,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,,failures ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,records ,,( ,,pupils ,,fail+ ,,9 ,,academic ,,or ,,comm]cial ,,high ,,s*ool ,,subjects ,by ,,francis ,p4 ,,obri5 ,submitt$ 9 p>tial fulfilm5t ( ! requirem5ts = ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,faculty ( ,philosophy1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,,publi%$ ,,by ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,,new ,,york ,,city #aiai ,copyright1 #aiai1 by ,,francis ,p4 ,,obri5 ,,preface ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is due ! pr9cipals ( ea* ( ! high s*ools ^: records are includ$ 9 ?is /udy1 = ! c\rte\s & helpful attitude :i* !y & _! assi/ants manife/$ 9 ! "w ( secur+ ! data4 ,?anks are due ,dr4 ,john ,s4 ,tildsley = 8 g5]\s p]mission to consult ! records 9 ea* or any ( ! ,new ,york ,city high s*ools4 ,b ! fulle/ appreciation is felt & ackn[l$g$ = ! ready criticism & enc\ragem5t receiv$ f ,pr(essor ,?omas ,h4 ,briggs & ,pr(essor ,george ,d4 ,/ray] at ea* /age f ! inception to ! completion ( ?is /udy4 ,f4,p4,o4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4--,,! ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,subject #a4 ,! ,relevance ( ,?is ,/udy #a #b4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,failure 9 ,?is ,/udy #c #c4 ,scope & ,cont5t ( ! ,field ,cov]$ #d #d4 ,s\rces ( ! ,data ,employ$ #f #e4 ,selection & ,reliability ( ,^! ,s\rces #h #f4 ,summ>y ( ,*apt]1 & ,ref]5ces #aa ,,ii4--,,h[ ,,ext5sive ,,are ,,! ,,failures ,,( ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,,pupils8 #a4 ,a ,di/ribution ( ,all ,entrants 9 ,ref]5ce to ,failure #ab #b4 ,! ,lat] ,di/ribution ( ! ,pupils by ,seme/]s #ad #c4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ! ,failures--by ,ages & by ,seme/]s #ad #d4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,failures by ,subjects #ai #e4 ,! ,pupils ,dropp+ ,out--,"t & ,age #bd #f4 ,summ>y ( ,*apt]1 & ,ref]5ces #bg ,,iii4--,,:at ,,basis ,,is ,,discov]able ,,= ,a ,,prognosis ,,( ,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,or ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures8 #a4 ,"s ,possible ,factors--,att5dance1 ,m5tal & ,physical ,defects1 ,size ( ,classes #bi #b4 ,employm5t ( ! ,s*ool ,ent]+ ,age = ! ,purpose ( ,prognosis #ca #c4 ,! ,p]c5tage ( ,failure at ,ea* ,age on ! ,possibility ( ,failures = ,t ,age #cf #d4 ,! ,initial ,record 9 ,high ,s*ool #cg #e4 ,prognosis ( ,failure by ,subject ,selection #ci #f4 ,! ,"t ,p]iod & ! ,numb] ( ,failures #dj #g4 ,simil>ity ( ,facts = ,boys & ,girls #de #h4 ,summ>y ( ,*apt]1 & ,ref]5ces #de ,,iv4--,,h[ ,,mu* ,,is ,,graduation ,,or ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,condition$ ,,by ,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,or ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures8 #a4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,fail+ & ! ,non-fail+ ,gr\ps 9 ,ref]5ce to ,graduation & ,p]si/5ce #dh #b4 ,! ,numb] ( ,failures & ! ,ye>s ,requir$ to ,graduate #di #c4 ,! ,numb] ( ,failures & ! ,seme/]s ( ,dropp+ ,out1 = ,non-graduates #ea #d4 ,! ,p]c5tages ,t ! ,non-graduate ,gr\ps ,=m ( ! ,pupils ,:o ,h ,ea* ,successively ,high] ,numb] ( ,failures #ee #e4 ,"t ,ext5sion = ! ,fail+ ,graduates #ef #f4 ,summ>y ( ,*apt]1 & ,ref]5ces #eg ,v4--,,are ,,! ,,s*ool ,,ag5cies ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,rem$y+ ,,! ,,failures ,,adequate ,,= ,,! ,,purpose8 #a4 ,repetition z a ,rem$y = ,failures #fj a4 ,size ( ,s*$ule & ,results ( ,repeat+4 b4 ,lat] ,grades 9 ! ,same ,k9d ( ,subjects1 ,foll[+ ,repetition & ,)\t x4 c4 ,! ,grades 9 ,repeat$ ,subjects & 9 ,new ,"w4 d4 ,! ,numb] & ,results ( ,id5tical ,repetitions4 #b4 ,discont9uance ( ! ,subject or ,c\rse1 & ! ,sub/itution ( ,o!rs #fh #c4 ,! ,employm5t ( ,s*ool ,exam9ations #fi #d4 ,! ,s]vice ,r5d]$ by ! ,reg5ts' ,exam9ations 9 ,new ,york #gj #e4 ,cont9uation ( ,subjects ,)\t ,repetition or ,exam9ation #gc #f4 ,summ>y ( ,*apt]1 & ,ref]5ces #gd ,,vi4--,,d ,,! ,,failures ,,repres5t ,a ,,lack ,,( ,,capability ,,or ,,( ,,fitness ,,= ,,high ,,s*ool ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,^? ,,pupils8 #a4 ,"s ,are ,evid5tly ,misfits #gf #b4 ,mo/ ( ! ,fail+ ,pupils ,lack ,nei!r ,ability nor ,e>ne/ness #gg #c4 ,! ,s*ool ,emphasis & ! ,s*ool ,failures ,are ,bo? ,culm9ative 9 ,p>ticul> ,s*ool ,subjects #ha #d4 ,an ,indictm5t ,aga9/ ! ,subject-,matt] & ! ,tea*+ ,ends z ,factors 9 ,produc+ ,failures #hc #e4 ,summ>y ( ,*apt]1 & ,ref]5ces #he ,,vii4--,,:at ,,treatm5t ,,is ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,! ,,diagnosis ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,( ,,failure8 #a4 ,organization & ,adaptation 9 ,recognition ( ! ,individual ,diff]5ces 9 ,abilities & ,int]e/s #hg #b4 ,faculty ,/ud5t ,advis]s f ! ,"t ( ,entrance #hi #c4 ,great] ,flexibility & ,diff]5tiation ,requir$ #ij #d4 ,provision = ! ,direction ( ! ,pupils' ,/udy #ib #e4 ,a ,great] ,recognition & ,exposition ( ! ,facts z ,reveal$ by ,accurate & ,complete ,s*ool ,records #id #f4 ,summ>y ( ,*apt]1 & ,ref]5ces #if ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,pupils ,,fail+ ,,9 ,,academic ,,or ,,comm]cial ,,high ,,s*ool ,,subjects ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,subject #a4 ,,! ,,relevance ,,( ,,?is ,,/udy ,z ! measur+ ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! public s*ools has become a di/9ctive feature ( ! m rec5t activities 9 ! educational field1 ! failure 9 expect$ accompli%m5t by ! s*ool1 & its pr(ici5cy 9 turn+ out a negative product1 h be5 =c$ ^u our att5tion r emphatically4 ,! /rik+ gr[? 9 ! numb] ( s*ool surveys1 measur+ scales1 que/ionnaires1 & /&>diz$ te/s1 toge!r ) _m significant s*ool exp]im5ts & readju/m5ts1 be>s te/imony ( our evid5t dem& = a clos] diagnosis ( ! practices & conditions :i* are no long] accept$ ) complac5cy4 ,! ,am]ican p h express$ _! fai? 9 a s*eme ( univ]sal democratic education1 & h committ$ !mselves to ! support ( ! free public high s*ool4 ,!y h be5 lib]al 9 _! f9anc+ & /rong 9 _! fai? reg>d+ ?is ent]prise1 s typically ,am]ican1 to a degree t a second>y education may no long] be reg>d$ z a luxury or a h]itage ( ! ri*4 ,no long] may ! field be treat$ z ei!r optional or exclusive4 ,! /atutes ( sev]al ( our /ates n[ expressly or impli$ly ext5d _! compulsory att5dance requirem5ts beyond ! elem5t>y ye>s ( s*ool4 ,_m1 too1 are ! l9es ( m desirable employm5t = "y p :i* dem& or give pref]5ce to graduates ( a high s*ool4 ,at ! same "t !re has be5 no decl9e 9 ! importance ( high s*ool graduation = ent]+ ! le>n$ or pr(essional pursuits4 ,accord+ly1 x seems highly probable t1 ) su* an ext5d$ & au?oritative sph]e ( influ5ce1 a /rict] bus9ess acc\nt+ w be exact$ ( ! public high s*ool1 z ! great aft]-w> burd5s make ! public less will+ to dep5d on fai? 9 f9anc+ s great an exp]im5t4 ,!y w ask1 ev] m insi/5tly1 = facts z to ! exp5ditures1 ! f9i%$ product1 ! int]nal adju/m5ts1 & ! wa/e product ( our second>y s*ools4 ,su* inquiries w inde$ seem ju/ifiable4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! public high s*ools _h #hd p] c5t ( all ! pupils 7above #a1ejj1jjj7 enroll$ 9 ! second>y s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaf4a ,! majority ( ^! pupils are lo/ f s*ool--:atev] ! cause--be=e ! completion ( _! c\rses2 &1 aga91 ! majority ( ^? :o d graduate h on graduation end$ _! s*ool days4 ,consequ5tly1 x becomes m & m evid5t h[ mom5t\s is ! influ5ce ( ! public high s*ool 9 condition+ ! life activities & opportunities ( our y\?ful citiz5s :o h ent]$ its doors4 ,be=e be+ entitl$ to be consid]$ a big bus9ess ent]prise1#b x seems imp]ative t our ,am]ican ,high ,s*ool mu/ rapidly come to utilize m ( bus9ess me?ods ( acc\nt+ & ( effici5cy1 s z to recognize ! trem5d\s wa/e product ( our educational ma*9]y4 ,! aim ( ?is /udy is to trace z c>efully & completely z may be ! facts relative to t major portion ( our high s*ool population1 ! pupils :o fail 9 _! s*ool subjects1 & to note some?+ ( ! significance ( ^! f9d+s4 ,if we are to proce$ wisely 9 ref]5ce to ! fail+ pupils 9 ! high s*ool1 x is admitt$ly ( importance t su* proc$ure %\ld be bas$ on a def9ite k ( ! facts4 ,! value ( su* a /udy w 9 turn be condition$ by ! scrupul\s c>e & sci5tific accuracy 9 ! secur+ & h&l+ ( ! facts4 ,x is believ$ t ! causes ( & ! rem$ies = failure are necess>ily closely l9k$ ) factors f\nd 9 ! s*ool & ) ! s*ool exp]i5ces ( fail+ pupils1 s t ! problem _c be solv$ by m]ely label+ su* pupils z ! unfit4 ,!re is no attempt 9 ?is /udy to treat all failures z 9 any s+le category4 ,! causes ( ! failures are n assum$ at ! />t nor giv5 ! place ( *ief emphasis1 b are reg>d$ z incid5tal to & dep5d5t ^u :at ! evid5ce itself discloses4 ,! success ( ! fail+ pupils aft] !y leave ! high s*ool is n includ$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 b is itself a field wor?y ( ext5d$ /udy4 ,ev5 our k ( :at lat] happ5s to ! m successful & ! graduat+ high s*ool pupils is limit$ ma9ly to ^? :o g on to college or to o!r high] in/itutions4 ,"o ( ! m famili> attempts to evaluate ! lat] influ5ce ( ! high s*ool illu/rates ! fallacy ( ov]look+ ! process ( selection involv$1 & ( treat+ its influ5ce 9 conjunction ) ! tra9+ z ?\gh x 7 ! result ( s*ool tra9+ alone4#c #b4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ',,failure' ,,9 ,,?is ,,/udy ,! t]m 'failure' is employ$ 9 ?is /udy to signify ! non-pass+ ( a pupil 9 any seme/]-subject ( 8 s*ool "w4 ,! s*ool decision is n que/ion$ 9 ! matt] ( a record$ failure4 ,& al?\gh x is usually und]/ood to negate ability plus accompli%m5t1 x may1 & und\bt$ly does1 at times imply o!r mean+s1 su* z a punitive m>k1 a tea*]'s prejudice1 or a def]r$ judgm5t4 ,! m>k may at times tell m ab\t ! tea*] :o gave x ?an ab\t ! pupil :o receiv$ x4 ,^! peculi>ities ( ! individual tea*] or pupil are pretty well comp5sat$ = by ! l>ge numb] ( tea*]s & ( pupils involv$4 ,! decisive factor 9 ?is matt] is t ! s*ool refuses to grant cr$it = ! "w pursu$4 ,! failure = a seme/] seems to be a m adaptable unit 9 ?is connection ?an ! subject-failure = a ye>4 ,h[ev]1 x necessitates ! treatm5t ( ! subject-failure = a ye> z equival5t to a failure = ea* ( ! two seme/]s4 ,two ( ! s*ools involv$ 9 ?is /udy 7compris+ ab\t #aa p] c5t ( ! pupils7 record$ grades only at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,x is q probable t ! m>k+ by seme/]s w\ld actually h increas$ ! numb] ( failures 9 ^! s*ools1 z !re are _m tea*]s :o confess t !y are less will+ to make a pupil repeat a ye> ?an a seme/]4 ,by employ+ ?is unit ( failure1 ! failures 9 ! diff]5t subjects are reg>d$ z comp>able4 ,s9ce only ! academic & comm]cial subjects are consid]$1 & s9ce !y are almo/ uni=mly s*$ul$ = f\r or five h\rs a week1 ! failures w seem to be ( some?+ ne> equal gravity & to repres5t a simil> am\nt ( non-p]=mance or ( unsatisfactory results4 ,!re 7 also a few failures includ$ "h = ^? subjects :i* _h only ?ree h\rs a week cr$it1 ma9ly 9 ! comm]cial subjects4 ,b failures 7 unnot$ :5 ! subject 0 li/$ = less ?an ?ree h\rs a week4 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r elem5ts ( assumption 9 ! treatm5t ( ! failures1 :i* seem$ to be unavoidable4 ,!y are1 fir/1 t failure 9 any subject is ! same fact = boys & = girls2 second1 t failures 9 diff]5t ye>s ( "w or ) diff]5t tea*]s are equival5t2 ?ird1 t failures 9 elective & 9 requir$ subjects are ( ! same gravity4 ,x 0 f\nd practically impossible to diff]5tiate requir$ & elective subjects1 h[ev] desirable x w\ld h be51 = ! subjects t are !oretically elective (t5 are 9 fact virtually requir$1 ! electives ( "o c\rse are requir$ 9 ano!r1 & on _m ( ! records consult$ nei!r ! c\rses nor ! electives are cle>ly designat$4 #c4 ,,! ,,scope ,,& ,,cont5t ,,( ,,! ,,field ,,cov]$ ,z any int5sive /udy mu/ almo/ necess>ily be limit$ 9 its scope1 s ?is "o comprises = its purposes ! high s*ool records = #f1ada pupils belong+ to eight diff]5t high s*ools locat$ 9 ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey4 ,= two ( ^! s*ools ! records = all ! pupils t ent]$ are includ$ "h = five successive ye>s1 & = _! full p]iod 9 high s*ool4 ,9 two o!r s*ools ! records ( all pupils t ent]$ = f\r successive ye>s 7 secur$4 ,9 f\r ( ! s*ools ! records ( all pupils :o ent]$ 9 ,febru>y & ,septemb] ( "o ye> con/itut$ ! numb] /udi$4 ,!re is app>5tly no reason to believe t a long] p]iod ( ye>s w\ld be m repres5tative ( ! facts = at lea/ ?ree ( ^! f\r s*ools1 9 view ( ! situation t !y _h = ye>s enjoy$ a cont9uity ( adm9i/ration & t !y possess a well-e/abli%$ organization4 ,! f\r? "o ( ^! s*ools _h less complete records ?an 7 desir$1 b ev5 9 t ! "o ye> 0 repres5tative ( ! o!r ye>s' records4 ,! di/ribution ( ! #f1ada pupils by s*ools & by ye>s ( ent]+ high s*ool is giv5 bel[4 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,pupils ,,93 ,,ent]+ ,,high ,,s*ool ,,numb] ,,9 ,,! ,,ye>s ,,/udi$ ,:ite ,pla9s1 ,n4,y4 #aijh1 '#ji1 '#aj1 '#aa1 '#ab #fei ,dunkirk1 ,n4,y4 #aiji1 '#aj1 '#aa1 '#ab #cgj ,m\nt ,v]non1 ,n4,y4 #aiab #bbd ,montclair1 ,n4,j4 #aijh1 '#ji1 '#aj1 '#aa1 '#ab #idf ,hack5sack1 ,n4,j4 #aiji1 '#aj1 '#aa1 '#ab #gcf ,elizabe?1 ,n4,j4 #aiab #ccc ,morris ,h4,s4--,bronx #aiab #agab ,erasmus ,hall ,h4,s4--,brooklyn #aiab #aafa ---- ,,total #fada ,z x is ess5tial = ! purposes ( ?is /udy to h ! complete record ( ! pupils = _! full "t 9 ! high s*ool1 ! #f1ada pupils include none :o ent]$ lat] ?an #aiab4 ,?us all 7 all[$ at lea/ five & "o-half or six ye>s 9 :i* to t]m9ate _! individual high s*ool hi/ory1 ( successes or ( failures1 be=e ! "t ( mak+ ?is inquiry into _! records4 ,no pupils :o 7 transf]r$ f ano!r high s*ool or :o did n />t ) ! class z beg9n+ high s*ool /ud5ts 7 includ$ among ^? /udi$4 ,po/-graduate records 7 n consid]$1 nei!r 0 any attempt made to trace ! record ( drop-outs :o ent]$ o!r s*ools4 ,manife/ly ! p]c5tage ( graduation w\ld be high] 9 any s*ool if ! recruits f o!r s*ools & ! drop-backs f o!r classes 9 ! s*ool 7 includ$4 ,no attempt has be5 made to trace ! elem5t>y s*ool or college records ( ! fail+ pupils1 = our purpose does n rea* beyond ! sph]e ( ! high s*ool records4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! diff]5tiation by s*ool c\rses1 "s facts 7 at fir/ collect$1 b ^! 7 lat] disc>d$1 z ! c\rses repres5t no /&>dization 9 t]m9ology or cont5t1 & !y promis$ to give no?+ ( def9ite value4 ,z might be expect$1 ! s*ools lack$ agreem5t or uni=mity 9 ! numb] ( c\rses (f]$4 ,"o s*ool _h no comm]cial classes1 z t "w 0 assign$ to a sep>ate s*ool2 ano!r s*ool (f]$ only typewrit+ & /5ography ( ! comm]cial subjects2 a ?ird _h plac$ r slight emphasis on ! comm]cial subjects until rec5tly4 ,only f\r ( ! s*ools _h pupils 9 ,greek4 ,! ,spani% classes outnumb]$ ! ,greek bo? by s*ools & by enrollm5t4 ,9 ! classification by subjects1 ,engli% is made to include 79 addition to ! usual subjects ( t "n7 gramm>1 lit]ature1 & bus9ess ,engli%4 ,ma!matics includes all subjects ( t class except comm]cial ari?metic1 :i* is treat$ z a comm]cial subject1 & %op-ma!matics1 :i* is class$ z non-academic4 ,indu/rial hi/ory1 & 'political & social sci5ce' are reg>d$ along ) academic subjects2 likewise h\sehold *emi/ry is includ$ ) ! sci5ce classification4 ,economics is treat$ z a comm]cial subject4 ,at lea/ a doz5 o!r subjects1 n classifi$ z academic or comm]cial1 includ+ also spell+ & p5man%ip1 7 tak5 by a portion ( ^! pupils1 b ! records = ^! subjects d n ent] ?is /udy 9 det]m9+ ! successful & fail+ grades or ! sizes ( s*$ule4 ,yet x is true t su* subjects d dem& "t & "w f ^? pupils4 #d4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,data ,,employ$ ,! only records employ$ 9 ?is :ole problem ( rese>* 7 ! (ficial s*ool records4 ,no que/ionnaires 7 us$1 & no /atem5ts ( pupils or op9ions ( tea*]s z su* 7 s\ght4 ,! facts are ! mo/ au?oritative & dep5dable available1 & are ! v same ^u :i* ! adm9i/rative proc$ure ( ! s*ool relative to ! pupil is ma9ly dep5d5t4 ,! individual1 cumulative records = ! pupils provid$ ! *ief s\rce ( ! facts secur$4 ,^! s*ool records1 z might be expect$1 v>i$ consid]ably z to ! =m1 ! size1 ! simplicity 9 /at+ facts1 & ! me?od ( fil+2 b !y 7 q simil> 9 ! facts record$1 z well z 9 ! complet5ess & c>e ) :i* ! records 7 compil$4 ,x may be add$ t only s*ools hav+ su* records 7 includ$ 9 ! inve/igation4 ,aft] ! mean+s ( symbols & devices & ! me?ods ( record+ ! facts _h be5 fully expla9$ & c>efully /udi$ = ! records ( any s*ool1 ! selection ( ! pupil records 0 !n made1 on ! basis ( ! ye> ( ! pupils' entrance to ! s*ool1 includ+ all ! pupils :o _h actually ent]$ & und]tak5 "w4 7,pupils :o regi/]$ b fail$ to take up s*ool "w 7 entirely disreg>d$47 ,^! individual records 7 classifi$ into ! fail+ & ! non-fail+ divisions1 !n into graduat+ & non-graduat+ gr\ps1 ) ! boys & girls diff]5tiat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,z fa/ z ! records 7 read & int]pret$ into ! t]ms requir$ !y 7 transcrib$1 ) ! pupils' names1 by ! au?or himself1 to l>ge %eets 7#afx#bj7 f :i* ! tabulations 7 lat] made4 ,!re 0 always an opportunity to ask que/ions & to make appeals = in=mation ei!r to ! pr9cipal himself or to ! secret>y 9 *>ge ( ! records4 ,?is t5d$ to r$uce greatly ! dang] ( mi/akes o!r ?an ^? ( *ance error4 ,! task ( transcrib+ ! data 0 bo? t$i\s & prolong$4 ,?is process alone requir$ z mu* z f\r weeks = ea* ( ! l>g] s*ools1 & )\t ! cont9u$ & c\rte\s coop]ation ( ! pr9cipals & _! assi/ants x w\ld h be5 altoge!r impossible 9 t "t4 ,"s arbitr>y decisions & classifications prov$ necess>y 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 facts involv$ 9 ! data employ$ 9 ?is /udy4 ,all /atem5ts ( age w be und]/ood z apply+ to )9 ! ne>e/ half ye>2 t is1 fifte5 ye>s ( age w mean )9 ! p]iod f f\rte5 ye>s & a half to fifte5 ye>s & a half4 ,! classification 9 ! foll[+ pages by s*ool ye>s or seme/]s 7half-ye>s7 is dep5d5t ^u ! "t ( entrance into s*ool4 ,9 ?is s5se1 a pupil :o ent]$ ei!r 9 ,septemb] or 9 ,febru>y is reg>d$ z a fir/ seme/] pupil1 h[ev] ! s*ool classes are nam$4 ,z promotions are on a subject basis 9 ea* ( ! s*ools !re is no attempt to classify lat] by promotions1 b ! "t-9-s*ool basis is reta9$4 ,9 ref]5ce to s*ool m>ks or grades1 lett]s are "h employ$1 al?\gh f\r ( ! eight s*ools employ p]c5tage grad+4 ,:e!r ! pass+ m>k is #fj1 z 9 "s ( ! s*ools1 or #gj1 z 9 o!rs1 ! lett] ,c is us$ to repres5t "o-?ird ( ! di/ance f ! fail+ m>k to #ajj p] c5t2 ,b is us$ to repres5t ! next ?ird ( ! di/ance2 & ,a is us$ to express ! upp] ?ird ( ! di/ance4 ,! plus & m9us signs1 atta*$ to ! grad+s 9 ?ree ( ! s*ools1 are disreg>d$ = ! purposes ( ?is /udy1 except t :5 ,d occurr$ z a conditional pass+ m>k x 0 treat$ z a ,c4 ,o!rwise ,d has be5 us$ to signify a fail+ grade 9 a subject1 :i* means t ! grade is some:]e bel[ ! pass+ m>k4 ,! t]m 'graduates' is meant to include all :o graduate1 ei!r by diploma or by c]tificate4 ,any /atem5t made 9 ! foll[+ pages ( '"t 9 s*ool' or ( "t sp5t = 'secur+ graduation' w n include z a "p ( su* p]iod a seme/] 9 :i* ! pupil is abs5t all or ne>ly all ( ! "t1 z 9 ! case ( abs5ce due to illness4 #e4 ,,! ,,selection ,,& ,,reliability ,,( ,,^! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,data ,by employ+ data secur$ only f (ficial s*ool records & 9 ! mann] /at$1 ?is /udy has be5 limit$ to ^? s*ools t provide ! cumulative pupil records1 ) cont9uity & complet5ess1 = a suffici5t p]iod ( ye>s4 ,"s s*ools _h to be elim9at$ f consid]ation = our purposes because ! cumulative records cov]$ too brief a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,9 o!r s*ools adm9i/rative *anges _h brok5 ! cont9uity ( ! records1 mak+ !m difficult to int]pret or undep5dable = ?is /udy4 ,! %ortage ( cl]ical help 0 ! reason giv5 9 "o s*ool = complet+ only ! records ( ! graduates4 ,9 addition to ! requirem5ts p]ta9+ to records1 only publicly adm9i/]$ & co-educational s*ools h be5 includ$ among ^? ^: records are us$4 ,x 0 also consid]$ important to h s*ools repres5t+ ! l>ge z well z ! small city on ! li/ ( ^? /udi$4 ,s9ce _m s*ools d n possess ^! important records1 or d n recognize _! value1 x is q probable t ! conditions prescrib$ "h t5d$ to a selection ( s*ools sup]ior 9 ref]5ce to sy/ematic proc$ure1 def9ite /&>ds1 & /able organization1 z comp>$ to ^? 9 g5]al :i* lack adequate records4 ,! reliability & correctness ( ^! records = ! s*ools nam$ are v\*$ = & v]bally c]tifi$ by ! pr9cipals z ! mo/ dep5dable & 9 l>ge "p ! only in=mation ( its k9d 9 ! possession ( ! s*ools4 ,9 ea* ( ^! s*ools ! pr9cipals h capable assi/ants :o are *>g$ ) ! keep+ ( ! records1 al?\gh !y are aid$ at times by tea*]s or pupils :o "w "u direction4 ,9 ?ree ( ! l>g] s*ools a special secret>y has full *>ge ( ! records1 & is ev5 expect$ to make sugge/ions = revisions & improvem5ts ( ! =ms & me?ods4 ,9 view ( su* facts x seems d\btful t "o c\ld any:]e f9d m dep5dable s*ool records ( ?is sort4 ,x 0 true ( "o ( ! s*ools t ! records previ\s to #aiji prov$ to be unreliable4 ,!re is no incl9ation "h to d5y ! exi/5ce ( defects & limitations to ^! records1 b ! intimate acqua9tance result+ f close inquiry1 involv+ ne>ly e factor :i* ! records conta91 is conv9c+ t = ^! s*ools at lea/ ! records are highly dep5dable4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "s t5d5cy = ev5 ! be/ s*ool records to und]/ate ! full situation reg>d+ failure1 :ile !re is no correspond+ t5d5cy to ov]/ate or to record failures n made4 ,n infrequ5tly ! pupils :o drop out aft] previ\sly fail+ may receive no m>k or an incomplete "o = ! la/ seme/] 9 s*ool4 ,al?\gh a portion or all ( su* "w may obvi\sly m]it failure1 yet x is n usually s record$4 ,9 a simil> mann] pupils :o rema9 9 s*ool "o or two seme/]s or less1 b take no exam9ations & receive no seme/] grades1 might reasonably be consid]$ to h fail$ if !y %unn$ exam9ations m]ely to escape ! record+ ( failures1 z sometimes appe>s to be ! case :5 judg$ f ! incomplete grades record$ = only a "p ( ! seme/]4 ,a few pupils w elect to 'skip' ! regul> t]m exam9ation1 & !n repeat ! "w ( t seme/]1 b no failures are record$ 9 su* in/ances4 ,"s tea*]s1 :5 record+ = _! own subjects1 pref] to indicate a failure by a da% m>k or by a blank space until aft] ! subject is satisfi$ lat]1 & ! pass+ m>k is !n fill$ 94 ,"o s*ool indicates failure entirely by a %ort da% 9 ! space provid$1 & !n at times !re occurs ! 'cond' 7condition$7 9 p5cil1 app>5tly to avoid ! classification z a failure by ! usual sign4 ,"o f9ds "s in/ances ( a '8' or an 'inc' 7incomplete7 z a sub/itute = a m>k ( failure4 ,aga91 :]e !re is no indication ( failure record$1 ! dates accompany+ ! grades = ! subjects may tell ! tale t two seme/]s 7 requir$ to complete "o seme/]'s "w 9 a subject4 ,"s ( ^! situations 7 easily disc]nible1 & ! indisputable failures treat$ z su* 9 ! succe$+ tabulations2 b 9 _m in/ances ?is 0 n possible1 & p>tial /atem5t ( ^! cases is all t is attempt$4 ,h[ f> ^! select$ s*ools1 _! pupils1 & ! facts relat+ to !m are repres5tative or typical ( ! s*ools1 ! pupils1 & ! same facts = ! /ates ( ,new ,j]sey & ,new ,york1 _c be def9itely kn[n f ! in=mation t is n[ available4 ,x seems indisputable1 h[ev]1 t ! s*ools conc]n$ 9 ?is /udy are at lea/ among ! bett] s*ools ( ^! two /ates4 ,if we may feel assur$ t ! #f1ada pupils "h includ$ are fairly & g5]ally repres5tative ( ! facts = ! eight s*ools to :i* !y belong & :i* _h an enrollm5t ( #ad1fbj pupils 9 #aiaf2 & if we are ju/ifi$ 9 class+ ^! s*ools z av]ag+ above ! m$ian rank ( ! s*ools = ^! /ates1 !n ! /ati/ical facts pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ pages may seem to be a r mod]ate /atem5t reg>d+ ! failures ( high s*ool pupils = ! /ates ref]r$ to4 ,x mu/ be not$ 9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 t x is n unlikely t su* s*ools1 ) _! adequate records1 w h ! facts conc]n+ failure m c]ta9ly record$ ?an w ^? ^: records are incomplete1 neglect$1 or poorly sy/ematiz$4 ,a p>tial comp>ison ( ! tea*]s is possible betwe5 ! s*ools repres5t$ "h & ^? ( ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey4 ,m ?an f\r hundr$ tea*]s compris$ ! tea*+ /aff = ! #f1ada pupils ( ! eight s*ools report$ "h4 ,( ^! ab\t #dj p] c5t 7 m51 :ile ! p]c5tage ( m5 ( all high s*ool tea*]s 9 ,new ,j]sey & ,new ,york#d 0 ab\t #ch = ! ye> #aiaf4 ,! m5 9 ^! s*ools compris$ #ej p] c5t ( ! tea*]s 9 ! subjects :i* prove mo/ difficult by produc+ ! mo/ failures1 & !y 7 m frequ5tly f\nd tea*+ 9 ! advanc$ ye>s ( ^! subjects4 ,x is n assum$ "h t m5 are sup]ior z high s*ool tea*]s1 b ! endeavor is r to %[ t ! tea*+ =ce 0 by its con/itution n unrepres5tative4 ,x may be add$ "h t few high s*ools any:]e h a m highly select$ & bett] paid /aff ( tea*]s ?an are f\nd 9 ?is gr\p ( s*ools4 ,x is inde$ n easy to believe t ! situation 9 ^! eight select$ s*ools reg>d+ failure & its contribut+ factors c\ld n be readily duplicat$ else:]e )9 ! same /ates4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,am]ican p h a l>ge fai? 9 ! public high s*ool4 ,x enrolls approximately #hd p] c5t ( ! second>y s*ool pupils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,high s*ool att5dance is becom+ legally & vocationally compulsory4 ,! size ( ! wa/e product dem&s a diagnosis ( ! facts4 ,?is /udy aims to discov] ! significant facts relative to ! fail+ pupils4 ,failure is us$ 9 ! unit s5se ( non-pass+ 9 a seme/] subject4 ,failures are !n c\nt$ 9 t]ms ( ^! units4 ,?is /udy includes #f1ada pupils belong+ to eight diff]5t high s*ools & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t two /ates4 ,! cumulative1 (ficial1 s*ool records = ^! pupils =m$ ! basis ( ! data us$4 ,! s*ools 7 select$ prim>ily = _! possession ( adequate records4 ,m dep5dable s*ool records ?an ^? employ$ are n likely to be f\nd1 yet !y t5d to und]/ate ! facts ( failure4 ,x is q possible t a sup]ior s*ool1 & "o ) a high grade tea*+ /aff1 is actually select$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! /udy4 ,,ref]5ces3 #a4 ,annual ,report ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education = #aiag4 #b4 ,josslyn1 ,h4,w4 ,*apt] ,,iv1 9 ,johnson's ,mod]n ,high ,s*ool4 #c4 ,! ,money ,value ( ,education4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bb1 #aiag1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education4 #d4 ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,s*ool ,reports = #aiag4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h[ ,,ext5sive ,,are ,,! ,,failures ,,( ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,,pupils8 #a4 ,a ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,all ,,entrants ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,failure ,) no purpose ( mak+ ?is a comp>ative /udy ( s*ools1 ! sep>ate units or s*ools indicat$ 9 ,*apt] ,i w f ?is po9t be comb9$ into a composite & treat$ z a s+le gr\p4 ,x becomes possible1 ) ! complete & tabulat$ facts p]ta9+ to a gr\p ( pupils1 aft] _! high s*ool p]iod has end$1 to get a compreh5sive survey ( _! s*ool records & to answ] su* que/ions z3 7#a7 ,:at "p ( ! total numb] ( boys or ( girls h s*ool failures8 7#b7 ,to :at ext5t are ! non-fail+ pupils ! ones :o succe$ 9 graduat+8 7#c7 ,to :at ext5t d ! fail+ pupils )draw e>ly8 ,! foll[+ tabulation w %[ h[ two ( ^! que/ions are answ]$ = ! #f1ada pupils "h report$ on4 ,,all ,,all ,,entrants ,,fail+ ,,graduates ,,fail+ ,totals #f1ada #c1egc 7#eh4b7 #a1icf #a1abe 7#eh4a7 ,boys #b1fdf #a1fde 7#fb4a7 #gif #dhi 7#fa4d7 ,girls #c1die #a1ibh 7#ee4a7 #a1adj #fci 7#ee4h7 ,f ?is di/ribution we readily compute t ! p]c5tage ( pupils :o fail is #eh4b p] c5t 7boys--#fb4a1 girls--#ee4a74 ,b ?is /atem5t is itself inadequate4 ,x does n take into acc\nt ! #hjh pupils :o receiv$ no grades & _h no *ance to be class$ z fail+1 b :o 7 9 mo/ cases 9 s*ool long en\gh to receive m>ks1 & a portion ( :om 7 ei!r elim9at$ e>li] or det]r$ f exam9ations by ! expectation ( fail+4 ,x seems entirely safe to e/imate t no less ?an #fj p] c5t ( ?is non-cr$it$ numb] %\ld#e be treat$ z ( ! fail+ gr\p#f ( pupils4 ,!n ! p]c5tage ( pupils to be class$ z fail+ 9 s*ool subjects becomes #ff p] c5t 7boys--#fi4f1 girls--#fc4d74 ,9 consid]+ ! second inquiry above1 we f9d f ! prec$+ di/ribution ( pupils t #eh4a p] c5t 7boys--#fa4d1 girls--#ee4h7 ( all pupils t graduate h fail$ 9 "o or m subjects "o or m times4 ,?is p]c5tage v>ies f #cd p] c5t to #gc p] c5t by s*ools1 b 9 only two in/ances does ! p]c5tage fall bel[ #ej p] c5t1 & 9 "o ( ^! two x is almo/ #ej p] c5t4 ,we may n[ ask1 :5 d ! fail+ & ! non-fail+ non-graduates drop out ( s*ool8 ,( ! total numb] ( non-graduates 7#d1bje71 !re are #b1ddh :o drop out aft] fail+ "o or m times1 & #a1geg :o drop out )\t fail+4 ,! cumulative p]c5tages ( ! non-graduates 9 ref]5ce to dropp+ out are "h giv54 ,,cumulative ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,! ,,fail+ ,,non-,,graduates ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,lo/ ,,by ,,seme/]s ,,lo/ ,,by ,,end ,,( ,,seme/] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ,p] ,c5t #ad4a #cc4i #df4d #fd4i #gb4i #he4b #ia4i #ig4f #ii4a ,,cumulative ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,non-,,fail+ ,,non-,,graduates ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,lo/ ,,by ,,seme/]s ,,lo/ ,,by ,,end ,,( ,,seme/] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ,p] ,c5t #fa4a #gh4j #he4i #ib4a #id4e #ih4d #ii4e 44 44 ,briefly /at$1 ! above p]c5tages ass]t t m ?an ?ree f\r?s ( ^? :o nei!r fail nor graduate h left s*ool by ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 :ile only #cc4i p] c5t ( ^? non-graduates :o fail h left s e>ly4 ,m ?an #ej p] c5t ( ! fail+ non-graduates cont9ue 9 s*ool to ne> ! end ( ! second ye>4 ,by t "t ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! non-fail+ non-graduates h be5 lo/ f s*ool4 ,by a comb9ation ( ! above gr\ps we get ! p]c5tages ( all non-graduates lo/ by successive seme/]s4 ,,cumulative ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,all ,,non-,,graduates ,,lo/ ,,by ,,successive ,,seme/]s ,,lo/ ,,by ,,end ,,( ,,seme/] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,p] ,c5t #cc4g #ec4d #fb4f #gf4b #ha4i #ij4g #id4j #ih4f ,^! p]c5tages ( non-graduates indicate t m ?an #ej p] c5t ( ^? :o d n graduate are gone by ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 b t !re are a few :o cont9ue beyond f\r ye>s )\t graduat+4 #b4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,pupils ,,by ,,seme/]s ,consid]ation is "h giv5 to ! numb] ( ! total entrants rema9+ 9 s*ool = ea* successive seme/]1 & !n to ! accompany+ p]c5tages ( failure = ea* gr\p4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! rapid decl9e 9 numb]s4 ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,( ,,pupils ,,9 ,,s*ool1 ,,by ,,seme/]s ,,end ,,( ,,seme/] #a #b #c #d #e #f ,graduate #f1ada 7,total7 #d1gbc #c1hic #c1ejh #b1ice #b1fig #b1bcd #a1icf ,p]c5tages #gf4i #fc4d #eg4a #dg4h #dc4i #cf4d #ca4e ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ,section #c ( ,*apt] ,i1 ! above gr\p does n include any increm5t to its own numb]s by means ( transf] f o!r classes or s*ools4 ,we f9d1 accompany+ ?is r$uction 9 ! numb] ( pupils1 :i* %[s m ?an #ej p] c5t gone by ! end ( ! second ye> 9 s*ool1 t !re is no correspond+ r$uction 9 ! p]c5tage ( pupils fail+ ea* seme/] on ! basis ( ! numb] ( ^? 9 s*ool = t seme/]4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,pupils ,,fail+ ,,( ,,! ,,pupils ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,= ,,t ,,p]iod ,seme/]s #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,p] ,c5t #cd4b #cg4c #ch4e #dj4b #ch4b #cg4a #cj4j #bd4j ,!re is no difficulty 9 grasp+ ! simple & def9ite significance ( ^! figures1 = !y tell u t ! p]c5tage ( pupils fail+ increases = ! fir/ f\r seme/]s1 slightly decl9es = two seme/]s1 ) a great] decl9e = two m seme/]s4 ,^! p]c5tages ( failures are bas$ on ! numb] ( pupils enroll$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! seme/]1 & are accord+ly l[] ?an ! facts w\ld really w>rant s9ce t numb] is 9 ea* case consid]ably r$uc$ by ! end ( ! same seme/]4 #c4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,failures ,t ! failures are widely di/ribut$ by seme/]s1 by ages1 & = bo? boys & girls1 is %[n 9 ,table ,i4 ,,table ,i ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,failures ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,age ,,& ,,! ,,seme/] ,,( ,,_! ,,occurr5ce,a ,,semes- ,,ages ,,undi/rib- ,,t]s #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb ,,ut$ ,,totals #a ,b4 #j #bj #cba #fej #ege #afg #cd #af #b 44 44 #aj #agie ,g4 #a #ai #cef #hac #faa #bcf #fg #c #j 44 44 #ac #baai #ciad #b ,b4 44 #b #ie #dbc #ecd #bef #eg #bg #d 44 44 #e #adjc ,g4 44 #f #ii #dhc #ehi #bhj #ia #e #j 44 44 #g #aefj #bifc #c ,b4 44 #j #ag #bfg #ddc #cfc #if #bb #e #j 44 #b #abae ,g4 44 #a #bh #cah #edh #cag #ii #ae #j #b 44 #a #acbi #bedd #d ,b4 44 44 #e #aja #dcg #djc #afi #cb #g #b 44 #e #aafa ,g4 44 44 #d #ajb #dge #dbe #afj #ci #f #b 44 #f #abai #bchj #e ,b4 44 44 #a #ai #aie #cgg #bad #fa #ac #c 44 #f #hhi ,g4 44 44 #j #ae #bgg #dch #bab #fj #ae #j 44 #c #ajbj #aiji #f ,b4 44 44 44 #d #gj #cbb #cbf #ii #cc #c 44 #f #hfc ,g4 44 44 44 #i #aag #djg #cdi #gh #cc #d 44 #c #ajjj #ahfc #g ,b4 44 44 #a #j #ag #aee #bbg #ajf #af #d #a #d #eca ,g4 44 44 #j #b #ad #bjj #bii #abg #ch #j #j #c #fhc #abad #h ,b4 44 44 44 44 #j #db #agc #aji #di #b 44 #e #chj ,g4 44 44 44 44 #b #eh #bdd #adj #di #aj 44 #c #ejf #hhf #i ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 #j #ca #cb #ah #a 44 44 #hb ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 #d #ci #fg #ca #e 44 44 #adf #bbh #aj ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #af #i #c #j 44 #bi ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c #ac #aj #c #a 44 #cj #ei ,summ>y ,b4 #j #bb #ddj #adfd #bbga #bjhe #acbh #ebj #aef #ah #a #dc #hcdh ,g4 #a #bf #dhg #agdb #bfcc #bcfe #aefc #edg #ahb #bf #a #ci #ifab #ag1ifj ,footnote ,a3 ,! expression ( ! above facts 9 t]ms ( p]c5tages = ea* age gr\p 0 f\nd to be difficult1 s9ce failures & n pupils are designat$4 ,b ! total failures = ea* age gr\p are express$ 7on p4 #cf7 z p]c5tages ( ! entire numb] ( subjects tak5 by ^! pupils = ! seme/]s 9 :i* !y fail$4 ,su* p]c5tages increase z ! ages rise4 ,a simil> /atem5t ( ! p]c5tages ( failure by seme/]s w be f\nd on p4 #da4 ,table ,i reads3 ! boys _h #bj failures & ! girls _h #ai failures 9 ! fir/ seme/] & at ! age ( ?irte52 9 ! second seme/]1 at ! age ( ?irte51 ! boys _h #b failures & ! girls #f4 ,= ea* seme/]1 ! fir/ l9e repres5ts boys1 ! second l9e girls4 ,!re is a total ( #ag1ifj failures li/$ 9 ?is table4 ,9 addition to ?is numb] !re are #a1idg uncomplet$ grades = ! fail+ non-graduates4 ,! seme/]s 7 frequ5tly complet$ by su* pupils b ! records 7 left incomplete4 ,_! previ\s records & _! prospects ( fur!r p>tial or complete failure seem to ju/ify an e/imate ( #ee p] c5t 7#a1jgj7 ( ^! uncomplet$ grades z ei!r t5tative or actual b unrecord$ failures4 ,!re=e we virtually h #a1jgj o!r failures belong+ to ^! pupils :i* are n includ$ 9 ,table ,i4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! numb] c only be e/imat$1 ! fact t !y are n incorporat$ 9 t table sugge/s t ! in=mation :i* x discloses is some?+ less ?an a full /atem5t ( ! s*ool failures = ^! pupils4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( ! totals = ages1 ! mode appe>s pla9ly at #af1 b ) an evid5t skewness t[>d ! upp] ages4 ,! failures = ! ye>s #af1 #ag1 & #ah1 :5 add$ toge!r1 =m #fh4a p] c5t ( ! total failures4 ,if ^? = #ae ye>s are also includ$1 ! result is #hf p] c5t ( ! total4 ,( ! total failures1 #fe4g p] c5t are f\nd 9 ! fir/ two ye>s 7#aa1hja out ( ! total ( #ag1ifj74 ,b ! really /rik+ fact is t #cd4c p] c5t ( ! failures occur aft] ! end ( ! fir/ two ye>s1 aft] #eb4b p] c5t ( ! pupils are gone1 & ) o!r hundr$s leav+ 9 ea* succe$+ seme/] be=e ev5 ! end ( ! eigh?4 ,9 ,table ,,ii we h simil> facts = ! pupils :o graduate4 ,,table ,,ii ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,failures ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,ages ,,& ,,! ,,seme/]s ,,( ,,_! ,,occurr5ce ,,= ,,! ,,graduat+ ,,pupils ,,ages ,,seme/]s #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb ,,totals #a ,b4 #j #ff #hd #fj #e #b #c 44 44 44 #bbj ,g4 #d #fh #abc #fh #bc #d #j 44 44 44 #bij #eaj #b ,b4 #j #cj #ie #if #da #c #b 44 44 44 #bfg ,g4 #a #be #aai #aba #cj #aa #b 44 44 44 #cji #egf #c ,b4 #j #f #ajh #ih #ga #bb #a #c 44 44 #cji ,g4 #a #ae #aja #aeh #gh #bj #e #j 44 44 #cgh #fhg #d ,b4 44 #d #ed #aeg #ajg #cf #f #j 44 44 #cfd ,g4 44 #a #de #ahf #adc #ea #g #b 44 44 #dce #gii #e ,b4 44 #a #aj #hb #adb #hb #ag #d #c 44 #cda ,g4 44 #j #i #ade #ahg #hh #bb #i #j 44 #dfj #hja #f ,b4 44 44 #d #cd #aeh #aci #cb #i #b 44 #cgh ,g4 44 44 #b #gj #bce #agh #dj #ac #a 44 #eci #iag #g ,b4 44 #a #j #aj #aae #adj #fe #d #d #a #cdj ,g4 44 #j #b #g #acj #ahg #fi #ai #j #j #dad #ged #h ,b4 44 44 44 #j #ca #abb #fe #be #b 44 #bde ,g4 44 44 44 #b #de #aej #ie #cg #b 44 #cca #egf #i ,b4 44 44 44 44 #j #bd #bc #ac #a 44 #fa ,g4 44 44 44 44 #d #cb #dj #bd #j 44 #ajj #afa #aj ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 #a #aa #e #c 44 #bj ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 #c #ab #f #a 44 #bb #db ,summ>y ,b4 44 #ajh #cee #ecg #fgj #ega #bbe #fc #ae #a #bede ,g4 #f #aji #dja #geg #hge #gbd #bib #aaj #d #j #cbgh #ehbc ,footnote3 ,9 ! facts :i* are involv$ & 9 ! mann] ( read+ !m1 ?is table is simil> to ,table ,i4 ,! mode ( ! di/ribution ( totals = ! ages is at #ag 9 ?is table4 ,fur!r ref]5ce w be made to bo? ,tables ,i & ,,ii 9 lat] *apt]s ( ?is /udy4 7,see pages #cf1 #cg1 #da1 #db74 ,a fur!r analysis ( ! failures is "h made 9 ref]5ce to ! numb] ( pupils & ! numb] ( failures ea*4 ,,table ,,iii ,a ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,fail+ ,,pupils ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures ,,p] ,,pupil1 ,,9 ,,ea* ,,seme/] ,,no4 ,,( ,,seme/]s ,,totals ,,failures #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #a ,b4 #dei #dcj #cge #ceb #bga #bba #aeg #aac #bb #aa #bdaa ,g4 #efa #ece #dbh #dba #cbh #bfa #afg #abc #ce #i #bhfh --------------------------- #cb4e #ebgi #b ,b4 #bga #bdb #baa #bjf #adi #add #gi #fh #ai #d #acic ,g4 #bga #bec #bch #bjd #agg #adb #abg #hd #ag #f #aeai --------------------------- #cd4i #biab #c ,b4 #add #ajf #ha #gc #ei #fj #de #bg #f #b #fjc ,g4 #bjg #ajc #ha #ge #ge #hc #eb #ch #bj #c #gcg --------------------------- #ce #acdj #d ,b4 #hc #ci #cc #cj #bg #cb #aj #aj #a #a #bff ,g4 #ie #ej #ch #ce #bg #ci #ai #ai #c #j #cbe --------------------------- #ca4h #eia #e ,b4 #f #c #e #h #g #h #g #b #j 44 #df ,g4 #c #b #f #e #a #aj #f #e #a 44 #ci --------------------------- #ee4c #he #f ,b4 44 44 #c #c #j #a #a 44 44 44 #h ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 --------------------------- #be #h ,tot4 ,b4 #ifc #hbj #gjh #fgb #eac #dff #bii #bbj #dh #ah #dgbg ,g4 #aacg #idc #gia #gdj #fjh #ece #cga #bfi #gf #ah #edhh #aj1bae ,table ,,iii tells u t #dei boys & #efa girls h "o failure ea* 9 ! fir/ seme/] ( _! high s*ool "w2 #bga boys & ! same numb] ( girls h two failures 9 ! fir/ seme/]1 & s on1 = ! t5 seme/]s & = z _m z six failures p] pupil4 ,! failures repres5t$ by ^! pupils give a total ( #ag1ifj4 ,a di/ribution ( ! total failures p] pupil1 & ! facts relative !reto1 w be consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv ( ?is /udy4 ,! above di/ribution ( ,table ,,iii is repeat$ "h 9 ,table ,,iv1 s f> z x relates to ! fail+ graduates only4 ,,table ,,iv ,a ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,fail+ ,,pupils ,,:o ,,graduate1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures ,,p] ,,pupil ,,9 ,,ea* ,,seme/] ,,no4 ,,( ,,seme/]s ,,totals ,,failures #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #a ,b4 #aaj #aca #acg #aej #afb #aci #abj #aah #ai #aa #ajig ,g4 #acf #adb #aha #bjj #aig #ahj #aba #hi #bj #c #abfi ---------------------------- #ej #bcff #b ,b4 #cd #di #fa #fi #fa #ge #dg #bh #ae #c #ddb ,g4 #di #fd #fc #hf #ha #gc #ha #fb #aj #e #egd ---------------------------- #ec4b #ajaf #c ,b4 #aj #aj #ad #ah #ab #ag #bg #ag #d #a #acj ,g4 #af #i #ad #ac #bg #dc #cj #bj #af #c #aia ---------------------------- #fg4f #cba #d ,b4 #c #b #b #c #d #h #f #e #j 44 #cc ,g4 #b #c #f #f #e #af #i #ab #c 44 #fb ---------------------------- #ga4f #ie #e ,b4 44 44 #j #b #a #j #c #j 44 44 #f ,g4 44 44 #a #j #j #d #a #b 44 44 #h ---------------------------- #gh4f #ad #f ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 #a #a 44 44 44 #b ,g4 44 44 44 44 #j #j 44 44 44 #j ---------------------------- #ajj #b ,tot4 ,b4 #aeg #aib #bad #bcg #bdj #bdj #bjd #afc #dh #ae #agaj ,g4 #bjc #bah #bfe #cje #caj #caf #bdb #ahe #di #aa #bajd #chad ,?is table reads simil>ly to ,table ,,iii4 ,!re is n ! elem5t ( cont9u\s dropp+ out to be consid]$1 z 9 ,table ,,iii1 until aft] ! six? seme/] is pass$1 = no pupils graduate 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,! failures repres5t$ 9 ?is table numb] #e1hbc4 ,?is same di/ribution w be ! subject ( fur!r comm5t lat] on4 ,x discloses "s facts t ,table ,,iii t5ds to conceal1 = in/ance1 t ! great] numb] ( graduat+ pupils :o h #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f failures 9 a seme/] are f\nd aft] ! end ( ! second ye>4 #d4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,failures ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,subjects ,,9 ,,:i* ,,!y ,,occur ,! foll[+ tabulation ( failures w %[ h[ !y 7 %>$ by bo? boys & girls 9 ea* ( ! s*ool subjects :i* provid$ ! failures "h li/$4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures ,,di/ribut$ ,,by ,,s*ool ,,subjects ,total ,ma?4 ,eng4 ,lat9 ,g]4 ,fr4 ,hi/4 ,sci4 ,bus4 ,span4 or ,subj's4 ,greek ,b4 #hcdh #bjae #aeee #aebc #iag #dgc #ega #hej #dbd #bj ,g4 #ifab #bcjj #adbd #ahcc #hab #ehh #ajcf #ajac #eic #ac ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #bd4a #af4e #ah4g #i4f #e4i #h4i #aj4c #e4f 4#b ,! abbreviat$ head+s above w be self-explanatory by ref]5ce to section #c ( ,*apt] ,i4 ,! fir/ l9e ( numb]s gives ! failures = ! boys1 ! second l9e = ! girls4 ,ma!matics has #bd4a p] c5t ( all ! failures = all ! pupils4 ,lat9 claims #ah4g p] c5t & ,engli% #af4e p] c5t ( all ! failures4 ,^! ?ree subjects make a total ( ne>ly #fj p] c5t ( ! failures = ! n9e subject gr\ps appe>+ "h4 ,b /ill ?is is only a p>tial /atem5t ( ! facts z !y are1 s9ce ! total enrollm5t by subjects is an indep5d5t matt] & f> f be+ equally divid$ among all ! subjects conc]n$4 ,! subject enrollm5t may sometimes be relatively high & ! p]c5tage ( failure = t subject correspond+ly l[] ?an = a subject ) ! same numb] ( failures b a small] enrollm5t4 ,?is fact becomes q app>5t f ! foll[+ p]c5tages tak5 9 comp>ison ) ! ones j prec$+3 ,,p]c5tages ,,enroll$ ,,9 ,,ea* ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,sum ,,total ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,enrollm5ts ,,= ,,all ,,pupils ,,& ,,all ,,seme/]s ,ma?4 ,eng4 ,lat9 ,g]4 ,fr4 ,hi/4 ,sci4 ,bus4 ,span4 or ,subj's4 ,greek #ag4c #bd4j #aa4i #h4e #f4h #aj4b #ab4e #h4c 4#e ,we note t ! p]c5tages = ma!matics & ,engli%1 :i* repres5t _! portions ( ! gr& total ( subject enrollm5ts1 are virtually ! rev]se ( ! p]c5tages :i* designate ! am\nt ( total failures produc$ by ! same two subjects4 ,t means t ! p]c5tage ( ! total failures produc$ by ma!matics is really great] ?an 0 at fir/ app>5t1 :ile ! p]c5tages ( failures = ,engli% is n s great relatively z ! /atem5t ( ! total failures above w\ld alone indicate4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 we note t ,lat9 has #ah4g p] c5t ( all ! failures1 b its portion ( ! total enrollm5t = all subjects is only #aa4i p] c5t4 ,if ! failures 9 ?is subject 7 9 proportion to ! enrollm5t1 its p]c5tage ( ! failures w\ld be r$uc$ by #f4h p] c5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! failures = ,engli% 7 9 ! same proportion to ! total z is its subject enrollm5t1 x w\ld claim #g4e p] c5t m ( all ! failures4 ,9 ! same s5se1 ,fr5*1 hi/ory1 sci5ce1 & ! bus9ess subjects h a small] proportion ( all ! failures ?an ( all ! subject enrollm5ts4 ,! comp>ison ( failures by subjects may be cont9u$ /ill fur!r by comput+ ! p]c5tage ( failures 9 ea* subject z bas$ on ! numb] enroll$ 9 t subject4 ,su* p]c5tages are "h pres5t$ = ea* subject4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,! ,,numb] ,,tak+ ,,! ,,subject ,,:o ,,fail ,,9 ,,t ,,subject ,lat9 ,ma?4 ,g]4 ,fr4 ,hi/4 ,sci4 ,eng4 ,bus4 ,span4 or ,subj's4 ,greek #ah4g #af4j #ac4e #aa4f #aj4d #i4h #h4b #h4j #d4a ,x becomes evid5t at once t ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( failures1 bas$ on ! pupils tak+ ! subject1 is 9 ,lat91 al?\gh we h already f\nd t ma!matics has ! greate/ p]c5tage ( all ! failures record$ 7p4 #ai74 ,b "h ma!matics foll[s ,lat91 ) ,g]man com+ next 9 ord] z rank$ by its high p]c5tage ( failure = ^? enroll$ 9 ! subject4 ,hi/ory has ! m$ian p]c5tage = ! failures z li/$ = ! n9e subjects above4 ,! failures z report$ by subjects = o!r s*ools & o!r pupils w provide a comp>ison :i* may indicate some?+ ( ! relative /&+ ( ?is gr\p ( s*ools 9 ref]5ce to failures4 ,! failures are pres5t$ bel[ = ?irte5 high s*ools 9 ,new ,j]sey1 involv+ #bd1hie grades1 z report$ by ,d4,c4 ,bliss#g 9 #aiag4 ,z ! s*ools 7 report$ s+ly1 ! m$ian p]c5tage ( failure = ea* subject is us$ "h = our purpose4 ,b ,mr4 ,bliss' figures are comput$ f ! promotion %eets = ,june1 #aiae1 & include none ( ^? :o _h dropp$ out4 ,9 ?is s5se !y are n comp>able to ! p]c5tages ( failure z pres5t$ 9 ?is /udy4 ,yet ) ! "o exception ( ,lat9 ^! m$ian p]c5tages are high]4 ,! p]c5tages z pres5t$ bel[ = ,/4 ,paul#h are 9 ea* case bas$ on ! total numb] tak+ ! subject = a s+le seme/]1 & include ab\t #d1jjj pupils1 9 all ! classes1 9 ! f\r high s*ools ( ! city4,b ,footnote ,b3 ,x is a significant fact1 & "o wor?y ( note "h1 t ! report = ,/4 ,paul is app>5tly ! only "o ( ! surveys :i* also /ates ! numb] tak+ ea* subject1 z well z ! p]c5tages ( failure4 ,p]c5tages alone d n tell ! :ole /ory1 & !y d n promote ! fur!r utilization ( ! facts to discov] o!r relation%ips4 ,! facts pres5t$ = ,/4 ,l\is#i are = "o s*ool only1 ) #b1jhi pupils1 z record$ = ! fir/ half ( ! ye> #aiae-af4 ,all =eign languages z report$ = ?is s*ool are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,hi/ory is ! only subject t has a p]c5tage ( failure l[] ?an t ( ! correspond+ subjects = our eight s*ools4 ,! figures = bo? ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,l\is are bas$ on ! grades = all classes 9 s*ool1 b = only a s+le seme/]4 ,"o _c avoid feel+ t a /atem5t ( facts = s limit$ a p]iod may or may n be dep5dable & repres5tative = all p]iods4 ,! p]c5tages = ,pat]son#aj are report$ = ab\t #d1jjj pupils1 9 all classes1 = two successive seme/]s1 & are bas$ on ! numb] exam9$4 ,= ,d5v]1#aa ! records are report$ = #d1abj pupils1 & cov] a two-ye> p]iod4 ,! p]c5tages = ,butte#ab are bas$ on ! records = #c1aaj pupils1 = "o s*ool seme/]4 ,! figures report$ by ,r\nds & ,k+sbury#ac are = only two subjects1 b = =ty-six widely sep>at$ high s*ools1 ^: enrollm5t = ^! two subjects 0 #eg1fhj4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,failure ,,by ,,subjects--,,quot$ ,,= ,,o!r ,,s*ools ,ma?4 ,lat9 ,g]4 ,fr54 ,eng4 ,hi/4 ,sci4 ,bus4 ,subj's4 #ac ,n4,j4 ,h4,s4's4 #bj4j #ah4j #af4j 44 #ad4j #aa4j 44 #aa4e ,/4 ,paul #ba4h #ac4f #ad4c #ag4j #aj4j #aj4i #g4c #aa4g ,/4 ,l\is #ah4j -------#af------ #ac4j #g4j #ai4j 44 ,pat]son #bc4a #ba4f #bc4d 44 #ab4b #ac4i #ah4c #h4e ,d5v] #bd4j #ba4j #ab4j 44 #aa4g #aa4j #ag4j #aa4j ,butte #ah4f #be4j #bd4j #cb4f #e4d #g4j #ac4j #h4d ,r & ,k #bd4g 44 44 44 #ah4e 44 44 44 ,our #h ,h4,s4's #af4j #ah4g #ac4e #aa4f #h4b #aj4d #i4h #h4j ,9 "s s*ools ! reports 7 n available = all subjects4 ,x is n at all probable1 s f> z in=mation c\ld be obta9$1 t ! failures ( ! drop-out pupils = any ( ! s*ools 7 includ$ 9 ! p]c5tages z report$ above1 or t ! p]c5tages are bas$ on ! total numb] 9 ! giv5 subjects1 ) ! exception ( "o s*ool4 ,moreov]1 x is c]ta9 = at lea/ "s ( ! s*ools t nei!r ! failures ( ! drop-outs nor ! pupils :o 7 9 ! class = less ?an a :ole seme/] 7 consid]$ 9 ! p]c5tages above4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z ^! comp>isons may be ju/ifi$1 ! sugge/ion made 9 ,*apt] ,i t ! s*ools includ$ 9 ?is /udy are d\btless a sup]ior gr\p ) respect to failures appe>s to be /r5g!n$ by ! comp>isons made above4 ,x becomes m app>5t1 z we attempt to (f] a /atem5t ( failures z tak5 f ! v>i\s reports1 t !y are n truly comp>able4 ,! bases ( su* p]c5tages are n at all uni=m4 ,! basis us$ mo/ frequ5tly is ! numb] enroll$ at ! end ( ! p]iod r ?an ! total numb] enroll$ = any class1 = :i* ! s*ool has _h to provide1 & :i* %\ld mo/ reasonably =m ! basis ( ! p]c5tage ( failure4 ,fur!rmore1 ! failures = pupils :o drop out are n usually c\nt$4 ,yet1 9 mo/ ( ! reports1 ! situation is n cle>ly indicat$ = ei!r ( ! facts ref]r$ to4 ,/ill m difficult is ! task ( secur+ a g5]al /atem5t ( failures by subjects1 s9ce ! p]c5tages are mo/ frequ5tly report$ sep>ately = ea* class1 9 ea* subject1 & = diff]5t build+s1 b ) ! numb] ( pupils /at$ = nei!r ! failures nor ! enrollm5t4 ,! ,/4 ,paul report#h is an exception 9 ?is reg>d4 ,to pres5t ! full situation x is inde$ necess>y to "k ! failures = p>ticul> tea*]s1 subjects1 & build+s1 b x is also frequ5tly necess>y to be able to make a comp>ison ( results = diff]5t sy/ems4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to use ! v>i$ reports = ! attempt$ comp>ison above1 ! plan 0 pursu$ ( av]ag+ ! p]c5tages z /at$ = ! diff]5t classes1 seme/]s1 & ye>s ( a subject1 9 ea* s*ool sep>ately1 & !n select+ ! m$ian s*ool ?us det]m9$ z ! "o be/ repres5t+ ! city or ! sy/em4 ,?is me?od 0 employ$ to modify ! reports1 & to secure ! p]c5tages z /at$ above = ,d5v]1 ,pat]son1 & ,butte4 ,any plan ( av]ag+ ! p]c5tages = ! f\r ye>s ( ,engli%1 or simil>ly = any o!r subject1 may actually t5d to mis/ate ! facts1 :5 ! p]c5tages or ! numb]s repres5t$ are n v ne>ly equal4 ,b1 9 an incid5tal way1 ! difficulty s]ves to emphasize ! inadequacy & ! incomp>ability 9 ! report+ ( failures z f\nd 9 ! v>i\s /udies1 z well z to w>n u ( ! hopelessness ( rea*+ any conclusions ap>t f a k ( ! proc$ure employ$ 9 secur+ ! data4 ,! basis is also provid$ = "s int]e/+ comp>isons by isolat+ f ! g5]al di/ribution ( failures by s*ool subjects 7p4 #ai7 ! same facts = ! fail+ graduates4 ,t gives ! foll[+ di/ribution4 ,,! ,,failures ,,by ,,s*ool ,,subjects ,,= ,,graduates ,,only ,total ,ma?4 ,eng4 ,lat9 ,g]4 ,fr4 ,hi/4 ,sci4 ,bus4 ,span4 or ,subj's4 ,greek #ehjc ,b4 #ffj #djc #eba #bda #aia #ahj #bea #ia #g #fccd ,g4 #ghb #cdg #fgc #beg #bdj #daj #cid #afb #ab ,p] ,c5t ( ,totals #bd4h #ab4i #bj4e #h4e #g4d #aj4a #aa4 #d4c 4#c ,,simil> ,,p]c5tages ,,= ,,! ,,non-,,graduates ,z above #bc4f #ah4c #ag4g #aj4a #e4c #h4d #aj4 #f4c 4#a ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! p]c5tages ( failure 7bas$ on ! total failures = ! graduates7 run high] 9 ma!matics1 ,lat91 hi/ory1 ,fr5*1 & sci5ce = ! graduates ?an = ! :ole composite numb] 7page #ai74 ,! non-graduates h a correspond+ly l[] p]c5tage ( failure 9 ^! subjects1 z is indicat$ above4 ,! s*ool influ5ces 9 respect to ! failures ( ! non-graduates diff] f ^? ( ! graduates *iefly 9 ! fact t ! failures ( ! =m] t5d to occur to a great] ext5t 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ^! subjects1 s9ce s _m ( ! non-graduates are 9 ! s*ool = only ^? e>li] ye>s2 :ile ! failures ( ! graduates range m widely & h a t5d5cy to pr$om9ate 9 ! upp] ye>s ( ! subject1 z w be fur!r emphasiz$ 9 ! lat] pages ( ?is report 7see also ,table ,,iv74 #e4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,pupils ,,dropp+ ,,out--,,seme/]s--,,ages ,table ,v pres5ts ! facts conc]n+ ! "t & ! age at :i* ! fail+ pupils drop out ( s*ool4 ,table ,,vi furni%es ! correspond+ facts = ! non-fail+ drop-outs4 ,,table ,v ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,fail+ ,,non-,,graduates1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,seme/] ,,& ,,! ,,age ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,dropp+ ,,out ,,ages ,,undis- ,,seme/]s #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb ,,trib4 ,,totals #a ,b4 #a #dj #di #ej #ah #j #a #a 44 44 #a #afj ,g4 #c #dj #fe #dg #bc #d #j #j 44 44 #c #ahe #cde #b ,b4 44 #i #ef #hh #ef #bb #f #b 44 44 #c #bdb ,g4 44 #f #gb #aai #fa #bd #c #j 44 44 #f #bia #ecc #c ,b4 44 #d #cj #dj #bc #aj #g 44 44 44 #j #aad ,g4 44 #c #ce #ea #cb #ac #g 44 44 44 #a #adb #bef #d ,b4 44 #a #af #ff #hf #cd #af #b 44 44 #c #bbd ,g4 44 #a #ai #fj #gj #ei #ah #c 44 44 #j #bcj #ded #e ,b4 44 44 #b #ab #cf #ba #h #d 44 44 #c #hf ,g4 44 44 #d #ag #dh #bh #i #c 44 44 #a #aaj #aif #f ,b4 44 44 #a #f #dh #eb #ch #aj 44 44 #a #aef ,g4 44 44 #a #aa #eb #di #bf #e 44 44 #b #adf #cjb #g ,b4 44 44 44 #b #ab #ce #ba #g #j 44 #a #gh ,g4 44 44 44 #b #ae #ba #ae #d #a 44 #j #ei #acg #h ,b4 44 44 44 #j #aj #bc #ai #ai #b #j #b #ge ,g4 44 44 44 #b #aj #ca #bi #aj #d #b #c #ia #aff #i ,b4 44 44 44 44 #a #d #d #b 44 #a #a #ac ,g4 44 44 44 44 #a #f #ab #d 44 #j #j #bc #cf #aj ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #c #c #a 44 #h ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d #c #c #a 44 #aa #ai #aa ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #j #j #j 44 #j ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #a #a 44 #d #d ,tot4 ,b4 #a #ed #aed #bfd #bij #bja #abj #ej #f #b #ad #aaef ,g4 #c #ej #aif #cji #cab #bce #abc #cd #i #d #af #abib #bddh ,table ,v reads3 ,9 ! fir/ seme/] #a boy & #c girls drop out at age #ac2 #dj boys & #dj girls drop out at ! age ( #ad2 #di boys & #fe girls1 at ! age ( #ae4 ,9 ?is table1 z else:]e1 age #ae means f #ada_/b to #aea_/b1 & s on4 ,any drop-out1 z = ! second seme/]1 means ei!r dur+ or at ! end ( t seme/]4 ,,table ,,vi ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,non-,,fail+ ,,non-,,graduates1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,seme/] ,,& ,,! ,,age ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,dropp+ ,,out ,,ages ,,seme/] #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba ,,totals #a ,b4 #ag #aah #ada #ajf #ci #c #d #a #a #dcj ,g4 #aa #aei #bce #afj #ea #ai #d #d #j #fdc #ajgc #b ,b4 #j #g #di #ej #ah #g #c #j 44 #acd ,g4 #a #a #ei #db #ca #aj #g #b 44 #afc #big #c ,b4 44 44 #g #af #aa #e #a #j 44 #dj ,g4 44 44 #ad #bb #cc #ae #c #b 44 #hi #abi #d ,b4 44 44 #e #ac #aa #aj #a #j #a #da ,g4 44 44 #g #bj #ca #af #b #a #a #gh #aai #e ,b4 44 44 #a #b #i #a #b #j 44 #ae ,g4 44 44 #j #c #aj #i #d #a 44 #bg #db #f ,b4 44 44 #a #d #ad #c #b #j 44 #bd ,g4 44 44 #j #e #ag #ac #g #c 44 #de #fi #g ,b4 44 44 44 #j #b #b #b #a 44 #g ,g4 44 44 44 #a #b #g #a #a 44 #ab #ai #h ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 #a #a #a 44 #c ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 #c #a #a 44 #e #h #i ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #j 44 #j ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 #a #a ,tot4 ,b4 #ag #abe #bjd #aia #ajd #cb #af #c #b #fid ,g4 #ab #agj #cae #bec #age #ib #bi #af #a #ajfc #ageg ,table ,,vi reads simil>ly to ,table ,v4 ,! di/ribution ( ! age totals = ! pupils dropp+ out gives u m$ians :i*1 = bo? boys & girls1 fall )9 ! #ag-ye> gr\p = ! fail+ pupils1 b )9 ! #af-ye> gr\p = ! non-fail+ pupils4 ,= ,table ,v ! mode ( ! di/ribution is at #ag1 b = ,table ,,vi x is at #ae4 ,! p]c5tages ( dropp+ out = ea* age gr\p are giv5 bel[4 ,fir/1 all ! pupils ( ,tables ,v & ,,vi are gr\p$ toge!r = ?is purpose1 !n ! boys & ! girls = ,tables ,v & ,,vi are consid]$ sep>ately to facilitate ! comp>ison ( facts4 ,,p]c5tages ,,9 ,,ea* ,,age ,,gr\p ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,numb] ,,dropp+ ,,out ,ages #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba ,p] ,c5t #j4h #i4e #bj4g #bd4b #ba4j #ac4c #f4h #b4d #a4b ,x is readily se5 f ! above p]c5tages t1 z w\ld be expect$1 ! drop-outs are mo/ frequ5t = ! v ages :i* are mo/ common 9 ! high s*ool4 ,!re is no special accumulation ( drop-outs = ei!r ! e>li] or ! lat] ages4 ,b1 if 9 any seme/] we consid] ! drop-outs = ea* age z a p]c5tage ( ! total pupils repres5t$ = t age1 ! facts are m fully reveal$1 z is indicat$ bel[ = c]ta9 seme/]s4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,drop-,,outs ,,= ,,ea* ,,age1 ,,on ,,! ,,totals ,,= ,,su* ,,age ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/1 ,,second ,,& ,,f\r? ,,seme/]s ,,ages #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba ,seme/] #a #f4h #ah4b #bc4a #cb4f #ch4c #ce4j #dj4j #dj4j 44 ,seme/] #b #d4j #h4a #ad4h #ah4c #bb4b #cj4j #dj4j #cc4j 44 ,seme/] #d #j #i4j #aa4h #ab4e #af4e #bd4f #ce4b #ej4j 44 ,if ^! seme/]s may be tak5 z indicative ( all1 an almo/ /eady increase w be expect$ 9 ! p]c5tages ( drop-outs z ! ages ( ! pupils rise4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! old] ages h ! high] p]c5tages ( drop-outs :5 ?is basis ( ! computation is employ$4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 make "s helpful comp>isons ( ! ages ( drop-outs = boys & = girls by m]ely us+ ! p]c5tages ( total drop-outs = ! purpose4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,fail+ ,,drop-,,outs ,,9 ,,ea* ,,age ,,gr\p1 ,,= ,,boys ,,& ,,girls ,,sep>ately ,,ages #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba ,boys #j #d4f #ab4e #bb4h #be4a #ag4d #aj4c #d4c #a4i ,girls 4#b #c4h #ae4a #bc4i #bd4a #ai4j #i4e #b4f #b4b ,"h x appe>s t1 ( all ! boys & girls :o fail be=e dropp+ out1 ! s*ool loses at ! age ( #ad1 = example1 #d4f p] c5t = ! boys & #c4h p] c5t = ! girls4 ,z a matt] ( m]e conv5i5ce1 ! p]c5tages = age #ba are made to include also ! undi/ribut$ pupils 9 ,table ,v4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,! ,,non-,,fail+ ,,drop-,,outs ,,9 ,,ea* ,,age ,,gr\p1 ,,= ,,boys ,,& ,,girls ,,sep>ately ,,ages #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj ,boys #b4d #ah4j #bi4d #bg4a #ae4j #d4d #b4c #j4g ,girls #a4a #af4j #bi4f #bc4h #af4d #h4f #b4g #a4f ,^! p]c5tages are comput$ f ! age totals 9 ,table ,,vi1 j z ! ones prec$+ are comput$ f ,table ,v4 ,x seems wor?y ( note "h t close to #ej p] c5t ( ! non-fail+ drop-outs occur "u #af ye>s ( age1 = bo? ! boys & ! girls2 b t ! numb] ( ! fail+ pupils :o drop out does n rea* #bj p] c5t = ! boys or ! girls 9 ^! same ye>s4 ,x is likewise rem>kable 9 ^! di/ributions t ! p]c5tages = boys & = girls %[ su* slight diff]5ces 9 ei!r ( ! two gr\p+s4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*apt] ,,ii ,if to ! record$ failures ! virtual b unrecord$ ones are add$1 ! p]c5tage ( fail+ pupils is #ff p] c5t4 ,?is p]c5tage is high] = ! boys ?an = ! girls by a diff]5ce ( #f p] c5t4 ,( ! graduat+ pupils1 #eh4a p] c5t fail "o or m times4 ,( ! non-fail+ non-graduates #gh p] c5t are lo/ f s*ool by ! end ( _! fir/ ye>4 ,b ! fail+ non-graduates h n lo/ su* a p]c5tage be=e ! end ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,! p]c5tage ( pupils fail+ increases = ! fir/ f\r seme/]s1 & l[]s b little = two m seme/]s4 ,"o ?ird to "o half ( ! pupils fail 9 ea* seme/] to sev5?4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( failures by ages & seme/]s1 #hf p] c5t are f\nd f ages #ae to #ah inclusive4 ,?irty-f\r p] c5t ( ! failures occur aft] ! end ( ! second ye>1 :5 #eb4b p] c5t ( ! pupils h be5 lo/ & o!rs are leav+ cont9u\sly4 ,ma!matics1 ,lat91 & ,engli% head ! li/ 9 ! p]c5tages ( total failures1 & toge!r provide ne>ly #fj p] c5t ( ! failures2 b ,engli% has a l>ge subject-enrollm5t to balance its c\nt 9 failures4 ,ma!matics1 ,lat91 & ,g]man fail ! highe/ p]c5tages on ! numb] ( pupils tak+ ! subjects4 ,9 sev]al subjects ! p]c5tages ( failure bas$ on ! total failures are high] = ! graduates ?an = ! non-graduates4 ,= ! pupils dropp+ out )\t failure ! m$ian age is at #af1 ) ! mode at #ae4 ,= ! fail+ drop-outs bo? ! m$ian & ! mode are at ! age ( #ag4 ,ne>ly #ej p] c5t ( ! non-fail+ drop-outs occur "u age #af1 b n #bj p] c5t ( ! fail+ non-graduates are gone by t age4 ,! p]c5tage ( drop-outs is high] = old] pupils4 ,,ref]5ces3 #e4 ,kelley1 ,t4,l4 ,a ,/udy ( ,high ,s*ool & ,univ]sity ,grades1 ) ,ref]5ce to ,_! ,int]correlation & ! ,causes ( ,elim9ation1 ,j\rnal ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 #f3cfe4 #f4 ,johnson1 ,g4,r4 ,qualitative ,elim9ation 9 ,high ,s*ool1 ,s*ool ,review1 #ah3fhj4 #g4 ,bliss1 ,d4,c4 ,high ,s*ool ,failures1 ,educational ,adm9i/ration & ,sup]vision1 ,vol4 #c4 #h4 ,/ray]1 ,g4,d41 ,c(fman1 ,l4,d41 ,pross]1 ,c4,a4 ,report ( a ,survey ( ! ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota4 #i4 ,m]$i?1 ,a4,b4 ,survey ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,s*ools1 #aiag1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ea4 #aj4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,pat]son1 ,new ,j]sey1 #aiae4 #aa4 ,bobbitt1 ,j4,f4 ,report ( ! ,s*ool ,survey ( ,d5v]1 #aiaf4 #ab4 ,/ray]1 ,g4,d4 ,a ,survey ( ! ,public ,s*ools ( ,butte1 #aiad4 #ac4 ,r\nds1 ,c4,r41 ,k+sbury1 ,h4,b4 ,d ,too ,_m ,/ud5ts ,fail8 ,s*ool ,review1 #ba3ehe4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,:at ,,basis ,,is ,,discov]able ,,= ,,progno/icat+ ,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,( ,,or ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures8 #a4 ,,att5dance1 ,,m5tal ,,or ,,physical ,,defects1 ,,& ,,size ,,( ,,classes ,,are ,,possible ,,factors ,any def9ite factors available = ! s*ool t h a progno/ic value 9 ref]5ce to s*ool failures w help to p]=m a function q comp>able to ! sci5ce ( prev5tive m$ic9e 9 its field1 & 9 contra/ ) ! old] art ( doctor+ ! malady aft] x has be5 p]mitt$ to develop4 ,su* progno/ication ( failure1 h[ev]1 ne$ n imply a complete k ( ! causes ( ! failures4 ,x may simply signify t 9 c]ta9 situations ! causes are less active or are p>tly ov]come by o!r factors4 ,p]haps "o ( ! simple/ factors ) a progno/ic value on failure may be f\nd 9 ! facts ( att5dance4 ,p]si/5t or repeat$ abs5ce f s*ool may rea* a po9t :]e x t5ds to affect ! numb] ( failures4 ,x happ5$1 un=tunately1 t ! reports = att5dance 7 incomplete or lack+ 9 a consid]able portion ( ! records employ$ 9 ?is /udy4 ,consequ5tly ! influ5ce ( att5dance is giv5 no especial consid]ation 9 ^! pages1 except z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 t ! pupil mu/ h be5 pres5t en\gh ( any seme/] to secure 8 subject grades1 else no failure is c\nt$ & no "t is *>g$ to 8 p]iod 9 s*ool4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,dr4 ,c4,h4 ,keyes#ad f\nd 9 a /udy ( elem5t>y s*ool pupils t ( #a1fdi pupils los+ f\r weeks or m 9 a s+le ye> #dei belong$ to ! accel]ate pupils1 #fdg to ^? arre/$1 & #edc to pupils normal 9 _! s*ool "w4 ,he accr$its su* l>ge loss ( "t z almo/ inv>iably ! result ( illness & ( contagi\s disease4 ,he also says1 ,prolong$ abs5ce f s*ool is appreciable 9 produc+ arre/ especially :5 x am\nts to m ?an #be days 9 "o s*ool ye>4 ,b ! diseases ( *ildhood1 ) ! resultant abs5ce1 are less preval5t 9 ! high s*ool ye>s ?an e>li]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! losses due to *ange ( resid5ce w n be met ) "h1 =1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 no transf]r$ pupils are includ$ subsequ5t to ! "t ( ! transf]5ce ei!r to or f ! s*ool4 ,! influ5ce ( physical or m5tal defects also des]ves recognition "h z a possible factor relative to s*ool failures1 al?\gh ?is /udy has no data to (f] ( any /ati/ical value 9 t reg>d4 ,a few pupils 9 high s*ool may actually rea* ! limits prescrib$ by _! 'intellig5ce quoti5t'#ae or g5]al m5tal ability1 or p]haps1 z ,bronn]#af s int]e/+ly po9ts out1 be h&icapp$ by "s special m5tal disability4 ,if su* be true1 !y w d\btless be f\nd 9 ! numb] ( s*ool drop-outs lat] ref]r$ to z fail+ 9 #ej p] c5t or m ( _! "w2 b we h no measurem5t ( intellig5ce record$ = !m to s]ve our purposes ( progno/ication4 ,9 ! matt] ( physical defects alone1 ! report ( ,dr4 ,l4,p4 ,ayres#ag on a /udy ( #c1cjd pupils1 t5 to f\rte5 ye>s old1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 /ates t ,9 e case except 9 t ( vision ! *ildr5 rat$ z 'dull' are f\nd to be suff]+ f physical defects to a great] degree ?an 'normal' or 'bright' *ildr54 ,! defects ( vision1 :i* is ! exception not$1 may be ev5 p>tly ! result ( ! /udi\s habits ( ! pupils4 ,bronn]#af rem>ks on ! relation%ips betwe5 m5tal & physical conditions1 & also on h[ ! f9d+s on te/s 7 altoge!r diff]5t aft] ! *ild _h be5 built up physically4 ,b ,gulick & ,ayres#ah conclude t x is evid5t f ! facts at h& t if vision 7 omitt$ ! p]c5tage ( defects w\ld dw9dle & become comp>atively small among ! upp] grades4 ,?is w\ld probably be /ill m true = ! high s*ool2 b ?is :ole field has n yet be5 completely & ?or\ghly inve/igat$4 ,x w\ld be v desirable to h asc]ta9$ ! size ( ! classes 9 :i* ! failures 7 mo/ frequ5t1 z well z ! relative success ( ! pupils repeat+ subjects 9 l>g] or 9 small] classes4 ,b1 z su* facts 7 unobta9able1 x is p]mitt$ "h simply to recognize ! possible influ5ce ( ?is factor4 ,x seems des]v+ 9 itself ( c>eful & special /udy4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! pupil1 ! k9d ( subject1 ! k9d ( tea*]1 & ! sort ( discipl9e employ$ w t5d to influ5ce ! size ( class to be call$ normal1 & to make x a sort ( v>iable4 ,?irty pupils is reg>d$ by ! ,nor? ,c5tral ,association z ! maximum size ( class 9 high s*ool4#ai ,surely ! size ( class w react on ! pupil by affect+ ! tea*]'s _s & en]gy4 ,ref]5ce is made by ,hall-,que/#bj to an exp]im5t1 ^: au?or is n nam$1 9 :i* #hbi pupils /at$ t _! mo/ helpful tea*]s 7 pleasant1 *e]ful1 optimi/ic1 en?usia/ic1 & "y4 ,if su* be true !n ! v l>ge size ( classes w t5d to r$uce ! tea*]'s helpfulness4 #b4 ,,! ,,employm5t ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,ent]+ ,,age ,,= ,,prognosis ,a promis+ b less emphasiz$ basis ( progno/icat+ ! s*ool success or failure ( ! pupils is f\nd 9 ! employm5t ( ! s*ool ent]+ ages = ?is purpose4 ,! di/ribution ( all ! pupils 7except #cj undi/ribut$ ones1 = :om ! records 7 incomplete71 accord+ to ent]+ age1 is "h pres5t$1 indep5d5tly = ! boys & = ! girls4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,pupils ,,by ,,_! ,,entrance ,,ages ,,to ,,high ,,s*ool ,,ages ,undis- ,total #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj tribut$ #bfdf ,b4 #af #baa #hbj #ijj #dig #adh #bc #aj #g #ad #cdie ,g4 #h #bei #aabd #abag #fad #aid #ea #aj #h #af ,! ent]+ ages ( ^! #f1ada pupils are di/ribut$ f #ab to #bj1 ) #cj ( !m = :om ! age records 7 n giv54 ,! m$ian age = all ! entrants is #ae4c4 ,b 9 ord] to comp>e ?is ) ! m$ian ent]+ age 7#ad4i7 ( ! #a1jcc pupils report$ by ,k+#ba = ! ,i[a ,city high s*ool1 or ) ! m$ian ent]+ age 7#ad4e7 ( #ajjj high s*ool pupils 9 ,new ,york ,city1 z report$ by ,van ,d5burg1#bb x is necess>y to r$uce ^! m$ians to ! same basis ( age classification4 ,s9ce age #ae = ?is /udy />ts at #ada_/b1 !n #ae4c w\ld be only #ad4h 7#ae4c-4e7 z by _! classification4 ,! p]c5tages ( ! total numb] ( pupils = ea* age are giv5 bel[4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,pupils ,,= ,,ea* ,,ent]+ ,,age ,,ages #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj ,undi/ribut$ ,total #j4d #g4f #ca4f #cd4d #ah4a #e4e #a4b #a4j ,boys #j4f #h4j #ca4j #cg4h #ah4h #e4f #j4h #a4a ,girls #j4b #g4d #cb4d #cd4h #ag4e #e4e #a4d #a4j ,we see t #hd p] c5t ( ! pupils ent] at age #ad1 #ae1 & #af1 or1 :at is p]haps m important1 t ne>ly #dj p] c5t ent] "u #ae ye>s ( age4 ,! simil>ity ( p]c5tages = boys & = girls is pron\nc$4 ,! slight advantage ( ! boys = ages #ab & #ac may be due to home influ5ce 9 re/rict+ ! e>ly entrance ( ! girls1 ?us caus+ a correspond+ sup]iority = ! girls at age #ad4 ,! mode ( ?is p]c5tage di/ribution is at #ae = bo? boys & girls4 ,:at portion ( ea* ent]+-age-gr\p has no failures8 ,?is "q & ! answ] pres5t$ bel[ direct our att5tion to ! sup]iority ( ! pupils ( ! e>li] ent]+ ages4 ,t ^! gr\ps ( e>li] ages ( entrance are compris$ ( pupils select$ = _! capabilities is %[n by ! successive decrease 9 ! p]c5tages ( ! non-fail+ z ! ages ( _! entrance increases1 up to age #ah4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,pupils ,,:o ,,d ,,n ,,fail1 ,,= ,,ea* ,,ent]+-,,age-,,gr\p ,,ages ,totals #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ajfa ,b4 #aa #ajb #cbj #cji #ahf #ef #i #d #d #aege ,g4 #c #acc #ebb #ede #bef #gc #bi #g #f ( ----------------- ,entrants #eh4j #ej4j #dc4d #dj4j #ci4h #cg4g #ee4j ,"h is def9ite evid5ce t ! pupils ( ! e>li] ent]+ ages are less likely to fail 9 any ( _! s*ool subjects ?an are ! old] ones4 ,^? ent]+ at ages #ab or #ac escape s*ool failures altoge!r = #ej p] c5t or m ( _! numb]s4 ,^? ent]+ at age #ad are some:at less successful b /ill seem sup]ior to ^? ( lat] entrance ages4 ,x is enc\rag+1 !n1 t ^! ?ree ages ( entrance include ne>ly #dj p] c5t ( ! #f1ada pupils4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no?+ 9 ?is situation to ju/ify any d$uction ( ! sort t pupils ent]+ at ! age ( #ag w\ld h be5 m successful _h !y be5 s5t to high s*ool e>li]1 except t _h !y be5 able to ent] high s*ool e>li] !y w\ld h repres5t$ a diff]5t selection ( ability by t fact alone4 ,!re is also a sort ( selection op]ative = ! pupils ent]+ at ages #ah1 #ai1 or #bj1 :i* t5ds to acc\nt at lea/ p>tly = ! rise 9 ! p]c5tage ( ! non-fail+ = ^! ye>s4 ,x is safe to believe t = ! mo/ "p only ! m able1 ambiti\s1 & purposeful individuals are likely to display ! en]gy requir$ or to disc]n ! ne$ ( _! ent]+ high s*ool :5 !y h rea*$ ! age ( #ah or lat]4 ,! appeal ( s*ool a?letics w 9 ?is case seem v inadequate to expla9 _! entrance s late1 s9ce ! girls pr$om9ate s /rongly = ^! ye>s4 ,!n x may be cont5d$ fur!r t ! add$ maturity & exp]i5ce ( ^? lat] entrants may p>tly comp5sate = a lack ( native ability1 if su* be ! case1 & !reby result 9 a relatively high p]c5tage ( non-fail+ pupils = ?is gr\p4 ,x is readily conc$$ t ! avoidance ( failure 9 s*ool "w s]ves z only "o crit]ion = gaug+ ! pupils' accompli%m5t4 ,x is accord+ly important to inquire h[ ! diff]5t age-gr\ps ( s*ool entrants comp>e ) ref]5ce to ! p]si/5ce & ability :i* is repres5t$ by s*ool graduation4 ,a truly /rik+ array ( p]c5tages foll[s 9 ref]5ce to ! "q ( h[ _m ( ! ent]+ pupils 9 ea* age-gr\p d graduate4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,pupils ,,graduat+ ,,= ,,ea* ,,ent]+-,,age ,,gr\p ,,ages ,totals #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #gif ,b4 #ad #aae #bij #bec #ii #bj #b #a #b #aadj ,g4 #e #aea #dfe #cfc #aba #bf #e #a #j ( ,entrants #gi4a #ef4f #ch4h #bi4i #bj4j #ac4d #i4a #aj4j #ac4c ,^! p]c5tages be> conv9c+ te/imony 9 support ( ! previ\s evid5ce t ! pupils ( ! e>li] ent]+ ye>s are highly select$ 9 ability4 ,( all ! high s*ool entrants !y are ! 'mo/ fit1' ! lea/ likely to fail1 & ! mo/ c]ta9 to graduate4 ,! p]c5tage ( pupils graduat+ :o ent]$ at ! age ( #ab is approximately f\r times t ( pupils :o ent]$ at ! age ( #af4 ,?irte5 is m ?an f\r times z fruitful ( graduates z age #ag2 f\rte5 be>s a simil> relation%ip to age #ah2 & ! p]c5tage = fifte5 is ?ree times t = age #ai1 z is app>5t f ! above figures4 ,! fact t ! decl9e ( ^! p]c5tages ceases at age #ai is probably due to ! great] maturity ( su* lat] entrants4 ,:5 we make inquiry z to :at portion ( ! graduates 9 ea* ( ! above gr\ps 'goes ?r\gh' 9 f\r ye>s or less1 we get ! s]ies ( p]c5tages indicat$ bel[4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,! ,,graduates ,,:o ,,f9i% ,,9 ,,f\r ,,ye>s ,,or ,,less1 ,,= ,,ea* ,,( ,,! ,,ent]+-,,age ,,gr\ps ,ages #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah ( ,ea* ,gr\p #hd4c #he4g #ge4h #gi4e #hd4c #hj4d #ajj ,x appe>s t ! ones 9 ! old] age-gr\ps :o d graduate are n s h&icapp$ 9 ref]5ce to ! "t requirem5t = graduation z we might h expect$ !m to be f ! facts ( ! prec$+ pages4 ,p]haps t fact is p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! n unusual t5d5cy to re/ra9 ! m rapid progress ( ! y\ng] pupils or to promote ! old] ones p>tly by age1 s t by our s*ool proc$ure ! y\ng] & ! bright] pupils may at times actually be m ret>d$1 accord+ to m5tal age1 ?an are ! old] & sl[] ones4 ,s9ce ! same tea*]s1 ! same s*ools1 & ! same adm9i/rative policy 7 involv$ = ! diff]5t entrance-age gr\ps1 ! progno/ic value ( ! factor ( age at entrance w seem to be unimpair$1 :e!r x op]ates indep5d5tly z a gauge ( rank 9 m5tal ability1 or conjo9tly ) & indicative ( ! v>y+ influ5ce on ^! pupils ( o!r concomitant factors1 su* z ! diff]5ce ( economic dem&s1 ! diff]5ce ( social int]e/s1 ! diff]5ce 9 p]man5ce ( conflict+ habits ( ! individual1 or ! diff]5ce 9 effectiv5ess ( ! s*ool's appeal z adapt$ = ! sev]al ages4 ,"o may cont5d1 & ) "s success1 t ! high s*ool regime is bett] adju/$ to ! y\ng] pupils1 ) ! consequ5t result t !y are m successful 9 its requirem5ts4 ,! di/ractions ( m num]\s social int]e/s may actually accompany ! lat] ye>s ( s*ool age4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! social di/ractions ( girls1 ,m>g>et ,slatt]y says1#bc ,?is mania = 'go+' seizes _m ( our girls j :5 !y ne$ re/ & natural pleasures1 ! great out-(-doors1 & e>ly h\rs ( retir+4 ,b surely su* di/ractions are n peculi> to ! girls alone4 ,! economic ne$s t arise at ! age ( sixte5 & lat] are (t5 consid]$ to con/itute a press+ factor reg>d+ ! cont9uance 9 s*ool4 ,b ,van,denburg#bb 0 conv9c$ by ! inve/igation1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ( #dbj r5tals = ! families ( pupils t on ! :ole ! economic /atus ( ^! pupils seems to be only a slight factor 9 _! cont9uance 9 s*ool4 ,a simil> conclusion 0 rea*$ by ,wooley1#bd 9 ,c9c9nati1 aft] inve/igat+ #fjj families1 9 :i* x 0 e/imat$ t #gc p] c5t ( ! families did n ne$ ! e>n+s ( ! *ildr5 :o left s*ool to g to "w4 ,! correspond+ report by a commission#be 9 ,massa*usetts %[s #gf p] c5t4 ,! same facts = ,new ,york ,city#bf indicate t #hj p] c5t ( su* families are indep5d5t ( ! *ild's wages4 ,b ,holley concludes1#bg f a /udy ( c]ta9 t[ns 9 ,ill9ois1 t !re is a high correlation betwe5 ! economic1 educational1 & social advantages ( a home & ! numb] ( ye>s ( s*ool :i* its *ildr5 receive4 ,x w h>dly be d5i$ t ev5 aside f ! relation ( ! family means to ! s*ool p]si/5ce1 ! economic ne$s may h a direct influ5ce on ! fail+ ( ! *ildr5 9 _! s*ool "w1 ei!r because home conditions may be decid$ly unfavorable = requir$ home /udy1 or because ( ! l>g] portion ( "t t mu/ be giv5 to outside employm5t1 ) its consequ5t r$uction ( ! normal vitality ( ! individual or ( 8 read9ess to /udy4 ,b1 9 spite ( ! possible int]relation%ip ( ^! factors1 x /ill appe>s t ! s*ool entrance age ( pupils w s]ve z a valuable sort ( educational compass to =etell 9 "p ! probable direction ( _! lat] accompli%m5t4 #c4 ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,failure ,,at ,,ea* ,,age ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,fail+ ,,= ,,t ,,age ,we h consid]$ at "s l5g? ! progno/ic value ( ! age at entrance4 ,"h we %all briefly consid] ! progno/ic value ( age 9 ref]5ce to ! "t :5 failures occur & ! am\nt ( failure = su* age4 ,if we 7 to total all ! failures = a giv5 age1 z %[n 9 ,table ,i1 :at "p w t =m ( ! total subjects tak5 by ^! pupils at ! "t ! failures occur8 ,9 o!r words1 :at are ! p]c5tages =m$ by ! total failures on ! possibility ( fail+1 = ! same pupils & ! same seme/]s1 consid]$ by age gr\ps8 ,! summ>y l9e ( ,table ,i gives ! total failures accord+ to ! ages at :i* !y occurr$4 ,! numb] ( pupils %>+ 9 ea* gr\p ( ^! failures is also kn[n by a sep>ate tabulation4 ,!n ! full numb] ( subjects p] pupil is tak5 z #da_/b1 s9ce approximately #ej p] c5t ( ! pupils take five or m subjects ea* seme/] & ! o!r #ej p] c5t take f\r or less 7see p4 #fa74 ,) ! numb] ( pupils giv51 & ) a s*$ule ( #da_/b subjects p] pupil1 we are able to compute ! p]c5tages :i* ! failures =m ( ! total subjects = ^! fail+ pupils at ! "t4 ,^! p]c5tages are giv5 bel[4 ,,! ,,p]c5tages ,,=m$ ,,by ,,failures ,,at ,,ea* ,,age ,,on ,,! ,,possibilities ,,( ,,fail+ ,,at ,,t ,,age ,,& ,,"t1 ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,pupils ,ages #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #cf4f #ch4j #cg4i #dj4i #dj4h #da4b #da4c #db4j #db4g ,footnote3 ,^! p]c5tages are comput$ f ! data secur$ 9 ,table ,i1 z not$ above4 ,!re is an almo/ unbrok5 rise 9 ^! p]c5tages f #cf4f = age #ac to #db4g = age #ba4 ,n only d a great] numb] ( ! old] pupils fail1 z 0 previ\sly indicat$1 b !y also h a great] p]c5tage ( failure = ! subjects :i* !y are tak+4 ,x seems appropriate "h to (f] a caution t1 9 read+ ! above p]c5tages1 "o mu/ n conclude t all ( age #ad fail 9 #ch p] c5t ( _! "w1 b r t ^? :o d fail at age #ad fail 9 #ch p] c5t ( _! "w = t seme/]4 ,! evid5ce does n seem to indicate t ! maturity ( lat] ye>s op]ates to secure any g5]al r$uction ( ^! p]c5tages4 ,! progno/ic value ( su* facts seems to consi/ 9 lead+ u to expect a great] p]c5tage ( failures 7on ! total subjects7 f ! old] pupils :o fail ?an f ! y\ng] ones :o fail4 ,if x 7 possible to translate ! above p]c5tages to a basis ( ! possibility ( failure = all pupils1 in/ead ( ! possibility = fail+ pupils only1 ! disp>ity = ! diff]5t ages w\ld become m pron\nc$1 z ! e>li] ages h m non-fail+ pupils4 ,b ?is we are n able to d1 z our data are n adequate = t purpose4 #d4 ,,! ,,initial ,,record ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,= ,,prognosis ,,( ,,failure ,= ?is purpose ! pupil record = ! fir/ ye>1 9 ref]5ce to failures1 is deem$ m adequate & dep5dable ?an ! record = ! fir/ seme/] only4 ,accord+ly1 ! pupils h be5 classifi$ on _! fir/ ye>'s record into ^? :o _h #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 & up to #g or m failures4 ,!n ^! gr\ps 7 fur!r di/ribut$ into ^? :o fail$ #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 & up to #g or m times aft] ! fir/ ye>4 ,f su* a d\ble di/ribution we may get "s indication ( :at assurance ! fir/ ye>'s record (f]s on ! expectation ( lat] failures4 ,table ,,vii pres5ts ^! facts4 ,table ,,vii is read 9 ?is mann]3 ,( all ! pupils :o h failures ! fir/ ye> 7#hje boys1 & #a1abi girls7 #cig boys & #fgb girls h failures lat]1 #aje boys & #acj girls h #a failure lat]1 #gg boys & #ih girls h #b failures lat]1 :ile #fh boys & #fc girls h sev5 or m failures lat]4 ,! column ( totals to ! "r gives ! pupils = ea* numb] ( failures = ! fir/ ye>4 ,! l9e ( totals at ! bottom gives ! pupils = ea* numb] ( failures subsequ5t to ! fir/ ye>4 ,! table includes #c1ejh pupils1 s9ce ^? :o did n rema9 9 s*ool m ?an ?ree seme/]s are n includ$ 7#a1abj boys1 #a1eac girls74 ,obvi\sly1 ^? :o d n /ay m ?an "o ye> w\ld h no subsequ5t s*ool record1 & ^? rema9+ only a brief "t beyond "o ye> w\ld n h a record ( comp>able l5g?4 ,x seems q significant1 too1 = ! purposes ( our prognosis1 t ( ! #b1fcc pupils dropp+ out 9 ?ree seme/]s or less only ab\t #dc p] c5t h ev] fail$ 7boys--#df p] c5t1 girls--#da p] c5t74 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ne>ly #gj p] c5t 7#fi4f7 ( ^? cont9u+ 9 s*ool m ?an ?ree seme/]s fail "o or m times4 ,^? :o drop out )\t failure1 9 ! ?ree seme/]s or less1 con/itute ne>ly #fj p] c5t ( ! total non-fail+ pupils 7#b1efh71 b ! fail+ pupils :o drop out 9 t same p]iod con/itute less ?an #cb p] c5t ( ! total :o fail 7#c1egc74 ,?is situation receiv$ "s emphasis 9 ,*apt] ,,ii & w be fur!r treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 "u ! comp>ison ( ! fail+ & non-fail+ gr\ps4 ,,table ,,vii ,,subsequ5t ,,record ,,( ,,failures ,,= ,,pupils ,,fail+ #a1 #b1 #c1 ,,etc41 ,,times ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,failures ,,( #a,,/ ,,failures ,,subsequ5t ,,to ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,ye> #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g ,,totals #j ,b4 #cig #aje #gg #ej #dg #cg #bd #fh #hje ,g4 #fgb #acj #ih #fj #ec #bg #bf #fc #aabi #ajfi #bce #age #aaj #ajj #fd #ej #aca #aicd #a ,b4 #df #dc #cd #cc #ce #ba #ae #df #bgc ,g4 #fe #dc #ec #cc #cc #ai #ag #fg #ccj #aaa #hf #hg #ff #fh #dj #cb #aac #fjc #b ,b4 #bb #bd #bc #bc #cj #ba #ac #eg #bac ,g4 #db #cb #bg #ba #bb #ac #ae #hc #bee #fd #ef #ej #dd #eb #cd #bh #adj #dfh #c ,b4 #g #e #af #aj #aj #ac #aj #cj #aja ,g4 #h #i #g #aj #ag #f #g #da #aje #ae #ad #bc #bj #bg #ai #ag #ga #bjf #d ,b4 #f #h #e #g #g #aa #g #bc #gd ,g4 #h #g #e #f #aj #h #d #bg #ge #ad #ae #aj #ac #ag #ai #aa #ej #adi #e ,b4 #c #a #j #b #a #e #c #aa #bf ,g4 #e #i #e #f #e #d #b #ad #ej #h #aj #e #h #f #i #e #be #gf #f ,b4 #j #a #d #b #a #a #a #aj #bj ,g4 #b #a #b #b #f #b #j #f #ba #b #b #f #d #g #c #a #af #da #g ,b4 #c #b #a #j #a #j #b #e #ad ,g4 #a #b #a #a #e #b #j #e #ag #d #d #b #a #f #b #b #aj #ca ,tot4 ,b4 #dhd #ahi #afj #abg #acb #aji #ge #bej #aebf ,g4 #hjc #bcc #aih #aci #aea #ha #ga #cjf #aihb #abhg #dbb #ceh #bff #bhc #aij #adf #eef #cejh ,ref]r+ directly n[ to ,table ,,vii1 we f9d t #dd4g p] c5t ( ^? n fail+ ! fir/ ye> d fail lat]4 ,( all ^? :o fail ! fir/ ye>1 #ac4h p] c5t escape any lat] failures4 ,( all ! pupils includ$ 9 ?is table #ae4h p] c5t h #g or m failures1 :ile ( ^? fail+ 9 ! fir/ ye> #bg p] c5t lat] h #g or m failures4 ,= ! numb] includ$ 9 ?is table #cj4d p] c5t h no failures assign$ to !m4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,fail+ ,,gr\ps1 ,,:o ,,lat] ,,h ,,no ,,failures ,no4 ( ,f's4 9 ,fir/ ,ye> #a #b #c #d #e #f #g ,p] ,c5t ( ,gr\ps ,hav+ ,no ,failures ,lat] #ah4d #ac4g #g4b #i4d #aj4e #e4j #ab4i ,ab\t ! same p]c5tage ( ! boys & ( ! girls 7ne> #fj p] c5t7 is repres5t$ 9 ,table ,,vii4 ,! girls h an advantage ov] ! boys ( ab\t #h p] c5t = ^? belong+ to ! gr\p ) no failures1 & ( ab\t #a p] c5t = ! gr\p ) sev5 or m failures4 ,no unconditional conclusion seems ju/ifi$ by ?is table4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>'s record ( failures !re are good gr\nds = ! promise ( lat] p]=mance4 ,we may safely say t ^? :o d n fail ! fir/ ye> are mu* less likely to fail lat]1 & t if !y d fail lat]1 !y h less accumulation ( failures4 ,yet "s ( ?is gr\p h _m failures aft] ! fir/ ye>1 & o!rs :o h sev]al failures ! fir/ ye> h none subsequ5tly4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! lat] accumulations are 9 almo/ direct ratio to ! e>li] record1 & ! lat] non-failures are 9 inv]se ratio to ! debits ( ! fir/ ye>4 #e4 ,,! ,,prognosis ,,( ,,failures ,,by ,,! ,,subject ,,selection ,f ! di/ribution ( failures by s*ool subjects z pres5t$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ?is w seem to be ! easie/ & almo/ ! sure/ ( all ! factors ?us f> consid]$ to employ = a prognosis ( failure4 ,= ( all pupils tak+ ,lat9 we may confid5tly expect an av]age ( a little less ?an "o pupil 9 e five to fail ea* seme/]4 ,= ! entire numb] tak+ ma!matics1 ! expectation ( failure is an av]age ( ab\t "o 9 six = ea* seme/]4 ,g]man comes next1 & = ea* seme/] x claims = failure on ! av]age ne>ly "o pupil 9 e sev5 tak+ x4 ,simil>ly ,fr5* claims = failure "o 9 e n9e2 hi/ory1 "o 9 e t52 ,engli% & bus9ess subjects1 less ?an "o 9 e twelve4 ,x w be not$ t ! av]age on a seme/] basis is employ$ 9 ?is "p ( ! computation4 ,consequ5tly1 x is n ! same z say+ t su* a p]c5tage ( pupils fail at "s "t1 9 ! subject4 ,! pupil :o fails f\r times 9 fir/ ye> ma!matics is int5tionally reg>d$ "h z repres5t+ f\r failures4 ,likewise1 ! pupil :o completes f\r ye>s ( ,lat9 )\t failure repres5ts eight successes = ! subject 9 calculat+ ^! p]c5tages4 ,e record$ failure = ea* pupil is ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,x 0 also not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii t ! p]c5tages ( ! total failures run high] 9 ma!matics1 ,lat91 hi/ory1 & sci5ce1 = ! graduates ?an = ! non-graduates4 ,?is fact is n due to ! great] numb] ( failures ( graduates 9 ! e>li] seme/]s1 :5 mo/ ( ! non-graduate failures occur1 b to ! increase ( failures = ! graduates 9 ! lat] ye>s1 z is disclos$ 9 ,tables ,,ii & ,,iv4 ,accord+ly1 we may say t ^? two subjects :i* are mo/ productive ( s*ool failures are increas+ly fruitful ( su* results 9 ! upp] ye>s4 ,?is does n seem to be ! usual or accept$ conviction4 ,c]ta9 ( ! s*ool pr9cipals h express$ ! assurance t x w\ld be f\nd o!rwise4 ,su* deception is easily expla9able1 = ! numb] ( failures %[ a m>k$ r$uction1 & ! rise ( p]c5tages is consequ5tly easily ov]look$4 ,x is q possible1 too1 t 9 "s individual s*ools !re is n su* a rise ( ! p]c5tages ( failure = ! graduates 9 any ( ! s*ool subjects4 ,9 a s+le "o ( ! eight s*ools report$ "h nei!r ,lat9 nor ma!matics %[$ a high] p]c5tage ( failure = ! graduate pupils ov] ! non-graduates4 ,9 ! o!r sev5 s*ools ! graduates _h ! high] p]c5tage 9 "o or bo? ( ^! subjects4 #f4 ,,! ,,"t ,,p]iod ,,& ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures ,! /atem5t t ! numb] ( failures w be great] = ! fail+ pupils :o rema9 9 s*ool ! long] "t may seem r commonplace4 ,b x w n seem trite to /ate t ! p]c5tage ( ! total failures on ! total subject enrollm5ts increases by s*ool seme/]s up to ! sev5?2 t ! p]c5tage ( possible failures = all graduat+ pupils increases likewise2 or t ! failures p] pupil 9 ea* s+le seme/] t5d to increase z ! "t p]iod ext5ds to ! lat] seme/]s4 ,yet radical z ^! /atem5ts may s\nd1 !y are actually sub/antiat$ by ! facts to be pres5t$4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,failures ,,on ,,! ,,total ,,subject ,,enrollm5t1 ,,by ,,seme/]s ,seme/] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,p] ,c5t #aa4e #ac4i #ad4e #ae4a #ad4e #ae4c #ab4a #i4i #aj4i #f4b ,! #hjh pupils :o receiv$ no m>ks1 & _m ( :om dropp$ out e>ly 9 ! fir/ seme/]1 are n includ$ 9 ! subject enrollm5t = ! above p]c5tages4 ,o!rwise ! enrollm5ts tak5 are = ! beg9n+ ( ea* seme/] & inclusive ( all ! pupils4 ,^! p]c5tages rise f #aa4e 9 ! fir/ seme/] to #ae4c 9 ! six? seme/]4 ,!n ! p]c5tages drop (f1 d\btless due to ! increas+ effect by ?is "t ( ! non-fail+ graduates on ! total enrollm5t4 ,! graduates alone are next consid]$ 9 ?is respect4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,failures ,,= ,,! ,,graduates ,,on ,,! ,,total ,,subject ,,enrollm5t ,,= ,,graduates1 ,,by ,,seme/]s ,seme/] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,p] ,c5t #e4i #f4f #g4h #i4a #i4b #aj4e #i4a #g4c #h4h #e4b ,^! p]c5tages are bas$ on ! total possibility ( failure1 & rea* _! highe/ po9t 9 ! six? seme/]1 :]e ! p]c5tage ( failure is ne>ly twice t = ! fir/ seme/]4 ,^! same facts may be effectively pres5t$ also by ! p]c5tages ( su* failures = ! graduates on ! total subject enrollm5t = only ! fail+ graduates 9 ea* seme/]4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,failures ,,= ,,! ,,graduates ,,on ,,! ,,total ,,subject ,,enrollm5t ,,= ,,fail+ ,,graduates1 ,,by ,,seme/]s ,seme/] #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,p] ,c5t #ca4d #ca4b #ca4h #cb4g #cb4c #cf4f #cg4e #cg4d #ch4j #cf4j ,! p]c5tages "h are limit$ to ! total possibilities ( failure = ^? graduates :o d fail 9 ea* seme/]4 ,!y rea* ! highe/ po9t 9 ! n9? seme/]1 ) a gradual increase f ! fir/4 ,! high po9t is rea*$ lat] 9 ?is s]ies ?an 9 ! "o imm$iately prec$+1 because :ile ! p]c5tage ( pupils fail+ decreases 9 ! f9al seme/]s 7p4 #ad71 !re is an increase 9 ! numb] ( failures p] fail+ pupil 7,table ,,iv74 ,?is increase ( p]c5tages by seme/]s = ! graduates on ! total possibility ( failure1 z j not$1 is due to an actual increase 9 ! numb] ( failures = ! lat] seme/]s4 ,by ! di/ribution ( failures 9 ,table ,,ii m ?an #ef p] c5t ( ! failures are f\nd aft] ! completion ( ! second ye>1 9 spite ( ! fact t ab\t #aj p] c5t ( ! pupils :o graduate d s 9 ?ree or ?ree & a half ye>s4 ,! failures ( ! graduates are simply ! m num]\s aft] ! fir/ two ye>s 9 s*ool4 ,t ?is situation is no accid5t due to ! sup]ior weight ( any s+le s*ool 9 ! composite gr\p1 is readily disclos$ by turn+ to ! units :i* =m ! composite4 ,= ^! s*ools ! p]c5tages ( ! graduates' failures t are f\nd aft] ! second ye> range f #dj p] c5t to #ff p] c5t4 ,9 only ?ree ( ! s*ools are su* p]c5tages "u #ej p] c5t1 :ile 9 ?ree o!rs !y are above #fj p] c5t4 ,fur!r confirmation ( h[ ! increase ( failures accompanies ! pupils :o /ay long] 9 s*ool is (f]$ 9 ! facts ( ,table ,,iv4 ,"h are indicat$ ! numb] ( pupils :o be=e graduat+ fail #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 times1 9 seme/]s #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 up to #aj4 ,( all ! occurr5ces ( only "o failure p] pupil 9 a seme/]1 #ej p] c5t are di/ribut$ aft] ! f\r? seme/]4 ,9 ?is same p]iod 7aft] ! f\r? seme/]7 are f\nd #ec4b p] c5t ( ^? ) two failures 9 a seme/]2 #fg4f p] c5t ( ^? ) ?ree failures 9 a seme/]2 #ga4f p] c5t ( ^? hav+ f\r2 #gh4f p] c5t ( ^? hav+ five2 & all ( ^? hav+ six failures 9 a s+le seme/]4 ,"o c\ld almo/ say t ! long] !y /ay ! m !y fail4 ,! /atem5ts pres5t$ h]e9 reg>d+ ! relative increase ( failures = at lea/ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s 9 s*ool are likely to ar\se "s surprise among t portion ( ! p 9 ! pr(ession1 ) :om ! conv]se ( ?is situation has be5 q g5]ally accept$ z true4 ,su* an impression has inde$ n seem$ unw>rant$ accord+ to "s reports1 b ! responsibility = x mu/ be due 9 "p to ! mann] ( pres5t+ ! data1 s t at times x actually s]ves to mis/ate or to conceal c]ta9 important features ( ! situation4 ,s9ce ! dropp+ out is heavie/ 9 ! e>ly seme/]s1 & s9ce ! s*ool und]takes ! exp5se ( provid+ = all :o ent]1 x does n seem to be a correct pres5tation ( ! facts to compute ! p]c5tage ( failure on only ! pupils :o f9i% ! :ole seme/]4 ,su* a practice t5ds to assign an undue p]c5tage ( failures to ! e>li] seme/]s1 "o t is consid]ably too high 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! lat] seme/]s :]e ! dropp+ out becomes relatively light4 ,x is n suffici5t to report m]ely :at "p ( our f9al product is imp]fect1 in/ead ( report+1 z d mo/ in/itutions outside ( ! educational field1 :at "p ( all t is tak5 9 becomes wa/e product4 ,?is situation is suffici5tly griev\s to dem& fur!r comm5t4 ,9 8 /udy ( ! ,new ,j]sey high s*ools1 ,bliss /ates #bh t "o ( ! /rik+ facts f\nd is ! /eady decrease ( failure f ! fre%man to ! s5ior ye>4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t ,bliss us$ only ! promotion %eets = 8 data1 & took no acc\nt ( ! drop-outs prec$+ promotion1 & if we !n e/imate t an av]age ( #aj p] c5t may drop out be=e ! end ( ! fir/ seme/] 7! p]c5tage is #ac4b = our eight s*ools71 !n ! p]c5tages ( failure record$ = ! fir/ ye> w be r$uc$ by "o-elev5? ( _! own respective am\nts = ea* s*ool report$ by ,bliss1 z we translate ! p]c5tages to ! total enrollm5t basis4 ,z a consequ5ce ( su* a proc$ure1 ,bliss' p]c5tages1 z report$ = ! second ye>1 w be z high z or high] ?an ^? = ! fir/ ye> 9 six ( ! t5 s*ools conc]n$1 & ne>ly equal 9 two m ( ! s*ools4 ,x is also evid5t t 8 p]c5tages ( failure z report$ = ! junior & s5ior ye>s are n v diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 six ( ! t5 s*ools1 al?\gh !re is no inclusion ( ! drop-outs 9 ! p]c5tages /at$4 ,! only pron\nc$ or actual decrease 9 ! p]c5tages ( failures z ,bliss reports !m1 occurs betwe5 ! sophomore & junior ye>s1 & x is d\btless a significant fact t ?is decid$ drop appe>s at ! "t & place :]e ! opportunity = elective subjects is fir/ (f]$ 9 _m s*ools4 ,yet app>5tly x has n seem$ wor? :ile to mo/ p]sons :o report ! facts ( failure to compute sep>ately f ! o!r subjects ! p]c5tages = ! #c- & #d-ye> requir$ subjects4 ,a r small decl9e is %[n 9 ! p]c5tages ( failure = ! successive seme/]s1 z quot$ bel[ = #b1dha high s*ool pupils ( ,pat]son#bi 7! av]age ( two seme/]s71 al?\gh ^! p]c5tages are bas$ ^u ! numb] ( pupils exam9$ at ! completion ( ! seme/]4 ,x may fur!r be not$ t ^! p]c5tages d n foll[ ! same pupils by seme/]s1 b /ate ! facts = successive classes ( pupils4 ,! same criticisms may be (f]$ = ! p]c5tages z quot$ f ,wood#cj = #dce pupils4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,pupils ,,fail+1 ,,by ,,seme/]s ,,seme/]s #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,pat]son #ag4h #ah4d #af4g #ae4j #ae4f #aa4f #i4d #g4d ,wood #bd4e #ad4e #bi4e #cj4j #ca4j #g4i #af4b 44 ,o,brien 7p4 #da7 #aa4e #ac4i #ad4e #ae4a #ad4e #ae4c #ab4a #i4i ,! above s]ies ( p]c5tages t5d to agree at lea/ 9 %[+ little or no decl9e 9 ! p]c5tages ( failure = ! fir/ five or six seme/]s 9 s*ool4 ,ano!r t5d5cy to conceal important features 9 relation to ! facts ( s*ool failures may be f\nd 9 ! gr\p+ toge!r ( non-cont9u\s & cont9u\s subjects1 ! latt] ( :i* are g5]ally requir$4 ,f4,w4 ,johnson f\nd 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,high ,s*ool#ca t ! p]c5tage ( failures by successive ye>s indicat$ little or no decrease = ma!matics & = ,engli% 7:i* 7 #c- & #d-ye> subjects respectively74 ,! figures 7 bas$ on ! records = a p]iod ( two ye>s4 ,9 reg>d to ,/4 ,paul1 x 0 possible to compute simil> in=mation f ! data :i* 7 available4#cb ,! p]c5tages ( failure are pres5t$ sep>ately 9 ea* case = ,lat91 ,g]man1 & ,fr5*1 n m ?an two ye>s ( :i* are requir$ 9 ! s*ools ref]r$ to above4 ,a contra/ is ?us pres5t$ t is bo? int]e/+ & sugge/ive4 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,pupils ,,fail+1 ,,by ,,ye>s4 7,johnson1 ,f4,w47 ,,ye>s #a #b #c #d ,engli% #ah4a #i4e #ah4d #ad4d ,ma? #ab4i #ab4i #ac4f #e4f ,lat9 #ad4a #i4j #b4i 44 ,g]man #ab4d #g4d 44 44 ,fr5* #ad4c #i4f #c4a 44 ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,pupils ,,fail+1 ,,by ,,seme/]s4 7,/4 ,paul7 ,,seme/]s #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,engli% & ,ma? #ag4h #ah4j #af4c #af4i #h4a #ad4j 44 44 ,lat91 ,g]man1 ,fr5* #ag4f #ag4e #ae4a #g4f #c4j 44 44 44 ,app>5tly ! full /ory has by no means be5 told :5 we simply say t !re is a g5]al decl9e 9 ! p]c5tages ( failure by ye>s or seme/]s4 ,fir/1 ! failures ( ! drop-outs %\ld be includ$1 s f> z x is at all feasible2 second1 ! p]c5tage %\ld be bas$ on ! total enrollm5t 9 ! subject1 n on ! f9al product1 if we wi% to disclose ! real situation2 ?ird1 ! cont9u\s or requir$ subjects %\ld be di/+ui%$ 9 ord] to give a full /atem5t ( ! facts4 ,on page #da are pres5t$ ! p]c5tages ( failure = ! #a1abe fail+ graduates alone1 z f\nd 9 ?is /udy1 ! great] portion ( ^: "w1 z x actually happ5$1 consi/$ ( #c- & #d-ye> subjects cont9u\s f ! "t ( entrance1 & = :om ! p]c5tages ( failure increase to ! n9? seme/]4 #g4 ,,simil>ity ,,( ,,facts ,,= ,,boys ,,& ,,girls ,n[h]e is !re any def9ite indication t any ( ^! factors ( prognosis op]ates m di/9ctly or m pron\nc$ly on ei!r boys or girls4 ,"s v>iations d occur1 b diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes 9 p]sonal attitudes1 social int]e/s1 or conv5tional /&>ds may acc\nt = slight diff]5ces su* z h be5 already not$4 ,to simplify ! /atem5t ( facts1 no comp>ison ( facts = boys & girls has1 9 g5]al1 be5 attempt$ :]e !re 0 only simil>ity to be %[n4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! influ5ce ( non-att5dance z a factor 9 s*ool failure is p>tly provid$ = "h1 b no /ati/ical data 7 secur$4 ,! p]c5tage ( physical & m5tal defects are d\btless comp>atively small = high s*ool pupils except 9 ! case ( vision4 ,! facts reg>d+ size ( classes 7 unobta9able4 ,! pupils are di/ribut$ by _! ages ( entrance f #ab to #bj1 ) ! mode ( ! di/ribution at #ae4 ,! y\ng] ent]+ pupils are di/9ctly m successful 9 escap+ failure4 ,!y are also /rik+ly m successful 9 _! ability to graduate4 ,! old] pupils :o fail h a high] p]c5tage ( failure on ! subjects tak54 ,! fir/ ye>'s record has real progno/ic value = pupils p]si/+ m ?an ?ree seme/]s4 ,b #eg p] c5t ( ^? leav+ e>li] h no failures4 ,?is includes ne>ly #fj p] c5t ( all ! non-fail+ pupils1 b less ?an #cb p] c5t ( ! fail+ ones h gone t e>ly4 ,pr$iction ( failure by subjects is relatively easy & sure1 & ! lat] ye>s seem m productive ( ?is result4 ,! p]c5tage ( failure on ! total possibility ( failure increases ) ! "t p]iod up to ! sev5? seme/]4 ,! same facts are true = ! graduates :5 consid]$ alone4 ,fifty-six p] c5t ( ! failures = ! graduates occur aft] ! second ye>4 ,! long] /ay 9 s*ool actually begets an increase ( failures4 ,! boys & girls are simil>ly affect$ by ^! factors ( prognosis4 ,,ref]5ces3 #ad4 ,keyes1 ,c4,h4 ,progress ,?r\gh ! ,grades1 pp4 #bc1 #fb4 #ae4 ,t]man1 ,l4,m4 ,! ,measurem5t ( ,intellig5ce1 p4 #fh4 #af4 ,bronn]1 ,a4,e4 ,psy*ology ( ,special ,abilities & ,disabilities4 #ag4 ,ayres1 ,l4,p4 ,! ,effect ( ,physical ,defects on ,s*ool ,progress1 ,psy*ological ,cl9ic1 #c3ga4 #ah4 ,gulick1 ,l4,h41 ,ayres1 ,l4,p4 ,m$ical ,inspection 9 ! ,s*ools1 p4 #aid4 #ai4 ,/&>ds ( ,! ,nor? ,c5tral ,association ( ,colleges & ,second>y ,s*ools4 #bj4 ,hall-,que/1 ,a4,l41 9 ,johnson's ,mod]n ,high ,s*ool1 p4 #bgj4 #ba4 ,k+1 ,i4 ,! ,high ,s*ool ,age1 p4 #aie4 #bb4 ,van,denburg1 ,j4,k4 ,! ,elim9ation ( ,pupils f ,public ,second>y ,s*ools1 p4 #aac4 #bc4 ,slatt]y1 ,m4 ,! ,girl 9 ,h] ,te5s1 p4 #bj4 #bd4 ,wooley1 ,h4,t4 ,facts ,ab\t ! ,work+ ,*ildr5 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,tea*]1 #ad3ace4 #be4 ,report ( ,commission on ,indu/rial & ,te*nical ,education 7,mass471 #aijf1 p4 #ib4 #bf4 ,b>r[s1 ,alice ,p4 ,report ( ,vocational ,guidance ,survey 7,new ,york ,city71 ,public ,education ,association1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,bull4 ,no4 #i1 #aiab4 #bg4 ,holley1 ,c4,e4 ,! ,relation%ip ,betwe5 ,p]si/5ce 9 ,s*ool & ,home ,conditions1 ,fifte5? ,ye>book1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #ih4 #bh4 ,bliss1 ,d4,c4 ,high ,s*ool ,failures1 ,educational ,adm9i/ration & ,sup]vision1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #bi4 ,annual ,report ( ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,pat]son1 #aiae4 #cj4 ,wood1 ,j4,w4 ,a ,/udy ( ,failures1 ,s*ool & ,society1 ,i1 #fgi4 #ca4 ,johnson1 ,f4,w4 ,a ,/udy ( ,high ,s*ool ,grades1 ,s*ool ,review1 #ai-ac4 #cb4 ,/ray]1 ,g4,d41 ,c(fman1 ,l4,d41 ,pross]1 ,c4,a4 ,report ( a ,survey ( ! ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,/4 ,paul1 #aiag4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,is ,,! ,,graduation ,,or ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,condition$ ,,by ,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,or ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures8 #a4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,fail+ ,,& ,,! ,,non-,,fail+ ,,gr\ps ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,graduation ,,& ,,p]si/5ce ,x has be5 not$ 9 section #a ( ,*apt] ,,ii t #eh4a p] c5t ( all ! graduates h s*ool failures4 ,"h we mean to c>ry ! analysis & comp>ison 9 ref]5ce to graduation & failure some:at fur!r4 ,to ?is end ! foll[+ di/ribution is significant4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,pupils ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,failure ,,& ,,graduation ,! ,non-fail+ ,! ,fail+ ,pupils--,graduat+ ,pupils--,graduat+ ,totals #befh #haa 7#ca4e7 #cegc #aabe 7#ca4e7 ,boys #ajja #cjg 7#cj4f7 #afde #dhi 7#bi4g7 ,girls #aefg #ejd 7#cb4a7 #aibh #fci 7#cc4j7 ,we h pres5t$ "h ! numb]s t graduate )\t failures1 toge!r ) ! total gr\p to :i* !y belong1 & ! same = ! graduates :o h fail$4 ,by a m]e process ( subtraction we may det]m9e ! numb] ( non-graduates1 z well z ! numb] ( ^! t fail1 & !n compute ! p]c5tage ( ! non-graduates :o fail4 ,?us we get #eh4b p] c5t 7boys--#fb4e1 girls--#ed4i7 z ! p]c5tage ( ! non-graduates fail+4 ,x is app>5t at once t ?is is almo/ id5tical ) ! p]c5tage ( failure = ! ones :o graduate 7,*apt] ,,ii71 b = ! non-graduates ! boys & girls are a little fur!r ap>t4 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 ?is connection t no ef=t 0 made to include any ( ! #hjh non-cr$it$ pupils among ! ones :o fail4 ,! inclusion ( #fj p] c5t ( ?is numb] z pot5tially fail+ pupils1 z 0 done 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 w raise ! above p]c5tage ( fail+ non-graduates by #aa4e p] c5t4 ,! above di/ribution ( pupils enables u to det]m9e :at p]c5tage ( ! fail+ & ( ! non-fail+ gr\ps graduate4 ,^! p]c5tages are id5tical--#ca4e p] c5t 9 ea* case4 ,! boys & girls are fur!r ap>t 9 ! =m] gr\p 7boys--#bi4g1 girls--#cc7 ?an 9 ! latt] gr\p 7boys--#cj4f1 girls--#cb4a74 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! p]c5tage :o graduate ( all ! orig9al entrants is #ca4e p] c5t4 ,?is fact v>ies by s*ools f #bj4h p] c5t to #de4d p] c5t4 ,& su* p]c5tage is 9 ea* case exclusive ( ! pupils :o jo9 ! class by transf]s f o!r s*ools or classes4 ,our p>ticul> int]e/ is n 9 h[ _m pupils ! s*ool graduates 9 any ye>1 b r 9 h[ _m ( ! ent]+ pupils 9 any "o ye> /ay to graduate4 ,! great] p]si/5ce ( ! fail+ non-graduates1 or ! great] fail+ = ! m p]si/5t non-graduates1 has already be5 giv5 "s att5tion 9 bo? ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,9 ! foll[+ di/ribution ! non-graduates alone are consid]$4 ,! numb] p]si/+ 9 s*ool to ea* succe$+ seme/] is fir/ /at$1 & !n ! p]c5tage ( t numb] :i* is compos$ ( ! non-fail+ pupils is giv54 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,non-,,graduates ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,numb]s ,,p]si/+ ,,to ,,ea* ,,successive ,,seme/] ,,by ,,end ,,( ,,seme/]s #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,total 7#dbje7 #bghg #aieg #aegb #iii #gfa #cij #bcd #fj #bc #d ,p] ,c5t ( ,non-fail+ 7#da4h7 #bd4e #bj4j #af4d #ac4i #ab4g #g4b #c4h #a4f #j 44 ,only #bj p] c5t ( ! non-graduates :o rema9 to ! end ( ! fir/ ye> 7second seme/]7 d n fail4 ,al?\gh ! fail+ non-graduates outnumb] ! non-fail+ ones :5 all ! pupils :o f9ally drop out are consid]$1 _! p]c5tage ( ! majority increases rapidly = ea* successive seme/] cont9u$ 9 s*ool4 ,t ! non-fail+ non-graduates are 9 g5]al n ! ones :o p]si/ long 9 s*ool is %[n by ^! p]c5tages4 #b4 ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures ,,& ,,! ,,ye>s ,,to ,,graduate ,! foll[+ table %[s h[ ! numb] ( failures are relat$ to ! "t p]iod requir$ = graduation4 ,! di/ribution 9 ,table ,,viii %[s a range f #a to #be failures p] pupil1 & a "t p]iod = graduation rang+ f #c to #f ye>s4 ,x is evid5t f ?is di/ribution t ! increase ( "t p]iod = graduat+ is n comm5surate ) ! numb] ( failures = ! individual4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ numb] graduate 9 f\r ye>s 9 spite ( _! num]\s failures4 ,ne>ly #gj p] c5t ( ! fail+ graduates require f\r ye>s or less = graduation4 ,! numb] :o f9i% 9 ?ree ye>s is great] ?an ! numb] :o require ei!r five & "o-half or six ye>s4 ,! m$ian numb] ( failures p] pupil is #d4 ,! pupils ) few] ?an #d failures :o take m ?an f\r ye>s to graduate are n repres5tative ( any p>ticul> s*ool 9 ?is composite1 nor are ^? hav+ #aj or m failures :o take less ?an #e ye>s to graduate4 ,,table ,,viii ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,pupils ,,graduat+1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,total ,,failures ,,ea* ,,& ,,! ,,"t ,,tak5 ,,to ,,graduate ,,no4 ,,( ,,ye>s ,,to ,,graduate ,,failures #c #ca_/b #d #da_/b #e #ea_/b #f ,,totals #j ,boys #bj #bc #bdd #ab #h 44 44 #cjg ,girls #ed #bf #chj #cj #ad 44 44 #ejd #a ,boys #b #aj #ei #g #b 44 44 #hj ,girls #e #h #hc #ac #e 44 44 #aad #b ,boys #b #b #fd #g #g #j 44 #hb ,girls #b #c #hh #aa #h #a 44 #aac #c ,boys #j #f #bg #e #d 44 44 #db ,girls #a #a #ec #f #c 44 44 #fd #d ,boys #a #a #dd #j #h #a 44 #ee ,girls #d #f #eg #h #d #a 44 #hj #e ,boys #j #a #da #b #c 44 44 #dg ,girls #a #b #bf #g #e 44 44 #da #f ,boys 44 #j #bi #f #c 44 #j #ch ,girls 44 #a #bi #c #h 44 #a #db #g ,boys 44 #b #ab #g #g 44 44 #bh ,girls 44 #a #ac #d #e 44 44 #bc #h ,boys 44 #j #ag #g #h 44 #a #cc ,girls 44 #a #af #i #g 44 #j #cc #i ,boys 44 #j #f #e #e #j #j #af ,girls 44 #a #g #h #h #a #a #bf #aj ,boys 44 #a #f #d #f #j 44 #ag ,girls 44 #a #ad #e #b #a 44 #bc #aa-ae ,boys 44 #j #i #ah #aa #j #a #ci ,girls 44 #a #aa #be #ad #a #d #ef #af-bj ,boys 44 44 #b #b #d #a #a #aj ,girls 44 44 #b #e #b #b #j #aa #ba-be ,boys 44 44 #a #j #j #a #j #b ,girls 44 44 #j #a #d #c #a #i ,total ,boys #be #df #efa #hb #gf #c #c #gif ,girls #fg #eb #ghj #ace #hi #aj #g #aadj ,9 read+ ,table ,,viii1 we f9d t #bj boys & #ed girls :o h no failures graduate 9 ?ree ye>s2 #b boys & #e girls fail once & graduate 9 #c ye>s2 #aj boys & #h girls h "o failure & graduate 9 #ca_/b ye>s1 & s on4 ,! m$ian p]iod is #d ye>s = ^? ) no failures & x rema9s at #d = all :o h few] ?an #i failures2 b ! m$ian "t p]iod is n above #e ye>s = ! highe/ numb] ( failures4 #c4 ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures ,,& ,,! ,,seme/] ,,( ,,dropp+ ,,out ,,= ,,! ,,non-,,graduates ,! pages prec$+ ?is po9t h giv5 evid5ce t ! fail+ pupils are n ma9ly ! ones :o drop out e>ly4 ,b we may /ill ask :e!r ! numb] ( failures p] individual t5ds to det]m9e h[ e>ly he w be elim9at$8 ,?is "q calls = ! facts ( ! next table4 ,9 ?is table ! seme/]s ( dropp+ out are indicat$ at ! top4 ,! failures range z high z #be p] pupil1 & x is evid5t t n all pupils h left s*ool until ! elev5? seme/]4 ,! di/ribution includes ! #aaef boys & ! #abib girls :o fail$ & did n graduate2 also ! #fid boys & ! #ajfc girls :o dropp$ out )\t fail+4 ,! wide di/ribution ( ^! non-graduates bo? relative to ! numb] ( failures & to ! "t ( dropp+ out1 is =cibly br\ght to our att5tion by ! table :i* foll[s4 ,,table ,,ix ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,non-,,graduates1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,total ,,failures ,,ea* ,,& ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,dropp+ ,,out ,,no4 ,,( ,,seme/] ,,( ,,dropp+ ,,out ,,failures #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ,,total #j ,b4 #dcj #acd #dj #da #ae #bd #g #c #j 44 44 #fid ,g4 #fdc #afc #hi #gh #bg #de #ab #e #a 44 44 #ajfc #ageg #a ,b4 #ce #ec #be #cc #ad #i #a #a 44 44 44 #aga ,g4 #df #fe #be #cd #ab #ab #d #c 44 44 44 #bja #cgb #b ,b4 #eb #eh #ah #cj #h #ag #e #f 44 44 44 #aid ,g4 #di #gi #ca #cf #ab #ag #c #c 44 44 44 #bcj #dbd #c ,b4 #dc #da #bb #bh #i #aj #e #a #j 44 44 #aei ,g4 #ed #eb #ai #cd #ah #ag #j #f #a 44 44 #bja #cfj #d ,b4 #bg #ca #ac #cb #g #aa #i #b 44 44 44 #acb ,g4 #cd #dc #bc #bi #aa #af #e #h 44 44 44 #afi #cja #e ,b4 #c #ac #ad #cj #aa #af #aa #d 44 44 44 #ajb ,g4 #b #ad #ah #bd #e #ac #c #e 44 44 44 #hd #ahf #f ,b4 44 #bg #h #bd #aa #af #aa #f #j #j 44 #ajc ,g4 44 #ag #ad #be #aj #aa #c #i #b #a 44 #ib #aie #g ,b4 44 #h #g #g #f #af #e #c #j #a 44 #ec ,g4 44 #i #c #ae #h #g #e #e #j #j 44 #eb #aje #h ,b4 44 #h #c #ad #f #aa #f #e #a #j 44 #ed ,g4 44 #aj #e #ae #g #aj #f #f #a #a 44 #fa #aae #i ,b4 44 #a #a #g #e #h #b #g #c #a 44 #ce ,g4 44 #j #b #g #h #i #b #d #a #j 44 #cc #fh #aj ,b4 44 #b #b #aj #b #g #f #aj #j 44 44 #ci ,g4 44 #b #a #f #e #i #d #d #j 44 44 #ca #gj #aa-ae ,b4 44 44 #a #h #g #bg #ad #bb #e #b #j #hf ,g4 44 44 #a #e #ab #bb #bj #bc #i #f #b #ajj #ahf #af-bj ,b4 44 44 44 #a #j #h #c #f #c #c #j #bd ,g4 44 44 44 #j #b #c #c #ab #f #b #b #cj #ed #ba-be ,b4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #a #a 44 #d ,g4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #c #c #a 44 #h #ab ,,total ,b4 #eij #cgf #aed #bfc #aja #ahj #he #gh #ac #h #j #ahej ,g4 #hbh #ded #bca #cjh #acg #aia #ga #if #bd #aa #d #bcee #dbje ,table ,,ix reads 9 a mann] simil> to ,table ,,viii3 #dcj boys & #fdc girls1 hav+ failures1 drop out 9 ! fir/ seme/]2 #ce boys & #df girls drop out 9 ! fir/ seme/] ) a s+le failure2 #c boys & #b girls drop out 9 ! fir/ seme/] ) five failures ea*4 ,= a small portion ( ^! drop-outs ! numb] ( failures is und\bt$ly ! prime or imm$iate factor 9 secur+ _! elim9ation4 ,x seems probable t su* is ! situation = mo/ ( ^? pupils :o drop out aft] #ej p] c5t or m ( _! s*ool "w has result$ 9 failures4 ,yet a few ( ^! pupils manage to cont9ue = an ext5d$ "t 9 s*ool1 z ! foll[+ di/ribution %[s4 ,,drop-,,outs ,,fail+ ,,9 #ej ,,p] ,,c5t ,,or ,,m ,,( ,,_! ,,total ,,"w1 ,,& ,,_! ,,di/ribution ,,by ,,seme/]s ,,( ,,dropp+ ,,out ,,seme/]s #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #bba ,b4 #ha #fi #ag #bd #g #ae #d #b #a #a #bfd ,g4 #ih #fh #bj #ce #ad #aj #e #h #e #a ( ,total #cf4i #bh4b #g4f #ab4b #d4c #e4b #a4i #b4j #a4b 4#d ,?is gr\p+ includes #dhe pupils1 or #aa4e p] c5t ( ! total numb] ( #d1bje drop-outs4 ,b :atev] ! "p may be t is play$ by fail+ x is evid5t t x does n op]ate to cause _! e>ly loss to ! s*ool 9 ne>ly all ( ^! in/ances4 ,x may be not$ "h t x is difficult to f9d any ju/ification = all[+ or =c+ ^! pupils to endure two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s ( a k9d ( tra9+ = :i* !y h %[n !mselves obvi\sly unfitt$4 ,to be sure1 !y h satisfi$ a "p ( ^! failures by repetitions or o!rwise1 b only to g on add+ m failures4 ,a device ( 'sup]annuation' is employ$ 9 c]ta9 s*ools by :i* a pupil :o has fail$ 9 half ( 8 "w = two seme/]s1 & is sixte5 ye>s ( age1 is suppos$ to be dropp$ automatically f ! s*ool4 ,?is device seems design$ to evade a difficulty 9 ! abs5ce ( any real solution = x1 & h>monizes ) ! s*ool aims t are prescrib$ 9 t]ms ( subject matt] r ?an 9 t]ms ( ! pupils' ne$s4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! individual pupil 8 peculi> qualities are n likely to be fa%ion$ to ! highe/ degree ( usefulness by ?is proc$ure4 ,x simply s]ves notice t ! pupil mu/ make ! adju/m5t ne$$1 z ! s*ool _c or w n4 ,not)/&+ ! te/imony furni%$ by ! accumulation ( failures %[n 9 ,table ,,ix1 !re are gr\nds = believ+ t = ! major portion ( all ! non-graduates ! numb] ( failures is n a prime nor p]haps a highly important cause ( _! dropp+ out ( s*ool4 ,?is conviction seems to be sub/antiat$ by ! /atem5t ( p]c5tages bel[4 ,,! ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,non-,,graduates ,,:o ,,drop ,,out ,,) #j #a or #j #b or few] #c or few] #d or few] #e or few] ,failures ,failures ,failures ,failures ,failures ,failures #da4h #ej4f #fj4g #fi4b #gf4d #hj4h ,! fact t ne>ly #ha p] c5t ( ! non-graduates h only #e failures or less1 tak5 9 comp>ison ) ! fact t approximately "o f\r? ( ! fail+ graduates h #h or m failures1 argues t ! numb] ( failures alone c h>dly be consid]$ "o ( ! l>g] factors 9 caus+ ! dropp+ out4 ,9 a report conc]n+ ! work+ *ildr5 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,h4,t4 ,wooley rem>ks#cc t two-?irds ( our *ildr5 leav+ ! public s*ools are ! failures4 ,?is seems to suppose fail+ a l>ge cause ( ! dropp+ out4 ,b ?is inve/igation ( failure indicates t ! p]c5tage ( failure = ^? leav+ is no high] ?an = ! ones :o d n leave4 ,a simil> illu/ration is cr$it$ to ,o4,w4 ,caldwell#cd1 :o makes ref]5ce to ! l>ge p]c5tage ( ! fail+ pupils :o leave high s*ool1 )\t tak+ any recognition ( ! equally l>ge p]c5tage ( ! fail+ pupils :o cont9ue 9 ! high s*ool4 ,!re is 9 no s5se any int5tion "h to condone ! l>ge numb] ( failures simply because x is po9t$ out t !y d n op]ate *iefly to cause elim9ation f s*ool4 ,! above facts may lead to "s su* conviction z t express$ by ,wooley1#cc aft] giv+ especial att5tion to ^? :o _h left s*ool1 t ! real =ce t is s5d+ a majority ( ^! *ildr5 out into ! indu/rial field is _! own desire to g to "w1 & beh9d ?is desire is frequ5tly ! dissatisfaction ) s*ool4 ,a some:at simil> conviction seems to be %>$ by ,k+1#ce 9 say+ t ! pupil :o yields unwill+ly to ! n>r[ r\nd ( s*ool tasks 444 w grasp at almo/ any pretext to quit s*ool4 ,w4,f4 ,book tabulat$ ! reasons :y pupils leave high s*ool1#cf z giv5 by #a1jea pupils4 ,he f\nd t disc\ragem5t1 loss ( int]e/1 & disappo9tm5t affect m pupils ?an all ! o!r causes comb9$4 ,likewise ,bronn] notes#cg t ! 'irrational' sam5ess ( s*ool proc$ure = all pupils (t5 leads to s]i\s loss ( int]e/ 9 s*ool "w1 disc\ragem5t1 truancy1 & discipl9>y problems4 ,/ill x may be t ! wor/ consequ5ces ( multipli$ failures are n to ^? dropp+ out4 ,w4,d4 ,lewis obs]ves#ch t ! fail+ pupil spe$ily comes to accept himself z a failure1 & t ! disa/] to _m :o /ay 9 ! s*ools is great] ?an to ^? :o are %ov$ out4 ,to ! same po9t ,hanus tells#ci u t dur+ ! s*ool p]iod av]sion & evasion are m frequ5tly cultivat$ ?an p[] & skill1 ?r\gh ! =c$ pursuit ( un9t]e/+ subjects4 ,a pupil :o acquires ! habit ( fail+ & ! attitude ( accept+ x z a necess>y evil may soon give up try+ to w9 & become satisfi$ to accept himself z less gift$1 or ev5 to accept life 9 g5]al z necess>ily a matt] ( repeat$ failures4 ,9 a simil> connection1 ,james ,e4 ,russell says1#dj ! boy :o becomes accu/om$ to second place soon fails to ?9k at 8 be/4 ,su* psy*ological results 9 reg>d to habits & attitude accru+ f repeat$ failures are bo? c]ta9 & insidi\s4 ,& an education :i* purports to be = all & to (f] ! highe/ tra9+ to ea* mu/ ab&on ! inculcation ( attitudes ( m9d s detrim5tal to ! individual & to ! v society :i* educates him4 #d4 ,,! ,,p]c5tages ,,t ,,! ,,non-,,graduate ,,gr\ps ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,pupils ,,:o ,,h ,,ea* ,,successively ,,high] ,,numb] ,,( ,,failures ,by m]ely add+ ! columns ( totals = ,tables ,,viii & ,,ix1 we are able to obta9 ! full numb] ( pupils :o h ea* numb] ( failures f #a to #be4 ,we may readily secure ! p]c5tages = ! non-graduates 9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps by ref]r+ aga9 to ! numb]s 9 ! totals column ( ,table ,,ix4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( p]c5tages are ?us obta9$4 ,,! ,,p]c5tage ,,=m$ ,,by ,,non-,,graduates ,,) #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 ,,etc41 ,,failures ,,on ,,! ,,total ,,numb] ,,:o ,,h #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 ,,etc41 ,,failures ,no4 ( ,failures #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,p] ,c5t #fh4d #fe4g #fh4e #gg4b #fi4j #fh4j #gj4f #fg4c #fc4e ,no4 ( ,failures #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag ,p] ,c5t #fa4h #fc4f #fi4j #fa4b #ff4j #fe4c #gj4j #fa4e #fi4d ,t ^! p]c5tages w\ld be high] = ! non-graduates ?an = ! graduates 7t is1 above #ej p] c5t7 w\ld c]ta9ly be expect$ by a glance at _! high] numb]s 9 e gr\p ( _! di/ribution4 ,b x w\ld h>dly be expect$ by mo/ ( u t ! p]c5tages w\ld %[ no g5]al t5d5cy to rise z ! failures p] pupil increase 9 numb]1 yet su* is ! tru? z f\nd "h4 ,! rev]se ( ^! facts 0 f\nd by ,a>on ,i4 ,dotey1 ) a small] gr\p ( high s*ool pupils#da 7#a1cig71 /udi$ 9 "o ( ! ,new ,york ,city high s*ools4 ,/ill he also ass]ts t failure 9 /udies is n a cause ( elim9ation to ! ext5t t x is g5]ally suppos$ to be4 ,we may ga9 "s advantage = judg+ ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! ext5d$ & v>i$ s]ies ( p]c5tages above1 by comput+ !m 9 gr\ps ( l>g] size1 ?us yield+ a brief] s]ies1 z foll[s3 7,a ,,cond5s$ ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,/atem5t7 ,no4 ( ,failures #j #a to #d #e to #h #i to #ab #ac to #af #ag to #be ,p] ,c5t #fh4d #fg4f #fg4c #fc4i #fe4g #fi4d ,n only d ! p]c5tages ( non-graduates n increase relatively z ! numb]s ( failure g high]1 b !re is a slight g5]al decl9e 9 ^! p]c5tages until we rea* '#ag or m' failures p] pupil4 ,!n = '#ag to #be' failures p] pupil !re is an increase ( only #a p] c5t ov] t = failures4 ,! numb] ( failures does n seem directly to condition ! pupil's ability to graduate or to cont9ue to 9 s*ool4 #e4 ,,"t ,,ext5sion ,,= ,,! ,,fail+ ,,graduates ,we %all n[ inquire fur!r :at ext5sion ( "t = graduat+ *>act]izes ! fail+ graduates 9 comp>ison ) ! non-fail+ ones4 ,! di/ribution accord+ to ! p]iod = graduation = ! #a1icf pupils :o graduate 0 %[n by ! summ>y l9es ( ,table ,,viii4 ,9 ! same table ! non-fail+ graduates are includ$ 7b di/9ct74 ,no pupil graduates 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s & none takes long] ?an six ye>s2 #i4h p] c5t ( ! numb] f9i% 9 less ?an #d ye>s2 #ai4g p] c5t take m ?an #d ye>s4 ,! small numb] t f9i% e>li] ?an f\r ye>s may be due 9 "p to ! s+le annual graduation 9 sev]al ( ! s*ools4 ,"s ( ! s*ools admitt+ two classes ea* ye> graduat$ only "o1 & ! records made x pla9 t "s pupils _h a half ye> m cr$it ?an 0 ne$$ = graduat+4 ,consid]+1 h[ev]1 t ab\t #db p] c5t ( ! graduates _h no failures1 !y %\ld h be5 able to spe$ up m on ! "t p]iod ( gett+ ?r\gh4 ,!y 7 d\btless n unable to d t4 ,b "s pr9cipals hold ! conviction t f\r ye>s w result 9 a r\nd+ out ( ! pupil m ?an comm5surate ) ! ext5d$ "t4 ,m ?an #ce p] c5t ( ^? :o did f9i% 9 less ?an f\r ye>s are graduates :o _h fail$ f #a to #aa times4 ,9 ! conv5tional p]iod ( f\r ye>s #gg p] c5t ( ! non-fail+ & #fd p] c5t ( ! fail+ graduates complete _! "w & graduate 7see p4 #ei1 = ! means employ$74 ,! p]c5tages ( non-fail+ graduates = ea* "t p]iod are giv5 bel[4 ,,! ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,non-,,fail+ ,,graduates ,,= ,,ea* ,,p]iod ,"t ,p]iod 9 ,ye>s #c #a_/b #d #a_/b #e #a_/b #f ,p] ,c5t ( ,non-,fail+ #hj4d #ej4j #df4e #ai4c #ac4c 44 44 ,?is cont9u\s decl9e ( p]c5tages repres5t+ ! non-fail+ graduates %[s t !y h an evid5t advantage 9 reg>d to ! "t p]iod = graduat+4 ,_! p]c5tages are high = ! %ort] "t p]iods & l[ = ! long] p]iods4 ,b by ref]5ce to ,table ,,viii we quickly f9d t ! slight ext5sion ( ! "t p]iod = ! fail+ graduates is n at all comm5surate ) ! numb] ( failures :i* !y h4 ,! failures are provid$ = 9 v>i\s ways1 z ,*apt] ,v w expla94 ,no /rik+ diff]5ces are obs]v$ = ! boys & girls 9 any division ( ?is *apt]4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! p]c5tages ( graduates & ( non-graduates t fail are almo/ id5tical4 ,! p]c5tages ( ! fail+ pupils :o graduate & ( ! non-fail+ pupils :o graduate are id5tical 7#ca4e p] c5t72 h5ce1 graduation is n p]ceptibly condition$ by ! occurr5ce ( failure4 ,! non-fail+ non-graduates d n p]si/ long 9 s*ool1 z comp>$ ) ! fail+ non-graduates4 ,! %ort p]si/5ce p>tly acc\nts = _! avoidance ( failure4 ,z ! numb] ( failures p] pupil increase = ! fail+ graduates1 ! "t ext5sion is n comm5surate ) ! numb] ( failures4 ,= #aa4e p] c5t ( ! non-graduates :o fail 9 #ej p] c5t or m ( _! "w1 failure is probably a *ief cause ( dropp+ out4 ,failure is probably n a prime cause ( dropp+ out = mo/ ( ! non-graduates1 z #hj p] c5t h only #e failures or few]4 ,! wor/ consequ5ces ( failure are p]haps 9 acquir+ ! habit ( fail+1 & 9 com+ to accept "o's self z a failure4 ,! numb] ( drop-outs does n t5d to increase z ! numb] ( failures p] pupil increases4 ,! "t p]iod = graduat+ ranges f ?ree to six ye>s1 ) approximately #gi p] c5t ( all graduates f9i%+ 9 f\r ye>s or less4 ,! fail+ graduates take1 on ! av]age1 a little long] "t ?an ! non-fail+1 b n an increase t is proportionate to ! numb] ( failures4 ,! boys & girls pres5t no /rik+ diff]5ces 9 ! facts ( ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ref]5ces3 #cc4 ,wooley1 ,h4,t4 ,facts ,ab\t ! ,work+ ,*ildr5 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,tea*]1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 #ace4 #cd4 ,caldwell1 ,o4,w4 ,laboratory ,me?od & ,high ,s*ool ,effici5cy1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 #hb-bdc4 #ce4 ,k+1 ,irv+4 ,! ,high ,s*ool ,age4 #cf4 ,book1 ,w4,f4 ,:y ,pupils ,fail1 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 #aa3bjd4 #cg4 ,bronn]1 ,a4,e4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,special ,abilities & ,disabilities1 p4 #f4 #ch4 ,lewis1 ,w4,d4 ,democracy's ,high ,s*ool1 pp4 #bh1 #cg4 #ci4 ,hanus1 ,p4,h4 ,s*ool ,aims & ,values4 #dj4 ,russell1 ,j4,e4 ,co-education 9 ,high ,s*ool4 ,is ,x a ,failure8 ,repr9t f ,good ,h\sekeep+4 #da4 ,dotey1 ,a4,i4 ,an ,inve/igation ( ,s*ol>%ip ,records ( ,high ,s*ool ,pupils4 ,high ,s*ool ,tea*]s ,association ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,bullet9s #aiaa-ad1 p4 #bbj4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,are ,,! ,,s*ool ,,ag5cies ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,rem$y+ ,,failures ,,adequate ,,= ,,! ,,purpose8 ,! caption ( ?is *apt] sugge/s ! inquiry z to :at are ! ag5cies employ$ by ! s*ool = ?is purpose1 & h[ ext5sively does ea* function8 ,! diff]5t means employ$ & ! numb] attempt+ 9 ! v>i\s ways to satisfy = ! failures *>g$ are classifi$ & /at$ bel[1 b ! success ( ea* me?od is consid]$ lat] 9 its turn4 ,"o might ?9k also ( "t ext5sion1 night s*ool1 summ] s*ool1 correspond5ce c\rses1 & tutor+ z possible factors des]v+ to be includ$ "h 9 ! li/ ( rem$ies = failures made4 ,! matt] ( "t ext5sion has already be5 p>tly treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 :ile ! facts = ! o!r ag5cies m5tion$ are r unc]ta9 & difficult to trace on ! records4 ,h[ev]1 !y all t5d to ev5tuate f9ally 9 "o ( ! me?ods not$ bel[4 ,,! ,,disposition ,,made ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,failures ,repeat ,s*ool ,exam4 ,cont94 ,bo? ,total ,no4 ! ,f9al or ,reg5ts' ,discon4 or ,no ,repeat ,failures ,subject ,spec4 ,exam's4 ,sub/itution ,repet4 & or ,exam4 ,exam4 #hcdh ,b4 #cfie #hba #accc #bdga #bei #bca #ifab ,g4 #ejja #ajbe #ageb #aibi #bdi #cdd ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #dh4d #aj4c #ag4b #bd4e #b4h #c4b ,x is obvi\s f ^! p]c5tages t s*ool practice puts an inclusive fai? 9 ! repetition ( ! subject1 z #dh4d p] c5t ( all ! failures are ref]r$ to ?is "o rem$y = ! purpose ( be+ rectifi$1 al?\gh "o s*ool made practically no use ( ?is means 7see section #e ( ?is *apt]74 ,we %all proce$ to f9d h[ effectively x op]ates & h[ mu* ?is fai? is w>rant$ by ! results4 ,! cases above designat$ z bo? repeat+ & tak+ exam9ation 7#c4b p] c5t7 h be5 c\nt$ twice1 & _! p]c5tage mu/ be subtract$ f ! sum ( ! p]c5tages 9 ord] to give #ajj p] c5t4 #a4 ,,repetition ,,z ,a ,,rem$y ,,= ,,failures ,we already "k h[ _m ( ! fail+ pupils repeat ! subject ( failure1 b ! success att5d+ su* repetition is entitl$ to fur!r att5tion4 ,accord+ly1 ! grades receiv$ 9 ! #h1fif repetitions are pres5t$ "h4 ,,grades ,,secur$ ,,9 ,,! ,,subjects ,,repeat$ ,,grades ,total ,repetitions ,a ,b ,c ,d ,,inc4 #cfie ,boys #fc #edg #ahfc #ajjc #bai #ejja ,girls #hc #gbd #beaj #accg #cdg ----------------- ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #a4g #ad4g #ej4c #cc4c ,less ?an #b p] c5t ( ! repeat]s secure ,a's1 :ile only ab\t #a 9 #f ev] secures ei!r an ,a or a ,b4 ,! fir/ ?ree are pass+ grades1 ) values z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 & ,d repres5ts failure4 ,( ! repeat$ subjects #cc4c p] c5t result 9 ei!r a ,d or an unf9i%$ /atus4 ,x is a fair assumption t ! unf9i%$ grade usually bore pretty c]ta9 prospects ( be+ a fail+ grade if complet$1 & x is s treat$ "h4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( less ?an #a p] c5t 9 ! failures assign$ to boys & girls = ! repeat$ subjects4 ,! hope 0 ent]ta9$ 9 ! orig9al plan ( ?is /udy to secure sev]al o!r sorts ( in=mation ab\t ! repeat]s1 b ^! lat] prov$ to be unobta9able4 ,! influ5ce ( repeat+ ) ! same tea*] z contra/$ ) a *ange ( tea*]s 9 ! same subject1 ! comp>ative facts = ! repetition ) m5 or ) wom5 tea*]s1 ! v>y+ results = ! diff]5t sizes ( classes1 & ! app>5t effect ( sup]vis$ /udy ( "s sort be=e or aft] fail+1 7 all s\ght = 9 ! records available2 b ! s*ools 7 n able to provide any def9ite & complete in=mation ( ! sorts "h specifi$4 a4 ,size ( ,s*$ule & ,results ( ,repeat+ ,x w\ld seem plausible t ! fail+ pupils :o 7 p]mitt$ & :o possess$ ! en]gy w\ld want to take "o or m extra subjects to balance ! previ\s loss ( cr$it due to failure4 ,!n x becomes important at once = ! adm9i/rative head to "k :e!r ! proportion ( failures be>s a def9ite relation%ip to ! size ( ! pupil's s*$ule ( subjects4 ,a normal s*$ule = mo/ purposes & = mo/ ( ! s*ools includes1 on ! av]age1 f\r subjects or tw5ty weekly h\rs4 ,9 ?is /udy ! s*$ule :i* ea* individual s*ool claim$ z normal s*$ule1 has be5 accept$ z su*1 all l>g] s*$ules be+ consid]$ extra size & all small] ones r$uc$4 ,= in/ance1 9 "o ( ! s*ools five subjects are consid]$ a normal s*$ule ev5 ?\gh !y total$ #bd po9ts1 :i* is n usual4 ,b 9 ! o!r s*ools a normal s*$ule includes ! range f #ah to #bb po9ts irrespective ( ^? c>ri$ 9 ! subjects outside ( ! classification includ$ 9 ?is /udy2 :ile above #bb po9ts is an extra s*$ule & bel[ #ah a r$uc$ s*$ule 9 ! same s5se z above4 ,= ! mo/ "p ?is meant t five or m ( su* subjects =m an extra s*$ule1 & t ?ree =m a r$uc$ s*$ule4 ,9 ?is mann] all ! repeat$ subjects are class$ z "p ( a r$uc$1 a normal1 or an extra siz$ s*$ule z foll[s4 ,,size ,,( ,,s*$ules ,,= ,,pupils ,,tak+ ,,repeat$ ,,subjects ,total ,r$uc$ ,normal ,extra #cfie ,boys #acb #agfb #ahja #ejja ,girls #afd #bfhd #baec ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #c4d #ea4a #de4e ,?is di/ribution indicates t relatively few ( ! pupils take a r$uc$ s*$ule 9 repeat+4 ,= ! succe$+ comp>ison ) ! grades ( extra s*$ule pupils1 ^? hav+ a normal or r$uc$ s*$ule are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,,grades ,,= ,,subjects ,,repeat$ ,,by ,,fail+ ,,pupils ,,:o ,,c>ri$ ,a ,,r$uc$ ,,or ,,normal ,,s*$ule ,total ,repetitions ,a ,b ,c ,d 44 #ahid ,boys #cd #bei #hid #eda #aff #bhdh ,girls #dd #cfa #acai #hdj #bhd ---------------- ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #a4f #ac4a #df4g #ch4f ,9 ?is di/ribution are ! grades = #dgdb in/ances ( repetition4 ,( ^!1 #ch4f p] c5t fail to pass aft] repeat+4 ,x is n possible to say def9itely h[ _m ( ^! pupils actually det]m9e _! s*$ule by a free *oice1 & h[ _m are re/rict$ by s*ool au?orities or by home influ5ce4 ,b c]ta9 x is t a policy ( opposition exi/s 9 "s s*ools & ) "s tea*]s to all[+ repeat]s to c>ry m ?an a prescrib$ s*$ule2 & 9 mo/ s*ools at lea/ "s =m ( discrim9ation or regulation is ex]cis$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,x w appe> f ! next di/ribution t a rule ( uni=mity 9 reg>d to size ( s*$ule1 )\t reg>d to ! individual pupils1 is "h1 z else:]e1 lack+ 9 wisdom & is 9 disreg>d ( ! facts4 ,,grades ,,= ,,! ,,subjects ,,repeat$1 ,,) ,,an ,,extra ,,s*$ule ,total ,repetitions ,a ,b ,c ,d 44 #ahja ,boys #bi #bhh #ifi #dfb #ec #baec ,girls #ci #cfc #aaia #dig #fc ---------------- ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #a4g #af4f #ed4e #bg4b ,out ( ! #c1ied repeat$ subjects 9 ?is di/ribution1 #gb4h p] c5t secure pass+ grades1 #bg4b p] c5t result 9 failures4 ,?is means t ! repeat]s ) an extra s*$ule h #aa4d p] c5t few] fail+ grades ?an ! repeat]s :o c>ry only a normal or a r$uc$ s*$ule4 ,!y also excel 9 ! p]c5tage ( ,a's & ,b's secur$ = repeat$ subjects4 ,9 only "o ( ! eight s*ools 0 ! rev]se ( ^! g5]al facts f\nd to be true4 ,9 "o o!r s*ool ! diff]5ce 0 m ?an #b to #a 9 favor ( ! extra s*$ule repeat]s z judg$ by ! p]c5tages ( failure = ea* gr\p4 ,x seems t at lea/ ?ree factors op]ate to secure sup]ior results = repeat]s ) heavi] s*$ule4 ,fir/1 !y are und\bt$ly a m highly select$ gr\p 9 ref]5ce to ability & en]gy4 ,second1 !y h ! advantage ( ! spur & ! motivation :i* comes f ! consci\sness ( a heavi] responsibility1 & f :i* emanates great] e>ne/ness ( ef=t4 ,?ird1 x is probable t "s tea*]s are m helpful & consid]ate 9 ! aid+ & grad+ ( pupils :o appe> to be work+ h>d4 ,x is1 at any rate1 a pla9 fact t ^? :o are will+ & :o are p]mitt$ to take extra "w are ! m successful4 ,excessive emphasis mu/ n be plac$ on ! latt] requirem5t alone1 z will+ness frequ5tly seems to be ! only ess5tial condition impos$4 b4 ,lat] ,grades 9 ! ,same ,k9d ( ,subjects1 ,foll[+ ,repetition & ,)\t ,x ,next 9 importance to ! degree ( success att5d+ ! repetition ( fail+ subjects is ! effect :i* su* repetition has ^u ! results 9 lat] subjects ( ! same k9d4 ,by tabulat+ sep>ately ! lat] grades 9 l subjects = ^? :o _h repeat$ & = ^? :o _h n repeat$ aft] failure1 we h ! basis = ! foll[+ comp>ison ( results4 ,x %\ld be /at$ at ?is po9t t by ! same k9d ( subject is n meant a promiscu\s gr\p+ toge!r ( all language or ( all hi/ory c\rses4 ,b = languages a lat] c\rse 9 ! same language is impli$1 ) ! s+le exception t ,lat9 & ,fr5* are treat$ z ?\gh ,fr5* 7 a m]e cont9uation ( ! ,lat9 prec$+ x4 ,c]ta9 o!r decisions are z arbitr>y4 ,greek1 ,roman1 & anci5t hi/ory are consid]$ z 9 ! same class2 s are mod]n1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,! g5]al & ! biological sci5ces are gr\p$ toge!r1 b ! physical sci5ces are di/+ui%$ z a sep>ate gr\p4 ,! v>i\s comm]cial subjects are consid]$ to be ( ! same k9d only :5 !y are ! same subject4 ,all ma!matics subjects are reg>d$ z ! same k9d ( subjects except comm]cial ari?metic :i* is class$ z a comm]cial subject4 ,all ! lat] m>ks giv5 9 :at 0 reg>d$ z ! same k9d ( subject1 are includ$ 9 ! two di/ributions ( grades :i* foll[4 ,,lat] ,,grades ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,k9d ,,( ,,subject1 ,,aft] ,,failure ,,& ,,repetition ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,total ,a ,b ,c ,d #bghh ,boys #bh #cjh #adda #ajaa #cdhi ,girls #cc #cjg #agdh #adja ,p] ,c5t ( ,total 4#i #i4h #ej4h #ch4d ,?is di/ribution %[s a m>k$ t5d5cy = failures 9 any subject to be accompani$ by fur!r failures 7#ch4d p] c5t71 n only 9 ! subjects = :i* x is a pr]equisite b 9 subjects closely ak9 to x4 ,if ?is t5d5cy to succe$+ failures is really dep5d5t ^u ?or\ghness 9 ! prec$+ subject1 !n ! repetition ( ! subject %\ld (f] an opportunity = great] ?or\ghness & %\ld prove to be a di/9ct advantage 9 ?is reg>d4 ,:5 we comp>e ! p]c5tage ( failures above ) t 9 ! foll[+ di/ribution1 we fail to f9d evid5ce ( su* an advantage 9 repetition4 ,! cont9uity ( failures by subjects & ! ineffectiv5ess ( repetition are po9t$ out by ,t4,h4 ,briggs#db z f\nd 9 an unpubli%$ /udy by ,j4,h4 ,riley1 %[+ t aft] repeat+ & pass+ ! subjects ( failure1 #cc p] c5t ( ^? :o cont9u$ ! subject fail$ aga9 ! next seme/]4 ,,lat] ,,grades ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,k9d ,,( ,,subjects1 ,,foll[+ ,,failure ,,b ,,) ,,no ,,repetition ,total ,a ,b ,c ,d #abfi ,boys #e #ajb #fci #ebc #aaia ,girls #h #adg #ffi #cfg ,p] ,c5t ( ,total 4#e #aj4a #ec4a #cf4b ,"h ! same pron\nc$ t5d5cy is disclos$ = ! occurr5ce ( o!r subsequ5t failures 9 ! subjects closely simil>4 ,b = ?is di/ribution ( grades1 secur$ )\t any prec$+ repetitions1 ! unsuccessful result is #b4b p] c5t l[] ?an t f\nd = ^? :o _h repeat$4 ,?is gr\p is n s l>ge 9 numb]s z ! "o above1 & und\bt$ly !re is "s di/9ct elem5t ( pupil selection involv$1 = x is n easy to believe t ! repetition %\ld "w a positive injury to ! lat] grades4 ,nev]!less1 our fai? 9 ! wor? ( unconditional repetitions %\ld prop]ly be di/urb$ by su* disclosures4 c4 ,! ,grades 9 ,repeat$ ,subjects & 9 ! ,new ,"w1 = ! ,same ,seme/] & ! ,same ,pupils ,if x is grant$ t ! tea*]s ( ! repeat]s are equally good z comp>$ ) ! o!rs1 !n ! previ\s famili>ity ) ! "w t is be+ repeat$ might be expect$ to s]ve z an advantage 9 its favor :5 comp>$ ) ! new & advanc$ "w 9 o!r subjects4 ,b ! grades = ! new & advanc$ "w z pres5t$ bel[1 & ! grades = ! repeat$ subjects z pres5t$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt] 7section #a71 d5y ! validity ( su* an assumption & give u a diff]5t v]sion ( ! facts4 ,,! ,,grades ,,secur$ ,,9 ,,new ,,"w1 ,,at ,,same ,,"t ,,& ,,by ,,same ,,pupils ,,z ,,! ,,grades ,,secur$ ,,9 ,,! ,,repeat$ ,,subjects ,total ,a ,b ,c ,d #aa1jbi ,boys #bef #bbbe #eedc #cjje #aa1ida ,girls #aih #bjfd #ffjd #cjge ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #a4i #ah4f #ec4a #bf4d ,! facts n only %[ a l[] p]c5tage 7by #f4i p] c5t7 ( unsuccessful grades 9 ! new "w1 b !y also %[ a high] p]c5tage ( ,a's1 ( ,b's1 & ( ,c's ?an = ! repeat$ subjects4 ,!re is def9ite sugge/ion "h t (t5 ! p>ticul> subject ( failure may be m responsible & m at fault ?an ! p>ticul> pupil4 ,c]ta9ly uni=mity & an arbitr>y r\t9e ( tasks ignore ! individual diff]5ces ( int]e/s & abilities4 ,b by _! great] & _! repeat$ failures 9 ! same defici5t subjects 7see p4 #ff7 ^! pupils seem to h reass]t$ /\tly ! facts ignor$4 ,!y h be5 ask$ to repeat & repeat aga9 subjects :i* !y h already indicat$ _! unfitness to h&le successfully4 ,?is pursuance ( an unsuccessful me?od is n good proc$ure 9 ! bus9ess _w4 ,! doctor does n employ su* me?ods4 d4 ,! ,numb] & ,results ( ,id5tical ,repetitions ,x has become app>5t be=e ?is t "s pupils fail sev]al times & 9 id5tical subjects because ( _! unsuccessful repetitions aft] ea* failure4 ,f9al success might at times ju/ify multipli$ repetitions1 b 9 su* in/ances x becomes increas+ly important t ! repetition %\ld ev5tually end 9 success aft] ! subject has be5 repeat$ two1 ?ree or f\r times4 ,if su* is n ! result1 !n ! me?od is at be/ a misdirection ( en]gy2 or /ill worse x is an irrep>able error1 exp5sive to ! individual & ! s*ool alike1 :i* only s]ves to acc5tuate ! inequalities & p]v]sions ( opportunity impos$ by an arbitr>y requirem5t ( ! same subjects1 ! same me?ods1 & ! same s*eme ( education = all pupils alike1 reg>dless ( _! capacities & int]e/s4 ,9 us+ ! t]m id5tical x is int5d$ to designate j "o unit ( ! c\rse1 z ,engli% ,i1 or ,lat9 ,,ii4 ,! foll[+ table w disclose ! facts z to ! success result+ f ea* numb] ( su* successive & id5tical repetitions p] pupil4 ,,table ,x ,,! ,,numb]s ,,& ,,results ,,( ,,repeat$ ,,repetitions1 ,,= ,,id5tical ,,subjects ,,no4 ,,( ,grades ,no ,p] ,c5t ,,repet4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,grade ,totals ,fail+ #a ,boys #fb #ecb #agbg #hhj #baf #caag ,girls #hj #gjb #bcbi #aahj #cdb #dfcc #cb4e #b ,boys #a #ae #ajf #gg #c #bjb ,girls #c #ag #aed #hi #b #bfe #cf4f #c ,boys 44 #j #bf #cc #j #ei ,girls 44 #e #ai #cf #c #fc #ei4j #d ,boys 44 44 #d #aa 44 #ae ,girls 44 44 #h #be 44 #cc #ge4j #e ,boys 44 44 44 #b 44 #b ,girls 44 44 44 #e 44 #e #ajj4j #f ,boys 44 44 44 #j 44 #j ,girls 44 44 44 #b 44 #b #ajj4j ,tot4 ,boys #fc #edg #ahfc #ajjc #bai #cfie ,girls #hc #gbd #beaj #accg #cdg #ejja ,al?\gh a small] numb] ( pupils make ea* high] numb] ( repetitions1 a high] p]c5tage ( ea* successive gr\p meets ) f9al failure 9 ! subject repeat$1 & ! facts are indicative ( :at %\ld be expect$ h[ev] l>ge ! numb]s mak+ su* multipli$ repetitions4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible t pupils %\ld any:]e be requir$ or p]mitt$ to make ! f\r?1 fif?1 or six? repetition ( subjects s manife/ly c]ta9 ( lead+ to fur!r disappo9tm5t4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 too1 t five & six repetitions means six & sev5 times ov] ! same s*ool "w4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a situation te/ifies to a sort ( deep-seat$ fai? 9 ! dep5d5ce ( ! pupil's educational salvation on ! successful repetition ( "s p>ticul> s*ool subject4 ,x %[s no recognition t ! duty ( ! s*ool is to give ea* pupil ! type ( tra9+ be/ suit$ to 8 individual end[m5ts & limitations1 & at ! same "t 9 keep+ ) ! ne$s ( society4 ,su* indiscrim9ate repetition becomes a matt] ( ?\ghtless duplicat+ & op]ates1 fir/1 to increase ! economic1 educational1 & human wa/e1 :]e ! s*ool is especially ! ag5cy *>g$ ) cons]v+ ! greate/ ( our national res\rces4 ,second1 x op]ates to fix m p]man5tly ! habit & attitude ( fail+ = su* pupils1 & bequea?s to society ! fruit ( su* maladju/m5ts1 :i* _c fail to function frequ5tly & s]i\sly 9 ! production ( indu/rial dissatisfactions & misfits lat] 9 life4 ,su* probabilities are m]ely 9 keep+ ) ! psy*ological fact t habits once e/abli%$ are n likely to be easily lo/4 ,indiscrim9ate repetition is an exp5sive way ( fail+ to d ! ?+ :i* x assumes to d4 ,surely "o f9ds 9 ! prec$+ pages r slight gr\nds to w>rant ! almo/ unqualifi$ fai? 9 repetition su* z ! s*ool practice exhibits 7,table ,x71 or 9 ! importance ( ! p>ticul> subjects s repeat$4 ,!re may be evid5ce 9 ?is fai? & practice ( :at ,sn$d5#dc calls ! undue importance atta*$ to ! hi/oric in/rum5ts ( second>y education 444 n[ taught ma9ly because ( ! ease ) :i* !y c be pres5t$ 444 & :i* may h _h little di/+ui%able be>+ on ! future a*ievem5t ( ^? "y p s gift$ by nature z to r5d] x probable t !y %\ld lat] become lead]s4 ,b su* in/rum5ts w n lack direct be>+ on ! productions ( failures = pupils ^: int]e/s & ne$s are b remotely s]v$ by su* subjects4 ,a rec5t rul+ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( second>y education1#dd 9 ,new ,york ,city1 d5ies high s*ool pupils p]mission to repeat ! same grade & type ( "w = ! ?ird consecutive "t aft] fail+ a second "t4 ,& fur!r x is prescrib$ t /ud5ts :o h fail$ twice 9 any giv5 grade ( a =eign language %\ld be dropp$ f all classes 9 t language4 ,our f9d+s 9 ?is /udy w seem to v]ify ! wisdom ( ^! rul+s4 ,ano!r rul+ t /ud5ts :o h fail$ successfully f\r prep>$ subjects %\ld n be p]mitt$ to elect m ?an f\r 9 ! succe$+ t]m1 or if !y h pass$ f\r subjects & fail$ 9 "o1 %\ld be p]mitt$ to take five only provisionally1 seems to judge ! individual's capacities pretty mu* 9 t]ms ( failure4 ,we h f\nd t = approximately #d1jjj repetitions ) an extra s*$ule1 h[ev] or by :omev] !y may h be5 det]m9$1 ! p]c5tage gett+ ,a's & ,b's 0 high] & ! p]c5tage ( fail+ 0 sub/antially l[] ?an = approximately #d1gjj repetitions ) only ?ree or f\r subjects = ea* s*$ule4 ,x does n appe> t ! numb] ( subjects is uni=mly ! factor ( prime importance1 or t su* a rul+ w meet ! ess5tial difficulty reg>d+ failure4 ,! failure 9 any subject w m (t5 t5d to indicate a specific difficulty r ?an any g5]al lack ( 'ability plus application' relative to ! numb] ( subjects4 ,! maladju/m5t is n s (t5 9 ! size ( ! load z 9 ! k9d or composition ( ! load = ! p>ticul> individual conc]n$4 ,! burd5 is sometimes ma/]$ by repeat$ trials4 ,b (t5 ! p>ticul> adju/m5t ne$$ is cle>ly indicat$ by ! antec$5t failures4 #b4 ,,discont9uance ,,( ,,subject ,,or ,,c\rse1 ,,& ,,! ,,sub/itution ,,( ,,o!rs ,e>li] 9 ?is *apt] appe>s ! numb] & p]c5tage ( failures ^: disposition 0 effect$ by discont9uance or by sub/itution4 ,tw5ty-f\r & five-t5?s p] c5t ( ! failures 7 acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4 ,?is gr\p+ happ5s to be a r complex "o4 ,_m ( su* pupils simply discont9ue ! c\rse & !n drop out ( s*ool4 ,"s discont9ue ! subject b because !y h extra cr$its take no sub/itute = x2 o!rs sub/itute 9 a g5]al way to secure ! ne$$ cr$its b n specifically = ! subject dropp$4 ,only a few %ift _! cr$its to ano!r curriculum4 ,9 "s in/ances ! subject is itself an extra "o1 & ne$s no sub/itute4 ,= ! graduat+ pupils only ab\t #e p] c5t ( ! failures are dispos$ ( by discont9u+ & by sub/itution ( subjects4 ,?is fact may be due to ! great] economy 9 exam9ations1 or to ! relatively inflexible s*ool requirem5ts = complet+ ! prescrib$ "w by repetition :e!r = graduation or = college entrance4 ,9 only "o s*ool 0 !re a t5d5cy to discont9ue ! subject fail$ 94 ,s f> z failures repres5t a def9ite maladju/m5t betwe5 ! pupil & ! s*ool subject1 ! sub/itution ( o!r "w w\ld seem to be ! mo/ rational solution ( ! difficulty4 ,a consid]ation ( ! success foll[+ a sub/itution ( vocational or %op subjects1 to replace ! academic subjects ( failure1 (f]s an especially promis+ !me = /udy4 ,no opportunity 0 (f]$ 9 ! scope ( ?is /udy to include t sort ( inquiry1 b its possibilities are recogniz$ & ackn[l$g$ h]e9 z wor?y ( e>ne/ att5tion4 ,9 only two ( ! eight s*ools 0 any %op-"w (f]$1 & only "o ( ^! c\ld probably claim vocational rank4 ,ap>t f ! difficulty 9 ref]5ce to comp>ability ( /&>ds1 !re 7 n m ?an a negligible numb] ( cases ( su* sub/itution1 due p>tly to ! relative rec5cy 9 ! (f]+ ( any vocational "w4 ,9 ?is ref]5ce a report comes f ,w4,d4 ,lewis ( an actual exp]im5t#de 9 :i* fifty boys ( ! s*ool loaf] type 444 select$ because ( _! prolific record 9 failure--z !y _h prov$ absolute failures 9 ! traditional c\rse--7 plac$ 9 *>ge ( a good r$-blood$ man 9 a ?or\ghly equipp$ wood "w %op4 ,! %op fail$ to rea* j "o4 ,at ! same "t ! academic "w improv$4 ,"o _c be sure ( h[ mu* to cr$it ! type ( "w & h[ mu* ! r$-blood$ man = su* results4 ,b we may feel sure ( fur!r contributions ( ?is sort 9 due "t4 #c4 ,,employm5t ,,( ,,s*ool ,,exam9ations ,! s*ool exam9ations employ$ to dispose ( ! failures are ( two types4 ,! 'f9al' seme/] exam9ation1 employ$ by c]ta9 s*ools & requir$ ( pupils :o h fail$1 op]ates to remove ! previ\s failure = t seme/] ( ! subject4 ,! success ( ?is plan is n high1 because ( ! insuffici5t "t available to make any adequate rep>ation = ! failures already *>g$4 ,( ! #a1feg exam9ations ( ?is k9d to satisfy = failures1 #cj4g p] c5t result 9 success4 ,! boys are m successful ?an ! girls by #d4e p] c5t4 ,?is p>ticul> proc$ure is n employ$ by m ?an two ( ! eight s*ools4 ,! o!r =m ( s*ool exam9ation employ$ = dispos+ ( failures is ! special exam9ation1 usually foll[+ "s def9ite prep>ation1 & giv5 at ! discretion ( ! tea*] or dep>tm5t head4 ,its employm5t seems also to be limit$ pretty mu* to two ( ! s*ools1 because = mo/ ( ! subjects ! ,reg5ts' exam9ations t5d to displace x 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate & ,city sy/ems4 ,z only ! successes 7 sure ( be+ record$ 9 ^! te/s we d n "k ! p]c5tage ( success attributable to ?is plan ( remov+ failures4 ,x probably des]ves to be cr$it$ ) a fairly high degree ( success1 = relatively few pupils 7less ?an #bjj7 utilize x1 & !n frequ5tly aft] "s extra prep>ation or /udy--su* z summ] s*ool c\rses or tutor+4 ,^! two =ms ( s*ool exam9ations jo9tly yield #cg4e p] c5t ( successes on ! numb] attempt$1 s f> z su* are record$4 #d4 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,r5d]$ ,,by ,,! ,,reg5ts' ,,exam9ations ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,:atev] may be ! m]its or dem]its ( ! ,reg5ts' exam9ation sy/em 9 g5]al = academic s*ool subjects1 ^! te/s c]ta9ly p]=m a sav+ function = ! fail+ pupils1 by promptly rectify+ s _m ( _! s*ool failures & ?us rescu+ !m f ! burd5 ( exp5sive repetition4 ,a pupil's success 9 ! ,reg5ts' exam9ation has ! imm$iate effect ( satisfy+ ! s*ool failure *>g$ to him4 ,at ! same "t1 x is possible1 z is sometimes ass]t$1 t ! anticipation ( ^! te/s incl9es "s tea*]s to a m gratuit\s di/ribution ( fail+ m>ks z a spur to _! pupils to brace up & p]=m well 9 ref]5ce to ! ,reg5ts' que/ions4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no trace ( t policy f\nd s f> z ! s*ools includ$ 9 ?is /udy are conc]n$4 ,= ! ?ree ,new ,j]sey s*ools consid]$ jo9tly h a high] p]c5tage ( fail+ pupils1 & a slightly high] av]age 9 ! numb] ( failures = ea* fail+ pupil ?an h ! ?ree ,new ,york ,/ate s*ools4 ,b x is m probable t ! attitude ref]r$ to op]ates to exclude ! fail+ pupils f be+ freely p]mitt$ to ent] ! ,reg5ts' te/s 9 ! fail+ subjects1 & ?us to re/ra9 !m f :at ?reat5s to l[] ! s*ool p]c5tage ( successful pap]s1 except t 9 ,new ,york ,city su* discrim9ation is prohibit$4#df ,on ! p]c5tages ( success = ^! exam9ation results tea*]s & ev5 s*ools are wont to be popul>ly judg$4 ,annual s*ool reports may feature ! pass+ p]c5tage = ! s*ool 9 ,reg5ts' exam9ations1 ) a _s ( pride or rivalry1 b ) no ^w ( :at t p]c5tage co/s z real co/ mu/ be reckon$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ! p]c5tage ( unsuccessful repetitions = ! ?ree ,new ,j]sey s*ools is #ac4g p] c5t l[] ?an = ! ?ree ,new ,york s*ools4 ,9 addition to ?is1 = ! latt] s*ools #bb p] c5t m ( ! subject failures are repeat$ ?an = ! =m] ones m5tion$4 ,x is important also to be> 9 m9d t ! success p]c5tage = ! ,reg5ts' te/s is comput$ on ! numb] admitt$ to ! exam9ations--n on ! numb] in/ruct$ 9 ! subject4 ,! regulations are flexible & admit ( consid]able latitude 9 matt]s ( classification & int]pretation4 ,accord+ly1 if x happ5s any:]e 9 ! /ate t ^? :o are ! less promis+ c&idates1 9 ! tea*]'s judgm5t1 are deb>r$ f attempt+ ,reg5ts' exam9ations by fail+ m>ks1 by demotion & exclusion f _! class1 or by o!r means1 ! s*ool's p]c5tage ( pupils pass+ may be kept high z a result1 b ! inju/ice work$ ^u ! pupil 9 su* mann] is vici\s & repreh5sible4 ,yet ! :ole intol]abl5ess ( ! practice w c5t] 9 ! rule = exclusion ( pupils f ^! exam9ations because ( s*ool failure4 ,no "o c pr$ict ) any safe degree ( c]ta9ty t ! outcome ( any individual's ef=ts w be a failure 9 ! ,reg5ts' te/s1 ev5 ?\gh he has fail$ 9 a s*ool subject4 ,if failure %\ld happ5 to result1 x is *iefly ! s*ool pride t suff]s2 if ! pupil is d5i$ a free trial1 he may suff] an inju/ice to aid ! pret5sion ( ! s*ool4 ,our s*ool sanctions are n *>act]iz$ by su* acum5 or infallibility z to w>rant our refus+ to give a pupil ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,he is entitl$ to 8 *ance to w9 success 9 ^! exam9ations if he is able1 & x appe>s t only results 9 ! ,reg5ts' te/s c be truly tru/$ to tell u t he is or is n able to pass !m4 ,! facts depict$ "h may lead to ! belief t ! record$ success 9 ,reg5ts' exam9ations may sometimes be artificially high1 due to ! subtle influ5ces at "w to make x s4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city abs5ce is ! sole condition = deb>r+ any pupil1 s9ce he mu/ h pursu$ a subject ! prescrib$ "t4 ,su* a rul+ is highly comm5dable1 & x %\ld n 9 fairness to ! pupil be o!rwise any:]e 9 ! /ate4 ,! foll[+ di/ribution discloses t #gb4h p] c5t ( ! #c1jhe fail+ pupils :o 7 record$ z tak+ ! ,reg5ts' exam9ations 7 successful1 & t #gh p] c5t ( ^? succe$+ pass$ 9 ! same seme/] 9 :i* ! s*ool failure occurr$4 ,,success ,,( ,,! ,,fail+ ,,pupils ,,9 ,,! ,,reg5ts' ,,exam9ations ,pass ! ,pass a ,fail ,fir/1 ,same ,seme/] ,lat] ,seme/] !n ,pass ,only ,fail #accc ,boys #hji #adc #ch #cdc #ageb ,girls #idf #aic #aag #dif ---------------------------------------- -- ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #gb4h #bg4b ,! divisions ( ! above di/ribution are di/9ct1 ) no ov]lapp+ or d\ble c\nt+4 ,( ! pupils :o pass ^! exam9ations 9 a lat] seme/] ?an t 9 :i* ! failure occurs1 a major "p belong to ! two s*ools :i* re/rict _! pupils ma9ly to a repetition ( ! subject aft] fail+ be=e !y attempt ! ,reg5ts' te/s4 ,o!rwise _m ( !m w\ld pass ! ,reg5ts' exam9ations at once1 z 9 ! o!r s*ools1 & w\ld n ne$ to repeat ! subject4 ,x 0 po9t$ out 9 ! initial "p ( ?is *apt] t #c4b p] c5t ( ! in/ances ( failure 7 foll[$ by bo? repetition & exam9ation4 ,9 "o ( ! two s*ools ref]r$ to #ij4h p] c5t ( ! pupils fail+ & lat] tak+ ,reg5ts' exam9ations repeat ! subject fir/4 ,t mo/ ( su* repetition is almo/ entirely ne$less is sugge/$ by ! fact t only #b4a p] c5t m ( _! pupils pass1 ( ! ones attempt+1 ?an ( ! total numb] report$ above1 & t too 9 spite ( ! loss ( pupils' "t & public money by su* repetition4 ,x may be1 & d\btless is1 true t an occasional omission occurs 9 record+ ! results aft] su* te/s h be5 tak51 b1 s9ce x is ! av[$ policy ( ea* s*ool to h complete records = _! own con/ant ref]5ce 7except+ t ! practice ( ! smalle/ ( ! five units 0 n to record ! ,reg5ts' failures1 & = ?is s*ool !y _h to be e/imat$71 ! fail+ results w\ld n be expect$ to be omitt$ m (t5 ?an ! successes1 s t only ! totals w\ld be p]ceptibly affect$ by su* errors4 ,"o may rightly be p]mitt$ to speculate a bit "h z to ! mo/ probable reaction ( ! pupil 9 reg>d to 8 respect = ! s*ool /&>ds & = ! judgm5t & op9ion ( 8 tea*]1 :5 he s readily & repeat$ly passes ! (ficial /ate te/s almo/ imm$iately aft] 8 s*ool has class$ 8 "w z ( fail+ quality4 ,p]haps x becomes easi] = him to feel t failure is n a s]i\s matt] b an almo/ necess>y incid5t t accompanies ! expectations ( ! usual s*ool c\rse1 j z g\t is sometimes reg>d$ z a m]e cont+5cy ( ease & pl5ty4 ,if su* be true1 & ! evid5ce e/abli%es a /rong probability t x is1 !n x is n a helpful attitude to develop 9 ! pupil nor "o ( b5efit to ! s*ool & to society4 #e4 ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,subject ,,)\t ,,repetition ,a limit$ numb] ( records 7 available 9 "o s*ool = ! pupils :o fail$ 9 ! fir/ seme/] ( a subject1 & :o 7 p]mitt$ to cont9ue ! subject conditionally a second seme/] )\t fir/ repeat+ x4 ,n all pupils 7 giv5 ?is privilege1 & ! conditions ( selection 7 n v def9ite beyond a sort ( g5]al confid5ce & promise relative to ! pupil4 ,! aft]-s*ool conf]5ce 0 ! only specific means provid$ = aid+ su* pupils4 ,b #eb p] c5t ( su* subjects 7 pass$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ! subsequ5t pass+ comp5sat$ = ! previ\s failure z to s*ool cr$it4 ,,grades ,,= ,,fail+ ,,pupils ,,:o ,,cont9ue ,,! ,,subject ,,)\t ,,repetition ,a ,b ,c ,d #bei ,boys 44 #g #acc #aai #bdi ,girls 44 #c #aai #abe ------------------ ,p] ,c5t ( ,total 44 #eb #dh ,a diff]5ce ( judgm5ts may prevail z to ! significance ( ^! facts4 ,al?\gh ! pass+ grades secur$ are n high1 #eb p] c5t h ?us be5 reliev$ f ! subject repetition1 :i* on ! av]age results 9 #cc4c p] c5t ( failures1 z has be5 not$ 9 section #a ( ?is *apt]4 ,a mu* m +5i\s device = enabl+ at lea/ "s pupils to escape ! repetition & yet to cont9ue ! subject 0 discov]$ 9 "o s*ool1 9 :i* x _h be5 employ$4 ,briefly /at$1 ! s*eme involv$ a nom9al pass+ grade ( #gj p] c5t1 b a pass+ av]age ( #ge p] c5t2 & s long z ! av]age 0 atta9$1 ! grade 9 "o or two ( ! subjects might be p]mitt$ to drop z l[ z #fj p] c5t4 ,!n 9 ! ev5t ( a l[] av]age ?an #ge p] c5t1 x might be rais$ by a new te/ 9 ! favorite or easie/ subject1 r ?an 9 ! l[ subject4 ,by ?is s*eme ! grades c\ld be s juggl$ z to escape repetition or o!r direct =m ( rep>ation 9 spite ( repeat$ failures1 unless p]*ance ! grades fell bel[ #fj p] c5t4 ,by a *ange ( adm9i/ration 9 ! s*ool ?is :ole s*eme has be5 sup]s$$4 ,b x _h be5 utiliz$ to ! ext5t t ! records = ?is s*ool %[$ practically no repetitions = ! fail+ pupils4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*apt] ,v ,among ! s*ool ag5cies = dispos+ ( ! failures1 repetition ( ! subject is ! mo/ ext5sively employ$4 ,?irty-?ree & ?ree-t5?s p] c5t ( ! repeat$ grades are repeat$ failures4 ,few ( ! repeat]s take r$uc$ s*$ules4 ,! repeat]s ) an extra s*$ule are m successful 9 ea* ( ! pass+ grades1 & h #aa4d p] c5t less failures ?an repeat]s ) a normal or r$uc$ s*$ule4 ,9 ! lat] subjects ( ! same k9d1 aft] failure & repetition1 ! unsuccessful grades are #b4b p] c5t high] ?an = a simil> situation )\t any repetition4 ,! grades 9 new "w = repeat]s are m>k$ly sup]ior to ^? 9 ! repeat$ subjects1 = ! same seme/]4 ,z ! numb] ( id5tical repetitions are increas$ 7z high z six71 ! p]c5tage ( f9al failure rapidly rises4 ,! emphasis plac$ on repetition is excessive1 & ! fai? display$ 9 x by s*ool practice is unw>rant$ by ! facts4 ,relatively few ( ! fail+ pupils :o cont9ue 9 s*ool discont9ue ! subject or sub/itute ano!r aft] failure4 ,s*ool exam9ations are employ$ = #aj4c p] c5t ( ! failures1 ) #cg4e p] c5t ( success on ! attempts4 ,! ,reg5ts' exam9ations are employ$ = #ag4b p] c5t ( ! failures1 ( :i* #gb4h p] c5t succe$ 9 pass+1 & 9 mo/ cases imm$iately aft] ! s*ool failure4 ,( ^? :o cont9ue ! subject ( failure )\t any repetition #eb p] c5t get pass+ grades4 ,no =m ( s*ool comp5sation c be consid]$ z adequate :i* does n adapt ! treatm5t to ! k9d & cause ( ! malady1 z manife/$ by ! failure symptoms4 ,,ref]5ces3 #db4 ,briggs1 ,t4,h4 ,report on ,second>y ,education1 ,u4,s4 ,comm4 ( ,educ4 ,report1 #aiad4 #dc4 ,sn$d51 ,d4 ,9 ,johnson's ,mod]n ,high ,s*ool4 ,,ii1 #bd1 #bf4 #dd4 ,(ficial ,bullet9 on ,promotion & ,/ud5ts' ,programs1 #aiag1 f ,assoc4 ,supt4 9 ,*>ge ( ,second>y ,s*ools1 = ,n4,y4 ,city4 #de4 ,lewis1 ,w4,d4 ,democracy's ,high ,s*ool1 p4 #de4 #df4 ,rul+ ( ,bo>d ( ,supt's41 ,new ,york ,city1 ,june1 #aiag4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,d ,,! ,,failures ,,repres5t ,a ,,lack ,,( ,,capability ,,or ,,( ,,fitness ,,= ,,high ,,s*ool ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,^? ,,pupils8 ,9 view ( ! fact t "s ( ! pupils d n fail 9 any "p ( _! s*ool "w1 !re is a c]ta9 popul> presumption t failure mu/ be significant ( pupil inf]iority :5 x occurs4 ,t connotation w necess>ily be correct if we are to judge ! individual entirely by t "p ( 8 "w 9 :i* he fails1 & to assume t ! fail+ m>k is a fair indication ( bo? a*ievem5t & ability4 ,al?\gh ! pupil is only "o ( ! contribut+ factors 9 ! failure1 nev]!less x happ5s t *]i%$ opportunity1 prizes1 praise1 honors1 employm5t1 & ev5 social recognition are frequ5tly pr(f]$ or )held accord+ to 8 m>ks 9 s*ool4 ,/ill fur!r1 ! pupil :o accumulates failures may soon cease to be aggressively alive & active2 he is 9 dang] ( acquir+ a con=m+ attitude ( tol]ance t[>d ! exp]i5ce ( be+ unsuccessful4 ,!re=e x is p>ticul>ly mom5t\s to ! pupil1 %\ld ! s*ool record ascrib$ to him prove frequ5tly to be incongru\s ) 8 pot5tial p[]s4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ^! pages t ! failures frequ5tly t5d to designate specific difficulties r ?an :at is actually ! negative ( 'ability plus application4' ,?is does n at all d5y t 9 "s in/ances !re appe>s to be ! ability m9us ! application1 & t 9 o!r cases ! pupils are simple unfitt$ = ! "w requir$ ( !m4 #a4 ,,"s ,,are ,,evid5tly ,,misfits ,!re is a /rong presumption t _m ( ! #dhe pupils :o fail$ 9 #ej p] c5t ( _! s*ool "w & dropp$ out 7report$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv7 repres5t misfits = at lea/ ! k9d ( s*ool subjects (f]$ or requir$4 ,"o _c say t ev5 hopeless fail+ 9 any p>ticul> subject is a safe crit]ion ( g5]al inability1 or t failure 9 ab/ract sort ( m5tal "w w\ld be a sure prophecy ( failure 9 m concrete h& "w4 ,x is altoge!r probable t "s ( ! individuals 9 ! above numb] 7 n end[$ to pr(it by an academic high s*ool c\rse1 & t o!rs 7 ! re/less ones at a re/less age1 :o j w\ld n fit 91 :atev] _! abilities4 ,b ev5 ( ^! pupils a consid]able numb] display suffici5t res\rcefulness to satisfy _m ( _! failures & to p]si/ 9 s*ool two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s4 ,!re are p]haps at lea/ a few o!rs :o1 )\t fail+1 drop out e>ly1 prompt$ by ! conviction ( _! own unfitness to succe$ 9 ! high s*ool4 ,yet collectively ?is gr\p is by no means a l>ge "o4 ,?is conclusion is 9 h>mony ) ! judgm5t ( =m] ,sup]9t5d5t ,maxwell1 ( ,new ,york ,city1#dg :o /at$ t ! numb] ( *ildr5 leav+ s*ool because !y h n ! native ability to cope ) high s*ool /udies1 is1 9 my judgm5t1 small4 ,likewise ,van ,d5burg#dh rea*$ ! conclusion t at lea/ #ge p] c5t ( ! pupils :o ent] 7high s*ool7 h ! bra9s1 ! native ability to graduate1 if !y *ose to apply !mselves4 ,) _m :o fail n ev5 is ! application lack+1 z ! facts ( section #b w seem to prove4 #b4 ,,mo/ ,,( ,,! ,,fail+ ,,pupils ,,lack ,,nei!r ,,ability ,,or ,,e>ne/ness ,:5 we take into acc\nt t by ! processes ( selection & elim9ation only ?irty to =ty p] c5t ( ! pupils :o ent] ! elem5t>y s*ool ev] rea* high s*ool1#di x is readily admitt$ t ! high s*ool population is a select$ gr\p1 ( approximately #a 9 #c4 ,!n ( ?is numb] we aga9 select less ?an #a 9 #c to graduate4 ,?is gives a #a 9 #i selection1 let u say1 ( ! elem5t>y s*ool entrants4 ,= relatively few g5]al purposes 9 life may we expect to f9d s high a degree ( selection4 ,yet 9 ?is #a 9 #i gr\p 7:o graduate7 ! p]c5tage ( ! fail+ pupils is z high z t ( ! non-fail+ ones1 & ! p]c5tage ( graduates does n drop ev5 z ! numb] ( failures rise4 ,s f> z ability is requir$ to meet ! conditions ( graduation !y are manife/ly provid$ ) x4 ,foll[+ ?is comp>ison /ill fur!r1 ! fail+ pupils :o d n graduate h an av]age numb] ( failures t is only 4#f high] ?an = ! fail+ graduates 7#d4i-d4c72 b b>r+ ^? non-graduates consid]$ 9 section #a ( ?is *apt]1 ! av]age is practically ! same z = ! fail+ graduates4 ,moreov]1 ! fail+ non-graduates cont9ue 9 s*ool1 ev5 9 ! face ( failure1 mu* long] ?an d ! non-fail+ non-graduates4 ,t gives evid5ce ( ! same quality to :i* ! manag] ( a ,new ,york bus9ess firm paid tribute :5 he said t he pref]r$ to employ a high s*ool graduate = ! simple reason t ! graduate _h le>n$1 by /ay+ to graduate1 h[ to '/ick to' a task4 ,! success ( ! fail+ pupils 9 pass+ ! ,reg5ts' exam9ations does n give endorsem5t to ! sugge/ion t !y are 9 any true s5se weakl+s4 ,t !y succe$ "h almo/ concurr5tly ) ! failure 9 ! s*ool te/ifies t '!y c if !y w1' or conv]sely1 z reg>ds ! s*ool subject1 t '!y c b !y won't4' ,( c\rse x is possible t diff]5ces 9 ! type ( exam9ations or 9 ! /&>ds ( judgm5t z employ$ by ! s*ool & ! ,reg5ts may be a factor 9 ! diff]5ce ( results secur$4 ,! great difficulty !n seems to resolve itself into a te*nical problem ( m successfully enli/+ ! en]gy & ability :i* !y s irrefutably d possess 9 ord] to secure bett] s*ool results1 b p]haps 9 "w t is bett] adapt$ to !m4 ,aga91 ! success ) :i* ^! pupils c>ry a s*$ule ( five or six subjects1 besides o!r "w n recogniz$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is /udy1 & retrieve !mselves 9 ! unattractive subjects ( failure pleads = a recognition ( _! ability & ent]prise4 ,_! difficulty is )\t d\bt frequ5tly m physiological ?an psy*ological1 except z !y are ! victims ( a false psy*ology1 t ei!r disreg>ds or misapplies ! pr9ciples :i* ,?orndike t]ms ! law ( read9ess#ej to respond & ! law ( effect1 & consequ5tly dep5d l>gely on ! "o law ( ex]cise ( ! function to secure ! desir$ results4 ,"s additional evid5ce t ! fail+ pupils c & d succe$ 9 mo/ ( _! subjects is provid$ by _! e>li] & lat] records1 z disclos$ by ! total grades receiv$ = ! seme/] fir/ prec$+ & ! "o next foll[+ t 9 :i* ! failure occurs4 ,!re 7 ( c\rse no prec$+ grades = ! failures t occur 9 ! fir/ seme/]1 & none succe$+ ^? t occur 9 ! la/ seme/] sp5t 9 s*ool4 ,x is q app>5t f ! foll[+ di/ribution ( grades t ^! pupils are f> f helpless 9 reg>d to ! ability requir$ to d s*ool "w 9 g5]al4 ,,grades ,,( ,,! ,,fail+ ,,pupils ,,9 ,,! ,,seme/] ,,next ,,prec$+ ,,! ,,failures ,total ,a ,b ,c ,d #ac1heg ,boys #cae #bhhc #fffh #ciia #ag1bfd ,girls #bde #bhfh #ieji #dfdb ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #a4h #ah4e #eb4j #bg4g ,,grades ,,( ,,! ,,fail+ ,,pupils ,,9 ,,! ,,seme/] ,,next ,,succe$+ ,,! ,,failures ,total ,a ,b ,c ,d #ad1gbd ,boys #cai #bggb #gdjf #dbbg #af1idb ,girls #bha #bghh #iaad #dgei ,p] ,c5t ( ,total #a4i #ag4g #eb4a #bh4c ,m ?an #bj p] c5t ( ! grades 9 ! =m] & ne>ly #bj p] c5t ( ! grades 9 ! latt] di/ribution are ,a's or ,b's1 #eb p] c5t m 9 ea* case are giv5 a l[] pass+ grade1 :ile approximately #bh p] c5t 9 ea* di/ribution h fail+ grades4 ,?\gh "s t5d5cy t[>d a cont9uity ( failures is app>5t1 !re is also evid5t a pron\nc$ t5d5cy 9 ! ma9 = pupils to succe$4 ,t ^! same pupils c\ld d bett] is n op5 to d\bt4 ,tea*]s 9 two ( ! l>g] s*ools ass]t$ t ) _m pupils a k9d ( complac5cy exi/$ to feel satisfi$ ) a ,c1 & to consid] great] ef=t = ! sake ( high] pass+ m>ks z a wa/e ( "t4 ,su* pupils op5ly advocate a great] numb] ( subjects ) at lea/ a m9imum pass+ m>k 9 ea*1 9 pref]5ce to few] subjects & ! high] grades1 :i* !y claim c\nt no m 9 ess5tial cr$it ?an a l[] pass+ grade4 ,t attitude may acc\nt = "s ( ! l[ m>ks z well z = "s ( ! failures %[n above1 ev5 ?\gh ! pupils may possess an abundance ( m5tal ability4 ,/ill ano!r elem5t1 ap>t f ! real ability ( ! pupils1 :i* is contributory to s*ool failures is f\nd 9 punitive m>k+ or 9 ! giv+ ( a fail+ grade = discipl9>y effect4 ,x is probably a relatively small elem5t1 b x is difficult to e/abli% any c]ta9 e/imate ( its am\nt4 ,num]\s tea*]s are ready to ass]t its reality 9 practice4 ,two cases came directly to ! au?or's p]sonal att5tion by m]e *ance--"o1 by ! frank /atem5t ( a tea*] :o _h us$ ?is weapon2 ano!r1 by ! ready advice ( an old] to a y\ng] tea*]1 9 ! mid/ ( record+ m>ks1 to fail a boy because he 0 too fre%4 ,! advice 0 foll[$4 ,su* a practice1 h[ev] preval5t1 is intol]able & indef5sible4 ,if ! s*ool failure is to be adm9i/]$ z a retaliation or conv5i5ce by ! tea*]1 h[ is ! moral or educational welf>e ( ! pupil to be s]v$ !reby8 ,x is c]ta9 to be m efficaci\s = v5geance ?an = purposes ( re=m+ ! individual if employ$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,reg5ts' rules take recognition ( ?is incl9ation t[>d a p]v]sion ( ! function ( exam9ation by =bidd+ any exclusion f ,reg5ts' exam9ations z a means ( discipl9e4 ,_m tea*]s cultivate a f9esse = disc]n+ weaknesses & faults1 )\t p]ceiv+ ! immeasurable advantage ( be+ able to see ! pupils' excell5ces4 ,9 "o s*ool !re 0 employ$ a plan by :i* a p]c5tage disc\nt 0 *>g$ = abs5ce1 & 9 "s in/ances x r$uc$ a pass+ m>k to a fail+ m>k4 ,?is comes close to ! assignm5t ( m>ks ( failure = p5aliz+ purposes1 :i* is unju/ifi$ & vici\s4 ,x is c]ta9 t "s ( ! pupils are failures only 9 ! n>r[ academic s5se4 ,in=mation 9 ref]5ce to a few su* cases 0 volunte]$ by pr9cipals1 )\t any ef=t be+ made to trace su* pupils 9 g5]al4 ,"o ( ! pupils 9 ?is /udy :o _h graduat$ aft] fail+ #bc times1 0 able to ent] a reputable college1 & _h rea*$ ! junior ye> at ! "t ( ?is /udy4 ,two o!rs ) a record ( m ?an #bj failures ea* _h made a decid$ success 9 bus9ess--"o z an automobile salesman & manag]1 ! o!r 9 a telegraph (fice4 ,x is n unrecogniz$ t ! s*ool has _m notable failures to indicate h[ ev5 ! fitte/ sometimes d n survive ! s*ool r\t9e4 ,among su* cases 7 ,d>w91 ,bee*]1 ,sew>d1 ,pa/eur1 ,l9naeus1 ,web/]1 ,edison1 & ,george ,eliot1 :o 7 class$ by _! s*ools z /upid or incompet5t4#ea ,9 ref]5ce to ! pupil's responsibility = ! failures1 ,?orndike rem>ks#eb t some?+ 9 ! m5tal or social & economic /atus ( ! pupil :o ent]s high s*ool1 or 9 ! p>ticul> k9d ( education giv5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is at fault4 ,! fact t ! elim9ation is s great 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! high s*ool gives evid5ce t a l>ge %>e ( ! fault lies ) ! k9d ( education giv5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s ( ! facts = ^? are n elim9at$ s e>ly are /ill m def9itely indicative t some?+ is wrong ) ! k9d ( education giv51 z ! facts ( ! foll[+ section seem to po9t out4 #c4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,emphasis ,,& ,,! ,,s*ool ,,failures ,,are ,,bo? ,,culm9ative ,,9 ,,p>ticul> ,,s*ool ,,subjects ,z soon z we f9d any subject =c$ ^u all pupils alike z a s*ool requirem5t we may be q sure t x w n meet ! dem&s ( ! individual aptitudes & capacities ( "s portion ( ^? pupils4 ,z a result an accumulation ( failures w t5d to m>k out su* a uni=mly requir$ subject1 :e!r x be ma!matics1 sci5ce or ,lat94 ,x 0 po9t$ out 9 section #d ( ,*apt] ,,ii t ,lat9 & ma!matics1 al?\gh admitt$ly 9 *>ge ( tea*]s rank+ ) ! be/1 h bo? a high p]c5tage ( ! total failures & ! highe/ p]c5tage ( failures reckon$ on ! numb] tak+ ! subject4 ,9 bo? reg>ds !re is a heap+ up ( failures = ^? two subjects1 b fur!rmore !re is an arbitr>y emphasis culm9at+ 9 ^! two subjects beyond any o!rs except+ t ,engli% is a v g5]ally requir$ subject4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! two requir$ subjects ! pupils :o graduate are n m successful ?an ^? :o d n4 ,:5 ! emphasis is on ! tea*+ ( ! subject r ?an on ! tea*+ ( ! pupil !re is no incongruity 9 mak+ ! subject a requirem5t = all1 b bo? are incongru\s ) :at psy*ology has m lately recogniz$ & po9t$ out z to ! wide range ( individual diff]5ces4 ,a simil> situation is evid5c$ by ! p]c5tage ( failure 9 sci5ce z report$ = ! ,/4 ,l\is high s*ool 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,a ye> ( physics _h be5 made compulsory = all1 & taught 9 ! second ye>4#ec ,its p]c5tage ( failures accord+ly m\nts to ! highe/ place4 ,mr4 ,m]$i?1 :o conduct$ t portion ( ! survey1 rightly reg>ds ! policy z a mi/ake1 & recomm5ds t ! ne$s ( individual pupils be consid]$4 ,x is inde$ /rik+ h[ failures ( ! pupils are gr\p$ "u p>ticul> subjects ( difficulty1 & h[ ! pupils fail aga9 & aga9 9 ! same g5]al subject4 ,no educational exp]t w\ld seem to be ne$$ to diagnose a goodly numb] ( ^! *ronic cases ( fail+ & to detect a productive s\rce ( ! :ole tr\ble if only ! foll[+ di/ribution 7 pres5t$ to him4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,pupils ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,times ,,!y ,,h ,,fail$ ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,no4 ( ,times #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ad ,boys #bheb #adaf #dbe #aif #gc #be #b #d #a #a #a #j #a ,girls #bhab #agbb #eja #bej #ih #ca #g #h #c #a #j #c #j ,by 'same subjects' ! same g5]al divisions are designat$1 z ,engli%1 ,lat91 ma!matics4 ,we may be l$ to note fir/ t a major portion ( ! above di/ribution ( pupils belongs to ^? :o fail b once 9 ! same subject2 b !n we note t by f> ! great] numb] ( failures compris$ by t di/ribution belong to ^? :o fail two or m times 9 ! same subject4 ,to /ate t fact m specifically1 #fh4e p] c5t ( ! total #ag1ifj failures involv$ 9 ?is /udy are made by two or m failures 9 ! same subject1 :ile #ca4e p] c5t ( ! failures belong to a m promiscu\s & v>i$ collection ( failures1 ( n m ?an "o 9 any subject4 ,x w be not$ "h t "s subjects d n h a great] cont9uity ?an "o ye> or ev5 "o seme/] on ! s*ool program4 ,su* subjects provide ! lea/ possibility ( successive failures 9 ! same field4 ,a fur!r analysis %[s t ! failures incurr$ by ?ree or m in/ances occurr+ 9 ! same subject =m #cc4f p] c5t ( ! entire numb]2 & t #ah p] c5t ( ! total is compris$ ( f\r or m in/ances ( failure 9 ! same subject4 ,!re is small probability t su* a multiplication ( failures by subjects w *>act]ize ! subjects :i* are lea/ productive ( failures 9 g5]al1 & su* is n ! case 9 fact4 ,lat9 & ma!matics are aga9 ! *ief contributors1 & ?is w\ld seem to be a fact also = ^? s*ools quot$ f outside ( ?is /udy1 = purposes ( comp>ison 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! above di/ribution speaks ) graphic eloqu5ce ( h[ ! s*ool t5ds to focus emphasis on ! subject prescrib$ & !n to dem& t ! pupil be fitt$ or become fitt$ to ! c\rses (f]$4 ,su* heap+ up ( failures w m likely m>k ^? subjects :i* seem to ! pupil to be fur!/ f meet+ 8 ne$s & appeal+ to 8 int]e/s4 ,9 two ( ! s*ools /udi$1 an ,x1 ,y1 & ,z division 0 =m$ 9 c]ta9 difficult subjects = ! fail+ pupils1 by :i* !y take ?ree seme/]s to complete two seme/]s ( "w4 ,?is plan1 z judg$ by results1 is obvi\sly insuffici5t = su* pupils & t5ds to prove fur!r t ! k9d ( "w is m at fault 9 ! matt] ( fail+ ?an is ! am\nt4 ,frequ5tly a pupil :o fails 9 ! ,a seme/] 7fir/7 w also fail 9 ! ,x division ( t subject z he repeats x1 :ile at ! same "t 8 "w is p]haps n inf]ior 9 ! o!r subjects4 ,! data = ^! special divisions 7 n kept di/9ct 9 transcrib+ ! records1 s t x is n possible to (f] ! tabulat$ facts "h4 ,!re are num]\s recogniz$ illu/rations ( h[ "s pupils f9d "s p>ticul> subject z hi/ory1 ma!matics1 or language di/9ctively difficult = !m4 #d4 ,,an ,,indictm5t ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,subject-,,matt] ,,& ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,ends1 ,,z ,,factors ,,9 ,,produc+ ,,failures ,! evid5ce already disclos$ to ! effect t ! high s*ool entrants are highly select$1 t few ( ! fail+ pupils lack suffici5t ability = ! "w1 t !y h manife/$ _! ability & en]gy 9 div]se ways1 & t p>ticul> subjects are unduly emphasiz$ & by ! uni=mity ( _! requirem5t cause mu* maladju/m5t1 l>gely contribut+ to ! h>ve/ ( failures1 seems to w>rant an indictm5t aga9/ bo? ! subject-matt] & ! tea*+ ends = factor+ s prom95tly 9 ! production ( failures4 ,!re is cle>ly an adm9i/rative & curriculum problem involv$ "h 9 ! s5se t n a few ( ! failures seem to repres5t ! co/ at :i* ! ma*9]y op]ates4 ,?is is 9 no s5se int5d$ z a *all5ge to any subject to def5d its place 9 ! high s*ool curriculum1 b x is meant to *all5ge ! policy ( ! indiscrim9ate requirem5t ( any subject = all pupils1 all[+ only t ,engli% ( "s k9d w usually be a requir$ subject = ! great majority ( ! pupils4 ,x is simply dem&$ t ,lat9 & ma!matics %all /& on _! own m]its1 & t ! same %all apply to hi/ory & sci5ce or o!r subjects ( ! curriculum4 ,s f> z !y are taught ea* %\ld be taught z e>ne/ly & z effici5tly z possible2 b x %\ld n be ask$ t any tea*] take ! responsibility = ! unwill+ & unfitt$ memb]s ( a class :o are =c$ into ! subject by an arbitr>y rul+ :i* reg>ds nei!r ! motive1 ! int]e/ or ! fitness ( ! individual4 ,?is indictm5t ext5ds likewise to ! tea*+ me?od or purpose :i* focalizes ! tea*]s' att5tion & en]gy *iefly on ! subject4 ,c]ta9 basic assumptions1 n[ pretty mu* discr$it$1 h l$ to ! av[$ tea*+ ( ! subject = its own sake1 & (t5 )\t mu* reg>d to any def9ite social utility s]v$ by x4 ,?is *>ge seems to f9d an in/ance 9 ! h&l+ ( ! subject ( ,engli% s t #af4e p] c5t ( all ! failures are contribut$ by x1 )\t giv+ ev5 ! graduate a ma/]y ( direct1 =ceful spee*1 z is s g5]ally te/ifi$4 ,/rangely en\gh1 except 9 ! light ( su* tea*+ ends1 ! pupils :o /ay ?r\gh ! upp] ye>s & to graduate h m failures 9 c]ta9 subjects ?an ! non-graduates :o m g5]ally escape ! advanc$ classes ( ^! subjects4 ,! traditional /&>ds ( ! high s*ool simply d n meet ! dom9ant ne$s ( ! pupils ei!r 9 ! subject-cont5t or 9 ! me?ods employ$4 ,"s ( ^! traditional me?ods & /udies are ! means ( work+ disappo9tm5t & probably ( inculcat+ a g5u9e disgu/ r ?an ( furni%+ a valuable k9d ( discipl9e4 ,! s*ool mu/ provide m ?an a s+le treatm5t = all cases4 ,9 ea* subject !re mu/ be _m k9ds ( treatm5t = ! diff]5t cases 9 ord] to secure ! l>ge/ gr[? ( ! individuals includ$4 ,?is does n 9 any s5se necessitate ! displacem5t ( ?or\ghness by sup]ficiality or trifl+1 b on ! contr>y great] ?or\ghness may be expect$ to result1 z helpful adaptations ( me?od & ( matt] give a mean+ful & purposeful motive = t e>ne/ application :i* ?or\ghness itself dem&s4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! pupil is b "o ( sev]al factors involv$ 9 ! failure1 yet ! consequ5ces are mo/ mom5t\s = him4 ,! pupils :o lack native ability suffici5t = ! "w are n a l>ge numb]4 ,! high s*ool graduates repres5t ab\t a #a 9 #i selection ( ! elem5t>y s*ool entrants1 b 9 ?is gr\p is includ$ z high a p]c5tage ( ! fail+ pupils z ( ! non-fail+ ones4 ,! success ( ! fail+ pupils 9 ! ,reg5ts' exam9ations1 & also 9 _! repeat+ ) extra s*$ules1 be>s witness to _! possession ( ability & indu/ry4 ,9 ! seme/] fir/ prec$+ & t imm$iately subsequ5t to ! failure1 #gb p] c5t ( all ! grades are pass+1 #bj p] c5t are ,a's or ,b's4 ,_m ( !m c if !y w4 ,! e>ly elim9ation ( pupils1 ! numb] t fail1 & ! notable cases ( non-success 9 s*ool are evid5ce ( some?+ wrong ) ! k9d ( education4 ,! *>act]i/ic culm9ation ( failures = ,lat9 & ma!matics c h>dly be consid]$ a "p ( ! pupils' responsibility4 ,( all ! failures #fh4e p] c5t are incurr$ by in/ances ( two or m failures 9 ! same subject4 ,mu* maladju/m5t ( ! subject assignm5ts is almo/ inevitable by a prescrib$ uni=mity ( ! same cont5t & ! same treatm5t = all4 ,! traditional me?ods & emphasis probably acc\nt = m disappo9tm5t & disgu/ ?an = valuable discipl9e4 ,,ref]5ces3 #dg4 ,maxwell1 ,w4,h4 ,a ,qu>t] ,c5tury ( ,public ,s*ool ,developm5t1 p4 #hh4 #dh4 ,van ,d5burg1 ,j4,k4 ,! ,elim9ation ( ,pupils f ,public ,second>y ,s*ools1 p4 #ahc4 #di4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,u4,s4 ,commission] ( ,education1 #aiag4 #ej4 ,?orndike1 ,e4,l4 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,i4 #ea4 ,swift1 ,e4,j4 ,m9d 9 ! ,mak+1 ,*ap4 ,i4 #eb4 ,?orndike1 ,e4,l4 ,elim9ation ( ,pupils f ,s*ool1 ,u4,s4 ,bull4 #d1 #aijg4 #ec4 ,m]$i?1 ,a4,b4 ,survey ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,s*ools1 #aiag1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ea1 #dj4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,:at ,,treatm5t ,,is ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,! ,,diagnosis ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,( ,,failure8 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to =mulate conclusions t are arbitr>y1 fix$1 or all-complete4 ,!re are def9ite reasons :y t %\ld n be attempt$4 ,! au?or m]ely und]takes to apply c]ta9 well recogniz$ & widely accept$ pr9ciples ( education & ( psy*ology1 z among ! m important elem5ts recomm5d+ !mselves to him 9 any endeavor to d]ive an adequate solution = ! situation disclos$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,! significance ( ^? prec$+ *apt]s 9 ref]5ce to ! failures ( ! high s*ool pupils is n at all condition$ by ?is f9al *apt]4 ,s9ce z a problem ( rese>* ! f9d+s h n[ be5 pres5t$1 x is possible t o!rs may f9d ! basis !re9 = additional or diff]5t conclusions f ! ones sugge/$ "h4 ,= su* p]sons ,*apt] ,,vii ne$ n be consid]$ an insep>able or ess5tially integral "p ( ?is report on ! field ( ! rese>*4 ,inde$ ! purpose ( ?is /udy w n h be5 s]v$ mo/ fully until x has be5 made ! subject ( discussion & ( criticism2 & ! treatm5t t is recomm5d$ "h w n necess>ily preclude o!r sugge/ions 9 ! g5]al ef=t to devise a solution or solutions t are ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,x appe>s f ! analysis made 9 ,*apt] ,,vi ( ! pupils' capability & fitness relative to ! s*ool failures t x is impossible to make any def9ite apportionm5t ( responsibility to ! pupils1 until we h fir/ frankly fac$ & made an effective disposition ( ! malfunction+ & misdirection z f\nd 9 ! s*ool itself4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is t any radical application ( surg]y ne$ be recomm5d$1 b in/ead1 a practical & ext5d$ c\rse ( treatm5t %\ld be prescrib$1 :i* w h due reg>d = ! nature & location ( ! ills to be rem$i$4 ,any?+ less ?an ?is w seem to be a m]e ext]nal salve & leave unt\*$ ! *ronic s\rce ( ! sy/ematic maladju/m5t4 ,x is n assum$ t a s*ool sy/em any m ?an any o!r in/itution or ma*9e c be op]at$ )\t "s loss4 ,b ! failure ( ! s*ool to make a natural born l+ui/ pass 9 a subject ( te*nical ma!matics is p]haps un=tunate only 9 ! ?+ attempt$ & 9 ! uselessness ( ! ef=t4 ,we mu/ take into acc\nt at ! v beg9n+ ! fundam5tal tru? /at$ by ,?orndike1#ed t a*ievem5t is a measure ( ability only if ! conditions are equal4 ,coroll>y to t is ! fact t ! same uni=m conditions & requirem5ts are (t5 v unequal z appli$ to diff]5t individuals4 ,! equalization ( educational opportunity does n at all mean ! same duplicat$ me?od or cont5t = all4 ,t int]pretation w controv]t ! v _s & purpose ( ! pr9ciple /at$4 ,any inflexible s*eme :i* attempts to fa%ion all *ildr5 into types1 accord+ to preconceiv$ notions1 & ^: p]petuity is root$ 9 a psy*ology bas$ on ! uni=mity ( ! human m9d1 simply mu/ give way to ! new] conception :i* h>monizes ) ! psy*ic laws ( ! individual1 or else cont9ue to wa/e mu* "t & en]gy 9 try+ to =ce pupils to accompli% ^? ?+s = :i* !y h nei!r ! capacity nor ! incl9ation4 ,x is accord+ly obligatory on ! s*ool to give intellig5t & responsive recognition to ! wide diff]5tiation ( social dem&s1 & to ! ext5t & ! cont9uity ( ! individual diff]5ces ( pupils4 #a4 ,,organization ,,& ,,adaptation ,,9 ,,recognition ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,abilities ,,& ,,int]e/s ,if ! s*ool failures are to be sub/antially r$uc$1 ! tea*+ ( ! s*ool subjects ) ! *ief emphasis on ! pupil mu/ surely replace ! practice ( tea*+ ! subjects prim>ily = _! own sake4 ,?is 'subject fir/' treatm5t mu/ give place to ! 'pupil fir/' idea4 ,no subject !n w ov]%ad[ ! pupil's welf>e1 & ! pupil w n be subject$ to ! subject4 ,education 9 t]ms ( subject-matt] is well design$ to produce a l>ge crop ( failures4 ,nei!r ! addition or subtraction ( subjects is urg$ prim>ily1 b ! adaptation & utilization ( ! s*ool ag5cies s z to make ! pupils z effici5t & z productive z possible1 by recogniz+ fir/ ( all _! ess5tial lack ( uni=mity 9 ref]5ce to capacities & int]e/s1--n only z betwe5 diff]5t individuals1 b 9 ! same individual at diff]5t ages1 at diff]5t /ages ( maturity1 & 9 diff]5t k9ds ( subjects4 ,?is conception precludes ! s*ool employm5t ( subjects & me?ods = all alike :i* are obvi\sly bett] adapt$ to ! y\ng] ?an to ! old]4 ,nei!r does x ov]look ! fact t ! attitude ( m mature pupils t[>d au?ority & discipl9e is ess5tialy diff]5t f t ( ! y\ng] boys & girls2 t a subject cong5ial to "s pupils w be intol]able & ne>ly if n q impossible = o!rs2 or t an appeal design$ ma9ly to rea* ! girls w n rea* boys equally well4 ,9 brief1 ! treatm5t propos$ "h is nei!r radical nor novel1 b x is simply ! in/itution ( appli$ psy*ology z p]ta9+ to s*ool proc$ure4 ,:at ! m mod]n exp]im5tal psy*ology has e/abli%$ mu/ be utiliz$ 9 ! s*ool1 at ! exp5se ( ! m obsolete & traditional4 ,psy*ology n[ g5]ally recognizes ! exi/5ce ( :at ! g5]al s*ool proc$ure implies does n exi/1 namely1 ! wide range ( individual diff]5ces4 ,! situation cle>ly dem&s t our public s*ools %all n1 by cl++ to prec$5t & conv5tion1 fall notably beh9d indu/ry & gov]nm5t 9 appropriat+ ! fruits ( mod]n sci5tific rese>*4 ,z ! doctor v>ies ! diet to ! ne$s ( ea* pati5t & ea* affliction1 s mu/ ! s*ool s]ve ! intellectual & social ne$s ( ! pupils by su* an organization & attitude t ! selection ( subjects = ea* pupil may take an actual & specific reg>d ( ! individual to be s]v$4 ,! *ange all important is n necess>ily 9 ! s*ool subject or curriculum1 b r a *ange 9 ! attitude z to h[ a subject %all be pres5t$--to :om & by :om4 ,! latt] w also det]m9e ! "* ( ! pupil's response & ! subject's educational value to him4 ,by secur+ a g5u9e response f ! pupils a subject or c\rse ( /udy is !reby translat$ into pupil a*ievem5t & human results4 ,! au?ority ( ! s*ool is impot5t to get ^! results by m]ely comm&+ !m or by requir+ all to pursue ! same subject4 ,an exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to h truly educational value1 mu/ come )9 ! range ( ! pupils compreh5sion & int]e/4 ,quot+ ,newman1#ee ,to get ! mo/ out ( an exp]i5ce !re mu/ be m or less und]/&+ ( its bett] possibilities4 ,! social & e?ical implications mu/ some:]e & at "s "t be lift$ v def9itely into consci\s und]/&+ & volition4 ,! pupil's responsiv5ess is !n mu* m important bo? = secur+ results & = r$uc+ failures ?an is any subject cont5t or me?od t is n effective 9 secur+ a tol]able & satisfy+ sort ( m5tal activity4 #b4 ,,faculty ,,/ud5t ,,advis]s ,,f ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,entrance ,n only ! failure ( pupils 9 _! s*ool subjects b ! failure also ( #ac p] c5t ( !m to rema9 9 s*ool ev5 to ! end ( ! fir/ seme/]1 or ( #bc4a p] c5t to rema9 beyond ! fir/ seme/] 7,tables ,v & ,,vi7--( :om a relatively small numb] _h fail$ 7ab\t #a_/d7--make a /rong appeal = ! appo9tm5t ( sympa!tic & helpful tea*]s z /ud5t advis]s f ! v "t ( _! entrance4 ,"o tea*] is able to provide p]sonal advice & educational guidance = f #bj to #cj pupils4 ,! "r type ( tea*]s1 _! e>ly appo9tm5t1 & ! keep+ ( "s sort ( confid5tial & un(ficial record1 all seem highly important4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,maxwell m5tion$ among ! reasons :y pupils leave s*ool#ef t !y become bewild]$1 sometimes sc>$1 by ! /range s*ool atmosph]e & ! alo(ness ( ! high s*ool tea*]s4 ,!re is a /rang5ess t is f\nd 9 ! transition to high s*ool surr\nd+s & to high s*ool "w :i* c]ta9ly %\ld n be augm5t$ by any fur!r h&icap = ! pupil4 ,!re are no fix$ limitations to :at helpfulness ! advis]s may r5d] 9 ! way ( 'a big bro!r' or 'big si/]' capacity4 ,x is all incid5tal & supplem5t>y 9 =m1 b ( ine/imable value to ! pupils & ! s*ool4 ,a fur!r s]vice t is f> m unusual ?an difficult may be p]=m$ by ! pupils :o are n new1 9 ! way ( remov+ /rang5ess = ^? :o are ent]+ :at seems to !m a sort ( new esot]ic cult 9 ! high s*ool4 ,! girls ( ! ,wa%+ton ,irv+ ,high ,s*ool#ee ( ,new ,york ,city rec5tly put into practice a plan to give a p]sonal welcome to ea* ent]+ girl1 & a p]sonal escort = ! fir/ h\r1 includ+ ! regi/ration & a t\r ( ! build+1 9 addition to "s fri5dly inquiries1 sugge/ions1 & introductions4 ,! pupil is !n m at home 9 meet+ ! tea*]s lat]4 ,"h is ! sort ( c\rtesy introduc$ into ! s*ool t comm]cial & bus9ess h\ses h le>n$ to practice to avoid ! loss ( ei!r pres5t or prospective cu/om]s4 ,"s day ! s*ool mu/ le>n m fully t ! fai? cure is mu* *eap] ?an surg]y & less pa9ful z well4 #c4 ,,great] ,,flexibility ,,& ,,diff]5tiation ,,requir$ ,! recognition ( individual diff]5ces urg$ 9 section #a necessitates a diff]5tiation & a flexibility ( ! high s*ool curriculum t is limit$ only by ! social & individual ne$s to be s]v$1 ! size ( ! s*ool1 & ! availability ( means4 ,! rigid inflexibility ( ! inh]it$ c\rse ( /udy has contribut$ p]haps m ?an its full %>e to ! wa/e product ( ! educational ma*9]y4 ,! importance ( ?is *ange f compulsion & rigidity t[>d great] flexibility has already receiv$ att5tion & comm5dation4 ,"o au?ority#eg /ates t "o ma9 cause ( 7,h4,s47 elim9ation is incapacity = & lack ( int]e/ 9 ! sort ( intellectual "w dem&$ by ! pres5t c\rses ( /udy1 & fur!r t specialization ( in/ruction = diff]5t pupils )9 "o class is ne$$ z well z specialization ( ! curriculum = diff]5t classes4 ,!re mu/ be less ( ! assumption t ! pupils are made = ! s*ools1 ^: regime !y mu/ fit or else fail repeat$ly :]e !y d n fit4 ,!oretically consid]able progress has already be5 made 9 ! diff]5tiation ( curricula1 b 9 practice ! opportunity t is (f]$ to ! pupils to pr(it !reby is curtail$1 because ( ! rigid organization ( c\rses & ! uni=m requirem5ts t are dictat$ by adm9i/rative conv5i5ce or by ! college entrance ne$s ( ! m9ority4 ,! only p]missible limitations to ! v>iables ( ! curriculum %\ld be su* z aim to secure a reasonable cont9uity & sequ5ce ( subjects 9 "o or m ( ! fields select$4 ,"o ( ! *ief b>ri]s to a m g5]al flexibility has be5 ! notion ( inequality betwe5 ! classical & all o!r types ( education4 ,?is assumption has _h its f\ndations heavily %ak5 ( late4 ,! quality ( response :i* x elicits has come to receive prec$5ce ov] ! "n by :i* a subject happ5s to be classifi$4 ,france has come out boldly & recogniz$ at lea/ (ficially ! exact p>ity betwe5 ! sci5tific education & ! classical education4#eh ,inde$ "o may d\bt :e!r ?is p>ity w ev] aga9 be s]i\sly que/ion$1 because ( ! elevation ( sci5tific tra9+ & accompli%m5t 9 ! great _w w>s z well z 9 its adaptation = ! direct & purposeful deal+ ) ! problems ( mod]n life4 ,especially = ! e>ly classes 9 ! high s*ool does ! situation dem& a relatively flexible curriculum1 else ! only *oice w be to drop out to escape drudg]y or failure4 ,+lis ma9ta9s t ! selective function ( ! high s*ool may op]ate by a process ( diff]5tiation r ?an by a :olesale elim9ation4#ei ,! pupil surely _c "k 9 advance :at he is be/ fitt$ =1 b ! s*ool mu/ help him f9d t out1 if x is to r5d] a v valuable s]vice1 & "o at all comp>able to ! success ( ! indu/rial exp]t 9 utiliz+ 8 mat]ial & 9 m9imiz+ wa/e4 ,! junior high s*ool especially aims to p]=m ?is function t is s slight$ 9 ! s5ior high s*ool4 ,yet nei!r ! organization nor ! purpose ( ! two are s f> ap>t z to excuse ! helplessness ( ! latt] 9 ?is important duty4 ,!re is app>5tly no con/itutional imp$im5t to a /ill fur!r ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( flexibility & to ! m9imiz+ ( loss by :at has be5 a co/ly trial & error me?od ( fitt+ ! pupils & ! subjects to ea* o!r4 ,%ort unit c\rses are n unfamili> 9 c]ta9 educational fields1 & !y l5d !mselves v readily to def9ite & specific ne$s4 ,_! usefulness may be reg>d$ z a w>rant ( a wid] adoption ( !m4 ,al?\gh !y are z yet employ$ ma9ly = an int5sive =m ( tra9+ or in/ruction to meet specific ne$s ( a p>ticul> gr\p 9 a limit$ "t1#fj ! pr9ciple ( _! use is no long] novel4 ,a unit c\rse ( an ext5sive nature is also conceivable1 = in/ance1 a seme/] ( any subject entitl$ to two cr$its might all[ a division into two approximately equal portions4 ,if !n bo? tea*] & pupil feel1 :5 "o unit is complet$1 t ! pupil is 9 ! wrong subject or t 8 "w is hopeless 9 t subject1 he might be p]mitt$ to )draw & be *>g$ ) a failure ( only "o po9t1 t is1 j "o-half ! failure ( a seme/]'s "w 9 ! subject--or "o-f\r? t = a :ole ye> ) no seme/] divisions4 ,ev5 if ?is s*eme w\ld n "w equally well 9 all subjects1 x implies no ext5sive reorganization to employ x 9 ! ones adapt$4 ,x is n incr$ible t1 z ! p m g5]ally und]/& t physics1 *emi/ry1 & biology h become vital to national self-pres]vation & social well-be+1 _! emphasis z subjects requir$ or z subjects s\ght by mo/ ( ! pupils may lead to a high p]c5tage ( failures1 su* z is f\nd = ,lat9 & ma!matics usually1 or = sci5ce z report$ 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 :]e x 0 requir$ ( all & yield$ ! highe/ p]c5tage ( failures4 ,n[ ! tea*+ ( mo/ sci5ces by ! unit plan w comprise no great] difficulty ?an is involv$ 9 ov]com+ text-book me?ods & ! cons]vatism ( conv5tion4 ,! project device1 z employ$ 9 vocational education1 w also l5d itself 9 _m in/ances to ! unit division ( "w4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( ?is plan w be a r$uction ( failures = ! pupil 9 ^? subjects ^: cont9u$ pursuit w\ld mean increas$ failure4 ,! second consequ5ce may be to relieve tea*]s ( hopeless cases ( misfit 9 any subject1 = if ! pupils no long] h intol]able subjects impos$ on !m ! tea*]s w come to dem& only tol]able "w 9 ! subjects ( _! *oice4 ,! ?ird consequ5ce w probably be to enc\rage pupils to f9d !mselves by try+ out subjects at less risk ( su* cumulative failures z are disclos$ 9 section #c ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 #d4 ,,provision ,,= ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,pupils' ,,/udy ,! =ms ( treatm5t sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree sections ( ?is *apt] = ! dim9ution ( failures w f9d _! natural culm9ation ( effectiv5ess 9 a plan = help+ ! pupils to help !mselves4 ,?is has be5 notably lack+ 9 mo/ s*ool practice4 ,e improvem5t ( ! s*ool adaptation /ill assumes t ! pupils are to apply !mselves to hone/1 ?or\gh /udy4 ,b ! high s*ool mu/ be> 9 m9d t good /udy+ implies good tea*+4 ,x _c be tru/$ to intuition or to individual discov]y4 ,real1 e>ne/ /udy+ is h>d "w4 ,! tea*]s h usually presuppos$ habits ( /udy on ! "p ( ! pupils1 b "o ( ! important lessons = ! s*ool to tea* ! pupil is h[ to use 8 m9d & 8 books effectively & effici5tly4 ,ev5 ! simple/ k9ds ( appr5tice%ip in/ruct ! novice 9 ! use ( ea* device & 9 ! h&l+ ( ea* tool to a degree :i* ! s*ool mo/ (t5 disreg>ds :5 requir+ ! pupil to use ev5 highly ab/ract & complex in/rum5talities4 ,! practice ( ! s*ool almo/ glorifies drudg]y z a g5u9e virtue4 ,e4,r4 ,bresli* ref]s to ?is fact1#fa say+1 s x happ5s t ! prep>ation = ! classwork1 n ! classwork itself burd5s ! lives ( ! pupils4 ,! indef5sibl5ess ( ! indiscrim9ate lesson giv+ consi/s 9 ! fact t x is n ! load b ! h>ness t is too heavy4 ,! h>ness is m exhau/+ & burd5some ?an ! load appo9t$4 ,! de/9ation s\ght & ! c\rse to be foll[$ 9 ! lesson prep>ation are v _m times n cle>ly indicat$1 le/ ! discipl9e1 negative & repressive ?\gh x be1 %\ld be extract$ f ! /ruggle4 ,! fact is t disc\ragem5t & failure are too (t5 ! be/ ( te/imony t tea*]s are n mu* conc]n$ ab\t h[ ! pupil employs 8 "t or books 9 /udy+ a lesson4 ,! po9t is illu/rat$ admirably by ! report 9 ! ,ladies ,home ,j\rnal1 = ,janu>y1 #aiac1 ( a reque/ f a h>dwork+ wid[ t ! tea*] ( "o ( h] *ildr5 9 s*ool try tea*+ ! *ild in/ead ( j he>+ ! lessons :i* ! "m _h taught4 ,direct+ ! pupils' /udy is sometimes reg>d$ z a m or less =maliz$ s*eme ( organization & proc$ure1 :i* requires extra "t1 extra tea*]s1 & a less] degree ( indep5d5ce on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,b "h too ! important ?+s are diff]5tiation & specific direction z adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! subject1 ! topic or ! pupils4 ,x mu/ be insi/$ t sup]vis$ /udy is n ! same ?+ 9 all s*ools1 9 all subjects1 or = all pupils4 ,9 o!r words1 its v purpose is defeat$ if x is ov]=maliz$4 ,an exp]im5t is report$ by ,j4,h4 ,m9nick ) two classes 9 plane geometry1#fb ( practically ! same size1 ability1 & "t all[ance = /udy1 :i* indicat$ t ! sup]vis$ pupils 7 ! less dep5d5t z judg$ by _! success 9 te/s consi/+ ( new problems4 ,! pupils also lik$ ! me?od1 9 spite ( _! e>ly opposition1 & no "o fail$1 :ile two ( ! unsup]vis$ class fail$4 ,william ,wi5] also speaks ( ! wond]ful self-control :i* spr+s f ! sup]vis$ /udy program4#fc ,z to ! ne$ ( extra tea*]s = ! purpose !re is n mu* real agreem5t1 s9ce ! plans ( adaptation are s diff]5t 9 !mselves4 ,increas$ labor = ! same tea*]s w rightly imply great] r5um]ation4 ,colv9 makes m5tion ( ! additional exp5se impos$ by ! l>g] =ce ( tea*]s requir$4#fd ,b ,j4,s4 ,br[n f9ds t ! failures are s l>gely r$uc$ t ) few] repeat]s !re is a consequ5t sav+ 9 ! tea*+ =ce4#fe ,) a faculty ( #ff tea*]s1 he reports #ch classes 9 :i* !re 0 no failure1 & a m>k$ r$uction ( failures 9 g5]al by ! use ( sup]vis$ /udy4 ,x is int]e/+ & significant to note "h t by all[+ #ajj daily pupil recitations to ! tea*] ! repeat$ subjects report$ 9 ?is /udy w\ld require #hg tea*]s = "o seme/] or #aa tea*]s = ! full f\r ye>s4 ,?is fact repres5ts m ?an #ej1jjj 9 sal>ies alone4 ,build+s1 equipm5t1 heat1 & o!r exp5ses w m ?an d\ble ! am\nt4 ,b su* exp5se is incomp>able ) :at ! pupils pay 9 "t1 9 /ruggles1 & 9 disappo9tm5t 9 ord] to succe$ lat] 9 only #ff4g p] c5t ( ! subjects repeat$4 ,z none ( ! eight s*ools provid$ any?+ m def9ite ?an a g5]al aft] s*ool h\r = (f]+ help1 & :i* (t5 has a punitive sugge/ion to x1 ! possibility ( sav+ _m ( ^! pupils f failure & repetition by ! wise & helpful direction ( _! /udy is simply unmeasur$4 ,a conclusion t is p>ticul>ly enc\rag+ is report$ by ,w4,c4 ,reavis to ! effect t ! poor] pupils--! ones :o mo/ ne$ ! direction--are ! ones t sup]vis$ /udy helps ! mo/4#ff ,!re is no?+ novel 9 say+ t good tea*+ & good /udy+ are b diff]5t aspects ( ! same process1 b x w\ld be an innovation to f9d ?is conception g5]ally realiz$ 9 ! s*ool practice4 #e4 ,a ,,great] ,,recognition ,,& ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,z ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,accurate ,,& ,,complete ,,s*ool ,,records ,x is un=tunate t ! detail$ & complete records :i* tell ! :ole /ory ab\t ! failures 9 ! s*ool & = ! individual are f\nd 9 relatively few s*ools1 ev5 :5 on all sides bus9ess ent]prises f9d a complete sy/em ( detail$ records1 fil$ & index$1 altoge!r indisp5sable = _! intellig5t op]ation & adm9i/ration4 ,! s*ool /ill proce$s 9 its sph]e too mu* by *ance & fai?1 =gett+ mi/akes & recall+ successes4 ,?is is possible because !re is no "q ( self-support or ( solv5cy to face1 & because nei!r ! tea*]s nor ! in/itution are 9 dang] ( direct f9ancial loss by _! wa/e1 duplication1 or failures4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( records x is always possible to calmly assume t ! facts are n s bad z = o!r s*ools :i* d report _! record$ facts4 ,! prevail+ unfamili>ity ) /ati/ical me?ods may also favor a skepticism z to _! prop] application to education1 s9ce x is n an exact sci5ce4 ,b ! fact rema9s e/abli%$ t x is always possible to measure qualitative diff]5ces if /at$ 9 t]ms ( _! quantitative am\nts4 ,admirable & complete z are ! records = ! _m s*ools ( ! m9ority gr\p possess+ !m1 _! m g5]al value & in=mation are /ill q securely hidd5 away 9 ! files :i* conta9 !m4 ,peculi>ly int]e/+ 0 ! surprise express$ by ! pr9cipals at ! ext5sive & significant in=mation :i* _! own s*ool records provid$1 :5 !y receiv$ individual reports on ! data collect$ & tabulat$ = ?is /udy4 ,yet !y receiv$ only ! portions ( ! tabulations :i* seem$ mo/ likely to int]e/ !m4 ,! pr9cipals d n h ! "t or ! assi/ance to /udy 9 a collective way ! facts :i* are provid$ by _! own records1 b !y are entitl$ to mu* cr$it = s c\rte\sly coop]at+ ) any compet5t p]son = utiliz+ _! records = approv$ purposes & 9 turn %>+ _! results ) ! s*ool4 ,to proce$ wisely 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! s*ool we mu/ h a *ance to "k & discuss ! facts4 ,x is n possible to "k ! facts )\t adequate records4 ,! abs5ce ( evid5ce gives prom95ce to op9ion & prec$5t4 ,accord+ly1 x is entirely incr$ible t ! numb]1 ! repetition1 & ! accumulation ( failures w\ld rema9 un*ang$ aft] a fair exposition & discussion ( ! evid5ce pres5t$ 9 a collective & compreh5sive =m4 ,x may be necess>y to admit t a few tea*]s w hold op9ions s /rong t !y w discr$it all te/imony n 9 support ( su* op9ions4 ,b ! high s*ool tea*]s 9 g5]al seem fairly & e>ne/ly dispos$1 ev5 ab\t revis+ _! notions conc]n+ ! tru? 9 any situation4 ,9 reg>d to ! relative numb] & "t ( ! failures1 ! actual & relative success 9 repeat$ "w1 ! advantage ( repetition = lat] "w1 ! relation ( success to ! size ( ! s*$ule1 ! influ5ce ( ! numb] ( failures on graduation1 & numb]s ( o!r vital facts1 x c\ld be said ( ! tea*]s 9 g5]al t !y simply knew n :at !y 7 do+4 ,!y ev5 ?\ght !y 7 do+ :at !y 7 n4 ,! s*ool records mu/ be disclos$ & utiliz$ m fully if _! value & importance are to be realiz$4 ,x w be a l>ge s\rce ( satisfaction if ?is report helps to direct att5tion to ! (ficial s*ool records1 f :i* a frequ5t 'trial balance' w help to rectify & cl>ify ! s*ool practice4 ,bo? are ne$$4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! contribut+ factors f\nd 9 ! s*ool mu/ fir/ be rem$i$1 be=e responsibility = ! failures c be fairly apportion$ to ! pupils4 ,! provision ( uni=m conditions = all is bas$ on ! false doctr9e ( ! uni=mity ( ! human m9d4 ,su* conditions may prove v unequal = "s individuals1 & a*ievem5t is n !n a real measure ( ability4 ,by apply+ a function+ psy*ology to s*ool practice1 m adaptation & specialization are requir$ to meet ! individual diff]5ces ( pupils4 ,no *ange ( subjects is 9 g5]al necessitat$1 b a *ange ( ! attitude :i* subjects pupils to ! subjects seems ess5tial4 ,! g5u95ess ( ! pupil's response dep5ds on ! pupil & ! subject4 ,a policy ( co]cion w usually beget only dislike or failure4 ,prop]ly select$ /ud5t advis]s1 appo9t$ e>ly1 may trans=m ! s*ool = ! pupil1 save ! pupil = ! s*ool1 & 8 "w f failures4 ,a relatively high degree ( flexibility & specialization ( ! curriculum w help ! pupil f9d :at he is be/ fitt$ =1 & !reby m9imize wa/e4 ,?is w include a virtual p>ity betwe5 ! classical & sci5tific subjects4 ,! r$uction ( "s subjects to small] units w t5d to facilitate flexibility & a r$uction ( failures4 ,! provision ( direct$ /udy w help ! pupils to help !mselves4 ,good tea*+ dem&s x4 ,! h>ness is (t5 heavi] ?an ! load4 ,failures are inevitable4 ,! plan ( /udy direction mu/ be v>i$ accord+ to ! v>y+ ne$s ( pupils1 subjects1 & s*ools4 ,! poor] pupils are aid$ mo/4 ,!y are made ev5 m reliant on !mselves4 ,! r$uction ( failures t5ds to balance any add$ exp5se4 ,records adequate & complete %\ld be a "p ( ! bus9ess & educational equipm5t ( e s*ool4 ,! exposition & use ( ^! facts z record$ w !n give direction to s*ool progress1 & de?rone ! au?ority ( assumption & op9ion4 ,,ref]5ces3 #ed4 ,?orndike1 ,e4,l4 ,individuality1 pp4 #ch1 #ea4 #ee4 ,neuman1 ,h4 ,moral ,values 9 ,second>y ,education1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education ,bullet91 ,no4 #ea1 #aiag1 pp4 #ah1 #ag4 #ef4 ,maxwell1 ,w4,h4 ,a ,qu>t] ,c5tury ( ,public ,s*ool ,developm5t1 p4 #hi4 #eg4 ,?orndike1 ,e4,l4 ,! ,elim9ation ( ,pupils f ,s*ool1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education ,bullet91 ,no4 #d1 #aijg1 p4 #aj4 #eh4 ,f>r+ton1 ,f4,e4 ,fr5* ,second>y ,s*ools1 p4 #abd4 #ei4 ,+lis1 ,a4 ,pr9ciples ( ,second>y ,education1 p4 #ffi4 #fj4 ,committee ( ,n4,e4,a4 ,vocational ,second>y ,education1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education ,bullet9 ,no4 #ba1 #aiaf1 p4 #eh4 #fa4 ,bresli*1 ,e4,r4 ,sup]vis$ ,/udy z ,supplem5t>y ,in/ruction1 ,?irte5? ,ye>book1 p4 #dc4 #fb4 ,m9nick1 ,j4,h4 ,! ,sup]vis$ ,/udy ( ,ma!matics1 ,s*ool ,review1 #ba-fgj4 #fc4 ,wi5]1 ,w4 ,home ,/udy ,re=m1 ,s*ool ,review1 #bj-ebf4 #fd4 ,colv91 ,s4,s4 ,an ,introduction to ,high ,s*ool ,tea*+1 p4 #cff4 #fe4 ,br[n1 ,j4,s4 ,s*ool & ,home ,education1 ,febru>y1 #aiae1 p4 #bjg4 #ff4 ,reavis1 ,w4,c4 ,sup]vis$ ,/udy1 9 ,p>k]'s ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ 9 ! ,high ,s*ool1 p4 #cih4 ,,vita ,,francis ,,paul ,,obri5 0 born at ,ov]ton1 ,pa41 ,novemb] #ab1 #ahhe4 ,he receiv$ 8 e>ly education 9 ! village s*ool ( ,ov]ton1 ,pa41 & graduat$ f ! high s*ool at ,wilkesb>re1 ,pa41 9 #aijd4 ,he 0 a /ud5t at ,lafayette ,college1 ,ea/on1 ,pa41 receiv+ ! ,ba*elor ( ,arts degree 9 #aijh4 ,he 0 a graduate /ud5t at ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 f #aiae to #aiah1 receiv+ ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts 9 ,education 9 #aiaf4 ,dur+ #aijh-ji he 0 high s*ool tea*] ( sci5ce & hi/ory at ,s\? ,riv]1 ,n4,j42 #aiji-aj1 pr9cipal ( ! high s*ool1 & #aiaj-ae sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools at ,s\? ,riv]1 ,n4,j4 ,he receiv$ honors & held (fices 9 college z foll[s3 ,competitive prize s*ol>%ip at ,lafayette ,college1 & junior oratorical prize at ! same college1 #aijg2 (fic] 9 college debat+ club1 #aijg-aijh2 vice-presid5t ( ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,tea*]s ,college1 #aijg2 memb] ( ,columbia *apt]1 ,phi ,delta ,kappa1 #aiag4