file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #aegac-;h4htm  
or #aegac-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/e_
/g_/a_/aegac_/aegac-;h_/#aegac-;h4htm7  
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/e_
/g_/a_/aegac_/aegac-;h4zip7      ,,:at  
,,philately ,,tea*es  ,a ,lecture       
,deliv]$ be=e ! ,section on ,philately (
 ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts &        
,sci5ces1 ,febru>y #bd1 #ahii  by       
,,john ,n4 ,,luff  ,new ,york ,?ird     
,edition  #aiae        ,by way (        
preface1 ,i wi% to say1 t ,i h prep>$   
?is pap] ) ! hope ( int]e/+ ^? :o are n 
/amp collectors & my endeavor w be to   
indicate "s ( ! int]e/+ & in/ructive ?+s
 t may be le>n$ by ^? :o foll[ ?is      
fasc9at+ pursuit4 ,mu* t ,i h to say w  
be anci5t hi/ory to philateli/s1 b ,i   
tru/ !y w rememb] t ?is is n especially 
int5d$ = !m & p>don any dryness 9 x1 9  
view ( its int5t4  ,/amp collect+1 z    
pursu$ to-day1 has become some?+ m ?an  

an amusem5t = *ildr54 ,x af=ds          
in/ruction & m5tal relaxation to ^? :o  
are old] & m s]i\s4  ,on ! title page ( 
e /amp album & catalogue %\ld be        
inscrib$ ! old lat9 motto3 ,te doces ?\ 
tea*e/1 = x is c]ta9ly an in/ructor &   
af=ds mu* intellectual ent]ta9m5t4      
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,hank[ ,local ,po/1
 #b c5ts  ,9 connection ) ?is motto we h
 a little philatelic joke f ! ori5t4 ,9 
"o ( ! ,*9ese treaty ports a /amp has   
be5 issu$ :i* be>s ! motto4 ,we f9d !m  
on ! tea *e/s1 writt5 9 excell5t ,*9ese1
 &1 ev5 if we d n read ! language1 we _c
 d\bt t !y ref] to ! tea doses :i* !    
*e/s conta94  ,by "s1 philately has be5 
call$ a sci5ce4 ,p]haps x h>dly m]its s 
exalt$ a title b x op5s = u a wide field
 = rese>*1 9 :i* we may f9d _m curi\s1  
int]e/+ & in/ructive ?+s4 ,x tra9s our  
p[]s ( obs]vation1 enl>ges our          
p]ceptions1 broad5s our views1 & adds to
 our k ( hi/ory1 art1 languages1        
geography1 botany1 my?ology & _m k9dr$  
bran*es ( le>n+4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1  

,canada ,po/age1 ,*ri/mas #ahih1 #b c5ts
  ,philately embraces ! :ole e>? &      
likewise ! :ole e>? is sometimes embrac$
 )9 ! limits ( a po/age /amp4 ,z an     
example ( ?is1 witness ! rec5t ef=t (   
our ,canadian c\s9s 9 celebration ( !   
a*ievem5t ( ! long-desir$ ocean p5ny    
po/age1 at pres5t an int]-colonial rate 
( ! ,briti% ,empire1 b "s day to be an  
int]national rate4 ,! motto is a trifle 
bomba/ic & sugge/s ! ,teutonic          
sup]lative2 ,s bigg] z nev] vas1 & !    
,xmas #ahih reads l ! adv]tisem5t ( a   
dep>tm5t /ore3 ,g5ts pants = ,xmas      
gifts4 ,b we mu/ admit t ! /amp is a    
pretty conceit1 9 spite ( ^! defects & (
 ! ambition ( ! arti/1 :i* has spread ! 
?9 r$ l9e ov] t]ritory t has n o!rwise  
be5 acquir$4 ,9 addition to ! ?+s to be 
le>n$ f ! pictorial "p ( /amps1 !re are 
o!r ?+s :i* attract ! att5tion ( !      
?\ghtful & br+ ) !m k t is bo? int]e/+ &
 valuable4 ,! me*anical "p ( /amp mak+  
may be /udi$ ) mu* pr(it & ent]ta9m5t4  
,consid]$ 9 all its aspects1 philately  

is ev5 m in/ructive ?an matrimony4 ,y w 
rememb] ! eld] ,well]'s views on ! latt]
 subject3 ,v5 y're a m>ri$ man1         
,samivel1 y'll und]/& a good _m ?+s z y 
don't und]/& n[2 b ve!r its wor? :ile   
go+ ?r\gh s mu* to le>n s little1 z !   
*>ity boy said v5 he got to ! end ( !   
alphabet1 is a matt] o' ta/e4 ,i r ?9k x
 isn't4 ,?is reproa* _c be appli$ to    
philately4 ,x tea*es ev5 ! unwill+ &    
c>eless4 ,9 ! ef=t to fill ! spaces 9 _!
 albums !y mu/ le>n :at v>ieties !y are 
lack+ & 9 :at ^! diff] f o!r & simil>   
v>ieties4 ,?us "s k mu/ be ga9$1 ev5 if 
uns\ght4 ,to ! /udi\s & ! c>eful1 9 ?is 
z 9 o!r ?+s 9 life1 ! greate/ b5efits   
naturally accrue4  ,9 my rem>ks ?is ev5+
 ,i %all endeavor to t\* ^u a few       
subjects :i* are q c]ta9 to attract !   
att5tion ( any "o :o takes up /amp      
collect+ ) any degree ( e>ne/ness &     
?or\ghness4 ,t ^! subjects op5 up o!r   
fields = int]e/+ & pr(itable /udy w be  
readily app>5t4  ,let u take a po/age   
/amp & consid] x4 ,aside f ! "n ( !     

c\ntry :5ce x emanates & ! expression ( 
value1 :at d we f9d 9 x to /udy8 ,fir/ !
 design1 next ! means by :i* ! design 0 
prep>$ & plac$ ^u ! pap]1 ?irdly ! pap] 
^u :i* ! /amp is pr9t$1 & la/ly ! f9i%+ 
t\*es ( gum1 p]=ation1 etc4             
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,new ,zeal&1 #i    
p5ce  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,toga1 #e s4 
,9 ! e>ly days ( /amps mo/ c\ntries made
 _! own & !y 71 9 "s degree1 an         
indication ( ! arti/ic progress1 or want
 ( x1 9 a c\ntry4 ,b we h *ang$ all t & 
to-day all ef=t seems to be direct$ t[>d
 produc+ arti/ic & attractive /amps4    
,sometimes ?is is due to national pride 
& occasionally x is int5d$ to draw      
att5tion to ! res\rces & natural wond]s 
( a c\ntry4 ,z an example ( ! latt]1 "h 
are ! m>vel\s p9k t]races ( ,new ,zeal&1
 :i* 71 un=tunately1 de/roy$ by volcanic
 di/urbances a few ye>s ago4 ,b too (t51
 we fe>1 ^! picture /amps are produc$   
m]ely ) a view to _! ready salability to
 collectors4 ,m frequ5tly ?an n1 ^!     
brilliant labels are ! product ( a      

di/ant c\ntry & are no long] indicative 
( ! arti/ic /atus ( ! c\ntry by :i* !y  
are issu$4 ,= example1 a late issue f ! 
,tonga isl&s b made 9 ,london4 ,inde$1 !
 wilds ( ,africa1 ! di/ant isl&s ( !    
,pacific & ! tumultu\s republics (      
,c5tral ,am]ica f> out%9e ! cultur$     
c\ntries ( ! old _w 9 _! po/al /ation]y4
 ,! designs ( /amps may sugge/ _m ?+s3 !
 p[] ( nations1 ! m>* ( hi/ory1 ! glory 
( victory1 ! advance ( civilization1    
art1 indu/ry1 natural res\rces1 sc5ic   
gr&ure1 ! dead & /ori$ pa/1 ! liv+      
brea?+ pres5t4  ,! majority ( /amps be> 
a portrait1 usually t ( a sov]eign4 ,!  
/amps ( our own c\ntry pres5t a portrait
 gall]y ( our great & h]oic dead1 = by  
law ! faces ( ! liv+ may n appe> on our 
/amps or money4 ,?is is ! rev]se ( !    
rule 9 mon>*ical c\ntries1 :]e !        
portrait ( ! reign+ sov]eign usually    
adorns ! po/al issues4 ,! lik5ess mo/   
frequ5tly se5 on po/age /amps is t ( h] 
mo/ graci\s ,maje/y ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,=
 m ?an half a c5tury h] portrait has    

adorn$ ! num]\s /amps ( ,great ,brita9 &
 ! ,briti% ,colonies1 beg9n+ 9 #ahdj ) a
 beautiful portrait--pa9t$ by an        
,am]ican1 we may be pr\d to say--!      
portrait ( ! girl que51 we>+ h]         
coronation cr[n1 & cont9u+1 until to-day
 %e we>s a wid['s veil b5ea? ! cr[n ( ! 
,empress ( ,india4 ,9 ! issue by :i*    
,canada commemorat$ ! sixtie? ye> ( ,h] 
,maje/y's reign ! two portraits are     
happily comb9$4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1   
,canada ,po/age1 #ahcg-ahig1 #a_/b c5t  
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,haiti1 #a c5t     
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,tonga1 #b d4      
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,samoa ,po/age1    
#ba_/b p5ce  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,siam 
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,republic ,lib]ia  
,po/age1 #ahhd-ahib1 #h c5ts            
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,holk> ,/ate       
,po/age1 #a_/b ,anna  ,foll[+ ! lead (  
,europe & ,am]ica1 o!r c\ntries h plac$ 
! portraits ( _! rul]s on _! /amps & f  
?is cu/om we may ga9 "s slight in=mation
 on ! subject ( e?nography4 ,hayti1     
,tonga1 ,samoa1 ,siam1 ,lib]ia1 ,holk>1 

etc41 h %[n u types ( o!r races ?an !   
,caucassian4 ,"o ( ! /amps ( ,congo is  
adorn$ by a c\ple ( natives 9 local full
 dress :i* appe>s to be mu* on ! ord] ( 
t ( ! lady 9 ! ballad :o wore a wrea? & 
a smile4 ,japan has plac$ on h] /amps ! 
portraits ( two h]oes ( h] late w> )    
,*9a4 ,guatemala has ! head ( an ,indian
 woman4 ,! /amps ( ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo
 h ! arms ( ! company ) two /alw>t      
natives z support]s & a simil> device is
 us$ by ! ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa ,co4  
,! /amps ( ,obock %[ a gr\p ( natives4  
,! picture is entitl$ ! mission>y at    
d9n] ) ! native *iefs4 ,= fur!r         
p>ticul>s ( ! mission>y enquire )94     
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,congo1 #e francs  
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,emp]ial ,japanese 
,po/1 #e s5  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1       
,emp]ial ,japanese ,po/1 #e s5          
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,guatemala1 #a_/b  
real  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,briti% ,nor?
 ,borneo1 #ej c5ts  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1
 ,brit4 ,c5tral ,africa1 #b s4  #f p4   
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,republique        

,francaise ,obock1 #a ct4  ,ano!r l>ge  
gr\p ( /amps h num]als ( value z _!     
di/+ui%+ feature4 ,z examples ( ?is we  
f9d1 ! e>ly issues ( ,brazil & ,hawaii1 
_m /amps ( ,sw$51 ,ne!rl&s1 ,d5m>k1     
etc41 z well z ! po/age due /amps ( _m  
c\ntries1 includ+ our own4              
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,brazil1 #cj       
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,hawaiian ,po/age1 
#b c5ts  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,loes51 #a
 ore  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,n$]l&1      
#ba_/b c5t  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1        
,danm>k1 #e ore  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1   
,arabic  ,9 o!r c\ntries only           
inscriptions are us$4 ,?is is especially
 ! case ) ! ,native ,/ates ( ,india1 9  
"s ( :i* z _m z f\r languages are said  
to be employ$ on "o /amp4 ,^! are       
int]e/+ = _! crude & curi\s designs b   
are n popul> ) collectors1 probably     
because ( our inability to read !m4     
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,arabic            
,afghani/an has v>i$ ! idea by plac+ on 
h] /amps a tig]'s head surr\nd$ by a    
broad circle ( inscriptions4 ,ow+ to !  

%ort com+s ( native art ! tig] is m (t5 
droll ?an f]oci\s4  ,! me?od (          
cancellation us$ 9 t c\ntry is crude b  
effective4 ,x consi/s 9 cutt+ or te>+ a 
piece out ( ! /amp4 ,ne$less to say1 x  
is n popul> ) /amp collectors4          
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,arabic1 ,h9di     
,jhalaw>1 "o ( ! ,native ,/ates (       
,india1 has also v>i$ ! monotony (      
inscriptions by ! addition ( a sort (   
jump+-jack figure4 ,by "s writ]s ?is is 
claim$ to be a danc+ d]vi% & by o!rs a  
,naut* girl4 ,z pictur$ on ! /amp !     
figure does n pres5t ! s5su\s outl9es   
:i* h always be5 attribut$ to ^?        
delectable damsels4 ,bossakiewicz1 9 8  
,manuel du ,collectionneur de ,timbres  
,po/e says3 ,a danc+ nymph1 belong+ to !
 second>y ord] ( ,h9du div9ities & kn[n 
z an aps>a4 ,"h is a problem :i* ! next 
conv]t to philately may und]take to     
solve4 ,y see !re are /ill worlds to    
conqu]1 9 spite ( all ! inky battles t h
 be5 wag$ by philatelic writ]s4         
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,dilig5cia1 #fj    

c5tavos  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,escuelas1
 #a c5tesimo  ,! fir/ /amps ( ,uruguay  
be> ! inscription dilig5cia 7/agecoa*71 
?us pla9ly indicat+ ! me?od !n employ$ =
 transport+ ! mails4 ,on "s ( !         
,v5zuelan /amps is ! ^w escuelas        
7s*ools71 a portion ( ! rev5ue f ?is    
s\rce be+ devot$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! /ate
 s*ools4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,nor?    
,borneo1 #ab c5ts  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 
,obock1 #ahic1 #e c4  ,illu/ration3     
,/amp1 ,sudan ,po/age1 #a millieme      
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,correo ,lima1 #b  
c5tavos  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1           
,guatemala1 #bj c5tavos  ,illu/ration3  
,/amp1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #h p5ce        
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1  
#a %ill+  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1          
,newf\ndlo&1 #e c5ts  ,illu/ration3     
,/amp1 ,newf\ndlo&1 #b c5ts             
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,po/age ,w4        
,au/ralia1 #a %ill+  ,illu/ration3      
,/amp1 ,republic ,lib]ia1 #d c5ts       
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,republic ,lib]ia1 
#a doll>  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,new     

,zeal&1 #f p5ce  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1   
,/amp ,duty ,tasmania1 #f p5ce  ,!      
animal _w has be5 ?or\ghly exploit$ by  
design]s ( /amps & _m curi\s products h 
!y %[n u4 ,?is creature ) ! f9e op5     
c\nt5ance hails f ,nor? ,borneo b x is  
said t simil> creatures h be5 se5 by    
e>ne/ philateli/s aft] an ev5+ ( /udy 9 
! billi>d room ( ! ,collectors ,club1   
foll[$ by a light supp] ( broil$ lob/] &
 wel% r>ebit4 ,v famili> to collectors  
are ! camel ( ,obock & ! ,s\dan1 !      
,llama ( ,p]u1 ! sacr$ quetzal (        
,guatemala--! transmigrat$ =m ( ! god-k+
 ( ! ,aztecs--! lyrebird & ,kang>oo (   
,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,new ,f\ndl& has      
pictur$ ! seal & cod fi%1 ,we/]n        
,au/ralia ! black swan1 ,lib]ia !       
elephant & rh9oc]\s1 & ,new ,zeal& !    
curi\s bird call$ ! apt]ix1 :i* is      
w+less & clo!d 9 hair in/ead ( fea!rs4  
,tasmania %[s u h] animal freak1 !      
platypus p>adoxus1 ! bea/ ) a bill1 fir/
 c\s9 to our tailors & but*]s1 all ( :om
 are bea/s ) bills4 ,our own c\ntry has 

add$ to ! philatelic zoo by plac+ a h]d 
( cattle on "o ( ! ,trans-,mississippi  
issue4 ,t x is a pretty picture _c be   
d5i$ b ! connection betwe5 c[s & po/age 
/amps is n obvi\s4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1
 ,new ,brunswick ,po/age1 #c p5ce       
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,japanese1 #a s5   
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,imp]io d ,brazil1 
#cjj reis  ,new ,f\ndl&1 ,nova ,scotia &
 ,new ,brunswick h adorn$ _! /amps ) !  
h]aldic rose1 ?i/le & %amrock ( !       
,briti% ,empire4 ,japan1 ev] arti/ic &  
ev] a lov] ( ! beautiful1 has plac$ on  
h] /amps ! *rysan!mum1 bo? z a fl[] & 9 
its conv5tionaliz$ =m z ! cre/ ( !      
,imp]ial family4 ,& ,nepal has ! lotus1 
sacr$ to ,buddha4 ,brazil has %[n u !   
brilliant con/ellation ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross
 :i* sp>kles 9 ! tropic sky4            
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,malta1 #e %ill+s  
,_m nations h us$ _! coats ( arms z     
appropriate decorations = _! po/al      
issues4 ,on ! five %ill+ /amps ( ,malta 
we f9d ! ,maltese cross1 emblem ( !     
,knights ( ,/4 ,john & rem9isc5t ( !    

crusades4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,po/es  
,egypti5nes1 #e pia/res  ,illu/ration3  
,/amp1 ,greek3 ,hellas1 #b ,greek3      
dra*mai  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,greek3   
,hellas1 #ahif1 #e ,greek3 dra*mai      
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,greek3 ,hellas1   
#ahif1 #aj ,greek3 dra*mai              
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,fiji1 #a p5ny     
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,labuan1 #h c5ts   
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,congo1 #dj c5times
  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,congo1 #aj      
francs  ,egypt has h] sphynx & pyramids2
 ,greece an arti/ic s]ies ( pictures (  
h] fam\s /atues & ru9s4 ,fiji %[s a     
pirogue1 ! native canoe1 rudely %ap$ f a
 tree trunk & holl[$ out by fire4       
,labuan has a piratical look+ native    
dh[4 ,! /amps ( ,rhodesia & ! ,congo    
,free ,/ate depict ! advance (          
civilization on ! d>k cont95t4 ,hi/ory  
is sumptu\sly illu/rat$ 9 ! s]ies (     
/amps issu$ by our ,gov]nm5t to         
commemorate ! #djj? anniv]s>y ( !       
discov]y ( ! new _w by ,columbus & to   
celebrate ! settlem5t & gr[? ( ! great  

we/4 ,portugal also has celebrat$1 9 an 
elaborate issue ( /amps1 ! voyage (     
,vasco da ,gama to ,india4 ,o!r c\ntries
 h be5 q too ready to d likewise until  
we h fe>$ we 7 9 dang] ( be+ dr[n$ 9 !  
flood ( commemorative & celebration     
/amps1 _m ( :i* we felt 7 design$ to    
repl5i% an empty treasury r ?an to honor
 ! glori\s de$s ( ! pa/4  ,illu/ration3 
,/amp1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 #e %ill+             
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,republique        
,francaise1 #a  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1    
,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #a p5ny            
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,tr9idad           
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,briti% ,ea/       
,africa1 #a_/b ,anna  ,q a numb] ( /amps
 h allegorical designs4 ,"o ( ! mo/     
beautiful examples comes f ,/4 ,v9c5t4  
,famili> figures to philateli/s are ^? (
 ,peace & ,comm]ce on ! /amps ( ,france1
 ,hope ) h] an*or on ! issues ( ! ,cape 
( ,good ,hope & ,britannia on sev]al ( !
 ,briti% ,colonies4 ,! /amps ( ,briti%  
,ea/ ,africa be> a flam+ sun & ! leg5d  
light & lib]ty1 typical ( ! light (     

civilization & progress n[ dawn+ ^u t "p
 ( ! _w4 ,& on "o ( ! late issues (     
,portugal is a beautiful allegory ( !   
muse ( hi/ory wat*+ ,da ,gama's voyage  
to ! ,ea/4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1        
,portugal1 #adih-ahih1 #bc reis         
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,greece            
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,uruguay1 #ej      
c5tesimos  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1         
,b>bados1 #a_/b p5ny  ,f allegory to    
my?ology is b a /ep4 ,greece has long   
display$ on h] /amps ! w+$ head (       
,m]cury & ,uruguay has giv5 u a da9ty   
picture ( ! mess5g] ( ! gods4 ,! late   
issues ( ,b>bados h a picture (         
,amphitrite1 ! sp\se ( ,neptune1 9 h]   
*>iot drawn by sea-horses4 ,! h&some    
/amps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 int5d$ = !     
paym5t ( po/age on newspap]s &          
p]iodicals be> ! pictures ( n9e ( !     
goddesses ( ,grecian my?ology4 ,! /amps 
( ,*9a1 ,%anghai & ,japan introduce     
subjects f ori5tal my?s4 ,?is is n a    
pussy cat 9 a fit or try+ to dance a pas
 seul on ! end ( its tail4 ,x is "o ( ! 

mo/ v5]at$ ( ! ,*9ese dragons4 ,"o ( its
 prov9ces is to gu>d ! sacr$ cry/al (   
life4 ,x has a human head1 ! w+s ( a    
bird1 ! claws ( a tig] & ! tail ( a     
s]p5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,%anghai   
,,lpo1 #hj ca%  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1    
,nic>agua1 #a c5tavo  ,illu/ration3     
,/amp1 ,e/ados ,unidos de ,colombia1 #ej
 c5ts  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,v5ezuela1  
#e c's  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,/ate (    
,nor? ,borneo1 #ah c5ts  ,"o ( ! /ock   
argum5ts advanc$ 9 favor ( philately1 by
 ^? :o ?9k x ne$s o!r excuse ?an !      
ent]ta9m5t x af=ds1 is t x tea*es       
geography4 ,?is is und\bt$ly true1 &1 z 
if 9 support ( ! argum5t1 sev]al        
c\ntries h giv5 u :at might be call$ map
 /amps4 ,( late ye>s1 x has become      
cu/om>y = c\ntries to exploit _!        
attractions by issues ( picture /amps1  
_m ( :i* %[ views ( local sc5]y4 ,"o ( !
 fir/ 9 ?is l9e came f ,nor? ,borneo1   
%[+ a view ( ,mt4 ,kimbal1 a celebrat$  
volcano ( ! isl&4 ,congo has giv5 u two 
pictures :i* are microscopic gems ( art4

 ,! fir/ is a view ( ! railroad cross+ !
 ,mopoxo riv] & ! second ! ,falls (     
,inkissi4 ,briti% ,guiana has rec5tly   
%[n u two ( h] natural wond]s1 ,m\nt    
,roraima1 a great table-topp$ m\nta91 & 
! ,kaiteur ,falls4 ,new ,zeal& has an   
ext5sive s]ies ( views1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+
 ( :i* is ,m\nt ,cook4 ,among ! late/ ( 
^! attractive issues is "o f ,tonga1 :i*
 includes a picture ( a wond]ful "w ( ! 
pre-hi/oric inhabitants ( ^? isl&s1 a   
tri-li?on1 believ$ to h be5 erect$ z a  
burial place & monum5t ( a *iefta94 ,9  
its arrangem5t & massive simplicity x is
 sugge/ive ( ! ,druidic ru9s ( o!r l&s4 
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,congo1 #ej c5times
  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,congo1 #be      
c5times  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,briti%   
,guayana1 #ahig1 #a c5t  ,illu/ration3  
,/amp1 ,briti% ,guayana1 #ahig1 #b c5ts 
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,new ,zeal&1 #e    
p5ce  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,toga1 #c d4 
,illu/ration3 ,/amp  ,cr[ns & po/-horns 
figure on _m /amps & bo? are significant
 ( ! au?ority & purpose ( ^! seem+ly    

trifl+ bits ( pap]4 ,an int]e/+         
comb9ation ( ^! two emblems is f\nd on  
"o ( ! newspap] /amps ( ,hung>y4 ,9 ?is 
case ! cr[n is n m]ely a creation ( !   
arti/'s fancy b ! hi/oric cr[n ( ,sa9t  
,/eph51 ! iron cr[n ( ,hung>y1 s call$  
because x has )9 its rim an iron b& said
 to be made f "o ( ! nails ( ! cross4   
,9 all ^! subjects ( ?\ght ,i h m5tion$ 
only a few examples "u ea* head4 ,!     
numb] might be multipli$ _m times1 did  
,i n fe> to we>y y4  ,b1 turn+ f !      
purely pictorial side1 let u consid] !  
mat]ial side ( /amps & ! v>i\s me?ods   
employ$ 9 produc+ !m4 ,! design hav+ be5
 select$1 x becomes necess>y to         
reproduce x 9 "s =m suitable = mak+     
/amps 9 l>ge quantities4 ,9 a g5]al way 
we may divide /amp pr9t+ into two       
classes3 pr9t+ f metal plates & pr9t+ f 
/one1 or li?ography4 ,! fir/ class      
conta9s two gr& sub-divisions4 ,9 ! fir/
 ( ^! sub-divisions ! l9es to be        
reproduc$ are sunk5 bel[ ! surface ( !  
plate4 ,?is is kn[n z taille d\ce or l9e

 engrav+4 ,x is also call$ copp] plate &
 /eel engrav+4 ,! copp] plates = our    
visit+ c>ds are famili> examples ( ?is  
/yle ( "w & our national pap] curr5cy   
pres5ts v beautiful & elaborate results 
( ! process4  ,! second sub-division is 
kn[n z typography or surface pr9t+4 ,z  
its "n indicates1 ! l9es to be reproduc$
 are at ! surface ( ! plate1 ! o!r p>ts 
be+ cut away4 ,a newspap] is an example 
( typographical pr9t+1 ! t]m be+ appli$ 
to designs made up f type1 z well z to  
specially prep>$ plates4  ,i ne$ n      
sugge/ to y h[ wide a field = ?\ght &   
exploration ?is subject ( engrav+ op5s  
to u1 lead+ z x does directly into ! _w 
( books1 pictures & art4 ,b at pres5t we
 mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! subject z    
appli$ to po/age /amps1 save = a brief  
consid]ation ( its orig9 & hi/ory4  ,!  
art ( engrav+ owes its orig9 to !       
,flor5t9e goldsmi?s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 
,!y 7 accu/om$ to ornam5t _! "w ) incis$
 l9es :i* 7 fill$ ) black enamel4 ,a    
design ?us fill$ ) enamel 0 call$ a     

niello1 a d]ivative ( ! ^w nigellum 7!  
mo/ black74 ,! brass & nickel signs )   
black lett]s1 :i* we f9d at ! doors (   
bus9ess h\ses1 are mod]n =ms ( nielli4  
,:ile mak+ a niello1 ! arti/ naturally  
wi%$ to see h[ ! "w 0 progress+ & if any
 alt]ations 7 requir$4 ,x 0 n desirable 
to put ! enamel 9 ! design because x 0  
difficult to remove4 ,to avoid ?is an   
impression ( ! "w 0 tak5 9 clay1 f :i* a
 sulphur ca/ 0 made4 ,! l9es ( ! ca/ 7  
fill$ ) lamp black4 ,?us a copy ( ! "w 0
 obta9$ :i* reproduc$ its color+ & %[$ !
 condition ( ! engrav+4 ,a m simple     
process 0 discov]$ lat]4 ,?is consi/$ 9 
fill+ ! l9es ( ! engrav+ ) a ?ick ink & 
press+ a %eet ( damp pap] aga9/ !m4     
,suffici5t pressure 0 us$ to =ce ! pap] 
into ! l9es & take up ! ink on its      
surface4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( l9e engrav+ &
 plate pr9t+4 ,! process 0 at fir/      
employ$ = ! pres]vation & duplicat+ (   
designs = goldsmi?'s engrav+ & aft]w>ds 
= ! sake ( ! "w itself4 ,x 0 n until !  
next c5tury t ! process assum$ a lead+  

place 9 ! _w ( art4 ,if x 7 n go+ too f>
 away f our subject we might /udy ! e>ly
 engrav]s & _! "w ) mu* pr(it &         
ent]ta9m5t4 ,b x is our purpose to      
consid] ! subject only s f> z x applies 
to po/age /amps4  ,until ! e>ly "p ( !  
pres5t c5tury copp] 0 practically ! only
 metal us$ = engrav+4 ,only a limit$    
numb] ( impressions c be tak5 f a copp] 
plate because x we>s rapidly1 & x is n  
suit$ to su* "w z ! production ( po/age 
/amps4 ,ab\t #ahcj ! way 0 f\nd to make 
/eel ( suffici5t s(tness & f95ess ( gra9
 to be available = engrav+4 ,to-day     
anneal$ /eel is almo/ exclusively us$ = 
?is purpose4 ,anneal$ /eel is /eel :i*  
has be5 s(t5$ )\t be+ dec>boniz$4 ,!    
surface is c>efully gr\nd & poli%$ to a 
mirror-l brightness4 ,any "w :i* is to  
be reproduc$ _m times1 su* z po/age     
/amps & p>ts ( bank-notes1 is made on   
small pies ( /eel call$ dies4  ,if !    
design to be us$ is 9 ! %ape ( a draw+  
or engrav+1 a %eet ( gelat9 may be laid 
ov] x & ! outl9es trac$ ) a %>p-po9t$   

in/rum5t4 ,m (t5 a photograph is tak5 on
 a f]rotype plate & ! outl9es scrat*$   
into ! plate4 ,^! outl9es are fill$ )   
v]milion4 ,a piece ( pap] is !n laid on 
! plate & ! two pass$ ?r\gh a h&-press4 
,?is is call$ pull+ an impression4 ,:ile
 ! ink ( ! impression is /ill moi/ x is 
spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ v]milion to /r5g!n !    
l9es4 ,! block ( /eel is !n cov]$ ) an  
et*+ gr\nd 7a composition ( asphaltum1  
wax1 res9 & e!r7 & ! impression is      
transf]r$ to ?is4 ,! outl9es are cut    
?r\gh ! et*+ gr\nd & bitt5 into ! /eel )
 acid4 ,! coat+ is !n remov$ f ! block &
 ! arti/ proce$s ) ! engrav+4 ,!        
me*anical details & v>i\s me?ods (      
engrav+ are highly int]e/+ b "t w n     
p]mit _! discussion4  ,an engrav] is    
seldom exp]t 9 m ?an "o /yle ( "w4 ,ea* 
makes a specialty ( "s bran*1           
portraiture1 lett]+1 scroll-"w1 etc4 ,= 
?is reason sev]al engrav]s are usually  
employ$ on ea* die = a po/age /amp4 ,& 9
 ?is inability ( "o individual to d all 
/yles ( "w equally well lies "o ( !     

great securities aga9/ c\nt]feit+4  ,9 !
 c\rse ( mak+ a die1 pro(s are usually  
tak5 & ^! are mu* priz$ by collectors4  
,! die be+ f9i%$1 x is plac$ 9 a ba? (  
cyanide ( potassium & heat$ until !     
vessel conta9+ x is r$ hot4 ,?is process
 occupies f fifte5 m9utes to half an h\r
 = dies b may take z mu* z an h\r = a   
l>ge plate4 ,! die is !n transf]r$ to a 
ba? ( oil1 to cool & temp] x4 ,by ?is   
process x is ?or\ghly h>d5$4            
,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce     
,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,xlvi1 ,no4 #e4         
,copyright1 #ahie1 by ,d4 ,appleton     
,co4  ,9 ! case ( po/age /amps1 :]e x is
 desir$ to exactly duplicate ! design _m
 times on a plate1 rec\rse is _h to     
transf] rolls4 ,a transf] roll is a     
piece ( s(t /eel1 9 %ape a cross section
 ( a cyl9d]4 ,! edge is suffici5tly wide
 to receive an impression f ! die4 ,we  
%[ y "h a picture ( a transf] press4 ,f 
ea* side ( ! roll projects a small p9 or
 trunion4 ,^! p9s =m an axle = ! roll & 
by !m x is held 9 ! c>ri] ( ! press4 ,a 

is ! roll 9 ! c>ri]4 ,! die is plac$ on 
! table or b$ ,b4 ,! roll is held aga9/ 
! die ) a pressure ( _m tons1 obta9$ by 
comp\nd lev]age4 ,by means ( ! :eel1 ,e1
 & ! connect+ p9ion & rack1 ! b$1 c>ry+ 
) x ! die1 is mov$ back & =? "u ! roll4 
,?is is call$ rock+ & by x ! s(t /eel ( 
! roll is =c$ into ! die & a rev]se     
impression ( ! design is obta9$4 ,! roll
 is !n h>d5$ &1 by a rev]sal ( !        
process1 impressions f x are transf]r$  
to ! /eel plate f :i* ! /amps are to be 
pr9t$4 ,! plate is1 ( c\rse1 s(t at fir/
 & is h>d5$ aft] ! requir$ numb] (      
designs h be5 transf]r$ to x4 ,?is      
process is s p]fect t ! mo/ delicate    
l9es ( ! die are repeat$ ) absolute     
fidelity on ! plate4 ,:5 _m plates ( a  
/amp are likely to be ne$$1 x is        
cu/om>y1 9 ord] to avoid risk ( we> or  
damage to ! orig9al die1 to make        
duplicate dies1 call$ transf] dies1 & f 
!m ! necess>y rolls to make ! plates4   
,! plates are made ) great c>e4 ,!y are 
t\*$ up by h& & subject$ to close       

scrut9y & ! "w is (t5 gone ov] a numb] (
 times be=e ! result is pron\nc$        
satisfactory4 ,incid5tally any guide    
l9es & m>ks us$ by ! transf]r] are      
remov$ by burni%+4 ,9 ! old] issues (   
,unit$ ,/ates /amps1 su* l9es & dots are
 frequ5tly f\nd on ! /amps b ! lat]     
issues are v free f !m4  ,plates t h    
become worn are re-ent]$1 t is to say1 !
 transf] roll is appli$ to ! plate 9 !  
orig9al position & ! l9es ?us %>p5$ &   
deep5$4 ,if1 by any mi/ake 9 mak+ or    
re-ent]+ a plate1 ! roll is incorrectly 
plac$ & !n *ang$ to ! correct spot1 a   
d\ble impression ( "s ( ! /rong] l9es w 
result4 ,?is is call$ a d\ble transf] & 
sometimes1 ?\gh wrongly1 a %ift$ die4   
,^! d\ble transf]s are q common 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates /amps made be=e #ahfa b   
are sc>ce 9 ! late issues1 ei!r because 
! "w is n[ m c>efully done or because   
any mi/akes h be5 correct$4 ,su* a      
correction is effect$ by turn+ ! plate  
on its face on a h>d sub/ance1 hamm]+ on
 ! back until ! surface is driv5 up     

smoo? & !n ent]+ ! design anew4  ,a     
numb] ( v delicate ma*9es are us$ z aids
 to ! engrav]1 ?\gh mu* m = bank-notes &
 l>ge pieces ( "w ?an = po/age /amps4   
,^! are call$ rul+ ma*9es1 m$allion     
rul]s1 cycloidal & geometric la!s4 ,rul+
 ma*9es are us$ to make ! backgr\nds (  
portraits1 ! %ad+s ( lett]s & simil> "w4
  ,illu/ration3 ,co9 ,/amp1 ,new ,s\?   
,wales1 #e %ill+s  ,"h is a v pretty    
example ( rul+1 9 ! s-call$ co9 /amp (  
,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,^! ma*9es rule ei!r  
/raight or curv$ l9es4 ,!y c be adju/$  
to rule sev]al ?\s& l9es to an in*1 b t 
is only done = microscopical "w1 n =    
engrav+4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( a m$allion 
rul+ ma*9e is a rod1 fix$ on a pivot1 at
 "o end ( :i* is a p9 :i* is drawn      
across a m$allion1 :ile at ! o!r end a  
grav+ po9t traces a correspond+ l9e on !
 /eel4 ,! l>ge /amps issu$ 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates 9 #ahfe1 = ! paym5t ( po/age on  
newspap]s & p]iodicals1 are examples (  
?is "w4  ,cycloidal rul+ 9 its simple/  
=m resembles a s]ies ( loops4 ,x is     

produc$ by a fix$ po9t :i* is held aga9/
 a plate :ile ! latt] is mov$ 9 a circle
 &1 at ! same "t1 =w>d4 ,by alt]+ ! size
 ( ! circle & ! spe$ ( ! =w>d movem5t a 
great v>iety ( results are obta9$4 ,by  
cutt+ "o s]ies ( loops ov] ano!r1 lace-l
 effects are produc$4 ,! process is /ill
 fur!r v>i$ by ! use ( ecc5trics4       
,illu/ration3 ,rul+ ,patt]ns  ,!        
geometric la! is a mo/ delicate &       
complicat$ ma*9e4 ,by means ( elaborate 
atta*m5ts v involv$ & ecc5tric motions  
are giv5 to ! plate "u ! grav+ po9t &   
extremely complicat$ & beautiful designs
 are produc$4 ,i ?9k we are all famili> 
) ^! f ! examples on our national       
curr5cy4 ,geometric la!work 0 us$ on a  
numb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates /amps ( ! issue 
( #ahfa & also on ! #e1jjj rev5ue /amp4 
,! "w ( ?is ma*9e is reg>d$ z a great   
safegu>d aga9/ c\nt]feit+4 ,! mo/       
skillful engrav] w\ld h difficulty 9    
imitat+ ! simple/ designs produc$ by x4 
,! ma*9es are too exp5sive to be obta9$ 
by anyone b a gov]nm5t or a great       

banknote company & !re are v few m5 :o  
?or\ghly und]/& op]at+ !m4 ,a turn ( a  
screw or a v>iation ( a s+le cog w *ange
 ! result entirely4 ,f9ally ! "w ( ! la!
 is (t5 rev]s$1 s t ! l9e :i* is cut by 
! grav] & %\ld pr9t 9 color pr9ts :ite1 
& vice v]sa4 ,x w\ld n be possible to   
imitate ?is by h& engrav+4  ,pr9t+ f    
l9e-engrav$ plates is l>gely done by h& 
presses4 ,! ink us$ is v ?ick4 ,:5 black
 x is made ( f9ely pulv]iz$ c>bon1 mix$ 
) oil4 ,color$ inks are compos$ ( z9c   
:ite & dry colors1 gr\nd 9 oil4 ,!      
colors are animal1 vegetable or m9]al4  
,! latt] cause ! plates to we> out      
rapidly4 ,gre5 is an especially         
de/ructive color4 ,9 rec5t ye>s anil9e  
colors h be5 l>gely employ$4 ,!y af=d an
 elaborate range ( %ades & color        
comb9ations :i* are mo/ puzzl+ to       
describe4 ,soluble inks are mu* us$ by !
 lead+ ,engli% firm ( /amp pr9t]s4 ,!y  
are v s5sitive to wat] & are reg>d$ z "o
 ( ! be/ prev5tatives ( ! clean+ ( us$  
/amps4 ,beautiful results are obta9$ by 

pr9t+ /amps 9 two colors4 ,( c\rse1 ?is 
necessitates ! use ( two plates = ea*   
design4 ,?is also gives rise to "s      
int]e/+ v>ieties1 caus$ by "o "p ( !    
design be+ pr9t$ upside d[n4 ,su*       
oddities are sc>ce & are highly valu$ by
 philateli/s4  ,:5 a plate is to be     
pr9t$ f1 x is fir/ w>m$1 !n ! ink is    
appli$ & rubb$ into ! l9es ) a pad4 ,!  
surface ( ! plate is wip$ (f ) a clo?1  
!n ) ! h& & la/ly1 poli%$ ) :it+4 ,a    
%eet ( damp5$ pap] is next laid on !    
plate & ! :ole is pass$ "u ! roll] ( a  
press1 :i* =ces ! pap] into ! l9es ( !  
plate1 :]e x takes up ! ink4 ,:5 ! plate
 is deeply engrav$ ! ink seems to /& up 
f ! surface ( ! pap] 9 ridges & "s times
 we f9d correspond+ depressions on !    
backs ( ! /amps4 ,! %eets are !n dri$1  
gumm$ & dri$ aga94 ,!y are n[ s mu*     
curl$ & wr9kl$ t !y are plac$ betwe5    
%eets ( bri/ol bo>d & subject$ to       
hydraulic pressure ( sev]al hundr$ tons 
:i* effectively /raight5s !m out4  ,!   
second process ( pr9t+ f metallic plates

 is call$ typography4 ,! plates = ?is   
process are ! exact rev]se ( ^? engrav$ 
9 taille d\ce4 ,in/ead ( ! design be+   
cut into ! plate1 x is on ! surface &   
ev]y?+ else is cut away4 ,h5ce1 ! t]m   
surface pr9t+4 ,?is =m ( engrav+ is also
 call$ ep>gne engrav+1 because ! p>ts ( 
! plate :i* be> ! design are ep>gne     
7pres]v$47  ,! dies = typographical     
plates are cut 9 wood or /eel1 usually !
 =m]4 ,!y are reproduc$ by two me?ods1  
/]eotyp+ & electrotyp+4 ,9 ! =m] process
 ca/s ( ! die are tak5 9 papi] ma*e or  
pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,f ^! ca/s o!r ca/s are  
tak5 9 type-metal4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( 
^! ca/s are clamp$ toge!r or fa/5$ to a 
back+ ( wood & ?us =m a plate4 ,?is     
process is n mu* us$ = /amps4 ,x may    
int]e/ y to "k t mo/ ( our l>ge         
newspap]s employ ?is process4 ,!        
type-set =ms are1 ( c\rse1 flat4 ,f !m  
papi] ma*e impressions are tak5 & b5t   
into a curve1 s t ! ca/s made f !m w fit
 ! cyl9d]s ( ! pr9t+ presses4  ,9       
electrotyp+1 an impression is tak5 f !  

die 9 wax or gutta p]*a4 ,! surface (   
?is impression is coat$ ) p[d]$         
plumbago4 ,x is plac$ 9 a solution (    
sulphate ( copp] &1 by ! action ( a     
galvanic batt]y1 a ?9 %ell ( copp] is   
deposit$ on x4 ,?is %ell is back$ )     
type-metal & is !n ready = use4 ,a numb]
 ( ^! elecrotypes may be fa/5$ toge!r & 
electrotyp$ 9 "o piece4  ,!re is also a 
photographic process = mak+             
typographical dies4 ,?is is said to be  
us$ 9 mak+ ! /amps ( ,france & h]       
colonies4  ,illu/ration3 ,cli*e ) two   
/amps1 ,colombia1 #e c5ts  ,illu/ration3
 ,cli*e ) two /amps1 ,colonies de       
l',empire ,francais1 #aj c4  ,/]eotypes 
or electrotypes ( s+le /amps are call$  
cli*es4 ,9 mak+ up a plate x sometimes  
happ5s t a cli*e is plac$ upside d[n4 ,!
 result1 aft] pr9t+1 is a /amp 9 t      
position4 ,?is is call$ a tete be*e4 ,we
 illu/rate "h su* a /amp & ano!r :i* is 
semi tete be*e1 i4e41 turn$ half ar\nd  
in/ead ( be+ entirely inv]t$4 ,l all    
oddities ^! are priz$ by /amp           

collectors4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp        
,arrangem5t1 ,newf\ndl&1 #c p5ce  ,!    
triangul> /amps ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 
& ,new ,f\ndl& are s arrang$ 9 ! plate t
 half ( !m are tete be*e to ! o!r half4 
,! same is true ( ! /amps ( ,gr5ada ( ! 
issue ( #ahhc4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1    
,hawaiian ,po/age1 #e c5ts              
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,pet]sburg1        
,virg9a1 #e c5ts  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1  
,eranco en ,guadalaj>a1 #b reales       
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,ile de la         
,reunion1 #ae c5times  ,ano!r =m (      
typography is f\nd 9 /amps :i* are      
compos$ ( pr9t]'s type & ornam5ts4 ,^!  
are usually call$ type-set1 to di/+ui%  
!m f /amps produc$ by ! normal process (
 typography4 ,/amps made 9 ?is mann] are
 (t5 ( a high degree ( r>ity1 hav+ be5  
produc$ 9 remote p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e       
facilities 7 limit$ & ! use ( /amps     
re/rict$4 ,to ?is class belong ! /amps (
 ! fir/ issues ( ,briti% ,guiana1       
,hawaii & ,reunion1 :i* rank among !    
greate/ philatelic r>ities4 ,we %[ y "h 

a numb] ( type-set /amps4 ,! fir/ 0 us$ 
9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 9 paym5t ( po/age 
on lett]s betwe5 ! diff]5t isl&s4 ,!re  
are a numb] ( plates ( ^! /amps1 (      
diff]5t values1 & ea* conta9+ t5        
v>ieties4 ,! second /amp 0 issu$ by !   
po/ma/] ( ,pet]sburg1 ,va41 9 ! e>ly    
days ( ! w> ( ! rebellion & be=e ! po/al
 s]vice ( ! ,conf$]ate gov]nm5t 0 9     
work+ ord]4 ,! ?ird 0 us$ 9 ! city (    
,guadalaj>a1 ,mexico1 9 #ahfi1 dur+ ! w>
 betwe5 ,france & t c\ntry4 ,x 0 made f 
! cancellation /amp 9 use 9 ! po/ (fice1
 ! usual date be+ replac$ by ! value4 ,!
 /amps 7 /ruck by h& on %eets ( pap] :i*
 _h be5 previ\sly rul$ into squ>es ) a  
lead p5cil4 ,! f\r? /amp is "o ( !      
,reunion /amps previ\sly m5tion$4 ,!re 7
 eight /amps 9 ! sett+1 f\r hav+ a      
c5tral device l ! /amp %[n1 & ! o!r f\r 
be+ ( a diff]5t design4  ,x is int]e/+  
to rem>k t mo/ ( ^! type-set /amps %[ an
 evid5ce ( _! provisional nature & !    
/ress "u :i* !y 7 made1 9 ! pap] on :i* 
!y 7 pr9t$4 ,x 0 usually writ+ pap]1 su*

 z w\ld be f\nd at a /ation]s at t      
p]iod4 ,"s ( ! r>e type-set /amps (     
,briti% ,guiana 7 pr9t$ on ! pap] us$ = 
l9+ sug> b>rels4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1  
,%anghai ,,lpo1 #b c&>e5s  ,! /amps ( ! 
fir/ issue ( ,%anghai supply an unique  
v>iety 9 typograph$ /amps4 ,9 ^! /amps !
 c5tral design is cut ^u a block ( ivory
 & ! surr\nd+s are set up f pr9t]'s type
 & rules4 ,! /amps 7 pr9t$ "o at a "t ^u
 a h& press4 ,! value1 9 bo? ,engli% &  
,*9ese1 0 *ang$ z requir$1 & x is       
record$ t on occasions ! diff]5t values 
7 produc$ lit]ally :ile y wait4 ,"u su* 
circum/ances x is n surpris+ to le>n t  
m9or v>ieties are v num]\s4  ,9 pr9t+ f 
typographical plates ! ink is appli$ to 
! surface by means ( a roll]4           
,impressions f ^! plates1 be=e !y h be5 
press$1 %[ ! design =c$ into ! pap]1    
in/ead ( rais$ above x1 z 9 taille d\ce 
pr9t+4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,conf$]ate 
,/ates1 #e c5ts  ,!re is (t5 a          
noticeable diff]5ce 9 ! impressions made
 f ! same plate by diff]5t workm51 ow+  

to ! v>y+ degree ( skill & c>e employ$4 
,we frequ5tly f9d 9 /amp catalogues su* 
t]ms z ,london pr9t contra/$ ) local    
pr9t4 ,^! t]ms indicate a f9e impression
 & an inf]ior "o4 ,we f9d a good example
 9 two five c5t /amps ( ! ,conf$]ate    
,/ates4 ,!y are bo? f ! same plate b !  
fir/ 0 pr9t$ 9 ,london by ! skill$      
workm5 ( ,messrs4 ,de ,la ,rue  ,co41 & 
! la/ 0 locally made ) poor facilities4 
,emboss+ is a v>iety ( pr9t+ connect$ ) 
bo? l9e engrav+ & typography4 ,emboss+  
dies are produc$ by s9k+ l9es 9 ! plate 
b1 z a rule1 !y are int5d$ = su*        
productions z /amp$ envelopes & ! sunk5 
portions are a s]ies ( holl[s r ?an     
%>ply cut l9es4 ,an envelope1 view$ f ! 
rev]se1 w give an excell5t idea ( !     
appe>ance ( su* a die4 ,9 pr9t+ f ^!    
dies v heavy pressure is us$ & ! pap]   
usually is back$ by a piece ( lea!r or  
some?+ ( simil> nature4 ,9 its simple/  
=m emboss+ is a /amp+ 9 relief )\t      
color4 ,! /amp ( ,natal %[n "h 0 produc$
 9 ?is mann]4 ,! /amps ( ,sc9de1 issu$ 9

 #ahej1 7 emboss$ & = ! r$ "o l>ge      
waf]s1 at t date 9 common use = seal+   
lett]s1 7 us$4 ,! brittle nature ( ?is  
mat]ial is probably responsible = !     
sc>city ( ?is /amp1 especially ( copies 
9 f9e condition4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1  
emboss$1 ,natal  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1   
emboss$1 ,sc9de ,di/rict ,dawk1 #a_/b   
anna  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,halfp5ny    
,po/age  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,heligol&1
 #b ,pf5nig  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1       
,bay]n1 #a ,kreuz]  ,emboss+ is usually 
comb9$ ) typography4 ,! surface ( ! die 
be+ ink$1 t "p ( ! design is pr9t$ 9    
color at ! same "t t ! re/ is emboss$4  
,^! ?ree /amps %[ ?is class ( "w1 "o be+
 an envelope /amp ) ! head deeply       
emboss$4 ,! ,heligol& /amp l all ! /amps
 ( t isl& is 9 ! local colors1 r$1 :ite 
& gre51 ( :i* ! inhabitants are s pr\d4 
,9 ! case ( ! ,heligol& & ,bav>ia /amps 
! entire %eets are emboss$ at "o "t & n 
ea* /amp s+ly1 z is usual4  ,illu/ration
  ,"s curi\s v>ieties ( ?is sort ( pr9t+
 are f\nd among ! e>ly issues ( ,p]u4 ,!

 ma*9e 9 use !re pr9t$ ! /amps "o at a  
"t on long /rips ( pap]4 ,:5 ! end ( a  
/rip 0 rea*$ ano!r 0 atta*$ to x ) gum1 
9 ord] t ! process might be cont9u\s4 ,x
 frequ5tly happ5$ t an impression 0     
pr9t$ ^u or p>tly ^u ! ov]lapp+ ends ( !
 /rips4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! ends became  
sep>at$ & ?us we f9d /amps emboss$ p>tly
 ) & p>tly )\t color & occasionally     
entirely )\t x4 ,philateli/s call ^!    
v>ieties semi-alb9os & alb9os4 ,! latt] 
t]m is also appli$ to envelope /amps :i*
 h be5 emboss$ )\t ! die be+ ink$4      
,li?ography1 :ile a simpl] & less       
exp5sive mode ( mak+ /amps ?an ^?       
previ\sly describ$1 is n (t5 employ$ = !
 purpose4 ,! "w is inf]ior 9 quality &  
too easily c\nt]feit$ to comm5d itself4 
,9 li?ography ! l9es ( ! design are     
nei!r sunk5 nor1 to any appreciable     
ext5t1 rais$ above ! surface4 ,! design 
is practically a draw+1 9 a c]ta9 greasy
 ink1 ^u /one ( a p>ticul> quality4 ,:5 
sev]al colors are us$1 z 9              
*romo-li?ography1 a sep>ate /one is     

prep>$ = ea*4 ,! design is sometimes    
drawn directly on ! /one & at o!rs      
transf]r$ to x4 ,= /amps a die is made 9
 wood1 metal or /one4 ,impressions f ?is
 are made 9 transf] ink 7a v fat ink1   
made ( soap1 res91 tall[1 etc47 ^u      
transf] pap]4 ,^! impressions are plac$1
 face d[nw>d1 on ! /one & ! pap] is     
moi/5$4 ,on be+ pass$ ?r\gh a press !   
ink adh]es to ! /one & ! pap] is easily 
remov$4 ,a wet sponge is pass$ ov] !    
/one1 ! wat] adh]+ to ! expos$ surface b
 n to ! greasy ink4 ,:ile x is moi/ a   
roll]1 cov]$ ) transf] ink1 is roll$ ov]
 ! designs to :i* x adh]es4 ,! wett+ &  
roll+ are alt]nat$ until ! designs h    
suffici5t body4 ,la/ly1 a v weak        
solution ( nitric acid1 gum arabic &    
wat] is pass$ ov] ! /one4 ,?is is at    
once wa%$ (f4 ,x bites ! /one to a v    
trifl+ ext5t & s]ves to clean ! surface 
& add %>pness to ! design4  ,impressions
 tak5 f a li?ographic /one are p]fectly 
flat & smoo?1 ! surface ( ! pap] be+    
nei!r rais$ nor depress$4 ,!y h usually 

a slightly greasy feel4  ,illu/ration1  
,/amp1 ,n4 ,cal$onie1 #aj c4  ,an       
int]e/+ specim5 ( li?ography is suppli$ 
by ! fir/ issue ( ,new ,cal$onia4 ,!    
design 7fifty /amps 9 five r[s ( t57 0  
drawn ^u ! /one by a s]geant ( ,m>9es1  
nam$ ,triqu]a4 ,x is said ! "w 0 done ) 
a po9t$ nail4 ,z might be expect$1 x 0 v
 crude4  ,ano!r int]e/+ /amp 0 issu$ 9 !
 isl& ( ,tr9idad 9 #ahee4 ,9 ?is case1 !
 /one1 aft] ! designs _h be5 plac$ ^u x1
 0 v deeply bitt5 ) acid1 s t x might   
prop]ly be call$ et*$ & ! impressions f 
x be said to be typograph$ f /one4 ,?is 
/one 0 us$ 9 #ahee1 #aheh & #ahfj4 ,ow+ 
to its friable nature & want ( c>e !    
/one det]iorat$1 s t ! la/ impressions f
 x are little bett] ?an blurs4  ,hav+   
consid]$ ! design & ! me?ods ( prep>+   
plates & pr9t+ /amps ! next ?+ to       
attract our att5tion is ! pap]4 ,we "h  
%[ y "s photographs ( pap]4 ,^! 7 n tak5
 by reflect$ light b by transmitt+ light
 ?r\gh ! pap]1 s t we h ! fibre &       
/ructure ( x4  ,illu/ration3 ,pap]  ,!  

two v>ieties ( pap] mo/ us$ = /amps are 
t]m$ wove & laid4 ,wove pap] has an ev5 
texture sugge/ive ( clo?4 ,l clo? x may 
%[ no gra9 :5 held to ! light or x may h
 ! appe>ance ( int]wov5 ?reads4 ,! pap] 
ord9>ily us$ = books & newspap]s is     
wove4 ,!re is a v ?91 t\gh wove pap]1   
mu* l t famili>ly kn[n z onion-sk91 :i* 
is call$ pelure by philateli/s4 ,on a   
few occasions a wove pap]1 :i* is ne>ly 
z ?ick z c>d bo>d1 has be5 us$ = /amps4 
,illu/ration3 ,pap]  ,laid pap] %[s     
alt]nate light & d>k l9es1 p>allel &    
close toge!r4 ,^! l9es are call$        
v]gures4 ,!re are usually o!r l9es1 an  
in* or m ap>t1 cross+ ! v]gures at "r   
angles4  ,ribb$ pap] has mu* ! appe>ance
 ( a f9e closely laid pap]4 ,x is1      
h[ev]1 a wove pap] ) a corrugat$        
surface4 ,9 ori5tal c\ntries1 especially
 ,japan1 a peculi>1 t\gh1 cottony pap]  
is produc$4 ,x is sometimes wove &      
sometimes laid1 usually ?9 & h>d to te>4
 ,i believe ?is is made f rice /raw4    
,pap] :i* has ?9 l9es ab\t ! di/ance    

ap>t ( ! rul$ l9es 9 writ+ pap] is call$
 batonne1 f ! ,fr5* baton1 a /ick or    
rule4 ,if ! pap] betwe5 ! batons is     
wove1 x is call$ wove batonne4 ,if !    
space is fill$ ) f9e laid l9es1 x is    
call$ laid batonne4 ,quadrille pap] has 
laid l9es :i* =m small squ>es4 ,:5 ^!   
l9es =m rectangles1 x is call$ oblong   
quadrille4  ,illu/ration3 ,pap]         
,illu/ration3 ,pap]  ,illu/ration3 ,pap]
  ,"s ( ! /amps ( ,mexico 7 pr9t$ on    
pap] rul$ ) blue l9es4 ,?is 0 m]ely     
ord9>y foolscap pap]4 ,_m ( ! e>ly /amps
 ( ,russia 7 on a pap] hav+ ! surface   
coat$ ) a soluble enamel4 ,?is n only   
gave a v f9e impression b1 on an attempt
 to clean a cancell$ /amp1 ! enamel w\ld
 wa% (f1 c>ry+ ! design ) x4  ,two /amps
 ( ,prussia1 issu$ 9 #ahff1 are usually 
said to be on gold-beat]'s sk94 ,b !y   
are really on a v ?9 t\gh pap] :i* has  
be5 treat$ ) %ellac1 p>raf9e1 or some?+ 
:i* makes x transp>5t1 & aft]w>ds coat$ 
) a gelat9e prep>ation4 ,on ?is ! design
 0 pr9t$ rev]s$1 i4e4 only to be se5    

correctly :5 view$ ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,!     
/amps 7 gumm$ on ! pr9t$ side4 ,:5 !y 7 
affix$ to an envelope any attempt to    
soak !m (f result$ 9 ! pap] com+ away   
:ile ! design adh]$ to ! envelope1 l a  
decalcomanie4 ,essays ( ?is nature 7    
made 9 a numb] ( c\ntries1 includ+ our  
own1 b ,prussia 0 ! only "o to make &   
use ! /amps4  ,!re are sev]al v>ieties (
 pap] :i* h ?reads ( silk or o!r fibre4 
,! fir/ ( ^! is kn[n z ,dick9son pap]1 f
 ! "n ( its inv5tor4 ,x has "o or two   
?reads ( silk incorporat$ 9 ! pap] 9 !  
c\rse ( manufacture4 ,= /amp$ envelopes 
two ?reads 7 g5]ally us$4 ,!y 7 plac$   
ab\t half an in* ap>t & ! envelope 0    
usually s pr9t$ t ! ?reads w\ld cross ! 
/amp4 ,= adhesive /amps only "o ?read 0 
us$4 ,great ,brita9 & sev]al ( ! ,g]man 
,/ates made ext5sive use ( ?is pap]4 ,x 
has nev] be5 successfully c\nt]feit$4 ,!
 be/ imitation 0 made by gumm+ toge!r   
two ?9 pieces ( pap] ) a silk ?read     
betwe5 !m b ! fraud 0 n difficult to    
detect4  ,"s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates rev5ue   

/amps 7 pr9t$ on a pap] :i* _h a few    
bits ( silk fibre scatt]$ ?r\gh x4 ,!   
pap] call$ granite or silurian has a    
quantity ( color$ ?reads mix$ ) ! pulp4 
,9 ,switz]l& blue & r$ ?reads 7 us$1    
giv+ ! pap] a slightly grayi% tone4 ,9  
,s]via only r$ ?reads 7 us$ b 9         
suffici5t quantity to make ! pap] appe> 
a fa9t rose color4  ,manila is a co>se  
buff pap] made f manila fibre4 ,x is    
g5]ally us$ = newspap] wrapp]s4  ,x w   
sc>cely be necess>y to say t pap] is    
f\nd 9 a great v>iety ( colors & t su*  
color$ pap] has frequ5tly be5 us$ =     
/amps4  ,we _c consid] pap] )\t treat+ (
 wat]m>ks1 s9ce !y are made 9 ! process 
( pap] mak+ & con/itute an important    
feature ( /amp pap]4 ,wat]m>ks are      
designs impress$ 9 ! pap] pulp4 ,! pap] 
is slightly ?9n] 9 ! l9es ( ^! designs &
 appe>s light] :5 held to ! light4 ,(   
c\rse y are all famili> ) ?is appe>ance 
f hav+ notic$ ! wat]m>ks 9 note pap]4   
,on r>e occasions ! wat]m>k is a ?ick5+ 
( ! pap] in/ead ( a ?9n+4 ,9 su* a case 

! wat]m>k appe>s m opaque ?an ! pap]4   
,wat]m>ks 9 pap] us$ = /amps are1 (     
c\rse1 int5d$ z a security aga9/        
c\nt]feit+4  ,illu/ration3 ,wat]m>k     
,u4,s4,p4 7mirror$ lett]s7  ,!re are a  
great v>iety ( wat]m>ks2 words1 lett]s1 
figures1 h]aldic devices1 etc41 etc4    
,sometimes ! design cov]s ! :ole %eet & 
at o!r times sev]al /amps1 b usually !re
 is a sep>ate wat]m>k = ea* /amp4 ,!    
curr5t /amps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are      
wat]m>k$ ) ! lett]s ,u4 ,s4 ,p4 ,s41    
,unit$ ,/ates ,po/al ,s]vice4 ,?is is s 
set up t ! lett]s read 9 sequ5ce f any  
po9t & 9 any direction4 ,at "o "t sev]al
 ( ! ,briti% colonies 9 ,au/ralia       
employ$ pap] wat]m>k$ ) a figure or ^w (
 ! value ( ! /amp int5d$ to be pr9t$ on 
x4 ,x c readily be und]/ood t ^! w\ld   
sometimes get mix$ & result 9 m ( ^?    
oddities 9 :i* philateli/s delight4     
,illu/ration3 ,wat]m>k1 ,cr[n ) lett]s  
,,cc  ,illu/ration3 ,wat]m>k1 ,cr[n )   
lett]s ,,ca  ,illu/ration3 ,wat]m>ks1   
,cross & ,orb1 ,an*or1 ,elephant ,head1 

,p9e-,apple1 ,ca/le  ,illu/ration3 ,wat]
 ,m>ks1 ,po/ ,horn1 ,turtle1 ,g5eva     
,cross  ,"h are "s well-kn[n wat]m>ks4  
,! lett]s ,,cc "u ! ,cr[n /& = ,cr[n    
,colonies4 ,?is 0 ext5sively us$ on     
/amps ( ! ,briti% ,colonies4 ,x has be5 
replac$ by a simil> design1 lett]$ ,,ca1
 ,cr[n ,ag5ts = ! ,colonies1 :i* is /ill
 9 use4 ,a great v>iety ( cr[ns h be5   
us$1 z also ( />s4 ,! cross & orb are   
f\nd on /amps ( ,great ,brita94 ,! an*or
 belongs to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 !    
elephant to ,india1 ! p9e-apple to      
,jamaica1 ! ca/le to ,spa9 7:]e else    
w\ld we h ca/les if n 9 ,spa987 ! po/   
horn to ,d5m>k1 ! turtle to ,tonga4 ,!  
,g5eva cross belongs to ,switz]l& b is n
 really a wat]m>k1 z x is impress$ 9 !  
pap] aft] ! /amps are pr9t$4 ,! pyramid 
& sun & ! /> & cresc5t bo? belong to    
,egypt4 ,! lion comes f ,norway1 ! sun f
 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ! wrea? ( oak    
leaves f ,hanov]1 ! lotus fl[] f ,siam4 
,illu/ration3 ,,u4 ,,pod '#ii           
,illu/ration3 ,d\ble eagle              

,illu/ration3 ,wat]m>k1 ,pyramid1 ,moon 
& ,/>  ,illu/ration3 ,wat]m>k1 ,lion )  
,axe1 ,sun1 ,wrea?1 ,fl[]  ,"h is "o f  
,travancore1 x repres5ts a %ell sacr$ to
 ! god ,vi%nu4 ,on ! /amps ( ,%anghai we
 f9d ^! ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,!y read ,kung  
,pu1 lit]ally labor bo>d1 o!rwise       
,municipal ,c\ncil1 by ^: au?ority !    
/amps 7 issu$4  ,illu/ration3 ,wat]m>k1 
,%ell  ,illu/ration3 ,wat]m>k1 ,*9ese   
,*>act]s  ,! wat]m>ks on ! prec$+ page  
are f envelopes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &     
,russia4 ,( c\rse !re are _m m wat]m>ks 
?an ^? we %[4 ,on _m %eets !re are      
wat]m>k$ bord]s ) ! "n ( ! c\ntry1 ! ^w 
po/age1 or o!r inscriptions4  ,!re is   
mu* t is int]e/+ 9 pap] mak+4 ,! be/    
pap] is made f l95 rags b _m o!r        
sub/ances are us$1 cotton rags1 esp>to  
grass1 /raw1 etc4 ,v common pap]1 su* z 
t us$ = ! daily newspap]s1 is made f    
wood pulp4 ,pap] is made 9 two ways1 by 
h& & by ma*9]y4  ,h& made pap] is made  
by means ( a m\ld & a deckle4 ,a m\ld is
 a piece ( f9e wire gauze1 tightly      

/ret*$ on a wood5 frame4 ,if ! pap] is  
to be laid1 co>s] l9es are wov5 9 !     
gauze4 ,if x is to be wat]m>k$1 !       
designs1 made ( wire b5t 9 ! desir$ %ape
 or ( bits ( metal1 are fa/5$ to !      
surface4 ,a deckle is a n>r[ wood5 frame
 :i* fits on & ar\nd ! sides ( ! m\ld4  
,! deckle is movable1 9 ord] t x may be 
us$ ) m ?an "o m\ld4 ,! m\ld is dipp$ 9 
pap] pulp & a quantity tak5 ^u x4 ,x is 
!n %ak51 to make ! pulp cov] ! :ole     
surface ev5ly & rid x ( wat]4 ,! edges (
 ! result+ %eet are1 naturally1 r\gh &  
irregul> & are call$ deckle edges4  ,to 
make ! pap] pulp ! rags are fir/ boil$ )
 soda & lime1 to rid !m ( dirt & grease4
 ,!y are !n mac]at$ 9 a vat1 ?r\gh :i*  
fre% wat] cont9ually fl[s4 ,:5 ?or\ghly 
gr\nd ! pulp is treat$ ) a blea*+ fluid 
:i* removes all color4 ,x is !n press$ &
 is ready = use4 ,:5 ab\t to be us$ !   
pulp is mix$ ) wat] & color is add$ if  
desir$4 ,:5 ! pap] is to be made by     
ma*9]y ! pulp is all[$ to fl[ sl[ly f ! 
vat ^u a wide1 endless b&1 usually made 

( f9e wire gauze b occasionally ( canvas
 or o!r =m ( clo?4 ,?is b& is /ret*$ ^u 
roll]s & travels sl[ly =w>d :ile1 at !  
same "t1 x is %ak5 f side to side to    
di/ribute ! pulp4 ,two n>r[ b&s ( ,india
 rubb] are /ret*$ l5g?wise ( ! gauze b& 
& re/+ ^u x4 ,!y s]ve to conf9e ! pulp &
 regulate ! wid? ( ! pap]4 ,^! b&s are  
also call$ deckles & produce ! same edge
 z ! frame us$ 9 mak+ h&-made pap]4  ,z 
! pulp moves along ) ! gauze b& x passes
 "u a roll] call$ ! d&y roll4 ,! cov]+ (
 ?is roll det]m9es ! "* ( ! pap]4 ,:5 ! 
pap] is to be wove1 x is cov]$ ) wire   
gauze4 ,if x is to be wat]m>k$ ! designs
 are atta*$ to ! surface ( ! roll & duly
 press$ into ! pap]4 ,to make laid pap] 
! surface ( ! roll is cov]$ )           
longitud9al wires1 ) spaces ! wid? ( a  
wire betwe5 !m4 ,r+s ( wire pass ar\nd !
 roll at regul> int]vals & hold !       
longitud9al wires 9 place4 ,= batonne   
pap]1 !re are ?ick longitud9al wires at 
int]vals & betwe5 !m ei!r small] wires  
or gauze1 z ! pap] is to be laid batonne

 or wove batonne4 ,aft] pass+ ! d&y roll
 ! pap] goes ov] a numb] ( roll]s cov]$ 
) felt & cyl9d]s heat$ by /eam1 until x 
is dry4 ,x is !n siz$1 dri$ aga91 press$
 betwe5 heavy roll]s1 to give x a       
surface1 & ! edges trimm$ by revolv+    
cutt]s4 ,x is !n w\nd up 9 a roll or cut
 into %eets1 z may be requir$4  ,hav+   
duly consid]$ ! design1 pr9t+ & pap] (  
/amps1 ! next ?+ to attract our att5tion
 is ! gum4 ,mo/ gums are prep>$ f potato
 />*1 dextr9 or gum arabic4 ,gelat9 is  
sometimes add$ to supply body & glyc]9e 
to give smoo?ness4 ,gum v>ies mu* 9     
?ickness & color4 ,! fir/ ?ree c5t /amp 
( ! ,dani% ,we/ ,indies furni%es an     
in/ance ( ?is4 ,! /amps 7 s5t f ,d5m>k  
)\t gum1 z is frequ5tly done ) /amps =  
tropical c\ntries4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! isl&s 
! /amps 7 giv5 to two druggi/s to be    
gumm$4 ,"o us$ gum ( good quality &1    
light color1 :ile ! o!r us$ poor mat]ial
 & ( s d>k color z to /a9 ! pap] & ev5  
d>k5 ! ink ( ! /amps4 ,9 ,hanov]        
rose-color$ gum 0 us$ = a numb] (       

issues4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ local pr9ts ( !  
,s\? ,african ,republic 7 made ^u pap]  
s5t out ready gumm$ f ,g]many4 ,! pap] 0
 mu* wr9kl$ by ! gum & ! effect may be  
se5 9 ! wavy & brok5 l9es ( ! ink4  ,!  
/amps ( ! fir/ issue ( ,reunion 7 sold  
ungumm$ & 7 affix$ to lett]s 9 any way t
 pleas$ ! writ]s4 ,"s 7 fa/5$ by waf]s &
 "s ev5 7 p9n$ on4  ,=m]ly1 %eets (     
/amps to be gumm$ 7 fa/5$ 9 a frame & ! 
gum appli$ by h& ) a l>ge bru%4 ,!y 7 !n
 s5t to ! dry+ room & hung up to dry4   
,n[ ! process is entirely me*anical4 ,! 
%eets are f$ into a ma*9e 9 :i* !y fir/ 
pass "u a gumm$ roll]4 ,!n !y are c>ri$ 
on an endless *a9 ?r\gh a long box fill$
 ) /eam pipes & em]ge at ! fur!r end dry
 & ready to be press$ & p]=at$4  ,!     
subject ( p]=ations is also wor?y ( "s  
brief att5tion4 ,! fir/ /amps 7         
imp]=ate1 necessitat+ ! use ( scissors  
or o!r in/rum5t 9 sep>at+ !m4 ,?is 0 a  
manife/ inconv5i5ce4 ,9 #ahdg1 ,h5ry    
,ar*]1 an ,iri%man1 began exp]im5t+ )   
ma*9es = p]=at+ /amps4 ,aft] a numb] (  

attempts he succe$$ 9 mak+ a ma*9e :i* 0
 accept$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t & = :i*1 
9 #aheb1 he 0 all[$ a comp5sation (     
,l#d1jjj4 ,james ,m4 ,napi] greatly     
improv$ on ?is ma*9e & adapt$ x = /eam  
p[]4  ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( all p]=at+    
ma*9es is a s]ies ( holl[ ne$les1 :i*   
remove r[s ( small disks ( ! pap] f     
betwe5 ! /amps1 & ?us fit !m to be      
readily torn ap>t4 ,= conv5i5ce (       
ref]5ce & description philateli/s h     
adopt$1 z a /&>d ( measurem5t1 ! space (
 two c5timetres4 ,! gauge ( a p]=ation  
is det]m9$ by ! numb] ( holes 9 ?is     
di/ance4 ,scales h be5 prep>$ = measur+ 
p]=ations b x w\ld be sup]flu\s to      
attempt to describe !m "h4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/
 p]=ations t has be5 us$ = /amps has    
sev5 holes 9 two c5timetres4 ,?is 0 us$ 
on ! /amps ( ,france by ,susse ,fr]es1 a
 firm ( /ation]s4 ,x 0 done = !         
conv5i5ce ( !mselves & _! cu/om]s4 ,"s (
 ! /amps ( ,mexico h a /ill l>g]        
p]=ation gaug+ #ea_/b4 ,! f9e/ gauge is 
ab\t #ai4 ,?is is an un(ficial p]=ation 

& 0 appli$ to "s ( ! e>ly /amps (       
,tasmania4  ,illu/ration3 ,p]=ation     
,illu/ration3 ,p]=ation  ,illu/ration3  
,p]=ation  ,illu/ration3 ,p]=ation  ,we 
%[ y "h a v>iety ( p]=ations4 ,! fir/   
two are ord9>y p]=ations ( diff]5t      
gauges1 #ia_/b & #ad4 ,! ?ird %[s a     
p]=ation 9 squ>e holes in/ead ( r\nd4 ,!
 next is an example ( p9 p]=ation1 !    
holes be+ f> ap>t & small4 ,two sides ( 
! /amp %[ ! holes be=e ! /amps h be5    
torn ap>t & a ?ird side %[s ! ragg$     
effect produc$ by sep>at+ !m4 ,ano!r =m 
( p9 p]=ation is made by ne$les :i* are 
n holl[ & m]ely prick holes 9 ! pap] )\t
 remov+ any ( x4 ,?is sort ( p]=ation   
has sometimes be5 made by a sew+ ma*9e )
 an un?read$ ne$le4  ,illu/ration3      
,p]=ation  ,! la/ =m ( p]=ation %[n is  
call$ loz5ge4 ,9 ?is ! ma*9e removes    
small diamond %ap$ pieces f ! pap]4 ,!  
effect be=e ! sep>ation is %[n betwe5 ! 
pair ( /amps1 :ile ! out] edges %[ !    
appe>ance ( s+le copies4  ,illu/ration3 
,p]=ation  ,a v>iety ( ma*9es are us$ 9 

p]=at+ /amps4 ,"o p]=ates only a s+le r[
 ( holes at a "t4 ,?is is kn[n z !      
guillot9e ma*9e because its action      
sugge/s t unpleasant in/rum5t4 ,ano!r   
ma*9e is call$ ! comb ma*9e because !   
ne$les are arrang$ to p]=ate across !   
top ( a r[ ( /amps & at ! same "t betwe5
 ! /amps ( t r[4 ,?is arrangem5t some:at
 resembles a comb4 ,x w be se5 t ! fir/ 
application p]=ates ! /amps ( "o r[ on  
?ree sides4 ,! application ( ! ma*9e to 
! next r[ bel[ completes ! f\r? side4 ,9
 ! be/ p]=at+ ma*9es ! ne$les are       
arrang$ 9 circles ar\nd a sp9dle4 ,!    
%eets pass "u ?is roll] & are p]=at$ 9  
"o direction4 ,a simil> ma*9e makes !   
p]=ations 9 ! o!r direction4  ,!re is   
ano!r =m ( sep>ation call$ r\lett+1 f ! 
,fr5* r\lette1 a little :eel1 its       
simple/ =m be+ produc$ by a small :eel )
 an edge ( %>p po9ts4 ,by ?is process a 
s]ies ( small cuts is made betwe5 !     
/amps b none ( ! pap] is remov$4        
,illu/ration3 ,r\lett+1 ,l>ge ,gauge    
,illu/ration3 ,r\lett+1 ,small ,gauge   

,9 ^! two illu/rations are %[n r\lettes 
( l>ge & small gauge4 ,! same result is 
also obta9$ by sett+ pr9t]s rules :i* h 
a not*$ edge betwe5 ! cli*es :i* compose
 ! plate4 ,^! rules are set a trifle    
high] ?an ! cli*es s t1 :5 ! %eet ( pap]
 is press$ aga9/ ! plate 9 pr9t+1 !     
po9ts ( ! rules are =c$ ?r\gh x4 ,^!    
po9ts receive ink ! same z o!r p>ts ( ! 
surface ( ! plate & ! effect ?us produc$
 is call$ r\lett+ 9 color$ l9es4        
,illu/ration3 ,r\lett+ ,=ms             
,illu/ration3 ,r\lett+ ,=ms  ,!re are a 
numb] ( sy/ems :i* produce ! effect (   
r\lett+ 9 a v>iety ( fancy =ms4 ,"o is  
call$ p]ce en arc4 ,?is produces a s]ies
 ( ar*es on "o /amp & a s]ies ( scallops
 on ! adjac5t "o4 ,"h is an example (   
?is r\lett+1 9 a small gauge4 ,a simil> 
=m is call$ s]p5t9e p]=ation4 ,x is "h  
%[n4  ,illu/ration3 ,r\lett+ ,=ms       
,illu/ration3 ,r\lett+ ,=ms  ,/ill ano!r
 =m leaves ! edges ( ! /amps 9 %>p      
po9ts4 ,?is is call$ p]ce en scie or    
saw-too? p]=ation4 ,:5 ?is p]=ation is v

 f9e x is call$ s]rate4 ,!re is /ill    
ano!r =m ( r\lett+1 :i* we also %[ y4 ,x
 is call$ r\lett+ 9 oblique p>allel cuts
 & consi/s ( a r[ ( %ort cuts plac$     
obliquely & p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,/amps  
?us r\lett$ h a v ragg$ edge :5 torn    
ap>t4 ,?is r\lette 0 only us$ 9         
,tasmania & 0 a private production4     
,illu/ration3 ,burelage  ,illu/ration3  
,control ,numb]1 #gj  ,illu/ration3     
,moiree ,patt]n  ,"o ( ! nightm>es ( e  
gov]nm5t is ! fe> t its securities w be 
c\nt]feit$ or tamp]$ )4 ,i h sev]al     
times m5tion$ precautions aga9/ su*     
abuses 9 ! %ape ( f9e engrav+1 wat]m>ks1
 enamel$ pap]1 s5sitive inks1 etc4 ,!re 
are num]\s o!r devices :i* h be5 us$ ) !
 same end 9 view4 ,! patt]ns "h %[n 7   
pr9t$ on ! backs ( ! /amps 9 blue ink4  
,! fir/ is a b& ( int]lac$ l9es1 call$ a
 burelage4 ,! second is a sort ( control
 numb]4 ,! numb] diff]s = ea* /amp on ! 
%eet4 ,! ?ird resembles ! l9es 9 wat]$  
silk & is call$ moiree4 ,x cov]s !      
entire back ( ! %eet4 ,sometimes ! /amps

 are cov]$ ) a network :i* only becomes 
visible on ! application ( c]ta9        
*emicals4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! exp]im5t has  
be5 tri$ ( break+ ! fibre ( ! pap] by   
press+ into ! /amps a gr\p ( t9y        
pyramids1 call$ a grill4 ,! idea 0 t !  
cancell+ ink w\ld p5etrate ! brok5 pap] 
& c\ld n be remov$4  ,we _c f9i% our    
/udy ( ! mat]ial side ( /amps )\t       
ref]5ce to ano!r feature1 i4e41         
sur*>ges4 ,correctly speak+1 a sur*>ge  
is an add$ *>ge1 b 9 philately ! t]m is 
appli$ to a v>iety ( ov]pr9ts1 !        
majority ( :i* indicate a r$uction r ?an
 an increase 9 value4 ,ye>s ago ! ^w    
sur*>ge usually sugge/$ a make%ift1     
some?+ ( a tempor>y nature prep>$ to    
meet an em]g5cy &1 !re=e1 int]e/+ &     
likely to become valuable4 ,b our little
 weaknesses are n[ well und]/ood by ^?  
:o are exploit+ ! comm]cial side (      
po/age /amps & we h reason to fe> t _m  
rec5t sur*>ges 7 made = rev5ue only & n 
f any real necessity4 ,! majority (     
sur*>ges are made to supply a value :i* 

has be5 tempor>ily exhau/$4 ,= example1 
_m ( ! ,briti% ,colonies obta9$ _!      
supplies ( /amps 9 ,london4 ,x may happ5
 t an ord] is n plac$ e>ly en\gh or !re 
is delay 9 fill+ x & deliv]+ ! /amps4   
,ow+ to ?is1 ! values mo/ 9 use may be  
exhau/$4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x is     
cu/om>y to provide a tempor>y supply by 
pr9t+ ! ne$$ value on "s o!r /amp1      
usually "o ( high] value4 ,to use a l[] 
value w\ld tempt ! c\nt]feit+ ( !       
sur*>ge1 = ! pr(it to be made ?r\gh !   
increas$ value4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1   
,mauritius1 sur*>g$ #d c5ts             
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,gibralt>1 sur*>g$ 
#e c5timos  ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a v>iety ( 
o!r sur*>ges1 a few ( :i* may int]e/ y4 
,! fir/ two /amps indicate a *ange 9 !  
=m ( ! curr5cy ( ! c\ntry1 f p5ce to    
c5ts 9 ,mauritius & f ! ,engli% half    
p5ny to its ,spani% equival5t 9         
,gibralt>4 ,! ,sey*elles /amp 0 prep>$  
to meet a *ange 9 ! rate = lett]s to    
c\ntries 9 ! ,int]national ,po/al       
,union4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1           

,sey*elles1 sur*>g$ #h c5ts             
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 sur*>g$
 #a p5ny  ,! fir/ /amp made 9 ,/4 ,hel5a
 0 a six p5ce4 ,= a long "t no o!r value
 0 engrav$ b ! six p5ce /amps 7 pr9t$ 9 
a v>iety ( colors & sur*>g$ ) ! desir$  
values4 ,! ,ceylon /amp has be5 made    
available = rev5ue purposes1 z well z   
po/al4 ,! la/ /amp %[n is f ,%anghai4   
,its orig9al value 0 #ajj ca%4 ,?is 0   
ov]pr9t$ #bj ca% & ! equival5t ,*9ese   
*>act]s 9 a d\ble-l9$ frame1 & aga9     
sur*>g$ #ajj ca%4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 
,ceylon1 #ae c5ts1 sur*>g$ #e c5ts1     
,po/age1 ,rev5ue  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1  
,%anghai ,,lpo1 #ajj ca%1 sur*>g$ #bj   
ca%1 sur*>g$ aga9 #ajj ca%  ,!re is an  
int]e/+ bit ( hi/ory connect$ ) ^!      
sur*>ges4 ,! supply ( #bj ca% /amps 0   
exhau/$ & ! po/ma/] sur*>g$ t value on  
eight hundr$ ( ! #ajj ca% /amps4 ,a     
t\ri/1 le>n+ ?is & kn[+ t ! regul> #bj  
ca% /amps 7 expect$ to arrive at any    
mom5t1 b\ght ! entire lot4 ,b ! expect$ 
/amps fail$ to arrive & ! po/ma/] made a

 second lot ( sur*>ges b on ! #hj ca%   
?is "t4 ,:5 ! t\ri/ le>n$ ?is he wi%$ to
 return ! /amps he _h b\ght4 ,! po/ma/] 
refus$ to take !m back b1 pressure be+  
br\ght ?r\gh ! ,municipal ,c\ncil1      
f9ally cons5t$4 ,9 ! mean "t ! #bj ca%  
/amps _h arriv$ &1 n ne$+ provisionals (
 t value1 he re/or$ !m to _! orig9al    
value by ! second sur*>ge1 #ajj ca%4    
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 #a p5ny1 sur*>g$   
,cyprus1 #cj p>as  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 
,antigua1 sur*>g$ ,monts]rat            
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,b]muda1 sur*>g$   
,gilbralt>  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,/raits
 ,settlem5t1 sur*>g$ ,p]ak  ,?is gr\p   
illu/rates /amps ( "o c\ntry or /ate    
sur*>g$ = use 9 ano!r4 ,= a long "t     
,cyprus 0 suppli$ by ov]pr9t+ ! /amps ( 
,great ,brita94 ,9 l mann] ,monts]rat 0 
sur*>g$ on ,antigua /amps1 ,gibralt> on 
,b]muda & ,p]ak on ! ,/raits            
,settlem5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ,gibralt> "s ( 
! /amps 7 pr9t$ 9 o!r colors ?an 7 us$ 9
 ,b]muda4 ,! colony ( ,eritrea has      
always be5 suppli$ by ov]pr9t+ !        

,italian /amps4  ,illu/ration3 ,fives   
,9 #ahhc a l>ge quantity ( /amps 7 /ol5 
9 ,cuba & to prev5t _! be+ us$ ! rema9+ 
/ock 7 ov]pr9t$ ) ! devices %[n "h4 ,^! 
7 ! cli*es us$ to pr9t ! control numb]s 
on ! tickets ( ! ,havana lott]y4        
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,z4 ,afr4          
,republiek1 #a p5ny1 sur*>g$ ,transvaal 
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,transvaal ,po/age1
 #f p5ce1 sur*>g$ ,z4,a4,r1 #b p5ce     
,sometimes sur*>ges are ! outcome (     
hi/oric ev5ts or are at lea/ sugge/ive (
 su*4 ,! fir/ /amp 9 ?is gr\p is "o ( ! 
crude products ( ! ,s\? ,african        
,republic1 :i* 0 sur*>g$ dur+ ! ,briti% 
occupation ( ! c\ntry4 ,! second is a   
/amp issu$ dur+ ! same occupation &     
sur*>g$ aft] ! ,bo]s aga9 came into p[]4
 ,! ,*ilian coat ( arms on ! /amps (    
,p]u tells its own /ory ( w> & invasion4
 ,la/ly we h a /amp ( ,fiji on :i* !    
initials ,c4,r41 ,cakambau ,rex1 are    
ov]pr9t$ ) ! ,v4,r4 ( ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,correos del ,p]u1 
#a c5tavo  ,illu/ration  ,illu/ration3  

,/amp1 ,fiji1 sur*>*$ ,v4,r4  ,dur+ !   
,c>li/ insurrection 9 ,spa91 ! /amps (  
,france1 sur*>g$ ) a fleur de lys       
surr\nd$ by a five-ray$ />1 7 us$ by    
,don ,c>los to frank 8 correspond5ce    
across ! fronti] into ,france4 ,^! /amps
 7 9 use = only a brief p]iod1 p5d+ !   
prep>ation & issue ( ! ,c>li/ /amps4    
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,pol&  ,x may be   
rem>k$ t !re are _m sugge/ions ( hi/ory 
9 /amps t are n sur*>g$4 ,! succession (
 portraits & o!r devices 9 ! issues ( a 
c\ntry is (t5 eloqu5t ( ! m>* ( great   
ev5ts1 & !re is a t\* ( pa?os 9 ,pol&'s 
solit>y /amp4  ,f9ally1 ,i wi% to call  
y\r att5tion to a few /amps :i* tell mo/
 int]e/+ /ones1 & :i* h a t\* ( my/icism
 & symbolism1 :i* is n ( to-day4        
,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,correos ,mexico1  
#a_/b real  ,! coat ( arms ( ,mexico has
 its orig9 9 ! di/ant pa/4 ,g5]al ,lew  
,wallace says 9 8 hi/orical romance !   
,fair ,god3 ,! site ( ! city (          
,t5o*titlan 0 *os5 by ! gods4 ,9 !      
s\?-we/]n bord] ( ,lake ,tezcuco1 "o    

morn+ 9 #acjj1 a w&]+ tribe ( ,aztecs   
saw an eagle p]*$1 ) outspread w+s1 ^u a
 cactus1 & hold+ a s]p5t 9 its talons4  
,at a ^w f _! prie/s1 !y took possession
 ( ! m>% & !re /ay$ _! migration & f\nd$
 ! city2 su* is ! tradition4 ,z m5 love 
to trace _! desc5t back to "s /on$      
greatness1 nations delight to associate 
! gods ) _! orig94  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1
 ,p]sia  ,_m /amps ( ,p]sia be> ! lion &
 ! sun1 ! arms ( ! c\ntry & ! insignia (
 its highe/ ord] ( nobility4 ,x is !    
lion ( ,iran1 hold+ 9 its paw ! sceptre 
( ! ,khorassan :ile beh9d x %9es ! sun (
 ,d>ius4 ,!re is a leg5d conc]n+ ! latt]
 symbol to ! effect t ,d>ius1 hunt+ 9 ! 
des]t1 ?rew 8 spe> at a lion & miss$4 ,!
 bea/ cr\*$ to spr+1 :5 ! sun1 %9+ on a 
talisman on ,d>ius' brea/1 s ov]p[]$ x t
 x came fawn+ to 8 feet & foll[$ him    
back to ! city4 ,& = ?is reason ! sun   
became "p ( ! arms ( ! k+dom4 ,b ,i ?9k 
we may look fur!r ?an ?is & f9d 9 x a   
relic ( ! anci5t fire wor%ip & ( ori5tal
 pret5tions to p[] ov] heav5 & e>?4     

,illu/ration3 ,/amp1 ,egypt1 #e p>a  ,h[
 mu* ( ,egypt's my?s & spl5dors are "h  
depict$2 ! temple column call$ ,pompey's
 pill>1 ! obelisk ( ,luxor1 ! mighty    
pyramids1 la/ ( all ! sphynx1 t fabl$   
creature ) ! face ( a woman1 ! body ( a 
tigress & ! he>t ( bo?4 ,9 fancy we c   
see h]1 cr\*$ on a rock beside ! great  
highway to ,!bes1 prop\nd+ h] fatal     
riddle to ! bewild]$ pass]s by1 till    
,o$ipus %all come4  ,illu/ration3 ,/amp1
 ,turkey  ,on ! /amps & co9s ( ,turkey  
we miss ! portrait ( ! reign+ sov]eign1 
:i* we f9d on su* issues ( mo/ mon>*ies4
 ,?is is due to a law ( ,mohamm$1 :i*   
=bids ! reproduction ( ! human figure4  
,on ! /amps we f9d ! cresc5t1 said to h 
be5 ! emblem ( ! ,byzant9e empire &     
adopt$ by ! ,turks aft] ! fall (        
,con/ant9ople4 ,we also f9d an elaborate
 device call$ ! ,t\ghra or signature ( !
 ,sultan4 ,x owes its orig9 to ! ,sultan
 ,murad ,i1 a lib]al sov]eign & f\nd] ( 
_m s*ools & in/itutions ( le>n+ b unable
 to write 8 own "n4 ,he sign$ imp]ial   

decrees by dipp+ 8 f+]s 9 ink & plac+ !m
 on ! docum5ts ) ?ree f+]s close toge!r 
& ! little f+] & ?umb ext5d$4 ,9 c\rse (
 "t ?is 0 adopt$ &1 s to speak1         
consecrat$ z ! signature ( ! ,sultan4 ,x
 0 also elaborat$ & arrang$ to =m a     
writt5 phrase1 :ile pres]v+1 9 a g5]al  
way1 its orig9al =m4 ,! t\ghra conta9s  
c]ta9 *>act]s :i* are p]man5t & m9or    
ones :i* *ange4 ,! latt] are ! names ( !
 sov]eign & 8 fa!r4 ,?us ! t\ghra :i* we
 illu/rate reads3 ,8 ,maje/y ,abdul     
,hamid1 son ( ,mejid1 may he be always  
victori\s4 ,! small inscription at !    
side reads el ghazi1 ! victori\s1 "o ( !
 titles ( ! ,sultan4 ,! t\ghra is (t5   
ref]r$ to z ! h&4 ,9 an article publi%$ 
9 #ahfg ,i f9d ! foll[+ on ?is subject3 
,illu/ration3 ,arabic3 ,el ,ghazi  ,! h&
 has to ,mussulm5 ?ree my/ic            
significations2 x d5otes provid5ce2 x is
 ! expression ( law2 & ?irdly1 ( p[]2 x 
re/ores ! c\rage ( ! fai?ful & /rikes   
t]ror to ! he>ts ( _! enemies4  ,z an   
emblem ( law1 ! ,mussulman ?us expla9s !

 mean+ ( ! h&4 ,x has five f+]s1 ea*1 ) 
! exception ( ! ?umb1 hav+ ?ree jo9ts1  
all ! f+]s are subord9ate to ! unity ( !
 h&1 _! common f\ndation4 ,! five       
fundam5tal precepts ( ! law are3        
#a/--,belief 9 ,god & 8 prophet4        
#bnd--,pray]4 #crd--,giv+ alms4         
#d?--,fa/+ dur+ ! sacr$ mon?s & at !    
appo9t$ times4 #e?--,visit+ ! temples ( 
,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,ea* ( ^! precepts      
admits ( ?ree divisions1 except ! fir/1 
symboliz$ by ! ?umb1 :i* has only two1  
he>t & "w4 ,^! dogmas & _! modifications
 h = _! s\rce ! c5tral doctr9e ( ! unity
 ( ,god2 & all ! cre$ ( ,mohametanism is
 conta9$ 9 ! h&1--! five f+]s & _! =ty  
jo9ts4  ,! h& plac$ above ! gates ( !   
,alhambra1 ^u ! ,sultan's seal1 & ^u !  
/amps1 symbolises ! spiritual & temporal
 p[] :i* protects ! good & ! fai?ful &  
puni%es _! adv]s>ies4  ,illu/ration3    
,/amp1 ,korea1 #e ,poon  ,?is /amp is f 
,corea1 ! ,l& ( ! ,morn+ ,calm4 ,9 !    
corn]s are ! plum blossom1 ! royal fl[] 
( ! pres5t dyna/y :i* has exi/$ ov] #ejj

 ye>s4 ,9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! c5tral squ>e 
are lett]s tak5 f ! orig9al alphabet (  
all languages & repres5t+ ! f\r spirits 
t /& at ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>? & support x
 on _! %\ld]s4 ,! c5tral device is an   
anci5t ,*9ese symbol :i* repres5ts !    
dual pr9ciple 9 nature1 ! male & !      
female1 ! beg9n+ & ! end1 ! union ( all 
opposite =ces1 ( :i* ! highe/ product is
 man4 ,?is symbol p]vades all ori5tal   
art & ?\ght4 ,^? ( y :o h se5 ,v$d]'s   
illu/rations ( ! ,rubaiyat ( ,om>       
,khayyam w rememb] ! ev] recurr+ swirl  
:i* repres5ts ! gradual conc5tration ( !
 elem5ts t comb9e to =m life2 ! sudd5   
pause ?r\gh ! rev]se ( ! movem5t t m>ks 
! in/ant ( life1 & !n ! gradual1        
ev]-wid5+ disp]sion aga9 ( ^! elem5ts   
into space4 ,! swirl is only ano!r =m ( 
! ,*9ese symbol4  ,a po/age /amp is a   
t9y ?+ b x holds 9 its pictur$ space    
?\ghts t embrace ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ?+s1
 life1 dea? &--we "k n :at4             
,illu/ration