available by ! ,biblio?que nationale de 
,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at            
http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr         ,,!     
,,works  ,,(  ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable      
,,edmund ,,burke   ,,9 ,,twelve         
,,volumes  ,,volume ,,! ,,six?          
,illu/ration3 ,burke ,coat ( ,arms4     
,,london ,,john ,c4 ,,nimmo #ad1 ,,k+   
,,william ,,/reet1 ,,/r&1 ,w4,c4        
,,mdccclxxxvii     ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 
,,vi4   ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second     
,,po/hum\s ,,volume1 ,,9 ,a ,,lett] ,,to
 ,,! ,,"r   ,,hon4 ,,william ,,elliot   
v  ,,f\r? ,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,proposals  
,,= ,,peace ,,) ,,! ,,regicide          
,,directory   ,,( ,,france2 ,,) ,,!     
,,prelim9>y ,,correspond5ce             
#a  ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,empress ,,(      
,,russia1 ,novemb] #a1 #agia            
#aac  ,,lett] ,,to ,,sir ,,*>les        
,,b+ham1 ,,b>t41 ,,on ,,! ,,iri%        
,,abs5tee ,,tax1   ,octob] #cj1 #aggc   
#aba  ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,hon4 ,,*>les   
,,james ,,fox1 ,,on ,,! ,,am]ican ,,w>1 
,octob] #h1 #aggg                       

#ace  ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,m>quis ,,(     
,,rock+ham1 ,,) ,,addresses ,,to ,,!    
,,k+1   ,,& ,,! ,,briti% ,,coloni/s ,,9 
,,nor? ,,am]ica1 ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,!
   ,,measures ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,!    
,,am]ican ,,conte/1 ,,& ,a ,,propos$    
,,secession ,,( ,,! ,,opposition ,,f    
,,p>liam5t1 ,janu>y1 #aggg         #adi 
,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,edmund   
,s4 ,,p]ry1 ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,a      
,,bill   ,,= ,,! ,,relief ,,( ,,!       
,,roman ,,ca?olics ,,( ,,irel&1 ,july   
#ah1 #aggh    #aig  ,,two ,,lett]s ,,to 
,,?omas ,,burgh1 ,,esq41 ,,& ,,john     
,,m]lott1 ,,esq41 ,,9   ,,v9dication ,,(
 ,,8 ,,p>liam5t>y ,,conduct ,,relative  
,,to ,,! ,,affairs   ,,( ,,irel&1 #aghj 
#bjg  ,,lett]s ,,& ,,reflections ,,on   
,,! ,,executions ,,( ,,! ,,riot]s ,,9   
#aghj     #bci  ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,"r   
,,hon4 ,,h5ry ,,dundas3 ,,) ,,! ,,sket* 
,,( ,a ,,negro   ,,code1 #agib          
#bee  ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,*airman ,,( ,,!
 ,,buck+ham%ire ,,meet+1 ,,held ,,at    
,,aylesbury1 ,,april #ac1 #aghj1 ,,on   

,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,p>liam5t>y   ,,re=m 
#bia  ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,a ,,tract         
,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,laws ,,aga9/      
,,pop]y ,,9 ,,irel&  #bii  ,,lett] ,,to 
,,william ,,smi?1 ,,esq41 ,,on ,,!      
,,subject ,,( ,,ca?olic                 
,,emancipation1 ,janu>y #bi1 #agie      
#cfa  ,,second ,,lett] ,,to ,,sir       
,,h]cules ,,langri%e1 ,,on ,,! ,,ca?olic
 ,,"q1   ,may #bf1 #agie                
#cge  ,,lett] ,,to ,,ri*>d ,,burke1     
,,esq41 ,,on ,,prote/ant ,,asc5d5cy ,,9 
,,irel&1   #agic                        
#che  ,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,affairs ,,(    
,,irel&1 #agig                          
#dac     ,,preface  ,,to ,,! ,,second   
,,po/hum\s ,,volume1#a  ,,9 ,a ,,lett]  
,,to  ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,william ,,elliot
   ,my de> sir1--,z "s prefatory acc\nt 
( ! mat]ials :i* compose ?is second     
po/hum\s volume ( ! ,works ( ,mr4       
,burke1 & ( ! causes :i* h prev5t$ its  
e>li] appe>ance1 w be expect$ f me1 ,i  
hope ,i may be indulg$ 9 ! incl9ation ,i
 feel to run ov] ^! matt]s 9 a lett] to 

y1 r ?an 9 a =mal address to ! public4  
,( ! delay t has int]v5$ s9ce !         
publication ( ! =m] volume ,i %all fir/ 
say a few words4 ,hav+ und]tak51 9      
conjunction ) ! late ,dr4 ,laur5ce1 to  
exam9e ! manuscript pap]s ( ,mr4 ,burke1
 & to select & prep>e = ! press su* ( !m
 z %\ld be ?\ght prop] = publication1 ! 
difficulties att5d+ our cop]ation 7 soon
 exp]i5c$ by u4 ,! remot5ess ( our      
places ( resid5ce 9 summ]1 & our        
pr(essional & o!r avocations 9 w9t]1    
oppos$ p]petual ob/acles to ! progress (
 our und]tak+4  ,soon aft] ! publication
 ( ! f\r? volume1 ,i 0 r5d]$ incapable (
 att5d+ to any bus9ess by a sev]e &     
t$i\s illness4 ,& x 0 n long aft] my    
recov]y be=e ! heal? ( our invaluable   
fri5d began gradually to decl9e1 & soon 
became unequal to ! increas+ labors ( 8 
pr(ession & ! dis*>ge ( 8 ,p>liam5t>y   
duties4 ,at l5g? we lo/ a man1 ( :om1 z 
,i %all h occasion to speak m p>ticul>ly
 9 ano!r "p ( ?is und]tak+1 ,i w n[     
cont5t myself ) say+1 t 9 my humble     

op9ion he m]it$1 & c]ta9ly obta9$ ) ^?  
be/ acqua9t$ ) 8 ext5sive le>n+ &       
in=mation1 a consid]able rank among/ !  
em95t p]sons :o h adorn$ ! age 9 :i* we 
h liv$1 & ( ^: s]vices ! public h be5   
depriv$ by a premature dea?4  ,f ^!     
causes little progress _h be5 made 9 our
 "w :5 ,i 0 depriv$ ( my coadjutor4 ,b f
 t "t y c te/ify ( me t ,i h n be5 idle4
 ,y c be> witness to ! confus$ /ate 9   
:i* ! mat]ials t compose ! pres5t volume
 came into my h&s4 ,! difficulty ( read+
 _m ( ! manuscripts1 obscur$ by         
innum]able erasures1 corrections1       
int]l9eations1 & m>g9al ins]tions1 w\ld 
p]haps h be5 insup]able to any p]son    
less conv]sant 9 ! manuscripts ( ,mr4   
,burke ?an myself4 ,to ?is difficulty   
succe$$ t ( select+ f sev]al deta*$     
pap]s1 writt5 ^u ! same subject & ! same
 topics1 su* z appe>$ to conta9 !       
au?or's la/ ?\ghts & em5dations4 ,:5 ^! 
difficulties 7 ov]come1 !re /ill rema9$1
 9 _m in/ances1 t ( assign+ its prop]   
place to _m deta*$ memb]s ( ! same      

piece1 :]e no direct note ( connection  
_h be5 made4 ,^! circum/ances1 :il/ !y w
 lead ! read] n to expect1 9 ! cases to 
:i* !y apply1 ! f9i%$ productions ( ,mr4
 ,burke1 impos$ ^u me a task ( great    
delicacy & difficulty1--namely1 t (     
decid+ ^u ! publication ( any1 & :i*1 ( 
^! unf9i%$ pieces4 ,i mu/ "h beg        
p]mission ( y1 & ,"l ,fitzwilliam1 to   
in=m ! public1 t 9 ! execution ( ?is "p 
( my duty ,i reque/$ & obta9$ y\r       
assi/ance4  ,our fir/ c>e 0 to asc]ta91 
f su* evid5ce1 int]nal & ext]nal1 z !   
manuscripts !mselves af=d$1 :at pieces  
appe>$ to h be5 at any "t int5d$ by !   
au?or = publication4 ,our next 0 to     
select su* z1 ?\gh n orig9ally int5d$ = 
publication1 yet appe>$ to conta9 matt] 
t might contribute to ! gratification & 
in/ruction ( ! public4 ,our la/ object 0
 to det]m9e :at degree ( imp]fection &  
incorrectness 9 pap]s ( ei!r ( ^!       
classes ought or ought n to exclude !m f
 a place 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,?is 01     
d\btless1 ! mo/ nice & ardu\s "p ( our  

und]tak+4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 01 9 our
 m9ds1 greatly dim9i%$ by our conviction
 t ! reputation ( our au?or /ood f>     
beyond ! rea* ( injury f any injudici\s 
conduct ( ours 9 mak+ ?is selection4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 we 7 desir\s t no?+ %\ld be  
)held1 f :i* ! public might d]ive any   
possible b5efit4  ,no?+ m is n[ necess>y
 ?an t ,i %\ld give a %ort acc\nt ( !   
writ+s :i* compose ! pres5t volume4     
,i4 ,f\r? ,lett] on a ,regicide ,peace4 
,"s acc\nt has already be5 giv5 ( ?is   
,lett] 9 ! ,adv]tisem5t to ! f\r? qu>to 
volume4#b ,t "p ( x :i* is conta9$      
betwe5 ! fir/ & ! middle ( ! page #fgc  
is tak5 f a manuscript :i*1 ne>ly to !  
conclusion1 _h receiv$ ! au?or's la/    
corrections3 ! subsequ5t "p1 to ! middle
 ( ! page #ga1d is tak5 f "s loose      
manuscripts1 t 7 dictat$ by ! au?or1 b d
 n appe> to h be5 revis$ by him2 & ?\gh 
!y1 z well z :at foll[s to ! conclusion1
 7 evid5tly design$ to make a "p ( ?is  
,lett]1 ! editor alone is responsible = 
! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h plac$4 ,! la/ "p1

 f ! middle ( ! page #ga1 _h be5 pr9t$ z
 a "p ( ! ,lett] :i* 0 orig9ally int5d$ 
to be ! ?ird on ,regicide ,peace1 z 9 ! 
preface to ! f\r? volume has already be5
 notic$4  ,x 0 ?\ght prop] to           
communicate ?is ,lett] be=e its         
publication to ,"l ,auckl&1 ! au?or ( ! 
pamphlet s frequ5tly allud$ to 9 x4 ,8  
,lord%ip1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is            
communication1 0 pleas$ to put into my  
h&s a lett] ) :i* he _h s5t 8 pamphlet  
to ,mr4 ,burke at ! "t ( its            
publication1 & ,mr4 ,burke's answ] to t 
lett]4 ,^! pieces1 toge!r ) ! note ) :i*
 8 ,lord%ip transmitt$ !m to me1 are    
prefix$ to ! ,lett] on ,regicide ,peace4
  ,,ii4 ,lett] to ! ,empress ( ,russia4 
,,iii4 ,lett] to ,sir ,*>les ,b+ham4    
,,iv4 ,lett] to ! ,honorable ,*>les     
,james ,fox4  ,( ^! ,lett]s x w be      
suffici5t to rem>k1 t !y come "u !      
second ( ^? classes into :i*1 z ,i be=e 
obs]v$1 we divid$ ! pap]s t pres5t$     
!mselves to our consid]ation4  ,v4      
,lett] to ! ,m>quis ( ,rock+ham4 ,,vi4  

,an ,address to ! ,k+4 ,,vii4 ,an       
,address to ! ,briti% ,coloni/s 9 ,nor? 
,am]ica4  ,^! pieces relate to a mo/    
important p]iod 9 ! pres5t reign2 & ,i  
hope no apology w be necess>y = giv+ !m 
to ! public4  ,,viii4 ,lett] to ! ,"r   
,honorable ,edmund ,sexton ,p]y4 ,,ix4  
,lett] to ,?omas ,burgh1 ,esq4 ,x4      
,lett] to ,john ,m]lott1 ,esq4  ,! read]
 w f9d1 9 a note annex$ to ea* ( ^!     
,lett]s1 an acc\nt ( ! occasions on :i* 
!y 7 writt54 ,! ,lett] to ,t4 ,burgh1   
,esq41 _h f\nd its way into "s ( !      
p]iodical pr9ts ( ! "t 9 ,dubl94  ,,xi4 
,reflections on ! ,approa*+ ,executions4
  ,x may n1 p]haps1 n[ be g5]ally kn[n t
 ,mr4 ,burke 0 a m>k$ object ( ! riot]s 
9 ?is disgraceful commotion1 f ^: fury  
he n>r[ly escap$4 ,! ,reflections w be  
f\nd to conta9 maxims ( ! s\nde/        
judicial policy1 & d equal honor to !   
head & he>t ( _! illu/ri\s writ]4       
,,xii4 ,lett] to ! ,"r ,honorable ,h5ry 
,dundas2 ) ! ,sket* ( a ,negro ,code4   
,mr4 ,burke1 9 ! ,lett] to ,mr4 ,dundas1

 has ent]$ fully into 8 own views ( !   
,slave ,trade1 & has !reby r5d]$ any    
fur!r explanation on t subject at pres5t
 unnecess>y4 ,) respect to ! ,code      
itself1 an unsuccessful attempt 0 made  
to procure ! copy ( x transmitt$ to ,mr4
 ,dundas4 ,x 0 n to be f\nd among/ 8    
pap]s4 ,! ,editor has !re=e be5 oblig$  
to h rec\rse to a r\gh draft ( x 9 ,mr4 
,burke's own h&writ+2 f :i* he hopes he 
has succe$$ 9 mak+ a pretty correct     
transcript ( x1 z well z 9 ! attempt he 
has made to supply ! m>g9al ref]5ces    
allud$ to 9 ,mr4 ,burke's ,lett] to ,mr4
 ,dundas4  ,,xiii4 ,lett] to ! ,*airman 
( ! ,buck+ham%ire ,meet+4  ,( ! occasion
 ( ?is ,lett] an acc\nt is giv5 9 ! note
 subjo9$ prefix$ to x4  ,,xiv4 ,tracts &
 ,lett]s relative to ! ,laws aga9/      
,pop]y 9 ,irel&4  ,^! pieces consi/ (1--
  #a4 ,an unf9i%$ ,tract on ! ,pop]y    
,laws4 ,( ?is ,tract ! read] w f9d an   
acc\nt 9 ! note prefix$ to x4  #b4 ,a   
,lett] to ,william ,smi?1 ,esq4 ,sev]al 
copies ( ?is lett] hav+ got abroad1 x 0 

pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 ,dubl9 )\t ! p]mission
 ( ,mr4 ,burke1 or ( ! g5tleman to :om x
 0 address$4  #c4 ,second ,lett] to ,sir
 ,h]cules ,langri%e4 ,?is may be        
consid]$ z supplem5t>y to ! fir/ lett]1 
address$ to ! same p]son 9 ,janu>y1     
#agib1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ?ird volume4#e 
#d4 ,lett] to ,ri*>d ,burke1 ,esq4 ,(   
?is lett] x w be necess>y to obs]ve1 t !
 fir/ "p ( x appe>s to h be5 orig9ally  
address$ by ,mr4 ,burke to 8 son 9 !    
mann] 9 :i* x is n[ pr9t$1 b to h be5   
left unf9i%$2 aft] ^: dea? he probably  
design$ to h giv5 ! sub/ance ( x1 )     
additional obs]vations1 to ! public 9 "s
 o!r =m1 b nev] f\nd leisure or         
incl9ation to f9i% x4  #e4 ,a ,lett] on 
! ,affairs ( ,irel&1 writt5 9 ! ye>     
#agig4 ,! "n ( ! p]son to :om ?is lett] 
0 address$ does n appe> on ! manuscript2
 nor has ! lett] be5 f\nd to :i* x 0    
writt5 z an answ]4 ,& z ! g5tleman :om  
he employ$ z an amanu5sis is n n[ liv+1 
no discov]y ( x c be made1 unless ?is   
publication ( ! lett] %\ld produce "s   

in=mation respect+ x1 t may enable u 9 a
 future volume to gratify1 on ?is po9t1 
! curiosity ( ! read]4 ,! lett] 0       
dictat$1 z he himself tells u1 f 8 c\*  
at ,ba?2 to :i* place he _h gone1 by !  
advice ( 8 physicians1 9 ,m>*1 #agig4 ,8
 heal? 0 n[ rapidly decl9+2 ! vigor ( 8 
m9d rema9$ unimpair$4 ,?is1 my de>      
fri5d1 01 ,i believe1 ! la/ lett]       
dictat$ by him on public affairs3--"h   
end$ 8 political labors4  ,,xv4         
,fragm5ts & ,notes ( ,spee*es 9         
,p>liam5t4  #a4 ,spee* on ! ,acts (     
,uni=mity4  #b4 ,spee* on a ,bill = !   
,relief ( ,prote/ant ,diss5t]s4  #c4    
,spee* on ! ,petition ( ! ,unit>ians4   
#d4 ,spee* on ! ,middlesex ,election4   
#e4 ,spee* on a ,bill = %ort5+ !        
,duration ( ,p>liam5ts4  #f4 ,spee* on !
 ,re=m ( ! ,repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t4  
#g4 ,spee* on a ,bill = expla9+ ! ,p[]s 
( ,juries 9 ,prosecutions = ,libels4    
99#g4 ,lett] relative to ! same subject4
  #h4 ,spee* on a ,bill = repeal+ !     
,m>riage ,act4  #i4 ,spee* on a ,bill to

 quiet ! ,possessions ( ! ,subject aga9/
 ,dormant ,claims ( ! ,*ur*4  ,) respect
 to ^! fragm5ts1 ,i h already /at$ !    
reasons by :i* we 7 influ5c$ 9 our      
det]m9ation to publi% !m4 ,an acc\nt ( !
 /ate 9 :i* ^! manuscripts 7 f\nd is    
giv5 9 ! note prefix$ to ?is article4   
,,xvi4 ,h9ts = an ,essay on ! ,drama4   
,?is fragm5t 0 p]us$ 9 manuscript by a  
le>n$ & judici\s critic1 our late lam5t$
 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,malone2 & "u ! protection 
( 8 op9ion we c feel no hesitation 9    
submitt+ x to ! judgm5t ( ! public4     
,,xvii4 ,we are n[ come to ! conclud+   
article ( ?is volume1--! ,essay on !    
,hi/ory ( ,engl&4  ,at :at "t ( !       
au?or's life x 0 writt5 _c n[ be exactly
 asc]ta9$2 b x 0 c]ta9ly begun be=e he  
_h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 z x  
appe>s f an entry 9 ! books ( ! late    
,mr4 ,dodsley1 t eight %eets ( x1 :i*   
conta9 ! fir/ sev5ty-f\r pages ( !      
pres5t edition1#f 7 pr9t$ 9 ! ye> #ageg4
 ,?is is ! only "p t has receiv$ ! f9i%+
 /roke ( ! au?or4 ,9 ^? :o are acqua9t$ 

) ! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,burke usually     
compos$ 8 grav] lit]>y works1 & ( :i* "s
 acc\nt is giv5 9 ! ,adv]tisem5t prefix$
 to ! f\r? volume1 ?is circum/ance w    
excite a deep regret2 & :il/ ! public   
p>takes ) u 9 ?is feel+1 x w d\btless be
 l$ to judge ) c&or & indulg5ce ( a "w  
left 9 ?is imp]fect & unf9i%$ /ate by   
its au?or4  ,be=e ,i conclude1 x may n  
be improp] to take ?is opportunity (    
acqua9t+ ! public ) ! progress t has be5
 made t[>ds ! completion ( ?is und]tak+4
 ,! six? & sev5? volumes1 :i* w consi/  
entirely ( pap]s t h a relation to !    
affairs ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & to !
 impea*m5t ( ,mr4 ,ha/+s1 are n[ 9 !    
press4 ,! susp5sion ( ! consid]ation ( !
 affairs ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9     
,p>liam5t till its ne/ session has made 
me v desir\s to get ! six? volume out z 
e>ly z possible 9 ! next w9t]4 ,! ,n9? &
 ,elev5? ,reports ( ! ,select           
,committee1 appo9t$ to take into        
consid]ation c]ta9 affairs ( ! ,ea/     
,india ,company 9 ! ye> #aghc1 7 writt5 

by ,mr4 ,burke1 & w be giv5 9 t volume4 
,!y conta9 a full & compreh5sive view ( 
! comm]ce1 rev5ues1 civil e/abli%m5t1 & 
g5]al policy ( ! ,company1 & w !re=e be 
peculi>ly int]e/+ at ?is "t to ! public4
  ,! eigh? & la/ volume w conta9 a      
n>rative ( ! life ( ,mr4 ,burke1 :i* w  
be accompani$ ) su* p>ts ( 8 famili>    
correspond5ce1 & o!r occasional         
productions1 z %all be ?\ght fit =      
publication4#g ,! mat]ials relat+ to !  
e>ly ye>s ( 8 life1 allud$ to 9 !       
,adv]tisem5t to ! f\r? volume1 h be5    
lately recov]$2 & ! communication ( su* 
z may /ill rema9 9 ! possession ( any   
private individuals is aga9 mo/ e>ne/ly 
reque/$4  ,unequal z ,i feel myself to !
 task1 ,i %all1 my de> fri5d1 lose no   
"t1 nor sp>e any pa9s1 9 dis*>g+ !      
ardu\s duty t has devolv$ ^u me4 ,y "k !
 peculi> difficulties ,i labor "u f !   
failure ( my eyesight2 & y may          
congratulate me ^u ! assi/ance :i* ,i h 
n[ procur$ f my neighbor1 ! wor?y       
*apla9#h ( ,bromley ,college1 :o to !   

useful qualification ( a mo/ pati5t     
amanu5sis adds t ( a good s*ol> &       
intellig5t critic4  ,& n[1 adieu1 my de>
 fri5d1  ,& believe me ev]              
affectionately y\rs1  ,,wr4 ,,r(f54     
,,bromley ,,h\se1 ,augu/ #a1 #ahab4     
,,footnotes3  #a ,works1 ,vol4 ,v41     
qu>to edition1 7,london1 ,f41 ,c41  ,j4 
,riv+ton1 #ahab17--,vol4 ,,iv4 ( t      
edition 7,london1 ,f4  ,c4 ,riv+ton1    
#ahjb7 be+ ! fir/ po/hum\s volume1--&   
,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii4 7,london1   
,j4 ,dodsley1 #agib7 compris+ !         
collection publi%$ dur+ ! lifetime (    
,mr4 ,burke4  #b ,prefix$ to ! fir/     
volume1 9 ! o!r editions4 ,= ! acc\nt   
ref]r$ to1 see1 9 ! pres5t edition1     
,vol4 ,i41 pp4 xiii41 xiv4  #c ,page #hf
 ( ! pres5t edition4  #d ,9 ?is edition1
 p4 #ia1 ne> ! top4  #e ,9 ! f\r? volume
 ( ! pres5t edition4  #f ,! qu>to       
edition1--ext5d+ z f> z ,book ,,ii4 *4  
#b1 ne> ! middle ( ! p>agraph comm5c+1  
,! same reg>d to ! welf>e ( ! p1 c4  #g 
,?is design ! editor did n live to      

execute4  #h ,! ,rev4 ,j4,j4 ,talman4   
,,f\r? ,,lett]  ,,on ,,!  ,,proposals   
,,= ,,peace ,,) ,,! ,,regicide          
,,directory ,,( ,,france4  ,,address$   
,,to  ,,! ,,e>l ,,fitzwilliam4 #agie-g4 
,,prelim9>y ,,correspond5ce4  ,lett] f !
 ,"r ,honorable ! ,"l ,auckl& to ! ,"l  
,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]4  ,,ed5 ,,f>m1 ,,k5t1  
,july #ah?1 #ahab4  ,my de> ,"l1--,mr4  
,burke's f\r? lett] to ,"l ,fitzwilliam 
is p]sonally int]e/+ to me3 ,i h p]us$ x
 ) a respectful att5tion4  ,:5 ,i       
communicat$ to ,mr4 ,burke1 9 #agie1 !  
pr9t$ "w :i* he arraigns & discusses1 ,i
 0 aw>e t he w\ld diff] f me4  ,"s light
 is ?r[n on ! transaction by my note :i*
 gave rise to x1 & by 8 answ]1 :i*      
exhibits ! admirable p[]s ( 8 great &   
good m9d1 deeply suff]+ at ! "t "u a    
dome/ic calamity4  ,i h select$ ^! two  
pap]s f my manuscript collection1 & n[  
transmit !m to y\r ,lord%ip ) a wi% t !y
 may be annex$ to ! publication 9 "q4   
,i h ! honor to be1 my de> ,"l1  ,y\rs  
mo/ s9c]ely1  ,,auckl&4  ,,to ,,! ,,"r  

,,rev4 ,,! ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ro*e/]4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,lett] f ,"l ,auckl& to ! ,"r ,honorable
 ,edmund ,burke4   ,,ed5 ,,f>m1 ,,k5t1  
,octob] #bh?1 #agie4  ,my de> ,sir1--   
,?\gh 9 ! /ormy ocean ( ! la/ tw5ty-?ree
 ye>s we h seldom sail$ on ! same tack1 
!re has be5 no?+ ho/ile 9 our signals or
 manoeuvres1 &1 on my "p at lea/1 !re   
has be5 a cordial disposition t[>ds     
fri5dly & respectful s5tim5ts4 ,"u t    
influ5ce1 ,i n[ s5d to y a small "w :i* 
exhibits my fair & full op9ions on !    
ardu\s circum/ances ( ! mom5t1 z f> z ! 
cautions necess>y to be obs]v$ w p]mit  
me to g beyond g5]al ideas4  ,?ree or   
f\r ( ^? fri5ds ) :om ,i am mo/ connect$
 9 public & private life are pleas$ to  
?9k t ! /atem5t 9 "q 7:i* at fir/ made  
"p ( a confid5tial pap]7 may d good1 &  
accord+ly a v l>ge impression w be      
publi%$ to-day4 ,i nei!r seek to av[ !  
publication nor d ,i wi% to disav[ x4 ,i
 h no anxiety 9 t respect1 b to         
contribute my mite to d s]vice1 at a    

mom5t :5 s]vice is mu* want$4  ,i am1 my
 de> ,sir1  ,mo/ s9c]ely y\rs1          
,,auckl&4  ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,edmund ,,burke4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,lett] f ! ,"r ,honorable ,edmund   
,burke to ,"l ,auckl&4  ,my de> ,"l1--  
,i am p]fectly s5sible ( ! v flatt]+    
honor y h done me 9 turn+ any "p ( y\r  
att5tion t[>ds a deject$ old man1 buri$ 
9 ! anticipat$ grave ( a feeble old age1
 =gett+ & =gott5 9 an obscure &         
melan*oly retreat4  ,9 ?is retreat ,i h 
no?+ relative to ?is _w to d1 b to /udy 
all ! tranquillity t 9 ! /ate ( my m9d  
,i am capable (4 ,to t end ,i f9d x b   
too necess>y to call to my aid an       
oblivion ( mo/ ( ! circum/ances1        
pleasant & unpleasant1 ( my life1--to   
?9k z little & inde$ to "k z little z ,i
 c ( ev]y?+ t is do+ ab\t me1--&1 above 
all1 to div]t my m9d f all presag+s &   
progno/ications ( :at ,i mu/ 7if ,i let 
my speculations loose7 consid] z (      
absolute necessity to happ5 aft] my     
dea?1 & possibly ev5 be=e x4 ,y\r       

address to ! public1 :i* y h be5 s good 
z to s5d to me1 obliges me to break 9 ^u
 t plan1 & to look a little on :at is   
beh9d1 & v mu* on :at is be=e me4 ,x    
creates 9 my m9d a v>iety ( ?\ghts1 &   
all ( !m unpleasant4  ,x is true1 my    
,"l1 :at y say1 t1 ?r\gh our public     
life1 we h g5]ally sail$ on some:at     
diff]5t tacks4 ,we h s1 und\bt$ly2 & we 
%\ld d s /ill1 if ,i _h cont9u$ long] to
 keep ! sea4 ,9 t diff]5ce1 y rightly   
obs]ve t ,i h always done ju/ice to y\r 
skill & ability z a navigator1 & to y\r 
good int5tions t[>ds ! safety ( ! c>go &
 ( ! %ip's company4 ,i _c say n[ t we   
are on diff]5t tacks4 ,!re w\ld be no   
propriety 9 ! metaphor4 ,i c sail no    
long]4 ,my vessel _c be said to be ev5 9
 port4 ,%e is :olly condemn$ & brok5 up4
 ,to h an idea ( t vessel1 y mu/ call to
 m9d :at y h (t5 se5 on ! ,k5ti% road4  
,^? planks ( t\gh & h>dy oak1 t us$ =   
ye>s to brave ! buffets ( ! ,bay (      
,biscay1 are n[ turn$1 ) _! w>p$ gra9 & 
empty trunnion-holes1 into v wret*$     

pales = ! inclosure ( a wret*$ f>m-y>d4 
,! /yle ( y\r pamphlet1 & ! eloqu5ce &  
p[] ( composition y display 9 x1 are su*
 z d great honor to y\r tal5ts1 & 9     
convey+ any o!r s5tim5ts w\ld give me v 
great pleasure4 ,p]haps ,i d n v        
p]fectly compreh5d y\r purpose1 & !     
drift ( y\r argum5ts4 ,if ,i d n1 pray d
 n attribute my mi/ake to want ( c&or1 b
 to want ( sagacity4 ,i confess1 y\r    
address to ! public1 toge!r ) o!r       
accompany+ circum/ances1 has fill$ me ) 
a degree ( grief & dismay :i* ,i _c f9d 
words to express4 ,if ! plan ( politics 
!re recomm5d$--pray excuse my           
fre$om--%\ld be adopt$ by ! k+'s        
c\ncils1 & by ! good p ( ?is k+dom1 7z1 
s recomm5d$1 und\bt$ly x w17 no?+ c be !
 consequ5ce b utt] & irretrievable ru9  
to ! m9i/ry1 to ! cr[n1 to !            
succession1--to ! importance1 to !      
indep5d5ce1 to ! v exi/5ce1 ( ?is       
c\ntry4 ,?is is my feeble1 p]haps1 b    
cle>1 positive1 decid$1 long & maturely 
reflect$ & frequ5tly decl>$ op9ion1 f   

:i* all ! ev5ts :i* h lately come to    
pass1 s f> f turn+ me1 h t5d$ to confirm
 beyond ! p[] ( alt]ation1 ev5 by y\r   
eloqu5ce & au?ority4 ,i f9d1 my de> ,"l1
 t y ?9k "s p]sons1 :o are n satisfi$ ) 
! securities ( a ,jacob9 peace1 to be   
p]sons ( intemp]ate m9ds4 ,i may be1 &  
,i fe> ,i am1 ) y 9 t description2 b    
pray1 my ,"l1 recollect t v few ( !     
causes :i* make m5 intemp]ate c op]ate  
^u me4 ,sangu9e hopes1 vehem5t desires1 
inord9ate ambition1 implacable          
animosity1 p>ty atta*m5ts1 or p>ty      
int]e/s1--all ^! ) me h no exi/5ce4 ,=  
myself1 or = a family1 7alas6 ,i h      
none17 ,i h no?+ to hope or to fe> 9 ?is
 _w4 ,i am atta*$1 by pr9ciple1         
incl9ation1 & gratitude1 to ! k+1 & to !
 pres5t m9i/ry4  ,p]haps y may ?9k t my 
animosity to opposition is ! cause ( my 
diss5t1 on see+ ! politics ( ,mr4 ,fox  
7:i*1 :ile ,i 0 9 ! _w1 ,i combat$ by e 
in/rum5t :i* ,god _h put into my h&s1 & 
9 e situation 9 :i* ,i _h tak5 "p7 s    
completely1 if ,i at all und]/& y1      

adopt$ 9 y\r ,lord%ip's book3 b x 0 )   
pa9 ,i broke ) t great man =ev] 9 t     
cause2 & ,i assure y1 x is n )\t pa9 t  
,i diff] ) y\r ,lord%ip on ! same       
pr9ciples4 ,b x is ( no conc]n4 ,i am f>
 bel[ ! region ( ^? great & tempe/u\s   
passions4 ,i feel no?+ ( ! intemp]ance (
 m9d4 ,x is r sorr[ & dejection ?an     
ang]4  ,once m my be/ ?anks = y\r v     
polite att5tion2 & d me ! favor to      
believe me1 ) ! mo/ p]fect s5tim5ts (   
respect & reg>d1  ,my de> ,"l1  ,y\r    
,lord%ip's mo/ ob$i5t & humble s]vant1  
,,edmund ,,burke4  ,,beaconsfield1 ,oct4
 #cj?1 #agie4  ,friday ,ev5+4           
,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to ,,! ,,e>l           
,,fitzwilliam4   ,my de> ,"l1--,i am n  
sure t ! be/ way ( discuss+ any subject1
 except ^? t conc]n ! ab/ract$ sci5ces1 
is n some:at 9 ! way ( dialogue4 ,to ?is
 mode1 h[ev]1 !re are two objections3 ! 
fir/1 t x happ5s1 z 9 ! puppet-%[1 "o   
man speaks = all ! p]sonages4 ,an       
unnatural uni=mity ( tone is 9 a mann]  
unavoidable4 ,! o!r & m s]i\s objection 

is1 t1 z ! au?or 7if n an absolute      
skeptic7 mu/ h "s op9ion ( 8 own to     
en=ce1 he w be cont9ually tempt$ to     
en]vate ! argum5ts he puts into ! m\? ( 
8 adv]s>y1 or to place !m 9 a po9t (    
view mo/ commodi\s = _! refutation4 ,!re
 is1 h[ev]1 a sort ( dialogue n q s     
liable to ^! objections1 because x      
approa*es m ne>ly to tru? & ,nature3 x  
is call$ ,,controv]sy4 ,"h ! p>ties     
speak = !mselves4 ,if ! writ] :o attacks
 ano!r's notions does n deal fairly ) 8 
adv]s>y1 ! dilig5t read] has x always 9 
8 p[]1 by resort+ to ! "w exam9$1 to d  
ju/ice to ! orig9al au?or & to himself4 
,= ?is reason y w n blame me1 if1 9 my  
discussion ( ! m]its ( a ,regicide      
,peace1 ,i d n *oose to tru/ to my own  
/atem5ts1 b to br+ =w>d along ) !m !    
argum5ts ( ! advocates = t measure4 ,if 
,i *oose puny adv]s>ies1 writ]s ( no    
e/imation or au?ority1 !n y w ju/ly     
blame me4 ,i might z well br+ 9 at once 
a fictiti\s speak]1 & ?us fall into all 
! inconv5i5ces ( an imag9>y dialogue4   

,?is ,i %all avoid2 & ,i %all take no   
notice ( any au?or :o my fri5ds 9 t[n d 
n tell me is 9 e/imation ) ^? ^: op9ions
 he supports4  ,a piece has be5 s5t to  
me1 call$ ,"s ,rem>ks on ! ,app>5t      
,circum/ances ( ! ,w> 9 ! ,f\r? ,week ( 
,octob]1 #agie1 ) a ,fr5* motto3 ,que   
faire encore une fois dans une telle    
nuit8 ,att5dre le j\r4 ,! v title seem$ 
to me /rik+ & peculi>1 & to ann\nce     
some?+ uncommon4 ,9 ! "t ,i h liv$ to1  
,i always seem to walk on en*ant$ gr\nd4
 ,ev]y?+ is new1 &1 accord+ to !        
fa%ionable phrase1 revolution>y4 ,9 =m] 
days au?ors valu$ !mselves ^u ! maturity
 & fulness ( _! delib]ations4           
,accord+ly1 !y pr$ict$ 7p]haps ) m      
arrogance ?an reason7 an et]nal duration
 to _! works4 ,! q contr>y is our pres5t
 fa%ion4 ,writ]s value !mselves n[ on ! 
in/ability ( _! op9ions & ! transitory  
life ( _! productions4 ,on ?is k9d (    
cr$it ! mod]n in/itutors op5 _! s*ools4 
,!y write = y\?1 & x is suffici5t1 if ! 
in/ruction la/s z long z a pres5t love1 

or z ! pa9t$ silks & cottons ( ! season4
  ,! doctr9es 9 ?is "w are appli$1 = _! 
/&>d1 ) great exactness1 to ! %orte/    
possible p]iods bo? ( conception &      
duration4 ,! title is ,"s ,rem>ks on !  
,app>5t ,circum/ances ( ! ,w> 9 ! ,f\r? 
,week ( ,octob]1 #agie4 ,! "t is        
critically *os54 ,a mon? or s e>li] w\ld
 h made x ! anniv]s>y ( a bloody        
,p>isian ,septemb]1 :5 ! ,fr5* massacre 
"o ano!r4 ,a day or two lat] w\ld h     
c>ri$ x into a ,london ,novemb]1 !      
gloomy mon? 9 :i* x is said by a        
pleasant au?or t ,engli%m5 hang & dr[n  
!mselves4 ,9 tru?1 ?is "w has a t5d5cy  
to al>m u ) symptoms ( public suicide4  
,h[ev]1 !re is "o com=t to be tak5 ev5 f
 ! gloomy "t ( ye>4 ,x is a rott+       
season4 ,if :at is br\ght to m>ket is n 
good1 x is n likely to keep long4 ,ev5  
build+s run up 9 ha/e ) untemp]$ mort> 9
 t humid wea!r1 if !y are ill-contriv$  
t5em5ts1 d n ?reat5 long to incumb] !   
e>?4 ,! au?or tells u 7& ,i believe he  
is ! v fir/ au?or t ev] told su* a ?+ to

 8 read]s7 t ! entire fabric ( 8        
speculations might be ov]set by un=ese5 
vicissitudes1 & :at is f> m extraord9>y1
 t ev5 ! :ole consid]ation might be v>i$
 :il/ he 0 writ+ ^? pages4 ,truly1 9 my 
poor judgm5t1 ?is circum/ance =m$ a v   
sub/antial motive = 8 n publi%+ ^?      
ill-consid]$ consid]ations at all4 ,he  
ought to h foll[$ ! good advice ( 8     
motto3 ,que faire encore dans une telle 
nuit8 ,att5dre le j\r4 ,he ought to h   
wait$ till he _h got a little m daylight
 on ?is subject4 ,night itself is h>dly 
d>k] ?an ! fogs ( t "t4  ,f9d+ ! la/    
week 9 ,octob] s p>ticul>ly ref]r$ to1 &
 n p]ceiv+ any p>ticul> ev5t1 relative  
to ! w>1 :i* happ5$ on any ( ! days 9 t 
week1 ,i ?\ght x possible t !y 7 m>k$ by
 "s a/rological sup]/ition1 to :i* !    
greate/ politicians h be5 subject4 ,i   
!re=e _h rec\rse to my ,rid]'s          
,almanack4 ,!re ,i f\nd1 inde$1 some?+ t
 *>act]iz$ ! "w1 & t gave directions    
conc]n+ ! sudd5 political & natural     
v>iations1 & = es*ew+ ! maladies t are  

mo/ preval5t 9 t agui% int]mitt5t       
season1 ! la/ week ( ,octob]4 ,on t week
 ! sagaci\s a/rolog]1 ,rid]1 9 8 note on
 ! ?ird column ( ! cal5d> side1 tea*es u
 to expect v>iable & cold wea!r2 b      
in/ead ( enc\rag+ u to tru/ ourselves to
 ! haze & mi/ & d\btful lights ( t      
*angeable week1 on ! answ]able "p ( !   
opposite page he gives u a salut>y      
caution 7inde$1 x is v ne>ly 9 ! words (
 ! au?or's motto73 ,avoid1 says he1 be+ 
out late at night & 9 foggy wea!r1 = a  
cold n[ caught may la/ ! :ole w9t]4#i   
,?is +5i\s au?or1 :o disda9$ ! prud5ce (
 ! ,almanack1 walk$ out 9 ! v fog he    
compla9s (1 & has l$ u to a v           
unseasonable air+ at t "t4 ,:il/ ?is    
noble writ]1 by ! vigor ( an excell5t   
con/itution1 =m$ = ! viol5t *anges he   
progno/icates1 may %ake (f ! importunate
 rheum & malignant influ5za ( ?is       
disagreeable week1 a :ole ,p>liam5t may 
g on spitt+ & snivell+1 & :eez+ & c\gh+1
 dur+ a :ole session4 ,all ?is f li/5+  
to v>iable1 hebdomadal politicians1 :o  

run away f _! op9ions )\t giv+ u a      
mon?'s w>n+1--& = n li/5+ to ! wise &   
fri5dly admonitions ( ,dr4 ,c>danus     
,rid]1 :o nev] appreh5ds he may *ange 8 
op9ions be=e 8 p5 is out ( 8 h&1 b      
always enables u to lay 9 at lea/ a     
ye>'s /ock ( useful in=mation4  ,at fir/
 ,i took com=t4 ,i said to myself1 t1 if
 ,i %\ld1 z ,i fe> ,i mu/1 oppose !     
doctr9es ( ! la/ week ( ,octob]1 x is   
probable t by ?is "t !y are no long] ^? 
( ! em95t writ] to :om !y are attribut$4
 ,he gives u hopes t long be=e ?is he   
may h embrac$ ! direct contr>y s5tim5ts4
 ,if ,i am f\nd 9 a conflict ) ^? ( !   
la/ week ( ,octob]1 ,i may be 9 full    
agreem5t ) ^? ( ! la/ week 9 ,decemb]1  
or ! fir/ week 9 ,janu>y1 #agif4 ,b a   
second edition1 & a ,fr5* translation1  
7= ! b5efit1 ,i mu/ suppose1 ( ! new    
,regicide ,directory17 h let d[n a      
little ( ^! flatt]+ hopes4 ,we & !      
,directory "k t ! au?or1 :atev] *anges 8
 works seem$ made to indicate1 l a      
wea!rcock gr[n ru/y1 rema9s j :]e he 0 9

 ! la/ week ( la/ ,octob]4 ,x is true1 t
 8 prote/ aga9/ b9d+ him to 8 op9ions1 &
 8 res]vation ( a "r to :atev] op9ions  
he pleases1 rema9 9 _! full =ce4 ,?is   
v>iability is pleasant1 & %[s a f]tility
 ( fancy3--      ,qualis 9 !reo felix   
,v]tumnus ,olympo     ,mille habet      
ornatus1 mille dec5t] habet4  ,yet1 do+ 
all ju/ice to ! sportive v>iability ( ^!
 weekly1 daily1 or h\rly speculators1   
%all ,i be p>don$1 if ,i attempt a ^w on
 ! "p ( u simple c\ntry folk8 ,x is n   
good = u1 h[ev] x may be s = great      
/atesm51 t we %\ld be treat$ ) v>iable  
politics4 ,i consid] diff]5t relations z
 prescrib+ a diff]5t conduct4 ,i all[1  
t1 9 transactions ) an enemy1 a m9i/]   
may1 & (t5 mu/1 v>y 8 dem&s ) ! day1    
possibly ) ! h\r4 ,) an enemy1 a fix$   
plan1 v>iable arrangem5ts4 ,?is is !    
rule ! nature ( ! transaction           
prescribes4 ,b all ?is belongs to       
treaty4 ,all ^! %ift+s & *anges are a   
sort ( secret among/ ! p>ties1 till a   
def9ite settlem5t is br\ght ab\t4 ,su*  

is ! _s ( ! proce$+s 9 ! d\btful &      
transitory /ate ( ?+s betwe5 enmity &   
fri5d%ip4 ,9 ?is *ange ! subjects ( !   
trans=mation are by nature c>efully     
wrapt up 9 _! cocoons4 ,! gay ornam5t ( 
summ] is n seemly 9 8 aurelia /ate4 ,?is
 mutability is all[$ to a =eign         
negotiator2 b :5 a great politician     
condesc5ds publicly to in/ruct 8 own    
c\ntrym5 on a matt] :i* may fix _! fate 
=ev]1 8 op9ions ought n to be diurnal1  
or ev5 weekly4 ,^! ephem]ides ( politics
 are n made = our sl[ & co>se und]/&+s4 
,our appetite dem&s a piece ( resi/ance4
 ,we require "s food t w /ick to ! ribs4
 ,we call = s5tim5ts to :i* we c atta*  
ourselves1--s5tim5ts 9 :i* we c take an 
int]e/1--s5tim5ts on :i* we c w>m1 on   
:i* we c gr\nd "s confid5ce 9 ourselves 
or 9 o!rs4 ,we d n want a l>gess (      
incon/ancy4 ,poor s\ls1 we h en\gh ( t  
sort ( pov]ty at home4 ,!re is a        
diff]5ce1 too1 betwe5 delib]ation &     
doctr9e3 a man ought to be decid$ 9 8   
op9ions be=e he attempts to tea*4 ,8    

fugitive lights may s]ve himself 9 "s   
unkn[n region1 b !y _c free u f !       
effects ( ! error into :i* we h be5     
betray$4 ,8 active ,w-o'-!-wisp may be  
gone nobody c guess :]e1 :il/ he leaves 
u bemir$ & b5ight$ 9 ! bog4  ,hav+      
premis$ ^! few reflections ^u ?is new   
mode ( tea*+ a lesson1 :i* :il/ ! s*ol> 
is gett+ by he>t ! ma/] =gets1 ,i come  
to ! lesson itself4 ,on ! fulle/        
consid]ation ( x1 ,i am utt]ly incapable
 ( say+ ) any great c]ta9ty :at x is1 9 
! detail1 t ! au?or means to affirm or  
d5y1 to dissuade or recomm5d4 ,8 m>* is 
mo/ly oblique1 & 8 doctr9e r 9 ! way (  
ins9uation ?an ( dogmatic ass]tion4 ,x  
is n only fugitive 9 its duration1 b is 
slipp]y 9 ! extreme :il/ x la/s4 ,exam9+
 x "p by "p1 x seems almo/ ev]y:]e to   
contradict itself2 & ! au?or1 :o claims 
! privilege ( v>y+ 8 op9ions1 has       
ex]cis$ ?is privilege 9 e section ( 8   
rem>ks4 ,= ?is reason1 among/ o!rs1 ,i  
foll[ ! advice :i* ! able writ] gives 9 
8 la/ page1 :i* is1 to consid] !        

impression ( :at he has urg$1 tak5 f !  
:ole1 & n f deta*$ p>agraphs4 ,t caution
 0 n absolutely necess>y4 ,i %\ld ?9k x 
unfair to ! au?or & to myself to h      
proce$$ o!rwise4 ,?is au?or's :ole1     
h[ev]1 l e o!r :ole1 _c be s well       
compreh5d$ )\t "s ref]5ce to ! p>ts2 b  
!y %all be aga9 ref]r$ to ! :ole4 ,)\t  
?is latt] att5tion1 sev]al ( ! passages 
w\ld c]ta9ly rema9 cov]$ ) an           
imp5etrable & truly oracul> obscurity4  
,! great1 g5]al1 p]vad+ purpose1 ( !    
:ole pamphlet is to reconcile u to peace
 ) ! pres5t usurpation 9 ,france4 ,9 ?is
 g5]al drift ( ! au?or ,i c h>dly be    
mi/ak54 ,! o!r purposes1 less g5]al1 &  
subs]vi5t to ! prec$+ s*eme1 are to %[1 
fir/1 t ! "t ( ! ,rem>ks 0 ! favorable  
"t = mak+ t peace ^u our side2 secondly1
 t on ! enemy's side _! disposition     
t[>ds ! acceptance ( su* t]ms z he is   
pleas$ to (f] 0 rationally to be        
expect$2 ! ?ird purpose 01 to make "s   
sort ( disclosure ( ! t]ms :i*1 if !    
,regicides are pleas$ to grant !m1 ?is  

nation ought to be cont5t$ to accept3 ^!
 =m ! basis ( ! negotiation :i* ! au?or1
 :oev] he is1 proposes to op54  ,be=e ,i
 consid] ^! ,rem>ks along ) ! o!r       
reason+s :i* ,i he> on ! same subject1  
,i beg leave to recall to y\r m9d !     
obs]vation ,i made e>ly 9 our           
correspond5ce1 & :i* ought to att5d u q 
?r\gh ! discussion ( ?is propos$ peace1 
amity1 or frat]nity1 or :atev] y may    
call x1--t is1 ! real quality & "* ( !  
p>ty y h to deal )4 ,?is ,i f9d1 z a ?+ 
( no importance1 has ev]y:]e escap$ !   
au?or ( ! ,octob] ,rem>ks4 ,t ho/ile    
p[]1 to ! p]iod ( ! f\r? week 9 t mon?1 
has be5 ev] call$ & consid]$ z an       
usurpation4 ,9 t week1 = ! fir/ "t1 x   
*ang$ its "n ( an usurp$ p[]1 & took !  
simple "n ( ,france4 ,! ^w ,france is   
slipp$ 9 j z if ! gov]nm5t /ood exactly 
z be=e t ,revolution :i* has a/oni%$1   
t]rifi$1 & almo/ ov]p[]$ ,europe4       
,france1 says ! au?or1 w d ?is1--x is ! 
int]e/ ( ,france1--! return+ honor &    
g5]osity ( ,france1 c41 c4--always m]ely

 ,france3 j z if we 7 9 a common        
political w> ) an old recogniz$ memb] ( 
! commonweal? ( ,*ri/ian ,europe1--& z  
if our dispute _h turn$ ^u a m]e matt] (
 t]ritorial or comm]cial controv]sy1 :i*
 a peace might settle by ! imposition or
 ! tak+ (f a duty1 ) ! ga9 or ! loss ( a
 remote isl& or a fronti] t[n or two1 on
 ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,?is %ift+ ( p]sons
 c\ld n be done )\t ! hocus-pocus (     
ab/raction4 ,we h be5 9 a griev\s error3
 we ?\ght t we _h be5 at w> ) rebels    
aga9/ ! lawful gov]nm5t1 b t we 7 fri5ds
 & allies ( :at is prop]ly ,france1     
fri5ds & allies to ! legal body politic 
( ,france4 ,b by sleight ( h& ! ,jacob9s
 are clean vani%$1 & x is ,france we h  
got "u our cup4 ,bless+s on 8 s\l t fir/
 inv5t$ sleep6 said ,don ,san*o ,panza !
 ,wise4 ,all ^? bless+s1 & t5 ?\s& times
 m1 on him :o f\nd out ab/raction1      
p]sonification1 & imp]sonals6 ,9 c]ta9  
cases !y are ! fir/ ( all soporifics4   
,t]ribly al>m$ we %\ld be1 if ?+s 7     
propos$ to u 9 ! concrete1 & if         

frat]nity 0 held out to u ) !           
individuals :o compose ?is ,france by _!
 prop] names & descriptions1--if we 7   
told t x 0 v prop] to ent] into ! close/
 bonds ( amity & good correspond5ce ) ! 
dev\t1 pacific1 & t5d]-he>t$ ,sieys1 ) !
 all-accompli%$ ,reubell1 ) ! humane    
guillot9i/s ( ,bordeaux1 ,talli5 &      
,isabeau1 ) ! meek but*]1 ,leg5dre1 & ) 
! return$ humanity & g5]osity 7t _h be5 
only on a visit abroad7 ( ! virtu\s     
regicide brew]1 ,sant]re4 ,?is w\ld seem
 at ! outset a v /range s*eme ( amity & 
concord1--nay1 ?\gh we _h held out to u1
 z an additional d\ceur1 an assurance ( 
! cordial frat]nal embrace ( our pi\s & 
patriotic c\ntryman1 ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,b   
pla9 tru? w\ld "h be %ock+ & absurd2    
!re=e comes 9 ab/raction &              
p]sonification4 ,make y\r peace )       
,france4 ,t ^w ,france s\nds q z well z 
any o!r2 & x conveys no idea b t ( a v  
pleasant c\ntry & v hospitable          
inhabitants4 ,no?+ absurd & %ock+ 9     
amity & good correspond5ce ) ,france4   

,p]mit me to say1 t ,i am n yet well    
acqua9t$ ) ?is new-co9$ ,france1 & )\t a
 c>eful assay ,i am n will+ to receive x
 9 curr5cy 9 place ( ! old ,l\is-d'or4  
,hav+1 !re=e1 slipp$ ! p]sons ) :om we  
are to treat out ( view1 we are next to 
be satisfi$ t ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i*  
?is peace is to fix & consolidate1 ought
 to give u no j cause ( appreh5sion4    
,?\gh ! au?or labors ?is po9t1 yet he   
confesses a fact 7inde$1 he c\ld n      
conceal x7 :i* r5d]s all 8 labors utt]ly
 fruitless4 ,he confesses t ! ,regicide 
means to dictate a pacification1 & t ?is
 pacification1 accord+ to _! decree     
pass$ b a v few days be=e 8 publication 
appe>$1 is to unite to _! empire1 ei!r 9
 possession or dep5d5ce1 new b>ri]s1 _m 
fronti] places ( /r5g?1 a l>ge sea-coa/1
 & _m sea-ports4 ,he ought to h /at$ x1 
t !y w\ld annex to _! t]ritory a c\ntry 
ab\t a ?ird z l>ge z ,france1 & mu* m   
?an half z ri*1 & 9 a situation ! mo/   
important = comm& t x w\ld be possible =
 h] any:]e to possess4  ,to remove ?is  

t]ror1 7ev5 if ! ,regicides %\ld c>ry _!
 po9t17 & to give u p]fect repose )     
reg>d to _! empire1 :atev] !y may       
acquire1 or :omsoev] !y might de/roy1 he
 raises a d\bt :e!r ,france w n be ru9$ 
by reta9+ ^! conque/s1 & :e!r %e w n    
:olly lose t prepond]ance :i* %e has    
held 9 ! scale ( ,european p[]s1 & w n  
ev5tually be de/roy$ by ! effect ( h]   
pres5t successes1 or1 at lea/1 :e!r1 s  
f> z ! political int]e/s ( ,engl& are   
conc]n$1 %e ,france w rema9 an object ( 
z mu* jeal\sy & al>m z %e 0 "u ! reign (
 a mon>*4 ,"h1 inde$1 is a p>agraph full
 ( mean+6 ,x gives matt] = m$itation    
almo/ 9 e ^w ( x4 ,! secret ( ! pacific 
politicians is out4 ,?is republic1 at   
all haz>ds1 is to be ma9ta9$4 ,x is to  
be conf9$ )9 "s b\nds1 if we c2 if n1 ) 
e possible acquisition ( p[]1 x is /ill 
to be *]i%$ & support$4 ,x is ! return (
 ! mon>*y we are to dread1 & !re=e we   
ought to pray = ! p]man5ce ( ! ,regicide
 au?ority4 ,e/o p]petua is ! dev\t      
ejaculation ( our ,fr ,paolo = !        

,republic "o & indivisible4 ,x 0 !      
mon>*y t r5d]$ ,france dang]\s3         
,regicide neutralizes all ! acrimony ( t
 p[]1 & r5d]s x safe & social4 ,!       
,octob] speculator is ( op9ion t mon>*y 
is ( s poison\s a quality t a mod]ate   
t]ritorial p[] is f> m dang]\s to its   
neighbors "u t abom9able regim5 ?an !   
greate/ empire 9 ! h&s ( a republic4    
,?is is ,jacob9ism sublim$ & exalt$ into
 mo/ pure & p]fect ess5ce4 ,x is a      
doctr9e1 ,i admit1 made to allure &     
captivate1 if any?+ 9 ! _w c1 ! ,jacob9 
,directory1 to mollify ! f]ocity (      
,regicide1 & to p]suade ^? patriotic    
hangm51 aft] _! reit]at$ oa?s = our     
extirpation1 to admit ?is well-humbl$   
nation to ! frat]nal embrace4 ,i d n    
wond] t ?is tub ( ,octob] has be5 rack$ 
(f into a ,fr5* cask4 ,x mu/ make its   
=tune at ,p>is4 ,t translation seems !  
language ! mo/ suit$ to ^! s5tim5ts4    
,our au?or tells ! ,fr5* ,jacob9s1 t !  
political int]e/s ( ,great ,brita9 are 9
 p]fect unison ) ! pr9ciples ( _!       

gov]nm5t1--t !y may take & keep ! keys (
 ! civiliz$ _w1 = !y are safe 9 _!      
unambiti\s & fai?ful cu/ody4 ,we say to 
!m1 ,we may1 inde$1 wi% y to be a little
 less murd]\s1 wick$1 & a!i/ical1 = !   
sake ( morals2 we may ?9k x 7 bett] y 7 
less new-fangl$ 9 y\r spee*1 = ! sake ( 
gramm>2 b1 z politicians1 provid$ y keep
 cle> ( mon>*y1 all our fe>s1 al>ms1 &  
jeal\sies are at an end3 at lea/1 !y s9k
 into no?+ 9 comp>ison ( our dread ( y\r
 dete/able royalty4 ,a flatt]] ( ,c>d9al
 ,maz>9 said1 :5 t m9i/] _h j settl$ !  
mat* betwe5 ! "y ,l\is ! ,f\rte5? & a   
daught] ( ,spa91 t ?is alliance _h !    
effect ( fai? & _h remov$ m\nta9s1--t ! 
,pyr5ees 7 levell$ by t m>riage4 ,y may 
n[ complim5t ,reubell 9 ! same _s on !  
miracles ( regicide1 & tell him t !     
guillot9e ( ,l\is ! ,sixte5? _h         
consummat$ a m>riage betwe5 ,great      
,brita9 & ,france1 :i* dri$ up !        
,*annel1 & re/or$ ! two c\ntries to !   
unity :i* x is said !y _h be=e !        
unnatural rage ( seas & e>?quakes _h    

broke (f _! happy junction4 ,x w be a   
f9e subject = ! poets :o are to prophesy
 ! bless+s ( ?is peace4  ,i am n[       
conv9c$ t ! ,rem>ks ( ! la/ week (      
,octob] _c come f ! au?or to :om !y are 
giv51 !y are su* a direct contradiction 
to ! /yle ( manly indignation ) :i* he  
spoke ( ^? miscreants & murd]]s 9 8     
excell5t memorial to ! ,/ates (         
,holl&1--to t v /ate :i* ! au?or :o     
presumes to p]sonate him does n f9d x   
contr>y to ! political int]e/s ( ,engl& 
to leave 9 ! h&s ( ^! v miscreants1     
aga9/ :om on ! "p ( ,engl& he took s mu*
 pa9s to animate _! republic4 ,?is _c   
be2 & if ?is argum5t want$ any?+ to give
 x new =ce1 x is /r5g!n$ by an          
additional reason1 t is irresi/ible4    
,kn[+ t noble p]son1 z well z myself1 to
 be "u v great obligations to ! cr[n1 ,i
 am confid5t he w\ld n s v directly     
contradict1 ev5 9 ! p>oxysm ( 8 zeal    
aga9/ mon>*y1 ! decl>ations made 9 ! "n 
& ) ! fulle/ approbation ( our sov]eign1
 8 ma/]1 & our common b5efactor4 ,9 ^?  

decl>ations y w see t ! k+1 in/ead ( be+
 s5sible ( great] al>m & jeal\sy f a    
neighbor+ cr[n$ head ?an f1 ^!          
regicides1 attributes all ! dang]s (    
,europe to ! latt]4 ,let ?is writ] he> !
 description giv5 9 ! royal decl>ation (
 ! s*eme ( p[] ( ^! miscreants1 z a     
sy/em de/ructive ( all public ord]1     
ma9ta9$ by proscriptions1 exiles1 &     
confiscations )\t numb]1 by arbitr>y    
imprisonm5ts1 by massacres :i* _c be    
rememb]$ )\t horror1 & at l5g? by !     
execrable murd] ( a j & b5efic5t        
sov]eign1 & ( ! illu/ri\s pr9cess1 :o ) 
an un%ak5 firmness has %>$ all !        
mis=tunes ( h] royal consort1 8         
protract$ suff]+s1 8 cruel captivity1 8 
ignom9i\s dea?4 ,aft] ?us describ+1 ) an
 eloqu5ce & en]gy equall$ only by its   
tru?1 ! means by :i* ?is usurp$ p[] _h  
be5 acquir$ & ma9ta9$1 t gov]nm5t is    
*>act]iz$ ) equal =ce4 ,8 ,maje/y1 f> f 
?9k+ mon>*y 9 ,france to be a great]    
object ( jeal\sy ?an ! ,regicide        
usurpation1 calls ^u ! ,fr5* to         

ree/abli% a mon>*ical gov]nm5t = !      
purpose ( %ak+ (f ! yoke ( a sangu9>y   
an>*y1--( t an>*y :i* has brok5 all !   
mo/ sacr$ bonds ( society1 dissolv$ all 
! relations ( civil life1 violat$ e "r1 
conf\nd$ e duty1--:i* uses ! "n ( lib]ty
 to ex]cise ! mo/ cruel tyranny1 to     
annihilate all prop]ty1 to seize on all 
possessions1--:i* f\nds its p[] on !    
pret5d$ cons5t ( ! p1 & itself c>ries   
fire & sword ?r\gh ext5sive prov9ces1 = 
hav+ dem&$ _! laws1 _! religion1 & _!   
lawful sov]eign4  ,t /ra9 ,i he>d 0 ( a 
high] mood4 ,t decl>ation ( our sov]eign
 0 wor?y ( 8 ?rone4 ,x is 9 a /yle :i*  
nei!r ! p5 ( ! writ] ( ,octob] nor su* a
 poor cr[-quill z m9e c ev] hope to     
equal4 ,i am happy to enri* my lett] )  
?is fragm5t ( n]v\s & manly eloqu5ce1   
:i*1 if x _h n emanat$ f ! awful        
au?ority ( a ?rone1 if x 7 n record$    
among/ ! mo/ valuable monum5ts ( hi/ory1
 & consecrat$ 9 ! ar*ives ( /ates1 w\ld 
be wor?y1 z a private composition1 to   
live =ev] 9 ! memory ( m54  ,9 ^?       

admirable pieces does 8 ,maje/y discov] 
?is new op9ion ( 8 political security1 9
 hav+ ! *air ( ! scorn]1 t is1 !        
discipl9e ( a!ism1 & ! block ( regicide1
 set up by 8 side1 elevat$ on ! same    
plat=m1 & %\ld]+1 ) ! vile image ( _!   
grim & bloody idol1 ! inviolable maje/y 
( 8 ?rone8 ,! s5tim5ts ( ^! decl>ations 
are ! v rev]se3 !y c\ld n be o!r4       
,speak+ ( ! _s ( t usurpation1 ! royal  
manife/o describes1 ) p]fect tru?1 its  
int]nal tyranny to h be5 e/abli%$ z ! v 
means ( %ak+ ! security ( all o!r       
/ates1--z dispos+ arbitr>ily ( ! prop]ty
 & blood ( ! inhabitants ( ,france1 9   
ord] to di/urb ! tranquillity ( o!r     
nations1 & to r5d] all ,europe ! !atre (
 ! same crimes & ( ! same mis=tunes4 ,x 
0 b a natural inf]5ce f ?is fact1 t !   
royal manife/o does n at all re/ !      
ju/ification ( ?is w> on common         
pr9ciples3 t x 0 n only to def5d 8 own  
rights1 & ^? ( 8 allies1 b t all ! de>e/
 int]e/s ( 8 p impos$ ^u him a duty /ill
 m important1--t ( ex]t+ 8 ef=ts = !    

pres]vation ( civil society itself1 z   
happily e/abli%$ among ! nations (      
,europe4 ,on t gr\nd1 ! protection (f]$ 
is to ^? :o1 by decl>+ = a mon>*ical    
gov]nm5t1 %all %ake (f ! yoke ( a       
sangu9>y an>*y4 ,x is = t purpose !     
decl>ation calls on !m to jo9 ! /&>d (  
an h]$it>y mon>*y1--decl>+ t ! peace &  
safety ( ?is k+dom & ! o!r p[]s (       
,europe mat]ially dep5d on ! re/abli%m5t
 ( ord] 9 ,france4 ,8 ,maje/y does n    
hesitate to decl>e t ! re/abli%m5t (    
mon>*y1 9 ! p]son ( ,l\is ! ,sev5te5?1 &
 ! lawful heirs ( ! cr[n1 appe>s to him 
8 ,maje/y ! be/ mode ( accompli%+ ^! j &
 salut>y views4  ,?is is :at 8 ,maje/y  
does n hesitate to decl>e relative to ! 
political safety & peace ( 8 k+dom & (  
,europe1 & ) reg>d to ,france "u h]     
anci5t h]$it>y mon>*y 9 ! c\rse & ord] (
 legal succession4 ,b 9 comes a         
g5tleman1 9 ! fag end ( ,octob]1 dripp+ 
) ! fogs ( t humid & unc]ta9 season1 &  
does n hesitate 9 diamet] to contradict 
?is wise & j royal decl>ation1 & /\tly1 

on 8 "p1 to make a c\nt] decl>ation1--t 
,france1 s f> z ! political int]e/s (   
,engl& are conc]n$1 w n rema91 "u !     
despotism ( ,regicide1 & ) ! bett] "p ( 
,europe 9 h] h&s1 s mu* an object (     
jeal\sy & al>m z %e 0 "u ! reign ( a    
mon>*4 ,:5 ,i he> ! ma/] & reason on "o 
side1 & ! s]vant & 8 s+le & unsupport$  
ass]tion on ! o!r1 my "p is tak54  ,?is 
is :at ! ,octobri/ says ( ! political   
int]e/s ( ,engl&1 :i* x looks z if he   
completely disconnect$ ) ^? ( all o!r   
nations4 ,b n q s3 he j all[s x possible
 7) an at lea/7 t ! o!r p[]s may n f9d x
 q _! int]e/ t _! t]ritories %\ld be    
conqu]$ & _! subjects tyranniz$ ov] by !
 ,regicides4 ,no few] ?an t5 sov]eign   
pr9ces _h1 "s ! :ole1 all a v           
consid]able "p ( _! dom9ions "u ! yoke (
 t dreadful faction4 ,among/ ^! 0 to be 
reckon$ ! fir/ republic 9 ! _w1 & !     
close/ ally ( ?is k+dom1 :i*1 "u !      
insult+ "n ( an indep5d5cy1 is "u h]    
iron yoke1 &1 z long z a faction av]se  
to ! old gov]nm5t is suff]$ !re to      

dom9e]1 _c be o!rwise4 ,i say no?+ ( !  
,au/rian ,ne!rl&s1 c\ntries ( a va/     
ext5t1 & among/ ! mo/ f]tile & popul\s (
 ,europe1 &1 ) reg>d to u1 mo/          
critically situat$4 ,! re/ w readily    
occur to y4  ,b if !re are yet exi/+ any
 p1 l me1 old-fa%ion$ en\gh to consid] t
 we h an important "p ( our v exi/5ce   
beyond our limits1 & :o !re=e /ret* _!  
?\ghts beyond ! pomo]ium ( ,engl&1 = !m1
 too1 he has a com=t :i* w remove all _!
 jeal\sies & al>ms ab\t ! ext5t ( !     
empire ( ,regicide4 ,^! conque/s        
ev5tually w be ! cause ( h] de/ruction4 
,s t !y :o hate ! cause ( usurpation1 & 
dread ! p[] ( ,france "u any =m1 are to 
wi% h] to be a conqu]or1 9 ord] to      
accel]ate h] ru94 ,a little m conque/   
w\ld be /ill bett]4 ,w he tell u :at    
dose ( dom9ion is to be ! quantum       
sufficit = h] de/ruction8--= %e seems v 
voraci\s ( ! food ( h] di/emp]4 ,to be  
sure1 %e is ready to p]i% ) repletion2  
%e has a b\limia1 & h>dly has bolt$ d[n 
"o /ate ?an %e calls = two or ?ree m4   

,!re is a good deal ( wit 9 all ?is2 b x
 seems to me 7) all respect to ! au?or7 
to be c>ry+ ! joke a great deal too f>4 
,i _c yet ?9k t ! armies ( ! ,allies 7 (
 ?is way ( ?9k+1 & t1 :5 !y evacuat$ all
 ^! c\ntries1 x 0 a /ratagem ( w> to    
decoy ,france into ru91--or t1 if 9 a   
treaty we %\ld surr5d] !m =ev] into !   
h&s ( ! usurpation1 7! lease ! au?or    
supposes17 x is a ma/]-/roke ( policy to
 effect ! de/ruction ( a =midable rival1
 & to r5d] h] no long] an object (      
jeal\sy & al>m4 ,?is1 ,i assure ! au?or1
 w inf9itely facilitate ! treaty4 ,!    
usurp]s w cat* at ?is bait1 )\t m9d+ !  
hook :i* ?is crafty angl] = ! ,jacob9   
gudgeons ( ! new ,directory has s       
dext]\sly plac$ "u x4  ,e symptom ( !   
exac]bation ( ! public malady is1 ) him1
 7z ) ! ,doctor 9 ,molire17 a happy     
progno/ic ( recov]y4--,fl&]s gone4 ,tant
 mieux4--,holl& subdu$4 ,*>m+6--,spa9   
beat51 & all ! hi!r ,g]many conqu]$4    
,bravo6 ,bett] & bett] /ill6--,b !y w   
reta9 all _! conque/s on a treaty4 ,be/ 

( all6--,:at a delightful ?+ x is to h a
 gay physician1 :o sees all ?+s1 z !    
,fr5* express x1 c\leur de rose6 ,:at an
 escape we h _h1 t we & our allies 7 n !
 conqu]ors6 ,by ^! conque/s1 previ\s to 
h] utt] de/ruction1 %e is :olly to lose 
t prepond]ance :i* %e held 9 ! scale ( !
 ,european p[]s4 ,bless me6 ?is new     
sy/em ( ,france1 aft] *ang+ all o!r     
laws1 rev]ses ! law ( gravitation4 ,by  
?r[+ 9 weight aft] weight1 h] scale     
rises1 & w by-&-by kick ! beam4 ,c]ta9ly
 !re is "o s5se 9 :i* %e loses h]       
prepond]ance3 t is1 %e is no long]      
prepond]ant aga9/ ! c\ntries %e has     
conqu]$4 ,!y are "p ( h]self4 ,b ,i beg 
! au?or to keep 8 eyes fix$ on ! scales 
= a mom5t long]1 & !n to tell me1 9     
d[nright e>ne/1 :e!r he sees hi!rto any 
signs ( h] los+ prepond]ance by an      
augm5tation ( weight & p[]4 ,has %e lo/ 
h] prepond]ance ov] ,spa9 by h] influ5ce
 9 ,spa98 ,are !re any signs t ! conque/
 ( ,savoy & ,nice beg9s to less5 h]     
prepond]ance ov] ,switz]l& & ! ,italian 

,/ates1--or t ! ,canton ( ,b]ne1 ,g5oa1 
& ,tuscany1 = example1 h tak5 arms aga9/
 h]1--or t ,s>d9ia is m adv]se ?an ev]  
to a trea*]\s pacification8 ,0 x 9 ! la/
 week ( ,octob] t ! ,g]man ,/ates %[$ t 
,jacob94 ,france 0 los+ h] prepond]ance8
 ,did ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 :5 he deliv]$   
into h] safe cu/ody 8 t]ritories on ?is 
side ( ! ,rh9e1 manife/ any tok5s ( 8   
op9ion ( h] loss ( prepond]ance8 ,look  
on ,sw$5 & on ,d5m>k3 is h] prepond]ance
 less visible !re8  ,x is true1 t1 9 a  
c\rse ( ages1 empires h fall51 &1 9 !   
op9ion ( "s1 n 9 m9e1 by _! own weight4 
,sometimes !y h be5 unque/ionably       
emb>rass$ 9 _! movem5ts by ! dissociat$ 
situation ( _! dom9ions4 ,su* 0 ! case (
 ! empire ( ,*>les ! ,fif? & ( 8        
successor4 ,x might be s ( o!rs4 ,b s   
compact a body ( empire1 s fitt$ 9 all !
 p>ts = mutual support1 ) a fronti] by  
,nature & ,art s imp5etrable1 ) su*     
facility ( break+ out ) irresi/ible =ce 
f e qu>t]1 0 nev] se5 9 su* an ext5t (  
t]ritory1 f ! beg9n+ ( "t1 z 9 t empire 

:i* ! ,jacob9s possess$ 9 ,octob]1      
#agie1 & :i* ,boissy d',anglas1 9 8     
report1 settl$ z ! law = ,europe1 & !   
dom9ion assign$ by ,nature = ! ,republic
 ( ,regicide4 ,b ?is empire is to be h] 
ru91 & to take away all al>m & jeal\sy  
on ! "p ( ,engl&1 & to de/roy h]        
prepond]ance ov] ! mis]able rema9s (    
,europe4  ,^! are *oice speculations )  
:i* ! au?or amuses himself1 & tries to  
div]t u1 9 ! blacke/ h\rs ( ! dismay1   
defeat1 & calamity ( all civiliz$       
nations4 ,!y h b "o fault1--t !y are    
directly contr>y to ! common s5se &     
common feel+ ( mank9d4 ,if ,i _h b "o   
h\r to live1 ,i w\ld employ x 9 decry+  
?is wret*$ sy/em1 & die ) my p5 9 my h& 
to m>k out ! dreadful consequ5ces (     
receiv+ an arrangem5t ( empire dictat$  
by ! despotism ( ,regicide to my own    
c\ntry1 & to ! lawful sov]eigns ( !     
,*ri/ian _w4  ,i tru/ ,i %all h>dly be  
told1 9 palliation ( ?is %ameful sy/em (
 politics1 t ! au?or expresses 8        
s5tim5ts only z d\bts4 ,9 su* ?+s1 x may

 be truly said1 t once to d\bt is once  
to be resolv$4 ,x w\ld be a /range      
reason = wa/+ ! treasures & %$d+ ! blood
 ( our c\ntry1 to prev5t arrangem5ts on 
! "p ( ano!r p[]1 ( :i* we 7 d\btful    
:e!r !y might n be ev5 to our advantage1
 & r5d] our neighbor less ?an be=e !    
object ( our jeal\sy & al>m4 ,9 ?is d\bt
 !re is mu* decision4 ,no nation w\ld   
cons5t to c>ry on a w> ( skepticism4 ,b 
! fact is1 ?is expression ( d\bt is only
 a mode ( putt+ an op9ion1 :5 x is n !  
drift ( ! au?or to ov]turn ! d\bt4      
,o!rwise1 ! d\bt is nev] /at$ z !       
au?or's own1 nor left1 z "h x is1       
unansw]$4 ,inde$1 ! mode ( /at+ ! mo/   
decid$ op9ions 9 ! =m ( que/ions is s   
little uncommon1 p>ticul>ly s9ce !      
excell5t qu]ies ( ! excell5t ,b]keley1 t
 x became = a good :ile a fa%ionable    
mode ( composition4  ,"h1 !n1 ! au?or ( 
! ,f\r? ,week ( ,octob] is ready = !    
wor/1 & w\ld /rike ! b>ga9 ( peace on ^!
 conditions4 ,i mu/ leave x to y & to e 
consid]ate man to reflect ^u ! effect ( 

?is on any ,cont95tal alliances1 pres5t 
or future1 & :e!r x w\ld be possible 7if
 ?is book 0 ?\ght ( ! lea/ au?ority7 t  
its maxims ) reg>d to our political     
int]e/ mu/ n naturally pu% !m to be     
be=eh& ) u 9 ! frat]nity ) ,regicide1 & 
?us n only /rip u ( any /eady alliance  
at pres5t1 b leave u )\t any ( t        
communion ( int]e/ :i* c\ld produce     
alliances 9 future4 ,inde$1 ) ^! maxims1
 we %\ld be well divid$ f ! _w4         
,not)/&+ ?is new k9d ( b>ri] & security 
t is f\nd aga9/ h] ambition 9 h]        
conque/s1 yet 9 ! v same p>agraph he    
admits1 t1 = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 x is    
subv]sive ( ! balance ( p[]4 ,?is1 ,i   
confess1 is n a direct contradiction1   
because ! b5efits :i* he promises       
himself f x1 accord+ to 8 hypo!sis1 are 
future & m remote4  ,s dispos$ is ?is   
au?or to peace1 t1 hav+ laid a com=table
 f\ndation = our security 9 ! greatness 
( h] empire1 he has ano!r 9 res]ve1 if t
 %\ld fail1 ^u q a contr>y gr\nd3 t is1 
a speculation ( h] crumbl+ to pieces1 & 

be+ ?r[n into a numb] ( little sep>ate  
republics4 ,aft] pay+ ! tribute (       
humanity to ^? :o w be ru9$ by all ^!   
*anges1 on ! :ole he is ( op9ion t !    
*ange might be compatible ) g5]al       
tranquillity1 & ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a      
peaceful & prosp]\s comm]ce among       
nations4 ,:e!r ,france be great or      
small1 firm & entire or dissipat$ &     
divid$1 all is well1 provid$ we c h     
peace ) h]4  ,b )\t ent]+ into          
speculations ab\t h] dismemb]m5t1 :il/  
%e is add+ great nations to h] empire1  
is x1 !n1 q s c]ta9 t ! dissipation (   
,france into su* a clu/] ( petty        
republics w\ld be s v favorable to !    
true balance ( p[] 9 ,europe z ?is au?or
 imag9es x w\ld be1 & to ! comm]ce (    
nations8 ,i greatly diff] f him4 ,i     
p]haps %all prove 9 a future lett]1 ) ! 
political map ( ,europe be=e my eye1 t !
 g5]al lib]ty & indep5d5ce ( ! great    
,*ri/ian commonweal? c\ld n exi/ ) su* a
 dismemb]m5t1 unless x 7 foll[$ 7z      
probably en\gh x w\ld7 by ! dismemb]m5t 

( e o!r consid]able c\ntry 9 ,europe3 & 
:at convulsions w\ld arise 9 !          
con/itution ( e /ate 9 ,europe x is n   
easy to conjecture 9 ! mode1 impossible 
n to =esee 9 ! mass4 ,speculate on1 good
 my ,"l6 provid$ y gr\nd no "p ( y\r    
politics on su* un/eady speculations4 ,b
 z to any practice to ensue1 are we n   
yet cur$ ( ! malady ( speculat+ on !    
circum/ances ( ?+s totally diff]5t f ^? 
9 :i* we live & move8 ,five ye>s has ?is
 mon/] cont9u$ :ole & entire 9 all its  
memb]s4 ,f> f fall+ into a division )9  
itself1 x is augm5t$ by trem5d\s        
additions4 ,we _c be> to look t         
frightful =m 9 ! face1 z x is1 & 9 its  
own actual %ape4 ,we d>e n be wise2 we h
 n ! =titude ( rational fe>2 we w n     
provide = our future safety2 b we       
endeavor to hu% ! cries ( pres5t        
timidity by guesses at :at may be       
h]eaft]1--      ,to-morr[1 & to-morr[1 &
 to-morr[4  ,is ?is our /yle ( talk1 :5 
all our ye/]days h light$ fools     ,!  
way to du/y dea?8  ,talk n to me ( :at  

sw>m ( republics may come f ?is c>cass6 
,x is no c>cass4 ,n[1 n[1 :il/ we are   
talk+1 x is full ( life & action4 ,:at  
say y to ! ,regicide empire ( to-day8   
,tell me1 my fri5d1 d its t]rors appall 
y into an abject submission1 or r\se y  
to a vigor\s def5ce8 ,b d--,i no long]  
prev5t x--d g on1--look into futurity4  
,has ?is empire no?+ to al>m y :5 all   
/ruggle aga9/ x is ov]1 :5 mank9d %all  
be sil5t be=e x1 :5 all nations %all be 
dis>m$1 di%e>t5$1 & truly divid$ by a   
trea*]\s peace8 ,its malignity t[>ds    
humank9d w subsi/ ) undim9i%$ heat1 :il/
 ! means ( giv+ x effect mu/ proce$1 & e
 means ( resi/+ x mu/ inevitably &      
rapidly decl9e4  ,aga9/ al>m on _!      
politic & milit>y empire ^! are !       
writ]'s s$ative rem$ies4 ,b he leaves u 
sadly 9 ! d>k ) reg>d to ! moral        
consequ5ces1 :i* he /ates h ?reat5$ to  
demoli% a sy/em ( civilization "u :i* 8 
c\ntry enjoys a prosp]ity unp>allel$ 9 !
 hi/ory ( man4 ,we _h em]g$ f our fir/  
t]rors1 b "h we s9k into !m             

aga91--h[ev]1 only to %ake !m (f ^u !   
cr$it ( 8 be+ a man ( v sangu9e hopes4  
,aga9/ ! moral t]rors ( ?is successful  
empire ( b>b>ism1 ?\gh he has giv5 u no 
consolation "h1 9 ano!r place he has =m$
 o!r securities1--securities1 inde$1 :i*
 w make ev5 ! enormity ( ! crimes &     
atrocities ( ,france a b5efit to ! _w4  
,we are to be cur$ by h] diseases4 ,we  
are to gr[ pr\d ( our ,con/itution ^u1 !
 di/emp]s ( !irs4 ,gov]nm5ts ?r\gh\t all
 ,europe are to become mu* /rong] by ?is
 ev5t4 ,?is1 too1 comes 9 ! favorite    
mode ( d\bt & p]haps4 ,to ^?1 he says1  
:o m$itate on ! work+s ( ! human m9d1 a 
d\bt may p]haps arise1 :e!r ! effects   
:i* ,i h describ$1 7namely1 ! *ange he  
supposes to be wr\ght on ! public m9d ) 
reg>d to ! ,fr5* doctr9es17 ?\gh at     
pres5t a salut>y *eck to ! dang]\s _s ( 
innovation1 may n prove favorable to    
abuses ( p[]1 by creat+ a timidity 9 ! j
 cause ( lib]ty4 ,"h ! curr5t ( our     
appreh5sions takes a contr>y c\rse4     
,in/ead ( trembl+ = ! exi/5ce ( our     

gov]nm5t f ! _s ( lic5ti\sness & an>*y1 
! au?or w\ld make u believe we are to   
tremble = our lib]ties f ! great        
accession ( p[] :i* is to accrue to     
gov]nm5t4  ,i believe ,i h read 9 "s    
au?or :o criticiz$ ! productions ( !    
fam\s ,jurieu1 t x is n v wise 9 p :o   
da% away 9 prophecy1 to fix ! "t (      
accompli%m5t at too %ort a p]iod4 ,mr4  
,bro!rs may m$itate ^u ?is at 8 leisure4
 ,he 0 a melan*oly progno/icator1 & has 
_h ! fate ( melan*oly m54 ,b !y :o      
prophesy pleasant ?+s get great pres5t  
applause2 & 9 days ( calamity p h some?+
 else to ?9k (3 !y lose1 9 _! feel+ ( _!
 di/ress1 all memory ( ^? :o flatt]$ !m 
9 _! prosp]ity4 ,b m]ely = ! cr$it ( !  
pr$iction1 no?+ c\ld h happ5$ m         
unluckily = ! noble "l's sangu9e        
expectations ( ! am5dm5t ( ! public m9d1
 & ! consequ5t great] security to       
gov]nm5t1 f ! examples 9 ,france1 ?an   
:at happ5$ 9 ! week aft] ! publication (
 8 hebdomadal sy/em4 ,i am n sure x 0 n 
9 ! v week "o ( ! mo/ viol5t & dang]\s  

s$itions broke out t we h se5 9 sev]al  
ye>s4 ,?is s$ition1 m5ac+ to ! public   
security1 endang]+ ! sacr$ p]son ( ! k+1
 & violat+ 9 ! mo/ audaci\s mann] !     
au?ority ( ,p>liam5t1 surr\nd$ our      
sov]eign ) a murd]\s yell & w>-:oop = t 
peace :i* ! noble "l consid]s z a cure =
 all dome/ic di/urbances &              
dissatisfactions4  ,s f> z to ?is g5]al 
cure = popul> disord]s4 ,z = gov]nm5t1 !
 two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 in/ead ( be+   
guid$ by ! speculations ( ! ,f\r? ,week 
9 ,octob]1 & ?r[+ up new b>ri]s aga9/ ! 
dang]\s p[] ( ! cr[n1 :i* ! noble "l    
consid]$ z no unplausible subject (     
appreh5sion1 ! two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t   
?\ght fit to pass two acts = ! fur!r    
/r5g!n+ ( t v gov]nm5t aga9/ a mo/      
dang]\s & wide-spread faction4          
,unluckily1 too1 = ?is k9d ( sangu9e    
speculation1 on ! v fir/ day ( !        
ev]-fam$ la/ week ( ,octob]1 a l>ge1    
d>+1 & s$iti\s meet+ 0 publicly held1 f 
:i* meet+ ?is atroci\s attempt aga9/ !  
sov]eign publicly orig9at$4  ,no wond] t

 ! au?or %\ld tell u t ! :ole           
consid]ation might be v>i$ :il/ he 0    
writ+ ^? pages4 ,9 "o1 & t ! mo/ mat]ial
 in/ance1 8 speculations n only might   
be1 b 7 at t v "t1 entirely ov]set4 ,_! 
w>-cry = peace ) ,france 0 ! same ) t ( 
?is g5tle au?or1 b 9 a diff]5t note4 ,8 
is ! gemitus columb1 coo+ & woo+        
frat]nity2 !irs ! fun]eal screams (     
birds ( night call+ = _! ill-om5$       
p>am\rs4 ,b !y are bo? songs ( c\rt%ip4 
,^! ,regicides consid]$ a ,regicide     
peace z a cure = all _! evils2 & s f> z 
,i c f9d1 !y %[$ no?+ at all ( !        
timidity :i* ! noble "l appreh5ds 9 :at 
!y call ! j cause ( lib]ty4  ,h[ev]1 x  
seems1 t1 not)/&+ ^! awkw>d appe>ances )
 reg>d to ! /r5g? ( gov]nm5t1 he has    
/ill 8 fe>s & d\bts ab\t our lib]ties4  
,to a free p ?is w\ld be a matt] ( al>m2
 b ?is physician ( ,octob] has 9 8 %op  
all sorts ( salves = all sorts ( sores4 
,x is curi\s t !y all come f !          
inexhau/ible drug-%op ( ! ,regicide     
disp5s>y4 ,x co/s him no?+ to excite    

t]ror1 because he lays x at 8 pleasure4 
,he f9ds a security = ?is dang] to      
lib]ty f ! wond]ful wisdom to be taught 
to k+s1 to nobility1 & ev51 to ! l[e/ ( 
! p1 by ! late transactions4  ,i confess
 ,i 0 always bl9d en\gh to reg>d ! ,fr5*
 ,revolution1 9 ! act1 & mu* m 9 !      
example1 z "o ( ! greate/ calamities t  
_h ev] fall5 ^u mank9d4 ,i n[ f9d t 9   
its effects x is to be ! greate/ ( all  
bless+s4 ,if s1 we owe am5de honorable  
to ! ,jacob9s4 ,!y1 x seems1 7 "r2 & if 
!y 7 "r a little e>li] ?an we are1 x    
only %[s t !y exce$$ u 9 sagacity4 ,if  
!y br\ght out _! "r ideas some:at 9 a   
disord]ly mann]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t    
great zeal produces "s irregul>ity2 b :5
 greatly 9 ! "r1 x mu/ be p>don$ by ^?  
:o are v regul>ly & temp]ately 9 !      
wrong4 ,! ma/] ,jacob9s _h told me ?is a
 ?\s& times4 ,i nev] believ$ ! ma/]s2   
nor d ,i n[ f9d myself dispos$ to give  
cr$it to ! disciple4 ,i w n mu* dispute 
) our au?or1 :i* p>ty has ! be/ ( ?is   
,revolution1--t :i* is f !nce to le>n   

wisdom1 or t :i* f ! same ev5t has      
obta9$ p[]4 ,! dispute on ! pref]5ce (  
/r5g? to wisdom may p]haps be decid$ z  
,horace has decid$ ! controv]sy betwe5  
,art & ,nature4 ,i d n l to leave all ! 
p[] to my adv]s>y1 & to secure no?+ to  
myself b ! untimely wisdom t is taught  
by ! consequ5ces ( folly4 ,i d n l my   
%>e 9 ! p>tition3 because to 8 /r5g? my 
adv]s>y may possibly add a good deal (  
cunn+1 :]eas my wisdom may totally fail 
9 produc+ to me ! same degree ( /r5g?4  
,b to desc5d f ! au?or's g5]alities a   
little ne>] to mean+1 ! security giv5 to
 lib]ty is ?is1--t gov]nm5ts w h le>n$ n
 to precipitate !mselves into           
emb>rassm5ts by speculative w>s4        
,sov]eigns & pr9ces w n =get t /ead9ess1
 mod]ation1 & economy are ! be/ supports
 ( ! em95ce on :i* !y /&4 ,!re seems to 
me a good deal ( oblique reflection 9   
?is lesson4 ,z to ! lesson itself1 x is 
at all times a good "o4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1   
h[ev]1 by ?is =mal introduction ( x z a 
recomm5dation ( ! arrangem5ts propos$ by

 ! au?or1 x _h nev] be5 taught be=e1    
ei!r by precept or by exp]i5ce1--& t ^! 
maxims are discov]ies res]v$ = a        
,regicide peace4 ,b is x p]mitt$ to ask 
:at security x af=ds to ! lib]ty ( !    
subject1 t ! pr9ce is pacific or frugal8
 ,! v contr>y has happ5$ 9 our hi/ory4  
,our be/ securities = fre$om h be5      
obta9$ f pr9ces :o 7 ei!r w>like1 or    
prodigal1 or bo?4  ,al?\gh ! am5dm5t (  
pr9ces 9 ^! po9ts c h no effect 9 quiet+
 our appreh5sions = lib]ty on acc\nt ( !
 /r5g? to be acquir$ to gov]nm5t by a   
,regicide peace1 ,i all[ t ! avoid+ (   
speculative w>s may possibly be an      
advantage1 provid$ ,i well und]/& :at ! 
au?or means by a speculative w>4 ,i     
suppose he means a w> gr\nd$ on         
speculative advantages1 & n w>s f\nd$ on
 a j speculation ( dang]4 ,does he mean 
to include ?is w>1 :i* we are n[ c>ry+  
on1 among/ ^? speculative w>s :i* ?is   
,jacob9 peace is to tea* sov]eigns to   
avoid h]eaft]8 ,if s1 x is do+ ! p>ty an
 important s]vice4 ,does he mean t we   

are to avoid su* w>s z t ( ! ,gr&       
,alliance1 made on a speculation ( dang]
 to ! indep5d5ce ( ,europe8 ,i suspect  
he has a sort ( retrospective view to ! 
,am]ican w>1 z a speculative w>1 c>ri$  
on by ,engl& ^u "o side & by ,l\is !    
,sixte5? on ! o!r4 ,z to our %>e ( t w>1
 let rev]5ce to ! dead & respect to !   
liv+ prev5t u f read+ lessons ( ?is k9d 
at _! exp5se4 ,i don't "k h[ f> ! au?or 
may f9d himself at lib]ty to wanton on t
 subject2 b1 = my "p1 ,i ent]$ into a   
coalition :i*1 :5 ,i _h no long] a duty 
relative to t bus9ess1 made me ?9k      
myself b\nd 9 honor n to call x up )\t  
necessity4 ,b if he puts ,engl& out ( ! 
"q1 & reflects only on ,l\is ! ,sixte5?1
 ,i h only to say1 ,de>ly has he answ]$ 
x6 ,i w n def5d him4 ,b all ^? :o pu%$  
on ! ,revolution by :i* he 0 depos$ 7   
mu* m 9 fault ?an he 04 ,!y h murd]$    
him1 & h divid$ 8 k+dom z a spoil2 b !y 
:o are ! guilty are n !y :o furni% !    
example4 ,!y :o reign ?r\gh 8 fault are 
n among ^? sov]eigns :o are likely to be

 taught to avoid speculative w>s by !   
murd] ( _! ma/]4 ,i ?9k ! au?or w n be  
h>dy en\gh to ass]t t !y h %[n less     
disposition to m$dle 9 ! conc]ns ( t v  
,am]ica ?an he did1 & 9 a way n less    
likely to k9dle ! flame ( speculative   
w>4 ,"h is "o sov]eign n yet reclaim$ by
 ^! heal+ examples4 ,w he po9t out ! o!r
 sov]eigns :o are to be re=m$ by ?is    
peace8 ,_! w>s may n be speculative4 ,b 
! _w w n be mu* m5d$ by turn+ w>s f     
unpr(itable & speculative to practical &
 lucrative1 :e!r ! lib]ty or ! repose ( 
mank9d is reg>d$4 ,if ! au?or's new     
sov]eign 9 ,france is n re=m$ by !      
example ( 8 own ,revolution1 t          
,revolution has n add$ mu* to ! security
 & repose ( ,pol&1 = in/ance1 or taught 
! ?ree great p>tition+ p[]s m mod]ation 
9 _! second ?an !y _h %[n 9 _! fir/     
division ( t devot$ c\ntry4 ,! fir/     
division1 :i* prec$$ ^! de/ructive      
examples1 0 mod]ation itself1 9         
comp>ison ( :at has be51 done s9ce !    
p]iod ( ! au?or's am5dm5t4  ,?is        

p>agraph is writt5 ) some?+ ( a /udi$   
obscurity4 ,if x means any?+1 x seems to
 h9t z if sov]eigns 7 to le>n mod]ation1
 & an att5tion to ! lib]ties ( _! p1 f !
 fate ( ! sov]eigns :o h suff]$ 9 ?is   
w>1 & em95tly ( ,l\is ! ,sixte5?4  ,w he
 say :e!r ! ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia's horrible    
tyranny 0 ! cause ( ! loss ( ,savoy & ( 
,nice8 ,:at lesson ( mod]ation does x   
tea* ! ,pope8 ,i desire to "k :e!r 8    
,hol9ess is to le>n n to massacre 8     
subjects1 nor to wa/e & de/roy su*      
beautiful c\ntries z t ( ,avignon1 le/  
he %\ld call to _! assi/ance t great    
deliv]] ( nations1 ,j\rdan ,c\pe-tte8   
,:at lesson does x give ( mod]ation to !
 ,emp]or1 ^: pr$ecessor nev] put "o man 
to dea? aft] a g5]al rebellion ( ! ,l[  
,c\ntries1 t ! ,regicides nev] sp>$ man1
 woman1 or *ild1 :om !y b suspect$ (    
dislike to _! usurpations8 ,:at1 !n1 are
 all ^! lessons ab\t ! s(t5+ ! "* (     
sov]eigns by ?is ,regicide peace8 ,on   
read+ ?is section1 "o w\ld imag9e t !   
poor tame sov]eigns ( ,europe _h be5 a  

sort ( furi\s wild bea/s1 t /ood 9 ne$ (
 "s uncommonly r\gh discipl9e to subdue 
! f]ocity ( _! savage nature4  ,z to !  
example to be le>nt f ! murd] ( ,l\is ! 
,sixte5?1 if a lesson to k+s is n d]iv$ 
f 8 fate1 ,i d n "k :5ce x c come4 ,!   
au?or1 h[ev]1 ought n to h left u 9 !   
d>k ^u t subject1 to break our %9s ov] 8
 h9ts & ins9uations4 ,is x1 !n1 true1 t 
?is un=tunate mon>* drew 8 puni%m5t ^u  
himself by 8 want ( mod]ation1 & 8      
oppress+ ! lib]ties ( :i* he _h f\nd 8 p
 9 possession8 ,is n ! direct contr>y ! 
fact8 ,& is n ! example ( ?is           
,revolution ! v rev]se ( any?+ :i* c    
lead to t s(t5+ ( "* 9 pr9ces :i* !     
au?or supposes z a security to ! p1 &   
has br\ght =w>d z a recomm5dation to    
frat]nity ) ^? :o h adm9i/]$ t happy    
emolli5t 9 ! murd] ( _! k+ & ! slav]y & 
desolation ( _! c\ntry8  ,b ! au?or does
 n conf9e ! b5efit ( ! ,regicide lesson 
to k+s alone4 ,he has a diffusive b\nty4
 ,nobles1 & m5 ( prop]ty1 w likewise be 
greatly re=m$4 ,!y1 too1 w be l$ to a   

review ( _! social situation &          
duties1--& w reflect1 t _! l>ge allotm5t
 ( worldly advantages is = ! aid &      
b5efit ( ! :ole4 ,is x1 !n1 f ! fate (  
,juign1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 or ( !       
,c>d9al de ,ro*ef\cault1 & ( s _m o!rs1 
:o gave _! =tunes1 &1 ,i may say1 _! v  
be+s1 to ! poor1 t ! ri* are to le>n1 t 
_! =tunes are = ! aid & b5efit ( ! :ole8
 ,i say no?+ ( ! lib]al p]sons ( great  
rank & prop]ty1 lay & ecclesia/ic1 m5 & 
wom51 to :om we h _h ! honor & happ9ess 
( af=d+ an asylum3 ,i pass by ^!1 le/ ,i
 %\ld nev] h done1 or le/ ,i %\ld omit  
"s z des]v+ z any ,i might m5tion4 ,:y w
 ! au?or1 !n1 suppose t ! nobles & m5 ( 
prop]ty 9 ,france h be5 bani%$1         
confiscat$1 & murd]$1 on acc\nt ( !     
savag5ess & f]ocity ( _! "*1 & _! be+   
ta9t$ ) vices beyond ^? ( ! same ord] & 
description 9 o!r c\ntries8 ,no judge ( 
a revolution>y tribunal1 ) 8 h&s dipp$ 9
 _! blood & 8 maw gorg$ ) _! prop]ty1   
has yet d>$ to ass]t :at ?is au?or has  
be5 pleas$1 by way ( a moral lesson1 to 

ins9uate4  ,_! nobility1 & _! m5 (      
prop]ty1 9 a mass1 _h ! v same virtues1 
& ! v same vices1 & 9 ! v same          
proportions1 ) ! same description ( m5 9
 ?is & 9 o!r nations4 ,i mu/ d ju/ice to
 suff]+ honor1 g5]osity1 & integrity4 ,i
 d n "k t any "t or any c\ntry has      
furni%$ m spl5did examples ( e virtue1  
dome/ic & public4 ,i d n ent] into !    
c\ncils ( ,provid5ce2 b1 humanly speak+1
 _m ( ^! nobles & m5 ( prop]ty1 f ^:    
disa/r\s fate we are1 x seems1 to le>n a
 g5]al s(t5+ ( "*1 & a revision ( our   
social situations & duties1 appe> to me 
full z little des]v+ ( t fate z ! au?or1
 :oev] he is1 c be4 ,_m ( !m1 ,i am     
sure1 7 su* z ,i %\ld be pr\d inde$ to  
be able to comp>e myself )1 9 k1 9      
integrity1 & 9 e o!r virtue4 ,my feeble 
nature might %r9k1 ?\gh !irs did n1 f ! 
pro(2 b my reason & my ambition tell me 
t x w\ld be a good b>ga9 to pur*ase _!  
m]its ) _! fate4  ,= :i* ( 8 vices did t
 great magi/rate1 ,d',esprmnil1 lose 8  
=tune & 8 head8 ,:at 7 ! abom9ations (  

,male%]bes1 t o!r excell5t magi/rate1 ^:
 sixty ye>s ( uni=m virtue 0 ackn[l$g$1 
9 ! v act ( 8 murd]1 by ! judicial      
but*]s :o condemn$ him8 ,on acc\nt ( :at
 misdemeanors 0 he robb$ ( 8 prop]ty1 & 
slaught]$ ) two g5]ations ( 8 (fspr+1--&
 ! rema9s ( ! ?ird race1 ) a ref9em5t ( 
cruelty1 & le/ !y %\ld appe> to reclaim 
! prop]ty =feit$ by ! virtues ( _!      
ance/or1 conf\nd$ 9 an hospital ) !     
?\s&s ( ^? unhappy f\ndl+ infants :o are
 ab&on$1 )\t relation & )\t "n1 by !    
wret*$ness or by ! pr(ligacy ( _! p>5ts8
  ,is ! fate ( ! ,que5 ( ,france to     
produce ?is s(t5+ ( "*8 ,0 %e a p]son s 
v f]oci\s & cruel1 z1 by ! example ( h] 
dea?1 to fright5 u into common humanity8
 ,is !re no way to tea* ! ,emp]or a     
s(t5+ ( "*1 & a review ( 8 social       
situation & duty1 b 8 cons5t1 by an     
infam\s accord ) ,regicide1 to drive a  
second coa* ) ! ,au/rian arms ?r\gh !   
/reets ( ,p>is1 along :i*1 aft] a s]ies 
( prep>atory horrors exce$+ ! atrocities
 ( ! bloody execution itself1 ! glory ( 

! ,imp]ial race _h be5 c>ri$ to an      
ignom9i\s dea?8 ,is ?is a lesson (      
mod]ation to a desc5dant ( ,m>ia ,!resa1
 drawn f ! fate ( ! daught] ( t         
incomp>able woman & sov]eign8 ,if he    
le>ns ?is lesson f su* an object1 & f   
su* tea*]s1 ! man may rema91 b ! k+ is  
depos$4 ,if he does n c>ry q ano!r      
memory ( t transaction 9 ! inmo/        
recesses ( 8 he>t1 he is unwor?y to     
reign1 he is unwor?y to live4 ,9 !      
*ronicle ( disgrace he w h b ?is %ort   
tale told ( him3 ,he 0 ! fir/ emp]or ( 8
 h\se t embrac$ a regicide2 he 0 ! la/ t
 wore ! imp]ial purple4 ,f> am ,i f ?9k+
 s ill ( ?is augu/ sov]eign1 :o is at ! 
head ( ! mon>*ies ( ,europe1 & :o is !  
tru/ee ( _! dignities & 8 own4  ,:at    
f]ocity ( "* drew on ! fate ( ,elizabe?1
 ! si/] ( ,k+ ,l\is ! ,sixte5?8 ,= :i* (
 ! vices ( t patt]n ( b5evol5ce1 (      
piety1 & ( all ! virtues1 did !y put h] 
to dea?8 ,= :i* ( h] vices did !y put to
 dea? ! milde/ ( all human creatures1 ! 
,du*ess ( ,biron8 ,:at 7 ! crimes ( ^?  

cr[ds ( matrons & virg9s ( condition1   
:om !y mas sacr$1 ) _! juries ( blood1 9
 prisons & on scaffolds8 ,:at 7 !       
enormities ( ! infant k+1 :om !y caus$1 
by l+]+ tortures1 to p]i% 9 _! dungeon1 
& :om if at la/ !y dispat*$ by poison1 x
 0 9 t dete/able crime ! only act ( m]cy
 !y h ev] %[n8  ,:at s(t5+ ( "* is to be
 _h1 :at review ( _! social situations &
 duties is to be taught by ^! examples  
to k+s1 to nobles1 to m5 ( prop]ty1 to  
wom51 & to infants8 ,! royal family     
p]i%$ because x 0 royal4 ,! nobles p]i%$
 because !y 7 noble4 ,! m51 wom51 &     
*ildr51 :o _h prop]ty1 because !y _h    
prop]ty to be robb$ (4 ,! prie/s 7      
puni%$1 aft] !y _h be5 robb$ ( _! all1 n
 = _! vices1 b = _! virtues & _! piety1 
:i* made !m an honor to _! sacr$        
pr(ession1 & to t nature ( :i* we ought 
to be pr\d1 s9ce !y belong to x4 ,my    
,"l1 no?+ c be le>n$ f su* examples1    
except ! dang] ( be+ k+s1 que5s1 nobles1
 prie/s1 & *ildr51 to be but*]$ on      
acc\nt ( _! inh]itance4 ,^! are ?+s at  

:i* n vice1 n crime1 n folly1 b wisdom1 
goodness1 le>n+1 ju/ice1 probity1       
b5efic5ce1 /& agha/4 ,by ^! examples our
 reason & our moral s5se are n          
enlight5$1 b conf\nd$2 & !re is no      
refuge = a/oni%$ & affright$ virtue1 b  
be+ annihilat$ 9 humility & submission1 
s9k+ into a sil5t adoration ( !         
inscrutable disp5sations ( ,provid5ce1 &
 fly+ ) trembl+ w+s f ?is _w ( d>+      
crimes1 & feeble1 pusillanim\s1         
half-br$1 ba/>d ju/ice1 to ! asylum (   
ano!r ord] ( ?+s1 9 an unkn[n =m1 b 9 a 
bett] life4  ,:atev] ! politician or    
prea*] ( ,septemb] or ( ,octob] may ?9k 
( ! matt]1 x is a mo/ com=tless1        
di%e>t5+1 desolat+ example4 ,dreadful is
 ! example ( ru9$ innoc5ce & virtue1 & !
 complete/ triumph ( ! complete/ villany
 t ev] vex$ & disgrac$ mank9d6 ,!       
example is ru9\s 9 e po9t ( view1       
religi\s1 moral1 civil1 political4 ,x   
e/abli%es t dreadful maxim ( ,ma*iavel1 
t 9 great affairs m5 are n to be wick$  
by halves4 ,?is maxim is n made = a     

middle sort ( be+s1 :o1 because !y _c be
 angels1 ought to ?w>t _! ambition1 & n 
endeavor to become inf]nal spirits4 ,x  
is too well exemplifi$ 9 ! pres5t "t1   
:]e ! faults & errors ( humanity1 *eck$ 
by ! imp]fect1 timor\s virtues1 h be5   
ov]p[]$ by ^? :o h /opp$ at no crime4 ,x
 is a dreadful "p ( ! example1 t inf]nal
 malevol5ce has _h pi\s apologi/s1 :o   
read _! lectures on frailties 9 favor ( 
crimes1--:o ab&on ! weak1 & c\rt !      
fri5d%ip ( ! wick$4 ,to root out ^!     
maxims1 & ! examples t support !m1 is a 
wise object ( ye>s ( w>4 ,?is is t w>4  
,?is is t moral w>4 ,x 0 said by old    
,trivulzio1 t ! ,battle ( ,m>ignano 0 ! 
,battle ( ! ,giants1--t all ! re/ ( ! _m
 he _h se5 7 ^? ( ! ,cranes & ,pygmies4 
,?is is true ( ! objects1 at lea/1 ( !  
conte/3 = ! great] "p ( ^? :i* we h     
hi!rto cont5d$ =1 9 comp>ison1 7 ! toys 
( *ildr54  ,! ,octob] politician is s   
full ( *>ity & good-nature1 t he        
supposes t ^! v robb]s & murd]]s        
!mselves are 9 a c\rse ( melioration3 on

 :at gr\nd ,i _c conceive1 except on !  
long practice ( e crime1 & by its       
complete success4 ,he is an ,orig5i/1 & 
believes 9 ! conv]sion ( ! ,devil4 ,all 
t runs 9 ! place ( blood 9 8 ve9s is    
no?+ b ! milk ( human k9dness4 ,he is z 
s(t z a curd1--?\gh1 z a politician1 he 
might be suppos$ to be made ( /]n] /uff4
 ,he supposes 7to use 8 own expression7 
t ! salut>y tru?s :i* he inculcates are 
mak+ _! way into _! bosoms4 ,_! bosom is
 a rock ( granite1 on :i* ,falsehood has
 long s9ce built h] /ronghold4 ,poor    
,tru? has _h a h>d "w ( x1 ) h] little  
pickaxe4 ,no?+ b gunp[d] w d4  ,z a     
pro(1 h[ev]1 ( ! progress ( ?is sap (   
,tru?1 he gives u a confession !y _h    
made n long be=e he wrote4 ',_!         
frat]nity' 7z 0 lately /at$ by !mselves 
9 a solemn report7 'has be5 ! bro!rhood 
( ,ca9 & ,abel1' & '!y h organiz$ no?+ b
 bankruptcy & fam9e4' ,a v hone/        
confession1 truly1--& mu* 9 ! _s ( _!   
oracle1 ,r\sseau4 ,yet1 :at is /ill m   
m>vell\s ?an ! confession1 ?is is ! v   

frat]nity to :i* our au?or gives u su*  
an oblig+ invitation to acc$e4 ,!re is1 
inde$1 a vacancy 9 ! frat]nal corps3 a  
bro!r & a p>tn] is want$4 ,if we please1
 we may fill up ! place ( ! but*]$      
,abel2 & :il/ we wait ! de/9y ( ! dep>t$
 bro!r1 we may enjoy ! advantages ( !   
p>tn]%ip1 by ent]+ )\t delay into a %op 
( ready-made bankruptcy & fam9e4 ,^! are
 ! d\ceurs by :i* we are invit$ to      
,regicide frat]nity & fri5d%ip4 ,b /ill 
our au?or consid]s ! confession z a pro(
 t tru? is mak+ its way into _! bosoms4 
,no6 ,x is n mak+ its way into _!       
bosoms4 ,x has =c$ its way into _! m\?s6
 ,! evil _s by :i* !y are possess$1 ?\gh
 ess5tially a li>1 is =c$ by ! tortures 
( consci5ce to confess ! tru?1--to      
confess en\gh = _! condemnation1 b n =  
_! am5dm5t4 ,%akspe>e v aptly expresses 
?is k9d ( confession1 devoid (          
rep5tance1 f ! m\? ( an usurp]1 a       
murd]]1 & a regicide3--              ,we
 are ourselves compell$1     ,ev5 to !  
tee? & =ehead ( our faults1     ,to give

 9 evid5ce4  ,:5ce is _! am5dm5t8 ,:y1 !
 au?or writes1 t1 on _! murd]\s         
insurrection>y sy/em1 _! own lives are n
 sure = an h\r2 nor has _! p[] a great] 
/ability4 ,true4 ,!y are conv9c$ ( x2 & 
accord+ly ! wret*es h done all !y c to  
pres]ve _! lives1 & to secure _! p[]2 b 
n "o /ep h !y tak5 to am5d ! "o or to   
make a m j use ( ! o!r4 ,_! wick$ policy
 has oblig$ !m to make a pause 9 ! only 
massacres 9 :i* _! trea*]y & cruelty _h 
op]at$ z a k9d ( savage ju/ice1--t is1 !
 massacre ( ! accomplices ( _! crimes3  
!y h ceas$ to %$ ! inhuman blood ( _!   
fell[-murd]]s2 b :5 !y take any ( ^?    
p]sons :o cont5d = _! lawful gov]nm5t1  
_! prop]ty1 & _! religion1 not)/&+ !    
tru? :i* ?is au?or says is mak+ its way 
into _! bosoms1 x has n taught !m ! lea/
 t9cture ( m]cy4 ,?is we pla9ly see by  
_! massacre at ,quib]on1 :]e !y put to  
dea?1 ) e species ( contumely1 & )\t any
 exception1 e prison] ( w> :o did n     
escape out ( _! h&s4 ,to h _h prop]ty1  
to h be5 robb$ ( x1 & to endeavor to    

rega9 x1--^! are crimes irremissible1 to
 :i* e man :o reg>ds 8 prop]ty or 8     
life1 9 e c\ntry1 ought well to look 9  
all connection ) ^? ) :om to h _h       
prop]ty 0 an (f5ce1 to endeavor to keep 
x a second (f5ce1 to attempt to rega9 x 
a crime t puts ! (f5d] out ( all ! laws 
( peace or w>4 ,y _c see "o ( ^? wret*es
 )\t an al>m = y\r life z well z y\r    
goods4 ,!y are l ! wor/ ( ! ,fr5* &     
,italian b&itti1 :o1 :5ev] !y robb$1 7  
sure to murd]4  ,are !y n ! v same      
ruffians1 ?ieves1 assass9s1 & regicides 
t !y 7 f ! beg9n+8 ,h !y div]sifi$ !    
sc5e by ! lea/ v>iety1 or produc$ ! face
 ( a s+le new villany8 ,tdet h>um       
quotidian>um =m>um4 ,oh6 b ,i %all be   
answ]$1 ,x is n[ q ano!r ?+2--!y are all
 *ang$4 ,y h n se5 !m 9 _! /ate         
dresses2--?is makes an amaz+ diff]5ce4  
,! new habit ( ! ,directory is s *>m+ly 
fanci$1 t x is impossible n to fall 9   
love ) s well-dress$ a ,con/itution2--! 
co/ume ( ! sans-culotte ,con/itution (  
#agic 0 absolutely insuff]able4 ,!      

,committee = ,=eign ,affairs 7 su*      
slov5s1 & /unk s abom9ably1 t no muscad9
 ambassador ( ! smalle/ degree (        
delicacy ( n]ves c\ld come )9 t5 y>ds ( 
!m2 b n[ !y are s p[d]$1 & p]fum$1 &    
rib&$1 & sa%$1 & plum$1 t1 ?\gh !y are  
gr[n inf9itely m insol5t 9 _! f9e clo!s 
ev5 ?an !y 7 9 _! rags1 7& t 0 en\gh17 z
 !y n[ appe>1 !re is some?+ 9 x m gr& & 
noble1 some?+ m suitable to an awful    
,roman ,s5ate receiv+ ! homage ( dep5d5t
 tetr>*s4 ,l t ,s5ate1 7_! p]petual     
model = conduct t[>ds o!r nations17 !y  
p]mit _! vassals 7dur+ _! good pleasure7
 to assume ! "n ( k+s1 9 ord] to be/[ m 
dignity on ! suite & ret9ue ( ! sov]eign
 ,republic by ! nom9al rank ( _! slaves3
 ,ut habeant in/rum5ta s]vitutis et     
reges4 ,all ?is is v f9e1 und\bt$ly2 &  
ambassadors ^: h&s are almo/ out = want 
( employm5t may long to h _! "p 9 ?is   
augu/ c]emony ( ! ,republic "o &        
indivisible4 ,b1 ) great def]5ce to !   
new diplomatic ta/e1 we old p mu/ reta9 
"s squ>e-to$ pr$ilection1 = ! fa%ions ( 

our y\?4  ,i am afraid y w f9d me1 my   
,"l1 aga9 fall+ into my usual vanity1 9 
valu+ myself on ! em95t m5 ^: society ,i
 once enjoy$4 ,i rememb]1 9 a           
conv]sation ,i once _h ) my ev] de>     
fri5d ,g>rick1 :o 0 ! fir/ ( actors1    
because he 0 ! mo/ acute obs]v] (       
,nature ,i ev] knew1 ,i ask$ him h[ x   
happ5$1 t1 :5ev] a s5ate appe>$ on !    
/age1 ! audi5ce seem$ always dispos$ to 
laught]4 ,he said1 ! reason 0 pla93 !   
audi5ce 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! faces ( mo/ 
( ! s5ators4 ,!y knew t !y 7 no o!r ?an 
c&le-snuff]s1 revolution>y sc5e-%ift]s1 
second & ?ird mob1 prompt]s1 cl]ks1     
execution]s1 :o /& ) _! axe on _! %\ld]s
 by ! :eel1 gr9n]s 9 ! pantomime1       
murd]]s 9 trag$ies1 :o make ugly faces  
"u black wigs1--9 %ort1 ! v scum &      
refuse ( ! !atre2 & x 0 ( c\rse t !     
contra/ ( ! vil5ess ( ! actors ) ! pomp 
( _! habits naturally excit$ ideas (    
contempt & ridicule4  ,s x 0 at ,p>is on
 ! inaugural day ( ! ,con/itution = !   
pres5t ye>4 ,! =eign m9i/]s 7 ord]$ to  

att5d at ?is inve/iture ( !             
,directory2--= s !y call ! manag]s ( _! 
burlesque gov]nm5t4 ,! diplomacy1 :o 7 a
 sort ( /rang]s1 7 q awe-/ruck ) !      
pride1 pomp1 & circum/ance ( ?is maje/ic
 s5ate2 :il/ ! sans-culotte gall]y      
in/antly recogniz$ _! old insurrection>y
 acqua9tance1 bur/ out into a           
horse-laugh at _! absurd f9]y1 & held !m
 9 inf9itely great] contempt ?an :il/ !y
 pr[l$ ab\t ! /reets 9 ! pantaloons ( ! 
la/ ye>'s ,con/itution1 :5 _!           
legislators appe>$ hone/ly1 ) _! dagg]s 
9 _! belts1 & _! pi/ols peep+ out ( _!  
side-pocket-holes1 l a bold1 brave      
b&itti1 z !y are4 ,! ,p>isians 7& ,i am 
mu* ( _! m9d7 ?9k t a ?ief ) a crape on 
8 visage is mu* worse ?an a b>efac$     
knave1 & t su* robb]s ri*ly des]ve all !
 p5alties ( all ! black acts4 ,9 ?is _! 
?9 disguise1 _! comrades ( ! late       
abdicat$ sov]eign canaille hoot$ & hiss$
 !m1 & f t day h no o!r "n = !m ?an :at 
is n q s easy to r5d] into ,engli%1     
impossible to make x v civil ,engli%3 x 

belongs1 inde$1 to ! language ( !       
halles3 b1 )\t be+ in/ruct$ 9 t dialect1
 x 0 ! op9ion ( ! polite ,"l ,*e/]field 
t no man c\ld be a complete ma/] (      
,fr5*4 ,_! ,p>isian bre?r5 call$ !m     
gueux plums1 :i*1 ?\gh n elegant1 is    
expressive & *>act]i/ic3 fea!r$         
sc\ndrels1 ,i ?9k1 comes ! ne>e/ to x 9 
t k9d ( ,engli%4 ,b we are n[ to und]/& 
t ^! gueux1 = no o!r reason1 t ,i c     
div9e1 except _! r$ & :ite clo!s1 =m at 
la/ a /ate ) :i* we may cultivate amity1
 & h a prospect ( ! bless+s ( a secure &
 p]man5t peace4 ,9 effect1 !n1 x 0 n ) !
 m51 or _! pr9ciples1 or _! polities1 t 
we qu>rell$3 our sole dislike 0 to ! cut
 ( _! clo!s4  ,b to pass ov] _!         
dresses1--good ,god6 9 :at habits did ! 
repres5tatives ( ! cr[n$ heads ( ,europe
 appe>1 :5 !y came to swell ! pomp ( _! 
humiliation1 & att5d$ 9 solemn function 
?is inauguration ( ,regicide8 ,t w\ld be
 ! curiosity4 ,"u :at robes did !y cov] 
! disgrace & degradation ( ! :ole       
college ( k+s8 ,:at w>eh\ses ( masks &  

dom9oes furni%$ a cov] to ! nak$ness (  
_! %ame8 ,! %op ought to be kn[n2 x w   
soon h a good trade4 ,7 ! dresses ( !   
m9i/]s ( ^? lately call$ pot5tates1 :o  
att5d$ on t occasion1 tak5 f ! w>drobe (
 t prop]ty-man at ! op]a1 f :5ce my old 
acqua9tance1 ,ana*>sis ,clootz1 "s ye>s 
ago equipp$ a body ( ambassadors1 :om he
 conduct$1 z f all ! nations ( ! _w1 to 
! b> ( :at 0 call$ ! ,con/itu5t         
,assembly8 ,among ^? mock m9i/]s1 "o ( !
 mo/ conspicu\s figures 0 !             
repres5tative ( ! ,briti% nation1 :o    
unluckily 0 want+ at ! late c]emony4 ,9 
! face ( all ! real ambassadors ( !     
sov]eigns ( ,europe 0 ?is ludicr\s      
repres5tation ( _! sev]al subjects1 "u !
 "n ( oppress$ sov]eigns1#aj exhibit$ to
 ! ,assembly4 ,t ,assembly receiv$ an   
h>angue1 9 ! "n ( ^? sov]eigns1 aga9/ _!
 k+s1 deliv]$ by ?is ,clootz1 actually a
 subject ( ,prussia1 "u ! "n (          
,ambassador ( ! ,human ,race4 ,at t "t  
!re 0 only a feeble reclamation f "o ( !
 ambassadors ( ^! tyrants & oppressors4 

,a mo/ graci\s answ] 0 giv5 to ! m9i/]s 
( ! oppress$ sov]eigns2 & !y w5t s f> on
 t occasion z to assign !m1 9 t assum$  
"*1 a box at "o ( _! fe/ivals4  ,i 0    
will+ to indulge myself 9 an hope t ?is 
second appe>ance ( ambassadors 0 only an
 insol5t mumm]y ( ! same k9d2 b1 alas6  
,ana*>sis himself1 all fanatic z he 01  
c\ld n h imag9$ t 8 op]a procession %\ld
 h be5 ! prototype ( ! real appe>ance ( 
! repres5tatives ( all ! sov]eigns (    
,europe !mselves1 to make ! same        
pro/ration t 0 made by ^? :o d>$ to     
repres5t _! p 9 a compla9t aga9/ !m4 ,b 
9 ?is ! ,fr5* ,republic has foll[$1 z !y
 always affect to d1 & h hi!rto done )  
success1 ! example ( ! anci5t ,romans1  
:o %ook all gov]nm5ts by li/5+ to !     
compla9ts ( _! subjects1 & soon aft]    
br\ght ! k+s !mselves to answ] at _! b>4
 ,at ?is la/ c]emony ! ambassadors _h n 
,clootz = _! ,cott]el4 ,pity t ,clootz  
_h n _h a reprieve f ! guillot9e till he
 _h complet$ 8 "w6 ,b t eng9e fell be=e 
! curta9 _h fall5 ^u all ! dignity ( !  

e>?4  ,on ?is _! gaudy day ! new        
,regicide ,directory s5t = t diplomatic 
rabble1 z bad z !mselves 9 pr9ciple1 b  
inf9itely worse 9 degradation4 ,!y call$
 !m out by a sort ( roll ( _! nations1  
"o aft] ano!r1 mu* 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y   
call$ wret*es out ( _! prison to !      
guillot9e4 ,:5 ^! ambassadors ( infamy  
appe>$ be=e !m1 ! *ief ,director1 9 ! "n
 ( ! re/1 treat$ ea* ( !m ) a %ort1     
affect$1 p$antic1 insol5t1 !atric       
laconium1--a sort ( epigram ( contempt4 
,:5 !y _h ?us insult$ !m 9 a /yle &     
language :i* nev] be=e 0 he>d1 & :i* no 
sov]eign w\ld = a mom5t endure f ano!r1 
suppos+ any ( !m frantic en\gh to use x1
 to f9i% _! outrage1 !y drumm$ &        
trumpet$ ! wret*es out ( _! hall (      
audi5ce4  ,among ! objects ( ?is insol5t
 buffoon]y 0 a p]son suppos$ to repres5t
 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,to ?is wor?y        
repres5tative !y did n s mu* z condesc5d
 to m5tion 8 ma/]2 !y did n seem to "k t
 he _h "o2 !y address$ !mselves solely  
to ,prussia 9 ! ab/ract1 not)/&+ !      

inf9ite obligation !y ow$ to _! e>ly    
protector = _! fir/ recognition &       
alliance1 & = ! "p ( 8 t]ritory he gave 
into _! h&s = ! fir/-fruits ( 8 homage4 
,none b dead mon>*s are s mu* z m5tion$ 
by !m1 & ^? only to insult ! liv+ by an 
invidi\s comp>ison4 ,!y told !          
,prussians !y ought to le>n1 aft] !     
example ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 a love =   
,france4 ,:at a pity x is1 t he1 :o lov$
 ,france s well z to *a/ise x1 0 n n[   
alive1 by an unsp>+ use ( ! rod 7:i*1   
inde$1 he w\ld h sp>$ little7 to give !m
 ano!r in/ance ( 8 pat]nal affection6 ,b
 ! ,directory 7 mi/ak54 ,^! are n days 9
 :i* mon>*s value !mselves ^u ! title ( 
great3 !y are gr[n philosophic3 !y are  
satisfi$ to be good4  ,y\r ,lord%ip w   
p>don me = ?is no v long reflection on !
 %ort1 b excell5t spee* ( ! plum$       
,director to ! ambassador ( ,cappadocia4
 ,! ,imp]ial ambassador 0 n 9 wait+1 b  
!y f\nd = ,au/ria a good ,judean        
repres5tation4 ,) great judgm5t1 8      
,highness1 ! ,gr& ,duke1 _h s5t ! mo/   

a!i/ic coxcomb to be f\nd 9 ,flor5ce1 to
 repres5t at ! b> ( impiety ! ,h\se (   
,apo/olic ,maje/y1 & ! desc5dants ( !   
pi\s1 ?\gh high-m9d$1 ,m>ia ,!resa4 ,he 
0 s5t to humble ! :ole race ( ,au/ria   
be=e ^? grim assass9s1 reek+ ) ! blood (
 ! daught] ( ,m>ia ,!resa1 :om !y s5t   
half dead1 9 a dung-c>t1 to a cruel     
execution2 & ?is true-born son ( apo/asy
 & infidelity1 ?is r5egado f ! fai? & f 
all honor & all humanity1 drove an      
,au/rian coa* ov] ! /ones :i* 7 yet wet 
) h] blood1--) t blood :i* dropp$ e /ep 
?r\gh h] tumbrel1 all ! way %e 0 drawn f
 ! horrid prison1 9 :i* !y _h f9i%$ all 
! cruelty & horrors n execut$ 9 ! face (
 ! sun4 ,! ,hung>ian subjects ( ,m>ia   
,!resa1 :5 !y drew _! swords to def5d h]
 rights aga9/ ,france1 call$ h]1 )      
correctness ( tru?1 ?\gh n ) ! same     
correctness1 p]haps1 ( gramm>1 a k+3    
,moriamur pro rege no/ro1 ,m>ia ,!resa4 
,,%e liv$ & di$ a k+2 & o!rs w h        
subjects ready to make ! same v[1 :51 9 
ei!r sex1 !y %[ !mselves real k+s4  ,:5 

! ,directory came to ?is mis]able fop1  
!y be/[$ a complim5t on 8 matriculation 
into _! philosophy2 b z to 8 ma/]1 !y   
made to him1 z 0 reasonable1 a reprim&1 
n )\t a p>don1 & an oblique h9t at !    
:ole family4 ,:at indignities h be5 (f]$
 ?r\gh ?is wret* to 8 ma/]1 & h[ well   
borne1 x is n necess>y t ,i %\ld dwell  
on at pres5t4 ,i hope t ^? :o yet we>   
royal1 imp]ial1 & ducal cr[ns w le>n to 
feel z m5 & z k+s3 if n1 ,i pr$ict to   
!m1 !y w n long exi/ z k+s or z m54     
,great ,brita9 0 n !re4 ,almo/ 9        
despair1 ,i hope %e w nev]1 9 any rags &
 cov]sluts ( infamy1 be se5 at su* an   
exhibition4 ,! h\r ( h] f9al degradation
 is n yet come2 %e did n h]self appe> 9 
! ,regicide pres5ce1 to be ! sport &    
mock]y ( ^? bloody buffoons1 :o1 9 !    
m]rim5t ( _! pride1 7 insult+ ) e       
species ( contumely ! fall5 dignity ( ! 
re/ ( ,europe4 ,b ,brita91 ?\gh n       
p]sonally appe>+ to be> h] "p 9 ?is     
mon/r\s tragi-com$y1 0 v f> f be+       
=gott54 ,! new-rob$ regicides f\nd a    

repres5tative = h]4 ,& :o 0 ?is         
repres5tative8 ,)\t a previ\s k1 any "o 
w\ld h giv5 a ?\s& guesses be=e he c\ld 
arrive at a tol]able div9ation ( _!     
rancor\s insol5ce4 ,!y *ose to address  
:at !y _h to say conc]n+ ?is nation to !
 ambassador ( ,am]ica4 ,!y did n apply  
to ?is ambassador = a m$iation3 t1      
inde$1 w\ld h indicat$ a want ( e k9d ( 
dec5cy2 b x w\ld h indicat$ no?+ m4 ,b 9
 ?is _! ,am]ican apo/rophe1 y\r ,lord%ip
 w obs]ve1 !y did n s mu* z pret5d to   
hold out to u directly1 or ?r\gh any    
m$iator1 ?\gh 9 ! mo/ humiliat+ mann]1  
any idea :atsoev] ( peace1 or ! smalle/ 
desire ( reconciliation4 ,to ! ,/ates ( 
,am]ica !mselves !y paid no complim5t4  
,!y paid _! complim5t to ,wa%+ton       
solely3 & on :at gr\nd8 ,?is mo/        
respectable comm&] & magi/rate might    
des]ve comm5dation on v _m ( ^?         
qualities :i* !y :o mo/ disapprove "s "p
 ( 8 proce$+s1 n m ju/ly ?an freely1    
attribute to him2 b !y f\nd no?+ to     
comm5d 9 him b ! hatr$ he bore to ,great

 ,brita94 ,i v]ily believe1 t1 9 ! :ole 
hi/ory ( our ,european w>s1 !re nev] 0  
su* a complim5t paid f ! sov]eign ( "o  
/ate to a great *ief ( ano!r4 ,n "o     
ambassador f any "o ( ^? p[]s :o pret5d 
to live 9 amity ) ?is k+dom took ! lea/ 
notice ( t unhe>d-( decl>ation2 nor w   
,great ,brita91 till %e is kn[n )       
c]ta9ty to be true to h] own dignity1   
f9d any "o dispos$ to feel = !          
indignities t are (f]$ to h]4 ,to say ! 
tru?1 ^? mis]able creatures 7 all sil5t 
"u ! insults t 7 (f]$ to !mselves4 ,!y  
pocket$ _! epigrams1 z ambassadors =m]ly
 took ! gold boxes & m9iature pictures  
set 9 diamonds pres5t$ !m by sov]eigns  
at ^: c\rts !y _h resid$4 ,x is to be   
presum$ t by ! next po/ !y fai?fully &  
promptly transmitt$ to _! ma/]s ! honors
 !y _h receiv$4 ,i c easily conceive !  
epigram :i* w be pres5t$ to ,"l ,auckl&1
 or to ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 z h]eaft]1      
accord+ to circum/ances1 !y may happ5 to
 repres5t ?is k+dom4 ,few c h s little  
imag9ation z n readily to conceive !    

nature ( ! boxes ( epigrammatic loz5ges 
t w be pres5t$ to !m4  ,b h nug s]ia    
ducunt 9 mala4 ,! conduct ( ! ,regicide 
faction is p]fectly sy/ematic 9 e       
p>ticul>1 & x appe>s absurd only z x is 
/range & unc\?1 n z x has an application
 to ! ends & objects ( _! policy4 ,:5 by
 insult aft] insult !y h r5d]$ ! "* (   
sov]eigns vile 9 ! eyes ( _! subjects1  
!y "k !re is b "o /ep m to _! utt]      
de/ruction4 ,all au?ority1 9 a great    
degree1 exi/s 9 op9ion3 royal au?ority  
mo/ ( all4 ,! supreme maje/y ( a mon>*  
_c be alli$ ) contempt4 ,m5 w\ld reason1
 n unplausibly1 t x w\ld be bett] to get
 rid ( ! mon>*y at once ?an to suff] t  
:i* 0 in/itut$1 & well in/itut$1 to     
support ! glory ( ! nation1 to become ! 
in/rum5t ( its degradation & disgrace4  
,a good _m reflections w arise 9 y\r    
,lord%ip's m9d ^u ! "t & circum/ances ( 
t mo/ insult+ & atroci\s decl>ation (   
ho/ility aga9/ ?is k+dom4 ,! decl>ation 
0 made subsequ5t to ! noble "l's        
encomium on ! new ,regicide             

,con/itution1--aft] ! pamphlet _h made  
some?+ m ?an advances t[>ds a           
reconciliation ) t ungraci\s race1 & _h 
directly dis[n$ all ^? :o adh]$ to !    
orig9al decl>ation 9 favor ( mon>*y4 ,x 
0 ev5 subsequ5t to ! un=tunate          
decl>ation 9 ! spee* f ! ?rone 7:i* ?is 
pamphlet b too truly ann\nc$7 ( !       
read9ess ( our gov]nm5t to ent] into    
connections ( fri5d%ip ) t faction4 ,"h 
0 ! answ] f ! ?rone ( ,regicide to !    
spee* f ! ?rone ( ,great ,brita94 ,!y g 
out ( _! way to complim5t ,g5]al        
,wa%+ton on ! suppos$ rancor ( 8 he>t   
t[>ds ?is c\ntry4 ,x is v rem>kable1 t  
!y make ?is complim5t ( malice to ! *ief
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o _h fir/ sign$ a  
treaty ( peace1 amity1 & comm]ce ) ?is  
k+dom4 ,?is radical hatr$1 accord+ to _!
 way ( ?9k+1 ! mo/ rec5t1 solemn        
compacts ( fri5d%ip _c or ought n to    
remove4 ,9 ?is malice to ,engl&1 z 9 !  
"o great compreh5sive virtue1 all o!r   
m]its ( ?is illu/ri\s p]son are entirely
 m]g$4 ,= my "p1 ,i d n believe ! fact  

to be s z !y repres5t x4 ,c]ta9ly x is n
 = ,mr4 ,wa%+ton's honor z a g5tleman1 a
 ,*ri/ian1 or a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 aft] ! treaty he has sign$1 to  
ent]ta9 su* s5tim5ts4 ,i h a moral      
assurance t ! repres5tation ( !         
,regicide ,directory is absolutely false
 & gr\ndless4 ,if x be1 x is a /rong]   
m>k ( _! audacity & insol5ce1 & /ill a  
/rong] pro( ( ! support !y mean to give 
to ! mis*iev\s faction !y are kn[n to   
n\ri% !re1 to ! ru9 ( ^? ,/ates1 & to ! 
end t no ,briti% affections %\ld ev]    
arise 9 t important "p ( ! _w1 :i* w\ld 
naturally lead to a cordial1 he>ty      
,briti% alliance1 ^u ! bottom ( mutual  
int]e/ & anci5t affection4 ,x %[s 9 :at 
"p x is1 & ) :at a weapon1 !y mean a    
deadly bl[ at ! he>t ( ,great ,brita94  
,"o really w\ld h expect$1 f ?is new    
,con/itution ( !irs1 :i* _h be5 ann\nc$ 
z a great re=m1 & :i* 0 to be1 m ?an any
 ( _! =m] exp]im5tal s*emes1 alliable ) 
o!r nations1 t !y w\ld1 9 _! v fir/     
public act1 & _! decl>ation to !        

collect$ repres5tation ( ,europe &      
,am]ica1 h affect$ "s degree (          
mod]ation1 or1 at lea/1 h obs]v$ a gu>d$
 sil5ce ) reg>d to _! temp] & _! views4 
,no su* ?+3 !y 7 9 ha/e to decl>e !     
pr9ciples :i* are spun into ! primitive 
/aple ( _! frame4 ,!y 7 afraid t a      
mom5t's d\bt %\ld exi/ ab\t !m4 ,9 _! v 
infancy !y 7 9 ha/e to put _! h& on _!  
inf]nal alt>1 & to swe> ! same immortal 
hatr$ to ,engl& :i* 0 sworn 9 !         
succession ( all ! %ort-liv$            
con/itutions t prec$$ x4 ,) !m ev]y?+   
else p]i%es almo/ z soon z x is =m$2 ?is
 hatr$ alone is immortal4 ,?is is _!    
impure ,ve/al fire t nev] is ext+ui%$3 &
 nev] w x be ext+ui%$1 :il/ ! sy/em (   
,regicide exi/s 9 ,france4 ,:at6 are we 
n to believe !m8 ,m5 are too apt to be  
deceitful en\gh 9 _! pr(essions (       
fri5d%ip1 & ?is makes a wise man walk ) 
"s caution ?r\gh life4 ,su* pr(essions1 
9 "s cases1 may be ev5 a gr\nd ( fur!r  
di/ru/4 ,b :5 a man decl>es himself y\r 
unalt]able enemy6 ,no man ev] decl>$ to 

ano!r a rancor t[>ds him :i* he did n   
feel4 ,falsos 9 amore odia1 non f+]e1   
said an au?or :o po9ts 8 obs]vations s z
 to make !m rememb]$4  ,obs]ve1 my ,"l1 
t1 f _! invasion ( ,fl&]s & ,holl& to   
?is h\r1 !y h nev] made ! smalle/       
signification ( a desire ( peace ) ?is  
k+dom1 ) ,au/ria1 or1 inde$1 ) any o!r  
p[] t ,i "k (4 ,z sup]iors1 !y expect   
o!rs to beg94 ,we h compli$1 z y may    
see4 ,! ho/ile insol5ce ) :i* !y gave   
su* a rebuff to our fir/ ov]ture1 9 !   
spee* f ! ?rone1 did n h9d] u f mak+1 f 
! same ?rone1 a second advance4 ,! two  
,h\ses a second "t co9cid$ 9 ! same     
s5tim5ts1 ) a degree ( app>5t unanimity1
 7= !re 0 no diss5ti5t voice b y\rs17 ) 
:i*1 :5 !y reflect on x1 !y w be z mu*  
a%am$ z ,i am4 ,to ?is our new humiliat+
 ov]ture 7su*1 at :atev] haz>d1 ,i mu/  
call x7 :at did ! ,regicide ,directory  
answ]8 ,n "o public ^w ( a read9ess to  
treat4 ,no1--!y feel _! pr\d situation  
too well4 ,!y nev] decl>$ :e!r !y w\ld  
grant peace to y or n4 ,!y only signifi$

 to y _! pleasure z to ! t]ms on :i*    
alone !y w\ld 9 any case admit y to x4  
,y %[$ y\r g5]al disposition to peace1  
&1 to =w>d x1 y left ev]y?+ op5 to      
negotiations4 ,z to any t]ms y c        
possibly obta91 !y %ut out all          
negotiation at ! v comm5cem5t4 ,!y      
decl>$ t !y nev] w\ld make a peace by   
:i* any?+ t ev] belong$ to ,france %\ld 
be c$$4 ,we w\ld n treat ) ! mon>*y1    
weak5$ z x mu/ obvi\sly be 9 any        
circum/ance ( re/oration1 )\t a         
res]vation ( some?+ = indemnity &       
security1--& t1 too1 9 words ( ! l>ge/  
compreh5sion4 ,y treat ) ! ,regicides   
)\t any res]vation at all4 ,on _! "p1 !y
 assure y =mally & publicly1 t !y w give
 y no?+ 9 ! "n ( indemnity or security1 
or = any o!r purpose4  ,x is impossible 
n to pause "h = a mom5t1 & to consid] ! 
mann] 9 :i* su* decl>ations w\ld h be5  
tak5 by y\r ance/ors f a mon>* di/+ui%$ 
= 8 arrogance1--an arrogance :i*1 ev5 m 
?an 8 ambition1 inc5s$ & comb9$ all     
,europe aga9/ him4 ,:atev] 8 inw>d      

int5tions may h be51 did ,l\is !        
,f\rte5? ev] make a decl>ation t ! true 
b\nds ( ,france 7 ! ocean1 !            
,m$it]ranean1 & ! ,rh9e8 ,9 any ov]tures
 = peace1 did he ev] decl>e t he w\ld   
make no sacrifices to promote x8 ,8     
decl>ations 7 always directly to !      
contr>y2 & at ! ,peace ( ,ryswick 8     
actions 7 to ! contr>y4 ,at ! close ( ! 
w>1 almo/ 9 e in/ance victori\s1 all    
,europe 0 a/oni%$1 ev5 ^? :o receiv$ !m 
7 a/oni%$1 at 8 concessions4 ,let ^? :o 
h a m9d to see h[ little1 9 comp>ison1 !
 mo/ p[]ful & ambiti\s ( all mon>*s is  
to be dread$ consult ! v judici\s       
critical obs]vations on ! politics ( t  
reign1 ins]t$ 9 ! milit>y treatise ( !  
,m>quis de ,montalemb]t4 ,let ^? :o wi% 
to "k :at is to be dread$ f an ambiti\s 
republic consult no au?or1 no milit>y   
critic1 no hi/orical critic4 ,let !m op5
 _! own eyes1 :i* deg5]acy &            
pusillanimity h %ut f ! light t pa9s !m1
 & let !m n va9ly seek _! security 9 a  
volunt>y ignorance ( _! dang]4  ,to     

dispose u t[>ds ?is peace1--an attempt 9
 :i* our au?or has1 ,i d n "k :e!r to   
call x ! good or ill =tune to agree )   
:atev] is mo/ s$iti\s1 facti\s1 &       
treasonable 9 ?is c\ntry1--we are told  
by _m deal]s 9 speculation1 b n s       
di/9ctly by ! au?or himself1 7too great 
di/9ctness ( affirmation n be+ 8        
fault17--b we are told1 t ! ,fr5* h     
lately obta9$ a v pretty sort (         
,con/itution1 & t x resembles ! ,briti% 
,con/itution z if !y _h be5 tw9n$ toge!r
 9 ! womb1--mire sagaces fall]e hospites
 discrim5 obscurum4 ,x may be s3 b ,i   
confess ,i am n yet made to x3 nor is ! 
noble au?or4 ,he f9ds ! elem5ts         
excell5t1 b ! disposition v in>tificial 
inde$4 ,contr>y to :at we might expect  
at ,p>is1 ! meat is good1 ! cook]y      
abom9able4 ,i agree ) him fully 9 ! la/2
 & if ,i 7 =c$ to all[ ! fir/1 ,i %\ld  
/ill ?9k1 ) our old co>se by-^w1 t !    
same p[] :i* furni%$ all _! =m]         
re/aurateurs s5t also _! pres5t cooks4  
,i h a great op9ion ( ,?omas ,pa9e1 & ( 

all 8 productions3 ,i rememb] 8 hav+ be5
 "o ( ! committee = =m+ "o ( _! annual  
,con/itutions1 ,i mean ! admirable      
,con/itution ( #agic1 aft] hav+ be5 a   
*amb] c\ncil to ! no less admirable     
,con/itution ( #agia4 ,?is pi\s patriot 
has 8 eyes /ill direct$ to 8 de> native 
c\ntry1 not)/&+ h] 9 gratitude to s k9d 
a b5efactor4 ,?is outlaw ( ,engl&1 &    
lawgiv] to ,france1 is n[1 9 secret     
probably1 try+ 8 h& aga91 & invit+ u to 
him by mak+ 8 ,con/itution su* z may    
give 8 disciples 9 ,engl& "s plausible  
pretext = go+ into ! h\se t he has op5$4
 ,we h discov]$1 x seems1 t all :i* !   
boa/$ wisdom ( our ance/ors has labor$  
to br+ to p]fection = six or sev5       
c5turies is ne>ly1 or altoge!r1 mat*$ 9 
six or sev5 days1 at ! leisure h\rs &   
sob] int]vals ( ,citiz5 ,?omas ,pa9e4   
,b ?\gh ! trea*]\s tap/]1 ,?omas1       
,hangs a new ,angel two doors f u1      
,z f9e z daub]'s h&s c make x1     ,9   
hopes t /rang]s may mi/ake x1     ,we   
?9k x bo? a %ame & s9     ,to quit !    

good old ,angel ,inn1  ,inde$1 9 ?is    
good old h\se1 :]e ev]y?+ at lea/ is    
well air$1 ,i %all be cont5t to put up  
my fatigu$ horses1 & "h take a b$ = !   
long night t beg9s to d>k5 ^u me4 ,_h   
,i1 h[ev]1 ! honor 7,i mu/ n[ call x s7 
( be+ a memb] ( any ( ! con/itutional   
clubs1 ,i %\ld ?9k ,i _h c>ri$ my po9t  
mo/ completely4 ,x is cle>1 by !        
applauses be/[$ on :at ! au?or calls ?is
 new ,con/itution1 a mix$ olig>*y1 t !  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! clubbi/s & ! old      
adh]5ts to ! mon>*y ( ?is c\ntry is     
h>dly wor? a scuffle4 ,let x dep>t 9    
peace1 & light lie ! e>? on ! ,briti%   
,con/itution6 ,by ?is easy mann] (      
treat+ ! mo/ difficult ( all subjects1 !
 con/itution = a great k+dom1 & by lett+
 loose an op9ion t !y may be made by any
 adv5tur]s 9 speculation 9 a small giv5 
"t1 & = any c\ntry1 all ! ties1 :i*1    
:e!r ( reason or prejudice1 atta* mank9d
 to _! old1 habitual1 dome/ic gov]nm5ts1
 are n a little loos5$2 all communion1  
:i* ! simil>ity ( ! basis has produc$   

betwe5 all ! gov]nm5ts t compose :at we 
call ! ,*ri/ian _w & ! republic (       
,europe1 w\ld be dissolv$4 ,by ^! haz>d$
 speculations ,france is m approximat$  
to u 9 con/itution ?an 9 situation2 & 9 
proportion z we rec$e f ! anci5t sy/em (
 ,europe1 we approa* to t connection :i*
 alone c rema9 to u1 a close alliance ) 
! new-discov]$ moral & political _w 9   
,france4  ,^! !ories w\ld be ( little   
importance1 if we did n only "k1 b      
sorely feel1 t !re is a /rong ,jacob9   
faction 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* has long      
employ$ itself 9 speculat+ ^u           
con/itutions1 & to :om ! circum/ance (  
_! gov]nm5t be+ home-br$ & prescriptive 
seems no sort ( recomm5dation4 ,:at     
seem$ to u to be ! be/ sy/em ( lib]ty t 
a nation ev] enjoy$ to !m seems ! yoke (
 an intol]able slav]y4 ,?is speculative 
faction _h long be5 at "w4 ,! ,fr5*     
,revolution did n cause x3 x only       
discov]$ x1 increas$ x1 & gave fre%     
vigor to its op]ations4 ,i h reason to  
be p]suad$ t x 0 9 ?is c\ntry1 & f      

,engli% writ]s & ,engli% caball]s1 t    
,france h]self 0 in/itut$ 9 ?is         
revolution>y fury4 ,! communion ( ^! two
 factions ^u any pret5d$ basis (        
simil>ity is a matt] ( v s]i\s          
consid]ation4 ,!y are always consid]+ ! 
=mal di/ributions ( p[] 9 a con/itution3
 ! moral basis !y consid] z no?+4 ,v    
diff]5t is my op9ion3 ,i consid] ! moral
 basis z ev]y?+1--! =mal arrangem5ts1   
fur!r ?an z !y promote ! moral pr9ciples
 ( gov]nm5t1 & ! keep+ desp]ately wick$ 
p]sons z ! subjects ( laws & n ! mak]s (
 !m1 to be ( little importance4 ,:at    
signifies ! cutt+ & %uffl+ ( c>ds1 :ile 
! pack /ill rema9s ! same8 ,z a basis = 
su* a connection z has subsi/$ betwe5 ! 
p[]s ( ,europe1 we _h no?+ to fe>1 b f !
 lapses & frailties ( m51--& t 0 en\gh2 
b ?is new pret5d$ republic has giv5 u m 
to appreh5d f :at !y call _! virtues ?an
 we _h to dread f ! vices ( o!r m54     
,av[$ly & sy/ematically1 !y h giv5 !    
upp]h& to all ! vici\s & deg5]ate "p (  
human nature4 ,x is f _! lapses &       

deviations f _! pr9ciple t alone we h   
any?+ to hope4  ,i he> ano!r inducem5t  
to frat]nity ) ! pres5t rul]s4 ,!y h    
murd]$ "o ,robespi]re4 ,?is ,robespi]re1
 !y tell u1 0 a cruel tyrant1 & n[ t he 
is put out ( ! way1 all w g well 9      
,france4 ,a/ra w aga9 return to t e>? f 
:i* %e has be5 an emigrant1 & all       
nations w resort to h] gold5 scales4 ,x 
is v extraord9>y1 t1 ! v in/ant ! mode (
 ,p>is is kn[n "h1 x becomes all !      
fa%ion 9 ,london4 ,?is is _! j>gon4 ,x  
is ! old bon-ton ( robb]s1 :o ca/ _!    
common crimes on ! wick$ness ( _! dep>t$
 associates4 ,i c>e little ab\t ! memory
 ( ?is same ,robespi]re4 ,i am sure he 0
 an execrable villa94 ,i rejoic$ at 8   
puni%m5t nei!r m nor less ?an ,i %\ld at
 ! execution ( ! pres5t ,directory1 or  
any ( its memb]s4 ,b :o gave ,robespi]re
 ! p[] ( be+ a tyrant8 & :o 7 !         
in/rum5ts ( 8 tyranny8 ,! pres5t virtu\s
 con/itution-mong]s4 ,he 0 a tyrant2 !y 
7 8 satellites & 8 hangm54 ,_! sole m]it
 is 9 ! murd] ( _! colleague4 ,!y h     

expiat$ _! o!r murd]s by a new murd]4 ,x
 has always be5 ! case among ?is b&itti4
 ,!y h always _h ! knife at ea* o!r's   
?roats1 aft] !y _h almo/ blunt$ x at !  
?roats ( e hone/ man4 ,^! p ?\ght1 t1 9 
! comm]ce ( murd]1 he 0 l to h ! bett] (
 ! b>ga91 if any "t 0 lo/2 !y !re=e took
 "o ( _! %ort revolution>y me?ods1 &    
massacr$ him 9 a mann] s p]fidi\s &     
cruel z w\ld %ock all humanity1 if !    
/roke 0 n /ruck by ! pres5t rul]s on "o 
( _! own associates4 ,b ?is la/ act (   
infidelity & murd] is to expiate all !  
re/1 & to qualify !m = ! amity ( an     
humane & virtu\s sov]eign & civiliz$ p4 
,i h he>d t a ,t>t> believes1 :5 he has 
kill$ a man1 t all 8 e/imable qualities 
pass ) 8 clo!s & arms to ! murd]]2 b ,i 
h nev] he>d t x 0 ! op9ion ( any savage 
,scy?ian1 t1 if he kills a bro!r villa91
 he is1 ipso facto1 absolv$ ( all 8 own 
(f5ces4 ,! ,t>t>ian doctr9e is ! mo/    
t5able op9ion4 ,! murd]]s ( ,robespi]re1
 besides :at !y are entitl$ to by be+   
engag$ 9 ! same tont9e ( infamy1 are 8  

repres5tatives1 h inh]it$ all 8 murd]\s 
qualities1 9 addition to _! own private 
/ock4 ,b x seems we are always to be ( a
 p>ty ) ! la/ & victori\s assass9s4 ,i  
confess ,i am ( a diff]5t m9d1 & am r   
incl9$1 ( ! two1 to ?9k & speak less    
h>dly ( a dead ruffian ?an to associate 
) ! liv+4 ,i c\ld bett] be> ! /5* ( !   
gibbet$ murd]] ?an ! society ( ! bloody 
felons :o yet annoy ! _w4 ,:il/ !y wait 
! recomp5se due to _! anci5t crimes1 !y 
m]it new puni%m5t by ! new (f5ces !y    
commit4 ,!re is a p]iod to ! (f5ces (   
,robespi]re4 ,!y survive 9 8 assass9s4  
,bett] a liv+ dog1 says ! old prov]b1   
?an a dead lion4 ,n s "h4 ,murd]]s &    
hogs nev] look well till !y are hang$4  
,f villany no good c arise1 b 9 !       
example ( its fate4 ,s ,i leave !m _!   
dead ,robespi]re1 ei!r to gibbet 8      
memory1 or to deify him 9 _! ,pan!on )  
_! ,m>at & _! ,mirabeau4  ,x is ass]t$ t
 ?is gov]nm5t promises /ability4 ,god ( 
8 m]cy =bid6 ,if x %\ld1 no?+ ^u e>?    
besides itself c be /able4 ,we decl>e   

?is /ability to be ! gr\nd ( our mak+   
peace ) !m4 ,assum+ x1 !re=e1 t ! m5 & !
 sy/em are :at ,i h describ$1 & t !y h a
 det]m9$ ho/ility aga9/ ?is c\ntry1--an 
ho/ility n only ( policy1 b (           
pr$ilection1--!n ,i ?9k t e rational be+
 w\ld g along ) me 9 consid]+ its       
p]man5ce z ! greate/ ( all possible     
evils4 ,if1 !re=e1 we are to look =     
peace ) su* a ?+ 9 any ( its mon/r\s    
%apes1 :i* ,i deprecate1 x mu/ be 9 t   
/ate ( disord]1 confusion1 discord1     
an>*y1 & insurrection1 su* z might      
oblige ! mom5t>y rul]s to =be> _!       
attempts on neighbor+ /ates1 or to r5d] 
^! attempts less op]ative1 if !y %\ld   
k9dle new w>s4 ,:5 0 x he>d be=e1 t !   
int]nal repose ( a det]m9$ & wick$      
enemy1 & ! /r5g? ( 8 gov]nm5t1 became ! 
wi% ( 8 neighbor1 & a security1 aga9/   
ei!r 8 malice or 8 ambition8 ,! direct  
contr>y has always be5 inf]r$ f t /ate (
 ?+s3 accord+ly1 x has ev] be5 ! policy 
( ^? :o w\ld pres]ve !mselves aga9/ !   
ent]prises ( su* a malignant & mis*iev\s

 p[] to cut out s mu* "w = him 9 8 own  
/ates z might keep 8 dang]\s activity   
employ$ at home4  ,x is said1 9         
v9dication ( ?is sy/em1 :i* dem&s !     
/ability ( ! ,regicide p[] z a gr\nd =  
peace ) !m1 t1 :5 !y h obta9$1 z n[ x is
 said 7?\gh n by ?is noble au?or7 !y h1 
a p]man5t gov]nm5t1 !y w be able to     
pres]ve amity ) ?is k+dom1 & ) o!rs :o h
 ! mis=tune to be 9 _! neighborhood4    
,grant$4 ,!y w be able to d s1 )\t "q2 b
 are !y will+ to d s8 ,produce ! act2   
produce ! decl>ation4 ,h !y made any    
s+le /ep t[>ds x8 ,h !y ev] once propos$
 to treat8  ,! assurance ( a /able      
peace1 gr\nd$ on ! /ability ( _! sy/em1 
proce$s on ?is hypo!sis1--t _! ho/ility 
to o!r nations has proce$$ f _! an>*y at
 home1 & f ! preval5ce ( a populace :i* 
_! gov]nm5t _h n /r5g? en\gh to ma/]4   
,?is ,i utt]ly d5y4 ,i insi/ ^u x z a   
fact1 t1 9 ! d>+ comm5cem5t ( all _!    
ho/ilities1 & _! a/oni%+ p]sev]ance 9   
!m1 s z nev] once1 9 any =tune1 high or 
l[1 to propose a treaty ( peace to any  

p[] 9 ,europe1 !y h nev] be5 actuat$ by 
! p3 on ! contr>y1 ! p1 ,i w n say h be5
 mov$1 b impell$ by !m1 & h g5]ally act$
 "u a compulsion1 ( :i* mo/ ( u are z   
yet1 ?ank ,god1 unable to =m an adequate
 idea4 ,! w> aga9/ ,au/ria 0 =mally     
decl>$ by ! unhappy ,l\is ! ,sixte5?2 b 
:o has ev] consid]$ ,l\is ! ,sixte5?1   
s9ce ! ,revolution1 to h be5 ! gov]nm5t8
 ,! second ,regicide ,assembly1 !n !    
only gov]nm5t1 0 ! au?or ( t w>2 & nei!r
 ! nom9al k+ nor ! nom9al p _h any?+ to 
d ) x1 fur!r ?an 9 a reluctant ob$i5ce4 
,x is to delude ourselves1 to consid] ! 
/ate ( ,france1 s9ce _! ,revolution1 z a
 /ate ( an>*y3 x is some?+ f> worse4    
,an>*y x is1 und\bt$ly1 if comp>$ )     
gov]nm5t pursu+ ! peace1 ord]1 morals1 &
 prosp]ity ( ! p2 b reg>d+ only ! p[] t 
has really guid$ f ! day ( ! ,revolution
 to ?is "t1 x has be5 ( all gov]nm5ts ! 
mo/ absolute1 despotic1 & effective t   
has hi!rto appe>$ on e>?4 ,nev] 7 !     
views & politics ( any gov]nm5t pursu$ )
 half ! regul>ity1 sy/em1 & me?od t a   

dilig5t obs]v] mu/ h contemplat$ )      
amazem5t & t]ror 9 !irs4 ,_! /ate is n  
an an>*y1 b a s]ies ( %ort-liv$         
tyrannies4 ,we d n call a republic )    
annual magi/rates an an>*y3 !irs is t   
k9d ( republic2 b ! succession is n     
effect$ by ! expiration ( ! t]m ( !     
magi/rate's s]vice1 b by 8 murd]4 ,e new
 magi/racy1 succe$+ by homicide1 is     
auspicat$ by accus+ its pr$ecessors 9 ! 
(fice ( tyranny1 & x cont9ues by !      
ex]cise ( :at !y *>g$ ^u o!rs4  ,?is    
/rong h& is ! law1 & ! sole law1 9 _!   
/ate4 ,i defy any p]son to %[ any o!r   
law1--or if any su* %\ld be f\nd on     
pap]1 t x is 9 ! smalle/ degree1 or 9   
any "o in/ance1 reg>d$ or practis$4 ,9  
all _! successions1 n "o magi/rate1 or  
"o =m ( magi/racy1 has expir$ by a m]e  
occasional popul> tumult2 ev]y?+ has be5
 ! effect ( ! /udi$ ma*9ations ( ! "o   
revolution>y cabal1 op]at+ )9 itself ^u 
itself4 ,t cabal is all 9 all4 ,france  
has no public2 x is ! only nation ,i ev]
 he>d (1 :]e ! p are absolutely slaves1 

9 ! fulle/ s5se1 9 all affairs1 public &
 private1 great & small1 ev5 d[n to !   
m9ute/ & mo/ recondite p>ts ( _!        
h\sehold conc]ns4 ,! helots ( ,laconia1 
! reg>dants to ! manor 9 ,russia & 9    
,pol&1 ev5 ! negroes 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1  
"k no?+ ( s se>*+1 s p5etrat+1 s        
he>t-break+ a slav]y4 ,mu* w\ld ^!      
s]vile wret*es call = our pity "u t     
unhe>d-( yoke1 if = _! p]fidi\s &       
unnatural rebellion1 & = _! murd] ( !   
milde/ ( all mon>*s1 !y did n ri*ly     
des]ve a puni%m5t n great] ?an _! crime4
  ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ,i take x to be a  
great mi/ake to ?9k t ! want ( p[] 9 !  
gov]nm5t furni%$ a natural cause ( w>2  
:]eas ! greatness ( its p[]1 jo9$ to its
 use ( t p[]1 ! nature ( its sy/em1 & ! 
p]sons :o act$ 9 x1 did naturally call =
 a /rong milit>y resi/ance to oppose !m1
 & r5d]$ x n only j1 b necess>y4 ,b at  
pres5t ,i say no m on ! g5ius & "* ( !  
p[] set up 9 ,france4 ,i may probably   
tr\ble y ) x m at l>ge h]eaft]3 ?is     
subject calls = a v full exposure3 at   

pres5t x is en\gh = me1 if ,i po9t x out
 z a matt] well wor?y ( consid]ation1   
:e!r ! true gr\nd ( ho/ility 0 n rightly
 conceiv$ v e>ly 9 ?is w>1 & :e!r any?+ 
has happ5$ to *ange t sy/em1 except our 
ill success 9 a w> :i* 9 no pr9cipal    
in/ance _h its true de/9ation z ! object
 ( its op]ations4 ,t ! w> has succe$$   
ill 9 _m cases is und\bt$2 b !n let u   
speak ! tru?1 & say we are defeat$1     
exhau/$1 dispirit$1 & mu/ submit4 ,?is  
w\ld be intelligible4 ,! _w w\ld be     
incl9$ to p>don ! abject conduct ( an   
undone nation4 ,b let u n conceal f     
ourselves our real situation1 :il/1 by e
 species ( humiliation1 we are b too    
/rongly display+ our s5se ( x to !      
enemy4  ,! writ] ( ! ,rem>ks 9 ! ,la/   
,week ( ,octob] appe>s to ?9k t ! pres5t
 gov]nm5t 9 ,france conta9s _m ( !      
elem5ts :i*1 :5 prop]ly arrang$1 are    
kn[n to =m ! be/ practical gov]nm5ts1--&
 t ! sy/em1 :atev] may become its       
p>ticul> =m1 is no long] likely to be an
 ob/acle to negotiation4 ,if its =m n[  

be no ob/acle to su* negotiation1 ,i d n
 "k :y x 0 ev] s4 ,suppose t ?is        
gov]nm5t promis$ great] p]man5cy ?an any
 ( ! =m]1 7a po9t on :i* ,i c =m no     
judgm5t17 /ill a l9k is want+ to c\ple !
 p]man5ce ( ! gov]nm5t ) ! p]man5ce ( ! 
peace4 ,on ?is n "o ^w is said3 nor c   
!re be1 9 my op9ion4 ,?is defici5cy is  
made up by /r5g!n+ ! fir/ r+let ( ! *a91
 t ought to be1 b t is n1 /ret*$ to     
connect ! two propositions4 ,all seems  
to be done1 if we c make out t ! la/    
,fr5* edition ( ,regicide is l to prove 
/able4  ,z a progno/ic ( ?is /ability1 x
 is said to be accept$ by ! p4 ,"h aga9 
,i jo9 issue ) ! frat]niz]s1 &          
positively d5y ! fact4 ,"s submission or
 o!r has be5 obta9$1 by "s means or o!r1
 to e gov]nm5t t hi!rto has be5 set up4 
,& ! same submission w\ld1 by ! same    
means1 be obta9$ = any o!r project t !  
wit or folly ( man c\ld possibly devise4
 ,! ,con/itution ( #agij 0 univ]sally   
receiv$4 ,! ,con/itution :i* foll[$ x1  
"u ! "n ( a ,conv5tion1 0 univ]sally    

submitt$ to4 ,! ,con/itution ( #agic 0  
univ]sally accept$4 ,unluckily1 ?is     
ye>'s ,con/itution1 :i* 0 =m$1 & its    
g5e?liacon sung by ! noble au?or :ile x 
0 yet 9 embryo1 or 0 b j come bloody f !
 womb1 is ! only "o :i* 9 its v =mation 
has be5 g5]ally resi/$ by a v great &   
p[]ful p>ty 9 _m p>ts ( ! k+dom1 &      
p>ticul>ly 9 ! capital4 ,x nev] _h a    
popul> *oice ev5 9 %[3 ^? :o arbitr>ily 
erect$ ! new build+ out ( ! old mat]ials
 ( _! own ,conv5tion 7 oblig$ to s5d =  
an army to support _! "w3 l brave       
gladiators1 !y f\ght x out 9 ! /reets ( 
,p>is1 & ev5 massacr$ ea* o!r 9 _! h\se 
( assembly1 9 ! mo/ edify+ mann]1 & = ! 
ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction ( _!            
,excell5cies ! =eign ambassadors1 :o _h 
a box 9 ?is con/itutional amphi!atre ( a
 free p4  ,at l5g?1 aft] a t]rible      
/ruggle1 ! troops prevail$ ov] !        
citiz5s4 ,! citiz5 soldi]s1 ! ev]-fam$  
national gu>ds1 :o _h depos$ & murd]$ _!
 sov]eign1 7 dis>m$ by ! inf]ior        
trumpet]s ( t rebellion4 ,tw5ty ?\s&    

regul> troops g>rison ,p>is4 ,?us a     
complete milit>y gov]nm5t is =m$4 ,x has
 ! /r5g?1 & x may c\nt on ! /ability1 ( 
t k9d ( p[]4 ,?is p[] is to la/ z long z
 ! ,p>isians ?9k prop]4 ,e o!r gr\nd (  
/ability1 b f milit>y =ce & t]ror1 is   
clean out ( ! "q4 ,to secure !m fur!r1  
!y h a /rong corps ( irregul>s1         
ready-arm$4 ,?\s&s ( ^? hell-h\nds call$
 ,t]rori/s1 :om !y _h %ut up 9 prison1  
on _! la/ ,revolution1 z ! satellites ( 
tyranny1 are let loose on ! p4 ,! :ole (
 _! gov]nm5t1 9 its orig9ation1 9 its   
cont9uance1 9 all its actions1 & 9 all  
its res\rces1 is =ce1 & no?+ b =ce3 a   
=c$ con/itution1 a =c$ election1 a =c$  
subsi/5ce1 a =c$ requisition ( soldi]s1 
a =c$ loan ( money4  ,!y diff] no?+ f   
all ! prec$+ usurpations1 b t to ! same 
odium a good deal m ( contempt is add$4 
,9 ?is situation1 not)/&+ all _! milit>y
 =ce1 /r5g!n$ ) ! undiscipl9$ p[] ( !   
,t]rori/s1 & ! ne>ly g5]al dis>m+ (     
,p>is1 !re w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 be=e
 ?is an insurrection aga9/ !m1 b = "o   

cause4 ,! p ( ,france langui% = peace4  
,!y all despair$ ( obta9+ x f ! coalesc$
 p[]s1 :il/ !y _h a gang ( pr(ess$      
regicides at _! head2 & sev]al ( ! lea/ 
desp]ate republicans w\ld h jo9$ ) bett]
 m5 to %ake !m :olly (f1 & to produce   
some?+ m o/5sible1 if !y _h n be5       
reit]at$ly told t _! sole hope ( peace 0
 ! v contr>y to :at !y naturally imag9$3
 t !y mu/ leave (f _! cabals &          
insurrections1 :i* c\ld s]ve no purpose 
b to br+ 9 t royalty :i* 0 :olly reject$
 by ! coalesc$ k+s2 t1 to satisfy !m1 !y
 mu/ tranquilly1 if !y c\ld n cordially1
 submit !mselves to ! tyranny & !       
tyrants !y despis$ & abhorr$4 ,peace 0  
held out by ! alli$ mon>*ies to ! p (   
,france1 z a b\nty = support+ !         
,republic ( ,regicides4 ,9 fact1 a      
coalition1 begun = ! av[$ purpose (     
de/roy+ t d5 ( robb]s1 n[ exi/s only =  
_! support4 ,if evil happ5s to ! pr9ces 
( ,europe f ! success & /ability ( ?is  
inf]nal bus9ess1 x is _! own absolute   
crime4  ,we are to und]/&1 h[ev]1 7=    

sometimes s ! au?or h9ts17 t some?+     
/able 9 ! ,con/itution ( ,regicide 0    
requir$ = our amity ) x2 b ! noble      
,rem>k] is no m solicit\s ab\t ?is po9t 
?an he is = ! p]man5ce ( ! :ole body ( 8
 ,octob] speculations4 ,if1 says he1    
speak+ ( ! ,regicide1 !y c obta9 a      
practicable con/itution1 ev5 = a limit$ 
p]iod ( "t1 !y w be 9 a condition to    
ree/abli% ! accu/om$ relations ( peace &
 amity4 ,pray let u leave ?is           
bu%-fight+4 ,:at is meant by a limit$   
p]iod ( "t8 ,does x mean ! direct       
contr>y to ! t]ms1 an unlimit$ p]iod8   
,if x is a limit$ p]iod1 :at limitation 
does he fix z a gr\nd = 8 op9ion8       
,o!rwise1 8 limitation is unlimit$4 ,if 
he only requires a con/itution t w la/  
:ile ! treaty goes on1 t5 days' exi/5ce 
w satisfy 8 dem&s4 ,he kn[s t ,france   
nev] did want a practicable con/itution1
 nor a gov]nm5t1 :i* endur$ = a limit$  
p]iod ( "t4 ,h] con/itutions 7 b too    
practicable2 & %ort z 0 _! duration1 x 0
 b too long4 ,!y endur$ "t en\gh =      

treaties :i* b5efit$ !mselves & h done  
inf9ite mis*ief to our cause4 ,b1 grant+
 him 8 /range !sis1 t hi!rto ! m]e =m or
 ! m]e t]m ( _! con/itutions1 & n _!    
indisposition1 b _! in/ability1 has be5 
! cause ( _! n pres]v+ ! relations (    
amity1--h[ c\ld a con/itution :i* might 
n la/ half an h\r aft] ! noble "l's     
signature ( ! treaty1 9 ! company 9 :i* 
he mu/ sign x1 insure its obs]vance8 ,if
 y tr\ble y\rself at all ) _!           
con/itutions1 y are c]ta9ly m conc]n$ ) 
!m aft] ! treaty ?an be=e x1 z !        
obs]vance ( conv5tions is ( inf9itely m 
consequ5ce ?an ! mak+ !m4 ,c any?+ be m 
palpably absurd & s5seless ?an to object
 to a treaty ( peace = want ( durability
 9 con/itutions :i* _h an actual        
duration1 & to tru/ a con/itution t at !
 "t ( ! writ+ _h n s mu* z a practical  
exi/5ce8 ,!re is no way ( acc\nt+ = su* 
disc\rse 9 ! m\?s ( m5 ( s5se1 b by     
suppos+ t !y secretly ent]ta9 a hope t !
 v act ( hav+ made a peace ) !          
,regicides w give a /ability to !       

,regicide sy/em4 ,?is w n cle> !        
disc\rse f ! absurdity1 b x w acc\nt = !
 conduct1 :i* su* reason+ s ill def5ds4 
,:at a r\ndab\t way is ?is to peace1--to
 make w> = ! de/ruction ( regicides1 &  
!n to give !m peace 9 ord] to insure a  
/ability t w enable !m to obs]ve x6 ,i  
say no?+ ( ! honor display$ 9 su* a     
sy/em4 ,x is pla9 x militates ) itself  
almo/ 9 all ! p>ts ( x4 ,9 "o "p1 x     
supposes /ability 9 _! ,con/itution1 z a
 gr\nd ( a /able peace2 9 ano!r "p1 we  
are to hope = peace 9 a diff]5t way1--t 
is1 by splitt+ ?is brilliant orb into   
little />s1 & ?is w\ld make ! face (    
heav5 s f9e6 ,no1 !re is no sy/em ^u :i*
 ! peace :i* 9 humility we are to       
supplicate c possibly /&4  ,i believe1  
be=e ?is "t1 t ! m =m ( a con/itution1 9
 any c\ntry1 nev] 0 fix$ z ! sole gr\nd 
( object+ to a treaty ) x4 ,) o!r       
circum/ances x may be ( great mom5t4    
,:at is incumb5t on ! ass]tors ( ! ,f\r?
 ,week ( ,octob] sy/em to prove is n    
:e!r _! !n expect$ ,con/itution 0 likely

 to be /able or transitory1 b :e!r x    
promis$ to ?is c\ntry & its allies1 & to
 ! peace & settlem5t ( all ,europe1 m   
good-w or m good fai? ?an any ( !       
exp]im5ts :i* h gone be=e x4 ,on ^!     
po9ts ,i w\ld will+ly jo9 issue4        
,obs]ve fir/ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,rem>k]    
describes 7v truly1 z ,i conceive7 ! p (
 ,france "u t auspici\s gov]nm5t1 & !n  
obs]ve ! conduct ( t gov]nm5t to o!r    
nations4 ,! p )\t any e/abli%$          
con/itution2 di/ract$ by popul>         
convulsions2 9 a /ate ( inevitable      
bankruptcy2 )\t any comm]ce2 ) _!       
pr9cipal ports blockad$2 & )\t a fleet t
 c\ld v5ture to face "o ( our deta*$    
squadrons4 ,admitt+1 z fully z he has   
/at$ x1 ?is condition ( ,france1 ,i w\ld
 fa9 "k h[ he reconciles ?is condition )
 8 ideas ( any k9d ( a practicable      
con/itution1 or duration = a limit$     
p]iod1 :i* are 8 s9e qua non ( peace4 ,b
 pass+ by contradictions1 z no fair     
objections to reason+1 ?is /ate ( ?+s   
w\ld naturally1 at o!r times1 & 9 o!r   

gov]nm5ts1 h produc$ a disposition to   
peace1 almo/ on any t]ms4 ,b1 9 t /ate (
 _! c\ntry1 did ! ,regicide gov]nm5t    
solicit peace or amity ) o!r nations1 or
 ev5 lay any speci\s gr\nds = x1 9      
propositions ( affect$ mod]ation1 or 9 !
 mo/ loose & g5]al conciliatory         
language8 ,! direct contr>y4 ,x 0 b a v 
few days be=e ! noble writ] _h comm5c$ 8
 ,rem>ks1 z if x 7 to refute him by     
anticipation1 t 8 ,france ?\ght fit to  
lay out a new t]ritorial map ( dom9ion1 
& to decl>e to u & to all ,europe :at   
t]ritories %e 0 will+ to allot to h] own
 empire1 & :at %e is cont5t 7dur+ h]    
good pleasure7 to leave to o!rs4  ,?is  
_! law ( empire 0 promulgat$ )\t any    
requisition on t subject1 & proclaim$ 9 
a /yle & ^u pr9ciples :i* nev] _h be5   
he>d ( 9 ! annals ( arrogance &         
ambition4 ,%e prescrib$ ! limits to h]  
empire1 n ^u pr9ciples ( treaty1        
conv5tion1 possession1 usage1 habitude1 
! di/9ction ( tribes1 nations1 or       
languages1 b by physical aptitudes4     

,hav+ fix$ h]self z ! arbit] ( physical 
dom9ion1 %e con/ru$ ! limits ( ,nature  
by h] conv5i5ce4 ,t 0 ,nature :i* mo/   
ext5d$ & be/ secur$ ! empire ( ,france4 
,i ne$ say no m on ! insult (f]$ n only 
to all equity & ju/ice1 b to ! common   
s5se ( mank9d1 9 decid+ legal prop]ty by
 physical pr9ciples1 & e/abli%+ !       
conv5i5ce ( a p>ty z a rule ( public    
law4 ,! noble advocate = peace has1     
inde$1 p]fectly well explod$ ?is d>+ &  
outrage\s sy/em ( pride & tyranny4 ,i am
 mo/ happy 9 comm5d+ him1 :5 he writes l
 himself4 ,b he> /ill fur!r & 9 ! same  
good /ra9 ! great patron & advocate (   
amity ) ?is accommodat+1 mild1 &        
unassum+ p[]1 :5 he reports to y ! law  
!y give1 & its imm$iate effects3--,!y   
am\nt1 says he1 to ! sacrifice ( p[]s t 
h be5 ! mo/ ne>ly connect$ ) u1--!      
direct or indirect annexation to ,france
 ( all ! ports ( ! ,cont95t f ,dunkirk  
to ,hamburg1--an imm5se accession (     
t]ritory1--&1 9 "o ^w1 ,,! ,,ab&onm5t   
,,( ,,! ,,indep5d5ce ,,( ,,europe6 ,?is 

is ! ,,law 7! au?or & ,i use no diff]5t 
t]ms7 :i* ?is new gov]nm5t1 almo/ z soon
 z x c\ld cry 9 ! cradle1 & z "o ( ! v  
fir/ acts by :i* x auspicat$ its        
entrance into function1 ! pl$ge x gives 
( ! firmness ( its policy1--su* is ! law
 t ?is pr\d p[] prescribes to abject    
nations4 ,:at is ! comm5t ^u ?is law by 
! great juri/ :o recomm5ds u to !       
tribunal :i* issu$ ! decree8 ,an ob$i5ce
 to x w\ld be 7says he7 di%onorable to  
u1 & exhibit u to ! pres5t age & to     
po/]ity z submitt+ to ! law prescrib$ to
 u by our enemy4  ,"h ,i recognize !    
voice ( a ,briti% pl5ipot5ti>y3 ,i beg9 
to feel pr\d ( my c\ntry4 ,b1 alas6 !   
%ort date ( human elevation6 ,! acc5ts (
 dignity di$ ^u 8 tongue4 ,?is au?or w n
 assure u ( 8 s5tim5ts = ! :ole ( a     
pamphlet2 b1 9 ! sole en]getic "p ( x1  
he does n cont9ue ! same ?r\gh an :ole  
s5t5ce1 if x happ5s to be ( any sweep or
 compass4 ,9 ! v womb ( ?is la/ s5t5ce1 
pregnant1 z x %\ld seem1 ) a ,h]cules1  
!re is =m$ a little bantl+ ( ! mortal   

race1 a deg5]ate1 puny p>5!sis1 t       
totally fru/rates our mo/ sangu9e views 
& expectations1 & disgraces ! :ole      
ge/ation4 ,"h is ?is de/ructive p>5!sis3
 ,unless "s adequate comp5sation be     
secur$ to u4 ,to u6 ,! ,*ri/ian _w may  
%ift = itself1 ,europe may groan 9      
slav]y1 we may be di%onor$ by receiv+   
law f an enemy1--b all is well1 provid$ 
! comp5sation to u be adequate4 ,to :at 
are we res]v$8 ,an adequate comp5sation 
= ! sacrifice ( p[]s ! mo/ ne>ly        
connect$ ) u2--an adequate comp5sation =
 ! direct or indirect annexation to     
,france ( all ! ports ( ! ,cont95t f    
,dunkirk to ,hamburg2--an adequate      
comp5sation = ! ab&onm5t ( ! indep5d5ce 
( ,europe6 ,w\ld t1 :5 all our manly    
s5tim5ts are ?us *ang$1 our manly       
language 7 *ang$ along ) !m1 & t !      
,engli% tongue 7 n employ$ to utt] :at  
our ance/ors nev] dream$ c\ld ent] into 
an ,engli% he>t6  ,b let u consid] ?is  
matt] ( adequate comp5sation4 ,:o is to 
furni% x8 ,f :at funds is x to be drawn8

 ,is x by ano!r treaty ( comm]ce8 ,i h  
no objections to treaties ( comm]ce ^u  
pr9ciples ( comm]ce4 ,traffic =         
traffic1--all is fair4 ,b comm]ce 9     
ex*ange = empire1 = safety1 = glory6 ,we
 set out 9 our deal+ ) a mis]able *eat  
^u ourselves4 ,i "k x may be said1 t we 
may prevail on ?is pr\d1 philosophical1 
milit>y ,republic1 :i* looks d[n )      
contempt on trade1 to decl>e x unfit = !
 sov]eign ( nations to be eundem        
negotiatorem et dom9um3 t1 9 virtue (   
?is maxim ( h] /ate1 ! ,engli% 9 ,france
 may be p]mitt$1 z ! ,jews are 9 ,pol& &
 9 ,turkey1 to execute all ! little     
+lori\s occupations1--to be ! sell]s (  
new & ! buy]s ( old clo!s1 to be _!     
brok]s & factors1 & to be employ$ 9 ca/+
 up _! debits & cr$its1 :il/ ! ma/]     
,republic cultivates ! arts ( empire1   
prescribes ! =ms ( peace to nations1 &  
dictates laws to a subject$ _w4 ,b are  
we q sure1 t1 :5 we h surr5d]$ half     
,europe to !m 9 hope ( ?is comp5sation1 
! ,republic w conf] ^u u ^? privileges (

 di%onor8 ,are we q c]ta9 t %e w p]mit u
 to f>m ! guillot9e1--to contract = !   
provision ( h] tw5ty ?\s& ,ba/iles1--to 
furni% transports = ! myriads ( h]      
exiles to ,guiana1--to become           
commission]s = h] naval /ores1--or to   
engage = ! clo?+ ( ^? armies :i* are to 
subdue ! poor relics ( ,*ri/ian ,europe8
 ,no6 ,%e is bespoke by ! ,jew subjects 
( h] own ,am/]dam = all ^! s]vices4  ,b 
if ^!1 or matt]s simil>1 are n !        
comp5sations ! ,rem>k] dem&s1 & t on    
consid]ation he f9ds !m nei!r adequate  
nor c]ta91 :o else is to be ! *apman1 & 
to furni% ! pur*ase-money1 at ?is m>ket1
 ( all ! gr& pr9ciples ( empire1 ( law1 
( civilization1 ( morals1 & ( religion1 
:]e ,briti% fai? & honor are to be sold 
by in* ( c&le8 ,:o is to be ! d$ecorum  
pretiosus emptor8 ,is x ! navis ,hispan 
magi/]8 ,is x to be furni%$ by ! ,pr9ce 
( ,peace8 ,unque/ionably4 ,spa9 z yet   
possesses m9es ( gold & silv]1 & may    
give u 9 pesos duros an adequate        
comp5sation = our honor & our virtue4   

,:5 ^! ?+s are at all to be sold1 !y are
 ! vile/ commodities at m>ket4  ,x is   
full z s+ul> z any ( ! o!r s+ul>ities 9 
?is "w1 t ! ,rem>k]1 talk+ s mu* z he   
does ( cessions & comp5sations1 passes  
by ,spa9 9 8 g5]al settlem5t1 z if !re 7
 no su* c\ntry on ! globe1--z if !re 7  
no ,spa9 9 ,europe1 no ,spa9 9 ,am]ica4 
,b ?is great matt] ( political          
delib]ation _c be put out ( our ?\ghts  
by 8 sil5ce4 ,%e has furni%$            
comp5sations1--n to y1 b to ,france4 ,! 
,regicide ,republic & ! /ill nom9ally   
subsi/+ mon>*y ( ,spa9 are unit$1--& are
 unit$ ^u a pr9ciple ( jeal\sy1 if n (  
bitt] enmity1 to ,great ,brita94 ,!     
noble writ] has "h ano!r matt] =        
m$itation4 ,x is n f ,dunkirk to        
,hamburg t ! ports are 9 ! h&s (        
,france3 !y are 9 ! h&s ( ,france f     
,hamburg to ,gibralt>4 ,h[ long ! new   
dom9ion w la/ ,i _c tell2 b ,france !   
,republic has conqu]$ ,spa91 & ! rul+   
p>ty 9 t c\rt acts by h] ord]s & exi/s  
by h] p[]4  ,! noble writ]1 9 8 views   

into futurity1 has =gott5 to look back  
to ! pa/4 ,if he *ooses x1 he may       
recollect1 t1 on ! prospect ( ! dea? (  
,philip ! ,f\r?1 & /ill m on ! ev5t1 all
 ,europe 0 mov$ to its f\ndations4 ,9 ! 
treaties ( p>tition t fir/ 7 ent]$ into1
 & 9 ! w> t aft]w>ds blaz$ out to prev5t
 ^? cr[ns f be+ actually or virtually   
unit$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,b\rbon1 ! pr$om9ance 
( ,france 9 ,spa91 & above all1 9 !     
,spani% ,indies1 0 ! great object ( all 
^! movem5ts 9 ! cab9et & 9 ! field4 ,!  
,gr& ,alliance 0 =m$ ^u t appreh5sion4  
,on t appreh5sion ! mighty w> 0 cont9u$ 
dur+ su* a numb] ( ye>s z ! deg5]ate &  
pusillanim\s impati5ce ( our dw9dl$ race
 c h>dly be> to h reckon$3 a w> equal1  
)9 a few ye>s1 9 duration1 & n1 p]haps1 
inf]ior 9 blood%$1 to any ( ^? great    
conte/s = empire :i* 9 hi/ory make ! mo/
 awful matt] ( record$ memory4      ,ad 
conflig5dum v5i5tibus undique ,po5is1   
,omnia cum belli trepido concussa       
tumultu     ,horrida contremu]e sub     
altis !ris auris1     ,9 dubioque fuit  

sub utrorum regna cad5dum     ,omnibus  
humanis esset t]rque m>ique4--  ,:5 ?is 
w> 0 end$1 7,i _c /ay n[ to exam9e h[17 
! object ( ! w> 0 ! object ( ! treaty4  
,:5 x 0 f\nd impracticable1 or less     
desirable ?an be=e1 :olly to exclude a  
bran* ( ! ,b\rbon race f t imm5se       
succession1 ! po9t ( ,utre*t 0 to prev5t
 ! mis*iefs to arise f ! influ5ce ( !   
great] ^u ! less] bran*4 ,8 ,lord%ip is 
a great memb] ( ! diplomatic body2 he   
has1 ( c\rse1 all ! fundam5tal treaties 
:i* make ! public /atute law ( ,europe  
by he>t3 &1 inde$1 no active memb] (    
,p>liam5t ought to be ignorant ( _!     
g5]al t5or & lead+ provisions4 ,9 !     
treaty :i* clos$ t w>1 & ( :i* x is a   
fundam5tal "p1 because relat+ to ! :ole 
policy ( ! compact1 x 0 agre$ t ,spa9   
%\ld n give any?+ f h] t]ritory 9 ! ,we/
 ,indies to ,france4 ,?is article1      
app>5tly on]\s to ,spa91 0 9 tru? highly
 b5eficial4 ,b1 oh1 ! bl9dness ( !      
greate/ /atesman to ! inf9ite &         
unlook$-= comb9ations ( ?+s :i* lie hid 

9 ! d>k prolific womb ( futurity6 ,!    
great trunk ( ,b\rbon is cut d[n2 ! )]$ 
bran* is work$ up into ! con/ruction ( a
 ,fr5* ,regicide ,republic4 ,"h we h =m$
 a new1 unlook$-=1 mon/r\s1 het]og5e\s  
alliance1--a d\ble-natur$ mon/]1        
republic above & mon>*y bel[4 ,!re is no
 c5taur ( fiction1 no poetic satyr ( !  
woods1 no?+ %ort ( ! hi]oglyphic mon/]s 
( ,egypt1 dog 9 head & man 9 body1 t c  
give an idea ( x4 ,none ( ^! ?+s c      
subsi/ 9 ,nature 7s1 at lea/1 x is      
?\ght72 b ! moral _w admits mon/]s :i* !
 physical rejects4  ,9 ?is              
metamorphosis1 ! fir/ ?+ done by ,spa91 
9 ! honey-moon ( h] new s]vitude1 01 )  
all ! h>dihood ( pusillanimity1 utt]ly  
to defy ! mo/ solemn treaties ) ,great  
,brita9 & ! gu>anty ( ,europe4 ,%e has  
yield$ ! l>ge/ & faire/ "p ( "o ( !     
l>ge/ & faire/ isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1  
p]haps on ! globe1 to ! usurp$ p[]s (   
,france4 ,%e completes ! title ( ^? p[]s
 to ! :ole ( t important c5tral isl& (  
,hispaniola4 ,%e has solemnly surr5d]$  

to ! regicides & but*]s ( ! ,b\rbon     
family :at t c\rt nev] v5tur$1 p]haps   
nev] wi%$1 to be/[ on ! patri>*al /ock (
 h] own augu/ h\se4  ,! noble negotiator
 takes no notice ( ?is port5t\s junction
 & ?is audaci\s surr5d]4 ,! effect is no
 less ?an ! total subv]sion ( ! balance 
( p[] 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & inde$ ev]y:]e 
else4 ,?is arrangem5t1 consid]$ 9       
itself1 b mu* m z x indicates a complete
 union ( ,france ) ,spa91 is truly      
al>m+4 ,does he feel no?+ ( ! *ange ?is 
makes 9 t "p ( 8 description ( ! /ate ( 
,france :]e he supposes h] n able to    
face "o ( our deta*$ squadrons8 ,does he
 feel no?+ = ! condition ( ,portugal "u 
?is new coalition8 ,is x = ?is /ate (   
?+s he recomm5ds our junction 9 t common
 alliance z a rem$y8 ,x is surely       
already mon/r\s en\gh4 ,we see e /&+    
pr9ciple ( policy1 e old gov]n+ op9ion (
 nations1 completely gone1 & ) x !      
f\ndation ( all _! e/abli%m5ts4 ,c ,spa9
 keep h]self int]nally :]e %e is1 ) ?is 
connection8 ,does he dream t ,spa91     

un*ri/ian1 or ev5 unca?olic1 c exi/ z a 
mon>*y8 ,?is au?or indulges himself 9   
speculations ( ! division ( ! ,fr5*     
,republic4 ,i only say1 t ) mu* great]  
reason he might speculate on !          
republicanism & ! subdivision ( ,spa94  
,x is n peace ) ,france :i* secures t   
feeble gov]nm5t2 x is t peace :i*1 if x 
%all cont9ue1 decisively ru9s ,spa94    
,su* a peace is n ! peace :i* ! remnant 
( ,*ri/ianity celebrates at ?is holy    
season4 ,9 x !re is no glory to ,god on 
high1 & n ! lea/ t9cture ( good-w to    
man4 ,:at ?+s we h liv$ to see6 ,! ,k+ (
 ,spa9 9 a gr\p ( ,moors1 ,jews1 &      
,r5egadoes2 & ! cl]gy tax$ to pay = 8   
conv]sion6 ,! ,ca?olic ,k+ 9 ! /rict    
embraces ( ! mo/ ,un*ri/ian ,republic6  
,i hope we %all nev] see 8 ,apo/olic    
,maje/y1 8 ,fai?ful ,maje/y1 & ! ,k+1   
,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 add$ to t unhall[$ & 
impi\s frat]nity4  ,! noble au?or has   
glimpses ( ! consequ5ces ( peace1 z well
 z ,i4 ,he feels = ! colonies ( ,great  
,brita91 "o ( ! pr9cipal res\rces ( our 

comm]ce & our naval p[]1 if piratical   
,france %all be e/abli%$1 z he kn[s %e  
mu/ be1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 if we sue =   
peace on su* t]ms z !y may condesc5d to 
grant u4 ,he feels t _! v colonial sy/em
 = ! int]ior is n compatible ) ! exi/5ce
 ( our colonies4 ,i tell him1 & d\bt n  
,i %all be able to demon/rate1 t1 be+   
:at %e is1 if %e possesses a rock !re1  
we _c be safe4 ,has ?is au?or _h 9 8    
view ! transactions betwe5 ! ,regicide  
,republic & ! yet nom9ally subsi/+      
mon>*y ( ,spa98  ,i br+ ?is matt] "u y\r
 ,lord%ip's consid]ation1 t y may h a m 
complete view ?an ?is au?or *ooses to   
give ( ! true ,france y h to deal )1 z  
to its nature1 & to its =ce & its       
disposition4 ,m>k x1 my ,"l1 ,france1 9 
giv+ h] law to ,spa91 /ipulat$ = none ( 
h] indemnities 9 ,europe1 no enl>gem5t  
:atev] ( h] fronti]4 ,:il/ we are look+ 
= indemnities f ,france1 betray+ our own
 safety 9 a sacrifice ( ! indep5d5ce (  
,europe1 ,france secures h]s by ! mo/   
important acquisition ( t]ritory ev]    

made 9 ! ,we/ ,indies s9ce _! fir/      
settlem5t4 ,%e appe>s 7x is only 9      
appe>ance7 to give up ! fronti] ( ,spa92
 & %e is comp5sat$1 n 9 appe>ance1 b 9  
reality1 by a t]ritory t makes a        
dreadful fronti] to ! colonies ( ,great 
,brita94  ,x is suffici5tly al>m+ t %e  
is to h ! possession ( ?is great isl&4  
,b all ! ,spani% colonies1 virtually1   
are h]s4 ,is !re s puny a :ip/] 9 !     
petty =m ( ! s*ool ( politics :o c be at
 a loss = ! fate ( ! ,briti% colonies1  
:5 he comb9es ! ,fr5* & ,spani%         
consolidation ) ! kn[n critical & dubi\s
 dispositions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates (       
,am]ica1 z !y are at pres5t1 b :i*1 :5 a
 peace is made1 :5 ! basis ( a ,regicide
 asc5d5cy 9 ,spa9 is laid1 w no long] be
 s good z dubi\s & critical8 ,b ,i g a  
great deal fur!r2 & on mu* consid]ation 
( ! condition & circum/ances ( ! ,we/   
,indies1 & ( ! g5ius ( ?is new republic1
 z x has op]at$ & is likely to op]ate on
 !m1 ,i say1 t1 if a s+le rock 9 ! ,we/ 
,indies is 9 ! h&s ( ?is transatlantic  

,morocco1 we h n an h\r's safety !re4   
,! ,rem>k]1 ?\gh he slips aside f ! ma9 
consid]ation1 seems aw>e t ?is          
arrangem5t1 /&+ z x does1 9 ! ,we/      
,indies1 leaves u at ! m]cy ( ! new     
coalition1 or r at ! m]cy ( ! sole guid+
 "p ( x4 ,he does n1 inde$1 adopt a     
supposition su* z ,i make1 :o am        
confid5t t any?+ :i* c give !m a s+le   
good port & opportune piratical /ation  
!re w\ld lead to our ru93 ! au?or       
proce$s ^u an idea t ! ,regicides may be
 an exi/+ & consid]able t]ritorial p[] 9
 ! ,we/ ,indies1 &1 ( c\rse1 h]         
piratical sy/em m dang]\s & z real4     
,h[ev]1 = t desp]ate case he has an easy
 rem$y2 b1 surely1 9 8 :ole %op !re is  
no?+ s extraord9>y4 ,x is1 t we ?ree1   
,france1 ,spa91 & ,engl&1 7!re are no   
o!r ( any mom5t17 %\ld adopt "s analogy 
9 ! int]ior sy/ems ( gov]nm5t 9 ! sev]al
 isl&s :i* we may respectively reta9    
aft] ! clos+ ( ! w>4 ,?is pla9ly c be   
done only by a conv5tion betwe5 !       
p>ties2 & ,i believe x w\ld be ! fir/ w>

 ev] made to t]m9ate 9 an analogy ( !   
int]ior gov]nm5t ( any c\ntry1 or any   
p>ts ( su* c\ntries4 ,su* a p>tn]%ip 9  
dome/ic gov]nm5t is1 ,i ?9k1 c>ry+      
frat]nity z f> z x w g4  ,x w be an     
affront to y\r sagacity to pursue ?is   
matt] into all its details3 suffice x to
 say1 t1 if ?is conv5tion = analog\s    
dome/ic gov]nm5t is made1 x imm$iately  
gives a "r = ! resid5ce ( a consul 79   
all likelihood "s negro or man ( color7 
9 e "o ( y\r isl&s2 a ,regicide         
ambassador 9 ,london w be at all y\r    
meet+s ( ,we/ ,india m]*ants & plant]s1 
&1 9 effect1 9 all our colonial c\ncils4
 ,n "o ord] ( ,c\ncil c h]eaft] be made1
 or any "o act ( ,p>liam5t relative to !
 ,we/ ,india colonies ev5 be agitat$1   
:i* w n always af=d reasons = prote/s & 
p]petual int]f]5ce2 ! ,regicide         
,republic w become an integral "p ( !   
colonial legislature1 &1 s f> z !       
colonies are conc]n$1 ( ! ,briti% too4  
,b x w be /ill worse3 z all our dome/ic 
affairs are int]lac$ m or less          

intimately ) our ext]nal1 ?is int]m$dl+ 
mu/ ev]y:]e ins9uate itself into all o!r
 int]ior transactions1 & produce a      
cop>tn]%ip 9 our dome/ic conc]ns ( e    
description4  ,su* are ! pla91          
inevitable consequ5ces ( ?is arrangem5t 
( a sy/em1 ( analog\s int]ior gov]nm5t4 
,on ! o!r h&1 )\t x1 ! au?or assures u1 
& 9 ?is ,i he>tily agree ) him1 t !     
correspond5ce & communications betwe5 ! 
neighbor+ colonies w be great1 t !      
disagreem5ts w be incessant1 & t causes 
ev5 ( national qu>rels w arise f day to 
day4 ,mo/ true4 ,b1 = ! reasons ,i h    
giv51 ! case1 if possible1 w be worse by
 ! propos$ rem$y1 by ! triple frat]nal  
int]ior analogy1--an analogy itself mo/ 
fruitful1 & m foodful ?an ! old         
,ephesian /atue ) ! ?ree ti] ( brea/s4  
,y\r ,lord%ip mu/ also obs]ve h[        
inf9itely ?is bus9ess mu/ be complicat$ 
by our int]f]5ce 9 ! sl[-pac$ ,saturnian
 movem5ts ( ,spa9 & ! rapid p>abolic    
flights ( ,france4 ,b su* is !          
disease1--su* is ! cure1--su* is1 & mu/ 

be1 ! effect ( ,regicide vic9ity4  ,b   
:at a/oni%es me is1 t ! negotiator1 :o  
has c]ta9ly an ex]cis$ und]/&+1 did n   
see t e p]son habituat$ to su*          
m$itations mu/ necess>ily pursue ! tra9 
( ?\ght fur!r ?an he has c>ri$ x1 & mu/ 
ask himself :e!r :at he /ates s truly ( 
! necessity ( our arrang+ an analog\s   
int]ior gov]nm5t1 9 consequ5ce ( !      
vic9ity ( our possessions1 9 ! ,we/     
,indies1 does n z ext5sively apply1 &   
mu* m =cibly1 to ! circum/ance ( our mu*
 ne>] vic9ity ) ! p>5t & au?or ( ?is    
mis*ief4 ,i defy ev5 8 acut5ess & +5uity
 to %[ me any "o po9t 9 :i* ! cases     
diff]1 except t x is pla9ly m necess>y 9
 ,europe ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,inde$1 ! fur!r 
we trace ! details ( ! propos$ peace1 ! 
m y\r ,lord%ip w be satisfi$ t ,i h n   
be5 guilty ( any abuse ( t]ms1 :5 ,i use
 indiscrim9ately 7z ,i always d1 9      
speak+ ( arrangem5ts ) ,regicide7 !     
words peace & frat]nity4 ,an analogy    
betwe5 our int]ior gov]nm5ts mu/ be !   
consequ5ce4 ,! noble negotiator sees x z

 well z ,i d4 ,i deprecate ?is ,jacob9  
int]ior analogy4 ,b h]eaft]1 p]haps1 ,i 
may say a good deal m ^u ?is "p ( !     
subject4  ,! noble "l insi/s on v little
 m ?an on ! excell5ce ( _! ,con/itution1
 ! hope ( _! dw9dl+ into little         
republics1 & ?is close cop>tn]%ip 9     
gov]nm5t4 ,i he> ( o!rs1 inde$1 t (f] by
 o!r argum5ts to reconcile u to ?is     
peace & frat]nity4 ,! ,regicides1 !y    
say1 h r5\nc$ ! cre$ ( ! ,rights ( ,man1
 & decl>$ equality a *im]a4 ,?is is /ill
 m /range ?an all ! re/4 ,!y h apo/atiz$
 f _! apo/asy4 ,!y are r5egadoes f t    
impi\s fai? = :i* !y subv]t$ ! anci5t   
gov]nm5t1 murd]$ _! k+1 & imprison$1    
but*]$1 confiscat$1 & bani%$ _!         
fell[-subjects1 & to :i* !y =c$ e man to
 swe> at ! p]il ( 8 life4 ,& n[1 to     
reconcile !mselves to ! _w1 !y decl>e   
?is cre$1 b\ght by s mu* blood1 to be an
 impo/ure & a *im]a4 ,i h no d\bt t !y  
always ?\ght x to be s1 :5 !y 7 de/roy+ 
ev]y?+ at home & abroad = its           
e/abli%m5t4 ,x is no /range ?+1 to ^? :o

 look into ! nature ( corrupt$ man1 to  
f9d a viol5t p]secutor a p]fect         
unbeliev] ( 8 own cre$4 ,b ?is is ! v   
fir/ "t t any man or set ( m5 7 h>dy    
en\gh to attempt to lay ! gr\nd (       
confid5ce 9 !m by an ackn[l$gm5t ( _!   
own falsehood1 fraud1 hypocrisy1        
trea*]y1 het]odox doctr9e1 p]secution1 &
 cruelty4 ,ev]y?+ we he> f !m is new1 &1
 to use a phrase ( _! own1 revolution>y2
 ev]y?+ supposes a total revolution 9   
all ! pr9ciples ( reason1 prud5ce1 &    
moral feel+4 ,if possible1 ?is _!       
recantation ( ! *ief p>ts 9 ! canon ( ! 
,rights ( ,man is m infam\s & causes    
great] horror ?an _! orig9ally          
promulgat+ & =c+ d[n ! ?roats ( mank9d t
 symbol ( all evil4 ,x is rak+ too mu*  
into ! dirt & ordure ( human nature to  
say m ( x4  ,i he> x said1 too1 t !y h  
lately decl>$ 9 favor ( prop]ty4 ,?is is
 exactly ( ! same sort ) ! =m]4 ,:at ne$
 _h !y to make ?is decl>ation1 if !y did
 n "k t by _! doctr9es & practices !y _h
 totally subv]t$ all prop]ty8 ,:at      

gov]nm5t ( ,europe1 ei!r 9 its orig9 or 
its cont9uance1 has ?\ght x necess>y to 
decl>e itself 9 favor ( prop]ty8 ,! m   
rec5t ones 7 =m$ = its protection aga9/ 
=m] violations2 ! old consid] !         
inviolability ( prop]ty & _! own exi/5ce
 z "o & ! same ?+1 & t a proclamation = 
its safety w\ld be s\nd+ an al>m on its 
dang]4 ,b ! ,regicide b&itti knew t ?is 
0 n ! fir/ "t !y h be5 oblig$ to give   
su* assurances1 & _h z (t5 falsifi$ !m4 
,!y knew1 t1 aft] but*]+ hundr$s ( m51  
wom51 & *ildr51 = no o!r cause ?an to   
lay hold on _! prop]ty1 su* a decl>ation
 might h a *ance ( enc\rag+ o!r nations 
to run ! risk ( e/abli%+ a comm]cial    
h\se among/ !m4 ,x is notori\s1 t ^! v  
,jacob9s1 ^u an al>m ( ! %opkeep] (     
,p>is1 made ?is decl>ation 9 favor (    
prop]ty4 ,^! brave fell[s receiv$ !     
appreh5sions express$ on t head )       
indignation1 & said t prop]ty c\ld be 9 
no dang]1 because all ! _w knew x 0 "u !
 protection ( ! sans-culottes4 ,at :at  
p]iod did !y n give ?is assurance8 ,did 

!y n give x2 :5 !y fabricat$ _! fir/    
,con/itution8 ,did !y n !n solemnly     
decl>e x "o ( ! rights ( a citiz5 7a "r1
 ( c\rse1 only decl>$1 & n !n fabricat$7
 to dep>t f 8 c\ntry1 & *oose ano!r     
domicilium1 )\t detrim5t to 8 prop]ty8  
,did !y n decl>e t no prop]ty %\ld be   
confiscat$ f ! *ildr5 = ! crime ( !     
p>5t8 ,c !y n[ decl>e m fully _! respect
 = prop]ty ?an !y did at t "t8 ,& yet 0 
!re ev] kn[n su* horrid viol5ces &      
confiscations z in/antly foll[$ "u ! v  
p]sons n[ 9 p[]1 _m ( !m lead+ memb]s ( 
t ,assembly1 & all ( !m violators ( t   
engagem5t :i* 0 ! v basis ( _!          
republic1--confiscations 9 :i* hundr$s (
 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 n guilty ( "o act (
 duty 9 resi/+ _! usurpation1 7 involv$8
 ,?is keep+ ( _! old is1 !n1 to give u a
 confid5ce 9 _! new engagem5ts4 ,b      
exam9e ! matt]1 & y w see t ! prev>icat+
 sons ( viol5ce give no relief at all1  
:]e at all x c be want$4 ,!y r5ew _! old
 fraudul5t decl>ation aga9/             
confiscations1 & !n !y expressly exclude

 all adh]5ts to _! anci5t lawful        
gov]nm5t f any b5efit ( x3 t is to say1 
!y promise t !y w secure all _! bro!r   
plund]]s 9 _! %>e ( ! common plund]4 ,! 
fe> ( be+ robb$ by e new succession (   
robb]s1 :o d n keep ev5 ! fai? ( t k9d (
 society1 absolutely requir$ t !y %\ld  
give security to ! divid5ds ( spoil1    
else !y c\ld n exi/ a mom5t4 ,b x 0     
necess>y1 9 giv+ security to robb]s1 t  
hone/ m5 %\ld be depriv$ ( all hope (   
re/itution2 & ?us _! int]e/s 7 made     
utt]ly & et]nally incompatible4 ,s t x  
appe>s t ?is boa/$ security ( prop]ty is
 no?+ m ?an a seal put ^u its           
de/ruction2 ?is ceas+ ( confiscation is 
to secure ! confiscators aga9/ ! innoc5t
 proprietors4 ,t v ?+ :i* is held out to
 y z y\r cure is t :i* makes y\r malady1
 & r5d]s x1 if once x happ5s1 utt]ly    
incurable4 ,y1 my ,"l1 :o possess a     
consid]able1 ?\gh n an invidi\s e/ate1  
may be well assur$1 t1 if1 by be+       
engag$1 z y assur$ly w\ld be1 9 ! def5ce
 ( y\r religion1 y\r k+1 y\r ord]1 y\r  

laws1 & lib]ties1 t e/ate %\ld be put "u
 confiscation1 ! prop]ty w\ld be secur$1
 b 9 ! same mann]1 at y\r exp5se4  ,b1  
aft] all1 = :at purpose are we told (   
?is re=mation 9 _! pr9ciples1 & :at is !
 policy ( all ?is s(t5+ 9 ours1 :i* is  
to be produc$ by _! example8 ,x is n to 
s(t5 u to suff]+ innoc5ce & virtue1 b to
 mollify u to ! crimes & to ! society ( 
robb]s & ruffians4 ,b ,i tru/ t our     
c\ntrym5 w n be s(t5$ to t k9d ( crimes 
& crim9als2 =1 if we %\ld1 our he>ts w  
be h>d5$ to ev]y?+ :i* has a claim on   
our b5evol5ce4 ,a k9d ,provid5ce has    
plac$ 9 our brea/s a hatr$ ( ! unju/ &  
cruel1 9 ord] t we may pres]ve ourselves
 f cruelty & inju/ice4 ,!y :o be>       
cruelty are accomplices 9 x4 ,! pret5d$ 
g5tl5ess :i* excludes t *>itable rancor 
produces an indiff]5ce :i* is half an   
approbation4 ,!y nev] w love :]e !y     
ought to love1 :o d n hate :]e !y ought 
to hate4  ,!re is ano!r piece ( policy1 
n m laudable ?an ?is1 9 read+ ^! moral  
lectures1 :i* less5s our hatr$ to       

crim9als & our pity to suff]]s by       
ins9uat+ t x has be5 ow+ to _! fault or 
folly t ! latt] h become ! prey ( ! =m]4
 ,by flatt]+ u t we are n subject to !  
same vices & follies1 x induces a       
confid5ce t we %all n suff] ! same evils
 by a contact ) ! infam\s gang ( robb]s 
:o h ?us robb$ & but*]$ our neighbors   
be=e our faces4 ,we mu/ n be flatt]$ to 
our ru94 ,our vices are ! same z !irs1  
nei!r m nor less4 ,if any faults we _h1 
:i* want$ ?is ,fr5* example to call u to
 a s(t5+ ( "*1 & a review ( our social  
relations & duties1 !re is yet no sign t
 we h comm5c$ our re=mation4 ,we seem1  
by ! be/ acc\nts ,i h f ! _w1 to g on j 
z =m]ly1 "s to undo1 & "s to be undone4 
,!re is no *ange at all3 & if we are n  
bett]$ by ! suff]+s ( w>1 ?is peace1    
:i*1 = reasons to himself be/ kn[n1 !   
au?or fixes z ! p]iod ( our re=mation1  
mu/ h some?+ v extraord9>y 9 x2 because 
hi!rto ease1 opul5ce1 & _! concomitant  
pleasure h nev] greatly dispos$ mank9d  
to t s]i\s reflection & review :i* !    

au?or supposes to be ! result ( !       
approa*+ peace ) vice & crime4 ,i       
believe he =ms a "r e/imate ( ! nature (
 ?is peace1 & t x w want _m ( ^?        
circum/ances :i* =m]ly *>act]izes t /ate
 ( ?+s4  ,if ,i am "r 9 my ideas ( ?is  
new republic1 ! diff]5t /ates ( peace & 
w> w make no diff]5ce 9 h] pursuits4 ,x 
is n an enemy ( accid5t t we h to deal  
)4 ,enmity to u1 & to all civiliz$      
nations1 is wr\ght into ! v /am9a ( its 
,con/itution4 ,x 0 made to pursue !     
purposes ( t fundam5tal enmity4 ,!      
design w g on regul>ly 9 e position & 9 
e relation4 ,_! ho/ility is to break u  
to _! dom9ion2 _! amity is to debau* u  
to _! pr9ciples4 ,9 ! =m]1 we are to    
cont5d ) _! =ce2 9 ! latt]1 ) _!        
intrigues4 ,b we /& 9 a v diff]5t po/ure
 ( def5ce 9 ! two situations4 ,9 w>1 s  
long z gov]nm5t is support$1 we fight ) 
! :ole unit$ =ce ( ! k+dom4 ,:5 "u ! "n 
( peace ! w> ( intrigue beg9s1 we d n   
cont5d aga9/ our enemies ) ! :ole =ce ( 
! k+dom4 ,no1--we %all h to fight1 7if x

 %\ld be a fight at all1 & n an         
ignom9i\s surr5d] ( ev]y?+ :i* has made 
our c\ntry v5]able 9 our eyes & de> to  
our he>ts17 we %all h to light ) b a    
portion ( our /r5g? aga9/ ! :ole ( !irs4
 ,g5tlem5 :o n long s9ce ?\ght ) u1 b :o
 n[ recomm5d a ,jacob9 peace1 7 at t "t 
suffici5tly aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( a dang]\s
 ,jacob9 faction )9 ?is k+dom4 ,a:ile   
ago !y seem$ to be trembl+ly alive to ! 
numb] ( ^? :o compos$ x1 to _! d>k      
subtlety1 to _! fi]ce audacity1 to _!   
admiration ( ev]y?+ t passes 9 ,france1 
to _! eag] desire ( a close             
communication ) ! "m faction !re4 ,at   
?is mom5t1 :5 ! "q is ^u ! op5+ ( t     
communication1 n a ^w ( our ,engli%     
,jacob9s4 ,t faction is put out ( sight 
& out ( ?\ght4 ,x vani%$ at ! cr[+ ( !  
cock4 ,sc>cely _h ! ,gallic h>b+] (     
peace & light begun to utt] 8 lively    
notes1 ?an all ! cackl+ ( u poor ,tory  
geese to al>m ! g>rison ( ! ,capitol 0  
=got4#aa ,!re 0 en\gh ( indemnity be=e4 
,n[ a complete act ( oblivion is pass$  

ab\t ! ,jacob9s ( ,engl&1 ?\gh "o w\ld  
naturally imag9e x w\ld make a pr9cipal 
object 9 all fair delib]ation ^u ! m]its
 ( a project ( amity ) ! ,jacob9s (     
,france4 ,b h[ev] o!rs may *oose to =get
 ! faction1 ! faction does n *oose to   
=get itself1 nor1 h[ev] g5tlem5 may     
*oose to flatt] !mselves1 x does n =get 
!m4  ,nev]1 9 any civil conte/1 has a "p
 be5 tak5 ) m ( ! w>m?1 or c>ri$ on ) m 
( ! arts ( a p>ty4 ,! ,jacob9s are worse
 ?an lo/ to _! c\ntry4 ,_! he>ts are    
abroad4 ,_! sympa?y ) ! ,regicides (    
,france is complete4 ,j z 9 a civil     
conte/1 !y exult 9 all _! victories1 !y 
are deject$ & mortifi$ 9 all _! defeats4
 ,no?+ t ! ,regicides c d 7& !y h labor$
 h>d = ! purpose7 c ali5ate !m f _!     
cause4 ,y & ,i1 my de> ,"l1 h (t5 obs]v$
 on ! _s ( _! conduct4 ,:5 ! ,jacob9s ( 
,france1 by _! /udi$1 delib]at$1        
catalogu$ files ( murd]s ) ! poni>d1 !  
sabre1 & ! tribunal1 h %ock$ :atev]     
rema9$ ( human s5sibility 9 our brea/s1 
!n x 0 !y di/+ui%$ ! res\rces ( p>ty    

policy4 ,!y did n v5ture directly to    
confront ! public s5tim5t2 = a v %ort "t
 !y seem$ to p>take ( x4 ,!y began ) a  
reluctant & sorr[ful confession2 !y     
deplor$ ! /a9s :i* t>ni%$ ! lu/re ( a   
good cause4 ,aft] keep+ a dec5t "t (    
retirem5t1 9 a few days crept out an    
apology = ! excesses ( m5 cruelly       
irritat$ by ! attacks ( unju/ p[]4 ,gr[n
 bold]1 z ! fir/ feel+ ( mank9d decay$ &
 ! color ( ^! horrors began to fade ^u !
 imag9ation1 !y proce$$ f apology to    
def5ce4 ,!y urg$1 b /ill deplor$1 !     
absolute necessity ( su* a proce$+4 ,!n 
!y made a bold] /ride1 & m>*$ f def5ce  
to recrim9ation4 ,!y attempt$ to        
assass9ate ! memory ( ^? ^: bodies _!   
fri5ds _h massacr$1 & to consid] _!     
murd] z a less =mal act ( ju/ice4 ,!y   
endeavor$ ev5 to debau* our pity1 & to  
suborn x 9 favor ( cruelty4 ,!y wept ov]
 ! lot ( ^? :o 7 driv5 by ! crimes (    
ari/ocrats to republican v5geance4 ,e   
pause ( _! cruelty !y consid]$ z a      
return ( _! natural s5tim5ts ( b5ignity 

& ju/ice4 ,!n !y _h rec\rse to hi/ory1 &
 f\nd out all ! record$ cruelties t de=m
 ! annals ( ! _w1 9 ord] t ! massacres (
 ! ,regicides might pass = a common     
ev5t1 & ev5 t ! mo/ m]ciful ( pr9ces1 :o
 suff]$ by _! h&s1 %\ld be> ! iniquity (
 all ! tyrants :o h at any "t infe/$ !  
e>?4 ,9 ord] to reconcile u ! bett] to  
?is republican tyranny1 !y conf\nd$ !   
blood%$ ( w> ) ! murd]s ( peace2 & !y   
comput$ h[ mu* great] prodigality (     
blood 0 exhibit$ 9 battles & 9 ! /orm ( 
cities ?an 9 ! frugal1 well-ord]$       
massacres ( ! revolution>y tribunals (  
,france4  ,z to =eign p[]s1 s long z !y 
7 conjo9$ ) ,great ,brita9 9 ?is conte/1
 s long !y 7 treat$ z ! mo/ ab&on$      
tyrants1 &1 inde$1 ! base/ ( ! human    
race4 ,! mom5t any ( !m quits ! cause ( 
?is gov]nm5t1 & ( all gov]nm5ts1 he is  
rehabilitat$1 8 honor is re/or$1 all    
atta9d]s are purg$4 ,! fri5ds ( ,jacob9s
 are no long] despots2 ! betray]s ( !   
common cause are no long] traitors4  ,t 
y may n d\bt t !y look on ?is w> z a    

civil w>1 & ! ,jacob9s ( ,france z ( _! 
p>ty1 & t !y look ^u u1 ?\gh locally _! 
c\ntrym51 9 reality z enemies1 !y h nev]
 fail$ to run a p>allel betwe5 our late 
civil w> & ?is w> ) ! ,jacob9s (        
,france4 ,!y ju/ify _! p>tiality to ^?  
,jacob9s by ! p>tiality :i* 0 %[n by    
sev]al "h to ! ,colonies1 & !y sanction 
_! cry = peace ) ! ,regicides ( ,france 
by "s ( our propositions = peace ) !    
,engli% 9 ,am]ica4  ,?is ,i d n m5tion z
 ent]+ into ! controv]sy h[ f> !y are "r
 or wrong 9 ?is p>allel1 b to %[ t !y d 
make x1 & t !y d consid] !mselves z ( a 
p>ty ) ! ,jacob9s ( ,france4 ,y _c =get 
_! con/ant correspond5ce ) ! ,jacob9s1  
:il/ x 0 9 _! p[] to c>ry x on4 ,:5 !   
communication is aga9 op5$1 ! int]rupt$ 
correspond5ce w comm5ce4 ,we _c be bl9d 
to ! advantage :i* su* a p>ty af=ds to  
,regicide ,france 9 all h] views1--&1 on
 ! o!r h&1 :at an advantage ,regicide   
,france holds out to ! views ( !        
republican p>ty 9 ,engl&4 ,slightly z !y
 h consid]$ _! subject1 ,i ?9k ?is c    

h>dly h escap$ ! writ]s ( political     
ephem]ides = any mon? or ye>4 ,!y h told
 u mu* ( ! am5dm5t ( ! ,regicides (     
,france1 & ( _! return+ honor &         
g5]osity4 ,h !y told any?+ ( ! re=mation
 & ( ! return+ loyalty ( ! ,jacob9s (   
,engl&8 ,h !y told u ( _! gradual s(t5+ 
t[>ds royalty8 ,h !y told u :at measures
 !y are tak+ = putt+ ! cr[n 9           
commission1 & :at approximations ( any  
k9d !y are mak+ t[>ds ! old ,con/itution
 ( _! c\ntry8 ,no?+ ( ?is4 ,! sil5ce (  
^! writ]s is dreadfully expressive4 ,!y 
d>e n t\* ! subject4 ,b x is n          
annihilat$ by _! sil5ce1 nor by our     
indiff]5ce4 ,x is b too pla9 t our      
,con/itution _c exi/ ) su* a            
communication4 ,our humanity1 our       
mann]s1 our morals1 our religion1 _c /& 
) su* a communication4 ,! ,con/itution  
is made by ^? ?+s1 & = ^? ?+s3 )\t !m x 
_c exi/2 & )\t !m x is no matt] :e!r x  
exi/s or n4  ,x 0 an +5i\s ,p>liam5t>y  
,*ri/mas play1 by :i*1 9 bo? ,h\ses1 y  
anticipat$ ! holidays2 x 0 a relaxation 

f y\r grav] employm5t2 x 0 a pleasant   
discussion y _h1 :i* "p ( ! family ( !  
,con/itution 0 ! eld] bran*1--:e!r "o "p
 did n exi/ prior to ! o!rs1 & :e!r x   
might exi/ & fl\ri%1 if ! o!rs 7 ca/    
into ! fire4#ab ,9 ord] to make ?is     
,saturnalian amusem5t g5]al 9 ! family1 
y s5t x d[n /airs1 t judges & juries    
might p>take ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,!         
un=tunate antiqu>y & augur :o is ! butt 
( all ?is sport may suff] 9 ! roi/]+    
horse-play & practical jokes ( !        
s]vants' hall4 ,b :atev] may become (   
him1 ! discussion itself1 & ! tim+ x1   
put me 9 m9d ( :at ,i h read1 7:]e ,i d 
n recollect17 t ! subtle nation ( !     
,greeks 7 busily employ$1 9 ! ,*ur* (   
,santa ,sophia1 9 a dispute ( mix$      
natural philosophy1 metaphysics1 &      
!ology1 :e!r ! light on ,m\nt ,tabor 0  
creat$ or uncreat$1 & 7 ready to        
massacre ! hold]s ( ! unfa%ionable      
op9ion1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! f]oci\s enemy 
( all philosophy & religion1 ,mahomet ! 
,second1 ent]$ ?r\gh a brea* into !     

capital ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,i may possibly
 suff] mu* m ?an ,mr4 ,reeves 7,i %all  
c]ta9ly give mu* m g5]al (f5ce7 = break+
 9 ^u ?is con/itutional amusem5t conc]n+
 ! creat$ or uncreat$ nature ( ! two    
,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 & by call+ _!       
att5tion to a problem :i* may ent]ta9 !m
 less1 b :i* conc]ns !m a great deal    
m1--t is1 :e!r1 ) ?is ,gallic ,jacob9   
frat]nity1 :i* !y are desir$ by "s      
writ]s to c\rt1 all ! p>ts ( ! gov]nm5t1
 ab\t ^: combu/ible or incombu/ible     
qualities !y are cont5d+1 may n be ca/  
into ! fire toge!r4 ,he is a /range     
vision>y 7b he is no?+ worse7 :o fancies
 t any "o "p ( our ,con/itution1 :atev] 
"r ( primog5iture x may claim1 or :atev]
 a/rolog]s may div9e f its horoscope1 c 
possibly survive ! o!rs4 ,z !y h liv$1 s
 !y w die1 toge!r4 ,i mu/ d ju/ice to ! 
imp>tiality ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,i h n obs]v$ 
among/ !m ! lea/ pr$ilection = any ( ^? 
p>ts4 ,if !re has be5 any diff]5ce 9 _! 
malice1 ,i ?9k !y h %[n a worse         
disposition to ! ,h\se ( ,commons ?an to

 ! cr[n4 ,z to ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 !y d n 
speculate at all ab\t x1 & = reasons t  
are too obvi\s to detail4  ,! "q w be   
conc]n+ ! effect ( ?is ,fr5* frat]nity  
on ! :ole mass4 ,h we any?+ to appreh5d 
f ,jacob9 communication1 or h we n8 ,if 
we h n1 is x by our exp]i5ce be=e ! w> t
 we are to presume t aft] ! w> no       
dang]\s communion c exi/ betwe5 ^? :o   
are well affect$ to ! new ,con/itution (
 ,france & ill affect$ to ! old         
,con/itution "h8  ,9 conv]sation ,i h n 
yet f\nd nor he>d ( any p]sons1 except  
^? :o und]take to in/ruct ! public1 s   
unconsci\s ( ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 or s  
little presci5t ( ! future1 :o d n %udd]
 all ov] & feel a secret horror at !    
approa* ( ?is communication4 ,i d n     
except f ?is obs]vation ^? :o are will+1
 m ?an ,i f9d myself dispos$1 to submit 
to ?is frat]nity4 ,nev] has x be5       
m5tion$ 9 my he>+1 or f :at ,i c le>n 9 
my inquiry1 )\t ! sugge/ion ( an ,ali5  
,bill1 or "s o!r measures ( ! same      
nature1 z a def5ce aga9/ its manife/    

mis*ief4 ,:o does n see ! utt]          
insuffici5cy ( su* a rem$y1 if su* a    
rem$y c\ld be at all adopt$8 ,we expel  
suspect$ =eign]s f h5ce2 & we suff] e   
,engli%man to pass ov] into ,france to  
be initiat$ 9 all ! inf]nal discipl9e ( 
! place1 to cabal & to be corrupt$ by e 
means ( cabal & ( corruption1 & !n to   
return to ,engl&1 *>g$ ) _! wor/        
dispositions & designs4 ,9 ,france he is
 out ( ! rea* ( y\r police2 & :5 he     
returns to ,engl&1 "o su* ,engli%       
emiss>y is worse ?an a legion ( ,fr5*1  
:o are ei!r tongue-ti$1 or ^: spee*     
betrays !m4 ,b ! wor/ ali5s are !       
ambassador & 8 tra94 ,^! y _c expel )\t 
a pro( 7always difficult7 ( direct      
practice aga9/ ! /ate4 ,a ,fr5*         
ambassador1 at ! head ( a ,fr5* p>ty1 is
 an evil :i* we h nev] exp]i5c$4 ,!     
mis*ief is by f> m visible ?an ! rem$y4 
,b1 aft] all1 e su* measure z an ,ali5  
,bill is a measure ( ho/ility1 a        
prep>ation = x1 or a cause ( dispute t  
%all br+ x on4 ,9 effect1 x is          

fundam5tally contr>y to a relation (    
amity1 ^: ess5ce is a p]fectly free     
communication4 ,ev]y?+ done to prev5t x 
w provoke a =eign w>4 ,ev]y?+1 :5 we let
 x proce$1 w produce dome/ic di/raction4
 ,we %all be 9 a p]petual dilemma4 ,b x 
is easy to see :i* side ( ! dilemma w be
 tak54 ,! same temp] :i* br+s u to      
solicit a ,jacob9 peace w induce u to   
temporize ) all ! evils ( x4 ,by degrees
 our m9ds w be made to our circum/ances4
 ,! novelty ( su* ?+s1 :i* produces half
 ! horror & all ! disgu/1 w be worn (f4 
,our ru9 w be disguis$ 9 pr(it1 & ! sale
 ( a few wret*$ baubles w bribe a       
deg5]ate p to b>t] away ! mo/ preci\s   
jewel ( _! s\ls4 ,our ,con/itution is n 
made = ?is k9d ( w>f>e4 ,x provides     
greatly = our happ9ess1 x furni%es few  
means = our def5ce4 ,x is =m$1 9 a great
 measure1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( jeal\sy ( !   
cr[n1--& z ?+s /ood1 :5 x took t turn1 )
 v great reason4 ,i g f>!r3 x mu/ keep  
alive "s "p ( t fire ( jeal\sy et]nally 
& *a/ely burn+1 or x _c be ! ,briti%    

,con/itution4 ,at v>i\s p]iods we h _h  
tyranny 9 ?is c\ntry1 m ?an en\gh4 ,we h
 _h rebellions ) m or less ju/ification4
 ,"s ( our k+s h made adult]\s          
connections abroad1 & truck$ away =     
=eign gold ! int]e/s & glory ( _! cr[n4 
,b1 be=e ?is "t1 our lib]ty has nev] be5
 corrupt$4 ,i mean to say1 t x has nev] 
be5 debau*$ f its dome/ic relations4 ,to
 ?is "t x has be5 ,engli% lib]ty1 &     
,engli% lib]ty only4 ,our love ( lib]ty 
& our love ( our c\ntry 7 n di/9ct ?+s4 
,lib]ty is n[1 x seems1 put ^u a l>g] & 
m lib]al bottom4 ,we are m51--& z m51   
und\bt$ly1 no?+ human is =eign to u4 ,we
 _c be too lib]al 9 our g5]al wi%es = ! 
happ9ess ( our k9d4 ,b 9 all que/ions on
 ! mode ( procur+ x = any p>ticul>      
community1 we ought to be fe>ful (      
admitt+ ^? :o h no int]e/ 9 x1 or :o h1 
p]haps1 an int]e/ aga9/ x1 into !       
consultation4 ,above all1 we _c be too  
cauti\s 9 our communication ) ^? :o seek
 _! happ9ess by o!r roads ?an ^? (      
humanity1 morals1 & religion1 & ^:      

lib]ty consi/s1 & consi/s alone1 9 be+  
free f ^? re/ra9ts :i* are impos$ by !  
virtues ^u ! passions4  ,:5 we invite   
dang] f a confid5ce 9 def5sive measures1
 we ought1 fir/ ( all1 to be sure t x is
 a species ( dang] aga9/ :i* any        
def5sive measures t c be adopt$ w be    
suffici5t4 ,next1 we ought to "k t ! _s 
( our laws1 or t our own dispositions1  
:i* are /rong] ?an laws1 are susceptible
 ( all ^? def5sive measures :i* !       
occasion may require4 ,a ?ird           
consid]ation is1 :e!r ^! measures w n   
br+ m odium ?an /r5g? to gov]nm5t2 & !  
la/1 :e!r ! au?ority t makes !m1 9 a    
g5]al corruption ( mann]s & pr9ciples1 c
 insure _! execution4 ,let no "o argue1 
f ! /ate ( ?+s1 z he sees !m at pres5t1 
conc]n+ :at w be ! means & capacities ( 
gov]nm5t1 :5 ! "t arrives :i* %all call 
= rem$ies comm5surate to enorm\s evils4 
,x is an obvi\s tru?1 t no con/itution c
 def5d itself3 x mu/ be def5d$ by !     
wisdom & =titude ( m54 ,^! are :at no   
con/itution c give3 !y are ! gifts (    

,god2 & ,he alone kn[s :e!r we %all     
possess su* gifts at ! "t we /& 9 ne$ ( 
!m4 ,con/itutions furni% ! civil means (
 gett+ at ! natural3 x is all t 9 ?is   
case !y c d4 ,b our ,con/itution has m  
imp$im5ts ?an helps4 ,its excell5cies1  
:5 !y come to be put to ?is sort ( pro(1
 may be f\nd among its defects4  ,no?+  
looks m awful & impos+ ?an an anci5t    
=tification4 ,its l(ty1 embattl$ walls1 
its bold1 project+1 r\nd$ t[]s1 t pi]ce 
! sky1 /rike ! imag9ation & promise     
inexpugnable /r5g?4 ,b !y are ! v ?+s t 
make its weakness4 ,y may z well ?9k (  
oppos+ "o ( ^! old =tresses to ! mass ( 
artill]y br\ght by a ,fr5* irruption    
into ! field z to ?9k ( resi/+ by y\r   
old laws & y\r old =ms ! new de/ruction 
:i* ! corps ( ,jacob9 eng9e]s ( to-day  
prep>e = all su* =ms & all su* laws4    
,besides ! debility & false pr9ciple (  
_! con/ruction to resi/ ! pres5t modes (
 attack1 ! =tress itself is 9 ru9\s     
repair1 & !re is a practicable brea* 9 e
 "p ( x4  ,su* is ! "w4 ,b mis]able     

works h be5 def5d$ by ! con/ancy ( !    
g>rison4 ,wea!r-beat5 %ips h be5 br\ght 
safe to port by ! _s & al]tness ( !     
crew4 ,b x is "h t we %all em95tly fail4
 ,! day t1 by _! cons5t1 ! seat (       
,regicide has its place among ! ?rones (
 ,europe1 !re is no long] a motive =    
zeal 9 _! favor2 x w at be/ be cold1    
unimpassion$1 deject$1 melan*oly duty4  
,! glory w seem all on ! o!r side4 ,!   
fri5ds ( ! cr[n w appe>1 n z *ampions1 b
 z victims2 disc\nt5anc$1 mortifi$1     
l[]$1 defeat$1 !y w fall into           
li/lessness & indiff]5ce4 ,!y w leave   
?+s to take _! c\rse1 enjoy ! pres5t    
h\r1 & submit to ! common fate4  ,is x  
only an oppressive nightm>e ) :i* we h  
be5 load$8 ,is x1 !n1 all a frightful   
dream1 & are !re no regicides 9 ! _w8 ,h
 we n he>d ( t prodigy ( a ruffian :o   
w\ld n suff] 8 b5ignant sov]eign1 ) 8   
h&s ti$ beh9d him1 & /ripp$ = execution1
 to say "o p>t+ ^w to 8 delud$ p1--(    
,sant]re1 :o comm&$ ! drums & trumpets  
to /rike up to /ifle 8 voice1 & dragg$  

him backw>d to ! ma*9e ( murd]6 ,?is    
nef>i\s villa9 7= a few days ,i may call
 him s7 /&s high 9 ,france1 z 9 a       
republic ( robb]s & murd]]s he ought4   
,:at h9d]s ?is mon/] f be+ s5t z        
ambassador to convey to 8 ,maje/y ! fir/
 complim5ts ( 8 bre?r51 ! ,regicide     
,directory8 ,!y h none t c repres5t !m m
 prop]ly4 ,i anticipate ! day ( 8       
arrival4 ,he w make 8 public entry into 
,london on "o ( ! pale horses ( 8       
brew]y4 ,z he kn[s t we are pleas$ ) !  
,p>is ta/e = ! ord]s ( knigh?ood1#ac he 
w fl+ a bloody sa% across 8 %\ld]s1 ) ! 
ord] ( ! holy guillot9e surm\nt+ ! cr[n 
app5dant to ! rib&4 ,?us adorn$1 he w   
proce$ f ,:ite*apel to ! fur!r end (    
,pall ,mall1 all ! music ( ,london play+
 ! ,m>seillaise ,hymn be=e him1 &       
escort$ by a *os5 deta*m5t ( ! ,lgion de
 l'*afaud4 ,x 7 only to be wi%$ t no    
ill-fat$ loyali/1 = ! imprud5ce ( 8     
zeal1 may /& 9 ! pillory at ,*>+ ,cross1
 "u ! /atue ( ,k+ ,*>les ! ,fir/1 at !  
"t ( ?is gr& procession1 le/ "s ( !     

rott5 eggs :i* ! ,con/itutional ,society
 %all let fly at 8 indiscreet head may  
hit ! virtu\s murd]] ( 8 k+4 ,!y might  
soil ! /ate dress :i* ! m9i/]s ( s _m   
cr[n$ heads h admir$1 & 9 :i* ,sir      
,clem5t ,cott]el is to introduce him at 
,/4 ,james's4  ,if ,sant]re _c be sp>$ f
 ! con/itutional but*]ies at home1      
,talli5 may supply 8 place1 &1 9 po9t ( 
figure1 ) advantage4 ,he has be5        
habituat$ to commissions2 & he is z well
 qualifi$ z ,sant]re = ?is4 ,n]o wi%$ ! 
,roman p _h b "o neck4 ,! wi% ( ! m     
exalt$ ,talli51 :5 he sat 9 judgm5t1 01 
t 8 sov]eign _h eighty-?ree heads1 t he 
might s5d "o to e "o ( ! ,dep>tm5ts4    
,talli5 w make an excell5t figure at    
,guildhall at ! next ,%]iff's fea/4 ,he 
may op5 ! ball ) my ,lady ,mayoress4 ,b 
?is w be aft] he has retir$ f ! public  
table1 & gone into ! private room = !   
enjoym5t ( m social & unres]v$          
conv]sation ) ! m9i/]s ( /ate & ! judges
 ( ! b5*4 ,!re ^! m9i/]s & magi/rates w 
he> him ent]ta9 ! wor?y ald]m5 ) an     

in/ruct+ & pleas+ n>rative ( ! mann] 9  
:i* he made ! ri* citiz5s ( ,bordeaux   
squeak1 & g5tly l$ !m by ! public cr$it 
( ! guillot9e to disgorge _!            
anti-revolution>y pelf4  ,all ?is w be !
 display1 & ! t[n-talk1 :5 our regicide 
is on a visit ( c]emony4 ,at home no?+ w
 equal ! pomp & spl5dor ( ! ,htel de la 
,rpublique4 ,!re ano!r sc5e ( gaudy     
gr&eur w be op5$4 ,:5 8 ,citiz5         
,excell5cy keeps ! fe/ival1 :i* e citiz5
 is ord]$ to obs]ve1 = ! glori\s        
execution ( ,l\is ! ,sixte5?1 & r5ews 8 
oa? ( dete/ation ( k+s1 a gr& ball (    
c\rse w be giv5 on ! occasion4 ,!n :at a
 hurly-burly6 :at a cr[d+6 :at a gl>e ( 
a ?\s& flambeaux 9 ! squ>e6 :at a clamor
 ( footm5 cont5d+ at ! door6 :at a      
rattl+ ( a ?\s& coa*es ( du*esses1      
c\ntesses1 & ,lady ,m>ys1 *ok+ ! way1 & 
ov]turn+ ea* o!r1 9 a /ruggle :o %\ld be
 fir/ to pay h] c\rt to ! ,citoy5ne1 !  
sp\se ( ! tw5ty-fir/ husb&1 he ! husb& (
 ! ?irty-fir/ wife1 & to hail h] 9 !    
rank ( honorable matrons be=e ! f\r     

days' duration ( m>riage is             
expir$6--,morals1 z !y 71 decorum1 !    
great outgu>d ( ! sex1 & ! pr\d s5tim5t 
( honor1 :i* makes virtue m respectable1
 :]e x is1 & conceals human frailty1 :]e
 virtue may n be1 w be bani%$ f ?is l& (
 propriety1 mode/y1 & res]ve4  ,we _h   
be=e an ambassador f ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+4
 ,we %all h !n "o1 p]haps two1 z lately1
 f ! mo/ ,anti-,*ri/ian ,republic4 ,8   
*apel w be great & spl5did1 =m$ on !    
model ( ! ,temple ( ,reason at ,p>is2   
:ile ! fam\s ode ( ! infam\s ,*ni] w be 
sung1 & a pro/itute ( ! /reet ador$ z a 
goddess4 ,we %all !n h a ,fr5*          
ambassador )\t a suspicion ( ,pop]y4 ,"o
 good x w h3 x w g "s way 9 quiet+ !    
m9ds ( t synod ( zeal\s ,prote/ant lay  
eld]s :o gov]n ,irel& on ! pacific      
pr9ciples ( polemic !ology1 & :o n[1 f  
dread ( ! ,pope1 _c take a cool bottle (
 cl>et1 or enjoy an innoc5t ,p>liam5t>y 
job1 ) any tol]able quiet4  ,s f> z to !
 ,fr5* communication "h3--:at w be !    
effect ( our communication !re8 ,we "k t

 our new bre?r51 :il/ !y ev]y:]e %ut up 
! *ur*es1 increas$ 9 ,p>is1 at "o "t at 
lea/ f\rfold1 ! op]a-h\ses1 ! playh\ses1
 ! public %[s ( all k9ds2 & ev5 9 _!    
/ate ( indig5ce & di/ress1 no exp5se 0  
sp>$ = _! equipm5t & decoration4 ,!y 7  
made an affair ( /ate4 ,!re is no       
inv5tion ( s$uction1 nev] :olly want+ 9 
t place1 t has n be5 increas$1--bro!ls1 
gam+-h\ses1 ev]y?+4 ,& !re is no d\bt1  
b1 :5 !y are settl$ 9 a triumphant      
peace1 !y w c>ry all ^! arts to _! utmo/
 p]fection1 & cov] !m ) e species (     
impos+ magnific5ce4 ,!y h all along av[$
 !m z a "p ( _! policy2 & :il/ !y       
corrupt "y m9ds ?r\gh pleasure1 !y =m !m
 to crimes4 ,e idea ( corporal          
gratification is c>ri$ to ! highe/      
excess1 & woo$ ) all ! elegance t       
belongs to ! s5ses4 ,all elegance ( m9d 
& mann]s is bani%$4 ,a !atrical1        
bomba/ic1 w9dy phraseology ( h]oic      
virtue1 bl5d$ & m+l$ up ) a worse       
dissolut5ess1 & jo9$ to a murd]\s &     
savage f]ocity1 =ms ! tone & idiom ( _! 

language & _! mann]s4 ,any "o1 :o att5ds
 to all _! own descriptions1 n>ratives1 
& diss]tations1 w f9d 9 t :ole place m (
 ! air ( a body ( assass9s1 b&itti1     
h\sebreak]s1 & outlaw$ smuggl]s1 jo9$ to
 t ( a gang ( /roll+ play]s expell$ f & 
explod$ ord]ly !atres1 ) _! pro/itutes 9
 a bro!l1 at _! debau*es & bac*anals1   
?an any?+ ( ! ref9$ & p]fect$ virtues1  
or ! poli%$1 mitigat$ vices ( a great   
capital4  ,is x = ?is b5efit we op5 !   
usual relations ( peace & amity8 ,is x =
 ?is our y\? ( bo? sexes are to =m      
!mselves by travel8 ,is x = ?is t )     
exp5se & pa9s we =m _! lisp+ infant     
acc5ts to ! language ( ,france8 ,i %all 
be told t ?is abom9able m$ley is made r 
to revolt "y & +5u\s m9ds4 ,s x is 9 !  
description4 ,s p]haps x may 9 reality  
to a *os5 few4 ,s x may be1 :5 !        
magi/rate1 ! law1 & ! *ur* fr[n on su*  
mann]s1 & ! wret*es to :om !y           
belong1--:5 !y are *as$ f ! eye ( day1 &
 ! society ( civil life1 into           
night-cell>s & caves & woods4 ,b :5 ^!  

m5 !mselves are ! magi/rates1--:5 all ! 
consequ5ce1 weight1 & au?ority ( a great
 nation adopt !m1--:5 we see !m conjo9$ 
) victory1 glory1 p[]1 & dom9ion1 &     
homage paid to !m by e gov]nm5t1--x is n
 possible t ! d[nhill %\ld n be slid    
into1 recomm5d$ by ev]y?+ :i* has oppos$
 x4 ,let x be rememb]$ t no "y man c g  
to any "p ( ,europe )\t tak+ ?is place (
 pe/il5tial contagion 9 8 way2 & :il/ ! 
less active "p ( ! community w be       
debau*$ by ?is travel1 :il/ *ildr5 are  
poison$ at ^! s*ools1 our trade w put ! 
f9i%+ h& to our ru94 ,no factory w be   
settl$ 9 ,france1 t w n become a club ( 
complete ,fr5* ,jacob9s4 ,! m9ds ( "y m5
 ( t description w receive a ta9t 9 _!  
religion1 _! morals1 & _! politics1 :i* 
!y w 9 a %ort "t communicate to ! :ole  
k+dom4  ,:il/ ev]y?+ prep>es ! body to  
debau* & ! m9d to crime1 a regul> *ur* (
 av[$ a!ism1 e/abli%$ by law1 ) a direct
 & sangu9>y p]secution ( ,*ri/ianity1 is
 =m$ to prev5t all am5dm5t & remorse4   
,consci5ce is =mally depos$ f its       

dom9ion ov] ! m9d4 ,:at fills ! measure 
( horror is1 t s*ools ( a!ism are set up
 at ! public *>ge 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,t 
"s ,engli% p>5ts w be wick$ en\gh to s5d
 _! *ildr5 to su* s*ools !re is no d\bt4
 ,bett] ?is isl& %\ld be sunk to !      
bottom ( ! sea ?an t 7s f> z human      
infirmity admits7 x %\ld n be a c\ntry (
 religion & morals6  ,) all ^! causes ( 
corruption1 we may well judge :at !     
g5]al fa%ion ( m9d w be ?r\gh bo? sexes 
& all conditions4 ,su* spectacles & su* 
examples w ov]be> all ! laws t ev]      
black5$ ! cumbr\s volumes ( our /atutes4
 ,:5 royalty %all h disav[$ itself1--:5 
x %all h relax$ all ! pr9ciples ( its   
own support1--:5 x has r5d]$ ! sy/em (  
,regicide fa%ionable1 & receiv$ x z     
triumphant1 9 ! v p]sons :o h           
consolidat$ t sy/em by ! p]petration1 ( 
e crime1 :o h n only massacr$ ! pr9ce1 b
 ! v laws & magi/rates :i* 7 ! support (
 royalty1 & slaught]$ ) an indiscrim9ate
 proscription1 )\t reg>d to ei!r sex or 
age1 e p]son t 0 suspect$ ( an          

incl9ation to k+1 law1 or magi/racy1--,i
 say1 w any "o d>e to be loyal8 ,w any  
"o presume1 aga9/ bo? au?ority & op9ion1
 to hold up ?is unfa%ionable1 antiquat$1
 explod$ ,con/itution8  ,! ,jacob9      
faction 9 ,engl& mu/ gr[ 9 /r5g? &      
audacity2 x w be support$ by o!r        
intrigues & suppli$ by o!r res\rces ?an 
yet we h se5 9 action4 ,conf\nd$ at its 
gr[?1 ! gov]nm5t may fly to ,p>liam5t = 
its support4 ,b :o w answ] = ! temp] ( a
 ,h\se ( ,commons elect$ "u ^!          
circum/ances8 ,:o w answ] = ! c\rage ( a
 ,h\se ( ,commons to arm ! cr[n ) !     
extraord9>y p[]s t x may dem&8 ,b !     
m9i/]s w n v5ture to ask half ( :at !y  
"k !y want4 ,!y w lose half ( t half 9 !
 conte/2 & :5 !y h obta9$ _! no?+1 !y w 
be driv5 by ! cries ( faction ei!r to   
demoli% ! feeble works !y h ?r[n up 9 a 
hurry1 or1 9 effect1 to ab&on !m4 ,z to 
! ,h\se ( ,lords1 x is n wor? m5tion+4  
,! pe]s ought naturally to be ! pill>s (
 ! cr[n2 b :5 _! titles are r5d]$       
contemptible1 & _! prop]ty invidi\s1 & a

 "p ( _! weakness1 & n ( _! /r5g?1 !y w 
be f\nd s _m degrad$ & trembl+          
individuals1 :o w seek by evasion to put
 (f ! evil day ( _! ru94 ,bo? ,h\ses w  
be 9 p]petual oscillation betwe5        
abortive attempts at en]gy & /ill m     
unsuccessful attempts at compromise4 ,y 
w be impati5t ( y\r disease1 & abhorr5t 
( y\r rem$y4 ,a _s ( subt]fuge & a tone 
( apology w ent] into all y\r proce$+s1 
:e!r ( law or legislation4 ,y\r judges1 
:o n[ su/a9 s mascul9e an au?ority1 w   
appe> m on _! trial ?an ! culprits !y h 
be=e !m4 ,! awful fr[n ( crim9al ju/ice 
w be smoo!d into ! silly smile (        
s$uction4 ,judges w ?9k to ins9uate &   
soo! ! accus$ into conviction &         
condemnation1 & to :e$le to ! gall[s !  
mo/ artful ( all del9qu5ts4 ,b !y w n be
 s :e$l$4 ,!y w n submit ev5 to !       
appe>ance ( p]sons on _! trial4 ,_!     
claim to ?is exemption w be admitt$4 ,! 
place 9 :i* "s ( ! greate/ names :i* ev]
 di/+ui%$ ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry h /ood w
 appe> b5ea? _! dignity4 ,! crim9al w   

climb f ! dock to ! side-b>1 & take 8   
place & 8 tea ) ! c\nsel4 ,f ! b> ( !   
c\nsel1 by a natural progress1 he w     
asc5d to ! b5*1 :i* long be=e _h be5    
virtually ab&on$4 ,!y :o escape f ju/ice
 w n suff] a "q ^u reputation4 ,!y w    
take ! cr[n ( ! causeway2 !y w be rev]$ 
z m>tyrs2 !y w triumph z conqu]ors4     
,nobody w d>e to c5sure t popul> "p ( ! 
tribunal ^: only re/ra9t on misjudgm5t  
is ! c5sure ( ! public4 ,!y :o f9d fault
 ) ! decision w be repres5t$ z enemies  
to ! in/itution4 ,juries t convict = !  
cr[n w be load$ ) obloquy4 ,! juries :o 
acquit w be held up z models ( ju/ice4  
,if ,p>liam5t ord]s a prosecution1 &    
fails1 7z fail x w17 x w be treat$ to   
its face z guilty ( a conspiracy        
malici\sly to prosecute4 ,its c>e 9     
discov]+ a conspiracy aga9/ ! /ate w be 
treat$ z a =g$ plot to de/roy ! lib]ty (
 ! subject3 e su* discov]y1 in/ead (    
/r5g!n+ gov]nm5t1 w weak5 its           
reputation4  ,9 ?is /ate ?+s w be suff]$
 to proce$1 le/ measures ( vigor %\ld   

precipitate a crisis4 ,! timid w act ?us
 f "*1 ! wise f necessity4 ,our laws _h 
done all t ! old condition ( ?+s dictat$
 to r5d] our judges erect & indep5d5t2 b
 !y w naturally fail on ! side ^u :i* !y
 _h tak5 no precautions4 ,! judicial    
magi/rates w f9d !mselves safe z aga9/ !
 cr[n1 ^: w is n _! t5ure2 ! p[] (      
execut+ _! (fice w be held at ! pleasure
 ( ^? :o deal out fame or abuse z !y ?9k
 fit4 ,!y w beg9 r to consult _! own    
repose & _! own popul>ity ?an ! critical
 & p]il\s tru/ t is 9 _! h&s4 ,!y w     
speculate on consequ5ces1 :5 !y see at  
c\rt an ambassador ^: robes are l9$ ) a 
sc>let dy$ 9 ! blood ( judges4 ,x is no 
wond]1 nor are !y to blame1 :5 !y are to
 consid] h[ !y %all answ] = _! conduct  
to ! crim9al ( to-day turn$ into !      
magi/rate ( to-morr[4  ,! press------   
,! army------  ,:5 ?us ! helm ( ju/ice  
is ab&on$1 an univ]sal ab&onm5t ( all   
o!r po/s w succe$4 ,gov]nm5t w be = a   
:ile ! sport ( cont5d+ factions1 :o1    
:il/ !y fight ) "o ano!r1 w all /rike at

 h]4 ,%e w be buffet$ & beat =w>d &     
backw>d by ! conflict ( ^? bill[s1 until
 at l5g?1 tumbl+ f ! ,gallic coa/1 !    
victori\s t5? wave %all ride1 l ! bore1 
ov] all ! re/1 & poop ! %att]$1         
wea!r-beat51 leaky1 wat]-logg$ vessel1 &
 s9k h] to ! bottom ( ! abyss4  ,among  
o!r mis]able rem$ies t h be5 f\nd 9 !   
mat]ia m$ica1 ( ! old college1 a *ange (
 m9i/ry w be propos$1 & probably w take 
place4 ,!y :o g out c nev] long ) zeal &
 good-w support gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( ^? !y
 hate4 ,9 a situation ( fatal dep5d5ce  
on popul>ity1 & )\t "o aid f ! little   
rema9+ p[] ( ! cr[n1 x is n to be       
expect$ t !y w take on !m t odium :i* m 
or less atta*es ^u e ex]tion ( /rong    
p[]4 ,! m9i/]s ( popul>ity w lose all _!
 cr$it at a /roke1 if !y pursue any ( ^?
 means necess>y to give life1 vigor1 &  
consi/5ce to gov]nm5t4 ,!y w be consid]$
 z v5al wret*es1 apo/ates1 recreant to  
all _! own pr9ciples1 acts1 &           
decl>ations4 ,!y _c pres]ve _! cr$it1 b 
by betray+ t au?ority ( :i* !y are !    

gu>dians4  ,to be sure1 no progno/icat+ 
symptoms ( ^! ?+s h z yet appe>$1--no?+ 
ev5 resembl+ _! beg9n+s4 ,may !y nev]   
appe>6 ,may ^! progno/ications ( ! au?or
 be ju/ly laugh$ at & spe$ily =gott56   
,if no?+ z yet to cause !m has discov]$ 
itself1 let u consid]1 9 ! au?or's      
excuse1 t we h n yet se5 a ,jacob9      
legation 9 ,engl&4 ,! natural1 decl>$1  
sworn ally ( s$ition has n yet fix$ its 
head-qu>t]s 9 ,london4  ,!re nev] 0 a   
political conte/1 ^u bett] or worse     
gr\nds1 t by ! heat ( p>ty-_s may n rip5
 into civil confusion4 ,if ev] a p>ty   
adv]se to ! cr[n %\ld be 9 a condition  
"h publicly to decl>e itself1 & to      
divide1 h[ev] unequally1 ! natural =ce (
 ! k+dom1 !y are sure ( an aid ( fifty  
?\s& m51 at t5 days' w>n+1 f ! opposite 
coa/ ( ,france4 ,b aga9/ ?is infusion ( 
a =eign =ce ! cr[n has its gu>anties1   
old & new4 ,b ,i %\ld be glad to he>    
some?+ said ( ! assi/ance :i* loyal     
subjects 9 ,france h receiv$ f o!r p[]s 
9 support ( t lawful gov]nm5t :i* secur$

 _! lawful prop]ty4 ,i %\ld be glad to  
"k1 if !y are s dispos$ to a neighborly1
 provid5t1 & sympa!tic att5tion to _!   
public engagem5ts1 by :at means !y are  
to come at u4 ,is x f ! p[]ful /ates (  
,holl& we are to reclaim our gu>anty8   
,is x f ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 & 8 /eady good
 affections1 & 8 p[]ful navy1 t we are  
to look = ! gu>anty ( our security8 ,is 
x f ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* ! ,fr5* may cov] ) !
 sw>ms ( _! citiz5-soldi]s 9 tw5ty-f\r  
h\rs1 t we are to look = ?is assi/ance8 
,?is is to suppose1 too1 t all ^! p[]s h
 no views (f5sive or necessities        
def5sive ( _! own4 ,!y w cut out "w = "o
 ano!r1 & ,france w cut out "w = !m all4
  ,t ! ,*ri/ian religion _c exi/ 9 ?is  
c\ntry ) su* a frat]nity w n1 ,i ?9k1 be
 disput$ ) me4 ,on t religion1 accord+  
to our mode1 all our laws & in/itutions 
/&1 z ^u _! base4 ,t s*eme is suppos$ 9 
e transaction ( life2 & if t 7 done     
away1 ev]y?+ else1 z 9 ,france1 mu/ be  
*ang$ along ) x4 ,?us1 religion p]i%+1 &
 ) x ?is ,con/itution1 x is a matt] (   

endless m$itation :at ord] ( ?+s w\ld   
foll[ x4 ,b :at disord] w\ld fill !     
space betwe5 ! pres5t & t :i* is to     
come1 9 ! gross1 is no matt] ( d\btful  
conjecture4 ,x is a great evil1 t ( a   
civil w>4 ,b1 9 t /ate ( ?+s1 a civil   
w>1 :i* w\ld give to good m5 & a good   
cause "s means ( /ruggle1 is a bless+ ( 
comp>ison t ,engl& w n enjoy4 ,! mom5t !
 /ruggle beg9s1 x ends4 ,!y talk ( ,mr4 
,hume's eu?anasia ( ! ,briti%           
,con/itution g5tly expir+1 )\t a groan1 
9 ! pat]nal arms ( a m]e mon>*y4 ,9 a   
mon>*y6--f9e trifl+ inde$6--!re is no   
su* eu?anasia = ! ,briti% ,con/itution4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,! manuscript copy ( ?is ,lett] ends "h4
  ,,footnotes3  #i ,"h ,i h fall5 into  
an un9t5tional mi/ake4 ,rid]'s ,almanack
 = #agid lay be=e me2 &1 9 tro?1 ,i !n  
_h no o!r4 ,= v>iety1 t sage a/rolog]   
has made "s small *anges on ! wea!r side
 ( #agie2 b ! caution is ! same on !    
opposite page ( in/ruction4  #aj        
,s\v]a9s opprims4--,see ! :ole proce$+ 9

 ! ,procs-,v]bal ( ! ,national          
,assembly4  #aa    ,hic auratis volitans
 arg5teus ans]   ,porticibus ,,gallos 9 
lim9e adesse canebat4    #ab ,see       
debates 9 ,p>liam5t ^u motions made 9   
bo? ,h\ses = prosecut+ ,mr4 ,reeves = a 
libel ^u ! ,con/itution1 ,dec41 #agie4  
#ac ,9 ! co/ume assum$ by ! memb]s ( !  
legislative body we almo/ behold !      
revival ( ! ext+ui%$ insignia (         
knigh?ood1 c41 c4--,see ,a ,view ( !    
,relative ,/ate ( ,great ,brita9 &      
,france at ! ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,ye> #agif4
     ,a  ,,lett]  ,,to  ,,! ,,empress   
,,( ,,russia4  ,,novemb] #a1 #agia4     
,madam1--,! ,comte de ,woronz[1 y\r     
,imp]ial ,maje/y's m9i/]1 & ,mr4        
,fawk5]1 h in=m$ me ( ! v graci\s mann] 
9 :i* y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 &1 aft] y\r 
example1 ! ,ar*duke & ,ar*du*ess1 h     
condesc5d$ to accept my humble endeavors
 9 ! s]vice ( t cause :i* connects !    
rights & duties ( sov]eigns ) ! true    
int]e/ & happ9ess ( _! p4  ,if1 confid+ 
9 titles d]iv$ f y\r own goodness1 ,i   

v5ture to address directly to y\r       
,imp]ial ,maje/y ! expressions ( my     
gratitude = s di/+ui%$ an honor1 ,i hope
 x w n be ?\ght a presumptu\s intrusion4
 ,i hope1 too1 t ! will+ homage ,i pay  
to ! high & rul+ virtues :i* di/+ui% y\r
 ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 & :i* =m ! felicity (
 s l>ge a "p ( ! _w1 w n be look$ ^u z !
 language ( adulation to p[] &          
greatness4 ,9 my humble situation1 ,i c 
behold maje/y 9 its spl5dor )\t be+     
dazzl$1 & ,i am capable ( respect+ x 9  
its fall4  ,x is1 ,madam1 f my /rong    
s5se ( :at is due to dignity 9 undes]v$ 
mis=tune1 t ,i am l$ to felicitate y\r  
,imp]ial ,maje/y on ! use y h lately    
made ( y\r p[]4 ,! pr9ces & nobility (  
,france1 :o f honor & duty1 f blood & f 
pr9ciple1 are atta*$ to t unhappy cr[n1 
h exp]i5c$ y\r favor & c\nt5ance2 & !re 
is no d\bt t !y w f9ally enjoy ! full   
b5efit ( y\r protection4 ,! g5]osity (  
y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y has induc$ y to    
take an int]e/ 9 _! cause2 & y\r        
sagacity has made y p]ceive t 9 ! case (

 ! sov]eign ( ,france ! cause ( all     
sov]eigns is tri$1--t 9 ! case ( its    
*ur*1 ! cause ( all *ur*es1--& t 9 !    
case ( its nobility is tri$ ! cause (   
all ! respectable ord]s ( all society1 &
 ev5 ( society itself4  ,y\r ,imp]ial   
,maje/y has s5t y\r m9i/] to reside :]e 
! cr[n ( ,france1 9 ?is disa/r\s eclipse
 ( royalty1 c alone truly & freely be   
repres5t$1 t is1 9 its royal blood1--:]e
 alone ! nation c be repres5t$1 t is1 9 
its natural & inh]5t dignity4 ,a ?rone  
_c be repres5t$ by a prison4 ,! honor ( 
a nation _c be repres5t$ by an assembly 
:i* disgraces & degrades x3 at ,cobl5tz 
only ! k+ & ! nation ( ,france are to be
 f\nd4  ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 :o reigns
 & lives = glory1 has nobly & wisely    
disda9$ to associate y\r cr[n ) a       
faction :i* has = its object ! subv]sion
 ( all ?rones4  ,y h n recogniz$ ?is    
univ]sal public enemy z a "p ( ! sy/em (
 ,europe4 ,y h refus$ to sully ! lu/re (
 y\r empire by any communion ) a body ( 
fanatical usurp]s & tyrants1 drawn out (

 ! dregs ( society1 & exalt$ to _! evil 
em95ce by ! enormity ( _! crimes1--an   
assemblage ( tyrants1 :olly de/itute (  
any di/+ui%$ qualification 9 a s+le     
p]son among/ !m1 t c comm& rev]5ce f our
 reason1 or s$uce x f our prejudices4   
,^! enemies ( sov]eigns1 if at all      
ackn[l$g$1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ on acc\nt ( 
t enmity alone3 !y h no?+ else to       
recomm5d !m4  ,madam1 x is dang]\s to   
praise any human virtue be=e !          
accompli%m5t ( ! tasks :i* x imposes on 
itself4 ,b 9 express+ my "p ( :at ,i    
hope is1 or w become1 ! g5]al voice1 9  
admiration ( :at y h done1 ,i run no    
risk at all4 ,) y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y1   
decl>ation & execution1 beg9n+ &        
conclusion1 are1 at _! diff]5t seasons1 
"o & ! same ?+4  ,on ! fai? & decl>ation
 ( "s ( ! fir/ pot5tates ( ,europe1     
sev]al ?\s&s ( p]sons1 compreh5d+ ! be/ 
m5 & ! be/ g5tlem5 9 ,france1 h giv5 up 
_! c\ntry1 _! h\ses1 _! =tunes1 _!      
pr(essional situation1 _! all1 & are n[ 
9 =eign l&s1 /ruggl+ "u ! mo/ griev\s   

di/resses4 ,:atev] appe>ances may m5ace1
 nobody fe>s t !y c be f9ally ab&on$4   
,su* a d]eliction c\ld n be )\t a /rong 
imputation on ! public & private honor (
 sov]eignty itself1 nor )\t an          
irrep>able injury to its int]e/s4 ,x    
w\ld give occasion to repres5t mon>*s z 
natural enemies to ea* o!r1 & t !y nev] 
support or c\nt5ance any subjects ( a   
bro!r pr9ce1 except :5 !y rebel aga9/   
him4 ,we individuals1 m]e spectators ( !
 sc5e1 b :o sock our lib]ties "u ! %ade 
( legal au?ority1 & ( c\rse sympa?ize ) 
! suff]]s 9 t cause1 nev] c p]mit       
ourselves to believe t su* an ev5t c    
disgrace ! hi/ory ( our "t4 ,! only ?+  
to be fe>$ is delay1 9 w9* are includ$  
_m mis*iefs4 ,! con/ancy ( ! oppress$ w 
be brok52 ! p[] ( tyrants w be confirm$4
 ,already ! multitude ( ,fr5* (fic]s1   
drawn f _! sev]al corps by hopes inspir$
 by ! freely decl>$ disposition (       
sov]eigns1 h left all ! po/s 9 :i* !y   
might "o day h effectually s]v$ ! good  
cause ab&on$ to ! enemy4  ,t\r ,imp]ial 

,maje/y's j influ5ce1 :i* is /ill great]
 ?an y\r ext5sive p[]1 w animate &      
exp$ite ! ef=ts ( o!r sov]eigns4 ,f y\r 
wisdom o!r /ates w le>n t !y :o wait    
until all ! p[]s ( ,europe are at once 9
 motion c nev] move at all4 ,x w\ld add 
to ! unexampl$ calamities ( our "t1 if !
 uncommon union ( s5tim5t 9 s _m p[]s   
%\ld prove ! v cause ( defeat+ ! b5efit 
:i* ought to fl[ f _! g5]al good        
disposition4 ,no sov]eign c run any risk
 f ! designs ( o!r p[]s1 :il/ engag$ 9  
t9s glori\s & necess>y "w4 ,if any      
attempt c\ld be fe>$1 y\r ,imp]ial      
,maje/y's p[] & ju/ice w\ld secure y\r  
allies aga9/ all dang]4 ,madam1 y\r     
glory w be complete1 if1 aft] hav+ giv5 
peace to ,europe by y\r mod]ation1 y    
%all be/[ /ability on all its gov]nm5ts 
by y\r vigor & decision4 ,! debt :i* y\r
 ,imp]ial ,maje/y's augu/ pr$ecessors h 
contract$ to ! anci5t mann]s ( ,europe1 
by means ( :i* !y civiliz$ a va/ empire1
 w be nobly repaid by pres]v+ ^? mann]s 
f ! hide\s *ange ) :i* !y are n[ m5ac$4 

,by ! int]v5tion ( ,russia ! _w w be    
pres]v$ f b>b>ism & ru94  ,a private    
individual1 ( a remote c\ntry1 9 himself
 :olly )\t importance1 unau?oriz$ &     
unconnect$1 n z an ,engli% subject1 b z 
a citiz5 ( ! _w1 presumes to submit 8   
?\ghts to "o ( ! greate/ & wise/        
sov]eigns t ,europe has se54 ,he does x 
)\t fe>1 because he does n involve 9 8  
weakness 7if su* x is7 8 k+1 8 c\ntry1  
or 8 fri5ds4 ,he is n' afraid t he %all 
(f5d y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y1--because1    
secure 9 itself1 true greatness is      
always accessible1 & because            
respectfully to speak :at we conceive to
 be tru? is ! be/ homage :i* c be paid  
to true dignity4  ,i am1 ,madam1 ) !    
utmo/ possible respect & v5]ation1  ,y\r
 ,imp]ial ,maje/y's  ,mo/ ob$i5t & mo/  
humble s]vant1  ,,edm4 ,,burke4         
,,beaconsfield1 ,novemb] #a/1 #agia4    
,a  ,,lett]  ,,to  ,,sir ,,*>les        
,,b+ham1 ,,b>t41  ,,on ,,!  ,,iri%      
,,abs5tee ,,tax4  ,,octob] #cj1 #aggc4  
,,note4       ,f au!ntic docum5ts f\nd )

 ! copy ( ?is ,lett]     among ,mr4     
,burke's pap]s1 x appe>s t 9 ! ye> #aggc
 a     project ( impos+ a tax ^u all    
proprietors ( l&$     e/ates 9 ,irel&1  
^: ord9>y resid5ce %\ld be 9     ,great 
,brita91 _h be5 adopt$ & av[$ by 8      
,maje/y's     m9i/]s at t "t4 ,a        
remon/rance aga9/ ?is measure1     z    
highly unju/ & impolitic1 0 pres5t$ to !
     m9i/]s by sev]al ( ! pr9cipal ,iri%
 abs5tees1 &     ! project 0 subsequ5tly
 ab&on$4   ,,lett]4  ,de> ,sir1--,i am  
mu* flatt]$ by y\r v oblig+ lett]1 & ! r
 because x promises an op5+ to our      
future correspond5ce4 ,?is may be my    
only indemnification = v great losses4  
,"o ( ! mo/ odi\s p>ts ( ! propos$      
,abs5tee ,tax is its t5d5cy to sep>ate  
fri5ds1 & to make z ugly brea*es 9      
private society z x mu/ make 9 ! unity (
 ! great political body4 ,i am sure t   
mu* ( ! satisfaction ( "s circles 9     
,london w be lo/ by x4 ,d y ?9k t our   
fri5d ,mrs4 ,vesey w suff] h] husb& to  
vote = a tax t is to de/roy ! ev5+s at  

,bolton ,r[8 ,i tru/ we %all h o!r      
support]s ( ! same sex1 equally p[]ful1 
& equally des]v+ to be s1 :o w n ab&on !
 common cause ( _! own lib]ties & our   
satisfactions4 ,we %all be b>b>iz$ on   
bo? sides ( ! wat]1 if we d n see "o    
ano!r n[ & !n4 ,we %all s9k into surly1 
bruti% ,johns1 & y w deg5]ate into wild 
,iri%4 ,x is impossible t we %\ld be !  
wis] or ! m agreeable1 c]ta9ly we %all n
 love "o ano!r ! bett]1 = ?is =c$       
sep>ation1 :i* our m9i/]s1 :o h already 
done s mu* = ! dissolution ( e o!r sort 
( good connection1 are n[ m$itat+ = !   
fur!r improvem5t ( ?is too well unit$   
empire4 ,_! next /ep w be to enc\rage   
all ! colonies1 ab\t ?irty sep>ate      
gov]nm5ts1 to keep _! p f all int]c\rse 
) ea* o!r & ) ! "m c\ntry4 ,a g5tleman (
 ,new ,york or ,b>badoes w be z mu* gaz$
 at z a /range animal f ,nova ,zembla or
 ,otaheite2 & ^? rogues1 ! travell]s1 w 
tell u :at /ories !y please ab\t poor   
old ,irel&4  ,9 all s]i\sness1 7?\gh ,i 
am a great deal m ?an half s]i\s 9 :at  

,i h be5 say+17 ,i look ^u ?is project$ 
tax 9 a v evil light2 ,i ?9k x is n     
advisable2 ,i am sure x is n necess>y2 &
 z x is n a m]e matt] ( f9ance1 b       
involves a political "q ( mu*1          
importance1 ,i consid] ! pr9ciple &     
prec$5t z f> worse ?an ! ?+ itself4 ,y  
are too k9d 9 imag9+ ,i c sugge/ any?+  
new ^u ! subject4 ,! objections to x are
 v gl>+1 & mu/ /rike ! eyes ( all ^? :o 
h n _! reasons = %utt+ !m aga9/ evid5t  
tru?4 ,i h no feel+s or op9ions on ?is  
subject :i* ,i d n p>take ) all !       
s5sible & in=m$ p t ,i meet )4 ,at fir/ 
,i c\ld sc>cely meet ) any "o :o c\ld   
believe t ?is s*eme orig9at$ f ! ,engli%
 gov]nm5t4 ,!y consid]$ x n only z      
absurd1 b z some?+ mon/r\s & unnatural4 
,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x /rikes at ! p[] (  
?is c\ntry2 9 ! end1 at ! union ( ! :ole
 empire4 ,i d n mean to express1 mo/    
c]ta9ly ,i d n ent]ta9 9 my m9d1 any?+  
invidi\s conc]n+ ! sup]9t5d+ au?ority ( 
,great ,brita94 ,b if x be true t !     
sev]al bodies :i* make up ?is complicat$

 mass are to be pres]v$ z "o empire1 an 
au?ority suffici5t to pres]ve t unity1 &
 by its equal weight & pressure to      
consolidate ! v>i\s p>ts t compose x1   
mu/ reside some:]e3 t some:]e c only be 
9 ,engl&4 ,possibly any "o memb]1       
di/9ctly tak51 might decide 9 favor ( t 
resid5ce )9 itself2 b c]ta9ly no memb]  
w\ld give its voice = any o!r except    
?is4 ,s t ,i look ^u ! resid5ce ( !     
supreme p[] to be settl$ "h3 n by =ce1  
or tyranny1 or ev5 by m]e long usage1 b 
by ! v nature ( ?+s1 & ! jo9t cons5t ( !
 :ole body4  ,if all ?is be admitt$1 !n 
)\t "q ?is c\ntry mu/ h ! sole "r to !  
imp]ial legislation3 by :i* ,i mean t   
law :i* regulates ! polity & economy ( !
 sev]al p>ts1 z !y relate to "o ano!r & 
to ! :ole4 ,b if any ( ! p>ts1 :i* 7n = 
oppression1 b = ord]7 are plac$ 9 a     
subord9ate situation1 w assume to       
!mselves ! p[] ( h9d]+ or *eck+ ! resort
 ( _! municipal subjects to ! c5tre1 or 
ev5 to any o!r "p ( ! empire1 !y        
arrogate to !mselves ! imp]ial rights1  

:i* d n1 :i* _c1 belong to !m1 &1 s f> z
 9 !m lies1 de/roy ! happy arrangem5t ( 
! entire empire4  ,a free communication 
by discretion>y resid5ce is necess>y to 
all ! o!r purposes ( communication4 ,=  
:at purpose are ! ,iri% & ,plantation   
laws s5t hi!r1 b z means ( pres]v+ ?is  
sov]eign con/itution8 ,:e!r su* a       
con/itution 0 orig9ally "r or wrong ?is 
is n ! "t ( day to dispute4 ,if any     
evils arise f x1 let u n /rip x ( :at   
may be useful 9 x4 ,by tak+ ! ,engli%   
,privy ,c\ncil into y\r legislature1 y  
obta9 a new1 a fur!r1 & possibly a m    
lib]al consid]ation ( all y\r acts4 ,if 
a local legislature %all by oblique     
means t5d to deprive any ( ! p ( ?is    
b5efit1 & %all make x p5al to !m to     
foll[ into ,engl& ! laws :i* may affect 
!m1 !n ! ,engli% ,privy ,c\ncil w h to  
decide ^u y\r acts )\t ^? lights t may  
enable !m to judge ^u :at gr\nds y made 
!m1 or h[ f> !y ought to be modifi$1    
receiv$1 or reject$4  ,to :at end is !  
ultimate appeal 9 judicature lodg$ 9 ?is

 k+dom1 if m5 may be disabl$ f foll[+ _!
 suits "h1 & may be tax$ into an        
absolute d5i$ ( ju/ice8 ,y obs]ve1 my   
de> ,sir1 t ,i d n ass]t t 9 all cases  
two %ill+s w necess>ily cut (f ?is means
 ( correct+ legislative & judicial      
mi/akes1 & ?us am\nt to a d5ial (       
ju/ice4 ,i might1 inde$1 /ate cases 9   
:i* ?is v quantum ( tax w\ld be fully   
suffici5t to defeat ?is "r4 ,b ,i argue 
n on ! case1 b on ! pr9ciple1 & ,i am   
sure ! pr9ciple implies x4 ,!y :o may   
re/ra9 may prohibit2 !y :o may impose   
two %ill+s may impose t5 %ill+s 9 !     
p\nd2 & ^? :o may condition ! tax to six
 mon?s' annual abs5ce may c>ry t        
condition to six weeks1 or ev5 to six   
days1 & !reby totally defeat ! wise     
means :i* h be5 provid$ = ext5sive &    
imp>tial ju/ice1 & = ord]ly1 well-pois$1
 & well-connect$ gov]nm5t4  ,:at is tax+
 ! resort to & resid5ce 9 any place1 b  
decl>+ t y\r connection ) t place is a  
grievance8 ,is n su* an ,iri% tax z is  
n[ propos$ a virtual decl>ation t ,engl&

 is a =eign c\ntry1 & a r5unciation on  
y\r "p ( ! pr9ciple ( common            
naturalization1 :i* runs ?r\gh ?is :ole 
empire8  ,d y1 or does any ,iri%        
g5tleman1 ?9k x a mean privilege1 t1 !  
mom5t he sets 8 foot ^u ?is gr\nd1 he is
 to all int5ts & purposes an ,engli%man8
 ,y w n be pleas$ ) a law :i* by its    
op]ation t5ds to disqualify y f a seat 9
 ?is ,p>liam5t2 & if y\r own virtue or  
=tune1 or if t ( y\r *ildr51 %\ld c>ry y
 or !m to x1 %\ld y l to be exclud$ f ! 
possibility ( a pe]age 9 ?is k+dom8 ,if 
9 ,irel& we lay x d[n z a maxim1 t a    
resid5ce 9 ,great ,brita9 is a political
 evil1 & to be disc\rag$ by p5al taxes1 
y mu/ necess>ily reject all ! privileges
 & b5efits :i* are connect$ ) su* a     
resid5ce4  ,i c easily conceive t a     
citiz5 ( ,dubl91 :o looks no fur!r ?an 8
 c\nt]1 may ?9k t ,irel& w be repaid =  
su* a loss by any small dim9ution (     
taxes1 or any increase 9 ! circulation (
 money t may be laid out 9 ! pur*ase (  
cl>et or groc]ies 9 8 corporation4 ,9   

su* a man an error ( t k9d1 z x w\ld be 
natural1 w\ld be excusable4 ,b ,i _c ?9k
 t any educat$ man1 any man :o looks )  
an enlight5$ eye on ! int]e/ ( ,irel&1 c
 believe t x is n highly = ! advantage (
 ,irel&1 t ?is ,p>liam5t1 :i*1 :e!r "r  
or wrong1 :e!r we w or n1 w make "s laws
 to b9d ,irel&1 %\ld always h 9 x "s    
p]sons :o by connection1 by prop]ty1 or 
by e>ly prepossessions & affections1 are
 atta*$ to ! welf>e ( t c\ntry4 ,i am s 
cle> ^u ?is po9t1 n only f ! cle> reason
 ( ! ?+1 b f ! con/ant c\rse ( my       
obs]vation1 by n[ hav+ sat eight        
sessions 9 ,p>liam5t1 t ,i decl>e x to y
 z my s9c]e op9ion1 t 7if y mu/ d ei!r !
 "o or ! o!r7 x w\ld be wis] by f>1 & f>
 bett] = ,irel&1 t "s new privileges    
%\ld att5d ! e/ates ( ,iri%m51 memb]s ( 
! two ,h\ses "h1 ?an t _! *>act]s %\ld  
be /a9$ by p5al impositions1 & _!       
prop]ties load$ by unequal & unhe>d-(   
modes ( taxation4 ,i d really tru/1 t1  
:5 ! matt] comes a little to be         
consid]$1 a majority ( our g5tlem5 w    

nev] cons5t to e/abli% su* a pr9ciple ( 
disqualification aga9/ !mselves & _!    
po/]ity1 &1 = ! sake ( gratify+ ! s*emes
 ( a transitory adm9i/ration ( ! cockpit
 or ! ca/le1 or 9 compliance ) ! lighte/
 "p ( ! mo/ vulg> & transi5t popul>ity1 
fix s irrep>able an injury on ! p]man5t 
int]e/ ( _! c\ntry4  ,?is law seems1    
!re=e1 to me to g directly aga9/ !      
fundam5tal po9ts ( ! legislative &      
judicial con/itution ( ^! k+doms1 &     
aga9/ ! happy communion ( _! privileges4
 ,b !re is ano!r matt] 9 ! tax propos$1 
t contradicts z ess5tially a v great    
pr9ciple necess>y = pres]v+ ! union ( ! 
v>i\s p>ts ( a /ate2 because x does1 9  
effect1 disc\nt5ance mutual int]m>riage 
& inh]itance1 ?+s t b9d c\ntries m      
closely toge!r ?an any laws or          
con/itutions :atsoev]4 ,is x "r t a     
woman :o m>ries into ,irel&1 & p]haps   
well pur*ases h] jo9ture or h] d[] !re1 
%\ld n aft] h] husb&'s dea? h x 9 h]    
*oice to return to h] c\ntry & h] fri5ds
 )\t be+ tax$ = x8 ,if an ,iri% heiress 

%\ld m>ry into an ,engli% family1 & t   
great prop]ty 9 bo? c\ntries %\ld !reby 
come to be unit$ 9 ?is common issue1    
%all ! desc5dant ( t m>riage ab&on 8    
natural connection1 8 family int]e/s1 8 
public & 8 private duties1 & be compell$
 to take up 8 resid5ce 9 ,irel&8 ,is !re
 any s5se or any ju/ice 9 x1 unless y   
affirm t !re %\ld be no su* int]m>riage 
& no su* mutual inh]itance betwe5 !     
natives8 ,is !re a %ad[ ( reason1 t1    
because a ,"l ,rock+ham1 a ,duke (      
,devon%ire1 a ,sir ,george ,savile1     
possess prop]ty 9 ,irel&1 :i* has       
desc5d$ to !m )\t any act ( !irs1 !y    
%\ld ab&on _! duty 9 ,p>liam5t1 & sp5d !
 w9t]s 9 ,dubl98 or1 hav+ sp5t ! session
 9 ,we/m9/]1 mu/ !y ab&on _! seats & all
 _! family int]e/s 9 ,york%ire &        
,d]by%ire1 & pass ! re/ ( ! ye> 9       
,wickl[1 9 ,cork1 or ,tyrone8  ,see :at 
! consequ5ce mu/ be f a municipal       
legislature consid]+ itself z an        
unconnect$ body1 & attempt+ to en=ce a  
p>tial resid5ce4 ,a man may h prop]ty 9 

m p>ts ?an two ( ?is empire4 ,he may h  
prop]ty 9 ,jamaica & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z 
well z 9 ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,i "k "s t h  
prop]ty 9 all ( !m4 ,:at %all we say to 
?is case8 ,aft] ! poor di/ract$ citiz5 (
 ! :ole empire has1 9 compliance ) y\r  
p>tial law1 remov$ 8 family1 bid adieu  
to 8 connections1 & settl$ himself      
quietly & snug 9 a pretty box by !      
,liffey1 he he>s t ! ,p>liam5t ( ,great 
,brita9 is ( op9ion t all ,engli% e/ates
 ought to be sp5t 9 ,engl&1 & t !y w tax
 him d\ble1 if he does n return4        
,suppose him !n 7if ! nature ( ! two    
laws w p]mit x7 provid+ a fly+ camp1 &  
divid+ 8 ye> z well z he c betwe5 ,engl&
 & ,irel&1 & at ! *>ge ( two t[n h\ses &
 two c\ntry-h\ses 9 bo? k+doms2 9 ?is   
situation he receives an acc\nt1 t a law
 is transmitt$ f ,jamaica1 & ano!r f    
,p5nsylvania1 to tax abs5tees f ^!      
prov9ces1 :i* are impov]i%$ by !        
,european resid5ce ( ! possessors ( _!  
l&s4 ,h[ is he to escape ?is rico*et    
cross-fir+ ( s _m opposite batt]ies (   

police & regulation8 ,if he attempts to 
comply1 he is likely to be m a citiz5 ( 
! ,atlantic ,ocean & ! ,iri% ,sea ?an ( 
any ( ^! c\ntries4 ,! matt] is absurd & 
ridicul\s1 &1 :ile ev] ! idea ( mutual  
m>riages1 inh]itances1 pur*ases1 &      
privileges subsi/1 c nev] be c>ri$ into 
execution ) common s5se or common       
ju/ice4  ,i d n "k h[ g5tlem5 ( ,irel&  
reconcile su* an idea to _! own         
lib]ties1 or to ! natural use & enjoym5t
 ( _! e/ates4 ,if any ( _! *ildr5 %\ld  
be left 9 a m9ority1 & a gu>dian %\ld   
?9k1 z _m d1 7x matt]s n :e!r prop]ly or
 no17 t 8 w>d _h bett] he educat$ 9 a   
s*ool or univ]sity "h ?an 9 ,irel&1 is  
he sure t he c ju/ify ! br++ a tax ( t5 
p] c5t1 p]haps tw5ty1 on 8 pupil's      
e/ate1 by giv+ :at 9 8 op9ion is ! be/  
education 9 g5]al1 or ! be/ = t pupil's 
p>ticul> "* & circum/ances8 ,c he ju/ify
 8 s5d+ him to travel1 a necess>y "p ( !
 high] /yle ( education1 &1 not)/&+ :at 
"s n>r[ writ]s h said1 ( great b5efit to
 all c\ntries1 b v p>ticul>ly s to      

,irel&8 ,suppose a gu>dian1 "u !        
au?ority or pret5ce ( su* a tax (       
police1 _h prev5t$ our de> fri5d1 ,"l   
,*>lemont1 f go+ abroad1 w\ld he h lo/  
no satisfaction8 w\ld 8 fri5ds h lo/    
no?+ 9 ! companion8 w\ld 8 c\ntry h lo/ 
no?+ 9 ! cultivat$ ta/e ) :i* he has    
adorn$ x 9 s _m ways8 ,8 natural        
elegance ( m9d w\ld und\bt$ly d a great 
deal2 b ,i w v5ture to ass]t1 )\t !     
dang] ( be+ contradict$1 t he adorns 8  
pres5t resid5ce 9 ,irel& mu* ! m = hav+ 
resid$ a long "t out ( x4 ,w ,mr4 ,flood
 himself ?9k he ought to h be5 driv5 by 
taxes into ,irel&1 :il/ he prep>$       
himself by an ,engli% education to      
und]/& & to def5d ! rights ( ! subject 9
 ,irel&1 or to support ! dignity (      
gov]nm5t !re1 accord+ z 8 op9ions1 or ! 
situation ( ?+s1 may lead him to take   
ei!r "p1 ^u respectable pr9ciples8 ,i   
hope x is n =got t an ,iri% act (       
,p>liam5t s5ds its y\? to ,engl& = !    
/udy ( ! law1 & compels a resid5ce 9 !  
inns ( c\rt h]o = "s ye>s4 ,w y s5d out 

) "o brea? & recall ) ano!r8 ,?is act   
pla9ly provides = t int]c\rse :i*       
supposes ! /ricte/ union 9 laws &       
policy1 9 bo? :i* ! int5d$ tax supposes 
an entire sep>ation4  ,x w\ld be endless
 to g into all ! inconv5i5ces ?is tax w 
lead to1 9 ! conduct ( private life1 & !
 use ( prop]ty4 ,h[ _m infirm p are     
oblig$ to *ange _! climate1 ^: life     
dep5ds ^u t *ange6 ,h[ _m families      
/rait5$ 9 _! circum/ances are !re1 :o1 f
 ! %ame1 sometimes f ! utt]             
impossibility o!rwise ( retr5*+1 are    
oblig$ to remove f _! c\ntry1 9 ord] to 
pres]ve _! e/ates 9 _! families6 ,y     
beg91 !n1 to burd5 ^! p precisely at !  
"t :5 _! circum/ances ( heal? & =tune   
r5d] !m r objects ( relief &            
commis]ation4  ,i "k v well t a great   
proportion ( ! money ( e subord9ate     
c\ntry w fl[ t[>ds ! metropolis4 ,?is is
 unavoidable4 ,o!r inconv5i5ces1 too1 w 
result to p>ticul> p>ts3 & :y8 ,:y1     
because !y are p>ticul> p>ts1--ea* a    
memb] ( a great]1 & n an :ole )9 itself4

 ,b ^? memb]s are to consid] :e!r ^!    
inconv5i5ces are n fully balanc$1 p]haps
 m ?an balanc$1 by ! unit$ /r5g? ( a    
great & compact body4 ,i am s5sible1    
too1 ( a difficulty t w be />t$ aga9/ ! 
application ( "s ( ! pr9ciples :i* ,i   
reason ^u to ! case ( ,irel&4 ,x w be   
said1 t ,irel&1 9 _m p>ticul>s1 is n    
b\nd to consid] itself z a "p ( !       
,briti% body2 because ?is c\ntry1 9 _m  
in/ances1 is mi/ak5 en\gh to treat y z  
=eign]s1 & draws away y\r money by      
abs5tees1 )\t suff]+ y to enjoy y\r     
natural advantages 9 trade & comm]ce4   
,no man liv+ loves re/rictive           
regulations ( any k9d less ?an myself2  
at be/1 n9e times 9 t51 !y are little   
bett] ?an labori\s & vexati\s follies4  
,(t51 z 9 y\r case1 !y are great        
oppressions1 z well z great absurdities4
 ,b /ill an injury is n always a reason 
= retaliation2 nor is ! folly ( o!rs )  
reg>d to u a reason = imitat+ x ) reg>d 
to !m4 ,be=e we attempt to retort1 we   
ought to consid] :e!r we may n injure   

ourselves ev5 m ?an our adv]s>y2 s9ce1 9
 ! conte/ :o %all g ! greate/ l5g? 9    
absurdity1 ! victor is g5]ally ! greate/
 suff]]4 ,besides1 :5 !re is an         
un=tunate emulation 9 re/ra9ts &        
oppressions1 ! "q ( /r5g? is ( ! highe/ 
importance4 ,x little becomes ! feeble  
to be unju/4 ,ju/ice is ! %ield ( !     
weak2 & :5 !y *oose to lay ?is d[n1 &   
fight nak$ 9 ! conte/ ( m]e p[]1 ! ev5t 
w be :at mu/ be expect$ f su* imprud5ce4
  ,i ought to beg y\r p>don = runn+ into
 ?is l5g?4 ,y want no argum5ts to       
conv9ce y on ?is subject1 & y want no   
res\rces ( matt] to conv9ce o!rs4 ,i    
ought1 too1 to ask p>don = hav+ delay$  
my answ] s long2 b ,i receiv$ y\r lett] 
on ,tuesday1 9 t[n1 & ,i 0 oblig$ to    
come to ! c\ntry on bus9ess4 ,f ! c\ntry
 ,i write at pres5t2 b ?is day ,i %all g
 to t[n aga94 ,i %all see ,"l ,rock+ham1
 :o has sp>$ nei!r "t nor tr\ble 9 mak+ 
a vigor\s opposition to ?is inconsid]ate
 measure4 ,i hope to be able to s5d y ! 
pap]s :i* w give y in=mation ( ! /eps he

 has tak54 ,he has pursu$ ?is bus9ess ) 
! =esight1 dilig5ce1 & good s5se ) :i*  
he g5]ally resi/s uncon/itutional       
attempts ( gov]nm5t4 ,a life (          
dis9t]e/$ness1 g5]osity1 & public _s are
 8 titles to h x believ$ t ! effect :i* 
! tax may h ^u 8 private prop]ty is n ! 
sole nor ! pr9cipal motive to 8         
ex]tions4 ,i "k he is ( op9ion t !      
opposition 9 ,irel& ought to be c>ri$ on
 ) t _s z if no aid 0 expect$ f ?is     
c\ntry1 & "h z if no?+ w\ld be done 9   
,irel&3 _m ?+s h be5 lo/ by n act+ 9 ?is
 mann]4  ,i am told t y are n likely to 
be alone 9 ! g5]\s /& y are to make     
aga9/ ?is unnatural mon/] ( c\rt        
popul>ity4 ,x is said1 ,mr4 ,hussey1 :o 
is s v consid]able at pres5t1 & :o is   
ev]y?+ 9 expectation1 w give y 8        
assi/ance4 ,i rejoice to see 7t v r>e   
spectacle7 a good m9d1 a great g5ius1 & 
public activity unit$ toge!r1 & unit$ s 
e>ly 9 life4 ,by n runn+ into e popul>  
humor1 he may dep5d ^u x1 ! popul>ity ( 
8 "* w we> ! bett]4      ,non ponebat   

enim rumores ante salutem2     ,ergo    
po/que magisque viri nunc gloria cl>et4 
,adieu1 my de> ,sir4 ,give my be/       
respects to ,lady ,b+ham2 & believe me1 
) great tru? & e/eem1  ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t &
 mo/ humble s]vant1  ,,edm4 ,,burke4    
,,beaconsfield1 #cj? ,octob]1 #aggc4    
,,to ,,sir ,,*>les ,,b+ham4     ,a      
,,lett]  ,,to  ,,! ,,hon4 ,,*>les       
,,james ,,fox1  ,,on ,,! ,,am]ican ,,w>4
  ,,octob] #h1 #aggg4   ,my ,de>        
,*>les1--,i am1 on _m acc\nts1 exce$+ly 
pleas$ ) y\r j\rney to ,irel&4 ,i d n   
?9k x 0 possible to dispose bett] ( !   
int]val betwe5 ?is & ! meet+ (          
,p>liam5t4 ,i told y z mu*1 9 ! same    
g5]al t]ms1 by ! po/4 ,my op9ion ( !    
infidelity ( t conveyance h9d]$ me f be+
 p>ticul>4 ,i n[ sit d[n ) malice       
prep5se to kill y ) a v long lett]1 &   
mu/ take my *ance = "s safe me?od (     
convey+ ! dose4 ,be=e ,i say any?+ to y 
( ! place y are 91 or ! bus9ess ( x1 on 
:i*1 by ! way1 a great deal might be    
said1 ,i w turn myself to ! conclud+ "p 

( y\r lett] f ,*atswor?4  ,y are s5sible
 t ,i d n diff] f y 9 _m ?+s2 & mo/     
c]ta9ly ,i d n diss5t f ! ma9 ( y\r     
doctr9e conc]n+ ! h]esy ( dep5d+ ^u     
cont+5cies4 ,y mu/ recollect h[ uni=m my
 s5tim5ts h be5 on t subject4 ,i h ev]  
wi%$ a settl$ plan ( our own1 f\nd$ 9 ! 
v ess5ce ( ! ,am]ican bus9ess1 :olly    
unconnect$ ) ! ev5ts ( ! w>1 & fram$ 9  
su* a mann] z to keep up our cr$it &    
ma9ta9 our sy/em at home1 9 spite (     
any?+ :i* may happ5 abroad4 ,i am n[    
conv9c$1 by a long & some:at vexati\s   
exp]i5ce1 t su* a plan is absolutely    
impracticable4 ,i ?9k ) y1 t "s faults 9
 ! con/itution ( ^? :om we mu/ love &   
tru/ are among ! causes ( ?is           
impracticability2 !y are faults1 too1 t 
"o c h>dly wi% !m p]fectly cur$ (1 z ,i 
am afraid !y are intimately connect$ )  
hone/1 dis9t]e/$ int5tions1 pl5tiful    
=tunes1 assur$ rank1 & quiet homes4 ,a  
great deal ( activity & ent]prise c     
sc>cely ev] be expect$ f su* m51 unless 
"s horrible calamity is j ov] _! heads1 

or unless !y suff] "s gross p]sonal     
insults f p[]1 ! res5tm5t ( :i* may be z
 unquiet & /imulat+ a pr9ciple 9 _! m9ds
 z ambition is 9 ^? ( a diff]5t         
complexion4 ,to say ! tru?1 ,i _c       
greatly blame !m4 ,we live at a "t :5 m5
 are n repaid 9 fame = :at !y sacrifice 
9 int]e/ or repose4  ,on ! :ole1 :5 ,i  
consid] ( :at discordant1 & p>ticul>ly (
 :at fleet+ mat]ials ! opposition has   
be5 all along compos$1 & at ! same "t   
review :at ,"l ,rock+ham has done1 ) t &
 ) 8 own %att]$ con/itution1 = ^! la/   
twelve ye>s1 ,i confess ,i am r surpris$
 t he has done s mu* & p]sev]$ s long1  
?an t he has felt n[ & !n "s cold fits1 
& t he gr[s some:at languid & despond+  
at la/4 ,i "k t he1 & ^? :o are mu*     
preval5t ) him1 ?\gh !y are n ?\ght s   
mu* devot$ to popul>ity z o!rs1 d v mu* 
look to ! p1 & m ?an ,i ?9k is wise 9   
!m1 :o d s little to guide & direct !   
public op9ion4 ,)\t ?is !y act1 inde$2 b
 !y act z x 7 f compulsion1 & because x 
is impossible1 9 _! situation1 to avoid 

tak+ "s "p4 ,all ?is x is impossible to 
*ange1 & to no purpose to compla9 (4  ,z
 to t popul> humor :i* is ! m$ium we    
float 91 if ,i c disc]n any?+ at all (  
its pres5t /ate1 x is f> worse ?an ,i h 
ev] kn[n or c\ld ev] imag9e x4 ,! faults
 ( ! p are n popul> vices2 at lea/1 !y  
are n su* z gr[ out ( :at we us$ to take
 to be ! ,engli% temp] & "*4 ,! greate/ 
numb] h a sort ( an heavy1 lumpi%       
acquiesc5ce 9 gov]nm5t1 )\t mu* respect 
or e/eem = ^? t compose x4 ,i really _c 
avoid mak+ "s v unpleasant progno/ics f 
?is disposition ( ! p4 ,i ?9k t _m ( !  
symptoms mu/ h /ruck y3 ,i w m5tion "o  
or two t are to me v rem>kable4 ,y mu/  
"k t at ,bri/ol we gr[1 z an election   
int]e/1 & ev5 z a p>ty int]e/1 r /rong] 
?an we 7 :5 ,i 0 *os54 ,we h j n[ a     
majority 9 ! corporation4 ,9 ?is /ate ( 
matt]s1 :at1 ?9k y1 h !y done8 ,!y h    
vot$ _! fre$om to ,"l ,s&wi* & ,"l      
,suffolk6--to ! fir/1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! 
,am]ican private]s 7 dom9e]+ 9 ! ,iri%  
,sea1 & tak+ ! ,bri/ol trad]s 9 !       

,bri/ol ,*annel2--to ! latt]1 :5 8      
remon/rances on ! subject ( captures 7 !
 je/ ( ,p>is & ( ,europe4 ,?is f9e /ep 0
 tak51 x seems1 9 honor ( ! zeal ( ^!   
two pr(\nd /atesm5 9 ! prosecution (    
,john ! ,pa9t]3 s totally neglig5t are  
!y ( ev]y?+ ess5tial1 & s long & s      
deeply affect$ ) tra% ! mo/ l[ &        
contemptible2 j z if !y ?\ght ! m]it (  
,sir ,john ,field+ 0 ! mo/ %9+ po9t 9 ! 
"* ( great m9i/]s1 9 ! mo/ critical (   
all times1 &1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ deeply  
int]e/+ to ! comm]cial _w6 ,my be/      
fri5ds 9 ! corporation _h no o!r d\bts  
on ! occasion ?an :e!r x did n belong to
 me1 by "r ( my repres5tative capacity1 
to be ! be>] ( ?is auspici\s complim5t4 
,9 addition to ?is1 if x c\ld receive   
any addition1 !y n[ employ me to        
solicit1 z a favor ( no small magnitude1
 t1 aft] ! example ( ,newca/le1 !y may  
be suff]$ to arm vessels = _! own def5ce
 9 ! ,*annel4 ,_! memorial1 "u ! seal ( 
,m]*ants' ,hall1 is n[ ly+ on ! table   
be=e me4 ,n a s\l has ! lea/ s5sibility1

 on f9d+ !mselves1 n[ = ! fir/ "t1      
oblig$ to act z if ! community 7        
dissolv$1 &1 aft] enorm\s paym5ts t[>ds 
! common protection1 ea* "p 0 to def5d  
itself1 z if x 7 a sep>ate /ate4  ,i    
don't m5tion ,bri/ol z if t 7 ! "p fur!/
 gone 9 ?is mortification4 ,f> f x3 ,i  
"k t !re is1 r1 a little m life 9 u ?an 
9 any o!r place4 ,9 ,liv]pool !y are    
lit]ally almo/ ru9$ by ?is ,am]ican w>2 
b !y love x z !y suff] f x4 ,9 %ort1 f  
:atev] ,i see1 & f :atev] qu>t] ,i he>1 
,i am conv9c$ t ev]y?+ t is n absolute  
/agnation is evid5tly a p>ty-_s v adv]se
 to our politics1 & to ! pr9ciples f    
:5ce !y arise4 ,!re are manife/ m>ks ( !
 resurrection ( ! ,tory p>ty4 ,!y no    
long] criticize1 z all dis5gag$ p 9 ! _w
 w1 on ! acts ( gov]nm5t2 b !y are sil5t
 "u e evil1 & hide & cov] up e m9i/]ial 
bl&] & mis=tune1 ) ! (fici\s zeal ( m5  
:o ?9k !y h a p>ty ( _! own to support 9
 p[]4 ,! ,tories d univ]sally ?9k _! p[]
 & consequ5ce involv$ 9 ! success ( ?is 
,am]ican bus9ess4 ,! cl]gy are a/oni%+ly

 w>m 9 x2 & :at ! ,tories are1 :5       
embodi$ & unit$ ) _! natural head1 !    
cr[n1 & animat$ by _! cl]gy1 no man kn[s
 bett] ?an y\rself4 ,z to ! ,:igs1 ,i   
?9k !m f> f ext9ct4 ,!y are1 :at !y     
always 71 7except by ! able use (       
opportunities17 by f> ! weake/ p>ty 9   
?is c\ntry4 ,!y h n yet le>n$ !         
application ( _! pr9ciples to ! pres5t  
/ate ( ?+s2 & z to ! ,diss5t]s1 ! ma9   
effective "p ( ! ,:ig /r5g?1 !y are1 to 
use a favorite expression ( our ,am]ican
 campaign /yle1 n all 9 =ce4 ,!y w d v  
little1 &1 z f> z ,i c disc]n1 are r    
intimidat$ ?an provok$ at ! d5unciations
 ( ! c\rt 9 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york's s]mon4
 ,i ?\ght t s]mon r imprud5t1 :5 ,i fir/
 saw x2 b x seems to h done its bus9ess4
  ,9 ?is temp] ( ! p1 ,i d n :olly wond]
 t our ,nor!rn fri5ds look a little     
t[>ds ev5ts4 ,9 w>1 p>ticul>ly1 ,i am   
afraid x mu/ be s4 ,!re is some?+ s     
weighty & decisive 9 ! ev5ts ( w>1      
some?+ t s completely ov]p[]s !         
imag9ation ( ! vulg>1 t all c\nsels mu/ 

9 a great degree be subord9ate to &     
att5dant on !m4 ,i am sure x 0 s 9 ! la/
 w>1 v em95tly4 ,s t1 on ! :ole1 :at ) !
 temp] ( ! p1 ! temp] ( our own fri5ds1 
& ! dom9e]+ necessities ( w>1 we mu/    
quietly give up all ideas ( any settl$1 
preconc]t$ plan4 ,we %all be lucky      
en\gh1 if1 keep+ ourselves att5tive &   
al]t1 we c contrive to pr(it ( !        
occasions z !y arise3 ?\gh ,i am s5sible
 t ^? :o are be/ provid$ ) a g5]al s*eme
 are fitte/ to take advantage ( all     
cont+5cies4 ,h[ev]1 to act ) any p ) !  
lea/ degree ( com=t1 ,i believe we mu/  
contrive a little to assimilate to _!   
"*4 ,we mu/ gravitate t[>ds !m1 if we   
w\ld keep 9 ! same sy/em1 or expect t !y
 %\ld approa* t[>ds u4 ,!y are1 inde$1  
wor?y ( mu* concession & managem5t4 ,i  
am q conv9c$ t !y are ! hone/e/ public  
m5 t ev] appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ,i am   
sure t !y are ! wise/1 by f>1 ( ^? :o   
appe> 9 x at pres5t4 ,none ( ^? :o are  
cont9ually compla9+ ( !m1 b are !mselves
 j z *>geable ) all _! faults1 & h a    

dec5t /ock ( _! own into ! b>ga94 ,!y   
7our fri5ds7 are1 ,i admit1 z y v truly 
repres5t !m1 b indiff]5tly qualifi$ =   
/orm+ a citadel4 ,aft] all1 ,god kn[s   
:e!r ?is citadel is to be /orm$ by !m1  
or by anybody else1 by ! means !y use1  
or by any means4 ,i "k t z !y are1      
ab/ract$ly speak+1 to blame1 s !re are  
^? :o cry out aga9/ !m = x1 n ) a       
fri5dly compla9t1 z we d1 b ) !         
bitt]ness ( enemies4 ,b ,i "k1 too1 t ^?
 :o blame !m = want ( ent]prise h %[n no
 activity at all aga9/ ! common enemy3  
all _! skill & all _! _s h be5 %[n only 
9 weak5+1 divid+1 & inde$ de/roy+ _!    
allies4 ,:at !y are & :at we are is n[  
pretty evid5tly exp]i5c$2 & x is c]ta91 
t1 p>tly by our common faults1 b mu* m  
by ! difficulties ( our situation1 & "s 
circum/ances ( unavoidable mis=tune1 we 
are 9 little bett] ?an a sort (         
cul-de-sac4 ,= my "p1 ,i d all ,i c to  
give ease to my m9d 9 ?is /range        
position4 ,i rememb]1 "s ye>s ago1 :5 ,i
 0 press+ "s po9ts ) great eag]ness &   

anxiety1 & compla9+ ) great vexation to 
! ,duke ( ,ri*mond ( ! little progress  
,i make1 he told me k9dly1 & ,i believe 
v truly1 t1 ?\gh he 0 f> f ?9k+ s       
himself1 o!r p c\ld n be p]suad$ ,i _h n
 "s lat5t private int]e/ 9 pu%+ ^!      
matt]s1 :i* ,i urg$ ) an e>ne/ness s    
extreme1 & s mu* approa*+ to passion4   
,he 0 c]ta9ly 9 ! "r4 ,i am ?or\ghly    
resolv$ to give1 bo? to myself & to my  
fri5ds1 less vexation on ^! subjects ?an
 hi!rto ,i h done1--mu* less1 inde$4    
,if y %\ld gr[ too e>ne/1 y w be /ill m 
inexcusable ?an ,i 04 ,y\r hav+ ent]$   
into affairs s mu* y\ng] ought to make  
!m too famili> to y to be ! cause ( mu* 
agitation1 & y h mu* m be=e y = y\r "w4 
,d n be 9 ha/e4 ,lay y\r f\ndations deep
 9 public op9ion4 ,?\gh 7z y are        
s5sible7 ,i h nev] giv5 y ! lea/ h9t (  
advice ab\t jo9+ y\rself 9 a decl>$     
connection ) our p>ty1 nor d ,i n[1 yet1
 z ,i love t p>ty v well1 & am cle> t y 
are bett] able to s]ve !m ?an any man ,i
 "k1 ,i wi% t ?+s %\ld be s kept z to   

leave y mutually v op5 to "o ano!r 9 all
 *anges & cont+5cies2 & ,i wi% ?is ! r1 
because1 9 ord] to be v great1 z ,i am  
anxi\s t y %\ld be1 7always presum+ t y 
are dispos$ to make a good use ( p[]17 y
 w c]ta9ly want "s bett] support ?an    
m]ely t ( ! cr[n4 ,= ,i mu* d\bt1 :e!r1 
) all y\r p>ts1 y are ! man =m$ =       
acquir+ real int]ior favor 9 ?is c\rt1  
or 9 any2 ,i !re=e wi% y a firm gr\nd 9 
! c\ntry2 & ,i d n "k s firm & s s\nd a 
bottom to build on z our p>ty4--,well1  
,i h done ) ?is matt]2 & y ?9k ,i ought 
to h f9i%$ x long ago4 ,n[ ,i turn to   
,irel&4  ,obs]ve1 t ,i h n he>d a ^w (  
any news relative to x1 f !nce or f     
,london2 s t ,i am only go+ to /ate to y
 my conjectures z to facts1 & to        
speculate aga9 on ^! conjectures4 ,i h a
 /rong notion t ! lat5ess ( our meet+ is
 ow+ to ! previ\s arrangem5ts int5d$ 9  
,irel&4 ,i suspect !y mean t ,irel& %\ld
 take a sort ( lead1 & act an effici5t  
"p 9 ?is w>1 bo? ) m5 & money4 ,x w s\nd
 well1 :5 we meet1 to tell u ( ! active 

zeal & loyalty ( ! p ( ,irel&1 & contra/
 x ) ! rebelli\s _s ( ,am]ica4 ,x w be a
 popul> topic1--! p]fect confid5ce (    
,irel& 9 ! p[] ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,f
 !nce !y w argue ! little dang] :i* any 
dep5d5cy ( ! cr[n has to appreh5d f !   
en=cem5t ( t au?ority4 ,x w be1 too1    
some:at flatt]+ to ! c\ntry g5tlem51 :o 
might o!rwise beg9 to be sull51 to hold 
out t ! burd5 is n :olly to re/ ^u !m2 &
 x w pique our pride to be told t ,irel&
 has *e]fully /epp$ =w>d3 & :5 a        
dep5dant ( ?is k+dom has already engag$ 
itself 9 ano!r ye>'s w>1 m]ely = our    
dignity1 h[ c we1 :o are pr9cipals 9 !  
qu>rel1 hold (f8 ,?is s*eme ( policy    
seems to me s v obvi\s1 & is likely to  
be ( s mu* s]vice to ! pres5t sy/em1 t  
,i _c conceive x possible !y %\ld       
neglect x1 or some?+ l x4 ,!y h already 
put ! p ( ,irel& to ! pro(4 ,h !y n     
borne ! ,e>l ( ,buck+ham%ire1 ! p]son :o
 0 employ$ to move ! fi]y committee 9 ! 
,h\se ( ,lords 9 ord] to /imulate !     
m9i/ry to ?is w>1 :o 0 9 ! *air1 & :o   

mov$ ! resolutions8  ,x is )9 a few days
 ( elev5 ye>s s9ce ,i 0 9 ,irel&1 & !n  
aft] an abs5ce ( two4 ,^? :o h be5 abs5t
 f any sc5e = ev5 a mu* %ort] "t g5]ally
 lose ! true practical notion ( !       
c\ntry1 & ( :at may or may n be done 9  
x4 ,:5 ,i knew ,irel&1 x 0 v diff]5t f !
 /ate ( ,engl&1 :]e gov]nm5t is a va/   
deal1 ! public some?+1 b individuals    
comp>atively v little4 ,b if ,irel& be>s
 any resemblance to :at x 0 "s ye>s ago1
 nei!r gov]nm5t nor public op9ion c d a 
great deal2 almo/ ! :ole is 9 ! h&s ( a 
few lead+ p4 ,! populace ( ,dubl91 & "s 
p>ts 9 ! ,nor?1 are 9 "s sort an        
exception4 ,b ! ,primate1 ,"l           
,hillsbor\gh1 & ,"l ,h]t=d h great sway 
9 ! latt]2 & ! =m] may be consid]able or
 n1 pretty mu* z ! ,duke ( ,le9/]       
pleases4 ,on ! :ole1 ! success (        
gov]nm5t usually dep5d$ on ! b>ga9 made 
) a v few m54 ,! resid5t lieut5ancy may 
h made "s *ange1 & giv5 a /r5g? to      
gov]nm5t1 :i* =m]ly1 ,i "k1 x _h n2     
/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i am ( op9ion1 ! =m] /ate1

 ?\gh 9 o!r h&s p]haps1 & 9 ano!r mann]1
 /ill cont9ues4 ,! h\se y are connect$ )
 is gr[n into a mu* great] degree ( p[] 
?an x _h1 ?\gh x 0 v consid]able1 at !  
p]iod ,i speak (4 ,if ! ,d4 ( ,l4 takes 
a popul> "p1 he is sure ( ! city (      
,dubl91 & he has a "y man atta*$ to him 
:o /&s v =w>d 9 ,p>liam5t & 9 pr(ession1
 &1 by :at ,i he>1 ) m good-w & less    
envy ?an usually att5ds s rapid a       
progress4 ,! movem5t ( "o or two        
pr9cipal m51 if !y manage ! little      
popul> /r5g? :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,dubl9 
& ,ul/]1 may d a great deal1 especially 
:5 money is to be sav$ & taxes to be    
kept (f4 ,i confess ,i %\ld despair (   
y\r succe$+ ) any ( !m1 if !y _c be     
satisfi$ t e job :i* !y c look = on     
acc\nt ( c>ry+ ?is measure w\ld be j z  
sure to !m = _! ord9>y support (        
gov]nm5t4 ,!y are ess5tial to gov]nm5t1 
:i* at ?is "t mu/ n be di/urb$1 & _!    
neutrality w be pur*as$ at z high a     
price z _! alliance (f5sive & def5sive4 
,n[1 z by support+ !y may get z mu* z by

 betray+ _! c\ntry1 x mu/ be a great    
lean+ to turpitude t c make !m take a "p
 9 ?is w>4 ,i am satisfi$1 t1 if ! ,duke
 ( ,le9/] & ,"l ,%annon w\ld act toge!r1
 ?is bus9ess c\ld n g on2 or if ei!r (  
!m took "p ) ,ponsonby1 x w\ld h no     
bett] success4 ,hut*9son's situation is 
mu* alt]$ s9ce ,i saw y4 ,to please     
,tisdall1 he _h be5 9 a mann] laid aside
 at ! ,ca/le4 ,x is n[ to be se5 :e!r he
 pref]s ! gratification ( 8 res5tm5t & 8
 appetite = popul>ity1 bo? ( :i* are    
/rong en\gh 9 him1 to ! advantages :i* 8
 indep5d5ce gives him1 ( mak+ a new     
b>ga91 & accumulat+ new (fices on 8     
heap4 ,pray d n be asleep 9 ?is sc5e (  
action1--at ?is "t1 if ,i am "r1 !      
pr9cipal4 ,! ,prote/ants ( ,irel& w be1 
,i ?9k1 9 g5]al1 backw>d3 !y =m         
inf9itely ! greate/ "p ( ! l&$ & !      
money$ int]e/s2 & !y w n l to pay4 ,!   
,papi/s are r$uc$ to bea/s ( burd53 !y w
 give all !y h1 _! %\ld]s1 readily      
en\gh1 if !y are flatt]$4 ,surely ! /ate
 ( ,irel& ought =ev] to tea* p>ties     

mod]ation 9 _! victories4 ,p cru%$ by   
law h no hopes b f p[]4 ,if laws are _! 
enemies1 !y w be enemies to laws2 & ^?  
:o h mu* to hope & no?+ to lose w always
 be dang]\s1 m or less4 ,b ?is is n our 
pres5t bus9ess4 ,if all ?is %\ld prove a
 dream1 h[ev]1 let x n h9d] y f writ+ to
 me & toll+ me s4 ,y w easily refute1 9 
y\r conv]sation1 ! little topics :i* !y 
w set afloat3 su* z1 t ,irel& is a boat1
 & mu/ g ) ! %ip2 t1 if ! ,am]icans     
cont5d$ only = _! lib]ties1 x w\ld be   
diff]5t1--b s9ce !y h decl>$ indep5d5ce1
 & s =?--  ,y are happy 9 enjoy+        
,t[n%5d's company4 ,rememb] me to him4  
,h[ does he l 8 private situation 9 a   
c\ntry :]e he 0 ! son ( !               
sov]eign8--,mrs4 ,burke & ! two ,ri*>ds 
salute y cordially4  ,e4,b4             
,,beaconsfield1 ,octob] #h?1 #aggg4     
,a  ,,lett]  ,,to  ,,! ,,m>quis ,,(     
,,rock+ham1  ,,)  ,,addresses ,,to ,,!  
,,k+1  ,,&  ,,! ,,briti% ,,coloni/s ,,9 
,,nor? ,,am]ica1  ,,9 ,,relation ,,to   
,,! ,,measures ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,!   

,,am]ican ,,conte/1 ,,& ,a ,,propos$    
,,secession ,,( ,,! ,,opposition ,,f    
,,p>liam5t4  ,,janu>y1 #aggg4   ,,note4 
,?is ,lett]1 ) ! two ,addresses :i*     
foll[ x1 0     writt5 ^u occasion ( a   
propos$ secession f ,p>liam5t     ( !   
memb]s 9 bo? ,h\ses :o _h oppos$ !      
measures (     gov]nm5t1 9 ! conte/     
betwe5 ?is c\ntry & !     colonies 9    
,nor? ,am]ica1 f ! "t ( ! repeal ( !    
,/amp ,act4 ,x appe>s1 f an indorsem5t  
writt5 by ,mr4     ,burke on !          
manuscript1 t he w>mly recomm5d$ !      
measure1 b 7= :at reasons is n /at$7 x 0
 n     adopt$4   ,,lett]  ,,to ,,!      
,,m>quis ,,( ,,rock+ham4  ,my ,de>      
,"l1--,i am afraid t ,i ought r to beg  
y\r p>don = tr\bl+ y at all 9 ?is season
 ( repose1 ?an to apologize = hav+ be5 s
 long sil5t on ! approa*+ bus9ess4 ,x   
comes ^u u1 n inde$ 9 ! mo/ agreeable   
mann]1 b x does come-^u u2 & ,i believe 
y\r fri5ds 9 g5]al are 9 expectation (  
f9d+ y\r ,lord%ip resolv$ 9 :at way y   
are to meet x4 ,! delib]ation is full ( 

difficulties2 b ! det]m9ation is        
necess>y4  ,! affairs ( ,am]ica seem to 
be draw+ t[>ds a crisis4 ,! ,h[es are at
 ?is "t 9 possession (1 or are able to  
awe1 ! :ole middle coa/ ( ,am]ica1 f    
,delaw>e to ! we/]n b\nd>y (            
,massa*usetts ,bay2 ! naval b>ri] on !  
side ( ,canada is brok52 a great tract (
 c\ntry is op5 = ! supply ( ! troops2 ! 
riv] ,hudson op5s a way into ! he>t ( ! 
prov9ces2 & no?+ c1 9 all probability1  
prev5t an e>ly & (f5sive campaign4 ,:at 
! ,am]icans h done is1 9 _!             
circum/ances1 truly a/oni%+2 x is1      
inde$1 inf9itely m ?an ,i expect$ f !m4 
,b hav+ done s mu*1 = "s %ort "t ,i     
began to ent]ta9 an op9ion t !y might d 
m4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 evid5t t !y _c look 
/&+ armies 9 ! face4 ,!y are inf]ior 9  
ev]y?+1 ev5 9 numb]s1--,i mean1 9 !     
numb] ( ^? :om !y keep 9 con/ant duty & 
9 regul> pay4 ,!re seem1 by ! be/       
acc\nts1 n to be above t5 or twelve ?\s&
 m51 at mo/1 9 _! gr& army4 ,! re/ are  
militia1 & n wond]fully well compos$ or 

discipl9$4 ,!y decl9e a g5]al           
engagem5t1--prud5tly en\gh1 if _! object
 _h be5 to make ! w> att5d ^u a treaty (
 good t]ms ( subjection2 b :5 !y look   
fur!r1 ?is w n d4 ,an army t is oblig$  
at all times & 9 all situations to      
decl9e an engagem5t may delay _! ru91 b 
c nev] def5d _! c\ntry4 ,=eign assi/ance
 !y h little or none1 nor are likely    
soon to h m4 ,france1 9 effect1 has no  
k+1 nor any m9i/] accr$it$ en\gh ei!r ) 
! c\rt or nation to und]take a design ( 
great magnitude4  ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ,i 
p]suade myself ,frankl9 is come to ,p>is
 to draw f t c\rt a def9itive &         
satisfactory answ] conc]n+ ! support ( !
 colonies4 ,if he _c get su* an answ]1  
7& ,i am ( op9ion t at pres5t he _c17 !n
 x is to be presum$ he is au?oriz$ to   
negotiate ) ,"l ,/ormont on ! basis (   
dep5d5ce on ! cr[n4 ,?is ,i take to be 8
 err&3 = ,i nev] c believe t he is come 
?i!r z a fugitive f 8 cause 9 ! h\r (   
its di/ress1 or t he is go+ to conclude 
a long life1 :i* has bright5$ e h\r x   

has cont9u$1 ) s f\l & di%onorable a    
flight4 ,on ?is supposition1 ,i ?\ght x 
n :olly impossible t ! ,:ig p>ty might  
be made a sort ( m$iators ( ! peace4 ,x 
is unnatural to suppose1 t1 9 mak+ an   
accommodation1 ! ,am]icans %\ld n *oose 
r to give cr$it to ^? :o all along h    
oppos$ ! measure ( m9i/]s1 ?an to ?r[   
!mselves :olly on ! m]cy ( _! bitt]1    
uni=m1 & sy/ematic enemies4 ,x is1      
inde$1 ! victori\s enemy t has ! t]ms to
 (f]2 ! vanqui%$ p>ty & _! fri5ds are1  
bo? ( !m1 r$uc$ 9 _! p[]2 & x is c]ta9 t
 ^? :o are utt]ly brok5 & subdu$ h no   
option4 ,b1 z ?is is h>dly yet ! case ( 
! ,am]icans1 9 ?is middle /ate ( _!     
affairs1 7mu* impair$1 b n p]fectly     
ru9$17 "o w\ld ?9k x mu/ be _! int]e/ to
 provide1 if possible1 "s fur!r security
 = ! t]ms :i* !y may obta9 f _! enemies4
 ,if ! ,congress c\ld be br\ght to      
decl>e 9 favor ( ^? t]ms = :i* "o hundr$
 memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons vot$ la/   
ye>1 ) "s civility to ! p>ty :i* held   
out ^? t]ms1 x w\ld und\bt$ly h an      

effect to revive ! cause ( our lib]ties 
9 ,engl&1 & to give ! colonies "s sort (
 moor+ & an*orage 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x seem$
 to me t ,frankl9 might be made to feel 
! propriety ( su* a /ep2 & z ,i h an    
acqua9tance ) him1 ,i _h a /rong desire 
( tak+ a turn to ,p>is4 ,ev]y?+ else    
fail+1 "o might obta9 a bett] k ( !     
g5]al aspect ( affairs abroad ?an1 ,i   
believe1 any ( u possess at pres5t4 ,!  
,duke ( ,portl& approv$ ! idea4 ,b :5 ,i
 _h conv]s$ ) ! v few ( y\r ,lord%ip's  
fri5ds :o 7 9 t[n1 & consid]$ a little m
 maturely ! con/ant temp] & /&+ maxims (
 ! p>ty1 ,i laid aside ! design1--n be+ 
desir\s ( risk+ ! displeasure ( ^? = ^: 
sake alone ,i wi%$ to take t fatigu+    
j\rney at ?is sev]e season ( ! ye>4  ,! 
,duke ( ,portl& has tak5 ) him "s heads 
( delib]ation1 :i* 7 ! result ( a       
disc\rse ) 8 ,grace & ,mr4 ,montagu at  
,burl+ton ,h\se4 ,x seems ess5tial to ! 
cause t y\r ,lord%ip %\ld meet y\r      
fri5ds ) "s settl$ plan ei!r ( action or
 inaction4 ,y\r fri5ds w c]ta9ly require

 su* a plan2 & ,i am sure ! /ate (      
affairs requires x1 :e!r !y call = x or 
n4 ,z to ! measure ( a secession )      
reasons1 aft] roll+ ! matt] 9 my head a 
good deal1 & turn+ x an hundr$ ways1 ,i 
confess ,i /ill ?9k x ! mo/ advisable1  
not)/&+ ! s]i\s objections t lie aga9/  
x1 & inde$ ! extreme unc]ta9ty ( all    
political measures1 especially at ?is   
"t4 ,x provides = y\r honor4 ,i "k (    
no?+ else t c s well d ?is4 ,x is       
some?+1 p]haps all1 t c be done 9 our   
pres5t situation4 ,"s precaution1 9 ?is 
respect1 is n )\t its motives4 ,t v     
e/imation = :i* y h sacrific$ ev]y?+    
else is 9 "s dang] ( suff]+ 9 ! g5]al   
wreck2 & p]haps x is likely to suff] !  
m1 because y h hi!rto confid$ m ?an 0 q 
prud5t 9 ! cle>ness ( y\r int5tions1 & 9
 ! solidity ( ! popul> judgm5t ^u !m4 ,!
 =m]1 inde$1 is out ( ! p[] ( ev5ts2 !  
latt] is full ( levity1 & ! v creature (
 =tune4 ,h[ev]1 su* z x is1 7& = "o ,i d
 n ?9k ,i am incl9$ to ov]value x17 bo? 
our int]e/ & our duty make x necess>y = 

u to att5d to x v c>efully1 s long z we 
act a "p 9 public4 ,! measure y take =  
?is purpose may produce no imm$iate     
effect2 b ) reg>d to ! p>ty1 & !        
pr9ciples = ^: sake ! p>ty exi/s1 all   
hope ( _! pres]vation or recov]y dep5ds 
^u y\r pres]v+ y\r reputation4  ,by !   
conv]sation ( "s fri5ds1 x seem$ z if !y
 7 will+ to fall 9 ) ?is design1 because
 x promis$ to emancipate !m f ! s]vitude
 ( irksome bus9ess1 & to af=d !m an     
opportunity ( retir+ to ease &          
tranquillity4 ,if t be _! object 9 !    
secession & addresses propos$1 !re      
surely nev] 7 means worse *os5 to ga9 _!
 end2 & if ?is be any "p ( ! project1 x 
7 a ?\s& times bett] x 7 nev] und]tak54 
,! measure is n only unusual1 & z su*   
critical1 b x is 9 its own nature /rong 
& vehem5t 9 a high degree4 ,! propriety1
 !re=e1 ( adopt+ x dep5ds entirely ^u ! 
_s ) :i* x is support$ & foll[$4 ,to    
pursue viol5t measures ) languor &      
irresolution is n v consi/5t 9          
speculation1 & n m reputable or safe 9  

practice4 ,if y\r ,lord%ip's fri5ds d n 
g to ?is bus9ess ) _! :ole he>ts1 if !y 
d n feel !mselves uneasy )\t x1 if !y d 
n und]take x ) a c]ta9 degree ( zeal1 & 
ev5 ) w>m? & indignation1 x _h bett] be 
remov$ :olly out ( our ?\ghts4 ,a       
measure ( less /r5g?1 & m 9 ! beat5     
circle ( affairs1 if support$ ) _s &    
indu/ry1 w\ld be on all acc\nts         
inf9itely m eligible4 ,we h to consid]  
:at x is t 9 ?is und]tak+ we h aga9/ u4 
,we h ! weight ( ,k+1 ,lords1 & ,commons
 9 ! o!r scale2 we h aga9/ u1 )9 a      
trifle1 ! :ole body ( ! law2 we oppose !
 m consid]able "p ( ! l&$ & m]cantile   
int]e/s2 we cont5d1 9 a mann]1 aga9/ !  
:ole ,*ur*2 we set our faces aga9/ great
 armies flu%$ ) victory1 & navies :o h  
ta/$ ( civil spoil1 & h a /rong appetite
 = m2 our /r5g?1 :atev] x is1 mu/ dep5d1
 = a good "p ( its effect1 ^u ev5ts n v 
probable4 ,9 su* a situation1 su* a /ep 
requires n only great magnanimity1 b    
unwe>i$ activity & p]sev]ance1 ) a good 
deal1 too1 ( dext]ity & managem5t1 to   

improve e accid5t 9 our favor4  ,!      
deliv]y ( ?is pap] may h v important    
consequ5ces4 ,x is true t ! c\rt may    
pass x ov] 9 sil5ce1 ) a real or affect$
 contempt4 ,b ?is ,i d n ?9k s likely4  
,if !y d take notice ( x1 ! milde/ c\rse
 w be su* an address f ,p>liam5t z !    
,h\se ( ,commons made to ! k+ on !      
,london ,remon/rance 9 ! ye> #agfi4 ,?is
 address w be foll[$ by addresses ( a   
simil> t5d5cy1 f all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 9  
ord] to ov]p[] y ) :at !y w endeavor to 
pass z ! unit$ voice & s5se ( ! nation4 
,b if !y int5d to proce$ fur!r1 & to    
take /eps ( a m decisive nature1 y are  
!n to consid]1 n :at !y may legally &   
ju/ly d1 b :at a ,p>liam5t omnipot5t 9  
p[]1 influ5c$ ) p>ty rage & p]sonal     
res5tm5t1 op]at+ "u ! implicit milit>y  
ob$i5ce ( c\rt discipl9e1 is capable (4 
,?\gh !y h made "s successful exp]im5ts 
on juries1 !y w h>dly tru/ en\gh to !m  
to ord] a prosecution = a suppos$ libel4
 ,!y may proce$ 9 two ways3 ei!r by an  
impea*m5t1 9 :i* ! ,tories may retort on

 ! ,:igs 7b ) bett] success1 ?\gh 9 a   
worse cause7 ! proce$+s 9 ! case (      
,sa*ev]ell1 or !y may1 )\t ?is =m1      
proce$1 z aga9/ ! ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 by a
 bill ( pa9s & p5alties m or less       
griev\s4 ,! simil>ity ( ! cases1 or !   
ju/ice1 is 7z ,i said7 out ( ! "q4 ,!   
mode ( proce$+ has sev]al v anci5t & v  
rec5t prec$5ts4 ,none ( ^! me?ods is    
impossible4 ,! c\rt may select ?ree or  
f\r ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among y = !        
victims2 & !re=e no?+ is m remote f !   
t5d5cy ( ! propos$ act ?an any idea (   
retirem5t or repose4 ,on ! contr>y1 y h1
 all ( y1 z pr9cipals or auxili>ies1 a  
mu* bett] hott]8 & m desp]ate conflict1 
9 all probability1 to und]go1 ?an any y 
h be5 yet engag$ 94 ,! only "q is1 :e!r 
! risk ought to be run = ! *ance 7& x is
 no m7 ( recall+ ! p ( ,engl& to _!     
anci5t pr9ciples1 & to t p]sonal int]e/ 
:i* =m]ly !y took 9 all public affairs4 
,at any rate1 ,i am sure x is "r1 if we 
take ?is /ep1 to take x ) a full view ( 
! consequ5ces1 & ) m9ds & measures 9 a  

/ate ( prep>ation to meet !m4 ,x is n   
becom+ t y\r boldness %\ld arise f a    
want ( =esight4 ,x is m reputable1 &    
c]ta9ly x is m safe too1 t x %\ld be    
gr\nd$ on ! evid5t necessity ( enc\nt]+ 
! dang]s :i* y =esee4  ,y\r ,lord%ip w h
 ! goodness to excuse me1 if ,i /ate 9  
/rong t]ms ! difficulties att5d+ a      
measure :i* on ! :ole ,i he>tily concur 
94 ,b z1 f my want ( importance1 ,i c be
 p]sonally little subject to ! mo/ try+ 
"p ( ! consequ5ces1 x is z little my    
desire to urge o!rs to dang]s 9 :i* ,i  
am myself to h no inconsid]able a %>e4  
,if ?is measure %\ld be ?\ght too great 
= our /r5g? or ! dispositions ( ! times1
 !n ! po9t w be to consid] :at is to be 
done 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,a weak1 irregul>1    
desultory1 peevi% opposition !re w be z 
mu* too little z ! o!r may be too big4  
,our s*eme ought to be su* z to h 9 x a 
succession ( measures3 else x is        
impossible to secure any?+ l a regul>   
att5dance2 opposition w o!rwise always  
c>ry a disreputable air2 nei!r w x be   

possible1 )\t t att5dance1 to p]suade ! 
p t we are 9 e>ne/4 ,above all1 a motion
 %\ld be well dige/$ = ! fir/ day4 ,!re 
is "o ?+ 9 p>ticul> ,i wi% to recomm5d  
to y\r ,lord%ip's consid]ation3 t is1 ! 
op5+ ( ! doors ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4    
,)\t ?is1 ,i am cle>ly conv9c$1 x w be 9
 ! p[] ( m9i/ry to make our opposition  
appe> )\t doors j 9 :at light !y please4
 ,to obta9 a gall]y is ! easie/ ?+ 9 !  
_w1 if we are satisfi$ to cultivate !   
e/eem ( our adv]s>ies by ! resolution & 
en]gy ) :i* we act aga9/ !m3 b if _!    
satisfaction & good-humor be any "p (   
our object1 ! attempt1 ,i admit1 is     
idle4  ,i _h "s conv]sation1 be=e ,i    
left t[n1 ) ! ,d4 ( ,m4 ,he is ( op9ion1
 t1 if y adh]e to y\r resolution (      
sec$+1 y ought n to appe> on ! fir/ day 
( ! meet+4 ,he ?9ks x c h no effect1    
except to break ! cont9uity ( y\r       
conduct1 & !reby to weak5 & fritt] away 
! impression ( x4 ,x c]ta9ly w seem odd 
to give solemn reasons = a discont9uance
 ( y\r att5dance 9 ,p>liam5t1 aft] hav+ 

two or ?ree times return$ to x1 &       
imm$iately aft] a vigor\s act (         
opposition4 ,z to trials ( ! temp] ( !  
,h\se1 !re h be5 ( t sort s _m already t
 ,i see no reason = mak+ ano!r t w\ld n 
hold equally good = ano!r aft]          
t1--p>ticul>ly z no?+ has happ5$ 9 !    
lea/ calculat$ to alt] ! disposition ( !
 ,h\se4 ,if ! secession 7 to be g5]al1  
su* an att5dance1 foll[$ by su* an act1 
w\ld h =ce2 b be+ 9 its nature          
incomplete & brok51 to break x fur!r by 
retreats & returns to ! *ase mu/        
entirely de/roy its effect4 ,i confess  
,i am q ( ! ,d4 ( ,m4's op9ion 9 ?is    
po9t4  ,i s5d y\r ,lord%ip a correct$   
copy ( ! pap]3 y\r ,lord%ip w be s good 
to communicate x1 if y %\ld approve ( ! 
alt]ations1 to ,"l ,j4,c4 & ,sir ,g4,s4 
,i %[$ x to ! ,d4 ( ,p4 be=e 8 ,grace   
left t[n2 & at 81 ! ,d4 ( ,p4's1 desire1
 ,i h s5t x to ! ,d4 ( ,r4 ,! pr9cipal  
alt]ation is 9 ! pages la/ b "o4 ,x is  
made to remove a difficulty :i* _h be5  
sugge/$ to ,sir ,g4,s41 & :i* he ?\ght  

_h a good deal 9 x4 ,i ?9k x mu* ! bett]
 = t alt]ation4 ,inde$1 x may want /ill 
m corrections1 9 ord] to adapt x to !   
pres5t or probable future /ate ( ?+s4   
,:at %all ,i say 9 excuse = ?is long    
lett]1 :i* fright5s me :5 ,i look back  
^u x8 ,y\r ,lord%ip w take x1 & all 9 x1
 ) y\r usual incomp>able temp]1 :i*     
c>ries y ?r\gh s mu* bo? f enemies &    
fri5ds4 ,my mo/ humble respects to ,lady
 ,r41 & believe me1 ) ! highe/ reg>d1   
ev]1 o4  ,e4,b4  ,i he> t ,dr4 ,frankl9 
has _h a mo/ extraord9>y reception at   
,p>is f all ranks ( p4  ,,beaconsfield1 
,monday night1 ,jan4 #f1 #aggg4         
,,address ,,to ,,! ,,k+4   ,we1 y\r     
,maje/y's mo/ dutiful & loyal subjects1 
sev]al ( ! pe]s ( ! realm1 & sev]al     
memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons *os5 by ! p 
to repres5t !m 9 ,p>liam5t1 d 9 our     
individual capacity1 b ) he>ts fill$ ) a
 w>m affection to y\r ,maje/y1 ) a /rong
 atta*m5t to y\r royal h\se1 & ) ! mo/  
unfeign$ devotion to y\r true int]e/1   
beg leave1 at ?is crisis ( y\r affairs1 

9 all humility to approa* y\r royal     
pres5ce4  ,:il/ we lam5t ! measures     
adopt$ by ! public c\ncils ( ! k+dom1 we
 d n mean to "q ! legal validity ( _!   
proce$+s4 ,we d n desire to appeal f !m 
to any p]son :atsoev]4 ,we d n dispute !
 conclusive au?ority ( ! bodies 9 :i* we
 h a place ov] all _! memb]s4 ,we "k t x
 is our ord9>y duty to submit ourselves 
to ! det]m9ations ( ! majority 9 ev]y?+1
 except :at reg>ds ! j def5ce ( our     
honor & reputation4 ,b ! situation into 
:i* ! ,briti% empire has be5 br\ght1 & !
 conduct to :i* we are reluctantly driv5
 9 t situation1 we hold ourselves b\nd  
by ! relation 9 :i* we /& bo? to ! cr[n 
& ! p cle>ly to expla9 to y\r ,maje/y & 
our c\ntry4  ,we h be5 call$ ^u 9 !     
spee* f ! ?rone at ! op5+ ( ?is session 
( ,p>liam5t1 9 a mann] peculi>ly m>k$1  
s+ul>ly emphatical1 & f a place f :5ce  
any?+ imply+ c5sure falls ) no common   
weight1 to concur 9 unanim\s approbation
 ( ^? measures :i* h produc$ our pres5t 
di/resses & ?reat5 u 9 future ) o!rs f> 

m griev\s4 ,we tru/1 !re=e1 t we %all /&
 ju/ifi$ 9 (f]+ to our sov]eign & !     
public our reasons = p]sev]+ inflexibly 
9 our uni=m diss5t f e "p ( ^? measures4
 ,we lam5t !m f an exp]i5ce ( _!        
mis*ief1 z we orig9ally oppos$ !m f a   
sure =esight ( _! unhappy & inevitable  
t5d5cy4  ,we see no?+ 9 ! pres5t ev5ts 9
 ! lea/ degree suffici5t to w>rant an   
alt]ation 9 our op9ion4 ,we 7 always    
/eadily av]se to ?is civil w>1--n       
because we ?\ght x impossible t x %\ld  
be att5d$ ) victory1 b because we 7     
fully p]suad$ t 9 su* a conte/ victory  
w\ld only v>y ! mode ( our ru91 & by    
mak+ x less imm$iately s5sible w\ld r5d]
 x ! m la/+ & ! m irretrievable4        
,exp]i5ce _h b too fully in/ruct$ u 9 ! 
possibility ( ! r$uction ( a free p to  
slav]y by =eign m]c5>y armies4 ,b we _h 
an horror ( becom+ ! in/rum5ts 9 a      
design1 ( :i*1 9 our turn1 we might     
become ! victims4 ,kn[+ ! ine/imable    
value ( peace1 & ! contemptible value ( 
:at 0 s\ght by w>1 we wi%$ to compose ! 

di/ractions ( our c\ntry1 n by ! use (  
=eign arms1 b by prud5t regulations 9   
our own dome/ic policy4 ,we deplor$1 z  
y\r ,maje/y has done 9 y\r spee* f !    
?rone1 ! disord]s :i* prevail 9 y\r     
empire2 b we are conv9c$ t ! disord]s ( 
! p1 9 ! pres5t "t & 9 ! pres5t place1  
are ow+ to ! usual & natural cause ( su*
 disord]s at all times & 9 all places1  
:]e su* h prevail$1--! misconduct (     
gov]nm5t2--t !y are ow+ to plans laid 9 
error1 pursu$ ) ob/9acy1 & conduct$ )\t 
wisdom4  ,we _c attribute s mu* to ! p[]
 ( faction1 at ! exp5se ( human nature1 
z to suppose1 t1 9 any "p ( ! _w1 a     
comb9ation ( m51 few 9 numb]1 n         
consid]able 9 rank1 ( no natural h]$it>y
 dep5d5cies1 %\ld be able1 by ! ef=ts ( 
_! policy alone1 or ! m]e ex]tion ( any 
tal5ts1 to br+ ! p ( y\r ,am]ican       
dom9ions into ! disposition :i* has     
produc$ ! pres5t tr\bles4 ,we _c        
conceive1 t1 )\t "s p[]ful concurr+     
cause1 any managem5t %\ld prevail on "s 
millions ( p1 disp]s$ ov] an :ole       

cont95t1 9 ?irte5 prov9ces1 n only      
unconnect$1 b1 9 _m p>ticul>s (         
religion1 mann]s1 gov]nm5t1 & local     
int]e/1 totally diff]5t & adv]se1       
volunt>ily to submit !mselves to a      
susp5sion ( all ! pr(its ( indu/ry & all
 ! com=ts ( civil life1 add$ to all !   
evils ( an unequal w>1 c>ri$ on )       
circum/ances ( ! greate/ asp]ity &      
rigor4 ,?is1 ,sir1 we conceive1 c\ld    
nev] h happ5$1 b f a g5]al s5se ( "s    
grievance s radical 9 its nature & s    
spread+ 9 its effects z to poison all ! 
ord9>y satisfactions ( life1 to         
discompose ! frame ( society1 & to      
conv]t into fe> & hatr$ t habitual      
rev]5ce ev] paid by mank9d to an anci5t 
& v5]able gov]nm5t4  ,t grievance is z  
simple 9 its nature1 & z level to ! mo/ 
ord9>y und]/&+1 z x is p[]ful 9 affect+ 
! mo/ languid passions3 x is--  ,,an    
,,attempt ,,made ,,to ,,dispose ,,( ,,! 
,,prop]ty ,,( ,a ,,:ole ,,p ,,)\t ,,_!  
,,cons5t4  ,y\r ,maje/y's ,engli%       
subjects 9 ! colonies1 possess+ ! ord9>y

 faculties ( mank9d1 "k t to live "u su*
 a plan ( gov]nm5t is n to live 9 a /ate
 ( fre$om4 ,y\r ,engli% subjects 9 !    
colonies1 /ill impress$ ) ! anci5t      
feel+s ( ! p f :om !y are d]iv$1 _c live
 "u a gov]nm5t :i* does n e/abli% fre$om
 z its basis4  ,?is s*eme1 be+1 !re=e1  
set up 9 direct opposition to ! root$ & 
confirm$ s5tim5ts & habits ( ?9k+ ( an  
:ole p1 has produc$ ! effects :i* ev]   
mu/ result f su* a collision ( p[] &    
op9ion4 ,= we beg leave1 ) all duty &   
humility1 to repres5t to y\r ,maje/y1   
7:at we fe> has be5 indu/ri\sly conceal$
 f y17 t x is n m]ely ! op9ion ( a v    
great numb]1 or ev5 ( ! majority1 b !   
univ]sal s5se ( ! :ole body ( ! p 9 ^?  
prov9ces1 t ! practice ( tax+1 9 ! mode 
& on ! pr9ciples :i* h be5 lately       
cont5d$ = & en=c$1 is subv]sive ( all _!
 rights4  ,?is s5se has be5 decl>$1 z we
 und]/& on good in=mation1 by ! unanim\s
 voice ( all _! ,assemblies3 ea*        
,assembly also1 on ?is po9t1 is p]fectly
 unanim\s )9 itself4 ,x has be5 decl>$ z

 fully by ! actual voice ( ! p )\t ^!   
,assemblies z by ! con/ructive voice )9 
!m1 z well by ^? 9 t c\ntry :o address$ 
z by ^? :o remon/rat$2 & x is z mu* !   
av[$ op9ion ( ^? :o h haz>d$ _! all1 r  
?an take up arms aga9/ y\r ,maje/y's    
=ces1 z ( ^? :o h run ! same risk to    
oppose !m4 ,! diff]5ce among !m is n on 
! grievance1 b on ! mode ( r$ress2 & we 
are sorry to say1 t !y :o h conceiv$    
hopes f ! placability ( ! m9i/]s :o     
influ5ce ! public c\ncils ( ?is k+dom   
disappe> 9 ! multitude ( ^? :o conceive 
t passive compliance only confirms &    
embold5s oppression4  ,! s5se ( a :ole  
p1 mo/ graci\s sov]eign1 nev] ought to  
be contemn$ by wise & b5efic5t          
rul]s1--:atev] may be ! ab/ract claims1 
or ev5 rights1 ( ! supreme p[]4 ,we h   
be5 too e>ly in/ruct$1 & too long       
habituat$ to believe1 t ! only firm seat
 ( all au?ority is 9 ! m9ds1 affections1
 & int]e/s ( ! p1 to *ange our op9ions  
on ! !oretic reason+s ( speculative m51 
or = ! conv5i5ce ( a m]e tempor>y       

arrangem5t ( /ate4 ,x is n consi/5t )   
equity or wisdom to set at defiance !   
g5]al feel+s ( great communities1 & (   
all ! ord]s :i* compose !m4 ,mu* p[] is 
tol]at$1 & passes unque/ion$1 :]e mu* is
 yield$ to op9ion4 ,all is disput$1 :]e 
ev]y?+ is en=c$4  ,su* are our s5tim5ts 
on ! duty & policy ( con=m+ to !        
prejudices ( a :ole p1 ev5 :]e !        
f\ndation ( su* prejudices may be false 
or disputable4 ,b p]mit u to lay at y\r 
,maje/y's feet our delib]ate judgm5t on 
! real m]its ( t pr9ciple1 ! violation (
 :i* is ! kn[n gr\nd & orig9 ( ^!       
tr\bles4 ,we assure y\r ,maje/y1 t1 on  
our p>ts1 we %\ld ?9k ourselves         
unju/ifiable1 z good citiz5s1 & n       
influ5c$ by ! true _s ( ,engli%m51 if1 )
 any effectual means ( prev5tion 9 our  
h&s1 we 7 to submit to taxes to :i* we  
did n cons5t1 ei!r directly1 or by a    
repres5tation ( ! p secur+ to u !       
sub/antial b5efit ( an absolutely free  
disposition ( our own prop]ty 9 t       
important case4 ,& we add1 ,sir1 t1 if  

=tune1 in/ead ( bless+ u ) a situation  
:]e we may h daily access to ! propiti\s
 pres5ce ( a graci\s pr9ce1 _h fix$ u 9 
settlem5ts on ! remote/ "p ( ! globe1 we
 mu/ c>ry ^! s5tim5ts ) u1 z "p ( our   
be+1--p]suad$ t ! di/ance ( situation   
w\ld r5d] ?is privilege 9 ! disposal (  
prop]ty b ! m necess>y4 ,if no provision
 _h be5 made = x1 su* provision ought to
 be made or p]mitt$4 ,abuses (          
subord9ate au?ority increase1 & all     
means ( r$ress less51 z ! di/ance ( !   
subject removes him f ! seat ( ! supreme
 p[]4 ,:at1 9 ^? circum/ances1 c save   
him f ! la/ extremes ( indignity &      
oppression1 b some?+ left 9 8 own h&s   
:i* may enable him to conciliate ! favor
 & control ! excesses ( gov]nm5t8 ,:5 no
 means ( p[] to awe or to oblige are    
possess$1 ! /ronge/ ties :i* connect    
mank9d 9 e relation1 social & civil1 &  
:i* tea* !m mutually to respect ea* o!r1
 are brok54 ,indep5d5cy1 f t mom5t1     
virtually exi/s4 ,its =mal decl>ation w 
quickly foll[4 ,su* mu/ be our feel+s = 

ourselves3 we are n 9 possession ( ano!r
 rule = our bre?r54  ,:5 ! late attempt 
practically to annihilate t ine/imable  
privilege 0 made1 great disord]s &      
tumults1 v unhappily & v naturally1     
arose f x4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 we 7 (    
op9ion t satisfaction ought in/antly to 
be giv51 or t1 at lea/1 ! puni%m5t ( !  
disord] ought to be att5d$ ) ! r$ress ( 
! grievance4 ,we 7 ( op9ion1 t1 if our  
dep5d5cies _h s outgr[n ! positive      
in/itutions made = ! pres]vation (      
lib]ty 9 ?is k+dom1 t ! op]ation ( _!   
p[]s 0 become r a pressure ?an a relief 
to ! subjects 9 ! colonies1 wisdom      
dictat$ t ! _s ( ! ,con/itution %\ld r  
be appli$ to _! circum/ances1 ?an its   
au?ority en=c$ ) viol5ce 9 ^? v p>ts :]e
 its reason became :olly inapplicable4  
,o!r me?ods 7 !n recomm5d$ & foll[$1 z  
infallible means ( re/or+ peace & ord]4 
,we look$ ^u !m to be1 :at !y h s9ce    
prov$ to be1 ! cause ( inflam+ discont5t
 into disob$i5ce1 & resi/ance into      
revolt4 ,! subv]sion ( solemn1          

fundam5tal *>t]s1 on a sugge/ion (      
abuse1 )\t citation1 evid5ce1 or        
he>+1--! total susp5sion ( ! comm]ce ( a
 great m>itime city1 ! capital ( a great
 m>itime prov9ce1 dur+ ! pleasure ( !   
cr[n1--! e/abli%m5t ( a milit>y =ce1 n  
acc\ntable to ! ord9>y tribunals ( !    
c\ntry 9 :i* x 0 kept up1--^! & o!r     
proce$+s at t "t1 if no previ\s cause ( 
diss5sion _h subsi/$1 7 suffici5t to    
produce great tr\bles3 unju/ at all     
times1 !y 7 !n irrational4  ,we c\ld n  
conceive1 :5 disord]s _h aris5 f !      
compla9t ( "o violat$ "r1 t to violate e
 o!r 0 ! prop] means ( quiet+ an        
exasp]at$ p4 ,x seem$ to u absurd &     
prepo/]\s to hold out1 z ! means ( calm+
 a p 9 a /ate ( extreme inflammation1 & 
ready to take up arms1 ! au/]e law :i* a
 rigid conqu]or w\ld impose z ! sequel (
 ! mo/ decisive victories4  ,rec\rse1   
inde$1 0 at ! same "t _h to =ce2 & we   
saw a =ce s5t out1 en\gh to m5ace       
lib]ty1 b n to awe opposition1--t5d+ to 
br+ odium on ! civil p[]1 & contempt on 

! milit>y1--at once to provoke &        
enc\rage resi/ance4 ,=ce 0 s5t out n    
suffici5t to hold "o t[n2 laws 7 pass$  
to inflame ?irte5 prov9ces4  ,?is mode (
 proce$+1 by h>% laws & feeble armies1  
c\ld n be def5d$ on ! pr9ciple ( m]cy & 
=be>ance4 ,= m]cy1 z we conceive1       
consi/s1 n 9 ! weakness ( ! means1 b 9 !
 b5ignity ( ! ends4 ,we appreh5d t mild 
measures may be p[]fully en=c$1 & t acts
 ( extreme rigor & inju/ice may be      
att5d$ ) z mu* feebl5ess 9 ! execution z
 sev]ity 9 ! =mation4  ,9 consequ5ce (  
^! t]rors1 :i*1 fall+ ^u "s1 ?reat5$    
all1 ! colonies made a common cause ) ! 
suff]]s1 & proce$$1 on _! "p1 to acts ( 
resi/ance4 ,9 t al>m+ situation1 we     
bes\ght y\r ,maje/y's m9i/]s to ent]ta9 
"s di/ru/ ( ! op]ation ( co]cive        
measures1 & to pr(it ( _! exp]i5ce4     
,exp]i5ce _h no effect4 ,! modes (      
legislative rigor 7 con/ru$1 n to h be5 
errone\s 9 _! policy1 b too limit$ 9 _! 
ext5t4 ,new sev]ities 7 adopt$4 ,!      
fi%]ies ( y\r p 9 ,am]ica foll[$ _!     

*>t]s2 & _! mutual comb9ation to def5d  
:at !y ?\ght _! common rights br\ght on 
a total prohibition ( _! mutual         
comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,no di/9ction (    
p]sons or m]its 0 obs]v$3 ! peaceable & 
! mut9\s1 fri5ds & foes1 7 alike        
involv$1 z if ! rigor ( ! laws _h a     
c]ta9 t5d5cy to recomm5d ! au?ority ( ! 
legislator4  ,:il/ ! p5al laws increas$ 
9 rigor1 & ext5d$ 9 application ov] all 
! colonies1 ! direct =ce 0 appli$ b to  
"o "p4 ,_h ! great fleet & =eign army   
s9ce employ$ be5 at t "t call$ =1 !     
greatness ( ! prep>ation w\ld h decl>$ !
 magnitude ( ! dang]4 ,! nation w\ld h  
be5 al>m$1 & taught ! necessity ( "s    
means ( reconciliation ) our c\ntrym5 9 
,am]ica1 :o1 :5ev] !y are provok$ to    
resi/ance1 dem& a =ce to r$uce !m to    
ob$i5ce full z de/ructive to u z to !m4 
,b ,p>liam5t & ! p1 by a prem$itat$     
concealm5t ( _! real situation1 7 drawn 
into p]plexities :i* furni%$ excuses =  
fur!r armam5ts1 & :il/ !y 7 taught to   
believe !mselves call$ to suppress a    

riot1 !y f\nd !mselves involv$ 9 a      
mighty w>4  ,at l5g? ,briti% blood 0    
spill$ by ,briti% h&s3 a fatal era1 :i* 
we mu/ ev] deplore1 because y\r empire w
 =ev] feel x4 ,y\r ,maje/y 0 t\*$ ) a   
s5se ( s great a disa/]4 ,y\r pat]nal   
brea/ 0 affect$ ) ! suff]+s ( y\r       
,engli% subjects 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 y\r spee*
 f ! ?rone1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! session (    
#agge1 y 7 graci\sly pleas$ to decl>e   
y\rself incl9$ to relieve _! di/resses &
 to p>don _! errors4 ,y felt _! suff]+s 
"u ! late p5al acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b y\r 
m9i/ry felt diff]5tly4 ,n disc\rag$ by !
 p]nici\s effects ( all !y _h hi!rto    
advis$1 & not)/&+ ! graci\s decl>ation (
 y\r ,maje/y1 !y obta9$ ano!r act (     
,p>liam5t1 9 :i* ! rigors ( all ! =m] 7 
consolidat$1 & embitt]$ by circum/ances 
( additional sev]ity & outrage4 ,! :ole 
trad+ prop]ty ( ,am]ica 7ev5 un(f5d+    
%ipp+ 9 port7 0 indiscrim9ately &       
irrecov]ably giv51 z ! plund] ( =eign   
enemies1 to ! sailors ( y\r navy4 ,?is  
prop]ty 0 put out ( ! rea* ( y\r m]cy4  

,y\r p 7 despoil$2 & y\r navy1 by a new1
 dang]\s1 & prolific example1 corrupt$ )
 ! plund] ( _! c\ntrym54 ,y\r p 9 t "p (
 y\r dom9ions 7 put1 9 _! g5]al &       
political1 z well z _! p]sonal capacity1
 :olly out ( ! protection ( y\r         
gov]nm5t4  ,?\gh unwill+ to dwell on all
 ! improp] modes ( c>ry+ on ?is         
unnatural & ru9\s w>1 & :i* h l$        
directly to ! pres5t unhappy sep>ation (
 ,great ,brita9 & its colonies1 we mu/  
beg leave to repres5t two p>ticul>s1 :i*
 we are sure mu/ h be5 entirely contr>y 
to y\r ,maje/y's ord] or approbation4 ,e
 c\rse ( action 9 ho/ility1 h[ev] t     
ho/ility may be j or m]it$1 is n        
ju/ifiable or excusable4 ,x is ! duty ( 
^? :o claim to rule ov] o!rs n to       
provoke !m beyond ! necessity ( ! case1 
nor to leave /+s 9 _! m9ds :i* mu/ long 
rankle ev5 :5 ! appe>ance ( tranquillity
 is re/or$4 ,we !re=e assure y\r ,maje/y
 t x is ) %ame & sorr[ we h se5 sev]al  
acts ( ho/ility :i* c\ld h no o!r t5d5cy
 ?an incurably to ali5ate ! m9ds ( y\r  

,am]ican subjects4 ,to excite1 by a     
proclamation issu$ by y\r ,maje/y's     
gov]nor1 an univ]sal insurrection (     
negro slaves 9 any ( ! colonies is a    
measure full ( complicat$ horrors1      
absolutely illegal1 suitable nei!r to ! 
practice ( w> nor to ! laws ( peace4 ,( 
! same quality we look ^u all attempts  
to br+ d[n on y\r subjects an irruption 
( ^? fi]ce & cruel tribes ( savages &   
cannibals 9 :om ! ve/iges ( human nature
 are ne>ly effac$ by ignorance &        
b>b>ity4 ,!y are n fit allies = y\r     
,maje/y 9 a w> ) y\r p4 ,!y are n fit   
in/rum5ts ( an ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,^! &  
_m o!r acts we disclaim z hav+ advis$1  
or approv$ :5 done2 & we cle> ourselves 
to y\r ,maje/y1 & to all civiliz$       
nations1 f any p>ticipation :atev]1 be=e
 or aft] ! fact1 9 su* unju/ifiable &   
horrid proce$+s4  ,b !re is "o weighty  
circum/ance :i* we lam5t equally ) !    
causes ( ! w>1 & ) ! modes ( c>ry+ x    
on1--t no disposition :atsoev] t[>ds    
peace or reconciliation has ev] be5 %[n 

by ^? :o h direct$ ! public c\ncils (   
?is k+dom1 ei!r be=e ! break+ out ( ^!  
ho/ilities or dur+ ! unhappy cont9uance 
( !m4 ,e proposition made 9 y\r         
,p>liam5t to remove ! orig9al cause ( ^!
 tr\bles1 by tak+ (f taxes obnoxi\s = _!
 pr9ciple or _! design1 has be5         
ov]rul$1--e bill br\ght 9 = quiet       
reject$1 ev5 on ! fir/ proposition4 ,!  
petitions ( ! colonies h n be5 admitt$  
ev5 to an he>+4 ,! v possibility (      
public ag5cy1 by :i* su* petitions c\ld 
au!ntically arrive at ,p>liam5t1 has be5
 evad$ & *ican$ away4 ,all ! public     
decl>ations :i* indicate any?+ resembl+ 
a disposition to reconciliation seem to 
u loose1 g5]al1 equivocal1 capable (    
v>i\s mean+s1 or ( none2 & !y are       
accord+ly con/ru$ diff]5tly1 at diff]5t 
times1 by ^? on ^: recomm5dation !y h   
be5 made3 be+ :olly unlike ! precision &
 /ability ( public fai?1 & be>+ no m>k (
 t +5u\s simplicity & native c&or &     
integrity :i* =m]ly *>act]iz$ ! ,engli% 
nation4  ,in/ead ( any relaxation ( !   

claim ( tax+ at ! discretion (          
,p>liam5t1 y\r m9i/]s h devis$ a new    
mode ( en=c+ t claim1 mu* m effectual = 
! oppression ( ! colonies1 ?\gh n = y\r 
,maje/y's s]vice1 bo? z to ! quantity & 
application1 ?an any ( ! =m] me?ods2 &  
_! mode has be5 expressly held out by   
m9i/]s z a plan n to be dep>t$ f by !   
,h\se ( ,commons1 & z ! v condition on  
:i* ! legislature is to accept !        
dep5d5ce ( ! colonies4  ,at l5g?1 :51   
aft] repeat$ refusals to he> or to      
conciliate1 an act dissolv+ y\r         
gov]nm5t1 by putt+ y\r p 9 ,am]ica out (
 y\r protection1 0 pass$1 y\r m9i/]s    
suff]$ sev]al mon?s to elapse )\t af=d+ 
to !m1 or to any community or any       
individual among/ !m1 ! means ( ent]+   
into t protection1 ev5 on unconditional 
submission1 contr>y to y\r ,maje/y's    
graci\s decl>ation f ! ?rone1 & 9 direct
 violation ( ! public fai?4  ,we _c1    
!re=e1 agree to unite 9 new sev]ities   
aga9/ ! bre?r5 ( our blood = _! ass]t+  
an indep5d5cy1 to :i* we "k1 9 our      

consci5ce1 !y h be5 necessitat$ by !    
conduct ( ^? v p]sons :o n[ make use ( t
 argum5t to provoke u to a cont9uance & 
repetition ( ! acts :i* 9 a regul> s]ies
 h l$ to ?is great mis=tune4  ,!        
reasons1 dread ,sir1 :i* h be5 us$ to   
ju/ify ?is p]sev]ance 9 a refusal to he>
 or conciliate h be5 r$uc$ into a sort (
 ,p>liam5t>y maxims :i* we d n approve4 
,! fir/ ( ^! maxims is1 t ! two ,h\ses  
ought n to receive 7z !y h hi!rto refus$
 to receive7 petitions conta9+ matt]    
d]ogatory to any "p ( ! au?ority !y     
claim4 ,we conceive ?is maxim & !       
consequ5t practice to be unju/ifiable by
 reason or ! practice ( o!r sov]eign    
p[]s1 & t x mu/ be productive1 if adh]$ 
to1 ( a total sep>ation betwe5 ?is k+dom
 & its dep5d5cies4 ,! supreme p[]1 be+ 9
 ord9>y cases ! ultimate judge1 c1 z we 
conceive1 suff] no?+ 9 hav+ any "p ( 8  
rights except$ to1 or ev5 discuss$ be=e 
himself4 ,we "k t sov]eigns 9 o!r       
c\ntries1 :]e ! ass]tion ( absolute     
regal p[] is z high z ! ass]tion (      

absolute p[] 9 any politic body c       
possibly be "h1 h receiv$ _m petitions 9
 direct opposition to _m ( _! claims (  
pr]ogative1--h li/5$ to !m1--condesc5d$ 
to discuss1 & to give answ]s to !m4 ,?is
 refusal to admit ev5 ! discussion ( any
 "p ( an undef9$ pr]ogative w naturally 
t5d to annihilate any privilege t c be  
claim$ by e inf]ior dep5d5t community1 &
 e subord9ate ord] 9 ! /ate4  ,! next   
maxim :i* has be5 put z a b> to any plan
 ( accommodation is1 t no (f] ( t]ms (  
peace ought to be made1 be=e ,p>liam5t  
is assur$ t ^! t]ms w be accept$4 ,on   
?is we beg leave to repres5t to y\r     
,maje/y1 t1 if1 9 all ev5ts1 ! policy ( 
?is k+dom is to gov]n ! p 9 y\r colonies
 z a free p1 no mis*ief c possibly happ5
 f a decl>ation to !m1 & to ! _w1 ( !   
mann] & =m 9 :i* ,p>liam5t proposes t !y
 %all enjoy ! fre$om x protects4 ,x is  
an enc\ragem5t to ! innoc5t & m]itori\s1
 t !y at lea/ %all enjoy ^? advantages  
:i* !y pati5tly expect$ r f ! b5ignity (
 ,p>liam5t ?an _! own ef=ts4 ,p]sons m  

contumaci\s may also see t !y are resi/+
 t]ms ( p]haps great] fre$om & happ9ess 
?an !y are n[ 9 arms to obta94 ,! glory 
& propriety ( (f]$ m]cy is nei!r t>ni%$ 
nor weak5$ by ! folly ( ^? :o refuse to 
take advantage ( x4  ,we _c ?9k t !     
decl>ation ( indep5d5cy makes any       
natural diff]5ce 9 ! reason & policy ( !
 (f]4 ,no pr9ce out ( ! possession ( 8  
dom9ions1 & become a sov]eign de jure   
only1 ev] ?\ght x d]ogatory to 8 rights 
or 8 int]e/s to hold out to 8 =m]       
subjects a di/9ct prospect ( !          
advantages to be d]iv$ f 8 readmission1 
& a security = "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal (  
^? popul> privileges 9 v9dication ( :i* 
he _h be5 depos$4 ,on ! contr>y1 su*    
(f]s h be5 almo/ uni=mly made "u simil> 
circum/ances4 ,besides1 z y\r ,maje/y   
has be5 graci\sly pleas$1 9 y\r spee* f 
! ?rone1 to decl>e y\r int5tion ( re/or+
 y\r p 9 ! colonies to a /ate ( law &   
lib]ty1 no objection c possibly lie     
aga9/ def9+ :at t law & lib]ty are2     
because ^? :o (f] & ^? :o are to receive

 t]ms frequ5tly diff] mo/ widely & mo/  
mat]ially 9 ! signification ( ^! words1 
& 9 ! objects to :i* !y apply4  ,to say 
t we d n "k1 at ?is day1 :at !          
grievances ( ! colonies are 7be !y real 
or pret5d$7 w\ld be unwor?y ( u4 ,b :il/
 we are ?us wait+ to be in=m$ ( :at we  
p]fectly "k1 we weak5 ! p[]s ( !        
commission]s1--we delay1 p]haps we lose1
 ! happy h\r ( peace1--we are wa/+ !    
sub/ance ( bo? c\ntries1--we are cont9u+
 ! effusion ( human1 ( ,*ri/ian1 (      
,engli% blood4  ,we are sure t we mu/ h 
y\r ,maje/y's he>t along ) u1 :5 we     
decl>e 9 favor ( mix+ some?+            
conciliatory ) our =ce4 ,sir1 we abhor !
 idea ( mak+ a conque/ ( our c\ntrym54  
,we wi% t !y may yield to well-asc]ta9$1
 well-au!nticat$1 & well-secur$ t]ms (  
reconciliation1--n t y\r ,maje/y %\ld   
owe ! recov]y ( y\r dom9ions to _! total
 wa/e & de/ruction4 ,humanity w n p]mit 
u to ent]ta9 su* a desire2 nor w !      
rev]5ce we be> to ! civil rights (      
mank9d make u ev5 wi% t que/ions ( great

 difficulty1 ( ! la/ importance1 & ly+  
deep 9 ! vital pr9ciples ( ! ,briti%    
,con/itution1 %\ld be solv$ by ! arms ( 
=eign m]c5>y soldi]s4  ,x is n1 ,sir1 f 
a want ( ! mo/ inviolable duty to y\r   
,maje/y1 n f a want ( a p>tial &        
passionate reg>d to t "p ( y\r empire 9 
:i* we reside1 & :i* we wi% to be       
supreme1 t we h hi!rto )/ood all        
attempts to r5d] ! supremacy ( "o "p (  
y\r dom9ions inconsi/5t ) ! lib]ty &    
safety ( all ! re/4 ,! motives ( our    
opposition are f\nd 9 ^? v s5tim5ts :i* 
we are suppos$ to violate4 ,= we are    
conv9c$ beyond a d\bt1 t a sy/em (      
dep5d5ce :i* leaves no security to ! p =
 any "p ( _! fre$om 9 _! own h&s _c be  
e/abli%$ 9 any inf]ior memb] ( ! ,briti%
 empire1 )\t consequ5tially de/roy+ !   
fre$om ( t v body 9 favor ( ^: b\ndless 
pret5sions su* a s*eme is adopt$4 ,we "k
 & feel t arbitr>y p[] ov] di/ant       
regions is n )9 ! compet5ce1 nor to be  
ex]cis$ agreeably to ! =ms or consi/5tly
 ) ! _s1 ( great popul> assemblies4 ,if 

su* assemblies are call$ to a nom9al %>e
 9 ! ex]cise ( su* p[]1 9 ord] to scre51
 "u g5]al p>ticipation1 ! guilt (       
desp]ate measures1 x t5ds only ! m      
deeply to corrupt ! delib]ative "* ( ^? 
assemblies1 9 tra9+ !m to bl9d ob$i5ce1 
9 habituat+ !m to proce$ ^u gr\nds (    
fact ) :i* !y c r>ely be suffici5tly    
acqua9t$1 & 9 r5d]+ !m executive        
in/rum5ts ( designs ! bottom ( :i* !y _c
 possibly fa?om4  ,to leave any real    
fre$om to ,p>liam5t1 fre$om mu/ be left 
to ! colonies4 ,a milit>y gov]nm5t is ! 
only sub/itute = civil lib]ty4 ,t !     
e/abli%m5t ( su* a p[] 9 ,am]ica w      
utt]ly ru9 our f9ances 7?\gh its c]ta9  
effect7 is ! smalle/ "p ( our conc]n4 ,x
 w become an apt1 p[]ful1 & c]ta9 eng9e 
= ! de/ruction ( our fre$om "h4 ,great  
bodies ( arm$ m51 tra9$ to a contempt ( 
popul> assemblies repres5tative ( an    
,engli% p1--kept up = ! purpose ( exact+
 impositions )\t _! cons5t1 & ma9ta9$ by
 t exaction1--in/rum5ts 9 subv]t+1 )\t  
any process ( law1 great anci5t         

e/abli%m5ts & respect$ =ms (            
gov]nm5ts1--set free f1 & !re=e above1 !
 ord9>y ,engli% tribunals ( ! c\ntry :]e
 !y s]ve1--^! m5 _c s trans=m !mselves1 
m]ely by cross+ ! sea1 z to behold )    
love & rev]5ce1 & submit ) pr(\nd       
ob$i5ce to1 ! v same ?+s 9 ,great       
,brita9 :i* 9 ,am]ica !y _h be5 taught  
to despise1 & _h be5 accu/om$ to awe &  
humble4 ,all y\r ,maje/y's troops1 9 !  
rotation ( s]vice1 w pass ?r\gh ?is     
discipl9e & contract ^! habits4 ,if we  
c\ld flatt] ourselves t ?is w\ld n      
happ51 we mu/ be ! weake/ ( m52 we mu/  
be ! wor/1 if we 7 indiff]5t :e!r x     
happ5$ or n4 ,:at1 graci\s sov]eign1 is 
! empire ( ,am]ica to u1 or ! empire ( !
 _w1 if we lose our own lib]ties8 ,we   
deprecate ?is la/ ( evils4 ,we deprecate
 ! effect ( ! doctr9es :i* mu/ support &
 c\nt5ance ! gov]nm5t ov] conqu]$       
,engli%m54  ,z x w be impossible long to
 resi/ ! p[]ful & equitable argum5ts 9  
favor ( ! fre$om ( ^! unhappy p t are to
 be drawn f ! pr9ciple ( our own lib]ty1

 attempts w be made1 attempts h be5     
made1 to ridicule & to argue away ?is   
pr9ciple1 & to inculcate into ! m9ds (  
y\r p o!r maxims ( gov]nm5t & o!r gr\nds
 ( ob$i5ce ?an ^? :i* h prevail$ at &   
s9ce ! glori\s ,revolution4 ,by degrees1
 ^! doctr9es1 by be+ conv5i5t1 may gr[  
preval5t4 ,! consequ5ce is n c]ta92 b a 
g5]al *ange ( pr9ciples r>ely happ5s    
among a p )\t lead+ to a *ange (        
gov]nm5t4  ,sir1 y\r ?rone _c /& secure 
^u ! pr9ciples ( unconditional          
submission & passive ob$i5ce1--on p[]s  
ex]cis$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( ! p to be    
gov]n$1--on acts made 9 defiance ( _!   
prejudices & habits1--on acquiesc5ce    
procur$ by =eign m]c5>y troops1 & secur$
 by /&+ armies4 ,^! may possibly be !   
f\ndation ( o!r ?rones3 !y mu/ be !     
subv]sion ( y\rs4 ,x 0 n to passive     
pr9ciples 9 our ance/ors t we owe !     
honor ( appe>+ be=e a sov]eign :o _c    
feel t he is a pr9ce )\t kn[+ t we ought
 to be free4 ,! ,revolution is a        
dep>ture f ! anci5t c\rse ( ! desc5t (  

?is mon>*y4 ,! p at t "t re5t]$ into _! 
orig9al rights2 & x 0 n because a       
positive law au?oriz$ :at 0 !n done1 b  
because ! fre$om & safety ( ! subject1 !
 orig9 & cause ( all laws1 requir$ a    
proce$+ p>am\nt & sup]ior to !m4 ,at t  
ev] memorable & in/ructive p]iod1 !     
lett] ( ! law 0 sup]s$$ 9 favor ( !     
sub/ance ( lib]ty4 ,to ! free *oice1    
!re=e1 ( ! p1 )\t ei!r ,k+ or ,p>liam5t1
 we owe t happy e/abli%m5t out ( :i* bo?
 ,k+ & ,p>liam5t 7 reg5]at$4 ,f t great 
pr9ciple ( lib]ty h orig9at$ ! /atutes  
confirm+ & ratify+ ! e/abli%m5t f :i*   
y\r ,maje/y d]ives y\r "r to rule ov] u4
 ,^? /atutes h n giv5 u our lib]ties3   
our lib]ties h produc$ !m4 ,e h\r ( y\r 
,maje/y's reign1 y\r title /&s ^u ! v   
same f\ndation on :i* x 0 at fir/ laid2 
& we d n "k a bett] on :i* x c possibly 
be plac$4  ,conv9c$1 ,sir1 t y _c h     
diff]5t rights & a diff]5t security 9   
diff]5t p>ts ( y\r dom9ions1 we wi% to  
lay an ev5 plat=m = y\r ?rone1 & to give
 x an unmovable /ability1 by lay+ x on !

 g5]al fre$om ( y\r p1 & by secur+ to   
y\r ,maje/y t confid5ce & affection 9   
all p>ts ( y\r dom9ions :i* makes y\r   
be/ security & de>e/ title 9 ?is ! *ief 
seat ( y\r empire4  ,su*1 ,sir1 be+1    
among/ u1 ! f\ndation ( mon>*y itself1  
mu* m cle>ly & mu* m peculi>ly is x !   
gr\nd ( all ,p>liam5t>y p[]4 ,p>liam5t  
is a security provid$ = ! protection (  
fre$om1 & n a subtile fiction1 contriv$ 
to amuse ! p 9 its place4 ,! au?ority ( 
bo? ,h\ses c /ill less ?an t ( ! cr[n be
 support$ ^u diff]5t pr9ciples 9 diff]5t
 places1 s z to be = "o "p ( y\r        
subjects a protector ( lib]ty1 & = ano!r
 a fund ( despotism1 ?r\gh :i*          
pr]ogative is ext5d$ by occasional p[]s1
 :5ev] an arbitr>y w f9ds itself /rait5$
 by ! re/rictions ( law4 ,_h x seem$    
good to ,p>liam5t to consid] itself z ! 
indulg5t gu>dian & /rong protector ( !  
fre$om ( ! subord9ate popul> assemblies1
 in/ead ( ex]cis+ its p[]s to _!        
annihilation1 !re is no d\bt t x nev]   
c\ld h be5 _! incl9ation1 because n _!  

int]e/1 to raise que/ions on ! ext5t (  
,p>liam5t>y rights1 or to enfeeble      
privileges :i* 7 ! security ( _! own4   
,p[]s evid5t f necessity1 & n suspici\s 
f an al>m+ mode or purpose 9 ! ex]tion1 
w\ld1 z =m]ly !y 71 be *e]fully submitt$
 to2 & ^! w\ld h be5 fully suffici5t =  
cons]vation ( unity 9 ! empire1 & =     
direct+ its weal? to "o common c5tre4   
,ano!r use has produc$ o!r consequ5ces2 
& a p[] :i* refuses to be limit$ by     
mod]ation mu/ ei!r be lo/1 or f9d o!r m 
di/9ct & satisfactory limitations4  ,z =
 u1 a suppos$1 or1 if x c\ld be1 a real1
 p>ticipation 9 arbitr>y p[] w\ld nev]  
reconcile our m9ds to its e/abli%m5t4   
,we %\ld be a%am$ to /& be=e y\r        
,maje/y1 boldly ass]t+ 9 our own favor  
inh]5t rights :i* b9d & regulate ! cr[n 
itself1 & yet insi/+ on ! ex]cise1 9 our
 own p]sons1 ( a m arbitr>y sway ov] our
 fell[-citiz5s & fell[-freem54  ,^!1    
graci\s sov]eign1 are ! s5tim5ts :i* we 
consid] ourselves z b\nd1 9 ju/ification
 ( our pres5t conduct1 9 ! mo/ s]i\s &  

solemn mann] to lay at y\r ,maje/y's    
feet4 ,we h be5 call$ by y\r ,maje/y's  
writs & proclamations1 & we h be5       
au?oriz$1 ei!r by h]$it>y privilege or !
 *oice ( y\r p1 to conf] & treat ) y\r  
,maje/y1 9 y\r highe/ c\ncils1 ^u !     
ardu\s affairs ( y\r k+dom4 ,we are     
s5sible ( ! :ole importance ( ! duty :i*
 ?is con/itutional summons implies4 ,we 
"k ! religi\s punctuality ( att5dance   
:i*1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 x dem&s4 ,x is no
 light cause :i*1 ev5 = a "t1 c\ld      
p]suade u to relax 9 any "p ( t         
att5dance4 ,! ,briti% empire is 9       
convulsions :i* ?reat5 its dissolution4 
,^? p>ticul> proce$+s :i* cause &       
inflame ?is disord]1 aft] _m ye>s'      
incessant /ruggle1 we f9d ourselves     
:olly unable to oppose & unwill+ to     
behold4 ,all our endeavors hav+ prov$   
fruitless1 we are fe>ful at ?is "t (    
irritat+ by cont5tion ^? passions :i* we
 h f\nd x impracticable to compose by   
reason4 ,we _c p]mit ourselves to       
c\nt5ance1 by ! appe>ance ( a sil5t     

ass5t1 proce$+s fatal to ! lib]ty &     
unity ( ! empire1--proce$+s :i* exhau/ !
 /r5g? ( all y\r ,maje/y's dom9ions1    
de/roy all tru/ & dep5d5ce ( our allies1
 & leave u1 bo? at home & abroad1 expos$
 to ! suspici\s m]cy & unc]ta9          
incl9ations ( our neighbor & rival p[]s1
 to :om1 by ?is desp]ate c\rse1 we are  
driv+ our c\ntrym5 = protection1 & ) :om
 we h =c$ !m into connections1 & may b9d
 !m by habits & by int]e/s1--an evil :i*
 no victories t may be obta9$1 no       
sev]ities :i* may be exorcis$1 ev] w or 
c remove4  ,if b ! smalle/ hope %\ld f  
any circum/ances appe> ( a return to !  
anci5t maxims & true policy ( ?is k+dom1
 we %all ) joy & read9ess return to our 
att5dance1 9 ord] to give our he>ty     
support to :atev] means may be left =   
alleviat+ ! complicat$ evils :i* oppress
 ?is nation4  ,if ?is %\ld n happ51 we h
 dis*>g$ our consci5ces by ?is fai?ful  
repres5tation to y\r ,maje/y & our      
c\ntry2 & h[ev] few 9 numb]1 or h[ev] we
 may be ov]borne by practices ^:        

op]ation is b too p[]ful1 by ! revival (
 dang]\s explod$ pr9ciples1 or by !     
misguid$ zeal ( su* arbitr>y factions z 
=m]ly prevail$ 9 ?is k+dom1 & always to 
its detrim5t & disgrace1 we h !         
satisfaction ( /&+ =? & record+ our     
names 9 ass]tion ( ^? pr9ciples ^:      
op]ation ha?1 9 bett] times1 made y\r   
,maje/y a great pr9ce1 & ! ,briti%      
dom9ions a mighty empire4     ,,address 
,,to ,,!  ,,briti% ,,coloni/s ,,9 ,,nor?
 ,,am]ica4   ,! v dang]\s crisis into   
:i* ! ,briti% empire is br\ght1 z x     
acc\nts =1 s x ju/ifies1 ! unusual /ep  
we take 9 address+ ourselves to y4  ,!  
di/emp]s ( ! /ate are gr[n to su* a     
degree ( viol5ce & malignity z to r5d]  
all ord9>y rem$ies va9 & frivol\s4 ,9   
su* a deplorable situation1 an adh]5ce  
to ! common =ms ( bus9ess appe>s to u r 
z an apology to cov] a sup9e neglect (  
duty ?an ! means ( p]=m+ x 9 a mann]    
adequate to ! exig5cy t presses ^u u4 ,!
 common means we h already tri$1 & tri$ 
to no purpose4 ,z our la/ res\rce1 we   

turn ourselves to y4 ,we address y m]ely
 9 our private capacity1 ve/$ ) no o!r  
au?ority ?an :at w naturally att5d ^? 9 
^: decl>ations ( b5evol5ce y h no reason
 to appreh5d any mixture ( dissimulation
 or design4  ,we h ?is title to y\r     
att5tion3 we call ^u x 9 a mom5t ( !    
utmo/ importance to u all4 ,we f9d1 )   
inf9ite conc]n1 t argum5ts are us$ to   
p]suade y ( ! necessity ( sep>at+       
y\rselves f y\r anci5t connection ) y\r 
p>5t c\ntry1 gr\nd$ on a supposition t a
 g5]al pr9ciple ( ali5ation & enmity to 
y _h p]vad$ ! :ole ( ?is k+dom1 & t !re 
does no long] subsi/ betwe5 y & u any   
common & k9dr$ pr9ciples ^u :i* we c    
possibly unite1 consi/5tly ) ^? ideas ( 
lib]ty 9 :i* y h ju/ly plac$ y\r :ole   
happ9ess4  ,if ?is fact 7 true1 !       
inf]5ce drawn f x w\ld be irresi/ible4  
,b no?+ is less f\nd$4 ,we admit1 inde$1
 t viol5t addresses h be5 procur$ )     
uncommon pa9s by wick$ & design+ m51    
purport+ to be ! g5u9e voice ( ! :ole p 
( ,engl&1--t !y h be5 publi%$ by        

au?ority "h1 & made kn[n to y by        
proclamations1 9 ord]1 by despair &     
res5tm5t1 incurably to poison y\r m9ds  
aga9/ ! orig9 ( y\r race1 & to r5d] all 
cordial reconciliation betwe5 u utt]ly  
impracticable4 ,! same wick$ m51 = !    
same bad purposes1 h s f> surpris$ !    
ju/ice ( ,p>liam5t z to cut (f all      
communication betwixt u1 except :at is  
to g 9 _! own fallaci\s & ho/ile *annel4
  ,b we conjure y by ! invaluable pl$ges
 :i* h hi!rto unit$1 & :i* we tru/ w    
h]eaft] la/+ly unite u1 t y d n suff]   
y\rselves to be p]suad$ or provok$ into 
an op9ion t y are at w> ) ?is nation4 ,d
 n ?9k t ! :ole1 or ev5 ! un9flu5c$     
majority1 ( ,engli%m5 9 ?is isl& are    
enemies to _! own blood on ! ,am]ican   
cont95t4 ,mu* delusion has be5 practis$1
 mu* corrupt influ5ce trea*]\sly        
employ$4 ,b /ill a l>ge1 & we tru/ !    
l>ge/ & s\nde/1 "p ( ?is k+dom p]sev]es 
9 ! mo/ p]fect unity ( s5tim5ts1        
pr9ciples1 & affections ) y4 ,x spreads 
out a l>ge & lib]al plat=m ( common     

lib]ty1 ^u :i* we may all unite =ev]4 ,x
 abhors ! ho/ilities :i* h be5 c>ri$ on 
aga9/ y1 z mu* z y :o feel ! cruel      
effect ( !m4 ,x has disclaim$ 9 ! mo/   
solemn mann]1 at ! foot ( ! ?rone       
itself1 ! addresses :i* t5d$ to irritate
 y\r sov]eign aga9/ 8 colonies4 ,we are 
p]suad$ t ev5 _m ( ^? :o unadvis$ly h   
put _! h&s to su* intemp]ate &          
inflammatory addresses h n at all       
appreh5d$ to :at su* proce$+s naturally 
lead1 & w\ld soon] die ?an af=d !m !    
lea/ c\nt5ance1 if !y 7 s5sible ( _!    
fatal effects on ! union & lib]ty ( !   
empire4  ,= ourselves1 we fai?fully     
assure y1 t we h ev] consid]$ y z       
rational creatures1 z free ag5ts1 z m5  
will+ to pursue & able to disc]n y\r own
 true int]e/4 ,we h wi%$ to cont9ue     
unit$ ) y1 9 ord] t a p ( "o orig9 & "o 
"* %\ld be direct$ to ! rational objects
 ( gov]nm5t by jo9t c\nsels1 & protect$ 
9 !m by a common =ce4 ,o!r subord9ation 
9 y we require none4 ,we h nev] press$ t
 argum5t ( g5]al union to ! ext9ction ( 

y\r local1 natural1 & j privileges4     
,s5sible ( :at is due bo? to ! dignity &
 weakness ( man1 we h nev] wi%$ to place
 ov] y any gov]nm5t1 ov] :i*1 9 great1  
fundam5tal po9ts1 y %\ld h no sort (    
*eck or control 9 y\r own h&s1 or :i*   
%\ld be repugnant to y\r situation1     
pr9ciples1 & "*4  ,no circum/ances (    
=tune1 y may be assur$1 w ev] induce u  
to =m or tol]ate any su* design4 ,if !  
disposition ( ,provid5ce 7:i* we        
deprecate7 %\ld ev5 pro/rate y at our   
feet1 brok5 9 p[] & 9 _s1 x w\ld be our 
duty & incl9ation to revive1 by e       
practicable means1 t free en]gy ( m9d   
:i* a =tune unsuitable to y\r virtue _h 
damp$ & deject$1 & to put y volunt>ily 9
 possession ( ^? v privileges :i* y _h 9
 va9 attempt$ to ass]t by arms4 ,= we   
solemnly decl>e1 t1 al?\gh we %\ld look 
^u a sep>ation f y z an heavy calamity1 
7& ! heavi]1 because we "k y mu/ h y\r  
full %>e 9 x17 yet we _h mu* r see y    
totally indep5d5t ( ?is cr[n & k+dom ?an
 jo9$ to x by s unnatural a conjunction 

z t ( fre$om ) s]vitude1--a conjunction 
:i*1 if x 7 at all practicable1 c\ld n  
fail1 9 ! end1 ( be+ m mis*iev\s to !   
peace1 prosp]ity1 greatness1 & p[] ( ?is
 nation ?an b5eficial by any enl>gem5t (
 ! b\nds ( nom9al empire4  ,b because1  
bre?r51 ^! pr(essions are g5]al1 & su* z
 ev5 enemies may make1 :5 !y res]ve to  
!mselves ! con/ruction ( :at s]vitude & 
:at lib]ty are1 we in=m y t we adopt y\r
 own /&>d ( ! bless+ ( free gov]nm5t4   
,we are ( op9ion t y ought to enjoy !   
sole & exclusive "r ( freely grant+1 &  
apply+ to ! support ( y\r adm9i/ration1 
:at ,god has freely grant$ z a rew>d to 
y\r indu/ry4 ,& we d n conf9e ?is       
immunity f ext]ior co]cion1 9 ?is great 
po9t1 solely to :at reg>ds y\r local    
e/abli%m5t1 b also to :at may be ?\ght  
prop] = ! ma9t5ance ( ! :ole empire4 ,9 
?is res\rce we *e]fully tru/ &          
acquiesce1 satisfi$ by evid5t reason t  
no o!r expectation ( rev5ue c possibly  
be giv5 by freem51 & kn[+ f an exp]i5ce 
uni=m bo? on y\rs & on our side ( !     

ocean t su* an expectation has nev] yet 
be5 disappo9t$4 ,we "k ( no road to y\r 
c(f]s b ?r\gh y\r affections4  ,to      
manife/ our s5tim5ts ! m cle>ly to y &  
to ! _w on ?is subject1 we decl>e our   
op9ion1 t1 if no rev5ue at all 7:i*1    
h[ev]1 we are f> f suppos+7 7 to be     
obta9$ f y to ?is k+dom1 yet1 z long z x
 is our happ9ess to be jo9$ ) y 9 !     
bonds ( frat]nal *>ity & fre$om1 ) an   
op5 & fl[+ comm]ce betwe5 u1 "o pr9ciple
 ( enmity & fri5d%ip p]vad+1 & "o "r (  
w> & peace direct+ ! /r5g? ( ! :ole     
empire1 we are likely to be at lea/ z   
p[]ful z any nation1 or z any comb9ation
 ( nations1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( human ev5ts 
may be =m$ aga9/ u4 ,we are s5sible t a 
v l>ge proportion ( ! weal? & p[] ( e   
empire mu/ necess>ily be ?r[n ^u !      
presid+ /ate4 ,we are s5sible t su* a   
/ate ev] has borne & ev] mu/ be> !      
greate/ "p1 & sometimes ! :ole1 ( !     
public exp5ses3 & we ?9k h] well        
indemnifi$ = t 7r app>5t ?an real7      
inequality ( *>ge1 9 ! dignity &        

preem95ce %e enjoys1 & 9 ! sup]ior      
opul5ce :i*1 aft] all *>ges defray$1 mu/
 necess>ily rema9 at ! c5tre ( affairs4 
,( ?is pr9ciple we are n )\t evid5ce 9  
our remembrance 7n yet effac$7 ( !      
glori\s & happy days ( ?is empire4 ,we  
are !re=e incapable ( t prev>icat+ /yle1
 by :i*1 :5 taxes )\t y\r cons5t are to 
be extort$ f y1 ?is nation is repres5t$ 
z 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( impov]i%m5t & public  
di/ress1 b :5 we are call$ ^u to oppress
 y by =ce ( arms1 x is pa9t$ z sc>cely  
feel+ its impositions1 ab\nd+ ) weal?1 &
 inexhau/ible 9 its res\rces4  ,we also 
reason & feel z y d on ! invasion ( y\r 
*>t]s4 ,because ! *>t]s compreh5d !     
ess5tial =ms by :i* y enjoy y\r         
lib]ties1 we reg>d !m z mo/ sacr$1 & by 
no means to be tak5 away or alt]$ )\t   
process1 )\t exam9ation1 & )\t he>+1 z  
!y h lately be54 ,we ev5 ?9k t !y ought 
by no means to be alt]$ at all1 b at !  
desire ( ! great] "p ( ! p :o live "u   
!m4 ,we _c look ^u m5 z del9qu5ts 9 !   
mass2 mu* less are we desir\s ( lord+   

ov] our bre?r51 insult+ _! hone/ pride1 
& wantonly ov]turn+ e/abli%m5ts judg$ to
 be j & conv5i5t by ! public wisdom (   
?is nation at _! in/itution1 & :i* long 
& invet]ate use has taught y to look up 
to ) affection & rev]5ce4 ,z we         
disapprov$ ( ! proce$+s ) reg>d to ! =ms
 ( y\r con/itution1 s we are equally    
t5d] ( e lead+ pr9ciple ( free gov]nm5t4
 ,we nev] c\ld ?9k ) approbation ( putt+
 ! milit>y p[] out ( ! co]cion ( ! civil
 ju/ice 9 ! c\ntry :]e x acts4  ,we     
disclaim also any sort ( %>e 9 t o!r    
measure :i* has be5 us$ to ali5ate y\r  
affections f ?is c\ntry1--namely1 !     
introduction ( =eign m]c5>ies4 ,we saw  
_! employm5t ) %ame & regret1 especially
 9 numb]s s f> exce$+ ! ,engli% =ces z 9
 effect to con/itute vassals1 :o h no   
s5se ( fre$om1 & /rang]s1 :o h no common
 int]e/ or feel+s1 z ! arbit]s ( our    
unhappy dome/ic qu>rel4  ,we likewise   
saw ) %ame ! ,african slaves1 :o _h be5 
sold to y on public fai?1 & "u !        
sanction ( acts ( ,p>liam5t1 to be y\r  

s]vants & y\r gu>ds1 employ$ to cut !   
?roats ( _! ma/]s4  ,y w n1 we tru/1    
believe1 t1 born 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry1   
=m$ to g5tle mann]s1 tra9$ 9 a m]ciful  
religion1 & liv+ 9 enlight5$ & poli%$   
times1 :]e ev5 =eign ho/ility is s(t5$ f
 its orig9al /]nness1 we c\ld h ?\ght ( 
lett+ loose ^u y1 our late belov$       
bre?r51 ^! fi]ce tribes ( savages &     
cannibals1 9 :om ! traces ( human nature
 are effac$ by ignorance & b>b>ity4 ,we 
r wi%$ to h jo9$ ) y 9 br++ gradually t 
unhappy "p ( mank9d into civility1 ord]1
 piety1 & virtu\s discipl9e1 ?an to h   
confirm$ _! evil habits & increas$ _!   
natural f]ocity by fle%+ !m 9 ! slaught]
 ( y1 :om our wis] & bett] ance/ors _h  
s5t into ! wild]ness ) ! express view ( 
introduc+1 along ) our holy religion1   
its humane & *>itable mann]s4 ,we d n   
hold t all ?+s are lawful 9 w>4 ,we %\ld
 ?9k t e b>b>ity1 9 fire1 9 wa/+1 9     
murd]s1 9 tortures1 & o!r cruelties1 too
 horrible & too full ( turpitude =      
,*ri/ian m\?s to utt] or e>s to he>1 if 

done at our in/igation1 by ^? :o we "k w
 make w> ?us1 if !y make x at all1 to   
be1 to all int5ts & purposes1 z if done 
by ourselves4 ,we cle> ourselves to y   
our bre?r51 to ! pres5t age1 & to future
 g5]ations1 to our k+ & our c\ntry1 & to
 ,europe1 :i*1 z a spectator1 beholds   
?is tragic sc5e1 ( e "p or %>e 9 add+   
?is la/ & wor/ ( evils to ! inevitable  
mis*iefs ( a civil w>4  ,we d n call y  
rebels & traitors4 ,we d n call = !     
v5geance ( ! cr[n aga9/ y4 ,we d n "k h[
 to qualify millions ( our c\ntrym51    
cont5d+ ) "o he>t = an admission to     
privileges :i* we h ev] ?\ght our own   
happ9ess & honor1 by odi\s & unwor?y    
names4 ,on ! contr>y1 we highly rev]e ! 
pr9ciples on :i* y act1 ?\gh we lam5t "s
 ( _! effects4 ,arm$ z y are1 we embrace
 y z our fri5ds & z our bre?r5 by ! be/ 
& de>e/ ties ( relation4  ,we view !    
e/abli%m5t ( ! ,engli% colonies on      
pr9ciples ( lib]ty z t :i* is to r5d]   
?is k+dom v5]able to future ages4 ,9    
comp>ison ( ?is1 we reg>d all !         

victories & conque/s ( our w>like       
ance/ors1 or ( our own times1 z b>b>\s1 
vulg> di/9ctions1 9 :i* _m nations1 :om 
we look ^u ) little respect or value1 h 
equall$1 if n f> exce$$ u4 ,?is is !    
peculi> & appropriat$ glory ( ,engl&4   
,^? :o h & :o hold to t f\ndation (     
common lib]ty1 :e!r on ?is or on y\r    
side ( ! ocean1 we consid] z ! true1 & !
 only true1 ,engli%m54 ,^? :o dep>t f x1
 :e!r !re or "h1 are atta9t$1 corrupt$ 9
 blood1 & :olly fall5 f _! orig9al rank 
& value4 ,!y are ! real rebels to ! fair
 con/itution & j supremacy ( ,engl&4    
,we exhort y1 !re=e1 to cleave =ev] to  
^? pr9ciples1 z be+ ! true bond ( union 
9 ?is empire1--& to %[ by a manly       
p]sev]ance t ! s5tim5ts ( honor & !     
rights ( mank9d are n held by ! unc]ta9 
ev5ts ( w>1 z y h hi!rto %[n a glori\s &
 affect+ example to ! _w t !y are n     
dep5d5t on ! ord9>y conv5i5ces &        
satisfactions ( life4  ,kn[+ no o!r     
argum5ts to be us$ to m5 ( lib]al m9ds1 
x is ^u ^! v pr9ciples1 & ^! alone1 we  

hope & tru/ t no flatt]+ & no al>m+     
circum/ances %all p]mit y to li/5 to !  
s$uctions ( ^? :o w\ld ali5ate y f y\r  
dep5d5ce on ! cr[n & ,p>liam5t ( ?is    
k+dom4 ,t v lib]ty :i* y s ju/ly prize  
above all ?+s orig9at$ "h2 & x may be v 
d\btful1 :e!r1 )\t be+ con/antly f$ f ! 
orig9al f\nta91 x c be at all p]petuat$ 
or pres]v$ 9 its native purity &        
p]fection4 ,untri$ =ms ( gov]nm5t may1  
to un/able m9ds1 recomm5d !mselves ev5  
by _! novelty4 ,b y w d well to rememb] 
t ,engl& has be5 great & happy "u !     
pres5t limit$ mon>*y 7subsi/+ 9 m or    
less vigor & purity7 = sev]al hundr$    
ye>s4 ,none b ,engl& c communicate to y 
! b5efits ( su* a con/itution4 ,we      
appreh5d y are n n[1 nor = ages are     
likely to be1 capable ( t =m (          
con/itution 9 an indep5d5t /ate4        
,besides1 let u sugge/ to y our         
appreh5sions t y\r pres5t union 79 :i*  
we rejoice1 & :i* we wi% long to subsi/7
 _c always subsi/ )\t ! au?ority &      
weight ( ?is great & long respect$ body1

 to equipoise1 & to pres]ve y among/    
y\rselves 9 a j & fair equality4 ,x may 
n ev5 be impossible t a long c\rse ( w> 
) ! adm9i/ration ( ?is c\ntry may be b a
 prelude to a s]ies ( w>s & cont5tions  
among y\rselves1 to end at l5g? 7z su*  
sc5es h too (t5 end$7 9 a species (     
humiliat+ repose1 :i* no?+ b ! prec$+   
calamities w\ld reconcile to ! dispirit$
 few :o surviv$ !m4 ,we all[ t ev5 ?is  
evil is wor? ! risk to m5 ( honor1 :5   
rational lib]ty is at /ake1 z 9 ! pres5t
 case we confess & lam5t t x is4 ,b if  
ev] a real security by ,p>liam5t is giv5
 aga9/ ! t]ror or ! abuse ( unlimit$    
p[]1 & aft] su* security giv5 y %\ld    
p]sev]e 9 resi/ance1 we leave y to      
consid] :e!r ! risk is n incurr$ )\t an 
object1 or incurr$ = an object inf9itely
 dim9i%$ by su* concessions 9 its       
importance & value4  ,z to o!r po9ts (  
discussion1 :5 ^! gr& fundam5tals ( y\r 
grants & *>t]s are once settl$ & ratifi$
 by cle> ,p>liam5t>y au?ority1 z ! gr\nd
 = peace & =giv5ess on our side1 & = a  

manly & lib]al ob$i5ce on y\rs1 treaty &
 a _s ( reconciliation w easily &       
securely adju/ :atev] may rema94 ,( ?is 
we give y our ^w1 t1 s f> z we are at   
pres5t conc]n$1 & if by any ev5t we %\ld
 become m conc]n$ h]eaft]1 y may re/    
assur$1 ^u ! pl$ges ( honor n =feit$1   
fai? n violat$1 & uni=mity ( "* &       
pr(ession n yet brok51 we at lea/1 on ^!
 gr\nds1 w nev] fail y4  ,respect+ y\r  
wisdom1 & valu+ y\r safety1 we d n call 
^u y to tru/ y\r exi/5ce to y\r enemies4
 ,we d n advise y to an unconditional   
submission4 ,) satisfaction we assure y 
t almo/ all 9 bo? ,h\ses 7h[ev]         
unhappily !y h be5 delud$1 s z n to give
 any imm$iate effect to _! op9ion7      
disclaim t idea4 ,y c h no fri5ds 9 :om 
y _c rationally confide4 ,b ,p>liam5t is
 y\r fri5d f ! mom5t 9 :i*1 remov+ its  
confid5ce f ^? :o h con/antly deceiv$   
its good int5tions1 x adopts ! s5tim5ts 
( ^? :o h made sacrifices1 7inf]ior1    
inde$1 to y\rs17 b h1 h[ev]1 sacrific$  
en\gh to demon/rate ! s9c]ity ( _! reg>d

 & value = y\r lib]ty & prosp]ity4      
,argum5ts may be us$ to weak5 y\r       
confid5ce 9 t public security2 because1 
f "s unpleasant appe>ances1 !re is a    
suspicion t ,p>liam5t itself is some:at 
fall5 f its indep5d5t _s4 ,h[ f> ?is    
supposition may be f\nd$ 9 fact we are  
unwill+ to det]m9e4 ,b we are well      
assur$ f exp]i5ce1 t1 ev5 if all 7 true 
t is cont5d$ =1 & 9 ! ext5t1 too1 9 :i* 
x is argu$1 yet1 z long z ! solid &     
well-dispos$ =ms ( ?is ,con/itution     
rema91 !re ev] is )9 ,p>liam5t itself a 
p[] ( r5ovat+ its pr9ciples1 & effect+ a
 self-re=mation1 :i* no o!r plan (      
gov]nm5t has ev] conta9$4 ,?is          
,con/itution has !re=e admitt$          
innum]able improvem5ts1 ei!r = !        
correction ( ! orig9al s*eme1 or =      
remov+ corruptions1 or = br++ its       
pr9ciples bett] to suit ^? *anges :i* h 
successively happ5$ 9 ! circum/ances ( !
 nation or 9 ! mann]s ( ! p4  ,we feel t
 ! gr[? ( ! colonies is su* a *ange (   
circum/ances1 & t our pres5t dispute is 

an exig5cy z press+ z any :i* ev] dem&$ 
a revision ( our gov]nm5t4 ,public      
tr\bles h (t5 call$ ^u ?is c\ntry to    
look into its ,con/itution4 ,x has ev]  
be5 bett]$ by su* a revision4 ,if our   
happy & luxuriant increase ( dom9ion1 & 
our diffus$ population1 h outgr[n !     
limits ( a ,con/itution made = a        
contract$ object1 we ought to bless     
,god1 :o has furni%$ u ) ?is noble      
occasion = display+ our skill &         
b5efic5ce 9 enl>g+ ! scale ( rational   
happ9ess1 & ( mak+ ! politic g5]osity ( 
?is k+dom z ext5sive z its =tune4 ,if we
 set ab\t ?is great "w1 on bo? sides1 ) 
! same conciliatory turn ( m9d1 we may  
n[1 z 9 =m] times1 owe ev5 to our mutual
 mi/akes1 cont5tions1 & animosities1 !  
la/+ concord1 fre$om1 happ9ess1 & glory 
( ?is empire4  ,g5tlem51 ! di/ance      
betwe5 u1 ) o!r ob/ructions1 has caus$  
mu* misrepres5tation ( our mutual       
s5tim5ts4 ,we1 !re=e1 to obviate !m z   
well z we are able1 take ?is me?od (    
assur+ y ( our ?or\gh dete/ation ( !    

:ole w>1 & p>ticul>ly ! m]c5>y & savage 
w> c>ri$ on or attempt$ aga9/ y1--our   
?or\gh abhorr5ce ( all addresses adv]se 
to y1 :e!r public or private1--our      
assurances ( an inv>iable affection     
t[>ds y1--our con/ant reg>d to y\r      
privileges & lib]ties1--& our op9ion ( !
 solid security y ought to enjoy = !m1  
"u ! pat]nal c>e & nurture ( a protect+ 
,p>liam5t4  ,?\gh _m ( u h e>ne/ly wi%$ 
t ! au?ority ( t augu/ & v5]able body1 s
 necess>y 9 _m respects to ! union ( !  
:ole1 %\ld be r limit$ by its own equity
 & discretion1 ?an by any b\nds describ$
 by positive laws & public compacts1--& 
?\gh we felt ! extreme difficulty1 by   
any !oretical limitations1 ( qualify+ t 
au?ority1 s z to pres]ve "o "p & d5y    
ano!r1--& ?\gh y 7z we gratefully       
ackn[l$ge7 _h acquiesc$ mo/ *e]fully "u 
t prud5t res]ve ( ! ,con/itution1 at t  
happy mom5t :5 nei!r y nor we appreh5d$ 
a fur!r return ( ! ex]cise ( invidi\s   
p[]s1 we are n[ z fully p]suad$ z y c   
be1 by ! malice1 incon/ancy1 & p]v]se   

inquietude ( _m m51 & by ! incessant    
endeavors ( an arbitr>y faction1 n[ too 
p[]ful1 t our common necessities d      
require a full explanation & ratifi$    
security = y\r lib]ties & our quiet4    
,al?\gh 8 ,maje/y's condesc5sion1 9     
committ+ ! direction ( 8 affairs into ! 
h&s ( ! kn[n fri5ds ( 8 family & ( !    
lib]ties ( all 8 p1 w\ld1 we admit1 be a
 great means ( giv+ repose to y\r m9ds1 
z x mu/ give inf9ite facility to        
reconciliation1 yet we assure y t we    
?9k1 ) su* a security z we recomm5d1    
adopt$ f necessity & n *oice1 ev5 by !  
unhappy au?ors & in/rum5ts ( ! public   
mis=tunes1 t ! t]ms ( reconciliation1 if
 once accept$ by ,p>liam5t1 w\ld n be   
brok54 ,we also pl$ge ourselves to y1 t 
we %\ld give1 ev5 to ^? unhappy p]sons1 
an he>ty support 9 effectuat+ ! peace ( 
! empire1 & e opposition 9 an attempt to
 ca/ x aga9 into disord]4  ,:5 t happy  
h\r %all arrive1 let u 9 all affection1 
recomm5d to y ! wisdom ( cont9u+1 z 9   
=m] times1 or ev5 9 a m ample measure1 !

 support ( y\r gov]nm5t1 & ev5 to give  
to y\r adm9i/ration "s degree (         
reciprocal int]e/ 9 y\r fre$om4 ,we     
e>ne/ly wi% y n to furni% y\r enemies1  
"h or else:]e1 ) any sort ( pretexts =  
reviv+ qu>rels by too res]v$ & sev]e or 
p5uri\s an ex]cise ( ^? sacr$ rights :i*
 no pret5d$ abuse 9 ! ex]cise ought to  
impair1 nor1 by ov]/ra9+ ! pr9ciples (  
fre$om1 to make !m less compatible ) ^? 
haughty s5tim5ts 9 o!rs :i* ! v same    
pr9ciples may be apt to bre$ 9 m9ds n   
temp]$ ) ! utmo/ equity & ju/ice4  ,!   
well-wi%]s ( ! lib]ty & union ( ?is     
empire salute y1 & recomm5d y mo/       
he>tily to ! ,div9e protection4     ,a  
,,lett]  ,,to  ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,edmund 
,s4 ,,p]y  ,,speak] ,,( ,,! ,,iri%      
,,h\se ,,( ,,commons1  ,,9 ,,relation   
,,to  ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,! ,,relief ,,( ,,!
 ,,roman ,,ca?olics ,,( ,,irel&4  ,,july
 #ah1 #aggh4   ,,note4      ,?is ,lett] 
is address$ to ,mr4 ,p]y1 7aft]w>ds ,"l 
,p]y17     !n ,speak] ( ! ,h\se (       
,commons ( ,irel&4 ,x appe>s1     !re _h

 be5 mu* correspond5ce betwe5 t g5tleman
 &     ,mr4 ,burke1 on ! subject (      
,heads ( a bill 7:i* _h     pass$ !     
,iri% ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ! summ] ( ! ye>
     #aggh1 & _h be5 transmitt$ by !    
,iri% ,privy ,c\ncil (     to8 ,engl&7 =
 ! relief ( 8 ,maje/y's ,roman ,ca?olic 
subjects 9 ,irel&4 ,! bill conta9$ a    
clause =     exempt+ ! ,prote/ant       
,diss5t]s ( ,irel& f !     sacram5tal   
te/1 :i* creat$ a /rong objection to !  
:ole measure on ! "p ( ! ,engli%        
gov]nm5t4 ,mr4     ,burke employ$ 8 mo/ 
/r5u\s ef=ts to remove !     prejudice  
:i* ! k+'s m9i/]s ent]ta9$ aga9/ !      
clause1 b ! bill 0 ultimately return$   
)\t x1 &     9 t %ape pass$ ! ,iri%     
,p>liam5t4 7#ag? & #ah?     ,geo4 ,,iii 
cap4 #di47 ,9 ! subsequ5t session1      
h[ev]1 a     sep>ate act 0 pass$ = !    
relief ( ! ,prote/ant     ,diss5t]s (   
,irel&4   ,,lett]4  ,my ,de> ,sir1--,i  
receiv$ 9 due c\rse y\r two v int]e/+ & 
judici\s lett]s1 :i* gave me _m new     
lights1 & excit$ me to fre% activity 9 !

 important subject !y relat$ to4 ,h[ev]1
 f t "t ,i h n be5 p]fectly free f d\bt 
& uneas9ess4 ,i us$ a lib]ty ) ^?       
lett]s1 :i*1 p]haps1 no?+ c ?or\ghly    
ju/ify1 & :i* c]ta9ly no?+ b ! delicacy 
( ! crisis1 ! cle>ness ( my int5tions1 &
 y\r great good-nature c at all excuse4 
,i might conceal ?is f y2 b ,i ?9k x    
bett] to lay ! :ole matt] be=e y1 &     
submit myself to y\r m]cy1--assur+ y1 at
 ! same "t1 t1 if y are s k9d z to      
cont9ue y\r confid5ce on ?is1 or to r5ew
 x ^u any o!r occasion1 ,i %all nev] be 
tempt$ aga9 to make s bold & unau?oriz$ 
an use ( ! tru/ y place 9 me4 ,i w /ate 
to y ! hi/ory ( ! bus9ess s9ce my la/1 &
 !n y w see h[ f> ,i am excusable by !  
circum/ances4  ,on ! #crd ( ,july ,i    
receiv$ a lett] f ! ,attorney-,g5]al1   
dat$ ! day be=e1 9 :i*1 9 a v op5 &     
oblig+ mann]1 he desires my ?\ghts ( !  
,iri% ,tol]ation ,bill1 & p>ticul>ly ( !
 ,diss5t]s' clause4 ,i gave !m to him1  
by ! return ( ! po/1 at l>ge2 b1 z ! "t 
press$1 ,i kept no copy ( ! lett]4 ,!   

g5]al drift 0 /rongly to recomm5d !     
:ole1 & pr9cipally to obviate !         
objections to ! "p t relat$ to !        
,diss5t]s1 ) reg>d bo? to ! g5]al       
propriety & to ! tempor>y policy at ?is 
juncture4 ,i took1 likewise1 a good deal
 ( pa9s to /ate ! diff]5ce :i* _h always
 subsi/$ ) reg>d to ! treatm5t ( !      
,prote/ant ,diss5t]s 9 ,irel& & 9       
,engl&1 & :at ,i conceiv$ ! reason ( t  
diff]5ce to be4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,i 0    
call$ to t[n = a day2 & ,i took an      
opportunity1 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 ( urg+ ! 
same po9ts1 ) all ! =ce ,i 0 ma/] (1 to 
! ,solicitor-,g5]al4 ,i attempt$ to see 
! ,*ancellor = ! same purpose1 b 0 n    
=tunate en\gh to meet him at home4 ,soon
 aft] my return hi!r1 on ,tuesday1 ,i   
receiv$ a v polite & ,i may say fri5dly 
lett] f him1 wi%+ me 7on supposition t  
,i _h cont9u$ 9 t[n7 to d9e ) him z on8 
t day1 9 ord] to talk ov] ! bus9ess ( ! 
,tol]ation ,act1 !n be=e him4 ,unluckily
 ,i _h company ) me1 & 0 n able to leave
 !m until ,?ursday1 :5 ,i w5t to t[n &  

call$ at 8 h\se1 b miss$ him4 ,h[ev]1 9 
answ] to 8 lett]1 ,i _h be=e1 & in/antly
 on ! receipt ( x1 writt5 to him at     
l>ge1 & urg$ su* topics1 bo? ) reg>d to 
! ,ca?olics & ,diss5t]s1 z ,i imag9$ 7 !
 mo/ likely to be preval5t ) him4 ,?is  
lett] ,i foll[$ to t[n on ,?ursday4 ,on 
my arrival ,i 0 mu* al>m$ ) a report t !
 m9i/ry _h ?\ghts ( reject+ ! :ole bill4
 ,mr4 ,m',nam>a seem$ appreh5sive t x 0 
a det]m9$ measure2 & !re seem$ to be b  
too mu* reason = 8 fe>s4  ,n hav+ met ! 
,*ancellor at home1 ei!r on my fir/     
visit or my second aft] receiv+ 8 lett]1
 & fe>ful t ! ,cab9et %\ld come to come 
unpleasant resolution1 ,i w5t to !      
,treasury on ,friday4 ,!re ,i saw ,sir  
,g4 ,coop]4 ,i possess$ him ( ! dang] ( 
a p>tial1 & ! inevitable mis*ief ( !    
total rejection ( ! bill4 ,i rem9d$ him 
( ! und]/ood compact betwe5 p>ties1 ^u  
:i* ! :ole s*eme ( ! tol]ation orig9at+ 
9 ! ,engli% bill 0 =m$1--( ! fair "p :i*
 ! ,:igs _h act$ 9 a bus9ess :i*1 ?\gh  
fir/ />t$ by !m1 0 suppos$ equally      

acceptable to all sides1 & ! risk ( :i* 
!y took ^u !mselves1 :5 o!rs decl9$ x4  
,to ?is ,i add$ su* matt] z ,i ?\ght mo/
 fit to engage gov]nm5t1 z gov]nm5t1--n 
to sport ) a s+ul> opportunity :i* (f]$ 
= ! union ( e description ( m5 among/ u 
9 support ( ! common int]e/ ( ! :ole2 & 
,i end$ by desir+ to see ,"l ,nor? ^u ! 
subject4 ,sir ,grey ,coop] %[$ a v "r   
s5se ( ! matt]1 & 9 a few m9utes aft]   
our conv]sation ,i w5t d[n f ! ,treasury
 *amb]s to ,"l ,nor?'s h\se4 ,i _h a    
great deal ( disc\rse ) him4 ,he told me
 t 8 ideas ( tol]ation 7 l>ge1 b t1 l>ge
 z !y 71 !y did n compreh5d a promiscu\s
 e/abli%m5t1 ev5 9 matt]s m]ely civil2 t
 he ?\ght ! e/abli%$ religion ought to  
be ! religion ( ! /ate2 t1 9 ?is idea1  
he 0 n = ! repeal ( ! sacram5tal te/2 t1
 inde$1 he knew ! ,diss5t]s 9 g5]al did 
n greatly scruple x2 b t v want (       
scruple %[$ less zeal aga9/ !           
,e/abli%m5t2 &1 aft] all1 !re c\ld no   
provision be made by human laws aga9/ ^?
 :o made light ( ! te/s :i* 7 =m$ to    

discrim9ate op9ions4 ,on all ?is he     
spoke ) a good deal ( temp]4 ,he did n1 
inde$1 seem to ?9k ! te/ itself1 :i* 0  
rightly consid]$ by ,diss5t]s z 9 a     
mann] disp5s$ ) by an annual act (      
,p>liam5t1 & :i* 9 ,irel& 0 ( a late    
orig91 & ( mu* less ext5t ?an "h1 a     
matt] ( mu* mom5t4 ,! ?+ :i* seem$ to   
affect him mo/ 0 ! (f5ce t w\ld be tak5 
at ! repeal by ! lead]s among ! ,*ur*   
cl]gy "h1 on "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! /eps 
:i* w\ld be tak5 = its repeal 9 ,engl& 9
 ! next session1 9 consequ5ce ( ! repeal
 9 ,irel&4 ,i assur$ him1 ) great tru?1 
t we _h no idea among ! ,:igs ( mov+ !  
repeal ( ! te/4 ,i confess$ v freely1 = 
my own "p1 t1 if x 7 br\ght 91 ,i %\ld  
c]ta9ly vote = x2 b t ,i %\ld nei!r use1
 nor did ,i ?9k applicable1 any argum5ts
 drawn f ! analogy ( :at 0 done 9 o!r   
p>ts ( ! ,briti% dom9ions4 ,we did n    
argue f analogy1 ev5 9 ?is isl& & ,unit$
 ,k+dom4 ,presbyt]y 0 e/abli%$ 9        
,scotl&4 ,x became no reason ei!r = its 
religi\s or civil e/abli%m5t "h4 ,9 ,new

 ,engl& ! ,indep5d5t ,congregational    
,*ur*es _h an e/abli%$ legal ma9t5ance2 
:il/ t c\ntry cont9u$ "p ( ! ,briti%    
empire1 no argum5t 9 favor ( ,indep5d5cy
 0 adduc$ f ! practice ( ,new ,engl&4   
,gov]nm5t itself lately ?\ght fit to    
e/abli% ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion 9    
,canada2 b !y w\ld n suff] an argum5t ( 
analogy to be us$ = its e/abli%m5t      
any:]e else4 ,^! ?+s 7 gov]n$1 z all ?+s
 ( t nature are gov]n$1 n by g5]al      
maxims1 b _! own local & peculi>        
circum/ances4 ,f9d+1 h[ev]1 t1 ?\gh he 0
 v cool & pati5t1 ,i made no great way 9
 ! bus9ess ( ! ,diss5t]s1 ,i turn$      
myself to try :e!r1 fall+ 9 ) 8 maxims1 
"s modification might n be f\nd1 ! h9t (
 :i* ,i receiv$ f y\r lett] relative to 
! ,iri% ,militia ,bill1 & ! po9t ,i     
labor$ 0 s to alt] ! clause z to repeal 
! te/ quoad milit>y & rev5ue (fices3 =  
^! be+ only subs]vi5t p>ts 9 ! economy &
 execution1 r ?an ! adm9i/ration (      
affairs1 ! politic1 civil1 & judicial   
p>ts w\ld /ill cont9ue 9 ! h&s ( !      

con=mi/s to religi\s e/abli%m5ts4 ,)\t  
giv+ any hopes1 he1 h[ev]1 said t ?is   
di/9ction des]v$ to be consid]$4 ,aft]  
?is1 ,i /rongly press$ ! mis*ief (      
reject+ ! :ole bill3 t a notion w5t     
abroad1 t gov]nm5t 0 n at ?is mom5t v   
well pleas$ ) ! ,diss5t]s1 z n v well   
affect$ to ! mon>*y2 t1 9 g5]al1 ,i     
conceiv$ ?is to be a mi/ake1--b if x 7  
n1 ! rejection ( a bill 9 favor ( o!rs1 
because some?+ 9 favor ( !m 0 ins]t$1   
in/ead ( humbl+ & mortify+1 w\ld        
inf9itely exalt !m3 =1 if ! legislature 
_h no means ( favor+ ^? :om !y meant to 
favor1 z long z ! ,diss5t]s c\ld f9d    
means to get !mselves includ$1 ?is w\ld 
make !m1 in/ead ( _! only be+ subject to
 re/ra9t !mselves1 ! arbitrators ( !    
fate ( o!rs1 & t n s mu* by _! own /r5g?
 7:i* c\ld n be prev5t$ 9 its op]ation7 
z by ! cop]ation ( ^? :om !y oppos$4 ,9 
! conclusion1 ,i recomm5d$1 t1 if !y    
wi%$ well to ! measure :i* 0 ! ma9      
object ( ! bill1 !y mu/ explicitly make 
x _! own1 & /ake !mselves ^u x2 t hi!rto

 all _! difficulties _h aris5 f _!      
indecision & _! wrong measures2 & to    
make ,"l ,nor? s5sible ( ! necessity (  
giv+ a firm support to "s "p ( ! bill1 &
 to add weighty au?ority to my reasons1 
,i read him y\r lett] ( ! #aj? ( ,july4 
,x seem$1 9 "s measure1 to answ] !      
purpose :i* ,i int5d$4 ,i press$ !      
necessity ( ! managem5t ( ! affair1 bo? 
z to conduct & z to ga9+ ( m52 & ,i     
r5ew$ my =m] advice1 t ! ,"l ,lieut5ant 
%\ld be in/ruct$ to consult & coop]ate )
 y 9 ! :ole affair4 ,all ?is 01         
app>5tly1 v fairly tak54  ,9 ! ev5+ ( t 
day ,i saw ! ,"l ,*ancellor4 ,) him1    
too1 ,i _h mu* disc\rse4 ,y "k t he is  
intellig5t1 sagaci\s1 sy/ematic1 &      
det]m9$4 ,at fir/ he seem$ ( op9ion t ! 
relief conta9$ 9 ! bill 0 s inadequate  
to ! mass ( oppression x 0 int5d$ to    
remove1 t x w\ld be bett] to let x /&   
ov]1 until a m p]fect & bett] dige/$    
plan c\ld be settl$4 ,?is seem$ to      
possess him v /rongly4 ,9 ord] to combat
 ?is notion1 & to %[ t ! bill1 all ?+s  

consid]$1 0 a v great acquisition1 & t x
 0 r a prelim9>y ?an an ob/ruction to   
relief1 ,i v5tur$ to %[ him y\r lett]4  
,x _h its effect4 ,he decl>$ himself    
r\ndly aga9/ giv+ any?+ to a conf$]acy1 
real or app>5t1 to di/ress gov]nm5t2 t1 
if any?+ 0 done = ,ca?olics or          
,diss5t]s1 x %\ld be done on its own    
sep>ate m]its1 & n by way ( b>ga9 &     
compromise2 t !y %\ld be ea* ( !m oblig$
 to gov]nm5t1 n ea* to ! o!r2 t ?is w\ld
 be a p]petual nurs]y ( faction4 ,9 a   
^w1 he seem$ s det]m9$ on n unit+ ^!    
plans1 t all ,i c\ld say1 & ,i said     
ev]y?+ ,i c\ld ?9k (1 0 to no purpose4  
,b :5 ,i insi/$ on ! disgrace to        
gov]nm5t :i* mu/ arise f _! reject+ a   
proposition recomm5d$ by !mselves1      
because _! oppos]s _h made a mixture1   
sep>able too by !mselves1 ,i 0 bett]    
he>d4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i f\nd him well      
dispos$4  ,z soon z ,i _h return$ to !  
c\ntry1 ?is affair lay s mu* on my m9d1 
& ! absolute necessity ( gov]nm5t's mak+
 a s]i\s bus9ess ( x1 agreeably to !    

s]i\sness !y pr(ess$1 & ! object        
requir$1 t ,i wrote to ,sir ,g4 ,coop]1 
to rem9d him ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* we w5t
 9 our conv]sation1 & to press ! plan   
:i* 0 sugge/$ = c>ry+ !m into execution4
 ,he wrote to me on ! #bj?1 & assur$ me1
 t ,"l ,nor? _h giv5 all due att5tion & 
respect to :at y said to him on ,friday1
 & w pay ! same respect to ! s5tim5ts   
convey$ 9 y\r lett]3 ev]y?+ y say or    
write on ! subject und\bt$ly dem&s x4   
,:e!r ?is 0 m]e civility1 or %[$ any?+  
effectual 9 _! int5tions1 "t & ! success
 ( ?is measure w %[4 ,x is :olly ) !m2 &
 if x %\ld fail1 y are a witness t no?+ 
on our "p has be5 want+ to free s l>ge a
 "p ( our fell[-subjects & fell[-citiz5s
 f slav]y1 & to free gov]nm5t f !       
weakness & dang] ( rul+ !m by =ce4 ,z to
 my own p>ticul> "p1 ! desire ( do+ ?is 
has betray$ me into a /ep :i* ,i _c     
p]fectly reconcile to myself4 ,y are to 
judge h[ f>1 on ! circum/ances1 x may be
 excus$4 ,i ?9k x _h a good effect4 ,y  
may be assur$ t ,i made ?is             

communication 9 a mann] effectually to  
exclude s false & gr\ndless an idea z t 
,i conf] ) y1 any m ?an ,i conf] ) !m1  
on any p>ty pr9ciple :atsoev]1--or t 9  
?is affair we look fur!r ?an ! measure  
:i* is 9 pr(ession1 & ,i am sure ought  
to be 9 reason1 !irs4  ,i am ev]1 ) !   
s9c]e/ affection & e/eem1  ,my de> ,sir1
  ,y\r mo/ fai?ful & ob$i5t humble      
s]vant1  ,,edmund ,,burke4              
,,beaconsfield1 #ah? ,july1 #aggh4   ,i 
int5d$ to h writt5 soon]1 b x has n be5 
9 my p[]4  ,to ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se (    
,commons ( ,irel&4     ,,two ,,lett]s   
,,to  ,,?omas ,,burgh1 ,,esq41  ,,&     
,,john ,,m]lott1 ,,esq41  ,,9           
,,v9dication ,,( ,,8 ,,p>liam5t>y       
,,conduct ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,affairs 
,,( ,,irel&4  #aghj4     ,,lett]  ,,to  
,,?omas ,,burgh1 ,,esq4#ad   ,my ,de>   
,sir1--,i d n "k 9 :at mann] ,i am to   
?ank y prop]ly = ! v fri5dly solicitude 
y h be5 s good z to express = my        
reputation4 ,! conc]n y h done me !     
honor to take 9 my affairs w be an ample

 indemnity f all t ,i may suff] f !     
rapid judgm5ts ( ^? :o *oose to =m _!   
op9ions ( m51 n f ! life1 b f _!        
portraits 9 a newspap]4 ,i confess to y 
t my frame ( m9d is s con/ruct$1 ,i h 9 
me s little ( ! con/itution ( a great   
man1 t ,i am m gratifi$ ) a v mod]ate   
%>e ( approbation f ^? few :o "k me ?an 
,i %\ld be ) ! mo/ clamor\s applause f  
^? multitudes :o love to admire at a due
 di/ance4  ,i am n1 h[ev]1 ,/oic en\gh  
to be able to affirm ) tru?1 or         
hypocrite en\gh affect$ly to pret5d1 t  
,i am :olly unmov$ at ! difficulty :i* y
 & o!rs ( my fri5ds 9 ,irel& h f\nd 9   
v9dicat+ my conduct t[>ds my native     
c\ntry4 ,x und\bt$ly hurts me 9 "s      
degree3 b ! w\nd is n v deep4 ,if ,i _h 
s\ght popul>ity 9 ,irel&1 :51 9 ! cause 
( t c\ntry1 ,i 0 ready to sacrifice1 &  
did sacrifice1 a mu* ne>]1 a mu* m      
imm$iate1 & a mu* m advantage\s         
popul>ity "h1 ,i %\ld f9d myself        
p]fectly unhappy1 because ,i %\ld be    
totally disappo9t$ 9 my                 

expectations1--because ,i %\ld discov]1 
:5 x 0 too late1 :at common s5se might h
 told me v e>ly1 t ,i risk$ ! capital ( 
my fame 9 ! mo/ disadvantage\s lott]y 9 
! _w4 ,b ,i act$ !n1 z ,i act n[1 & z ,i
 hope ,i %all act always1 f a /rong     
impulse ( "r1 & f motives 9 :i*         
popul>ity1 ei!r "h or !re1 has b a v    
little "p4  ,) ! support ( t            
consci\sness ,i c be> a good deal ( !   
coquetry ( public op9ion1 :i* has h]    
caprices1 & mu/ h h] way4 ,mis]i1 quibus
 int5tata nitet6 ,i1 too1 h _h my       
holiday ( popul>ity 9 ,irel&4 ,i h ev5  
he>d ( an int5tion to erect a /atue4#ae 
,i believe my intimate acqua9tance "k h[
 little t idea 0 enc\rag$ by me2 & ,i 0 
s9c]ely glad t x nev] took effect4 ,su* 
honors belong exclusively to ! tomb1--! 
natural & only p]iod ( human incon/ancy1
 ) reg>d ei!r to des]t or to op9ion3 =  
!y are ! v same h&s :i* erect1 t v      
frequ5tly 7& sometimes ) reason en\gh7  
pluck d[n ! /atue4 ,_h su* an unm]it$ & 
unlook$-= complim5t be5 paid to me two  

ye>s ago1 ! fragm5ts ( ! piece might at 
?is h\r h ! advantage ( see+ actual     
s]vice1 :ile !y 7 mov+1 accord+ to ! law
 ( projectiles1 to ! w9d[s ( !          
,attorney-,g5]al1 or ( my old fri5d1    
,monk ,mason4  ,to speak s]i\sly1--let  
me assure y1 my de> ,sir1 t1 ?\gh ,i am 
n p]mitt$ to rejoice at all its effects1
 !re is n "o man on y\r side ( ! wat] m 
pleas$ to see ! situation ( ,irel& s    
prosp]\s z t %e c af=d to ?r[ away h]   
fri5ds4 ,%e has obta9$1 solely by h] own
 ef=ts1 ! fruits ( a great victory1 :i* 
,i am v ready to all[ t ! be/ ef=ts ( h]
 be/ well-wi%]s "h c\ld n h done = h] s 
effectually 9 a great numb] ( ye>s1 &   
p]haps c\ld n h done at all4 ,i c\ld    
wi%1 h[ev]1 m]ely = ! sake ( h] own     
dignity1 t1 9 turn+ h] poor relations & 
antiquat$ fri5ds out ( doors1 7?\gh "o (
 ! mo/ common effects ( new prosp]ity17 
%e _h ?\ght prop] to dismiss u ) few]   
tok5s ( unk9dness4 ,x is true t !re is  
no sort ( dang] 9 affront+ m5 :o are n (
 importance en\gh to h any tru/ (       

m9i/]ial1 ( royal1 or ( national honor  
to surr5d]4 ,! un=c$ & unb\ght s]vices (
 humble m51 :o h no m$ium ( influ5ce 9  
great assemblies1 b ?r\gh ! prec>i\s =ce
 ( reason1 mu/ be look$ ^u ) contempt by
 ^? :o by _! wisdom & _s h improv$ !    
critical mom5t ( _! =tune1 & h debat$ ) 
au?ority aga9/ pusillanim\s diss5t &    
ungraci\s compliance1 at ! head ( =ty   
?\s& m54  ,su* feeble auxili>ies 7z ,i  
talk (7 to su* a =ce1 employ$ aga9/ su* 
resi/ance1 ,i mu/ own1 9 ! pres5t mom5t1
 v little wor?y ( y\r att5tion4 ,yet1 if
 "o 7 to look =w>d1 x sc>cely seems     
altoge!r politic to be/[ s mu* lib]ality
 ( invective on ! ,:igs ( ?is k+dom z ,i
 f9d has be5 ! fa%ion to d bo? 9 & out (
 ,p>liam5t4 ,t y %\ld pay complim5ts1 9 
"s tone or o!r1 :e!r ironical or s]i\s1 
to ! m9i/] f ^: imbecility y h extort$  
:at y c\ld nev] obta9 f 8 b\nty1 is n   
unnatural4 ,9 ! fir/ effusions (        
,p>liam5t>y gratitude to t m9i/] = !    
e>ly & volunt>y b5efits he has conf]r$  
^u ,irel&1 x might appe> t y 7 want+ to 

! triumph ( 8 surr5d]1 if y did n lead  
"s ( 8 enemies captive be=e him4 ,nei!r 
c\ld y fea/ him ) decorum1 if 8 p>ticul>
 ta/e 7 n consult$4 ,a m9i/]1 :o has    
nev] def5d$ 8 measures 9 any o!r way ?an
 by rail+ at 8 adv]s>ies1 _c h 8 palate 
made all at once to ! reli% ( positive  
comm5dation4 ,i _c d5y b t on ?is       
occasion !re 0 display$ a great deal ( !
 good-bre$+ :i* consi/s 9 !             
accommodation ( ! ent]ta9m5t to ! reli% 
( ! gue/4  ,b t c]emony be+ pa/1 x w\ld 
n be unwor?y ( ! wisdom ( ,irel& to     
consid] :at consequ5ces ! ext+ui%+ e    
sp>k ( fre$om 9 ?is c\ntry may h ^u y\r 
own lib]ties4 ,y are at ?is in/ant flu%$
 ) victory1 & full ( ! confid5ce natural
 to rec5t & untri$ p[]4 ,we are 9 a     
temp] equally natural1 ?\gh v diff]5t4  
,we feel z m5 d1 :o1 hav+ plac$ an      
unb\nd$ reliance on _! =ce1 h f\nd x    
totally to fail on trial4 ,we feel fa9t 
& he>tless1 & )\t ! smalle/ degree (    
self-op9ion4 ,9 pla9 words1 we are c[$4 
,:5 m5 give up _! viol5ce & inju/ice )\t

 a /ruggle1 _! condition is next to     
desp]ate4 ,:5 no art1 no managem5t1 no  
argum5t1 is necess>y to abate _! pride &
 ov]come _! prejudices1 & _! uneas9ess  
only excites an obscure & feeble rattl+ 
9 _! ?roat1 _! f9al dissolution seems n 
f> (f4 ,9 ?is mis]able /ate we are /ill 
fur!r depress$ by ! ov]be>+ influ5ce ( !
 cr[n4 ,x acts ) ! (fici\s cruelty ( a  
m]c5>y nurse1 :o1 "u pret5ce ( t5d]ness1
 /ifles u ) our clo!s1 & plucks ! pill[ 
f our heads4 ,injectu mult ve/is opprimi
 s5em jubet4 ,"u ?is influ5ce we h s    
little w ( our own1 t1 ev5 9 any app>5t 
activity we may be got to assume1 ,i may
 say1 )\t any viol5ce to s5se1 & ) v    
little to language1 we are m]ely        
passive4 ,we h yield$ to y\r dem&s ?is  
session4 ,9 ! la/ session we refus$ to  
prev5t !m4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! passive & !  
active1 our pr9ciple 0 ! same4 ,_h !    
cr[n pleas$ to reta9 ! _s1 ) reg>d to   
,irel&1 :i* seems to be n[ all direct$  
to ,am]ica1 we %\ld h neglect$ our own  
imm$iate def5ce1 & s5t ov] ! la/ man (  

our militia to fight ) ! la/ man ( y\r  
volunte]s4  ,to ?is influ5ce ! pr9ciple 
( action1 ! pr9ciple ( policy1 & !      
pr9ciple ( union ( ! pres5t m9ority are 
oppos$4 ,^! pr9ciples ( ! opposition are
 ! only ?+ :i* pres]ves a s+le symptom (
 life 9 ! nation4 ,t opposition is      
compos$ ( ! f> great] "p ( ! indep5d5t  
prop]ty & indep5d5t rank ( ! k+dom1 (   
:atev] is mo/ unta9t$ 9 "*1 & ( :atev]  
ability rema9s unext+ui%$ 9 ! p1 & ( all
 :i* t5ds to draw ! att5tion ( =eign    
c\ntries ^u ?is4 ,x is n[ 9 its f9al &  
conclusive /ruggle4 ,x has to /ruggle   
aga9/ a =ce to :i*1 ,i am afraid1 x is n
 equal4 ,! :ole k+dom ( ,scotl& ranges )
 ! v5al1 ! unpr9cipl$1 & !              
wrong-pr9cipl$ ( ?is2 & if ! k+dom (    
,irel& ?9ks prop] to pass into ! same   
camp1 we %all c]ta9ly be oblig$ to quit 
! field4 ,9 t case1 if ,i "k any?+ ( ?is
 c\ntry1 ano!r con/itutional opposition 
c nev] be =m$ 9 x2 & if ?is be          
impossible1 x w be at lea/ z mu* s 7if  
!re c be degrees 9 impossibility7 to h a

 con/itutional adm9i/ration at any      
future "t4 ,! possibility ( ! =m] is !  
only security = ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]4    
,:e!r ! pres5t adm9i/ration be 9 ! lea/ 
l "o1 ,i mu/ v5ture to d\bt1 ev5 9 !    
honey-moon ( ! ,iri% fondness to ,"l    
,nor?1 :i* has succe$$ to all _! slapp+s
 & scrat*+s4  ,if lib]ty _c ma9ta9 its  
gr\nd 9 ?is k+dom1 ,i am sure t x _c h  
any long cont9uance 9 y\rs4 ,our lib]ty 
might n[ & !n j> & /rike a discord ) t (
 ,irel&4 ,! ?+ is possible3 b /ill !    
in/rum5ts might play 9 conc]t4 ,b if    
ours be un/rung1 y\rs w be hung up on a 
peg1 & bo? w be mute =ev]4 ,y\r new     
milit>y =ce may give y confid5ce1 & x   
s]ves well = a turn2 b y & ,i "k t x has
 n root4 ,x is n p]5nial1 & w\ld prove b
 a poor %elt] = y\r lib]ty1 :5 ?is      
nation1 hav+ no int]e/ 9 its own1 c\ld  
look ^u y\rs ) ! eye ( envy & disgu/4 ,i
 _c1 !re=e1 help ?9k+1 & tell+ y :at )  
great submission ,i ?9k1 t1 if !        
,p>liam5t ( ,irel& be s jeal\s ( ! _s ( 
our common ,con/itution z %e seems to   

be1 x 0 n s discreet to mix ) !         
panegyric on ! m9i/] s l>ge a portion ( 
acrimony to ! indep5d5t "p ( ?is nation4
 ,y nev] receiv$ any sort ( injury f !m1
 & y are gr[n to t degree ( importance t
 ! disc\rses 9 y\r ,p>liam5t w h a mu*  
great] effect on our imm$iate =tune ?an 
our conv]sation c h ^u y\rs4 ,9 ! end !y
 w s]i\sly1 affect bo?4  ,i h look$ back
 ^u our conduct & our public            
conv]sations 9 ord] to discov] :at x is 
t c h giv5 y (f5ce4 ,i h done s1 because
 ,i am ready to admit t to (f5d y )\t   
any cause w\ld be z contr>y to true     
policy z ,i am sure x mu/ be to !       
incl9ations ( almo/ e "o ( u4 ,ab\t two 
ye>s ago ,"l ,nug5t mov$ six            
propositions 9 favor ( ,irel& 9 ! ,h\se 
( ,commons4 ,at ! "t ( ! motions1 & dur+
 ! debate1 ,"l ,nor? 0 ei!r :olly out ( 
! ,h\se1 or engag$ 9 o!r matt]s (       
bus9ess or pleasantry1 9 ! remote/      
recesses ( ! ,we/ ,saxon corn]4 ,he took
 no "p :atsoev] 9 ! affair2 b x 0       
suppos$ 8 neutrality 0 m incl9$ t[>ds ! 

side ( favor4 ,! mov] be+ a p]son 9     
(fice 01 h[ev]1 ! only indication t 0   
giv5 ( su* a lean+4 ,we :o support$ !   
propositions1 f9d+ !m bett] reli%$ ?an  
at fir/ we look$ =1 pursu$ our          
advantage1 & began to op5 a way = m     
ess5tial b5efits to ,irel&4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 ^? :o _h hi!rto oppos$ !m 9 va9     
r$\bl$ _! ef=ts1 & became exce$+ly      
clamor\s4 ,!n x 0 t ,"l ,nor? f\nd x    
necess>y to come out ( 8 fa/ness1 & to  
int]pose betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,9 ?is
 "* ( m$iator1 he decl>$1 t1 if any?+   
beyond ! fir/ six resolutions %\ld be   
attempt$1 he w\ld oppose ! :ole1 b t1 if
 we re/$ !re1 ! orig9al motions %\ld h 8
 support4 ,on ?is a sort ( conv5tion    
took place betwe5 him & ! manag]s ( !   
,iri% bus9ess1 9 :i* ! six resolutions 7
 to be consid]$ z an uti possidetis1 &  
to be held sacr$4  ,by ?is "t o!r p>ties
 began to appe>4 ,a good _m ( ! trad+   
t[ns1 & manufactures ( v>i\s k9ds1 took 
! al>m4 ,petitions cr[d$ 9 ^u "o ano!r1 
& ! b> 0 occupi$ by a =midable body (   

c\ncil4 ,"l ,n4 0 /agg]$ by ?is new     
batt]y4 ,he is n ( a con/itution to     
enc\nt] su* an opposition z _h !n ris51 
:5 !re 7 no o!r objects 9 view ?an ^? t 
7 !n be=e ! ,h\se4 ,9 ord] n to lose    
him1 we 7 oblig$ to ab&on1 bit by bit1 !
 mo/ consid]able "p ( ! orig9al         
agreem5t4  ,9 sev]al p>ts1 h[ev]1 he    
cont9u$ fair & firm4 ,= my own "p1 ,i   
act$1 z ,i tru/ ,i commonly d1 )        
decision4 ,i saw v well t ! ?+s we _h   
got 7 ( no great consid]ation2 b !y 71  
ev5 9 _! defects1 some:at lead+4 ,i 0 9 
hopes t we might obta9 gradually & by   
p>ts :at we might attempt at once & 9 ! 
:ole )\t success1--t "o concession w\ld 
lead to ano!r1--& t ! p ( ,engl&        
discov]+ by a progressive exp]i5ce t    
none ( ! concessions actually made 7    
foll[$ by ! consequ5ces !y _h dread$1 _!
 fe>s f :at !y 7 yet to yield w\ld      
consid]ably dim9i%4 ,b t to :i* ,i      
atta*$ myself ! mo/ p>ticul>ly 01 to fix
 ! pr9ciple ( a free trade 9 all ! ports
 ( ^! isl&s1 z f\nd$ 9 ju/ice1 &        

b5eficial to ! :ole1 b pr9cipally to    
?is1 ! seat ( ! supreme p[]4 ,& ?is ,i  
labor$ to ! utmo/ ( my might1 ^u g5]al  
pr9ciples1 illu/rat$ by all ! comm]cial 
detail ) :i* my little inquiries 9 life 
7 able to furni% me4 ,i ought to =get   
su* trifl+ ?+s z ^?1 ) all conc]n+      
myself2 & possibly ,i might h =gott5 !m1
 if ! ,"l ,advocate ( ,scotl& _h n1 9 a 
v flatt]+ mann]1 reviv$ !m 9 my memory1 
9 a full ,h\se 9 ?is session4 ,he told  
me t my argum5ts1 su* z !y 71 _h made   
him1 at ! p]iod ,i allude to1 *ange !   
op9ion ) :i* he _h come into ! ,h\se    
/rongly impress$4 ,i am sure t at ! "t  
at lea/ tw5ty m told me ! same ?+4 ,i   
c]ta9ly ought n to take _! /yle (       
complim5t z a te/imony to fact2 nei!r d 
,i4 ,b all ?is %[$ suffici5tly1 n :at !y
 ?\ght ( my ability1 b :at !y saw ( my  
zeal4 ,i c\ld say m 9 pro( ( ! effects (
 t zeal1 & ( ! unceas+ indu/ry ) :i* ,i 
!n act$1 bo? 9 my endeavors :i* 7 app>5t
 & ^? t 7 n s visible4 ,let x be        
rememb]$ t ,i %[$ ^? dispositions :ile !

 ,p>liam5t ( ,engl& 0 9 a capacity to   
delib]ate & 9 a situation to refuse1 :5 
!re 0 some?+ to be risk$ "h by be+      
suspect$ ( a p>tiality to ,irel&1 :5 !re
 0 an honorable dang] att5d+ ! pr(ession
 ( fri5d%ip to y1 :i* height5$ its      
reli%1 & made x wor?y ( a reception 9   
manly m9ds4 ,b z = ! awkw>d & nause\s   
p>ade ( debate )\t opposition1 ! flimsy 
device ( trick+ out necessity & disguis+
 x 9 ! habit ( *oice1 ! %all[ /ratagem (
 def5d+ by argum5t1 :at all ! _w mu/    
p]ceive is yield$ to =ce1--^! are a sort
 ( acts ( fri5d%ip :i* ,i am sorry t any
 ( my c\ntrym5 %\ld require ( _! real   
fri5ds4 ,!y are ?+s n to my ta/e2 & if  
!y are look$ ^u z te/s ( fri5d%ip1 ,i   
desire = "o t ,i may be consid]$ z an   
enemy4  ,:at p>ty purpose did my conduct
 answ] at t "t8 ,i act$ ) ,"l ,n4 ,i w5t
 to all ! m9i/]ial meet+s1--& he & 8    
associates 9 (fice w d me ! ju/ice to   
say1 t1 aim+ at ! concord ( ! empire1 ,i
 made x my bus9ess to give 8 concessions
 all ! value ( :i* !y 7 capable1 :il/ "s

 ( ^? :o 7 cov]$ ) 8 favors d]ogat$ f   
!m1 treat$ !m ) contempt1 & op5ly       
?reat5$ to oppose !m4 ,if ,i _h act$ )  
my de>e/ & mo/ valu$ fri5ds1 if ,i _h   
act$ ) ! ,m>quis ( ,rock+ham or ! ,duke 
( ,ri*mond1 9 t situation1 ,i c\ld n h  
att5d$ m to _! honor1 or endeavor$ m    
e>ne/ly to give efficacy to ! measures  
,i _h tak5 9 common ) !m4 ,! return :i* 
,i1 & all :o act$ z ,i did1 h met ) f   
him1 does n make me rep5t ! conduct :i* 
,i !n held4  ,z to ! re/ ( ! g5tlem5 )  
:om ,i h ! honor to act1 !y did n !n1 or
 at any o!r "t1 make a p>ty affair (    
,iri% politics4 ,t matt] 0 always tak5  
up )\t conc]t2 b1 9 g5]al1 f ! op]ation 
( our kn[n lib]al pr9ciples 9 gov]nm5t1 
9 comm]ce1 9 religion1 9 ev]y?+1 x 0    
tak5 up favorably = ,irel&4 ,:]e "s     
local int]e/s bore h>d ^u ! memb]s1 !y  
act$ on ! s5se ( _! con/itu5ts1 ^u ideas
 :i*1 ?\gh ,i d n always foll[1 ,i _c   
blame4 ,h[ev]1 two or ?ree p]sons1 high 
9 opposition1 & high 9 public e/eem1 ran
 great risks 9 _! bor\ghs on t occasion4

 ,b all ?is 0 )\t any p>ticul> plan4 ,i 
ne$ n say1 t ,irel& 0 9 t affair mu*    
oblig$ to ! lib]al m9d & enl>g$ und]/&+ 
( ,*>les ,fox1 to ,mr4 ,?omas ,t[n%5d1  
to ,"l ,midleton1 & o!rs4 ,on review+ t 
affair1 :i* gave rise to all ! subsequ5t
 manoeuvres1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! :ole (   
:at has ?is day be5 done might h !n be5 
effect$4 ,b !n ! m9i/] mu/ h tak5 x up z
 a great plan ( national policy1 & paid 
) 8 p]son 9 e lodgm5t ( 8 approa*4 ,he  
mu/ h us$ t influ5ce to quiet prejudice1
 :i* he has s (t51 us$ to corrupt       
pr9ciple3 & ,i "k1 t1 if he _h1 he mu/ h
 succe$$4 ,_m ( ! mo/ active 9          
opposition w\ld h giv5 him an           
unequivocal support4 ,! corporation (   
,london1 & ! great body ( ! ,london ,we/
 ,india m]*ants & plant]s1 :i* =ms !    
greate/ mass ( t va/ int]e/1 7 dispos$  
to fall 9 ) su* a plan4 ,!y c]ta9ly gave
 no sort ( disc\nt5ance to :at 0 done or
 :at 0 propos$4 ,b ^! are n ! k9d (     
objects = :i* our m9i/]s br+ out ! heavy
 artill]y ( ! /ate4 ,!re=e1 z ?+s /ood  

at t "t1 a great deal m 0 n practicable4
  ,la/ ye> ano!r proposition 0 br\ght   
out = ! relief ( ,irel&4 ,x 0 />t$ )\t  
any communication ) a s+le p]son (      
activity 9 ! c\ntry p>ty1 &1 z x %\ld   
seem1 )\t any k9d ( conc]t ) gov]nm5t4  
,x appe>$ to me extremely raw &         
undige/$4 ,! behavior ( ,"l ,n41 on !   
op5+ ( t bus9ess1 0 ! exact transcript (
 8 conduct on ! ,iri% "q 9 ! =m]        
session4 ,x 0 a mode ( proce$+ :i* 8    
nature has wr\ght into ! texture ( 8    
politics1 & :i* is insep>able f !m4 ,he 
*ose to abs5t himself on ! proposition &
 dur+ ! agitation ( t bus9ess1--al?\gh !
 bus9ess ( ! ,h\se is t alone = :i* he  
has any k9d ( reli%1 or1 z ,i am told1 c
 be p]suad$ to li/5 to ) any degree (   
att5tion4 ,b he 0 will+ to let x take   
its c\rse4 ,if x %\ld pass )\t any      
consid]able difficulty1 he w\ld br+ 8   
acquiesc5ce to tell = m]it 9 ,irel&1 &  
he w\ld h ! cr$it1 out ( 8 indol5ce1 (  
giv+ quiet to t c\ntry4 ,if difficulties
 %\ld arise on ! "p ( ,engl&1 he knew t 

! ,h\se 0 s well tra9$ t he might at 8  
pleasure call u (f f ! hotte/ sc5t4 ,z  
he act$ 9 8 usual mann] & ^u 8 usual    
pr9ciple1 opposition act$ ^u !irs1 & r  
g5]ally support$ ! measure4 ,z to       
myself1 ,i express$ a disapprobation at 
! practice ( br++ imp]fect & indige/$   
projects into ! ,h\se1 be=e means 7 us$ 
to quiet ! clamors :i* a misconception (
 :at we 7 do+ might occasion at home1 & 
be=e measures 7 settl$ ) m5 ( weight &  
au?ority 9 ,irel&1 9 ord] to r5d] our   
acts useful & acceptable to t c\ntry4 ,i
 said1 t ! only ?+ :i* c\ld make !      
influ5ce ( ! cr[n 7enorm\s )\t z well z 
)9 ! ,h\se7 9 any degree tol]able 01 t x
 might be employ$ to give some?+ ( ord] 
& sy/em to ! proce$+s ( a popul>        
assembly2 t gov]nm5t be+ s situat$ z to 
h a l>ge range ( prospect1 & z x 7 a    
bird's-eye view ( ev]y?+1 !y might see  
di/ant dang]s & di/ant advantages :i* 7 
n s visible to ^? :o /ood on ! common   
level2 !y might1 besides1 obs]ve !m1 f  
?is advantage1 9 _! relative & comb9$   

/ate1 :i* p locally in/ruct$ & p>tially 
in=m$ c\ld behold only 9 an insulat$ &  
unconnect$ mann]2--b t = _m ye>s pa/ we 
suff]$ "u all ! evils1 )\t any "o ( !   
advantages ( a gov]nm5t influ5ce2 t !   
bus9ess ( a m9i/]1 or ( ^? :o act$ z    
su*1 _h be5 /ill fur!r to contract !    
n>r[ness ( m5's ideas1 to confirm       
invet]ate prejudices1 to inflame vulg>  
passions1 & to abet all sorts ( popul>  
absurdities1 9 ord] ! bett] to de/roy   
popul> rights & privileges2 t1 s f> f   
me?odiz+ ! bus9ess ( ! ,h\se1 !y _h let 
all ?+s run into an inextricable        
confusion1 & _h left affairs ( ! mo/    
delicate policy :olly to *ance4  ,aft]  
,i _h express$ myself ) ! w>m? ,i felt  
on see+ all gov]nm5t & ord] buri$ "u !  
ru9s ( lib]ty1 & aft] ,i _h made my     
prote/ aga9/ ! insuffici5cy ( !         
propositions1 ,i support$ ! pr9ciple (  
enl>gem5t at :i* !y aim$1 ?\gh %ort &   
some:at wide ( ! m>k1--giv+1 z my sole  
reason1 t ! m frequ5tly ^! matt]s came  
into discussion1 ! m x w\ld t5d to      

dispel fe>s & to eradicate prejudices4  
,?is 0 ! only "p ,i took4 ,! detail 0 9 
! h&s ( ,"l ,ne:av5 & ,"l ,beau*amp1 )  
"s assi/ance f ,e>l ,nug5t & "s         
indep5d5t g5tlem5 ( ,iri% prop]ty4 ,!   
dead weight ( ! m9i/] be+ remov$1 !     
,h\se recov]$ its tone & ela/icity4 ,we 
_h a tempor>y appe>ance ( a delib]ative 
"*4 ,! bus9ess 0 debat$ freely on bo?   
sides1 & ) suffici5t temp]4 ,& ! s5se ( 
! memb]s be+ influ5c$ by no?+ b :at w   
naturally influ5ce m5 unb\ght1 _! reason
 & _! prejudices1 ^! two pr9ciples _h a 
fair conflict1 & prejudice 0 oblig$ to  
give way to reason4 ,a majority appe>$1 
on a division1 9 favor ( ! propositions4
  ,z ^! proce$+s got out ( doors1       
,glasg[ & ,man*e/]1 &1 ,i ?9k1          
,liv]pool1 began to move1 b 9 a mann]   
mu* m sl[ & languid ?an =m]ly4 ,no?+1 9 
my op9ion1 w\ld h be5 less difficult ?an
 entirely to h ov]borne _! opposition4  
,! ,london ,we/ ,india trade 01 z on !  
=m] occasion1 s on ?is1 p]fectly lib]al 
& p]fectly quiet2 & !re is abroad s mu* 

respect = ! unit$ wisdom ( ! ,h\se1 :5  
suppos$ to act ^u a fair view ( a       
political situation1 t ,i sc>cely ev]   
rememb] any consid]able uneas9ess out ( 
doors1 :5 ! mo/ active memb]s1 & ^? (   
mo/ prop]ty & consid]ation 9 ! m9ority1 
h jo9$ !mselves to ! adm9i/ration4 ,_m  
facti\s p 9 ! t[ns ,i m5tion$ began1    
inde$1 to revile ,"l ,nor?1 & to reproa*
 8 neutrality z trea*]\s & ungrateful to
 ^? :o _h s he>tily & s w>mly ent]$ into
 all 8 views ) reg>d to ,am]ica4 ,t     
noble "l1 ^: decid$ "* x is to give way 
to ! late/ & ne>e/ pressure1 )\t any    
sort ( reg>d to di/ant consequ5ces ( any
 k9d1 ?\ght fit to appe>1 on ?is        
signification ( ! pleasure ( ^? 8 wor?y 
fri5ds & p>tisans1 &1 putt+ himself at !
 head ( ! posse scacc>ii1 :olly         
reg>dless ( ! dignity & consi/5cy ( our 
mis]able ,h\se1 drove ! propositions    
entirely out ( doors by a majority newly
 summon$ to duty4  ,9 ord] to atone to  
,irel& = ?is gratification to ,man*e/]1 
he graci\sly p]mitt$1 or r =w>d$1 two   

bills1--t = enc\rag+ ! gr[? ( tobacco1 &
 t = giv+ a b\nty on exportation ( hemp 
f ,irel&4 ,!y 7 br\ght 9 by two v wor?y 
memb]s1 & on good pr9ciples2 b ,i 0     
sorry to see !m1 &1 aft] express+ my    
d\bts ( _! propriety1 left ! ,h\se4     
,little also else8 0 said ^u !m4 ,my    
objections 7 two3 ! fir/1 t !           
cultivation ( ^? we$s 7if "o ( !m c\ld  
be at all cultivat$ to pr(it7 0 adv]se  
to ! introduction ( a good c\rse (      
agriculture2 ! o!r1 t ! enc\ragem5t giv5
 to !m t5d$ to e/abli% t mis*iev\s      
policy ( consid]+ ,irel& z a c\ntry (   
/aple1 & a produc] ( raw mat]ials4  ,:5 
! rejection ( ! fir/ propositions & !   
acceptance ( ! la/ _h jo9tly1 z x 0     
natural1 rais$ a v /rong discont5t 9    
,irel&1 ,"l ,rock+ham1 :o frequ5tly said
 t !re nev] seem$ a m opportune "t = !  
relief ( ,irel& ?an t mom5t :5 ,"l ,nor?
 _h reject$ all rational propositions = 
its relief1 )\t consult+1 ,i believe1   
any "o liv+1 did :at he is n (t5 v will+
 to d2 b he ?\ght ?is an occasion (     

magnitude en\gh to ju/ify an extraord9>y
 /ep4 ,he w5t into ! closet1 & made a   
/rong repres5tation on ! matt] to ! k+1 
:i* 0 n ill receiv$1 & ,i believe       
produc$ good effects4 ,he !n made !     
motion 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords :i* y may     
recollect2 b he 0 cont5t to )draw all ( 
c5sure :i* x conta9$1 on ! solemn       
promise ( m9i/ry1 t !y w\ld 9 ! recess (
 ,p>liam5t prep>e a plan = ! b5efit (   
,irel&1 & h x 9 read9ess to produce at !
 next meet+4 ,y may recollect t ,"l ,g[]
 became 9 a p>ticul> mann] b\nd = !     
fulfill+ ?is engagem5t4 ,ev5 ?is did n  
satisfy1 & mo/ ( ! m9ority 7 v unwill+ t
 ,p>liam5t %\ld be prorogu$ until some?+
 effectual on ! subject %\ld be         
done1--p>ticul>ly z we saw t !          
di/resses1 discont5ts1 & armam5ts (     
,irel& 7 increas+ e day1 & t we are n s 
mu* lo/ to common s5se z n to "k !      
wisdom & efficacy ( e>ly concession 9   
circum/ances su* z ours4  ,! session 0  
n[ at an end4 ,! m9i/]s1 in/ead ( att5d+
 to a duty t 0 s urg5t on !m1 employ$   

!mselves1 z usual1 9 endeavors to de/roy
 ! reputation ( ^? :o 7 bold en\gh to   
rem9d !m ( x4 ,!y caus$ x to be         
indu/ri\sly circulat$ ?r\gh ! nation1 t 
! di/resses ( ,irel& 7 ( a nature h>d to
 be trac$ to ! true s\rce1 t !y _h be5  
mon/r\sly magnifi$1 & t1 9 p>ticul>1 !  
(ficial reports f ,irel& _h giv5 ! lie  
7t 0 _! phrase7 to ,"l ,rock+ham's      
repres5tations3 & attribut+ ! orig9 ( ! 
,iri% proce$+s :olly to u1 !y ass]t$ t  
ev]y?+ done 9 ,p>liam5t ^u ! subject 0 )
 a view ( /irr+ up rebellion2 t nei!r ! 
,iri% legislature nor _! con/itu5ts _h  
signifi$ any dissatisfaction at ! relief
 obta9$ 9 ! session prec$+ ! la/2 t1 to 
conv9ce bo? ( ! impropriety ( _!        
peaceable conduct1 opposition1 by mak+  
dem&s 9 ! "n ( ,irel&1 po9t$ out :at %e 
might extort f ,great ,brita92 t !      
facility ) :i* relief 0 7=m]ly7 grant$1 
in/ead ( satisfy+ opposition1 0         
calculat$ to create new dem&s2 ^! dem&s1
 z !y int]f]$ ) ! comm]ce ( ,great      
,brita91 7 c]ta9 ( be+ oppos$1--a       

circum/ance :i* c\ld n fail to create t 
desirable confusion :i* suits ! views ( 
! p>ty2 t !y 7! ,iri%7 _h long felt _!  
own mis]y1 )\t kn[+ well f :5ce x came2 
our wor?y patriots1 by po9t+ out ,great 
,brita9 z ! cause ( ,iri% di/ress1 may h
 "s *ance ( r\s+ ,iri% res5tm5t4 ,?is ,i
 quote f a pamphlet z p]fectly          
contemptible 9 po9t ( writ+ z x is false
 9 its facts & wick$ 9 its design3 b z x
 is writt5 "u ! au?ority ( m9i/]s1 by "o
 ( _! pr9cipal lit]>y p5sion]s1 & 0     
circulat$ ) great dilig5ce1 &1 z ,i am  
cr$ibly in=m$1 at a consid]able exp5se  
to ! public1 ,i use ! words ( t book to 
let y see 9 :at mann] ! fri5ds & patrons
 ( ,irel&1 ! h]oes ( y\r ,p>liam5t1     
repres5t$ all ef=ts = y\r relief "h1 :at
 means !y took to dispose ! m9ds ( ! p  
t[>ds t great object1 & :at enc\ragem5t 
!y gave to all :o %\ld *oose to ex]t    
!mselves 9 y\r favor4 ,_! unwe>i$       
endeavors 7 n :olly )\t success1 & !    
un?9k+ p 9 _m places became ill-affect$ 
t[>ds u on ?is acc\nt4 ,= ! m9i/]s      

proce$$ 9 y\r affairs j z !y did ) reg>d
 to ^? ( ,am]ica4 ,!y always repres5t$ y
 z a p>cel ( blockheads1 )\t s5se1 or   
ev5 feel+2 t all y\r words 7 only ! e*o 
( faction "h2 & 7z y h se5 above7 t y _h
 n und]/&+ en\gh to "k t y\r trade 0    
cramp$ by re/rictive acts ( ! ,briti%   
,p>liam5t1 unless we _h1 = facti\s      
purposes1 giv5 y ! in=mation4 ,!y 7 s f>
 f giv+ ! lea/ intimation ( ! measures  
:i* h s9ce tak5 place1 t ^? :o 7 suppos$
 ! be/ to "k _! int5tions decl>$ !m     
impossible 9 ! actual /ate ( ! two      
k+doms1 & spoke ( no?+ b an act ( union1
 z ! only way t c\ld be f\nd ( giv+     
fre$om ( trade to ,irel&1 consi/5tly ) !
 int]e/s ( ?is k+dom4 ,ev5 :5 ! session 
op5$1 ,"l ,nor? decl>$ t he did n "k :at
 rem$y to apply to a disease ( ! cause (
 :i* he 0 ignorant2 & m9i/ry n be+ !n   
entirely resolv$ h[ f> !y %\ld submit to
 y\r en]gy1 !y1 by anticipation1 set !  
above au?or or "s ( 8 associates to fill
 ! newspap]s ) invectives aga9/ u1 z    
di/ress+ ! m9i/] by extravagant dem&s 9 

favor ( ,irel&4  ,i ne$ n in=m y1 t     
ev]y?+ !y ass]t$ ( ! /eps tak5 9 ,irel&1
 z ! result ( our ma*9ations1 0 utt]ly  
false & gr\ndless4 ,= myself1 ,i s]i\sly
 prote/ to y1 t ,i nei!r wrote a ^w or  
receiv$ a l9e ^u any matt] relative to !
 trade ( ,irel&1 or to ! polities ( x1 f
 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ session to ! day t ,i 
0 honor$ ) y\r lett]4 ,x w\ld be an     
affront to ! tal5ts 9 ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t 
to say "o ^w m4  ,:at 0 done 9 ,irel&   
dur+ t p]iod1 9 & out ( ,p>liam5t1 nev] 
w be =gott54 ,y rais$ an army new 9 its 
k9d & adequate to its purposes4 ,x      
effect$ its end )\t its ex]tion4 ,x 0 n 
"u ! au?ority ( law1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 b x   
d]iv$ f an au?ority /ill high]2 & z !y  
say ( fai?1 t x is n contr>y to reason1 
b above x1 s ?is army did n s mu*       
contradict ! _s ( ! law z sup]s$e x4    
,:at y did 9 ! legislative body is above
 all praise4 ,by y\r proce$+ ) reg>d to 
! supplies1 y reviv$ ! gr& use &        
*>act]i/ic b5efit ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* 0 on 
! po9t ( be+ entirely lo/ among/ u4 ,^! 

s5tim5ts ,i nev] conceal$1 & nev] %all2 
& ,mr4 ,fox express$ !m ) 8 usual p[]1  
:5 he spoke on ! subject4  ,all ?is is v
 honorable to y4 ,b 9 :at light mu/ we  
see x8 ,h[ are we to consid] y\r armam5t
 )\t commission f ! cr[n1 :5 "s ( ! fir/
 p 9 ?is k+dom h be5 refus$ arms1 at !  
"t !y did n only n reject1 b solicit$ ! 
k+'s commissions8 ,"h to arm & embody   
w\ld be repres5t$ z little less ?an high
 treason1 if done on private au?ority3 )
 y x receives ! ?anks ( a ,privy        
,c\nsellor ( ,great ,brita91 :o obeys ! 
,iri% ,h\se ( ,lords 9 t po9t )         
pleasure1 & is made ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 !
 mom5t he l&s "h1 = 8 rew>d4 ,y %ort5$ !
 cr$it giv5 to ! cr[n to six mon?s2 y   
hung up ! public cr$it ( y\r k+dom by a 
?read2 y refus$ to raise any taxes1 :il/
 y confess$ ! public debt & public      
exig5cies to be great & urg5t beyond    
example4 ,y c]ta9ly act$ 9 a great /yle1
 & on s\nd & inv9cible pr9ciples4 ,b if 
we 9 ! opposition1 :i* fills ,irel& )   
su* loyal horrors1 _h ev5 attempt$1 :at 

we nev] did ev5 attempt1 ! smalle/ delay
 or ! smalle/ limitation ( supply1 9    
ord] to a con/itutional co]cion ( !     
cr[n1 we %\ld h be5 decri$ by all ! c\rt
 & ,tory m\?s ( ?is k+dom1 z a desp]ate 
faction1 aim+ at ! direct ru9 ( !       
c\ntry1 & to surr5d] x b\nd h& & foot to
 a =eign enemy4 ,by actually do+ :at we 
nev] v5tur$ to attempt1 y h paid y\r    
c\rt ) su* address1 & h won s mu* favor 
) 8 ,maje/y & 8 cab9et1 t !y h1 ( _!    
special grace & m]e motion1 rais$ y to  
new titles1 & = ! fir/ "t1 ill a spee* f
 ! ?rone1 complim5t$ y ) ! appellation (
 fai?ful & loyal1--&1 9 ord] to insult  
our l[-spirit$ & deg5]ate ob$i5ce1 h    
?r[n ^! epi!ts & y\r resi/ance toge!r 9 
our tee?6 ,:at d y ?9k 7 ! feel+s ( e   
man :o looks ^u ,p>liam5t 9 an high]    
light ?an t ( a m>ket-ov]t = legaliz+ a 
base traffic ( votes & p5sions1 :5 he   
saw y employ su* means ( co]cion to !   
cr[n1 9 ord] to co]ce our ,p>liam5t     
?r\gh t m$ium8 ,h[ mu* 8 ,maje/y is     
pleas$ ) 8 "p ( ! civility mu/ be left  

to 8 own ta/e4 ,b z to u1 y decl>$ to ! 
_w t y knew t ! way ( br++ u to reason 0
 to apply y\rselves to ! true s\rce (   
all our op9ions & ! only motive to all  
our conduct6 ,n[1 x seems1 y ?9k        
y\rselves affront$1 because a few ( u   
express "s indignation at ! m9i/] :o has
 ?\ght fit to /rip u />k nak$1 & expose 
! true /ate ( our pox$ & pe/il5tial     
habit to ! _w6 ,?9k or say :at y w 9    
,irel&1 ,i %all ev] ?9k x a crime h>dly 
to be expiat$ by 8 blood4 ,he might1 &  
ought1 by a long] cont9uance or by an   
e>li] meet+ ( ?is ,p>liam5t1 to h giv5 u
 ! cr$it ( "s wisdom 9 =esee+ &         
anticipat+ an approa*+ =ce4 ,s f> f x1  
,"l ,g[]1 com+ out ( 8 own cab9et1      
decl>es t "o pr9cipal cause ( 8         
resignation 0 8 n be+ able to prevail on
 ! pres5t m9i/] to give any sort (      
application to ?is bus9ess4 ,ev5 on !   
late meet+ ( ,p>liam5t1 no?+ det]m9ate  
c\ld be drawn f him1 or f any ( 8       
associates1 until y _h actually pass$ ! 
%ort money bill1--:i* measure !y flatt]$

 !mselves1 & assur$ o!rs1 y w\ld nev]   
come up to4 ,disappo9t$ 9 _! expectation
 at (8 see+ ! siege rais$1 !y surr5d]$  
at discretion4  ,judge1 my de> ,sir1 (  
our surprise at f9d+ y\r c5sure direct$ 
aga9/ ^? ^: only crime 0 9 accus+ !     
m9i/]s ( n hav+ prev5t$ y\r dem&s by our
 graces1 ( n hav+ giv5 y ! natural      
advantages ( y\r c\ntry 9 ! mo/ ample1 !
 mo/ e>ly1 & ! mo/ lib]al mann]1 & = n  
hav+ giv5 away au?ority 9 su* a mann] z 
to insure fri5d%ip4 ,t y %\ld make !    
panegyric ( ! m9i/]s is :at ,i expect$2 
because1 9 prais+ _! b\nty1 y paid a j  
complim5t to y\r own =ce4 ,b t y %\ld   
rail at u1 ei!r individually or         
collectively1 is :at ,i c sc>cely ?9k a 
natural proce$+4 ,i c easily conceive t 
g5tlem5 might gr[ fright5$ at :at !y _h 
done1--t !y might imag9e !y _h und]tak5 
a bus9ess above _! direction1--t1 hav+  
obta9$ a /ate ( indep5d5ce = _! c\ntry1 
!y meant to take ! des]t$ helm into _!  
own h&s1 & supply by _! v real abilities
 ! total inefficacy ( ! nom9al gov]nm5t4

 ,all ^! might be real1 & might be v    
ju/ifiable motives = _! reconcil+       
!mselves cordially to ! pres5t c\rt     
sy/em4 ,b ,i d n s well discov] !       
reasons t c\ld induce !m1 at ! fir/     
feeble dawn+ ( life 9 ?is c\ntry1 to d  
all 9 _! p[] to ca/ a cl\d ov] x1 & to  
prev5t ! lea/ hope ( our effect+ !      
necess>y re=mations :i* are aim$ at 9   
our ,con/itution & 9 our national       
economy4  ,b1 x seems1 ,i 0 sil5t at !  
pass+ ! resolutions4 ,:y1 :at _h ,i to  
say8 ,if ,i _h ?\ght !m too mu*1 ,i %\ld
 h be5 accus$ ( an endeavor to inflame  
,engl&4 ,if ,i %\ld repres5t !m z too   
little1 ,i %\ld h be5 *>g$ ) a design ( 
fom5t+ ! discont5ts ( ,irel& into actual
 rebellion4 ,! ,treasury b5* repres5t$ t
 ! affair 0 a matt] ( /ate3 !y repres5t$
 x truly4 ,i !re=e only ask$ :e!r !y    
knew ^! propositions to be su* z w\ld   
satisfy ,irel&2 = if !y 7 s1 !y w\ld    
satisfy me4 ,?is did n indicate t ,i    
?\ght !m too ample4 ,9 ?is our sil5ce   
7h[ev] di%onorable to ,p>liam5t7 !re 0  

"o advantage1--t ! :ole pass$1 z f> z x 
is gone1 ) complete unanimity1 & s      
quickly t !re 0 no "t left to excite any
 opposition to x out ( doors4 ,9 ! ,we/ 
,india bus9ess1 reason+ on :at _h lately
 pass$ 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,irel&1 & on !   
mode 9 :i* x 0 op5$ "h1 ,i ?\ght ,i saw 
mu* matt] ( p]plexity4 ,b ,i h n[ bett] 
reason ?an ev] to be pleas$ ) my sil5ce4
 ,if ,i _h spok51 "o ( ! mo/ hone/ &    
able m5#af 9 ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t w\ld     
probably h ?\ght my obs]vation an       
endeavor to s[ diss5sion1 :i* he 0      
resolv$ to prev5t1--& "o ( ! mo/1 +5i\s 
& "o ( ! mo/ amiable m5#ag t ev] grac$  
y\rs or any ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t might h   
look$ on x z a *im]a4 ,9 ! sil5ce ,i    
obs]v$1 ,i 0 /rongly c\nt5anc$ 7to say  
no m ( x7 by e g5tleman ( ,irel& t ,i _h
 ! honor ( conv]s+ ) 9 ,london4 ,! only 
^w1 = t reason1 :i* ,i spoke1 0 to      
re/ra9 a wor?y c\nty memb]1#ah :o _h    
receiv$ "s communication f a great trad+
 place 9 ! c\nty he repres5ts1 :i*1 if x
 _h be5 op5$ to ! ,h\se1 w\ld h l$ to a 

p]plex+ discussion ( "o ( ! mo/         
tr\blesome matt]s t c\ld arise 9 ?is    
bus9ess4 ,i got up to put a /op to x2 & 
,i believe1 if y knew :at ! topic 01 y  
w\ld comm5d my discretion4  ,t x %\ld be
 a matt] ( public discretion 9 me to be 
sil5t on ! affairs ( ,irel& is :at on   
all acc\nts ,i bitt]ly lam5t4 ,i /at$ to
 ! ,h\se :at ,i felt2 & ,i felt1 z      
/rongly z human s5sibility c feel1 !    
ext9ction ( my ,p>liam5t>y capacity1 :]e
 ,i wi%$ to use x mo/4 ,:5 ,i came into 
?is ,p>liam5t1 j f\rte5 ye>s ago1--into 
?is ,p>liam5t1 !n1 9 vulg> op9ion at    
lea/1 ! presid+ c\ncil ( ! greate/      
empire exi/+1 7& p]haps1 all ?+s        
consid]$1 t ev] did exi/17 obscure & a  
/rang] z ,i 01 ,i consid]$ myself z     
rais$ to ! highe/ dignity to :i* a      
creature ( our species c\ld aspire4 ,9 t
 op9ion1 "o ( ! *ief pleasures 9 my     
situation1 :at 0 fir/ &-upp]mo/ 9 my    
?\ghts1 0 ! hope1 )\t injury to ?is     
c\ntry1 to be some:at useful to ! place 
( my bir? & education1 :i* 9 _m         

respects1 int]nal & ext]nal1 ,i ?\ght   
ill & impolitically gov]n$4 ,b :5 ,i    
f\nd t ! ,h\se1 surr5d]+ itself to !    
guidance ( an au?ority1 n gr[n out ( an 
exp]i5c$ wisdom & integrity1 b out ( !  
accid5ts ( c\rt favor1 _h become ! sport
 ( ! passions ( m5 at once ra% &        
pusillanim\s1--t x _h ev5 got into !    
habit ( refus+ ev]y?+ to reason &       
surr5d]+ ev]y?+ to =ce1 all my p[] (    
oblig+ ei!r my c\ntry or individuals 0  
gone1 all ! lu/re ( my imag9>y rank 0   
t>ni%$1 & ,i felt degrad$ ev5 by my     
elevation4 ,i said ?is1 or some?+ to ?is
 effect4 ,if x gives (f5ce to ,irel&1 ,i
 am sorry = x3 x 0 ! reason ,i gave = my
 sil5ce2 & x 01 z f> z x w5t1 ! true "o4
  ,) y1 ?is sil5ce ( m9e & ( o!rs 0     
repres5t$ z facti\s1 & z a disc\nt5ance 
to ! measure ( y\r relief4 ,d y ?9k u   
*ildr58 ,if x _h be5 our wi% to embroil 
matt]s1 &1 = ! sake ( di/ress+ m9i/ry1  
to commit ! two k+doms 9 a dispute1 we  
_h no?+ to d b 7)\t at all condemn+ !   
propositions7 to h gone into ! comm]cial

 detail ( ! objects ( !m4 ,x c\ld n h   
be5 refus$ to u3 & y1 :o "k ! nature (  
bus9ess s well1 mu/ "k t ?is w\ld h     
caus$ su* delays1 & giv5 rise dur+ t    
delay to su* discussions1 z all ! wisdom
 ( y\r favorite m9i/] c\ld nev] h       
settl$4 ,b1 inde$1 y mi/ake y\r m54 ,we 
tremble at ! idea ( a disunion ( ^! two 
nations4 ,! only ?+ 9 :i* we diff] ) y  
is ?is1--t we d n ?9k y\r atta*+        
y\rselves to ! c\rt & qu>rell+ ) !      
indep5d5t "p ( ?is p is ! way to promote
 ! union ( two free c\ntries1 or ( hold+
 !m toge!r by ! mo/ natural & salut>y   
ties4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,y w be fright5$1 :5 y see 
?is long lett]4 ,i smile1 :5 ,i consid] 
! l5g? ( x myself4 ,i nev]1 t ,i        
rememb]1 wrote any ( ! same ext5t4 ,b x 
%[s me t ! reproa*es ( ! c\ntry t ,i    
once belong$ to1 & 9 :i* ,i /ill h a    
de>ness ( in/9ct m ?an ,i c ju/ify to   
reason1 make a great] impression on me  
?an ,i _h imag9$4 ,b p>t+ words are     
admitt$ to be a little t$i\s1 because !y

 are n likely to be r5ew$4 ,if x w n be 
mak+ y\rself z tr\blesome to o!rs z ,i  
am to y1 ,i %all be oblig$ to y1 if y w 
%[ ?is1 at _! greate/ leisure1 to !     
,speak]1 to y\r excell5t k9sman1 to ,mr4
 ,grattan1 ,mr4 ,yelv]ton1 & ,mr4 ,daly3
 all ^! ,i h ! honor ( be+ p]sonally    
kn[n to1 except ,mr4 ,yelv]ton1 to :om  
,i am only kn[n by my obligations to    
him4 ,if y live 9 any habits ) my old   
fri5d1 ! ,provo/1 ,i %all be glad t he1 
too1 sees ?is my humble apology4        
,adieu6 once m accept my be/ ?anks = !  
int]e/ y take 9 me4 ,believe t x is     
receiv$ by an he>t n yet s old z to h   
lo/ its susceptibility4 ,all "h give y !
 be/ old-fa%ion$ wi%es ( ! season2 &    
believe me1 ) ! greate/ tru? & reg>d1   
,my de> ,sir1  ,y\r mo/ fai?ful & oblig$
 humble s]vant1  ,,edmund ,,burke4      
,,beaconsfield1 ,new ye>'s ,day1 #aghj4 
,i am fright5$ at ! tr\ble ,i give y &  
our fri5ds2 b ,i recollect t y are mo/ly
 lawy]s1 & habituat$ to read long1      
tiresome pap]s--&1 :]e y\r fri5d%ip is  

conc]n$1 )\t a fee2 ,i am sure1 too1 t y
 w n act ! lawy] 9 scrut9iz+ too m9utely
 e expression :i* my ha/e may make me   
use4 ,i =got to m5tion my fri5d ,o',h>a1
 & o!rs2 b y w communicate x z y please4
  ,,footnotes3  #ad ,mr4 ,?omas ,burgh1 
( ,old ,t[n1 0 a memb] ( ! ,h\se (      
,commons 9 ,irel&4--,x appe>s f a lett] 
writt5 by ?is g5tleman to ,mr4 ,burke1  
,decemb] #bd1 #aggi1 & to :i* ! foll[+  
is an answ]1 t ! "p ,mr4 ,burke _h tak5 
9 ! discussion :i* ! affairs ( ,irel& _h
 und]gone 9 ! prec$+ sessions (         
,p>liam5t 9 ,engl& _h be5 grossly       
misrepres5t$ & mu* c5sur$ 9 ,irel&4  #ae
 ,?is int5tion 0 communicat$ to ,mr4    
,burke 9 a lett] f ,mr4 ,p]y1 ! ,speak] 
( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,irel&4  #af ,mr4
 ,grattan4  #ag ,mr4 ,hussey ,burgh  #ah
 ,mr4 ,/anley1 memb] = ,lanca%ire4      
,,lett]  ,,to ,,john ,,m]lott1 ,,esq4#ai
   ,de> ,sir1--,i am v unhappy to f9d t 
my conduct 9 ! bus9ess ( ,irel&1 on a   
=m] occasion1 _h made _m to be cold &   
indiff]5t :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 w>m 9 my

 favor4 ,i really ?\ght t ev5ts w\ld h  
produc$ a q contr>y effect1 & w\ld h    
prov$ to all ! inhabitants ( ,bri/ol t x
 0 no desire ( oppos+ myself to _!      
wi%es1 b a c]ta9 k ( ! necessity ( _!   
affairs1 & a t5d] reg>d to _! honor &   
int]e/1 :i* induc$ me to take ! "p :i*  
,i !n took4 ,!y plac$ me 9 a situation  
:i* might enable me to disc]n :at 0 fit 
to be done1 on a consid]ation ( !       
relative circum/ances ( ?is c\ntry & all
 its neighbors4 ,?is 0 :at y c\ld n s   
well d y\rselves2 b y _h a "r to expect 
t ,i %\ld avail myself ( ! advantage :i*
 ,i d]iv$ f y\r favor4 ,"u !            
impression-( ?is duty & ?is tru/1 ,i _h 
endeavor$ to r5d]1 by prev5tive graces &
 concessions1 e act ( p[] at ! same "t  
an act ( l5ity1--! result ( ,engli%     
b\nty1 & n ( ,engli% timidity & di/ress4
 ,i really flatt]$ myself t ! ev5ts :i* 
h prov$ beyond dispute ! prud5ce ( su* a
 maxim w\ld h obta9$ p>don = me1 if n   
approbation4 ,b if ,i h n be5 s =tunate1
 ,i d mo/ s9c]ely regret my great       

loss1--?is com=t1 h[ev]1 t1 if ,i h     
disoblig$ my con/itu5ts1 x 0 n 9 pursuit
 ( any s9i/] int]e/ or any p>ty passion 
( my own1 b 9 endeavor+ to save !m f    
disgrace1 along ) ! :ole community to   
:i* !y & ,i belong4 ,i %all be conc]n$ =
 ?is1 & v mu* s2 b ,i %\ld be m conc]n$1
 if1 9 gratify+ a pres5t humor ( !irs1  
,i _h r5d]$ myself unwor?y ( _! =m] or  
_! future *oice4 ,i confess t ,i c\ld n 
be> to face my con/itu5ts at ! next     
g5]al election1 if ,i _h be5 a rival to 
,"l ,nor? 9 ! glory ( hav+ refus$ "s    
small1 insignificant concessions1 9     
favor ( ,irel&1 to ! argum5ts &         
supplications ( ,engli% memb]s (        
,p>liam5t1--& 9 ! v next session1 on !  
dem& ( =ty ?\s& ,iri% bayonets1 ( hav+  
made a spee* ( two h\rs long to prove t 
my =m] conduct 0 f\nd$ ^u no "o "r      
pr9ciple1 ei!r ( policy1 ju/ice1 or     
comm]ce4 ,i nev] he>d a m elaborate1 m  
able1 m conv9c+1 & m %ameful spee*4 ,!  
debat] obta9$ cr$it1 b ! /atesman 0     
disgrac$ =ev]4 ,am5ds 7 made = hav+     

refus$ small1 b timely concessions1 by  
an unlimit$ & untimely surr5d]1 n only (
 e "o ( ! objects ( =m] re/ra9ts1 b     
virtually ( ! :ole legislative p[]      
itself :i* _h made !m4 ,= x is n        
necess>y to in=m y1 t ! un=tunate       
,p>liam5t ( ?is k+dom did n d>e to      
qualify ! v lib]ty %e gave ( trad+ ) h] 
own plantations1 by apply+1 ( h] own    
au?ority1 any "o ( ! comm]cial          
regulations to ! new traffic ( ,irel&1  
:i* b9d u "h "u ! sev]al ,acts (        
,navigation4 ,we 7 oblig$ to ref] !m to 
! ,p>liam5t ( ,irel&1 z conditions1 j 9 
! same mann] z if we 7 be/[+ a privilege
 ( ! same sort on ,france & ,spa91 or   
any o!r indep5d5t p[]1 &1 inde$1 ) m    
/udi$ caution ?an we %\ld h us$1 n to   
%ock ! pr9ciple ( _! indep5d5ce4 ,h[ !  
m9i/] reconcil$ ! refusal to reason1 & !
 surr5d] to arms rais$ 9 defiance ( !   
pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n1 to 8 ma/]1 ,i "k  
n3 x has probably be5 settl$1 9 "s way  
or o!r1 betwe5 !mselves4 ,b h[ev] ! k+ &
 8 m9i/]s may settle ! "q ( 8 dignity & 

8 rights1 ,i ?\ght x became me1 by      
vigilance & =esight1 to take c>e ( y\rs3
 ,i ?\ght ,i ought r to light5 ! %ip 9  
"t ?an expose x to a total wreck4 ,!    
conduct pursu$ seem$ to me )\t weight or
 judgm5t1 & m fit = a memb] = ,banbury  
?an a memb] = ,bri/ol4 ,i /ood1 !re=e1  
sil5t ) grief & vexation1 on t day ( !  
signal %ame & humiliation ( ?is degrad$ 
k+ & c\ntry4 ,b x seems ! pride (       
,irel&1 9 ! day ( h] p[]1 0 equal to    
ours1 :5 we dreamt we 7 p[]ful too4 ,i h
 be5 abus$ !re ev5 = my sil5ce1 :i* 0   
con/ru$ into a desire ( excit+ discont5t
 9 ,engl&4 ,b1 ?ank ,god1 my lett] to   
,bri/ol 0 9 pr9t1 my s5tim5ts on !      
policy ( ! measure 7 kn[n & det]m9$1 &  
su* z no man c\ld ?9k me absurd en\gh to
 contradict4 ,:5 ,i am no long] a free  
ag5t1 ,i am oblig$ 9 ! cr[d to yield to 
necessity3 x is surely en\gh t ,i       
sil5tly submit to p[]2 x is en\gh t ,i d
 n fooli%ly affront ! conqu]or2 x is too
 h>d to =ce me to s+ 8 praises1 :il/ ,i 
am l$ 9 triumph be=e him1--or to make ! 

panegyric ( our own m9i/]1 :o w\ld put  
me nei!r 9 a condition to surr5d] )     
honor or to fight ) ! smalle/ hope (    
victory4 ,i 01 ,i confess1 sull5 & sil5t
 on t day1--& %all cont9ue s1 until ,i  
see "s disposition to inquire into ?is &
 o!r causes ( ! national disgrace4 ,if  
,i suff] 9 my reputation = x 9 ,irel&1  
,i am sorry2 b x nei!r does nor c affect
 me s ne>ly z my suff]+ 9 ,bri/ol = hav+
 wi%$ to unite ! int]e/s ( ! two nations
 9 a mann] t w\ld secure ! supremacy (  
?is4  ,w y h ! goodness to excuse ! l5g?
 ( ?is lett]8 ,my e>ne/ desire ( expla9+
 myself 9 e po9t :i* may affect ! m9d ( 
any wor?y g5tleman 9 ,bri/ol is ! cause 
( x4 ,to y\rself1 & to y\r lib]al &     
manly notions1 ,i "k x is n s necess>y4 
,believe me1  ,my de> ,sir1  ,y\r mo/   
fai?ful & ob$i5t humble s]vant1         
,,edmund ,,burke4  ,,beaconsfield1      
,april #d?1 #aghj4   ,to ,,john         
,,m]lott1 ,esq41 ,bri/ol4  ,,footnotes3 
#ai ,an em95t m]*ant 9 ! city ( ,bri/ol1
 ( :i* ,mr4 ,burke 0 "o ( !             

repres5tatives 9 ,p>liam5t4--,x relates 
to ! same subject z ! prec$+ ,lett]4    
,,lett]s ,,& ,,reflections  ,,on ,,!    
,,executions ,,( ,,! ,,riot]s  ,,9      
#aghj4     ,,lett]s4      ,to ! ,"l     
,*ancellor4   ,my ,"l1--,i hope ,i am n 
too late ) ! inclos$ slight obs]vations4
 ,if ! execution already ord]$ _c be    
po/pon$1 might ,i v5ture to recomm5d t x
 %\ld ext5d to "o only8 & !n ! plan     
sugge/$ 9 ! inclos$ pap] may1 if y\r    
,lord%ip ?9ks well ( x1 take place1 )   
su* improvem5ts z y\r bett] judgm5t may 
dictate4 ,z to fewness ( ! executions1 &
 ! good effects ( t policy1 ,i _c1 = my 
own "p1 ent]ta9 ! slighte/ d\bt4  ,if y 
h no objection1 & ?9k x may n occupy m (
 8 ,maje/y's "t ?an su* a ?+ is wor?1 ,i
 %\ld n be sorry t ! inclos$ 0 put into 
! k+'s h&s4  ,i h ! honor to be1 my ,"l1
  ,y\r ,lord%ip's mo/ ob$i5t humble     
s]vant1  ,,edmund ,,burke4  ,,*>les     
,,/reet1 ,july #aj1 #aghj4          99  
99       99       99       99     ,to ! 
,e>l ,ba?ur/1 ,"l ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil 

,my ,"l1--  ,i came to t[n b ye/]day1 & 
!re=e did n le>n m e>ly ! probable ext5t
 ( ! executions 9 consequ5ce ( ! late   
di/urbances4 ,i take ! lib]ty ( lay+    
be=e y1 ) ! s9c]e/ def]5ce to y\r       
judgm5t1 :at appe>$ to me v e>ly z      
reasonable 9 ?is bus9ess4 ,fur!r ?\ghts 
h s9ce occurr$ to me4 ,i confess my m9d 
is "u no small degree ( solicitude &    
anxiety on ! subject2 ,i am fully       
p]suad$ t a prop] use ( m]cy w\ld n only
 recomm5d ! wisdom & /ead9ess (         
gov]nm5t1 b1 if prop]ly us$1 might be   
made a means ( draw+ out ! pr9cipal     
mov]s 9 ?is wick$ bus9ess1 :o h hi!rto  
elud$ y\r scrut9y4 ,i beg p>don = ?is   
intrusion1 & h ! honor to be1 ) great   
reg>d & e/eem1  ,my ,"l1  ,y\r          
,lord%ip's mo/ ob$i5t humble s]vant1    
,,edmund ,,burke4  ,,*>les ,,/reet1     
,july #ah1 #aghj4          99       99  
99       99       99   ,to ,sir ,grey   
,coop]1 ,b>t4#bj   ,de> ,sir1--         
,accord+ to y\r desire1 ,i s5d y a copy 
( ! few reflections on ! subject ( !    

pres5t executions :i* occurr$ to me 9 ! 
e>lie/ p]iod ( ! late di/urbances1 & :i*
 all my exp]i5ce & obs]vation s9ce h mo/
 /rongly confirm$4 ,! executions1 tak+  
^? :i* h be5 made1 :i* are n[ ord]$1 &  
:i* may be ! natural consequ5ce ( !     
convictions 9 ,surrey1 w be und\bt$ly   
too _m to answ] any good purpose4 ,great
 slaught] att5d$ ! suppression ( !      
tumults1 & ?is ought to be tak5 9       
disc\nt f ! execution ( ! law4 ,= ,god's
 sake entreat ( ,"l ,nor? to take a view
 ( ! sum total ( ! dea?s1 be=e any are  
ord]$ = execution2 = by n do+ some?+ (  
?is k9d p are decoy$ 9 detail into      
sev]ities !y nev] w\ld h dream$ (1 if !y
 _h ! :ole 9 _! view at once4 ,! sc5e 9 
,surrey w\ld h affect$ ! h>de/ he>t t   
ev] 0 9 an human brea/4 ,ju/ice & m]cy h
 n su* opposite int]e/s z p are apt to  
imag9e4 ,i saw ,"l ,l\ghbor\gh la/      
night4 ,he seem$ /rongly impress$ ) !   
s5se ( :at necessity oblig$ him to g    
?r\gh1 & ,i believe w ent] into our     
ideas on ! subject4 ,on ?is matt] y see 

t no "t is to be lo/4 ,be=e a f9al      
det]m9ation1 ! fir/ ?+ ,i w\ld recomm5d 
is1 t1 if ! v next execution _c be      
delay$1 7by ! way1 ,i d n see :y x may  
n17 x may be ( b a s+le p]son1 & t      
aft]w>ds y %\ld n exce$ two or ?ree2 = x
 is en\gh = "o riot1 :]e ! v act (      
,p>liam5t on :i* y proce$ is r a little 
h>d 9 its sanctions & its con/ruction3 n
 t ,i mean to compla9 ( ! latt] z ei!r  
new or /ra9$1 b x 0 rigid f ! fir/4  ,i 
am1 de> ,sir1  ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t humble   
s]vant1  ,,edmund ,,burke4  ,tuesday1   
#ah? ,july1 #aghj4   ,i really feel     
uneasy on ?is bus9ess1 & %\ld consid] x 
z a sort ( p]sonal favor1 if y d some?+ 
to limit ! ext5t & sev]ity ( ! law on   
?is po9t4 ,pres5t my be/ complim5ts to  
,"l ,nor?1 & if he ?9ks t ,i h _h wi%es 
to be s]viceable to gov]nm5t on ! late  
occasion1 ,i %all on my "p ?9k myself   
abundantly rew>d$1 if a few lives less  
?an fir/ int5d$ %\ld be sav$ tak582 ,i  
%\ld s9c]ely set x d[n z a p]sonal      
obligation1 ?\gh ! ?+ /&s ^u g5]al &    

/rong reason ( its own4#ba  ,,footnotes3
  #bj ,"o ( ! ,secret>ies ( ! ,treasury4
  #ba ,x appe>s by ! foll[+ extract f a 
lett] writt5 by ! ,e>l ( ,mansfield to  
,mr4 ,burke1 dat$ ! #ag? ,july1 #aghj1 t
 ^! ,reflections _h also be5 communicat$
 to him3--,i h receiv$ ! honor ( y\r    
lett] & v judici\s ?\ghts4 ,hav+ be5 s  
greatly injur$ myself1 ,i h ?\ght x m   
dec5t n to att5d ! reports1 &           
consequ5tly h n be5 pres5t at any       
delib]ation ^u ! subject4     ,,"s      
,,?\ghts  ,,on ,,! ,,approa*+           
,,executions1  ,,humbly ,,(f]$ ,,to     
,,consid]ation4   ,z ! numb] ( p]sons   
convict$ on acc\nt ( ! late unhappy     
tumults w probably exce$ :at any "o's   
idea ( v5geance or example w\ld deliv]  
to capital puni%m5t1 x is to be wi%$ t !
 :ole bus9ess1 z well ) reg>d to ! numb]
 & description ( ^? :o are to suff] dea?
 z ) reg>d to ^? :o %all be deliv]$ ov] 
to light] puni%m5t or :olly p>don$1 %\ld
 be entirely a "w ( reason4  ,x has     
happ5$ frequ5tly1 9 cases ( ?is nature1 

t ! fate ( ! convicts has dep5d$ m ^u ! 
accid5tal circum/ance ( _! be+ br\ght   
e>li] or lat] to trial ?an to any /eady 
pr9ciple ( equity appli$ to _! sev]al   
cases4 ,)\t great c>e & sobriety1       
crim9al ju/ice g5]ally beg9s ) ang] &   
ends 9 neglig5ce4 ,! fir/ t are br\ght  
=w>d suff] ! extremity ( ! law1 )       
circum/ances ( mitigation ( _! case2 &  
aft] a "t1 ! mo/ atroci\s del9qu5ts     
escape m]ely by ! satiety ( puni%m5t4   
,9 ! bus9ess n[ be=e 8 ,maje/y1 ! foll[+
 ?\ghts are humbly submitt$4  ,if ,i    
und]/& ! temp] ( ! public at ?is mom5t1 
a v great "p ( ! l[] & "s ( ! middl+ p (
 ?is city are 9 a v critical            
disposition1 & su* z ought to be manag$ 
) firmness & delicacy4 ,9 g5]al1 !y r   
approve ?an blame ! pr9ciples ( !       
riot]s1 ?\gh ! bett] sort ( !m are      
afraid ( ! consequ5ces ( ^? v pr9ciples 
:i* !y approve4 ,?is keeps _! m9ds 9 a  
susp5d$ & anxi\s /ate1 :i* may v easily 
be exasp]at$ by an injudici\s sev]ity   
into desp]ate resolutions1--or by weak  

measures on ! "p ( gov]nm5t x may be    
enc\rag$ to ! pursuit ( c\rses :i* may  
be ( ! mo/ dang]\s consequ5ces to !     
public4  ,!re is no d\bt t ! approa*+   
executions w v mu* det]m9e ! future     
conduct ( ^? p4 ,!y ought to be su* z w 
humble1 n irritate4 ,no?+ w make        
gov]nm5t m awful to !m ?an to see t x   
does n proce$ by *ance or "u ! influ5ce 
( passion4  ,x is !re=e propos$ t no    
execution %\ld be made until ! numb] (  
p]sons :i* gov]nm5t ?9ks fit to try is  
complet$4 ,:5 ! :ole is at once "u !    
eye1 an exam9ation ought to be made into
 ! circum/ances ( e p>ticul> convict2 & 
six1 at ! v utmo/1 ( ! fitte/ examples  
may !n be select$ = execution1 :o ought 
to be br\ght out & put to dea? on "o & !
 same day1 9 six diff]5t places1 & 9 !  
mo/ solemn mann] t c be devis$4         
,aft]w>ds great c>e %\ld be tak5 t _!   
bodies may n be deliv]$ to _! fri5ds1 or
 to o!rs :o may make !m objects (       
compassion or ev5 v5]ation3 "s in/ances 
( ! k9d h happ5$ ) reg>d to ! bodies (  

^? kill$ 9 ! riots4 ,! re/ ( !          
malefactors ought to be ei!r condemn$1 =
 l>g] long]8 or %ort] t]ms1 to !        
light]s1 h\ses ( correction1 s]vice 9 ! 
navy1 & ! l1 accord+ to ! case4  ,?is   
small numb] ( executions1 & all at "o   
"t1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t places1 is s]i\sly   
recomm5d$2 because x is c]ta9 t a great 
havoc among crim9als h>d5s r ?an subdues
 ! m9ds ( p incl9$ to ! same crimes1 &  
!re=e fails ( answ]+ its purpose z an   
example4 ,m5 :o see _! lives respect$ & 
?\ght ( value by o!rs come to respect t 
gift ( ,god !mselves4 ,to h compassion =
 oneself1 or to c>e1 m or less1 = "o's  
own life1 is a lesson to be le>n$ j z e 
o!r2 & ,i believe x w be f\nd t         
conspiracies h be5 mo/ common & mo/     
desp]ate :]e _! puni%m5t has be5 mo/    
ext5sive & mo/ sev]e4  ,besides1 ! lea/ 
excess 9 ?is way excites a t5d]ness 9 ! 
mild] sort ( p1 :i* makes !m consid]    
gov]nm5t 9 an h>% & odi\s light4 ,! s5se
 ( ju/ice 9 m5 is ov]load$ & fatigu$ ) a
 long s]ies ( executions1 or ) su* a    

c>nage at once z r resembles a massacre 
?an a sob] execution ( ! laws4 ,! laws  
?us lose _! t]ror 9 ! m9ds ( ! wick$1 & 
_! rev]5ce 9 ! m9ds ( ! virtu\s4  ,i h  
ev] obs]v$ t ! execution ( "o man fixes 
! att5tion & excites awe2 ! execution ( 
multitudes dissipates & weak5s ! effect3
 b m5 reason !mselves into              
disapprobation & disgu/2 !y compute m z 
!y feel less2 & e sev]e act :i* does n  
appe> to be necess>y is sure to be      
(f5sive4  ,9 select+ ! crim9als1 a v    
diff]5t l9e ought to be foll[$ f t      
recomm5d$ by ! *ampions ( ! ,prote/ant  
,association4 ,!y recomm5d t ! (f5d]s = 
plund] ought to be puni%$1 & ! (f5d]s f 
pr9ciple sp>$4 ,b ! contr>y rule ought  
to be foll[$4 ,! ord9>y executions1 (   
:i* !re are en\gh 9 consci5ce1 are = !  
=m] species ( del9qu5ts2 b su* common   
plund]]s w\ld furni% no example 9 !     
pres5t case1 :]e ! false or pret5d$     
pr9ciple ( religion1 :i* leads to       
crimes1 is ! v ?+ to be disc\rag$4  ,b !
 reason :i* ought to make ^! p objects (

 selection = puni%m5t conf9es !         
selection to v few4 ,= we mu/ consid] t 
! :ole nation has be5 = a long "t guilty
 ( _! crime4 ,tol]ation is a new virtue 
9 any c\ntry4 ,x is a late ripe fruit 9 
! be/ climates4 ,we ought to recollect !
 poison :i*1 "u ! "n ( antidotes aga9/  
,pop]y1 & su* l m\ntebank titles1 has   
be5 circulat$ f our pulpits & f our     
presses1 f ! heads ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & 
! heads ( ! ,diss5t]s4 ,^! publications1
 by degrees1 h t5d$ to drive all        
religion f our own m9ds1 & to fill !m ) 
no?+ b a viol5t hatr$ ( ! religion ( o!r
 p1 &1 ( c\rse1 ) a hatr$ ( _! p]sons2 &
 s1 by a v natural progression1 !y h l$ 
m5 to ! de/ruction ( _! goods & h\ses1 &
 to attempts ^u _! lives4  ,?is delusion
 furni%es no reason = suff]+ t abom9able
 _s to be kept alive by inflammatory    
libels or s$iti\s assemblies1 or =      
gov]nm5t's yield+ to x1 9 ! smalle/     
degree1 any po9t ( ju/ice1 equity1 or   
s\nd policy4 ,! k+ c]ta9ly ought n to   
give up any "p ( 8 subjects to !        

prejudices ( ano!r4 ,s f> f x1 ,i am    
cle>ly ( op9ion t on ! late occasion !  
,ca?olics ought to h be5 tak51 m av[$ly 
?an !y 71 "u ! protection ( gov]nm5t1 z 
! ,diss5t]s _h be5 on a simil> occasion4
  ,b ?\gh we ought to protect aga9/     
viol5ce ! bigotry ( o!rs1 & to correct  
our own too1 if we h any left1 we ought 
to reflect1 t an (f5ce :i* 9 its cause  
is national ought n 9 its effects to be 
v9dicat$ on individuals1 b ) a v        
well-temp]$ sev]ity4  ,= my own "p1 ,i  
?9k ! fire is n ext+ui%$1--on ! contr>y1
 x seems to require ! att5tion (        
gov]nm5t m ?an ev]2 b1 z a "p ( any     
me?odical plan = ext+ui%+ ?is flame1 x  
really seems necess>y t ! execution (   
ju/ice %\ld be z /eady & z cool z       
possible4     ,,"s ,,additional         
,,reflections  ,,on ,,! ,,executions4   
,! great numb] ( suff]]s seems to arise 
f ! mis=tune incid5t to ! v>iety (      
judicatures :i* h tri$ ! crimes4 ,x 7   
well1 if ! :ole _h be5 ! bus9ess ( "o   
commission2 = n[ e trial seems z if x 7 

a sep>ate bus9ess1 & 9 t light ea* (f5ce
 is n puni%$ ) great] sev]ity ?an s+le  
(f5ces ( ! k9d are commonly m>k$3 b 9   
reality & fact1 ?is un=tunate affair1   
?\gh div]sifi$ 9 ! multitude ( ov]t     
acts1 has be5 "o & ! same riot2 & !re=e 
! executions1 s f> z reg>ds ! g5]al     
effect on ! m9ds ( m51 w h a ref]5ce to 
! unity ( ! (f5ce1 & w appe> to be mu* m
 sev]e ?an su* a riot1 atroci\s z x 01 c
 well ju/ify 9 gov]nm5t4 ,i pray t x may
 be recollect$ t ! *ief del9qu5ts h     
hi!rto escap$1 & v _m ( ^? :o are fall5 
into ! h&s ( ju/ice are a poor1         
?\ghtless set ( creatures1 v little aw>e
 ( ! nature ( _! (f5ce4 ,none ( !       
li/-mak]s1 ! assembl]s ( ! mob1 !       
directors & arrang]s1 h be5 convict$4 ,!
 prea*]s ( mis*ief rema9 safe1 & are    
wick$ en\gh n to feel = _! delud$       
disciples1--no1 n at all4 ,i w\ld n     
plead ! ignorance ( ! law 9 any1 ev5 !  
mo/ ignorant1 z a ju/ification2 b ,i am 
sure1 t1 :5 ! "q is ( m]cy1 x is a v    
great & p[]ful argum5t4 ,i h all !      

reason 9 ! _w to believe t !y did n "k  
_! (f5ce 0 capital4  ,!re is "o argum5t1
 :i* ,i beg may n be consid]$ z br\ght =
 any invidi\s purpose1 or meant z imput+
 blame any:]e1 b :i*1 ,i ?9k1 ) c&id &  
consid]ate m51 w h mu* weight4 ,!       
un=tunate del9qu5ts 7 p]haps mu*        
enc\rag$ by "s remissness on ! "p (     
gov]nm5t itself4 ,! absolute & entire   
impunity att5d+ ! same (f5ce 9          
,ed9burgh1 :i* 0 ov] & ov] aga9 urg$ z  
an example & enc\ragem5t to ^! un=tunate
 p1 might be a means ( delud+ !m4       
,p]haps1 too1 a languor 9 ! beg9n+ ( !  
riots "h 7:i* suff]$ ! lead]s to proce$1
 until v _m1 z x 7 by ! contagion ( a   
sort ( fa%ion1 7 c>ri$ to ^! excesses7  
might make ^! p ?9k t !re 0 some?+ 9 !  
case :i* induc$ gov]nm5t to w9k at !    
irregul>ity ( ! proce$+s4  ,! conduct & 
condition ( ! ,"l ,mayor ought1 9 my    
op9ion1 to be consid]$4 ,8 answ]s to ,"l
 ,beau*amp1 to ,mr4 ,malo1 & to ,mr4    
,langdale make him appe> r an accomplice
 9 ! crimes ?an guilty ( neglig5ce z a  

magi/rate4 ,su* an example set to ! mob 
by ! fir/ magi/rate ( ! city t5ds       
greatly to palliate _! (f5ce4  ,!       
lic5se1 & complete impunity too1 ( !    
publications :i* f ! beg9n+ in/igat$ ! p
 to su* actions1 & 9 ! mid/ ( trials &  
executions /ill cont9ues1 does 9 a great
 degree r5d] ^! creatures an object (   
compassion4 ,9 ! ,public ,adv]tis] ( ?is
 morn+ !re are two or ?ree p>agraphs    
/rongly recomm5d+ su* outrages1 &       
/imulat+ ! p to viol5ce aga9/ ! h\ses & 
p]sons ( ,roman ,ca?olics1 & ev5 aga9/ !
 *apels ( ! =eign m9i/]s4  ,i w\ld n g s
 f> z to adopt ! maxim1 ,quicquid multis
 peccatur inultum2 b c]ta9ly (f5ces     
committ$ by va/ multitudes are some:at  
palliat$ 9 ! individuals1 :o1 :5 s _m   
escape1 are always look$ ^u r z unlucky 
?an crim9al4 ,all our loose ideas (     
ju/ice1 z x affects any individual1 h 9 
!m some?+ ( comp>ison to ! situation (  
o!rs2 & no sy/ematic reason+ c :olly    
free u f su* impressions4  ,phil4 de    
,com9es says our ,engli% civil w>s 7    

less de/ructive ?an o!rs1 because ! cry 
( ! conqu]or always 01 ,sp>e ! common p4
 ,?is pr9ciple ( w> %\ld be at lea/ z   
preval5t 9 ! execution ( ju/ice4 ,!     
appetite ( ju/ice is easily satisfi$1 & 
x is be/ n\ri%$ ) ! lea/ possible blood4
 ,we may1 too1 recollect t betwe5       
capital puni%m5t & total impunity !re   
are _m /ages4  ,on ! :ole1 e circum/ance
 ( m]cy1 & ( comp>ative ju/ice1 does1 9 
my op9ion1 plead 9 favor ( su* l[1      
untaught1 or ill-taught wret*es4 ,b     
above all1 ! policy ( gov]nm5t is deeply
 int]e/$ t ! puni%m5ts %\ld appe> "o1   
solemn1 delib]ate act1 aim$ n at r&om1 &
 at p>ticul> (f5ces1 b done ) a relation
 to ! g5]al _s ( ! tumults2 & !y ought  
to be no?+ m ?an :at is suffici5t to m>k
 & disc\nt5ance t _s4  ,,circum/ances   
,,= ,,m]cy4    ,n be+ pr9cipal4         
,probable want ( e>ly & delib]ate       
purposes4   ,y\? :]e ! highe/ malice    
does n appe>4   ,sex :]e ! highe/ malice
 does n appe>4   ,intoxication & levity1
 or m]e wantonness ( any k9d4     ,a    

,,lett]  ,,to  ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,h5ry   
,,dundas1  ,,"o ,,( ,,8 ,,maje/y',s     
,,pr9cipal ,,secret>ies ,,( ,,/ate4  ,,)
 ,,!  ,,sket* ,,( ,a ,,negro ,,code4    
#agib4   ,de> ,sir1--,i %\ld h be5      
punctual 9 s5d+ y ! sket* ,i promis$ (  
my old ,african ,code1 if "s fri5ds f   
,london _h n come 9 ^u me la/ ,saturday1
 & engag$ me till noon ?is day3 ,i s5d  
?is packet by "o ( !m :o is /ill "h4 ,if
 :at ,i s5d be1 z "u pres5t circum/ances
 x mu/ be1 imp]fect1 y w excuse x1 z be+
 done ne> twelve ye>s ago4 ,ab\t f\r    
ye>s s9ce ,i made an ab/ract ( x1 ^u :i*
 ,i _c at pres5t lay my h&s2 b ,i hope !
 m>g9al heads w 9 "s measure supply x4  
,if ! ,african trade c\ld be consid]$ ) 
reg>d to itself only1 & z a s+le object1
 ,i %\ld ?9k ! utt] abolition to be on !
 :ole m advisable ?an any s*eme (       
regulation an re=m4 ,r ?an suff] x to   
cont9ue z x is1 ,i he>tily wi% x at an  
end4 ,:at has be5 lately done has be5   
done by a popul> _s1 :i* seldom calls =1
 & inde$ v r>ely reli%es1 a sy/em made  

up ( a great v>iety ( p>ts1 & :i* is to 
op]ate its effect 9 a great l5g? ( "t4  
,! p l %ort me?ods2 ! consequ5ces ( :i* 
!y sometimes h reason to rep5t (4       
,abolition is b a s+le act4 ,to prove ! 
nature ( ! trade1 & to expose x prop]ly1
 requir$1 inde$1 a va/ collection (     
mat]ials1 :i* h be5 labori\sly collect$1
 & compil$ ) great judgm5t4 ,x requir$  
also mu* p]sev]ance & address to excite 
! _s :i* has be5 excit$ )\t doors1 & :i*
 has c>ri$ x ?r\gh4 ,! greate/ eloqu5ce 
ev] display$ 9 ! ,h\se has be5 employ$  
to second ! ef=ts :i* h be5 made abroad4
 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 leads b to "o s+le    
resolve4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 all 0 done4 ,i 
speak ( absolute & imm$iate abolition1 !
 po9t :i* ! fir/ motions w5t to1 & :i*  
is 9 effect /ill press$2 ?\gh 9 ?is     
session1 accord+ to ord]1 x _c take     
effect4 ,a remote1 & a gradual          
abolition1 ?\gh !y may be connect$1 are 
n ! same ?+4 ,! idea ( ! ,h\se seems to 
me1 if ,i rightly compreh5d x1 t ! two  
?+s are to be comb9$3 t is to say1 t !  

trade is gradually to decl9e1 & to cease
 entirely at a det]m9ate p]iod4 ,to make
 ! abolition gradual1 ! regulations mu/ 
op]ate z a /rong disc\ragem5t4 ,b x is  
mu* to be fe>$ t a trade cont9u$ &      
disc\rag$1 & ) a s5t5ce ( dea? pass$ ^u 
x1 w p]petuate mu* ill blood betwe5 ^?  
:o /ruggle = ! abolition & ^? :o cont5d 
= an effectual cont9uance4  ,at ! "t :5 
,i =m$ ! plan :i* ,i h ! honor to       
transmit to y1 an abolition ( ! slave   
trade w\ld h appe>$ a v *im]ical        
project4 ,my plan1 !re=e1 supposes !    
cont9u$ exi/5ce ( t comm]ce4 ,tak+ = my 
basis t ,i _h an incurable evil to deal 
)1 ,i ca/ ab\t h[ ,i %\ld make x z small
 an evil z possible1 & draw out ( x "s  
collat]al good4  ,9 turn+ ! matt] ov] 9 
my m9d at t "t & s9ce1 ,i nev] 0 able to
 consid] ! ,african trade ^u a gr\nd    
disconnect$ ) ! employm5t ( negroes 9 ! 
,we/ ,indies1 & di/9ct f _! condition 9 
! plantations :]eon !y s]ve4 ,i conceiv$
 t ! true orig9 ( ! trade 0 n 9 ! place 
x 0 begun at1 b at ! place ( its f9al   

de/9ation4 ,i !re=e 01 & ,i /ill am1 (  
op9ion t ! :ole "w ought to be tak5 up  
toge!r1 & t a gradual abolition ( slav]y
 9 ! ,we/ ,indies ought to g h& 9 h& )  
any?+ :i*1 %\ld be done ) reg>d to its  
supply f ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,i c\ld n    
tru/ a cessation ( ! dem& = ?is supply  
to ! m]e op]ation ( any ab/ract         
pr9ciple1 7su* z1 t1 if _! supply 0 cut 
(f1 ! plant]s w\ld enc\rage & produce an
 effectual population17 kn[+ t no?+ c be
 m unc]ta9 ?an ! op]ation ( g5]al       
pr9ciples1 if !y are n embodi$ 9        
specific regulations4 ,i am v           
appreh5sive1 t1 s long z ! slav]y       
cont9ues1 "s means = its supply w be    
f\nd4 ,if s1 ,i am p]suad$ t x is bett] 
to all[ ! evil1 9 ord] to correct x1    
?an1 by endeavor+ to =bid :at we _c be  
able :olly to prev5t1 to leave x "u an  
illegal1 & !re=e an unre=m$ exi/5ce4 ,x 
is n t my plan does n lead to !         
ext9ction ( ! slave trade1 b x is ?r\gh 
a v sl[ progress1 ! *ief effect ( :i* is
 to be op]at$ 9 our own plantations1 by 

r5d]+1 9 a l5g? ( "t1 all =eign supply  
unnecess>y4 ,x 0 my wi%1 :il/ ! slav]y  
cont9u$1 & ! consequ5t comm]ce1 to take 
su* measures z to civilize ! coa/ (     
,africa by ! trade1 :i* n[ r5d]s x m    
b>b>\s1 & to lead by degrees to a m     
reputable1 &1 possibly1 a m pr(itable   
connection ) x1 ?an we ma9ta9 at pres5t4
  ,i am sure t y w consid] z a m>k ( my 
confid5ce 9 y\rs & ,mr4 ,pitt's honor & 
g5]osity1 t ,i v5ture to put into y\r   
h&s a s*eme compos$ ( _m & intricate    
comb9ations1 )\t a full explanatory     
preface1 or any att5dant notes1 to po9t 
out ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ,i proce$$ 9 e   
regulation :i* ,i h propos$ t[>ds !     
civilization & gradual manumission (    
negroes 9 ! two hemisph]es4 ,i confess  
,i tru/ inf9itely m 7accord+ to ! s\nd  
pr9ciples ( ^? :o ev] h at any "t       
meliorat$ ! /ate ( mank9d7 to ! effect &
 influ5ce ( religion ?an to all ! re/ ( 
! regulations put toge!r4  ,:5ev]1 9 my 
propos$ re=mation1 we take our po9t (   
dep>ture f a /ate ( slav]y1 we mu/      

prec$e ! donation ( fre$om by dispos+ ! 
m9ds ( ! objects to a disposition to    
receive x )\t dang] to !mselves or to u4
 ,! process ( br++ free savages to ord] 
& civilization is v diff]5t4 ,:5 a /ate 
( slav]y is t ^u :i* we are to "w1 ! v  
means :i* lead to lib]ty mu/ p>take (   
compulsion4 ,! m9ds ( m51 be+ crippl$ ) 
t re/ra9t1 c d no?+ = !mselves3 ev]y?+  
mu/ be done = !m4 ,! regulations c owe  
little to cons5t4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be !      
creature ( p[]4 ,h5ce x is t regulations
 mu/ be multipli$1 p>ticul>ly z y h two 
p>ties to deal )4 ,! plant] y mu/ at    
once re/ra9 & support1 & y mu/ control  
at ! same "t t y ease ! s]vant4 ,?is    
necess>ily makes ! "w a matt] ( c>e1    
labor1 & exp5se4 ,x becomes 9 its nature
 complex4 ,b ,i ?9k nei!r ! object      
impracticable nor ! exp5se intol]able2 &
 ,i am fully conv9c$ t ! cause (        
humanity w\ld be f> m b5efit$ by !      
cont9uance ( ! trade & s]vitude1        
regulat$ & re=m$1 ?an by ! total        
de/ruction ( bo? or ei!r4 ,:at ,i       

propose1 h[ev]1 is b a beg9n+ ( a c\rse 
( measures :i* an exp]i5ce ( ! effects (
 ! evil & ! re=m w enable ! legislature 
h]eaft] to supply & correct4  ,i ne$ n  
obs]ve to y1 t ! =ms are (t5 neglect$1  
p5alties n provid$1 c41 c41 c4 ,b all   
?is is m]ely me*anical1 & :at a c\ple ( 
days' application w\ld set to rights4   
,i h se5 :at has be5 done by ! ,we/     
,indian ,assemblies4 ,x is arrant       
trifl+4 ,!y h done little2 & :at !y h   
done is good = no?+1--= x is totally    
de/itute ( an executory pr9ciple4 ,?is  
is ! po9t to :i* ,i h appli$ my :ole    
dilig5ce4 ,x is easy en\gh to say :at   
%all be done3 to cause x to be          
done1--hic labor1 hoc opus4  ,i ought n 
to apologize = lett+ ?is s*eme lie      
beyond ! p]iod ( ! ,horatian keep+1--,i 
ought mu* m to entreat an excuse =      
produc+ x n[4 ,its :ole value 7if x has 
any7 is ! coh]5ce & mutual dep5d5cy (   
p>ts 9 ! s*eme2 sep>ately !y c be (     
little or no use4  ,i h ! honor to be1 )
 v great respect & reg>d1  ,de> ,sir1   

,y\r mo/ fai?ful & ob$i5t humble s]vant1
  ,,edmund ,,burke4  ,,beaconsfield1    
,ea/]-,monday night1 #agib4     ,,sket* 
,,( ,a ,,negro ,,code4   ,?is           
con/itution consi/s ( f\r pr9cipal      
memb]s4  ,i4 ,! rules = qualify+ a %ip =
 ! ,african trade4  ,,ii4 ,! mode (     
c>ry+ on ! trade ^u ! coa/ ( ,africa1   
:i* includes a plan = introduc+         
civilization 9 t "p ( ! _w4  ,,iii4 ,:at
 is to be obs]v$ f ! "t ( %ipp+ negroes 
to ! sale 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s4  ,,iv4 
,! regulations relative to ! /ate &     
condition ( slaves 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 _! 
manumission1 c4   ,sid5ote3 ,,preamble4 
,:]eas x is exp$i5t1 & com=mable to !   
pr9ciples ( true religion & morality1 & 
to ! rules ( s\nd policy1 to put an end 
to all traffic 9 ! p]sons ( m51 & to !  
det5tion ( _! said p]sons 9 a /ate (    
slav]y1 z soon z ! same may be effect$  
)\t produc+ great inconv5i5ces 9 ! sudd5
 *ange ( practices ( su* long /&+1 &    
dur+ ! "t ( ! cont9uance ( ! said       
practices x is desirable & exp$i5t by   

prop] regulations to less5 !            
inconv5i5ces & evils att5dant on ! said 
traffic & /ate ( s]vitude1 until bo?    
%all be gradually done away3  ,& :]eas !
 objects ( ! said trade & consequ5tial  
s]vitude1 & ! grievances result+        
!refrom1 come "u ! pr9cipal heads       
foll[+1 ! regulations ought !reto to be 
sev]ally appli$3 t is to say1 t         
provision %\ld be made by ! said        
regulations1  #a/1 ,= duly qualify+ %ips
 = ! said traffic2  #bnd1 ,= ! mode &   
conditions ( p]mitt+ ! said trade to be 
c>ri$ on ^u ! coa/ ( ,africa2  #crd1 ,= 
! treatm5t ( ! negroes 9 _! passage to !
 ,we/ ,india isl&s2  #d?1 ,= ! gov]nm5t 
( ! negroes :i* are or %all be employ$ 9
 8 ,maje/y's colonies & plantations 9 ! 
,we/ ,indies3  ,sid5ote3 ,%ips to be    
regi/]$4  ,be x !re=e enact$1 t e %ip or
 trad+ vessel :i* is int5d$ = ! negro   
trade1 ) ! "n ( ! own] or own]s !re(1   
%all be ent]$ & regi/]$ z %ips trad+ to 
! ,we/ ,indies are by law to be regi/]$1
 ) ! fur!r provisions foll[+3  ,sid5ote3

 ,measur$ & survey$4  #a4 ,! same entry 
& regi/] %all conta9 an acc\nt ( !      
greate/ numb] ( negroes ( all           
descriptions :i* are propos$ to be tak5 
into ! said %ip or trad+ vessel2 & !    
said %ip1 be=e %e is p]mitt$ to be ent]$
 outw>ds1 %all be survey$ by a          
%ip-c>p5t]1 to be appo9t$ by ! collector
 ( ! port f :i* ! said vessel is to     
dep>t1 & by a surgeon1 also appo9t$ by !
 collector1 :o ha? be5 conv]sant 9 !    
s]vice ( ! said trade1 b n at ! "t      
actually engag$ or cov5ant$ !re92 & !   
said c>p5t] & surgeon %all report to !  
collector1 or 9 8 abs5ce1 to ! next     
pr9cipal (fic] ( ! port2 ^u oa?1 7:i*   
oa? ! said collector or pr9cipal (fic]  
is h]eby emp[]$ to adm9i/]17 h]         
measurem5t1 & :at %e conta9s 9 build]'s 
tonnage1 & t %e has ---- feet ( grat$   
por?oles betwe5 ! decks1 & t %e is      
o!rwise fitly f\nd z a good transport   
vessel4  ,sid5ote3 ,numb] ( slaves      
limit$4  #b4 ,& be x enact$1 t no %ip   
employ$ 9 ! said trade %all ^u any      

pret5ce take 9 m negroes ?an "o gr[n man
 or woman = "o ton & half ( build]'s    
tonnage1 nor m ?an "o boy or girl = "o  
ton4  ,sid5ote3 ,provisions4  #c4 ,t !  
said %ip or o!r vessel %all lay 91 9    
proportion to ! %ip's company ( ! said  
vessel1 & ! numb] ( negroes regi/]$1 a  
full & suffici5t /ore ( s\nd provision1 
s z to be secure aga9/ all probable     
delays & accid5ts1 namely1 salt$ beef1  
pork1 salt-fi%1 butt]1 *eese1 biscuit1  
fl\r1 rice1 oat-meal1 & :ite peas1 b no 
horse-beans1 or o!r inf]ior provisions2 
& ! said %ip %all be prop]ly provid$ )  
wat]-casks or j>s1 9 proportion to !    
int5d$ numb] ( ! said negroes2 & ! said 
%ip %all be also provid$ ) a prop] &    
suffici5t /ock ( coals or firewood4     
,sid5ote3 ,/ores4  #d4 ,& e %ip ent]$ z 
a=esaid %all take out a co>se %irt & a  
pair ( tr\s]s1 or petticoat1 = ea* negro
 int5d$ to be tak5 abo>d2 z also a mat1 
or co>se mattress1 or hammock1 = ! use (
 ! said negroes4 ,! proportions (       
provision1 fuel1 & clo?+ to be regulat$ 

by ! table annex$ to ?is act4  ,sid5ote3
 ,c]tificate !re(4  #e4 ,& be x enact$1 
t no %ip %all be p]mitt$ to proce$ on ! 
said voyage or adv5ture1 until ! se>*] (
 ! port f :5ce ! said vessel %all sail1 
or su* p]son z he %all appo9t to act =  
him1 %all report to ! collector t he ha?
 inspect$ ! said /ores1 & t ! %ip is    
accommodat$ & provid$ 9 ! mann] h]eby   
direct$4  ,sid5ote3 ,guns = trade to be 
inspect$4  #f4 ,& be x enact$1 t no guns
 be export$ to ! coa/ ( ,africa1 9 !    
said or any o!r trade1 unless ! same be 
duly m>k$ ) ! mak]'s "n on ! b>rels be=e
 !y are put into ! /ocks1 & v\*$ by an  
inspector 9 ! place :]e ! same are made 
to be )\t fraud1 & suffici5t &          
m]*antable arms4  ,sid5ote3 ,own]s &    
ma/]s to ent] into bonds4  #g4 ,& be x  
enact$1 t1 be=e any %ip z a=esaid %all  
proce$ on h] voyage1 ! own] or own]s1 or
 an attorney by !m nam$1 if ! own]s are 
m ?an two1 & ! ma/]1 %all sev]ally give 
bond1 ! own]s by !mselves1 ! ma/] =     
himself1 t ! said ma/] %all duly con=m  

himself 9 all ?+s to ! regulations 9 ?is
 act conta9$1 s f> z ! same reg>ds 8 "p 
9 execut+ & con=m+ to ! same4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,ii4 ,& :]eas1 9 provid+ = ! second    
object ( ?is act1 t is to say1 = ! trade
 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 x is fir/ prud5t n
 only to provide aga9/ ! manifold abuses
 to :i* a trade ( t nature is liable1 b 
t ! same may be accompani$1 z f> z x is 
possible1 ) su* advantages to ! natives 
z may t5d to ! civiliz+ !m1 & enabl+ !m 
to enri* !mselves by means m desirable1 
& to c>ry on h]eaft] a trade m          
advantage\s & honorable to all p>ties3  
,& :]eas religion1 ord]1 morality1 &    
virtue are ! elem5tal pr9ciples1 & ! k (
 lett]s1 arts1 & h&icraft trades1 ! *ief
 means ( su* civilization & improvem5t3 
= ! bett] atta9m5t ( ! said good        
purposes1  ,sid5ote3 ,m>ts to be        
e/abli%$ on ! coa/4  #a4 ,be x h]eby    
enact$1 t ! coa/ ( ,africa1 on :i* !    
said trade = negroes may be c>ri$ on1   
%all be & is h]eby divid$ into m>ts or  

/aples1 z h]eaft] foll[s4 ,"h "n ! m>ts4
 ,& be x enact$1 t x %all n be lawful = 
! ma/] ( any %ip to pur*ase any negro or
 negroes1 b at "o ( ! said m>ts or      
/aples4  ,sid5ote3 ,gov]nors &          
c\nsellors4  #b4 ,t ! directors ( !     
,african ,company %all appo9t1 :]e n    
already appo9t$1 a gov]nor1 ) ?ree      
c\nsellors1 at ea* ( ! said m>ts1 ) a   
sal>y ( ---- to ! gov]nor1 & ( ---- to  
ea* ( ! said c\nsellors4 ,! said        
gov]nor1 or1 9 8 abs5ce or illness1 !   
s5ior c\nsellor1 %all & is h]eby emp[]$ 
to act z a ju/ice ( ! peace1 & !y1 or   
ei!r ( !m1 are au?oriz$1 ord]$1 &       
direct$ to provide = ! peace ( !        
settlem5t1 & ! good regulation ( _!     
/ation & /ations sev]ally1 accord+ to ! 
rules ( ju/ice1 to ! directions ( ?is   
act1 & ! in/ructions !y %all receive f  
"t to "t f ! said ,african ,company4 ,& 
! said ,african ,company is h]eby       
au?oriz$ to prep>e in/ructions1 ) !     
ass5t ( ! ,lords ( 8 ,maje/y's ,privy   
,c\ncil1 :i* %all be b9d+ 9 all ?+s n   

contr>y to ?is act1 or to ! laws (      
,engl&1 on ! said gov]nors & c\nsellors1
 & e ( !m1 & on all p]sons act+ 9       
commission ) !m "u ?is act1 & on all    
p]sons resid+ )9 ! jurisdiction ( !     
magi/rates ( ! said m>t4  ,sid5ote3     
,%ips ( w> /ation$4  #c4 ,& be x enact$1
 t ! ,"l ,high ,admiral1 or commission]s
 = execut+ 8 (fice1 %all appo9t "o or m1
 z !y %all see conv5i5t1 ( 8 ,maje/y's  
%ips or sloops ( w>1 "u ! comm& sev]ally
 ( a po/-capta91 or ma/] & comm&]1 to   
ea* m>t1 z a naval /ation4  ,sid5ote3   
,inspectors appo9t$4  #d4 ,& be x       
enact$1 t ! ,"l ,high ,treasur]1 or !   
commission]s = execut+ 8 (fice1 %all "n 
two inspectors ( ! said trade at e m>t1 
:o %all provide = ! execution ( ?is act1
 accord+ to ! directions !re(1 s f> z   
%all relate to !m2 & x is h]eby provid$ 
& enact$1 t1 z cases ( sudd5 em]g5cy may
 arise1 ! said gov]nor or fir/          
c\nsellor1 & ! fir/ comm&] ( 8 ,maje/y's
 %ip or %ips on ! said /ation1 & ! said 
inspectors1 or ! majority ( !m1 !       

gov]nor hav+ a d\ble or ca/+ vote1 %all 
h p[] & au?ority to make su* occasional 
rules & ord]s relat+ to ! said trade z  
%all n be contr>y to ! in/ructions ( !  
,african ,company1 & :i* %all be valid  
until ! same are revok$ by ! said       
,african ,company4  ,sid5ote3 ,l&s may  
be pur*as$4  #e4 ,t ! said ,african     
,company is h]eby au?oriz$ to pur*ase1  
if ! same may conv5i5tly be done1 ) !   
cons5t ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 any l&s      
adjo9+ to ! =t or pr9cipal m>t a=esaid1 
n exce$+ ---- acres1 & to make allotm5ts
 ( ! same2 no allotm5t to "o p]son to   
exce$ 7on pa9 ( =feiture7 ---- acres4   
,sid5ote3 ,*ur*es & s*oolh\ses1 &       
hospitals to be erect$4  ,sid5ote3      
,*apla9 & assi/ant4  ,sid5ote3 ,cl]k &  
cate*i/4  #f4 ,t ! ,african ,company    
%all1 at ea* =t or m>t1 cause to be     
erect$1 9 a conv5i5t place1 & at a      
mod]ate co/1 ! e/imate ( :i* %all be    
approv$ by ! ,treasury1 "o *ur*1 & "o   
s*ool-h\se1 & "o hospital2 & %all appo9t
 "o pr9cipal *apla91 ) a curate or      

assi/ant 9 holy ord]s1 bo? ( :om %all be
 recomm5d$ by ! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,london2 & 
! said *apla9 or 8 assi/ant %all p]=m   
div9e s]vice1 & adm9i/] ! sacram5ts1    
accord+ to ! usage ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1  
or to su* mode n contr>y !reto z to !   
said bi%op %all seem m suitable to !    
circum/ances ( ! p4 ,& ! said pr9cipal  
*apla9 %all be ! ?ird memb] 9 ! c\ncil1 
& %all be entitl$ to receive f !        
directors ( ! said ,african ,company a  
sal>y ( ----1 & 8 assi/ant a sal>y (    
----1 & he %all h p[] to appo9t "o sob] 
& discreet p]son1 :ite or black1 to be 8
 cl]k & cate*i/1 at a sal>y ( ----4     
,sid5ote3 ,s*oolma/]4  ,sid5ote3 ,c>p5t]
 & blacksmi?4  ,sid5ote3 ,native        
appr5tices4  ,sid5ote3 ,surgeon & mate4 
,sid5ote3 ,native appr5tice4  #g4 ,& be 
x enact$1 t ! ,african ,company %all    
appo9t "o suffici5t s*oolma/]1 :o %all  
be approv$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 & :o  
%all be capable ( tea*+ writ+1          
ari?metic1 survey+1 & m5suration1 at a  
sal>y ( ----4 ,& ! said ,african        

,company is h]eby au?oriz$ to provide = 
ea* settlem5t a c>p5t] & blacksmi?1 )   
su* enc\ragem5t z to !m %all seem       
exp$i5t1 :o %all take ea* two appr5tices
 f among/ ! natives2 to in/ruct !m 9 !  
sev]al trades1 ! ,african ,company all[+
 !m1 z a fee = ea* appr5tice1 ----4 ,& !
 said ,african ,company %all appo9t "o  
surgeon & "o surgeon's mate1 :o are to  
be approv$ on exam9ation1 at ,surgeons' 
,hall1 to ea* =t or m>t1 ) a sal>y (    
---- = ! surgeon1 & = 8 mate ----2 & !  
said surgeon %all take "o native        
appr5tice1 at a fee to be settl$ by !   
,african ,company4  ,sid5ote3 ,h[       
removable4  #h4 ,& be x enact$1 t ! said
 cate*i/1 s*oolma/]1 surgeon1 &         
surgeon's mate1 z well z ! tradesm5 9 ! 
,company's s]vice1 %all be ob$i5t to !  
ord]s !y %all f "t to "t receive f !    
gov]nor & c\ncil ( ea* =t2 & if !y1 or  
any ( !m1 or any o!r p]son1 9 :atev]    
/ation1 %all appe>1 on compla9t & pro(  
to ! majority ( ! commission]s1 to lead 
a disord]ly & debau*$ life1 or use any  

pr(ane or impi\s disc\rses1 to ! dang] (
 defeat+ ! purposes ( ?is in/itution1 & 
to ! sc&al ( ! natives1 :o are to be l$ 
by all due means into a respect = our   
holy religion1 & a desire ( p>tak+ ( !  
b5efits !re(1 !y are au?oriz$ & direct$ 
to susp5d ! said p]son f 8 (fice1 or !  
ex]cise ( 8 trade1 & to s5d him to      
,engl& 7b )\t any h>d conf9em5t1 except 
9 case ( resi/ance7 ) a compla9t1 )     
inquiry & pro(s adjo9$1 to ! ,african   
,company4  #i4 ,& be x enact$1 t !      
,bi%op ( ,london = ! "t be+ %all h full 
au?ority to remove ! said *apla9 = su*  
causes z to him %all seem reasonable4   
,sid5ote3 ,no public (fic] to be conc]n$
 9 ! negro trade4  #aj4 ,t no gov]nor1  
c\nsellor1 inspector1 *apla91 surgeon1  
or s*oolma/] %all be conc]n$1 or h any  
%>e1 directly or indirectly1 9 ! negro  
trade1 on pa9 ( ----4  ,sid5ote3        
,j\rnals & lett]-books to be kept &     
transmitt$4  #aa4 ,be x enact$1 t ! said
 gov]nor & c\ncil %all keep a j\rnal (  
all _! proce$+s1 & a book 9 :i* copies (

 all _! correspond5ce %all be ent]$1 &  
!y %all transmit copies ( ! said j\rnals
 & lett]-book1 & _! books ( acc\nts1 to 
! ,african ,company1 :o1 )9 ---- ( _!   
receipt !re(1 %all communicate ! same to
 "o ( 8 ,maje/y's pr9cipal secret>ies ( 
/ate4  ,sid5ote3 ,*apla9 to report to ! 
,bi%op ( ,london4  #ab4 ,& be x enact$1 
t ! said *apla9 or pr9cipal m9i/]1 %all 
correspond ) ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 &      
fai?fully & dilig5tly transmit to him an
 acc\nt ( :atev] ha? be5 done = !       
advancem5t ( religion1 morality1 & le>n+
 among/ ! natives4  ,sid5ote3 ,negroes  
to be atte/$ be=e sale4  #ac4 ,& be x   
enact$1 t no negro %all be conclusively 
sold1 until he %all be atte/$ by ! two  
inspectors & *apla91 or1 9 case ( !     
illness ( any ( !m1 by "o inspector1 & !
 gov]nor1 or "o ( ! c\ncil1 :o are h]eby
 au?oriz$ & direct$1 by ! be/ means 9 _!
 p[]1 to exam9e into ! circum/ances &   
condition ( ! p]sons expos$ to sale4    
,sid5ote3 ,causes = rejection4  #ad4 ,& 
= ! bett] direction ( ! said inspectors1

 no p]sons are to be sold1 :o1 to ! be/ 
judgm5t ( ! said inspectors1 %all be    
above ?irty-five ye>s ( age1 or :o %all 
appe>1 on exam9ation1 /ol5 or c>ri$ away
 by ! deal]s by surprise2 nor any p]son 
:o is able to read 9 ! ,arabian or any  
o!r book2 nor any woman :o %all appe> to
 be advanc$ ?ree mon?s 9 pregnancy2 nor 
any p]son di/ort$ or feeble1 unless !   
said p]sons are cons5t+ to su* sale2 or 
any p]son afflict$ ) a griev\s or       
contagi\s di/emp]3 b if any p]son s (f]$
 is only lightly disord]$1 ! said p]son 
may be sold1 b mu/ be kept 9 ! hospital 
( ! m>t1 & %all n be %ipp$ until        
completely cur$4  ,sid5ote3 ,trad]s to  
be lic5s$ by ! gov]nors4  #ae4 ,be x    
enact$1 t no black or ,european factor  
or trad] into ! int]ior c\ntry1 or on ! 
coa/1 7! ma/]s ( ,engli% %ips only      
except$1 = ^: good conduct provision is 
o!rwise h]e9 made17 %all be p]mitt$ to  
buy or sell 9 any ( ! said m>ts1 unless 
he be approv$ by ! gov]nor ( ! m>t 9 :i*
 he is to deal1 or1 9 8 abs5ce or       

disability1 by ! s5ior c\nsellor = ! "t 
be+1 & obta9+ a lic5se f su* gov]nor or 
c\nsellor2 & ! said trad]s & factors    
%all1 sev]ally or jo9tly1 z !y %all be  
conc]n$1 be=e !y %all obta9 ! said      
lic5se1 be b\nd 9 a recognizance1 ) su* 
surety = 8 or _! good behavior z to !   
said gov]nor %all seem ! be/ t c be     
obta9$4  ,sid5ote3 ,(f5ces h[ to be tri$
 & puni%$4  #af4 ,be x enact$1 t ! said 
gov]nor1 or o!r au?ority a=esaid1 %all  
exam9e1 by duty ( (fice1 into ! conduct 
( all su* trad]s & factors1 & %all      
receive & publicly he> 7) ! assi/ance ( 
! c\ncil & inspectors a=esaid1 & ( !    
commodore1 capta91 or o!r pr9cipal      
comm&] ( "o ( 8 ,maje/y's %ips on ! said
 /ation1 or z _m ( ! same z c be        
assembl$1 two :]e(1 ) ! gov]nor1 are    
h]eby enabl$ to act7 all compla9ts aga9/
 !m1 or any ( !m2 & if any black or :ite
 trad] or factor1 7o!r ?an 9 ?is act    
except$17 ei!r on inquisition ( (fice or
 on compla9t1 %all be convict$ by a     
majority ( ! said commission]s pres5t ( 

/eal+ or tak+ by surprise any p]son or  
p]sons :atsoev]1 :e!r free or ! slaves (
 o!rs1 )\t ! cons5t ( _! ma/]s1 or (    
wilfully & malici\sly kill+ or maim+ any
 p]son1 or ( any cruelty1 7necess>y     
re/ra9t only except$17 or ( fir+ h\ses1 
or de/roy+ goods1 ! said trad] or factor
 %all be deem$ to h =feit$ 8            
recognizance1 & 8 surety to h =feit$ 82 
& ! said trad] or factor1 s convict$1   
%all be =ev] disabl$ f deal+ 9 any ( !  
said m>ts1 unless ! (f5ce %all n be t ( 
murd]1 maim+1 arson1 or /eal+ or        
surpris+ ! p]son1 & %all appe> to !     
commission]s a=esaid to m]it only1      
besides ! p5alty ( 8 bond1 a susp5sion =
 "o ye>2 & ! said trad] or factor1 s    
convict$ ( murd]1 maim+1 arson1 /eal+ or
 surpris+ ! p]son1 %all1 if a native1 be
 deliv]$ ov] to ! pr9ce to :om he       
belongs1 to execute fur!r ju/ice on him4
 ,b x is h]eby provid$ & enact$1 t1 if  
any ,european %all be convict$ ( any ( !
 said (f5ces1 he %all be s5t to ,europe1
 toge!r ) ! evid5ce aga9/ him2 & on !   

w>rant ( ! said commission]s1 ! keep] ( 
any ( 8 ,maje/y's jails 9 ,london1      
,bri/ol1 ,liv]pool1 or ,glasg[ %all     
receive him1 until he be deliv]$ accord+
 to due c\rse ( law1 z if ! said (f5ces 
_h be5 committ$ )9 ! cities & t[ns      
a=esaid4  ,sid5ote3 ,negroes expos$ to  
sale contr>y to ! provisions ( ?is act1 
h[ to be dealt )4  #ag4 ,be x fur!r     
enact$1 t1 if ! said gov]nor1 c1 %all be
 satisfi$ t p]son or p]sons are expos$  
to sale1 :o h be5 /ol5 or surpris$ z    
a=esaid1 or are n )9 ! qualifications ( 
sale 9 ?is act describ$1 !y are h]eby   
au?oriz$ & requir$1 if x c be done1 to  
s5d ! p]sons s expos$ to sale to _!     
orig9al habitation or settlem5t1 9 !    
mann] !y %all deem be/ = _! security1 7!
 reasonable *>ges :]e( %all be all[$ to 
! said gov]nor by ! ,african ,company17 
unless ! said p]sons *oose to sell      
!mselves2 & !n1 & 9 t case1 _! value 9  
money & goods1 at _! pleasure1 %all be  
secur$ to !m1 & be applicable to _!     
use1-)\t any dom9ion ov] ! same ( any   

pur*as]1 or ( any ma/] to :om !y may 9  
any colony or plantation be sold1 & :i* 
%all always be 9 "s ( 8 ma/]'s          
,maje/y's8 colonies & plantations only4 
,& ! ma/] ( ! %ip 9 :i* su* p]son %all  
emb>k %all give bond = ! fai?ful        
execution ( 8 "p ( ! tru/ at ! isl& :]e 
he %all break bulk4  #ah4 ,be x fur!r   
enact$1 t1 besides ! hospitals on %ore1 
"o or m hospital-%ips %all be employ$ at
 ea* ( ! said *ief m>ts1 :]e9 slaves    
tak5 ill 9 ! trad+ %ips %all be         
accommodat$1 until !y %all be cur$2 & !n
 ! own] may reclaim & %all receive !m1  
pay+ ! *>ges :i* %all be settl$ by      
regulation to be made by ! au?ority 9   
?is act enabl$ to provide su*           
regulations4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,iii4 ,& :]eas x 
is necess>y t regulations be made to    
prev5t abuses 9 ! passage f ,africa to !
 ,we/ ,indies3  ,sid5ote3 ,slave %ips to
 be exam9$ on ! coa/4  #a4 ,be x fur!r  
enact$1 t ! comm&] or lieut5ant ( ! k+'s
 %ip on ea* /ation %all h au?ority1 z   

(t5 z he %all see occasion1 att5d$ ) "o 
o!r ( 8 (fic]s1 & 8 surgeon or mate1 to 
ent] into & inspect e trad+ %ip1 9 ord] 
to provide = ! due execution ( ?is act1 
& ( any ord9ances made 9 virtue !re( &  
con=mable !reto by ! au?orities h]e9    
con/itut$ & appo9t$2 & ! said (fic] &   
(fic]s are h]eby requir$ to exam9e e    
trad+ %ip be=e %e sails1 & to /op !     
sail+ ( ! said %ip = ! brea* ( ! said   
rules & ord9ances1 until ! gov]nor 9    
c\ncil %all ord] & direct o!rwise3 & !  
ma/] ( ! said %ip %all n presume1 "u !  
p5alty ( ----1 to be recov]$ 9 ! c\rts (
 ! ,we/ ,indies1 to sail )\t a          
c]tificate f ! comm&] a=esaid1 & "o ( ! 
inspectors 9 ?is act appo9t$1 t ! vessel
 is provid$ ) /ores & o!r accommodation 
suffici5t = h] voyage1 & has n a great] 
numb] ( slaves on bo>d ?an by !         
provisions ( ?is act is all[$4          
,sid5ote3 ,gov]nor to give special      
in/ructions4  #b4 ,& be x enact$1 t !   
gov]nor & c\ncil1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! said
 naval comm&]1 %all h p[] to give su*   

special writt5 in/ructions = ! heal?1   
discipl9e1 & c>e ( ! said slaves1 dur+  
_! passage1 z to !m %all seem good1     
,sid5ote3 ,pres5ts & musical in/rum5ts  
to be provid$4  #c4 ,& be x fur!r       
enact$1 t ea* slave1 at ent]+ ! said    
%ip1 is to receive "s pres5t1 n exce$+ 9
 value ----1 to be provid$ accord+ to ! 
in/ructions a=esaid2 & musical          
in/rum5ts1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( !      
c\ntry1 are to be provid$4  ,sid5ote3   
,table ( all[ances4  #d4 ,& be x fur!r  
enact$1 t ! negroes on bo>d !           
transports1 & ! seam5 :o navigate !     
same1 are to receive _! daily all[ance  
accord+ to ! table h]eunto annex$1      
toge!r ) a c]ta9 quantity ( spirits to  
be mix$ ) _! wat]4 ,& x is enact$1 t !  
table is to be fix$1 & cont9ue = "o week
 aft] sail+1 9 "s conspicu\s "p ( ! said
 %ip1 = ! seam5's inspection ( ! same4  
,sid5ote3 ,negro sup]9t5d5ts to be      
appo9t$4  #e4 ,& be x enact$1 t ! capta9
 ( ea* trad+ vessel %all be enabl$ & is 
to divide ! slaves 9 8 %ip into crews ( 

n less ?an t5 nor m ?an tw5ty p]sons    
ea*1 & to appo9t "o negro man to h su*  
au?ority sev]ally ov] ea* crew1 z       
accord+ to 8 judgm5t1 ) ! advice ( !    
mate & surgeon1 he & !y %all see good to
 commit to !m1 & to all[ to ea* ( !m "s 
comp5sation1 9 extraord9>y diet &       
pres5ts1 n exce$+ t5 %ill+s4  ,sid5ote3 
,communication ) female slaves1 h[      
puni%$4  #f4 ,& be x enact$1 t any      
,european (fic] or seaman1 hav+ unlawful
 communication ) any woman slave1 %all1 
if an (fic]1 pay five p\nds to ! use ( !
 said woman1 on l&+ h] f ! said %ip1 to 
be /opp$ out ( 8 wages1 or if a seaman1 
=ty %ill+s3 ! said p5alties to be       
recov]$ on ! te/imony ( ! woman s abus$1
 & "o o!r4  ,sid5ote3 ,premium to       
comm&]s ( slave-%ips4  #g4 ,& be x      
enact$1 t all & e comm&] ( a vessel or  
vessels employ$ 9 slave trade1 hav+     
receiv$ c]tificates f ! port ( ! outfit1
 & f ! prop] (fic]s 9 ,africa & ! ,we/  
,indies1 ( _! hav+ con=m$ to !          
regulations ( ?is act1 & ( _! n hav+ lo/

 m ?an "o 9 ?irty ( _! slaves by dea?1  
%all be entitl$ to a b\nty or premium ( 
t5 p\nds4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,,iv4 ,& :]eas ! condition 
( p]sons 9 a /ate ( slav]y is su* t !y  
are utt]ly unable to take advantage (   
any rem$y :i* ! laws may provide = _!   
protection & ! am5dm5t ( _! condition1 &
 h n ! prop] means ( pursu+ any process 
= ! same1 b are & mu/ be "u gu>dian%ip3 
& :]eas x is n fitt+ t !y %\ld be "u !  
sole gu>dian%ip ( _! ma/]s1 or _!       
attorneys & ov]se]s1 to :om _!          
grievances1 :5ev] !y suff] any1 mu/     
ord9>ily be ow+3  ,sid5ote3             
,attorney-,g5]al to be protector (      
negroes4  ,sid5ote3 ,to inquire & file  
in=mation ex (ficio4  #a4 ,be x !re=e   
enact$1 t 8 ,maje/y's ,attorney-,g5]al =
 ! "t be+ successively %all1 by 8 (fice1
 ex]cise ! tru/ & employm5t ( protector 
( negroes )9 ! isl& 9 :i* he is or %all 
be ,attorney-,g5]al to 8 ,maje/y1 8     
heirs & successors2 & t ! said          
,attorney-,g5]al1 protector ( negroes1  

is h]eby au?oriz$ to he> any compla9t on
 ! "p ( any negro or negroes1 & inquire 
into ! same1 or to in/itute an inquiry  
ex (ficio into any abuses1 =mations & to
 call be=e him & exam9e witnesses ^u    
oa?1 relative to ! subject-matt] ( !    
said (ficial inquiry or compla9t3 & x is
 h]eby enact$ & decl>$1 t ! said        
,attorney-,g5]al1 protector ( negroes1  
is h]eby au?oriz$ & emp[]$1 at 8        
discretion1 to file an in=mation ex     
(ficio = any (f5ces committ$ aga9/ !    
provisions ( ?is act1 or = any          
misdemeanors or wrongs aga9/ ! said     
negroes1 or any ( !m4  ,sid5ote3 ,p[] to
 *all5ge jurors4  #b4 ,& x is fur!r     
enact$1 t 9 all trials ( su* in=mations 
! said protector ( negroes may & is     
h]eby au?oriz$ to *all5ge p]emptorily a 
numb] n exce$+ ---- ( ! jury :o %all be 
impanell$ to try ! *>ge 9 ! said        
in=mation conta9$4  ,sid5ote3 ,to appo9t
 inspectors ( di/ricts4  ,sid5ote3 :o   
are to report to him twice 9 ! ye> !    
numb] & condition ( ! slaves4  #c4 ,& be

 x enact$1 t ! said ,attorney-,g5]al1   
protector ( negroes1 %all appo9t        
inspectors1 n exce$+ ! numb] ( ----1 at 
8 discretion2 & ! said inspectors %all  
be plac$ 9 conv5i5t di/ricts 9 ea* isl& 
sev]ally1 or %all twice 9 ! ye> make a  
circuit 9 ! same1 accord+ to ! direction
 :i* !y %all receive f ! protector (    
negroes a=esaid2 & ! inspectors %all &  
!y are h]eby requir$1 twice 9 ! ye>1 to 
report 9 writ+ to ! protector a=esaid ! 
/ate & condition ( ! negroes 9 _!       
di/ricts or on _! circuit sev]ally1 !   
numb]1 sex1 age1 & occupation ( ! said  
negroes on ea* plantation2 & ! ov]se] or
 *ief manag] on ea* plantation is h]eby 
requir$ to furni% an acc\nt !re( )9 t5  
days aft] ! dem& ( ! said inspectors1 & 
to p]mit ! inspector or inspectors      
a=esaid to exam9e into ! same2 & ! said 
inspectors %all set =?1 9 ! said report1
 ! di/emp]s to :i* ! negroes are mo/    
liable 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( ! isl&4        
,sid5ote3 ,in/ructions to be =m$ =      
inspectors4  #d4 ,& be x enact$1 t !    

said protector ( negroes1 by & ) !      
cons5t ! gov]nor & *ief judge ( ea*     
isl&1 %all =m in/ructions1 by :i* ! said
 inspectors %all dis*>ge _! tru/ 9 !    
mann] ! lea/ capable ( excit+ any       
unreasonable hopes 9 ! said negroes1 or 
( weak5+ ! prop] au?ority ( ! ov]se]1 & 
%all transmit !m to "o ( 8 ,maje/y's    
pr9cipal secret>ies ( /ate2 & :5 s5t    
back ) 8 approbation1 ! same %all become
 ! rule = ! conduct ( ! said inspectors4
  ,sid5ote3 ,regi/ry4  #e4 ,& be x      
enact$1 t ! said ,attorney-,g5]al1      
protector ( negroes1 %all appo9t an     
(fice = regi/]+ all proce$+s relative to
 ! duty ( 8 place z protector ( negroes1
 & %all appo9t 8 *ief cl]k to be        
regi/r>1 ) a sal>y n exce$+ ----4       
,sid5ote3 ,ports :]e negroes are to be  
l&$4 ,vessels to be inspect$4  ,sid5ote3
 ,ma/]s or (fic]s (f5d+ to be f9$4  #f4 
,& be x enact$1 t no negroes %all be l&$
 = sale 9 any b ! ports foll[+3 t is to 
say1 ----4 ,& ! collector ( ea* ( ! said
 ports sev]ally %all1 )9 ---- days aft] 

! arrival ( any %ip transport+ negroes1 
report ! same to ! protector ( negroes1 
or to "o ( 8 inspectors2 & ! said       
protector is h]eby au?oriz$ & requir$ to
 exam9e1 or cause to be exam9$ by "o ( 8
 inspectors1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! said     
collector1 or 8 deputy1 & a surgeon to  
be call$ 9 on ! occasion1 ! /ate ( !    
said %ip & negroes2 & ^u :at %all appe> 
to !m1 ! said protector ( negroes1 & !  
said collector & surgeon1 to be a       
suffici5t pro(1 ei!r z aris+ f _! own   
inspection1 or suffici5t in=mation on a 
summ>y process1 ( any contrav5tion ( ?is
 act1 or cruelty to ! negroes1 or o!r   
malv]sation ( ! said capta91 or any ( 8 
(fic]s ! said protector %all impose a   
f9e on him or !m1 n exce$+ ----2 :i*    
%all n1 h[ev]1 weak5 or invalidate any  
p5alty gr[+ f ! bond ( ! said ma/] or 8 
own]s4 ,& x is h]eby provid$1 t1 if !   
said ma/]1 or any ( 8 (fic]s1 %all f9d  
himself aggriev$ by ! said f9e1 he may  
)9 ---- days appeal to ! *ief judge1 if 
! c\rt %all be sitt+1 or to ! gov]nor1  

:o %all & are requir$ to he> ! said     
p>ties1 & on he>+ are to annul or       
confirm ! same4  ,sid5ote3 ,rates       
respect+ ! sale ( negroes4  #g4 ,& be x 
enact$1 t no sale ( negroes %all be made
 b 9 ! pres5ce ( an inspector1 & all    
negroes %all be sold sev]ally1 or 9 kn[n
 & asc]ta9$ lots1 & n o!rwise2 & a pap] 
conta9+ ! /ate & description ( ea* negro
 sev]ally sold1 & ( ea* lot1 %all be    
tak5 & regi/]$ 9 ! (fice a=esaid2 & if1 
on inspection or in=mation1 x %all be   
f\nd t any negroes %all h1 9 ! same %ip1
 or any o!r at ! same "t exam9$1 a wife1
 an husb&1 a bro!r1 si/]1 or *ild1 !    
p]son or p]sons s relat$ %all n be sold 
sep>ately at t or any future sale4      
,sid5ote3 ,e isl& to be divid$ into     
di/ricts4  ,sid5ote3 ,a *ur* to be built
 9 ea*4  #h4 ,& be x enact$1 t ea* & e (
 8 ,maje/y's isl&s & plantations1 9 :i* 
negroes are us$ 9 cultivation1 %all be1 
by ! gov]nor & ! protector ( negroes = !
 "t be+1 divid$ into di/ricts1 all[+ z  
mu* z conv5i5ce w admit to ! pres5t     

division into p>i%es1 & subdivid+ !m1   
:]e necess>y1 into di/ricts1 accord+ to 
! numb] ( negroes4 ,& ! said gov]nor &  
protector ( negroes %all cause 9 ea*    
di/rict a *ur* to be built 9 a conv5i5t 
place1 & a cemet]y annex$1 & an h\se = !
 resid5ce ( a cl]gyman1 ) ---- acres (  
l& annex$2 & !y are h]eby au?oriz$ to   
treat = ! necess>y gr\nd ) ! proprietor1
 :o is h]eby oblig$ to sell & dispose ( 
! same to ! said use2 & 9 case ( dispute
 conc]n+ ! value1 ! same to be settl$ by
 a jury1 z 9 l cases is accu/om$4       
,sid5ote3 ,appo9tm5t ( a prie/ & cl]k4  
#i4 ,& be x enact$1 t 9 ea* ( ! said    
di/ricts %all be e/abli%$ a presbyt] ( !
 ,*ur* ( ,engl& z by law e/abli%$1 :o   
%all appo9t "u him "o cl]k1 :o %all be a
 free negro1 :5 su* prop]ly qualifi$ c  
be f\nd1 7o!rwise1 a :ite man17 ) a     
sal>y1 9 ea* case1 ( ----2 & ! said     
m9i/] & cl]k1 bo? or "o1 %all in/ruct ! 
said negroes 9 ! ,*ur* ,cate*ism1 or su*
 o!r z %all be provid$ by ! au?ority 9  
?is act nam$2 & ! said m9i/] %all       

baptize1 z he %all ?9k fit1 all negroes 
n baptiz$1 & n belong+ to ,diss5t]s f ! 
,*ur* ( ,engl&4  ,sid5ote3 ,own] to     
deliv] a li/ ( negroes to ! m9i/]1 & to 
cause !m to att5d div9e s]vice4  #aj4 ,&
 ! pr9cipal ov]se] ( ea* plantation is  
h]eby requir$ to deliv] annually unto ! 
m9i/] a li/ ( all ! negroes ^u 8        
plantation1 di/+ui%+ _! sex & age1 &    
%all1 "u a p5alty ( ----1 cause all !   
negroes "u 8 c>e1 above ! age ( ----    
ye>s1 to att5d div9e s]vice once on e   
,sunday1 except 9 case ( sickness1      
infirmity1 or o!r necess>y cause1 to be 
giv5 at ! "t1 & %all1 by himself or "o (
 ^? :o are "u him1 provide = ! ord]ly   
behavior ( ! negroes "u him1 & cause !m 
to return to 8 plantation1 :5 div9e     
s]vice1 or adm9i/ration ( sacram5ts1 or 
cate*ism1 is end$4  ,sid5ote3 ,mi/] to  
direct puni%m5t = disord]ly conduct4    
#aa4 ,& be x enact$1 t ! m9i/] %all h   
p[] to puni% any negro = disord]ly      
conduct dur+ div9e s]vice1 by a puni%m5t
 n exce$+ t5 bl[s to be giv5 9 "o day & 

= "o (f5ce1 :i* ! ov]se] or 8 "u ag5t or
 ag5ts is h]eby direct$1 accord+ to !   
ord]s ( ! said m9i/]1 effectually to    
inflict1 :5ev] ! same %all be ord]$4    
,sid5ote3 ,spiritu\s liquors n to be    
sold4  #ab4 ,& be x enact$1 t no        
spiritu\s liquors ( any k9d %all be     
sold1 except 9 t[ns1 )9 ---- miles      
di/ance ( any *ur*1 nor )9 any di/rict  
dur+ div9e s]vice1 & an h\r prec$+ & an 
h\r foll[+ ! same2 & ! m9i/] ( ea* p>i% 
%all & is h]eby au?oriz$ to act z a     
ju/ice ( ! peace 9 en=c+ ! said         
regulation4  ,sid5ote3 ,regi/] ( bir?s1 
burials1 & m>riages4  #ac4 ,& be x      
enact$1 t e m9i/] %all keep a regi/] (  
bir?s1 burials1 & m>riages ( all negroes
 & mulattoes 9 8 di/rict4  ,sid5ote3    
,synod to assemble annually1 & to =m    
regulations1  #ad4 ,& be x enact$1 t !  
m9i/]s ( ! sev]al di/ricts %all meet    
annually1 on ! ---- day ( ----1 9 a     
synod ( ! isl& to :i* !y belong2 & !    
said synod %all h = its presid5t su*    
p]son z ! ,bi%op ( ,london %all appo9t =

 8 commiss>y2 & ! said synod or g5]al   
assembly is h]eby au?oriz$1 by a        
majority ( voices1 to make regulations1 
:i* regulations %all be transmitt$ by ! 
said presid5t or commiss>y to ! ,bi%op (
 ,london2 & :5 return$ by ! ,bi%op (    
,london approv$ (1 !n1 & n be=e1 ! said 
regulations %all be held 9 =ce to b9d ! 
said cl]gy1 _! assi/ants1 cl]ks1 &      
s*oolma/]s only1 & no o!r p]sons4       
,sid5ote3 & to report to ! ,bi%op (     
,london4  #ae4 ,& be x enact$1 t ! said 
presid5t %all collect matt] 9 ! said    
assembly1 & %all make a report ( ! /ate 
( religion & morals 9 ! sev]al p>i%es f 
:5ce ! synod is deput$1 & %all transmit 
! same1 once 9 ! ye>1 9 duplicate1 ?r\gh
 ! gov]nor & protector ( negroes1 to !  
,bi%op ( ,london4  ,sid5ote3 ,bi%op (   
,london to be patron ( ! cures4  #af4 ,&
 be x enact$ & decl>$1 t ! ,bi%op (     
,london = ! "t be+ patron ( ! %all be   
patron to all & e ! said cures 9 ?is act
 direct$2 & ! said bi%op is h]eby       
requir$ to provide = ! due fill+ !re(1 &

 is to receive1 f ! fund 9 ?is act      
provid$ = ! due execution ( ?is act1 a  
sum n exce$+ ---- = ea* ( ! said m9i/]s1
 = 8 outfit & passage4  ,sid5ote3 & to h
 p[] ( susp5d+ & remov+ m9i/]s4  #ag4 ,&
 be x enact$1 t1 on misbehavior1 & on   
compla9t f ! said synod1 & on he>+ !    
p>ty accus$ 9 a pla9 & summ>y mann]1 x  
%all & may be lawful = ! ,bi%op (       
,london to susp5d or to remove any m9i/]
 f 8 cure1 z 8 said (f5ces %all appe> to
 m]it4  ,sid5ote3 ,s*ools = "y negroes4 
#ah4 ,& be x enact$1 t = e two di/ricts 
a s*ool %all be e/abli%$ = "y negroes to
 be taught ?ree days 9 ! week1 & to be  
deta9$ f _! own] f\r h\rs 9 ea* day1 !  
numb] n to be m or few] ?an tw5ty males 
9 ea* di/rict1 :o %all be *os51 &       
vacancies fill$1 by ! m9i/] ( ! di/rict2
 & ! said m9i/] %all pay to ! own] ( !  
said boy1 & %all be all[$ ! same 9 8    
acc\nts at ! synod1 to ! age ( twelve   
ye>s old1 ?ree-p5ce by ! day1 & = e boy 
f twelve ye>s old to fifte51 five-p5ce  
by ! day4  ,sid5ote3 ,extraord9>y       

abilities to be enc\rag$4  #ai4 ,& x is 
enact$1 t1 if ! presid5t ( ! synod      
a=esaid %all c]tify to ! protector (    
negroes1 t any boys 9 ! said s*ools     
7provid$ t ! numb] 9 no "o ye> %all     
exce$ "o 9 ! isl& ( ,jamaica1 & "o 9 two
 ye>s 9 ! isl&s ( ,b>badoes1 ,antigua1 &
 ,gr5ada1 & "o 9 f\r ye>s 9 any ( ! o!r 
isl&s7 d %[ a rem>kable aptitude =      
le>n+1 ! said protector is h]eby        
au?oriz$ & direct$ to pur*ase ! said boy
 at ! be/ rate at :i* boys ( t age &    
/r5g? h be5 sold )9 ! ye>2 & ! said     
negro s pur*as$ %all be "u ! entire     
gu>dian%ip ( ! said protector ( negroes1
 :o %all s5d him to ! ,bi%op ( ,london =
 8 fur!r education 9 ,engl&1 & may *>ge 
9 8 acc\nts = ! exp5se ( transport+ him 
to ,engl&2 & ! ,bi%op ( ,london %all    
provide = ! education ( su* ( ! said    
negroes z he %all ?9k prop] subjects1   
until ! age ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 & %all    
ord] ^? :o %all fall %ort ( expectation 
aft] "o ye> to be b\nd appr5tice to "s  
h&icraft trade2 & :5 8 appr5tice%ip is  

f9i%$1 ! ,"l ,mayor ( ,london is h]eby  
au?oriz$ & direct$ to receive ! said    
negro f 8 ma/]1 & to transmit him to !  
isl& f :i* he came1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 to
 be !re z a free negro1 subject1 h[ev]1 
to ! direction ( ! protector ( negroes1 
relatively to 8 behavior & employm5t4   
,sid5ote3 ,negroes ( ,diss5t]s4         
,sid5ote3 _! m>riages1 c41 to be        
regi/]$4  #bj4 ,& x is h]eby enact$ &   
provid$1 t any plant]1 or own] (        
negroes1 n be+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & n  
*oos+ to s5d 8 negroes to att5d div9e   
s]vice 9 mann] by ?is act direct$1 %all 
give1 jo9tly or sev]ally1 z ! case %all 
require1 security to ! protector (      
negroes t a compet5t m9i/] ( "s ,*ri/ian
 *ur* or congregation %all be provid$ = 
! due in/ruction ( ! negroes1 & = _!    
p]=m+ div9e s]vice accord+ to !         
description ( ! religion ( ! ma/] or    
ma/]s1 9 "s *ur* or h\se !reto allott$1 
9 ! mann] & ) ! regulations 9 ?is act   
prescrib$ ) reg>d to ! ex]cise (        
religion accord+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&3   

provid$ always1 t ! m>riages ( ! said   
negroes belong+ to ,diss5t]s %all be    
celebrat$ only 9 ! *ur* ( ! said        
di/rict1 & t a regi/] ( ! bir?s %all be 
transmitt$ to ! m9i/] ( ! said di/rict4 
,sid5ote3 ,regulations conc]n+ m>riage4 
#ba4 ,& :]eas a /ate ( matrimony1 & !   
gov]nm5t ( a family1 is a pr9cipal means
 ( =m+ m5 to a fitness = fre$om1 & to   
become good citiz5s3 ,be x enact$1 t all
 negro m5 & wom51 above eighte5 ye>s (  
age = ! man & sixte5 = ! woman1 :o h    
cohabit$ toge!r = twelve mon?s or       
upw>ds1 or %all cohabit = ! same "t1 & h
 a *ild or *ildr51 %all be deem$ to all 
int5ts & purposes to be m>ri$1 & ei!r ( 
! p>ties is au?oriz$ to require ( !     
m9i/]s ( ! di/rict to be m>ri$ 9 ! face 
( ! *ur*4  ,sid5ote3 ,conc]n+ ! same4   
#bb4 ,& be x enact$1 t1 f & aft] ! ---- 
( ----1 all negro m5 9 an heal?y        
condition1 & s report$ to be1 9 case !  
same is d5i$1 by a surgeon & by an      
inspector ( negroes1 & be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s
 old1 or upw>ds1 until fifty1 & n be+   

be=e m>ri$1 %all1 on requisition ( !    
inspectors1 be provid$ by _! ma/]s or   
ov]se]s ) a woman n hav+ *ildr5 liv+1 & 
n exce$+ ! age ( ! man1 nor1 9 any case1
 exce$+ ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s2 & su*  
p]sons %all be m>ri$ publicly 9 ! face (
 ! *ur*4  ,sid5ote3 ,conc]n+ ! same4    
#bc4 ,& be x enact$1 t1 if any negro    
%all refuse a compet5t m>riage t5d]$ to 
him1 & %all n dem& ano!r specifically1  
su* z x may be 9 8 ma/]'s p[] to        
provide1 ! ma/] or ov]se] %all be       
au?oriz$ to con/ra9 him by an increase (
 "w or a less5+ ( all[ance4  ,sid5ote3  
,adult]y1 c41 h[ to be puni%$4  #bd4 ,& 
be x enact$1 t ! m9i/] 9 ea* di/rict    
%all h1 ) ! ass5t ( ! inspector1 full   
p[] & au?ority to puni% all acts (      
adult]y1 unlawful concub9age1 &         
=nication1 among/ negroes1 on he>+ & a  
summ>y process1 by ord]+ a numb] ( bl[s1
 n exce$+ ----1 = ea* (f5ce2 & if any   
:ite p]son %all be prov$1 on in=mation 9
 ! supreme c\rt1 to be exhibit$ by !    
protector ( negroes1 to h committ$      

adult]y ) any negro woman1 or to h      
corrupt$ any negro woman "u sixte5 ye>s 
( age he %all be f9$ 9 ! sum ( ----1 &  
%all be =ev] disabl$ f s]v+ ! (fice (   
ov]se] ( negroes1 or be+ attorney to any
 plantation4  ,sid5ote3 ,conc]n+        
m>riage4  #be4 ,& be x enact$1 t no     
slaves %all be compell$ to d any "w = _!
 ma/]s = ?ree days aft] _! m>riage4     
,sid5ote3 ,conc]n+ pregnant wom54  #bf4 
,& be x enact$1 t no woman %all be      
oblig$ to field-"w1 or any o!r labori\s 
"w1 = "o mon? be=e h] deliv]y1 or = six 
weeks aft]w>ds4  ,sid5ote3 ,sep>ation ( 
husb& & wife1 & *ildr51 to be avoid$4   
#bg4 ,& be x enact$1 t no husb& & wife  
%all be sold sep>ately1 if orig9ally    
belong+ to ! same ma/]2 nor %all any    
*ildr5 "u sixte5 be sold sep>ately f _! 
p>5ts1 or "o p>5t1 if "o be liv+4       
,sid5ote3 ,conc]n+ ! same4  #bh4 ,& be x
 enact$1 t1 if an husb& & wife1 :i* be=e
 _! int]m>riage belong$ to diff]5t      
own]s1 %all be sold1 !y %all n be sold  
at su* a di/ance z to prev5t mutual help

 & cohabitation2 & ( ?is di/ance ! m9i/]
 %all judge1 & 8 c]tificate ( !         
inconv5i5t di/ance %all be valid1 s z to
 make su* sale unlawful1 & to r5d] !    
same null & void4  ,sid5ote3 ,negroes n 
to "w on ,saturday aft]noon or ,sunday4 
#bi4 ,& be x enact$1 t no negro %all be 
compell$ to "w = 8 own] at field-"w1 or 
any s]vice relative to a plantation1 or 
to "w at any h&icraft trade1 f elev5    
o'clock on ,saturday =5oon until ! usual
 work+ h\r on ,monday morn+4  ,sid5ote3 
,o!r cases ( exemption f labor4  #cj4 ,&
 :]eas habits ( indu/ry & sobriety1 & ! 
means ( acquir+ & pres]v+ prop]ty1 are  
prop] & reasonable prep>atives to       
fre$om1 & w secure aga9/ an abuse ( !   
same3 ,be x enact$1 t e negro man1 :o   
%all h s]v$ t5 ye>s1 & is ?irty ye>s (  
age1 & is m>ri$1 & has _h two *ildr5    
born ( any m>riage1 %all obta9 ! :ole ( 
,saturday = himself & 8 wife1 & = 8 own 
b5efit1 & aft] ?irty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 ! 
:ole ( ,friday = himself & 8 wife3      
provid$ t 9 bo? cases ! m9i/] ( !       

di/rict & ! inspector ( negroes %all    
c]tify t !y "k no?+ aga9/ 8 peaceable1  
ord]ly1 & indu/ri\s behavior4  ,sid5ote3
 ,huts & l& to be appropriat$4  #ca4 ,& 
be x enact$1 t ! ma/] ( e plantation    
%all provide ! mat]ials ( a good &      
sub/antial hut = ea* m>ri$ field negro2 
& if 8 plantation %all exce$ ---- acres1
 he %all allot to ! same a portion ( l& 
n less ?an ----3 & ! said hut & l& %all 
rema9 & /& annex$ to ! said negro1 = 8  
natural life1 or dur+ 8 bondage2 b !    
same %all n be ali5at$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! 
own]s4  ,sid5ote3 ,prop]ty ( negroes    
secur$4  #cb4 ,& be x enact$1 t x %all n
 be lawful = ! own] ( any negro1 by     
himself or any o!r1 to take f him any   
l&1 h\se1 cattle1 goods1 or money1      
acquir$ by ! said negro1 :e!r by        
pur*ase1 donation1 or te/am5t1 :e!r !   
same has be5 d]iv$ f ! own] ( ! said    
negro1 or any o!r4  #cc4 ,& be x enact$1
 t1 if ! said negro %all die possess$ ( 
any l&s1 goods1 or *attels1 & dies )\t  
leav+ a wife or issue1 x %all be lawful 

= ! said negro to devise or bequea? !   
same by 8 la/ w2 b 9 case ! said negro  
%all die inte/ate1 & leave a wife &     
*ildr51 ! same %all be di/ribut$ among/ 
!m1 accord+ to ! usage "u ! /atute1     
commonly call$ ! ,/atute (              
,di/ributions2 b if ! said negro %all   
die inte/ate )\t wife or *ildr51 !n1 & 9
 t case1 8 e/ate %all g to ! fund       
provid$ = ! bett] execution ( ?is act4  
#cd4 ,& be x enact$1 t no negro1 :o is  
m>ri$1 & ha? resid$ ^u any plantation = 
twelve mon?s1 %all be sold1 ei!r        
privately or by ! decree ( any c\rt1 b  
along ) ! plantation on :i* he ha?      
resid$1 unless he %\ld himself reque/ to
 be sep>at$ !refrom4  ,sid5ote3 ,( !    
puni%m5t ( negroes4  #ce4 ,& be x       
enact$1 t no bl[s or /ripes exce$+      
?irte51 %all be inflict$ = "o (f5ce ^u  
any negro1 )\t ! ord] ( "o ( 8 ,maje/y's
 ju/ices ( peace4  ,sid5ote3 ,( ! same4 
#cf4 ,& x is enact$1 t x %all be lawful 
= ! protector ( negroes1 z (t5 z on     
compla9t & he>+ he %all be ( op9ion t   

any negro ha? be5 cruelly & inhumanly   
treat$1 or :5 x %all be made to appe> to
 him t an ov]se] ha? any p>ticul>       
malice1 to ord]1 at ! desire ( ! suff]+ 
p>ty1 ! said negro to be sold to ano!r  
ma/]4  #cg4 ,& be x enact$1 t1 9 all    
cases ( injury to memb] or life1 !      
(f5ces aga9/ a negro %all be deem$ &    
tak5 to all int5ts & purposes z if !    
same 7 p]petrat$ aga9/ any ( 8 ,maje/y's
 subjects2 & ! protector ( negroes1 on  
compla9t1 or if he %all receive cr$ible 
in=mation !re(1 %all cause an indictm5t 
to be pres5t$ = ! same2 & 9 case (      
suspicion ( any murd] ( a negro1 an     
inque/ by ! coron]1 or (fic] act+ z su*1
 %all1 if practicable1 be held into !   
same4  ,sid5ote3 ,( ! manumission (     
negroes4  #ch4 ,& 9 ord] to a gradual   
manumission ( slaves1 z !y %all seem    
fitt$ to fill ! (fices ( freem51 be x   
enact$1 t e negro slave1 be+ ?irty ye>s 
( ago & upw>ds1 & :o has _h ?ree *ildr5 
born to him 9 lawful matrimony1 & :o ha?
 receiv$ a c]tificate f ! m9i/] ( 8     

di/rict1 or any o!r ,*ri/ian tea*]1 ( 8 
regul>ity 9 ! duties ( religion1 & ( 8  
ord]ly & good behavior1 may pur*ase1 at 
rates to be fix$ by two ju/ices ( peace1
 ! fre$om ( himself1 or 8 wife or       
*ildr51 or ( any ( !m sep>ately1 valu+ !
 wife & *ildr51 if pur*as$ into lib]ty  
by ! fa!r ( ! family1 at half only ( _! 
m>ketable values3 provid$ t ! said fa!r 
%all b9d himself 9 a p5alty ( ---- = !  
good behavior ( 8 *ildr54  ,sid5ote3 ,( 
! same4  #ci4 ,& be x enact$1 t x %all  
be lawful = ! protector ( negroes to    
pur*ase ! fre$om ( any negro :o %all    
appe> to him to excel 9 any me*anical   
art1 or o!r k or practice deem$ lib]al1 
& ! value %all be settl$ by a jury4     
,sid5ote3 ,free negroes h[ to be puni%$4
  #dj4 ,& be x enact$1 t ! protector (  
negroes %all be & is au?oriz$ & requir$ 
to act z a magi/rate = ! co]cion ( all  
idle1 disob$i5t1 or disord]ly free      
negroes1 & he %all by (fice prosecute !m
 = ! (f5ces ( idl5ess1 drunk5ness1      
qu>rell+1 gam+1 or vagrancy1 9 ! supreme

 c\rt1 or cause !m to be prosecut$ be=e 
"o ju/ice ( peace1 z ! case may require4
  ,sid5ote3 ,( ! same4  #da4 ,& be x    
enact$1 t1 if any free negro ha? be5    
twice convict$ = any ( ! said           
misdemeanors1 & is judg$ by ! said      
protector ( negroes1 call+ to 8         
assi/ance two ju/ices ( ! peace1 to be  
incorrigibly idle1 dissolute1 & vici\s1 
x %all be lawful1 by ! ord] ( ! said    
protector & two ju/ices ( peace1 to sell
 ! said free negro into slav]y3 !       
pur*ase-money to be paid to ! p]son s   
rem&$ into s]vitude1 or kept 9 h& by !  
protector & gov]nor = ! b5efit ( 8      
family4  ,sid5ote3 ,gov]nor to receive &
 transmit annual reports4  #db4 ,& be x 
enact$1 t ! gov]nor 9 ea* colony %all be
 assi/ant to ! execution ( ?is act1 &   
%all receive ! reports ( ! protector1 & 
su* o!r acc\nts z he %all judge mat]ial1
 relative !reto1 & %all transmit ! same 
annually to "o ( 8 ,maje/y's pr9cipal   
secret>ies ( /ate4     ,,lett]  ,,to    
,,! ,,*airman ,,( ,,! ,,buck+ham%ire    

,,meet+1  ,,held ,,at ,,aylesbury1      
,,april #ac1 #aghj1  ,,on ,,! ,,subject 
,,(  ,,p>liam5t>y ,,re=m4     ,,note4   
,! meet+ ( ! freehold]s ( ! ,c\nty (    
,buck+ham1     :i* occasion$ ! foll[+   
,lett]1 0 call$ = !     purpose ( tak+  
into consid]ation a petition to         
,p>liam5t     = %ort5+ ! duration (     
,p>liam5ts1 & = a m     equal           
repres5tation ( ! p 9 ! ,h\se (         
,commons4   ,sir1--,hav+ he>d ye/]day1  
by m]e accid5t1 t !re is an int5tion (  
lay+ be=e ! c\nty meet+ new matt]1 :i*  
is n conta9$ 9 our petition1 & !        
consid]ation ( :i* _h be5 def]r$ to a   
fitt] "t by a majority ( our committee 9
 ,london1 p]mit me to take ?is me?od (  
submitt+ to y my reasons = ?9k+1 ) our  
committee1 t no?+ ought to be ha/ily    
det] m9$ ^u ! subject4  ,our petition   
arose naturally f di/resses :i* we felt2
 & ! reque/s :i* we made 7 9 effect no?+
 m ?an t su* ?+s %\ld be done 9         
,p>liam5t z x 0 evid5tly ! duty (       
,p>liam5t to d4 ,b ! affair :i* w be    

propos$ to y by a p]son ( rank & ability
 is an alt]ation 9 ! con/itution (      
,p>liam5t itself4 ,x is impossible = y  
to h a subject be=e y ( m importance1 & 
t requires a m cool & m mature          
consid]ation1 bo? on its own acc\nt1 & =
 ! cr$it ( our sobriety ( m9d1 :o are to
 resolve ^u x4  ,! c\nty w 9 "s way or  
o!r be call$ ^u to decl>e x y\r op9ion1 
t ! ,h\se ( ,commons is n suffici5tly   
num]\s1 & t ! elections are n           
suffici5tly frequ5t1--t an hundr$ new   
knights ( ! %ire ought to be add$1 & t  
we are to h a new election once 9 ?ree  
ye>s = c]ta91 & z mu* (t5] z ! k+       
pleases4 ,su* w be ! /ate ( ?+s1 if !   
proposition made %all take effect4  ,all
 ?is may be prop]4 ,b1 z an hone/ man1  
,i _c possibly give my rote = x1 until  
,i h consid]$ x m fully4 ,i w n d5y t   
our ,con/itution may h faults1 & t ^?   
faults1 :5 f\nd1 ought to be correct$2  
b1 on ! :ole1 t ,con/itution has be5 our
 own pride1 & an object ( admiration to 
all o!r nations4 ,x is n ev]y?+ :i*     

appe>s at fir/ view to be faulty1 9 su* 
a complicat$ plan1 t is to be det]m9$ to
 be s 9 reality4 ,to enable u to correct
 ! ,con/itution1 ! :ole ,con/itution mu/
 be view$ toge!r2 & x mu/ be comp>$ ) ! 
actual /ate ( ! p1 & ! circum/ances ( ! 
"t4 ,= t :i* tak5 s+ly & by itself may  
appe> to be wrong1 :5 consid]$ )        
relation to o!r ?+s1 may be p]fectly    
"r1--or at lea/ su* z ought to be       
pati5tly endur$1 z ! means ( prev5t+    
some?+ t is worse4 ,s f> ) reg>d to :at 
at fir/ view may appe> a di/emp] 9 !    
,con/itution4 ,z to ! rem$y ( t di/emp] 
an equal caution ought to be us$2       
because ?is latt] consid]ation is n s+le
 & sep>ate1 no m ?an ! =m]4 ,!re are _m 
?+s 9 re=mation :i* w\ld be prop] to be 
done1 if o!r ?+s c be done along ) !m1 b
 :i*1 if !y _c be s accompani$1 ought n 
to be done at all4 ,i !re=e wi%1 :5 any 
new matt] ( ?is deep nature is propos$  
to me1 to h ! :ole s*eme di/9ctly 9 my  
view1 & full "t to consid] ( x4 ,please 
,god1 ,i w walk ) caution1 :5ev] ,i am n

 able cle>ly to see my way be=e me4  ,i 
am n[ gr[+ old4 ,i h f my v e>ly y\? be5
 conv]sant 9 read+ & ?9k+ ^u ! subject (
 our laws & ,con/itution1 z well z ^u ^?
 ( o!r times & o!r c\ntries2 ,i h be5 = 
fifte5 ye>s a v labori\s memb] (        
,p>liam5t1 & 9 t "t h _h great          
opportunities ( see+ ) my own eyes !    
work+ ( ! ma*9e ( our gov]nm5t1 & rem>k+
 :]e x w5t smoo?ly & did its bus9ess1 & 
:]e x *eck$ 9 its movem5ts1 or :]e x    
damag$ its "w2 ,i h also _h & us$ !     
opportunities ( conv]s+ ) m5 ( ! greate/
 wisdom & fulle/ exp]i5ce 9 ^? matt]s2 &
 ,i d decl>e to y mo/ solemnly & mo/    
truly1 t1 on ! result ( all ?is read+1  
?9k+1 exp]i5ce1 & communication1 ,i am n
 able to come to an imm$iate resolution 
9 favor ( a *ange ( ! gr\ndwork ( our   
,con/itution1 & 9 p>ticul>1 t1 9 !      
pres5t /ate ( ! c\ntry1 9 ! pres5t /ate 
( our repres5tation1 9 ! pres5t /ate (  
our rights & modes ( elect+1 9 ! pres5t 
/ate ( ! sev]al preval5t int]e/s1 9 !   
pres5t /ate ( ! affairs & mann]s ( ?is  

c\ntry1 ! addition ( an hundr$ knights (
 ! %ire1 & hurry+ election on election1 
w be ?+s advantage\s to lib]ty or good  
gov]nm5t4  ,?is is ! pres5t condition ( 
my m9d2 & ?is is my apology = n go+ z   
fa/ z o!rs may *oose to g 9 ?is bus9ess4
 ,i d n by any means reject !           
propositions2 mu* less d ,i condemn !   
g5tlem5 :o1 ) equal good int5tions1 )   
mu* bett] abilities1 & ) inf9itely      
great] p]sonal weight & consid]ation ?an
 m9e1 are ( op9ion t ?is matt] ought to 
be decid$ ^u in/antly4  ,i mo/ he>tily  
wi% t ! delib]ate s5se ( ! k+dom on ?is 
great subject %\ld be kn[n4 ,:5 x is    
kn[n1 x mu/ be preval5t4 ,x w\ld be     
dreadful inde$1 if !re 0 any p[] 9 !    
nation capable ( resi/+ its unanim\s    
desire1 or ev5 ! desire ( any v great & 
decid$ majority ( ! p4 ,! p may be      
deceiv$ 9 _! *oice ( an object2 b ,i c  
sc>cely conceive any *oice !y c make to 
be s v mis*iev\s z ! exi/5ce ( any human
 =ce capable ( resi/+ x4 ,x w c]ta9ly be
 ! duty ( e man1 9 ! situation to :i*   

,god has call$ him1 to give 8 be/ op9ion
 & advice ^u ! matt]3 x w n be 8 duty1  
let him ?9k :at he w1 to use any viol5t 
or any fraudul5t means ( c\nt]act+ !    
g5]al wi%1 or ev5 ( employ+ ! legal &   
con/ructive organ ( express+ ! p's s5se 
aga9/ ! s5se :i* !y d actually ent]ta94 
,9 ord] t ! real s5se ( ! p %\ld be kn[n
 ^u s great an affair z ?is1 x is (     
absolute necessity t timely notice %\ld 
be giv51--t ! matt] %\ld be prep>$ 9 op5
 committees1 f a *oice into :i* no class
 or description ( m5 is to be           
exclud$1--& ! subsequ5t c\nty meet+s    
%\ld be z full & z well att5d$ z        
possible4 ,)\t ^! precautions1 ! true   
s5se ( ! p w ev] be unc]ta94 ,sure ,i   
am1 t no precipitate resolution on a    
great *ange 9 ! fundam5tal con/itution (
 any c\ntry c ev] be call$ ! real s5se (
 ! p4  ,i tru/ x w n be tak5 amiss1 if1 
z an inhabitant & freehold] ( ?is c\nty1
 7"o1 inde$1 among ! mo/ inconsid]able17
 ,i ass]t my "r ( diss5t+ 7z ,i d diss5t
 fully & directly7 f any resolution     

:atsoev] on ! subject ( an alt]ation 9 !
 repres5tation & election ( ! k+dom at  
?is "t4 ,by pres]v+ ?is light1 & ex]cis+
 x ) temp] & mod]ation1 ,i tru/ ,i _c   
(f5d ! noble propos]1 = :om no man      
pr(esses or feels m respect & reg>d ?an 
,i d4 ,a want ( concurr5ce 9 ev]y?+ :i* 
c be propos$ w 9 no sort weak5 ! en]gy  
or di/ract ! ef=ts ( m5 ( upright       
int5tions ^u ^? po9ts 9 :i* !y are      
agre$4 ,assemblies t are met1 & ) a     
resolution to be all ( a m9d1 are       
assemblies t c h no op9ion at all ( _!  
own4 ,! fir/ propos] ( any measure mu/  
be _! ma/]4 ,i d n "k t an amicable     
v>iety ( s5tim5t1 conduct$ ) mutual     
good-w1 has any sort ( resemblance to   
discord1 or t x c give any advantage    
:atsoev] to ! enemies ( our common      
cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 a =c$ & fictiti\s 
agreem5t 7:i* e univ]sal agreem5t mu/   
be7 is n becom+ ! cause ( fre$om4 ,if1  
h[ev]1 any evil %\ld arise f x1 7:i* ,i 
confess ,i d n =esee17 ,i am happy t ^? 
:o h br\ght =w>d new & ardu\s matt]1 :5 

v great d\bts & "s div]sity ( op9ion mu/
 be =ekn[n1 are ( au?ority & weight     
en\gh to /& aga9/ ! consequ5ces4  ,i    
humbly lay ^! my s5tim5ts be=e ! c\nty4 
,!y are n tak5 up to s]ve any int]e/s ( 
my own1 or to be subs]vi5t to ! int]e/s 
( any man or set ( m5 "u heav54 ,i c\ld 
wi% to be able to att5d our meet+1 or t 
,i _h "t to reason ?is matt] m fully by 
lett]2 b ,i am deta9$ "h ^u our bus9ess3
 :at y h already put ^u u is z mu* z we 
c d4 ,if we are prev5t$ f go+ ?r\gh x ) 
any effect1 ,i fe> x w be 9 "p ow+ n m  
to ! resi/ance ( ! enemies ( our cause  
?an to our impos+ on ourselves su* tasks
 z no human faculties1 employ$ z we are1
 c be equal to4 ,our wor?y memb]s h %[n 
di/+ui%$ ability & zeal 9 support ( our 
petition4 ,i am j go+ d[n to a bill     
br\ght 9 to fru/rate a capital "p ( y\r 
desires4 ,! m9i/] is prep>+ to transf] !
 cognizance ( ! public acc\nts f ^? :om 
y & ! ,con/itution h *os5 to control !m1
 to unkn[n p]sons1 creatures ( 8 own4 ,=
 s mu* he annihilates ,p>liam5t4  ,i h !

 honor1 c4  ,,edmund ,,burke4  ,,*>les  
,,/reet1 #ab? ,april1 #aghj4            
,,fragm5ts ,,( ,a ,,tract  ,,relative   
,,to  ,,! ,,laws ,,aga9/ ,,pop]y  ,,9   
,,irel&4   ,,note4      ,! condition ( !
 ,roman ,ca?olics 9 ,irel& appe>s to    
lave engag$ ! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,burke at 
a v e>ly     p]iod ( 8 political life4  
,x 0 probably soon aft] !     ye> #agfe 
t he =m$ ! plan ( a "w ^u t     subject1
 ! fragm5ts ( :i* are n[ giv5 to !      
public4     ,no title is prefix$ to x 9 
! orig9al manuscript2 &     ! ,plan1 :i*
 x has be5 ?\ght prop] to ins]t "h1     
0 evid5tly design$ m]ely = ! conv5i5ce (
 !     au?or4 ,( ! fir/ *apt] "s        
unconnect$ fragm5ts only1     too       
imp]fect = publication1 h be5 f\nd4 ,( !
 second     !re is a consid]able        
portion1 p]haps ne>ly ! :ole2     b !   
copy f :i* x is pr9t$ is evid5tly a fir/
     r\gh draught4 ,! ?ird *apt]1 z f> z
 x goes1 is tak5     f a fair1 correct$ 
copy2 b ! end ( ! second "p     ( ! fir/
 head is left unf9i%$1 & ! discussion ( 

! second & ?ird heads 0 ei!r nev] ent]$ 
^u or     ! manuscript conta9+ x has    
un=tunately be5 lo/4     ,:at foll[s !  
?ird *apt] appe>s to h be5 design$     =
 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r?1 & is evid5tly ! fir/
     r\gh draught2 & to ?is we h add$ a 
fragm5t :i*     appe>s to h be5 a "p    
ei!r ( ?is or ! fir/     *apt]4      ,9 
! volume ) :i* x is int5d$ to close ?is 
po/hum\s publication ( ,mr4 ,burke's    
,works1 we %all h     occasion to ent]  
into a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! "p     :i* 
he took 9 ! discussion ( ?is great      
political     "q4 ,at pres5t x may      
suffice to say1 t ! ,lett]     to ,mr4  
,smi?1 ! ,second ,lett] to ,sir ,h]cules
 ,langri%e1     & ! ,lett] to 8 ,son1   
:i* "h foll[ 9 ord] !     ,fragm5t on ! 
,pop]y ,laws1 are ! only writ+s ^u ?is  
subject f\nd among/ 8 pap]s 9 a /ate fit
 to appe> 9     ?is /age ( !            
publication4 ,:at rema9 are "s small    
fragm5ts ( ! ,tract1 & a few lett]s     
conta9+ no new     matt] ( importance4  
,,tract  ,,on ,,! ,,pop]y ,,laws   ,,!  

,,plan4   ,i propose1 fir/1 to make an  
,introduction1 9 ord] to %[ ! propriety 
( a clos] inspection into ! affairs (   
,irel&2 & ?is takes up ! fir/ *apt]1 :i*
 is to be sp5t 9 ?is introductory matt]1
 & 9 /at+ ! ,pop]y laws 9 g5]al1 z "o   
lead+ cause ( ! imbecility ( ! c\ntry4  
,,*4 ,,ii4 /ates p>ticul>ly ! laws      
!mselves1 9 a pla9 & popul> mann]4  ,,*4
 ,,iii4 beg9s ! rem>ks ^u !m1 "u ! heads
 (1 #a/1 ,! object1--:i* is a num]\s p2 
#bndly1 ,_! means1--a re/ra9t on        
prop]ty2 #crdly1 ,_! in/rum5ts (        
execution1--corrupt$ morals1 :i* affect 
! national prosp]ity4  ,,*4 ,,iv4 ,!    
impolicy ( ^? laws1 z !y affect !       
national security4  ,,*4 ,v4 ,reasons by
 :i* ! laws are support$1 & answ]s to   
!m4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,9 ord] to lay  
?is matt] ) full satisfaction be=e !    
read]1 ,i %all collect into "o po9t (   
view1 & /ate z %ortly & z cle>ly z ,i am
 able1 ! purport ( ^! laws1 accord+ to !
 objects :i* !y affect1 )\t mak+ at     
pres5t any fur!r obs]vation ^u !m1 b j  

:at %all be necess>y to r5d] ! drift2 & 
int5tion ( ! legislature & ! t5d5cy &   
op]ation ( ! laws ! m di/9ct & evid5t4  
,i %all beg9 ) ^? :i* relate to !       
possession & inh]itance ( l&$ prop]ty 9 
,popi% h&s4 ,! fir/ op]ation ( ^? acts  
^u ?is object 0 :olly to *ange ! c\rse (
 desc5t by ! ,common ,law1 to take away 
! "r ( primog5iture1 &1 9 lieu !re(1 to 
sub/itute & e/abli% a new species (     
,/atute ,gavelk9d4 ,by ?is law1 on !    
dea? ( a ,papi/ possess$ ( an e/ate 9   
fee simple or 9 fee tail1 ! l& is to be 
divid$ by equal portions betwe5 all !   
male *ildr52 & ^? portions are likewise 
to be p>cell$ out1 %>e & %>e alike1     
among/ ! desc5dants ( ea* son1 & s to   
proce$ 9 a simil> di/ribution ad        
inf9itum4 ,f ?is regulation x 0 propos$ 
t "s important consequ5ces %\ld foll[4  
,fir/1 by tak+ away ! "r ( primog5iture1
 p]haps 9 ! v fir/ g5]ation1 c]ta9ly 9 !
 second1 ! families ( ,papi/s1 h[ev]    
respectable1 & _! =tunes1 h[ev]         
consid]able1 w\ld be :olly dissipat$1 & 

r$uc$ to obscurity & indig5ce1 )\t any  
possibility t !y %\ld repair !m by _!   
indu/ry or abilities1--be+1 z we %all   
see anon1 disabl$ f e species ( p]man5t 
acquisition4 ,secondly1 by ?is law ! "r 
( te/am5tation is tak5 away1 :i* !      
inf]ior t5ures _h always enjoy$1 & all  
t5ures f ! #bg? ,h54 ,,viii2 ,?irdly1 ! 
"r ( settlem5t 0 tak5 away1 t no su*    
p]sons %\ld1 f ! mom5t ! act pass$1 be  
enabl$ to advance !mselves 9 =tune or   
connection by m>riage1 be+ disabl$ f    
mak+ any disposition1 9 consid]ation (  
su* m>riage1 b :at ! law _h previ\sly   
regulat$3 ! reputable e/abli%m5t ( !    
elde/ son1 z repres5tative ( ! family1  
or to settle a jo9ture1 be+ commonly !  
great object 9 su* settlem5ts1 :i* 0 ! v
 p[] :i* ! law _h absolutely tak5 away4 
,! op]ation ( ?is law1 h[ev] c]ta91     
might be too sl[4 ,! pres5t possessors  
might happ5 to be long-liv$4 ,!         
legislature knew ! natural impati5ce (  
expectants1 & ^u ?is pr9ciple !y gave   
enc\ragem5t to *ildr5 to anticipate !   

inh]itance4 ,= x is provid$1 t ! elde/  
son ( any ,papi/ %all1 imm$iately on 8  
con=mity1 *ange entirely ! nature &     
prop]ties ( 8 fa!r's legal e/ate3 if he 
be=e held 9 fee simple1 or1 9 o!r words1
 _h ! entire & absolute dom9ion ov] !   
l&1 he is r$uc$ to an e/ate = 8 life    
only1 ) all ! consequ5ces ( ! natural   
debility ( t e/ate1 by :i* he becomes   
disqualifi$ to sell1 mortgage1 *>ge1    
7except = 8 life17 or 9 any wise to d   
any act by :i* he may raise money =     
relief 9 8 mo/ urg5t necessities4 ,!    
elde/ son1 s con=m+1 imm$iately         
acquires1 & 9 ! lifetime ( 8 fa!r1 !    
p]man5t "p1 :at our law calls ! rev]sion
 & inh]itance ( ! e/ate2 & he dis*>ges x
 by retrospect1 & annuls e sort (       
volunt>y settlem5t made by ! fa!r ev] s 
long be=e 8 conv]sion4 ,?is he may sell 
or dispose ( imm$iately1 & ali5ate x f !
 family =ev]4  ,hav+ ?us r$uc$ 8 fa!r's 
e/ate1 he may also br+ 8 fa!r into !    
,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 :]e he may compel him  
to swe> to ! value ( 8 e/ate1 & to all[ 

him out ( t possession 7:i* _h be5 be=e 
r$uc$ to an e/ate = life7 su* an        
imm$iate annual all[ance z ! ,"l        
,*ancellor or ,"l ,keep] %all judge     
suitable to 8 ago & quality4  ,?is      
indulg5ce is n conf9$ to ! elde/ son4 ,!
 o!r *ildr5 likewise1 by con=mity1 may  
acquire ! same privileges1 & 9 ! same   
mann] =ce f _! fa!r an imm$iate &       
indep5d5t ma9t5ance4 ,x is v well wor?  
rem>k+1 t ! /atutes h avoid$ to fix any 
det]m9ate age = ^! emancipat+           
conv]sions2 s t ! *ildr51 at any age1   
h[ev] incapable ( *oice 9 o!r respects1 
h[ev] immature or ev5 infantile1 are yet
 consid]$ suffici5tly capable to        
dis9h]it _! p>5ts1 & totally to subtract
 !mselves f _! direction & control1 ei!r
 at _! own option1 or by ! in/igation ( 
o!rs4 ,by ?is law ! t5ure & value ( a   
,roman ,ca?olic 9 8 real prop]ty is n   
only r5d]$ extremely limit$ & altoge!r  
prec>i\s1 b ! pat]nal p[] is 9 all su*  
families s en]vat$ t x may well be      
consid]$ z entirely tak5 away2 ev5 !    

pr9ciple ^u :i* x is f\nd$ seems to be  
directly rev]s$4 ,h[ev]1 ! legislature  
fe>$ t en\gh 0 n yet done ^u ?is head4  
,! ,roman ,ca?olic p>5t1 by sell+ 8 real
 e/ate1 might 9 "s sort pres]ve !       
dom9ion ov] 8 sub/ance & 8 family1 &    
!reby evade ! op]ation ( ^! laws1 :i*   
int5d$ to take away bo?4 ,besides1      
frequ5t revolutions & _m conv]sions _h s
 brok5 ! l&$ prop]ty ( ,papi/s 9 t      
k+dom1 t x 0 appreh5d$ t ?is law c\ld h 
9 a %ort "t b a few objects ^u :i* x    
w\ld be capable ( op]at+4  ,to obviate  
^! inconv5i5ces ano!r law 0 made1 by :i*
 ! dom9ion ( *ildr5 ov] _! p>5ts 0      
ext5d$ univ]sally ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,popi% 
"p ( ! nation1 & e *ild ( e ,popi% p>5t 
0 enc\rag$ to come into :at is call$ a  
c\rt ( equity1 to pref] a bill aga9/ 8  
fa!r1 & compel him to confess1 ^u oa?1 !
 quantity & value ( 8 sub/ance1 p]sonal 
z well z real1 ( :at nature soev]1 or   
h[soev] x might be employ$2 ^u :i*      
discov]y1 ! c\rt is emp[]$ to seize ^u &
 allocate1 = ! imm$iate ma9t5ance ( su* 

*ild or *ildr51 any sum n exce$+ a ?ird 
( ! :ole =tune3 & z to _! future        
e/abli%m5t on ! dea? ( ! fa!r1 no limits
 are assign$2 ! ,*anc]y may1 if x ?9ks  
fit1 take ! :ole prop]ty1 p]sonal z well
 z real1 money1 /ock 9 trade1 c1 out ( !
 p[] ( ! possessor1 & secure x 9 any    
mann] !y judge exp$i5t = t purpose2 = ! 
act has n assign$ any sort ( limit )    
reg>d to ! quantity :i* is to be *>g$1  
or giv5 any direction conc]n+ ! means ( 
*>g+ & secur+ x3 a law :i* sup]s$es all 
obs]vation4  ,b ! law is /ill m ext5sive
 9 its provision4 ,because !re 0 a      
possibility t ! p>5t1 ?\gh sworn1 might 
by false repres5tations evade ! discov]y
 ( ! ultimate value ( 8 e/ate1 a new    
bill may be at any "t br\ght1 by "o1    
any1 or all ( ! *ildr51 = a fur!r       
discov]y2 8 effects are to und]go a fre%
 scrut9y1 & a n[ di/ribution is to be   
made 9 consequ5ce ( x4 ,s t ! p>5t has  
no security aga9/ p]petual inquietude1 &
 ! reit]ation ( ,*anc]y suits1 b by 7:at
 is some:at difficult = human nature to 

comply )7 fully1 & )\t res]ve1 ab&on+ 8 
:ole prop]ty to ! discretion ( ! c\rt1  
to be dispos$ ( 9 favor ( su* *ildr54   
,b is ?is en\gh1 & has ! p>5t pur*as$ 8 
repose by su* a surr5d]8 ,v f> f x4 ,!  
law expressly1 & v c>efully1 provides t 
he %all n3 be=e he c be secure f !      
p]secution ( 8 *ildr51 x requires ano!r 
& a mu* m extraord9>y condition3 !      
*ildr5 are au?oriz$1 if !y c f9d t _!   
p>5t has by 8 indu/ry1 or o!rwise1      
increas$ ! value ( 8 prop]ty s9ce _!    
fir/ bill1 to br+ ano!r1 compell+ a new 
acc\nt ( ! value ( 8 e/ate1 9 ord] to a 
new di/ribution proportion$ to ! value (
 ! e/ate at ! "t ( ! new bill pref]r$4  
,!y may br+ su* bills1 toties quoties1  
^u e improvem5t ( 8 =tune1 )\t any sort 
( limitation ( "t1 or reg>d to !        
frequ5cy ( su* bills1 or to ! quantity (
 ! increase ( ! e/ate1 :i* %all ju/ify !
 br++ !m4 ,?is act expressly provides t 
he %all h no respite f ! p]secution ( 8 
*ildr51 b by totally ab&on+ all ?\ghts (
 improvem5t & acquisition4  ,?is is go+ 

a great way1 surely3 b ! laws 9 "q h    
gone mu* fur!r4 ,n satisfi$ ) call+ ^u  
*ildr5 to revolt aga9/ _! p>5ts1 & to   
possess !mselves ( _! sub/ance1 !re are 
cases :]e ! )draw+ ( ! *ild f 8 fa!r's  
ob$i5ce is n left to ! option ( ! *ild  
himself3 =1 if ! wife ( a ,roman        
,ca?olic %\ld *oose to *ange h]         
religion1 f t mom5t %e deprives h] husb&
 ( all managem5t & direction ( 8 *ildr51
 & ev5 ( all ! t5d] satisfaction :i* a  
p>5t c feel 9 _! society1 & :i* is !    
only indemnification he c h = all 8 c>es
 & sorr[s2 & !y are to be torn =ev]1 at 
! e>lie/ age1 f 8 h\se & family3 = ! ,"l
 ,*ancellor is n only au?oriz$1 b he is 
/rongly requir$1 to take away all 8     
*ildr5 f su* ,popi% p>5t1 to appo9t :]e1
 9 :at mann]1 & by :om !y are to be     
educat$2 & ! fa!r is compell$ to pay1 n 
= ! ransom1 b = ! deprivation ( 8       
*ildr51 & to furni% su* a sum z !       
,*ancellor ?9ks prop] to appo9t = _!    
education to ! age ( eighte5 ye>s4 ,!   
case is ! same1 if ! husb& %\ld be !    

con=mi/2 ?\gh h[ ! law is to op]ate 9   
?is case ,i d n see3 = ! act expressly  
says1 t ! *ild %all be tak5 f su* ,popi%
 p>5t2 & :il/ su* husb& & wife cohabit1 
x w be impossible to put x into         
execution )\t tak+ ! *ild f "o z well z 
f ! o!r2 & !n ! effect ( ! law w be1 t1 
if ei!r husb& or wife becomes           
,prote/ant1 bo? are to be depriv$ ( _!  
*ildr54  ,! pat]nal p[] ?us be+ :olly   
abrogat$1 x is evid5t t by ! la/        
regulation ! p[] ( an husb& ov] 8 wife  
is also consid]ably impair$2 because1 if
 x be 9 h] p[]1 :5ev] %e pleases1 to    
subtract ! *ildr5 f 8 protection &      
ob$i5ce1 %e h]self by t hold inevitably 
acquires a p[] & sup]iority ov] h]      
husb&4  ,b %e is n left dep5d5t ^u ?is  
oblique influ5ce3 =1 if 9 any m>riage   
settlem5t ! husb& has res]v$ to him a   
p[] ( mak+ a jo9ture1 & he dies )\t     
settl+ any1 h] con=mity executes 8 p[]s1
 & executes !m 9 z l>ge ext5t z !       
,*ancellor ?9ks fit4 ,! husb& is depriv$
 ( t co]cive p[] ov] 8 wife :i* he _h 9 

8 h&s by ! use he might make ( !        
discretion>y p[] res]v$ 9 ! settlem5t4  
,b if no su* p[] _h be5 res]v$1 & no su*
 settlem5t exi/$1 yet1 if ! husb& dies1 
leav+ 8 con=m+ wife )\t a fil$ provision
 by "s settlem5t on 8 real e/ate1 8 wife
 may apply to ,*anc]y1 :]e %e %all be   
allott$ a portion f 8 leases1 & o!r     
p]sonal e/ate1 n exce$+ "o ?ird ( 8 :ole
 cle> sub/ance4 ,! laws 9 ?is in/ance1 z
 well z 9 ! =m]1 h presum$ t ! husb& has
 omitt$ to make all ! provision :i* he  
might h done1 = no o!r reason ?an t ( h]
 religion4 ,if1 !re=e1 %e *ooses to     
balance any dome/ic misdemeanors to h]  
husb& by ! public m]it ( con=mity to !  
,prote/ant religion1 ! law w suff] no   
plea ( su* misdemeanors to be urg$ on ! 
husb&'s "p1 nor pro( ( t k9d to be ent]$
 into4 ,%e acquires a provision totally 
indep5d5t ( 8 favor1 & deprives him ( t 
s\rce ( dome/ic au?ority :i* ! ,common  
,law _h left to him1 t ( rew>d+ or      
puni%+1 by a volunt>y di/ribution ( 8   
effects1 :at 9 8 op9ion 0 ! good or ill 

behavior ( 8 wife4  ,?us ! laws /& )    
reg>d to ! prop]ty already acquir$1 to  
its mode ( desc5t1 & to family p[]s4 ,n[
 z to ! new acquisition ( real prop]ty1 
& bo? to ! acquisition & security (     
p]sonal1 ! law /&s ?us3--  ,all p]sons (
 t p]suasion are disabl$ f tak+ or      
pur*as+1 directly or by a tru/1 any l&s1
 any mortgage ^u l&1 any r5ts or pr(its 
f l&1 any lease1 int]e/1 or t]m ( any   
l&1 any annuity = life or lives or ye>s1
 or any e/ate :atsoev]1 *>geable ^u1 or 
:i* may 9 any mann] affect1 any l&s4    
,"o exception1 & "o only1 is admitt$ by 
! /atutes to ! univ]sality ( ?is        
exclusion1 viz41 a lease = a t]m n      
exce$+ ?irty-"o ye>s4 ,b ev5 ?is        
privilege is *>g$ ) a prior             
qualification4 ,?is remnant ( a "r is   
d\bly curtail$3 #a/1 t on su* a %ort    
lease a r5t n less ?an two ?irds ( !    
full improv$ ye>ly value1 at ! "t ( !   
mak+ x1 %all be res]v$ dur+ ! :ole      
cont9uance ( ! t]m2 &1 #bndly1 x does n 
ext5d to ! :ole k+dom4 ,?is lease mu/   

also be 9 possession1 & n 9 rev]sion4   
,if any lease is made1 exce$+ ei!r 9    
duration or value1 & 9 ! smalle/ degree1
 ! above limits1 ! :ole int]e/ is       
=feit$1 & ve/$ ipso facto 9 ! fir/      
,prote/ant discov]] or in=m]4 ,?is      
discov]]1 ?us inve/$ ) ! prop]ty1 is    
enabl$ to sue = x z 8 own "r4 ,! c\rts (
 law are n alone op5 to him2 he may 7&  
?is is ! usual me?od7 ent] into ei!r ( !
 c\rts ( equity1 & call ^u ! p>ties1 &  
^? :om he suspects to be _! tru/ees1 ^u 
oa?1 & "u ! p5alties ( p]jury1 to       
discov] aga9/ !mselves ! exact nature & 
value ( _! e/ates 9 e p>ticul>1 9 ord]  
to induce _! =feiture on ! discov]y4 ,9 
su* suits ! in=m] is n liable to ^?     
delays :i* ! ord9>y proc$ure ( ^? c\rts 
?r[s into ! way ( ! ju/e/ claimant2 nor 
has ! ,papi/ ! indulg5ce :i* he x8 all[s
 to ! mo/ fraudul5t def5dant1 t ( plea &
 demurr]2 b ! def5dant is oblig$ to     
answ] ! :ole directly ^u oa?4 ,! rule ( 
favores ampli&i1 c41 is rev]s$ by ?is   
act1 le/ any favor %\ld be %[n1 or ! =ce

 & op]ation ( ! law 9 any "p ( its      
progress be en]vat$4 ,all issues to be  
tri$ on ?is act are to be tri$ by none b
 kn[n ,prote/ants4  ,x is "h necess>y to
 /ate z a "p ( ?is law :at has be5 = "s 
"t g5]ally und]/ood z a c]ta9 consequ5ce
 ( x4 ,! act _h expressly provid$ t a   
,papi/ c\ld possess no sort ( e/ate :i* 
might affect l& 7except z be=e except$74
 ,on ?is a difficulty did1 n            
unnaturally1 arise4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n1 
a judgm5t be+ obta9$ or ackn[l$g$ = any 
debt1 s9ce ! /atute ( ,we/m4 #b1 #ac    
,ed4 ,i4 c4 #ah1 "o half ( ! debtor's l&
 is to be deliv]$ unto ! cr$itor until !
 obligation is satisfi$1 "u a writ call$
 ,elegit1 & ?is writ has be5 ev] s9ce ! 
ord9>y assurance ( ! l&1 & ! great      
f\ndation ( g5]al cr$it 9 ! nation4     
,al?\gh ! species ( hold+ "u ?is writ is
 n specifi$ 9 ! /atute1 ! receiv$       
op9ion1 ?\gh n juridically deliv]$1 has 
be51 t1 if !y attempt to avail !mselves 
( t security1 because x may create an   
e/ate1 h[ev] prec>i\s1 9 l&1 _! :ole    

debt or *>ge is =feit$1 & becomes !     
prop]ty ( ! ,prote/ant in=m]4 ,?us y    
obs]ve1 fir/1 t by ! express words ( !  
law all possibility ( acquir+ any       
species ( valuable prop]ty1 9 any sort  
connect$ ) l&1 is tak5 away2 &1         
secondly1 by ! con/ruction all security 
= money is also cut (f4 ,no security is 
left1 except :at is m]ely p]sonal1 &    
:i*1 !re=e1 mo/ p :o l5d money w\ld1 ,i 
believe1 consid] z none at all4  ,"u ?is
 head ( ! acquisition ( prop]ty1 ! law  
meets !m 9 e road ( indu/ry1 & 9 its    
direct & consequ5tial provisions ?r[s   
almo/ all sorts ( ob/acles 9 _! way4 ,= 
!y are n only exclud$ f all (fices 9    
,*ur* & ,/ate1 :i*1 ?\gh a j & necess>y 
provision1 is yet no small re/ra9t 9 !  
acquisition1 b !y are int]dict$ f !     
army1 & ! law1 9 all its bran*es4 ,?is  
po9t is c>ri$ to s scrupul\s a sev]ity1 
t *amb] practice1 & ev5 private         
conveyanc+1 ! mo/ volunt>y ag5cy1 are   
prohibit$ to !m "u ! sev]e/ p5alties & !
 mo/ rigid modes ( inquisition4 ,!y h   

gone beyond ev5 ?is3 = e b>ri/]1 six    
cl]k1 attorney1 or solicitor1 is oblig$ 
to take a solemn oa? n to employ p]sons 
( t p]suasion1--no1 n z hackney cl]ks1  
at ! mis]able sal>y ( sev5 %ill+s a     
week4 ,no tradesman ( t p]suasion is    
capable by any s]vice or settlem5t to   
obta9 8 fre$om 9 any t[n corporate2 s t 
!y trade & "w 9 _! own native t[ns z    
ali5s1 pay+1 z su*1 qu>t]age1 & o!r     
*>ges & impositions4 ,!y are expressly  
=bidd51 9 :atev] employm5t1 to take m   
?an two appr5tices1 except 9 ! l95      
manufacture only4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,9 e /ate1 next to
 ! c>e ( ! life & prop]ties ( ! subject1
 ! education ( _! y\? has be5 a subject 
( att5tion4 ,9 ! ,iri% laws ?is po9t has
 n be5 neglect$4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) !
 con/itution ( our univ]sities ne$ n be 
in=m$ t none b ^? :o con=m to !         
,e/abli%$ ,*ur* c be at all admitt$ to  
/udy !re1 & t none c obta9 degrees 9 !m 
:o d n previ\sly take all ! te/s1 oa?s1 
& decl>ations4 ,le/ !y %\ld be enabl$ to

 supply ?is defect by private academies 
& s*ools ( _! own1 ! law has arm$ itself
 ) all its t]rors aga9/ su* a practice4 
,popi% s*oolma/]s ( e species are       
proscrib$ by ^? acts1 & x is made felony
 to tea* ev5 9 a private family4 ,s t   
,papi/s are entirely exclud$ f an       
education 9 any ( our au?oriz$          
e/abli%m5ts = le>n+ at home4 ,9 ord] to 
%ut up e av5ue to in/ruction1 ! act (   
,k+ ,william 9 ,irel& has add$ to ?is   
re/ra9t by preclud+ !m f all =eign      
education4  ,?is act is wor?y ( att5tion
 on acc\nt ( ! s+ul>ity ( "s ( its      
provisions4 ,be+ s5t = education to any 
,popi% s*ool or college abroad1 ^u      
conviction1 incurs 7if ! p>ty s5t has   
any e/ate ( inh]itance7 a k9d (         
unalt]able & p]petual outlawry4 ,! t5d] 
& incapable age ( su* a p]son1 8 natural
 subjection to ! w ( o!rs1 8 necess>y1  
unavoidable ignorance ( ! laws1 /&s =   
no?+ 9 8 favor4 ,he is disabl$ to sue 9 
law or equity2 to be gu>dian1 executor1 
or adm9i/rator2 he is r5d]$ incapable ( 

any legacy or de$ ( gift2 he =feits all 
8 goods & *attels =ev]2 & he =feits = 8 
life all 8 l&s1 h]$itam5ts1 (fices1 &   
e/ate ( freehold1 & all tru/s1 p[]s1 or 
int]e/s !re94 ,all p]sons conc]n$ 9 s5d+
 !m or ma9ta9+ !m abroad1 by ! lea/     
assi/ance ( money or o!rwise1 are       
involv$ 9 ! same disabilities1 &        
subject$ to ! same p5alties4  ,! mode ( 
conviction is z extraord9>y z ! p5al    
sanctions ( ?is act4 ,a ju/ice ( peace1 
^u in=mation t any *ild is s5t away1 may
 require to be br\ght be=e him all      
p]sons *>g$ or ev5 suspect$ ( s5d+ or   
assi/+1 & exam9e !m & o!r p]sons on oa? 
conc]n+ ! fact4 ,if on ?is exam9ation he
 f9ds x probable t ! p>ty 0 s5t contr>y 
to ?is act1 he is !n1 to b9d ov] !      
p>ties & witnesses 9 any sum he ?9ks    
fit1 b n less ?an two hundr$ p\nds1 to  
appe> & take _! trial at ! next qu>t]   
sessions4 ,"h ! ju/ices are to reexam9e 
evid5ce1 until !y arrive1 z be=e1 to :at
 %all appe> to !m a probability4 ,= !   
re/ !y resort to ! accus$3 if !y c prove

 t any p]son1 or any money1 or any bill 
( ex*ange1 has be5 s5t abroad by ! p>ty 
accus$1 !y ?r[ ! pro( ^u him to %[ = :at
 innoc5t purposes x 0 s5t2 & on failure 
( su* pro(1 he is subject$ to all !     
above-m5tion$ p5alties4 ,half ! =feiture
 is giv5 to ! cr[n2 ! o!r half goes to !
 in=m]4  ,x ought "h to be rem>k$1 t ?is
 mode ( conviction n only concludes !   
p>ty has fail$ 9 8 expurgatory pro(1 b x
 is suffici5t also to subject to !      
p5alties & incapacities ( ! law ! infant
 ^u ^: acc\nt ! p]son has be5 s         
convict$4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! law has
 n left him )\t "s species ( rem$y 9 ?is
 case app>5tly ( mu* h>d%ip1 :]e "o man 
is convict$ ^u evid5ce giv5 aga9/ ano!r1
 if he has ! good =tune to live2 =1 )9 a
 twelvemon? aft] 8 return1 or 8 age (   
tw5ty-"o1 he has a1 "r to call = a new  
trial1 9 :i* he also is to und]take !   
negative pro(1 & to %[ by suffici5t     
evid5ce t he has n be5 s5t abroad aga9/ 
! int5tion ( ! act4 ,if he succe$s 9 ?is
 difficult exculpation1 & demon/rates 8 

innoc5ce to ! satisfaction ( ! c\rt1 he 
=feits all 8 goods & *attels1 & all !   
pr(its ( 8 l&s incurr$ & receiv$ be=e   
su* acquittal2 b he is fre$ f all o!r   
=feitures1 & f all subsequ5t            
incapacities4 ,!re is also ano!r me?od  
all[$ by ! law 9 favor ( p]sons "u su*  
un=tunate circum/ances1 z 9 ! =m] case =
 _! innoc5ce1 9 ?is ^u acc\nt ( _!      
expiation3 if )9 six mon?s aft] _!      
return1 ) ! punctili\s obs]vation ( _m  
c]emonies1 !y con=m to ! ,e/abli%$      
,*ur*1 & take all ! oa?s &              
subscriptions1 ! legislature1 9         
consid]ation ( ! incapable age 9 :i* !y 
7 s5t abroad1 ( ! m]it ( _! e>ly        
con=mity1 & to enc\rage conv]sions1 only
 confiscates1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ! :ole    
p]sonal e/ate1 & ! pr(its ( ! real2 9   
all o!r respects1 re/or+ & rehabilitat+ 
! p>ty4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,s f> z to prop]ty &       
education4 ,!re rema9 "s o!r heads ^u   
:i* ! acts h *ang$ ! c\rse ( ! ,common  
,law2 & fir/1 ) reg>d to ! "r (         

self-def5ce1 :i* consi/s 9 ! use ( arms4
 ,?is1 ?\gh "o ( ! rights by ! law (    
,nature1 yet is s capable ( abuses t x  
may n be unwise to make "s regulations  
conc]n+ !m2 & _m wise nations h ?\ght   
prop] to set sev]al re/rictions on ?is  
"r1 especially tempor>y ones1 ) reg>d to
 suspect$ p]sons1 & on occasion ( "s    
imm95t dang] to ! public f =eign        
invasion or dome/ic commotions4  ,b     
provisions 9 "t ( tr\ble prop]1 & p]haps
 necess>y1 may become 9 "t ( pr(\nd     
peace a s*eme ( tyranny4 ,! me?od :i* ! 
/atute law ( ,irel& has tak5 ^u ?is     
delicate article is1 to get rid ( all   
difficulties at once by an univ]sal     
prohibition to all p]sons1 at all times1
 & "u all circum/ances1 :o are n        
,prote/ants1 ( us+ or keep+ any k9d (   
weapons :atsoev]4 ,9 ord] to en=ce ?is  
regulation1 ! :ole _s ( ! ,common ,law  
is *ang$1 v sev]e p5alties are enjo9$1 !
 l>ge/ p[]s are ve/$ 9 ! l[e/           
magi/rates4 ,any two ju/ices ( peace1 or
 magi/rates ( a t[n1 ) or )\t in=mation1

 at _! pleasure1 by !mselves or _!      
w>rant1 are emp[]$ to ent] & se>* ! h\se
 ( any ,papi/1 or ev5 ( any o!r p]son1  
:om !y suspect to keep su* arms 9 tru/ =
 !m4 ,! only limitation to ! ext5t ( ?is
 p[] is1 t ! se>* is to be made betwe5 !
 ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun3 b ev5 ?is        
qualification ext5ds no fur!r ?an to !  
execution ( ! act 9 ! op5 c\ntry2 = 9   
all cities & _! suburbs1 9 t[ns         
corporate & m>ket-t[ns1 !y may at _!    
discretion1 & )\t in=mation1 break op5  
h\ses & in/itute su* se>* at any h\r ( !
 day or night4 ,?is1 ,i say1 !y may d at
 _! discretion2 & x seems a pretty ample
 p[] 9 ! h&s ( su* magi/rates4 ,h[ev]1 !
 matt] does by no means totally re/ on  
_! discretion4 ,besides ! discretion>y &
 occasional se>*1 ! /atute has prescrib$
 "o t is g5]al & p]iodical4 ,x is to be 
made annually1 by ! w>rant ( ! ju/ices  
at _! midsumm] qu>t] sessions1 by ! high
 & petty con/ables1 or any o!rs :om !y  
may au?orize1 & by all corporate        
magi/rates1 9 all h\ses ( ,papi/s1 & e  

o!r :]e !y suspect arms = ! use ( su*   
p]sons to be conceal$1 ) ! same p[]s1 9 
all respects1 :i* att5d ! occasional    
se>*4 ,! :ole ( ?is regulation1 conc]n+ 
bo? ! g5]al & p>ticul> se>*1 seems to h 
be5 made by a legislature :i* 0 n at all
 extravagantly jeal\s ( p]sonal lib]ty4 
,n tru/+1 h[ev]1 to ! activity ( !      
magi/rate act+ (ficially1 ! law has     
invit$ all volunt>y in=m]s by           
consid]able rew>ds1 & ev5 press$        
involunt>y in=m]s into ?is s]vice by !  
dread ( heavy p5alties4 ,) reg>d to !   
latt] me?od1 two ju/ices ( peace1 or !  
magi/rate ( any corporation1 are emp[]$ 
to summon be=e !m any p]sons :atsoev]1  
to t5d] !m an oa? by :i* !y oblige !m to
 discov] all p]sons :o h any arms       
conceal$ contr>y to law4 ,_! refusal or 
decl9+ to appe>1 or1 appe>+1 _! refusal 
to in=m1 subjects !m to ! sev]e/        
p5alties4 ,if pe]s or pe]esses are      
summon$ 7= !y may be summon$ by !       
bailiff ( a corporation ( six cottages7 
to p]=m ?is honorable s]vice1 & refuse  

to in=m1 ! fir/ (f5ce is ?ree hundr$    
p\nds p5alty2 ! second is prmunire1--t  
is to say1 imprisonm5t = life1 &        
=feiture ( all _! goods4 ,p]sons ( an   
inf]ior ord] are1 = ! fir/ (f5ce1 f9$   
?irty p\nds2 = ! second1 !y1 too1 are   
subject$ to prmunire4 ,s f> z to        
involunt>y2--n[ z to volunt>y in=m]s3 ! 
law entitles !m to half ! p5alty incurr$
 by c>ry+ or keep+ arms2 =1 on          
conviction ( ?is (f5ce1 ! p5alty ^u     
p]sons1 ( :atev] sub/ance1 is ! sum (   
fifty p\nds & a ye>'s imprisonm5t1 :i*  
_c be remitt$ ev5 by ! cr[n4  ,! only   
exception to ?is law is a lic5se f ! ,"l
 ,lieut5ant & ,c\ncil to c>ry arms1 :i*1
 by its nature1 is extremely limit$1 &  
,i d n suppose t !re are six p]sons n[ 9
 ! k+dom :o h be5 =tunate en\gh to obta9
 x4         99       99       99        
99       99  ,!re rema9s1 aft] ?is sy/em
 conc]n+ prop]ty & def5ce1 to say some?+
 conc]n+ ! ex]cise ( religion1 w9* is   
c>ri$ on 9 all p]suasions1 b especially 
9 ! ,romi%1 by p]sons appo9t$ = t       

purpose4 ,! law ( ,k+ ,william & ,que5  
,anne ord]$ all ,popi% p>sons ex]cis+   
ecclesia/ical jurisdiction1 all ord]s ( 
monks & fri>s1 & all prie/s1 n !n       
actually 9 p>i%es1 & to be regi/]$1 to  
be bani%$ ! k+dom2 & if !y %\ld return f
 exile1 to be hang$1 drawn1 & qu>t]$4   
,tw5ty p\nds rew>d is giv5 = appreh5d+  
!m4 ,p5alty on h>bor+ & conceal+4  ,z   
all ! prie/s !n 9 be+ & regi/]$ are long
 s9ce dead1 & z ^! laws are made        
p]petual1 e ,popi% prie/ is liable to ! 
law4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,! read] has n[ be=e him a 
tol]ably complete view ( ! ,pop]y laws  
relative to prop]ty by desc5t or        
acquisition1 to education1 to def5ce1 & 
to ! free ex]cise ( religion1 :i* may be
 necess>y to enable him to =m "s judgm5t
 ( ! _s ( ! :ole sy/em1 & ( ! subsequ5t 
reflections t are to be made ^u x4      
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,"p ,i4   ,! sy/em :i* 
we h j review$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* religi\s
 influ5ce on ! public is made to op]ate 
^u ! laws conc]n+ prop]ty 9 ,irel&1 is 9

 its nature v s+ul>1 & diff]s1 ,i       
appreh5d1 ess5tially1 & p]haps to its   
disadvantage1 f any s*eme ( religi\s    
p]secution n[ exi/+ 9 any o!r c\ntry 9  
,europe1 or :i* has prevail$ 9 any "t or
 nation ) :i* hi/ory has made u         
acqua9t$4 ,i believe x w n be difficult 
to %[ t x is unju/1 impolitic1 &        
inefficaci\s2 t x has ! mo/ unhappy     
influ5ce on ! prosp]ity1 ! morals1 & !  
safety ( t c\ntry2 t ?is influ5ce is n  
accid5tal1 b has fl[$ z ! necess>y &    
direct consequ5ce ( ! laws !mselves1    
fir/ on acc\nt ( ! object :i* !y affect1
 & next by ! quality ( ! greate/ "p ( ! 
in/rum5ts !y employ4 ,^u all ^! po9ts1  
fir/ ^u ! g5]al1 & !n on ! p>ticul>1 ?is
 "q w be consid]$ ) z mu* ord] z c be   
foll[$ 9 a matt] ( itself z involv$ &   
intricate z x is important4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,! fir/ &
 mo/ capital consid]ation ) reg>d to    
?is1 z to e object1 is ! ext5t ( x4 ,&  
"h x is necess>y to premise1 ?is sy/em (
 p5alty & incapacity has = its object no

 small sect or obscure p>ty1 b a v      
num]\s body ( m51--a body :i* compreh5ds
 at lea/ two ?irds ( t :ole nation3 x   
am\nts to #b1hjj1jjj s\ls1 a numb]      
suffici5t = ! mat]ials con/itu5t ( a    
great p4 ,n[ x is well wor?y ( a s]i\s &
 dispassionate exam9ation1 :e!r su* a   
sy/em1 respect+ su* an object1 be 9     
reality agreeable to any s\nd pr9ciples 
( legislation or any au?oriz$ def9ition 
( law2 = if our reasons or practices    
diff] f ! g5]al in=m$ s5se ( mank9d1 x  
is v mod]ate to say t !y are at lea/    
suspici\s4  ,?is consid]ation ( !       
magnitude ( ! object ought to att5d u   
?r\gh ! :ole inquiry3 if x does n always
 affect ! reason1 x is always decisive  
on ! importance ( ! "q4 ,x n only makes 
9 itself a m lead+ po9t1 b complicates  
itself ) e o!r "p ( ! matt]1 giv+ e     
error1 m9ute 9 itself1 a "* &           
significance f its application4 ,x is   
!re=e n to be wond]$ at1 if we          
p]petually recur to x 9 ! c\rse ( ?is   
essay4  ,9 ! mak+ ( a new law x is      

und\bt$ly ! duty ( ! legislator to see t
 no inju/ice be done ev5 to an          
individual3 = !re is !n no?+ to be      
unsettl$1 & ! matt] is "u 8 h&s to m\ld 
x z he pleases2 & if he f9ds x          
untractable 9 ! work+1 he may ab&on x   
)\t incurr+ any new inconv5i5ce4 ,b 9 ! 
"q conc]n+ ! repeal ( an old "o1 ! "w is
 ( m difficulty2 because laws1 l h\ses1 
lean on "o ano!r1 & ! op]ation is       
delicate1 & %\ld be necess>y3 !         
objection1 9 su* a case1 ought n to     
arise f ! natural infirmity ( human     
in/itutions1 b f sub/antial faults :i*  
contradict ! nature & end ( law         
itself1--faults n aris+ f ! imp]fection1
 b f ! misapplication & abuse ( our     
reason4 ,z no legislators c reg>d !     
m9ima ( equity1 a law may 9 "s in/ances 
be a j subject ( c5sure )\t be+ at all  
an object ( repeal4 ,b if its           
transgressions aga9/ common "r &1 ! ends
 ( j gov]nm5t %\ld be consid]able 9 _!  
nature & spread+ 9 _! effects1 z ?is    
objection goes to ! root & pr9ciple ( ! 

law1 x r5d]s x void 9 its obligatory    
quality on ! m9d1 & !re=e det]m9es x z !
 prop] object ( abrogation & repeal1 s  
f> z reg>ds its civil exi/5ce4 ,!       
objection "h is1 z we obs]v$1 by no     
means on acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! law2
 x is on acc\nt ( its errone\s pr9ciple3
 = if ?is be fundam5tally wrong1 ! m    
p]fect ! law is made1 ! worse x becomes4
 ,x _c be said to h ! prop]ties ( g5u9e 
law1 ev5 9 its imp]fections & defects4  
,! true weakness & opprobrium ( our be/ 
g5]al con/itutions is1 t !y _c provide  
b5eficially = e p>ticul> case1 & ?us    
fill1 adequately to _! int5tions1 !     
circle ( univ]sal ju/ice4 ,b :]e !      
pr9ciple is faulty1 ! errone\s "p ( !   
law is ! b5eficial1 & ju/ice only f9ds  
refuge 9 ^? holes & corn]s :i* _h escap$
 ! sagacity & inquisition ( !           
legislator4 ,! happ9ess or mis]y (      
multitudes c nev] be a ?+ indiff]5t4 ,a 
law aga9/ ! majority ( ! p is 9 sub/ance
 a law aga9/ ! p itself2 its ext5t      
det]m9es its invalidity2 x ev5 *anges   

its "* z x enl>ges its op]ation3 x is n 
p>ticul> inju/ice1 b g5]al oppression2 &
 c no long] be consid]$ z a private     
h>d%ip1 :i* might be borne1 b spreads & 
gr[s up into ! un=tunate importance ( a 
national calamity4  ,n[ z a law direct$ 
aga9/ ! mass ( ! nation has n ! nature (
 a reasonable in/itution1 s nei!r has x 
! au?ority3 = 9 all =ms ( gov]nm5t ! p  
is ! true legislator2 & :e!r ! imm$iate 
& in/rum5tal cause ( ! law be a s+le    
p]son or _m1 ! remote & effici5t cause  
is ! cons5t ( ! p1 ei!r actual or       
impli$2 & su* cons5t is absolutely      
ess5tial to its validity4 ,to ! solid   
e/abli%m5t ( e law two ?+s are          
ess5tially requisite3 fir/1 a prop] &   
suffici5t human p[] to decl>e & modify !
 matt] ( ! law2 & next1 su* a fit &     
equitable con/itution z !y h a "r to    
decl>e & r5d] b9d+4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/  
requisite1 ! human au?ority1 x is _!    
judgm5t !y give up1 n _! "r4 ,! p1      
inde$1 are presum$ to cons5t to :atev] !
 legislature orda9s = _! b5efit2 & !y   

are to acquiesce 9 x1 ?\gh !y d n cle>ly
 see into ! propriety ( ! means by :i*  
!y are conduct$ to t desirable end4 ,?is
 !y owe z an act ( homage & j def]5ce to
 a reason :i* ! necessity ( gov]nm5t has
 made sup]ior to _! own4 ,b ?\gh !      
means1 & inde$ ! nature1 ( a public     
advantage may n always be evid5t to !   
und]/&+ ( ! subject1 no "o is s gross & 
/upid z n to di/+ui% betwe5 a b5efit &  
an injury4 ,no "o c imag9e1 !n1 an      
exclusion ( a great body ( m51 n f      
favors1 privileges1 & tru/s1 b f !      
common advantages ( society1 c ev] be a 
?+ int5d$ = _! good1 or c ev] be ratifi$
 by any impli$ cons5t ( !irs4 ,if1      
!re=e1 at lea/ an impli$ human cons5t is
 necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( a law1 su* a   
con/itution _c 9 propriety be a law at  
all4  ,b if we c\ld suppose t su* a     
ratification 0 made1 n virtually1 b     
actually1 by ! p1 n repres5tatively1 b  
ev5 collectively1 /ill x w\ld be null & 
void4 ,!y h no "r to make a law         
prejudicial to ! :ole community1 ev5    

?\gh ! del9qu5ts 9 mak+ su* an act %\ld 
be !mselves ! *ief suff]]s by x2 because
 x w\ld be-made aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( a    
sup]ior law1 :i* x is n 9 ! p[] ( any   
community1 or ( ! :ole race ( man1 to   
alt]1--,i mean ! w ( ,him :o gave u our 
nature1 & 9 giv+ impress$ an inv>iable  
law ^u x4 ,x w\ld be h>d to po9t out any
 error m truly subv]sive ( all ! ord] & 
beauty1 ( all ! peace & happ9ess ( human
 society1 ?an ! position1 t any body (  
m5 h a "r to make :at laws !y           
please1--or t laws c d]ive any au?ority 
f _! in/itution m]ely1 & indep5d5t ( !  
quality ( ! subject-matt]4 ,no argum5ts 
( policy1 reason ( /ate1 or pres]vation 
( ! con/itution c be plead$ 9 favor (   
su* a practice4 ,!y may1 inde$1 impea* !
 frame ( t con/itution1 b c nev] t\* ?is
 immovable pr9ciple4 ,?is seems to be1  
inde$1 ! doctr9e :i* ,hobbes broa*$ 9 ! 
la/ c5tury1 & :i* 0 !n s frequ5tly & s  
ably refut$4 ,cic]o exclaims ) ! utmo/  
indignation & contempt aga9/ su* a      
notion3#bb he consid]s x n only z       

unwor?y ( a philosoph]1 b ( an illit]ate
 peasant2 t ( all ?+s ?is 0 ! mo/ truly 
absurd1 to fancy t ! rule ( ju/ice 0 to 
be tak5 f ! con/itutions ( commonweal?s1
 or t laws d]iv$ _! au?ority f ! /atutes
 ( ! p1 ! edicts ( pr9ces1 or ! decrees 
( judges4 ,if x be admitt$ t x is n !   
black-lett] & ! k+'s arms t makes ! law1
 we are to look = x else:]e4  ,9 reality
 !re are two1 & only two1 f\ndations (  
law2 & !y are bo? ( !m conditions )\t   
:i* no?+ c give x any =ce3 ,i mean      
equity & utility4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 x
 gr[s out ( ! great rule ( equality1 :i*
 is gr\nd$ ^u our common nature1 & :i*  
,philo1 ) propriety & beauty1 calls ! "m
 ( ju/ice4 ,all human laws are1 prop]ly 
speak+1 only decl>atory2 !y may alt] !  
mode & application1 b h no p[] ov] !    
sub/ance ( orig9al ju/ice4 ,! o!r       
f\ndation ( law1 :i* is utility1 mu/ be 
und]/ood1 n ( p>tial or limit$1 b (     
g5]al & public utility1 connect$ 9 !    
same mann] )1 & d]iv$ directly f1 our   
rational nature3 = any o!r utility may  

be ! utility ( a robb]1 b _c be t ( a   
citiz51--! int]e/ ( ! dome/ic enemy1 & n
 t ( a memb] ( ! commonweal?4 ,?is      
pres5t equality c nev] be ! f\ndation ( 
/atutes :i* create an artificial        
diff]5ce betwe5 m51 z ! laws be=e u d1 9
 ord] to induce a consequ5tial          
inequality 9 ! di/ribution ( ju/ice4    
,law is a mode ( human action respect+  
society1 & mu/ be gov]n$ by ! same rules
 ( equity :i* gov]n e private action2 & 
s ,tully consid]s x 9 8 ,(fices z ! only
 utility agreeable to t nature3 ,unum   
debet esse omnibus propositum1 ut eadem 
sit utilitas uniuscujusque et           
univ]sorum2 quam si ad se quisque       
rapiat1 dissolvetur omnis humana        
consortio4  ,if any proposition c be    
cle> 9 itself1 x is ?is3 t a law :i*    
%uts out f all secure & valuable prop]ty
 ! bulk ( ! p _c be made = ! utility ( !
 p>ty s exclud$4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is n !    
utility :i* ,tully m5tions4 ,b if x 7   
true 7z x is n7 t ! real int]e/ ( any "p
 ( ! community c\ld be sep>at$ f !      

happ9ess ( ! re/1 /ill x w\ld af=d no j 
f\ndation = a /atute provid+ exclusively
 = t int]e/ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r2 because
 x w\ld be repugnant to ! ess5ce ( law1 
:i* requires t x be made z mu* z        
possible = ! b5efit ( ! :ole4 ,if ?is   
pr9ciple be d5i$ or evad$1 :at gr\nd h  
we left to reason on8 ,we mu/ at once   
make a total *ange 9 all our ideas1 &   
look = a new def9ition ( law4 ,:]e to   
f9d x ,i confess myself at a loss4 ,if  
we resort to ! f\nta9s ( jurisprud5ce1  
!y w n supply u ) any t is = our        
purpose4 ,jus 7says ,paulus7 pluribus   
modis dicitur3 uno modo1 cum id1 quod   
semp] quum et bonum e/1 jus dicitur1 ut 
e/ jus naturale2--?is s5se ( ! ^w w n be
 ?\ght1 ,i imag9e1 v applicable to our  
p5al laws2--alt]o modo1 quod omnibus aut
 pluribus 9 unaquaque civitate utile e/1
 ut e/ jus civile4 ,p]haps ?is latt] w  
be z insuffici5t1 & w\ld r seem a c5sure
 & condemnation ( ! ,pop]y ,acts ?an a  
def9ition t includes !m2 & !re is no o!r
 to be f\nd 9 ! :ole ,dige/2 nei!r are  

!re any mod]n writ]s ^: ideas ( law are 
at all n>r[]4  ,x w\ld be f> m easy to  
heap up au?orities on ?is article ?an to
 excuse ! prolixity & t$i\sness (       
produc+ any at all 9 pro( ( a po9t :i*1 
?\gh too (t5 practically d5i$1 is 9 its 
!ory almo/ self-evid5t4 ,= ,su>ez1 h&l+ 
?is v "q1 ,utrum de ratione et sub/antia
 legis esse ut propt] commune bonum     
f]atur1 does n hesitate a mom5t1 f9d+ no
 gr\nd 9 reason or au?ority to r5d] !   
affirmative 9 ! lea/ degree disputable3 
,9 qu/ione ergo proposita 7says he7     
nulla e/ int] au?ores controv]sia2 s$   
omnium commune e/ axioma de sub/antia et
 ratione legis esse1 ut pro communi bono
 f]atur2 ita ut propt] illud prcipue    
tradatur2 hav+ obs]v$ 9 ano!r place1    
,contra omnem rectitud9em e/ bonum      
commune ad privatum ord9>e1 seu totum ad
 p>tem propt] ipsum ref]re4 ,p>tiality &
 law are contradictory t]ms4 ,nei!r !   
m]its nor ! ill des]ts1 nei!r ! weal? & 
importance nor ! indig5ce & obscurity1 (
 ! "o "p or ( ! o!r1 c make any         

alt]ation 9 ?is fundam5tal tru?4 ,on any
 o!r s*eme1 ,i defy any man liv+ to     
settle a correct /&>d :i* may           
discrim9ate betwe5 equitable rule & !   
mo/ direct tyranny4 ,= if we c once     
prevail ^u ourselves to dep>t f !       
/rictness & integrity ( ?is pr9ciple 9  
favor ev5 ( a consid]able p>ty1 !       
argum5t w hold = "o t is less s2 & ?us  
we %all g on1 n>r[+ ! bottom ( public   
"r1 until /ep by /ep we arrive1 ?\gh    
aft] no v long or v =c$ d$uction1 at :at
 "o ( our poets calls ! enorm\s fai?1--!
 fai? ( ! _m1 creat$ = ! advantage ( a  
s+le p]son4 ,i _c see a glimm]+ (       
di/9ction to evade x2 nor is x possible 
to allege any reason = ! proscription ( 
s l>ge a "p ( ! k+dom1 :i* w\ld n hold  
equally to support1 "u p>allel          
circum/ances1 ! proscription ( ! :ole4  
,i am s5sible t ^! pr9ciples1 9 _!      
ab/ract light1 w n be v /r5u\sly oppos$4
 ,reason is nev] inconv5i5t1 b :5 x     
comes to be appli$4 ,m]e g5]al tru?s    
int]f]e v little ) ! passions4 ,!y c1   

until !y are r\s$ by a tr\blesome       
application1 re/ 9 great tranquillity1  
side by side ) temp]s & proce$+s ! mo/  
directly opposite to !m4 ,m5 want to be 
rem9d$1 :o d n want to be taught2       
because ^? orig9al ideas ( rectitude1 to
 :i* ! m9d is compell$ to ass5t :5 !y   
are propos$1 are n always z pres5t to x 
z !y ought to be4 ,:5 p are gone1 if n  
into a d5ial1 at lea/ into a sort (     
oblivion ( ^? ideas1 :5 !y "k !m only z 
b>r5 speculations1 & n z practical      
motives = conduct1 x w be prop] to      
press1 z well z to (f] !m to ! und]/&+2 
& :5 "o is attack$ by prejudices :i* aim
 to intrude !mselves into ! place ( law1
 :at is left = u b to v\* & call to     
w>ranty ^? pr9ciples ( orig9al ju/ice f 
:5ce alone our title to ev]y?+ valuable 
9 society is d]iv$8 ,c x be ?\ght to    
arise f a sup]flu\s1 va9 p>ade (        
display+ g5]al & uncontrov]t$ maxims1 t 
we %\ld rev]t at ?is "t to ! fir/       
pr9ciples ( law1 :5 we h directly "u our
 consid]ation a :ole body ( /atutes1    

:i*1 ,i say1 are s _m contradictions1   
:i* _! advocates all[ to be s _m        
exceptions f ^? v pr9ciples8 ,take !m 9 
! mo/ favorable light1 e exception f !  
orig9al & fix$ rule ( equality & ju/ice 
ought surely to be v well au?oriz$ 9 !  
reason ( _! deviation1 & v r>e 9 _! use4
 ,=1 if !y %\ld gr[ to be frequ5t1 9 :at
 w\ld !y diff] f an abrogation ( ! rule 
itself8 ,by becom+ ?us frequ5t1 !y might
 ev5 g fur!r1 &1 e/abli%+ !mselves into 
a pr9ciple1 conv]t ! rule into !        
exception4 ,x _c be dissembl$ t ?is is n
 at all remote f ! case be=e u1 :]e !   
great body ( ! p are exclud$ f all      
valuable prop]ty1--:]e ! greate/ & mo/  
ord9>y b5efits ( society are conf]r$ z  
privileges1 & n enjoy$ on ! foot+ (     
common rights4  ,! cl&e/9e mann] 9 :i*  
^? 9 p[] c>ry on su* designs is a       
suffici5t argum5t ( ! s5se !y inw>dly   
ent]ta9 ( ! true nature ( _! proce$+s4  
,seldom is ! title or preamble ( ! law (
 ! same import ) ! body & enact+ "p2 b  
!y g5]ally place "s o!r color upp]mo/1  

:i* diff]s f t :i* is aft]w>ds to appe>1
 or at lea/ "o t is sev]al %ades fa9t]4 
,?us1 ! p5al laws 9 "q are n call$ laws 
to oblige m5 baptiz$ & educat$ 9 ,pop]y 
to r5\nce _! religion or _! prop]ty1 b  
are call$ laws to prev5t ! gr[? (       
,pop]y2 z if _! purpose 0 only to prev5t
 conv]sions to t sect1 & n to p]secute a
 million ( p already engag$ 9 x4 ,b (   
all ! in/ances ( ?is sort ( legislative 
artifice1 & ( ! pr9ciples t produc$ x1  
,i nev] met ) any :i* made a /rong]     
impression on me ?an t ( ,l\is !        
,f\rte5?1 9 ! revocation ( ! ,edict (   
,nantes4 ,t mon>* _h1 :5 he made t      
revocation1 z few measures to keep )    
public op9ion z any man4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( 
! mo/ unresi/$ au?ority at home1 9 a    
c>e] ( un9t]rupt$ victory abroad1 & 9 a 
c\rse ( flatt]y equal to ! circum/ances 
( 8 greatness 9 bo? ^! p>ticul>s1 he    
might be suppos$ to h z little ne$ z    
disposition to r5d] any sort ( acc\nt to
 ! _w ( 8 proc$ure t[>ds 8 subjects4 ,b 
! p]secution ( s va/ a body ( m5 z !    

,hugu5ots 0 too /rong a measure ev5 = ! 
law ( pride & p[]4 ,x 0 too gl>+ a      
contradiction ev5 to ^? pr9ciples ^u :i*
 p]secution itself is support$4 ,%ock$  
at ! nak$ attempt1 he _h rec\rse1 = a   
palliation ( 8 conduct1 to an unk+ly    
d5ial ( ! fact :i* made aga9/ him4 ,9 ! 
preamble1 !re=e1 to 8 ,act (            
,revocation1 he sets =? t ! ,edict (    
,nantes 0 no long] necess>y1 z ! object 
( x 7! ,prote/ants ( 8 k+dom7 7 !n r$uc$
 to a v small numb]4 ,! refugees 9      
,holl& cri$ out aga9/ ?is               
misrepres5tation4 ,!y ass]t$1 ,i believe
 ) tru?1 t ?is revocation _h driv5 two  
hundr$ ?\s& ( !m out ( _! c\ntry1 & t !y
 c\ld readily demon/rate !re /ill rema9$
 six hundr$ ?\s& ,prote/ants 9 ,france4 
,if ?is 7 ! fact1 7z x 0 und\bt$ly17 no 
argum5t ( policy c\ld h be5 /rong en\gh 
to excuse a measure by :i* eight hundr$ 
?\s& m5 7 despoil$1 at "o /roke1 ( s _m 
( _! rights & privileges4 ,l\is !       
,f\rte5? confess$1 by ?is sort (        
apology1 t1 if ! numb] _h be5 l>ge1 !   

revocation _h be5 unju/4 ,b1 aft] all1  
is x n mo/ evid5t t ?is act ( inju/ice1 
:i* let loose on t mon>* su* a torr5t ( 
invective & reproa*1 & :i* ?rew s d>k a 
cl\d ov] all ! spl5dor ( a mo/ illu/ri\s
 reign1 falls f> %ort ( ! case 9 ,irel&8
 ,! privileges :i* ! ,prote/ants ( t    
k+dom enjoy$ antec$5t to ?is revocation 
7 f> great] ?an ! ,roman ,ca?olics (    
,irel& ev] aspir$ to "u a contr>y       
e/abli%m5t4 ,! numb] ( _! suff]]s1 if   
consid]$ absolutely1 is n half ( ours2  
if consid]$ relatively to ! body ( ea*  
community1 x is n p]haps a tw5tie? "p4  
,& !n ! p5alties & incapacities :i* grew
 f t revocation are n s griev\s 9 _!    
nature1 nor s c]ta9 9 _! execution1 nor 
s ru9\s by a great deal to ! civil      
prosp]ity ( ! /ate1 z ^? :i* we h       
e/abli%$ = a p]petual law 9 our unhappy 
c\ntry4 ,x _c be ?\ght to arise f       
affectation1 t ,i call x s4 ,:at o!r "n 
c be giv5 to a c\ntry :i* conta9s s _m  
hundr$ ?\s&s ( human creatures r$uc$ to 
a /ate ( ! mo/ abject s]vitude8  ,9     

putt+ ?is p>allel1 ,i take x = grant$ t 
we c /& = ?is %ort "t v cle> ( our p>ty 
di/9ctions4 ,if x 7 en\gh1 by ! use ( an
 odi\s & unpopul> ^w1 to det]m9e ! "q1 x
 w\ld be no long] a subject ( rational  
disquisition2 s9ce t v prejudice :i*    
gives ^! odi\s names1 & :i* is ! p>ty   
*>g$ = do+ s1 & = ! consequ5ces ( x1    
w\ld !n become ! judge also4 ,b ,i      
flatt] myself t n a few w be f\nd :o d n
 ?9k t ! names ( ,prote/ant & ,papi/ c  
make any *ange 9 ! nature ( ess5tial    
ju/ice4 ,su* m5 w n all[ t to be prop]  
treatm5t to ! "o ( ^! d5om9ations :i*   
w\ld be cruelty to ! o!r1 & :i* conv]ts 
its v crime into ! in/rum5t ( its       
def5ce3 !y w h>dly p]suade !mselves t   
:at 0 bad policy 9 ,france c be good 9  
,irel&1 or t :at 0 intol]able inju/ice 9
 an arbitr>y mon>* becomes1 only by be+ 
m ext5d$ & m viol5t1 an equitable       
proc$ure 9 a c\ntry pr(ess+ to be gov]n$
 by law4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible n to  
obs]ve ) "s conc]n1 t !re are _m also ( 
a diff]5t disposition1--a numb] ( p]sons

 ^: m9ds are s =m$ t !y f9d ! communion 
( religion to be a close & an ende>+    
tie1 & _! c\ntry to be no bond at       
all1--to :om common alt>s are a bett]   
relation ?an common habitations & a     
common civil int]e/1--^: he>ts are t\*$ 
) ! di/resses ( =eign]s1 & are          
abundantly awake to all ! t5d]ness (    
human feel+ on su* an occasion1 ev5 at !
 mom5t t !y are inflict+ ! v same       
di/resses1 or worse1 on _!              
fell[-citiz5s1 )\t ! lea/ /+ (          
compassion or remorse4 ,to commis]ate ! 
di/resses ( all m5 suff]+ innoc5tly1    
p]haps m]itori\sly1 is g5]\s1 & v       
agreeable to ! bett] "p ( our nature1--a
 disposition t ought by all means to be 
*]i%$4 ,b to transf] humanity f its     
natural basis1 our legitimate & home-br$
 connections1--to lose all feel+ = ^? :o
 h gr[n up by our sides1 9 our eyes1 !  
b5efit ( ^: c>es & labors we h p>tak5 f 
our bir?1 & m]etrici\sly to hunt abroad 
aft] =eign affections1 is su* a         
dis>rangem5t ( ! :ole sy/em ( our       

duties1 t ,i d n "k :e!r b5evol5ce s    
displac$ is n almo/ ! same ?+ z de/roy$1
 or :at effect bigotry c\ld h produc$ t 
is m fatal to society4 ,?is no "o c\ld  
help obs]v+1 :o has se5 our doors k9dly 
& b\ntifully ?r[n op5 to =eign suff]]s =
 consci5ce1 :il/ ?r\gh ! same ports 7   
issu+ fugitives ( our own1 driv5 f _!   
c\ntry = a cause :i* to an indiff]5t    
p]son w\ld seem to be exactly simil>1   
:il/ we /ood by1 )\t any s5se ( !       
impropriety ( ?is extraord9>y sc5e1     
accus+ & practis+ inju/ice4 ,= my "p1   
!re is no circum/ance1 9 all !          
contradictions ( our mo/ my/]i\s nature1
 t appe>s to be m humiliat+ ?an ! use we
 are dispos$ to make ( ^? sad examples  
:i* seem purposely m>k$ = our correction
 & improvem5t4 ,e in/ance ( fury &      
bigotry 9 o!r m51 "o %\ld ?9k1 w\ld     
naturally fill u ) an horror ( t        
disposition4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 is       
directly contr>y4 ,we are inspir$1 x is 
true1 ) a v suffici5t hatr$ = ! p>ty1 b 
) no dete/ation at all ( ! proce$+4     

,nay1 we are apt to urge our dislike (  
su* measures z a reason = imitat+       
!m1--&1 by an almo/ incr$ible absurdity1
 because "s p[]s h de/roy$ _! c\ntry by 
_! p]secut+ _s1 to argue1 t we ought to 
retaliate on !m by de/roy+ our own4 ,su*
 are ! effects1 & su*1 ,i fe>1 has be5 !
 int5tion1 ( ^? numb]less books :i* are 
daily pr9t$ & indu/ri\sly spread1 ( !   
p]secutions 9 o!r c\ntries & o!r        
religi\s p]suasions4--,^! obs]vations1  
:i* are a digression1 b h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 c
 be consid]$ z a dep>ture f ! subject1 h
 deta9$ u "s "t3 we w n[ come m directly
 to our purpose4  ,x has be5 %[n1 ,i    
hope ) suffici5t evid5ce1 t a           
con/itution aga9/ ! int]e/ ( ! _m is r (
 ! nature ( a grievance ?an ( a law2 t (
 all grievances x is ! mo/ weighty &    
important2 t x is made )\t due au?ority1
 aga9/ all ! ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples (      
jurisprud5ce1 aga9/ ! op9ions ( all !   
great lights 9 t sci5ce2 & t su* is !   
tacit s5se ev5 ( ^? :o act 9 ! mo/      
contr>y mann]4 ,^! po9ts are1 inde$1 s  

evid5t1 t ,i appreh5d ! abettors ( !    
p5al sy/em w gr\nd _! def5ce on an      
admission1 & n on a d5ial ( !m4 ,!y w   
lay x d[n z a pr9ciple1 t ! ,prote/ant  
religion is a ?+ b5eficial = ! :ole     
community1 z well 9 its civil int]e/s z 
9 ^? ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,f !nce !y w     
argue1 t1 ! end be+ ess5tially          
b5eficial1 ! means become in/rum5tally  
s2 t ^! p5alties & incapacities are n   
f9al causes ( ! law1 b only a discipl9e 
to br+ ov] a delud$ p to _! real int]e/1
 & !re=e1 ?\gh !y may be h>% 9 _!       
op]ation1 !y w be pleasant 9 _! effects2
 & be !y :at !y w1 !y _c be consid]$ z a
 v extraord9>y h>d%ip1 z x is 9 ! p[] ( 
! suff]] to free himself :5 he pleases1 
& t only by conv]t+ to a bett] religion1
 :i* x is 8 duty to embrace1 ev5 ?\gh x 
7 att5d$ ) all ^? p5alties f :5ce 9     
reality x deliv]s him3 if he suff]s1 x  
is 8 own fault2 vol5ti non fit injuria4 
,i %all be v %ort1 )\t be+1 ,i ?9k1 !   
less satisfactory1 9 my answ] to ^!     
topics1 because !y nev] c be urg$ f a   

conviction ( _! validity1 & are1 inde$1 
only ! usual & impot5t /ruggles ( ^? :o 
are unwill+ to ab&on a practice :i* !y  
are unable to def5d4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i      
obs]ve1 t1 if ! pr9ciple ( _! f9al &    
b5eficial int5tion be admitt$ z a j     
gr\nd = su* proce$+s1 !re nev] 01 9 !   
blamable s5se ( ! ^w1 nor ev] c be1 su* 
a ?+ z a religi\s p]secution 9 ! _w4    
,su* an int5tion is pret5d$ by all      
m51--:o all n only insi/ t _! religion  
has ! sanction ( ,heav51 b is likewise1 
& = t reason1 ! be/ & mo/ conv5i5t to   
human society4 ,all religi\s p]secution1
 ,mr4 ,bayle well obs]ves1 is gr\nd$ ^u 
a mis]able petitio pr9cipii4 ,y are     
wrong1 ,i am "r2 y mu/ come ov] to me1  
or y mu/ suff]4 ,let me add1 t ! great  
inlet by :i* a color = oppression has   
ent]$ into ! _w is by "o man's pret5d+  
to det]m9e conc]n+ ! happ9ess ( ano!r1 &
 by claim+ a "r to use :at means he ?9ks
 prop] 9 ord] to br+ him to a s5se ( x4 
,x is ! ord9>y & trite sophism (        
oppression4 ,b !re is n yet su* a       

conv5i5t ductility 9 ! human und]/&+ z  
to make u capable ( be+ p]suad$ t m5 c  
possibly mean ! ultimate good ( ! :ole  
society by r5d]+ mis]able = a c5tury    
toge!r ! great] "p ( x1--or t any "o has
 su* a rev]sion>y b5evol5ce z s]i\sly to
 int5d ! remote good ( a late po/]ity1  
:o c give up ! pres5t enjoym5t :i* e    
hone/ man mu/ h 9 ! happ9ess ( 8        
contempor>ies4 ,ev]ybody is satisfi$ t a
 cons]vation & secure enjoym5t ( our    
natural rights is ! great & ultimate    
purpose ( civil society1 & t !re=e all  
=ms :atsoev] ( gov]nm5t are only good z 
!y are subs]vi5t to t purpose to :i* !y 
are entirely subord9ate4 ,n[ to aim at !
 e/abli%m5t ( any =m ( gov]nm5t by      
sacrific+ :at is ! sub/ance ( x1 to take
 away or at lea/ to susp5d ! rights (   
,nature 9 ord] to an approv$ sy/em = !  
protection ( !m1 & = ! sake ( t ab\t :i*
 m5 mu/ dispute =ev] to po/pone ^? ?+s  
ab\t :i* !y h no controv]sy at all1 &   
?is n 9 m9ute & subord9ate1 b l>ge &    
pr9cipal objects1 is a proc$ure z       

prepo/]\s & absurd 9 argum5t z x is     
oppressive & cruel 9 its effect4 ,= !   
,prote/ant religion1 nor 7,i speak x )  
rev]5ce1 ,i am sure7 ! tru? ( our common
 ,*ri/ianity1 is n s cle> z ?is         
proposition1--t all m51 at lea/ !       
majority ( m5 9 ! society1 ought to     
enjoy ! common advantages ( x4 ,y fall1 
!re=e1 into a d\ble error3 fir/1 y incur
 a c]ta9 mis*ief = an advantage :i* is  
comp>atively problematical1 ev5 ?\gh y 7
 sure ( obta9+ x2 secondly1 :atev] !    
propos$ advantage may be1 7 x ( a c]ta9 
nature1 ! atta9m5t ( x is by no means   
c]ta92 & su* deep gam+ = /akes s        
valuable ought n to be admitt$3 ! risk  
is ( too mu* consequ5ce to society4 ,if 
no o!r c\ntry furni%$ examples ( ?is    
risk1 yet our laws & our c\ntry are     
en\gh fully to demon/rate ! fact3       
,irel&1 aft] almo/ a c5tury (           
p]secution1 is at ?is h\r full (        
p5alties & full ( ,papi/s4 ,?is is a    
po9t :i* w\ld lead u a great way2 b x is
 only j t\*$ "h1 hav+ mu* to say ^u x 9 

its prop] place4 ,s t y h incurr$ a     
c]ta9 & an imm$iate inconv5i5ce = a     
remote & = a d\bly unc]ta9 b5efit4--,?us
 f> z to ! argum5t :i* w\ld sanctify !  
inju/ice ( ^! laws by ! b5efits :i* are 
propos$ to arise f !m1 & z to t lib]ty  
:i*1 by a new political *emi/ry1 0 to be
 extract$ out ( a sy/em ( oppression4   
,n[ z to ! o!r po9t1 t ! objects ( ^!   
laws suff] volunt>ily3 ?is seems to me  
to be an insult r ?an an argum5t4 ,=1   
besides t x totally annihilates e       
*>act]i/ic & !re=e e faulty idea (      
p]secution1 j z ! =m] does1 x supposes1 
:at is false 9 fact1 t x is 9 a man's   
moral p[] to *ange 8 religion :5ev] 8   
conv5i5ce requires x4 ,if he be be=eh&  
satisfi$ t y\r op9ion is bett] ?an 81 he
 w volunt>ily come ov] to y1 & )\t      
compulsion1 & !n y\r law w\ld be        
unnecess>y2 b if he is n s conv9c$1 he  
mu/ "k t x is 8 duty 9 ?is po9t to      
sacrifice 8 int]e/ "h to 8 op9ion ( 8   
et]nal happ9ess1 else he c\ld h 9       
reality no religion at all4 ,9 ! =m]    

case1 !re=e1 z y\r law w\ld be          
unnecess>y1 9 ! latt] x w\ld be         
p]secut+3 t is1 x w\ld put y\r p5alty & 
8 ideas ( duty 9 ! opposite scales2 :i* 
is1 or ,i "k n :at is1 ! precise idea ( 
p]secution4 ,if1 !n1 y require a        
r5unciation ( 8 consci5ce1 z a prelim9>y
 to 8 admission to ! rights ( society1 y
 annex1 morally speak+1 an impossible   
condition to x4 ,9 ?is case1 9 !        
language ( reason & jurisprud5ce1 !     
condition w\ld be void1 & ! gift        
absolute2 z ! practice runs1 x is to    
e/abli% ! condition1 & to )hold !       
b5efit4 ,! suff]+ is1 !n1 n volunt>y4 ,&
 ,i nev] he>d any o!r argum5t1 drawn f !
 nature ( laws & ! good ( human society1
 urg$ 9 favor ( ^? proscriptive /atutes1
 except ^? :i* h j be5 m5tion$4         
,,footnotes3  #bb ,cic]o de ,legibus1   
,lib4 ,l #ad1ae et #af4--,o rem dignam1 
9 qua non modo docti1 v]um etiam agre/es
 erubescant6 ,jam v]o illud /ultissimum 
exi/im>e omnia ju/a esse1 qu scita s9t 9
 populorum in/itutis aut legibus1 etc4  

,quod si populorum jussis1 si pr9cipum  
decretis1 si s5t5tiis judicum jura      
con/itu]5tur1 jus esset latroc9>i1 jus  
adult]>e1 jus te/am5ta falsa suppon]e1  
si hc suffragiis aut scitis multitud9is 
prob>5tur4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,"p     
,,ii4   ,! second head ^u :i* ,i propose
 to consid] ^? /atutes ) reg>d to _!    
object1 & :i* is ! next 9 importance to 
! magnitude1 & ( almo/ equal conc]n 9 ! 
inquiry into ! ju/ice ( ^! laws1 is its 
possession4 ,x is prop] to recollect t  
?is religion1 :i* is s p]secut$ 9 its   
memb]s1 is ! old religion ( ! c\ntry1 & 
! once e/abli%$ religion ( ! /ate1--! v 
same :i* _h = c5turies receiv$ !        
c\nt5ance & sanction ( ! laws1 & f :i* x
 w\ld at "o "t h be5 highly p5al to h   
diss5t$4 ,9 proportion z mank9d has     
become enlight5$1 ! idea ( religi\s     
p]secution1 "u any circum/ances1 has be5
 almo/ univ]sally explod$ by all good & 
?9k+ m54 ,! only fa9t %ad[ ( difficulty 
:i* rema9s is conc]n+ ! introduction (  
new op9ions4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 t1 if x 

has be5 favorable to ! cause ( tru?1 x  
has n be5 always conducive to ! peace ( 
society4 ,?\gh a new religi\s sect %\ld 
ev5 be totally free 9 itself f any      
tumultu\s & disord]ly zeal1 :i*1 h[ev]1 
is r>ely ! case1 x has a t5d5cy to      
create a resi/ance f ! e/abli%m5t 9     
possession1 productive ( great disord]s1
 & ?us becomes1 innoc5tly inde$1 b yet v
 c]ta9ly1 ! cause ( ! bitt]e/ diss5sions
 9 ! commonweal?4 ,to a m9d n ?or\ghly  
saturat$ ) ! tol]at+ maxims ( ! ,gospel1
 a prev5tive p]secution1 on su*         
pr9ciples1 might come recomm5d$ by      
/rong1 &1 app>5tly1 no immoral motives (
 policy1 :il/ yet ! contagion 0 rec5t1 &
 _h laid hold b on a few p]sons4 ,! tru?
 is1 ^! politics are rott5 & holl[ at   
bottom1 z all t are f\nd$ ^u any h[ev]  
m9ute a degree ( positive inju/ice mu/  
ev] be4 ,b !y are speci\s1 & suffici5tly
 s to delude a man ( s5se & ( integrity4
 ,b x is q o!rwise ) ! attempt to       
eradicate by viol5ce a wide-spread+ &   
e/abli%$ religi\s op9ion4 ,if ! p are 9 

an error1 to in=m !m is n only fair1 b  
*>itable2 to drive !m is a /ra9 ( ! mo/ 
manife/ inju/ice4 ,if n ! "r1 !         
presumption1 at lea/1 is ev] on ! side (
 possession4 ,are !y mi/ak58 if x does n
 fully ju/ify !m1 x is a great          
alleviation ( guilt1 :i* may be m+l$ )  
_! mis=tune1 t ! error is none ( _!     
=g+1--t !y receiv$ x on z good a foot+ z
 !y c receive y\r laws & y\r legislative
 au?ority1 because x 0 h&$ d[n to !m f  
_! ance/ors4 ,! op9ion may be errone\s1 
b ! pr9ciple is und\bt$ly "r2 & y puni% 
!m = act+ ^u a pr9ciple :i* ( all o!rs  
is p]haps ! mo/ necess>y = pres]v+      
society1 an implicit admiration &       
adh]5ce to ! e/abli%m5ts ( _! =efa!rs4  
,if1 inde$1 ! legislative au?ority 0 on 
all h&s admitt$ to be ! gr\nd ( religi\s
 p]suasion1 ,i %\ld readily all[ t      
diss5t w\ld be rebellion4 ,9 ?is case x 
w\ld make no diff]5ce :e!r ! op9ion 0   
suck$ 9 ) ! milk or imbib$ ye/]day2     
because ! same legislative au?ority :i* 
_h settl$ c\ld de/roy x ) all ! p[] ( a 

creator ov] 8 creature4 ,b ?is doctr9e  
is univ]sally dis[n$1 & = a v pla9      
reason4 ,religion1 to h any =ce on m5's 
und]/&+s1 inde$ to exi/ at all1 mu/ be  
suppos$ p>am\nt to laws1 & indep5d5t =  
its sub/ance ^u any human               
in/itution1--else x w\ld be ! absurde/  
?+ 9 ! _w1 an ackn[l$g$ *eat4 ,religion1
 !re=e1 is n believ$ because ! laws h   
e/abli%$ x1 b x is e/abli%$ because !   
lead+ "p ( ! community h previ\sly      
believ$ x to be true4 ,z no wat] c rise 
high] ?an its spr+1 no e/abli%m5t c h m 
au?ority ?an x d]ives f its pr9ciple2 & 
! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t c ) no appe>ance (   
reason g fur!r co]cively ?an to b9d &   
hold d[n ^? :o h once cons5t$ to _!     
op9ions4 ,! cons5t is ! orig9 ( ! :ole4 
,if !y attempt to proce$ fur!r1 !y dis[n
 ! f\ndation ^u :i* _! own e/abli%m5t 0 
built1 & !y claim a religi\s ass5t ^u   
m]e human au?ority1 :i* has be5 j n[ %[n
 to be absurd & prepo/]\s1 & :i* !y 9   
fact confess to be s4  ,h[ev]1 we are   
w>rant$ to g ?us f>4 ,! p (t5 actually d

 7& p]haps !y _c 9 g5]al d bett]7 take  
_! religion1 n on ! co]cive1 :i* is     
impossible1 b on ! influ5c+ au?ority (  
_! gov]nors1 z wise & in=m$ m54 ,b if !y
 once take a religion on ! ^w ( ! /ate1 
!y _c 9 common s5se d s a second "t1    
unless !y h "s concurr5t reason = x4 ,! 
prejudice 9 favor ( y\r wisdom is %ook  
by y\r *ange4 ,y confess t y h be5      
wrong1 & yet y w\ld pret5d to dictate by
 y\r sole au?ority2 :]eas y dis5gage !  
m9d by emb>rass+ x4 ,= :y %\ld ,i pref] 
y\r op9ion ( to-day to y\r p]suasion (  
ye/]day8 ,if we mu/ resort to           
prepossessions = ! gr\nd ( op9ion1 x is 
9 ! nature ( man r to def] to ! wisdom (
 times pa/1 ^: weakness is n be=e 8     
eyes1 ?an to ! pres5t1 ( ^: imbecility  
he has daily exp]i5ce4 ,v5]ation (      
antiquity is cong5ial to ! human1 m9d4  
,:51 !re=e1 an e/abli%m5t w\ld p]secute 
an op9ion 9 possession1 x sets aga9/ x  
all ! p[]ful prejudices ( human nature4 
,x ev5 sets its own au?ority1 :5 x is ( 
mo/ weight1 aga9/ itself 9 t v          

circum/ance 9 :i* x mu/ necess>ily h !  
lea/2 & x opposes ! /able prejudice ( "t
 aga9/ a new op9ion f\nd$ on mutability3
 a consid]ation t mu/ r5d] compulsion 9 
su* a case ! m griev\s1 z !re is no     
security1 t1 :5 ! m9d is settl$ 9 ! new 
op9ion1 x may n be oblig$ to give place 
to "o t is /ill new]1 or ev51 to a      
return ( ! old4 ,b :5 an anci5t         
e/abli%m5t beg9s e>ly to p]secute an    
innovation1 x /&s ^u q o!r gr\nds1 & x  
has all ! prejudices & presumptions on  
its side4 ,x puts its own au?ority1 n   
only ( compulsion1 b prepossession1 !   
v5]ation ( pa/ age1 z well z ! activity 
( ! pres5t "t1 aga9/ ! op9ion only ( a  
private man or set ( m54 ,if !re be no  
reason1 !re is at lea/ "s consi/5cy 9   
its proce$+s4 ,comm&+ to con/ancy1 x    
does no?+ b t ( :i* x sets an example   
itself4 ,b an op9ion at once new &      
p]secut+ is a mon/]2 because1 9 ! v     
in/ant 9 :i* x takes a lib]ty ( *ange1 x
 does n leave to y ev5 a lib]ty (       
p]sev]ance4  ,is1 !n1 no improvem5t to  

be br\ght into society8 ,und\bt$ly2 b n 
by compulsion1--b by enc\ragem5t1--b by 
c\nt5ance1 favor1 privileges1 :i* are   
p[]ful1 & are lawful in/rum5ts4 ,!      
co]cive au?ority ( ! /ate is limit$ to  
:at is necess>y = its exi/5ce4 ,to ?is  
belongs ! :ole ord] ( crim9al law4 ,x   
consid]s z crimes 7t is1 ! object (     
puni%m5t7 trespasses aga9/ ^? rules =   
:i* society 0 in/itut$4 ,! law puni%es  
del9qu5ts1 n because !y are n good m51 b
 because !y are intol]ably wick$4 ,x    
does be>1 & mu/1 ) ! vices & ! follies (
 m51 until !y actually /rike at ! root (
 ord]4 ,?is x does 9 ?+s actually moral4
 ,9 all matt]s ( speculative improvem5t 
! case is /rong]1 ev5 :]e ! matt] is    
prop]ly ( human cognizance4 ,b to       
consid] an av]s5ess to improvem5t1 ! n  
arriv+ at p]fection1 z a crime1 is aga9/
 all tol]ably correct jurisprud5ce2 =1  
if ! resi/ance to improvem5t %\ld be    
great & any way g5]al1 !y w\ld 9 effect 
give up ! necess>y & sub/antial "p 9    
favor ( ! p]fection & ! f9i%+4  ,b1 say 

! abettors ( our p5al laws1 ?is old     
possess$ sup]/ition is su* 9 its        
pr9ciples1 t society1 on its g5]al      
pr9ciples1 _c subsi/ along ) x4 ,c\ld a 
man ?9k su* an objection possible1 if he
 _h n actually he>d x made1--an         
objection contradict$1 n by hypo!tical  
reason+s1 b ! cle> evid5ce ( ! mo/      
decisive facts8 ,society n only exi/s1 b
 fl\ri%es at ?is h\r1 ) ?is sup]/ition1 
9 _m c\ntries1 "u e =m ( gov]nm5t1--9 "s
 e/abli%$1 9 "s tol]at$1 9 o!rs ^u an   
equal foot+4 ,& 0 !re no civil society  
at all 9 ^! k+doms be=e ! ,re=mation8   
,to say x 0 n z well con/itut$ z x ought
 to be is say+ no?+ at all to ! purpose2
 = t ass]tion evid5tly reg>ds           
improvem5t1 n exi/5ce4 ,x c]ta9ly did !n
 exi/2 & x z c]ta9ly !n 0 at lea/ z mu* 
to ! advantage ( a v great "p ( society 
z :at we h br\ght 9 ! place ( x3 :i* is1
 inde$1 a great bless+ to ^? :o h pr(it$
 ( ! *ange2 b to all ! re/1 z we h      
wr\ght1 t is1 by bl5d+ g5]al p]secution 
) p>tial re=mation1 x is ! v rev]se4 ,we

 f\nd ! p h]etics & idolat]s2 we h1 by  
way ( improv+ _! condition1 r5d]$ !m    
slaves & begg>s3 !y rema9 9 all !       
mis=tune ( _! old errors1 & all !       
sup]add$ mis]y ( _! rec5t puni%m5t4 ,!y 
7 happy en\gh1 9 _! op9ion at lea/1 be=e
 ! *ange2 :at b5efits society !n _h1 !y 
p>took ( !m all4 ,!y are n[ exclud$ f ^?
 b5efits2 &1 s f> z civil society       
compreh5ds !m1 & z we h manag$ ! matt]1 
our p]secutions are s f> f be+ necess>y 
to its exi/5ce1 t our v re=mation is    
made 9 a degree noxi\s4 ,if ?is be      
improvem5t1 truly ,i "k n :at c be call$
 a depravation ( society4  ,b z ^? :o   
argue 9 ?is mann] are p]petually %ift+ !
 "q1 hav+ begun ) object+1 9 ord] to    
give a fair & public color to _! s*eme1 
to a tol]ation ( ^? op9ions z subv]sive 
( society 9 g5]al1 !y w surely end by   
ab&on+ ! broad "p ( ! argum5t1 &        
attempt+ to %[ t a tol]ation ( !m is    
inconsi/5t ) ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t among  
u4 ,n[1 ?\gh ?is position be 9 reality z
 unt5able z ! o!r1 x is n altoge!r su*  

an absurdity on ! face ( x4 ,all ,i %all
 "h obs]ve is1 t ^? :o lay x d[n little 
consid] :at a w\nd !y are giv+ to t     
e/abli%m5t = :i* !y pret5d s mu* zeal4  
,h[ev]1 z ?is is a consid]ation1 n (    
g5]al ju/ice1 b ( p>ticul> & national   
policy1 & z ,i h res]v$ a place         
expressly1 :]e x w und]go a ?or\gh      
discussion1 ,i %all n "h emb>rass myself
 ) x1--be+ resolv$ to pres]ve all ! ord]
 9 my p[]1 9 ! exam9ation ( ?is         
important1 melan*oly subject4  ,h[ev]1  
be=e we pass f ?is po9t conc]n+         
possession1 x w be a relaxation ( ! m9d1
 n :olly =eign to our purpose1 to take a
 %ort review ( ! extraord9>y policy :i* 
has be5 held ) reg>d to religion 9 t    
k+dom1 f ! "t our ance/ors took         
possession ( x4 ,! mo/ able antiqu>ies  
are ( op9ion1 & ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 :om ,i  
reckon among/ ! fir/ ( !m1 has1 ,i ?9k1 
%[n1 t a religion n v remote f ! pres5t 
,prote/ant p]suasion 0 t ( ! ,iri% be=e 
! union ( t k+dom to ! cr[n ( ,engl&4   
,if ?is 0 n directly ! fact1 ?is at lea/

 seems v probable1 t ,papal au?ority 0  
mu* l[] 9 ,irel& ?an 9 o!r c\ntries4    
,?is union 0 made "u ! au?ority ( an    
arbitr>y grant ( ,pope ,adrian1 9 ord] t
 ! ,*ur* ( ,irel& %\ld be r$uc$ to !    
same s]vitude ) ^? t 7 ne>] to 8 see4 ,x
 is n v wond]ful t an ambiti\s mon>*    
%\ld make use ( any pret5ce 9 8 way to s
 consid]able an object4 ,:at is         
extraord9>y is1 t = a v long "t1 ev5 q  
d[n to ! ,re=mation1 & 9 _! mo/ solemn  
acts1 ! k+s ( ,engl& f\nd$ _! title     
:olly on ?is grant3 !y call$ = ob$i5ce f
 ! p ( ,irel&1 n on pr9ciples (         
subjection1 b z vassals & mesne lords   
betwe5 !m & ! ,popes2 & !y omitt$ no    
measure ( =ce or policy to e/abli% t    
,papal au?ority1 ) all ! di/+ui%+       
articles ( religion connect$ ) x1 & to  
make x take deep root 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,n
 to cr[d in/ances unnecess>y1 ,i %all   
select two1 "o ( :i* is 9 pr9t1 ! o!r on
 record1--! "o a treaty1 ! o!r an act ( 
,p>liam5t4 ,! fir/ is ! submission ( !  
,iri% *iefs to ,ri*>d ! ,second1 m5tion$

 by ,sir ,john ,davies4 ,9 ?is pact !y  
b9d !mselves = ! future to pres]ve peace
 & allegiance to ! k+s ( ,engl&1 "u     
c]ta9 pecuni>y p5alties4 ,b :at is      
rem>kable1 ^! f9es 7 all cov5ant$ to be 
paid into ! ,apo/olical ,*amb]1 suppos+ 
! ,pope z ! sup]ior p[]1 ^: peace 0     
brok5 & ^: maje/y 0 violat$ 9 disobey+ 8
 gov]nor4 ,by ?is "t1 s f> z reg>d$     
,engl&1 ! k+s _h extremely abridg$ !    
,papal p[] 9 _m mat]ial p>ticul>s3 !y _h
 pass$ ! ,/atute ( ,provisors1 ! ,/atute
 ( ,prmunire1--&1 inde$1 /ruck out ( !  
,papal au?ority all ?+s1 at lea/1 t     
seem$ to infr+e on _! temporal          
indep5d5ce4 ,9 ,irel&1 h[ev]1 _! proce$+
 0 directly ! rev]se3 !re !y ?\ght x    
exp$i5t to exalt x at lea/ z high z ev]3
 =1 s late z ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,f\r?1 !
 foll[+ %ort1 b v explicit1 act (       
,p>liam5t 0 pass$3--      ,,iv4 ,,ed4   
,cap4 #c4      ,an act1 :]eby lett]s    
pat5t ( p>don f ! k+ to     ^? t sue to 
,rome = c]ta9 b5efices is void4 ,rot4   
,p>l4      ,item1 ,at ! reque/ ( !      

commons1 x is ordeyn$ &     e/abli%$1 by
 au?ority ( ! said ,p>liam5t1 t all     
man] lett]s pat5ts ( ! k+1 ( p>dons or  
p>don     grant$ by ! k+1 or h]eaft] to 
be grant$1 to any     provisor t claim  
any title by ! bulls ( ! ,pope to any   
man] b5efices1 :]e1 at ! "t ( !         
impetrat+ ( !     said bulls (          
provision1 ! b5efice is full ( an       
incumb5t1 t !n ! said lett]s pat5ts (   
p>don or     p>dons be void 9 law & (   
none effect4  ,:51 by e exp$i5t ( =ce & 
policy1 by a w> ( "s c5turies1 by       
extirpat+ a numb] ( ! old1 & by br++ 9 a
 numb] ( new p full ( ^? op9ions &      
int5d+ to propagate !m1 !y _h fully     
compass$ _! object1 !y sudd5ly took     
ano!r turn1--comm5c$ an opposite        
p]secution1 made heavy laws1 c>ri$ on   
mighty w>s1 inflict$ & suff]$ ! wor/    
evils1 extirpat$ ! mass ( ! old1 br\ght 
9 new inhabitants2 & !y cont9ue at ?is  
day an oppressive sy/em1 & may = f\r    
hundr$ ye>s to come1 to eradicate       
op9ions :i* by ! same viol5t means !y _h

 be5 f\r hundr$ ye>s endeavor+ by e     
means to e/abli%4 ,!y compell$ ! p to   
submit1 by ! =feiture ( all _! civil    
rights1 to ! ,pope's au?ority1 9 its mo/
 extravagant & unb\nd$ s5se1 z a giv] ( 
k+doms2 & n[ !y refuse ev5 to tol]ate !m
 9 ! mo/ mod]ate & *a/is$ s5tim5ts      
conc]n+ x4 ,no c\ntry1 ,i believe1 s9ce 
! _w began1 has suff]$ s mu* on acc\nt (
 religion1 or has be5 s v>i\sly h>ass$  
bo? = ,pop]y & = ,prote/antism4  ,x w n[
 be se51 t1 ev5 if ^! laws c\ld be      
suppos$ agreeable to ^? ( ,nature 9 ^!  
p>ticul>s1 on ano!r & almo/ z /rong a   
pr9ciple !y are yet unju/1 z be+ contr>y
 to positive compact1 & ! public fai?   
mo/ solemnly plight$4 ,on ! surr5d] (   
,lim]ick1 & "s o!r ,iri% g>risons1 9 !  
w> ( ! ,revolution1 ! ,lords ,ju/ices ( 
,irel& & ! comm&]-9-*ief ( ! k+'s =ces  
sign$ a capitulation ) ! ,iri%1 :i* 0   
aft]w>ds ratifi$ by ! k+ himself by     
inspeximus "u ! great seal ( ,engl&4 ,x 
conta9s "s public articles relative to !
 :ole body ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics 9 t     

k+dom1 & "s ) reg>d to ! security ( !   
great] "p ( ! inhabitants ( five        
c\nties4 ,:at ! latt] 71 or 9 :at mann] 
!y 7 obs]v$1 is at ?is day ( mu* less   
public conc]n4 ,! =m] are two1--! fir/ &
 ! n9?4 ,! fir/ is ( ?is t5or3--,!      
,roman ,ca?olics ( ?is k+dom ,irel& %all
 enjoy su* privileges 9 ! ex]cise ( _!  
religion z are consi/5t ) ! laws (      
,irel&1 or z !y did enjoy 9 ! reign (   
,k+ ,*>les ! ,second4 ,& _! ,maje/ies1 z
 soon z affairs w p]mit !m to summon a  
,p>liam5t 9 ?is k+dom1 w endeavor to    
procure ! said ,roman ,ca?olics su* f>!r
 security 9 t p>ticul> z may pres]ve !m 
f any di/urbance ^u ! acc\nt ( _! said  
religion4 ,! n9? article is to ?is      
effect3--,! oa? to be adm9i/]$ to su*   
,roman ,ca?olics z submit to _!         
,maje/ies' gov]nm5t %all be ! oa?       
abovesaid1 & no o!r1--viz41 ! oa? (     
allegiance1 made by act ( ,p>liam5t 9   
,engl&1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( _! !n ,maje/ies2 
z requir$ by ! second ( ! ,articles (   
,lim]ick4 ,comp>e ?is latt] article ) ! 

p5al laws1 z !y are /at$ 9 ! ,second    
,*apt]1 & judge :e!r !y seem to be !    
public acts ( ! same p[]1 & obs]ve :e!r 
o!r oa?s are t5d]$ to !m1 & "u :at      
p5alties4 ,comp>e ! =m] ) ! same laws1 f
 ! beg9n+ to ! end1 & judge :e!r !      
,roman ,ca?olics h be5 pres]v$1         
agreeably to ! s5se ( ! article1 f any  
di/urbance ^u acc\nt ( _! religion1--or 
r1 :e!r on t acc\nt !re is a s+le "r (  
,nature or b5efit ( society :i* has n   
be5 ei!r totally tak5 away or           
consid]ably impair$4  ,b x is said1 t ! 
legislature 0 n b\nd by ?is article1 z x
 has nev] be5 ratifi$ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,i d 
admit t x nev] _h t sanction1 & t !     
,p>liam5t 0 "u no obligation to ratify  
^! articles by any express act ( !irs ,b
 /ill ,i am at a loss h[ !y came to be !
 less valid1 on ! pr9ciples ( our       
,con/itution1 by be+ )\t t sanction4 ,!y
 c]ta9ly b\nd ! k+ & 8 successors4 ,!   
words ( ! article d ?is1 or !y d no?+2 &
 s f> z ! cr[n _h a %>e 9 pass+ ^? acts1
 ! public fai? 0 unque/ionably brok54 ,9

 ,irel& su* a brea* on ! "p ( ! cr[n 0  
mu* m unp>donable 9 adm9i/ration ?an x  
w\ld h be5 "h4 ,!y h 9 ,irel& a way (   
prev5t+ any bill ev5 f approa*+ ! royal 
pres5ce1 9 matt]s ( f> less importance  
?an ! honor & fai? ( ! cr[n & ! well-be+
 ( a great body ( ! p4 ,=1 besides t !y 
might h oppos$ ! v fir/ sugge/ion ( x 9 
! ,h\se ( ,commons1 x c\ld n be fram$   
into a bill )\t ! approbation ( !       
,c\ncil 9 ,irel&4 ,x c\ld n be return$  
to !m aga9 )\t ! approbation ( ! ,k+ &  
,c\ncil "h4 ,!y might h met x aga9 9 its
 second passage ?r\gh t ,h\se (         
,p>liam5t 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally sugge/$1 z
 well z 9 ! o!r4 ,if x _h escap$ !m     
?r\gh all ^! mazes1 x 0 aga9 to come    
be=e ! ,"l ,lieut5ant1 :o might h sunk x
 by a refusal ( ! royal ass5t4 ,!       
,con/itution ( ,irel& has int]pos$ all  
^? *ecks to ! pass+ ( any con/itutional 
act1 h[ev] insignificant 9 its own      
nature4 ,b did ! adm9i/ration 9 t reign 
avail !mselves ( any "o ( ^?            
opportunities8 ,!y nev] gave ! act ( !  

elev5? ( ,que5 ,anne ! lea/ degree (    
opposition 9 any "o /age ( its progress4
 ,:at is r ! fact1 _m ( ! que5's s]vants
 enc\rag$ x1 recomm5d$ x1 7 9 reality ! 
true au?ors ( its pass+ 9 ,p>liam5t1    
in/ead ( recomm5d+ & us+ _! utmo/       
endeavor to e/abli% a law directly      
opposite 9 its t5d5cy1 z !y 7 b\nd to d 
by ! express lett] ( ! v fir/ article ( 
! ,treaty ( ,lim]ick4 ,to say no?+ fur!r
 ( ! m9i/ry1 :o 9 ?is in/ance mo/       
%amefully betray$ ! fai? ( gov]nm5t1 may
 x n be a matt] ( "s degree ( d\bt1 :e!r
 ! ,p>liam5t1 :o d n claim a "r (       
dissolv+ ! =ce ( moral obligation1 did n
 make !mselves a p>ty 9 ?is brea* (     
contract1 by pres5t+ a bill to ! cr[n 9 
direct violation ( ^? articles s        
solemnly & s rec5tly execut$1 :i* by !  
,con/itution !y _h full au?ority to     
execute8  ,x may be fur!r object$1 t1 :5
 ! ,iri% reque/$ ! ratification (       
,p>liam5t to ^? articles1 !y did1 9     
effect1 !mselves ent]ta9 a d\bt conc]n+ 
_! validity )\t su* a ratification4 ,to 

?is ,i answ]1 t ! collat]al security 0  
meant to b9d ! cr[n1 & to hold x firm to
 its engagem5ts4 ,!y did n1 !re=e1 call 
x a p]fect+ ( ! security1 b an          
additional security1 :i* x c\ld n h be51
 if ! fir/ _h be5 void2 = ! ,p>liam5t   
c\ld n b9d itself m ?an ! cr[n _h b\nd  
itself4 ,& if all _h made b "o security1
 nei!r ( !m c\ld be call$ additional )  
propriety or common s5se4 ,b let u      
suppose t !y did appreh5d !re might h   
be5 some?+ want+ 9 ?is security )\t !   
sanction ( ,p>liam5t4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1     
evid5tly mi/ak52 & ?is surplusage ( !irs
 did n weak5 ! validity ( ! s+le        
contract1 ^u ! kn[n pr9ciple ( law1 ,non
 sol5t1 qu abundant1 viti>e scripturas4 
,= no?+ is m evid5t ?an t ! cr[n 0 b\nd1
 & t no act c be made )\t ! royal ass5t4
 ,b ! ,con/itution w w>rant u 9 go+ a   
great deal fur!r1 & 9 affirm+1 t a      
treaty execut$ by ! cr[n1 &             
contradictory ( no prec$+ law1 is full z
 b9d+ on ! :ole body ( ! nation z if x  
_h tw5ty times receiv$ ! sanction (     

,p>liam5t2 because ! v same ,con/itution
 :i* has giv5 to ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t _!
 def9ite au?ority has also left 9 ! cr[n
 ! tru/ ( mak+ peace1 z a consequ5ce1 & 
mu* ! be/ consequ5ce1 ( ! pr]ogative (  
mak+ w>4 ,if ! peace 0 ill made1 my ,"l 
,galmoy1 ,con+sby1 & ,port]1 :o sign$ x1
 7 responsible2 because !y 7 subject to 
! community4 ,b its own contracts are n 
subject to x3 x is subject to !m2 & !   
compact ( ! k+ act+ con/itutionally 0 ! 
compact ( ! nation4  ,obs]ve :at mon/r\s
 consequ5ces w\ld result f a contr>y    
position4 ,a =eign enemy has ent]$1 or a
 /rong dome/ic "o has aris5 9 ! nation4 
,9 su* ev5ts ! circum/ances may be1 &   
(t5 h be51 su* t a ,p>liam5t _c sit4    
,?is 0 precisely ! case 9 t rebellion 9 
,irel&4 ,x w be admitt$ also1 t _! p[]  
may be s great z to make x v prud5t to  
treat ) !m1 9 ord] to save effusion (   
blood1 p]haps to save ! nation4 ,n[ c\ld
 su* a treaty be at all made1 if y\r    
enemies1 or rebels1 7 fully p]suad$1 t1 
9 ^! times ( confusion1 !re 0 no        

au?ority 9 ! /ate :i* c\ld hold out to  
!m an inviolable pl$ge = _! future      
security1 b t !re lurk$ 9 ! ,con/itution
 a dormant1 b irresi/ible p[]1 :o w\ld n
 ?9k itself b\nd by ! ord9>y subsi/+ &  
contract+ au?ority1 b might resc9d its  
acts & obligations at pleasure8 ,?is    
w\ld be a doctr9e made to p]petuate &   
exasp]ate w>2 & on t pr9ciple x directly
 impugns ! law ( nations1 :i* is built  
^u ?is pr9ciple1 t w> %\ld be s(t5$ z   
mu* z possible1 & t x %\ld cease z soon 
z possible1 betwe5 cont5d+ p>ties &     
communities4 ,! k+ has a p[] to p>don   
individuals4 ,if ! k+ holds out 8 fai?  
to a robb]1 to come 9 on a promise (    
p>don1 ( life & e/ate1 &1 9 all         
respects1 ( a full indemnity1 %all !    
,p>liam5t say t he mu/ nev]!less be     
execut$1 t 8 e/ate mu/ be =feit$1 or t  
he %all be abridg$ ( any ( ! privileges 
:i* he be=e held z a subject8 ,nobody w 
affirm x4 ,9 su* a case1 ! brea* ( fai? 
w\ld n only be on ! "p ( ! k+ :o ass5t$ 
to su* an act1 b on ! "p ( ! ,p>liam5t  

:o made x4 ,z ! k+ repres5ts ! :ole     
contract+ capacity ( ! nation1 s f> z 8 
pr]ogative 7unlimit$1 z ,i said be=e1 by
 any prec$5t law7 c ext5d1 he acts z !  
national procurator on all su*          
occasions4 ,:at is true ( a robb] is    
true ( a rebel2 & :at is true ( "o robb]
 or rebel is z true1 & x is a mu* m     
important tru?1 ( "o hundr$ ?\s&4  ,to  
urge ?is "p ( ! argum5t fur!r is1 inde$1
 ,i fe>1 n necess>y1 = two reasons3     
fir/1 t x seems tol]ably evid5t 9       
itself2 & next1 t !re is b too mu* gr\nd
 to appreh5d t ! actual ratification (  
,p>liam5t w\ld1 9 ! !n temp] ( p>ties1 h
 prov$ b a v slight & trivial security4 
,( ?is !re is a v /rong example 9 !     
hi/ory ( ^? v articles3 =1 ?\gh !       
,p>liam5t omitt$ 9 ! reign ( ,k+        
,william to ratify ! fir/ & mo/ g5]al ( 
!m1 !y did actually confirm ! second & m
 limit$1 t :i* relat$ to ! security ( ! 
inhabitants ( ^? five c\nties :i* 7 9   
arms :5 ! treaty 0 made4     ,,*apt]    
,,iv4   ,9 ! =ego+ book we consid]$ ^!  

laws 9 a v simple po9t ( view1 & 9 a v  
g5]al "o1--m]ely z a sy/em ( h>d%ip     
impos$ on ! body ( ! community2 & f     
!nce1 & f "s o!r argum5ts1 inf]r$ !     
g5]al inju/ice ( su* a proc$ure4 ,9 ?is 
we %all be oblig$ to be m m9ute2 & !    
matt] w become m complex z we und]take  
to demon/rate ! mis*iev\s & impolitic   
consequ5ces :i* ! p>ticul> mode ( ?is   
oppressive sy/em1 & ! in/rum5ts :i* x   
employs1 op]at+1 z we said1 on ?is      
ext5sive object1 produce on ! national  
prosp]ity1 quiet1 & security4  ,! /ock (
 mat]ials by :i* any nation is r5d]$    
fl\ri%+ & prosp]\s are its indu/ry1 its 
k or skill1 its morals1 its execution ( 
ju/ice1 its c\rage1 & ! national union 9
 direct+ ^! p[]s to "o po9t1 & mak+ !m  
all c5tre 9 ! public b5efit4 ,o!r ?an   
^!1 ,i d n "k & sc>cely c conceive any  
means by :i* a community may fl\ri%4    
,if we %[ t ^! p5al laws ( ,irel& de/roy
 n "o only1 b e "o1 ( ^! mat]ials (     
public prosp]ity1 x w n be difficult to 
p]ceive t ,great ,brita91 :il/ !y       

subsi/1 nev] c draw f t c\ntry all !    
advantages to :i* ! b\nty ( ,nature has 
entitl$ x4  ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ great     
in/rum5t ( national happ9ess & /r5g?1   
its indu/ry3 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t1 al?\gh ^!
 p5al laws d1 inde$1 inflict _m h>d%ips 
on ^? :o are obnoxi\s to !m1 yet _!     
*ief1 _! mo/ ext5sive1 & mo/ c]ta9      
op]ation is ^u prop]ty4 ,^? civil       
con/itutions :i* promote indu/ry are su*
 z facilitate ! acquisition1 secure !   
hold+1 enable ! fix+1 & suff] !         
ali5ation ( prop]ty4 ,e law :i* ob/ructs
 x 9 any "p ( ?is di/ribution is1 9     
proportion to ! =ce & ext5t ( !         
ob/ruction1 a disc\ragem5t to indu/ry4  
,= a law aga9/ prop]ty is a law aga9/   
indu/ry1--! latt] hav+ always ! =m]1 &  
no?+ else1 = its object4 ,n[ z to !     
acquisition ( l&$ prop]ty1 :i* is !     
f\ndation & support ( all ! o!r k9ds1 ! 
laws h disabl$ ?ree f\r?s ( !           
inhabitants ( ,irel& f acquir+ any e/ate
 ( inh]itance = life or ye>s1 or any    
*>ge :atsoev] on :i* two ?irds ( !      

improv$ ye>ly value is n res]v$ = ?irty 
ye>s4  ,?is conf9em5t ( l&$ prop]ty to  
"o set ( h&s1 & prev5t+ its free        
circulation ?r\gh ! community1 is a mo/ 
lead+ article ( ill policy2 because x is
 "o ( ! mo/ capital disc\ragem5ts to all
 t indu/ry :i* may be employ$ on ! la/+ 
improvem5t ( ! soil1 or is any way      
conv]sant ab\t l&4 ,a t5ure ( ?irty ye>s
 is evid5tly no t5ure ^u :i* to build1  
to plant1 to raise inclosures1 to *ange 
! nature ( ! gr\nd1 to make any new     
exp]im5t :i* might improve agriculture1 
or to d any?+ m ?an :at may answ] !     
imm$iate & mom5t>y calls ( r5t to !     
l&lord1 & leave subsi/5ce to ! t5ant & 8
 family4 ,! desire ( acquisition is     
always a passion ( long views4 ,conf9e a
 man to mom5t>y possession1 & y at once 
cut (f t laudable av>ice :i* e wise /ate
 has *]i%$ z "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( its
 greatness4 ,all[ a man b a tempor>y    
possession1 lay x d[n z a maxim t he    
nev] c h any o!r1 & y imm$iately &      
infallibly turn him to tempor>y         

enjoym5ts3 & ^! enjoym5ts are nev] !    
pleasures ( labor & free indu/ry1 ^:    
quality x is to fami% ! pres5t h\rs &   
squ&] all ^u prospect & futurity2 !y    
are1 on ! contr>y1 ^? ( a ?\ghtless1    
loit]+1 & dissipat$ life4 ,! p mu/ be   
inevitably dispos$ to su* p]nici\s      
habits1 m]ely f ! %ort duration ( _!    
t5ure :i* ! law has all[$4 ,b x is n    
en\gh t indu/ry is *eck$ by ! conf9em5t 
( its views2 x is fur!r disc\rag$ by !  
limitation ( its own direct object1     
pr(it4 ,?is is a regulation extremely   
wor?y ( our att5tion1 z x is n a        
consequ5tial1 b a direct disc\ragem5t to
 melioration1--z directly z if ! law _h 
said 9 express t]ms1 ,?\ %alt n improve4
  ,b we h an additional argum5t to      
demon/rate ! ill policy ( d5y+ !        
occupi]s ( l& any solid prop]ty 9 x4    
,irel& is a c\ntry :olly unplant$4 ,!   
f>ms h nei!r dwell+-h\ses nor good      
(fices2 nor are ! l&s1 almo/ any:]e1    
provid$ ) f5ces & communications3 9 a   
^w1 9 a v unimprov$ /ate4 ,! l&-own] !re

 nev] takes ^u him1 z x is usual 9 ?is  
k+dom1 to supply all ^! conv5i5ces1 & to
 set d[n 8 t5ant 9 :at may be call$ a   
completely furni%$ f>m4 ,if ! t5ant w n 
d x1 x is nev] done4 ,?is circum/ance   
%[s h[ mis]ably & peculi>ly impolitic x 
has be5 9 ,irel& to tie d[n ! body ( !  
t5antry to %ort & unpr(itable t5ures4 ,a
 f9i%$ & furni%$ h\se w be tak5 = any   
t]m1 h[ev] %ort3 if ! repair lies on !  
own]1 ! %ort] ! bett]4 ,b no "o w take  
"o n only unfurni%$1 b half built1 b ^u 
a t]m :i*1 on calculation1 w answ] )    
pr(it all 8 *>ges4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple
 t ! ,romans e/abli%$ _! emphyteusis1 or
 fee-f>m4 ,= ?\gh !y ext5d$ ! ord9>y t]m
 ( _! location only to n9e ye>s1 yet !y 
enc\rag$ a m p]man5t lett+ to f>m ) !   
condition ( improvem5t1 z well z (      
annual paym5t1 on ! "p ( ! t5ant1 :]e ! 
l& _h la9 r\gh & neglect$1--& !re=e     
inv5t$ ?is species ( engraft$ hold+1 9 !
 lat] times1 :5 prop]ty came to be worse
 di/ribut$ by fall+ into a few h&s4     
,?is d5ial ( l&$ prop]ty to ! gross ( ! 

p has ?is fur!r evil effect 9 prev5t+ ! 
improvem5t ( l&1 t x prev5ts any ( !    
prop]ty acquir$ 9 trade to be regorg$1 z
 x 71 ^u ! l&4 ,!y mu/ h obs]v$ v       
little1 :o h n rem>k$ ! bold & lib]al _s
 ( improvem5t :i* p]sons br$ to trade h 
(t5 ex]t$ on _! l&-pur*ases3 t !y       
usually come to !m ) a m abundant comm& 
( ready money ?an mo/ l&$ m5 possess2 & 
t !y h 9 g5]al a mu* bett] idea1 by long
 habits ( calculative deal+s1 ( !       
propriety ( exp5d+ 9 ord] to acquire4   
,besides1 su* m5 (t5 br+ _! _s ( comm]ce
 into _! e/ates ) !m1 & make            
manufactures take a root1 :]e ! m]e l&$ 
g5try _h p]haps no capital1 p]haps no   
incl9ation1 &1 mo/ frequ5tly1 n         
suffici5t k1 to effect any?+ ( ! k9d4   
,by ^! means1 :at beautiful & useful    
spots h !re n be5 made ab\t trad+ &     
manufactur+ t[ns1 & h[ has agriculture  
_h reason to bless t happy alliance )   
comm]ce6 & h[ mis]able mu/ t nation be1 
^: frame ( polity has disjo9$ ! l&+ & ! 
trad+ int]e/s6         99       99      

99       99       99  ,! great prop (   
?is :ole sy/em is n pret5d$ to be its   
ju/ice or its utility1 b ! suppos$ dang]
 to ! /ate1 :i* gave rise to x          
orig9ally1 & :i*1 !y appreh5d1 w\ld     
return1 if ?is sy/em 7 ov]turn$4 ,:il/1 
say !y1 ! ,papi/s ( ?is k+dom 7 possess$
 ( l&$ prop]ty1 & ( ! influ5ce consequ5t
 to su* prop]ty1 _! allegiance to ! cr[n
 ( ,great ,brita9 0 ev] insecure1 !     
public peace 0 ev] liable to be brok51 &
 ,prote/ants nev] c\ld be a mom5t secure
 ei!r ( _! prop]ties or ( _! lives4     
,indulg5ce only made !m arrogant1 & p[] 
d>+2 confid5ce only excit$ & enabl$ !m  
to ex]t _! inh]5t trea*]y2 & ! times :i*
 !y g5]ally select$ = _! mo/ wick$ &    
desp]ate rebellions 7 ^? 9 :i* !y enjoy$
 ! greate/ ease & ! mo/ p]fect          
tranquillity4  ,su* are ! argum5ts t are
 us$1 bo? publicly & privately1 9 e     
discussion ^u ?is po9t4 ,!y are g5]ally 
full ( passion & ( error1 & built ^u    
facts :i* 9 !mselves are mo/ false4 ,x  
_c1 ,i confess1 be d5i$1 t ^? mis]able  

p]=mances :i* g ab\t "u ! names (       
,hi/ories ( ,irel& d1 inde$1 repres5t ^?
 ev5ts aft] ?is mann]2 & !y w\ld p]suade
 u1 contr>y to ! kn[n ord] ( ,nature1 t 
indulg5ce & mod]ation 9 gov]nors is !   
natural incitem5t 9 subjects to rebel4  
,b !re is an int]ior hi/ory ( ,irel&1 ! 
g5u9e voice ( its records & monum5ts1   
:i* speaks a v diff]5t language f ^!    
hi/ories1 f ,temple & f ,cl>5don3 ^!    
re/ore ,nature to its j rights1 & policy
 to its prop] ord]4 ,= !y ev5 n[ %[ to  
^? :o h be5 at ! pa9s to exam9e !m1 & !y
 may %[ "o day to all ! _w1 t ^!        
rebellions 7 n produc$ by tol]ation1 b  
by p]secution1--t !y arose n f j & mild 
gov]nm5t1 b f ! mo/ unp>allel$          
oppression4 ,^! records w be f> f giv+ !
 lea/ c\nt5ance to a doctr9e s repugnant
 to humanity & good s5se z t ! security 
( any e/abli%m5t1 civil or religi\s1 c  
ev] dep5d ^u ! mis]y ( ^? :o live "u x1 
or t its dang] c arise f _! quiet &     
prosp]ity4 ,god =bid t ! hi/ory ( ?is or
 any c\ntry %\ld give su* enc\ragem5t to

 ! folly or vices ( ^? :o gov]n6 ,if x c
 be %[n t ! great rebellions ( ,irel& h 
aris5 f attempts to r$uce ! natives to !
 /ate to :i* !y are n[ r$uc$1 x w %[ t  
an attempt to cont9ue !m 9 t /ate w r be
 disadvantage\s to ! public peace ?an   
any k9d ( security to x4 ,^! ?+s h 9 "s 
measure begun to appe> already2 & z f> z
 reg>ds ! argum5t drawn f =m]           
rebellions1 x w fall readily to ! gr\nd4
 ,b1 = my "p1 ,i ?9k ! real dang] to e  
/ate is1 to r5d] its subjects ju/ly     
discont5t$2 nor is !re 9 polities or    
sci5ce any m effectual secret = _!      
security ?an to e/abli% 9 _! p a firm   
op9ion t no *ange c be = _! advantage4  
,x is true t bigotry & fanaticism may = 
a "t draw great multitudes ( p f a k (  
_! true & sub/antial int]e/4 ,b ^u ?is  
,i h to rem>k ?ree ?+s4 ,fir/1 t su* a  
temp] c nev] become univ]sal1 or la/ = a
 long "t4 ,! pr9ciple ( religion is     
seldom la/+2 ! majority ( m5 are 9 no   
p]suasion bigots2 !y are n will+ to     
sacrifice1 on e va9 imag9ation t        

sup]/ition or en?usiasm holds =?1 or t  
ev5 zeal & piety recomm5d1 ! c]ta9      
possession ( _! temporal happ9ess4 ,& if
 su* a _s has be5 at any "t r\s$ 9 a    
society1 aft] x has _h its p>oxysm x    
commonly subsides & is quiet1 & is ev5 !
 weak] = ! viol5ce ( its fir/ ex]tion3  
security & ease are its mortal enemies4 
,b1 secondly1 if any?+ c t5d to revive &
 keep x up1 x is to keep alive !        
passions ( m5 by ill usage4 ,?is is     
en\gh to irritate ev5 ^? :o h n a sp>k (
 bigotry 9 _! con/itution to ! mo/      
desp]ate ent]prises2 x c]ta9ly w        
inflame1 d>k51 & r5d] m dang]\s ! _s (  
bigotry 9 ^? :o are possess$ by x4      
,la/ly1 by root+ out any sect1 y are    
nev] secure aga9/ ! effects (           
fanaticism2 x may arise on ! side ( !   
mo/ favor$ op9ions2 & _m are ! in/ances 
:]e9 ! e/abli%$ religion ( a /ate has   
gr[n f]oci\s & turn$ ^u its keep]1 & has
 (t5 torn to pieces ! civil e/abli%m5t t
 _h *]i%$ x1 & :i* x 0 design$ to       
support3 ,france1--,engl&1--,holl&4  ,b 

!re may be dang] ( wi%+ a *ange1 ev5 :]e
 no religi\s motive c op]ate2 & e enemy 
to su* a /ate comes z a fri5d to !      
subject2 & :]e o!r c\ntries are "u      
t]ror1 !y beg9 to hope4  ,?is argum5t ad
 v]ecundiam has z mu* =ce z any su* h4  
,b ,i ?9k x f>es b v indiff]5tly ) ^? :o
 make use ( x2 = !y w\ld get b little to
 be prov$ abettors ( tyranny at ! exp5se
 ( putt+ me to an inconv5i5t            
ackn[l$gm5t4 ,= if ,i 7 to confess t !re
 are circum/ances 9 :i* x w\ld be bett] 
to e/abli% su* a religion4444         99
       99       99       99       99  ,)
 reg>d to ! ,pope's int]e/4 ,?is =eign  
*ief ( _! religion _c be m =midable to u
 ?an to o!r ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,to    
conqu] t c\ntry = himself is a wild     
*im]a2 to enc\rage revolt 9 favor (     
=eign pr9ces is an explod$ idea 9 !     
politics ( t c\rt4 ,p]haps x w\ld be    
full z dang]\s to h ! p "u ! conduct (  
facti\s pa/ors ( _! own z "u a =eign    
ecclesia/ical c\rt4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,9 ! second ye> ( 

! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 7 enact$      
sev]al limitations 9 ! acquisition or ! 
reta9+ ( prop]ty1 :i* _h1 s f> z reg>d$ 
any g5]al pr9ciples1 hi!rto rema9$      
unt\*$ "u all *anges4  ,^! bills met no 
opposition ei!r 9 ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t or 9
 ! ,engli% ,c\ncil1 except f private    
ag5ts1 :o 7 little att5d$ to2 & !y pass$
 into laws ) ! highe/ & mo/ g5]al       
applauses1 z all su* ?+s are 9 ! beg9n+1
 n z a sy/em ( p]secution1 b z          
ma/]pieces ( ! mo/ subtle & ref9$       
politics4 ,& to say ! tru?1 ^! laws1 at 
fir/ view1 h r an appe>ance ( a plan (  
vexati\s litigation & crook$ law-*ican]y
 ?an ( a direct & sangu9>y attack ^u !  
rights ( private consci5ce3 because !y  
did n affect life1 at lea/ ) reg>d to ! 
laity2 & mak+ ! ,ca?olic op9ions r !    
subject ( civil regulations ?an (       
crim9al prosecutions1 to ^? :o are n    
lawy]s & read ^! laws !y only appe> to  
be a species ( j>gon4 ,= ! execution (  
crim9al law has always a c]ta9 appe>ance
 ( viol5ce4 ,be+ ex]cis$ directly on !  

p]sons ( ! suppos$ (f5d]s1 & commonly   
execut$ 9 ! face ( ! public1 su*        
executions are apt to excite s5tim5ts ( 
pity = ! suff]]s1 & indignation aga9/ ^?
 :o are employ$ 9 su* cruelties1--be+   
se5 z s+le acts ( cruelty1 r ?an z ill  
g5]al pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,b !        
op]ation ( ! laws 9 "q be+ su* z common 
feel+ br+s home to e man's bosom1 !y    
op]ate 9 a sort ( comp>ative sil5ce &   
obscurity2 & ?\gh _! cruelty is exce$+ly
 great1 x is nev] se5 9 a s+le ex]tion1 
& always escapes commis]ation1 be+ sc>ce
 kn[n1 except to ^? :o view !m 9 a      
g5]al1 :i* is always a cold & phlegmatic
 light4 ,! fir/ ( ^! laws be+ made ) s  
g5]al a satisfaction1 z ! *ief gov]nors 
f\nd t su* ?+s 7 extremely acceptable to
 ! lead+ p 9 t c\ntry1 !y 7 will+ en\gh 
to gratify !m ) ! ru9 ( _!              
fell[-citiz5s2 !y 7 n sorry to div]t _! 
att5tion f o!r inquiries1 & to keep !m  
fix$ to ?is1 z if ?is _h be5 ! only real
 object ( _! national politics2 & = _m  
ye>s !re 0 no spee* f ! ?rone :i* did n 

) great appe>ance ( s]i\sness recomm5d !
 pass+ ( su* laws1 & sc>ce a session w5t
 ov] )\t 9 effect pass+ "s ( !m1 until  
!y h by degrees gr[n to be ! mo/        
consid]able head 9 ! ,iri% /atute-book4 
,at ! same "t giv+ a tempor>y &         
occasional mitigation to ! sev]ity ( "s 
( ! h>%e/ ( ^? laws1 !y appe>$ 9 "s sort
 ! protectors ( ^? :om !y 7 9 reality   
de/roy+ by ! e/abli%m5t ( g5]al         
con/itutions aga9/ !m4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 
! policy ( ?is exp$i5t is worn out2 !   
passions ( m5 are cool$2 ^? laws beg9 to
 disclose !mselves1 & to produce effects
 v diff]5t f ^? :i* 7 promis$ 9 mak+ !m3
 = crook$ c\nsels are ev] unwise2 & no?+
 c be m absurd & dang]\s ?an to tamp] ) 
! natural f\ndations ( society1 9 hopes 
( keep+ x up by c]ta9 contrivances4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,a  ,,lett]  ,,to  ,,william ,,smi?1    
,,esq41  ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,(         
,,ca?olic ,,emancipation4  ,,janu>y #bi1
 #agie4   ,,lett]4#bc   ,my ,de>        
sir1--,y\r lett] is1 to myself1         

inf9itely oblig+3 ) reg>d to y1 ,i c f9d
 no fault ) x1 except t ( a tone (      
humility & disqualification1 :i* nei!r  
y\r rank1 nor ! place y are 91 nor !    
pr(ession y belong to1 nor y\r v        
extraord9>y le>n+ & tal5ts1 w 9         
propriety dem& or p]haps admit4 ,^!     
dispositions w be /ill less prop]1 if y 
%\ld feel !m 9 ! ext5t y\r mode/y leads 
y to express !m4 ,y h c]ta9ly giv5 by f>
 too /rong a pro( ( self-diffid5ce by   
ask+ ! op9ion ( a man circum/anc$ z ,i  
am1 on ! important subject ( y\r lett]4 
,y are f> m capable ( =m+ j conceptions 
^u x ?an ,i c be4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce y are    
pleas$ to comm& me to lay be=e y my     
?\ghts1 z mat]ials ^u :i* y\r bett]     
judgm5t may op]ate1 ,i %all obey y1 &   
submit !m1 ) great def]5ce1 to y\r      
melioration or rejection4  ,b fir/ p]mit
 me to put myself 9 ! "r4 ,i owe y an   
answ] to y\r =m] lett]4 ,x did n desire 
"o1 b x des]v$ x4 ,if n = an answ]1 x   
call$ = an ackn[l$gm5t4 ,x 0 a new      
favor2 &1 inde$1 ,i %\ld be worse ?an   

ins5sible1 if ,i did n consid] ! honors 
y h heap$ ^u me ) no sp>+ h& ) becom+   
gratitude4 ,b y\r lett] arriv$ to me at 
a "t :5 ! clos+ ( my long & la/ bus9ess 
9 life1 a bus9ess extremely complex1 &  
full ( difficulties & vexations ( all   
sorts1 occupi$ me 9 a mann] :i* ^? :o h 
n se5 ! int]ior z well z ext]ior ( x _c 
easily imag9e4 ,i confess t 9 ! crisis (
 t rude conflict ,i neglect$ _m ?+s t   
well des]v$ my be/ att5tion1--none t    
des]v$ x bett]1 or h caus$ me m regret 9
 ! neglect1 ?an y\r lett]4 ,! in/ant t  
bus9ess 0 ov]1 & ! ,h\se _h pass$ its   
judgm5t on ! conduct ( ! manag]s1 ,i lo/
 no "t to execute :at = ye>s ,i _h      
resolv$ on3 x 01 to quit my public      
/ation1 & to seek t tranquillity1 9 my v
 advanc$ age1 to :i*1 aft] a v tempe/u\s
 life1 ,i ?\ght myself entitl$4 ,b ,god 
has ?\ght fit 7& ,i unfeign$ly ackn[l$ge
 ,8 ju/ice7 to dispose ( ?+s o!rwise4 ,s
 heavy a calamity has fall5 ^u me z to  
disable me = bus9ess & to disqualify me 
= repose4 ,! exi/5ce ,i h ,i d n "k t ,i

 c call life4 ,accord+ly1 ,i d n m$dle )
 any "o measure ( gov]nm5t1 ?\gh1 = :at 
reasons ,i "k n1 y seem to suppose me   
deeply 9 ! secret ( affairs4 ,i only "k1
 s f> z y\r side ( ! wat] is conc]n$1 t 
y\r pres5t excell5t ,"l ,lieut5ant 7!   
be/ man 9 e relation t ,i h ev] be5     
acqua9t$ )7 has p]fectly pure int5tions 
) reg>d to ,irel&1 & ( c\rse t he wi%es 
cordially well to ^? :o =m ! great mass 
( its inhabitants1 & :o1 z !y are well  
or ill manag$1 mu/ =m an important "p ( 
its /r5g? or weakness4 ,if ) reg>d to t 
great object he has c>ri$ ov] any       
ready-made sy/em1 ,i assure y x is      
p]fectly unkn[n to me3 ,i am v mu*      
retir$ f ! _w1 & live 9 mu* ignorance4  
,?is1 ,i hope1 w =m my humble apology1  
if ,i %\ld err 9 ! notions ,i ent]ta9 ( 
! "q :i* is soon to become ! subject (  
y\r delib]ations4 ,at ! same "t accept x
 z an apology = my neglects4  ,y ne$    
make no apology = y\r atta*m5t to !     
religi\s description y belong to4 ,x    
proves 7z 9 y x is s9c]e7 y\r atta*m5t  

to ! great po9ts 9 :i* ! lead+ divisions
 are agre$1 :5 ! less]1 9 :i* !y diff]1 
are s de> to y4 ,i %all nev] call any   
religi\s op9ions1 :i* appe> important to
 s]i\s & pi\s m9ds1 ?+s ( no            
consid]ation4 ,no?+ is s fatal to       
religion z indiff]5ce1 :i* is1 at lea/1 
half infidelity4 ,z long z m5 hold *>ity
 & ju/ice to be ess5tial integral p>ts (
 religion1 !re c be little dang] f a    
/rong atta*m5t to p>ticul> t5ets 9 fai?4
 ,?is ,i am p]fectly sure is y\r case2 b
 ,i am n equally sure t ei!r zeal = !   
t5ets ( fai?1 or ! smalle/ degree (     
*>ity or ju/ice1 h mu* influ5c$ !       
g5tlem5 :o1 "u pretexts ( zeal1 h resi/$
 ! enfran*isem5t ( _! c\ntry4 ,my de>   
son1 :o 0 a p]son ( disc]nm5t1 z well z 
cle> & acute 9 8 expressions1 said1 9 a 
lett] ( 8 :i* ,i h se51 t1 9 ord] to    
grace _! cause1 & to draw "s respect to 
_! p]sons1 !y pret5d to be bigots4 ,b   
"h1 ,i take x1 we h n mu* to d ) !      
!ological t5ets on ! "o side ( ! "q or !
 o!r4 ,! po9t itself is practically     

decid$4 ,t religion is own$ by ! /ate4  
,except 9 a settl$ ma9t5ance1 x is      
protect$4 ,a great deal ( ! rubbi%1 :i*1
 z a nuisance1 long ob/ruct$ ! way1 is  
remov$4 ,"o imp$im5t rema9$ long]1 z a  
matt] to ju/ify ! proscription ( ! body 
( our c\ntry2 aft] ! re/ _h be5 ab&on$ z
 unt5able gr\nd4 ,b ! bus9ess ( ! ,pope 
7t mix$ p]son ( polities & religion7 has
 long ceas$ to be a bugbe>3 = "s "t pa/ 
he has ceas$ to be ev5 a colorable      
pretext4 ,?is 0 well kn[n1 :5 !         
,ca?olics ( ^! k+doms1 = our amusem5t1 7
 oblig$ on oa? to disclaim him 9 8      
political capacity1--:i* impli$ an      
all[ance = !m to recognize him 9 "s sort
 ( ecclesia/ical sup]iority4 ,x 0 a     
compromise ( ! old dispute4  ,= my "p1  
,i confess ,i wi% t we _h be5 less eag] 
9 ?is po9t4 ,i don't ?9k1 inde$1 t mu*  
mis*ief w happ5 f x1 if ?+s are o!rwise 
prop]ly manag$4 ,too nice an inquisition
 ought n to be made into op9ions t are  
dy+ away ( !mselves4 ,_h we liv$ an     
hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 ,i %\ld h be5 z

 e>ne/ & anxi\s z anybody = ?is sort (  
abjuration2 b1 liv+ at ! "t 9 :i* ,i    
live1 & oblig$ to speculate =w>d in/ead 
( backw>d1 ,i mu/ fairly say1 ,i c\ld   
well endure ! exi/5ce ( e sort (        
collat]al aid :i* op9ion might1 9 ! n[  
/ate ( ?+s1 af=d to au?ority4 ,i mu/ see
 mu* m dang] ?an 9 my life ,i h se51 or 
?an o!rs w v5ture s]i\sly to affirm t !y
 see1 9 ! ,pope a=esaid1 7?\gh a =eign  
p[]1 & ) 8 long tail ( et cet]as17 be=e 
,i %\ld be active 9 weak5+ any hold :i* 
gov]nm5t might ?9k x prud5t to resort   
to1 9 ! managem5t ( t l>ge "p ( ! k+'s  
subjects4 ,i d n *oose to direct all my 
precautions to ! "p :]e ! dang] does n  
press1 & to leave myself op5 & ungu>d$  
:]e ,i am n only really1 b visibly      
attack$4  ,my :ole politics1 at pres5t1 
c5tre 9 "o po9t1 & to ?is ! m]it or     
dem]it ( e measure 7) me7 is            
ref]able1--t is1 :at w mo/ promote or   
depress ! cause ( ,jacob9ism4 ,:at is   
,jacob9ism8 ,x is an attempt 7hi!rto b  
too successful7 to eradicate prejudice  

out ( ! m9ds ( m51 = ! purpose ( putt+  
all p[] & au?ority into ! h&s ( ! p]sons
 capable ( occasionally enlight5+ ! m9ds
 ( ! p4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,jacob9s h     
resolv$ to de/roy ! :ole frame & fabric 
( ! old societies ( ! _w1 & to reg5]ate 
!m aft] _! fa%ion4 ,to obta9 an army =  
?is purpose1 !y ev]y:]e engage ! poor by
 hold+ out to !m z a bribe ! spoils ( ! 
ri*4 ,?is ,i take to be a fair          
description ( ! pr9ciples & lead+ maxims
 ( ! enlight5$ ( our day :o are commonly
 call$ ,jacob9s4  ,z ! gr& prejudice1 & 
t :i* holds all ! o!r prejudices toge!r1
 ! fir/1 la/1 & middle object ( _!      
ho/ility is religion4 ,) t !y are at    
inexpiable w>4 ,!y make no di/9ction (  
sects4 ,a ,*ri/ian1 z su*1 is to !m an  
enemy4 ,:at1 !n1 is left to a real      
,*ri/ian1 7,*ri/ian z a believ] & z a   
/atesman17 b to make a league betwe5 all
 ! gr& divisions ( t "n1 to protect & to
 *]i% !m all1 & by no means to proscribe
 9 any mann]1 m or less1 any memb] ( our
 common p>ty8 ,! divisions :i* =m]ly    

prevail$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 ) all _! ov]done    
zeal1 only purifi$ & v5tilat$ our common
 fai?1 because !re 0 no common enemy    
array$ & embattl$ to take advantage ( _!
 diss5sions2 b n[ no?+ b inevitable ru9 
w be ! consequ5ce ( our qu>rels4 ,i ?9k 
we may dispute1 rail1 p]secute1 &       
provoke ! ,ca?olics out ( _! prejudices2
 b x is n 9 ours !y w take refuge4 ,if  
any?+ is1 "o m ?an ano!r1 out ( ! p[] ( 
man1 x is to create a prejudice4        
,somebody has said1 t a k+ may make a   
nobleman1 b he _c make a g5tleman4  ,all
 ! pr9cipal religions 9 ,europe /& ^u "o
 common bottom4 ,! support t ! :ole or !
 favor$ p>ts may h 9 ! secret           
disp5sations ( ,provid5ce x is          
impossible to tell2 b1 humanly speak+1  
!y are all prescriptive religions4 ,!y h
 all /ood long en\gh to make            
prescription & its *a9 ( legitimate     
prejudices _! ma9 /ay4 ,! p :o compose !
 f\r gr& divisions ( ,*ri/ianity h n[ _!
 religion z an habit1 & ^u au?ority1 & n
 on disputation1--z all m5 :o h _!      

religion d]iv$ f _! p>5ts & ! fruits (  
education mu/ h x1 h[ev] ! "o m ?an !   
o!r may be able to reconcile 8 fai? to 8
 own reason or to t ( o!r m54 ,dep5d ^u 
x1 !y mu/ all be support$1 or !y mu/ all
 fall 9 ! cra% ( a common ru94 ,!       
,ca?olics are ! f> m num]\s "p ( !      
,*ri/ians 9 y\r c\ntry2 & h[ c          
,*ri/ianity 7t is n[ ! po9t 9 issue7 be 
support$ "u ! p]secution1 or ev5 "u !   
disc\nt5ance1 ( ! great] numb] (        
,*ri/ians8 ,x is a great tru?1 & :i* 9  
"o ( ! debates ,i /at$ z /rongly z ,i   
c\ld to ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ! la/      
session1 t1 if ! ,ca?olic religion is   
de/roy$ by ! infidels1 x is a mo/       
contemptible & absurd idea1 t ?is1 or   
any ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 c survive t ev5t4 
,!re=e my humble & decid$ op9ion is1 t  
all ! ?ree religions preval5t m or less 
9 v>i\s p>ts ( ^! isl&s ought all1 9    
subord9ation to ! legal e/abli%m5ts z !y
 /& 9 ! sev]al c\ntries1 to be all      
c\nt5anc$1 protect$1 & *]i%$1 & t 9     
,irel& p>ticul>ly ! ,roman ,ca?olic     

religion %\ld be upheld 9 high respect &
 v5]ation1 & %\ld be1 9 its place1      
provid$ ) all ! means ( mak+ x a bless+ 
to ! p :o pr(ess x1--t x ought to be    
*]i%$ z a good1 7?\gh n z ! mo/         
pref]able good1 if a *oice 0 n[ to be   
made17 & n tol]at$ z an inevitable evil4
 ,if ?is be my op9ion z to ! ,ca?olic   
religion z a sect1 y mu/ see t ,i mu/ be
 to ! la/ degree av]se to put a man1 ^u 
t acc\nt1 ^u a bad foot+ ) relation to !
 privileges :i* ! fundam5tal laws ( ?is 
c\ntry give him z a subject4 ,i am ! m  
s]i\s on ! positive enc\ragem5t to be   
giv5 to ?is religion1 7always1 h[ev]1 z 
second>y17 because ! s]i\s & e>ne/      
belief & practice ( x by its pr(essors  
=ms1 z ?+s /&1 ! mo/ effectual b>ri]1 if
 n ! sole b>ri]1 aga9/ ,jacob9ism4 ,!   
,ca?olics =m ! great body ( ! l[] ranks 
( y\r community1 & no small "p ( ^?     
classes ( ! middl+ t come ne>e/ to !m4  
,y "k t ! s$uction ( t "p ( mank9d f !  
pr9ciples ( religion1 morality1         
subord9ation1 & social ord] is ! great  

object ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,let !m gr[ lax1   
skeptical1 c>eless1 & indiff]5t ) reg>d 
to religion1 &1 s sure z we h an        
exi/5ce1 x is n a zeal\s ,anglican or   
,scotti% ,*ur* pr9ciple1 b direct       
,jacob9ism1 :i* w ent] into t brea*4    
,two hundr$ ye>s dreadfully sp5t 9      
exp]im5ts to =ce t p to *ange ! =m ( _! 
religion h prov$ fruitless4 ,y h n[ y\r 
*oice1 = full f\r fif?s ( y\r p1 ( !    
,ca?olic religion or ,jacob9ism4 ,if ?+s
 appe> to y to /& on ?is alt]native1 ,i 
?9k y w n be long 9 mak+ y\r option4  ,y
 h made1 z y naturally d1 a v able      
analysis ( p[]s1 & h sep>at$1 z ! ?+s   
are sep>able1 civil f political p[]s4 ,y
 />t1 too1 a "q1 :e!r ! civil c be      
secur$ )\t "s %>e 9 ! political4 ,= my  
"p1 z ab/ract que/ions1 ,i %\ld f9d "s  
difficulty 9 an attempt to resolve !m4  
,b z appli$ to ! /ate ( ,irel&1 to ! =m 
( our commonweal?1 to ! p>ties t divide 
u1 & to ! dispositions ( ! lead+ m5 9 ^?
 p>ties1 ,i _c hesitate to lay be=e y my
 op9ion1 t1 :il/ any k9d ( disc\ragem5ts

 & disqualifications rema9 on !         
,ca?olics1 an h&le w be made by a       
facti\s p[] utt]ly to defeat ! b5efits (
 any civil rights !y may app>5tly       
possess4 ,i ne$ n g to v remote times = 
my examples4 ,x 0 )9 ! c\rse ( ab\t a   
twelvemon?1 t1 aft] ,p>liam5t _h be5 l$ 
into a /ep q unp>allel$ 9 its records1  
aft] !y _h resi/$ all concession1 & ev5 
he>+1 ) an ob/9acy equal to any?+ t c\ld
 h actuat$ a p>ty dom9ation 9 ! second  
or eigh? ( ,que5 ,anne1 aft] ! /range   
adv5ture ( ! ,gr& ,juries1 & aft]       
,p>liam5t _h li/5$ to ! sov]eign plead+ 
= ! emancipation ( 8 subjects1--x 0 aft]
 all ?is1 t su* a grudg+ & discont5t 0  
express$ z mu/ ju/ly h al>m$1 z x did   
extremely al>m1 ! :ole ( ! ,ca?olic     
body3 & ,i rememb] b "o p]iod 9 my :ole 
life 7,i mean ! savage p]iod betwe5     
#agha & #agfg7 9 :i* !y h be5 m h>%ly or
 contumeli\sly treat$ ?an s9ce ! la/    
p>tial enl>gem5t4 ,& ?us ,i am conv9c$ x
 w be1 by p>oxysms1 z long z any /igma  
rema9s on !m1 & :il/ !y are consid]$ z  

no bett] ?an half citiz5s4 ,if !y are   
kept su* = any l5g? ( "t1 !y w be made  
:ole ,jacob9s4 ,aga9/ ?is gr& & dreadful
 evil ( our "t 7,i d n love to *eat     
myself or o!rs7 ,i d n "k any solid     
security :atsoev]2 b ,i am q c]ta9 t :at
 w come ne>e/ to x is to int]e/ z _m z y
 c 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 religi\sly1   
civilly1 politically1 by all ! ties &   
pr9ciples by :i* mank9d are held4 ,?is  
is l to be effectual policy3 ,i am sure 
x is honorable policy3 & x is bett] to  
fail1 if fail we mu/1 9 ! pa?s ( direct 
& manly ?an ( l[ & crook$ wisdom4  ,z to
 ! capacity ( sitt+ 9 ,p>liam5t1 aft]   
all ! capacities = vot+1 = ! army1 = !  
navy1 = ! pr(essions1 = civil (fices1 x 
is a dispute de lana capr9a1 9 my poor  
op9ion1--at lea/ on ! "p ( ^? :o oppose 
x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is admission to    
(fice1 & ?is exclusion f ,p>liam5t1 on !
 pr9ciple ( an exclusion f political    
p[]1 is ! v rev]se ( ! pr9ciple ( !     
,engli% ,te/ ,act4 ,if ,i 7 to =m a     
judgm5t f exp]i5ce r ?an !ory1 ,i %\ld  

d\bt mu* :e!r ! capacity = or ev5 !     
possession ( a seat 9 ,p>liam5t did     
really convey mu* ( p[] to be prop]ly   
call$ political4 ,i h sat !re1 ) "s     
obs]vation1 = n9e-&-tw5ty ye>s1 or      
!reab\ts4 ,! p[] ( a memb] ( ,p>liam5t  
is unc]ta9 & indirect2 & if p[]1 r ?an  
spl5dor & fame1 7 ! object1 ,i %\ld ?9k 
t any ( ! pr9cipal cl]ks 9 (fice1 to say
 no?+ ( _! sup]iors1 7sev]al ( :om are  
disqualifi$ by law = seats 9 ,p>liam5t17
 possess f> m p[] ?an n9e t5?s ( !      
memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,i might   
say ?is ( m5 :o seem$1 f _! =tunes1 _!  
weight 9 _! c\ntry1 & _! tal5ts1 to be  
p]sons ( figure !re1--& p]sons1 too1 n 9
 opposition to ! prevail+ p>ty 9        
gov]nm5t4 ,b be !y :at !y w1 on a fair  
canvass ( ! sev]al preval5t ,p>liam5t>y 
int]e/s 9 ,irel&1 ,i _c1 out ( ! ?ree   
hundr$ memb]s ( :om ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t is
 compos$1 discov] t above ?ree1 or at ! 
utmo/ f\r1 ,ca?olics w\ld be return$ to 
! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,b suppose !y %\ld  
am\nt to ?irty1 t is1 to a t5? "p1 7a ?+

 ,i hold impossible = a long s]ies (    
ye>s1 & nev] v likely to happ517 :at is 
?is to ^? :o are to balance !m 9 ! "o   
,h\se1 & ! cle> & settl$ majority 9 !   
o!r8 ,= ,i ?9k x absolutely impossible1 
t1 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s1 above f\r or    
five pe]s %\ld be creat$ ( t communion4 
,9 fact1 ! exclusion ( !m seems to me   
only to m>k jeal\sy & suspicion1 & n to 
provide security 9 any way4--,b ,i      
return to ! old gr\nd4 ,! dang] is n    
!re3 ^! are ?+s long s9ce done away4 ,! 
gr& controv]sy is no long] betwe5 y &   
!m4  ,=give ?is l5g?4 ,my p5 has        
ins5sibly run on4 ,y are y\rself to     
blame1 if y are mu* fatigu$4 ,i         
congratulate y on ! auspici\s op5+ ( y\r
 session4 ,surely ,great ,brita9 &      
,irel& ought to jo9 9 wrea?+ a nev]-fad+
 g>l& = ! head ( ,grattan4 ,adieu1 my   
de> ,sir4 ,good nights to y6--,i nev] c 
h any4  ,y\rs always mo/ s9c]ely1       
,,edmund ,,burke4  ,jan4 #bi?1 #agie4   
,twelve at night4  ,,footnotes3  #bc    
,william ,smi?1 ,esq41 to :om ?is ,lett]

 is address$1 0 !n a memb] ( ! ,iri%    
,p>liam5t3 he is n[ 7#ahab7 "o ( !      
,b>ons ( ! ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ] 9 ,irel&4   
,,second ,,lett]  ,,to  ,,sir ,,h]cules 
,,langri%e  ,,on ,,!  ,,ca?olic ,,"q4   
,,may #bf1 #agie4   ,my ,de> ,sir1--,if 
,i am n z e>ly z ,i ought to be 9 my    
ackn[l$gm5ts = y\r v k9d lett]1 pray d  
me ! ju/ice to attribute my failure to  
its natural & b too real cause1 a want (
 ! mo/ ord9>y p[] ( ex]tion1 ow+ to !   
impressions made ^u an old & infirm     
con/itution by private mis=tune & by    
public calamity4 ,x is true1 ,i make    
occasional ef=ts to r\se myself to      
some?+ bett]1--b ,i soon relapse into t 
/ate ( languor :i* mu/ be ! habit ( my  
body & und]/&+ to ! end ( my %ort &     
*e]less exi/5ce 9 ?is _w4  ,i am s9c]ely
 grateful = y\r k9dness 9 connect+ !    
int]e/ y take 9 ! s5tim5ts ( an old     
fri5d ) ! able "p y take 9 ! s]vice (   
y\r c\ntry4 ,x is an in/ance1 among _m1 
( t happy temp] :i* has always giv5 a "*
 ( am5ity to y\r virtues & a good-natur$

 direction to y\r tal5ts4  ,y\r spee* on
 ! ,ca?olic "q ,i read ) mu*            
satisfaction4 ,x is solid2 x is conv9c+2
 x is eloqu5t2 & x ought1 on ! spot1 to 
h produc$ t effect :i* its reason1 & t  
conta9$ 9 ! o!r excell5t spee*es on !   
same side ( ! "q1 _c possibly fail 7?\gh
 ) less pleasant consequ5ces7 to produce
 h]eaft]4 ,:at a sad ?+ x is1 t ! gr&   
in/ructor1 ,"t1 has n yet be5 able to   
tea* ! gr& lesson ( 8 own value1 & t1 9 
e "q ( moral & political prud5ce1 x is !
 *oice ( ! mom5t :i* r5d]s ! measure    
s]viceable or useless1 noxi\s or        
salut>y6  ,9 ! ,ca?olic "q ,i consid]$  
only "o po9t3 ,0 x1 at ! "t1 & 9 !      
circum/ances1 a measure :i* t5d$ to     
promote ! concord ( ! citiz5s8 ,i h no  
difficulty 9 say+ x 01--& z little 9    
say+ t ! pres5t concord ( ! citiz5s 0   
wor? buy+1 at a critical season1 by     
grant+ a few capacities1 :i* probably no
 "o man n[ liv+ is likely to be s]v$ or 
hurt by4 ,:5 any man tells y & me1 t1 if
 ^! places 7 left 9 ! discretion ( a    

,prote/ant cr[n1 & ^! memb]%ips 9 !     
discretion ( ,prote/ant electors or     
patrons1 we %\ld h a ,popi% (ficial     
sy/em1 & a ,popi% repres5tation1 capable
 ( ov]turn+ ! ,e/abli%m5t1 he only      
insults our und]/&+s4 ,:5 any man tells 
?is to ,ca?olics1 he insults _!         
und]/&+s1 & he galls _! feel+s4 ,x is n 
! "q ( ! places & seats1 x is ! real    
ho/ile disposition & ! pret5d$ fe>s1 t  
leave /+s 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,i really     
?\ght t 9 ! total ( ! late circum/ances1
 ) reg>d to p]sons1 to ?+s1 to          
pr9ciples1 & to measures1 0 to be f\nd a
 conjuncture favorable to ! introduction
 & to ! p]petuation ( a g5]al h>mony1   
produc+ a g5]al /r5g?1 :i* to t h\r     
,irel& 0 nev] s happy z to enjoy4 ,my   
sangu9e hopes are bla/$1 & ,i mu/       
consign my feel+s on t t]rible          
disappo9tm5t to ! same pati5ce 9 :i* ,i 
h be5 oblig$ to bury ! vexation ,i      
suff]$ on ! defeat ( ! o!r great1 j1 &  
honorable causes 9 :i* ,i h _h "s %>e1 &
 :i* h giv5 m ( dignity ?an ( peace &   

advantage to a long1 labori\s life4     
,?\gh1 p]haps1 a want ( success might be
 urg$ z a reason = mak+ me d\bt ( !     
ju/ice ( ! "p ,i h tak51 yet1 until ,i h
 o!r lights ?an "o side ( ! debate has  
furni%$ me1 ,i mu/ see ?+s1 & feel !m   
too1 z ,i see & feel !m4 ,i ?9k ,i c    
h>dly ov]rate ! malignity ( ! pr9ciples 
( ,prote/ant asc5d5cy1 z !y affect      
,irel&1--or ( ,indianism1 z !y affect ^!
 c\ntries1 & z !y affect ,asia1--or (   
,jacob9ism1 z !y affect all ,europe & ! 
/ate ( human society itself4 ,! la/ is !
 greate/ evil4 ,b x readily comb9es ) ! 
o!rs1 & fl[s f !m4 ,:atev] bre$s        
discont5t at ?is "t w produce t great   
ma/]-mis*ief mo/ infallibly4 ,:atev]    
t5ds to p]suade ! p t ! few1 call$ by   
:atev] "n y please1 religi\s or         
political1 are ( op9ion t _! int]e/ is n
 compatible ) t ( ! _m1 is a great po9t 
ga9$ to ,jacob9ism4 ,:atev] t5ds to     
irritate ! tal5ts ( a c\ntry1 :i* h at  
all times1 & at ^! p>ticul>ly1 a mighty 
influ5ce on ! public m9d1 is ( inf9ite  

s]vice to t =midable cause4 ,unless :]e 
,heav5 has m+l$ uncommon +r$i5ts (      
virtue 9 ! composition1--quos meliore   
luto f9xit prcordia ,titan1--tal5ts     
naturally gravitate to ,jacob9ism4      
,:atev] ill-humors are afloat 9 ! /ate1 
!y w be sure to dis*>ge !mselves 9 a    
m+l$ torr5t 9 ! ,cloaca ,maxima (       
,jacob9ism4 ,!re=e p ought well to look 
ab\t !m4 ,fir/1 ! physicians are to take
 c>e t !y d no?+ to irritate ?is        
epidemical di/emp]4 ,x is a fooli% ?+ to
 h ! bett] ( ! pati5t 9 a dispute4 ,!   
compla9t or its cause ought to be       
remov$1 & wise & l5i5t arts ought to    
prec$e ! measures ( vigor4 ,!y ought to 
be ! ultima1 n ! prima1 n ! tota ratio (
 a wise gov]nm5t4 ,god =bid1 t1 on a    
wor?y occasion1 au?ority %\ld want !    
means ( =ce1 or ! disposition to use x6 
,b :]e a prud5t & enl>g$ policy does n  
prec$e x1 & att5d x too1 :]e ! he>ts ( !
 bett] sort ( p d n g ) ! h&s ( !       
soldi]y1 y may call y\r ,con/itution :at
 y w1 9 effect x w consi/ ( ?ree p>ts1  

7ord]s1 if y please17 cavalry1 infantry1
 & artill]y1--& ( no?+ else or bett]4 ,i
 agree ) y 9 y\r dislike ( ! disc\rses 9
 ,francis ,/reet3 b ,i l z little "s (  
^? 9 ,college ,gre54 ,i am ev5 less     
pleas$ ) ! temp] t pr$om9at$ 9 ! latt]1 
z bett] ?+s might h be5 expect$ 9 !     
regul> family mansion ( public          
discretion ?an1 9 a new & ha/y assembly 
( unexp]i5c$ m51 congregat$ "u          
circum/ances ( no small irritation4     
,aft] p h tak5 y\r te/s1 prescrib$ by   
y\rselves z pro(s ( _! allegiance1 to be
 m>k$ z enemies1 traitors1 or at be/ z  
suspect$ & dang]\s p]sons1 & t !y are n 
to be believ$ on _! oa?s1 we are n to be
 surpris$1 if !y fall into a passion1 & 
talk z m5 9 a passion d1 intemp]ately & 
idly4  ,! wor/ ( ! matt] is ?is3 y are  
p>tly lead+1 p>tly driv+ into ,jacob9ism
 t description ( y\r p ^: religi\s      
pr9ciples1 *ur* polity1 & habitual      
discipl9e might make !m an inv9cible    
dike aga9/ t inundation4 ,?is y h a ?\s&
 mattocks & pickaxes lift$ up to        

demoli%4 ,y make a sad /ory ( ! ,pope4  
,o s]i /udiorum6 ,x w n be difficult to 
get _m call$ ,ca?olics to laugh at ?is  
fundam5tal "p ( _! religion4 ,nev] d\bt 
x4 ,y h succe$$ 9 "p1 & y may succe$    
completely4 ,b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( m5's   
m9ds & affairs1 d n flatt] y\rselves t  
!y w pi\sly look to ! head ( our ,*ur* 9
 ! place ( t ,pope :om y make !m =swe>1 
& out ( all rev]5ce to :om y bully &    
rail & buffoon !m4 ,p]haps y may succe$ 
9 ! same mann] ) all ! o!r t5ets (      
doctr9e & usages ( discipl9e among/ !   
,ca?olics2 b :at security h y1 t1 9 !   
temp] & on ! pr9ciples on :i* !y h made 
?is *ange1 !y w /op at ! exact          
/ick+-places y h m>k$ 9 y\r articles8 ,y
 h no security = any?+1 b t !y w become 
:at are call$ ,franco-,jacob9s1 & reject
 ! :ole toge!r4 ,no conv]ts n[ w be made
 9 a consid]able numb] f "o ( our sects 
to ! o!r ^u a really religi\s pr9ciple4 
,controv]sy moves 9 ano!r direction4    
,next to religion1 prop]ty is ! great   
po9t ( ,jacob9 attack4 ,"h _m ( !       

debat]s 9 y\r majority1 & _! writ]s1 h  
giv5 ! ,jacob9s all ! assi/ance _! he>ts
 c wi%4 ,:5 ! ,ca?olics desire places & 
seats1 y tell !m t ?is is only a        
pretext1 7?\gh ,prote/ants might suppose
 x j possible = m5 to l good places &   
snug bor\ghs = _! own m]its17 b t _!    
real view is1 to /rip ,prote/ants ( _!  
prop]ty ,to my c]ta9 k1 till ^? ,jacob9 
lectures 7 op5$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 !y
 nev] dreamt ( any su* ?+2 b n[ ! great 
pr(essors may /imulate !m to inquire 7on
 ! new pr9ciples7 into ! f\ndation ( t  
prop]ty1 & ( all prop]ty4 ,if y treat m5
 z robb]s1 :y1 robb]s1 soon] or lat]1 !y
 w become4  ,a ?ird po9t ( ,jacob9      
attack is on old tradition>y            
con/itutions4 ,y are appreh5sive = y\rs1
 :i* leans f its p]p5dicul>1 & does n /&
 firm on its !ory4 ,i l ,p>liam5t>y     
re=ms z little z any man :o has bor\ghs 
to sell = money1 or = pe]ages 9 ,irel&4 
,b x passes my compreh5sion1 9 :at mann]
 x is t m5 c be reconcil$ to ! practical
 m]its ( a con/itution1 ! !ory ( :i* is 

9 litigation1 by be+ practically exclud$
 f any ( its advantages4 ,let u put     
ourselves 9 ! place ( ^! p1 & try an    
exp]im5t ( ! effects ( su* a proc$ure on
 our own m9ds4 ,unque/ionably1 we %\ld  
be p]fectly satisfi$1 :5 we 7 told t    
,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 in/ead ( be+ places 
( refuge = popul> lib]ty1 7 citadels =  
keep+ u 9 ord] z a conqu]$ p4 ,^! ?+s   
play ! ,jacob9 game to a nicety4        
,inde$1 my de> ,sir1 !re is n a s+le    
p>ticul> 9 ! ,francis-,/reet            
declamations1 :i* has n1 to y\r & to my 
c]ta9 k1 be5 taught by ! jeal\s         
asc5dants1 sometimes by doctr9e1        
sometimes by example1 always by         
provocation4 ,rememb] ! :ole ( #agha &  
#aghb1 9 ,p>liam5t & out ( ,p>liam5t2 at
 ?is v day1 & 9 ! wor/ acts & designs1  
obs]ve ! t5or ( ! objections ) :i* !    
,college-,gre5 orators ( ! asc5d5cy     
reproa* ! ,ca?olics4 ,y h obs]v$1 no    
d\bt1 h[ mu* !y rely on ! affair (      
,jackson4 ,is x n pleasant to he>       
,ca?olics reproa*$ = a suppos$          

connection--) :om8--) ,prote/ant        
cl]gym56 ) ,prote/ant g5tlem56 ) ,mr4   
,jackson6 ) ,mr4 ,r[an1 c1 c46 ,b egomet
 m ignosco4 ,conspiracies & treasons are
 privileg$ pleasures1 n to be pr(an$ by 
! impure & unhall[$ t\* ( ,papi/s4      
,inde$1 all ?is w d1 p]haps1 well en\gh1
 ) deta*m5ts ( dism\nt$ cavalry &       
f5cibles f ,engl&4 ,b let u n say to    
,ca?olics1 by way ( argum5t1 t !y are to
 be kept 9 a degrad$ /ate1 because "s ( 
!m are no bett] ?an _m ( u ,prote/ants4 
,! ?+ ,i mo/ dislik$ 9 "s ( _! spee*es  
7^?1 ,i mean1 ( ! ,ca?olics7 0 :at is   
call$ ! _s ( lib]ality1 s mu* & s       
dilig5tly taught by ! asc5dants1 by :i* 
!y are made to ab&on _! own p>ticul>    
int]e/s1 & to m]ge !m 9 ! g5]al         
discont5ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x gave me no    
pleasure to he> ( ! dissolution ( !     
committee4 ,!re 7 9 x a majority1 to my 
k1 ( v sob]1 well-int5tion$ m52 & !re 7 
none 9 x b su* :o1 if n cont9ually goad$
 & irritat$1 might be made useful to !  
tranquillity ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is "r always

 to h a few ( e description1 ?r\gh :om y
 may quietly op]ate on ! _m1 bo? = !    
int]e/s ( ! description1 & = ! g5]al    
int]e/4  ,excuse me1 my de> fri5d1 if ,i
 h a little tri$ y\r pati5ce4 ,y h      
br\ght ?is tr\ble on y\rself1 by y\r    
?9k+ ( a man =got1 & :o has no objection
 to be =got1 by ! _w4 ,^! ?+s we        
discuss$ toge!r f\r or five & ?irty ye>s
 ago4 ,we 7 !n1 & at bottom ev] s9ce1 ( 
! same op9ion on ! ju/ice & policy ( !  
:ole & ( e "p ( ! p5al sy/em4 ,y & ,i1 &
 ev]ybody1 mu/ n[ & !n ply & b5d to !   
occasion1 & take :at c be got4 ,b v sure
 ,i am1 t1 :il/ !re rema9s 9 ! law any  
pr9ciple :atev] :i* c furni% to c]ta9   
politicians an excuse = rais+ an op9ion 
( _! own importance1 z necess>y to keep 
_! fell[-subjects 9 ord]1 ! obnoxi\s p w
 be frett$1 h>ass$1 insult$1 provok$ to 
discont5t & disord]1 & practically      
exclud$ f ! p>tial advantages f :i* !   
lett] ( ! law does n exclude !m4        
,adieu6 my de> ,sir1  ,& believe me v   
truly y\rs1  ,,edmund ,,burke4          

,,beaconsfield1 ,may #bf1 #agie4     ,a 
,,lett]  ,,to  ,,ri*>d ,,burke1 ,,esq41 
,,on  ,,prote/ant ,,asc5d5cy ,,9        
,,irel&4  #agic4   ,my de> son1--,we are
 all aga9 assembl$ 9 t[n1 to f9i% ! la/1
 b ! mo/ labori\s1 ( ! tasks :i* h be5  
impos$ ^u me dur+ my ,p>liam5t>y s]vice4
 ,we are z well z at our "t ( life we c 
expect to be4 ,we h1 inde$1 "s mom5ts ( 
anxiety ab\t y4 ,y are engag$ 9 an      
und]tak+ simil> 9 its pr9ciple to m9e4  
,y are engag$ 9 ! relief ( an oppress$  
p4 ,9 t s]vice y mu/ necess>ily excite !
 same sort ( passions 9 ^? :o h ex]cis$1
 & :o wi% to cont9ue t oppression1 t ,i 
h _h to /ruggle ) 9 ?is long labor4 ,z  
y\r fa!r has done1 y mu/ make enemies ( 
_m ( ! ri*1 ( ! pr\d1 & ( ! p[]ful4 ,i &
 y began 9 ! same way4 ,i mu/ confess1  
t1 if our place 0 ( our *oice1 ,i c\ld  
wi% x _h be5 y\r lot to beg9 ! c>e] (   
y\r life ) an endeavor to r5d] "s m     
mod]ate & less invidi\s s]vice to !     
public ,b be+ engag$ 9 a great &        
critical "w1 ,i h n ! lea/ hesitation   

ab\t y\r hav+ hi!rto done y\r duty z    
becomes y4 ,if ,i _h n an assurance n to
 be %ak5 f ! "* ( y\r m9d1 ,i %\ld be   
satisfi$ on t po9t by ! cry t is rais$  
aga9/ y4 ,if y _h behav$1 z !y call x1  
discreetly1 t is1 fa9tly & trea*]\sly1 9
 ! execution ( y\r tru/1 y w\ld h _h1 = 
a :ile1 ! good ^w ( all sorts ( m51 ev5 
( _m ( ^? ^: cause y _h betray$1--& :il/
 y\r favor la/$1 y might h co9$ t false 
reputation into a true & solid int]e/ to
 y\rself4 ,?is y are well appris$ (2 & y
 d n refuse to travel t beat5 road f an 
ignorance1 b f a contempt1 ( ! objects x
 leads to4  ,:5 y *oose an ardu\s &     
slipp]y pa?1 ,god =bid t any weak feel+s
 ( my decl9+ age1 :i* calls = soo?+s &  
supports1 & :i* c h none b f y1 %\ld    
make me wi% t y %\ld ab&on :at y are    
ab\t1 or %\ld trifle ) x6 ,9 ?is h\se we
 submit1 ?\gh ) tr\bl$ m9ds1 to t ord]  
:i* has connect$ all great duties )     
toils & ) p]ils1 :i* has conduct$ ! road
 to glory ?r\gh ! regions ( obloquy &   
reproa*1 & :i* w nev] suff] ! disp>ag+  

alliance ( spuri\s1 false1 & fugitive   
praise ) g5u9e & p]man5t reputation4 ,we
 "k t ! ,p[] :i* has settl$ t ord]1 &   
subject$ y to x by plac+ y 9 ! situation
 y are 91 is able to br+ y out ( x )    
cr$it & ) safety4 ,8 w be done6 ,all mu/
 come "r4 ,y may op5 ! way ) pa9 & "u   
reproa*3 o!rs w pursue x ) ease & )     
applause4  ,i am sorry to f9d t pride & 
passion1 & t sort ( zeal = religion :i* 
nev] %[s any wond]ful heat b :5 x       
afflicts & mortifies our neighbor1 w n  
let ! rul+ description p]ceive t !      
privilege = :i* y\r cli5ts cont5d is v  
ne>ly z mu* = ! b5efit ( ^? :o refuse x 
z ^? :o ask x4 ,i am n to exam9e into ! 
*>ges t are daily made on ! adm9i/ration
 ( ,irel&4 ,i am n qualifi$ to say h[   
mu* 9 !m is cold tru?1 & h[ mu*         
rhetorical exagg]ation4 ,all[+ "s       
f\ndation to ! compla9t1 x is to no     
purpose t ^! p allege t _! gov]nm5t is a
 job 9 its adm9i/ration4 ,i am sure x is
 a job 9 its con/itution2 nor is x      
possible a s*eme ( polity1 :i*1 9 total 

exclusion ( ! body ( ! community1       
conf9es 7) little or no reg>d to _! rank
 or condition 9 life7 to a c]ta9 set (  
favor$ citiz5s ! rights :i* =m]ly       
belong$ to ! :ole1 %\ld n1 by ! op]ation
 ( ! same selfi% & n>r[ pr9ciples1 tea* 
! p]sons :o adm9i/] 9 t gov]nm5t to     
pref] _! own p>ticul>1 b well-und]/ood1 
private int]e/ to ! false &             
ill-calculat$ private int]e/ ( !        
monopoliz+ company !y belong to4 ,em95t 
*>act]s1 to be sure1 ov]rule places &   
circum/ances4 ,i h no?+ to say to t     
virtue :i* %oots up 9 full =ce by !     
native vigor ( ! sem9al pr9ciple1 9     
spite ( ! adv]se soil & climate t x gr[s
 94 ,b speak+ ( ?+s 9 _! ord9>y c\rse1 9
 a c\ntry ( monopoly !re c be no        
patriotism4 ,!re may be a p>ty _s1 b    
public _s !re c be none4 ,z to a _s (   
lib]ty1 /ill less c x exi/1 or any?+ l  
x4 ,a lib]ty made up ( p5alties6 a      
lib]ty made up ( incapacities6 a lib]ty 
made up ( exclusion & proscription1     
cont9u$ = ages1 ( f\r fif?s1 p]haps1 ( !

 inhabitants ( all ranks & =tunes ,9 :at
 does su* lib]ty diff] f ! description (
 ! mo/ %ock+ k9d ( s]vitude8  ,b x w be 
said1 9 t c\ntry "s p are free4 ,:y1 ?is
 is ! v description ( despotism4 ,p>tial
 fre$om is privilege & pr]ogative1 & n  
lib]ty4 ,lib]ty1 su* z des]ves ! "n1 is 
an hone/1 equitable1 diffusive1 &       
imp>tial pr9ciple4 ,x is a great &      
enl>g$ virtue1 & n a sordid1 selfi%1 &  
illib]al vice4 ,x is ! portion ( ! mass 
( ! citiz5s1 & n ! haughty lic5se ( "s  
pot5t individual or "s pr$om9ant        
faction4  ,if any?+ ought to be despotic
 9 a c\ntry1 x is its gov]nm5t2 because 
!re is no cause ( con/ant op]ation to   
make its yoke unequal4 ,b ! dom9ion ( a 
p>ty mu/ cont9ually1 /eadily1 & by its v
 ess5ce1 lean ^u ! pro/rate description4
 ,a con/itution =m$ s z to enable a p>ty
 to ov]rule its v gov]nm5t1 & to ov]p[] 
! p too1 answ]s ! purposes nei!r (      
gov]nm5t nor ( fre$om4 ,x compels t p[] 
:i* ought1 & (t5 w\ld be dispos$1       
equally to protect ! subjects1 to fail 9

 its tru/1 to c\nt]act its purposes1 &  
to become no bett] ?an ! in/rum5t ( !   
wrongs ( a faction4 ,"s degree (        
influ5ce mu/ exi/ 9 all gov]nm5ts4 ,b a 
gov]nm5t :i* has no int]e/ to please !  
body ( ! p1 & c nei!r support !m nor )  
safety call = _! support1 nor is ( p[]  
to sway ! dom9e]+ faction1 c only exi/  
by corruption2 & taught by t monopoliz+ 
p>ty :i* usurps ! title & qualities ( ! 
public to consid] ! body ( ! p z out ( !
 con/itution1 !y w consid] ^? :o are 9 x
 9 ! light 9 :i* !y *oose to consid]    
!mselves4 ,! :ole relation ( gov]nm5t & 
( fre$om w be a battle or a traffic4    
,?is sy/em1 9 its real nature1 & "u its 
prop] appellations1 is odi\s &          
unnatural1 especially :5 a con/itution  
is admitt$ :i* n only1 z all            
con/itutions d pr(ess1 has a reg>d to ! 
good ( ! multitude1 b 9 its !ory makes  
pr(ession ( _! p[] also4 ,b ( late ?is  
s*eme ( !irs has be5                    
new-*ri/5$1--hone/um nom5 imponitur     
vitio4 ,a ^w has be5 lately /ruck 9 !   

m9t ( ! ,ca/le ( ,dubl92 !nce x 0       
convey$ to ! ,?olsel1 or ,city-,hall1   
:]e1 hav+ pass$ ! t\* ( ! corporation1 s
 respectably /amp$ & v\*$1 x soon became
 curr5t 9 ,p>liam5t1 & 0 c>ri$ back by !
 ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 great   
pomp1 z an (f]+ ( homage f :5ce x came4 
,! ^w is asc5d5cy4 ,x is n absolutely   
new4 ,b ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h hi!rto se5 x  
us$ 0 to signify an influ5ce obta9$ ov] 
! m9ds ( "s o!r p]son by love & rev]5ce1
 or by sup]ior managem5t & dext]ity4 ,x 
_h1 !re=e1 to ?is its promotion no m ?an
 a moral1 n a civil or political use4 ,b
 ,i admit x is capable ( be+ s appli$2 &
 if ! ,"l ,mayor ( ,dubl91 & ! ,speak] (
 ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t1 :o recomm5d !       
pres]vation ( ! ,prote/ant asc5d5cy1    
mean to employ ! ^w 9 t s5se1--t is1 if 
!y und]/& by x ! pres]vation ( !        
influ5ce ( t description ( g5tlem5 ov] !
 ,ca?olics by means ( an au?ority d]iv$ 
f _! wisdom & virtue1 & f an op9ion !y  
raise 9 t p ( a pi\s reg>d & affection =
 _! fre$om & happ9ess1--x is impossible 

n to comm5d _! adoption ( s apt a t]m   
into ! family ( politics4 ,x may be     
truly said to enri* ! language4 ,ev5 if 
! ,"l ,mayor & ,speak] mean to ins9uate 
t ?is influ5ce is to be obta9$ & held by
 flatt]+ _! p1 by manag+ !m1 by         
skilfully adapt+ !mselves to ! humors & 
passions ( ^? :om !y w\ld gov]n1 he mu/ 
be a v unt[>d critic :o w\ld cavil ev5  
at ?is use ( ! ^w1 ?\gh su* cajol]ies   
w\ld p]haps be m prud5tly practis$ ?an  
pr(ess$4 ,^! are all mean+s laudable1 or
 at lea/ tol]able4 ,b :5 we look a      
little m n>r[ly1 & comp>e x ) ! plan to 
:i* x owes its pres5t te*nical          
application1 ,i f9d x has /ray$ f> f its
 orig9al s5se4 ,x goes mu* fur!r ?an !  
privilege all[$ by ,horace4 ,x is m ?an 
p>ce detortum4 ,?is ,prote/ant asc5d5cy 
means no?+ less ?an an influ5ce obta9$  
by virtue1 by love1 or ev5 by artifice &
 s$uction1--full z little an influ5ce   
d]iv$ f ! means by :i* m9i/]s h obta9$  
an influ5ce :i* might be call$1 )\t     
/ra9+1 an asc5d5cy1 9 public assemblies 

9 ,engl&1 t is1 by a lib]al di/ribution 
( places & p5sions1 & o!r graces (      
gov]nm5t4 ,?is la/ is wide inde$ ( !    
signification ( ! ^w4 ,new asc5d5cy is !
 old ma/]%ip4 ,x is nei!r m nor less ?an
 ! resolution ( "o set ( p 9 ,irel& to  
consid] !mselves z ! sole citiz5s 9 !   
commonweal?1 & to keep a dom9ion ov] !  
re/ by r$uc+ !m to absolute slav]y "u a 
milit>y p[]1 &1 ?us =tifi$ 9 _! p[]1 to 
divide ! public e/ate1 :i* is ! result (
 g5]al contribution1 z a milit>y booty1 
solely among/ !mselves4  ,! poor ^w     
asc5d5cy1 s s(t & melodi\s 9 its s\nd1 s
 l5itive & emolli5t 9 its fir/ usage1 is
 n[ employ$ to cov] to ! _w ! mo/ rigid1
 & p]haps n ! mo/ wise1 ( all plans (   
policy4 ,! ^w is l>ge en\gh 9 its       
compreh5sion4 ,i _c conceive :at mode ( 
oppression 9 civil life1 or :at mode (  
religi\s p]secution1 may n come )9 !    
me?ods ( pres]v+ an asc5d5cy4 ,9 pla9   
old ,engli%1 z !y apply x1 x signifies  
pride & dom9ion on ! "o "p ( ! relation1
 & on ! o!r subs]vi5cy & contempt1--& x 

signifies no?+ else4 ,! old words are z 
fit to be set to music z ! new3 b use   
has long s9ce affix$ to !m _! true      
signification1 & !y s\nd1 z ! o!r w1    
h>%ly & odi\sly to ! moral & intellig5t 
e>s ( mank9d4  ,?is asc5d5cy1 by be+ a  
,prote/ant asc5d5cy1 does n bett] x f ! 
comb9ation ( a note or two m 9 ?is      
anti-h>monic scale4 ,if ,prote/ant      
asc5d5cy means ! proscription f         
citiz5%ip ( by f> ! major "p ( ! p ( any
 c\ntry1 !n ,prote/ant asc5d5cy is a bad
 ?+1 & x ought to h no exi/5ce4 ,b !re  
is a deep] evil4 ,by ! use t is s       
frequ5tly made ( ! t]m1 & ! policy :i*  
is engraft$ on x1 ! "n ,prote/ant       
becomes no?+ m or bett] ?an ! "n ( a    
p]secut+ faction1 ) a relation ( "s sort
 ( !ological ho/ility to o!rs1 b )\t any
 sort ( asc]ta9$ t5ets ( its own ^u !   
gr\nd ( :i* x p]secutes o!r m53 = !     
patrons ( ?is ,prote/ant asc5d5cy nei!r 
d nor c1 by any?+ positive1 def9e or    
describe :at !y mean by ! ^w ,prote/ant4
 ,x is def9$1 z ,c[ley def9es wit1 n by 

:at x is1 b by :at x is n4 ,x is n !    
,*ri/ian religion z pr(ess$ 9 ! *ur*es  
hold+ communion ) ,rome1 ! majority (   
,*ri/ians3 t is all :i*1 9 ! latitude ( 
! t]m1 is kn[n ab\t its signification4  
,?is makes su* p]secutors t5 times worse
 ?an any ( t description t hi!rto h be5 
kn[n 9 ! _w4 ,! old p]secutors1 :e!r    
,pagan or ,*ri/ian1 :e!r ,arian or      
,or?odox1 :e!r ,ca?olics1 ,anglicans1 or
 ,calv9i/s1 actually 71 or at lea/ _h ! 
decorum to pret5d to be1 /rong          
dogmati/s4 ,!y pret5d$ t _! religi\s    
maxims 7 cle> & asc]ta9$1 & s useful t  
!y 7 b\nd1 = ! et]nal b5efit ( mank9d1  
to def5d or diffuse !m1 ?\gh by any     
sacrifices ( ! temporal good ( ^? :o 7 !
 objects ( _! sy/em ( exp]im5t4  ,!     
bottom ( ?is !ory ( p]secution is false4
 ,x is n p]mitt$ to u to sacrifice !    
temporal good ( any body ( m5 to our own
 ideas ( ! tru? & falsehood ( any       
religi\s op9ions4 ,by mak+ m5 mis]able 9
 ?is life1 !y c\nt]act "o ( ! great ends
 ( *>ity1 :i* is1 9 z mu* z 9 u lies1 to

 make m5 happy 9 e p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 &
 mo/ 9 :at mo/ dep5ds ^u u4 ,b give to  
^! old p]secutors _! mi/ak5 pr9ciple1 9 
_! reason+ !y are consi/5t1 & 9 _!      
temp]s !y may be ev5 k9d & good-natur$4 
,b :5ev] a faction w\ld r5d] millions ( 
mank9d mis]able1 "s millions ( ! race   
coexi/5t ) !mselves1 & _m millions 9 _! 
succession1 )\t kn[+ or s mu* z pret5d+ 
to asc]ta9 ! doctr9es ( _! own s*ool1 79
 :i* !re is mu* ( ! la% & no?+ ( !      
lesson17 ! errors :i* ! p]sons 9 su* a  
faction fall into are n ^? t are natural
 to human imbecility1 nor is ! lea/     
mixture ( mi/ak5 k9dness to mank9d an   
+r$i5t 9 ! sev]ities !y inflict4 ,! :ole
 is no?+ b pure & p]fect malice4 ,x is1 
inde$1 a p]fection 9 t k9d belong+ to   
be+s ( an high] ord] ?an man1 & to !m we
 ought to leave x4  ,?is k9d (          
p]secutors )\t zeal1 )\t *>ity1 "k well 
en\gh t religion1 to pass by all        
que/ions ( ! tru? or falsehood ( any (  
its p>ticul> sy/ems1 7a matt] ,i ab&on  
to ! !ologians on all sides17 is a s\rce

 ( great com=t to u mortals1 9 ?is our  
%ort1 b t$i\s j\rney ?r\gh ! _w4 ,!y "k1
 t1 to enjoy ?is consolation1 m5 mu/    
believe _! religion ^u "s pr9ciple or   
o!r1 :e!r ( education1 habit1 !ory1 or  
au?ority4 ,:5 m5 are driv5 f any ( ^?   
pr9ciples on :i* !y h receiv$ religion1 
)\t embrac+ ) ! same assurance &        
cordiality "s o!r sy/em1 a dreadful void
 is left 9 _! m9ds1 & a t]rible %ook is 
giv5 to _! morals4 ,!y lose _! guide1 _!
 com=t1 _! hope4 ,none b ! mo/ cruel &  
h>dhe>t$ ( m51 :o _h bani%$ all natural 
t5d]ness f _! m9ds1 su* z ^? be+s (     
iron1 ! a!i/s1 c\ld br+ !mselves to any 
p]secution l ?is4 ,/range x is1 b s x   
is1 t m51 driv5 by =ce f _! habits 9 "o 
mode ( religion1 h1 by contr>y habits1  
"u ! same =ce1 (t5 quietly settl$ 9     
ano!r4 ,!y suborn _! reason to decl>e 9 
favor ( _! necessity4 ,man & 8 consci5ce
 _c always be at w>4 ,if ! fir/ races h 
n be5 able to make a pacification betwe5
 ! consci5ce & ! conv5i5ce1 _!          
desc5dants come g5]ally to submit to !  

viol5ce ( ! laws1 )\t viol5ce to _!     
m9ds4 ,z ?+s /ood =m]ly1 !y possess$ a  
positive s*eme ( direction & (          
consolation4 ,9 ?is m5 may acquiesce4 ,!
 h>% me?ods 9 use ) ! old class (       
p]secutors 7 to make conv]ts1 n apo/ates
 only4 ,if !y p]v]sely hat$ o!r sects & 
factions1 !y lov$ _! own inord9ately4 ,b
 9 ?is ,prote/ant p]secution !re is     
any?+ b b5evol5ce at "w4 ,:at d ! ,iri% 
/atutes8 ,!y d n make a con=mity to !   
e/abli%$ religion1 & to its doctr9es &  
practices1 ! condition ( gett+ out (    
s]vitude4 ,no su* ?+4 ,let ?ree millions
 ( p b ab&on all t !y & _! ance/ors h   
be5 taught to believe sacr$1 & to =swe> 
x publicly 9 t]ms ! mo/ degrad+1        
scurril\s1 & indec5t = m5 ( integrity & 
virtue1 & to abuse ! :ole ( _! =m]      
lives1 & to sl&] ! education !y h       
receiv$1 & no?+ m is requir$ ( !m4 ,!re 
is no sy/em ( folly1 or impiety1 or     
blasphemy1 or a!ism1 into :i* !y may n  
?r[ !mselves1 & :i* !y may n pr(ess     
op5ly1 & z a sy/em1 consi/5tly ) !      

enjoym5t ( all ! privileges ( a free    
citiz5 9 ! happie/ con/itution 9 ! _w4  
,"s ( ! unhappy ass]tors ( ?is /range   
s*eme say !y are n p]secutors on acc\nt 
( religion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y say :at 
is n true4 ,= :at else d !y disfran*ise 
! p8 ,if ! man gets rid ( a religion    
?r\gh :i* _! malice op]ates1 he gets rid
 ( all _! p5alties & incapacities at    
once4 ,!y nev] aft]w>ds inquire ab\t    
him4 ,i speak "h ( _! pretexts1 & n ( ! 
true _s ( ! transaction1 9 :i* religi\s 
bigotry1 ,i appreh5d1 has little %>e4 ,e
 man has 8 ta/e2 b ,i ?9k1 if ,i 7 s    
mis]able & undone z to be guilty (      
prem$itat$ & cont9u$ viol5ce t[>ds any  
set ( m51 ,i _h r t my conduct 0 suppos$
 to arise f wild conceits conc]n+ _!    
religi\s advantages ?an f l[ & ung5]\s  
motives relative to my own selfi%       
int]e/4 ,i _h r be ?\ght insane 9 my    
*>ity ?an rational 9 my malice4 ,?is    
mu*1 my de> son1 ,i h to say ( ?is      
,prote/ant p]secution1--t is1 a         
p]secution ( religion itself4  ,a v     

great "p ( ! mis*iefs t vex ! _w arises 
f words4 ,p soon =get ! mean+1 b !      
impression & ! passion rema94 ,! ^w     
,prote/ant is ! *>m t looks up 9 !      
dungeon ( s]vitude ?ree millions ( y\r  
p4 ,x is n amiss to consid] ?is spell ( 
pot5cy1 ?is abracadabra1 t is hung ab\t 
! necks ( ! unhappy1 n to heal1 b to    
communicate disease4 ,we sometimes he> (
 a ,prote/ant religion1 frequ5tly ( a   
,prote/ant int]e/4 ,we he> ( ! latt] !  
mo/ frequ5tly1 because x has a positive 
mean+4 ,! o!r has none4 ,we he> ( x !   
mo/ frequ5tly1 because x has a ^w 9 !   
phrase :i*1 well or ill und]/ood1 has   
animat$ to p]secution & oppression at   
all times inf9itely m ?an all ! dogmas 9
 dispute betwe5 religi\s factions4 ,^!  
are1 inde$1 well =m$ to p]plex & torm5t 
! intellect1 b n half s well calculat$  
to inflame ! passions & animosities (   
m54  ,i d readily admit t a great deal (
 ! w>s1 s$itions1 & tr\bles ( ! _w did  
=m]ly turn ^u ! cont5tion betwe5 int]e/s
 t w5t by ! names ( ,prote/ant &        

,ca?olic4 ,b ,i imag9$ t at ?is "t no "o
 0 weak en\gh to believe1 or impud5t    
en\gh to pret5d1 t que/ions ( ,popi% &  
,prote/ant op9ions or int]e/ are ! ?+s  
by :i* m5 are at pres5t m5ac$ ) crusades
 by =eign invasion1 or ) s$itions :i*   
%ake ! f\ndations ( ! /ate at home4 ,x  
is long s9ce all ?is comb9ation ( ?+s   
has vani%$ f ! view ( intellig5t        
obs]v]s4 ,! exi/5ce ( q ano!r sy/em (   
op9ions & int]e/s is n[ pla9 to !       
grosse/ s5se4 ,are ^! ! que/ions t raise
 a flame 9 ! m9ds ( m5 at ?is day8 ,if  
ev] ! ,*ur* & ! ,con/itution ( ,engl&   
%\ld fall 9 ^! isl&s1 7& !y w fall      
toge!r17 x is n ,presbyt]ian discipl9e  
nor ,popi% hi]>*y t w rise ^u _! ru9s4  
,x w n be ! ,*ur* ( ,rome nor ! ,*ur* ( 
,scotl&1 n ! ,*ur* ( ,lu!r nor ! ,*ur* (
 ,calv94 ,on ! contr>y1 all ^! *ur*es   
are m5ac$1 & m5ac$ alike4 ,x is ! new   
fanatical religion1 n[ 9 ! heat ( its   
fir/ f]m5t1 ( ! ,rights ( ,man1 :i*     
rejects all e/abli%m5ts1 all discipl9e1 
all ecclesia/ical1 & 9 tru? all civil   

ord]1 :i* w triumph1 & :i* w lay        
pro/rate y\r ,*ur*1 :i* w de/roy y\r    
di/9ctions1 & :i* w put all y\r         
prop]ties to auction1 & disp]se y ov] ! 
e>?4 ,if ! pres5t e/abli%m5t %\ld fall1 
x is ?is religion :i* w triumph 9 ,irel&
 & 9 ,engl&1 z x has triumph$ 9 ,france4
 ,?is religion1 :i* laughs at cre$s &   
dogmas & confessions ( fai?1 may be     
fom5t$ equally among/ all descriptions &
 all sects1--among/ nom9al ,ca?olics1 & 
among/ nom9al ,*ur*m51 & among/ ^?      
,diss5t]s :o "k little & c>e less ab\t a
 presbyt]y1 or any ( its discipl9e1 or  
any ( its doctr9e4 ,aga9/ ?is new1 ?is  
gr[+1 ?is ext]m9atory sy/em1 all ^!     
*ur*es h a common conc]n to def5d       
!mselves4 ,h[ ! en?usia/s ( ?is ris+    
sect rejoice to see y ( ! old *ur*es    
play _! game1 & /ir & rake ! c9d]s (    
animosities sunk 9 _! a%es1 9 ord] to   
keep up ! execution ( _! plan = y\r     
common ru96  ,i suppress all t is 9 my  
m9d ab\t ! bl9dness ( ^? ( our cl]gy :o 
w %ut _! eyes to a ?+ :i* gl>es 9 su*   

manife/ day4 ,if "s wret*es among/ an   
indig5t & disord]ly "p ( ! populace     
raise a riot ab\t ti!s1 !re are ( ^!    
g5tlem5 ready to cry out t ?is is an    
ov]t act ( a treasonable conspiracy4 ,"h
 ! bulls1 & ! p>dons1 & ! crusade1 & !  
,pope1 & ! ?und]s ( ! ,vatican are      
ev]y:]e at "w4 ,!re is a plot to br+ 9 a
 =eign p[] to de/roy ! ,*ur*4 ,alas6 x  
is n ab\t popes1 b ab\t potatoes1 t !   
m9ds ( ?is unhappy p are agitat$4 ,x is 
n f ! _s ( zeal1 b ! _s ( :iskey1 t ^!  
wret*es act4 ,is x1 !n1 n conceiv$      
possible t a poor cl[n c be unwill+1    
aft] pay+ ?ree p\nds r5t to a g5tleman 9
 a br[n coat1 to pay f\rte5 %ill+s to "o
 9 a black coat1 = 8 acre ( potatoes1 & 
tumultu\sly to desire "s modification ( 
! *>ge1 )\t be+ suppos$ to h no o!r     
motive ?an a frantic zeal = be+ ?us     
d\ble-tax$ to ano!r set ( l&hold]s &    
ano!r set ( prie/s8 ,h m5 no            
self-int]e/1 no av>ice1 no repugnance to
 public impo/s8 ,h !y no /urdy & re/ive 
m9ds1 no undiscipl9$ habits8 ,is !re    

no?+ 9 ! :ole mob ( irregul> passions1  
:i* might precipitate "s ( ! common p1 9
 "s places1 to qu>rel ) a legal1 because
 !y feel x to be a burd5some imposition8
 ,accord+ to ^! g5tlem51 no (f5ce c be  
committ$ by ,papi/s b f zeal to _!      
religion4 ,to make room = ! vices (     
,papi/s1 !y cle> ! h\se ( all ! vices ( 
m54 ,"s ( ! common p 7n "o1 h[ev]1 9 t5 
?\s&7 commit disord]s4 ,well6 puni% !m z
 y d1 & z y ought to puni% !m1 = _!     
viol5ce aga9/ ! j prop]ty ( ea*         
individual cl]gyman1 z ea* individual   
suff]s4 ,support ! injur$ rector1 or !  
injur$ impropriator1 9 ! enjoym5t ( !   
e/ate ( :i* 7:e!r on ! be/ plan or n7 ! 
laws h put him 9 possession4 ,let !     
crime & ! puni%m5t /& ^u _! own bottom4 
,b n[ we ought all ( u1 cl]gym5 mo/     
p>ticul>ly1 to avoid assign+ ano!r cause
 ( qu>rel1 9 ord] to infuse a new s\rce 
( bitt]ness into a dispute :i* p]sonal  
feel+s on bo? sides w ( !mselves make   
bitt] en\gh1 & !reby involve 9 x by     
religi\s descriptions m5 :o h           

individually no %>e :atsoev] 9 ^?       
irregul> acts4 ,let u n make ! malignant
 fictions ( our own imag9ations1 heat$ )
 facti\s controv]sies1 reasons = keep+  
m5 t are nei!r guilty nor ju/ly suspect$
 ( crime 9 a s]vitude equally           
di%onorable & unsafe to religion & to ! 
/ate4 ,:5 m5 are con/antly accus$1 b "k 
!mselves n to be guilty1 !y mu/         
naturally abhor _! accus]s4 ,!re is no  
"*1 :5 malignantly tak5 up & delib]ately
 pursu$1 :i* m naturally excites        
indignation & abhorr5ce 9 mank9d1       
especially 9 t "p ( mank9d :i* suff]s f 
x4  ,i d n pret5d to take pride 9 an    
extravagant atta*m5t to any sect4 ,"s   
g5tlem5 9 ,irel& affect t sort ( glory4 
,x is to _! ta/e4 ,_! piety1 ,i take x =
 grant$1 ju/ifies ! f]vor ( _! zeal1 &  
may palliate ! excess ( x4 ,be+ myself  
no m ?an a common layman1 commonly in=m$
 9 controv]sies1 lead+ only a v common  
life1 & hav+ only a common citiz5's     
int]e/ 9 ! ,*ur* or 9 ! ,/ate1 yet to y 
,i w say1 9 ju/ice to my own s5tim5ts1 t

 n "o ( ^? zealots = a ,prote/ant int]e/
 wi%es m s9c]ely ?an ,i d1 p]haps n half
 s s9c]ely1 = ! support ( ! ,e/abli%$   
,*ur* 9 bo? ^! k+doms4 ,x is a great l9k
 t[>ds hold+ fa/ ! connection ( religion
 ) ! ,/ate1 & = keep+ ^! two isl&s1 9 _!
 pres5t critical indep5d5ce (           
con/itution1 9 a close connection (     
op9ion & affection4 ,i wi% x well1 z !  
religion ( ! great] numb] ( ! prim>y    
l&-proprietors ( ! k+dom1 ) :om all     
e/abli%m5ts ( ,*ur* & ,/ats1 = /rong    
political reasons1 ought 9 my op9ion to 
be firmly connect$4 ,i wi% x well1      
because x is m closely comb9$ ?an any   
o!r ( ! *ur* sy/ems ) ! cr[n1 :i* is !  
/ay ( ! mix$ ,con/itution1--because x   
is1 z ?+s n[ /&1 ! sole connect+        
political pr9ciple betwe5 ! con/itutions
 ( ! two indep5d5t k+doms4 ,i h ano!r & 
inf9itely a /rong] reason = wi%+ x well3
 x is1 t 9 ! pres5t "t ,i consid] x z "o
 ( ! ma9 pill>s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion   
itself4 ,! body & sub/ance ( e religion 
,i reg>d mu* m ?an any ( ! =ms & dogmas 

( ! p>ticul> sects4 ,its fall w\ld leave
 a great void1 :i* no?+ else1 ( :i* ,i c
 =m any di/9ct idea1 might fill4 ,i     
respect ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y & !           
,presbyt]ian republic2 b ,i "k t ! hope 
or ! fe> ( e/abli%+ ei!r ( !m is1 9 ^!  
k+doms1 equally *im]ical1 ev5 if ,i     
pref]r$ "o or ! o!r ( !m to !           
,e/abli%m5t1 :i* c]ta9ly ,i d n4  ,^!   
are "s ( my reasons = wi%+ ! support ( !
 ,*ur* ( ,irel& z by law e/abli%$4 ,^!  
reasons are f\nd$ z well on ! absolute z
 on ! relative situation ( t k+dom4 ,b  
is x because ,i love ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,k+1 &
 ! privileges ( ,p>liam5t1 t ,i am to be
 ready = any viol5ce1 or any inju/ice1  
or any absurdity1 9 ! means ( support+  
any ( ^! p[]s1 or all ( !m toge!r8      
,in/ead ( prat+ ab\t ,prote/ant         
asc5d5cies1 ,prote/ant ,p>liam5ts ought1
 9 my op9ion1 to ?9k at la/ ( becom+    
patriot ,p>liam5ts4  ,! legislature (   
,irel&1 l all legislatures1 ought to    
frame its laws to suit ! p & !          
circum/ances ( ! c\ntry1 & n any long]  

to make x _! :ole bus9ess to =ce !      
nature1 ! temp]1 & ! invet]ate habits ( 
a nation to a con=mity to speculative   
sy/ems conc]n+ any k9d ( laws4 ,irel&   
has an e/abli%$ gov]nm5t1 & a religion  
legally e/abli%$1 :i* are to be pres]v$4
 ,x has a p :o are to be pres]v$ too1 & 
to be l$ by reason1 pr9ciple1 s5tim5t1 &
 int]e/ to acquiesce 9 t gov]nm5t4      
,irel& is a c\ntry "u peculi>           
circum/ances4 ,! p ( ,irel& are a v mix$
 p2 & ! quantities ( ! sev]al +r$i5ts 9 
! mixture are v mu* disproportion$ to   
ea* o!r4 ,are we to gov]n ?is mix$ body 
z if x 7 compos$ ( ! mo/ simple elem5ts1
 compreh5d+ ! :ole 9 "o sy/em ( b5evol5t
 legislation8 or are we n r to provide =
 ! sev]al p>ts accord+ to ! v>i\s &     
div]sifi$ necessities ( ! het]og5e\s    
nature ( ! mass8 ,w\ld n common reason &
 common hone/y dictate to u ! policy (  
regulat+ ! p1 9 ! sev]al descriptions ( 
:i* !y are compos$1 accord+ to ! natural
 ranks & classes ( an ord]ly civil      
society1 "u a common protect+ sov]eign1 

& "u a =m ( con/itution favorable at    
once to au?ority & to fre$om1--su* z !  
,briti% ,con/itution boa/s to be1 & su* 
z x is to ^? :o enjoy x8  ,y h an       
ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t1 :i*1 ?\gh !   
religion ( ! pr9ce1 & ( mo/ ( ! fir/    
class ( l&$ proprietors1 is n ! religion
 ( ! major "p ( ! inhabitants1 & :i*    
consequ5tly does n answ] to !m any "o   
purpose ( a religi\s e/abli%m5t4 ,?is is
 a /ate ( ?+s :i* no man 9 8 s5ses c    
call p]fectly happy4 ,b x is ! /ate (   
,irel&4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ( exp]im5t %[ x
 to be unalt]able4 ,_m a fi]ce /ruggle  
has pass$ betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,! result is1
 y _c make ! p ,prote/ants1 & !y _c %ake
 (f a ,prote/ant gov]nm5t4 ,?is is :at  
exp]i5ce tea*es1 & :at all m5 ( s5se (  
all descriptions "k4 ,to-day ! "q is    
?is3 ,are we to make ! be/ ( ?is        
situation1 :i* we _c alt]8 ,! "q is3    
,%all ! condition ( ! body ( ! p be     
alleviat$ 9 o!r ?+s1 on acc\nt ( _!     
necess>y suff]+ f _! be+ subject to !   
burd5s ( two religi\s e/abli%m5ts1 f "o 

( :i* !y d n p>take ! lea/1 liv+ or dy+1
 ei!r ( in/ruction or ( consolation1--or
 %all x be aggravat$1 by /ripp+ ! p ?us 
load$ ( ev]y?+ :i* might support &      
indemnify !m 9 ?is /ate1 s z to leave !m
 nak$ ( e sort ( "r & ( e "n ( fran*ise1
 to outlaw !m f ! ,con/itution1 & to cut
 (f 7p]haps7 ?ree millions ( plebeian   
subjects1 )\t ref]5ce to prop]ty1 or any
 o!r qualification1 f all connection ) !
 popul> repres5tation1 ( ! k+dom8  ,z to
 religion1 x has no?+ at all to d ) !   
proce$+4 ,lib]ty is n sacrific$ to a    
zeal = religion1 b a zeal = religion is 
pret5d$ & assum$ to de/roy lib]ty4 ,!   
,ca?olic religion is completely free4 ,x
 has no e/abli%m5t1--b x is recogniz$1  
p]mitt$1 &1 9 a degree1 protect$ by !   
laws4 ,if a man is satisfi$ to be a     
slave1 he may be a ,papi/ ) p]fect      
impunity4 ,he may say mass1 or he> x1 z 
he pleases2 b he mu/ consid] himself z  
an outlaw f ! ,briti% ,con/itution4 ,if 
! con/itutional lib]ty ( ! subject 7 n !
 ?+ aim$ at1 ! direct rev]se c\rse w\ld 

be tak54 ,! fran*ise w\ld h be5 p]mitt$1
 & ! mass ext]m9at$4 ,b ! consci5ce ( a 
man left1 & a t5d]ness = x              
hypocritically pret5d$1 is to make x a  
trap to cat* 8 lib]ty4  ,s mu* is ?is ! 
design1 t ! viol5t p>tisans ( ?is s*eme 
fairly take up all ! maxims & argum5ts1 
z well z ! practices1 by :i* tyranny has
 =tifi$ itself at all times4 ,tru/+     
:olly 9 _! /r5g? & p[]1 7& ^u ?is !y    
reckon1 z always ready to /rike :]ev] !y
 wi% to direct ! /orm17 !y ab&on all    
pretext ( ! g5]al good ( ! community4   
,!y say1 t1 if ! p1 "u any giv5         
modification1 obta9 ! smalle/ portion or
 p>ticle ( con/itutional fre$om1 x w be 
impossible = !m to hold _! prop]ty4 ,!y 
tell u t !y act only on ! def5sive4 ,!y 
in=m ! public ( ,europe t _! e/ates are 
made up ( =feitures & confiscations f ! 
natives2 t1 if ! body ( p obta9 votes1  
any numb] ( votes1 h[ev] small1 x w be a
 /ep to ! *oice ( memb]s ( _! own       
religion2 t ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 spite 
( ! influ5ce ( n9ete5 p>ts 9 tw5ty ( !  

l&$ int]e/ n[ 9 _! h&s1 w be compos$ 9 !
 :ole1 or 9 f> ! major "p1 ( ,papi/s2 t 
?is ,popi% ,h\se ( ,commons w in/antly  
pass a law to confiscate all _! e/ates1 
:i* x w n be 9 _! p[] to save ev5 by    
ent]+ into t ,popi% p>ty !mselves1      
because !re are prior claimants to be   
satisfi$2 t1 z to ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 ?\gh
 nei!r ,papi/s nor ,prote/ants h a %>e 9
 elect+ !m1 ! body ( ! pe]age w be s    
oblig+ & dis9t]e/$ z to fall 9 ) ?is    
ext]m9atory s*eme1 :i* is to =feit all  
_! e/ates1 ! l>ge/ "p ( ! k+dom2 &1 to  
cr[n all1 t 8 ,maje/y w give 8 *e]ful   
ass5t to ?is causeless act ( atta9d] ( 8
 innoc5t & fai?ful ,prote/ant subjects2 
t !y w be or are to be left1 )\t h\se or
 l&1 to ! dreadful res\rce ( liv+ by _! 
wits1 out ( :i* !y are already fright5$ 
by ! appreh5sion ( ?is spoliation ) :i* 
!y are ?reat5$2 t1 !re=e1 !y _c s mu* z 
li/5 to any argum5ts drawn f equity or f
 national or con/itutional policy3 !    
sword is at _! ?roats2 begg>y & fam9e at
 _! door4 ,see :at x is to h a good     

look-out1 & to see dang] at ! end ( a   
suffici5tly long p]spective6  ,?is is1  
inde$1 to speak pla91 ?\gh to speak no?+
 v new4 ,! same ?+ has be5 said 9 all   
times & 9 all languages4 ,! language (  
tyranny has be5 inv>iable3 ,! g5]al good
 is inconsi/5t ) my p]sonal safety4     
,ju/ice & lib]ty seem s al>m+ to ^!     
g5tlem51 t !y are n a%am$ ev5 to sl&] _!
 own titles1 to calumniate & call 9 d\bt
 _! "r to _! own e/ates1 & to consid]   
!mselves z novel disseizors1 usurp]s1 & 
intrud]s1 r ?an lose a pretext = becom+ 
oppressors ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 :om !y 7n
 ,i7 *oose to describe !mselves z hav+  
robb$4  ,in/ead ( putt+ !mselves 9 ?is  
odi\s po9t ( light1 "o w\ld ?9k !y w\ld 
wi% to let ,"t draw 8 oblivi\s veil ov] 
! unpleasant modes by :i* lord%ips &    
demesnes h be5 acquir$ 9 !irs1 & almo/ 9
 all o!r c\ntries ^u e>?4 ,x might be   
imag9$1 t1 :5 ! suff]] 7if a suff]]     
exi/s7 _h =got ! wrong1 !y w\ld be      
pleas$ to =get x too1--t !y w\ld p]mit !
 sacr$ "n ( possession to /& 9 ! place (

 ! melan*oly & unpleasant title (       
grantees ( confiscation1 :i*1 ?\gh firm 
& valid 9 law1 surely m]its ! "n t a    
great ,roman juri/ gave to a title at   
lea/ z valid 9 8 nation z confiscation  
w\ld be ei!r 9 8 or 9 ours3 ,tri/is et  
luctuosa successio4  ,su* is ! situation
 ( e man :o comes 9 ^u ! ru9 ( ano!r2 8 
succe$+1 "u ?is circum/ance1 is tri/is  
et luctuosa successio4 ,if x _h be5 !   
fate ( any g5tleman to pr(it by !       
confiscation ( 8 neighbor1 "o w\ld ?9k  
he w\ld be m dispos$ to give him a      
valuable int]e/ "u him 9 8 l&1 or to    
all[ him a p5sion1 z ,i und]/& "o wor?y 
p]son has done1 )\t fe> or appreh5sion t
 8 b5evol5ce to a ru9$ family w\ld be   
con/ru$ into a recognition ( ! =feit$   
title4 ,! public ( ,engl&1 ! o!r day1   
act$ 9 ?is mann] t[>ds ,"l ,newburgh1 a 
,ca?olic4 ,?\gh ! e/ate _h be5 ve/$ by  
law 9 ! greate/ ( ! public *>ities1 !y h
 giv5 him a p5sion f 8 confiscation4 ,!y
 h gone fur!r 9 o!r cases4 ,on ! la/    
rebellion1 9 #agde1 9 ,scotl&1 sev]al   

=feitures 7 incurr$4 ,!y _h be5 dispos$ 
( by ,p>liam5t to c]ta9 laudable uses4  
,p>liam5t rev]s$ ! me?od :i* !y _h      
adopt$ 9 ,"l ,newburgh's case1 & 9 my   
op9ion did bett]3 !y gave ! =feit$      
e/ates to ! successors ( ! =feit+       
proprietors1 *>geable 9 "p ) ! uses4 ,is
 ?is1 or any?+ l ?is1 ask$ 9 favor ( any
 human creature 9 ,irel&8 ,x is b\nty1 x
 is *>ity1--wise b\nty1 & politic *>ity2
 b no man c claim x z a "r4 ,"h no su*  
?+ is claim$ z "r1 or begg$ z *>ity4 ,! 
dem& has an object z di/ant f all       
consid]ations ( ?is sort z any two      
extremes c be4 ,! p desire ! privileges 
insep>ably annex$1 s9ce ,magna ,*>ta1 to
 ! freehold :i* !y h by desc5t or obta9 
z ! fruits ( _! indu/ry4 ,!y call = no  
man's e/ate2 !y desire n to be          
dispossess$ ( _! own4  ,b ?is melan*oly 
& invidi\s title is a favorite 7&1 l    
favorites1 always ( ! lea/ m]it7 ) ^? :o
 possess e o!r title ^u e>? along ) x4  
,= ?is purpose !y revive ! bitt] memory 
( e diss5sion :i* has torn to pieces _! 

mis]able c\ntry = ages4 ,aft] :at has   
pass$ 9 #aghb1 "o w\ld n ?9k t decorum1 
to say no?+ ( policy1 w\ld p]mit !m to  
call up1 by magic *>ms1 ! gr\nds1       
reasons1 & pr9ciples ( ^? t]rible       
confiscatory & ext]m9atory p]iods4 ,!y  
w\ld n set m5 ^u call+ f ! quiet sleep (
 dea? any ,samuel1 to ask him by :at act
 ( arbitr>y mon>*s1 by :at inquisitions 
( corrupt$ tribunals & tortur$ jurors1  
by :at fictiti\s t5ures inv5t$ to       
dispossess :ole un(f5d+ tribes & _!     
*iefta9s4 ,!y w\ld n conjure up ! gho/s 
f ! ru9s ( ca/les & *ur*es1 to tell =   
:at attempt to /ruggle = ! indep5d5ce ( 
an ,iri% legislature1 & to raise armies 
( volunte]s )\t regul> commissions f !  
cr[n 9 support ( t indep5d5ce1 ! e/ates 
( ! old ,iri% nobility & g5try _h be5   
confiscat$4 ,!y w\ld n wantonly call on 
^? phantoms to tell by :at ,engli% acts 
( ,p>liam5t1 =c$ ^u two reluctant k+s1 !
 l&s ( _! c\ntry 7 put up to a mean &   
sc&al\s auction 9 e goldsmi?'s %op 9    
,london1 or *opp$ to pieces & out into  

rations1 to pay ! m]c5>y soldi]y ( a    
regicide usurp]4 ,!y w\ld n be s fond ( 
titles "u ,cromwell1 :o1 if he av5g$ an 
,iri% rebellion aga9/ ! sov]eign        
au?ority ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ,engl&1 _h     
himself rebell$ aga9/ ! v ,p>liam5t ^:  
sov]eignty he ass]t$1 full z mu* z !    
,iri% nation1 :i* he 0 s5t to subdue &  
confiscate1 c\ld rebel aga9/ t          
,p>liam5t1 or c\ld rebel aga9/ ! k+1    
aga9/ :om bo? he & ! ,p>liam5t :i* he   
s]v$1 & :i* he betray$1 _h bo? ( !m     
rebell$4  ,! g5tlem5 :o hold ! language 
( ! day "k p]fectly well t ! ,iri% 9    
#afda pret5d$1 at lea/1 t !y did n rise 
aga9/ ! k+3 nor 9 fact did !y1 :atev]   
con/ructions law might put ^u _! act4 ,b
 full surely !y rebell$ aga9/ ! au?ority
 ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ,engl&1 & !y op5ly     
pr(ess$ s to d4 ,admitt+ 7,i h n[ no "t 
to discuss ! matt]7 ! enorm\s &         
unp>donable magnitude ( ?is _! crime1 !y
 ru$ x 9 _! p]sons1 & 9 ^? ( _! *ildr5 &
 _! gr&*ildr51 ev5 to ! fif? & six?     
g5]ations4 ,admitt+1 !n1 ! enormity (   

?is unnatural rebellion 9 favor ( !     
indep5d5ce ( ,irel&1 w x foll[ t x mu/  
be av5g$ =ev]8 ,w x foll[ t x mu/ be    
av5g$ on ?\s&s & p]haps hundr$s ( ?\s&s 
( ^? :om !y c nev] trace1 by ! labors ( 
! mo/ subtle metaphysician ( !          
traduction ( crimes1 or ! mo/           
inquisitive g5ealogi/ ( proscription1 to
 ! desc5dant ( any "o conc]n$ 9 t       
nef>i\s ,iri% rebellion aga9/ !         
,p>liam5t ( ,engl&8  ,if1 h[ev]1 y c\ld 
f9d out ^? p$igrees ( guilt1 ,i d n ?9k 
! diff]5ce w\ld be ess5tial4 ,hi/ory    
records _m ?+s :i* ought to make u hate 
evil actions2 b nei!r hi/ory1 nor       
morals1 nor policy c tea* u to puni%    
innoc5t m5 on t acc\nt4 ,:at lesson does
 ! iniquity ( preval5t factions read to 
u8 ,x ought to lesson u into an         
abhorr5ce ( ! abuse ( our own p[] 9 our 
own day1 :5 we hate its excesses s mu* 9
 o!r p]sons & 9 o!r times4 ,to t s*ool  
true /atesm5 ought to be satisfi$ to    
leave mank9d4 ,!y ought n to call f !   
dead all ! discussions & litigations :i*

 =m]ly inflam$ ! furi\s factions :i* _h 
torn _! c\ntry to pieces2 !y ought n to 
rake into ! hide\s & abom9able ?+s :i* 7
 done 9 ! turbul5t fury ( an injur$1    
robb$1 & p]secut$ p1 & :i* 7 aft]w>ds   
cruelly rev5g$ 9 ! execution1 & z       
outrage\sly & %amefully exagg]at$ 9 !   
repres5tation1 9 ord]1 an hundr$ & fifty
 ye>s aft]1 to f9d "s color = ju/ify+ !m
 9 ! et]nal proscription & civil        
excommunication ( a :ole p4  ,let u come
 to a lat] p]iod ( ^? confiscations ) ! 
memory ( :i* ! g5tlem5 :o triumph 9 !   
acts ( #aghb are s mu* delight$4 ,!     
,iri% aga9 rebell$ aga9/ ! ,engli%      
,p>liam5t 9 #afhh1 & ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t
 aga9 put up to sale ! greate/ "p ( _!  
e/ates4 ,i d n presume to def5d ! ,iri% 
= ?is rebellion1 nor to blame ! ,engli% 
,p>liam5t = ?is confiscation4 ,! ,iri%1 
x is true1 did n revolt f ,k+ ,james's  
p[]4 ,he ?rew himself ^u _! fidelity1 & 
!y support$ him to ! be/ ( _! feeble    
p[]4 ,be ! crime ( t ob/9ate adh]5ce to 
an abdicat$ sov]eign1 aga9/ a pr9ce :om 

! ,p>liam5ts ( ,irel& & ,scotl& _h      
recogniz$1 :at x may1 ,i d n mean to    
ju/ify ?is rebellion m ?an ! =m]4 ,x    
might1 h[ev]1 admit "s palliation 9 !m4 
,9 g5]\s m9ds "s small degree (         
compassion might be excit$ = an error1  
:]e !y 7 misl$1 z ,cic]o says to a      
conqu]or1 quadam specie et similitud9e  
pacis1 n )\t a mi/ak5 appe>ance ( duty1 
& = :i* ! guilty h suff]$1 by exile     
abroad & slav]y at home1 to ! ext5t ( _!
 folly or _! (f5ce4 ,! be/ calculators  
compute t ,irel& lo/ two hundr$ ?\s& (  
h] inhabitants 9 t /ruggle4 ,if !       
pr9ciple ( ! ,engli% & ,scotti%         
resi/ance at ! ,revolution is to be     
ju/ifi$1 7z sure ,i am x is17 !         
submission ( ,irel& mu/ be some:at      
ext5uat$4 ,=1 if ! ,iri% resi/$ ,k+     
,william1 !y resi/$ him on ! v same     
pr9ciple t ! ,engli% & ,scot* resi/$ ,k+
 ,james4 ,! ,iri% ,ca?olics mu/ h be5 ! 
v wor/ & ! mo/ truly unnatural ( rebels1
 if !y _h n support$ a pr9ce :om !y _h  
se5 attack$1 n = any designs aga9/ _!   

religion or _! lib]ties1 b = an extreme 
p>tiality = _! sect1 & :o1 f> f         
trespass+ on _! lib]ties & prop]ties1   
secur$ bo? !m & ! indep5d5ce ( _! c\ntry
 9 mu* ! same mann] t we h se5 ! same   
?+s done at ! p]iod ( #aghb1--;,i tru/ !
 la/ revolution 9 ,irel&4  ,t ! ,iri%   
,p>liam5t ( ,k+ ,james did 9 "s         
p>ticul>s1 ?\gh feebly1 imitate ! rigor 
:i* _h be5 us$ t[>ds ! ,iri%1 is true   
en\gh4 ,blamable en\gh !y 7 = :at !y _h 
done1 ?\gh "u ! greate/ possible        
provocation4 ,i %all nev] praise        
confiscations or c\nt]-confiscations z  
long z ,i live4 ,:5 !y happ5 by         
necessity1 ,i %all ?9k ! necessity      
lam5table & odi\s3 ,i %all ?9k t any?+  
done "u x ought n to pass into prec$5t1 
or to be adopt$ by *oice1 or to produce 
any ( ^? %ock+ retaliations :i* nev]    
suff] diss5sions to subside4 ,lea/ ( all
 w\ld ,i fix ! transitory _s ( civil    
fury by p]petuat+ & me?odiz+ x 9        
tyrannic gov]nm5t4 ,if x 7 p]mitt$ to   
argue ) p[]1 might "o n ask ^! g5tlem5  

:e!r x w\ld n be m natural1 in/ead (    
wantonly moot+ ^! que/ions conc]n+ _!   
prop]ty1 z if x 7 an ex]cise 9 law1 to  
f\nd x on ! solid rock (                
prescription1--! s\nde/1 ! mo/ g5]al1 & 
! mo/ recogniz$ title betwe5 man & man t
 is kn[n 9 municipal or 9 public        
jurisprud5ce8--a title 9 :i* n arbitr>y 
in/itutions1 b ! et]nal ord] ( ?+s1     
gives judgm5t2 a title :i* is n !       
creature1 b ! ma/]1 ( positive law2 a   
title :i*1 ?\gh n fix$ 9 its t]m1 is    
root$ 9 its pr9ciple 9 ! law ( ,nature  
itself1 & is inde$ ! orig9al gr\nd ( all
 kn[n prop]ty3 = all prop]ty 9 soil w   
always be trac$ back to t s\rce1 & w re/
 !re4 ,! mis]able natives ( ,irel&1 :o  
n9ety-n9e 9 an hundr$ are torm5t$ ) q   
o!r c>es1 & are b[$ d[n to labor = !    
bread ( ! h\r1 are n1 z g5tlem5 pret5d1 
plodd+ ) antiqu>ies = titles ( c5turies 
ago to ! e/ates ( ! great lords &       
squires = :om !y labor4 ,b if !y 7 ?9k+ 
( ! titles :i* g5tlem5 labor to beat    
into _! heads1 :]e c !y bottom _! own   

claims1 b 9 a presumption & a pro( t ^! 
l&s _h at "s "t be5 possess$ by _!      
ance/ors8 ,^! g5tlem5 7= !y h lawy]s    
among/ !m7 "k z well z ,i t 9 ,engl& we 
h _h always a prescription or           
limitation1 z all nations h1 aga9/ ea*  
o!r4 ,! cr[n 0 except$2 b t exception is
 de/roy$1 & we h lately e/abli%$ a sixty
 ye>s' possession z aga9/ ! cr[n4 ,all  
titles t]m9ate 9 prescription1--9 :i*   
7diff]5tly f ,"t 9 ! fabul\s in/ances7 !
 son dev\rs ! fa!r1 & ! la/ prescription
 eats up all ! =m]4         99       99 
99       99       99     ,a  ,,lett]    
,,on  ,,! ,,affairs ,,( ,,irel&4  #agig4
   ,de> ,sir1--,9 ! r$uc$ /ate ( body & 
9 ! deject$ /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ,i f9d     
myself at ?is v advanc$ p]iod ( my life1
 x is a great consolation to me to "k t 
a cause ,i ev] h _h s v ne> my he>t is  
tak5 up by a man ( y\r activity &       
tal5ts4  ,x is v true t y\r late fri5d1 
my ev] de> & honor$ son1 0 9 ! highe/   
degree solicit\s ab\t ! f9al ev5t ( a   
bus9ess :i* he also _h pursu$ = a long  

"t ) inf9ite zeal1 & no small degree (  
success4 ,x 0 n above half an h\r be=e  
he left me =ev] t he spoke ) consid]able
 e>ne/ness on ?is v subject4 ,if ,i _h  
ne$$ any inc5tives to d my be/ = free+ !
 body ( my c\ntry f ! grievances "u :i* 
!y labor1 ?is alone w\ld c]ta9ly call =?
 all my endeavors4  ,! p]son :o succe$$ 
to ! gov]nm5t ( ,irel& ab\t ! "t ( t    
afflict+ ev5t _h be5 all along ( my     
s5tim5ts & y\rs ^u ?is subject2 & f> f  
ne$+ to be /imulat$ by me1 t incomp>able
 p]son1 & ^? 9 :om he /rictly confid$1  
ev5 w5t be=e me 9 _! resolution to      
pursue ! great end ( gov]nm5t1 !        
satisfaction & concord ( ! p ) ^: welf>e
 !y 7 *>g$4 ,i _c be> to ?9k on ! causes
 by :i* ?is great plan ( policy1 s      
manife/ly b5eficial to bo? k+doms1 has  
be5 defeat$4  ,y\r mi/ake ) reg>d to me 
lies 9 suppos+ t ,i did n1 :5 8 removal 
0 9 agitation1 /rongly & p]sonally      
repres5t to sev]al ( 8 ,maje/y's m9i/]s1
 to :om ,i c\ld h ! mo/ ready access1 ! 
true /ate ( ,irel&1 & ! mis*iefs :i*    

soon] or lat] mu/ arise f subject+ !    
mass ( ! p to ! caprici\s & int]e/$     
dom9ation ( an exce$+ small faction &   
its dep5d5cies4  ,t repres5tation 0 made
 ! la/ "t1 or v ne>ly ! la/ "t1 t ,i h  
ev] _h ! honor ( see+ ^? m9i/]s4 ,i am s
 f> f hav+ any cr$it ) !m1 on ?is1 or   
any o!r public matt]s1 t ,i h reason to 
be c]ta91 if x 7 kn[n t any p]son 9     
(fice 9 ,irel&1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 7 
influ5c$ by my op9ions1 & dispos$ to act
 ^u !m1 su* an "o w\ld be in/antly turn$
 out ( 8 employm5t4 ,yon h =m$1 to my   
p]son a flatt]+1 yet 9 tru? a v errone\s
 op9ion1 ( my p[] ) ^? :o direct !      
public measures4 ,i nev] h be5 directly 
or indirectly consult$ ab\t any?+ t is  
done4 ,! judgm5t ( ! em95t & able p]sons
 :o conduct public affairs is und\bt$ly 
sup]ior to m9e2 b self-p>tiality induces
 almo/ e man to def] some?+ to 8 own4   
,no?+ is m notori\s ?an t ,i h !        
mis=tune ( ?9k+ t no "o capital measure 
relative to political arrangem5ts1 &    
/ill less t a new milit>y plan = !      

def5ce ( ei!r k+dom 9 ?is ardu\s w>1 has
 be5 tak5 ^u any o!r pr9ciple ?an su* z 
mu/ conduct u to inevitable ru94  ,9 !  
/ate ( my m9d1 s discordant ) ! tone (  
m9i/]s1 & /ill m discordant ) ! tone (  
opposition1 y may judge :at degree (    
weight ,i am likely to h ) ei!r ( !     
p>ties :o divide ?is k+dom1--ev5 ?\gh ,i
 7 end[$ ) /r5g? ( body1 or 7 possess$ (
 any active situation 9 ! gov]nm5t1 :i* 
might give success to my endeavors4 ,b !
 fact is1 s9ce ! day ( my unspeakable   
calamity1 except 9 ! att5tions ( a v few
 old & compassionate fri5ds1 ,i am      
totally out ( all social int]c\rse4 ,my 
heal? has gone d[n v rapidly2 & ,i h be5
 br\ght hi!r ) v fa9t hopes ( life1 &   
enfeebl$ to su* a degree z ^? :o _h kn[n
 me "s "t ago c\ld sc>cely ?9k cr$ible4 
,s9ce ,i came hi!r1 my suff]+s h be5    
greatly aggravat$1 & my little /r5g?    
/ill fur!r r$uc$2 s t1 ?\gh ,i am told !
 symptoms ( my disord] beg9 to c>ry a m 
favorable aspect1 ,i pass ! f> l>g] "p (
 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 inde$ almo/ ! :ole1  

ei!r 9 my b$ or ly+ ^u ! c\* f :i* ,i   
dictate ?is4 ,_h y be5 appris$ ( ?is    
circum/ance1 y c\ld n h expect$ any?+1 z
 y seem to d1 f my active ex]tions4 ,i  
c\ld d no?+1 if ,i 0 /ill /rong]1 n ev5 
si meus ad=et ,hector4  ,!re is no hope 
= ! body ( ! p ( ,irel&1 z long z ^? :o 
are 9 p[] ) y %all make x ! great object
 ( _! policy to propagate an op9ion on  
?is side ( ! wat] t ! mass ( _! c\ntrym5
 are n to be tru/$ by _! gov]nm5t1 & t !
 only hold :i* ,engl& has ^u ,irel&     
consi/s 9 pres]v+ a c]ta9 v small numb] 
( g5tlem5 9 full possession ( a monopoly
 ( t k+dom4 ,?is sy/em has disgu/$ _m   
o!rs besides ,ca?olics & ,diss5t]s4  ,z 
to ^? :o on y\r side are 9 ! opposition 
to gov]nm5t1 !y are compos$ ( p]sons    
sev]al ( :om ,i love & rev]e4 ,!y h be5 
irritat$ by a treatm5t too mu* = !      
ord9>y pati5ce ( mank9d to be> into !   
adoption ( s*emes :i*1 h[ev]            
argum5tatively speci\s1 w\ld g          
practically to ! inevitable ru9 ( !     
k+dom4 ,! opposition always connects !  

emancipation ( ! ,ca?olics ) ^! s*emes (
 re=mation3 inde$1 x makes ! =m] only a 
memb] ( ! latt] project4 ,! g5tlem5 :o  
en=ce t opposition are1 9 my op9ion1    
play+ ! game ( _! adv]s>ies ) all _!    
might2 & !re is no ?ird p>ty 9 ,irel&   
7nor 9 ,engl& nei!r7 to sep>ate ?+s t   
are 9 !mselves s di/9ct1--,i mean !     
admitt+ p to ! b5efits ( ! ,con/itution1
 & a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! ,con/itution      
itself4  ,z e "o kn[s t a great "p ( !  
con/itution ( ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,commons 0
 =m$ ab\t ! ye> #afad expressly = br++ t
 ,h\se into a /ate ( dep5d5ce1 & t ! new
 repres5tative 0 at t "t seat$ & in/all$
 by =ce & viol5ce1 no?+ c be m impolitic
 ?an = ^? :o wi% ! ,h\se to /& on its   
pres5t basis 7z1 = "o1 ,i mo/ s9c]ely d7
 to make x appe> to h kept too mu* !    
pr9ciple ( its fir/ in/itution1 & to    
cont9ue to be z little a virtual z x is 
an actual repres5tative ( ! commons4 ,x 
is ! deg5]acy ( su* an in/itution1 s    
vici\s 9 its pr9ciple1 t is to be wi%$  
=4 ,if m5 h ! real b5efit ( a sympa!tic 

repres5tation1 none b ^? :o are heat$ & 
intoxicat$ ) !ory w look = any o!r4 ,?is
 sort ( repres5tation1 my de> ,sir1 mu/ 
:olly dep5d1 n on ! =ce ) :i* x is      
upheld1 b ^u ! prud5ce ( ^? :o h        
influ5ce ^u x4 ,inde$1 )\t "s su*       
prud5ce 9 ! use ( au?ority1 ,i d n "k1  
at lea/ 9 ! pres5t "t1 h[ any p[] c long
 cont9ue4  ,if x be true t bo? p>ties   
are c>ry+ ?+s to extremities 9 diff]5t  
ways1 ! object :i* y & ,i h 9 common1 t 
is to say1 ! union & concord ( our      
c\ntry on ! basis ( ! actual            
repres5tation1 )\t risk+ ^? evils :i*   
any *ange 9 ! =m ( our legislature mu/  
inevitably br+ on1 c nev] be obta9$4 ,on
 ! "p ( ! ,ca?olics 7t is to say1 ( !   
body ( ! p ( ! k+dom7 x is a t]rible    
alt]native1 ei!r to submit to ! yoke (  
decl>$ & insult+ enemies1 or to seek a  
rem$y 9 plung+ !mselves into ! horrors &
 crimes ( t ,jacob9ism :i* un=tunately  
is n disagreeable to ! pr9ciples &      
incl9ations (1 ,i am afraid1 ! majority 
( :at we call ! ,prote/ants ( ,irel&4 ,!

 ,prote/ant "p ( t k+dom is repres5t$ by
 ! gov]nm5t itself to be1 by :ole       
c\nties1 9 no?+ less ?an op5 rebellion4 
,i am sure t x is ev]y:]e teem+ )       
dang]\s conspiracy4  ,i believe x w be  
f\nd1 t1 ?\gh ! pr9ciples ( ! ,ca?olics1
 & ! incessant endeavors ( _! cl]gy1 h  
kept !m f be+ g5]ally infect$ ) ! sy/ems
 ( ?is "t1 yet1 :5ev] _! situation br+s 
!m ne>] into contact ) ! ,jacob9        
,prote/ants1 !y are m or less infect$ ) 
_! doctr9es4  ,x is a matt] = melan*oly 
reflection1 b ,i am fully conv9c$1 t _m 
p]sons 9 ,irel& w\ld be glad t !        
,ca?olics %\ld become m & m infect$ ) ! 
,jacob9 madness1 9 ord] to furni% new   
argum5ts = =tify+ !m 9 _! monopoly4 ,on 
any o!r gr\nd x is impossible to acc\nt 
= ! late language ( y\r m5 9 p[]4 ,if   
/atesm51 7let me suppose = argum5t17 ^u 
! mo/ solid political pr9ciples1        
conceive !mselves oblig$ to resi/ !     
wi%es ( ! f> m num]\s1 &1 z ?+s /&1 n ! 
worse "p ( ! community1 "o w\ld ?9k !y  
w\ld naturally put _! refusal z mu* z   

possible ^u tempor>y gr\nds1 & t !y w\ld
 act t[>ds !m 9 ! mo/ conciliatory      
mann]1 & w\ld talk to !m 9 ! mo/ g5tle &
 soo?+ language3 = refusal1 9 itself1 is
 n a v graci\s ?+2 &1 un=tunately1 m5   
are v quickly irritat$ out ( _!         
pr9ciples4 ,no?+ is m disc\rag+ to !    
loyalty ( any description ( m5 ?an to   
repres5t to !m t _! humiliation &       
subjection make a pr9cipal "p 9 !       
fundam5tal & inv>iable policy :i* reg>ds
 ! conjunction ( ^! two k+doms4 ,?is is 
n ! way to give !m a w>m int]e/ 9 t     
conjunction4  ,my poor op9ion is1 t !   
close/ connection betwe5 ,great ,brita9 
& ,irel& is ess5tial to ! well-be+1 ,i  
_h almo/ said1 to ! v be+1 ( ! two      
k+doms4 ,= t purpose ,i humbly conceive 
t ! :ole ( ! sup]ior1 & :at ,i %\ld call
 imp]ial politics1 ought to h its       
resid5ce "h2 & t ,irel&1 locally1       
civilly1 & comm]cially indep5d5t1 ought 
politically to look up to ,great ,brita9
 9 all matt]s ( peace or ( w>1--9 all ^?
 po9ts to be guid$ by h]4--&1 9 a ^w1 ) 

h] to live & to die4 ,at bottom1 ,irel& 
has no o!r *oice1--,i mean1 no o!r      
rational *oice4  ,i ?9k1 inde$1 t ,great
 ,brita9 w\ld be ru9$ by ! sep>ation (  
,irel&2 b z !re are degrees ev5 9 ru91 x
 w\ld fall ! mo/ heavily on ,irel&4 ,by 
su* a sep>ation ,irel& w\ld be ! mo/    
completely undone c\ntry 9 ! _w1--! mo/ 
wret*$1 ! mo/ di/ract$1 &1 9 ! end1 !   
mo/ desolate "p ( ! habitable globe4    
,little d _m p 9 ,irel& consid] h[ mu* (
 its prosp]ity has be5 ow+ to1 & /ill   
dep5ds ^u1 its intimate connection ) ?is
 k+dom4 ,b1 m s5sible ( ?is great tru?1 
?an p]haps any o!r man1 ,i h nev]       
conceiv$1 or c conceive1 t ! connection 
is /r5g!n$ by mak+ ! major "p ( !       
inhabitants ( y\r c\ntry believe t _!   
ease1 & _! satisfaction1 & _!           
equalization ) ! re/ ( _! fell[-subjects
 ( ,irel& are ?+s adv]se to ! pr9ciples 
( t connection1--or t _! subjection to a
 small monopoliz+ junto1 compos$ ( "o ( 
! smalle/ ( _! own int]nal factions1 is 
! v condition ^u :i* ! h>mony ( ! two   

k+doms ess5tially dep5ds4 ,i 0 sorry to 
he> t ?is pr9ciple1 or some?+ n unlike  
x1 0 publicly & fully av[$ by p]sons (  
great rank & au?ority 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords
 9 ,irel&4  ,z to a p>ticipation on ! "p
 ( ! ,ca?olics 9 ! privileges &         
capacities :i* are )held1 )\t mean+     
:olly to depreciate _! importance1 if ,i
 _h ! honor ( be+ an ,iri% ,ca?olic1 ,i 
%\ld be cont5t to expect satisfaction ^u
 t subject ) pati5ce1 until ! m9ds ( my 
adv]s>ies1 few1 b p[]ful1 7 come to a   
prop] temp]3 because1 if ! ,ca?olics did
 enjoy1 )\t fraud1 *icane1 or p>tiality1
 "s fair portion ( ^? advantages :i* !  
law1 ev5 z n[ ! law is1 leaves op5 to   
!m1 & if ! rod 7 n %ak5 ov] !m at e     
turn1 _! pres5t condition w\ld be       
tol]able2 z comp>$ ) _! =m] condition1 x
 w\ld be happy4 ,b ! mo/ favorable laws 
c d v little t[>ds ! happ9ess ( a p1 :5 
! disposition ( ! rul+ p[] is adv]se to 
!m4 ,m5 d n live ^u blott$ pap]4 ,!     
favorable or ! ho/ile m9d ( ! rul+ p[]  
is ( f> m importance to mank9d1 = good  

or evil1 ?an ! black-lett] ( any /atute4
 ,late acts ( ,p>liam5t1 :il/ !y fix$ at
 lea/ a tempor>y b> to ! hopes &        
progress ( ! l>g] description ( !       
nation1 op5$ to !m c]ta9 subord9ate     
objects ( equality2 b x is impossible t 
! p %\ld imag9e t any fair measure (    
advantage is int5d$ to !m1 :5 !y he> !  
laws by :i* !y 7 admitt$ to ?is limit$  
qualification publicly reprobat$ z      
excessive & inconsid]ate4 ,!y mu/ ?9k t 
!re is a hank]+ aft] ! old p5al &       
p]secut+ code4 ,_! al>m mu/ be great1 :5
 t decl>ation is made by a p]son 9 v    
high & important (fice 9 ! ,h\se (      
,commons1 & z ! v fir/ specim5 & auspice
 ( a new gov]nm5t4  ,all ?is is v       
un=tunate4 ,i h ! honor ( an old        
acqua9tance1 & ent]ta91 9 common ) y1 a 
v high e/eem = ! few ,engli% p]sons :o  
are conc]n$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,irel&2 b ,i 
am n ignorant ( ! relation ^! transitory
 m9i/]s be> to ! m settl$ ,iri% "p ( y\r
 adm9i/ration4 ,x is a delicate topic1  
^u :i* ,i wi% to say b little1 ?\gh my  

reflections ^u x are _m & s]i\s4 ,!re is
 a great cry aga9/ ,engli% influ5ce4 ,i 
am q sure t x is ,iri% influ5ce t dreads
 ! ,engli% habits4  ,great disord]s h   
long prevail$ 9 ,irel&4 ,x is n long    
s9ce t ! ,ca?olics 7 ! suff]+ p>ty f ^? 
disord]s4 ,i am sure !y 7 n protect$ z !
 case requir$4 ,_! suff]+s became a     
matt] ( discussion 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,x      
produc$ ! mo/ infuriat$ declamation     
aga9/ !m t ,i h ev] read4 ,an inquiry 0 
mov$ into ! facts4 ,! declamation 0 at  
lea/ tol]at$1 if n approv$4 ,! inquiry 0
 absolutely reject$4 ,9 t case1 :at is  
left = ^? :o are ab&on$ by gov]nm5t1 b  
to jo9 ) ! p]sons :o are capable (      
injur+ !m or protect+ !m z !y oppose or 
concur 9 _! designs8 ,?is w produce a v 
fatal k9d ( union among/ ! p2 b x is an 
union1 :i* an unequal adm9i/ration (    
ju/ice t5ds necess>ily to produce4  ,if 
any?+ c\ld a/oni% "o at ?is "t1 x is !  
w> t ! rul]s 9 ,irel& ?9k x prop] to    
c>ry on aga9/ ! p]son :om !y call !     
,pope1 & aga9/ all 8 adh]5ts1 :5ev] !y  

?9k !y h ! p[] ( manife/+ _! ho/ility4  
,)\t 9 ! lea/ d]ogat+ f ! tal5ts ( y\r  
!ological politicians1 or f ! milit>y   
abilities ( y\r comm&]s 7:o act on !    
same pr9ciples7 9 ,irel&1 & )\t d]ogat+ 
f ! zeal ( ei!r1 x appe>s to me t !     
,prote/ant ,directory ( ,p>is1 z        
/atesm51 & ! ,prote/ant h]o1 ,buonap>te1
 z a g5]al1 h done m to de/roy ! said   
,pope & all 8 adh]5ts1 9 all _!         
capacities1 ?an ! junto 9 ,irel& h ev]  
be5 able to effect4 ,y mu/ submit y\r   
fasces to !irs1 & at be/ be cont5t$ to  
foll[ ) songs ( gratulation1 or         
invectives1 accord+ to y\r humor1 !     
triumphal c> ( ^? great conqu]ors4 ,_h t
 true ,prote/ant1 ,ho*e1 ) an army n    
infect$ ) ! slighte/ t9cture ( ,pop]y1  
made good 8 l&+ 9 ,irel&1 he w\ld h sav$
 y f a great deal ( ! tr\ble :i* is tak5
 to keep "u a description ( y\r         
fell[-citiz5s obnoxi\s to y f _!        
religion4 ,x w\ld n h a mon?'s exi/5ce1 
suppos+ 8 success4 ,?is is ! alliance   
:i*1 "u ! appe>ance ( ho/ility1 we act z

 if we wi%$ to promote4 ,all is well1   
provid$ we are safe f ,pop]y4  ,x 0 n   
necess>y = y1 my de> ,sir1 to expla9    
y\rself to me 79 ju/ification ( y\r good
 wi%es to y\r fell[-citiz5s7 conc]n+ y\r
 total ali5ation f ! pr9ciples ( !      
,ca?olics4 ,i am m conc]n$ 9 :at we     
agree ?an 9 :at we diff]4 ,y "k !       
impossibility ( our =m+ any judgm5t ^u !
 op9ions1 religi\s1 moral1 or political1
 ( ^? :o 9 ! l>ge/ s5se are call$       
,prote/ants1--at lea/1 z ^! op9ions &   
t5ets =m a qualification = hold+ any    
civil1 judicial1 milit>y1 or ev5        
ecclesia/ical situation4 ,i h no d\bt ( 
! or?odox op9ion ( _m1 bo? ( ! cl]gy &  
laity1 pr(ess+ ! e/abli%$ religion 9    
,irel&1 & ( _m ev5 among/ ! ,diss5t]s1  
relative to ! great po9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian  
fai?3 b t or?odoxy conc]ns !m only z    
individuals4 ,z a qualification =       
employm5t1 we all "k t 9 ,irel& x is n  
necess>y t !y %\ld pr(ess any religion  
at all3 s t ! w> t we make is ^u c]ta9  
!ological t5ets1 ab\t :i* s*ola/ic      

disputes are c>ri$ on quo ,m>te1 by     
controv]ti/s1 on _! side1 z able & z    
le>n$1 & p]haps z well-int5tion$1 z ^?  
are :o fight ! battle on ! o!r "p4 ,to  
!m ,i w\ld leave ^? controv]sies4 ,i    
w\ld turn my m9d to :at is m )9 its     
compet5ce1 & has be5 m my /udy1 7?\gh1 =
 a man ( ! _w1 ,i h ?\ght ( ^? ?+s17--,i
 mean1 ! moral1 civil1 & political good 
( ! c\ntries we belong to1 & 9 :i* ,god 
has appo9t$ y\r /ation & m9e4 ,let e man
 be z pi\s z he pleases1 & 9 ! way t he 
pleases2 b x is agreeable nei!r to piety
 nor to policy to give exclusively all  
mann] ( civil privileges & advantages to
 a negative religion1 7su* is !         
,prote/ant )\t a c]ta9 cre$17 & at !    
same "t to d5y ^? privileges to m5 :om  
we "k to agree to an iota 9 e "o        
positive doctr9e :i* all ( u :o pr(ess !
 religion au?oritatively taught 9 ,engl&
 hold ourselves1 accord+ to our         
faculties1 b\nd to believe4 ,! ,ca?olics
 ( ,irel& 7z ,i h said7 h ! :ole ( our  
positive religion3 our diff]5ce is only 

a negation ( c]ta9 t5ets ( !irs4 ,if we 
/rip ourselves ( t "p ( ,ca?olicism1 we 
abjure ,*ri/ianity4 ,if we drive !m f t 
hold+1 )\t engag+ !m 9 "s o!r positive  
religion1 7:i* y "k by our qualify+ laws
 we d n17 :at d we bett] ?an to hold out
 to !m t]rors on ! "o side1 & b\nties on
 ! o!r1 9 favor ( t :i*1 = any?+ we "k  
to ! contr>y1 may be pure a!ism8  ,y are
 well aw>e1 t1 :5 a man r5\nces ! ,roman
 religion1 !re is no civil inconv5i5ce  
or incapacity :atsoev] :i* %all h9d] him
 f jo9+ any new or old sect ( ,diss5t]s1
 or ( =m+ a sect ( 8 own inv5tion ^u !  
mo/ anti-*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,let ,mr4   
,?omas ,pa9e obta9 a p>don1 7z on *ange 
( m9i/ry he may17 !re is no?+ to h9d]   
him f sett+ up a *ur* ( 8 own 9 ! v mid/
 ( y4 ,he is a natural-born ,briti%     
subject4 ,8 ,fr5* citiz5%ip does n      
disqualify him1 at lea/ ^u a peace4 ,?is
 ,prote/ant apo/le is z mu* above all   
suspicion ( ,pop]y z ! greate/ & mo/    
zeal\s ( y\r sanh$rim 9 ,irel& c        
possibly be4 ,on pur*as+ a              

qualification1 7:i* 8 fri5ds ( !        
,directory are n s poor z to be unable  
to effect17 he may sit 9 ,p>liam5t2 &   
!re is no d\bt t !re is n "o ( y\r te/s 
aga9/ ,pop]y t he w n take z fairly1 & z
 mu* ex animo1 z ! be/ ( y\r zealot     
/atesm54 ,i pu% ?is po9t no fur!r1 &    
only adduce ?is example 7a pretty /rong 
"o1 & fully 9 po9t7 to %[ :at ,i take to
 be ! madness & folly ( driv+ m51 "u !  
exi/+ circum/ances1 f any positive      
religion :atev] into ! irreligion ( !   
times1 & its sure concomitant pr9ciples 
( an>*y4  ,:5 religion is br\ght into a 
"q ( civil & political arrangem5t1 x mu/
 be consid]$ m politically ?an          
!ologically1 at lea/ by u1 :o are no?+ m
 ?an m]e laym54 ,9 t light1 ! case ( !  
,ca?olics ( ,irel& is peculi>ly h>d1    
:e!r !y be laity or cl]gy4 ,if any ( !m 
take "p1 l ! g5tleman y m5tion1 ) "s ( !
 mo/ accr$it$ ,prote/ants ( ! c\ntry1 9 
projects :i* _c be m abhorr5t to y\r    
nature & disposition ?an !y are to      
m9e1--9 t case1 h[ev] few ^! ,ca?olic   

factions :o are unit$ ) facti\s         
,prote/ants may be1 7& v few !y are n[1 
:atev] %ortly !y may become17 on _!     
acc\nt ! :ole body is consid]$ z (      
suspect$ fidelity to ! cr[n1 & z :olly  
undes]v+ ( its favor4 ,b if1 on !       
contr>y1 9 ^? di/ricts ( ! k+dom :]e _! 
numb]s are ! greate/1 :]e !y make1 9 a  
mann]1 ! :ole body ( ! p1 7z1 out (     
cities1 9 ?ree f\r?s ( ! k+dom !y d17 ^!
 ,ca?olics %[ e m>k ( loyalty & zeal 9  
support ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* at be/ looks  
on !m ) an evil eye1 !n _! v loyalty is 
turn$ aga9/ _! claims4 ,!y are repres5t$
 z a cont5t$ & happy p1 & t x is        
unnecess>y to d any?+ m 9 _! favor4 ,?us
 ! facti\s disposition ( a few among !  
,ca?olics & ! loyalty ( ! :ole mass are 
equally assign$ z reasons = n putt+ !m  
on a p> ) ^? ,prote/ants :o are ass]t$  
by ! gov]nm5t itself1 :i* fr[ns ^u      
,papi/s1 to be 9 a /ate ( no?+ %ort (   
actual rebellion1 & 9 a /rong           
disposition to make common cause ) !    
wor/ =eign enemy t ^! c\ntries h ev] _h 

to deal )4 ,:at 9 ! end c come ( all    
?is8  ,z to ! ,iri% ,ca?olic cl]gy1 _!  
condition is likewise mo/ critical4 ,if 
!y endeavor by _! influ5ce to keep a    
dissatisfi$ laity 9 quiet1 !y are 9     
dang] ( los+ ! little cr$it !y possess1 
by be+ consid]$ z ! in/rum5ts ( a       
gov]nm5t adv]se to ! civil int]e/s ( _! 
flock4 ,if !y let ?+s take _! c\rse1 !y 
w be repres5t$ z collud+ ) s$ition1 or  
at lea/ tacitly enc\rag+ x4 ,if !y      
remon/rate aga9/ p]secution1 !y         
propagate rebellion4 ,:il/ gov]nm5t     
publicly av[s ho/ility to t p1 z a "p ( 
a regul> sy/em1 !re is no road !y c take
 :i* does n lead to _! ru94  ,if no?+ c 
be done on y\r side ( ! wat]1 ,i promise
 y t no?+ w be done "h4 ,:e!r 9 reality 
or only 9 appe>ance ,i _c positively    
det]m9e1 b y w be left to y\rselves by !
 rul+ p[]s "h4 ,x is ?us o/5sibly &     
above-bo>d2 & 9 "p1 ,i believe1 !       
disposition is real4 ,z to ! p at l>ge 9
 ?is c\ntry1 ,i am sure !y h no         
disposition to int]m$dle 9 y\r affairs4 

,!y mean y no ill :atev]2 & !y are too  
ignorant ( ! /ate ( y\r affairs to be   
able to d y any good4 ,:atev] op9ion !y 
h on y\r subject is v fa9t & indi/9ct2 &
 if !re is any?+ l a =m$ notion1 ev5 t  
am\nts to no m ?an a sort ( humm+ t     
rema9s on _! e>s ( ! burd5 ( ! old song 
ab\t ,pop]y4 ,poor s\ls1 !y are to be   
piti$1 :o ?9k ( no?+ b dang]s long pass$
 by1 & b little ( ! p]ils t actually    
surr\nd !m4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,i h be5 long1 b x  
is almo/ a necess>y consequ5ce (        
dictat+1 & t by snat*es1 z a relief f   
pa9 gives me ! means ( express+ my      
s5tim5ts4 ,!y c h little weight1 z com+ 
f me2 & ,i h n p[] en\gh ( m9d or body  
to br+ !m out ) _! natural =ce4 ,b ,i d 
n wi% to h x conceal$ t ,i am ( ! same  
op9ion1 to my la/ brea?1 :i* ,i ent]ta9$
 :5 my faculties 7 at ! be/2 & ,i h n   
held back f m5 9 p[] 9 ?is k+dom1 to :om
 ,i h v good wi%es1 any "p ( my s5tim5ts
 on ?is melan*oly subject1 s long z ,i  
_h means ( access to p]sons ( _!        

consid]ation4  ,i h ! honor to be1 c4   
,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,vi4