,,critias  by ,plato   ,translat$ by    
,b5jam9 ,j[ett     ,,introduction ,,&   
,,analysis4  ,! ,critias is a fragm5t   
:i* breaks (f 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce4 ,x 
0 design$ to be ! second "p ( a trilogy1
 :i*1 l ! o!r great ,platonic trilogy ( 
! ,sophi/1 ,/atesman1 ,philosoph]1 0    
nev] complet$4 ,timaeus _h br\ght d[n ! 
orig9 ( ! _w to ! creation ( man1 & !   
dawn ( hi/ory 0 n[ to succe$ !          
philosophy ( nature4 ,! ,critias is also
 connect$ ) ! ,republic4 ,plato1 z he   
has already told u 7,tim471 int5d$ to   
repres5t ! ideal /ate engag$ 9 a        
patriotic conflict4 ,?is my?ical        
conflict is prophetic or symbolical ( ! 
/ruggle ( ,a!ns & ,p]sia1 p]haps 9 "s   
degree also ( ! w>s ( ! ,greeks &       
,c>?ag9ians1 9 ! same way t ! ,p]sian is
 prefigur$ by ! ,trojan w> to ! m9d (   
,h]odotus1 or z ! n>rative ( ! fir/ "p (
 ! ,a5eid is int5d$ by ,virgil to =e%ad[
 ! w>s ( ,c>?age & ,rome4 ,! small numb]
 ( ! primitive ,a!nian citiz5s          
7#bj1jjj71 ':i* is ab\t _! pres5t numb]'

 7,crit471 is evid5tly design$ to       
contra/ ) ! myriads & b>b>ic array ( !  
,atlantic ho/s4 ,! pass+ rem>k 9 !      
,timaeus t ,a!ns 0 left alone 9 !       
/ruggle1 9 :i* %e conqu]$ & became !    
lib]ator ( ,greece1 is also an allusion 
to ! lat] hi/ory4 ,h5ce we may safely   
conclude t ! entire n>rative is due to !
 imag9ation ( ,plato1 :o has us$ ! "n ( 
,solon & introduc$ ! ,egyptian prie/s to
 give v]isimilitude to 8 /ory4 ,to !    
,greek su* a tale1 l t ( ! e>?-born m51 
w\ld h seem$ p]fectly accordant ) ! "* (
 8 my?ology1 & n m m>vell\s ?an ! wond]s
 ( ! ,ea/ n>rat$ by ,h]odotus & o!rs3 he
 might h be5 deceiv$ into believ+ x4 ,b 
x appe>s /range t lat] ages %\ld h be5  
impos$ ^u by ! fiction4 ,z _m attempts h
 be5 made to f9d ! great isl& (         
,atlantis1 z to discov] ! c\ntry ( ! lo/
 tribes4 ,)\t reg>d to ! description (  
,plato1 & )\t a suspicion t ! :ole      
n>rative is a fabrication1 int]pret]s h 
look$ = ! spot 9 e "p ( ! globe1        
,am]ica1 ,arabia ,felix1 ,ceylon1       

,pale/9e1 ,s>d9ia1 ,sw$54  ,timaeus     
concludes ) a pray] t 8 words may be    
acceptable to ! ,god :om he has reveal$1
 & ,critias1 ^: turn foll[s1 begs t a   
l>g] measure ( indulg5ce may be conc$$  
to him1 because he has to speak ( m5 :om
 we "k & n ( gods :om we d n "k4        
,socrates readily grants 8 reque/1 &    
anticipat+ t ,h]mocrates w make a simil>
 petition1 ext5ds by anticipation a l   
indulg5ce to him4  ,critias returns to 8
 /ory1 pr(ess+ only to repeat :at ,solon
 0 told by ! prie/s4 ,! w> ( :i* he 0   
ab\t to speak _h occurr$ #ijjj ye>s ago4
 ,"o ( ! combatants 0 ! city ( ,a!ns1 ! 
o!r 0 ! great isl& ( ,atlantis4 ,critias
 proposes to speak ( ^! rival p[]s fir/ 
( all1 giv+ to ,a!ns ! prec$5ce2 ! v>i\s
 tribes ( ,greeks & b>b>ians :o took "p 
9 ! w> w be dealt ) z !y successively   
appe> on ! sc5e4  ,9 ! beg9n+ ! gods    
agre$ to divide ! e>? by lot 9 a fri5dly
 mann]1 & :5 !y _h made ! allotm5t !y   
settl$ _! sev]al c\ntries1 & 7 ! %eph]ds
 or r ! pilots ( mank9d1 :om !y guid$ by

 p]suasion1 & n by =ce4 ,hephae/us &    
,a!na1 bro!r & si/] deities1 9 m9d & art
 unit$1 obta9$ z _! lot ! l& ( ,attica1 
a l& suit$ to ! gr[? ( virtue & wisdom2 
& !re !y settl$ a brave race ( *ildr5 ( 
! soil1 & taught !m h[ to ord] ! /ate4  
,"s ( _! names1 su* z ,cecrops1         
,ere*!us1 ,eri*?onius1 & ,erysi*?on1 7  
pres]v$ & adopt$ 9 lat] times1 b !      
memory ( _! de$s has pass$ away2 = !re h
 s9ce be5 _m deluges1 & ! remnant :o    
surviv$ 9 ! m\nta9s 7 ignorant ( ! art (
 writ+1 & dur+ _m g5]ations 7 :olly     
devot$ to acquir+ ! means ( life444,& ! 
arm$ image ( ! goddess :i* 0 d$icat$ by 
! anci5t ,a!nians is an evid5ce to o!r  
ages t m5 & wom5 _h 9 ^? days1 z !y     
ought always to h1 common virtues &     
pursuits4 ,!re 7 v>i\s classes (        
citiz5s1 includ+ h&icraftsm5 & husb&m5 &
 a sup]ior class ( w>riors :o dwelt     
ap>t1 & 7 educat$1 & _h all ?+s 9       
common1 l our gu>dians4 ,attica 9 ^?    
days ext5d$ s\?w>ds to ! ,i/hmus1 & inl&
 to ! heights ( ,p>nes & ,ci?a]on1 &    

betwe5 !m & ! sea includ$ ! di/rict (   
,oropus4 ,! c\ntry 0 !n1 z :at rema9s ( 
x /ill is1 ! mo/ f]tile 9 ! _w1 & ab\nd$
 9 ri* pla9s & pa/ures4 ,b 9 ! c\rse (  
ages mu* ( ! soil 0 wa%$ away &         
disappe>$ 9 ! deep sea4 ,& ! inhabitants
 ( ?is fair l& 7 end[$ ) intellig5ce & !
 love ( beauty4  ,! ,acropolis ( !      
anci5t ,a!ns ext5d$ to ! ,ilissus &     
,eridanus1 & includ$ ! ,pnyx1 & !       
,lycabettus on ! opposite side to !     
,pnyx1 hav+ a level surface & deep soil4
 ,! side ( ! hill 0 inhabit$ by craftsm5
 & husb&m52 & ! w>riors dwelt by        
!mselves on ! summit1 ar\nd ! temples ( 
,hephae/us & ,a!ne1 9 an enclosure :i* 0
 l ! g>d5 ( a s+le h\se4 ,9 w9t] !y     
retir$ into h\ses on ! nor? ( ! hill1 9 
:i* !y held _! syssitia4 ,^! 7 mode/    
dwell+s1 :i* !y bequea!d unalt]$ to _!  
*ildr5's *ildr54 ,9 summ] "t ! s\? side 
0 inhabit$ by !m1 & !n !y left _! g>d5s 
& d9+-halls4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! ,acropolis 0 
a f\nta91 :i* gave an abundant supply ( 
cool wat] 9 summ] & w>m 9 w9t]2 ( ?is   

!re are /ill "s traces4 ,!y 7 c>eful to 
pres]ve ! numb] ( fight+ m5 & wom5 at   
#bj1jjj1 :i* is equal to t ( ! pres5t   
milit>y =ce4 ,& s !y pass$ _! lives z   
gu>dians ( ! citiz5s & lead]s ( !       
,hell5es4 ,!y 7 a j & fam\s race1       
celebrat$ = _! beauty & virtue all ov]  
,europe & ,asia4  ,& n[ ,i w speak to y 
( _! adv]s>ies1 b fir/ ,i ought to      
expla9 t ! ,greek names 7 giv5 to ,solon
 9 an ,egyptian =m1 & he enquir$ _!     
mean+ & translat$ !m4 ,8 manuscript 0   
left ) my gr&fa!r ,dropides1 & is n[ 9  
my possession444,9 ! division ( ! e>?   
,poseidon obta9$ z 8 portion ! isl& (   
,atlantis1 & !re he begat *ildr5 ^: "m 0
 a mortal4 ,t[>ds ! sea & 9 ! c5tre ( ! 
isl& !re 0 a v fair & f]tile pla91 & ne>
 ! c5tre1 ab\t fifty /adia f ! pla91 !re
 0 a l[ m\nta9 9 :i* dwelt a man nam$   
,ev5or & 8 wife ,leucippe1 & _! daught] 
,cleito1 ( :om ,poseidon became enam\r$4
 ,he to secure 8 love enclos$ ! m\nta9 )
 r+s or zones v>y+ 9 size1 two ( l& &   
?ree ( sea1 :i* 8 div9e p[] readily     

enabl$ him to excavate & fa%ion1 &1 z   
!re 0 no %ipp+ 9 ^? days1 no man c\ld   
get into ! place4 ,to ! int]ior isl& he 
convey$ "u ! e>? spr+s ( wat] hot &     
cold1 & suppli$ ! l& ) all ?+s ne$$ = ! 
life ( man4 ,"h he begat a family       
consi/+ ( five pairs ( tw9 male *ildr54 
,! elde/ 0 ,atlas1 & him he made k+ ( ! 
c5tre isl&1 :ile to 8 tw9 bro!r1        
,eumelus1 or ,gadeirus1 he assign$ t "p 
( ! c\ntry :i* 0 ne>e/ ! ,/raits4 ,! o!r
 bro!rs he made *iefs ov] ! re/ ( !     
isl&4 ,& _! k+dom ext5d$ z f> z ,egypt &
 ,tyrrh5ia4 ,n[ ,atlas _h a fair        
po/]ity1 & great treasures d]iv$ f      
m9es--among !m t preci\s metal          
ori*alcum2 & !re 0 abundance ( wood1 &  
h]ds ( elephants1 & pa/ures = animals ( 
all k9ds1 & fragrant h]bs1 & grasses1 & 
trees be>+ fruit4 ,^! !y us$1 & employ$ 
!mselves 9 con/ruct+ _! temples1 &      
palaces1 & h>b\rs1 & docks1 9 ! foll[+  
mann]3--,fir/1 !y bridg$ ov] ! zones (  
sea1 & made a way to & f ! royal palace 
:i* !y built 9 ! c5tre isl&4 ,?is anci5t

 palace 0 ornam5t$ by successive        
g5]ations2 & !y dug a canal :i* pass$   
?r\gh ! zones ( l& f ! isl& to ! sea4 ,!
 zones ( e>? 7 surr\nd$ by walls made ( 
/one ( div]s col\rs1 black & :ite & r$1 
:i* !y sometimes int]m+l$ = ! sake (    
ornam5t2 & z !y qu>ri$ !y holl[$ out    
b5ea? ! edges ( ! zones d\ble docks hav+
 ro(s ( rock4 ,! out]mo/ ( ! walls 0    
coat$ ) brass1 ! second ) t91 & ! ?ird1 
:i* 0 ! wall ( ! citadel1 fla%$ ) ! r$  
light ( ori*alcum4 ,9 ! int]ior ( !     
citadel 0 a holy temple1 d$icat$ to     
,cleito & ,poseidon1 & surr\nd$ by an   
enclosure ( gold1 & !re 0 ,poseidon's   
own temple1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) silv]1 & !    
p9nacles ) gold4 ,! ro( 0 ( ivory1      
adorn$ ) gold & silv] & ori*alcum1 & !  
re/ ( ! int]ior 0 l9$ ) ori*alcum4 ,)9 0
 an image ( ! god /&+ 9 a *>iot drawn by
 six w+$ horses1 & t\*+ ! ro( ) 8 head2 
ar\nd him 7 a hundr$ ,n]eids1 rid+ on   
dolph9s4 ,outside ! temple 7 plac$ gold5
 /atues ( all ! desc5dants ( ! t5 k+s & 
( _! wives2 !re 0 an alt> too1 & !re 7  

palaces1 correspond+ to ! greatness &   
glory bo? ( ! k+dom & ( ! temple4  ,also
 !re 7 f\nta9s ( hot & cold wat]1 &     
suitable build+s surr\nd+ !m1 & trees1 &
 !re 7 ba?s bo? ( ! k+s & ( private     
individuals1 & sep>ate ba?s = wom51 &   
also = cattle4 ,! wat] f ! ba?s 0 c>ri$ 
to ! grove ( ,poseidon1 & by aqu$ucts   
ov] ! bridges to ! out] circles4 ,& !re 
7 temples 9 ! zones1 & 9 ! l>g] ( ! two 
!re 0 a racec\rse = horses1 :i* ran all 
r\nd ! isl&4 ,! gu>ds 7 di/ribut$ 9 !   
zones accord+ to ! tru/ repos$ 9 !m2 !  
mo/ tru/$ ( !m 7 /ation$ 9 ! citadel4 ,!
 docks 7 full ( triremes & /ores4 ,! l& 
betwe5 ! h>b\r & ! sea 0 surr\nd$ by a  
wall1 & 0 cr[d$ ) dwell+s1 & ! h>b\r &  
canal res\nd$ ) ! d9 ( human voices4  ,!
 pla9 ar\nd ! city 0 highly cultivat$ & 
%elt]$ f ! nor? by m\nta9s2 x 0 oblong1 
& :]e fall+ out ( ! /raight l9e foll[$ !
 circul> dit*1 :i* 0 ( an incr$ible     
dep?4 ,?is dep? receiv$ ! /reams :i*    
came d[n f ! m\nta9s1 z well z ! canals 
( ! int]ior1 & f\nd a way to ! sea4 ,!  

entire c\ntry 0 divid$ into sixty ?\s&  
lots1 ea* ( :i* 0 a squ>e ( t5 /adia2 & 
! own] ( a lot 0 b\nd to furni% ! six?  
"p ( a w>-*>iot1 s z to make up t5 ?\s& 
*>iots1 two horses & rid]s ^u !m1 a pair
 ( *>iot-horses )\t a seat1 & an        
att5dant & *>iote]1 two hoplites1 two   
ar*]s1 two sl+]s1 ?ree /one-%oot]s1 ?ree
 javel9-m51 & f\r sailors to make up !  
complem5t ( twelve hundr$ %ips4  ,ea* ( 
! t5 k+s 0 absolute 9 8 own city &      
k+dom4 ,! relations ( ! diff]5t         
gov]nm5ts to "o ano!r 7 det]m9$ by !    
injunctions ( ,poseidon1 :i* _h be5     
inscrib$ by ! fir/ k+s on a column (    
ori*alcum 9 ! temple ( ,poseidon1 at :i*
 ! k+s & pr9ces ga!r$ toge!r & held a   
fe/ival e fif? & e six? ye> alt]nately4 
,ar\nd ! temple rang$ ! bulls (         
,poseidon1 "o ( :i* ! t5 k+s caught &   
sacrific$1 %$d+ ! blood ( ! victim ov] !
 inscription1 & v[+ n to transgress !   
laws ( _! fa!r ,poseidon4 ,:5 night     
came1 !y put on azure robes & gave      
judgm5t aga9/ (f5d]s4 ,! mo/ important (

 _! laws relat$ to _! deal+s ) "o ano!r4
 ,!y 7 n to take up arms aga9/ "o ano!r1
 & 7 to come to ! rescue if any ( _!    
bre?r5 7 attack$4 ,!y 7 to delib]ate 9  
common ab\t w>1 & ! k+ 0 n to h ! p[] ( 
life & dea? ov] 8 k9sm51 unless he _h ! 
ass5t ( ! majority4  ,= _m g5]ations1 z 
tradition tells1 ! p ( ,atlantis 7      
ob$i5t to ! laws & to ! gods1 & practis$
 g5tl5ess & wisdom 9 _! int]c\rse ) "o  
ano!r4 ,!y knew t !y c\ld only h ! true 
use ( ri*es by n c>+ ab\t !m4 ,b        
gradually ! div9e portion ( _! s\ls     
became dilut$ ) too mu* ( ! mortal      
admixture1 & !y began to deg5]ate1 ?\gh 
to ! outw>d eye !y appe>$ glori\s z ev] 
at ! v "t :5 !y 7 fill$ ) all iniquity4 
,! all-see+ ,zeus1 want+ to puni% !m1   
held a c\ncil ( ! gods1 & :5 he _h call$
 !m toge!r1 he spoke z foll[s3--  ,no "o
 knew bett] ?an ,plato h[ to inv5t 'a   
noble lie4' ,obs]ve 7#a7 ! innoc5t      
decl>ation ( ,socrates1 t ! tru? ( !    
/ory is a great advantage3 7#b7 ! mann] 
9 :i* traditional names & indications ( 

geography are int]m+l$ 7',:y1 "h be     
tru?s6'73 7#c7 ! extreme m9ut5ess ) :i* 
! numb]s are giv51 z 9 ! ,old ,epic     
poetry3 7#d7 ! +5i\s reason assign$ = ! 
,greek names occurr+ 9 ! ,egyptian tale3
 7#e7 ! rem>k t ! arm$ /atue ( ,a!na    
indicat$ ! common w>rior life ( m5 &    
wom53 7#f7 ! p>ticul>ity ) :i* ! ?ird   
deluge be=e t ( ,deucalion is affirm$ to
 h be5 ! great de/ruction3 7#g7 ! happy 
guess t great geological *anges h be5   
effect$ by wat]3 7#h7 ! indulg5ce ( !   
prejudice aga9/ sail+ beyond ! ,columns1
 & ! popul> belief ( ! %all[ness ( !    
ocean 9 t "p3 7#i7 ! confession t ! dep?
 ( ! dit* 9 ! ,isl& ( ,atlantis 0 n to  
be believ$1 & 'yet he c\ld only repeat  
:at he _h he>d'1 comp>$ ) ! /atem5t made
 9 an e>li] passage t ,poseidon1 be+ a  
,god1 f\nd no difficulty 9 contriv+ !   
wat]-supply ( ! c5tre isl&3 7#aj7 !     
m5tion ( ! old rivalry ( ,poseidon &    
,a!ne1 & ! creation ( ! fir/ inhabitants
 out ( ! soil4 ,plato "h1 z else:]e1    
+5i\sly gives ! impression t he is tell+

 ! tru? :i* my?ology _h corrupt$4  ,!   
_w1 l a *ild1 has readily1 & = ! mo/ "p 
unhesitat+ly1 accept$ ! tale ( ! ,isl& (
 ,atlantis4 ,9 mod]n times we h>dly seek
 = traces ( ! subm]g$ cont95t2 b ev5    
,mr4 ,grote is incl9$ to believe 9 !    
,egyptian poem ( ,solon ( :i* !re is no 
evid5ce 9 antiquity2 :ile o!rs1 l ,m>t91
 discuss ! ,egyptian orig9 ( ! leg5d1 or
 l ,m4 de ,humboldt1 :om he quotes1 are 
dispos$ to f9d 9 x a ve/ige ( a         
widely-spread tradition4 ,o!rs1 adopt+ a
 diff]5t ve9 ( reflection1 reg>d ! ,isl&
 ( ,atlantis z ! anticipation ( a /ill  
great] isl&--! ,cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ',!  
tale1' says ,m4 ,m>t91 're/s ^u !       
au?ority ( ! ,egyptian prie/s2 & !      
,egyptian prie/s took a pleasure 9      
deceiv+ ! ,greeks4' ,he nev] appe>s to  
suspect t !re is a great] deceiv] or    
magician ?an ! ,egyptian prie/s1 t is to
 say1 ,plato himself1 f ! dom9ion ( ^:  
g5ius ! critic & natural philosoph] (   
mod]n times are n :olly emancipat$4     
,al?\gh wor?less 9 respect ( any result 

:i* c be atta9$ by !m1 discussions l ^? 
( ,m4 ,m>t9 7,timee7 h an int]e/ ( _!   
own1 & may be comp>$ to ! simil>        
discussions reg>d+ ! ,lo/ ,tribes 7#b   
,esdras71 z %[+ h[ ! *ance ^w ( "s poet 
or philosoph] has giv5 bir? to endless  
religi\s or hi/orical enquiries4 7,see  
,introduction to ! ,timaeus47  ,9       
contra/+ ! small ,greek city numb]+ ab\t
 tw5ty ?\s& inhabitants ) ! b>b>ic      
greatness ( ! isl& ( ,atlantis1 ,plato  
probably int5d$ to %[ t a /ate1 su* z ! 
ideal ,a!ns1 0 inv9cible1 ?\gh mat*$    
aga9/ any numb] ( oppon5ts 7cp4 ,rep474 
,ev5 9 a great empire !re might be a    
degree ( virtue & ju/ice1 su* z !       
,greeks believ$ to h exi/$ "u ! sway ( !
 fir/ ,p]sian k+s4 ,b all su* empires 7 
liable to deg5]ate1 & soon incurr$ !    
ang] ( ! gods4 ,_! ,ori5tal weal?1 &    
spl5d\r ( gold & silv]1 & v>iety (      
col\rs1 seem$ also to be at v>iance ) ! 
simplicity ( ,greek notions4 ,9 ! isl& (
 ,atlantis1 ,plato is describ+ a sort ( 
,babylonian or ,egyptian city1 to :i* he

 opposes ! frugal life ( ! true ,hell5ic
 citiz54 ,x is rem>kable t 9 8 brief    
sket* ( !m1 he idealizes ! husb&m5 ':o  
are lov]s ( hon\r & true husb&m51' z    
well z ! w>riors :o are 8 sole conc]n 9 
! ,republic2 & t ?\gh he speaks ( !     
common pursuits ( m5 & wom51 he says    
no?+ ( ! community ( wives & *ildr54  ,x
 is s+ul> t ,plato %\ld h prefix$ ! mo/ 
dete/$ ( ,a!nian names to ?is dialogue1 
& ev5 m s+ul> t he %\ld h put into ! m\?
 ( ,socrates a panegyric on him 7,tim474
 ,yet we "k t 8 "* 0 acc\nt$ infam\s by 
,x5ophon1 & t ! m]e acqua9tance ) him 0 
made a subject ( accusation aga9/       
,socrates4 ,we c only inf] t 9 ?is1 &   
p]haps 9 "s o!r cases1 ,plato's *>act]s 
h no ref]5ce to ! actual facts4 ,!      
desire to d hon\r to 8 own family1 & !  
connection ) ,solon1 may h sugge/$ !    
introduction ( 8 "n4 ,:y ! ,critias 0   
nev] complet$1 :e!r f accid5t1 or f     
advanc+ age1 or f a s5se ( ! arti/ic    
difficulty ( ! design1 _c be det]m9$4   
,,critias4   ,,p]sons ,,( ,,!           

,,dialogue3 ,critias1 ,h]mocrates1      
,timaeus1 ,socrates4   ,,timaeus3 ,h[   
?ankful ,i am1 ,socrates1 t ,i h arriv$ 
at la/1 &1 l a we>y travell] aft] a long
 j\rney1 may be at re/6 ,& ,i pray ! be+
 :o always 0 ( old1 & has n[ be5 by me  
reveal$1 to grant t my words may endure 
9 s f> z !y h be5 spok5 truly &         
acceptably to him2 b if un9t5tionally ,i
 h said any?+ wrong1 ,i pray t he w     
impose ^u me a j retribution1 & ! j     
retribution ( him :o errs is t he %\ld  
be set "r4 ,wi%+1 !n1 to speak truly 9  
future conc]n+ ! g5]ation ( ! gods1 ,i  
pray him to give me k1 :i* ( all m$ic9es
 is ! mo/ p]fect & be/4 ,& n[ hav+ (f]$ 
my pray] ,i deliv] up ! argum5t to      
,critias1 :o is to speak next accord+ to
 our agreem5t4 7,tim47  ,,critias3 ,&   
,i1 ,timaeus1 accept ! tru/1 & z y at   
fir/ said t y 7 go+ to speak ( high     
matt]s1 & begg$ t "s =be>ance might be  
%[n to y1 ,i too ask ! same or great]   
=be>ance = :at ,i am ab\t to say4 ,&    
al?\gh ,i v well "k t my reque/ may     

appe> to be some:at ambiti\s &          
disc\rte\s1 ,i mu/ make x nev]!less4 ,= 
w any man ( s5se d5y t y h spok5 well8  
,i c only attempt to %[ t ,i ought to h 
m indulg5ce ?an y1 because my !me is m  
difficult2 & ,i %all argue t to seem to 
speak well ( ! gods to m5 is f> easi]   
?an to speak well ( m5 to m53 = !       
inexp]i5ce & utt] ignorance ( 8 he>]s   
ab\t any subject is a great assi/ance to
 him :o has to speak ( x1 & we "k h[    
ignorant we are conc]n+ ! gods4 ,b ,i   
%\ld l to make my mean+ cle>]1 if y w   
foll[ me4 ,all t is said by any ( u c   
only be imitation & repres5tation4 ,= if
 we consid] ! lik5esses :i* pa9t]s make 
( bodies div9e & heav5ly1 & ! diff]5t   
degrees ( gratification ) :i* ! eye ( ! 
spectator receives !m1 we %all see t we 
are satisfi$ ) ! arti/ :o is able 9 any 
degree to imitate ! e>? & its m\nta9s1 &
 ! riv]s1 & ! woods1 & ! univ]se1 & !   
?+s t are & move !re91 & fur!r1 t kn[+  
no?+ precise ab\t su* matt]s1 we d n    
exam9e or analyze ! pa9t+2 all t is     

requir$ is a sort ( indi/9ct & deceptive
 mode ( %ad[+ !m =?4 ,b :5 a p]son      
endeav\rs to pa9t ! human =m we are     
quick at f9d+ out defects1 & our famili>
 k makes u sev]e judges ( any "o :o does
 n r5d] e po9t ( simil>ity4 ,& we may   
obs]ve ! same ?+ to happ5 9 disc\rse2 we
 are satisfi$ ) a picture ( div9e &     
heav5ly ?+s :i* has v little lik5ess to 
!m2 b we are m precise 9 our criticism (
 mortal & human ?+s4 ,:]e=e if at !     
mom5t ( speak+ ,i _c suitably express my
 mean+1 y mu/ excuse me1 consid]+ t to  
=m approv$ lik5esses ( human ?+s is !   
rev]se ( easy4 ,?is is :at ,i want to   
sugge/ to y1 & at ! same "t to beg1     
,socrates1 t ,i may h n less1 b m       
indulg5ce conc$$ to me 9 :at ,i am ab\t 
to say4 ,:i* fav\r1 if ,i am "r 9 ask+1 
,i hope t y w be ready to grant4        
,,socrates3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,critias1 we w    
grant y\r reque/1 & we w grant ! same by
 anticipation to ,h]mocrates1 z well z  
to y & ,timaeus2 = ,i h no d\bt t :5 8  
turn comes a little :ile h5ce1 he w make

 ! same reque/ :i* y h made4 ,9 ord]1   
!n1 t he may provide himself ) a fre%   
beg9n+1 & n be compell$ to say ! same   
?+s ov] aga91 let him und]/& t !        
indulg5ce is already ext5d$ by          
anticipation to him4 ,& n[1 fri5d       
,critias1 ,i w ann\nce to y ! judgm5t ( 
! !atre4 ,!y are ( op9ion t ! la/ p]=m] 
0 wond]fully successful1 & t y w ne$ a  
great deal ( indulg5ce be=e y w be able 
to take 8 place4  ,,h]mocrates3 ,! w>n+1
 ,socrates1 :i* y h address$ to him1 ,i 
mu/ also take to myself4 ,b rememb]1    
,critias1 t fa9t he>t nev] yet rais$ a  
trophy2 & !re=e y mu/ g & attack !      
argum5t l a man4 ,fir/ invoke ,apollo & 
! ,muses1 & !n let u he> y s\nd !       
praises & %[ =? ! virtues ( y\r anci5t  
citiz5s4  ,,critias3 ,fri5d ,h]mocrates1
 y1 :o are /ation$ la/ & h ano!r 9 front
 ( y1 h n lo/ he>t z yet2 ! gravity ( ! 
situation w soon be reveal$ to y2       
mean:ile ,i accept y\r exhortations &   
enc\ragem5ts4 ,b besides ! gods &       
goddesses :om y h m5tion$1 ,i w\ld      

specially invoke ,mnemosyne2 = all !    
important "p ( my disc\rse is dep5d5t on
 h] fav\r1 & if ,i c recollect & recite 
en\gh ( :at 0 said by ! prie/s & br\ght 
hi!r by ,solon1 ,i d\bt n t ,i %all     
satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ?is !atre4 ,&   
n[1 mak+ no m excuses1 ,i w proce$4     
,let me beg9 by obs]v+ fir/ ( all1 t n9e
 ?\s& 0 ! sum ( ye>s :i* _h elaps$ s9ce 
! w> :i* 0 said to h tak5 place betwe5  
^? :o dwelt outside ! pill>s ( ,h]acles 
& all :o dwelt )9 !m2 ?is w> ,i am go+  
to describe4 ,( ! combatants on ! "o    
side1 ! city ( ,a!ns 0 report$ to h be5 
! lead] & to h f\ght out ! w>2 !        
combatants on ! o!r side 7 comm&$ by !  
k+s ( ,atlantis1 :i*1 z ,i 0 say+1 0 an 
isl& great] 9 ext5t ?an ,libya & ,asia1 
& :5 aft]w>ds sunk by an e>?quake1      
became an impassable b>ri] ( mud to     
voyag]s sail+ f h5ce to any "p ( !      
ocean4 ,! progress ( ! hi/ory w unfold !
 v>i\s nations ( b>b>ians & families (  
,hell5es :i* !n exi/$1 z !y successively
 appe> on ! sc5e2 b ,i mu/ describe fir/

 ( all ! ,a!nians ( t day1 & _! enemies 
:o f\ght ) !m1 & !n ! respective p[]s & 
gov]nm5ts ( ! two k+doms4 ,let u give ! 
prec$5ce to ,a!ns4  ,9 ! days ( old1 !  
gods _h ! :ole e>? di/ribut$ among !m by
 allotm5t 7,cp4 ,polit47 ,!re 0 no      
qu>rell+2 = y _c rightly suppose t !    
gods did n "k :at 0 prop] = ea* ( !m to 
h1 or1 kn[+ ?is1 t !y w\ld seek to      
procure = !mselves by cont5tion t :i* m 
prop]ly belong$ to o!rs4 ,!y all ( !m by
 j apportionm5t obta9$ :at !y want$1 &  
peopl$ _! own di/ricts2 & :5 !y _h      
peopl$ !m !y t5d$ u1 _! nursel+s &      
possessions1 z %eph]ds t5d _! flocks1   
except+ only t !y did n use bl[s or     
bodily =ce1 z %eph]ds d1 b gov]n$ u l   
pilots f ! /]n ( ! vessel1 :i* is an    
easy way ( guid+ animals1 hold+ our s\ls
 by ! rudd] ( p]suasion accord+ to _!   
own pleasure2--?us did !y guide all     
mortal creatures4 ,n[ diff]5t gods _h _!
 allotm5ts 9 diff]5t places :i* !y set 9
 ord]4 ,hephae/us & ,a!ne1 :o 7 bro!r & 
si/]1 & sprang f ! same fa!r1 hav+ a    

common nature1 & be+ unit$ also 9 ! love
 ( philosophy & art1 bo? obta9$ z _!    
common portion ?is l&1 :i* 0 naturally  
adapt$ = wisdom & virtue2 & !re !y      
implant$ brave *ildr5 ( ! soil1 & put   
into _! m9ds ! ord] ( gov]nm5t2 _! names
 are pres]v$1 b _! actions h disappe>$  
by reason ( ! de/ruction ( ^? :o receiv$
 ! tradition1 & ! lapse ( ages4 ,= :5   
!re 7 any survivors1 z ,i h already     
said1 !y 7 m5 :o dwelt 9 ! m\nta9s2 & !y
 7 ignorant ( ! art ( writ+1 & _h he>d  
only ! names ( ! *iefs ( ! l&1 b v      
little ab\t _! actions4 ,! names !y 7   
will+ en\gh to give to _! *ildr52 b !   
virtues & ! laws ( _! pr$ecessors1 !y   
knew only by obscure traditions2 & z !y 
!mselves & _! *ildr5 lack$ = _m         
g5]ations ! necess>ies ( life1 !y       
direct$ _! att5tion to ! supply ( _!    
wants1 & ( !m !y conv]s$1 to ! neglect (
 ev5ts t _h happ5$ 9 times long pa/2 =  
my?ology & ! enquiry into antiquity are 
fir/ introduc$ into cities :5 !y beg9 to
 h leisure 7,cp4 ,ari/4 ,metaphys471 &  

:5 !y see t ! necess>ies ( life h       
already be5 provid$1 b n be=e4 ,& ?is is
 ! reason :y ! names ( ! anci5ts h be5  
pres]v$ to u & n _! actions4 ,?is ,i    
inf] because ,solon said t ! prie/s 9 _!
 n>rative ( t w> m5tion$ mo/ ( ! names  
:i* are record$ prior to ! "t ( ,!seus1 
su* z ,cecrops1 & ,ere*!us1 &           
,eri*?onius1 & ,erysi*?on1 & ! names ( !
 wom5 9 l mann]4 ,moreov]1 s9ce milit>y 
pursuits 7 !n common to m5 & wom51 ! m5 
( ^? days 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! "t 
set up a figure & image ( ! goddess 9   
full arm\r1 to be a te/imony t all      
animals :i* associate toge!r1 male z    
well z female1 may1 if !y please1       
practise 9 common ! virtue :i* belongs  
to !m )\t di/9ction ( sex4  ,n[ ! c\ntry
 0 inhabit$ 9 ^? days by v>i\s classes (
 citiz5s2--!re 7 artisans1 & !re 7      
husb&m51 & !re 0 also a w>rior class    
orig9ally set ap>t by div9e m54 ,! latt]
 dwelt by !mselves1 & _h all ?+s        
suitable = nurture & education2 nei!r _h
 any ( !m any?+ ( _! own1 b !y reg>d$   

all t !y _h z common prop]ty2 nor did !y
 claim to receive ( ! o!r citiz5s any?+ 
m ?an _! necess>y food4 ,& !y practis$  
all ! pursuits :i* we ye/]day describ$ z
 ^? ( our imag9>y gu>dians4 ,conc]n+ !  
c\ntry ! ,egyptian prie/s said :at is n 
only probable b manife/ly true1 t !     
b\nd>ies 7 9 ^? days fix$ by ! ,i/hmus1 
& t 9 ! direction ( ! cont95t !y ext5d$ 
z f> z ! heights ( ,ci?a]on & ,p>nes2 ! 
b\nd>y l9e came d[n 9 ! direction ( !   
sea1 hav+ ! di/rict ( ,oropus on ! "r1 &
 ) ! riv] ,asopus z ! limit on ! left4  
,! l& 0 ! be/ 9 ! _w1 & 0 !re=e able 9  
^? days to support a va/ army1 rais$ f !
 surr\nd+ p4 ,ev5 ! remnant ( ,attica   
:i* n[ exi/s may comp>e ) any region 9 !
 _w = ! v>iety & excell5ce ( its fruits 
& ! suitabl5ess ( its pa/ures to e sort 
( animal1 :i* proves :at ,i am say+2 b 9
 ^? days ! c\ntry 0 fair z n[ & yield$  
f> m abundant produce4 ,h[ %all ,i      
e/abli% my words8 & :at "p ( x c be     
truly call$ a remnant ( ! l& t !n 08 ,! 
:ole c\ntry is only a long promontory   

ext5d+ f> into ! sea away f ! re/ ( !   
cont95t1 :ile ! surr\nd+ bas9 ( ! sea is
 ev]y:]e deep 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! %ore4
 ,_m great deluges h tak5 place dur+ !  
n9e ?\s& ye>s1 = t is ! numb] ( ye>s :i*
 h elaps$ s9ce ! "t ( :i* ,i am speak+2 
& dur+ all ?is "t & ?r\gh s _m *anges1  
!re has nev] be5 any consid]able        
accumulation ( ! soil com+ d[n f !      
m\nta9s1 z 9 o!r places1 b ! e>? has    
fall5 away all r\nd & sunk out ( sight4 
,! consequ5ce is1 t 9 comp>ison ( :at !n
 01 !re are rema9+ only ! bones ( ! wa/$
 body1 z !y may be call$1 z 9 ! case (  
small isl&s1 all ! ri*] & s(t] p>ts ( ! 
soil hav+ fall5 away1 & ! m]e skeleton (
 ! l& be+ left4 ,b 9 ! primitive /ate ( 
! c\ntry1 its m\nta9s 7 high hills cov]$
 ) soil1 & ! pla9s1 z !y are t]m$ by u1 
( ,phelleus 7 full ( ri* e>?1 & !re 0   
abundance ( wood 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,( ?is la/
 ! traces /ill rema91 = al?\gh "s ( !   
m\nta9s n[ only af=d su/5ance to bees1 n
 s v long ago !re 7 /ill to be se5 ro(s 
( timb] cut f trees gr[+ !re1 :i* 7 ( a 

size suffici5t to cov] ! l>ge/ h\ses2 & 
!re 7 _m o!r high trees1 cultivat$ by   
man & be>+ abundance ( food = cattle4   
,moreov]1 ! l& reap$ ! b5efit ( ! annual
 ra9fall1 n z n[ los+ ! wat] :i* fl[s (f
 ! b>e e>? into ! sea1 b1 hav+ an       
abundant supply 9 all places1 & receiv+ 
x into h]self & treasur+ x up 9 ! close 
clay soil1 x let (f into ! holl[s !     
/reams :i* x absorb$ f ! heights1       
provid+ ev]y:]e abundant f\nta9s &      
riv]s1 ( :i* !re may /ill be obs]v$     
sacr$ memorials 9 places :]e f\nta9s    
once exi/$2 & ?is proves ! tru? ( :at ,i
 am say+4  ,su* 0 ! natural /ate ( !    
c\ntry1 :i* 0 cultivat$1 z we may well  
believe1 by true husb&m51 :o made       
husb&ry _! bus9ess1 & 7 lov]s ( hon\r1 &
 ( a noble nature1 & _h a soil ! be/ 9 !
 _w1 & abundance ( wat]1 & 9 ! heav5    
above an excell5tly attemp]$ climate4   
,n[ ! city 9 ^? days 0 arrang$ on ?is   
wise4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,acropolis 0 n z
 n[4 ,= ! fact is t a s+le night (      
excessive ra9 wa%$ away ! e>? & laid b>e

 ! rock2 at ! same "t !re 7 e>?quakes1 &
 !n occurr$ ! extraord9>y inundation1   
:i* 0 ! ?ird be=e ! great de/ruction (  
,deucalion4 ,b 9 primitive times ! hill 
( ! ,acropolis ext5d$ to ! ,eridanus &  
,ilissus1 & includ$ ! ,pnyx on "o side1 
& ! ,lycabettus z a b\nd>y on ! opposite
 side to ! ,pnyx1 & 0 all well cov]$ )  
soil1 & level at ! top1 except 9 "o or  
two places4 ,outside ! ,acropolis & "u !
 sides ( ! hill !re dwelt artisans1 &   
su* ( ! husb&m5 z 7 till+ ! gr\nd ne>2 !
 w>rior class dwelt by !mselves ar\nd ! 
temples ( ,a!ne & ,hephae/us at !       
summit1 :i* moreov] !y _h enclos$ ) a   
s+le f5ce l ! g>d5 ( a s+le h\se4 ,on ! 
nor? side !y _h dwell+s 9 common & _h   
erect$ halls = d9+ 9 w9t]1 & _h all !   
build+s :i* !y ne$$ = _! common life1   
besides temples1 b !re 0 no adorn+ ( !m 
) gold & silv]1 = !y made no use ( ^! = 
any purpose2 !y took a middle c\rse     
betwe5 meanness & o/5tation1 & built    
mode/ h\ses 9 :i* !y & _! *ildr5's      
*ildr5 grew old1 & !y h&$ !m d[n to o!rs

 :o 7 l !mselves1 always ! same4 ,b 9   
summ]-"t !y left _! g>d5s & gymnasia &  
d9+ halls1 & !n ! s\!rn side ( ! hill 0 
made use ( by !m = ! same purpose4 ,:]e 
! ,acropolis n[ is !re 0 a f\nta91 :i* 0
 *ok$ by ! e>?quake1 & has left only !  
few small /reams :i* /ill exi/ 9 !      
vic9ity1 b 9 ^? days ! f\nta9 gave an   
abundant supply ( wat] = all & (        
suitable temp]ature 9 summ] & 9 w9t]4   
,?is is h[ !y dwelt1 be+ ! gu>dians ( _!
 own citiz5s & ! lead]s ( ! ,hell5es1 :o
 7 _! will+ foll[]s4 ,& !y took c>e to  
pres]ve ! same numb] ( m5 & wom5 ?r\gh  
all "t1 be+ s _m z 7 requir$ = w>like   
purposes1 !n z n[--t is to say1 ab\t    
tw5ty ?\s&4 ,su* 7 ! anci5t ,a!nians1 & 
aft] ?is mann] !y righte\sly adm9i/]$ _!
 own l& & ! re/ ( ,hellas2 !y 7 r5[n$   
all ov] ,europe & ,asia = ! beauty ( _! 
p]sons & = ! _m virtues ( _! s\ls1 & (  
all m5 :o liv$ 9 ^? days !y 7 ! mo/     
illu/ri\s4 ,& next1 if ,i h n =gott5 :at
 ,i he>d :5 ,i 0 a *ild1 ,i w imp>t to y
 ! "* & orig9 ( _! adv]s>ies4 ,= fri5ds 

%\ld n keep _! /ories to !mselves1 b h  
!m 9 common4  ,yet1 be=e proce$+ fur!r 9
 ! n>rative1 ,i ought to w>n y1 t y mu/ 
n be surpris$ if y %\ld p]haps he>      
,hell5ic names giv5 to =eign]s4 ,i w    
tell y ! reason ( ?is3 ,solon1 :o 0     
int5d+ to use ! tale = 8 poem1 enquir$  
into ! mean+ ( ! names1 & f\nd t ! e>ly 
,egyptians 9 writ+ !m d[n _h translat$  
!m into _! own language1 & he recov]$ ! 
mean+ ( ! sev]al names & :5 copy+ !m out
 aga9 translat$ !m into our language4   
,my great-gr&fa!r1 ,dropides1 _h !      
orig9al writ+1 :i* is /ill 9 my         
possession1 & 0 c>efully /udi$ by me :5 
,i 0 a *ild4 ,!re=e if y he> names su* z
 are us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 y mu/ n be       
surpris$1 = ,i h told h[ !y came to be  
introduc$4 ,! tale1 :i* 0 ( great l5g?1 
began z foll[s3--  ,i h be=e rem>k$ 9   
speak+ ( ! allotm5ts ( ! gods1 t !y     
di/ribut$ ! :ole e>? into portions      
diff]+ 9 ext5t1 & made = !mselves       
temples & in/itut$ sacrifices4 ,&       
,poseidon1 receiv+ = 8 lot ! isl& (     

,atlantis1 begat *ildr5 by a mortal     
woman1 & settl$ !m 9 a "p ( ! isl&1 :i* 
,i w describe4 ,look+ t[>ds ! sea1 b 9 !
 c5tre ( ! :ole isl&1 !re 0 a pla9 :i*  
is said to h be5 ! faire/ ( all pla9s & 
v f]tile4 ,ne> ! pla9 aga91 & also 9 !  
c5tre ( ! isl& at a di/ance ( ab\t fifty
 /adia1 !re 0 a m\nta9 n v high on any  
side4 ,9 ?is m\nta9 !re dwelt "o ( !    
e>?-born primeval m5 ( t c\ntry1 ^: "n 0
 ,ev5or1 & he _h a wife nam$ ,leucippe1 
& !y _h an only daught] :o 0 call$      
,cleito4 ,! maid5 _h already rea*$      
womanhood1 :5 h] fa!r & "m di$2         
,poseidon fell 9 love ) h] & _h         
int]c\rse ) h]1 & break+ ! gr\nd1       
inclos$ ! hill 9 :i* %e dwelt all r\nd1 
mak+ alt]nate zones ( sea & l& l>g] &   
small]1 encircl+ "o ano!r2 !re 7 two (  
l& & ?ree ( wat]1 :i* he turn$ z ) a    
la!1 ea* hav+ its circumf]5ce equidi/ant
 e way f ! c5tre1 s t no man c\ld get to
 ! isl&1 = %ips & voyages 7 n z yet4 ,he
 himself1 be+ a god1 f\nd no difficulty 
9 mak+ special arrangem5ts = ! c5tre    

isl&1 br++ up two spr+s ( wat] f b5ea? !
 e>?1 "o ( w>m wat] & ! o!r ( cold1 &   
mak+ e v>iety ( food to spr+ up         
abundantly f ! soil4 ,he also begat &   
br\ght up five pairs ( tw9 male *ildr52 
& divid+ ! isl& ( ,atlantis into t5     
portions1 he gave to ! fir/-born ( !    
elde/ pair 8 "m's dwell+ & ! surr\nd+   
allotm5t1 :i* 0 ! l>ge/ & be/1 & made   
him k+ ov] ! re/2 ! o!rs he made pr9ces1
 & gave !m rule ov] _m m51 & a l>ge     
t]ritory4 ,& he nam$ !m all2 ! elde/1 :o
 0 ! fir/ k+1 he nam$ ,atlas1 & aft] him
 ! :ole isl& & ! ocean 7 call$          
,atlantic4 ,to 8 tw9 bro!r1 :o 0 born   
aft] him1 & obta9$ z 8 lot ! extremity (
 ! isl& t[>ds ! pill>s ( ,h]acles1 fac+ 
! c\ntry :i* is n[ call$ ! region (     
,gades 9 t "p ( ! _w1 he gave ! "n :i* 9
 ! ,hell5ic language is ,eumelus1 9 !   
language ( ! c\ntry :i* is nam$ aft]    
him1 ,gadeirus4 ,( ! second pair ( tw9s 
he call$ "o ,amph]es1 & ! o!r ,evaemon4 
,to ! eld] ( ! ?ird pair ( tw9s he gave 
! "n ,mneseus1 & ,auto*?on to ! "o :o   

foll[$ him4 ,( ! f\r? pair ( tw9s he    
call$ ! eld] ,elasippus1 & ! y\ng]      
,me/or4 ,& ( ! fif? pair he gave to !   
eld] ! "n ( ,azaes1 & to ! y\ng] t (    
,diaprepes4 ,all ^! & _! desc5dants = _m
 g5]ations 7 ! inhabitants & rul]s (    
div]s isl&s 9 ! op5 sea2 & also1 z has  
be5 already said1 !y held sway 9 our    
direction ov] ! c\ntry )9 ! pill>s z f> 
z ,egypt & ,tyrrh5ia4 ,n[ ,atlas _h a   
num]\s & hon\rable family1 & !y reta9$ !
 k+dom1 ! elde/ son h&+ x on to 8 elde/ 
= _m g5]ations2 & !y _h su* an am\nt (  
weal? z 0 nev] be=e possess$ by k+s &   
pot5tates1 & is n likely ev] to be aga91
 & !y 7 furni%$ ) ev]y?+ :i* !y ne$$1   
bo? 9 ! city & c\ntry4 ,= because ( !   
greatness ( _! empire _m ?+s 7 br\ght to
 !m f =eign c\ntries1 & ! isl& itself   
provid$ mo/ ( :at 0 requir$ by !m = !   
uses ( life4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y dug out
 ( ! e>? :atev] 0 to be f\nd !re1 solid 
z well z fusile1 & t :i* is n[ only a "n
 & 0 !n some?+ m ?an a "n1 ori*alcum1 0 
dug out ( ! e>? 9 _m p>ts ( ! isl&1 be+ 

m preci\s 9 ^? days ?an any?+ except    
gold4 ,!re 0 an abundance ( wood =      
c>p5t]'s "w1 & suffici5t ma9t5ance =    
tame & wild animals4 ,moreov]1 !re 7 a  
great numb] ( elephants 9 ! isl&2 = z   
!re 0 provision = all o!r sorts (       
animals1 bo? = ^? :i* live 9 lakes &    
m>%es & riv]s1 & also = ^? :i* live 9   
m\nta9s & on pla9s1 s !re 0 = ! animal  
:i* is ! l>ge/ & mo/ voraci\s ( all4    
,also :atev] fragrant ?+s !re n[ are 9 !
 e>?1 :e!r roots1 or h]bage1 or woods1  
or ess5ces :i* di/il f fruit & fl[]1    
grew & ?riv$ 9 t l&2 also ! fruit :i*   
admits ( cultivation1 bo? ! dry sort1   
:i* is giv5 u = n\ri%m5t & any o!r :i*  
we use = food--we call !m all by !      
common "n ( pulse1 & ! fruits hav+ a h>d
 r9d1 af=d+ dr9ks & meats & o9tm5ts1 &  
good /ore ( *e/nuts & ! l1 :i* furni%   
pleasure & amusem5t1 & are fruits :i*   
spoil ) keep+1 & ! pleasant k9ds (      
dess]t1 ) :i* we console ourselves aft] 
d9n]1 :5 we are tir$ ( eat+--all ^! t   
sacr$ isl& :i* !n beheld ! light ( !    

sun1 br\ght =? fair & wondr\s & 9       
inf9ite abundance4 ,) su* bless+s ! e>? 
freely furni%$ !m2 mean:ile !y w5t on   
con/ruct+ _! temples & palaces & h>b\rs 
& docks4 ,& !y arrang$ ! :ole c\ntry 9 !
 foll[+ mann]3--  ,fir/ ( all !y bridg$ 
ov] ! zones ( sea :i* surr\nd$ ! anci5t 
metropolis1 mak+ a road to & f ! royal  
palace4 ,& at ! v beg9n+ !y built !     
palace 9 ! habitation ( ! god & ( _!    
ance/ors1 :i* !y cont9u$ to ornam5t 9   
successive g5]ations1 e k+ surpass+ ! "o
 :o w5t be=e him to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1    
until !y made ! build+ a m>vel to behold
 = size & = beauty4 ,& beg9n+ f ! sea !y
 bor$ a canal ( ?ree hundr$ feet 9 wid? 
& "o hundr$ feet 9 dep? & fifty /adia 9 
l5g?1 :i* !y c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! out]mo/   
zone1 mak+ a passage f ! sea up to ?is1 
:i* became a h>b\r1 & leav+ an op5+     
suffici5t to enable ! l>ge/ vessels to  
f9d +ress4 ,moreov]1 !y divid$ at !     
bridges ! zones ( l& :i* p>t$ ! zones ( 
sea1 leav+ room = a s+le trireme to pass
 out ( "o zone into ano!r1 & !y cov]$   

ov] ! *annels s z to leave a way        
und]nea? = ! %ips2 = ! banks 7 rais$    
consid]ably above ! wat]4 ,n[ ! l>ge/ ( 
! zones into :i* a passage 0 cut f ! sea
 0 ?ree /adia 9 bread?1 & ! zone ( l&   
:i* came next ( equal bread?2 b ! next  
two zones1 ! "o ( wat]1 ! o!r ( l&1 7   
two /adia1 & ! "o :i* surr\nd$ ! c5tral 
isl& 0 a /adium only 9 wid?4 ,! isl& 9  
:i* ! palace 0 situat$ _h a diamet] (   
five /adia4 ,all ?is includ+ ! zones & !
 bridge1 :i* 0 ! six? "p ( a /adium 9   
wid?1 !y surr\nd$ by a /one wall on e   
side1 plac+ t[]s & gates on ! bridges   
:]e ! sea pass$ 94 ,! /one :i* 0 us$ 9 !
 "w !y qu>ri$ f und]nea? ! c5tre isl&1 &
 f und]nea? ! zones1 on ! out] z well z 
! inn] side4 ,"o k9d 0 :ite1 ano!r      
black1 & a ?ird r$1 & z !y qu>ri$1 !y at
 ! same "t holl[$ out d\ble docks1 hav+ 
ro(s =m$ out ( ! native rock4 ,"s ( _!  
build+s 7 simple1 b 9 o!rs !y put toge!r
 diff]5t /ones1 v>y+ ! col\r to please !
 eye1 & to be a natural s\rce ( delight4
 ,! entire circuit ( ! wall1 :i* w5t    

r\nd ! out]mo/ zone1 !y cov]$ ) a coat+ 
( brass1 & ! circuit ( ! next wall !y   
coat$ ) t91 & ! ?ird1 :i* encompass$ !  
citadel1 fla%$ ) ! r$ light ( ori*alcum4
 ,! palaces 9 ! int]ior ( ! citadel 7   
con/ruct$ on ?is wise3--,9 ! c5tre 0 a  
holy temple d$icat$ to ,cleito &        
,poseidon1 :i* rema9$ inaccessible1 & 0 
surr\nd$ by an enclosure ( gold2 ?is 0 !
 spot :]e ! family ( ! t5 pr9ces fir/   
saw ! light1 & ?i!r ! p annually br\ght 
! fruits ( ! e>? 9 _! season f all ! t5 
portions1 to be an (f]+ to ea* ( ! t54  
,"h 0 ,poseidon's own temple :i* 0 a    
/adium 9 l5g?1 & half a /adium 9 wid?1 &
 ( a proportionate height1 hav+ a /range
 b>b>ic appe>ance4 ,all ! outside ( !   
temple1 ) ! exception ( ! p9nacles1 !y  
cov]$ ) silv]1 & ! p9nacles ) gold4 ,9 !
 int]ior ( ! temple ! ro( 0 ( ivory1    
curi\sly wr\ght ev]y:]e ) gold & silv] &
 ori*alcum2 & all ! o!r p>ts1 ! walls & 
pill>s & floor1 !y coat$ ) ori*alcum4 ,9
 ! temple !y plac$ /atues ( gold3 !re 0 
! god himself /&+ 9 a *>iot--! *>iote] (

 six w+$ horses--& ( su* a size t he    
t\*$ ! ro( ( ! build+ ) 8 head2 ar\nd   
him !re 7 a hundr$ ,n]eids rid+ on      
dolph9s1 = su* 0 ?\ght to be ! numb] (  
!m by ! m5 ( ^? days4 ,!re 7 also 9 !   
int]ior ( ! temple o!r images :i* _h be5
 d$icat$ by private p]sons4 ,& ar\nd !  
temple on ! outside 7 plac$ /atues (    
gold ( all ! desc5dants ( ! t5 k+s & (  
_! wives1 & !re 7 _m o!r great (f]+s (  
k+s & ( private p]sons1 com+ bo? f !    
city itself & f ! =eign cities ov] :i*  
!y held sway4 ,!re 0 an alt> too1 :i* 9 
size & workman%ip correspond$ to ?is    
magnific5ce1 & ! palaces1 9 l mann]1    
answ]$ to ! greatness ( ! k+dom & !     
glory ( ! temple4  ,9 ! next place1 !y  
_h f\nta9s1 "o ( cold & ano!r ( hot     
wat]1 9 graci\s pl5ty fl[+2 & !y 7      
wond]fully adapt$ = use by reason ( !   
pleasantness & excell5ce ( _! wat]s4 ,!y
 con/ruct$ build+s ab\t !m & plant$     
suitable trees1 also !y made ci/]ns1 "s 
op5 to ! heav51 o!rs ro($ ov]1 to be us$
 9 w9t] z w>m ba?s2 !re 7 ! k+s' ba?s1 &

 ! ba?s ( private p]sons1 :i* 7 kept    
ap>t2 & !re 7 sep>ate ba?s = wom51 & =  
horses & cattle1 & to ea* ( !m !y gave z
 mu* adornm5t z 0 suitable4 ,( ! wat]   
:i* ran (f !y c>ri$ "s to ! grove (     
,poseidon1 :]e 7 gr[+ all mann] ( trees 
( wond]ful height & beauty1 ow+ to !    
excell5ce ( ! soil1 :ile ! rema9d] 0    
convey$ by aqu$ucts along ! bridges to !
 out] circles2 & !re 7 _m temples built 
& d$icat$ to _m gods2 also g>d5s &      
places ( ex]cise1 "s = m51 & o!rs =     
horses 9 bo? ( ! two isl&s =m$ by !     
zones2 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! l>g] ( ! two !re 
0 set ap>t a race-c\rse ( a /adium 9    
wid?1 & 9 l5g? all[$ to ext5d all r\nd !
 isl&1 = horses to race 94 ,also !re 7  
gu>d-h\ses at int]vals = ! gu>ds1 ! m   
tru/$ ( :om 7 appo9t$ to keep wat* 9 !  
less] zone1 :i* 0 ne>] ! ,acropolis2    
:ile ! mo/ tru/$ ( all _h h\ses giv5 !m 
)9 ! citadel1 ne> ! p]sons ( ! k+s4 ,!  
docks 7 full ( triremes & naval /ores1 &
 all ?+s 7 q ready = use4 ,en\gh ( !    
plan ( ! royal palace4  ,leav+ ! palace 

& pass+ out across ! ?ree h>b\rs1 y came
 to a wall :i* began at ! sea & w5t all 
r\nd3 ?is 0 ev]y:]e di/ant fifty /adia f
 ! l>ge/ zone or h>b\r1 & enclos$ !     
:ole1 ! ends meet+ at ! m\? ( ! *annel  
:i* l$ to ! sea4 ,! entire area 0 d5sely
 cr[d$ ) habitations2 & ! canal & !     
l>ge/ ( ! h>b\rs 7 full ( vessels &     
m]*ants com+ f all p>ts1 :o1 f _!       
numb]s1 kept up a multitud9\s s\nd (    
human voices1 & d9 & clatt] ( all sorts 
night & day4  ,i h describ$ ! city & !  
environs ( ! anci5t palace ne>ly 9 !    
words ( ,solon1 & n[ ,i mu/ endeav\r to 
repres5t to y ! nature & arrangem5t ( ! 
re/ ( ! l&4 ,! :ole c\ntry 0 said by him
 to be v l(ty & precipit\s on ! side ( !
 sea1 b ! c\ntry imm$iately ab\t &      
surr\nd+ ! city 0 a level pla91 itself  
surr\nd$ by m\nta9s :i* desc5d$ t[>ds ! 
sea2 x 0 smoo? & ev51 & ( an oblong     
%ape1 ext5d+ 9 "o direction ?ree ?\s&   
/adia1 b across ! c5tre inl& x 0 two    
?\s& /adia4 ,?is "p ( ! isl& look$ t[>ds
 ! s\?1 & 0 %elt]$ f ! nor?4 ,! surr\nd+

 m\nta9s 7 celebrat$ = _! numb] & size &
 beauty1 f> beyond any :i* /ill exi/1   
hav+ 9 !m also _m weal?y villages (     
c\ntry folk1 & riv]s1 & lakes1 & mead[s 
supply+ food en\gh = e animal1 wild or  
tame1 & mu* wood ( v>i\s sorts1 abundant
 = ea* & e k9d ( "w4  ,i w n[ describe !
 pla91 z x 0 fa%ion$ by nature & by !   
lab\rs ( _m g5]ations ( k+s ?r\gh long  
ages4 ,x 0 = ! mo/ "p rectangul> &      
oblong1 & :]e fall+ out ( ! /raight l9e 
foll[$ ! circul> dit*4 ,! dep?1 & wid?1 
& l5g? ( ?is dit* 7 incr$ible1 & gave ! 
impression t a "w ( su* ext5t1 9        
addition to s _m o!rs1 c\ld nev] h be5  
artificial4 ,nev]!less ,i mu/ say :at ,i
 0 told4 ,x 0 excavat$ to ! dep? ( a    
hundr$ feet1 & its bread? 0 a /adium    
ev]y:]e2 x 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! :ole ( ! pla91
 & 0 t5 ?\s& /adia 9 l5g?4 ,x receiv$ ! 
/reams :i* came d[n f ! m\nta9s1 & w9d+ 
r\nd ! pla9 & meet+ at ! city1 0 !re let
 (f into ! sea4 ,fur!r inl&1 likewise1  
/raight canals ( a hundr$ feet 9 wid? 7 
cut f x ?r\gh ! pla91 & aga9 let (f into

 ! dit* lead+ to ! sea3 ^! canals 7 at  
int]vals ( a hundr$ /adia1 & by !m !y   
br\ght d[n ! wood f ! m\nta9s to ! city1
 & convey$ ! fruits ( ! e>? 9 %ips1     
cutt+ transv]se passages f "o canal into
 ano!r1 & to ! city4 ,twice 9 ! ye> !y  
ga!r$ ! fruits ( ! e>?--9 w9t] hav+ !   
b5efit ( ! ra9s ( heav51 & 9 summ] !    
wat] :i* ! l& suppli$ by introduc+      
/reams f ! canals4  ,z to ! population1 
ea* ( ! lots 9 ! pla9 _h to f9d a lead] 
= ! m5 :o 7 fit = milit>y s]vice1 & !   
size ( a lot 0 a squ>e ( t5 /adia ea*   
way1 & ! total numb] ( all ! lots 0     
sixty ?\s&4 ,& ( ! inhabitants ( !      
m\nta9s & ( ! re/ ( ! c\ntry !re 0 also 
a va/ multitude1 :i* 0 di/ribut$ among !
 lots & _h lead]s assign$ to !m accord+ 
to _! di/ricts & villages4 ,! lead] 0   
requir$ to furni% = ! w> ! six? portion 
( a w>-*>iot1 s z to make up a total (  
t5 ?\s& *>iots2 also two horses & rid]s 
= !m1 & a pair ( *>iot-horses )\t a     
seat1 accompani$ by a horseman :o c\ld  
fight on foot c>ry+ a small %ield1 &    

hav+ a *>iote] :o /ood beh9d !          
man-at-arms to guide ! two horses2 also1
 he 0 b\nd to furni% two heavy-arm$     
soldi]s1 two ar*]s1 two sl+]s1 ?ree     
/one-%oot]s & ?ree javel9-m51 :o 7      
light-arm$1 & f\r sailors to make up !  
complem5t ( twelve hundr$ %ips4 ,su* 0 !
 milit>y ord] ( ! royal city--! ord] ( !
 o!r n9e gov]nm5ts v>i$1 & x w\ld be    
we>isome to rec\nt _! sev]al diff]5ces4 
,z to (fices & hon\rs1 ! foll[+ 0 !     
arrangem5t f ! fir/4 ,ea* ( ! t5 k+s 9 8
 own division & 9 8 own city _h !       
absolute control ( ! citiz5s1 &1 9 mo/  
cases1 ( ! laws1 puni%+ & slay+ :omsoev]
 he w\ld4 ,n[ ! ord] ( prec$5ce among !m
 & _! mutual relations 7 regulat$ by !  
comm&s ( ,poseidon :i* ! law _h h&$ d[n4
 ,^! 7 inscrib$ by ! fir/ k+s on a pill>
 ( ori*alcum1 :i* 0 situat$ 9 ! middle (
 ! isl&1 at ! temple ( ,poseidon1 :i!r !
 k+s 7 ga!r$ toge!r e fif? & e six? ye> 
alt]nately1 ?us giv+ equal hon\r to !   
odd & to ! ev5 numb]4 ,& :5 !y 7 ga!r$  
toge!r !y consult$ ab\t _! common       

int]e/s1 & enquir$ if any "o _h         
transgress$ 9 any?+1 & pass$ judgm5t1 & 
be=e !y pass$ judgm5t !y gave _! pl$ges 
to "o ano!r on ?is wise3--,!re 7 bulls  
:o _h ! range ( ! temple ( ,poseidon2 & 
! t5 k+s1 be+ left alone 9 ! temple1    
aft] !y _h (f]$ pray]s to ! god t !y    
might capture ! victim :i* 0 acceptable 
to him1 hunt$ ! bulls1 )\t weapons1 b ) 
/aves & nooses2 & ! bull :i* !y caught  
!y l$ up to ! pill> & cut its ?roat ov] 
! top ( x s t ! blood fell ^u ! sacr$   
inscription4 ,n[ on ! pill>1 besides !  
laws1 !re 0 inscrib$ an oa? invok+      
mighty curses on ! disob$i5t4 ,:5 !re=e1
 aft] slay+ ! bull 9 ! accu/om$ mann]1  
!y _h burnt its limbs1 !y fill$ a b[l ( 
w9e & ca/ 9 a clot ( blood = ea* ( !m2 !
 re/ ( ! victim !y put 9 ! fire1 aft]   
hav+ purifi$ ! column all r\nd4 ,!n !y  
drew f ! b[l 9 gold5 cups1 & p\r+ a     
libation on ! fire1 !y swore t !y w\ld  
judge accord+ to ! laws on ! pill>1 &   
w\ld puni% him :o 9 any po9t _h already 
transgress$ !m1 & t = ! future !y w\ld  

n1 if !y c\ld help1 (f5d aga9/ ! writ+  
on ! pill>1 & w\ld nei!r comm& o!rs1 nor
 obey any rul] :o comm&$ !m1 to act     
o!rwise ?an accord+ to ! laws ( _! fa!r 
,poseidon4 ,?is 0 ! pray] :i* ea* ( !m  
(f]$ up = himself & = 8 desc5dants1 at !
 same "t dr9k+ & d$icat+ ! cup out ( :i*
 he drank 9 ! temple ( ! god2 & aft] !y 
_h supp$ & satisfi$ _! ne$s1 :5 d>kness 
came on1 & ! fire ab\t ! sacrifice 0    
cool1 all ( !m put on mo/ beautiful     
azure robes1 &1 sitt+ on ! gr\nd1 at    
night1 ov] ! emb]s ( ! sacrifices by :i*
 !y _h sworn1 & ext+ui%+ all ! fire ab\t
 ! temple1 !y receiv$ & gave judgm5t1 if
 any ( !m _h an accusation to br+ aga9/ 
any "o2 & :5 !y _h giv5 judgm5t1 at     
daybreak !y wrote d[n _! s5t5ces on a   
gold5 tablet1 & d$icat$ x toge!r ) _!   
robes to be a memorial4  ,!re 7 _m      
special laws affect+ ! sev]al k+s       
inscrib$ ab\t ! temples1 b ! mo/        
important 0 ! foll[+3 ,!y 7 n to take up
 arms aga9/ "o ano!r1 & !y 7 all to come
 to ! rescue if any "o 9 any ( _! cities

 attempt$ to ov]?r[ ! royal h\se2 l _!  
ance/ors1 !y 7 to delib]ate 9 common    
ab\t w> & o!r matt]s1 giv+ ! supremacy  
to ! desc5dants ( ,atlas4 ,& ! k+ 0 n to
 h ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] any ( 8 k9sm5
 unless he _h ! ass5t ( ! majority ( !  
t54  ,su* 0 ! va/ p[] :i* ! god settl$ 9
 ! lo/ isl& ( ,atlantis2 & ?is he       
aft]w>ds direct$ aga9/ our l& = ! foll[+
 reasons1 z tradition tells3 ,= _m      
g5]ations1 z long z ! div9e nature la/$ 
9 !m1 !y 7 ob$i5t to ! laws1 &          
well-affection$ t[>ds ! god1 ^: se$ !y  
72 = !y possess$ true & 9 e way great   
spirits1 unit+ g5tl5ess ) wisdom 9 !    
v>i\s *ances ( life1 & 9 _! int]c\rse ) 
"o ano!r4 ,!y despis$ ev]y?+ b virtue1  
c>+ little = _! pres5t /ate ( life1 &   
?9k+ lightly ( ! possession ( gold & o!r
 prop]ty1 :i* seem$ only a burd5 to !m2 
nei!r 7 !y intoxicat$ by luxury2 nor did
 weal? deprive !m ( _! self-control2 b  
!y 7 sob]1 & saw cle>ly t all ^! goods  
are increas$ by virtue & fri5d%ip ) "o  
ano!r1 :]eas by too great reg>d &       

respect = !m1 !y are lo/ & fri5d%ip )   
!m4 ,by su* reflections & by !          
cont9uance 9 !m ( a div9e nature1 !     
qualities :i* we h describ$ grew &      
increas$ among !m2 b :5 ! div9e portion 
began to fade away1 & became dilut$ too 
(t5 & too mu* ) ! mortal admixture1 & ! 
human nature got ! upp] h&1 !y !n1 be+  
unable to be> _! =tune1 behav$ unseemly1
 & to him :o _h an eye to see grew      
visibly debas$1 = !y 7 los+ ! faire/ (  
_! preci\s gifts2 b to ^? :o _h no eye  
to see ! true happ9ess1 !y appe>$       
glori\s & bless$ at ! v "t :5 !y 7 full 
( av>ice & unrighte\s p[]4 ,zeus1 ! god 
( gods1 :o rules accord+ to law1 & is   
able to see into su* ?+s1 p]ceiv+ t an  
hon\rable race 0 9 a woeful plight1 &   
want+ to inflict puni%m5t on !m1 t !y   
might be *a/5$ & improve1 collect$ all !
 gods into _! mo/ holy habitation1 :i*1 
be+ plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 beholds all 
creat$ ?+s4 ,& :5 he _h call$ !m toge!r1
 he spake z foll[s--99       99 ,! re/ (
 ! ,dialogue ( ,critias has be5 lo/4