[] 0 array$ aga9/ ,egypt   
& ,hellas & all ! c\ntries bord]+ on !  
,m$it]ranean4        ,!n y\r city did   
bravely1 & won r5[n ov] ! :ole e>?4     
,= at ! p]il ( h] own exi/5ce1 & :5 !   
o!r        ,hell5es _h des]t$ h]1 %e    
repell$ ! invad]1 & ( h]        own     
accord gave lib]ty to all ! nations )9 !
 ,pill>s4 ,a        little :ile aft]w>ds
 !re 7 great e>?quakes & floods1        
& y\r w>rior race all sank into ! e>?2 &
 ! great        isl& ( ,atlantis also   
disappe>$ 9 ! sea4 ,?is is !            
explanation ( ! %all[s :i* are f\nd 9 t 
"p ( !        ,atlantic ocean4'         
,su* 0 ! tale1 ,socrates1 :i* ,critias  
he>d f ,solon2 &        ,i notic$ :5    
li/5+ to y ye/]day1 h[ close !          
resemblance 0 betwe5 y\r city & citiz5s 
& ! anci5t        ,a!nian ,/ate4 ,b ,i  
w\ld n speak at ! "t1 because ,i        
want$ to refre% my memory4 ,i _h he>d ! 
old man :5 ,i 0 a        *ild1 & ?\gh ,i

 c\ld n rememb] ! :ole ( our            
ye/]day's disc\rse1 ,i 0 able to recall 
e ^w ( ?is1        :i* is br&$ into my  
m9d2 & ,i am prep>$1 ,socrates1 to      
rehe>se to y ! entire n>rative4 ,!      
imag9>y ,/ate :i*        y 7 describ+   
may be id5tifi$ ) ! reality ( ,solon1   
& our ant$iluvian ance/ors may be y\r   
citiz5s4 #8,t is        excell5t1       
,critias1 & v appropriate to a          
,pana!naic        fe/ival2 ! tru? ( !   
/ory is a great advantage4' ,!n n[      
let me expla9 to y ! ord] ( our         
ent]ta9m5t2 fir/1        ,timaeus1 :o is
 a natural philosoph]1 w speak ( ! orig9
        ( ! _w1 go+ d[n to ! creation ( 
man1 & !n ,i %all        receive ! m5   
:om he has creat$1 & "s ( :om w h       
be5 educat$ by y1 & introduce !m to y z 
! lo/        ,a!nian citiz5s ( :om !    
,egyptian record spoke4 ,z ! law        
( ,solon prescribes1 we w br+ !m into   
c\rt &        ackn[l$ge _! claims to    
citiz5%ip4 #8,i see1' repli$            
,socrates1 #8t ,i %all be well ent]ta9$2

 & d y1 ,timaeus1        (f] up a pray] 
& beg94'          ,,timaeus3 ,all m5 :o 
h any "r feel+1 at ! beg9n+ (        any
 ent]prise1 call ^u ! ,gods2 & he :o is 
ab\t to speak        ( ! orig9 ( !      
univ]se has a special ne$ ( _! aid4     
,may my words be acceptable to !m1 & may
 ,i speak 9 ! mann]        :i* w be mo/ 
intelligible to y & w be/ express my    
own mean+6          ,fir/1 ,i mu/       
di/+ui% betwe5 t :i* always is & nev]   
becomes & :i* is appreh5d$ by reason &  
reflection1 &        t :i* always       
becomes & nev] is & is conceiv$ by      
op9ion ) ! help ( s5se4 ,all t becomes &
 is creat$        is ! "w ( a cause1 & t
 is fair :i* ! artific]        makes    
aft] an et]nal patt]n1 b :atev] is      
fa%ion$ aft] a        creat$ patt]n is n
 fair4 ,is ! _w creat$ or               
uncreat$8--t is ! fir/ "q4 ,creat$1 ,i  
reply1 be+        visible & tangible &  
hav+ a body1 & !re=e s5sible2        &  
if s5sible1 !n creat$2 & if creat$1 made
 by a cause1        & ! cause is !      

ineffable fa!r ( all ?+s1 :o _h         
be=e him an et]nal ar*etype4 ,= to      
imag9e t !        ar*etype 0 creat$ w\ld
 be blasphemy1 see+ t ! _w        is !  
noble/ ( creations1 & ,god is ! be/ (   
causes4 ,&        ! _w be+ ?us creat$   
accord+ to ! et]nal patt]n is        !  
copy ( some?+2 & we may assume t words  
are ak9 to        ! matt] ( :i* !y      
speak4 ,:at is spok5 ( ! un*ang+        
or intelligible mu/ be c]ta9 & true2 b  
:at is spok5 (        ! creat$ image c  
only be probable2 be+ is to becom+ :at  
tru? is to belief4 ,& amid ! v>iety (   
op9ions :i* h        aris5 ab\t ,god & !
 nature ( ! _w we mu/ be cont5t         
to take probability = our rule1 consid]+
 t ,i1 :o am !        speak]1 & y1 :o   
are ! judges1 are only m52 to           
probability we may atta9 b no fur!r4    
,,socrates3 ,excell5t1 ,timaeus1 ,i l   
y\r mann] ( approa*+        !           
subject--proce$4          ,,timaeus3 ,:y
 did ! ,creator make ! _w8444,he 0 good1
 &        !re=e n jeal\s1 & be+ free f  

jeal\sy he desir$        t all ?+s %\ld 
be l himself4 ,:]e=e he set 9 ord]      
! visible _w1 :i* he f\nd 9 disord]4 ,n[
 he :o is !        be/ c\ld only create 
! faire/2 & reflect+ t (        visible 
?+s ! intellig5t is sup]ior to !        
un9tellig5t1        he put intellig5ce 9
 s\l & s\l 9 body1 & fram$ !            
univ]se to be ! be/ & faire/ "w 9 ! ord]
 ( nature1        & ! _w became a liv+  
s\l ?r\gh ! provid5ce ( ,god4           
,9 ! lik5ess ( :at animal 0 ! _w        
made8--t is !        ?ird "q444,! =m ( !
 p]fect animal 0 a :ole1 &              
conta9$ all intelligible be+s1 & !      
visible animal1 made        aft] !      
patt]n ( ?is1 includ$ all visible       
creatures4          ,are !re _m worlds  
or "o only8--t is ! f\r?        "q444,"o
 only4 ,= if 9 ! orig9al !re _h be5 m   
?an "o !y w\ld h be5 ! p>ts ( a ?ird1   
:i* w\ld        h be5 ! true patt]n ( ! 
_w2 & !re=e !re is1        & w ev] be1 b
 "o creat$ _w4 ,n[ t :i* is             
creat$ is ( necessity corporeal &       

visible &        tangible1--visible &   
!re=e made ( fire1--tangible &          
!re=e solid & made ( e>?4 ,b two t]ms   
mu/ be unit$        by a ?ird1 :i* is a 
mean betwe5 !m2 & _h ! e>? be5        a 
surface only1 "o mean w\ld h suffic$1 b 
two means are        requir$ to unite   
solid bodies4 ,& z ! _w 0 compos$ (     
solids1 betwe5 ! elem5ts ( fire & e>?   
,god plac$ two        o!r elem5ts ( air 
& wat]1 & arrang$ !m 9 a        cont9u\s
 proportion--                           
fire3air33air3wat]1 &                   
air3wat]33wat]3e>?1          & s put    
toge!r a visible & palpable heav51 hav+ 
h>mony        & fri5d%ip 9 ! union ( !  
f\r elem5ts2 & be+ at        unity )    
itself x 0 indissoluble except by ! h& (
 !        fram]4 ,ea* ( ! elem5ts 0 tak5
 into ! univ]se :ole        & entire2 = 
he consid]$ t ! animal %\ld be p]fect   
& "o1 leav+ no remnants out ( :i* ano!r 
animal c\ld be        creat$1 & %\ld    
also be free f old age & disease1 :i*   
are produc$ by ! action ( ext]nal =ces4 

,& z he 0 to        conta9 all ?+s1 he 0
 made 9 ! all-conta9+ =m ( a            
sph]e1 r\nd z f a la! & e way equidi/ant
 f !        c5tre1 z 0 natural &        
suitable to him4 ,he 0 f9i%$ &          
smoo?1 hav+ nei!r eyes nor e>s1 = !re 0 
no?+        )\t him :i* he c\ld see or  
he>2 & he _h no ne$ to        c>ry food 
to 8 m\?1 nor 0 !re air = him to brea!2 
& he did n require h&s1 = !re 0 no?+ (  
:i* he        c\ld take hold1 nor feet1 
) :i* to walk4 ,all t he did        0   
done rationally 9 & by himself1 & he    
mov$ 9 a circle        turn+ )9 himself1
 :i* is ! mo/ intellectual (            
motions2 b ! o!r six motions 7 want+ to 
him2 :]e=e        ! univ]se _h no feet  
or legs4          ,& s ! ?\ght ( ,god   
made a ,god 9 ! image ( a p]fect        
body1 hav+ int]c\rse ) himself & ne$+ no
 o!r1 b        9 e "p h>moni\s &        
self-conta9$ & truly bless$4        ,!  
s\l 0 fir/ made by him--! eld] to rule !
 y\ng]2 n        9 ! ord] 9 :i* our     
wayw>d fancy has l$ u to describe       

!m1 b ! s\l fir/ & aft]w>ds ! body4 ,god
 took ( !        un*angeable &          
indivisible & also ( ! divisible &      
corporeal1 & out ( ! two he made a ?ird 
nature1 ess5ce1        :i* 0 9 a mean   
betwe5 !m1 & p>took ( ! same & !        
o!r1 ! intractable nature ( ! o!r be+   
compress$ into        ! same4 ,hav+ made
 a comp\nd ( all ! ?ree1 he proce$$     
to divide ! entire mass into portions   
relat$ to "o ano!r 9        ! ratios (  
#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #i1 #h1 #bg1 & proce$$  
to fill up !        d\ble & triple      
int]vals ?us--      - ov] #a1 #d_/c1    
#c_/b1 - ov] #b1 #h_/c1 #c1 - ov] #d1   
#af_/c1 #f1  - ov] #h3    - ov] #a1     
#c_/b1 #b1   - ov] #c1 #i_/b1 #f1 - ov] 
#i1 #bg_/b1 #ah1 - ov] #bg2          9  
:i* d\ble s]ies ( numb]s are two k9ds ( 
means2 ! "o        exce$s & is exce$$ by
 equal p>ts ( ! extremes1 e4g4 #a1      
#d_/c1 #b2 ! o!r k9d ( mean is "o :i* is
 equidi/ant f        ! extremes--#b1 #d1
 #f4 ,9 ?is mann] !re 7 =m$ int]vals    
( ?irds1 #c3b1 ( f\r?s1 #d3c1 & ( n9?s1 

#i3h4 ,& next he        fill$ up !      
int]vals ( a f\r? ) n9?s1 leav+ a       
remnant :i* is 9 ! ratio ( #bef3bdc4 ,! 
entire comp\nd 0        divid$ by him   
l5g?ways into two p>ts1 :i* he unit$ at 
!        c5tre l ! lett] ,x1 & b5t into 
an inn] & out] circle        or sph]e1  
cutt+ "o ano!r aga9 at a po9t ov] aga9/ 
!        po9t at :i* !y cross4 ,! out]  
circle or sph]e 0 nam$        ! sph]e ( 
! same--! inn]1 ! sph]e ( ! o!r or      
div]se2 & ! "o revolv$ horizontally to !
 "r1 !        o!r diagonally to ! left4 
,to ! sph]e ( ! same :i* 0              
undivid$ he gave dom9ion1 b ! sph]e ( ! 
o!r or        div]se 0 di/ribut$ into   
sev5 unequal orbits1 hav+               
int]vals 9 ratios ( twos & ?rees1 ?ree (
 ei!r sort1 &        he bade ! orbits   
move 9 opposite directions to "o        
ano!r--?ree ( !m1 ! ,sun1 ,m]cury1      
,v5us1 ) equal        swiftness1 & !    
rema9+ f\r--! ,moon1 ,saturn1 ,m>s1     
,jupit]1 ) unequal swiftness to ! ?ree &
 to "o ano!r1        b all 9 due        

proportion4          ,:5 ! ,creator _h  
made ! s\l he made ! body )9 h]2        
& ! s\l int]fus$ ev]y:]e f ! c5tre to ! 
circumf]5ce ( heav51 h]self turn+ 9     
h]self1 began a        div9e life (     
rational & ev]la/+ motion4 ,! body (    
heav5 is visible1 b ! s\l is invisible1 
& p>takes (        reason & h>mony1 & is
 ! be/ ( creations1 be+ ! "w        ( ! 
be/4 ,& be+ compos$ ( ! same1 ! o!r1 & !
        ess5ce1 ^! ?ree1 & also divid$ &
 b\nd 9 h>monical        proportion1 &  
revolv+ )9 h]self--! s\l :5 t\*+        
any?+ :i* has ess5ce1 :e!r divid$ or    
undivid$1 is        /irr$ to utt] !     
sam5ess or div]sity ( t & "s o!r        
?+1 & to tell h[ & :5 & :]e individuals 
are        affect$ or relat$1 :e!r 9 !  
_w ( *ange or (        ess5ce4 ,:5      
reason is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( s5se1 & !  
circle ( ! o!r or div]se is mov+ truly1 
!n arise true        op9ions & beliefs2 
:5 reason is 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1        &
 ! circle ( ! same runs smoo?ly1 !n     
intellig5ce is        p]fect$4          

,:5 ! ,fa!r :o begat ! _w saw ! image   
:i* he _h        made ( ! ,et]nal ,gods 
mov+ & liv+1 he rejoic$2 & 9        8   
joy resolv$1 s9ce ! ar*etype 0 et]nal1  
to make !        creature et]nal z f> z 
?is 0 possible4 ,:]e=e he made        an
 image ( et]nity :i* is "t1 hav+ an     
uni=m motion        accord+ to numb]1   
p>t$ into mon?s & days & ye>s1 &        
also hav+ great] divisions ( pa/1       
pres5t1 & future4 ,^!        all apply  
to becom+ 9 "t1 & h no mean+ 9 relation 
to        ! et]nal nature1 :i* ev] is & 
nev] 0 or w be2 =        ! un*angeable  
is nev] old] or y\ng]1 & :5 we say t    
he #80' or #8w be1' we are mi/ak51 = ^! 
words are        applicable only to     
becom+1 & n to true be+2 & equally      
wrong are we 9 say+ t :at has become    
,,is become & t        :at becomes ,,is 
becom+1 & t ! non-exi/5t ,,is           
non-exi/5t444,^! are ! =ms ( "t :i*     
imitate et]nity        & move 9 a circle
 measur$ by numb]4          ,?us 0 "t   
made 9 ! image ( ! et]nal nature2 & x 0 

creat$ toge!r ) ! heav5s1 9 ord] t if !y
 7        dissolv$1 x might p]i% ) !m4  
,& ,god made ! sun &        moon & five 
o!r w&]]s1 z !y are call$1 sev5 9 all1  
& to ea* ( !m he gave a body mov+ 9 an  
orbit1 be+ "o        ( ! sev5 orbits    
into :i* ! circle ( ! o!r 0             
divid$4 ,he put ! moon 9 ! orbit :i* 0  
ne>e/ to !        e>?1 ! sun 9 t next1 !
 morn+ /> & ,m]cury 9 !        orbits   
:i* move opposite to ! sun b ) equal    
swiftness--?is be+ ! reason :y !y       
ov]take & are        ov]tak5 by "o      
ano!r4 ,all ^! bodies became liv+       
creatures1 & le>nt _! appo9t$ tasks1 &  
began to move1        ! ne>] m swiftly1 
! remot] m sl[ly1 accord+ to        !   
diagonal movem5t ( ! o!r4 ,& s9ce ?is 0 
controll$        by ! movem5t ( ! same1 
! sev5 planets 9 _! c\rses        appe>$
 to describe spirals2 & t appe>$ fa/e/  
:i* 0        sl[e/1 & t :i* ov]took o!rs
 appe>$ to be ov]tak5        by !m4 ,&  
,god light$ a fire 9 ! second orbit f ! 
e>? :i* is call$ ! sun1 to give light   

ov] ! :ole        heav51 & to tea*      
intellig5t be+s t k ( numb]        :i*  
is d]iv$ f ! revolution ( ! same4 ,?us  
arose day        & night1 :i* are !     
p]iods ( ! mo/ intellig5t nature2       
a mon? is creat$ by ! revolution ( !    
moon1 a ye> by t        ( ! sun4 ,o!r   
p]iods ( wond]ful l5g? & complexity are 
n obs]v$ by m5 9 g5]al2 !re is moreov] a
 cycle or        p]fect ye> at !        
completion ( :i* !y all meet &          
co9cide444,to ?is end ! />s came into   
be+1 t !        creat$ heav5 might      
imitate ! et]nal nature4          ,?us  
f> ! univ]sal animal 0 made 9 ! div9e   
image1 b        ! o!r animals 7 n z yet 
includ$ 9 him4 ,& ,god        creat$ !m 
accord+ to ! patt]ns or species ( !m :i*
        exi/$ 9 ! div9e orig9al4 ,!re   
are f\r ( !m3 "o (        gods1 ano!r ( 
birds1 a ?ird ( fi%es1 & a f\r? (       
animals4 ,! gods 7 made 9 ! =m ( a      
circle1 :i* is !        mo/ p]fect      
figure & ! figure ( ! univ]se4 ,!y 7    
creat$ *iefly ( fire1 t !y might be     

bright1 & 7 made        to "k & foll[ ! 
be/1 & to be scatt]$ ov] !              
heav5s1 ( :i* !y 7 to be ! glory4 ,two  
k9ds ( motion        7 assign$ to       
!m--fir/1 ! revolution 9 ! same &       
ar\nd ! same1 9 peaceful un*ang+ ?\ght (
 ! same2 &        to ?is 0 add$ a =w>d  
motion :i* 0 "u ! control (        !    
same4 ,?us !n ! fix$ />s 7 creat$1 be+  
div9e        & et]nal animals1 revolv+  
on ! same spot1 & !        w&]+ />s1 9  
_! c\rses1 7 creat$ 9 ! mann]           
already describ$4 ,! e>?1 :i* is our    
nurse1 cl++ ar\nd        ! pole ext5d$  
?r\gh ! univ]se1 he made to be !        
gu>dian & artific] ( night & day1 fir/ &
 elde/ ( gods        t are 9 ! int]ior (
 heav54 ,va9 w\ld be ! lab\r (          
tell+ all ! figures ( !m1 mov+ z 9      
dance1 & _!        juxta-positions &    
approximations1 & :5 & :]e & beh9d      
:at o!r />s !y appe> to disappe>--to    
tell ( all ?is        )\t look+ at a    
plan ( !m w\ld be lab\r 9 va94          
,! k ( ! o!r gods is beyond u1 & we c   

only        accept ! traditions ( !     
anci5ts1 :o 7 ! *ildr5 (        ! gods1 
z !y said2 = surely !y mu/ h kn[n _! own
        ance/ors4 ,al?\gh !y give no    
pro(1 we mu/ believe !m z        is     
cu/om>y4 ,!y tell u t ,oceanus & ,te?ys 
7 !        *ildr5 ( ,e>? & ,heav52 t    
,phoreys1 ,cronos1 & ,rhea came        9
 ! next g5]ation1 & 7 foll[$ by ,zeus & 
,"h1 ^:        bro!rs & *ildr5 are kn[n 
to ev]ybody4          ,:5 all ( !m1 bo? 
^? :o %[ !mselves 9 ! sky1 &        ^?  
:o retire f view1 _h come into be+1 !   
,creator        address$ !m             
?us3--#8,gods1 sons ( gods1 my works1 if
 ,i w1        are indissoluble4 ,t :i*  
is b\nd may be dissolv$1 b only         
an evil be+ w\ld dissolve t :i* is      
h>moni\s & happy4        ,& al?\gh y are
 n immortal y %all n die1 = ,i w        
hold y toge!r4 ,he> me1 !n3--,?ree      
tribes ( mortal be+s        h /ill to be
 creat$1 b if creat$ by me !y w\ld be l 
gods4 ,d ye !re=e make !m2 ,i w implant 
9 !m ! se$        ( immortality1 & y    

%all weave toge!r ! mortal &            
immortal1 & provide food = !m1 & receive
 !m aga9 9        dea?4' ,?us he spake1 
& p\r$ ! rema9s ( ! elem5ts        into 
! cup 9 :i* he _h m+l$ ! s\l ( !        
univ]se4        ,!y 7 no long] pure z   
be=e1 b dilut$2 & ! mixture        he   
di/ribut$ into s\ls equal 9 numb] to !  
/>s1 &        assign$ ea* to a />--!n   
hav+ m\nt$ !m1 z 9 a        *>iot1 he   
%[$ !m ! nature ( ! univ]se1 & told !m  
( _! future bir? & human lot4 ,!y 7 to  
be s[n 9 !        planets1 & out ( !m 0 
to come =? ! mo/ religi\s (             
animals1 :i* w\ld h]eaft] be call$ man4 
,! s\ls 7 to        be implant$ 9       
bodies1 :i* 7 9 a p]petual flux1 :5ce1  
he said1 w\ld arise1 fir/1 s5sation2    
secondly1 love1 :i* is        a mixture 
( pleasure & pa92 ?irdly1 fe> & ang]1 & 
!        opposite affections3 & if !y   
conqu]$ ^!1 !y w\ld live                
righte\sly1 b if !y 7 conqu]$ by !m1    
unrighte\sly4        ,he :o liv$ well   
w\ld return to 8 native />1 & w\ld      

!re h a bless$ exi/5ce2 b1 if he liv$   
ill1 he w\ld        pass into ! nature (
 a woman1 & if he did n !n alt] 8       
evil ways1 into ! lik5ess ( "s animal1  
until ! reason        :i* 0 9 him       
reass]t$ h] sway ov] ! elem5ts ( fire1  
air1 e>?1 wat]1 :i* _h engross$ h]1 & he
 rega9$ 8        fir/ & bett] nature4   
,hav+ giv5 ?is law to 8 creatures1      
t he might be guiltless ( _! future     
evil1 he s[$ !m1        "s 9 ! e>?1 "s 9
 ! moon1 & "s 9 ! o!r        planets2 & 
he ord]$ ! y\ng] gods to frame human    
bodies        = !m & to make ! necess>y 
additions to !m1 & to        av]t f !m  
all b self-inflict$ evil4          ,hav+
 giv5 ^! comm&s1 ! ,creator rema9$ 9 8  
own        nature4 ,& 8 *ildr51 receiv+ 
f him ! immortal        pr9ciple1 borr[$
 f ! _w portions ( e>?1 air1 fire1      
wat]1 h]eaft] to be return$1 :i* !y     
fa/5$ toge!r1        n ) ! adamant9e    
bonds :i* b\nd !mselves1 b by           
little invisible pegs1 mak+ ea* sep>ate 
body out ( all !        elem5ts1 subject

 to influx & efflux1 & conta9+ !        
c\rses ( ! s\l4 ,^! swell+ & surg+ z 9 a
 riv]        mov$ irregul>ly &          
irrationally 9 all ! six possible ways1 
=w>ds1 backw>ds1 "r1 left1 up & d[n4 ,b 
viol5t z        7 ! int]nal & alim5t>y  
fluids1 ! tide became /ill        m     
viol5t :5 ! body came into contact )    
flam+ fire1        or ! solid e>?1 or   
glid+ wat]s1 or ! /ormy w9d2 !          
motions produc$ by ^! impulses pass     
?r\gh ! body to !        s\l & h ! "n ( 
s5sations4 ,unit+ ) !        ev]-fl[+   
curr5t1 !y %ake ! c\rses ( ! s\l1       
/opp+ ! revolution ( ! same & twi/+ 9   
all sorts (        ways ! nature ( !    
o!r1 & ! h>monical ratios ( twos        
& ?rees & ! mean t]ms :i* connect !m1   
until !        circles are b5t &        
disord]$ & _! motion becomes            
irregul>4 ,y may imag9e a position ( !  
body 9 :i* !        head is re/+ ^u !   
gr\nd1 & ! legs are 9 ! air1 &        ! 
top is bottom & ! left "r4 ,& some?+    
simil>        happ5s :5 ! disord]$      

motions ( ! s\l come into contact       
) any ext]nal ?+2 !y say ! same or ! o!r
 9 a        mann] :i* is ! v opposite ( 
! tru?1 & !y are        false & fooli%1 
& h no guid+ pr9ciple 9 !m4 ,&        :5
 ext]nal impressions ent] 91 !y are     
really conqu]$1        ?\gh !y seem to  
conqu]4          ,by reason ( ^!        
affections ! s\l is at fir/ )\t         
intellig5ce1 b z "t goes on ! /ream (   
nutrim5t abates1        & ! c\rses ( !  
s\l rega9 _! prop] motion1 &            
appreh5d ! same & ! o!r rightly1 &      
become rational4        ,! s\l ( him :o 
has education is :ole & p]fect &        
escapes ! wor/ disease1 b1 if a man's   
education be        neglect$1 he walks  
lamely ?r\gh life & returns good =      
no?+ to ! _w bel[4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an   
aft]-/age--at        pres5t1 we are only
 conc]n$ ) ! creation ( ! body &        
s\l4          ,! two div9e c\rses 7     
encas$ by ! gods 9 a sph]e :i*        is
 call$ ! head1 & is ! god & "l ( u4 ,&  
to ?is        !y gave ! body to be a    

vehicle1 & ! memb]s to be               
in/rum5ts1 hav+ ! p[] ( flexion &       
ext5sion4 ,su* 0        ! orig9 ( legs &
 arms4 ,9 ! next place1 ! gods gave a   
=w>d motion to ! human body1 because !  
front "p ( man        0 ! m hon\rable & 
_h au?ority4 ,& !y put 9 a face        9
 :i* !y ins]t$ organs to m9i/] 9 all ?+s
 to !        provid5ce ( ! s\l4 ,!y fir/
 contriv$ ! eyes1 into :i*        !y    
convey$ a light ak9 to ! light ( day1   
mak+ x fl[        ?r\gh ! pupils4 ,:5 ! 
light ( ! eye is surr\nd$ by        !   
light ( day1 !n l falls ^u l1 & !y unite
 &        =m "o body :i* conveys to !   
s\l ! motions ( visible        objects4 
,b :5 ! visual ray goes =? into !       
d>kness1        !n unlike falls ^u      
unlike--! eye no long] sees1 & we g     
to sleep4 ,! fire or light1 :5 kept 9 by
 ! eyelids1        equalizes ! inw>d    
motions1 & !re is re/ accompani$ by     
few dreams2 only :5 ! great] motions    
rema9 !y eng5d] 9        u correspond+  
visions ( ! night4 ,& n[ we %all be able

        to und]/& ! nature ( reflections
 9 mirrors4 ,! fires        f )9 & f )\t
 meet ab\t ! smoo? & bright             
surface ( ! mirror2 & because !y meet 9 
a mann] contr>y        to ! usual mode1 
! "r & left sides ( ! object are        
transpos$4 ,9 a concave mirror ! top &  
bottom are inv]t$1        b ?is is no   
transposition4          ,^! are ! second
 causes :i* ,god us$ z 8 m9i/]s 9       
fa%ion+ ! _w4 ,!y are ?\ght by _m to be 
! prime        causes1 b !y are n s2 =  
!y are de/itute ( m9d &        reason1 &
 ! lov] ( m9d w n all[ t !re are any    
prime causes o!r ?an ! rational &       
invisible ones--^! he        inve/igates
 fir/1 & aft]w>ds ! causes ( ?+s :i* are
        mov$ by o!rs1 & :i* "w by *ance 
& )\t ord]4 ,(        ! second or       
concurr5t causes ( sight ,i h already   
spok51        & ,i w n[ speak ( ! high] 
purpose ( ,god 9 giv+ u        eyes4    
,sight is ! s\rce ( ! greate/ b5efits to
 u2 = if        our eyes _h nev] se5 !  
sun1 />s1 & heav5s1 ! words        :i*  

we h spok5 w\ld n h be5 utt]$4 ,! sight 
(        !m & _! revolutions has giv5 u 
! k ( numb]        & "t1 ! p[] (        
enquiry1 & philosophy1 :i* is !         
great bless+ ( human life2 n to speak ( 
! less] b5efits        :i* ev5 ! vulg> c
 appreciate4 ,god gave u ! faculty (    
sight t we might behold ! ord] ( !      
heav5s & create a        correspond+    
ord] 9 our own err+ m9ds4 ,to ! l end ! 
gifts ( spee* & he>+ 7 be/[$ ^u u2 n = !
        sake ( irrational pleasure1 b 9 
ord] t we might h>monize        ! c\rses
 ( ! s\l by sympa?y ) ! h>mony ( s\nd1  
& cure ourselves ( our irregul> &       
graceless ways4          ,?us f> we h   
spok5 ( ! works ( m9d2 & !re are o!r    
works done f necessity1 :i* we mu/ n[   
place beside !m2        = ! creation is 
made up ( bo?1 m9d p]suad+ necessity z  
f> z possible to "w out good4 ,be=e !   
heav5s !re        exi/$ fire1 air1 wat]1
 e>?1 :i* we suppose m5 to "k1          
?\gh no "o has expla9$ _! nature1 & we  
errone\sly        ma9ta9 !m to be !     

lett]s or elem5ts ( ! :ole1             
al?\gh !y _c reasonably be comp>$ ev5 to
 syllables or        fir/ comp\nds4 ,i  
am n n[ speak+ ( ! fir/ pr9ciples (     
?+s1 because ,i _c discov] !m by our    
pres5t mode (        enquiry4 ,b z ,i   
obs]v$ ! rule ( probability at fir/1 ,i 
w beg9 anew1 seek+ by ! grace ( ,god to 
obs]ve x /ill4          ,9 our =m]      
discussion ,i di/+ui%$ two k9ds ( be+--!
        un*ang+ or invisible1 & !       
visible or *ang+4 ,b n[ a        ?ird   
k9d is requir$1 :i* ,i %all call !      
receptacle or        nurse ( g5]ation4  
,!re is a difficulty 9 arriv+ at an     
exact notion ( ?is ?ird k9d1 because !  
f\r elem5ts        !mselves are (       
inexact natures & easily pass into "o   
ano!r1 & are too transi5t to be deta9$  
by any "o "n2        :]e=e we are       
compell$ to speak ( wat] or fire1 n z   
sub/ances1 b z qualities4 ,!y may be    
comp>$ to images made        ( gold1 :i*
 are cont9ually assum+ new =ms4         
,somebody asks        :at !y are2 if y d

 n "k1 ! safe/ answ] is to reply        
t !y are gold4 ,9 l mann] !re is a      
univ]sal nature        out ( :i* all ?+s
 are made1 & :i* is l none ( !m2        
b !y ent] into & pass out ( h]1 & are   
made aft]        patt]ns ( ! true 9 a   
wond]ful & inexplicable mann]4 ,!       
conta9+ pr9ciple may be lik5$ to a "m1 !
 s\rce or        spr+ to a fa!r1 !      
int]m$iate nature to a *ild2 & we       
may also rem>k t ! matt] :i* receives e 
v>iety (        =m mu/ be =mless1 l !   
inodor\s liquids :i* are        prep>$  
to receive sc5ts1 or ! smoo? & s(t      
mat]ials on        :i* figures are      
impress$4 ,9 ! same way space or matt]  
is        nei!r e>? nor fire nor air nor
 wat]1 b an invisible &        =mless   
be+ :i* receives all ?+s1 & 9 an        
incompreh5sible mann] p>takes ( !       
intelligible4 ,b we may        say1     
speak+ g5]ally1 t fire is t "p ( ?is    
nature        :i* is inflam$1 wat] t :i*
 is moi/5$1 & ! l4          ,let me ask 
a "q 9 :i* a great pr9ciple is involv$3 

,is        !re an ess5ce ( fire & ! o!r 
elem5ts1 or are !re        only fires   
visible to s5se8 ,i answ] 9 a ^w3 ,if   
m9d is "o        ?+ & true op9ion ano!r1
 !n !re are self-exi/5t        ess5ces2 
b if m9d is ! same ) op9ion1 !n !       
visible        & corporeal is mo/ real4 
,b !y are n ! same1 & !y        h a     
diff]5t orig9 & nature4 ,! "o comes to u
 by        in/ruction1 ! o!r by         
p]suasion1 ! "o is rational1 !          
o!r is irrational2 ! "o is movable by   
p]suasion1 ! o!r        immovable2 ! "o 
is possess$ by e man1 ! o!r by !        
gods & by v few m54 ,& we mu/ ackn[l$ge 
t z !re        are two k9ds ( k1 s !re  
are two k9ds ( be+        correspond+ to
 !m2 ! "o uncreat$1 inde/ructible1      
immovable1 :i* is se5 by intellig5ce    
only2 ! o!r creat$1        :i* is always
 becom+ 9 place & vani%+ out ( place1 & 
is appreh5d$ by op9ion & s5se4 ,!re is  
also a ?ird        nature--t ( space1   
:i* is inde/ructible1 & is p]ceiv$      
by a k9d ( spuri\s reason )\t ! help (  

s5se4 ,?is is        pres5t$ to u 9 a   
dreamy mann]1 & yet is said to be       
necess>y1 = we say t all ?+s mu/ be     
some:]e 9 space4        ,= !y are !     
images ( o!r ?+s & mu/ !re=e h a        
sep>ate exi/5ce & exi/ 9 some?+ 7i4e4 9 
space74 ,b        true reason assures u 
t :ile two ?+s 7i4e4 ! idea &        !  
image7 are diff]5t !y _c inh]e 9 "o     
ano!r1 s z        to be "o & two at !   
same "t4          ,to sum up3 ,be+ &    
g5]ation & space1 ^! ?ree1 exi/$        
be=e ! heav5s1 & ! nurse or vessel (    
g5]ation1        moi/5$ by wat] &       
inflam$ by fire1 & tak+ ! =ms (         
air & e>?1 assum$ v>i\s %apes4 ,by !    
motion ( !        vessel1 ! elem5ts 7   
divid$1 & l gra9 w9n[$ by        fans1 !
 close & heavy p>ticles settl$ 9 "o     
place1 !        light & airy ones 9     
ano!r4 ,at fir/ !y 7 )\t reason        &
 measure1 & _h only c]ta9 fa9t traces ( 
!mselves1        until ,god fa%ion$ !m  
by figure & numb]4 ,9 ?is1 z 9        e 
o!r "p ( creation1 ,i suppose ,god to h 

made ?+s1        z f> z 0 possible1 fair
 & good1 out ( ?+s n fair &        good4
          ,& n[ ,i w expla9 to y !      
g5]ation ( ! _w by a        me?od ) :i* 
y\r sci5tific tra9+ w h made y          
famili>4 ,fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat] are    
bodies & !re=e        solids1 & solids  
are conta9$ 9 planes1 & plane rectil9e> 
figures are made up ( triangles4 ,(     
triangles !re are two        k9ds2 "o   
hav+ ! opposite sides equal 7isosceles71
 ! o!r        ) unequal sides 7scal5e74 
,^! we may fairly assume to be        ! 
orig9al elem5ts ( fire & ! o!r bodies2  
:at        pr9ciples are prior to ^!    
,god only kn[s1 & he ( m5 :om           
,god loves4 ,next1 we mu/ det]m9e :at   
are ! f\r mo/        beautiful figures  
:i* are unlike "o ano!r & yet sometimes 
capable ( resolution into "o ano!r444,( 
! two k9ds (        triangles !         
equal-sid$ has b "o =m1 ! unequal-sid$  
has        an inf9ite v>iety ( =ms2 &   
!re is none m beautiful        ?an t :i*
 =ms ! half ( an equilat]al triangle4   

,let u        !n *oose two triangles2   
"o1 ! isosceles1 ! o!r1 t        =m (   
scal5e :i* has ! squ>e ( ! long] side   
?ree        times z great z ! squ>e ( ! 
less] side2 & affirm t1        out ( ^!1
 fire & ! o!r elem5ts h be5 con/ruct$4  
,i 0 wrong 9 imag9+ t all ! f\r elem5ts 
c\ld be        g5]at$ into & out ( "o   
ano!r4 ,= z !y are =m$1        ?ree ( !m
 f ! triangle :i* has ! sides unequal1 !
        f\r? f ! triangle :i* has equal 
sides1 ?ree c be        resolv$ into "o 
ano!r1 b ! f\r? _c be resolv$ into      
!m nor !y into x4 ,s mu* = _! passage   
into "o        ano!r3 ,i mu/ n[ speak ( 
_! con/ruction4 ,f !        triangle (  
:i* ! hypot5use is twice ! less] side ! 
?ree fir/ regul> solids are =m$--fir/1 !
 equilat]al        pyramid or           
tetrah$ron2 secondly1 ! octah$ron2      
?irdly1 !        icosah$ron2 & f !      
isosceles triangle is =m$ ! cube4       
,& !re is a fif? figure 7:i* is made out
 ( twelve        p5tagons71 !           
dodecah$ron--?is ,god us$ z a model = ! 

twelvefold division ( ! ,zodiac4        
,let u n[ assign ! geometrical =ms to _!
 respective        elem5ts4 ,! cube is !
 mo/ /able ( !m because re/+ on        a
 quadrangul> plane surface1 & compos$ ( 
isosceles        triangles4 ,to ! e>?   
!n1 :i* is ! mo/ /able ( bodies        &
 ! mo/ easily modell$ ( !m1 may be      
assign$ ! =m (        a cube2 & ! rema9+
 =ms to ! o!r elem5ts1--to fire        !
 pyramid1 to air ! octah$ron1 & to wat] 
!        icosah$ron1--accord+ to _!     
degrees ( lightness or heav9ess         
or p[]1 or want ( p[]1 ( p5etration4 ,! 
s+le p>ticles        ( any ( ! elem5ts  
are n se5 by reason ( _! smallness2     
!y only become visible :5 collect$4 ,!  
ratios ( _!        motions1 numb]s1 &   
o!r prop]ties1 are ord]$ by ! ,god1     
:o h>moniz$ !m z f> z necessity p]mitt$4
          ,! probable conclusion is z   
foll[s3--,e>?1 :5 dissolv$ by        ! m
 p5etrat+ elem5t ( fire1 :e!r act+      
imm$iately        or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( air
 or wat]1 is decompos$ b n              

trans=m$4 ,wat]1 :5 divid$ by fire or   
air1 becomes "o "p        fire1 & two   
p>ts air4 ,a volume ( air divid$ becomes
 two (        fire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5    
cond5s$1 two volumes ( fire make        
a volume ( air2 & two & a half p>ts (   
air cond5se into        "o ( wat]4 ,any 
elem5t :i* is fa/5$ ^u by fire is cut   
by ! %>pness ( ! triangles1 until at    
l5g?1 coalesc+        ) ! fire1 x is at 
re/2 = simil>s are n affect$ by         
simil>s4 ,:5 two k9ds ( bodies qu>rel ) 
"o ano!r1 !n        ! t5d5cy to         
decomposition cont9ues until ! small]   
ei!r        escapes to its k9dr$ elem5t 
or becomes "o ) its conqu]or4        ,& 
?is t5d5cy 9 bodies to cond5se or escape
 is a s\rce (        motion444,:]e !re  
is motion !re mu/ be a mov]1 & :]e      
!re is a mov] !re mu/ be some?+ to move4
 ,^! _c        exi/ 9 :at is uni=m1 &   
!re=e motion is due to want (           
uni=mity4 ,b !n :y1 :5 ?+s are divid$   
aft] _!        k9ds1 d !y n cease f     
motion8 ,! answ] is1 t !        circul> 

motion ( all ?+s compresses !m1 & z     
#8nature        abhors a vacuum1' ! f9] 
& m subtle p>ticles ( !        light]   
elem5ts1 su* z fire & air1 are ?ru/ into
 !        int]/ices ( ! l>g]1 ea* ( !m  
p5etrat+ accord+ to        _! r>ity1 &  
?us all ! elem5ts are on _! way up &    
d[n ev]y:]e & always into _! own places4
 ,h5ce !re is        a pr9ciple (       
inequality1 & !re=e ( motion1 9 all "t4 
,9 ! next place1 we may obs]ve t !re are
 diff]5t k9ds        ( fire--7#a7 flame1
 7#b7 light t burns n1 7#c7 ! r$ heat ( 
! emb]s ( fire4 ,& !re are v>ieties (   
air1 z =        example1 ! pure ae!r1 ! 
opaque mi/1 & o!r nameless        =ms4  
,wat]1 aga91 is ( two k9ds1 liquid &    
fusile4 ,!        liquid is compos$ (   
small & unequal p>ticles1 ! fusile (    
l>ge & uni=m p>ticles & is m solid1 b   
nev]!less        melts at ! approa* (   
fire1 & !n spreads ^u ! e>?4        ,:5 
! sub/ance cools1 ! fire passes into !  
air1 :i* is        displac$1 & =ces     
toge!r & cond5ses ! liquid mass4        

,?is process is call$ cool+ &           
congealm5t4 ,( ! fusile        k9ds !   
faire/ & heavie/ is gold2 ?is is h>d5$  
by        filtration ?r\gh rock1 & is ( 
a bright yell[ col\r4 ,a        %oot (  
gold :i* is d>k] & d5s] ?an ! re/ is    
call$        adamant4 ,ano!r k9d is     
call$ copp]1 :i* is h>d] & yet          
light] because ! int]/ices are l>g] ?an 
9 gold4 ,!re is        m+l$ ) x a f9e & 
small portion ( e>? :i* comes out       
9 ! =m ( ru/4 ,^! are a few ( !         
conjectures :i*        philosophy =ms1  
:51 leav+ ! et]nal nature1 %e turns =   
innoc5t recreation to consid] ! tru?s ( 
g5]ation4          ,wat] :i* is m+l$ )  
fire is call$ liquid because x          
rolls ^u ! e>?1 & s(t because its bases 
give way4 ,?is        becomes m equable 
:5 sep>at$ f fire & air1 & !n           
congeals into hail or ice1 or ! loos]   
=ms ( ho> fro/ or        sn[4 ,!re are  
o!r wat]s :i* are call$ juices & are    
di/ill$ ?r\gh plants4 ,( ^! we may      
m5tion1 fir/1 w9e1        :i* w>ms ! s\l

 z well z ! body2 secondly1 oily        
sub/ances1 z = example1 oil or pit*2    
?irdly1 honey1 :i*        relaxes !     
contract$ p>ts ( ! m\? & s produces     
sweetness2 f\r?ly1 vegetable acid1 :i*  
is fro?y & has a        burn+ quality & 
dissolves ! fle%4 ,( ! k9ds ( e>?1      
t :i* is filt]$ ?r\gh wat] passes into  
/one2 ! wat]        is brok5 up by ! e>?
 & escapes 9 ! =m ( air--?is 9          
turn presses ^u ! mass ( e>?1 & ! e>?1  
compress$        into an indissoluble   
union ) ! rema9+ wat]1 becomes          
rock4 ,rock1 :5 x is made up ( equal    
p>ticles1 is fair &        transp>5t1 b 
! rev]se :5 ( unequal4 ,e>? is conv]t$  
into pott]y :5 ! wat]y "p is sudd5ly    
drawn away2 or if        moi/ure rema9s1
 ! e>?1 :5 fus$ by fire1 becomes1 on    
cool+1 a /one ( a black col\r4 ,:5 ! e>?
 is f9] &        ( a br9y nature !n two 
half-solid bodies are =m$ by            
sep>at+ ! wat]1--soda & salt4 ,! /rong  
comp\nds (        e>? & wat] are n      
soluble by wat]1 b only by fire4 ,e>?   

itself1 :5 n consolidat$1 is dissolv$ by
 wat]2 :5        consolidat$1 by fire   
only4 ,! cohesion ( wat]1 :5 /rong1     
is dissolv$ by fire only2 :5 weak1 ei!r 
by air or fire1 !        =m] ent]+ !    
int]/ices1 ! latt] p5etrat+ ev5 !       
triangles4 ,air :5 /rongly cond5s$ is   
indissoluble by any        p[] :i* does 
n rea* ! triangles1 & ev5 :5 n          
/rongly cond5s$ is only resolv$ by fire4
 ,comp\nds ( e>?        & wat] are      
unaffect$ by wat] :ile ! wat] occupies !
        int]/ices 9 !m1 b beg9 to       
liquefy :5 fire ent]s into        !     
int]/ices ( ! wat]4 ,!y are ( two k9ds1 
"s (        !m1 l glass1 hav+ m e>?1    
o!rs1 l wax1 hav+        m wat] 9 !m4   
,hav+ consid]$ objects ( s5se1 we n[    
pass on to s5sation4        ,b we _c    
expla9 s5sation )\t expla9+ ! nature (  
fle% & ( ! mortal s\l2 & z we _c treat (
 bo?        toge!r1 9 ord] t we may     
proce$ at once to ! s5sations        we 
mu/ assume ! exi/5ce ( body & s\l4      
,:at makes fire burn8 ,! f95ess ( !     

sides1 ! %>pness (        ! angles1 !   
smallness ( ! p>ticles1 ! quickness ( ! 
motion4 ,moreov]1 ! pyramid1 :i* is !   
figure ( fire1 is        m cutt+ ?an any
 o!r4 ,! feel+ ( cold is produc$ by     
! l>g] p>ticles ( moi/ure outside ! body
 try+ to eject        ! small] ones 9 ! 
body :i* !y compress4 ,! /ruggle        
:i* arises betwe5 elem5ts ?us           
unnaturally br\ght toge!r        causes 
%iv]+4 ,t is h>d to :i* ! fle% yields1 &
        s(t :i* yields to ! fle%1 & ^!  
two t]ms are also        relative to "o 
ano!r4 ,! yield+ matt] is t :i* has     
! sl5d]e/ base1 :]eas t :i* has a       
rectangul> base is        compact &     
repell5t4 ,light & heavy are wrongly    
expla9$ )        ref]5ce to a l[] &     
high] 9 place4 ,= 9 ! univ]se1          
:i* is a sph]e1 !re is no opposition (  
above or bel[1 &        t :i* is to u   
above w\ld be bel[ to a man /&+ at !    
antipodes4 ,! great] or less difficulty 
9 deta*+ any        elem5t f its l is ! 
real cause ( heav9ess or (              

lightness4 ,if y draw ! e>? into !      
dissimil> air1 !        p>ticles ( e>?  
cl+ to _! native elem5t1 & y m          
easily deta* a small portion ?an a l>ge4
 ,!re w\ld be !        same difficulty 9
 mov+ any ( ! upp] elem5ts t[>ds !      
l[]4 ,! smoo? & ! r\gh are sev]ally     
produc$ by !        union ( ev5ness )   
compactness1 & ( h>dness )              
inequality4          ,pleasure & pa9 are
 ! mo/ important ( ! affections common  
to ! :ole body4 ,accord+ to our g5]al   
doctr9e (        s5sation1 p>ts ( ! body
 :i* are easily mov$ readily            
transmit ! motion to ! m9d2 b p>ts :i*  
are n easily        mov$ h no effect ^u 
! pati5t4 ,! bones & hair are (        !
 latt] k9d1 sight & he>+ ( ! =m]4       
,ord9>y        affections are nei!r     
pleasant nor pa9ful4 ,! impressions (   
sight af=d an example ( ^!1 & are nei!r 
viol5t nor        sudd54 ,b sudd5       
repl5i%m5ts ( ! body cause pleasure1 &  
sudd5 di/urbances1 z = example cutt+s & 
burn+s1 h        ! opposite effect4     

,f s5sations common to ! :ole body1 we  
proce$ to ^? (        p>ticul> p>ts4 ,! 
affections ( ! tongue appe> to be       
caus$ by contraction & dilation1 b !y h 
m (        r\ghness or smoo?ness ?an is 
f\nd 9 o!r affections4 ,e>?y            
p>ticles1 ent]+ into ! small ve9s ( !   
tongue :i*        rea* to ! he>t1 :5 !y 
melt into & dry up ! little        ve9s 
are a/r+5t if !y are r\gh2 or if n s    
r\gh1 !y        are only h>%1 & if      
excessively ab/]g5t1 l pota% &          
soda1 bitt]4 ,purgatives ( a weak] sort 
are call$ salt &1        hav+ no        
bitt]ness1 are r agreeable4             
,inflammatory bodies1        :i* by _!  
lightness are c>ri$ up into ! head1     
cutt+        all t comes 9 _! way1 are  
t]m$ pung5t4 ,b :5 ^!        are ref9$  
by putrefaction1 & ent] ! n>r[ ve9s ( ! 
tongue1 & meet !re p>ticles ( e>? & air1
 two k9ds (        globules are =m$--"o 
( e>?y & impure liquid1 :i* boils       
& f]m5ts1 ! o!r ( pure & transp>5t wat]1
 :i* are        call$ bubbles2 ( all ^! 

affections ! cause is t]m$ acid4        
,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! composition ( !     
deliquesc5t        p>ticles is cong5ial 
to ! tongue1 & disposes ! p>ts          
accord+ to _! nature1 ?is rem$ial p[] 9 
!m is call$        sweet4               
,smells are n divid$ into k9ds2 all ( !m
 are transitional1        & arise out ( 
! decomposition ( "o elem5t into ano!r1 
= ! simple air or wat] is )\t smell4 ,!y
 are vap\rs or        mi/s1 ?9n] ?an    
wat] & ?ick] ?an air3 & h5ce 9          
draw+ 9 ! brea?1 :5 !re is an           
ob/ruction1 ! air        passes1 b !re  
is no smell4 ,!y h no names1 b are      
di/+ui%$ z pleasant & unpleasant1 & _!  
influ5ce        ext5ds ov] ! :ole region
 f ! head to ! navel4          ,he>+ is 
! effect ( a /roke :i* is transmitt$    
?r\gh        ! e>s by means ( ! air1    
bra91 & blood to ! s\l1        beg9n+ at
 ! head & ext5d+ to ! liv]4 ,! s\nd :i* 
moves swiftly is acute2 t :i* moves     
sl[ly is grave2 t        :i* is uni=m is
 smoo?1 & ! opposite is h>%4 ,l\dness   

dep5ds on ! quantity ( ! s\nd4 ,( !     
h>mony ( s\nds ,i        w h]eaft]      
speak4          ,col\rs are flames :i*  
emanate f all bodies1 hav+              
p>ticles correspond+ to ! s5se ( sight4 
,"s ( !        p>ticles are less & "s   
l>g]1 & "s are equal to !        p>ts ( 
! sight4 ,! equal p>ticles appe>        
transp>5t2 !        l>g] contract1 & !  
less] dilate ! sight4 ,:ite is          
produc$ by ! dilation1 black by !       
contraction1 ( !        p>ticles (      
sight4 ,!re is also a swift] motion (   
ano!r        sort ( fire :i* =ces a way 
?r\gh ! passages ( ! eyes1        &     
elicits f !m a union ( fire & wat] :i*  
we call        te>s4 ,! inn] fire fla%es
 =?1 & ! out] f9ds a way 9        & is  
ext+ui%$ 9 ! moi/ure1 & all sorts (     
col\rs are        g5]at$ by ! mixture4  
,?is affection is t]m$ by u             
dazzl+1 & ! object :i* produces x is    
call$ bright4        ,!re is yet ano!r  
sort ( fire :i* m+les ) ! moi/ure       
( ! eye )\t fla%+1 & produces a col\r l 

blood--to        ?is we give ! "n ( r$4 
,a bright elem5t m+l+ ) r$        & :ite
 produces a col\r :i* we call auburn4 ,!
 law (        proportion1 h[ev]1 accord+
 to :i* comp\nd col\rs are        =m$1  
_c be det]m9$ sci5tifically or ev5      
probably4        ,r$1 :5 m+l$ ) black & 
:ite1 gives a purple hue1 :i*           
becomes umb] :5 ! col\rs are burnt & !re
 is a l>g]        admixture ( black4    
,flame-col\r is a mixture ( auburn &    
dun2        dun ( :ite & black2 yell[ ( 
:ite & auburn4 ,:ite &        bright    
meet+1 & fall+ ^u a full black1 become  
d>k blue2        d>k blue m+l+ ) :ite   
becomes a light blue2 ! union (         
flame-col\r & black makes leek-gre54    
,!re is no difficulty        9 see+ h[  
o!r col\rs are probably compos$4 ,b he  
:o        %\ld attempt to te/ ! tru? (  
?is by exp]im5t1 w\ld        =get !     
diff]5ce ( ! human & div9e nature4 ,god 
only is        able to comp\nd & resolve
 sub/ances2 su* exp]im5ts are           
impossible to man4          ,^! are !   

elem5ts ( necessity :i* ! ,creator      
receiv$ 9        ! _w ( g5]ation :5 he  
made ! all-suffici5t &        p]fect    
creature1 us+ ! second>y causes z 8     
m9i/]s1        b himself fa%ion+ ! good 
9 all ?+s4 ,= !re are two        sorts (
 causes1 ! "o div9e1 ! o!r necess>y2 &  
we        %\ld seek to discov] ! div9e  
above all1 &1 = _!        sake1 !       
necess>y1 because )\t !m ! high] _c be  
atta9$ by u4          ,hav+ n[ be=e u ! 
causes out ( :i* ! re/ ( our            
disc\rse is to be fram$1 let u g back to
 ! po9t at :i*        we began1 & add a 
fair end+ to our tale4 ,z ,i said at    
fir/1        all ?+s 7 orig9ally a *aos 
9 :i* !re 0 no ord] or                  
proportion4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is *aos 7     
arrang$ by !        ,creator1 & out ( !m
 he made ! _w4 ,( ! div9e he            
himself 0 ! au?or1 b he committ$ to 8   
(fspr+ !        creation ( ! mortal4 ,f 
him !y receiv$ ! immortal s\l1        b 
!mselves made ! body to be its vehicle1 
& con/ruct$        )9 ano!r s\l :i* 0   

mortal1 & subject to t]rible            
affections--pleasure1 ! incit] ( evil2  
pa91 :i* det]s f        good2 ra%ness & 
fe>1 fooli% c\nsellors2 ang] h>d to be  
appeas$2 hope easily l$ a/ray4 ,^! !y   
m+l$ )        irrational s5se & all-d>+ 
love accord+ to necess>y laws        & s
 fram$ man4 ,&1 fe>+ to pollute ! div9e 
elem5t1        !y gave ! mortal s\l a   
sep>ate habitation 9 ! brea/1           
p>t$ (f f ! head by a n>r[ i/hmus4 ,& z 
9 a h\se        ! wom5's ap>tm5ts are   
divid$ f ! m5's1 ! cavity (        !    
?orax 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 a high] & 
a l[]4 ,!        high] ( ! two1 :i* is !
 seat ( c\rage & ang]1 lies        ne>] 
to ! head1 betwe5 ! midriff & ! neck1 & 
assi/s        reason 9 re/ra9+ !        
desires4 ,! he>t is ! h\se (        gu>d
 9 :i* all ! ve9s meet1 & ?r\gh !m      
reason s5ds        h] comm&s to !       
extremity ( h] k+dom4 ,:5 ! passions    
are 9 revolt1 or dang] approa*es f )\t1 
!n ! he>t        beats & swells2 & !    
creat+ p[]s1 kn[+ ?is1        implant$ 9

 ! body ! s(t & bloodless sub/ance ( !  
lung1 hav+ a por\s & spr+y nature l a   
sponge1 & be+        kept cool by dr9k &
 air :i* ent]s ?r\gh ! tra*ea4          
,! "p ( ! s\l :i* desires meat & dr9k 0 
plac$        betwe5 ! midriff & navel1  
:]e !y made a sort ( mang]2        & "h 
!y b\nd x d[n1 l a wild animal1 away f !
        c\ncil-*amb]1 & leav+ ! bett]   
pr9ciple undi/urb$ to        advise     
quietly = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,= ! ,creator
 knew        t ! belly w\ld n li/5 to   
reason1 & 0 "u !        p[] ( idols &   
fancies4 ,:]e=e he fram$ ! liv] to      
connect ) ! l[] nature1 contriv+ t x    
%\ld be        compact1 & bright1 &     
sweet1 & also bitt] & smoo?1 9          
ord] t ! p[] ( ?\ght :i* orig9ates 9 !  
m9d        might !re be reflect$1       
t]rify+ ! belly ) ! elem5ts        (    
bitt]ness & gall1 & a suffusion ( bili\s
 col\rs :5        ! liv] is contract$1 &
 caus+ pa9 & mis]y by twi/+        out (
 its place ! lobe & clos+ up ! vessels &
 gates4        ,& ! conv]se happ5s :5 "s

 g5tle inspiration com+ f               
intellig5ce mirrors ! opposite fancies1 
giv+ re/ &        sweetness & fre$om1 & 
at night1 mod]ation & peace             
accompani$ ) prophetic insight1 :5      
reason & s5se are        asleep4 ,= !   
au?ors ( our be+1 9 ob$i5ce to _!       
,fa!r's w & 9 ord] to make m5 z good z  
!y c\ld1        gave to ! liv] ! p[] (  
div9ation1 :i* is nev] active        :5 
m5 are awake or 9 heal?2 b :5 !y are "u 
!        influ5ce ( "s disord] or       
en?usiasm !n !y receive                 
intimations1 :i* h to be int]pret$ by   
o!rs :o are        call$ prophets1 b    
%\ld r be call$ int]pret]s (            
prophecy2 aft] dea? ^! intimations      
become un9telligible4        ,! sple5   
:i* is situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 on !   
left        side1 keeps ! liv] bright & 
clean1 z a napk9 does a        mirror1 &
 ! evacuations ( ! liv] are receiv$ into
 x2        & be+ a holl[ tissue x is = a
 "t swoll5 ) ^!        impurities1 b :5 
! body is purg$ x returns to its natural

        size4          ,! tru? conc]n+ !
 s\l c only be e/abli%$ by ! ^w        (
 ,god4 ,/ill1 we may v5ture to ass]t :at
 is probable bo?        conc]n+ s\l &   
body4          ,! creative p[]s 7 aw>e (
 our t5d5cy to excess4 ,& s        :5 !y
 made ! belly to be a receptacle = food1
 9 ord]        t m5 might n p]i% by     
insatiable gluttony1 !y =m$ !           
convolutions ( ! inte/9es1 9 ?is way    
ret>d+ ! passage        ( food ?r\gh !  
body1 le/ mank9d %\ld be absorb$ 9      
eat+ & dr9k+1 & ! :ole race become      
imp]vi\s to        div9e philosophy4    
,! creation ( bones & fle% 0 on ?is     
wise4 ,! f\ndation        ( ^! is ! m>r[
 :i* b9ds toge!r body & s\l1 &        ! 
m>r[ is made out ( su* ( ! prim>y       
triangles z are        adapt$ by _!     
p]fection to produce all ! f\r elem5ts4 
,^! ,god took & m+l$ !m 9 due           
proportion1 mak+ z _m        k9ds ( m>r[
 z !re 7 h]eaft] to be k9ds ( s\ls4 ,!  
receptacle ( ! div9e s\l he made r\nd1 &
 call$ t        portion ( ! m>r[ bra91  

int5d+ t ! vessel conta9+        ?is    
sub/ance %\ld be ! head4 ,! rema9+ "p he
 divid$        into long & r\nd figures1
 & to ^! z to an*ors1        fa/5+ !    
mortal s\l1 he proce$$ to make ! re/ ( !
        body1 fir/ =m+ = bo? p>ts a     
cov]+ ( bone4 ,! bone        0 =m$ by   
sift+ pure smoo? e>? & wett+ x )        
m>r[4 ,x 0 !n ?ru/ alt]nately into fire 
& wat]1 &        ?us r5d]$ insoluble by 
ei!r4 ,( bone he made a globe :i*       
he plac$ ar\nd ! bra91 leav+ a n>r[     
op5+1 & ar\nd        ! m>r[ ( ! neck &  
sp9e he =m$ ! v]tebrae1 l        h+es1  
:i* ext5d$ f ! head ?r\gh ! :ole ( !    
trunk4 ,& z ! bone 0 brittle & liable to
 mortify &        de/roy ! m>r[ by too  
great rigidity & susceptibility to      
heat & cold1 he contriv$ s9ews & fle%--!
 fir/ to give        flexibility1 !     
second to gu>d aga9/ heat & cold1 & to  
be        a protection aga9/ falls1     
conta9+ a w>m moi/ure1 :i* 9            
summ] exudes & cools ! body1 & 9 w9t] is
 a def5ce        aga9/ cold4 ,hav+ ?is 9

 view1 ! ,creator m+l$ e>? )        fire
 & wat] & mix$ ) !m a f]m5t ( acid &    
salt1 s        z to =m pulpy fle%4 ,b ! 
s9ews he made ( a mixture (        bone 
& unf]m5t$ fle%1 giv+ !m a mean nature  
betwe5 !        two1 & a yell[ col\r4   
,h5ce !y 7 m glut9\s ?an        fle%1 b 
s(t] ?an bone4 ,! bones :i* h mo/ ( !   
liv+ s\l )9 !m he cov]$ ) ! ?9ne/ film (
        fle%1 ^? :i* h lea/ ( x1 he     
lodg$ deep]4 ,at !        jo9ts he      
dim9i%$ ! fle% 9 ord] n to imp$e !      
flexure        ( ! limbs1 & also to     
avoid clogg+ ! p]ceptions ( !           
m9d4 ,ab\t ! ?ighs & arms1 :i* h no s5se
 because        !re is little s\l 9 !   
m>r[1 & ab\t ! inn] bones1 he           
laid ! fle% ?ick]4 ,= :]e ! fle% is     
?ick] !re is        less feel+1 except 9
 c]ta9 p>ts :i* ! ,creator has made     
solely ( fle%1 z = example1 ! tongue4   
,_h ! comb9ation        ( solid bone &  
?ick fle% be5 consi/5t ) acute          
p]ceptions1 ! ,creator w\ld h giv5 man a
 s9ewy & fle%y        head1 & !n he w\ld

 h liv$ twice z long4 ,b our            
creators 7 ( op9ion t a %ort] life :i* 0
 bett] 0        pref]able to a long] :i*
 0 worse1 & !re=e !y        cov]$ ! head
 ) ?9 bone1 & plac$ ! s9ews at !        
extremity ( ! head r\nd ! neck1 & fa/5$ 
! jawbones        to !m bel[ ! face4 ,& 
!y fram$ ! m\?1 hav+ tee?        &      
tongue & lips1 ) a view to ! necess>y & 
! good2        = food is a necessity1 & 
! riv] ( spee* is ! be/ (        riv]s4 
,/ill1 ! head c\ld n be left a b>e globe
 ( bone on        acc\nt ( ! extremes ( 
heat & cold1 nor be all[$ to            
become dull & s5seless by an ov]gr[? (  
fle%4 ,:]e=e x        0 cov]$ by a peel 
or sk9 :i* met & grew by ! help (       
! c]ebral hum\r4 ,! div]sity ( ! sutures
 0 caus$ by        ! /ruggle ( ! food   
aga9/ ! c\rses ( ! s\l4 ,!        sk9 ( 
! head 0 pi]c$ by fire1 & out ( !       
punctures        came =? a moi/ure1 "p  
liquid1 & "p ( a sk9ny nature1          
:i* 0 h>d5$ by ! pressure ( ! ext]nal   
cold &        became hair4 ,& ,god gave 

hair to ! head ( man to be a light      
cov]+1 s t x might n int]f]e ) 8        
p]ceptions4        ,nails 7 =m$ by      
comb9+ s9ew1 sk91 & bone1 & 7           
made by ! creators ) a view to ! future 
:51 z !y        knew1 wom5 & o!r animals
 :o w\ld require !m w\ld be        fram$
 out ( man4          ,! gods also m+l$  
natures ak9 to t ( man ) o!r        =ms 
& p]ceptions4 ,?us trees & plants 7     
creat$1 :i*        7 orig9ally wild & h 
be5 adapt$ by cultivation to our        
use4 ,!y p>take ( t ?ird k9d ( life :i* 
is seat$        betwe5 ! midriff & !    
navel1 & is altoge!r passive &          
incapable ( reflection4          ,:5 !  
creators _h furni%$ all ^! natures = our
        su/5ance1 !y cut *annels ?r\gh  
our bodies z 9 a g>d51        wat]+ !m )
 a p]5nial /ream4 ,two 7 cut d[n !      
back1 along ! back bone1 :]e ! sk9 &    
fle% meet1 "o on        ! "r & ! o!r on 
! left1 hav+ ! m>r[ (        g5]ation   
betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! next place1 !y divid$ ! 
ve9s ab\t ! head & int]lac$ !m ) ea* o!r

 9 ord]        t !y might =m an         
additional l9k betwe5 ! head & !        
body1 & t ! s5sations f bo? sides might 
be diffus$        ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,9 !  
?ird place1 !y contriv$ !        passage
 ( liquids1 :i* may be expla9$ 9 ?is    
way3--,f9]        bodies reta9 co>s]1 b 
n ! co>s] ! f9]1 & !        belly is    
capable ( reta9+ food1 b n fire & air4  
,god        !re=e =m$ a network ( fire &
 air to irrigate ! ve9s1        hav+ )9 
x two less] nets1 & /ret*$ cords rea*+  
f bo? ! less] nets to ! extremity ( !   
out] net4 ,!        inn] p>ts ( ! net 7 
made by him ( fire1 ! less] nets        
& _! cavities ( air4 ,! two latt] he    
made to pass into        ! m\?2 ! "o    
asc5d+ by ! air-pipes f ! lungs1 !      
o!r by ! side ( ! air-pipes f ! belly4  
,! entrance        to ! fir/ he divid$  
into two p>ts1 bo? ( :i* he made to     
meet at ! *annels ( ! nose1 t :5 ! m\? 0
 clos$        ! passage connect$ ) x    
might /ill be f$ ) air4 ,!        cavity
 ( ! network he spread ar\nd ! holl[s ( 

! body1        mak+ ! entire receptacle 
to fl[ into & out ( ! less]        nets 
& ! less] nets into & out ( x1 :ile !   
out] net        f\nd a way into & out ( 
! pores ( ! body1 & !        int]nal    
heat foll[$ ! air to & fro4 ,^!1 z we   
affirm1        are ! ph5om5a (          
respiration4 ,& all ?is process takes   
place 9 ord] t ! body may be wat]$ &    
cool$ &        n\ri%$1 & ! meat & dr9k  
dige/$ & liquefi$ &        c>ri$ into ! 
ve9s4          ,! causes ( respiration h
 n[ to be consid]$4 ,!        exhalation
 ( ! brea? ?r\gh ! m\? & no/rils        
displaces        ! ext]nal air1 & at !  
same "t leaves a vacuum into :i*        
?r\gh ! pores ! air :i* is displac$     
ent]s4 ,also !        vacuum :i* is made
 :5 ! air is exhal$ ?r\gh ! pores is    
fill$ up by ! inhalation ( brea? ?r\gh !
 m\? &        no/rils4 ,! explanation ( 
?is d\ble ph5om5on is z                 
foll[s3--,elem5ts move t[>ds _! natural 
places4 ,n[ z e        animal has )9 him
 a f\nta9 ( fire1 ! air :i* is          

inhal$ ?r\gh ! m\? & no/rils1 on com+   
into contact        ) ?is1 is heat$2 &  
:5 heat$1 9 accordance ) ! law        ( 
attraction1 x escapes by ! way x ent]$  
t[>d ! place        ( fire4 ,on leav+ ! 
body x is cool$ & drives r\nd !         
air :i* x displaces ?r\gh ! pores into !
 empty lungs4        ,?is aga9 is 9 turn
 heat$ by ! int]nal fire & escapes1 z   
x ent]$1 ?r\gh ! pores4          ,!     
ph5om5a ( m$ical cupp+-glasses1 (       
swall[+1 & (        ! hurl+ ( bodies1   
are to be expla9$ on a simil>           
pr9ciple2 z also s\nds1 :i* are         
sometimes discordant on        acc\nt ( 
! inequality ( !m1 & aga9 h>moni\s by   
reason        ( equality4 ,! sl[] s\nds 
rea*+ ! swift]1 :5 !y        beg9 to    
pause1 by degrees assimilate ) !m3 :5ce 
arises a        pleasure :i* ev5 !      
unwise feel1 & :i* to ! wise            
becomes a high] s5se ( delight1 be+ an  
imitation ( div9e        h>mony 9 mortal
 motions4 ,/reams fl[1 lightn+s play1   
amb]        & ! magnet attract1 n by    

reason ( attraction1 b because          
#8nature abhors a vacuum1' & because    
?+s1 :5 comp\nd$ or        dissolv$1    
move diff]5t ways1 ea* to its own place4
          ,i w n[ return to ! ph5om5a ( 
respiration4 ,! fire1        ent]+ !    
belly1 m9ces ! food1 & z x escapes1     
fills !        ve9s by draw+ aft] x !   
divid$ portions1 & ?us !        /reams (
 nutrim5t are diffus$ ?r\gh ! body4 ,!  
fruits or        h]bs :i* are our daily 
su/5ance take all sorts ( col\rs        
:5 int]mix$1 b ! col\r ( r$ or fire     
pr$om9ates1 &        h5ce ! liquid :i*  
we call blood is r$1 be+ ! nurtur+      
pr9ciple ( ! body1 :5ce all p>ts are    
wat]$ & empty        places fill$4      
,! process ( repletion & depletion is   
produc$ by !        attraction ( l to l1
 aft] ! mann] ( ! univ]sal              
motion4 ,! ext]nal elem5ts by _!        
attraction are always        dim9i%+ !  
sub/ance ( ! body3 ! p>ticles ( blood1  
too1 =m$ out ( ! newly dige/$ food1 are 
attract$ t[>ds        k9dr$ elem5ts )9 !

 body & s fill up ! void4 ,:5        m  
is tak5 away ?an fl[s 91 !n we decay2 & 
:5 less1        we gr[ & increase4      
,! "y ( e animal has ! triangles new &  
closely        lock$ toge!r1 & yet !    
entire frame is s(t & delicate1         
be+ newly made ( m>r[ & nurtur$ on milk4
 ,^! triangles        are %>p] ?an ^?   
:i* ent] ! body f )\t 9 !        %ape ( 
food1 & !re=e !y cut !m up4 ,b z life   
advances1 ! triangles we> out & are no  
long] able to        assimilate food2 & 
at l5g?1 :5 ! bonds :i* unite !         
triangles ( ! m>r[ become undone1 !y 9  
turn unloose !        bonds ( ! s\l2 &  
if ! release be accord+ to nature1 %e   
!n flies away ) joy4 ,= ! dea? :i* is   
natural is        pleasant1 b t :i* is  
caus$ by viol5ce is pa9ful4          ,e 
"o may und]/& ! orig9 ( diseases4 ,!y   
may be        occasion$ by !            
dis>rangem5t or disproportion ( !       
elem5ts        out ( :i* ! body is      
fram$4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( _m (        !m1
 b ! wor/ ( all owe _! sev]ity to !     

foll[+        causes3 ,!re is a natural 
ord] 9 ! human frame accord+ to         
:i* ! fle% & s9ews are made ( blood1 !  
s9ews out (        ! fibres1 & ! fle%   
out ( ! congeal$ sub/ance :i* is        
=m$ by sep>ation f ! fibres4 ,! glut9\s 
matt] :i*        comes away f ! s9ews & 
! fle%1 n only b9ds !        fle% to !  
bones1 b n\ri%es ! bones & wat]s !      
m>r[4 ,:5 ^! processes take place 9     
regul> ord] ! body        is 9 heal?4   
,b :5 ! fle% wa/es & returns into ! ve9s
 !re is        discol\r$ blood z well z 
air 9 ! ve9s1 hav+ acid &        salt   
qualities1 f :i* is g5]at$ e sort (     
phlegm &        bile4 ,all ?+s g ! wrong
 way & cease to give n\ri%m5t        to 
! body1 no long] pres]v+ _! natural     
c\rses1 b at        w> ) !mselves &     
de/ructive to ! con/itution ( !         
body4 ,! olde/ "p ( ! fle% :i* is h>d to
 decompose        black5s f long burn+1 
& f be+ corrod$ gr[s bitt]1        & z !
 bitt] elem5t ref9es away1 becomes acid4
 ,:5 t+$        ) blood ! bitt] sub/ance

 has a r$ col\r1 & ?is :5        mix$ ) 
black takes ! hue ( grass2 or aga91 !   
bitt]        sub/ance has an auburn     
col\r1 :5 new fle% is decompos$ by      
! int]nal flame4 ,to all :i* ph5om5a "s 
physician or        philosoph] :o 0 able
 to see ! "o 9 _m has giv5 !        "n (
 bile4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( bile h names     
answ]+ to        _! col\rs4 ,lymph or   
s]um is ( two k9ds3 fir/1 ! :ey (       
blood1 :i* is g5tle2 secondly1 !        
secretion ( d>k &        bitt] bile1    
:i*1 :5 m+l$ "u ! influ5ce ( heat )     
salt1 is malignant & is call$ acid      
phlegm4 ,!re is also :ite        phlegm1
 =m$ by ! decomposition ( "y & t5d]     
fle%1        & cov]$ ) little bubbles1  
sep>ately invisible1 b        becom+    
visible :5 collect$4 ,! wat] ( te>s &   
p]spiration & simil> sub/ances is also !
 wat]y "p (        fre% phlegm4 ,all ^! 
hum\rs become s\rces ( disease :5       
! blood is repl5i%$ 9 irregul> ways & n 
by food or        dr9k4 ,! dang]1 h[ev]1
 is n s great :5 ! f\ndation            

rema9s1 = !n !re is a possibility (     
recov]y4 ,b :5        ! sub/ance :i*    
unites ! fle% & bones is diseas$1 &     
is no long] r5ew$ f ! muscles & s9ews1 &
 in/ead (        be+ oily & smoo? &     
glut9\s becomes r\gh & salt &           
dry1 !n ! fle%y p>ts fall away & leave !
 s9ews b>e        & full ( br9e1 & !    
fle% gets back aga9 into !              
circulation ( ! blood1 & makes !        
previ\sly m5tion$        disord]s /ill  
great]4 ,!re are o!r & worse diseases   
:i*        are prior to ^!2 z :5 ! bone 
?r\gh ! d5sity ( !        fle% does n   
receive suffici5t air1 & becomes /agnant
 &        gangr5$1 & crumbl+ away passes
 into ! food1 & ! food        into !    
fle%1 & ! fle% returns aga9 into !      
blood4 ,wor/        ( all & mo/ fatal is
 ! disease ( ! m>r[1 by :i* !           
:ole c\rse ( ! body is rev]s$4 ,!re is a
 ?ird class (        diseases :i* are   
produc$1 "s by w9d & "s by phlegm &     
"s by bile4 ,:5 ! lung1 :i* is ! /ew>d (
 ! air1 is        ob/ruct$1 by rheums1 &

 9 "o "p no air1 & 9 ano!r too          
mu*1 ent]s 91 !n ! p>ts :i* are         
unrefre%$ by air        corrode1 & o!r  
p>ts are di/ort$ by ! excess ( air2 &   
9 ?is mann] pa9ful diseases are produc$4
 ,! mo/ pa9ful        are caus$ by w9d  
g5]at$ )9 ! body1 :i* gets ab\t        !
 great s9ews ( ! %\ld]s--^! are t]m$    
tetanus4 ,!        cure ( !m is         
difficult1 & 9 mo/ cases !y are reliev$ 
only by fev]4 ,:ite phlegm1 :i* is      
dang]\s if kept 91 by        reason ( ! 
air bubbles1 is n equally dang]\s if    
able to        escape ?r\gh ! pores1    
al?\gh x v>iegates ! body1        g5]at+
 div]se k9ds ( leprosies4 ,if1 :5 m+l$ )
        black bile1 x di/urbs ! c\rses (
 ! head 9 sleep1 !re        is n s mu*  
dang]2 b if x assails ^? :o are awake1  
!n ! attack is f> m dang]\s1 & is call$ 
epilepsy or        ! sacr$ disease4     
,acid & salt phlegm is ! s\rce (        
cat>rh4          ,inflammations orig9ate
 9 bile1 :i* is sometimes reliev$ by    
boils & swell+s1 b :5 deta9$1 & above   

all :5        m+l$ ) pure blood1 g5]ates
 _m inflammatory disord]s1              
di/urb+ ! position ( ! fibres :i* are   
scatt]$ ab\t        9 ! blood 9 ord] to 
ma9ta9 ! balance ( r>e & d5se        :i*
 is necess>y to its regul> circulation4 
,if ! bile1 :i*        is only /ale     
blood1 or liquefi$ fle%1 comes 9 little 
by        little1 x is congeal$ by !    
fibres & produces int]nal cold        & 
%udd]+4 ,b :5 x ent]s ) m ( a flood x   
ov]comes ! fibres by its heat & rea*es !
 sp9al m>r[1        & burn+ up ! cables 
( ! s\l sets h] free f !        body4   
,:5 on ! o!r h& ! body1 ?\gh wa/$1 /ill 
holds        out1 !n ! bile is expell$1 
l an exile f a facti\s        /ate1     
caus+ associat+ di>rhoeas & dys5t]ies & 
simil>        disord]s4 ,! body :i* is  
diseas$ f ! effects ( fire is        9 a
 cont9ual fev]2 :5 air is ! ag5t1 ! fev]
 is        quotidian2 :5 wat]1 ! fev]   
int]mits a day2 :5 e>?1        :i* is ! 
mo/ sluggi% elem5t1 ! fev] int]mits ?ree
        days & is ) difficulty %ak5 (f4 

,( m5tal disord]s !re are two sorts1 "o 
madness1 ! o!r        ignorance1 & !y   
may be ju/ly attribut$ to disease4      
,excessive pleasures or pa9s are among !
 greate/ diseases1 &        deprive m5 (
 _! s5ses4 ,:5 ! se$ ab\t ! sp9al       
m>r[ is too abundant1 ! body has too    
great pleasures &        pa9s2 & dur+ a 
great "p ( 8 life he :o is ! subject    
( !m is m or less mad4 ,he is (t5 ?\ght 
bad1 b ?is is        a mi/ake2 = ! tru? 
is t ! intemp]ance ( lu/ is due         
to ! fluidity ( ! m>r[ produc$ by !     
loose consi/5cy        ( ! bones4 ,& ?is
 is true ( vice 9 g5]al1 :i* is         
commonly reg>d$ z disgraceful1 :]eas x  
is really        involunt>y & arises f a
 bad habit ( ! body & evil              
education4 ,9 l mann] ! s\l is (t5 made 
vici\s by !        influ5ce ( bodily    
pa92 ! br9y phlegm & o!r bitt] &        
bili\s hum\rs w&] ov] ! body & f9d no   
exit1 b are        compress$ )91 & m+le 
_! own vap\rs ) ! motions        ( !    
s\l1 & are c>ri$ to ! ?ree places ( !   

s\l1        creat+ inf9ite v>ieties (   
tr\ble & melan*oly1 (        ra%ness &  
c[>dice1 ( =getfulness & /upidity4 ,:5  
m5        are 9 ?is evil plight ( body1 
& evil =ms ( gov]nm5t &        evil     
disc\rses are sup]add$1 & !re is no     
education to save        !m1 !y are     
corrupt$ ?r\gh two causes2 b ( nei!r (  
!m are !y really ! au?ors4 ,= ! plant]s 
are to blame        r ?an ! plants1 !   
educators & n ! educat$4        ,/ill1  
we %\ld endeav\r to atta9 virtue & avoid
 vice2 b        ?is is "p ( ano!r       
subject4          ,en\gh ( disease--,i h
 n[ to speak ( ! means by :i* !         
m9d & body are to be pres]v$1 a high]   
!me ?an ! o!r4        ,! good is !      
beautiful1 & ! beautiful is !           
symmetrical1        & !re is no great]  
or fair] symmetry ?an t ( body &        
s\l1 z ! contr>y is ! greate/ (         
de=mities4 ,a leg or an        arm too  
long or too %ort is at once ugly &      
uns]viceable1 &        ! same is true if
 body & s\l are disproportionate4 ,= a  

/rong & impassion$ s\l may #8fret !     
pigmy body to decay1'        & s produce
 convulsions & o!r evils4 ,! viol5ce (  
controv]sy1 or ! e>ne/ness ( enquiry1 w 
(t5 g5]ate        inflammations & rheums
 :i* are n und]/ood1 or assign$ to      
_! true cause by ! pr(essors ( m$ic9e4  
,& 9 l        mann] ! body may be too   
mu* = ! s\l1 d>k5+ !        reason1 &   
quick5+ ! animal desires4 ,! only       
security is        to pres]ve ! balance 
( ! two1 & to ?is end !                 
ma!matician or philosoph] mu/ practise  
gymna/ics1 & !        gymna/ mu/        
cultivate music4 ,! p>ts ( ! body too   
mu/ be        treat$ 9 ! same way--!y   
%\ld receive _! appropriate             
ex]cise4 ,= ! body is set 9 motion :5 x 
is heat$ &        cool$ by ! elem5ts :i*
 ent] 91 or is dri$ up &        moi/5$  
by ext]nal ?+s2 &1 if giv5 up to ^!     
processes        :5 at re/1 x is liable 
to de/ruction4 ,b ! natural             
motion1 z 9 ! _w1 s also 9 ! human      
frame1 produces        h>mony & divides 

ho/ile p[]s4 ,! be/ ex]cise is !        
spontane\s motion ( ! body1 z 9         
gymna/ics1 because mo/        ak9 to !  
motion ( m9d2 n s good is ! motion ( :i*
        ! s\rce is 9 ano!r1 z 9 sail+ or
 rid+2 lea/ good        :5 ! body is at 
re/ & ! motion is 9 p>ts only1 :i*      
is a species ( motion imp>t$ by physic4 
,?is %\ld only be        resort$ to by  
m5 ( s5se 9 extreme cases2 less]        
diseases are        n to be irritat$ by 
m$ic9e4 ,= e disease is ak9 to !        
liv+ be+ & has an appo9t$ t]m1 j z life 
has1 :i*        dep5ds on ! =m ( !      
triangles1 & _c be protract$        :5  
!y are worn out4 ,& he :o1 in/ead (     
accept+ 8        de/9y1 endeav\rs to    
prolong 8 life by m$ic9e1 is likely to  
multiply & magnify 8 diseases4 ,regim5 &
 n m$ic9e is        ! true cure1 :5 a   
man has "t at 8 disposal4               
,en\gh ( ! nature ( man & ( ! body1 & ( 
tra9+ &        education4 ,! subject is 
a great "o & _c be adequately           
treat$ z an app5dage to ano!r4 ,to sum  

up all 9 a ^w3        !re are ?ree k9ds 
( s\l locat$ )9 u1 & any "o (        !m1
 if rema9+ inactive1 becomes v weak2 if 
ex]cis$1        v /rong4 ,:]e=e we %\ld 
duly tra9 & ex]cise all        ?ree     
k9ds4          ,! div9e s\l ,god lodg$ 9
 ! head1 to raise u1 l plants        :i*
 are n ( e>?ly orig91 to our k9dr$2 = ! 
head is        ne>e/ to heav54 ,he :o is
 int5t ^u ! gratification ( 8           
desires & *]i%es ! mortal s\l1 has all 8
 ideas mortal1        & is himself      
mortal 9 ! true/ s5se4 ,b he :o seeks   
aft]        k & ex]cises ! div9e "p (   
himself 9 godly &        immortal       
?\ghts1 atta9s to tru? & immortality1 z 
f> z is        possible to man1 & also  
to happ9ess1 :ile he is tra9+ up        
)9 him ! div9e pr9ciple & indwell+ p[] (
 ord]4        ,!re is only "o way 9 :i* 
"o p]son c b5efit ano!r2        & t is  
by assign+ to him 8 prop] nurture &     
motion4 ,to        ! motions ( ! s\l    
answ] ! motions ( ! univ]se1 &        by
 ! /udy ( ^! ! individual is re/or$ to 8

 orig9al        nature4          ,?us we
 h f9i%$ ! discussion ( ! univ]se1 :i*1 
accord+ to our orig9al int5tion1 has n[ 
be5 br\ght d[n to        ! creation (   
man4 ,complet5ess seems to require t    
some?+        %\ld be briefly said ab\t 
o!r animals3 fir/ ( wom51 :o        are 
probably deg5]ate & c[>dly m54 ,& :5 !y 
deg5]at$1 ! gods implant$ 9 m5 ! desire 
( union )        !m1 creat+ 9 man "o    
animate sub/ance & 9 woman ano!r        
9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! outlet = liquids  
!y connect$        ) ! liv+ pr9ciple ( !
 sp9al m>r[1 :i* ! man has        !     
desire to emit into ! fruitful womb ( ! 
woman2 ?is is        l a f]tile field 9 
:i* ! se$ is quick5$ & matur$1        & 
at la/ br\ght to light4 ,:5 ?is desire  
is unsatisfi$ !        man is ov]-ma/]$ 
by ! p[] ( ! g5]ative organs1 &        !
 woman is subject$ to disord]s f !      
ob/ruction ( !        passages ( !      
brea?1 until ! two meet & pluck ! fruit 
(        ! tree4          ,! race (     
birds 0 creat$ out ( innoc5t1 light-m9d$

 m51        :o ?\ght to pursue ! /udy ( 
! heav5s by sight2 ^!        7 trans=m$ 
into birds1 & grew fea!rs in/ead ( hair4
        ,! race ( wild animals 7 m5 :o  
_h no philosophy1 &        nev] look$ up
 to heav5 or us$ ! c\rses ( ! head1 b   
foll[$ only ! influ5ces ( passion4      
,naturally !y turn$ to        _! k9dr$  
e>?1 & put _! =elegs to ! gr\nd1 &      
_! heads 7 cru%$ into /range oblong =ms4
 ,"s ( !m        h f\r feet1 & "s ( !m m
 ?an f\r1--! latt]1 :o        are ! m   
s5seless1 draw+ clos] to _! native      
elem5t2        ! mo/ s5seless ( all h no
 limbs & trail _! :ole        body on ! 
gr\nd4 ,! f\r? k9d are ! inhabitants ( !
        wat]s2 ^! are made out ( ! mo/  
s5seless & ignorant &        impure (   
m51 :om ,god plac$ 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! 
_w 9 return = _! utt] ignorance1 & caus$
 !m to        respire wat] in/ead ( !   
pure elem5t ( air4 ,su* are !           
laws by :i* animals pass into "o ano!r4 
,& s ! _w receiv$ animals1 mortal &     
immortal1 & 0        fulfill$ ) !m1 &   

became a visible ,god1 compreh5d+ !     
visible1 made 9 ! image ( !             
,intellectual1 be+ ! "o        p]fect   
only-begott5 heav54                     
,section #b4            ,nature 9 !     
aspect :i* %e pres5t$ to a ,greek       
philosoph]        ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e  
,*ri/ is n easily reproduc$ to          
mod]n eyes4 ,! associations ( my?ology &
 poetry h to be        add$1 & !        
unconsci\s influ5ce ( sci5ce has to be  
subtract$1 be=e we c behold ! heav5s or 
! e>? z !y        appe>$ to ! ,greek4 ,!
 philosoph] himself 0 a *ild &          
also a man--a *ild 9 ! range ( 8        
atta9m5ts1 b also a        great        
intellig5ce hav+ an insight into nature1
 & (t5        anticipations ( ! tru?4   
,he 0 full ( orig9al ?\ghts1 &          
yet liable to be impos$ ^u by ! mo/     
obvi\s fallacies4 ,he                   
occasionally confus$ numb]s ) ideas1 &  
atoms ) numb]s2        8 a priori       
notions 7 out ( all proportion to 8     
exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 ready to expla9 !       

ph5om5a ( ! heav5s        by ! mo/      
trivial analogies ( e>?4 ,! exp]im5ts   
:i*        nature work$ = him he        
sometimes accept$1 b he nev] tri$       
exp]im5ts = himself :i* w\ld ei!r prove 
or disprove 8        !ories4 ,8 k 0     
unequal2 :ile 9 "s bran*es1 su*        z
 m$ic9e & a/ronomy1 he _h made          
consid]able pr(ici5cy1        !re 7     
o!rs1 su* z *emi/ry1 electricity1       
me*anics1 (        :i* ! v names 7      
unkn[n to him4 ,he 0 ! natural          
enemy ( my?ology1 & yet my?ological     
ideas /ill reta9$        _! hold ov]    
him4 ,he 0 endeav\r+ to =m a conception 
(        pr9ciples1 b ^! pr9ciples or   
ideas 7 reg>d$ by him z        real p[]s
 or entities1 to :i* ! _w _h be5        
subject$4        ,he 0 always t5d+ to   
argue f :at 0 ne> to :at 0              
remote1 f :at 0 kn[n to :at 0 unkn[n1 f 
man to !        univ]se1 & back aga9 f !
 univ]se to man4 ,:ile he 0             
arrang+ ! _w1 he 0 arrang+ ! =ms ( ?\ght
 9 8        own m9d2 & ! light f )9 & ! 

light f )\t        (t5 cross$ & help$ to
 confuse "o ano!r4 ,he might be         
comp>$ to a build] engag$ 9 "s great    
design1 :o c\ld        only dig ) 8 h&s 
because he 0 unprovid$ ) common         
tools2 or to "s poet or musician1 l     
,tynni*us 7,ion71 oblig$        to      
accommodate 8 lyric raptures to ! limits
 ( ! tetra*ord        or ( ! flute4     
,! ,hesiodic & ,orphic cosmogonies 7 a  
phase ( ?\ght        int]m$iate betwe5  
my?ology & philosophy & _h a great      
influ5ce on ! beg9n+s ( k4 ,!re 0 no?+  
beh9d !m2 !y 7 to physical sci5ce :at ! 
poems (        ,hom] 7 to e>ly ,greek   
hi/ory4 ,!y made m5 ?9k ( !        _w z 
a :ole2 !y c>ri$ ! m9d back into !      
inf9ity (        pa/ "t2 !y sugge/$ !   
fir/ obs]vation ( ! effects (           
fire & wat] on ! e>?'s surface4 ,to !   
anci5t physics        !y /ood mu* 9 !   
same relation :i* geology does to mod]n 
sci5ce4 ,b ! ,greek 0 n1 l ! enquir] ( !
 la/        g5]ation1 conf9$ to a p]iod 
( six ?\s& ye>s2 he 0        able to    

speculate freely on ! effects ( inf9ite 
ages 9 !        production ( physical   
ph5om5a4 ,he c\ld imag9e cities :i*     
_h exi/$ "t out ( m9d 7,/ates42 ,laws71 
laws or =ms (        art & music :i* _h 
la/$1 #8n 9 ^w only1 b 9 v        tru?1 
= t5 ?\s& ye>s' 7,laws72 he 0 aw>e t    
natural        ph5om5a l ! ,delta ( !   
,nile might h sl[ly        accumulat$ 9 
long p]iods ( "t 7,hdt474 ,b he seems to
 h        suppos$ t ! c\rse ( ev5ts 0   
recurr+ r ?an        progressive4 ,to   
?is he 0 probably l$ by ! fix$ness (    
,egyptian cu/oms & ! g5]al obs]vation t 
!re 7        o!r civilisations 9 ! _w m 
anci5t ?an t (        ,hellas4          
,! anci5t philosoph]s f\nd 9 my?ology _m
 ideas :i*1 if        n orig9ally d]iv$ 
f nature1 7 easily transf]r$ to         
h]--su*1 = example1 z love or hate1     
correspond+ to        attraction or     
repulsion2 or ! conception ( necessity  
alli$        bo? to ! regul>ity &       
irregul>ity ( nature2 or ( *ance1       
! nameless or unkn[n cause2 or ( ju/ice1

 symboliz+ ! law        ( comp5sation2  
are ( ! ,fates & ,furies1 typify+ ! fix$
        ord] or ! extraord9>y           
convulsions ( nature4 ,_! own           
int]pretations ( ,hom] & ! poets 7      
suppos$ by !m to        be ! orig9al    
mean+4 ,mus+ 9 !mselves on ! ph5om5a (  
nature1 !y 7 reliev$ at be+ able to utt]
 ! ?\ghts (        _! he>ts 9 figures ( 
spee* :i* to !m 7 n figures1        & 7 
already consecrat$ by tradition4 ,hesiod
 & ! ,orphic        poets mov$ 9 a      
region ( half-p]sonification 9 :i* !    
mean+ or pr9ciple appe>$ ?r\gh ! p]son4 
,9 _! va/]        conceptions ( ,*aos1  
,erebus1 ,ae!r1 ,night1 & ! l1 !        
fir/ rude attempts at g5]alization are  
dimly se54 ,! ,gods        !mselves1    
especially ! great] ,gods1 su* z ,zeus1 
,poseidon1        ,apollo1 ,a!ne1 are   
univ]sals z well z individuals4 ,!y 7   
gradually becom+ lo/ 9 a common         
conception ( m9d or ,god4        ,!y    
cont9u$ to exi/ = ! purposes ( ritual or
 ( art2 b        f ! six? c5tury onw>ds 

or ev5 e>li] !re arose &        ga9$    
/r5g? 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ! notion ( #8"o     
,god1        greate/ among ,gods & m51  
:o 0 all sight1 all he>+1 all           
kn[+' 7,x5ophanes74          ,"u !      
influ5ce ( su* ideas1 p]haps also d]iv+ 
f !        traditions ( _! own or ( o!r 
nations scraps ( m$ic9e        &        
a/ronomy1 m5 came to ! obs]vation (     
nature4 ,! ,greek        philosoph]     
look$ at ! blue circle ( ! heav5s & x   
fla%$ ^u him t all ?+s 7 "o2 ! tumult ( 
s5se        abat$1 & ! m9d f\nd repose 9
 ! ?\ght :i* =m]        g5]ations _h be5
 /riv+ to realize4 ,! fir/ expression ( 
?is 0 "s elem5t1 r>efi$ by degrees into 
a pure        ab/raction1 & purg$ f any 
t9cture ( s5se4 ,soon an inn]        _w 
( ideas began to be unfold$1 m absorb+1 
m        ov]p[]+1 m abid+ ?an ! brighte/
 ( visible objects1        :i* to ! eye 
( ! philosoph] look+ inw>d1 seem$ to    
pale be=e !m1 reta9+ only a fa9t &      
prec>i\s        exi/5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 
! m9ds ( m5 p>t$ into ! two        great

 divisions ( ^? :o saw only a pr9ciple (
 motion1 &        ( ^? :o saw only a    
pr9ciple ( re/1 9 nature & 9            
!mselves2 !re 7 born ,h]acliteans or    
,eleatics1 z !re        h be5 9 lat]    
ages born ,ari/otelians or ,platoni/s4  
,l        "s philosoph]s 9 mod]n times1 
:o are accus$ ( mak+ a        !ory fir/ 
& f9d+ _! facts aft]w>ds1 ! advocates ( 
ei!r op9ion nev] ?\ght ( apply+ ei!r to 
!mselves or        to _! adv]s>ies !    
crit]ion ( fact4 ,!y 7 ma/]$ by         
_! ideas & n ma/]s ( !m4 ,l !           
,h]aclitean        fanatics :om ,plato  
has ridicul$ 9 ! ,!aetetus1 !y 7        
incapable ( giv+ a reason ( ! fai? t 0 9
 !m1 &        _h all ! animosities ( a  
religi\s sect4 ,yet1 d\btless1          
!re 0 "s fir/ impression d]iv$ f ext]nal
 nature1        :i*1 z 9 my?ology1 s    
also 9 philosophy1 work$ ^u !           
m9ds ( ! fir/ ?9k]s4 ,?\gh incapable (  
induction or        g5]alization 9 !    
mod]n s5se1 !y caught an inspiration    
f ! ext]nal _w4 ,! mo/ g5]al facts or   

appe>ances (        nature1 ! circle ( !
 univ]se1 ! nutritive p[] ( wat]1       
! air :i* is ! brea? ( life1 !          
de/ructive =ce (        fire1 ! seem+   
regul>ity ( ! great] "p ( nature &      
! irregul>ity ( a remnant1 ! recurr5ce (
 day & night        & ( ! seasons1 !    
solid e>? & ! impalpable ae!r1        7 
always pres5t to !m4          ,! great  
s\rce ( error & also ! beg9n+ ( tru? to 
!m        0 reason+ f analogy2 !y c\ld  
see resemblances1 b n        diff]5ces2 
& !y 7 incapable ( di/+ui%+             
illu/ration f argum5t4 ,analogy 9 mod]n 
times only po9ts        ! way1 & is     
imm$iately v]ifi$ by exp]im5t4 ,! dreams
        & visions1 :i* pass ?r\gh !     
philosoph]'s m9d1 (        resemblances 
betwe5 diff]5t classes ( sub/ances1 or  
betwe5        ! animal & vegetable _w1  
are put into ! ref9]'s fire1        & ! 
dross & o!r elem5ts :i* adh]e to !m are 
purg$        away4 ,b ! contempor>y (   
,plato & ,socrates 0 incapable (        
resi/+ ! p[] ( any analogy :i* occurr$  

to him1 & 0        drawn into any       
consequ5ces :i* seem$ to foll[4 ,he _h  
no        me?ods ( diff]5ce or (        
concomitant v>iations1 by ! use (       
:i* he c\ld di/+ui% ! accid5tal f !     
ess5tial4 ,he        c\ld n isolate     
ph5om5a1 & he 0 helpless aga9/ !        
influ5ce ( any ^w :i* _h an equivocal or
 d\ble s5se4          ,yet )\t ?is crude
 use ( analogy ! anci5t physical        
philosoph] w\ld h /ood /ill2 he c\ld n h
 made ev5        #8"o guess among _m'   
)\t comp>ison4 ,! c\rse ( natural       
ph5om5a w\ld h pass$ unhe$$ be=e 8 eyes1
 l fair        sights or musical s\nds  
be=e ! eyes & e>s ( an animal4          
,ev5 ! feti*ism ( ! savage is ! beg9n+ (
 reason+2        ! assumption ( ! mo/   
fanciful ( causes indicates a high]     
m5tal /ate ?an ! abs5ce ( all enquiry   
ab\t !m4 ,!        t5d5cy to argue f !  
high] to ! l[]1 f man to !        _w1   
has l$ to _m errors1 b has also _h an   
elevat+        influ5ce on philosophy4  
,! conception ( ! _w z a :ole1        a 

p]son1 an animal1 has be5 ! s\rce ( ha/y
        g5]alizations2 yet ?is g5]al    
grasp ( nature l$ also to a        _s ( 
compreh5siv5ess 9 e>ly philosophy1 :i*  
has n        increas$1 b r dim9i%$1 z ! 
fields ( k h        become m divid$4 ,! 
mod]n physici/ conf9es himself to "o    
or p]haps two bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,b he   
comp>atively seldom        rises above 8
 own dep>tm5t1 & (t5 falls "u !         
n>r[+ influ5ce :i* any s+le bran*1 :5   
pursu$ to !        exclusion ( e o!r1   
has ov] ! m9d4 ,language1 two1          
ex]cis$ a spell ov] ! beg9n+s ( physical
 philosophy1        lead+ to error &    
sometimes to tru?2 = _m ?\ghts 7        
sugge/$ by ! d\ble mean+s ( words       
7,greek71 & !        accid5tal          
di/9ctions ( words sometimes l$ ! anci5t
        philosoph] to make correspond+  
diff]5ces 9 ?+s 7,greek74        #8,if  
!y are ! same1 :y h !y diff]5t names2 or
 if !y        are diff]5t1 :y h !y !    
same "n8'--is an argum5t n        easily
 answ]$ 9 ! infancy ( k4 ,! mod]n       

philosoph] has always be5 taught !      
lesson :i* he /ill        imp]fectly    
le>ns1 t he mu/ dis5gage himself f !    
influ5ce ( words4 ,nor are !re want+ 9  
,plato1 :o 0        himself too (t5 !   
victim ( !m1 impressive admonitions t   
we %\ld reg>d n words b ?+s 7,/ates474  
,b ^u !        :ole1 ! anci5ts1 ?\gh n  
entirely dom9at$ by !m1 7        mu* m  
subject to ! influ5ce ( words ?an !     
mod]ns4        ,!y _h no cle> divisions 
( col\rs or sub/ances2 ev5 !        f\r 
elem5ts 7 undef9$2 ! fields ( k 7 n     
p>t$ (f4 ,!y 7 br++ ord] out ( disord]1 
hav+ a        small gra9 ( exp]i5ce m+l$
 9 a confus$ heap ( a priori            
notions4 ,& yet1 probably1 _! fir/      
impressions1 !        illusions &       
mirages ( _! fancy1 creat$ a great]     
intellectual activity & made a ne>]     
approa* to ! tru?        ?an any pati5t 
inve/igation ( isolat$ facts1 = :i* !   
"t _h n yet come1 c\ld h accompli%$4    
,!re 0 "o m illusion to :i* ! anci5t    
philosoph]s        7 subject1 & aga9/   

:i* ,plato 9 8 lat] dialogues           
seems to be /ruggl+--! t5d5cy to m]e    
ab/ractions2 n        p]ceiv+ t pure    
ab/raction is only negation1 !y ?\ght   
t ! great] ! ab/raction ! great] ! tru?4
 ,beh9d        any pair ( ideas a new   
idea :i* compreh5d$ !m--! 7,greek71     
z x 0 te*nically t]m$--began at once to 
appe>4 ,two are        tru] ?an ?ree1 "o
 ?an two4 ,! words #8be+1' or #8unity1' 
or        ess5ce1' or #8good1' became   
sacr$ to !m4 ,!y did n see t        !y  
_h a ^w only1 & 9 "o s5se ! mo/ unmean+ 
(        words4 ,!y did n und]/& t !    
cont5t ( notions is 9        inv]se     
proportion to _! univ]sality--! elem5t  
:i* is !        mo/ widely diffus$ is   
also ! ?9ne/2 or1 9 ! language (        
! common logic1 ! great] ! ext5sion !   
less !        compreh5sion4 ,b ?is      
vacant idea ( a :ole )\t p>ts1 (        
a subject )\t pr$icates1 a re/ )\t      
motion1 has be5        also ! mo/       
fruitful ( all ideas4 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( a
        priori ?\ght1 & inde$ ( ?9k+ at 

all4 ,m5 7 l$ to        conceive x1 n by
 a love ( ha/y g5]alization1 b by a     
div9e in/9ct1 a dialectical en?usiasm1 9
 :i* ! human        faculties seem$ to  
ye>n = enl>gem5t4 ,we "k t #8be+'       
is only ! v]b ( exi/5ce1 ! copula1 ! mo/
 g5]al        symbol ( relation1 ! fir/ 
& mo/ meagre ( ab/ractions2        b to 
"s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s ?is little ^w 
appe>$        to atta9 div9e            
proportions1 & to compreh5d all tru?4   
,be+        or ess5ce1 & simil> words1  
repres5t$ to !m a supreme or            
div9e be+1 9 :i* !y ?\ght t !y f\nd !   
conta9+ & cont9u+ pr9ciple ( ! univ]se4 
,9 a few        ye>s ! human m9d 0      
peopl$ ) ab/ractions2 a new _w        0 
call$ into exi/5ce to give law & ord] to
 ! old4 ,b        betwe5 !m !re 0 /ill a
 gulf1 & no "o c\ld pass f        ! "o  
to ! o!r4          ,numb] & figure 7 !  
greate/ in/rum5ts ( ?\ght :i*        7  
possess$ by ! ,greek philosoph]2 hav+ ! 
same p[]        ov] ! m9d :i* 0 ex]t$ by
 ab/ract ideas1 !y 7 also        capable

 ( practical application4 ,_m curi\s &1 
to ! e>ly        ?9k]1 my/]i\s prop]ties
 ( !m came to light :5 !y        7      
comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,!y admitt$ ( inf9ite
        multiplication & con/ruction2 9 
,py?agorean triangles or 9              
proportions ( #a3b3d3h & #a3c3i3bg1 or  
comp\nds ( !m1 !        laws ( ! _w     
seem$ to be m ?an half reveal$4 ,!y 7   
also capable ( inf9ite subdivision--a   
wond] & also a puzzle        to ! anci5t
 ?9k] 7,rep474 ,!y 7 n1 l be+ or        
ess5ce1 m]e vacant ab/ractions1 b       
admitt$ ( progress &        gr[?1 :ile  
at ! same "t !y confirm$ a high] s5tim5t
        ( ! m9d1 t !re 0 ord] 9 !       
univ]se4 ,& s !re        began to be a  
real sympa?y betwe5 ! _w )9 & !         
_w )\t4 ,! numb]s & figures :i* 7 pres5t
 to !        m9d's eye became visible to
 ! eye ( s5se2 ! tru? (        nature 0 
ma!matics2 ! o!r prop]ties ( objects    
seem$ to        reappe> only 9 ! light (
 numb]4 ,law & morality also f\nd       
a natural expression 9 numb] & figure4  

,in/rum5ts ( su*        p[] & ela/icity 
c\ld n fail to be #8a mo/ graci\s       
assi/ance' to ! fir/ ef=ts ( human      
intellig5ce4          ,!re 0 ano!r      
reason :y numb]s _h s great an influ5ce 
ov] ! m9ds ( e>ly ?9k]s--!y 7 v]ifi$ by 
exp]i5ce4 ,e use ( !m1 ev5 ! mo/        
trivial1 assur$ m5        ( _! tru?2 !y 
7 ev]y:]e to be f\nd1 9 ! lea/          
?+s & ! greate/ alike4 ,"o1 two1 ?ree1  
c\nt$ on !        f+]s 0 a #8trivial    
matt] 7,rep471 a little in/rum5t out (  
:i* to create a _w2 b f ^! & by ! help (
 ^!        all our k ( nature has be5   
develop$4 ,!y 7 !        measure ( all  
?+s1 & seem$ to give law to all ?+s2    
nature 0 rescu$ f *aos & confusion by _!
 p[]2 !        notes ( music1 ! motions 
( ! />s1 ! =ms ( atoms1 !               
evolution & recurr5ce ( days1 mon?s1    
ye>s1 ! milit>y        divisions ( an   
army1 ! civil divisions ( a /ate1 seem$ 
to        af=d a #8pres5t witness' (    
!m--:at w\ld h become ( man        or ( 
! _w if depriv$ ( numb] 7,rep478 ,!     

my/]y (        numb] & ! my/]y ( music 7
 ak94 ,!re 0 a music (        rhy?m & ( 
h>moni\s motion ev]y:]e2 & to ! real    
connexion :i* exi/$ betwe5 music &      
numb]1 a fanciful or        imag9>y     
relation 0 sup]add$4 ,!re 0 a music ( ! 
sph]es z well z ( ! notes ( ! lyre4 ,if 
9 all ?+s        se5 !re 0 numb] &      
figure1 :y %\ld !y n also        p]vade 
! unse5 _w1 ) :i* by _! wond]ful &      
un*angeable nature !y seem$ to hold     
communion8          ,two o!r po9ts /rike
 u 9 ! use :i* ! anci5t                 
philosoph]s made ( numb]s4 ,fir/1 !y    
appli$ to ext]nal        nature !       
relations ( !m :i* !y f\nd 9 _! own     
m9ds2        & :]e nature seem$ to be at
 v>iance ) numb]1 z =        example 9 !
 case ( fractions1 !y prote/$ aga9/ h]  
7,rep42 ,ari/4 ,metaph474 ,hav+ long    
m$itat$ on ! prop]ties        (         
#a3b3d3h1 or #a3c3i3bg1 or ( #c1 #d1 #e1
 !y discov]$ 9 !m        _m curi\s      
correspond5ces & 7 dispos$ to f9d 9 !m  
! secret ( ! univ]se4 ,secondly1 !y     

appli$ numb] &        figure equally to 
^? p>ts ( physics1 su* z a/ronomy or    
me*anics1 9 :i* ! mod]n philosoph]      
expects to f9d !m1        & to ^? 9 :i* 
he w\ld nev] ?9k ( look+ = !m1          
su* z physiology & psy*ology4 ,= !      
sci5ces 7 n yet        divid$1 & !re 0  
no?+ really irrational 9 argu+ t        
! same laws :i* regulat$ ! heav5ly      
bodies 7 p>tially        appli$ to !    
err+ limbs or bra9 ( man4 ,a/rology 0 ! 
=m :i* ! lively fancy ( anci5t ?9k]s    
almo/        necess>ily gave to         
a/ronomy4 ,! obs]vation t ! l[]         
pr9ciple1 e4g4 me*anics1 is always se5 9
 ! high]1 e4g4 9        ! ph5om5a (     
life1 fur!r t5d$ to p]plex !m4 ,plato's 
doctr9e ( ! same & ! o!r rul+ ! c\rses (
 !        heav5s & ( ! human body is n a
 m]e vag>y1 b is a        natural result
 ( ! /ate ( k & ?\ght at :i* he         
_h arriv$4          ,:5 9 mod]n times we
 contemplate ! heav5s1 a c]ta9 am\nt    
( sci5tific tru? imp]ceptibly bl5ds1 ev5
 ) ! cursory        glance ( an         

unsci5tific p]son4 ,he kn[s t ! e>? is  
revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 & n ! sun ar\nd !   
e>?4 ,he        does n imag9e ! e>? to  
be ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 &        he has 
"s conception ( *emi/ry & ! cognate     
sci5ces4 ,a        v diff]5t aspect (   
nature w\ld h be5 pres5t to !        m9d
 ( ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]4 ,he w\ld h 
beheld !        e>? a surface only1 n   
mirror$1 h[ev] fa9tly1 9 ! glass        
( sci5ce1 b indissolubly connect$ ) "s  
!ory ( "o1        two1 or m elem5ts4 ,he
 w\ld h se5 ! _w p]vad$ by        numb] 
& figure1 animat$ by a pr9ciple (       
motion1 imman5t 9        a pr9ciple (   
re/4 ,he w\ld h tri$ to con/ruct !      
univ]se on a quantitative pr9ciple1     
seem+ to f9d 9 endless                  
comb9ations ( geometrical figures or 9 !
 inf9ite v>iety (        _! sizes a     
suffici5t acc\nt ( ! multiplicity (     
ph5om5a4 ,to ^! a priori speculations he
 w\ld add a rude        conception (    
matt] & 8 own imm$iate exp]i5ce ( heal? 
& disease4 ,8 cosmos w\ld necess>ily be 

imp]fect &        unequal1 be+ ! fir/   
attempt to impress =m & ord] on !       
primaeval *aos ( human k4 ,he w\ld see  
all ?+s z 9        a dream4          ,! 
anci5t physical philosoph]s h be5 *>g$  
by ,dr4        ,:ewell & o!rs ) wa/+ _! 
f9e intellig5ces 9 wrong        me?ods (
 enquiry2 & _! progress 9 moral &       
political        philosophy has be5     
sometimes contra/$ ) _! suppos$         
failure 9 physical inve/igations4 #8,!y 
_h pl5ty ( ideas1'        says ,dr4     
,:ewell1 #8& pl5ty ( facts2 b _! ideas  
did n        accurately repres5t ! facts
 ) :i* !y 7 acqua9t$4'        ,?is is a 
v crude & mislead+ way ( describ+ anci5t
        sci5ce4 ,x is ! mi/ake ( an     
un$ucat$ p]son--un$ucat$1        t is1 9
 ! high] s5se ( ! ^w--:o imag9es e "o   
else to be l himself & expla9s e o!r age
 by 8 own4        ,no d\bt ! anci5ts (t5
 fell into /range & fanciful            
errors3 ! "t _h n yet arriv$ = ! sl[] & 
sur]        pa? ( ! mod]n inductive     
philosophy4 ,b x rema9s to be        %[n

 t !y c\ld h done m 9 _! age & c\ntry2  
or        t ! contributions :i* !y made 
to ! sci5ces ) :i*        !y 7 acqua9t$ 
are n z great ^u ! :ole z ^?        made
 by _! successors4 ,!re is no s+le /ep 9
 a/ronomy z        great z t ( !        
nameless ,py?agorean :o fir/ conceiv$ ! 
_w to be a body mov+ r\nd ! sun 9 space3
 !re is no        tru] or m compreh5sive
 pr9ciple ?an ! application (           
ma!matics alike to ! heav5ly bodies1 &  
to ! p>ticles (        matt]4 ,! anci5ts
 _h n ! in/rum5ts :i* w\ld h            
enabl$ !m to correct or v]ify _!        
anticipations1 & _!        opportunities
 ( obs]vation 7 limit$4 ,plato probably 
did        m = physical sci5ce by ass]t+
 ! supremacy (        ma!matics ?an     
,ari/otle or 8 disciples by _!          
collections        ( facts4 ,:5 ! ?9k]s 
( mod]n times1 foll[+ ,bacon1           
und]value or disp>age ! speculations (  
anci5t philosoph]s1        !y seem :olly
 to =get ! conditions ( ! _w & ( !      
human m9d1 "u :i* !y c>ri$ on _!        

inve/igations4        ,:5 we accuse !m (
 be+ "u ! influ5ce ( words1 d we        
suppose t we are altoge!r free f ?is    
illusion8 ,:5 we        rem>k t ,greek  
physics soon became /ation>y or ext9ct1 
may        we n obs]ve also t !re h be5 
& may be aga9 p]iods        9 ! hi/ory (
 mod]n philosophy :i* h be5 b>r5 &      
unproductive8 ,we might z well ma9ta9 t 
,greek art 0 n        real or great1    
because x _h nihil simile aut secundum1 
z say        t ,greek physics 7 a       
failure because !y admire no            
subsequ5t progress4          ,! *>ge (  
premature g5]alization :i* is (t5 urg$  
aga9/ anci5t philosoph]s is really an   
ana*ronism4 ,= !y        c h>dly be said
 to h g5]aliz$ at all4 ,!y may be said  
m truly to h cle>$ up & def9$ by ! help 
(        exp]i5ce ideas :i* !y already  
possess$4 ,! beg9n+s (        ?\ght ab\t
 nature mu/ always h ?is "*4 ,a true    
me?od is ! result ( _m ages ( exp]im5t &
 obs]vation1        & is ev] go+ on &   
enl>g+ ) ! progress ( sci5ce        & k4

 ,at fir/ m5 p]sonify nature1 !n !y =m  
impressions ( nature1 at la/ !y conceive
 #8measure' or laws (        nature4 ,!y
 pass out ( my?ology into philosophy4   
,e>ly sci5ce        is n a process (    
discov]y 9 ! mod]n s5se2 b r a          
process ( correct+ by obs]vation1 & to a
 c]ta9 ext5t        only1 ! fir/        
impressions ( nature1 :i* mank9d1 :5 !y 
began to ?9k1 _h receiv$ f poetry or    
language or        un9tellig5t s5se4 ,( 
all sci5tific tru?s ! greate/ &         
simple/ is ! uni=mity ( nature2 ?is 0   
express$ by !        anci5ts 9 _m ways1 
z fate1 or necessity1 or measure1 or    
limit4 ,unexpect$ ev5ts1 ( :i* ! cause 0
 unkn[n to !m1        !y attribut$ to   
*ance 7,?ucyd474 ,b _! conception (     
nature 0 nev] t ( law int]rupt$ by      
exceptions1--a        some:at un=tunate 
metaphysical inv5tion ( mod]n times1    
:i* is at v>iance ) facts & has fail$ to
 satisfy !        requirem5ts ( ?\ght4  
,section #c4            ,plato's acc\nt 
( ! s\l is p>tly my?ical or figurative1 

&        p>tly lit]al4 ,n t ei!r he or  
we c draw a l9e betwe5        !m1 or    
say1 #8,?is is poetry1 ?is is           
philosophy'2 = !        transition f !  
"o to ! o!r is imp]ceptible4 ,nei!r     
mu/ we expect to f9d 9 him absolute     
consi/5cy4 ,he is apt to        pass f  
"o level or /age ( ?\ght to ano!r )\t   
always        mak+ x app>5t t he is     
*ang+ 8 gr\nd4 ,9 su*        passages we
 h to int]pret 8 mean+ by ! g5]al _s    
( 8 writ+s4 ,to reconcile 8             
inconsi/5cies w\ld be        contr>y to 
! fir/ pr9ciples ( criticism & fatal to 
any        true und]/&+ ( him4          
,!re is a fur!r difficulty 9 expla9+ ?is
 "p ( !        ,timaeus--! natural ord] 
( ?\ght is inv]t$4 ,we beg9 )        !  
mo/ ab/ract1 & proce$ f ! ab/ract to !  
concrete4        ,we are se>*+ into ?+s 
:i* are ^u ! utmo/ limit (        human 
intellig5ce1 & !n ( a sudd5 we fall r   
heavily        to ! e>?4 ,!re are no    
int]m$iate /eps :i* lead f "o        to 
! o!r4 ,b ! ab/ract is a vacant =m to u 

until        br\ght into relation ) man 
& nature4 ,god & ! _w are        m]e    
names1 l ! ,be+ ( ! ,eleatics1 unless "s
 human        qualities are add$ on to  
!m4 ,yet ! negation has a k9d (         
unkn[n mean+ to u4 ,! priority ( ,god & 
( ! _w1        :i* he is imag9$ to h    
creat$1 to all o!r exi/5ces1            
gives a solemn awe to !m4 ,& z 9 o!r    
sy/ems ( !ology        & philosophy1 t (
 :i* we "k lea/ has ! greate/           
int]e/ to u4          ,!re is no use 9  
attempt+ to def9e or expla9 ! fir/ ,god 
9 ! ,platonic sy/em1 :o has sometimes   
be5 ?\ght to answ]        to ,god !     
,fa!r2 or ! _w1 9 :om ! ,fa!rs ( !      
,*ur* seem$ to recognize #8! fir/born ( 
e creature4' ,nor        ne$ we discuss 
at l5g? h[ f> ,plato agrees 9 ! lat]    
,jewi% idea ( creation1 accord+ to :i*  
,god made ! _w        out ( no?+4 ,= 8  
orig9al conception ( matt] z            
some?+ :i* has no qualities is really a 
negation4 ,moreov]        9 ! ,hebrew   
,scriptures ! creation ( ! _w is        

describ$1        ev5 m explicitly ?an 9 
! ,timaeus1 n z a s+le act1        b z a
 "w or process :i* occupi$ six days4    
,!re is a        *aos 9 bo?1 & x w\ld be
 untrue to say t ! ,greek1 any        m 
?an ! ,hebrew1 _h any def9ite belief 9 !
 et]nal        exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,!      
beg9n+ ( ?+s vani%$ into !              
di/ance4 ,! real creation began1 n )    
matt]1 b )        ideas4 ,accord+ to    
,plato 9 ! ,timaeus1 ,god took ( ! same 
& ! o!r1 ( ! divid$ & undivid$1 ( !     
f9ite &        inf9ite1 & made ess5ce1 &
 out ( ! ?ree comb9$ creat$        ! s\l
 ( ! _w4 ,to ! s\l he add$ a body =m$   
out (        ! f\r elem5ts4 ,! g5]al    
mean+ ( ^! words is t ,god        imp>t$
 det]m9ations ( ?\ght1 or1 z we might   
say1 gave law        & v>iety to !      
mat]ial univ]se4 ,! elem5ts are mov+ 9  
a disord]ly mann] be=e ! "w ( creation  
beg9s2 & !re        is an et]nal patt]n 
( ! _w1 :i*1 l ! #8idea (        good1' 
is n ! ,creator himself1 b n sep>able f 
him4        ,! patt]n too1 ?\gh et]nal1 

is a creation1 a _w (        ?\ght prior
 to ! _w ( s5se1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! 
wisdom ( ,god 9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/icus1
 or to ! #8,god 9        ! =m ( a globe'
 ( ! old ,eleatic philosoph]s4 ,!       
visible1 :i* already exi/s1 is fa%ion$ 9
 ! lik5ess (        ?is et]nal patt]n4  
,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no tru? (          
:i* ,plato is m firmly conv9c$ ?an ( !  
priority ( !        s\l to ! body1 bo? 9
 ! univ]se & 9 man4 ,s        inconsi/5t
 are ! =ms 9 :i* he describes ! works   
:i*        no tongue c utt]--8 language1
 z he himself says1 p>tak+        ( 8   
own unc]ta9ty ab\t ! ?+s ( :i* he is    
speak+4          ,we may rem>k 9 pass+1 
t ! ,platonic comp>$ ) !        ,jewi%  
description ( ! process ( creation has  
less ( fre$om        or spontaneity4 ,! 
,creator 9 ,plato is /ill subject to a  
remnant ( necessity :i* he _c :olly     
ov]come4 ,:5 8        "w is accompli%$  
he rema9s 9 8 own nature4 ,plato is m   
s5sible ?an ! ,hebrew prophet ( !       
exi/5ce ( evil1 :i*        he seeks to  

put z f> z possible out ( ! way ( ,god4 
,& he        c only suppose ?is to be   
accompli%$ by ,god retir+ into          
himself & committ+ ! less] works (      
creation to inf]ior        p[]s4        
7,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ,laws = ano!r solution 
( !        difficulty47          ,nor c 
we atta* any intelligible mean+ to 8    
words :5 he        speaks ( ! visible   
be+ 9 ! image ( ! invisible4 ,=         
h[ c t :i* is divid$ be l t :i* is      
undivid$8 ,or        t :i* is *ang+ be !
 copy ( t :i* is un*ang+8        ,all ! 
old difficulties ab\t ! ideas come back 
^u u 9 an        alt]$ =m4 ,we c imag9e 
two worlds1 "o ( :i* is ! m]e           
d\ble ( ! o!r1 or "o ( :i* is an        
imp]fect copy ( !        o!r1 or "o (   
:i* is ! vani%+ ideal ( ! o!r2 b        
we _c imag9e an intellectual _w :i* has 
no qualities--#8a        ?+ 9 itself'--a
 po9t :i* has no p>ts or magnitude1 :i* 
is n[h]e1 & no?+4 ,?is _c be ! ar*etype 
accord+        to :i* ,god made ! _w1 & 
is 9 reality1 :e!r 9 ,plato        or 9 

,kant1 a m]e negative residuum ( human  
?\ght4          ,!re is ano!r aspect ( !
 same difficulty :i* appe>s to        h 
no satisfactory solution4 ,9 :at        
relation does !        ar*etype /& to ! 
,creator himself8 ,= ! idea or patt]n   
( ! _w is n ! ?\ght ( ,god1 b a sep>ate1
        self-exi/5t nature1 ( :i*       
creation is ! copy4 ,we c only          
reply1 7#a7 t to ! m9d ( ,plato subject 
& object 7 n        yet di/+ui%$2 7#b7 t
 he supposes ! process ( creation       
to take place 9 accordance ) 8 own !ory 
( ideas2 & z        we _c give a        
consi/5t acc\nt ( ! "o1 nei!r c we (    
! o!r4 ,he means 7#c7 to say t !        
creation ( ! _w is        n a mat]ial   
process ( work+ ) legs & arms1 b ideal  
& intellectual2 accord+ to 8 own f9e    
expression1 #8!        ?\ght ( ,god made
 ! ,god t 0 to be4' ,he means 7#d7 to   
draw        an absolute di/9ction betwe5
 ! invisible or un*angeable        :i*  
is or is ! place ( m9d or be+1 & ! _w ( 
s5se        or becom+ :i* is visible &  

*ang+4 ,he means 7#e7 t !        idea ( 
! _w is prior to ! _w1 j z ! o!r ideas  
are prior to s5sible objects2 & l !m may
 be reg>d$ z        et]nal &            
self-exi/5t1 & also1 l ! ,,idea ( good1 
may        be view$ ap>t f ! div9e m9d4 
,!re are sev]al o!r que/ions :i* we     
might ask & :i*        c receive no     
answ]1 or at lea/ only an answ] ( ! same
        k9d z ! prec$+4 ,h[ c matt] be  
conceiv$ to exi/        )\t =m8 ,or1 h[ 
c ! ess5ces or =ms ( ?+s be             
di/+ui%$ f ! et]nal ideas1 or ess5ce    
itself f !        s\l8 ,or1 h[ c\ld !re 
h be5 motion 9 ! *aos :5 z        yet "t
 0 n8 ,or1 h[ did *aos come into        
exi/5ce1 if n        by ! w ( !         
,creator8 ,or1 h[ c\ld !re h be5 a "t   
:5 ! _w 0 n1 if "t 0 n8 ,or1 h[ c\ld !  
,creator h tak5 portions ( an           
indivisible same8 ,or1 h[ c\ld          
space or any?+ else h be5 et]nal :5 "t  
is only        creat$8 ,or1 h[ c\ld !   
surfaces ( geometrical figures h        
=m$ solids8 ,we mu/ reply aga9 t we _c  

foll[ ,plato 9        all 8             
inconsi/5cies1 b t ! gaps ( ?\ght are   
probably m app>5t to u ?an to him4 ,he  
w\ld1 p]haps1 h        said t #8! fir/  
?+s are kn[n only to ,god & to him (    
m5 :om ,god loves4' ,h[ (t5 h ! gaps 9  
,!ology be5        conceal$ f ! eye (   
fai?6 ,& we may say t only by an        
ef=t ( metaphysical imag9ation c we hope
 to und]/&        ,plato f 8 own po9t ( 
view2 we mu/ n ask =        consi/5cy4  
,ev]y:]e we f9d traces ( ! ,platonic    
!ory (        k express$ 9 an objective 
=m1 :i* by u has to be        translat$ 
into ! subjective1 be=e we c atta* any  
mean+        to x4 ,& ?is !ory is       
exhibit$ 9 s _m diff]5t po9ts        (  
view1 t we _c ) any c]ta9ty int]pret "o 
dialogue        by ano!r2 e4g4 !        
,timaeus by ! ,p>m5ides or ,pha$rus or  
,philebus4          ,! s\l ( ! _w may   
also be conceiv$ z !                    
p]sonification ( ! numb]s & figures 9   
:i* ! heav5ly        bodies move4       
,imag9e ^! z 9 a ,py?agorean dream1     

/ripp$ (        qualitative diff]5ce &  
r$uc$ to ma!matical ab/ractions4        
,!y too con=m to ! pr9ciple ( ! same1 & 
may be        comp>$ ) ! mod]n          
conception ( laws ( nature4 ,!y are     
9 space1 b n 9 "t1 & !y are ! mak]s (   
"t4 ,!y        are repres5t$ z con/antly
 ?9k+ ( ! same2 = ?\ght        9 ! view 
( ,plato is equival5t to tru? or law1 & 
ne$ n        imply a human consci\sness1
 a conception :i* is famili>            
en\gh to u1 b has no place1 h>dly ev5 a 
"n1 9 anci5t        ,greek philosophy4  
,to ?is pr9ciple ( ! same is oppos$ !   
pr9ciple ( ! o!r--! pr9ciple (          
irregul>ity &        disord]1 (         
necessity & *ance1 :i* is only p>tially 
impress$ by ma!matical laws & figures4  
7,we may obs]ve by        ! way1 t !    
pr9ciple ( ! o!r1 :i* is ! pr9ciple     
( plurality & v>iation 9 ! ,timaeus1 has
 no?+ 9 common        ) ! #8o!r' ( !    
,sophi/1 :i* is ! pr9ciple (            
det]m9ation47 ,! elem5t ( ! same        
dom9ates to a c]ta9        ext5t ov] !  

o!r--! fix$ />s keep ! #8w&]]s' ( !     
inn] circle 9 _! c\rses1 & a simil>     
pr9ciple (        fix$ness or ord]      
appe>s to regulate ! bodily con/itution 
(        man4 ,b !re /ill rema9s a      
rebelli\s se$ ( evil d]iv$        f !   
orig9al *aos1 :i* is ! s\rce ( disord] 9
 !        _w1 & ( vice & disease 9 man4 
,b :at did ,plato mean by ess5ce1       
7,greek71 :i* is !        int]m$iate    
nature comp\nd$ ( ! ,same & ! ,o!r1 &   
out        ( :i*1 toge!r ) ^! two1 ! s\l
 ( ! _w is        creat$8 ,x is         
difficult to expla9 a process ( ?\ght s 
/range & unaccu/om$ to u1 9 :i* mod]n   
di/9ctions run        into "o ano!r &   
are lo/ sight (4 ,fir/1 let u consid]   
once m ! mean+ ( ! ,same & ! ,o!r4 ,!   
,same is !        un*ang+ & indivisible1
 ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s1        p>tak+ ( !
 div9e nature1 :i*1 hav+ law 9 itself1  
gives law to all besides & is ! elem5t (
 ord] &        p]man5ce 9 man & on !    
e>?4 ,x is ! rational pr9ciple1         
m9d reg>d$ z a "w1 z creation--n z !    

creator4 ,! old        tradition (      
,p>m5ides & ( ! ,eleatic ,be+1 !        
f\ndation        ( s mu* 9 ! philosophy 
( ,greece & ( ! _w1 0        l+]+ 9     
,plato's m9d4 ,! ,o!r is ! v>iable or   
*ang+        elem5t1 ! residuum (       
disord] or *aos1 :i* _c be        r$uc$ 
to ord]1 nor altoge!r bani%$1 ! s\rce ( 
evil1        se5 9 ! errors ( man & also
 9 ! w&]+s ( !        planets1 a        
necessity :i* protrudes ?r\gh nature4 ,(
 ?is too        !re 0 a %ad[ 9 !        
,eleatic philosophy 9 ! realm (         
op9ion1 :i*1 l a mi/1 seem$ to d>k5 !   
purity ( tru?        9 itself4--,s f> ! 
words ( ,plato may p]haps f9d an        
intelligible mean+4 ,b :5 he goes on to 
speak ( ! ,ess5ce        :i* is comp\nd$
 out ( bo?1 ! track becomes fa9t] & we  
c only foll[ him ) hesitat+ /eps4 ,b    
/ill we f9d a        trace reappe>+ ( ! 
tea*+ ( ,anaxagoras3 #8,all 0           
confusion1 & !n m9d came & arrang$ ?+s4'
 ,we h        already rem>k$ t ,plato 0 
n acqua9t$ ) ! mod]n        di/9ction ( 

subject & object1 & !re=e he sometimes  
confuses m9d & ! ?+s ( m9d--7,greek7 &  
7,greek74 ,by        7,greek7 he cle>ly 
means "s conception ( ! intelligible &  
! intellig5t2 x belongs to ! class (    
7,greek74 ,matt]1        be+1 ! ,same1 !
 et]nal1--= any ( ^! t]ms1 be+          
almo/ vacant ( mean+1 is equally        
suitable to express        indef9ite    
exi/5ce1--are comp>$ or unit$ ) ! ,o!r  
or        ,div]se1 & out ( ! union or   
comp>ison is elicit$ ! idea        (    
intellig5ce1 ! #8,"o 9 _m1' bright] ?an 
any ,prome!an        fire 7,phil471 :i* 
co-exi/+ ) !m & s =m+ a new             
exi/5ce1 is or becomes ! intelligible   
_w444,s we may        p]haps v5ture to  
p>aphrase or int]pret or put into o!r   
words ! p>able 9 :i* ,plato has wrapp$  
up 8 conception (        ! creation ( ! 
_w4 ,! explanation may help to fill up  
) figures ( spee* ! void ( k4           
,! entire comp\nd 0 divid$ by ! ,creator
 9 c]ta9        proportions & reunit$2 x
 0 !n cut into two /rips1 :i*        7  

b5t into an inn] circle & an out]1 bo?  
mov+ ) an        uni=m motion ar\nd a   
c5tre1 ! out] circle conta9+ !          
fix$1 ! inn] ! w&]+ />s4 ,! s\l ( ! _w 0
        diffus$ ev]y:]e f ! c5tre to !  
circumf]5ce4 ,to ?is        ,god gave a 
body1 consi/+ at fir/ ( fire & e>?1 &   
aft]w>ds receiv+ an addition ( air &    
wat]2 because solid        bodies1 l !  
_w1 are always connect$ by two middle   
t]ms        & n by "o4 ,! _w 0 made 9 ! 
=m ( a globe1 &        all ! mat]ial    
elem5ts 7 exhau/$ 9 ! "w ( creation4    
,! proportions 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! _w z well
 z !        human s\l is divid$ answ] to
 a s]ies ( numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1       
#i1 #h1 #bg1 compos$ ( ! two ,py?agorean
 progressions #a1 #b1 #d1 #h        &   
#a1 #c1 #i1 #bg1 ( :i* ! numb] #a       
repres5ts a po9t1 #b &        #c l9es1  
#d & #h1 #i & #bg ! squ>es & cubes      
respectively (        #b & #c4 ,?is     
s]ies1 ( :i* ! int]vals are aft]w>ds    
fill$ up1 probably repres5ts 7#a7 !     
diatonic scale accord+        to !      

,py?agoreans & ,plato2 7#b7 ! ord] &    
di/ances ( !        heav5ly bodies2 &   
7#c7 may possibly conta9 an allusion to 
!        music ( ! sph]es1 :i* is ref]r$
 to 9 ! my? at ! end        ( !         
,republic4 ,! mean+ ( ! words t #8solid 
bodies are        always connect$ by two
 middle t]ms' or mean proportionals has 
be5 mu* disput$4 ,! mo/ receiv$         
explanation is t (        ,m>t91 :o     
supposes t ,plato is only speak+ (      
surfaces &        solids comp\nd$ (     
prime numb]s 7i4e4 ( numb]s n made up   
( two factors1 or1 9 o!r words1 only    
measurable by unity74        ,! squ>e ( 
any su* numb] repres5ts a surface1 !    
cube a        solid4 ,! squ>es ( any two
 su* numb]s 7e4g4 #b squ>$1 #c          
squ>$  #d1 #i71 h always a s+le mean    
proportional 7e4g4 #d        & #i h !   
s+le mean #f71 :]eas ! cubes ( primes   
7e4g4        #c cub$ & #e cub$7 h always
 two mean proportionals 7e4g4           
#bg3de3ge3abe74 ,b to ?is explanation ( 
,m>t9's x may be        object$1 7#a7 t 

,plato n[h]e says t 8 proportion is to  
be limit$ to prime numb]s2 7#b7 t !     
limitation ( surfaces        to squ>es  
is also n to be f\nd 9 8 words2 nor 7#c7
 is !re        any evid5ce to %[ t !    
di/9ction ( prime f o!r        numb]s 0 
kn[n to him4 ,:at ,plato *iefly int5ds  
to express        is t a solid requires 
a /rong] bond ?an a surface2 & t        
! d\ble bond :i* is giv5 by two means is
 /rong] ?an !        s+le bond giv5 by  
"o4 ,hav+ reflect$ on ! s+ul>           
num]ical ph5om5a ( ! exi/5ce ( "o mean  
proportional        betwe5 two squ>e    
numb]s are r p]haps only betwe5 !       
two l[e/ squ>es2 & ( two mean           
proportionals betwe5 two        cubes1  
p]haps aga9 conf9+ 8 att5tion to ! two  
l[e/        cubes1 he f9ds 9 ! latt]    
symbol an expression ( !        relation
 ( ! elem5ts1 z 9 ! =m] an image ( !    
comb9ation ( two surfaces4 ,betwe5 fire 
& e>?1 ! two        extremes1 he rem>ks 
t !re are introduc$1 n "o1 b two        
elem5ts1 air & wat]1 :i* are comp>$ to !

 two mean        proportionals betwe5   
two cube numb]s4 ,! vagu5ess ( 8        
language does n all[ u to det]m9e :e!r  
any?+ m        ?an ?is 0 int5d$ by him4 
,leav+ ! fur!r explanation ( details1   
:i* ! read] w        f9d discuss$ at    
l5g? 9 ,boeckh & ,m>t91 we may n[ return
        to ! ma9 argum5t3 ,:y did ,god  
make ! _w8 ,l man1 he        mu/ h a    
purpose2 & 8 purpose is ! diffusion ( t 
goodness or good :i* he himself is4 ,!  
t]m #8goodness' is n        to be       
und]/ood 9 ?is passage z mean+ b5evol5ce
 or love1        9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( !  
t]m1 b r law1 ord]1        h>mony1 l !  
idea ( good 9 ! ,republic4 ,! anci5t    
my?olog]s1 & ev5 ! ,hebrew prophets1 _h 
spok5 ( !        jeal\sy ( ,god2 & !    
,greek _h imag9$ t !re 0 a              
,nemesis always att5d+ ! prosp]ity (    
mortals4 ,b ,plato        delights to   
?9k ( ,god z ! au?or ( ord] 9 8 works1  
:o1 l a fa!r1 lives ov] aga9 9 8 *ildr51
 & c        nev] h too mu* ( good or    
fri5d%ip among 8 creatures4             

,only1 z !re is a c]ta9 remnant ( evil  
inh]5t 9 matt]        :i* he _c get rid 
(1 he deta*es himself f !m &            
leaves !m to !mselves1 t he may be      
guiltless ( _!        faults & suff]+s4 
,betwe5 ! ideal & ! s5sible ,plato      
int]poses ! two        natures ( "t &   
space4 ,"t is conceiv$ by him to be only
        ! %ad[ or image ( et]nity :i*   
ev] is & nev] has be5        or w be1 b 
is describ$ 9 a figure only z pa/ or    
future4        ,?is is "o ( ! great     
?\ghts ( e>ly philosophy1 :i* are       
/ill z difficult to our m9ds z !y 7 to !
 e>ly        ?9k]s2 or p]haps m         
difficult1 because we m di/9ctly        
see ! consequ5ces :i* are involv$ 9 su* 
an hypo!sis4        ,all ! objections   
:i* may be urg$ aga9/ ,kant's doctr9e ( 
! ideality ( space & "t at once press ^u
 u4 ,if "t is        unreal1 !n all :i* 
is conta9$ 9 "t is unreal--!            
succession ( human ?\ghts z well z !    
flux ( s5sations2        !re is no      
connect+ l9k betwe5 7,greek7 & 7,greek74

 ,yet1 on        ! o!r h&1 we are       
consci\s t k is indep5d5t (        "t1 t
 tru? is n a ?+ ( ye/]day or tomorr[1 b 
an        #8et]nal n[4' ,to !           
#8spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce'     
! univ]se rema9s at re/4 ,! tru?s (     
geometry &        ari?metic 9 all _!    
comb9ations are always ! same4 ,!       
g5]ations ( m51 l ! leaves ( ! =e/1 come
 & g1        b ! ma!matical laws by :i* 
! _w is gov]n$ rema91        & seem z if
 !y c\ld nev] *ange4 ,! ev]-pres5t image
 (        space is transf]r$ to         
"t--succession is conceiv$ z            
ext5sion4 7,we rem>k t ,plato does away 
) ! above &        bel[ 9 space1 z he   
has done away ) ! absolute exi/5ce      
( pa/ & future47 ,! c\rse ( "t1 unless  
regul>ly m>k$        by divisions (     
numb]1 p>takes ( ! indef9it5ess ( !     
,h]aclitean flux4 ,by su* reflections we
 may conceive ! ,greek        to h      
atta9$ ! metaphysical conception (      
et]nity1 :i*        to ! ,hebrew 0 ga9$ 
by m$itation on ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,no      

"o saw t ?is objective 0 really a       
subjective1 & involv$        !          
subjectivity ( all k4 #8,non 9 tempore  
s$ cum        tempore f9xit ,deus       
mundum1' says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 repeat+ a   
?\ght d]iv$ f ! ,timaeus1 b app>5tly    
unconsci\s (        ! results to :i* 8  
doctr9e w\ld h l$4          ,!          
contradictions involv$ 9 ! conception ( 
"t or motion1        l ! inf9itesimal 9 
space1 7 a s\rce ( p]plexity to        !
 m9d ( ! ,greek1 :o 0 driv5 to f9d a    
po9t ( view        above or beyond !m4  
,!y _h sprung up 9 ! decl9e ( !         
,eleatic philosophy & 7 v famili> to    
,plato1 z we ga!r        f ! ,p>m5ides4 
,! consci\sness ( !m _h l$ ! great      
,eleatic philosoph] to describe ! nature
 ( ,god or ,be+ "u        negatives4 ,he
 s+s ( #8,be+ unbegott5 & imp]i%able1   
unmov$ & nev]-end+1 :i* nev] 0 nor w be1
 b always        is1 "o & cont9u\s1 :i* 
_c spr+ f any o!r2 =        x _c be said
 or imag9$ n to be4' ,! idea ( et]nity  
0 = a great "p a negation4 ,!re are     

regions ( speculation        9 :i* !    
negative is h>dly sep>able f ! positive1
 &        ev5 seems to pass into x4 ,n  
only ,buddhism1 b ,greek z well        z
 ,*ri/ian philosophy1 %[ t x is q       
possible t !        human m9d %\ld reta9
 an en?usiasm = m]e negations4 ,9       
diff]5t ages & c\ntries !re h be5 =ms ( 
light 9        :i* no?+ c\ld be disc]n$ 
& :i* h nev]!less        ex]cis$ a      
life-giv+ & illum9+ p[]4 ,= ! high]     
intellig5ce ( man seems to require1 n   
only some?+ above        s5se1 b above  
k1 :i* c only be describ$ z ,m9d        
or ,be+ or ,tru? or ,god or !           
un*angeable & et]nal elem5t1        9 ! 
expression ( :i* all pr$icates fail &   
fall %ort4        ,et]nity or ! et]nal  
is n m]ely ! unlimit$ 9 "t b        !   
true/ ( all ,be+1 ! mo/ real ( all      
realities1 ! mo/        c]ta9 ( all k1  
:i* we nev]!less only see ?r\gh        a
 glass d>kly4 ,! passionate e>ne/ness ( 
,p>m5ides        contra/s ) ! vacuity ( 
! ?\ght :i* he is revolv+        9 8    

m9d4          ,space is said by ,plato  
to be ! #8conta9+ vessel or nurse (     
g5]ation4' ,reflect+ on ! simple/ k9ds (
 ext]nal        objects1 :i* to !       
anci5ts 7 ! f\r elem5ts1 he 0 l$        
to a m g5]al notion ( a sub/ance1 m or  
less l        !mselves1 out ( :i* !y 7  
fa%ion$4 ,he w\ld n h        !m too     
precisely di/+ui%$4 ,?us seems to h     
aris5 !        fir/ dim p]ception (     
7,greek7 or matt]1 :i* has play$ s      
great a "p 9 ! metaphysical philosophy (
 ,ari/otle & 8        foll[]s4 ,b       
besides ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! elem5ts   
are        made1 !re is also a space 9  
:i* !y are conta9$4 ,!re        arises  
?us a second nature :i* ! s5ses are     
incapable (        disc]n+ & :i* c h>dly
 be ref]r$ to ! intelligible            
class4 ,= x is & x is n1 x is n[h]e :5  
fill$1 x is        no?+ :5 empty4 ,h5ce 
x is said to be disc]n$ by a k9d (      
spuri\s or analog\s reason1 p>tak+ s    
feebly ( exi/5ce z        to be h>dly   
p]ceivable1 yet always reappe>+ z !     

conta9+ "m or nurse ( all ?+s4 ,x _h n t
 sort (        consi/5cy to ,plato :i*  
has be5 giv5 to x 9 mod]n times         
by geometry & metaphysics4 ,nei!r ( !   
,greek words by :i*        x is describ$
 are s purely ab/ract z ! ,engli% ^w    
#8space' or ! ,lat9 #8spatium4' ,nei!r  
,plato nor any o!r ,greek        w\ld h 
spok5 ( 7,greek7 or 7,greek7 9 ! same   
mann] z we        speak ( #8"t' &       
#8space4'          ,yet space is also ( 
a v p]man5t or ev5 et]nal nature2 &     
,plato seems m will+ to admit ( !       
unreality ( "t ?an        ( ! unreality 
( space2 because1 z he says1 all ?+s mu/
        necess>ily exi/ 9 space4 ,we1 on
 ! o!r h&1 are dispos$        to fancy t
 ev5 if space 7 annihilat$ "t might /ill
        survive4 ,he admits inde$ t our 
k ( space is ( a        dreamy k9d1 & is
 giv5 by a spuri\s reason )\t ! help    
( s5se4 7,comp>e ! hypo!ses & images (  
,rep47 ,x is true        t x does n     
atta9 to ! cle>ness ( ideas4 ,b l !m    
x seems to rema91 ev5 if all ! objects  

conta9$ 9 x are        suppos$ to h     
vani%$ away4 ,h5ce x 0 natural = ,plato 
to        conceive ( x z et]nal4 ,we mu/
 rememb] fur!r t 9 8        attempt to  
realize ei!r space or matt] ! two       
ab/ract ideas        ( weight &         
ext5sion1 :i* are famili> to u1 _h nev] 
pass$ be=e 8 m9d4          ,?us f> ,god1
 work+ accord+ to an et]nal patt]n1 out 
( 8        goodness has creat$ ! same1 !
 o!r1 & ! ess5ce        7comp>e ! ?ree  
pr9ciples ( ! ,philebus--! f9ite1 !     
inf9ite1 & ! union ( ! two71 & out ( !m 
has =m$        ! out] circle ( ! fix$   
/>s & ! inn] circle ( !        planets1 
divid$ accord+ to c]ta9 musical         
int]vals2 he has        also creat$ "t1 
! mov+ image ( et]nity1 & space1        
exi/+ by a sort ( necessity & h>dly     
di/+ui%able f        matt]4 ,! matt] out
 ( :i* ! _w is =m$ is n                 
absolutely void1 b reta9s 9 ! *aos c]ta9
 g]ms or traces        ( ! elem5ts4 ,^! 
,plato1 l ,emp$ocles1 suppos$ to be     
f\r 9 numb]--fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat]4 ,!y

 7 at fir/        mix$ toge!r2 b already
 9 ! *aos1 be=e ,god fa%ion$        !m  
by =m & numb]1 ! great] masses ( !      
elem5ts _h        an appo9t$ place4     
,into ! confusion 7,greek7 :i* prec$$   
,plato does n attempt fur!r to p5etrate4
 ,!y are call$        elem5ts1 b !y are 
s f> f be+ elem5ts 7,greek7 or          
lett]s 9 ! high] s5se t !y are n ev5    
syllables or        fir/ comp\nds4 ,!   
real elem5ts are two triangles1 !       
rectangul> isosceles :i* has b "o =m1 & 
! mo/        beautiful ( ! _m =ms (     
scal5e1 :i* is half ( an                
equilat]al triangle4 ,by ! comb9ation ( 
^! triangles :i*        exi/ 9 an       
inf9ite v>iety ( sizes1 ! surfaces ( !  
f\r        elem5ts are con/ruct$4       
,t !re 7 only five regul> solids 0      
already kn[n to !        anci5ts1 & out 
( ! surfaces :i* he has =m$ ,plato      
proce$s to g5]ate ! f\r fir/ ( ! five4  
,he p]haps        =gets t he is only    
putt+ toge!r surfaces & has n           
provid$ = _! trans=mation into solids4  

,! fir/ solid is        a regul>        
pyramid1 ( :i* ! base & sides are =m$ by
 f\r        equilat]al or tw5ty-f\r     
scal5e triangles4 ,ea* ( ! f\r          
solid angles 9 ?is figure is a little   
l>g] ?an ! l>ge/        ( obtuse angles4
 ,! second solid is compos$ ( ! same    
triangles1 :i* unite z eight equilat]al 
triangles1 & make        "o solid angle 
out ( f\r plane angles--six ( ^! angles 
=m        a regul> octah$ron4 ,! ?ird   
solid is a regul> icosah$ron1           
hav+ tw5ty triangul> equilat]al bases1 &
 !re=e #abj        rectangul> scal5e    
triangles4 ,! f\r? regul> solid1 or     
cube1        is =m$ by ! comb9ation (   
f\r isosceles triangles into "o         
squ>e & ( six squ>es into a cube4 ,!    
fif? regul> solid1        or            
dodecah$ron1 _c be =m$ by a comb9ation (
 ei!r (        ^! triangles1 b ea* ( its
 faces may be reg>d$ z        compos$ ( 
?irty triangles ( ano!r k9d4 ,probably  
,plato        notices ?is z ! only      
rema9+ regul> polyh$ron1 :i* f          

its approximation to a globe1 & possibly
 because1 z ,plut>*        rem>ks1 x is 
compos$ ( #ab x #cj  #cfj scal5e        
triangles        7,platon4 ,quae/471    
repres5t+ ?us ! signs & degrees ( !     
,zodiac1 z well z ! mon?s & days ( !    
ye>1 ,god may be        said to h #8us$ 
9 ! del9eation ( ! univ]se4' ,accord+   
to ,plato e>? 0 compos$ ( cubes1 fire ( 
regul> pyramids1        air ( regul>    
octah$rons1 wat] ( regul> icosah$rons4  
,!        /ability ( ! la/ ?ree         
increases ) ! numb] ( _!        sides4  
,! elem5ts are suppos$ to pass into "o  
ano!r1 b we mu/        rememb] t ^!     
trans=mations are n ! trans=mations     
( real solids1 b ( imag9>y geometrical  
figures2 9 o!r        words1 we are     
compos+ & decompos+ ! faces ( sub/ances 
& n ! sub/ances !mselves--x is a h\se ( 
c>ds :i* we        are pull+ to pieces &
 putt+ toge!r aga9 7comp>e h[ev]        
,laws74 ,yet p]haps ,plato may reg>d ^! 
sides or faces z only        ! =ms :i*  
are impress$ on pre-exi/5t matt]4 ,x is 

rem>kable t he %\ld speak ( ea* ( ^!    
solids z a        possible _w 9 itself1 
?\gh ^u ! :ole he incl9es to        !   
op9ion t !y =m "o _w & n five4 ,to      
suppose        t !re is an inf9ite numb]
 ( worlds1 z ,democritus                
7,hippolyt4 ,ref4 ,ha]4 ,i47 _h said1   
w\ld be1 z he satirically               
obs]ves1 #8! *>act]i/ic ( a v indef9ite 
& ignorant        m9d4'          ,!     
tw5ty triangul> faces ( an icosah$ron =m
 ! faces or        sides ( two regul>   
octah$rons & ( a regul> pyramid 7#bj  #h
        x #b  #d72 & !re=e1 accord+ to  
,plato1 a p>ticle ( wat]        :5      
decompos$ is suppos$ to give two        
p>ticles ( air & "o        ( fire4 ,s   
because an octah$ron gives ! sides ( two
 pyramids        7#h  #d x #b71 a       
p>ticle ( air is resolv$ into two       
p>ticles (        fire4          ,!     
trans=mation is effect$ by ! sup]ior p[]
 or numb] (        ! conqu]+ elem5ts4 ,!
 mann] ( ! *ange is 7#a7 a              
sep>ation ( portions ( ! elem5ts f !    

masses 9 :i*        !y are collect$2    
7#b7 a resolution ( !m into _! orig9al  
triangles2 & 7#c7 a reunion ( !m 9 new  
=ms4 ,plato himself        proposes !   
"q1 ,:y does motion cont9ue at all :5 ! 
elem5ts are settl$ 9 _! places8 ,he     
answ]s t al?\gh        ! =ce (          
attraction is cont9ually draw+ simil>   
elem5ts        to ! same spot1 /ill !   
revolution ( ! univ]se ex]cises        a
 cond5s+ p[]1 & ?ru/s !m aga9 out ( _!  
natural        places4 ,?us want (      
uni=mity1 ! condition ( motion1 is      
produc$4 ,9 all su* di/urbances ( matt] 
!re is an        alt]native = ! weak]   
elem5t3 x may escape to its k9dr$1      
or take ! =m ( ! /rong]--becom+ d5s]1 if
 x be        d5s]1 or r>] if r>]4 ,?is  
is true ( fire1 air1 & wat]1        :i*1
 be+ compos$ ( simil> triangles1 are    
int]*angeable2        e>?1 h[ev]1 :i*   
has triangles peculi> to itself1 is     
capable ( dissolution1 b n ( *ange4 ,( !
 int]*angeable        elem5ts1 fire1 !  
r>e/1 c only become a d5s]1 & wat]1     

! d5se/1 only a r>]3 b air may become a 
d5s] or a        r>]4 ,no s+le p>ticle (
 ! elem5ts is visible1 b only        !  
aggregates ( !m are se54 ,! subord9ate  
species dep5d1        n ^u diff]5ces (  
=m 9 ! orig9al triangles1 b ^u          
diff]5ces ( size4 ,! obvi\s physical    
ph5om5a f :i*        ,plato has ga!r$ 8 
views ( ! relations ( ! elem5ts         
seem to be ! effect ( fire ^u air1 wat]1
 & e>?1 & !        effect ( wat] ^u e>?4
 ,! p>ticles are suppos$ by him to      
be 9 a p]petual process ( circulation   
caus$ by inequality4        ,?is process
 ( circulation does n admit ( a vacuum1 
z he        tells u 9 8 /range acc\nt ( 
respiration4          ,( ! ph5om5a (    
light & heavy he speaks aft]w>ds1 :5    
treat+ ( s5sation1 b !y may be m        
conv5i5tly        consid]$ by u 9 ?is   
place4 ,!y are n1 he says1 to be        
expla9$ by #8above' & #8bel[1' :i* 9 !  
univ]sal globe        h no exi/5ce1 b by
 ! attraction ( simil>s t[>ds !         
great masses ( simil> sub/ances2 fire to

 fire1 air to air1        wat] to wat]1 
e>? to e>?4 ,plato's doctr9e (          
attraction        implies n only 7#a7 ! 
attraction ( simil> elem5ts to "o       
ano!r1 b also 7#b7 ( small] bodies to   
l>g] ones4 ,_h he        conf9$ himself 
to ! latt] he w\ld h arriv$1 ?\gh1      
p]haps1 )\t any fur!r result or any s5se
 ( ! greatness        ( ! discov]y1 at !
 mod]n doctr9e ( gravitation4 ,he does  
n obs]ve t wat] has an equal t5d5cy     
t[>ds bo? wat]        & e>?4 ,s easily  
did ! mo/ obvi\s facts :i* 7            
inconsi/5t ) 8 !ories escape him4       
,! g5]al physical doctr9es ( ! ,timaeus 
may be summ$ up z        foll[s3 7#a7   
,plato supposes ! great] masses ( !     
elem5ts to        h be5 already settl$ 9
 _! places at ! creation3 7#b7        !y
 are f\r 9 numb]1 & are =m$ ( rectangul>
 triangles        v>i\sly comb9$ into   
regul> solid figures3 7#c7 ?ree ( !m1   
fire1 air1 & wat]1 admit ( trans=mation 
into "o ano!r2        ! f\r?1 e>?1 _c be
 simil>ly trans=m$3 7#d7 diff]5t        

sizes ( ! same triangles =m ! less]     
species ( ea*        elem5t3 7#e7 !re is
 an attraction ( l to l--small]         
masses ( ! same k9d be+ drawn t[>ds     
great]3 7#f7 !re is        no void1 b ! 
p>ticles ( matt] are ev] pu%+ "o ano!r  
r\nd & r\nd 7,greek74 ,l ! atomi/s1     
,plato attributes !        diff]5ces    
betwe5 ! elem5ts to diff]5ces 9         
geometrical        figures4 ,b he does n
 expla9 ! process by :i* surfaces       
become solids2 & he *>act]i/ically      
ridicules ,democritus =        n see+ t 
! worlds are f9ite & n inf9ite4         
,section #d4            ,! a/ronomy (   
,plato is bas$ on ! two pr9ciples ( !   
same        & ! o!r1 :i* ,god comb9$ 9 !
 creation ( ! _w4        ,! s\l1 :i* is 
comp\nd$ ( ! same1 ! o!r1 & !           
ess5ce1 is diffus$ f ! c5tre to !       
circumf]5ce ( !        heav5s4 ,we speak
 ( a s\l ( ! univ]se2 b m truly         
reg>d$1 ! univ]se ( ! ,timaeus is a s\l1
 gov]n$ by        m9d1 & hold+ 9        
solution a residuum ( matt] or evil1 :i*

        ! au?or ( ! _w is unable to     
expel1 & ( :i* ,plato        _c tell u !
 orig94 ,! creation1 9 ,plato's s5se1 is
        really ! creation ( ord]2 & !   
fir/ /ep 9 giv+ ord]        is !        
division ( ! heav5s into an inn] & out] 
circle (        ! o!r & ! same1 ( !     
divisible & ! indivisible1        answ]+
 to ! two sph]es1 ( ! planets & ( ! _w  
beyond !m1 all toge!r mov+ ar\nd ! e>?1 
:i* is _!        c5tre4 ,to u !re is a  
difficulty 9 appreh5d+ h[ t        :i*  
is at re/ c also be 9 motion1 or t :i*  
is        indivisible exi/ 9 space4 ,b !
 :ole description is s ideal        &   
imag9ative1 t we c h>dly v5ture to      
attribute to _m        ( ,plato's words 
9 ! ,timaeus any m mean+ ?an to 8       
my?ical acc\nt ( ! heav5s 9 ! ,republic 
& 9 !        ,pha$rus4 7,comp>e 8 d5ial 
( ! #8blasphem\s op9ion' t        !re   
are planets or w&]+ />s2 all alike move 
9        circles--,laws47 ,! />s are !  
habitations ( ! s\ls ( m51        f :i* 
!y come & to :i* !y return4 ,9 attribut+

 to        ! fix$ />s only ! mo/ p]fect 
motion--t :i* is on !        same spot  
or circulat+ ar\nd ! same--he might     
p]haps h        said t to #8! spectator 
( all "t & all exi/5ce1' to        borr[
 once m 8 own gr& expression1 or view$1 
9 !        language ( ,sp9oza1 #8sub    
specie aet]nitatis1' !y 7 /ill        at
 re/1 b appe>$ to move 9 ord] to tea* m5
 ! p]iods        ( "t4 ,al?\gh          
absolutely 9 motion1 !y are relatively  
at        re/2 or we may conceive ( !m z
 re/+1 :ile ! space 9        :i* !y are 
conta9$1 or ! :ole anima mundi1         
revolves4          ,! univ]se revolves  
ar\nd a c5tre once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1    
b ! orbits ( ! fix$ />s take a diff]5t  
direction f        ^? ( ! planets4 ,!   
out] & ! inn] sph]e cross "o            
ano!r & meet aga9 at a po9t opposite to 
t ( _! fir/        contact2 ! fir/ mov+ 
9 a circle f left to "r along        !  
side ( a p>allelogram :i* is suppos$ to 
be inscrib$ 9        x1 ! second also   
mov+ 9 a circle along ! diagonal ( !    

same p>allelogram f "r to left2 or1 9   
o!r words1 !        fir/ describ+ ! pa? 
( ! equator1 ! second1 ! pa? (        ! 
ecliptic4 ,! motion ( ! second is       
controll$ by !        fir/1 & h5ce !    
oblique l9e 9 :i* ! planets are         
suppos$ to move becomes a spiral4 ,!    
motion ( ! same is said        to be    
undivid$1 :]eas ! inn] motion is split  
into sev5        unequal orbits--!      
int]vals betwe5 !m be+ 9 ! ratio (      
two & ?ree1 ?ree ( ei!r3--! ,sun1 mov+ 9
 ! opposite        direction to ,m]cury 
& ,v5us1 b ) equal swiftness2 !         
rema9+ f\r1 ,moon1 ,saturn1 ,m>s1       
,jupit]1 ) unequal        swiftness to !
 =m] ?ree & to "o ano!r4 ,?us arises !  
foll[+ progression3--,moon #a1 ,sun #b1 
,v5us #c1 ,m]cury #d1 ,m>s #h1          
,jupit] #i1 ,saturn #bg4 ,?is s]ies (   
numb]s is ! comp\nd (        ! two      
,py?agorean ratios1 hav+ ! same         
int]vals1 ?\gh n        9 ! same ord]1 z
 ! mixture :i* 0 orig9ally divid$ 9     
=m+ ! s\l ( ! _w4          ,plato 0     

/ruck by ! ph5om5on ( ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & 
! ,sun        appe>+ to ov]take & be    
ov]tak5 by "o ano!r4 ,! true            
reason ( ?is1 namely1 t !y lie )9 !     
circle ( !        e>?'s orbit1 0 unkn[n 
to him1 & ! reason :i* he               
gives--t ! two =m] move 9 an opposite   
direction to !        latt]--is f> f    
expla9+ ! appe>ance ( !m 9 !            
heav5s4 ,all ! planets1 includ+ ! sun1  
are c>ri$ r\nd 9        ! daily motion (
 ! circle ( ! fix$ />s1 & !y h        a 
second or oblique motion :i* gives !    
explanation ( !        diff]5t l5g?s ( !
 sun's c\rse 9 diff]5t p>ts ( !         
e>?4 ,! fix$ />s h also two movem5ts--a 
=w>d movem5t        9 _! orbit :i* is   
common to ! :ole circle2 & a            
movem5t on ! same spot ar\nd an axis1   
:i* ,plato calls !        movem5t (     
?\ght ab\t ! same4 ,9 ?is latt] respect 
!y        are m p]fect ?an ! w&]+ />s1 z
 ,plato himself t]ms        !m 9 !      
,timaeus1 al?\gh 9 ! ,laws he condemns !
        appellation z blasphem\s4       

,! revolution ( ! _w ar\nd e>?1 :i* is  
accompli%$        9 a s+le day & night1 
is describ$ z be+ ! mo/ p]fect        or
 intellig5t4 ,yet ,plato also speaks (  
an #8annus magnus' or        cyclical   
ye>1 9 :i* p]iods wond]ful = _!         
complexity        are f\nd to co9cide 9 
a p]fect numb]1 i4e4 a numb] :i*        
equals ! sum ( its factors1 z #f  #a  #b
  #c4 ,?is1 al?\gh        n lit]ally    
contradictory1 is 9 _s irreconcilable ) 
!        p]fect revolution ( tw5ty-f\r  
h\rs4 ,! same rem>k may be        appli$
 to ! complexity ( ! appe>ances &       
occultations (        ! />s1 :i*1 if !  
out] heav5 is suppos$ to be mov+        
ar\nd ! c5tre once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 mu/
 be conf9$ to        ! effects produc$  
by ! sev5 planets4 ,plato seems to      
confuse        ! actual obs]vation ( !  
heav5s ) 8 desire to f9d 9        !m    
ma!matical p]fection4 ,! same _s is     
c>ri$ yet        fur!r by him 9 !       
passage already quot$ f ! ,laws1 9      
:i* he affirms _! w&]+s to be an        

appe>ance only1 :i*        a little k ( 
ma!matics w\ld enable m5 to correct4    
,we h n[ to consid] ! mu* discuss$ "q ( 
!        rotation or immobility ( ! e>?4
 ,plato's doctr9e on ?is        subject 
is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ words3--#8,! e>?1 
:i* is        our nurse1 compact$ 7,,or 
revolv+7 ar\nd ! pole :i* is            
ext5d$ ?r\gh ! univ]se1 he made to be ! 
gu>dian &        artific] ( night & day1
 fir/ & elde/ ( gods t are 9        !   
int]ior ( heav5'4 ,!re is an un=tunate  
d\bt 9 ?is        passage 7#a7 ab\t !   
mean+ ( ! ^w 7,greek71 :i* is           
translat$ ei!r #8compact$' or           
#8revolv+1' & is equally        capable 
( bo? explanations4 ,a d\bt 7#b7 may    
also be rais$ z        to :e!r ! words  
#8artific] ( day & night' are consi/5t  
) ! m]e passive causation ( !m1 produc$ 
by !        immobility ( ! e>? 9 ! mid/ 
( ! circl+ univ]se4 ,we        mu/      
admit1 fur!r1 7#c7 t ,ari/otle attribut$
 to ,plato !        doctr9e ( ! rotation
 ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,on ! o!r         

h& x has be5 urg$ t if ! e>? goes r\nd )
 !        out] heav5 & sun 9 tw5ty-f\r  
h\rs1 !re is no way (        acc\nt+ = !
 alt]nation ( day & night2 s9ce ! equal 
motion ( ! e>? & sun w\ld h ! effect (  
absolute        immobility4 ,to :i* x   
may be repli$ t ,plato nev] says t      
! e>? goes r\nd ) ! out] heav5 & sun2   
al?\gh !        :ole "q dep5ds on !     
relation ( e>? & sun1 _!        movem5ts
 are n[h]e precisely describ$4 ,b if we 
suppose1        ) ,mr4 ,grote1 t !      
diurnal rotation ( ! e>? on its         
axis & ! revolution ( ! sun & out] heav5
 precisely        co9cide1 x w\ld be    
difficult to imag9e t ,plato 0 unaw>e   
( ! consequ5ce4 ,= ?\gh he 0 ignorant ( 
_m ?+s        :i* are famili> to u1 &   
(t5 confus$ 9 8 ideas :]e        we h   
become cle>1 we h no "r to attribute to 
him a        *ildi% want ( reason+ ab\t 
v simple facts1 or an        inability  
to und]/& ! necess>y & obvi\s d$uctions 
f        geometrical figures or         
movem5ts4 ,( ! causes ( day & night     

! pre-,socratic philosoph]s1 &          
especially ! ,py?agoreans1        gave  
v>i\s acc\nts1 & !re=e ! "q c h>dly be  
imag9$ to h escap$ him4 ,on ! o!r h& x  
may be urg$        t ! fur!r /ep1 h[ev] 
simple & obvi\s1 is j :at        ,plato 
(t5 seems to be ignorant (1 & t z !re is
 no        limit to 8 insight1 !re is   
also no limit to ! bl9dness        :i*  
sometimes obscures 8 intellig5ce 7comp>e
 !        con/ruction ( solids out (    
surfaces 9 8 acc\nt ( !        creation 
( ! _w1 or ! attraction ( simil>s to    
simil>s74 ,fur!r1 ,mr4 ,grote supposes1 
n t 7,greek7 means        #8revolv+1' or
 t ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ,ari/otle        
und]/ood ! ^w1 b t ! rotation ( ! e>? is
        necess>ily impli$ 9 its adh]5ce 
to ! cosmical axis4 ,b        7a7 if1 z 
,mr ,grote assumes1 ,plato did n see t !
 rotation        ( ! e>? on its axis & (
 ! sun & out] heav5s ar\nd        ! e>? 
9 equal times 0 inconsi/5t ) !          
alt]nation (        day & night1 nei!r  
ne$ we suppose t he w\ld h se5        ! 

immobility ( ! e>? to be inconsi/5t ) ! 
rotation        ( ! axis4 ,& 7b7 :at    
pro( is !re t ! axis ( !        _w      
revolves at all8 7c7 ,! comp>ison ( !   
two passages        quot$ by ,mr ,grote 
7see 8 pamphlet on #8,! ,rotation ( !   
,e>?'7 f ,ari/otle ,de ,coelo1 ,book    
,,ii 7,greek7 cle>ly %[s1        al?\gh 
?is is a matt] ( m9or importance1 t     
,ari/otle1 z        ,proclus &          
,simplicius suppos$1 und]/ood 7,greek7 9
 !        ,timaeus to mean #8revolv+4'  
,= ! second passage1 9 :i*        motion
 on an axis is expressly m5tion$1 ref]s 
to ! fir/1        b ?is w\ld be unmean+ 
unless 7,greek7 9 ! fir/ passage        
meant rotation on an axis4 7#d7 ,!      
immobility ( ! e>? is        m 9        
accordance ) ,plato's o!r writ+s ?an !  
opposite        hypo!sis4 ,= 9 ! ,pha$o 
! e>? is describ$ z !        c5tre ( !  
_w1 & is n said to be 9 motion4 ,9 !    
,republic ! pilgrims appe> to be look+  
out f ! e>?        ^u ! motions ( !     
heav5ly bodies2 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ,he/ia1   

:o rema9s immovable 9 ! h\se ( ,zeus    
:ile ! o!r gods        g 9 procession1  
is call$ ! fir/ & elde/ ( ! gods1 &     
is probably ! symbol ( ! e>?4 ,! sil5ce 
( ,plato 9        ^! & 9 "s o!r passages
 7,laws7 9 :i* he might be              
expect$ to speak ( ! rotation ( ! e>?1  
is m        fav\rable to ! doctr9e ( its
 immobility ?an to !        opposite4   
,if he _h meant to say t ! e>? revolves 
on its        axis1 he w\ld h said s 9  
di/9ct words1 & h expla9$        !      
relation ( its movem5ts to ^? ( ! o!r   
heav5ly        bodies4 7#e7 ,! mean+ ( !
 words #8artific] ( day & night'        
is lit]ally true accord+ to ,plato's    
view4 ,= ! alt]nation        ( day &    
night is n produc$ by ! motion ( !      
heav5s        alone1 or by ! immobility 
( ! e>? alone1 b by bo?        toge!r2 &
 t :i* has ! inh]5t =ce or en]gy to     
rema9 at re/ :5 all o!r bodies are mov+1
 may be truly        said to act1       
equally ) !m4 7#f7 ,we %\ld n lay too   
mu*        /ress on ,ari/otle or ! writ]

 ,de ,caelo hav+ adopt$ !        o!r    
int]pretation ( ! words1 al?\gh ,alex&] 
(        ,aphrodisias ?9ks t he c\ld n h
 be5 ignorant ei!r (        ! doctr9e ( 
,plato or ( ! s5se :i* he int5d$ to give
        to ! ^w 7,greek74 ,= ! citations
 ( ,plato 9 ,ari/otle are               
frequ5tly mis9t]pret$ by him2 & he seems
 h>dly ev] to        h _h 9 8 m9d !     
connection 9 :i* !y occur4 ,9 ?is       
in/ance ! allusion is v slight1 & !re is
 no reason to        suppose t ! diurnal
 revolution ( ! heav5s 0 pres5t to      
8 m9d4 ,h5ce we ne$ n attribute to him !
 error f :i*        we are def5d+       
,plato4          ,aft] weigh+ "o aga9/ !
 o!r all ^! complicat$                  
probabilities1 ! f9al conclusion at :i* 
we arrive is t        !re is ne>ly z mu*
 to be said on ! "o side ( !        "q z
 on ! o!r1 & t we are n p]fectly c]ta91 
:e!r1 z ,bockh & ! majority (           
comm5tators1 anci5t z        well z     
mod]n1 are incl9$ to believe1 ,plato    
?\ght t !        e>? 0 at re/ 9 ! c5tre 

( ! univ]se1 or1 z ,ari/otle        &   
,mr4 ,grote suppose1 t x revolv$ on its 
axis4 ,:e!r we        assume ! e>? to be
 /ation>y 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1        
or to revolve ) ! heav5s1 no explanation
 is giv5 ( !        v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( 
days & nights at diff]5t times (        
! ye>4 ,! relations ( ! e>? & heav5s are
 s        indi/9ct 9 ! ,timaeus & s     
figurative 9 ! ,pha$o1        ,pha$rus &
 ,republic1 t we mu/ give up ! hope (   
asc]ta9+ h[ !y 7 imag9$ by ,plato1 if he
 _h any fix$        or sci5tific        
conception ( !m at all4                 
,section #e4            ,! s\l ( ! _w is
 fram$ on ! analogy ( ! s\l (           
man1 & _m traces ( an?ropomorphism bl5d 
) ,plato's        highe/ flights (      
idealism4 ,! heav5ly bodies are end[$ ) 
?\ght2 ! pr9ciples ( ! same & o!r exi/ 9
 !        univ]se z well z 9 ! human    
m9d4 ,! s\l ( man is made        out ( !
 rema9s ( ! elem5ts :i* _h be5 us$ 9    
creat+ ! s\l ( ! _w2 ^! rema9s1 h[ev]1  
are        dilut$ to ! ?ird degree2 by  

?is ,plato expresses ! measure        ( 
! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\l human & div9e4  
,! human        s\l1 l ! cosmical1 is   
fram$ be=e ! body1 z ! m9d        is    
be=e ! s\l ( ei!r--?is is ! ord] ( !    
div9e        "w--& ! f9] p>ts ( ! body1 
:i* are m ak9 to !        s\l1 su* z !  
sp9al m>r[1 are prior to ! bones &      
fle%4 ,! bra91 ! conta9+ vessel ( !     
div9e "p ( !        s\l1 is 7ne>ly7 9 ! 
=m ( a globe1 :i* is ! image (        ! 
gods1 :o are ! />s1 & ( ! univ]se4      
,!re is1 h[ev]1 an inconsi/5cy 9        
,plato's mann] (        conceiv+ ! s\l (
 man2 he _c get rid ( ! elem5t (        
necessity :i* is all[$ to ent]4 ,he does
 n1 l ,kant1        attempt to v9dicate 
= m5 a fre$om out ( space & "t2 b       
he ackn[l$ges him to be subject to !    
influ5ce ( ext]nal        causes1 &     
leaves h>dly any place = fre$om ( ! w4  
,!        lu/s ( m5 are caus$ by _!     
bodily con/itution1 ?\gh !y        may  
be increas$ by bad education & bad laws1
 :i* implies        t !y may be decreas$

 by good education & good laws4 ,he     
appe>s to h an inkl+ ( ! tru? t to !    
high] nature        ( man evil is       
involunt>y4 ,?is is mix$ up ) ! view    
:i*1        :ile app>5tly agree+ ) x1 is
 9 reality ! opposite (        x1 t vice
 is due to physical causes4 ,9 !        
,timaeus1 z well        z 9 ! ,laws1 he 
also reg>ds vices & crimes z simply     
involunt>y2 !y are diseases analog\s to 
! diseases ( !        body1 & aris+ out 
( ! same causes4 ,if we draw toge!r !   
opposite poles ( ,plato's sy/em1 we f9d 
t1 l ,sp9oza1 he        comb9es idealism
 ) fatalism4          ,! s\l ( man is   
divid$ by him into ?ree p>ts1 answ]+    
r\ghly to ! *>iote] & /e$s ( ! ,pha$rus1
 & to !        7,greek7 ( ! ,republic & 
,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,fir/1 !re is       
! immortal nature ( :i* ! bra9 is !     
seat1 & :i* is        ak9 to ! s\l ( !  
univ]se4 ,?is alone ?9ks & kn[s &       
is ! rul] ( ! :ole4 ,secondly1 !re is ! 
high] mortal        s\l :i*1 ?\gh liable
 to p]turbations ( h] own1 takes !      

side ( reason aga9/ ! l[] appetites4 ,! 
seat ( ?is is        ! he>t1 9 :i*      
c\rage1 ang]1 & all ! nobl] affections  
are suppos$ to reside4 ,!re ! ve9s all  
meet2 x is _!        c5tre or h\se (    
gu>d :5ce !y c>ry ! ord]s ( !           
?9k+ be+ to ! extremities ( 8 k+dom4    
,!re is also a        ?ird or appetitive
 s\l1 :i* receives ! comm&s ( !         
immortal "p1 n imm$iately b m$iately1   
?r\gh ! liv]1        :i* reflects on its
 surface ! admonitions & ?reats ( !     
reason4          ,! liv] is imag9$ by   
,plato to be a smoo? & bright           
sub/ance1 hav+ a /ore ( sweetness & also
 ( bitt]ness1        :i* reason freely  
uses 9 ! execution ( h] m&ates4 ,9      
?is region1 z anci5t sup]/ition told1 7 
to be f\nd        intimations ( !       
future4 ,b ,plato is c>eful to obs]ve t 
al?\gh su* k is giv5 to ! inf]ior p>ts (
 man1 x        requires to be int]pret$ 
by ! sup]ior4 ,reason1 & n              
en?usiasm1 is ! true guide ( man2 he is 
only inspir$ :5 he        is dem5t$ by  

"s di/emp] or possession4 ,! anci5t     
say+1        t #8only a man 9 8 s5ses c 
judge ( 8 own actions1' is              
approv$ by mod]n philosophy too4 ,! same
 irony :i* appe>s        9 ,plato's     
rem>k1 t #8! m5 ( old "t mu/ surely h   
kn[n ! gods :o 7 _! ance/ors1 & we %\ld 
believe        !m z cu/om requires1' is 
also manife/ 9 8 acc\nt (               
div9ation4          ,! appetitive s\l is
 seat$ 9 ! belly1 & !re imprison$       
l a wild bea/1 f> away f ! c\ncil *amb]1
 z ,plato        graphically calls !    
head1 9 ord] t ! animal passions may    
n int]f]e ) ! delib]ations ( reason4    
,?\gh ! s\l        is said by him to be 
prior to ! body1 yet we _c help see+    
t x is con/ruct$ on ! model ( ! body--! 
?reefold        division into !         
rational1 passionate1 & appetitive      
correspond+ to ! head1 he>t & belly4 ,! 
human s\l        diff]s f ! s\l ( ! _w 9
 ?is respect1 t x is        envelop$ &  
f9ds its expression 9 matt]1 :]eas ! s\l
 (        ! _w is n only envelop$ or    

diffus$ 9 matt]1 b is !        elem5t 9 
:i* matt] moves4 ,! brea? ( man is )9   
him1        b ! air or ae!r ( heav5 is !
 elem5t :i* surr\nds        him & all   
?+s4          ,pleasure & pa9 are       
attribut$ 9 ! ,timaeus to ! sudd5ness   
( our s5sations--! fir/ be+ a sudd5     
re/oration1 !        second a sudd5     
violation1 ( nature 7,phileb474 ,!      
s5sations        become consci\s to u :5
 !y are exceptional4 ,sight is n        
att5d$ ei!r by pleasure or pa91 b hung] 
& ! appeas+        ( hung] are pleasant 
& pa9ful because !y are                 
extraord9>y4                ,section #f4
            ,i %all n attempt to connect
 ! physiological speculations (         
,plato ei!r ) anci5t or mod]n m$ic9e4   
,:at light ,i c        ?r[ ^u !m w be   
d]iv$ f ! comp>ison ( !m )        8     
g5]al sy/em4          ,!re is no        
pr9ciple s app>5t 9 ! physics ( !       
,timaeus1        or 9 anci5t physics    
g5]ally1 z t ( cont9uity4 ,! _w         
is conceiv$ ( z a :ole1 & ! elem5ts are 

=m$ into &        out ( "o ano!r2 !     
v>ieties ( sub/ances & processes are    
h>dly kn[n or notic$4 ,& 9 a simil>     
mann] ! human body        is conceiv$ ( 
z a :ole1 & ! diff]5t sub/ances (       
:i*1 to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 x appe>s to
 be compos$--!        blood1 fle%1      
s9ews--l ! elem5ts out ( :i* !y are     
=m$1 are suppos$ to pass into "o ano!r 9
 regul> ord]1        :ile ! inf9ite     
complexity ( ! human frame rema9s       
unobs]v$4 ,& diseases arise f ! opposite
 process--:5 !        natural           
proportions ( ! f\r elem5ts are di/urb$1
 & !        second>y sub/ances :i* are  
=m$ out ( !m1 namely1 blood1            
fle%1 s9ews1 are g5]at$ 9 an inv]se     
ord]4          ,plato f\nd heat & air )9
 ! human frame1 & ! blood               
circulat+ 9 e "p4 ,he assumes 9 language
 almo/        un9telligible to u t a    
network ( fire & air envelopes !        
great] "p ( ! body4 ,?is out] net       
conta9s two less]        nets1 "o       
correspond+ to ! /oma*1 ! o!r to !      

lungs2        & ! entrance to ! latt] is
 =k$ or divid$ into two        passages 
:i* lead to ! no/rils & to ! m\?4 ,9 !  
process ( respiration ! ext]nal net is  
said to f9d a way 9        & out ( !    
pores ( ! sk93 :ile ! int]ior ( x &     
! less] nets move alt]nately into ea*   
o!r4 ,! :ole        description is      
figurative1 z ,plato himself implies :5 
he        speaks ( a #8f\nta9 ( fire :i*
 we comp>e to ! network (        a      
creel4' ,he really means by ?is :at we  
%\ld describe z a        /ate ( heat or 
temp]ature 9 ! int]ior ( ! body4 ,!     
#8f\nta9 ( fire' or heat is also 9 a    
figure ! circulation (        ! blood4  
,! passage is p>tly imag9ation1 p>tly   
fact4          ,he has a s+ul> !ory (   
respiration = :i* he acc\nts            
solely by ! movem5t ( ! air 9 & out ( ! 
body2 he does        n attribute any "p 
( ! process to ! action ( ! body        
itself4 ,! air has a d\ble +ress & a    
d\ble exit1 ?r\gh        ! m\? or       
no/rils1 & ?r\gh ! sk94 ,:5 exhal$ ?r\gh

        ! m\? or no/rils1 x leaves a    
vacuum :i* is fill$ up by        o!r air
 f9d+ a way 9 ?r\gh ! pores1 ?is air be+
        ?ru/ out ( its place by !       
exhalation f ! m\? &        no/rils4    
,!re is also a correspond+ process (    
inhalation        ?r\gh ! m\? or        
no/rils1 & ( exhalation ?r\gh !         
pores4 ,! inhalation ?r\gh ! pores      
appe>s to take place        ne>ly at !  
same "t z ! exhalation ?r\gh ! m\?2 &   
conv]sely4 ,! int]nal fire is 9 ei!r    
case ! propell+        cause outw>ds--! 
inhal$ air1 :5 heat$ by x1 hav+ a       
natural t5d5cy to move out ( ! body to !
 place ( fire2        :ile !            
impossibility ( a vacuum is ! propell+  
cause        inw>ds4          ,?us we   
see t ?is s+ul> !ory is dep5d5t on two  
pr9ciples l>gely employ$ by ,plato 9    
expla9+ ! op]ations        ( nature1 !  
impossibility ( a vacuum & ! attraction 
(        l to l4 ,to ^! !re has to be   
add$ a ?ird pr9ciple1        :i* is !   
condition ( ! action ( ! o!r two1--!    

int]p5etration ( p>ticles 9 proportion  
to _! d5sity or        r>ity4 ,x is ?is 
:i* enables fire & air to p]meate !     
fle%4          ,plato's acc\nt (        
dige/ion & ! circulation ( ! blood is   
closely connect$ ) 8 !ory ( respiration4
 ,dige/ion is        suppos$ to be      
effect$ by ! action ( ! int]nal fire1   
:i*        9 ! process ( respiration    
moves into ! /oma* & m9ces        !     
food4 ,z ! fire returns to its place1 x 
takes ) x !        m9c$ food or blood2 &
 9 ?is way ! ve9s are repl5i%$4         
,plato does n enquire h[ ! blood is     
sep>at$ f !        faeces4          ,( !
 anatomy & functions ( ! body he knew v 
little1--e4g4 ( ! uses ( ! n]ves 9      
convey+ motion &        s5sation1 :i* he
 suppos$ to be communicat$ by ! bones & 
ve9s2 he 0 also ignorant ( ! di/9ction  
betwe5 ve9s &        art]ies2--! latt]  
t]m he applies to ! vessels :i* conduct 
air f ! m\? to ! lungs2--he supposes !  
lung to be        holl[ & bloodless2 !  
sp9al m>r[ he conceives to be !         

se$ ( g5]ation2 he confuses ! p>ts ( !  
body ) !        /ates ( ! body--!       
network ( fire & air is spok5 ( z a     
bodily organ2 he has absolutely no idea 
( ! ph5om5a (        respiration1 :i* he
 attributes to a law ( equalization 9   
nature1 ! air :i* is brea!d out displac+
 o!r air :i*        f9ds a way 92 he is 
:olly unacqua9t$ ) ! process (          
dige/ion4 ,except ! g5]al divisions into
 ! sple51 !        liv]1 ! belly1 & !   
lungs1 & ! obvi\s di/9ctions (          
fle%1 bones1 & ! limbs ( ! body1 we f9d 
no?+ t        rem9ds u ( anatomical     
facts4 ,b we f9d mu* :i* is d]iv$       
f 8 !ory ( ! univ]se1 & transf]r$ to    
man1 z !re        is mu* also 9 8 !ory (
 ! univ]se :i* is sugge/$ by        man4
 ,! microcosm ( ! human body is ! less] 
image ( !        macrocosm4 ,! c\rses ( 
! same & ! o!r affect bo?2        !y are
 made ( ! same elem5ts & !re=e 9 ! same 
proportions4 ,bo? are intellig5t natures
 endu$ ) ! p[]        ( self-motion1 & !
 same equipoise is ma9ta9$ 9 bo?4 ,!    

animal is a sort ( #8_w' to ! p>ticles (
 ! blood :i*        circulate 9 x4 ,all 
! f\r elem5ts ent]$ into ! orig9al      
composition ( ! human frame2 ! bone 0   
=m$ out ( smoo?        e>?2 liquids (   
v>i\s k9ds pass to & fro2 ! network (   
fire & air irrigates ! ve9s4 ,infancy & 
*ildhood is !        *aos or fir/ turbid
 flux ( s5se prior to ! e/abli%m5t (    
ord]2 ! int]vals ( "t :i* may be obs]v$ 
9 "s        int]mitt5t fev]s correspond 
to ! d5sity ( ! elem5ts4        ,! sp9al
 m>r[1 includ+ ! bra91 is =m$ out ( !   
f9e/ sorts ( triangles1 & is ! connect+ 
l9k betwe5        body & m9d4 ,heal? is 
only to be pres]v$ by imitat+ !         
motions ( ! _w 9 space1 :i* is ! "m &   
nurse (        g5]ation4 ,! "w (        
dige/ion is c>ri$ on by ! sup]ior       
%>pness ( ! triangles =m+ ! sub/ances ( 
! human        body to ^? :i* are       
introduc$ into x 9 ! %ape ( food4       
,! fre%e/ & acute/ =ms ( triangles are  
^? t are        f\nd 9 *ildr51 b !y     
become m obtuse ) advanc+        ye>s2 &

 :5 !y f9ally we> out & fall to pieces1 
old age        & dea? sup]v5e4          
,z 9 ! ,republic1 ,plato is /ill ! enemy
 ( ! purgative        treatm5t (        
physicians1 :i*1 except 9 extreme cases1
 no man        ( s5se w ev] adopt4 ,=1 z
 he adds1 ) an insight into        !    
tru?1 #8e disease is ak9 to ! nature ( !
 liv+        be+ & is only irritat$ by  
/imulants4' ,he is ( op9ion t           
nature %\ld be left to h]self1 & is     
incl9$ to ?9k t        physicians are 9 
va9 7,laws--:]e he says t w>m ba?s w\ld 
be m b5eficial to ! limbs ( ! ag$ ru/ic 
?an !        prescriptions ( a n        
ov]-wise doctor74 ,if he seems to be    
extreme 9 8 condemnation ( m$ic9e & to  
rely too mu* on        diet & ex]cise1  
he might appeal to ne>ly all ! be/      
physicians ( our own age 9 support ( 8  
op9ions1 :o (t5        speak to _!      
pati5ts ( ! wor?lessness ( drugs4 ,= we 
ourselves are sceptical ab\t m$ic9e1 & v
 unwill+ to        submit to ! purgative
 treatm5t ( physicians4 ,may we n claim 

= ,plato an anticipation ( mod]n ideas z
 ab\t "s que/ions        ( a/ronomy &   
physics1 s also ab\t m$ic9e8 ,z 9 !     
,*>mides he tells u t ! body _c be cur$ 
)\t !        s\l1 s 9 ! ,timaeus he     
/rongly ass]ts ! sympa?y ( s\l        & 
body2 any defect ( ei!r is ! occasion ( 
! greate/        discord & disproportion
 9 ! o!r4 ,"h too may be a              
pres5tim5t t 9 ! m$ic9e ( ! future !    
int]dep5d5ce ( m9d & body w be m fully  
recogniz$1        & t ! influ5ce ( ! "o 
ov] ! o!r may be ex]t$        9 a mann] 
:i* is n n[ ?\ght possible4             
,section #g4            ,9 ,plato's     
explanation ( s5sation we are /ruck by !
 fact        t he has n ! same di/9ct   
conception ( organs ( s5se        :i* is
 famili> to ourselves4 ,! s5ses are n   
in/rum5ts1        b r passages1 ?r\gh   
:i* ext]nal objects /rike ^u        !   
m9d4 ,! eye is ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* !    
/ream (        vision passes1 ! e> is ! 
ap]ture ?r\gh :i* !        vibrations ( 
s\nd pass4 ,b t ! complex /ructure ( !  

eye or ! e> is 9 any s5se ! cause (     
sight & he>+ he        seems h>dly to be
 aw>e4          ,! process ( sight is ! 
mo/ complicat$ 7,rep471 & consi/s       
( ?ree elem5ts--! light :i* is suppos$  
to reside )9        ! eye1 ! light ( !  
sun1 & ! light emitt$ f        ext]nal  
objects4 ,:5 ! light ( ! eye meets !    
light (        ! sun1 & bo? toge!r meet 
! light issu+ f an        ext]nal       
object1 ?is is ! simple act ( sight4 ,:5
 !        p>ticles ( light :i* proce$ f 
! object are exactly        equal to !  
p>ticles ( ! visual ray :i* meet !m f   
)91 !n ! body is transp>5t4 ,if !y are  
l>g] &        contract ! visual ray1 a  
black col\r is produc$2 if !y are       
small] & dilate x1 a :ite4 ,o!r ph5om5a 
are produc$ by        ! v>iety & motion 
( light4 ,a sudd5 fla% ( fire at once   
elicits light & moi/ure f ! eye1 &      
causes a bright        col\r4 ,a m      
subdu$ light1 on m+l+ ) ! moi/ure (     
! eye1 produces a r$ col\r4 ,out ( ^!   
elem5ts all o!r        col\rs are d]iv$4

 ,all ( !m are comb9ations ( bright &   
r$ ) :ite & black4 ,plato himself tells 
u t he does n        "k 9 :at           
proportions !y comb9e1 & he is ( op9ion 
t        su* k is grant$ to ! gods only4
 ,to h se5 !        aff9ity ( !m to ea* 
o!r & _! connection ) light1        is n
 a bad basis = a !ory ( col\rs4 ,we mu/ 
rememb] t        !y 7 n di/9ctly def9$  
to 81 z !y are to our eyes2        he   
saw !m1 n z !y are divid$ 9 ! prism1 or 
artificially manufactur$ = ! pa9t]'s    
use1 b z !y        exi/ 9 nature1 bl5d$ 
& confus$ ) "o ano!r4          ,we c    
h>dly agree ) him :5 he tells u t smells
 d n        admit ( k9ds4 ,he seems to  
?9k t no def9ite qualities c            
atta* to bodies :i* are 9 a /ate (      
transition or        evaporation2 he    
also makes ! subtle obs]vation t smells 
mu/ be d5s] ?an air1 ?\gh ?9n] ?an wat]1
 because :5        !re is an ob/ruction 
to ! brea?+1 air c p5etrate1 b        n 
smell4          ,! affections peculi> to
 ! tongue are ( v>i\s k9ds1 &1        l 

_m o!r affections1 are caus$ by         
contraction &        dilation4 ,"s ( !m 
are produc$ by r\gh1 o!rs by            
ab/]g5t1 o!rs by inflammatory           
sub/ances1--^! act ^u !        te/+     
in/rum5ts ( ! tongue1 & produce a m or  
less        disagreeable s5sation1 :ile 
o!r p>ticles cong5ial to !        tongue
 s(t5 & h>monize !m4 ,! in/rum5ts ( ta/e
 rea*        f ! tongue to ! he>t4      
,plato has a lively s5se ( !            
mann] 9 :i* s5sation & motion are       
communicat$ f "o        "p ( ! body to !
 o!r1 ?\gh he confuses ! affections     
) ! organs4 ,he>+ is a bl[ :i* passes   
?r\gh ! e>        & ends 9 ! region ( ! 
liv]1 be+ transmitt$ by means        ( !
 air1 ! bra91 & ! blood to ! s\l4 ,!    
swift]        s\nd is acute1 ! s\nd :i* 
moves sl[ly is grave4 ,a great          
body ( s\nd is l\d1 ! opposite is l[4   
,discord is produc$        by ! swift] &
 sl[] motions ( two s\nds1 & is conv]t$ 
into h>mony :5 ! swift] motions beg9 to 
pause & are        ov]tak5 by ! sl[]4   

,! g5]al ph5om5a ( s5sation are p>tly   
int]nal1 b !        m viol5t are caus$  
by conflict ) ext]nal objects4          
,proce$+ by a me?od ( sup]ficial        
obs]vation1 ,plato rem>ks        t ! m  
s5sitive p>ts ( ! human frame are ^? :i*
        are lea/ cov]$ by fle%1 z is !  
case ) ! head & !        elb[s4 ,man1 if
 8 head _h be5 cov]$ ) a ?ick] pulp (   
fle%1 might h be5 a long]-liv$ animal   
?an he is1 b        c\ld n h _h z quick 
p]ceptions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !             
tongue is "o ( ! mo/ s5sitive ( organs2 
b !n ?is is        made1 n to be a cov]+
 to ! bones :i* conta9 ! m>r[        or 
s\rce ( life1 b ) an express purpose1 & 
9 a sep>ate        mass4                
,section #h4            ,we h n[ to     
consid] h[ f> 9 any ( ^! speculations   
,plato approximat$ to ! discov]ies (    
mod]n sci5ce4 ,!        mod]n physical  
philosoph] is apt to dwell exclusively  
on !        absurdities ( anci5t ideas  
ab\t sci5ce1 on ! haphaz>d              
fancies & a priori assumptions ( anci5t 

tea*]s1 on _!        confusion ( facts &
 ideas1 on _! inconsi/5cy &             
bl9dness to ! mo/ obvi\s ph5om5a4 ,he   
measures !m n by        :at prec$$ !m1 b
 by :at has foll[$ !m4 ,he does n       
consid] t anci5t physical philosophy 0 n
 a free enquiry1        b a gr[?1 9 :i* 
! m9d 0 passive r ?an active1        & 0
 incapable ( resi/+ ! impressions :i*   
fl[$ 9        ^u x4 ,he h>dly all[s to !
 notions ( ! anci5ts !        m]it ( be+
 ! /epp+-/ones by :i* he has himself    
ris5        to a high] k4 ,he nev]      
reflects1 h[ great a ?+ x        0 to h 
=m$ a conception1 h[ev] imp]fect1 ei!r (
 !        human frame z a :ole1 or ( !  
_w z a :ole4 ,accord+ to        ! view  
tak5 9 ^! volumes ! errors ( anci5t     
physici/s        7 n sep>able f !       
intellectual conditions "u :i*        !y
 liv$4 ,_! g5ius 0 _! own2 & !y 7 n !   
ra% & ha/y g5]aliz]s :i*1 s9ce ! days ( 
,bacon1 we        h be5 apt to suppose  
!m4 ,! ?\ghts ( m5 wid5$ to             
receive exp]i5ce2 at fir/ !y seem$ to "k

 all ?+s z 9        a dream3 aft] a :ile
 !y look at !m closely & hold !m 9      
_! h&s4 ,!y beg9 to arrange !m 9 classes
 & to connect        causes ) effects4  
,g5]al notions are necess>y to !        
appreh5sion ( p>ticul> facts1 !         
metaphysical to !        physical4 ,be=e
 m5 c obs]ve ! _w1 !y mu/ be able to    
conceive x4          ,to d ju/ice to !  
subject1 we %\ld consid] ! physical     
philosophy ( ! anci5ts z a :ole2 we %\ld
 rememb]1 7#a7        t ! nebul> !ory 0 
! receiv$ belief ( sev]al ( !           
e>ly physici/s2 7#b7 t ! developm5t (   
animals out (        fi%es :o came to   
l&1 & ( man out ( ! animals1 0 held     
by ,anaxim&] 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 
7,plut4 ,symp4        ,quae/2 ,plac4    
,phil472 7#c7 t ev5 by ,philolaus & !   
e>ly        ,py?agoreans1 ! e>? 0 held  
to be a body l ! o!r        />s revolv+ 
9 space ar\nd ! sun or a c5tral fire2   
7#d7        t ! beg9n+s ( *emi/ry are   
disc]nible 9 ! #8simil>        p>ticles'
 ( ,anaxagoras4 ,also !y knew or ?\ght  

7#e7 t        !re 0 a sex 9 plants z    
well z 9 animals2 7#f7 !y 7        aw>e 
t musical notes dep5d$ on ! relative    
l5g? or        t5sion ( ! /r+s f :i* !y 
7 emitt$1 & 7        measur$ by ratios (
 numb]2 7#g7 t ma!matical laws p]vad$   
! _w2 & ev5 qualitative diff]5ces 7     
suppos$ to h        _! orig9 9 numb] &  
figure2 7#h7 ! annihilation ( matt]     
0 d5i$ by sev]al ( !m1 & ! seem+        
disappe>ance (        x held to be a    
trans=mation only4 ,=1 al?\gh "o ( ^!   
discov]ies might h be5 suppos$ to be a  
happy guess1 tak5        toge!r !y seem 
to imply a great advance & almo/        
maturity        ( natural k4            
,we %\ld also rememb]1 :5 we attribute  
to ! anci5ts ha/y        g5]alizations &
 delusions ( language1 t physical       
philosophy & metaphysical too h be5     
guilty ( simil>        fallacies 9 q    
rec5t times4 ,we by no means di/+ui%    
cle>ly betwe5 m9d & body1 betwe5 ideas &
 facts4 ,h n        _m discussions aris5
 ab\t ! ,atomic !ory 9 :i* a po9t       

has be5 confus$ ) a mat]ial atom8 ,h n !
 natures (        ?+s be5 expla9$ by    
imag9>y entities1 su* z life or         
phlogi/on1 :i* exi/ 9 ! m9d only8 ,has n
 disease be5        reg>d$1 l s91       
sometimes z a negative & necess>y1      
sometimes z a positive or malignant     
pr9ciple8 ,! #8idols' (        ,bacon   
are ne>ly z common n[ z ev]2 !y are     
inh]5t 9 !        human m9d1 & :5 !y h !
 mo/ complete dom9ion ov]        u1 we  
are lea/ able to p]ceive !m4 ,we        
recognize !m 9 !        anci5ts1 b we   
fail to see !m 9 ourselves4             
,su* reflections1 al?\gh ?is is n !     
place 9 :i* to        dwell ^u !m at    
l5g?1 lead u to take a fav\rable view ( 
! speculations ( ! ,timaeus4 ,we %\ld   
consid] n h[ mu*        ,plato actually 
knew1 b h[ f> he has contribut$ to !    
g5]al ideas ( physics1 or suppli$ !     
notions :i*1 :e!r        true or false1 
h /imulat$ ! m9ds ( lat] g5]ations 9    
! pa? ( discov]y4 ,"s ( !m may seem     
old-fa%ion$1 b        may nev]!less h _h

 a great influ5ce 9 promot+ sy/em       
& assi/+ enquiry1 :ile 9 o!rs we he> !  
late/ ^w (        physical or           
metaphysical philosophy4 ,!re is also an
        int]m$iate class1 9 :i* ,plato  
falls %ort ( ! tru?s (        mod]n     
sci5ce1 ?\gh he is n :olly unacqua9t$ ) 
!m4        7#a7 ,to ! fir/ class belongs
 ! teleological !ory (        creation4 
,:e!r all ?+s 9 ! _w c be expla9$ z !   
result ( natural laws1 or :e!r we mu/ n 
admit (        t5d5cies & m>ks ( design 
also1 has be5 a "q mu*        disput$ ( 
late ye>s4 ,ev5 if all ph5om5a are !    
result (        natural =ces1 we mu/    
admit t !re are _m ?+s 9        heav5 & 
e>? :i* are z well express$ "u ! image (
        m9d or design z "u any o!r4 ,at 
any rate1 ! language (        ,plato has
 be5 ! language ( natural !ology d[n to 
our own        "t1 nor c any description
 ( ! _w :olly disp5se )        x4 ,!    
notion ( fir/ & second or co-op]ative   
causes1 :i*        orig9ally appe>s 9 ! 
,timaeus1 has likewise surviv$ to our   

own day1 & has be5 a great peace-mak]   
betwe5 !ology &        sci5ce4 ,plato   
also approa*es v ne> to our doctr9e ( ! 
prim>y & second>y qualities ( matt]4    
7#b7 ,ano!r popul>        notion :i* is 
f\nd 9 ! ,timaeus1 is ! feebl5ess ( !   
human intellect--#8,god kn[s ! orig9al  
qualities ( ?+s2 man        c only hope 
to atta9 to probability4' ,we speak 9   
almo/ !        same words ( human       
intellig5ce1 b n 9 ! same mann] (       
! unc]ta9ty ( our k ( nature4 ,! reason 
is t        ! latt] is assur$ to u by   
exp]im5t1 & is n contra/$        ) !    
c]ta9ty ( ideal or ma!matical k4 ,b !   
anci5t philosoph] nev] exp]im5t$3 9 !   
,timaeus ,plato        seems to h ?\ght 
t !re w\ld be impiety 9 mak+ !          
attempt2 he1 = example1 :o tri$         
exp]im5ts 9 col\rs w\ld        #8=get ! 
diff]5ce ( ! human & div9e natures4' ,_!
        indef9it5ess is probably !      
reason :y he s+les !m out1 z            
especially incapable ( be+ te/$ by      
exp]im5t4 7,comp>e !        say+ (      

,anaxagoras--,sext4 ,pyrrh4--t s9ce sn[ 
is made (        wat] & wat] is black1  
sn[ ought to be black47          ,!     
greate/ #8div9ation' ( ! anci5ts 0 !    
supremacy :i*        !y assign$ to      
ma!matics 9 all ! realms ( nature2 = 9  
all ( !m !re is a f\ndation ( me*anics4 
,ev5 physiology        p>takes ( figure 
& numb]2 & ,plato is n wrong 9          
attribut+ !m to ! human frame1 b 9 !    
omission to        obs]ve h[ little c\ld
 be expla9$ by !m4 ,?us we may rem>k    
9 pass+ t ! mo/ fanciful ( anci5t       
philosophies is also        ! mo/ ne>ly 
v]ifi$ 9 fact4 ,! =tunate guess t !     
_w is a sum ( numb]s & figures has be5 !
 mo/ fruitful        ( anticipations4 ,!
 #8diatonic' scale ( ! ,py?agoreans &   
,plato sugge/$ to ,kepl] t ! secret ( ! 
di/ances ( !        planets f "o ano!r 0
 to be f\nd 9 ma!matical                
proportions4 ,! doctr9e t ! heav5ly     
bodies all move 9 a        circle is    
kn[n by u to be errone\s2 b )\t su* an  
error        h[ c\ld ! human m9d h      

compreh5d$ ! heav5s8        ,a/ronomy1  
ev5 9 mod]n times1 has made f> great]   
progress by        ! high a priori road 
?an c\ld h be5 atta9$ by any        o!r4
 ,yet1 /rictly speak+--& ! rem>k applies
 to anci5t        physics g5]ally--?is  
high a priori road 0 bas$ ^u a          
po/]iori gr\nds4 ,= !re 7 no facts ( :i*
 ! anci5ts        7 s well assur$ by    
exp]i5ce z facts ( numb]4 ,hav+         
obs]v$ t !y held good 9 a few in/ances1 
!y appli$        !m ev]y:]e2 & 9 !      
complexity1 ( :i* !y 7        capable1  
f\nd ! explanation ( ! equally complex  
ph5om5a        ( ! univ]se4 ,!y seem$ to
 see !m 9 ! lea/ ?+s z        well z 9 !
 greate/2 9 atoms1 z well z 9 suns &    
/>s2        9 ! human body z well z 9   
ext]nal nature4 ,& n[ a        fav\rite 
speculation ( mod]n *emi/ry is !        
explanation (        qualitative        
diff]5ce by quantitative1 :i* is at     
pres5t        v]ifi$ to a c]ta9 ext5t & 
may h]eaft] be ( f> m        univ]sal   
application4 ,:at is ?is b ! atoms (    

,democritus        & ! triangles (      
,plato8 ,! anci5ts %\ld n be :olly      
depriv$ ( ! cr$it ( _! guesses because  
!y 7 unable        to prove !m4 ,may !y 
n h _h1 l ! animals1 an        in/9ct ( 
some?+ m ?an !y knew8          ,besides 
g5]al notions we seem to f9d 9 !        
,timaeus "s m        precise            
approximations to ! discov]ies ( mod]n  
physical        sci5ce4 ,fir/1 ! doctr9e
 ( equipoise4 ,plato affirms1 almo/     
9 s _m words1 t nature abhors a vacuum4 
,:5ev] a        p>ticle is displac$1 !  
re/ pu% & ?ru/ "o ano!r until           
equality is re/or$4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ^!
 ideas 7 n        d]iv$ f any def9ite   
exp]im5t1 b 7 ! orig9al                 
reflections ( man1 fre% f ! fir/        
obs]vation ( nature4        ,! late/ ^w 
( mod]n philosophy is cont9uity &       
developm5t1 b to ,plato ?is is ! beg9n+ 
& f\ndation (        sci5ce2 !re is no?+
 t he is s /rongly p]suad$ ( z        t 
! _w is "o1 & t all ! v>i\s exi/5ces :i*
        are conta9$ 9 x are only !      

trans=mations ( ! same s\l        ( ! _w
 act+ on ! same matt]4 ,he w\ld h       
readily        admitt$ t out ( !        
protoplasm all ?+s 7 =m$ by !           
gradual process ( creation2 b he w\ld h 
insi/$ t m9d        & intellig5ce--n    
mean+ by ?is1 h[ev]1 a consci\s m9d     
or p]son--7 prior to !m1 & c\ld alone h 
creat$ !m4        ,into ! work+s ( ?is  
et]nal m9d or intellig5ce he does       
n ent] fur!r2 nor w\ld !re h be5 any use
 9        attempt+ to inve/igate ! ?+s  
:i* no eye has se5 nor        any human 
language c express4          ,la/ly1 !re
 rema9 two po9ts 9 :i* he seems to t\*  
great        discov]ies ( mod]n times--!
 law ( gravitation1 & !                 
circulation ( ! blood4          7#a7 ,! 
law ( gravitation1 accord+ to ,plato1 is
 a law1 n        only ( ! attraction (  
less] bodies to l>g] ones1 b (          
simil> bodies to simil>1 hav+ a magnetic
 p[] z well z a        pr9ciple (       
gravitation4 ,he obs]v$ t e>?1 wat]1 &  
air        _h settl$ d[n to _! places1 &

 he imag9$ fire or !        ext]ior ae!r
 to h a place beyond air4 ,:5 air seem$ 
to g        upw>ds & fire to pi]ce ?r\gh
 air--:5 wat] & e>? fell        d[nw>d1 
!y 7 seek+ _! native elem5ts4 ,he did n 
rem>k t 8 own explanation did n suit all
 ph5om5a2 &        ! simpl] explanation1
 :i* assigns to bodies degrees (        
heav9ess & lightness proportion$ to !   
mass & di/ance (        ! bodies :i*    
attract !m1 nev] occurr$ to him4 ,yet ! 
aff9ities ( simil> sub/ances h "s effect
 ^u !        composition ( ! _w1 & ( ?is
 ,plato may be ?\ght to        h _h an  
anticipation4 ,he may be describ$ z     
confus+ !        attraction (           
gravitation ) ! attraction ( cohesion4  
,!        influ5ce ( su* aff9ities & !  
*emical action ( "o body        ^u ano!r
 9 long p]iods ( "t h become a recogniz$
        pr9ciple ( geology4             
7#b7 ,plato is p]fectly aw>e--& he c\ld 
h>dly be ignorant--t        blood is a  
fluid 9 con/ant motion4 ,he also knew t 
blood is        p>tly a solid sub/ance  

consi/+ ( sev]al elem5ts1 :i*1        z 
he might h obs]v$ 9 ! use (             
#8cupp+-glasses'1        decompose &    
die1 :5 no long] 9 motion4 ,b ! specific
        discov]y t ! blood fl[s out on  
"o side ( ! he>t        ?r\gh ! art]ies 
& returns ?r\gh ! ve9s on ! o!r1        
:i* is commonly call$ ! circulation ( ! 
blood1 0        absolutely unkn[n to    
him4          ,a fur!r /udy ( ! ,timaeus
 sugge/s "s aft]-?\ghts :i*        may  
be conv5i5tly br\ght toge!r 9 ?is place4
 ,! topics        :i* ,i propose briefly
 to reconsid] are 7a7 ! relation ( !    
,timaeus to ! o!r dialogues ( ,plato &  
to ! previ\s        philosophy2 7b7 !   
nature ( ,god & ( creation 7c7 !        
morality ( ! ,timaeus3--          7a7 ,!
 ,timaeus is m imag9ative & less        
sci5tific ?an any        o!r ( !        
,platonic dialogues4 ,x is conjectural  
a/ronomy1        conjectural natural    
philosophy1 conjectural m$ic9e4 ,! writ]
        himself is con/antly repeat+ t  
he is speak+ :at is        probable     

only4 ,! dialogue is put into ! m\? (   
,timaeus1 a        ,py?agorean          
philosoph]1 & !re=e "h1 z 9 !           
,p>m5ides1 we are 9 d\bt h[ f> ,plato is
 express+ 8 own        s5tim5ts4 ,h5ce !
 connexion ) ! o!r dialogues is         
comp>atively slight4 ,we may fill up !  
lacunae ( ! ,timaeus        by ! help ( 
! ,republic or ,pha$rus3 we may id5tify 
! same        & o!r ) ! 7,greek7 ( !    
,philebus4 ,we may f9d 9 !        ,laws 
or 9 ! ,/atesman p>allels ) ! acc\nt (  
creation        & ( ! fir/ orig9 ( man4 
,x w\ld be possible to frame a          
s*eme 9 :i* all ^! v>i\s elem5ts might h
 a place4        ,b su* a mode ( proce$+
 w\ld be unsatisfactory1 because we     
h no reason to suppose t ,plato int5d$ 8
 scatt]$        ?\ghts to be collect$ 9 
a sy/em4 ,!re is a common _s 9        8 
writ+s1 & !re are c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples1
 su* z        ! opposition ( ! s5sible &
 intellectual1 & ! priority        (    
m9d1 :i* run ?r\gh all ( !m2 b he has no
 def9ite        =ms ( words 9 :i* he    

consi/5tly expresses himself4 ,:ile     
! det]m9ations ( human ?\ght are 9      
process ( creation he        is         
necess>ily t5tative & unc]ta94 ,& !re is
 lea/ (        def9it5ess1 :5ev] ei!r 9 
describ+ ! beg9n+ or !        end ( !   
_w1 he has rec\rse to my?s4 ,^! are n ! 
fix$ modes 9 :i* spiritual tru?s are    
reveal$ to him1 b        ! ef=ts (      
imag9ation1 by :i* at diff]5t times & 9 
v>i\s mann]s he seeks to embody 8       
conceptions4 ,! cl\ds (        my?ology 
are /ill re/+ ^u him1 & he has n yet    
pi]c$        #8to ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s' 
:i* is beyond !m4 ,x is        saf] !n  
to admit ! inconsi/5cies ( ! ,timaeus1  
or to        endeav\r to fill up :at is 
want+ f our own imag9ation1             
inspir$ by a /udy ( ! dialogue1 ?an to  
ref] to o!r        ,platonic writ+s1--& 
/ill less %\ld we ref] to !             
successors ( ,plato1--= ! elucidation ( 
x4          ,m light is ?r[n ^u !       
,timaeus by a comp>ison ( !             
previ\s philosophies4 ,= ! physical     

sci5ce ( ! anci5ts        0 traditional1
 desc5d+ ?r\gh _m g5]ations ( ,ionian   
& ,py?agorean philosoph]s4 ,plato does n
 look out ^u !        heav5s & describe 
:at he sees 9 !m1 b he builds ^u !      
f\ndations ( o!rs1 add+ some?+ out ( !  
#8dep?s ( 8        own                  
self-consci\sness4' ,socrates _h already
 spok5 ( ,god !        creator1 :o made 
all ?+s = ! be/4 ,:ile he ridicul$ !    
sup]ficial explanations ( ph5om5a :i* 7 
curr5t 9 8        age1 he recognis$ !   
m>ks bo? ( b5evol5ce & ( design 9       
! frame ( man & 9 ! _w4 ,! app>atus (   
w9ds &        wat]s is contemptu\sly    
reject$ by him 9 ! ,pha$o1 b he         
?9ks t !re is a p[] great] ?an t ( any  
,atlas 9        ! #8,be/' 7,pha$o2      
,ari/4 ,met474 ,plato1 foll[+ 8 ma/]1   
affirms ?is pr9ciple ( ! be/1 b he      
ackn[l$ges t !        be/ is limit$ by !
 conditions ( matt]4 ,9 ! g5]ation      
be=e ,socrates1 ,anaxagoras _h br\ght   
toge!r #8,*aos' &        #8,m9d'2 & ^!  
are connect$ by ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus1 b 9

        accordance ) 8 own mode ( ?9k+  
he has int]pos$        betwe5 !m ! idea 
or patt]n accord+ to :i* m9d work$4     
,! circul> impulse 7,greek7 ( ! "o      
philosoph] answ]s to        ! circul>   
movem5t 7,greek7 ( ! o!r4 ,b unlike     
,anaxagoras1 ,plato made ! sun & />s    
liv+ be+s & n        masses ( e>? or    
metal4 ,! ,py?agoreans aga9 _h fram$ a  
_w out ( numb]s1 :i* !y con/ruct$ into  
figures4 ,plato        adopt$ _!        
speculations & improv$ ^u !m by a m     
exact        k ( geometry4 ,! ,atomi/s  
too made ! _w1 if n        out (        
geometrical figures1 at lea/ out (      
diff]5t =ms (        atoms1 & ^! atoms  
resembl$ ! triangles ( ,plato 9 be+     
too small to be visible4 ,b ?\gh !      
physiology ( ! ,timaeus        is p>tly 
borr[$ f !m1 !y are ei!r ignor$ by      
,plato or        ref]r$ to ) a secret   
contempt & dislike4 ,he looks )        m
 fav\r on ! ,py?agoreans1 ^: int]vals ( 
numb]        appli$ to ! di/ances ( !   
planets reappe> 9 ! ,timaeus4        ,x 

is probable t among ! ,py?agoreans liv+ 
9 ! f\r?        c5tury ,b4,c41 !re 7    
already "s :o1 l ,plato1 made !         
e>? _! c5tre4 ,:e!r he obta9$ 8 circles 
( ! ,same        & ,o!r f any previ\s   
?9k] is unc]ta94 ,! f\r        elem5ts  
are tak5 f ,emp$ocles2 ! int]/ices ( !  
,timaeus may also be comp>$ ) 8         
7,greek74 ,! passage ( "o        elem5t 
into ano!r is common to ,h]acleitus &   
sev]al ( !        ,ionian philosoph]s4  
,s mu* ( a syncreti/ is ,plato1 ?\gh n  
aft] ! mann] ( ! ,neoplatoni/s4 ,= !    
elem5ts :i* he        borr[s f o!rs are 
fus$ & trans=m$ by 8 own g5ius4         
,on ! o!r h& we f9d few] traces 9 ,plato
 ( e>ly ,ionic or        ,eleatic       
speculation4 ,he does n imag9e ! _w (   
s5se to be        made up ( opposites or
 to be 9 a p]petual flux1 b to v>y      
)9 c]ta9 limits :i* are controll$ by :at
 he calls !        pr9ciple ( ! same4   
,unlike ! ,eleatics1 :o relegat$ !      
_w to ! sph]e ( n-be+1 he admits        
creation to h an        exi/5ce :i* is  

real & ev5 et]nal1 al?\gh dep5d5t on    
! w ( ! creator4 ,in/ead ( ma9ta9+ !    
doctr9e t        ! void has a necess>y  
place 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 he        r   
affirms ! mod]n !sis t nature abhors a  
vacuum1 z        9 ! ,sophi/ he also    
d5ies ! reality ( n-be+ 7,ari/ot4       
,metaph474 ,b ?\gh 9 ^! respects he     
diff]s f !m1 he        is deeply        
p5etrat$ by ! _s ( _! philosophy2 he    
diff]s f !m ) reluctance1 & gladly      
recognizes !        #8g5]\s dep?' (     
,p>m5ides 7,!aet474          ,!re is a  
simil>ity betwe5 ! ,timaeus & ! fragm5ts
 (        ,philolaus1 :i* by "s has be5 
?\ght to be s great z to        create a
 suspicion t !y are d]iv$ f x4          
,philolaus is        kn[n to u f !      
,pha$o ( ,plato z a ,py?agorean         
philosoph]        resid+ at ,!bes 9 !   
latt] half ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41      
aft] ! disp]sion ( ! orig9al ,py?agorean
 society4 ,he 0        ! tea*] (        
,simmias & ,cebes1 :o became disciples (
        ,socrates4 ,we h h>dly any o!r  

in=mation ab\t him4 ,!        /ory t    
,plato _h pur*as$ ?ree books ( 8 writ+s 
f a        relation is n wor? repeat+2 x
 is only a fanciful way 9        :i* an 
anci5t biograph] dresses up ! fact t !re
 0        suppos$ to be a resemblance   
betwe5 ! two writ]s4 ,simil>            
gossip+ /ories are told ab\t ! s\rces ( 
! ,republic &        ! ,pha$o4 ,t !re   
really exi/$ 9 antiquity a "w pass+     
"u ! "n ( ,philolaus !re c be no d\bt4  
,fragm5ts (        ?is "w are pres]v$ to
 u1 *iefly 9 ,/obaeus1 a few 9          
,boe?ius & o!r writ]s4 ,!y rem9d u ( !  
,timaeus1 z        well z ( ! ,pha$rus &
 ,philebus4 ,:5 ! writ] says 7,/ob4     
,eclog47 t all ?+s are ei!r f9ite       
7def9ite7 or inf9ite        7indef9ite71
 or a union ( ! two1 & t ?is anti!sis & 
syn!sis p]vades all art & nature1 we are
 rem9d$ ( !        ,philebus4 ,:5 he    
calls ! c5tre ( ! _w 7,greek71 we h     
a p>allel to ! ,pha$rus4 ,8 di/9ction   
betwe5 ! _w (        ord]1 to :i* ! sun 
& moon & ! />s belong1 & !        _w (  

disord]1 :i* lies 9 ! region betwe5 !   
moon &        ! e>?1 approximates to    
,plato's sph]e ( ! ,same & ( !          
,o!r4 ,l ,plato 7,tim471 he d5i$ ! above
 & bel[ 9 space1        & said t all ?+s
 7 ! same 9 relation to a c5tre4        
,he speaks also ( ! _w z "o &           
inde/ructible3 #8=        nei!r f )9 nor
 f )\t does x admit (        de/ruction'
 7,tim74 ,he m5tions t5 heav5ly bodies1 
includ+        ! sun & moon1 ! e>? & !  
c\nt]-e>? 7,greek71 & 9        ! mid/ ( 
!m all he places ! c5tral fire1 ar\nd   
:i*        !y are mov+--?is is hidd5 f !
 e>? by !        c\nt]-e>?4 ,( nei!r is 
!re any trace 9 ,plato1 :o makes        
! e>? ! c5tre ( 8 sy/em4 ,philolaus     
magnifies !        virtues ( p>ticul>   
numb]s1 especially ( ! numb] #aj 7,/ob4 
,eclog471 & descants ^u odd & ev5       
numb]s1 aft] ! mann]        ( ! lat]    
,py?agoreans4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ^!  
my/ical fancies are n[h]e to be f\nd 9 !
 writ+s (        ,plato1 al?\gh !       
importance ( numb] z a =m & also an     

in/rum5t ( ?\ght is ev] pres5t to 8 m9d4
 ,bo? ,philolaus        & ,plato agree 9
 mak+ ! _w move 9 c]ta9 num]ical        
ratios accord+ to a musical scale3 ?\gh 
,bockh is ( op9ion        t ! two       
scales1 ( ,philolaus & ( ! ,timaeus1 d n
        correspond444,we appe> n to be  
suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) !        e>ly    
,py?agoreans to "k h[ f> ! /atem5ts     
conta9$ 9        ^! fragm5ts correspond$
 ) _! doctr9es2 & we        !re=e _c    
pron\nce1 ei!r 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess     
( ! fragm5ts1 ) ,bockh & ,zell]1 or1 )  
,val5t9e ,rose        & ,s*a>s*midt1    
aga9/ !m4 ,b x is cle> t !y ?r[        b
 little light ^u ! ,timaeus1 & t _!     
resemblance to        x has be5         
exagg]at$4          ,t !re is a degree (
 confusion & indi/9ctness 9 ,plato's    
acc\nt bo? ( man & ( ! univ]se has be5  
already        ackn[l$g$4 ,we _c tell   
7nor c\ld ,plato himself h told7        
:]e ! figure or my? ends & !            
philosophical tru? beg9s2        we _c  
expla9 7nor c\ld ,plato himself h       

expla9$ to u7        ! relation ( !     
ideas to appe>ance1 ( :i* "o is ! copy  
( ! o!r1 & yet ( all ?+s 9 ! _w !y are !
        mo/ oppos$ & unlike4 ,?is       
opposition is pres5t$ to u 9        _m  
=ms1 z ! anti!sis ( ! "o & _m1 ( ! f9ite
        & inf9ite1 ( ! intelligible &   
s5sible1 ( !        un*angeable & !     
*ang+1 ( ! indivisible & !              
divisible1 ( ! fix$ />s & ! planets1 ( !
 creative        m9d & ! primeval *aos4 
,^! pairs ( opposites are s _m          
aspects ( ! great opposition betwe5     
ideas & ph5om5a--!y        easily pass  
into "o ano!r2 & sometimes ! two memb]s 
(        ! relation diff] 9 k9d1        
sometimes only 9 degree4 ,z 9           
,ari/otle's matt] & =m ! connexion      
betwe5 !m is really        insep>able2 =
 if we attempt to sep>ate !m !y become  
devoid ( cont5t & !re=e indi/+ui%able2  
!re is no        diff]5ce betwe5 ! idea 
( :i* no?+ c be pr$icat$1        & !    
*aos or matt] :i* has no p]ceptible     
qualities--betwe5 ,be+ 9 ! ab/ract &    

,no?+4 ,yet we are        frequ5tly told
 t ! "o class ( !m is ! reality & !     
o!r appe>ance2 & "o is (t5 spok5 ( z !  
d\ble or        reflection ( ! o!r4 ,=  
,plato nev] cle>ly saw t bo?            
elem5ts _h an equal place 9 m9d & 9     
nature2 & h5ce1        especially :5 we 
argue f isolat$ passages 9 8 writ+s1    
or attempt to draw :at appe> to u to be 
! natural inf]5ces        f !m1 we are  
full ( p]plexity4 ,!re is a simil>      
confusion ab\t necessity & free-w1 &    
ab\t ! /ate (        ! s\l aft] dea?4   
,also he sometimes supposes t ,god is   
imman5t 9 ! _w1 sometimes t he is       
transc5d5t4 ,&        hav+ no di/9ction 
( objective & subjective1 he passes     
imp]ceptibly f "o to ! o!r2 f           
intellig5ce to s\l1        f et]nity to 
"t4 ,^! contradictions may be s(t5$ or  
conceal$ by a judici\s use ( language1 b
 !y _c be        :olly got rid (4 ,t an 
age ( intellectual transition mu/       
also be "o ( inconsi/5cy2 t ! creative  
is oppos$ to !        critical or def9+ 

habit ( m9d or "t1 has be5 (t5          
repeat$ by u4 ,b1 z ,plato w\ld say1    
#8!re is no h>m 9        repeat+ twice  
or ?rice' 7,laws7 :at is important = !  
und]/&+ ( a great au?or4          ,x has
 n1 h[ev]1 be5 obs]v$1 t ! confusion    
p>tly        arises out ( ! elem5ts (   
oppos+ philosophies :i* are             
pres]v$ 9 him4 ,he holds ^! 9 solution1 
he br+s !m into        relation ) "o    
ano!r1 b he does n p]fectly h>monize    
!m4 ,!y are "p ( 8 own m9d1 & he is     
incapable (        plac+ himself outside
 ( !m & criticiz+ !m4 ,!y gr[        z  
he gr[s2 !y are a k9d ( composition )   
:i* 8 own        philosophy is ov]laid4 
,9 e>ly life he fancies t he has        
ma/]$ !m3 b he is also ma/]$ by !m2 & 9 
language        7,sophi/7 :i* may be    
comp>$ ) ! hesitat+ tone ( !            
,timaeus1 he confesses 9 8 lat] ye>s t  
!y are full (        obscurity to him4  
,he attributes new mean+s to ! words (  
,p>m5ides & ,h]acleitus2 b at times !   
old ,eleatic        philosophy appe>s to

 g beyond him2 !n ! _w ( ph5om5a        
disappe>s1 b ! doctr9e ( ideas is also  
r$uc$ to        no?+ness4 ,all ( !m are 
ne>] to "o ano!r ?an !y        !mselves 
suppos$1 & ne>] to him ?an he suppos$4  
,all (        !m are antagoni/ic to s5se
 & h an aff9ity to numb] &              
measure & a pres5tim5t ( ideas4 ,ev5 9  
,plato !y /ill        reta9 _! cont5ti\s
 or controv]sial "*1 :i* 0              
develop$ by ! gr[? ( dialectic4 ,he is  
nev] able to        reconcile ! fir/    
causes ( ! pre-,socratic philosoph]s )  
! f9al causes ( ,socrates himself4 ,!re 
is no intelligible        acc\nt ( !    
relation ( numb]s to ! univ]sal ideas1  
or (        univ]sals to ! idea ( good4 
,he f\nd !m all ?ree1 9 !               
,py?agorean philosophy & 9 ! tea*+ (    
,socrates & ( !        ,meg>ians        
respectively2 &1 because !y all furni%$ 
modes (        expla9+ & arrang+        
ph5om5a1 he is unwill+ to give up       
any ( !m1 ?\gh he is unable to unite !m 
9 a consi/5t        :ole4               

,la/ly1 ,plato1 ?\gh an ideali/         
philosoph]1 is ,greek & n               
,ori5tal 9 _s & feel+4 ,he is no my/ic  
or ascetic2 he is        n seek+ 9 va9  
to get rid ( matt] or to f9d absorption 
9        ! div9e nature1 or 9 ! ,s\l ( !
 univ]se4 ,& !re=e        we are n      
surpris$ to f9d t 8 philosophy 9 !      
,timaeus        returns at la/ to a     
wor%ip ( ! heav5s1 & t to him1 z        
to o!r ,greeks1 nature1 ?\gh conta9+ a  
remnant ( evil1 is        /ill glori\s &
 div9e4 ,he takes away or drops ! veil (
        my?ology1 & pres5ts h] to u 9   
:at appe>s to him to be        !        
=m-fair] & tru] f>--( ma!matical        
figures4 ,x is ?is        elem5t 9 !    
,timaeus1 no less ?an its aff9ity to    
c]ta9        ,py?agorean speculations1  
:i* gives x a "* n :olly        9       
accordance ) ! o!r dialogues ( ,plato4  
7b7 ,! ,timaeus conta9s an ass]tion     
p]haps m di/9ct ?an        is f\nd 9 any
 ( ! o!r dialogues 7,rep42 ,laws7 ( !   
goodness ( ,god4 #8,he 0 good himself1 &

 he fa%ion$ ! good        ev]y:]e4' ,he 
0 n #8a jeal\s ,god1' & !re=e he desir$ 
t all o!r ?+s %\ld be equally good4 ,he 
is ! ,,idea (        good :o has n[     
become a p]son1 & speaks & is spok5 ( z 
,god4 ,yet 8 p]sonality seems to appe>  
only 9 ! act (        creation4 ,9 s f> 
z he works ) 8 eye fix$ ^u an           
et]nal patt]n he is l ! human artific] 9
 ! ,republic4        ,"h ! !ory (       
,platonic ideas intrudes ^u u4 ,god1 l  
man1 is suppos$ to h an ideal ( :i*     
,plato is unable to        tell u !     
orig94 ,he may be said1 9 ! language (  
mod]n        philosophy1 to resolve !   
div9e m9d into subject & object4        
,! fir/ "w ( creation is p]fect$1 !     
second beg9s "u        ! direction (    
inf]ior m9i/]s4 ,! supreme ,god is      
)drawn        f ! _w & returns to 8 own 
accu/om$ nature 7,tim474        ,z 9 !  
,/atesman1 he retires to 8 place ( view4
 ,s e>ly        did ! ,epicurean doctr9e
 take possession ( ! ,greek m9d1 &      
s natural is x to ! he>t ( man1 :5 he   

has once pass$ out        ( ! /age (    
my?ology into t ( rational religion4 ,= 
he        sees ! m>ks ( design 9 ! _w2 b
 he no long] sees or        fancies t he
 sees ,god walk+ 9 ! g>d5 or haunt+     
/ream        or m\nta94 ,he feels also t
 he mu/ put ,god z f> z        possible 
out ( ! way ( evil1 & !re=e he bani%es  
him        f an evil _w4 ,plato is      
s5sible ( ! difficulty2 & he        (t5 
%[s t he is desir\s ( ju/ify+ ! ways (  
,god to        man4 ,yet on ! o!r h&1 9 
! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,laws he        passes 
a c5sure on ^? :o say t ! ,gods h no c>e
 (        human ?+s4          ,!        
creation ( ! _w is ! impression ( ord]  
on a        previ\sly exi/+ *aos4 ,!    
=mula ( ,anaxagoras--#8all ?+s        7 
9 *aos or confusion1 & !n m9d came &    
dispos$        !m'--is a summ>y ( ! fir/
 "p ( ! ,timaeus4 ,x is true        t ( 
a *aos )\t diff]5ces no idea c\ld be    
=m$4 ,all        0 n mix$ b "o2 & !re=e 
x 0 n difficult = !        lat]         
,platoni/s to draw inf]5ces by :i* !y 7 

enabl$ to        reconcile ! n>rative ( 
! ,timaeus ) ! ,mosaic acc\nt (        !
 creation4 ,nei!r :5 we speak ( m9d or  
intellig5ce1 d        we seem to get mu*
 fur!r 9 our conception ?an circul>     
motion1 :i* 0 deem$ to be ! mo/ p]fect4 
,plato1 l        ,anaxagoras1 :ile      
comm5c+ 8 !ory ( ! univ]se )            
ideas ( m9d & ( ! be/1 is compell$ 9 !  
execution (        8 design to condesc5d
 to ! crude/ physics4          7c7 ,!   
morality ( ! ,timaeus is s+ul>1 & x is  
difficult        to adju/ ! balance     
betwe5 ! two elem5ts ( x4 ,!            
difficulty :i* ,plato feels1 is t :i*   
all ( u feel1 &        :i* is increas$ 9
 our own day by ! progress ( physical   
sci5ce1 h[ ! responsibility ( man is to 
be reconcil$ )        8 dep5d5ce on     
natural causes4 ,& sometimes1 l o!r m51 
he is m impress$ by "o aspect ( human   
life1 sometimes by        ! o!r4 ,9 !   
,republic he repres5ts man z freely     
*oos+        8 own lot 9 a /ate prior to
 bir?--a conception :i*1 if        tak5 

lit]ally1 w\ld /ill leave him subject to
 ! dom9ion (        necessity 9 8 aft]  
life2 9 ! ,/atesman he supposes !       
human race to be pres]v$ 9 ! _w only by 
a div9e        int]position2 :ile 9 !   
,timaeus ! supreme ,god commissions     
! inf]ior deities to av]t f him all b   
self-inflict$        evils--words :i*   
imply t all ! evils ( m5 are really     
self-inflict$4 ,& "h1 l ,plato 7!       
ins]tion ( a note 9        ! text ( an  
anci5t writ] is a lit]>y curiosity wor?y
 (        rem>k71 we may take occasion  
to correct an error4 ,= we too          
ha/ily said t ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus reg>d$
 all #8vices &        crimes z          
involunt>y4' ,b ! fact is t he is       
inconsi/5t        ) himself2 9 "o & !   
same passage vice is attribut$ to       
! relaxation ( ! bodily frame1 & yet we 
are exhort$ to        avoid x & pursue  
virtue4 ,x is also admitt$ t good &     
evil conduct are to be attribut$        
respectively to good & evil        laws 
& in/itutions4 ,^! _c be giv5 by        

individuals to        !mselves2 & !re=e 
human actions1 9 s f> z !y are          
dep5d5t ^u !m1 are reg>d$ by ,plato z   
involunt>y r        ?an volunt>y4 ,l o!r
 writ]s on ?is subject1 he is unable    
to escape f "s degree (                 
self-contradiction4 ,he _h le>n$        
f ,socrates t vice is ignorance1 &      
sudd5ly ! doctr9e        seems to him to
 be confirm$ by obs]v+ h[ mu* ( ! good  
& bad 9 human "* dep5ds on ! bodily     
con/itution4 ,s        9 mod]n times !  
speculative doctr9e ( necessity has (t5 
be5 support$ by physical facts4         
,! ,timaeus also conta9s an anticipation
 ( ! /oical life        accord+ to      
nature4 ,man contemplat+ ! heav5s is to 
regulate        8 err+ life accord+ to  
!m4 ,he is to p>take ( ! repose        (
 nature & ( ! ord] ( nature1 to br+ !   
v>iable        pr9ciple 9 himself into  
h>mony ) ! pr9ciple ( ! same4        ,! 
e?ics ( ! ,timaeus may be summ$ up 9 !  
s+le idea (        #8law4' ,to feel     
habitually t he is "p ( ! ord] ( !      

univ]se1 is "o ( ! highe/ e?ical motives
 ( :i* man is        capable4 ,some?+ l 
?is is :at ,plato means :5 he speaks    
( ! s\l #8mov+ ab\t ! same 9 un*ang+    
?\ght ( !        same4' ,he does n      
expla9 h[ man is act$ ^u by ! less]     
influ5ces ( cu/om or ( op9ion2 or h[ !  
comm&s ( !        s\l wat*+ 9 ! citadel 
are convey$ to ! bodily organs4         
,b ?is p]haps1 to use once m expressions
 ( 8 own1 #8is        "p ( ano!r        
subject' or #8may be m suitably discuss$
 on        "s o!r occasion4'            
,!re is no difficulty1 by ! help (      
,ari/otle & lat]        writ]s1 9       
criticiz+ ! ,timaeus ( ,plato1 9 po9t+  
out !        inconsi/5cies ( ! "w1 9    
dwell+ on ! ignorance (        anatomy  
display$ by ! au?or1 9 %[+ !            
fancifulness or        unmean+ness ( "s 
( 8 reasons4 ,b ! ,timaeus /ill         
rema9s ! greate/ ef=t ( ! human m9d to  
conceive !        _w z a :ole :i* !     
g5ius ( antiquity has bequea!d to       
u4            ,"o m aspect ( ! ,timaeus 

rema9s to be consid]$--!                
my?ological or geographical4 ,is x n a  
wond]ful ?+ t a        few pages ( "o ( 
,plato's dialogues h gr[n into a great  
leg5d1 n conf9$ to ,greece only1 b      
spread+ f> & wide        ov] ! nations (
 ,europe & rea*+ ev5 to ,egypt & ,asia8 
,l ! tale ( ,troy1 or ! leg5d ( ! ,t5   
,tribes 7,ewald1        ,hi/4 ( ,isr471 
:i* p]haps orig9at$ 9 a few v]ses ( ,,ii
        ,esdras1 x has become fam\s1    
because x has co9cid$ ) a        great  
hi/orical fact4 ,l ! romance ( ,k+      
,ar?ur1 :i* has        _h s great a *>m1
 x has f\nd a way ov] ! seas f "o       
c\ntry & language to ano!r4 ,x inspir$ !
 navigators (        ! fifte5? & sixte5?
 c5turies2 x =e%ad[$ !        discov]y (
 ,am]ica4 ,x realiz$ ! fiction s natural
 to !        human m9d1 because x answ]$
 ! enquiry ab\t ! orig9 (        ! arts1
 t !re _h some:]e exi/$ an anci5t       
primitive        civilization4 ,x might 
f9d a place :]ev] m5 *ose to look       
= x2 9 ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 or ,we/2 9 !  

,isl&s ( !        ,ble/2 be=e ! entrance
 ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 9 ,sw$5       
or 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x matt]$ little :e!r !  
description 9        ,plato agre$ ) !   
locality assign$ to x or n4 ,x 0 a      
leg5d s adapt$ to ! human m9d t x made a
 habitation =        itself 9 any       
c\ntry4 ,x 0 an isl& 9 ! cl\ds1 :i*     
might be se5 any:]e by ! eye ( fai?4 ,x 
0 a subject        especially cong5ial  
to ! pond]\s indu/ry ( c]ta9 ,fr5*      
& ,sw$i% writ]s1 :o delight$ 9 heap+ up 
le>n+ ( all        sorts b 7 incapable (
 us+ x4          ,m4 ,m>t9 has writt5 a 
valuable diss]tation on ! op9ions       
ent]ta9$ respect+ ! ,isl& ( ,atlantis 9 
anci5t &        mod]n times4 ,x is a    
curi\s *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human       
m9d4 ,! tale ( ,atlantis is ! fabric ( a
 vision1 b x has        nev] ceas$ to   
int]e/ mank9d4 ,x 0 v>i\sly reg>d$ by   
! anci5ts !mselves4 ,! /rong] heads     
among !m1 l        ,/rabo & ,long9us1 7 
z little dispos$ to believe 9 !         
tru? ( x z ! mod]n read] 9 ,gulliv] or  

,rob9son ,crusoe4        ,on ! o!r h&   
!re is no k9d or degree ( absurdity or  
fancy 9 :i* ! m fooli% writ]s1 bo? (    
antiquity & (        mod]n times1 h n   
indulg$ respect+ x4 ,!                  
,neo-,platoni/s1 loyal to _! ma/]1 l "s 
comm5tators on        ! ,*ri/ian        
,scriptures1 s\ght to give an           
allegorical mean+        to :at !y also 
believ$ to be an hi/orical fact4 ,x 0 z 
if        "s "o 9 our own day 7 to      
conv]t ! poems ( ,hom] into        an   
allegory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 at !    
same "t        ma9ta9+ !m to be an exact
 & v]itable hi/ory4 ,9 !        ,middle 
,ages ! leg5d seems to h be5 half-=gott5
 until        reviv$ by ! discov]y (    
,am]ica4 ,x help$ to =m ! ,utopia       
( ,sir ,?omas ,m & ! ,new ,atlantis (   
,bacon1 al?\gh        probably nei!r (  
^? great m5 7 at all impos$ ^u by       
! fiction4 ,x 0 mo/ prolific 9 !        
sev5te5? or 9 !        e>ly "p ( !      
eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! human m9d1        
seek+ = ,utopias or inv5t+ !m1 0 glad to

 escape out (        ! dulness ( !      
pres5t into ! romance ( ! pa/ or "s     
ideal ( ! future4 ,! lat] =ms ( su*     
n>ratives conta9$        features tak5 f
 ! ,edda1 z well z f ! ,old & ,new      
,te/am5t2 also f ! tales ( mission>ies &
 !        exp]i5ces ( travell]s & (     
coloni/s4          ,! v>i\s op9ions     
respect+ ! ,isl& ( ,atlantis h no       
int]e/ = u except 9 s f> z !y illu/rate 
!        extravagances ( :i* m5 are     
capable4 ,b ?is is a real        int]e/ 
& a s]i\s lesson1 if we rememb] t n[ z  
=m]ly ! human m9d is liable to be impos$
 ^u by !        illusions ( ! pa/1 :i*  
are ev] assum+ "s new =m4          ,:5  
we h %ak5 (f ! rubbi% ( ages1 !re rema9 
"o or        two que/ions ( :i* !       
inve/igation has a p]man5t value3--     
#a4 ,did ,plato d]ive ! leg5d (         
,atlantis f an ,egyptian        s\rce8  
,x may be repli$ t !re is no su* leg5d 9
 any        writ] previ\s to ,plato2    
nei!r 9 ,hom]1 nor 9 ,p9d>1 nor 9       
,h]odotus is !re any m5tion ( an ,isl& (

 ,atlantis1 nor any        ref]5ce to x 
9 ,ari/otle1 nor any citation ( an e>li]
        writ] by a lat] "o 9 :i* x is to
 be f\nd4 ,nor h any        traces be5  
discov]$ hi!rto 9 ,egyptian monum5ts ( a
        connexion betwe5 ,greece &      
,egypt old] ?an ! eigh? or n9?          
c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x is true t ,proclus1    
writ+ 9 ! fif?        c5tury aft] ,*ri/1
 tells u ( /ones & columns 9 ,egypt on  
:i* ! hi/ory ( ! ,isl& ( ,atlantis 0    
engrav$4 ,!        /atem5t may be       
false--!re are simil> tales ab\t columns
 set        up #8by ! ,canaanites :om   
,jo%ua drove out' 7,procop472 b ev5     
if true1 x w\ld only %[ t ! leg5d1 #hjj 
ye>s aft] !        "t ( ,plato1 _h be5  
transf]r$ to ,egypt1 & inscrib$1 n1     
l o!r =g]ies1 9 books1 b on /one4       
,probably 9 !        ,alex&rian age1 :5 
,egypt _h ceas$ to h a hi/ory &         
began to appropriate ! leg5ds ( o!r     
nations1 _m su*        monum5ts 7 to be 
f\nd ( ev5ts :i* _h become fam\s 9      
t or o!r c\ntries4 ,! olde/ witness to !

 /ory is said        to be ,crantor1 a  
,/oic philosoph] :o liv$ a g5]ation lat]
        ?an ,plato1 & !re=e may h borr[$
 x f him4 ,!        /atem5t is f\nd 9   
,proclus2 b we require bett] assurance  
?an ,proclus c give u be=e we accept ?is
 or any o!r        /atem5t :i* he makes4
          ,secondly1 pass+ f ! ext]nal  
to ! int]nal evid5ce1 we        may     
rem>k t ! /ory is f> m likely to h be5  
inv5t$ by ,plato ?an to h be5 br\ght by 
,solon f ,egypt4        ,t is ano!r "p (
 8 leg5d :i* ,plato also seeks to       
impose ^u u4 ,! v]isimilitude :i* he has
 giv5 to ! tale        is a fur!r reason
 = suspect+ x2 = he c\ld easily         
#8inv5t ,egyptian or any o!r tales'     
7,pha$rus74 ,are n !        words1 #8,! 
tru? ( ! /ory is a great advantage1' if 
we read        betwe5 ! l9es1 an        
indication ( ! fiction8 ,x is only a    
leg5d t ,solon w5t to ,egypt1 & if he   
did he c\ld n h        conv]s$ )        
,egyptian prie/s or h read records 9 _! 
temples4 ,! tru? is t ! introduction is 

a mosaic "w (        small t\*es :i*1   
p>tly by _! m9ut5ess1 & also by         
_! seem+ probability1 w9 ! confid5ce ( !
 read]4 ,:o        w\ld desire bett]    
evid5ce ?an t ( ,critias1 :o _h he>d    
! n>rative 9 y\? :5 ! memory is /ronge/ 
at ! age (        t5 f 8 gr&fa!r        
,critias1 an old man ( n9ety1 :o 9      
turn _h he>d x f ,solon himself8 ,is n !
 fam\s        expression--#8,y ,hell5es 
are ev] *ildr5 & !re is no        k     
among y ho>y ) age1' really a complim5t 
to !        ,a!nians :o are describ$ 9  
^! words z #8ev] "y'8 ,&        is !    
?\ght express$ 9 !m to be attribut$ to !
 le>n+        ( ! ,egyptian prie/1 & n r
 to ! g5ius ( ,plato8 ,or        :5 !   
,egyptian says--#8,h]eaft] at our       
leisure we w take up        ! writt5    
docum5ts & exam9e 9 detail ! exact tru? 
ab\t        ^! ?+s'--:at is ?is b a     
lit]>y trick by :i* ,plato        sets  
(f 8 n>rative8 ,c\ld any w> betwe5 ,a!ns
 & !        ,isl& ( ,atlantis h really  
co9cid$ ) ! /ruggle        betwe5 !     

,greeks & ,p]sians1 z is suffici5tly    
h9t$ ?\gh        n expressly /at$ 9 !   
n>rative ( ,plato8 ,& :5ce came        !
 tradition to ,egypt8 or 9 :at does !   
/ory consi/ except        9 ! w> betwe5 
! two rival p[]s & ! subm]sion (        
bo? ( !m8 ,& h[ 0 ! tale transf]r$ to ! 
poem (        ,solon8 #8,x is n         
improbable1' says ,mr4 ,grote1 #8t      
,solon did        leave an unf9i%$      
,egyptian poem' 7,plato74 ,b are        
probabilities        = :i* !re is n a   
tittle ( evid5ce1 & :i* are        )\t  
any p>allel1 to be deem$ wor?y (        
att5tion by !        critic8 ,h[ came ! 
poem ( ,solon to disappe> 9 antiquity8  
or        :y did ,plato1 if ! :ole      
n>rative 0 kn[n to him1 break (f        
almo/ at ! beg9n+ ( x8          ,:ile   
!re=e admir+ ! dilig5ce & erudition (   
,m4        ,m>t91 we _c = a mom5t       
suppose t ! tale 0 told to        ,solon
 by an ,egyptian prie/1 nor c we believe
 t ,solon wrote        a poem ^u ! !me  
:i* 0 ?us sugge/$ to him--a poem        

:i* disappe>$ 9 antiquity2 or t ! ,isl& 
( ,atlantis or        ! ant$iluvian     
,a!ns ev] _h any exi/5ce except 9 !     
imag9ation ( ,plato4 ,m>t9 is ( op9ion t
 ,plato w\ld h        be5 t]rifi$ if he 
c\ld h =ese5 ! endless fancies to       
:i* 8 ,isl& ( ,atlantis has giv5        
occasion4 ,r he w\ld        h be5       
inf9itely amus$ if he c\ld h kn[n t 8   
gift        ( inv5tion w\ld h deceiv$   
,m4 ,m>t9 himself into !        belief t
 ! tradition 0 br\ght f ,egypt by ,solon
 &        made ! subject ( a poem by    
him4 ,m4 ,m>t9 may also be g5tly        
c5sur$ = cit+ )\t suffici5t             
discrim9ation anci5t        au?ors hav+ 
v diff]5t degrees ( au?ority & value4   
#b4 ,x is an int]e/+ & n unimportant "q 
:i* is        t\*$ ^u by ,m>t91 :e!r !  
,atlantis ( ,plato 9 any        degree  
held out a guid+ light to ! e>ly        
navigators4 ,he is        incl9$ to ?9k 
t !re is no real connexion betwe5 !m4   
,b surely ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w 0     
prec$$ by a        prophetic            

anticipation ( x1 :i*1 l ! hope ( a     
,messiah1        0 ent]+ into ! he>ts ( 
m58 ,& ?is hope 0 nurs$ by        anci5t
 tradition1 :i* _h f\nd expression f "t 
to "t        9 ! celebrat$ l9es ( ,s5eca
 & 9 _m o!r places4 ,?is                
tradition 0 su/a9$ by ! great au?ority (
 ,plato1 &        !re=e ! leg5d ( !     
,isl& ( ,atlantis1 ?\gh n        closely
 connect$ ) ! voyages ( ! e>ly          
navigators1 may        be truly said to 
h contribut$ indirectly to ! great      
discov]y4          ,! ,timaeus ( ,plato1
 l ! ,protagoras & sev]al portions (    
! ,pha$rus & ,republic1 0 translat$ by  
,cic]o into ,lat94        ,ab\t a f\r?1 
compreh5d+ ) lacunae ! fir/ portion (   
! dialogue1 is pres]v$ 9 sev]al ,,mss4  
,^! g5]ally agree1        & !re=e may be
 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f a s+le           
orig9al4 ,! v]sion is v fai?ful1 & is a 
rem>kable        monum5t ( ,cic]o's     
skill 9 manag+ ! difficult &            
intractable ,greek4 ,9 8 treatise ,de   
,natura ,deorum1 he also        ref]s to

 ! ,timaeus1 :i*1 speak+ 9 ! p]son (    
,velleius        ! ,epicurean1 he       
sev]ely criticises4          ,! comm5t>y
 ( ,proclus on ! ,timaeus is a wond]ful 
monum5t        ( ! sill9ess & prolixity 
( ! ,alex&rian ,age4 ,x ext5ds        to
 ab\t ?irty pages ( ! book1 & is ?irty  
times ! l5g?        ( ! orig9al4 ,x is  
surpris+ t ?is volum9\s "w        %\ld h
 f\nd a translator 7,?omas ,taylor1 a   
k9dr$ _s1        :o 0 himself a         
,neo-,platoni/1 aft] ! fa%ion1 n ( !    
fif? or sixte5?1 b ( ! n9ete5? c5tury   
,a4,d474 ,!        comm5t>y is ( little 
or no value1 ei!r 9 a philosophical or  
philological po9t ( view4 ,! writ] is   
unable to expla9        p>ticul>        
passages 9 any precise mann]1 & he is   
equally        incapable ( grasp+ !     
:ole4 ,he does n take words 9 _!        
simple mean+ or s5t5ces 9 _! natural    
connexion4 ,he is        ?9k+1 n ( !    
context 9 ,plato1 b ( ! contempor>y     
,py?agorean philosoph]s & _! wordy      
/rife4 ,he f9ds no?+        9 ! text :i*

 he does n br+ to x4 ,he is full (      
,porphyry1 ,iambli*us & ,plot9us1 (     
misappli$ logic1 (        misund]/ood   
gramm>1 & ( ! ,orphic !ology4           
,al?\gh su* a "w c contribute little or 
no?+ to !        und]/&+ ( ,plato1 x    
?r[s an int]e/+ light on !              
,alex&rian times2 x realizes h[ a       
philosophy made up ( words        only  
may create a deep & widespread          
en?usiasm1 h[ ! =ms        ( logic &    
rhetoric may usurp ! place ( reason &   
tru?1        h[ all philosophies gr[    
fad$ & discol\r$1 & are pat*$        &  
made up aga9 l worn-out g>m5ts1 & reta9 
only a        second-h& exi/5ce4 ,he :o 
w\ld /udy ?is deg5]acy (                
philosophy & ( ! ,greek m9d 9 ! orig9al 
_c d bett]        ?an devote a few ( 8  
days & nights to ! comm5t>y (           
,proclus on ! ,timaeus4          ,a v   
diff]5t acc\nt mu/ be giv5 ( ! %ort "w  
entitl$        #8,timaeus ,locrus1' :i* 
is a brief b cle> analysis ( !          
,timaeus ( ,plato1 omitt+ ! introduction

 or dialogue &        mak+ a few small  
additions4 ,x does n allude to ! orig9al
        f :i* x is tak52 x is q free f  
my/icism &        ,neo-,platonism4 ,9   
l5g? x does n exce$ a fif? "p ( !       
,timaeus4 ,x is writt5 9 ! ,doric       
dialect1 & conta9s sev]al        words  
:i* d n occur 9 classical ,greek4 ,no   
o!r indication        ( its date1 except
 ?is unc]ta9 "o ( language1 appe>s 9    
x4 ,9 sev]al places ! writ] has         
simplifi$ ! language (        ,plato1 9 
a few o!rs he has embelli%$ & exagg]at$ 
x4 ,he        g5]ally pres]ves ! ?\ght (
 ! orig9al1 b does n        copy !      
words4 ,on ! :ole ?is little tract      
fai?fully        reflects ! mean+ & _s (
 ! ,timaeus4          ,f ! g>d5 ( !     
,timaeus1 z f ! o!r dialogues (         
,plato1 we may /ill ga!r a few fl[]s &  
pres5t !m at        p>t+ to ! read]4    
,!re is no?+ 9 ,plato gr&] &            
simpl] ?an ! conv]sation betwe5 ,solon &
 ! ,egyptian        prie/1 9 :i* !      
y\?fulness ( ,hellas is contra/$ )      

! antiquity ( ,egypt4 ,"h are to be f\nd
 ! fam\s words1 #8,o        ,solon1     
,solon1 y ,hell5es are ev] "y1 & !re is 
n an        old man among y'--:i* may be
 comp>$ to ! lively say+ (              
,hegel1 t #8,greek hi/ory began ) ! y\? 
,a*illes & left        (f ) ! y\?       
,alex&]4' ,! num]\s arts (              
v]isimilitude by :i* ,plato ins9uates   
into ! m9d ( !        read] ! tru? ( 8  
n>rative h be5 already ref]r$ to4       
,"h occur a s5t5ce or two n want+ 9     
,platonic irony        7,greek--a ^w to 
! wise74 #8,to "k or tell ! orig9 ( !   
o!r div9ities is beyond u1 & we mu/     
accept ! traditions        ( ! m5 ( old 
"t :o affirm !mselves to be ! (fspr+    
( ! ,gods--t is :at !y say--& !y mu/    
surely h kn[n        _! own ance/ors4   
,h[ c we d\bt ! ^w ( ! *ildr5 (        !
 ,gods8 ,al?\gh !y give no probable or  
c]ta9 pro(s1        /ill1 z !y decl>e t 
!y are speak+ ( :at took place        9 
_! own family1 we mu/ con=m to cu/om &  
believe !m4'        #8,our creators well

 knew t wom5 & o!r animals w\ld "s      
day be fram$ out ( m51 & !y fur!r knew t
 _m animals        w\ld require ! use ( 
nails = _m purposes2 :]e=e !y           
fa%ion$ 9 m5 at _! fir/ creation !      
rudim5ts ( nails4'        ,or once m1   
let u reflect on two s]i\s passages 9   
:i* !        ord] ( ! _w is suppos$ to  
f9d a place 9 ! human s\l        & to   
infuse h>mony into x4 #8,! s\l1 :5 t\*+ 
any?+        t has ess5ce1 :e!r disp]s$ 
9 p>ts or undivid$1 is        /irr$     
?r\gh all h] p[]s to decl>e ! sam5ess or
        diff]5ce ( t ?+ & "s o!r2 & to  
:at individuals        are relat$1 & by 
:at affect$1 & 9 :at way & h[ &         
:51 bo? 9 ! _w ( g5]ation & 9 ! _w (    
immutable be+4 ,& :5 reason1 :i* works )
 equal tru?1        :e!r %e be 9 !      
circle ( ! div]se or ( ! same1--9       
voiceless sil5ce hold+ h] onw>d c\rse 9 
! sph]e ( !        self-mov$1--:5       
reason1 ,i say1 is hov]+ ar\nd ! s5sible
        _w1 & :5 ! circle ( ! div]se    
also mov+ truly        imp>ts !         

intimations ( s5se to ! :ole s\l1 !n    
arise        op9ions & beliefs sure &   
c]ta94 ,b :5 reason is        conc]n$ ) 
! rational1 & ! circle ( ! same mov+    
smoo?ly decl>es x1 !n intellig5ce & k   
are        necess>ily p]fect$2' :]e1    
proce$+ 9 a simil> pa? (                
contemplation1 he supposes ! inw>d & !  
out] _w        mutually to imply ea*    
o!r4 #8,god inv5t$ & gave u sight to    
! end t we might behold ! c\rses (      
intellig5ce 9 !        heav51 & apply !m
 to ! c\rses ( our own intellig5ce      
:i* are ak9 to !m1 ! unp]turb$ to !     
p]turb$2 &        t we1 le>n+ !m &      
p>tak+ ( ! natural tru? (        reason1
 might imitate ! absolutely un]r+ c\rses
 ( ,god &        regulate our own       
vag>ies4' ,or let u weigh c>efully "s   
o!r        pr(\nd ?\ghts1 su* z !       
foll[+4 #8,he :o neglects               
education walks lame to ! end ( 8 life1 
& returns        imp]fect & good = no?+ 
to ! _w bel[4' #8,! fa!r        & mak] (
 all ?is univ]se is pa/ f9d+ out2 & ev5 

if        we f\nd him1 to tell ( him to 
all m5 w\ld be impossible4'             
#8,let me tell y !n :y ! ,creator made  
?is _w (        g5]ation4 ,he 0 good1 & 
! good c nev] h jeal\sy (        any?+4 
,& be+ free f jeal\sy1 he desir$ t all  
?+s %\ld be z l himself z !y c\ld be4   
,?is is 9 !        true/ s5se ! orig9 ( 
creation & ( ! _w1 z we %all        d   
well 9 believ+ on ! te/imony ( wise m53 
,god desir$        t all ?+s %\ld be    
good & no?+ bad1 s f> z ?is        0    
atta9able4' ,?is is ! lead+ ?\ght 9 !   
,timaeus1 j        z ! ,,idea ( ,good is
 ! lead+ ?\ght ( ! ,republic1 !         
"o expression describ+ ! p]sonal1 ! o!r 
! imp]sonal        ,good or ,god1 diff]+
 9 =m r ?an 9 sub/ance1 & bo?           
equally imply+ to ! m9d ( ,plato a div9e
 reality4 ,!        slight t\*1 p]haps  
ironical1 conta9$ 9 ! words1 #8z we     
%all d well 9 believ+ on ! te/imony (   
wise m51' is v        *>act]i/ic (      
,plato4                ,,timaeus4       
,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,socrates1 

,critias1 ,timaeus1 ,h]mocrates4        
,,socrates3 ,"o1 two1 ?ree2 b :]e1 my   
de> ,timaeus1 is !        f\r? ( ^? :o 7
 ye/]day my gue/s & are to be my        
ent]ta9]s to-day8          ,,timaeus3   
,he has be5 tak5 ill1 ,socrates2 = he   
w\ld n        will+ly h be5 abs5t f ?is 
ga!r+4          ,,socrates3 ,!n1 if he  
is n com+1 y & ! two o!rs mu/           
supply 8 place4          ,,timaeus3     
,c]ta9ly1 & we w d all t we c2 hav+ be5 
h&somely ent]ta9$ by y ye/]day1 ^? ( u  
:o rema9        %\ld be only too glad to
 return y\r hospitality4                
,,socrates3 ,d y rememb] :at 7 ! po9ts (
 :i* ,i        requir$ y to speak8      
,,timaeus3 ,we rememb] "s ( !m1 & y w be
 "h to rem9d        u ( any?+ :i* we h  
=gott53 or r1 if we are n        tr\bl+ 
y1 w y briefly recapitulate ! :ole1 & !n
        ! p>ticul>s w be m firmly fix$ 9
 our memories8          ,,socrates3 ,to 
be sure ,i w3 ! *ief !me ( my ye/]day's 
disc\rse 0 ! ,/ate--h[ con/itut$ & ( :at
 citiz5s        compos$ x w\ld seem     

likely to be mo/ p]fect4                
,,timaeus3 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & :at y said
 ( x 0 v mu* to        our m9d4         
,,socrates3 ,did we n beg9 by sep>at+ ! 
husb&m5 & !        artisans f ! class ( 
def5d]s ( ! ,/ate8          ,,timaeus3  
,yes4          ,,socrates3 ,& :5 we _h  
giv5 to ea* "o t s+le        employm5t &
 p>ticul> art :i* 0 suit$ to 8 nature1  
we        spoke ( ^? :o 7 int5d$ to be  
our w>riors1 & said        t !y 7 to be 
gu>dians ( ! city aga9/ attacks f       
)9 z well z f )\t1 & to h no o!r        
employm5t2        !y 7 to be m]ciful 9  
judg+ _! subjects1 ( :om !y        7 by 
nature fri5ds1 b fi]ce to _! enemies1 :5
 !y        came across !m 9 battle4     
,,timaeus3 ,exactly4                    
,,socrates3 ,we said1 if ,i am n mi/ak51
 t ! gu>dians        %\ld be gift$ ) a  
temp]am5t 9 a high degree bo?           
passionate & philosophical2 & t !n !y   
w\ld be z !y        ought to be1 g5tle  
to _! fri5ds & fi]ce ) _!               
enemies4          ,,timaeus3 ,c]ta9ly4  

,,socrates3 ,& :at did we say ( _!      
education8 ,7 !y n        to be tra9$ 9 
gymna/ic1 & music1 & all o!r sorts (    
k :i* 7 prop] = !m8          ,,timaeus3 
,v true4          ,,socrates3 ,& be+ ?us
 tra9$ !y 7 n to consid] gold        or 
silv] or any?+ else to be _! own private
 prop]ty2 !y        7 to be l hir$      
troops1 receiv+ pay = keep+ gu>d        
f ^? :o 7 protect$ by !m--! pay 0 to be 
no m        ?an w\ld suffice = m5 (     
simple life2 & !y 7 to sp5d        9    
common1 & to live toge!r 9 ! cont9ual   
practice (        virtue1 :i* 0 to be _!
 sole pursuit4          ,,timaeus3 ,t 0 
also said4          ,,socrates3 ,nei!r  
did we =get ! wom52 ( :om we decl>$1    
t _! natures %\ld be assimilat$ & br\ght
 into h>mony        ) ^? ( ! m51 & t    
common pursuits %\ld be        assign$  
to !m bo? 9 "t ( w> & 9 _! ord9>y life4 
,,timaeus3 ,t1 aga91 0 z y say4         
,,socrates3 ,& :at ab\t ! procreation ( 
*ildr58 ,or r        0 n ! proposal too 
s+ul> to be =gott58 = all wives        &

 *ildr5 7 to be 9 common1 to ! int5t t  
no "o        %\ld ev] "k 8 own *ild1 b  
!y 7 to imag9e t        !y 7 all "o     
family2 ^? :o 7 )9 a suitable limit     
( age 7 to be bro!rs & si/]s1 ^? :o 7 ( 
an        eld] g5]ation p>5ts &         
gr&p>5ts1 & ^? ( a        y\ng]1 *ildr5 
& gr&*ildr54          ,,timaeus3 ,yes1 &
 ! proposal is easy to rememb]1 z y say4
          ,,socrates3 ,& d y also       
rememb] h[1 ) a view ( secur+        z  
f> z we c\ld ! be/ bre$1 we said t !    
*ief        magi/rates1 male & female1  
%\ld contrive secretly1 by !        use 
( c]ta9 lots1 s to arrange ! nuptial    
meet+1 t !        bad ( ei!r sex & !    
good ( ei!r sex might pair )        _!  
l2 & !re 0 to be no qu>rell+ on ?is     
acc\nt1        = !y w\ld imag9e t !     
union 0 a m]e accid5t1 &        0 to be 
attribut$ to ! lot8          ,,timaeus3 
,i rememb]4          ,,socrates3 ,& y   
rememb] h[ we said t ! *ildr5 ( !       
good p>5ts 7 to be educat$1 & ! *ildr5 (
 ! bad        secretly disp]s$ among !  

inf]ior citiz5s2 & :ile !y        7 all 
gr[+ up ! rul]s 7 to be on ! look-out1 &
 to        br+ up f bel[ 9 _! turn ^? :o
 7 wor?y1 &        ^? among !mselves :o 
7 unwor?y 7 to take ! places        ( ^?
 :o came up8          ,,timaeus3 ,true4 
,,socrates3 ,!n h ,i n[ giv5 y all !    
heads ( our        ye/]day's discussion8
 ,or is !re any?+ m1 my de>             
,timaeus1 :i* has be5 omitt$8           
,,timaeus3 ,no?+1 ,socrates2 x 0 j z y h
 said4          ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld l1  
be=e proce$+ fur!r1 to tell y        h[ 
,i feel ab\t ! ,/ate :i* we h describ$4 
,i might        comp>e myself to a p]son
 :o1 on behold+ beautiful animals       
ei!r creat$ by ! pa9t]'s art1 or1 bett] 
/ill1 alive b        at re/1 is seiz$ ) 
a desire ( see+ !m 9 motion or          
engag$ 9 "s /ruggle or conflict to :i*  
_! =ms appe>        suit$2 ?is is my    
feel+ ab\t ! ,/ate :i* we h be5         
describ+4 ,!re are conflicts :i* all    
cities und]go1 & ,i        %\ld l to he>
 "s "o tell ( our own city c>ry+ on a   

/ruggle aga9/ h] neighb\rs1 & h[ %e w5t 
out to w> 9 a        becom+ mann]1 & :5 
at w> %[$ by ! greatness ( h]           
actions & ! magnanimity ( h] words 9    
deal+ ) o!r        cities a result wor?y
 ( h] tra9+ & education4 ,n[ ,i1        
,critias & ,h]mocrates1 am consci\s t ,i
 myself %\ld nev]        be able to     
celebrate ! city & h] citiz5s 9 a       
befitt+        mann]1 & ,i am n surpris$
 at my own incapacity2 to me !          
wond] is r t ! poets pres5t z well z pa/
 are no        bett]--n t ,i mean to    
depreciate !m2 b e "o c see        t !y 
are a tribe ( imitators1 & w imitate be/
 &        mo/ easily ! life 9 :i* !y h  
be5 br\ght up2 :ile        t :i* is     
beyond ! range ( a man's education he   
f9ds h>d        to c>ry out 9 action1 & 
/ill h>d] adequately to repres5t        
9 language4 ,i am aw>e t ! ,sophi/s h   
pl5ty ( brave        words & fair       
conceits1 b ,i am afraid t be+ only     
w&]]s f "o city to ano!r1 & hav+ nev] _h
        habitations ( _! own1 !y may    

fail 9 _! conception (                  
philosoph]s & /atesm51 & may n "k :at !y
 d & say        9 "t ( w>1 :5 !y are    
fight+ or hold+ p>ley )        _!       
enemies4 ,& ?us p ( y\r class are ! only
 ones        rema9+ :o are fitt$ by     
nature & education to take "p at        
once bo? 9 politics & philosophy4 ,"h is
 ,timaeus1 ( ,locris        9 ,italy1 a 
city :i* has admirable laws1 & :o is    
himself 9        weal? & rank ! equal ( 
any ( 8 fell[-citiz5s2 he has           
held ! mo/ important & hon\rable (fices 
9 8 own /ate1        &1 z ,i believe1   
has scal$ ! heights ( all philosophy2 & 
"h is ,critias1 :om e ,a!nian kn[s to be
 no novice 9 !        matt]s ( :i* we   
are speak+2 & z to ,h]mocrates1 ,i am   
assur$ by _m witnesses t 8 g5ius &      
education qualify        him to take "p 
9 any speculation ( ! k9d4 ,& !re=e     
ye/]day :5 ,i saw t y want$ me to       
describe ! =mation        ( ! ,/ate1 ,i 
readily ass5t$1 be+ v well aw>e1 t1 if  
y only w\ld1 none 7 bett] qualifi$ to   

c>ry !        discussion fur!r1 & t :5 y
 _h engag$ our city 9 a        suitable 
w>1 y ( all m5 liv+ c\ld be/ exhibit h] 
play+ a fitt+ "p4 ,:5 ,i _h complet$ my 
task1 ,i 9 return        impos$ ?is o!r 
task ^u y4 ,y conf]r$ toge!r &          
agre$ to ent]ta9 me to-day1 z ,i _h     
ent]ta9$ y1 ) a        fea/ ( disc\rse4 
,"h am ,i 9 fe/ive array1 & no man c be 
m ready = ! promis$ banquet4            
,,h]mocrates3 ,& we too1 ,socrates1 z   
,timaeus says1 w n be        want+ 9    
en?usiasm2 & !re is no excuse = n       
comply+        ) y\r reque/4 ,z soon z  
we arriv$ ye/]day at !        gue/-*amb]
 ( ,critias1 ) :om we are /ay+1 or r on 
our way ?i!r1 we talk$ ! matt] ov]1 & he
 told u an        anci5t tradition1 :i* 
,i wi%1 ,critias1 t y w\ld repeat       
to ,socrates1 s t he may help u to judge
 :e!r x w        satisfy 8 requirem5ts  
or n4          ,,critias3 ,i w1 if      
,timaeus1 :o is our o!r p>tn]1 approves4
          ,,timaeus3 ,i q approve4      
,,critias3 ,!n li/51 ,socrates1 to a    

tale :i*1 ?\gh /range1        is c]ta9ly
 true1 hav+ be5 atte/$ by ,solon1 :o 0 !
        wise/ ( ! sev5 sages4 ,he 0 a   
relative & a de> fri5d (        my      
great-gr&fa!r1 ,dropides1 z he himself  
says 9 _m        passages ( 8 poems2 &  
he told ! /ory to ,critias1 my          
gr&fa!r1 :o rememb]$ & repeat$ x to u4  
,!re 7 (        old1 he said1 great &   
m>vell\s actions ( ! ,a!nian city1      
:i* h pass$ into oblivion ?r\gh lapse ( 
"t & !        de/ruction ( mank9d1 & "o 
9 p>ticul>1 great] ?an all        ! re/4
 ,?is we w n[ rehe>se4 ,x w be a fitt+  
monum5t ( our gratitude to y1 & a hymn (
 praise true &        wor?y ( ! goddess1
 on ?is h] day ( fe/ival4               
,,socrates3 ,v good4 ,& :at is ?is      
anci5t fam\s action (        ! ,a!nians1
 :i* ,critias decl>$1 on ! au?ority (   
,solon1        to be n a m]e leg5d1 b an
 actual fact8          ,,critias3 ,i w  
tell an old-_w /ory :i* ,i he>d f an    
ag$ man2 = ,critias1 at ! "t ( tell+ x1 
01 z he        said1 ne>ly n9ety ye>s ( 

age1 & ,i 0 ab\t t54 ,n[ !        day 0 
t day ( ! ,apaturia :i* is call$ !      
,regi/ration        ( ,y\?1 at :i*1     
accord+ to cu/om1 our p>5ts gave prizes 
= recitations1 & ! poems ( sev]al poets 
7 recit$ by        u boys1 & _m ( u sang
 ! poems ( ,solon1 :i* at t        "t _h
 n gone out ( fa%ion4 ,"o ( our tribe1  
ei!r        because he ?\ght s or to    
please ,critias1 said t 9 8             
judgm5t ,solon 0 n only ! wise/ ( m51 b 
also !        noble/ ( poets4 ,! old    
man1 z ,i v well rememb]1               
bright5$ up at he>+ ?is & said1 smil+3  
,yes1 ,amyn&]1        if ,solon _h only1
 l o!r poets1 made poetry ! bus9ess (   
8 life1 & _h complet$ ! tale :i* he     
br\ght ) him        f ,egypt1 & _h n be5
 compell$1 by reason ( ! factions       
& tr\bles :i* he f\nd /irr+ 9 8 own     
c\ntry :5 he        came home1 to att5d 
to o!r matt]s1 9 my op9ion he w\ld      
h be5 z fam\s z ,hom] or ,hesiod1 or any
 poet4          ,& :at 0 ! tale ab\t1   
,critias8 said ,amyn&]4          ,ab\t !

 greate/ action :i* ! ,a!nians ev] did1 
& :i*        ought to h be5 ! mo/ fam\s1
 b1 ?r\gh ! lapse (        "t & !       
de/ruction ( ! actors1 x has n come d[n 
to        u4          ,tell u1 said !   
o!r1 ! :ole /ory1 & h[ & f :om          
,solon he>d ?is v]itable tradition4     
,he repli$3--,9 ! ,egyptian ,delta1 at !
 head ( :i* ! riv]        ,nile divides1
 !re is a c]ta9 di/rict :i* is call$ !  
di/rict ( ,sais1 & ! great city ( !     
di/rict is also        call$ ,sais1 & is
 ! city f :i* ,k+ ,amasis came4 ,!      
citiz5s h a deity = _! f\ndress2 %e is  
call$ 9 !        ,egyptian tongue ,nei?1
 & is ass]t$ by !m to be ! same         
:om ! ,hell5es call ,a!ne2 !y are great 
lov]s ( !        ,a!nians1 & say t !y   
are 9 "s way relat$ to !m4 ,to          
?is city came ,solon1 & 0 receiv$ !re ) 
great hon\r2        he ask$ ! prie/s :o 
7 mo/ skilful 9 su* matt]s1 ab\t        
antiquity1 & made ! discov]y t nei!r he 
nor any o!r        ,hell5e knew any?+   
wor? m5tion+ ab\t ! times ( old4 ,on    

"o occasion1 wi%+ to draw !m on to speak
 ( antiquity1 he        began to tell   
ab\t ! mo/ anci5t ?+s 9 our "p ( !      
_w--ab\t ,phoroneus1 :o is call$ #8!    
fir/ man1' & ab\t        ,niobe2 & aft] 
! ,deluge1 ( ! survival ( ,deucalion &  
,pyrrha2 & he trac$ ! g5ealogy ( _!     
desc5dants1 &        reckon+ up ! dates1
 tri$ to compute h[ _m ye>s ago !       
ev5ts ( :i* he 0 speak+ happ5$4 ,!reupon
 "o ( !        prie/s1 :o 0 ( a v great 
age1 said3 ,o ,solon1 ,solon1 y         
,hell5es are nev] any?+ b *ildr51 & !re 
is n an old        man among y4 ,solon 9
 return ask$ him :at he meant4 ,i mean  
to        say1 he repli$1 t 9 m9d y are 
all "y2 !re is no old        op9ion h&$ 
d[n among y by anci5t tradition1 nor any
        sci5ce :i* is ho>y ) age4 ,& ,i 
w tell y :y4 ,!re        h be51 & w be  
aga91 _m de/ructions ( mank9d           
aris+ out ( _m causes2 ! greate/ h be5  
br\ght ab\t        by ! ag5cies ( fire &
 wat]1 & o!r less] ones by              
innum]able o!r causes4 ,!re is a /ory1  

:i* ev5 y h        pres]v$1 t once ^u a 
"t ,pae?on1 ! son ( ,helios1        hav+
 yok$ ! /e$s 9 8 fa!r's *>iot1 because  
he 0        n able to drive !m 9 ! pa? (
 8 fa!r1 burnt up all        t 0 ^u !   
e>?1 & 0 himself de/roy$ by a           
?und]bolt4 ,n[ ?is has ! =m ( a my?1 b  
really        signifies a decl9ation ( !
 bodies mov+ 9 ! heav5s        ar\nd !  
e>?1 & a great conflagration ( ?+s ^u ! 
e>?1 :i* recurs aft] long int]vals2 at  
su* times ^? :o        live ^u ! m\nta9s
 & 9 dry & l(ty places are m            
liable to de/ruction ?an ^? :o dwell by 
riv]s or on !        sea%ore4 ,& f ?is  
calamity ! ,nile1 :o is our             
nev]-fail+ savi\r1 deliv]s & pres]ves u4
 ,:51 on !        o!r h&1 ! gods purge !
 e>? ) a deluge ( wat]1 !               
survivors 9 y\r c\ntry are h]dsm5 &     
%eph]ds :o dwell on        ! m\nta9s1 b 
^? :o1 l y1 live 9 cities are           
c>ri$ by ! riv]s into ! sea4 ,:]eas 9   
?is l&1 nei!r        !n nor at any o!r  
"t1 does ! wat] come d[n f above        

on ! fields1 hav+ always a t5d5cy to    
come up f bel[2        = :i* reason !   
traditions pres]v$ "h are ! mo/         
anci5t4 ,! fact is1 t :]ev] ! extremity 
( w9t] fro/        or ( summ] sun does n
 prev5t1 mank9d exi/1 sometimes 9       
great]1 sometimes 9 less] numb]s4 ,&    
:atev] happ5$        ei!r 9 y\r c\ntry  
or 9 ours1 or 9 any o!r region (        
:i* we are in=m$--if !re 7 any actions  
noble or great or        9 any o!r way  
rem>kable1 !y h all be5 writt5 d[n by   
u ( old1 & are pres]v$ 9 our temples4   
,:]eas j :5        y & o!r nations are  
beg9n+ to be provid$ ) lett]s        & !
 o!r requisites ( civiliz$ life1 aft] ! 
usual        int]val1 ! /ream f heav51 l
 a pe/il5ce1 comes        p\r+ d[n1 &   
leaves only ^? ( y :o are de/itute (    
lett]s & education2 & s y h to beg9 all 
ov] aga9        l *ildr51 & "k no?+ (   
:at happ5$ 9 anci5t        times1 ei!r  
among u or among y\rselves4 ,z = ^?     
g5ealogies ( y\rs :i* y j n[ rec\nt$ to 
u1 ,solon1        !y are no bett] ?an ! 

tales ( *ildr54 ,9 ! fir/ place        y
 rememb] a s+le deluge only1 b !re 7 _m 
previ\s        ones2 9 ! next place1 y d
 n "k t !re =m]ly        dwelt 9 y\r l& 
! faire/ & noble/ race ( m5 :i* ev]     
liv$1 & t y & y\r :ole city are desc5d$ 
f a        small se$ or remnant ( !m :i*
 surviv$4 ,& ?is 0        unkn[n to y1  
because1 = _m g5]ations1 ! survivors (  
t de/ruction di$1 leav+ no writt5 ^w4 ,=
 !re 0 a        "t1 ,solon1 be=e ! great
 deluge ( all1 :5 ! city :i*        n[  
is ,a!ns 0 fir/ 9 w> & 9 e way ! be/    
gov]n$        ( all cities1 is said to h
 p]=m$ ! noble/ de$s & to        h _h ! 
faire/ con/itution ( any ( :i* tradition
        tells1 "u ! face ( heav54 ,solon
 m>vell$ at 8 words1        & e>ne/ly   
reque/$ ! prie/s to in=m him exactly & 9
        ord] ab\t ^! =m] citiz5s4 ,y are
 welcome to he> ab\t        !m1 ,solon1 
said ! prie/1 bo? = y\r own sake & = t  
( y\r city1 & above all1 = ! sake ( !   
goddess :o is        ! common patron &  
p>5t & educator ( bo? our cities4 ,%e   

f\nd$ y\r city a ?\s& ye>s be=e ours    
7,obs]ve t        ,plato gives ! same   
date 7#ijjj ye>s ago7 = ! f\ndation (   
,a!ns & = ! repulse ( ! invasion f      
,atlantis        7,crit47471 receiv+ f !
 ,e>? & ,hephae/us ! se$ (        y\r   
race1 & aft]w>ds %e f\nd$ ours1 ( :i* ! 
con/itution is record$ 9 our sacr$      
regi/]s to be #hjjj ye>s        old4 ,z 
t\*+ y\r citiz5s ( #ijjj ye>s ago1 ,i w 
briefly        in=m y ( _! laws & ( _!  
mo/ fam\s action2 !        exact        
p>ticul>s ( ! :ole we w h]eaft] g ?r\gh 
at        our leisure 9 ! sacr$ regi/]s 
!mselves4 ,if y comp>e        ^! v laws 
) ours y w f9d t _m ( ours are !        
c\nt]p>t ( y\rs z !y 7 9 ! old5 "t4 ,9 !
 fir/        place1 !re is ! ca/e (     
prie/s1 :i* is sep>at$ f all        !   
o!rs2 next1 !re are ! artific]s1 :o ply 
_! sev]al        crafts by !mselves & d 
n int]mix2 & also !re is !        class 
( %eph]ds & ( hunt]s1 z well z t (      
husb&m52        & y w obs]ve1 too1 t !  
w>riors 9 ,egypt are        di/9ct f all

 ! o!r classes1 & are comm&$ by ! law   
to devote !mselves solely to milit>y    
pursuits2 moreov]1 !        weapons :i* 
!y c>ry are %ields & spe>s1 a /yle (    
equipm5t :i* ! goddess taught (         
,asiatics fir/ to u1 z 9        y\r "p (
 ! _w fir/ to y4 ,!n z to wisdom1 d y   
obs]ve h[ our law f ! v fir/ made a /udy
 ( ! :ole        ord] ( ?+s1 ext5d+ ev5 
to prophecy & m$ic9e :i*        gives   
heal?1 out ( ^! div9e elem5ts d]iv+ :at 
0        ne$ful = human life1 & add+ e  
sort ( k :i*        0 ak9 to !m4 ,all   
?is ord] & arrangem5t ! goddess         
fir/ imp>t$ to y :5 e/abli%+ y\r city2 &
 %e *ose        ! spot ( e>? 9 :i* y 7  
born1 because %e saw t        ! happy   
temp]am5t ( ! seasons 9 t l& w\ld       
produce        ! wise/ ( m54 ,:]e=e !   
goddess1 :o 0 a lov] bo? (        w> & (
 wisdom1 select$ & fir/ ( all settl$ t  
spot        :i* 0 ! mo/ likely to       
produce m5 like/ h]self4 ,&        !re y
 dwelt1 hav+ su* laws z ^! & /ill bett] 
ones1        & excell$ all mank9d 9 all 

virtue1 z became ! *ildr5        &      
disciples ( ! gods4          ,_m great &
 wond]ful de$s are record$ ( y\r /ate 9 
our        hi/ories4 ,b "o ( !m exce$s  
all ! re/ 9 greatness &        val\r4 ,=
 ^! hi/ories tell ( a mighty p[] :i*    
unprovok$ made an exp$ition aga9/ ! :ole
 ( ,europe &        ,asia1 & to :i* y\r 
city put an end4 ,?is p[] came =?       
out ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 = 9 ^? days ! 
,atlantic 0        navigable2 & !re 0 an
 isl& situat$ 9 front ( !        /raits 
:i* are by y call$ ! ,pill>s ( ,h]acles2
 !        isl& 0 l>g] ?an ,libya & ,asia
 put toge!r1 & 0 !        way to o!r    
isl&s1 & f ^! y might pass to ! :ole    
( ! opposite cont95t :i* surr\nd$ ! true
 ocean2 =        ?is sea :i* is )9 !    
,/raits ( ,h]acles is only a            
h>b\r1 hav+ a n>r[ entrance1 b t o!r is 
a real sea1        & ! surr\nd+ l& may  
be mo/ truly call$ a b\ndless           
cont95t4 ,n[ 9 ?is isl& ( ,atlantis !re 
0 a great &        wond]ful empire :i*  
_h rule ov] ! :ole isl& & sev]al        

o!rs1 & ov] p>ts ( ! cont95t1 &1        
fur!rmore1 !        m5 ( ,atlantis _h   
subject$ ! p>ts ( ,libya )9 !           
columns ( ,h]acles z f> z ,egypt1 & (   
,europe z f> z        ,tyrrh5ia4 ,?is   
va/ p[]1 ga!r$ into "o1 endeav\r$ to    
subdue at a bl[ our c\ntry & y\rs & !   
:ole ( !        region )9 ! /raits2 &   
!n1 ,solon1 y\r c\ntry %one        =?1 9
 ! excell5ce ( h] virtue & /r5g?1 among 
all        mank9d4 ,%e 0 pre-em95t 9    
c\rage & milit>y skill1 &        0 !    
lead] ( ! ,hell5es4 ,& :5 ! re/ fell (f 
f        h]1 be+ compell$ to /& alone1  
aft] hav+ und]gone !        v extremity 
( dang]1 %e defeat$ & triumph$ ov] !    
invad]s1 & pres]v$ f slav]y ^? :o 7 n   
yet        subjugat$1 & g5]\sly lib]at$ 
all ! re/ ( u :o dwell        )9 !      
pill>s4 ,b aft]w>ds !re occurr$ viol5t  
e>?quakes & floods2 & 9 a s+le day &    
night (        mis=tune all y\r w>like  
m5 9 a body sank into ! e>?1        & ! 
isl& ( ,atlantis 9 l mann] disappe>$ 9 !
        dep?s ( ! sea4 ,= :i* reason !  

sea 9 ^? p>ts is        impassable &    
imp5etrable1 because !re is a %oal ( mud
 9        ! way2 & ?is 0 caus$ by !     
subsid5ce ( ! isl&4          ,i h told y
 briefly1 ,socrates1 :at ! ag$ ,critias 
he>d        f ,solon & relat$ to u4 ,&  
:5 y 7 speak+        ye/]day ab\t y\r   
city & citiz5s1 ! tale :i* ,i h        j
 be5 repeat+ to y came into my m9d1 & ,i
 rem>k$ )        a/oni%m5t h[1 by "s    
my/]i\s co9cid5ce1 y agre$ 9            
almo/ e p>ticul> ) ! n>rative ( ,solon2 
b ,i did        n l to speak at ! mom5t4
 ,= a long "t _h elaps$1 &        ,i _h 
=gott5 too mu*2 ,i ?\ght t ,i mu/ fir/ (
 all run        ov] ! n>rative 9 my own 
m9d1 & !n ,i w\ld speak4 ,& s        ,i 
readily ass5t$ to y\r reque/ ye/]day1   
consid]+ t 9        all su* cases ! *ief
 difficulty is to f9d a tale suitable to
        our purpose1 & t ) su* a tale we
 %\ld be fairly well        provid$4    
,& !re=e1 z ,h]mocrates has told y1 on  
my way home        ye/]day ,i at once   
communicat$ ! tale to my companions z ,i

        rememb]$ x2 & aft] ,i left !m1  
dur+ ! night by        ?9k+ ,i recov]$  
ne>ly ! :ole ( x4 ,truly1 z is (t5      
said1 ! lessons ( our *ildhood make a   
wond]ful impression on        our       
memories2 = ,i am n sure t ,i c\ld      
rememb] all !        disc\rse ( ye/]day1
 b ,i %\ld be mu* surpris$ if ,i        
=got any ( ^! ?+s :i* ,i h he>d v long  
ago4 ,i        li/5$ at ! "t ) *ildlike 
int]e/ to ! old man's        n>rative2  
he 0 v ready to tea* me1 & ,i ask$ him  
aga9        & aga9 to repeat 8 words1 s 
t l an indelible picture        !y 7    
br&$ into my m9d4 ,z soon z ! day broke1
 ,i        rehe>s$ !m z he spoke !m to  
my companions1 t !y1 z        well z    
myself1 might h some?+ to say4 ,& n[1   
,socrates1        to make an end ( my   
preface1 ,i am ready to tell y ! :ole   
tale4 ,i w give y n only ! g5]al heads1 
b !        p>ticul>s1 z !y 7 told to me4
 ,! city & citiz5s1        :i* y ye/]day
 describ$ to u 9 fiction1 we w n[       
transf] to ! _w ( reality4 ,x %all be ! 

anci5t city (        ,a!ns1 & we w      
suppose t ! citiz5s :om y imag9$1       
7 our v]itable ance/ors1 ( :om ! prie/  
spoke2 !y w        p]fectly h>monize1 & 
!re w be no inconsi/5cy 9 say+        t 
! citiz5s ( y\r republic are ^! anci5t  
,a!nians4        ,let u divide ! subject
 among u1 & all endeav\r accord+        
to our ability gracefully to execute !  
task :i* y h        impos$ ^u u4        
,consid] !n1 ,socrates1 if ?is n>rative 
is        suit$ to ! purpose1 or :e!r we
 %\ld seek = "s o!r        in/ead4      
,,socrates3 ,& :at o!r1 ,critias1 c we  
f9d t w be        bett] ?an ?is1 :i* is 
natural & suitable to ! fe/ival        (
 ! goddess1 & has ! v great advantage ( 
be+ a fact        & n a fiction8 ,h[ or 
:]e %all we f9d ano!r if we        ab&on
 ?is8 ,we _c1 & !re=e y mu/ tell ! tale1
        & good luck to y2 & ,i 9 return 
= my ye/]day's        disc\rse w n[ re/ 
& be a li/5]4          ,,critias3 ,let  
me proce$ to expla9 to y1 ,socrates1 !  
ord] 9        :i* we h arrang$ our      

ent]ta9m5t4 ,our int5tion is1 t         
,timaeus1 :o is ! mo/ ( an a/ronom]     
among/ u1 & has        made ! nature ( !
 univ]se 8 special /udy1 %\ld speak     
fir/1 beg9n+ ) ! g5]ation ( ! _w & go+  
d[n        to ! creation ( man2 next1 ,i
 am to receive ! m5 :om he has          
creat$1 & ( :om "s w h pr(it$ by !      
excell5t        education :i* y h giv5  
!m2 & !n1 9 accordance )        ! tale (
 ,solon1 & equally ) 8 law1 we w br+ !m 
into c\rt & make !m citiz5s1 z if !y 7  
^? v        ,a!nians :om ! sacr$        
,egyptian record has recov]$ f          
oblivion1 & !nce=w>d we w speak ( !m z  
,a!nians        & fell[-citiz5s4        
,,socrates3 ,i see t ,i %all receive 9  
my turn a p]fect &        spl5did fea/ (
 reason4 ,& n[1 ,timaeus1 y1 ,i suppose1
        %\ld speak next1 aft] duly call+
 ^u ! ,gods4          ,,timaeus3 ,all   
m51 ,socrates1 :o h any degree ( "r     
feel+1        at ! beg9n+ ( e ent]prise1
 :e!r small or great1        always call
 ^u ,god4 ,& we1 too1 :o are go+ to     

disc\rse (        ! nature ( ! univ]se1 
h[ creat$ or h[ exi/+ )\t               
creation1 if we be n altoge!r out ( our 
wits1 mu/ invoke        ! aid ( ,gods & 
,goddesses & pray t our words may be    
acceptable to !m & consi/5t ) !mselves4 
,let ?is1        !n1 be our invocation (
 ! ,gods1 to :i* ,i add an              
exhortation ( myself to speak 9 su*     
mann] z w be mo/        intelligible to 
y1 & w mo/ accord ) my own int5t4       
,fir/ !n1 9 my judgm5t1 we mu/ make a   
di/9ction & ask1        ,:at is t :i*   
always is & has no becom+2 & :at is     
t :i* is always becom+ & nev] is8 ,t :i*
 is        appreh5d$ by intellig5ce &   
reason is always 9 ! same        /ate2 b
 t :i* is conceiv$ by op9ion ) ! help ( 
s5sation & )\t reason1 is always 9 a    
process ( becom+        & p]i%+ & nev]  
really is4 ,n[ ev]y?+ t becomes or      
is creat$ mu/ ( necessity be creat$ by  
"s cause1 =        )\t a cause no?+ c be
 creat$4 ,! "w ( ! creator1        :5ev]
 he looks to ! un*angeable & fa%ions !  

=m &        nature ( 8 "w aft] an       
un*angeable patt]n1 mu/                 
necess>ily be made fair & p]fect2 b :5  
he looks to !        creat$ only1 & uses
 a creat$ patt]n1 x is n fair or        
p]fect4 ,0 ! heav5 !n or ! _w1 :e!r     
call$ by ?is        or by any o!r m     
appropriate "n--assum+ ! "n1 ,i am      
ask+ a "q :i* has to be ask$ at ! beg9n+
 ( an        enquiry ab\t any?+--0 ! _w1
 ,i say1 always 9 exi/5ce        & )\t  
beg9n+8 or creat$1 & _h x a beg9n+8     
,creat$1 ,i reply1 be+ visible &        
tangible & hav+ a body1        & !re=e  
s5sible2 & all s5sible ?+s are appreh5d$
        by op9ion & s5se & are 9 a      
process ( creation &        creat$4 ,n[ 
t :i* is creat$ mu/1 z we affirm1 (     
necessity be creat$ by a cause4 ,b !    
fa!r & mak] ( all        ?is univ]se is 
pa/ f9d+ out2 & ev5 if we f\nd him1 to  
tell ( him to all m5 w\ld be impossible4
 ,& !re is /ill a        "q to be ask$  
ab\t him3 ,:i* ( ! patt]ns _h !         
artific] 9 view :5 he made ! _w--!      

patt]n ( !        un*angeable1 or ( t   
:i* is creat$8 ,if ! _w be inde$        
fair & ! artific] good1 x is manife/ t  
he mu/ h        look$ to t :i* is       
et]nal2 b if :at _c be said        )\t  
blasphemy is true1 !n to ! creat$       
patt]n4 ,e "o        w see t he mu/ h   
look$ to ! et]nal2 = ! _w        is !   
faire/ ( creations & he is ! be/ (      
causes4 ,&        hav+ be5 creat$ 9 ?is 
way1 ! _w has be5 fram$ 9 !             
lik5ess ( t :i* is appreh5d$ by reason &
 m9d & is        un*angeable1 & mu/     
!re=e ( necessity1 if ?is is            
admitt$1 be a copy ( some?+4 ,n[ x is   
all-important t        ! beg9n+ ( ev]y?+
 %\ld be accord+ to nature4 ,& 9        
speak+ ( ! copy & ! orig9al we may      
assume t words        are ak9 to ! matt]
 :i* !y describe2 :5 !y relate to       
! la/+ & p]man5t & intelligible1 !y     
ought to be        la/+ & unalt]able1 &1
 z f> z _! nature all[s1                
irrefutable & immovable--no?+ less4 ,b  
:5 !y express        only ! copy or     

lik5ess & n ! et]nal ?+s !mselves1      
!y ne$ only be likely & analog\s to !   
real words4 ,z        be+ is to becom+1 
s is tru? to belief4 ,if !n1 ,socrates1 
amid ! _m op9ions ab\t ! gods & !       
g5]ation ( !        univ]se1 we are n   
able to give notions :i* are altoge!r   
& 9 e respect exact & consi/5t ) "o     
ano!r1 d        n be surpris$4 ,en\gh1  
if we adduce probabilities z likely z   
any o!rs2 = we mu/ rememb] t ,i :o am ! 
speak]1 &        y :o are ! judges1 are 
only mortal m51 & we ought to           
accept ! tale :i* is probable & enquire 
no fur!r4          ,,socrates3          
,excell5t1 ,timaeus2 & we w d precisely 
z y bid        u4 ,! prelude is *>m+1 & 
is already accept$ by u--may we         
beg ( y to proce$ to ! /ra98            
,,timaeus3 ,let me tell y !n :y !       
creator made ?is _w (        g5]ation4  
,he 0 good1 & ! good c nev] h any       
jeal\sy        ( any?+4 ,& be+ free f   
jeal\sy1 he desir$ t all        ?+s %\ld
 be z l himself z !y c\ld be4 ,?is is 9 

!        true/ s5se ! orig9 ( creation &
 ( ! _w1 z we %all        d well 9      
believ+ on ! te/imony ( wise m53 ,god   
desir$        t all ?+s %\ld be good &  
no?+ bad1 s f> z ?is        0 atta9able4
 ,:]e=e also f9d+ ! :ole visible sph]e  
n at re/1 b mov+ 9 an irregul> &        
disord]ly fa%ion1        out ( disord]  
he br\ght ord]1 consid]+ t ?is 0 9      
e way bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,n[ ! de$s ( !   
be/ c\ld        nev] be or h be5 o!r ?an
 ! faire/2 & ! creator1        reflect+ 
on ! ?+s :i* are by nature visible1 f\nd
 t        no un9tellig5t creature tak5 z
 a :ole 0 fair] ?an !        intellig5t 
tak5 z a :ole2 & t intellig5ce c\ld n be
        pres5t 9 any?+ :i* 0 devoid (   
s\l4 ,= :i* reason1        :5 he 0 fram+
 ! univ]se1 he put intellig5ce 9 s\l1   
& s\l 9 body1 t he might be ! creator ( 
a "w :i*        0 by nature faire/ &    
be/4 ,:]e=e1 us+ ! language (           
probability1 we may say t ! _w became a 
liv+ creature        truly end[$ ) s\l &
 intellig5ce by ! provid5ce (           

,god4          ,?is be+ suppos$1 let u  
proce$ to ! next /age3 ,9 !             
lik5ess ( :at animal did ! ,creator make
 ! _w8 ,x w\ld        be an unwor?y ?+  
to lik5 x to any nature :i* exi/s z a   
"p only2 = no?+ c be beautiful :i* is l 
any        imp]fect ?+2 b let u suppose 
! _w to be ! v        image ( t :ole (  
:i* all o!r animals bo? individually    
& 9 _! tribes are portions4 ,= ! orig9al
 ( !        univ]se conta9s 9 itself all
 intelligible be+s1 j z ?is        _w   
compreh5ds u & all o!r visible          
creatures4 ,= !        ,deity1 int5d+ to
 make ?is _w l ! faire/ & mo/           
p]fect ( intelligible be+s1 fram$ "o    
visible animal        compreh5d+ )9     
itself all o!r animals ( a k9dr$        
nature4 ,are we "r 9 say+ t !re is "o   
_w1 or t        !y are _m & inf9ite8    
,!re mu/ be "o only1 if !        creat$ 
copy is to accord ) ! orig9al4 ,= t :i* 
includes all o!r intelligible creatures 
_c h a second or        companion2 9 t  
case !re w\ld be ne$ ( ano!r liv+       

be+ :i* w\ld include bo?1 & ( :i* !y    
w\ld be p>ts1        & ! lik5ess w\ld be
 m truly said to resemble n !m1        b
 t o!r :i* includ$ !m4 ,9 ord] !n t ! _w
        might be solit>y1 l ! p]fect    
animal1 ! creator made n        two     
worlds or an inf9ite numb] ( !m2 b !re  
is & ev]        w be "o only-begott5 &  
creat$ heav54          ,n[ t :i* is     
creat$ is ( necessity corporeal1 & also 
visible & tangible4 ,& no?+ is visible  
:]e !re is no        fire1 or tangible  
:i* has no solidity1 & no?+ is solid    
)\t e>?4 ,:]e=e also ,god 9 ! beg9n+ (  
creation        made ! body ( ! univ]se 
to consi/ ( fire & e>?4 ,b        two   
?+s _c be rightly put toge!r )\t a ?ird2
 !re        mu/ be "s bond ( union      
betwe5 !m4 ,& ! faire/ bond is        t 
:i* makes ! mo/ complete fusion ( itself
 & !        ?+s :i* x comb9es2 &        
proportion is be/ adapt$ to             
effect su* a union4 ,= :5ev] 9 any ?ree 
numb]s1 :e!r        cube or squ>e1 !re  
is a mean1 :i* is to ! la/ t]m :at      

! fir/ t]m is to x2 & aga91 :5 ! mean is
 to ! fir/        t]m z ! la/ t]m is to 
! mean--!n ! mean becom+ fir/        &  
la/1 & ! fir/ & la/ bo? becom+ means1 !y
 w        all ( !m ( necessity come to  
be ! same1 & hav+ become        ! same )
 "o ano!r w be all "o4 ,if ! univ]sal   
frame        _h be5 creat$ a surface    
only & hav+ no dep?1 a s+le        mean 
w\ld h suffic$ to b9d toge!r itself & ! 
o!r        t]ms2 b n[1 z ! _w mu/ be    
solid1 & solid bodies are        always 
compact$ n by "o mean b by two1 ,god    
plac$ wat] &        air 9 ! mean betwe5 
fire & e>?1 & made !m to h !        same
 proportion s f> z 0 possible 7z fire is
 to air s is        air to wat]1 & z air
 is to wat] s is wat] to e>?72 &        
?us he b\nd & put toge!r a visible &    
tangible heav54 ,&        = ^! reasons1 
& out ( su* elem5ts :i* are 9 numb]     
f\r1 ! body ( ! _w 0 creat$1 & x 0      
h>moniz$ by        proportion1 & !re=e  
has ! _s ( fri5d%ip2 &        hav+ be5  
reconcil$ to itself1 x 0 indissoluble by

 ! h&        ( any o!r ?an ! fram]4     
,n[ ! creation took up ! :ole ( ea* ( ! 
f\r elem5ts2        = ! ,creator        
comp\nd$ ! _w out ( all ! fire & all    
! wat] & all ! air & all ! e>?1 leav+ no
 "p (        any ( !m nor any p[] ( !m  
outside4 ,8 int5tion 01 9        ! fir/ 
place1 t ! animal %\ld be z f> z        
possible a        p]fect :ole & ( p]fect
 p>ts3 secondly1 t x %\ld be        "o1 
leav+ no remnants out ( :i* ano!r su* _w
 might be        creat$3 & also t x %\ld
 be free f old age &        unaffect$ by
 disease4 ,consid]+ t if heat & cold &  
o!r p[]ful =ces :i* unite bodies surr\nd
 & attack !m        f )\t :5 !y are     
unprep>$1 !y decompose !m1 &        by  
br++ diseases & old age ^u !m1 make !m  
wa/e        away--= ?is cause & on ^!   
gr\nds he made ! _w "o        :ole1 hav+
 e "p entire1 & be+ !re=e p]fect &      
n liable to old age & disease4 ,& he    
gave to ! _w !        figure :i* 0      
suitable & also natural4 ,n[ to ! animal
        :i* 0 to compreh5d all animals1 

t figure 0 suitable        :i*          
compreh5ds )9 itself all o!r figures4   
,:]e=e he        made ! _w 9 ! =m ( a   
globe1 r\nd z f a la!1        hav+ its  
extremes 9 e direction equidi/ant f !   
c5tre1 ! mo/ p]fect & ! mo/ l itself (  
all figures2        = he consid]$ t ! l 
is inf9itely fair] ?an !        unlike4 
,?is he f9i%$ (f1 mak+ ! surface smoo?  
all r\nd        = _m reasons2 9 ! fir/  
place1 because ! liv+ be+        _h no  
ne$ ( eyes :5 !re 0 no?+ rema9+ outside 
him        to be se52 nor ( e>s :5 !re 0
 no?+ to be he>d2 &        !re 0 no     
surr\nd+ atmosph]e to be brea!d2 nor    
w\ld        !re h be5 any use ( organs  
by ! help ( :i* he might        receive 
8 food or get rid ( :at he _h already   
dige/$1        s9ce !re 0 no?+ :i* w5t f
 him or came into him3 =        !re 0   
no?+ beside him4 ,( design he 0 creat$  
?us1 8        own wa/e provid+ 8 own    
food1 & all t he did or suff]$          
tak+ place 9 & by himself4 ,= ! ,creator
 conceiv$ t a        be+ :i* 0          

self-suffici5t w\ld be f> m excell5t ?an
        "o :i* lack$ any?+2 &1 z he _h  
no ne$ to take        any?+ or def5d    
himself aga9/ any "o1 ! ,creator did n  
?9k x necess>y to be/[ ^u him h&s3 nor  
_h he any ne$        ( feet1 nor ( !    
:ole app>atus ( walk+2 b ! movem5t      
suit$ to 8 sph]ical =m 0 assign$ to him1
 be+ ( all        ! sev5 t :i* is mo/   
appropriate to m9d &        intellig5ce2
 & he 0 made to move 9 ! same mann] & on
        ! same spot1 )9 8 own limits    
revolv+ 9 a circle4 ,all        ! o!r   
six motions 7 tak5 away f him1 & he 0   
made        n to p>take ( _! deviations4
 ,& z ?is circul> movem5t        requir$
 no feet1 ! univ]se 0 creat$ )\t legs & 
)\t feet4          ,su* 0 ! :ole plan ( 
! et]nal ,god ab\t ! god t 0        to  
be1 to :om = ?is reason he gave a body1 
smoo? & ev51        hav+ a surface 9 e  
direction equidi/ant f ! c5tre1        a
 body entire & p]fect1 & =m$ out (      
p]fect bodies4 ,&        9 ! c5tre he   
put ! s\l1 :i* he diffus$ ?r\gh\t !     

body1 mak+ x also to be ! ext]ior       
environm5t ( x2 & he        made !      
univ]se a circle mov+ 9 a circle1 "o &  
solit>y1        yet by reason ( its     
excell5ce able to conv]se ) itself1 &   
ne$+ no o!r fri5d%ip or acqua9tance4    
,hav+ ^!        purposes 9 view he      
creat$ ! _w a bless$ god4          ,n[  
,god did n make ! s\l aft] ! body1      
al?\gh we are        speak+ ( !m 9 ?is  
ord]2 = hav+ br\ght !m toge!r        he 
w\ld nev] h all[$ t ! eld] %\ld be rul$ 
by !        y\ng]2 b ?is is a r&om mann]
 ( speak+ :i* we h1        because      
someh[ we ourselves too are v mu* "u !  
dom9ion        ( *ance4 ,:]eas he made !
 s\l 9 orig9 & excell5ce        prior to
 & old] ?an ! body1 to be ! rul] &      
mi/ress1        ( :om ! body 0 to be !  
subject4 ,& he made h] out (        !   
foll[+ elem5ts & on ?is wise3 ,out ( !  
indivisible        & un*angeable1 & also
 out ( t :i* is divisible & has         
to d ) mat]ial bodies1 he comp\nd$ a    
?ird &        int]m$iate k9d ( ess5ce1  

p>tak+ ( ! nature ( ! same        & ( ! 
o!r1 & ?is comp\nd he plac$ accord+ly 9 
a        mean betwe5 ! indivisible1 & ! 
divisible & mat]ial4 ,he        took !  
?ree elem5ts ( ! same1 ! o!r1 & !       
ess5ce1        & m+l$ !m into "o =m1    
compress+ by =ce !        reluctant &   
unsociable nature ( ! o!r into ! same4  
,:5        he _h m+l$ !m ) ! ess5ce &   
out ( ?ree made "o1        he aga9      
divid$ ?is :ole into z _m portions z 0  
fitt+1        ea* portion be+ a comp\nd 
( ! same1 ! o!r1 & !        ess5ce4 ,&  
he proce$$ to divide aft] ?is           
mann]3--,fir/ (        all1 he took away
 "o "p ( ! :ole 7#a71 & !n he           
sep>at$ a second "p :i* 0 d\ble ! fir/  
7#b71 & !n        he took away a ?ird "p
 :i* 0 half z mu* aga9 z !        second
 & ?ree times z mu* z ! fir/ 7#c71 & !n 
he took        a f\r? "p :i* 0 twice z  
mu* z ! second 7#d71 & a        fif? "p 
:i* 0 ?ree times ! ?ird 7#i71 & a six?  
"p        :i* 0 eight times ! fir/ 7#h71
 & a sev5? "p :i* 0        tw5ty-sev5   

times ! fir/ 7#bg74 ,aft] ?is he fill$  
up !        d\ble int]vals 7i4e4 betwe5 
#a1 #b1 #d1 #h7 & ! triple 7i4e4        
betwe5 #a1 #c1 #i1 #bg7 cutt+ (f yet o!r
 portions f !        mixture & plac+ !m 
9 ! int]vals1 s t 9 ea*        int]val  
!re 7 two k9ds ( means1 ! "o exce$+ &   
exce$$ by equal p>ts ( its extremes 7z =
 example #a1 #d_/c1        #b1 9 :i* !  
mean #d_/c is "o-?ird ( #a m ?an #a1 &  
"o-?ird ( #b less ?an #b71 ! o!r be+ t  
k9d ( mean        :i* exce$s & is exce$$
 by an equal numb] 7e4g4      - ov] #a1 
#d_/c1 #c_/b1 - ov] #b1 #h_/c1 #c1 - ov]
 #d1 #af_/c1 #f1  - ov] #h3 &    - ov]  
#a1 #c_/b1 #b1   - ov] #c1 #i_/b1 #f1 - 
ov] #i1 #bg_/b1 #ah1 - ov] #bg4         
,:]e !re 7 int]vals ( #c_/b & ( #d_/c & 
( #i_/h1 made by        ! connect+ t]ms 
9 ! =m] int]vals1 he fill$ up all       
! int]vals ( #d_/c ) ! int]val ( #i_/h1 
leav+ a fraction        ov]2 & ! int]val
 :i* ?is fraction express$ 0 9 !        
ratio ( #bef to #bdc 7e4g4              
#bdc3bef33ha_/fd3d_/c33bdc_/abh3b33ha_/c

b3h_/c33bdc_/fd3d33ha_/af3af_/c33bdb_/cb
3h4          ,& ?us ! :ole mixture out (
 :i* he cut ^! portions 0        all    
exhau/$ by him4 ,?is entire comp\nd he  
divid$ l5g?ways        into two p>ts1   
:i* he jo9$ to "o ano!r at ! c5tre l    
! lett] ,x1 & b5t !m into a circul> =m1 
connect+ !m        ) !mselves & ea* o!r 
at ! po9t opposite to _!        orig9al 
meet+-po9t2 &1 compreh5d+ !m 9 a uni=m  
revolution ^u ! same axis1 he made ! "o 
! out] & !        o!r ! inn] circle4 ,n[
 ! motion ( ! out] circle he            
call$ ! motion ( ! same1 & ! motion ( ! 
inn] circle        ! motion ( ! o!r or  
div]se4 ,! motion ( ! same he           
c>ri$ r\nd by ! side 7i4e4 ( !          
rectangul> figure        suppos$ to be  
inscrib$ 9 ! circle ( ! ,same7 to ! "r1 
& ! motion ( ! div]se diagonally 7i4e4  
across !        rectangul> figure f     
corn] to corn]7 to ! left4 ,& he        
gave dom9ion to ! motion ( ! same & l1 =
 t he        left s+le & undivid$2 b !  
inn] motion he divid$ 9 six             

places & made sev5 unequal circles hav+ 
_! int]vals 9        ratios ( two &     
?ree1 ?ree ( ea*1 & bade ! orbits       
proce$ 9 a direction opposite to "o     
ano!r2 & ?ree 7,sun1        ,m]cury1    
,v5us7 he made to move ) equal          
swiftness1 & !        rema9+ f\r 7,moon1
 ,saturn1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]7 to move )      
unequal        swiftness to ! ?ree & to 
"o ano!r1 b 9 due proportion4           
,n[ :5 ! ,creator _h fram$ ! s\l accord+
 to 8 w1        he =m$ )9 h] ! corporeal
 univ]se1 & br\ght ! two        toge!r1 
& unit$ !m c5tre to c5tre4 ,! s\l1      
int]fus$        ev]y:]e f ! c5tre to !  
circumf]5ce ( heav51 (        :i* also  
%e is ! ext]nal envelopm5t1 h]self turn+
 9        h]self1 began a div9e beg9n+ (
 nev]-ceas+ & rational        life      
endur+ ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,! body ( heav5  
is visible1        b ! s\l is invisible1
 & p>takes ( reason & h>mony1        &  
be+ made by ! be/ ( intellectual &      
ev]la/+        natures1 is ! be/ ( ?+s  
creat$4 ,& because %e is        compos$ 

( ! same & ( ! o!r & ( ! ess5ce1 ^!     
?ree1 & is divid$ & unit$ 9 due         
proportion1 & 9 h]        revolutions   
returns ^u h]self1 ! s\l1 :5 t\*+       
any?+ :i* has ess5ce1 :e!r disp]s$ 9    
p>ts or        undivid$1 is /irr$ ?r\gh 
all h] p[]s1 to decl>e !        sam5ess 
or diff]5ce ( t ?+ & "s o!r2 & to :at   
individuals are relat$1 & by :at        
affect$1 & 9 :at way        & h[ & :51  
bo? 9 ! _w ( g5]ation & 9 !        _w ( 
immutable be+4 ,& :5 reason1 :i* works )
 equal        tru?1 :e!r %e be 9 !      
circle ( ! div]se or ( !        same--9 
voiceless sil5ce hold+ h] onw>d c\rse 9 
! sph]e        ( ! self-mov$--:5 reason1
 ,i say1 is hov]+ ar\nd !        s5sible
 _w & :5 ! circle ( ! div]se also mov+  
truly imp>ts ! intimations ( s5se to !  
:ole s\l1 !n        arise op9ions &     
beliefs sure & c]ta94 ,b :5 reason is   
conc]n$ ) ! rational1 & ! circle ( !    
same mov+        smoo?ly decl>es x1 !n  
intellig5ce & k are        necess>ily   
p]fect$4 ,& if any "o affirms t 9 :i* ^!

        two are f\nd to be o!r ?an !    
s\l1 he w say ! v        opposite ( !   
tru?4          ,:5 ! fa!r & creator saw 
! creature :i* he _h made        mov+ & 
liv+1 ! creat$ image ( ! et]nal gods1 he
        rejoic$1 & 9 8 joy det]m9$ to   
make ! copy /ill m        l ! orig9al2 &
 z ?is 0 et]nal1 he s\ght to make !     
univ]se et]nal1 s f> z might be4 ,n[ !  
nature ( ! ideal        be+ 0 ev]la/+1 b
 to be/[ ?is attribute 9 its            
fulness ^u a creature 0 impossible4     
,:]e=e he resolv$ to        h a mov+    
image ( et]nity1 & :5 he set 9 ord] !   
heav51 he made ?is image et]nal b mov+  
accord+ to        numb]1 :ile et]nity   
itself re/s 9 unity2 & ?is image we     
call "t4 ,= !re 7 no days & nights &    
mon?s & ye>s        be=e ! heav5 0      
creat$1 b :5 he con/ruct$ ! heav5       
he creat$ !m also4 ,!y are all p>ts (   
"t1 & ! pa/        & future are creat$  
species ( "t1 :i* we unconsci\sly       
b wrongly transf] to ! et]nal ess5ce2 = 
we say t he        #801' he #8is1' he   

#8w be1' b ! tru? is t #8is' alone is   
prop]ly attribut$ to him1 & t #80' & #8w
 be' are only        to be spok5 (      
becom+ 9 "t1 = !y are motions1 b t      
:i* is immovably ! same _c become old]  
or y\ng] by        "t1 nor ev] did or   
has become1 or h]eaft] w be1 old] or    
y\ng]1 nor is subject at all to any ( ^?
 /ates :i*        affect mov+ & s5sible 
?+s & ( :i* g5]ation is !        cause4 
,^! are ! =ms ( "t1 :i* imitates et]nity
 &        revolves accord+ to a law (   
numb]4 ,moreov]1 :5 we say t        :at 
has become ,,is become & :at becomes    
,,is becom+1 & t        :at w become    
,,is ab\t to become & t ! non-exi/5t    
,,is        non-exi/5t--all ^! are      
inaccurate modes ( expression           
7comp>e ,p>m5474 ,b p]haps ?is :ole     
subject w be m        suitably discuss$ 
on "s o!r occasion4          ,"t1 !n1 & 
! heav5 came into be+ at ! same in/ant 9
        ord] t1 hav+ be5 creat$ toge!r1 
if ev] !re 0 to be        a dissolution 
( !m1 !y might be dissolv$ toge!r4 ,x 0 

fram$ aft] ! patt]n ( ! et]nal nature1 t
 x might        resemble ?is z f> z 0   
possible2 = ! patt]n exi/s f            
et]nity1 & ! creat$ heav5 has be51 & is1
 & w be1        9 all "t4 ,su* 0 ! m9d &
 ?\ght ( ,god 9 ! creation        ( "t4 
,! sun & moon & five o!r />s1 :i* are   
call$        ! planets1 7 creat$ by him 
9 ord] to di/+ui% &        pres]ve !    
numb]s ( "t2 & :5 he _h made _! sev]al  
bodies1 he plac$ !m 9 ! orbits 9 :i* !  
circle ( !        o!r 0 revolv+1--9 sev5
 orbits sev5 />s4 ,fir/1 !re        0 ! 
moon 9 ! orbit ne>e/ ! e>?1 & next !    
sun1 9        ! second orbit above !    
e>?2 !n came ! morn+ /> &        ! />   
sacr$ to ,h]mes1 mov+ 9 orbits :i* h an 
equal        swiftness ) ! sun1 b 9 an  
opposite direction2 & ?is is        !   
reason :y ! sun & ,h]mes & ,lucif]      
ov]take & are        ov]tak5 by ea* o!r4
 ,to enum]ate ! places :i* he           
assign$ to ! o!r />s1 & to give all !   
reasons :y he        assign$ !m1 al?\gh 
a second>y matt]1 w\ld give m           

tr\ble ?an ! prim>y4 ,^! ?+s at "s      
future "t1 :5        we are at leisure1 
may h ! consid]ation :i* !y des]ve1     
b n at pres5t4          ,n[1 :5 all !   
/>s :i* 7 necess>y to ! creation (      
"t _h atta9$ a motion suitable to !m1 & 
_h become        liv+ creatures hav+    
bodies fa/5$ by vital *a9s1 &           
le>nt _! appo9t$ task1 mov+ 9 ! motion (
 ! div]se1        :i* is diagonal1 &    
passes ?r\gh & is gov]n$ by !           
motion ( ! same1 !y revolv$1 "s 9 a l>g]
 & "s 9 a        less] orbit--^? :i* _h 
! less] orbit revolv+ fa/]1        & ^? 
:i* _h ! l>g] m sl[ly4 ,n[ by reason ( !
        motion ( ! same1 ^? :i* revolv$ 
fa/e/ appe>$ to be        ov]tak5 by ^? 
:i* mov$ sl[] al?\gh !y really          
ov]took !m2 = ! motion ( ! same made !m 
all turn 9 a        spiral1 &1 because  
"s w5t "o way & "s ano!r1 t        :i*  
rec$$ mo/ sl[ly f ! sph]e ( ! same1 :i* 
0        ! swifte/1 appe>$ to foll[ x   
mo/ ne>ly4 ,t !re might        be "s    
visible measure ( _! relative swiftness 

& sl[ness        z !y proce$$ 9 _! eight
 c\rses1 ,god light$ a fire1        :i* 
we n[ call ! sun1 9 ! second f ! e>? (  
^!        orbits1 t x might give light  
to ! :ole ( heav51 & t        ! animals1
 z _m z nature int5d$1 might p>ticipate 
9        numb]1 le>n+ ari?metic f !     
revolution ( ! same &        ! l4 ,?us  
!n1 & = ?is reason ! night & ! day      
7 creat$1 be+ ! p]iod ( ! "o mo/        
intellig5t        revolution4 ,& ! mon? 
is accompli%$ :5 ! moon has             
complet$ h] orbit & ov]tak5 ! sun1 & !  
ye> :5 !        sun has complet$ 8 own  
orbit4 ,mank9d1 ) h>dly an              
exception1 h n rem>k$ ! p]iods ( ! o!r  
/>s1 &        !y h no "n = !m1 & d n    
measure !m aga9/ "o        ano!r by !   
help ( numb]1 & h5ce !y c sc>cely be    
said to "k t _! w&]+s1 be+ inf9ite 9    
numb] &        admirable = _! v>iety1   
make up "t4 ,& yet !re is no            
difficulty 9 see+ t ! p]fect numb] ( "t 
fulfils !        p]fect ye> :5 all !    
eight revolutions1 hav+ _!              

relative degrees ( swiftness1 are       
accompli%$ toge!r &        atta9 _!     
completion at ! same "t1 measur$ by !   
rotation ( ! same & equally mov+4 ,aft] 
?is mann]1 &        = ^! reasons1 came  
into be+ su* ( ! />s z 9 _!             
heav5ly progress receiv$ rev]sals (     
motion1 to ! end t        ! creat$ heav5
 might imitate ! et]nal nature1 & be z  
l z possible to ! p]fect & intelligible 
animal4          ,?us f> & until ! bir? 
( "t ! creat$ univ]se 0        made 9 ! 
lik5ess ( ! orig9al1 b inasmu* z all    
animals        7 n yet compreh5d$ !re91 
x 0 /ill unlike4 ,:at        rema9$1 !  
creator !n proce$$ to fa%ion aft] !     
nature        ( ! patt]n4 ,n[ z 9 !     
ideal animal ! m9d p]ceives        ideas
 or species ( a c]ta9 nature & numb]1 he
 ?\ght t        ?is creat$ animal ought 
to h species ( a l nature &             
numb]4 ,!re are f\r su*2 "o ( !m is !   
heav5ly race (        ! gods2 ano!r1 !  
race ( birds ^: way is 9 ! air2 !       
?ird1 ! wat]y species2 & ! f\r?1 !      

p$e/rian &        l& creatures4 ,( !    
heav5ly & div9e1 he creat$ !            
great] "p out ( fire1 t !y might be !   
brighte/ ( all        ?+s & faire/ to   
behold1 & he fa%ion$ !m aft] !          
lik5ess ( ! univ]se 9 ! figure ( a      
circle1 & made !m        foll[ !        
intellig5t motion ( ! supreme1 di/ribut+
 !m        ov] ! :ole circumf]5ce (     
heav51 :i* 0 to be a true        cosmos 
or glori\s _w spangl$ ) !m all ov]4 ,&  
he gave        to ea* ( !m two movem5ts3
 ! fir/1 a movem5t on ! same        spot
 aft] ! same mann]1 :]eby !y ev] cont9ue
 to ?9k        consi/5tly ! same ?\ghts 
ab\t ! same ?+s2 ! second1        a =w>d
 movem5t1 9 :i* !y are controll$ by !   
revolution ( ! same & ! l2 b by ! o!r   
five        motions !y 7 unaffect$1 9   
ord] t ea* ( !m might        atta9 !    
highe/ p]fection4 ,& = ?is reason ! fix$
        />s 7 creat$1 to be div9e &     
et]nal animals1        ev]-abid+ &      
revolv+ aft] ! same mann] & on ! same   
spot2 & ! o!r />s :i* rev]se _! motion &

 are        subject to deviations ( ?is 
k9d1 7 creat$ 9 ! mann]        already  
describ$4 ,! e>?1 :i* is our nurse1 cl++
 7or        #8circl+'7 ar\nd ! pole :i* 
is ext5d$ ?r\gh !        univ]se1 he    
fram$ to be ! gu>dian & artific] ( night
 &        day1 fir/ & elde/ ( gods t are
 9 ! int]ior ( heav54        ,va9 w\ld  
be ! attempt to tell all ! figures ( !m 
circl+ z 9 dance1 & _! juxtapositions1 &
 ! return (        !m 9 _! revolutions  
^u !mselves1 & _!        approximations1
 & to say :i* ( ^! deities 9 _!         
conjunctions meet1 & :i* ( !m are 9     
opposition1 & 9        :at ord] !y get  
beh9d & be=e "o ano!r1 & :5 !y          
are sev]ally eclips$ to our sight & aga9
 reappe>1 s5d+        t]rors &          
intimations ( ! future to ^? :o _c      
calculate _! movem5ts--to attempt to    
tell ( all ?is )\t        a visible     
repres5tation ( ! heav5ly sy/em w\ld be 
lab\r        9 va94 ,en\gh on ?is head2 
& n[ let :at we h said ab\t        !    
nature ( ! creat$ & visible gods h an   

end4          ,to "k or tell ! orig9 ( !
 o!r div9ities is beyond u1        & we 
mu/ accept ! traditions ( ! m5 ( old "t 
:o        affirm !mselves to be ! (fspr+
 ( ! gods--t is :at        !y say--& !y 
mu/ surely h kn[n _! own ance/ors4 ,h[  
c we d\bt ! ^w ( ! *ildr5 ( ! gods8     
,al?\gh !y        give no probable or   
c]ta9 pro(s1 /ill1 z !y decl>e t        
!y are speak+ ( :at took place 9 _! own 
family1 we mu/        con=m to cu/om &  
believe !m4 ,9 ?is mann]1 !n1           
accord+ to !m1 ! g5ealogy ( ^! gods is  
to be receiv$        & set =?4          
,oceanus & ,te?ys 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,e>? &   
,heav51 &        f ^! sprang ,phorcys & 
,cronos & ,rhea1 & all t                
g5]ation2 & f ,cronos & ,rhea sprang    
,zeus & ,"h1 &        all ^? :o are said
 to be _! bre?r51 & o!rs :o 7        !  
*ildr5 ( ^!4          ,n[1 :5 all ( !m1 
bo? ^? :o visibly appe> 9 _!            
revolutions z well z ^? o!r gods :o are 
( a m        retir+ nature1 _h come into
 be+1 ! creator ( ! univ]se             

address$ !m 9 ^! words3 #8,gods1 *ildr5 
( gods1 :o are        my works1 & ( :om 
,i am ! artific] & fa!r1 my creations   
are indissoluble1 if s ,i w4 ,all t is  
b\nd may be undone1        b only an    
evil be+ w\ld wi% to undo t :i* is      
h>moni\s & happy4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ye are b 
creatures1 ye        are n altoge!r     
immortal & indissoluble1 b ye %all      
c]ta9ly n be dissolv$1 nor be liable to 
! fate ( dea?1        hav+ 9 my w a     
great] & mighti] bond ?an ^? )          
:i* ye 7 b\nd at ! "t ( y\r bir?4 ,& n[ 
li/5 to        my in/ructions3--,?ree   
tribes ( mortal be+s rema9 to be        
creat$--)\t !m ! univ]se w be           
incomplete1 = x w        n conta9 e k9d 
( animal :i* x ought to conta91 if x    
is to be p]fect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y 7  
creat$ by me        & receiv$ life at my
 h&s1 !y w\ld be on an equality )       
! gods4 ,9 ord] !n t !y may be mortal1 &
 t ?is        univ]se may be truly      
univ]sal1 d ye1 accord+ to y\r          
natures1 betake y\rselves to ! =mation (

 animals1 imitat+        ! p[] :i* 0 %[n
 by me 9 creat+ y4 ,! "p ( !m           
wor?y ( ! "n immortal1 :i* is call$     
div9e & is !        guid+ pr9ciple ( ^? 
:o are will+ to foll[ ju/ice &          
y--( t div9e "p ,i w myself s[ ! se$1 & 
hav+        made a beg9n+1 ,i w h& ! "w 
ov] to y4 ,& d ye        !n int]weave ! 
mortal ) ! immortal1 & make & beget     
liv+ creatures1 & give !m food1 & make  
!m to gr[1 &        receive !m aga9 9   
dea?4'          ,?us he spake1 & once m 
into ! cup 9 :i* he _h        previ\sly 
m+l$ ! s\l ( ! univ]se he p\r$ ! rema9s 
( ! elem5ts1 & m+l$ !m 9 mu* ! same     
mann]2 !y        7 n1 h[ev]1 pure z     
be=e1 b dilut$ to ! second &        ?ird
 degree4 ,& hav+ made x he divid$ ! :ole
 mixture        into s\ls equal 9 numb] 
to ! />s1 & assign$ ea* s\l        to a 
/>2 & hav+ !re plac$ !m z 9 a *>iot1 he 
%[$ !m ! nature ( ! univ]se1 & decl>$ to
 !m !        laws ( de/9y1 accord+ to   
:i* _! fir/ bir? w\ld be        "o & !  
same = all1--no "o %\ld suff] a         

disadvantage at        8 h&s2 !y 7 to be
 s[n 9 ! in/rum5ts ( "t        sev]ally 
adapt$ to !m1 & to come =? ! mo/        
religi\s        ( animals2 & z human    
nature 0 ( two k9ds1 ! sup]ior          
race w\ld h]eaft] be call$ man4 ,n[1 :5 
!y %\ld be        implant$ 9 bodies by  
necessity1 & be always ga9+ or los+     
"s "p ( _! bodily sub/ance1 !n 9 ! fir/ 
place x        w\ld be necess>y t !y    
%\ld all h 9 !m "o & !        same      
faculty ( s5sation1 aris+ out (         
irresi/ible        impressions2 9 !     
second place1 !y mu/ h love1 9 :i*      
pleasure & pa9 m+le2 also fe> & ang]1 & 
! feel+s        :i* are ak9 or opposite 
to !m2 if !y conqu]$ ^! !y        w\ld  
live righte\sly1 & if !y 7 conqu]$ by   
!m1        unrighte\sly4 ,he :o liv$    
well dur+ 8 appo9t$ "t 0 to             
return & dwell 9 8 native />1 & !re he  
w\ld h a        bless$ & cong5ial       
exi/5ce4 ,b if he fail$ 9 atta9+        
?is1 at ! second bir? he w\ld pass into 
a woman1 & if1        :5 9 t /ate ( be+1

 he did n desi/ f evil1 he        w\ld  
cont9ually be *ang$ into "s brute :o    
resembl$ him 9        ! evil nature :i* 
he _h acquir$1 & w\ld n cease f        8
 toils & trans=mations until he foll[$ !
 revolution (        ! same & ! l )9    
him1 & ov]came by ! help (        reason
 ! turbul5t & irrational mob ( lat]     
accretions1 made        up ( fire & air 
& wat] & e>?1 & return$ to ! =m        (
 8 fir/ & bett] /ate4 ,hav+ giv5 all ^! 
laws to 8        creatures1 t he might  
be guiltless ( future evil 9 any (      
!m1 ! creator s[$ "s ( !m 9 ! e>?1 & "s 
9        ! moon1 & "s 9 ! o!r in/rum5ts 
( "t2 & :5 he        _h s[n !m he       
committ$ to ! y\ng] gods ! fa%ion+ (    
_! mortal bodies1 & desir$ !m to furni% 
:at 0 /ill        lack+ to ! human s\l1 
& hav+ made all ! suitable              
additions1 to rule ov] !m1 & to pilot ! 
mortal animal 9        ! be/ & wise/    
mann] :i* !y c\ld1 & av]t f him         
all b self-inflict$ evils4          ,:5 
! creator _h made all ^! ord9ances he   

rema9$ 9 8        own accu/om$ nature1 &
 8 *ildr5 he>d & 7 ob$i5t        to _!  
fa!r's ^w1 & receiv+ f him ! immortal   
pr9ciple ( a mortal creature1 9         
imitation ( _! own creator        !y    
borr[$ portions ( fire1 & e>?1 & wat]1 &
 air        f ! _w1 :i* 7 h]eaft] to be 
re/or$--^! !y        took & weld$ !m    
toge!r1 n ) ! indissoluble *a9s         
by :i* !y 7 !mselves b\nd1 b ) little   
pegs too        small to be visible1    
mak+ up out ( all ! f\r elem5ts ea*     
sep>ate body1 & fa/5+ ! c\rses ( !      
immortal s\l 9        a body :i* 0 9 a  
/ate ( p]petual influx & efflux4 ,n[    
^! c\rses1 deta9$ z 9 a va/ riv]1 nei!r 
ov]came nor        7 ov]come2 b 7 hurry+
 & hurri$ to & fro1 s t        ! :ole   
animal 0 mov$ & progress$1 irregul>ly   
h[ev]        & irrationally & anyh[1 9  
all ! six directions ( motion1          
w&]+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 & "r & left1 & up
 &        d[n1 & 9 all ! six directions4
 ,= great z 0 !        advanc+ & retir+ 
flood :i* provid$ n\ri%m5t1 !           

affections produc$ by ext]nal contact   
caus$ /ill great]        tumult--:5 !   
body ( any "o met & came into collision 
)        "s ext]nal fire1 or ) ! solid  
e>? or ! glid+        wat]s1 or 0 caught
 9 ! tempe/ borne on ! air1 & !         
motions produc$ by any ( ^! impulses 7  
c>ri$ ?r\gh        ! body to ! s\l4 ,all
 su* motions h consequ5tly receiv$      
! g5]al "n ( #8s5sations1' :i* !y /ill  
reta94 ,&        !y did 9 fact at t "t  
create a v great & mighty               
movem5t2 unit+ ) ! ev]-fl[+ /ream 9     
/irr+ up &        viol5tly %ak+ ! c\rses
 ( ! s\l1 !y completely        /opp$ !  
revolution ( ! same by _! oppos+ curr5t1
 &        h9d]$ x f pr$om9at+ & advanc+2
 & !y s        di/urb$ ! nature ( ! o!r 
or div]se1 t ! ?ree        d\ble        
int]vals 7i4e4 betwe5 #a1 #b1 #d1 #h71 &
 ! ?ree triple        int]vals 7i4e4    
betwe5 #a1 #c1 #i1 #bg71 toge!r ) ! mean
        t]ms & connect+ l9ks :i* are    
express$ by ! ratios (        #c3b1 &   
#d3c1 & ( #i3h--^!1 al?\gh !y _c be     

:olly        undone except by him :o    
unit$ !m1 7 twi/$ by !m 9 all           
sorts ( ways1 & ! circles 7 brok5 &     
disord]$ 9        e possible mann]1 s t 
:5 !y mov$ !y 7 tumbl+        to pieces1
 & mov$ irrationally1 at "o "t 9 a      
rev]se        direction1 & !n aga9      
obliquely1 & !n upside d[n1 z y         
might imag9e a p]son :o is upside d[n & 
has 8 head        lean+ ^u ! gr\nd & 8  
feet up aga9/ some?+ 9 !        air2 &  
:5 he is 9 su* a position1 bo? he & !   
spectator        fancy t ! "r ( ei!r is 
8 left1 & ! left "r4        ,if1 :5     
p[]fully exp]i5c+ ^! & simil> effects1 !
        revolutions ( ! s\l come 9      
contact ) "s ext]nal ?+1        ei!r ( !
 class ( ! same or ( ! o!r1 !y speak (  
! same or ( ! o!r 9 a mann] ! v opposite
 ( !        tru?2 & !y become false &   
fooli%1 & !re is no c\rse        or     
revolution 9 !m :i* has a guid+ or      
direct+ p[]2 &        if aga9 any       
s5sations ent] 9 viol5tly f )\t & drag  
aft] !m ! :ole vessel ( ! s\l1 !n !     

c\rses ( !        s\l1 ?\gh !y seem to  
conqu]1 are really conqu]$4          ,& 
by reason ( all ^! affections1 ! s\l1 :5
 encas$ 9        a mortal body1 n[1 z 9 
! beg9n+1 is at fir/ )\t                
intellig5ce2 b :5 ! flood ( gr[? &      
nutrim5t abates1        & ! c\rses ( !  
s\l1 calm+ d[n1 g _! own way &          
become /eadi] z "t goes on1 !n ! sev]al 
circles return        to _! natural =m1 
& _! revolutions are correct$1 &        
!y call ! same & ! o!r by _! "r names1 &
 make        ! possessor ( !m to become 
a rational be+4 ,& if ^!        comb9e 9
 him ) any true nurture or education1 he
 atta9s !        fulness & heal? ( !    
p]fect man1 & escapes ! wor/            
disease ( all2 b if he neglects         
education he walks lame to !        end 
( 8 life1 & returns imp]fect & good =   
no?+ to        ! _w bel[4 ,?is1 h[ev]1  
is a lat] /age2 at pres5t we        mu/ 
treat m exactly ! subject be=e u1 :i*   
involves a        prelim9>y enquiry into
 ! g5]ation ( ! body & its              

memb]s1 & z to h[ ! s\l 0 creat$--= :at 
reason &        by :at provid5ce ( !    
gods2 & hold+ fa/ to probability1       
we mu/ pursue our way4          ,fir/1  
!n1 ! gods1 imitat+ ! sph]ical %ape ( ! 
univ]se1 enclos$ ! two div9e c\rses 9 a 
sph]ical body1        t1 namely1 :i* we 
n[ t]m ! head1 be+ ! mo/ div9e        "p
 ( u & ! "l ( all t is 9 u3 to ?is !    
gods1        :5 !y put toge!r ! body1   
gave all ! o!r memb]s to be             
s]vants1 consid]+ t x p>took ( e sort ( 
motion4 ,9        ord] !n t x might n   
tumble ab\t among ! high & deep         
places ( ! e>?1 b might be able to get  
ov] ! "o &        out ( ! o!r1 !y       
provid$ ! body to be its vehicle &      
means ( locomotion2 :i* consequ5tly _h  
l5g? & 0        furni%$ ) f\r limbs     
ext5d$ & flexible2 ^! ,god              
contriv$ to be in/rum5ts ( locomotion ) 
:i* x might        take hold & f9d      
support1 & s be able to pass ?r\gh all  
places1 c>ry+ on high ! dwell+-place ( !
 mo/ sacr$        & div9e "p ( u4 ,su* 0

 ! orig9 ( legs & h&s1        :i* = ?is 
reason 7 atta*$ to e man2 & ! gods1     
deem+ ! front "p ( man to be m hon\rable
 & m fit        to comm& ?an ! h9d] "p1 
made u to move mo/ly 9 a        =w>d    
direction4 ,:]e=e man mu/ ne$s h 8 front
 "p        unlike & di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( 8
 body4          ,& s 9 ! vessel ( !     
head1 !y fir/ ( all put a face 9        
:i* !y ins]t$ organs to m9i/] 9 all ?+s 
to !        provid5ce ( ! s\l1 & !y     
appo9t$ ?is "p1 :i* has        au?ority1
 to be by nature ! "p :i* is 9 front4 ,&
 ( !        organs !y fir/ contriv$ !   
eyes to give light1 & !        pr9ciple 
accord+ to :i* !y 7 ins]t$ 0 z foll[s3  
,s mu* ( fire z w\ld n burn1 b gave a   
g5tle light1 !y        =m$ into a       
sub/ance ak9 to ! light ( e-day life2 & 
! pure fire :i* is )9 u & relat$ !reto  
!y made to        fl[ ?r\gh ! eyes 9 a  
/ream smoo? & d5se1 compress+        !  
:ole eye1 & especially ! c5tre "p1 s t x
 kept        out ev]y?+ ( a co>s]       
nature1 & all[$ to pass only ?is        

pure elem5t4 ,:5 ! light ( day surr\nds 
! /ream (        vision1 !n l falls ^u  
l1 & !y coalesce1 & "o        body is   
=m$ by natural aff9ity 9 ! l9e ( vision1
        :]ev] ! light t falls f )9 meets
 ) an ext]nal        object4 ,& ! :ole  
/ream ( vision1 be+ simil>ly affect$    
9 virtue ( simil>ity1 diffuses ! motions
 ( :at x t\*es        or :at t\*es x ov]
 ! :ole body1 until !y rea* !           
s\l1 caus+ t p]ception :i* we call      
sight4 ,b :5 night        comes on & !  
ext]nal & k9dr$ fire dep>ts1 !n !       
/ream ( vision is cut (f2 = go+ =? to an
 unlike elem5t        x is *ang$ &      
ext+ui%$1 be+ no long] ( "o nature      
) ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e :i* is n[ depriv$
 ( fire3        & s ! eye no long] sees1
 & we feel dispos$ to sleep4 ,=         
:5 ! eyelids1 :i* ! gods inv5t$ = !     
pres]vation (        sight1 are clos$1  
!y keep 9 ! int]nal fire2 & ! p[]       
( ! fire diffuses & equalizes ! inw>d   
motions2 :5 !y        are equaliz$1 !re 
is re/1 & :5 ! re/ is pr(\nd1           

sleep comes ov] u sc>ce di/urb$ by      
dreams2 b :]e !        great] motions   
/ill rema91 ( :atev] nature & 9 :atev]  
locality1 !y eng5d] correspond+ visions 
9 dreams1 :i*        are rememb]$ by u  
:5 we are awake & 9 ! ext]nal _w4       
,& n[ !re is no long] any difficulty 9  
und]/&+ !        creation ( images 9    
mirrors & all smoo? & bright surfaces4  
,= f ! communion ( ! int]nal & ext]nal  
fires1 &        aga9 f ! union ( !m & _!
 num]\s trans=mations        :5 !y meet 
9 ! mirror1 all ^! appe>ances (         
necessity        arise1 :5 ! fire f !   
face coalesces ) ! fire f        ! eye  
on ! bright & smoo? surface4 ,& "r      
appe>s left        & left "r1 because ! 
visual rays come into contact )        !
 rays emitt$ by ! object 9 a mann]      
contr>y to ! usual        mode ( meet+2 
b ! "r appe>s "r1 & ! left left1        
:5 ! position ( "o ( ! two concurr+     
lights is        rev]s$2 & ?is happ5s :5
 ! mirror is concave & its        smoo? 
surface repels ! "r /ream ( vision to ! 

left        side1 & ! left to ! "r 7,he 
is speak+ ( two k9ds (        mirrors1  
fir/ ! plane1 secondly ! concave2 & !   
latt] is        suppos$ to be plac$1    
fir/ horizontally1 & !n v]tically474    
,or if ! mirror be turn$ v]tically1 !n !
 concavity makes        ! c\nt5ance     
appe> to be all upside d[n1 & ! l[] rays
        are driv5 upw>ds & ! upp]       
d[nw>ds4          ,all ^! are to be     
reckon$ among ! second & co-op]ative    
causes :i* ,god1 c>ry+ into execution ! 
idea ( ! be/ z        f> z possible1    
uses z 8 m9i/]s4 ,!y are ?\ght by mo/   
m5 n to be ! second1 b ! prime causes ( 
all ?+s1        because !y freeze &     
heat1 & contract & dilate1 & !        l4
 ,b !y are n s1 = !y are incapable (    
reason or        intellect2 ! only be+  
:i* c prop]ly h m9d is !                
invisible s\l1 :]eas fire & wat]1 & e>? 
& air1 are        all ( !m visible      
bodies4 ,! lov] ( intellect & k         
ought to explore causes ( intellig5t    
nature fir/ ( all1 &1        secondly1 (

 ^? ?+s :i*1 be+ mov$ by o!rs1 are      
compell$ to move o!rs4 ,& ?is is :at we 
too mu/ d4 ,bo?        k9ds ( causes    
%\ld be ackn[l$g$ by u1 b a di/9ction   
%\ld be made betwe5 ^? :i* are end[$ )  
m9d & are        ! work]s ( ?+s fair &  
good1 & ^? :i* are depriv$        (     
intellig5ce & always produce *ance      
effects )\t ord]        or design4 ,( ! 
second or co-op]ative causes ( sight1   
:i*        help to give to ! eyes ! p[] 
:i* !y n[ possess1 en\gh        has be5 
said4 ,i w !re=e n[ proce$ to speak ( ! 
high] use & purpose = :i* ,god has giv5 
!m to u4 ,!        sight 9 my op9ion is 
! s\rce ( ! greate/ b5efit to u1        
= _h we nev] se5 ! />s1 & ! sun1 & !    
heav51        none ( ! words :i* we h   
spok5 ab\t ! univ]se w\ld        ev] h  
be5 utt]$4 ,b n[ ! sight ( day & night1 
&        ! mon?s & ! revolutions ( !    
ye>s1 h creat$ numb]1        & h giv5 u 
a conception ( "t1 & ! p[] (            
enquir+ ab\t ! nature ( ! univ]se2 & f  
?is s\rce        we h d]iv$ philosophy1 

?an :i* no great] good ev] 0        or w
 be giv5 by ! gods to mortal man4 ,?is  
is ! greate/        boon ( sight3 & ( ! 
less] b5efits :y %\ld ,i speak8         
ev5 ! ord9>y man if he 7 depriv$ ( !m   
w\ld bewail        8 loss1 b 9 va94 ,?us
 mu* let me say h[ev]3 ,god inv5t$      
& gave u sight to ! end t we might      
behold ! c\rses (        intellig5ce 9 !
 heav51 & apply !m to ! c\rses ( our    
own intellig5ce :i* are ak9 to !m1 !    
unp]turb$ to !        p]turb$2 & t we1  
le>n+ !m & p>tak+ ( !        natural    
tru? ( reason1 might imitate !          
absolutely un]r+        c\rses ( ,god & 
regulate our own vag>ies4 ,! same may be
        affirm$ ( spee* & he>+3 !y h be5
 giv5 by ! gods        to ! same end & =
 a l reason4 ,= ?is is ! pr9cipal       
end ( spee*1 :]eto x mo/ contributes4   
,moreov]1 s mu* (        music z is     
adapt$ to ! s\nd ( ! voice & to ! s5se (
        he>+ is grant$ to u = ! sake (  
h>mony2 & h>mony1        :i* has motions
 ak9 to ! revolutions ( our s\ls1 is n  

reg>d$ by ! intellig5t vot>y ( ! ,muses 
z giv5 by !m        ) a view to         
irrational pleasure1 :i* is deem$ to be 
!        purpose ( x 9 our day1 b z     
meant to correct any discord        :i* 
may h aris5 9 ! c\rses ( ! s\l1 & to be 
our        ally 9 br++ h] into h>mony & 
agreem5t ) h]self2 &        rhy?m too 0 
giv5 by !m = ! same reason1 on acc\nt ( 
! irregul> & graceless ways :i* prevail 
among mank9d        g5]ally1 & to help u
 aga9/ !m4          ,?us f> 9 :at we h  
be5 say+1 ) small exception1 !          
works ( intellig5ce h be5 set =?2 & n[  
we mu/ place        by ! side ( !m 9 our
 disc\rse ! ?+s :i* come into        be+
 ?r\gh necessity--= ! creation is mix$1 
be+ made up        ( necessity & m9d4   
,m9d1 ! rul+ p[]1 p]suad$               
necessity to br+ ! great] "p ( creat$   
?+s to        p]fection1 & ?us & aft]   
?is mann] 9 ! beg9n+1 :5        !       
influ5ce ( reason got ! bett] (         
necessity1 ! univ]se        0 creat$4 ,b
 if a p]son w truly tell ( ! way 9 :i*  

! "w 0 accompli%$1 he mu/ include ! o!r 
influ5ce (        ! v>iable cause z     
well4 ,:]e=e1 we mu/ return aga9 &      
f9d ano!r suitable beg9n+1 z ab\t ! =m] 
matt]s1 s        also ab\t ^!4 ,to :i*  
end we mu/ consid] ! nature (           
fire1 & wat]1 & air1 & e>?1 su* z !y 7  
prior to        ! creation ( ! heav51 & 
:at 0 happ5+ to !m 9        ?is previ\s 
/ate2 = no "o has z yet expla9$ ! mann] 
( _! g5]ation1 b we speak ( fire & ! re/
 ( !m1        :atev] !y mean1 z ?\gh m5 
knew _! natures1 & we        ma9ta9 !m  
to be ! fir/ pr9ciples & lett]s or      
elem5ts        ( ! :ole1 :5 !y _c       
reasonably be comp>$ by a man (         
any s5se ev5 to syllables or fir/       
comp\nds4 ,& let me say        ?us mu*3 
,i w n n[ speak ( ! fir/ pr9ciple or    
pr9ciples ( all ?+s1 or by :atev] "n !y 
are to be        call$1 = ?is           
reason--because x is difficult to set =?
 my        op9ion accord+ to ! me?od (  
discussion :i* we are at        pres5t  
employ+4 ,d n imag9e1 any m ?an ,i c br+

        myself to imag9e1 t ,i %\ld be  
"r 9 und]tak+ s great        & difficult
 a task4 ,rememb]+ :at ,i said at fir/  
ab\t        probability1 ,i w d my be/  
to give z probable an explanation       
z any o!r--or r1 m probable2 & ,i w fir/
 g back        to ! beg9n+ & try to     
speak ( ea* ?+ & ( all4 ,once        m1 
!n1 at ! comm5cem5t ( my disc\rse1 ,i   
call ^u ,god1        & beg him to be our
 savi\r out ( a /range & unwont$        
enquiry1 & to br+ u to ! hav5 (         
probability4 ,s n[ let        u beg9    
aga94          ,?is new beg9n+ ( our    
discussion ( ! univ]se requires a       
full] division ?an ! =m]2 = !n we made  
two classes1        n[ a ?ird mu/ be    
reveal$4 ,! two suffic$ = ! =m]         
discussion3 "o1 :i* we assum$1 0 a      
patt]n intelligible &        always !   
same2 & ! second 0 only ! imitation ( ! 
patt]n1 g5]at$ & visible4 ,!re is also a
 ?ird k9d :i*        we did n di/+ui% at
 ! "t1 conceiv+ t ! two w\ld        be  
en\gh4 ,b n[ ! argum5t seems to require 

t we %\ld        set =? 9 words ano!r   
k9d1 :i* is difficult (                 
explanation & dimly se54 ,:at nature are
 we to attribute to        ?is new k9d (
 be+8 ,we reply1 t x is ! receptacle1 & 
9 a mann] ! nurse1 ( all g5]ation4 ,i h 
spok5 !        tru?2 b ,i mu/ express   
myself 9 cle>] language1 & ?is        w 
be an ardu\s task = _m reasons1 & 9     
p>ticul>        because ,i mu/ fir/     
raise que/ions conc]n+ fire & !         
o!r elem5ts1 & det]m9e :at ea* ( !m is2 
= to say1        ) any probability or   
c]titude1 :i* ( !m %\ld be call$        
wat] r ?an fire1 & :i* %\ld be call$ any
 ( !m        r ?an all or "s "o ( !m1 is
 a difficult matt]4 ,h[1        !n1 %all
 we settle ?is po9t1 & :at que/ions ab\t
 !        elem5ts may be fairly rais$8  
,9 ! fir/ place1 we see t :at we j n[   
call$ wat]1 by        cond5sation1 ,i   
suppose1 becomes /one & e>?2 & ?is same 
elem5t1 :5 melt$ & disp]s$1 passes into 
vap\r & air4        ,air1 aga91 :5      
inflam$1 becomes fire2 & aga9 fire1 :5  

cond5s$ & ext+ui%$1 passes once m into !
 =m (        air2 & once m1 air1 :5     
collect$ & cond5s$1 produces        cl\d
 & mi/2 & f ^!1 :5 /ill m compress$1    
comes        fl[+ wat]1 & f wat] comes  
e>? & /ones once m2        & ?us        
g5]ation appe>s to be transmitt$ f "o to
 !        o!r 9 a circle4 ,?us1 !n1 z ! 
sev]al elem5ts nev]        pres5t       
!mselves 9 ! same =m1 h[ c any "o h !   
assurance to ass]t positively t any (   
!m1 :atev] x may        be1 is "o ?+ r  
?an ano!r8 ,no "o c4 ,b mu* !           
safe/ plan is to speak ( !m z           
foll[s3--,any?+ :i* we see        to be 
cont9ually *ang+1 z1 = example1 fire1 we
 mu/ n        call #8?is' or #8t1' b r  
say t x is #8( su* a        nature'2 nor
 let u speak ( wat] z #8?is'2 b always z
        #8su*'2 nor mu/ we imply t !re  
is any /ability 9 any (        ^? ?+s   
:i* we indicate by ! use ( ! words      
#8?is' &        #8t1' suppos+ ourselves 
to signify some?+ !reby2 =        !y are
 too volatile to be deta9$ 9 any su*    

expressions z        #8?is1' or #8t1' or
 #8relative to ?is1' or any o!r mode (  
speak+ :i* repres5ts !m z p]man5t4 ,we  
ought n to        apply #8?is' to any ( 
!m1 b r ! ^w #8su*'2 :i*                
expresses ! simil> pr9ciple circulat+ 9 
ea* & all (        !m2 = example1 t %\ld
 be call$ #8fire' :i* is ( su*        a 
nature always1 & s ( ev]y?+ t has       
g5]ation4 ,t        9 :i* ! elem5ts     
sev]ally gr[ up1 & appe>1 & decay1      
is alone to be call$ by ! "n #8?is' or  
#8t'2 b t        :i* is ( a c]ta9       
nature1 hot or :ite1 or any?+ :i*       
admits ( opposite qualities1 & all ?+s t
 are comp\nd$        ( !m1 ought n to be
 s d5om9at$4 ,let me make ano!r         
attempt to expla9 my mean+ m cle>ly4    
,suppose a p]son to        make all k9ds
 ( figures ( gold & to be always        
transmut+        "o =m into all !       
re/2--somebody po9ts to "o ( !m &       
asks :at x is4 ,by f> ! safe/ & true/   
answ] is1 ,t is        gold2 & n to call
 ! triangle or any o!r figures :i* are  

=m$ 9 ! gold #8^!1' z ?\gh !y _h        
exi/5ce1 s9ce        !y are 9 process ( 
*ange :ile he is mak+ ! ass]tion2       
b if ! que/ion] be will+ to take ! safe 
& indef9ite        expression1 #8su*1'  
we %\ld be satisfi$4 ,& ! same argum5t  
applies to ! univ]sal nature :i*        
receives all bodies--t        mu/ be    
always call$ ! same2 =1 :ile receiv+ all
 ?+s1        %e nev] dep>ts at all f h] 
own nature1 & nev] 9 any        way1 or 
at any "t1 assumes a =m l t ( any ( !   
?+s :i* ent] into h]2 %e is ! natural   
recipi5t ( all        impressions1 & is 
/irr$ & in=m$ by !m1 & appe>s           
diff]5t f "t to "t by reason ( !m4 ,b ! 
=ms        :i* ent] into & g out ( h]   
are ! lik5esses ( real        exi/5ces  
modell$ aft] _! patt]ns 9 a wond]ful &  
inexplicable mann]1 :i* we w h]eaft]    
inve/igate4 ,= !        pres5t we h only
 to conceive ( ?ree natures3 fir/1 t    
:i* is 9 process ( g5]ation2 secondly1 t
 9 :i* !        g5]ation takes place2 & 
?irdly1 t ( :i* ! ?+        g5]at$ is a 

resemblance4 ,& we may lik5 ! receiv+   
pr9ciple to a "m1 & ! s\rce or spr+ to a
 fa!r1 &        ! int]m$iate nature to a
 *ild2 & may rem>k fur!r1 t        if ! 
model is to take e v>iety ( =m1 !n !    
matt] 9        :i* ! model is fa%ion$ w 
n be duly prep>$1 unless x        is    
=mless1 & free f ! impress ( any ( ^?   
%apes        :i* x is h]eaft] to receive
 f )\t4 ,= if ! matt]        7 l any ( !
 sup]v5+ =ms1 !n :5ev] any              
opposite or entirely diff]5t nature 0   
/amp$ ^u its        surface1 x w\ld take
 ! impression badly1 because x w\ld     
intrude its own %ape4 ,:]e=e1 t :i* is  
to receive all        =ms %\ld h no =m2 
z 9 mak+ p]fumes !y fir/        contrive
 t ! liquid sub/ance :i* is to receive !
 sc5t        %all be z inodor\s z       
possible2 or z ^? :o wi% to             
impress figures on s(t sub/ances d n    
all[ any previ\s        impression to   
rema91 b beg9 by mak+ ! surface z ev5 & 
smoo? z possible4 ,9 ! same way t :i* is
 to receive        p]petually & ?r\gh   

its :ole ext5t ! resemblances ( all     
et]nal be+s ought to be devoid ( any    
p>ticul> =m4        ,:]e=e1 ! "m &      
receptacle ( all creat$ & visible       
& 9 any way s5sible ?+s1 is n to be t]m$
 e>?1 or        air1 or fire1 or wat]1  
or any ( _! comp\nds or any ( !         
elem5ts f :i* ^! are d]iv$1 b is an     
invisible &        =mless be+ :i*       
receives all ?+s & 9 "s my/]i\s         
way p>takes ( ! intelligible1 & is mo/  
incompreh5sible4        ,9 say+ ?is we  
%all n be f> wrong2 z f>1 h[ev]1 z we   
c atta9 to a k ( h] f ! previ\s         
consid]ations1 we may truly say t fire  
is t "p ( h]        nature :i* f "t to  
"t is inflam$1 & wat] t :i*        is   
moi/5$1 & t ! "m sub/ance becomes e>? & 
air1 9 s f> z %e receives ! impressions 
( !m4          ,let u consid] ?is "q m  
precisely4 ,is !re any                  
self-exi/5t fire8 & d all ^? ?+s :i* we 
call        self-exi/5t exi/8 or are    
only ^? ?+s :i* we see1 or 9        "s  
way p]ceive ?r\gh ! bodily organs1 truly

 exi/5t1 &        no?+ :atev] besides   
!m8 ,& is all t :i* we call an          
intelligible ess5ce no?+ at all1 & only 
a "n8 ,"h is a        "q :i* we mu/ n   
leave unexam9$ or undet]m9$1 nor        
mu/ we affirm too confid5tly t !re c be 
no decision2        nei!r mu/ we        
int]polate 9 our pres5t long disc\rse a 
digression equally long1 b if x is      
possible to set =? a        great       
pr9ciple 9 a few words1 t is j :at we   
want4          ,?us ,i /ate my          
view3--,if m9d & true op9ion are two    
di/9ct        classes1 !n ,i say t !re  
c]ta9ly are ^! self-exi/5t        ideas 
unp]ceiv$ by s5se1 & appreh5d$ only by !
 m9d2 if1        h[ev]1 z "s say1 true  
op9ion diff]s 9 no respect f        m9d1
 !n ev]y?+ t we p]ceive ?r\gh ! body is 
to be        reg>d$ z mo/ real & c]ta94 
,b we mu/ affirm !m to be        di/9ct1
 = !y h a di/9ct orig9 & are ( a diff]5t
        nature2 ! "o is implant$ 9 u by 
in/ruction1 ! o!r by        p]suasion2 !
 "o is always accompani$ by true reason1

 !        o!r is )\t reason2 ! "o _c be 
ov]come by        p]suasion1 b ! o!r c3 
& la/ly1 e man may be said        to %>e
 9 true op9ion1 b m9d is ! attribute ( !
 gods        & ( v few m54 ,:]e=e also  
we mu/ ackn[l$ge t        !re is "o k9d 
( be+ :i* is always ! same1 uncreat$    
& inde/ructible1 nev] receiv+ any?+ into
 itself f        )\t1 nor itself go+ out
 to any o!r1 b invisible &              
imp]ceptible by any s5se1 & ( :i* !     
contemplation is        grant$ to       
intellig5ce only4 ,& !re is ano!r nature
 ( !        same "n ) x1 & l to x1      
p]ceiv$ by s5se1 creat$1        always 9
 motion1 becom+ 9 place & aga9 vani%+   
out (        place1 :i* is appreh5d$ by 
op9ion & s5se4 ,& !re is a        ?ird  
nature1 :i* is space1 & is et]nal1 &    
admits n (        de/ruction & provides 
a home = all creat$ ?+s1 & is           
appreh5d$ )\t ! help ( s5se1 by a k9d ( 
spuri\s        reason1 & is h>dly real2 
:i* we behold+ z 9 a dream1 say        (
 all exi/5ce t x mu/ ( necessity be 9 "s

 place &        occupy a space1 b t :at 
is nei!r 9 heav5 nor 9 e>?        has no
 exi/5ce4 ,( ^! & o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d1 
relat+ to ! true & wak+ reality (       
nature1 we h only        ?is dreamlike  
s5se1 & we are unable to ca/ (f sleep & 
det]m9e ! tru? ab\t !m4 ,= an image1    
s9ce ! reality1        aft] :i* x is    
modell$1 does n belong to x1 & x exi/s  
ev] z ! fleet+ %ad[ ( "s o!r1 mu/ be    
inf]r$ to be        9 ano!r 7i4e4 9     
space71 grasp+ exi/5ce 9 "s way or      
o!r1 or x c\ld n be at all4 ,b true &   
exact reason1        v9dicat+ ! nature (
 true be+1 ma9ta9s t :ile two        ?+s
 7i4e4 ! image & space7 are diff]5t !y  
_c exi/        "o ( !m 9 ! o!r & s be "o
 & also two at ! same        "t4        
,?us h ,i concisely giv5 ! result ( my  
?\ghts2 & my        v]dict is t be+ &   
space & g5]ation1 ^! ?ree1        exi/$ 
9 _! ?ree ways be=e ! heav52 & t ! nurse
        ( g5]ation1 moi/5$ by wat] &    
inflam$ by fire1 &        receiv+ ! =ms 
( e>? & air1 & exp]i5c+ all !           

affections :i* accompany ^!1 pres5t$ a  
/range v>iety (        appe>ances2 & be+
 full ( p[]s :i* 7 nei!r simil>         
nor equally balanc$1 0 nev] 9 any "p 9 a
 /ate (        equipoise1 b sway+       
unev5ly hi!r & ?i!r1 0 %ak5 by          
!m1 & by its motion aga9 %ook !m2 & !   
elem5ts :5        mov$ 7 sep>at$ & c>ri$
 cont9ually1 "s "o way1 "s        ano!r2
 z1 :5 gra9 is %ak5 & w9n[$ by fans &   
o!r        in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! ?re%+ (    
corn1 ! close & heavy        p>ticles   
are borne away & settle 9 "o direction1 
& !        loose & light p>ticles 9     
ano!r4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! f\r        k9ds  
or elem5ts 7 !n %ak5 by ! receiv+       
vessel1        :i*1 mov+ l a w9n[+      
ma*9e1 scatt]$ f> away f        "o ano!r
 ! elem5ts mo/ unlike1 & =c$ ! mo/      
simil>        elem5ts into close        
contact4 ,:]e=e also ! v>i\s elem5ts    
_h diff]5t places be=e !y 7 arrang$ s z 
to =m !        univ]se4 ,at fir/1 !y 7  
all )\t reason & measure4 ,b        :5 !
 _w began to get into ord]1 fire & wat] 

& e>?        & air _h only c]ta9 fa9t   
traces ( !mselves1 & 7        altoge!r  
su* z ev]y?+ might be expect$ to be 9 ! 
abs5ce ( ,god2 ?is1 ,i say1 0 _! nature 
at t "t1 &        ,god fa%ion$ !m by =m 
& numb]4 ,let x be consi/5tly           
ma9ta9$ by u 9 all t we say t ,god made 
!m z f> z        possible ! faire/ &    
be/1 out ( ?+s :i* 7 n fair        &    
good4 ,& n[ ,i w endeav\r to %[ y !     
disposition        & g5]ation ( !m by an
 unaccu/om$ argum5t1 :i* ,i am          
compell$ to use2 b ,i believe t y w be  
able to foll[        me1 = y\r education
 has made y famili> ) ! me?ods (        
sci5ce4          ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 z 
is evid5t to all1 fire & e>?        &   
wat] & air are bodies4 ,& e sort ( body 
possesses        solidity1 & e solid mu/
 necess>ily be conta9$ 9        planes2 
& e plane rectil9e> figure is compos$ ( 
triangles2 & all triangles are orig9ally
 ( two k9ds1 bo? (        :i* are made  
up ( "o "r & two acute angles2 "o ( !m  
has at ei!r end ( ! base ! half ( a     

divid$ "r angle1        hav+ equal      
sides1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! "r angle is divid$
        into unequal p>ts1 hav+ unequal 
sides4 ,^!1 !n1 proce$+        by a     
comb9ation ( probability ) demon/ration1
 we assume to        be ! orig9al       
elem5ts ( fire & ! o!r bodies2 b !      
pr9ciples :i* are prior to ^! ,god only 
kn[s1 & he ( m5        :o is ! fri5d (  
,god4 ,& next we h to det]m9e :at are   
! f\r mo/ beautiful bodies :i* are      
unlike "o ano!r1 &        ( :i* "s are  
capable ( resolution into "o ano!r2 =   
hav+ discov]$ ?us mu*1 we %all "k ! true
 orig9 (        e>? & fire & ( !        
proportionate & int]m$iate              
elem5ts4 ,& !n we %all n be will+ to    
all[ t !re        are any di/9ct k9ds ( 
visible bodies fair] ?an ^!4            
,:]e=e we mu/ endeav\r to con/ruct ! f\r
 =ms ( bodies        :i* excel 9 beauty1
 & !n we %all be able to say t we       
h suffici5tly appreh5d$ _! nature4 ,n[ (
 ! two        triangles1 ! isosceles has
 "o =m only2 ! scal5e or                

unequal-sid$ has an inf9ite numb]4 ,( ! 
inf9ite =ms we        mu/ select ! mo/  
beautiful1 if we are to proce$ 9 due    
ord]1 & any "o :o c po9t out a m        
beautiful =m ?an        ours = !        
con/ruction ( ^! bodies1 %all c>ry (f ! 
palm1 n z an enemy1 b z a fri5d4 ,n[1 ! 
"o :i* we        ma9ta9 to be ! mo/     
beautiful ( all ! _m triangles 7&       
we ne$ n speak ( ! o!rs7 is t ( :i* !   
d\ble        =ms a ?ird triangle :i* is 
equilat]al2 ! reason ( ?is        w\ld  
be long to tell2 he :o disproves :at we 
are say+1 &        %[s t we are mi/ak51 
may claim a fri5dly victory4 ,!n        
let u *oose two triangles1 out ( :i*    
fire & ! o!r        elem5ts h be5       
con/ruct$1 "o isosceles1 ! o!r hav+     
! squ>e ( ! long] side equal to ?ree    
times ! squ>e (        ! less] side4    
,n[ is ! "t to expla9 :at 0 be=e        
obscurely said3 !re        0 an error 9 
imag9+ t all ! f\r elem5ts might be     
g5]at$ by & into "o ano!r2 ?is1 ,i say1 
0 an errone\s        supposition1 = !re 

are g5]at$ f ! triangles :i* we        h
 select$ f\r k9ds--?ree f ! "o :i* has !
 sides        unequal2 ! f\r? alone is  
fram$ out ( ! isosceles        triangle4
 ,h5ce !y _c all be resolv$ into "o     
ano!r1 a        great numb] ( small     
bodies be+ comb9$ into a few l>ge       
ones1 or ! conv]se4 ,b ?ree ( !m c be   
?us resolv$ &        comp\nd$1 = !y all 
spr+ f "o1 & :5 ! great]        bodies  
are brok5 up1 _m small bodies w spr+ up 
out (        !m & take _! own prop]     
figures2 or1 aga91 :5 _m        small   
bodies are dissolv$ into _! triangles1  
if !y become        "o1 !y w =m "o l>ge 
mass ( ano!r k9d4 ,s mu* =        _!    
passage into "o ano!r4 ,i h n[ to speak 
( _!        sev]al k9ds1 & %[ out ( :at 
comb9ations ( numb]s ea*        ( !m 0  
=m$4 ,! fir/ w be ! simple/ & smalle/   
con/ruction1 & its elem5t is t triangle 
:i* has its        hypot5use twice !    
less] side4 ,:5 two su* triangles are   
jo9$ at ! diagonal1 & ?is is repeat$    
?ree times1 & !        triangles re/ _! 

diagonals & %ort] sides on ! same       
po9t z a c5tre1 a s+le equilat]al       
triangle is =m$ out (        six        
triangles2 & f\r equilat]al triangles1  
if put toge!r1        make out ( e ?ree 
plane angles "o solid angle1 be+ t      
:i* is ne>e/ to ! mo/ obtuse ( plane    
angles2 & out (        ! comb9ation ( ^!
 f\r angles arises ! fir/ solid =m      
:i* di/ributes into equal & simil> p>ts 
! :ole circle        9 :i* x is         
inscrib$4 ,! second species ( solid is  
=m$        out ( ! same triangles1 :i*  
unite z eight equilat]al                
triangles & =m "o solid angle out ( f\r 
plane angles1 &        out ( six su*    
angles ! second body is complet$4 ,& !  
?ird body is made up ( #abj triangul>   
elem5ts1 =m+ twelve        solid angles1
 ea* ( !m includ$ 9 five plane          
equilat]al        triangles1 hav+       
altoge!r tw5ty bases1 ea* ( :i* is an   
equilat]al triangle4 ,! "o elem5t 7t is1
 ! triangle        :i* has its hypot5use
 twice ! less] side7 hav+ g5]at$        

^! figures1 g5]at$ no m2 b ! isosceles  
triangle        produc$ ! f\r? elem5t>y 
figure1 :i* is comp\nd$ (        f\r su*
 triangles1 jo9+ _! "r angles 9 a c5tre1
 &        =m+ "o equilat]al quadrangle4 
,six ( ^! unit$ =m        eight solid   
angles1 ea* ( :i* is made by !          
comb9ation (        ?ree plane "r       
angles2 ! figure ( ! body ?us compos$ is
        a cube1 hav+ six plane          
quadrangul> equilat]al bases4 ,!re      
0 yet a fif? comb9ation :i* ,god us$ 9 !
 del9eation (        ! univ]se4         
,n[1 he :o1 duly reflect+ on all ?is1   
enquires :e!r !        worlds are to be 
reg>d$ z indef9ite or def9ite 9 numb]1  
w be ( op9ion t ! notion ( _!           
indef9it5ess is        *>act]i/ic ( a   
sadly indef9ite & ignorant m9d4 ,he1    
h[ev]1 :o raises ! "q :e!r !y are to be 
truly        reg>d$ z "o or five1 takes 
up a m reasonable position4             
,argu+ f probabilities1 ,i am ( op9ion t
 !y are "o2        ano!r1 reg>d+ ! "q f 
ano!r po9t ( view1 w        be ( ano!r  

m9d4 ,b1 leav+ ?is enquiry1 let u proce$
 to        di/ribute ! elem5t>y =ms1 :i*
 h n[ be5 creat$ 9        idea1 among ! 
f\r elem5ts4          ,to e>?1 !n1 let u
 assign ! cubical =m2 = e>? is !        
mo/ immoveable ( ! f\r & ! mo/ pla/ic ( 
all bodies1        & t :i* has ! mo/    
/able bases mu/ ( necessity be (        
su* a nature4 ,n[1 ( ! triangles :i* we 
assum$ at fir/1        t :i* has two    
equal sides is by nature m firmly bas$  
?an t :i* has unequal sides2 & ( !      
comp\nd figures        :i* are =m$ out (
 ei!r1 ! plane equilat]al quadrangle    
has necess>ily a m /able basis ?an !    
equilat]al        triangle1 bo? 9 ! :ole
 & 9 ! p>ts4 ,:]e=e1 9        assign+   
?is figure to e>?1 we adh]e to          
probability2 & to        wat] we assign 
t "o ( ! rema9+ =ms :i* is !        lea/
 moveable2 & ! mo/ moveable ( !m to     
fire2 & to air        t :i* is          
int]m$iate4 ,also we assign ! smalle/   
body to        fire1 & ! greate/ to     
wat]1 & ! int]m$iate 9 size to          

air2 &1 aga91 ! acute/ body to fire1 & !
 next 9        acut5ess to air1 & ! ?ird
 to wat]4 ,( all ^! elem5ts1        t   
:i* has ! fewe/ bases mu/ necess>ily be 
! mo/        moveable1 = x mu/ be !     
acute/ & mo/ p5etrat+ 9        e way1 & 
also ! lighte/ z be+ compos$ ( !        
smalle/ numb] ( simil> p>ticles3 & !    
second body has        simil> prop]ties 
9 a second degree1 & ! ?ird body 9 !    
?ird degree4 ,let x be agre$1 !n1 bo?   
accord+ to /rict        reason & accord+
 to probability1 t ! pyramid is !       
solid :i* is ! orig9al elem5t & se$ (   
fire2 & let u        assign ! elem5t :i*
 0 next 9 ! ord] ( g5]ation to          
air1 & ! ?ird to wat]4 ,we mu/ imag9e   
all ^! to be s        small t no s+le   
p>ticle ( any ( ! f\r k9ds is se5 by    
u on acc\nt ( _! smallness3 b :5 _m ( !m
 are        collect$ toge!r _!          
aggregates are se54 ,& ! ratios (       
_! numb]s1 motions1 & o!r prop]ties1    
ev]y:]e ,god1 z        f> z necessity   
all[$ or gave cons5t1 has exactly       

p]fect$1        & h>moniz$ 9 due        
proportion4          ,f all t we h j be5
 say+ ab\t ! elem5ts or        k9ds1 !  
mo/ probable conclusion is z            
foll[s3--e>?1 :5        meet+ ) fire &  
dissolv$ by its %>pness1 :e!r !         
dissolution take place 9 ! fire itself  
or p]haps 9 "s mass        ( air or     
wat]1 is borne hi!r & ?i!r1 until its   
p>ts1        meet+ toge!r & mutually    
h>monis+1 aga9 become e>?2        = !y c
 nev] take any o!r =m4 ,b wat]1 :5      
divid$        by fire or by air1 on     
re-=m+1 may become "o "p fire &         
two p>ts air2 & a s+le volume ( air     
divid$ becomes two (        fire4 ,aga91
 :5 a small body ( fire is conta9$ 9 a  
l>g]        body ( air or wat] or e>?1 &
 bo? are mov+1 & ! fire        /ruggl+  
is ov]come & brok5 up1 !n two volumes ( 
fire        =m "o volume ( air2 & :5 air
 is ov]come & cut up into        small  
pieces1 two & a half p>ts ( air are     
cond5s$ into "o        "p ( wat]4 ,let u
 consid] ! matt] 9 ano!r way4 ,:5       

"o ( ! o!r elem5ts is fa/5$ ^u by fire1 
& is cut by        ! %>pness ( its      
angles & sides1 x coalesces ) !         
fire1 & !n ceases to be cut by !m any   
long]4 ,= no        elem5t :i* is "o & !
 same ) itself c be *ang$ by        or  
*ange ano!r ( ! same k9d & 9 ! same     
/ate4 ,b s        long z 9 ! process (  
transition ! weak] is fight+            
aga9/ ! /rong]1 ! dissolution cont9ues4 
,aga91 :5 a        few small p>ticles1  
enclos$ 9 _m l>g] ones1 are 9 process   
( decomposition & ext9ction1 !y only    
cease f _!        t5d5cy to ext9ction :5
 !y cons5t to pass into !        conqu]+
 nature1 & fire becomes air & air wat]4 
,b if        bodies ( ano!r k9d g &     
attack !m 7i4e4 ! small                 
p>ticles71 ! latt] cont9ue to be        
dissolv$ until1 be+        completely   
=c$ back & disp]s$1 !y make _! escape to
        _! own k9dr$1 or else1 be+      
ov]come & assimilat$ to !        conqu]+
 p[]1 !y rema9 :]e !y are & dwell ) _!  
victors1 & f be+ _m become "o4 ,& ow+ to

 ^!        affections1 all ?+s are *ang+
 _! place1 = by !        motion ( !     
receiv+ vessel ! bulk ( ea* class is    
di/ribut$ into its prop] place2 b ^? ?+s
 :i* become        unlike !mselves & l  
o!r ?+s1 are hurri$ by !        %ak+    
into ! place ( ! ?+s to :i* !y gr[ l4   
,n[ all unmix$ & prim>y bodies are      
produc$ by su* causes z        ^!4 ,z to
 ! subord9ate species :i* are includ$ 9 
!        great] k9ds1 !y are to be      
attribut$ to ! v>ieties 9 !             
/ructure ( ! two orig9al triangles4 ,=  
ei!r /ructure did        n orig9ally    
produce ! triangle ( "o size only1 b "s 
l>g] & "s small]1 & !re are z _m sizes z
 !re are        species ( ! f\r elem5ts4
 ,h5ce :5 !y are m+l$ )        !mselves 
& ) "o ano!r !re is an endless v>iety ( 
!m1 :i* ^? :o w\ld arrive at ! probable 
tru? (        nature ought duly to      
consid]4          ,unless a p]son comes 
to an und]/&+ ab\t ! nature &           
conditions ( re/ & motion1 he w meet )  
_m        difficulties 9 ! discussion   

:i* foll[s4 ,some?+ has be5        said 
( ?is matt] already1 & some?+ m rema9s  
to be        said1 :i* is1 t motion nev]
 exi/s 9 :at is uni=m4 ,=        to     
conceive t any?+ c be mov$ )\t a mov] is
 h>d or        inde$ impossible1 &      
equally impossible to conceive t !re    
c be a mov] unless !re be some?+ :i* c  
be        mov$--motion _c exi/ :]e ei!r 
( ^! are want+1 &        = ^! to be     
uni=m is impossible2 :]e=e we mu/ assign
        re/ to uni=mity & motion to !   
want ( uni=mity4 ,n[        inequality  
is ! cause ( ! nature :i* is want+ 9    
uni=mity2 & ( ?is we h already describ$ 
! orig94 ,b        !re /ill rema9s !    
fur!r po9t--:y ?+s :5 divid$        aft]
 _! k9ds d n cease to pass ?r\gh "o     
ano!r & to        *ange _! place--:i* we
 w n[ proce$ to expla94 ,9 !            
revolution ( ! univ]se are compreh5d$   
all ! f\r        elem5ts1 & ?is be+     
circul> & hav+ a t5d5cy to come         
toge!r1 compresses ev]y?+ & w n all[ any
 place to        be left void4 ,:]e=e1  

also1 fire above all ?+s p5etrates      
ev]y:]e1 & air next1 z be+ next 9 r>ity 
( !        elem5ts2 & ! two o!r elem5ts 
9 l mann] p5etrate        accord+ to _! 
degrees ( r>ity4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* are      
compos$ ( ! l>ge/ p>ticles h ! l>ge/    
void left 9        _! compositions1 & ^?
 :i* are compos$ ( ! smalle/            
p>ticles h ! lea/4 ,& ! contraction     
caus$ by !        compression ?ru/s !   
small] p>ticles into ! int]/ices (      
! l>g]4 ,& ?us1 :5 ! small p>ts are     
plac$ side by        side ) ! l>g]1 & ! 
less] divide ! great] & !        great] 
unite ! less]1 all ! elem5ts are borne  
up & d[n        & hi!r & ?i!r t[>ds _!  
own places2 = ! *ange        9 ! size ( 
ea* *anges its position 9 space4 ,& ^!  
causes g5]ate an inequality :i* is      
always ma9ta9$1 & is        cont9ually  
creat+ a p]petual motion ( ! elem5ts 9  
all        "t4          ,9 ! next place 
we h to consid] t !re are div]s k9ds    
( fire4 ,!re are1 = example1 fir/1      
flame2 & secondly1        ^? emanations 

( flame :i* d n burn b only give light  
to ! eyes2 ?irdly1 ! rema9s ( fire1 :i* 
are se5 9        r$-hot emb]s aft] !    
flame has be5 ext+ui%$4 ,!re are        
simil> diff]5ces 9 ! air2 ( :i* !       
brighte/ "p is        call$ ! ae!r1 & ! 
mo/ turbid sort mi/ & d>kness2        & 
!re are v>i\s o!r nameless k9ds :i*     
arise f !        inequality ( !         
triangles4 ,wat]1 aga91 admits 9 ! fir/ 
place ( a division into two k9ds2 ! "o  
liquid & ! o!r        fusile4 ,! liquid 
k9d is compos$ ( ! small & unequal      
p>ticles ( wat]2 & moves itself & is    
mov$ by o!r bodies        ow+ to ! want 
( uni=mity & ! %ape ( its p>ticles2     
:]eas ! fusile k9d1 be+ =m$ ( l>ge &    
uni=m        p>ticles1 is m /able ?an ! 
o!r1 & is heavy &        compact by     
reason ( its uni=mity4 ,b :5 fire gets 9
 &        dissolves ! p>ticles & de/roys
 ! uni=mity1 x has        great]        
mobility1 & becom+ fluid is ?ru/ =? by !
        neighb\r+ air & spreads ^u !    
e>?2 & ?is dissolution        ( ! solid 

masses is call$ melt+1 & _! spread+ out 
^u ! e>? fl[+4 ,aga91 :5 ! fire goes out
 ( !        fusile sub/ance1 x does n   
pass into a vacuum1 b into !            
neighb\r+ air2 & ! air :i* is displac$  
=ces toge!r        ! liquid & /ill      
moveable mass into ! place :i* 0        
occupi$ by ! fire1 & unites x ) itself4 
,?us compress$        ! mass resumes its
 equability1 & is aga9 at unity )       
itself1 because ! fire :i* 0 ! au?or ( !
 inequality        has retreat$2 & ?is  
dep>ture ( ! fire is call$ cool+1       
& ! com+ toge!r :i* foll[s ^u x is t]m$ 
congealm5t4 ,( all ! k9ds t]m$ fusile1 t
 :i* is !        d5se/ & is =m$ out ( ! 
f9e/ & mo/ uni=m p>ts is        t mo/   
preci\s possession call$ gold1 :i* is   
h>d5$ by        filtration ?r\gh rock2  
?is is unique 9 k9d1 & has bo? a        
glitt]+ & a yell[ col\r4 ,a %oot ( gold1
 :i* is s        d5se z to be v h>d1 &  
takes a black col\r1 is t]m$            
adamant4 ,!re is also ano!r k9d :i* has 
p>ts ne>ly l        gold1 & ( :i* !re   

are sev]al species2 x is d5s] ?an       
gold1 & x conta9s a small & f9e portion 
( e>?1 & is        !re=e h>d]1 yet also 
light] because ( ! great                
int]/ices :i* x has )9 itself2 & ?is    
sub/ance1 :i*        is "o ( ! bright & 
d5s] k9ds ( wat]1 :5 solidifi$        is
 call$ copp]4 ,!re is an alloy ( e>?    
m+l$ ) x1        :i*1 :5 ! two p>ts gr[ 
old & are disunit$1 %[s        itself   
sep>ately & is call$ ru/4 ,! rema9+     
ph5om5a (        ! same k9d !re w be no 
difficulty 9 reason+ out by !           
me?od ( probabilities4 ,a man may       
sometimes set aside        m$itations   
ab\t et]nal ?+s1 & = recreation turn to 
consid] ! tru?s ( g5]ation :i* are      
probable only2 he        w ?us ga9 a    
pleasure n to be rep5t$ (1 & secure =   
himself :ile he lives a wise & mod]ate  
pa/ime4 ,let u grant        ourselves   
?is indulg5ce1 & g ?r\gh ! probabilities
        relat+ to ! same subjects :i*   
foll[ next 9 ord]4          ,wat] :i* is
 m+l$ ) fire1 s mu* z is f9e & liquid   

7be+ s call$ by reason ( its motion & ! 
way 9 :i* x        rolls along ! gr\nd71
 & s(t1 because its bases give way &    
are less /able ?an ^? ( e>?1 :5 sep>at$ 
f fire &        air & isolat$1 becomes m
 uni=m1 & by _! retirem5t        is     
compress$ into itself2 & if !           
cond5sation be v great1        ! wat]   
above ! e>? becomes hail1 b on ! e>?1   
ice2        & t :i* is congeal$ 9 a less
 degree & is only half        solid1 :5 
above ! e>? is call$ sn[1 & :5 ^u !     
e>?1 & cond5s$ f dew1 ho>-fro/4 ,!n1    
aga91 !re are        ! num]\s k9ds (    
wat] :i* h be5 m+l$ ) "o        ano!r1 &
 are di/ill$ ?r\gh plants :i* gr[ 9 !   
e>?2 & ?is :ole class is call$ by ! "n (
 juices or        saps4 ,! unequal      
admixture ( ^! fluids creates a v>iety (
        species2 mo/ ( !m are nameless1 
b f\r :i* are ( a fi]y        nature are
 cle>ly di/+ui%$ & h names4 ,fir/1 !re  
is        w9e1 :i* w>ms ! s\l z well z !
 body3 secondly1 !re        is ! oily   
nature1 :i* is smoo? & divides ! visual 

ray1        & = ?is reason is bright &  
%9+ & ( a gli/5+        appe>ance1      
includ+ pit*1 ! juice ( ! ca/or b]ry1   
oil        itself1 & o!r ?+s ( a l k9d3 
?irdly1 !re is !        class (         
sub/ances :i* exp& ! contract$ p>ts ( ! 
m\?1 until !y return to _! natural /ate1
 & by reason (        ?is prop]ty create
 sweetness2--^! are includ$ "u !        
g5]al "n ( honey3 &1 la/ly1 !re is a    
fro?y nature1        :i* diff]s f all   
juices1 hav+ a burn+ quality :i*        
dissolves ! fle%2 x is call$ opos 7a    
vegetable acid74          ,z to ! k9ds (
 e>?1 t :i* is filt]$ ?r\gh wat]        
passes into /one 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,!  
wat] :i* mixes        ) ! e>? & is brok5
 up 9 ! process *anges into air1        
& tak+ ?is =m m\nts into its own place4 
,b z !re is        no surr\nd+ vacuum x 
?ru/s away ! neighb\r+ air1 &        ?is
 be+ r5d]$ heavy1 &1 :5 x is displac$1  
hav+ be5        p\r$ ar\nd ! mass ( e>?1
 =cibly compresses x &        drives x  
into ! vacant space :5ce ! new air _h   

come up2        & ! e>? :5 compress$ by 
! air into an indissoluble        union 
) wat] becomes rock4 ,! fair] sort is t 
:i* is        made up ( equal & simil>  
p>ts & is transp>5t2 t :i*        has ! 
opposite qualities is inf]ior4 ,b :5 all
 ! wat]y        "p is sudd5ly drawn out 
by fire1 a m brittle sub/ance is        
=m$1 to :i* we give ! "n ( pott]y4      
,sometimes also        moi/ure may      
rema91 & ! e>? :i* has be5 fus$ by fire 
becomes1 :5 cool1 a c]ta9 /one ( a black
 col\r4 ,a l        sep>ation ( ! wat]  
:i* _h be5 copi\sly m+l$ )        !m may
 occur 9 two sub/ances compos$ ( f9]    
p>ticles (        e>? & ( a br9y nature2
 out ( ei!r ( !m a                      
half-solid-body is !n =m$1 soluble 9    
wat]--! "o1 soda1        :i* is us$ =   
purg+ away oil & e>?1 ! o!r1 salt1      
:i* h>monizes s well 9 comb9ations      
pleas+ to ! palate1        & is1 z ! law
 te/ifies1 a sub/ance de> to ! gods4 ,! 
comp\nds ( e>? & wat] are n soluble by  
wat]1 b by        fire only1 & = ?is    

reason3--,nei!r fire nor air melt masses
        ( e>?2 = _! p>ticles1 be+ small]
 ?an ! int]/ices        9 its /ructure1 
h pl5ty ( room to move )\t =c+        _!
 way1 & s !y leave ! e>? unmelt$ &      
undissolv$2        b p>ticles ( wat]1   
:i* are l>g]1 =ce a passage1 &          
dissolve & melt ! e>?4 ,:]e=e e>? :5 n  
consolidat$ by =ce is dissolv$ by wat]  
only2 :5        consolidat$1 by no?+ b  
fire2 = ?is is ! only body        :i* c 
f9d an entrance4 ,! cohesion ( wat]     
aga91 :5        v /rong1 is dissolv$ by 
fire only--:5 weak]1 !n ei!r        by  
air or fire--! =m] ent]+ ! int]/ices1 & 
!        latt] p5etrat+ ev5 ! triangles4
 ,b no?+ c dissolve        air1 :5      
/rongly cond5s$1 :i* does n rea* !      
elem5ts        or triangles2 or if n    
/rongly cond5s$1 !n only fire c         
dissolve x4 ,z to bodies compos$ ( e>? &
 wat]1 :ile !        wat] occupies !    
vacant int]/ices ( ! e>? 9 !m :i*       
are compress$ by =ce1 ! p>ticles ( wat] 
:i* approa*        !m f )\t1 f9d+ no    

entrance1 fl[ ar\nd ! entire        mass
 & leave x undissolv$2 b ! p>ticles (   
fire1        ent]+ into ! int]/ices ( ! 
wat]1 d to ! wat] :at        wat] does  
to e>? & fire to air 7,! text seems to  
be        corrupt471 & are ! sole causes
 ( ! comp\nd body ( e>?        & wat]   
liquefy+ & becom+ fluid4 ,n[ ^! bodies  
are (        two k9ds2 "s ( !m1 su* z   
glass & ! fusible sort (        /ones1 h
 less wat] ?an !y h e>?2 on ! o!r h&1   
sub/ances ( ! nature ( wax & inc5se h m 
( wat]        ent]+ into _! composition4
          ,i h ?us %[n ! v>i\s classes (
 bodies z !y are        div]sifi$ by _! 
=ms & comb9ations & *anges into "o      
ano!r1 & n[ ,i mu/ endeav\r to set =? _!
 affections        & ! causes ( !m4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 ! bodies :i* ,i        h   
be5 describ+ are necess>ily objects (   
s5se4 ,b we        h n yet consid]$ !   
orig9 ( fle%1 or :at belongs to         
fle%1 or ( t "p ( ! s\l :i* is mortal4  
,& ^!        ?+s _c be adequately       
expla9$ )\t also expla9+ !              

affections :i* are conc]n$ ) s5sation1  
nor ! latt]        )\t ! =m]3 & yet to  
expla9 !m toge!r is h>dly               
possible2 = :i* reason we mu/ assume    
fir/ "o or ! o!r        & aft]w>ds      
exam9e ! nature ( our hypo!sis4 ,9 ord]1
        !n1 t ! affections may foll[    
regul>ly aft] !        elem5ts1 let u   
presuppose ! exi/5ce ( body & s\l4      
,fir/1 let u enquire :at we mean by say+
 t fire is hot2        & ab\t ?is we may
 reason f ! divid+ or cutt+ p[]         
:i* x ex]cises on our bodies4 ,we all ( 
u feel t fire is        %>p2 & we may   
fur!r consid] ! f95ess ( ! sides1 &     
! %>pness ( ! angles1 & ! smallness ( ! 
p>ticles1        & ! swiftness ( !      
motion--all ?is makes ! action ( fire   
viol5t & %>p1 s t x cuts :atev] x meets4
 ,& we mu/        n =get t ! orig9al    
figure ( fire 7i4e4 ! pyramid71        m
 ?an any o!r =m1 has a divid+ p[] :i*   
cuts our        bodies into small pieces
 7,kepmatizei71 & ?us naturally         
produces t affection :i* we call heat2 &

 h5ce ! orig9        ( ! "n 7!pmos1     
,kepma74 ,n[1 ! opposite ( ?is is       
suffici5tly manife/2 nev]!less we w n   
fail to describe        x4 ,= ! l>g]    
p>ticles ( moi/ure :i* surr\nd ! body1  
ent]+ 9 & driv+ out ! less]1 b n be+    
able to        take _! places1 compress 
! moi/ pr9ciple 9 u2 & ?is        f be+ 
unequal & di/urb$1 is =c$ by !m into a  
/ate        ( re/1 :i* is due to        
equability & compression4 ,b ?+s        
:i* are contract$ contr>y to nature are 
by nature at w>1 &        =ce !mselves  
ap>t2 & to ?is w> & convulsion ! "n     
( %iv]+ & trembl+ is giv52 & ! :ole     
affection &        ! cause ( ! affection
 are bo? t]m$ cold4 ,t is call$         
h>d to :i* our fle% yields1 & s(t :i*   
yields to our        fle%2 & ?+s are    
also t]m$ h>d & s(t relatively to "o    
ano!r4 ,t :i* yields has a small base2 b
 t :i* re/s        on quadrangul> bases 
is firmly pos$ & belongs to ! class     
:i* (f]s ! greate/ resi/ance2 s too does
 t :i* is        ! mo/ compact & !re=e  

mo/ repell5t4 ,! nature ( !        light
 & ! heavy w be be/ und]/ood :5 exam9$ 9
        connexion ) our notions ( above 
& bel[2 = x is q a        mi/ake to     
suppose t ! univ]se is p>t$ into two    
regions1        sep>ate f & opposite to 
ea* o!r1 ! "o a l[] to        :i* all   
?+s t5d :i* h any bulk1 & an upp] to :i*
        ?+s only asc5d aga9/ _! w4 ,= z 
! univ]se is 9        ! =m ( a sph]e1   
all ! extremities1 be+ equidi/ant f     
! c5tre1 are equally extremities1 & !   
c5tre1 :i* is        equidi/ant f !m1 is
 equally to be reg>d$ z ! opposite      
( !m all4 ,su* be+ ! nature ( ! _w1 :5 a
 p]son        says t any ( ^! po9ts is  
above or bel[1 may he n be        ju/ly 
*>g$ ) us+ an improp] expression8 ,= !  
c5tre        ( ! _w _c be rightly call$ 
ei!r above or bel[1 b        is ! c5tre 
& no?+ else2 & ! circumf]5ce is n !     
c5tre1 & has 9 no "o "p ( itself a      
diff]5t relation to        ! c5tre f :at
 x has 9 any ( ! opposite p>ts4 ,inde$1 
:5 x is 9 e direction simil>1 h[ c "o   

rightly give        to x names :i* imply
 opposition8 ,= if !re 7 any solid      
body 9 equipoise at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1
 !re w\ld be        no?+ to draw x to   
?is extreme r ?an to t1 = !y        are 
all p]fectly simil>2 & if a p]son 7 to g
 r\nd !        _w 9 a circle1 he w\ld   
(t51 :5 /&+ at ! antipodes        ( 8   
=m] position1 speak ( ! same po9t z     
above &        bel[2 =1 z ,i 0 say+ j   
n[1 to speak ( ! :ole :i*        is 9 ! 
=m ( a globe z hav+ "o "p above & ano!r 
bel[ is n l a s5sible man4 ,! reason :y 
^! names are        us$1 & !            
circum/ances "u :i* !y are ord9>ily     
appli$ by u to ! division ( ! heav5s1   
may be elucidat$        by ! foll[+     
supposition3--if a p]son 7 to /& 9 t    
"p ( ! univ]se :i* is ! appo9t$ place ( 
fire1 &        :]e !re is ! great mass (
 fire to :i* fi]y bodies                
ga!r--if1 ,i say1 he 7 to asc5d ?i!r1 &1
 hav+ !        p[] to d ?is1 7 to       
ab/ract p>ticles ( fire & put !m        
9 scales & weigh !m1 & !n1 rais+ !      

balance1 7 to        draw ! fire by =ce 
t[>ds ! uncong5ial elem5t ( !           
air1 x w\ld be v evid5t t he c\ld compel
 ! small]        mass m readily ?an !   
l>g]2 = :5 two ?+s are                  
simultane\sly rais$ by "o & ! same p[]1 
! small] body        mu/ necess>ily     
yield to ! sup]ior p[] ) less reluctance
        ?an ! l>g]2 & ! l>g] body is    
call$ heavy & said to        t5d        
d[nw>ds1 & ! small] body is call$ light 
& said to        t5d upw>ds4 ,& we may  
detect ourselves :o are ^u ! e>?        
do+ precisely ! same ?+4 ,= we (t5      
sep>ate e>?y        natures1 & sometimes
 e>? itself1 & draw !m into !           
uncong5ial elem5t ( air by =ce & contr>y
 to nature1 bo?        cl++ to _! k9dr$ 
elem5ts4 ,b t :i* is small]             
yields to ! impulse giv5 by u t[>ds !   
dissimil> elem5t        m easily ?an !  
l>g]2 & s we call ! =m] light1 &        
! place t[>ds :i* x is impell$ we call  
above1 & !        contr>y /ate & place  
we call heavy & bel[ respectively4      

,n[ ! relations ( ^! mu/ necess>ily v>y1
 because !        pr9cipal masses ( !   
diff]5t elem5ts hold opposite           
positions2 = t :i* is light1 heavy1 bel[
 or above 9 "o        place w be f\nd to
 be & become contr>y & transv]se &      
e way div]se 9 relation to t :i* is     
light1 heavy1        bel[ or above 9 an 
opposite place4 ,& ab\t all ( !m ?is    
has to be consid]$3--t ! t5d5cy ( ea*   
t[>ds its        k9dr$ elem5t makes !   
body :i* is mov$ heavy1 & !        place
 t[>ds :i* ! motion t5ds bel[1 b ?+s :i*
 h        an opposite t5d5cy we call by 
an opposite "n4 ,su* are !        causes
 :i* we assign to ^! ph5om5a4 ,z to !   
smoo? &        ! r\gh1 any "o :o sees !m
 c expla9 ! reason ( !m        to ano!r4
 ,= r\ghness is h>dness m+l$ )          
irregul>ity1        & smoo?ness is      
produc$ by ! jo9t effect ( uni=mity &   
d5sity4          ,! mo/ important ( !   
affections :i* conc]n ! :ole body       
rema9s to be consid]$--t is1 ! cause (  
pleasure & pa9        9 ! p]ceptions (  

:i* ,i h be5 speak+1 & 9 all        o!r 
?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ by s5se ?r\gh ! p>ts
 (        ! body1 & h bo? pa9s &        
pleasures att5dant on !m4        ,let u 
imag9e ! causes ( e affection1 :e!r (   
s5se or        n1 to be ( ! foll[+      
nature1 rememb]+ t we h        already  
di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! nature :i* is easy &  
:i*        is h>d to move2 = ?is is !   
direction 9 :i* we mu/ hunt        !    
prey :i* we mean to take4 ,a body :i* is
 ( a nature to be        easily mov$1 on
 receiv+ an impression h[ev] slight1    
spreads        abroad ! motion 9 a      
circle1 ! p>ts communicat+ ) ea*        
o!r1 until at la/1 rea*+ ! pr9ciple (   
m9d1 !y        ann\nce ! quality ( !    
ag5t4 ,b a body ( ! opposite        k9d1
 be+ immobile1 & n ext5d+ to ! surr\nd+ 
region1 m]ely receives ! impression1 &  
does n /ir any (        ! neighb\r+     
p>ts2 & s9ce ! p>ts d n di/ribute !     
orig9al impression to o!r p>ts1 x has no
 effect ( motion on        ! :ole       
animal1 & !re=e produces no effect on ! 

pati5t4 ,?is is true ( ! bones & hair & 
o!r m e>?y        p>ts ( ! human body2  
:]eas :at 0 said above relates          
ma9ly to sight & he>+1 because !y h 9 !m
 !        greate/ am\nt ( fire & air4   
,n[ we mu/ conceive ( pleasure        & 
pa9 9 ?is way4 ,an impression produc$ 9 
u contr>y to        nature & viol5t1 if 
sudd51 is pa9ful2 &1 aga91 ! sudd5      
return to nature is pleasant2 b a g5tle 
& gradual return is        imp]ceptible 
& vice v]sa4 ,on ! o!r h& ! impression (
        s5se :i* is mo/ easily produc$  
is mo/ readily felt1 b is        n      
accompani$ by pleasure or pa92 su*1 =   
example1 are !        affections ( !    
sight1 :i*1 z we said above1 is a body  
naturally unit+ ) our body 9 ! day-"t2 =
 cutt+s &        burn+s & o!r affections
 :i* happ5 to ! sight d n        give   
pa91 nor is !re pleasure :5 ! sight     
returns to its        natural /ate2 b ! 
s5sations are cle>e/ & /ronge/          
accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! eye is       
affect$ by !        object1 & itself    

/rikes & t\*es x2 !re is no viol5ce     
ei!r 9 ! contraction or dilation ( !    
eye4 ,b bodies        =m$ ( l>g]        
p>ticles yield to ! ag5t only ) a       
/ruggle2 & !n !y imp>t _! motions to !  
:ole &        cause pleasure & pa9--pa9 
:5 ali5at$ f _! natural                 
conditions1 & pleasure :5 re/or$ to !m4 
,?+s :i*        exp]i5ce gradual )draw+s
 & empty+s ( _! nature1        & great &
 sudd5 repl5i%m5ts1 fail to p]ceive !   
empty+1 b are s5sible ( ! repl5i%m5t2 & 
s !y        occasion no pa91 b ! greate/
 pleasure1 to ! mortal "p        ( !    
s\l1 z is manife/ 9 ! case ( p]fumes4 ,b
 ?+s        :i* are *ang$ all ( a sudd51
 & only gradually & )        difficulty 
return to _! own nature1 h effects 9 e  
way        opposite to ! =m]1 z is      
evid5t 9 ! case ( burn+s &        cutt+s
 ( ! body4          ,?us h we discuss$ !
 g5]al affections ( ! :ole body1        
& ! names ( ! ag5ts :i* produce !m4 ,&  
n[ ,i w        endeav\r to speak ( !    
affections ( p>ticul> p>ts1 & !         

causes & ag5ts ( !m1 z f> z ,i am able4 
,9 ! fir/        place let u set =? :at 
0 omitt$ :5 we 7 speak+ (        juices1
 conc]n+ ! affections peculi> to !      
tongue4 ,^!        too1 l mo/ ( ! o!r   
affections1 appe> to be caus$ by        
c]ta9 contractions & dilations1 b !y h  
besides m (        r\ghness & smoo?ness 
?an is f\nd 9 o!r affections2 =         
:5ev] e>?y p>ticles ent] into ! small   
ve9s :i* are        ! te/+ in/rum5ts ( !
 tongue1 rea*+ to ! he>t1 &        fall 
^u ! moi/1 delicate portions ( fle%--:51
 z !y are        dissolv$1 !y contract &
 dry up ! little ve9s1 !y are           
a/r+5t if !y are r\gh]1 b if n s r\gh1  
!n only        h>%4 ,^? ( !m :i* are (  
an ab/]g5t nature1 & purge        ! :ole
 surface ( ! tongue1 if !y d x 9 excess1
 & s        encroa* z to consume "s "p (
 ! fle% itself1 l pota%        & soda1  
are all t]m$ bitt]4 ,b ! p>ticles :i*   
are        defici5t 9 ! alkal9e quality1
 & :i* cleanse only        mod]ately1   
are call$ salt1 & hav+ no bitt]ness or  

r\ghness1 are reg>d$ z r agreeable ?an  
o!rwise4        ,bodies :i* %>e 9 & are 
made smoo? by ! heat ( !        m\?1 &  
:i* are inflam$1 & aga9 9 turn inflame t
        :i* heats !m1 & :i* are s light 
t !y are c>ri$        upw>ds to !       
s5sations ( ! head1 & cut all t comes 9 
_! way1 by reason ( ^! qualities 9 !m1  
are all t]m$        pung5t4 ,b :5 ^!    
same p>ticles1 ref9$ by putrefaction1   
ent] into ! n>r[ ve9s1 & are duly       
proportion$ to !        p>ticles ( e>? &
 air :i* are !re1 !y set !m        :irl+
 ab\t "o ano!r1 & :ile !y are 9 a :irl  
cause        !m to da% aga9/ & ent] into
 "o ano!r1 & s =m        holl[s surr\nd+
 ! p>ticles t ent]--:i* wat]y vessels   
( air 7= a film ( moi/ure1 sometimes    
e>?y1 sometimes pure1        is spread  
ar\nd ! air7 are holl[ sph]es ( wat]2 & 
^?        ( !m :i* are pure1 are        
transp>5t1 & are call$ bubbles1         
:ile ^? compos$ ( ! e>?y liquid1 :i* is 
9 a /ate (        g5]al agitation &     
eff]vesc5ce1 are said to boil or        

f]m5t--( all ^! affections ! cause is   
t]m$ acid4 ,&        !re is ! opposite  
affection aris+ f an opposite cause1    
:5 ! mass ( ent]+ p>ticles1 imm]s$ 9 !  
moi/ure (        ! m\?1 is cong5ial to !
 tongue1 & smoo?s & oils ov]        !   
r\ghness1 & relaxes ! p>ts :i* are      
unnaturally        contract$1 &         
contracts ! p>ts :i* are relax$1 &      
disposes !m all accord+ to _! nature2--t
 sort ( rem$y        ( viol5t affections
 is pleasant & agreeable to e man1 &    
has ! "n sweet4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4         
,! faculty ( smell does n admit (       
diff]5ces ( k9d2 =        all smells are
 ( a half-=m$ nature1 & no elem5t is s  
proportion$ z to h any smell4 ,! ve9s   
ab\t ! nose are        too n>r[ to admit
 e>? & wat]1 & too wide to deta9 fire   
& air2 & = ?is reason no "o ev] p]ceives
 ! smell (        any ( !m2 b smells    
always proce$ f bodies t are damp1      
or putrefy+1 or liquefy+1 or evaporat+1 
& are p]ceptible        only 9 !        
int]m$iate /ate1 :5 wat] is *ang+ into  

air        & air into wat]2 & all ( !m  
are ei!r vap\r or mi/4        ,t :i* is 
pass+ out ( air into wat] is mi/1 & t   
:i* is pass+ f wat] into air is vap\r2 &
 h5ce all        smells are ?9n] ?an    
wat] & ?ick] ?an air4 ,! pro( (         
?is is1 t :5 !re is any ob/ruction to ! 
respiration1        & a man draws 9 8   
brea? by =ce1 !n no smell filt]s        
?r\gh1 b ! air )\t ! smell alone        
p5etrates4        ,:]e=e ! v>ieties (   
smell h no "n1 & !y h n        _m1 or   
def9ite & simple k9ds2 b !y are di/+ui%$
        only z pa9ful & pleasant1 ! "o  
sort irritat+ &        di/urb+ ! :ole   
cavity :i* is situat$ betwe5 ! head     
& ! navel1 ! o!r hav+ a soo?+ influ5ce1 
&        re/or+ ?is same region to an   
agreeable & natural condition4          
,9 consid]+ ! ?ird k9d ( s5se1 he>+1 we 
mu/ speak (        ! causes 9 :i* x     
orig9ates4 ,we may 9 g5]al assume s\nd  
to be a bl[ :i* passes ?r\gh ! e>s1 & is
 transmitt$ by        means ( ! air1 !  
bra91 & ! blood1 to ! s\l1 & t          

he>+ is ! vibration ( ?is bl[1 :i* beg9s
 9 ! head        & ends 9 ! region ( !  
liv]4 ,! s\nd :i* moves        swiftly  
is acute1 & ! s\nd :i* moves sl[ly is   
grave1 &        t :i* is regul> is      
equable & smoo?1 & ! rev]se is          
h>%4 ,a great body ( s\nd is l\d1 & a   
small body ( s\nd        ! rev]se4      
,respect+ ! h>monies ( s\nd ,i mu/      
h]eaft]        speak4          ,!re is a
 f\r? class ( s5sible ?+s1 hav+ _m      
intricate        v>ieties1 :i* mu/ n[ be
 di/+ui%$4 ,!y are call$ by        !    
g5]al "n ( col\rs1 & are a flame :i*    
emanates f        e sort ( body1 & has  
p>ticles correspond+ to ! s5se        ( 
sight4 ,i h spok5 already1 9 :at has    
prec$$1 ( !        causes :i* g5]ate    
sight1 & 9 ?is place x w be natural     
& suitable to give a rational !ory (    
col\rs4          ,( ! p>ticles com+ f   
o!r bodies :i* fall ^u !        sight1  
"s are small] & "s are l>g]1 & "s are   
equal        to ! p>ts ( ! sight itself4
 ,^? :i* are equal are                  

imp]ceptible1 & we call !m transp>5t4 ,!
 l>g] produce        contraction1 !     
small] dilation1 9 ! sight1 ex]cis+ a   
p[] ak9 to t ( hot & cold bodies on !   
fle%1 or (        a/r+5t bodies on !    
tongue1 or ( ^? heat+ bodies :i*        
we t]m$ pung5t4 ,:ite & black are simil>
 effects (        contraction & dilation
 9 ano!r sph]e1 & = ?is reason        h 
a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,:]e=e1 we ought to
 t]m :ite        t :i* dilates ! visual 
ray1 & ! opposite ( ?is is        black4
 ,!re is also a swift] motion ( a       
diff]5t sort ( fire        :i* /rikes & 
dilates ! ray ( sight until x rea*es !  
eyes1 =c+ a way ?r\gh _! passages &     
melt+ !m1 &        elicit+ f !m a union 
( fire & wat] :i* we call        te>s1  
be+ itself an opposite fire :i* comes to
 !m f an        opposite direction--!   
inn] fire fla%es =? l lightn+1        & 
! out] f9ds a way 9 & is ext+ui%$ 9 !   
moi/ure1        & all sorts ( col\rs are
 g5]at$ by ! mixture4 ,?is              
affection is t]m$ dazzl+1 & ! object :i*

 produces x is        call$ bright &    
fla%+4 ,!re is ano!r sort ( fire :i*    
is int]m$iate1 & :i* rea*es & m+les ) ! 
moi/ure        ( ! eye )\t fla%+2 & 9   
?is1 ! fire m+l+ )        ! ray ( !     
moi/ure1 produces a col\r l blood1 to   
:i*        we give ! "n ( r$4 ,a bright 
hue m+l$ ) r$ & :ite        gives !     
col\r call$ auburn 7,greek74 ,! law (   
proportion1        h[ev]1 accord+ to :i*
 ! sev]al col\rs are =m$1 ev5        if 
a man knew he w\ld be fooli% 9 tell+1 = 
he c\ld n        give any necess>y      
reason1 nor inde$ any tol]able or       
probable        explanation ( !m4 ,aga91
 r$1 :5 m+l$ ) black &        :ite1     
becomes purple1 b x becomes umb]        
7,greek7 :5 !        col\rs are burnt z 
well z m+l$ & ! black is m              
?or\ghly mix$ ) !m4 ,flame-col\r        
7,greek7 is produc$ by a        union ( 
auburn & dun 7,greek71 & dun by an      
admixture ( black        & :ite2 pale   
yell[ 7,greek71 by an admixture ( :ite &
        auburn4 ,:ite & bright meet+1 & 

fall+ ^u a full black1        become d>k
 blue 7,greek71 & :5 d>k blue m+les )   
:ite1        a light blue 7,greek7 col\r
 is =m$1 z flame-col\r ) black          
makes leek gre5 7,greek74 ,!re w be no  
difficulty 9 see+        h[ & by :at    
mixtures ! col\rs d]iv$ f ^! are made   
accord+ to ! rules ( probability4 ,he1  
h[ev]1 :o %\ld        attempt to v]ify  
all ?is by exp]im5t1 w\ld =get !        
diff]5ce ( ! human & div9e nature4 ,=   
,god only has !        k & also ! p[]   
:i* are able to comb9e _m        ?+s    
into "o & aga9 resolve ! "o into _m4 ,b 
no man        ei!r is or ev] w be able  
to accompli% ei!r ! "o or        ! o!r  
op]ation4          ,^! are ! elem5ts1   
?us ( necessity !n subsi/+1 :i*        !
 creator ( ! faire/ & be/ ( creat$ ?+s  
associat$        ) himself1 :5 he made !
 self-suffic+ & mo/ p]fect        ,god1 
us+ ! necess>y causes z 8 m9i/]s 9 !    
accompli%m5t ( 8 "w1 b himself contriv+ 
! good 9        all 8 creations4 ,:]e=e 
we may di/+ui% two sorts (              

causes1 ! "o div9e & ! o!r necess>y1 &  
may seek =        ! div9e 9 all ?+s1 z  
f> z our nature admits1 ) a        view 
to ! bless$ life2 b ! necess>y k9d only 
= !        sake ( ! div9e1 consid]+ t   
)\t !m & :5        isolat$ f !m1 ^!     
high] ?+s = :i* we look _c        be    
appreh5d$ or receiv$ or 9 any way %>$ by
 u4          ,see+1 !n1 t we h n[ prep>$
 = our use ! v>i\s        classes (     
causes :i* are ! mat]ial out ( :i* !    
rema9d] ( our disc\rse mu/ be wov51 j z 
wood is !        mat]ial ( ! c>p5t]1 let
 u rev]t 9 a few words to !        po9t 
at :i* we began1 & !n endeav\r to add on
 a suitable        end+ to ! beg9n+ (   
our tale4          ,z ,i said at fir/1  
:5 all ?+s 7 9 disord] ,god creat$      
9 ea* ?+ 9 relation to itself1 & 9 all  
?+s 9        relation to ea* o!r1 all ! 
measures & h>monies :i* !y        c\ld  
possibly receive4 ,= 9 ^? days no?+ _h  
any        proportion except by accid5t2
 nor did any ( ! ?+s :i*        n[ h    
names des]ve to be nam$ at all--z1 =    

example1 fire1        wat]1 & ! re/ ( ! 
elem5ts4 ,all ^! ! creator fir/         
set 9 ord]1 & out ( !m he con/ruct$ !   
univ]se1 :i*        0 a s+le animal     
compreh5d+ 9 itself all o!r animals1    
mortal & immortal4 ,n[ ( ! div9e1 he    
himself 0 !        creator1 b ! creation
 ( ! mortal he committ$ to 8            
(fspr+4 ,& !y1 imitat+ him1 receiv$ f   
him !        immortal pr9ciple ( ! s\l2 
& ar\nd ?is !y proce$$ to        fa%ion 
a mortal body1 & made x to be ! vehicle 
( ! s\l1        & con/ruct$ )9 ! body a 
s\l ( ano!r nature :i*        0 mortal1 
subject to t]rible & irresi/ible        
affections1--fir/ ( all1 pleasure1 !    
greate/ incitem5t to        evil2 !n1   
pa91 :i* det]s f good2 also ra%ness &   
fe>1        two fooli% c\nsellors1 ang] 
h>d to be appeas$1 & hope        easily 
l$ a/ray2--^! !y m+l$ ) irrational s5se 
&        ) all-d>+ love accord+ to      
necess>y laws1 & s fram$        man4    
,:]e=e1 fe>+ to pollute ! div9e any m   
?an 0        absolutely unavoidable1 !y 

gave to ! mortal nature a sep>ate       
habitation 9 ano!r "p ( ! body1 plac+ ! 
neck betwe5        !m to be ! i/hmus &  
b\nd>y1 :i* !y con/ruct$        betwe5 !
 head & brea/1 to keep !m ap>t4 ,& 9 !  
brea/1 & 9 :at is t]m$ ! ?orax1 !y      
encas$ ! mortal        s\l2 & z ! "o "p 
( ?is 0 sup]ior & ! o!r        inf]ior  
!y divid$ ! cavity ( ! ?orax into two   
p>ts1 z        ! wom5's & m5's ap>tm5ts 
are divid$ 9 h\ses1 &        plac$ !    
midriff to be a wall ( p>tition betwe5  
!m4 ,t        "p ( ! inf]ior s\l :i* is 
end[$ ) c\rage &        passion & loves 
cont5tion !y settl$ ne>] ! head1 midway 
betwe5 ! midriff & ! neck1 9 ord] t x   
might be "u        ! rule ( reason &    
might jo9 ) x 9 controll+ &             
re/ra9+ ! desires :5 !y are no long]    
will+ ( _!        own accord to obey !  
^w ( comm& issu+ f ! citadel4           
,! he>t1 ! knot ( ! ve9s & ! f\nta9 ( ! 
blood        :i* races ?r\gh all !      
limbs1 0 set 9 ! place ( gu>d1        t 
:5 ! might ( passion 0 r\s$ by reason   

mak+        proclamation ( any wrong    
assail+ !m f )\t or be+        p]petrat$
 by ! desires )91 quickly ! :ole p[] (  
feel+ 9 ! body1 p]ceiv+ ^! comm&s &     
?reats1 might        obey & foll[ ?r\gh 
e turn & alley1 & ?us all[ !            
pr9ciple ( ! be/ to h ! comm& 9 all (   
!m4 ,b !        gods1 =ekn[+ t !        
palpitation ( ! he>t 9 !                
expectation ( dang] & ! swell+ &        
excitem5t ( passion        0 caus$ by   
fire1 =m$ & implant$ z a support] to !  
he>t ! lung1 :i* 01 9 ! fir/ place1 s(t 
&        bloodless1 & also _h )9 holl[s 
l ! pores ( a        sponge1 9 ord] t by
 receiv+ ! brea? & ! dr9k1 x            
might give coolness & ! p[] (           
respiration & alleviate        ! heat4  
,:]e=e !y cut ! air-*annels lead+ to !  
lung1 & plac$ ! lung ab\t ! he>t z a s(t
 spr+1 t1        :5 passion 0 rife )91 !
 he>t1 beat+ aga9/ a        yield+ body1
 might be cool$ & suff] less1 & might   
?us        become m ready to jo9 )      
passion 9 ! s]vice ( reason4          ,!

 "p ( ! s\l :i* desires meats & dr9ks & 
! o!r        ?+s ( :i* x has ne$ by     
reason ( ! bodily nature1 !y            
plac$ betwe5 ! midriff & ! b\nd>y ( !   
navel1        contriv+ 9 all ?is region 
a sort ( mang] = ! food (        ! body2
 & !re !y b\nd x d[n l a wild animal :i*
        0 *a9$ up ) man1 & mu/ be n\ri%$
 if man 0 to        exi/4 ,!y appo9t$   
?is l[] creation 8 place "h 9 ord]      
t he might be always fe$+ at ! mang]1 & 
h 8        dwell+ z f> z might be f !   
c\ncil-*amb]1 mak+ z        little noise
 & di/urbance z possible1 & p]mitt+ !   
be/        "p to advise quietly = ! good
 ( ! :ole4 ,& kn[+        t ?is l[]     
pr9ciple 9 man w\ld n compreh5d reason1 
&        ev5 if atta9+ to "s degree (   
p]ception w\ld nev]        naturally c>e
 = rational notions1 b t x w\ld be l$   
away by phantoms & visions night &      
day1--to be a rem$y =        ?is1 ,god  
comb9$ ) x ! liv]1 & plac$ x 9 ! h\se   
( ! l[] nature1 contriv+ t x %\ld be    
solid &        smoo?1 & bright & sweet1 

& %\ld also h a bitt]        quality1 9 
ord] t ! p[] ( ?\ght1 :i* proce$s f     
! m9d1 might be reflect$ z 9 a mirror   
:i* receives        lik5esses ( objects 
& gives back images ( !m to ! sight2    
& s might /rike t]ror into ! desires1   
:51 mak+ use (        ! bitt] "p ( !    
liv]1 to :i* x is ak91 x comes          
?reat5+ & invad+1 & diffus+ ?is bitt]   
elem5t        swiftly ?r\gh ! :ole liv] 
produces col\rs l bile1 &               
contract+ e "p makes x wr9kl$ & r\gh2 & 
twi/+        out ( its "r place &       
contort+ ! lobe & clos+ &        %utt+  
up ! vessels & gates1 causes pa9 &      
loa?+4 ,&        ! conv]se happ5s :5 "s 
g5tle inspiration ( !        und]/&+    
pictures images ( an opposite "*1 &     
allays ! bile & bitt]ness by refus+ to  
/ir or t\* !        nature oppos$ to    
itself1 b by mak+ use ( ! natural       
sweetness ( ! liv]1 corrects all ?+s &  
makes !m to be        "r & smoo? & free1
 & r5d]s ! portion ( ! s\l        :i*   
resides ab\t ! liv] happy & joyful1     

enabl+ x to        pass ! night 9 peace1
 & to practise div9ation 9 sleep1       
inasmu* z x has no %>e 9 m9d & reason4  
,= ! au?ors        ( our be+1 rememb]+ !
 comm& ( _! fa!r :5 he        bade !m   
create ! human race z good z !y c\ld1 t 
!y        might correct our inf]ior p>ts
 & make !m to atta9 a        measure (  
tru?1 plac$ 9 ! liv] ! seat ( div9ation4
 ,&        h]e9 is a pro( t ,god has    
giv5 ! art ( div9ation n to        !    
wisdom1 b to ! fooli%ness ( man4 ,no    
man1 :5 9 8        wits1 atta9s         
prophetic tru? & inspiration2 b :5 he   
receives ! inspir$ ^w1 ei!r 8           
intellig5ce is en?rall$        9 sleep1 
or he is dem5t$ by "s di/emp] or        
possession4 ,&        he :o w\ld und]/& 
:at he rememb]s to h be5 said1          
:e!r 9 a dream or :5 he 0 awake1 by !   
prophetic &        inspir$ nature1 or   
w\ld det]m9e by reason ! mean+ ( !      
app>itions :i* he has se51 & :at        
indications !y af=d        to ?is man or
 t1 ( pa/1 pres5t or future good & evil1

        mu/ fir/ recov] 8 wits4 ,b1 :ile
 he cont9ues dem5t$1 he        _c judge 
( ! visions :i* he sees or ! words :i*  
he        utt]s2 ! anci5t say+ is v     
true1 t #8only a man :o has        8    
wits c act or judge ab\t himself & 8 own
 affairs4' ,&        = ?is reason x is  
cu/om>y to appo9t int]pret]s to be      
judges ( ! true inspiration4 ,"s p]sons 
call !m prophets2        !y are q unaw>e
 t !y are only ! expositors ( d>k       
say+s & visions1 & are n to be call$    
prophets at all1        b only          
int]pret]s ( prophecy4          ,su* is 
! nature ( ! liv]1 :i* is plac$ z we h  
describ$ 9 ord] t x may give prophetic  
intimations4 ,dur+        ! life ( ea*  
individual ^! intimations are pla9]1 b  
aft] 8 dea? ! liv] becomes bl9d1 &      
deliv]s oracles too        obscure to be
 intelligible4 ,! neighb\r+ organ 7!    
sple57        is situat$ on ! left-h&   
side1 & is con/ruct$ ) a view        (  
keep+ ! liv] bright & pure1--l a napk91 
always ready        prep>$ & at h& to   

clean ! mirror4 ,& h5ce1 :5 any         
impurities arise 9 ! region ( ! liv] by 
reason (        disord]s ( ! body1 !    
loose nature ( ! sple51 :i* is          
compos$ ( a holl[ & bloodless tissue1   
receives !m all &        cle>s !m away1 
& :5 fill$ ) ! unclean matt]1 swells    
& fe/]s1 b1 aga91 :5 ! body is purg$1   
settles d[n        into ! same place z  
be=e1 & is humbl$4          ,conc]n+ !  
s\l1 z to :i* "p is mortal & :i* div9e1 
& h[ & :y !y are sep>at$1 & :]e locat$1 
if ,god        ackn[l$ges t we h spok5 !
 tru?1 !n1 & !n only1        c we be    
confid5t2 /ill1 we may v5ture to ass]t t
 :at        has be5 said by u is        
probable1 & w be r5d]$ m        probable
 by inve/igation4 ,let u assume ?us mu*4
          ,! creation ( ! re/ ( ! body  
foll[s next 9 ord]1 &        ?is we may 
inve/igate 9 a simil> mann]4 ,& x appe>s
 to be        v meet t ! body %\ld be   
fram$ on ! foll[+        pr9ciples3--   
,! au?ors ( our race 7 aw>e t we %\ld be
 intemp]ate        9 eat+ & dr9k+1 &    

take a good deal m ?an 0        necess>y
 or prop]1 by reason ( gluttony4 ,9 ord]
 !n t        disease might n quickly    
de/roy u1 & le/ our mortal race         
%\ld p]i% )\t fulfill+ its end--int5d+  
to provide        aga9/ ?is1 ! gods made
 :at is call$ ! l[] belly1 to be        
a receptacle = ! sup]flu\s meat & dr9k1 
& =m$ !        convolution ( ! b[els1 s 
t ! food might be prev5t$        f pass+
 quickly ?r\gh & compell+ ! body to     
require        m food1 ?us produc+      
insatiable gluttony1 & mak+ !           
:ole race an enemy to philosophy &      
music1 & rebelli\s        aga9/ ! div9e/
 elem5t )9 u4          ,! bones & fle%1 
& o!r simil> p>ts ( u1 7 made z         
foll[s4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ( !m 0 ! 
g5]ation (        ! m>r[4 ,= ! bonds (  
life :i* unite ! s\l ) !        body are
 made fa/ !re1 & !y are ! root &        
f\ndation (        ! human race4 ,! m>r[
 itself is creat$ out ( o!r             
mat]ials3 ,god took su* ( ! prim>y      
triangles z 7        /raight & smoo?1 & 

7 adapt$ by _! p]fection to             
produce fire & wat]1 & air & e>?--^!1 ,i
 say1 he        sep>at$ f _! k9ds1 &    
m+l+ !m 9 due proportions        ) "o   
ano!r1 made ! m>r[ out ( !m to be a     
univ]sal        se$ ( ! :ole race (     
mank9d2 & 9 ?is se$ he !n        plant$ 
& enclos$ ! s\ls1 & 9 ! orig9al         
di/ribution        gave to ! m>r[ z _m &
 v>i\s =ms z ! diff]5t        k9ds (    
s\ls 7 h]eaft] to receive4 ,t :i*1 l a  
field1 0 to receive ! div9e se$1 he made
 r\nd e way1        & call$ t portion ( 
! m>r[1 bra91 int5d+ t1        :5 an    
animal 0 p]fect$1 ! vessel conta9+ ?is  
sub/ance %\ld be ! head2 b t :i* 0      
int5d$ to        conta9 ! rema9+ &      
mortal "p ( ! s\l he di/ribut$          
into figures at once r\nd & elongat$1 & 
he call$ !m all        by ! "n #8m>r['2 
& to ^!1 z to an*ors1 fa/5+ !           
bonds ( ! :ole s\l1 he proce$$ to fa%ion
 ar\nd !m !        entire framework (   
our body1 con/ruct+ = ! m>r[1 fir/      
( all a complete cov]+ ( bone4          

,bone 0 compos$ by him 9 ! foll[+ mann]4
 ,hav+ sift$        pure & smoo? e>? he 
knead$ x & wett$ x ) m>r[1        & aft]
 t he put x into fire & !n into wat]1 & 
once        m into fire & aga9 into     
wat]--9 ?is way by frequ5t              
transf]s f "o to ! o!r he made x        
insoluble by ei!r4        ,out ( ?is he 
fa%ion$1 z 9 a la!1 a globe made ( bone1
        :i* he plac$ ar\nd ! bra91 & 9  
?is he left a n>r[        op5+2 & ar\nd 
! m>r[ ( ! neck & back he =m$           
v]tebrae :i* he plac$ "u "o ano!r l     
pivots1        beg9n+ at ! head & ext5d+
 ?r\gh ! :ole ( !        trunk4 ,?us    
wi%+ to pres]ve ! entire se$1 he enclos$
 x        9 a /one-l cas+1 ins]t+ jo9ts1
 & us+ 9 !        =mation ( !m ! p[] ( !
 o!r or div]se z an        int]m$iate   
nature1 t !y might h motion & flexure4  
,!n aga91 consid]+ t ! bone w\ld be too 
brittle &        inflexible1 & :5 heat$ 
& aga9 cool$ w\ld soon mortify        & 
de/roy ! se$ )9--hav+ ?is 9 view1 he    
contriv$ !        s9ews & ! fle%1 t s   

b9d+ all ! memb]s toge!r by        !    
s9ews1 :i* admitt$ ( be+ /ret*$ & relax$
 ab\t        ! v]tebrae1 he might ?us   
make ! body capable ( flexion &         
ext5sion1 :ile ! fle% w\ld s]ve z a     
protection aga9/        ! summ] heat &  
aga9/ ! w9t] cold1 & also aga9/         
falls1 s(tly & easily yield+ to ext]nal 
bodies1 l        articles made ( felt2 &
 conta9+ 9 itself a w>m moi/ure         
:i* 9 summ] exudes & makes ! surface    
damp1 w\ld imp>t a        natural       
coolness to ! :ole body2 & aga9 9 w9t]  
by !        help ( ?is int]nal w>m? w\ld
 =m a v tol]able def5ce        aga9/ !  
fro/ :i* surr\nds x & attacks x f )\t4  
,he :o modell$ u1 consid]+ ^! ?+s1 mix$ 
e>? )        fire & wat] & bl5d$ !m2 &  
mak+ a f]m5t ( acid &        salt1 he   
m+l$ x ) !m & =m$ s(t & succul5t        
fle%4 ,z = ! s9ews1 he made !m ( a      
mixture ( bone &        unf]m5t$ fle%1  
attemp]$ s z to be 9 a mean1 & gave     
!m a yell[ col\r2 :]e=e ! s9ews h a     
firm] & m        glut9\s nature ?an     

fle%1 b a s(t] & moi/] nature ?an       
! bones4 ,) ^! ,god cov]$ ! bones &     
m>r[1 b9d+        !m toge!r by s9ews1 & 
!n en%r\d$ !m all 9 an upp]        cov]+
 ( fle%4 ,! m liv+ & s5sitive ( ! bones 
he        enclos$ 9 ! ?9ne/ film ( fle%1
 & ^? :i* _h !        lea/ life )9 !m 9 
! ?icke/ & mo/ solid fle%4 ,s           
aga9 on ! jo9ts ( ! bones1 :]e reason   
indicat$ t no        m 0 requir$1 he    
plac$ only a ?9 cov]+ ( fle%1 t        x
 might n int]f]e ) ! flexion ( our      
bodies & make        !m unwieldy because
 difficult to move2 & also t x might    
n1 by be+ cr[d$ & press$ & matt$ toge!r1
 de/roy        s5sation by reason ( its 
h>dness1 & impair ! memory &        dull
 ! edge ( intellig5ce4 ,:]e=e also !    
?ighs & !        %anks & ! hips1 & !    
bones ( ! arms & ! =e>ms1        & o!r  
p>ts :i* h no jo9ts1 & ! inn] bones1 :i*
        on acc\nt ( ! r>ity ( ! s\l 9 ! 
m>r[ are de/itute        ( reason--all  
^! are abundantly provid$ ) fle%2 b su* 
z h m9d 9 !m are 9 g5]al less fle%y1    

except :]e !        creator has made "s 
"p solely ( fle% 9 ord] to give         
s5sation1--z1 = example1 ! tongue4 ,b   
commonly ?is is n        ! case4 ,= !   
nature :i* comes into be+ & gr[s up 9   
u by a law ( necessity1 does n admit ( !
 comb9ation (        solid bone & mu*   
fle% ) acute p]ceptions4 ,m ?an any     
o!r "p ! framework ( ! head w\ld h _h   
!m1 if !y        c\ld h co-exi/$1 & !   
human race1 hav+ a /rong &        fle%y 
& s9ewy head1 w\ld h _h a life twice or 
_m times        z long z x n[ has1 &    
also m heal?y & free f pa94        ,b   
our creators1 consid]+ :e!r !y %\ld make
 a        long]-liv$ race :i* 0 worse1  
or a %ort]-liv$ race :i*        0 bett]1
 came to ! conclusion t e "o ought to   
pref]        a %ort] span ( life1 :i* 0 
bett]1 to a long] "o1 :i*        0      
worse2 & !re=e !y cov]$ ! head ) ?9     
bone1        b n ) fle% & s9ews1 s9ce x 
_h no jo9ts2 & ?us        ! head 0 add$1
 hav+ m wisdom & s5sation ?an !         
re/ ( ! body1 b also be+ 9 e man f>     

weak]4 ,=        ^! reasons & aft] ?is  
mann] ,god plac$ ! s9ews at !           
extremity ( ! head1 9 a circle r\nd !   
neck1 & glu$ !m        toge!r by !      
pr9ciple ( lik5ess & fa/5$ !            
extremities ( ! jawbones to !m bel[ !   
face1 & ! o!r        s9ews he disp]s$   
?r\gh\t ! body1 fa/5+ limb to limb4     
,! fram]s ( u fram$ ! m\?1 z n[ arrang$1
 hav+ tee?        & tongue & lips1 ) a  
view to ! necess>y & ! good             
contriv+ ! way 9 = necess>y purposes1 ! 
way out = !        be/ purposes2 = t is 
necess>y :i* ent]s 9 & gives        food
 to ! body2 b ! riv] ( spee*1 :i* fl[s  
out ( a        man & m9i/]s to !        
intellig5ce1 is ! faire/ & noble/       
( all /reams4 ,/ill ! head c\ld nei!r be
 left a b>e frame        ( bones1 on    
acc\nt ( ! extremes ( heat & cold 9 !   
diff]5t seasons1 nor yet be all[$ to be 
:olly cov]$1 &        s become dull &   
s5seless by reason ( an ov]gr[? ( fle%4 
,! fle%y nature 0 n !re=e :olly dri$ up1
 b a l>ge        sort ( peel 0 p>t$ (f &

 rema9$ ov]1 :i* is n[        call$ !   
sk94 ,?is met & grew by ! help ( !      
c]ebral        moi/ure1 & became !      
circul> envelopm5t ( ! head4 ,&        !
 moi/ure1 ris+ up "u ! sutures1 wat]$ & 
clos$ 9        ! sk9 ^u ! cr[n1 =m+ a   
sort ( knot4 ,! div]sity (        !     
sutures 0 caus$ by ! p[] ( ! c\rses ( ! 
s\l        & ( ! food1 & ! m ^! /ruggl$ 
aga9/ "o ano!r        ! m num]\s !y     
became1 & few] if ! /ruggle 7           
less viol5t4 ,?is sk9 ! div9e p[] pi]c$ 
all r\nd )        fire1 & out ( !       
punctures :i* 7 ?us made ! moi/ure      
issu$ =?1 & ! liquid & heat :i* 0 pure  
came away1        & a mix$ "p :i* 0     
compos$ ( ! same mat]ial z !        sk91
 & _h a f95ess equal to ! punctures1 0  
borne up by        its own impulse &    
ext5d$ f> outside ! head1 b be+ too     
sl[ to escape1 0 ?ru/ back by ! ext]nal 
air1 & roll$        up und]nea? ! sk91  
:]e x took root4 ,?us ! hair sprang     
up 9 ! sk91 be+ ak9 to x because x is l 
?reads (        lea!r1 b r5d]$ h>d] &   

clos] ?r\gh ! pressure (        ! cold1 
by :i* ea* hair1 :ile 9 process (       
sep>ation f        ! sk91 is compress$ &
 cool$4 ,:]e=e ! creator =m$        !   
head hairy1 mak+ use ( ! causes :i* ,i h
 m5tion$1        & reflect+ also t      
in/ead ( fle% ! bra9 ne$$ !        hair 
to be a light cov]+ or gu>d1 :i* w\ld   
give %ade 9        summ] & %elt] 9 w9t]1
 & at ! same "t w\ld n        imp$e our 
quickness ( p]ception4 ,f ! comb9ation (
        s9ew1 sk91 & bone1 9 ! /ructure 
( ! f+]1 !re        arises a triple     
comp\nd1 :i*1 :5 dri$ up1 takes ! =m (  
"o h>d sk9 p>tak+ ( all ?ree natures1 & 
0 fabricat$        by ^! second causes1 
b design$ by m9d :i* is !               
pr9cipal cause ) an eye to ! future4 ,= 
our creators well        knew t wom5 &  
o!r animals w\ld "s day be fram$ out (  
m51 & !y fur!r knew t _m animals w\ld   
require !        use ( nails = _m       
purposes2 :]e=e !y fa%ion$ 9 m5         
at _! fir/ creation ! rudim5ts ( nails4 
,= ?is purpose        & = ^! reasons !y 

caus$ sk91 hair1 & nails to gr[         
at ! extremities ( ! limbs4          ,& 
n[ t all ! p>ts & memb]s ( ! mortal     
animal _h        come toge!r1 s9ce its  
life ( necessity consi/$ ( fire &       
brea?1 & x !re=e wa/$ away by           
dissolution &        depletion1 ! gods  
contriv$ ! foll[+ rem$y3 ,!y m+l$       
a nature ak9 to t ( man ) o!r =ms &     
p]ceptions1        & ?us creat$ ano!r   
k9d ( animal4 ,^! are ! trees &         
plants & se$s :i* h be5 improv$ by      
cultivation & are        n[ dome/icat$  
among u2 anci5tly !re 7 only ! wild     
k9ds1 :i* are old] ?an ! cultivat$4 ,=  
ev]y?+ t        p>takes ( life may be   
truly call$ a liv+ be+1 & !             
animal ( :i* we are n[ speak+ p>takes ( 
! ?ird k9d (        s\l1 :i* is said to 
be seat$ betwe5 ! midriff & !           
navel1 hav+ no "p 9 op9ion or reason or 
m9d1 b only 9        feel+s ( pleasure &
 pa9 & ! desires :i* accompany          
!m4 ,= ?is nature is always 9 a passive 
/ate1 revolv+ 9        & ab\t itself1   

repell+ ! motion f )\t & us+ its        
own1 & accord+ly is n end[$ by nature ) 
! p[] (        obs]v+ or reflect+ on its
 own conc]ns4 ,:]e=e x lives        &   
does n diff] f a liv+ be+1 b is fix$ &  
root$        9 ! same spot1 hav+ no p[] 
( self-motion4          ,n[ aft] !      
sup]ior p[]s _h creat$ all ^! natures to
 be        food = u :o are ( ! inf]ior  
nature1 !y cut v>i\s        *annels     
?r\gh ! body z ?r\gh a g>d51 t x might  
be        wat]$ z f a runn+ /ream4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 !y cut        two hidd5     
*annels or ve9s d[n ! back :]e ! sk9 & !
        fle% jo91 :i* answ]$ sev]ally to
 ! "r & left side        ( ! body4 ,^!  
!y let d[n along ! backbone1 s z to     
h ! m>r[ ( g5]ation betwe5 !m1 :]e x 0  
mo/        likely to fl\ri%1 & 9 ord] t 
! /ream com+ d[n f        above might   
fl[ freely to ! o!r p>ts1 & equalize !  
irrigation4 ,9 ! next place1 !y divid$ !
 ve9s ab\t !        head1 & int]lac+ !m1
 !y s5t !m 9 opposite        directions2
 ^? com+ f ! "r side !y s5t to !        

left ( ! body1 & ^? f ! left !y div]t$  
t[>ds        ! "r1 s t !y & ! sk9 might 
toge!r =m a bond        :i* %\ld fa/5 ! 
head to ! body1 s9ce ! cr[n ( !         
head 0 n encircl$ by s9ews2 & also 9    
ord] t !        s5sations f bo? sides   
might be di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole           
body4 ,& next1 !y ord]$ ! wat]-c\rses ( 
! body 9 a        mann] :i* ,i w        
describe1 & :i* w be m easily           
und]/ood if we beg9 by admitt+ t all ?+s
 :i* h        less] p>ts reta9 ! great]1
 b ! great] _c reta9        ! less]4 ,n[
 ( all natures fire has ! smalle/ p>ts1 
&        !re=e p5etrates ?r\gh e>? &    
wat] & air & _!        comp\nds1 nor c  
any?+ hold x4 ,& a simil> pr9ciple      
applies to ! human belly2 = :5 meats &  
dr9ks ent] x1        x holds !m1 b x _c 
hold air & fire1 because !              
p>ticles ( :i* !y consi/ are small] ?an 
its own        /ructure4          ,^!   
elem5ts1 !re=e1 ,god employ$ = ! sake ( 
di/ribut+ moi/ure f ! belly into ! ve9s1
 weav+        toge!r a network ( fire & 

air l a weel1 hav+ at !        entrance 
two less] weels2 fur!r he con/ruct$ "o (
 ^!        ) two op5+s1 & f ! less]     
weels he ext5d$ cords        rea*+ all  
r\nd to ! extremities ( ! network4 ,all 
!        int]ior ( ! net he made ( fire1
 b ! less] weels &        _! cavity1 (  
air4 ,! network he took & spread ov] !  
newly-=m$ animal 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,he 
let ! less]        weels pass into !    
m\?2 !re 7 two ( !m1 & "o he let        
d[n by ! air-pipes into ! lungs1 ! o!r  
by ! side (        ! air-pipes into !   
belly4 ,! =m] he divid$ into two        
bran*es1 bo? ( :i* he made to meet at ! 
*annels ( !        nose1 s t :5 ! way   
?r\gh ! m\? did n act1 !        /reams (
 ! m\? z well 7 repl5i%$ ?r\gh ! nose4  
,) ! o!r cavity 7i4e4 ( ! great] weel7  
he envelop$ !        holl[ p>ts ( !     
body1 & at "o "t he made all ?is to     
fl[ into ! less] weels1 q g5tly1 = !y   
are compos$        ( air1 & at ano!r "t 
he caus$ ! less] weels to fl[           
back aga92 & ! net he made to f9d a way 

9 & out ?r\gh        ! pores ( ! body1 &
 ! rays ( fire :i* are b\nd fa/         
)9 foll[$ ! passage ( ! air ei!r way1   
nev] at any        "t ceas+ s long z !  
mortal be+ holds toge!r4 ,?is           
process1 z we affirm1 ! "n-giv] nam$    
inspiration &        expiration4 ,& all 
?is movem5t1 active z well z passive1   
takes place 9 ord] t ! body1 be+ wat]$ &
 cool$1 may        receive n\ri%m5t &   
life2 = :5 ! respiration is go+        9
 & out1 & ! fire1 :i* is fa/ b\nd )91   
foll[s x1        & ev] & anon mov+ to & 
fro1 ent]s ?r\gh ! belly &        rea*es
 ! meat & dr9k1 x dissolves !m1 & divid+
 !m        into small portions & guid+  
!m ?r\gh ! passages :]e        x goes1  
pumps !m z f a f\nta9 into ! *annels ( !
        ve9s1 & makes ! /ream ( ! ve9s  
fl[ ?r\gh ! body z        ?r\gh a       
conduit4          ,let u once m consid] 
! ph5om5a ( respiration1 &              
enquire into ! causes :i* h made x :at x
 is4 ,!y are        z foll[s3--,see+ t  
!re is no su* ?+ z a vacuum into        

:i* any ( ^? ?+s :i* are mov$ c ent]1 & 
!        brea? is c>ri$ f u into !      
ext]nal air1 ! next po9t        is1 z w 
be cle> to e "o1 t x does n g into a    
vacant space1 b pu%es its neighb\r out (
 its place1 & t        :i* is ?ru/ out 9
 turn drives out its neighb\r2 & 9 ?is  
way ev]y?+ ( necessity at la/ comes r\nd
 to t place        f :5ce ! brea? came  
=?1 & ent]s 9 !re1 &        foll[+ !    
brea?1 fills up ! vacant space2 & ?is   
goes on        l ! rotation ( a :eel1   
because !re c be no su* ?+        z a   
vacuum4 ,:]e=e also ! brea/ & ! lungs1  
:5 !y        emit ! brea?1 are repl5i%$ 
by ! air :i* surr\nds !        body &   
:i* ent]s 9 ?r\gh ! pores ( ! fle% & is 
driv5 r\nd 9 a circle2 & aga91 ! air :i*
 is s5t away        & passes out ?r\gh !
 body =ces ! brea? inw>ds ?r\gh        !
 passage ( ! m\? & ! no/rils4 ,n[ !     
orig9 ( ?is        movem5t may be       
suppos$ to be z foll[s4 ,9 ! int]ior (  
e animal ! hotte/ "p is t :i* is ar\nd !
 blood        & ve9s2 x is 9 a mann] an 

int]nal f\nta9 ( fire1 :i*        we    
comp>e to ! network ( a creel1 be+ wov5 
all ( fire &        ext5d$ ?r\gh ! c5tre
 ( ! body1 :ile ! out] p>ts        are  
compos$ ( air4 ,n[ we mu/ admit t heat  
naturally        proce$s outw>d to its  
own place & to its k9dr$ elem5t2 &      
z !re are two exits = ! heat1 ! "o out  
?r\gh !        body1 & ! o!r ?r\gh ! m\?
 & no/rils1 :5 x moves        t[>ds !   
"o1 x drives r\nd ! air at ! o!r1 & t   
:i* is driv5 r\nd falls into ! fire &   
becomes w>m1 &        t :i* goes =? is  
cool$4 ,b :5 ! heat *anges its          
place1 & ! p>ticles at ! o!r exit gr[   
w>m]1 !        hott] air incl9+ 9 t     
direction & c>ri$ t[>ds its             
native elem5t1 fire1 pu%es r\nd ! air at
 ! o!r2 & ?is        be+ affect$ 9 !    
same way & communicat+ ! same           
impulse1 a circul> motion sway+ to & fro
 is produc$ by !        d\ble process1  
:i* we call inspiration & expiration4   
,! ph5om5a ( m$ical cupp+-glasses & ( ! 
swall[+ (        dr9k & ( ! projection (

 bodies1 :e!r dis*>g$ 9 !        air or 
b[l$ along ! gr\nd1 are to be inve/igat$
 on a        simil> pr9ciple2 & swift & 
sl[ s\nds1 :i* appe> to be        high &
 l[1 & are sometimes discordant on      
acc\nt ( _!        inequality1 & !n aga9
 h>monical on acc\nt ( ! equality       
( ! motion :i* !y excite 9 u4 ,= :5 !   
motions (        ! antec$5t swift] s\nds
 beg9 to pause & ! two are              
equaliz$1 ! sl[] s\nds ov]take ! swift] 
& !n propel        !m4 ,:5 !y ov]take !m
 !y d n intrude a new &                 
discordant motion1 b introduce ! beg9n+s
 ( a sl[]1        :i* answ]s to ! swift]
 z x dies away1 ?us produc+ a           
s+le mix$ expression out ( high & l[1   
:5ce arises a        pleasure :i* ev5 ! 
unwise feel1 & :i* to ! wise            
becomes a high] sort ( delight1 be+ an  
imitation ( div9e        h>mony 9 mortal
 motions4 ,moreov]1 z to ! fl[+ ( wat]1 
! fall ( ! ?und]bolt1 & ! m>vels t are  
obs]v$        ab\t ! attraction ( amb] &
 ! ,h]aclean /ones1--9 none        ( ^! 

cases is !re any attraction2 b he :o    
inve/igates        rightly1 w f9d t su* 
wond]ful ph5om5a are attributable       
to ! comb9ation ( c]ta9 conditions--!   
non-exi/5ce ( a        vacuum1 ! fact t 
objects pu% "o ano!r r\nd1 & t        !y
 *ange places1 pass+ sev]ally into _!   
prop] positions        z !y are divid$  
or comb9$4          ,su* z we h se51 is 
! nature & su* are ! causes (           
respiration1--! subject 9 :i* ?is       
discussion orig9at$4 ,=        ! fire   
cuts ! food & foll[+ ! brea? surges up  
)91        fire & brea? ris+ toge!r &   
fill+ ! ve9s by draw+        up out ( ! 
belly & p\r+ into !m ! cut portions ( ! 
food2 & s ! /reams ( food are kept fl[+ 
?r\gh !        :ole body 9 all animals4 
,& fre% cutt+s f k9dr$        sub/ances1
 :e!r ! fruits ( ! e>? or h]b ( ! field1
        :i* ,god plant$ to be our daily 
food1 acquire all sorts (        col\rs 
by _! int]-mixture2 b r$ is ! mo/ p]vad+
 (        !m1 be+ creat$ by ! cutt+     
action ( fire & by !        impression  

:i* x makes on a moi/ sub/ance2 & h5ce !
        liquid :i* circulates 9 ! body  
has a col\r su* z we h        describ$4 
,! liquid itself we call blood1 :i*     
n\ri%es !        fle% & ! :ole body1    
:5ce all p>ts are wat]$ & empty         
places fill$4          ,n[ ! process (  
repletion & evacuation is effect$ aft] !
        mann] ( ! univ]sal motion by :i*
 all k9dr$ sub/ances        are drawn   
t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,= ! ext]nal elem5ts :i*
        surr\nd u are always caus+ u to 
consume away1 &        di/ribut+ & s5d+ 
(f l to l2 ! p>ticles (        blood1   
too1 :i* are divid$ & conta9$ )9 ! frame
 (        ! animal z 9 a sort ( heav51  
are compell$ to imitate !        motion 
( ! univ]se4 ,ea*1 !re=e1 ( ! divid$    
p>ts        )9 u1 be+ c>ri$ to its k9dr$
 nature1 repl5i%es !        void4 ,:5 m 
is tak5 away ?an fl[s 91 !n we decay1 & 
:5 less1 we gr[ & increase4          ,! 
frame ( ! entire creature :5 "y has !   
triangles (        ea* k9d new1 & may be
 comp>$ to ! keel ( a vessel :i*        

is j (f ! /ocks2 !y are lock$ firmly    
toge!r & yet        ! :ole mass is s(t &
 delicate1 be+ fre%ly =m$ (        m>r[ 
& nurtur$ on milk4 ,n[ :5 ! triangles   
out ( :i*        meats & dr9ks are      
compos$ come 9 f )\t1 & are             
compreh5d$ 9 ! body1 be+ old] & weak]   
?an !        triangles already !re1 !   
frame ( ! body gets ! bett] (        !m 
& its new] triangles cut !m up1 & s !   
animal gr[s        great1 be+ n\ri%$ by 
a multitude ( simil> p>ticles4 ,b       
:5 ! roots ( ! triangles are loos5$ by  
hav+ und]gone        _m conflicts ) _m  
?+s 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 !y are        no    
long] able to cut or assimilate ! food  
:i* ent]s1 b        are !mselves easily 
divid$ by ! bodies :i* come 9 f         
)\t4 ,9 ?is way e animal is ov]come &   
decays1 &        ?is affection is call$ 
old age4 ,& at la/1 :5 ! bonds by       
:i* ! triangles ( ! m>r[ are unit$ no   
long] hold1 &        are p>t$ by ! /ra9 
( exi/5ce1 !y 9 turn loos5 !            
bonds ( ! s\l1 & %e1 obta9+ a natural   

release1 flies        away ) joy4 ,= t  
:i* takes place accord+ to nature is    
pleasant1 b t :i* is contr>y to nature  
is pa9ful4 ,&        ?us dea?1 if caus$ 
by disease or produc$ by w\nds1 is      
pa9ful & viol5t2 b t sort ( dea? :i*    
comes ) old        age & fulfils ! debt 
( nature is ! easie/ ( dea?s1 &         
is accompani$ ) pleasure r ?an ) pa94   
,n[ e "o c see :5ce diseases arise4 ,!re
 are f\r        natures out ( :i* ! body
 is compact$1 e>? & fire &        wat] &
 air1 & ! unnatural excess or defect (  
^!1 or        ! *ange ( any ( !m f its  
own natural place into        ano!r1    
or--s9ce !re are m k9ds ?an "o ( fire & 
(        ! o!r elem5ts--! assumption by 
any ( ^! ( a wrong        k9d1 or any   
simil> irregul>ity1 produces disord]s & 
diseases2 = :5 any ( !m is produc$ or   
*ang$ 9 a mann]        contr>y to       
nature1 ! p>ts :i* 7 previ\sly cool gr[ 
w>m1 & ^? :i* 7 dry become moi/1 & !    
light become        heavy1 & ! heavy    
light2 all sorts ( *anges occur4 ,=1 z  

we affirm1 a ?+ c only rema9 ! same )   
itself1 :ole        & s\nd1 :5 ! same is
 add$ to x1 or subtract$ f x1        9 !
 same respect & 9 ! same mann] & 9 due  
proportion2        & :atev] comes or    
goes away 9 violation ( ^! laws causes  
all mann] ( *anges & inf9ite diseases & 
corruptions4 ,n[        !re is a second 
class ( /ructures :i* are also natural1 
&        ?is af=ds a second opportunity 
( obs]v+ diseases to him        :o w\ld 
und]/& !m4 ,= :]eas m>r[ & bone & fle%  
& s9ews are compos$ ( ! f\r elem5ts1 & !
 blood1        ?\gh aft] ano!r mann]1 is
 likewise =m$ out ( !m1 mo/             
diseases orig9ate 9 ! way :i* ,i h      
describ$2 b !        wor/ ( all owe _!  
sev]ity to ! fact t ! g5]ation        ( 
^! sub/ances proce$s 9 a wrong ord]2 !y 
are !n        de/roy$4 ,= ! natural ord]
 is t ! fle% & s9ews        %\ld be made
 ( blood1 ! s9ews out ( ! fibres to :i* 
!y are ak91 & ! fle% out ( ! clots :i*  
are =m$        :5 ! fibres are sep>at$4 
,& ! glut9\s & ri* matt]        :i*     

comes away f ! s9ews & ! fle%1 n only   
glues        ! fle% to ! bones1 b       
n\ri%es & imp>ts gr[? to !        bone  
:i* surr\nds ! m>r[2 & by reason ( !    
solidity (        ! bones1 t :i* filt]s 
?r\gh consi/s ( ! pure/ &        smoo!/ 
& oilie/ sort ( triangles1 dropp+ l dew 
f        ! bones & wat]+ ! m>r[4 ,n[ :5 
ea* process takes        place 9 ?is    
ord]1 heal? commonly results2 :5 9 !    
opposite ord]1 disease4 ,= :5 ! fle%    
becomes decompos$        & s5ds back !  
wa/+ sub/ance into ! ve9s1 !n an        
ov]-supply ( blood ( div]se k9ds1 m+l+ )
 air 9 !        ve9s1 hav+ v>iegat$     
col\rs & bitt] prop]ties1 z well        
z acid & sal9e qualities1 conta9s all   
sorts ( bile &        s]um & phlegm4 ,= 
all ?+s g ! wrong way1 & hav+           
become corrupt$1 fir/ !y ta9t ! blood   
itself1 & !n        ceas+ to give       
n\ri%m5t to ! body !y are c>ri$ along   
! ve9s 9 all directions1 no long]       
pres]v+ ! ord] (        _! natural      
c\rses1 b at w> ) !mselves1 because !y  

receive no good f "o ano!r1 & are ho/ile
 to ! abid+        con/itution ( ! body1
 :i* !y corrupt & dissolve4 ,!          
olde/ "p ( ! fle% :i* is corrupt$1 be+  
h>d to        decompose1 f long burn+   
gr[s black1 & f be+        ev]y:]e      
corrod$ becomes bitt]1 & is injuri\s to 
e        "p ( ! body :i* is /ill        
uncorrupt$4 ,sometimes1 :5 !            
bitt] elem5t is ref9$ away1 ! black "p  
assumes an acidity        :i* takes !   
place ( ! bitt]ness2 at o!r times !     
bitt]ness be+ t+$ ) blood has a r$d]    
col\r2 & ?is1        :5 mix$ ) black1   
takes ! hue ( grass2 & aga91 an         
auburn col\r m+les ) ! bitt] matt] :5   
new fle% is        decompos$ by ! fire  
:i* surr\nds ! int]nal flame2--to all   
:i* symptoms "s physician p]haps1 or r  
"s        philosoph]1 :o _h ! p[] ( see+
 9 _m dissimil>        ?+s "o nature    
des]v+ ( a "n1 has assign$ ! common     
"n ( bile4 ,b ! o!r k9ds ( bile are     
v>i\sly        di/+ui%$ by _! col\rs4 ,z
 = s]um1 t sort :i* is        ! wat]y "p

 ( blood is innoc5t1 b t :i* is a       
secretion ( black & acid bile is        
malignant :5 m+l$ by !        p[] ( heat
 ) any salt sub/ance1 & is !n call$ acid
        phlegm4 ,aga91 ! sub/ance :i* is
 =m$ by ! liquefaction        ( new &   
t5d] fle% :5 air is pres5t1 if inflat$ &
        encas$ 9 liquid s z to =m       
bubbles1 :i* sep>ately are              
invisible ow+ to _! small size1 b :5    
collect$ are ( a        bulk :i* is     
visible1 & h a :ite col\r aris+ out ( ! 
g5]ation ( foam--all ?is decomposition (
 t5d] fle% :5        int]m+l$ ) air is  
t]m$ by u :ite phlegm4 ,& ! :ey         
or s$im5t ( newly-=m$ phlegm is sweat & 
te>s1 &        includes ! v>i\s daily   
dis*>ges by :i* ! body is               
purifi$4 ,n[ all ^! become causes (     
disease :5 ! blood        is n repl5i%$ 
9 a natural mann] by food & dr9k b      
ga9s bulk f opposite s\rces 9 violation 
( ! laws (        nature4 ,:5 ! sev]al  
p>ts ( ! fle% are sep>at$ by            
disease1 if ! f\ndation rema9s1 ! p[] ( 

! disord] is        only half z great1 &
 !re is /ill a prospect ( an easy       
recov]y2 b :5 t :i* b9ds ! fle% to !    
bones is        diseas$1 & no long] be+ 
sep>at$ f ! muscles &        s9ews1     
ceases to give n\ri%m5t to ! bone & to  
unite fle%        & bone1 & f be+ oily &
 smoo? & glut9\s becomes        r\gh &  
salt & dry1 ow+ to bad regim51 !n all ! 
sub/ance ?us corrupt$ crumbles away "u !
 fle% & !        s9ews1 & sep>ates f !  
bone1 & ! fle%y p>ts fall        away f 
_! f\ndation & leave ! s9ews b>e & full 
(        br9e1 & ! fle% aga9 gets into !
 circulation ( ! blood        & makes ! 
previ\sly-m5tion$ disord]s /ill great]4 
,&        if ^! bodily affections be    
sev]e1 /ill worse are ! prior           
disord]s2 z :5 ! bone itself1 by reason 
( ! d5sity (        ! fle%1 does n obta9
 suffici5t air1 b becomes m\ldy &       
hot & gangr5$ & receives no nutrim5t1 & 
! natural        process is inv]t$1 & ! 
bone crumbl+ passes into ! food1        
& ! food into ! fle%1 & ! fle% aga9     

fall+ into !        blood makes all     
maladies t may occur m virul5t ?an ^?   
already m5tion$4 ,b ! wor/ case ( all is
 :5 ! m>r[        is diseas$1 ei!r f    
excess or defect2 & ?is is ! cause      
( ! v greate/ & mo/ fatal disord]s1 9   
:i* ! :ole        c\rse ( ! body is     
rev]s$4          ,!re is a ?ird class ( 
diseases :i* may be conceiv$ ( z        
aris+ 9 ?ree ways2 = !y are produc$     
sometimes by w9d1        & sometimes by 
phlegm1 & sometimes by bile4 ,:5 ! lung1
        :i* is ! disp5s] ( ! air to !   
body1 is ob/ruct$ by        rheums & its
 passages are n free1 "s ( !m n act+1   
:ile ?r\gh o!rs too mu* air ent]s1 !n ! 
p>ts :i*        are unrefre%$ by air    
corrode1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts ! excess       
( air =c+ its way ?r\gh ! ve9s di/orts  
!m &        decompos+ ! body is enclos$ 
9 ! mid/ ( x & occupies        !        
midriff2 ?us numb]less pa9ful diseases  
are produc$1        accompani$ by copi\s
 sweats4 ,& (t5times :5 ! fle% is       
dissolv$ 9 ! body1 w9d1 g5]at$ )9 &     

unable to        escape1 is ! s\rce ( q 
z mu* pa9 z ! air com+ 9        f )\t2 b
 ! greate/ pa9 is felt :5 ! w9d gets    
ab\t ! s9ews & ! ve9s ( ! %\ld]s1 &     
swells !m        up1 & s twi/s back !   
great t5dons & ! s9ews :i* are          
connect$ ) !m4 ,^! disord]s are call$   
tetanus &        opi/hotonus1 by reason 
( ! t5sion :i* accompanies !m4        ,!
 cure ( !m is difficult2 relief is 9 mo/
 cases giv5 by        fev] sup]v5+4 ,!  
:ite phlegm1 ?\gh dang]\s :5            
deta9$ )9 by reason ( ! air-bubbles1 yet
 if x c        communicate ) ! outside  
air1 is less sev]e1 & only              
discol\rs ! body1 g5]at+ lepr\s         
eruptions & simil>        diseases4 ,:5 
x is m+l$ ) black bile & disp]s$ ab\t   
! c\rses ( ! head1 :i* are ! div9e/ "p (
 u1 !        attack if com+ on 9 sleep1 
is n s sev]e2 b :5        assail+ ^? :o 
are awake x is h>d to be got rid (1 &   
be+ an affection ( a sacr$ "p1 is mo/   
ju/ly call$        sacr$4 ,an acid &    
salt phlegm1 aga91 is ! s\rce ( all     

^? diseases :i* take ! =m ( cat>rh1 b !y
 h _m        names because ! places into
 :i* !y fl[ are manifold4               
,inflammations ( ! body come f burn+s & 
inflam+s1 &        all ( !m orig9ate 9  
bile4 ,:5 bile f9ds a means (           
dis*>ge1 x boils up & s5ds =? all sorts 
( tum\rs2 b        :5 imprison$ )91 x   
g5]ates _m inflammatory diseases1       
above all :5 m+l$ ) pure blood2 s9ce x  
!n displaces        ! fibres :i* are    
scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! blood & are            
design$ to ma9ta9 ! balance ( r>e &     
d5se1 9 ord] t        ! blood may n be s
 liquefi$ by heat z to exude f !        
pores ( ! body1 nor aga9 become too d5se
 & ?us f9d a        difficulty 9        
circulat+ ?r\gh ! ve9s4 ,! fibres are s 
con/itut$ z to ma9ta9 ?is balance2 & if 
any "o br+s        !m all toge!r :5 !   
blood is dead & 9 process (             
cool+1 !n ! blood :i* rema9s becomes    
fluid1 b if !y        are left alone1 !y
 soon congeal by reason ( ! surr\nd+    
cold4 ,! fibres hav+ ?is p[] ov] !      

blood1 bile1 :i* is        only /ale    
blood1 & :i* f be+ fle% is dissolv$ aga9
        into blood1 at ! fir/ influx    
com+ 9 little by little1 hot        &   
liquid1 is congeal$ by ! p[] ( ! fibres2
 & s        congeal+ & made to cool1 x  
produces int]nal cold &        %udd]+4  
,:5 x ent]s ) m ( a flood & ov]comes !  
fibres by its heat1 & boil+ up ?r[s !m  
into disord]1 if        x h p[] en\gh to
 ma9ta9 its supremacy1 x p5etrates !    
m>r[ & burns up :at may be t]m$ ! cables
 ( ! s\l1        & sets h] free2 b :5   
!re is n s mu* ( x1 & !        body ?\gh
 wa/$ /ill holds out1 ! bile is itself  
ma/]$1        & is ei!r utt]ly bani%$1  
or is ?ru/ ?r\gh ! ve9s        into !   
l[] or upp] belly1 & is driv5 out ( !   
body l        an exile f a /ate 9 :i*   
!re has be5 civil w>2 :5ce        arise 
di>rhoeas & dys5t]ies1 & all su*        
disord]s4 ,:5        ! con/itution is   
disord]$ by excess ( fire1 cont9u\s heat
        & fev] are ! result2 :5 excess (
 air is ! cause1 !n        ! fev] is    

quotidian2 :5 ( wat]1 :i* is a m sluggi%
        elem5t ?an ei!r fire or air1 !n 
! fev] is a t]tian2        :5 ( e>?1 :i*
 is ! mo/ sluggi% ( ! f\r1 & is         
only purg$ away 9 a f\r-fold p]iod1 !   
result is a qu>tan        fev]1 :i* c ) 
difficulty be %ak5 (f4          ,su* is 
! mann] 9 :i* diseases ( ! body arise2 !
        disord]s ( ! s\l1 :i* dep5d ^u !
 body1 orig9ate z        foll[s4 ,we mu/
 ackn[l$ge disease ( ! m9d to be a want 
(        intellig5ce2 & ( ?is !re are   
two k9ds2 to wit1 madness        &      
ignorance4 ,9 :atev] /ate a man         
exp]i5ces ei!r (        !m1 t /ate may  
be call$ disease2 & excessive pa9s &    
pleasures are ju/ly to be reg>d$ z !    
greate/ diseases to        :i* ! s\l is 
liable4 ,= a man :o is 9 great joy or 9 
great pa91 9 8 unreasonable eag]ness to 
atta9 ! "o &        to avoid ! o!r1 is n
 able to see or to he> any?+            
rightly2 b he is mad1 & is at ! "t      
utt]ly incapable (        any           
p>ticipation 9 reason4 ,he :o has ! se$ 

ab\t ! sp9al        m>r[ too pl5tiful & 
ov]fl[+1 l a tree ov]lad5 )             
fruit1 has _m ?roes1 & also obta9s _m   
pleasures 9 8        desires & _!       
(fspr+1 & is = ! mo/ "p ( 8 life        
d]ang$1 because 8 pleasures & pa9s are s
 v great2 8        s\l is r5d]$ fooli% &
 disord]$ by 8 body2 yet he is          
reg>d$ n z "o diseas$1 b z "o :o is     
volunt>ily bad1        :i* is a mi/ake4 
,! tru? is t ! intemp]ance ( love is    
a disease ( ! s\l due *iefly to !       
moi/ure & fluidity        :i* is produc$
 9 "o ( ! elem5ts by ! loose consi/5cy  
( ! bones4 ,& 9 g5]al1 all t :i* is t]m$
 !        incont95ce ( pleasure & is    
deem$ a reproa* "u ! idea        t !    
wick$ volunt>ily d wrong is n ju/ly a   
matt] =        reproa*4 ,= no man is    
volunt>ily bad2 b ! bad become bad      
by reason ( an ill disposition ( ! body 
& bad education1        ?+s :i* are     
hateful to e man & happ5 to him aga9/   
8 w4 ,& 9 ! case ( pa9 too 9 l mann] !  
s\l        suff]s mu* evil f ! body4 ,= 

:]e ! acid & br9y        phlegm & o!r   
bitt] & bili\s hum\rs w&] ab\t 9 !      
body1 & f9d no exit or escape1 b are p5t
 up )9 &        m+le _! own vap\rs ) !  
motions ( ! s\l1 & are        bl5d$ )   
!m1 !y produce all sorts ( diseases1 m  
or        few]1 & 9 e degree ( int5sity2
 & be+ c>ri$ to !        ?ree places ( !
 s\l1 :i*ev] !y may sev]ally assail1    
!y create inf9ite v>ieties ( ill-temp] &
 melan*oly1 (        ra%ness & c[>dice1 
& also ( =getfulness & /upidity4        
,fur!r1 :5 to ?is evil con/itution (    
body evil =ms (        gov]nm5t are add$
 & evil disc\rses are utt]$ 9 private   
z well z 9 public1 & no sort (          
in/ruction is giv5 9        y\? to cure 
^! evils1 !n all ( u :o are bad become  
bad        f two causes :i* are entirely
 beyond our control4 ,9 su*        cases
 ! plant]s are to blame r ?an ! plants1 
!        educators r ?an ! educat$4 ,b  
h[ev] t may be1 we        %\ld endeav\r 
z f> z we c by education1 & /udies1 &   
le>n+1 to avoid vice & atta9 virtue2    

?is1 h[ev]1 is "p        ( ano!r        
subject4          ,!re is a correspond+ 
enquiry conc]n+ ! mode ( treatm5t       
by :i* ! m9d & ! body are to be pres]v$1
 ab\t :i*        x is meet & "r t ,i    
%\ld say a ^w 9 turn2 = x is        m   
our duty to speak ( ! good ?an ( ! evil4
 ,ev]y?+        t is good is fair1 & !  
fair is n )\t proportion1 &        !    
animal :i* is to be fair mu/ h due      
proportion4 ,n[ we        p]ceive less] 
symmetries or proportions & reason ab\t 
!m1        b ( ! highe/ & greate/ we    
take no he$2 = !re is no                
proportion or disproportion m productive
 ( heal? &        disease1 & virtue &   
vice1 ?an t betwe5 s\l & body4          
,?is h[ev] we d n p]ceive1 nor d we     
reflect t :5 a        weak or small     
frame is ! vehicle ( a great & mighty   
s\l1 or        conv]sely1 :5 a little   
s\l is encas$ 9 a l>ge body1 !n        !
 :ole animal is n fair1 = x lacks ! mo/ 
important (        all symmetries2 b !  
due proportion ( m9d & body is !        

faire/ & lovelie/ ( all sights to him :o
 has ! see+        eye4 ,j z a body :i* 
has a leg too long1 or :i* is           
unsymmetrical 9 "s o!r respect1 is an   
unpleasant sight1 &        also1 :5 do+ 
its %>e ( "w1 is mu* di/ress$ & makes   
convulsive ef=ts1 & (t5 /umbles ?r\gh   
awkw>dness1 &        is ! cause (       
inf9ite evil to its own self--9 l mann] 
we        %\ld conceive ( ! d\ble nature
 :i* we call ! liv+        be+2 & :5 9  
?is comp\nd !re is an impassion$ s\l    
m p[]ful ?an ! body1 t s\l1 ,i say1     
convulses &        fills ) disord]s !   
:ole inn] nature ( man2 & :5        eag]
 9 ! pursuit ( "s sort ( le>n+ or /udy1 
causes        wa/+2 or aga91 :5 tea*+ or
 disput+ 9 private or 9        public1 &
 /rifes & controv]sies arise1 inflames &
        dissolves ! composite frame (   
man & introduces rheums2 &        !     
nature ( ?is ph5om5on is n und]/ood by  
mo/        pr(essors ( m$ic9e1 :o       
ascribe x to ! opposite ( !        real 
cause4 ,& once m1 :5 a body l>ge & too  

/rong =        ! s\l is unit$ to a small
 & weak intellig5ce1 !n        inasmu* z
 !re are two desires natural to man1--"o
 ( food =        ! sake ( ! body1 & "o (
 wisdom = ! sake ( !        div9] "p (  
u--!n1 ,i say1 ! motions ( ! /rong]1    
gett+ ! bett] & increas+ _! own p[]1 b  
mak+ !        s\l dull1 & /upid1 &      
=getful1 eng5d] ignorance1 :i*        is
 ! greate/ ( diseases4 ,!re is "o       
protection aga9/ bo?        k9ds (      
disproportion3--t we %\ld n move ! body 
)\t        ! s\l or ! s\l )\t ! body1 & 
?us !y w be on        _! gu>d aga9/ ea* 
o!r1 & be heal?y & well balanc$4        
,& !re=e ! ma!matician or any "o else ^:
 ?\ghts        are mu* absorb$ 9 "s     
intellectual pursuit1 mu/ all[ 8        
body also to h due ex]cise1 & practise  
gymna/ic2 & he        :o is c>eful to   
fa%ion ! body1 %\ld 9 turn imp>t to !   
s\l its prop] motions1 & %\ld cultivate 
music & all        philosophy1 if he    
w\ld des]ve to be call$ truly fair &    
truly        good4 ,& ! sep>ate p>ts    

%\ld be treat$ 9 ! same        mann]1 9 
imitation ( ! patt]n ( ! univ]se2 = z ! 
body is heat$ & also cool$ )9 by !      
elem5ts :i* ent]        into x1 & is    
aga9 dri$ up & moi/5$ by ext]nal ?+s1   
& exp]i5ces ^! & ! l affections f bo?   
k9ds (        motions1 ! result is t !  
body if giv5 up to motion :5        9 a 
/ate ( quiesc5ce is ov]ma/]$ & p]i%es2 b
 if any        "o1 9 imitation ( t :i*  
we call ! fo/]-"m &        nurse ( !    
univ]se1 w n all[ ! body ev] to be      
inactive1 b is always produc+ motions & 
agitations ?r\gh        its :ole ext5t1 
:i* =m ! natural def5ce aga9/ o!r       
motions bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 & by     
mod]ate ex]cise        r$uces to ord]   
accord+ to _! aff9ities ! p>ticles &    
affections :i* are w&]+ ab\t ! body1 z  
we h already        said :5 speak+ ( !  
univ]se1 he w n all[ enemy        plac$ 
by ! side ( enemy to /ir up w>s &       
disord]s 9 !        body1 b he w place  
fri5d by ! side ( fri5d1 s z to         
create heal?4 ,n[ ( all motions t is !  

be/ :i* is        produc$ 9 a ?+ by     
itself1 = x is mo/ ak9 to ! motion      
( ?\ght & ( ! univ]se2 b t motion :i* is
 caus$        by o!rs is n s good1 &    
wor/ ( all is t :i* moves        ! body1
 :5 at re/1 9 p>ts only & by "s ext]nal 
ag5cy4 ,:]e=e ( all modes ( purify+ &   
re-unit+ !        body ! be/ is         
gymna/ic2 ! next be/ is a surg+ motion1 
z        9 sail+ or any o!r mode (      
conveyance :i* is n        fatigu+2 !   
?ird sort ( motion may be ( use 9 a case
 (        extreme necessity1 b 9 any o!r
 w be adopt$ by no man (        s5se3 ,i
 mean ! purgative treatm5t ( physicians2
 = diseases        unless !y are v      
dang]\s %\ld n be irritat$ by           
m$ic9es1 s9ce e =m ( disease is 9 a     
mann] ak9 to !        liv+ be+1 ^:      
complex frame has an appo9t$ t]m ( life4
        ,= n ! :ole race only1 b ea*    
individual--b>r+        inevitable      
accid5ts--comes into ! _w hav+ a fix$   
span1        & ! triangles 9 u are      
orig9ally fram$ ) p[] to la/        = a 

c]ta9 "t1 beyond :i* no man c prolong 8 
life4 ,&        ?is holds also ( !      
con/itution ( diseases2 if any "o       
reg>dless ( ! appo9t$ "t tries to subdue
 !m by        m$ic9e1 he only aggravates
 & multiplies !m4 ,:]e=e we        ought
 always to manage !m by regim51 z f> z a
 man c sp>e        ! "t1 & n provoke a  
disagreeable enemy by m$ic9es4          
,en\gh ( ! composite animal1 & ( ! body 
:i* is a "p        ( him1 & ( ! mann] 9 
:i* a man may tra9 & be tra9$        by 
himself s z to live mo/ accord+ to      
reason3 & we mu/        above & be=e all
 provide t ! elem5t :i* is to tra9      
him %all be ! faire/ & be/ adapt$ to t  
purpose4 ,a        m9ute discussion (   
?is subject w\ld be a s]i\s task2 b     
if1 z be=e1 ,i am to give only an       
outl9e1 ! subject may n        unfitly  
be summ$ up z foll[s4          ,i h (t5 
rem>k$ t !re are ?ree k9ds ( s\l locat$ 
)9 u1 hav+ ea* ( !m motions1 & ,i mu/ n[
 repeat 9        ! fewe/ words possible1
 t "o "p1 if rema9+ inactive        &   

ceas+ f its natural motion1 mu/         
necess>ily become v        weak1 b t :i*
 is tra9$ & ex]cis$1 v /rong4           
,:]e=e we %\ld take c>e t ! movem5ts ( !
 diff]5t        p>ts ( ! s\l %\ld be 9  
due proportion4          ,& we %\ld     
consid] t ,god gave ! sov]eign "p ( !   
human s\l to be ! div9ity ( ea* "o1 be+ 
t "p :i*1        z we say1 dwells at !  
top ( ! body1 & inasmu* z we are        
a plant n ( an e>?ly b ( a heav5ly gr[?1
 raises u        f e>? to our k9dr$ :o  
are 9 heav54 ,& 9 ?is we say            
truly2 = ! div9e p[] susp5d$ ! head &   
root ( u        f t place :]e ! g5]ation
 ( ! s\l fir/ began1 &        ?us made !
 :ole body upright4 ,:5 a man is always 
occupi$        ) ! crav+s ( desire &    
ambition1 & is eag]ly /riv+        to   
satisfy !m1 all 8 ?\ghts mu/ be mortal1 
&1 z f> z        x is possible altoge!r 
to become su*1 he mu/ be mortal e       
:it1 because he has *]i%$ 8 mortal "p4  
,b he :o has        be5 e>ne/ 9 ! love (
 k & ( true wisdom1 & has        ex]cis$

 8 intellect m ?an any o!r "p ( him1 mu/
        h ?\ghts immortal & div9e1 if he
 atta9 tru?1 & 9 s        f> z human    
nature is capable ( %>+ 9 immortality1  
he mu/        altoge!r be immortal2 &   
s9ce he is ev] *]i%+ !        div9e p[]1
 & has ! div9ity )9 him 9 p]fect ord]1  
he w be p]fectly happy4 ,n[ !re is only 
"o way ( tak+        c>e ( ?+s1 & ?is is
 to give to ea* ! food & motion         
:i* are natural to x4 ,& ! motions :i*  
are naturally ak9        to ! div9e     
pr9ciple )9 u are ! ?\ghts &            
revolutions ( ! univ]se4 ,^! ea* man    
%\ld foll[1 &        correct ! c\rses ( 
! head :i* 7 corrupt$ at our            
bir?1 & by le>n+ ! h>monies &           
revolutions ( !        univ]se1 %\ld    
assimilate ! ?9k+ be+ to ! ?\ght1       
r5ew+ 8 orig9al nature1 & hav+          
assimilat$ !m %\ld        atta9 to t    
p]fect life :i* ! gods h set be=e       
mank9d1 bo? = ! pres5t & ! future4      
,?us our orig9al design ( disc\rs+ ab\t 
! univ]se d[n        to ! creation ( man

 is ne>ly complet$4 ,a brief m5tion may 
be made ( ! g5]ation ( o!r animals1 s f>
 z ! subject        admits ( brevity2 9 
?is mann] our argum5t w be/ atta9 a     
due proportion4 ,on ! subject ( animals1
 !n1 ! foll[+        rem>ks may be (f]$4
 ,( ! m5 :o came into ! _w1 ^?        :o
 7 c[>ds or l$ unrighte\s lives may )   
reason be        suppos$ to h *ang$ into
 ! nature ( wom5 9 ! second             
g5]ation4 ,& ?is 0 ! reason :y at t "t !
 gods        creat$ 9 u ! desire (      
sexual int]c\rse1 contriv+ 9 man        
"o animat$ sub/ance1 & 9 woman ano!r1   
:i* !y =m$        respectively 9 !      
foll[+ mann]4 ,! outlet = dr9k by       
:i* liquids pass ?r\gh ! lung "u !      
kidneys & into        ! bladd]1 :i*     
receives & !n by ! pressure ( ! air     
emits !m1 0 s fa%ion$ by !m z to        
p5etrate also into        ! body ( !    
m>r[1 :i* passes f ! head along ! neck  
& ?r\gh ! back1 & :i* 9 ! prec$+        
disc\rse we        h nam$ ! se$4 ,& !   
se$ hav+ life1 & becom+        end[$ )  

respiration1 produces 9 t "p 9 :i* x    
respires a lively desire ( emission1 &  
?us creates 9 u !        love (         
procreation4 ,:]e=e also 9 m5 ! organ ( 
g5]ation becom+ rebelli\s & ma/]ful1 l  
an animal        disob$i5t to reason1 & 
madd5$ ) ! /+ ( lu/1 seeks        to ga9
 absolute sway2 & ! same is ! case ) !  
s-call$ womb or matrix ( wom52 ! animal 
)9 !m is        desir\s ( procreat+     
*ildr51 & :5 rema9+ unfruitful          
long beyond its prop] "t1 gets          
discont5t$ & angry1 &        w&]+ 9 e   
direction ?r\gh ! body1 closes up !     
passages ( ! brea?1 &1 by ob/ruct+      
respiration1 drives        !m to        
extremity1 caus+ all v>ieties ( disease1
 until at        l5g? ! desire & love ( 
! man & ! woman1 br++        !m toge!r &
 z x 7 pluck+ ! fruit f ! tree1         
s[ 9 ! womb1 z 9 a field1 animals unse5 
by reason ( _!        smallness & )\t   
=m2 ^! aga9 are sep>at$ & matur$        
)92 !y are !n f9ally br\ght out into !  
light1 &        ?us ! g5]ation ( animals

 is complet$4          ,?us 7 creat$    
wom5 & ! female sex 9 g5]al4 ,b !       
race ( birds 0 creat$ out ( innoc5t     
light-m9d$ m51 :o1        al?\gh _! m9ds
 7 direct$ t[>d heav51 imag9$1 9        
_! simplicity1 t ! cle>e/ demon/ration (
 ! ?+s        above 0 to be obta9$ by   
sight2 ^! 7 remodell$ &        trans=m$ 
into birds1 & !y grew fea!rs in/ead (   
hair4        ,! race ( wild p$e/rian    
animals1 aga91 came f ^? :o        _h no
 philosophy 9 any ( _! ?\ghts1 & nev]   
consid]$        at all ab\t ! nature ( !
 heav5s1 because !y _h ceas$        to  
use ! c\rses ( ! head1 b foll[$ !       
guidance (        ^? p>ts ( ! s\l :i*   
are 9 ! brea/4 ,9 consequ5ce        ( ^!
 habits ( !irs !y _h _! front-legs & _! 
heads re/+ ^u ! e>? to :i* !y 7 drawn by
 natural        aff9ity2 & ! cr[ns ( _! 
heads 7 elongat$ & ( all        sorts ( 
%apes1 into :i* ! c\rses ( ! s\l 7 cru%$
        by reason ( disuse4 ,& ?is 0 !  
reason :y !y 7        creat$ quadrup$s &
 polypods3 ,god gave ! m s5seless (     

!m ! m support t !y might be m attract$ 
to !        e>?4 ,& ! mo/ fooli% ( !m1  
:o trail _! bodies        entirely ^u ! 
gr\nd & h no long] any ne$ ( feet1 he   
made )\t feet to crawl ^u ! e>?4 ,! f\r?
 class 7        ! inhabitants ( ! wat]3 
^! 7 made out ( ! mo/        entirely   
s5seless & ignorant ( all1 :om !        
trans=m]s did        n ?9k any long]    
wor?y ( pure respiration1 because !y    
possess$ a s\l :i* 0 made impure by all 
sorts (        transgression2 & in/ead (
 ! subtle & pure m$ium ( air1        !y 
gave !m ! deep & muddy sea to be _!     
elem5t (        respiration2 & h5ce     
arose ! race ( fi%es & oy/]s1 &         
o!r aquatic animals1 :i* h receiv$ ! mo/
 remote        habitations z a puni%m5t 
( _! outl&i% ignorance4 ,^!        are !
 laws by :i* animals pass into "o ano!r1
 n[1 z        ev]1 *ang+ z !y lose or   
ga9 wisdom & folly4          ,we may n[ 
say t our disc\rse ab\t ! nature ( !    
univ]se has an end4 ,! _w has receiv$   
animals1 mortal &        immortal1 & is 

fulfill$ ) !m1 & has become a visible   
animal conta9+ ! visible--! s5sible ,god
 :o is ! image        ( ! intellectual1 
! greate/1 be/1 faire/1 mo/             
p]fect--! "o only-begott5 heav54