,,how ,,to ,,write ,,special ,,feature ,,articles ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,reporters1 ,,correspondents ,,and ,,free-,,lance ,,writers ,,who ,,desire ,,to ,,contribute ,,to ,,popular ,,magazines ,,and ,,magazine ,,sections ,,of ,,newspapers ,,by ,,willard ,,grosvenor ,,bleyer1 ,,ph4,d4 ,author of ,newspaper ,writing and ,editing1 and ,types of ,news ,writing2 ,director of the ,course in ,journalism in the ,university of ,wisconsin ,,boston1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,chicago1 ,,san ,,francisco ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,the ,riverside ,press ,cambridge ,the ,riverside ,press ,,cambridge1 ,,massachusetts ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,this book is the result of twelve years' experience in teaching university students to write special feature articles for newspapers and popular magazines4 ,by applying the methods outlined in the following pages1 young men and women have been able to prepare articles that have been accepted by many newspaper and magazine editors4 ,the success that these students have achieved leads the author to believe that others who desire to write special articles may be aided by the suggestions given in this book4 ,although innumerable books on short-story writing have been published1 no attempt has hitherto been made to discuss in detail the writing of special feature articles4 ,in the absence of any generally accepted method of approach to the subject1 it has been necessary to work out a systematic classification of the various types of articles and of the different kinds of titles1 beginnings1 and similar details1 as well as to supply names by which to identify them4 ,a careful analysis of current practice in the writing of special feature stories and popular magazine articles is the basis of the methods presented4 ,in this analysis an effort has been made to show the application of the principles of composition to the writing of articles4 ,examples taken from representative newspapers and magazines are freely used to illustrate the methods discussed4 ,to encourage students to analyze typical articles1 the second part of the book is devoted to a collection of newspaper and magazine articles of various types1 with an outline for the analysis of them4 ,particular emphasis is placed on methods of popularizing such knowledge as is not available to the general reader4 ,this has been done in the belief that it is important for the average person to know of the progress that is being made in every field of human endeavor1 in order that he may1 if possible1 apply the results to his own affairs4 ,the problem1 therefore1 is to show aspiring writers how to present discoveries1 inventions1 new methods1 and every significant advance in knowledge1 in an accurate and attractive form4 ,to train students to write articles for newspapers and popular magazines may1 perhaps1 be regarded by some college instructors in composition as an undertaking scarcely worth their while4 ,they would doubtless prefer to encourage their students to write what is commonly called literature4 ,the fact remains1 nevertheless1 that the average undergraduate cannot write anything that approximates literature1 whereas experience has shown that many students can write acceptable popular articles4 ,moreover1 since the overwhelming majority of ,americans read only newspapers and magazines1 it is by no means an unimportant task for our universities to train writers to supply the steady demand for well-written articles4 ,the late ,walter ,hines ,page1 founder of the ,world's ,work and former editor of the ,atlantic ,monthly1 presented the whole situation effectively in an article on ,the ,writer and the ,university1 when he wrote3 ,the journeymen writers write almost all that almost all ,americans read4 ,this is a fact that we love to fool ourselves about4 ,we talk about literature and we talk about hack writers1 implying that the reading that we do is of literature4 ,the truth all the while is1 we read little else than the writing of the hacks--living hacks1 that is1 men and women who write for pay4 ,we may hug the notion that our life and thought are not really affected by current literature1 that we read the living writers only for utilitarian reasons1 and that our real intellectual life is fed by the great dead writers4 ,but hugging this delusion does not change the fact that the intellectual life even of most educated persons1 and certainly of the mass of the population1 is fed chiefly by the writers of our own time4444 ,every editor of a magazine1 every editor of an earnest and worthy newspaper1 every publisher of books1 has dozens or hundreds of important tasks for which he cannot find capable men2 tasks that require scholarship1 knowledge of science1 or of politics1 or of industry1 or of literature1 along with experience in writing accurately in the language of the people4 ,special feature stories and popular magazine articles constitute a type of writing particularly adapted to the ability of the novice1 who has developed some facility in writing1 but who may not have sufficient maturity or talent to undertake successful short-story writing or other distinctly literary work4 ,most special articles cannot be regarded as literature4 ,nevertheless1 they afford the young writer an opportunity to develop whatever ability he possesses4 ,such writing teaches him four things that are invaluable to any one who aspires to do literary work4 ,it trains him to observe what is going on about him1 to select what will interest the average reader1 to organize material effectively1 and to present it attractively4 ,if this book helps the inexperienced writer1 whether he is in or out of college1 to acquire these four essential qualifications for success1 it will have accomplished its purpose4 ,for permission to reprint complete articles1 the author is indebted to the editors of the ,boston ,herald1 the ,christian ,science ,monitor1 the ,boston ,evening ,transcript1 the ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 the ,detroit ,news1 the ,milwaukee ,journal1 the ,kansas ,city ,star1 the ,new ,york ,sun1 the ,providence ,journal1 the ,ohio ,state ,journal1 the ,new ,york ,world1 the ,saturday ,evening ,post1 the ,independent1 the ,country ,gentleman1 the ,outlook1 ,mc,clure's ,magazine1 ,everybody's ,magazine1 the ,delineator1 the ,pictorial ,review1 ,munsey's ,magazine1 the ,american ,magazine1 ,system1 ,farm and ,fireside1 the ,woman's ,home ,companion1 the ,designer1 and the ,newspaper ,enterprise ,association4 ,the author is also under obligation to the many newspapers and magazines from which excerpts1 titles1 and other material have been quoted4 ,at every stage in the preparation of this book the author has had the advantage of the cooeperation and assistance of his wife1 ,alice ,haskell ,bleyer4 ,university of ,wisconsin ,madison1 ,august1 #aiai ,,contents ,,part ,i ,i4 ,,the ,,field ,,for ,,special ,,articles #c ,,ii4 ,,preparation ,,for ,,special ,,feature ,,writing #ad ,,iii4 ,,finding ,,subjects ,,and ,,material #be ,,iv4 ,,appeal ,,and ,,purpose #ci ,v4 ,,types ,,of ,,articles #eb ,,vi4 ,,writing ,,the ,,article #ii ,,vii4 ,,how ,,to ,,begin #aca ,,viii4 ,,style #afj ,,ix4 ,,titles ,,and ,,headlines #agj ,x4 ,,preparing ,,and ,,selling ,,the ,,manuscript #ahb ,,xi4 ,,photographs ,,and ,,other ,,illustrations #aic ,,part ,,ii ,,an ,,outline ,,for ,,the ,,analysis ,,of ,,special ,,feature ,,articles #bja ,,teach ,,children ,,love ,,of ,,art ,,through ,,story-,,telling #bjd 7,boston ,herald7 ,,where ,,girls ,,learn ,,to ,,wield ,,spade ,,and ,,hoe #bjf 7,christian ,science ,monitor7 ,,boys ,,in ,,search ,,of ,,jobs 7,boston ,transcript7 #bji ,,girls ,,and ,a ,,camp 7,new ,york ,evening ,post7 #bac ,,your ,,porter 7,saturday ,evening ,post7 #bah ,,the ,,gentle ,,art ,,of ,,blowing ,,bottles 7,independent7 #bcc ,,the ,,neighborhood ,,playhouse 7,new ,york ,world7 #bdj ,,the ,,singular ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,mosquito ,,man #bdb 7,new ,york ,evening ,post7 ,a ,,county ,,service ,,station 7,country ,gentleman7 #bdh ,,guarding ,a ,,city',s ,,water ,,supply 7,detroit ,news7 #bfj ,,the ,,occupation ,,and ,,exercise ,,cure 7,outlook7 #bfd ,,the ,,brennan ,,mono-,,rail ,,car 7,mc,clure's ,magazine7 #bgd ,a ,,new ,,political ,,wedge 7,everybody's ,magazine7 #bha ,,the ,,job ,,lady 7,delineator7 #bic ,,mark ,,twain',s ,,first ,,sweetheart 7,kansas ,city ,star7 #bii ,,four ,,men ,,of ,,humble ,,birth ,,hold ,,world ,,destiny ,,in #cje ,,their ,,hands 7,milwaukee ,journal7 ,,the ,,confessions ,,of ,a ,,college ,,professor',s ,,wife #cjg 7,saturday ,evening ,post7 ,a ,,paradise ,,for ,a ,,penny 7,boston ,transcript7 #cbf ,,wanted3 ,a ,,home ,,assistant 7,pictorial ,review7 #cca ,,six ,,years ,,of ,,tea ,,rooms 7,new ,york ,sun7 #ccf ,,by ,,parcel ,,post 7,country ,gentleman7 #cda ,,sales ,,without ,,salesmanship 7,saturday ,evening ,post7 #cdi ,,the ,,accident ,,that ,,gave ,,us ,,wood-,,pulp ,,paper #cef 7,munsey's ,magazine7 ,,centennial ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,steamship ,,to ,,cross ,,the ,,atlantic #cfj 7,providence ,journal7 ,,searching ,,for ,,the ,,lost ,,atlantis #cfd 7,syndicate ,sunday ,magazine ,section7 ,,index #cfi ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,special ,,feature ,,articles ,,part ,i ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,field ,,for ,,special ,,articles ,,origin ,,of ,,special ,,articles4 ,the rise of popular magazines and of magazine sections of daily newspapers during the last thirty years has resulted in a type of writing known as the special feature article4 ,such articles1 presenting interesting and timely subjects in popular form1 are designed to attract a class of readers that were not reached by the older literary periodicals4 ,editors of newspapers and magazines a generation ago began to realize that there was no lack of interest on the part of the general public in scientific discoveries and inventions1 in significant political and social movements1 in important persons and events4 ,magazine articles on these themes1 however1 had usually been written by specialists who1 as a rule1 did not attempt to appeal to the man in the street1 but were satisfied to reach a limited circle of well-educated readers4 ,to create a larger magazine-reading public1 editors undertook to develop a popular form and style that would furnish information as attractively as possible4 ,the perennial appeal of fiction gave them a suggestion for the popularization of facts4 ,the methods of the short story1 of the drama1 and even of the melodrama1 applied to the presentation of general information1 provided a means for catching the attention of the casual reader4 ,daily newspapers had already discovered the advantage of giving the day's news in a form that could be read rapidly with the maximum degree of interest by the average man and woman4 ,certain so-called sensational papers had gone a step further in these attempts to give added attractiveness to news and had emphasized its melodramatic aspects4 ,other papers had seen the value of the human interest phases of the day's happenings4 ,it was not surprising1 therefore1 that ,sunday editors of newspapers should undertake to apply to special articles the same methods that had proved successful in the treatment of news4 ,the product of these efforts at popularization was the special feature article1 with its story-like form1 its touches of description1 its human interest1 its dramatic situations1 its character portrayal--all effectively used to furnish information and entertainment for that rapid reader1 the average ,american4 ,,definition ,,of ,a ,,special ,,article4 ,a special feature article may be defined as a detailed presentation of facts in an interesting form adapted to rapid reading1 for the purpose of entertaining or informing the average person4 ,it usually deals with 7#a7 recent news that is of sufficient importance to warrant elaboration2 7#b7 timely or seasonal topics not directly connected with news2 or 7#c7 subjects of general interest that have no immediate connection with current events4 ,although frequently concerned with news1 the special feature article is more than a mere news story4 ,it aims to supplement the bare facts of the news report by giving more detailed information regarding the persons1 places1 and circumstances that appear in the news columns4 ,news must be published as fast as it develops1 with only enough explanatory material to make it intelligible4 ,the special article1 written with the perspective afforded by an interval of a few days or weeks1 fills in the bare outlines of the hurried news sketch with the life and color that make the picture complete4 ,the special feature article must not be confused with the type of news story called the feature1 or human interest1 story4 ,the latter undertakes to present minor incidents of the day's news in an entertaining form4 ,like the important news story1 it is published immediately after the incident occurs4 ,its purpose is to appeal to newspaper readers by bringing out the humorous and pathetic phases of events that have little real news value4 ,it exemplifies1 therefore1 merely one distinctive form of news report4 ,the special feature article differs from the older type of magazine article1 not so much in subject as in form and style4 ,the most marked difference lies in the fact that it supplements the recognized methods of literary and scientific exposition with the more striking devices of narrative1 descriptive1 and dramatic writing4 ,,scope ,,of ,,feature ,,articles4 ,the range of subjects for special articles is as wide as human knowledge and experience4 ,any theme is suitable that can be made interesting to a considerable number of persons4 ,a given topic may make either a local or a general appeal4 ,if interest in it is likely to be limited to persons in the immediate vicinity of the place with which the subject is connected1 the article is best adapted to publication in a local newspaper4 ,if the theme is one that appeals to a larger public1 the article is adapted to a periodical of general circulation4 ,often local material has interest for persons in many other communities1 and hence is suitable either for newspapers or for magazines4 ,some subjects have a peculiar appeal to persons engaged in a particular occupation or devoted to a particular avocation or amusement4 ,special articles on these subjects of limited appeal are adapted to agricultural1 trade1 or other class publications1 particularly to such of these periodicals as present their material in a popular rather than a technical manner4 ,,the ,,newspaper ,,field4 ,because of their number and their local character1 daily newspapers afford a ready medium for the publication of special articles1 or special feature stories1 as they are generally called in newspaper offices4 ,some newspapers publish these articles from day to day on the editorial page or in other parts of the paper4 ,many more papers have magazine sections on ,saturday or ,sunday made up largely of such stories4 ,some of these special sections closely resemble regular magazines in form1 cover1 and general make-up4 ,the articles published in newspapers come from three sources3 7#a7 syndicates that furnish a number of newspapers in different cities with special articles1 illustrations1 and other matter1 for simultaneous publication2 7#b7 members of the newspaper's staff2 that is1 reporters1 correspondents1 editors1 or special writers employed for the purpose2 7#c7 so-called free-lance writers1 professional or amateur1 who submit their stories to the editor of the magazine section4 ,reporters1 correspondents1 and other regular members of the staff may be assigned to write special feature stories1 or may prepare such stories on their own initiative for submission to the editor of the magazine section4 ,in many offices regular members of the staff are paid for special feature stories in addition to their salaries1 especially when the subjects are not assigned to them and when the stories are prepared in the writer's own leisure time4 ,other papers expect their regular staff members to furnish the paper with whatever articles they may write1 as a part of the work covered by their salary4 ,if a paper has one or more special feature writers on its staff1 it may pay them a fixed salary or may employ them on space2 that is1 pay them at a fixed space rate for the number of columns that an article fills when printed4 ,newspaper correspondents1 who are usually paid at space rates for news stories1 may add to their monthly string1 or amount of space1 by submitting special feature articles in addition to news4 ,they may also submit articles to other papers that do not compete with their own paper4 ,ordinarily a newspaper expects a correspondent to give it the opportunity of printing any special feature stories that he may write4 ,free-lance writers1 who are not regularly employed by newspapers or magazines as staff members1 submit articles for the editor's consideration and are paid at space rates4 ,sometimes a free lance will outline an article in a letter or in personal conference with an editor in order to get his approval before writing it1 but1 unless the editor knows the writer's work1 he is not likely to promise to accept the completed article4 ,to the writer there is an obvious advantage in knowing that the subject as he outlines it is or is not an acceptable one4 ,if an editor likes the work of a free lance1 he may suggest subjects for articles1 or may even ask him to prepare an article on a given subject4 ,freelance writers1 by selling their work at space rates1 can often make more money than they would receive as regular members of a newspaper staff4 ,for the amateur the newspaper offers an excellent field4 ,first1 in every city of any size there is at least one daily newspaper1 and almost all these papers publish special feature stories4 ,second1 feature articles on local topics1 the material for which is right at the amateur's hand1 are sought by most newspapers4 ,third1 newspaper editors are generally less critical of form and style than are magazine editors4 ,with some practice an inexperienced writer may acquire sufficient skill to prepare an acceptable special feature story for publication in a local paper1 and even if he is paid little or nothing for it1 he will gain experience from seeing his work in print4 ,the space rate paid for feature articles is usually proportionate to the size of the city in which the newspaper is published4 ,in small cities papers seldom pay more than #a a column2 in larger places the rate is about #c a column2 in still larger ones1 #e2 and in the largest1 from #h to #aj4 ,in general the column rate for special feature stories is the same as that paid for news stories4 ,,what ,,newspapers ,,want4 ,since timeliness is the keynote of the newspaper1 current topics1 either growing out of the news of the week or anticipating coming events1 furnish the subjects for most special feature stories4 ,the news columns from day to day provide room for only concise announcements of such news as a scientific discovery1 an invention1 the death of an interesting person1 a report on social or industrial conditions1 proposed legislation1 the razing of a landmark1 or the dedication of a new building4 ,such news often arouses the reader's curiosity to know more of the persons1 places1 and circumstances mentioned4 ,in an effort to satisfy this curiosity1 editors of magazine sections print special feature stories based on news4 ,by anticipating approaching events1 an editor is able to supply articles that are timely for a particular issue of his paper4 ,two classes of subjects that he usually looks forward to in this way are3 first1 those concerned with local1 state1 and national anniversaries2 and second1 those growing out of seasonal occasions1 such as holidays1 vacations1 the opening of schools and colleges1 moving days1 commencements1 the opening of hunting and fishing seasons4 ,the general policy of a newspaper with regard to special feature stories is the same as its policy concerning news4 ,both are determined by the character of its circulation4 ,a paper that is read largely by business and professional men provides news and special articles that satisfy such readers4 ,a paper that aims to reach the so-called masses naturally selects news and features that will appeal to them4 ,if a newspaper has a considerable circulation outside the city where it is published1 the editors1 in framing their policy1 cannot afford to overlook their suburban and rural readers4 ,the character of its readers1 in a word1 determines the character of a paper's special feature stories4 ,the newspaper is primarily local in character4 ,a city1 a state1 or at most a comparatively small section of the whole country1 is its particular field4 ,besides the news of its locality1 it must1 of course1 give significant news of the world at large4 ,so1 too1 in addition to local feature articles1 it should furnish special feature stories of a broader scope4 ,this distinctively local character of newspapers differentiates them from magazines of national circulation in the matter of acceptable subjects for special articles4 ,the frequency of publication of newspapers1 as well as their ephemeral character1 leads1 in many instances1 to the choice of comparatively trivial topics for some articles4 ,merely to give readers entertaining matter with which to occupy their leisure at the end of a day's work or on ,sunday1 some papers print special feature stories on topics of little or no importance1 often written in a light vein4 ,articles with no more serious purpose than that of helping readers to while away a few spare moments are obviously better adapted to newspapers1 which are read rapidly and immediately cast aside1 than to periodicals4 ,the sensationalism that characterizes the policy of some newspapers affects alike their news columns and their magazine sections4 ,gossip1 scandal1 and crime lend themselves to melodramatic treatment as readily in special feature articles as in news stories4 ,on the other hand1 the relatively few magazines that undertake to attract readers by sensationalism1 usually do so by means of short stories and serials rather than by special articles4 ,all newspapers1 in short1 use special feature stories on local topics1 some papers print trivial ones1 and others play up sensational material2 whereas practically no magazine publishes articles of these types4 ,,sunday ,,magazine ,,sections4 ,the character and scope of special articles for the ,sunday magazine section of newspapers have been well summarized by two well-known editors of such sections4 ,mr4 ,john ,o',hara ,cosgrove1 editor of the ,new ,york ,sunday ,world ,magazine1 and formerly editor of ,everybody's ,magazine1 gives this as his conception of the ideal ,sunday magazine section3 ,the real function of the ,sunday ,magazine1 to my thinking1 is to present the color and romance of the news1 the most authoritative opinions on the issues and events of the day1 and to chronicle promptly the developments of science as applied to daily life4 ,in the grind of human intercourse all manner of curious1 heroic1 delightful things turn up1 and for the most part1 are dismissed in a passing note4 ,behind every such episode are human beings and a story1 and these1 if fairly and artfully explained1 are the very stuff of romance4 ,into every great city men are drifting daily from the strange and remote places of the world where they have survived perilous hazards and seen rare spectacles4 ,such adventures are the treasure troves of the skilful reporter4 ,the cross currents and reactions that lead up to any explosion of greed or passion that we call crime are often worth following1 not only for their plots1 but as proofs of the pain and terror of transgression4 ,brave deeds or heroic resistances are all too seldom presented in full length in the news1 and generously portrayed prove the nobility inherent in every-day life4 ,the broad domain of the ,sunday magazine editor covers all that may be rare and curious or novel in the arts and sciences1 in music and verse1 in religion and the occult1 on the stage and in sport4 ,achievements and controversies are ever culminating in these diverse fields1 and the men and women actors therein make admirable subjects for his pages4 ,provided the editor has at his disposal skilled writers who have the fine arts of vivid and simple exposition and of the brief personal sketch1 there is nothing of human interest that may not be presented4 ,the ideal ,sunday magazine1 as ,mr4 ,frederick ,boyd ,stevenson1 ,sunday editor of the ,brooklyn ,eagle1 sees it1 he describes thus3 ,the new ,sunday magazine of the newspaper bids fair to be a crisp1 sensible review and critique of the live world4 ,it has developed a special line of writers who have learned that a character sketch and interview of a man makes you see the man face to face and talk with him yourself4 ,if he has done anything that gives him a place in the news of to-day1 he is presented to you4 ,you know the man4 ,it seems to me that the leading feature of the ,sunday magazine should be the biggest topic that will be before the public on the ,sunday that the newspaper is printed4 ,it should be written by one who thoroughly knows his subject1 who is forceful in style and fluent in words1 who can make a picture that his readers can see1 and seeing1 realize4 ,so every other feature of the ,sunday magazine should have points of human interest1 either by contact with the news of the day or with men and women who are doing something besides getting divorces and creating scandals4 ,i firmly believe that the coming ,sunday magazine will contain articles of information without being dull or encyclopaedic1 articles of adventure that are real and timely1 articles of scientific discoveries that are authentic1 interviews with men and women who have messages1 and interpretations of news and analyses of every-day themes1 together with sketches1 poems1 and essays that are not tedious1 but have a reason for being printed4 ,,the ,,magazine ,,field4 ,the great majority of magazines differ from all newspapers in one important respect--extent of circulation4 ,popular magazines have a nation-wide distribution4 ,it is only among agricultural and trade journals that we find a distinctly sectional circulation4 ,some of these publications serve subscribers in only one state or section1 and others issue separate state or sectional editions4 ,the best basis of differentiation among magazines1 then1 is not the extent of circulation but the class of readers appealed to1 regardless of the part of the country in which the readers live4 ,the popular general magazine1 monthly or weekly1 aims to attract readers of all classes in all parts of the ,united ,states4 ,,how ,,magazines ,,get ,,material4 ,magazine articles come from 7#a7 regular members of the magazine's staff1 7#b7 professional or amateur free-lance writers1 7#c7 specialists who write as an avocation1 and 7#d7 readers of the periodical who send in material based on their own experience4 ,the so-called staff system of magazine editing1 in accordance with which practically all the articles are prepared by writers regularly employed by the publication1 has been adopted by a few general magazines and by a number of class periodicals4 ,the staff is recruited from writers and editors on newspapers and other magazines4 ,its members often perform various editorial duties in addition to writing articles4 ,publications edited in this way buy few if any articles from outsiders4 ,magazines that do not follow the staff system depend largely or entirely on contributors4 ,every editor daily receives many manuscripts submitted by writers on their own initiative4 ,from these he selects the material best adapted to his publication4 ,experienced writers often submit an outline of an article to a magazine editor for his approval before preparing the material for publication4 ,free-lance writers of reputation may be asked by magazine editors to prepare articles on given subjects4 ,in addition to material obtained in these ways1 articles may be secured from specialists who write as an avocation4 ,an editor generally decides on the subject that he thinks will interest his readers at a given time and then selects the authority best fitted to treat it in a popular way4 ,to induce well-known men to prepare such articles1 an editor generally offers them more than he normally pays4 ,a periodical may encourage its readers to send in short articles giving their own experiences and explaining how to do something in which they have become skilled4 ,these personal experience articles have a reality and human interest that make them eminently readable4 ,to obtain them magazines sometimes offer prizes for the best1 reserving the privilege of publishing acceptable articles that do not win an award4 ,aspiring writers should take advantage of these prize contests as a possible means of getting both publication and money for their work4 ,,opportunities ,,for ,,unknown ,,writers4 ,the belief is common among novices that because they are unknown their work is likely to receive little or no consideration from editors4 ,as a matter of fact1 in the majority of newspaper and magazine offices all unsolicited manuscripts are considered strictly on their merits4 ,the unknown writer has as good a chance as anybody of having his manuscript accepted1 provided that his work has merit comparable with that of more experienced writers4 ,with the exception of certain newspapers that depend entirely on syndicates for their special features1 and of a few popular magazines that have the staff system or that desire only the work of well-known writers1 every publication welcomes special articles and short stories by novices4 ,moreover1 editors take pride in the fact that from time to time they discover writers whose work later proves popular4 ,they not infrequently tell how they accepted a short story1 an article1 or some verse by an author of whom they had never before heard1 because they were impressed with the quality of it1 and how the verdict of their readers confirmed their own judgment4 ,the relatively small number of amateurs who undertake special articles1 compared with the hundreds of thousands who try their hand at short stories1 makes the opportunities for special feature writers all the greater4 ,then1 too1 the number of professional writers of special articles is comparatively small4 ,this is particularly true of writers who are able effectively to popularize scientific and technical material1 as well as of those who can present in popular form the results of social and economic investigations4 ,it is not too much to say1 therefore1 that any writer who is willing 7#a7 to study the interests and the needs of newspaper and magazine readers1 7#b7 to gather carefully the material for his articles1 and 7#c7 to present it accurately and attractively1 may be sure that his work will receive the fullest consideration in almost every newspaper and magazine office in the country1 and will be accepted whenever it is found to merit publication4 ,,women ,,as ,,feature ,,writers4 ,since the essential qualifications just enumerated are not limited to men1 women are quite as well fitted to write special feature and magazine articles as are their brothers in the craft4 ,in fact1 woman's quicker sympathies and readier emotional response to many phases of life give her a distinct advantage4 ,her insight into the lives of others1 and her intuitive understanding of them1 especially fit her to write good human interest articles4 ,both the delicacy of touch and the chatty1 personal tone that characterize the work of many young women1 are well suited to numerous topics4 ,in some fields1 such as cooking1 sewing1 teaching1 the care of children1 and household management1 woman's greater knowledge and understanding of conditions furnish her with topics that are vital to other women and often not uninteresting to men4 ,the entry of women into occupations hitherto open only to men is bringing new experiences to many women1 and is furnishing women writers with additional fields from which to draw subjects and material4 ,ever since the beginning of popular magazines and of special feature writing for newspapers1 women writers have proved their ability1 but at no time have the opportunities for them been greater than at present4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,preparation ,,for ,,special ,,feature ,,writing ,,qualifications ,,for ,,feature ,,writing4 ,to attain success as a writer of special feature articles a person must possess at least four qualifications3 7#a7 ability to find subjects that will interest the average man and woman1 and to see the picturesque1 romantic1 and significant phases of these subjects2 7#b7 a sympathetic understanding of the lives and interests of the persons about whom and for whom he writes2 7#c7 thoroughness and accuracy in gathering material2 7#d7 skill to portray and to explain clearly1 accurately1 and attractively4 ,the much vaunted sense of news values commonly called a nose for news1 whether innate or acquired1 is a prime requisite4 ,like the newspaper reporter1 the writer of special articles must be able to recognize what at a given moment will interest the average reader4 ,like the reporter1 also1 he must know how much it will interest him4 ,an alert1 responsive attitude of mind toward everything that is going on in the world1 and especially in that part of the world immediately around him1 will reveal a host of subjects4 ,by reading newspapers1 magazines1 and books1 as well as by intercourse with persons of various classes1 a writer keeps in contact with what people are thinking and talking about1 in the world at large and in his own community4 ,in this way he finds subjects and also learns how to connect his subjects with events and movements of interest the country over4 ,not only should he be quick to recognize a good subject2 he must be able to see the attractive and significant aspects of it4 ,he must understand which of its phases touch most closely the life and the interests of the average person for whom he is writing4 ,he must look at things from the other fellow's point of view4 ,a sympathetic insight into the lives of his readers is necessary for every writer who hopes to quicken his subject with vital interest4 ,the alert mental attitude that constantly focuses the writer's attention on the men and women around him has been called human curiosity1 which ,arnold ,bennett says counts among the highest social virtues 7as indifference counts among the basest defects71 because it leads to the disclosure of the causes of character and temperament and thereby to a better understanding of the springs of human conduct4 ,the importance of curiosity and of a keen sense of wonder has been emphasized as follows by ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,siddall1 editor of the ,american ,magazine1 who directed his advice to college students interested in the opportunities afforded by writing as a profession3 ,a journalist or writer must have consuming curiosity about other human beings--the most intense interest in their doings and motives and thoughts4 ,it comes pretty near being the truth to say that a great journalist is a super-gossip--not about trivial things but about important things4 ,unless a man has a ceaseless desire to learn what is going on in the heads of others1 he won't be much of a journalist--for how can you write about others unless you know about others8 ,in journalism men are needed who have a natural sense of wonder4444 ,you must wonder at man's achievements1 at man's stupidity1 at his honesty1 crookedness1 courage1 cowardice--at everything that is remarkable about him wherever and whenever it appears4 ,if you haven't this sense of wonder1 you will never write a novel or become a great reporter1 because you simply won't see anything to write about4 ,men will be doing amazing things under your very eyes--and you won't even know it4 ,ability to investigate a subject thoroughly1 and to gather material accurately1 is absolutely necessary for any writer who aims to do acceptable work4 ,careless1 inaccurate writers are the bane of the magazine editor's life4 ,whenever mistakes appear in an article1 readers are sure to write to the editor calling his attention to them4 ,moreover1 the discovery of incorrect statements impairs the confidence of readers in the magazine4 ,if there is reason to doubt the correctness of any data in an article1 the editor takes pains to check over the facts carefully before publication4 ,he is not inclined to accept work a second time from a writer who has once proved unreliable4 ,to interpret correctly the essential significance of data is as important as to record them accurately4 ,readers want to know the meaning of facts and figures1 and it is the writer's mission to bring out this meaning4 ,a sympathetic understanding of the persons who figure in his article is essential1 not only to portray them accurately1 but to give his story the necessary human interest4 ,to observe accurately1 to feel keenly1 and to interpret sympathetically and correctly whatever he undertakes to write about1 should be a writer's constant aim4 ,ability to write well enough to make the average person see as clearly1 feel as keenly1 and understand as well as he does himself the persons and things that he is portraying and explaining1 is obviously the sine qua non of success4 ,ease1 fluency1 and originality of diction1 either natural or acquired1 the writer must possess if his work is to have distinction4 ,,training ,,for ,,feature ,,writing4 ,the ideal preparation for a writer of special articles would include a four-year college course1 at least a year's work as a newspaper reporter1 and practical experience in some other occupation or profession in which the writer intends to specialize in his writing4 ,although not all persons who desire to do special feature work will be able to prepare themselves in this way1 most of them can obtain some part of this preliminary training4 ,a college course1 although not absolutely essential for success1 is generally recognized to be of great value as a preparation for writing4 ,college training aims to develop the student's ability to observe accurately1 to think logically1 and to express his ideas clearly and effectively--all of which is vital to good special feature writing4 ,in addition1 such a course gives a student a knowledge of many subjects that he will find useful for his articles4 ,a liberal education furnishes a background that is invaluable for all kinds of literary work4 ,universities also offer excellent opportunities for specialization4 ,intensive study in some one field of knowledge1 such as agriculture1 banking and finance1 home economics1 public health1 social service1 government and politics1 or one of the physical sciences1 makes it possible for a writer to specialize in his articles4 ,in choosing a department in which to do special work in college1 a student may be guided by his own tastes and interests1 or he may select some field in which there is considerable demand for well trained writers4 ,the man or woman with a specialty has a superior equipment for writing4 ,with the development of courses in journalism in many colleges and universities has come the opportunity to obtain instruction and practice1 not only in the writing of special feature and magazine articles1 but also in newspaper reporting1 editing1 and short story writing4 ,to write constantly under guidance and criticism1 such as it is impossible to secure in newspaper and magazine offices1 will develop whatever ability a student possesses4 ,experience as a newspaper reporter supplements college training in journalism and is the best substitute for college work generally available to persons who cannot go to college4 ,for any one who aspires to write1 reporting has several distinct advantages and some dangers4 ,the requirement that news be printed at the earliest possible moment teaches newspaper workers to collect facts and opinions quickly and to write them up rapidly under pressure4 ,newspaper work also develops a writer's appreciation of what constitutes news and what determines news values2 that is1 it helps him to recognize at once1 not only what interests the average reader1 but how much it interests him4 ,then1 too1 in the course of his round of news gathering a reporter sees more of human life under a variety of circumstances than do workers in any other occupation4 ,such experience not only supplies him with an abundance of material1 but gives him a better understanding and a more sympathetic appreciation of the life of all classes4 ,to get the most out of his reporting1 a writer must guard against two dangers4 ,one is the temptation to be satisfied with superficial work hastily done4 ,the necessity of writing rapidly under pressure and of constantly handling similar material1 encourages neglect of the niceties of structure and of style4 ,in the rush of rapid writing1 the importance of care in the choice of words and in the arrangement of phrases and clauses is easily forgotten4 ,even though well-edited newspapers insist on the highest possible degree of accuracy in presenting news1 the exigencies of newspaper publishing often make it impossible to verify facts or to attain absolute accuracy4 ,consequently a reporter may drop into the habit of being satisfied with less thorough methods of collecting and presenting his material than are demanded by the higher standards of magazine writing4 ,the second danger is that he may unconsciously permit a more or less cynical attitude to replace the healthy1 optimistic outlook with which he began his work4 ,with the seamy side of life constantly before him1 he may find that his faith in human nature is being undermined4 ,if1 however1 he loses his idealism1 he cannot hope to give his articles that sincerity1 hopefulness1 and constructive spirit demanded by the average reader1 who1 on the whole1 retains his belief that truth and righteousness prevail4 ,of the relation of newspaper reporting to the writing of magazine articles and to magazine editing1 ,mr4 ,howard ,wheeler1 editor of ,everybody's ,magazine1 has said3 ,it is the trained newspaper men that the big periodical publishers are reaching out for4 ,the man who has been through the newspaper mill seems to have a distinct edge on the man who enters the field without any newspaper training4 ,the nose for news1 the ability to select and play up leads1 the feel of what is of immediate public interest is just as important in magazine work as in newspaper work4 ,fundamentally the purpose of a magazine article is the same as the purpose of a newspaper story--to tell a tale1 to tell it directly1 convincingly1 and interestingly4 ,practical experience in the field of his specialty is of advantage in familiarizing a writer with the actual conditions about which he is preparing himself to write4 ,to engage for some time in farming1 railroading1 household management1 or any other occupation1 equips a person to write more intelligently about it4 ,such practical experience either supplements college training in a special field1 or serves as the best substitute for such specialized education4 ,,what ,,editors ,,want4 ,all the requirements for success in special feature writing may be reduced to the trite dictum that editors want what they believe their readers want4 ,although a commonplace1 it expresses a point of view that aspiring writers are apt to forget4 ,from a purely commercial standpoint1 editors are middlemen who buy from producers what they believe they can sell to their customers4 ,unless an editor satisfies his readers with his articles1 they will cease to buy his publication4 ,if his literary wares are not what his readers want1 he finds on the newsstands unsold piles of his publication1 just as a grocer finds on his shelves faded packages of an unpopular breakfast food4 ,both editor and grocer undertake to buy from the producers what will have a ready sale and will satisfy their customers4 ,the writer1 then1 as the producer1 must furnish wares that will attract and satisfy the readers of the periodical to which he desires to sell his product4 ,it is the ultimate consumer1 not merely the editor1 that he must keep in mind in selecting his material and in writing his article4 ,will the reader like this8 is the question that he must ask himself at every stage of his work4 ,unless he can convince himself that the average person who reads the periodical to which he proposes to submit his article will like what he is writing1 he cannot hope to sell it to the editor4 ,,understanding ,,the ,,reader4 ,instead of thinking of readers as a more or less indefinite mass1 the writer will find it advantageous to picture to himself real persons who may be taken as typical readers4 ,it is very easy for an author to think that what interests him and his immediate circle will appeal equally to people in general4 ,to write successfully1 however1 for the ,sunday magazine of a newspaper1 it is necessary to keep in mind the butcher1 the baker1 and--if not the candlestick-maker1 at least the stenographer and the department store clerk--as well as the doctor1 lawyer1 merchant1 and chief4 ,what is true of the ,sunday newspaper is true of the popular magazine4 ,the most successful publisher in this country attributes the success of his periodical to the fact that he kept before his mind's eye1 as a type1 a family of his acquaintance in a ,middle-,western town of fifteen hundred inhabitants1 and shaped the policy of his publication to meet the needs and interests of all its members4 ,an editor who desired to reach such a family would be immeasurably helped in selecting his material by trying constantly to judge from their point of view whatever passed through his hands4 ,it is equally true that a writer desiring to gain admittance to that magazine1 or to others making the same appeal1 would greatly profit by visualizing as vividly as possible a similar family4 ,every successful writer1 consciously or unconsciously1 thus pictures his readers to himself4 ,if1 for example1 an author is preparing an article for an agricultural journal1 he must have in his mind's eye an average farmer and this farmer's family4 ,not only must he see them in their surroundings2 he must try to see life from their point of view4 ,the attitude of the typical city man toward the farm and country life is very different from that of the countryman4 ,lack of sympathy and insight is a fatal defect in many an article intended by the writer for farm readers4 ,whatever the publication to which an author desires to contribute1 he should consider first1 last1 and all the time1 its readers--their surroundings1 their education1 their income1 their ambitions1 their amusements1 their prejudices--in short1 he must see them as they really are4 ,the necessity of understanding the reader and his point of view has been well brought out by ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,siddall1 editor of the ,american ,magazine1 in the following excerpt from an editorial in that periodical3 ,the man who refuses to use his imagination to enable him to look at things from the other fellow's point of view simply cannot exercise wide influence4 ,he cannot reach people4 ,underneath it1 somehow1 lies a great law1 the law of service4 ,you can't expect to attract people unless you do something for them4 ,the business man who has something to sell must have something useful to sell1 and he must talk about it from the point of view of the people to whom he wants to sell his goods4 ,in the same way1 the journalist1 the preacher1 and the politician must look at things from the point of view of those they would reach4 ,they must feel the needs of others and then reach out and meet those needs4 ,they can never have a large following unless they give something4 ,the same law runs into the human relation4 ,how we abhor the man who talks only about himself--the man who never inquires about our troubles1 our problems2 the man who never puts himself in our place1 but unimaginatively and unsympathetically goes on and on1 egotistically hammering away on the only subject that interests him--namely himself4 ,,studying ,,newspapers ,,and ,,magazines4 ,since every successful publication may be assumed to be satisfying its readers to a considerable degree1 the best way to determine what kind of readers it has1 and what they are interested in1 is to study the contents carefully4 ,no writer should send an article to a publication before he has examined critically several of its latest issues4 ,in fact1 no writer should prepare an article before deciding to just what periodical he wishes to submit it4 ,the more familiar he is with the periodical the better are his chances of having his contribution accepted4 ,in analyzing a newspaper or magazine in order to determine the type of reader to which it appeals1 the writer should consider the character of the subjects in its recent issues1 and the point of view from which these subjects are presented4 ,every successful periodical has a distinct individuality1 which may be regarded as an expression of the editor's idea of what his readers expect of his publication4 ,to become a successful contributor to a periodical1 a writer must catch the spirit that pervades its fiction and its editorials1 as well as its special articles4 ,in his effort to determine the kind of topics preferred by a given publication1 a writer may at first glance decide that timeliness is the one element that dominates their choice1 but a closer examination of the articles in one or more issues will reveal a more specific basis of selection4 ,thus1 one ,sunday paper will be found to contain articles on the latest political1 sociological1 and literary topics1 while another deals almost exclusively with society leaders1 actors and actresses1 and other men and women whose recent experiences or adventures have brought them into prominence4 ,it is of even greater value to find out by careful reading of the entire contents of several numbers of a periodical1 the exact point of view from which the material is treated4 ,every editor aims to present the contents of his publication in the way that will make the strongest appeal to his readers4 ,this point of view it is the writer's business to discover and adopt4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,special ,,articles4 ,an inexperienced writer who desires to submit special feature stories to newspapers should begin by analyzing thoroughly the stories of this type in the daily papers published in his own section of the country4 ,usually in the ,saturday or ,sunday issues he will find typical articles on topics connected with the city and with the state or states in which the paper circulates4 ,the advantage of beginning his study of newspaper stories with those published in papers near his home lies in the fact that he is familiar with the interests of the readers of these papers and can readily understand their point of view4 ,by noting the subjects1 the point of view1 the form1 the style1 the length1 and the illustrations1 he will soon discover what these papers want1 or rather1 what the readers of these papers want4 ,the ,outline for the ,analysis of ,special ,articles in ,part ,,ii will indicate the points to keep in mind in studying these articles4 ,in order to get a broader knowledge of the scope and character of special feature stories1 a writer may well extend his studies to the magazine sections of the leading papers of the country4 ,from the work of the most experienced and original of the feature writers1 which is generally to be found in these metropolitan papers1 the novice will derive no little inspiration as well as a valuable knowledge of technique4 ,the methods suggested for analyzing special feature stories in newspapers are applicable also to the study of magazine articles4 ,magazines afford a better opportunity than do newspapers for an analysis of the different types of articles discussed in ,chapter ,v4 ,since magazine articles are usually signed1 it is possible to seek out and study the work of various successful authors in order to determine wherein lies the effectiveness of their writing4 ,beginning with the popular weekly and monthly magazines1 a writer may well extend his study to those periodicals that appeal to particular classes1 such as women's magazines1 agricultural journals1 and trade publications4 ,,ideals ,,in ,,feature ,,writing4 ,after thoughtful analysis of special articles in all kinds of newspapers and magazines1 the young writer with a critical sense developed by reading ,english literature may come to feel that much of the writing in periodicals falls far short of the standards of excellence established by the best authors4 ,because he finds that the average uncritical reader not only accepts commonplace work but is apparently attracted by meretricious devices in writing1 he may conclude that high literary standards are not essential to popular success4 ,the temptation undoubtedly is great both for editors and writers to supply articles that are no better than the average reader demands1 especially in such ephemeral publications as newspapers and popular magazines4 ,nevertheless1 the writer who yields to this temptation is sure to produce only mediocre work4 ,if he is satisfied to write articles that will be characterized merely as acceptable1 he will never attain distinction4 ,the special feature writer owes it both to himself and to his readers to do the best work of which he is capable4 ,it is his privilege not only to inform and to entertain the public1 but to create better taste and a keener appreciation of good writing4 ,that readers do not demand better writing in their newspapers and magazines does not mean that they are unappreciative of good work4 ,nor do originality and precision in style necessarily go over the heads of the average person4 ,whenever writers and editors give the public something no better than it is willing to accept1 they neglect a great opportunity to aid in the development of better literary taste1 particularly on the part of the public whose reading is largely confined to newspapers and periodicals4 ,because of the commercial value of satisfying his readers1 an editor occasionally assumes that he must give all of them whatever some of them crave4 ,we are only giving the public what it wants1 is his excuse for printing fiction and articles that are obviously demoralizing in their effect4 ,a heterogeneous public inevitably includes a considerable number of individuals who are attracted by a suggestive treatment of morbid phases of life4 ,to cater to the low desires of some readers1 on the ground of giving the public what it wants1 will always be regarded by self-respecting editors and authors as indefensible4 ,the writer's opportunity to influence the mental1 moral1 and aesthetic ideals of hundreds of thousands of readers is much greater than he often realizes4 ,when he considers the extent to which most men and women are unconsciously guided in their ideas and aspirations by what they read in newspapers and magazines1 he cannot fail to appreciate his responsibility4 ,grasping the full significance of his special feature writing1 he will no longer be content to write just well enough to sell his product1 but will determine to devote his effort to producing articles that are the best of which he is capable4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,finding ,,subjects ,,and ,,material ,,sources ,,of ,,subjects4 ,what shall ,i write about8 is the first question that inexperienced writers ask their literary advisers4 ,if you haven't anything to write about1 why write at all8 might be an easy answer4 ,most persons1 as a matter of fact1 have plenty to write about but do not realize it4 ,not lack of subjects1 but inability to recognize the possibilities of what lies at hand1 is their real difficulty4 ,the best method of finding subjects is to look at every person1 every event1 every experience--in short1 at everything--with a view to seeing whether or not it has possibilities for a special feature article4 ,even in the apparently prosaic round of everyday life will be found a variety of themes4 ,a circular letter from a business firm announcing a new policy1 a classified advertisement in a newspaper1 the complaint of a scrub-woman1 a new variety of fruit in the grocer's window1 an increase in the price of laundry work1 a hurried luncheon at a cafeteria--any of the hundred and one daily experiences may suggest a live topic for an article4 ,every foot of ground is five feet deep with subjects2 all you have to do is to scratch the surface for one1 declared the editor of a popular magazine who is also a successful writer of special articles4 ,this statement may be taken as literally true4 ,within the narrow confines of one's house and yard1 for instance1 are many topics4 ,a year's experience with the family budget1 a home-made device1 an attempt to solve the servant problem1 a method of making pin-money1 a practical means of economizing in household management1 are forms of personal experience that may be made interesting to newspaper and magazine readers4 ,a garden on a city lot1 a poultry house in a back yard1 a novel form of garage1 a new use for a gasoline engine1 a labor-saving device on the farm1 may afford equally good topics4 ,one's own experience1 always a rich field1 may be supplemented by experiences of neighbors and friends4 ,a second source of subjects is the daily newspaper4 ,local news will give the writer clues that he can follow up by visiting the places mentioned1 interviewing the persons concerned1 and gathering other relevant material4 ,when news comes from a distance1 he can write to the persons most likely to have the desired information4 ,in neither case can he be sure1 until he has investigated1 that an item of news will prove to contain sufficient available material for an article4 ,many pieces of news1 however1 are worth running down carefully1 for the day's events are rich in possibilities4 ,pieces of news as diverse as the following may suggest excellent subjects for special articles3 the death of an interesting person1 the sale of a building that has historic associations1 the meeting of an uncommon group or organization1 the approach of the anniversary of an event1 the election or appointment of a person to a position1 an unusual occupation1 an odd accident1 an auction1 a proposed municipal improvement1 the arrival of a well-known person1 an official report1 a legal decision1 an epidemic1 the arrest of a noted criminal1 the passing of an old custom1 the publication of the city directory1 a railroad accident1 a marked change in fashion in dress4 ,a third source of both subjects and material is the report of special studies in some field1 the form of the report ranging from a paper read at a meeting to a treatise in several volumes4 ,these reports of experiments1 surveys1 investigations1 and other forms of research1 are to be found in printed bulletins1 monographs1 proceedings of organizations1 scientific periodicals1 and new books4 ,government publications--federal1 state1 and local--giving results of investigative work done by bureaus1 commissions1 and committees1 are public documents that may usually be had free of charge4 ,technical and scientific periodicals and printed proceedings of important organizations are generally available at public libraries4 ,as ,mr4 ,waldemar ,kaempffert1 editor of ,popular ,science ,monthly1 has said3 ,there is hardly a paper read before the ,royal ,institution or the ,french ,academy or our ,american engineering and chemical societies that cannot be made dramatically interesting from a human standpoint and that does not chronicle real news4 ,if you want to publish something where it will never be read1 a wit has observed1 print it in an official document4 ,government reports are filled with valuable information that remains quite unknown to the average reader unless newspapers and magazines unearth it and present it in popular form4 ,the popularization of the contents of all kinds of scientific and technical publications affords great opportunities for the writer who can present such subjects effectively4 ,in addressing students of journalism on ,science and ,journalism1 ,dr4 ,edwin ,e4 ,slosson1 literary editor of the ,independent1 who was formerly a professor of chemistry1 has said3 ,the most radical ideas of our day are not apt to be found in the popular newspaper or in queer little insurrectionary1 heretical and propaganda sheets that we occasionally see1 but in the technical journals and proceedings of learned societies4 ,the real revolutions are hatched in the laboratory and study4 ,the papers read before the annual meetings of the scientific societies1 and for the most part unnoticed by the press1 contain more dynamite than was ever discovered in any anarchist's shop4 ,political revolutions merely change the form of government or the name of the party in power4 ,scientific revolutions really turn the world over1 and it never settles back into its former position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the beauty and meaning of scientific discoveries can be revealed to the general reader if there is an intermediary who can understand equally the language of the laboratory and of the street4 ,the modern journalist knows that anything can be made interesting to anybody1 if he takes pains enough with the writing of it4 ,it is not necessary1 either1 to pervert scientific truths in the process of translation into the vernacular4 ,the facts are sensational enough without any picturesque exaggeration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the field is not an unprofitable one even in the mercenary sense4 ,to higher motives the task of popularizing science makes a still stronger appeal4 ,ignorance is the source of most of our ills4 ,ignorant we must always be of much that we need to know1 but there is no excuse for remaining ignorant of what somebody on earth knows or has known4 ,rich treasure lies hidden in what ,president ,gilman called the bibliothecal cairn of scientific monographs which piles up about a university4 ,the journalist might well exchange the muckrake for the pick and dig it out4 ,nothing could accelerate human progress more than to reduce the time between the discovery of a new truth and its application to the needs of mankind4444 ,it is regarded as a great journalistic achievement when the time of transmission of a cablegram is shortened4 ,but how much more important it is to gain a few years in learning what the men who are in advance of their age are doing than to gain a few seconds in learning what the people of ,europe are doing8 ,this lag in intellectual progress 444 is something which it is the especial duty of the journalist to remove4 ,he likes to score a beat of a few hours4 ,very well1 if he will turn his attention to science1 he can often score a beat of ten years4 ,the three main sources1 therefore1 of subjects and material for special feature and magazine articles are 7#a7 personal observation and experience1 7#b7 newspapers1 7#c7 scientific and technical publications and official reports4 ,,personal ,,observation4 ,how a writer may discover subjects for newspaper feature articles in the course of his daily routine by being alive to the possibilities around him can best be shown by concrete examples4 ,a community sing in a public park gave a woman writer a good subject for a special article published in the ,philadelphia ,north ,american4 ,in the publication of a city directory was found a timely subject for an article on the task of getting out the annual directory in a large city2 the story was printed in a ,sunday issue of the ,boston ,herald4 ,a glimpse of some children dressed like ,arctic explorers in an outdoor school in ,kansas ,city was evidently the origin of a special feature story on that institution1 which was published in the ,kansas ,city ,star4 ,a woman standing guard one evening over a partially completed school building in ,seattle suggested a special feature in the ,seattle ,post ,intelligencer on the unusual occupation of night watchman for a woman4 ,while making a purchase in a drug store1 a writer overheard a clerk make a request for a deposit from a woman who desired to have a prescription filled1 an incident which led him to write a special feature for the ,new ,york ,times on this method of discouraging persons from adding to the drug store's morgue of unclaimed prescriptions4 ,from a visit to the ,children's ,museum in ,brooklyn was developed a feature article for the ,new ,york ,herald1 and from a story-telling hour at the ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts was evolved a feature story for the ,boston ,herald on the telling of stories as a means of interesting children in pictures4 ,magazine articles also may originate in the writer's observation of what is going on about him4 ,the specific instances given below1 like those already mentioned1 will indicate to the inexperienced writer where to look for inspiration4 ,a newspaper reporter who covered the criminal courts compiled the various methods of burglars and sneak thieves in gaining entrance to houses and apartments1 as he heard them related in trials1 and wrote a helpful article for ,good ,housekeeping on how to protect one's house against robbery4 ,the exhibition of a novel type of rack for curing seed corn gave a writer a subject for an article on this corn tree1 which was published in the ,illustrated ,world4 ,during a short stop at a farm while on an automobile trip1 a woman writer noticed a concrete storage cellar for vegetables1 and from an interview with the farmer obtained enough material for an article1 which she sold to a farm journal4 ,while a woman writer was making a purchase in a plumber's shop1 the plumber was called to the telephone4 ,on returning to his customer1 he remarked that the call was from a woman on a farm five miles from town1 who could easily have made the slight repairs herself if she had known a little about the water-supply system on her farm4 ,from the material which the writer obtained from the plumber1 she wrote an article for an agricultural paper on how plumber's bills can be avoided4 ,a display of canned goods in a grocer's window1 with special prices for dozen and case lots1 suggested an article1 afterwards published in the ,merchants ,trade ,journal1 on this grocer's method of fighting mail-order competition4 ,,personal ,,experience4 ,what we actually do ourselves1 as well as what we see others do1 may be turned to good use in writing articles4 ,personal experiences not only afford good subjects and plenty of material but are more easily handled than most other subjects1 because1 being very real and vital to the writer1 they can the more readily be made real and vital to the reader4 ,many inexperienced writers overlook the possibilities of what they themselves have done and are doing4 ,to gain experience and impressions for their articles1 special writers on newspapers even assume temporarily the roles of persons whose lives and experiences they desire to portray4 ,one ,chicago paper featured every ,sunday for many weeks articles by a reporter who1 in order to get material1 did a variety of things just for one day1 from playing in a strolling street band to impersonating a convict in the state penitentiary4 ,thirty years ago1 when women first entered the newspaper field as special feature writers1 they were sometimes sent out on freak assignments for special features1 such as feigning injury or insanity in order to gain entrance to hospitals in the guise of patients4 ,recently one woman writer posed as an applicant for a position as moving-picture actress2 another applied for a place as housemaid2 a third donned overalls and sorted scrap-iron all day in the yard of a factory2 and still another accompanied a store detective on his rounds in order to discover the methods of shop-lifting with which department stores have to contend4 ,it is not necessary1 however1 to go so far afield to obtain personal experiences1 as is shown by the following newspaper and magazine articles based on what the writers found in the course of their everyday pursuits4 ,the results obtained from cultivating a quarter-acre lot in the residence district of a city of #ajj1jjj population were told by a writer in the ,country ,gentleman4 ,a woman's experience with bees was related in ,good ,housekeeping under the title1 ,what ,i ,did with ,bees4 ,experience in screening a large porch on his house furnished a writer with the necessary information for a practical story in ,popular ,mechanics4 ,some tests that he made on the power of automobiles gave a young engineer the suggestion for an article on the term horse power as applied to motor-cars2 the article was published in the ,illustrated ,world4 ,building a ,business on ,confidence was the title of a personal experience article published in ,system4 ,the evils of tenant farming1 as illustrated by the experiences of a farmer's wife in moving during the very early spring1 were vividly depicted in an article in ,farm and ,fireside4 ,the diary of an automobile trip from ,chicago to ,buffalo was embodied in an article by a woman writer1 which she sold to the ,woman's ,home ,companion4 ,both usual and unusual means employed to earn their college expenses have served as subjects for many special articles written by undergraduates and graduates4 ,innumerable articles of the how-to-do-something type are accepted every year from inexperienced writers by publications that print such useful information4 ,results of experiments in solving various problems of household management are so constantly in demand by women's magazines and women's departments in newspapers1 that housewives who like to write find a ready market for articles based on their own experience4 ,,confession ,,articles4 ,one particular type of personal experience article that enjoys great popularity is the so-called confession story4 ,told in the first person1 often anonymously1 a well-written confession article is one of the most effective forms in which to present facts and experiences4 ,personal experiences of others1 as well as the writer's own1 may be given in confession form if the writer is able to secure sufficiently detailed information from some one else to make the story probable4 ,a few examples will illustrate the kind of subjects that have been presented successfully in the confession form4 ,some criticisms of a typical college and of college life were given anonymously in the ,outlook under the title1 ,the ,confessions of an ,undergraduate4 ,the ,story of a ,summer ,hotel ,waitress1 published in the ,independent1 and characterized by the editor as a frank exposure of real life below stairs in the average summer hotel1 told how a student in a normal school tried to earn her school expenses by serving as a waitress during the summer vacation4 ,in ,farm and ,fireside was published ,the ,confession of a ,timber ,buyer1 an article exposing the methods employed by some unscrupulous lumber companies in buying timber from farmers4 ,how ,i ,cured ,myself of ,being ,too ,sensitive1 with the sub-title1 ,the ,autobiography of a ,young ,business ,man ,who ,nearly ,went to ,smash through ,jealousy1 was the subject of a confession article in the ,american ,magazine4 ,an exposure of the impositions practiced by an itinerant quack was made in a series of three confession articles1 in ,sunday issues of the ,kansas ,city ,star1 written by a young man whom the doctor had employed to drive him through the country districts4 ,to secure confession features from readers1 magazines have offered prizes for the best short articles on such topics as1 ,the ,best ,thing ,experience has ,taught ,me1 ,how ,i ,overcame ,my ,greatest ,fault1 ,the ,day of ,my ,great ,temptation1 ,what ,will ,power ,did for ,me4 ,,subjects ,,from ,,the ,,day',s ,,news4 ,in his search for subjects a writer will find numberless clues in newspapers4 ,since the first information concerning all new things is usually given to the world through the columns of the daily press1 these columns are scanned carefully by writers in search of suggestions4 ,any part of the paper1 from the want ads to the death notices or the real estate transfers1 may be the starting point of a special article4 ,the diversity of topics suggested by newspapers is shown by the following examples4 ,the death of a well-known clown in ,new ,york was followed by a special feature story about him in the ,sunday magazine section of a ,chicago paper4 ,a newspaper report of the discovery in ,wisconsin of a method of eliminating printing ink from pulp made from old newspapers1 so that white print paper might be produced from it1 led a young writer to send for information to the discoverer of the process1 and with these additional details he wrote an article that was published in the ,boston ,transcript4 ,a news story about a clever swindler in ,boston1 who obtained possession of negotiable securities by means of a forged certified check1 was made the basis of a special feature story in the ,providence ,journal on the precautions to be taken against losses from forged checks4 ,news of the energetic manner in which a ,new ,jersey sheriff handled a strike suggested a personality sketch of him that appeared in the ,american ,magazine4 ,the publication1 in a newspaper1 of some results of a survey of rural school conditions in a ,middle ,western state1 led to two articles on why the little red schoolhouse fails1 one of which was published in the ,country ,gentleman1 and the other in the ,independent4 ,from a brief news item about the success of a farmer's widow and her daughter1 in taking summer boarders in their old farmhouse1 was developed a practical article telling how to secure and provide for these boarders on the ordinary farm4 ,the article appeared in ,farm and ,fireside4 ,,official ,,documents4 ,bulletins and reports of government officials are a mine for both subjects and material4 ,for new developments in agriculture one may consult the bulletins of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and those of state agricultural experiment stations4 ,reports on new and better methods of preparing food1 and other phases of home economics1 are also printed in these bulletins4 ,state industrial commissions publish reports that furnish valuable material on industrial accidents1 working-men's insurance1 sanitary conditions in factories1 and the health of workers4 ,child welfare is treated in reports of federal1 state1 and city child-welfare boards4 ,the reports of the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission1 like those of state railroad commissions1 contain interesting material on various phases of transportation4 ,state and federal census reports often furnish good subjects and material4 ,in short1 nearly every official report of any kind may be a fruitful source of ideas for special articles4 ,the few examples given below suggest various possibilities for the use of these sources4 ,investigations made by a commission of ,american medical experts constituting the ,committee on ,resuscitation from ,mine ,gases1 under the direction of the ,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,mines1 supplied a writer in the ,boston ,transcript with material for a special feature story on the dangers involved in the use of the pulmotor4 ,a practical bulletin1 prepared by the home economics department of a state university1 on the best arrangement of a kitchen to save needless steps1 was used for articles in a number of farm journals4 ,from a bulletin of the ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture a writer prepared an article on the most successful farmer in the ,united ,states and what he did with twenty acres1 for the department of ,interesting ,people in the ,american ,magazine4 ,the results of a municipal survey of ,springfield1 ,illinois1 as set forth in official reports1 were the basis of an article in the ,outlook on ,what is a ,survey8 ,reports of a similar survey at ,lawrence1 ,kansas1 were used for a special feature story in the ,kansas ,city ,star4 ,are ,you a ,good or a ,poor ,penman8 was the title of an article in ,popular ,science ,monthly based on a chart prepared by the ,russell ,sage ,foundation in connection with some of its educational investigations4 ,the ,new ,york ,evening ,post published an interesting special article on the life tables that had been prepared by the division of vital statistics of the ,bureau of the ,census1 to show the expectation of life at all ages in the six states from which vital statistics were obtained4 ,a special feature story on how ,panama hats are woven1 as printed in the ,ohio ,state ,journal1 was based entirely on a report of the ,united ,states consul general at ,guayaquil1 ,ecuador4 ,,scientific ,,and ,,technical ,,publications4 ,almost every science and every art has its own special periodicals1 from which can be gleaned a large number of subjects and much valuable material that needs only to be popularized to be made attractive to the average reader4 ,the printed proceedings of scientific and technical societies1 including the papers read at their meetings1 as well as monographs and books1 are also valuable4 ,how such publications may be utilized is illustrated by the articles given below4 ,the report of a special committee of an association of electrical engineers1 given at its convention in ,philadelphia1 furnished a writer with material for an article on ,farming by ,electricity1 that was published in the ,sunday edition of the ,springfield ,republican4 ,studies of the cause of hunger1 made by ,prof4 ,a4,j4 ,carlson of the ,university of ,chicago and published in a volume entitled ,the ,control of ,hunger in ,health and ,disease1 furnished the subject for an article in the ,illustrated ,world4 ,earlier results of the same investigation were given in the ,sunday magazine of one of the ,chicago papers4 ,from the ,journal of ,heredity was gleaned material for an article entitled ,what ,chance ,has the ,poor ,child8 ,it was printed in ,every ,week4 ,golfer's ,foot1 ,one of ,our ,newest ,diseases1 was the subject of a special feature in the ,new ,york ,times1 that was based on an article in the ,medical ,record4 ,that the canals on ,mars may be only an optical illusion was demonstrated in an article in the ,sunday magazine of the ,new ,york ,times1 by means of material obtained from a report of the section for the ,observation of ,mars1 a division of the ,british ,astronomical ,association4 ,,anticipating ,,timely ,,subjects4 ,by looking forward for weeks or even months1 as editors of ,sunday newspapers and of magazines are constantly doing1 a writer can select subjects and gather material for articles that will be particularly appropriate at a given time4 ,holidays1 seasonal events1 and anniversaries may thus be anticipated1 and special articles may be sent to editors some time in advance of the occasion that makes them timely4 ,not infrequently it is desirable to begin collecting material a year before the intended time of publication4 ,an article on fire prevention1 for instance1 is appropriate for the month of ,october just before the day set aside for calling attention to fires caused by carelessness4 ,months in advance1 a writer might begin collecting news stories of dangerous fires resulting from carelessness2 and from the annual report of the state fire marshal issued in ,july1 he could secure statistics on the causes of fires and the extent of the losses4 ,to secure material for an article on the ,christmas presents that children might make at a cost of twenty-five cents or less1 a woman writer jotted down after one ,christmas all the information that she could get from her friends2 and from these notes she wrote the article early in the following summer4 ,it was published in the ,november number of a magazine1 at a time when children were beginning to think about making ,christmas presents4 ,articles on ways and means of earning college expenses are particularly appropriate for publication in the summer or early fall1 when young men and women are preparing to go to college1 but if in such an article a student writer intends to describe experiences other than his own1 he may well begin gathering material from his fellow students some months before4 ,anniversaries of various events1 such as important discoveries and inventions1 the death or birth of a personage1 and significant historical occasions1 may also be anticipated4 ,the fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of the first railroad train in ,kansas ,city was commemorated in a special feature story in the ,kansas ,city ,star1 published the day before the anniversary4 ,the day following the fifty-sixth anniversary of the discovery of petroleum in ,pennsylvania1 the ,new ,york ,times printed in its ,sunday magazine section a special article on the man who first found oil there4 ,the centenary of the launching of the first steam-propelled ship to cross the ,atlantic1 was commemorated by an article in the ,sunday edition of the ,providence ,journal4 ,munsey's ,magazine printed an article on the semi-centennial of the discovery of the process of making paper from wood pulp4 ,by looking over tables giving dates of significant events1 writers will find what anniversaries are approaching2 or they may glean such information from news stories describing preparations made for celebrating these anniversaries4 ,,keeping ,,lists ,,of ,,subjects4 ,every writer who is on the lookout for subjects and sources of material should keep a notebook constantly at hand4 ,subjects suggested by everyday experiences1 by newspaper and magazine reading1 and by a careful study of special articles in all kinds of publications1 are likely to be forgotten unless they are recorded at once4 ,a small notebook that can be carried in the pocket or in a woman's hand-bag is most convenient4 ,besides topics for articles1 the titles of books1 reports1 bulletins1 and other publications mentioned in conversation or in newspapers1 should be jotted down as possible sources of material4 ,facts and figures from publications may be copied for future use4 ,good titles and interesting methods of treatment that a writer observes in the work of others may prove helpful in suggesting titles and methods for his own articles4 ,separate sections of even a small notebook may conveniently be set aside for all of these various points4 ,,filing ,,material4 ,the writer who makes methodical preparation for his work generally has some system of filing good material so that it will be at hand when he wants it4 ,one excellent filing device that is both inexpensive and capable of indefinite expansion consists of a number of stout manilla envelopes1 large enough to hold newspaper clippings1 printed reports1 magazine articles1 and photographs4 ,in each envelope is kept the material pertaining to one subject in which the writer is interested1 the character of the subject-matter being indicated on one side of the envelope1 so that1 as the envelopes stand on end1 their contents can readily be determined4 ,if a writer has many of these envelopes1 a one-drawer filing case will serve to keep them in good order4 ,by constantly gathering material from newspapers1 magazines1 and printed reports1 he will soon find that he has collected a considerable amount of information on which to base his articles4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,appeal ,,and ,,purpose ,,analyzing ,,the ,,subject4 ,when from many available subjects a writer is about to choose one1 he should pause to consider its possibilities before beginning to write4 ,it is not enough to say1 ,this is a good subject2 ,i believe that ,i can write an article on it4 ,he needs to look at the topic from every angle4 ,he ought to ask himself1 ,how widespread is the interest in my subject8 ,how much will it appeal to the average individual8 ,what phases of it are likely to have the greatest interest for the greatest number of persons8 ,to answer these questions he must review the basic sources of pleasure and satisfaction4 ,,what ,,interests ,,readers4 ,to interest readers is obviously the prime object in all popular writing4 ,the basis of interest in the news story1 the special feature article1 and the short story is essentially the same4 ,whatever the average person likes to hear and see1 whatever gives him pleasure and satisfaction1 is what he wants to read about4 ,in order to test all phases of a given subject from this point of view1 a writer needs to keep in mind the fundamental sources of satisfaction4 ,subjects and phases of subjects that attract readers may1 for convenience1 be divided into the following classes1 which1 however1 are not mutually exclusive3 7#a7 timely topics1 7#b7 unique1 novel1 and extraordinary persons1 things1 and events1 7#c7 mysteries1 7#d7 romance1 7#e7 adventure1 7#f7 contests for supremacy1 7#g7 children1 7#h7 animals1 7#i7 hobbies and amusements1 7#aj7 familiar persons1 places1 and objects1 7#aa7 prominent persons1 places1 and objects1 7#ab7 matters involving the life1 property1 and welfare of others1 7#ac7 matters that affect the reader's own success and well-being4 ,timeliness4 ,though not absolutely essential1 timeliness is a valuable attribute of any subject4 ,readers like to feel that they are getting the latest facts and the newest ideas1 in special feature articles as well as in the news4 ,a subject need not be discarded1 however1 because it does not make a timely appeal4 ,it may have interest in other respects sufficiently great to compensate for its lack of timeliness4 ,many topics that at first glance seem quite unrelated to current activities are found on closer examination to have some aspects that may be brought into connection with timely interests4 ,to a writer keenly alive to everything that is going on in the world1 most subjects will be found to have some bearing on what is uppermost in men's minds4 ,emphasis on that point of contact with current ideas will give to the article the desired timeliness4 ,,novelty4 ,when a person1 object1 or circumstance is unique1 it arouses an unusual degree of interest4 ,the first person to accomplish something out of the ordinary1 the first event of its kind1 the first of anything1 arrests attention4 ,closely associated with the unique is the extraordinary1 the curious4 ,if not absolutely the only one of its kind1 a thing may still be sufficiently unusual to excite an uncommon degree of interest4 ,novelty has a perennial charm4 ,careful study of a subject is often necessary to reveal the novel and extraordinary phase of it that can best be emphasized4 ,,mysteries4 ,the fascination for the human mind of whatever baffles it is so well known that it scarcely needs elaboration4 ,mysteries1 whether real or fictitious1 pique curiosity4 ,even the scholar and the practical man of affairs find relaxation in the mystery of the detective story4 ,real life often furnishes events sufficiently mysterious to make a special feature story that rivals fiction4 ,unexplained crimes and accidents2 strange psychical phenomena1 such as ghosts1 presentiments1 spiritism1 and telepathy2 baffling problems of the scientist and the inventor--all have elements of mystery that fascinate the average reader4 ,,romance4 ,the romance of real life is quite as interesting as that of fiction4 ,as all the world loves a lover1 almost all the world loves a love story4 ,the course of true love may run smooth or it may not2 in either case there is the romantic appeal4 ,to find the romantic element in a topic is to discover a perennial source of attraction for all classes of readers4 ,,adventure4 ,few in number are the persons who will not gladly escape from humdrum routine by losing themselves in an exciting tale of adventure4 ,the thrilling exploits in real life of the engineer1 the explorer1 the soldier of fortune1 the pioneer in any field1 hold us spellbound4 ,even more commonplace experiences are not without an element of the adventurous1 for life itself is a great adventure4 ,many special feature stories in narrative form have much the same interest that is created by the fictitious tale of adventure4 ,,contests ,,for ,,supremacy4 ,man has never lost his primitive love of a good fight4 ,civilization may change the form of the contest1 but fighting to win1 whether in love or politics1 business or sport1 still has a strong hold on all of us4 ,strikes1 attempted monopolies1 political revolutions1 elections1 championship games1 diplomacy1 poverty1 are but a few of the struggles that give zest to life4 ,to portray dramatically in a special article the clash and conflict in everyday affairs is to make a well-nigh universal appeal4 ,,children4 ,because we live in and for our children1 everything that concerns them comes close to our hearts4 ,a child in a photo-drama or in a news story is sure to win sympathy and admiration4 ,the special feature writer cannot afford to neglect so vital a source of interest4 ,practical articles on the care and the education of children also have especial value for women readers4 ,,animals4 ,wild or tame1 at large or in captivity1 animals attract us either for their almost human intelligence or for their distinctively animal traits4 ,there are few persons who do not like horses1 dogs1 cats1 and other pets1 and fewer still who can pass by the animal cages at the circus or the zoo4 ,hunting1 trapping1 and fishing are vocations for some men1 and sport for many more4 ,the business of breeding horses and cattle1 and the care of live stock and poultry on the farm1 must not be overlooked in the search for subjects4 ,the technical aspects of these topics will interest readers of farm journals2 the more popular phases of them make a wide general appeal4 ,,hobbies ,,and ,,amusements4 ,pastimes and avocations may be counted good subjects4 ,moving pictures1 theaters1 music1 baseball1 golf1 automobiles1 amateur photography1 and a host of hobbies and recreations have enough enthusiastic devotees to insure wide reading for special feature stories about them4 ,,the ,,familiar4 ,persons whom we know1 places that we constantly see1 experiences that we have had again and again1 often seem commonplace enough1 even when familiarity has not bred contempt2 but when they appear unexpectedly on the stage or in print1 we greet them with the cordiality bestowed on the proverbial long-lost friend4 ,local news interests readers because it concerns people and places immediately around them4 ,every newspaper man understands the desirability of increasing the attractiveness of a news event that happens elsewhere by rinding local ends1 or by giving it a local turn4 ,for special feature stories in newspapers1 local phases are no less important4 ,but whether the article is to be published in a newspaper or a magazine1 familiar persons and things should be played up prominently4 ,,the ,,prominent4 ,many persons1 places1 and objects that we have never seen are frequently as real to us as are those that we see daily4 ,this is because their names and their pictures have greeted us again and again in print4 ,it is thus that prominent men and women become familiar to us4 ,because of their importance we like to read about them4 ,if a special feature article in any of its phases concerns what is prominent1 greater attractiveness can be given to it by playing up this point1 be it the ,president of the ,united ,states or a well-known circus clown1 ,fifth ,avenue or the ,bowery1 the ,capitol at ,washington or ,coney ,island1 the ,twentieth ,century ,limited or a ,ford4 ,,life ,,and ,,welfare ,,of ,,others4 ,sympathy with our fellow beings and an instinctive recognition of our common humanity are inherent in most men and women4 ,nowhere is this more strikingly shown than in the quick and generous response that comes in answer to every call for aid for those in distress4 ,so1 too1 we like to know how others feel and think4 ,we like to get behind the veil with which every one attempts to conceal his innermost thoughts and feelings4 ,our interest in the lives and the welfare of others finds expression in various ways1 ranging from social service and self-sacrificing devotion to gossip and secret confidences4 ,these extremes and all that lies between them abound in that human interest upon which all editors insist4 ,this widespread interest in others affords to the writer of special articles one of his greatest opportunities1 not only for preparing interesting stories1 but for arousing readers to support many a good cause4 ,to create sympathy for the unfortunate1 to encourage active social service1 to point the way to political reform1 to show the advantages of better industrial conditions1 to explain better business methods--all these are but a few of the helpful1 constructive appeals that he may make effectively4 ,he may create this interest and stir his readers to action by either one of two methods3 by exposing existing evils1 or by showing what has been done to improve bad conditions4 ,the exposure of evils in politics1 business1 and society constituted the muck-raking to which several of the popular monthly magazines owe their rise4 ,this crusading1 searchlight type of journalism has been largely superseded by the constructive1 sunlight type4 ,to explain how reforms have been accomplished1 or are being brought about1 is construed by the best of the present-day journals to be their special mission4 ,,personal ,,success ,,and ,,happiness4 ,every one is vitally concerned about his own prosperity and happiness4 ,to make a success of life1 no matter by what criterion we may measure that success1 is our one all-powerful motive4 ,happiness1 as the goal that we hope to reach by our success1 and health1 as a prime requisite for its attainment1 are also of great importance to every one of us4 ,how to make or save more money1 how to do our work more easily1 how to maintain our physical well-being1 how to improve ourselves mentally and morally1 how to enjoy life more fully--that is what we all want to know4 ,to the writer who will show us how to be healthy1 wealthy1 and wise1 we will give our undivided attention4 ,business and professional interests naturally occupy the larger part of men's thoughts1 while home-making is the chief work of most women4 ,although women are entering many fields hitherto monopolized by men1 the home remains woman's peculiar sphere4 ,the purchase and preparation of food1 the buying and making of clothing1 the management of servants1 the care of children--these are the vital concerns of most women4 ,they realize1 however1 that conditions outside the home have a direct bearing on home-making2 and each year they are taking a more active part in civic affairs4 ,matters of public health1 pure food legislation1 the milk and the water supply1 the garbage collection1 the character of places of amusement1 the public schools1 determine1 in no small degree1 the success and happiness of the home-maker4 ,since the dominant interests of men and women alike are their business and their home1 the special writer should undertake to connect his subject as closely as possible with these interests4 ,to show1 for example1 how the tariff1 taxes1 public utility rates1 price-fixing1 legislation1 and similar matters affect the business and home affairs of the average reader1 is to give to these political and economic problems an interest for both men and women far in excess of that resulting from a more general treatment of them4 ,the surest way to get the reader's attention is to bring the subject home to him personally4 ,of the importance of presenting a subject in such a manner that the reader is led to see its application to himself and his own affairs1 ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,siddall1 editor of the ,american ,magazine1 has said3 ,every human being likes to see himself in reading matter--just as he likes to see himself in a mirror4 ,the reason so much reading matter is unpopular and never attracts a wide reading public lies in the fact that the reader sees nothing in it for himself4 ,take an article1 we'll say1 entitled ,the ,financial ,system of ,canada4 ,it looks dull1 doesn't it8 ,it looks dull because you can't quite see where it affects you4 ,now take an article entitled ,why it is easier to get rich in ,canada than in the ,united ,states4 ,that's different6 ,your interest is aroused4 ,you wonder wherein the ,canadian has an advantage over you4 ,you look into the article to find out whether you can't get an idea from it4 ,yet the two articles may be basically alike1 differing only in treatment4 ,one bores you and the other interests you4 ,one bores you because it seems remote4 ,the other interests you because the writer has had the skill to translate his facts and ideas into terms that are personal to you4 ,the minute you become personal in this world you become interesting4 ,,combining ,,appeals4 ,when the analysis of a topic shows that it possesses more than one of these appeals1 the writer may heighten the attractiveness of his story by developing several of the possibilities1 simultaneously or successively4 ,the chance discovery by a prominent physician of a simple preventive of infantile paralysis1 for instance1 would combine at least four of the elements of interest enumerated above4 ,if such a combination of appeals can be made at the very beginning of the article1 it is sure to command attention4 ,,definiteness ,,of ,,purpose4 ,in view of the multiplicity of possible appeals1 a writer may be misled into undertaking to do too many diverse things in a single article4 ,a subject often has so many different aspects of great interest that it is difficult to resist the temptation to use all of them4 ,if a writer yields to this temptation1 the result may be a diffuse1 aimless article that1 however interesting in many details1 fails to make a definite impression4 ,to avoid this danger1 the writer must decide just what his purpose is to be4 ,he must ask himself1 ,what is my aim in writing this article8 and1 ,what do ,i expect to accomplish8 ,only in this way will he clarify in his mind his reason for writing on the proposed topic and the object to be attained4 ,with a definitely formulated aim before him1 he can decide just what material he needs4 ,an objective point to be reached will give his article direction and will help him to stick to his subject4 ,furthermore1 by getting his aim clearly in mind1 he will have the means of determining1 when the story is completed1 whether or not he has accomplished what he set out to do4 ,in selecting material1 in developing the article1 and in testing the completed product1 therefore1 it is important to have a definitely formulated purpose4 ,,three ,,general ,,aims4 ,every special article should accomplish one of three general aims3 it should 7#a7 entertain1 or 7#b7 inform1 or 7#c7 give practical guidance4 ,the same subject and the same material may sometimes be so treated as to accomplish any one of these three purposes4 ,if the writer's aim is merely to help readers pass a leisure hour pleasantly1 he will play up those aspects of a topic that will afford entertainment and little or nothing else4 ,if he desires to supply information that will add to the reader's stock of knowledge1 he will present his facts in a manner calculated to make his readers remember what he has told them4 ,if he proposes to give information that can be applied by readers to their own activities1 he must include those details that are necessary to any one who desires to make practical use of the information4 ,when1 for example1 a writer is about to prepare an article1 based on experience1 about keeping bees on a small suburban place1 he will find that he may write his story in any one of three ways4 ,the difficulties experienced by the amateur bee-keeper in trying to handle bees in a small garden could be treated humorously with no other purpose than to amuse4 ,or the keeping of bees under such circumstances might be described as an interesting example of enterprise on the part of a city man living in the suburbs4 ,or1 in order to show other men and women similarly situated just how to keep bees1 the writer might explain exactly what any person would need to know to attain success in such a venture4 ,just as the purpose of these articles would vary1 so the material and the point of view would differ4 ,,entertaining ,,articles4 ,to furnish wholesome entertainment is a perfectly legitimate end in special feature writing4 ,there is no reason why the humor1 the pathos1 the romance1 the adventure1 and mystery in life should not be presented in special feature stories for our entertainment and amusement1 just as they are presented for the same purpose in the short story1 the drama1 and the photo-play4 ,many readers find special feature stories with real persons1 real places1 and real circumstances1 more entertaining than fiction4 ,a writer with the ability to see the comedies and the tragedies in the events constantly happening about him1 or frequently reported in the press1 will never lack for subjects and material4 ,,wholesome ,,entertainment4 ,the effect of entertaining stories on the ideas and ideals of readers ought not to be overlooked4 ,according to the best journalistic standards1 nothing should be printed that will exert a demoralizing or unwholesome influence4 ,constructive journalism goes a step further when it insists that everything shall tend to be helpful and constructive4 ,this practice applies alike to news stories and to special articles4 ,these standards do not necessarily exclude news and special feature stories that deal with crime1 scandal1 and similar topics2 but they do demand that the treatment of such subjects shall not be suggestive or offensive4 ,to portray violators of the criminal or moral codes as heroes worthy of emulation2 to gratify some readers' taste for the morbid2 to satisfy other readers by exploiting sex--all are alike foreign to the purpose of respectable journalism4 ,no self-respecting writer will lend the aid of his pen to such work1 and no self-respecting editor will publish it4 ,to deter persons from committing similar crimes and follies should be the only purpose in writing on such topics4 ,the thoughtful writer1 therefore1 must guard against the temptation to surround wrong-doers with the glamour of heroic or romantic adventure1 and1 by sentimental treatment1 to create sympathy for the undeserving culprit4 ,violations of law and of the conventions of society ought to be shown to be wrong1 even when the wrong-doer is deserving of some sympathy4 ,this need not be done by moralizing and editorializing4 ,a much better way is to emphasize1 as the results of wrong-doing1 not only legal punishment and social ostracism1 but the pangs of a guilty conscience1 and the disgrace to the culprit and his family4 ,a cynical or flippant treatment of serious subjects gives many readers a false and distorted view of life4 ,humor does not depend on ridicule or satire4 ,the fads and foibles of humanity can be good-naturedly exposed in humorous articles that have no sting4 ,although many topics may very properly be treated lightly1 others demand a serious1 dignified style4 ,the men and women whom a writer puts into his articles are not puppets1 but real persons1 with feelings not unlike his own4 ,to drag them and their personal affairs from the privacy to which they are entitled1 and to give them undesired and needless publicity1 for the sake of affording entertainment to others1 often subjects them to great humiliation and suffering4 ,the fact that a man1 woman1 or child has figured in the day's news does not necessarily mean that a writer is entitled to exploit such a person's private affairs4 ,he must discriminate between what the public is entitled to know and what an individual has a right to keep private4 ,innocent wives1 sweethearts1 or children are not necessarily legitimate material for his article because their husband1 lover1 or father has appeared in the news4 ,the golden rule is the best guide for a writer in such cases4 ,lack of consideration for the rights of others is the mark neither of a good writer nor of a true gentleman4 ,clean1 wholesome special feature stories that present interesting phases of life accurately1 and that show due consideration for the rights of the persons portrayed1 are quite as entertaining as are any others4 ,,informative ,,articles4 ,since many persons confine their reading largely to newspapers and magazines1 they derive most of their information and ideas from these sources4 ,even persons who read new books rely to some extent on special articles for the latest information about current topics4 ,although most readers look to periodicals primarily for new1 timely facts1 they are also interested to find there biographical and historical material that is not directly connected with current events4 ,every special feature writer has a great opportunity to furnish a large circle of readers with interesting and significant information4 ,in analyzing subjects it is necessary to discriminate between significant and trivial facts4 ,some topics when studied will be found to contain little of real consequence1 even though a readable article might be developed from the material4 ,other themes will reveal aspects that are both trivial and significant4 ,when a writer undertakes to choose between the two1 he should ask himself1 ,are the facts worth remembering8 and1 ,will they furnish food for thought8 ,in clarifying his purpose by such tests1 he will decide not only what kind of information he desires to impart1 but what material he must select1 and from what point of view he should present it4 ,,articles ,,of ,,practical ,,guidance4 ,the third general purpose that a writer may have is to give his readers sufficiently explicit information to enable them to do for themselves what has been done by others4 ,because all persons want to know how to be more successful1 they read these how-to-do-something articles with avidity4 ,all of us welcome practical suggestions1 tactfully given1 that can be applied to our own activities4 ,whatever any one has done successfully may be so presented that others can learn how to do it with equal success4 ,special feature articles furnish the best means of giving this practical guidance4 ,in preparing a how-to-do-something article1 a writer needs to consider the class of readers for which it is intended4 ,a special feature story1 for example1 on how to reduce the cost of milk might be presented from any one of three points of view3 that of the producer1 that of the distributor1 or that of the consumer4 ,to be practical for dairy farmers1 as producers of milk1 the article would have to point out possible economies in keeping cows and handling milk on the farm4 ,to be helpful to milk-dealers1 as distributors1 it would concern itself with methods of lowering the cost of selling and delivering milk in the city4 ,to assist housewives1 as consumers1 the article would have to show how to economize in using milk in the home4 ,an informative article for the general reader might take up all these phases of the subject1 but an article intended to give practical guidance should consider the needs of only one of these three classes of persons4 ,in many constructive articles of practical guidance1 the writer's purpose is so successfully concealed that it may at first escape the notice of the average reader4 ,by relating in detail1 for example1 how an actual enterprise was carried out1 a writer may be able to give his readers1 without their realizing it1 all the information they need to accomplish a similar undertaking4 ,when he analyzes such articles1 the student should not be misled into thinking that the writer did not have the definite purpose of imparting practical information4 ,if the same material can be developed into an article of interesting information or into one of practical guidance1 it is desirable to do the latter and1 if necessary1 to disguise the purpose4 ,,statement ,,of ,,purpose4 ,in order to define his purpose clearly and to keep it constantly before him1 a writer will do well to put down on paper his exact aim in a single sentence4 ,if1 for example1 he desired to write a constructive article about an ,americanization pageant held in his home city on the ,fourth of ,july1 he might write out the statement of his aim thus3 ,i desire to show how the ,americanization of aliens may be encouraged in small industrial centers of from #cjjj to #bj1jjj inhabitants1 by describing how the last ,fourth of ,july ,americanization pageant was organized and carried out in a typical ,pennsylvania industrial town of #ejjj4 ,such a statement will assist a writer in selecting his material1 in sticking to his subject1 and in keeping to one point of view4 ,without this clearly formulated aim before him1 it is easy for him to dwell too long on some phase of the subject in which he is particularly interested or on which he has the most material1 to the neglect of other phases that are essential to the accomplishment of his purpose4 ,or1 failing to get his aim clearly in mind1 he may jump from one aspect of the subject to another1 without accomplishing anything in particular4 ,many a newspaper and magazine article leaves a confused1 hazy impression on the minds of readers because the writer failed to have a definite objective4 ,,chapter ,v ,,types ,,of ,,articles ,,methods ,,of ,,treatment4 ,after choosing a subject and formulating his purpose1 a writer is ready to consider methods of treatment4 ,again it is desirable to survey all the possibilities in order to choose the one method best adapted to his subject and his purpose4 ,his chief consideration should be the class of readers that he desires to reach4 ,some topics1 he will find1 may be treated with about equal success in any one of several ways1 while others lend themselves to only one or two forms of presentation4 ,by thinking through the various possible ways of working out his subject1 he will be able to decide which meets his needs most satisfactorily4 ,,exposition ,,by ,,narration ,,and ,,description4 ,the commonest method of developing a special feature article is that which combines narration and description with exposition4 ,the reason for this combination is not far to seek4 ,the average person is not attracted by pure exposition4 ,he is attracted by fiction4 ,hence the narrative and descriptive devices of fiction are employed advantageously to supplement expository methods4 ,narratives and descriptions also have the advantage of being concrete and vivid4 ,the rapid reader can grasp a concrete story or a word picture4 ,he cannot so readily comprehend a more general explanation unaccompanied by specific examples and graphic pictures of persons1 places1 and objects4 ,narration and description are used effectively for the concrete examples and the specific instances by which we illustrate general ideas4 ,the best way1 for example1 to make clear the operation of a state system of health insurance is to relate how it has operated in the case of one or more persons affected4 ,in explaining a new piece of machinery the writer may well describe it in operation1 to enable readers to visualize it and follow its motions4 ,since the reader's interest will be roused the more quickly if he is given tangible1 concrete details that he can grasp1 the examples are usually put first1 to be followed by the more general explanation4 ,sometimes several examples are given before the explanatory matter is offered4 ,whole articles are often made up of specific examples and generalizations presented alternately4 ,to explain the effects of a new anaesthetic1 for example1 ,mr4 ,burton ,j4 ,hendrick in an article in ,mc,clure's ,magazine1 pictured the scene in the operating-room of a hospital where it was being given to a patient1 showed just how it was administered1 and presented the results as a spectator saw them4 ,the beginning of the article on stovaine1 the new anaesthetic1 illustrating this method of exposition1 follows3 ,a few months ago1 a small six-year-old boy was wheeled into the operating theater at the ,hospital for ,ruptured and ,crippled ,children1 in ,new ,york ,city4 ,he was one of the several thousand children of the tenements who annually find their way into this great philanthropic institution1 suffering from what1 to the lay mind1 seems a hopelessly incurable injury or malformation4 ,this particular patient had a crippled and paralyzed leg1 and to restore its usefulness1 it was necessary to cut deeply into the heel1 stretch the ,achilles tendon1 and make other changes which1 without the usual anesthetic1 would involve excruciating suffering4 ,according to the attendant nurses1 the child belonged to the noisy class2 that is1 he was extremely sensitive to pain1 screamed at the approach of the surgeon1 and could be examined only when forcibly held down4 ,as the child came into the operating-room he presented an extremely pathetic figure--small1 naked1 thin1 with a closely cropped head of black hair1 and a face pinched and blanched with fear4 ,surrounded by a fair-sized army of big1 muscular surgeons and white-clothed nurses1 and a gallery filled with a hundred or more of the leading medical men of the metropolis1 he certainly seemed a helpless speck of humanity with all the unknown forces of science and modern life arrayed against him4 ,under ordinary conditions he would have been etherized in an adjoining chamber and brought into the operating-room entirely unconscious4 ,this cripple1 however1 had been selected as a favorable subject for an interesting experiment in modern surgery1 for he was to undergo an extremely torturous operation in a state of full consciousness4 ,among the assembled surgeons was a large-framed1 black moustached and black-haired1 quick-moving1 gypsy-like ,rumanian--,professor ,thomas ,jonnesco1 dean of the ,medical ,department of the ,university of ,bucharest1 and one of the leading men of his profession in ,europe4 ,dr4 ,jonnesco1 who had landed in ,new ,york only two days before1 had come to the ,united ,states with a definite scientific purpose4 ,this was to show ,american surgeons that the most difficult operations could be performed without pain1 without loss of consciousness1 and without the use of the familiar anesthetics1 ether or chloroform4 ,dr4 ,jonnesco's reputation in itself assured him the fullest opportunity of demonstrating his method in ,new ,york1 and this six-year-old boy had been selected as an excellent test subject4 ,under the gentle assurances of the nurses that no one was going to hurt him1 the boy assumed a sitting posture on the operating-table1 with his feet dangling over the edge4 ,then1 at the request of ,dr4 ,jonnesco1 he bent his head forward until it almost touched his breast4 ,this threw the child's back into the desired position--that of the typical bicycle scorcher1--making each particular vertebra stand out sharply under the tight drawn skin4 ,dr4 ,jonnesco quickly ran his finger along the protuberances1 and finally selected the space between the twelfth dorsal and the first lumbar vertebrae--in other words1 the space just above the small of the back4 ,he then took an ordinary hypodermic needle1 and slowly pushed it through the skin and tissues until it entered the small opening between the lower and upper vertebrae1 not stopping until it reached the open space just this side of the spinal cord4 ,as the needle pierced the flesh1 the little patient gave a sharp cry--the only sign of discomfiture displayed during the entire operation4 ,when the hollow needle reached its destination1 a few drops of a colorless liquid spurted out--the famous cerebro-spinal fluid1 the substance which1 like a water-jacket1 envelops the brain and the spinal cord4 ,into this same place ,dr4 ,jonnesco now introduced an ordinary surgical syringe1 which he had previously filled with a pale yellowish liquid--the much-famed stovaine1--and slowly emptied its contents into the region that immediately surrounds the spinal cord4 ,for a few minutes the child retained his sitting posture as if nothing extraordinary had happened4 ,dr4 ,jonnesco patted him on the back and said a few pleasant words in ,french1 while the nurses and assistants chatted amiably in ,english4 ,how do you feel now8 the attending surgeon asked1 after the lapse of three or four minutes4 ,all right1 replied the boy animatedly1 'cept that my legs feel like they was going to sleep4 ,the nurses now laid the patient down upon his back1 throwing a handkerchief over his eyes1 so that he could not himself witness the subsequent proceedings4 ,there was1 naturally1 much holding of breath as ,dr4 ,virgil ,p4 ,gibney1 the operating surgeon1 raised his knife and quickly made a deep incision in the heel of this perfectly conscious patient4 ,from the child1 however1 there was not the slightest evidence of sensation4 ,didn't you feel anything1 my boy8 asked ,dr4 ,gibney1 pausing4 ,no1 ,i don't feel nothin'1 came the response from under the handkerchief4 ,an operation lasting nearly half an hour ensued4 ,the deepest tissues were cut1 the tendons were stretched1 the incision was sewed up1 all apparently without the patient's knowledge4 ,some types of articles1 although expository in purpose1 are entirely narrative and descriptive in form4 ,by relating his own experiences in a confession story1 for example1 a writer may be able to show very clearly and interestingly the dangers of speculations in stocks with but small capital4 ,personality sketches are almost always narrative and descriptive4 ,many of the devices of the short story will be found useful in articles4 ,not only is truth stranger than fiction1 but facts may be so presented as to be even more interesting than fiction4 ,conversation1 character-drawing1 suspense1 and other methods familiar to the writer of short stories may be used effectively in special articles4 ,their application to particular types of articles is shown in the following pages4 ,,special ,,types ,,of ,,articles4 ,although there is no generally recognized classification of special feature articles1 several distinct types may be noted1 such as 7#a7 the interview1 7#b7 the personal experience story1 7#c7 the confession article1 7#d7 the how-to-do-something article1 7#e7 the personality sketch1 7#f7 the narrative in the third person4 ,these classes1 it is evident1 are not mutually exclusive1 but may for convenience be treated separately4 ,,the ,,interview4 ,since the material for many articles is obtained by means of an interview1 it is often convenient to put the major part1 if not the whole1 of the story in interview form4 ,such an article may consist entirely of direct quotation with a limited amount of explanatory material concerning the person interviewed2 or it may be made up partly of direct quotation and partly of indirect quotation1 combined with the necessary explanation4 ,for greater variety it is advisable to alternate direct and indirect quotations4 ,a description of the person interviewed and of his surroundings1 by way of introduction1 gives the reader a distinct impression of the individual under characteristic conditions4 ,or some striking utterance of his may be played up at the beginning1 to be followed by a picture of him and his surroundings4 ,interviews on the same topic with two or more persons may be combined in a single article4 ,the interview has several obvious advantages4 ,first1 the spoken word1 quoted verbatim1 gives life to the story4 ,the person interviewed seems to be talking to each reader individually4 ,the description of him in his surroundings helps the reader to see him as he talks4 ,second1 events1 explanations1 and opinions given in the words of one who speaks with authority1 have greater weight than do the assertions of an unknown writer4 ,third1 the interview is equally effective whether the writer's purpose is to inform1 to entertain1 or to furnish practical guidance4 ,romance and adventure1 humor and pathos1 may well be handled in interview form4 ,discoveries1 inventions1 new processes1 unusual methods1 new projects1 and marked success of any kind may be explained to advantage in the words of those responsible for these undertakings4 ,in obtaining material for an interview story1 a writer should bear in mind a number of points regarding interviewing in general4 ,first1 in advance of meeting the person to be interviewed1 he should plan the series of questions by which he hopes to elicit the desired information4 ,what would my readers ask this person if they had a chance to talk to him about this subject8 he must ask himself4 ,that is1 his questions should be those that readers would like to have answered4 ,since it is the answers1 however1 and not the questions1 that will interest readers1 the questions in the completed article should be subordinated as much as possible4 ,sometimes they may be skillfully embodied in the replies2 again they may be implied merely1 or entirely omitted4 ,in studying an interview article1 one can generally infer what questions the interviewer used4 ,second1 he must cultivate his memory so that he can recall a person's exact words without taking notes4 ,most men talk more freely and easily when they are not reminded of the fact that what they are saying is to be printed4 ,in interviewing1 therefore1 it is desirable to keep pencil and paper out of sight4 ,third1 immediately after leaving the person whom he has interviewed1 the writer should jot down facts1 figures1 striking statements1 and anything else that he might forget4 ,,examples ,,of ,,the ,,interview ,,article4 ,as a timely special feature story for ,arbor ,day1 a ,washington correspondent used the following interview with an expert as a means of giving readers practical advice on tree-planting3 ,,arbor ,,day ,,advice ,,washington1 ,april #a4--,three spadefuls of rich1 pulverized earth will do more to make a young tree grow than a #cj-minute ,arbor day address by the president of the school board and a patriotic anthem by the senior class1 according to ,dr4 ,furman ,l4 ,mulford1 tree expert for the department of agriculture4 ,not that ,dr4 ,mulford would abbreviate the ceremonies attendant upon ,arbor day planting1 but he thinks that they do not mean much unless the roots planted receive proper and constant care4 ,for what the ,fourth of ,july is to the war and navy departments1 and what ,labor day is to the department of labor1 ,arbor day is to the department of agriculture4 ,while the forestry bureau has concerned itself primarily with trees from the standpoint of the timber supply1 ,dr4 ,mulford has been making a study of trees best adapted for streets and cities generally4 ,and nobody is more interested than he in what ,arbor day signifies or how trees should be chosen and reared4 ,we need trees most where our population is the thickest1 and some trees1 like some people1 are not adapted to such a life1 said ,dr4 ,mulford4 ,for street or school yard planting one of the first considerations is a hardy tree1 that can find nourishment under brick pavements or granite sidewalks4 ,it must be one that branches high from the ground and ought to be native to the country and climate4 ,america has the prettiest native trees and shrubs in the world and it is true patriotism to recognize them4 ,for ,southern states one of the prettiest and best of shade trees is the laurel oak1 and there will be thousands of them planted this spring4 ,it is almost an evergreen and is a quick growing tree4 ,the willow oak is another4 ,a little farther north the red oak is one of the most desirable1 and in many places the swamp maple grows well1 though this latter tree does not thrive well in crowded cities4 ,nothing1 however1 is prettier than the ,american elm when it reaches the majesty of its maturity and ,i do not believe it will ever cease to be a favorite4 ,one thing against it1 though1 is the 'elm beetle1' a pest which is spreading and which will kill some of our most beautiful trees unless spraying is consistently practised4 ,china berry trees1 abundant in the ,south1 and box elders1 native to a score of states1 are quick growing1 but they reach maturity too soon and begin to go to pieces4 ,what is the reason that so many ,arbor day trees die8 ,dr4 ,mulford was asked4 ,usually lack of protection1 and often lack of care in planting1 was the answer4 ,when the new tree begins to put out tender rootlets a child brushing against it or 'inspecting' it too closely will break them off and it dies4 ,or stock will nip off the new leaves and shoots and the result is the same4 ,a frame around the tree would prevent this4 ,then1 often wild trees are too big when transplanted4 ,such trees have usually only a few long roots and so much of these are lost in transplanting that the large trunk cannot be nourished by the remainder4 ,with nursery trees the larger they are the better it is1 for they have a lot of small roots that do not have to be cut off4 ,fruit trees are seldom so successful as shade trees1 either along a street or road or in a yard4 ,in the first place their branches are too low and unless carefully pruned their shape is irregular4 ,then they are subject to so many pests that unless constant care is given them they will not bear a hatful of fruit a season4 ,on the other hand1 nut trees are usually hardy and add much to the landscape4 ,pecan1 chestnut1 walnut and shaggy bark hickory are some of the more popular varieties4 ,the first ,arbor day was observed in ,nebraska1 which has fewer natural trees than any other state4 ,this was in #ahgb1 and ,kansas was the second to observe the day1 falling into line in #ahge4 ,incidentally ,kansas ranks next to ,nebraska in dearth of trees4 ,the ,arbor day idea originated with ,j4 ,sterling ,morton1 a ,nebraskan who was appointed secretary of agriculture by ,cleveland4 ,now every state in the ,union recognizes the day and ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,minnesota1 ,iowa1 ,illinois1 ,wisconsin and others have gotten out extensive ,arbor day booklets giving information concerning trees and birds2 most of them even contain appropriate songs and poems for ,arbor day programs4 ,how an interview combined with a description of a person may serve to create sympathy for her and for the cause that she represents is shown in the following article1 which was published anonymously in the ,sunday magazine section of the ,ohio ,state ,journal4 ,it was illustrated with two half-tone portraits1 one of the young woman in ,indian costume1 the other showing her in street dress4 ,,just ,,like ,,pocahontas ,,of #cjj ,,years ,,ago ,oh1 ,east is ,east and ,west is ,west1 ,and never the two shall meet4 ,,but they may send messengers4 ,hark to the words of ,one-who-does-things-well4 ,i carry a message from my people to the ,government at ,washington1 says ,princess ,galilolie1 youngest daughter of ,john ,ross1 hereditary ,king of the ,forest ,indians1 the ,cherokees of ,oklahoma4 ,we have been a nation without hope4 ,the land that was promised us by solemn treaty1 'so long as the grass should grow and the waters run1' has been taken from us4 ,it was barren and wild when we received it seventy years ago4 ,now it is rich with oil and cultivation1 and the whites coveted our possessions4 ,since it was thrown open to settlers no ,cherokee holds sovereign rights as before1 when it was his nation4 ,we are outnumbered4 ,i have come as a voice from my people to speak to the people of the ,eastern ,states and to those at ,washington--most of all1 if ,i am permitted to do so1 to lay our wrongs before the ,president's wife1 in whose veins glows the blood of the ,indian4 ,only nineteen is this ,indian princess--this twentieth century ,pocahontas--who travels far to the seats of the mighty for her race4 ,she is a tall1 slim1 stately girl from the foothills of the ,ozarks1 from ,tahlequah1 former capital of the ,cherokee ,nation4 ,she says she is proud of every drop of ,indian blood that flows in her veins4 ,but her skin is fair as old ivory and she is a college girl--a girl of the times to her finger-tips4 ,when an ,indian goes through college and returns to his or her people1 she says with a smile1 they say1 ',back to the blanket6' ,we have few blankets among the ,cherokees in ,tahlequah4 ,i am the youngest of nine children1 and we are all of us college graduates1 as my father was before us4 ,he is ,john ,ross #c;d1 ,chief of the ,cherokee ,nation1 of mingled ,scotch and ,indian blood1 in descent from ,cooweeskowee1 ,john ,ross ,i41 the rugged old ,indian ,king who held out against ,andrew ,jackson back in #ahch for the ancient rights of the ,five ,nations to their lands along the ,southern ,atlantic ,states4 ,she sat back on the broad window seat in the sunlight4 ,beyond the window lay a bird's-eye view of ,new ,york housetops1 the white man's permanent tepee4 ,some spring birds alighted on a nearby telephone wire1 sending out twittering mating cries to each other4 ,they make me want to go home1 she said with a swift1 expressive gesture4 ,but ,i will stay until the answer comes to us4 ,do you know what they have called me1 the old men and women who are wise--the full-bloods8 ,galilolie--',one-who-does-things-well4' ,with us1 when a name is given it is one with a meaning1 something the child must grow to in fulfillment4 ,so ,i feel ,i must not fail them now4 ,you see1 she went on1 lifting her chin1 it is we young half-bloods who must carry the strength and honor of our people to the world so it may understand us4 ,all our lives we have been told tales by the old men--how our people were driven from their homes by the ,government1 how ,gen4 ,winfield ,scott's soldiers came down into our quiet villages and ordered the ,indians to go forth leaving everything behind them4 ,my great-grandfather1 the old ,king ,cooweeskowee1 with his wife and children1 paused at the first hilltop to look back at his home1 and already the whites were moving into it4 ,the house is still standing at ,rossville1 ,ga4 ,do you know what the old people tell us children when we wish we could go back there8 ,her eyes are half closed1 her lips compressed as she says slowly1 thrillingly3 ,they tell us it is easy to find the way over that ',trail of ,tears1' that through the wilderness it is blazed with the gravestones of those who were too weak to march4 ,that was seventy years ago1 in #ahch4 ,the ,government promised to pay amply for all it took from us1 our homes and lands1 cattle--even furniture4 ,a treaty was made solemnly between the ,indians and the ,united ,states that ,oklahoma should be theirs 'as long as the grass should grow and the waters run4' ,that meant perpetuity to us1 don't you see8 ,she makes her points with a directness and simplicity that should disarm even the diplomatic suavity of ,uncle ,sam when he meets her in ,washington4 ,year after year the ,cherokees waited for the ,government to pay4 ,and at last1 three years ago1 it came to us--#acc4ai to each ,indian1 seventy-eight years after the removal from ,georgia had taken place4 ,oil was discovered after the ,indians had taken the wilderness lands in ,oklahoma and reclaimed them4 ,it was as if ,god1 in reparation for the wrongs inflicted by whites1 had given us the riches of the earth4 ,my people grew rich from their wells1 but a way was found to bind their wealth so they could not use it4 ,it was said the ,indians were not fit to handle their own money4 ,she lifts eyebrows and shoulders1 her hands clasped before her tightly1 as if in silent resentment of their impotence to help4 ,these are the things ,i want to tell2 first our wrongs and then our colonization plan1 for which we hope so much if the ,government will grant it4 ,we are outnumbered since the land was opened up and a mass of 'sooners1' as we call them--squatters1 claimers1 settlers--swarmed in over our borders4 ,the ,government again offered to pay us for the land they took back--the land that was to be ours in perpetuity 'while the grass grew and the waters ran4' ,we were told to file our claims with the whites4 ,some of us did1 but eight hundred of the full-bloods went back forty miles into the foothills under the leadership of ,red ,bird ,smith4 ,they refuse to sell or to accept the ,government money for their valuable oil lands4 ,to appease justice1 the ,government allotted them lands anyway1 in their absence1 and paid the money for their old property into the banks1 where it lies untouched4 ,red ,bird and his ',night ,hawks' refuse to barter over a broken treaty4 ,ah1 but ,i have gone up alone to the old men there4 ,her voice softens4 ,they will talk to me because ,i am my father's daughter4 ,my ,indian name means ',one-who-does-things-well4' ,so if ,i go to them they tell me their heart longings1 what they ask for the ,cherokee4 ,and ,i shall put the message1 if ,i can1 before our ,president's wife4 ,perhaps she will help4 ,,the ,,personal ,,experience ,,article4 ,a writer's own experiences1 given under his name1 under a pseudonym1 or in anonymous form1 can easily be made interesting to others4 ,told in the first person1 such stories are realistic and convincing4 ,the pronoun ,i liberally sprinkled through the story1 as it must be1 gives to it a personal1 intimate character that most readers like4 ,conversation and description of persons1 places1 and objects may be included to advantage in these personal narratives4 ,the possibilities of the personal experience story are as great as are those of the interview4 ,besides serving as a vehicle for the writer's own experiences1 it may be employed to give experiences of others4 ,if1 for example1 a person interviewed objects to having his name used1 it is possible to present the material obtained by the interview in the form of a personal experience story4 ,in that case the article would have to be published without the writer's name1 since the personal experiences that it records are not his own4 ,permission to present material in a personal experience story should always be obtained from the individual whose experiences the writer intends to use4 ,articles designed to give practical guidance1 to show readers how to do something1 are particularly effective when written in the first person4 ,if these how-to-do-something articles are to be most useful to readers1 the conditions under which the personal experience was obtained must be fairly typical4 ,personal experience articles of this type are very popular in women's magazines1 agricultural journals1 and publications that appeal to business men4 ,,examples ,,of ,,the ,,personal ,,experience ,,story4 ,the opportunities for service offered to women by small daily newspapers are set forth in the story below1 by means of the personal experiences of one woman4 ,the article was published in the ,woman's ,home ,companion1 and was illustrated by a half-tone reproduction of a wash drawing of a young woman seated at her desk in a newspaper office4 ,,they ,,call ,,me ,,the ',,hen ,,editor' ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,small-,,town ,,newspaper ,,woman ,by ,,sadie ,l4 ,,mossler ,what do you stay buried in this burg for8 ,why1 look how you drudge6 and what do you get out of it8 ,new ,york or some other big city is the place for you4 ,there's where you can become famous instead of being a newspaper woman in a one-horse town4 ,a big city newspaper man was talking4 ,he was in our town on an assignment1 and he was idling away spare time in our office4 ,before ,i could answer1 the door opened and a small girl came to my desk4 ,say1 she said1 ,mama told me to come in here and thank you for that piece you put in the paper about us4 ,you ought to see the eatin's folks has brought us6 ,heaps an' heaps6 ,and ,ma's got a job scrubbin' three stores4 ,the story to which she referred was one that ,i had written about a family left fatherless1 a mother and three small children in real poverty4 ,i had written a plain appeal to the home people1 with the usual results4 ,that1 ,i said1 is one reason that ,i am staying here4 ,maybe it isn't fame in big letters signed to an article1 but it's another kind4 ,his face wore a queer expression2 but before he could retort another caller appeared1 a well-dressed woman4 ,what do you mean1 she declared1 by putting it in the paper that ,i served light refreshments at my party8 ,wasn't it so8 ,i meekly inquired4 ,no6 she thundered4 ,i served ice cream1 cake and coffee1 and that makes two courses4 ,see that it is right next time1 or we'll stop the paper4 ,here my visitor laughed4 ,i suppose that's another reason for your staying here4 ,when we write anything about a person we don't have to see them again and hear about it4 ,but1 ,i replied1 that's the very reason ,i cling to the small town4 ,i want to see the people about whom ,i am writing1 and live with them4 ,that's what brings the rewards in our business4 ,it's the personal side that makes it worth while1 the real living of a newspaper instead of merely writing to fill its columns4 ,in many small towns women have not heretofore been overly welcome on the staff of the local paper1 for the small town is essentially conservative and suspicious of change4 ,this war1 however1 is changing all that1 and many a woman with newspaper ambitions will now have her chance at home4 ,for ten years ,i have been what may be classified as a small town newspaper woman1 serving in every capacity from society reporter to city and managing editor4 ,during this time ,i have been tempted many times to go to fields where national fame and a larger salary awaited those who won4 ,but it was that latter part that held me back1 that and one other factor3 ,those who won1 and ,what do they get out of it more than ,i8 ,it is generally conceded that for one woman who succeeds in the metropolitan newspaper field about ten fail before the vicissitudes of city life1 the orders of managing editors1 and the merciless grind of the big city's working world4 ,and with those who succeed1 what have they more than ,i8 ,they sign their names to articles2 they receive big salaries2 they are famous--as such fame goes4 ,why is a signed name to an article necessary1 when everyone knows when the paper comes out that ,i wrote the article8 ,what does national fame mean compared with the fact that the local laws of the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals were not being enforced and that ,i wrote stories that remedied this condition8 ,i began newspaper life as society reporter of a daily paper in a ,middle-,western town of ten thousand inhabitants4 ,that is1 ,i supposed ,i was going to be society reporter1 but before very long ,i found myself doing police assignments1 sport1 editing telegraph1 and whatever the occasion demanded4 ,i suppose that the beginnings of everyone's business life always remain vivid memories4 ,the first morning ,i reported for work at seven o'clock4 ,naturally1 no one was in the front office1 as the news department of a small-town newspaper office is sometimes called4 ,i was embarrassed and nervous1 and sat anxiously awaiting the arrival of the city editor4 ,in five minutes he gave me sufficient instructions to last a year1 but the only one ,i remember was1 ,ask all the questions you can think of1 and don't let anyone bluff you out of a story4 ,my first duty1 and one that ,i performed every morning for several years1 was to make an early morning train connecting with a large city1 forty miles away4 ,it was no easy task to approach strangers and ask their names and destination2 but it was all good experience1 and it taught me how to approach people and to ask personal questions without being rude4 ,during my service as society reporter ,i learned much1 so much that ,i am convinced there is no work in the smaller towns better suited to women4 ,any girl who is bright and quick1 who knows the ethics of being a lady1 can hold this position and make better money at it than by teaching or clerking4 ,each trade1 they say1 has its tricks1 and being a society reporter is no exception4 ,in towns of from one thousand to two thousand inhabitants1 the news that ,mrs4 ,x4 is going to give a party spreads rapidly by that system of wireless telegraphy that excels the ,marconi--neighborhood gossip4 ,but in the larger towns it is not so easy4 ,in our town1 whenever there is a party the ice cream is ordered from a certain confectioner4 ,daily he permitted us to see his order book4 ,if ,mrs4 ,jones ordered a quart of ice cream we knew that she was only having a treat for the family4 ,if it were two quarts or more1 it was a party1 and if it was ice cream in molds1 we knew a big formal function was on foot4 ,society reporting is a fertile field1 and for a long time ,i had been thinking that society columns were too dull4 ,my ideal of a newspaper is that every department should be edited so that everyone would read all the paper4 ,i knew that men rarely read the social column4 ,one day a man said to me that he always called his wife his better judgment instead of his better half4 ,that appealed to me as printable1 but where to put it in the paper8 ,why not in my own department8 ,i did so4 ,that night when the paper came out everyone clamored to know who the man was1 for ,i had merely written1 ,a man in town calls his wife his better judgment instead of his better half4 ,then ,i decided to make the society department a reflection of our daily life and sayings4 ,in order to get these in ,i used the initials of my title1 ,s4,r4 ,i never used names1 but ,i always managed to identify my persons4 ,as one might expect1 ,i brought down a storm about my head4 ,many persons took the hints for themselves when they were not so intended1 and there were some amusing results4 ,for instance1 when ,i said in the paper that a certain man in a down-town store has perfect manners1 the next day twelve men thanked me1 and ,i received four boxes of candy as expressions of gratitude4 ,there were no complaints about the society column being dull after this2 everyone read it and laughed at it1 and it was quoted in many exchanges4 ,of course1 ,i was careful to hurt no one's feelings1 but ,i did occasionally have a little good-natured fun at the expense of people who wouldn't mind it4 ,little personal paragraphs of this sort must never be malicious or mean--if the paper is to keep its friends4 ,of all my newspaper experience ,i like best to dwell on the society reporting2 but if ,i were to advance ,i knew that ,i must take on more responsibility1 so ,i became city editor of another paper4 ,i was virtually managing editor1 for the editor and owner was a politician and was away much of the time4 ,it was then that ,i began to realize the responsibility of my position1 to grapple with the problem of dealing fairly both with my employer and the public4 ,the daily life with its varying incidents1 the big civic issues1 the stories to be handled1 the rights of the advertisers to be considered1 the adjusting of the news to the business department--all these were brought before me with a powerful clarity4 ,when a woman starts on a city paper she knows that there are linotypes1 presses and other machinery4 ,often she has seen them work2 but her knowledge of how they work is generally vague4 ,it was on my third day as city editor that ,i realized my woeful ignorance of the newspaper business from the mechanical viewpoint4 ,i had just arrived at the office when the foreman came to my desk4 ,say1 he said1 we didn't get any stuff set last night4 ,power was off4 ,better come out and pick out the plate you want to fill with4 ,what he meant by the power being off ,i could understand1 and perforce ,i went out to select the plate4 ,he handed me long slabs of plate matter to read4 ,later ,i learned that printed copies of the plate are sent for selection1 but in my ignorance ,i took up the slabs and tried to read the type4 ,to my astonishment it was all backward1 and ,i found myself wondering if it were a ,chinese feature story4 ,finally ,i threw myself on his mercy and told him to select what he chose4 ,as ,i left the composing-room ,i heard him say to one of the printers3 ,that's what comes of the boss hiring a hen editor4 ,shortly after noon a linotype operator came to me with his hands full of copy4 ,if you want any of this dope in the paper1 he said1 you'll have to grab off a paragraph here and there4 ,my machine's got a bad squirt1 and it'll take an hour or more to fix it4 ,greek1 all ,greek6 ,a squirt6 ,i was too busy grabbing off paragraphs to investigate2 but then and there ,i resolved to penetrate all these mysteries4 ,i found the linotype operator eager to show me how his machine works1 and the foreman was glad to take me around and instruct me in his department and also in the pressroom4 ,i have had trouble with printers since2 but in the end they had to admit that the hen editor knew what she was talking about4 ,there is a great cry now for woman's advancement4 ,if the women are hunting equality as their goal let them not seek out the crowded1 hostile cities1 but remain in the smaller places where their work can stand out distinctly4 ,a trite phrase expresses it that a newspaper is the voice of the people4 ,what better than that a woman should set the tune for that voice8 ,equality with men6 ,i sit at my desk looking out over the familiar home scene4 ,a smell of fresh ink comes to me1 and a paper just off the press is slapped down on my desk4 ,look6 says the foreman4 ,we got out some paper today1 didn't we8 ,we6 ,how's that for equality8 ,he has been twenty years at his trade and ,i only ten1 yet he includes me4 ,when ,i am tempted to feel that my field is limited1 my tools crude1 and my work unhonored and unsung1 ,i recall a quotation ,i read many years ago1 and ,i will place it here at the end of the hen editor's uneventful story4 ,back before my mind floats that phrase1 ,buried in this burg4 ,if a person has ability1 will not the world learn it8 ,if a man can write a better book1 preach a better sermon1 or sing a more glorious song than his neighbor1 though he build his house in the woods1 the world will make a beaten path to his door4 ,that a personal experience story may be utilized to show readers how to do something is demonstrated in the following article taken from ,the ,designer4 ,it was illustrated by a half-tone made from a wash drawing of one corner of the burlap room4 ,a ,,bedroom ,,in ,,burlap ,,the ,,most ,,satisfactory ,,room ,,in ,,our ,,bungalow ,,by ,,katherine ,,van ,,dorn ,our burlap room is the show room of our bungalow4 ,visitors are guided through the living-room1 the bedroom1 the sleeping-porch and kitchen1 and allowed to express their delight and satisfaction while we wait with bated breath for the grand surprise to be given them4 ,then1 when they have concluded1 we say3 ,but you should see our burlap room6 ,then we lead the way up the stairs to the attic and again stand and wait4 ,we know what is coming1 and1 as we revel in the expressions of admiration evoked1 we again declaim with enormous pride3 ,we made it all ourselves6 ,there is a solid satisfaction in making a room1 especially for an amateur who hardly expects to undertake room-making as a profession4 ,we regard our room as an original creation produced by our own genius1 not likely to be duplicated in our personal experience4 ,it grew in this wise3 ,when we came to the bungalow last spring the family numbered three instead of the two of the year before4 ,now number three1 a healthy and bouncing young woman1 necessitated a sleeping-in maid if her parents were ever to be able to detach themselves from her person4 ,we had never had a sleeping-in maid at the bungalow before and the problem of where to put her was a serious one4 ,we well knew that no self-respecting servant would condescend to sleep in an attic1 although the attic was cool1 airy and comfortable4 ,we rather thought1 too1 that the maid might despise us if we gave her the bedroom and took up our quarters under the rafters4 ,it would be an easy enough matter for carpenters and plasterers to put a room in the attic1 but we lacked the money necessary for such a venture4 ,and so we puzzled4 ,at first we thought of curtains1 but the high winds which visit us made curtains impracticable4 ,then we thought of tacking the curtains top and bottom1 and from this the idea evolved4 ,the carpenter whom we consulted proved to be amenable to suggestion and agreed to put us up a framework in a day4 ,we helped4 ,we outlined the room on the floor4 ,this took two strips of wood about one and a half by two inches4 ,the other two sides of the room were formed by the wall of the attic and by the meeting place of the roof and floor--that is1 there was in reality no fourth wall2 the room simply ended where floor and roof met4 ,two strips were nailed to the rafters in positions similar to those on the floor1 and then an upright strip was inserted and nailed fast at intervals of every three feet4 ,this distance was decided by the fact that curtain materials usually come a yard wide4 ,for a door we used a discarded screen-door1 which1 having been denuded of the bits of wire clinging to it1 answered the purpose very well4 ,the door completed the skeleton4 ,we used a beautiful soft blue burlap4 ,tacking on proved a more difficult matter than we had anticipated1 owing to the fact that our carpenter had used cypress for the framework4 ,we stretched the material taut and then tacked it fast with sharp-pointed1 large-headed brass tacks1 and while inserting these we measured carefully the distances between the tacks in order to keep this trimming uniform4 ,the two walls supplied by the framework were quickly covered1 but the rough wall of the attic necessitated some cutting1 as we had to tack the burlap to the uprights and these had not been placed with yard-wide material in view4 ,above the screen-door frame was a hiatus of space running up into the peak4 ,the carpenter had thoughtfully run two strips up to the roof and this enabled us to fill in by cutting and turning in the cloth4 ,a corresponding space above the window received similar treatment4 ,then we covered the inner surface of the screen door and we had a room4 ,but we were far from satisfied4 ,the room looked bare and crude4 ,we bought a can of dark-oak stain and gave the floor a coat and this improved matters so much that we stained the wood visible on the door frame and about the window4 ,having finished this1 we saw the need of doing something for the ceiling4 ,the ceiling was merely the inner surface of the roof4 ,the builders had made it of boards of varying sizes1 the rafters were rough and splintery and there were myriads of nails sticking through everywhere4 ,it looked a hopeless task4 ,but we bought more stain and went to work4 ,before beginning we covered our precious blue walls with newspapers1 donned our oldest clothes and spread papers well over the floor4 ,it was well that we did4 ,the staining was not difficult work but the nails made it splashy and we were pretty well spotted when we finished4 ,but when we did finish we felt compensated4 ,the nails had become invisible4 ,the dull blue walls with their bright brass trimming1 the soft brown floor and the stained1 raftered roof made the room the most attractive in the house4 ,we could not rest1 although the hour was late and we were both tired1 until we had furnished it4 ,we put in a couple of small rugs1 a brass bed1 and a white bureau4 ,we hung two pictures securely upon the uprights of the skeleton4 ,we added a couple of chairs and a rack for clothing1 put up a white madras curtain at the window1 and regarded the effect with the utmost satisfaction4 ,the room answered the purpose exactly4 ,the burlap was thick enough to act as a screen4 ,it was possible to see movement through it1 but not form4 ,it insured privacy and still permitted the air to pass through for ventilation4 ,as a finishing touch we screwed a knob on the outside of the door1 put a brass hook on the inside and went downstairs to count the cost4 ,as a quick and inexpensive method of adding to the number of rooms in one's house1 the making of a burlap room is without an equal4 ,the idea is not patented1 and we who deem ourselves its creators1 are only too happy to send it on1 in the hope that it may be of service to some other puzzled householder who is wondering where to put an added family member4 ,,the ,,confession ,,story4 ,closely akin to the personal experience article is the so-called confession story4 ,usually published anonymously1 confession stories may reveal more personal and intimate experiences than a writer would ordinarily care to give in a signed article4 ,needless to say1 most readers are keenly interested in such revelations1 even though they are made anonymously4 ,like personal experience stories1 they are told in the first person with a liberal use of the pronoun ,i4 ,a writer need not confine himself to his own experiences for confession stories2 he may obtain valuable material for them from others4 ,not infrequently his name is attached to these articles accompanied by the statement that the confession was transcribed1 taken down1 or recorded by the writer4 ,conditions of life in classes of society with which the reader is not familiar may be brought home to him through the medium of the confession story4 ,it may be made the means of arousing interest in questions about which the average reader cares little4 ,the average man or woman1 for example1 is probably little concerned with the problem of the poorly paid college professor1 but hundreds of thousands doubtless read with interest the leading article in an issue of the ,saturday ,evening ,post entitled1 ,the ,pressure on the ,professor4 ,this was a confession story1 which did not give the author's own experiences but appeared as ,transcribed by ,walter ,e4 ,weyl4 ,this article was obviously written with the purpose1 skillfully concealed1 of calling attention to the hard lot of the underpaid professor4 ,constructive criticism of existing conditions may be successfully embodied in the form of a confession article that describes the evils as they have been experienced by one individual4 ,if the article is to be entirely effective and just1 the experience of the one person described must be fairly typical of that of others in the same situation4 ,in order to show that these experiences are characteristic1 the writer may find it advantageous to introduce facts and figures tending to prove that his own case is not an isolated example4 ,in the confession article mentioned above1 ,the ,pressure on the ,professor1 the assistant professor who makes the confession1 in order to demonstrate that his own case is typical1 cites statistics collected by a colleague at ,stanford ,university giving the financial status of #aab assistant professors in various ,american universities4 ,confessions that show how faults and personal difficulties have been overcome prove helpful to readers laboring under similar troubles4 ,here again1 what is related should be typical rather than exceptional4 ,,examples ,,of ,,the ,,confession ,,story4 ,that an intimate account of the financial difficulties of a young couple as told by the wife1 may not only make an interesting story but may serve as a warning to others1 is shown in the confession story below4 ,signed ,f4,b41 and illustrated with a pen and ink sketch of the couple at work over their accounts1 it was printed in ,every ,week1 a popular illustrated periodical formerly published by the ,crowell ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,things ,,we ,,learned ,,to ,,do ,,without ,we were married within a month of our commencement1 after three years of courtship at a big ,middle ,west university4 ,looking back1 it seems to me that rich1 tumultuous college life of ours was wholly pagan4 ,all about us was the free-handed atmosphere of easy money1 and in our crowd a tacit implication that a good time was one of the primary necessities of life4 ,such were our ideas when we married on a salary of one hundred dollars a month4 ,we took letters of introduction to some of the smart people in a suburb near ,chicago1 and they proved so delightfully cordial that we settled down among them without stopping to consider the discrepancies between their ways and our income4 ,we were put up at a small country club--a simple affair enough1 comparatively speaking--that demanded six weeks' salary in initial dues and much more in actual subsequent expense4 ,everybody went out for ,saturday golf and stayed for dinner and dancing4 ,by fall there was in working operation a dinner club of the younger married set1 as our local column in the city papers called us2 an afternoon bridge club2 and a small theater club that went into town every fortnight for dinner and a show4 ,costly little amusements1 but hardly more than were due charming young people of our opportunities and tastes4 ,i think that was our attitude1 although we did not admit it4 ,in ,september we rented a smart little apartment4 ,we had planned to furnish it by means of several generous checks which were family contributions to our array of wedding gifts4 ,what we did was to buy the furniture on the instalment plan1 agreeing to pay twenty dollars a month till the bill was settled1 and we put the furniture money into running expenses4 ,it was the beginning of a custom4 ,they gave most generously1 that older generation4 ,visiting us1 ,max's mother would slip a bill into my always empty purse when we went shopping2 or mine would drop a gold piece into my top bureau drawer for me to find after she had gone4 ,and there were always checks for birthdays4 ,everything went into running expenses2 yet1 in spite of it1 our expenses ran quite away4 ,max said ,i was too valuable a woman to put into the kitchen1 so we hired a maid1 good-humoredly giving her carte blanche on the grocery and meat market4 ,our bills1 for all our dining out1 were enormous4 ,there were clothes1 too4 ,max delighted in silk socks and tailored shirts1 and he ordered his monogramed cigarettes by the thousand4 ,my own taste ran to expensive little hats4 ,it is hardly necessary to recount the details4 ,we had our first tremendous quarrel at the end of six months1 when1 in spite of our furniture money and our birthday checks1 we found ourselves two hundred and fifty dollars in debt4 ,but as we cooled we decided that there was nothing we could do without2 we could only be more careful4 ,every month we reached that same conclusion4 ,there was nothing we could do without4 ,at the end of the year on a #abjj salary we were #gjj behind2 eight months later1 after our first baby came1 we were over a thousand--and by that time1 it seemed1 permanently estranged4 ,i actually was carrying out a threat of separation and stripping the apartment1 one morning1 when ,max came back from town and sat down to discuss matters with me4 ,a curious labyrinthine discussion it was1 winding from recriminations and flat admissions that our marriage was a failure and our love was dead1 to the most poignant memories of our engagement days4 ,but its central point was ,max's detached insistence that we make marriage over into a purely utilitarian affair4 ,man needs the decencies of a home1 he said over and over4 ,it doesn't do a fellow any good with a firm like mine to have them know he can't manage his affairs4 ,and my firm is the kind of firm ,i want to work for4 ,this next year is important2 and if ,i spend it dragging through a nasty divorce business1 knowing that everybody knows1 ,i'll be about thirty per cent efficient4 ,i'm willing to admit that marriage--even a frost like ours--is useful4 ,will you8 ,i had to4 ,my choice rested between going home1 where there were two younger sisters1 or leaving the baby somewhere and striking out for myself4 ,it seems to me1 said ,max1 taking out his pencil1 that if two reasonably clever people can put their best brain power and eight hours a day into a home1 it might amount to something sometime4 ,the thing resolves itself into a choice between the things we can do without and the things we can't4 ,we'll list them4 ,we can't do without three meals and a roof2 but there must be something4 ,you can certainly give up silk socks and cigarettes1 ,i said2 and1 surprisingly1 on this old sore point between us ,max agreed4 ,you can give up silk stockings1 then1 he said1 and put them down4 ,silk socks and silk stockings6 ,out of all possible economies1 they were the only things that we could think of4 ,finally-- ,we could make baby an excuse1 ,i said1 and never get out to the club till very late--after dinner--and stay just for the dancing4 ,and we could get out of the dinner club and the theater bunch4 ,only1 we ought to have some fun4 ,you can go to matinees1 and tell me about them1 so we can talk intelligently4 ,we'll say we can't leave the kid nights-- ,we can buy magazines and read up on plays4 ,we'll talk well enough if we do that1 and people won't know we haven't been4 ,put down3 ',magazines for plays4' ,he did it quite seriously4 ,do we seem very amusing to you8 ,so anxious lest we should betray our economies--so impressed with our social position and what people might think6 ,it is funny enough to me1 looking back2 but it was bitter business then4 ,i set myself to playing the devoted and absorbed young mother4 ,but it was a long1 long time before it became the sweetest of realities4 ,i cried the first time ,i refused a bridge game to stay with baby2 and ,i carried a sore heart those long spring afternoons when ,i pushed his carriage conspicuously up and down the avenue while the other women motored past me out for tea at the club4 ,yet those long walks were the best thing that ever happened to me4 ,i had time to think1 for one thing2 and ,i gained splendid health1 losing the superfluous flesh ,i was beginning to carry1 and the headaches that usually came after days of lunching and bridge and dining4 ,i fell into the habit1 too1 of going around by the market1 merely to have an objective1 and buying the day's supplies4 ,the first month of that habit my bills showed a decrease of #af4dg4 ,i shall always remember that sum1 because it is certainly the biggest ,i have ever seen4 ,i began to ask the prices of things2 and ,i made my first faint effort at applying our game of substitution to the food problem1 a thing which to me is still one of the most fascinating factors in housekeeping4 ,one afternoon in late summer1 ,i found a delightful little bungalow in process of building1 on a side street not so very far from the proper avenue4 ,i investigated idly1 and found that the rent was thirty dollars less than we were paying4 ,yet even then ,i hesitated4 ,it was ,max who had the courage to decide4 ,the only thing we are doing without is the address1 he said1 ,and that isn't a loss that looks like #cfj to me4 ,all that fall and winter we kept doggedly at our game of substitution4 ,max bought a ready-made ,tuxedo1 and ,i ripped out the label and sewed in one from a good tailor4 ,i carried half a dozen dresses from the dyer's to a woman who evolved three very decent gowns2 and then ,i toted them home in a box with a marking calculated to impress any chance acquaintance4 ,we were so ashamed of our attempts at thrift that they came hard4 ,often enough we quarreled after we had been caught in some sudden temptation that set us back a pretty penny1 and we were inevitably bored and cross when we refused some gayety for economy's sake4 ,we resolutely decided to read aloud the evenings the others went to the theater club2 and as resolutely we substituted a stiff game of chess for the bridge that we could not afford4 ,but we had to learn to like them both4 ,occasionally we entertained at very small1 very informal dinners1 on account of the baby2 and definitely discarded the wines that added the smartness demanded at formal affairs4 ,people came to those dinners in their second or third best3 but they stayed late1 and laughed hilariously to the last second of their stay4 ,in the spring we celebrated ,max's second respectable rise in salary by dropping out of the country club4 ,we could do without it by that time4 ,at first we thought it necessary to substitute a determined tramp for the ,sunday morning golf game2 but we presently gave that up4 ,we were becoming garden enthusiasts4 ,and as a substitution for most of the pleasure cravings of life1 gardening is to be highly recommended4 ,discontent has a curious little trick of flowing out of the earthy end of a hoe4 ,later that summer ,i found that a maid was one of the things ,i could do without1 making the discovery in an interregnum not of my original choosing4 ,a charwoman came in for the heavier work1 and ,i took over the cooking4 ,almost immediately1 in spite of my inexperience1 the bills dropped4 ,i could not cook rich pastries and fancy desserts1 and fell back on simple salads and fruit instead4 ,i dipped into the household magazines1 followed on into technical articles on efficiency1 substituted labor-savers wherever ,i could1 and started my first muddled set of accounts4 ,at the beginning of the new year ,i tried my prentice hand on a budget2 and that was the year that we emerged from debt and began to save4 ,that was six very short years ago4 ,when1 with three babies1 the bungalow became a trifle small1 we built a little country house and moved farther out4 ,several people whom we liked best among that first exclusive younger set have moved out too1 and formed the nucleus of a neighborhood group that has wonderful times on incomes no one of which touches #djjj a year4 ,ours is not as much as that yet2 but it is enough to leave a wide and comfortable margin all around our wants4 ,max has given up his pipe for cigarettes 7unmonogramed71 and patronizes a good tailor for business reasons4 ,but in everything else our substitutions stand3 gardening for golf2 picnics for roadhouse dinners2 simple food1 simple clothing1 simple hospitality1 books1 a fire1 and a game of chess on winter nights4 ,we don't even talk about economies any more4 ,we like them4 ,but--every ,christmas there comes to me via the ,christmas tree a box of stockings1 and for ,max a box of socks--heavy silk4 ,there never is any card in either box2 but ,i think we'll probably get them till we die4 ,the following short confession1 signed ,mrs4 ,m4,f4,e41 was awarded the first prize by the ,american ,magazine in a contest for articles on ,the ,best ,thing ,experience ,has ,taught ,me3 ,forty ,years ,bartered for ,what8 ,a tiny bit of wisdom1 but as vital as protoplasm4 ,i know1 for ,i bartered forty precious years of wifehood and motherhood to learn it4 ,during the years of my childhood and girlhood1 our family passed from wealth to poverty4 ,my father and only brother were killed in battle during the ,civil ,war2 our slaves were freed2 our plantations melted from my mother's white hands during the ,reconstruction days2 our big town house was sold for taxes4 ,when ,i married1 my only dowry was a fierce pride and an overwhelming ambition to get back our material prosperity4 ,my husband was making a good living4 ,he was kind1 easy-going1 with a rare capacity for enjoying life and he loved his wife with that chivalrous1 unquestioning1 the queen-can-do-no-wrong type of love4 ,but even in our days of courting ,i answered his ardent love-making with1 ,and we will work and save and buy back the big house2 then we will-- etc41 etc4 ,and he8 ,ah1 alone at sixty1 ,i can still hear echoing down the years his big tender laugh1 as he'd say1 ,oh1 what a de-ah1 ambitious little sweetheart ,i have6 ,he owned a home1 a little cottage with a rose garden at one side of it--surely1 with love1 enough for any bride4 ,but ,i--,i saw only the ancestral mansion up the street1 the big old house that had passed out of the hands of our family4 ,i would have no honeymoon trip2 ,i wanted the money instead4 ,john kissed each of my palms before he put the money into them4 ,my fingers closed greedily over the bills2 it was the nest egg1 the beginning4 ,next ,i had him dismiss his bookkeeper and give me the place4 ,i didn't go to his store--,southern ladies didn't do that in those days--but ,i kept the books at home1 and ,i wrote all the business letters4 ,so it happened when ,john came home at night1 tired from his day's work at the store1 ,i had no time for diversions1 for love-making1 no hours to walk in the rose garden by his side--no1 we must talk business4 ,i can see ,john now on many a hot night--and summer is hot in the ,gulf ,states--dripping with perspiration as he dictated his letters to me1 while ,i1 my aching head near the big hot lamp1 wrote on and on with hurried1 nervous fingers4 ,outside there would be the evening breeze from the ,gulf1 the moonlight1 the breath of the roses1 all the romance of the southern night--but not for us6 ,the children came--four1 in quick succession4 ,but so fixed were my eyes on the goal of ,success1 ,i scarcely realized the mystery of motherhood4 ,oh1 ,i loved them6 ,i loved ,john1 too4 ,i would willingly have laid down my life for him or for any one of the children4 ,and ,i intended sometime to stop and enjoy ,john and the children4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i was going really to live after we had bought back the big house1 and had done so and so6 ,in the meanwhile1 ,i held my breath and worked4 ,i'll be so glad1 ,i remember saying one day to a friend1 when all my children are old enough to be off at school all day6 ,think of that6 ,glad when the best years of our lives together were passed6 ,the day came when the last little fellow trudged off to school and ,i no longer had a baby to hamper me4 ,we were living now in the big old home4 ,we had bought it back and paid for it4 ,i no longer did ,john's bookkeeping for him--he paid a man a hundred dollars a month to do that--but ,i still kept my hand on the business4 ,then suddenly one day--,john died4 ,died in what should have been the prime and vigor of his life4 ,i worked harder than ever then1 not from necessity1 but because in the first few years after ,john left ,i was afraid to stop and think4 ,so the years hurried by6 ,one by one the children grew up and entered more or less successful careers of their own4444 ,i don't feel that ,i know them so very well4 ,and now that the time of life has come when ,i must stop and think1 ,i ask myself3 ,what did you do with the wonderful gifts ,life laid in your lap--the love of a good man1 domestic happiness1 the chance to know intimately four little souls8 ,and being honest ,i have to answer3 ,i bartered ,life's great gifts for ,life's pitiful extras--for pride1 for show6 ,if my experience were unique it would not be worth publishing1 but it is only too common4 ,think of the wives who exchange the best years of their lives1 their husband's comfort1 his peace of mind1 if not to buy back the family mansion1 then for a higher social position2 sometimes it is merely for--clothes6 ,it is to you women who still have the opportunity to walk with ,john in the garden that ,i give my dearly bought bit of experience4 ,stop holding your breath until you get this or that2 stop reaching out blindly for to-morrow's prize2 live to-day6 ,,the ,,how-,,to-,,do-,,something ,,article4 ,articles the primary purpose of which is to give directions for doing something in a particular way1 are always in demand4 ,the simplest type is the recipe or formula containing a few directions for combining ingredients4 ,more elaborate processes naturally demand more complex directions and require longer articles4 ,in the simpler types the directions are given in the imperative form2 that is1 the reader is told to take this thing and that1 and to mix it with something else4 ,although such recipe directions are clear1 they are not particularly interesting4 ,many readers1 especially those of agricultural journals1 are tired of being told to do this and that in order to get better results4 ,they are inclined to suspect the writer of giving directions on the basis of untried theory rather than on that of successful practice4 ,there is an advantage1 therefore1 in getting away from formal advice and directions and in describing actual processes as they have been carried on successfully4 ,articles intended to give practical guidance are most interesting when cast in the form of an interview1 a personal experience1 or a narrative4 ,in an interview article1 a person may indirectly give directions to others by describing in his own words the methods that he has used to accomplish the desired results4 ,or the writer1 by telling his own experiences in doing something1 may give readers directions in an interesting form4 ,whatever method he adopts1 the writer must keep in mind the questions that his readers would be likely to ask if he were explaining the method or process to them in person4 ,to one who is thoroughly familiar with a method the whole process is so clear that he forgets how necessary it is to describe every step to readers unfamiliar with it4 ,the omission of a single point may make it impossible for the reader to understand or to follow the directions4 ,although a writer need not insult the intelligence of his readers by telling them what they already know1 he may well assume that they need to be reminded tactfully of many things that they may have known but have possibly forgotten4 ,,two ,,practical ,,guidance ,,articles4 ,a method of filing office records1 as explained apparently by the man who devised it1 is well set forth in the following combination of the personal experience and the how-to-do-something types of articles4 ,it appeared in ,system with a half-tone reproduction of a photograph showing a man looking over records in a drawer of the desk at which he is seated4 ,,who',,ll ,,do ,,john',s ,,work8 ,,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,hobart ,it's a quarter after #h and ,schuyler hasn't showed up1 telephoned ,beggs1 one of our foremen1 last ,tuesday morning4 ,i've put ,fanning on his machine1 but that won't help much unless ,i can get somebody to work at ,fanning's bench4 ,got anybody you can let me have for to-day8 ,i didn't know offhand4 ,but ,i told ,beggs ,i'd call him back4 ,ten minutes later a young lathe operator reported to ,beggs4 ,he was able to run ,fanning's machine while the latter temporarily filled the shoes of the absent ,schuyler4 ,scarcely a week passes that does not bring a similar call to our employment office4 ,while our plant1 as plants go1 is not large1 we always have a number of men working with us who are fitted by experience and adaptability to do other work than that which they are hired to do4 ,such men are invaluable to know about1 especially when an operator stays away for a day or perhaps a week and the shop is full of orders4 ,once it was a problem to find the right man immediately4 ,a few additions to our employment records made it possible to keep track of each man's complete qualifications4 ,the employment records ,i keep in my desk in the deep drawer4 ,they are filed alphabetically by name4 ,when we hire a man we write his name and the job he is to fill on the outside of a #i by #ab manila envelope4 ,into this envelope we put his application1 his references1 and other papers4 ,his application tells us what kinds of work he can do and has done in other shops4 ,there are #bi different kinds of work to be done in our shops1 from gear cutting to running errands4 ,i have listed these operations1 alphabetically1 on a cardboard the exact length of the employment record envelope1 #ab inches4 ,when a man tells me in his application that he not only can operate a drill press1 for which he is hired1 but has also worked at grinding1 ,i fit my cardboard list to the top of the employment record envelope and punch two notches along the top directly opposite the words drill press and grinding on my list4 ,then ,i file away the envelope4 ,i rest secure now in my knowledge that ,i have not buried a potential grinder in a drill press operator1 or that ,i do not have to carry his double qualifications in my mind4 ,i know that if ,beggs should suddenly telephone me some morning that his grinder is absent--sick1 or fishing1 perhaps--,i need only take my cardboard list and1 starting at ,a1 run it down my file until ,i come to the envelope of the drill press operator4 ,i am stopped there automatically by the second notch on the envelope which corresponds in position to the word grinder on my list4 ,and there is every likelihood that1 with the necessary explanation to the man's own foreman1 ,beggs will get his grinder for the day4 ,from the following article1 printed in ,farm and ,fireside city and country readers alike may glean much practical information concerning ways and means of making a comfortable living from a small farm4 ,it was illustrated by four half-tone reproductions of photographs showing 7#a7 the house1 7#b7 the woman at her desk with a typewriter before her1 7#c7 the woman in her dining-room about to serve a meal from a labor-saving service wagon1 and 7#d7 the woman in the poultry yard with a basket of eggs4 ,,ten ,,acres ,,and ,a ,,living ,,she ,,was ,,young1 ,,popular1 ,,and ,,had ,,been ,,reared ,,in ,,the ,,city4 ,,everybody ,,laughed ,,when ,,she ,,decided ,,to ,,farm--,,but ,,that ,,was ,,four ,,years ,,ago ,,by ,,alice ,,mary ,,kimball ,when she decided to be a farmer everybody laughed4 ,she was young1 popular1 unusually fond of frocks and fun4 ,she had been reared in the city4 ,she didn't know a ,jersey from a ,hereford1 or a ,wyandotte from a ,plymouth ,rock4 ,you'll be back in six months1 her friends said4 ,four years have passed4 ,mrs4 ,charles ,s4 ,tupper still is buried in the country4 ,moreover1 she is supplying eggs1 chickens1 honey1 and home-canned goods to those of her former associates who are willing to pay for quality4 ,farming1 said ,mrs4 ,tupper1 is the ideal vocation for the woman who feels the modern desire for a job and the need of marriage and a home4 ,i never wanted a job so keenly as when ,i found myself in a small city apartment without enough to do to keep me busy4 ,after ,i'd swept and dusted and prepared meals for two1 ,i had hours of time on my hands4 ,the corner bakeshop1 the laundry1 and modern conveniences had thrust upon me more leisure than ,i could use4 ,mr4 ,tupper is a young engineer whose work takes him to various parts of the ,southwest4 ,in his absence ,i felt strongly the need of filling up my idle hours in some interesting1 useful way4 ,i didn't quite like the idea of spending all my spare time on cards1 calling1 women's clubs1 and social pleasures4 ,i longed to be a real partner to my husband and to share in making the family income as well as spending it4 ,we had a few thousand saved for a home1 and were trying to decide where to build4 ,one day it flashed upon me3 ',why invest in city property8 ,why not a little farm8 ,then we'll have a home2 ,i'll have a job1 and can make our living4' ,the idea materialized into a modern bungalow on a #aj-;acre farm in ,westdale1 ,missouri1 an hour's drive from ,kansas ,city4 ,mr4 ,tupper's salary furnished working capital for the enterprise and ,mrs4 ,tupper has found congenial work as farmer-in-chief4 ,poultry1 bees1 and a vegetable garden are ,mrs4 ,tupper's specialities4 ,her side lines are a pig and a registered ,jersey cow4 ,she looks after the poultry1 works in garden and apiary1 and milks the cow herself4 ,she employs very little help4 ,it wasn't difficult to get a start in learning to farm1 ,mrs4 ,tupper explained4 ,i visited farms and studied the methods of farmers and their wives4 ,i asked lots of questions4 ,i didn't have any old fogyisms to unlearn1 and ,i didn't acquire any4 ,i went straight to the agricultural college and the state poultry experiment station for instructions4 ,while ,i was living in the country supervising the building of the bungalow1 ,i read and digested every bulletin ,i could get4 ,i'm still studying bulletins4 ,i subscribe for several farm papers and a bee journal4 ,of course1 ,i learned a great deal from the practical experience of the people about me1 but ,i checked up everything to the rules and directions of government and state agricultural experts1 which may be had for the price of a postage stamp4 ,i tried to take orders intelligently4 ,i ignored old rules for poultry and bee-keeping4 ,mrs4 ,tupper's chickens are hatched in incubators1 hovered in a coal-heated brooder house1 fed according to experiment-station directions1 and reared in poultry houses built from experiment-station designs4 ,from the first they have been practically free from lice and disease4 ,she gets winter eggs4 ,even in zero weather and at times when feed is most costly1 her spring pullets more than pay their way4 ,bees responded as readily to proper treatment1 she said4 ,my second season ,i harvested #bfe worth of comb honey from twenty working swarms4 ,and ,i was stung not a half-dozen times at that4 ,some of ,mrs4 ,tupper's neighbors were inclined to joke at first at her appetite for bulletins1 her belief in experts1 and her rigid insistence on pure-bred stock and poultry4 ,they admit now that her faith has been justified4 ,if ,mrs4 ,tupper had trod in the well-worn neighborhood ruts1 she would have marketed her produce by the country-store-commission-man-retailer-co nsumer route2 but again she did not4 ,from the first she planned to plug the leakage of farm profits in middlemen's commissions4 ,when she had anything to sell1 she put on a good-looking tailored suit1 a becoming hat1 smart shoes and gloves1 and went to the city to talk to ultimate consumers4 ,the consciousness of being dressed appropriately--not expensively or ornately--is a valuable aid to the farm saleswoman1 ,mrs4 ,tupper thinks4 ,if a salesman comes to me shabbily dressed or flashily dressed1 ,i can't give him a fair hearing1 she said4 ,i may let him talk on1 but ,i decide against him the instant ,i look at him4 ,so ,i reasoned that a trim1 pleasing appearance would be as valuable an asset to me as to the men who sell pickles1 insurance1 or gilt-edged bonds4 ,it would mean a favorable first impression and open the way to show samples and make a sales talk4 ,if ,i tried to interview a prospective customer handicapped by the consciousness that my skirt hung badly or that my shoes were shabby1 not only would ,i be timid and ill at ease1 but my appearance would suggest to the city buyer the very slipshodness and lack of reliability he fears in buying direct from the farm4 ,i go strong on attractive samples4 ,it would be useless to try for fancy prices if ,i brought honey to town in mean-looking cases or rusty cans4 ,a slight drip down the side of a package might not be proof positive of poor quality1 but it would frighten away a careful buyer4 ,likewise1 ,i do not illustrate my egg sales talks with a sample dozen of odd sizes and shapes4 ,it is needless to add that goods delivered to customers must be of the same quality and appearance as the samples1 and that one must keep one's promises to the dot4 ,a little well-directed enterprise will land a customer1 but only good service can hold him4 ,when the current wholesale price of honey was #c a case1 ,mrs4 ,tupper's comb honey has been in demand at from #bj to #cj cents a pound4 ,she disposes of every pound to private customers and to one grocery store which caters to fancy trade4 ,she sells eggs from her #djj ,anconas at from #d to #f cents more a dozen than the country store is paying its patrons who bring in eggs and take them out in trade4 ,mrs4 ,tupper figured that if a trademark has advertising pull for a manufacturing concern1 it would help the farm business4 ,she christened her #aj acres ,graceland ,farm1 and this name is stamped on everything that leaves her place4 ,she had cards printed bearing the name of the farm1 its telephone number1 and its products4 ,graceland ,farm is also emphasized on letter heads4 ,prompt attention to correspondence is an easy method of advertising a farm business1 she suggested4 ,a typewritten letter on letterhead stationery1 mailed promptly1 creates a pleasant impression on the man who has written to inquire the price of a setting of eggs or a trio of chickens4 ,suppose ,i delayed a week and wrote the reply with pen and ink1 or1 worse1 with a pencil on ruled tablet paper4 ,i'd stand a good chance of losing a customer1 wouldn't ,i8 ,if ,i didn't miss an order outright1 ,i should certainly leave a suggestion of inefficiency and carelessness which could only be charged to the debit side of the business4 ,she has found that a #ej typewriter and a letter file have helped greatly to create the good-will which is as essential to the farmer business woman as to the woman who runs a millinery shop or an insurance office4 ,mrs4 ,tupper has encouraged automobile trade4 ,her apiary is within sight of the road1 and a ,honey for ,sale sign brings many a customer4 ,many of her city patrons have the habit of driving to the farm and returning with a hamper laden with eggs1 honey1 butter1 or canned stuff from the vegetable garden4 ,the garden last summer supplied material for more than #ijj cans of vegetables4 ,the neighbors smile at her zeal for fairs and poultry shows4 ,it isn't fun altogether2 it's business1 she tells them4 ,it was cold1 disagreeable work1 for instance1 to prepare an exhibit for the ,heart of ,america ,poultry ,show at ,kansas ,city last fall2 but ,mrs4 ,tupper felt repaid4 ,she won first prize on hen1 first and second on pullet1 and fourth on cockerel4 ,then she exhibited at the ,st4 ,joseph1 ,missouri1 ,poultry ,show with even better success4 ,these prizes will add to the value of every chicken ,i have1 and to all my poultry products4 ,they give me another advertising point1 she said4 ,the shows gave me a fine opportunity to meet possible customers and to make friends for my business4 ,i was on the job for days4 ,i met scores of people and distributed hundreds of cards4 ,i learned a lot1 too1 in talks with judges and experienced breeders4 ,the ,tupper bungalow is neat and attractive4 ,in spite of her duties in the poultry house and apiary1 ,mrs4 ,tupper serves appetizing meals4 ,she finds time for church work and neighborhood calls1 and gives every ,thursday to the ,red ,cross4 ,the housework is speeded up with such conveniences as hot and cold water in kitchen and bathroom1 and steam heat4 ,the kitchen is an efficient little workshop lined by cupboards and shelves4 ,mrs4 ,tupper can sit before her kitchen cabinet and prepare a meal without moving about for ingredients and utensils4 ,a service wagon saves steps between kitchen and dining-room4 ,the floors of the bungalow are of hard wood4 ,they are waxed a few times each year1 and a little work each morning with dust mop and carpet sweeper keeps them in good order4 ,the washing is sent out4 ,i couldn't earn an income from the farm if ,i had a farmhouse without modern improvements1 ,mrs4 ,tupper declared4 ,reducing drudgery to a minimum is only plain business sense4 ,laundry work1 scrubbing1 and dishwashing have a low economic value4 ,such unskilled labor eats up the time and strength one needs for the more profitable and interesting tasks of farm management1 accounting and correspondence1 advertising and marketing4 ,,the ,,personality ,,sketch4 ,we all like to read about prominent and successful people4 ,we want to know more about the men and women who figure in the day's news1 and even about interesting persons whose success has not been great enough to be heralded in the press4 ,what appeals to us most about these individuals is1 not mere biographical facts such as appear in ,who's ,who1 but the more intimate details of character and personality that give us the key to their success4 ,we want to see them as living men and women4 ,it is the writer's problem to present them so vividly that we shall feel as if we had actually met them face to face4 ,the purpose of the personality sketch may be 7#a7 to give interesting information concerning either prominent or little known persons1 7#b7 to furnish readers inspiration that may bear fruit in their own lives1 7#c7 to give practical guidance by showing how one individual has accomplished a certain thing4 ,whether the aim is to afford food for thought1 inspiration to action1 or guidance in practical matters1 the treatment is essentially the same4 ,the recognized methods of describing characters in fiction may be used to advantage in portraying real persons4 ,these are 7#a7 using general descriptive terms1 7#b7 describing personal appearance1 7#c7 telling of characteristic actions1 7#d7 quoting their words1 7#e7 giving biographical facts1 7#f7 citing opinions of others about them1 7#g7 showing how others react to them4 ,by a judicious combination of several of these methods1 a writer can make his readers visualize the person1 hear him speak1 watch him in characteristic actions1 and understand his past life1 as well as realize what others think of him and how they act toward him4 ,material for a personality sketch may be obtained in one of three ways3 7#a7 from a more or less intimate acquaintance with the person to be described2 7#b7 from an interview with the person1 supplemented by conversation with others about him2 7#c7 from printed sketches of him combined with information secured from others4 ,it is easier to write personality sketches about men and women whom we know well than it is about those whom we have never met1 or with whom we have had only a short interview4 ,inexperienced writers should not attempt to prepare sketches of persons whom they know but slightly4 ,in a single interview a writer who is observant1 and who is a keen judge of human nature1 may be able to get an impression sufficiently strong to serve as the basis of a satisfactory article1 especially if the material obtained in the interview is supplemented by printed sketches and by conversations with others4 ,personality sketches sometimes include long interviews giving the person's opinions on the subject on which he is an authority4 ,in such articles the sketch usually precedes the interview4 ,,examples ,,of ,,the ,,personality ,,sketch4 ,the first of the following sketches appeared1 with a half-tone portrait1 in the department of ,interesting ,people in the ,american ,magazine2 the second was sent out by the ,newspaper ,enterprise ,association1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 which supplies several hundred daily newspapers with special features4 7#a7 ,,tommy--,,who ,,enjoys ,,straightening ,,out ,,things ,,by ,,sampson ,,raphaelson ,six years ago a young ,bulgarian immigrant1 dreamy-eyed and shabby1 came to the ,university of ,illinois seeking an education4 ,he inquired his way of a group of underclassmen and they pointed out to him a large red building on the campus4 ,go there1 they said gayly1 and ask for ,tommy4 ,he did1 and when he was admitted to the presence of ,thomas ,arkle ,clark1 ,dean of ,men1 and addressed him in his broken ,english as ,mis-terr ,tommy1 the dean did not smile4 ,although ,mr4 ,clark had just finished persuading an irascible father to allow his reprobate sophomore son to stay at college1 and although he was facing the problem of advising an impetuous senior how to break an engagement with a girl he no longer loved1 he adapted himself to the needs and the temperament of the foreigner instantly1 sympathetically1 and efficiently4 ,in five minutes the ,bulgarian had a job1 knew what courses in ,english he ought to take1 and was filled with a glow of hope1 inspiration1 and security which only a genius in the art of graciousness and understanding like ,tommy ,arkle1 as he is amiably called by every student and alumnus of ,illinois1 can bestow4 ,this is a typical incident in the extremely busy1 richly human daily routine of the man who created the office of ,dean of ,men in ,american universities4 ,slender1 short1 well-dressed1 his gray hair smartly parted1 with kindly1 clever1 humorous blue eyes and a smile that is an ecstasy of friendliness1 ,tommy sits behind his big desk in the ,administration ,building from eight to five every day and handles all of the very real troubles and problems of the four thousand-odd men students at the ,university of ,illinois4 ,he averages one hundred callers a day1 in addition to answering a heavy mail and attendance upon various committee1 board1 and council meetings4 ,he is known all over the country as an authority on fraternities and their influence1 and a power for making that influence constantly better and finer4 ,in business1 farmer1 and school circles in the ,middle ,west ,mr4 ,clark is famous for his whimsical1 inspiring speeches4 ,his quick1 shaft-like humor1 his keen1 devastating sarcasm1 and his rare1 resilient sympathy have made him a personality beloved particularly by young persons4 ,they still tell the story on the campus of an ingenuous youngster who walked into the dean's office one fall1 set his suitcase on the floor1 and drawing two one-dollar bills and a fifty-cent piece from his pocket1 laid the money on the big desk1 saying3 ,that's all the money ,i have4 ,i've come to work my way through4 ,will you help me to get a job8 ,in a flash ,tommy noted the boy's eager1 imaginative brown eyes1 his wide1 compact lips and strong jaw4 ,reaching over1 he took the two bills and pocketed them1 leaving the half-dollar4 ,the traditional great men1 said the dean1 started their university careers with only fifty cents4 ,i don't want you to be handicapped1 so ,i'll keep this two dollars4 ,you can get work at ---- ,green ,street waiting on table for your meals1 and the landlady at ---- ,chalmers ,street wants a student to fire her furnace in exchange for room rent4 ,the boy earned his way successfully for several months4 ,then suddenly he was taken sick4 ,an operation was necessary4 ,mr4 ,clark wired for a ,chicago specialist and paid all expenses out of his own pocket4 ,the student recovered1 and two years after he was graduated sent ,tommy a letter enclosing a check for five hundred dollars4 ,to redeem my two dollars which you have in trust1 the letter said1 and please use the money as a medical fund for sick students who need1 but cannot afford1 ,chicago specialists4 ,the dean has an abnormal memory for names and faces4 ,every year he makes a rogues' gallery--the photographs of all incoming freshmen are taken and filed away4 ,and many an humble1 unknown freshman has been exalted by the ,hello1 ,darby1 or ,good morning1 ,boschenstein--or whatever his name happened to be--with which the dean greeted him4 ,mr4 ,clark once revealed to me the secret of his life4 ,fifteen years ago he was professor of ,english and had strong literary ambitions1 with no little promise4 ,there came the offer of the office of ,dean of ,men4 ,he had to choose between writing about peoples lives or living those lives with people4 ,and he chose1 with the result that at all times of the day and night it's ,tommy this1 and ,tommy that2 an accident case may need him at two ,a4,m4 in the hospital1 or a crowd of roystering students may necessitate his missing a night's sleep in order to argue an irate sheriff into the conviction that they are not robbers and murderers4 ,he has been known to spend many evenings in the rooms of lonesome students who need a friend4 ,tommy ,arkle is one of the ,middle ,west's finest contributions to the modern ideal of human service4 7#b7 ,,two ,,new ,,machine ,,guns ,,are ,,invented ,,for ,,the ,u4,s4 ,,army ,,by ,,the ,,edison ,,of ,,firearms ,,by ,,harry ,b4 ,,hunt ,,hartford1 ,,conn41 ,,nov4 #ab4--,well1 ,old ,j4,m4 has done it again4 ,that is the chief topic of conversation these days in the big shops of ,hartford1 ,new ,haven and ,bridgeport1 where the bulk of the rifles1 pistols and machine guns for ,uncle ,sam's army is being turned out4 ,for in these towns to say that ,old ,j4,m4 has done it again is the simplest and most direct way of stating that ,john ,m4 ,browning has invented a new kind of firearm4 ,this time1 however1 ,old ,j4,m4 has done it twice4 ,he has invented not one1 but two new guns4 ,both have been accepted by the ,united ,states government1 contracts for immense numbers of each have been signed1 and work of production is being pushed night and day4 ,the new weapons will be put into the field against ,germany at the earliest possible day4 ,who is ,john ,browning8 ,you never heard of him8 ,well1 ,browning is the father of rapid-fire and automatic firearms4 ,his is the brain behind practically every basic small firearm invention in the past #dj years4 ,he has been to the development of firearms what ,edison has been to electricity4 ,unquestionably the greatest inventor of firearms in the world1 is the unanimous verdict of the gun experts of the ,colt1 ,remington and ,winchester plants1 whose business it is to study and criticise every development in firearms4 ,but if ,browning is our greatest gun inventor1 he is the most gun-shy genius in the country when it comes to publicity4 ,he would rather face a machine gun than a reporter4 ,a few years ago a paper in his home state--,utah--published a little story about his success as an inventor1 and the story was copied by the ,hartford ,courant4 ,i'd rather have paid #a1jjj cash than have had that stuff printed1 ,browning says4 ,friends1 however1 who believe that the world should know something about this firearms wizard1 furnish the following sidelights on his career3 ,browning comes from an old-stock ,mormon family of ,ogden1 ,utah4 ,as a young man he was a great hunter1 going off into the woods for a month or six weeks at a time1 with only his gun for company4 ,he was only #bd when he worked out his ideas for a gun carrying a magazine full of cartridges1 which could be fired rapidly in succession4 ,he pounded out the parts for his first rapid-fire gun with hammer and cold chisel4 ,since that time1 pump and trombone shotguns1 automatic pistols1 rapid-fire rifles produced by the biggest firearms manufacturers in the country have been ,browning's products4 ,the ,united ,states army pistol is a ,browning invention4 ,a ,browning pistol manufactured by the ,fabrique ,nationale of ,belgium was made the standard equipment for the armies of ,belgium1 ,russia1 ,spain1 ,italy and ,serbia4 ,on completion of the one-millionth pistol by the ,fabrique ,nationale1 ,king ,albert of ,belgium knighted the modest inventor1 so he is now1 officially1 ,sir ,john ,browning4 ,browning is tall1 slender1 slightly stooped1 #fb1 bald except for a rim of gray hair1 and wears a closely clipped gray moustache4 ,his face is marked by a network of fine lines4 ,although ,browning will not talk of himself or of his career as an inventor1 he can't help talking when the conversation is turned on guns4 ,i always think of a gun as something that is made primarily to shoot1 he says4 ,the best gun is the simplest gun4 ,when you begin loading a gun up with a lot of fancy contraptions and 'safety devices1' you are only inviting trouble4 ,you complicate the mechanism and make that many more places for dirt and grit to clog the action4 ,you can make a gun so 'safe' that it won't shoot4 ,of ,browning's new guns it is not1 of course1 permissible to give any details4 ,one1 however1 is a light rapid-fire gun1 weighing only #ae pounds1 which can be fired from the shoulder like the ordinary rifle4 ,each magazine carries #bj rounds and the empty magazine can be detached and another substituted by pressing a button4 ,the heavier gun is a belt-fed machine1 capable of firing #fjj shots a minute4 ,although it is water-cooled1 it weighs1 water jacket and all1 only #bh pounds4 ,for airplane work1 where the firing is in bursts and the speed of the machine helps cool the gun1 the jacket is discarded and the gun weighs only #bj pounds4 ,both guns are counted upon as valuable additions to the equipment of our overseas forces4 ,,the ,,narrative ,,in ,,the ,,third ,,person4 ,although the interview1 the personal experience article1 and the confession story are largely narrative1 they are always told in the first person1 whereas the term narrative article as used in this classification is applied only to a narrative in the third person4 ,in this respect it is more like the short story4 ,as in the short story so in the narrative article1 description of persons1 places1 and objects involved serves to heighten the effect4 ,narrative methods may be employed to present any group of facts that can be arranged in chronological order4 ,a process1 for example1 may be explained by showing a man or a number of men engaged in the work involved1 and by giving each step in the process as though it were an incident in a story4 ,the story of an invention or a discovery may be told from the inception of the idea to its realization4 ,a political situation may be explained by relating the events that led up to it4 ,the workings of some institution1 such as an employment office or a juvenile court1 may be made clear by telling just what takes place in it on a typical occasion4 ,historical and biographical material can best be presented in narrative form4 ,suspense1 rapid action1 exciting adventure1 vivid description1 conversation1 and all the other devices of the short story may be introduced into narrative articles to increase the interest and strengthen the impression4 ,whenever1 therefore1 material can be given a narrative form it is very desirable to do so4 ,a writer1 however1 must guard against exaggeration and the use of fictitious details4 ,,examples ,,of ,,the ,,narrative ,,article4 ,how narration with descriptive touches and conversation may be effectively used to explain a new institution like the community kitchen1 or the methods of recruiting employed in the army1 is shown in the two articles below4 ,the first was taken from the ,new ,york ,world1 and the second from the ,outlook4 7#a7 ,,now ,,the ,,public ,,kitchen ,,by ,,marie ,,coolidge ,,rask ,the ,community ,kitchen ,menu ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,vegetable soup pint1 #c;c ,beef stew half pint1 #d;c ,baked beans half pint1 #c;c ,two frankfurters1 one potato and cup full of boiled cabbage all for #g;c ,rice pudding1 #c;c4 ,stewed peaches #c;c ,coffee or cocoa with milk half pint1#c;c ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,my mother wants three cents' worth of vegetable soup4 ,and mine wants enough beef stew for three of us4 ,two battered tin pails were handed up by small1 grimy fingers4 ,two eager little faces were upturned toward the top of the bright green counter which loomed before them4 ,two pairs of roguish eyes smiled back at the woman who reached over the counter and took the pails4 ,the beef stew will be twelve cents1 she said4 ,it is four cents for each half pint1 you know4 ,i know1 answered the youth4 ,my mother says when she has to buy the meat and all and cook it and put a quarter in the gas meter1 it's cheaper to get it here4 ,my father got his breakfast here1 too1 and it only cost him five cents4 ,and was he pleased8 asked the woman1 carefully lowering the filled pail to the outstretched little hand4 ,you bet1 chuckled the lad1 as he turned and followed the little procession down the length of the room and out through the door on the opposite side4 ,the woman was ,mrs4 ,william ,k4 ,vanderbilt1 jr4 ,the boy was the son of a 'longshoreman living on ,death ,avenue1 in close proximity to the newly established ,people's ,kitchen1 situated on the southeast corner of ,tenth ,avenue and ,west ,twenty-seventh ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,so it is here at last--the much talked of1 long hoped for1 community kitchen4 ,within three days after its doors had been opened to the public more than #a1ajj persons had availed themselves of its benefits4 ,within three years1 it is promised1 the community kitchen will have become national in character4 ,its possibilities for development are limitless4 ,way was blazed for the pioneer kitchen by ,edward ,f4 ,brown1 executive secretary of the ,new ,york school lunch committee4 ,the active power behind the cauldrons of soup1 cabbage and frankfurters1 beans and rice pudding is vested in ,mrs4 ,james ,a4 ,burden1 jr41 and ,mrs4 ,william ,k4 ,vanderbilt1 jr4 ,the evolution of the community kitchen is going to be of interest to every housewife and to every wage earner in all classes of society4 ,first of all1 let it be distinctly understood that the kitchen as inaugurated is not a charity4 ,it is social and philanthropic in character1 and it will ultimately reduce the cost of living by almost #ej per cent4 ,this much has been demonstrated already to the extent that the ,tenth ,avenue kitchen has not only paid expenses1 but has so overrun its confines that plans are in preparation for the establishment of other and larger kitchens in rapid succession4 ,the object is to give to the purchaser the maximum quantity of highest grade food1 properly cooked1 at minimum cost4 ,this cost includes rent1 light1 heat1 power1 interest on investment1 depreciation1 cost of food materials1 labor and supervision4 ,the principle is that of barter and sale on an equitable business basis4 ,the project as now formulated is to establish for immediate use a small group of public kitchens having one central depot4 ,this depot will be in constant operation throughout the twenty-four hours4 ,here the food will be prepared and distributed to the smaller kitchens where1 by means of steam tables1 it can be kept hot and dispensed4 ,the character of the food to be supplied each district will be chosen with regard to what the population is accustomed to1 that which is simple and wholesome1 which contains bulk1 can be prepared at minimum cost1 can be conveniently dispensed and easily carried away4 ,opposite a large school building1 in a small room that had been at one time a saloon1 the kitchen of the century was fitted up and formally opened to the public4 ,three long green tables with green painted benches beside them encircle the room on two sides4 ,their use was manifest the second day after the kitchen was opened4 ,at #d o'clock in the morning1 from various tenement homes near by1 sturdy 'longshoremen and laborers might have been seen plodding silently from their respective homes1 careful not to disturb their wives and families1 and heading straight for the new kitchen on the corner4 ,from trains running along ,death ,avenue came blackened trainmen after their night's work4 ,they1 too1 stopped at the corner kitchen4 ,by the time the attendant arrived to unlock the doors forty men were in line waiting for breakfast4 ,ten minutes later the three tables were fully occupied4 ,bread1 cereal and coffee for five cents6 exclaimed one of the men1 pushing the empty tray from him1 after draining the last drop of coffee in his mug4 ,this kitchen's all right4 ,noon came4 ,the children from the school building trooped in4 ,my mamma works in a factory1 said one4 ,i used to get some cakes at a bakery at noontime4 ,gee6 ,there's raisins in this rice puddin'1 ain't there8 ,he carried the saucerful of pudding over to the table4 ,only three cents1 he whispered to the little girl beside him4 ,you better get some1 too4 ,that'll leave you two cents for a cup of cocoa4 ,ain't it a cinch6 exclaimed the little girl4 ,behind the counter the women who had made these things possible smiled happily and dished out pudding1 beans and soup with generous impartiality4 ,the daughter of ,mrs4 ,vanderbilt appeared4 ,i'm hungry1 mother1 she cried4 ,i'll pay for my lunch4 ,you'll have to serve yourself1 was the rejoinder of the busy woman with the tin pail in her hand4 ,there's a tray at the end of the counter--but don't get in the way4 ,so rich and poor lunched together4 ,oh1 but ,i'm tired6 exclaimed a woman1 who1 satchel in hand1 entered1 late in the afternoon1 ,it's hard to go home and cook after canvassing all day4 ,will you mind if ,i eat supper here8 ,then the women and children poured in with pails and dishes and pans4 ,we're getting used to it now1 said one4 ,it's just like a store1 you know1 and it saves us a lot of work-- ,and expense6 ,my land6 cried another4 ,why1 my man has only been working half time1 and the pennies count when you've got children to feed and clothe4 ,when ,i go to work by the day it's little that's cooked at home4 ,now-- ,she presented a dish as the line moved along4 ,beef stew for four1 she ordered1 and coffee in this pitcher1 here4 7#b7 ,,gathering ,,in ,,the ,,raw ,,recruit ,,by ,,kingsley ,,moses ,,men ,,wanted ,,for ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,army ,a tall1 gaunt farmer boy with a very dirty face and huge gnarled hands stood open-mouthed before the brilliant poster displayed before the small-town recruiting office4 ,in his rather dull mind he pictured himself as he would look1 straight and dignified1 in the khaki uniform1 perhaps even with the three stripes of the sergeant on his arm4 ,fifteen dollars a month1 he thought to himself1 and board and clothes and lodgings and doctor's bills4 ,why1 that's more than ,i'm gettin' now on the farm6 ,i'd see the world2 ,i might even get to learn a regular trade4 ,he scratched his chin thoughtfully4 ,well1 ,i ain't gettin' nowhere now1 that's sure1 he concluded1 and slowly climbed the stairs4 ,this boy had not come to his decision in a moment4 ,his untrained but thoroughly honest mind worked slowly4 ,he had been pondering the opportunities of army life for many weeks4 ,the idea had come to him by chance1 he thought4 ,over a month ago he had been plowing the lower forty of ,old ,man ,huggins's farm4 ,the road to the mountains lay along one side of the field1 and as the boy turned and started to plow his furrow toward the road he noticed that a motor cycle had stopped just beyond the fence4 ,broke down1 the boy commented to himself1 as he saw the tan-clad rider dismounting4 ,over the mule's huge back he watched as he drew nearer4 ,why1 the rider was in uniform2 he must be a soldier6 ,sure enough1 when the fence was reached the boy saw that the stranger was dressed in the regulation khaki of ,uncle ,sam1 with the ,u4,s4 in block letters at the vent of the collar and two stripes on the left sleeve4 ,broke down8 the boy queried1 dropping his plow-handles4 ,the corporal grunted and continued to potter with the machine4 ,you in the army8 the boy continued1 leaning on the fence4 ,you bet6 assented the soldier4 ,then1 looking up and taking in the big1 raw-boned physique of the youngster1 ,ever think of joinin'8 ,can't say's ,i did4 ,got any friends in the army8 ,nope4 ,fine life4 ,the motor cycle was attracting little of the recruiting officer's attention now1 for he was a recruiting officer1 and engaged in one of the most practical phases of his work4 ,them soldiers have a pretty easy life1 don't they8 ,evidently the boy was becoming interested4 ,the recruiting officer laid down his tools1 pulled out a pipe1 and sat down comfortably under a small sycamore tree at the roadside4 ,not so very easy1 he replied1 but interesting and exciting4 ,he paused for a minute to scrutinize the prospective recruit more closely4 ,to his experienced eye the boy appeared desirable4 ,slouchy1 dirty1 and lazy-looking1 perhaps2 but there were nevertheless good muscles and a strong body under those ragged overalls4 ,the corporal launched into his story4 ,for twenty minutes the boy listened open-mouthed to the stories of post life1 where baseball1 football1 and boxing divided the time with drilling2 of mess-halls where a fellow could eat all he wanted to1 free2 of good-fellowship and fraternal pride in the organization2 of the pleasant evenings in the amusement rooms in quarters4 ,and then of the life of the big world1 of which the boy had only dreamed2 of the ,western plains1 of ,texas1 the snowy ridges of the great ,rockies1 ,new ,york1 ,chicago1 ,san ,francisco1 the ,philippines1 ,hawaii1 the strange glamour of the tropics1 the great wildernesses of the frozen ,north4 ,it seems 'most like as ,i'd like to join1 was the timid venture4 ,what's your name8 ,steve ,bishop4 ,all right1 ,steve1 come in and see me the next time you're in town1 said the corporal1 rising4 ,we'll talk it over4 ,and1 mounting his motor cycle1 he was gone down the road in a whirl of red dust4 ,nor did the farmer boy think to wonder at the sudden recovery of the apparently stalled machine4 ,missionary work1 explains the corporal4 ,we never beg 'em to join2 but we do sort of give 'em the idea4 ,like joinin' the ,masons1 you know1 he winked1 giving me the grip4 ,so it happened that ,steve ,bishop mounted the stairs that day1 resolved to join the army if they would take him4 ,in the small1 bare1 but immaculately clean room at the head of the stairs he found his friend the corporal banging away at a typewriter4 ,how are you1 ,steve8 ,glad to see you1 was the welcome4 ,sit down a minute1 and we'll talk4 ,the soldier finished his page1 lit his pipe again1 and leisurely swung round in his chair4 ,think you'll like to soldier with us8 he said4 ,unconsciously the boy appreciated the compliment2 it was flattering to be considered on a basis of equality with this clean-cut1 rugged man of the wide world4 ,i reckon so1 he replied1 almost timidly4 ,well1 how old are you1 ,steve8 ,twenty-one4 ,the corporal nodded approval4 ,that was all right1 then2 no tedious formality of securing signed permission from parent or guardian was necessary4 ,then began a string of personal questions as to previous employment1 education1 details of physical condition1 moral record 7for the army will have no ex-jailbirds71 etc41 and finally the question1 ,why do you want to join8 ,they don't know why ,i ask that1 says the corporal1 but ,i have a mighty good reason4 ,from the way a boy answers ,i can decide which branch of the service he ought to be connected with4 ,if he wants to be a soldier just for travel and adventure1 ,i advise the infantry or the cavalry2 but if he seriously wants to learn and study1 ,i recommend him to the coast artillery or the engineers4 ,then comes the physical examination1 a vigorous but not exacting course of sprouts designed to find out if the applicant is capable of violent exertion and to discover any minor weaknesses2 an examination of eyes1 ears1 teeth1 and nose2 and1 finally1 a cursory scrutiny for functional disorders4 ,i'll take you1 ,steve1 the corporal finally says4 ,in about a week we'll send you to the barracks4 ,but what am ,i goin' to do till then8 ,i ain't got a cent4 ,don't worry about that4 ,you'll eat and sleep at ,mrs4 ,barrows's1--naming a good1 clean boarding-house in the town1 the owner of which has a yearly contract with the ,government to take care of just such embryo recruits2 in the daytime you can hang around town1 and the police won't bother you if you behave yourself4 ,if they call you for loafin' tell them you're waitin' to get into the army4 ,in a week the district recruiting officer1 a young lieutenant1 drops in on his regular circuit4 ,the men who have been accepted by the non-commissioned officer are put through their paces again1 and so expert is the corporal in judging good material that none of ,steve's group of eight are rejected4 ,all right1 says the corporal when the lieutenant has gone2 here's your tickets to the training station at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 and twenty-eight cents apiece for coffee on the way4 ,in these boxes you'll find four big1 healthy lunches for each one of you4 ,that'll keep you until you get to ,columbus4 ,one of the new recruits is given charge of the form ticket issued by the railway expressly for the ,government2 is told that when meal-time comes he can get off the train with the others and for fifty cents buy a big pail of hot coffee for the bunch at the station lunch-room4 ,then the corporal takes them all down to the train1 tells them briefly but plainly what is expected in the way of conduct from a soldier1 and winds up with the admonition3 ,and1 boys1 remember this first of all2 the first duty of a soldier is this3 do what you're told to do1 do it without question1 and do it quick4 ,good-bye4 ,in twenty-four hours ,steve and his companions are at the training station1 have taken the oath of allegiance1 and are safely and well on their way to full membership in the family of ,uncle ,sam4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,writing ,,the ,,article ,,value ,,of ,a ,,plan4 ,just as a builder would hesitate to erect a house without a carefully worked-out plan1 so a writer should be loath to begin an article before he has outlined it fully4 ,in planning a building1 an architect considers how large a house his client desires1 how many rooms he must provide1 how the space available may best be apportioned among the rooms1 and what relation the rooms are to bear to one another4 ,in outlining an article1 likewise1 a writer needs to determine how long it must be1 what material it should include1 how much space should be devoted to each part1 and how the parts should be arranged4 ,time spent in thus planning an article is time well spent4 ,outlining the subject fully involves thinking out the article from beginning to end4 ,the value of each item of the material gathered must be carefully weighed2 its relation to the whole subject and to every part must be considered4 ,the arrangement of the parts is of even greater importance1 because much of the effectiveness of the presentation will depend upon a logical development of the thought4 ,in the last analysis1 good writing means clear thinking1 and at no stage in the preparation of an article is clear thinking more necessary than in the planning of it4 ,amateurs sometimes insist that it is easier to write without an outline than with one4 ,it undoubtedly does take less time to dash off a special feature story than it does to think out all of the details and then write it4 ,in nine cases out of ten1 however1 when a writer attempts to work out an article as he goes along1 trusting that his ideas will arrange themselves1 the result is far from a clear1 logical1 well-organized presentation of his subject4 ,the common disinclination to make an outline is usually based on the difficulty that most persons experience in deliberately thinking about a subject in all its various aspects1 and in getting down in logical order the results of such thought4 ,unwillingness to outline a subject generally means unwillingness to think4 ,,the ,,length ,,of ,,an ,,article4 ,the length of an article is determined by two considerations3 the scope of the subject1 and the policy of the publication for which it is intended4 ,a large subject cannot be adequately treated in a brief space1 nor can an important theme be disposed of satisfactorily in a few hundred words4 ,the length of an article1 in general1 should be proportionate to the size and the importance of the subject4 ,the deciding factor1 however1 in fixing the length of an article is the policy of the periodical for which it is designed4 ,one popular publication may print articles from #djjj to #fjjj words1 while another fixes the limit at #ajjj words4 ,it would be quite as bad judgment to prepare a #ajjj-word article for the former1 as it would be to send one of #ejjj words to the latter4 ,periodicals also fix certain limits for articles to be printed in particular departments4 ,one monthly magazine1 for instance1 has a department of personality sketches which range from #hjj to #abjj words in length1 while the other articles in this periodical contain from #bjjj to #djjj words4 ,the practice of printing a column or two of reading matter on most of the advertising pages influences the length of articles in many magazines4 ,to obtain an attractive make-up1 the editors allow only a page or two of each special article1 short story1 or serial to appear in the first part of the magazine1 relegating the remainder to the advertising pages4 ,articles must1 therefore1 be long enough to fill a page or two in the first part of the periodical and several columns on the pages of advertising4 ,some magazines use short articles1 or fillers1 to furnish the necessary reading matter on these advertising pages4 ,newspapers of the usual size1 with from #ajjj to #abjj words in a column1 have greater flexibility than magazines in the matter of make-up1 and can1 therefore1 use special feature stories of various lengths4 ,the arrangement of advertisements1 even in the magazine sections1 does not affect the length of articles4 ,the only way to determine exactly the requirements of different newspapers and magazines is to count the words in typical articles in various departments4 ,,selection ,,and ,,proportion4 ,after deciding on the length of his article1 the writer should consider what main points he will be able to develop in the allotted space4 ,his choice will be guided by his purpose in writing the article4 ,is this point essential to the accomplishment of my aim8 is the test he should apply4 ,whatever is non-essential must be abandoned1 no matter how attractive it may be4 ,having determined upon the essential topics1 he next proceeds to estimate their relative value for the development of his theme1 so that he may give to each one the space and the prominence that are proportionate to its importance4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,material4 ,the order in which to present the main topics requires thoughtful study4 ,a logical development of a subject by which the reader is led1 step by step1 from the first sentence to the last in the easiest and most natural way1 is the ideal arrangement4 ,an article should march right along from beginning to end1 without digressing or marking time4 ,the straight line1 in writing as in drawing1 is the shortest distance between two points4 ,in narration the natural order is chronological4 ,to arouse immediate interest1 however1 a writer may at times deviate from this order by beginning with a striking incident and then going back to relate the events that led up to it4 ,this method of beginning in medias res is a device well recognized in fiction4 ,in exposition the normal order is to proceed from the known to the unknown1 to dovetail the new facts into those already familiar to the reader4 ,when a writer desires by his article to create certain convictions in the minds of his readers1 he should consider the arrangement best calculated to lead them to form such conclusions4 ,the most telling effects are produced1 not by stating his own conclusions as strongly as possible1 but rather by skillfully inducing his readers to reach those conclusions by what they regard as their own mental processes4 ,that is1 if readers think that the convictions which they have reached are their own1 and were not forced upon them1 their interest in these ideas is likely to be much deeper and more lasting4 ,it is best1 therefore1 to understate conclusions or to omit them entirely4 ,in all such cases the writer's aim in arranging his material should be to direct his readers' train of thought so that1 after they have finished the last sentence1 they will inevitably form the desired conclusion4 ,with the main topics arranged in the best possible order1 the writer selects from his available material such details as he needs to amplify each point4 ,examples1 incidents1 statistics1 and other particulars he jots down under each of the chief heads4 ,the arrangement of these details1 in relation both to the central purpose and to each other1 requires some consideration1 for each detail must have its logical place in the series4 ,having thus ordered his material according to a systematic plan1 he has before him a good working outline to guide him in writing4 ,,planning ,a ,,typical ,,article4 ,the process of gathering1 evaluating1 and organizing material may best be shown by a concrete example4 ,the publication in a ,new ,york paper of a news story to the effect that the first commencement exercises were about to be held in the only factory school ever conducted in the city1 suggested to a special feature writer the possibility of preparing an article on the work of the school4 ,to obtain the necessary material1 he decided to attend the exercises and to interview both the principal of the school and the head of the factory4 ,in thinking over the subject beforehand1 he jotted down these points upon which to secure data3 7#a7 the origin and the purpose of the school2 7#b7 its relation to the work of the factory2 7#c7 the methods of instruction2 7#d7 the kind of pupils and the results accomplished for them2 7#e7 the cost of the school2 7#f7 its relation to the public school system4 ,at the close of the graduation exercises1 he secured the desired interviews with the teacher in charge and with the head of the firm1 copied typical examples from the exhibition of the pupils' written work1 and jotted down notes on the decoration and furnishing of the schoolroom4 ,since the commencement exercises had been reported in the newspapers1 he decided to refer to them only incidentally in his story4 ,after considering the significance of the work of the school and what there was about it that would appeal to different classes of readers1 he decided to write his story for the magazine section of the ,new ,york newspaper that he believed was most generally read by business men who operated factories similar to the one described4 ,his purpose he formulated thus3 ,i intend to show how illiterate immigrant girls can be transformed quickly into intelligent1 efficient ,american citizens by means of instruction in a factory school2 this ,i wish to do by explaining what has been accomplished in this direction by one ,new ,york factory4 ,he hoped that his article would lead readers to encourage the establishment of similar schools as a means of ,americanizing alien girls4 ,the expository type of article containing concrete examples1 description1 and interviews he concluded to adopt as the form best suited to his subject4 ,the average length of the special feature stories1 in the magazine section of the paper to which he intended to submit the article1 proved to be about #bjjj words4 ,in order to accomplish his purpose in an article of this length1 he selected five main topics to develop3 7#a7 the reasons that led the firm to establish the school2 7#b7 the results obtained2 7#c7 the methods of instruction2 7#d7 the cost of the school2 7#e7 the schoolroom and its equipment4 ,what part of my material will make the strongest appeal to the readers of this newspaper8 was the question he asked himself1 in order to select the best point with which to begin his article4 ,the feature that would attract the most attention1 he believed1 was the striking results obtained by the school in a comparatively short time4 ,in reviewing the several types of beginnings to determine which would best suit the presentation of these remarkable results1 he found two possibilities3 first1 the summary lead with a striking statement for the first sentence2 and second1 a concrete example of the results as shown by one of the pupils4 ,he found1 however1 that he did not have sufficient data concerning any one girl to enable him to tell the story of her transformation as an effective concrete case4 ,he determined1 therefore1 to use a striking statement as the feature of a summary lead4 ,from his interview with the head of the firm1 and from a formal statement of the purpose of the school printed on the commencement program1 he obtained the reasons why the school had been established4 ,these he decided to give verbatim in direct quotation form4 ,to show most interestingly the results of the teaching1 he picked out four of the six written exercises that he had copied from those exhibited on the walls of the schoolroom4 ,the first of these dealt with ,american history1 the second with thrift and business methods1 and the third with personal hygiene4 ,for the fourth he selected the work of a woman of forty whose struggles to get into the school and to learn to write the teacher had described to him4 ,figures on the cost of the school he had secured from the head of the firm according to his preliminary plan4 ,these covered the expense both to the employers and to the city4 ,his description of the schoolroom he could base on his own observation1 supplemented by the teacher's explanations4 ,for his conclusion he determined to summarize the results of this experiment in education as the firm stated them on the commencement program1 and to give his own impression of the success of the school4 ,thus he sought to give final reinforcement to the favorable impression of the school that he wished his article to create1 with the aim of leading readers to reach the conclusion that such schools should be encouraged as invaluable aids to the ,americanization of alien girls4 ,,outlining ,,the ,,article4 ,having selected the main topics and having decided in a general way how he intended to develop each one1 he then fixed upon the best order in which to present them4 ,after his introduction giving the striking results of the school in a summary lead1 it seemed logical to explain the firm's purpose in undertaking this unusual enterprise4 ,he accordingly jotted down for his second topic1 ,purpose in establishing the school1 with the two sub-topics1 ,firm's statement on program and ,head of firm's statement in interview4 ,the methods of-instruction by which the remarkable success was attained1 impressed him as the next important point4 ,his readers1 having learned the results and the purpose of the school1 would naturally want to know by what methods these girls had been transformed in so short a time4 ,as his third topic1 therefore1 he put down1 ,methods of instruction4 ,for his fourth division he had to choose between 7#a7 the results as shown by the pupils' written work1 7#b7 the cost of the school1 and 7#c7 the schoolroom and its equipment4 ,from the point of view of logical order either the results or the schoolroom might have been taken up next1 but1 as all the explanations of the methods of instruction were quoted directly in the words of the teacher1 and as the pupils' exercises were to be given verbatim1 he thought it best to place his own description of the schoolroom between these two quoted parts4 ,greater variety1 he foresaw1 would result from such an arrangement4 ,the schoolroom1 then1 became the fourth topic4 ,since the pupils' work which he planned to reproduce had been exhibited on the walls of the schoolroom1 the transition from the description of the room to the exhibits on the walls was an easy and logical one4 ,by this process of elimination1 the cost of the school became the sixth division1 to be followed by the summary conclusion4 ,he then proceeded to fill in the details needed to develop each of these main topics1 always keeping his general purpose in mind4 ,the result of this organization of material was the following outline3 ,i4 ,summary lead #a4 ,striking results--time required #b4 ,commencement--when and where held #c4 ,graduates--number1 nationality1 certificates #d4 ,school--when and where established #e4 ,example to other firms ,,ii4 ,purpose of school #a4 ,firm's statement on commencement program #b4 ,head of firm's statement in interview ,,iii4 ,methods of instruction #a4 ,practical education #b4 ,letter writing--geography1 postal regulations1 correspondence #c4 ,arithmetic--money1 expense accounts1 reports of work #d4 ,civics--history1 biography1 holidays1 citizenship1 patriotism #e4 ,personal hygiene--cleanliness1 physical culture1 first aid1 food #f4 ,cotton goods--growing cotton1 spinning1 shipping #g4 ,means of communication--telephone1 directory1 map of city1 routes of travel1 telephone book #h4 ,study outside of classroom ,,iv4 ,the schoolroom #a4 ,location--floor space1 windows #b4 ,decorations--flowers1 motto1 photograph of ,miss ,jessie ,wilson #c4 ,furnishings--piano1 phonograph #d4 ,library--reading to the girls1 ,the ,promised ,land1 ,mary ,antin1 library cards ,v4 ,results shown by pupils' work #a4 ,italian's theme and her remarkable progress #b4 ,russian's essay on saving #c4 ,polish girl's exercise about picture #d4 ,woman of forty and her work ,,vi4 ,cost of school #a4 ,expense to firm #b4 ,cost to ,board of ,education--salaries and supplies #c4 ,entire cost per pupil #d4 ,returns to firm outweigh cost1 says employer ,,vii4 ,summary conclusion #a4 ,results quoted from program #b4 ,impression made by girls receiving diplomas ,,the ,,completed ,,article4 ,since the establishment of a school in a factory was the novel feature of the enterprise1 he worked out a title based on this idea1 with a sub-title presenting the striking results accomplished by the school4 ,the completed article follows1 with a brief analysis of the methods used in developing the outline4 ,,taking ,,the ,,school ,,to ,,the ,,factory ,,how ,,alien ,,girls ,,are ,,being ,,changed ,,into ,,intelligent ,,american ,,workers ,,by ,,instruction ,,during ,,working ,,hours ,in from twenty to thirty-five weeks ,i4 ,,summary ,,lead an illiterate immigrant girl can be #a4 ,striking results transformed into an intelligent1 efficient ,striking statement ,american citizen1 in this city1 in two sentence to without interfering with the daily work avoid unwieldy sentence4 by which she earns her living4 ,only forty-five minutes a day in a factory schoolroom is required to accomplish such striking results4 ,this has just been demonstrated at #b4 ,commencement the first commencement of the only ,timeliness brought school conducted in a ,new ,york factory4 out immediately after ,the classes have been held on striking statement one of the upper floors of the white goods factory of ,d4 ,e4 ,sicher ,co41 #di ,west #bast ,street1 where the graduation ,address has local exercises were held last ,thursday interest evening4 ,forty girls--,italians1 ,poles1 ,russians1 #c4 ,graduates ,hungarians1 ,austrians among ,note concrete details the number--received the first certificates of literacy ever issued by the ,board of ,education4 ,twenty weeks ,striking results ago many of these young women could emphasized by device not speak ,english2 many of them had of contrast never been to school a day in their lives4 ,every one present on ,thursday ,impression on audience night felt that this was indeed a commencement of remarkable for these girls4 results ,it is due to the instruction of ,miss ,teacher's name has ,florence ,meyers1 formerly a public local interest school teacher1 that the girls can now speak ,english1 write good letters1 make out money-orders1 cash checks1 and send telegrams4 ,they have also been ,additional concrete taught the principles of our government1 details of striking the importance of personal hygiene1 results and the processes by which cotton goods used in their work are manufactured4 ,the school was organized this year #d4 ,school at the suggestion of ,dudley ,e4 ,sicher1 head of the firm1 in cooeperation with the ,board of ,education1 and has been under the supervision of ,miss ,lizzie ,e4 ,principal and school ,rector1 ,public ,school ,no4 #d1 ,manhattan4 have local interest4 ,what has been accomplished in this #e4 ,example to other factory1 which is the largest white firms goods muslin underwear plant in the ,veiled suggestion to world1 will doubtless serve as an example readers to be followed by other firms4 ,its purpose the firm expresses in ,,ii4 ,,purpose ,,of ,,school these words3 ,to hasten assimilation #a4 ,firm's statement necessary to national unity1 to promote industrial betterment1 by reducing ,statement in general the friction caused by failure to comprehend terms directions1 and to decrease the waste and loss of wage incidental to the illiterate worker4 ,when a girl understands ,english #b4 ,head of firm's statement and has been taught ,american business and factory methods1 says ,mr4 ,sicher1 she doesn't hesitate and ,statement in concrete blunder2 she understands what she is terms told and she does it4 ,intelligent employees do much better work than illiterate ones1 and since we can afford to pay them better wages1 they are much more contented4 ,from a business point of view1 the school is a good investment4 ,the instruction that has accomplished ,,iii4 ,,methods ,,of ,,instruction such remarkable results has been eminently practical4 ,there #a4 ,practical education was no time to spend in teaching the girls anything but the most necessary ,teacher's statement things1 explains ,miss ,meyers1 for ,i of her problem could have each one of them for only forty-five minutes a day1 and there was much to be done in that time4 ,here was a girl1 for example1 who ,problem concretely could hardly say 'good morning4' shown ,here was another who had never written a word in her life1 either in ,english or in any other language4 ,the problem was how to give each of them what she most needed in the short time allotted ,statement of general every day4 ,this essentially plan practical training ,i organized under several subjects1 each of which was broadly inclusive4 ,when ,i undertook to teach letter #b4 ,letter writing writing1 it meant teaching the ,english language1 as well as writing and spelling4 ,it meant teaching the geography of the country1 the postal regulations1 and the forms of business and personal correspondence4 ,in teaching arithmetic1 ,i use money #c4 ,arithmetic and show them how to make change by means of addition1 subtraction1 and division4 ,i also ask them to keep personal expense accounts and to make out reports of the work that they do4 ,civics included ,american history1 #d4 ,civics the lives of our statesmen--for these girls are so eager to be true ,americans that they want to know about our great men--the origin of legal holidays1 the merits of our system of government1 the meaning of citizenship1 and the essence of patriotism4 ,hygiene is another important #e4 ,personal hygiene subject4 ,american standards of living1 personal cleanliness1 and sanitary regulations have to be emphasized4 ,to aid in counteracting the effects of long hours at the sewing machines1 we have physical culture exercises4 ,instruction in first aid measures is also given so that they will know what to do in case of an accident4 ,the nutritive value of different foods in relation to their cost is discussed to enable them to maintain their health by a proper diet4 ,as these young women are engaged #f4 ,cotton goods in making muslin underwear1 it seemed desirable for them to know where cotton grows1 how it is spun1 where the mills are and how it is shipped to ,new ,york4 ,after they understand the various processes through which the material goes before it reaches them1 they take much more interest in their work1 as a part of the manufacture of cotton goods into clothing4 ,the use of the telephone1 the telegraph1 #g4 ,means of communication the subway1 surface lines1 and railways is another subject of instruction4 ,a dummy 'phone1 telegraph ,method of presentation blanks1 the city directory1 maps with in this paragraph routes of rapid transit lines1 and the changed for telephone book1 are some of the practical variety laboratory apparatus and textbooks that are employed4 ,we encourage them to learn for #h4 ,study outside of themselves outside of school hours classroom many of the necessary things that we have not time for in the classroom1 says the teacher4 ,to reach the schoolroom in which ,,iv4 ,,the ,,schoolroom this work has been carried on1 you take #a4 ,location the elevator to the last floor but one of ,note effect of using the factory building4 ,there you find you only a portion of the floor space cleared for tables and chairs4 ,it is a clean1 airy room with big windows opening on the street1 made gay with boxes of flowers4 ,flags of many nations about the #b4 ,decorations room appropriately represent the many nationalities among the pupils4 ,on ,note character of one wall hangs a card with the legend3 decorations selected ,four things come not back3 ,the spoken word ,the sped arrow ,the past life ,the neglected opportunity4 ,a photograph of ,miss ,jessie ,wilson1 now ,mrs4 ,francis ,b4 ,sayre1 occupies the space between the two windows4 ,the picture was presented to the girls by ,miss ,wilson herself1 just before she ,this shows enterprising was married1 when a party of them with spirit on the ,miss ,meyers went to ,washington to part of teacher1 girls1 give her a white petticoat they had and firm made themselves1 as a wedding present4 ,after ,miss ,wilson had shown them through the ,white ,house and they had seen her wedding presents1 she gave them this signed photograph4 ,a piano and a phonograph at one #c4 ,furnishings end of the room make it possible for the girls to enjoy dancing during the noon hours on three days of the week1 and to have musicals on other occasions4 ,shelves filled with books line the #d4 ,library walls of a smaller office room opening off the schoolroom4 ,on two days of the week during the noon hour1 the teacher read aloud to the girls until they were able to read for themselves4 ,then they were permitted to take books home with them4 ,besides this1 they have been encouraged to use the public libraries1 after being shown how to make out applications for library cards4 ,one girl is reading ',the ,promised ,concrete example ,land1' by ,mary ,antin1 ,miss ,meyers has human interest1 tells you1 and thinks it is a wonderful as related in book4 ,she was so much interested in the teacher's own it that ,i asked her to tell the others words about it4 ,although a little shy at first1 she soon forgot herself in her eagerness to relate ,miss ,antin's experiences4 ,she told the story with such dramatic effect that she quite carried away her classmates4 ,if we had done no more than to teach this girl to read a book that meant so much to her1 ,i believe our school would have justified its existence4 ,mary ,antin herself accepted the ,is this paragraph girls' invitation to attend the graduation out of logical order8 exercises1 and made a short address4 ,the pupils' written work was exhibited ,v4 ,,results ,,shown ,,by on the walls of the room on the occasion ,,pupils' ,,work of the exercises1 and showed conclusively the proficiency that they have attained4 ,the greatest progress made by any #a4 ,italian's theme and of the pupils was probably that of an progress ,italian girl4 ,before coming to this country1 she had attended school and ,example of greatest besides this she had been teaching her progress is put father at night whatever she had first learned during the day4 ,her short essay on her adopted country read3 ,this country is the ,united ,states ,note use of narrow of ,america4 ,it is the land of freedom measure without and liberty1 because the people quotation marks for govern themselves4 ,all citizens love examples quoted their country1 because they know that this freedom was earned by men who gave their lives for it4 ,the ,united ,states is in ,north ,america4 ,north ,america is one of the greatest divisions of the earth4 ,north ,america was discovered on ,october #ab1 #adib1 by ,christopher ,columbus4 ,the fact that ,columbus1 one of her ,is this comment by countrymen1 had discovered the country the writer effective8 in which she and her father had found a new life1 doubtless appealed to her keen imagination4 ,that a ,russian girl appreciated the #b4 ,russian's essay on lessons she had received in the value of saving opening a dime-savings account1 is indicated by this composition3 ,i must save money out of my earnings to put in the bank4 ,i know that money is safe in the bank4 ,to deposit means to put money in the bank4 ,cashing a cheque means changing a cheque for money4 ,how practical lessons in personal hygiene #c4 ,polish girl's essay may be emphasized in connection with the teaching of composition was illustrated in an essay of a ,polish girl written under a picture of a woman combing her hair3 ,she wished to comb her hair4 ,she takes the comb in her hand4 ,she combs her hair4 ,she wishes to brush her hair4 ,she takes the brush in her hand4 ,she brushes her hair4 ,she combs and brushes her hair every morning4 ,she washes her hair often with soap and water4 ,the pathetic eagerness of one woman #d4 ,woman of forty of forty to learn to read and write was and her work told by ,miss ,meyers in connection with one of the pieces of work exhibited4 ,she was an old woman2 at least she ,human interest seems to me to be over fifty1 although appeal heightened she gave her age as only forty1 explained by quoting teacher the teacher4 ,she couldn't verbatim read or even write her name4 ,despite her age1 she begged for a long time to be permitted to enter the school1 but there were so many young girls who desired to learn that they were given the preference4 ,she pleaded so hard that finally ,i asked to have her admitted on trial4 ,it was hard work to teach her1 ,progress in penmanship continued ,miss ,meyers as she pointed could not be to some of the woman's writing4 ,the shown by quoting first attempts were large1 irregular exercise letters that sprawled over the sheet like the work of a child when it begins to write4 ,after twenty weeks of struggle1 her work took on a form that1 although still crude1 was creditable for one who had never written until she was over forty4 ,her joy at her success was great enough to repay me many times over for my efforts to teach her1 remarked ,miss ,meyers4 ,the exact cost to the firm of conducting ,,vi4 ,,cost ,,of ,,school the school1 including the wages #a4 ,expense to firm paid for the time spent by the girls in the classroom1 has been itemized by ,mr4 ,sicher for the year just closed1 as follows3 ,floor space #age4jj ,short table of figures ,rent1 light1 and heat #aje4jj is comprehensible ,janitor #ceg4jj and not uninteresting ,wages at #ag;c an hr41 #dj girls #cge4jj ------- ,total cost1 #dj girls #fgb4jj ,total cost per girl #af4hj ,the ,board of ,education1 for its part #b4 ,cost to ,board of of the school1 paid out #efj for the ,education teacher's salary and for supplies4 ,this was an expense of #ad4hj for each pupil4 ,the entire cost for educating each #c4 ,entire cost per pupil one of the forty girl workers1 therefore1 was only #ca4fj4 ,that this money has been well spent #d4 ,returns outweigh is the opinion of the employer1 for the cost school work increases the efficiency in the factory sufficiently to make up for the time taken out of working hours4 ,i would rather have these girls in ,head of firm's statement my employ whom ,i can afford to pay given to convince from ten to twenty dollars a week1 readers declares ,mr4 ,sicher1 than many more whom ,i have to pay low wages simply because they aren't worth higher ones4 ,from a business point of view1 it saves space and space is money4 ,that the result has been what the ,,vii4 ,,summary ,,conclusion firm had anticipated in establishing the school is shown by the following #a4 ,results quoted from statement which was made on the commencement program program3 ,it is the present belief of the firm that the workers ,note appeal of who have been thus trained have efficiency to gained from #bj to #gj per cent in efficiency4 practical readers ,how much the girls themselves have #b4 ,impression given gained more vital to them even than by girls efficiency was very evident to everyone ,note patriotic appeal who looked into their faces as they received in closing the certificates that recognize phrase1 which was them as ,literate ,american ,citizens4 a happy choice4 ,,another ,,article ,,on ,,the ,,same ,,subject4 ,this commencement at the factory school furnished another writer1 ,nixola ,greeley ,smith1 with material for a special feature story which was sent out by a syndicate1 the ,newspaper ,enterprise ,association1 for publication in several hundred newspapers4 ,her story contains only #cge words and is thus less than one fifth the length of the other article4 ,the author centers the interest in one of the pupils1 and shows the value of the school in terms of this girl's experience4 ,the girl's own account of what the school has meant to her makes a strong human interest appeal4 ,by thus developing one concrete example effectively1 the author is able to arouse more interest in the results of the school than she would have done if in the same space she had attempted to give a greater number of facts about it4 ,unlike the longer article1 her story probably would not suggest to the reader the possibility of undertaking a similar enterprise1 because it does not give enough details about the organization and methods of the school to show how the idea could be applied elsewhere4 ,the beginning of the shorter story was doubtless suggested by the presence at the exercises of ,mary ,antin1 the author of ,the ,promised ,land1 who addressed the girls4 ,the first sentence of it piques our curiosity to know how the promised land has kept its promise1 and the story proceeds to tell us4 ,the article1 with an analysis of its main points1 follows3 ,,wonderful ,,america6 ,,thinks ,,little ,,austrian ,,who ,,graduates ,,from ,,factory ,,school ,the promised land has kept its ,i4 ,,story ,,of ,,rebecca promise to ,rebecca ,meyer6 ,,meyer ,eight months ago an illiterate ,austrian #a4 ,striking statement immigrant girl1 unable to speak or beginning write ,english1 went to work in a ,new ,note effective use of ,york garment factory4 device of contrast ,to-day1 speaking and writing fluently the language of her adopted country1 ,second and third proficient in other studies1 she paragraphs show proudly cherishes the first certificate striking results in of literacy issued by a factory--a one concrete case4 factory which has paid her for going to school during working hours6 ,it was ,rebecca ,meyer who received #b4 ,commencement this first certificate1 at the graduation ,note that ,rebecca exercises held on the top floor of the is the central figure big women's wear factory of ,d4,e4 ,sicher ,co4 ,it was ,rebecca ,meyer who delivered the address of welcome to the members of the board of education1 the members of the firm1 her fellow employees1 and all the others gathered at these exercises--the first of ,dash used to set off their kind ever held in any commercial unique element establishment1 anywhere6 ,isn't it wonderful6 she said4 #c4 ,rebecca's statement ,when ,i came from ,austria1 ,i hoped ,slightly unidiomatic to find work4 ,that was all4 ,how ,i ,english is suggestive should learn to speak the ,english language1 ,i did not know4 ,it might take me years1 ,i thought4 ,that ,i should go to school every day1 while ,i worked--who could dream of such a thing8 ,it could not be in any other country except ,america4 ,dudley ,e4 ,sicher1 head of the firm1 ,,ii4 ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,school in whose workrooms a regularly organized #a4 ,origin of school class of the ,new ,york public ,note method of schools has held its sessions all winter1 introducing head of firm stood smiling in the background4 ,mr4 ,sicher is president of the ,cotton ,goods ,manufacturers' ,association4 ,it was he who conceived the idea1 about a year ago1 of increasing the efficiency of his women employees by giving them an education free of cost1 during working hours4 ,one of the first and most noticeable #b4 ,results of school results of the factory school has ,statement of head been a marked decrease in the friction of firm and the waste of time caused by the inability of employees to comprehend directions4 ,a girl who understands ,english1 and has been enabled thereby to school herself in factory methods and conditions1 doesn't hesitate and blunder2 she understands1 and does4 ,and what then8 ,why1 higher pay4 ,no wonder ,rebecca ,meyer is grateful ,,iii4 ,,conclusion for the #de minutes a day in which ,rebecca again made button-sewing has given place to study--no the central figure wonder she thinks ,america must ,appeal to reader's be the wonderland of all the world6 pride in his country4 ,,articles ,,composed ,,of ,,units4 ,the study of the two special feature stories on the factory school shows how articles of this type are built up out of a number of units1 such as examples1 incidents1 and statistics4 ,a similar study of the other types of articles exemplified in ,chapter ,v will show that they also are made up of various kinds of units4 ,again1 if we turn to the types of beginnings illustrated in ,chapter ,,vii1 we shall find that they1 too1 are units1 which in some cases might have been used in the body of the article instead of as an introduction4 ,since1 then1 every division of a subject may be regarded as a unit that is complete in itself whatever its position in the article1 each of the several kinds of units may be studied separately4 ,for this purpose we may discuss five common types of units3 7#a7 examples1 7#b7 incidents1 7#c7 statistics1 7#d7 scientific and technical processes1 and 7#e7 recipes and directions4 ,,methods ,,of ,,developing ,,units4 ,in order to present these units most effectively1 and to vary the form of presentation when occasion demands1 a writer needs to be familiar with the different methods of developing each one of these types4 ,four common methods of handling material within these units are3 7#a7 exposition1 narration1 or description in the writer's own words2 7#b7 dialogue2 7#c7 the interview2 7#d7 direct or indirect quotation4 ,statistics and recipes may also be given in tabular form4 ,when a unit may be developed with equal effectiveness by any one of several methods1 a writer should choose the one that gives variety to his article4 ,if1 for example1 the units just before and after the one under consideration are to be in direct quotation1 he should avoid any form that involves quoted matter4 ,,examples4 ,in all types of articles the concrete example is the commonest and most natural means of explaining a general idea4 ,to most readers1 for instance1 the legal provisions of an old age pension law would be neither comprehensible nor interesting1 but a story showing how a particular old man had been benefited by the law would appeal to practically every one4 ,that is1 to explain the operation and advantages of such a law1 we give1 as one unit1 the concrete example of this old man4 ,actual examples are preferable to hypothetical ones1 but the latter may occasionally be used when real cases are not available4 ,imaginary instances may be introduced by such phrases as1 ,if1 for example1 or ,suppose1 for instance1 that4 ,to explain why companies that insure persons against loss of their jewelry are compelled to investigate carefully every claim filed with them1 a writer in the ,buffalo ,news gave several cases in which individuals supposed that they were entitled to payment for losses although subsequent investigation showed that they had not actually sustained any loss4 ,one of these cases1 that given below1 he decided to relate in his own words1 without conversation or quotation1 although he might have quoted part of the affidavit1 or might have given the dialogue between the detective and the woman who had lost the pin4 ,no doubt he regarded the facts themselves1 together with the suspense as to the outcome of the search1 as sufficiently interesting to render unnecessary any other device for creating interest4 ,another woman of equal wealth and equally undoubted honesty lost a horseshoe diamond pin4 ,she and her maid looked everywhere1 as they thought1 but failed to find it4 ,so she made her proof of loss in affidavit form and asked the surety company with which she carried the policy on all her jewelry to replace the article4 ,she said in her affidavit that she had worn the pin in a restaurant a few nights before and had lost it that night1 either in the restaurant or on her way there or back4 ,the restaurant management had searched for it1 the restaurant help had been questioned closely1 the automobile used that night had been gone over carefully1 and the woman's home had been ransacked4 ,particular attention had been given to the gown worn by the woman on that occasion2 every inch of it had been examined with the idea that the pin1 falling from its proper place1 had caught in the folds4 ,the surety company assigned one of its detectives to look for the pin4 ,from surface indications the loss had the appearance of a theft--an inside job4 ,the company1 however1 asked that its detective be allowed to search the woman's house itself4 ,the request was granted readily4 ,the detective then inquired for the various gowns which the woman had worn for dress occasions within the preceding several weeks4 ,this line of investigation the owner of the pin considered a waste of time1 since she remembered distinctly wearing the pin to the restaurant on that particular night1 and her husband also remembered seeing it that night and put his memory in affidavit form4 ,but the detective persisted and with the help of a maid examined carefully those other gowns4 ,in the ruffle at the bottom of one of them1 worn for the last time at least a week before the visit to the restaurant1 she found the pin4 ,the woman and her husband simply had been mistaken--honestly mistaken4 ,she hadn't worn the pin to the restaurant1 and her husband hadn't seen it that night4 ,the error was unintentional1 but it came very near costing the surety company a large sum of money4 ,the benefits of a newly established clinic for animals were demonstrated in a special feature article in the ,new ,york ,times by the selection of several animal patients as typical cases4 ,probably the one given below did not seem to the writer to be sufficiently striking if only the bare facts were given1 and so he undertook to create sympathy by describing the poor1 whimpering little dog and the distress of the two young women4 ,by arousing the sympathies of the readers1 he was better able to impress them with the benefits of the clinic4 ,the other day ,daisy1 a little fox terrier1 was one of the patients4 ,she was a pretty little thing1 three months old1 with a silky coat and big1 pathetic eyes4 ,she was escorted to the clinic by two hatless young women1 in shawls1 and three children4 ,the children waited outside in the reception room1 standing in a line1 grinning self-consciously1 while the women followed ,daisy into the examination room4 ,there she was gently muzzled with a piece of bandage1 and the doctor examined her4 ,there was something the matter with one hind leg1 and the poor little animal whimpered pitifully1 as dogs do1 while the doctor searched for a broken bone4 ,it was too much for one of the women4 ,she left the room1 and1 standing outside the door1 put her fingers in her ears1 while the tears rolled down her cheeks4 ,well1 ,i wouldn't cry for a dog1 said a workman1 putting in some ,s4,p4,c4,a4 receiving boxes1 with a grin1 while the three children--and children are always more or less little savages--grinned sympathetically4 ,but it was a very real sorrow for ,daisy's mistress4 ,there was no reason for alarm2 it was only a sprain1 caused by her mistress' catching the animal by the leg when she was giving her a bath4 ,her friends were told to take her home1 bathe the leg with warm water1 and keep her as quiet as possible4 ,her mistress1 still with a troubled face1 wrapped her carefully in the black shawl she was wearing1 so that only the puppy's little white head and big1 soft eyes peeped out1 and the small procession moved away4 ,in a special feature story designed to show how much more intelligently the first woman judge in this country could deal with cases of delinquent girls in the juvenile court than could the ordinary police court judge1 a writer selected several cases that she had disposed of in her characteristic way4 ,the first case1 which follows1 he decided could best be reported verbatim1 as by that method he could show most clearly the kindly attitude of the judge in dealing with even the least appreciative of girls4 ,the first case brought in the other day was that of a girl of #af1 who hated her home and persisted in running away1 sometimes to a married sister1 and sometimes to a friend4 ,she was accompanied by her mother and older sister1 both with determined lower jaws and faces as hard as flint4 ,she swaggered into the room in an impudent way to conceal the fact that her bravado was leaving her4 ,ella1 said ,miss ,bartelme1 looking up from her desk1 why didn't you tell me the truth when you came in here the other day8 ,you did not tell me where you had been4 ,don't you understand that it is much easier for me to help you if you speak the truth right away8 ,ella hung her head and said nothing4 ,the older sister scowled at the girl and muttered something to the mother4 ,no1 refused the mother1 on being questioned4 ,we don't want nothing more to do with her4 ,humph1 snorted ,ella1 you needn't think ,i want to come back4 ,i don't want nothing more to do with you1 either4 ,miss ,bartelme often lets the family fight things out among themselves2 for in this way1 far more than by definite questioning1 she learns the attitude of the girl and the family toward each other1 and indirectly arrives at most of the actual facts of the case4 ,how would you like to go into a good home where some one would love you and care for you8 asked the judge4 ,i don't want nobody to love me4 ,why1 ,ella1 wouldn't you like to have a kind friend1 somebody you could confide in and go walking with and who would be interested in you8 ,i don't want no friends4 ,i just want to be left alone4 ,well1 ,ella1 said the judge1 patiently1 ignoring her sullenness1 ,i think we shall send you back to ,park ,ridge for a while4 ,but if you ever change your mind about wanting friends let us know1 because we'll be here and shall feel the same way as we do now about it4 ,to explain to readers of the ,kansas ,city ,star how a bloodhound runs down a criminal1 a special feature writer asked them to imagine that a crime had been committed at a particular corner in that city and that a bloodhound had been brought to track the criminal2 then he told them what would happen if the crime were committed1 first1 when the streets were deserted1 or second1 when they were crowded4 ,in other words1 he gave two imaginary instances to illustrate the manner in which bloodhounds are able to follow a trail4 ,obviously these two hypothetical cases are sufficiently plausible and typical to explain the idea4 ,if a bloodhound is brought to the scene of the crime within a reasonable length of time after it has been committed1 and the dog has been properly trained1 he will unfailingly run down the criminal1 provided1 of course1 that thousands of feet have not tramped over the ground4 ,if1 for instance1 a crime were committed at ,twelfth and ,walnut streets at #c o'clock in the morning1 when few persons are on the street1 a well-trained bloodhound would take the trail of the criminal at daybreak and stick to it with a grim determination that appears to be uncanny1 and he would follow the trail as swiftly as if the hunted man had left his shadow all along the route4 ,but let the crime be committed at noon when the section is alive with humanity and remain undiscovered until after dark1 then the bloodhound is put at a disadvantage and his wonderful powers would fail him1 no doubt4 ,,incidents4 ,narrative articles1 such as personal experience stories1 confessions1 and narratives in the third person1 consist almost entirely of incidents4 ,dialogue and description are very frequently employed in relating incidents1 even when the greater part of the incident is told in the writer's own words4 ,the incidents given as examples of narrative beginnings on pages #ace-cg are sufficient to illustrate the various methods of developing incidents as units4 ,,statistics4 ,to make statistical facts comprehensible and interesting is usually a difficult problem for the inexperienced writer4 ,masses of figures generally mean very little to the average reader4 ,unless the significance of statistics can be quickly grasped1 they are almost valueless as a means of explanation4 ,one method of simplifying them is to translate them into terms with which the average reader is familiar4 ,this may often be done by reducing large figures to smaller ones4 ,instead of saying1 for example1 that a press prints #cf1jjj newspapers an hour1 we may say that it prints #aj papers a second1 or #fjj a minute4 ,to most persons #cf1jjj papers an hour means little more than a large number1 but #aj papers and one second are figures sufficiently small to be understood at a glance4 ,statistics sometimes appear less formidable if they are incorporated in an interview or in a conversation4 ,in undertaking to explain the advantages of a cooeperative community store1 a writer was confronted with the problem of handling a considerable number of figures4 ,the first excerpt below shows how he managed to distribute them through several paragraphs1 thus avoiding any awkward massing of figures4 ,in order to present a number of comparative prices1 he used the concrete case1 given below1 of an investigator making a series of purchases at the store4 7#a7 ,here's the way the manager of the community store started4 ,he demonstrated to his neighbors by actual figures that they were paying anywhere from #b to #h a week more for their groceries and supplies than they needed to4 ,this represented the middlemen's profits4 ,he then proposed that if a hundred families would pay him regularly #ej cents a week1 he would undertake to supply them with garden truck1 provisions and meats at wholesale prices4 ,to clinch the demonstration he showed that an average family would save this #ej-;cent weekly fee in a few days' purchases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is no difference in appearance between the community store and any other provision store4 ,there is no difference in the way you buy your food4 ,the only difference is that you pay #ej cents a week on a certain day each week and buy food anywhere from #ae to #dj per cent less than at the commercial1 non-cooeperative retail stores4 7#b7 ,the other day an investigator from the department of agriculture went to the ,washington community store to make an experiment4 ,he paid his #ej-;cent weekly membership fee and made some purchases4 ,he bought a #aj-;cent carton of oatmeal for #h cents2 a #aj-;cent loaf of bread for #h cents2 one-half peck of string beans for #bj cents1 instead of for #cj cents1 the price in the non-cooeperative stores2 three pounds of veal for #eh cents instead of #hj cents2 a half dozen oranges for #ac cents instead of the usual price of from #bj to #be cents4 ,his total purchases amounted to #a4cb1 and the estimated saving was #di cents--within #a cent of the entire weekly fee4 ,since to the average newspaper reader it would not mean much to say that the cost of the public schools amounted to several hundred thousand dollars a year1 a special feature writer calculated the relation of the school appropriation to the total municipal expenditure and then presented the results as fractions of a dollar1 thus3 ,of every dollar that each taxpayer in this city paid to the city treasurer last year1 #de cents was spent on the public schools4 ,this means that nearly one-half of all the taxes were expended on giving boys and girls an education4 ,of that same dollar only #h cents went to maintain the police department1 #ab cents to keep up the fire department1 and #ac cents for general expenses of the city offices4 ,out of the #de cents used for school purposes1 over one-half1 or #bd cents1 was paid as salaries to teachers and principals4 ,only #h cents went for operation1 maintenance1 and similar expenses4 ,how statistics may be effectively embodied in an interview is demonstrated by the following excerpt from a special feature story on a workmen's compensation law administered by a state industrial board3 ,judge ,j4,b4 ,vaughn1 who is at the head of the board1 estimates that the system of settling compensation by means of a commission instead of by the regular courts has saved the state #a1jjj1jjj a year since its inception in #aiac4 ,under the usual court proceedings1 he says1 each case of an injured workman versus his employer costs from #bej to #cjj4 ,under the workings of the industrial board the average cost is no more than #bj4 ,in three and one-half years #h1jjj cases have come before us4 ,nine out of every ten have been adjusted by our eight picked arbitrators1 who tour the state1 visiting promptly each scene of an accident and adjusting the compensation as quickly as possible4 ,the tenth case1 which requires a lengthier or more painstaking hearing1 is brought to the board4 ,seven million dollars has been in this time ordered to be paid to injured men and their families4 ,of this no charge of any sort has been entered against the workers or their beneficiaries4 ,the costs are taken care of by the state4 ,fully #ij per cent of all the cases are settled within the board1 which means that only #aj per cent are carried further into the higher courts for settlement4 ,,processes4 ,to make scientific and technical processes sufficiently simple to appeal to the layman1 is another problem for the writer of popular articles4 ,a narrative-descriptive presentation that enables the reader to visualize and follow the process1 step by step1 as though it were taking place before his eyes1 is usually the best means of making it both understandable and interesting4 ,in a special feature story on methods of exterminating mosquitoes1 a writer in the ,detroit ,news undertook to trace the life history of a mosquito4 ,in order to popularize these scientific details1 he describes a baby mosquito in a concrete1 informal manner1 and1 as he tells the story of its life1 suggests or points out specifically its likeness to a human being4 ,the baby mosquito is a regular little water bug4 ,you call him a wiggler when you see him swimming about in a puddle4 ,his head is wide and flat and his eyes are set well out at the sides1 while in front of them he has a pair of cute little horns or feelers4 ,while the baby mosquito is brought up in the water1 he is an air-breather and comes to the top to breathe as do frogs and musk-rats and many other water creatures of a higher order4 ,like most babies the mosquito larva believes that his mission is to eat as much as he can and grow up very fast4 ,this he does1 and if the weather is warm and the food abundant1 he soon outgrows his skin4 ,he proceeds to grow a new skin underneath the old one1 and when he finds himself protected1 he bursts out of his old clothes and comes out in a spring suit4 ,this molting process occurs several times within a week or two1 but the last time he takes on another form4 ,he is then called a pupa1 and is in a strange transition period during which he does not eat4 ,he now slowly takes on the form of a true mosquito within his pupal skin or shell4 ,after two or three days1 or perhaps five or six1 if conditions are not altogether favorable1 he feels a great longing within him to rise to something higher4 ,his tiny shell is floating upon the water with his now winged body closely packed within4 ,the skin begins to split along the back and the true baby mosquito starts to work himself out4 ,it is a strenuous task for him and consumes many minutes4 ,at last he appears and sits dazed and exhausted1 floating on his old skin as on a little boat1 and slowly working his new wings in the sunlight1 as if to try them out before essaying flight4 ,it is a moment of great peril4 ,a passing ripple may swamp his tiny craft and shipwreck him to become the prey of any passing fish or vagrant frog4 ,a swallow sweeping close to the water's surface may gobble him down4 ,some ruthless city employe may have flooded the surface of the pond with kerosene1 the merest touch of which means death to a mosquito4 ,escaping all of the thousand and one accidents that may befall1 he soon rises and hums away seeking whom he may devour4 ,a mechanical process1 that of handling milk at a model dairy farm1 was effectively presented by ,constance ,d4 ,leupp in an article entitled1 ,the ,fight for ,clean ,milk1 printed in the ,outlook4 ,by leading you1 the reader1 to the spot1 as it were1 by picturing in detail what you would see there1 and then by following in story form the course of the milk from one place to another1 she succeeded in making the process clear and interesting4 ,here at five in the afternoon you may see long lines of sleek1 well-groomed cows standing in their cement-floored1 perfectly drained sheds4 ,the walls and ceilings are spotless from constant applications of whitewash1 ventilation is scientifically arranged1 doors and windows are screened against the flies4 ,here the white-clad1 smooth-shaven milkers do their work with scrubbed and manicured hands4 ,you will note that all these men are studiously low-voiced and gentle in movement2 for a cow1 notwithstanding her outward placidity1 is the most sensitive creature on earth1 and there is an old superstition that if you speak roughly to your cow she will earn no money for you that day4 ,as each pail is filled it is carried directly into the milk-house2 not into the bottling-room1 for in that sterilized sanctum nobody except the bottler is admitted1 but into the room above1 where the pails are emptied into the strainer of a huge receptacle4 ,from the base of this receptacle it flows over the radiator in the bottling-room1 which reduces it at once to the required temperature1 thence into the mechanical bottler4 ,the white-clad attendant places a tray containing several dozen empty bottles underneath1 presses a lever1 and1 presto6 they are full and not a drop spilled4 ,he caps the bottles with another twist of the lever1 sprays the whole with a hose1 picks up the load and pushes it through the horizontal dumb-waiter1 where another attendant receives it in the packing-room4 ,the second man clamps a metal cover over the pasteboard caps and packs the bottles in ice4 ,less than half an hour is consumed in the milking of each cow1 the straining1 chilling1 bottling1 and storing of her product4 ,,practical ,,guidance ,,units4 ,to give in an attractive form complete and accurate directions for doing something in a certain way1 is another difficult problem for the inexperienced writer4 ,for interest and variety1 conversation1 interviews and other forms of direct quotation1 as well as informal narrative1 may be employed4 ,various practical methods of saving fuel in cooking were given by a writer in ,successful ,farming1 in what purported to be an account of a meeting of a farm woman's club at which the problem was discussed4 ,by the device of allowing the members of the club to relate their experiences1 she was able to offer a large number of suggestions4 ,two units selected from different portions of the article illustrate this method3 ,i save dollars by cooking in my furnace1 added a practical worker4 ,potatoes bake nicely when laid on the ledge1 and beans1 stews1 roasts1 bread--in fact the whole food list--may be cooked there4 ,but one must be careful not to have too hot a fire4 ,i burned several things before ,i learned that even a few red coals in the fire-pot will be sufficient for practically everything4 ,and then it does blacken the pans6 ,but ,i've solved that difficulty by bending a piece of tin and setting it between the fire and the cooking vessel4 ,this prevents burning1 too1 if the fire should be hot4 ,another plan is to set the vessel in an old preserving kettle4 ,if this outer kettle does not leak1 it may be filled with water1 which not only aids in the cooking process but also prevents burning4 ,for broiling or toasting1 a large corn popper is just the thing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my chief saving1 confided the member who believes in preparedness1 consists in cooking things in quantities1 especially the things that require long cooking1 like baked beans or soup4 ,i never think of cooking less than two days' supply of beans1 and as for soup1 that is made up in quantity sufficient to last a week4 ,if ,i have no ice1 reheating it each day during warm weather prevents spoiling4 ,most vegetables are not harmed by a second cooking1 and1 besides the saving in fuel it entails1 it's mighty comforting to know that you have your dinner already prepared for the next day1 or several days before for that matter4 ,in cold weather1 or if you have ice1 it will not be necessary to introduce monotony into your meals in order to save fuel1 for one can wait a day or two before serving the extra quantity4 ,sauces1 either for vegetables1 meats or puddings1 may just as well be made for more than one occasion1 altho if milk is used in their preparation1 care must be taken that they are kept perfectly cold1 as ptomaines develop rapidly in such foods4 ,other things that it pays to cook in large portions are chocolate syrup for making cocoa1 caramel for flavoring1 and apple sauce4 ,by using a conversation between a hostess and her guest1 another writer in the same farm journal succeeded in giving in a novel way some directions for preparing celery4 ,your escalloped corn is delicious4 ,where did you get your recipe8 ,mrs4 ,field smiled across the dining table at her guest4 ,out of my head1 ,i suppose1 for ,i never saw it in print4 ,i just followed the regulation method of a layer of corn1 then seasoning1 and repeat1 only ,i cut into small pieces a stalk or two of celery with each layer of corn4 ,celery and corn--a new combination1 but it's a good one4 ,i'm so glad to learn of it2 but isn't it tedious to cut the celery into such small bits8 ,not at all1 with my kitchen scissors4 ,i just slash the stalk into several lengthwise strips1 then cut them crosswise all at once into very small pieces4 ,you always have such helpful ideas about new and easy ways to do your work4 ,and economical1 too4 ,why1 celery for a dish like this could be the outer stalks or pieces too small to be used fresh on the table4 ,that's the idea1 exactly4 ,i use such celery in soups and stews of all kinds2 it adds such a delicious flavor4 ,it is especially good in poultry stuffings and meat loaf4 ,then there is creamed celery1 of course1 to which ,i sometimes add a half cup of almonds for variety4 ,and ,i use it in salads1 too4 ,not a bit of celery is wasted around here4 ,even the leaves may be dried out in the oven1 and crumbled up to flavor soups or other dishes4 ,that's fine6 ,celery is so high this season1 and much of it is not quite nice enough for the table1 unless cooked4 ,a number of new uses for adhesive plaster were suggested by a writer in the ,new ,york ,tribune1 who1 in the excerpt below1 employs effectively the device of the direct appeal to the reader4 ,aside from surgical ,first ,aid and the countless uses to which this useful material may be put1 there are a great number of household uses for adhesive plaster4 ,if your pumps are too large and slip at the heel1 just put a strip across the back and they will stay in place nicely4 ,when your rubbers begin to break repair them on the inside with plaster cut to fit4 ,if the children lose their rubbers at school1 write their names with black ink on strips of the clinging material and put these strips inside the top of the rubber at the back4 ,in the same way labels can be made for bottles and cans4 ,they are easy to put on and to take off4 ,if the garden hose1 the rubber tube of your bath spray1 or your hot water bag shows a crack or a small break1 mend it with adhesive4 ,a cracked handle of a broom1 carpet sweeper1 or umbrella can be repaired with this first aid to the injured4 ,in the same way the handles of golf sticks1 baseball bats1 flagstaffs and whips may be given a new lease on life4 ,if your sheet music is torn or the window shade needs repairing1 or there is a cracked pane of glass in the barn or in a rear window1 apply a strip or patch of suitable size4 ,in an article in the ,philadelphia ,ledger on ,what ,can ,i ,do to ,earn ,money8 ,mary ,hamilton ,talbot gave several examples of methods of earning money1 in one of which she incorporated practical directions1 thus3 ,a resourceful girl who loved to be out-of-doors found her opportunity in a bed of mint and aromatic herbs4 ,she sends bunches of the mint neatly prepared to various hotels and cafes several times a week by parcel post1 but it is in the over-supply that she works out best her original ideas4 ,among the novelties she makes is a candied mint that sells quickly4 ,here is her formula3 ,cut bits of mint1 leaving three or four small leaves on the branch2 wash well2 dry and lay in rows on a broad1 level surface4 ,thoroughly dissolve one pound of loaf sugar1 boil until it threads and set from the fire4 ,while it is still at the boiling point plunge in the bits of mint singly with great care4 ,remove them from the fondant with a fork and straighten the leaves neatly with a hatpin or like instrument4 ,if a second plunging is necessary1 allow the first coating to become thoroughly crystalized before dipping them again4 ,lay the sweets on oiled paper until thoroughly dry4 ,with careful handling these mints will preserve their natural aroma1 taste1 and shape1 and will keep for any length of time if sealed from the air4 ,they show to best advantage in glass4 ,the sweet-smelling herbs of this girl's garden she dries and sells to the fancy goods trade1 and they are used for filling cushions1 pillows1 and perfume bags4 ,the seasoning herbs she dries1 pulverizes1 and puts in small glasses1 nicely labeled1 which sell for #aj cents each1 and reliable grocers are glad to have them for their fastidious customers4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,how ,,to ,,begin ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,beginning4 ,the value of a good beginning for a news story1 a special feature article1 or a short story results from the way in which most persons read newspapers and magazines4 ,in glancing through current publications1 the average reader is attracted chiefly by headlines or titles1 illustrations1 and authors' names4 ,if any one of these interests him1 he pauses a moment or two over the beginning to see what it is all about4 ,the first paragraphs usually determine whether or not he goes any further4 ,a single copy of a newspaper or magazine offers so much reading matter that the casual reader1 if disappointed in the introduction to one article or short story1 has plenty of others to choose from4 ,but if the opening sentences hold his attention1 he reads on4 ,well begun is half done is a saying that applies with peculiar fitness to special feature articles4 ,,structure ,,of ,,the ,,beginning4 ,to accomplish its purpose an introduction must be both a unit in itself and an integral part of the article4 ,the beginning1 whether a single paragraph in form1 or a single paragraph in essence1 although actually broken up into two or more short paragraphs1 should produce on the mind of the reader a unified impression4 ,the conversation1 the incident1 the example1 or the summary of which it consists1 should be complete in itself4 ,unless1 on the other hand1 the introduction is an organic part of the article1 it fails of its purpose4 ,the beginning must present some vital phase of the subject2 it should not be merely something attractive attached to the article to catch the reader's notice4 ,in his effort to make the beginning attractive1 an inexperienced writer is inclined to linger over it until it becomes disproportionately long4 ,its length1 however1 should be proportionate to the importance of that phase of the subject which it presents4 ,as a vital part of the article1 the introduction must be so skillfully connected with what follows that a reader is not conscious of the transition4 ,close coherence between the beginning and the body of the article is essential4 ,the four faults1 therefore1 to be guarded against in writing the beginning are3 7#a7 the inclusion of diverse details not carefully coordinated to produce a single unified impression2 7#b7 the development of the introduction to a disproportionate length2 7#c7 failure to make the beginning a vital part of the article itself2 7#d7 lack of close connection or of skillful transition between the introduction and the body of the article4 ,,types ,,of ,,beginnings4 ,because of the importance of the introduction1 the writer should familiarize himself with the different kinds of beginnings1 and should study them from the point of view of their suitability for various types of articles4 ,the seven distinct types of beginnings are3 7#a7 summary2 7#b7 narrative2 7#c7 description2 7#d7 striking statement2 7#e7 quotation2 7#f7 question2 7#g7 direct address4 ,combinations of two or more of these methods are not infrequent4 ,summary ,beginnings4 ,the general adoption by newspapers of the summary beginning1 or lead1 for news stories has accustomed the average reader to finding most of the essential facts of a piece of news grouped together in the first paragraph4 ,the lead1 by telling the reader the nature of the event1 the persons and things concerned1 the time1 the place1 the cause1 and the result1 answers his questions1 ,what8 ,who8 ,when8 ,where8 ,why8 ,how8 ,not only are the important facts summarized in such a beginning1 but the most striking detail is usually played up in the first group of words of the initial sentence where it catches the eye at once4 ,thus the reader is given both the main facts and the most significant feature of the subject4 ,unquestionably this news story lead1 when skillfully worked out1 has distinct advantages alike for the news report and for the special article4 ,,summary ,,beginnings 7#a7 7,kansas ,city ,star7 ,a ,,fresh ,,air ,,palace ,,ready ,a palace of sunshine1 a glass house of fresh air1 will be the ,christmas offering of ,kansas ,city to the fight against tuberculosis1 the ,great ,white ,plague4 ,ten miles from the business district of the city1 overlooking a horizon miles away over valley and hill1 stands the finest tuberculosis hospital in the ,united ,states4 ,the newly completed institution1 although not the largest hospital of the kind1 is the best equipped and finest appointed4 ,it is symbolic of sunshine and pure air1 the cure for the disease4 7#b7 7,new ,york ,world7 ,,stopping ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,living ,,leaks ,,by ,,marie ,,coolidge ,,rask ,after ten weeks' instruction in domestic economy at a ,new ,york high school1 a girl of thirteen has been the means of reducing the expenditure in a family of seven to the extent of five dollars a week4 ,the girl is ,anna ,scheiring1 ,american born1 of ,austrian ancestry1 living with her parents and brothers and sisters in a five-room apartment at ,no4 #gfi ,east ,one ,hundred and ,fifty-eighth ,street1 where her father1 ,joseph ,scheiring is superintendent of the building4 ,the same economic practices applied by little ,anna ,scheiring are at the present time being worked out in two thousand other ,new ,york homes whose daughters are pupils in the ,washington ,irving ,high ,school4 7#c7 7,the ,outlook7 ,,the ,,fight ,,for ,,clean ,,milk ,,by ,,constance ,d4 ,,leupp ,two million quarts of milk are shipped into ,new ,york every day4 ,one hundred thousand of those who drink it are babies4 ,the milk comes from forty-four thousand dairy farms scattered through ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,connecticut1 ,massachusetts1 ,pennsylvania1 ,vermont1 and even ,ohio4 ,a large proportion of the two million quarts travels thirty-six hours before it lands on the front doorstep of the consumer4 ,the situation in ,new ,york is duplicated in a less acute degree in every city in the ,united ,states4 ,,narrative ,,beginnings4 ,to begin a special feature article in the narrative form is to give it a story-like character that at once arouses interest4 ,it is impossible in many instances to know from the introduction whether what follows is to be a short story or a special article4 ,an element of suspense may even be injected into the narrative introduction to stimulate the reader's curiosity1 and descriptive touches may be added to heighten the vividness4 ,if the whole article is in narrative form1 as is the case in a personal experience or confession story1 the introduction is only the first part of a continuous story1 and as such gives the necessary information about the person involved4 ,narrative beginnings that consist of concrete examples and specific instances are popular for expository articles4 ,sometimes several instances are related in the introduction before the writer proceeds to generalize from them4 ,the advantage of this inductive method of explanation grows out of the fact that1 after a general idea has been illustrated by an example or two1 most persons can grasp it with much less effort and with much greater interest than when such exemplification follows the generalization4 ,other narrative introductions consist of an anecdote1 an incident1 or an important event connected with the subject of the article4 ,since conversation is an excellent means of enlivening a narrative1 dialogue is often used in the introduction to special articles1 whether for relating an incident1 giving a specific instance1 or beginning a personal experience story4 ,narrative ,beginnings 7#a7 7,the ,outlook7 ,,booker ,t4 ,,washington ,,by ,,emmett ,j4 ,,scott ,,and ,,lyman ,,beecher ,,stowe ,it came about that in the year #ahhj1 in ,macon ,county1 ,alabama1 a certain ex-,confederate colonel conceived the idea that if he could secure the ,negro vote he could beat his rival and win the seat he coveted in the ,state ,legislature4 ,accordingly the colonel went to the leading ,negro in the town of ,tuskegee and asked him what he could do to secure the ,negro vote1 for ,negroes then voted in ,alabama without restriction4 ,this man1 ,lewis ,adams by name1 himself an ex-slave1 promptly replied that what his race most wanted was education1 and what they most needed was industrial education1 and that if he 7the colonel7 would agree to work for the passage of a bill appropriating money for the maintenance of an industrial school for ,negroes1 he1 ,adams1 would help to get for him the ,negro vote and the election4 ,this bargain between an ex-slaveholder and an ex-slave was made and faithfully observed on both sides1 with the result that the following year the ,legislature of ,alabama appropriated #b1jjj a year for the establishment of a normal and industrial school for ,negroes in the town of ,tuskegee4 ,on the recommendation of ,general ,armstrong1 of ,hampton ,institute1 a young colored man1 ,booker ,t4 ,washington1 a recent graduate of and teacher at the ,institute1 was called from there to take charge of this landless1 buildingless1 teacherless1 and studentless institution of learning4 7#b7 7,leslie's ,weekly7 ,,millionaires ,,made ,,by ,,war ,,by ,,homer ,,croy ,a tall1 gaunt1 barefooted ,missouri hill-billy stood beside his rattly1 dish-wheeled wagon waiting to see the mighty proprietor of the saw mill who guessed only too well that the hill-billy had something he wanted to swap for lumber4 ,what can ,i do for you8 ,the hillman shifted his weight uneasily4 ,i 'low ,i got somethun of powerful lot of interest to yuh4 ,reaching over the side of the wagon he placed his rough hand tenderly on a black lump4 ,i guess yuh know what it is4 ,the saw mill proprietor glanced at it depreciatingly and turned toward the mill4 ,it's lead1 pardner1 pure lead1 and ,i know where it come from4 ,i could take you right to the spot--ef ,i wanted to4 ,the mill proprietor hooked a row of fingers under the rough stone and tried to lift it4 ,but he could not budge it4 ,it does seem to have lead in it4 ,what was you calc'lating askin' for showin' me where you found it8 ,the farmer from the foothills cut his eyes down to crafty slits4 ,i was 'lowing just tother day as how a house pattern would come in handy4 ,ef you'll saw me out one ,i'll take you to the spot4 ,and so the deal was consummated1 the hill-billy gleefully driving away1 joyous over having got a fine house pattern worth #dj for merely showing a fellow where you could pick up a few hunks of lead4 ,that was forty-five years ago and it was thus that the great ,joplin lead and zinc district was made known to the world4 7#c7 7,munsey's ,magazine7 ,,frank ,a4 ,,scott1 ,,chairman ,,of ,,the ,,war ,,industries ,,board ,,by ,,theodore ,,tiller ,one day in the year #ahhe a twelve-year-old boy1 who had to leave school and make his own way in the world on account of his father's death1 applied for a job in a railroad freight-office in ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,i'm afraid you won't do1 said the chief4 ,we need a boy1 but you're not tall enough to reach the letter-press4 ,well1 couldn't ,i stand on a box8 suggested the young seeker of employment4 ,that day a box was added to the equipment of the freight-office and the name of ,frank ,a4 ,scott to the payroll4 7#d7 7,new ,york ,times7 ,,new ,,yorker ,,invents ,,new ,,explosive ,,and ,,gives ,,it ,,to ,,the ,,united ,,states ,nine young men recently rowed to the middle of the ,hudson ,river with a wooden box to which wires were attached1 lying in the bottom of the boat4 ,they sank the box in deep water very cautiously1 and then rowed slowly back to land1 holding one end of the wire4 ,presently a column of water #dj feet through and #cjj feet high shot into the air1 followed by a deafening detonation1 which tore dead branches from trees4 ,the nine young men were congratulating one man of the group on the explosion when an irate farmer ran up1 yelling that every window in his farmhouse1 nearly a mile away1 had been shattered4 ,the party of young men didn't apologize then2 they gathered about the one who was being congratulated and recongratulated him4 ,the farmer did not know until later that the force which broke his windows and sent the huge column of water into the air was the ,war ,department's newest1 safest1 and most powerful explosive2 that the young men composed the dynamite squad of the ,engineer ,corps of the ,new ,york ,national ,guard2 and that the man they were congratulating was ,lieut4 ,harold ,chase ,woodward1 the inventor of the explosive4 7#e7 7,system7 ,,why ,,the ,,employees ,,run ,,our ,,business ,a ,,business ,,of ,,the ,,workers1 ,,by ,,the ,,workers1 ,,and ,,for ,,the ,,workers--,,how ,,it ,,succeeds4 ,,by ,,edward ,a4 ,,filene ,i know ,i am right4 ,leave it to any fair-minded person to decide4 ,good enough1 ,i replied2 you name one1 ,i will name another1 and let them select a third4 ,she agreed2 we selected the umpires and they decided against the store6 ,it had come about in this way4 ,the store rule had been that cashiers paid for shortages in their accounts as--in our view--a penalty for carelessness2 we did not care about the money4 ,this girl had been short in an account2 the amount had been deducted from her pay1 and1 not being afraid to speak out1 she complained3 ,if ,i am over in my accounts1 it is a mistake2 but if ,i am short1 am ,i a thief8 ,why should ,i pay back the money8 ,why can't a mistake be made in either direction8 ,this arbitration--although it had caused a decision against us--seemed such a satisfactory way of ending disputes that we continued the practice in an informal way4 ,out of it grew the present arbitration board1 which is the corner-stone of the relation between our store and the employees1 because it affords the machinery for getting what employees are above all else interested in--a square deal4 ,,descriptive ,,beginnings4 ,just as description of characters or of scene and setting is one method of beginning short stories and novels1 so also it constitutes a form of introduction for an article4 ,in both cases the aim is to create immediate interest by vivid portrayal of definite persons and places4 ,the concrete word picture1 like the concrete instance in a narrative beginning1 makes a quick and strong appeal4 ,an element of suspense or mystery may be introduced into the description1 if a person1 a place1 or an object is described without being identified by name until the end of the portrayal4 ,the possibilities of description are not limited to sights alone2 sounds1 odors and other sense impressions1 as well as emotions1 may be described4 ,frequently several different impressions are combined4 ,to stir the reader's feelings by a strong emotional description is obviously a good method of beginning4 ,a descriptive beginning1 to be clear to the rapid reader1 should be suggestive rather than detailed4 ,the average person can easily visualize a picture that is sketched in a few suggestive words1 whereas he is likely to be confused by a mass of details4 ,picture-making words and those imitative of sounds1 as well as figures of speech1 may be used to advantage in descriptive beginnings4 ,for the description of feelings1 words with a rich emotional connotation are important4 ,,descriptive ,,beginnings 7#a7 7,munsey's ,magazine7 ,,our ,,highest ,,court ,,by ,,horace ,,towner ,the ,honorable the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states6 ,nearly every week-day during the winter months1 exactly at noon1 these warning words1 intoned in a resonant and solemn voice1 may be heard by the visitor who chances to pass the doors of the ,supreme ,court ,chamber in the ,capitol of the ,united ,states4 ,the visitor sees that others are entering those august portals1 and so he1 too1 makes bold to step softly inside4 ,if he has not waited too long1 he finds himself within the chamber in time to see nine justices of our highest court1 clad in long1 black robes1 file slowly into the room from an antechamber at the left4 ,every one within the room has arisen1 and all stand respectfully at attention while the justices take their places4 ,then the voice of the court crier is heard again3 ,oyez1 oyez1 oyez6 ,all persons having business with the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states are admonished to draw near and give their attention1 for the court is now sitting4 ,then1 after a slight pause3 ,god save the ,united ,states and this honorable court6 ,the justices seat themselves2 the attorneys at the bar and visitors do likewise4 ,the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 generally held to be the most powerful tribunal on earth1 is in session4 7#b7 7,collier's ,weekly7 ,,james ,,whitcomb ,,brougher1 ,a ,,preacher ,,to ,,the ,,procession ,,by ,,peter ,,clark ,,macfarlane ,imagine the ,hippodrome--the largest playhouse of ,new ,york and of the ,new ,world6 ,imagine it filled with people from foot-lights to the last row in the topmost gallery--orchestra1 dress circle1 and balconies--a huge uprising1 semicircular bowl1 lined with human beings4 ,imagine it thus1 and then strip the stage2 take away the ,indians and the soldiers1 the elephants and the camels2 take away the careening stage coaches and the thundering hoofs of horses1 and all the strange conglomeration of dramatic activities with which these inventive stage managers are accustomed to panoply their productions4 ,instead of all this1 people the stage with a chorus choir in white smocks1 and in front of the choir put a lean1 upstanding1 shock-headed preacher2 but leave the audience--a regular ,hippodrome audience on the biggest ,saturday night4 ,imagine all of this1 ,i say1 and what you have is not the ,hippodrome1 not the greatest play in the ,new ,world1 nor any playhouse at all1 but the ,temple ,baptist ,church of ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 with ,james ,whitcomb ,brougher1 ,d4,d41 in the pulpit4 7#c7 7,the ,independent7 ,,the ,,little ,,red ,,schoolhouse ,a ,,fake ,what the ,country ,schoolhouse ,really ,is1 and ,why ,,by ,,edna ,m4 ,,hill ,the schoolhouse squats dour and silent in its acre of weeds4 ,a little to the rear stand two wretched outbuildings4 ,upon its gray clapboarded sides1 window blinds hang loose and window sashes sag away from their frames4 ,groaning upon one hinge the vestibule door turns away from lopsided steps1 while a broken drain pipe sways perilously from the east corner of the roof4 ,within and beyond the vestibule is the schoolroom1 a monotony of grimy walls and smoky ceiling4 ,cross lights from the six windows shine upon rows of desks of varying sizes and in varying stages of destruction4 ,a kitchen table faces the door4 ,squarely in the middle of the rough pine floor stands a jacketed stove4 ,a much torn dictionary and a dented water pail stand side by side on the shelf below the one blackboard4 ,and this is the little red schoolhouse to which ,i looked forward so eagerly during the summer--nothing but a tumbledown shack set in the heart of a prosperous farming district4 7#d7 7,new ,york ,tribune7 ,,the ,,one ,,woman ,,official ,,at ,,plattsburg ,,by ,,elene ,,foster ,the tramp1 tramp of feet on a hard road2 long lines of khaki figures moving over the browning grass of the parade ground2 rows of faces1 keen and alert1 with that look in the eyes that one sees in ,le,page's ,jeanne d',arc2 the click1 click of bullets from the distant rifle range blended with a chorus of deep voices near at hand singing ,over ,there2 a clear1 blue sky1 crisp autumn air and the sparkling waters of ,lake ,champlain--that's ,plattsburg4 7#e7 7,good ,housekeeping7 ,,new ,,england ,,mill ,,slaves ,,by ,,mary ,,alden ,,hopkins ,in the pale light of an early winter morning1 while a flat1 white moon awaited the dawn and wind-driven clouds flung faint scudding shadows across the snow1 two little girls1 cloaked1 shawled1 hooded out of all recognition1 plodded heavily along a ,vermont mountain road4 ,each carried a dangling dinner pail4 ,the road was lonely4 ,once they passed a farmhouse1 asleep save for a yellow light in a chamber4 ,somewhere a cock crowed4 ,a dog barked in the faint distance4 ,where the road ascended the mountain--a narrow cut between dark1 pointed firs and swaying white-limbed birches--the way was slushy with melting snow4 ,the littler girl1 half dozing along the accustomed way1 slipped and slid into puddles4 ,at the top of the mountain the two children shrank back into their mufflers1 before the sweep of the wet1 chill wind2 but the mill was in sight--beyond the slope of bleak pastures outlined with stone walls--sunk deep in the valley beside a rapid mountain stream1 a dim bulk already glimmering with points of light4 ,toward this the two little workwomen slopped along on squashy feet4 ,they were spinners4 ,one was fifteen4 ,she had worked three years4 ,the other was fourteen4 ,she had worked two years4 ,the terse record of the ,national ,child ,labor ,committee lies before me1 unsentimental1 bare of comment3 ,they both get up at four fifteen ,a4,m4 and after breakfast start for the mill1 arriving there in time not to be late1 at six4 ,their home is two and one-half miles from the mill4 ,each earns three dollars a week--,so they cannot afford to ride4 ,the road is rough1 and it is over the mountains4 7#f7 7,providence ,journal7 ,,how ,,to ,,sing ,,the ,,national ,,songs ,to ,interpret the ,text ,successfully the ,singer ,must ,memorize1 ,visualize1 ,rhythmize1 and ,emphasize ,,by ,,john ,g4 ,,archer ,the weary eye of the toastmaster looks apologetically down long rows of tables as he says with a sorry-but-it-must-be-done air1 ,we will now sing ',the ,star ,spangled ,banner'2 the orchestra starts1 the diners reach frantically for their menus and each1 according to his musical inheritance and patriotic fervor1 plunges into the unknown with a resolute determination to be in on the death of the sad rite4 ,some are wrecked among the dizzy altitudes1 others persevere through uncharted shoals1 all make some kind of a noisy noise1 and lo1 it is accomplished2 and intense relief sits enthroned on every dewy brow4 ,in the crowded church1 the minister announces the ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic1 and the organist1 armed with plenary powers1 crashes into the giddy old tune1 dragging the congregation resistingly along at a hurdy gurdy pace till all semblance of text or meaning is irretrievably lost4 ,happy are they when the refrain1 ,glory1 ,glory1 ,hallelujah1 provides a temporary respite from the shredded syllables and scrambled periods1 and one may light1 as it were1 and catch up with himself and the organist4 ,at the close of an outdoor public meeting the chairman1 with fatuous ineptitude1 shouts that everybody will sing three verses of ,america4 ,granting that the tune is pitched comfortably1 the first verse marches with vigor and certitude1 but not for long2 dismay soon smites the crowd in sections as the individual consciousness backs and fills amid half learned lines4 ,the trick of catching hopefully at a neighbor's phrase usually serves to defeat itself1 as it unmasks the ignorance of said neighbor1 and the tune ends in a sort of polyglot mouthing which is not at all flattering to the denizens of an enlightened community4 ,these glimpses are not a whit over-drawn1 and it is safe to say that they mirror practically every corner of our land to-day4 ,why is it1 then1 that the people make such a sorry exhibition of themselves when they attempt to sing the patriotic songs of our country8 ,is it the tunes or the words or we ourselves8 ,,beginning ,,with ,a ,,striking ,,statement4 ,when the thought expressed in the first sentence of an article is sufficiently unusual1 or is presented in a sufficiently striking form1 it at once commands attention4 ,by stimulating interest and curiosity1 it leads the average person to read on until he is satisfied4 ,a striking statement of this sort may serve as the first sentence of one of the other types of beginning1 such as the narrative or the descriptive introduction1 the quotation1 the question1 or the direct address4 ,but it may also be used entirely alone4 ,since great size is impressive1 a statement of the magnitude of something is usually striking4 ,numerical figures are often used in the opening sentences to produce the impression of enormous size4 ,if these figures are so large that the mind cannot grasp them1 it is well1 by means of comparisons1 to translate them into terms of the reader's own experience4 ,there is always danger of overwhelming and confusing a person with statistics that in the mass mean little or nothing to him4 ,to declare in the first sentence that something is the first or the only one of its kind immediately arrests attention1 because of the universal interest in the unique4 ,an unusual prediction is another form of striking statement4 ,to be told at the beginning of an article of some remarkable thing that the future holds in store for him or for his descendants1 fascinates the average person as much as does the fortune-teller's prophecy4 ,there is danger of exaggeration1 however1 in making predictions4 ,when writers magnify the importance of their subject by assuring us that what they are explaining will revolutionize our ideas and practices1 we are inclined to discount these exaggerated and trite forms of prophecy4 ,a striking figure of speech--an unusual metaphor1 for example--may often be used in the beginning of an article to arouse curiosity4 ,as the comparison in a metaphor is implied rather than expressed1 the points of likeness may not immediately be evident to the reader and thus the figurative statement piques his curiosity4 ,a comparison in the form of a simile1 or in that of a parable or allegory1 may serve as a striking introduction4 ,a paradox1 as a self-contradictory statement1 arrests the attention in the initial sentence of an article4 ,although not always easy to frame1 and hence not so often employed as it might be1 a paradoxical expression is an excellent device for a writer to keep in mind when some phase of his theme lends itself to such a striking beginning4 ,besides these readily classified forms of unusual statements1 any novel1 extraordinary expression that is not too bizarre may be employed4 ,the chief danger to guard against is that of making sensational1 exaggerated1 or false statements1 merely to catch the reader's notice4 ,,striking ,,statement ,,beginnings 7#a7 7,illustrated ,world7 ,,fire ,,writes ,a ,,heart',s ,,record ,,by ,h4,g4 ,,hunting ,a human heart1 writing its own record with an actual finger of flame1 is the startling spectacle that has recently been witnessed by scientists4 ,it sounds fanciful1 doesn't it8 ,but it is literally a fact that the automatic recording of the heart's action by means of tracings from the point of a tiny blaze appears to have been made a practicable method of determining the condition of the heart1 more reliable than any other test that can be applied4 7#b7 7,boston ,transcript7 ,,taking ,,hospitals ,,to ,,the ,,emergency ,by ,f4,w4 ,,coburn ,taking the hospital to the emergency instead of the emergency to the hospital is the underlying idea of the ,bay ,state's newest medical unit--one which was installed in three hours on the top of ,corey ,hill1 and which in much less than half that time may tomorrow or the next day be en route post haste for ,peru1 ,plymouth1 or ,pawtucketville4 7#c7 7,kansas ,city ,star7 ,,must ,,your ,,home ,,burn8 ,autumn is the season of burning homes4 ,furnaces and stoves will soon be lighted4 ,they have been unused all summer and rubbish may have been piled near them or the flues may have rusted and slipped out of place unobserved in the long period of disuse4 ,persons start their fires in a sudden cold snap4 ,they don't take time to investigate4 ,then the fire department has work to do4 7#d7 7,new ,york ,times7 ,,only ,,public ,,school ,,for ,,children ,,with ,,poor ,,eyes ,there was opened down ,hester ,street way last week the only public school in the world for children with defective eyes4 ,bad eyesight has been urged for years as a cause of backwardness and incorrigibility in school children4 ,now the public school authorities plan1 for the first time1 not only to teach children whose eyes are defective1 but to cure them as well4 7#e7 7,the ,outlook7 ,,diseased ,,teeth ,,and ,,bad ,,health ,,by ,,matthias ,,nicoll1 ,,jr4 ,the complete disappearance of teeth from the human mouth is the condition towards which the most highly cultivated classes of humanity are drifting4 ,we have already gone far on a course that leads to the coming of a toothless age in future generations4 ,only by immediate adoption of the most active and widespread measures of prevention can the human tooth be saved from the fate that has befallen the leg of the whale4 7#f7 7,harper's ,weekly7 ,,the ,,span ,,of ,,life ,,by ,,walter ,e4 ,,weyl ,you who begin this sentence may not live to read its close4 ,there is a chance1 one in three or four billions1 that you will die in a second1 by the tick of the watch4 ,the chair upon which you sit may collapse1 the car in which you ride may collide1 your heart may suddenly cease4 ,or you may survive the sentence and the article1 and live twenty1 fifty1 eighty years longer4 ,no one knows the span of your life1 and yet the insurance man is willing to bet upon it4 ,what is life insurance but the bet of an unknown number of yearly premiums against the payment of the policy8 99 99 99 99 ,the length of your individual life is a guess1 but the insurance company bets on a sure thing1 on the average death rate4 7#g7 7,the ,outlook7 ,,americans ,,first ,,by ,,gregory ,,mason ,every third man you meet in ,detroit was born in a foreign country4 ,and three out of every four persons there were either born abroad or born here of foreign-born parents4 ,in short1 in ,detroit1 only every fourth person you meet was born in this country of ,american parents4 ,such is the make-up of the town which has been called the most ,american city in the ,united ,states4 7#h7 7,kansas ,city ,star7 ,a ,,kansas ,,town ,,feels ,,its ,,own ,,pulse ,lawrence1 ,kas41 was not ill4 ,most of its citizens did not even think it was ailing1 but there were some anxious souls who wondered if the rosy exterior were not the mockery of an internal fever4 ,they called in physicians1 and after seven months spent in making their diagnosis1 they have prescribed for ,lawrence1 and the town is alarmed to the point of taking their medicine4 ,that is the medical way of saying that ,lawrence has just completed the most thorough municipal survey ever undertaken by a town of its size1 and in so doing has found out that it is afflicted with a lot of ills that all cities are heir to4 ,lawrence1 however1 with ,kansas progressiveness1 proposes to cure these ills4 ,prof4 ,f4,w4 ,blackmar1 head of the department of sociology at the ,university of ,kansas1 and incidentally a sort of city doctor1 was the first physician consulted4 ,he called his assistant1 ,prof4 ,b4,w4 ,burgess1 and ,rev4 ,william ,a4 ,powell in consultation1 and about one hundred and fifty club women were taken into the case4 ,then they got busy4 ,that was ,april #a4 ,this month they completed the examination1 set up an exhibit to illustrate what they had to report1 and read the prescription4 7#i7 7,popular ,science ,monthly7 ,,breaking ,,the ,,chain ,,that ,,binds ,,us ,,to ,,earth ,,by ,,charles ,,nevers ,,holmes ,man is chained to this ,earth1 his planet home4 ,his chain is invisible1 but the ball is always to be seen--the ,earth itself4 ,the chain itself is apparently without weight1 while the chain's ball weighs about #g1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons6 7#aj7 7,associated ,sunday ,magazine7 ,,in ,,tune ,,when ,,out ,,of ,,tune ,,by ,,john ,,warren ,how many persons who own pianos and play them can explain why a piano cannot be said to be in tune unless it is actually out of tune8 7#aa7 7,railroad ,man's ,magazine7 ,,making ,,steel ,,rails ,,by ,,charles ,,frederick ,,carter ,to make steel rails1 take #b pounds of iron ore1 #a pound of coke1 #a_/b pound of limestone1 and #da_/b pounds of air for each pound of iron to be produced4 ,mix and melt1 cast in molds1 and roll to shape while hot4 ,serve cold4 ,rail-making certainly does seem to be easy when stated in its simplest terms2 it also seems attractive from a business standpoint4 7#ab7 7,leslie's ,weekly7 ,,what ,,electricity ,,means ,,to ,,you ,,one ,,cent',s ,,worth ,,of ,,electricity ,,at ,,ten ,,cents ,,per ,,kilowatt-,,hour ,,will ,,operate3 ,sixteen candle-power ,mazda lamp for five hours ,six pound flatiron #ae minutes ,radiant toaster long enough to produce ten slices of toast ,sewing machine for two hours ,fan #ab inches in diameter for two hours ,percolator long enough to make five cups of coffee ,heating pad from two to four hours ,domestic buffer for #aa_/d hours ,chafing dish #ab minutes ,radiant grill for #aj minutes ,curling iron once a day for two weeks ,luminous #ejj watt radiator for #ab minutes ,hardly as old as a grown man1 the electrical industry--including railways1 telephones and telegraphs--has already invested #h1abe1jjj1jjj in the business of ,america4 ,its utility companies alone pay ,uncle ,sam #bjj1jjj1jjj every year for taxes--seven out of every ten use it in some form every day4 ,it is unmistakably the most vital factor to-day in ,america's prosperity4 ,its resources are boundless4 ,as ,secretary of the ,interior ,lane expresses it1 there is enough hydro-electric energy running to waste to equal the daily labor of #a1hjj1jjj1jjj men or #cj times our adult population4 ,,beginning ,,with ,a ,,quotation4 ,words enclosed in quotation marks or set off in some distinctive form such as verse1 an advertisement1 a letter1 a menu1 or a sign1 immediately catch the eye at the beginning of an article4 ,every conceivable source may be drawn on for quotations1 provided1 of course1 that what is quoted has close connection with the subject4 ,if the quotation expresses an extraordinary idea1 it possesses an additional source of interest4 ,verse quotations may be taken from a well-known poem1 a popular song1 a nursery rhyme1 or even doggerel verse4 ,sometimes a whole poem or song prefaces an article4 ,when the verse is printed in smaller type than the article1 it need not be enclosed in quotation marks4 ,in his typewritten manuscript a writer may indicate this difference in size of type by single-spacing the lines of the quotation4 ,prose quotations may be taken from a speech or an interview1 or from printed material such as a book1 report1 or bulletin4 ,the more significant the quoted statement1 the more effective will be the introduction4 ,when the quotation consists of several sentences or of one long sentence1 it may comprise the first paragraph1 to be followed in the second paragraph by the necessary explanation4 ,popular sayings1 slogans1 or current phrases are not always enclosed in quotation marks1 but are often set off in a separate paragraph as a striking form of beginning4 ,the most conspicuous quotation beginnings are reproductions of newspaper clippings1 advertisements1 price lists1 menus1 telegrams1 invitations1 or parts of legal documents4 ,these are not infrequently reproduced as nearly as possible in the original form and may be enclosed in a frame1 or box4 ,,quotation ,,beginnings 7#a7 7,new ,york ,evening ,post7 ,,dignified ,,and ,,stately ,,being ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,some ,,high ,,and ,,low ,,jinks ,,practiced ,,about ,,this ,,time ,,on ,,college ,,class ,,days ,,by ,,eva ,,elise ,,vom ,,baur ,our sorrows are forgotten1 ,and our cares are flown away1 ,while we go marching through ,princeton4 ,singing these words1 'round and 'round the campus they marched1 drums beating time which no one observed1 band clashing with band1 in tune with nothing but the dominant note--the joy of reunion4 ,a motley lot of men they are--sailors and traction engineers1 ,pierrots1 soldiers1 and even vestal virgins--for the ,june ,commencement is college carnival time4 ,then hundreds upon thousands of men1 ,east1 ,west1 ,north and ,south1 drop their work and their worries1 and leaving families and creditors at home1 slip away to their respective alma maters1 just to be boys again for a day and a night or two4 7#b7 7,harper's ,monthly7 ,,the ,,party ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,part ,,by ,,walter ,e4 ,,weyl ,the quarrel1 opined ,sir ,lucius ,o',trigger1 is a very pretty quarrel as it stands2 we should only spoil it by trying to explain it4 ,something like this was once the attitude of the swaggering youth of ,britain and ,ireland1 who quarreled genteelly and fought out their bloody duels in peace and quietness4 ,something like this1 also1 after the jump of a century1 was the attitude of employers and trade-unions all over the world toward industrial disputes4 ,words were wasted breath2 the time to strike or to lock out your employees was when you were ready and your opponent was not4 ,if you won1 so much the better2 if you lost--at any rate1 it was your own business4 ,outsiders were not presumed to interfere4 ,faith6 exclaimed ,sir ,lucius1 that same interruption in affairs of this nature shows very great ill-breeding4 7#c7 7,mc,clure's ,magazine7 ,,riding ,,on ,,bubbles ,,by ,,waldemar ,,kaempffert ,and the ,prince sped away with his princess in a magic chariot1 the wheels of which were four bubbles of air4 ,suppose you had read that in an ,andersen or a ,grimm fairy tale in the days when you firmly believed that ,cinderella went to a ball in a state coach which had once been a pumpkin2 you would have accepted the magic chariot and its four bubbles of air without question4 ,what a pity it is that we have lost the credulity and the wonder of childhood6 ,we have our automobiles--over two and a half million of them--but they have ceased to be magic chariots to us4 ,and as for their tires1 they are mere shoes and tubes--anything but the bubbles of air that they are4 ,in the whole mechanism of modern transportation there is nothing so paradoxical1 nothing so daring in conception as these same bubbles of air which we call tires4 7#d7 7,good ,housekeeping7 ,,geraldine ,,farrar',s ,,advice ,,to ,,aspiring ,,singers ,,interview ,,by ,,john ,,corbin ,when did ,i first decide to be an opera singer8 ,miss ,farrar smiled4 ,let me see4 ,at least as early as the age of eight4 ,this is how ,i remember4 ,at school ,i used to get good marks in most of my studies1 but in arithmetic my mark was about sixty4 ,that made me unhappy4 ,but once when ,i was eight1 ,i distinctly remember1 ,i reflected that it didn't really matter because ,i was going to be an opera singer4 ,how long before that ,i had decided on my career ,i can't say4 7#e7 7,the ,delineator7 ,,how ,,to ,,start ,a ,,cafeteria ,,by ,,agnes ,,athol ,if ,john could only get a satisfactory lunch for a reasonable amount of money6 sighs the wife of ,john in every sizable city in the ,united ,states1 where work and home are far apart4 ,he hates sandwiches1 anyway1 and has no suitable place to eat them2 and somehow he doesn't feel that he does good work on a cold box lunch4 ,but those clattery quick-lunch places which are all he has time for1 or can afford1 don't have appetizing cooking or surroundings1 and all my forethought and planning over our good home meals may be counteracted by his miserable lunch4 ,i believe half the explanation of the 'tired business man' lies in the kind of lunches he eats4 ,twenty-five cents a day is probably the outside limit of what the great majority of men spend on their luncheons4 ,some cannot spend over fifteen4 ,what a man needs and so seldom gets for that sum is good1 wholesome1 appetizing food1 quickly served4 ,he wants to eat in a place which is quiet and not too bare and ugly4 ,he wants to buy real food and not table decorations4 ,he is willing to dispense with elaborate service and its accompanying tip1 if he can get more food of better quality4 ,the cafeteria lunch-room provides a solution for the mid-day lunch problem and1 when wisely located and well run1 the answer to many a competent woman or girl who is asking3 ,what shall ,i do to earn a living8 7#f7 7,newspaper ,enterprise ,association7 ,,americanization ,,of ,,america ,,is ,,planned ,,by ,e4,c4 ,,rodgers ,washington1 ,d4,c4--,america ,americanized6 ,that's the goal of the naturalization bureau of the ,united ,states department of labor1 as expressed by ,raymond ,p4 ,crist1 deputy commissioner1 in charge of the ,americanization program4 7#g7 7,tractor and ,gas ,engine ,review7 ,,fire ,,insurance ,,that ,,doesn',t ,,insure ,,by ,a4,b4 ,,brown ,this entire policy1 unless otherwise provided by agreement endorsed hereon1 or added hereto1 shall be void if the interest of the insured be other than unconditional and sole ownership4 ,if any farmer anywhere in the ,united ,states will look up the fire insurance policy on his farm building1 and will read it carefully1 in nine cases out of ten1 he will find tucked away somewhere therein a clause exactly like the one quoted above1 or practically in the same words4 ,,beginning ,,with ,a ,,question4 ,every question is like a riddle2 we are never satisfied until we know the answer4 ,so a question put to us at the beginning of an article piques our curiosity1 and we are not content until we find out how the writer answers it4 ,instead of a single question1 several may be asked in succession4 ,these questions may deal with different phases of the subject or may repeat the first question in other words4 ,it is frequently desirable to break up a long question into a number of short ones to enable the rapid reader to grasp the idea more easily4 ,greater prominence may be gained for each question by giving it a separate paragraph4 ,rhetorical questions1 although the equivalent of affirmative or negative statements1 nevertheless retain enough of their interrogative effect to be used advantageously for the beginning of an article4 ,that the appeal may be brought home to each reader personally1 the pronoun you1 or yours1 is often embodied in the question1 and sometimes readers are addressed by some designation such as ,mr4 ,average ,reader1 ,mrs4 ,voter1 you1 high school boys and girls4 ,the indirect question naturally lacks the force of the direct one1 but it may be employed when a less striking form of beginning is desired4 ,the direct question1 ,do you know why the sky is blue8 loses much of its force when changed into the indirect form1 ,few people know why the sky is blue2 still it possesses enough of the riddle element to stimulate thought4 ,several indirect questions may be included in the initial sentence of an article4 ,,question ,,beginnings 7#a7 7,kansas ,city ,star7 ,,tracing ,,the ,,drouth ,,to ,,its ,,lair ,what becomes of the rainfall in the plains states8 ,this region is the veritable bread basket of our country2 but in spite of the fact that we have an average rainfall of about thirty-six inches1 lack of moisture1 more frequently than any other condition1 becomes a limiting factor in crop production4 ,measured in terms of wheat production1 a #cf-;inch rainfall1 if properly distributed through the growing season and utilized only by the crop growing land1 is sufficient for the production of ninety bushels of wheat an acre4 ,the question as to what becomes of the rainfall1 therefore1 is of considerable interest in this great agricultural center of ,north ,america1 where we do well if we average twenty-five bushels to the acre4 7#b7 7,new ,york ,evening ,sun7 ,,we ,,waste ,,one-,,quarter ,,of ,,our ,,food ,if a family of five using twenty-five bushels of potatoes a year at #b a bushel1 lose #bj per cent on a bushel by paring1 how much has the family thrown into the garbage can during the year8 ,answer1 #aj4 ,applying this conservative estimate of dietitians to other foods1 the average family might save at least #ajj a year on its table4 7#c7 7,new ,york ,times7 ,,farm ,,wizard ,,achieves ,,agricultural ,,wonders ,,by ,,robert ,g4 ,,skerrett ,can a farm be operated like a factory8 ,can fickle nature be offset and crops be brought to maturity upon schedule time8 ,these are questions that a farmer near ,bridgeton1 ,n4,j41 has answered in the most practical manner imaginable4 7#d7 7,san ,francisco ,call7 ,,does ,,it ,,pay ,,the ,,state ,,to ,,educate ,,pretty ,,girls ,,for ,,teachers8 ,,by ,,katherine ,,atkinson ,does it pay the state to educate its teachers8 ,do normal school and university graduates continue teaching long enough to make adequate return for the money invested in their training8 7#e7 7,newspaper ,feature ,service7 ,,how ,,hunger ,,is ,,now ,,measured ,,and ,,photographed ,just what hunger is1 why all living creatures suffer this feeling and what the difference is between hunger and appetite have always been three questions that puzzled scientists4 ,not until ,dr4 ,a4,j4 ,carlson devised a method of ascertaining exactly the nature of hunger by measuring and comparing the degrees of this sensation1 have investigators along this line of scientific research been able to reach any definite conclusion4 7#f7 7,the ,outlook7 ,,grow ,,old ,,along ,,with ,,me ,,by ,,charles ,,henry ,,lerrigo ,are you interested in adding fifteen years to your life8 ,perhaps you are one of those sound strong persons absolutely assured of perfect health4 ,very well4 ,two thousand young persons1 mostly men1 average age thirty1 employees of commercial houses and banks in ,new ,york ,city1 were given a medical examination in a recent period of six months2 #a1hih of them were positive of getting a perfect bill of health4 ,here are the findings3 ,sixty-three were absolutely sound4 ,the remaining #a1icg all suffered from some defect1 great or small1 which was capable of improvement4 7#g7 7,country ,gentleman7 ,,simple ,,accounts ,,for ,,farm ,,business ,,by ,,morton ,o4 ,,cooper ,is your farm making money or losing it8 ,what department is showing a profit8 ,what one is piling up a loss8 ,do you know8 ,not one farmer in ten does know and it is all because not one in ten has any accounts apart from his bankbook so he can tell at the end of the year whether he has kept the farm or the farm has kept him4 7#h7 7,the ,outlook7 ,,an ,,enforced ,,vacation ,,by ,a ,,city ,,dweller ,have you1 my amiable male reader1 felt secretly annoyed when your friends--probably your wife and certainly your physician--have suggested that you cut your daily diet of ,havanas in two1 feeling that your intimate acquaintance with yourself constituted you a better judge of such matters than they8 ,have you felt that your physician's advice to spend at least three-quarters of an hour at lunch was good advice for somebody else1 but that you had neither time nor inclination for it8 ,have you felt that you would like to take a month's vacation1 but with so many irons in the fire things would go to smash if you did8 ,do you know what it is to lie awake at night and plan your campaign for the following day8 ,then you are getting ready for an enforced vacation4 7#i7 7,leslie's ,weekly7 ,,taking ,,the ,,starch ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,march ,,by ,,gerald ,,mygatt ,don't most of us--that is1 those of us who are unfamiliar with army life and with things military in general--don't most of us picture marching troops as swinging down a road in perfect step1 left arms moving in unison1 rifles held smartly at the right shoulder1 head and eyes straight to the front 7with never so much as a forehead wrinkled to dislodge a mosquito or a fly71 and with the band of the fife-and-drum corps playing gaily at the head of the column8 ,of course we do4 ,because that's the way we see them on parade4 ,a march is a far different thing4 ,a march is simply the means of getting so many men from one place to another in the quickest time and in the best possible condition4 ,and it may astonish one to be told that marching is the principal occupation of troops in the field--that it is one of the hardest things for troops to learn to do properly1 and that it is one of the chief causes of loss4 ,,addressing ,,the ,,reader ,,directly4 ,a direct personal appeal makes a good opening for an article4 ,the writer seems to be talking to each reader individually instead of merely writing for thousands4 ,this form of address may seem to hark back to the days of the gentle reader1 but its appeal is perennial4 ,to the pronoun you may be added the designation of the particular class of readers addressed1 such as ,you1 mothers1 or ,you1 ,mr4 ,salaried ,man4 ,the imperative verb is perhaps the strongest form of direct address4 ,there is danger of overdoing the do-this-and-don't-do-that style1 particularly in articles of practical guidance1 but that need not deter a writer from using the imperative beginning occasionally4 ,,direct ,,address ,,beginnings 7#a7 7,new ,york ,times7 ,,small ,,chance ,,for ,,draft ,,dodgers ,,if ,,doctors ,,know ,,their ,,business ,a word with you1 ,mr4 ,would-,be-,slacker4 ,if you 're thinking of trying to dodge the selective draft by pretending physical disability when you get before the local exemption board1 here's a bit of advice3 ,don't4 ,since you are ,mr4 ,would-,be-,slacker there is no use preaching patriotism to you4 ,but here is something that will influence you3 ,if you try to dodge the draft and are caught1 there is a heavy penalty1 both fine and imprisonment2 and you're almost sure to get caught4 7#b7 7,american ,magazine7 ,,the ,,general ,,manager ,,of ,,cowbell ,,holler ,,by ,,bruce ,,barton ,you would never in the world find ,cowbell ,holler alone1 so ,i will tell you how to get there4 ,you come over the ,big ,hill pike until you reach ,west ,pinnacle4 ,it was from the peak of ,west ,pinnacle that ,daniel ,boone first looked out over the blue grass region of ,kentucky4 ,you follow the pike around the base of the ,pinnacle1 and there you are1 right in the heart of ,cowbell ,holler1 and only two pastures and a creek away from ,miss ,adelia ,fox's rural social settlement--the first of its kind1 so far as ,i know1 in ,america4 7#c7 7,chicago ,tribune7 ,,the ,,road ,,to ,,retail ,,success ,,by ,,benjamin ,h4 ,,jefferson ,you all know the retail druggist who has worked fifteen or sixteen hours a day all his life1 and now1 as an old man1 is forced to discharge his only clerk4 ,you all know the grocer who has changed from one store to another and another1 and who finally turns up as a collector for your milkman4 ,you all know the hard working milliner and1 perhaps1 have followed her career until she was lost to sight amid sickness and distress4 ,you all have friends among stationers and newsdealers4 ,you have seen them labor day in and day out1 from early morning until late at night2 and have observed with sorrow the small fruits of their many years of toil4 ,why did they fail8 7#d7 7,illustrated ,sunday ,magazine7 ,,the ,,man ,,who ,,put ,,the ,,pep ,,in ,,printing ,look at your watch4 ,how long is a second8 ,gone as you look at the tiny hand1 isn't it8 ,yet within that one second it is possible to print1 cut1 fold and stack sixteen and two-thirds newspapers6 ,watch the second hand make one revolution--a minute4 ,within that minute it is possible to print1 cut1 fold and stack in neat piles one thousand big newspapers6 ,to do that is putting pep in printing1 and ,henry ,a4 ,wise ,wood is the man who did it4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,style ,,style ,,defined4 ,style1 or the manner in which ideas and emotions are expressed1 is as important in special feature writing as it is in any other kind of literary work4 ,a writer may select an excellent subject1 may formulate a definite purpose1 and may choose the type of article best suited to his needs1 but if he is unable to express his thoughts effectively1 his article will be a failure4 ,style is not to be regarded as mere ornament added to ordinary forms of expression4 ,it is not an incidental element1 but rather the fundamental part of all literary composition1 the means by which a writer transfers what is in his own mind to the minds of his readers4 ,it is a vehicle for conveying ideas and emotions4 ,the more easily1 accurately1 and completely the reader gets the author's thoughts and feelings1 the better is the style4 ,the style of an article needs to be adapted both to the readers and to the subject4 ,an article for a boys' magazine would be written in a style different from that of a story on the same subject intended for a ,sunday newspaper4 ,the style appropriate to an entertaining story on odd superstitions of business men would be unsuitable for a popular exposition of wireless telephony4 ,in a word1 the style of a special article demands as careful consideration as does its subject1 purpose1 and structure4 ,since it may be assumed that any one who aspires to write for newspapers and magazines has a general knowledge of the principles of composition and of the elements and qualities of style1 only such points of style as are important in special feature writing will be discussed in this chapter4 ,the elements of style are3 7#a7 words1 7#b7 figures of speech1 7#c7 sentences1 and 7#d7 paragraphs4 ,the kinds of words1 figures1 sentences1 and paragraphs used1 and the way in which they are combined1 determine the style4 ,,words4 ,in the choice of words for popular articles1 three points are important3 7#a7 only such words may be used as are familiar to the average person1 7#b7 concrete terms make a much more definite impression than general ones1 and 7#c7 words that carry with them associated ideas and feelings are more effective than words that lack such intellectual and emotional connotation4 ,the rapid reader cannot stop to refer to the dictionary for words that he does not know4 ,although the special feature writer is limited to terms familiar to the average reader1 he need not confine himself to commonplace1 colloquial diction2 most readers know the meaning of many more words than they themselves use in everyday conversation4 ,in treating technical topics1 it is often necessary to employ some unfamiliar terms1 but these may readily be explained the first time they appear4 ,whenever the writer is in doubt as to whether or not his readers will understand a certain term1 the safest course is to explain it or to substitute one that is sure to be understood4 ,since most persons grasp concrete ideas more quickly than abstract ones1 specific words should be given the preference in popular articles4 ,to create concrete images must be the writer's constant aim4 ,instead of a general term like walk1 for example1 he should select a specific1 picture-making word such as hurry1 dash1 run1 race1 amble1 stroll1 stride1 shuffle1 shamble1 limp1 strut1 stalk4 ,for the word horse he may substitute a definite term like sorrel1 bay1 percheron1 nag1 charger1 steed1 broncho1 or pony4 ,in narrative and descriptive writing particularly1 it is necessary to use words that make pictures and that reproduce sounds and other sense impressions4 ,in the effort to make his diction specific1 however1 the writer must guard against bizarre effects and an excessive use of adjectives and adverbs4 ,verbs1 quite as much as nouns1 adjectives1 and adverbs1 produce clear1 vivid images when skillfully handled4 ,some words carry with them associated ideas and emotions1 while others do not4 ,the feelings and ideas thus associated with words constitute their emotional and intellectual connotation1 as distinct from their logical meaning1 or denotation4 ,the word home1 for example1 denotes simply one's place of residence1 but it connotes all the thoughts and feelings associated with one's own house and family circle4 ,such a word is said to have a rich emotional connotation because it arouses strong feeling4 ,it also has a rich intellectual connotation since it calls up many associated images4 ,words and phrases that are peculiar to the ,bible or to the church service carry with them mental images and emotions connected with religious worship4 ,in a personality sketch of a spiritual leader1 for example1 such words and phrases would be particularly effective to create the atmosphere with which such a man might very appropriately be invested4 ,since homely1 colloquial expressions have entirely different associations1 they would be entirely out of keeping with the tone of such a sketch1 unless the religious leader were an unconventional revivalist4 ,a single word with the wrong connotation may seriously affect the tone of a paragraph4 ,on the other hand1 words and phrases rich in appropriate suggestion heighten immeasurably the effectiveness of an article4 ,the value of concrete words is shown in the following paragraphs taken from a newspaper article describing a gas attack3 ,there was a faint green vapor1 which swayed and hung under the lee of the raised parapet two hundred yards away4 ,it increased in volume1 and at last rose high enough to be caught by the wind4 ,it strayed out in tattered yellowish streamers toward the ,english lines1 half dissipating itself in twenty yards1 until the steady outpour of the green smoke gave it reinforcement and it made headway4 ,then1 creeping forward from tuft to tuft1 and preceded by an acrid and parching whiff1 the curling and tumbling vapor reached the ,english lines in a wall twenty feet high4 ,as the grayish cloud drifted over the parapet1 there was a stifled call from some dozen men who had carelessly let their protectors drop4 ,the gas was terrible4 ,a breath of it was like a wolf at the throat1 like hot ashes in the windpipe4 ,the yellowish waves of gas became more greenish in color as fresh volumes poured out continually from the squat iron cylinders which had now been raised and placed outside the trenches by the ,germans4 ,the translucent flood flowed over the parapet1 linking at once on the inner side and forming vague1 gauzy pools and backwaters1 in which men stood knee deep while the lighter gas was blown in their faces over the parapet4 ,,faults ,,in ,,diction4 ,since newspaper reporters and correspondents are called upon day after day to write on similar events and to write at top speed1 they are prone to use the same words over and over again1 without making much of an effort to find the one noun that best expresses the idea1 the one verb needed to give it life1 and the one adjective to qualify it4 ,this tendency to use trite1 general1 woolly words instead of fresh1 concrete ones is not infrequently seen in special feature stories written by newspaper workers4 ,every writer who aims to give to his articles some distinction in style should guard against the danger of writing what has aptly been termed jargon4 ,to write jargon1 says ,sir ,arthur ,quiller-,couch in his book1 ,on the ,art of ,writing1 is to be perpetually shuffling around in the fog and cotton-wool of abstract terms4 ,so long as you prefer abstract words1 which express other men's summarized concepts of things1 to concrete ones which lie as near as can be reached to things themselves and are the first-hand material for your thoughts1 you will remain1 at the best1 writers at second-hand4 ,if your language be jargon1 your intellect1 if not your whole character1 will almost certainly correspond4 ,where your mind should go straight1 it will dodge2 the difficulties it should approach with a fair front and grip with a firm hand it will be seeking to evade or circumvent4 ,for the style is the man1 and where a man's treasure is there his heart1 and his brain1 and his writing1 will be also4 ,,figures ,,of ,,speech4 ,to most persons the term figure of speech suggests such figures as metonymy and synecdoche1 which they once learned to define1 but never thought of using voluntarily in their own writing4 ,figures of speech are too often regarded as ornaments suited only to poetry or poetical prose4 ,with these popular notions in mind1 a writer for newspapers and magazines may quite naturally conclude that figurative expressions have little or no practical value in his work4 ,figures of speech1 however1 are great aids1 not only to clearness and conciseness1 but to the vividness of an article4 ,they assist the reader to grasp ideas quickly and they stimulate his imagination and his emotions4 ,association of ideas is the principle underlying figurative expressions4 ,by a figure of speech a writer shows his readers the relation between a new idea and one already familiar to them4 ,an unfamiliar object1 for example1 is likened to a familiar one1 directly1 as in the simile1 or by implication1 as in the metaphor4 ,as the object brought into relation with the new idea is more familiar and more concrete1 the effect of the figure is to simplify the subject that is being explained1 and to make it more easy of comprehension4 ,a figure of speech makes both for conciseness and for economy of mental effort on the part of the reader4 ,to say in a personality sketch1 for example1 that the person looks like ,lincoln is the simplest1 most concise way of creating a mental picture4 ,or to describe a smoothly running electric motor as purring1 instantly makes the reader hear the sound4 ,scores of words may be saved1 and clearer1 more vivid impressions may be given1 by the judicious use of figures of speech4 ,as the familiar1 concrete objects introduced in figures frequently have associated emotions1 figurative expressions often make an emotional appeal4 ,again1 to say that a person looks like ,lincoln not only creates a mental picture but awakes the feelings generally associated with ,lincoln4 ,the result is that readers are inclined to feel toward the person so described as they feel toward ,lincoln4 ,even in practical articles1 figurative diction may not be amiss4 ,in explaining a method of splitting old kitchen boilers in order to make watering troughs1 a writer in a farm journal happily described a cold chisel as turning out a narrow shaving of steel and rolling it away much as the mold-board of a plow turns the furrow4 ,the stimulating effect of a paragraph abounding in figurative expressions is well illustrated by the following passage taken from a newspaper personality sketch of a popular pulpit orator3 ,his mind is all daylight4 ,there are no subtle half-tones1 or sensitive reserves1 or significant shadows of silence1 no landscape fading through purple mists to a romantic distance4 ,all is clear1 obvious1 emphatic4 ,there is little atmosphere and a lack of that humor that softens the contours of controversy4 ,his thought is simple and direct and makes its appeal1 not to culture1 but to the primitive emotions4 99 99 99 99 ,his strenuousness is a battle-cry to the crowd4 ,he keeps his passion white hot2 his body works like a windmill in a hurricane2 his eyes flash lightnings2 he seizes the enemy1 as it were1 by the throat1 pommels him with breathless blows1 and throws him aside a miserable wreck4 ,,sentences4 ,for rapid reading the prime requisite of a good sentence is that its grammatical structure shall be evident2 in other words1 that the reader shall be able at a glance to see the relation of its parts4 ,involved sentences that require a second perusal before they yield their meaning1 are clearly not adapted to the newspaper or magazine4 ,short sentences and those of medium length are1 as a rule1 more easily grasped than long ones1 but for rapid reading the structure of the sentence1 rather than its length1 is the chief consideration4 ,absolute clearness is of paramount importance4 ,in hurried reading the eye is caught by the first group of words at the beginning of a sentence4 ,these words make more of an impression on the reader's mind than do those in the middle or at the end of the sentence4 ,in all journalistic writing1 therefore1 the position of greatest emphasis is the beginning4 ,it is there that the most significant idea should be placed4 ,such an arrangement does not mean that the sentence need trail off loosely in a series of phrases and clauses4 ,firmness of structure can and should be maintained even though the strongest emphasis is at the beginning4 ,in revising his article a writer often finds that he may greatly increase the effectiveness of his sentences by so rearranging the parts as to bring the important ideas close to the beginning4 ,,length ,,of ,,the ,,sentence4 ,sentences may be classified according to length as 7#a7 short1 containing #ae words or less2 7#b7 medium1 from #ae to #cj words2 and 7#c7 long1 #cj words or more4 ,each of these types of sentence has its own peculiar advantages4 ,the short sentence1 because it is easily apprehended1 is more emphatic than a longer one4 ,used in combination with medium and long sentences it gains prominence by contrast4 ,it makes an emphatic beginning and a strong conclusion for a paragraph4 ,as the last sentence of an article it is a good snapper4 ,in contrast with longer statements1 it also serves as a convenient transition sentence4 ,the sentence of medium length lends itself readily to the expression of the average thought2 but when used continuously it gives to the style a monotony of rhythm that soon becomes tiresome4 ,the long sentence is convenient for grouping details that are closely connected4 ,in contrast with the rapid1 emphatic short sentence1 it moves slowly and deliberately1 and so is well adapted to the expression of dignified and impressive thoughts4 ,to prevent monotony1 variety of sentence length is desirable4 ,writers who unconsciously tend to use sentences of about the same length and of the same construction1 need to beware of this uniformity4 ,the skillful use of single short sentences1 of series of short sentences1 of medium1 and of long sentences1 to give variety1 to express thoughts effectively1 and to produce harmony between the movement of the style and the ideas advanced1 is well illustrated in the selection below4 ,it is the beginning of a personality sketch of ,william ,,ii1 the former ,german emperor1 published in the ,london ,daily ,news before the world war1 and written by ,mr4 ,a4,g4 ,gardiner1 the editor of that paper4 ,when ,i think of the ,kaiser ,i think of a bright ,may morning at ,potsdam4 ,it is the ,spring ,parade1 and across from where we are gathered under the windows of the old palace the household troops are drawn up on the great parade ground1 their helmets and banners and lances all astir in the jolly sunshine4 ,officers gallop hither and thither shouting commands4 ,regiments form and reform4 ,swords flash out and flash back again4 ,a noble background of trees frames the gay picture with cool green foliage4 ,there is a sudden stillness4 ,the closely serried ranks are rigid and moveless4 ,the shouts of command are silenced4 ,the ,kaiser4 ,he comes slowly up the parade ground on his white charger1 helmet and eagle flashing in the sunshine1 sitting his horse as if he lived in the saddle1 his face turned to his men as he passes by4 ,morgen1 meine ,kinder4 ,his salutation rings out at intervals in the clear morning air4 ,and back from the ranks in chorus comes the response3 ,morgen1 ,majestaet4 ,and as he rides on1 master of a million men1 the most powerful figure in ,europe1 reviewing his troops on the peaceful parade ground at ,potsdam1 one wonders whether the day will ever come when he will ride down those ranks on another errand1 and when that cheerful response of the soldiers will have in it the ancient ring of doom--,te morituri salutamus4 ,for answer1 let us look at this challenging figure on the white charger4 ,what is he8 ,what has he done8 ,by the three short sentences in the first paragraph beginning ,officers gallop1 the author depicts the rapid movement of the soldiers4 ,by the next three short sentences in the same paragraph beginning1 ,there is a sudden stillness1 he produces an impression of suspense4 ,to picture the ,kaiser coming up slowly1 he uses a long1 leisurely sentence4 ,the salutations ring out in short1 crisp sentences4 ,the more serious1 impressive thought of the possibility of war finds fitting expression in the long1 #fd-word sentence1 ending with the sonorous--ring of doom1 ,te morituri salutamus4 ,the transition between the introduction and the body of the sketch is accomplished by the last paragraph consisting of three short sentences1 in marked contrast with the climactic effect with which the description closed4 ,,paragraphs4 ,the paragraph is a device that aids a writer to convey to readers his thoughts combined in the same groups in which they are arranged in his own mind4 ,since a small group of thoughts is more easily grasped than a large one1 paragraphs in journalistic writing are usually considerably shorter than those of ordinary ,english prose4 ,in the narrow newspaper column1 there is room for only five or six words to a line4 ,a paragraph of #bej words1 which is the average length of the literary paragraph1 fills between forty and fifty lines of a newspaper column4 ,such paragraphs seem heavy and uninviting4 ,moreover1 the casual reader cannot readily comprehend and combine the various thoughts in so large a group of sentences4 ,although there is no standard column width for magazines1 the number of words in a line does not usually exceed eight4 ,a paragraph of #bej words that occupies #cj eight-word lines seems less attractive than one of half that length4 ,the normal paragraph in journalistic writing seldom exceeds #ajj words and not infrequently is much shorter4 ,as such a paragraph contains not more than four or five sentences1 the general reading public has little difficulty in comprehending it4 ,the beginning of the paragraph1 like the beginning of the sentence1 is the part that catches the eye4 ,significant ideas that need to be impressed upon the mind of the reader belong at the beginning4 ,if his attention is arrested and held by the first group of words1 he is likely to read on4 ,if the beginning does not attract him1 he skips down the column to the next paragraph1 glancing merely at enough words in the paragraph that he skips to get the drift of it4 ,an emphatic beginning for a paragraph will insure attention for its contents4 ,,revision4 ,it is seldom that the first draft of an article cannot be improved by a careful revision4 ,in going over his work1 word by word and sentence by sentence1 the writer will generally find many opportunities to increase the effectiveness of the structure and the style4 ,such revision1 moreover1 need not destroy the ease and naturalness of expression4 ,to improve the diction of his article1 the writer should eliminate 7#a7 superfluous words1 7#b7 trite phrases1 7#c7 general1 colorless words1 7#d7 terms unfamiliar to the average reader1 unless they are explained1 7#e7 words with a connotation inappropriate to the context1 7#f7 hackneyed and mixed metaphors4 ,the effectiveness of the expression may often be strengthened by the addition of specific1 picture-making1 imitative1 and connotative words1 as well as of figures of speech that clarify the ideas and stimulate the imagination4 ,sentences may frequently be improved 7#a7 by making their grammatical structure more evident1 7#b7 by breaking up long1 loose sentences into shorter ones1 7#c7 by using short sentences for emphasis1 7#d7 by varying the sentence length1 7#e7 by transferring important ideas to the beginning of the sentence4 ,every paragraph should be tested to determine whether or not it is a unified1 coherent group of thoughts1 containing not more than #ajj words1 with important ideas effectively massed at the beginning4 ,finally1 revision should eliminate all errors in grammar1 spelling1 punctuation1 and capitalization4 ,every minute spent in improving an article adds greatly to its chances of being accepted4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,titles ,,and ,,headlines ,,importance ,,of ,,head ,,and ,,title4 ,headlines or titles1 illustrations1 and names of authors are the three things that first catch the eye of the reader as he turns over the pages of a newspaper or magazine4 ,when the writer's name is unknown to him1 only the illustrations and the heading remain to attract his attention4 ,the attention-getting value of the headline is fully appreciated not only by newspaper and magazine editors but by writers of advertisements4 ,just as the striking heads on the front page of a newspaper increase its sales1 so1 also1 attractive titles on the cover of a magazine lead people to buy it1 and so1 too1 a good headline in an advertisement arouses interest in what the advertiser is trying to sell4 ,a good title adds greatly to the attractiveness of an article4 ,in the first place1 the title is the one thing that catches the eye of the editor or manuscript reader1 as he glances over the copy1 and if the title is good1 he carries over this favorable impression to the first page or two of the article itself4 ,to secure such favorable consideration for a manuscript among the hundreds that are examined in editorial offices1 is no slight advantage4 ,in the second place1 what is true of the editor and the manuscript is equally true of the reader and the printed article4 ,no writer can afford to neglect his titles4 ,,variety ,,in ,,form ,,and ,,style4 ,because newspapers and magazines differ in the size and the make-up of their pages1 there is considerable variety in the style of headlines and titles given to special feature articles4 ,some magazine sections of newspapers have the full-size page of the regular edition2 others have pages only half as large4 ,some newspapers use large eight-column display heads on their special articles1 while others confine their headlines for feature stories to a column or two4 ,some papers regularly employ sub-titles in their magazine sections1 corresponding to the lines1 banks1 and decks in their news headlines4 ,this variety in newspapers is matched by that in magazines4 ,despite these differences1 however1 there are a few general principles that apply to all kinds of titles and headlines for special feature articles4 ,,characteristics ,,of ,a ,,good ,,title4 ,to accomplish their purpose most effectively titles should be 7#a7 attractive1 7#b7 accurate1 7#c7 concise1 and 7#d7 concrete4 ,the attractiveness of a title is measured by its power to arrest attention and to lead to a reading of the article4 ,as a statement of the subject1 the title makes essentially the same appeal that the subject itself does2 that is1 it may interest the reader because the idea it expresses has timeliness1 novelty1 elements of mystery or romance1 human interest1 relation to the reader's life and success1 or connection with familiar or prominent persons or things4 ,not only the idea expressed1 but the way in which it is expressed1 may catch the eye4 ,by a figurative1 paradoxical1 or interrogative form1 the title may pique curiosity4 ,by alliteration1 balance1 or rhyme1 it may please the ear4 ,it permits the reader to taste1 in order to whet his appetite4 ,it creates desires that only the article can satisfy4 ,in an effort to make his titles attractive1 a writer must beware of sensationalism and exaggeration4 ,the lurid news headline on the front page of sensational papers has its counterpart in the equally sensational title in the ,sunday magazine section4 ,all that has been said concerning unwholesome subject-matter for special feature stories applies to sensational titles4 ,so1 too1 exaggerated1 misleading headlines on news and advertisements are matched by exaggerated1 misleading titles on special articles4 ,to state more than the facts warrant1 to promise more than can be given1 to arouse expectations that cannot be satisfied--all are departures from truth and honesty4 ,accuracy in titles involves1 not merely avoidance of exaggerated and misleading statement1 but complete harmony in tone and spirit between title and article4 ,when the story is familiar and colloquial in style1 the title should reflect that informality4 ,when the article makes a serious appeal1 the title should be dignified4 ,a good title1 in a word1 is true to the spirit as well as to the letter4 ,conciseness in titles is imposed on the writer by the physical limitations of type and page4 ,because the width of the column and of the page is fixed1 and because type is not made of rubber1 a headline must be built to fit the place it is to fill4 ,although in framing titles for articles it is not always necessary to conform to the strict requirements as to letters and spaces that limit the building of news headlines1 it is nevertheless important to keep within bounds4 ,a study of a large number of titles will show that they seldom contain more than three or four important words with the necessary connectives and particles4 ,short words1 moreover1 are preferred to long ones4 ,by analyzing the titles in the publication to which he plans to send his article1 a writer can frame his title to meet its typographical requirements4 ,the reader's limited power of rapid comprehension is another reason for brevity4 ,a short title consisting of a small group of words yields its meaning at a glance4 ,unless the reader catches the idea in the title quickly1 he is likely to pass on to something else4 ,here again short words have an advantage over long ones4 ,concreteness in titles makes for rapid comprehension and interest4 ,clean-cut mental images are called up by specific words2 vague ones usually result from general1 abstract terms4 ,clear mental pictures are more interesting than vague impressions4 ,,sub-,,titles4 ,sub-titles are often used to supplement and amplify the titles4 ,they are the counterparts of the decks and banks in news headlines4 ,their purpose is to give additional information1 to arouse greater interest1 and to assist in carrying the reader over1 as it were1 to the beginning of the article4 ,since sub-titles follow immediately after the title1 any repetition of important words is usually avoided4 ,it is desirable to maintain the same tone in both title and sub-title4 ,occasionally the two together make a continuous statement4 ,the length of the sub-title is generally about twice that of the title2 that is1 the average sub-title consists of from ten to twelve words1 including articles and connectives4 ,the articles1 a1 an1 and the1 are not as consistently excluded from sub-titles as they are from newspaper headlines4 ,,some ,,types ,,of ,,titles4 ,attempts to classify all kinds of headlines and titles involve difficulties similar to those already encountered in the effort to classify all types of beginnings4 ,nevertheless1 a separation of titles into fairly distinct1 if not mutually exclusive1 groups may prove helpful to inexperienced writers4 ,the following are the nine most distinctive types of titles3 7#a7 label2 7#b7 how and why statement2 7#c7 striking statement1 including figure of speech1 paradox1 and expression of great magnitude2 7#d7 quotation and paraphrase of quotation2 7#e7 question2 7#f7 direct address1 particularly in imperative form2 7#g7 alliteration2 7#h7 rhyme2 7#i7 balance4 ,the label title is a simple1 direct statement of the subject4 ,it has only as much interest and attractiveness as the subject itself possesses4 ,such titles are the following3 7#a7 ,,raising ,,guinea ,,pigs ,,for ,a ,,living ,one ,missouri ,man ,finds a ,ready ,market for ,all ,he ,can ,sell 7#b7 ,,human ,,nature ,,as ,,seen ,,by ,a ,,pullman ,,porter 7#c7 ,,the ,,financial ,,side ,,of ,,football 7#d7 ,,confessions ,,of ,,an ,,undergraduate 7#e7 ,,bee-,,keeping ,,on ,,shares 7#f7 ,a ,,community ,,wood-,,chopping ,,day 7#g7 ,,what ,a ,,woman ,,on ,,the ,,farm ,,thinks ,,of ,,price ,,fixing ,the how-to-do-something article may be given a how title that indicates the character of the contents2 for example3 7#a7 ,,how ,i ,,found ,,health ,,in ,,the ,,dentist',s ,,chair 7#b7 ,,how ,,to ,,store ,,your ,,car ,,in ,,winter 7#c7 ,,how ,a ,,farmer',s ,,wife ,,made #ee ,,extra 7#d7 ,,how ,,to ,,succeed ,,as ,a ,,writer ,woman ,who ,knew ,she ,could ,write ,tells ,how ,she ,began and ,finally ,got on the ,right ,road ,the how title may also be used for an article that explains some phenomenon or process4 ,examples of such titles are these3 7#a7 ,,how ,a ,,nettle ,,stings 7#b7 ,,how ,,ripe ,,olives ,,are ,,made 7#c7 ,,how ,,the ,,freight ,,car ,,gets ,,home ,articles that undertake to give causes and reasons are appropriately given why titles like the following3 7#a7 ,,why ,,caviar ,,costs ,,so ,,much 7#b7 ,,why ,i ,,like ,a ,,round ,,barn 7#c7 ,,why ,,the ,,coal ,,supply ,,is ,,short ,a title may attract attention because of the striking character of the idea it expresses2 for example3 7#a7 ,,wanted3 #ej1jjj ,,men 7#b7 #bjj ,,bushels ,,of ,,corn ,,per ,,acre 7#c7 ,,fire ,,writes ,a ,,heart',s ,,record 7#d7 ,,the ,,psychology ,,of ,,second ,,helpings ,the paradoxical form of title piques curiosity by seeming to make a self-contradictory statement1 as1 for example1 the following3 7#a7 ,,ships ,,of ,,stone ,seaworthy ,concrete ,vessels an ,accomplished ,fact 7#b7 ,,christian ,,pagans 7#c7 ,a ,,telescope ,,that ,,points ,,downward 7#d7 ,,seeing ,,with ,,your ,,ears 7#e7 ,,making ,,sailors ,,without ,,ships 7#f7 ,,how ,,to ,,be ,,at ,,home ,,while ,,traveling 7#g7 ,,canal-,,boats ,,that ,,climb ,,hills ,a striking figure of speech in a title stimulates the reader's imagination and arouses his interest2 for example3 7#a7 ,,pulling ,,the ,,river',s ,,teeth 7#b7 ,,the ,,old ,,house ,,with ,,two ,,faces 7#c7 ,,the ,,honey-,,bee ,,savings ,,bank 7#d7 ,,riding ,,on ,,bubbles 7#e7 ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,nitrogen ,a familiar quotation may be used for the title and may stand alone1 but often a sub-title is desirable to show the application of the quotation to the subject1 thus3 7#a7 ,,the ,,shot ,,heard ',,round ,,the ,,world ,america's ,first ,victory in ,france 7#b7 ,,all ,,wool ,,and ,a ,,yard ,,wide ,what ,all ,wool ,really ,means and ,why ,shoddy is ,necessary 7#c7 ,,the ,,servant ,,in ,,the ,,house ,and ,why ,she ,won't ,stay in the ,house ,a well-known quotation or common saying may be paraphrased in a novel way to attract attention2 for example3 7#a7 ,,forward6 ,,the ,,tractor ,,brigade 7#b7 ,,it',s ,,lo1 ,,the ,,rich ,,indian 7#c7 ,,learning ,,by ,,undoing 7#d7 ,,the ,,guileless ,,spider ,,and ,,the ,,wily ,,fly ,entomology ,modifies our ,ideas of the ,famous ,parlor ,since every question is like a riddle1 a title in question form naturally leads the reader to seek the answer in the article itself4 ,the directness of appeal may be heightened by addressing the question to the reader with you1 your1 or by presenting it from the reader's point of view with the use of ,i1 we1 or ours4 ,the sub-title may be another question or an affirmation1 but should not attempt to answer the question4 ,the following are typical question titles and sub-titles3 7#a7 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,fair ,,price ,,for ,,milk8 7#b7 ,,how ,,much ,,heat ,,is ,,there ,,in ,,your ,,coal8 7#c7 ,,who',s ,,the ,,best ,,boss8 ,would ,you ,rather ,work ,for a ,man or ,for a ,machine8 7#d7 ,,she ,,sank ,,by ,,the ,,bow--,,but ,,why8 7#e7 ,,how ,,shall ,,we ,,keep ,,warm ,,this ,,winter8 7#f7 ,,does ,,deep ,,plowing ,,pay8 ,what ,some ,recent ,tests ,have ,demonstrated 7#g7 ,,shall ,i ,,start ,a ,,canning ,,business8 ,the reader may be addressed in an imperative form of title1 as well as in a question1 as the following titles show3 7#a7 ,,blame ,,the ,,sun ,,spots ,solar ,upheavals ,that ,make ,mischief on the ,earth 7#b7 ,,eat ,,sharks ,,and ,,tan ,,their ,,skins 7#c7 ,,hoe6 ,,hoe6 ,,for ,,uncle ,,sam 7#d7 ,,don',t ,,jump ,,out ,,of ,,bed ,give ,your ,subconscious ,self a ,chance to ,awake ,gradually 7#e7 ,,raise ,,fish ,,on ,,your ,,farm 7#f7 ,,better ,,stop6 ,,look6 ,,and ,,listen6 ,the attractiveness of titles may be heightened by such combinations of sounds as alliteration and rhyme1 or by rhythm such as is produced by balanced elements4 ,the following examples illustrate the use of alliteration1 rhyme1 and balance3 7#a7 ,,the ,,lure ,,of ,,the ,,latch 7#b7 ,,the ,,diminishing ,,dollar 7#c7 ,,tracing ,,telephone ,,troubles 7#d7 ,,boy ,,culture ,,and ,,agriculture 7#e7 ,a ,,little ,,bill ,,against ,,billboards 7#f7 ,,every ,,campus ,a ,,camp 7#g7 ,,labor-,,lighteners ,,and ,,home-,,brighteners 7#h7 ,,the ,,artillery ,,mill ,,at ,,old ,,fort ,,sill ,how ,uncle ,sam is ,training ,his ,field ,artillery ,officers 7#i7 ,,scholars ,,vs4 ,,dollars 7#aj7 ,,war ,,on ,,pests ,when the ,spray ,gun's ,away1 ,crop ,enemies ,play 7#aa7 ,,more ,,heat ,,and ,,less ,,coal 7#ab7 ,,grain ,,alcohol ,,from ,,green ,,garbage ,,how ,,to ,,frame ,a ,,title4 ,the application of the general principles governing titles may best be shown by means of an article for which a title is desired4 ,a writer1 for example1 has prepared a popular article on soil analysis as a means of determining what chemical elements different kinds of farm land need to be most productive4 ,a simple label title like ,the ,value of ,soil ,analysis1 obviously would not attract the average person1 and probably would interest only the more enterprising of farmers4 ,the analysis of soil not unnaturally suggests the diagnosis of human disease2 and the remedying of worn-out1 run-down farm land by applying such chemicals as phosphorus and lime1 is analogous to the physician's prescription of tonics for a run-down1 anaemic person4 ,these ideas may readily be worked out as the following titles show3 7#a7 ,,prescribing ,,for ,,run-,,down ,,land ,what the ,soil ,doctor is ,doing to ,improve ,our ,farms 7#b7 ,,the ,,soil ,,doctor ,,and ,,his ,,tonics ,prescribing ,remedies for ,worn-,out ,farm ,land 7#c7 ,,diagnosing ,,ills ,,of ,,the ,,soil ,science ,offers ,remedies for ,depleted ,farms ,other figurative titles like the following may be developed without much effort from the ideas that soil gets tired1 wears out1 and needs to be fed3 7#a7 ,,when ,,farm ,,land ,,gets ,,tired ,scientists ,find ,causes of ,exhausted ,fields 7#b7 ,,fields ,,won',t ,,wear ,,out ,if the ,warnings of ,soil ,experts ,are ,heeded 7#c7 ,,balanced ,,rations ,,for ,,the ,,soil ,why the ,feeding of ,farm ,land is ,necessary for ,good ,crops ,,chapter ,x ,,preparing ,,and ,,selling ,,the ,,manuscript ,,importance ,,of ,,good ,,manuscript4 ,after an article has been carefully revised1 it is ready to be copied in the form in which it will be submitted to editors4 ,because hundreds of contributions are examined every day in editorial offices of large publications1 manuscripts should be submitted in such form that their merits can be ascertained as easily and as quickly as possible4 ,a neatly and carefully prepared manuscript is likely to receive more favorable consideration than a badly typed one4 ,the impression produced by the external appearance of a manuscript as it comes to an editor's table is comparable to that made by the personal appearance of an applicant for a position as he enters an office seeking employment4 ,in copying his article1 therefore1 a writer should keep in mind the impression that it will make in the editorial office4 ,,form ,,for ,,manuscripts4 ,editors expect all manuscripts to be submitted in typewritten form4 ,every person who aspires to write for publication should learn to use a typewriter4 ,until he has learned to type his work accurately1 he must have a good typist copy it for him4 ,a good typewriter with clean type and a fresh1 black1 non-copying ribbon produces the best results4 ,the following elementary directions apply to the preparation of all manuscripts3 7#a7 write on only one side of the paper2 7#b7 allow a margin of about three quarters of an inch on all sides of the page2 7#c7 double space the lines in order to leave room for changes1 sub-heads1 and other editing4 ,unruled white bond paper of good quality in standard letter size1 #ha_/b by #aa inches1 is the most satisfactory4 ,a high grade of paper not only gives the manuscript a good appearance but stands more handling and saves the recopying of returned manuscripts4 ,a carbon copy should be made of every manuscript so that1 if the original copy goes astray in the mail or in an editorial office1 the writer's work will not have been in vain4 ,the carbon copy can also be used later for comparison with the printed article4 ,such a comparison will show the writer the amount and character of the editing that was deemed necessary to adapt the material to the publication in which it appears4 ,a cover sheet of the same paper is a convenient device4 ,it not only gives the editorial reader some information in regard to the article1 but it protects the manuscript itself4 ,frequently1 for purposes of record1 manuscripts are stamped or marked in editorial offices1 but if a cover page is attached1 the manuscript itself is not defaced4 ,when an article is returned1 the writer needs to recopy only the cover page before starting the manuscript on its next journey4 ,the form for such a cover page is given on page #ahd4 ,the upper half of the first page of the manuscript should be left blank1 so that the editor may write a new title and sub-title if he is not satisfied with those supplied by the author4 ,the title1 the sub-title1 and the author's name should be repeated at the beginning of the article in the middle of the first page1 even though they have been given on the cover page4 ,at the left-hand side1 close to the top of each page after the first1 should be placed the writer's last name followed by a dash and the title of the article1 thus3 ,milton--,confessions of a ,freshman4 ,the pages should be numbered in the upper right-hand corner4 ,by these simple means the danger of losing a page in the editorial offices is reduced to a minimum4 ,to be paid for at usual ,written for ,the ,outlook rates1 or to be returned with the ten 7#aj7 cents in stamps enclosed1 to ,arthur ,w4 ,milton1 #ehb ,wilson ,street1 ,des ,moines1 ,iowa4 ,,confessions ,,of ,a ,,freshman ,why ,i ,was ,dropped ,from ,college at the ,end of ,my ,first ,year ,by ,arthur ,w4 ,milton 7,note4 ,this article is based on the writer's own experience in a large ,middle ,western state university1 and the statistics have been obtained from the registrars of four state universities4 ,it contains #b1gej words47 ,four 7#d7 ,photographs are ,enclosed1 as follows3 #a4 ,how ,i ,decorated ,my ,room #b4 ,i ,spent ,hours ,learning to ,play ,my ,ukelele #c4 ,when ,i ,made the ,freshman ,team #d4 ,cramming ,for ,my ,final ,exams ,,typographical ,,style4 ,every newspaper and magazine has its own distinct typographical style in capitalization1 abbreviation1 punctuation1 hyphenation1 and the use of numerical figures4 ,some newspapers and periodicals have a style book giving rules for the preparation and editing of copy4 ,a careful reading of several issues of a publication will show a writer the salient features of its typographical style4 ,it is less important1 however1 to conform to the typographical peculiarities of any one publication than it is to follow consistently the commonly accepted rules of capitalization1 punctuation1 abbreviation1 and unreformed spelling4 ,printers prefer to have each page end with a complete sentence4 ,at the close of the article it is well to put the end mark 774 ,when a special feature story for newspaper publication must be prepared so hastily that there is no time to copy the first draft1 it may be desirable to revise the manuscript by using the marks commonly employed in editing copy4 ,these are as follows3 american ,three short lines under a letter or a word indicate that it is to be set in - capital letters2 thus1 ,american4 ,new ,york ,times ,two short lines under a letter or a word indicate that it is to be set in - - - small capital letters2 thus1 ,,new ,,york ,,times4 sine qua non ,one line under a word or words indicates ---- --- --- that it is to be set in italics2 thus1 sine qua non4 ,he is a _/,sophomore ,an oblique line drawn from right to left through a capital letter indicates that it is to be set in lower case2 thus1 ,he is a sophomore4 ,there are #aj in a bu4 ,a circle around numerical figures or ---- ----- abbreviations indicates that they are to be spelled out2 thus1 ,there are ten in a bushel4 ,professor ,a4,b4,smith is sixty4 ,a circle around words or figures ----------- ------- spelled out indicates that they are to be abbreviated or that numerical figures are to be used2 thus1 ,prof4 ,a4,b4 ,smith is #fj4 not a ,it is complimentry to him ,a caret is placed at the point in the line where the letters or words written above the line are to be inserted2 thus1 ,it is not complimentary to him4 to carefully,xstudy ,a line encircling two or more words ---------- ------ like an elongated figure #h indicates that the words are to be transposed2 thus1 to study carefully4 to77morrow ,half circles connecting words or letters indicate that they are to be brought together2 thus1 tomorrow4 all_/right ,a vertical line between parts of a word shows that the parts are to be separated2 thus1 all right4 ,u ,s #d per cent4 bonds ,a small cross or a period in a circle x x may be used to show that a period is to be used2 thus1 ,u4,s4 #d per cent4 bonds4 7,yes1 '7,love laughs at lock- ,quotation marks are often enclosed smiths7'1 you know71 he replied4 in half circles to indicate whether they are beginning or end marks4 ,how old are you8 he asked4 ,the paragraph mark 77 or the ,sixteen1 she said4 sign may be used to call attention to the beginning of a new paragraph4 ,,mailing ,,manuscripts4 ,since manuscripts are written matter1 they must be sent sealed as first-class mail at letter rates of postage4 ,for the return of rejected articles stamps may be attached to the cover page by means of a clip1 or a self-addressed envelope with stamps affixed may be enclosed4 ,the writer's name and address should always be given on the envelope in which the manuscript is sent to the publishers4 ,the envelope containing the article should be addressed to the ,editor of a magazine or to the ,sunday ,editor of a newspaper1 as nothing is gained by addressing him or her by name4 ,if a writer knows an editor personally or has had correspondence with him in regard to a particular article1 it may be desirable to send the manuscript to him personally4 ,an accompanying letter is not necessary1 for the cover page of the manuscript gives the editor and his assistants all the information that they need4 ,articles consisting of only a few pages may be folded twice and mailed in a long envelope2 bulkier manuscripts should be folded once and sent in a manila manuscript envelope4 ,photographs of sizes up to #e x #g inches may be placed in a manuscript that is folded once1 with a single piece of stout cardboard for protection4 ,when larger photographs1 up to #h x #aj inches1 accompany the article1 the manuscript must be sent unfolded1 with two pieces of cardboard to protect the pictures4 ,manuscripts should never be rolled4 ,,how ,,manuscripts ,,are ,,handled4 ,in order to handle hundreds of manuscripts as expeditiously as possible1 most large editorial offices have worked out systems that1 though differing slightly1 are essentially the same4 ,when a manuscript is received1 a record is made of it on a card or in a book1 with the name and address of the author1 the title and character of the contribution1 and the time of its receipt4 ,the same data are entered on a blank that is attached to the manuscript by a clip4 ,on this blank are left spaces for comments by each of the editorial assistants who read and pass upon the article4 ,after these records have been made1 the manuscript is given to the first editorial reader4 ,he can determine by glancing at the first page or two whether or not the article is worth further consideration4 ,of the thousands of contributions of all kinds submitted1 a considerable proportion are not in the least adapted to the periodical to which they have been sent4 ,the first reader1 accordingly1 is scarcely more than a skilled sorter who separates the possible from the impossible4 ,all manuscripts that are clearly unacceptable are turned over to a clerk to be returned with a rejection slip4 ,when an article appears to have merit1 the first reader looks over it a second time and adds a brief comment1 which he signs with his initials4 ,the manuscript is then read and commented on by other editorial readers before it reaches the assistant editor4 ,the best of the contributions are submitted to the editor for a final decision4 ,by such a system every meritorious contribution is considered carefully by several critics before it is finally accepted or rejected4 ,moreover1 the editor and the assistant editor have before them the comments of several readers with which to compare their own impressions4 ,in newspaper offices manuscripts are usually sorted by the assistant ,sunday editor1 or assistant magazine editor1 and are finally accepted or rejected by the ,sunday or magazine editor4 ,,rejected ,,manuscripts4 ,in rejecting contributions1 editorial offices follow various methods4 ,the commonest one is to send the author a printed slip expressing regret that the manuscript is not acceptable and encouraging him to submit something else4 ,some ingenious editors have prepared a number of form letters to explain to contributors the various reasons why their manuscripts are unacceptable4 ,the editorial assistant who rejects an unsuitable article indicates by number which of these form letters is to be sent to the author4 ,a few editors send a personal letter to every contributor4 ,sometimes an editor in rejecting a contribution will suggest some publication to which it might be acceptable4 ,if a manuscript has merit but is not entirely satisfactory1 he may suggest that it be revised and submitted to him again4 ,,keeping ,a ,,manuscript ,,record4 ,every writer who intends to carry on his work in a systematic manner should keep a manuscript record1 to assist him in marketing his articles to the best advantage4 ,either a book or a card index may be used4 ,the purpose of such a record is to show 7#a7 the length of time required by various publications to make a decision on contributions2 7#b7 the rate and the time of payment of each periodical2 7#c7 the present whereabouts of his manuscript and the periodicals to which it has already been submitted4 ,it is important for a writer to know how soon he may expect a decision on his contributions4 ,if he has prepared an article that depends on timeliness for its interest1 he cannot afford to send it to an editor who normally takes three or four weeks to make a decision4 ,another publication to which his article is equally well adapted1 he may find from his manuscript record1 accepts or rejects contributions within a week or ten days4 ,naturally he will send his timely article to the publication that makes the quickest decision4 ,if that publication rejects it1 he will still have time enough to try it elsewhere4 ,his experience with different editors1 as recorded in his manuscript record1 often assists him materially in placing his work to the best advantage4 ,the rate and the time of payment for contributions are also worth recording4 ,when an article is equally well suited to two or more periodicals1 a writer will naturally be inclined to send it first to the publication that pays the highest price and that pays on acceptance4 ,a manuscript record also indicates where each one of a writer's articles is at a given moment1 and by what publications it has been rejected4 ,for such data he cannot afford to trust his memory4 ,a writer may purchase a manuscript record book or may prepare his own book or card index4 ,at the top of each page or card is placed the title of the article1 followed by the number of words that it contains1 the number of illustrations that accompany it1 and the date on which it was completed4 ,on the lines under the title are written in turn the names of the periodicals to which the manuscript is submitted1 with 7#a7 the dates on which it was submitted and returned or rejected2 7#b7 the rate and the time of payment2 and 7#c7 any remarks that may prove helpful4 ,a convenient form for such a page or card is shown on the next page3 ,confessions of a ,freshman4 #b1gej ,words4 #d ,photos4 ,written1 ,jan4 #ah1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sent ,returned,accepted,paid ,amount,remarks ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,the ,outlook #a_/ah_/ai #a_/cj_/ai ,the ,independent #a_/ca_/ai #b_/aj_/ai ,the ,kansas ,city ,star#b_/ab_/ai #b_/ah_/ai #c_/ab_/ai #i4ej #d a col4 ,,accepted ,,manuscripts4 ,contributions accepted for publication are paid for at the time of their acceptance1 at the time of their publication1 or at some fixed date in the month following their acceptance or publication4 ,nearly all well-established periodicals pay for articles when they are accepted4 ,some publications do not pay until the article is printed1 a method obviously less satisfactory to a writer than prompt payment1 since he may have to wait a year or more for his money4 ,newspapers pay either on acceptance or before the tenth day of the month following publication4 ,the latter arrangement grows out of the practice of paying correspondents between the first and the tenth of each month for the work of the preceding month4 ,after a manuscript has been accepted1 a writer usually has no further responsibility concerning it4 ,some magazines submit galley proofs to the author for correction and for any changes that he cares to make4 ,it is desirable to make as few alterations as possible to avoid the delay and expense of resetting the type4 ,corrected proofs should be returned promptly4 ,unless specific stipulations are made to the contrary by the author1 an article on being accepted by a periodical becomes its property and cannot be republished without its consent4 ,usually an editor will grant an author permission to reprint an article in book or pamphlet form4 ,by copyrighting each issue1 as most magazines and some newspapers do1 the publishers establish fully their rights to an author's work4 ,,syndicating ,,articles4 ,by sending copies of his articles to a number of newspapers for simultaneous publication1 a writer of special feature stories for newspapers may add to his earnings4 ,this method is known as syndicating4 ,it is made possible by the fact that the circulation of newspapers is largely local4 ,since1 for example1 ,chicago papers are not read in ,new ,york1 or ,minneapolis papers in ,st4 ,louis1 these papers may well publish the same articles on the same day4 ,organized newspaper syndicates furnish many papers with reading matter of all kinds4 ,the same article must not1 however1 be sent to more than one magazine1 but a single subject may be used for two entirely different articles intended for two magazines4 ,if two articles are written on the same subject1 different pictures should be secured1 so that it will not be necessary to send copies of the same illustrations to two magazines4 ,agricultural journals with a distinctly sectional circulation do not object to using syndicated articles1 provided that the journals to which the article is sent do not circulate in the same territory4 ,if a writer desires to syndicate his work1 he must conform to several requirements4 ,first1 he must make as many good copies as he intends to send out and must secure separate sets of photographs to accompany each one4 ,second1 he must indicate clearly on each copy the fact that he is syndicating the article and that he is sending it to only one paper in a city4 ,a special feature story1 for instance1 sent to the ,kansas ,city ,star for publication in its ,sunday edition1 he would mark1 ,exclusive for ,kansas ,city4 ,release for ,publication1 ,sunday1 ,january #ai4 ,third1 he must send out the copies sufficiently far in advance of the release date to enable all of the papers to arrange for the publication of the article on that day4 ,for papers with magazine sections that are made up a week or more before the day of publication1 articles should be in the office of the editor at least two weeks before the release date4 ,for papers that make up their ,sunday issues only a few days in advance1 articles need be submitted only a week before the publication day4 ,,selling ,,articles ,,to ,,syndicates4 ,the syndicates that supply newspapers with various kinds of material1 including special feature stories1 are operated on the same principle that governs the syndicating of articles by the writer himself4 ,that is1 they furnish their features to a number of different papers for simultaneous publication4 ,since1 however1 they sell the same material to many papers1 they can afford to do so at a comparatively low price and still make a fair profit4 ,to protect their literary property1 they often copyright their features1 and a line of print announcing this fact is often the only indication in a newspaper that the matter was furnished by a syndicate4 ,among the best-known newspaper syndicates are the ,newspaper ,enterprise ,association1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio2 the ,mc,clure ,newspaper ,syndicate1 ,new ,york2 and the ,newspaper ,feature ,service1 ,new ,york4 ,a number of large newspapers1 like the ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 the ,philadelphia ,ledger1 and the ,new ,york ,tribune1 syndicate their popular features to papers in other cities4 ,a writer may submit his special feature stories to one of the newspaper syndicates just as he would send it to a newspaper or magazine4 ,these organizations usually pay well for acceptable manuscripts4 ,it is not as easy1 however1 to discover the needs and general policy of each syndicate as it is those of papers and magazines1 because frequently there is no means of identifying their articles when they are printed in newspapers4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,photographs ,,and ,,other ,,illustrations ,,value ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,the perfecting of photo-engraving processes for making illustrations has been one of the most important factors in the development of popular magazines and of magazine sections of newspapers1 for good pictures have contributed largely to their success4 ,with the advent of the half-tone process a generation ago1 and with the more recent application of the rotogravure process to periodical publications1 comparatively cheap and rapid methods of illustration were provided4 ,newspapers and magazines have made extensive use of both these processes4 ,the chief value of illustrations for special articles lies in the fact that they present graphically what would require hundreds of words to describe4 ,ideas expressed in pictures can be grasped much more readily than ideas expressed in words4 ,as an aid to rapid reading illustrations are unexcelled4 ,in fact1 so effective are pictures as a means of conveying facts that whole sections of magazines and ,sunday newspapers are given over to them exclusively4 ,illustrations constitute a particularly valuable adjunct to special articles4 ,good reproductions of photographs printed in connection with the articles assist readers to visualize and to understand what a writer is undertaking to explain4 ,so fully do editors realize the great attractiveness of illustrations1 that they will buy articles accompanied by satisfactory photographs more readily than they will those without illustrations4 ,excellent photographs will sometimes sell mediocre articles1 and meritorious articles may even be rejected because they lack good illustrations4 ,in preparing his special feature stories1 a writer will do well to consider carefully the number and character of the illustrations necessary to give his work the strongest possible appeal4 ,,securing ,,photographs4 ,inexperienced writers are often at a loss to know how to secure good photographs4 ,professional photographers will1 as a rule1 produce the best results1 but amateur writers often hesitate to incur the expense involved1 especially when they feel uncertain about selling their articles4 ,if prints can be obtained from negatives that photographers have taken for other purposes1 the cost is so small that a writer can afford to risk the expenditure4 ,money spent for good photographs is usually money well spent4 ,every writer of special articles should become adept in the use of a camera4 ,with a little study and practice1 any one can take photographs that will reproduce well for illustrations4 ,one advantage to a writer of operating his own camera is that he can take pictures on the spur of the moment when he happens to see just what he needs4 ,unconventional pictures caught at the right instant often make the best illustrations4 ,the charges for developing films and for making prints and enlargements are now so reasonable that a writer need not master these technicalities in order to use a camera of his own4 ,if he has time and interest1 however1 he may secure the desired results more nearly by developing and printing his own pictures4 ,satisfactory pictures can be obtained with almost any camera1 but one with a high-grade lens and shutter is the best for all kinds of work4 ,a pocket camera so equipped is very convenient4 ,if a writer can afford to make a somewhat larger initial investment1 he will do well to buy a camera of the so-called reflex type4 ,despite its greater weight and bulk1 as compared with pocket cameras1 it has the advantage of showing the picture full size1 right side up1 on the top of the camera1 until the very moment that the button is pressed4 ,these reflex cameras are equipped with the fastest types of lens and shutter1 and thus are particularly well adapted to poorly lighted and rapidly moving objects4 ,a tripod should be used whenever possible4 ,a hastily taken snap shot often proves unsatisfactory1 whereas1 if the camera had rested on a tripod1 and if a slightly longer exposure had been given1 a good negative would doubtless have resulted4 ,,requirements ,,for ,,photographs4 ,all photographs intended for reproduction by the half-tone or the rotogravure process should conform to certain requirements4 ,first3 ,the standard size of photographic prints to be used for illustrations is #e x #g inches1 but two smaller sizes1 #d x #e and #ca_/b x #ea_/b1 as well as larger sizes such as #fa_/b x #ha_/b and #h x #aj1 are also acceptable4 ,professional photographers generally make their negatives for illustrations in the sizes1 #e x #g1 #fa_/b x #ha_/b1 and #h x #aj4 ,if a writer uses a pocket camera taking pictures smaller than post-card size 7#ca_/b x #ea_/b71 he must have his negatives enlarged to one of the above standard sizes4 ,second3 ,photographic prints for illustrations should have a glossy surface2 that is1 they should be what is known as gloss prints4 ,prints on rough paper seldom reproduce satisfactorily2 they usually result in muddy illustrations4 ,prints may be mounted or unmounted2 unmounted ones cost less and require less postage1 but are more easily broken in handling4 ,third3 ,objects in the photograph should be clear and well defined2 this requires a sharp negative4 ,for newspaper illustrations it is desirable to have prints with a stronger contrast between the dark and the light parts of the picture than is necessary for the finer half-tones and rotogravures used in magazines4 ,fourth3 ,photographs must have life and action4 ,pictures of inanimate objects in which neither persons nor animals appear1 seem dead and unattractive to the average reader4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 to have at least one person in every photograph4 ,informal1 unconventional pictures in which the subjects seem to have been caught unawares1 are far better than those that appear to have been posed4 ,good snap-shots of persons in characteristic surroundings are always preferable to cabinet photographs4 ,action pictures are what all editors and all readers want4 ,fifth3 ,pictures must tell the story2 that is1 they should illustrate the phase of the subject that they are designed to make clear4 ,unless a photograph has illustrative value it fails to accomplish the purpose for which it is intended4 ,,captions ,,for ,,illustrations4 ,on the back of a photograph intended for reproduction the author should write or type a brief explanation of what it represents4 ,if he is skillful in phrasing this explanation1 or caption1 as it is called1 the editor will probably use all or part of it just as it stands4 ,if his caption is unsatisfactory1 the editor will have to write one based on the writer's explanation4 ,a clever caption adds much to the attractiveness of an illustration4 ,a caption should not be a mere label1 but1 like a photograph1 should have life and action4 ,it either should contain a verb of action or should imply one4 ,in this and other respects1 it is not unlike the newspaper headline4 ,instead1 for example1 of the label title1 ,a ,large ,gold ,dredge in ,alaska1 a photograph was given the caption1 ,digs ,out a ,fortune ,daily4 ,a picture of a young woman feeding chickens in a backyard poultry run that accompanied an article entitled ,did ,you ,ever ,think of a ,meat ,garden8 was given the caption ,fresh ,eggs and ,chicken ,dinners ,reward ,her ,labor4 ,to illustrate an article on the danger of the pet cat as a carrier of disease germs1 a photograph of a child playing with a cat was used with the caption1 ,how ,epidemics ,start4 ,a portrait of a housewife who uses a number of labor-saving devices in her home bore the legend1 ,she is ,reducing ,housekeeping to a ,science4 ,a ,smoking ,chimney is a ,bad ,sign was the caption under a photograph of a chimney pouring out smoke1 which was used to illustrate an article on how to save coal4 ,longer captions describing in detail the subject illustrated by the photograph1 are not uncommon2 in fact1 as more and more pictures are being used1 there is a growing tendency to place a short statement1 or overline1 above the illustration and to add to the amount of descriptive matter in the caption below it4 ,this is doubtless due to two causes3 the increasing use of illustrations unaccompanied by any text except the caption1 and the effort to attract the casual reader by giving him a taste1 as it were1 of what the article contains4 ,,drawings ,,for ,,illustrations4 ,diagrams1 working drawings1 floor plans1 maps1 or pen-and-ink sketches are necessary to illustrate some articles4 ,articles of practical guidance often need diagrams4 ,trade papers like to have their articles illustrated with reproductions of record sheets and blanks designed to develop greater efficiency in office or store management4 ,if a writer has a little skill in drawing1 he may prepare in rough form the material that he considers desirable for illustration1 leaving to the artists employed by the publication the work of making drawings suitable for reproduction4 ,a writer who has had training in pen-and-ink drawing may prepare his own illustrations4 ,such drawings should be made on bristol board with black drawing ink1 and should be drawn two or three times as large as they are intended to appear when printed4 ,if record sheets are to be used for illustration1 the ruling should be done with black drawing ink1 and the figures and other data should be written in with the same kind of ink4 ,typewriting on blanks intended for reproduction should be done with a fresh record black ribbon4 ,captions are necessary on the back of drawings as well as on photographs4 ,,mailing ,,photographs ,,and ,,drawings4 ,it is best to mail flat all photographs and drawings up to #h x #aj in size1 in the envelope with the manuscript1 protecting them with pieces of stout cardboard4 ,only very large photographs or long1 narrow panoramic ones should be rolled and mailed in a heavy cardboard tube1 separate from the manuscript4 ,the writer's name and address1 as well as the title of the article to be illustrated1 should be written on the back of every photograph and drawing4 ,as photographs and drawings are not ordinarily returned when they are used with an article that is accepted1 writers should not promise to return such material to the persons from whom they secure it4 ,copies can almost always be made from the originals when persons furnishing writers with photographs and drawings desire to have the originals kept in good condition4 ,,part ,,ii ,,an ,,outline ,,for ,,the ,,analysis ,,of ,,special ,,feature ,,articles ,i4 ,,sources ,,of ,,material #a4 ,what appears to have suggested the subject to the writer8 #b4 ,how much of the article was based on his personal experience8 #c4 ,how much of it was based on his personal observations8 #d4 ,was any of the material obtained from newspapers or periodicals8 #e4 ,what portions of the article were evidently obtained by interviews8 #f4 ,what reports1 documents1 technical periodicals1 and books of reference were used as sources in preparing the article8 #g4 ,does the article suggest to you some sources from which you might obtain material for your own articles8 ,,ii4 ,,interest ,,and ,,appeal #a4 ,is there any evidence that the article was timely when it was published8 #b4 ,is the article of general or of local interest8 #c4 ,does it seem to be particularly well adapted to the readers of the publication in which it was printed8 ,why8 #d4 ,what1 for the average reader1 is the source of interest in the article8 #e4 ,does it have more than one appeal8 #f4 ,is the subject so presented that the average reader is led to see its application to himself and to his own affairs8 #g4 ,could an article on the same subject1 or on a similar one1 be written for a newspaper in your section of the country8 #h4 ,what possible subjects does the article suggest to you8 ,,iii4 ,,purpose #a4 ,did the writer aim to entertain1 to inform1 or to give practical guidance8 #b4 ,does the writer seem to have had a definitely formulated purpose8 #c4 ,how would you state this apparent purpose in one sentence8 #d4 ,is the purpose a worthy one8 #e4 ,did the writer accomplish his purpose8 #f4 ,does the article contain any material that seems unnecessary to the accomplishment of the purpose8 ,,iv4 ,,type ,,of ,,article #a4 ,to which type does this article conform8 #b4 ,is there any other type better adapted to the subject and material8 #c4 ,how far did the character of the subject determine the methods of treatment8 #d4 ,what other methods might have been used to advantage in presenting this subject8 #e4 ,is the article predominantly narrative1 descriptive1 or expository8 #f4 ,to what extent are narration and description used for expository purposes8 #g4 ,are concrete examples and specific instances employed effectively8 #h4 ,by what means are the narrative passages made interesting8 #i4 ,do the descriptive parts of the article portray the impressions vividly8 ,v4 ,,structure #a4 ,what main topics are taken up in the article8 #b4 ,could any parts of the article be omitted without serious loss8 #c4 ,could the parts be rearranged with gain in clearness1 interest1 or progress8 #d4 ,does the article march on steadily from beginning to end8 #e4 ,is the material so arranged that the average reader will reach the conclusion that the writer intended to have him reach8 #f4 ,is there variety in the methods of presentation8 #g4 ,is the length of the article proportionate to the subject8 #h4 ,what type of beginning is used8 #i4 ,is the type of beginning well adapted to the subject and the material8 #aj4 ,would the beginning attract the attention and hold the interest of the average reader8 #aa4 ,is the beginning an integral part of the article8 #ab4 ,is the length of the beginning proportionate to the length of the whole article8 #ac4 ,is the beginning skillfully connected with the body of the article8 ,,vi4 ,,style #a4 ,is the article easy to read8 ,why8 #b4 ,is the diction literary or colloquial1 specific or general1 original or trite1 connotative or denotative8 #c4 ,are figures of speech used effectively8 #d4 ,do the sentences yield their meaning easily when read rapidly8 #e4 ,is there variety in sentence length and structure8 #f4 ,are important ideas placed at the beginning of sentences8 #g4 ,are the paragraphs long or short8 #h4 ,are they well-organized units8 #i4 ,do the paragraphs begin with important ideas8 #aj4 ,is there variety in paragraph beginnings8 #aa4 ,is the tone well suited to the subject8 #ab4 ,do the words1 figures of speech1 sentences1 and paragraphs in this article suggest to you possible means of improving your own style8 ,,vii4 ,,titles ,,and ,,headlines #a4 ,is the title attractive1 accurate1 concise1 and concrete8 #b4 ,to what type does it conform8 #c4 ,what is the character of the sub-title1 and what relation does it bear to the title8 7,boston ,herald7 ,,teach ,,children ,,love ,,of ,,art ,,through ,,story-,,telling ----,and so1 ended the story1 ,st4 ,george slew the dragon4 ,a great sigh1 long drawn and sibilant1 which for the last five minutes had been swelling #eg little thoraxes1 burst out and filled the space of the lecture hall at the ,museum of ,fine ,arts4 ,o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o6 said #bg little girls4 ,aw-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w1 gosh6 said #cj little boys4 ,say1 ,mis' ,cronan1 there wasn't no real dragon1 was they8 ,a shock-headed youngster pushed his way to the platform where ,mrs4 ,mary ,c4 ,cronan1 professional story teller1 stood smiling and wistfully looked up at her4 ,they wasn't no really dragon1 was they8 ',course they was a dragon6 ,whadd'ye think the man wanted to paint the picture for if there wasn't a dragon8 ,certn'y there was a dragon4 ,i leave it to ,mis' ,cronan if there wasn't4 ,steering a narrow course between fiction and truth1 ,mrs4 ,cronan told her class that she thought there certainly must have been a dragon or the picture wouldn't have been painted4 ,it was at one of the regular morning story hours at the ,museum of ,fine ,arts1 a department opened three years ago at the museum by ,mrs4 ,cronan and ,mrs4 ,laura ,scales1 a department which has become so popular that now hundreds of children a week are entertained1 children from the public playgrounds and from the settlement houses4 ,on this particular day it was children from the ,bickford street playground under the guidance of two teachers from the ,lucretia ,crocker ,school1 ,miss ,roche and ,miss ,hayes1 who had1 in some mysterious manner1 convoyed these #eg atoms to the museum by car without mishap and who apparently did not dread the necessity of getting them back again1 although to the uninitiated it appeared a task beside which grasping a comet by the tail was a pleasant afternoon's amusement4 ,for the most part the story of ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon was a new thing to these children4 ,they might stand for ,st4 ,george1 although his costume was a little out of the regular form at ,jamaica ,plain1 but the ,dragon was another thing4 ,i don't believe it1 insisted an #h-year-old4 ,i seen every animal in the ,zoo in the park and ,i don't see any of them things4 ,but the wistful little boy kept insisting that there must be such an animal or ,mrs4 ,cronan wouldn't say so4 ,that is the way they nearly always take it at first1 said ,mrs4 ,cronan4 ,nearly all of these children are here for the first time4 ,later they will bring their fathers and mothers on ,sunday and you might hear them explaining the pictures upstairs as if they were the docents of the museum4 ,the object of the story hour is to familiarize the children with as many as possible of the pictures of the ,museum and to get them into the way of coming here of themselves4 ,when they go away they are given cards bearing a reproduction of the picture about which the story of the day has been told1 and on these cards is always an invitation to them to bring their families to the ,museum on ,saturday and ,sunday1 when there is no entrance fee4 ,the idea of the story hour was broached several years ago and at first it was taken up as an experiment4 ,stereopticon slides were made of several of the more famous pictures in the ,museum1 and ,mrs4 ,cronan1 who was at the time achieving a well earned success at the ,public ,library1 was asked to take charge of the story telling4 ,the plan became a success at once4 ,later ,mrs4 ,scales was called in to take afternoon classes1 and now more than #ajjj children go to the ,museum each week during ,july and ,august and hear stories told entertainingly that fix in their minds the best pictures of the world4 ,following the stories they are taken through the halls of the ,museum and are given short talks on some art subject4 ,one day it may be some interesting thing on ,thibetan amulets1 or on tapestries or on some picture1 ,stuart's ,washington or ,turner's ,slave ,ship1 or a colorful canvas of ,claude ,monet4 ,it is hoped that the movement may result in greater familiarity with and love for the ,museum1 for it is intended by the officials that these children shall come to love the ,museum and to care for the collection and not to think of it1 as many do1 as a cold1 unresponsive building containing dark mysteries1 or haughty officials1 or an atmosphere of highbrow iciness4 ,i believe1 says ,mrs4 ,cronan1 that our little talks are doing just this thing4 ,and although some of them1 of course1 can't get the idea quite all at once1 most of these children will have a soft spot hereafter for ,donatello's ,st4 ,george4 ,at least some of them were not forgetting it1 for as they filed out the wistful little boy was still talking about it4 ,ya1 he said to the scoffer1 you mightn't a seen him at the ,zoo4 ,that's all right1 but you never went over to the 'quarium4 ,probably they got one over there4 ,gee6 ,i wish ,i could see a dragon4 ,what color are they8 ,but the smallest boy of all1 who had hold of ,miss ,hayes's hand and who had been an interested listener to all this1 branched out mentally into other and further fields4 ,aw1 said he1 ,i know a feller what's got a ginny pig wit' yeller spots on 'im and he-- ,and they all trailed out the door4 99 99 99 99 99 7,christian ,science ,monitor7 ,one illustration1 a half-tone reproduction of a photograph showing the interior of the greenhouse with girls at work4 ,,where ,,girls ,,learn ,,to ,,wield ,,spade ,,and ,,hoe ,to go to school in a potato patch2 to say one's lessons to a farmer2 to study in an orchard and do laboratory work in a greenhouse--this is the pleasant lot of the modern girl who goes to a school of horticulture instead of going to college1 or perhaps after going to college4 ,if ever there was a vocation that seemed specially adapted to many women1 gardening would at first glance be the one4 ,from the time of ,mistress ,mary1 quite contrary1 ,how does your garden grow8 down to the busy city woman who to-day takes her recreation by digging in her flowerbeds1 gardens have seemed a natural habitat for womankind1 and garden activities have belonged to her by right4 ,in various parts of the country there have now been established schools where young women may learn the ways of trees and shrubs1 vegetables and flowers1 and may do experimental work among the growing things themselves4 ,some of these schools are merely adjuncts of the state agricultural colleges1 with more or less limited courses of instruction2 but1 just out of ,philadelphia1 there is a school1 to which women only are admitted1 that is located on a real farm1 and covers a wide range of outdoor study4 ,one begins to feel the homely charm of the place the moment instructions are given as to how to reach it4 ,out the old ,lime-kiln road1 you are told4 ,and out the old ,lime-kiln road you go1 until you come to a farm which spells the perfection of care in every clump of trees and every row of vegetables4 ,some girls in broad-brimmed hats are working in the ,strawberry bed--if you go in strawberry time--and farther on a group of women have gathered1 with an overalled instructor1 under an apple tree the needs of which are being studied4 ,under some sedate shade trees1 you are led to an old ,pennsylvania stone farmhouse--the administration building1 if you please4 ,beyond are the barns1 poultry houses1 nurseries and greenhouses1 and a cottage which is used as a dormitory for the girls--as unlike the usual dormitory as the school is unlike the usual school4 ,a bee colony has its own little white village near by4 ,then the director1 a trained woman landscape gardener1 tells you all that this school of horticulture has accomplished since its founding five years ago4 ,women are naturally fitted for gardening1 and for some years past there have been many calls for women to be teachers in school gardens1 planners of private gardens1 or landscape gardeners in institutions for women4 ,very few women1 however1 have had the practical training to enable them to fill such positions1 and five years ago there was little opportunity for them to obtain such training4 ,at that time a number of women in and about ,philadelphia1 who realized the need for thorough teaching in all the branches of horticulture1 not merely in theory but in practice1 organized this school4 ,the course is planned to equip women with the practical knowledge that will enable them to manage private and commercial gardens1 greenhouses or orchards4 ,some women wish to learn how to care for their own well-loved gardens2 some young girls study with the idea of establishing their own greenhouses and raising flowers as a means of livelihood2 still others want to go in for fruit farming1 and even for poultry raising or bee culture4 ,in other countries1 schools of gardening for women are holding a recognized place in the educational world4 ,in ,england1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 ,italy1 ,denmark and ,russia1 such institutions have long passed the experimental stage2 graduates from their schools are managing large estates or holding responsible positions as directors of public or private gardens1 as managers of commercial greenhouses1 or as consulting horticulturists and lecturers4 ,in this country there is a growing demand for supervisors of home and school gardens1 for work on plantations and model farms1 and for landscape gardeners4 ,such positions command large salaries1 and the comparatively few women available for them are almost certain to attain success4 ,already one of the graduates has issued a modest brown circular stating that she is equipped to supply ideas for gardens and personally to plant them2 to expend limited sums of money to the best advantage for beauty and service2 to take entire charge of gardens and orchards for the season and personally to supervise gardens during the owners' absence2 to spray ornamental trees and shrubs1 and prune them2 and to care for indoor plants and window boxes4 ,she is making a success of it1 too4 ,she has all she can do1 comments one of the women directors1 who is standing by4 ,a smiling strawberry student1 who is passing1 readily tells all that going to a garden school means4 ,each one of us has her own small plot of ground for which she is responsible4 ,we have to plant it1 care for it1 and be marked on it4 ,we all have special care of certain parts of the greenhouse1 too1 and each has a part of the nursery1 the orchard and the vineyard4 ,even the work that is too heavy for us we have to study about1 so that we can direct helpers when the time comes4 ,we have to understand every detail of it all4 ,we have to keep a daily record of our work4 ,this is the way to learn how long it takes for different seeds to germinate1 and thus we watch the development of the fruits and flowers and vegetables4 ,you see1 the attendance at the school is limited to a small number2 so each one of us receives a great deal of individual attention and help4 ,we learn simple carpentry1 as part of the course1 so that we shall be able to make window boxes1 flats1 cold frames and other articles that we need4 ,we could even make a greenhouse1 if we had to4 ,we are taught the care and raising of poultry1 we learn bee culture1 and we have a course in landscape gardening4 ,there is a course in canning and preserving1 too1 so that our fruits and berries can be disposed of in that way1 if we should not be able to sell them outright1 when we have the gardens of our own that we are all looking forward to4 ,in the cozy cottage that serves as a dormitory1 there is a large classroom1 where the lectures in botany1 entomology1 soils and horticultural chemistry are given4 ,there is a staff of instructors1 all from well-known universities1 and a master farmer to impart the practical everyday process of managing fields and orchards4 ,special lectures are given frequently by experts in various subjects4 ,in the cottage is a big1 homelike living-room1 where the girls read and sing and dance in the evening4 ,each girl takes care of her own bedroom4 ,the costumes worn by these garden students are durable1 appropriate and most becoming4 ,the school colors are the woodsy ones of brown and green1 and the working garb is carried out in these colors4 ,brown khaki or corduroy skirts1 eight inches from the ground1 with two large pockets1 are worn under soft green smocks smocked in brown4 ,the sweaters are brown or green1 and there is a soft hat for winter and a large shade hat for summer4 ,heavy working gloves and boots are provided1 and a large apron with pockets goes with the outfit4 ,all in all1 you feel sure1 as you go back down the old ,lime-,kiln road1 that the motto of the school will be fulfilled in the life of each of its students3 ,so enter that daily thou mayst become more thoughtful and more learned4 ,so depart that daily thou mayst become more useful to thyself and to all mankind4 99 99 99 99 99 7,boston ,transcript7 ,,boys ,,in ,,search ,,of ,,jobs ,,by ,,raymond ,g4 ,,fuller ,one morning lately1 if you had stood on ,kneeland street in sight of the entrance of the ,state ,free ,employment ,office1 you would have seen a long line of boys--a hundred of them--waiting for the doors to open4 ,they were of all sorts of racial extraction and of ages ranging through most of the teens4 ,some you would have called ragamuffins1 street urchins1 but some were too well washed1 combed and laundered for such a designation4 ,some were eagerly waiting1 some anxiously1 some indifferently4 ,some wore sober faces2 some were standing soldierly stiff2 but others were bubbling over with the spirits of their age1 gossiping1 shouting1 indulging in colt-play4 ,when they came out1 some hustled away to prospective employers and others loitered in the street4 ,disappointment was written all over some of them1 from face to feet2 on others the inscription was1 ,i don't care4 ,two hundred boys applied for jobs at the employment office that day4 ,half the number were looking for summer positions4 ,others were of the vast army of boys who quit school for keeps at the eighth or ninth grade or thereabouts4 ,several weeks before school closed the office had more than enough boy jobs to go around4 ,with the coming of vacation time the ratio was reversed4 ,the boy applicants were a hundred or two hundred daily4 ,for the two hundred on the day mentioned there were fifty places4 ,says ,mr4 ,deady1 who has charge of the department for male minors3 ,ranging from fourteen to nineteen years of age1 of all nationalities and beliefs1 fresh from the influence of questionable home environment1 boisterous and brimful of animation1 without ideas and thoughtless to a marked degree--this is the picture of the ordinary boy who is in search of employment4 ,he is without a care and his only thought1 if he has one1 is to obtain as high a wage as possible4 ,it is safe to say that of the thousands of boys who apply annually at the employment office1 two-thirds are between sixteen and eighteen years of age4 ,before going further1 we can safely say that twenty per cent of the youngest lads have left school only a few weeks before applying for work4 ,approximately sixty per cent have not completed a course in the elementary grammar schools4 ,the boy of foreign parentage seems to be more in earnest1 more ambitious1 than the ,american boy 7not to quibble over the definition of the adjective ,american74 ,walter ,l4 ,sears1 superintendent of the office in ,kneeland street1 tells this story3 ,an ,american youngster came in4 ,gotta job8 he asked4 ,yes1 here is one--referring to the card records--in a printing office2 four dollars a week4 ',taint enough money4 ,got anything else8 ,here's a place in a grocery store--six dollars a week4 ,what time d'ye have to get to work in the morning8 ,seven o'clock4 ,got anything else8 ,here's something--errand boy--six a week1 mornings at eight4 ,saturday afternoons off8 ,nothing is said about it4 ,w-ell-l1 maybe ,i'll drop around and look at it4 ,american independence6 ,an ,italian boy came in1 looking for work4 ,he was told of the printing office job4 ,all right4 ,i'll take it4 ,for what it is worth1 it may be set down that a large proportion of the boy applicants carefully scrutinize the dollar sign when they talk wages4 ,moreover1 they are not unacquainted with that phrase concocted by those higher up1 the high cost of living4 ,the compulsion of the thing1 or the appeal of the phrase--which8 ,the youthful unemployed1 those who seek employment1 would cast a good-sized vote in favor of shoffer4 ,a youngster comes to ,mr4 ,sears4 ,he wants to be a shoffer4 ,why do you want to be a chauffeur8 ,i don't know4 ,haven't you any reasons at all8 ,no1 sir4 ,isn't it because you have many times seen the man at the wheel rounding a corner in an automobile at a #b4dj clip and sailing down the boulevard at sixty miles an hour8 ,the boy's eyes light up with the picture4 ,isn't that it8 ,and the boy's eyes light up with discovery4 ,yes1 ,i guess so4 ,well1 have you ever seen the chauffeur at night1 after being out all day with the car8 ,overalls on1 sleeves rolled up1 face streaming with perspiration8 ,repairing the mechanism1 polishing the brass8 ,tired to death8 ,no1 sir4 ,the boy applicants seldom have any clear idea of the ultimate prospects in any line of work they may have in mind--as to the salary limit for the most expert1 or the opportunities for promotion and the securing of an independent position4 ,many of them have no preconceived idea even of what they want to do1 to say nothing of what they ought to do4 ,here is an instance4 ,i want a position1 says a boy4 ,what kind of a position8 ,i don't know4 ,haven't you ever thought about it8 ,no4 ,haven't you ever talked it over at home or at school8 ,no4 ,would you like to be a machinist8 ,i don't know4 ,would you like to be a plumber8 ,i don't know4 ,similar questions1 with similar answers1 continue4 ,finally3 ,would you like to be a doctor8 ,i don't know--is that a good position8 ,sometimes a boy is accompanied to the office by his father4 ,my son is a natural-born electrician1 the father boasts4 ,what has he done to show that8 ,why1 he's wired the whole house from top to bottom4 ,it is found by further questions that the lad has installed a push-bell button at the front door and another at the back door4 ,he had bought dry batteries1 wire and buttons at a hardware store in a box containing full directions4 ,it is nevertheless hard to convince the father that the boy may not be a natural-born electrician1 after all4 ,in frequent cases the father has not considered the limitations and opportunities in the occupation which he chooses for his son4 ,mr4 ,deady has this to say on the subject of the father's relation to the boy's job3 ,the average boy while seeking employment in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred is unaccompanied by either parent4 ,such a condition is deplorable4 ,it not only shows a lack of interest in the boy's welfare on the part of the parents1 but also places the youthful applicant in an unfair position4 ,oftentimes1 owing to inexperience1 a boy accepts a position without inquiring into the details and nature of the same4 ,his main thought is the amount of the wage to be received4 ,consequently there is but one obvious result4 ,the hours are excessive1 the work is beyond the boy's strength or is hazardous1 and finally the lad withdraws without notice4 ,it is this general apathy on the part of the parents of a boy1 combined with over-zealousness on the part of an ordinary employer to secure boy labor for a mere trifle1 that accounts for the instability of juvenile labor4 ,the coming of vacation invariably brings a great influx of boys to the ,state employment office1 some looking for summer work1 others for permanent employment4 ,most of them show lack of intelligent constructive thought on the matter in hand4 ,few of them have had any counsel1 or any valuable counsel from their parents or others4 ,to ,mr4 ,sears and his assistants--and they have become very proficient at it--is left the task of vocational guidance1 within such limitations as those of time and equipment4 ,what can be done to get the boy and his sponsors to thinking intelligently about the question of an occupation for the boy1 with proper regard to their mutual fitness8 ,superintendent ,sears has some suggestions to offer4 ,in his opinion the subject of occupational choice should be debated thoroughly in the public schools4 ,he favors the introduction of some plan embodying this idea in the upper grades of the grammar school1 under conditions that would give each boy an opportunity to talk1 and that would encourage him to consult his parents and teachers4 ,the debates might be held monthly1 and preparation should be required4 ,experts or successful men in various occupations might be called in to address the pupils and furnish authoritative information4 ,the questions debated should involve the advisability of learning a trade and the choice of a trade1 and the same considerations with respect to the professions1 the mercantile pursuits1 and so on4 ,the pupils should be allowed to vote on the merits of each question debated4 ,by such a method1 thinks ,mr4 ,sears1 the boys would gain the valuable training which debating gives1 would devote considerable thought to the question of their future employment1 would acquire much information1 and would get their parents more interested in the matter than many of them are4 99 99 99 99 99 7,new ,york ,evening ,post7 ,,girls ,,and ,a ,,camp ,,now ,,it ,,is ,,that ,,many ,,coveys ,,of ,,students ,,are ,,headed ,,toward ,,lake ,,and ,,mountain--,,just ,,how ,,it ,,pays ,with the sudden plunge into a muggy heat1 more suggestive of ,july than of the rare ,june weather of poets1 there has begun the exodus of summer camp folk1 those men and women who add to the slender salary of the teaching profession the additional income made by running camps for boys and girls during the long vacation4 ,they stretch1 these camps1 in rapidly extending area from ,canada through ,maine and northern ,new ,england1 into the ,adirondacks and the ,alleghenies1 and then across toward the ,northwest and the ,rockies4 ,it is quite safe to assert that there is not a private school of importance that does not take under its protection and support at least one such institution1 while large numbers of teachers either own camps or assist in their management as instructors4 ,one group1 unmistakably the advance guard of a girls' camp1 assembled at the ,grand ,central ,station on ,wednesday4 ,there were two alert1 dignified women1 evidently the co-principals2 a younger woman1 who1 at least so the tired suburban shopper decided1 was probably the athletic instructor2 two neat colored women1 and a small girl of twelve1 on tiptoe with excitement1 talking volubly about the fun she would have when they got to the lake and when all the other girls arrived4 ,her excited chatter also revealed the fact that father and mother had just sailed for ,europe1 and1 while she thought of them with regret1 there was only pleasure in prospect as she started northward4 ,there was much baggage to be attended to1 and consultation over express and freight bills1 with interesting references to tents1 canoes1 and tennis nets4 ,success is an excellent testimonial1 and there is no longer any need to point out the advantages of such camps for boys and girls4 ,they fill a real place for the delicate1 the lazy1 or the backward1 who must needs do extra work to keep up with their school grade1 for those who otherwise would be condemned to hotel life1 or for the children whose parents1 because of circumstances1 are compelled to spend the summer in cities4 ,even the most jealously anxious of mothers are among the converts to the movement4 ,as one said the other day of her only son1 ,yes1 ,david will go to ,mr4 ,d4's camp again this summer4 ,it will be his third year4 ,i thought the first time that ,i simply could not part with him4 ,i pictured him drowned or ill from poor food or severe colds4 ,indeed1 there wasn't a single terror ,i didn't imagine4 ,but he enjoyed it so1 and came home so well and happy1 that ,i've never worried since4 ,from the child's point of view1 summer camps are a blessing1 and1 as such1 they have come to stay4 ,but there are those who doubt their benefits1 even the financial ones1 for the teachers1 who mortgage their vacations to conduct them4 ,unfortunately1 as every one knows1 almost every teacher has to mortgage her spare time in one way or another in order to make a more than bare living4 ,call the roll of those whom you may know1 and you will be surprised--no1 scarcely surprised2 merely interested--to find that nine-tenths of them do some additional work4 ,it may be extra tutoring1 hack writing1 translating1 the editing of school texts or the writing of text-books1 taking agencies for this1 that1 or the other commodity1 conducting travel parties1 lecturing at educational institutes1 running women's clubs1 or organizing nature classes4 ,some outside vocation is necessary if the teacher is to enjoy the advantages her training makes almost imperative1 or the comforts her tired1 nervous organism demands4 ,so1 as one philosopher was heard to remark1 it is perhaps best to run a summer camp1 since in the doing of it there is at least the advantage of being in the open and of leading a wholesomely sane existence4 ,two good friends and fellow-teachers who have conducted a camp in northern ,maine for the last five years have been extremely frank in setting forth their experiences for the benefit of those who are standing on the brink of a similar venture4 ,and their story is worth while1 because from every point of view they have been successful4 ,any pessimistic touches in their narrative cannot be laid at the door of failure4 ,indeed1 in their first year they cleared expenses1 and that is rare2 and their clientele has steadily increased until now they have a camp of forty or more girls1 at the very topmost of camp prices4 ,again1 as there were two of them and they are both versatile1 they have needed little assistance2 the mother of one has been house mother and general camp counsellor4 ,with all this as optimistic preamble1 let us hear their story4 ,perhaps their first doubt arises with regard to the wear and tear of camp life upon those most directly responsible for its conduct4 ,for years we even refused to consider it1 said the senior partner1 although urged by friends and would-be patrons1 because we realized the unwisdom of working the year around and living continuously with school girls--but the inevitable happened4 ,our income did not keep pace with our expenses1 and it was start a camp or do something less agreeable4 ,just at the psychological moment one of our insistent friends found the right spot1 we concluded negotiations1 and1 behold1 we are camp proprietors1 not altogether sure1 in our most uncompromisingly frank moments1 that we have done the best thing4 ,that a girls' camp is a far more difficult proposition than one for boys is evident on the face of it4 ,mother may shed tears over parting with ,johnny1 but1 after all1 he's a boy1 and sooner or later must depend upon himself4 ,but ,sister ,sue is another matter4 ,can she trust any one else to watch over her in the matter of flannels and dry stockings8 ,do these well-meaning but spinster teachers know the symptoms of tonsilitis1 the first signs of a bilious attack1 or the peculiarities of a spoiled girl's diet8 ,and will not ,sue lose1 possibly1 some of the gentle manners and dainty ways inculcated at home1 by close contact with divers other ways and manners8 ,she is inclined to be skeptical1 is mother4 ,and so1 acknowledged the senior partner1 the first summer we were deluged by visits long and short from anxious ladies who could not believe on hearsay evidence that we knew how to care for their delicate daughters4 ,they not only came1 but they stayed1 and as the nearest hotel was distant many devious miles of mountain road1 we were forced to put them up2 finally the maids had to sleep in the old barn1 and we were camping on cots in the hall of the farmhouse which is our headquarters4 ,naturally we had to be polite1 for we were under the necessity of making a good impression that first year1 but it was most distracting1 for while they stayed they were unconsciously but selfishly demanding a little more than a fair share of time and attention for their daughters4 ,and1 indeed1 all this maternal anxiety is not entirely misplaced4 ,sue is a good deal harder to take care of than ,johnny4 ,she needs a few more comforts1 although camp life aims at eliminating all but the essentials of simple living4 ,her clothes1 even at a minimum1 are more elaborate1 which increases the difficulty of laundering1 always a problem in camping4 ,she is infinitely more dependent upon her elders for direction in the veriest ,a ,b ,c's of daily existence4 ,even the matter of tying a hair-ribbon or cleaning a pair of white canvas shoes is a mountain to a good many of my girls1 said the successful camp counsellor4 ,homesickness is a malady most incident to maids4 ,boys may suffer from it1 but they suffer alone4 ,if tears are shed they are shed in secret1 lest the other fellows find it out4 ,except in the case of the very little chaps1 the masters are not disturbed4 ,but girls have no such reserves2 and the teachers in charge of twenty-five strange girls1 many in the throes of this really distressing ailment1 are not to be envied4 ,frankly speaking1 went on the confession1 there isn't a moment of the day when we can dismiss them from our thoughts4 ,are they swimming in charge of the director of athletics1 a most capable girl1 one of us must be there1 too1 because1 should anything happen1 we1 and not she1 are directly responsible4 ,when the lesson hour is on1 we not only teach1 but must see that each girl's work is adapted to her needs1 as they come from a dozen different schools4 ,there are disputes to settle1 plans for outings and entertainments to be made1 games to direct1 letters to the home folks to be superintended1 or half the girls would never write at all1 to say nothing of the marketing and housekeeping1 and our own business correspondence1 that has to be tucked into the siesta hour after luncheon4 ,indeed1 in the nine weeks of camp last summer ,i never once had an hour that ,i could call my very own4 ,and that is only the day's anxiety1 sighed her colleague reflectively4 ,my specialty is prowling about at night to see that everybody is properly covered4 ,not a girl among them would have sense enough to get up and close windows in case of rain1 so ,i sleep with one ear pricked for the first patter on the roof4 ,occasionally there are two or three who walk in their sleep1 and ,i'm on pins and needles lest harm come to them1 so ,i make my rounds to see that they're safe4 ,oh1 it is a peacefully placid existence1 ,i assure you1 having charge of forty darling daughters4 ,some of them have done nothing for themselves in their entire lives1 and what a splendid place camp is for such girls4 ,but while they're learning we must be looking out for their sins of omission1 such1 for instance1 as throwing a soaking wet bathing suit upon a bed instead of hanging it upon the line4 ,these are some of the few worries that attach to the care of sensitive and delicately brought up girls that the boys' camp never knows4 ,but if the financial return is adequate there will naturally be some compensation for all these pinpricks4 ,here again the ,senior ,partner is inclined to hem and haw4 ,given a popular head of camp1 says she1 who has been fortunate enough to secure a desirable site and a paying clientele1 and she will certainly not lose money4 ,her summer will be paid for4 ,however1 that is not enough to reward her for the additional work and worry4 ,camp work does not confine itself to the nine weeks of residence4 ,there are the hours and days spent in planning and purchasing equipment1 the getting out of circulars1 the correspondence entailed and the subsequent keeping in touch with patrons4 ,her own venture has so far paid its own way1 and after the first year has left a neat margin of profit4 ,but this profit1 because of expansion1 has immediately been invested in new equipment4 ,this year1 for example1 there has been erected a bungalow for general living purposes4 ,a dozen new tents and four canoes were bought1 and two dirt tennis courts made4 ,then each year there must be a general replenishing of dishes1 table and bed linen1 athletic goods1 and furniture4 ,the garden has been so enlarged that the semi-occasional man-of-all-work has been replaced by a permanent gardener4 ,naturally1 such extension does mean ultimate profit1 and1 given a few more years of continued prosperity1 the summer will yield a goodly additional income4 ,but the teacher who undertakes a camp with the idea that such money is easily made1 is mistaken4 ,one successful woman has cleared large sums1 so large1 indeed1 that she has about decided to sever her direct connection with the private school where she has taught for years1 and trust to her camp for a living4 ,she has been so fortunate1 it is but fair to explain1 because her camp is upon a government reserve tract in ,canada1 and she has had to make no large investment in land2 nor does she pay taxes4 ,desirable locations are harder to find nowadays and much more expensive to purchase4 ,a fortunate pioneer in the movement bought seven acres1 with five hundred feet of lake frontage1 for three hundred dollars six years ago4 ,that same land is worth ten times as much to-day4 ,and the kind of woman who should attempt the summer camp for girls as a means of additional income8 ,first of all1 the one who really loves outdoor life1 who can find in woods and water compensation for the wear and tear of summering with schoolgirls4 ,again1 she who can minimize the petty worries of existence to the vanishing point4 ,and1 last of all1 she who has business acumen4 ,for what does it profit a tired teacher if she fill her camp list and have no margin of profit for her weeks of hard labor8 99 99 99 99 99 7,saturday ,evening ,post7 ,two half-tone reproductions of wash-drawings by a staff artist4 ,,your ,,porter ,,by ,,edward ,,hungerford ,he stands there at the door of his car1 dusky1 grinning1 immaculate--awaiting your pleasure4 ,he steps forward as you near him and1 with a quick1 intuitive movement born of long experience and careful training1 inquires3 ,what space you got1 guv'nor8 ,lower five1 you reply4 ,are you full-up1 ,george8 ,jus' toler'bul1 guv'nor4 ,he has your grips1 is already slipping down the aisle toward section five4 ,and1 after he has stowed the big one under the facing bench and placed the smaller one by your side1 he asks again3 ,shake out a pillow for you1 guv'nor8 ,that guv'nor1 though not a part of his official training1 is a part of his unofficial--his subtlety1 if you please4 ,another passenger might be the kunnel2 still another1 the jedge4 ,but there can be no other guv'nor save you on this car and trip4 ,and ,george1 of the ,pullmans1 is going to watch over you this night as a mother hen might watch over her solitary chick4 ,the car is well filled and he is going to have a hard night of it2 but he is going to take good care of you4 ,he tells you so2 and1 before you are off the car1 you are going to have good reason to believe it4 ,before we consider the sable-skinned ,george of to-day1 give a passing thought to the ,pullman itself4 ,the first ,george of the ,pullmans--,george ,m4 ,pullman--was a shrewd-headed carpenter who migrated from a western ,new ,york village out into ,illinois more than half a century ago and gave birth to the idea of railroad luxury at half a cent a mile4 ,there had been sleeping cars before ,pullman built the ,pioneer1 as he called his maiden effort4 ,there was a night car1 equipped with rough bunks for the comfort of passengers1 on the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad along about #ahdj4 ,other early railroads had made similar experiments1 but they were all makeshifts and crude4 ,pullman set out to build a sleeping car that would combine a degree of comfort with a degree of luxury4 ,the ,pioneer1 viewed in the eyes of #ahfd1 was really a luxurious car4 ,it was as wide as the sleeping car of to-day and nearly as high2 in fact1 so high and so wide was it that there were no railroads on which it might run1 and when ,pullman pleaded with the old-time railroad officers to widen the clearances1 so as to permit the ,pioneer to run over their lines1 they laughed at him4 ,it is ridiculous1 ,mr4 ,pullman1 they told him smilingly in refusal4 ,people are never going to pay their good money to ride in any such fancy contraption as that car of yours4 ,then suddenly they ceased smiling4 ,all ,america ceased smiling4 ,morse's telegraph was sobering an exultant land by telling how its great magistrate lay dead within the ,white ,house1 at ,washington4 ,and men were demanding a funeral car1 dignified and handsome enough to carry the body of ,abraham ,lincoln from ,washington to ,springfield4 ,suddenly somebody thought of the ,pioneer1 which rested1 a virtual prisoner1 in a railroad yard not far from ,chicago4 ,the ,pioneer was quickly released4 ,there was no hesitation now about making clearances for her4 ,almost in the passing of a night1 station platforms and other obstructions were being cut away1 and the first of all the ,pullman cars made a triumphant though melancholy journey to ,new ,york1 to ,washington1 and back again to ,illinois4 ,abraham ,lincoln1 in the hour of death--fifty years ago this blossoming spring of #aiae--;had given birth to the ,pullman idea4 ,the other day1 while one of the brisk ,federal commissions down at ,washington was extending consideration to the ,pullman porter and his wage1 it called to the witness stand the executive head of the ,pullman ,company4 ,and the man who answered the call was ,robert ,t4 ,lincoln1 the son of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,when ,pullman built the ,pioneer he designated it ,a1 little dreaming that eventually he might build enough cars to exhaust the letters of the alphabet4 ,to-day the ,pullman ,company has more than six thousand cars in constant use4 ,it operates the entire sleeping-car service and by far the larger part of the parlor-car service on all but half a dozen of the railroads of the ,united ,states and ,canada1 with a goodly sprinkling of routes south into ,mexico4 ,on an average night sixty thousand persons--a community equal in size to ,johnstown1 ,pennsylvania1 or ,south ,bend1 ,indiana--sleep within its cars4 ,and one of the chief excuses for its existence is the flexibility of its service4 ,a railroad in the ,south1 with a large passenger traffic in the winter1 or a railroad in the ,north1 with conditions reversed and travel running at high tide throughout the hot summer months1 could hardly afford to place the investment in sleeping and parlor cars to meet its high-tide needs1 and have those cars grow rusty throughout the long1 dull months4 ,the ,pullman ,company1 by moving its extra cars backward and forward over the face of the land in regiments and in battalions1 keeps them all earning money4 ,it meets unusual traffic demands with all the resources of its great fleet of traveling hotels4 ,last summer1 when the ,knights ,templars held their convention in ,denver1 it sent four hundred and fifty extra cars out to the capital of ,colorado4 ,and this year it is bending its resources toward finding sufficient cars to meet the demands for the long overland trek to the expositions on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,the transition from the ,pioneer to the steel sleeping car of today was not accomplished in a single step4 ,a man does not have to be so very old or so very much traveled to recall the day when the ,pullman was called a palace ear and did its enterprising best to justify that title4 ,it was almost an apotheosis of architectural bad taste4 ,disfigured by all manner of moldings1 cornices1 grilles and dinky plush curtains--head-bumping1 dust-catching1 useless--it was a decorative orgy1 as well as one of the very foundations of the newspaper school of humor4 ,suddenly the ,pullman ,company awoke to the absurdity of it all4 ,more than ten years ago it came to the decision that architecture was all right in its way1 but that it was not a fundamental part of car building4 ,it separated the two4 ,it began to throw out the grilles and the other knickknacks1 even before it had committed itself definitely to the use of the steel car4 ,recently it has done much more4 ,it has banished all but the very simplest of the moldings1 and all the hangings save those that are absolutely necessary to the operation of the car4 ,it has studied and it has experimented until it has produced in the sleeping car of to-day what is probably the most efficient railroad vehicle in the world4 ,our foreign cousins scoff at it and call it immodest2 but we may reserve our own opinion as to the relative modesty of some of their institutions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this1 however1 is not the story of the ,pullman car4 ,it is the story of that ebony autocrat who presides so genially and yet so firmly over it4 ,it is the story of ,george the porter--the six thousand ,georges standing to-night to greet you and the other traveling folk at the doors of the waiting cars4 ,and ,george is worthy of a passing thought4 ,he was born in the day when the negro servant was the pride of ,america--when the black man stood at your elbow in the dining rooms of the greatest of our hotels2 when a colored butler was the joy of the finest of the homes along ,fifth ,avenue or round ,rittenhouse ,square4 ,transplanted1 he quickly became an ,american institution4 ,and there is many a man who avers that never elsewhere has there been such a servant as a good negro servant4 ,fashions change1 and in the transplanting of other social ideas the black man has been shoved aside4 ,it is only in the ,pullman service that he retains his old-time pride and prestige4 ,that company to-day might almost be fairly called his salvation1 despite the vexing questions of the wages and tips of the sleeping-car porters that have recently come to the fore4 ,yet it is almost equally true that the black man has been the salvation of the sleeping-car service4 ,experiments have been made in using others4 ,one or two of the ,canadian roads1 which operate their own sleeping cars1 have placed white men as porters2 down in the ,southwest the inevitable ,mexicano has been placed in the familiar blue uniform4 ,none of them has been satisfactory2 and1 indeed1 it is not every negro who is capable of taking charge of a sleeping car4 ,the ,pullman ,company passes by the ,west ,indians--the type so familiar to every man who has ridden many times in the elevators of the apartment houses of upper ,new ,york4 ,it prefers to recruit its porters from certain of the states of the ,old ,south--,georgia and the ,carolinas4 ,it almost limits its choice to certain counties within those states4 ,it shows a decided preference for the sons of its employees2 in fact1 it might almost be said that to-day there are black boys growing up down there in the cotton country who have come into the world with the hope and expectation of being made ,pullman car porters4 ,the company that operates those cars prefers to discriminate--and it does discriminate4 ,that is its first step toward service--the careful selection of the human factor4 ,the next step lies in the proper training of that factor2 and as soon as a young man enters the service of the ,pullmans he goes to school--in some one of the large railroad centers that act as hubs for that system4 ,sometimes the school is held in one of the division offices1 but more often it goes forward in the familiar aisle of a sleeping car1 sidetracked for the purpose4 ,its curriculum is unusual but it is valuable4 ,one moment it considers the best methods to swat the fly--to drive him from the vehicle in which he is an unwelcome passenger2 the next moment the class is being shown the proper handling of the linen closet1 the proper methods of folding and putting away clean linen and blankets1 the correct way of stacking in the laundry bags the dirty and discarded bedding4 ,the porter is taught that a sheet once unfolded cannot be used again4 ,though it may be really spotless1 yet technically it is dirty2 and it must make a round trip to the laundry before it can reenter the service4 ,all these things are taught the sophomore porters by a wrinkled veteran of the service2 and they are minutely prescribed in the voluminous rule book issued by the ,pullman ,company1 which believes that the first foundation of service is discipline4 ,so the school and the rule book do not hesitate at details4 ,they teach the immature porter not merely the routine of making up and taking down beds1 and the proper maintenance of the car1 but they go into such finer things as the calling of a passenger1 for instance4 ,noise is tabooed1 and so even a soft knocking on the top of the berth is forbidden4 ,the porter must gently shake the curtains or the bedding from without4 ,when the would-be porter is through in this schoolroom his education goes forward out on the line4 ,under the direction of one of the grizzled autocrats he first comes in contact with actual patrons--comes to know their personalities and their peculiarities4 ,also1 he comes to know the full meaning of that overused and abused word--service4 ,after all1 here is the full measure of the job4 ,he is a servant4 ,he must realize that4 ,and as a servant he must perfect himself4 ,he must rise to the countless opportunities that will come to him each night he is on the run4 ,he must do better--he must anticipate them4 ,take such a man as ,eugene ,roundtree1 who has been running a smoking car on one of the limited trains between ,new ,york and ,boston for two decades--save for that brief transcendent hour when ,charles ,s4 ,mellen saw himself destined to become transportation overlord of ,new ,england and appropriated ,roundtree for a personal servant and porter of his private car4 ,roundtree is a negro of the very finest type4 ,he is a man who commands respect and dignity--and receives it4 ,and ,roundtree1 as porter of the ,pullman smoker on the ,merchants' ,limited1 has learned to anticipate4 ,he knows at least five hundred of the big bankers and business men of both ,new ,york and ,boston--though he knows the ,boston crowd best4 ,he knows the men who belong to the ,somerset and the ,algonquin ,clubs--the men who are ,boston enough to pronounce ,peabody ,pebbuddy4 ,and they know him4 ,some of them have a habit of dropping in at the ,new ,haven ticket offices and demanding3 ,is ,eugene running up on the ,merchants' to-night8 ,it isn't just knowing them and being able to call them by their names1 he will tell you if you can catch him in one of his rarely idle moments4 ,i've got to remember what they smoke and what they drink4 ,when ,mr4 ,blank tells me he wants a cigar it's my job to remember what he smokes and to put it before him4 ,i don't ask him what he wants4 ,i anticipate4 ,and by anticipating ,roundtree approaches a sort of nth degree of service and receives one of the fattest of all the ,pullman runs4 ,george ,sylvester is another man of the ,roundtree type--only his run trends to the west from ,new ,york instead of to the east1 which means that he has a somewhat different type of patron with which to deal4 ,sylvester is a porter on the ,twentieth ,century ,limited2 and1 like ,roundtree1 he is a colored man of far more than ordinary force and character4 ,he had opportunity to show both on a winter night1 when his train was stopped and a drunken man--a man who was making life hideous for other passengers on ,sylvester's car--was taken from the train4 ,the fact that the man was a powerful politician1 a man who raved the direst threats when arrested1 made the porter's job the more difficult4 ,the ,pullman ,company1 in this instance alone1 had good cause to remember ,sylvester's force and courage--and consummate tact--just as it has good cause in many such episodes to be thankful for the cool-headedness of its black man in a blue uniform who stands in immediate control of its property4 ,sylvester prefers to forget that episode4 ,he likes to think of the nice part of the ,century's runs--the passengers who are quiet1 and kind1 and thoughtful1 and remembering4 ,they are a sort whom it is a pleasure for a porter to serve4 ,they are the people who make an excess-fare train a fat run4 ,there are other fat runs1 of course3 the ,overland1 the ,olympian1 the ,congressional--and of ,general ,henry ,forrest1 of the ,congressional1 more in a moment--fat trains that follow the route of the ,century4 ,it was on one of these1 coming east from ,cleveland on a snowy night in ,february last1 that a resourceful porter had full use for his store of tact2 for there is1 in the community that has begun to stamp ,sixth ,city on its shirts and its shoe tabs1 a bank president who--to put the matter lightly--is a particular traveler4 ,more than one black man1 rising high in porter service1 has had his vanity come to grief when this crotchety personage has come on his car4 ,and the man himself was one of those who are marked up and down the ,pullman trails4 ,an unwritten code was being transmitted between the black brethren of the sleeping cars as to his whims and peculiarities4 ,it was well that every brother in service in the ,cleveland district should know the code4 ,when ,mr4 ,x entered his drawing-room--he never rides elsewhere in the car--shades were to be drawn1 a pillow beaten and ready by the window1 and matches on the window sill4 ,x would never ask for these things2 but ,god help the poor porter who forgot them6 ,so you yourself can imagine the emotions of ,whittlesey ,warren1 porter of the car ,thanatopsis1 bound east on ,number ,six on the snowy ,february night when ,x came through the portals of that scarabic antique1 the ,union ,depot at ,cleveland1 a redcap with his grips in the wake4 ,warren recognized his man4 ,the code took good care as to that4 ,he followed the banker down the aisle1 tucked away the bags1 pulled down the shades1 fixed the pillow and placed the matches on the window sill4 ,the banker merely grunted approval1 lighted a big black cigar and went into the smoker1 while ,warren gave some passing attention to the other patrons of his car4 ,it was passing attention at the best2 for after a time the little bell annunciator began to sing merrily and persistently at him--and invariably its commanding needle pointed to ,d4,r4 ,and on the drawing-room ,whittlesey ,warren danced a constant attention4 ,here1 you nigger6 ,x shouted at the first response4 ,how many times have ,i got to tell all of you to put the head of my bed toward the engine8 ,whittlesey ,warren looked at the bed4 ,he knew the make-up of the train4 ,the code had been met4 ,the banker's pillows were toward the locomotive4 ,but his job was not to argue and dispute4 ,he merely said3 ,yas-suh4 ,scuse me6 ,and he remade the bed while ,x lit a stogy and went back to the smoker4 ,that was at ,erie--,erie1 and the snow was falling more briskly than at ,cleveland4 ,slowing into ,dunkirk1 the banker returned and glanced through the car window4 ,he could see by the snow against the street lamps that the train was apparently running in the opposite direction4 ,his chubby finger went against the push button4 ,whittlesey ,warren appeared at the door4 ,the language that followed cannot be reproduced in ,,the ,,saturday ,,evening ,,post4 ,suffice it to say that the porter remembered who he was and what he was1 and merely remade the bed4 ,the banker bit off the end of another cigar and retired once again to the club car4 ,when he returned1 the train was backing into the ,buffalo station4 ,at that unfortunate moment he raised his car shade--and ,porter ,whittlesey ,warren again reversed the bed1 to the accompaniment of the most violent abuse that had ever been heaped on his defenseless head4 ,yet not once did he complain--he remembered that a servant a servant always is4 ,and in the morning ,x must have remembered2 for a folded bill went into ,warren's palm--a bill of a denomination large enough to buy that fancy vest which hung in a haberdasher's shop over on ,san ,juan ,hill4 ,if you have been asking yourself all this while just what a fat run is1 here is your answer3 ,tips2 a fine train filled with fine ladies and fine gentlemen1 not all of them so cranky as ,x1 of ,cleveland--thank heaven for that6--though a good many of them have their peculiarities and are willing to pay generously for the privilege of indulging those peculiarities4 ,despite the rigid discipline of the ,pullman ,company the porter's leeway is a very considerable one4 ,his instructions are never to say ,against the rules6 but rather ,i do not know what can be done about it--and then to make a quick reference to the ,pullman conductor1 who is his arbiter and his court of last resort4 ,his own initiative1 however1 is not small4 ,two newspaper men in ,new ,york know that4 ,they had gone over to ,boston for a week-end1 had separated momentarily at its end1 to meet at the last of the afternoon trains for ,gotham4 ,a had the joint finances and tickets for the trip2 but ,b1 hurrying through the traffic tangle of ,south ,station1 just ninety seconds before the moment of departure1 knew that he would find him already in the big ,pullman observation car4 ,he was not asked to show his ticket at the train gate4 ,boston1 with the fine spirit of the ,tea ,party still flowing in its blue veins1 has always resented that as a sort of railroad impertinence4 ,b did not find ,a4 ,he did not really search for him until ,back ,bay was passed and the train was on the first leg of its journey1 with the next stop at ,providence4 ,then it was that ,a was not to be found4 ,then ,b realized that his side partner had missed the train4 ,he dropped into a corner and searched his own pockets4 ,a battered quarter and three pennies came to view--and the fare from ,boston to ,providence is ninety cents6 ,then it was that the initiative of a well-trained ,pullman porter came into play4 ,he had stood over the distressed ,b while he was making an inventory of his resources4 ,done los' something1 boss8 said the autocrat of the car4 ,b told the black man his story in a quick1 straightforward manner2 and the black man looked into his eyes4 ,b returned the glance4 ,perhaps he saw in that honest ebony face something of the expression of the faithful servants of wartime who refused to leave their masters even after utter ruin had come upon them4 ,the porter drew forth a fat roll of bills4 ,ah guess dat1 ef you-all'll give meh yo' business cyard1 ,ah'll be able to fee-nance yo' trip dis time4 ,to initiative the black man was adding intuition4 ,he had studied his man4 ,he was forever using his countless opportunities to study men4 ,it was not so much of a gamble as one might suppose4 ,a pretty well-known editor was saved from a mighty embarrassing time2 and some other people have been saved from similarly embarrassing situations through the intuition and the resources of the ,pullman porter4 ,the conductor--both of the train and of the sleeping-car service--is not permitted to exercise such initiative or intuition2 but the porter can do and frequently does things of this very sort4 ,his recompense for them1 however1 is hardly to be classed as a tip4 ,the tip is the nub of the whole situation4 ,almost since the very day when the ,pioneer began to blaze the trail of luxury over the railroads of the land1 and the autocrat of the ,pullman car created his servile but entirely honorable calling1 it has been a mooted point4 ,recently a great ,federal commission has blazed the strong light of publicity on it4 ,robert ,t4 ,lincoln1 son of the ,emancipator1 and1 as we have already said1 the head and front of the ,pullman ,company1 sat in a witness chair at ,washington and answered some pretty pointed questions as to the division of the porter's income between the company and the passenger who employed him4 ,wages1 it appeared1 are twenty-seven dollars and a half a month for the first fifteen years of the porter's service1 increasing thereafter to thirty dollars a month1 slightly augmented by bonuses for good records4 ,the porter also receives his uniforms free after ten years of service1 and in some cases of long service his pay may reach forty-two dollars a month4 ,the rest of his income is in the form of tips4 ,and ,mr4 ,lincoln testified that during the past year the total of these tips1 to the best knowledge and belief of his company1 had exceeded two million three hundred thousand dollars4 ,the ,pullman ,company is not an eleemosynary institution4 ,though it has made distinct advances in the establishment of pension funds and death benefits1 it is hardly to be classed as a philanthropy4 ,it is a large organization2 and it generally is what it chooses to consider itself4 ,sometimes it avers that it is a transportation company1 at other times it prefers to regard itself as a hotel organization2 but at all times it is a business proposition4 ,it is not in business for its health4 ,its dividend record is proof of that4 ,all of which is a preface to the statement that the ,pullman ,company1 like any other large user of labor1 regulates its wage scale by supply and demand4 ,if it can find enough of the colored brethren competent and willing and anxious to man its cars at twenty-seven dollars and a half a month--with the fair gamble of two or three or four times that amount to come in the form of tips--it is hardly apt to pay more4 ,no wonder1 then1 the tip forms the nub of the situation4 ,to-day all ,america tips4 ,you tip the chauffeur in the taxi1 the redcap in the station1 the barber1 the bootblack1 the manicure1 the boy or girl who holds your coat for you in the barber's shop or hotel4 ,in the modern hotel tipping becomes a vast and complex thing--waiters1 doormen1 hat boys1 chambermaids1 bell boys1 porters--the list seems almost unending4 ,the system may be abominable1 but it has certainly fastened itself on us--sternly and securely4 ,and it may be said for the ,pullman car that there1 at least1 the tip comes to a single servitor--the black autocrat who smiles genially no matter how suspiciously he may1 at heart1 view the quarter you have placed within his palm4 ,a quarter seems to be the standard ,pullman tip--for one person1 each night he may be on the car4 ,some men give more2 some men--alas for poor ,george6--less4 ,a quarter is not only average but fairly standard4 ,it is given a certain official status by the auditing officers of many large railroads and industrial corporations1 who recognize it as a chargeable item in the expense accounts of their men on the road4 ,a man with a fat run--lower berths all occupied1 with at least a smattering of riders in the uppers1 night after night--ought to be able easily to put aside a hundred and fifty dollars a month as his income from this item4 ,there are hundreds of porters who are doing this very thing2 and there are at least dozens of porters who own real estate1 automobiles1 and other such material evidences of prosperity4 ,a tip is not necessarily a humiliation1 either to the giver or to the taker4 ,on the contrary1 it is a token of meritorious service4 ,and the smart porter is going to take good care that he gives such service4 ,but how about the porter who is not so smart--the man who has the lean run8 ,as every butcher and every transportation man knows1 there is lean with the fat4 ,and it does the lean man little good to know that his fat brother is preparing to buy a secondhand automobile4 ,on the contrary1 it creates an anarchist--or at least a socialist--down under that black skin4 ,here is ,lemuel--cursed with a lean run and yet trying to maintain at least an appearance of geniality4 ,lemuel runs on a differential between ,new ,york1 ,chicago and ,st4 ,louis4 ,every passenger-traffic man knows that most of the differentials--as the roads that take longer hours1 and so are permitted to charge a slightly lower through fare between those cities1 are called--have had a hard time of it in recent years4 ,it is the excess-fare trains1 the highest-priced carriers--which charge you a premium of a dollar for every hour they save in placing you in the terminal--that are the crowded trains4 ,and the differentials have had increasing difficulty getting through passengers4 ,it seems that in this day and land a man who goes from ,new ,york to ,chicago or ,st4 ,louis is generally so well paid as to make it worth dollars to him to save hours in the journey4 ,it is modern efficiency showing itself in railroad-passenger travel4 ,but the differentials1 having local territory to serve1 as well as on account of some other reasons1 must maintain a sleeping-car service--even at a loss4 ,there is little or no loss to the ,pullman ,company--you may be sure of that6 ,the railroad pays it a mileage fee for hauling a half or three-quarter empty car over its own line--in addition to permitting the ,pullman system to take all the revenue from the car2 but ,lemuel sees his end of the business as a dead loss4 ,he leaves ,new ,york at two-thirty o'clock on ,monday afternoon1 having reported at his car nearly three hours before so as to make sure that it is properly stocked and cleaned for its long trip4 ,he is due at ,st4 ,louis at ten-fifteen on ,tuesday evening--though it will be nearly two hours later before he has checked the contents of the car and slipped off to the bunking quarters maintained there by his company4 ,on ,wednesday evening at seven o'clock he starts east and is due in ,new ,york about dawn on ,friday morning4 ,he cleans up his car and himself1 and gets to his little home on the ,west ,side of ,manhattan ,island sometime before noon2 but by noon on ,saturday he must be back at his car1 making sure that it is fit and ready by two-thirty o'clock--the moment the conductor's arm falls--and they are headed west again4 ,this time the destination is ,chicago1 which is not reached until about six o'clock ,sunday night4 ,he bunks that night in the ,windy ,city and then spends thirty-two hours going back again to ,new ,york4 ,he sees his home one more night2 then he is off to ,st4 ,louis again--started on a fresh round of his eternal schedule4 ,talk of tips to ,lemuel6 ,his face lengthens4 ,you may not believe it1 white man1 but ,lemuel made fifty-three cents in tips on the last trip from ,new ,york to ,chicago4 ,you can understand the man who gave him the ,columbian antique2 but ,lemuel believes there can be no future too warm for that skinny man who gave him the three pennies6 ,he thinks the gentleman might at least have come across with a ,subway ticket4 ,it is all legal tender to him4 ,all that saves this porter's bacon is the fact that he is in charge of the car--for some three hundred miles of its eastbound run he is acting as sleeping-car conductor1 for which consolidated job he draws down a proportionate share of forty-two dollars a month4 ,this is a small sop1 however1 to ,lemuel4 ,he turns and tells you how1 on the last trip1 he came all the way from ,st4 ,louis to ,new ,york--two nights on the road--without ever a make-down1 as he calls preparing a berth4 ,no wonder then that he has difficulty in making fifty dollars a month1 with his miserable tips on the lean run4 ,nor is that all4 ,though ,lemuel is permitted three hours' sleep--on the bunk in the washroom on the long runs--from midnight to three o'clock in the morning1 there may come other times when his head begins to nod4 ,and those are sure to be the times when some lynx-eyed inspector comes slipping aboard4 ,biff6 ,bang6 ,pullman discipline is strict4 ,something has happened to ,lemuel's pay envelope1 and his coffee-colored wife in ,west ,twenty-ninth ,street will not be able to get those gray spats until they are clean gone out of style4 ,what can be done for ,lemuel8 ,he must bide his time and constantly make himself a better servant--a better porter1 if you please4 ,it will not go unnoticed4 ,the ,pullman system has a method for noticing those very things--inconsequential in themselves but all going to raise the standard of its service4 ,then some fine day something will happen4 ,a big sleeping-car autocrat1 in the smugness and false security of a fat run1 is going to err4 ,he is going to step on the feet of some important citizen--perhaps a railroad director--and the important citizen is going to make a fuss4 ,after which ,lemuel1 hard-schooled in adversity1 in faithfulness and in courtesy1 will be asked in the passing of a night to change places with the old autocrat4 ,and the old autocrat1 riding in the poverty of a lean run1 will have plenty of opportunity to count the telegraph poles and reflect on the mutability of men and things4 ,the ,pullman ,company denies that this is part of its system2 but it does happen--time and time and time again4 ,george1 or ,lemuel1 or ,alexander--whatever the name may be--has no easy job4 ,if you do not believe that1 go upstairs some hot summer night to the rear bedroom--that little room under the blazing tin roof which you reserve for your relatives--and make up the bed fifteen or twenty times1 carefully unmaking it between times and placing the clothes away in a regular position4 ,let your family nag at you and criticize you during each moment of the job--while somebody plays an obbligato on the electric bell and places shoes and leather grips underneath your feet4 ,imagine the house is bumping and rocking--and keep a smiling face and a courteous tongue throughout all of it6 ,or do this on a bitter night in midwinter2 and between every two or three makings of the bed in the overheated room slip out of a linen coat and into a fairly thin serge one and go and stand outside the door from three to ten minutes in the snow and cold4 ,in some ways this is one of the hardest parts of ,george's job4 ,racially the negro is peculiarly sensitive to pneumonia and other pulmonary diseases2 yet the rules of a porter's job require that at stopping stations he must be outside of the car--no matter what the hour or condition of the climate--smiling and ready to say3 ,what space you got1 guv'nor8 ,however1 the porter's job1 like nearly every other job1 has its glories as well as its hardships--triumphs that can be told and retold for many a day to fascinated colored audiences2 because there are special trains--filled with pursy and prosperous bankers from ,hartford and ,rochester and ,terre ,haute--making the trip from coast to coast and back again1 and never forgetting the porter at the last hour of the last day4 ,there are many men in the ,pullman service like ,roger ,pryor1 who has ridden with every recent ,president of the land and enjoyed his confidence and respect4 ,and then there is ,general ,henry ,forrest1 of the ,congressional ,limited1 for twenty-four years in charge of one of its broiler cars1 who stops not at ,presidents but enjoys the acquaintance of senators and ambassadors almost without number4 ,the ,general comes to know these dignitaries by their feet4 ,when he is standing at the door of his train under the ,pennsylvania ,terminal1 in ,new ,york1 he recognizes the feet as they come poking down the long stairs from the concourse4 ,and he can make his smile senatorial or ambassadorial--a long time in advance4 ,once ,forrest journeyed in a private car to ,san ,francisco1 caring for a ,certain ,big ,man4 ,he took good care of the ,certain ,big ,man--that was part of his job4 ,he took extra good care of the ,certain ,big ,man--that was his opportunity4 ,and when the ,certain ,big ,man reached the ,golden ,gate he told ,henry ,forrest that he had understood and appreciated the countless attentions4 ,the black face of the porter wrinkled into smiles4 ,he dared to venture an observation4 ,ah thank you1 ,jedge6 said he4 ,an' ef it wouldn't be trespassin' ,ah'd lak to say dat when yo' comes home you's gwine to be ,president of dese ,united ,states4 ,the ,certain ,big ,man shook his head negatively2 but he was flattered nevertheless4 ,he leaned over and spoke to ,henry ,forrest4 ,if ever ,i am ,president1 said he1 ,i will make you a general4 ,and so it came to pass that on the blizzardy ,dakota-made day when ,william ,howard ,taft was inaugurated ,president of these ,united ,states there was a parade--a parade in which many men rode in panoply and pride2 but none was prouder there than he who1 mounted on a magnificent bay horse1 headed the ,philippine ,band4 ,a promise was being kept4 ,the bay horse started three times to bolt from the line of march1 and this was probably because its rider was better used to the ,pompeian-red broiler car than to a ,pompeian-red bay mare4 ,but these were mere trifles4 ,despite them--partly because of them perhaps--the younger brethren at the terminals were no longer to address the veteran from the ,congressional merely as ,mr4 ,forrest4 ,he was ,general ,forrest now--a title he bears proudly and which he will carry with him all the long years of his life4 ,what becomes of the older porters8 ,sometimes1 when the rush of the fast trains1 the broken nights1 the exposure and the hard1 hard work begin to be too much for even sturdy ,afric frames1 they go to the super and beg for the sick man's run--a leisurely sixty or a hundred miles a day on a parlor car1 perhaps on a side line where travel is light and the parlor car is a sort of sentimental frippery2 probably one of the old wooden cars3 the ,alicia1 or the ,lucille1 or the ,celeste1 still vain in bay windows and grilles1 and abundant in carvings4 ,for a sentimental frippery may be given a feminine name and may bear her years gracefully--even though she does creak in all her hundred joints when the track is the least bit uneven4 ,as to the sick man's tips1 the gratuity is no less a matter of keen interest and doubt at sixty than it is at twenty-six4 ,and though there is a smile under that clean mat of kinky white hair1 it is not all habit--some of it is still anticipation4 ,but quarters and half dollars do not come so easily to the old man in the parlor car as to his younger brother on the sleepers1 or those elect who have the smokers on the fat runs4 ,to the old men come dimes instead--some of them miserable affairs bearing on their worn faces the faint presentments of the ruler on the north side of ,lake ,erie and hardly redeemable in ,baltimore or ,cincinnati4 ,yet even these are hardly to be scorned--when one is sixty4 ,after the sick man's job8 ,perhaps a sandy farm on a ,carolina hillside1 where an old man may sit and nod in the warm sun1 and dream of the days when steel cars were new--perhaps of the days when the platform-vestibule first went bounding over the rails--may dream and nod2 and then1 in his waking moments1 stir the pickaninnies to the glories of a career on a fast train and a fat run4 ,for if it is true that any white boy has the potential opportunity of becoming ,president of the ,united ,states1 it is equally true that any black boy may become the ,autocrat of the ,pullman ,car4 99 99 99 99 99 7,the ,independent7 ,,the ,,gentle ,,art ,,of ,,blowing ,,bottles ,and the ,story of ,how ,sand is ,melted into ,glass ,,by ,f4 ,,gregory ,,hartswick ,remedies for our manifold ills2 the refreshment that our infant lips craved2 coolness in time of heat2 yes--even tho ,july #ast has come and gone--drafts to assuage our thirst2 the divers stays and supports of our declining years--all these things come in bottles4 ,from the time of its purchase to the moment of its consignment to the barrel in the cellar or the rapacious wagon of the rag-and-bone man the bottle plays a vital part in our lives4 ,and as with most inconspicuous necessities1 but little is known of its history4 ,we assume vaguely that it is blown--ever since we saw the ,bohemian ,glass ,blowers at the ,world's ,fair we have known that glass is blown into whatever shape fancy may dictate--but that is as far as our knowledge of its manufacture extends4 ,as a matter of fact the production of bottles in bulk is one of the most important features of the glass industry of this country today4 ,the manufacture of window glass fades into insignficance before the hugeness of the bottle-making business2 and even the advent of prohibition1 while it lessens materially the demand for glass containers of liquids1 does not do so in such degree as to warrant very active uneasiness on the part of the proprietors of bottle factories4 ,the process of manufacture of the humble bottle is a surprizingly involved one4 ,it includes the transportation and preparation of raw material1 the reduction of the material to a proper state of workability1 and the shaping of the material according to design1 before the bottle is ready to go forth on its mission4 ,the basic material of which all glass is made is1 of course1 sand4 ,not the brown sand of the river-bed1 the well remembered sandy bottom of the swimmin' hole of our childhood1 but the finest of white sand from the prehistoric ocean-beds of our country4 ,this sand is brought to the factory and there mixed by experts with coloring matter and a flux to aid the melting4 ,on the tint of the finished product depends the sort of coloring agent used4 ,for clear white glass1 called flint glass1 no color is added4 ,the mixing of a copper salt with the sand gives a greenish tinge to the glass2 amber glass is obtained by the addition of an iron compound2 and a little cobalt in the mixture gives the finished bottle the clear blue tone that used to greet the waking eye as it searched the room for something to allay that morning's morning feeling4 ,the flux used is old glass--bits of shattered bottles1 scraps from the floor of the factory4 ,this broken glass is called cullet1 and is carefully swept into piles and kept in bins for use in the furnaces4 ,the sand1 coloring matter1 and cullet1 when mixed in the proper proportions1 form what is called in bottle-makers' talk the batch or dope4 ,this batch is put into a specially constructed furnace--a brick box about thirty feet long by fifteen wide1 and seven feet high at the crown of the arched roof4 ,this furnace is made of the best refractory blocks to withstand the fierce heat necessary to bring the batch to a molten state4 ,the heat is supplied by various fuels--producer-gas is the most common1 tho oil is sometimes used4 ,the gas is forced into the furnace and mixed with air at its inception2 when the mixture is ignited the flame rolls down across the batch1 and the burnt gases pass out of the furnace on the other side4 ,the gases at their exit pass thru a brick grating or checkerboard1 which takes up much of the heat2 about every half hour1 by an arrangement of valves1 the inlet of the gas becomes the outlet1 and vice versa1 so that the heat taken up by the checkerboard is used instead of being dissipated1 and as little of the heat of combustion is lost as is possible4 ,the batch is put into the furnace from the rear2 as it liquefies it flows to the front1 where it is drawn off thru small openings and blown into shape4 ,the temperature in the furnace averages about #bajj degrees ,fahrenheit2 it is lowest at the rear1 where the batch is fed in1 and graduates to its highest point just behind the openings thru which the glass is drawn off4 ,this temperature is measured by special instruments called thermal couples--two metals joined and placed in the heat of the flame4 ,the heat sets up an electric current in the joined metals1 and this current is read on a galvanometer graduated to read degrees ,fahrenheit instead of volts1 so that the temperature may be read direct4 ,all furnaces for the melting of sand for glass are essentially the same in construction and principle4 ,the radical differences in bottle manufacturing appear in the methods used in drawing off the glass and blowing it into shape4 ,glass is blown by three methods3 hand-blowing1 semi-automatic blowing1 and automatic blowing4 ,the first used was the hand method1 and tho the introduction of machines is rapidly making the old way a back number1 there are still factories where the old-time glass blower reigns supreme4 ,one of the great centers of the bottle industry in the ,united ,states is down in the southern end of ,new ,jersey4 ,good sand is dug there--,new ,jersey was part of the bed of the ,atlantic before it literally rose to its present state status--and naturally the factories cluster about the source of supply of material4 ,within a radius of thirty miles the investigator may see bottles turned out by all three methods4 ,the hand-blowing1 while it is the slowest and most expensive means of making bottles1 is by far the most picturesque4 ,imagine a long1 low1 dark building--dark as far as daylight is concerned1 but weirdly lit by orange and scarlet flashes from the great furnaces that crouch in its shelter4 ,at the front of each of these squatting monsters1 men1 silhouetted against the fierce glow from the doors1 move about like puppets on wires--any noise they may make is drowned in the mastering roar of the fire4 ,a worker thrusts a long blowpipe 7in glassworkers' terminology a wand7 into the molten mass in the furnace and twirls it rapidly4 ,the end of the wand1 armed with a ball of refractory clay1 collects a ball of semi-liquid glass2 the worker must estimate the amount of glass to be withdrawn for the particular size of the bottle that is to be made4 ,this ball of glowing material is withdrawn from the furnace2 the worker rolls it on a sloping moldboard1 shaping it to a cylinder1 and passes the wand to the blower who is standing ready to receive it4 ,the blower drops the cylinder of glass into a mold1 which is held open for its reception by yet another man2 the mold snaps shut2 the blower applies his mouth to the end of the blowpipe2 a quick puff1 accompanied by the drawing away of the wand1 blows the glass to shape in the mold and leaves a thin bubble of glass protruding above4 ,the mold is opened2 the shaped bottle1 still faintly glowing1 is withdrawn with a pair of asbestos-lined pincers1 and passed to a man who chips off the bubble on a rough strip of steel1 after which he gives the bottle to one who sits guarding a tiny furnace in which oil sprayed under pressure roars and flares4 ,the rough neck of the bottle goes into the flame2 the raw edges left when the bubble was chipped off are smoothed away by the heat2 the neck undergoes a final polishing and shaping twirl in the jaws of a steel instrument1 and the bottle is laid on a little shelf to be carried away4 ,it is shaped1 but not finished4 ,the glass must not be cooled too quickly1 lest it be brittle4 ,it must be annealed--cooled slowly--in order to withstand the rough usage to which it is to be subjected4 ,the annealing process takes place in a long1 brick tunnel1 heated at one end1 and gradually cooling to atmospheric temperature at the other4 ,the bottles are placed on a moving platform1 which slowly carries them from the heated end to the cool end4 ,the process takes about thirty hours4 ,at the cool end of the annealing furnace the bottle is met by the packers and is made ready for shipment4 ,these annealing furnaces are called lehrs or leers--either spelling is correct--and the most searching inquiry failed to discover the reason for the name4 ,they have always been called that1 and probably always will be4 ,in the hand-blowing process six men are needed to make one bottle4 ,there must be a gatherer to draw the glass from the furnace2 a blower2 a man to handle the mold2 a man to chip off the bubble left by the blower2 a shaper to finish the neck of the bottle2 and a carrier-off to take the completed bottles to the lehr4 ,usually the gatherer is also the blower1 in which case two men are used1 one blowing while the other gathers for his turn2 but on one platform ,i saw the somewhat unusual sight of one man doing all the blowing while another gathered for him4 ,the pair used two wands1 so that their production was the same as tho two men were gathering and blowing4 ,this particular blower was making quart bottles1 and he was well qualified for the job4 ,he weighed1 at a conservative estimate1 two hundred and fifty pounds1 and when he blew something had to happen4 ,i arrived at his place of labor just as the shifts were being changed--a glass-furnace is worked continuously1 in three eight-hour shifts--and as the little whistle blew to announce the end of his day's toil the giant grabbed the last wand1 dropped it into the waiting mold1 and blew a mighty blast4 ,a bubble of glass sprang from the mouth of the mold1 swelled to two feet in diameter1 and burst with a bang1 filling the air with shimmering flakes of glass1 light enough to be wafted like motes4 ,when the shining shower had settled and ,i had opened my eyes--it would not be pleasant to get an eyeful of those beautiful scraps--the huge blower was diminishing in perspective toward his dinner1 and the furnace door was1 for the moment1 without its usual hustling congregation of workers4 ,i made bold to investigate the platform4 ,close to me glared the mouth of the furnace1 with masses of silver threads depending from it like the beard of some fiery gulleted ogre--the strings of glass left by the withdrawal of the wand4 ,the heat three feet away was enough to make sand melt and run like water1 but ,i was not unpleasantly warm4 ,this was because ,i stood at the focus of three tin pipes1 thru which streams of cold air1 fan-impelled1 beat upon me4 ,without this cooling agent it would be impossible for men to work so close to the heat of the molten glass4 ,later1 in the cool offices of the company1 where the roar of the furnaces penetrated only as a dull undertone1 and electric fans whizzed away the heat of the summer afternoon1 ,i learned more of the technique of the bottle industry4 ,each shape demanded by the trade requires a special mold1 made of cast iron and cut according to the design submitted4 ,there are1 of course1 standard shapes for standard bottles2 these are alluded to 7reversing the usual practise of metonymy7 by using thing contained for container1 as ginger ales1 olives1 mustards1 sodas and 7low be it spoken7 beers4 ,but when a firm places an order for bottles of a particular shape1 or ones with lettering in relief on the glass1 special molds must be made2 and after the lot is finished the molds are useless till another order for that particular design comes in4 ,a few standard molds are made so that plates with lettering can be inserted for customers who want trademarks or firm names on their bottles2 but the great majority of the lettered bottles have their own molds1 made especially for them and unable to be used for any other lot4 ,all bottles are blown in molds2 it is in the handling of the molten glass and the actual blowing that machinery has come to take the place of men in the glass industry4 ,the first type of machine to be developed was for blowing the bottle and finishing it1 thus doing away with three of the six men formerly employed in making one bottle4 ,in appearance the bottle-blowing machine is merely two circular platforms1 revolving in the same horizontal plane1 each carrying five molds4 ,one of the platforms revolves close to the furnace door1 and as each mold comes around it automatically opens and the gatherer draws from the furnace enough glass for the bottle which is being made at the time1 and places it in the mold4 ,the mold closes1 and the platform turns on1 bringing around another mold to the gatherer4 ,meanwhile a nozzle has snapped down over the first mold1 shaping the neck of the bottle1 and beginning the blowing4 ,as the mold comes to a point diametrically opposite the furnace door it opens again1 and a handler takes the blank1 as the bottle is called at this stage1 and places it in a mold on the second revolving platform4 ,this mold closes and compressed air blows out the bottle as the platform revolves4 ,as the mold comes around to the handler again it opens and the handler takes out the finished bottle1 replacing it with a new blank drawn from the mold on the first platform4 ,this operation necessitates only three men--a gatherer1 a handler1 and a carrier-off4 ,it is also much faster than the old method--an average of about forty bottles per minute as against barely twenty4 ,a newer development of this machine does away with the gatherer4 ,a long rod of refractory clay is given a churning movement in the mouth of the furnace1 forcing the molten glass thru a tube4 ,as enough glass for one bottle appears at the mouth of the tube a knife cuts the mass and the blob of glass falls into a trough which conveys it to the blank mold4 ,by an ingenious device the same trough is made to feed three or four machines at one time4 ,as many as fifty bottles a minute can be turned out by this combination blowing machine and feeder4 ,but the apotheosis of bottle-making is to be seen in another factory in the south ,jersey district4 ,here it is the boast of the superintendents that from the time the sand goes out of the freight cars in which it is brought to the plant till the finished bottle is taken by the packer1 no human hand touches the product2 and their statement is amply confirmed by a trip thru the plant4 ,the sand1 coloring matter and cullet are in separate bins2 an electrical conveyor takes enough of each for a batch to a mixing machine2 from there the batch goes on a long belt to the furnace4 ,at the front of the furnace1 instead of doors or mouths1 is a revolving pan1 kept level full with the molten glass4 ,outside the furnace revolves a huge machine with ten arms1 each of which carries its own mold and blowpipe4 ,as each arm passes over the pan in the furnace the proper amount of glass is sucked into the mold by vacuum2 the bottle is blown and shaped in the course of one revolution1 and the mold1 opening1 drops the finished bottle into a rack which carries it to the lehr on a belt4 ,it passes thru the lehr to the packers2 and as each rack is emptied of its bottles the packers place it again on the belt1 which carries it up to the machine1 where it collects its cargo of hot bottles and conducts it again thru the lehr4 ,the entire plant--mixing1 feeding1 actually making the bottles1 delivery to the lehr1 and packing--is synchronized exactly4 ,men unload the cars of sand--men pack the bottles4 ,the intermediate period is entirely mechanical4 ,the plant itself is as well lighted and ventilated as a department store1 and except in the immediate vicinity of the furnace there is no heat felt above the daily temperature4 ,the machines average well over a bottle a second1 and by an exceedingly clever arrangement of electrical recording appliances an accurate record of the output of each machine1 as well as the temperatures of the furnaces and lehrs1 is kept in the offices of the company4 ,the entire equipment is of the most modern1 from the boilers and motors in the power-plant and producer-gas-plant to the packing platforms4 ,in addition1 the plant boasts a complete machine shop where all the molds are made and the machines repaired4 ,it is a far cry from human lung-power to the super-efficient machinery of the new plants2 but it is the logical progress of human events1 applying to every product of man's hands1 from battleships to--bottles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,special ,,feature ,,articles 7,new ,york ,world7 ,one illustration1 a half-tone reproduction of a photograph of the exterior of the theater4 ,,the ,,neighborhood ,,playhouse ,a ,,gift ,,to ,,the ,,east ,,side--,,how ,,the ,,settlement ,,work ,,of ,,misses ,,irene ,,and ,,alice ,,lewisohn ,,has ,,culminated ,,at ,,last ,,in ,a ,,real ,,theatre--,,its ,,attractions ,,and ,,educational ,,value ,the piece is the ,biblical ,jephthah's ,daughter1 adapted from the ,book of ,judges4 ,the hero1 a mighty man of valor1 has conquered the enemies of his people4 ,there is great rejoicing over his victory1 for the tribe of ,israel has been at its weakest4 ,but now comes payment of the price of conquest4 ,the leader of the victorious host promised to yield to ,god as a burnt sacrifice whatsoever cometh forth from the doors of my house to meet me when ,i return from battle4 ,and his daughter came forth4 ,in the last act1 the girl herself1 young and beautiful1 advances toward the altar on which fagots have been piled high4 ,in her hand is the lighted torch which is to kindle her own death fire4 ,the chorus chants old ,hebraic melodies4 ,even the audience joins in the singing4 ,the play takes on the aspect of an ancient religious ceremonial4 ,old men and women are in tears1 moved by the sad history of their race1 forgetful of the horror of human sacrifice in the intensity of their religious fervor4 ,such is the artistry of the piece2 such the perfection of its production4 ,yet this is no professional performance1 but the work of amateurs4 ,it is the opening night of the new community theatre of ,new ,york's densely populated ,east ,side4 ,at ,no4 #dff ,grand ,street it stands1 far away from ,broadway's theatrical district--a low-lying1 little ,georgian building4 ,it is but three stories high1 built of light red brick1 and finished with white marble4 ,all around garish millinery shops display their showy goods4 ,peddlers with pushcarts lit by flickering flames1 vie with each other in their array of gaudy neckties and bargain shirtwaists4 ,blazing electric signs herald the thrills of movie shows4 ,and1 salient by the force of extreme contrast1 a plain little white posterboard makes its influence felt4 ,it is lit by two iron lanterns1 and reads simply1 ,the ,neighborhood ,playhouse4 ,the ,misses ,irene and ,alice ,lewisohn of ,no4 #dc ,fifth ,avenue have built this theatre4 ,it is their gift to the neighborhood1 and symbolizes the culmination of a work which they have shared with the neighborhood's people4 ,eight years ago the ,henry ,street ,settlement started its scheme of festivals and pantomimes1 portraying through the medium of color1 song1 and dance such vague ideas as ,impressions of ,spring4 ,it was the boys and girls of the ,settlement who performed in these pantomimes4 ,it was they who made the costumes1 painted the necessary scenery1 sang and danced4 ,and both daughters of the late ,leonard ,lewisohn were always interested and active in promoting this work4 ,out of it1 in due time1 there developed1 quite naturally1 a dramatic club4 ,plays were given in the ,settlement gymnasium--full-grown pieces like ,the ,silver ,box1 by ,john ,galsworthy1 and inspiring dramas like ,the ,shepherd1 a plea for ,russian revolutionists1 by an ,american author1 ,miss ,olive ,tilford ,dargan4 ,such was the emotional response of the neighborhood to this drama that four performances had to be given at ,clinton ,hall2 and as a result a substantial sum of money was forwarded to ,the ,friends of ,russian ,freedom4 ,then1 in #aiac1 came the famous ,pageant1 which roused the entire district to a consciousness of itself--its history1 its dignity and also its possibilities4 ,that portion of the ,east ,side which surrounds the ,henry ,street ,settlement has seen many an invasion since the days when the ,dutch first ousted the ,indians4 ,english1 ,quakers1 ,scotch have come and gone1 leaving traces more or less distinct4 ,the ,irish have given place to the ,italians1 who have been replaced by the ,russians4 ,in the ,pageant of #aiac all these settlers were represented by artistically clad groups who paraded the streets singing and dancing4 ,no hall could have held the audience which thronged to see this performance2 no host of matinee worshippers could have rivalled it in fervor of appreciation4 ,when the ,misses ,lewisohn1 then1 built their new playhouse in ,grand ,street1 it was not with the intention of rousing1 but rather of satisfying1 an artistic demand among the people of the neighborhood4 ,and in the new home are to be continued all the varied activities of which the ,henry ,street ,settlement festival and dramatic clubs were but the centre4 ,it is to be a genuine community enterprise in which each boy and girl will have a share4 ,miss ,alice ,lewisohn herself thus expresses its many-sided work3 ,the costume designers and makers1 fashioners of jewelry1 painters and composers1 musicians and seamstresses1 as well as actors and directors1 will contribute their share in varying degree4 ,putting aside for a moment the higher and artistic development which such work must bring1 there is the craftsman side1 too1 which has practical value4 ,the young men will become familiar with all the handiwork of the theatre1 the construction and handling of scenery1 the electrical equipment and its varied uses4 ,it will be conceded1 ,i think1 that in this respect the community playhouse is really a college of instruction in the craft of the stage4 ,it is a college with a very efficient and well-trained staff of professors4 ,mrs4 ,sarah ,cowell ,le ,moyne1 already well known as a teacher of elocution and acting1 will be one of its members4 ,miss ,grace ,griswold1 an experienced co-worker of the late ,augustine ,daly1 will act as manager4 ,the pupils of this novel school are to have amusement as well as work4 ,the third floor has been planned to meet many more requirements than are usually considered in a theatre4 ,across the front runs a large rehearsal room1 large enough to make a fine dance hall when occasion demands4 ,here1 too1 is a kitchenette which will be used to serve refreshments when social gatherings are in progress or when an over-long rehearsal tires out the cast4 ,in warm weather the flat-tiled roof will be used as a playground4 ,it will be the scene1 too1 of many open air performances4 ,the ,neighborhood ,playhouse has been open only a few weeks4 ,already it is in full swing4 ,on the nights when the regular players do not appear the programme consists of motion pictures and music4 ,there is a charming informality and ease about these entertainments2 there is also genuine art1 and a whole-hearted appreciation on the part of the neighborhood's people4 99 99 99 99 99 7,new ,york ,evening ,post7 ,,the ,,singular ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,mosquito ,,man ,,by ,,helen ,,bullitt ,,lowry ,now you just hold up a minute--the bungalow-owner waved an indignant hand at the man in the little car chug-chugging over the bumpy road4 ,now ,i just want to tell you1 he protested1 that a mosquito got into my room last night and bit me1 and ,i want you to know that this has happened three times this week4 ,i want it to stop4 ,the man in the car had jumped out1 and was turning an animated1 and aggressive1 but not at all provoked1 face on the complainer4 ,are you certain your drains are not stopped up8 he asked4 ,oh1 those drains are all right4 ,it's that damp hollow over in ,miss ,k's woods that's making the trouble4 ,i'll go there immediately1 said the aggressive one4 ,she promised me she would fill that place this week4 ,all right1 then1 answered the placated bungalow-owner1 ,i thought you'd fix it up if you found out about it4 ,i certainly wouldn't have bought around ,darien if you had not cleared this place of mosquitoes4 ,the aggressive one plunged into the ,connecticut woods and began his search for possible mosquito-breeding spots4 ,he was the ,mosquito ,man1 the self-appointed guardian of the ,connecticut coast from ,stamford to ,westport4 ,he was not born a ,mosquito ,man at all--in fact1 he did not become one until he was forty years old and had retired from business because he had made enough money to rest and enjoy life4 ,but he did not rest1 and did not get enjoyment1 for the mosquitoes had likewise leased his place on the ,sound and were making good their title4 ,came then big fat mosquitoes from the swamp4 ,came mosquitoes from the salt marshes4 ,some lighted on the owner's nose and some looked for his ankles1 and found them4 ,three days of this sort of rest made him decide to move away4 ,then1 because he was aggressive1 he became the ,mosquito ,man4 ,the idea occurred to him when he had gone over to a distant island and was watching the building of houses4 ,this place1 he said to the head carpenter1 is going to be a little heaven4 ,more like a little other place1 growled the head carpenter4 ,here they've dug out the centre of the island and carted it to the beach to make hills for the houses to be built on4 ,one good rain will fill their little heaven with mosquitoes4 ,why don't the people around here drain their country8 ,that night the ,mosquito ,man telephoned to a drainage expert in ,new ,york and demanded that he come out the next day4 ,i don't like to work on ,sunday1 the expert objected4 ,it is absolutely essential that you come at once1 he was told4 ,can you take the first train8 ,the first train and the expert arrived in ,darien at #e3ea4 ,before the day was over a contract had been drawn up to the purport that the expert would drain the salt marshes between ,stamford and ,south ,norwalk for #d1jjj4 ,the ,mosquito ,man now began to talk mosquitoes to every one who would listen and to many who did not want to listen4 ,that bug1 the old settlers called him at the time--for old settlers are very settled in their ways4 ,the young women at the ,country ,club1 whenever they saw him coming1 made bets as to whether he would talk mosquitoes--and he always did4 ,every property-owner in the township was asked for a subscription1 and some gave generously and some gave niggardly and some did not give at all4 ,the subscriptions were voluntary1 for no one could be forced to remove a mosquito-breeding nuisance from his property4 ,this was in #aiaa1 and only in #aiae has a mosquito law been passed in ,connecticut4 ,the ,mosquito ,man was forced to use indirect influence1 which does not expedite matters4 ,a subscription of #a1jjj came from the big land corporation of the neighborhood1 after the indirect influence had rather forcibly expressed itself4 ,i want #a1jjj from you1 said the ,mosquito ,man to the representative of the president--the president was in ,south ,america4 ,the representative laughed1 so the ,mosquito ,man spent several days explaining to him why property is more valuable when it is not infested with pests4 ,but every time that the #a1jjj was mentioned1 the representative could not restrain the smile4 ,well1 the ,mosquito ,man said1 at last1 ,i will make the drainage on your property anyway1 and it will cost me #b1jjj4 ,if you want it left you will have to pay me every cent of the #b1jjj1 not just the #a1jjj that ,i am asking now4 ,otherwise ,i shall fill up my ditches and let you enjoy your mosquitoes4 ,the representative did not laugh at this1 but cabled the president in ,south ,america4 ,as the president had just been at ,panama1 and had seen the mosquito extermination work1 the #a1jjj subscription came back by return cable4 ,the ,darien ,board of ,health also was a spot against which in direct influence was knocking1 for it was a rich ,board of ,health with #aej at its disposal--and the ,mosquito ,man wanted that appropriation to flaunt in the faces of the old settlers4 ,god sent mosquitoes1 objected one member of the ,board of ,health1 and it is going in the face of ,providence to try to get rid of them4 ,all in all1 the money was raised4 ,some whom he asked for #ajj gave #be1 and some whom he asked for #be gave #ajj1 and some millionaires did not give at all--but a sail-maker is still telling proudly of how he gave #e1 and ,i haven't regretted a cent of it since4 ,the draining now commenced1 and the expert and the ,mosquito ,man were of the same stripe4 ,the work was completed in six weeks4 ,just about this time people stopped calling the ,mosquito ,man a bug1 and the members of the ,country ,club even tried to make him talk mosquitoes to them1 while the sail-maker felt sure that his #e had done the whole job4 ,hammocks were swung out in the yards--and a hammock hung outside of the screens is the barometer of the mosquito condition4 ,the ,mosquito ,man was feeling very satisfied the night he went to a dance at the ,country ,club4 ,but the east wind blew in the mosquitoes from the ,norwalk marshes4 ,it was the most embarrassing experience ,i have ever had1 said the ,mosquito ,man4 ,i sat right behind a big fat lady whose dress was very low and ,i watched the mosquitoes bite her2 her whole back was covered with red lumps4 ,that night ,i telegraphed to the man who had done the draining and he telegraphed back that all of ,norwalk township must be drained4 ,norwalk proved to be a much severer task than ,darien4 ,in ,darien the ,mosquito ,man had found only indifference and prejudice2 in ,norwalk he met active opposition4 ,property owners and city councils seem to be afraid that the value of property will be brought down if any sanitation scandal is advertised4 ,it really appeared to be simpler and better business to ignore the fact4 ,to do away with this opposition1 the ,mosquito ,man handled his campaign in a popular manner4 ,the cooperation of the newspapers was gained and every day he published articles on the mosquito question2 some of the articles were educational and others were facetious--while one came out that brought the property owners crying murder about his ears4 ,this was the article in which he gave the statistics of ,norwalk's health rate in comparison with other ,connecticut towns4 ,the smallest subscriptions were encouraged1 for1 after a man has given a dollar to a cause1 that cause is his4 ,many a child was received with a welcoming smile when he brought to the campaign offices a ten-cent donation4 ,true1 ten-cent donations were not suggested to adult contributors1 and the ,mosquito ,man did much to induce the well-to-do citizens to subscribe according to their means4 ,he still tells with relish of the club of women which took up a collection1 after his talk1 and presented him with two dollars1 in small change4 ,the women1 though1 were my greatest help1 he adds2 ,i found that the women are as a rule better citizens than the men and are glad to be organized to fight the mosquito and fly menace4 ,of course1 ,i found some uneducated ones that owned a piece of property a foot square1 and were afraid that ,i would walk off with it in my pocket if ,i came to look it over--but1 as for the educated women1 ,i could not have managed my campaign without them4 ,a large contributor to the fund was the monastery at ,kaiser ,island4 ,for years this had been a summer resort for the monks1 who filled the dormitories in the old days before the mosquitoes took the island4 ,only one priest was there when the ,mosquito ,man visited the place to ask for a subscription4 ,very few come any more1 said the priest4 ,it is because of the mosquitoes4 ,will you contribute #ejj to get rid of them8 asked the ,mosquito ,man4 ,briefly1 the ,mosquito ,man offered to repay the #ejj himself if he did not exterminate the mosquitoes4 ,the mosquitoes went2 the monks came back to ,kaiser ,island4 ,yet1 in spite of the occasional generous giver1 the #g1ejj was never quite raised1 and the ,mosquito ,man himself had to make up the deficit4 ,the citizens of ,norwalk1 for instance1 contributed only #aej4 ,this all happened three years ago1 and now not a child in the twelve miles but can tell you all about mosquitoes and how a community can avoid having them4 ,the ,mosquito ,man is appreciated now1 and the community understands what he has done for them and what he is still doing--for the contract merely drained the salt marshes1 doing away with the salt-water mosquitoes4 ,there were still the fresh-water mosquitoes1 and there was still much work for some one to do4 ,that some one has been the ,mosquito ,man4 ,during the three years1 he has made it his business to drain every inland marsh within his territory1 to turn over every tub which may collect water1 to let the plug out of every old boat which is breeding mosquitoes1 and to convince every ancestor-encumbered autocrat that his inherited woods can breed mosquitoes just as disastrously as do the tin cans of the ,hungarian immigrant down the road4 ,the ,mosquito ,man has an assistant1 paid by the towns of ,darien and ,norwalk--and together they traverse the country4 ,it was difficult finding a man who would go into mud to the waist when need was1 said the ,mosquito ,man1 but ,i finally found a good man with the proper scorn of public opinion on the clothes question1 and with a properly trained wife who cleaned without scolding4 ,you can find traces of the two men any place you go in the woods of ,darien or ,norwalk4 ,in a ferned dell where you are quite sure that yours is the first human presence1 you come upon a ditch1 as clean and smooth as a knife--or you find new grass in a place which you remember as a swamp4 ,perhaps you may even be lucky enough to come on the two workers themselves1 digging with their pick and spade--for all summer long the ,mosquito ,man is working eight hours a day at his self-appointed task4 ,you might even find him in ,new ,york some off-day--and you will know him1 for surely he will be telling some rebellious apartment-house owner that the tank on his roof is unscreened4 ,for they do say that he carries his activities into any part of the world where he may chance to be2 they do say that1 when he was in ,italy not so very long ago1 he went out to investigate the mosquitoes which had disturbed his rest the night before4 ,now you must oil your swamp1 said he to the innkeeper4 ,that night there was no salad for dinner1 for the innkeeper had obeyed the order to the best of his ability4 ,he had poured all of his best olive oil on the mosquito marsh4 99 99 99 99 99 7,country ,gentleman7 ,five half-tone illustrations1 with the following captions3 #a4 ,a ,traction ,ditcher at ,work ,digging ,trench for ,tile4 #b4 ,ditch ,dug ,with ,dynamite ,through ,woods4 #c4 ,apple ,packing ,house and ,cold ,storage at ,ransomville4 #d4 ,nelson ,r4 ,peet1 ,county ,agent and ,manager of the ,niagara ,county ,farm ,bureau1 ,new ,york4 #e4 ,part of the ,crowd ,listening to the ,speakers4 ,a ,,county ,,service ,,station ,,where ,,new ,,york ,,farmers ,,get ,,help ,,in ,,their ,,fruit ,,growing ,,and ,,marketing ,,problems ,,by ,d4 ,h4 ,,williams ,you've got to look into the family closet of a county and study its skeletons before you can decide whether that county's farming business is mostly on paper or on concrete4 ,you've got to know whether it standardizes production and marketing1 or just markets by as many methods as there are producers4 ,as a living example of the possibility of tightening up and retiming the gears of a county's economic machinery to the end of cutting out power losses1 ,niagara ,county1 ,new ,york1 stands in a distinct class by itself4 ,here is an area of #eeh square miles1 with ,lake ,ontario spraying its northern line4 ,a network of electric and steam railways and hundreds of miles of splendid state highways make up a system of economic arteries through which the industrial life-blood of the county circulates4 ,forty-eight hours to ,chicago's markets1 the same distance to ,new ,york's2 three wealthy industrial and agricultural cities within the county itself--,lockport1 ,niagara ,falls and ,north ,tonawanda--operating with a wealth of cheap electric power generated at ,niagara ,falls--these are some of the advantages within and without the county1 the value of which is self-evident4 ,beginning with the southern plain section1 ,niagara's agriculture changes in type from general hay and grain farming to a more intense fruit-growing industry as the northern plain section is approached1 until within the zone of ,lake ,ontario's tempering influence the fruit industry almost excludes all other types of farming4 ,there is hardly a more favored fruit section in the country than the northern half of ,niagara ,county4 ,apples1 pears1 peaches1 plums1 grapes1 cherries1 quinces make up the county's horticultural catalogue4 ,the latest available figures rank ,niagara ,county first among the counties of ,new ,york in the number of fruit trees2 second in the total number of bushels of fruit produced2 first in the quantity of peaches1 pears1 plums and prunes1 quinces and cherries2 third in the number of bushels of apples4 ,yet there are things about the county which no statistics will ever show1 such things1 for instance1 as the condition of the orchards1 the market value of the fruit1 the earning capacity of the land as a whole--in other words1 the bedrock rating of the county4 ,you have to get at these things by a different avenue of approach4 ,a rather close auditing during #aiad of the accounts of some eighty-seven typical good farms in perhaps the best section of ,niagara ,county brought out the fact that labor incomes from these farms1 on the whole1 could not be classed as strictly giltedge4 ,one diagnosis made by a ,niagara ,county investigator is recorded in these words3 ,though ,niagara ,county has many of the best fruit farms in ,new ,york ,state1 there are numbers of orchards that have been abandoned to the ravages of insects and disease4 ,there is also a tendency toward extensive rather than intensive fruit growing1 which has resulted in many large plantings being made4 ,niagara ,county does not need more orchards1 but rather cultivation and spraying of the present orchards2 it does not need to produce more fruit1 but rather to insure better grading and marketing of the present production4 ,this observation is dated #aiad1 one year after leading farmers and business men of the county1 convinced that all was not so well with them as the lifeless census figures would have one believe1 made the move to set up and operate for the county a farm bureau4 ,new ,york is the national hotbed of farm-bureau enthusiasm and propaganda4 ,almost six years to the day after the inauguration of this bureau1 ,i went into ,niagara ,county4 ,and before ,i left ,i was able to sketch a rather vivid mental picture of what a farm bureau really can do for a county1 be the raw material with which it must work good1 bad or indifferent4 ,up in the office of the ,niagara ,county ,farm ,bureau at ,lockport ,i waited some two hours for an interview with its manager1 ,nelson ,r4 ,peet4 ,that wait was an eye-opener4 ,three women clerks and stenographers and the assistant manager occupied this room4 ,the clerks were trying to typewrite1 answer the continuous ringing of the phone1 respond to buzzer summons from ,manager ,peet's private office and talk with a stream of visitors1 all at the same time4 ,i spent two whole days and half a night in these offices and not once save at night was there a let-up in this sort of thing4 ,it was business all the time2 the business of service6 ,niagara ,county farmers are using the bureau4 ,nelson ,peet1 manager1 is a spectacled human magneto4 ,his speech and his movements fairly crackle with energy2 his enthusiasm is as communicable as a jump spark4 ,a young man in years1 yet mature in the knowledge of men and the psychology of service1 he never wastes a minute dilating upon the philosophy of farm management2 but he has worked twenty hours a day to see that ,niagara ,county farmers got all the labor they needed during rush seasons4 ,this man has been with the bureau three years4 ,when he came to it the bureau had a paid-up membership of #cbe4 ,in ,march this year1 when ,i was in ,niagara ,county1 the membership stood at #bahe1 and was increasing daily4 ,it led by a good margin1 ,i was told1 the fifty-five ,new ,york county farm bureaus4 ,these1 in #aiah1 had a total membership of #fj1jjj4 ,more than half the farmers in ,niagara ,county are members of the ,niagara ,bureau4 ,when ,peet first took charge there were two broad courses open to him4 ,he might have planned a program of paternalistic propaganda in behalf of the farmers of the county4 ,such a program calls for a tremendous amount of talking and writing about cooeperation and community interests1 better economics and better social conditions1 but too often results in the propagandist doing the coing1 while the operating is left to somebody else4 ,the other course was to find out what the farms and farmers in the county needed most and then set to work with little ado to get those things4 ,peet chose the latter course4 ,and in so doing he has staged one of the best demonstrations in rural ,america4 ,he has shown that a farm bureau can be made into a county service station and actually become the hub of the county's agricultural activities4 ,with the aid of state-college men1 one of ,peet's foremost lines of bureau work has been that of taking inventories of the farming business of ,niagara ,county4 ,for four years these records have been taken on some #ajj typical farms4 ,group meetings are regularly held at the homes of the bureau's community committeemen4 ,here1 with the records they have been keeping1 the farmers assemble4 ,here they work out their own labor incomes and compare notes with their neighbors4 ,the farm bureau helps the men make these business analyses--it does not do the work for them4 ,now the farmers ask for the blank forms and are themselves as enthusiastic over farm-management records as the men who specialize in such4 ,these figures serve the bureau as an index to the county's progress4 ,more than once ,peet has referred to them and discovered where leaks could be plugged4 ,for example1 these records showed an average labor income of #ahb a farm for the four years ending #aiaf4 ,this fact1 ,mr4 ,peet explained1 we put to work as the reason for doing something to benefit the fruit industry4 ,what could be done8 ,the answer in other highly specialized fruit sections seems to have been central packing houses4 ,we held a meeting1 inviting one very influential fruit grower from each loading station in the county4 ,we showed charts of the farm-management records4 ,it didn't take long for the meeting to go on record as favoring the central-packing-house plan4 ,later meetings were held in each community1 the farm-management charts were again shown1 and at every loading station the meetings went on record as favoring central packing houses4 ,to make a long story short1 sites and methods of financing these houses were worked out4 ,there were already two old central packing houses in operation4 ,they took on new life4 ,five new ones have been formed4 ,all were incorporated and federated into a central parent association1 which owns the brand adopted and makes the rules and regulations under which the fruit is packed4 ,from the very beginning the proposition has been pushed not as a means of beating the selling game by selling cooeperatively1 but as a means of securing the confidence of the consuming public1 which must ultimately result in a wider distribution and better prices4 ,in fact1 the matter of selling has not been fostered from the farm-bureau office4 ,we have concerned ourselves solely with uniform grading and central packing4 ,we believed from the start that the selling of properly graded and packed fruit will take care of itself1 and this stand has been justified4 ,each association makes its own arrangements for selling1 and in every case has secured better prices than the growers who sold under the old system4 ,the most satisfactory feature of this work centers round the fact that the best and most influential growers are heart and soul behind the proposition4 ,the personnel of cooeperative movements1 ,i believe1 is the main feature4 ,when ,i visited ,niagara ,county the seven central packing associations were doing a splendid business1 handling about #a1jjj1jjj worth of apples between them4 ,only two of the associations were more than one year old4 ,many of the associations were dickering for additional space for packing and for extensions for their refrigerator service4 ,other communities in ,niagara and in other counties were writing in for details of the plan1 to the end of getting the same thing started in their sections4 ,and inquiries were coming in from states outside of ,new ,york4 ,even with the best of selling methods1 no commodity will bring a profit to the producer unless the greater portion of it is eligible to the ,a-#a class4 ,too many seconds or culls will throw any orchard venture on the rocks of bankruptcy4 ,it came to ,manager ,peet's attention early in #aiag that the farm bureau had a golden opportunity to put on another service1 which alone1 if it worked out in practice as well as it did on paper1 would justify the existence of the bureau4 ,he noticed that though orchardists were following spraying schedules--the best they could find--some had splendid results in controlling apple scab and other pests1 but others got results ranging between indifferent and poor4 ,this seemed paradoxical1 in view of the fact that one man who followed the same spraying schedule as his neighbor would have more scabby apples than the other4 ,at that time ,l4,f4 ,strickland1 orchard inspector for the state department of agriculture1 had paid particular attention to a limited number of apple orchards in ,niagara ,county with a view to controlling scab by spraying4 ,he discovered that1 though the average spraying calendar is all right1 climatic conditions in different parts of the same county often upset these standard calculations1 so that a difference of one day or even a few hours in time of spraying often meant the difference between success and failure4 ,in other words1 it was necessary to study all contributing factors1 watch the orchards unremittingly and then decide on the exact day or even hour when conditions were right for a successful spray treatment4 ,he found that one must strike the times between times to get the optimum of results4 ,so ,mr4 ,strickland1 in conjunction with his regular work1 kept an eagle eye on a few orchards and would notify the owners when it seemed the moment for spraying had come4 ,it worked out that those favored orchardists had magnificent yields of ,a-#a fruit2 others in the same sections1 following the rather flexible spraying calendars1 didn't do nearly so well4 ,all this set ,manager ,peet to thinking4 ,strickland hasn't got an automobile and has lots of other work to do1 he reasoned2 but why1 if he had a car and could give all the time necessary to such work1 couldn't the same results be had in orchards all over the county8 ,why can't this farm bureau put on a spraying service8 ,he put the idea up to the executive committee of the bureau4 ,the idea was good1 they agreed1 but it would cost at least #ejj to try it out the first year4 ,the bureau didn't have the available funds4 ,tell you what1 they finally said3 ,if you want to get out and rustle up #ejj new members at one dollar each to pay for this thing1 we'll authorize it4 ,peet was telling me about it4 ,here the bureau had been working for four years with a paid-up membership of about #cge1 he said1 and if ,i believed in my idea ,i had to get #ejj more by spring4 ,it was ,february eighth when the committee gave me this decision4 ,well1 ,i did it in time to start the ball that spring6 ,he got the new members because he had a service to sell them4 ,arrangements were made whereby the county was divided into six zones1 varying in soil and topographic conditions4 ,criterion orchards were selected in each zone4 ,the inspector1 with the aid of daily telegraphic weather reports and through constant inspection of the criterion orchards1 decided when the hour struck for the most effective spraying of these orchards4 ,in the meantime ,manager ,peet and the inspector had worked out a code system for spraying instructions and put this into the hands of the growers in the six zones4 ,when it came time to spray1 the telephones from headquarters in ,lockport were put to work and the code message sent to certain orchardists2 these in turn repeated the instructions to a number of other orchardists agreed upon1 until every member had received the message4 ,the scheme has worked4 ,the first year there were #hjj members who took this service2 the second year--#aiah--there were #ijj2 this year there are #aejj4 ,it is paying for itself many times over4 ,one central packing house with nine grower members reports that eight of the members used the spraying service and that none of these had more than five per cent of their fruit to cull out4 ,the ninth member sprayed1 but not through the service4 ,he culled forty-five per cent of his crop4 ,there are scores of similar instances4 ,seeing how quickly he could get the support of the ,niagara farmers for any move which had practice and not theory to recommend it1 ,manager ,peet next began to agitate for an improvement in city-marketing conditions in ,lockport4 ,up to ,august1 #aiae1 the system--if system it might be called--of distributing farm produce for ,lockport's consumption consisted of sporadic visits by producers to the city with produce to be sold at prices largely controlled by the local grocerymen4 ,likewise retail prices to consumers were chiefly regulated by the same standard4 ,a grower might drive into ,lockport with #ajj quarts of strawberries4 ,he would stop at a grocery and offer them4 ,no1 the grocer would say1 ,i don't want any4 ,say1 how much do you want for them anyhow8 ,ten cents a quart4 ,too high2 ,i'll give you six4 ,whereupon the man would drive on to see the next grocer4 ,but the man who offered six cents might go straight to his phone1 call up the rest of the trade and inform it that there were #ajj quarts of strawberries on the streets for which he had offered six cents against ten asked4 ,the result would be that the farmer would get no better offer than six cents4 ,so ,manager ,peet joined hands with the ,lockport ,board of ,commerce and went at the job of righting this condition4 ,he proposed a city market for farmers4 ,the nearest approach to a market was a shelter for teams which the local food dealers had rented4 ,to #gjj farmers in the vicinity of ,lockport ,manager ,peet wrote letters1 calling their attention to these conditions and offering the city-market idea as a remedy4 ,and he used publicity among ,lockport's population of consumers1 showing them the economy of such a move4 ,the farmers held a get-together meeting1 decided on a location for a market in ,lockport1 decided on market days and market hours4 ,after this the farm bureau got the city's common council to pass an ordinance prohibiting the huckstering of farm produce on the streets during market hours2 also an ordinance setting the market hours1 marking off a street section which should be used as a market stand1 and putting the superintendent of streets in charge4 ,that was all4 ,not a cent of appropriation asked for4 ,the market opened ,august #aj1 #aiag1 with fifty farm wagons in place4 ,before the summer was over it was common to find more than #ajj at their stands4 ,the local war-garden supervisor acted as inspector4 ,he looked over the produce1 advised the farmers how to pack and display it1 and used every energy in the direction of popularizing the market among producers and consumers alike4 ,between ,manager ,peet and the inspector a scheme was worked out whereby every ,thursday was bargain day in market4 ,they would get a certain number of farmers to agree to pack and offer for sale on those days a limited number of baskets of their finest tomatoes1 say4 ,or it might be corn4 ,in the case of tomatoes the bargain price would be ten cents for baskets which that day were selling regularly for eighteen to twenty-five cents4 ,to each of these baskets--no farmer was asked to sacrifice more than ten--was attached a green tag noting that it was a bargain4 ,each bargain day was advertised in advance among ,lockport consumers4 ,thursday mornings would see an early rush to the market4 ,the bargains would be cleaned out and then business at normal prices would continue at a brisker rate than usual4 ,the first year of its operation this market was held on fifty-one days4 ,during this period #acjj rigs sold out their produce for a total of #ac1jjj4 ,this simple move has resulted in stabilizing prices in ,lockport and has encouraged the bringing in of farm produce4 ,prices automatically regulate themselves4 ,if they begin to get too low in ,lockport1 the supply in sight is immediately reduced through action by the producers in shipping the stuff to ,niagara ,falls or ,buffalo by motor trucks4 ,the distribution of ,lockport's milk supply1 as happens in hundreds of cities1 has been attended by considerable waste and expense as a result of duplication of delivery routes1 breakage of bottles and uneconomic schedules4 ,the first night ,i was in ,lockport1 ,manager ,peet was holding a meeting of the milk producers supplying the city for the purpose of settling this inequity once and for all4 ,a little agitation had been carried on ahead of this meeting1 but only a little4 ,peet had a plan4 ,it's all wrong to plan for a municipally owned central distributing system1 he was explaining to me the next morning2 these are too likely to get mixed up in politics4 ,so last night we just about clinched our arrangement for having our city distributing system owned by the producers themselves4 ,in the past we have had eight distributors with fifteen wagons handling the milk supplied from fifty dairy farms4 ,there has been a big loss in time and money as a result of this competition4 ,the farm bureau got the producers together on the plan of securing options on these distributors' interests1 and last night we just about wound up all the preliminaries4 ,we already have our limited liability corporation papers4 ,we're incorporating under the ,membership ,corporation ,law4 ,our organization comes under the amendment to the ,sherman ,antitrust ,law1 you know1 following closely the ,california law under which the ,california fruit growers' associations operate4 ,we figure that we will need between #bj1jjj and #cj1jjj for the purchase of buildings1 wagons1 equipment and good-will now in the hands of the distributors4 ,at first we thought it would be a good plan to have every member of the association subscribe to the amount proportioned by the number of cows he keeps or the amount of milk he has for sale4 ,but for several reasons this wouldn't work4 ,so we hit on the scheme of having each man subscribe to the amount he personally is able to finance4 ,we already have #bd1jjj subscribed in sums between set limits of #ajj and #ajjj4 ,we're issuing five-year certificates of indebtedness bearing six per cent interest4 ,our producers will have about #ijjj worth of milk a month to distribute4 ,we plan to deduct five per cent every month from these milk checks to pay off the certificates4 ,then later we'll create a new set of certificates and redistribute these in proportion to the amounts of milk produced on the members' farms4 ,manager ,peet and the producers are making it perfectly plain to ,lockport consumers that this is no move contemplating price control4 ,in fact1 they expect to sell milk for a cent a quart under the old price4 ,the farm-labor shortage which antedated our entrance into the war became a national menace about the time our selective draft began to operate4 ,new ,york farmers were as hard hit as any other farmers1 particularly in the fruit sections1 where a tremendous labor supply falls suddenly due at harvest time4 ,niagara ,county came in for its full share of this trouble and the ,niagara ,county ,farm ,bureau went its length to meet the emergency4 ,in #aiag ,western ,new ,york produced the biggest crop of peaches in its history1 and in the face of the greatest labor famine4 ,there were nearly #hjjj cars of the fruit in danger of spoiling on the trees and on the ground4 ,peet anticipated the crisis by converting the farm bureau into a veritable county labor department4 ,he was promised a good number of high-school boys who were to help in the peach harvest and who were to be cleared through a central office in ,buffalo4 ,manager ,peet worked out arrangements for the care of these boys in forty-two camps strategically located4 ,the camps were to accommodate thirty boys each4 ,the farmers had asked ,peet for #dejj hands4 ,he applied for #aejj boys and had every reason to expect these4 ,but at the critical moment something went wrong in ,buffalo headquarters and of the #aejj asked for he got only #bjj6 ,i was in ,buffalo at the time the news was broken1 ,manager ,peet was saying to me1 and my first impulse was to jump off one of the docks6 ,here was a nice kettle of fish6 ,the fruit was ripening on the trees1 and the phones in the bureau offices were ringing their plating off with calls from frantic farmers4 ,peet didn't jump off a ,buffalo dock2 he jumped out of his coat and into the fray4 ,he got a ,federal ,department of ,labor man to help him4 ,they plastered appeals for help all over ,western ,new ,york--on the walls of post offices1 railroad stations1 on boarding houses4 ,they worked on long-distance phones1 the telegraph1 the mails4 ,they hired trucks and brought city men and boys and women and girls from cities to work in the orchards over week-ends4 ,labor1 attracted by the flaring posters1 drifted into the bureau's offices in ,lockport and immediately was assigned to farms2 and hundreds of laborers whom ,peet never saw also came4 ,by working seven days a week and often without meals and with cat naps for sleep the bureau cleared #abjj laborers through its office1 to say nothing of the loads brought overland by motor truck and which never came near the office4 ,business houses in the towns closed down and sent their help to the orchards4 ,lockport's organization of live wires--lawyers1 doctors1 bankers--went out and worked in the orchards4 ,well1 was ,peet's comment1 we saved the crop1 that's all6 ,last year the bureau placed #ajie men and four women on farms in ,niagara ,county4 ,in addition1 #aebg soldiers were secured on two-day furloughs from ,fort ,niagara to help harvest the fruit crops4 ,we did this1 said ,manager ,peet1 mainly by starting early and keeping persistently at it with the ,war ,department1 in order to cut the red tape4 ,this fall there will go into effect in ,new ,york ,state an amendment to its drainage law which is going to do more properly to drain the state than all the steam diggers that could have been crowded on its acres under former conditions4 ,this action came out of ,niagara ,county1 through the farm bureau4 ,to realize the importance of drainage in this county one must remember that it lies in two levels broken by the ridge which forms the locks at ,lockport1 the falls at ,niagara ,falls1 and which extends across the county from east to west4 ,in each plateau the land is very level1 there being but few places in the county having a difference in elevation of twenty feet within a radius of a mile4 ,good drainage is very necessary and in the past has been very hard to secure4 ,practically no man can secure adequate drainage without being concerned in the drainage of his neighbor's land1 said ,mr4 ,peet4 ,if the neighbor objects the situation is complicated4 ,and our drainage laws have been woefully inadequate to handle these problems4 ,but recently the farm bureau put it up to a conference of county agents of ,new ,york to get the state leader to appoint a state committee to work this thing out and persuade the state legislature to make the necessary amendments to the drainage law4 ,the plan went through1 and one of the laws passed compels an objecting property owner to open drains which are necessary for the relief of his neighbors4 ,this law goes into effect next fall4 ,farmers are looking to the farm bureau for help in the cleaning and repairing of some sixty drainage ditches constructed in the past under the county-commissioner plan4 ,but the records on file in the county clerk's office are in bad shape4 ,the farm bureau has taken it upon itself to arrange all this material so that it is available on a minute's notice1 and as a result has drawn up petitions to the supervisors for the cleaning out of three of these ditches4 ,cooperating with the ,new ,york ,state ,food ,commission1 the farm bureau had a power-tractor ditcher placed in the county last summer4 ,peet placed his assistant in full charge1 and the machine never lost a single day as a result of lack of supervision4 ,it has dug over #djjj rods of ditch for tile on twenty-eight farms4 ,for four years ,niagara ,county farmers had not made expenses in growing tomatoes for the canneries4 ,the farm bureau called a meeting of some fourteen growers and together they figured the cost of production4 ,the average cost for #aiag was found to be #he an acre2 the estimated cost for #aiah was #ajh an acre4 ,the average crop was set at six tons to the acre4 ,a joint committee went out of the conference and laid these facts before the canners4 ,the result was that the growers got #bj a ton for their crops in #aiah4 ,these are some outstanding features of the service rendered its farmers by the ,niagara bureau4 ,here are some of its lesser activities3 ,taking an agricultural census by school districts of each farm in the county and completing the job in one week4 ,effecting an interchange of livestock and seed4 ,distributing #ajjj bushels of seed corn among #chc farmers1 twenty-two tons of nitrate of soda at cost among sixty-two farmers1 and securing and distributing six tons of sugar to fifty beekeepers for wintering bees4 ,indorsing #bjj applications for military furloughs4 ,assisting in organizing ,liberty ,loan campaigns1 especially the third4 ,assisting in the delivery of twenty carloads of feed1 fertilizer1 farm machinery and barrels1 which had been delayed4 ,holding twelve demonstration meetings1 attended by #fjb farmers4 ,conducting two tractor schools1 attended by #abe farmers4 ,arranging eight farmers' institutes1 attended by #ijj farmers4 ,organizing a ,federal ,farm ,loan ,association which has loaned #abe1jjj to nineteen farmers4 ,the bureau keeps its members posted on what is going on in the county and what the bureau is doing through the medium of a well-edited monthly ,news of eight pages4 ,the best feature of the handling of this publication is that it costs neither bureau nor members a cent4 ,the advertisements from local supply dealers pay for it1 and two pages of ads in each issue settles the bill4 ,the bureau's books show that last year it spent five dollars in serving each member4 ,the membership fee is only one dollar4 ,the difference comes from ,federal1 state and county appropriations4 ,the success of this bureau comes from having at the head of it the right man with the right view of what a farm bureau should do4 ,manager ,peet sees to it that the organization works with the local chamber of commerce--the one in ,lockport has #gjj members--which antedates the farm bureau and which always has supported the bureau4 ,peet's policy has been to keep the bureau not only before the farmers but before the city people as well4 ,the live-wire committee of the ,lockport chamber1 composed of lawyers1 doctors1 bankers1 merchants1 and the like1 has made ,manager ,peet an ex-officio member4 ,the ,niagara ,falls and ,tonawanda ,chambers of ,commerce get together with the ,lockport chamber and the farm bureau and talk over problems of inter-county importance4 ,these conferences have worked out a unified plan for road development1 for instance4 ,the ,niagara ,farm ,bureau helped the ,niagara ,falls city administration to secure the services of a ,federal market inspector4 ,in this way all rivalry between different sections and towns in ,niagara ,county is freed of friction4 ,about the only criticism ,i heard against the farm bureau of ,niagara ,county was that ,peet was the wrong man4 ,the farmers want a man who will stay manager4 ,but some of the best members hinted that ,peet will not stay because he's just a bit too efficient4 ,they seem to fear that some business corporation is going to get him away4 ,and when you look over the record of his work as organizer and executive1 you must admit there's something in this4 99 99 99 99 99 7,detroit ,news7 ,four half-tone illustrations3 #a4 ,the ,settling ,basin at the ,water ,works4 #b4 ,interior of the ,tunnel ,through which the ,water is ,pumped4 #c4 ,where ,detroit's ,water ,comes ,from4 #d4 ,water ,rushing into the ,settling ,basin4 ,,guarding ,a ,,city',s ,,water ,,supply ,,how ,,the ,,city ,,chemist ,,watches ,,for ,,the ,,appearance ,,of ,,deadly ,,bacilli2 ,,water ,,made ,,pure ,,by ,,chemicals ,,by ,,henry ,j4 ,,richmond ,,colon4 ,the city chemist spoke the one significant word as he set down the test tube into which he had been gazing intently4 ,the next morning the front page of all the city papers displayed the warning1 ,citizens should boil the drinking water4 ,every morning1 as the first task of the day1 the city chemist uncorks a curious little crooked tube containing a few spoonsful of very ordinary bouillon1 akin to that which you might grab at the quick lunch1 but which has been treated by the admixture of a chemical4 ,this tube begins in a bulb which holds the fluid and terminates in an upturned crook sealed at the end4 ,into this interesting little piece of apparatus1 the chemist pours a small quantity of the city drinking water1 and he then puts the whole into an incubator where it is kept at a temperature favorable to the reactions which are expected if the water is contaminated4 ,after a sufficient time the tube is inspected4 ,to the untrained eye nothing appears4 ,the bouillon still remains in the little bulb apparently unchanged4 ,its color and clearness have not been affected4 ,but the chemist notices that it does not stand so high in the closed end of the tube as it did when placed in the incubator4 ,the observation seems trivial1 but to the man of science it is significant4 ,what has happened8 ,the water contained some minute organisms which when acted upon by the chemical in the tube have set up a fermentation4 ,gradually1 one by one in the little bulb1 bubbles of gas have formed and risen to the surface of the liquid in the closed upper end of the tube4 ,as this gas was liberated1 it took the place of the liquid in the tube1 and the liquid was forced downward until there was quite a large space1 apparently vacant but really filled with gas4 ,it was this phenomenon that had attracted the attention of the chemist4 ,what did it mean8 ,it was the evidence that the water which was being furnished to the city for half a million people to drink contained some living organism4 ,now that1 in itself1 was enough to make an official of the health department begin to take an interest4 ,it was not1 however1 in itself a danger signal4 ,not all bacterial life is a menace to health1 the chemist will tell you4 ,indeed1 humanity has come to live on very peaceable terms with several thousand varieties of bacteria and to be really at enmity with but a score or more4 ,without the beneficent work of a certain class of bacteria the world would not be habitable4 ,this comes about through a very interesting1 though rather repulsive condition--the necessity of getting rid of the dead to make room for the living4 ,what would be the result if no provision had been made for the disintegration of the bodies of all the men and animals that have inhabited the earth since the beginning8 ,such a situation is inconceivable4 ,but very wisely providence has provided that myriads and myriads of tiny creatures are ever at work breaking up worn-out and dead animal matter and reducing it to its original elements4 ,these elements are taken up by plant life1 elaborated into living vegetable growth and made fit again for the nourishment of animal life1 thus completing the marvelous cycle4 ,and so we must not get the notion that all bacteria are our mortal foes4 ,we could not live without them1 and our earth1 without their humble services1 would no longer be habitable4 ,neither need we fear the presence of bacterial life in our drinking water4 ,drinking water always contains bacteria4 ,we1 ourselves1 even when in the best of health1 are the hosts of millions upon millions of them1 and it is fair to suppose that they serve some useful purpose4 ,at any rate1 it has never been demonstrated that they do us any harm under normal conditions4 ,and so1 the chemist was not alarmed when he discovered that the formation of gas in his crooked tube gave indication of bacteria in the drinking water4 ,he must ascertain what type of bacteria he had entrapped4 ,to this end1 he analyzed the gas1 and when he determined that the fermentation was due to the presence of colon bacilli in the water1 he sent out his warning4 ,not that the colon bacilli are a menace to health4 ,the body of every human being in the world is infested with millions of them4 ,but the presence of colon bacilli in drinking water is an indication of the presence of a really dangerous thing--sewage4 ,thus1 when the city chemist turned from his test tube with the exclamation1 ,colon6 he did not fear the thing that he saw1 but the thing that he knew might accompany it4 ,there has been much discussion of late of the possibility that the great lakes cities may suffer a water famine4 ,the rapid increase of population along the borders of these great seas1 it has been said1 might render the water unfit for use4 ,this fear is based upon the assumption that we shall always continue the present very foolish practice of dumping our sewage into the source of our water supply4 ,the time may come when we shall know better how to protect the public health and at the same time husband the public resources4 ,but even at that1 the city chemist says that he hardly expects to see the time when the present intake for water near the head of ,belle ,isle will not be both safe and adequate4 ,no doubt he makes this statement because he has confidence that the purification of water is both simple and safe4 ,there are two principal methods4 ,the first1 and most expensive1 is nature's own--the filter4 ,the application of this method is comparatively simple though it involves considerable expense4 ,the trick was learned from the hillside spring which1 welling up through strata of sand and gravel1 comes out pure and clear and sparkling4 ,to make spring water out of lake water1 therefore1 it is merely necessary to excavate a considerable area to the desired depth and lead into it the pipes connected with the wells from which water is to be pumped4 ,then the pit is filled with successive layers of crushed stone graduated in fineness to the size of gravel and then covered with a deep layer of fine sand4 ,this area is then flooded with the water to be filtered1 which slowly percolates and comes out clear and pure4 ,the best results in purification of contaminated water supplies have probably been attained in this way2 that is1 as measured by the improvement of health and the general reduction of the death rate from those diseases caused by the use of contaminated water4 ,but when the alarm was given this spring by the city chemist there was no time to excavate and build an extensive filtering plant4 ,the dreaded typhoid was already making its appearance and babies were dying4 ,something had to be done at once4 ,if some afternoon you take a stroll through ,gladwin park your attention may be attracted to a little white building at the lower end of the settling basin4 ,it is merely a temporary structure yet it is serving a very important purpose4 ,approach the open door and your nostrils will be greeted by a pungent odor that may make you catch your breath4 ,the workmen1 too1 you will notice1 do not stay long within doors1 but take refuge in a little shelter booth outside4 ,strewn about here and there are traces of a white1 powdery substance which seems to have been tracked down from a platform erected on the roof4 ,this is hypochlorite of lime1 the substance used for sterilizing the city drinking water4 ,this is so powerful a disinfectant that it destroys all bacteria in water even in an extremely dilute solution4 ,the method of applying it is interesting4 ,the city water comes in from the river through a great tunnel about #aj feet in diameter4 ,the little chlorinating plant is situated on the line of this tunnel so that the solution is readily introduced into the water before it reaches the pool called a settling basin4 ,the hypochlorite reaches the plant in iron cylinders containing #ajj pounds4 ,these are carried up to the roof and poured into the first mixing tank through a hopper fixed for the purpose4 ,there are within the building four of these mixing tanks4 ,in the first1 up near the roof1 a very strong solution is first made4 ,this is drawn off into a second tank with a greater admixture of water and thence passes into the third and fourth4 ,from the last it is forced out into the main tunnel by a pipe and mingles with the great flood that is pouring constantly into the wells beneath pumping engines4 ,and this is the strength of the chemical3 five pounds of it mingled with one million gallons of water is sufficient to render the water fit for drinking purposes4 ,nearly #ih per cent of the bacteria in the water is destroyed by this weak solution4 ,the water is tasteless and odorless4 ,indeed1 probably very few of the citizens of ,detroit who are using the city water all the time1 know that the treatment is being applied4 ,but the chemist continues his tests every morning4 ,every morning the little crooked tubes are brought out and filled and carefully watched to ascertain if the telltale gas develops which is an index of death in the cup4 ,thus is the city's water supply guarded4 ,no more important work can devolve on the board of health4 ,before science had learned to recognize the tiny enemies which infest drinking water1 typhoid and kindred diseases were regarded as a visitation of divine providence for the sins of a people4 ,we now know that a rise in the death rate from these diseases is to be laid rather to the sins of omission on the part of the board of health and the public works department4 99 99 99 99 99 7,the ,outlook7 ,,the ,,occupation ,,and ,,exercise ,,cure ,,by ,,frank ,,marshall ,,white ,the nerve specialist leaned back in his chair behind the great mahogany desk in his consulting-room and studied the features of the capitalist as that important factor in commerce and industry explained the symptoms that had become alarming enough to drive him1 against his will1 to seek medical assistance4 ,the patient was under fifty years of age1 though the deep lines in his face1 with his whitening hair--consequences of the assiduity with which he had devoted himself to the accumulation of his millions and his position in the ,directory of ,directors--made him appear ten years older4 ,an examination had shown that he had no organic disease of any kind1 but he told the physician that he was suffering from what he called inward trembling1 with palpitation of the heart1 poor sleep1 occasional dizziness1 pain in the back of the neck1 difficulty in concentrating his attention1 and1 most of all1 from various apprehensions1 such as that of being about to fall1 of losing his mind1 of sudden death--he was afraid to be alone1 and was continually tired1 worried1 and harassed4 ,you present merely the ordinary signs of neurasthenia1 said the specialist4 ,these symptoms are distressing1 but not at all serious or dangerous4 ,you have been thinking a great deal too much about yourself and your feelings4 ,you watch with morbid interest the perverted sensations that arise in various parts of your body4 ,you grow apprehensive about the palpitation of your heart1 which is not at all diseased1 but which flutters a little from time to time because the great nerve of the heart is tired1 like the other great nerves and nerve-centers of your body4 ,you grow apprehensive over the analogous tremor which you describe as 'inward trembling1' and which you often feel all through your trunk and sometimes in your knees1 hands1 and face1 particularly about the eyes and mouth and in the fingers4 ,the capitalist had started at the mention of the word neurasthenia1 and had seemed much relieved when the physician had declared that the symptoms were not dangerous4 ,i had been under the impression that neurasthenia was practically an incurable disease1 he said4 ,however1 you have described my sensations exactly4 ,one hundred per centum of cases of neurasthenia are curable1 responded the specialist4 ,neurasthenia is not1 as is usually supposed1 an equally diffused general exhaustion of the nervous system4 ,in my opinion1 it is rather an unequally distributed multiple fatigue4 ,certain more vulnerable portions of the nervous system are affected1 while the remainder is normal4 ,in the brain we have an overworked area which1 irritated1 gives rise to an apprehension or imperative idea4 ,by concentration of energy in some other region of the brain1 by using the normal portions1 we give this affected part an opportunity to rest and recuperate4 ,new occupations are therefore substituted for the old habitual one4 ,a change of interests gives the tired centers rest4 ,i have heard the 'rest cure' advocated in cases like mine1 suggested the capitalist4 ,in the treatment of neurasthenia we must take the whole man into consideration1 said the physician4 ,we must stimulate nutrition1 feed well the tired and exhausted organism1 and1 above all1 provide some sort of rest and distraction for the mind4 ,the mind needs feeding as well as the body4 ,the rest cure is a kind of passive1 relaxing1 sedative treatment4 ,the field is allowed to lie fallow1 and often to grow up with weeds1 trusting to time to rest and enrich it4 ,the 'exercise and occupation cure1' on the other hand1 is an active1 stimulating1 and tonic prescription4 ,you place yourself in the hands of a physician who must direct the treatment4 ,he will lay out a scheme with a judicious admixture of exercise which will improve your general health1 soothe your nervous system1 induce good appetite and sleep1 and of occupation which will keep your mind from morbid self-contemplation4 ,one of the best means to this end is manual occupation--drawing1 designing1 carpentry1 metal-work1 leather-work1 weaving1 basket-making1 bookbinding1 clay-modeling1 and the like--for in all these things the hands are kept busy1 requiring concentration of attention1 while new interests of an artistic and aesthetic nature are aroused4 ,the outdoor exercise1 taken for a part of each day1 if of the right sort1 also distracts by taking the attention and creating interest4 ,the capitalist had called upon the specialist braced for a possible sentence of death1 prepared at the least to be informed that he was suffering from a progressive mental malady4 ,now1 while a tremendous weight was lifted from his mind with the information that he might anticipate a complete return to health1 the idea of devoting his trained intelligence1 accustomed to cope with great problems of trade and finance1 to such trivialities as basket-making or modeling in clay appeared preposterous4 ,nevertheless1 when the physician told him of a resort near at hand1 established for the treatment of cases just such as his1 where he might be under continuous medical supervision1 without confinement indoors or being deprived of any of the comforts or luxuries of life1 he decided to put himself in the other's hands unreservedly4 ,the specialist informed him that the length of time required for his cure would depend largely upon himself4 ,he might1 for instance1 even keep in touch with his office and have matters of import referred to him while he was recuperating his mental and physical strength1 but such a course would inevitably retard his recovery1 and possibly prevent it4 ,to get the best results from the treatment he ought to leave every business interest behind him1 he was told4 ,the fee that the capitalist paid the specialist made his advice so valuable that the other followed it absolutely4 ,the next evening saw the patient in the home of the occupation and exercise cure4 ,he arrived just in time to sit down to dinner with a score of other patients1 not one of whom showed any outward sign of illness1 though all were taking the cure for some form of nervous trouble4 ,there were no cases of insanity among them1 however1 none being admitted to the institution under any circumstances4 ,the dinner was simple and abundant1 and the conversation at the tables of a lively and cheerful nature4 ,as everybody went to bed by ten o'clock--almost every one considerably before that hour1 in fact--the newcomer did likewise1 he having secured a suite with a bath in the main building4 ,somewhat to the surprise of the capitalist1 who was accustomed to be made much of wherever he happened to be1 no more attention was paid to him than to any other guest of the establishment1 a condition of affairs that happened to please him4 ,he was told on retiring that breakfast would be served in the dining-room from #g3cj to #h3cj in the morning1 but that1 if he preferred to remain in his room1 it would be brought to him there at nine o'clock4 ,the capitalist had a bad night1 and was up to breakfast early4 ,after he had concluded that repast the medical superintendent showed him about the place1 but did not encourage him to talk about his symptoms4 ,the grounds of the occupation and exercise cure comprised a farm of forty acres located among the hills of northern ,westchester ,county in the ,croton watershed1 with large shade trees1 lawns1 flower gardens1 and an inexhaustible supply of pure spring water from a well three hundred feet deep in solid rock4 ,the main building1 situated on a knoll adjacent to a grove of evergreen trees1 contained a great solarium1 which was the favorite sitting-room of the patients1 and the dining-room was also finished with two sides of glass1 both apartments capable of being thrown open in warm weather1 and having the advantage of all the sun there was in winter4 ,in this building were also the medical offices1 with a clinical laboratory and hydro- and electro-therapeutic equipment1 and accommodations for from twelve to fifteen guests4 ,two bungalows under the trees of the apple orchard close at hand1 one containing two separate suites with baths1 and the other two living-rooms with hall and bath-room1 were ideal places for quiet and repose4 ,situated at the entrance to the grounds was a club-house1 with a big sitting-room and an open fireplace2 it also contained a solarium1 billiard-room1 bowling alleys1 a squash court1 a greenhouse for winter floriculture1 and the arts and crafts shops1 with seven living-rooms4 ,every living-room in the main building1 the club-house1 and the bungalows was connected with the medical office by telephone1 so that in case of need patients might immediately secure the services of a physician at any hour of the day or night4 ,the arts and crafts shops being the basic principle of the occupation and exercise cure1 the capitalist was introduced to an efficient and businesslike young woman1 the instructress1 who explained to him the nature of the avocations in which he might choose to interest himself4 ,here he found his fellow-patients busily and apparently congenially employed4 ,in one of the shops a recent alumnus of one of the leading universities1 who had undergone a nervous breakdown after graduation1 was patiently hammering a sheet of brass with a view to converting it into a lampshade2 a matron of nearly sixty1 who had previously spent eight years in sanatoriums1 practically bedridden1 was setting type in the printing office with greater activity than she had known before for two decades2 two girls1 one sixteen and the other twelve1 the latter inclined to hysteria and the former once subject to acute nervous attacks1 taking the cure in charge of trained nurses1 were chattering gayly over a loom in the construction of a silk rug2 a prominent business man from a ,western city1 like the ,new ,york capitalist broken down from overwork1 was earnestly modeling in clay what he hoped might eventually become a jardiniere2 one of last season's debutantes among the fashionables1 who had been leading a life of too strenuous gayety that had told on her nerves1 was constructing a stamped leather portfolio with entire absorption2 and half a dozen others1 mostly young women1 were engaged at wood-carving1 bookbinding1 block-printing1 tapestry weaving1 or basket-making1 each one of them under treatment for some nervous derangement4 ,the new patient decided to try his hand at basket-making2 and1 although he figured out that it would take him about four days to turn out a product that might sell for ten cents1 he was soon so much interested in mastering the manual details of the craft that he was disinclined to put the work aside when the medical superintendent suggested a horseback ride4 ,when1 at the advice of the specialist1 the capitalist had decided to try the occupation and exercise cure1 he did so with little faith that it would restore him to health1 though he felt that there was perhaps a slight chance that it might help him4 ,the remedy seemed to him too simple to overcome a disease that was paralyzing his energies4 ,to his great surprise1 he began to improve at once2 and though for the first week he got little sleep1 and his dizziness1 with the pain in the back of his neck and his apprehensions1 continued to recur for weeks1 they did so at always increasing intervals4 ,he learned bookbinding1 and sent to his library for some favorite volumes1 and put them into new dress2 he made elaborate waste-paper baskets1 and beat brass into ornamental desk-trays1 which he proudly presented to his friends in the city as specimens of his skill4 ,work with him1 as with the others of the patients1 was continually varied by recreation4 ,in the summer months there were lawn-tennis1 golf1 croquet1 canoeing1 rowing1 fishing1 riding1 and driving4 ,in winter1 such outdoor sports as skating1 tobogganing1 coasting1 skeeing1 snowshoeing1 and lacrosse were varied by billiards1 bowling1 squash1 the medicine ball1 and basket and tether ball4 ,the capitalist was astonished to discover that he could take an interest in games4 ,the specialist1 who called upon his patient at intervals1 told him that a point of great importance in the cure was that exercise that is enjoyed is almost twice as effective in the good accomplished as exercise which is a mere mechanical routine of movements made as a matter of duty4 ,the net result was that1 after four months of the occupation and exercise cure1 the capitalist returned to ,new ,york sound in mind and body1 and feeling younger than he had before in years4 ,complete cures were effected in the cases of the other patients also1 which is the less remarkable when the circumstance is taken into consideration that only patients capable of entire recovery are recommended to take the treatment4 ,of course the institution that has been described is only for the well-to-do1 and physicians are endeavoring to bring the occupation and exercise cure within the reach of the poor1 and to interest philanthropists in the establishment of colony sanatoriums1 such as already exist in different parts of ,europe1 for those suffering from functional nervous disorders who are without means4 ,contrary to the general opinion1 neurasthenia1 particularly among women1 is not confined to the moneyed and leisure class2 but1 owing to the fact that women have taken up the work of men in offices and trades as well as in many of the professions1 working-women are continually breaking down under nervous strain1 and many1 under present conditions1 have little chance for recovery1 because they cannot afford the proper treatment4 ,as a speaker at the last annual meeting of the ,american ,medical ,association declared1 ,idiots and epileptics and lunatics are many2 but all together they are less numerous than the victims of nervousness--the people afflicted with lesser grades of psychasthenic and neurasthenic inadequacy1 who become devoted epicures of their own emotions1 and who claim a large share of the attention of every general practitioner and of every specialist4 ,scientists declare that this premature collapse of nerve force is increasing to such an extent as to become a positive menace to the general welfare4 ,the struggle for existence among the conditions of modern life1 especially among those found in the large centers of industrial and scientific activity1 and the steady1 persistent work1 with its attendant sorrows1 deprivations1 and over-anxiety for success1 are among the most prolific causes--causes which are the results of conditions from which1 for the large mass of people1 according to a leading ,new ,york alienist1 there has been no possibility of escape4 ,especially here in ,america are people forced into surroundings for which they have never been fitted1 the alienist asserts1 and especially here are premature demands made upon their nervous systems before they are mature and properly qualified4 ,the lack of proper training deprives many of the workers1 in all branches1 of the best protection against functional nervous diseases which any person can have1 namely1 a well-trained nervous system4 ,this struggle for existence by the congenital neuropath or the educationally unfit forces many to the use1 and then to the abuse1 of stimulants and excitants1 and herein we have another important exciting cause4 ,this early and excessive use of coffee1 tea1 alcohol1 and tobacco is especially deleterious in its action upon the nervous system of those very ones who are most prone to go to excess in their use4 ,therefore1 predisposition1 aided by the storm and stress of active competition and abetted by the use of stimulants1 must be looked upon as the main cause for the premature collapse of nerve force which we call neurasthenia2 so it will be found that the majority of neurasthenics are between twenty-five and fifty years of age1 and that their occupations are those which are attended by worry1 undue excitement1 uncertainty1 excessive wear and tear1 and thus we find mentally active persons more easily affected than those whose occupation is solely physical4 ,authors1 actors1 school-teachers1 governesses1 telegraph and telephone operators1 are among those most frequently affected1 and the increase of neurasthenia among women dates from the modern era which has opened to them new channels of work and has admitted them more generally into the so-called learned professions4 ,but whatever may be the occupation in which persons have broken down1 it is never the occupation alone which has been the cause4 ,this cannot be too often repeated4 ,the emotional fitness or unfitness of an individual for his occupation is of the utmost importance as a causative factor1 and overwork alone1 without any emotional cause and without any errors in mode of life1 will never act to produce such a collapse4 ,it is therefore not astonishing that this class of functional nervous diseases is not confined to the wealthy1 and that the rich and the poor are indiscriminately affected4 ,but certain causes are of greater influence in the one class1 while different ones obtain in the other4 ,poverty in itself1 with its limitations of proper rest and recuperation1 is a very positive cause4 ,years of neurological dispensary work among the poor have convinced me that nervousness1 neurasthenia1 hysteria1 etc41 are quite as prevalent among the indigent as among the well-to-do4 ,physicians agree that the prime requisite in the treatment of these disorders is the removal of the patient from his or her habitual surroundings1 where recognition of the existence of actual disease is generally wanting1 where the constant admonitions of well-meaning friends to brace up and to exert your will power force the sick man or woman to bodily and mental over-exertion1 and where the worries about a livelihood are always dominant4 ,such a change alone1 however1 the experts say1 will help but few1 for it is being recognized more and more that these functional diseases of the nervous system can receive satisfactory treatment only in institutions1 where constant attention may be had1 with expert supervision and trained attendants4 ,the occupation and exercise cure is applicable also to epilepsy1 and is the therapeutic principle of the ,craig ,colony for ,epileptics at ,sonyea1 in ,livingston ,county1 supported by the ,state1 and that institution furnishes a general model for the colony sanatoriums suggested for indigent patients suffering from functional nervous disorders4 ,the ,craig ,colony was the idea of ,dr4 ,frederick ,peterson1 ,professor of ,psychiatry at ,columbia ,university1 and former ,president of the ,new ,york ,state ,commission of ,lunacy and of the ,new ,york ,neurological ,society1 which he based upon the epileptic colony at ,beilefeld1 ,germany1 that was founded in #ahfg4 ,the ,craig ,colony was founded in #ahid1 and there are now being cared for within its confines more than thirteen hundred patients1 who have turned out this year agricultural products1 with bricks1 soap1 and brooms1 to the value of #fj1jjj4 ,the colony is named after the late ,oscar ,craig1 of ,rochester1 who1 with ,william ,p4 ,letchworth1 of ,buffalo1 purchased the two-thousand-acre tract of land on which it is situated from the ,shaker colony at ,sonyea and presented it to the ,state1 ,dr4 ,peterson devoting several months of each year for nine years to getting the institution into working order4 ,the first patients were housed in the old ,shaker buildings1 which were well constructed and fairly well arranged for the purpose1 but as additional applications for admission have been made new buildings have been erected4 ,to-day there are eighty buildings in the colony1 but a thousand patients are waiting for admission1 eight hundred of whom are in ,new ,york ,city4 ,epilepsy1 the falling sickness1 is a most difficult malady to treat even in an institution for that purpose1 and it is impossible to treat it anywhere else4 ,an epileptic in a family is an almost intolerable burden to its other members1 as well as to himself4 ,the temperamental effect of the disease takes the form in the patient of making frequent and unjust complaints1 and epileptics invariably charge some one with having injured them while they have been unconscious during an attack4 ,then1 too1 living at home1 they are often dangerous to younger members of a family1 and they are fault-finding1 exacting1 and irritable generally4 ,the seizures frequently come on without warning1 and the patient drops where he stands1 often injuring himself severely4 ,the last annual report of the ,craig ,colony records more than four hundred injuries within the year to patients during seizures which required a surgeon's attention1 the injuries varying from severe bruises to fractures of the skull4 ,the object of the ,craig ,colony is to remove the burden of the epileptic in the family from the home without subjecting the patient to the hardship of confinement with the insane4 ,very few epileptics suffer permanent insanity in any form except dementia1 says the medical superintendent of the ,colony4 ,acute mania and maniac depressive insanity not infrequently appear as a 'post-convulsive' condition1 that generally subsides within a few hours1 or at most a few days4 ,rarely the state may persist a month4 ,melancholia is extremely infrequent4 ,delusions of persecution1 hallucinations of sight or hearing1 systematized in character1 are almost never encountered in epilepsy4 ,only from six to fifteen per cent of epileptics are curable1 and hence the work of the ,craig ,colony is largely palliative of the sufferings of the patients4 ,each individual case is studied with the utmost care1 however1 and patients are given their choice of available occupations4 ,the ,colony is not a custodial institution4 ,there are no bars on the windows1 no walls or high fences about the farm4 ,the patients are housed in cottages1 men and women in separate buildings some distance apart1 about thirty to each cottage4 ,in charge of each of these families are a man and his wife1 who utilize the services of some of the patients in the performance of household work1 while the others have their duties outside4 ,kindness to the unfortunates under their care is impressed upon every employee of the ,colony1 and an iron-bound rule forbids them to strike a patient even in case of assault4 ,besides the agricultural work in the ,craig ,colony1 and that in the soap and broom factories and the brick-yard1 the patients are taught blacksmithing1 carpentry1 dressmaking1 tailoring1 painting1 plumbing1 shoemaking1 laundrying1 and sloyd work4 ,it is insisted on that all patients physically capable shall find employment as a therapeutic measure4 ,the records show that on ,sundays and holidays and on rainy days1 when there is a minimum of physical activity among the patients1 their seizures double and sometimes treble in number4 ,few of the patients know how to perform any kind of labor when they enter the ,colony1 but many of them learn rapidly4 ,it has been repeatedly demonstrated that boys from eighteen to twenty years of age can spend two years in the sloyd shop and leave it fully qualified as cabinet-makers1 and capable of earning a journeyman's wages4 ,there are about two hundred children in the colony of epileptics at ,sonyea1 more than half of whom are girls4 ,as children subject to epileptic seizures are not received in the public schools of the ,state1 the only opportunity for any education among these afflicted little ones whose parents are unable to teach them themselves or provide private tutors for them is in the schools of the ,colony4 ,some of the children are comparatively bright scholars1 while the attempt to teach others seems a hopeless task4 ,for instance1 it took one girl ninety days to learn to lay three sticks in the form of a letter ,a4 ,every effort is made to encourage recreation among the patients in the ,craig ,colony1 both children and adults4 ,the men have a club of #bej members1 with billiards1 chess1 checkers1 cards1 and magazines and newspapers4 ,the boys have their baseball and football1 and play match games among themselves or with visiting teams4 ,the women and girls play croquet1 tennis1 and other outdoor games4 ,there is a band composed of patients that gives a concert once a week1 and there are theatricals and dancing1 with occasional lectures by visiting celebrities4 ,as the ,colony1 with the medical staff1 nurses1 and other employees1 has a population of #b1jjj1 there is always an audience for any visiting attraction4 ,the maintenance of the ,colony is costing the ,state #bbe1jjj the present year4 ,since the founding of the ,craig ,colony similar institutions have been established in ,massachusetts1 ,texas1 ,michigan1 ,ohio1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,illinois1 and ,kansas1 and other ,states are preparing to follow their example4 ,there are other private sanatoriums throughout the country similar to the one in ,westchester ,county1 where the nervous or neurasthenic patient who is well-to-do may obtain relaxation and supervision1 but there is no place at all to-day where the man or woman suffering from curable nervous disorders who is without means can go for treatment4 99 99 99 99 99 7,mc,clure's ,magazine7 ,five illustrations3 two wash drawings by ,andre ,castaigne showing mono-rail trains in the future1 five half-tone reproductions of photographs of the car on its trial trip1 and one pen-and-ink diagram of the gyroscopes4 ,,the ,,brennan ,,mono-,,rail ,,car ,,by ,,perceval ,,gibbon ,it was ,november #aj1 #aiji--;a day that will surely have its place in history beside that other day1 eighty-five years ago1 when ,george ,stephenson drove the first railway locomotive between ,stockton and ,darlington4 ,in the great square of the ,brennan torpedo factory at ,gillingham1 where the fighting-tops of battleships in the adjacent dockyard poise above the stone coping of the wall1 there was a track laid down in a circle of a quarter of a mile4 ,switches linked it up with other lengths of track1 a straight stretch down to a muddy cape of the ,medway estuary1 and a string of curves and loops coiling among the stone and iron factory sheds4 ,the strange thing about it was that it was single--just one line of rail on sleepers tamped into the unstable made ground of the place4 ,and there was ,brennan1 his face red with the chill wind sweeping in from the ,nore1 his voice plaintive and ,irish1 discoursing1 at slow length1 of revolutions per minute1 of precession1 and the like4 ,the journalists from ,london1 who had come down at his invitation1 fidgeted and shivered in the bitter morning air2 the affair did not look in the least like an epoch in the history of transportation and civilization1 till-- ,now1 gentlemen1 said ,brennan1 and led the way across the circle of track4 ,and then1 from its home behind the low1 powder-magazine-like sheds1 there rode forth a strange car1 the like of which was never seen before4 ,it was painted the businesslike slatyblue gray of the ,war ,department4 ,it was merely a flat platform1 ten feet wide by forty feet long1 with a steel cab mounted on its forward end1 through the windows of which one could see a young engineer in tweeds standing against a blur of moving machine-parts4 ,it ran on the single rail2 its four wheels revolved in a line1 one behind another2 and it traveled with the level1 flexible equilibrium of a ship moving across a dock4 ,it swung over the sharp curves without faltering1 crossed the switch1 and floated--floated is the only word for the serene and equable quality of its movement--round and round the quarter-mile circle4 ,a workman boarded it as it passed him1 and sat on the edge with his legs swinging1 and its level was unaltered4 ,it was wonderful beyond words to see4 ,it seemed to abolish the very principle of gravitation2 it contradicted calmly one's most familiar instincts4 ,every one knows the sense one gains at times while watching an ingenious machine at its work--a sense of being in the presence of a living and conscious thing1 with more than the industry1 the pertinacity1 the dexterity1 of a man4 ,there was a moment1 while watching ,brennan's car1 when one had to summon an effort of reason to do away with this sense of life2 it answered each movement of the men on board and each inequality in the makeshift track with an adjustment of balance irresistibly suggestive of consciousness4 ,it was an illustration of that troublous theorem which advances that consciousness is no more than the co-relation of the parts of the brain1 and that a machine adapted to its work is as conscious in its own sphere as a mind is in its sphere4 ,the car backed round the track1 crossed to the straight line1 and halted to take us aboard4 ,there were about forty of us1 yet it took up our unequally distributed weight without disturbance4 ,the young engineer threw over his lever1 and we ran down the line4 ,the movement was as sweet and equable as the movement of a powerful automobile running slowly on a smooth road2 there was an utter absence of those jars and small lateral shocks that are inseparable from a car running on a double track4 ,we passed beyond the sheds and slid along a narrow spit of land thrusting out into the mud-flanked estuary4 ,men on lighters and a working-party of bluejackets turned to stare at the incredible machine with its load4 ,then back again1 three times round the circle1 and in and out among the curves1 always with that unchanging stateliness of gait4 ,as we spun round the circle1 she leaned inward like a cyclist against the centrifugal pull4 ,she needs no banking of the track to keep her on the rail4 ,a line of rails to travel on1 and ground that will carry her weight--she asks no more4 ,with these and a clear road ahead1 she is to abolish distance and revise the world's schedules of time4 ,a hundred and twenty miles an hour1 ,i hear ,brennan saying1 in that sad voice of his2 or maybe two hundred4 ,that's a detail4 ,in the back of the cab were broad unglazed windows1 through which one could watch the tangle of machinery4 ,dynamos are bolted to the floor1 purring under their shields like comfortable cats2 abaft of them a twenty-horse-power ,wolseley petrol-engine supplies motive power for everything4 ,and above the dynamos1 cased in studded leather1 swinging a little in their ordered precession1 are the two gyroscopes1 the soul of the machine4 ,to them she owes her equilibrium4 ,of all machines in the world1 the gyroscope is the simplest1 for1 in its essential form1 it is no more than a wheel revolving4 ,but a wheel revolving is the vehicle of many physical principles1 and the sum of them is that which is known as gyroscopic action4 ,it is seen in the ordinary spinning top1 which stands erect in its capacity of a gyroscope revolving horizontally4 ,the apparatus that holds ,brennan's car upright1 and promises to revolutionize transportation1 is a top adapted to a new purpose4 ,it is a gyroscope revolving in a perpendicular plane1 a steel wheel weighing three quarters of a ton and spinning at the rate of three thousand revolutions to the minute4 ,now1 the effect of gyroscopic action is to resist any impulse that tends to move the revolving wheel out of the plane in which it revolves4 ,this resistance can be felt in a top2 it can be felt much more strongly in the beautiful little gyroscopes of brass and steel that are sold for the scientific demonstration of the laws governing revolving bodies4 ,such a one1 only a few inches in size1 will develop a surprising resistance4 ,this resistance increases with the weight of the wheel and the speed at which it moves1 till1 with ,brennan's gyroscopes of three quarters of a ton each1 whirling in a vacuum at three thousand revolutions per minute1 it would need a weight that would crush the car into the ground to throw them from their upright plane4 ,readers of ,,mcclure',s ,,magazine were made familiar with the working of ,brennan's gyroscope by ,mr4 ,cleveland ,moffett's article in the issue of ,december1 #aijg4 ,the occasion of that article was the exhibition of ,brennan's model mono-rail car before the ,royal ,society and in the grounds of his residence at ,gillingham4 ,for a clear understanding of the first full-sized car1 it may be well to recapitulate a few of the characteristics of the gyroscope4 ,when ,brennan made his early models1 he found that1 while the little cars would remain upright and run along a straight rail1 they left the track at the first curve4 ,the gyroscope governed their direction as well as their equilibrium4 ,it was the first check in the evolution of the perfect machine4 ,it was over ten years before he found the answer to the problem--ten years of making experimental machines and scrapping them1 of filing useless patents1 of doubt and persistence4 ,but the answer was found--in the spinning top4 ,a spinning top set down so that it stands at an angle to the floor will right itself2 it will rise till it stands upright on the point of equal friction4 ,brennan's resource1 therefore1 was to treat his gyroscope as a top4 ,he enclosed it in a case1 through which its axles projected1 and at each side of the car he built stout brackets reaching forth a few inches below each end of the axle4 ,the result is not difficult to deduce4 ,when the car came to a curve1 the centrifugal action tended to throw it outward2 the side of the car that was on the inside of the curve swung up and the bracket touched the axle of the gyroscope4 ,forthwith1 in the manner of its father1 the top1 the gyroscope tried to stand upright on the bracket2 all the weight of it and all its wonderful force were pressed on that side of the car1 holding it down against the tendency to rise and capsize4 ,the thing was done2 the spinning top had come to the rescue of its posterity4 ,it only remained to fit a double gyroscope1 with the wheels revolving in opposite directions1 and1 save for engineering details1 the mono-rail car was evolved4 ,through the window in the back of the cab ,i was able to watch them at then2 work--not the actual gyroscopes1 but their cases1 quivering with the unimaginable velocity of the great wheels within1 turning and tilting accurately to each shifting weight as the men on board moved here and there4 ,above them were the glass oilcups1 with the opal-green engine-oil flushing through them to feed the bearings4 ,lubrication is a vital part of the machine4 ,let that fail1 and the axles1 grinding and red-hot1 would eat through the white metal of the bearings as a knife goes through butter4 ,it is a thing that has been foreseen by the inventor3 to the lubricating apparatus is affixed a danger signal that would instantly warn the engineer4 ,but1 says ,brennan1 if one broke down1 the other gyroscope would hold her up--till ye could run her to a siding1 anyway4 ,but supposing the electric apparatus failed8 suggests a reporter--with visions of headlines1 perhaps4 ,supposing the motor driving the gyroscopes broke down2 what then8 ,they'd run for a couple of days1 with the momentum they've got1 answers the inventor4 ,and for two or three hours1 that 'ud keep her upright by itself4 ,on the short track at ,gillingham there are no gradients to show what the car can do in the way of climbing1 but here again the inventor is positive4 ,she will run up a slope as steep as one in six1 he says4 ,there is no reason to doubt him2 the five-foot model that he used to exhibit could climb much steeper inclines1 run along a rope stretched six feet above the ground1 or remain at rest upon it while the rope was swung to and fro4 ,it would do all these things while carrying a man2 and1 for my part1 ,i am willing to take ,brennan's word4 ,louis ,brennan himself was by no means the least interesting feature of the demonstration4 ,he has none of the look of the visionary1 this man who has gone to war with time and space2 neither had ,george ,stephenson4 ,he is short and thick-set1 with a full face1 a heavy moustache hiding his mouth1 and heavy eyebrows4 ,he is troubled a little with asthma1 which makes him somewhat staccato and breathless in speech1 and perhaps also accentuates the peculiar plaintive quality of his ,irish voice4 ,there is nothing in his appearance to indicate whether he is thirty-five or fifty-five4 ,as a matter of fact1 he is two years over the latter age1 but a man ripe in life1 with that persistence and belief in his work which is to engineers what passion is to a poet4 ,the technicalities of steel and iron come easily off his tongue2 they are his native speech1 in which he expresses himself most intimately4 ,all his life he has been concerned with machines4 ,he is the inventor of the ,brennan steerable torpedo1 whose adoption by the ,admiralty made him rich and rendered possible the long years of study and experiment that went to the making of the mono-rail car4 ,he has a touch of the rich man's complacency2 it does not go ill with his kindly good humor and his single-hearted pride in his life work4 ,it is characteristic1 ,i think1 of his honesty of purpose and of the genius that is his driving force that hitherto he has concerned himself with scientific invention somewhat to the exclusion of the commercial aspects of his contrivance4 ,he has had help in money and men from the ,british ,government1 which likewise placed the torpedo factory at his disposal2 and the governments of ,india and--of all places--,kashmir have granted him subsidies4 ,railroad men from all parts of the world have seen his model2 but he has not been ardent in the hunt for customers4 ,perhaps that will not be necessary2 the mono-rail car should be its own salesman2 but1 in the meantime1 it is not amiss that a great inventor should stand aloof from commerce4 ,but1 for all the cheerful matter-of-factness of the man1 he1 too1 has seen visions4 ,there are times when he talks of the future as he hopes it will be1 as he means it to be1 when transportation is civilization4 ,men are to travel then on a single rail1 in great cars like halls1 two hundred feet long1 thirty to forty feet wide1 whirling across continents at two hundred miles an hour--from ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco between dawn and dawn4 ,travel will no longer be uncomfortable4 ,these cars1 equipped like a hotel1 will sweep along with the motion of an ice-yacht4 ,they will not jolt over uneven places1 or strain to mount the track at curves2 in each one1 the weariless gyroscopes will govern an unchanging equilibrium4 ,trustful ,kashmir will advance from its remoteness to a place accessible from anywhere4 ,streetcar lines will no longer be a perplexity to paving authorities and anathema to other traffic2 a single rail will be flush with the ground1 out of the way of hoofs and tires4 ,automobiles will run on two wheels like a bicycle4 ,it is to be a mono-rail world1 soothed and assured by the drone of gyroscopes4 ,by that time the patient ingenuity of inventors and engineers will have found the means to run the gyroscopes at a greater speed than is now possible1 thus rendering it feasible to use a smaller wheel4 ,it is a dream based on good1 solid reasoning1 backed by a great inventor's careful calculations2 ,h4,g4 ,wells has given a picture of it in the last of his stories of the future4 ,practical railroad men have given to the mono-rail car a sufficiently warm welcome4 ,they have been impressed chiefly by its suitability to the conditions of transportation in the great new countries1 as1 for instance1 on that line of railway that is creeping north from the ,zambesi to open up the copper deposits of northwestern ,rhodesia1 and on through ,central ,africa to its terminus at ,cairo4 ,just such land as this helped to inspire ,brennan4 ,he was a boy when he first saw the endless plains of ,australia1 and out of that experience grew his first speculations about the future of railway travel4 ,such lands make positive and clear demands1 if ever they are to be exploited for their full value to humanity4 ,they need railways quickly laid and cheaply constructed2 lines not too exacting in point of curves and gradients2 and1 finally1 fast travel4 ,it is not difficult to see how valuable the mono-rail would have been in such an emergency as the last ,sudan ,war1 when the army dragged a line of railway with it down toward ,omdurman4 ,petrol-driven cars to replace the expensive steam locomotives1 easy rapid transit instead of the laborious crawl through the stifling desert heat--a complete railway installation1 swiftly and cheaply called into being1 instead of a costly and cumbersome makeshift4 ,the car went back to her garage1 or engine-shed1 or stable1 or whatever the railway man of the future shall decide to call it4 ,struts were pulled into position to hold her up1 the motors were switched off1 and the gyroscopes were left to run themselves down in forty-eight hours or so4 ,when the mono-rail comes into general use1 explained ,brennan1 there will be docks for the cars1 with low brick walls built to slide under the platforms and take their weight4 ,while his guests assembled in a store-shed to drink champagne and eat sandwiches1 he produced a big flat book1 sumptuously bound1 and told us how his patents were being infringed on in ,germany4 ,on that same day there was an exhibition of a mono-rail car on the ,brennan principle taking place at the ,zooelogical ,gardens in ,berlin2 the book was its catalogue4 ,it was full of imaginative pictures of trains fifty years hence1 and thereto was appended sanguine letter-press4 ,while there sounded in our ears the hum of the gyroscopes from the car housed in the rear1 ,i translated one paragraph for him4 ,it was to the effect that one ,brennan1 an ,englishman1 had conducted experiments with gyroscopes ten years ago1 but the matter had gone no further4 ,there1 now1 said ,brennan4 99 99 99 99 99 7,everybody's ,magazine7 ,a ,,new ,,political ,,wedge ,,the ,,way ,,st4 ,,louis ,,women ,,drove ,a ,,nine-,,hour ,,day ,,into ,,the ,,law ,,by ,,inis ,h4 ,,weed ,it was the evening before the state primaries--a sweltering first of ,august night in the tenement district of ,st4 ,louis1 where the factory people eat their suppers and have their beds4 ,men in shirt-sleeves and women with babies sat on the steps for a breath of air1 and the streets were a noisy welter of children4 ,two of the most enthusiastic girls in the ,women's ,trade ,union ,league stopped before the group silhouetted in the gaslight at ,no4 #cb and handed the men in the group this card3 ,,republican ,,voters ----------------- ,it is the ,women and ,children that are the ,victims of ,manufacturers and ,manufacturers ,associations and it is the ,,working ,,woman ,,and ,,child that demands your protection at the ,,primaries1 ,,tuesday1 ,,august #bnd ,scratch ------- ,e4,j4 ,troy ,secretary ,st4 ,louis ,manufacturers ,association and run by them on the ,republican ,ticket for the ,legislature in the #ast ,district ,comprising ,,wards #aj1 #aa1 #b1ac1 and #bd4 ,precincts #ad of the #aeth ,,ward4 ,precincts #a1 #b1 #c of the #bcrd ,,ward4 ,precincts #a1 #b of the #aeth ,,ward4 ,precincts #f1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac of the #adth ,,ward4 ,precincts #a1 #d1 #e of the #ith ,ward ,so yez would be afther havin' me scratch ,misther ,troy8 ,mike ,ryan ran his fingers through his stubby crop with a puzzled air4 ,oi'm always fur plazin' the loidies1 but ,misther ,troy1 he's a frind o' mine4 ,shure1 he shmokes a grand cigar1 an' he shakes yer hand that hearty4 ,so ,mike belonged to the long1 long glad-hand line4 ,well1 personal arguments were necessary in his case then4 ,that was the way the girls sized up ,mike ,ryan4 ,but this ticket has something to do with your oldest girl4 ,with ,briddie8 ,it sure does1 ,mr4 ,ryan4 ,didn't ,i hear your wife tellin' what with the hard times an' all1 you'd be puttin' ,briddie in the mill this winter as soon as ever she's turned fourteen8 ,wouldn't you rather they worked her nine hours a day instead o' ten--such a soft little kid with such a lot o' growin' to do8 ,there's a lot of us goin' to fight for a ,nine-,hour ,bill for the women and children this winter1 an' do you think a manufacturers' representative1 like ,troy1 is goin' to help us8 ,look at his record6 ,see how he's fought the employees' interests in the legislature6 ,that's a part of his job6 ,he won't vote for no ,nine-,hour ,bill6 ,and the two girls went on to the next tenement4 ,they were only two of the hundreds of ,trade ,union girls who were doing the ,first ,electoral ,district 7about one-third of ,st4 ,louis7 on the eve of the primaries4 ,they were thorough4 ,they had the whole district organized on the block system1 and they went over each block house by house4 ,a new move1 is it not1 this carefully organized effort of factory women to secure justice through the ballot-box8 ,how have ,st4 ,louis women attained this clear vision that their industrial future is bound up in politics8 ,it is a three years' story4 ,let us go back a little4 ,st4 ,louis is essentially a conservative city4 ,first1 it was an old ,french town2 then a ,southern town2 then a ,german tradesman's town4 ,with such strata superimposed one above the other1 it could hardly be other than conservative4 ,in addition1 ,st4 ,louis was crippled in the war between the states4 ,she lost her market4 ,this made her slow4 ,in the 'eighties1 this old ,french-,southern-,german city began to recover from the ruin of her ,southern trade4 ,little by little she took heart1 for the great ,southwest was being settled4 ,there was a new field in which to build up trade4 ,to-day ,st4 ,louis is the great wholesale and jobbing depot1 the manufacturing city for that vast stretch of territory known as the ,southwest4 ,since #ahij1 great fortunes have been amassed--most of them1 indeed1 in the past ten years4 ,there has been a rapid growth of industry4 ,the old ,southern city has become a soft-coal factory center4 ,a pall of smoke hangs over the center of the city where the factories roar and pound4 ,in the midst of this gloom the workfolk are creating rivers of beer1 carloads of shoes and woodenware1 millions of garments and bags1 and the thousand and one things necessary to fill the orders of hundreds of traveling salesmen in the ,southwest territory--and in the ,south1 too1 for ,st4 ,louis is winning back some of her old-time trade4 ,and the toil of their lifting hands and flying fingers has wrought a golden age for the men who control the capital and the tools4 ,the men who manage have been shaking hands in their clubs for the past decade and congratulating themselves and each other over their drinks4 ,yes1 ,st4 ,louis is a grand old business town4 ,solid6 ,no mushroom real-estate booms1 you know1 but a big1 steady growth4 ,new plants starting every month and the old ones growing4 ,then1 when we get our deep waterway1 that's going to be another big shove toward prosperity4 ,nice town to live in1 too6 ,look at our handsome houses and clubs and public buildings4 ,never was anything like our ,world's ,fair in the history of men--never6 ,look at our parks1 too4 ,when we get 'em linked together with speedways1 where'll you find anything prettier8 ,thus the money-makers in this heavy ,german town4 ,but what about the employees--the clerks and the factory workers8 ,have they been in on this big shove toward prosperity8 ,have they found it a nice town to live in8 ,no1 to each count4 ,for the people at the bottom of the ladder--for the people who tend machines1 dig ditches1 and stand behind the notion counter--,st4 ,louis is a smoky town1 where people have gray lungs instead of pink2 a town where franchise grabbing and an antiquated system of taxation have their consequence of more than ,new ,york city rents4 ,a town whose slums1 says ,lee ,frankel1 are the worst in the country4 ,a town where wages are low 7in some occupations twenty-five per cent lower than in ,new ,york ,city72 where employment is irregular1 the speeding-up tremendous1 the number of women entering industry steadily increasing1 and where the influx of immigrant labor is pulling down the wage scale and the standard of living4 ,the average wage of the shoe-workers in the ,east is #eej per year4 ,in ,st4 ,louis it is #ddj if work is steady--and rents are higher than in ,new ,york ,city4 ,it must be remembered that this sum is an average1 and that thousands of shoe-workers earn1 less than #ddj1 for full-time work4 ,the same is true of thousands engaged in other kinds of manufacture and in department stores4 ,somehow the town looks different from the two ends of the ladder4 ,the government of ,missouri and ,st4 ,louis has been about as little adapted to the needs of the industrial worker as it well could be4 ,men have been concerned not so much with social justice as with government protection for money-making schemes4 ,business opportunity has depended much on pliable state and municipal laws4 ,how the interests fought to keep them pliable2 how ,st4 ,louis and ,missouri became a world scandal in this steady growth to riches1 we all know4 ,we know1 too1 the period of political reform4 ,people thought the killing trouble in ,missouri lay largely with the governmental machinery2 and the optimists' faith in a state primary law1 in the initiative and referendum as panacea1 was white and shining4 ,they did not see that the underlying problem is industrial4 ,after the reform wave had spent itself1 the crooked people who had kept out of jail crept from their holes and went back to their old job of beating the game4 ,the only essential difference is that their methods to-day are less raw and crude4 ,they play a more gentlemanly game2 but the people are still robbed of their rights4 ,thus it came to pass that when the cheerful optimist went to the cupboard to get his poor dog a bone1 why1 lo6 the cupboard was bare4 ,meantime the dog has taken up the struggle for social justice on his own account1 not singly but in groups and packs4 ,as yet1 although a deal of snuffing1 running to and fro1 barking1 yelping1 and fighting has been done1 little has been accomplished2 for one reason1 because labor has lacked great organizers in ,st4 ,louis4 ,it has remained for the working women of ,st4 ,louis to make the industrial idea effective and to reach out with united single purpose to bend the political bow for their protection4 ,the ,women's ,trade ,union ,league1 whose real general is ,cynthelia ,isgrig ,knefler1 the most dynamic woman in ,st4 ,louis1 received its first impetus only three years ago in the idealism of a brilliant young ,irish girl1 ,hannah ,hennessy1 who died at ,thanksgiving1 #aiaj1 a victim of exhausting work in a garment shop and of her own tireless efforts to organize the working girls of her city4 ,hannah ,hennessy was sent by the ,garment ,workers' ,union to the ,national ,labor ,convention of #aijg at ,norfolk1 ,virginia4 ,there she glimpsed for the first time the inevitable great world march of women following industry as machinery takes it out of the home and into the shop--saw these women1 blind1 unorganized1 helpless to cope with the conditions offered by organized capital4 ,the vision fired this ,irish girl to a pitch of enthusiasm peculiar to the ,celtic temperament4 ,back she came to ,st4 ,louis with the spirit of the ,crusaders1 her vision the eight-hour day1 the living wage to guard the home4 ,for the first time she saw the broken physical future of women who label three thousand five hundred bottles of beer an hour1 and accept their cuts and gashes from the bursting bottles as inevitable2 of women who put eyelets on a hundred cases of shoes a day1 twenty-four pairs to the case2 of women who must weave one thousand yards of hemp cloth a day to hold their job in a mill where the possible speed of woman and machine is so nicely calculated that the speediest person in the factory can weave only twelve hundred and sixty yards a day2 where the lint from this hemp fills the air and is so injurious to eyes and throat that the company furnishes medical attendance free4 ,to undertake the huge task of organizing these thousands of ,st4 ,louis women would require not only vision but time and energy4 ,hannah's return meant being engulfed in the vast roar made by rows of throbbing1 whirring machines1 into one of which she sewed her vitality at dizzy speed ten hours a day4 ,vision she had1 but training1 time1 energy--no6 ,it was at this point that she met ,cynthelia ,isgrig ,knefler1 a leisure-class young woman1 who had been gripped by a sense of the unevenness of the human struggle4 ,cynthelia ,knefler was groping her way through the maze of settlement activities to an appreciation of their relative futility in the face of long hours1 low wages1 and unsanitary shops4 ,then the idealism of these two young women1 born on the one hand of hard experience1 on the other of a gentle existence1 fused1 and burned with a white light whose power is beginning to touch the lives of the women who toil and spin for the great ,southwest4 ,both women possessed fire and eloquence4 ,hannah's special contribution was first-hand experience2 ,mrs4 ,knefler's the knowledge of economic conditions necessary to an understanding of our complicated labor problems4 ,wise1 sane1 conservative1 ,mrs4 ,knefler not only helped ,hannah to organize branch after branch of the ,women's ,trade ,union ,league in the different industries1 but set out at once to train strong1 intelligent leaders4 ,she stimulated them to a critical study of labor laws with the evolution of industry for background4 ,night after night for two years ,mrs4 ,knefler and ,hannah were out organizing groups of girls4 ,mrs4 ,knefler's friends finally stopped remonstrating with her4 ,hannah1 utterly self-forgetful despite ten hours a day in the mills1 hurled herself into the new work4 ,evening after evening her mother protested anxiously1 but ,hannah1 heedless of her own interest1 would eat her supper and hurry across the city to help groups of new girls--,american1 ,russian1 ,roumanian--a confused mass1 to find themselves and pull together4 ,one ,june morning in #aiaj the papers announced that the ,manufacturers' ,association and the ,business ,men's ,league had decided on ,e4,j4 ,troy as their candidate to the ,state ,legislature for the ,first ,district4 ,his candidacy was also backed by the ,republican machine4 ,the papers went on to say that ,e4,j4 ,troy was one of our ablest and most popular fellow townsmen1 that he had grown up in his district1 had a host of friends1 and might be expected to carry the primaries by a big majority4 ,that evening at the weekly dinner of the officers of the ,women's ,trade ,union ,league at the ,settlement1 ,mrs4 ,knefler hurried in3 ,girls1 have you seen the morning papers8 ,do you know that we've got ,e4,j4 ,troy to contend with again8 ,at the same moment in dashed ,hannah ,hennessy by another door1 calling out1 ,girls1 they're goin' to put ,troy on the carpet again6 ,to both speeches came half a dozen excited replies that that's just what they were talking about6 ,over the potatoes and meat and bread-pudding the situation was discussed in detail4 ,yes1 'twas him1 all right1 that thought up most of those tricky moves when we was tryin' to get our ,nine-,hour ,bill before1 reflected a wiry1 quick-motioned girl during a second's pause4 ,don't it just make you boil1 began another1 when you think how he riled 'em up at every four corners in ,missouri6 ,he had every old country storekeeper standin' on end about that ,nine-,hour ,bill4 ,he had 'em puttin' on their specs and callin' to mother to come and listen to this information the manufacturers had sent him3--how the labor unions was tryin' to get a ,nine-,hour ,bill for women passed2 how it would keep their youngest girl1 ,bessie1 from helping in the store when the farmers drove in of a ,saturday night2 and how it was a blow at ,american freedom4 ,e4,j4 ,troy's got to be squenched at the primaries1 said a third1 quietly and decisively4 ,but how8 asked a more timid officer4 ,bing6 ,mrs4 ,knefler got into action4 ,there never was a woman for whom a difficult situation offered a more bracing tonic quality4 ,the business meeting that followed fairly bristled with plans4 ,the girls' first move was to go before the ,central ,labor ,body and ask them to indorse their objections to ,e4,j4 ,troy4 ,definite action beyond indorsement the girls did not ask or expect4 ,this much they got4 ,one day a little later1 when ,mrs4 ,knefler's campaign was beginning to take form1 a representative of ,e4,j4 ,troy called ,mrs4 ,knefler on the telephone4 ,the voice was bland1 smooth1 and very friendly4 ,wouldn't she--that is--ah--er--wouldn't her organization confer with ,mr4 ,e4,j4 ,troy8 ,he felt sure they would come to a pleasant and mutually helpful understanding4 ,mrs4 ,knefler explained to the mouthpiece 7take it either way7 that it would be quite useless2 that the stand of the ,league was taken on ,mr4 ,troy's previous record and on the interests he represented2 that while they had nothing against him in his private capacity1 as a public servant they must oppose him4 ,all this in ,mrs4 ,knefler's suavest fashion4 ,she feels intensely1 but she never loses her self-possession4 ,that's why she is such a formidable antagonist4 ,it was the last week in ,june--they had just a month before the primaries in which to rouse public opinion4 ,the newspapers must help1 of course4 ,mrs4 ,knefler went to the editors4 ,they were polite1 they admitted the justice of her stand1 but they were evasive4 ,mrs4 ,knefler opened her paper the next morning after she had made the rounds1 to find not a single word about the danger to the working woman's interests4 ,what could the papers do8 ,weren't they in the hands of the big cinch1 as a certain combination of business men in ,st4 ,louis is known8 ,naturally they refused to print a line4 ,you never step on your own toe1 do you1 or hit yourself in the face--if you can help it8 ,one must admit that things looked bad for the ,league4 ,how were girls who raced at machines all day1 who had neither money nor the voice of the press1 to rouse this sluggish1 corrupt city to the menace of sending to the legislature men like ,e4,j4 ,troy1 pledged body and soul to the manufacturers8 ,how could they waken the public to woman's bitter necessity for shorter hours8 ,the case looked hopeless1 but ,mrs4 ,knefler merely set her teeth1 and got busy--decidedly busy4 ,she planned a campaign that no other ,st4 ,louis woman in her class would have had the courage to tackle4 ,mrs4 ,knefler is a member of the club that is the ,st4 ,louis clubwomen's holy of holies4 ,they have a club-house that just drips art1 and they steep themselves in self-culture4 ,as a group their consciousness of the city's industrial problems is still nebulous4 ,the high light in which ,mrs4 ,knefler's work must inevitably stand out is intensified by this background of self-culture women1 with a few--only a few--rash daughters shivering around preparatory to taking their first cold plunge in the suffrage pool4 ,in such an atmosphere ,cynthelia ,knefler planned and carried out the biggest1 the most modern and strategic campaign for the working woman ever waged outside a suffrage state4 ,it was done simply because her heart was filled with the need of the thousands of helpless1 unorganized girls for protection from the greed of organized capital4 ,there are moments when love gives vision and raises us head and shoulders above our group4 ,so it was with ,cynthelia ,knefler1 brought up in this conservative city1 educated in a prunes-and-prisms girls' school1 steeped in the ,southern idea that no lady would ever let her picture or her opinions get into the newspapers1 and that making public speeches was quite unthinkable6 ,the press was silent1 but at least ,mrs4 ,knefler could speak to the labor unions4 ,she and two other women appealed to every labor union in ,st4 ,louis with a speech against ,e4,j4 ,troy4 ,they fought him--not as a man1 but as a representative of the big interests4 ,mrs4 ,knefler made seventy-six speeches in that one month before the primaries4 ,that meant hurrying from hall to hall on hot summer nights and making two speeches1 and sometimes three and four1 while her friends were wearing white muslin and sitting on the gallery1 to get the cool of the evening4 ,mrs4 ,knefler's mind was working like a trip-hammer that month2 seeking ways and means for rousing the busy1 unthinking1 conglomerate mass of people to the real issue4 ,money in the ,league was scarce4 ,there are no rich members4 ,but out of their wages and out of raffles and entertainments the ,league had a small reserve4 ,part of this they used to print sixty thousand cards4 ,so that when you went in to get a shave your glance was caught1 as the barber turned your head1 by this red ticket ,scratch ,e4,j4 ,troy4 ,when you stopped in for a loaf of bread1 a red ticket behind the glass of the case advised you to ,scratch ,e4,j4 ,troy4 ,when you went in for a drink1 there leaped into sight dozens of little red tickets3 ,scratch ,e4,j4 ,troy4 ,there are always some men1 though1 who are moved only by the big1 noisy things of life4 ,only ,schneider's band sounds like music to them2 only ,twenty ,buckets of ,blood1 or ,dead ,man's ,gulch appeals to them as literature2 and the only speaker is the man who rips out ,old ,glory and defies forked lightning4 ,in a political campaign the little red ticket is lost on that kind of man4 ,mrs4 ,knefler understood this4 ,so one hot ,july day huge posters in high1 wood-block letters screamed from billboards and the walls of saloons and barber shops and labor halls3 ,union men and friends1 ,scratch ,e4,j4 ,troy4 ,all this printing and bill-posting was expensive for working girls4 ,they came back at the ,central ,labor body again4 ,your sympathy is great1 but your funds are better1 they said4 ,you've tackled too big a job1 the ,labor leaders told the girls1 with a benevolent air4 ,he's the candy around this town--,e4,j4 ,troy is4 ,it would take a mint of money to beat ,e4,j4 ,troy4 ,however1 the ,central body instructed the legislative committee of five to give the girls every help1 and they did good service4 ,but the ,central ,body didn't instruct the ,committee to go down very far into the treasury4 ,july was wearing on4 ,the ,league hurled itself upon the press once more4 ,surely after so much speech-making and bill-posting the editors would accord them some recognition merely as news4 ,silence--absolute silence in the next day's papers1 and the next4 ,how did they accomplish the next move8 ,that is one of the secrets4 ,their money was gone1 the silence of the press had crushed them with an overwhelming sense of helplessness1 but nevertheless they turned the trick4 ,they reached the upper and middle class readers of the ,south ,side ,district1 ,troy's district1 which the papers were determined to keep as much in ignorance as possible4 ,all one night1 silent1 swift-moving men whipped the paste across the billboards of that section and slapped on huge posters1 so that when ,papa ,smith and young ,mr4 ,jones and ,banker ,green came out of their comfortable houses next morning on their way to business1 they neglected their papers to find out why they should scratch ,e4,j4 ,troy4 ,the day of the primaries was almost come4 ,now to reach the dull fellows who hadn't seen the cards and the huge posters1 who use their eyes only to avoid obstacles4 ,one night1 as the factory whistles blew the signal of dismissal1 the men in the lines of operators who filed out of shop and mills found themselves mechanically taking and examining this ticket handed them by ,league girls1 who had gone off their job a bit early and had their wages docked in order to work for the larger good4 ,the ,committee of the ,central ,body was now openly active in their behalf4 ,men as well as women were passing out the tickets4 ,then came the eve of the election4 ,busy pairs of girls who had already done ten hours' work were going over ,e4,j4 ,troy's district1 with its sections of rich and poor and well-to-do4 ,throbbing feet that had carried the body's weight ten hot1 fatiguing hours hurried up and down the blocks1 climbed flight after flight of stairs1 and stood at door after door4 ,say1 kid1 ain't it the limit that a woman can't vote on her own business8 said one girl too another after they had finished the one hundred and forty-fifth family and tried to explain their stake in the election to a bigoted head of the house4 ,on the morning of the primaries ,mrs4 ,schurz1 as she took the coffee off the stove1 remonstrated with her oldest daughter1 ,minna4 ,vat1 ,minna1 you ain't goin' to stay out of de mill today and lose your pay8 ,yes1 ,i be1 ,mutter1 retorted ,minna1 with a tightening of the lips and a light in her eyre4 ,i'm goin' to the polls to hand out cards to the voters4 ,i'm goin'4 ,i don't care if ,i lose my job even4 ,oh1 ,minna1 dat is bad1 and me wid four kinder to eat de food4 ,where is de fleisch and de brot widout your wages8 ,mrs4 ,schurz's heavy face wore the anxious despondence so common to the mothers of the poor4 ,the girl hesitated1 then tightened her lips once more4 ,i've got to take the risk1 ,mutter4 ,it'll come out right--it's got to4 ,do you want the rest of the children workin' ten hours a day too8 ,look at me6 ,i ain't got no looks any more4 ,i'm too dead tired to go out of a ,saturday night4 ,i can't give nobody a good time any more4 ,i guess there won't be no weddin' bells for mine--ever4 ,but the kids--pointing to the inside bedroom1 where the younger girls were still asleep--the kids is a-goin' to keep their looks4 ,so at six o'clock ,minna joined the relays of working girls who--many of them1 like ,minna1 at personal risk and sacrifice--handed out cards all day to each man who entered4 ,thus the men were reminded at the last moment of the working woman's stake in the election4 ,scratch ,e4,j4 ,troy was before their eyes as they crossed their tickets4 ,every moment of the day there were alert girls to make this final quiet appeal for justice4 ,they were serious1 dignified4 ,there was no jeering1 no mirth on the part of the men at the novelty of this campaign--nothing to make any woman self-conscious4 ,the girls were quiet enough outwardly1 but the inner drama was keyed high4 ,had all their speech-making1 placarding1 bill-posting and the canvassing of factories1 blocks1 and primaries--had all their little savings1 their risk and personal sacrifice accomplished anything8 ,that was what the girls asked themselves4 ,the thermometer of their hope rose and fell with the rumors of the day4 ,the fathers of the ,central ,labor ,body patted them on the head benevolently and tried to ease their fall1 if they were to fall1 by saying that anyway it would be something to make ,troy run third on his ticket4 ,seven o'clock1 and the girls were leaving the primaries in twos and threes1 tired but excitedly discussing the situation4 ,between hope and despondency the comment varied on the streets1 at the supper-tables1 and in the eager1 waiting groups of girls on tenement steps and stairs4 ,at last came the authentic returns4 ,e4,j4 ,troy ran #c1cch votes behind his ticket4 ,with a silent press and practically no money1 the working women had defeated one of the most popular men in ,st4 ,louis4 ,a man pledged to the interests of labor legislation won his place4 ,that made the outlook better for the ,women's ,nine-,hour ,bill1 and thousands of working girls tumbled into bed1 tired1 but with new hope4 ,every newspaper in ,st4 ,louis failed to comment on the victory4 ,the slaves who sit at the editorial desk said they couldn't--they weren't let4 ,so the most hopeful feature in ,st4 ,louis politics has never been commented on by the ,american press4 ,as for ,hannah ,hennessy--she had been too ill to share in the active work of the campaign1 but her influence was everywhere--a vital force1 a continual inspiration4 ,week by week her cheeks grew thinner1 her cough more rasping4 ,but after the campaign against ,troy was over1 she turned with the same intensity of interest to the ,national ,convention of the ,american ,federation of ,labor which was to meet there in ,november4 ,for a year she had been making plans1 eager to make this convention a landmark in the history of women's labor4 ,but in ,november she was in bed by the little grate fire in the family sitting-room4 ,and when convention week came with its meetings a scant three blocks from her home1 she could be there in spirit only2 she waited restlessly for the girls to slip in after the daily sessions and live them over again for her4 ,on ,thanksgiving ,day1 between the exhausting strain of high-tension work and the zeal of the young reformer1 her beautiful life and brilliant fire were burned out4 ,the committee for the prevention of tuberculosis added her case to their statistics1 and the ,league girls bore her into the lighted church4 ,in the winter of #aiaj-aa the leaders of all the labor and social forces of ,st4 ,louis1 all the organizations for various forms of uplift1 united under an able secretary and began their custom of lunching together once a week to discuss the pending social legislation4 ,they played a good game4 ,first1 there was the educational effect of their previous legislative campaign to build on4 ,then there was all the economy and impetus gained from consolidation4 ,they knew the rules of the game better1 too4 ,their plans were more carefully laid and executed4 ,with a more wary and sophisticated eye on the ,manufacturers' ,association and a finger in the buttonhole of every legislator1 the socially awake of ,st4 ,louis have secured more humane child labor legislation1 and the ,nine-,hour ,day for women and children with no exception in favor of shop-keepers4 ,knowing the sickening fate of industrial legislation in certain other states when tried before judges whose social vision is fifty years behind the times1 the winners of this new bill began to wait tensely enough for its testing4 ,so far1 however1 the ,women's ,nine-,hour law has not been contested4 ,it has also been exceptionally well enforced1 considering that there are only four factory inspectors for all the myriad shops and mills of this manufacturing city of the ,southwest1 and only seven factory inspectors for the whole state of ,missouri4 ,meanwhile ,st4 ,louis's new political wedge1 the ,women's ,trade ,union ,league1 continues to be a perfectly good political wedge4 ,when there is legislation wanted1 all kinds of organizations invariably call upon this league of the working women1 whose purpose is a wider social justice4 ,st4 ,louis is another ,american city where the working women are discovering that they can do things if they only think so4 99 99 99 99 99 7,the ,delineator7 ,illustrated by two pen-and-ink sketches made by a staff artist4 ,,the ,,job ,,lady ,,gives ,,the ,,young ,,wage-,,earner ,a ,,fair ,,working ,,chance ,,by ,,mary ,e4 ,,titzel ,the ,jones ,school1 the oldest public school building in ,chicago1 is at ,harrison ,street and ,plymouth ,court4 ,when it was new1 it was surrounded by brown-stone fronts1 and boys and girls who to-day are among the city's most influential citizens learned their ,a-,b-,c's within its walls4 ,now1 the office-buildings and printing-houses and cheap hotels and burlesque shows that mark the noisy1 grimy district south of the loop crowd in upon it2 and only an occasional shabby brown-stone front survives in the neighborhood as a tenement house4 ,but in the ,jones ,school1 the process of making influential citizens is still going on4 ,for there the ,job ,lady has her office1 her sanctum4 ,job ,lady is a generic term that includes ,miss ,anne ,davis1 director of the ,bureau of ,vocational ,supervision1 and her four assistants4 ,the ,bureau--which is the newest department of ,chicago's school system--is really an employment agency1 but one that is different from any other employment agency in the ,united ,states4 ,it is concerned solely with a much-neglected class of wage-earners--children from fourteen to sixteen years of age2 and its chief purpose is1 not to find positions for its patrons1 but to keep them in school4 ,it was founded as a result of the discovery that there were not nearly enough jobs in ,chicago to go around among the twelve or fifteen thousand children under sixteen years of age who left school each year to go to work2 also that1 though a statute of the ,state required a child either to work or to go to school1 there were about twenty-three thousand youngsters in the city who were doing neither4 ,the law had made no provision for keeping track of the children once they had left school4 ,no one knew what had become of them4 ,so ,miss ,davis1 acting as special investigator for the ,school of ,civics and ,philanthropy and the ,chicago ,women's ,club1 set to work to find out4 ,she discovered--and she can show you statistics to prove it--that bummin' around1 looking aimlessly for work1 brought many a boy and girl1 unable to withstand the temptations of the street1 into the ,juvenile ,court4 ,and she found1 as other statistics bear witness1 that the fate of the children who found jobs was scarcely better than that of their idle brothers and sisters4 ,undirected1 they took the first positions that offered1 with the result that most of them were engaged in blind-alley occupations1 unskilled industries that offered little1 if any1 chance for advancement and that gave no training for the future4 ,the pay was poor2 it averaged two dollars a week4 ,working conditions were frequently unhealthful4 ,moral influences of shop and factory and office were often bad4 ,for the most part1 the industries that employed children were seasonal2 and many boys and girls were forced into long periods of inactivity between positions4 ,this state of affairs1 combined with a natural tendency to vary the monotony of life by shifting1 on the slightest pretext1 from one job to another1 was making of many children that bane of modern industry1 the casual laborer4 ,the ,bureau--started informally in the course of initial investigations and kept alive through the grace of the ,women's ,club1 until the ,board of ,education was ready to adopt it--has been able to do much in amelioration of the lot of the fourteen-to-sixteen-year-old worker4 ,but no statistics it can produce are as telling as the sight of the ,bureau in operation4 ,sit with your eyes and ears open1 in a corner of the office in the ,jones ,school and you will make the acquaintance of one of the humanest employment agencies in the world2 also you will learn more about such grave subjects as the needs of our educational system and the underlying causes of poverty than you can learn out of fat treatises in a year4 ,why do you want to leave school8 ,that is the first question the ,job ,lady asks of each new applicant who comes to the ,bureau for work4 ,perhaps the child has heard that question before2 for in those schools from which the greatest numbers of children go out at the age of fourteen1 ,miss ,davis and her assistants hold office hours and interview each boy or girl who shows signs of restlessness4 ,they give informal talks to the pupils of the sixth and seventh grades about the opportunities open to boys and girls under sixteen2 they discuss the special training offered by the schools and show the advisability of remaining in school as long as possible2 they try to find an opportunity of talking over the future with each member of the graduating class4 ,but even when the way has been paved for it1 the question1 ,why do you want to leave school8 brings to light the most trivial of reasons4 ,in very few cases is it economic necessity that drives a child to work4 ,i ain't int'rusted1 explained one boy to ,miss ,davis4 ,i jest sits4 ,the ,job ,lady is often able to convince even the sitters that school is1 after all1 the best place for boys and girls under sixteen4 ,she persuaded between twenty-five and thirty per cent4 of the children that applied at the ,bureau last year to return to school4 ,sometimes all she had to do was to give the child a plain statement of the facts in the case--of the poor work and poor pay and lack of opportunity in the industries open to the fourteen-year-old worker4 ,often she found it necessary only to explain what the school had to offer4 ,one boy was sent to ,miss ,davis by a teacher who had advised him to go to work1 although he had just completed the seventh grade1 because he had too much energy for school6 ,he was a bright boy--one capable of making something of himself1 if the two important1 formative years that must pass before he was sixteen were not wasted2 so he was transferred from his school to one where vocational work was part of the curriculum--where he could find an outlet for his superfluous energy in working with his hands4 ,now he is doing high-school work creditably2 and he has stopped talking about leaving school4 ,but it isn't always the whim of the child that prompts him to cut short his education4 ,sometimes he is driven into the industrial world by the ignorance or greed of his parents4 ,miss ,davis tells of one little girl who was sacrificed to the great god ,labor because the four dollars she brought home weekly helped to pay the instalments on a piano1 and of a boy who was taken from eighth grade just before graduation because his father had bought some property and needed a little extra money4 ,frequently boys and girls are put to work because of the impression that schools have nothing of practical value to offer4 ,still1 even the most miserly and most stubborn and most ignorant of parents can sometimes be made to see the wisdom of keeping a child in school until he is sixteen4 ,they are won to the ,job ,lady's point of view by a statement of the increased opportunity open to the child who is sixteen4 ,or they are brought to see that the schools are for all children1 and that work1 on the contrary1 is very bad for some children4 ,but often all the ,job ,lady's efforts fail4 ,the child is incurably sick of school1 the parent remains obdurate4 ,or1 perhaps1 there is a very real need of what little the son or daughter can earn4 ,often some one can be found who will donate books1 or a scholarship ranging from car-fare to a few dollars a week4 ,over four hundred dollars is being given out in scholarships each month1 and every scholarship shows good returns4 ,but often no scholarship is forthcoming2 and there is nothing for the ,job ,lady to do but find a position for the small applicant4 ,then begins the often difficult process of fitting the child to some available job4 ,the process starts1 really1 with fitting the job to the child1 and that is as it should be4 ,the ,job ,lady always tries to place the boys and girls that come to her office where there will be some chance for them to learn something4 ,but jobs with a future are few for the fourteen-year-old worker4 ,the trades will not receive apprentices under the age of sixteen2 business houses and the higher-grade factories won't bother with youngsters1 because they are too unreliable2 as one man put it1 with unconscious irony1 too childish4 ,so the ,job ,lady must be content to send the boys out as office and errand boys or to find employment for the girls in binderies and novelty shops4 ,but she investigates every position before a child is sent to fill it2 and if it is found to be not up to standard in wages or working conditions1 it is crossed off the ,bureau's list4 ,the ,job ,lady has established a minimum wage of four dollars a week4 ,no children go out from the ,bureau to work for less than that sum1 excepting those who are placed in the part-time schools of some printing establishments1 or in dressmaking shops1 where they will be learning a useful trade4 ,this informal minimum-wage law results in a raising of the standard of payment in a shop4 ,in such manner1 the ,bureau makes over many a job to fit the worker4 ,but the fitting process works both ways4 ,the ,job ,lady knows that it is discouraging1 often demoralizing1 for a child to be turned away1 just because he is not the right person for a place4 ,so she tries to make sure that he is the right person4 ,that she succeeds very often1 the employers who have learned to rely on the ,bureau will testify4 ,if you haven't a boy for me now1 one man said to ,miss ,davis1 ,i'll wait until you get one4 ,it will save time in the end1 for you always send just the boy ,i want4 ,the secret of finding the right boy lies1 first of all1 in discovering what he wants to do2 and1 next1 in judging whether or not he can do it4 ,very often1 he has not the least idea of what he wants to do4 ,he has learned many things in school1 but little or nothing of the industrial world in which he must live4 ,to many boys and girls1 especially to those from the poorest families1 an office job is the acme of desire4 ,it means to them1 pitifully enough1 a respectability they have never been quite able to encompass4 ,as a result1 perhaps1 of our slow-changing educational ideals1 they scorn the trades4 ,into the trades1 however1 ,miss ,davis finds it possible to steer many a boy who is obviously unfitted for the career of lawyer1 bank clerk1 or1 vaguely1 business man4 ,and she is able to place others in the coveted office jobs1 with their time-honored requirement3 only the neat1 honest1 intelligent boy need apply4 ,often1 given the honesty and intelligence1 she must manufacture a child to fit the description4 ,sometimes all that is necessary is a hint about soap and water and a clean collar4 ,sometimes the big cupboard in her office must yield up a half-worn suit or a pair of shoes that some luckier boy has outgrown4 ,occasionally1 hers is the delicate task of suggesting to a prematurely sophisticated little girl that some employers have an unreasonable prejudice against rouge and earrings2 or that even the poorest people can wash their underwear4 ,manners frequently come in for attention4 ,when the boys or girls are placed1 the ,bureau1 unlike most employment agencies1 does not wash its hands of them4 ,its work has only begun4 ,each child is asked to report concerning his progress from time to time2 and if he does not show up1 a vocational supervisor keeps track of him by visits to home or office1 or by letters1 written quarterly4 ,the ,job ,lady is able to observe by this method1 whether or not the work is suitable for the child1 or whether it offers him the best available chance2 and she is often able to check the habit of shifting in its incipient stages4 ,she is continually arbitrating and making adjustments1 always ready to listen to childish woes and to allay them when she can4 ,not long ago1 ,i went to a conference on ,vocational ,guidance4 ,there ,i heard1 from the mouths of various men1 what hope the work being done by the ,bureau held for the future4 ,one showed how it had infused new blood into the veins of an anemic educational system1 how it was making the schools a more efficient preparation for life--the life of factory and shop and office--than they ever had been before4 ,another man pointed out that the ,bureau1 through the schools1 would strike at one of the deep roots of poverty--incompetency4 ,more people are poor for lack of proper equipment to earn a living and proper direction in choosing a vocation1 he said1 than for any other one reason4 ,a third man saw in the ,vocational ,bureau a means of keeping a control over employing interests4 ,you treat our children well1 and you pay them well1 the schools of the future1 he declared1 would be able to say to the employer1 as the ,bureau was already saying1 or we won't permit our children to work for you4 ,a fourth had a vision of what the ,bureau and the new education it heralded could do toward educating the men and women of the future to a knowledge of their rights as workers4 ,and then there came a man with a plea4 ,all of these things1 he said1 the ,bureau can accomplish--must accomplish4 ,but let us not forget1 in our pursuance of great ends1 that it is the essential humanness of the ,bureau that has made it what it is4 ,here was the final1 immeasurable measure of its success4 ,it counts1 of course1 that the ,job ,lady helps along big causes1 drives at the roots of big ills2 but1 somehow it counts more that an anxious-faced youngster ,i saw at the ,bureau should have brought his woes to her4 ,his employer had given him a problem to solve--and he couldn't do it4 ,he was afraid he'd lose his job4 ,he had never been to the ,bureau before1 but a boy you got a job for said you'd help me out1 he explained--and he was sent off happy1 the problem solved4 ,it counts too1 that ,tillie1 who had once found work through the ,bureau1 but was now keeping house for her father1 should turn to the ,bureau for aid4 ,her father had been sick and couldn't afford to buy her anything new to wear4 ,my dress is so clumsy1 she wrote1 that the boys laugh at me when ,i go out in the street4 ,she was confident that the ,job ,lady would help her--and her confidence was not misplaced4 ,it counts that the ,jameses and ,henrys and ,johns and ,marys and ,sadies come1 brimming over with joy1 to tell the ,job ,lady of a raise or of a bit of approbation from an employer4 ,all the funny1 grateful1 pathetic letters that pour in count unspeakably6 ,to hundreds of boys and girls and parents the ,job ,lady has proved a friend4 ,there has been no nonsense about the matter4 ,she has not sentimentalized over her work2 she has not made it smack of charity4 ,indeed1 there is no charity about it4 ,the boys and girls and parents who come to the ,job ,lady are1 for the most part1 just average boys and girls and parents1 as little paupers as millionaires4 ,they are the people who are generally lost sight of in a democracy1 where one must usually be well-to-do enough to1 buy assistance1 or poor enough to accept it as alms1 if he is to have any aid at all in solving the problems of life4 ,it is a great thing for the schools1 through the ,bureau1 to give to these average men and women and children practical aid in adjusting their lives to the conditions under which they live and work1 and to do it with a sympathy and an understanding--a humanness that warms the soul4 99 99 99 99 99 7,kansas ,city ,star7 ,two illustrations with the captions3 #a4 ,tom ,sawyer and ,becky ,thatcher1 an ,illustration in the ,adventures of ,tom ,sawyer 7,harpers71 which met the ,author's ,approval4 #b4 ,mrs4 ,laura ,frazer1 the ,original ,becky ,thatcher1 ,pouring ,tea at ,mark ,twain's ,boyhood ,home in ,hannibal1 ,mo41 on the ,anniversary of the ,author's ,birth4 ,,mark ,,twain',s ,,first ,,sweetheart1 ,,becky ,,thatcher1 ,,tells ,,of ,,their ,,childhood ,,courtship ,to ,mrs4 ,laura ,frazer of ,hannibal1 ,mo41 ,mark ,twain's immortal ,adventures of ,tom ,sawyer is a rosary1 and the book's plot is the cord of fiction on which beads of truth are strung4 ,in the sunset of her life she tells them over1 and if here and there among the roseate chaplet is a bead gray in coloring1 time has softened the hues of all so they blend exquisitely4 ,this bead recalls a happy afternoon on the broad ,mississippi with the boys and girls of seventy years ago2 the next brings up a picture of a schoolroom where a score of little heads bob over their books and slates1 and a third visualizes a wonderful picnic excursion to the woods with a feast of fried chicken and pie and cake4 ,for ,mrs4 ,frazer is the original of ,becky ,thatcher1 the childhood sweetheart of ,tom ,sawyer1 and the original of ,tom ,sawyer1 of course1 was ,mark ,twain himself4 ,yes1 ,i was the ,becky ,thatcher of ,mr4 ,clemens's book1 ,mrs4 ,frazer said the other day1 as she sat in the big second floor front parlor of the old time mansion in ,hannibal1 which is now the ,home for the ,friendless4 ,mrs4 ,frazer is the matron of the home4 ,of course ,i suspected it when ,i first read the ',adventures of ,tom ,sawyer1' she went on4 ,there were so many incidents which ,i recalled as happening to ,sam ,clemens and myself that ,i felt he had drawn a picture of his memory of me in the character of ,judge ,thatcher's little daughter4 ,but ,i never confided my belief to anyone4 ,i felt that it would be a presumption to take the honor to myself4 ,there were other women who had no such scruples--some of them right here in ,hannibal--and they attempted to gain a little reflected notoriety by asserting that they were the prototypes of the character4 ,when ,albert ,bigelow ,paine1 ,mr4 ,clemens's biographer1 gathered the material for his life of the author1 he found no fewer than twenty-five women1 in ,missouri and elsewhere1 each of whom declared she was ,becky ,thatcher1 but he settled the controversy for all time on ,mr4 ,clemens's authority when the biography was published4 ,in it you will find that ,becky ,thatcher was ,laura ,hawkins1 which was my maiden name4 ,we were boy and girl sweethearts1 ,sam ,clemens and ,i1 ,mrs4 ,frazer said with a gentle little laugh4 ,she is elderly1 of course1 since it was seventy years ago that her friendship with ,mark ,twain began1 and her hair is gray4 ,but her heart is young1 and she finds in her work of mothering the twenty-five boys and girls in her charge the secret of defying age4 ,on this particular afternoon she wore black and white striped silk1 the effect of which was a soft gray to match her hair1 and her placid face was lighted with smiles of reminiscence4 ,children are wholly unartificial1 you know1 she explained4 ,they do not learn to conceal their feelings until they begin to grow up4 ,the courtship of childhood1 therefore1 is a matter of preference and of comradeship4 ,i liked ,sam better than the other boys1 and he liked me better than the other girls1 and that was all there was to it4 ,if you had seen this lady of ,old ,missouri as she told of her childhood romance you would have recalled instinctively ,mark ,twain's description3 ,a lovely little blue eyed creature with yellow hair plaited into two long tails1 white summer frock and embroidered pantalettes4 99 99 99 ,he worshipped this new angel with furtive eye until he saw that she had discovered him2 then he pretended he did not know she was present1 and began to show off in all sorts of absurd boyish ways1 in order to win her admiration4 ,and you would have found it easy to conceive that this refined1 gentle countenance once was apple cheeked and rosy1 that the serene gray eyes once sparkled as blue as the ,father of ,waters on a sunny day and that the frosted hair was as golden as the sunshine4 ,i must have been #f or #g years old when we moved to ,hannibal1 ,mrs4 ,frazer said4 ,my father had owned a big mill and a store and a plantation worked by many negro slaves further inland1 but he found the task of managing all too heavy for him1 and so he bought a home in ,hannibal and was preparing to move to it when he died4 ,my mother left the mill and the plantation in the hands of my grown brothers--,i was one of ten children1 by the way--and came to ,hannibal4 ,our house stood at the corner of ,hill and ,main streets1 and just a few doors west1 on ,hill ,street1 lived the ,clemens family4 ,i think ,i must have liked ,sam ,clemens the very first time ,i saw him4 ,he was different from the other boys4 ,i didn't know then1 of course1 what it was that made him different1 but afterward1 when my knowledge of the world and its people grew1 ,i realized that it was his natural refinement4 ,he played hookey from school1 he cared nothing at all for his books and he was guilty of all sorts of mischievous pranks1 just as ,tom ,sawyer is in the book1 but ,i never heard a coarse word from him in all our childhood acquaintance4 ,hannibal was a little town which hugged the steamboat landing in those days4 ,if you will go down through the old part of the city now you will find it much as it was when ,i was a child1 for the quaint old weatherbeaten buildings still stand1 proving how thoroughly the pioneers did their work4 ,we went to school1 we had picnics1 we explored the big cave--they call it the ,mark ,twain ,cave now1 you know4 ,were you lost in the cave1 as ,tom ,sawyer and ,becky ,thatcher were8 ,mrs4 ,frazer was asked4 ,no2 that is a part of the fiction of the book1 she answered4 ,as a matter of fact1 some older persons always went with us4 ,usually my older sister and ,sam ,clemens's older sister1 who were great friends1 were along to see that we didn't get lost among the winding passages where our candles lighted up the great stalagmites and stalactites1 and where water was dripping from the stone roof overhead1 just as ,mr4 ,clemens has described it4 ,and then she proceeded to divorce the memory of ,mark ,twain from the little red schoolhouse forever4 ,in those days we had only private schools1 ,mrs4 ,frazer said4 ,if there were public schools ,i never heard of them4 ,the first school ,i went to was taught by ,mr4 ,cross1 who had canvassed the town and obtained perhaps twenty-five private pupils at a stated price for the tuition of each4 ,i do not know how much ,mr4 ,cross charged1 but when ,i was older ,i remember that a young woman teacher opened a school after getting twenty-five pupils at #be each for the year's tuition4 ,i shall never forget that ,mr4 ,cross did not belie his name1 however1 or that ,sam ,clemens wrote a bit of doggerel about him4 ,she quoted it this way3 ,cross by name and ,cross by nature1 ,cross hopped out of an ,irish potato4 ,the schoolhouse was a #b-story frame building with a gallery across the entire front1 she resumed4 ,after a year together in that school ,sam and ,i went to the school taught by ,mrs4 ,horr4 ,it was then he used to write notes to me and bring apples to school and put them on my desk4 ,and once1 as a punishment for some prank1 he had to sit with the girls and occupied a vacant seat by me4 ,he didn't seem to mind the penalty at all1 ,mrs4 ,frazer added with another laugh1 so ,i don't know whether it was effective as a punishment or not4 ,we hadn't reached the dancing age then1 but we went to many 'play parties' together and romped through ',going to ,jerusalem1' ',king ,william was ,king ,george's ,son' and ',green ,grow the ,rushes--,o4' ,judge ,clemens1 ,sam's father1 died and left the family in straitened circumstances1 and ,sam's schooling ended there4 ,he began work in the printing office to help out1 and when he was #ag or #ah he left ,hannibal to go to work in ,st4 ,louis4 ,he never returned to live1 but he visited here often in the years that followed4 ,mrs4 ,frazer's own story formed the next chapter of her narrative4 ,a young physician1 ,doctor ,frazer of ,madisonville1 which was a little inland village in ,ralls ,county1 adjoining1 came often to ,hannibal and courted pretty ,laura ,hawkins4 ,when she was #bj they were married and went to live in the new house ,doctor ,frazer had built for his bride at ,madisonville4 ,there they reared two sons until they required better school facilities1 when they went to ,rensselaer1 also in ,ralls ,county1 but nearer ,hannibal4 ,they lived in ,rensselaer until ,doctor ,frazer's death1 when the mother and younger son moved to the ,general ,canby farm4 ,this son's marriage led to ,mrs4 ,frazer's return to ,hannibal twenty-two years ago4 ,she was offered the position of matron at the ,home for the ,friendless1 and for twenty-two years she has managed it4 ,the boys and girls who have gone out from it in nearly every case have become useful men and women as a result of her guidance at the critical period of their life1 for the girls remain in the home until they are #ad and the boys until they are #ab4 ,the old mansion which houses the score or more of children always there is to be abandoned in the spring for a new and modern building1 a gift from a wealthy citizen to the private charity which has conducted the institution so long without aid from city1 county or state4 ,it was given to ,mrs4 ,frazer and ,mark ,twain to renew their youthful friendship after a lapse of half a century4 ,in #aijh ,mrs4 ,frazer made a trip ,east1 accepting an invitation to visit ,albert ,bigelow ,paine at ,redding1 ,conn4 ,mr4 ,paine had visited ,hannibal two years before in a search for material for his biography of ,mark ,twain and had made ,mrs4 ,frazer's acquaintance then4 ,he mentioned the approaching visit to the great humorist and ,mark ,twain promptly sat down and wrote ,mrs4 ,frazer that she must be a guest also at ,stormfield1 his ,redding estate4 ,so it came about that the one-time little ,laura ,hawkins found herself lifting the knocker at the beautiful country home of ,mark ,twain in the ,connecticut hills4 ,the door was opened by ,clara ,clemens1 ,mr4 ,clemens's daughter1 ,mrs4 ,frazer said1 and she threw her arms about me and cried3 ',i know you1 for ,i've seen your picture1 and father has told me about you4 ,you are ,becky ,thatcher1 and ,i'm happy to see you4' ,and that1 ,mrs4 ,frazer said1 was the first time ,i really knew ,i was the original of the character1 although ,i had suspected it for thirty years4 ,clara ,clemens1 you know1 even then was a famous contralto1 and ,ossip ,gabrilowitsch1 whose wife she is now1 was 'waiting' on her at the time4 ,it was a wonderful visit1 she went on4 ,mr4 ,clemens took me over ,stormfield4 ,it must have been a tract of three hundred acres4 ,we went through the fields1 which were not fields at all1 since they were not cultivated1 and across a rustic bridge over a little rushing brook which boiled and bubbled among the rocks in the bed of a great ravine1 and we sat down under a rustic arbor and talked of the old days in ,hannibal when he was a little boy and ,i a little girl1 before he went out into the world to win fame and before ,i lived my own happy married life4 ,mr4 ,clemens had that rare faculty of loyalty to his friends which made the lapse of fifty years merely an interim4 ,it was as if the half century had rolled away and we were there looking on the boy and girl we had been4 ,mr4 ,clemens had won worldwide fame2 he had been a welcome guest in the palaces of ,old ,world rulers and lionized in the great cities of his own country4 ,he had been made a ,doctor of ,literature by the ,university of ,oxford1 the highest honor of the greatest university in the world1 and yet there at ,stormfield to me he seemed to be ,sam ,clemens of old ,hannibal1 rather than the foremost man in the ,american world of letters4 ,that1 ,i believe1 is my most treasured memory of ,sam ,clemens1 ,mrs4 ,frazer ended4 ,i love to think of him as the curly-headed1 rollicking1 clean minded little boy ,i played with as a child1 but ,i like better still to think of him as he was in his last days1 when all that fame and fortune had showered on him did not1 even momentarily1 make him waver in his loyalty to the friends of his youth4 ,in ,hannibal stands the quaint little #b-story house flush with the sidewalk which ,samuel ,langhorne ,clemens's father built in #ahdd1 after he had moved to the old river town from ,florida1 ,mo41 where the great story teller was born4 ,restored1 it houses many reminders of the author and is maintained as a memorial to ,mark ,twain4 ,there1 ,november #cj1 the eighty-second anniversary of the birth of ,clemens1 the people of ,hannibal and persons from many cities widely scattered over ,america will go to pay tribute to his memory4 ,and there they will see ,becky ,thatcher in the flesh1 silkengowned1 gray-haired and grown old1 but ,becky ,thatcher just the same1 seated in a chair which once was ,mark ,twain's and pouring tea at a table on which the author once wrote4 ,and if the aroma of the cup she hands out to each visitor doesn't waft before his mind a vision of a curly-headed boy and a little girl with golden long-tails at play on the wharf of old ,hannibal while the ancient packets ply up and down the rolling blue ,mississippi1 there is nothing whatever in the white magic of association4 99 99 99 99 99 7,milwaukee ,journal7 ,,four ,,men ,,of ,,humble ,,birth ,,hold ,,world ,,destiny ,,in ,,their ,,hands ,,by ,,william ,g4 ,,shepherd ,,washington--,out of a dingy law office in ,virginia1 out of a cobbler's shop in ,wales1 out of a village doctor's office in ,france and from a farm on the island of ,sicily came the four men who1 in the grand old palace at ,versailles1 will soon put the quietus on the divine right of kings4 ,in #ahef1 three days after ,christmas1 a boy named ,thomas was born in the plain home of a ,presbyterian parson in ,staunton1 ,va4 ,when this boy was #d years old1 there was born in ,palermo1 on the island of ,sicily1 #d1jjj miles away1 a black-eyed ,sicilian boy4 ,into the town of ,palermo1 on that ,july day1 came ,garibaldi1 in triumph1 and the farmer-folk parents of the boy1 in honor of the occasion1 named their son ,victor1 after the new ,italian king1 whom ,garibaldi had helped to seat4 ,three years later still1 when ,thomas was playing the games of #g-year-old boys down in ,virginia1 and when ,victor1 at #c1 spent most of his time romping on the little farm in ,sicily1 there was born in the heart of the foggy1 grimy town of ,manchester1 in ,england1 a boy named ,david4 ,his home was the ugliest of the homes of all the three4 ,it was of red brick1 two stories high1 with small windows1 facing a busy stone sidewalk4 ,its rooms were small and little adorned1 and not much hope of greatness could ever have sprung from that dingy place4 ,there was one other boy to make up the quartet4 ,his name was ,george4 ,he was a young medical student in ,paris twenty-two years old when ,david was born in ,england4 ,he thought all governments ought to be republics1 and1 by the time he was #be1 he came over to the ,united ,states to study the ,american republic1 and1 if possible1 to make a living over here as a doctor4 ,he had been born in a little village in ,france1 in a doctor's household4 ,while ,george was in ,new ,york1 almost starving for lack of patients1 and later1 while he taught ,french in a girls' school in ,stamford1 ,conn41 little ,thomas1 down in ,virginia1 at the age of #aj years1 had buckled down to his studies1 with the hope of being a lawyer2 ,victor1 at #f1 was studying in a school in far-away ,palermo1 and ,david1 at #c1 fatherless by this time1 was getting ready for life in the home of his uncle1 a village shoemaker1 in a little town of ,wales4 ,the only city-born boy of the four1 he was taken by fate1 when his father died1 to the simplicity of village life and saved1 perhaps1 from the sidewalks4 ,the years whirled on4 ,george married an ,american girl and went back to ,france1 to write and teach and doctor4 ,thomas went to a university to study law4 ,david1 seven years younger1 spent his evenings and spare time in his uncle's shoe shop or in the village blacksmith shop1 listening to his elders talk over the affairs of the world4 ,victor1 with law as his vision1 crossed the famous old straits of ,messina from his island home and went to ,naples to study in the law school there4 ,in the '#hjs things began to happen4 ,down in ,virginia1 ,thomas was admitted to the bar4 ,in old ,wales1 ,david1 who1 by this time1 had learned to speak ,english1 was admitted to practice law in #ahhd1 and1 in #ahhe1 the black-eyed1 hot-blooded ,sicilian ,victor received the documents that entitled him to practice at the ,italian bar4 ,george1 in ,france1 by this time had dropped medicine4 ,bolshevism had arisen there in the form of the ,commune1 and he had fought it so desperately that he had been sentenced to death4 ,he hated kings1 and he also hated the autocracy of the mob4 ,he fled from ,paris4 ,soon they will sit at a peace table together1 the first peace table in all human history from which divine-right kings are barred4 ,the future and the welfare of the world lie in their four pairs of hands4 ,their full names are3 ,georges ,clemenceau1 premier of ,france2 ,david ,lloyd ,george1 prime minister of ,england2 ,victor ,emanuel ,orlando1 premier of ,italy1 and ,thomas ,woodrow ,wilson1 president of the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 7,saturday ,evening ,post7 ,three half-tone reproductions of wash-drawings by a staff artist4 ,,the ,,confessions ,,of ,a ,,college ,,professor',s ,,wife ,a college professor--as may be proved by any number of novels and plays--is a quaint1 pedantic person1 with spectacles and a beard1 but without any passions--except for books4 ,he takes delight in large fat words1 but is utterly indifferent to such things as clothes and women--except the dowdy one he married when too young to know better4444 ,it is always so interesting to see ourselves as authors see us4 ,even more entertaining to us1 however1 is the shockingly inconsistent attitude toward academic life maintained by practical people who know all about real life--meaning the making and spending of money4 ,one evening soon after ,i became a college professor's wife ,i enjoyed the inestimable privilege of sitting next to one of ,america's safest and sanest business men at a dinner party given in his honor by one of the trustees of the university4 ,when he began to inform me1 with that interesting air of originality which often accompanies the platitudes of our best citizens1 that college professors were mere visionary idealists--all academic theories2 no practical knowledge of the world--and so on1 as usual--,i made bold to interrupt3 ,why1 in the name of common sense1 then1 do you send your own sons to them to be prepared for it6 ,is such a policy safe8 ,is it sane8 ,is it practical8 ,and ,i am afraid ,i laughed in the great man's face4 ,he only blinked and said ,humph6 in a thoroughly businesslike manner2 but throughout the rest of the evening he viewed me askance1 as though ,i had become a dangerous theorist too--by marriage4 ,so ,i turned my back on him and wondered why such a large and brilliant dinner was given for such a dull and uninteresting ,philistine6 ,this shows1 by the way1 how young and ignorant ,i was4 ,the mystery was explained next day1 when it was intimated to me that ,i had made what is sometimes called1 even in refined college circles1 a break4 ,young professors' wives were not expected to trifle with visitors of such eminent solvency2 but ,i had frequently heard the materialistic tendencies of the age condemned in public1 and had not been warned in private that we were all supposed to do our best to work this materialist for a million1 with which to keep up the fight against materialism4 ,in the cloistered seclusion of our universities1 dedicated to high ideals1 more deference is shown to the masters of high finance than to the masters of other arts--let me add not because ,mammon is worshiped1 but because he is needed for building cloisters4 ,the search for truth would be far more congenial than the search for wealth2 but1 so long as our old-fashioned institutions remain1 like old-fashioned females1 dependent for their very existence on the bounty of personal favor1 devious methods must be employed for coaxing and wheedling money out of those who control it--and therefore the truth4 ,i was a slender bride and had a fresh1 becoming trousseau4 ,he was a heavy-jowled banker and had many millions4 ,i was supposed to ply what feminine arts ,i could command for the highly moral purpose of obtaining his dollars1 to be used in destroying his ideals4 ,well1 that was the first and last time ,i was ever so employed4 ,despite the conscientious flattery of the others he gruntingly refused to give a penny4 ,and--who knows--perhaps ,i was in part responsible for the loss of a million6 ,a dreadful preface to my career as a college professor's wife4 ,however1 before pursuing my personal confessions1 ,i must not overlook the most common and comic characteristic of the college professor we all know and love in fiction4 ,i refer to his picturesque absent-mindedness4 ,i had almost forgotten that2 possibly ,i have become absent-minded by marriage too6 ,is not the dear old fellow always absent-minded on the stage8 ,invariably and most deliriously6 ,just how he manages to remain on the ,faculty when absent-minded is never explained on the program2 and it often perplexes us who are behind the scenes4 ,i tell my husband that1 in our case1 ,i1 as the dowdy and devoted wife1 am supposed to interrupt his dreams--they always have dreams--remove his untidy dressing gown--they always wear dressing gowns--and dispatch him to the classroom with a kiss and a coat2 but how about that great and growing proportion of his colleagues who1 for reasons to be stated1 are wifeless and presumably helpless8 ,being only a woman1 ,i cannot explain how bachelors retain their positions2 but ,i shall venture to assert that no business in the world--not even the army and navy--is conducted on a more ruthless and inexorable schedule than the business of teaching4 ,my two brothers drift into their office at any time between nine and ten in the morning and yet control a fairly successful commercial enterprise2 whereas1 if my husband arrived at his eight-o'clock classroom only one minute late there would be no class there to teach4 ,for it is an unwritten law among our engaging young friends the undergraduates that when the prof is not on hand before the bell stops ringing they can cut--thus avoiding what they were sent to college for and achieving one of the pleasantest triumphs of a university course4 ,my confessions6 ,dear me6 ,what have ,i1 a college professor's wife1 to confess8 ,at least three things3 #a--,that ,i love my husband so well that ,i wish ,i had never married him4 #b--,that ,i have been such a good wife that he does not know he ought never to have had one4 #c--,that if ,i had to do it all over again ,i would do the same thing all over again6 ,this is indeed a confession1 though whether it be of weakness of will or strength of faith you may decide if you read the rest4 ,the first time ,i saw the man who became my husband was at the ,casino in ,newport4 ,and what was a poor professor doing at ,newport8 ,he was not a professor--he was a prince2 a proud prince of the most royal realm of sport4 ,carl1 as some of you might recall if that were his real name1 had been the intercollegiate tennis champion a few years before1 and now1 with the kings of the court1 had come to try his luck in the annual national tournament4 ,he lasted until the finals this time and then was put out4 ,that was as high as he ever got in the game4 ,alas for the romance of love at first sight6 ,he paid not the slightest attention to me1 though he sat beside me for ten minutes2 for1 despite his defeat1 he was as enthusiastically absorbed in the runner-up and the dashing defender of the title as--well1 as the splendid sportsman ,i have since found him to be in disappointments far more grim4 ,as for me1 ,i fear ,i hardly noticed him either1 except to remark that he was very good-looking2 for this was my first visit to ,newport--the last too--and the pageantry of wealth and fashion was bewilderingly interesting to me4 ,i was quite young then4 ,i am older now4 ,but such unintellectual exhibitions might1 ,i fancy1 still interest me--a shocking confession for a college professor's wife6 ,i did not see ,carl again for two years1 and then it was in another kind of pageant1 amid pomp and circumstance of such a different sort2 and1 instead of white flannel trousers1 he now wore a black silk gown4 ,it had large flowing sleeves and a hood of loud colors hanging down behind2 and he was blandly marching along in the academic procession at the inaugural ceremonies of the new president of the university4 ,i wonder why it is that when the stronger sex wishes to appear particularly dignified and impressive1 as on the bench or in the pulpit1 it likes to don female attire6 ,no matter whether suffragists or antis--they all do it4 ,now some of these paraders seemed as embarrassed by their skirts as the weaker sex would be without them2 but the way ,carl wore his new honors and his new doctor's hood attracted my attention and held it4 ,he seemed quite aware of the ridiculous aspect of an awkward squad of pedagogues paraded like chorus girls before an audience invited to watch the display2 but1 also1 he actually enjoyed the comedy of it--and that is a distinction when you are an actor in the comedy6 ,his quietly derisive strut altogether fascinated me4 ,hurrah6 ,aren't we fine6 he seemed to say4 ,as the long1 self-conscious procession passed where ,i sat1 smiling and unnoticed1 he suddenly looked up4 ,his veiled twinkle happened to meet my gaze4 ,it passed over me1 instantly returned and rested on ray eyes for almost a second4 ,such a wonderful second for little me6444 ,not a gleam of recollection4 ,he had quite forgotten that our names had once been pronounced to each other2 but in that flashing instant he recognized1 as ,i did1 that we two knew each other better than anyone else in the whole assemblage4 ,the nicest smile in the world said as plainly as words1 and all for me alone3 ,hurrah6 ,you see it too6 ,then1 with that deliciously derisive strut1 he passed on1 while something within me said3 ,there he is6--at last6 ,he is the one for you6 ,and ,i glowed and was glad4 ,carl informed me afterward that he had a similar sensation1 and that all through the long platitudinous exercises my face was a great solace to him4 ,whenever they became particularly tiresome1 he said1 ,i looked at you--and bore up4 ,i was not unaware that he was observing me2 nor was ,i surprised when1 at the end of the exhausting ordeal1 he broke through the crowd--with oh1 such dear impetuosity6--and asked my uncle to present him1 while ,i1 trembling at his approach1 looked in the other direction1 for ,i felt the crimson in my cheeks--,i who had been out three seasons6 ,then ,i turned and raised my eyes to his1 and he1 too1 colored deeply as he took my hand4 ,we saw no comedy in what followed4 ,there was plenty of comedy1 only we were too romantic to see it4 ,at the time it seemed entirely tragic to me that my people1 though of the sort classified as cultured and refined1 deploring the materialistic tendency of the age1 violently objected to my caring for this wonderful being1 who brilliantly embodied all they admired in baccalaureate sermons and extolled in ,sunday-school4 ,it was not despite but because of that very thing that they opposed the match6 ,if only he had not so ably curbed his materialistic tendencies they would have been delighted with this well-bred young man1 for his was an even older family than ours1 meaning one having money long enough to breed contempt for making it4 ,instead of a fortune1 however1 merely a tradition of noblesse oblige had come down to him1 like an unwieldy heirloom4 ,he had waved aside a promising opening in his cousin's bond-house on leaving college and invested five important years1 as well as his small patrimony1 in hard work at the leading universities abroad in order to secure a thorough working capital for the worst-paid profession in the world4 ,if there were only some future in the teaching business6 as one of my elder brothers said2 but ,i've looked into the proposition4 ,why1 even a full professor seldom gets more than four thousand--in most cases less4 ,and it will be years before your young man is a full professor4 ,i can wait1 ,i said4 ,but a girl like you could never stand that kind of life4 ,you aren't fitted for it4 ,you weren't brought up to be a poor man's wife4 ,plenty of tune to learn while waiting1 ,i returned gayly enough1 but heartsick at the thought of the long wait4 ,carl1 however1 quite agreed with my brothers and wanted impetuously to start afresh in pursuit of the career in ,wall ,street he had forsworn1 willing and eager--the darling6--to throw away ambition1 change his inherited tastes1 abandon his cultivated talents1 and forget the five years he had squandered in riotous learning1 as he put it6 ,however1 ,i was not willing--for his sake4 ,he would regret it later4 ,they always do4 ,besides1 like ,carl1 ,i had certain unuttered ideals about serving the world in those days4 ,we still have4 ,only now we better understand the world4 ,make no mistake about this4 ,men are just as noble as they used to be4 ,plenty of them are willing to sacrifice themselves--but not us4 ,that is why so few of the sort most needed go in for teaching and preaching in these so-called materialistic days4 ,what was the actual1 material result of my lover's having taken seriously the advice ladled out to him by college presidents and other evil companions of his innocent youth1 who had besought him not to seek material gain8 ,at the time we found each other he was twenty-seven years of age and had just begun his career--an instructor in the economics department1 with a thousand-dollar salary4 ,that is not why he was called an economist2 but can you blame my brothers for doing their best to break the engagement8444 ,i do not--now4 ,it was not their fault if ,carl actually practiced what they merely preached4 ,should ,carl be blamed8 ,no2 for he seriously intended never to marry at all--until he met me4 ,should ,i be blamed8 ,possibly2 but ,i did my best to break the engagement too--and incidentally both our hearts--by going abroad and staying abroad until ,carl--bless him6--came over after me4 ,i am not blaming anybody4 ,i am merely telling why so few men in university work1 or1 for that matter1 in most of the professions nowadays1 can support wives until after the natural mating time is past4 ,by that time their true mates have usually wed other men--men who can support them--not the men they really love1 but the men they tell themselves they love6 ,for1 if marriage is woman's only true career1 it is hardly true to one's family or oneself not to follow it before it is too late--especially when denied training for any other--even though she may be equally lacking in practical training for the only career open to her4 ,this sounds like a confession of personal failure due to the typical unpreparedness for marriage of the modern ,american girl4 ,i do not think anyone could call our marriage a personal failure1 though socially it may be4 ,during the long period of our engagement ,i became almost as well prepared for my lifework as ,carl was for his4 ,instead of just waiting in sweet1 sighing idleness ,i took courses in domestic science1 studied dietetics1 mastered double-entry and learned to sew4 ,i also began reading up on economics4 ,the latter amused the family1 for they thought the higher education of women quite unwomanly and had refused to let me go to college4 ,it amused ,carl too1 until ,i convinced him that ,i was really interested in the subject1 not just in him2 then he began sending me boxes of books instead of boxes of candy1 which made the family laugh and call me strong-minded4 ,i did not care what they called me4 ,i was too busy making up for the time and money wasted on my disadvantageous advantages1 which may have made me more attractive to men1 but had not fitted me to be the wife of any man1 rich or poor4 ,all that my accomplishments and those of my sisters actually accomplished1 as ,i see it now1 was to kill my dear father2 for1 though he made a large income as a lawyer1 he had an even larger family and died a poor man1 like so many prominent members of the bar4 ,i shall not dwell on the ordeal of a long engagement4 ,it is often made to sound romantic in fiction1 but in realistic life such an unnatural relationship is a refined atrocity--often an injurious one--except to pseudo-human beings so unreal and unromantic that they should never be married or engaged at all4 ,i nearly died2 and as for ,carl--well1 unrequited affection may be good for some men1 but requited affection in such circumstances cannot be good for any man--if you grant that marriage is6 ,a high-strung1 ambitious fellow like ,carl needed no incentive to make him work hard or to keep him out of mischief1 any more than he needed a prize to make him do his best at tennis or keep him from cheating in the score4 ,what an ignoble view of these matters most good people accept6 ,in point of fact he had been able to do more work and to play better tennis before receiving this long handicap--in short1 would have been in a position to marry sooner if he had not been engaged to marry6 ,this may sound strange1 but that is merely because the truth is so seldom told about anything that concerns the most important relationship in life4 ,nevertheless1 despite what he was pleased to call his inspiration1 he won his assistant professorship at an earlier age than the average1 and we were married on fifteen hundred a year4 ,oh1 what a happy year6 ,i am bound to say the family were very nice about it4 ,everyone was nice about it4 ,and when we came back from our wedding journey the other professors' wives overwhelmed me with kindness and with calls--and with teas and dinners and receptions in our honor4 ,carl had been a very popular bachelor and his friends were pleased to treat me quite as if ,i were worthy of him4 ,this was generous1 but disquieting4 ,i was afraid they would soon see through me and pity poor ,carl4 ,i had supposed1 like most outsiders1 that the women of a university town would be dreadfully intellectual and modern--and ,i was rather in awe of them at first1 being aware of my own magnificent limitations2 but1 for the most part1 these charming new friends of mine1 especially the wealthier members of the set ,i was thrown with1 seemed guilelessly ignorant in respect of the interesting period of civilization in which they happened to live--almost as ignorant as ,i was and as most nice people are everywhere4 ,books sufficiently old1 art sufficiently classic1 views sufficiently venerable to be respectable--these interested them1 as did foreign travel and modern languages2 but ideas that were modern could not be nice because they were new1 though they might be nice in time--after they became stale4 ,college culture1 ,i soon discovered1 does not care about what is happening to the world1 but what used to happen to it4 ,you see1 my dear1 ,carl explained1 with that quiet1 casual manner so puzzling to pious devotees of cultureine--and even to me at first1 though ,i adored and soon adopted it6 --universities don't lead thought--they follow it4 ,in ,europe institutions of learning may be--indeed1 they frequently are--hotbeds of radicalism2 in ,america our colleges are merely featherbeds for conservatism to die in respectably4 ,then he added3 ,but what could you expect8 ,you see1 we are still intellectually nouveaux over here1 and therefore self-consciously correct and imitative1 like the nouveaux riches4 ,so long as you have a broad a you need never worry about a narrow mind4 ,as for the men1 ,i had pictured the privilege of sitting at their feet and learning many interesting things about the universe4 ,perhaps they were too tired to have their feet encumbered by ignorant young women2 for when ,i ventured to ask questions about their subject their answer was--not always--but in so many cases a solemn owllike yes-and-no that ,i soon learned my place4 ,they did not expect or want a woman to know anything and preferred light banter and persiflage4 ,i like that1 too1 when it is well done2 but ,i was accustomed to men who did it better4 ,i preferred the society of their wives4 ,i do not expect any member of the complacent sex to believe this statement--unless ,i add that the men did not fancy my society1 which would not be strictly true2 but1 even if not so intellectual as ,i had feared1 the women of our town were far more charming than ,i had hoped1 and when you cannot have both cleverness and kindness the latter makes a more agreeable atmosphere for a permanent home4 ,i still consider them the loveliest women in the world4 ,in short my only regret about being married was that we had wasted so much of the glory of youth apart4 ,youth is the time for love1 but not for marriage6 ,some of our friends among the instructors marry on a thousand a year1 even in these days of the high cost of living2 and ,i should have been so willing to live as certain of them do--renting lodgings from a respectable artisan's wife and doing my own cooking on her stove after she had done hers4 ,carl gave me no encouragement1 however6 ,perhaps it was just as well2 for when first engaged ,i did not know how to cook1 though ,i was a good dancer and could play ,liszt's ,polonaise in ,e flat with but few mistakes4 ,as it turned out we began our wedded life quite luxuriously4 ,we had a whole house to ourselves--and sometimes even a maid6 ,in those days there were no flats in our town and certain small but shrewd local capitalists had built rows of tiny frame dwellings which they leased to assistant professors1 assistant plumbers1 and other respectable people of the same financial status1 at rates which enabled them--the owners1 not the tenants--to support charity and religion4 ,they were all alike--,i refer to the houses now1 not to all landlords necessarily--with a steep stoop in front and a drying yard for ,monday mornings in the rear1 the kind you see on the factory edges of great cities--except that ours were cleaner and were occupied by nicer people4 ,one of our next-door neighbors was a rising young butcher with his bride and the house on the other side of us was occupied by a postman1 his progeny1 and the piercing notes of his whistle--presumably a cast-off one--on which all of his numerous children1 irrespective of sex or age1 were ambitiously learning their father's calling1 as was made clear through the thin dividing wall1 which supplied visual privacy but did not prevent our knowing when they took their baths or in what terms they objected to doing so4 ,it became a matter of interesting speculation to us what ,willie would say the next ,saturday night2 and if we had quarreled they1 in turn1 could have--and would have--told what it was all about4 ,not every economist1 ,carl remarked whimsically1 can learn at first hand how the proletariat lives4 ,i1 too1 was learning at first hand much about my own profession4 ,my original research in domestic science was sound in theory1 but ,i soon discovered that my dietetic program was too expensive in practice4 ,instead of good cuts of beef ,i had to select second or third quality from the rising young butcher1 who1 by the way1 has since risen to the dignity of a touring car4 ,instead of poultry we had pork1 for this was before pork also rose4 ,my courses in bookkeeping1 however1 proved quite practical2 and ,i may say that ,i was a good purchasing agent and general manager from the beginning of our partnership1 instead of becoming one later through bitter experience1 like so many young wives brought up to be ladies1 not general houseworkers4 ,frequently ,i had a maid1 commonly called along our row the gurrul--and quite frequently ,i had none2 for we could afford only young beginners1 who1 as soon as ,i had trained them well1 left me for other mistresses who could afford to pay them well4 ,oh1 we should not accuse the poor creatures of ingratitude1 ,i told ,carl one day4 ,not every economist can learn at first hand the law of supply and demand4 ,if1 however1 as my fashionable aunt in town remarked1 we were picturesquely impecunious--which1 to that soft lady1 probably meant that1 we had to worry along without motor cars--we were just as desperately happy as we were poor2 for we had each other at least4 ,every other deprivation seemed comparatively easy or amusing4 ,nor were we the only ones who had each other--and therefore poverty4 ,scholarship meant sacrifice1 but all agreed that it was the ideal life4 ,to be sure1 some members of the ,faculty--or their wives--had independent means and could better afford the ideal life4 ,they were considered noble for choosing it4 ,some of the alumni who attended the great games and the graduating exercises were enormously wealthy1 and gave the interest of their incomes--sometimes a whole handful of bonds at a time--to the support of the ideal life4 ,was there any law compelling them to give their money to their ,alma ,mater8 ,no--just as there was none compelling men like ,carl to give their lives and sacrifice their wives4 ,these men of wealth made even greater sacrifices4 ,they could have kept in comfort a dozen wives apiece--modest ones--on what they voluntarily preferred to turn over to the dear old college4 ,professors1 being impractical and visionary1 cannot always see these things in their true proportions4 ,we1 moreover1 in return for our interest in education1 did we not shamelessly accept monthly checks from the university treasurer's office8 ,it was quite materialistic in us4 ,whereas these disinterested donors1 instead of receiving checks1 gave them1 which is more blessed4 ,and were they not checks of a denomination far larger than those we selfishly cashed for ourselves8 ,invariably4 ,therefore our princely benefactors were regarded not only as nobler but as the ,nobility4 ,indeed1 the social stratification of my new home1 where the excellent principles of high thinking and plain living were highly recommended for all who could not reverse the precept1 struck me1 a neophyte1 as for all the world like that of a cathedral town in ,england1 except that these visiting patrons of religion and learning were treated with a reverence and respect found only in ,america4 ,surely it must have amused them1 had they not been so used to it2 for they were quite the simplest1 kindest1 sweetest overrich people ,i had ever met in my own country--and they often took pains to tell us broad-mindedly that there were better things than money4 ,their tactful attempts to hide their awful affluence were quite appealing--occasionally rather comic4 ,like similarly conscious efforts to cover evident indigence1 it was so palpable and so unnecessary4 ,there1 there6 ,i always wanted to say--until ,i1 too1 became accustomed to it4 ,it's all right4 ,you can't help it4 ,it was dear of them all the same1 however1 and ,i would not seem ungrateful for their kind consideration4 ,after all1 how different from the purse-proud arrogance of wealth seen in our best--selling--fiction1 though seldom elsewhere4 ,for the most part they were true gentlefolk1 with the low voices and simple manners of several generations of breeding2 and ,i liked them1 for the most part1 very much--especially certain old friends of our parents1 who1 ,i learned later1 were willing to show their true friendship in more ways than ,carl and ,i could permit4 ,one is frequently informed that the great compensation for underpaying the college professor is in the leisure to live--otium cum dignitate as returning old grads call it when they can remember their ,latin1 though as most of them cannot they call it a snap4 ,carl1 by the way1 happened to be the secretary of his class1 and his popularity with dear old classmates became a nuisance in our tiny home4 ,i remember one well-known bachelor of arts who answered to the name of ,spud1 a rather vulgar little man4 ,comfortably seated in ,carl's study one morning1 with a cigar in his mouth1 ,spud began3 ,my1 what a snap6 ,a couple of hours' work a day and three solid months' vacation6 ,why1 just see1 here you are loafing early in the morning6 ,you ought to come up to the city6 ,humph6 ,i'd show you what real work means4 ,now my husband had been writing until two o'clock the night before1 so that he had not yet made preparation for his next hour4 ,it was so early indeed that ,i had not yet made the beds4 ,besides1 ,i had heard all about our snap before and it was getting on my nerves4 ,carl would enjoy nothing better than seeing you work1 ,i put in when the dear classmate finished2 but unfortunately he cannot spare the time4 ,spud saw the point and left2 but ,carl1 instead of giving me the thanks ,i deserved1 gave me the first scolding of our married life6 ,now isn't that just like a husband8 ,of course it can be proved by the annual catalogue that the average member of the ,faculty has only about twelve or fourteen hours of classroom work a week--the worst-paid instructor more2 the highest-paid professor less4 ,what a university teacher gives to his students in the classroom1 however1 is or ought to be but a rendering of what he acquires outside1 as when my distinguished father tried one of his well-prepared cases in court4 ,every new class1 moreover1 is a different proposition1 as ,i once heard my brother say of his customers4 ,that is where the art of teaching comes in and where ,carl excelled4 ,he could make even the dismal science1 as ,carlyle called economics1 interesting1 as was proved by the large numbers of men who elected his courses1 despite the fact that he made them work hard to pass4 ,nor does this take into account original research and the writing of books like ,carl's scholarly work on ,the ,history of ,property1 on which he had been slaving for three solid summers and hundreds of nights during termtime2 not to speak of attending committee meetings constantly1 and the furnace even more constantly4 ,the latter1 like making beds1 is not mentioned in the official catalogue4 ,i suppose such details would not become one's dignity4 ,as in every other occupation1 some members of the ,faculty do as little work as the law requires2 but most of them are an extremely busy lot1 even though they may1 when it suits their schedule better1 take exercise in the morning instead of the afternoon--an astonishing state of affairs that always scandalizes the so-called tired business man4 ,as for ,carl1 ,i was seeing so little of him except at mealtimes that ,i became rather piqued at first1 being a bride4 ,i felt sure he did not love me any more6 ,do you really think you have a right to devote so much time to outside work8 ,i asked one evening when ,i was washing the dishes and he was starting off for the university library to write on his great book4--,it was the indirect womanly method of saying3 ,oh1 please devote just a little more time to me6--,you ought to rest and be fresh for your classroom work1 ,i added4 ,being a man he did not see it4 ,the way to advance in the teaching profession1 he answered1 with his veiled twinkle1 is to neglect it4 ,it doesn't matter how poorly you teach1 so long as you write dull books for other professors to read4 ,that's why it is called scholarship--because you slight your scholars4 ,oh1 ,i'm sick of all this talk about scholarship6 ,i cried4 ,what does it mean anyway8 ,scholarship1 my dear1 said ,carl1 means finding out all there is to know about something nobody else cares about1 and then telling it in such a way that nobody else can find out4 ,if you are understood you are popular2 if you are popular you are no scholar4 ,and if you're no scholar1 how can you become a full professor8 ,now1 my child1 it is all clear to you4 ,and1 dismissing me and the subject with a good-night kiss1 he brushed his last year's hat and hurried off1 taking the latchkey4 ,so much for otium4 ,but where does the dignity come in8 ,i asked ,carl one day when he was sharpening his lawnmower and thus neglecting his lawn tennis2 for1 like a ,freshman1 ,i still had much to learn about quaint old college customs4 ,why1 in being called p'fessor by the tradesmen1 said ,carl4 ,also in renting a doctor's hood for academic pee-rades at three dollars a pee-rade1 instead of buying a new hat for the rest of the year4 ,great thing--dignity6 ,he chuckled and began to cut the grass furiously1 reminding me of a thoroughbred hunter ,i once saw harnessed to a plow4 ,p'fessors of pugilism and dancing1 he went on gravely1 haven't a bit more dignity than we have4 ,they merely have more money4 ,just think6 ,there isn't a butcher or grocer in this town who doesn't doff his hat to me when he whizzes by in his motor--even those whose bills ,i haven't paid4 ,it's great to have dignity4 ,i don't believe there's another place in the world where he who rides makes obeisance to him who walks4 ,much better than getting as high wages as a trustee's chauffeur6 ,a salary is so much more dignified than wages4 ,he stopped to mop his brow1 looking perfectly dignified4 ,and yet1 he added1 egged on by my laughter1 for ,i always loved his quiet irony--it was never directed at individuals1 but at the ideas and traditions they blandly and blindly followed-- ,and yet carping critics of the greatest nation on earth try to make out that art and intellectuality are not properly recognized in the ,states4 ,pessimists6 ,look at our picture galleries1 filled with old masters from abroad6 ,think how that helps ,american artists6 ,look at our colleges1 crowded with buildings more costly than ,oxford's6 ,think how that encourages ,american teachers6 ,simply because an occasional foreign professor gets higher pay--bah6 ,there are better things than money4 ,for example1 this6 ,and he bent to his mower again1 with much the same derisively dignified strut as on that memorable day long ago when ,i came and saw and was conquered by it--only then he wore black silk sleeves and now white shirtsleeves4 ,and so much for dignity4 ,i soon saw that if ,i were to be a help and not a hindrance to the man ,i loved ,i should have to depart from what ,i had been carefully trained to regard as woman's only true sphere4 ,do not be alarmed6 ,i had no thought of leaving home or husband4 ,it is simply that the home1 in the industrial sense1 is leaving the house--seventy-five per cent of it social scientists say1 has gone already--so that nowadays a wife must go out after it or else find some new-fashioned productive substitute if she really intends to be an old-fashioned helpmate to her husband4 ,it was not a feminist theory but a financial condition that confronted us4 ,my done-over trousseau would not last forever1 nor would ,carl's present intellectual wardrobe1 which was becoming threadbare4 ,travel abroad and foreign study are just as necessary for an ,american scholar as foreign buying is for an ,american dealer in trousseaus4 ,i thought of many plans2 but in a college town a woman's opportunities are so limited4 ,we are not paid enough to be ladies1 though we are required to dress and act like them--do not forget that point4 ,and yet1 when willing to stop being a lady1 what could one do8 ,finally ,i thought of dropping entirely out of the social1 religious and charitable activities of the town1 investing in a typewriter and subscribing to a correspondence-school course in stenography4 ,i could at least help ,carl prepare his lectures and relieve him of the burden of letter writing1 thus giving him more time for book reviewing and other potboiling jobs1 which were not only delaying his own book but making him burn the candle at both ends in the strenuous effort to make both ends meet4 ,i knew ,carl would object1 but ,i had not expected such an outburst of profane rage as followed my announcement4 ,the poor boy was dreadfully tired1 and for months1 like the thoroughbred he was1 he had repressed his true feelings under a quiet1 quizzical smile4 ,my heavens6 ,what next8 he cried1 jumping up and pacing the floor4 ,haven't you already given up everything you were accustomed to--every innocent pleasure you deserve--every wholesome diversion you actually need in this ,god-forsaken1 monotonous hole8 ,haven't ,i already dragged you down--you1 a lovely1 fine-grained1 highly evolved woman--down to the position of a servant in my house8 ,and now1 on top of all this--,no1 by ,god6 ,i won't have it6 ,i tell you ,i won't have it6 ,it may be a shocking confession1 but ,i loved him for that wicked oath4 ,he looked so splendid--all fire and furious determination1 as when he used to rush up to the net in the deciding game of a tennis match1 cool and quick as lightning4 ,you are right1 ,carl dear1 ,i said1 kissing his profane lips2 for ,i had learned long since never to argue with him4 ,i am too good to be a mere household drudge4 ,it's an economic waste of superior ability4 ,that's why ,i am going to be your secretary and save you time and money enough to get and keep a competent maid4 ,but ,i tell you-- ,i know1 dear2 but what are we going to do about it8 ,we can't go on this way4 ,they've got us down--are we going to let them keep us down8 ,look into the future6 ,look at poor old ,professor ,culberson4 ,look at half of the older members of the ,faculty6 ,they have ceased to grow2 their usefulness is over2 they are all gone to seed--because they hadn't the courage or the cash to develop anything but their characters6 ,carl looked thoughtful4 ,he had gained an idea for his book and1 like a true scholar1 forgot for the moment our personal situation4 ,really1 you know1 he mused1 does it pay ,society to reward its individuals in inverse ratio to their usefulness8 ,he took out his pocket notebook and wrote3 ,society itself suffers for rewarding that low order of cunning called business sense with the ultimate control of all other useful talents4 ,he closed his notebook and smiled4 ,and yet they call the present economic order safe and sane6 ,and all of us who throw the searchlight of truth on it--dangerous theorists6 ,can you beat it8 ,well1 ,i rejoined1 not being a scholar1 there's nothing dangerous about my theory4 ,instead of your stenographer becoming your wife1 your wife becomes your stenographer--far safer and saner than the usual order4 ,men are much more apt to fall in love with lively little typewriters than with fat1 flabby wives4 ,though it was merely to make a poor joke out of a not objectionable necessity1 my plan1 as it turned out1 was far wiser than ,i realized4 ,first1 ,i surreptitiously card-catalogued the notes and references for ,carl's epoch-making book1 as one of the sweet1 vague wives of the ,faculty always called her husband's volumes1 which she never read4 ,then ,i learned to take down his lectures1 to look up data in the library1 to verify quotations1 and even lent a hand in the book reviewing4 ,soon ,i began to feel more than a mere consumer's interest--a producer's interest--in ,carl's work4 ,and then a wonderful thing happened3 ,my husband began to see--just in time1 ,i believe--that a wife could be more than a passive and more or less desirable appendage to a man's life--an active and intelligent partner in it4 ,and he looked at me with a new and wondering respect1 which was rather amusing1 but very dear4 ,he had made the astonishing discovery that his wife had a mind6 ,years of piano practice had helped to make my fingers nimble for the typewriter1 and for this advantage ,i was duly grateful to the family's old-fashioned ideals1 though ,i fear they did not appreciate my gratitude4 ,once1 when visiting them during the holidays1 ,i was laughingly boasting1 before some guests invited to meet me at luncheon1 about my part in the writing of ,carl's ,history of ,property1 which had been dedicated to me and was now making a sensation in the economic world1 though our guests in the social world had never heard of it4 ,suddenly ,i saw a curious1 uncomfortable look come over the faces of the family4 ,then ,i stopped and remembered that nowadays wives--nice wives1 that is--are not supposed to be helpmates to their husbands except in name2 quite as spinsters no longer spin4 ,they can help him spend4 ,at that they are truly better halves1 but to help him earn is not nice4 ,to our guests it could mean only one thing--namely1 that my husband could not afford a secretary4 ,well1 he could not4 ,what of it8 ,for a moment ,i had the disquieting sensation of having paraded my poverty--a form of vulgarity that ,carl and ,i detest as heartily as a display of wealth4 ,the family considerately informed me afterward1 however1 that they thought me brave to sacrifice myself so cheerfully4 ,dear me6 ,i was not being brave4 ,i was not being cheerful4 ,i was being happy4 ,there is no sacrifice in working for the man you love4 ,and if you can do it with him--why1 ,i conceitedly thought it quite a distinction4 ,few women have the ability or enterprise to attain it6 ,one of my sisters who1 like me1 had failed to marry well valeted for her husband2 but somehow that seemed to be all right4 ,for my part ,i never could see why it is more womanly to do menial work for a man than intellectual work with him4 ,i have done both and ought to know4444 ,can it be merely because the one is done strictly in the home or because no one can see you do it8 ,or is it merely because it is unskilled labor8 ,it is all right for the superior sex to do skilled labor1 but a true womanly woman must do only unskilled labor1 and a fine lady none at all--so clothed as to prevent it and so displayed as to prove it1 thus advertising to the world that the man who pays for her can also pay for secretaries and all sorts of expensive things4 ,is that the old idea8 ,if so ,i am afraid most college professors' wives should give up the old-fashioned expensive pose of ladyhood and join the new womanhood6 ,well1 as it turned out1 we were enabled to spend our sabbatical year abroad--just in time to give ,carl a new lease of life mentally and me physically2 for both of us were on the verge of breaking down before we left4 ,such a wonderful year6 ,revisiting his old haunts2 attending lectures together in the ,german and ,french universities2 working side by side in the great libraries2 and meeting the great men of his profession at dinner6 ,then1 between whiles1 we had the best art and music thrown in6 ,ah1 those are the only real luxuries we miss and long for6 ,indeed1 to us1 they are not really luxuries4 ,beauty is a necessity to some persons1 like exercise2 though others can get along perfectly well without it and1 therefore1 wonder why we cannot too4 ,carl's book had already been discovered over there--that is perhaps the only reason it was discovered later over here--and every one was so kind about it4 ,we felt quite important and used to wink at each other across the table4 ,our book1 ,carl always called it1 like a dear4 ,his work was my work now--his ambitions1 my ambitions2 not just emotionally or inspirationally1 but intellectually1 collaboratively4 ,and that made our emotional interest in each other the keener and more satisfying4 ,we had fallen completely in love with each other4 ,for the first time we two were really one4 ,previously we had been merely pronounced so by a clergyman who read it out of a book4 ,oh1 the glory of loving some one more than oneself6 ,and oh1 the blessedness of toiling together for something greater and more important than either6 ,that is what makes it possible for the other thing to endure--not merely for a few mad1 glad years1 followed by drab duty and dull regret1 but for a happy lifetime of useful vigor4 ,that1 and not leisure or dignity1 is the great compensation for the professorial life4 ,what a joy it was to me during that rosy-sweet early period of our union to watch ,carl1 like a proud mother1 as he grew and exfoliated--like a plant that has been kept in a cellar and now in congenial soil and sunshine is showing at last its full potentialities4 ,through me my boy was attaining the full stature of a man2 and ,i1 his proud mate1 was jealously glad that even his dear dead mother could not have brought that to pass4 ,his wit became less caustic2 his manner more genial4 ,people who once irritated now interested him4 ,some who used to fear him now liked him4 ,and as for the undergraduates who had hero-worshiped this former tennis champion1 they now shyly turned to him for counsel and advice4 ,he was more of a man of the world than most of his colleagues and treated the boys as though they were men of the world too--for instance1 he never referred to them as boys4 ,i wouldn't be a damned fool if ,i were you1 ,i once overheard him say to a certain young man who was suffering from an attack of what ,carl called misdirected energy4 ,more than one he took in hand this way2 and1 though ,i used to call it--to tease him--his man-to-man manner1 ,i saw that it was effective4 ,i1 too1 grew fond of these frank1 ingenuous youths4 ,we used to have them at our house when we could spare an evening--often when we could not4 ,none of this work1 it may be mentioned1 is referred to in the annual catalogue or provided for in the annual budget2 and yet it is often the most vital and lasting service a teacher renders his students--especially when their silly parents provide them with more pocket money than the professor's entire income for the support of himself1 his family1 his scholarship and his dignity4 ,your husband is not a professor1 one of them confided shyly to me--he's a human being6 ,after the success of our book we were called to another college--a full professorship at three thousand a year6 ,carl loved his ,alma ,mater with a passion ,i sometimes failed to understand2 but he could not afford to remain faithful to her forever on vague promises of future favor4 ,he went to the president and said so plainly1 hating the indignity of it and loathing the whole system that made such methods necessary4 ,the president would gladly have raised all the salaries if he had had the means4 ,he could not meet the competitor's price1 but he begged ,carl to stay1 offering the full title--meaning empty--of professor and a minimum wage of twenty-five hundred dollars1 with the promise of full pay when the funds could be raised4 ,now we had demonstrated that1 even on the ,faculty of an ,eastern college1 two persons could live on fifteen hundred4 ,therefore1 with twenty-five hundred1 we could not only exist but work efficiently4 ,so we did not have to go4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i look back on those days as the happiest period of our life together4 ,that is why ,i have lingered over them4 ,congenial work1 bright prospects1 perfect health1 the affection of friends1 the respect of rivals--what more could any woman want for her husband or herself8 ,only one thing4 ,and now that1 too1 was to be ours6 ,however1 with children came trouble1 for which--bless their little hearts6--they are not responsible4 ,were we8 ,i wonder6 ,had we a right to have children8 ,had we a right not to have children8 ,it has been estimated by a member of the mathematical department that1 at the present salary rate1 each of the college professors of ,america is entitled to just two-fifths of a child4 ,does this pay8 ,should only the financially fit be allowed to survive--to reproduce their species8 ,should or should not those who may be fittest physically1 intellectually and morally also be entitled to the privilege and responsibility of taking their natural part in determining the character of ,america's future generations1 for the evolution of the race and the glory of ,god8 ,i wonder6 99 99 99 99 99 7,boston ,transcript7 ,a ,,paradise ,,for ,a ,,penny ,,maddened ,,by ,,the ,,catalogues ,,of ,,peace-,,time1 ,,one ,,lover ,,of ,,gardens ,,yet ,,managed ,,to ,,build ,a ,,little ,,eden1 ,,and ,,tells ,,how ,,he ,,did ,,it ,,for ,a ,,song ,by ,,walter ,,prichard ,,eaton ,war-time economy 7which is a much pleasanter and doubtless a more patriotically approved phrase than war-time poverty7 is not without its compensations1 even to the gardener4 ,at first ,i did not think so4 ,confronted by a vast array of new and empty borders and rock steps and natural-laid stone1 flanking a wall fountain1 and other features of a new garden ambitiously planned before the ,president was so inconsiderate as to declare war without consulting me1 and confronted1 too1 by an empty purse--pardon me1 ,i mean by the voluntarily imposed necessity for economy--,i sat me down amid my catalogues1 like ,niobe amid her children1 and wept4 7,maybe it wasn't amid her children ,niobe wept1 but for them2 anyhow ,i remember her as a symbol of lachrymosity47 ,dear1 alluring1 immoral catalogues1 sweet sirens for a man's undoing6 ,how you sang to me of sedums1 and whispered of peonies and irises--yea1 even of ,german irises6 ,how you spoke in soft1 seductive accents of wonderful lilacs1 and exquisite spireas1 and sweet syringas1 murmurous with bees6 ,how you told of tulips and narcissuses1 and a thousand lovely things for beds and borders and rock work--at so much a dozen1 so very much a dozen1 and a dozen so very few6 ,i did not resort to cotton in my ears1 but to tears and profanity4 ,then two things happened4 ,i got a letter from a ,boston architect who had passed by and seen my unfinished place2 and ,i took a walk up a back road where the ,massachusetts ,highway ,commissioners hadn't sent a gang of workmen through to improve it4 ,the architect said1 ,keep your place simple4 ,it cries for it4 ,that's always the hardest thing to do--but the best4 ,and the back-country roadside said1 ,look at me2 ,i didn't come from any catalogue2 no nursery grew me2 ,i'm really and truly 'perfectly hardy'2 ,i didn't cost a cent--and can you beat me at any price8 ,i'm a hundred per cent ,american1 too4 ,i looked1 and ,i admitted1 with a blush of shame for ever doubting1 that ,i certainly could not beat it4 ,but1 ,i suddenly realized1 ,i could steal it6 ,i have been stealing it ever since1 and having an enormously enjoyable time in the bargain4 ,of course1 stealing is a relative term1 like anything else connected with morality4 ,what would be stealing in the immediate neighborhood of a city is not even what the old ,south ,county oyster fisherman once described as jest pilferin' 'round1 out here on the edges of the wilderness4 ,i go out with the trailer hitched to the back of my ,ford1 half a mile in any direction1 and ,i pass roadsides where1 if there are any farmer owners of the fields on the other side of the fence1 these owners are only too glad to have a few of the massed1 invading plants or bushes thinned out4 ,but far more often there is not even a fence1 or if there is1 it has heavy woods or a swamp or a wild pasture beyond it4 ,i could go after plants every day for six months and nobody would ever detect where ,i took them4 ,my only rule--self-imposed--is never to take a single specimen1 or even one of a small group1 and always to take where thinning is useful1 and where the land or the roadside is wild and neglected1 and no human being can possibly be injured4 ,most often1 indeed1 ,i simply go up the mountain along1 or into1 my own woods4 ,i am not going to attempt any botanical or cultural description of what ,i am now attempting4 ,that will have to wait1 anyhow1 till ,i know a little more about it myself6 ,but ,i want to indicate1 in a general way1 some of the effects which are perfectly possible1 ,i believe1 here in a ,massachusetts garden1 without importing a single plant1 or even sowing a seed or purchasing any stock from a nursery4 ,take the matter of asters1 for instance4 ,hitherto my garden1 up here in the mountains where the frosts come early and we cannot have anemone1 japonica1 or chrysanthemums1 has generally been a melancholy spectacle after the middle of ,september4 ,yet it is just at this time that our roadsides and woodland borders are the most beautiful4 ,the answer isn't alone asters1 but very largely4 ,and nothing1 ,i have discovered1 is much easier to transplant than a ,new ,england aster1 the showiest of the family4 ,within the confines of my own farm or its bordering woods are at least seven varieties of asters1 and there are more within half a mile4 ,they range in color from the deepest purple and lilac1 through shades of blue1 to white1 and vary in height from the six feet my ,new ,englands have attained in rich garden soil1 to one foot4 ,moreover1 by a little care1 they can be so massed and alternated in a long border 7such a border ,i have71 as to pass in under heavy shade and out again into full sun1 from a damp place to a dry place1 and yet all be blooming at their best4 ,with what other flower can you do that8 ,and what other flower1 at whatever price per dozen1 will give you such abundance of beauty without a fear of frosts8 ,i recently dug up a load of asters in bud1 on a rainy day1 and already they are in full bloom in their new garden places1 without so much as a wilted leaf4 ,adjoining my farm is an abandoned marble quarry4 ,in that quarry1 or1 rather1 in the rank grass bordering it1 grow thousands of ,solidago rigida1 the big1 flat-topped goldenrod4 ,this is the only station for it in ,berkshire ,county4 ,as the ledges from this quarry come over into my pastures1 and doubtless the goldenrod would have come too1 had it not been for the sheep1 what could be more fitting than for me to make this glorious yellow flower a part of my garden scheme8 ,surely if anything belongs in my peculiar soil and landscape it does4 ,it transplants easily1 and under cultivation reaches a large size and holds its bloom a long time4 ,massed with the asters it is superb1 and ,i get it by going through the bars with a shovel and a wheelbarrow4 ,but a garden of goldenrod and asters would be somewhat dull from ,may to mid-,august1 and somewhat monotonous thereafter4 ,i have no intention1 of course1 of barring out from my garden the stock perennials1 and1 indeed1 ,i have already salvaged from my old place or grown from seed the indispensable phloxes1 foxgloves1 larkspur1 hollyhocks1 sweet william1 climbing roses1 platycodons and the like4 ,but let me merely mention a few of the wild things ,i have brought in from the immediate neighborhood1 and see if they do not promise1 when naturally planted where the borders wind under trees1 or grouped to the grass in front of asters1 ferns1 goldenrod and the shrubs ,i shall mention later1 a kind of beauty and interest not to be secured by the usual garden methods4 ,there are painted trilliums1 yellow and pink lady's slippers1 ,orchis spectabilis1 hepaticas1 bloodroot1 violets1 jack-in-the-pulpit1 masses of baneberries1 solomon's seal1 true and false2 smooth false foxglove1 five-flowered and closed gentians1 meadow lilies 7,canadensis7 and wood lilies 7,philadelphicum71 the former especially being here so common that ,i can go out and dig up the bulbs by the score1 taking only one or two from any one spot4 ,these are but a few of the flowers1 blooming from early spring to late fall1 in the borders1 and ,i have forgotten to mention the little bunch berries from my own woods as an edging plant4 ,let me turn now for a moment to the hedge and shrubbery screen which must intervene between my west border and the highway1 and which is the crux of the garden4 ,the hedge is already started with hemlocks from the mountain side1 put in last spring4 ,i must admit nursery in-grown evergreens are easier to handle1 and make a better and quicker growth4 ,but ,i am out now to see how far ,i can get with absolutely native material4 ,between the hedge and the border1 where at first ,i dreamed of lilacs and the like1 ,i now visualize as filling up with the kind of growth which lines our roads1 and which is no less beautiful and much more fitting4 ,from my own woods will come in spring 7the only safe time to move them7 masses of mountain laurel and azalea4 ,from my own pasture fence-line will come red osier1 dogwood1 with its white blooms1 its blue berries1 its winter stem-coloring1 and elderberry4 ,from my own woods have already come several four-foot maple-leaved vibernums1 which1 though moved in ,june1 throve and have made a fine new growth4 ,there will be1 also1 a shadbush or two and certainly some hobble bushes1 with here and there a young pine and small1 slender canoe birch4 ,here and there will be a clump of flowering raspberry4 ,i shall not scorn spireas1 and ,i must have at least one big white syringa to scent the twilight2 but the great mass of my screen will be exactly what nature would plant there if she were left alone--minus the choke cherries4 ,you always have to exercise a little supervision over nature6 ,a feature of my garden is to be rock work and a little1 thin stream of a brooklet flowing away from a wall fountain4 ,i read in my catalogues of marvellous ,alpine plants1 and ,i dreamed of irises by my brook4 ,i shall have some of both too4 ,why not8 ,the war has got to end one of these days4 ,but meanwhile1 why be too down-hearted8 ,on the cliffs above my pasture are masses of moss1 holding1 as a pincushion holds a breastpin1 little early saxifrage plants4 ,from the crannies frail hair bells dangle forth4 ,there are clumps of purple cliffbrase and other tiny1 exquisite ferns4 ,on a gravel bank beside the ,state road are thousands of viper's bugloss plants2 on a ledge nearby is an entire nursery of ,sedum acre 7the small yellow stone crop74 ,columbines grow like a weed in my mowing1 and so do ,quaker ladies1 which1 in ,england1 are highly esteemed in the rock garden4 ,the ,greens ,committee at the nearby golf club will certainly let me dig up some of the gay pinks which are a pest in one of the high1 gravelly bunkers4 ,and these are only a fraction of the native material available for my rock work and bank4 ,many of them are already in and thriving4 ,as for the little brook1 any pond edge or brookside nearby has arrowheads1 forget-me-nots1 cardinal flowers1 blue flag1 clumps of beautiful grasses1 monkey flowers1 jewel-weed and the like4 ,there are cowslips1 too1 and blue vervain1 and white violets4 ,if ,i want a clump of something tall1 ,joe-pye-weed is not to be disdained4 ,no1 ,i do not anticipate any trouble about my brookside4 ,it will not look at all as ,i thought a year ago it was going to look4 ,it will not look like an illustration in some garden beautiful magazine4 ,it will look like--like a brook6 ,i am tremendously excited now at the prospect of seeing it look like a brook1 a little1 lazy1 trickling ,yankee brook4 ,if ,i ever let it look like anything else1 ,i believe ,i shall deserve to have my spring dry up4 ,probably ,i shall have moments of1 for me1 comparative affluence in the years to come1 when ,i shall once more listen to the siren song of catalogues1 and order ,japanese irises1 ,darwin tulips1 hybrid lilacs1 and so on4 ,but by that time1 ,i feel sure1 my native plants and shrubs will have got such a start1 and made such a luxuriant1 natural tangle1 that they will assimilate the aliens and teach them their proper place in a ,new ,england garden4 ,at any rate1 till the war is over1 ,i am #ajj per cent ,berkshire ,county6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wanted3 ,a ,,home ,,assistant 7,pictorial ,review7 ,one illustration made by a staff artist1 with the caption1 ,the ,new ,home ,assistant is ,trained for ,her ,work4 ,,wanted3 ,a ,,home ,,assistant ,,business ,,hours ,,and ,,wages ,,are ,,helping ,,women ,,to ,,solve ,,the ,,servant ,,problem ,,by ,,louise ,f4 ,,nellis ,,wanted3 ,a ,,home ,,assistant--,eight hours a day2 six days a week4 ,sleep and eat at home4 ,pay1 twelve dollars a week4 ,whenever this notice appears in the ,help ,wanted column of a city newspaper1 fifty to one hundred answers are received in the first twenty-four hours6 ,why1 we hear some one say1 that seems impossible6 ,when ,i advertised for a maid at forty dollars a month with board and lodging provided1 not a soul answered4 ,why are so many responses received to the other advertisement8 ,let us look more closely at the first notice4 ,wanted3 ,a ,home ,assistant6 ,how pleasant and dignified it sounds2 nothing about a general houseworker or maid or servant1 just ,home ,assistant6 ,we can almost draw a picture of the kind of young woman who might be called by such a title4 ,she comes1 quiet1 dignified1 and interested in our home and its problems4 ,she may have been in an office but has never really liked office work and has always longed for home surroundings and home duties4 ,i remember one case ,i was told of--a little stenographer4 ,she had gladly assumed her new duties as ,home ,assistant1 and had wept on the first ,christmas ,day with the family because it was the only ,christmas she had spent in years in a home atmosphere4 ,or perhaps the applicant for the new kind of work in the home may have been employed in a department store and found the continuous standing on her feet too wearing4 ,she welcomes the frequent change of occupation in her new position4 ,or she may be married with a little home of her own1 but with the desire to add to the family income4 ,we call these ,home ,assistants1 ,miss ,smith or ,mrs4 ,jones1 and they preserve their own individuality and self-respect4 ,well1 ,i would call my housemaid anything if ,i could only get one1 says one young married woman4 ,there must be more to this new plan than calling them ,home ,assistants and addressing them as ,miss4 ,let us read further in the advertisement3 ,eight hours a day2 six days a week4 ,one full day and one half day off each week1 making a total of forty-four hours weekly which is the standard working week in most industrial occupations4 ,at least two free ,sundays a month should be given and a convenient week-day substituted for the other two ,sundays4 ,if ,saturday is not the best half day to give1 another afternoon may be arranged with the ,home ,assistant4 ,impossible1 ,i can hear ,mrs4 ,reader say1 ,i couldn't get along with eight hours' work a day1 forty-four hours a week4 ,no6 ,well1 possibly you have had to get along without any maid at all1 or you may have had some one in your kitchen who is incompetent and slovenly1 whom you dare not discharge for fear you can not replace her4 ,would you rather not have a good interested worker for eight hours a day than none at all8 ,during that time the ,home ,assistant works steadily and specialization is done away with4 ,she is there to do your work and she does whatever may be called for4 ,if she is asked to take care of the baby for a few hours1 she does it willingly1 as part of her duties2 or if she is called upon to do some ironing left in the basket1 she assumes that it is part of her work1 and doesn't say1 ,no1 ,madam1 ,i wasn't hired to do that1 at the same time putting on her hat and leaving as under the old system4 ,the new plan seems expensive8 ,twelve dollars a week is more than ,i have paid my domestic helper1 ,mrs4 ,reader says4 ,but consider this more carefully4 ,you pay from thirty-five to fifty dollars a month with all the worker's food and lodging provided4 ,this is at the rate of eight to eleven dollars a week for wages4 ,food and room cost at least five dollars a week1 and most estimates are higher4 ,the old type of houseworker has cost us more than we have realized4 ,the new system compares favorably in expense with the old4 ,i am perfectly certain it wouldn't be practical not to feed my helper1 ,mrs4 ,reader says4 ,under the old system of a twelve to fourteen-hour working day1 it would not be feasible1 but if she is on the eight-hour basis1 the worker can bring a box-luncheon with her1 or she can go outside to a restaurant just as she would if she were in an office or factory4 ,the time spent in eating is not included in her day's work4 ,think of the relief to the house-keeper who can order what her family likes to eat without having to say1 ,oh1 ,i can't have that2 ,mary wouldn't eat it you know4 ,i can't afford a ,home ,assistant or a maid at the present wages1 some one says4 ,but ,i do wish ,i had some one who could get and serve dinner every night4 ,i am so tired by evening that cooking is the last straw4 ,try looking for a ,home ,assistant for four hours a day to relieve you of just this work4 ,you would have to pay about a dollar a day or six dollars a week for such service and it would be worth it4 ,how does the ,home ,assistant plan work in households where two or more helpers are kept8 ,the more complicated homes run several shifts of workers1 coming in at different hours and covering every need of the day4 ,one woman ,i talked to told me that she studied out her problem in this way6 ,she did every bit of the work in her house for a while in order to find out how long each job took4 ,she found1 for instance1 that it took twenty-five minutes to clean one bathroom1 ten minutes to brush down and dust a flight of stairs1 thirty minutes to do the dinner dishes1 and so on through all the work4 ,she made out a time-card which showed that twenty-two hours of work a day was needed for her home4 ,she knew how much money she could spend and she proceeded to divide the work and money among several assistants coming in on different shifts4 ,her household now runs like clockwork4 ,one of the splendid things about this new system is its great flexibility and the fact that it can be adapted to any household4 ,thoughtful and intelligent planning such as this woman gave to her problems is necessary for the greatest success of the plan4 ,the old haphazard methods must go4 ,the housekeeper who has been in the habit of coming into her kitchen about half past five and saying1 ,oh1 ,mary1 what can we have for dinner8 ,i have just come back from down-town2 ,i did expect to be home sooner1 will not get the most out of her ,home ,assistant4 ,work must be scheduled and planned ahead1 the home must be run on business methods if the system is to succeed4 ,i heard this explained to a group of women not long ago4 ,after the talk1 one of them said1 ,well1 in business houses and factories there is a foreman who runs the shop and oversees the workers4 ,it wouldn't work in homes because we haven't any foreman4 ,she had entirely overlooked her job as forewoman of her own establishment6 ,suppose ,i have company for dinner and the ,home ,assistant isn't through her work when her eight hours are up1 what happens8 some one asks4 ,all overtime work is paid for at the rate of one and one-half times the hourly rate4 ,if you are paying your assistant twelve dollars for a forty-four-hour week1 you are giving her twenty-eight cents an hour4 ,one and one half times this amounts to forty-two cents an hour1 which she receives for extra work just as she would in the business world4 ,will these girls from offices and stores do their work well8 ,they have had no training for housework unless they have happened to do some in their own homes1 some one wisely remarks4 ,the lack of systematic preparation has always been one of the troubles with our domestic helpers4 ,it is true that the new type of girl trained in business to be punctual and alert1 and to use her mind1 adapts herself very quickly to her work1 but the trained worker in any field has an advantage4 ,with this in mind the ,central ,branch of the ,young ,women's ,christian ,association in ,new ,york ,city has started a training-school for ,home ,assistants4 ,the course provides demonstrations on the preparation of breakfasts1 lunches1 and dinners1 and talks on the following3 ,house-cleaning1 ,laundry1 ,care of ,children1 ,shopping1 ,planning work1 ,deportment1 ,efficiency1 and ,duty to ,employer4 ,this course gives a girl a general knowledge of her duties and what is even more important she acquires the right mental attitude toward her work4 ,the girls are given an examination and those who successfully pass it are given a certificate and placed as ,trained ,home ,assistants at fifteen dollars a week4 ,the ,national ,association would like to see these training-schools turning out this type of worker for the homes all over the country4 ,this is a constructive piece of work for women to undertake4 ,housewives' ,leagues have interested themselves in this in various centers1 and the ,y4,w4,c4,a4 will help wherever it can4 ,there are always home economics graduates in every town who could help give the course1 and there are excellent housekeepers who excel in some branch who could give a talk or two4 ,the course would be worth a great deal in results to any community4 ,the ,united ,states ,employment ,bureaus are also taking a hand in this1 and1 with the cooeperation of the ,high ,schools1 are placing girls as trained assistants on the new basis4 ,i have talked with many women who are not only using this plan to-day but have been for several years4 ,it has been more than six years ago since ,mrs4 ,helene ,barker's book ,wanted a ,young ,woman to ,do ,housework was published4 ,this gave the working plan to the idea4 ,women in ,boston1 ,providence1 ,new ,york1 ,cleveland1 and in many other cities have become so enthusiastic over their success in running their homes with the ,home ,assistants that a number are giving their time to lecturing and talking to groups of women about it4 ,let me give two concrete illustrations of the practical application of housework on a business basis4 ,mrs4 ,a4 lives in a small city in the ,middle ,west4 ,her household consists of herself1 her husband1 and her twelve year old son4 ,she had had the usual string of impossible maids or none at all until she tried the new system4 ,through a girls' club in a factory in the city1 she secured a young woman to work for her at factory hours and wages4 ,her assistant came at seven-thirty in the morning4 ,by having the breakfast cereal prepared the night before1 breakfast could be served promptly at eight1 a plan which was necessary in order that the boy get to school on time4 ,each morning's work was written out and hung up in the kitchen so that the assistant wasted no time in waiting to know what she had to do4 ,lunch was at twelve-fifteen1 and at one o'clock the ,home ,assistant went home4 ,she came back on regular duty at five-thirty to prepare and serve the dinner4 ,except for times when there were guests for dinner she was through her work by eight4 ,when she worked overtime1 there was the extra pay to compensate4 ,mrs4 ,a4 paid her thirteen dollars a week and felt that she saved money by the new plan4 ,the assistant was off duty every other ,sunday1 and on alternate weeks was given all day ,tuesday off instead of ,sunday4 ,tuesday was the day the heavy washing was done and the laundress was there to help with any work which ,mrs4 ,a4 did not feel equal to doing4 ,even though there are times in the day when she is alone1 ,mrs4 ,a4 says she would not go back to the old system for anything4 ,mrs4 ,b4 lives in a city apartment4 ,there are four grown people in the family4 ,she formerly kept two maids1 a cook-laundress1 and a waitress-chambermaid4 ,she often had a great deal of trouble finding a cook who would do the washing4 ,as her apartment had only one maid's room1 she had to give one of the guestrooms to the second maid4 ,she paid these girls forty dollars apiece and provided them with room and board4 ,her apartment cost her one hundred and fifteen dollars a month for seven rooms1 two of which were occupied by maids4 ,mrs4 ,b4 decided to put her household on the new business basis last ,fall4 ,she moved into a five-room apartment which cost her ninety dollars1 but she had larger rooms and a newer building with more up-to-date improvements than she had had before4 ,she saved twenty-five dollars a month on rent plus eighty dollars wages and about thirty dollars on her former maids' food4 ,all together she had one hundred and thirty-five dollars which could be used for ,home ,assistants4 ,this is the way the money was spent3 ,a laundress once a week44444444444444444444444444444444 #b4fj ,home ,assistant1 on duty from #g4cj ,a4,m4 to #b ,p4,m44444444 #aj4jj ,home ,assistant1 on duty from #ab ,m4 to #i ,p4,m444444444444 #ae4jj ,week44444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444#bg4fj ,on this schedule the work was done better than ever before4 ,there was no longer any grievance about the washing4 ,mrs4 ,b4 had some one continuously on duty4 ,the morning assistant was allowed a half hour at noon to eat her luncheon which she brought with her4 ,as ,mrs4 ,b4 entertained a great deal1 especially at luncheon1 she arranged to have the schedule of the two assistants overlap at this time of day4 ,the morning worker1 it will be noted1 was employed for only six hours4 ,the afternoon worker was a trained assistant and1 therefore1 received fifteen dollars a week4 ,she had an hour off1 between three-thirty and four-thirty and was on duty again in time to serve tea or afternoon refreshments4 ,if there were a number of extra people for dinner1 the assistant was expected to stay until nine and there was never any complaining about too much company4 ,mrs4 ,b4 has a better apartment and saves money every month besides6 99 99 99 99 99 7,new ,york ,sun7 ,,six ,,years ,,of ,,tea ,,rooms ,,business ,,career ,,of ,a ,,woman ,,college ,,graduate ,for the last three years ,i have cleared #e1jjj a year on my tea rooms1 declared a young woman who six years ago was graduated with distinction at one of the leading colleges of the country4 ,i attained my twenty-third birthday a month after ,i received my diploma4 ,on that day ,i took stock of the capital with which ,i was to step into the world and earn my own living4 ,my stock taking showed perfect health1 my college education and #cjj1 my share of my father's estate after the expenses of my college course had been paid4 ,in spite of the protests of many of my friends ,i decided to become a business woman instead of entering one of the professions4 ,i believed that a well conducted tea room in a college town where there was nothing of the kind would pay well1 and ,i proceeded to open a place4 ,after renting a suitable room ,i invested #ajj in furnishings4 ,besides having a paid announcement in the college and town papers ,i had a thousand leaflets printed and distributed4 ,though ,i couldn't afford music ,i did have my rooms decorated profusely with flowers on the afternoon of my opening4 ,as it was early in the autumn the flowers were inexpensive and made a brave show4 ,my only assistant was a young ,irish woman whom ,i had engaged for one month as waitress1 with the understanding that if my venture succeeded ,i would engage her permanently4 ,we paid expenses that first afternoon1 and by the end of the week the business had increased to such an extent that ,i might have engaged a second waitress had not so many of my friends persisted in shaking their heads and saying the novelty would soon wear off4 ,during the second week my little ,irish girl and ,i had so much to do that on several occasions our college boy patrons felt themselves constrained to offer their services as waiters1 while more than one of the young professors after a long wait left the room with the remark that they would go elsewhere4 ,of course it was well enough to laugh as we all knew there was no 'elsewhere1' but when ,i recalled how ready people are to crowd into a field that has proved successful1 ,i determined no longer to heed the shaking heads of my friends4 ,the third week found me not only with a second assistant but with a card posted in a conspicuous place announcing that at the beginning of the next week ,i would enlarge my quarters in such a way as to accommodate more than twice as many guests4 ,having proved to my own satisfaction that my venture was and would be successful1 ,i didn't hesitate to go into debt to the extent of #aej4 ,this was not only to repair and freshen up the new room but also to equip it with more expensive furnishing than ,i had felt myself justified in buying for the first4 ,knowing how every little thing that happens is talked about in a college town1 ,i was sure the difference in the furnishings of the rooms would prove a good advertisement4 ,i counted on it to draw custom1 but not just in the way it did4 ,before ,i realized just what was happening ,i was receiving letters from college boys who1 after proclaiming themselves among my very first customers1 demanded to know why they were discriminated against4 ,i had noticed that everybody appeared to prefer the new room and that on several occasions when persons telephoning for reservations had been unable to get the promise of a table in there1 they had said they would wait and come at another time4 ,what ,i had not noticed was that only men coming alone or with other men1 and girls coming with other girls1 would accept seats in the first room4 ,i learned from the letters of 'my very first patrons' that no gentleman would take a girl to have tea in a second class tea room4 ,they were not only hitting at the cheaper furnishings of my first room but also at the waiter whom ,i had employed1 because ,i felt the need of a man's help in doing heavy work4 ,the girl in her fresh apron and cap was more attractive than the man1 and because he happened to serve in the first room he also was second class4 ,no1 ,i couldn't afford to buy new furniture for that room1 so ,i did the only thing ,i could think of4 ,i mixed the furniture in such a way as to make the two rooms look practically alike4 ,i hired another girl and relegated the man to the kitchen except in case of emergency4 ,although my custom fell off in summer to a bare sprinkling of guests afternoons and evenings and to almost no one at lunch1 ,i kept the same number of employees and had them put up preserves1 jams1 syrups1 and pickles for use the coming season4 ,i knew it would not only be an economical plan but also a great drawing card1 especially with certain of the professors1 to be able to say that everything served was made on the place and under my own supervision4 ,my second winter proved so successful that ,i determined to buy a home for my business so that ,i might have things exactly as ,i wished4 ,i was able to pay the first instalment1 #b1ejj1 on the purchase price and still have enough in bank to make alterations and buy the necessary furnishings4 ,the move was made during the summer1 and when ,i opened up in the autumn ,i had such crowds afternoons and evenings that ,i had to put extra tables in the halls until ,i could get a room on the second floor ready4 ,at present ,i have two entire floors and often have so many waiting that it is next to impossible to pass through the entrance hall4 ,three summers ago ,i opened a second tea room at a seashore resort on the ,new ,england coast4 ,i heard of the place through a classmate whose family owned a cottage down there4 ,she described it as deadly dull1 because there was nothing to do but bathe and boat unless you were the happy possessor of an automobile or a horse4 ,i was so much interested in her description of the place that ,i went down one warm day in ,april and looked things over4 ,i found a stretch of about three miles of beach lined with well appearing and handsome cottages and not a single place of amusement4 ,the village behind the beach is a lovely old place1 with twenty or more handsome old homes surrounded by grand trees4 ,there are two or three small stores1 a post office1 two liveries and the railroad station half a mile away4 ,before ,i left that afternoon ,i had paid the first month's rent on the best of the only two cottages to be rented on the beach4 ,of course it needed considerable fixing up and that had to be done at my own expense1 but as ,i was getting it at a rental of #bjj for the season ,i was not worried at the outlay4 ,the cottages told me enough of the character of the people who summered on that beach to make me sure that ,i would get good interest on all the money spent4 ,immediately after commencement ,i shut up my college tea rooms1 leaving only the kitchen and storeroom open and in charge of an experienced woman with instructions to get more help when putting up preserves and pickles made it necessary4 ,then ,i moved4 ,the two first days on the beach my tea room didn't have a visitor4 ,people strolled by and stared at the sign1 but nobody came in to try my tea4 ,the third day ,i had a call from my landlord1 who informed me that he had been misled into letting me have his cottage1 and offering to return the amount paid for the first month's rent1 he very politely requested me to move out4 ,after considerable talking ,i discovered that the cottagers didn't like the way my waitresses dressed4 ,they were too stylish and my rooms appeared from the outside to be so brilliantly lighted that they thought ,i intended to sell liquor4 ,i didn't accept the offered rent1 neither did ,i agree to move out1 but ,i did assure my landlord that ,i would go the very day anything really objectionable happened on my premises4 ,i told him of my success in the college town and then invited him to bring his family the following afternoon to try my tea4 ,well1 they came1 they saw1 and ,i conquered4 ,that evening all the tables on my piazza were filled and there was a slight sprinkling indoors4 ,a few days later the classmate who had told me of the place came down for the summer and my troubles were at an end4 ,the secret of my success is hard work and catering to the taste of my patrons4 ,had ,i opened either a cheap or a showy place in the college town1 ,i would not have gained the good will of the faculty or the patronage of the best class of students4 ,if my prices had been too high or the refreshments served not up to the notch1 the result would not have been so satisfactory4 ,knowing one college town pretty well1 ,i knew just about what was needed in the student's life2 that is1 an attractive looking place1 eminently respectable1 where you can take your best girl and get good things to eat well served at a reasonable cost4 ,the needs of the beach were pretty much the same4 ,people can't stay in the water all the time1 neither can they spin around the country or go to an unlighted village at night in their carriages and automobiles4 ,my tea room offers a recreation1 without being a dissipation4 ,another point about which many people question me is the effect of my being a business woman on my social standing4 ,i haven't noticed any slights4 ,i receive many more invitations than it is possible for me to accept4 ,i go with the same set of girls that ,i did while ,i was in college4 ,two of my classmates are lawyers1 more than one is a doctor1 and three have gone on the stage4 ,i know that my earnings are far more than any of theirs1 and ,i am sure they do not enjoy their business any more than ,i do4 ,if ,i had to begin again ,i would do exactly as ,i have done1 with one exception--,i would lay out the whole of my #cjj in furnishing that first tea room instead of keeping #ge as a nest egg in bank4 99 99 99 99 99 7,country ,gentleman7 ,two illustrations3 #a4 ,half-tone reproducing photograph of dressed chickens with the caption1 ,there is this rule you must observe3 ,pick your chickens clean4 #b4 ,reproduction in type of shipping label4 ,,by ,,parcel ,,post ,,one ,,man',s ,,way ,,of ,,serving ,,the ,,direct-,,to-,,consumer ,,market ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,sarran ,if you live within a hundred and fifty miles of a city1 if you possess ordinary common sense and have the ability to write a readable and understandable letter1 you may1 from ,september to ,april of each year1 when other farmers and their wives are consuming instead of producing1 earn from fifty to a hundred and fifty dollars net profit each month4 ,you may do this by fattening and dressing chickens for city folks1 and by supplying regularly fresh country sausage1 hams1 lard and eggs4 ,this is not an idle theory4 ,last ,september ,i began with one customer2 today--this was written the end of ,march--,i have nearly #ejj customers to whom ,i am supplying farm products by parcel post4 ,instead of selling my chickens to the huckster or to the local poultry house for twelve cents a pound1 ,i am selling them to the consumer in the city for twenty cents a pound1 live weight1 plus the cost of boxing and postage4 ,not only that1 ,i am buying chickens from my neighbors at a premium of one to two cents over the huckster's prices1 milk feeding them1 and selling them to my city customers at a profit of six to seven cents a pound4 ,i buy young hogs from my neighbors at market prices and make them into extra good country sausage that nets me twenty-five cents a pound in the city1 and into hams for which ,i get twenty-five cents a pound1 delivered4 ,the only pork product on which ,i do not make an excellent profit is lard4 ,i get fifteen cents a pound for it1 delivered to the city customer1 and it costs me almost that much to render and pack it4 ,at this writing storekeepers and egg buyers in my county are paying the farmer seventeen cents for his eggs4 ,i am getting twenty-five cents a dozen for eggs in thirty-dozen eases and twenty-nine cents a dozen in two-dozen boxes4 ,my prices to the city man are based upon the ,water ,street1 ,chicago1 quotation for firsts1 which1 at this writing1 is nineteen cents4 ,if this price goes up ,i go up2 if it goes down ,i go down4 ,i got my customers by newspaper advertising--almost exclusively4 ,it is a comforting belief that one satisfied customer will get you another1 and that that customer will get you another1 and so on1 but it has not so worked out in my experience4 ,out of all my customers less than twelve have become customers through the influence of friends4 ,my experience has taught me another thing3 ,that direct advertising does not pay4 ,by direct advertising ,i mean the mailing of letters and circulars to a list of names in the hope of selling something to persons whose names are on that list4 ,i tried it three times--once to a list of names ,i bought from a dealer in such lists2 once to a list that ,i myself compiled from the society columns of two ,chicago dailies2 and once to a classified list that ,i secured from a directory4 ,the results in these cases were about the same4 ,the net cost of each new customer that ,i secured by circulars and letters was #b4ai4 ,the net cost of each new customer that ,i secured by newspaper advertising was fifty-four cents4 ,not every city newspaper will get such results4 ,in my case ,i selected that paper in ,chicago which in my judgment went into the greatest number of prosperous homes1 and whose pages were kept clean of quack and swindling advertisements4 ,i used only the ,sunday issues1 because ,i believe the ,sunday issues are most thoroughly read4 ,the farmer will want to use1 and properly so1 the classified columns of the paper for his advertising4 ,but he should patronize only that paper whose columns provide a classification especially for farm and food products4 ,i spent twelve dollars for advertising in one clean ,chicago daily with a good circulation1 and got three orders4 ,the trouble was that my advertisement went into a column headed ,business ,personals1 along with a lot of manicure and massage advertising4 ,he on the farm who proposes to compete with the shipper1 commission man and retailer for the city man's trade should devote his efforts to producing food of a better quality than the city man is accustomed to get via the shipper-commission-man-retailer route4 ,wherefore ,i proposed to give the city man the fattest1 tenderest1 juiciest1 cleanest1 freshest chicken he could get--and charge him a profitable price in so doing4 ,when ,i wrote my advertisements ,i did not stint myself for space4 ,an advertisement that tells no reason why the reader should buy from the advertiser is1 in my opinion1 a poor advertisement4 ,therefore1 ,i told my story in full to the readers of the ,sunday paper1 although it cost me six cents a word to do it4 ,here is a sample of my advertising3 ,i send young1 milk-fed chickens1 ready for the cook1 direct to you from the farm4 ,these chickens are fattened in wire-bottomed1 sanitary coops1 thus insuring absolute cleanliness1 on a ration of meal1 middlings and milk4 ,the chicken you get from me is fresh2 it is killed ,,after your order is received2 is dressed1 drawn1 cooled out for #bd hours in dry air1 wrapped in waxed paper and delivered to you on the morning of the third day after your order is mailed2 it is fat1 tender and sweet4 ,the ordinary chicken that is fattened on unspeakable filth in the farmer's barnyard1 and finds its way to your table via the huckster-shipper-commission-man-retailer route cannot compare with one of mine4 ,send me your check--no stamps--for #a4ae and ,i will send you a five-pound--live-weight--roasting chicken for a sample4 ,if it does not please you ,i'll give your money back4 ,add #fb cents to that check and ,i'll mail you in a separate box a two-pound package of the most delicious fresh-ground sausage meat you ever ate4 ,made from the selected meats of young hogs only2 not highly seasoned4 ,these sausage cakes make a breakfast fit for a ,president4 ,money back if you don't like them4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,sarran4 ,notice that ,i told why the reader should buy one of my chickens rather than a chicken of whose antecedents he knew nothing4 ,that it paid to spend six cents a word to tell him so is proved by the fact that this particular advertisement brought me1 in four days1 twenty-three orders1 each accompanied by a check4 ,i repeated my advertisements in ,sunday issues1 stopping only when ,i had as many customers as ,i could take care of4 ,getting a customer and keeping him are two different propositions4 ,a customer's first order is sent because of the representation made in the advertisement that he read4 ,his second and his subsequent orders depend upon how you satisfy him and continue to satisfy him4 ,my rule is to select1 weigh1 dress1 draw1 handle1 wrap and box the chicken with the same scrupulous care that ,i would exercise if the customer were actually present and watching me4 ,i have another rule3 ,the customer is always right4 ,if he complains ,i satisfy him1 immediately and cheerfully4 ,it is better to lose a chicken than to lose a customer4 ,i am now about to make a statement with which many of my readers will not agree4 ,it is more than true2 it is so important that the success of a mail-order business in dressed chickens depends upon a realization of it4 ,it is this3 ,a majority of farmers and their wives do not know what constitutes a fat chicken4 ,i make this statement because of the experience ,i have had with country folks in buying their chickens for my feeding coops4 ,if they really consider to be fat the chickens which they have assured me were fat1 then they do not know fat chickens4 ,a chicken can be fat to a degree without being so fat as he can or should be made for the purpose of marketing4 ,there is a flavor about a well-fattened1 milk-fed chicken that no other chicken has4 ,every interstice of his flesh is juicy and oily4 ,no part of him is tough1 stringy muscle1 as is the case if he is farm-fattened while being allowed to range where he will4 ,if you think your chicken is a fat one1 pick it up and rub the ball of your thumb across its backbone about an inch behind the base of the wings4 ,if the backbone is felt clearly and distinctly the chicken is not fat4 ,i fatten my chickens in coops the floors of which are made of heavy wire having one-inch mesh2 underneath the wire is a droppings pan1 which is emptied every day4 ,my coops are built in tiers and long sections4 ,i have ninety of them1 each one accommodating nine chickens4 ,i have enough portable feeding coops with wire bottoms and droppings pans underneath to enable me to feed1 in all1 about one thousand chickens at one time4 ,chickens should be fed from ten to fourteen days in the coops4 ,i give no feed whatever to the chicken the first day he is in the coop1 but ,i keep a supply of sour milk in the trough for him4 ,i feed my chickens three times a day4 ,at seven ,a4,m4 ,i give them a fairly thick batter of meal1 middlings or oat flour1 about half and half1 and sour milk4 ,i feed them only what they will clean up in the course of half an hour4 ,at noon ,i feed them again only what they will clean up in half an hour4 ,this feed is the same as the morning feed except that it is thinner4 ,about four o'clock ,i give them a trough full of the same feed1 but so thick it will barely pour out from the bucket into the trough4 ,the next morning the troughs are emptied--if anything remains in them--into the big kettle where the feed is mixed for the morning feeding4 ,the idea is this3 ,more fat and flesh are made at night than in the daytime2 therefore see that no chicken goes to bed with an empty crop4 ,about the eighth to tenth day force the feeding--see to it that the chicken gets all it will eat three times a day4 ,by keeping an accurate account of the costs of meal1 milk1 and so on1 ,i find that ,i can put a pound of fat on a coop-fed chicken for seven cents4 ,when one considers that this same pound brings twenty cents1 and that milk feeding in coops raises the per pound value of the chicken from twelve to twenty cents1 one must admit that feeding chickens is more profitable than feeding cattle4 ,do not feed your chicken anything for twenty-four hours before killing it4 ,do not worry about loss in weight4 ,the only weight it will lose will be the weight of the feed in its crop and gizzard1 and the offal in its intestines--and you are going to lose that anyway when you dress and draw it4 ,if you will keep the bird off feed for twenty-four hours you will find that it will draw much more easily and cleanly4 ,hang the chicken up by the feet and kill it by bleeding it away back in the mouth4 ,let it bleed to death4 ,grasp the chicken's head in your left hand1 the back of its head against the palm of your hand4 ,do not hold it by the neck1 but grasp it by the bony part of its head and jaws4 ,reach into the throat with a three-inch1 narrow1 sharp knife and cut toward the top and front of the head4 ,you will sever the big cross vein that connects the two jugular veins in the neck1 and the blood will pour out of the mouth4 ,if you know how to dry-pick you will not need to be told anything by me2 if you do not know it will do you no good to have me tell you1 because ,i do not believe a person can learn to dry-pick chickens by following printed instructions4 ,at any rate1 ,i could not4 ,i never learned until ,i hired a professional picker to come out from town to teach me4 ,so far as ,i can judge1 it makes no difference to the consumer in the city whether the chicken is scalded or dry-picked4 ,there is this to be said for the scalded chicken--that it is a more cleanly picked chicken than the dry-picked one4 ,the pin feathers are more easily removed when the chicken is scalded4 ,on the other hand1 there are those feed-specializing1 accurate-to-the-ten-thousandth-part-of-a n-inch experts1 who say that the dry-picked chicken keeps better than the scalded one4 ,if the weather is warmer than1 say1 seventy-five degrees1 it might2 under that1 there is no difference4 ,i do the most of my selling in ,chicago1 and my place is a hundred and fifty miles south of that city2 if a scalded chicken will keep when ,i am selling it that far away it will keep for almost anyone1 because none of you is going to sell many chickens at any point more than a hundred and fifty miles from your place4 ,there is this caution to be observed in scalding a chicken3 ,do not have the water too hot4 ,i had trouble on this score1 and as a result my chickens were dark and did not present an appetizing appearance4 ,finally ,i bought a candy thermometer--one that registered up to #djj degrees4 ,by experimenting ,i found that #ahj degrees was the point at which a chicken scalded to pick the easiest1 but that a chicken scalded at #afe degrees presented a better appearance after being picked and cooled4 ,whichever method you use1 observe this rule3 ,pick your chicken clean4 ,after my chicken has cooled out enough so the flesh will cut easily1 ,i draw it4 ,i chop off the head close up1 draw back the skin of the neck a couple of inches1 and then cut off the neck4 ,the flap of skin thus left serves to cover the bloody and unsightly stub of the neck4 ,next ,i open up the chicken from behind and below the vent and pull out the gizzard--if the chicken has been kept off feed for twenty-four hours the empty crop will come with it--intestines and liver4 ,i remove the gall bladder from the liver1 open and clean the gizzard1 and replace it and the liver in the chicken4 ,then ,i cut a slit across the chicken just back of the keel of the breast bone4 ,i cut the feet off at the knee joint and slip the drumstick through this slit4 ,then ,i lay the chicken up to cool out overnight4 ,the next morning it may be wrapped and boxed1 and is then ready for mailing4 ,wrapping and boxing must not be slighted4 ,the clean1 sanitary appearance of the chicken when it is unpacked in the kitchen of your customer goes a long way toward prejudicing that customer in your favor4 ,i buy thirty pounds of waxed paper1 twenty-four by thirty-six inches1 and have the paper house cut it in two4 ,this gives me #ajjj sheets1 each eighteen by twenty-four inches1 for the price of a ream of the full size--at this time about five dollars1 or a half cent a sheet4 ,each chicken is wrapped in one sheet of this waxed paper1 and is then packed in a corrugated paper box made especially for sending chickens by parcel post4 ,i buy three sizes of these boxes4 ,one size1 which costs me four cents each1 will hold one four-pound chicken when dressed and drawn4 ,the next size1 costing five cents each1 will hold two very small chickens1 or one large chicken4 ,the third size1 costing six cents each1 will hold two large chickens1 three medium-sized ones1 or four small ones4 ,do not use makeshifts1 such as old shoe boxes4 ,in the first place1 your shipment is not properly protected by such a box2 in the second place1 your postmaster is likely to refuse to accept it for mailing1 as he would be justified in doing2 and in the third place1 your customer receives his chicken in a box that has been used for he wonders what1 and has been in he wonders what places4 ,it is for this reason that ,i never ask a customer to return a box to me4 ,i do not want to use a box a second time4 ,if ,i were a city man1 getting my chickens by mail1 ,i should want them sent to me in a brand-new box1 made for the special purpose of sending chickens by mail--and ,i'd want them in no other box4 ,then ,i'd feel sure of them4 ,the cost of shipping by parcel post is low4 ,i live ten miles from my county seat1 and the postage required to send a five-pound1 live-weight chicken1 dressed and boxed1 from my place to town is eight cents4 ,the postage required to send that same five-pound chicken from here to ,chicago1 one hundred and fifty miles1 is eight cents4 ,the express company charges twenty-six cents for the same service1 and does not deliver so quickly4 ,but parcel-post delivery was not always so admirably done in ,chicago4 ,when ,i began shipping up there last ,september it was no uncommon thing for my packages to be so delayed that many chickens would spoil4 ,i recall the straw that broke the camel's back4 ,i mailed twenty-six chickens one day--and in due course ,i received thirteen letters1 each advising me of the same mournful event4 ,the chicken had spoiled because of delay in delivery4 ,my wife wanted to quit4 ,i didn't4 ,i made good the losses to the customers and prepared a label1 a copy of which ,i forwarded to the ,third ,assistant ,postmaster ,general at ,washington1 asking his permission to use it1 and telling him of the vexatious and expensive delays in delivering my packages in ,chicago4 ,in due time ,i received the desired permission1 and ordered the labels printed4 ,the scheme worked4 ,every time a package was not delivered on schedule time the customer notified me1 and ,i made complaint to the postmaster at ,chicago4 ,gradually the service improved until now ,i have no trouble at all4 ,if ,i were to ship two packages today to the same address in ,chicago1 sending one by parcel post and the other by express1 ,i believe the parcel-post package would be delivered first4 ,at any rate1 it has been done for me4 ,the weakness in the parcel-post delivery lies in the fact that perishable products--such as dressed chickens--cannot be handled in warm weather4 ,i think that if the ,post ,office ,department would cut some of its red tape and permit the shipment of air-tight packages in air-tight conveyors this particular problem could be solved4 ,you will1 of course1 have more or less correspondence with your customers4 ,by all means use your own letterheads1 but do not let your printer embellish them with cuts of roosters1 chickens1 pigs1 or the like4 ,not that we are ashamed of them2 far be it from such4 ,you do not1 however1 need to have a sheet of paper littered up with pictures of imaginary animals in order to convince your customer that you are selling the meats of that animal4 ,i like a plainly printed letterhead that carries my name1 my address and my business4 ,that's all4 ,by all means keep books on your farm-to-table venture1 if you undertake it4 ,set down on one side of the page what you pay for boxes1 labels1 postage1 and so on1 including what you pay yourself for chickens at your huckster's prices4 ,on the other side of the page set down what your city customer pays you4 ,add up the pages1 do a simple sum in subtraction1 and you will know just how much you have made4 ,if ,i kept only twenty-five hens ,i should sell my eggs and my chickens direct to the city consumer4 ,when the farmer learns to sell direct instead of letting the huckster1 the poultry house1 the commission man1 the dresser and the retailer stand between him and the consumer1 then poultry raising will become really profitable4 ,there are too many folks who sell their eggs and take it out in trade4 99 99 99 99 7,saturday ,evening ,post7 ,one large illustration1 a wash drawing1 made by a staff artist4 ,,sales ,,without ,,salesmanship ,,by ,,james ,h4 ,,collins ,say1 you're a funny salesman6 exclaimed the business man4 ,here ,i make up my own mind that ,i need two motor trucks and decide to buy 'em from your company4 ,then ,i send for a salesman4 ,you come down and spend a week looking into my horse delivery1 and now you tell me to keep my horses4 ,what kind of a salesman do you call yourself anyway8 ,what made you think you needed motor trucks8 was the counterquestion of the serious1 thick-spectacled young chap4 ,everyone else seems to be turning to gasoline delivery4 ,i want to be up to date4 ,your delivery problem lies outside the gasoline field1 said the salesman4 ,your drivers make an average of ninety stops each trip4 ,they climb stairs and wait for receipts4 ,their rigs are standing at the curb more than half the time4 ,nothing in gasoline equipment can compete with the horse and wagon under such conditions4 ,if you had loads of several tons to be kept moving steadily ,i'd be glad to sell you two trucks4 ,suppose ,i wanted to buy them anyway8 ,we could not accept your order4 ,but you'd make your commission and the company its profit4 ,yes2 but you'd make a loss1 and within a year your experience would react unfavorably upon us4 ,so no sale was effected4 ,facts learned during his investigation of this business man's delivery problem led the salesman to make suggestions that eliminated waste and increased the effectiveness of his horse rigs4 ,about a year later1 however1 this business man sent for the salesman again4 ,he contemplated motorized hauling for another company of which he was the president4 ,after two days' study the salesman reported that motor trucks were practicable and that he needed about five of them4 ,all right--fill out the contract1 directed the business man4 ,don't you want to know how these trucks are going to make you money8 asked the salesman4 ,no2 if you say ,i need five trucks1 then ,i know that's just what ,i need6 ,a new kind of salesmanship is being developed in many lines of business--and particularly in the rebuilding of sales organizations made necessary by the ending of the war and return to peace production4 ,study your goods1 was the salesman's axiom yesterday4 ,study your customer's problem1 is the viewpoint to-day2 and it is transforming the salesman and sales methods4 ,indeed1 the word salesman tends to disappear under this new viewpoint1 for the organization which was once charged largely with disposing of goods may now be so intimately involved in technical studies of the customers' problems that selling is a secondary part of its work4 ,the ,sales ,department is being renamed1 and known as the ,advisory ,department or the ,research ,staff2 while the salesman himself becomes a ,technical ,counsel or ,engineering ,adviser4 ,camouflage8 ,no2 simply better expression of broader functions4 ,as a salesman1 probably he gave much attention to the approach and argument with which he gained his customer's attention and confidence4 ,but1 with his new viewpoint and method of attack1 perhaps the first step is asking permission to study the customer's transportation needs1 or accounting routine1 or power plant--or whatever section of the latter's business is involved4 ,the experience of the thick-spectacled motor-truck salesman was typical4 ,originally he sold passenger cars4 ,then came the war1 with factory facilities centered on munitions and motor trucks4 ,there being no more passenger cars to sell1 they switched him over into the motor-truck section4 ,there he floundered for a while1 trying to develop sales arguments along the old lines4 ,but the old arguments did not seem to fit1 somehow4 ,it might have been possible to demonstrate the superior construction of his motor truck2 but competitors would meet point with point1 and customers were not interested in technicalities anyway4 ,he tried service as an argument2 but that was largely a promise of what motor trucks would do for people after they bought them1 and competitors could always promise just as much1 and a little more4 ,company reputation8 ,his company had a fine one--but motor-truck purchasers wanted to know the cost of moving freight4 ,price8 ,no argument at all1 because only one other concern made motor trucks calling for so great an initial investment4 ,so ,thick-,specs1 being naturally serious and solid1 began to dig into motor trucks from the standpoint of the customer4 ,he got permission to investigate delivery outfits in many lines4 ,selling a five-ton motor truck to many a business man was often equivalent to letting ,johnny play with a loaded machine gun4 ,such a vehicle combined the potentiality of moving from fifty to seventy-five tons of freight daily1 according to routing and the number of hours employed2 but it involved a daily expense of twenty-five dollars4 ,the purchaser could lose money in two ways at swift ratios1 and perhaps unsuspectingly3 ,he might not use his full hauling capacity each day or would use it only half the year1 during his busy season4 ,or he might underestimate costs by overlooking such items as interest and depreciation4 ,thick-,specs' first actual sale was not a motor truck at all1 but a motorcycle1 made by another company4 ,within three months1 however1 this motorcycle added two big trucks to a fleet of one dozen operated by a wholesale firm4 ,that concern had good trucks1 and kept them in a well-equipped garage1 where maintenance was good4 ,but at least once daily there would be a road breakdown4 ,usually this is a minor matter1 but it ties up the truck while its puzzled driver tries to locate the trouble4 ,when a motorcycle was bought for the garage1 drivers were forbidden to tamper with machinery on the road--they telephoned in to the superintendent4 ,by answering each call on his own motorcycle--about an hour daily--the repairman kept equipment in such good shape that valuable extra service was secured from the fleet each day4 ,the salesman-adviser did not originate this scheme himself1 but discovered it in another concern's motor-truck organization2 in fact1 this is the advantage the salesman-adviser enjoys--acquaintance with a wide range of methods and the knack of carrying a good wrinkle from one business to another4 ,he brings the outside point of view2 and1 because modern business runs toward narrow specialization1 the outside point of view is pretty nearly always welcome1 provided it is honest and sensible4 ,in another case he had to dig and invent to meet a peculiar situation4 ,there was a coal company working under a handicap in household deliveries4 ,where a residence stood back from the sidewalk coal had often to be carried from the motor truck in baskets4 ,this kept the truck waiting nearly an hour4 ,a motor truck's time is worth several dollars hourly4 ,if the coal could have been dumped on the sidewalk and carried in later1 releasing the truck1 that would have saved expense and made more deliveries possible4 ,a city ordinance prohibited dumping coal on the sidewalk except by permit4 ,coal men had never tried to have that ordinance changed4 ,but the salesman-adviser went straight to the city authorities and1 by figures showing the expense and waste involved1 secured a modification1 so that his customer1 the coal company1 got a blanket permit for dumping coal and gave bonds as an assurance against abuse of the privilege4 ,then a little old last year's runabout was bought and followed the coal trucks with a crew to carry the coal indoors1 clearing sidewalks quickly4 ,this salesman-adviser's philosophy was as simple as it was sound4 ,confidence is the big factor in selling1 he reasoned4 ,your customer will have confidence in you if he feels that you are square and also knows what you are talking about4 ,by diligent study of gasoline hauling problems in various lines of business he gained practical knowledge and after that had only to apply his knowledge from the customer's side of the problem4 ,put it another way1 he said3 ,suppose you had a factory and expected to run it only one year4 ,there would not be time to get returns on a costly machine showing economies over a five-year period2 but if you intended to run your factory on a five-year basis1 then that machine might be highly profitable4 ,in sales work it was just the same2 if you were selling for this year's profit alone1 you'd close every sale regardless of your customer's welfare4 ,let the purchaser beware6 ,but if you meant to sell on the five-year basis1 then confidence is the big investment1 and the most profitable sale very often one you refuse to make for immediate results4 ,he had a fine following when the draft reached him2 and during the eight months he spent in an ,army uniform he utilized his knowledge of gasoline transportation as an expert in ,uncle ,sam's motor service4 ,upon being discharged he returned to his job and his customers1 and to-day the concern with which he is connected is taking steps to put all its motor-truck salesmen on this advisory basis4 ,war shot its sales force to pieces--the ,army and the ,navy reached out for men and tied up production facilities2 so there was nothing to sell4 ,but war also gave a clean slate for planning a new sales force4 ,as old salesmen return and new men are taken on for sales instruction1 this concern trains them--not with the old sales manual1 by standard approach and systematic sales argument1 but by sending them out into the field to study gasoline hauling problems4 ,they secure permission to investigate trucking methods of contractors1 department stores1 wholesale merchants1 coal dealers1 truck owners hauling interstate freight1 mills1 factories and other lines of business4 ,they investigate the kinds and quantities of stuff to be moved1 the territory and roads covered1 the drivers1 the garage facilities4 ,they ride behind typical loads and check up running time1 delays1 breakdowns1 gasoline and oil consumption4 ,engineering teaches people to think in curves4 ,this youngster had to make a curve of the grocer's trucking before he could visualize it himself4 ,his curve included factors like increase in stuff that had been hauled during the past three years and additions to the motor equipment4 ,when you have a healthy curve showing any business activity1 the logical thing to do1 after bringing it right down to date1 is to let it run out into the future at its own angle4 ,this was done with the grocery curve1 and its future extension indicated that not more than three months later the grocery house would need about four more five-ton motor trucks4 ,closer investigation of facts behind the curve revealed an unusual growth in sugar hauling1 due to the increase in supply and removal of consumer war restrictions4 ,and that grocery concern bought additional trucks for sugar within two months4 ,with the insight made possible by such a curve a salesman might safely have ordered the trucks without his customer's knowledge and driven them up to his door the day the curve showed they were needed4 ,here are the trucks you wanted to haul that sugar4 ,good work6 ,drive 'em in6 ,what has been found to be sound sales policy in the motor truck business applies to many other lines4 ,yesterday the salesman of technical apparatus sought the customer with a catalogue and a smile--and a large ignorance of the technical problems4 ,to-day that kind of selling is under suspicion1 because purchasers of technical equipment have been led to buy on superficial selling points and left to work out for themselves complex technicalities that belong to the manufacturer of the equipment4 ,in the ,west during recent years a large number of pumps of a certain type have been sold for irrigating purposes4 ,purchasers bought from the catalogue-and-smile type of salesman1 hooked their pumps up to a power plant--and found that they lifted only about half the number of gallons a minute promised in the catalogue4 ,manufacturers honestly believed those pumps would do the work indicated in their ratings4 ,they had not allowed for variations in capacity where pumps were installed under many different conditions and run by different men4 ,the situation called for investigation at the customer's end2 when it was discovered that these pumps ought to be rated with an allowance for loss of capacity a half to two-thirds of the power1 due to friction and lost power4 ,it might have been dangerous for the salesman to show up again in an irrigation district where a lot of his pumps were acting up1 armed only with his catalogue and smile4 ,but when an engineer appeared from the pump company to help customers out of their difficulties1 he won confidence immediately and made additional sales because people felt that he knew what he was talking about4 ,the superintendent of a big machinery concern found that his expense for cutting oils was constantly rising4 ,salesmen had followed salesmen1 recommending magic brands of the stuff2 yet each new barrel of oil seemed to do less work than the last--and cost more in dollars4 ,one day a new kind of visitor showed up and sent in the card of a large oil company4 ,he was not a salesman1 but an investigator of oil problems4 ,the superintendent took him through the plant4 ,he studied the work being done by screw-cutting machines1 lathes and other equipment operated with cutting oil4 ,where salesmen had recommended brands without technical knowledge of either the work to be done or the composition of the oil1 this stranger wrote specifications that cut down the percentage of costly lard oil used on some work2 and he eliminated it altogether on others4 ,moreover1 he pointed out sheer losses of oil by picking up a handful of metal cuttings from a box1 letting them drip1 measuring the oil that accumulated and recommending a simple device for reclaiming that oil before the waste metal was sold4 ,this new viewpoint in selling is developing in so many lines that to enumerate them would be to make a national directory of business concerns manufacturing milling machinery1 office devices1 manufacturing and structural materials1 equipment for the farm and the mine4 ,people who purchase such products have been accustomed to meeting two different representatives of manufacturers3 ,first1 the salesman skilled in selling1 but deficient in technical knowledge4 ,this chap is here to see how much he can get out of me1 said the prospective consumer to himself2 and he was on his guard to see that the visitor got as little as possible1 either in the way of orders or information4 ,the other representative came from the mechanical department to see how present equipment was running1 or perhaps to shoot trouble4 ,he was long on technical knowledge1 but probably dumb when it came to salesmanship4 ,this fellow is here to help me out of my troubles1 said the customer4 ,i'll see how much ,i can get out of him4 ,presently manufacturers of equipment woke up to the fact that their mechanical men--inspectors and trouble shooters--had a basis of confidence which the salesman pure and simple was rapidly losing4 ,moreover1 the technical man gained a knowledge of the customer's requirements that furnished the best foundation for selling new equipment4 ,the salesman discovered the technical man and went to him for tips on new equipment needed by customers whose plants he had visited4 ,the technical man also discovered the salesman1 for it was plain enough that equipment well sold--skillfully adjusted to the customer's needs--gave the least margin for trouble shooting4 ,so there has been a meeting of minds2 and to-day the salesman studies the technicalities1 and the technical man is learning salesmanship1 and their boss is standing behind them both with a new policy4 ,this is the policy of performance1 not promises--service before sales4 ,under that policy the very terms salesmanship and sales department are beginning to disappear1 to be replaced by new nomenclature1 which more accurately indicates what a manufacturer's representative can do for the customer1 and gives him access to the latter on the basis of confidence and good will4 99 99 99 99 99 7,munsey's ,magazine7 ,,the ,,accident ,,that ,,gave ,,us ,,wood-,,pulp ,,paper ,,how ,a ,,mighty ,,modern ,,industry ,,owed ,,its ,,beginning ,,to ,,gottfried ,,keller ,,and ,a ,,wasp ,,by ,,parke ,f4 ,,hanley ,on the day when ,president ,wilson was inaugurated to his second term1 this country had its fiftieth anniversary of the introduction of wood-pulp4 ,were it not for a series of lucky chances that developed into opportunity1 this wood-pulp anniversary might have remained for our children's children4 ,have you ever given thought to the accidentalism of many great discoveries8 ,the element of haphazard is generally combined with a series of coincidences4 ,looking back over the developments that led to gigantic contributions to our civilization1 one cannot fail to be struck by the coordination of events4 ,apparently there always has been a conspiracy of natural forces to compel men of thought and resourcefulness to add another asset to progress4 ,your earliest school readers have been full of these--for instance1 ,watt and his steam-kettle1 ,franklin and his kite4 ,now the youngsters are reading that the ,wrights derived a fundamental principle of aviation--the warping-tip--from the flight of crows4 ,with the awe comes a disquieting thought4 ,how far back should we be were it not for these fortuitous circumstances8 ,among all the great things that have been given to the world in the last three-quarters of a century1 few measure beside the wood-pulp industry4 ,with its related trades and sciences1 it is comprised within the ten great activities of mankind4 ,in manufacture and distribution1 it employs an army matching in size the ,russian battle hordes4 ,its figures of investment and production are comparable to the debts of the great war4 ,yet it remained for a wasp and ,gottfried ,keller to bring us out of the era of rag paper4 ,together1 they saved us from a retardation of universal thought4 ,therefore1 let us consider the agents4 ,first1 the wasp4 ,she was one of a family of several hundreds1 born in the ,hartz ,mountains in the year #ahci4 ,when death claimed most of her relatives at the end of the season allotted as the life of a wasp1 this survivor1 a queen wasp1 became the foundress of a family of her own4 ,she built her nest of selected wood-fibers1 softened them to a pulp with her saliva1 and kneaded them into cells for her larvae4 ,her family came forth in due course1 and their young wings bore them out into the world4 ,the nest1 having served its purpose1 was abandoned to the sun and the rain4 ,maeterlinck1 who attributes emotions to plants and souls to bees1 might wrap a drama of destiny about this insect4 ,she would command a leading place in a cast which included the butterfly that gave silk to the world1 the mosquito that helped to prove the germ theory of disease1 and the caterpillar that loosed the apple which revealed the law of gravitation to ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,as to ,keller1 he was a simple ,german1 by trade a paper-maker and by avocation a scientist of sorts4 ,one day in #ahdj--;and this marks the beginning of the accidents--returning home from his mill1 he trod upon the abandoned nest4 ,had not the tiny dwelling been deserted1 he probably would have cherished nothing but bitter reflections about the irascibility of wasps4 ,as it was1 he stooped to see the ruin he had wrought4 ,the crushed nest lay soft in his hand1 soft and pliable1 and yet tough in texture4 ,it was as soft as his own rag-made paper4 ,it was not paper1 and yet it was very much like paper4 ,crumbling ,it in his fingers1 he decided that its material was wood-pulp4 ,keller was puzzled to know how so minute a creature had welded wood into a paperlike nest4 ,his state of mind passed to interest1 thence to speculation1 and finally to investigation4 ,he carried his problem and its possibilities to his friend1 ,heinrich ,voelter1 a master mechanic4 ,together they began experiments4 ,they decided to emulate the wasp4 ,they would have to granulate the wood as she had done4 ,the insect had apparently used spruce2 they used spruce under an ordinary grindstone4 ,hot water served as a substitute for the wasp's salivary juices4 ,their first attempts gave them a pulp astonishingly similar to that resulting from the choicest rags4 ,they carried the pulp through to manufacture1 with a small proportion of rags added--and they had paper4 ,it was good paper1 paper that had strength4 ,they found that it possessed an unlooked-for advantage in its quick absorption of printing-ink4 ,have you followed the chain of accidents1 coincidences1 and fortunate circumstances8 ,suppose the wasp had not left her nest in ,keller's path4 ,what if he had been in haste1 or had been driven off by the queen's yellow-jacketed soldiers8 ,what if he had no curiosity1 if he had not been a paper-maker1 if he had not enjoyed acquaintance with ,voelter8 ,wood-pulp might never have been found4 ,leaving ,gottfried ,keller and ,voelter in their hour of success1 we find1 sixteen years afterward1 two other ,germans1 ,albrecht and ,rudolf ,pagenstecher1 brothers1 in the export trade in ,new ,york4 ,they were pioneering in another field4 ,they were shipping petroleum to ,europe for those rising young business men1 ,john ,d4 and ,william ,rockefeller4 ,they were seeking commodities for import when their cousin1 ,alberto ,pagenstecher1 arrived from the fatherland with an interesting bit of news4 ,a few weeks ago1 in a paper-mill in the ,hartz1 ,i found them using a new process1 he said4 ,they are making paper out of wood4 ,it serves4 ,germany is printing its newspapers on wood-pulp paper4 ,to his cousins it seemed preposterous that wood could be so converted1 but ,alberto was convincing4 ,he showed them ,voelter's patent grants and pictures of the grinders4 ,the ,pagenstechers went to ,germany1 and when they returned they brought two of the grinders--crude affairs devised for the simple purpose of pressing wood upon a stone4 ,they also brought with them several ,german mechanics4 ,a printer in ,new ,york1 named ,strang1 had already secured the ,united ,states rights of the new process4 ,he was engaged in the manufacture of calendered paper1 and1 therefore1 had no occasion to use wood-pulp2 so he was willing to surrender the patents in exchange for a small interest4 ,the ,pagenstechers wanted water-power for their grinders1 and they located their first mill beside ,stockbridge ,bowl1 in ,curtisville1 now ,interlaken1 ,massachusetts4 ,on an outlay of eleven thousand dollars their mill was built and their machinery installed4 ,two or three trials1 with cotton waste added to the ground wood1 gave them their paper4 ,their first product was completed on the #eth of ,march1 #ahfg4 ,it was a matter of greater difficulty to dispose of the stock4 ,the trade fought against the innovation4 ,finally ,wellington ,smith1 of the near-by town of ,lee1 ,massachusetts1 was persuaded to try it4 ,rag-paper had been selling at twenty-four cents a pound4 ,smith's mill still exhibits the first invoice with the ,pagenstechers1 which shows the purchase of wood-paper at eleven cents4 ,the paper was hauled to ,lee in the dead of night1 for ,smith's subordinates wished to spare him from the laughter of his fellow millmen4 ,it was sold1 and proved successful1 and the ,pagenstechers were rushed with orders4 ,they built a second mill in ,luzeme1 ,new ,york1 but abandoned it soon afterward for the greater water-power to be obtained at ,palmer's ,falls1 where now stands the second largest mill in the ,united ,states4 ,manufacturers tumbled over themselves to get the benefit of the new process4 ,the originators in this country held the patent rights until #ahhd1 letting them out on royalties until that time4 ,with each new plant the price of paper fell1 until at one period it sold at one and a half cents a pound4 ,trial had proved that spruce was the only suitable wood for the pulp4 ,until #ahia rags were combined in about one-quarter proportion4 ,then it was found that other coniferous woods might be used to replace the rags1 after being submitted to what is called the sulfite process4 ,in this treatment small cubes of wood1 placed in a vat1 have their resinous properties extracted1 and the wood is disintegrated4 ,a combination of ground and sulfite wood makes the paper now used for news-print4 ,as has been told1 the primary advantage of the wood-pulp paper was its immediate absorption of ink4 ,this made possible much greater speed in printing1 and led in turn to the development of the great modern newspaper and magazine presses1 fed by huge rolls of paper1 which they print on both sides simultaneously4 ,these wonderful machines have now reached the double-octuple stage--monsters capable of turning out no less than five thousand eight-page newspapers in a single minute1 or three hundred thousand in an hour4 ,with the evolution from the flat-bed to the web or rotary presses there came further development in typesetting-machines--the linotype1 the monotype1 and others4 ,with paper and presses brought to such simplification1 newspapers have sprouted in every town1 almost every village1 and the total number of ,american periodicals is counted by tens of thousands4 ,there are magazines that have a circulation of more than a million copies weekly4 ,the leading daily newspapers in ,new ,york print anywhere from one hundred thousand copies to four times as many1 and they can put extra editions on the streets at fifteen-minute intervals4 ,the aggregate circulation of daily newspapers in the ,united ,states is close to forty million copies4 ,weekly newspapers and periodicals reach fifty millions1 and monthly publications mount almost to one hundred millions2 and all this would be impossible without wood-pulp paper4 ,the annual production of wood-pulp in the ,united ,states and ,canada is estimated by ,albrecht ,pagenstecher1 the survivor of the innovators1 to be worth nearly five hundred millions of dollars4 ,take into consideration the hundreds of thousands employed in the mills1 the men who cut and bring in the raw product1 the countless number in the printing1 publishing1 and distributing trades4 ,then hark back to the accident that put the wasp's nest under the toe of ,gottfried ,keller6 99 99 99 99 99 7,providence ,journal7 ,one zinc-etching illustration reproducing an old wood-cut of the ship1 with the caption1 ,the ,savannah1 ,first ,steamship ,that ,crossed the ,ocean4 ,,centennial ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,steamship ,,to ,,cross ,,the ,,atlantic 7#g-;column head7 ,one hundred years ago this week there was launched at ,new ,york the ship ,savannah1 which may be called the father of the scores of steamers that are now carrying our soldiers and supplies from the ,new ,world to the ,old ,world4 ,the ,savannah was the first ship equipped with steam power to cross the ,atlantic ocean4 ,it made the trip in #be days1 using both sails and engine1 and the arrival of the strange craft at ,liverpool was the cause of unusual stir among our ,english cousins4 ,like every step from the beaten path the idea of steam travel between the ,new ,world and the ,old ,world was looked upon with much scepticism and it was not until about #bj years later that regular1 or nearly regular1 steamer service was established4 ,the launching of the ,savannah took place on ,aug4 #bb1 #ahah4 ,it was not accompanied by the ceremony that is accorded many of the boats upon similar occasions to-day4 ,as a matter of fact1 it is probable that only a few persons knew that the craft was intended for a transatlantic trip4 ,the keel of the boat was laid with the idea of building a sailing ship1 and the craft was practically completed before ,capt4 ,moses ,rogers1 the originator of the venture1 induced ,scarborough ,isaacs1 ship merchants of ,savannah1 to buy her and fit her with a steam engine for service between ,savannah and ,liverpool4 ,the ship1 which was built by ,francis ,fickett1 was #ajj feet long1 #bh feet broad and #ad feet deep4 ,it had three masts which1 of course1 were of far greater importance in making progress toward its destination than was the steam engine4 ,capt4 ,rogers had gained a reputation for great courage and skill in sailing4 ,he had already had the honor of navigating the sea with a steamer1 taking the ,new ,jersey from ,new ,york to the ,chesapeake in #ahaf1 a voyage which was then thought to be one of great danger for such a vessel4 ,it was natural1 then1 that he was especially ambitious to go down in history as the first master of a steam ship to cross the ocean4 ,as soon as the vessel had been purchased by the ,savannah ship merchants1 the work of installing the engine was begun4 ,this was built by ,stephen ,vail of ,speedwell1 ,n4,j41 and the boiler by ,david ,dod of ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the paddle-wheels were made of iron and were detachable1 so that the sections could be removed and laid on the deck4 ,this was done when it was desired to proceed under canvas exclusively and was also a precaution in rough weather4 ,in short1 the ,savannah was an auxiliary steamer1 a combination of steam and sail that later became well known in shipping4 ,this is much like the early development of the gasoline marine engine1 which was an auxiliary to the sail1 a combination that is still used4 ,capt4 ,rogers took the boat from ,new ,york to ,savannah in eight days and #ae hours1 using steam on this trip for #daa_/b hours4 ,on ,may #bf1 #ahai1 under ,capt4 ,rogers1 the ,savannah set sail from her home port for ,liverpool and made the trip in #be days4 ,as long as the trip took1 the voyage was considerably shorter than the average for the sailing ship in #ahai1 and this reduction in time was accomplished in spite of the fact that the ,savannah ran into much unfavorable weather4 ,capt4 ,rogers used steam on #ah of the #be days and doubtless would have resorted to engine power more of the time except for the fact that at one stage of the voyage the fuel was exhausted4 ,it was natural that the arrival of the steamer in ,english waters should not have been looked upon with any great favor by the ,englishmen4 ,in addition to the jeers of the sceptical1 the presence of vessels was accompanied by suspicion on the part of the naval authorities1 and the merchants were not favorably impressed4 ,when the ,savannah approached the ,english coast with her single stack giving forth volumes of dense black smoke1 it was thought by those on shore that she was a ship on fire1 and ,british men-of-war and revenue cutters set out to aid her4 ,when the truth was known1 consternation reigned among the ,english officers4 ,they were astonished at the way the craft steamed away from them after they had rushed to assist what they thought was a ship in distress4 ,the reception of the ,savannah at ,liverpool was not particularly cordial4 ,some of the newspapers even suggested that this steam operation may1 in some manner1 be connected with the ambitious views of the ,united ,states4 ,a close watch was kept on the boat while she lay in ,british waters1 and her departure was welcome4 ,in the second volume of ,memoranda of a ,residence at the ,court of ,st4 ,james1 ,richard ,rush1 then ,american ,minister in ,london1 includes a complete log of the ,savannah4 ,dispatch ,no4 #gf from ,minister ,rush reports the arrival of the ship and the comment that was caused by its presence as follows3 ,london1 ,july #c1ahai4 ,sir--,on the #bjth of last month arrived at ,liverpool from the ,united ,states the steamship ,savannah1 ,capt4 ,rogers1 being the first vessel of that description that ever crossed the sea1 and having excited equal admiration and astonishment as she entered port under the power of her steam4 ,she is a fine ship of #cbj tons burden and exhibits in her construction1 no less than she has done in her navigation across the ,atlantic1 a signal trophy of ,american enterprise and skill upon the ocean4 ,i learn from ,capt4 ,rogers1 who has come to ,london and been with me1 that she worked with great ease and safety on the voyage1 and used her steam full #ah days4 ,her engine acts horizontally and is equal to a #gb horsepower4 ,her wheels1 which are of iron1 are on the sides1 and removable at pleasure4 ,the fuel laid in was #aejj bushels of coal1 which got exhausted on her entrance into the ,irish ,channel4 ,the captain assures me that the weather in general was extremely unfavorable1 or he would have made a much shorter passage2 besides that1 he was five days delayed in the channel for want of coal4 ,i have the honor to be1 etc41 ,,richard ,,rush4 ,to have made the first voyage across the ,atlantic ,ocean under steam was a great accomplishment and brought no little credit to ,capt4 ,rogers and the ,united ,states4 ,pioneers in many ventures1 the ,american people had added another honor to their record4 ,and this was even more of a credit because in those early days skilled workmen were comparatively few on these shores and the machine shops had not reached a stage of efficiency that came a short time later4 ,there were1 of course1 in #ahai men who had developed into mechanics and there were shops of some account1 as the steamboat for short trips had been in existence for some years4 ,but the whole enterprise of planning a steam voyage in which the boat should be headed due east was characteristic of the boldness and bravery of the ,americans4 ,the ,savannah did not return to the ,states directly from ,england4 ,it steamed from ,liverpool to ,st4 ,petersburg and brought forth further comment from the ,old ,world4 ,she proved that the marine steam engine and side-wheels were practicable for deep-sea navigation4 ,the idea of transatlantic travel under steam had been born and it was only necessary to develop the idea to shorten the distance between the two continents4 ,this pioneer voyage1 however1 was then looked upon more as a novelty than as the inception of a new method of long-distance travel4 ,the trip had failed to demonstrate that steam was an entirely adequate substitute for the mast and sail in regular service4 ,since the ,savannah was primarily a sailing vessel1 the loss of steam power by the crippling of the engine would not be serious1 as she could continue on her way with paddle-wheels removed and under full sail4 ,it was #ai years later that the idea of employing vessels propelled by steam in trade between the ,united ,states and ,england came under the serious consideration of merchants and ship builders4 ,in the interval the marine boiler and the engines had been improved until they had passed the stage of experiment1 and coasting voyages had become common on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,the beginning of real transatlantic steam voyages was made by the ,sirius and the ,great ,western4 ,the latter boat had been built especially for trips across the ocean and the former was taken from the ,cork and ,london line4 ,the ,sirius started from ,liverpool on ,april #d1 #ahch1 and the ,great ,western four days later4 ,they arrived in ,new ,york within #bd hours of each other1 the ,sirius at #aj p4m4 on ,april #bb and the ,great ,western at #c o'clock the following afternoon4 ,neither of the vessels carried much sail4 ,these boats gave more or less irregular service until withdrawn because of their failure to pay expenses4 ,in #ahci the ,cunard ,company was formed and the paddle steamers ,britannia1 ,arcadia1 ,columbia1 and ,caledonia were put into service4 ,from that time on the steamer developed with great rapidity1 the value of which was never more demonstrated than at the present time4 ,it will always be remembered1 however1 that this ,capt4 ,rogers with his crude little ,savannah was the man whose bold enterprise gave birth to the idea of transatlantic travel under steam4 99 99 99 99 99 7,a syndicate ,sunday magazine section of the ,harrisburg ,patriot7 ,,searching ,,for ,,the ,,lost ,,atlantis ,by ,,grosvenor ,a4 ,,parker ,not so long ago a stubby tramp steamer nosed its way down the ,english ,channel and out into the ,atlantic4 ,her rusty black bow sturdily shouldered the seas aside or shoved through them with an insistence that brought an angry hail of spray on deck4 ,the tramp cared little for this protest of the sea or for the threats of more hostile resistance4 ,through the rainbow kicked up by her forefoot there glimmered and beckoned a mirage of wealthy cities sunk fathoms deep and tenanted only by strange sea creatures4 ,for the tramp and her crew there was a stranger goal than was ever sought by an argosy of legend4 ,the lost cities of ,atlantis and all the wealth that they contain was the port awaiting the searchers under the rim of the western ocean4 ,it's no wild-goose chase that had started thus unromantically4 ,the men who hope to gain fame and fortune by this search are sure of their ground and they have all the most modern mechanical and electrical aids for their quest4 ,on the decks of their ship two submarine boats are cradled in heavy timbers4 ,one of them is of the usual type1 but the other looks like a strange fantasy of another ,jules ,verne4 ,a great electric eye peers cyclops-wise over the bow and reaching ahead of the blunt nose are huge crab-like claws delicate enough to pick up a gold piece and strong enough to tear a wall apart4 ,these under-water craft are only a part of the equipment that ,bernard ,meeker1 a young ,englishman1 has provided to help him in his search for the lost city4 ,there are divers' uniforms specially strengthened to resist the great pressure under which the men must work4 ,huge electric lamps like searchlights to be lowered into the ocean depths and give light to the workers are stacked close beside powerful generators in the ship's hold4 ,in the chart room there are rolls of strange maps plotting out the ocean floor1 and on a shelf by itself rests the tangible evidence that this search means gold4 ,it is a little bowl of strange design which was brought up by a diver from the bottom of the ,caribbean4 ,when this bowl first came to light it was supposed to be part of loot from a sunken ,spanish galleon1 but antiquarians could find nothing in the art of the ,orient1 or ,africa1 or of ,peru and ,mexico to bear out this theory4 ,even the gold of which it was made was an alloy of a different type from anything on record4 ,it was this that gave ,meeker his first idea that there was a city under the sea4 ,he found out the exact spot from which the divers had recovered the bowl1 and compared the reckonings with all the ancient charts which spoke of the location of fabled ,atlantis4 ,in one old book he located the lost city as being close to the spot where the divers had been1 and with this as a foundation for his theories he asked other questions of the men who had explored that hidden country4 ,their tale only confirmed his belief4 ,the floor of the sea is covered with unusual coral formation1 one of them told him1 but it was the queerest coral ,i ever saw4 ,it looked more like stone walls and there was a pointed sort of arch which was different from any coral arch ,i had ever seen4 ,that was enough to take ,meeker to the ,caribbean to see for himself4 ,he won't tell what he found1 beyond the fact that he satisfied himself that the coral was really stone walls pierced by arched doors and windows4 ,meeker kept all his plans secret and might have sailed away on his treasure hunt without making any stir if he had not been careless enough to name one of his submarines ,atlantis4 ,he had given out that he was sailing for ,yucatan to search for evidence of prehistoric civilization4 ,it is true that the shores of ,yucatan are covered with the remnants of great cities but the word ,atlantis awoke suspicion4 ,questions followed and ,meeker had to admit the bare facts of his secret4 ,only half a dozen men know the supposed location of ,atlantis1 he said1 just before sailing1 and we don't intend to let any others into the secret4 ,those who have furnished the money for the expedition have done so in the hope of solving the mystery of the lost continent1 and without thought for the profit4 ,the divers and the other men of the crew have the wildest dreams of finding hoarded wealth4 ,it is not at all impossible that their dreams will come true1 and that they will be richly rewarded4 ,at any rate they deserve it1 for the work will be dangerous4 ,our plans are simple enough4 ,with the submarine of the usual type we will first explore that part of the sea bottom which our charts cover4 ,this vessel has in its conning tower a powerful searchlight which will reveal at least the upper portions of any buildings that may be there4 ,for work in greater depths we will have to depend on the ',atlantis' with its special equipment of ballast tanks and its hatch-ways for the divers4 ,you see1 we do not plan to lower the divers from the steamer or from a raft4 ,instead they will step directly out on the sea floor from a door in the submarine which opens out of an air chamber4 ,in this the diver can be closed and the air pressure increased until it is high enough to keep out the water4 ,all that he has to do then is to open the door and step out1 trailing behind him a much shorter air hose and life line than would hamper him if he worked from the surface4 ,the air hose is armored with steel links so that there will be no danger of an inquisitive shark chopping it in two4 ,previous to the diver's exploration the claws of the ,atlantis will search out the more promising places in the ruins4 ,these claws work on a joint operated electrically1 and on the tip of each is a sensitive electrical apparatus which sets off a signal in the conning tower of the submarine4 ,crawling over the bottom like a strange monster1 the claws will also help to avoid collisions with walls when the depths of the water veils the power of the searchlight4 ,there is1 in addition1 a small electric crane on the nose of the submarine so that heavy objects can be borne to the surface4 ,meeker does not expect to gain much in the way of heavy relics of the lost city1 for certain parts of the sea bottom are so covered with ooze that he believes it only possible to clear it away through suction hose long enough to make quick observation possible4 ,the subaqueous lights which will help this work are powerful ,tungsten lamps enclosed in a steel shell with a heavy prismatic lens at the bottom4 ,these lamps are connected to the power plant on the steamer by armored cables and will develop #e1jjj candle power each4 ,the generating station on the parent ship of the expedition1 as the rusty tramp is known1 is as extensive as those on a first class liner or a dreadnought4 ,little of the power will go for the benefit of the steamer though4 ,its purpose is to furnish the light for the swinging ,tungstens and to charge the great storage batteries of the submarines4 ,these batteries run the many motors on which depends the success of the work4 ,if it were not for electricity1 the searchers would be handicapped4 ,as it is they call to their aid all the strong magic of modern days4 ,,index ,accident that ,gave ,us ,wood-,pulp ,paper1 ,the1 #cef ,adventure as a source of interest1 #da4 ,agricultural journals1 #aa1 #bj1 #bc2 articles in1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #gh2 examples of articles in1 #ha1 #bdh1 #cda2 excerpts from1 #abg1abh1 #aef ,aims in feature writing1 #df ,alliteration in titles1 #agi ,amateur writers1 opportunities for1 #g1 #ab ,american 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#aie2 captions for1 #aif2 mailing of1 #aig ,pictorial ,review1 article from1 #cca ,planning an article1 #ii1 #ajb ,popular ,science ,monthly1 excerpt from1 #adg ,practical guidance articles1 #di1 #gh2 examples of1 #gi ,practical guidance units1 #abg ,processes1 methods of presenting1 #abe ,prominence as a source of interest1 #db ,providence ,journal1 article from1 #cfj2 excerpt from1 #adb ,purpose1 definiteness of1 #de2 statement of1 #ej ,qualifications for feature writing1 #ad ,question beginnings1 #aec ,question titles1 #agg ,quiller-,couch1 ,sir ,arthur1 on jargon1 #afc ,quotation beginnings1 #adi ,quotation titles1 #agf ,railroad ,man's ,magazine1 excerpt from1 #adh ,readers1 editorial1 #ahg ,readers1 point of view of1 #ai1 #bj ,recipes1 methods of presenting1 #abg ,reporters as feature writers1 #f1 #ag ,revision of articles1 #afh ,rhyme in titles1 #agi ,romance as a source of interest1 #da ,sales without ,salesmanship1 #cdi ,san ,francisco ,call1 excerpt from1 #aee ,saturday ,evening ,post1 articles from1 #bah1 #cjg1 #cdi ,scandal1 presentation of1 #dg ,scientific publications as a source of subjects and material1 #bg1 #ce ,searching for the ,lost ,atlantis1 #cfd ,sentences1 structure of1 #afe2 length of1 #aff ,shepherd1 ,william ,g41 article by1 #cje ,siddall1 ,john ,m41 on curiosity1 #ae2 on readers' point of view1 #ba2 on making articles personal1 #de ,singular ,story of the ,mosquito ,man1 ,the1 #bdb ,six ,years of ,tea ,rooms1 #ccf ,slosson1 ,edwin ,e41 on scientific and technical subjects1 #bg ,sources of subjects and material1 #be ,space rates for feature articles1 #g ,staff system on magazines1 #aa ,statistics1 methods of presenting1 #abb ,stevenson1 ,frederick ,boyd1 on ,sunday magazine sections1 #aj ,stovaine1 beginning of article on1 #ec ,striking statement beginnings1 #adc ,striking statement titles1 #age ,study of newspapers and magazines1 #ba ,style1 #afj ,subjects for feature articles1 #be ,successful ,farming1 excerpts from1 #abg1 #abh ,summary beginnings1 #acb ,sunday magazine sections1 #i ,syndicates1 #f1 #aib ,syndicating articles1 #aia ,system1 article from1 #gi2 excerpt from1 #acg ,taking the ,school to the ,factory1 #ajg ,teach ,children ,love of ,art ,through ,story-,telling1 #bjd ,technical publications as a source of subjects and material1 #bg1 #ce ,ten ,acres and a ,living1 #ha ,they ,call ,me the ',hen ,editor1' #fc ,things ,we ,learned to ,do ,without1 #gb ,time of payment for articles1 #aij ,timeliness in feature articles1 #ci ,titles1 #agj2 types of1 #agc2 methods of framing1 #ahj ,tommy--,who ,enjoys ,straightening ,out ,things1 #hg ,tractor and ,gas ,engine ,review1 excerpt from1 #aec ,trade journals1 #aa1 #bc2 articles in1 #cj2 article from1 #gi2 excerpts from1 #acg1 #aec ,training for feature writing1 #af ,types of beginnings1 #aca ,types of special articles1 #ee ,types of titles1 #agj ,typographical style1 #ahc ,units in articles1 #aag ,wanted3 ,a ,home ,assistant1 #cca ,weed1 ,inis ,h41 article by1 #bha ,welfare of other persons as a source of interest1 #dc ,wheeler1 ,howard1 on newspaper men as magazine writers1 #ah ,where ,girls ,learn to ,wield ,spade and ,hoe1 #bjf ,white1 ,frank ,marshall1 article by1 #bfd ,who'll ,do ,john's ,work8 #gi ,woman's ,home ,companion1 article from1 #fc ,women as feature writers1 #ac ,wonderful ,america6 ,thinks ,little ,austrian1 #aaf ,words1 choice of1 #afa ,writers1 opportunities for amateur1 #g1 #ab ,your ,porter1 #bah ,,english ,,for ,,college ,,courses ,,expository ,,writing ,by ,,mervin ,j4 ,,curl4 ,gives freshmen and sophomores something to write about1 and helps them in their writing4 ,,sentences ,,and ,,thinking ,by ,,norman ,,foerster1 ,university of ,north ,carolina1 and ,j4,m4 ,,stedman1 ,jr41 ,emory ,university4 ,a practice book in sentence-making for college freshmen4 ,a ,,handbook ,,of ,,oral ,,reading ,by ,,lee ,,emerson ,,bassett1 ,leland ,stanford ,junior ,university4 ,especial emphasis is placed on the relation of thought and speech1 technical vocal exercises being subordinated to a study of the principles underlying the expression of ideas4 ,illustrative selections of both poetry and prose are freely employed4 ,,argumentation ,,and ,,debating 7,revised ,edition7 ,by ,,william ,t4 ,,foster1 ,reed ,college4 ,the point of view throughout is that of the student rather than that of the teacher4 ,,the ,,rhetorical ,,principles ,,of ,,narration ,by ,,carroll ,,lewis ,,maxcy1 ,williams ,college4 ,a clear and thorough analysis of the three elements of narrative writing1 viz43 setting1 character1 and plot4 ,,representative ,,narratives ,edited by ,,carroll ,,lewis ,,maxcy4 ,this compilation contains twenty-two complete selections of various types of narrative composition4 ,,the ,,study ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,writing ,,english ,by ,,gerhard ,r4 ,,lomer1 ,ph4,d41 and ,,margaret ,,ashmun4 ,a textbook for use in college ,freshman courses4 ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,special ,,feature ,,articles ,by ,,willard ,g4 ,,bleyer1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,a textbook for classes in ,journalism and in advanced ,english ,composition4 ,,newspaper ,,writing ,,and ,,editing ,by ,,willard ,g4 ,,bleyer4 ,this fully meets the requirements of courses in ,journalism as given in our colleges and universities1 and at the same time appeals to practical newspaper men4 ,,types ,,of ,,news ,,writing ,by ,,willard ,g4 ,,bleyer4 ,over two hundred typical stories taken from representative ,american newspapers are here presented in a form convenient for college classes in ,journalism4 ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company #adba ,,for ,,college ,,literature ,,courses ,,history ,,and ,,criticism ,,botta--,handbook of ,universal ,literature4 ,,grumbine -- ,stories from ,browning4 ,,hinchman ,,and ,,gummere -- ,lives of ,great ,english ,writers from ,chaucer to ,browning4 ,,matthews -- ,a ,study of ,versification4 ,,maynadier -- ,the ,arthur of the ,english ,poets4 ,,perry -- ,a ,study of ,prose ,fiction4 ,,perry -- ,a ,study of ,poetry4 ,,root -- ,the ,poetry of ,chaucer4 ,,simonds --,a ,student's ,history of ,english ,literature4 ,,simonds -- ,a ,student's ,history of ,american ,literature4 ,,baker -- ,dramatic ,technique4 ,,brooke -- ,the ,tudor ,drama4 ,,matthews -- ,a ,study of the ,drama4 ,,schelling -- ,a ,history of the ,elizabethan ,drama4 #b vols4 ,,anthologies ,,poetry ,,holt -- ,leading ,english ,poets from ,chaucer to ,browning4 ,,neilson ,,and ,,webster -- ,the ,chief ,british ,poets of the ,fourteenth and ,fifteenth ,centuries4 ,,page -- ,the ,chief ,american ,poets4 ,,weston -- ,the ,chief ,middle ,english ,poets4 ,,prose ,,alden -- ,readings in ,english ,prose of the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,,alden -- ,readings in ,english ,prose of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,part ,i2 ,part ,,ii2 ,complete4 ,,foerster -- ,the ,chief ,american ,prose ,writers4 ,,the ,,drama ,,dickinson -- ,chief ,contemporary ,dramatists1 ,first ,series4 ,,dickinson -- ,chief ,contemporary ,dramatists1 ,second ,series4 ,,matthews -- ,chief ,european ,dramatists4 ,,neilson -- ,the ,chief ,elizabethan ,dramatists 7except ,shakespeare7 to the ,close of the ,theatres4 ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company #ahbe