,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #gid ,,new ,,york1 ,m>* #ba1 #ahia ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxi41 ,no4 #gid4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,botany4--,new ,race ( ,dw>f ,dahlias4--,a new & valuable fl[]+ plant1 ) portrait ( ! introduc]4--#a illu/ration4 ,,ii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,c>bon 9 ,organic ,sub/ances4--,by ,j4 ,,mess+]4-- ,an improv$ me?od ( det]m9+ c>bon by inorganic combu/ions4--#a illu/ration4 ,,iii4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,a ,new ,integrator4--,by ,pr(4 ,,k>l ,,pe>son4 ,m4,a4--,an app>atus = use = ! eng9e] 9 work+ up areas1 indicator diagrams1 etc4--#d illu/rations4 ,be/ ,diamet] ( ,c> ,:eels4--,! size ( c> :eels f ! /&po9t ( ,am]ican eng9e]+4--,a plea = a mod]ate siz$ :eel4 ,improv$ ,ov]head ,/eam ,travel+ ,crane4--,a crane con/ruct$ = use 9 /eel works4--,great p[] & range4--#c illu/rations4 ,"s ,h9ts on ,spik+ ,track4--,a mo/ practical article = tell+ exactly h[ to conduct ! op]ation on ! gr\nd4--#a illu/ration4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity4--,electrical ,laboratory = ,amateurs4--,by ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,hopk9s4--,a simple collection ( app>atus = conduct+ a complete s]ies ( electrical exp]im5ts4--#ag illu/rations4 ,! ,action ( ! ,sil5t ,dis*>ge on ,*lor9e4--,h[ an electric dis*>ge affects *lor9e gas4--,an important negative result4 ,v4 ,,e?nology4--,"s ,w9nebago ,arts4--,an int]e/+ article ^u ! arts ( ! ,w9nebago ,indians4--,a rec5t pap] be=e ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,,vi4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,! ,philosophy ( ,consumption4 --,by ,dr4 ,j4,s4 ,,*ri/ison4--,a review ( ! pres5t !ories ( consumption1 & ! role play$ 9 x by its bacillus4 ,,vii4 ,,music4--,spac+ ! ,frets on a ,banjo ,neck4--,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,,maccord4--,a mo/ practical treatm5t ( ?is subject1 ) full explanations4--#a illu/ration4 ,,viii4 ,,ordnance4--,high ,explosives 9 ,w>f>e4--,by ,comm&] ,f4,m4 ,,b>b]1 ,u4,s4,n4--,an elaborate review ( mod]n explosives 9 _! applicability to ordnance1 etc4 ,! ,exp]im5ts at ! ,annapolis ,prov+ ,gr\nds4--,! rec5t te/s at ,annapolis describ$ & illu/rat$4--,views ( ! projectiles1 plates1 etc4--#c illu/rations4 ,,ix4 ,,physics4--,aro-,picnomet]4--,an entirely novel =m ( hydromet]1 ( v ext5d$ use & application4--#a illu/ration4 ,x4 ,,te*nology4--,fabric = ,uphol/]y ,purposes4--,full te*nical description ( ! me?od ( produc+ a new & *>act]i/ic fabric4--#a illu/ration4 ,gase\s ,illum9ants4--,by ,pr(4 ,,vivian ,b4 ,,lewes4--,cont9uation ( ?is important article1 treat+ ( ! wat] gas & special processes1 ) analyses4 ,glove ,mak+4--,e>ly hi/ory ( glove mak+ 9 ,am]ica4--,its pres5t aspects & processes4 ,rev]sible ,+ra9 or ,pro-,brussels ,c>pet4--,an imitation ( ,brussels c>pet on ! ,+ra9 pr9ciple4--,full description ( ! process ( mak+4--#c illu/rations4 ,! ,manufacture & ,use ( ,pla/] ( ,p>is4--,an excell5t treatm5t ( a subject hi!rto little writt5 ab\t4--,full p>ticul>s ( ! manufactur+ process4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,ov]head ,,/eam ,,travel+ ,,crane4 ,we %[ 9 ,fig4 #a a g5]al view1 & 9 ,figs4 #b & #c a side elevation & plan ( an ov]head /eam travel+ crane1 :i* has be5 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,smi?1 ( ,rodley1 ne> ,le$s1 = use 9 a /eel works1 to lift1 l[]1 & travel ) loads up to #ae tons4 ,= our engrav+s & description we are indebt$ to ,indu/ries4 ,! crane is design$ = hoi/+ & l[]+ :ile travel+ transv]sely or longitud9ally1 & all ! movem5ts are readily controll$ f ! cage1 :i* is plac$ at "o end ( & und]nea? ! transv]se beams1 & f :i* ! load c be readily se54 ,all ! ge> :eels are ( /eel & h d\ble helical tee?2 ! %afts are also ( /eel1 & ! pr9cipal be>+s are adju/able & bu%$ ) h>d gun metal4 ,?is crane has a sep>ate pair ( eng9es = ea* motion1 :i* are suppli$ ) /eam by ! multitubul> boil] plac$ 9 ! cage z %[n4 ,! hoi/+ motions consi/ ( d\ble pur*ase ge>+1 ) groov$ drum1 treble be/ iron *a9 ) block & hook1 driv5 by "o pair ( #h 94 by #ab 94 eng9es4 ,! transv]se travel+ motion consi/s ( ge>+1 *a91 & c>riage on f\r tram :eels1 ) groov$ *a9 pulleys1 driv5 by ! second pair ( #f 94 by #aj 94 eng9es1 & ! longitud9al travel+ motion driv5 by ! o!r pair ( #h 94 by #ab 94 eng9es4 ,! transv]se beams are wr\ght iron rivet$ box gird]s1 firmly secur$ to ! end c>riages1 :i* are m\nt$ on f\r d\ble flang$ /eel-tir$ :eels1 set to suit a #ch foot span4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,ov]head ,,travel+ ,,crane ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,side ,,elevation ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,,plan 99 99 99 99 99 ,,be/ ,,diamet] ,,c> ,,:eels4#a ,footnote #a3 ,by ,samuel ,por*]1 assi/ant eng9e] motive p[] dep>tm5t1 ,p5nsylvania ,railroad4 ,read at a regul> meet+ ( ! ,new ,york ,railroad ,club1 ,feb4 #ai1 #ahia4 ,x goes almo/ )\t say+ t = any giv5 s]vice we want ! be/ c> :eel1 & 9 g5]al x is evid5t t ?is is ! "o be/ adapt$ to ! effici5t1 safe & prompt movem5t ( tra9s1 to ! necess>y limitations improv$ by details ( con/ruction1 & also ! "o mo/ economical 9 ma9t5ance & manufacture4 ,x is our aim ?is aft]noon to look into ?is "q 9 s f> z ! diamet] ( ! :eel affects x1 & 9 do+ x we mu/ consid] :at liability !re is to breakage or d]angem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! :eel1 hot j\rnals1 b5t axles1 ! effect ( ! weight ( ! :eel itself1 & ! effect ^u ! track & rid+ ( ! c>1 h&l+ at wrecks & 9 ! %op1 ! fir/ co/ ( repairs1 ! mileage1 me?ods ( manufacture1 ! s]vice = :i* ! :eel is int5d$ & ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made4 ,conf9+ ourselves to freight & pass5g] s]vice1 & to ca/ iron & /eel :eels 9 ! g5]al acceptation ( ! t]m z be+ ! mo/ int]e/+1 we "k t ca/ iron is n z /rong z wr\ght iron or /eel1 t ! t5d5cy ( a rotat+ :eel to bur/ is directly proportional to its diamet]1 & t ! difficulty ( mak+ a suitable & p]fect ca/+ increases ) ! diamet]4 ,ca/ iron1 !re=e1 w\ld receive no att5tion if x 7 n = its f> great] *eapness z comp>$ to wr\ght iron or /eel4 ,?is fact makes its use ei!r :olly or 9 "p v desirable = freight s]vice1 & ev5 causes "s roads 9 ?is c\ntry1 notably ! "o ) :i* ,i am connect$1 to f9d x pr(itable to develop & p]fect ! ca/ iron :eel = use 9 all b special cases4 ,/eel1 on ! o!r h&1 not)/&+ its great co/1 is com+ m & m into favor1 & has ! great recomm5dations ( /r5g? & safety4 ,x is also ( su* a nature t :eels tir$ ) x run mu* fur!r be=e be+ unfit = fur!r s]vice ?an ^? made ( ca/ iron1 & consequ5tly r5ewals are less frequ5t4 ,! inf]5ce w\ld seem to be t a comb9ation ( /eel & ca/ iron w\ld effect ! desirable saf5ess ) ! greate/ *eapness2 b up to ! pres5t ?is /ate ( affairs has n yet be5 realiz$ to ! prop] ext5t1 because ( ! labor & co/ necess>y to accompli% ?is comb9ation & ! weakness involv$ 9 ! mann] ( jo9+ ! two k9ds ( mat]ial toge!r4 ,tak+ up ! consid]ation ( ! diamet] ( ! :eel n[1 & all[+ t on ! score ( economy ca/ iron mu/ be us$ = :eels 9 freight s]vice1 we are l$ to reflect t "h heavy loads are c>ri$1 & !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to increase !m by lett+ ! floor ( ! c> d[n to a level ) ! draft timb]s4 ,all ?is makes x desirable to h ! :eels /rong & small to avoid b5t axles & brok5 flanges1 to enable u to build a /rong truck1 to r$uce ! dead weight ( c>s to a m9imum1 & h wrecks quickly cle>$ away4 ,! "t has n yet come :5 we h to consid] s]i\sly hot j\rnals aris+ f high spe$ on freight tra9s1 & a reasonable degree only ( easy rid+ is requir$4 ,! effect on ! track is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( mom5t4 ,judg+ f ! above1 ,i %\ld say t no :eel l>g] ?an "o #cc 94 9 diamet] %\ld be us$ "u freight c>s4 ,s9ce exp]i5ce 9 pass5g] s]vice %[s t l>g] ca/ iron :eels d n make great] mileage & co/ m p] #a1jjj miles run1 & t ca/ iron :eels small] ?an #cc 941 :ile sometimes co/+ less p] #a1jjj miles run1 are m tr\blesome 9 ! end1 x is app>5t t #cc 94 is ! be/ diamet] = ! :eels we h to use 9 freight s]vice4 ,:5 we take up pass5g] s]vice we come to a mu* m difficult & int]e/+ "p ( ! subject1 = "h we mu/ consid] x 9 all its be>+s1 & meet ! complications t v>y+ conditions ( place & s]vice impose4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ,i d n believe we c recomm5d "o diamet] = all pass5g] c> :eels al?\gh su* a /ate ( simplicity w\ld be mo/ desirable4 ,= in/ance1 9 a s&y c\ntry :]e competition is active1 & consequ5tly spe$ is high & ma9ta9$ = a l5g? ( "t )\t int]ruption1 ,i w\ld sc>cely hesitate to recomm5d ! use ( ca/ iron = c> :eels1 because /eel w we> out s rapidly 9 su* a place t its use w be unsatisfactory4 ,if !n ca/ iron is us$1 we w f9d t we _c make ) x z l>ge a :eel z we may det]m9e is desirable :5 /eel is us$4 ,& j to foll[ ?is l9e out to its close ,i w /ate "h t we f9d t #cf 94 seems to be ! maximum satisfactory diamet] = ca/ iron :eels1 because ?is size does n give great] mileage ?an #cc 941 co/s m p] #a1jjj miles run1 & seems to be ne>] ! limit = good f\ndry results4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a #cf 94 :eel rides well & gives immunity f hot boxes--a mo/ fruitful s\rce ( annoyance 9 s&y di/ricts4 ,x is also easily applicable :]e all mod]n appliances "u ! c> are f\nd1 includ+ good brake rigg+4 ,9 all pass5g] s]vice1 !n1 ,i w\ld recomm5d #cf 94 z ! be/ diamet] = ca/ iron :eels4 ,next tak+ up /eel :eels1 a great deal might be said ab\t ! diff]5t makes & patt]ns1 b z ! diamet] ( :eels ( ?is k9d is n limit$ practically to any ext5t by ! me?ods ( manufacture1 except z to ! fa/5+ ( ! :eel & tire toge!r1 we w note ?is po9t only4 ,tires might be s deeply cut into = ! introduction ( a reta9+ r+ t a small :eel w\ld be unduly weak5$ aft] a few turn+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 c5t]s & tires are held toge!r by spr++ ! =m] into ! latt] "u pressure1 x is possible t a tire ( l>g] diamet] might be ov]/ra9$4 ,b all[+ t ! me?od ( manufacture does n limit ! diamet] ( a /eel :eel z x does a ca/ iron "o1 ! claim t ! l>g] diamet] is ! be/ is op5 to debate at lea/1 &1 ,i believe1 is prov$ to ! contr>y on sev]al acc\nts4 ,x is argu$ t increas+ ! diamet] ( a :eel increases its total mileage 9 proportion1 or ev5 m4 ,:e!r ?is be s or n1 !re are two o!r v objectionable features t come ) an increase 9 diamet]--! :eel becomes m co/ly & weighs m1 )\t giv+ 9 all cases a proportionate return4 ,we h to d m "w 9 />t+ & /opp+1 & 9 lift+ ! l>ge :eel ov] ! hills1 & :5 ! diamet] exce$s a c]ta9 figure we h to pay m p] #a1jjj miles run4 ,i am v firmly conv9c$ t ! matt] ( dead weight %\ld receive m att5tion ?an x does1 ) a view to r$uc+ x4 ,! weight ( six pairs ( #db 94 :eels & axles alone is #ae1jjj to #af1jjj lb4 ,! matt] ( brakes is com+ up = m att5tion 9 ^! days ( high spe$1 heavy c>s & cr[d$ roads1 & ! total available brak+ p[]1 :i* has hi!rto be5 b p>tially tak5 advantage (1 mu/ be fully utiliz$4 ,i ref] to ! fact t _m ( our :eels 9 six-:eel trucks h gone unbrak$ :]e !y %\ld n4 ,z ! height ( c>s & l5g? ( trucks _c well be increas$ = obvi\s reasons1 x is necess>y to keep ! size ( ! :eels )9 ! limits t w enable u to get effici5t brakes on all ( !m t c>ry any weight4 ,?is is n easy ) a #db 94 :eel 9 a six-:eel truck1 :i* is usually ! k9d t requires mo/ adju/m5t & repairs aft] long runs4 ,! ,pullman ,co4 has recogniz$ ?is fact1 & is n[ replac+ its #db 94 :eel ) "o #ch 94 9 diamet]4 ,a #db 94 :eel ) #d 94 j\rnal has a great] lev]age :]e) to ov]come ! resi/ance ( j\rnal friction ?an ! #ch 94 :eel ) ! same j\rnal1 & ev5 m ?an ! #cf 94 & #cc 94 :eels ) #cc_/d 94 & #ca_/b 94 j\rnals respectively1 b ! fact rema9s t ! same am\nt ( "w has to be done 9 ov]com+ ! friction 9 ea* case1 & :at may be ga9$ 9 ease ( />t+ ) ! l>ge :eel is lo/ 9 "t necess>y to d x1 & 9 ! extra weight put into motion4 ,a l>ge :eel increases ! liability to b5t axles 9 curv+ on acc\nt ( great] lev]age unless ! size & weight ( ! axle are increas$ to correspond1 & ! :eel itself mu/ be made /rong]4 ,a f\r or six :eel truck w n reta9 its squ>5ess & dep5d5t good rid+ qualities s well ) #db 94 :eels z ) #cc 94 ones4 ,besides ! brakes1 ! pipes = air & /eam "u ! c>s int]f]e ) l>ge :eels1 & z a consequ5ce ( all ?is #db 94 :eels h be5 replac$ by #cf 94 ones to "s ext5t 9 "s places ) satisfactory results4 ,on "o road 9 p>ticul> s /rong is ! incl9ation away f l>ge :eels t #cj 94 is advocat$ z ! prop] size = pass5g] c>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no d\bt a c> :eel may be too small1 = ! tires ( small :eels probably d n get z mu* work+ up "u ! rolls1 & !re=e are n z t\gh or homog5e\s4 ,small :eels are m de/ructive to frogs & rail jo9ts4 ,!y revolve fa/] at a giv5 spe$1 & :5 bel[ a c]ta9 size increase ! liability to hot j\rnals if c>ry+ ! weight !y c be> )\t detrim5t to ! re/ ( ! :eel4 ,spe$ alone ,i am n will+ to admit is ! mo/ prolific s\rce ( hot boxes4 ,! weight p] squ>e in* ^u ! be>+ is a v important factor4 ,i h f\nd by c>eful exam9ation ( a great _m c>s t ! numb] ( hot boxes be>s a close relation to ! weight p] squ>e in* on ! j\rnal & ! "* ( lubrication1 & is n s mu* affect$ by ! size ( :eel or spe$4 ,^! obs]vations 7 made ^u #db 941 #cf 94 & #cc 94 :eels 9 ! same tra9s4 ,we f9d1 fur!rmore1 t :ile a #c-c_/h 94 j\rnal on a #cc 94 :eel is apt to heat "u our pass5g] coa*es1 a #cc_/d 941 ev5 :5 worn #c-e_/h 941 j\rnal on a #cf 94 :eel runs uni=mly cool4 ,9 #ahij on "o division !re 7 ab\t #ahj hot boxes ) ! small :eel1 aga9/ #bi ) ! l>g] "o1 ) a prepond]ance ( ! latt] size 9 s]vice & c>s ( ! same weight ov] !m4 ,i d n "k t !re is any m t5d5cy = a l>ge :eel to slide ?an a small "o "u ! action ( ! brakes1 b l>ge :eels we> out m brake %oes ?an small ones1 if !re is any diff]5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,my conclusions are t #db 94 is too l>ge a diamet] = /eel :eels 9 ord9>y pass5g] s]vice1 & t #cf 94 is "r4 ,b z /eel-tir$ :eels usually become #c 94 small] 9 diamet] be=e we>+ out1 ! :eel %\ld be ab\t #ch 94 9 diamet] :5 new4 ,su* a :eel c be easily put "u all pass5g] c>s & w n h become too small :5 worn out4 ,a great _m roads are us+ #cf 94 :eels1 b :5 _! tires h lo/ #c 94 diamet] !y h become #cc 94 :eels1 :i* ,i ?9k too small4 ,!re are _m ?+s ,i h left unsaid1 & ,i am aw>e t "s ( ! memb]s ( ! club h _h mo/ satisfactory s]vice ) #db 94 :eels s f> z exemption f all tr\ble is conc]n$1 & o!rs h nev] se5 any reason = dep>t+ f ! mo/ us$ size ( #cc 94 ,"o m ^w ab\t lightness4 ,a wr\ght iron or ca/ /eel c5t]1 #h or #i light spokes on a light rim inside a /eel tire1 makes ! lighte/ :eel1 & "o t ought to be 9 ?is c\ntry1 z x is else:]e1 ! *eape/ n made ( ca/ iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,integrator4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,univ]sity ,college ,eng9e]+ ,society on ,janu>y #bb4--;,eng9e]+4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,k>l ,,pe>son1 ,m4,a4 ,z ,i fe> ! title ( my pap] to our ,society to-night conta9s two mis/atem5ts ( fact 9 its ?ree words1 ,i mu/ comm5ce by correct+ x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! in/rum5t to :i* ,i propose to draw y\r att5tion to-night is1 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! words1 nei!r an integrator nor new4 ,! "n integrator has be5 especially appli$ to a class ( in/rum5ts :i* measure (f on a scale atta*$ to !m ! magnitude ( an area1 arc1 or o!r quantity4 ,su* in/rum5ts d n1 z a rule1 repres5t _! results graphically1 & we may take1 z *>act]i/ic examples ( !m1 ,amsl]'s planimet] & "s ( ! sph]e integrat+ ma*9es4 ,an integrator :i* draws an absolute picture ( ! sum or integral is bett] t]m$ an integraph4 ,! di/9ction is an important & valuable "o1 = :ile ! integraph !oretically c d all ! "w ( ! integrator1 ! latt] gives u 9 nigg>dly fa%ion "o n>r[ answ]1 et prt]ea nil4 ,! sup]iority ( ! integraph ov] ! integrator _c be bett] po9t$ out ?an by a concrete example4 ,! integrator c\ld det]m9e by "o process1 ! b5d+ mom5t1 f ! %e> curve1 at any "o *os5 po9t ( a beam2 ! integraph w\ld1 by an equally simple s+le process1 gives u ! b5d+ mom5t at all po9ts ( ! beam4 ,9 ! language ( ! ma!matician1 ! integrator gives only t mis]ly result1 a def9ite integral1 b ! integraph yields an indef9ite integral1 a picture ( ! result at all times or all po9ts--a mu* great] boon 9 mo/ me*anical & physical inve/igations4 ,memb]s ( our ,society z /ud5ts ( ,univ]sity ,college h probably become acqua9t$ ) a process t]m$ draw+ ! sum curve f ! primitive curve4 ,_m h probably f\nd ?is process some:at we>isome2 b ?is is n an unmix$ evil1 z ! irksom5ess ( any manual process has m ?an once l$ to ! inv5tion ( a valuable ma*9e by ! w\ld-be idl]4 ,?us our innate desire to take ?+s easy is a real inc5tive to progress4 ,x 0 "s su* desire z ?is on my "p :i* l$ me1 ?ree ye>s ago1 to inquire :e!r a practical in/rum5t _h n be51 or c\ld n be1 con/ruct$ to draw sum curves4 ,su* an in/rum5t is an integraph1 & ! "o ,i h to describe to y to-night is ! outcome ( t inquiry4 ,x is some?+ bett] ?an my title1 = x is an integraph1 & n an integrator4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new ,,integrator ,be=e ,i turn to its claims to be consid]$ new1 ,i mu/ fir/ rem9d y ( ! importance ( an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d to ! draughtsman4 ,i put aside its purely me*anical applications1 :]e x has be51 or c be1 atta*$ to ! indicators ( /eam eng9es1 to dynamomet]s1 dynamos1 & a v>iety ( o!r in/rum5ts :]e me*anical integration is ( value4 ,^! lie entirely outside my field1 & ,i propose only to ref] to a few ( ! possible s]vices ( ! integrator :5 us$ by h&1 & n atta*$ to a ma*9e4 ,! simple f9d+ ( areas we may omit1 z ! planimet] w d t equally well4 ,b ( purely graphical processes :i* ! integraph w und]take = u1 ,i may m5tion ! discov]y ( c5troids1 ( mom5ts ( in]tia 7or second mom5ts71 ( a scale ( log>i?ms1 ( ! real roots ( cubic equations1 & ( equations ( high] ord] 7)1 h[ev]1 increas+ labor74 ,fur!r1 ! calculation ( ! co/ ( cutt+ & embank+ = railways by ! me?od ( ,bruckn] ,culmann1 ! solution ( a v consid]able numb] ( r complex diff]5tial equations1 v>i\s problems 9 ! /orage ( wat]1 & a great v>iety ( /ati/ical que/ions may all be completely dealt )1 or v mu* simplifi$ by aid ( ! integraph4 ,9 graphical /atics prop] ! integraph draws successively ! curves ( %e>1 b5d+ mom5t slope1 & deflection = simple beams2 x does ! l s]vice = cont9u\s beams1 aft] c]ta9 analytical or graphical calculations h fir/ be5 made2 x c fur!r light5 greatly ! graphical "w 9 ! treatm5t ( masonry ar*es & ( metal ribs4 ,9 graphical hydro/atics x f9ds c5t]s ( pressure & gives a complete solution = ! %e> & b5d+ mom5t1 curves 9 %ips1 besides curves = _! /ability4 ,9 graphical dynamics ! applications ( ! integraph seem /ill m num]\s4 ,x enables u to pass f curves ( accel]ation to curves ( spe$1 & f curves ( spe$ to curves ( position4 ,appli$ to ! curve ( en]gy ( ei!r a p>ticle or ! index po9t ( a rigid body1 x enables u by ! aid ( easy auxili>y processes to asc]ta9 spe$s & curves ( action4 ,9 a slightly alt]$ =m1 t ( inv]se summation1 we c pass f curves ( action to curves ( position1 & deal ) a great range ( resi/$ motions1 ! analysis ( :i* /ill puzzles ! pure ma!matician2 ! v>iations ( motion 9 fly:eels1 connect+ rods1 & innum]able o!r p>ts ( me*anism1 may all be calculat$ ) mu* great] ease by ! aid ( an integraph4 ,%ortly1 x is ! fundam5tal in/rum5t ( graphic dynamics4 ,x w\ld be ne$less to fur!r multiply ! in/ances ( its application2 ! que/ions we h r to ask are3 ,c a practical in/rum5t be made :i* w s]ve all ^! purposes8 ,has su* an in/rum5t be5 already put ^u ! m>ket8 ,if ,i h to answ] ^! que/ions 9 ! negative1 x is r a d\btful negative1 = ! in/rum5t ,i h to %[ y to-night goes s f>1 & sugge/s s _m modifications & possibilities1 :i* w\ld take x s mu* fur!r1 t x is v close to br++ ! practical solution to ! problem4 ,let me "h lay d[n ! conditions :i* seem ess5tial to a practical integraph4 ,^! are1 ,i ?9k1 ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! price mu/ be su* t x is )9 ! rea* ( ! ord9>y draughtsman's pocket4 ,! ,amsl]'s planimet] at #b #ajs4 or #c may be said to satisfy ?is fir/ condition4 ,! price = ! fir/ complex integraph design$ by ,coradi 0 #bd to #cj4 ,! modifi$ =m 9 :i* ,i %[ x to-night is e/imat$ to co/ retail #ad4 ,till an equally effici5t in/rum5t c be produc$ = #e ,i %all n consid] ! price practical4 ,if ! error ( its read+ be n s5sibly great] ?an t ( a planimet]1 x is c]ta9ly wor? d\ble ! money4 #b4 ,! in/rum5t mu/ n be liable to get out ( ord] by fair h&l+ & a reasonable am\nt ( we> & te>4 ,i _c speak at pres5t ) c]ta9ty z to h[ f> our integraph satisfies ?is condition2 x is r too complex to q w9 my confid5ce 9 ?is respect4 #c4 ,x mu/ be capable ( be+ us$ on ! ord9>y draw+ bo>d1 & ( hav+ a fairly wide range on x1 i4e41 x mu/ n be limit$ to work+ :]e ! primitive is at "o "p only ( ! bo>d4 ,?is condition takes out ( e day practical draw+ use ! integraph inv5t$ by ,pr(essors ,james & ,sir ,william ,?omson1 9 :i* ! sum curve is drawn on a revolv+ cyl9d]4 ,x is ess5tial t ! sum curve %\ld be drawn on ! bo>d n f> f ! primitive1 & t ?is sum curve c be summ$ once or twice aga9 )\t difficulty4 ,! "t involv$ 9 draw+ ! f\r sum curves1 = example1 requir$ 9 pass+ f ! load curve to ! deflection curve ( a simple beam1 if ^! curves 7 drawn on diff]5t pieces ( pap] & _h to be %ift$ on & (f cyl9d]s1 w\ld probably be z long z ! ord9>y graphical processes4 ,coradi's integraph works on an ord9>y draw+ bo>d1 b s9ce !re are ne>ly #aj in*es betwe5 ! guide po9t & trac]1 ! sum curve is ?r[n #aj in*es beh9d ! primitive 9 ea* integration4 ,?us a d\ble summation requires say #bf in*es ( bo>d1 & x is impossible to integrate ?rice )\t reproduc+ ! primitive4 ,! fact t ! primitive & sum curve are n plott$ (f on ! same base is also tr\blesome = comp>ison1 & involves scal+ ( a new base = ea* summation4 ,i h endeavor$ to obviate ?is by always draw+ ! second sum curve on a ?9 piece ( pap] p9n$ to ! bo>d1 :i* c !n be mov$ back to ! position ( ! fir/ primitive4 ,b ?is %ift+1 ( c\rse1 involves additional labor1 & is also a s\rce ( error4 ,i %\ld l to see ! trace & guide *>iots on ! same l9e ( rails1 "o bel[ ! o!r1 7 ?is possible )\t produc+ ! bad effect ( a skew1 pull or pu%4 #d4 ,! practical integraph mu/ n h a great] maximum error ?an #b p] c5t4 ,! ma!matical calculations1 :i* are correct to five or six places ( decimals1 are only a s\rce ( dang] to ! practical calculator ( /resses & /ra9s4 ,!y t5d to disguise ! important fact t he _c possibly "k ! prop]ties ( ! mat]ial )9 #b p] c5t4 error1 & !re=e !re is n only a wa/e ( "t1 b a false feel+ ( accuracy eng5d]$ by human & me*anical calculation :i* is ov]-ref9$ = te*nical purposes4 ,= comp>ative purposes ,i h measur$ ! areas ( circles ( #a in*1 #b in*es1 & #c in*es radius1 ! guide be+ tak5 r\nd ! circumf]5ce by means ( a control l9eal1 fir/ ) an ord9>y ,amsl]'s planimet] & !n ) ! integraph4 ,i h obta9$ ! foll[+ results3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,by integraph4 ,radius ,by -------------------------------- ( ,calculat$ ,planimet]4 ,upp] ,upp] circle4 areas4 ,middle4 end4 ,middle4 end4 p#b 94 p#b 94 p#d 94 p#d 94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 94 #a #c4adaei #c4adj #c4adj #c4ach #c4abj #c4abj #b #ab4effcf #ab4ee #ab4cf99 #ab4edf #ab4efh #ab4eeb #c #bh4bgdca #bh4bd 444444 444444 #bh4bhj #bh4bhh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 99 ,cross b> _h to be mov$ dur+ trac+4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! error ( ! planimet] is less ?an #j4a p] c5t4 & t ( ! integraph ab\t #j4e p] c5t4 ,obvi\sly we c\ld make ?is error mu* less if we exclud$ small areas measur$ ) l>ge pol> di/ances1 or su* pol> di/ances t ! cross b> mu/ be %ift$4 ,exclud+ su* cases1 we see t ! accuracy ( ! integraph sc>cely falls beh9d t ( ! planimet] & is q effici5t = practical purposes4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! above measurem5ts 7 made ) ! control l9eal1 an arrangem5t :i* c>ries ! guide r\nd a circle ( ! exact te/ area4 ,9 mo/ cases ! curve has to be foll[$ by h&1 & ! error w be great]--great] probably = ! integraph ?an = ! planimet]1 z ! =m] is di/9ctly h>d to guide well4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 we %\ld be safe 9 say+ t ! error ( ! integraph is n likely to be great] & is probably less ?an #b p] c5t41 s t 9 ?is respect ! in/rum5t may be consid]$ a practical "o4 #e4 ,a fur!r condition = a good integraph is t x %\ld h a wide range ( pol> di/ances1 & t x %\ld be easily set at ^? di/ances4 ,"o ( ! conditions ,i gave to ! mak] ( ! in/rum5t 0 t x %\ld be able to take all pol> di/ances f "o to t5 half-in*es4 ,?is condition he c sc>cely be said to h fulfill$4 ,) pol> di/ances ( #a_/b in* & #a in*1 ! ma*9e works unsatisfactorily1 :i* inde$ might h be5 =ese5 f ! con/ruction ( its slid+ b>s4 ,x works be/ f #b4e in*es to #e in*es1 & ?is is ! range to :i* ,i ?9k we ought to conf9e ! pres5t type ( in/rum5t4 ,z ! la/ conditions ,i may note t3 #f4 ,a practical integraph ought to be easy to read4 #g4 ,draw a good cle> curve4 ,! scale on ! pres5t in/rum5t is v inconv5i5t1 z x is (t5 almo/ out ( sight2 ! curve x draws1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i consid] v satisfactory1 :5 ! p5cil is load$1 say1 ) a planimet] weight4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t ?is integraph goes a good way1 if n ! :ole way1 t[>d fulfill+ ! conditions ( a practical in/rum5t4 ,i next turn to its con/ruction & ! claim x has to be consid]$ 9 any way new4 ,let me briefly rem9d our memb]s ( ! process by :i* an elem5t ,q ,r ( ! sum curve 7,fig4 #a7 correspond+ to ! po9t ,p on ! primitive is drawn2 ,p ,m be+ ! mid-ord9ate ( ,l ,n1 a horizontal elem5t1 ,p ,b is drawn p]p5dicul> to any v]tical l9e ,a ,b2 & ,o ,a be+ a con/ant di/ance t]m$ ! base or pol> di/ance1 ,q ,r is drawn betwe5 ! ord9ates ( ,l & ,w1 p>allel to ,o ,b4 ,if ,p' be ! po9t :]e ,p ,m meets ,q ,r1 we note ! foll[+ relation%ip ( ,p' to ,p4 #a4 ,if ,p moves along a horizontal l9e1 ,o ,b rema9s un*ang$1 &1 !re=e1 ,q ,r or ,p' mu/ move 9 ! /raight l9e ,q ,r p>allel to ,o ,b4 #b4 ,if ,p moves along a v]tical l9e1 ,p' does n *ange1 b ,q ,r turns r\nd x1 rema9+ p>allel to ,o ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c ,)\t tak+ ! tr\ble1 z ,i ought to h done1 to inquire :at previ\s inve/igations _h a*iev$ 9 ?is matt]1 ,i ?\ght1 ?ree ye>s ago1 ,i c\ld get an app>atus to save me ! tr\ble ( draw+ sum curves1 made some:at aft] ! foll[+ fa%ion4 ,p 7,fig4 #b7 is ! guide or po9t to be tak5 r\nd ! primitive4 ,x is atta*$ to a block1 ,d1 :i* works along ! b>1 ,b ,c1 :i* 9 its turn moves on ! f\r :eels1 e e f f1 ^u ! frame ,r ,s ,u ,t fix$ ^u ! draw+ bo>d4 ,o ,a is fix$ p]p5dicul> to ,r ,u1 & is su* t ,o may be fix$ at v>i\s po9ts to det]m9e ! pol> di/ance4 ,o ,b ,d is a light b> pass+ freely ?r\gh ,b & =m+ "o side ( a p>allel rul] ( two or m po9ts1 g g1 h h1 i i4 ,along i i is a slot & 9 ?is works a load$ block conta9+ a :eel ,p'1 ^: plane is always p>allel to i i4 ,?is block also passes ?r\gh a slot 9 ,d ,e1 an arm at "r angles to ,b ,c4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ t ,p'1 if work$ at all1 w\ld trace out ! sum curve ( ,p4 ,x 0 only :5 ,i %[$ ! r\gh idea ( ?is to ,pr(essor ,k5n$y1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :at w\ld be ! am\nt ( back-la% & friction1 t ,i le>n$ t ,mr4 ,boys _h already inv5t$ a v simil> integrator4 ,9 8 model ! d\ble p>allel rul] is replac$ by two endless /r+s & pulleys1 & ! b>1 ,b ,c1 by a ,t squ>e4 ,al?\gh ?is integrator 0 aft]w>d made 9 a less crude =m1 ,i d n ?9k x has ev] be5 a practical in/rum5t = ! draughtsman4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ,i came across a "w by ,abdank-,abakan[icz1 entitl$ ,les ,integraphes1 be+ a /udy ( a new k9d ( me*anical integrator4 ,! new k9d ( integrator 0 really only an indep5d5t v]sion ( ,boys' in/rum5t1 b 9 _m respects a great improvem5t4 ,! real m]it w ultimately belong to ! sci5tific in/rum5t mak] :o con/ructs an in/rum5t reasonably *eap & capable ( effici5t practical s]vice4 ,abdank-,abakan[icz's integrator h[ev] c]ta9ly w5t fur!r 9 ! practical direction ?an any previ\sly con/ruct$4 ,! draw+ bo>d ma*9es1 x is true1 ( r a complex nature1 7 actually exhibit$ to ! ,p>is ,academy1 b no m h be5 made4 ,! in/rum5t be=e me 0 made by ,coradi1 ( ,zuri*1 on conditions laid d[n by me1 namely1 t ! co/ %\ld n exce$ #ad1 & t pol> di/ances %\ld range betwe5 "o & t5 half-in*es4 ,! fir/ ma*9e made by ,coradi on ^! l9es 01 by a misund]/&+1 sold 9 ,g]many1 b ! "o ,i exhibit is ! fir/1 ,i believe1 t has rea*$ ,engl&1 & to ?is ext5t ,i may1 p]haps1 be p]mitt$ to call x new4 ,i look ^u x r z a sugge/ion ^u :i* a /ill m practical in/rum5t c be made 9 ?is c\ntry ?an z a p]fect model4 ,i believe !re w\ld be a wide sale = su* an in/rum5t 7 x once g5]ally kn[n to exi/1 &1 :at is m to "w effici5tly4 ,x rema9s = me to po9t out 9 :at ! ,abdank-,abakan[icz1 or1 r1 ,coradi1 integraph diff]s f ,boys' in/rum5t4 ,two po9ts des]ve special att5tion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fix$ frame is aboli%$1 & ! horizontal motion ( ,p 7,fig4 #c71 ! guide po9t1 is produc$ by putt+ ! :ole frame on friction roll]s2 9 ! second place1 z a necess>y result ( ! fir/ *ange1 ! guide po9t c>ries ab\t ) x its own pol> sy/em1 :i* r5d]s ! *anges 9 l5g? ( rays mu* m manageable4 f f1 f' f' is a frame mov+ on f\r r\gh$ :eels1 e e e e1 s t x c only move 9 ! direction1 f'1 :i* we may t]m horizontal4 f f & f' f' are rails guid+ ! *>iots1 ,a & ,b1 f f to f & f f' to f'4 ,( ^! *>iots1 ,a conta9s ! guide po9t1 ,p1 to trace out ! primitive )1 & ,b ! p5cil1 ,p'1 to draw ! sum curve1 i4e41 ! trac]4 ,! *>iot1 ,b1 l ,boys' trac]1 is heavily load$4 g g is a horizontal b> rigidly atta*$ to ! crossb>s1 q q & q' q'1 ( ! frame4 ,on g g is a movable pivot1 to :i* h1 :i* det]m9es ! pole1 k#j h be+ ! pol> di/ance4 k#j is ! position ( a second po9t1 k1 on ! *>iot1 ,a1 :5 ! guide po9t1 ,p1 is on ! initial l9e1 g g4 l l is a b> ) a long slot 9 x1 9 :i* "w ! pivots1 h & k2 ?is b> repres5ts ! ray4 ,a project+ arm k k' has be5 introduc$ to enable me to %ort5 ! pol> di/ance d[n to #b 94 & "u by remov+ ! pivot1 k to k'4 m m is a b> atta*$ to ! block1 n1 :i* runs on l l1 s t m m is always p]p5dicul> to l l4 ,on ! *>iot1 ,b1 is ano!r b>1 m' m'1 capable ( turn+ r\nd ! pivot1 d1 & always ma9ta9$ p>allel to m m by ! rods1 m m'1 m m'4 ,atta*$ to m' m' is a :eel1 w1 ^: axis is p>allel to m' m'4 ,?is :eel1 !re=e1 always moves p]p5dicul> to m' m'1 & !re=e to m m2 h5ce x moves p>allel to ! ray1 h k4 ,a p5cil1 ,p'1 atta*$ traces out ! sum curve4 ,if we wi% to use ! ma*9e z an integrator1 we h m]ely to measure ! v]tical di/ance trav]s$ by ,p'1 or ! di/ance ,b has run along f' f'4 ,?is is done by means ( a scale on f f'4 ,if k be br\ght d[n to k#j1 w runs p>allel to g g1 or ,p' traces out a horizontal /raight l9e1 :i* is ?us ! base l9e4 ,if k be fix$ z ne> z possible to k#j1 :i* is done by means ( a screw 9 f f at k#j1 ! *>iot1 ,b1 c be run d[n f' f' z ne>ly opposite to k#j z c be guess$ at2 a horizontal l9e may !n be drawn z base l9e1 & ! guide po9t1 ,p1 br\ght into ?is l9e by a clamp+ screw ) :i* x is provid$4 ,! in/rum5t is !n ready = action4 ,!re is a brake on "o ( ! r\gh$ :eels to *eck or /op ! motion ( ! integraph :5 requir$4 ,! in/rum5t works be/ :5 ! *>iots1 ,a & ,b1 are ab\t opposite to ea* o!r2 :5 !y are at opposite extremities ( f f & f' f' respectively1 ! pull at ,p t5ds to produce a skew+ c\ple4 ,if ! *>iot1 ,b1 c\ld be put ^u f f & "w1 if ne$ful1 by a d\ble p>allelogram f m m1 we %\ld h1 except+ ! skew pull1 "s great practical advantages4 ,we might ?r[ ! :ole ( ! weight ( ! ma*9e on ! "o pair ( friction :eels1 & replace ! o!r pair by a s+le :eel1 ! portion q' f' f' q' ( ! ma*9e virtually disappe>+4 ,?ree :eels1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be a real improvem5t4 ,fur!r1 we %\ld h ! sum curve & primitive drawn to ! same base l9e1 & ! simplification 9 ! numb] ( p>ts ought l>gely to r$uce ! co/ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,to be able to p]=m inv]se summation 7:i* 9 ! language ( diff]5tial calculus is to f9d y z a function ( x1 :5 we are giv5 yf7dy_/dx71 & n dy_/dxf7x7 z usual71 we only want a means ( mak+ ! plane ( ! :eel1 w1 p>allel in/ead ( p]p5dicul> to m' m'1 & x is easy to design a modification 9 ! con/ruction :i* w all[ ( ?is *ange4 ,i hope ! above description ( ! integraph may h made its con/ruction & me?od ( work+ suffici5tly cle>4 ,^? ( y :o h a ta/e = me*anical "w1 & ! necess>y tools1 might1 ,i ?9k1 ) "s pati5ce1 con/ruct a workable integraph4 ,i expect ! pivots w\ld be ! h>de/ "p ( ! "w4 ,i hope1 "s day1 myself to h ano!r in/rum5t made ) a m readily *angeable pol> di/ance1 ) trace & guide po9ts work+ 9 ! same v]tical1 & a :eel p]mitt+ ( inv]se summation4 ,if ?is project is ev] c>ri$ out1 ,i hope ,i may be p]mitt$ to communicate fur!r p>ticul>s to our society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] "s =ty ye>s ( imm]sion 9 ! wat]s ( ! pool ( ,e*os*a*t1 n f> f ,h]mann/adt1 sev]al human bodies h be5 br\ght to ! surface 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,h9ts ,,on ,,spik+ ,,track4 ,! usual dim5sions ( track spikes are #ea_/b ,x #i4af in*es squ>e1 _! weight ab\t half a p\nd ea*4 ,_! common defects are brittl5ess & imp]fect po9ts4 ,9 spik+ track1 ! mo/ important po9ts to be att5d$ to are ! prop] spac+ ( ! ties & driv+ ! spikes 9 su* a mann] t ! ties %all be held 9 place at "r angles to ! track & ! rails 9 true gauge2 to insure ! latt]1 ! track gauge %\ld always be us$ :5 spik+ ! gauge side1 ! rail be+ held to prop] position by a l9+ b>4 ,! gauge %\ld be kept ab\t #f or #h 94 ahead ( ! tie be+ spik$ & %\ld n be lift$ until ! spikes are driv5 home2 gauges %\ld be te/$ regul>ly & e morn+ :5 !y are to be us$ all day1 s z to insure a true gauge all ! "t4 ,! two inn] spikes %\ld be set on "o side ( ! tie & ! two out] spikes on ! o!r1 z indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ sket*4 ,?is prev5ts ! tie f slew+ ar\nd1 & ?us d]ang+ ! gauge ( ! track1 z well z int]f]+ ) ! prop] spac+ ( ! ties4 ,! jo9ts & c5t]s %\ld be spik$ fir/1 :i* w br+ ! rails to _! prop] position on ! ties1 :i* 9 turn w assi/ int]m$iate spik+4 ,ea* tie %\ld be c>efully gaug$ z spik$ &1 z be=e indicat$1 ! ties ) ! broade/ faces be+ select$ = ! jo9ts4 ,9 gaug+ ties x is v conv5i5t to h measur$ (f on ! h&les ( ! mauls 9 ! h&s ( ! =w>d spik]s ! di/ance f ! outside ( ! rail to ! end ( ! tie4 ,?is di/ance w !n be gaug$ on ! tie1 :5 x w be lift$ to ! rail & securely spik$2 ! gauge is !n us$1 & ! loose rail held 9 place ) ! l9+ b> z previ\sly indicat$1 loose gauge be+ giv5 on curves1 9 accordance ) directions ( ! eng9e]1 ! all[ance = :i* is ab\t #a_/h 94 on a #b curve1 up to ab\t #c_/d 94 on a #ab curve4 ,?is wid5+ ( ! gauge %\ld beg9 on ! tang5t1 back ( ! ,p4,c41 ! full am\nt ( excess ov] true gauge be+ rea*$ by ! "t ! ,p4,c4 is rea*$ & cont9ue all ! way ar\nd ! curve1 runn+ f ! ,p4,t4 9 ! same mann] z back ( ! ,p4,c4 ,! spikes %\ld always be driv5 home /raight & at "r angles ) ! face ( ! ties4 ,:5 ! =eman 9 *>ge ( ! track-lay+ "w sees a spik]1 :5 ! spike is ne>ly home1 /rike ! spike head lat]ally1 :i* is done to make x lie snugly to ! rail1 he %\ld at once *eck su* imp]fect "w & put ! man :o does x at o!r "w4 ,! =eman 9 *>ge ( gang ( spik]s %\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 ?is bran* ( ! "w1 & by we$+ out imp]fect work]s1 c soon get toge!r a fir/-rate gang ( spik]s4 ,b no tr\ble w be exp]i5c$ f c>elessly driv5 spikes1 if ! tie has ! spike holes bor$ into x1 be=e lay+4 ,?is is consid]$ good practice1 b r exp5sive4 ,illu/ration ,= bor+ ! holes quickly & accurately1 a prop] template %\ld be made1 by :i* ! ties are m>k$ = ! bor]s1 :o %\ld be provid$ ) bor+ ma*9es1 by ! use ( :i* a hole1 squ>e ) ! face ( ! tie is bor$4 ,! bor+ ma*9es %\ld be s arrang$ z n to cut ! hole beyond ! requir$ dep?1 :i* %\ld be slightly less ?an ! l5g? ( ! spike4 ,! diamet] ( ! holes %\ld be ab\t #a-af ( an in* less ?an ! ?ickness ( ! spike4 ,?is n only does away ) ! spike te>+ its way ?r\gh ! timb] & ?us injur+ its fib] to a great ext5t & caus+ x to be mu* m susceptible to rot1 b x is said to increase ! adhesion ( ! spike 9 h>d wood ties at lea/ #ej p] c5t4 ,b 9 ord] t ! be/ results may be obta9$1 ! spike %\ld be flatt5$ on ei!r side ( ! slop+ po9t1 :i* w g5]ally prev5t x leav+ ! hole4 ,! spik]s %\ld c>efully avoid /rik+ ! rail ) _! mauls1 z su* c>elessness (t5 produces fracture1 :i* sometimes causes ! rail to break 9 two at su* po9ts1 :i* is liable to produce d]ailm5t & s]i\s accid5t4 ,spike mauls %\ld weigh n less ?an n9e nor m ?an t5 p\nds1 & %\ld be on /raight h&les1 n less ?an #c ft4 long4 ,aft] consid]able use1 ! face ( ! maul w become some:at r\nd$1 & :5 ?is takes place x %\ld be s5t to ! %op to be r$ress$4 ,! la/ bl[ on ! spike %\ld be only suffici5tly h>d to cause its ?roat to fit snugly on ! rail2 a h>d] bl[ w (t5 fracture ! spike 9 su* a mann] z to cause ! head 9 a %ort "t to break (f & leave ! rail unsupport$ at t po9t4 ,=em5 %\ld n all[ a spike to be pull$1 especially 9 fro/y wea!r1 until x has be5 fir/ /ruck a light bl[ to break ! ru/ & loos5 its hold 9 ! wood4 ,! fill+ ( old spike holes ) wood5 plugs is bad practice1 = ! reason t !y w cause ! spike 9 a %ort "t to slip f its place2 to fill ! holes ) s& is mu* bett]1 & spikes driv5 9 holes s fill$ w hold mu* m firmly4 ,! be/ =m ( spike ,i h se5 is ! curv$ safety railroad spike2 ?is spike takes 9 ! tie a position :i* enables x to resi/ ! ?ru/ ( ! rail aga9/ x mu* m effectually ?an ! ord9>y spike c possibly d4 ,i h se5 9 good condition1 "o ( ^! curv$ spikes :i* 0 said to h be5 driv5 eight times4 ,! co/ ( ! curv$ safety spike is m ?an t ( ! ord9>y spike1 b x is bett] made1 holds ! track bett]1 &1 ,i believe1 is wor? m ?an ! diff]5ce ask$ = x4--,j4,a4 ,hall1 on ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ( ,track1 be=e ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,exp]im5ts ,,at ,,! ,,annapolis ,,prov+ ,,gr\nds4 ,! desp]ate w> t has be5 wag+ betwe5 ! gun & armor plate1 ev] s9ce ! p]iod :5 protective plates 7 fir/ appli$ to naval con/ructions1 is famili> to all4 ,9 ?is conflict ! advantage seems to lean t[>d ! side ( ! gun1 ! p[] ( p5etration ( :i* c be increas$ to almo/ indef9ite limits1 at lea/ !oretically1 :ile we quickly rea* ! extreme ?icknesses ( metal t c be practically employ$ = ! protection ( %ips4 ,s1 9 rec5t times1 rese>*es h be5 mak+ ^u ! efficacy ( armor plat+1 no long] 9 its exagg]ation ( ?ickness1 b 9 ! intr9sic quality ( ! metal ( :i* x is compos$4 ,metallurgi/s h appli$ !mselves to ! "w & h ?us br\ght out v>i\s products1 among :i* ! plates call$ comp\nd1 ( ,messrs4 ,cammell ,co41 h obta9$ a great notoriety4 ,^! plates1 =m$ ( a true plat+ ( /eel ^u a b$ ( s(t iron1 h be5 mu* 9 vogue 9 ! ,engli% navy1 & seem$ z if !y 7 to be adopt$ ab\t ev]y:]e4 ,! ,creusot works alone1 ( all competitors1 7 able to fight aga9/ ! g5]al infatuation4 ,_m comp>ative exp]im5ts _h already demon/rat$ ! sup]iority ( ! ,creusot all /eel plates ov] ! ,cammell plates1 b ,messrs4 ,s*neid] ,g4 7 n will+ to /op "h1 & f9ally produc$ ! new nickel /eel plate1 :i* is by f> sup]ior to _! /eel plates4 ,"s comp>ative trials ( ^! v>i\s armor plates h rec5tly be5 made by a milit>y commission ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! ,annapolis prov+ gr\nds4 ,?ree plates1 "o a ,cammell1 ! second a /eel1 & ! ?ird a nickel /eel 7! two la/ f ,creusot71 7 "h submitt$ to fir+1 "u absolutely id5tical conditions4 ,our engrav+s %[ ! prov+ gr\nds & ! details ( ! arrangem5ts adopt$ = back+ ! plates4 ,( ! ?ree plates1 ! ,cammell 0 ! ?icke/ 7#aa 947 ,! /eel "o 0 #ajc_/d 94 9 ?ickness1 & ! nickel /eel #aja_/b 94 ,! la/1 !re=e1 0 at a disadvantage ) respect to ! two o!rs4 ,! plates 7 arrang$ tang5tially to an arc ( a circle ^: c5t] 0 occupi$ by ! pivot ( ! gun1 & consequ5tly at "r angles ) ! latt]4 ,! piece employ$ 0 a #f 94 gun1 #ce calib]s 9 l5g?4 ,! di/ance ( its muzzle f ! plates attack$ 0 #bh ft4 ,illu/ration ,! *>ge 0 #dd lb4 ( br[n prismatic p[d]4 ,! projectile 0 a #ajj lb4 ,holtz] %ell4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! initial velocity 0 #b1jgd ft4 & ! en]gy at ! impact 0 #i1igj1cif ft4 lb4 ,a beg9n+ 0 made by fir+ f\r %ots at ea* plate 9 ! bisectrix ( ! corn]s4 ,!n ! #f 94 gun 0 replac$ by an #h 94 "o1 ?r[+ a #bji lb4 ,fir? projectile1 ) an en]gy at ! impact ( #bj1gie1jjj ft4 lb4 ,ea* ( ! plates !n receiv$ 9 its c5t] a f9al bl[ f ?is projectile4 ,our engrav+ repres5ts ! /ate ( ! plates aft] ?is la/ %ot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,armor$ ,,plate ,,te/s ,,at ,,annapolis ,!re is no ne$ ( be+ a great exp]t 9 que/ions ( artill]y to discov] on :at side ! sup]iority is f\nd1 & to see t ! ,cammell plate1 almo/ entirely 9 fragm5ts1 is absolutely incapable ( protection1 :ile its two competitors are /ill 9 a /ate to resi/4 ,9 "o ( our engrav+s may be se51 too1 ! /ate ( ! %ells aft] ea* ( ! ?ree %ots4 ,illu/ration ,! commission imm$iately & unanim\sly classifi$ ! ?ree plates 9 ! foll[+ ord] ( sup]iority3 7#a7 ,nickel /eel2 7#b7 all /eel2 7#c7 comp\nd4 ,?is triumph ( ,fr5* indu/ry m]its m5tion s mu* ! m 9 t x 0 obta9$ 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made 9 a =eign c\ntry--t is to say1 "u indisputable conditions ( imp>tiality4-,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,high ,,explosives ,,9 ,,w>f>e4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahij4 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,in/itute4 ,,by ,,comm&] ,f4,m4 ,,b>b]1 ,u4,s4,n4 ,9 comm5c+ my pap] ?is ev5+ ,i desire to call y\r att5tion to ! fact t ,i am deal+ ) a subject :i*1 ?\gh n !oretical1 is /ill h>dly practical1 = z a matt] ( fact high explosives _c be said to h yet be5 regul>ly us$ 9 w>f>e1 & ,i hope y w p>don me if 9 consequ5ce my /atem5ts appe> 9 "s respects unsatisfactory & my !ories uns\nd4 ,my subject1 h[ev]1 is no m obscure ?an future naval w>f>e g5]ally4 ,all civiliz$ nations are sp5d+ millions ( money = fight+ purposes directly 9 opposition to ! high] feel+s ( ! bett] class ( _! inhabitants4 ,! political atmosph]e ( ,europe is ! cause ( ?is1 b its consequ5ce is ! developm5t ( !oretical plans ( %ips :i* are no soon] comm5c$ ?an ! rapid m>* ( me*anical1 *emical1 & electrical sci5ce %[s !m to be faulty 9 "s p>ticul> feature1 & o!rs are laid d[n only to be sup]s$$ 9 _! turn4 ,none ( ^! crafts are obsolete 7to use ! popul> expression ( ! day74 ,all are !oretically bett] ?an any :i* h /ood ! te/ ( battle2 b ea* excels its pr$ecessor 9 "s p>ticul> feature4 ,! use ( high explosives is ! direct cause ( ! v late/ trans=mations 9 m>9e ar*itecture1 & is de/9$ to "w /ill great] *anges2 b x w require a w> betwe5 ! mo/ civiliz$ nations ( ! _w1 & a long w>1 to ei!r confirm or condemn ! _m !oretical ma*9es & me?ods ( de/ruction t mod]n sci5ce has produc$4 ,i say a w> betwe5 ! mo/ civiliz$ nations1 s9ce x is only !y t c supply ! educat$ intellect t is necess>y to bo? attack & def5se4 ,"u o!r circum/ances false conclusions z to weapons & results are c]ta9 to be drawn4 ,at ! bomb>dm5t ( ,alex&ria1 ! ,engli% armorclads1 ) _! rifl$ guns1 7 n ne>ly z effici5t aga9/ ! feeble *alk =tifications z our wood5 %ips w\ld h be5 ) smoo? bore guns4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i saw on %ore aft] ! bomb>dm5t hundr$s ( torp$oes & miles ( cable t ! ,egyptians did n und]/& h[ to use4 ,! ,fr5* w> ) ,*9a 0 equally unsatisfactory f a milit>y po9t ( view4 ,! ,*9ese at ,foo*[ 7 annihilat$ because ! ,fr5* op5$ fire fir/1 & ! only %ell t p5etrat$ a ,fr5* ironclad 0 fill$ ) lamp black in/ead ( p[d]4 ,! national riots t we are accu/om$ to he> ( 9 ,s\? ,am]ica are likewise ( little in/ructive value2 !y buy _! weapons ( m civiliz$ p1 b !re is always some?+ fatally defective ab\t ! tactics pursu$ 9 us+ !m4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al t]ms t 9 ^! days ( extreme p[] 9 fight+ ma*9es1 ! great] ! effici5cy ! less ! simplicity & ! m k requir$ 9 ! c>e ( ! weapons4 ,:5 p[d] 0 m]ely p[d] ! advice ( ! old adage to tru/ 9 ,god & keep y\r p[d] dry 0 ample to ma9ta9 ! effici5cy ( ! p[d] = all purposes2 b n[adays if y keep y\r p[d] dry y w bur/ y\r gun1 & if y keep y\r gun-cotton dry y are liable to bl[ up y\r %ip4 ,x is r difficult to-day to def9e :at high explosives are1 9 contradi/9ction to gunp[d]4 ,?irty ye>s ago we c\ld say t p[d] 0 a me*anical mixture & ! o!rs 7 *emical comp\nds2 b ( late ye>s ?is diff]5ce has disappe>$4 ,! dynamical diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s4 ,gunp[d] 9 its mo/ effici5t =m is a sl[-burn+ composition1 :i* ex]ts a relatively l[ pressure & cont9ues x = a long "t & to a great di/ance4 ,high explosives1 on ! contr>y1 9 _! mo/ effici5t =m1 are extremely quick-burn+ sub/ances1 :i* ex]t an enorm\s pressure )9 a limit$ radius4 ,ord9>y black gunp[d] consi/s ( a me*anical mixture ( sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( saltpet]1 fifte5 p] c5t ( *>coal1 & t5 p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,! mo/ important ( ! high explosives are =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid ^u organic sub/ances or o!r hydroc>bons1 ! comp\nd radical ,,no#b be+ sub/itut$ = a portion ( ! hydrog5 9 ! sub/ance4 ,! bodies ?us =m$ are 9 a condition ( un/able equilibrium2 b if well made f good mat]ial1 !y become /able 9 _! in/ability1 v mu* l ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drops1 ^? little glass pellets :i* endure almo/ any am\nt ( r\gh usage2 b once crack$1 fly into inf9itesimal fragm5ts4 ,! p[] ex]t$ by ^! nitro-sub/itution products is due to ! fact t !y detonate1 i4e41 !y are in/antane\sly conv]t$ into colorless gas at a v high temp]ature1 & 9 addition !y h almo/ no solid residue4 ,nitro-glyc]9e actually leaves none at all1 :ile gunp[d] leaves sixty-eight p] c5t4 ,! fir/ dep>ture 9 gunp[d] f ! old-"t con/itu5ts ( black p[d] j m5tion$ 0 = ! purpose ( obta9+ less pressure & sl[] combu/ion ?an c\ld be produc$ by m]e granulat+ or cak+4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by us+ und]burn$ *>coal1 toge!r ) sug> & ab\t "o & "o-half p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,?is is ! br[n p[d] mo/ g5]ally us$ at pres5t & ) satisfactory results2 b ! ab/raction ( its moi/ure increases its rapidity ( combu/ion to a dang]\s degree1 besides :i* ! und]burn$ *>coal is itself un/able4 ,! next *ange dem&$ is smokelessness1 & to accompli% x rec\rse is _h to ! high explosive field1 me*anically mix+ v>i\s sub/ances ) !m to r$uce & regulate _! rapidity ( action4 ,j n[ "s =m ( gun-cotton is mo/ 9 use mix$ ) nitrate ( ammonia1 camphor & o!r articles4 ,! t5d5cy ( ^! mixtures is to absorb moi/ure1 & ! gun-cotton 9 !m to decompose1 & !re is no smokeless p[d] :i* c to-day be consid]$ successful4 ,su* a p[d]1 h[ev]1 w und\bt$ly be an accompli%$ fact 9 ! ne> future4 ,milit>y m5 seem to be a great deal at v>iance z to its value 9 ! field1 b !re c be no d\bt ( its value = naval purposes2 x is a necessity =c$ ^u u by ! developm5t ( torp$o w>f>e4 ,fir/ came ! simple torp$o1 at ! end ( an ord9>y boat's sp>4 ,!n came ! special torp$o boat ) its great spe$1 !n ! revolv+ cannon & rapid-fire gun to meet ! torp$o boat4 ,at pres5t ! possible rapidity ( fire is mu* great] ?an c be utiliz$1 on acc\nt ( ! smoke2 h5ce ! necessity ( smokeless p[d]4 ,smokelessness is1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally a m>tial dem& t has be5 made ^u ! sci5ce ( explosives & has attract$ public att5tion on t acc\nt4 ,! comm]cial dem&s = v>i\s o!r prop]ties h be5 mu* great] ?an ! milit>y1 & betwe5 gunp[d] ne> "o end ( ! l9e 9 po9t ( p[] & nitro-glyc]9e ne> ! o!r1 !re are n[ ov] #cej diff]5t explosives manufactur$1 & mo/ ( ^! h be5 inv5t$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! simple/ application ( high explosives 9 w>f>e is 9 connection ) torp$oes1 s9ce )9 ! same bulk a mu* m effici5t sub/ance c be obta9$ ?an gunp[d]1 & ) reasonable c>e !re is v little dang] ( premature explosions by reason ( accid5tal %ocks4 ,torp$oes 7 made by ! ,*9ese _m ye>s ago1 !y 7 tri$ 9 our w> ( indep5d5ce1 & also by ! ,russians dur+ ! ,crimean w>2 b ! fir/ practical & successful use ( !m z a recogniz$ weapon 0 dur+ our w> ( secession1 :5 ?irty-sev5 vessels 7 ei!r sunk or s]i\sly injur$ by !m4 ,gunp[d] 0 us$ 9 ^! torp$oes1 ?\gh x is /at$ t attempts 7 made to use o!r sub/ances )\t success4 ,s9ce t "t all m>itime nations h made a close /udy ( ! subject & h adopt$ v>i\s high explosives1 accord+ to ! results ( _! exp]im5ts4 ,9 g5]al t]ms x may be /at$ t explosive *emical comp\nds h be5 f\nd m suitable ?an explosive mixtures1 because ( ! uni=mity ( direction 9 :i* !y ex]t _! pressure1 & f ! fact t wat] does n injure !m4 ,mixtures may be v p[]ful1 b !y are erratic & require tight cases4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we use dynamite = h>bor m9es4 ,x is compos$ ( sev5ty-five p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e & tw5ty-five p] c5t4 silica2 b bla/+ gelat9e & =cite gelat9e w probably be adopt$1 :5 !y c be satisfactorily manufactur$ "h1 z !y are m p[]ful4 ,! =m] is compos$ ( n9ety-two p] c5t4 ( nitro-glyc]9e & eight p] c5t4 ( gun-cotton1 & ! latt] ( n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( nitro-gelat9e & five p] c5t4 unnitrat$ cellulose4 ,= naval use we h adopt$ gun-cotton z be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,9 ,europe gun-cotton is g5]ally us$ = bo? fix$ m9es & movable torp$oes2 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy use bla/+ gelat9e also4 ,9 actual w>f>e b little exp]i5ce has be5 _h4 ,two ,p]uvian vessels 7 sunk by dynamite 9 ! ,*ili-,p]uvian w>1 "o ,turk by means ( gun-cotton dur+ ! ,turco-,russian w> ( #ahgg1 & two ,*9ese by gun-cotton 9 ! ,franco-,*9ese w> ( #ahhd4 ,9 mak+ exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! relative /r5g? ( ! diff]5t explosives "u wat]1 v curi\s & puzzl+ results h be5 obta9$4 ,nitro-glyc]9e be+ ! simple/ & mo/ complete 9 its *emical decomposition1 & app>5tly ! mo/ p[]ful 9 air1 x 0 natural to suppose t x w\ld be ! same 9 subm>9e "w1 b x 0 f\nd by ,g54 ,abbot1 at ,willets ,po9t1 aft] repeat$ exp]im5ts1 z %[n 9 8 report ( #ahha1 t x 0 n s p[]ful 9 its effect by tw5ty p] c5t4 z dynamite ,no4 #a1 al?\gh ! dynamite conta9$ tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( an absolutely in]t sub/ance4 ,8 idea 0 t x 0 too quick 9 its action1 &1 s9ce wat] is slightly compressible1 a m9ute fraction ( "t is requir$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! full =ce ( ! explosive4 ,g54 ,abbot's results = int5sity ( action p] unit ( weight ( ! mo/ important sub/ances is z foll[s3 ,bla/+ gelat9e444444444444444444444444444 #adb ,=cite 444444444444444444444444444 #acc ,dynamite ,no4 #a444444444444444444444444444444 #ajj ,gun-cotton1 wet44444444444444444444444444444 #hg ,nitro-glyc]9e44444444444444444444444444 444 #ha ,gunp[d]444444444444444444444444444444 #bj to #ej ,col4 ,bucknill1 ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 9 8 publication ( #ahhh1 gives ! foll[+3 ,bla/+ gelat9e444444444444444444444444444 #adb ,=cite 444444444444444444444444444 #acc ,dynamite ,no4 #a444444444444444444444444444444 #ajj ,gun-cotton1 dry44444444444444444444444444444 #ajj 44444444444444444444444444444 #hj ,gunp[d]44444444444444444444444444444444 444 #be ,9 bo? tables dynamite ,no4 #a is assum$ z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,col4 ,bucknill /ates t 8 gun-cotton results diff] f ,g54 ,abbot's1 because he exp]im5t$ ) mu* l>g] quantities1 viz41 #ejj-p\nd *>ges4 ,g54 ,abbot's exp]im5ts l$ him to believe t an in/antane\s mean pressure ( #f1ejj p\nds p] squ>e in* w\ld give a fatal bl[ to ! d\ble bottom ( a mod]n armorclad1 & he develop$ a =mula :i* gives ?is bl[ ) bla/+ gelat9e at ! foll[+ di/ances "u wat]1 viz43 ,p\nds4 ,at #e feet4444444444444444444444444444444444 #d #aj 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #ag #bj 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #fg #cj 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #afj #dj 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #caa ,col4 ,bucknill's exp]im5ts caus$ him to believe t a pressure ( #ab1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* is requir$1 & 8 =mula1 :i* is some:at diff]5t f ,abbot's1 gives widely diff]5t results at close qu>t]s1 b !y approa* ea* o!r z ! di/ance increases4 ,8 results are z foll[s3 ,p\nds4 ,at #e feet44444444444444444444444444444444 #bca_/b #aj 44444444444444444444444444444444 #ge #bj 44444444444444444444444444444444 #agg #cj 44444444444444444444444444444444 #bgd #dj 44444444444444444444444444444444 #cfi ,reg>d+ ! comp>ative effects ( gunp[d] & ! high explosives1 ,i ?9k ,g54 ,abbot's e/imate ( a v>y+ value = p[d] is m admissible ?an ! fix$ value assign$ by ,col4 ,bucknill4 ,gunp[d] gives a pu% & detonat+ comp\nds a %ock2 z ! quantities increase1 ! pu% rea*es f>!r ?an ! %ock4 ,accord+ to ,g54 ,abbot1 #ajj p\nds ( dynamite ,no4 #a w h a de/ructive horizontal range ( #af4c feet1 :ile ! same am\nt ( gunp[d] w only h a range ( #c4c feet4 ,five hundr$ p\nds ( dynamite1 h[ev]1 w h a horizontal range ( #ce feet1 & #ejj p\nds ( gunp[d] w h #ai4e feet2 ! ratio has dim9i%$ f five to two4 ,:e!r #f1ejj p\nds or #ab1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* is necess>y to cru% ! bottom ( an armorclad w dep5d l>gely ^u h[ f> ap>t ! frames ( ! %ip are spac$ & :at o!r brac+ is suppli$1 z well z _m local circum/ances4 ,x is difficult to judge exactly ( ^! matt]s4 ,"s f\r ye>s ago ! ,italian gov]nm5t adopt$ treble bottoms = _! heavie/ %ips z a result ( exp]im5ts ) sev5ty-five p\nds ( gun-cotton 7! *>ge ( an ord9>y ,:itehead locomotive torp$o7 aga9/ a caisson :i* 0 a fac-simile ( a portion ( ! propos$ %ips4 ,only two ( ! bottoms 7 brok5 ?r\gh1 & :5 ! space betwe5 ! two inn] bottoms 0 fill$ ) coal1 only ! out] bottom 0 brok54 ,accord+ to ! =mul ( ei!r ,abbot or ,bucknill1 !re %\ld h be5 a local pressure ( at lea/ #cjj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* on ! out] sk91 & yet judici\s int]ior arrangem5ts r5d]$ x h>mless to ! t>get4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be safe to conclude t ! torp$o 0 ?us vanqui%$2 ! imm$iate result 0 simply to create a dem& = l>g] locomotive torp$oes = local application1 & b little light 0 ?r[n ^u ! results :i* might be anticipat$ f a l>ge m9e at a great] di/ance1 ^: radius ( explosive effect w\ld embrace a l>g] portion ( ! %ip1 & especially if ! %ip 7 ne>ly ov] ! torp$o4 ,! local effect ( a detonation is diff]5t f ! transmitt$ %ock4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,engl& h %[n t #ejj p\nds ( gun-cotton at =ty feet bel[ any %ip w s9k h]1 & at a horizontal di/ance ( #ajj feet1 damage to ! int]ior pipes & ma*9]y is to be expect$4 ,! fact t ! high explosives are s mu* heavi] ?an gunp[d] has an important be>+ on ! size ( ! conta9+ case4 ,_! sp4 gr4 is z foll[s3 ,nitro-glyc]9e44444444444444444444444444 44 #a4f ,bla/+ gelat9e44444444444444444444444444 #a4de ,=cite 44444444444444444444444444 #a4ea ,dynamite ,no4 #a44444444444444444444444444444 #a4f ,wet gun-cotton44444444444444444444444444444 #a4cb ,dry 44444444444444444444444444444 #a4jf ,gunp[d]44444444444444444444444444444444 44 #j4i ,_! relative effici5cy "u wat] p] cubic foot1 accord+ to ,bucknill1 is z foll[s3 ,bla/+ gelat9e44444444444444444444444444 #a4ch ,=cite 44444444444444444444444444 #a4bg ,dynamite ,no4 #a44444444444444444444444444444 #a4jj ,dry gun-cotton44444444444444444444444444444 #j4ff ,wet 44444444444444444444444444444 #j4ff ,gunp[d]44444444444444444444444444444444 44 #j4ad ,! wet gun-cotton has tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( add$ wat]4 ,m9es = h>bor def5se are ( two k9ds--buoyant & gr\nd4 ,! buoyant are usually sph]ical1 & conta9 f #djj to #ejj p\nds ( explosive4 ,!y br+ ! *>ge ne> to ! %ip's bottom1 b are difficult to manage 9 a tideway1 & c be easily f\nd by dragg+4 ,! gr\nd m9es c be made ( any size & are n easily f\nd by dragg+1 b are ( little value 9 v deep wat]4 ,!y are ei!r cyl9drical or hemisph]ical 9 %ape1 & conta9 f #ejj to #a1ejj p\nds ( explosive 9 f ?irty to eighty feet ( wat]4 ,m9es ( any k9d are exce$+ly difficult to r5d] effici5t :5 ! wat] is ov] #ajj feet deep4 ,on acc\nt ( ! t5d5cy ( all high explosives to detonate by influ5ce or sympa?y1 & ! liability ( ! cases to collapse by great ext]ior pressure1 h>bor m9es are sep>at$ a c]ta9 di/ance1 accord+ z !y are buoyant or gr\nd1 & accord+ to ! nature ( ! explosive4 ,five hundr$ p\nds buoyant gun-cotton m9es require #cbj feet spac+4 ,five hundr$ p\nds buoyant bla/+ gelat9e m9es require #dej feet spac+4 ,six hundr$ p\nds gr\nd gun-cotton m9es require #ahj feet spac+4 ,six hundr$ p\nds gr\nd bla/+ gelat9e m9es require #bcj feet spac+4 ,( torp$oes1 o!r ?an ^? describ$1 we h sev]al mod]n v>ieties2 subm>9e projectiles1 subm>9e rockets1 automobile & controllable locomotive torp$oes4 ,! fir/ two v>ieties1 ?\gh feasible1 are n develop$ & h n yet advanc$ beyond ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,( ! automobile1 we h ! ,:itehead1 ,sw>tzkopf & ,h[ell4 ,! fir/ two are propell$ by means ( compress$ air & an eng9e2 ! la/ by ! /or$-up en]gy ( a heavy fly-:eel4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !y are cig>-%ap$ crafts1 f #aj to #ah feet long & #ae to #ag in*es 9 diamet]1 capable ( c>ry+ f #ge to #bej p\nds ( explosive at a rate ( #be to #cj knots = #djj y>ds1 at any dep? at :i* !y may be set4 ,( ! controllable locomotive torp$oes1 ! ?ree repres5tative types are ! ,patrick1 ,sims & ,br5nan4 ,!y are 9 g5]al t]ms cig> boats1 ab\t #dj feet long & #b feet 9 diamet]1 c>ry+ *>ges ( #djj p\nds ( explosive4 ,! ,patrick & ,sims are ma9ta9$ at a con/ant dep? "u wat] by means ( a float4 ,! ,br5nan has div+ rudd]s l a ,:itehead or a ,h[ell4 ,! ,patrick is driv5 by means ( c>bonic acid gas ?r\gh an eng9e1 & is controll$ by an electric wire f %ore4 ,! ,sims is driv5 by electricity f a dynamo on %ore ?r\gh a cable to an electric eng9e 9 ! torp$o4 ,! ,br5nan is driv5 & controll$ by means ( two f9e /eel wires w\nd on reels 9 ! torp$o1 ! reels be+ ge>$ to ! propell] %afts4 ,! wires are l$ to correspond+ reels on %ore1 & ^! are rapidly revolv$ by means ( an eng9e4 ,a brake on ea* %ore reel controls ! torp$o4 ,! spe$ ( all ^! torp$oes is ab\t #ai knots1 & _! effective range "o mile4 ,a ,:itehead 0 successfully us$ 9 ! ,turco-,russian w> ( #ahgg4 ,! ,turki% vessel previ\sly m5tion$ 0 sunk by "o4 ,bla/+ gelat9e1 dynamite & gun-cotton are capable ( _m applications to eng9e]+ purposes on %ore 9 "t ( w>1 & 9 mo/ cases !y are bett] ?an p[d]4 ,!y receiv$ ! s]i\s att5tion ( ,fr5* eng9e]s dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 & 7 employ$ 9 ! v>i\s sorties :i* 7 made f ! city1 9 ?r[+ d[n walls1 bur/+ guns1 etc4 ,an explosive = su* purposes1 & inde$ = mo/ milit>y uses1 %\ld satisfy ! foll[+ conditions3 7#a7 ,v %att]+ 9 its effects4 7#b7 ,ins5sible to %ocks ( projectiles4 7#c7 ,pla/ic4 7#d7 ,easy & safe to manipulate4 7#e7 ,easy to ins]t a fuse4 7#f7 ,great /ability at all natural temp]atures & :5 us$ 9 wet localities4 ,nei!r bla/+ gelat9e1 dynamite nor gun-cotton fulfills all ^! conditions2 b !y satisfy _m ( !m & are m p[]ful ?an o!r sub/ances4 ,= ! de/ruction ( walls1 trees1 rails1 bridges1 etc41 x is simply necess>y to atta* to !m small bags ( explosive1 :i* are ignit$ by means ( bla/]s' fuse & a cap ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 or by an electric fuse4 ,we n[ come to ! application ( high explosives to w>f>e 9 ! %ape ( bur/+ *>ges = %ells4 ,?is is ! late/ phase ( ! problem1 & x is und\bt$ly fraught ) ! mo/ important consequ5ces to bo? attack & def5se4 ,difficult z x has be5 to obta9 an exact e/imate ( ! =ce ( diff]5t explosives "u wat]1 ! problem is f> great] out ( ! wat] & "u ! ord9>y conditions ( %ell fire2 ! pr9cipal ob/acle be+ 9 ! fact t x is physically impossible to control ! =ce ( l>ge quantities 9 ord] to measure x1 & small quantities give irregul> results4 ,!oretically1 ! matt] has be5 accompli%$ by ,b]!lot1 ! head ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t ,commission ( ,explosives1 by calculat+ ! volume ( gas produc$1 heat develop$1 etc42 & ?is me?od is excell5t = obta9+ a fair idea ( ! specific pressure ( any new explosive t may be br\ght =w>d1 & det]m9+ :e!r x is wor? :ile to inve/igate x fur!r2 b ! explosives diff] s mu* f ea* o!r 9 po9t ( s5sitiv5ess1 weight1 physical condition1 velocity ( explosive wave1 influ5ce ( temp]ature & humidity1 t we _c det]m9e f m]e !oretical consid]ations all t we w\ld l to "k4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( arriv+ at comp>ative values h be5 tri$1 b ! figures are v v>iable1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ tables4 ,b]!lot's commission1 "s t5 ye>s ago1 explod$ t5 to ?irty grammes ( ea* 9 #cjj p\nd blocks ( lead & measur$ ! increas$ size ( ! hole ?us made4 ,! relative result 03 ,no4 #a dynamite #a4j ,dry gun-cotton #a4ag ,nitro-glyc]9e #a4bj ,p[d] blew out & c\ld n be measur$4 ,mr4 ,r4,c4 ,williams1 at ! ,bo/on ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhh & #ahhi1 tri$ ! same me?od1 b us$ six grammes 9 =ty-five p\nd blocks ( lead4 ,he obta9$ a relative result (-- ,no4 #a dynamite #a4j ,dry gun-cotton #a4cg ,nitro-glyc]9e #b4ea ,explosive gelat9e #b4eg ,=cite gelat9e #b4g ,w>m nitro-glyc]9e #b4g ,gunp[d] #j4a ,! p[d] gave great tr\ble 9 ?is case1 also1 by bl[+ out4 ,m4 ,*alon1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 obta9$ "s ye>s ago1 ) a small mort>1 fir+ a projectile ( ?irty kilos & us+ a *>ge ( t5 grammes ( ea* explosives1 ! foll[+ ranges3 ,met]s4 ,bla/+ p[d] #b4f ,no4 #a dynamite #ca4d ,=cite ( #ge p] c5t4 ,n4,g4 #dc4f ,bla/+ gelat9e #de4j ,r\x & ,s>ran obta9$ by exp]im5ts 9 bur/+ small bomb %ells ! foll[+ comp>ative /r5g?s ( ranges3 ,p[d] #a4j ,gun-cotton #f4e ,nitro-glyc]9e #aj4j ,9 actual bla/+ "w ! results v>y altoge!r ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial enc\nt]$1 & ) ! result t is desir$ to be accompli%$1 viz41 ?r[+ out1 %att]+1 or m]e displacem5t4 ,*alon gives = qu>ry+3 ,p[d] #a ,dynamite ,no4 #b1 conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e #c ,= op5 bla/+3 ,dynamite ,no4 #c1 conta9+ #cj p] c5t4 ,n4,g4 #a4j ,dynamite ,no4 #a1 conta9+ #ge p] c5t4 ,n4,g4 #b4e ,bla/+ gelat9e #c4e ,= tunnel+3 ,dynamite ,no4 #c1 conta9+ #cj p] c5t4 ,n4,g4 #a ,dynamite ,no4 #a1 conta9+ #ge p] c5t4 ,n4,g4 #c ,explosive gelat9e #ai ,f9ally ,b]!lot's !oretical calculations give a specific pressure (-- ,p[d] #a ,dynamite #ac ,gun-cotton #ad ,nitro-glyc]9e #af ,bla/+ gelat9e #ag ,x w be obs]v$ t ! practical results v>y l>gely f ! !oretical values1 b !y seem to indicate t gun-cotton & ,no4 #a dynamite are v ne>ly equal to ea* o!r1 & t 9 ! nitro-glyc]9e comp\nds1 except :]e gun-cotton is add$1 ! =ce appe>s to be ne>ly 9 proportion to ! nitro-glyc]9e conta9$4 ,f ! =ego+ x seems fair to e/imate r\ghly ! values ( bur/+ *>ges ( %ells z foll[s3 ,p[d] #a ,gun-cotton & dynamite #f to #aj ,nitro-glyc]9e #ac to #ae ,bla/+ gelat9e #ae to #ag ,att5tion has be5 turn$ 9 ,europe = m ?an ?irty ye>s t[>d fir+ high explosives 9 %ells2 b x is only )9 v late ye>s t results h be5 rea*$ :i* are claim$ z satisfactory1 & x is exce$+ly difficult to obta9 reliable acc\nts ev5 ( ^!4 ,dynamite 0 fir$ 9 ,sw$5 9 #ahfg 9 small quantities1 & a few ye>s lat] x 0 fir$ 9 ,france4 ,b two difficulties soon pres5t$ !mselves4 ,if ! quantity ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 dynamite 0 small1 x c\ld be fir$ 9 ord9>y %ells1 b ! effect 0 no bett] ?an ) gunp[d]4 ,if ! dynamite 0 /rong] 9 nitro-glyc]9e1 x took b a small quantity to bur/ ! gun4 ,z e>ly z #ahfd1 dry gun-cotton 0 safely fir$ 9 %ells 9 small quantities1 b :5 a suffici5t quantity to fill ! %ell cavity 0 us$1 ! gun bur/4 ,"s few ye>s ago x 0 f\nd t if ! gun-cotton 0 ei!r wet or soak$ 9 p>aff91 x c\ld be fir$ ) safety f p[d] guns 9 ord9>y %ells1 provid$ ! quantity 0 small 9 proportion to ! total weight ( ! %ell--say five or six p] c5t4 ,b a new difficulty arises f ! fact t x breaks ! %ell up into v small pieces1 & x is an unsettl$ "q among artill]i/s :e!r m damage is done to an enemy by break+ a %ell into comp>atively l>ge pieces & disp]s+ !m a long di/ance ) a bur/+ *>ge ( p[d]1 :i* has a propulsive =ce1 or by break+ x ) a detonat+ comp\nd into f9e pieces1 :i* are n driv5 ne>ly s f>4 ,:5 us$ aga9/ troops !re is also ! objection to ! high explosive %ell t x makes sc>cely any smoke 9 bur/+1 & smoke at ?is po9t is useful to ! artill]i/ 9 rectify+ 8 aim4 ,9 ! matt] ( %ells = pi]c+ armor1 h[ev]1 !re are no two op9ions reg>d+ ! nature ( ! bur/+ *>ge4 ,to pi]ce mod]n armor at all a %ell mu/ be made ( =g$ /eel1 s ?ick t ! capacity ( ! cavity = ! bur/+ *>ge is r$uc$ to "o-f\r? or "o-fif? ( :at x is 9 ! common %ell2 ! result is t a *>ge ( p[d] is frequ5tly n p[]ful en\gh to bur/ ! %ell at all2 x simply bl[s ! plug out ( ! fill+ hole 9 ! re>4 ,9 addition x is f\nd t 9 pass+ ?r\gh armor1 ! heat g5]at$ is s great t ! p[d] is prematurely ignit$4 ,if !n we c fill ! small cavity 9 ! %ell ) an explosive :i* w n ignite prematurely1 & yet w bur/ ! %ell prop]ly aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! armor1 ! problem w be solv$4 ,wet or p>aff9$ gun-cotton c be made sluggi% en\gh to satisfy ! fir/ condition2 b at pres5t ! difficulty is to make x explode at all4 ,! m sluggi% ! gun-cotton1 ! m p[]ful mu/ be ! fuse explod]s to detonate x1 & su* explod]s are !mselves liable to premature ignition 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! armor4 ,! ,italians & ,g]mans claim to h accompli%$ ! desir$ result up to a ?ickness ( five in*es ( armor2 gun-cotton & fuse bo? work+ well4 ,b ! ,engli% au?orities say t no "o has yet accompli%$ x4 ,! ,au/rians claim to h succe$$ 9 ?is direction )9 ! la/ ye> ) a new explosive call$ ecra/ite 7suppos$ to be bla/+ gelat9e comb9$ ) sulphate or hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 & claim$ to be "o & "o-half times z p[]ful z dynamite74 ,) a gun ( #h4bd in*es calib] & an armor-pi]c+ %ell weigh+ #bjf4f p\nds1 conta9+ a bur/+ *>ge ( #ae4hh p\nds ( ecra/ite1 !y are said to h p]=at$ two plates f\r in*es ?ick1 & ent]$ a ?ird f\r-in* plate :]e ! %ell explod$4 ,!re is a weak po9t 9 ?is acc\nt 9 ! fact t ! p[d] capacity ( ! %ell is said to be #d4d p\nds4 ,?is am\nt is approximately correct1 judg+ f our own eight-in* armor-pi]c+ %ell1 b if ?is is true1 !re c\ld n h be5 m ?an n9e p\nds ( ecra/ite 9 ! %ell in/ead ( sixte51 or else !re is an exce$+ly small proportion ( bla/+ gelat9e 9 ecra/ite1 & if t is ! case x is n "o & "o-half times z p[]ful z dynamite4 ,if x is weak /uff1 x is probably ins5sitive1 & ev5 if x 7 /rong1 "o swall[ does n make a summ]4 ,! ,engli% fir$ quantities ( bla/+ gelat9e f a two-in* ,nord5feldt gun 9 #ahhd1 b :5 !y tri$ x 9 a sev5-in* gun1 9 #ahhe1 !y bur/ ! gun at once4 ,i h only analyz$ ?is ,au/rian case1 because ! /atem5t is tak5 f ?is ye>'s annual report ( ! ,(fice ( ,naval ,intellig5ce1 :i* is an excell5t au?ority1 & to illu/rate ! fact t ( ! ?\s&s ( acc\nts1 :i* we see 9 =eign & dome/ic newspap]s1 conc]n+ ! successful use ( high explosives 9 %ells1 fully n9ety p] c5t4 are totally unreliable4 ,9 _m cases !y are 9 ! nature ( a prospectus f ! inv5tors ( explosives or me?ods ( fir+1 :o are aw>e ( ! fact t x is almo/ impossible to dispute any /atem5ts t !y may *oose to make reg>d+ ! p[] ( _! new comp\nds1 & ?9k+1 z mo/ ( !m d1 t p[] alone is requir$4 ,ref]r+ to ! qualities t ,i h previ\sly cit$ z be+ requir$ 9 a high explosive = milit>y purposes1 x is soon] or lat] f\nd t ne>ly all ! novelties propos$ lack "s ( ! ess5tials & soon disappe> f ! adv]tis+ _w only to be succe$$ by o!rs4 ,! mo/ common defect is lack ( keep+ qualities4 ,!y w ei!r absorb moi/ure or w evaporate2 or fur!r *emical action w g on among ! con/itu5ts1 mak+ !m dang]\sly s5sitive or completely in]t1 or !y w sep>ate me*anically accord+ to _! specific gravities4 ,= fur!r cle>ness on ! subject ( ! %ell *>ges :i* h s f> be5 discuss$1 ! foll[+ table is add$ ( weight & sizes ( %ells = ,unit$ ,/ates naval guns1 ) _! bur/+ *>ges ( p[d]3 #f-;in* com4 ca/ /eel %ell #ca_/b to #d cal4 long1 wt4 #ajj lb41 *>ge #f lb4 #h #bej #ada_/b lb4 #aj #ejj #bg #ab #hej #de ,,armor-,,pi]c+ ,,=g$ ,,/eel ,,%ell4 #f-;in*1 #c calib]s long1 weight #ajj lb1 *>ge #aa_/b lb4 #h #bej #c #aj #ejj #ea_/b #ab #hej #aa ,! *ief effici5cy ( small quantities ( high explosives hav+ r$uc$ itself to ! case ( armor-pi]c+ projectiles1 x next became evid5t t !re 0 an entirely new field = high explosives into :i* p[d] _h ent]$ b little1 & ?is 0 ! introduction ( huge torp$o %ells1 :i* did nor rely = _! effici5cy ^u ! disp]sion ( ! pieces ( ! %ell1 b ^u ! deva/at+ =ce ( ! bur/+ *>ge itself ^u ev]y?+ )9 ! radius ( its explosive effect4 ,x is 9 ?is field t we may look = ! mo/ rem>kable results1 & x is "h t ! absolute p[] ( ! explosive ?r[n is ( ! utmo/ importance1 provid$ t x c be safely us$4 ,att5tion 0 at once turn$ 9 ,europe to ! manufacture ( l>ge projectiles ) great capacity = bur/+ *>ges1 & x has result$ 9 ! production ( a class ( %ells #da_/b to #f calib]s long1 ) walls only #j4d ( an in* ?ick4 7,if !y are made ?9n]1 !y w swell & jam 9 ! gun :5 fir$47 ,^! %ells are us$ 9 long guns up to #f & #ha_/b in*es calib]1 & 9 mort>s up to #aa4b in*es4 ,!y are made f disks ( /eel1 #c to #d feet 9 diamet] & #a in* ?ick1 & are =c$ into %ape by hydraulic presses4 ,! base is usually screw$ 91 b "s ( ! ,g]man %ell are made 9 two halves :i* screw toge!r4 ,! ,italians 7 ! fir/ 9 ?is new field ( inve/igation1 b ! ,g]mans soon foll[$1 & aft] try+ v>i\s mat]ials 7 at l5g? reasonably successful ) gun-cotton soak$ 9 p>aff94 ,_! #h4d in* mort> %ells ( #e calib]s conta9 #db p\nds2 ^? ( #f calib]s conta9 #eg p\nds2 & ! #aa4b in* mort> %ells ( #e calib]s conta9 #aaj p\nds4 ,! projectile velocity us$ ) ! mort>s is ab\t #hjj f4s4 ,! effect ( ^! %ells aga9/ ord9>y masonry & e>? =tifications is v great4 ,! *>ge ( =ty-two p\nds has brok5 ?r\gh a masonry vault ( ?ree feet f\r in*es ?ick1 cov]$ ) two feet eight in*es ( cem5t & ) ?ree to five feet ( e>? ov] all4 ,! %ell conta9+ fifty-sev5 p\nds1 at a range ( two & "o-half miles1 broke ?r\gh a simil> vault cov]$ ) t5 feet ( e>?2 b ) sev5te5 feet ( e>? ! vault resi/$4 ,9 #ahhc1 exp]im5ts at ,kumm]sdorf %[$ t a %ell conta9+ ! fifty-sev5 p\nd *>ge w\ld excavate 9 s& a crat] sixte5 feet 9 diamet] & eight feet deep1 ) a capacity ( tw5ty-two cubic y>ds4 ,! ,italians h _h simil> exp]i5ces2 b x is notable t 9 bo? ,g]many & ,italy sev]al guns & mort>s h bur/4 ,! velocity 9 ! guns is n believ$ to exce$ #a1bjj to #a1cjj f4s41 & x is n ?\ght t ! quantity ( gun-cotton is z great 9 ! gun %ells z 9 ! mort>s4 ,i h lately be5 in=m$ on good au?ority t ! use ( gun-cotton %ells has be5 ab&on$ 9 ! ,g]man navy z too dang]\s4 ,! ,fr5*1 9 _! inve/igations 9 ?is field1 f\nd gun-cotton too inconv5i5t1 & decid$ ^u mel5ite4 ,?is sub/ance has probably attract$ m att5tion 9 ! milit>y _w ?an all o!rs comb9$1 on acc\nt ( ! fabul\s qualities t h be5 ascrib$ to x4 ,its composition 0 = a long "t entirely a secret2 b x is n[ ?\ght to consi/ pr9cipally ( picric acid1 :i* is =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid ^u ph5ol or ph5yillic alcohol1 a con/itu5t ( coal t>4 ,! actual nature ( mel5ite is n positively kn[n1 z ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 aft] buy+ x f ! inv5tor1 ,turp91 are said to h add$ o!r articles & improv$ x4 ,?is is probable1 s9ce ,fr5* exp]im5ts 9 fir+ aga9/ a p>tially armor$ vessel1 ! ,bellequ5se1 develop$ an enorm\s de/ructive effect1 :ile ! ,engli%1 :o aft]w>d b\ght x1 conduct$ simil> exp]im5ts aga9/ ! ,resi/ance1 & obta9$ no bett] results ?an ) p[d]4 ,! pro( t ! ,bellequ5se exp]im5ts 7 deem$ ( great value by ! ,fr5* lies 9 ! fact t !y imm$iately laid d[n a frigate--,dupuy de ,lome--9 :i* f\r-in* armor is us$1 n only on ! side1 b ab\t ! gun /ations1 to protect ! m52 ?is ?ickness hav+ be5 f\nd suffici5t to keep out mel5ite %ell4 ,9 mo/ armorclads1 ! armor is v heavy ab\t ! vitals1 b ! guns are frequ5tly mu* expos$4 ,! be/ au!nticat$ composition = mel5ite consi/s ( picric acid1 gun cotton & gum arabic1 & lately x is /at$ t ! ,fr5* h add$ cresilite to x4 ,cresilite is ano!r product ( coal t>4 ,mel5ite is normally only ?ree times z /rong z gunp[d]2 b x is said to owe its de/ructive qualities 9 %ells to ! p[]ful "* ( ! explod] :i* ignites x4 ,x has be5 kn[n = "s ye>s t all explosives 7includ+ gunp[d]7 are capable ( two ord]s ( explosion accord+ z !y are m]ely ignit$ or excit$ by a weak fuse or z !y are p[]fully %ock$ by a m vigor\s excitant4 ,fulm9ate ( m]cury has be5 f\nd mo/ s]viceable = ! latt] purpose4 ,) mel5ite ! ,fr5* h reproduc$ all ! results t ! ,g]mans h effect$ ) gun-cotton & h f\nd t a %ell conta9+ #aai p\nds ( x w p5etrate ne>ly t5 feet ( solid cem5t1 b w n p5etrate armor$ turrets six to eight in*es ?ick4 ,! ,fr5* claim t mel5ite has an advantage ov] gun-cotton 9 n be+ s dang]\s to h&le & be+ ins5sible to %ock or friction1 & !y h obta9$ a velocity ( #a1cjj f4s4 ) ! #hh in* mort> & claim to h obta9$ #b1jjj f4s4 9 long guns up to #fb in* calib]4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !y are kn[n to h _h sev]e accid5ts at ! manufactory at ,bel=t & at lea/ "o #ef in* gun 0 bur/ at ! ,bellequ5se exp]im5ts 9 fir+ a sixty-six p\nd %ell conta9+ tw5ty-eight p\nds ( mel5ite4 ,! ,fr5* are said to h l>ge quantities ( mel5ite %ells 9 /ore1 b !y are n issu$ to s]vice4 ,probably "o reason :y we h s _m conflict+ yet positive acc\nts ( great successes 9 ,europe ) torp$o %ells is because ea* nation wi%es its neighbors to ?9k t x is prep>$ = all ev5tualities1 & !y are oblig$ to keep on h& l>ge quantities ( "s explosive1 :e!r !y h confid5ce 9 x or n4 ,=tunately we are n s situat$1 b s+ul>ly en\gh :at we h done 9 ! field ( high explosive projection has be5 accompli%$ by private ent]prise1 & we h attack$ ! problem at exactly ! opposite po9t f :i* ,european nations h und]tak5 x4 ,:ile !y h assum$ t ! p[d] gun ) its p[]ful & relatively irregul> pressures 0 a necessity & h endeavor$ to modify ! explosive to suit x1 we h tak5 ! explosive z we h f\nd x1 & h adapt$ ! gun to ! explosive4 ,at pres5t ! prom95t weapon 9 ?is new field is ! pneumatic gun1 b x is obvi\s t /eam1 c>bonic acid gas1 ammonia or any o!r mod]ate & regulatable pressure c be us$ z well z compress$ air2 x is m]ely a "q ( me*anical conv5i5ce4 ,9 ?r[+ small quantities ( c]ta9 high explosives1 p[d] guns c be us$ satisfactorily1 b :5 l>ge quantities are requir$1 ! me*anical sy/em ( guns possess num]\s advantages4 ,all ! high explosives are subject to premature detonation by %ock2 ea* ( !m is suppos$ to h its own peculi> %ock to :i* x is s5sitive2 b :at ?is %ock may be is at pres5t unkn[n4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t premature explosions 9 guns are m liable to occur :5 ! *>ge 9 ! %ell is l>ge ?an :5 x is small4 ,?is is due to ! fact t :5 ! gun is fir$1 ! in]tia ( ! *>ge 9 ! %ell is ov]come by a pressure proportional to ! mass & accel]ation1 :i* pressure is communicat$ to ! %ell *>ge by ! re> surface ( ! cavity1 & ! pressure p] unit ( mass w v>y inv]sely z ?is surface4 ,if1 !n1 ! quantity ( explosive 9 ! %ell =ms a l>ge proportion ( ! total weight ( ! %ell1 we approa* 9 p[d] guns a condition ( %ock to x :i* is always dang]\s & frequ5tly fatal4 ,! pressure beh9d ! projectile v>ies f twelve to fifte5 tons p] squ>e in*1 b x is liable to rise to sev5te5 & eighte5 tons1 & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! manufacture ( gunp[d] we _c 9 ord9>y guns regulate x ne>] ?an t4 ,x is n a matt] ( s mu* importance s f> z ! guns are conc]n$1 :5 us+ ord9>y projectiles1 z ! gun w endure a pressure ( f tw5ty-five to ?irty tons p] squ>e in*2 b ) high explosives 9 ! %ell x is a vitally s]i\s matt]4 ,f all ,i c le>n reg>d+ ,european practice1 x appe>s t n only are ! explosives made sluggi%1 b ! quantity seldom exce$s ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! %ell1 & ! velocities1 not)/&+1 are kept v l[4 ,9 ! pneumatic gun ! velocity is l[ also1 b s is ! pressure 9 ! gun4 ,! pressure 9 ! fir+ res]voir is kept at ! relatively l[ figure ( #a1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* or less1 & ! air is admitt$ to ! *amb] ( ! gun by a balance valve :i* cuts (f j ! quantity ( air 7)9 a v few p\nds7 t is requir$ to make ! %ot4 ,! gun is long1 & advantage is tak5 ( ! expansion ( ! air4 ,9 no case c ! pressure rise 9 ! gun beyond t 9 ! res]voir4 ,up to ! pres5t "t !re h be5 no accid5ts 9 us+ ! mo/ p[]ful explosives 9 _! natural /ate1 & 9 quantities ov] fifty p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! projectile4 ,i h se5 projectiles weigh+ #iej p\nds1 & conta9+ #ejj p\nds ( explosives 7#cjj p\nds ( ! bla/+ gelat9e & #bjj p\nds ( ,no4 #a dynamite7 ?r[n ne>ly a mile & explod$ aft] disappe>+ "u wat]4 ,accord+ to ,g54 ,abbot's =mula su* a projectile w\ld h sunk any armorclad float+ )9 =ty-sev5 feet ( :]e x /ruck4 ,app>5tly !re is no limit to ! p]c5tage ( explosive t c be plac$ 9 ! %ell except ! me*anical "o ( hav+ ! walls ?ick en\gh to prev5t be+ cru%$ by ! %ock ( dis*>ge4 ,9 ! l>ge projectiles a transv]se diaphragm is introduc$ to /r5g!n ! walls & to subdivide ! *>ge4 ,! developm5t ( ! pneumatic gun has be5 att5d$ ) "s o!r important discov]ies1 :i* may be ( int]e/4 ,x is well kn[n t mort> fire is v inaccurate1 except at fix$ long di/ances1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high angle1 ! sl[ness ( flight ( ! projectile1 ! v>iability ( ! p[d] pressure1 & ! inability to *ange ! elevation & ! *>ge ( p[d] rapidly4 ,9 ! pneumatic gun1 ! complete control ( ! pressure rem$ies ! mo/ important ( ! mort>'s defects & makes ! fire accurate f long ranges d[n to )9 a few y>ds ( ! gun4 ,x is obvi\s t ! pressure c be usefully controll$ 9 two ways3 7#a7 by keep+ ! elevation ( ! gun fix$ & us+ a valve t c be set to cut (f any quantity ( air1 accord+ to ! range desir$2 7#b7 by keep+ ! pressure 9 ! res]voir con/ant1 & us+ a valve :i* w cut (f ! same quantity ( air e "t1 *ang+ ! elevation ( ! gun accord+ to ! di/ance4 ,ano!r important discov]y consi/s 9 ! application ( subcalib]$ projectiles = obta9+ increas$ range4 ,! gun is smoo?-bor$ & a full-siz$ projectile is a cyl9d] ) hemisph]ical ends1 to ! re> ( :i* is atta*$ a %aft hav+ metal vanes plac$ at an angle1 :i* causes ! projectile to revolve r\nd its long] axis dur+ flight4 ,a subcalib]$ projectile1 h[ev]1 be+ ( less diamet] ?an ! bore ( ! gun1 has ! vanes on its ext]ior1 & is held 9 ! axis ( ! gun by means ( gas *ecks :i* drop (f z ! projectile leaves ! muzzle4 ,! %ock to ! explosive is1 ( c\rse1 great] ?an 9 ! full-siz$ projectile1 b ! increase c be calculat$1 & s f> a dang]\s limit has n be5 rea*$4 ,f ! fifte5-in* gun ) a pressure ( #a1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* & a velocity ( ab\t #hjj f4s41 a range ( #d1jjj y>ds has be5 obta9$ at an elevation ( #cj #bj1 ) a t5-in* subcalib]$ projectile1 ab\t eight calib]s long & weigh+ #ejj p\nds4 ,?is projectile w conta9 #bbj p\nds ( bla/+ gelat9e4 ,) improv$ full-siz$ projectiles weigh+ #a1jjj p\nds1 a range ( #b1ejj y>ds w d\btless be obta9$4 ,at elevations bel[ #ae ^! long projectiles are liable to rico*et1 & :at is n[ want$ is a projectile :i* w /ay "u wat] at all angles ( fall & w run p>allel to ! surface l a locomotive torp$o4 ,su* a projectile has yet to be inv5t$2 b ,i h se5 a l9k$ %ell1 :i* has be5 exp]im5t$ ) f a n9e-in* p[d] gun1 t p>tially meets ?is condition4 ,x is made ( sev]al sections unit$ by means ( rope or electric wire 9 l5g?s ( #ajj to #aej feet4 ,:5 fir$ all sections rema9 toge!r = "s di/ance2 ! re> section !n fir/ beg9s to sep>ate2 !n ! next1 & s on4 ,x is prim>ily int5d$ to envelop an enemy's vessel1 & to rem$y ! pres5t unc]ta9ty ( elevation 9 a gun m\nt$ 9 a pit*+ boat2 b x is f\nd t :5 x /rikes ! wat] 9 its l5g!n$ out condition1 x w nei!r dive nor rico*et1 b w cont9ue = "s di/ance j "u ! surface until all mom5tum is lo/1 :5 x w s9k4 ,?is projectile is at pres5t crude1 & has nev] be5 tri$ load$1 b x w probably be develop$ into some?+ useful 9 "t4 ,i h conf9$ my rem>ks 9 ! =ego+ discussion pr9cipally to su* me?ods ( us+ high explosives 9 %ells z h prov$ !mselves successful beyond an exp]im5tal degree1 & practically !y r$uce !mselves to two1 viz41 us+ a sluggi% explosive 9 small quantities f an ord9>y p[d] gun1 & us+ any explosive f a pneumatic or o!r me*anical gun4 ,naturally1 ! success ( ! latt] me?od w soon induce ! manufacture ( p[d]s hav+ an abnormally l[ maximum pressure4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a field = ! use ( su* p[d]s 9 connection ) an air space 9 ! gun to /ill fur!r regulate ! pressure2 b no?+ ( ?is sort has yet be5 attempt$4 ,_m me?ods ( padd+ ! %ell h be5 devis$ = r$uc+ ! %ock 9 p[d] guns1 b ! v>iability ( ! p[d] pressure is too great to h yet r5d]$ any su* me?od successful4 ,a me?od 0 pat5t$ by ,gruson 9 ,g]many ( fill+ a %ell ) ! two h>mless con/itu5ts ( an explosive & hav+ !m unite & explode by means ( a fulm9ate fuse on /rik+ an object4 ,he us$ = ! con/itu5ts nitric acid & d9itro-b5z9e1 & 0 q successful2 b ! sy/em has n met ) favor1 on acc\nt ( ! inconv5i5ce4 ,! explosive 0 ab\t f\r times z p[]ful z gunp[d]4 ,t ! advantage ( us+ ! mo/ p[]ful explosives is a real "o c be easily %[n4 ,! eight in* pneumatic gun 9 ,new ,york h>bor1 ) a projectile conta9+ fifty p\nds ( bla/+ gelat9e & five p\nds ( dynamite1 easily sunk a s*oon] at #a1hfd y>ds range f ! torp$o effect ( ! %ell fall+ alongside x4 ,?is same %ell1 if fill$ ) gunp[d]1 w\ld h conta9$ b tw5ty-five p\nds1 & h _h b "o-n9? ! p[]4 ,! pr9cipal ,european nations are n[ build+ armor$ turrets sunk 9 enorm\s masses ( cem5t1 z a result ( _! exp]i5ces ) gun-cotton & mel5ite4 ,! fifte5 in* pneumatic projectile1 :i* ,i describ$ z be+ capable ( s9k+ an armorclad at =ty-sev5 feet f :]e x /ruck1 w\ld h be5 capable ( p5etrat+ fifty feet ( cem5t _h x /ruck ^u a =tification4 ,x 0 n only a mu* l>g] quantity ( high explosive ?an ,europeans h exp]im5t$ )1 b ! explosive itself is probably m ?an twice z /rong z _! gun-cotton & five or six times z /rong z _! mel5ite4 ,9 ! plans ( ,g54 ,brialmont1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ,european eng9e]s1 he all[s 9 8 =tifications ab\t t5 feet ( cem5t ov] casem5ts1 magaz9es1 etc4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is insuffici5t = dynamite %ells su* z ,i h describ$4 ,at ,=t ,wagn]1 a s& "w built dur+ our w>1 ,g54 ,gillmore e/imat$ t he ?rew "o p\nd ( metal = e #c4bg p\nds ( s& remov$4 ,he fir$ ov] #abb1bcj p\nds ( metal1 & "o night's "w w\ld h repair$ ! damage4 ,! new fifte5 in* pneumatic %ell w conta9 #fjj p\nds ( bla/+ gelat9e1 & judg+ f ! ,g]man exp]im5ts at ,kummsdorf1 :i* ,i h cit$1 "o ( ^! fifte5 in* %ells w\ld ?r[ out a prodigi\s quantity ( s&2 ei!r #ejj p\nds to "o ( %ell1 or #b1jjj p\nds to "o ( %ell1 accord+ z ! e/imate ( ,g54 ,abbot or ( ,capt4 ,zal9ski is us$4 ,! =m] consid]s t ! radius ( de/ructive effect increases z ! squ>e root ( ! *>ge2 ! latt] t ! area ( de/ructive effect = ?is k9d ( "w is directly proportional to ! *>ge4 ,! effect ( ! high explosives ^u horizontal armor is v great2 b we h yet to le>n h[ to make x %att] v]tical armor4 ,no fact ab\t high explosives is m curi\s ?an ?is1 & !re is no !ory to acc\nt = x satisfactorily4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! ,fr5* h f\nd t f\r in*es ( v]tical armor is ample to keep out ! l>ge/ mel5ite %ells1 & exp]im5ts at ,annapolis1 9 #ahhd1 %[$ t masses ( dynamite ,no4 #a1 weigh+ f sev5ty-five to #ajj p\nds1 c\ld be detonat$ ) impunity :5 hung aga9/ a v]tical t>get compos$ ( a doz5 "o in* iron plates bolt$ toge!r4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i may say t 9 ?is c\ntry we are prone to ?9k t ! p]fection ( ! me?ods ( ?r[+ high explosives 9 %ell is va/ly 9 favor ( an unprotect$ nation l ourselves1 because we c\ld easily make x v uncom=table = any vessels t might attempt to bomb>d our sea coa/ cities4 ,?is is true z f> z x goes1 b un=tunately ! use ( high explosives w n /op !re4 ,i lately _h expla9$ to me ! details ( a sy/em :i* is c]ta9ly n impossible = damag+ ,new ,york f ! sea by means ( dynamite balloons4 ,! inv5tor simply propos$ to take advantage ( ! sea breeze :i* bl[s t[>d ,new ,york e summ]'s aft]noon & ev5+4 ,)\t ev] com+ 9 sight ( l&1 he c\ld locate 8 vessel 9 su* a position t 8 balloons w\ld float directly ov] ! city & let fall a ton or two ( dynamite by means ( a clock "w atta*m5t4 ,! inv5tor _h all ! m9or details v plausibly work$ out1 su* z locat+ by means ( pilot balloons ! air curr5ts at ! prop] height = ! l>ge balloons1 automatic arrangem5ts = keep+ ! balloon at ! prop] height aft] x 0 let g f ! vessel1 & s on4 ,8 s*eme is no?+ b ! idea ( ! drift+ or curr5t torp$o1 :i* 0 s popul> dur+ our w>1 transf]r$ to ! upp] air4 ,an automatic fly+ ma*9e w\ld be "o /ep f>!r ?an ?is inv5tor's idea1 & w\ld be an exact p>allel 9 ! air to ! mu* dread$ locomotive wat] torp$o ( to-day4 ,!re seems to be no limit to ! possibilities ( high explosives :5 intellig5tly appli$ to ! w>f>e ( ! future1 & ! advantage w always be on ! side ( ! nation t is be/ prep>$ to use !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is4 ,x has long be5 a famili> fact t gypsum yields on bak+ a mat]ial :i* possesses ! p[] ( sett+ ) wat] to a firm mass1 ?is sett+ be+ accompli%$ mu* m quickly ?an is ! case ) mort>4 ,! explanation ( ! sett+ ( pla/] 0 fir/ giv5 by ,lavoisi]1 :o po9t$ out t gypsum is an hydrat$ salt1 & t ! set pla/] is 9 fact gypsum re=m$1 ! *ange br\ght ab\t by bak+ be+ m]ely loss ( wat] ( cry/allization4 ,! b$s ( gypsum ( mo/ importance bo? =m]ly & at ! pres5t "t 9 ! pla/] manufacture occur 9 ! neighborhood ( ,p>is 9 ! l[] t]ti>y =mation4 ,diff]5t b$s diff] 7#a7 9 respect ( "* & quantity ( admix$ mat]ials & 7#b7 9 ! /ructure ( ! gypsum itself4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 "s deposits conta9 a notable proportion ( c>bonate ( lime1 a fact :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances may consid]ably influ5ce ! "* ( ! pla/]4 ,9 ! matt] ( /ructure two pr9cipal v>ieties occur 7#a7 granul> & 7#b7 fibr\s4 ,fur!r1 h>dness ( ! granul> k9d v>ies consid]ably4 ,^! diff]5ces ( /ructure 9 ! orig9al mat]ial appe> to ex]cise an influ5ce on ! prop]ties ( ! pla/]4 ,?us accord+ to ,pay5 ! pla/] =m$ f ! granul> v>iety sets m gradually ?an t d]iv$ f ! fibr\s1 & =ms a d5s] mass4 ,! s(t] k9ds ( ! granul> gypsum are ^? pr9cipally us$ 9 ! production ( pla/] = ! m\lds ( pott]ies4 ,9 ! old fa%ion$ process :i* is /ill employ$ = mak+ ! common k9ds ( pla/]1 ! mat]ial is expos$ to ! direct action ( flame4 ,l>ge lumps are plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! furnace1 above !m small] lumps1 &1 aft] ! heat+ has be5 c>ri$ on = "s "t1 f9ely divid$ mat]ial is fill$ 9 at ! top4 ,! out] portion ( ! l>g] lumps is always ov]burnt1 & 9 ! upp] "p ( ! furnace ! pres5ce ( %9+ cry/all9e p>ticles g5]ally indicates ! fact t "s gypsum has rema9$ un*ang$4 ,provid$ t ! am\nt ( unburnt & ov]burnt mat]ial does n exce$ ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ! total1 ! pla/] is suitable = _m applications4 ,x 0 e>ly obs]v$ t set pla/] c\ld be revivifi$ by a second bak+1 b attempts 9 ?is direction 7 n uni=mly successful1 x be+ f\nd t ! dehydrat$ sub/ance 9 "s cases refus$ to set ) wat]4 ,x behav$ 9 fact simil>ly to ! natural anhydr\s calcium sulphate :i* is unaffect$ by wat]4 ,^! failures 7 f\nd to be due to ! employm5t ( too high a temp]ature1 & su* pla/] 0 t]m$ dead burnt4 ,al?\gh ?is fact 0 asc]ta9$ long ago1 yet ignorance ( :at _h already be5 done has probably be5 ! cause ( _m disappo9tm5ts 9 attempts at revivification :i* h be5 made f "t to "t by p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! subject4 ,! view g5]ally adopt$ ) reg>d to ! !ory ( ^! processes is t pla/] consi/s ( anhydr\s calcium sulphate1 ,ca,s,o#d1 9 a condition probably amorph\s1 diff]5t f t ( natural cry/alliz$ ,ca,s,o#d1 kn[n to m9]alogi/s "u ! "n ( anhydrite4 ,by ! influ5ce ( a high temp]ature x appe>s probable t a molecul> *ange is gradually induc$ ) production ( a cry/all9e /ructure1 & probably an increase ( specific gravity1 result+ 9 ! artificial reproduction ( ! m9]al anhydrite4 ,no det]m9ation appe>s to h be5 publi%$ ( ! specific gravity ( pla/] prep>$ by complete bak+ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! !ory is1 h[ev]1 confirm$ by ! results obta9$ by work]s on ! subject ( m9]alogical syn!sis1 :o h %[n t ! mat]ial :i* has be5 produc$ at high temp]atures has ! specific gravity & o!r physical prop]ties ( ! m9]al anhydrite4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t pla/] prep>$ by bak+ at a temp]ature above #cjj degrees loses completely its p[] ( sett+4 ,lat] obs]vations1 h[ev]1 z ^? ( ,l&r91 negative ?is view4 ,betwe5 #cjj degrees & #djj degrees ,l&r9 obta9$ pla/]s sett+ almo/ in/antane\sly :5 mix$ ) a small am\nt ( wat]4 ,:5 ! temp]ature employ$ approa*$ #djj degrees1 ! set pla/] 0 s(t]1 b ! sett+ /ill took place quickly4 ,^! obs]vations appe> to %[ t ! *ange to anhydrite is a v gradual process at temp]atures bel[ a r$ heat4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! diff]5ces 9 7#a7 "t ( sett+ ( pla/] & 7#b7 9 h>dness ( ! result+ mat]ial4 ,bo? ( ^! prop]ties are affect$ by ! mode ( bak+4 ,! h>de/ mat]ial is frequ5tly obta9$ f ! quick-sett+ pla/]s1 b = c]ta9 purposes ?is rapidity 9 sett+ is ( great practical inconv5i5ce4 ,?us ! m\ld] 9 pott]y "w mu/ h leisure to fill 9 e detail ( a design (t5 complicat$ & intricate be=e ! mat]ial ) :i* he is work+ becomes intractable4 ,?us = _m ( ! m ref9$ purposes to :i* pla/] is appli$1 extreme h>dness 9 ! set pla/] is ( less vital importance ?an a conv5i5t p]iod ( sett+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pla/]s :i* set v sl[ly give z a rule too s(t a mat]ial1 z well z be+ inconv5i5t 9 use4 ,pla/]s :i* hit (f ! happy m$ium are alone suitable = ! "w ( ! pott]4 ,! f9] v>ieties ( pla/] prep>$ especially = use 9 pott]ies are obta9$ by a treatm5t :i* diff]s 9 _m respects f t describ$ above = ! common] k9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! direct contact ( fuel or ev5 flame is avoid$1 s9ce ?is r$uces "s ( ! sulphate to sulphide ( calcium1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is 9 _m respects objectionable4 ,secondly1 x is necess>y t !re %\ld be a bett] control ov] ! temp]ature1 s9ce1 z has be5 se51 if ! heat+ be c>ri$ too f> ! pla/]1 if n p>tially dead burnt1 w set too quickly = ! p>ticul> purpose to :i* x is to be put4 ,! arrangem5t employ$ 9 ,france is kn[n z ! f\r a b\lang]1 or bak]'s furnace4 ,! temp]ature atta9$ 9 ! furnace itself nev] exce$s l[ r$ness4 ,! mat]ial pref]r$ is ! s(t] k9d ( ! granul> v>iety ( gypsum4 ,?is is put 9 9 pieces ( ab\t #ba_/b in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,aft] ! bak+ sev]al lumps are brok5 up & exam9$ to see t !re are no %9+ cry/all9e p>ticles1 :i* w\ld indicate t "s ( ! gypsum _h rema9$ un*ang$4 ,be=e use ! pla/] is gr\nd v f9e4 ,?is po9t is ( consid]able practical importance4 ,! consi/5cy atta9$ %\ld be su* t ! mat]ial may be rubb$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb )\t any feel+ ( gritt9ess4 ,%\ld !re be p>ticles ( a size to be *>act]iz$ z grit1 ^! w aft] use appe> at ! surface ( ! m\ld1 ) ! result t ! m\ld w h to be ab&on$ long be=e x is really worn out1 i4e41 be=e ! details h lo/ _! %>pness4 ,x is manife/ly ( consid]able practical importance to und]/& ! conditions :i* det]m9e ! "t ( ! sett+ up ( pla/]4 ,accord+ to ,pay51 ! rapidity ( sett+1 provid$ ! pla/] has dehydrat$ at a temp]ature suffici5tly l[1 dep5ds entirely on ! /ructure ( gypsum employ$4 ,?us1 accord+ to him1 ! fibr\s k9ds gives a pla/] sett+ almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,! wat]1 he says1 p5etrates ! mat]ial freely1 sett+ takes places almo/ simultane\sly ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,! hydration ( ea* p>ticle is accompani$ by an expansion1 & "u ! conditions specifi$1 ?is expansion be+ unresi/$ takes place to ! maximum ext5t1 ) ! result ( leav+ cavities betwe5 ! cry/als1 & produc+ a set pla/] ( less coh]5ce & d5sity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e granul> cry/all9e gypsum has be5 us$1 sett+ beg9s at ! surface ( ea* gr\p ( cry/als be=e ! wat] has p5etrat$ to ! int]ior2 ! hydration is 9 consequ5ce m gradual1 & resi/ance be+ (f]$ to ! expansion ( ! inn] p>ts1 a h>d] & d5s] mat]ial is obta9$4 ,t ?is expansion conta9s an elem5t ( tru? is indicat$ by ! practice ( employ+ ! granul> cry/all9e v>iety = ! prep>ation ( m\ld+ pla/]4 ,! explanation appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be inadequate 9 sev]al respects1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t pla/]s = m\ld+ are r$uc$ to a f9e /ate ( division be=e use4 ,x seems z if ?is treatm5t mu/1 9 great "p at any rate1 break up ! cry/all9e aggregates4 ,9 ord] to discov] a m satisfactory explanation1 let u exam9e ! results ( ! *emical analysis ( pla/]s us$ 9 comm]ce4 ,"o is /ruck by ! l>ge p]c5tage ( wat] !y usually conta94 ,?us1 f\r samples ( ord9>y pla/] analyz$ by ,l&r9 h an av]age ( #ij4ag p] c5t4 ( ,ca,s,o#d & #g4e p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :ile two samples ( be/ pla/] conta9$ #hi4h p] c5t4 ( ,ca,s,o#d & #g4ic p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,^! numb]s d n add up to #ajj1 ! diff]5ce be+ due to silica & o!r impurities ( ! orig9al gypsum1 am\nt+ altoge!r to ab\t #c p] c5t4 ,x might be sugge/$ t ! reason :y ^! pla/]s set m sl[ly ?an completely dehydrat$ pla/] is ow+ simply to ! fact t !y conta91 app>5tly1 "s unalt]$ gypsum1 :i* s]ves to dilute ! action4 ,7 ?is s1 a simil> result1 z f> z "t ( sett+ is conc]n$1 %\ld be obta9$ ) a pla/] conta9+ a correspond+ quantity ( dead-burnt mat]ial4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n f\nd to be ! case4 ,! "t ( sett+ appe>s1 !n1 to be connect$ 9 "s special & peculi> mann] ) ! ret5tion ( wat] by ! burnt pla/]4 ,! foll[+ explanation ( ?is connection is (f]$1 an explanation only t5tative at pres5t1 ow+ to want ( exp]im5tal data4 ,! foll[+ sub/ances are kn[n3 ,gypsum1 & set pla/]1 ,ca,s,o#d #b ,h#b,o1 conta9+ #bj4ic p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,pla/] completely burn$ at mod]ate temp]ature1 ,ca,s,o#d1 probably amorph\s4 ,anhydrite & dead-burn$ pla/]1 ,ca,s,o#d1 cry/all9e4 ,sel5itic deposit f boil]s1 #b ,ca,s,o#d ,h#b,o1 or ,ca,s,o#d #a_/b ,h#b,o1 conta9+ #f4b p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,! circum/ance t ! hot calcium sulphate c cry/allize ) #a_/d its normal am\nt ( wat] indicates t = ?is proportion ( wat] x has a great] attraction ?an = ! o!r #c_/d4 ,hav+ a simil> be>+ is ! fact t :5 burn$ at l[] temp]atures1 gypsum only loses ! la/ portions ( wat] ) extreme sl[ness4 ,n[1 if x be ! case t anhydr\s calcium sulphate has a great] attraction = ! fir/ half molecule ( wat]1 !n ! op]ation ( hydration w proce$ v rapidly at fir/1 m sl[ly aft]w>d4 ,_m su* cases are kn[n1 e4g41 t ( copp] sulphate4 ,conv]sely1 if only #c_/d ( ! wat] ( hydration be expell$ dur+ ! bak+ ( gypsum1 ! mat]ial obta9$ %\ld hydrate itself m sl[ly4 ,= our pres5t purpose x w be conv5i5t to recalculate ! numb]s giv5 by ,l&r9 7vide supra7 s z to make ! calcium sulphate & wat] add up to #ajj4 ,?is treatm5t ( ! numb]s gives a mean result = ! six analyses ( #g4fh p] c5t4 ( wat]1 ! am\nts n v>y+ by m ?an #a p] c5t4 ,x w be se5 t ! dehydration has nev] pass$ ! composition correspond+ to #b ,ca,s,o#d ,h#b,o2 inde$1 ! mat]ial approximates m ne>ly to ! composition #c ,ca,s,o#d ,h#b,o4 ,x appe>s probable1 !re=e1 t 9 ! successful prep>ation ( pla/] ! :ole1 or ne>ly ! :ole1 ( ! gypsum is *ang$1 b t ?is *ange does n result 9 ! production ( ,ca,s,o#d1 or ( a mixture ( ,ca,s,o#d & ,ca,s,o#d #b ,h#b,o1 b ( a l[] hydrate ( calcium sulphate4 ,9 ! case ( ! analyses1 giv5 by ,l&r91 ( f9e pla/] = pott]ies1 ! p]c5tages ( wat] 7#h4ad & #h4jh7 correspond closely to t ( a hydrate1 #c ,ca,s,o#d #b ,h#b,o1 :i* w\ld conta9 #h4a p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,"s surprise may h be5 excit$ by ! fact t ! well kn[n me?od ( revivify+ hydrat$ calcium sulphate has rec5tly =m$ ! subject ( a pat5t 7,eng4 pat41 ,no4 #ae1djf74 ,! me?od describ$ 9 ! specification consi/s 9 r$uc+ ! mat]ials 7wa/e m\lds1 etc47 to small lumps1 & bak+ betwe5 ! temp]atures ( #ie & #cjj4 ,x is m5tion$ t ! :ole ( ! wat] mu/ n be expell$4 ,?is is no d\bt correct1 b x mu/ be effect$ by regulat+ ! "t ( bak+1 s9ce by prolong+ ! op]ation all ! wat] ( cry/allization c be expell$ f> bel[ #cjj4 ,to secure ev5 bak+ ! mass is kept /irr$ by me*anical /irr]s1 a necess>y precaution1 s9ce ! op]ation is to be c>ri$ out 9 an ord9>y kiln4 ,! process is /opp$ :5 a portion ( ! pla/] is f\nd to set 9 ! requir$ "t1 a me?od ( regulation :i* w probably be f\nd to "w well 9 practice4--,*em4 ,trade ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spac+ ,,! ,,frets ,,on ,a ,,banjo ,,neck4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,,maccord4 ,! amateur p]=m] on ! banjo1 if he be ( a me*anical turn1 is (t5 tempt$ to ex]cise 8 skill by mak+ an in/rum5t = himself2 & ! temptation is ! great] because he c conf9e himself to ! ess5tials4 ,! excell5ce ( a banjo 9 respect to p[] & tone dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! rim & ! neck1 t is1 suppos+ ! p>*m5t head to be ( prop] quality2 b !n ! prep>ation ( ! heads is a bus9ess ( itself1 & ! amateur is no m expect$ to make ! head ?an to make ! /r+s4 ,s aga91 all ! m9or accessories1 su* z pegs & tail pieces1 brackets & bridges1 are kept 9 /ock = 8 b5efit1 & he may ju/ly claim all ! cr$it if 8 ef=ts 9 connection ) ! two pr9cipal p>ts fir/ m5tion$ result 9 ! production ( a sup]ior in/rum5t4 ,among ^! ready-made items is a fret wire ( peculi> section1 furni%$ ) a flange ready = ins]tion into f9e saw cuts across ! neck1 :i* mu* facilitates 8 "w4 ,( c\rse1 ! correctness ( ! notes dep5ds entirely ^u ! accuracy ) :i* ! frets are spac$1 & ! accompany+ diagram exhibits a conv5i5t me?od ( det]m9+ ! spaces by graphic means4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spac+ ,,= ,,banjo ,,frets ,x is to be und]/ood t :5 ! di/ance f ! nut1 ,n1 to ! bridge1 ,b1 has be5 det]m9$1 ! fir/ fret is to be plac$ at #a_/ah ( t di/ance f ! nut1 ! di/ance f ! fir/ to ! second is to be #a_/ah ( ! rema9d]1 & s on4 ,to det]m9e ^! di/ances by computation1 !n1 is a simple en\gh ari?metical ex]cise2 b x is exce$+ly t$i\s1 s9ce ! d5om9ators ( ! fractions involv$ increase ) great rapidity2 be+ successive p[]s ( ! comp>atively l>ge numb] #ah1 !y soon become enorm\s4 ,9 ! l>ge diagram1 ! di/ance1 ,a ,c1 on ! horizontal l9e corresponds to ! di/ance1 ,n ,b1 on ! in/rum5t4 ,at ,a erect a v]tical l9e1 & m>k ^u x a po9t ,b su* t ,b ,c %all be exactly eighte5 times any conv5i5t unit1 ,b ,i4 ,9 ! illu/ration ,b ,c is #bf in*es1 & ,b ,i is #aa_/b in*es1 s t ,b ,c is #bg in*es 9 l5g?4 ,ab\t ,c z a c5t] describe ! arcs1 ,b ,l1 ,i ,k1 & ?r\gh ,i draw a v]tical l9e1 cutt+ ,b ,l 9 ,d2 draw ! radius ,d ,c1 cutt+ ! inn] arc1 ,i ,k1 9 ,j1 ?r\gh ,j draw ano!r v]tical1 cutt+ ,b ,l 9 ,e1 & s on4 ,9 ! triangles1 ,a ,b ,c1 #a ,d ,c1 #b ,e ,c1 we h ,b ,i ,d ,j ,e ,f #a_/ah ( ! hypot5use 9 ea* case1 !re=e ! bases1 ,a ,c1 #a ,c1 #b ,c1 are divid$ 9 ! same proportion1 z requir$1 at ! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c4 ,& we might ext5d ! arcs1 ,b ,l1 ,i ,k1 & repeat ! above op]ation until all ! frets 7 locat$4 ,b %\ld t be done1 ! diagram might become inconv5i5tly l>ge1 & "s ( ! int]sections might n be reliably det]m9$4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is1 ! spac+ ( ! out] arc may be /opp$ at any conv5i5t division1 z ,l4 ,! v]tical by :i* t po9t is det]m9$ cuts ,b ,c at ,b'1 & ?r\gh ,b' a new arc1 ,b' ,l'1 is describ$4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts 9 :i* ?is arc cuts ! radial l9es already drawn1 a new s]ies ( v]ticals is pass$1 :i* w divide ano!r portion ( ,a ,c z requir$1 & by repeat+ ?is process ! spac+ ( ! :ole neck may be effect$ by a diagram ( reasonable size4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,glove ,,mak+4 ,glove mak+ is almo/ a c5tury old 9 ?is c\ntry1 hav+ be5 begun 9 ! neighborhood ( ,glov]sville & ,john/[n1 ,n4,y41 ab\t #ahjc4 ,until #ahfb ! manufacture ( gloves 9 ,fulton ,c\nty1 al?\gh ev5 !n ! *ief manufactur+ indu/ry1 0 ( comp>atively small importance4 ,glov]sville & ,john/[n 7 !n quiet villages ( f ?ree to f\r ?\s& p4 ,! fl\ri%+ e/abli%m5ts ( to-day1 or su* ( !m z !n exi/$1 7 small & comp>atively unimportant4 ,9 #ahfb ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( a high protective t>iff %[$ itself 9 ! increas$ bus9ess at ,glov]sville1 ,john/[n1 & ! adjo9+ hamlet1 ,k+sboro4 ,^! became at once ! lead+ s\rces ( supply = ! home m>ket gloves ( a m$ium grade4 ,! quality ( ! product has /eadily improv$1 & ! v>iety has be5 increas$1 until n[ ,am]ican-made gloves are /eadily driv+ out ! =eign gloves4 ,! skill ( ,am]ican glov]s is equal to t ( =eign glove mak]s1 & 9 "s respects--notably 9 ! quality ( ! /it*+1 &1 9 "s grades1 ! %ape--! ,am]ican gloves are ! be/4 ,=eign exp]t workm5 h be5 drawn ov] "h f ! great glove c5t]s ( ,europe1 s t ! greate/ skill has be5 secur$ "h4 ,! annual value ( ! glove indu/ry 9 ,fulton ,c\nty has rea*$ ab\t #g1jjj1jjj4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty-five glove mak]s & #bj1jjj p 9 ,fulton ,c\nty draw _! subsi/5ce directly f glove mak+4 ,"s ( ! firms h a bus9ess rea*+ f #ajj1jjj to #ejj1jjj ye>ly4 ,! majority1 h[ev]1 h small %ops1 & d a small b pr(itable bus9ess4 ,mo/ ( ! "w 9 ,fulton ,c\nty1 z abroad1 is done at ! homes ( ! work]s4 ,! /reets ( ,glov]sville & ,john/[n are l9$ ) pretty & ta/eful homes1 9 :i* ! hum ( ! sew+ ma*9e is con/antly he>d dur+ ! work+ h\rs ( ! day1 b ! work]s are exceptionally =tunate 9 be+ able :ile e>n+ good wages to enjoy all ! com=ts & surr\nd+s ( home1 & 9 be+ practically _! own ma/]s & mi/resses4 ,be=e ! lea!r c be cut & sew$ into ! h&some articles t are sold ov] ! c\nt]s ( ! retail dry goods h\ses & furni%+ goods /ores z gloves1 ! sk9s f :i* !y are made mu/ be specially prep>$4 ,! two important po9ts 9 ?is prep>ation are ! removal ( ! album9\s portion ( ! sk9 & ! ret5tion & *emical *ang+ ( ! gelat9\s "p1 s t x %all become pliable1 ela/ic1 & resi/ decomposition4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods :i* produce ^! results1 & !y are te*nically kn[n z tann+1 alum dress+1 oil dress+1 & ,indian dress+4 ,ea* me?od produces a lea!r di/9ctly diff]5t f t produc$ by any o!r4 ,all ! prelim9>y processes ( ^! v>i\s me?ods are alike 9 pr9ciple1 al?\gh !y v>y some:at 9 detail4 ,! object 9 all is to remove ! hair f ! hide1 sep>ate ! fle%y & album9\s matt]1 & leave only ! gelat9\s1 :i* alone is susceptible to ! *emical action & c be trans=m$ by x into lea!r4 ,:5 ! sk9s are receiv$ 9 ! factory !y are ?or\ghly soak$ to op5 out ! texture & prep>e !m = ! removal ( ! hair4 ,!n ! sk9s are plac$ 9 vats ( lime wat]1 :]e1 = two or ?ree weeks1 ! lime works into ! fle% & album9\s matt]1 & loos5s ! hair4 ,! sk9s hav+ ?us be5 prop]ly s(t5$1 ! dirty b picturesque op]ation ( beam+ = remov+ ! hair ensues4 ,be=e ea* beam]1 z ! workman is call$1 is an incl9$ semi-cyl9drical slab ( wood cov]$ ) z9c4 ,! sk9 is fir/ spread ^u ?is1 & ! broad1 curv$ beam ( ! knife glides across x f end to end1 scrap+ & remov+ all ! loos5$ hair1 ! sc>f sk91 & ! small portion ( animal matt] adh]+ to ! sk94 ,aft] ! unhair+1 kid sk9s mu/ be f]m5t$ 9 a dr5* ( bran1 ^: purpose is to completely decompose ! rema9+ album9\s matt]1 & also to remove all traces ( ! lime4 ,! op]ation is extremely delicate4 ,:ile ! gelat9e is n s s5sitive to ! decompos+ action ( ! f]m5t1 nev]!less great c>e is requir$ to prev5t ov]f]m5tation & result+ damage to ! texture ( ! sk94 ,x is impossible = ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ to tell j h[ long ! f]m5tation %\ld cont9ue4 ,sometimes ! "w is done 9 two or ?ree h\rs1 & sometimes x requires z _m days4 ,incessant wat*fulness bo? day & night is requir$ to detect ! critical mom5t4 ,) ! less delicate sk9s ?is bran ba? is n necess>y4 ,lime & acid solutions accompli% ! same purpose4 ,:5 ! gelat9e matt] is all remov$ ! sk9s are ready = ! actual curative process4 ,oil dress+ or ,indian dress+--:i* m]ely diff] 9 application1 b are f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciple--is ! mo/ simple me?od ( cur+ sk9s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ea* is ! soak+ ( ! gelat9e fib]s ( ! sk9 ) oil1 ! union ( ! latt] & ! gelat9e appe>+ 9 ! =m ( oxide1 & result+ 9 ! insoluble1 undecomposable1 pliant1 & t\gh mat]ial kn[n to ! comm]cial _w z lea!r4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! oil dress+1 aft] ! sk9s h be5 duly soak$ to r5d] !m por\s & absorptive1 is to cov] !m ) fi% oil & place !m 9 ! /ocks or full+ ma*9es--huge wood5 hamm]s ) not*$ faces work+ 9 iron cases--:]e !y are beat5 & turn$1 & subject$ to a uni=m pressure until ! oil is gradually absorb$4 ,aft] tak+ !m out1 hang+ !m up1 & /ret*+ !m1 ! oil & full+ process is repeat$ accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! sk91 & until e "p ( x is full ( oil4 ,aft] ?is ! sk9s are dri$ 9 a mild heat t causes ! oxidization ( ! oil4 ,?is be+ complet$1 all ! sup]flu\s oil is remov$ by putt+ ! sk9s 9 an alkali ba?4 ,!n ! cur+ process is complete4 ,) ! prep>ation ( kid lea!r alum is ! a/r+5t curative ag5t4 ,its op]ation is accompani$ by t ( o!rs ^: purpose is to secure ela/icity & pliability1 & ma9ly to pres]ve t beautiful texture :i* makes kid lea!r sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,^! assi/ants 9 ! process are eggs1 fl\r1 & salt4 ,!y are comb9$ into :at is call$ a cu/>d4 ,a prop] quantity ( ! cu/>d & a numb] ( sk9s hav+ be5 put toge!r 9 a da% :eel1 :]e !y are ?r[n ab\t = "s "t1 ! op5 pores ( ! sk9 absorb ! cu/>d freely1 & become swell$ by ! *emical union ( ! cu/>d & ! sk94 ,9 trade p>lance ?is swell+ is kn[n z plump+4 ,?is hav+ progress$ satisfactorily1 ! sk9s are fold$ toge!r ) ! fle%y side outw>d1 & are dri$ by a g5tle heat4 ,!y are n[ cur$1 b !y are yet h>d & r\gh4 ,ano!r objectionable feature is t !y are ( unequal ?ickness4 ,break+ & /ak+1 z !y are call$1 are n[ resort$ to1 to make ! sk9s s(t1 pliable1 & ( ev5 texture1 remov+ ! sup]flu\s *emicals ) :i* !y become *>g$1 & ! /iffness by manipulat+ ! fib]s4 ,mu* tra9$ skill & dext]ity1 especially 9 knee & arm /ak+1 are requir$ 9 ! /ret*+1 :i* is ! ess5tial feature ( ^! op]ations4 ,break+ is fir/ resort$ to4 ,! break beam1 :i* is arm$ at ea* end ) a knife edge1 oscillates up & d[n4 ,9 a frame b5ea? x ! op]ator /ret*es ! dri$ & /iff sk94 ,! break beam comes d[n ^u ! sk91 /ret*es & s(t5s x1 & removes mu* surplus cu/>d4 ,! op]ator pres5ts a new surface to ea* /roke ( ! break beam1 & 9 a v %ort space ( "t ! entire sk9 is r5d]$ s(t & pliable4 ,fur!r manipulation ^u ! arm or knee /ake--( :i* a dull1 semicircul> knife blade1 support$ ^u a suitable /&>d ^u ! floor or ^u a beam ab\t opposite ! work]'s elb[ is ! ma9 feature--is requir$4 ,! sk9 mu/ be drawn across ?is knife blade ) a consid]able application ( =ce s z to r$uce ! unduly ?ick p>ts1 /ret* ! sk9 & secure a uni=m ?ickness suitable = gloves4 ,mu* dext]ity1 especially 9 ! case ( f9e sk9s1 is requir$ 9 ?is op]ation to avoid cutt+ or te>+4 ,! op]ator places ! fle%y side ( ! sk9 ov] ! knife1 grasps ! two ends ( ! sk91 & plac+ 8 knee ^u x & sl[ly draw+ ! sk9 across ! knife edge1 he br+s 8 weight to be> ^u x4 ,if ! op]ator is skill$ & exp]i5c$ ! sk9 yields quickly1 :5 ne$$1 to ! /ra9 appli$ & a uni=m texture is secur$4 ,! op]ation ( trans=m+ ! sk9 into lea!r is n[ f9i%$1 b age is necess>y to secure p]fect pliability & s(tness4 ,! sk9s are1 !re=e1 laid away to let ! sl[ *emical op]ation go+ on )9 !m be complet$4 ,! visitor c n[ wat* ! fur!r processes ( manufacture by visit+ ! dye rooms4 ,sk9s :i* h already be5 ag$ are imm]s$ 9 dye vats1 :]e ! delicate colors are imp>t$ to !m4 ,! same c>e is n requir$ 9 obta9+ ! ord9>y range ( d>k colors1 = ^! are bru%$ on1 ! sk9 be+ spread ^u a glass slab & ! dye be+ pa9t$ on ) a bru%4 ,aft] !y are dy$ ! sk9s are sometimes some:at h>d1 & 9 "s classes h to be /ak$ aga9 9 ord] to re/ore _! pliability4 ,! f9i%+ t\*es to a kid sk9 are secur$ by rubb+ ! gra9 side ov] ) a size1 :i* imp>ts a gloss4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,glov]sville manufactur]s ) buck gloves has enabl$ !m to imp>t a special f9i% to a sk9 :i* is v popul> "u ! title ( ,mo*a4 ,?is is ! same z su$e f9i%1 :i* is produc$ 9 o!r c\ntries by %av+ (f ! gra9 side ( ! sk9 at an e>ly /age ( its progress4 ,! ,glov]sville me?od is mu* bett]1 h[ev]1 & has m p]fect results4 ,"h ! gra9 is remov$1 & ! velvet f9i% secur$ by buff+ ! surface on an em]y :eel4 ,! surface ( ! lea!r is cut away 9 m9ute p>ticles by ?is process1 & ! result is an exce$+ly ev5 & velvety texture1 sup]ior to t obta9$ by o!r me?ods4 ,european manufactur]s d n approa* ! ,am]icans 9 ?is respect4 ,! lea!rmak] leaves (f & ! glovemak] beg9s4 ,a m>ble slab lies be=e ! cutt] on a table1 & e p>ticle ( dirt or o!r inequality is remov$ be=e dol+4 ,! sk9 is spread1 fle% side up1 ^u ! slab1 & ! cutt] goes ov] x ) a broad blad$ *isel or knife1 %av+ d[n inequalities & remov+ all ! por\s portions4 ,! dext]ity ) :i* ?is is done makes ! op]ation appe> extremely simple1 b any b a skill$ & exp]i5c$ op]ative w\ld almo/ surely cut ?r\gh ! sk94 ,! mo/ delicate "p ( ! glovemak]'s art1 9 :i* exact judgm5t is requir$1 comes 9 prep>+ ! tranks or slips1 f :i* ! sep>ate gloves are cut4 ,! trank mu/ be s cut z to h j en\gh lea!r to make a glove ( a c]ta9 size & numb]4 ,! op]ation w\ld be easy en\gh if ! mat]ial 7 h>d & /iff1 & if ! ela/icity 7 uni=m1 b ?is is r>ely ! case4 ,to accompli% ?is op]ation ! trank mu/ be firmly /ret*$ 9 "o direction1 & :ile s /ret*$ a r$ell /amps ! prop] dim5sions 9 ! o!r direction1 to :i* ! lea!r is trimm$4 ,^u ! nicety ) :i* ?is op]ation is p]=m$ dep5ds ! "q ( :e!r ! f9i%$ glove w /ret* ev5ly or too mu* or too little 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 ,aft] ?is ! trank or outl9e ( ! glove mu/ be cut out4 ,9 old5 times ( glove manufacture an outl9e 0 trac$ ^u ! lea!r & ! patt]n 0 cut ) %e>s4 ,mod]n inv5tion has produc$ dies & presses :i* are univ]sally us$4 ,! /eel die has ! outl9e ( a d\ble glove1 includ+ ! op5+ = ! ?umb piece4 ,! die re/s ^u ! b$ ( ! press4 ,sev]al tranks are laid ^u x1 ! lev] is drawn1 & 9 a mom5t ! blanks are cut out clean & smoo?4 ,! gussets1 fac+s1 etc41 are cut f ! wa/e lea!r 9 ! ?umb op5+ at ! same op]ation4 ,simil> dies are us$ 9 ! cutt+ ( ! ?umb pieces & f\r*ettes or /rips =m+ ! sides ( ! f+]s4 ,! pieces n[ g to ! great sew+ rooms ( ! factory1 :]e are long r[s ( busy sew+ girls4 ,if ! manufactur] ( ye>s ago c\ld revisit ! sc5es ( 8 e>?ly toil1 & w&] ?r\gh ! sew+ rooms ( a mod]n factory1 he w\ld d\btless be greatly amaz$ at ! sight pres5t$ !re4 ,9 8 day su* a ?+ 0 unkn[n4 ,! glove 0 !n held 9 position by a h& clamp1 :ile ! sew+ girl pu%$ ! ne$le 9 & out1 mak+ an ov]seam4 ,all ?is is done n[ 9 an inf9itely m rapid mann] by ma*9e1 & ) result+ seams t are m regul> & /rong ?an ^? made by ! h& sew]4 ,! ov]seam sew]s e>n l>ge wages1 & _! places are mu* covet$4 ,ov]lapp+ seams are produc$ on ! pique ma*9e1 :i* is a mo/ +5i\s me*anism4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ?is ma*9e is a long /eel f+] ) a %uttle & bobb9 work+ )91 & ! f+] ( ! glove is drawn ^u ?is /eel f+]1 p]mitt+ ! seam to be sewn ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,! visitor to ! factory c see also ! m9or op]ations ( embroid]+1 l9+--9 f9i%$ gloves--sew+ ! fac+1 sew+ ! buttonholes1 putt+ on ! buttons1 & trimm+ ) v>i\s k9ds ( ?read4 ,be=e ! gloves are ready = ! boxes "o m op]ation rema9s4 ,! gloves are some:at unsightly z !y come f ! sew]s' h&s1 & mu/ be made trim & neat4 ,to secure ^! desirable results ! gloves are tak5 to ! lay+-(f room4 ,9 ?is are long tables ) a long r[ ( brass h&s project+ at an acute angle4 ,^! are fill$ ) /eam & are too hot to t\*4 ,^! /eam tables by +5i\s devices are s arrang$ t x is impossible to burn ! glove or /iff5 ! lea!r by too mu* heat1 a common defect 9 ord9>y me?ods4 ,! op]ation ( ! lay+-(f room is f9i%$ ) surpris+ quickness4 ,be=e ea* table /&s an op]ator1 :o slips a glove ov] ea* frame1 draws x d[n to %ape1 & aft] a mom5t's exposure to ! w>m? removes x1 smoo?1 %apely1 & ready = ! box4 ,! frames ^u :i* ! gloves are drawn are long & n>r[ = f9e gloves & %ort & /ubby = common ones4 ,!n ! glove is tak5 to ! /ock room1 :]e !re are endless %elves & b9s to te/ify to ! *ief drawback to glove mak+1 ! necessity = innum]able patt]ns4--,! ,m]c]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fabric ,,= ,,uphol/]y ,,purposes4 ,! object ( ?is inv5tion is to produce a firm1 solid1 du/-resi/+1 & durable wov5 clo?1 compos$1 pref]ably1 entirely ( cotton1 b x may be ( a cotton w>p comb9$ ) a l95 or o!r weft1 & is p>ticul>ly applicable = cov]+ ! seats & cu%ions ( railway & o!r c>riages1 = uphol/]+ purposes1 = b$ tick+1 & = v>i\s o!r uses4 ,to effect ?is object1 a cotton w>p &1 pref]ably1 a cotton weft also are employ$1 or a l951 wor/$1 or o!r weft may be us$4 ,bo? ! y>ns = w>p & weft may be ei!r dull or poli%$1 accord+ to ! appe>ance & f9i% ( clo? desir$4 ,! fabric is wov5 9 a pla9 loom1 & ! ends are drawn ?r\gh say eight heald %afts1 b f\r1 sixte51 or ?irty-two heald %afts might be employ$4 ,:5 eight heald %afts are employ$1 ! w>p is drawn z foll[s3 ,! #a/ w>p end 9 ! fir/ heald %aft1 ! #b;d w>p end 9 ! second heald %aft1 & s on1 ! rema9+ six w>p ends be+ drawn 91 9 consecutive ord]1 ?r\gh ! rema9+ six heald %afts2 ! #i? w>p end is drawn 9 ?r\gh ! fir/ heald %aft1 & s on1 ! draw+ 9 ( ! o!r ends be+ repeat$ z above4 ,! ord] ( ! %$d+ is z foll[s3 #a/ *ange4 ,! #a/ & #c;d heald %afts fall1 ! re/ rema9+ up4 #b;d *ange4 ,! #e? & #g? %afts fall1 & ! #a/ & #c;d rise4 #c;d *ange4 ,! #b;d & #d? %afts fall1 & ! #e? & #g? rise4 #d? *ange4 ,! #f? & #h? %afts fall1 & ! #b;d & #d? %afts rise4 ,! result is t ea* weft ?read1 a1 passes "u six w>p ?reads1 b1 & ov] two w>p ?reads1 9 ! mann] illu/rat$ by ! accompany+ diagram4 ,9 draw+ 91 :5 f\r heald %afts are employ$1 ! #a/ w>p end is drawn 9 ?r\gh ! #a/ heald %aft1 ! #b;d ?r\gh ! #b;d %aft1 ! #c;d ?r\gh ! #a/1 ! #d? ?r\gh ! #b;d1 ! #e? ?r\gh ! #c;d1 ! #f? ?r\gh ! #d?1 ! #g? ?r\gh ! #c;d1 & #h? ?r\gh ! #d? %aft1 & repeat+ ) ! #i? end ?r\gh ! #a/ %aft4 ,9 %$d+1 ! #a/ heald %aft is l[]$1 !n ! #c;d1 !n ! #b;d1 & !n #d?4 ,! result1 9 ?is case1 is /ill ! same1 viz41 t ea* weft ?read passes "u six w>p ends & ov] two w>p ends4 ,al?\gh a cotton w>p is spok5 ( 9 "s cases1 wor/$ or o!r y>n c be add$ to ! cotton w>p to obta9 a v>iation 9 ! patt]n or design4--,j\r4 ( ,fabrics4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rev]sible ,,+ra9 ,,or ,,pro-,,brussels ,,c>pet4 ,! object ( ?is inv5tion is to manufacture1 9 a *eap fabric1 a clos] imitation ( ,brussels c>pets4 ,z is well kn[n1 an ord9>y ,brussels c>pet is made ) a patt]n on "o side only1 b accord+ to ?is inv5tion1 x is int5d$ to produce a patt]n on bo? sides ( ! +ra9 or pro-,brussels c>pet1 s t x w be rev]sible4 ,9 manufactur+ a rev]sible c>pet ( ?is class accord+ to ! pres5t inv5tion1 ! patt]n is =m$ by means ( ! w>p & weft comb9$1 & any suitable +ra9 w>p op]at$ by ! h>ness or jacqu>d ( ! loom may be us$4 ,9 comb9ation ) +ra9 w>p1 a f9e cat*+ or b9d+ w>p1 op]at$ by ! ge> or jacqu>d h>ness ( ! loom1 is employ$1 su* f9e cat*+ w>p be+ us$ to b9d ! weft into ! fabric1 !re=e1 if ! fabric be wov5 two-ply1 ! +ra9 w>ps are ?r[n on bo? ! "u & upp] surfaces ( ! fabric1 z well z 9 betwe5 ! weft1 accord+ to ! patt]n be+ wov51 by :i* means f\r colors are %[n on bo? sides ( ! fabric1 two be+ produc$ by ! weft1 & two by ! +ra9 w>ps4 ,m ?an f\r colors1 h[ev]1 c be produc$ ^u ea* side by multiply+ ! numb] ( color$ wefts & w>ps employ$4 ,if ! fabric wov5 be a ?ree-ply1 ) ! addition ( ! +ra9 w>ps ?r[n on ea* face ( ! fabric1 !n five or m colors w\ld be imp>t$ to ! c>pet1 z any numb] ( colors c be us$ to =m a giv5 patt]n1 by plant+ or arrang+ ! colors 9 ! w>p1 & ! rema9+ colors by ! wefts1 & s on4 ,! +ra9 w>p ?read1 !re=e1 toge!r ) ! weft1 us$ z /at$ above1 produces an effective patt]n on bo? sides ( ! c>pet2 consequ5tly1 x becomes rev]sible1 & ?is c be accompli%$ :e!r ! c>pet wov5 be two1 ?ree1 or o!r numb] ( ply4 ,by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ %eets ( draw+s1 ?is inv5tion w be bett] und]/ood4 ,fig4 #a is an enl>g$ cross section ( an improv$ c>pet1 a ?ree-ply1 t is to say1 x is a c>pet :]e9 ?ree %uttles are employ$1 ea* c>ry+ a diff]5tly color$ weft2 a repres5ts ! weft ?reads :i* may be compos$ ( any suitable fib]1 b & c are cotton or o!r f9e w>p ?reads1 :i* are employ$ = b9d+ ! weft toge!r1 :ile d & e repres5t ! +ra9 or wool5 w>p1 :]e x w be se5 t ea* +ra9 w>p1 besides ly+ betwe5 ! weft1 is ?r[n on bo? sides ( ! fabric1 = ! purpose ( =m+ figures !reon4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t a c>pet made accord+ to ,fig4 #a w %[ five colors--?ree colors produc$ by ! weft & two colors produc$ by ! +ra9 w>p4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a c>pet made ) two-ply1 9 :i* case only f\r colors w be produc$1 two by ! weft & two by ! +ra9 w>p4 ,x is1 consequ5tly1 obvi\s t a c>pet made 9 ! mann] above describ$ w h a correspond+ patt]n or figure on bo? its sides1 all[+ x to be us$ on bo? sides4 ,fig4 #c also %[s a two-ply c>pet1 b1 9 ?is case1 six colors are produc$1 i4e41 two colors by ! weft & f\r by ! +ra9 w>p1 m>k$ d1 d1 e1 & e1 ! w>p be+ s manipulat$ by ! h>ness z to make ! c>pet rev]sible1 & hav+ a correspond+ patt]n or figure on bo? sides4--,j\rnal ( ,fabrics4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ar,o-,,picnomet]4 ,a modifi$ aromet] has be5 rec5tly pat5t$ by ,aug4 ,ei*horn1 9 ,dresd51 ,g]many 7,deuts*es ,rei*s-,pat5t1 ,no4 #di1fhc71 :i* w prove a great boon to *emi/s1 di/ill]s1 physicians1 etc41 z x af=ds an easy means ( det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( liquids1 especially su* ( :i* only small quantities c be conv5i5tly obta9$4 ,) ! ord9>y aromet]s1 z hi!rto con/ruct$1 a consid]able quantity ( ! te/ fluid is requir$1 & an elaborate calculation necess>y = ea* det]m9ation4 ,9 ! new aro-picnomet] ^! drawbacks are +5i\sly avoid$1 s t ! specific gravity ( any liquid c be quickly & easily obta9$ ) a/oni%+ accuracy4 ,! new & important feature ( ?is in/rum5t consi/s 9 a glass bulb1 c--see accompany+ sket*--:i* is fill$ ) ! liquid ^: gravity is to be det]m9$4 ,?us1 in/ead ( float+ ! entire app>atus 9 ! te/ fluid1 only a v small quantity ( ! latt] is requir$1 an advantage :i* c h>dly be ov]e/imat$1 consid]+ h[ difficult x is 9 _m in/ances to procure ! necess>y supply4 ,illu/ration a _/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _/ - - - b - _/ - - e_/_/ d - c - - _/ - _/ - - - - - - - - f_/ - - - v - - _/ ,! glass bulb1 c1 :5 fill$ ) ! te/ fluid1 is clos$ by means ( an accurately fitt+ glass /opp]1 d1 & ! in/rum5t is !n plac$ 9 a glass cyl9d] fill$ ) di/ill$ wat] ( #ag4e deg4 temp]ature 7,c5tigrade74 ,! gravity is !n at once %[n on ! divid$ scale 9 ! tube1 a4 ,! l[] bulb1 f1 conta9s "s m]cury2 e is a small glass knob1 :i* s]ves to ma9ta9 ! balance1 :ile b is an empty glass bulb 7float]74 ,^! in/rum5ts are admirably adapt$ = det]m9+ ! gravity ( alcohol1 petroleum1 b5z9e1 & e k9d ( oil1 also = te/+ be]1 milk1 v9eg>1 grape juice1 lye1 glyc]9e1 ur9e1 etc4 ,z ! process is an exce$+ly simple "o & free f ! drawbacks ( ! aromet]1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! aro-picnomet] w soon be 9 g5]al use4 ,h4 ,,h5soldt1 ,ph4,d4 ,petrographical ,laboratory1 ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,columbia ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #gic1 page #abffi4 ,,gase\s ,,illum9ants4#a ,footnote3 ,lectures rec5tly deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london4 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,vivian ,b ,,lewes4 ,,iv4 ,mr4 ,frank ,livesey1 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( a pap] read be=e ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ,association ( ,gas ,manag]s & ,eng9e]s dur+ ! pa/ mon?1 on ,a ,ready ,means ( ,enri*+ ,coal ,gas1 speak+ ( enri*m5t by gasol5e by ! ,maxim-,cl>ke process1 said x %\ld1 9 _m cases1 take ! place ( cannel1 to be replac$ 9 its turn1 probably1 by a wat] gas c>buret$ to #bj or #be c&le p[]4 ,& n[1 hav+ fully review$ ! me?ods ei!r 9 use or propos$ = ! enri*m5t ( gas1 we w pass on to ?is1 ! probable cannel ( ! future4 ,discov]$ by ,fontana1 9 #aghj1 & fir/ work$ by ,ibbetson1 9 ,engl&1 9 #ahbd1 wat] gas has add$ a volum9\s *apt] to ! pat5t records ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica1 no less ?an sixty pat5ts be+ tak5 out betwe5 #ahbd & #aheh1 9 :i* ! action ( /eam on inc&esc5t c>bon 0 ! basis = ! production ( an inflammable gas4 ,up to ! latt] date ! attempts to make & utilize wat] gas all met ) failure2 b ab\t ?is "t ! subject began to be tak5 up 9 ,am]ica1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! reg5]ator1 enunciat$ by ,siem5s 9 #ahef1 hav+ be5 press$ into s]vice 9 ! wat]-gas g5]ator "u ! "n ( fix+ *amb]s or sup]heat]s1 we f9d wat] gas gradually approa*+ ! successful developm5t to :i* x has atta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,hav+ n[1 by ! aid ( ,am]ican skill1 be5 br\ght into practical =m1 x is once m attempt+ to ga9 a foo?old 9 ,we/]n ,europe--! l& ( its bir?4 ,:5 c>bon is act$ ^u at high temp]atures by /eam1 ! fir/ action :i* takes place is ! decomposition ( ! wat] vapor1 ! hydrog5 be+ lib]at$1 :ile ! oxyg5 unites ) ! c>bon to =m c>bon dioxide3 ,c>bon4 ,wat]4 ,c #b;,h#b,o ,,co#b #d;,h#b ,& ! c>bon dioxide s produc$ int]acts ) m r$-hot c>bon1 =m+ ! l[] oxide--c>bon monoxide3 ,,co#b ,c #b;,,co ,s t ! complet$ reaction may be look$ ^u z yield+ a mixture ( equal volumes ( hydrog5 & c>bon monoxide1 bo? ( !m inflammable b non-lum9\s flames4 ,?is decomposition1 h[ev]1 is r>ely complet$1 & a c]ta9 proportion ( c>bon dioxide is inv>iably to be f\nd 9 ! wat] gas1 :i*1 9 practice1 g5]ally consi/s ( a mixture ( ab\t ?is composition3 ,,wat] ,,gas4 ,hydrog5 #dh4ca ,c>bon monoxide #ce4ic ,c>bon dioxide #d4be ,nitrog5 #h4ge ,me?ane #a4je ,sulphuret$ hydrog5 #a4bj ,oxyg5 #j4ea ------ #ajj4jj ,! above is an analysis ( wat] gas made f ord9>y gas coke 9 a ,van ,/e5b]gh g5]ator4 ,! ratio ( c>bon monoxide & c>bon dioxide pres5t entirely dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature ( ! g5]ator1 & ! k9d ( c>bonace\s matt] employ$4 ,) a h>d1 d5se an?racite coal1 = in/ance1 x is q possible to atta9 a temp]ature at :i* !re is practically no c>bon dioxide produc$1 :ile ) an ord9>y =m ( g5]ator & a loose fuel l coke1 a l>ge proportion ( c>bon dioxide is g5]ally to be f\nd4 ,! sulphuret$ hydrog5 9 ! analysis quot$ is1 ( c\rse1 due to ! high am\nt ( sulphur to be f\nd 9 ! gas coke1 & is practically abs5t f wat] gas made ) an?racite1 :ile ! nitrog5 is due to ! me?od ( manufacture1 ! coke be+1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 rais$ to inc&esc5ce by an air bla/1 :i* leaves ! g5]ator & pipes full ( a mixture ( nitrog5 & c>bon monoxide 7produc] gas71 :i* is c>ri$ ov] by ! fir/ portions ( wat] gas into ! hold]4 ,! wat] gas s made has no photometric value1 its con/itu5ts be+ p]fectly non-lum9\s1 & attempts to use x z an illum9ant h all tak5 ! =m ( inc&esc5t burn]s1 9 :i* ?9 mantles or combs ( highly refractory metallic oxides h be5 heat$ to inc&esc5ce4 ,9 c>buret$ wat] gas ?is gas is only us$ z ! c>ri] ( illum9at+ hydroc>bon gases1 made by decompos+ v>i\s grades ( hydroc>bon oils into p]man5t gases by heat4 ,_m =ms ( g5]ator h be5 us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! production ( wat] gas1 :i*1 aft] or dur+ manufacture1 is mix$ ) ! vapors & p]man5t gases obta9$ by crack+ v>i\s grades ( p>aff9 oil1 & fix+ !m by subject+ !m to a high temp]ature2 & 9 consid]+ ! subject ( enri*m5t ( coal gas by c>buret$ wat] gas1 ,i %all be =c$1 by ! limit$ "t at my disposal1 to conf9e myself to ! mo/ successful ( ^! processes1 or ^? :i* are already und]go+ trial 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 consid]+ ^! me?ods1 we f9d !y c be divid$ into two classes3 #a4 ,cont9u\s processes1 9 :i* ! heat necess>y to br+ ab\t ! int]action ( ! c>bon & /eam is obta9$ by p]=m+ ! op]ation 9 retorts ext]nally heat$ 9 a furnace2 & #b4 ,int]mitt5t processes1 9 :i* c>bon is fir/ heat$ to inc&esc5ce by an air bla/1 & !n1 ! air bla/ be+ cut (f1 sup]heat$ /eam is bl[n 9 until ! temp]ature is r$uc$ to a po9t at :i* ! c>bon beg9s to fail 9 its action1 :5 ! air is aga9 admitt$ to br+ ! fuel up to ! requir$ temp]ature1 ! process consi/+ ( alt]nate =mation ( produc] gas ) rise ( temp]ature1 & ( wat] gas ) l[]+ ( ! temp]ature4 ,( ! fir/ class ( g5]ator1 none1 z f> z ,i "k1 h z yet be5 practically successful1 ! ne>e/ approa* to ?is sy/em be+ ! ,meeze1 9 :i* fire clay retorts 9 an ord9>y sett+ are employ$4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ea* retort is a pipe lead+ ne>ly to ! re> end ( ! retort1 & conta9+ baffle plates4 ,?r\gh ?is a jet ( sup]heat$ /eam & hydroc>bon vapor is inject$1 & ! mixture passes ! l5g? ( ! inn] tube1 & !n back ?r\gh ! retort itself--:i* is also fitt$ ) baffle plates--to ! front ( ! retort1 :5ce ! fix$ gases escape by ! /& pipe to ! hydraulic ma91 & ! ri* gas ?us =m$ is us$ ei!r to enri* coal gas or is mix$ ) wat] gas made 9 a sep>ate g5]ator4 ,9 "s =ms ! wat] gas is pass$ ) ! oil ?r\gh ! retort4 ,9 su* a process1 ! complete break+ d[n ( "s ( ! heavy hydroc>bons takes place1 & ! sup]heat$ /eam1 act+ on ! c>bon s lib]at$1 =ms wat] gas :i* be>s ! l[] hydroc>bons =m$ ) x2 b inasmu* z oil is n an economical s\rce ( c>bon = ! production ( wat] gas1 ?is w\ld probably make ! co/ ( production high] ?an necess>y4 ,?is sy/em has be5 ext5sively tri$1 & inde$ us$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b ! results h n be5 altoge!r satisfactory1 "o ( ! tr\bles :i* h _h to be cont5d$ ) be+ *ok+ ( ! retorts4 ,( ! int]mitt5t processes1 ! "o mo/ 9 use 9 ,am]ica is ! ,l[e1 9 :i* ! coke or an?racite is heat$ to inc&esc5ce 9 a g5]ator l9$ ) firebrick1 by an air bla/1 ! heat$ products ( combu/ion z !y leave ! g5]ator & ent] ! sup]heat]s be+ suppli$ ) m air1 :i* causes ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon monoxide pres5t 9 ! produc] gas1 & heats up ! firebrick baffles ) :i* ! sup]heat] is fill$4 ,:5 ! necess>y temp]ature ( fuel & sup]heat] has be5 rea*$1 ! air bla/s are cut (f1 & /eam is bl[n ?r\gh ! g5]ator1 =m+ wat] gas1 :i* meets ! enri*+ oil at ! top ( ! fir/ sup]heat]1 call$ ! 'c>buret]1' & c>ries ! vapors ) x ?r\gh ! ma9 sup]heat]1 :]e ! fix+ ( ! hydroc>bons takes place4 ,! *ief advantage ( ?is app>atus is t ! enorm\s sup]heat+ space enables a l[] temp]ature to be us$ = ! fix+4 ,?is does away1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ) ! too great break+ d[n ( ! hydroc>bons1 & consequ5t deposition ( c>bon4 ,?is =m ( app>atus has j f\nd its way to ?is c\ntry1 & ,i describe x z be+ ! "o mo/ us$ 9 ! ,/ates1 & ! type ^u :i*1 practically1 all wat] gas plant ) sup]heat]s has be5 f\nd$4 ,! ,spr+] app>atus1 :i* is "u trial by "o ( ! l>ge gas companies1 diff]s f ! ,l[e m]ely 9 con/ruction4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! sup]heat] is directly above ! g5]ator2 & !re is only "o sup]heat+ *amb] in/ead ( two4 ,! air bla/ is admitt$ at ! bottom1 & ! produc] gases heat ! sup]heat] 9 ! usual way1 & :5 ! requir$ temp]ature is rea*$1 ! /eam is bl[n 9 at ! top ( ! g5]ator1 & is made to pass ?r\gh ! inc&esc5t fuel1 ! wat] gas be+ l$ f ! bottom ( ! app>atus to ! top1 :]e x ent]s at ! summit ( ! sup]heat]1 meets ! oil1 & passes d[n ) x ?r\gh ! *amb]1 ! f9i%$ gas escap+ at ! middle ( ! app>atus4 ,?is same idea ( mak+ ! air bla/ pass up ?r\gh ! fuel1 :ile 9 ! subsequ5t op]ation ! /eam passes d[n1 is also to be f\nd 9 ! ,loomis plant1 & is a di/9ct advantage1 z ! fuel is at its hotte/ :]e ! bla/ has ent]$1 &1 9 ord] to keep d[n ! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxide1 x is important t ! fuel ?r\gh :i* ! wat] gas la/ passes %\ld be z hot z possible1 to insure its r$uction to c>bon monoxide4 ,! ,flann]y app>atus is aga9 b a slight modification ( ! ,l[e plant1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t1 z ! gas leaves ! g5]ator1 ! oil is f$ into x1 &1 ) ! gas1 passes ?r\gh a ,d-%ap$ retort tube1 :i* is arrang$ r\nd ?ree sides ( ! top ( ! g5]ator2 & 9 ?is ! oil is volatiliz$1 & passes1 ) ! gas1 to ! bottom ( ! sup]heat]1 9 :i* ! vapors are conv]t$ into p]man5t gases4 ,! ,van ,/e5b]gh plant1 ) :i* ,i h be5 exp]im5t+ = "s "t1 /&s ap>t f all o!r =ms ( c>buret$ wat] gas plant1 9 t ! upp] lay] ( ! fuel itself =ms ! sup]heat]1 & t no second "p ( any k9d is ne$$ = ! fixation ( ! hydroc>bons1 an arrangem5t :i* r$uces ! app>atus to ! simple/ =m1 & leaves no "p :i* c *oke or get out ( ord]1 an advantage :i* w n be und]rat$ by any "o :o has _h exp]i5ce ( ^! plants4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ?is enorm\s advantage is ga9$1 !re is also ! drawback t ! app>atus is n fitt$ = use ) crude oils ( heavy specific gravity1 su* z c be dealt ) 9 ! big ext]nal sup]heat]s ( ! ,l[e class ( wat] gas plant1 b ! light] grades ( oil mu/ be us$ 9 x = c>buret+ purposes4 ,i am n sure 9 my own m9d t ?is1 :i* appe>s at fir/ a disadvantage1 is altoge!r "o1 z1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! light] grades ( oil1 if judg$ by ! am\nt ( c>buret+ p[] :i* !y h1 are *eap] p] c&le p[]1 add$ to ! gas1 ?an ! crude oils1 :ile _! use entirely does away ) ! =mation ( pit* & c>bon 9 ! pipes & purify+ app>atus--a factor ( ! greate/ importance to ! gas manufactur]4 ,! fact t light oils give a high] c>buration p] gallon ?an heavy crude oil is due to ! fact t ! latt] h to be heat$ to a high] temp]ature to conv]t !m into p]man5t gas1 & ?is causes an ov]-crack+ ( ! mo/ valuable illum9at+ con/itu5ts2 & ?is tr\ble _c be avoid$1 z1 if a l[] temp]ature is employ$1 easily cond5sible vapors are ! result1 :i*1 by _! cond5sation 9 ! pipes1 give rise to mu* tr\ble4 ,! simplicity ( ! app>atus is a factor :i* causes a great sav+ ( "t & exp5se1 z x r$uces to a m9imum ! risk ( /oppages = repairs1 :ile ! initial co/ ( ! app>atus is1 ( c\rse1 l[1 & ! exp5se ( keep+ 9 ord] practically nil4 ,:5 ,i fir/ made ! acqua9tance ( ?is =m ( plant1 a few ye>s ago1 ! promot]s 7 confid5t t no?+ c\ld be us$ 9 x b ,am]ican an?racite1 ( ! k9d !y _h be5 9 ! habit ( us+ 9 ,am]ica1 & a light naph?a ( ab\t #j4fhi specific gravity1 kn[n comm]cially z #gf deg ,baume4 ,a few weeks' "w ) ! app>atus1 h[ev]1 quickly %[$ t1 ) a slightly increas$ bl[1 & a r high] column ( fuel1 gas coke c\ld be us$ j z well z an?racite1 & t by increas+ ! column ( fuel1 a l[] grade ( oil c\ld be employ$2 s t dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! exp]im5tal "w no?+ b gas coke f ! ,horsef]ry ,road ,works & a petroleum ( a specific gravity ( ab\t #j4gji 7 employ$4 ,hav+ _h control ( ! app>atus = sev]al mon?s1 &1 ) ! aid ( a reliable assi/ant1 hav+ *eck$ ev]y?+ t w5t 9 & came out ( ! g5]ator1 ,i am 9 a position to /ate au?oritatively t1 us+ ord9>y gas coke & a petroleum ( specific gravity rang+ f #j4fhi to #j4gji1 #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 hav+ an illum9at+ p[] ( tw5ty-two c&les1 c be made ) an exp5diture ( #bh to #cb lb4 ( coke & #ba_/b gallons ( petroleum4 ,! mo/ important factors1 i4e41 ! quantity ( petroleum & ! illum9at+ value ( ! gas1 h also be5 *eck$ & corroborat$ by ,mr4 ,heis* & ,mr4 ,leice/] ,greville4 ,total gas made #h1gjj cubic feet4 ,"t tak53 ,bl[+4 #a h\r4 ,"t tak53 ,mak+4 #ej m9utes4 ,fuel us$3 ,gas coke4 #bgj lb4 #ca lb4 p] #a1jjj c4f4 ,fuel us$3 ,naph?a1 sp4 gr4 #j4gji4 #cd gals4 #b4g gals4 p] #a1jjj c4f4 ,illum9at+ p[] ( gas #ba4i c&les4 ,i mu/ admit t ^! results f> exce$$ my expectations1 al?\gh !y only confirm$ ! figures claim$ by ! pat5tee2 & !re are n want+ indications t1 :5 work$ on a l>ge scale & cont9u\sly1 !y might be ev5 /ill fur!r l[]$1 z x is impossible to obta9 ! mo/ economical results :5 mak+ less ?an #aj1jjj cubic feet ( ! gas1 z ! prop] temp]ature ( ! walls ( ! g5]ator are n obta9$ until aft] sev]al makes2 & x is only aft] ab\t #h1jjj cubic feet ( gas has be5 made t ! be/ conditions are fulfill$4 ,x w enable a s\nd] judgm5t to be =m$ ( ! work+ ( ! process if ! complete exp]im5tal figures = a make ( gas be tak54 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,gas4 ,hydrog54 #df4ge ,olef9es4 #g4ei ,e?ane4 #f4hb ,me?ane4 #aa4bg ,c>bon monoxide4 #aa4fe ,c>bon dioxide4 #j4ej ,oxyg54 #j4ag ,nitrog54 #h4be ------- #ajj4jj ,,unpurifi$ ,,gas ,,conta9$ ,c>bon dioxide4 #b4cb p] c5t4 ,sulphuret$ hydrog54 #b4hd ,total sulphur p] #ajj cu4 ft4 #f4fg ,ammonia4 nil ,bisulphide ( c>bon4 nil ,gas produc$ ,naph?a us$ ,gals4 ,pts4 #a/4 ,make4 #c1fjj cu4 ft4 #aj #g #b;d4 #b1hjj #g #f #c;d4 #b1cjj #e #c ------ --- -- #h1gjj #bd #j ,! la/ portion ( ! table %[s ! economy :i* arises z ! :ole app>atus gets prop]ly heat$4 ,?us ! fir/ make us$ #c gallons naph?a p] #a1jjj cubic feet1 ! second #b gallons #f p9ts p] #a1jjj cubic feet1 & ! ?ird #b gallons #d p9ts p] #a1jjj cubic feet1 & x is1 !re=e1 n unreasonable to suppose t 9 a cont9u\s make ^! figures c\ld be kept up1 if n actually r$uc$ /ill l[]4 ,9 introduc+ ! oil x is n inject$1 b is simply all[$ to fl[ 9 by gravity1 at a po9t ab\t half way up ! column ( fuel1 ! taps = its admission be+ plac$ at int]vals ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! g5]ator1 & oil at fir/ beg9s to fl[ d[n ! inside wall ( ! g5]ator1 b be+ vaporiz$ by ! heat1 ! vapor is borne up by ! ru% ( /eam & wat] gas1 & is crack$ to a p]man5t gas 9 ! upp] lay] ( fuel4 ,?is ,i ?9k is ! secret ( n be+ able to use heavi] grades ( oil1 ^! be+ suffici5tly non-volatile to trickle d[n ! side into ! fire box at ! bottom1 & s to escape volatilization4 ,i h tri$ to /eam-inject ! oil1 b h n f\nd t x yields any bett] results4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t /rikes any "o on see+ a make ( gas by ?is sy/em is ! enorm\s rapidity ( g5]ation4 ,mr4 ,leice/] ,greville1 :o is *emi/ to ! ,comm]cial ,gas ,company1 9 report+ on ! process1 says1 ,! make ( gas 0 at ! rate ( ab\t #hf1jjj cubic feet 9 #bd h\rs4 ,a rem>kable result1 tak+ into consid]ation ! size ( ! app>atus4 ,x is q possible1 ) ! small app>atus1 to make #ajj1jjj cubic feet 9 #bd h\rs2 inde$ ! run = :i* ! figures are giv5 are ov] ?is e/imate2 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is rapidity ( make gives ! gas manag] complete control ov] any su* sudd5 /ra9s z result f fog or o!r unexpect$ dem&s on ! gas-produc+ p[] ( 8 works2 :ile a /ill m important po9t is t x does away ) ! necessity ( keep+ an enorm\s bulk ( gas ready to meet any su* em]g5cy1 & s r5d]s unnecess>y ! enorm\s ga%old]s1 :i* add s mu* to ! exp5se ( a works1 & take up s mu* room4 ,p]haps ! greate/ objection to wat] gas 9 ! public m9d is ! dread ( its poison\s prop]ties1 due to ! c>bon monoxide :i* x conta9s2 b if we come to consid] ! evid5ce be=e u on ! increase ( accid5ts due to ?is cause1 we are /ruck by ! poor case :i* ! oppon5ts ( wat] gas are able to make out4 ,no "o c = a mom5t d\bt ! fact t c>bon monoxide is "o ( ! deadlie/ ( poisons4 ,x acts by diffus+ ?r\gh ! air cells ( ! lungs1 & =m+1 ) ! color+ matt] ( ! blood corpuscles1 a def9ite comp\nd1 :i* prev5ts !m c>ry+ on _! normal function ( tak+ up oxyg5 & di/ribut+ x ?r\gh\t ! body1 to c>ry on t m>vel\s process ( sl[ combu/ion :i* n only gives w>m? to ! body1 b also removes ! wa/e tissue us$ up by e action1 be x volunt>y or involunt>y1 & by h9d]+ ?is1 x at once /ops life4 ,all rese>*es on ?is subject po9t to ! fact t some?+ "u "o p] c5t4 only ( c>bon monoxide 9 air r5d]s x fatal to animal life1 & ?is at fir/ seems an insup]able objection to ! use ( wat] gas1 & has1 inde$1 influ5c$ ! au?orities 9 sev]al t[ns1 notably ,p>is1 to =bid its introduction = dome/ic consumption4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 c>efully exam9e ! subject1 & see1 by ! aid ( actual figures1 :at ! risk am\nts to comp>$ ) ! risks ( ord9>y coal gas4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made ) ! view ( det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( c>bon monoxide 9 air :i* is fatal to human or1 r1 animal life1 & ! mo/ reliable z well z ! late/ results are ^? obta9$ by ,dr4 ,/ev5son1 ( ,guy's ,hospital1 9 consequ5ce ( ! two dea?s :i* took place at ! ,le$s =ge f inhal+ unc>buret$ wat] gas conta9+ #dj p] c5t4 ( c>bon monoxide4 ,he f\nd t "o p] c5t4 visibly affect$ a m\se 9 "o & a half m9utes1 & 9 "o h\r & ?ree qu>t]s kill$ x1 :ile "o-t5? ( a p] c5t4 0 highly injuri\s4 ,let u1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 take ?is la/ figure #j4a p] c5t4 z be+ a fatal quantity1 s z to be well )9 ! m>k4 ,9 ord9>y c>buret$ wat] gas z suppli$ by ! sup]heat] processes1 su* z ! ,l[e1 ,spr+]1 etc41 ! usual p]c5tage ( c>bon monoxide is #bf p] c5t41 b 9 ! ,van ,/e5b]gh gas--= c]ta9 *emical reasons to be discuss$ lat] on--x is g5]ally ab\t #ah p] c5t41 & r>ely rises to #bj p] c5t4 ,an ord9>y b$room w be say #ab ft4 ,x #ae ft4 ,x #aj ft41 & w !re=e conta9 #a1hjj cubic feet ( air1 & su* a room w\ld be light$ by a s+le bats-w+ burn] consum+ n m ?an f\r cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 ,suppose n[ ! inmate ( t room retires to b$ 9 su* a condition ( m5tal ab]ration t he pref]s to bl[ out ! gas r ?an take ! ord9>y c\rse ( turn+ x (f--a process1 by ! way1 ( putt+ out gas :i* is decid$ly easi] 9 !ory ?an 9 practice1 especially 9 8 presum$ m5tal condition--y w\ld h 9 "o h\r ! #a1hjj cubic feet ( gas 9 ! room mix$ ) f\r fif?s ( a cubic foot ( c>bon monoxide--! c>buret$ wat] gas be+ suppos$ to conta9 #bj p] c5t4--or #j4jd p] c5t4 ,9 su* a room1 h[ev]1 if ! doors & w9d[s 7 absolutely air tight1 & !re 0 no fireplace1 diffusion ?r\gh ! walls w\ld *ange ! entire air once an h\r1 s t ! p]c5tage w\ld n rise above #j4jd2 :ile 9 any ord9>y room imp]fect workman%ip & an op5 *imney w\ld *ange x f\r times 9 ! h\r1 r$uc+ ! p]c5tage to #j4ja1 a quantity :i* ! mo/ invet]ate enemy ( wat] gas c\ld n claim w\ld d m ?an produce a bad heada*e1 an ailm5t q z likely to h be5 caus$ by ! same factor t br\ght ab\t ! bl[+ out ( ! gas4 ,moreov]1 we are n[ talk+ ab\t ! use ( c>buret$ wat] gas z an enri*] ( coal gas1 & n z an illum9ant to be consum$ p] se4 & we may calculate t x w\ld be probably us$ to enri* a #af-;c&le coal gas up to #ag4e c&le p[]4 ,to d ?is #be p] c5t4 ( #bb c&le p[] c>buret$ wat] gas w\ld h to be mix$ ) x1 & tak+ ! p]c5tage ( c>bon monoxide 9 ,london gas at #e p] c5t4--a v fair av]age figure--& #ah p] c5t4 z ! am\nt pres5t 9 ! ,van ,/e5b]gh gas1 we h #h4be p] c5t4 ( c>bon monoxide 9 ! gas z s5t out--a p]c5tage h>dly exce$+ t :i* is f\nd 9 ! ri* cannel gas suppli$ to su* t[ns z ,glasg[1 :]e ,i am n aw>e ( an unusual numb] ( dea?s occurr+ f c>bon monoxide poison+4 ,! c>buret$ wat] gas has a smell e bit z /rong z coal gas1 & a leak w\ld be detect$ ) equal facility by ! nose2 & ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t ! cry rais$ aga9/ ! use ( c>buret$ wat] gas1 = ?is reason1 is "o ( ! same "* t hamp]$ ! introduction ( coal gas itself at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! *emical actions :i* are tak+ place 9 ! g5]ator ( ! wat] gas plant1 & ^! are m complex 9 ! case ( ! ,van ,/e5b]gh plant ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,l[e type1 &1 = t reason1 yield a gas ( m satisfactory composition4 ,tak+ gas z made by ! ,l[e or ,spr+] process1 & contra/+ x ) ! ,van ,/e5b]gh gas1 we are at once /ruck by sev]al m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! hydrog5 is f> high] & ! m>% gas or me?ane l[] 9 ! ,van ,/e5b]gh ?an 9 ! ,l[e process1 ?is be+ due to ! %>p] crack+ t takes place 9 ! %ort column ( *]ry r$ coke1 z comp>$ ) ! l[] temp]ature employ$ = a long] space ( "t 9 ! ,l[e sup]heat]4 ,next we notice a diff]5ce ( #aj p] c5t4 9 ! c>bon monoxide1 :i* is greatly r$uc$ 9 ! ,/e5b]gh g5]ator by ! c>bon monoxide & m>% gas react+ on ea* o!r z !y pass ov] ! r$ hot surface ( coke ) =mation ( acetyl5e1 :i* adds to ! illum9ants1 ?is action also r$uc+ ! quantity ( m>% gas pres5t4 ,l[e ,van ,/e5b]gh gas4 gas4 ,hydrog5444444444444444444444 #bg4ad #df4ge ,m>% gas44444444444444444444 #be4ce #aa4bg ,c>bon monoxide44444444444444 #bf4hd #ah4fe ,illum9ants444444444444444444 #ad4fc #g4ei ,e?ane44444444444444444444444 ---- #f4hb ,c>bon dioxide444444444444444 #c4jb #j4ej ,oxyg544444444444444444444444 #j4ae #j4ag ,nitrog5444444444444444444444 #b4hg #h4be ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,9 ! illum9ants1 if we add ! high] memb]s ( ! me?ane s]ies pres5t to ! olef9es1 we see !y are ab\t equal 9 ea* gas1 :ile ! l[ p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! ,l[e gas is due to m c>eful work+1 & c\ld easily be atta9$ ) ! ,van ,/e5b]gh plant by all[+ ! fir/ portion ( wat] gas to wa% out ! produc] gas be=e ! hopp] on top is clos$4 ,! crack+ ( ! naph?a by ! r$ hot coke is und\bt$ly a great advantage1 =1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 ! crack+ ( ru%+ petroleum is an exo!rmic reaction1 s t ! coke at ! top ( ! g5]ator gets hott] & hott]1 & x is no unusual ?+ to see ! coke at ! beg9n+ ( ! make *]ry r$ at ! bottom & dull r$ at ! top1 :ile at ! end ( ! make x is almo/ black at ! bottom & *]ry r$ at ! top1 9 ?is way atta9+ ! same advantage 9 work+ t ! ,spr+] & ,loomis d by _! d[n bla/1 t is1 hav+ ! fuel at its hotte/ :]e ! gas f9ally leaves x1 s z to r$uce ! quantity ( c>bon dioxide1 & s less5 ! exp5se ( purification4 ,x w be well n[ to turn = a few mom5ts to ! gas obta9$ by crack+ ! light petroleum oils by !mselves4 ,! ,russian & ,am]ican petroleum diff] s widely 9 composition t x 0 necess>y to see 9 :at way ! gases obta9$ f !m diff]$2 & to d ?is1 equal quantities ( ,am]ican naph?a & a ,russian naph?a 7 crack$1 by pass+ ?r\gh an iron tube fill$ ) coke1 & 9 ea* case heat$ to a *]ry r$ heat1 ! gases be+ measur$1 & !n analyz$1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,am]ican4 ,russian4 ,no4 ( cubic feet p] gallon444 #gb #ajd ---- ---- ,hydrog544444444444444444444444 #bf4j #de4c ,me?ane444444444444444444444444 #da4f #bb4c ,e?ane4444444444444444444444444 #ab4e #ac4i ,olef9es44444444444444444444444 #ad4a #aa4f ,c>bon monoxide4444444444444444 #c4c #c4e ,c>bon dioxide44444444444444444 #a4g #b4c ,oxyg54444444444444444444444444 #j4h #a4a ,nitrog544444444444444444444444 ,nil4 ,nil4 ----- ----- #ajj4j #ajj4j ,%[+ t1 if ! ,russian oil is a little l[] 9 illum9ants1 x q makes up by extra volume1 b x seem$ to me to deposit a mu* l>g] proportion ( c>bon4 ,tak+ #ba_/b gallons ( ,am]ican naph?a1 x w\ld give r\ghly #ahj cubic feet ( gas ( ! above composition1 :ile ! rema9+ gas w\ld be ! ord9>y wat] gas4 ,tak+ ! analysis ( ?is z giv51 & calculat+ f x :at w\ld be ! composition ( a mixture ( x ) ! naph?a gas1 we obta93 ,calculat$4 ,actual4 ,hydrog54444444444444444444444 #dg4ji #db4ji ,me?ane44444444444444444444444 #e4dh #aa4bg ,olef9es4444444444444444444444 #b4ec #g4ei ,e?ane444444444444444444444444 #b4ag #f4cb ,c>bon monoxide444444444444444 #cj4jg #ah4fe ,c>bon dioxide4444444444444444 #c4gh #b4cb ,oxyg5444444444444444444444444 #j4ef #j4ag ,nitrog54444444444444444444444 #g4ag #h4be ,sulphuret$ hydrog54444444444 #a4ae #b4hd ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,%[+ h[ great ! effect is ( ! dilu5ts 9 ! wat] gas 9 prev5t+ ! ov]crack+ ( ! hydroc>bons1 z %[n by ! increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( !m pres5t 9 ! f9i%$ gas2 :ile ! enorm\s r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( c>bon monoxide pres5t is due to ! int]action betwe5 x & ! p>aff9 hydroc>bons 9 ! pres5ce ( r$-hot c>bon1 a po9t :i* makes ! ,van ,/e5b]gh app>atus enorm\sly sup]ior to any ( ! sup]heat] =ms ( plant4 ,aft] all said & done1 h[ev]1 ! reactions tak+ place1 al?\gh !y h an int5se fasc9ation = ! *emi/1 are n ! factors :i* ! gas manag] deems ! mo/ important1 ! co/ ( any giv5 process be+ ! te/ by :i* x mu/ /& or fall2 & x w be well n[ to consid]1 z f> z x is possible1 ! exp5se ( enri*+ coal gas by ! v>i\s me?ods ,i h br\ght be=e y4 ,9 ord] to be well above ! prescrib$ limit ( illum9at+ p[] at all p>ts ( an ext5d$ s]vice1 ! gas at ! works mu/ be s5t out at an illum9at+ p[] ( #ag4e c&les & we may1 ,i ?9k1 fairly take x t #af c&le coal gas1 z made by ! big ,london companies1 co/s1 z ne>ly z c be1 #as4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet 9 ! hold]1 & ! "q we h n[ to solve is ! co/ ( enri*+ x f #af to #ag4e c&le p[]4 ,:5 ?is is done by cannel1 ! co/ is #b4f p5ce p] c&le p[]1 s t ! extra #aa_/b w\ld co/ #d;d4 p] #a1jjj4 ,c>buret+ by ! vapors ( gasol9e by ! ,maxim-,cl>ke process co/s #ac_/d;d4 p] #a1jjj1 s t ! extra c&le p[] w\ld mean an exp5diture ( #b4fb d4 ,un=tunately ,i h no figures ^u :i* to calculate ! co/ ( produc+ su* a gas by ! ,d9smore process1 b ) ! ?ree important wat] gas enri*]s we c deal4 ,us+ ,russian fuel oil1 :i* c be obta9$ 9 bulk 9 ,london at #c;d4 p] gallon1 ! proprietors ( ! ,spr+] plant gu>antee #ea_/b c&le p[] p] #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas p] gallon us$1 s t1 to produce a #bb c&le gas1 #d gallons w\ld be us$4 ,! co/ p] #a1jjj cubic feet may be r\ghly tabulat$1 z ! coke us$ am\nts to ab\t #dj lb4 s4 d4 ,oil444444444444444444444444444444444444 #a #j ,coke44444444444444444444444444444444444 #j #c ,labor & purification44444444444444444 #j #b ,*>ge on plant444444444444444444444444 #j #a ---- #a #f ,tw5ty five p] c5t4 ( #ab-;c&le gas :5 mix$ ) #ge p] c5t4 ( ! #af-;c&le gas gives ! requir$ #ag4e c&le gas1 :i* w\ld !re=e co/ #as4 #aa_/b;d41 or ! enri*m5t w\ld h co/ #aa_/b;d4 ,by ! ,l[e process1 an increase ( #e4c-;c&le p[] is gu>ante$ = ! consumption ( a gallon ( ! same oil1 s t ! co/ w\ld be a %ade high]1 all o!r factors rema9+ ! same1 :ile ) ! ,van ,/e5b]gh process bo? grade ( oil & consumption ( fuel v>y f ei!r ( ^! processes4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a ?\s& cubic feet ( #bb-;c&le gas1 two & a half gallons ( ! light] grade oil w\ld be consum$1 & ,i am in=m$ t !re is n[ no difficulty 9 obta9+ oil ( ! "r grade 9 ,london 9 bulk at #d;d4 p] gallon1 :i* w\ld make ! co/3 s4 d4 ,two & a half gallons ( oil44444444444 #j #aj ,?irty p\nds ( coke4444444444444444444 #j #ba_/d ,labor & purification444444444444444444 #j #b ,*>ge on plant4444444444444444444444444 #j #jc_/d ------ #a #c ,& ! enri*$ coal gas w\ld1 !re=e1 co/ #as4 #c_/d;d4 p] ?\s&1 ! extra #aa_/b-;c&le p[] hav+ be5 ga9$ at an exp5se ( #c_/d;d4 or #a_/b;d4 p] c&le4 ,tabulat+ ^! results we h--,co/ ( enri*+ a #af-;c&le gas up to #ag4e c&le p[] p] #a1jjj cubic feet by cannel coal1 #d;d42 by ,maxim-,cl>ke process1 #b-f_/aj;d42 by ,l[e or ,spr+] wat] gas1 #aa_/b;d42 by ,van ,/e5b]gh wat] gas1 #c_/d;d4 ,9 review+ ?is important subject1 & br++ a wide range ( exp]im5tal "w to be> ^u x1 ,i h1 z f> z is possible1 dive/$ my m9d ( bias t[>d any p>ticul> process1 & ,i c hone/ly claim t ! fact ( ! ,van ,/e5b]gh process %[+ su* great sup]iority is due to ! =ce ( c>efully obta9$ exp]im5tal figures1 corroborat$ by an exp]i5c$ & widely kn[n gas *emi/1 & by ! *ief gas exam9] ( ! city4 ,9 adopt+ any new me?od1 ! m9d ( ! gas manag] mu/ to a great ext5t be influ5c$ by ! circum/ances ( ! times1 & ! enorm\s importance ( ! labor "q is a ma9 factor at ! pres5t mom5t2 ) ma/]s & m5 liv+ 9 a /ra9$ condition :i* may at any mom5t break into op5 w>f>e1 ! adoption ( su* wat] gas processes w\ld relieve ! manag] ( a burd5 :i* is gr[+ almo/ too heavy to be borne4 ,comb9+1 z su* processes d1 ! maximum rate ( production ) ! m9imum am\nt ( labor1 !y practically solve ! labor "q4 ,requir+ only "o-t5? ! numb] ( retort h\se h&s t are at pres5t employ$1 ! c>buret$ wat] gas c be us$ = enri*m5t until tr\bles arise1 & !n ! gas c be us$ pure & simple1 ) a h>dly p]ceptible increase 9 exp5se1 :ile ! rapidity ( make w also give ! gas manag] an important ally 9 ! h\r ( fog1 or 9 case ( any o!r unexpect$ /ra9 on 8 res\rces4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions ask$ by ! practical gas mak] w be3 ,:at gu>antee c y give t z soon z we h erect$ plant1 & got us$ to ! new process ( manufacture1 a sudd5 rise 9 ! price ( oil w n take place1 & leave u 9 worse plight ?an we 7 be=e8 & ! only answ] to ?is is t1 z f> z x is possible to judge any?+1 ?is ev5t is n likely to take place 9 our "t4 ,a ye> ago ! prospects ( ! oil trade look$ black1 z ! output ( ,am]ican oil 0 9 ! h&s ( a p[]ful r+1 :o seem$ likely also to obta9 control ( ! ,russian supplies2 b1 =tunately1 ?is 0 av]t$1 &1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! ,russian pipe l9es are flood+ ! m>ket ) an abundant supply1 :i* ^? be/ able to judge tell u is practically inexhau/ible1 s t prices may be expect$ to h a d[nw>d r ?an an upw>d t5d5cy4 ,b ev5 %\ld a huge monopoly be creat$1 ,i ?9k ,i h f\nd a s\rce ( light at home :i* w hold its own aga9/ any =eign illum9ant 9 ! m>ket4 ,= a long "t ,i h felt t 9 ?is c\ntry we _h s\rces ( light & p[] :i* only ne$$ developm5t1 & ! discov]y ( ! "r way to use !m1 9 ord] to give an entirely new complexion to ! "q ( c>buret+2 & n[ by ! aid ( ! eng9e]+ skill & te*nical k ( ,mr4 ,/aveley1 ( ,baghill1 ne> ,pontefract1 ,i ?9k x is f\nd4 ,at ?ree or f\r ( ! ,scot* iron works ! ,furnace ,gases ,co4 are pay+ a ye>ly r5tal = ! "r ( collect+ ! smoke & gases f ! bla/ furnaces4 ,^! are pass$ ?r\gh sev]al miles ( wr\ght iron tub+1 dim9i%+ 9 size f #f feet d[n to ab\t #ah in*es2 & z ! gases cool1 s !re is deposit$ a consid]able yield ( oil4 ,at ,messrs4 ,dixon's1 at ,glasg[1 :i* is ! smalle/ ( ^! in/allations1 !y pump & collect ab\t #fj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( furnace gas p] day2 & recov]1 on an av]age1 #be1jjj gallons ( furnace oils p] week1 us+ ! residual gases1 consi/+ *iefly ( c>bon monoxide1 z fuel = di/ill+ & o!r purposes1 :ile a consid]able yield ( sulphate ( ammonia is also obta9$4 ,9 ! same way a small p]c5tage ( ! coke ov5s are fitt$ ) cond5s+ ge>1 & produce a consid]able yield ( oil1 = :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is a v limit$ m>ket1 ! *ief use be+ = lucig5 & o!r lamps ( ! same description1 & = pickl+ timb] = railway sleep]s1 etc42 ! result be+ t1 f\r ye>s ago1 x c\ld be obta9$ 9 any quantity at #a_/b;d4 p] gallon1 :ile s9ce t x has be5 z high z #ba_/b;d4 a gallon1 b is n[ ab\t #b;d41 & %[s a fall+ t5d5cy4 ,make a m>ket = ?is product1 & ! supply w be practically unlimit$1 z e bla/ furnace & coke ov5 9 ! k+dom w put up plant = ! recov]y ( ! oil1 & z ) ! limit$ plant n[ at "w x w\ld be p]fectly easy to obta9 #d1jjj1jjj or #e1jjj1jjj gallons p] annum1 an ext5sion ( ! recov]y process w\ld mean a supply suffici5tly l>ge to meet all dem&s4 ,_m gas manag]s h1 f "t to "t1 tri$ if !y c\ld n use "s ( _! creosote = gas produc+1 b on heat+ x 9 retorts1 etc41 !y h f\nd ! result has g5]ally be5 a copi\s deposit ( c>bon1 & a gas :i* has possess$ little or no illum9at+ value4 ,n[1 ! furnace & coke ov5 oils are 9 composition some:at ak9 to ! creosote oil1 s t at fir/ sight x does n seem a hopeful field = se>* aft] a good c>buret]1 b ! furnace oils h sev]al po9ts 9 :i* !y diff] f ! coal t> products4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y conta9 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( p>aff9 oil1 & 9 ! next1 d n conta9 mu* naph?al5e1 9 :i* ! coal t> oil is especially ri*1 & :i* w\ld be a di/9ct drawback to _! use4 ,! furnace oil z cond5s$ conta9s ab\t #cj to #ej p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & 9 any case ?is has to be remov$ by di/ill+2 & ,mr4 ,/aveley has pat5t$ a process by :i* ! di/illation is cont9u$ aft] ! wat] has gone (f1 & by cond5s+ 9 a fractionat+ column ( special con/ruction1 he is able to remove all ! p>aff9 oil1 a consid]able quantity ( cresol1 a small quantity ( ph5ol1 & ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( pyrid9e bases1 leav+ ! rema9d] ( ! oil 9 a bett] condition1 & m valuable = pickl+ timb]1 :i* is its *ief use4 ,if ! mix$ oil s obta9$1 :i* we may call ph5oloid oil1 is crack$ by itself1 no v /rik+ result is obta9$1 ! #dj p]c5t4 ( p>aff9 pres5t crack+ 9 ! usual way1 & yield+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( illum9ants1 b if ?is oil be crack$ 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bon1 & be made to pass ov] & ?r\gh a body ( c>bon heat$ to a dull r$ heat1 !n x is conv]t$ l>gely into b5z5e1 ! mo/ valuable ( ! illum9ants1 & also be+ ! "o to :i* coal gas owes ! l>ge/ proportion ( its illum9at+ p[]1 x is manife/ly ! "r "o to use 9 ord] to enri* x4 ,on crack+ ! ph5oloid oil1 ! p>aff9s yield e?ane1 propane1 & m>% gas1 etc41 9 ! usual way1 :ile ! ph5ol int]acts ) ! c>bon to =m b5z5e-- ,ph5ol4 ,b5z5e4 ,c#f;,h#e;,,ho ,c ,c#f;,h#f ,,co4 ,& 9 ! same way ! cresol fir/ breaks d[n to tolu5e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! c>bon1 & ?is 9 turn is brok5 d[n by ! heat to b5z5e4 ,a great advantage ( ?is oil is t ! fla%+ po9t is #aaj1 & s is well above ! limit1 ?us do+ away ) ! dang]s & tr\bles insep>able f ! /orage ( light naph?a 9 bulk4 ,9 us+ ?is oil z an enri*]1 x mu/ be crack$ 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bon1 & x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! temp]ature %\ld n be too high1 z ! b5z5e is easily brok5 d[n to simpl] hydroc>bons ( f> l[] illum9at+ value4 ,?is fact is v cle>ly br\ght out by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,i h made1 9 :i* ! ph5oloid oil 0 crack$ by pass+ x ?r\gh an iron tube pack$ ) coke & heat$ to v>i\s temp]atures1 ! hydroc>bons be+ mu* m easily brok5 up "u ^! conditions ?an if mix$ ) dilu5ts1 su* z wat] gas3 ,,results ,,obta9$ ,,on ,,crack+ ,,ph5oloid ,,oil4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,temp]ature4 #fjj ,c4 #hjj ,c4 #a1jjj ,c4 ,volume ( gas p] gallon4 #da4f c4f4 #gf4h c4f4 #aba4f c4f4 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,gas4 ,hydrog54 #cd4j #cf4j #cg4j ,me?ane4 #bj4j #bf4j #di4j ,olef9es4 #aa4j #e4j ,nil4 ,e?ane4 #af4j #i4j ,nil4 ,c>bon monoxide4 #ac4j #ae4j #ab4j ,c>bon dioxide4 #b4j #d4j #b4j ,oxyg54 #b4j #a4j ,nil4 ,nitrog54 #b4j #d4j ,nil4 ,?is analysis %[s t if ! temp]ature is all[$ to rea* a *]ry r$1 complete decomposition ( ! illum9at+ hydroc>bons is tak+ place1 & a gas ( practically no illum9at+ value results4 ,! p[] ( regulat+ ! temp]ature & ! body ( c>bon z a crack+ m$ium 9 ! ,van ,/e5b]gh wat] gas plant especially fits x = us+ ?is oil1 & removes ! objections :i* c\ld h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! light] naph?as4 ,?is oil is at pres5t n 9 ! m>ket1 b giv5 a dem&1 x c be produc$ 9 f\r mon?s1 at ! late/1 9 v l>ge quantities1 z ! app>atus is v easy & *eap to erect1 & ! crude mat]ial c be pl5tifully obta9$4 ,if ?is oil becomes1 z ,i ?9k x w1 an important factor 9 ! illum9ation ( ! future1 x w m>k z important an era 9 ! hi/ory ( our indu/ries z any :i* ! c5tury has se51 z1 by us+ x1 y are giv+ smoke a comm]cial value1 & ?is w d :at ! ,society ( ,arts & ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil h fail$ 9--t is1 to give u an improv$ atmosph]e4 ,if ,i 7 lectur+ on an imag9>y ,hygeia1 ,i %\ld po9t out t ! smoke ( ,london conta9s l>ge quantities ( ^! oils1 & !y1 by coat+ ! drops ( mi/ on :i* !y cond5se1 give ! fog t haunts our /reets t peculi> ri*ness :i* is s irritat+ & injuri\s to ! sy/em1 &1 fur!r1 by prev5t+ ! wat] f be+ aga9 easily tak5 up by ! air1 prolong ! duration ( ! fog4 ,make ?is oil a m>ketable commodity1 & ano!r tw5ty ye>s w see ,london )\t a *imney2 und]gr\nd %afts w be run alongside ! sew]s2 into ^! %afts by means ( a d[n draught all ! products ( combu/ion f our fires w be suck$ by local pump+ /ations1 & ! oil cond5s+ 9 ! tubes w s]ve 9 turn to illum9ate our /reets1 in/ead ( p]=m+ its =m] function ( turn+ day into night & ru9+ our heal?2 b z ,i am n at all sure ( ! eng9e]+ possibilities ( su* a s*eme1 ,i w leave its discov]y to "s o!r abl] prophet ?an myself4 7,to be cont9u$47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,laboratory ,,= ,,beg9n]s4 ,,by ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,hopk9s4 ,x is only :5 !ory & practice1 /udy & exp]im5t1 g h& 9 h& t any true progress is made 9 ! sci5ces4 ,a head full ( !ory is ( little value )\t practice1 & al?\gh ! /ud5t may apply himself ) all 8 en]gies = ye>s1 8 "t w1 to a great ext5t1 h be5 sp5t 9 va91 unless he by exp]im5t rivets ! ideas he ga9s by 8 /udy4 ,9 ! /udy ( electricity1 = example1 let ! /ud5t try to rememb] ! position a magnetic ne$le w take :5 plac$ bel[ or above a conductor c>ry+ a curr5t :i* fl[s 9 a kn[n direction4 ,)\t exp]im5t !re are n9e *ances ( =gett+ to "o ( rememb]+2 b let ! /ud5t try ! exp]im5t1 & he w ev] aft]w>d be able to det]m9e ! direction 9 :i* ! curr5t is fl[+ by ! position tak5 by ! ne$le relative to ! conductor4 ,9 ! matt] ( amp]e turns1 z ano!r example1 x is q simple to ass]t t a t5 amp]e curr5t c>ri$ once ar\nd a s(t iron b> produces ! same result z a "o amp]e curr5t c>ri$ t5 times ar\nd ! b>1 b h[ mu* m /rongly is ?is fact /amp$ ^u ! memory :5 its tru? is e/abli%$ by exp]im5t8 ,read+ ab\t a fact1 or commit+ to memory ! lit]ature ( a subject1 is desirable & ev5 necess>y1 b k ( ?is "* p>takes m ( ! nature ( fai? ?an t ga9$ by actual exp]i5ce4 ,let ! read] le>n fir/ all t c be le>n$ by ! aid ( ?is simple app>atus1 !n bran* out to alli$ ?+s1 mak+ ea* /ep z ?or\gh z possible1 & be=e long he w be congratulat+ himself on hav+ ga9$ at lea/ an elem5t>y k ( electricity4 ,v little c be done 9 ! way ( electrical exp]im5t )\t an electrical g5]ator ( "s sort1 & no?+ at pres5t kn[n c excel a batt]y = ?is purpose4 ,al?\gh n ! mo/ desirable batt]y = all purposes1 t %[n 9 ,fig4 #a is ! mo/ desirable = ! amateur :o desires a /rong curr5t = a %ort "t4 ,x is =m$ ( two plates1 a1 ( c>bon arrang$ on opposite sides ( an amalgamat$ plate1 b1 ( z9c1 & sep>at$ f ! z9c by /rips ( wood4 ,b>s ( wood are plac$ outside ( ! c>bon plates1 & ! f\r b>s are fa/5$ toge!r by two common wood screws1 ?us clamp+ all ! b>s & ! z9c & c>bon plates securely 9 ! position ( use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,simple ,,batt]y4 ,betwe5 ! z9c plate & ! wood5 b> adjo9+ x is ins]t$ a /rip ( copp]1 c1 = lead+ away ! curr5t f ! z9c pole ( ! batt]y1 & betwe5 ! c>bon plates & ! wood5 b>s is ins]t$ a d\bl$ /rip ( copp]1 d1 =m+ a connection betwe5 ! two c>bon plates1 & at ! same "t s]v+ z a conductor = convey+ away ! curr5t f ! c>bon pole ( ! batt]y4 ,?is elem5t is to be plung$ into a tumbl] ( suffici5t dep? to all[ ! wood5 b>s to re/ on ! upp] edge ( ! tumbl]1 :ile ! l[] ends ( ! plates are "o-half or ?ree-qu>t]s in* above ! tumbl] bottom4 ,,! ,,solution4 ,9 ! tumbl] is plac$ a solution consi/+ ( two-?irds ( a tumbl]ful ( wat]1 two ounces ( bi*romate ( pota%1 & two ounces ( sulphuric acid4 ,! bi*romate ( pota% %\ld be dissolv$ fir/1 !n ! acid %\ld be sl[ly & c>efully add$4 ,z ! solution heats1 x is well to prep>e x 9 an e>!n vessel1 :i* is n liable to break4 ,^! mat]ials %\ld be us$ ) great caution1 z !y are poison\s1 & ! solution is v corrosive1 de/roy+ almo/ ev]y?+ ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,) prop] c>e1 h[ev]1 !re is no dang] 9 us+ ! solution4 ,x gives (f no poison\s vapors4 ,( c\rse x is advisable to make ! solution 9 quantities ( a gallon or s :5 conv5i5t4 ,! batt]y comp\nd kn[n z ! ,c & ,c batt]y comp\nd1 sold 9 t9 cans at mo/ electric /ores1 is v conv5i5t4 ,x is only necess>y to place two or ?ree ounces ( x 9 ! tumbl] & add ! am\nt ( wat] above m5tion$1 /irr+ ! solution ) a glass or rubb] rod until ! cry/als are dissolv$4 ,a caution is necess>y "h4 ,if only a portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! c are to be dissolv$1 x w be necess>y to place ! rema9d] 9 a glass or e>!n j>1 z x w absorb moi/ure & rapidly eat its way ?r\gh ! c4 ,! z9c plates %\ld be amalgamat$ by plung+ !m into ! bi*romate solution1 !n spr9kl+ on a m9ute quantity ( m]cury1 rubb+ x ab\t by means ( a swab1 until ! entire expos$ surface is cov]$ ) m]cury4 ,,conv5tional ,,sign ,,= ,,! ,,batt]y ,,& ,,galvanomet]4 ,9 mak+ electrical diagrams x is necess>y to frequ5tly repres5t a batt]y4 ,x requires too mu* "t to make a sket* or draw+ ( a batt]y4 ,besides ?is1 ! draw+ ( any p>ticul> k9d ( batt]y might be mislead+4 ,a sign repres5t+ ! galvanic batt]y has be5 univ]sally adopt$4 ,x consi/s ( a long1 ?9 m>k or da%1 repres5t+ ! c>bon electrode1 & a %ort]1 ?ick m>k repres5t+ ! z9c electrode1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,:]e m cells are requir$1 ?is sign is repeat$ once = ea* cell1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,! galvanomet] is repres5t$ ?us3 ,illu/ration ,by ! use ( ! batt]y & a few articles su* z may be f\nd any:]e1 9 addition to ! pieces %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 all ! exp]im5ts "h describ$ may be p]=m$4 ,z ^! pieces are %[n half size 9 ! diagrams1 ,fig4 #b1 & ab\t full size 9 ! p]spective views1 x w be unnecess>y to give dim5sions4 ,! bobb9s1 ,a ,a1 are w\nd ) ,no4 #bd d\ble cotton-cov]$ magnet wire1 ! t]m9als be+ sold]$ to eyes =m$ ( pieces ( spr+ wire b5t s z to =m helical coils ( two turns ea*1 ) ! ends ins]t$ 9 holes drill$ 9 heads ( ! spools4 ,^! coil$ wires answ] a good purpose 9 mak+ electrical connections4 ,! magnet frame1 ,b1 consi/+ ( ! cores & ! yoke =m$ integrally ( a s+le s(t gray iron ca/+1 is adapt$ to receive ! bobb9s1 ,a ,a1 to =m an electro-magnet4 ,! yoke ( ! magnet is provid$ ) a ?umb-screw1 e1 = secur+ ! magnet to ! motor frame1 ,c4 ,! latt] is furni%$ ) a base piece1 f1 a slott$ /&>d = receiv+ ! clamp+ screw1 e1 ( ! magnet1 & ! /&>ds1 g1 9 :i* is j\rnal$ ! armature1 h1 on a wire ext5d+ ?r\gh bo? ! /&>ds & ! armature4 ,! armature1 h1 consi/s ( an oblong rectangul> s(t iron frame hav+ at "o end a small pulley & at ! o!r end an elliptical boss1 i1 :i* is arrang$ obliquely to =m 9 conjunction ) ! spr+1 j1 a circuit clos] & op5]1 :i* closes ! circuit twice dur+ ea* revolution ( ! armature1 j z "o ( its side b>s is approa*+ ! poles ( ! magnet & breaks x z ! b> comes opposite ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,! spr+1 j1 is b5t into a loop & its l[] end is ins]t$ 9 a wood5 plug driv5 into a hole 9 ! base piece1 f4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ,fig4 #b are %[n two telegraph in/rum5ts less ! bobb9s4 ,ea* in/rum5t 7,fig4 #ad7 consi/s ( a wood5 base1 k1 a "r angl$ s(t iron b>1 l1 hav+ ! c5tral "p ( its upp] end br\ght to an obtuse angle1 an armature1 m1 fitt$ loosely to ! angl$ end ( ! b>1 a not*$ brass /&>d1 n1 = limit+ ! movem5t ( ! armature1 a retractile spr+ = lift+ ! armature1 a spr+ key1 o1 pivotally secur$ to ! base by a common wood screw1 & a contact po9t project+ f ! base "u ! key4 ,besides ^! !re is a ,d %ap$ block1 to answ] z a frame to ! galvanomet]1 a common pocket compass1 ,e1 fitt$ to a circul> cavity 9 ! top ( ! block1 ,d1 a p]man5t ,u magnet1 ,f1 a bundle ( s(t iron wires1 ,g1 & two copp] /rips1 ,h4 ,illu/ration ,,decomposition ,,( ,,wat]4 ,to illu/rate ! decomposition ( wat]1 connect ! copp] /rips1 ,h ,h1 to ! poles ( ! batt]y by means ( wires1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & ins]t !m 9 a tumbl] ( wat] acidulat$ ) a few drops ( sulphuric acid4 ,in/antly bubbles w rise f ! copp] /rips1 %[+ t gas is be+ dis5gag$ f ! wat]4 ,! /rip connect$ ) ! c>bon plate w dis5gage oxyg51 :ile ! /rip connect$ ) ! z9c plate w dis5gage hydrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,decomposition ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,sol5oid4 ,by connect+ "o ( ! coils1 ,a1 ) ! batt]y by means ( ! wires1 ! action ( a helix or sol5oid is %[n4 ,:5 s connect$1 ! helix w draw up ) itself a b>rel p51 or any light iron or /eel object4 7,see ,fig4 #d47 ,?is is n a true sol5oid1 b x is g5]ally kn[n by t "n4 ,9 a true sol5oid "o ( ! t]m9als is pass$ back ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,sol5oid4 ,,magnetization ,,( ,,/eel4 ,by ins]t+ 9 ! sol5oid a knitt+ ne$le1 or any b> ( h>d5$ or temp]$ /eel1 & s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! coil1 ! /eel w become p]man5tly magnetiz$4 ,,electromagnet4 ,by plac+ ! two coils1 ,a1 ^u ! magnet frame1 ,b1 & connect+ "o t]m9al ( ea* ) ! batt]y1 ! rema9+ t]m9als be+ connect$ toge!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 an electromagnet is =m$ :i* w lift sev]al p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,electromagnet4 ,,electric ,,motor4 ,by plac+ ! magnet ?us =m$ ^u ! motor base1 ,c1 9 front ( ! armature1 h1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 & connect+ "o t]m9al ( ! magnet ) ! batt]y & ! o!r ) ! clamp+ screw1 e1 ( ! magnet1 & by connect+ ! commutator spr+1 j1 ) ! rema9+ pole ( ! batt]y1 ! motor w be made to rotate rapidly4 ,,compass ,,& ,,magnetic ,,exp]im5ts4 ,by plac+ "o end ( ! b> magnetiz$ by ! sol5oid ne> ! compass conta9$ by ! cab9et 7,fig4 #g7 x w be se5 t "o end ( ! compass ne$le is attract$4 ,:5 ! opposite end ( ! b> is pres5t$ to ! same end ( ! ne$le1 t end ( ! ne$le w be repell$ & ! opposite "o attract$1 %[+ t l poles repel ea* o!r :ile unlike poles attract4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,magnetic ,,exp]im5t4 ,,galvanomet]4 ,by plac+ "o ( ! coils1 ,a1 9 ! block1 ,d1 !n plac+ 9 ! cavity 9 ! top ( ! block ! compass1 ) ! l9e m>k$ ,n ,s arrang$ at "r angles to ! axis ( ! coil1 a s]viceable galvanomet] w be =m$ 7,fig4 #h74 ,by turn+ ! galvanomet] s t ! ne$le w po9t nor? & s\? )\t ! curr5t pass+1 ) ,n und]nea? "o end ( ! ne$le1 & !n connect+ ! poles ( ! batt]y ) ! t]m9als ( ?is galvanomet]1 a deflection ( ! compass ne$le w be produc$1 ! direction ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,%[+ ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,resi/ance4 ,by plac+ ! galvanomet] 9 ! circuit ( ! batt]y1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 & not+ ! deflection ( ! ne$le1 x w be asc]ta9$ t a c]ta9 am\nt ( curr5t is fl[+4 ,n[1 by plac+ 9 ! circuit1 9 addition to ! galvanomet]1 ! rema9+ coil ( ! magnet1 ?us introduc+ consid]able resi/ance1 ! curr5t w be dim9i%$1 z %[n by a small] deflection ( ! ne$le4 ,,resi/ance ,,( ,a ,,fluid ,,*ang$ ,,by ,,! ,,addition ,,( ,,ano!r ,,fluid4 ,a v pretty & in/ructive exp]im5t may be p]=m$ by arrang+ ! app>atus z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 ) ! copp] /rips1 ,h ,h1 ins]t$ 9 clean wat] & ! galvanomet] plac$ 9 ! circuit4 ,! deflection ( ! galvanomet] ne$le w be v slight1 %[+ t ! resi/ance ( clean wat] is consid]able4 ,a few drops ( sulphuric acid or ev5 v9eg> w increase ! conductivity ( ! wat] s z to produce a m>k$ deflection ( ! galvanomet] ne$le4 ,common salt add$ to ! wat] w produce ! same effect4 ,,magnetic ,,electric ,,induction4 ,by plac+ "o ( ! coils1 ,a1 on ! magnet frame1 ,b1 & connect+ x by ! wires ) ! galvanomet]1 arrang$ z be=e describ$1 & br++ ! p]man5t magnet1 ,f1 sudd5ly aga9/ ! poles ( ! magnet1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 a curr5t w be induc$ 9 ! coil1 :i*1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 causes ! ne$le to be deflect$ 9 "o direction1 & :5 ! p]man5t magnet is sudd5ly remov$ f ! electro-magnet1 a curr5t w be set up 9 ! opposite direction1 :i* w cause a deflection ( ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] 9 ! opposite direction4 ,,induction ,,coil4 ,by plac+ bo? coils1 ,a1 ^u ! bundle ( s(t iron wires1 ,g1 connect+ "o ( !m ) ! t]m9als ( ! batt]y1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 & hold+ ! t]m9als ( ! o!r coil 9 ! moi/5$ ?umb & f+]s ( ! two h&s1 :5 ! batt]y circuit is op5$ & clos$ by t\*+ "o ( ! wires to ! batt]y1 & remov+ x1 a slight %ock w be felt f ! coil :i* is disconnect$ f ! batt]y4 ,by plac+ a co>se file 9 ! circuit & draw+ "o ( ! t]m9als along ! file ! circuit w be rapidly int]rupt$4 ,?is %ock is due to ! curr5t induc$ 9 ! deta*$ coil by ! magnetism ( ! bundle ( wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,magneto-,,electric ,,induction4 ,,extra ,,curr5t4 ,an exp]im5t %[+ ! extra or self-induc$ curr5t consi/s 9 arrang+ ! motor z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 & connect+ wire ) ea* conductor lead+ f ! batt]y to ! motor1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,if ^! wires are grasp$ "o 9 ea* h& :ile ! motors is 9 motion1 a slight %ock w be felt1 provid+ ! h&s are moi/5$4 ,,telegraph ,,s\nd]s ,,& ,,keys4 ,! cab9et conta9s mat]ial = two telegraph s\nd]s & keys :i* w enable ! us] to e/abli% a %ort telegraph l9e ) a s+le cell ( batt]y4 ,! armature1 m1 may be lift$ f its pivot s z to p]mit ( slipp+ "o ( ! coils1 ,a1 on to ! r\nd magnetic core ( ! s\nd]4 ,! armature is !n replac$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 & ! small retractile spr+ at ! re> ( ! in/rum5t is arrang$ to draw d[n ! %ort] arm ( ! armature lev]4 ,"o ( ! t]m9als ( ! coil1 ,a1 is connect$ ) ! turn$ up pivot$ end ( ! telegraph key1 o1 on ! same base4 ,! o!r t]m9al is connect$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y & ! contact po9t ( ! key is connect$ ) ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y1 z %[n4 ,by sw++ ! key lat]ally1 s z to remove x f ! contact po9t1 x w be f\nd t e t\* ( ! key produces a movem5t ( ! s\nd] lev]4 ,to connect ! two in/rum5ts toge!r ^u a l9e1 x is only necess>y to connect ! two keys ) "o wire & ! t]m9als ( ! two coils ) ano!r wire1 cutt+ "o ( ^! wires & ins]t+ ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,magnetic ,,figures4 ,z soon z ! op]ator ceases to "w 8 in/rum5t he %\ld place ! key 9 contact ) ! contact po9t1 & cause x to rema9 !re by slipp+ ! end ( ! key "u ! head ( ! screw provid$ = t purpose4 ,! o!r op]ator c !n proce$ to s5d 8 message4 ,^? :o desire to practice telegraphy %\ld le>n ! ,morse telegraphic code4 ,,magnetic ,,figures4 ,by arrang+ ! coil s z to =m an electro-magnet1 z be=e describ$1 & hold+ ! magnet "u a plate ( glass spr9kl$ ) f9e iron fil+s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 & !n s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! magnet1 at ! same "t j>r+ ! glass by /rik+ x ) a lead p5cil1 a magnetic figure w be =m$ :i* is sometimes call$ ! magnetic spectrum4 ,by connect+ ! t]m9als ( ! coils diagonally ) ea* o!r1 & connect+ ! rema9+ t]m9als ) ! batt]y1 two l poles w be =m$1 & ! magnetic figures w h an entirely diff]5t appe>ance1 ow+ to ! repulsion betwe5 ! two l pol>ities4 ,diff]5t figures may be produc$ by us+ ! sol5oids )\t ! iron cores4 ,,exp]im5t ,,%[+ ,,! ,,curr5t4 ,by remov+ ! coil1 ,a1 f b5ea? ! compass1 ,e1 & connect+ ! ends ( ! transv]se wire1 a' a'1 ) ! batt]y ,fig4 #af1 !n lift+ ! plates ( ! batt]y out ( ! solution & all[+ ! ne$le to come to re/1 x w be f\nd ^u ins]t+ ! plates ( ! batt]y 9 ! solution1 v gradually1 t ! deflection ( ! ne$le w increase ) ! increase ( plate surface submitt$ to ! action ( ! batt]y fluid2 & if1 :5 ! greate/ deflection is rea*$1 ! coils or sol5oids are introduc$ into ! circuit1 "o aft] ! o!r1 x1 w be f\nd t ea* add$ coil dim9i%es ! curr5t1 z w be %[n by ! dim9i%$ deflection ( ! ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,exp]im5t ,,%[+ ,,! ,,curr5t4 ,,microphone ,,& ,,telephone4 ,take two small c>bon rods1 p p1 if procurable1 if n1 use two ord9>y nails1 & connect !m up 9 ! circuit ( ! batt]y2 lay !m ^u a ?9 box s t ! rods or nails cross ea* o!r1 z 9 ,fig4 #ag2 ins]t ! electromagnet 9 ! circuit2 move ! coils out a little beyond ! ends ( ! cores1 lay a ?9 iron plate ov] ! ends ( ! coils1 !n j> ! box ^u :i* ! b>s1 p p1 are laid1 or drop a p9 ^u x1 or scrat* x ) a piece ( pap]1 & ! s\nd w be he>d by plac+ ! e> aga9/ ! iron plate re/+ ^u ! coils ( ! magnet4 ,,electro ,,metallurgy4 ,dissolve an ounce ( sulphate ( copp] 9 a half p9t ( wat]2 add a few drops ( sulphuric acid2 connect ) ! z9c pole ( ! batt]y ! object to be copp]$4 ,to ! wire connect$ ) ! c>bon atta* a small plate ( copp]4 ,hang ! object & ! copp] plate 9 ! solution a %ort di/ance ap>t4 ,a deposit ( copp] w be quickly =m$4 ,,! ,,heat+ ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,curr5t4 ,) a piece ( v f9e plat9um wire 7,no4 #cf or #dj71 plac$ 9 ! circuit ( ! batt]y1 ! heat+ effect ( ! curr5t may be %[n4 ,a half in* ( ,no4 #cf plat9um wire w s]ve = ! exp]im5t4 ,if ! batt]y is 9 good condition x w heat f #a_/h to #a_/d in* ( ! wire r$ hot4 ,?is is suffici5t to light gas or an alcohol lamp1 also to ignite p[d] or gun cotton4 ,a %ort piece ( a wat* hair spr+1 or a piece ( v f9e iron wire1 if plac$ 9 ! circuit w be made v hot4 ,,duplication ,,( ,,batt]ies4 ,%\ld ! exp]im5t] desire to g m deeply into ! effects ( ! curr5t1 he w ne$ a m p[]ful batt]y4 ,! batt]y describ$ has be5 made on a v simple plan1 to enable ! amateur to copy x )\t difficulty or great exp5se4 ,!re is no my/]y ab\t ! batt]y4 ,any "o c make x4 ,all t is requir$ is a plate ( z9c1 two plates ( c>bon1 "s /rips ( wood & copp]1 & two common wood screws = ea* cell4 ,! tumbl]s may be _h any:]e4 ,al?\gh x is advisable to use insulat$ wire = mak+ ! electrical connections1 b>e wires may be us$ if c>e is tak5 9 arrang+ !m1 s t !y w n t\* ea* o!r or o!r metallic objects :i* w\ld complete ! circuit4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t if ! elem5ts ( ! batt]y are arrang$ ^u a frame ( "s sort1 by means ( :i* !y may be rais$ or l[]$ all toge!r1 & support$ at any desir$ height4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,sil5t ,,dis*>ge ,,on ,,*lor9e4 ,argu+ f ! fact t oxyg5 gas1 :5 subject$ to ! sil5t dis*>ge1 p>tially und]goes cond5sation into ozone1 x seem$ possible1 says ,mr4 ,h4,m4 ,v]non1 9 ! ,*emical ,news1 t o!r elem5t>y gases1 z *lor9e & brom9e vapor1 might und]go an analog\s *ange :5 subject$ to ! same treatm5t4 ,a glass tube1 ) a ,u-%ap$ index ( f9e bore glass tub+1 0 fill$ ) purifi$ & dri$ *lor9e4 ,aft] pass+ a curr5t ( ! gas ?r\gh ! tube = "s "t1 ! end 0 seal$ 9 ! bl[pipe flame4 ,! tube 0 !n w>m$ slightly1 & a few bubbles ( gas ?us driv5 out4 ,! end ( ! index tube dipp$ "u /rong sulphuric acid saturat$ ) *lor9e gas1 s t1 on cool+1 a %ort column ( ! acid 0 drawn up4 ,?is s]v$ z an index = any *anges ( volume :i* might take place 9 ! *lor9e 9 ! tube4 ,a sil5t dis*>ge ( electricity 0 !n pass$4 ,! volume ( ! gas 0 obs]v$ to increase slightly1 b aft]w>d x rema9$ q con/ant1 ev5 aft] ! dis*>ge _h be5 pass$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,we may !re=e conclude t no allotropic *ange takes place :5 *lor9e gas is subject$ to ! sil5t dis*>ge ( electricity1 ! initial increase ( volume be+ m]ely due to ! heat+ effect ! dis*>ge has ^u ! gas4 ,into ano!r simil> tube1 fill$ ) *lor9e1 0 introduc$ a small quantity ( liquid brom9e4 ,! tube ?us conta9$ *lor9e saturat$ ) brom9e vapor4 ,! sil5t dis*>ge on be+ pass$ ?r\gh ?is tube did n produce any diff]5t effect ?an = *lor9e alone4 ,s we may conclude t brom9e vapor also does n und]go any allotropic cond5sation :5 subject$ to ! influ5ce ( a sil5t dis*>ge ( electricity4 ,! fact t oxyg5 gas is capable ( und]go+ cond5sation :ile *lor9e & brom9e are n is easily expla9$4 ,! oxyg5 atom1 be+ dival5t1 is capable ( unit+ itself to two o!r atoms ( oxyg5 or o!r elem5ts1 & ?us ) oxyg5 =m+ ozone4 ,! atoms ( *lor9e & brom9e1 h[ev]1 be+ only monoval5t1 h all _! aff9ity satisfi$ :5 !y are unit$ to a s+le o!r atom ( *lor9e & brom9e4 ,x is n possible1 !re=e1 t cond5sation c take place if ! atoms rema9 monoval5t4 ,hydrog5 gas & iod9e vapor are 9 a simil> mann] deb>r$ f und]go+ cond5sation4 ,mr4 ,v]non1 !re=e1 comes to ! conclusion t x is mo/ improbable t any o!r elem5t b oxyg5 w be f\nd capable ( und]go+ molecul> cond5sation :5 9 ! gase\s /ate & subject$ to ! sil5t dis*>ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e/imat+ ,,c>bon ,,9 ,,organic ,,sub/ances4 ,,by ,j4 ,,mess+]4 ,?is is an improvem5t on ! au?or's me?od ( two ye>s ago4 ,! me?od is n[ applicable to comp\nds ) :i* previ\sly l[ results 7 obta9$4 ,! sub/ance is weigh$ into a small tube #bd mm4 long & #aa mm4 wide1 & is !n introduc$ into ! decomposition flask1 :i* conta9s #f to #h grms4 ( *romic acid1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! *romic acid does n come into contact ) ! sub/ance "u analysis4 ,! decomposition flask is fitt$ ) a ?i/le funnel1 & is connect$ to ! rev]s$ cond5s] & app>atus %[n 9 ! figure4 ,fifty c4c4 ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid are run into ! flask4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! op]ation a g5tle curr5t ( air 7free f c>bon dioxide7 is pass$ ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,! asbe/os plate und]nea? ! flask is !n w>m$1 & ?us ! flask & cont5ts are w>m$ by radiant heat f ! plate alone until ! sulphuric acid d>k5s4 ,at ?is po9t1 :]e decomposition ( ! organic sub/ance beg9s1 ! flame is entirely remov$4 ,! c>bon dioxide 7) "s c>bon monoxide7 passes ?r\gh ! cond5s] & !n ov] a heat$ mixture ( copp] oxide & lead *romate conta9$ 9 a tube #ae cm4 long4 ,! gas 7,,co#b7 !n passes ?r\gh a ,u-tube1 9 "o limb ( :i* is sulphuric acid1 9 ! o!r glacial phosphoric acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,c>bon ,,9 ,,organic ,,sub/ances4 ,?us dri$ x passes ?r\gh weigh$ pota% bulbs1 aft] :i* is plac$ = safety a small tube conta9+ soda lime & phosphoric acid4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 w>m+ may be once m proce$$ ) 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 & aft] ab\t two & "o-half h\rs ! asbe/os plate may be plac$ directly bel[ ! flask1 & m /rongly heat$4 ,! :ole op]ation is v easily c>ri$ out1 & ne$s no wat*+4 ,) sub/ances conta9+ halog5s1 x is advisable to place1 aft] ! copp] oxide tube1 a small wa%+ flask conta9+ potassium iodide solution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,race ,,( ,,dw>f ,,dahlias4 ,! dahlia has held a prom95t place among g>d5 fl[]s = _m ye>s1 & x has receiv$ new life 9 ! acquisition ( a section little expect$ by cultivators1 b peculi>ly welcome4 ,?is class is ! outcome ( mu* pati5t "w on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,t4,w4 ,girdle/one1 ! well kn[n secret>y ( ! ,national ,dahlia ,society1 :o has = "s "t pa/ devot$ mu* "t to ! improvem5t ( ! s+le v>ieties4 ,we _h ! pleasure a %ort "t s9ce ( receiv+ a photograph ( ?is dw>f section ( dahlias f ,messrs4 ,j4 ,*eal ,sons1 ( ,crawley1 :o h pur*as$ ! /ock1 & ?is we h _h engrav$1 z x conveys an excell5t idea ( ! height ( ! plant & ! pr(usion ) :i* ! fl[]s are produc$4 ,! photograph 0 also ( int]e/ z conta9+ a portrait ( ,mr4 ,girdle/one1 :i* we are sure w be welcome to _m ( our read]s4 ,! plants ( ?is race are v dw>f1 n exce$+ twelve in*es 9 height1 bu%y1 spread+ & exce$+ly free 9 fl[]+1 ! range ( v>ieties be+ at pres5t limit$ to twelve4 ,! blooms are ( m$ium size1 & ! colors are di/9ct & ri*1 m p>ticul>ly ! sc>let & crimson %ades1 :i* c be employ$ to imm5se advantage 9 ! fl[] g>d54 ,! heavy =mal %[ v>ieties are ( little value = plant+ 9 trim b$s & bord]s4 ,_m ( ! decorative or cactus v>ieties are too co>se 9 gr[? to be ( mu* value 9 ! fl[] g>d54 ,!re=e1 ?is ,liliputian race %\ld f9d favor ) ^? :o wi% = %[y & novel effects 9 ! g>d5 dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tom ,,?umb ,,s+le ,,dahlias4 ,!re are no peculi>ities ( culture to cont5d )1 & ! unusually dw>f habit ( ! plants specially fits !m = comp>ative small b$s & bord]s4 ,"o good way w\ld be to fill a s+le b$ ) "o or m decid$ colors1 z is n[ done ) ! tub]\s begonia1 = ! reason t ^! dahlias h fl[]s simil> 9 size to ^? ( ! tall-gr[+ s+le v>ieties1 & be> !m on /iff /alks well above ! /ems4 ,a mass ( ! crimson v>iety w\ld produce a ri* gl[ ( color inf9itely f9] ?an a mixture ( undecid$ hues4 ,we anticipate a high degree ( popul>ity = ^! dw>f s+le or ,tom ,?umb dahlias1 & !re is a possibility ( d\ble v>ieties equally dw>f :i* w\ld be also welcome4 ,! great fault ( ! majority ( dahlias already 9 cultivation is ! tall habit ( ! plants1 b "h we h dw>fness1 a pr(usion ( f9ely =m$ fl[]s1 & v>i$ & attractive colors4--,! ,g>d5]s' ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,w9nebago ,,arts4 ,9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces an ab/ract is giv5 ( a pap] on ! above1 read by ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,/>r3 ,x is well kn[n t a tribe may h peculi>ities 9 spee*1 9 mann]s1 9 arts1 t di/+ui% x at once f its neighbors4 ,! ,haida c>ves slate z no o!r tribe does4 ,! elegant blankets ( m\nta9 %eep wool f ,*ilcat are *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,hebrews te/$ ! enemy ) ! ^w %ibbole?1 & f\nd t he c\ld only say sibbole?4 ,a twi/ ( ! tongue 9 pron\nc+ a ^w is a small matt]1 b1 small z x is1 x may be p]petuat$ = ages4 ,su* a p]petuation ( a tribal peculi>ity has be5 aptly call$ an e?nic survival4 ,"s ( ! advanc$ l+ui/s ( ! pres5t day are beg9n+ to qu]y :e!r ! gr\p ( mod]n languages ( ! ,aryan family are n examples ( su* e?nic survival2 :e!r ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,fr5* & ,italian & ,spani%1 ,lat91 ,greek & ,slavonic1 are n due to ! difficulty v>i\s anci5t tribes f\nd 9 le>n+ to speak ! same new & =eign language4 ,to draw an example ( e?nic survival f ano!r field ( sci5ce1 consid] ! art ( ! ,fr5* cave m54 ,! ar*ologi/ f9ds 9 ! cav]ns bones ( v>i\s mammals1 tee? ( cave be>1 & antl]s ( re9de] c>v$ ) animal figures4 ,! art is good = a b>b>\s p1 b x is c]ta9ly b>b>ian art4 ,! range ( designs is q great3 horses1 be>s1 mammo?s1 re9de]1 are among ! figures4 ,! p :o did ?is "w 7 an arti/ic p4 ,to c>ve & repres5t animal =ms 0 almo/ a mania ) !m4 ,an e?nic impulse seems to h driv5 !m on to su* "w1 j z a simil> impulse drives ! ,haida slate c>v] to-day2 j z a simil> impulse has driv5 ! ,bu%man to cov] ! walls ( 8 caves 9 ,s\? ,africa ) pictures ^: boldness & fidelity are ! amazem5t ( all :o see !m4 ,we h1 !n1 9 ! ,fr5* cave dwell]s a p :o _h a well def9$ art1 & :o1 z art work]s1 7 isolat$ & unlike all neighbors4 ,an em95t ,engli% sci5ti/ believes t nei!r !y nor _! art are gone4 ,!re is a p :o to-day lives mu* z a cave man ( ,france liv$ s long ago1 :o hunts & fi%es z he did1 :o dresses z he did1 :o builds h\ses 9 ^: ar*itecture "s ?9k !y c see evid5ce ( a cav]n orig9al1 :o above all /ill c>ves batons f ivory1 & implem5ts f bone1 adorn+ !m ) skillfully cut figures ( animals & sc5es f ! *ase4 ,?is p is ! ,eskimo4 ,if ,dawk9s' view is true1 we h 9 ! ,eskimo c>v+s ( to-day a true e?nic survival--an outcropp+ ( ! same passion :i* display$ itself 9 ! mammo? c>v+ ( ,la ,madela9e4 ,sc>cely any?+ 9 ! range ( ,am]ican antiquities has caus$ m wond] & l$ to m discussion ?an ! animal m\nds ( ,wiscons94 ,we d n pret5d to expla9 _! purpose4 ,p]haps !y 7 village gu>dians2 p]haps tribal totems m>k+ t]ritorial limits2 "s may h be5 ( use z game drives2 "s may ev5 h s]v$ z feti* help]s 9 ! hunt1 l ! prey gods ( ,zui4 ,we may nev] "k _! full mean+4 ,x is suffici5t "h = me to rem9d y :at !y are & :]e4 ,!y are ne>ly conf9$ to a belt ( mod]ate wid? /ret*+ ?r\gh ,wiscons9 & ov]lapp+ into ,m9nesota & ,i[a4 ,)9 ?is area !y occur by hundr$s4 ,dr4 ,lapham publi%$ a great "w on ! effigy m\nds 9 #ahee1 9 :i* he gave ! results ( _m accurate surveys & describ$ _m int]e/+ localities4 ,s9ce 8 "t no "o has paid s mu* att5tion to ! effigies z ,/eph5 ,d4 ,peet1 editor ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 ^: articles h dur+ ?is ye> be5 pres5t$ 9 book =m4 ,mr4 ,peet has paid mu* att5tion to ! k9d ( animals repres5t$1 & has1 x seems to u1 m ne>ly solv$ ! "q ?an any "o else4 ,he recognizes f\r classes ( animals--l& animals or quadrup$ mammals1 always %[n 9 pr(ile2 amphibians1 always %[n z sprawl+1 ) all f\r feet repres5t$2 birds1 recogniz$ by _! w+s2 & fi%es1 *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( limbs ( any k9d4 ,! l& animals are subdivid$ into horn$ graz]s & fur be>]s4 ,( ! _m species he claims to f9d1 x seems to u ! mo/ satisfactorily id5tifi$ are ! buffalo1 moose1 de]1 or elk2 ! pan!r1 be>1 fox1 wolf & squirrel2 ! liz>d & turtle2 ! eagle1 hawk1 owl1 goose & crane2 & fi%es4 ,"o or two man m\nds are kn[n1 al?\gh mo/ ( ^? s-call$ are bird m\nds--ei!r ! hawk or ! owl4 ,sometimes1 too1 composite m\nds are f\nd4 ,nor are ^! m\nds all t are f\nd4 ,occasionally ! same =ms are f\nd 9 intaglio1 cut into ! gr\nd in/ead ( be+ built above x1 b j z c>efully & arti/ically made4 ,notice1 9 addition to ! =m ( ^! /range e>? works1 t !y are s skillfully done t ! attitude frequ5tly sugge/s action or mood4 ,nor are !y plac$ at r&om1 b are m or less 9 h>mony ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,rememb]1 too1 _! great numb] & _! l>ge size--a man #bad feet long1 a bea/ #afj feet long1 ) a tail measur+ #cbj feet1 a hawk #bdj feet 9 expanse ( w+4 ,!y are unique4 ,to be sure1 !re are 9 ,ohio ?ree effigies1 9 ,georgia two1 & 9 ,dakota "s b[ld] mosaics 9 animal =m4 ,none ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are l ! ,wiscons9 type4 ,! alligator & s]p5t ( ,ohio are diff]5t 9 location & /ructure f ! ,wiscons9 m\nds1 & are ( designs peculi>4 ,! bird m\nd 9 ! ,new>k circle is m l a ,wiscons9 effigy1 b is associat$ ) a type ( works n f\nd 9 ! effigy region4 ,! birds ( ,georgia are diff]5t 9 conception1 9 mat]ial1 & 9 build4 ,! mosaics ( ,dakota are simply outl9es ( loose b[ld]s4 ,x seems to u t ! effigy build]s ( ,wiscons9 7 a peculi> tribe1 unlike _! m\nd-build+ neighbors 9 ,ohio or ! ,s\?2 t !y 7 a p ) a passion = repres5t+ animal figures4 ,?is passion work$ itself out 9 ^! e>? /ructures4 ,t a s+le tribe %\ld be ?us isolat$ 9 s rem>kable a cu/om is no m /range ?an t ! ,haida %\ld c>ve slate or ! ,bu%man draw 8 pictures on 8 cav]n walls4 ,:o 7 ! effigy build]s8 ,?is is a "q (t5 ask$ & v>i\sly answ]$4 ,"s writ]s w\ld ref] !m to ! ,w9nebagoes1 or1 if n to !m directly1 to "s ,dakota /ock f :i* ! ,w9nebagoes h desc5d$4 ,=m]ly ,i 0 a frequ5t visitor to ! ,sac & ,fox ,res]vation 9 ,i[a4 ,ab\t #djj ( ! tribe are left4 ,to an unusual degree !y reta9 ! old dress1 language1 arts & dances4 ,) !m liv$ a few ,w9nebagoes4 ,9 g5]al ! lives ( ! two peoples are simil>4 ,c]ta9 arts common to bo? ( !m p>ticul>ly int]e/$ me4 ,!y are ! mak+ ( sacks ( b>ks & cords1 & ! weav+ ( bead b&s = legs & arms1 ^u ! ci-bo-hi-kan4 ,( ! b>k sacks !re are sev]al patt]ns1 ! simple/ be+ made ( spl9ts ( b>k pass+ alt]nately ov] & "u ea* o!r4 ,ano!r k9d1 f> m elaborate 9 con/ruction1 is be=e y4 ,yet m elaborate ones are made entirely ( cords4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ,i saw 0 9 old ,j5nie ,dav5port's wikiup4 ,x 0 ( :ite & black cords1 & ! black ones 7 s manipulat$ z to =m a patt]n--a l9e ( human figures /ret*+ across ! sack4 ,j5nie w\ld n sell x1 z %e said1 ,x is a ,w9nebago woman's sack2 ,fox woman n make t k9d4 ,i f\nd aft]w>d a l>ge v>iety ( ^! ,w9nebago sacks1 & all 7 *>act]iz$ by patt]ns ( m51 de]1 turtles1 or o!r animals4 ,n "o ,fox sack ( su* patt]n 0 to be f\nd1 ?\gh _m elaborate & beautiful geometrical designs 7 %[n me4 ,! mo/ beautiful "w done on ?is res]vation is ! bead weav+ on ! ci-bo-hi-kan--wov5 "w1 n sew$1 rememb]4 ,9 appe>ance ! result is l ! ,iroquois wampum belts1 b ! managem5t ( ! ?reads is dissimil>4 ,! ,sac & ,fox patt]ns are frequ5tly complex & beautiful1 b always geometrical4 ,we h se5 hundr$s ( !m1 b none ) life =ms4 ,! ,w9nebago belts1 made 9 exactly ! same way1 frequ5tly1 if n always1 pres5t animals or birds or human be+s4 ,?is1 x seems to u1 is v curi\s4 ,"h are p ( two tribes liv+ side by side1 ) ! same mode ( life & ! same arts1 b 9 _! art designs s div]se4 ,x is a case p>allel to t ( ! old effigy build]s1 a p :o h a passion = depict+ animal =ms--a passion n %>$ by _! neighbors4 ,if ?is 7 ! only evid5ce t ! ,w9nebagoes built ! effigy m\nds1 or t _! ance/ors did s1 x w\ld h no great weight4 ,b ! claim has be5 made already on o!r gr\nds4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we ?9k t ?is adds some?+ to ! te/imony1 & we ask1 ,h we "h an e?nic survival8 ,at ! close ( ! pap] ,dr4 ,/>r exhibit$ a numb] ( f9e specim5s ( ,indian h&iwork1 includ+ wov5 "w1 bags1 belts1 etc4 ,dr4 ,newb]ry expla9$ t ^! m\nds 7 n sepul*ral1 l _m o!rs 9 ! ,ohio & ,mississippi valleys4 ,geologically speak+1 man is v rec5t4 ,! e>ly inhabitants ( ,am]ica may h orig9ally come f ! ,ea/1 b1 if s1 !y 7 cut (f f t "p ( ! _w at a v e>ly date4 ,! developm5t ( ! tribes 9 ,am]ica 0 complete & f>-rea*+4 ,copp] & lead m9es 7 work$1 ! =e/s remov$1 & l>ge tracts giv5 ov] to ! cultivation ( corn1 gra91 etc4 ,?is 0 ! m\nd age1 & ! con/ructions 7 c]ta9ly ab&on$ ov] "o ?\s& ye>s s9ce4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians n[ exi/+ 9 ,arizona & ,new ,mexico took _! orig9 f ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & spread z f> nor? z ,salt ,lake1 ,utah1 & s\? z f> z ,*ili4 ,_! /ructures 7 p]man5t /one build+s1 _m ( :i* /ill exi/ 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,pr(essor ,munroe f\nd rocks on ! ,ohio riv]1 ne> ! ,p5nsylvania l9e1 inscrib$ ) figures ( m51 horses & o!r animals4 ,at l[ wat] ^! figures c be di/9ctly obs]v$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,consumption4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4,s4 ,,*ri/ison1 ,*icago4 ,a proclamation by an em95t physician t he has discov]$ a specific cure = consumption 9 its mo/ preval5t & insidi\s =m1 kn[n z tub]culosis1 might well create a deep & univ]sal int]e/1 s9ce !re are comp>atively few ( u t d n h ?is deadly enemy )9 ! limits ( our c\s9 k9%ip4 ,& if ,g]man slaught] h\se /ati/ics are to be tak5 z repres5tative1 no less ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( our dome/icat$ horn$ cattle are a prey to ! same disease1 ?\gh seldom discov]$ dur+ life4 ,?is fact w\ld sugge/ t tub]cul> consumption is /ill m preval5t 9 ! human family ?an has yet be5 suppos$1 & t _m c>ry x "u ! cov] ( o!r maladies4 ,b un=tunately = any hope = a specific rem$y1 ! prepond]ance ( evid5ce po9ts to ! fact t consumption is mu* m a product ( individual habits & social & climatical conditions ?an a resultant ( any "o ag5cy4 ,inde$1 ! causative evils may v>y n only 9 _! degree1 b also 9 _! numb] & ord] ( action 9 ! p]iod ( its evolution4 ,if x 7 h]$it>y 9 ! s5se t x is transmitt$ by ! blood z a specific g]m or virus1 !n ! (fspr+ ( consumptives w\ld h an att5uat$ =m ( ! disease1 :i*1 by reason+ f analogy1 ought to secure !m exemption f any fur!r dang] along t l9e4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,b if we say a special fitness is inh]it$1 !n we c und]/& h[ ! (fspr+ ( consumptives are prone to develop x1 s9ce !y are n only born ) h]$it>y qualifications1 b n infrequ5tly !y are cradl$ amid ! v ag5cies :i* fo/]$ ! evil 9 _! p>5ts1 if1 inde$1 !y 7 n prim>ily causative4 ,t ! contribution ( h]$ity to consumption is great is und\bt$ly ! case1 &1 m ?an any o!r factor1 x w\ld seem to h a direct+ p[] 9 ! army ( induc+ evils4 ,b ! fact t ! great] numb] ( ! (fspr+ ( consumptives escape ! disease1 ev5 :]e ! g5]al family resemblance is q pron\nc$1 is readily expla9$ by ! diff]5ce 9 p]sonal habits1 ! circum/ances ( diff]5t p]iods or ! dome/ic regulations in/itut$ by m$ical c\nsel4 ,also ! fact t consumptives s frequ5tly spr+ f neurotic p>5tage & ! victims ( dissipation1 especially alcoholic1 /ill f>!r goes to %[ t ! h]$it>y elem5t is ess5tially a r$uc$ p[] ( resi/ance to =mative evils1 & t z a negative condition x may hold ! balance ( p[] 9 focus+ ! =ces4 ,?us1 h]$ity1 9 disease1 c be und]/ood z 9 no s5se imply+ a specific =ce1 b r an atonic or susceptible condition1 v>y+ 9 its precise "* & produc+ a p>s m9oris resi/5ti--a special weakness 9 a special way4 ,t ! g]m bacillus does n orig9ate consumption !re c be no d\bt1 unless consumption is n to be reg>d$ z a disease until x is full fl$g$1 = o!rwise ! g]m w\ld be pres5t 9 ! e>li] =mations1 z well z ! lat]1 :i*1 accord+ to good au?ority1 is n ! case4 ,b t ?is p>asite has a special aff9ity = consumptive tissue !re is no "q1 & t x ?rives !re9 ) great rapidity1 ha/5+ retrogressive *anges1 is also to be grant$4 ,b1 z yet1 ?is is all we are entitl$ to believe4 ,we ?us see t ! l9es ( successful treatm5t mu/ be bo? con/itutional & local2 t ! con/itutional _c be specific1 & ! /rictly local _c be curative4 ,! con/itutional mu/ be ( a negative & positive "*1 hav+ reg>d to ! support ( ! heal?y remnant1 & :i* w require correction ( any defici5cy :atsoev] 9 ord] to remove ! morbid con/itutional habit4 ,! local w be cleans+ ( ! affect$ organs f ! g]ms & morbid products4 ,! evid5t selective aff9ity ( ,ko*'s lymph = tub]cul\s tissue may enable x1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to effectually seal ! art]ial capill>ies ab\t ! affect$ p>ts1 ow+ to ! int5se vaso-motor di/urbance produc$4 ,?is w\ld />ve ! g]ms1 :i*1 ) ! tub]cul> matt]1 may be expectorat$ ?r\gh ! moi/ure & motion ( ! lungs4 ,9 incipi5t cases ! tub]cles might be z readily absorb$ z catgut ligature1 & ! g]ms1 if any1 fall to phagocytic prey4 ,! ,ko* lymph is evid5tly n a poison to ! g]ms1 & probably has no o!r action on ! affect$ organs ?an t ( an irritant1 hav+ a selective aff9ity by virtue ( ! k9%ip ) its cont5ts4 ,?is !ory ( its action is support$ by our common k ( ! p[] ( pyog5ic ag5ts to awak5 old or slumb]+ inflammations1 & ! fact t septic fev]s1 su* z small-pox1 h be5 kn[n to leave ! consumptives ) ! la/ /ages free f e symptom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,magaz9e ,( ,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,l>ge/ ,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t4 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,eng9e]+ ,,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4