,,new ,,lat9 ,,gramm> ,,by ,,*>les ,e4 ,,b5nett ,goldw9 ,smi? ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,quicquid praecipies1 e/o brevis1 ut cito dicta ,p]cipiant animi dociles t5eantque fideles3 ,omne sup]vacuum pl5o de pectore manat4 --,,horace1 ,ars ,poetica4 ,,copyright1 #ahie2 #aijh2 #aiah ,,by ,,*>les ,e4 ,,b5nett 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,! pres5t "w is a revision ( t publi%$ 9 #aijh4 ,no radical alt]ations h be5 introduc$1 al?\gh a numb] ( m9or *anges w be not$4 ,i h add$ an ,introduction on ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! ,lat9 language1 :i* x is hop$ w prove int]e/+ & in/ructive to ! m ambiti\s pupil4 ,at ! end ( ! book w be f\nd an ,index to ! ,s\rces ( ! ,illu/rative ,examples cit$ 9 ! ,syntax4 ,c4,e4,b4 ,,i?aca1 ,,new ,,york1 ,may #d1 #aiah 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! pres5t book is a revision ( my ,lat9 ,gramm> orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahie4 ,:]ev] great] accuracy or precision ( /atem5t seem$ possible1 ,i h endeavor$ to secure ?is4 ,! rules = syllable division h be5 *ang$ & made to con=m to ! prevail+ practice ( ! ,romans !mselves4 ,9 ! ,p]fect ,subjunctive ,active1 ! end+s -s1 -mus1 -tis are n[ m>k$ long4 ,! !ory ( v[el l5g? be=e ! suffixes -gnus1 -gna1 -gnum1 & also be=e j1 has be5 disc>d$4 ,9 ! ,syntax ,i h recogniz$ a special category ( ,ablative ( ,association1 & h ab&on$ ! orig9al doctr9e z to ! =ce ( t5ses 9 ! ,prohibitive4 ,ap>t f ! =ego+1 only m9or & uness5tial modifications h be5 introduc$4 ,9 its ma9 l9es ! "w rema9s un*ang$4 ,,i?aca1 ,,new ,,york1 ,octob] #af1 #aijg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,! ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! object ( ?is book is to pres5t ! ess5tial facts ( ,lat9 gramm> 9 a direct & simple mann]1 & )9 ! smalle/ compass consi/5t ) s*ol>ly /&>ds4 ,:ile int5d$ prim>ily = ! second>y s*ool1 x has n neglect$ ! ne$s ( ! college /ud5t1 & aims to furni% su* grammatical in=mation z is ord9>ily requir$ 9 und]graduate c\rses4 ,! exp]i5ce ( =eign educators 9 rec5t ye>s has t5d$ to re/rict ! size ( s*ool-gramm>s ( ,lat91 & has dem&$ an incorporation ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! language 9 compact manuals ( #bej pages4 ,)9 ! pa/ decade1 sev]al gramm>s ( ?is scope h appe>$ abroad :i* h amply met ! mo/ exact+ dem&s4 ,! publication 9 ?is c\ntry ( a gramm> ( simil> plan & scope seems fully ju/ifi$ at ! pres5t "t1 z all rec5t editions ( classic texts summ>ize 9 introductions ! special idioms ( gramm> & /yle peculi> to individual au?ors4 ,?is makes x feasible to disp5se ) ! enum]ation ( _m m9utiae ( usage :i* w\ld o!rwise dem& consid]ation 9 a /ud5t's gramm>4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,prosody1 ,i h design$ly omitt$ all special treatm5t ( ! lyric metres ( ,horace & ,catullus1 z well z ( ! measures ( ! comic poets4 ,our /&>d editions ( ^! au?ors all give su* ?or\gh consid]ation to v]sification t repetition 9 a sep>ate place seems sup]flu\s4 ,,i?aca1 ,,new ,,york1 ,decemb] #ae1 #ahid4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction--,! ,lat9 language ,,"p ,i4 ,,s\nds1 ,,acc5t1 ,,quantity1 ,,etc4 ,! ,alphabet #a ,classification ( ,s\nds #b ,s\nds ( ! ,lett]s #c ,syllables #d ,quantity #e ,acc5t #f ,v[el ,*anges #g ,consonant ,*anges #h ,peculi>ities ( ,or?ography #i ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,inflections4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,decl5sion4 ,a4 ,,n\ns4 #aj ,g5d] ( ,n\ns #ac ,numb] #af ,cases #ag ,! ,five ,decl5sions #ah ,fir/ ,decl5sion #bj ,second ,decl5sion #bc ,?ird ,decl5sion #bh ,f\r? ,decl5sion #dh ,fif? ,decl5sion #ea ,defective ,n\ns #ed ,b4 ,,adjectives4 #fb ,adjectives ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,decl5sions #fc ,adjectives ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion #fg ,comp>ison ( ,adjectives #ga ,=mation & ,comp>ison ( ,adv]bs #gf ,num]als #gh ,c4 ,,pron\ns4 #hb ,p]sonal ,pron\ns #hd ,reflexive ,pron\ns #he ,possessive ,pron\ns #hf ,demon/rative ,pron\ns #hg ,! ,int5sive ,pron\n #hh ,! ,relative ,pron\n #hi ,int]rogative ,pron\ns #ij ,indef9ite ,pron\ns #ia ,pronom9al ,adjectives #ib ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,conjugation4 #ic ,v]b ,/ems #ig ,! ,f\r ,conjugations #ih ,conjugation ( ,sum #ajj ,fir/ ,conjugation #aja ,second ,conjugation #ajc ,?ird ,conjugation #aje ,f\r? ,conjugation #ajg ,v]bs 9 -i ( ! ,?ird ,conjugation #aji ,depon5t ,v]bs #aab ,semi-,depon5ts #aad ,p]iphra/ic ,conjugation #aae ,peculi>ities ( ,conjugation #aaf ,=mation ( ! ,v]b ,/ems #aag ,li/ ( ! ,mo/ ,important ,v]bs ) ,pr9cipal ,p>ts #abj ,irregul> ,v]bs #abd ,defective ,v]bs #acc ,imp]sonal ,v]bs #ach ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,p>ticles4 #aci ,adv]bs #adj ,prepositions #ada ,int]jections #ade ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,^w ,,=mation4 ,i4 ,,d]ivatives4 #adf ,n\ns #adg ,adjectives #aej ,v]bs #aee ,adv]bs #aeg ,,ii4 ,,comp\nds4 #aeh ,examples ( ,comp\nds #aei ,,"p ,v4 ,,syntax4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,s5t5ces4 ,classification ( ,s5t5ces #afa ,=m ( ,int]rogative ,s5t5ces #afb ,subject & ,pr$icate #afc ,simple & ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces #afd ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,syntax ( ,n\ns4 ,subject #aff ,pr$icate ,n\ns #afg ,appositives #afi ,! ,nom9ative #agj ,! ,accusative #agb ,! ,dative #ahf ,! ,g5itive #aid ,! ,ablative #bac ,! ,locative #bcb ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,syntax ( ,adjectives4 ,agreem5t ( ,adjectives #bcd ,adjectives us$ ,sub/antively #bcf ,adjectives ) ! ,=ce ( ,adv]bs #bci ,comp>atives & ,sup]latives #bdj ,o!r ,peculi>ities #bda ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,syntax ( ,pron\ns4 ,p]sonal ,pron\ns #bdb ,possessive ,pron\ns #bdc ,reflexive ,pron\ns #bdd ,reciprocal ,pron\ns #bde ,demon/rative ,pron\ns #bdf ,relative ,pron\ns #bej ,indef9ite ,pron\ns #beb ,pronom9al ,adjectives #bec ,,*apt] ,v4--,syntax ( ,v]bs4 ,agreem5t ( ,v]bs #bed ,voices #bef ,t5ses -- ,( ! ,indicative #beg -- ,( ! ,subjunctive #bff -- ,( ! ,inf9itive #bgj ,moods -- ,9 ,indep5d5t ,s5t5ces #bga -- -- ,volitive ,subjunctive #bgc -- -- ,optative ,subjunctive #bgi -- -- ,pot5tial ,subjunctive #bhj -- -- ,imp]ative #bha -- ,9 ,dep5d5t ,clauses -- -- ,clauses ( ,purpose #bhb -- -- ,clauses ( ,*>act]i/ic #bhc -- -- ,clauses ( ,result #bhd -- -- ,causal ,clauses #bhe -- -- ,temporal ,clauses -- -- -- ,introduc$ by ,po/quam1 ,ut1 ,ubi1 etc4 #bhg -- -- -- ,cum-,clauses #bhh -- -- -- ,introduc$ by ,antequam & ,priusquam #bia -- -- -- ,introduc$ by ,dum1 ,dnec1 ,quoad #bic -- -- ,sub/antive ,clauses #bid -- -- -- ,develop$ f ! ,volitive #bie -- -- -- ,develop$ f ! ,optative #bif -- -- -- ,( ,result #big -- -- -- ,aft] nn dubito1 etc4 #bih -- -- -- ,introduc$ by ,quod #bii -- -- -- ,indirect ,que/ions #cjj -- -- ,conditional ,s5t5ces #cja -- -- ,use ( ,s1 ,nisi1 ,sn #cjf -- -- ,conditional ,clauses ( ,comp>ison #cjg -- -- ,concessive ,clauses #cjh -- -- ,adv]sative ,clauses ) ,quamvs1 ,quamquam1 etc4 #cji -- -- ,clauses ( ,wi% & ,proviso #caj -- -- ,relative ,clauses #caa -- -- ,indirect ,disc\rse #cac -- -- -- ,moods 9 ,indirect ,disc\rse #cad -- -- -- ,t5ses 9 ,indirect ,disc\rse #cag -- -- -- ,conditional ,s5t5ces 9 ,indirect ,disc\rse #cai -- -- ,impli$ ,indirect ,disc\rse #cbc -- -- ,subjunctive by ,attraction #cbd ,n\n & ,adjective ,=ms ( ! ,v]b #cbe -- ,inf9itive #cbf -- ,p>ticiples #ccf -- ,g]und #cch -- ,sup9e #cdj ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,p>ticles4 ,cord9ate ,conjunctions #cda ,adv]bs #cdg ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,^w-,ord] & ,s5t5ce-,/ructure4 ,^w-,ord] #cdh ,s5t5ce-,/ructure #cea ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,h9ts on ,lat9 ,/yle4 #ceb ,n\ns #cec ,adjectives #ced ,pron\ns #cee ,v]bs #cef ,! ,cases #ceg ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,prosody4 #cfj ,quantity ( ,v[els & ,syllables #cfb ,v]se-,/ructure #cff ,! ,dactylic ,hexamet] #cfh ,! ,dactylic ,p5tamet] #cfi ,iambic ,measures #cgj ,,supplem5ts ,,to ,,! ,,gramm>4 ,i4 ,roman ,cal5d> #cga ,,ii4 ,roman ,names #cgc ,,iii4 ,figures ( ,syntax & ,rhetoric #cgd 99 99 99 99 99 ,index to ! ,illu/rative ,examples ,cit$ 9 ! ,syntax ,index to ! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts ( ,lat9 ,v]bs ,g5]al ,index ,footnotes 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 ,,! ,,lat9 ,,language4 #a4 ,! ,indo-,european ,family ( ,languages4--,lat9 belongs to "o gr\p ( a l>ge family ( languages1 kn[n z ,indo-,european4#a ,?is ,indo-,european family ( languages embraces ! foll[+ gr\ps3 ,,asiatic ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,indo-,,european ,,family4 a4 ,! ,sanskrit1 spok5 9 anci5t ,india4 ,( ?is !re 7 sev]al /ages1 ! olde/ ( :i* is ! ,v$ic1 or language ( ! ,v$ic ,hymns4 ,^! ,hymns are ! olde/ lit]>y productions kn[n to u among all ! bran*es ( ! ,indo-,european family4 ,a cons]vative e/imate places !m z f> back z #aejj ,b4,c4 ,"s s*ol>s h ev5 set !m m ?an a ?\s& ye>s e>li] ?an ?is1 i4e4 ant]ior to #bejj ,b4,c4 ,! ,sanskrit1 9 modifi$ =m1 has always cont9u$ to be spok5 9 ,india1 & is repres5t$ to-day by a l>ge numb] ( dialects desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,sanskrit1 & spok5 by millions ( p4 b4 ,! ,iranian1 spok5 9 anci5t ,p]sia1 & closely relat$ to ! ,sanskrit4 ,!re 7 two ma9 bran*es ( ! ,iranian gr\p1 viz4 ! ,old ,p]sian & ! ,ave/an4 ,! ,old ,p]sian 0 ! (ficial language ( ! c\rt1 & appe>s 9 a numb] ( s-call$ cunei=m#b inscriptions1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* date f ! "t ( ,d>ius ,i 7six? c5tury ,b4,c474 ,! o!r bran* ( ! ,iranian1 ! ,ave/an1#c is ! language ( ! ,ave/a or sacr$ books ( ! ,p>sees1 ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]1 f\nd] ( ! religion ( ! fire-wor%ipp]s4 ,portions ( ^! sacr$ books may h be5 compos$ z e>ly z #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,mod]n ,p]sian is a liv+ repres5tative ( ! old ,iranian spee*4 ,x has naturally be5 mu* modifi$ by "t1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh ! introduction ( _m words f ! ,arabic4 c4 ,! ,arm5ian1 spok5 9 ,arm5ia1 ! di/rict ne> ! ,black ,sea & ,caucasus ,m\nta9s4 ,?is is closely relat$ to ! ,iranian1 & 0 =m]ly classifi$ "u t gr\p4 ,x is n[ recogniz$ z entitl$ to indep5d5t rank4 ,! e>lie/ lit]>y productions ( ! ,arm5ian language date f ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! translation ( ! ,scriptures & ! old ,arm5ian ,*ronicle4 ,! ,arm5ian is /ill a liv+ language1 ?\gh spok5 9 widely sep>at$ di/ricts1 ow+ to ! scatt]$ locations 9 :i* ! ,arm5ians are f\nd to-day4 d4 ,! ,tokh>ian4 ,?is language1 only rec5tly discov]$ & id5tifi$ z ,indo-,european1 0 spok5 9 ! di/ricts ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea 7mod]n ,turke/an74 ,:ile 9 "s respects closely relat$ to ! ?ree ,asiatic bran*es ( ! ,indo-,european family already consid]$1 9 o!rs x %[s close relation%ip to ! ,european memb]s ( ! family4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,tokh>ian1 s f> z x has be5 br\ght to light1 consi/s ma9ly ( translations f ! ,sanskrit sacr$ writ+s1 & dates f ! sev5? c5tury ( our era4 ,,european ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,indo-,,european ,,family4 e4 ,! ,greek4 ,! ,greeks _h app>5tly long be5 settl$ 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or z f> back z #aejj ,b4,c4 ,probably !y arriv$ 9 ^! di/ricts mu* e>li]4 ,! e>lie/ lit]>y productions are ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey ( ,hom]1 :i* v likely g back to ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,f ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 on1 ,greek lit]ature is cont9u\s4 ,mod]n ,greek1 :5 we consid] its di/ance 9 "t f antiquity1 is rem>kably simil> to ! classical ,greek ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c4 f4 ,! ,italic ,gr\p4 ,! ,italic ,gr\p embraces ! ,umbrian1 spok5 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,italian p59sula 79 anci5t ,umbria72 ! ,lat91 spok5 9 ! c5tral "p 79 ,latium72 ! ,oscan1 spok5 9 ! s\!rn "p 79 ,samnium1 ,campania1 ,lucania1 etc474 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 a numb] ( m9or dialects1 su* z ! ,m>sian1 ,volscian1 etc4 ,( all ^! 7b>r+ ! ,lat971 !re are no rema9s except a few scanty inscriptions4 ,lat9 lit]ature beg9s %ortly aft] #bej ,b4,c4 9 ! works ( ,livius ,&ronicus1 ,naevius1 & ,plautus1 al?\gh a few brief inscriptions are f\nd belong+ to a mu* e>li] p]iod4 g4 ,! ,celtic4 ,9 ! e>lie/ hi/orical times ( :i* we h any record1 ! ,celts occupi$ ext5sive portions ( nor!rn ,italy1 z well z c]ta9 areas 9 c5tral ,europe2 b aft] ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 !y are f\nd only 9 ,gaul & ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,among ! *ief languages belong+ to ! ,celtic gr\p are ! ,gallic1 spok5 9 anci5t ,gaul2 ! ,breton1 /ill spok5 9 ! mod]n ,fr5* prov9ce ( ,brittany2 ! ,iri%1 :i* is /ill ext5sively spok5 9 ,irel& among ! common p1 ! ,wel%2 & ! ,gaelic ( ! ,scot* ,highl&]s4 h4 ,! ,teutonic4 ,! ,teutonic gr\p is v ext5sive4 ,its e>lie/ repres5tative is ! ,go?ic1 pres]v$ = u 9 ! translation ( ! scriptures by ! ,go?ic ,bi%op ,ulfilas 7ab\t #cge ,a4,d474 ,o!r languages belong+ to ?is gr\p are ! ,old ,norse1 once spok5 9 ,sc&9avia1 & f :i* are desc5d$ ! mod]n ,icel&ic1 ,norwegian1 ,sw$i%1 ,dani%2 ,g]man2 ,dut*2 ,anglo-,saxon1 f :i* is desc5d$ ! mod]n ,engli%4 i4 ,! ,balto-,slavic4 ,! languages ( ?is gr\p belong to ea/]n ,europe4 ,! ,baltic division ( ! gr\p embraces ! ,li?uanian & ,lettic1 spok5 to-day by ! p liv+ on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,! e>lie/ lit]>y productions ( ^! languages date f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,slavic division comprises a l>ge numb] ( languages1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are ! ,russian1 ! ,bulg>ian1 ! ,s]bian1 ! ,bohemian1 ! ,poli%4 ,all ( ^! 7 late 9 develop+ a lit]ature1 ! e>lie/ to d s be+ ! ,old ,bulg>ian1 9 :i* we f9d a translation ( ! ,bible dat+ f ! n9? c5tury4 j4 ,! ,albanian1 spok5 9 ,albania & p>ts ( ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,sicily4 ,?is is mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! ,balto-,slavic gr\p1 & is *>act]iz$ by ! v l>ge proportion ( words borr[$ f ,lat91 ,turki%1 ,greek1 & ,slavic4 ,its lit]ature does n beg9 till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #b4 ,home ( ! ,indo-,european ,family4--,despite ! _m outw>d diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s languages ( ! =ego+ gr\ps1 a c>eful exam9ation ( _! /ructure & vocabul>y demon/rates _! intimate relation%ip & proves ov]:elm+ly _! desc5t f a common p>5t4 ,we mu/ believe1 !re=e1 t at "o "t !re exi/$ a homog5e\s clan or tribe ( p speak+ a language f :i* all ! above enum]at$ languages are desc5d$4 ,! precise location ( ! home ( ?is anci5t tribe _c be det]m9$4 ,= a long "t x 0 assum$ t x 0 9 c5tral ,asia nor? ( ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 b ?is view has long be5 reject$ z unt5able4 ,x arose f ! exagg]at$ importance atta*$ = a long :ile to ,sanskrit4 ,! great antiquity ( ! e>lie/ lit]>y rema9s ( ! ,sanskrit 7! ,v$ic ,hymns7 sugge/$ t ! inhabitants ( ,india 7 geographically close to ! orig9al seat ( ! ,indo-,european ,family4 ,h5ce ! home 0 s\ght 9 ! elevat$ plateau to ! nor?4 ,to-day x is ?\ght t c5tral or s\!a/]n ,europe is mu* m likely to h be5 ! cradle ( ! ,indo-,european p>5t-spee*1 ?\gh any?+ l a logical demon/ration ( s difficult a problem c h>dly be expect$4 ,z to ! size & ext5t ( ! orig9al tribe :5ce ! ,indo-,european languages h sprung1 we c only speculate4 ,x probably 0 n l>ge1 & v likely =m$ a compact racial & l+ui/ic unit = c5turies1 possibly = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! "t at :i* ,indo-,european unity ceas$ & ! v>i\s individual languages began _! sep>ate exi/5ce1 is likewise %r\d$ 9 obscurity4 ,:5 we consid] t ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! ,sanskrit may ant$ate #bejj ,b4,c41 x may well be believ$ t p speak+ ! ,indo-,european p>5t-spee* belong$ to a p]iod z f> back z #ejjj ,b4,c41 or possibly e>li]4 #c4 ,/ages 9 ! ,developm5t ( ! ,lat9 ,language4--,! e>lie/ rema9s ( ! ,lat9 language are f\nd 9 c]ta9 v ar*aic inscriptions4 ,! olde/ ( ^! belong to ! six? & sev5? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,roman lit]ature does n beg9 till sev]al c5turies lat]1 viz4 %ortly aft] ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,we may recognize ! foll[+ cle>ly m>k$ p]iods ( ! language & lit]ature3 a4 ,! ,prelit]>y ,p]iod1 f ! e>lie/ times d[n to #bdj ,b4,c41 :5 ,livius ,&ronicus br\ght out 8 fir/ play4 ,= ?is p]iod our k ( ,lat9 dep5ds almo/ exclusively ^u ! scanty inscriptions t h surviv$ f ?is remote "t4 ,few ( ^! are ( any l5g?4 b4 ,! ,ar*aic ,p]iod1 f ,livius ,&ronicus 7#bdj ,b4,c47 to ,cic]o 7#ha ,b4,c474 ,ev5 9 ?is age ! language _h already become highly develop$ z a m$ium ( expression4 ,9 ! h&s ( c]ta9 gift$ writ]s x _h ev5 become a vehicle ( p[] & beauty4 ,9 its simplicity1 h[ev]1 x naturally m>ks a contra/ ) ! m f9i%$ diction ( lat] days4 ,to ?is p]iod belong3 ,livius ,&ronicus1 ab\t #bge-bjd ,b4,c4 7,translation ( ,hom]'s ,odyssey2 ,trag$ies74 ,plautus1 ab\t #bej-ahd ,b4,c4 7,com$ies74 ,naevius1 ab\t #bgj-aii ,b4,c4 7,punic ,w>2 ,com$ies74 ,ennius1 #bci-afi ,b4,c4 7,annals2 ,trag$ies74 ,t]5ce1 ab\t #aij-aei ,b4,c4 7,com$ies74 ,lucilius1 #ahj-ajc ,b4,c4 7,satires74 ,pacuvius1 #bbj-;ab\t #acj ,b4,c4 7,trag$ies74 ,accius1 #agj-;ab\t #he ,b4,c4 7,trag$ies74 c4 ,! ,gold5 ,age1 f ,cic]o 7#ha ,b4,c47 to ! dea? ( ,augu/us 7#ad ,a4,d474 ,9 ?is p]iod ! language1 especially 9 ! h&s ( ,cic]o1 rea*es a high degree ( /yli/ic p]fection4 ,its vocabul>y1 h[ev]1 has n yet atta9$ its greate/ fullness & range4 ,traces ( ! diction ( ! ,ar*aic ,p]iod are (t5 notic$1 especially 9 ! poets1 :o naturally s\ght _! effects by rev]t+ to ! spee* ( old5 times4 ,lit]ature rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ?is epo*1 especially 9 ! great poets ( ! ,augu/an ,age4 ,! foll[+ writ]s belong "h3 ,lucretius1 ab\t #ie-ee ,b4,c4 7,poem on ,epicurean ,philosophy74 ,catullus1 #hg-;ab\t #ed ,b4,c4 7,poet74 ,cic]o1 #ajf-dc ,b4,c4 7,orations2 ,rhetorical ,works2 ,philosophical ,works2 ,lett]s74 ,caes>1 #ajb-dd ,b4,c4 7,comm5t>ies on ,gallic & ,civil ,w>s71 ,sallu/1 #hf-cf ,b4,c4 7,hi/orian74 ,nepos1 ab\t #ajj-;ab\t #cj ,b4,c4 7,hi/orian74 ,virgil1 #gj-ai ,b4,c4 7,a5eid2 ,georgics2 ,bucolics74 ,horace1 #fe-h ,b4,c4 7,odes2 ,satires1 ,epi/les74 ,tibullus1 ab\t #ed-ai ,b4,c4 7,poet74 ,prop]tius1 ab\t #ej-;ab\t #ae ,b4,c4 7,poet74 ,ovid1 #dc ,b4,c4-#ag ,a4,d4 7,metamorphoses & o!r poems74 ,livy4 #ei ,b4,c4-#ag ,a4,d4 7,hi/orian74 d4 ,! ,silv] ,lat9ity1 f ! dea? ( ,augu/us 7#ad ,a4,d47 to ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 7#ahj ,a4,d471 ,?is p]iod is m>k$ by a c]ta9 reaction aga9/ ! excessive precision ( ! previ\s age4 ,x _h become ! practice to pay too mu* att5tion to /&>diz$ =ms ( expression1 & to leave too little play to ! individual writ]4 ,9 ! heal?y reaction aga9/ ?is =malism1 great] fre$om ( expression n[ manife/s itself4 ,we note also ! introduction ( idioms f ! colloquial language1 along ) _m poetical words & usages4 ,! foll[+ au?ors des]ve m5tion3 ,pha$rus1 fl\ri%$ ab\t #dj ,a4,d4 7,fables 9 ,v]se7 ,velleius ,pat]culus1 fl\ri%$ ab\t #cj ,a4,d4 7,hi/orian74 ,lucan1 #ci-fe ,a4,d4 7,poem on ! ,civil ,w>74 ,s5eca1 ab\t #a-fe ,a4,d4 7,trag$ies2 ,philosophical ,works74 ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 #bc-gi ,a4,d4 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 #fb-;ab\t #aae ,a4,d4 7,lett]s74 ,m>tial1 ab\t #de-;ab\t #ajd ,a4,d4 7,epigrams74 ,qu9tilian1 ab\t #ce-;ab\t #ajj ,a4,d4 7,treatise on ,oratory & ,education74 ,tacitus1 ab\t #ee-;ab\t #aah ,a4,d4 7,hi/orian74 ,juv5al1 ab\t #ee-;ab\t #ace ,a4,d4 7,satiri/74 ,suetonius1 ab\t #gc-;ab\t #aah ,a4,d4 7,lives ( ! ,twelve ,caes>s74 ,m9ucius ,felix1 fl\ri%$ ab\t #afj ,a4,d4 7,fir/ ,*ri/ian ,apologi/74 ,apuleius1 #abe-;ab\t #bjj ,a4,d4 7,metamorphoses1 or ,gold5 ,ass74 e4 ,! ,ar*aiz+ ,p]iod4 ,?is p]iod is *>act]iz$ by a consci\s imitation ( ! ,ar*aic ,p]iod ( ! second & fir/ c5turies ,b4,c42 x ov]laps ! prec$+ p]iod1 & is ( importance f a l+ui/ic r ?an f a lit]>y po9t ( view4 ,( writ]s :o manife/ ! ar*aiz+ t5d5cy mo/ conspicu\sly may be m5tion$ ,fronto1 f ^: h& we h a collection ( lett]s address$ to ! ,emp]ors ,anton9us ,pius & ,m>cus ,aurelius2 also ,aulus ,gellius1 au?or ( ! ,attic ,nights4 ,bo? ( ^! writ]s fl\ri%$ 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 f4 ,! ,p]iod ( ! ,decl9e1 f #ahj to ! close ( lit]>y activity 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,?is p]iod is *>act]iz$ by rapid & radical alt]ations 9 ! language4 ,! features ( ! conv]sational idiom ( ! l[] /rata ( society invade ! lit]ature1 :ile 9 ! remote prov9ces1 su* z ,gaul1 ,spa91 ,africa1 ! language suff]s f ! incorporation ( local peculi>ities4 ,repres5tative writ]s ( ?is p]iod are3 ,t]tullian1 ab\t #afj-;ab\t #bdj ,a4,d4 7,*ri/ian ,writ]74 ,cyprian1 ab\t #bjj-beh ,a4,d4 7,*ri/ian ,writ]74 ,lactantius1 fl\ri%$ ab\t #cjj ,a4,d4 7,def5se ( ,*ri/ianity74 ,ausonius1 ab\t #caj-;ab\t #cie ,a4,d4 7,poet74 ,j]ome1 #cdj-dbj ,a4,d4 7,translator ( ! ,scriptures74 ,ambrose1 ab\t #cdj-cig 7,*ri/ian ,fa!r74 ,augu/9e1 #ced-dcj 7,*ri/ian ,fa!r--,city ( ,god74 ,prud5tius1 fl\ri%$ #djj ,a4,d4 7,*ri/ian ,poet74 ,claudian1 fl\ri%$ #djj ,a4,d4 7,poet74 ,bo?ius1 ab\t #dhj-ebd ,a4,d4 7,consolation ( ,philosophy 74 #d4 ,subsequ5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,lat9 ,language4--,aft] ! six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,lat9 divides into two entirely diff]5t /reams4 ,"o ( ^! is ! lit]>y language ma9ta9$ 9 c\rts1 9 ! ,*ur*1 & among s*ol>s4 ,?is 0 no long] ! language ( p 9 g5]al1 & z "t w5t on1 became m & m artificial4 ,! o!r /ream is ! colloquial idiom ( ! common p1 :i* develop$ ultimately 9 ! prov9ces into ! mod]n s-call$ ,romance idioms4 ,^! are ! ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 ,fr5*1 ,prov5al 7spok5 9 ,prov5ce1 i4e4 s\!a/]n ,france71 ! ,rhaeto-,romance 7spok5 9 ! ,canton ( ! ,grisons 9 ,switz]l&71 & ! ,r\manian1 spok5 9 mod]n ,r\mania & adjac5t di/ricts4 ,all ^! ,romance languages be> ! same relation to ! ,lat9 z ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ! ,indo-,european family ( languages be> to ! p>5t spee*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s\nds1 ,,acc5t1 ,,quantity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,alphabet4 #a4 ,! ,lat9 ,alphabet is ! same z ! ,engli%1 except t ! ,lat9 has no w4 #a4 ,k occurs only 9 ,kal5dae & a few o!r words2 y & z 7 introduc$ f ! ,greek ab\t #ej ,b4,c41 & occur only 9 =eign words--*iefly ,greek4 #b4 ,) ! ,romans1 :o regul>ly employ$ only capitals1 ,i s]v$ bo? z v[el & consonant2 s also ,v4 ,= u1 h[ev]1 x is m conv5i5t to di/+ui% ! v[el & consonant s\nds1 & to write i & u = ! =m]1 j & v = ! latt]4 ,yet "s s*ol>s pref] to employ i & u 9 ! function ( consonants z well z v[els4 ,,classification ,,( ,,s\nds4 #b4 #a4 ,! ,v[els are a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 y4 ,! o!r lett]s are ,consonants4 ,! ,diph?ongs are ae1 oe1 ei1 au1 eu1 ui4 #b4 ,consonants are fur!r subdivid$ into ,mutes1 ,liquids1 ,nasals1 & ,spirants4 #c4 ,! ,mutes are p1 t1 c1 k1 q2 b1 d1 g2 ph1 ?1 *4 ,( ^!1-- a7 p1 t1 c1 k1 q are voiceless1#d i4e4 s\nd$ )\t voice or vibration ( ! vocal cords4 b7 b1 d1 g are voic$1#e i4e4 s\nd$ ) vibration ( ! vocal cords4 c7 ph1 ?1 * are aspirates4 ,^! are conf9$ almo/ exclusively to words d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 & 7 equival5t to p h1 t h1 c h1 i4e4 to ! correspond+ voiceless mutes ) a foll[+ brea?1 z 9 ,eng4 loop-hole1 hot-h\se1 block-h\se4 #d4 ,! ,mutes admit ( classification also z ,labials1 p1 b1 ph4 ,d5tals 7or ,l+uals71 t1 d1 ?4 ,gutturals 7or ,palatals71 c1 k1 q1 g1 *4 #e4 ,! ,liquids are l1 r4 ,^! s\nds 7 voic$4 #f4 ,! ,nasals are m1 n4 ,^! 7 voic$4 ,besides its ord9>y s\nd1 n1 :5 foll[$ by a guttural mute also _h ano!r s\nd1--t ( ng 9 s+1--! s-call$ n adult]num2 z1-- anceps1 d\ble1 pron\nc$ angceps4 #g4 ,! ,spirants 7sometimes call$ ,fricatives7 are f1 s1 h4 ,^! 7 voiceless4 #h4 ,! ,semiv[els are j & v4 ,^! 7 voic$4 #i4 ,d\ble ,consonants are x & z4 ,( ^!1 x 0 equival5t to cs1 :ile ! equival5ce ( z is unc]ta94 ,see #c1 #c4 #aj4 ,! foll[+ table w indicate ! relations ( ! consonant s\nds3-- ,,voiceless4 ,,voic$4 ,,aspirates4 p1 b1 ph1 7,labials74 ,mutes1 t1 d1 ?1 7,d5tals74 c1 k1 q1 g1 *1 7,gutturals74 ,liquids1 l1 r1 ,nasals1 m1 n1 f1 7,labial74 ,spirants1 s1 7,d5tal74 h1 7,guttural74 ,semiv[els1 j1 v4 a4 ,! ,d\ble ,consonants1 x & z1 be+ comp\nd s\nds1 d n admit ( classification 9 ! above table4 ,,s\nds ,,( ,,! ,,lett]s4 #c4 ,! foll[+ pronunciation 7(t5 call$ ,roman7 is sub/antially t employ$ by ! ,romans at ! height ( _! civilization2 i4e41 r\ghly1 f #ej ,b4,c4 to #ej ,a4,d4 #a4 ,v[els4 z 9 fa!r2 z 9 ! fir/ syllable ah2 z 9 !y2 z 9 met2 z 9 ma*9e2 z 9 p92 z 9 note2 z 9 obey1 melody2 z 9 rude2 z 9 put2 y l ,fr5* u1 ,g]man 4 #b4 ,diph?ongs4 ae l ai 9 eu ) its two elem5ts1 & 1 aisle2 pron\nc$ 9 rapid succession2 oe l oi 9 oil2 ui occurs almo/ exclusively 9 ei z 9 re92 cui & huic4 ,^! words may au l ow 9 h[2 be pron\nc$ z ?\gh writt5 kwee & :eek4 #c4 ,consonants4 b1 d1 f1 h1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 qu are pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli%1 except t bs1 bt are pron\nc$ ps1 pt4 c is always pron\nc$ z k4 t is always a pla9 t1 nev] ) ! s\nd ( % z 9 ,eng4 oration4 g always z 9 get2 :5 ngu prec$es a v[el1 gu has ! s\nd ( gw1 z 9 anguis1 languidus4 j has ! s\nd ( y z 9 yet4 r 0 probably slightly trill$ ) ! tip ( ! tongue4 s always voiceless z 9 s92 9 sude1 suvis1 susc1 & 9 comp\nds & d]ivatives ( ^! words1 su has ! s\nd ( sw4 v l w4 x always l ks2 nev] l ,eng4 gz or z4 z unc]ta9 9 s\nd2 possibly l ,eng4 zd1 possibly l z4 ,! latt] s\nd is recomm5d$4 ,! aspirates ph1 *1 ? 7 pron\nc$ v ne>ly l our /ress$ ,eng4 p1 c1 t--s ne>ly s1 t1 = practical purposes1 ! latt] s\nds suffice4 ,d\bl$ lett]s1 l ll1 mm1 tt1 etc41 %\ld be s pron\nc$ t bo? memb]s ( ! comb9ation are di/9ctly articulat$4 ,,syllables4 #d4 ,!re are z _m syllables 9 a ,lat9 ^w z !re are sep>ate v[els & diph?ongs4 ,9 ! division ( words into syllables1-- #a4 ,a s+le consonant is jo9$ to ! foll[+ v[el2 z1 vo-lat1 ge-rit1 pe-rit1 a-de/4 #b4 ,d\bl$ consonants1 l tt1 ss1 etc41 are always sep>at$2 z1 vit-ta1 mis-sus4 #c4 ,o!r comb9ations ( two or m consonants are regul>ly sep>at$1 & ! fir/ consonant ( ! comb9ation is jo9$ ) ! prec$+ v[el2 z1 ma-gis-tr1 dig-nus1 mn-/rum1 sis-te-re4 #d4 ,an exception to ,rule #c occurs :5 ! two consonants consi/ ( a mute foll[$ by l or r 7pl1 cl1 tl2 pr1 cr1 tr1 etc474 ,9 su* cases bo? consonants are regul>ly jo9$ to ! foll[+ v[el2 z1 a-gr1 vo-lu-cris1 pa-tris1 m-tris4 ,yet if ! l or r introduces ! second "p ( a comp\nd1 ! two consonants are sep>at$2 z1 ab-rump1 ad-ltus4 #e4 ,! d\ble consonant x is jo9$ to ! prec$+ v[el2 z1 ax-is1 tx-4 ,,quantity4 #e4 ,a4 ,quantity ( ,v[els4 ,a v[el is long or %ort accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = its pronunciation4 ,no absolute rule c be giv5 = det]m9+ ! quantity ( ,lat9 v[els4 ,?is k mu/ be ga9$1 9 l>ge measure1 by exp]i5ce2 b ! foll[+ pr9ciples are ( aid3-- #a4 ,a v[el is long1#f-- a7 be=e nf or ns2 z1 nfns1 nf]ior1 cnsm1 cnse1 nsum4 b7 :5 ! result ( contraction2 z1 nlum = nihilum4 #b4 ,a v[el is %ort1-- a7 be=e nt1 nd2 z1 amant1 am&us4 ,a few exceptions occur 9 comp\nds ^: fir/ memb] has a long v[el2 z1 nndum 7nn dum74 b7 be=e ano!r v[el1 or h2 z1 meus1 trah4 ,"s exceptions occur1 *iefly 9 prop] names d]iv$ f ! ,greek2 z1 ,a5s4 ,b4 ,quantity ( ,syllables4 ,syllables are di/+ui%$ z long or %ort accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = _! pronunciation4 #a4 ,a syllable is long1#g-- a7 if x conta9s a long v[el2 z1 mt]1 rgnum1 du4 b7 if x conta9s a diph?ong2 z1 causae1 fo$us4 c7 if x conta9s a %ort v[el foll[$ by x1 z1 or any two consonants 7except a mute ) l or r72 z1 axis1 gaza1 re/4 #b4 ,a syllable is %ort1 if x conta9s a %ort v[el foll[$ by a v[el or by a s+le consonant2 z1 mea1 amat4 #c4 ,sometimes a syllable v>ies 9 quantity1 viz4 :5 its v[el is %ort & is foll[$ by a mute ) l or r1 i4e4 by pl1 cl1 tl2 pr1 cr1 tr1 etc42 z1 gr1 volcris4#h ,su* syllables are call$ common4 ,9 prose !y 7 regul>ly %ort1 b 9 v]se !y might be treat$ z long at ! option ( ! poet4 ,,note4--,^! di/9ctions ( long & %ort are n arbitr>y & artificial1 b are purely natural4 ,?us1 a syllable conta9+ a %ort v[el foll[$ by two consonants1 z ng1 is long1 because su* a syllable requires m "t = its pronunciation2 :ile a syllable conta9+ a %ort v[el foll[$ by "o consonant is %ort1 because x takes less "t to pron\nce x4 ,9 case ( ! common syllables1 ! mute & ! liquid bl5d s easily z to produce a comb9ation :i* takes no m "t ?an a s+le consonant4 ,yet by sep>at+ ! two elem5ts 7z ag-r7 ! poets 7 able to use su* syllables z long4 ,,acc5t4 #f4 #a4 ,words ( two syllables are acc5t$ ^u ! fir/2 z1 tgit1 mrem4 #b4 ,words ( m ?an two syllables are acc5t$ ^u ! p5ult 7next to ! la/7 if t is a long syllable1 o!rwise ^u ! antep5ult 7second f ! la/72 z1 amv1 amntis1 ms]um4 #c4 ,:5 ! enclitics -que1 -ne1 -ve1 -ce1 -met1 -dum are app5d$ to words1 if ! syllable prec$+ ! enclitic is long 7ei!r orig9ally or z a result ( add+ ! enclitic7 x is acc5t$2 z1 mis]que1 hom9sque4 ,b if ! syllable /ill rema9s %ort aft] ! enclitic has be5 add$1 x is n acc5t$ unless ! ^w orig9ally took ! acc5t on ! antep5ult4 ,?us1 prtaque2 b ms]que4 #d4 ,sometimes ! f9al -e ( -ne & -ce disappe>s1 b )\t affect+ ! acc5t2 z1 tantn1 i/c1 illc4 #e4 ,9 utrque1 ea*1 & plrque1 mo/1 -que is n prop]ly an enclitic2 yet ^! words acc5t ! p5ult1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( _! o!r cases1--utrque1 utrmque1 plrmque4 ,,v[el ,,*anges4#i #g44 #a4 ,9 ,comp\nds1 a7 be=e a s+le consonant becomes 2 z1-- collig = con-leg4 b7 be=e a s+le consonant becomes 3 z1-- adig = ad-ag4 c7 be=e two consonants becomes 2 z1-- exp]s = ex-p>s4 d7 ae becomes 2 z1-- conqur = con-qua]4 e7 au becomes 1 sometimes 2 z1-- concld = con-claud2 expld = ex-plaud4 #b4 ,contraction4 ,concurr5t v[els 7 frequ5tly contract$ into "o long v[el4 ,! fir/ ( ! two v[els regul>ly prevail$2 z1-- trs = tre-es2 cpia = co-opia2 ml = ma7v7el2 cg = co-ag2 am/ = am7v7i/2 cm = co-em2 dbe = d7h7abe2 jnior = ju7v7enior4 nl = nihil2 #c4 ,p>asitic ,v[els4 ,9 ! environm5t ( liquids & nasals a p>asitic v[el sometimes develops2 z1-- v9culum = e>li] v9clum4 ,s p]culum1 saeculum4 #d4 ,syncope4 ,sometimes a v[el drops out by syncope2 z1-- rdor = ridor 7comp>e ridus72 vald = valid 7comp>e validus74 ,,consonant ,,*anges#aj #h4 #a4 ,rhotacism4 ,an orig9al s betwe5 v[els became r2 z1-- arbs1 ,g54 arboris 7= arbosis72 g5us1 ,g54 g5]is 7= g5esis72 dirim 7= dis-em74 #b4 dt1 tt1 ts ea* give s or ss2 z1-- pnsum = p5d-tum2 v]sum = v]t-tum2 mles = mlet-s2 sessus = s$tus2 passus = pattus4 #c4 ,f9al consonants 7 (t5 omitt$2 z1-- cor = cord2 lac = lact4 #d4 ,assimilation ( ,consonants4 ,consonants are (t5 assimilat$ to a foll[+ s\nd4 ,?us3 accurr 7adc-72 agg] 7adg-72 ass] 7ads-72 alltus 7adl-72 apport 7adp-72 attul 7adt-72 arrde 7adr-72 aff] 7adf-72 occurr 7obc-72 suppn 7subp-72 (f] 7obf-72 corru 7comr-72 colltus 7coml-72 etc4 #e4 ,p>tial ,assimilation4 ,sometimes ! assimilation is only p>tial4 ,?us3-- a7 b be=e s or t becomes p2 z1-- scrps 7scrb-s71 scrptum 7scrb-tum74 b7 g be=e s or t becomes c2 z1-- ctus 7g-tus74 c7 m be=e a d5tal or guttural becomes n2 z1-- eundem 7eum-dem72 prnceps 7prm-ceps74 ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,or?ography4 #i4 ,_m words h v>iable or?ography4 #a4 ,sometimes ! diff]5t =ms belong to diff]5t p]iods ( ! language4 ,?us1 quom1 voltus1 volnus1 volt1 etc41 7 ! prevail+ =ms almo/ d[n to ! ,augu/an age2 aft] t1 cum1 vultus1 vulnus1 vult1 etc4 ,s optumus1 maxumus1 lubet1 lubd1 etc4 d[n to ab\t ! same era2 lat]1 optimus1 maximus1 libet1 libd1 etc4 #b4 ,9 "s words ! or?ography v>ies at "o & ! same p]iod ( ! language4 ,examples are exspect1 expect2 exsi/1 exi/2 epi/ula1 epi/ola2 adulscns1 adolscns2 paulus1 paullus2 cottdi1 cotdi2 &1 p>ticul>ly1 prepositional comp\nds1 :i* (t5 made a concession to ! etymology 9 ! spell+2 z1-- ad-g] or agg]2 ad-s] or ass]2 ad-lici or allici2 9-ltus or illtus2 ad-rogns or arrogns2 sub-move or summove2 & _m o!rs4 #c4 ,comp\nds ( jaci 7 usually writt5 ici1 dici1 adici1 obici1 etc41 b 7 probably pron\nc$ z ?\gh writt5 adjici1 objici1 etc4 #d4 ,adjectives & n\ns 9 -quus1 -quum2 -vus1 -vum2 -uus1 -uum pres]v$ ! e>li] =ms 9 -quos1 -quom2 -vos1 -vom2 -uos1 -uom1 d[n ?r\gh ! ,cic]onian age2 z1 antquos1 antquom2 saevos2 p]petuos2 equos2 s]vos4 ,simil>ly v]bs 9 ! #c;d plural pres5t indicative exhibit ! t]m9ations -quont1 -quontur2 -vont1 -vontur2 -uont1 -uontur1 = ! same p]iod2 z1 rel9quont1 loquontur2 vvont1 metuont4 ,! old] spell+1 :ile g5]ally foll[$ 9 editions ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 has n yet be5 adopt$ 9 our prose texts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,inflections4 99 99 99 99 99 #aj4 ,! ,p>ts ( ,spee* 9 ,lat9 are ! same z 9 ,engli%1 viz4 ,n\ns1 ,adjectives1 ,pron\ns1 ,v]bs1 ,adv]bs1 ,prepositions1 ,conjunctions1 & ,int]jections2 b ! ,lat9 has no article4 #aa4 ,( ^! eight p>ts ( spee* ! fir/ f\r are capable ( ,inflection1 i4e4 ( und]go+ *ange ( =m to express modifications ( mean+4 ,9 case ( ,n\ns1 ,adjectives1 & ,pron\ns1 ?is process is call$ ,decl5sion2 9 case ( v]bs1 ,conjugation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,i4--,decl5sion4 ,a4 ,,n\ns4 #ab4 ,a ,n\n is ! "n ( a p]son1 place1 ?+1 or quality2 z1 ,caes>1 ,caes>2 ,rma1 ,rome2 p5na1 fea!r2 virts1 c\rage4 #a4 ,n\ns are ei!r ,prop] or ,common4 ,prop] n\ns are p]man5t names ( p]sons or places2 z1 ,caes>1 ,rma4 ,o!r n\ns are ,common3 z1 p5na1 virts4 #b4 ,n\ns are also di/+ui%$ z ,concrete or ,ab/ract4 a7 ,concrete n\ns are ^? :i* designate individual objects2 z1 mns1 m\nta92 ps1 foot2 dis1 day2 mns1 m9d4 ,"u concrete n\ns are includ$1 also1 collective n\ns2 z1 legi1 legion2 comittus1 ret9ue4 b7 ,ab/ract n\ns designate qualities2 z1 cn/antia1 /eadfa/ness2 paup]ts1 pov]ty4 ,,g5d] ,,( ,,n\ns4 #ac4 ,!re are ?ree ,g5d]s1--,mascul9e1 ,fem99e1 & ,neut]4 ,g5d] 9 ,lat9 is ei!r natural or grammatical4 ,natural ,g5d]4 #ad4 ,! g5d] ( n\ns is natural :5 x is bas$ ^u sex4 ,natural g5d] is conf9$ entirely to names ( p]sons2 & ^! are-- #a4 ,mascul9e1 if !y d5ote males2 z1-- nauta1 sailor2 agricola1 f>m]4 #b4 ,fem99e1 if !y d5ote females2 z1-- mt]1 "m2 rgna1 que54 ,grammatical ,g5d]4 #ae4 ,grammatical g5d] is det]m9$ n by sex1 b by ! g5]al signification ( ! ^w1 or ! end+ ( its ,nom9ative ,s+ul>4 ,by grammatical g5d]1 n\ns d5ot+ ?+s or qualities are (t5 ,mascul9e or ,fem99e1 simply by virtue ( _! signification or ! end+ ( ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul>4 ,! foll[+ are ! g5]al pr9ciples = det]m9+ grammatical g5d]3-- ,a4 ,g5d] det]m9$ by ,signification4 #a4 ,names ( ,riv]s1 ,w9ds1 & ,mon?s are ,mascul9e2 z1-- ,squana1 ,se9e2 ,eurus1 ea/ w9d2 ,aprlis1 ,april4 #b4 ,names ( ,trees1 & su* names ( ,t[ns & ,isl&s z end 9 -u1 are ,fem99e2 z1-- qu]cus1 oak2 ,cor9?us1 ,cor9?2 ,rhodus1 ,rhodes4 ,o!r names ( t[ns & isl&s foll[ ! g5d] ( _! end+s 7see ,b1 bel[72 z1-- ,delph1 n42 ,leuctra1 n42 ,tbur1 n42 ,c>?g1 f4 #c4 ,indecl9able n\ns1 also inf9itives & phrases1 are ,neut]2 z1-- nihil1 no?+2 nefs1 wrong2 amre1 to love4 ,,note4--,exceptions to ! above pr9ciples sometimes occur2 z1 ,allia 7! riv]71 f4 ,b4 ,g5d] det]m9$ by ,end+ ( ,nom9ative ,s+ul>4 ,! g5d] ( o!r n\ns is det]m9$ by ! end+ ( ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul>4#aa ,,note #a4--;,common ,g5d]4 ,c]ta9 n\ns are sometimes ,mascul9e1 sometimes ,fem99e4 ,?us1 sac]ds may mean ei!r prie/ or prie/ess1 & is ,mascul9e or ,fem99e accord+ly4 ,s also cvis1 citiz52 p>ns1 p>5t2 etc4 ,! g5d] ( su* n\ns is said to be common4 ,,note #b4--,names ( animals usually h grammatical g5d]1 accord+ to ! end+ ( ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul>1 b ! "o =m may designate ei!r ! male or female2 z1 ns]1 m41 goose or g&]4 ,s vulps1 f41 fox2 aqula1 f41 eagle4 ,,numb]4 #af4 ,! ,lat9 has two ,numb]s1--! ,s+ul> & ,plural4 ,! ,s+ul> d5otes "o object1 ! ,plural1 m ?an "o4 ,,cases4 #ag4 ,!re are six ,cases 9 ,lat93-- ,nom9ative1 ,case ( ,subject2 ,g5itive1 ,objective ) (1 or ,possessive2 ,dative1 ,objective ) to or =2 ,accusative1 ,case ( ,direct ,object2 ,vocative1 ,case ( ,address2 ,ablative1 ,objective ) by1 f1 91 )4 #a4 ,,locative4 ,ve/iges ( ano!r case1 ! ,locative 7d5ot+ place :]e71 occur 9 names ( t[ns & 9 a few o!r words4 #b4 ,,oblique ,,cases4 ,! ,g5itive1 ,dative1 ,accusative1 & ,ablative are call$ ,oblique ,cases4 #c4 ,,/em ,,& ,,case-,,end+s4 ,! diff]5t cases are =m$ by app5d+ c]ta9 case-end+s to a fundam5tal "p call$ ! ,/em4#ab ,?us1 portam 7,accusative ,s+ul>7 is =m$ by add+ ! case-end+ -m to ! /em porta-4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! f9al v[el ( ! /em has coalesc$ s closely ) ! actual case-end+ t ! latt] has become m or less obscur$4 ,! app>5t case-end+ ?us result+ is call$ a t]m9ation4 ,,! ,,five ,,decl5sions4 #ah4 ,!re are five ,decl5sions 9 ,lat91 di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! f9al lett] ( ! ,/em1 & also by ! ,t]m9ation ( ! ,g5itive ,s+ul>1 z foll[s3-- ,,decl5sion4 ,,f9al ,,lett] ,,( ,,/em4 ,,g54 ,,t]m9ation4 ,fir/ -ae ,second - ,?ird _/ ,"s consonant -s ,f\r? -s ,fif? - _/ - ,cases alike 9 ,=m4 #ai4 #a4 ,! ,vocative is regul>ly l ! ,nom9ative1 except 9 ! s+ul> ( n\ns 9 -u ( ! ,second ,decl5sion4 #b4 ,! ,dative & ,ablative ,plural are always alike4 #c4 ,9 ,neut]s ! ,accusative & ,nom9ative are always alike1 & 9 ! ,plural end 9 -4 #d4 ,9 ! ,?ird1 ,f\r?1 & ,fif? ,decl5sions1 ! ,accusative ,plural is regul>ly l ! ,nom9ative4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion4 -,/ems4 #bj4 ,pure ,lat9 n\ns ( ! ,fir/ ,decl5sion regul>ly end1 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul>1 9 -1 weak5$ f -1 & are ( ! ,fem99e ,g5d]4 ,!y are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,porta1 gate2 /em1 port-4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,cases4 ,,mean+s4 ,,t]m9ations4 ,nom4 porta a gate 7z subject7 - ,g54 portae ( a gate -ae ,dat4 portae to or = a gate -ae ,acc4 portam a gate 7z object7 -am ,voc4 porta ,o gate6 - ,abl4 port )1 by1 f1 9 a gate - ,,plural4 ,nom4 portae gates 7z subject7 -ae ,g54 portrum ( gates -rum ,dat4 ports to or = gates -s ,acc4 ports gates 7z object7 -s ,voc4 portae ,o gates6 -ae ,abl4 ports )1 by1 f1 9 gates -s #a4 ,! ,lat9 has no article1 & porta may mean ei!r a gate or ! gate2 & 9 ! ,plural1 gates or ! gates4 ,peculi>ities ( ,n\ns ( ! ,fir/ ,decl5sion4 #ba4 #a4 ,,exceptions ,,9 ,,g5d]4 ,n\ns d5ot+ males are ,mascul9e2 z1 nauta1 sailor2 agricola1 f>m]2 also1 ,hadria1 ,adriatic ,sea4 #b4 ,r>e ,case-,end+s1-- a7 ,an old =m ( ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> 9 -s is pres]v$ 9 ! comb9ation pat] familis1 fa!r ( a family2 also 9 mt] familis1 flius familis1 flia familis4 ,b ! regul> =m ( ! ,g5itive 9 -ae is also admissible 9 ^! expressions2 z1 pat] familiae4 b7 ,9 poetry a ,g5itive 9 - also occurs2 z1 aul4 c7 ,! ,locative ,s+ul> ends 9 -ae2 z1 ,rmae1 at ,rome4 d7 ,a ,g5itive ,plural 9 -um in/ead ( -rum sometimes occurs2 z1 ,d>danidum in/ead ( ,d>danidrum4 ,?is t]m9ation -um is n a contraction ( -rum1 b repres5ts an entirely diff]5t case-end+4 e7 ,in/ead ( ! regul> end+ -s1 we usually f9d -bus 9 ! ,dative & ,ablative ,plural ( dea1 goddess1 & flia1 daught]1 especially :5 x is important to di/+ui% ^! n\ns f ! correspond+ =ms ( deus1 god1 & flius1 son4 ,a few o!r words sometimes h ! same peculi>ity2 z1 lb]tbus 7f lb]ta1 fre$woman71 equbus 7m>es71 to avoid confusion ) lb]ts 7f lb]tus1 fre$man7 & equs 7f equus1 horse74 ,greek ,n\ns4 #bb4 ,^! end 9 - 7,fem99e72 -s & -s 7,mascul9e74 ,9 ! ,plural !y are decl9$ l regul> ,lat9 n\ns ( ! ,fir/ ,decl5sion4 ,9 ! ,s+ul> !y are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,ar*is1 ,epitom1 ,comts1 comet4 ,ar*ias4 epitome4 ,nom4 ,ar*is epitom comts ,g54 ,ar*iae epitoms comtae ,dat4 ,ar*iae epitomae comtae ,acc4 ,ar*iam 7or -n7 epitomn comtn ,voc4 ,ar*i epitom comt 7or -7 ,abl4 ,ar*i epitom comt 7or -7 #a4 ,b mo/ ,greek n\ns 9 - become regul> ,lat9 n\ns 9 -a1 & are decl9$ l porta2 z1 grammatica1 gramm>2 msica1 music2 rhtorica1 rhetoric4 #b4 ,"s o!r peculi>ities occur1 especially 9 poetry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,decl5sion4 -,/ems4 #bc4 ,pure ,lat9 n\ns ( ! ,second ,decl5sion end 9 -u1 -er1 -ir1 ,mascul9e2 -um1 ,neut]4 ,orig9ally -u 9 ! ,nom9ative ( ! ,mascul9e 0 -os2 & -um ( ! ,neut]s -om4 ,s also 9 ! ,accusative4 ,n\ns 9 -u & -um are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,hortus1 g>d52 ,bellum1 w>2 /em1 hort-4 /em1 bell-4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,t]m9ation4 ,,t]m9ation4 ,nom4 hortus -u bellum -um ,g54 hort - bell - ,dat4 hort - bell - ,acc4 hortum -um bellum -um ,voc4 horte -e bellum -um ,abl4 hort - bell - ,,plural4 ,nom4 hort - bella -a ,g54 hortrum -rum bellrum -rum ,dat4 horts -s bells -s ,acc4 horts -s bella -a ,voc4 hort - bella -a ,abl4 horts -s bells -s ,n\ns 9 -er & -ir are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,pu]1 boy2 ,ag]1 field2 ,vir1 man2 /em1 pu]- /em1 agr- /em1 vir- ,,s+ul>4 ,,t]m9ation4 ,nom4 pu] ag] vir ,want+ ,g54 pu] agr vir - ,dat4 pu] agr vir - ,acc4 pu]um agrum virum -um ,voc4 pu] ag] vir ,want+ ,abl4 pu] agr vir - ,,plural4 ,nom4 pu] agr vir - ,g54 pu]rum agrrum virrum -rum ,dat4 pu]s agrs virs -s ,acc4 pu]s agrs virs -s ,voc4 pu] agr vir - ,abl4 pu]s agrs virs -s #a4 ,note t 9 words ( ! type ( pu] & vir ! f9al v[el ( ! /em has disappe>$ 9 ! ,nom9ative & ,vocative ,s+ul>4 ,9 ! ,nom9ative & ,vocative ,s+ul> ( ag]1 ! /em is fur!r modifi$ by ! developm5t ( e be=e r4 #b4 ,! foll[+ n\ns 9 -er are decl9$ l pu]3 adult]1 adult]]2 g5]1 son-9-law2 ,lb]1 ,bac*us2 soc]1 fa!r-9-law2 vesp]1 ev5+2 & comp\nds 9 -f] & -g]1 z signif]1 armig]4 ,n\ns 9 -vus1 -vum1 -quus4 #bd4 ,n\ns end+ 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul> 9 -vus1 -vum1 -quus1 exhibit$ two types ( inflection 9 ! classical ,lat91--an e>li] & a lat]1--z foll[s3-- ,e>li] ,inflection 7includ+ ,caes> & ,cic]o74 ,s]vos1 m41 ,aevom1 n41 ,equos1 m41 slave4 age4 horse4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 s]vos aevom equos ,g54 s]v aev equ ,dat4 s]v aev equ ,acc4 s]vom aevom equom ,voc4 s]ve aevom eque ,abl4 s]v aev equ ,lat] inflection 7aft] ,cic]o74 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 s]vus aevum equus ,g54 s]v aev equ ,dat4 s]v aev equ ,act4 s]vum aevum equum ,voc4 s]ve aevum eque ,abl4 s]v aev equ #a4 ,! ,plural ( ^! n\ns is regul>1 & always uni=m4 ,peculi>ities ( ,inflection 9 ! ,second ,decl5sion4 #be4 #a4 ,prop] names 9 -ius regul>ly =m ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> 9 - 7in/ead ( -i71 & ! ,vocative ,s+ul> 9 - 7= -ie72 z ,v]gl1 ( ,virgil1 or ,o ,virgil 7in/ead ( ,v]gili1 ,v]gilie74 ,9 su* words ! acc5t /&s ^u ! p5ult1 ev5 ?\gh t be %ort4 ,n\ns 9 -ajus1 -ejus =m ! ,g54 9 -a1 -e1 z ,pompejus1 ,pompe4 #b4 ,n\ns 9 -ius & -ium1 until aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,augu/us 7#ca ,b4,c471 regul>ly =m$ ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> 9 -i 7in/ead ( -i72 z1-- ,nom4 +5ium flius ,g54 +n fl ,^! ,g5itives acc5t ! p5ult1 ev5 :5 x is %ort4 #c4 ,flius =ms ! ,vocative ,s+ul> 9 - 7= -ie72 viz4 fl1 ,o son6 #d4 ,deus1 god1 lacks ! ,vocative ,s+ul>4 ,! ,plural is inflect$ z foll[s3-- ,nom4 d 7de7 ,g54 derum 7deum7 ,dat4 ds 7des7 ,acc4 des ,voc4 d 7de7 ,abl4 ds 7des7 #e4 ,! ,locative ,s+ul> ends 9 -2 z1 ,cor9?1 at ,cor9?4 #f4 ,! ,g5itive ,plural has -um1 in/ead ( -rum1-- a7 9 words d5ot+ money & measure2 z1 tal5tum1 ( tal5ts2 modium1 ( pecks2 s/]tium1 ( se/]ces4 b7 9 duumvir1 triumvir1 decemvir2 z1 duumvirum4 c7 sometimes 9 o!r words2 z1 lb]um1 ( ! *ildr52 socium1 ( ! allies4 ,exceptions to ,g5d] 9 ! ,second ,decl5sion4 #bf4 #a4 ,! foll[+ n\ns 9 -u are ,fem99e by exception3-- a7 ,names ( t[ns1 isl&s1 trees--accord+ to ! g5]al rule laid d[n 9 #ae1 #b2 also "s names ( c\ntries2 z ,aegyptus1 ,egypt4 b7 ,five special words1-- alvus1 belly2 c>basus1 flax2 colus1 di/aff2 humus1 gr\nd2 vannus1 w9n[+-fan4 c7 ,a few ,greek ,fem99es2 z1-- atomus1 atom2 diph?ongus1 diph?ong4 #b4 ,! foll[+ n\ns 9 -u are ,neut]3-- pelagus1 sea2 vrus1 poison2 vulgus1 cr[d4 ,greek ,n\ns ( ! ,second ,decl5sion4 #bg4 ,^! end 9 -os1 -s1 ,mascul9e or ,fem99e2 & -on1 ,neut]4 ,!y are ma9ly prop] names1 & are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,b>bitos1 m4 ,&roges1 m41 lion1 n41 & f41 ,&rogeos4 ,troy4 lyre4 ,nom4 b>bitos ,&roges lion ,g54 b>bit ,&roge1 - li ,dat4 b>bit ,&roge li ,acc4 b>biton ,&roge1 -n lion ,voc4 b>bite ,&roges lion ,abl4 b>bit ,&roge li #a4 ,n\ns 9 -os sometimes =m ! ,accusative ,s+ul> 9 -um in/ead ( -on2 z1 ,dlum1 ,delos4 #b4 ,! ,plural ( ,greek n\ns1 :5 x occurs1 is usually regul>4 #c4 ,= o!r r>e =ms ( ,greek n\ns ! lexicon may be consult$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,decl5sion4 #bh4 ,n\ns ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion end 9 -a1 -e1 -1 -1 -y1 -c1 -l1 -n1 -r1 -s1 -t1 -x4 ,! ,?ird ,decl5sion includes sev]al di/9ct classes ( ,/ems1-- ,i4 ,pure ,consonant-,/ems4 ,,ii4 -,/ems4 ,,iii4 ,consonant-,/ems :i* h p>tially adapt$ !mselves to ! inflection ( -,/ems4 ,,iv4 ,a v few /ems end+ 9 a long v[el or a diph?ong4 ,v4 ,irregul> ,n\ns4 ,i4 ,consonant-,/ems4 #bi4 #a4 ,9 ^! ! /em appe>s 9 its unalt]$ =m 9 all ! oblique cases1 s t ! actual case-end+s may be cle>ly recogniz$4 #b4 ,consonant-,/ems fall into sev]al natural subdivisions1 accord+ z ! /em ends 9 a ,mute1 ,liquid1 ,nasal1 or ,spirant4 ,a4 ,mute-,/ems4 #cj4 ,mute-,/ems may end1-- #a4 ,9 a ,labial 7p72 z1 prncep-s4 #b4 ,9 a ,guttural 7g or c72 z1 rmex 7rmeg-s72 dux 7duc-s74 #c4 ,9 a ,d5tal 7d or t72 z1 lapis 7lapid-s72 mles 7mlet-s74 #a4 ,,/ems ,,9 ,a ,,labial ,,mute 7p74 #ca4 ,prnceps1 m41 *ief4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,t]m9ation4 ,nom4 prnceps -s ,g54 prncipis -is ,dat4 prncip - ,acc4 prncipem -em ,voc4 prnceps -s ,abl4 prncipe -e ,,plural4 ,nom4 prncips -s ,g54 prncipum -um ,dat4 prncipibus -ibus ,acc4 prncips -s ,voc4 prncips -s ,abl4 prncipibus -ibus #b4 ,,/ems ,,9 ,a ,,guttural ,,mute 7g1 c74 #cb4 ,9 ^! ! t]m9ation -s ( ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul> unites ) ! guttural1 ?us produc+ -x4 ,rmex1 m41 r[]4 ,dux1 c41 lead]4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 rmex rmigs dux ducs ,g54 rmigis rmigum ducis ducum ,dat4 rmig rmigibus duc ducibus ,acc4 rmigem rmigs ducem ducs ,voc4 rmex rmigs dux ducs ,abl4 rmige rmigibus duce ducibus #c4 ,,/ems ,,9 ,a ,,d5tal ,,mute 7d1 t74 #cc4 ,9 ^! ! f9al d or t ( ! /em disappe>s 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul> be=e ! end+ -s4 ,lapis1 m41 /one4 ,mles1 m41 soldi]4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 lapis lapids mles mlits ,g54 lapidis lapidum mlitis mlitum ,dat4 lapid lapidibus mlit mlitibus ,acc4 lapidem lapids mlitem mlits ,voc4 lapis lapids mles mlits ,abl4 lapide lapidibus mlite mlitibus ,b4 ,liquid ,/ems4 #cd4 ,^! end 9 -l or -r4 ,vigil1 m41 ,victor1 m41 ,aequor1 n41 wat*man4 conqu]or4 sea4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 vigil victor aequor ,g54 vigilis victris aequoris ,dat4 vigil victr aequor ,acc4 vigilem victrem aequor ,voc4 vigil victor aequor ,abl4 vigile victre aequore ,,plural4 ,nom4 vigils victrs aequora ,g54 vigilum victrum aequorum ,dat4 vigilibus victribus aequoribus ,acc4 vigils victrs aequora ,voc4 vigils victrs aequora ,abl4 vigilibus victribus aequoribus #a4 ,mascul9e & ,fem99e /ems end+ 9 a liquid =m ! ,nom9ative & ,vocative ,s+ul> )\t t]m9ation4 #b4 ,! t]m9ation is also lack+ 9 ! ,nom9ative1 ,accusative & ,vocative ,s+ul> ( all neut]s ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion4 ,c4 ,nasal ,/ems4 #ce4 ,^! end 9 -n1#ac :i* (t5 disappe>s 9 ! ,nom4 ,s+4 ,le1 m41 lion4 ,nm51 n41 "n ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 le lens nm5 nm9a ,g54 lenis lenum nm9is nm9um ,dat4 len lenibus nm9 nm9ibus ,acc4 lenem lens nm5 nm9a ,voc4 le lens nm5 nm9a ,abl4 lene lenibus nm9e nm9ibus ,d4 s-,/ems4 #cf4 ,ms1 m4 ,g5us1 n41 ,honor1 m41 cu/om4 race4 honor4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 ms g5us honor ,g54 mris g5]is honris ,dat4 mr g5] honr ,acc4 mrem g5us honrem ,voc4 ms g5us honor ,abl4 mre g5]e honre ,,plural4 ,nom4 mrs g5]a honrs ,g54 mrum g5]um honrum ,dat4 mribus g5]ibus honribus ,acc4 mrs g5]a honrs ,voc4 mrs g5]a honrs ,abl4 mribus g5]ibus honribus #a4 ,note t ! f9al s ( ! /em becomes r 7betwe5 v[els7 9 ! oblique cases4 ,9 _m words 7honor1 color1 & ! l7 ! r ( ! oblique cases has1 by analogy1 crept into ! ,nom9ative1 displac+ ! e>li] s1 ?\gh ! =ms hons1 cols1 etc41 also occur1 p>ticul>ly 9 e>ly ,lat9 & 9 poetry4 ,,ii4 -,/ems4 ,a4 ,mascul9e & ,fem99e -,/ems4 #cg4 ,^! regul>ly end 9 -is 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul>1 & always h -ium 9 ! ,g5itive ,plural4 ,orig9ally ! ,accusative ,s+ul> end$ 9 -im1 ! ,ablative ,s+ul> 9 -1 & ! ,accusative ,plural 9 -s2 b ^! end+s h be5 l>gely displac$ by -em1 -e1 & -s1 ! end+s ( ,consonant-,/ems4 #ch4 ,tussis1 f41 gnis1 m41 ,ho/is1 c41 c\gh2 /em1 fire2 /em1 enemy2 /em1 tussi-4 gni-4 ho/i-4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,t]m9ation4 ,nom4 tussis gnis ho/is -is ,g54 tussis gnis ho/is -is ,dat4 tuss gn ho/ - ,acc4 tussim gnem ho/em -im1 -em ,voc4 tussis gnis ho/is -is ,abl4 tuss gn or e ho/e -1 -e ,,plural4 ,nom4 tusss gns ho/s -s ,g54 tussium gnium ho/ium -ium ,dat4 tussibus gnibus ho/ibus -ibus ,acc4 tusss or -s gns or -s ho/s or -s -s1 -s ,voc4 tusss gns ho/s -s ,abl4 tussibus gnibus ho/ibus -ibus #a4 ,to ! same class belong-- apis1 bee4 crtis1 hurdle4 99secris1 axe4 auris1 e>4 99febris1 fev]4 sm5tis1 s[+4 avis1 bird4 orbis1 circle4 99sitis1 ?ir/4 axis1 axle4 ovis1 %eep4 torris1 br&4 99bris1 pl\gh-beam4 pelvis1 bas94 99turris1 t[]4 clvis1 key4 puppis1 /]n4 trudis1 pole4 collis1 hill4 re/is1 rope4 vectis1 lev]4 & _m o!rs4 ,words m>k$ ) a /> regul>ly h ,acc4 -im2 ^? m>k$ ) a regul>ly h ,abl4 -4 ,( ! o!rs1 _m at times %[ -im & -4 ,t[n & riv] names 9 -is regul>ly h -im1 -4 #b4 ,n all n\ns 9 -is are -,/ems4 ,"s are g5u9e consonant-/ems1 & h ! regul> consonant t]m9ations ?r\gh\t1 notably1 canis1 dog2 juv5is1 y\?4#ad #c4 ,"s g5u9e -,/ems h become disguis$ 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul>2 z1 p>s1 "p1 = p>7ti7s2 anas1 duck1 = ana7ti7s2 s also mors1 dea?2 ds1 d[ry2 nox1 night2 sors1 lot2 mns1 m9d2 ars1 art2 gns1 tribe2 & "s o!rs4 ,b4 ,neut] -,/ems4 #ci4 ,^! end 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul> 9 -e1 -al1 & -ar4 ,!y always h - 9 ! ,ablative ,s+ul>1 -ia 9 ! ,nom9ative1 ,accusative1 & ,vocative ,plural1 & -ium 9 ! ,g5itive ,plural1 ?us hold+ m /eadfa/ly to ! i-"* ?an d ,mascul9e & ,fem99e -,/ems4 ,s$ile1 ,animal1 ,calc>1 seat2 animal2 spur2 /em1 s$li-4 /em1 /em1 animli-4 calcri-4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,t]m9ation4 ,nom4 s$le animal calc> -e or want+ ,g54 s$lis animlis calcris -is ,dat4 s$l animl calcr - ,acc4 s$le animal calc> -e or want+ ,voc4 s$le animal calc> -e or want+ ,abl4 s$l animl calcr - ,,plural4 ,nom4 s$lia animlia calcria -ia ,g54 s$lium animlium calcrium -ium ,dat4 s$libus animlibus calcribus -ibus ,acc4 s$lia animlia calcria -ia ,voc4 s$lia animlia calcria -ia ,abl4 s$libus animlibus calcribus -ibus #a4 ,9 mo/ words ( ?is class ! f9al -i ( ! /em is lo/ 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul>2 9 o!rs x appe>s z -e4 #b4 ,prop] names 9 -e =m ! ,ablative ,s+ul> 9 -e2 z1 ,sracte1 ,mt4 ,soracte2 s also sometimes m>e1 sea4 ,,iii4 ,consonant-,/ems t h p>tially adapt$ !mselves to ! ,inflection ( -,/ems4 #dj4 ,_m ,consonant-,/ems h s f> adapt$ !mselves to ! inflection ( -/ems z to take -ium 9 ! ,g5itive ,plural1 & -s 9 ! ,accusative ,plural4 ,_! true "* z ,consonant-,/ems1 h[ev]1 is %[n by ! fact t !y nev] take -im 9 ! ,accusative ,s+ul>1 or - 9 ! ,ablative ,s+ul>4 ,! foll[+ words are examples ( ?is class3-- ,ca$s1 f41 ,arx1 f41 ,l9t]1 f41 slaught]2 citadel2 skiff2 /em1 ca$-4 /em1 arc-4 /em1 l9tr-4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 ca$s arx l9t] ,g54 ca$is arcis l9tris ,dat4 ca$ arc l9tr ,acc4 ca$em arcem l9trem ,voc4 ca$s arx l9t] ,abl4 ca$e arce l9tre ,,plural4 ,nom4 ca$s arcs l9trs ,g54 ca$ium arcium l9trium ,dat4 ca$ibus arcibus l9tribus ,acc4 ca$s1 -s arcs1 -s l9trs1 -s ,voc4 ca$s arcs l9trs ,abl4 ca$ibus arcibus l9tribus #a4 ,! foll[+ classes ( n\ns belong "h3-- a7 ,n\ns 9 -s1 ) ,g5itive 9 -is2 z1 nbs1 a$s1 clds1 etc4 b7 ,_m monosyllables 9 -s or -x prec$$ by "o or m consonants2 z1 urbs1 mns1 /irps1 lanx4 c7 ,mo/ n\ns 9 -ns & -rs z1 clins1 cohors4 d7 t]1 v5t]2 fr1 ls1 ms1 ms1 nix2 & ! ,plurals faucs1 p5ts1 ,optimts1 ,samnits1 ,quirts4 e7 ,sometimes n\ns 9 -ts ) ,g5itive -ttis2 z1 cvits1 aets4 ,cvits usually has cvittium4 ,,iv4 ,/ems 9 -1 -1 & ,diph?ongs4 #da4 ,vis1 f41 ,ss1 c41 ,bs1 c41 ox1 ,juppit]1 m41 =ce2 sw9e2 c[2 ,jupit]2 /em1 v-4 /em1 s-4 /em1 b\-4 /em1 ,j\-4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 vs ss bs ,juppit] ,g54 ---- suis bovis ,jovis ,dat4 ---- su bov ,jov ,acc4 vim suem bovem ,jovem ,voc4 vs ss bs ,juppit] ,abl4 v sue bove ,jove ,,plural4 ,nom4 vrs sus bovs ,g54 vrium suum bovum1 b\m ,dat4 vribus suibus1 subus bbus1 bbus ,acc4 vrs sus bovs ,voc4 vrs sus bovs ,abl4 vribus suibus1 subus bbus1 bbus #a4 ,notice t ! oblique cases ( ss h 9 ! root syllable4 #b4 ,grs is decl9$ l ss1 except t ! ,dative & ,ablative ,plural are always gruibus4 #c4 ,juppit] is = ,j\-pat]1 & !re=e conta9s ! same /em z 9 ,jov-is1 ,jov-1 etc4 ,nvis 0 orig9ally a diph?ong /em end+ 9 au-1 b x has pass$ ov] to ! -/ems 7 #cg74 ,its ablative (t5 ends 9 -4 ,v4 ,irregul> ,n\ns4 #db4 ,s5ex1 m41 ,c>1 f41 ,os1 n41 old man4 fle%4 bone4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 s5ex c> os ,g54 s5is c>nis ossis ,dat4 s5 c>n oss ,acc4 s5em c>nem os ,voc4 s5ex c> os ,abl4 s5e c>ne osse ,,plural4 ,nom4 s5s c>ns ossa ,g54 s5um c>nium ossium ,dat4 s5ibus c>nibus ossibus ,acc4 s5s c>ns ossa ,voc4 s5s c>ns ossa ,abl4 s5ibus c>nibus ossibus #a4 ,it]1 it9]is1 n41 way1 is inflect$ regul>ly ?r\gh\t f ! /em it9]-4 #b4 ,supellex1 supellectilis1 f41 furniture1 is conf9$ to ! ,s+ul>4 ,! oblique cases are =m$ f ! /em supellectil-4 ,! ablative has bo? - & -e4 #c4 ,jecur1 n41 liv]1 =ms its oblique cases f two /ems1--jecor- & jec9or-4 ,?us1 ,g54 jecoris or jec9oris4 #d4 ,femur1 n41 ?igh1 usually =ms its oblique cases f ! /em femor-1 b sometimes f ! /em fem9-4 ,?us1 ,g54 femoris or fem9is4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,g5d] 9 ! ,?ird ,decl5sion4 #dc4 #a4 ,n\ns 9 -1 -or1 -s1 -er1 -s are ,mascul9e4 #b4 ,n\ns 9 -s1 -s1 -is1 -ys1 -x1 -s 7prec$$ by a consonant72 -d1 -g 7,g5itive -inis72 -i 7ab/ract & collective71 -s 7,g5itive -tis or -dis7 are ,fem99e4 #c4 ,n\ns end+ 9 -a1 -e1 -i1 -y1 -o1 -l1 -n1 -t1 -ar1 -ur1 -s are ,neut]4 ,*ief ,exceptions to ,g5d] 9 ! ,?ird ,decl5sion4 #dd4 ,exceptions to ! ,rule = ,mascul9es4 #a4 ,n\ns 9 -4 a4 ,fem99e3 c>1 fle%4 #b4 ,n\ns 9 -or4 a4 ,fem99e3 arbor1 tree4 b4 ,neut]3 aequor1 sea2 cor1 he>t2 m>mor1 m>ble4 #c4 ,n\ns 9 -s4 a4 ,fem99e3 ds1 d[ry4 b4 ,neut]3 s 7ris71 m\?4 #d4 ,n\ns 9 -er4 a4 ,fem99e3 l9t]1 skiff4 b4 ,neut]3 cadv]1 corpse2 it]1 way2 tb]1 tumor2 b]1 udd]4 ,also botanical names 9 -er2 z1 ac]1 maple4 #e4 ,n\ns 9 -s4 a4 ,fem99e3 seges1 crop4 #de4 ,exceptions to ! ,rule = ,fem99es4 #a4 ,n\ns 9 -s4 a4 ,mascul9e3 vs1 bondsman4 b4 ,neut]3 vs1 vessel4 #b4 ,n\ns 9 -s4 a4 ,mascul9e3 aris1 ram2 p>is1 wall2 ps1 foot4 #c4 ,n\ns 9 -is4 a4 ,mascul9e3 all n\ns 9 -nis & -guis2 z1 amnis1 riv]2 gnis1 fire2 pnis1 bread2 sanguis1 blood2 unguis1 nail4 ,also-- axis1 axle4 piscis1 fi%4 collis1 hill4 po/is1 po/4 fascis1 bundle4 pulvis1 du/4 lapis1 /one4 orbis1 circle4 mnsis1 mon?4 s5tis1 bri]4 #d4 ,n\ns 9 -x4 a4 ,mascul9e3 apex1 peak2 cdex1 tree-trunk2 grex1 flock2 imbrex1 tile2 pollex1 ?umb2 v]tex1 summit2 calix1 cup4 #e4 ,n\ns 9 -s prec$$ by a consonant4 a4 ,mascul9e3 dns1 too?2 fns1 f\nta92 mns1 m\nta92 pns1 bridge4 #f4 ,n\ns 9 -d4 a4 ,mascul9e3 c>d1 h+e2 rd1 ord]4 #df4 ,exceptions to ! ,rule = ,neut]s4 #a4 ,n\ns 9 -l4 a4 ,mascul9e3 sl1 sun2 sl1 salt4 #b4 ,n\ns 9 -n4 a4 ,mascul9e3 pect51 comb4 #c4 ,n\ns 9 -ur4 a4 ,mascul9e3 vultur1 vulture4 #d4 ,n\ns 9 -s4 a4 ,mascul9e3 lepus1 h>e4 ,greek ,n\ns ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion4 #dg4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief peculi>ities ( ^!3-- #a4 ,! end+ - 9 ! ,accusative ,s+ul>2 z1 ae!r1 ae!r2 ,salamn1 ,salamis4 #b4 ,! end+ -s 9 ! ,nom9ative ,plural2 z1 ,phrygs1 ,phrygians4 #c4 ,! end+ -s 9 ! ,accusative ,plural2 z1 ,phrygs1 ,phrygians4 #d4 ,prop] names 9 -s 7,g5itive -antis7 h - 9 ! ,vocative ,s+ul>2 z1 ,atls 7,atlantis71 ,vocative ,atl1 ,atlas4 #e4 ,neut]s 9 -ma 7,g5itive -matis7 h -s in/ead ( -ibus 9 ! ,dative & ,ablative ,plural2 z1 pomats1 poems4 #f4 ,orpheus1 & o!r prop] names end+ 9 -eus1 =m ! ,vocative ,s+ul> 9 -eu 7,orpheu1 etc474 ,b 9 prose ! o!r cases usually foll[ ! second decl5sion2 z1 ,orphe1 ,orphe1 etc4 #g4 ,prop] names 9 -s1 l ,p]icls1 =m ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> sometimes 9 -is1 sometimes 9 -1 z1 ,p]iclis or ,p]icl4 #h4 ,fem99e prop] names 9 - h -s 9 ! ,g5itive1 b - 9 ! o!r oblique cases2 z1-- ,nom4 ,did ,acc4 ,did ,g54 ,dids ,voc4 ,did ,dat4 ,did ,abl4 ,did #i4 ,! regul> ,lat9 end+s (t5 occur 9 ,greek n\ns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\r? ,,decl5sion4 -,/ems4 #dh4 ,n\ns ( ! ,f\r? ,decl5sion end 9 -u ,mascul9e1 & - ,neut]4 ,!y are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,frctus1 m41 fruit4 ,corn1 n41 horn4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 frctus frcts corn cornua ,g54 frcts frctuum corns cornuum ,dat4 frctu frctibus corn cornibus ,acc4 frctum frcts corn cornua ,voc4 frctus frcts corn cornua ,abl4 frct frctibus corn cornibus ,peculi>ities ( ,n\ns ( ! ,f\r? ,decl5sion4 #di4 #a4 ,n\ns 9 -u1 p>ticul>ly 9 e>ly ,lat91 (t5 =m ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> 9 -1 foll[+ ! analogy ( n\ns 9 -u ( ! ,second ,decl5sion2 z1 s5t1 rnt4 ,?is is usually ! case 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 #b4 ,n\ns 9 -u sometimes h - 9 ! ,dative ,s+ul>1 in/ead ( -u2 z1 frct 7= frctu74 #c4 ,! end+ -ubus1 in/ead ( -ibus1 occurs 9 ! ,dative & ,ablative ,plural ( arts 7,plural71 limbs2 tribus1 tribe2 & 9 dis-syllables 9 -cus2 z1 artubus1 tribubus1 arcubus1 lacubus4 ,b ) ! exception ( tribus1 all ^! words admit ! =ms 9 -ibus z well z ^? 9 -ubus4 #d4 ,domus1 h\se1 is decl9$ accord+ to ! ,f\r? ,decl5sion1 b has also ! foll[+ =ms ( ! ,second3-- dom 7locative71 at home2 dom1 f home2 domum1 homew>ds1 to "o's home2 doms1 homew>ds1 to _! 7etc47 homes #e4 ,! only ,neut]s ( ?is decl5sion 9 common use are3 corn1 horn2 g51 knee2 & v]1 spit4 ,exceptions to ,g5d] 9 ! ,f\r? ,decl5sion4 #ej4 ,! foll[+ n\ns 9 -u are ,fem99e3 acus1 ne$le2 domus1 h\se2 manus1 h&2 porticus1 colonnade2 tribus1 tribe2 ds 7,plural71 ,ides2 also names ( trees 7 #ae1 #b74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fif? ,,decl5sion4 -,/ems4 #ea4 ,n\ns ( ! ,fif? ,decl5sion end 9 -s1 & are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,dis1 m41 day4 ,rs1 f41 ?+4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 dis dis rs rs ,g54 di dirum r rrum ,dat4 di dibus r rbus ,acc4 diem dis rem rs ,voc4 dis dis rs rs ,abl4 di dibus r rbus ,peculi>ities ( ,n\ns ( ! ,fif? ,decl5sion4 #eb4 #a4 ,! end+ ( ! ,g5itive & ,dative ,s+ul> is -1 in/ead ( -1 :5 a consonant prec$es2 z1 sp1 r1 fid4 #b4 ,a ,g5itive end+ - 7= -7 is f\nd 9 plb 7f plbs plbs7 9 ! expressions tribnus plb1 tribune ( ! p1 & plb sctum1 decree ( ! p2 sometimes also 9 o!r words4 #c4 ,a ,g5itive & ,dative =m 9 - sometimes occurs2 z1 aci4 #d4 ,) ! exception ( dis & rs1 mo/ n\ns ( ! ,fif? ,decl5sion are n decl9$ 9 ! ,plural4 ,b acis1 s]is1 specis1 sps1 & a few o!rs are us$ 9 ! ,nom9ative & ,accusative ,plural4 ,g5d] 9 ! ,fif? ,decl5sion4 #ec4 ,n\ns ( ! ,fif? ,decl5sion are regul>ly ,fem99e1 except dis1 day1 & m]dis1 mid-day4 ,b dis is sometimes ,fem99e 9 ! ,s+ul>1 p>ticul>ly :5 x means an appo9t$ day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,defective ,,n\ns4 #ed4 ,"h belong-- #a4 ,n\ns us$ 9 ! ,s+ul> only4 #b4 ,n\ns us$ 9 ! ,plural only4 #c4 ,n\ns us$ only 9 c]ta9 cases4 #d4 ,indecl9able ,n\ns4 ,n\ns us$ 9 ! ,s+ul> only4 #ee4 ,_m n\ns1 f ! nature ( _! signification1 are regul>ly us$ 9 ! ,s+ul> only4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,prop] names2 z1 ,cic]1 ,cic]o2 ,italia1 ,italy4 #b4 ,n\ns d5ot+ mat]ial2 z1 aes1 copp]2 lac1 milk4 #c4 ,ab/ract n\ns2 z1 ignrantia1 ignorance2 bonits1 goodness4 #d4 ,b ! above classes ( words are sometimes us$ 9 ! ,plural4 ,?us3-- a7 ,prop] names1--to d5ote diff]5t memb]s ( a family1 or specim5s ( a type2 z1 ,cic]ns1 ! ,cic]os2 ,catns1 m5 l ,cato4 b7 ,names ( mat]ials1--to d5ote objects made ( ! mat]ial1 or diff]5t k9ds ( ! sub/ance2 z1 a]a1 bronzes 7i4e4 bronze figures72 ligna1 woods4 c7 ,ab/ract n\ns1--to d5ote in/ances ( ! quality2 z1 ignrantiae1 cases ( ignorance4 ,n\ns us$ 9 ! ,plural only4 #ef4 ,"h belong-- #a4 ,_m geographical names2 z1 ,?bae1 ,!bes2 ,leuctra1 ,leuctra2 ,pompej1 ,pompeii4 #b4 ,_m names ( fe/ivals2 z1 ,megalsia1 ! ,megalesian fe/ival4 #c4 ,_m special words1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3-- angu/iae1 n>r[ pass4 mns1 spirits ( ! arma1 weapons4 dead4 dliciae1 delight4 mo5ia1 city walls4 dvitiae1 ri*es4 m9ae1 ?reats4 ds1 ,ides4 nptiae1 m>riage4 indtiae1 truce4 po/]1 desc5dants4 nsidiae1 ambu%4 reliquiae1 rema9d]4 majrs1 ance/ors4 t5ebrae1 d>kness4 v]b]a1 bl[s4 ,also 9 classical prose regul>ly-- c]vcs1 neck4 nrs1 nose4 fids1 lyre4 vsc]1 visc]a4 ,n\ns us$ only 9 ,c]ta9 ,cases4 #eg4 #a4 ,us$ 9 only ,"o ,case4 ,_m n\ns ( ! ,f\r? ,decl5sion are f\nd only 9 ! ,ablative ,s+ul> z1 juss1 by ! ord]2 injuss1 )\t ! ord]2 nt1 by bir?4 #b4 ,us$ 9 ,two ,cases4 a4 ,=s 7*ance71 ,nom4 ,s+42 =te1 ,abl4 ,s+4 b4 ,spontis 7free-w71 ,g54 ,s+42 sponte1 ,abl4 ,s+4 #c4 ,us$ 9 ,?ree ,cases4 ,nm1 no "o 7,nom471 has also ! ,dat4 nm9 & ! ,acc4 nm9em4 ,! ,g54 & ,abl4 are suppli$ by ! correspond+ cases ( nllus2 viz4 nllu & nll4 #d4 ,impetus has ! ,nom41 ,acc41 & ,abl4 ,s+41 & ! ,nom4 & ,acc4 ,plu42 viz4 impetus1 impetum1 impet1 impets4 #e4 a4 ,prec1 precem1 prece1 lacks ! ,nom4 & ,g54 ,s+4 b4 ,vicis1 vicem1 vice1 lacks ! ,nom4 & ,dat4 ,s+4 #f4 ,opis1 dapis1 & frgis1--all lack ! ,nom4 ,s+4 #g4 ,_m monosyllables ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion lack ! ,g54 ,plu43 z1 cor1 lx1 sl1 aes1 s 7ris71 rs1 sl1 ts4 ,indecl9able ,n\ns4 #eh4 ,"h belong-- fs1 n41 "r4 nefs1 n41 impiety4 n/>1 n41 lik5ess4 nihil1 n41 no?+4 mne1 n41 morn+4 secus1 n41 sex4 #a4 ,) ! exception ( mne 7:i* may s]ve also z ,ablative1 9 ! morn+71 ! n\ns 9 ?is li/ are simply ,neut]s conf9$ 9 use to ! ,nom9ative & ,accusative ,s+ul>4 ,het]oclites4 #ei4 ,^! are n\ns ^: =ms are p>tly ( "o decl5sion1 & p>tly ( ano!r4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,sev]al n\ns h ! entire ,s+ul> ( "o decl5sion1 :ile ! ,plural is ( ano!r2 z1-- vs1 vsis 7vessel72 ,plu41 vsa1 vsorum1 vss1 etc4 jg]um1 jg] 7acre72 ,plu41 jg]a1 jg]um1 jg]ibus1 etc4 #b4 ,sev]al n\ns1 :ile belong+ 9 ! ma9 to "o decl5sion1 h c]ta9 special =ms belong+ to ano!r4 ,?us3-- a7 ,_m n\ns ( ! ,fir/ ,decl5sion end+ 9 -ia take also a ,nom4 & ,acc4 ( ! ,fif?2 z1 mt]is1 mt]iem1 mat]ial1 z well z mt]ia1 mt]iam4 b7 ,fams1 hung]1 regul>ly ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion1 has ! ,abl4 fam ( ! ,fif?4 c7 ,requis1 requitis1 re/1 regul>ly ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion1 takes an ,acc4 ( ! ,fif?1 requiem1 9 addition to requitem4 d7 ,besides plbs1 plbis1 common p1 ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion1 we f9d plbs1 plb 7also plb1 see #eb1 #b71 ( ! ,fif?4 ,het]og5e\s ,n\ns4 #fj4 ,het]og5e\s n\ns v>y 9 ,g5d]4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,sev]al n\ns ( ! ,second ,decl5sion h two =ms1--"o ,masc4 9 -u1 & "o ,neut] 9 -um2 z1 clipeus1 clipeum1 %ield2 c>rus1 c>rum1 c>t4 #b4 ,o!r n\ns h "o g5d] 9 ! ,s+ul>1 ano!r 9 ! ,plural2 z1-- ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 balneum1 n41 ba?2 balneae1 f41 ba?-h\se4 epulum1 n41 fea/2 epulae1 f41 fea/4 frnum1 n41 bridle2 frn1 m47r>ely frna1 n471 bridle4 jocus1 m41 je/2 joca1 n4 7also joc1 m471 je/s4 locus1 m41 place2 loca1 n41 places2 loc1 m41 passages or topics 9 an au?or4 r/rum1 n41 rake2 r/r1 m42 r/ra1 n41 rakes4 a4 ,het]og5e\s n\ns may at ! same "t be het]oclites1 z 9 case ( ! fir/ two examples above4 ,plurals ) ,*ange ( ,mean+4 #fa4 ,! foll[+ n\ns h "o mean+ 9 ! ,s+ul>1 & ano!r 9 ! ,plural3-- ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 a$s1 temple2 a$s1 h\se4 auxilium1 help2 auxilia1 auxili>y troops4 c>c]1 prison2 c>c]s1 /alls = rac+-*>iot4 ca/rum1 =t2 ca/ra1 camp4 cpia1 abundance2 cpiae1 troops1 res\rces4 fnis1 end2 fns1 bord]s1 t]ritory4 =tna1 =tune2 =tnae1 possessions1 weal?4 grtia1 favor1 grtiae1 ?anks4 gratitude2 imp$m5tum1 imp$m5ta1 baggage4 h9drance2 litt]a1 lett] 7( ! litt]ae1 epi/le2 lit]ature4 alphabet72 ms1 habit1 cu/om2 mrs1 "*4 op]a1 help1 s]vice2 op]ae1 labor]s4 7ops7 opis1 help2 ops1 res\rces4 p>s1 "p2 "ps1 p>ty2 rle4 sl1 salt2 sls1 wit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b4 ,,adjectives4 #fb4 ,adjectives d5ote quality4 ,!y are decl9$ l n\ns1 & fall into two classes1-- #a4 ,adjectives ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,decl5sions4 #b4 ,adjectives ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions4 #fc4 ,9 ^! ! ,mascul9e is decl9$ l hortus1 pu]1 or ag]1 ! ,fem99e l porta1 & ! ,neut] l bellum4 ,?us1 ,mascul9e l hortus3-- ,bonus1 good4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 bonus bona bonum ,g54 bon bonae bon ,dat4 bon bonae bon ,acc4 bonum bonam bonum ,voc4 bone bona bonum ,abl4 bon bon bon ,,plural4 ,nom4 bon bonae bona ,g54 bonrum bonrum bonrum ,dat4 bons bons bons ,acc4 bons bons bona ,voc4 bon bonae bona ,abl4 bons bons bons #a4 ,! ,g54 ,s+4 ,masc4 & ,neut4 ( ,adjectives 9 -ius ends 9 -i 7n 9 - z 9 case ( ,n\ns2 see #be1 #a2 #b74 ,s also ! ,voc4 ,s+4 ( su* ,adjectives ends 9 -ie1 n 9 4 ,?us eximius =ms ,g54 eximi2 ,voc4 eximie4 #b4 ,di/ributives 7see #gh1 #a1 c7 regul>ly =m ! ,g54 ,plu4 ,masc4 & ,neut4 9 -um in/ead ( -rum 7comp>e #be1 #f72 z1 dnum c5tnum2 b always s+ulrum4 #fd4 ,mascul9e l pu]3-- ,t5]1 t5d]4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e ,,neut]4 ,nom4 t5] t5]a t5]um ,g54 t5] t5]ae t5] ,dat4 t5] t5]ae t5] ,acc4 t5]um t5]am t5]um ,voc4 t5] t5]a t5]um ,abl4 t5] t5] t5] ,,plural4 ,nom4 t5] t5]ae t5]a ,g54 t5]rum t5]rum t5]rum ,dat4 t5]s t5]s t5]s ,acc4 t5]s t5]s t5]a ,voc4 t5] t5]ae t5]a ,abl4 t5]s t5]s t5]s #fe4 ,mascul9e l ag]3-- ,sac]1 sacr$4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 sac] sacra sacrum ,g54 sacr sacrae sacr ,dat4 sacr sacrae sacr ,acc4 sacrum sacram sacrum ,voc4 sac] sacra sacrum ,abl4 sacr sacr sacr ,,plural4 ,nom4 sacr sacrae sacra ,g54 sacrrum sacrrum sacrrum ,dat4 sacrs sacrs sacrs ,acc4 sacrs sacrs sacra ,voc4 sacr sacrae sacra ,abl4 sacrs sacrs sacrs #a4 ,mo/ adjectives 9 -er are decl9$ l sac]4 ,! foll[+ h[ev]1 are decl9$ l t5]3 asp]1 r\gh2 lac]1 torn2 lb]1 free2 mis]1 wret*$2 prsp]1 prosp]\s2 comp\nds 9 -f] & -g]2 sometimes dext]1 "r4 #b4 ,satur1 full1 is decl9$3 satur1 satura1 saturum4 ,n9e ,irregul> ,adjectives4 #ff4 ,"h belong-- alius1 ano!r2 alt]1 ! o!r2 llus1 any2 nllus1 none2 ut]1 :i*8 7( two72 neut]1 nei!r2 slus1 alone2 ttus1 :ole2 nus1 "o1 alone4 ,!y are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,,s+ul>4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 alius alia aliud ,g54 alt]u alt]u alt]u#ae ,dat4 ali ali ali ,acc4 alium aliam aliud ,voc4 ---- ---- ---- ,abl4 ali ali ali ,nom4 alt] alt]a alt]um ,g54 alt]u alt]u alt]u ,dat4 alt] alt]#af alt] ,acc4 alt]um alt]am alt]um ,voc4 ---- ---- ---- ,abl4 alt] alt] alt] ,nom4 ut] utra utrum ,g54 utru utru utru ,dat4 utr utr utr ,acc4 utrum utram utrum ,voc4 ---- ---- ---- ,abl4 utr utr utr ,nom4 ttus tta ttum ,g54 ttu ttu ttu ,dat4 tt tt tt ,acc4 ttum ttam ttum ,voc4 ---- ---- ---- ,abl4 tt tt tt #a4 ,all ^! words lack ! ,vocative4 ,! ,plural is regul>4 #b4 ,neut] is decl9$ l ut]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion4 #fg4 ,^! fall into ?ree classes1-- #a4 ,adjectives ( ?ree t]m9ations 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul>1--"o = ea* g5d]4 #b4 ,adjectives ( two t]m9ations4 #c4 ,adjectives ( "o t]m9ation4 a4 ,) ! exception ( ,comp>atives1 & a few o!r words m5tion$ bel[ 9 #gj1 #a1 all ,adjectives ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion foll[ ! inflection ( -/ems2 i4e4 !y h ! ,ablative ,s+ul> 9 -1 ! ,g5itive ,plural 9 -ium1 ! ,accusative ,plural 9 -s 7z well z -s7 9 ! ,mascul9e & ,fem99e1 & ! ,nom9ative & ,accusative ,plural 9 -ia 9 ,neut]s4 ,adjectives ( ,?ree ,t]m9ations4 #fh4 ,^! are decl9$ z foll[s3-- c]1 %>p4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 c] cris cre ,g54 cris cris cris ,dat4 cr cr cr ,acc4 crem crem cre ,voc4 c] cris cre ,abl4 cr cr cr ,,plural4 ,nom4 crs crs cria ,g54 crium crium crium ,dat1 cribus cribus cribus ,acc4 crs1 -s crs1 -s cria ,voc4 crs crs cria ,abl4 cribus cribus cribus #a4 ,l c] are decl9$ alac]1 lively2 campe/]1 level2 celeb]1 fam\s2 eque/]1 eque/rian2 pal/]1 m>%y2 p$e/]1 p$e/rian2 put]1 rott52 salb]1 :olesome2 silve/]1 woody2 t]re/]1 t]re/rial2 voluc]1 w+$2 also names ( mon?s 9 -b]1 z ,septemb]4 #b4 ,cel]1 cel]is1 cel]e1 swift1 reta9s ! e be=e r1 b lacks ! ,g5itive ,plural4 #c4 ,9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul> ( ,adjectives ( ?is class ! ,fem99e =m is sometimes us$ = ! ,mascul9e4 ,?is is regul>ly true ( salbris1 silve/ris1 & t]re/ris4 ,9 case ( ! o!r words 9 ! li/1 ! use ( ! ,fem99e = ! ,mascul9e is conf9$ *iefly to e>ly & late ,lat91 & to poetry4 ,adjectives ( ,two ,t]m9ations4 #fi4 ,^! are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,=tis1 /rong4 ,=tior1 /rong]4 ,,s+ul>4 ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,,neut4 ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 =tis =te =tior =tius ,g54 =tis =tis =tiris =tiris ,dat4 =t =t =tir =tir ,acc4 =tem =te =tirem =tius ,voc4 =tis =te =tior =tius ,abl4 =t =t =tire =tire ,,plural4 ,nom4 =ts =tia =tirs =tira ,g54 =tium =tium =tirum =tirum ,dat4 =tibus =tibus =tiribus =tiribus ,acc4 =ts1 -s =tia =tirs1 -s =tira ,voc4 =ts =tia =tirs =tira ,abl4 =tibus =tibus =tiribus =tiribus #a4 ,=tior is ! ,comp>ative ( =tis4 ,all ,comp>atives are regul>ly decl9$ 9 ! same way4 ,! ,acc4 ,plu4 9 -s is r>e4 ,adjectives ( ,"o ,t]m9ation4 #gj4 ,flx1 happy44 ,prdns1 prud5t4 ,,s+ul>4 ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,,neut4 ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 flx flx prdns prdns ,g54 flcs flcis prd5tis prd5tis ,dat4 flc flc prd5t prd5t ,acc4 flcem flx prd5tem prdns ,voc4 flx flx prdns prdns ,abl4 flc flc prd5t prd5t ,,plural4 ,nom4 flcs flcia prd5ts prd5tia ,g54 flcium flcium prd5tium prd5tium ,dat4 flcibus flcibus prd5tibus prd5tibus ,acc4 flcs1 -s flcia prd5ts1 -s prd5tia ,voc4 flcs flcia prd5ts prd5tia ,abl4 flcibus flcibus prd5tibus prd5tibus ,vetus1 old4 ,pls1 m4 ,,s+ul>4 ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,,neut4 ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 vetus vetus ---- pls ,g54 vet]is vet]is ---- plris ,dat4 vet] vet] ---- ---- ,acc4 vet]em vetus ---- pls ,voc4 vetus vetus ---- ---- ,abl4 vet]e vet]e ---- plre ,,plural4 ,nom4 vet]s vet]a plrs plra ,g54 vet]um vet]um plrium plrium ,dat4 vet]ibus vet]ibus plribus plribus ,acc4 vet]s vet]a plrs1 -s plra ,voc4 vet]s vet]a ---- ---- ,abl4 vet]ibus vet]ibus plribus plribus #a4 ,x w be obs]v$ t vetus is decl9$ z a pure ,consonant-,/em2 i4e4 ,ablative ,s+ul> 9 -e1 ,g5itive ,plural 9 -um1 ,nom9ative ,plural ,neut] 9 -a1 & ,accusative ,plural ,mascul9e & ,fem99e 9 -s only4 ,9 ! same way are decl9$ compos1 controll+2 dves1 ri*2 p>ticeps1 %>+2 paup]1 poor2 prnceps1 *ief2 sspes1 safe2 sup]/es1 surviv+4 ,yet dves always has ,neut4 ,plu4 dtia4 #b4 ,inops1 ne$y1 & memor1 m9dful1 h ,ablative ,s+ul> inop1 memor1 b ,g5itive ,plural inopum1 memorum4 #c4 ,p>ticiples 9 -ns & -ns foll[ ! decl5sion ( -/ems4 ,b !y d n h - ! ,ablative1 except :5 employ$ z adjectives2 :5 us$ z p>ticiples or z sub/antives1 !y h -e2 z1-- sapi5t vir1 by a wise man2 b sapi5te1 by a philosoph]4 ,t>qu9i rgnante1 "u ! reign ( ,t>qu94 #d4 ,pls1 9 ! ,s+ul>1 is always a n\n4 #e4 ,9 ! ,ablative ,s+ul>1 adjectives1 :5 us$ z sub/antives1-- a7 usually reta9 ! adjective decl5sion2 z1-- aequlis1 contempor>y1 ,abl4 aequl4 cnsulris1 ex-consul1 ,abl4 cnsulr ,s names ( ,mon?s2 z1 ,aprl1 ,april2 ,decembr1 ,decemb]4 b7 ,b adjectives us$ z prop] names h -e 9 ! ,ablative ,s+ul>2 z1 ,cel]e1 ,cel]2 ,juv5le1 ,juv5al4 c7 ,patrials 9 -s1 -tis & -s1 -tis1 :5 designat+ places regul>ly h -2 z1 9 ,arpnt1 on ! e/ate at ,arp9um1 yet -e1 :5 us$ ( p]sons2 z1 ab ,arpnte1 by an ,arp9atian4 #f4 ,a v few indecl9able adjectives occur1 ! *ief ( :i* are frg1 frugal2 nquam1 wor?less4 #g4 ,9 poetry1 adjectives & p>ticiples 9 -ns sometimes =m ! ,g54 ,plu4 9 -um in/ead ( -ium2 z1 v5i5tum1 ( ^? com+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives4 #ga4 #a4 ,!re are ?ree degrees ( ,comp>ison1--! ,positive1 ! ,comp>ative1 & ! ,sup]lative4 #b4 ,! ,comp>ative is regul>ly =m$ by add+ -ior 7,neut4 -ius71 & ! ,sup]lative by add+ -issimus 7-a1 -um71 to ! ,/em ( ! ,positive depriv$ ( its f9al v[el2 z1-- altus1 high1 altior1 high]1 altissimus1 highe/1 v high4 =tis1 brave1 =tior1 =tissimus4 flx1 =tunate1 flcior1 flcissimus4 ,s also ,p>ticiples1 :5 us$ z ,adjectives2 z1-- doctus1 le>n$1 doctior1 doctissimus4 egns1 ne$y1 eg5tior1 eg5tissimus4 #c4 ,adjectives 9 -er =m ! ,sup]lative by app5d+ -rimus to ! ,nom9ative ( ! ,positive4 ,! ,comp>ative is regul>4 ,?us3-- asp]1 r\gh1 asp]ior1 asp]rimus4 pul*]1 beautiful1 pul*rior1 pul*]rimus4 c]1 %>p1 crior1 c]rimus4 cel]1 swift1 cel]ior1 cel]rimus4 a4 ,notice mtrus1 mtrior1 mtrissimus or mtrrimus4 #d4 ,five ,adjectives 9 -ilis =m ! ,sup]lative by add+ -limus to ! ,/em ( ! ,positive depriv$ ( its f9al v[el4 ,! ,comp>ative is regul>4 ,?us3-- facilis1 easy1 facilior1 facillimus4 difficilis1 diffcult1 difficilior1 difficillimus4 similis1 l1 similior1 simillimus4 dissimilis1 unlike1 dissimilior1 dissimillimus4 humilis1 l[1 humilior1 humillimus4 #e4 ,adjectives 9 -dicus1 -ficus1 & -volus =m ! ,comp>ative & ,sup]lative z ?\gh f =ms 9 -dcns1 -ficns1 -volns4 ,?us3-- mal$icus1 sl&]\s1 mal$c5tior1 mal$c5tissimus4 magnificus1 magnific5t1 magnific5tior1 magnific5tissimus4 b5evolus1 k9dly1 b5evol5tior1 b5evol5tissimus4 a4 ,positives 9 -dcns & -volns occur 9 e>ly ,lat92 z mal$cns1 b5evolns4 #f4 ,dves has ! ,comp>ative dvitior or dtior2 ,sup]lative dvitissimus or dtissimus4 ,irregul> ,comp>ison4 #gb4 ,sev]al ,adjectives v>y ! ,/em 9 ,comp>ison2 viz4-- bonus1 good1 melior1 optimus4 malus1 bad1 pejor1 pessimus4 p>vus1 small1 m9or1 m9imus4 magnus1 l>ge1 major1 maximus4 multus1 mu*1 pls1 plrimus1 frg1 ?rifty1 frglior1 frglissimus1 nquam1 wor?less1 nquior1 nquissimus4 ,defective ,comp>ison4 #gc4 #a4 ,positive lack+ entirely1-- 7,cf4 prae1 9 front prior1 =m]1 prmus1 fir/ (47 7,cf4 citr1 ?is side cit]ior1 on ?is citimus1 ne>4 (47 side1 7,cf4 ultr1 beyond47 ult]ior1 f>!r1 ultimus1 f>!/4 7,cf4 intr1 )947 int]ior1 inn]1 intimus1 inmo/ 7,cf4 prope1 ne>47 propior1 ne>]1 proximus1 ne>e/4 7,cf4 d1 d[n47 dt]ior1 inf]ior1 dt]rimus1 wor/4 7,cf4 ar*aic potis1 potior1 pref]able1 potissimus1 *iefe/ possible47 #b4 ,positive occurr+ only 9 special cases1-- po/] di1 ann1 po/]ior1 lat]1 po/rmus1 late/1 etc4 ! foll[+ la/4 day1 etc41 po/umus1 late-born1 po/]1 po/hum\s4 desc5dants1 ext]i1 ext]ior1 out] extrmus1 extimus1 =eign]s1 out]mo/4 ntins ext]ae1 =eign nations1 inf]1 gods ( ! nf]ior1 l[]1 nfimus1 mus1 l[] _w1 l[e/4 ,m>e ,inf]um1 ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 sup]1 gods sup]ior1 high]1 suprmus1 la/4 above1 summus1 highe/4 ,m>e ,sup]um1 ,adriatic ,sea1 #c4 ,comp>ative lack+4 vetus1 old1 ----#ag vet]rimus4 fdus1 fai?ful1 ---- fdissimus4 novus1 new1 ----#ah novissimus1#ai la/4 sac]1 sacr$1 ---- sac]rimus4 falsus1 false1 ---- falsissimus4 ,also 9 "s o!r words less frequ5tly us$4 #d4 ,sup]lative lack+4 alac]1 lively1 alacrior1 ---- +ns1 great1 +5tior1 ---- saltris1 :olesome1 saltrior1 ---- juv5is1 "y1 jnior1 ----#bj s5ex1 old1 s5ior4 ----#ba a4 ,! ,sup]lative is lack+ also 9 _m adjectives 9 -lis1 -lis1 -lis1 -bilis1 & 9 a few o!rs4 ,comp>ison by ,magis & ,maxim4 #gd4 ,_m adjectives d n admit t]m9ational comp>ison1 b =m ! ,comp>ative & ,sup]lative degrees by prefix+ magis 7m7 & maxim 7mo/74 ,"h belong-- #a4 ,_m adjectives end+ 9 -lis1 -ris1 -idus1 -lis1 -icus1 imus1 nus1 -rus4 #b4 ,adjectives 9 -u1 prec$$ by a v[el2 z1 idneus1 adapt$2 arduus1 /eep2 necessrius1 necess>y4 a4 ,adjectives 9 -quus1 ( c\rse1 d n come "u ?is rule4 ,! fir/ u 9 su* cases is n a v[el1 b a consonant4 ,adjectives n admitt+ ,comp>ison4 #ge4 ,"h belong-- #a4 ,_m adjectives1 :i*1 f ! nature ( _! signification1 d n admit ( comp>ison2 z1 hodi]nus1 ( to-day2 annuus1 annual2 mortlis1 mortal4 #b4 ,"s special words2 z1 mrus1 gnrus1 m]us2 & a few o!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=mation ,,& ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs4 #gf4 ,adv]bs are = ! mo/ "p d]iv$ f adjectives1 & dep5d ^u !m = _! comp>ison4 #a4 ,adv]bs d]iv$ f adjectives ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,decl5sions =m ! ,positive by *ang+ - ( ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> to -2 ^? d]iv$ f adjectives ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion1 by *ang+ -is ( ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> to -it]2 z1-- crus1 cr1 de>ly2 pul*]1 pul*r1 beautifully2 c]1 crit]1 fi]cely2 levis1 levit]1 lightly4 a4 ,b ,adjectives 9 -ns1 & a few o!rs1 add -er 7in/ead ( -it]71 to =m ! ,adv]b2 z1-- sapins1 sapi5t]1 wisely2 soll]s1 soll]t]1 skillfully4 ,note audx1 audct]1 boldly4 #b4 ,! ,comp>ative ( all ,adv]bs regul>ly consi/s ( ! ,accusative ,s+ul> ,neut] ( ! ,comp>ative ( ! ,adjective2 :ile ! ,sup]lative ( ! ,adv]b is =m$ by *ang+ ! - ( ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> ( ! ,sup]lative ( ! ,adjective to -4 ,?us-- 7crus7 cr1 de>ly1 crius1 crissim4 7pul*]7 pul*r1 beautifully1 pul*rius1 pul*]rim4 7c]7 crit]1 fi]cely1 crius1 c]rim4 7levis7 levit]1 lightly1 levius1 levissim4 7sapins7 sapi5t]1 wisely1 sapi5tius1 sapi5tissim4 7audx7 audct]1 boldly1 audcius1 audcissim4 ,adv]bs ,peculi> 9 ,comp>ison & ,=mation4 #gg4 #a41 well1 melius1 optim4 mal1 ill1 pejus1 pessim4 magnop]e1 greatly1 magis1 maxim4 multum1 mu*1 pls1 plrimum4 nn multum1 little1 m9us1 m9im4 p>um1 di1 long1 ditius1 ditissim4 nquit]1 wor?lessly1 nquius1 nquissim4 saepe1 (t51 saepius1 saepissim4 mtr1 betimes1 mtrius1 mtrrim4 mtrissim4 prope1 ne>1 propius1 proxim4 np]1 rec5tly1 ---- np]rim4 ---- potius1 r1 potissimum1 especially4 ---- prius1 previ\sly1 prmum1 fir/4 be=e1 secus1 o!rwise1 stius1 less4 #b4 ,a numb] ( adjectives ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,decl5sions =m an ,adv]b 9 -1 in/ead ( -2 z1-- crbr1 frequ5tly2 fals1 falsely2 cont9u1 subit1 sudd5ly2 imm$iately2 rr1 r>ely1 & a few o!rs4 a4 cito1 quickly1 has -4 #c4 ,a few adjectives employ ! ,accusative ,s+ul> ,neut] z ! ,positive ( ! ,adv]b2 z1-- multum1 mu*2 paulum1 facile1 little2 easily4 #d4 ,a few adjectives ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,decl5sions =m ! ,positive 9 -it]2 z1-- frmus1 frmit]1 firmly2 hmnus1 hmnit]1 humanly2 l>gus1 l>git]1 copi\sly2 alius1 alit]1 o!rwise4 a4 viol5tus has viol5t]4 #e4 ,v>i\s o!r adv]bial suffixes occur1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are -tus & -tim2 z1 antquitus1 anci5tly2 paultim1 gradually4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,num]als4 #gh4 ,num]als may be divid$ into-- ,i4 ,num]al ,adjectives1 compris+-- a4 ,c>d9als2 z1 nus1 "o2 duo1 two2 etc4 b4 ,ord9als2 z1 prmus1 fir/2 secundus1 second2 etc4 c4 ,di/ributives2 z1 s+ul1 "o by "o2 bn1 two by two2 etc4 ,,ii4 ,num]al ,adv]bs2 z1 semel1 once2 bis1 twice2 etc4 #gi4 ,,table ,,( ,,num]al ,,adjectives ,,& ,,adv]bs4 ,,c>d9als4 ,,ord9als4 #a4 nus1 na1 num prmus1 fir/ #b4 duo1 duae1 duo secundus1 second #c4 trs1 tria t]tius1 ?ird #d4 quattuor qurtus1 f\r? #e4 qunque quntus1 fif? #f4 sex sextus #g4 septem septimus #h4 octo octvus #i4 novem nnus #aj4 decem decimus #aa4 ndecim ndecimus #ab4 duodecim duodecimus #ac4 tr$ecim t]tius decimus #ad4 quattuordecim qurtus decimus #ae4 qundecim quntus decimus #af4 sdecim1 sextus decimus sexdecim #ag4 sept5decim septimus decimus #ah4 duodvg9t duodvcsimus #ai4 ndvg9t ndvcsimus #bj4 vg9t vcsimus #ba4 vg9t nus1 vcsimus prmus1 nus et vg9t nus et vcsimus #bb4 vg9t duo1 vcsimus secundus1 duo et vg9t alt] et vcsimus #cj4 trg9t trcsimus #dj4 quadrg9t quadrgsimus #ej4 qunqug9t qunqugsimus #fj4 sexg9t sexgsimus #gj4 septug9t septugsimus #hj4 octg9t octgsimus #ij4 nng9t nngsimus #ajj4 c5tum c5tsimus #aja4 c5tum nus1 c5tsimus prmus1 c5tum et nus c5tsimus et prmus #bjj4 duc5t1 -ae1 -a duc5tsimus #cjj4 trec5t trec5tsimus #djj4 quadr+5t quadr+5tsimus #ejj4 qung5t qung5tsimus #fjj4 sesc5t sesc5tsimus #gjj4 sept+5t sept+5tsimus #hjj4 oct+5t oct+5tsimus #ijj4 nng5t nng5tsimus #a1jjj4 mlle mllsimus #b1jjj4 duo mlia bis mllsimus #ajj1jjj4 c5tum mlia c5tis mllsimus #a1jjj1jjj4 decis c5tna mlia decis c5tis mllsimus ,,di/ributives4 ,,adv]bs4 #a4 s+uli1 "o by "o semel1 once #b4 bn1 two by two bis #c4 t]n 7trn7 t] #d4 quat]n quat] #e4 qun qunquis #f4 sn sexis #g4 septn septis #h4 octn octis #i4 novn novis #aj4 dn decis #aa4 ndn ndecis #ab4 duodn duodecis #ac4 t]n d5 t]decis #ad4 quat]n d5 quat]decis #ae4 qun dn qunquis decis #af4 sn dn sexis decis #ag4 septn dn septis decis #ah4 duodvicn octis decis #ai4 ndvcn novis decis #bj4 vcn vcis #ba4 vcn s+ul1 vcis semel s+ul et vcn #bb4 vcni bn1 vcis bis bn et vcn #cj4 trcn trcis #dj4 quadrgn quadrgis #ej4 qunqugn qunqugis #fj4 sexgn sexgis #gj4 septugn septugis #hj4 octgn octgis #ij4 nngn nngis #ajj4 c5tn c5tis #aja4 c5tn s+ul1 c5tis semel c5tn et s+ul #bjj4 ducn duc5tis #cjj4 trecn trec5tis #djj4 quadr+n quadr+5tis #ejj4 qungn qung5tis #fjj4 sescn sesc5tis #gjj4 sept+n sept+5tis #hjj4 oct+n oct+5tis #ijj4 nngn nng5tis #a1jjj4 s+ula mlia mlis #b1jjj4 bna mlia bis mlis #ajj1jjj4 c5tna mlia c5tis mlis #a1jjj1jjj4 decis c5tna mlia decis c5tis mlis ,,note4-- -nsimus & -ins are (t5 writt5 9 ! num]als in/ead ( -simus & -is4 ,decl5sion ( ! ,c>d9als4 #hj4 #a4 ,! decl5sion ( nus has already be5 giv5 "u #ff4 #b4 ,duo is decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,nom4 duo duae duo ,g54 durum durum durum ,dat4 dubus dubus dubus ,acc4 dus1 duo dus duo ,abl4 dubus dubus dubus a4 ,s amb1 bo?1 except t its f9al o is long4 #c4 ,trs is decl9$1-- ,nom4 trs tria ,g54 trium trium ,dat4 tribus tribus ,acc4 trs 7trs7 tria ,abl4 tribus tribus #d4 ,! hundr$s 7except c5tum7 are decl9$ l ! ,plural ( bonus4 #e4 ,mlle is regul>ly an adjective 9 ! ,s+ul>1 & indecl9able4 ,9 ! ,plural x is a sub/antive 7foll[$ by ! ,g5itive ( ! objects enum]at$2 #bja1 #a71 & is decl9$1-- ,nom4 mlia ,acc4 mlia ,g54 mlium ,voc4 mlia ,dat4 mlibus ,abl4 mlibus ,?us mlle hom9s1 a ?\s& m52 b duo mlia hom9um1 two ?\s& m51 lit]ally two ?\s&s ( m54 a4 ,occasionally ! ,s+ul> admits ! ,g5itive con/ruction2 z1 mlle hom9um4 #f4 ,o!r ,c>d9als are indecl9able4 ,ord9als & ,di/ributives are decl9$ l ,adjectives ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,decl5sions4 ,peculi>ities 9 ! ,use ( ,num]als4 #ha4 #a4 ,! comp\nds f #ba to #ii may be express$ ei!r ) ! l>g] or ! small] num]al fir/4 ,9 ! latt] case1 et is us$4 ,?us3-- trg9t sex or sex et trg9t1 ?irty-six4 #b4 ,! num]als "u #ij1 end+ 9 #h & #i1 are (t5 express$ by subtraction2 z1-- duodvg9t1 eighte5 7b also octdecim72 ndquadrg9t1 ?irty-n9e 7b also trg9t novem or novem et trg9t74 #c4 ,comp\nds ov] #ajj regul>ly h ! l>ge/ numb] fir/2 ! o!rs foll[ )\t et2 z1-- c5tum vg9t septem1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev54 ann oct+5tsim octgsim secund1 9 ! ye> #hhb4 ,yet et may be ins]t$ :]e ! small] numb] is ei!r a digit or "o ( ! t5s2 z1-- c5tum et septem1 "o hundr$ & sev52 c5tum et quadrg9t1 "o hundr$ & =ty4 #d4 ,! ,di/ributives are us$-- a7 ,to d5ote s mu* ea*1 s _m apiece2 z1-- bna tal5ta es d$it1 he gave !m two tal5ts ea*4 b7 ,:5 ^? n\ns t are ord9>ily ,plural 9 =m1 b ,s+ul> 9 mean+1 are employ$ 9 a ,plural s5se2 z1-- bnae litt]ae1 two epi/les4 ,b 9 su* cases1 n 7n s+ul7 is regul>ly employ$ = "o1 & trn 7n t]n7 = ?ree2 z1-- nae litt]ae1 "o epi/le2 trnae litt]ae1 ?ree epi/les4 c7 ,9 multiplication2 z1-- bis bna sunt quattuor1 twice two are f\r4 d7 ,(t5 9 poetry1 in/ead ( ! c>d9als2 z1-- bna ha/lia1 two spe>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,,pron\ns4 #hb4 ,a ,pron\n is a ^w t indicates some?+ )\t nam+ x4 #hc4 ,!re are ! foll[+ classes ( pron\ns3-- ,i4 ,p]sonal4 ,v4 ,int5sive4 ,,ii4 ,reflexive4 ,,vi4 ,relative4 ,,iii4 ,possessive4 ,,vii4 ,int]rogative4 ,,iv4 ,demon/rative4 ,,viii4 ,indef9ite4 ,i4 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 #hd4 ,^! correspond to ! ,engli% ,i1 y1 he1 %e1 x1 etc41 & are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,fir/ ,p]son4 ,second ,p]son4 ,?ird ,p]son4 ,,s+ul>4 ,nom4 ego1 ,i t1 ?\ is1 he2 ea1 %e2 id1 x ,g54 me tu 7,= decl5sion see #hg47 ,dat4 mihi#bb tibi#bb ,acc4 m t ,voc4 ---- t ,abl4 m t ,,plural4 ,nom4 ns1 we vs1 y ,g54 no/rum1 no/r ve/rum1 ve/r ,dat4 nbs vbs ,acc4 ns vs ,voc4 ---- vs ,abl4 nbs vbs #a4 ,a ,dative ,s+ul> m occurs 9 poetry4 #b4 ,emphatic =ms 9 -met are occasionally f\nd2 z1 egomet1 ,i myself2 tibimet1 to y y\rself2 t has tte & ttemet 7writt5 also ttimet74 #c4 ,9 e>ly ,lat91 md & td occur z ,accusative & ,ablative =ms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,,reflexive ,,pron\ns4 #he4 ,^! ref] to ! subject ( ! s5t5ce or clause 9 :i* !y /&2 l myself1 y\rself1 9 ',i see myself1' etc4 ,!y are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,fir/ ,p]son4 ,second ,p]son4 ,?ird ,p]son4 ,suppli$ by oblique ,suppli$ by oblique cases ( ego4 cases ( t4 ,g54 me1 ( myself tu1 ( ?yself su ,dat4 mihi1 to myself tibi1 to ?yself sibi#bb ,acc4 m1 myself t1 ?yself s or ss ,voc4 ---- ---- ---- ,abl4 m1 ) myself1 t1 ) ?yself1 s or ss etc4 etc4 #a4 ,! ,reflexive ( ! ,?ird ,p]son s]ves = all g5d]s & = bo? numb]s4 ,?us sui may mean1 ( himself1 h]self1 itself1 or ( !mselves2 & s ) ! o!r =ms4 #b4 ,all ( ! ,reflexive ,pron\ns h at times a reciprocal =ce2 z1-- int] s pugnant1 !y fight ) ea* o!r4 #c4 ,9 e>ly ,lat91 sd occurs z ,accusative & ,ablative4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,,possessive ,,pron\ns4 #hf4 ,^! are /rictly adjectives ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,decl5sions1 & are inflect$ z su*4 ,!y are-- ,fir/ ,p]son4 ,second ,p]son4 meus1 -a1 -um1 my2 tuus1 -a1 -um1 ?y2 no/]1 no/ra1 no/rum1 ve/]1 ve/ra1 ve/rum1 our2 y\r2 ,?ird ,p]son4 suus1 -a1 -um1 81 h]1 its1 _!4 #a4 ,suus is exclusively ,reflexive2 z1-- pat] lb]s sus amat1 ! fa!r loves 8 *ildr54 ,o!rwise1 81 h]1 its are regul>ly express$ by ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> ( is1 viz4 ejus2 & _! by ! ,g5itive ,plural1 erum1 erum4 #b4 ,! ,vocative ,s+ul> ,mascul9e ( meus is m4 #c4 ,! enclitic -pte may be jo9$ to ! ,ablative ,s+ul> ( ! ,possessive ,pron\ns = ! purpose ( emphasis4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly common 9 case ( su1 su2 z1 supte1 supte4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv4 ,,demon/rative ,,pron\ns4 #hg4 ,^! po9t out an object z "h or !re1 or z previ\sly m5tion$4 ,!y are-- hc1 ?is 7:]e ,i am72 i/e1 t 7:]e y are72 ille1 t 7some?+ di/9ct f ! speak]72 is1 t 7weak] ?an ille72 dem1 ! same4 ,hc1 i/e1 & ille are accord+ly ! ,demon/ratives ( ! ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,p]sons respectively4 ,hc1 ?is4 ,,s+ul> ,,plural4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 hc haec hc h hae haec ,g54 hjus#bc hjus hjus hrum hrum hrum ,dat4 huic huic huic hs hs hs ,acc4 hunc hanc hc hs hs haec ,abl4 hc hc hc hs hs hs ,i/e1 t1 t ( y\rs4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 i/e i/a i/ud#bd i/ i/ae i/a#bd ,g54 i/u i/u i/u i/rum i/rum i/rum ,dat4 i/ i/ i/ i/s i/s i/s ,acc4 i/um i/am i/ud i/s i/s i/a#bd ,abl4 i/ i/ i/ i/s i/s i/s ,ille 7ar*aic olle71 t1 t "o1 he1 is decl9$ l i/e4#be ,is1 he1 ?is1 t4 ,,s+ul> ,,plural4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 is ea id e1 i1 eae ea 77 ,g54 ejus ejus ejus erum erum erum ,dat4 e e e es1 is es1 is es1 is ,acc4 eum eam id es es ea ,abl4 e e e es1 is es1 is es1 is dem1 ! same4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 dem eadem idem edem1 ea$em eadem idem ,g54 ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem erundem erundem erundem ,dat4 edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem ,acc4 eundem e&em idem esdem esdem eadem ,abl4 edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem ,! ,nom4 ,plu4 ,masc4 also has dem1 & ! ,dat4 ,abl4 ,plu4 sdem or isdem 99 99 99 99 99 ,v4 ,,! ,,int5sive ,,pron\n4 #hh4 ,! ,int5sive ,pron\n 9 ,lat9 is ipse4 ,x corresponds to ! ,engli% myself1 etc41 9 ',i myself1 he himself4' ,,s+ul> ,,plural4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa ,g54 ipsu ipsu ipsu ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum ,dat4 ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss ,acc4 ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa ,abl4 ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,relative ,,pron\n4 #hi4 ,! ,relative ,pron\n is qu1 :o4 ,x is decl9$3-- ,,s+ul> ,,plural4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,,mascul9e4 ,,fem99e4 ,,neut]4 ,nom4 qu quae quod qu quae quae ,g54 cjus cjus cjus qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui cui quibus#bf quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quam quod qus qus quae ,abl4 qu#bg qu#bg qu quibus#bf quibus quibus 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vii4 ,,int]rogative ,,pron\ns4 #ij4 ,! ,int]rogative ,pron\ns are quis1 :o8 7sub/antive7 & qu1 :at8 :at k9d (8 7adjective74 #a4 ,quis1 :o8 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut] ,nom4 quis quid ,! r>e ,plural ,g54 cjus cjus foll[s ! decl5sion ,dat4 cui cui ( ! ,relative ,pron\n4 ,acc4 quem quid ,abl4 qu qu #b4 ,qu1 :at8 :at k9d (8 is decl9$ precisely l ! ,relative ,pron\n2 viz4 qu1 quae1 quod1 etc4 a4 ,an old ,ablative qu occurs1 9 ! s5se ( h[8 :y8 b4 ,qu is sometimes us$ = quis 9 ,indirect ,que/ions4 c4 ,quis1 :5 limit+ words d5ot+ p]sons1 is sometimes an adjective4 ,b 9 su* cases quis hom :at man8 :]eas qu hom :at sort ( man8 d4 ,quis & qu may be /r5g!n$ by add+ -nam4 ,?us3-- ,sub/antive3 quisnam1 :o1 pray8 quidnam1 :at1 pray8 ,adjective3 qunam1 qua5am1 quodnam1 ( :at k9d1 pray8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,viii4 ,,indef9ite ,,pron\ns4 #ia4 ,^! h ! g5]al =ce ( "s "o1 any "o4 ,,sub/antives4 ,,adjectives4 ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 quis1 quid1 qu1 quae1 qua1 quod1 any "o1 any?+4 any4 aliquis1 aliquid1 aliqu1 aliqua1 aliquod1 "s "o1 any4 some?+4 quisquam1 quidquam1 quisquam1 quidquam1 any "o1 any?+4 any 7r>e7 quispiam1 quidpiam1 quispiam1 quaepiam1 quodpiam1 any "o1 any?+4 any4 quisque1 quidque1 quisque1 quaeque1 quodque1 ea*4 ea*4 quvs1 quaevs1 quidvs1 quvis1 quaevs1 quodvis1 qulibet1 quaelibet1 quidlibet quilibet1 quaelibet1 quodlibet1 any "o 7any?+7 any y wi% y wi% qudam1 qua$am1 quiddam1 qudam1 qua$am1 quoddam1 a c]ta9 p]son1 or a c]ta9 ?+4 #a4 ,9 ! ,indef9ite ,pron\ns1 only ! pronom9al "p is decl9$4 ,?us3 ,g5itive ,s+ul> alicjus1 cjuslibet1 etc4 #b4 ,note t aliqu has aliqua 9 ! ,nom9ative ,s+ul> ,fem99e1 also 9 ! ,nom9ative & ,accusative ,plural ,neut]4 ,qu has bo? qua & quae 9 ^! same cases4 #c4 ,qudam =ms ,accusative ,s+ul> qu5dam1 qu&am2 ,g5itive ,plural qurundam1 qurundam2 ! m be+ assimilat$ to n be=e d4 #d4 ,aliquis may be us$ adjectively1 & 7occasionally7 aliqu sub/antively4 #e4 ,9 comb9ation ) n1 s1 nisi1 num1 ei!r quis or qu may /& z a ,sub/antive4 ,?us3 s quis or s qu4 #f4 ,ecquis1 any "o1 ?\gh /rictly an ,indef9ite1 g5]ally has int]rogative =ce4 ,x has bo? sub/antive & adjective =ms1--sub/antive1 ecquis1 ecquid2 adjective1 ecqu1 ecquae & ecqua1 ecquod4 #g4 ,quisquam is n us$ 9 ! ,plural4 #h4 ,!re are two ,indef9ite ,relatives1--qucumque & quisquis1 :oev]4 ,qucumque decl9es only ! fir/ "p2 quisquis decl9es bo? b has only quisquis1 quidquid1 ququ1 9 common use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pronom9al ,,adjectives4 #ib4 ,! foll[+ adjectives1 also1 frequ5tly h pronom9al =ce3-- #a4 alius1 ano!r2 alt]1 ! o!r2 ut]1 :i* ( two8 7int]r472 neut]1 nei!r2 :i*ev] ( two 7rel472 nus1 "o2 nllus1 no "o 79 oblique cases7 #b4 ,! comp\nds1-- ut]que1 utraque1 utrumque1 ea* ( two2 ut]cumque1 utracumque1 utrumcumque1 :oev] ( two2 ut]libet1 utralibet1 utrumlibet1 ei!r "o y please2 ut]vs1 utravs1 utrumvs1 ei!r "o y please2 alt]ut]1 alt]utra1 alt]utrum1 ! "o or ! o!r4 ,9 ^!1 ut] alone is decl9$4 ,! re/ ( ! ^w rema9s un*ang$1 except 9 case ( alt]ut]1 :i* may decl9e bo? p>ts2 z1-- ,nom4 alt]ut] alt]a utra alt]um utrum ,g54 alt]ius utru1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,conjugation4 #ic4 ,a ,v]b is a ^w :i* ass]ts some?+2 z1 e/1 he is2 amat1 he loves4 ,! ,inflection ( ,v]bs is call$ ,conjugation4 #id4 ,v]bs h ,voice1 ,mood1 ,t5se1 ,numb]1 & ,p]son3-- #a4 ,two ,voices1--,active & ,passive4 #b4 ,?ree ,moods1--,indicative1 ,subjunctive1 ,imp]ative4 #c4 ,six ,t5ses1-- ,pres5t1 ,p]fect1 ,imp]fect1 ,plup]fect1 ,future1 ,future ,p]fect4 ,b ! ,subjunctive lacks ! ,future & ,future ,p]fect2 :ile ! ,imp]ative employs only ! ,pres5t & ,future4 #d4 ,two ,numb]s1--,s+ul> & ,plural4 #e4 ,?ree ,p]sons1--,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird4 #ie4 ,^! make up ! s-call$ ,f9ite ,v]b4 ,besides ?is1 we h ! foll[+ ,n\n & ,adjective ,=ms3-- #a4 ,n\n ,=ms1--,inf9itive1 ,g]und1 & ,sup9e4 #b4 ,adjective ,=ms1--,p>ticiples 7includ+ ! ,g]undive74 #if4 ,! ,p]sonal ,end+s ( ! ,v]b are1-- ,active4 ,passive4 ,s+4 #a4 -2 -m2 - 7,p]f4 ,ind472 -r4 #b4 -s2 -/ 7,p]f ,ind472 -rs1 -re2 -t or want+ 7,impv472 -re1 -tor 7,impv474 #c4 -t2 -t 7,impv472 -tur2 -tor 7,impv474 ,plu4 #a4 -mus2 -mur4 #b4 -tis2 -/is 7,p]f4 ,ind472 -m94 -te1 -tte 7,impv472 #c4 -nt2 -runt 7,p]f ,ind472 -ntur2 -ntor 7,impv474 -nt 7,impv472 ,,v]b ,,/ems4 #ig4 ,conjugation consi/s 9 app5d+ c]ta9 end+s to ! ,/em4 ,we di/+ui% ?ree diff]5t /ems 9 a fully inflect$ v]b1-- ,i4 ,pres5t ,/em1 f :i* are =m$-- #a4 ,pres5t1 ,imp]fect1 & ,future ,indicative1 #b4 ,pres5t & ,imp]fect ,subjunctive1 #c4 ,! ,imp]ative1 #d4 ,! ,pres5t ,inf9itive1 - 7,active & ,passive47 #e4 ,! ,pres5t ,active ,p>ticiple1 ! ,g]und1 & ,g]undive4 ,,ii4 ,p]fect ,/em1 f :i* are =m$-- #a4 ,p]fect1 ,plup]fect1 & ,future ,p]fect ,indicative1 #b4 ,p]fect & ,plup]fect ,subjunctive1 #c4 ,p]fect ,inf9itive1 - 7,active47 ,,iii4 ,p>ticipial ,/em1 f :i* are =m$-- #a4 ,p]fect ,p>ticiple1 #b4 ,p]fect1 ,plup]fect1 & ,future ,p]fect ,indicative1 #c4 ,p]fect & ,plup]fect ,subjunctive1 #d4 ,p]fect ,inf9itive1 - 7,passive47 ,app>5tly f ! same /em1 ?\gh really ( diff]5t orig91 are ! ,sup9e1 ! ,future ,active ,p>ticiple1 ! ,future ,inf9itive ,active & ,passive4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,conjugations4 #ih4 ,!re are 9 ,lat9 f\r regul> ,conjugations1 di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! v[el ( ! t]m9ation ( ! ,pres5t ,inf9itive ,active1 z foll[s3-- ,,inf9itive ,,di/+ui%+ ,,conjugation4 ,,t]m9ation4 ,,v[el4 ,i4 -re ,,ii4 -re ,,iii4 -re ,,iv4 -re #ii4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,! ,pres5t ,indicative1 ,pres5t ,inf9itive1 ,p]fect ,indicative1 & ! ,p]fect ,p>ticiple#bh con/itute ! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts ( a ,lat9 v]b1--s call$ because !y conta9 ! diff]5t /ems1 f :i* ! full conjugation ( ! v]b may be d]iv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,sum4 #ajj4 ,! irregul> v]b sum is s important = ! conjugation ( all o!r v]bs t its inflection is giv5 at ! outset4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 ,,fut4 ,,p>tic4#bi sum esse fu futrus ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 sum1 ,i am1 sumus1 we are1 es1 ?\ art1 e/is1 y are1 e/1 he is2 sunt1 !y are4 ,,imp]fect4 eram1 ,i 01 ermus1 we 71 ers1 ?\ wa/1 ertis1 y 71 erat1 he 02 erant1 !y 74 ,,future4 er1 ,i %all be1 erimus1 we %all be1 eris1 ?\ wilt be1 eritis1 y w be1 erit1 he w be2 erunt1 !y w be4 ,,p]fect4 fu1 ,i h be51 ,i 01 fuimus1 we h be51 we 71 fui/1 ?\ ha/ be51 ?\ fui/is1 y h be51 y wa/1 71 fuit1 he has be51 he 02 furunt1 fure1 !y h be51 !y 74 ,,plup]fect4 fu]am1 ,i _h be51 fu]mus1 we _h be51 fu]s1 ?\ had/ be51 fu]tis1 y _h be51 fu]at1 he _h be52 fu]ant1 !y _h be54 ,,future ,,p]fect4 fu]1 ,i %all h be51 fu]imus1 we %all h be51 fu]is1 ?\ wilt h be51 fu]itis1 y w h be51 fu]it1 he w h be52 fu]9t1 !y w h be54 ,,subjunctive4#cj ,,pres5t4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 sim1 may ,i be1 smus1 let u be1 ss1 may/ ?\ be1 stis1 be ye1 may y be1 sit1 let him be1 may he be2 s9t1 let !m be4 ,,imp]fect4 essem1#ca ,i %\ld be1 essmus1 we %\ld be1 esss1#ca ?\ w\ld/ be1 esstis1 y w\ld be1 esset1#ca he w\ld be2 ess5t1#ca !y w\ld be4 ,,p]fect4 fu]im1 ,i may h be51 fu]mus1 we may h be51 fu]s1 ?\ may/ h be51 fu]tis1 y may h be51 fu]it1 he may h be52 fu]9t1 !y may h be54 ,,plup]fect4 fuissem1 ,i %\ld h be51 fuissmus1 we %\ld h be54 fuisss1 ?\ w\ld/ h be51 fuisstis1 y w\ld h be51 fuisset1 he w\ld h be52 fuiss5t1 !y w\ld h be54 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 es1 be ?\2 e/e1 be ye1 ,fut4 e/1 ?\ %alt be1 e/te1 ye %all be1 e/1 he %all be2 sunt1 !y %all be4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 esse1 to be4 ,p]f4 fuisse1 to h be54 ,fut4 futrus esse1#cb to be ,fut4 futrus1#cc ab\t to be4 ab\t to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fir/ 7,,or -7 ,,conjugation4 #aja4 ,active ,voice4--,am1 ,i love4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 ,,p]f4 ,,pass4 ,,p>tic4 am amre amv amtus ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 am1 ,i love1 ammus1 we love1 ams1 y love1 amtis1 y love1 amat1 he loves2 amant1 !y love4 ,,imp]fect4 ambam1 ,i 0 lov+1#cd ambmus1 we 7 lov+1 ambs1 y 7 lov+1 ambtis1 y 7 lov+1 ambat1 he 0 lov+2 ambant1 !y 7 lov+ ,,future4 amb1 ,i %all love1 ambimus1 we %all love1 ambis1 y w love1 ambitis1 y w love1 ambit1 he w love2 ambunt1 !y w love4 ,,p]fect4 amv1 ,i h lov$1 ,i lov$1 amvimus1 we h lov$1 we lov$1 amvi/1 y h lov$1 y amvi/is1 y h lov$1 y lov$ lov$1 amvit1 he has lov$1 he lov$2 amvrunt1 -re1 !y h lov$1 !y lov$4 ,,plup]fect4 amv]am1 ,i _h lov$1 amv]mus1 we _h lov$1 amv]s1 y _h lov$1 amv]tis1 y _h lov$1 amv]at1 he _h lov$2 amv]ant1 !y _h lov$4 ,,future ,,p]fect4 amv]1 ,i %all h lov$1 amv]imus1 we %all h lov$1 amv]is1 y w h lov$1 amv]itis1 y w h lov$1 amv]it1 he w h lov$2 amv]9t1 !y w h lov$4 ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 amem1 may ,i love1 ammus1 let u love1 ams1 may y love1 amtis1 may y love1 amet1 let him love2 am5t1 let !m love4 ,,imp]fect4 amrem1 ,i %\ld love1 amrmus1 we %\ld love1 amrs1 y w\ld love1 amrtis1 y w\ld love1 amret1 he w\ld love2 amr5t1 !y w\ld love4 ,,p]fect4 amv]im1 ,i may h lov$1 amv]mus1 we may h lov$1 amv]s1 y may h lov$1 amv]tis1 y may h lov$1 amv]it1 he may h lov$2 amv]9t1 !y may h lov$4 ,,plup]fect4 amvissem1 ,i %\ld h lov$1 amvssmus1 we %\ld h lov$1 amvisss1 y w\ld h lov$1 amvisstis1 y w\ld h lov$1 amvisset1 he w\ld h lov$2 amviss5t1 !y w\ld h lov$4 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 am1 love ?\2 amte1 love ye4 ,fut4 amt1 ?\ %alt love1 amtte1 ye %all love1 amt1 he %all love2 amant1 !y %all love4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 amre1 to love4 ,pres4 amns1#ce lov+4 ,p]f4 amvisse1 to h lov$4 7,g54 amantis47 ,fut4 amtrus esse1 to be ,fut4 amtrus1 ab\t to love4 ab\t to love ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 am&1 ( lov+1 ,dat4 am&1 = lov+1 ,acc4 am&um1 lov+1 ,acc4 amtum1 to love1 ,abl4 am&1 by lov+4 ,abl4 amt1 to love1 be lov$4 #ajb4 ,passive ,voice4--,amor1 ,i am lov$4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 amr amr amtus sum ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,i am lov$4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 amor ammur amris amm9 amtur amantur ,,imp]fect ,i 0 lov$4 amb> ambmur ambris1 or -re ambm9i ambtur ambantur ,,future4 ,i %all be lov$4 ambor ambimur amb]is1 or -re ambim9 ambitur ambuntur ,,p]fect ,i h be5 lov$1 or ,i 0 lov$4 amtus 7-a1 -um7 sum#cf amt 7-ae1 -a7 sumus amtus es amt e/is amtus e/ amt sunt ,,plup]fect4 ,i _h be5 lov$4 amtus eram#cf amt ermus amtus ers amt ertis amtus erat amt erant ,,future ,,p]fect4 ,i %all h be5 lov$4 amtus er#cf amt erimus amtus eris amt eritis amtus erit amt erunt ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,may ,i be lov$1 let him be lov$4 am] ammur amris1 or -re amm9i amtur am5tur ,,imp]fect4 ,i %\ld be lov$1 he w\ld be lov$4 amr] amrmur amrris1 or -re amrm9 amrtur amr5tur ,,p]fect4 ,i may h be5 lov$4 amtus sim#cg amt smus amtus ss amti stis amtus sit amti s9t ,,plup]fect4 ,i %\ld h be5 lov$1 he w\ld h be5 lov$4 amtus essem#cg amt essmus amtus esss amt esstis amtus esset amti ess5t ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 amre1#ch be ?\ amm91 be ye lov$4 lov$2 ,fut4 amtor1 ?\ %alt be lov$1 amtor1 he %all be amantor1 !y %all be lov$4 lov$2 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 amr1 to be lov$4 ,p]f4 amtus esse1 to h be5 ,p]fect4 amtus1 lov$1 lov$4 hav+ be5 lov$4 ,fut4 amtum r1 to be ab\t ,g]undive4 am&us1 to be to be lov$4 lov$1 des]v+ to be lov$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second 7,,or -7 ,,conjugation4 #ajc4 ,active voice4--,mone1 ,i advise4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 ,,p]f4 ,,pass4 ,,p>tic4 mone monre monu monitus ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,i advise4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 mone monmus mons montis monet mon5t ,,imp]fect4 ,i 0 advis+1 or ,i advis$4 monbam monbmus monbs monbtis monbat monbant ,,future4 ,i %all advise4 monb monbimus monbis monbitis monbit monbunt ,,p]fect4 ,i h advis$1 or ,i advis$4 monu monuimus monui/ monui/is monuit monurunt1 or -re ,,plup]fect4 ,i _h advis$4 monu]am monu]mus monu]s monu]tis monu]at monu]ant ,,future ,,p]fect4 ,i %all h advis$4 monu] monu]imus monu]is monu]itis monu]it monu]9t ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,may ,i advise1 let him advise4 moneam monemus mones monetis moneat moneant ,,imp]fect4 ,i %\ld advise1 he w\ld advise4 monrem monrmus monrs monrtis monret monr5t ,,p]fect4 ,i may h advis$4 monu]im monu]mus monu]s monu]tis monu]it monu]9t ,,plup]fect4 ,i %\ld h advis$1 he w\ld h advis$4 monuissem monuissmus monuisss monuisstis monuisset monuiss5t ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 mon1 advise ?\2 monte1 advise ye4 ,fut4 mont1 ?\ %all montte1 ye %all advise1 advise1 mont1 he %all advise2 mon5t1 !y %all advise4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 monre1 to advise4 ,pres4 monns1 advis+4 ,p]f4 monuisse1 to h 7,g54 mon5tis47 advis$4 ,fut4 monitrus esse1 to be ,fut4 monitrus1 ab\t to ab\t to advise4 advise4 ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 mon5d1 ( advis+1 ,dat4 mon5d1 = advis+1 ,acc4 mon5dum1 advis+1 ,acc4 monitum1 to advise1 ,abl4 mon5d1 by advis+4 ,abl4 monit1 to advise1 be advis$4 #ajd4 ,passive voice4--,moneor1 ,i am advis$4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 moneor monr monitus sum ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,i am advis$4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 moneor monmur monris monm9 montur mon5tur ,,imp]fect4 ,i 0 advis$4 monb> monbmur monbris1 or -re monbm9 monbtur monbantur ,,future4 ,i %all be advis$4 monbor monbimur monb]is1 or -re monbim9 monbitur monbuntur ,,p]fect4 ,i h be5 advis$1 ,i 0 advis$4 monitus sum monit sumus monitus es monit e/is monitus e/ monit sunt ,,plup]fect4 ,i _h be5 advis$4 monitus eram monit ermus monitus ers monit ertis monitus erat monit erant ,,future ,,p]fect4 ,i %all h be5 advis$4 monitus er monit erimus monitus eris monit eritis monitus erit monit erunt ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,may ,i be advis$1 let him be advis$4 mone> monemur moneris1 or -re monem9 monetur moneantur ,,imp]fect4 ,i %\ld be advis$1 he w\ld be advis$4 monr] monrmur monrris1 or -re monrm9 monrtur monr5tur ,,p]fect4 ,i may h be5 advis$4 monitus sim monit smus monitus ss monit stis monitus sit monit s9t ,,plup]fect4 ,i %\ld h be5 advis$1 he w\ld h be5 advis$4 monitus essem monit essmus monitus esss monit esstis monitus esset monit ess5t ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 monre1 be ?\ advis$2 monm91 be ye advis$4 ,fut4 montor1 ?\ %alt be advis$1 montor1 he %all be mon5tor1 !y %all be advis$4 advis$4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 monr1 to be advis$4 ,p]fect4 monitus1 advis$1 hav+ be5 advis$4 ,p]f4 monitus esse1 to h be5 advis$ ,fut4 monitum r1 to be ab\t ,g]undive4 mon5dus1 to be to be advis$4 advis$1 des]v+ to be advis$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird 7,,or ,,consonant-7 ,,conjugation4 #aje4 ,active ,voice4--,reg1 ,i rule4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 ,,p]f4 ,,pass4 ,,p>tic4 reg reg]e rx rctus ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,i rule ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 reg regimus regis regitis regit regunt ,,imp]fect4 ,i 0 rul+1 or ,i rul$4 regbam regbmus regbs regbtis regbat regbant ,,future4 ,i %all rule4 regam regmus regs regtis reget reg5t ,,p]fect4 ,i h rul$1 or ,i rul$ rx rximus rxi/ rxi/is rxit rxrunt1 or -re ,,plup]fect4 ,i _h rul$4 rx]am rx]mus rx]s rx]tis rx]at rx]ant ,,future ,,p]fect4 ,i %all h rul$4 rx] rx]imus rx]is rx]itis rx]it rx]9t ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,may ,i rule1 let him rule4 regam regmus regs regtis regat regant ,,imp]fect4 ,i %\ld rule1 he w\ld rule4 reg]em reg]mus reg]s reg]tis reg]et reg]5t ,,p]fect4 ,i may h rul$4 rx]im rx]mus rx]s rx]tis rx]it rx]9t ,,plup]fect4 ,i %\ld h rul$1 he w\ld h rul$4 rxissem rxissmus rxisss rxisstis rxisset rxiss5t ,,imp]ative4 rege1 rule ?\2 regite1 rule ye4 regit1 ?\ %all rule1 regitte1 ye %all rule1 regit1 he %all rule2 regunt1 !y %all rule4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 reg]e1 to rule4 ,pres4 regns1 rul+4 rxisse1 to h rul$4 7,g54 reg5tis47 rctrus esse1 to be ab\t to ,fut4 rctrus1 ab\t to rule rule4 ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 reg5d1 ( rul+1 reg5d1 = rul+1 reg5dum1 rul+1 ,acc4 rctum1 to rule1 reg5d1 by rul+4 ,abl4 rct1 to rule1 be rul$4 #ajf4 ,passive ,voice4--,regor1 ,i am rul$4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 regor reg rctus sum ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,i am rul$4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 regor regimur reg]is regim9 regitur reguntur ,,imp]fect4 ,i 0 rul$4 regb> regbmur regbris1 or -re regbm9 regbtur regbantur ,,future4 ,i %all be rul$4 reg> regmur regris1 or -re regm9 regtur reg5tur ,,p]fect4 ,i h be5 rul$1 or ,i 0 rul$4 rctus sum rct sumus rctus es rct e/is rctus e/ rct sunt ,,plup]fect4 ,i _h be5 rul$4 rctus eram rct ermus rctus ers rct ertis rctus erat rct erant ,,future ,,p]fect4 ,i %all h be5 rul$ rctus er rct erimus rctus eris rct eritis rctus erit rct erunt ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,may ,i be rul$1 let him be rul$4 reg> regmur regris1 or -re regm9 regtur regantur ,,imp]fect4 ,i %\ld be rul$1 he w\ld be rul$4 reg]] reg]mur reg]ris1 or -re reg]m9 reg]tur reg]5tur ,,p]fect4 ,i may h be5 rul$4 rctus sim rct smus rctus ss rct stis rctus sit rct s9t ,,plup]fect4 ,i %\ld h be5 rul$1 he w\ld h be5 rul$4 rctus essem rct essmus rctus esss rect esstis rctus esset rect ess5t ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 reg]e1 be ?\ rul$2 regim91 be ye rul$4 ,fut4 regitor1 ?\ %alt be rul$1 regitor1 he %all be reguntor1 !y %all be rul$4 rul$2 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 reg1 to be rul$4 ,p]fect4 rctus1 rul$1 hav+ be5 rul$4 ,p]f4 rctus esse1 to h be5 ,g]undive4 reg5dus1 to be rul$4 rul$1 des]v+ to be rul$4 ,fut4 rctum r1 to be ab\t to be rul$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\r? 7,,or -7 ,,conjugation4 #ajg4 ,active voice4--,audi1 ,i he>4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 ,,p]f4 ,,pass4 ,,p>tic4 audi audre audv audtus ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,i he>4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 audi audmus auds audtis audit audiunt ,,imp]fect4 ,i 0 he>+1 or ,i he>d4 audibam audibmus audibs audibtis audibat audibant ,,future4 ,i %all he>4 audiam audimus audis auditis audiet audi5t ,,p]fect4 ,i h he>d1 or ,i he>d4 audv audvimus audvi/ audvi/is audvit audvrunt1 or -re ,,plup]fect4 ,i _h he>d4 audv]am audv]mus audv]s audv]tis audv]at audv]ant ,,future ,,p]fect4 ,i %all h he>d4 audv] audv]imus audv]is audv]itis audv]it audv]9t ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,may ,i he>1 let him he>4 audiam audimus audis auditis audiat audiant ,,imp]fect4 ,i %\ld he>1 he w\ld he>4 audrem audrmus audrs audrtis audret audr5t ,,p]fect4 ,i may h he>d4 audv]im audv]mus audv]s audv]tis audv]it audv]9t ,,plup]fect4 ,i %\ld h he>d1 he w\ld h he>d4 audvissem audvissmus audvisss audvisstis audvisset audviss5t ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 aud1 he> ?\2 audte1 he> ye4 ,fut4 audt1 ?\ %alt he>1 audtte1 ye %all he>1 audt1 he %all he>2 audiunt1 !y %all he>4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 audre1 to he>4 ,pres4 audins1 he>+4 ,p]f4 audvisse1 to h 7,g54 audi5tis47 he>d4 ,fut4 audtrus esse1 to be ,fut4 audtrus1 ab\t to ab\t to he>4 he>4 ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e ,g54 audi5d1 ( he>+1 ,dat4 audi5d1 = he>+1 ,acc4 audi5dum1 he>+1 ,acc4 audtum1 to he>1 ,abl4 audi5d1 by he>+4 ,abl4 audt1 to he>1 be he>d4 #ajh4 ,passive ,voice4--,audior1 ,i am he>d4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 audior audr audtus sum ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,i am he>d4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 audior audmur audris audm9 audtur audiuntur ,,imp]fect4 ,i 0 he>d4 audib> audibmur audibris1 or -re audibm9 audibtur audibantur ,,future4 ,i %all be he>d4 audi> audimur audiris1 or -re audim9 auditur audi5tur ,,p]fect4 ,i h be5 he>d1 or ,i 0 he>d4 audtus sum audt sumus audtus es audt e/is audtus e/ audt sunt ,,plup]fect4 ,i _h be5 he>d4 audtus eram audt ermus audtus ers audt ertis audtus erat audt erant ,,future ,,p]fect4 ,i %all h be5 he>d4 audtus er audt erimus audtus eris audt eritis audtus erit audt erunt ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,may ,i be he>d1 let him be he>d4 audi> audimur audiris1 or -re audim9 auditur audiantur ,,imp]fect4 ,i %\ld be he>d1 he w\ld be he>d4 audr] audrmur audrris1 or -re audirm9 audrtur audr5tur ,,p]fect4 ,i may h be5 he>d4 audtus sim audt smus audtus ss audt stis audtus sit audt s9t ,,plup]fect4 ,i %\ld h be5 he>d1 he w\ld h be5 he>d4 audtus essem audt essmus audtus esss audt esstis audtus esset audt ess5t ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 audre1 be ?\ he>d2 audm91 be ye he>d4 ,fut4 audtor1 ?\ %alt be he>d1 audtor1 he %all be audiuntor1 !y %all be he>d4 he>d2 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 audr1 to be he>d4 ,p]fect4 audtus1 he>d1 hav+ be5 he>d ,p]f4 audtus esse1 to h ,g]undive4 audi5dus1 to be be5 he>d4 he>d1 des]v+ to be he>d ,fut4 audtum r1 to be ab\t to be he>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,v]bs ,,9 -,i ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,conjugation4 #aji4 #a4 ,v]bs 9 -i ( ! ,?ird ,conjugation take ! end+s ( ! ,f\r? ,conjugation :]ev] ! latt] end+s h two successive v[els4 ,?is occurs only 9 ! ,pres5t ,sy/em4 #b4 ,"h belong-- a7 capi1 to take2 cupi1 to desire2 faci1 to make2 fodi1 to dig2 fugi1 to flee2 jaci1 to ?r[2 p>i1 to be>2 quati1 to %ake2 rapi1 to seize2 sapi1 to ta/e4 b7 ,comp\nds ( laci & speci 7bo? ante-classical72 z1 allici1 entice2 cnspici1 behold4 c7 ,! depon5ts gradior1 to g2 morior1 to die1 patior1 to suff]4 #aaj4 ,active voice4--,capi1 ,i take4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 ,,p]f4 ,,pass4 ,,p>tic4 capi1 cap]e1 cp1 captus4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 capi1 capis1 capit2 capimus1 capitis1 capiunt4 ,,imp]fect4 capibam1 -ibs1 -ibat2 capibmus1 -ibtis1 -ibant4 ,,future4 capiam1 -is1 -iet2 capimus1 -itis1 -i5t4 ,,p]fect4 cp1 -i/1 -x2 cpimus1 -i/is1 -runt or -re4 ,,plup]fect4 cp]am1 -ers1 -erat2 cp]mus1 -ertis1 -erant4 ,,future ,,p]fect4 cp]1 -eris1 -erit2 cp]imus1 -eritis1 -er9t4 ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 capiam1 -is1 -iat2 capimus1 -itis1 -iant4 ,,imp]fect4 cap]em1 -ers1 -eret2 cap]mus1 -ertis1 -er5t4 ,,p]fect4 cp]im1 -eris1 -erit2 cp]mus1 -ertis1 -er9t4 ,,plup]fect4 cpissem1 -isss1 -isset2 cpissmus1 -isstis1 -iss5t4 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 cape2 capite4 ,fut4 capit1 capitte1 capit2 capiunt4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 cap]e ,pres4 capins4 ,p]f4 cpisse4 ,fut4 captrus esse4 ,fut4 captrus4 ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 capi5d1 ,dat4 capi5d1 ,acc4 capi5dum1 ,acc4 captum1 ,abl4 capi5d4 ,abl4 capt4 #aaa4 ,passive ,voice4--,capior1 ,i am tak54 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,ind4 ,,pres4 ,,inf4 ,,p]f4 ,,ind4 capior1 cap1 captus sum4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 capior1 cap]is1 capitur2 capimur1 capim91 capiuntur4 ,,imp]fect4 capib>1 -ibris1 -ibtur2 capibmur1 -ibm91 -ibantur4 ,,future4 capi>1 -iris1 -itur2 capimur1 -im91 -i5tur4 ,,p]fect4 captus sum1 es1 e/2 capt sumus1 e/is1 sunt4 ,,plup]fect4 captus eram1 ers1 erat2 capt ermus1 ertis1 erant4 ,,future ,,p]fect4 captus er1 eris1 erit2 capt erimus1 eritis1 erunt4 ,,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 capi>1 -iris1 -itur2 capimur1 -im91 -iantur4 ,,imp]fect4 cap]]1 -erris1 -ertur2 cap]mur1 -erm91 -er5tur4 ,,p]fect4 captus sim1 ss1 sit2 capt smus1 stis1 s9t4 ,,plup]fect4 captus essem1 esss1 esset2 capt essmus1 esstis1 ess5t4 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 cap]e2 capim94 ,fut4 capitor1 capitor2 capiuntor4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 cap4 ,p]f4 captus esse4 ,p]fect4 captus4 ,fut4 captum r4 ,g]undive4 capi5dus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,depon5t ,,v]bs4 #aab4 ,depon5t ,v]bs h 9 ! ma9 ,passive =ms ) ,active or ,neut] mean+4 ,b-- a4 ,!y h ! foll[+ ,active =ms3 ,future ,inf9itive1 ,pres5t & ,future ,p>ticiples1 ,g]und1 & ,sup9e4 b4 ,!y h ! foll[+ ,passive mean+s3 always 9 ! ,g]undive1 & sometimes 9 ! ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple2 z-- sequ5dus1 to be foll[$2 adeptus1 atta9$4 #aac4 ,p>adigms ( ,depon5t ,v]bs are-- ,i4 ,conj4 mror1 mrr1 mrtus sum1 admire4 ,,ii4 ,conj4 v]eor1 v]]1 v]itus sum1 fe>4 ,,iii4 ,conj4 sequor1 sequ1 sectus sum1 foll[4 ,,iv4 ,conj4 l>gior1 l>gr1 l>gtus sum1 give4 ,,iii4 79 -ior7 patior1 pat1 passus sum1 suff]4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,,iii 79 -ior7 ,pres4 mror v]eor sequor l>gior patior mrris v]ris sequ]is l>giris pat]is mrtur v]tur sequitur l>gtur patitur mramur v]mur sequimur l>gmur patimur mrm9 v]m9 sequim9 l>gm9 patim9 mrantur v]5tur sequuntur l>giuntur patiuntur ,impf4 mrb> v]b> sequb> l>gib> patib> ,fut4 mrbor v]bor sequ> l>gi> pati> ,p]f4 mirtus sum v]itus sum sectus sum l>gtus sum passus sum ,plup4 mrtus v]itus sectus l>gtus passus eram eram eram eram eram ,f4,p4 mrtus er v]itus er sectus er l>gtus er passus er ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 mr] v]e> sequ> l>gi> pati> ,impf4 mrr] v]r] sequ]] l>gr] pat]] ,p]f4 mrtus sim v]itus sim sectus sim l>gtus sim passus sim ,plup4 mrtus v]itus secttus l>gtus passus essem essem essem essem essem ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 mrre1 v]re1 sequ]e1 l>gre1 pat]e1 etc4 etc4 etc4 etc4 etc4 ,fut4 mrtor1 v]tor1 sequitor1 l>gtor1 patitor1 etc4 etc4 etc4 etc4 etc4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 mrri v]r sequ l>gr pat ,p]f4 mrtus v]itus sectus l>gtus passus esse esse esse esse esse ,fut4 mrtrus v]itrus sectrus l>gtrus passrus esse esse esse esse esse ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres4 mrns v]ns sequns l>gins patins ,fut4 mrtrus v]itrus sectrus l>gitrus passrus ,p]f4 mrtus v]itus sectus l>gitus passus ,g]4 mr&us v]5dus sequ5dus l>gi5dus pati5dus ,,g]und4 mr& v]5d sequ5d l>gi5d pati5d mir&1 v]5d1 sequ5d1 l>gi5d1 pati5d1 etc4 etc4 etc4 etc4 etc4 ,,sup9e4 mrtum1 v]itum1 sectum1 l>gtum1 passum1 -t -t -t -t -s 99 99 99 99 99 ,,semi-,,depon5ts4 #aad4 #a4 ,semi-,depon5ts are v]bs :i* h ! ,pres5t ,sy/em 9 ! ,active ,voice1 b ! ,p]fect ,sy/em 9 ! ,passive )\t *ange ( mean+4 ,"h belong-- aude1 audre1 ausus sum1 to d>e4 gaude1 gaudre1 gvsus sum1 to rejoice4 sole1 solre1 solitus sum1 to be wont4 fd1 fd]e1 fsus sum1 to tru/4 #b4 ,! foll[+ v]bs h a ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple ) ,active mean+3-- adolsc1 gr[ up2 adultus1 hav+ gr[n up1 cnre1 d9e2 cntus1 hav+ d9$4 placre1 please2 placitus1 hav+ pleas$1 agreeable4 pr&re1 lun*2 prnsus1 hav+ lun*$4 ptre1 dr9k2 ptus1 hav+ drunk4 jrre1 swe>2 jrtus1 hav+ sworn4 a4 ,jrtus is us$ 9 a passive s5se also4 #c4 ,rev]tor & dv]tor bo? regul>ly =m _! ,p]fect 9 ! ,active ,voice2 viz4-- rev]tor1 rev]t 7,inf471 rev]t 7,p]f471 to return4 dv]tor1 dv]t 7,inf471 dv]t 7,p]f471 to turn aside4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p]iphra/ic ,,conjugation4 #aae4 ,!re are two ,p]iphra/ic ,conjugations1--! ,active & ! ,passive4 ,! ,active is =m$ by comb9+ ! ,future ,active ,p>ticiple ) ! auxili>y sum1 ! ,passive by comb9+ ! ,g]undive ) ! same auxili>y4 ,active ,p]iphra/ic ,conjugation4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres4 amtrus 7-a1 -um7 sum1 ,i am ab\t to love4 ,inf4 amtrus eram1 ,i 0 ab\t to love4 ,fut4 amtrus er1 ,i %all be ab\t to love4 ,p]f4 amtrus fu1 ,i h be5 707 ab\t to love4 ,plup4 amtrus fu]am1 ,i _h be5 ab\t to love4 ,fut4 ,p4 amtrus fu]1 ,i %all h be5 ab\t to love4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 amtrus sim1 may ,i be ab\t to love4 ,imp4 amtrus essem1 ,i %\ld be ab\t to love4 ,p]f4 amtrus fu]im1 ,i may h be5 ab\t to love4 ,plup4 amtrus fuissem1 ,i %\ld h be5 ab\t to love4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 amtrus esse1 to be ab\t to love4 ,p]f4 amtrus fuisse1 to h be5 ab\t to love4 ,passive ,p]iphra/ic ,conjugation4 ,,indicative4 ,pres4 am&us 7-a1 -um7 sum1 ,i am to be lov$1 mu/ be lov$4 ,imp4 am&us eram1 ,i 0 to be lov$4 ,fut4 am&us er1 ,i %all des]ve to be lov$4 ,p]f4 am&us fu1 ,i 0 to be lov$4 ,plup4 am&us fu]am1 ,i _h des]v$ to be lov$4 ,fut4 ,p4 am&us fu]1 ,i %all h des]v$ to be lov$4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 am&us sim1 may ,i des]ve to be lov$4 ,imp4 am&us essem1 ,i %\ld des]ve to be lov$4 ,p]f4 am&us fu]im1 ,i may h des]v$ to be lov$4 ,plup4 am5dus fuissem1 ,i %\ld h des]v$ to be lov$4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 am&us esse1 to des]ve to be lov$4 ,p]f4 amantus fuisse1 to h des]v$ to be lov$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,conjugation4 #aaf4 #a4 ,p]fects 9 -v1 -v1 & -v1 ) ! =ms d]iv$ f !m1 (t5 drop ! ve or vi be=e end+s beg9n+ ) r or s4 ,s also nv 7f nsc7 & ! comp\nds ( mv 7f move74 ,?us3-- amvi/ am/ dlvi/ dl/ amvisse amsse dlvisse dlsse amvrunt amrunt dlvrunt dlrunt amv]im amrim dlv]im dlrim amv]am amram dlv]am dlram amv] amr dlv] dlr nvi/ n/ nv]im nrim nvisse nsse nv]am nram audvi/ aud/ audvisse audsse #b4 ,9 ! ,g]und & ,g]undive ( ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,conjugations1 ! end+s -undus1 -und1 (t5 occur in/ead ( -endus & -end1 z faciundus1 faciund4 #c4 ,dc1 dc1 faci1 =m ! ,imp]atives1 dc1 dc1 fac4 ,b comp\nds ( faci =m ! ,imp]ative 9 -fice1 z cnfice4 ,comp\nds ( dc1 dc1 acc5t ! ultima2 z1 dc1 dc4 #d4 ,ar*aic & ,poetic =ms3-- a4 ,! end+ -i] 9 ! ,pres5t ,inf9itive ,passive2 z1 amri]1 monri]1 dci]1 = amr1 monr1 dc4 b4 ,! end+ -bam = -ibam 9 ,imp]fects ( ! ,f\r? ,conjugation1 & -b = -iam 9 ,futures2 z1 scbam1 scb1 = scibam1 sciam4 c4 ,in/ead ( ! full] =ms1 9 su* words z dxi/1 scrpsi/is1 surrxisse1 we sometimes f9d dxt1 scrp/is1 surrxe1 etc4 d4 ,! end+s -im1 -s1 etc4 7= -am1 -s1 etc47 occur 9 a few ,subjunctive =ms2 z1 edim 7eat71 du9t1 p]du9t4 #e4 ,9 ! ,future ,active & ,p]fect ,passive ,inf9itive1 ! auxili>y esse is (t5 omitt$2 z1 ctrum = cturum esse2 jectus = jectus esse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,/ems4 ,=mation ( ! ,pres5t ,/em4 #aag4 ,_m v]bs employ ! simple ,v]b ,/em = ! ,pres5t ,/em2#ci z1 dc]e1 amre1 monre1 audre4 ,o!rs modify ! ,v]b ,/em to =m ! ,pres5t1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,by app5d+ ! v[els1 1 1 2 z1-- ,pres5t ,/em ,v]b ,/em juvre1 juv- juv-4 augre1 aug- aug-4 v9cre1 v9c- v9c-4 #b4 ,by add+ i1 z capi1 ,pres5t ,/em capi- 7,v]b ,/em cap-74 #c4 ,by ! ins]tion ( n 7m be=e labial-mutes7 be=e ! f9al consonant ( ! ,v]b ,/em2 z1 fund 7,/em fud-71 rump 7,/em rup-74 #d4 ,by app5d+ -n to ! ,v]b ,/em2 z1-- c]n- pell- 7= pel-n74 #e4 ,by app5d+ t to ! ,v]b ,/em2 z1-- flect-4 #f4 ,by app5d+ sc to ! ,v]b ,/em2 z1-- crsc-4 scsc-4 #g4 ,by ,r$uplication1 t is1 by prefix+ ! initial consonant ( ! ,v]b ,/em ) i2 z1-- gi-gn- 7root g5-71 si-/- 7root /a-74 ,=mation ( ! ,p]fect ,/em4 #aah4 ,! ,p]fect ,/em is =m$ f ! ,v]b ,/em-- #a4 ,by add+ v 79 case ( ,v[el ,/ems72 z1-- amv-1 dlv-1 audv-4 #b4 ,by add+ u 79 case ( "s ,consonant ,/ems72 z1-- /repu-1 g5u-1 alu-4 #c4 ,by add+ s 79 case ( mo/ ,consonant ,/ems72 z1-- c>p-1 ,p]fect c>ps-4 scrb-1 scrps- 7= scrb-s74 rd-e1 rs- 7= rd-s74 s5t-i1 sns- 7= s5t-s74 dc-1 dx- 7i4e4 dc-s74 a4 ,note t be=e ! end+ -s a ,d5tal ,mute 7t1 d7 is lo/2 a ,guttural ,mute 7c1 g7 unites ) s to =m x2 :ile ! ,labial b is *ang$ to p4 #d4 ,)\t addition4 ,( ?is =mation !re are ?ree types3-- a7 ,! ,v]b ,/em is r$uplicat$ by prefix+ ! initial consonant ) ! foll[+ v[el or e2 z1-- curr1 ,p]fect cu-curr4 posc1 po-posc4 pell1 pe-pul4 ,,note #a4--;,comp\nds1 ) ! exception ( d1 /1 si/1 disc1 posc1 omit ! r$uplication4 ,?us3 com-pul1 b re-poposc4 ,,note #b4--,v]bs beg9n+ ) sp or / reta9 bo? consonants 9 ! r$uplication1 b drop s f ! /em2 z1 sponde1 spo-pond2 /1 /et4 b7 ,! %ort v[el ( ! ,v]b ,/em is l5g!n$2 z1 leg1 lg2 ag1 g4 ,note t by ?is process becomes 4 c7 ,! v[el ( ! ,v]b ,/em is un*ang$2 z1 v]t1 v]t2 m9u1 m9u4 ,=mation ( ! ,p>ticipial ,/em4 #aai4 ,! ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple1 f :i* ! ,p>ticipial ,/em is d]iv$ by dropp+ -u1 is =m$3-- #a4 ,by add+ -tus 7sometimes to ! ,pres5t ,/em1 sometimes to ! ,v]b ,/em72 z1-- am-re1 ,p>ticiple am-tus4 dl-re1 dl-tus1 aud-re1 aud-tus1 leg-ere1 lc-tus1 scrb-ere1 scrp-tus1 s5t-re1 sn-sus 7= s5t-tus74 ca$-ere1 cae-sus 7= ca$-tus74 a4 ,note t g1 be=e t1 becomes c 7see #h1 #e72 b becomes p2 :ile dt or tt becomes ss1 :i* is !n (t5 simplifi$ to s 7 #h1 #b74 #b4 ,aft] ! analogy ( ,p>ticiples l snsus & caesus1 :]e -sus arises by phonetic *ange1 -sus = -tus is add$ to o!r ,v]b ,/ems2 z1-- lb-1 ,p>ticiple lp-sus4 fg-ere1 f-xus4 a4 ,! same consonant *anges occur 9 app5d+ ?is end+ -sus to ! /em z 9 ! case ( ! ,p]fect end+ -si 7see #aah1 #c1 a74 #c4 ,a few ,v]bs =m ! ,p>ticiple 9 -tus2 z1-- dom-re1 dom-tus4 mon-re1 mon-tus4 #d4 ,! ,future ,active ,p>ticiple is usually id5tical 9 its /em ) ! ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple2 z1 am-tus1 amtrus2 moni-tus1 monitrus4 ,b-- juv-re1 ,p]f4 ,p>tic4 jtus1 has ,fut4 ,act4 ,p>tic4 juvtrus4#dj lav-re1 lautus1 lavtrus4 p>-ere1 p>tus1 p>itrus4 ru-ere1 rutus1 ruitrus4 sec-re1 sectus1 sectrus4 fru-1 frctus1 fruitrus4 mor-1 mortuus1 moritrus4 or-r1 ortus1 oritrus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,v]bs1 ,,) ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,fir/ 7-7 ,conjugation4 #abj4 ,i4 ,,p]fect ,,9 -,v4 am amre amv amtus love ,all regul> v]bs ( ! ,fir/ ,conjugation foll[ ?is model4 pt ptre ptv ptus 7 #aad1 dr9k #b7 ,,ii4 ,,p]fect ,,9 -,u4 crep crepre crepu crepitrus rattle cub cubre cubu cubitrus lie d[n dom domre domu domitus tame fric fricre fricu frictus & rub frictus mic micre micu ---- glitt] dmic dmicre dmicv dmictum fight 7e/7#da ex-plic explicre explicv explictus unfold 7-u7 7-itus7 im-plic implicre implicv implictus entw9e 7-u7 7-itus7 sec secre secu sectus cut son sonre sonu sontrus s\nd ton tonre tonu ---- ?und] vet vetre vetu vetitus =bid ,,iii4 ,,p]fect ,,9 - ,,) ,,l5g!n+ ,,( ,,! ,,/em ,,v[el4 juv juvre jv jtus help lav lavre lv lautus wa% ,,iv4 ,,p]fect ,,r$uplicat$4 / /re /et /trus ,v4 ,,depon5ts4 ,^! are all regul>1 & foll[ mror1 mrr1 mrtus sum4 ,second 7-7 ,conjugation4 #aba4 ,i4 ,,p]fect ,,9 -,v4 dle dlre dlv dltus de/roy fle flre flv fltus weep1 lam5t com-ple#db complre complv compltus fill up abole abolre abolv abolitus de/roy cie#dc cire cv citus set 9 motion ,,ii4 ,,p]fect ,,9 -,u4 a4 ,type -e1 -re1 -u1 -itus4 arce arcre arcu keep (f co]ce co]cre co]cu co]citus hold 9 *eck ex]ce ex]cre ex]cu ex]citus practise cale calre calu calitrus be w>m c>e c>re c>u c>itrus be )\t dole dolre dolu dolitrus grieve habe habre habu habitus h dbe dbre dbu dbitus owe praebe praebre praebu praebitus (f] jace jacre jacu jacitrus lie m]e m]re m]u m]itus e>n1 des]ve mone monre monu monitus advise noce nocre nocu nocitum 7e/7 injure pre prre pru pritrus obey place placre placu placitrus please tace tacre tacu tacitrus be sil5t t]re t]rre t]ru t]ritus fright5 vale valre valu valitrus be /rong ,,note #a4--,! foll[+ lack ! ,p>ticipial ,/em3-- ege egre egu ---- want m9e m9re m9u ---- /& =? flre flrre flru ---- bloom horre horrre horru ---- bri/le late latre latu ---- lurk nite nitre nitu ---- gleam ole olre olu ---- smell palle pallre pallu ---- be pale pate patre patu ---- lie op5 rube rubre rubu ---- be r$ sile silre silu ---- be sil5t spl5de spl5dre spl5du ---- gleam /ude /udre /udu ---- /udy /upe /upre /upu ---- be amaz$ "t timre timu ---- fe> torpe torpre torpu ---- be dull vige vigre vigu ---- fl\ri% vire virre viru ---- be gre5 & o!rs4 ,,note #b4--,! foll[+ are us$ only 9 ! ,pres5t ,sy/em3-- ave avre ---- ---- wi% frge frgre ---- ---- be cold imm9e imm9re ---- ---- ov]hang ma]e ma]re ---- ---- m\rn polle pollre ---- ---- be /rong & o!rs4 b4 ,type -e1 -re1 -u1 -tus 7-sus74 cnse cnsre cnsu cnsus e/imate doce docre docu doctus tea* misce miscre miscu mixtus mix t5e t5re t5u ---- hold ,s cont9e & su/9e2 b-- ret9e ret9re ret9u ret5tus reta9 obt9e obt9re obt9u obt5tus ma9ta9 torre torrre torru to/us bake ,,iii4 ,,p]fect ,,9 -,s4 auge augre aux auctus increase torque torqure tors tortus twi/ indulge indulgre induls ---- indulge lce lcre lx ---- be light lge lgre lx ---- m\rn jube jubre juss jussus ord] p]-mulce p]mulcre p]muls p]mulsus soo! rde rdre rs rsum 7e/7 laugh sude sudre sus susum 7e/7 advise abs-t]ge ab/]gre ab/]s ab/]sus wipe (f rde rdre rs rsrus burn ha]e ha]re haes haesrus /ick mane manre mns mnsrus /ay alge algre als ---- be cold fulge fulgre fuls ---- gleam urge urgre urs ---- press ,,iv4 ,,p]fect ,,9 - ,,) ,,r$uplication4 morde mordre momord morsus bite sponde spondre spopond spnsus promise tonde tondre totond tnsus %e> p5de p5dre pep5d ---- hang ,v4 ,,p]fect ,,9 - ,,) ,,l5g!n+ ,,( ,,/em ,,v[el4 cave cavre cv cautrus take c>e fave favre fv fautrus favor fove fovre fv ftus *]i% move movre mv mtus move pave pavre pv ---- fe> s$e s$re sd sessrus sit vide vidre vd vsus see vove vovre vv vtus v[ ,,vi4 ,,p]fect ,,9 - ,,)\t ,,ei!r ,,r$uplication ,,or ,,l5g!n+ ,,( ,,/em ,,v[el4 f]ve f]vre 7f]v1 ---- boil f]bu7 pr&e pr&re pr& prnsus 7 #aad1 lun* #b7 /rde /rdre /rd ---- creak ,,vii4 ,,depon5ts4 liceor licr licitus sum bid polliceor pollicr pollicitus sum promise m]eor m]r m]itus sum e>n mis]eor mis]r mis]itus sum pity v]eor v]r v]itus sum fe> fateor fatr fassus sum confess cnfiteor cnfitr cnfessus sum confess reor rr ratus sum ?9k m$eor m$r ---- heal tueor tur ---- protect ,?ird 7,consonant7 ,conjugation4 #abb4 ,i4 ,,v]bs ,,) ,,pres5t ,,/em ,,end+ ,,9 ,a ,,consonant4 #a4 ,p]fect 9 -s4 a4 ,type -1 -re1 -s1 -tus4 c>p c>p]e c>ps c>ptus pluck sculp sculp]e sculps sculptus *isel rp rp]e rps ---- creep s]p s]p]e s]ps ---- crawl scrib scrib]e scrps scrptus write nb nb]e nps npta 7woman m>ry only7 reg reg]e rx rctus gov]n teg teg]e tx tctus cov] af-flg afflg]e afflx afflctus %att] dc dc]e dx dictus say dc dc]e dx ductus lead coqu coqu]e cox coctus cook trah trah]e trx trctus draw veh veh]e vex vectus c>ry c+ c+]e cnx cnctus gird t+ t+]e tnx tnctus dip jung jung]e jnx jnctus jo9 f+ f+]e fnx fctus w\ld p+ p+]e pnx pctus pa9t /r+ /r+]e /rnx /rictus b9d -/+u#dd -/+u]e -/nx -/nctus blot out ungu ungu]e nx nctus ano9t vv vv]e vx vctum 7e/7 live g] g]]e gess ge/us c>ry ur r]e uss /us burn temn temn]e con-temps con-temptus despise b4 ,type -1 -re1 -s1 -sus4 fg fg]e fx fxus fa/5 m]g m]g]e m]s m]sus s9k sp>g sp>g]e sp>s sp>sus scatt] flect flect]e flex flexus b5d nect nect]e nexu nexus tw9e 7nex7 mitt mitt]e ms missus s5d rd rd]e rs rsus %ave rd rd]e rs rsus gnaw vd vd]e -vs#de -vsum m>*1 walk 7e/7#de ld ld]e ls lsum 7e/7 play trd trd]e trs trsus pu% la$ la$]e laes laesus injure1 hurt claud claud]e claus clausus close plaud plaud]e plaus plausum 7e/7 clap expld expld]e expls explsus hoot (f cd cd]e cess cessum 7e/7 )draw dvid dvid]e dvs dvsus divide prem prem]e press pressus press #b4 ,p]fect 9 - ) ,r$uplication4 ab-d abd]e abdid abditus conceal r$-d r$-d]e r$did r$ditus return ,s add1 cond1 dd1 p]d1 prd1 trd1 etc4 cn-si/ cnsi/]e cn/it ---- take "o's /& resi/ resi/]e re/it ---- resi/ circumsi/ circumsi/]e circum/et ---- surr\nd cad cad]e cecid csrus fall ca$ ca$]e cecd caesus kill p5d p5d]e pep5d pnsus weigh1 pay t5d t5d]e tet5d t5tus /ret* tund tund]e tutud tsus1 tnsus beat fall fall]e fefell 7falsus1 z deceive ,adj47 pell pell]e pepul pulsus drive out curr curr]e cucurr cursum 7e/7 run p>c p>c]e pep]c p>srus sp>e c can]e cec9 ---- s+ tang tang]e tetig tctus t\* pung pung]e pupug pnctus prick ,,note4--,9 ! foll[+ v]bs ! p]fects 7 orig9ally r$uplicat$1 b h lo/ ! r$uplicat+ syllable3-- p]-cell p]cell]e p]cul p]culsus /rike d[n f9d f9d]e fid fissus split sc9d sc9d]e scid scissus te> ap>t toll toll]e sus-tul subltus remove #c4 ,p]fect 9 - ) ,l5g!n+ ( ,/em ,v[el4 ag ag]e g ctus drive1 d p]ag p]ag]e p]g p]ctus f9i% subig subig]e subg subctus subdue cg cg]e cog coctus =ce1 ga!r frang frang]e frg frctus break p]fr+ p]fr+]e p]frg p]frctus break d[n leg leg]e lg lctus ga!r1 read p]leg p]leg]e p]lg p]lctus read ?r\gh collig collig]e collg collctus collect dlig dlig]e dlg dlctus *oose dlig dlig]e dlx dlctus love intelleg intelleg]e intellx intellctus und]/& negleg negleg]e neglx neglctus neglect em em]e m mptus buy com com]e com comptus buy up r$im r$im]e r$m r$mptus buy back dirim dirim]e dirm dirmptus de/roy dm dm]e dmps dmptus take away sm sm]e smps smptus take prm prm]e prmps 7prmptus1 z take out ,adj47 v9c v9c]e vc victus conqu] re-l9qu rel9qu]e relqu relctus leave rump rump]e rp ruptus break ed sse 7 d sus eat #abh7 fund fund]e fd fsus f\r #d4 ,p]fect 9 - )\t ei!r ,r$uplication or ,l5g!n+ ( ,/em ,v[el4 excd excd]e excd excsus hamm] cnsd cnsd]e cnsd ---- take "o's seat possd possd]e possd possessus take possession acc5d acc5d]e acc5d accnsus k9dle a-sc5d asc5d]e asc5d ascnsum 7e/7 climb d-f5d df5d]e df5d dfnsus def5d pre-h5d preh5d]e preh5d prehnsus seize c c]e c ictus /rike vell vell]e vell vulsus pluck v]t v]t]e v]t v]sus turn p& p&]e p& passus spread solv solv]e solv soltus loose vs vs]e vs vsus visit volv volv]e volv voltus roll v]r v]r]e v]r v]sus sweep #e4 ,p]fect 9 -u4 9-cumb incumb]e incubu incubitrus lean on gign gign]e g5u g5itus br+ =? mol mol]e molu molitus gr9d vom vom]e vomu vomitus vomit frem frem]e fremu ---- snort gem gem]e gemu ---- sigh met met]e messu messus reap trem trem]e tremu ---- tremble /rep /rep]e /repu ---- rattle al alete alu altus 7alitus7 n\ri% col col]e colu cultus cultivate incol incol]e incolu ---- inhabit excol excol]e excolu excultus p]fect cnsul cnsul]e cnsulu cnsultus consult cns] cns]]e cns]u cns]tus jo9 ds] ds]]e ds]u ds]tus des]t diss] diss]]e diss]u ---- disc\rse tex tex]e texu textus weave #f4 ,p]fect 9 -v4 s9 s9]e sv situs all[ des9 ds9]e dsi dsitus cease pon pn]e posu positus place ob-l9 obl9]e oblv oblitus sme> s] s]]e sv satus s[ cns] cns]]e cnsv cnsitus plant c]n c]n]e ---- ---- sep>ate disc]n disc]n]e discrv discrtus di/+ui% dc]n dc]n]e dcrv dcrtus decide sp]n sp]n]e sprv sprtus scorn /]n /]n]e /rv /rtus spread pr-/]n pr/]n]e pr/rv pr/rtus ov]?r[ pet pet]e petv pettus seek 7peti7 appet appet]e appetv appettus long = t] t]]e trv trtus rub qua] qua]]e quaesv quaestus seek acqur acqur]e acqusv acqustus acquire arcess arcess]e arcessv arcesstus summon capess capess]e capessv capesstus seize lacess lacess]e lacessv lacesstus provoke #g4 ,us$ only 9 ,pres5t ,sy/em4 ang ang]e ---- ---- *oke lamb lamb]e ---- ---- lick claud claud]e ---- ---- be lame fur fur]e ---- ---- rave v]g v]g]e ---- ---- b5d & a few o!rs4 ,,ii4 ,,v]bs ,,) ,,pres5t ,,/em ,,end+ ,,9 -,u4 indu indu]e indu indtus put on imbu imbu]e imbu imbtus moi/5 lu lu]e lu ---- wa% pollu pollu]e pollu polltus defile m9u m9u]e m9u m9tus less5 /atu /atu]e /atu /attus set up cn/itu cn/itu]e cn/itu cn/ittus det]m9e su su]e su stus sew tribu tribu]e tribu tribtus allot ru ru]e ru ruitrus fall dru dru]e dru drutus de/roy obru obru]e obru obrutus ov]:elm acu acu]e acu ---- %>p5 argu argu]e argu ---- accuse congru congru]e congru ---- agree metu metu]e metu ---- fe> ab-nu abnu]e abnu ---- decl9e re-spu respu]e respu ---- reject /ru /ru]e /rx /rctus build flu flu]e flxi 7flxus1 z fl[ ,adj47 ,,iii4 ,,v]bs ,,) ,,pres5t ,,/em ,,end+ ,,9 -,i4 capi cup]e cupv cuptus wi% sapi sap]e sapv ---- ta/e rapi rap]e rapu raptus snat* dripi drip]e dripu dreptus plund] cnspici cnspic]e cnspex cnspectus gaze at aspici aspic]e aspex aspectus behold illici illic]e illex illectus allure pellici pellic]e pellex pellectus allure lici lic]e licu licitus elicit quati quat]e ---- quassus %ake concuti concut]e concuss concussus %ake p>i p>]e pep] p>tus br+ =? capi cap]e cp captus take accipi accip]e accp acceptus accept incipi incip]e incp inceptus beg9 faci fac]e fc factus make affici affic]e affc affectus affect ,passive1 afficior1 affic1 affectus sum4 ,s o!r prepositional comp\nds1 p]fici1 p]ficior2 int]fici1 int]ficior2 etc4 ,b-- assufaci assufac]e assufc assufactus accu/om ,passive1 assufi1 assufi]i1 assufactus sum4 ,s also patefaci1 patef2 calefaci1 calef2 & all non-prepositional comp\nds4 jaci jac]e jc jactus hurl abici abic]e abjc abjectus ?r[ away fodi fod]e fd fossus dig fugi fug]e fg fugitrus flee effugi effug]e effg ---- escape ,,iv4 ,,v]bs ,,9 -,,sc4 #a4 ,v]bs 9 -sc f ,simple ,roots4 posc posc]e poposc ---- dem& disc disc]e didic ---- le>n psc psc]e pv p/us fe$ pscor psc p/us sum graze crsc crsc]e crv crtus gr[ cnsusc cnsusc]e cnsuv cnsutus accu/om "o's self quisc quisc]e quiv quitrus be /ill adolsc adolsc]e adolvi adultus gr[ up obsolsc obsolsc] obsolv ---- gr[ old nsc nsc]e nv ---- become acqua9t$ ) ignsc ignsc]e ignv igntrus p>don agnsc agnsc]e agnv agnitus recognize cognsc cognsc]e cognv cognitus get acqua9t$ ) #b4 ,v]bs 9 -sc =m$ f o!r ,v]bs4 ,^! usually h ,in*oative or ,inceptive mean+ 7see #aee1 #a74 ,:5 !y h ! ,p]fect1 x is ! same z t ( ! ,v]bs f :i* !y are d]iv$4 flrsc flrsc]e flru beg9 to 7flre7 bloom scsc scsc]e scv enact 7sco7 rsc rsc]e ru become dry 7re7 calsc calsc]e calu become hot 7cale7 cns5sc cns5sc]e cns5u gr[ old 7s5e7 extimsc extimsc]e extimu fe> greatly 7"t7 +emsc +emsc]e +emu sigh 7gem7 adha]sc adha]sc]e adhaes /ick 7ha]e7 #c4 ,v]bs 9 -sc d]iv$ f ,adjectives1 usually ) ,in*oative mean+4 obdrsc obdrsc]e obdru gr[ h>d 7drus7 vansc vansc]e v9u disappe> 7vnus7 p]crbrsco p]crbrsc]e p]crbru gr[ fre% 7crb]7 mtresc mtrsc]e mtru gr[ ripe 7mtrus7 obmtsc obmtsc]e obmtu gr[ dumb 7mtus7 ,v4 ,,depon5ts4 fungor fungi fnctus sum p]=m qu]or qu] que/us sum compla9 loquor loqu loctus sum speak sequor sequ sectus sum foll[ fruor fru fruitrus enjoy p]fruor p]fru p]frctus sum ?or\ghly enjoy lbor lbi lpsus sum glide amplector amplect amplexus sum embrace ntor nt nsus sum1 /rive nxus sum gradior grad gressus sum walk patior pat passus sum suff] p]petior p]pet p]pessus sum endure tor t sus sum use morior mor mortuus sum die adipscor adipsc adeptus sum acquire comm9scor comm9sc comm5tus sum inv5t rem9scor rem9sc ---- rememb] nancscor nancsc nanctus acquire 7nactus7 sum nscor nsc ntus sum be born oblvscor oblvsc obltus sum =get pacscor pacsc pactus sum cov5ant pr(icscor pr(icsc pr(ectus sum set out ulcscor ulcsc ultus sum av5ge rscor rsc 7rtus1 z be angry ,adj47 vescor vesc ---- eat ,f\r? ,conjugation4 #abc4 ,i4 ,,p]fect ,,ends ,,9 -,v4 audi audre audv audtus he> ,s all regul> ,v]bs ( ! ,f\r? ,conjugation4 sepeli sepelre sepelv sepultus bury ,,ii4 ,,p]fect ,,ends ,,9 -,u4 ap]i ap]re ap]u ap]tus op5 op]i op]re op]u op]tus cov] sali salre salu ---- leap ,,iii4 ,,p]fect ,,ends ,,9 -,s4 saepi saepre saeps saeptus h$ge 9 sanci sancre snx snctus ratify v9ci v9cre v9x v9ctus b9d amici amicre ---- amictus envelop fulci fulcre fuls fultus prop up ref]ci ref]cre ref]s ref]tus fill s>ci s>cre s>s s>tus pat* hauri haurre haus hau/us draw s5ti s5tre sns snsus feel ,,iv4 ,,p]fect ,,9 - ,,) ,,l5g!n+ ,,( ,,/em ,,v[el4 v5i v5re vn v5tum 7e/7 come adv5i adv5re advn adv5tum 7e/7 arrive inv5i inv5re invn inv5tus f9d ,v4 ,,p]fect ,,) ,,loss ,,( ,,r$uplication4 rep]i rep]re repp] rep]tus f9d comp]i comp]re comp] comp]tus le>n ,,vi4 ,,us$ ,,only ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t4 f]i f]re ---- ---- /rike suri surre ---- ---- be hungry ,,vii4 ,,depon5ts4 l>gior l>gr l>gtus sum be/[ ,s _m o!rs4 exp]ior exp]r exp]tus sum try opp]ior opp]r opp]tus sum await rdior rdr rsus sum beg9 orior orr ortus sum arise ,orior usually foll[s ! ,?ird ,conjugation 9 its inflection2 z or]is1 ortur1 ormur2 or]] 7,imp4 ,subj472 or]e 7,imp]474 mtior mtr mnsus sum measure ass5tior ass5tr assnsus sum ass5t 99 99 99 99 99 ,,irregul> ,,v]bs4 #abd4 ,a numb] ( ,v]bs are call$ ,irregul>4 ,! mo/ important are sum1 d1 ed1 f]1 vol1 nl1 ml1 e1 f4 ,! peculi>ity ( ^! ,v]bs is t !y app5d ! p]sonal end+s 9 _m =ms directly to ! /em1 in/ead ( employ+ a connect+ v[el1 z f]-s 7#b;d ,s+4 ( f]-71 in/ead ( f]-i-s4 ,!y are b ! relics ( :at 0 once 9 ,lat9 a l>ge class ( ,v]bs4 #abe4 ,! ,inflection ( sum has already be5 giv54 ,its v>i\s comp\nds are inflect$ 9 ! same way4 ,!y are-- absum abesse fu am abs5t ,pres4 ,p>tic4 absns 7abs5tis71 abs5t4 adsum adesse adfu am pres5t dsum deesse dfu am lack+ insum inesse nfu am 9 int]sum int]esse int]fu am among praesum praeesse praefu am 9 *>ge ( ,pres4 ,p>tic4 praesns 7praes5tis71 pres5t obsum obesse obfu h9d] prsum prdesse prfu am ( advantage subsum subesse subfu am und]nea? sup]sum sup]esse sup]fu am left ,,note4--,prsum is comp\nd$ ( prd 7e>li] =m ( pr7 & sum2 ! d disappe>s be=e consonants1 z prsumus2 b prde/is4 #abf4 ,possum4 ,9 its ,pres5t ,sy/em possum is a comp\nd ( pot- 7= pote1 able7 & sum2 potu is f an obsolete potre4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 possum1 posse1 potu1 to be able4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,pres4 possum1 potes1 pote/2 possumus1 pote/is1 possunt4 ,imp4 pot]am2 pot]mus4 ,fut4 pot]2 pot]imus4 ,p]f4 potu2 potuimus4 ,plup4 potu]am2 potu]mus4 ,fut4 ,p4 potu]2 potu]imus4 ,,subjunctive4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,pres4 possim1 posss1 possit2 possmus1 posstis1 poss9t4 ,imp4 possem2 possmus4 ,p]f4 potu]im2 potu]mus4 ,plup4 potuissem2 potuissmus4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 posse4 ,pres4 potns 7z an adjective74 ,p]f4 potuisse4 #abg4 ,d1 ,i give4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 d1 dre1 d$1 dtus4 ,active ,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,pres4 d1 ds1 dat2 dmus1 dtis1 dant4 ,imp4 dbam1 etc42 dbmus4 ,fut4 db1 etc42 dbimus4 ,p]f4 d$2 d$imus4 ,plup4 d$]am2 d$]mus4 ,fut4 ,p4 d$]2 d$]imus4 ,,subjunctive ,pres4 dem2 dmus4 ,imp4 drem2 drmus4 ,p]f4 d$]im2 d$]mus4 ,plup4 d$issem2 d$issmus4 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 d2 dte4 ,fut4 dt2 dtte4 dt4 dant4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 dre4 dns4 ,p]f4 d$isse4 ,fut4 dtrus esse4 dtrus4 ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 d&1 etc4 dtum1 dt4 #a4 ,! passive is inflect$ regul>ly ) ! %ort v[el4 ,?us3 dr1 dtur1 drtur1 etc4 #b4 ,! ar*aic & poetic ,pres5t ,subjunctive =ms duim1 du9t1 p]duit1 p]du9t1 etc41 are n f ! root da-1 b f du-1 a collat]al root ( simil> mean+4 #abh4 ,ed1 ,i eat4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ed1 sse1 d1 sus4 ,active ,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres4 ed1 edimus1 s1 /is1 /2 edunt4 ,,subjunctive4 ,imp4 ssem1 ssmus1 sss1 sstis1 sset2 ss5t4 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 s2 /e4 ,fut4 /2 /te4 /2 edunt4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 sse4 ,passive ,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres4 #c;d ,s+4 /ur4 ,,subjunctive4 ,imp4 #c;d ,s+4 sstur4 #a4 ,obs]ve ! long v[el ( ! =ms 9 s-1 :i* alone di/+ui%es !m f ! correspond+ =ms ( esse1 to be4 #b4 ,note com$1 comsse1 comd1 comsus or com/us1 consume4 #c4 ,! ,pres5t ,subjunctive has edim1 -s1 -x1 etc41 less (t5 edam1 -s1 etc4 #abi4 ,f]1 ,i be>4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 f]1 f]re1 tul1 ltus4 ,active ,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,plural4 ,,s+ul>4 ,pres4 f]1 f]s1 f]t2 f]imus1 f]tis1 f]unt4#df ,imp4 f]bam2 f]bmus4 ,fut4 f]am2 f]mus4 ,p]f4 tul2 tulimus4 ,plup4 tul]am2 tul]mus4 ,fut4 ,p4 tul]2 tul]imus4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 f]am2 f]mus4 ,imp4 f]rem2 f]rmus4 ,p]f4 tul]im2 tul]mus4 ,plup4 tulissem2 tulissmus4 ,,imp]ative ,pres4 f]2 f]te4 ,fut4 f]t2 f]tte4 f]t2 f]unt4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 f]re4 ,pres4 f]ns4 ,p]f4 tulisse4 ,fut4 ltrus esse4 ,fut4 ltrus4 ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 f]5d4 ,dat4 f]5d4 ,acc4 f]5dum4 ,acc4 ltum4 ,abl4 f]5d4 ,abl4 lt4 ,passive ,voice4 f]or1 f]r1 ltus sum1 to be borne4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,plural4 ,,s+ul>4 ,pres4 f]or1 f]ris1 f]tur2 f]imur1 f]im91 f]untur4 ,imp4 f]b>2 f]bmur4 ,fut4 f]>2 f]mur4 ,p]f4 ltus sum2 lt sumus4 ,plup4 ltus eram2 lt ermus4 ,fut4 ,p4 ltus er2 lt erimus4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 f]>2 f]mur4 ,imp4 f]r]2 f]rmur4 ,p]f4 ltus sim2 lt smus4 ,plup4 ltus essem2 lt essmus4 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 f]re2 f]imim4 ,fut4 f]tor2 ---- f]tor2 f]untor4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 f]r4 ,p]f4 ltus esse4 ,p]f4 ltus4 ,fut4 ltum r4 ,fut4 f]5dus4 ,s also ! ,comp\nds-- aff] aff]re attul alltus br+ t[>d auf] auf]re ab/ul abltus take away cnf] cnf]re contul colltus comp>e diff] diff]re di/ul dltus put (f eff] eff]re extul ltus c>ry out nf] nf]re intul illtus br+ aga9/ (f] (f]re obtul obltus pres5t ref] ref]re rettul reltus br+ back ,,note4--,! =ms su/ul & subltus belong to toll4 #acj4 vol1 nl1 ml4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 vol1 velle1 volu1 to wi%4 nl1 nlle1 nlu1 to be unwill+4 ml1 mlle1 mlu1 to pref]4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres4 vol1 nl1 ml1 vs1 nn vs1 mvs1 vult2 nn vult2 mvult2 volumus1 nlumus1 mlumus1 vultis1 nn vultis1 mvultis1 volunt4 nlunt4 mlunt4 ,imp4 volbam4 nlbam4 mlbam4 ,fut4 volam4 nlam4 mlam4 ,p]f4 volu4 nlu4 mlu4 ,plup4 volu]am4 nlu]am4 mlu]am4 ,fut4 ,p4 volu]4 nlu]4 mlu]4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 velim1 -s1 -x1 nlim4 mlm4 etc4 ,inf4 vellem1 -s1 -et1 nllem4 mllem4 etc4 ,p]f4 volu]im4 nlu]im4 mlu]im4 ,pluf4 voluissem4 nluissem4 mluissem4 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 nl2 nlte4 ,fut4 nlt2 nltte4 nlt2 nlunt4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 velle4 nlle4 mlle4 ,p]f4 voluisse4 nluisse4 mluisse ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 volns nlns4 ---- #aca4 ,f4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 f1 fer1 factus sum1 to become1 be made4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,s+ul>1 ,,plural4 ,pres4 f1 fs1 fit2 fmus1 ftis1 funt4 ,inf4 fbam2 fbmus4 ,fut4 fam2 fmus4 ,p]f4 factus sum2 fact sumus4 ,pluf4 factus eram2 fact ermus4 ,fut4 ,p4 factus er2 fact erimus4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres4 fam2 fmus4 ,imp4 fi]em2 fi]mus4 ,p]f4 factus sim2 fact smus4 ,plup4 factus essem2 fact essmus4 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 f2 fte4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 fi]4 ,p]f4 factus esse4 ,p]f4 factus4 ,fut4 factum r4 ,g]4 faci5dus4 ,,note4--,a few isolat$ =ms ( comp\nds ( f occur2 z1 dfit lacks2 nfit1 beg9s4 #acb4 ,e4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 e1 re1 v1 itum 7e/71 to g4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,pres4 e1 s1 x2 mus1 tis1 eunt4 ,imp4 bam2 bmus4 ,fut4 b2 bimus4 ,p]f4 v 7i72 vimus 7iimus74 ,plup4 v]am 7i]am72 v]mus 7i]mus7 ,fut4 ,p4 v] 7i]72 v]imus 7i]imus74 ,,subjunctive4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,pres4 eam2 emus4 ,inf4 rem2 rmus4 ,p]f4 v]im 7i]im72 v]mus 7i]mus74 ,pluf4 vissem 7iissem1 ssem72 vissmus 7iissmus1 ssmus74 ,,imp]ative4 ,pres4 2 te4 ,fut4 t2 tte1 t2 eunt4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 re4 ,pres4 ins4 ,p]f4 visse 7sse74 7,g54 euntis47 ,fut4 xrus esse4 ,fut4 xrus4 ,g]undive1 eundum4 ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 eund1 etc4 itum1 x4 #a4 ,transitive comp\nds ( e admit ! full ,passive inflection2 z adeor1 adris1 adtur1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,defective ,,v]bs4 ,defective ,v]bs lack c]ta9 =ms4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3-- #acc4 ,,us$ ,,ma9ly ,,9 ,,! ,,p]fect ,,sy/em4 ,coep1 ,mem91 d1 ,i h ,i rememb]4 ,i hate4 begun4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,p]f4 coep4 mem94 d4 ,plup4 coep]am4 mem9]am4 d]am4 ,fut4 ,p4 coep]4 mem9]4 d]4 ,,subjunctive4 ,p]f4 coep]im4 mem9]im4 d]im4 ,pluf4 coepissem4 mem9issem4 dissem4 ,,imp]ative4 ,s+4 mem5t2 ,plur4 mem5tte4 ,,inf9itive4 ,p]f4 coepisse4 mem9isse4 disse4 ,fut4 coeptrus esse4 srus esse4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,p]f4 coeptus1 begun4 sus4 ,fut4 coeptrus4 srus4 #a4 ,:5 coep gov]ns a ,passive ,inf9itive x usually takes ! =m coeptus e/2 z1 amr coeptus e/1 he began to be lov$4 #b4 ,note t mem9 & d1 ?\gh ,p]fect 9 =m1 are ,pres5t 9 s5se4 ,simil>ly ! ,plup]fect & ,future ,p]fect h ! =ce ( ! ,imp]fect & ,future2 z1 mem9]am1 ,i rememb]$2 d]1 ,i %all hate4 #acd4 ,inquam1 ,i say 7ins]t$ betwe5 words ( a direct quotation7 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,pres4 inquam1 ---- inquis1 ---- inquit2 inquiunt4 ,fut4 ---- ---- inquis1 ---- inquiet4 ---- ,p]f4 #c;d ,s+4 inquit4 #ace4 ,aj1 ,i say4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural ,pres4 aj1 ---- as1 ---- ait2 ajunt4 ,imp4 ajbam1 ajbmus1 ajbs1 ajbtis1 ajbat2 ajbant4 ,p]f #c;d ,s+4 at4 ,,subjunctive4 ,pres #c;d ,s+4 ajat4 ,,note4--,= asne1 d y mean8 an is common4 #acf4 ,fr1 to speak4 ,?is is inflect$ regul>ly 9 ! p]fect t5ses4 ,9 ! ,pres5t ,sy/em x has-- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 ,pres4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ftur4 ---- ,fut4 fbor1 ---- ---- ---- fbitur4 ---- ,impv4 fre4 ,inf4 fr4 ,pres4 fantis1 fant1 etc4 ,p>tic4 ,g]und1 f&2 ,d4 & ,abl41 f&4 ,g41 ,g]undive1 f&us4 ,,note4--,=ms ( fr are r>e4 ,m frequ5t are its comp\nds2 z1-- afftur1 he addresses2 praefmur1 we say 9 advance4 #acg4 ,,o!r ,,defective ,,=ms4 #a4 ,que1 qure1 quv1 to be able1 & neque1 nequre1 nequv1 to be unable1 are inflect$ l e1 b occur *iefly 9 ! ,pres5t ,t5se1 & !re only 9 special =ms4 #b4 ,quaes1 ,i entreat2 quaesumus1 we entreat4 #c4 ,c$o 7#b;d s+4 ,impv471 cette 7#b;d plu472 give me1 tell me4 #d4 ,salv1 salvte1 hail4 ,also ,inf9itive1 salvre4 #e4 ,hav 7av71 havte1 hail4 ,also ,inf9itive1 havre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,imp]sonal ,,v]bs4 #ach4 ,imp]sonal ,v]bs correspond to ! ,engli%1 x sn[s1 x seems1 etc4 ,!y h no p]sonal subject1 b may take an ,inf9itive1 a ,clause1 or a ,neut] ,pron\n2 z1 m pudet hc fcisse1 lit4 x %ames me to h done ?is2 hc decet1 ?is is fitt+4 ,"h belong-- ,i4 ,v]bs d5ot+ op]ations ( ! wea!r2 z1-- fulget fulsit x light5s tonat tonuit x ?und]s gr&9at ---- x hails n+it n9xit x sn[s pluit pluit x ra9s ,,ii4 ,special ,v]bs4 pa5itet pa5itre pa5ituit x rep5ts piget pigre piguit x grieves pudet pudre puduit x causes %ame ta$et ta$re ta$uit x disgu/s mis]et mis]re mis]uit x causes pity libet libre libuit x pleases licet licre licuit x is lawful oportet oportre oportuit x is fitt+ decet decre decuit x is becom+ ddecet ddecre ddecuit x is unbecom+ rf]t rf]re rtulit x conc]ns ,,iii4 ,v]bs ,imp]sonal only 9 ,special ,s5ses4 cn/at cn/re cn/itit x is evid5t prae/at prae/re prae/itit x is bett] juvat juvre jvit x delights appret apprre appruit x appe>s placet placre placuit x pleases 7placitum e/7 accdit accd]e accessit x is add$ accidit accid]e accidit x happ5s cont+it cont+]e contigit x happ5s v5it v5re vnit x turns out int]e/ int]esse int]fuit x conc]ns ,,iv4 ,! ,passive ( ,intransitive ,v]bs2 z1-- tur lit4 x is gone i4e4 "s "o goes curritur lit4 x is run i4e4 "s "o runs v5tum e/ lit4 x has be5 come i4e4 "s "o has come v5i5dum e/ lit4 x mu/ be come i4e4 somebody mu/ come pugnr pote/ lit4 x c be f\ght i4e4 somebody c fight 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p>ticles4 99 99 99 99 99 #aci4 ,p>ticles are ! f\r ,p>ts ( ,spee* t d n admit ( inflection2 viz4 ,adv]bs1 ,prepositions1 ,conjunctions1 ,int]jections4 ,,adv]bs4 #adj4 ,adv]bs d5ote mann]1 place1 "t1 or degree ,mo/ adv]bs are 9 orig9 case-=ms :i* h become /]eotyp$ by usage4 ,! common adv]bial t]m9ations h already be5 giv5 above 7 #gf74 ,! foll[+ ,,table ,,( ,,correlatives is important3-- ,,relative ,,& ,,demon/rative4 ,,indef9ite4 ,,int]rogative4 ubi1 :]e2 :]e8 hc1 "h4 alicub1 squam1 ibi1 illc1 i/c1 spiam1 some:]e4 !re4 qu1 :i!r2 hc1 hi!r4 aliqu1 to "s :i!r8 e1 i/c1 illc1 place4 ?i!r4 unde1 :5ce2 h9c1 h5ce4 alicunde1 f :5ce8 inde1 i/9c1 ill9c1 some:]e4 !nce4 qu1 :]e2 :]e8 hc1 by ?is way4 aliqu1 by "s way4 e1 i/c1 illc1 by t way4 cum1 :54 nunc1 n[4 aliqu&1 umquam1 qu&1 :58 tum1 tunc1 !n4 sometime1 ev]4 quotins1 z (t5 totins1 s (t54 aliquotins1 "s z2 h[ (t58 numb] ( times4 quam1 z mu* z2 tam1 s mu*4 aliquantum1 h[ mu*8 some:at4 ,,prepositions4 #ada4 ,prepositions %[ relations ( words4 ,! foll[+ ,prepositions gov]n ! ,accusative3-- ad1 to4 contr1 aga9/4 po/1 aft]4 adv]sus1 erg1 t[>d4 praet]1 pa/4 aga9/4 extr1 outside4 prope1 ne>4 adv]sum1 t[>d1 nfr1 bel[4 propt]1 on acc\nt aga9/4 int]1 betwe54 (4 ante1 be=e4 intr1 )94 secundum1 aft]4 apud1 )1 jxt1 ne>4 subt]1 b5ea?4 ne>4 ob1 on acc\nt sup]1 ov]4 circ1 ar\nd4 (4 supr1 above4 circit]1 ab\t4 p5es1 9 ! h&s trns1 across4 circum1 ar\nd4 (4 ultr1 beyond4 cis1 ?is side p]1 ?r\gh4 v]sus1 t[>d4 (4 pne1 beh9d4 citr1 ?is side (4 #a4 sque is (t5 prefix$ to ad1 9 ! s5se ( ev52 z1-- sque ad urbem1 ev5 to ! city4 #b4 ,v]sus always foll[s its case2 z1-- ,rmam v]sus1 t[>d ,rome4 ,x may be comb9$ ) a prec$+ ,preposition2 z1-- ad urbem v]sus1 t[>d ! city4 #c4 ,l prope1 ! ,comp>atives propior1 propius1 & ! ,sup]latives proximus1 proxim1 sometimes gov]n ! ,accusative2 z1-- ,ubi proxim ,rhnum incolunt1 ! ,ubii dwell next to ! ,rh9e2 propius ca/ra ho/ium1 ne>] ! camp ( ! enemy4 #adb4 ,! foll[+ ,prepositions gov]n ! ,ablative3-- 1 ab1 abs1 f1 cum1 )4 pr1 9 front (1 by4 d1 f1 =4 absque1 )\t4 conc]n+4 s9e1 )\t4 cram1 9 ! 1 ex1 f out t5us1 up to4 pres5ce (4 (4 prae1 be=e4 #a4 1 ab1 abs4 ,be=e v[els or h1 ab mu/ be us$2 be=e consonants we f9d sometimes 1 sometimes ab 7! latt] usually n be=e ! labials b1 p1 f1 v1 m2 nor be=e c1 g1 q1 or t72 abs occurs only be=e t1 & is admissible ev5 !re4 #b4 1 ex4 ,be=e v[els or h1 ex mu/ be us$2 be=e consonants we f9d sometimes 1 sometimes ex4 #c4 ,t5us regul>ly foll[s its case1 z1 pectoribus t5us1 up to ! brea/4 ,x sometimes gov]ns ! ,g5itive1 z1 labrrum t5us1 z f> z ! lips4 #d4 ,cum is app5d$ to ! ,pron\ns ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,p]sons1 & to ! ,reflexive ,pron\n2 usually also to ! ,relative & ,int]rogative4 ,?us3-- mcum nbscum qucum or cum qu tcum vbscum qucum or cum qu scum quibuscum or cum quibus ,on qucum1 see #hi1 ,footnote #bg4 #adc4 ,two ,prepositions1 91 91 into1 & sub1 "u1 gov]n bo? ! ,accusative & ! ,ablative4 ,) ! ,accusative !y d5ote motion2 ) ! ,ablative1 re/2 z1-- 9 urbem1 into ! city2 9 urbe1 9 ! city4 #a4 ,subt] & sup] are also occasionally con/ru$ ) ! ,ablative4 #add4 ,,relation ,,( ,,adv]bs ,,& ,,prepositions4 #a4 ,prepositions 7 orig9ally ,adv]bs1 & _m ( !m /ill reta9 _! adv]bial mean+2 z1 po/1 aft]w>ds2 ante1 previ\sly2 contr1 on ! o!r h&1 etc4 #b4 ,conv]sely sev]al words1 usually adv]bs1 are occasionally employ$ z prepositions2 z1-- clam1 prdi1 ) ! ,accusative4 procul1 simul1 palam1 ) ! ,ablative4 #c4 ,an/rophe4 ,a ,preposition sometimes foll[s its case4 ,?is is call$ ,an/rophe2 z1-- e1 qus int] erat1 ^? among :om he 04 ,ana/rophe occurs *iefly ) dissyllabic prepositions4 ,,conjunctions ,,& ,,int]jections4 #ade4 #a4 ,conjunctions are us$ to connect ideas4 ,= ,cord9ate ,conjunctions1 see #cda ff4 ,subord9ate ,conjunctions are treat$ 9 connection ) ,subord9ate ,clauses4 #b4 ,int]jections express emotion4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,surprise2 z1 n1 ecce1 4 #b4 ,joy2 z1 i1 euoe4 #c4 ,sorr[ & ,pa92 z1 heu1 heu1 vae1 pr4 #d4 ,call+2 z1 heus1 eho4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,iv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,^w-,,=mation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,,d]ivatives4 #adf4 ,d]ivatives are =m$ by app5d+ c]ta9 t]m9ations call$ ,suffixes to /ems ( v]bs1 n\ns1 or adjectives4 ,a4 ,,n\ns4 #a4 ,n\ns d]iv$ f ,v]bs4 #adg4 #a4 ,! suffix -tor 7-sor71 ,fem4 -trx1 d5otes ! ag5t2 z1-- victor1 victrx1 victor2 dfnsor1 def5d]4 ,,note4--,! suffix -tor is occasionally app5d$ to n\n /ems2 z1-- gladitor1 gladiator 7f gladius74 #b4 ,! suffix -or 7orig9ally -s7 d5otes an activity or a condition2 z1-- amor1 love2 timor1 fe>2 dolor1 pa94 #c4 ,! suffixes -ti 7-si71 ,g54 -nis1 & -tus 7-sus71 ,g54 -s1 d5ote an action z 9 process2 z1-- vnti1 hunt+2 obsessi1 blockade2 gemitus1 sigh+2 cursus1 runn+4 ,,note4--,r>] end+s ) ! same =ce are3-- a7 -tra1 -sra2 z1-- sepultra1 burial2 mnsra1 measur+4 b7 -ium2 z1-- gaudium1 rejoic+4 c7 -d2 z1-- cupd1 desire4 #d4 ,! suffixes -m51 -m5tum1 -crum1 -trum1 -bulum1 -culum1 d5ote ! means or place ( an action2 z1-- lm5 7lc-s-m571 light2 vocbulum1 ^w2 rnm5tum1 ornam5t2 docum5tum1 pro(2 sepulcrum1 grave2 artrum1 pl\gh2 vehiculum1 c>riage4 #b4 ,n\ns d]iv$ f ,n\ns4 #adh4 #a4 ,dim9utives end 9-- -ulus1 7-ula1 -ulum7 -olus1 7-ola1 -olum71 aft] a v[el -culus1 7-cula1 -culum7 -ellus1 7-ella1 -ellum7 -illus1 7-illa1 -illum7 z1-- ndulus1 little ne/ 7ndus72 virgula1 w& 7virga72 oppidulum1 little t[n 7oppidum72 fliolus1 little son 7flius72 opusculum1 little "w 7opus72 tabella1 tablet 7tabula72 lapillus1 pebble 7lapis74 ,,note #a4--;,x w be obs]v$ t 9 g5d] ! ,dim9utives foll[ ! g5d] ( ! words f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,,note #b4--,! end+s -ellus1 -illus conta9 ! primitive =m ( ! dim9utive suffix1 viz41 -lo-4 ,?us3-- agellus1 field1 = ag]-lus2 lapillus1 pebble1 = lapid-lus4 #b4 ,! suffix -ium app5d$ to n\ns d5ot+ p]sons designates ei!r a collection ( su* p]sons or _! function2 z1-- collgium1 a corporation1 body ( colleagues 7collga72 sac]dtium1 prie/ly function 7sac]ds74 #c4 ,! suffixes -rium1 -tum1 -le designate a place :]e objects are kept or are f\nd 9 abundance2 z1-- columbrium1 dove-cote 7columba72 olvtum1 olive-or*>d 7olva72 ovle1 %eep-fold 7ovis74 #d4 ,! suffix -tus d5otes (ficial position or honor2 z1-- cnsultus1 consul%ip 7cnsul74 #e4 ,! suffix -na app5d$ to n\ns d5ot+ p]sons designates a vocation or ! place :]e x is c>ri$ on2 z1-- doctrna1 tea*+ 7doctor1 tea*]72 m$icna1 ! art ( heal+ 7m$icus1 physician72 strna1 cobbl]'s %op 7stor1 cobbl]74 #f4 ,patronymics are ,greek prop] names d5ot+ son ( 4441 daught] ( 4444 ,!y h ! foll[+ suffixes3-- a7 ,mascul9es3 -ids1 -ads1 -ds2 z1 ,priamids1 son ( ,priam2 ,a5eads1 son ( ,a5eas2 ,plds1 son ( ,peleus4 b7 ,fem99es3 -is1 -is1 -ias2 z1 ,nris1 daught] ( ,n]eus2 ,atlantis1 daught] ( ,atlas2 ,?aumantias1 daught] ( ,?aumas4 #c4 ,n\ns d]iv$ f ,adjectives4 #adi4 ,! suffixes -ts 7-xs71 -td 7-xd71 -ia1 -itia are us$ = ! =mation ( ab/ract n\ns d5ot+ qualities2 z1-- bonits1 goodness2 cel]its1 swiftness2 magnitd1 greatness2 audcia1 boldness2 amcitia1 fri5d%ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b4 ,,adjectives4 #a4 ,adjectives d]iv$ f ,v]bs4 #aej4 #a4 ,! suffixes -bundus & -cundus give ne>ly ! =ce ( a pres5t p>ticiple2 z1-- tremebundus1 trembl+2 jcundus 7juv71 pleas+4 #b4 ,! suffixes -x & -ulus d5ote an incl9ation or t5d5cy1 mo/ly a faulty "o2 z1-- loqux1 loquaci\s2 crdulus1 cr$ul\s4 #c4 ,! suffix -idus d5otes a /ate2 z1-- calidus1 hot2 timidus1 timid2 cupidus1 eag]4 #d4 ,! suffixes -ilis & -bilis d5ote capacity or ability1 usually 9 a passive s5se2 z1-- fragilis1 fragile 7i4e4 capable ( be+ brok572 docilis1 docile4 #b4 ,adjectives d]iv$ f ,n\ns4 a7 ,f ,common ,n\ns4 #aea4 #a4 ,! suffixes -eus & -inus are app5d$ to names ( sub/ances or mat]ials2 z1-- aureus1 ( gold2 f]reus1 ( iron2 fg9us1 ( bee*4 #b4 ,! suffixes -ius1 -icus1 -lis1 -lis1 -ris1 -rius1 -nus1 -nus1 -nus1 -vus1 -nsis signify belong+ to1 connect$ )2 z1-- rtrius1 oratorical2 leginrius1 legion>y2 bellicus1 p]ta9+ to w>2 pat]nus1 pat]nal2 cvlis1 civil2 urbnus1 ( ! city2 rglis1 regal2 m>nus1 m>9e2 cnsulris1 consul>2 ae/vus1 p]ta9+ to summ]2 circnsis1 belong+ to ! circus4 #c4 ,! suffixes -sus & -l5tus d5ote fullness2 z1-- p]culsus1 full ( dang]1 glrisus1 glori\s2 dang]\s2 opul5tus1 weal?y4 #d4 ,! suffix -tus has ! =ce ( provid$ )2 z1-- b>btus1 be>d$2 /elltus1 set ) />s4 b7 ,f ,prop] ,names4 #aeb4 #a4 ,names ( p]sons take ! suffixes3 -nus1 -inus1 -nus2 z1-- ,catninus1 belong+ to ,plautnus1 belong+ to ,cato2 ,plautus4 #b4 ,names ( nations take ! suffixes -icus1 -ius2 z1-- ,g]mnicus1 ,g]man2 ,?rcius1 ,?racian4 #c4 ,names ( places take ! suffixes -nus1 -nus1 -nsis1 -aeus1 -ius2 z1-- ,rmnus1 ,roman2 ,a?ninsis1 ,a!nian2 ,am]nus1 ( ,am]ia2 ,smyrnaeus1 ( ,smyrna2 ,cor9?ius1 ,cor9?ian4 ,,note4-- -nus & -nsis1 app5d$ to names ( c\ntries1 designate some?+ /ation$ 9 ! c\ntry or connect$ ) x1 b n indig5\s2 z1-- bellum fricnum1 a w> 7( ,romans ) ,romans7 9 ,africa4 bellum ,hispninse1 a w> c>ri$ on 9 ,spa94 legines ,gallicnae1 7,roman7 legions /ation$ 9 ,gaul4 #c4 ,adjectives d]iv$ f ,adjectives4 #aec4 ,dim9utives 9 -lus sometimes occur2 z1-- p>volus1 little2 misellus 7pass]71 poor little 7sp>r[72 paup]culus1 ne$y4 #d4 ,adjectives d]iv$ f ,adv]bs4 #aed4 ,^! end 9 -ernus1 -t]nus1 -tnus1 -tnus2 z1-- hodi]nus1 ( to-day 7hodi72 he/]nus1 ( ye/]day 7h]72 inte/nus1 int]nal 7intus72 dit9us1 long-la/+ 7di74 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,,v]bs4 #a4 ,v]bs d]iv$ f ,v]bs4 #aee4 #a4 ,,inceptives ,,or ,,in*oatives4 ,^! end 9 -sc1 & are =m$ f ,pres5t ,/ems4 ,!y d5ote ! beg9n+ ( an action2 z1-- labsc1 beg9 to tott] 7f lab72 horrsc1 gr[ r\gh 7f horre72 tremsc1 beg9 to tremble 7f trem72 obdormsc1 fall asleep 7f dormi74 #b4 ,,frequ5tatives ,,or ,,int5sives4 ,^! d5ote a repeat$ or en]getic action4 ,!y are =m$ f ! ,p>ticipial ,/em1 & end 9 -t or -s4 ,^? d]iv$ f v]bs ( ! ,fir/ ,conjugation end 9 -x 7n -t1 z we %\ld expect74 ,examples ( ,frequ5tatives are-- jact1 toss ab\t1 br&i% 7f jaci1 hurl72 curs1 run hi!r & ?i!r 7f curr1 run72 volit1 flit ab\t 7f vol1 fly74 a4 ,"s d\ble ,frequ5tatives occur2 z1-- cantit1 s+ ov] & ov] 7cant72 cursit1 keep runn+ ab\t 7curs72 v5tit1 keep com+4 b4 agit1 set 9 motion1 is =m$ f ! ,pres5t ,/em4 #c4 ,,desid]atives4 ,^! d5ote a desire to d some?+4 ,!y are =m$ f ! ,p>ticipial ,/em1 & end 9 -uri2 z1-- suri1 desire to eat1 am hungry 7ed72 p>turi1 want to br+ =?1 am 9 7p>i74 labor #b4 ,v]bs d]iv$ f ,n\ns & ,adjectives 7,d5om9atives74 #aef4 ,d5om9atives ( ! ,fir/ ,conjugation are mo/ly transitive2 ^? ( ! ,second exclusively intransitive4 ,^? ( ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,conjugations are p>tly transitive1 p>tly intransitive4 ,examples are-- a7 ,f ,n\ns3-- fraud1 defraud 7fraus72 ve/i1 clo! 7ve/is72 flre1 bloom 7fls74 b7 ,f ,adjectives3-- lb]1 free 7lb]72 saevi1 be fi]ce 7saevus74 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,adv]bs4 #aeg4 #a4 ,adv]bs d]iv$ f v]bs are =m$ f ! ,p>ticipial ,/em by means ( ! suffix -im2 z1-- c]ttim1 emul\sly 7c]t72 cursim1 9 ha/e 7curr72 /atim1 imm$iately 7/74 #b4 ,adv]bs d]iv$ f n\ns & adjectives are =m$3-- a7 ,) ! suffixes -tim 7-sim71 -tim2 z1-- gradtim1 /ep by /ep2 paultim1 gradually2 virtim1 man by man4 b7 ,) ! suffix -tus2 z1-- antquitus1 ( old2 rdcitus1 f ! roots4 c7 ,) ! suffix -t]2 z1-- brevit]1 briefly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,,comp\nds4 #aeh4 #a4 ,comp\nds are =m$ by ! union ( simple words4 ,! second memb] usually conta9s ! ess5tial mean+ ( ! comp\nd2 ! fir/ memb] expresses "s modification ( ?is4 #b4 ,v[el *anges (t5 occur 9 ! process ( composition4 ,?us3-- a4 ,9 ! second memb] ( comp\nds4 7,see #g1 #a47 b4 ,! f9al v[el ( ! /em ( ! fir/ memb] ( ! comp\nd (t5 appe>s z :]e we %\ld expect or 2 sometimes x is dropp$ altoge!r1 & 9 case ( consonant /ems is (t5 ins]t$2 z1-- signif]1 /&>d-be>]2 tubic51 trumpet]2 magnanimus1 high-m9d$2 mtricda1 matricide4 #aei4 ,,examples ,,( ,,comp\nds4 #a4 ,n\ns3-- a7 ,preposition ,n\n2 z1-- d-decus1 disgrace2 pro-avus1 great-gr&fa!r4 b7 ,n\n ,v]b ,/em2 z1-- agri-cola1 f>m]2 frtri-cda1 fratricide4 #b4 ,adjectives3-- a7 ,preposition ,adjective 7or ,n\n72 z1-- p]-magnus1 v great2 sub-obscrus1 r obscure2 -mns1 frantic4 b7 ,adjective ,n\n2 z1-- magn-animus1 great-he>t$2 cel]i-ps1 swift-foot$4 c7 ,n\n ,v]b ,/em2 z1-- p>ti-ceps1 %>+2 morti-f]1 dea?-deal+4 #c4 ,v]bs3-- ,! second memb] is always a v]b4 ,! fir/ may be-- a7 ,a ,n\n2 z1-- a$i-fic1 build4 b7 ,an ,adjective2 z1-- ampli-fic1 enl>ge4 c7 ,an ,adv]b2 z1-- male-dc1 rail at4 d7 ,ano!r ,v]b2 z1-- cale-faci1 make w>m4 e7 ,a ,preposition2 z1-- ab-jung1 deta*2 re-f]1 br+ back2 dis-c]n1 di/+ui%2 ex-spect1 await4 ,,note4--,"h belong ! s-call$ ,,insep>able ,,prepositions3 ambi- 7amb-71 ar\nd2 dis- 7dir-1 di-71 ap>t1 asund]2 por-1 =w>d2 r$- 7re-71 back2 sd- 7s-71 ap>t f2 v-1 )\t4 #d4 ,adv]bs3-- ,^! are ( v>i\s types2 z1-- ante1 be=e2 lc 79 loc71 on ! spot2 imprms1 especially2 obviam1 9 ! way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,syntax4 99 99 99 99 99 #afj4 ,syntax treats ( ! use ( words 9 s5t5ces ,,*apt] ,i4--,s5t5ces4 ,,classification ,,( ,,s5t5ces4 #afa4 ,s5t5ces may be classifi$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,,decl>ative1 :i* /ate some?+2 z1-- pu] scrbit1 ! boy is writ+4 #b4 ,,int]rogative1 ,:i* ask a "q2 z1-- quid pu] scrbit1 :at is ! boy writ+8 #c4 ,,exclamatory1 :i* are 9 ! =m ( an exclamation2 z1-- quot librs scrbit1 h[ _m books he writes6 #d4 ,,imp]ative1 :i* express a comm& or an admonition2 z1-- scrbe1 write6 ,,=m ,,( ,,int]rogative ,,s5t5ces4 #afb4 ,que/ions may be ei!r ,^w-,que/ions or ,s5t5ce-,que/ions4 #a4 ,^w-,que/ions4 ,^! are introduc$ by ! v>i\s int]rogative pron\ns & adv]bs1 su* z--quis1 qu1 qulis1 quantus1 quot1 quotins1 qu1 qu1 etc4 ,?us3-- quis v5it1 :o comes8 quam d manbit1 h[ long w he /ay8 #b4 ,s5t5ce-,que/ions4 ,^! are introduc$-- a7 ,by nnne imply+ ! answ] 'yes'2 z1-- nnne vidtis1 d y n see8 b7 ,by num imply+ ! answ] 'no'2 z1-- num exspects1 d y expect8 7i4e4 y don't expect1 d y87 c7 by ! enclitic -ne1 app5d$ to ! emphatic ^w 7:i* usually /&s fir/71 & simply ask+ = in=mation2 z1-- vidsne1 d y see8 ,a "q introduc$ by -ne may receive a special implication f ! context2 z1-- snsi/ne1 did y n p]ceive8 d7 ,sometimes by no special ^w1 p>ticul>ly 9 expressions ( surprise or indignation2 z1-- t 9 jdicum cnspectum v5re auds1 d y d>e to come into ! pres5ce ( ! judges8 #c4 ,rhetorical ,que/ions4 ,^! are que/ions m]ely 9 =m1 be+ employ$ to express an emphatic ass]tion2 z1 quis dubitat1 :o d\bts8 7 no "o d\bts74 #d4 ,d\ble ,que/ions4 ,d\ble ,que/ions are introduc$ by ! foll[+ p>ticles3-- utrum 444 an2 -ne 444 an2 ---- 444 an4 ,if ! second memb] is negative1 annn 7less (t5 necne7 is us$4 ,examples3-- utrum hone/um e/ an turpe1 hone/umne e/ an turpe1 is x honorable or base8 hone/um e/ an turpe1 suntne d annn1 are !re gods or n8 a4 ,an 0 n orig9ally conf9$ to d\ble que/ions1 b introduc$ s+le que/ions1 hav+ ! =ce ( -ne1 nnne1 or num4 ,traces ( ?is use survive 9 classical ,lat92 z1-- rbus g]5ds ab/rahit s5ects4 ,quibus8 ,an es quae juv5tte g]untur et vrbus8 ,old age 7x is alleg$7 )draws m5 f active pursuits4 ,f :at pursuits8 ,is x n m]ely f ^? :i* are c>ri$ on by ! /r5g? ( y\?8 #e4 ,answ]s4 a4 ,! answ] ,,yes is express$ by ita1 etiam1 vr1 sn1 or by repetition ( ! v]b2 z1-- 'vsne locum mtmus8' 'sn'4 ',%all we *ange ! place8' ',c]ta9ly4' 'e/sne vs lgat8' 'sumus4' ',are y envoys8' ',yes4' b4 ,! answ] ,,no is express$ by nn1 m9im1 m9im vr1 or by repeat+ ! v]b ) a negative2 z1-- 'jam ea praet]iit8' 'nn4' ',has x pass$8' ',no4' 'e/ne frt] intus8' 'nn e/4' ',is y\r bro!r )98' ',no4' ,,subject ,,& ,,pr$icate4 #afc4 ,! two ess5tial p>ts ( a s5t5ce are ! ,,subject & ,,pr$icate4 ,! ,,subject is t conc]n+ :i* some?+ is said1 ask$1 etc4 ,! ,,pr$icate is t :i* is said1 ask$1 etc41 conc]n+ ! ,,subject4 ,,simple ,,& ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces4 #afd4 ,s5t5ces conta9+ b "o ,subject & "o ,pr$icate are call$ ,,simple ,,s5t5ces1 ^? conta9+ m are call$ ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces4 ,?us pu] librs legit1 ! boy reads books1 is a ,simple ,s5t5ce2 b pu] librs legit et epi/uls scrbit1 ! boy reads books & writes lett]s1 is a ,comp\nd ,s5t5ce4 ,! diff]5t memb]s ( a ,comp\nd ,s5t5ce are call$ ,clauses4 #afe4 ,,co,,rd9ate ,,& ,,subord9ate ,,clauses4 ,clauses :i* /& ^u an equality are call$ ,,co,,rd9ate2 a ,clause dep5d5t on ano!r is call$ ,,subord9ate4 ,?us 9 pu] librs legit et epi/uls scrbit ! two clauses are ,cord9ate2 b 9 pu] librs legit qus pat] scrbit1 ! boy reads ! books :i* 8 fa!r writes1 ! second clause is ,subord9ate to ! fir/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,syntax ( ,n\ns4 ,,subject4 #aff4 ,! ,subject ( a ,f9ite ,v]b 7i4e4 any =m ( ! ,indicative1 ,subjunctive1 or ,imp]ative7 is 9 ! ,nom9ative ,case4 #a4 ,! ,subject may be-- a7 ,a ,n\n or ,pron\n2 z1-- pu] scrbit1 ! boy writes2 hc scrbit1 ?is man writes4 b7 ,an ,inf9itive2 z1-- decrum e/ pr patri mor1 to die = "o's c\nty is a noble ?+4 c7 ,a ,clause2 z1-- opportn accdit quod vdi/1 x happ5$ opportunely t y saw4 #b4 ,a ,p]sonal ,pron\n z ,subject is usually impli$ 9 ! ,v]b & is n sep>ately express$2 z1-- scrb1 ,i write2 videt1 he sees4 a4 ,b = ! purpose ( emphasis or contra/ ! ,pron\n is express$2 z1-- ego scrb et t legis1 ,i write1 & y read4 #c4 ,! v]b is sometimes omitt$ :5 x c be easily suppli$ f ! context1 especially ! auxili>y sum2 z1-- rct ille 7sc4 facit71 he does rightly2 consul pr(ectus 7sc4 e/71 ! consul set out4 ,,pr$icate ,,n\ns4 #afg4 ,a ,,pr$icate ,,n\n is "o connect$ ) ! ,subject by "s =m ( ! v]b ,sum or a simil> v]b4 #afh4 ,a ,pr$icate ,n\n agrees ) its ,subject 9 ,case2#dg z1-- ,cic] rtor fuit1 ,cic]o 0 an orator2 ,numa cretus e/ rx1 ,numa 0 elect$ k+4 #a4 :5 possible1 ! ,pr$icate ,n\n usually agrees ) its ,subect 9 ,g5d] also2 z1-- philosophia e/ vtae magi/ra1 philosophy is ! guide ( life4 #b4 ,besides sum1 ! v]bs mo/ frequ5tly accompani$ by a ,pr$icate ,n\n are-- a7 fi1 vd1 exsi/2 mane2 videor2 z1-- ,croesus nn semp] mnsit rx1 ,croesus did n always rema9 k+4 b7 ,passive v]bs ( mak+1 call+1 reg>d+1 etc42 z1 creor1 appellor1 habeor2 z1-- ,rmulus rx appellatus e/1 ,romulus 0 call$ k+2 habitus e/ deus1 he 0 reg>d$ z a god4 ,,appositives4 #afi4 #a4 ,an ,appositive is a ,n\n expla9+ or def9+ ano!r ,n\n d5ot+ ! same p]son or ?+2 z1-- ,cic] cnsul1 ,cic]o1 ! ,consul2 urbs ,rma1 ! city ,rome4 #b4 ,an ,appositive agrees ) its ,subject 9 ,case2 z1-- op]a ,cic]ns rtris1 ! works ( ,cic]o1 ! orator2 apud ,hrodotum1 patrem hi/oriae1 9 ! works ( ,h]odotus1 ! fa!r ( hi/ory4 #c4 ,:5 possible1 ! ,appositive agrees ) its ,subject 9 ,g5d] also2 z1-- ass5tti adjtrx vitirum1 flatt]y1 ! promot] ( evils4 #d4 ,a ,locative may take 9 ,apposition ! ,ablative ( urbs or oppidum1 ) or )\t a preposition2 z1-- ,cor9?1 ,a*iae urbe1 or 9 ,a*iae urbe1 at ,cor9?1 a city ( ,greece4 #e4 ,,p>titive ,,apposition4 ,a ,n\n d5ot+ a :ole is frequ5tly foll[$ by an ,appositive d5ot+ a "p2 z1-- mlits1 =tissimus quisque1 ho/ibus re/itrunt1 ! soldi]s1 all ! brave/ ( !m1 resi/$ ! enemy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cases4 ,,! ,,nom9ative4 #agj4 ,! ,nom9ative is conf9$ to its use z ,subject1 ,appositive1 or ,pr$icate ,n\n1 z already expla9$4 ,see #aff-afi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,vocative4 #aga4 ,! ,vocative is ! ,case ( direct address2 z1-- crdite mihi1 jdics1 believe me1 judges4 #a4 ,by a species ( attraction1 ! ,nom9ative is occasionally us$ = ! ,vocative1 especially 9 poetry & =mal prose2 z1 aud t1 populus ,albnus1 he> ye1 ,alban p6 #b4 ,simil>ly ! ,appositive ( a ,vocative may1 9 poetry1 /& 9 ! ,nom9ative2 z1 nte1 mea magna pot5tia slus1 ,o son1 alone ! s\rce ( my great p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,accusative4 #agb4 ,! ,accusative is ! ,case ( ! ,direct ,object4 #agc4 ,! ,direct ,object may express ei!r ( ! two foll[+ relations3-- ,a4 ,! ,,p]son ,,or ,,?+ ,,affect$ by ! action2 z1-- cnsulem int]fcit1 he slew ! consul2 leg librum1 ,i read ! book4 ,b4 ,! ,,result ,,produc$ by ! action2 z1-- librum scrps1 ,i wrote a book 7i4e4 produc$ "o72 templum /ruit1 he con/ructs a temple4 #agd4 ,v]bs t admit a ,direct ,object ( ei!r ( ^! two types are ,,transitive ,,v]bs4 a4 ,v]bs t regul>ly take a ,direct ,object are sometimes us$ )\t x4 ,!y are !n said to be employ$ absolutely2 z1-- rmor e/ meum gntum amre1 x is rumor$ t my son is 9 love4 ,accusative ( ! ,p]son or ,?+ ,affect$4 #age4 #a4 ,?is is ! mo/ frequ5t use ( ! ,accusative2 z 9-- p>5ts ammus1 we love our p>5ts2 m>e aspicit1 he gazes at ! sea4 #b4 ,! foll[+ classes ( ,v]bs tak+ an ,accusative ( ?is k9d are wor?y ( note3-- a7 ,_m ,intransitive ,v]bs1 :5 comp\nd$ ) a ,preposition1 become ,transitive4 ,?us3-- #a7 ,comp\nds ( circum1 praet]1 trns2 z1-- ho/s circum/re1 to surr\nd ! enemy2 urbem praet]re1 to pass by ! city2 mrs trnsc5d]e1 to climb ov] ! walls4 #b7 ,less frequ5tly1 comp\nds ( ad1 p]1 91 sub2 z1-- adre urbem1 to visit ! city2 p]agrre ,italiam1 to travel ?r\gh ,italy2 9re magi/rtum1 to take (fice2 subre p]culum1 to und]go dang]4 b7 ,_m ,v]bs express+ emotions1 regul>ly ,intransitive1 h also a ,transitive use2 z1-- qu]or ftum1 ,i lam5t my fate2 dole ejus mortem1 ,i grieve at 8 dea?2 rde tuam /ultitiam1 ,i laugh at y\r folly4 ,s also lge1 ma]e1 m\rn2 gem1 bemoan2 horre1 %udd]1 & o!rs4 c7 ,! imp]sonals decet1 x becomes2 ddecet1 x is unbecom+2 juvat1 x pleases1 take ! ,accusative ( ! ,p]son ,affect$2 z1-- m decet haec dc]e1 x becomes me to say ?is4 d7 ,9 poetry _m ,passive ,v]bs1 9 imitation ( ,greek usage1 are employ$ z ,middles 7 #bef1 #a2 #b71 & take ! ,accusative z ,object2 z1-- galeam induitur1 he puts on 8 helmet2 cnctus tempora h$]1 hav+ b\nd 8 temples ) ivy2 nd s9us collcta1 hav+ ga!r$ h] dress 9 a knot4 ,accusative ( ! ,result ,produc$4 #agf4 #a4 ,! ord9>y type ( ?is ,accusative is se5 9 su* expressions z-- librum scrb1 ,i write a book2 domum a$ific1 ,i build a h\se4 #b4 ,_m ,v]bs usually ,intransitive take a ,neut] ,pron\n1 or ,adjective1 z an ,accusative ( ,result4 ,?us3-- a7 ,a ,neut] ,pron\n2 z1-- haec gembat1 he made ^! moans2 idem glrir1 to make ! same boa/2 eadem peccat1 he makes ! same mi/akes4 b7 ,a ,neut] ,adjective1--p>ticul>ly ,adjectives ( numb] or am\nt1--multum1 multa1 pauca1 etc42 also nihil2 z1-- multa ege1 ,i h _m ne$s2 pauca /udet1 he has few int]e/s2 multum valet1 he has great /r5g?2 nihil peccat1 he makes no mi/ake4 ,,note4--,9 poetry o!r ,adjectives are freely us$ 9 ?is con/ruction2 z-- m9itantem vna1 mak+ va9 ?reats2 ac]ba tuns1 giv+ a fi]ce look2 dulce loqu5tem1 sweetly talk+4 #c4 ,! adv]bial use ( sev]al ,neut] ,pron\ns & ,adjectives gr[s out ( ?is ,accusative2 z1-- multum sunt 9 vntine1 !y are mu* engag$ 9 hunt+4 a4 ,s also plrimum1 v greatly2 plrumque1 g5]ally2 aliquid1 some:at2 quid1 :y8 nihil1 n at all2 etc4 #d4 ,sometimes an ,intransitive ,v]b takes an ,accusative ( ,result :i* is ( k9dr$ etymology ) ! ,v]b4 ,?is is call$ a ,,cognate ,,accusative1 & is usually modifi$ by an ,adjective2 z1-- sempit]nam s]vittem s]viat1 let him s]ve an ev]la/+ slav]y2 vtam dram vx1 ,i h liv$ a h>d life4 a4 ,sometimes ! ,cognate ,accusative is n ( k9dr$ etymology1 b m]ely ( k9dr$ mean+2 z1-- /adium currit1 he runs a race2 ,olympia v9cit1 he w9s an ,olympic victory4 #e4 ,! ,accusative ( ,result occurs also aft] ,v]bs ( ta/+ & smell+2 z1-- piscis m>e sapit1 ! fi% ta/es ( ! sea2 rtins antquittem r$ol5t1 ! spee*es smack ( ! pa/4 ,two ,accusatives--,direct ,object & ,pr$icate ,accusative4 #agg4 ,_m ,v]bs ( ,mak+1 ,*oos+1 ,call+1 ,%[+1 & ! l1 take two ,accusatives1 "o ( ! ,p]son or ,?+ ,affect$1 ! o!r a ,pr$icate ,accusative2 z1-- m hrdem fcit1 he made me heir4 ,"h m is ,direct ,object1 hrdm ,pr$icate ,accusative4 ,s also-- eum jdicem cpre1 !y took him z judge2 urbem ,rmam vocvit1 he call$ ! city ,rome2 s virum prae/itit1 he %[$ himself a man4 #b4 ,! ,pr$icate ,accusative may be an ,adjective z well z a ,n\n2 z1-- hom9s caecs r$dit cupidits1 covet\sness r5d]s m5 bl9d2 ,apoll ,scratem sapi5tissimum jdicvit1 ,apollo adjudg$ ,socrates ! wise/ man4 a4 ,"s ,v]bs1 z r$d1 usually admit only an ,adjective z ! ,pr$icate ,accusative4 #c4 ,9 ! ,passive ! ,direct ,object becomes ! ,subject1 & ! ,pr$icate ,accusative becomes ,pr$icate ,nom9ative 7 #afh1 #b1 b73 z1-- urbs ,rma vocta e/1 ! city 0 call$ ,rome4 a4 ,n all ,v]bs admit ! ,passive con/ruction2 r$d & effici1 = example1 nev] take x4 ,two ,accusatives--,p]son & ,?+4 #agh4 #a4 ,"s ,v]bs take two ,accusatives1 "o ( ! ,p]son ,affect$1 ! o!r ( ! ,result ,produc$4 ,?us3-- a7 ,v]bs ( reque/+ & dem&+2 z1-- tium dvs rogat1 he asks ! gods = re/2 m dus rtins po/uls1 y dem& two spee*es ( me4 ,s also r1 posc1 reposc1 exposc1 flgit1 ?\gh "s ( ^! pref] ! ,ablative ) ab to ! ,accusative ( ! ,p]son2 z1-- opem t posc1 ,i dem& aid ( y4 b7 ,v]bs ( tea*+ 7doce & its comp\nds72 z1-- t litt]s doce1 ,i tea* y y\r lett]s4 c7 ,v]bs ( inquir+2 z1-- t haec rog1 ,i ask y ?is2 t s5t5tiam rog1 ,i ask y y\r op9ion4 d7 ,sev]al ,special ,v]bs2 viz4 mone1 admone1 commone1 cg1 accs1 argu1 & a few o!rs4 ,^! admit only a ,neut] ,pron\n or ,adjective z ,accusative ( ! ,?+2 z1-- hc t mone1 ,i give y ?is advice2 m id accss1 y br+ ?is accusation aga9/ me2 id cgit ns ntra1 nature compels u 7to7 ?is4 e7 ,"o ,v]b ( conceal+1 cl2 z1-- nn t clv s]mnem1 ,i h n conceal$ ! conv]sation f y4 #b4 ,9 ! ,passive con/ruction ! ,accusative ( ! ,p]son becomes ! ,subject1 & ! ,accusative ( ! ,?+ is reta9$2 z1-- omns arts doctus e/1 he 0 taught all accompli%m5ts2 rogtus sum s5t5tiam1 ,i 0 ask$ my op9ion2 multa dmonmur1 we are giv5 _m admonitions4 a4 ,only a few ,v]bs admit ! ,passive con/ruction4 ,two ,accusatives ) ,comp\nds4 #agi4 #a4 ,transitive comp\nds ( trns may take two ,accusatives1 "o dep5d5t ^u ! ,v]b1 ! o!r ^u ! ,preposition1 z1-- mlits flm5 trnsportat1 he leads 8 soldi]s across ! riv]4 #b4 ,) o!r comp\nds ?is con/ruction is r>e4 #c4 ,9 ! ,passive ! ,accusative dep5d5t ^u ! preposition is reta9$2 z1-- mlits flm5 trdcbantur1 ! soldi]s 7 l$ across ! riv]4 ,synecdo*ical 7or ,greek7 ,accusative4 #ahj4 #a4 ,! ,synecdo*ical 7or ,greek7 ,accusative d5otes ! "p to :i* an action or quality ref]s2 z1-- tremit arts1 lit]ally1 he trembles z to 8 limbs1 i4e4 8 limbs tremble2 nda g51 lit4 b>e z to ! knee1 i4e4 ) knee b>e2 mans rev9ctus1 lit4 ti$ z to ! h&s1 i4e4 ) h&s ti$4 #b4 ,note t ?is con/ruction-- a7 ,is borr[$ f ! ,greek4 b7 ,is *iefly conf9$ to poetry4 c7 ,usually ref]s to a "p ( ! body4 d7 ,is us$ ) ,adjectives z well z ,v]bs4 ,accusative ( ,"t & ,space4 #aha4 #a4 ,duration ( ,"t & ,ext5t ( ,space are d5ot$ by ! ,accusative2 z1-- quadrg9t anns vxit1 he liv$ =ty ye>s2 hc locus passs sesc5ts ab]at1 ?is place 0 six hundr$ paces away2 arbors qunqug9t p$s altae1 trees fifty feet high2 abh9c septem anns1 sev5 ye>s ago4 #b4 ,emphasis is sometimes add$ by us+ ! ,preposition p]2 z1 p] bi5nium labrv1 ,i toil$ ?r\gh\t two ye>s4 ,accusative ( ,limit ( ,motion4 #ahb4 #a4 ,! ,accusative ( ,limit ( ,motion is us$-- a7 ,) names ( ,t[ns1 ,small ,isl&s1 & ,p59sulas2 z1-- ,rmam vn1 ,i came to ,rome2 ,a?ns pr(icscitur1 he sets out = ,a!ns2 ,dlum p]vn1 ,i arriv$ at ,delos4 b7 ,) domum1 doms1 rs2 z1-- domum rev]titur1 he returns home2 rs b1 ,i %all g to ! c\ntry4 ,,note4--,:5 domus means h\se 7i4e4 build+71 x takes a preposition2 z1-- 9 domum vet]em remigrre1 to move back to an old h\se4 #b4 ,o!r designations ( place ?an ^? above m5tion$ require a ,preposition to d5ote ,limit ( ,motion2 z1-- ad ,italiam vnit1 he came to ,italy4 a4 ,! ,preposition is also cu/om>y ) ! ,accusatives urbem or oppidum :5 !y /& 9 apposition ) ! "n ( a t[n2 z1-- ,?alam1 9 oppidum magnum1 to ,?ala1 a l>ge t[n2 ,g5avam ad oppidum1 to ! t[n ,g5eva4 b4 ,! "n ( a t[n d5ot+ limit ( motion may be comb9$ ) ! "n ( a c\ntry or o!r ^w dep5d5t ^u a preposition2 z1-- ,?ris 9 ,italiam p]vectus1 c>ri$ to ,?urii 9 ,italy2 cum ,acn ad ex]citum vnisset1 :5 he _h come to ! army at ,ace4 #c4 ,to d5ote t[>d1 to ! vic9ity (1 9 ! vic9ity (1 ad is us$2 z1-- ad ,t>5tum vn1 ,i came to ! vic9ity ( ,t>5tum2 ad ,canns pugna facta e/1 a battle 0 f\ght ne> ,cannae4 #d4 ,9 poetry ! ,accusative ( any n\n d5ot+ a place may be us$ )\t a preposition to express ! limit ( motion2 z1-- ,italiam vnit1 he came to ,italy4 #e4 ,! goal notion seems to repres5t ! orig9al function ( ! ,accusative ,case4 ,traces ( ?is primitive =ce are recognizable 9 ! phrase nfitis re1 to d5y 7lit4 to g to a d5ial71 & a few o!r simil> expressions4 ,accusative 9 ,exclamations4 #ahc4 ,! ,accusative1 g5]ally modifi$ by an ,adjective1 is us$ 9 ,exclamations2 z1-- m mis]um1 ah1 wret*$ me6 fallcem spem1 oh1 deceptive hope6 ,accusative z ,subject ( ! ,inf9itive4 #ahd4 ,! ,subject ( ! ,inf9itive is put 9 ! ,accusative2 z1-- vide hom9em abre1 ,i see t ! man is go+ away4 ,o!r ,uses ( ! ,accusative4 #ahe4 ,"h belong-- #a4 ,"s ,accusatives :i* 7 orig9ally ,appositives2 viz4-- id g5us1 ( t k9d2 z1 hom9s id g5us1 m5 ( t k9d 7orig9ally hom9s1 id g5us hom9um1 m51 t k9d ( m572 virle secus1 muliebre secus1 ( ! male sex1 ( ! female sex2 meam vicem1 tuam vicem1 etc41 = my "p1 etc42 bonam p>tem1 magnam p>tem1 9 l>ge "p2 maximam p>tem1 = ! mo/ "p4 #b4 ,"s phrases ( d\btful orig92 z1-- id temporis1 at t "t2 quod si1 b if2 id aettis1 at t "t2 ct]a1 9 o!r respects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,dative4 #ahf4 ,! ,dative case1 9 g5]al1 expresses relations :i* are designat$ 9 ,engli% by ! prepositions to & =4 ,dative ( ,indirect ,object4 #ahg4 ,! commone/ use ( ! ,dative is to d5ote ! p]son to :om some?+ is giv51 said1 or done4 ,?us3-- ,i4 ,) transitive v]bs 9 connection ) ! ,accusative2 z1-- hanc pecniam mihi dat1 he gives me ?is money2 haec nbs dxit1 he said ?is to u4 a4 ,"s v]bs :i* take ?is con/ruction 7p>ticul>ly dn & circumd7 admit also ! ,accusative ( ! p]son along ) ! ,ablative ( ! ?+4 ,?us3-- ,ei!r ,!mi/ocl mn]a dnvit1 he pres5t$ gifts to ,!mi/ocles1 or ,!mi/oclem mn]ibus dnvit1 he pres5t$ ,!mi/ocles ) gifts2 urb mrs circumdat1 he builds walls ar\nd ! city1 or urbem mrs circumdat1 he surr\nds ! city ) walls ,,ii4 ,) _m intransitive v]bs2 z1-- nll labr cdit1 he yields to no labor4 a4 ,"h belong _m v]bs signify+ favor1#dh help1 injure1 please1 displease1 tru/1 di/ru/1 comm&1 obey1 s]ve1 resi/1 indulge1 sp>e1 p>don1 envy1 ?reat51 be angry1 believe1 p]suade1 & ! l2 z1-- ,caes> populribus favet1 ,caes> favors 7i4e4 is favorable to7 ! popul> p>ty2 amcs cnfd1 ,i tru/ 7to7 my fri5ds2 ,orgetorx ,helvtis p]susit1 ,orgetorix p]suad$ 7made x acceptable to7 ! ,helvetians2 bons nocet qu mals p>cit1 he injures 7does h>m to7 ! good1 :o sp>es ! bad4 ,,note4--,x is to be borne 9 m9d t ^! v]bs d n take ! ,dative by virtue ( _! app>5t ,engli% equival5ce1 b simply because !y are intransitive1 & adapt$ to an indirect object4 ,"s v]bs ( ! same app>5t ,engli% equival5ce are transitive & gov]n ! ,accusative2 z1 juv1 la$1 dlect4 ,?us3 aud5ts deus juvat1 ,god helps ! bold2 nm9em laesit he injur$ no "o4 b4 ,v]bs ( ?is class are us$ 9 ! passive only imp]sonally2 z1-- tibi p>citur1 y are sp>$2 mihi p]sudtur1 ,i am be+ p]suad$2 e invidtur1 he is envi$4 c4 ,"s ( ! =ego+ v]bs admit also a ,direct ,object 9 connection ) ! ,dative2 z1-- mihi mortem m9ittur1 he ?reat5s me ) dea? 7?reat5s dea? to me74 ,,iii4 ,) _m v]bs comp\nd$ ) ! prepositions3 ad1 ante1 circum1 com1#di 91 int]1 ob1 po/1 prae1 pr1 sub1 sup]4 ,^! v]bs fall into two ma9 classes1-- #a4 ,_m simple v]bs :i* _c take a ,dative ( ! indirect object become capable ( do+ s :5 comp\nd$ ) a preposition2 z1-- afflcts succurrit1 he helps ! aflict$2 ex]citu praefuit1 he 0 9 comm& ( ! army2 int]sum cnsilis1 ,i %>e 9 ! delib]ations4 #b4 ,_m transitive v]bs :i* take only a direct object become capable1 :5 comp\nd$1 ( tak+ a dative also z indirect object2 z1-- pecniae pudrem antepnit1 he puts honor be=e money2 inic]e spem amcs1 to inspire hope 9 "o's fri5ds2 mntini ,labinum praefcit1 he put ,labi5us 9 *>ge ( ! =tifications4 ,dative ( ,ref]5ce4 #ahh4 #a4 ,! ,dative ( ,ref]5ce d5otes ! p]son to :om a /atem5t ref]s1 ( :om x is true1 or to :om x is ( int]e/2 z1-- mihi ante oculs v]sris1 y hov] be=e my eyes 7lit4 hov] be=e ! eyes to me72 ill sevrits amrem nn dm9uit1 9 8 case sev]ity did n dim9i% love 7lit4 to him sev]ity did n dim9i%72 int]cld]e inimcs commetum1 to cut ( ! supplies ( ! enemy4 a4 ,note ! phrase alicui int]dc]e aqu et gn1 to int]dict "o f fire & wat]4 ,,note4--,! ,dative ( ,ref]5ce1 unlike ! ,dative ( ,indirect ,object1 does n modify ! v]b1 b r ! s5t5ce z a :ole4 ,x is (t5 us$ :]e1 accord+ to ! ,engli% idiom1 we %\ld expect a ,g5itive2 s 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ( ! above examples4 #b4 ,special v>ieties ( ! ,dative ( ,ref]5ce are-- a7 ,dative ( ! ,local ,/&po9t4 ,?is is regul>ly a p>ticiple2 z1-- oppidum prmum ,!ssaliae v5i5tibus ab pr1 ! fir/ t[n ( ,!ssaly z y come f ,epirus 7lit4 to ^? com+ f ,epirus74 b7 ,e?ical ,dative4 ,?is "n is giv5 to ^? ,dative con/ructions ( ! p]sonal pron\ns 9 :i* ! connection ( ! ,dative ) ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce is ( ! v slighte/ sort2 z1-- t mihi i/u audciam df5dis8 tell me1 d y def5d t man's audacity8 quid mihi ,celsus agit8 :at is my ,celsus do+8 c7 ,dative ( ,p]son ,judg+2 z1-- erit ille mihi semp] deus1 he w always be a god to me 7i4e4 9 my op9ion72 quae i/a s]vits tam clro hom91 h[ c t be slav]y to s illu/ri\s a man 7i4e4 to 8 m9d76 d7 ,dative ( ,sep>ation4 ,"s v]bs ( tak+ away1 especially comp\nds ( ab1 d1 ex1 ad1 gov]n a ,dative ( ! p]son1 less (t5 ( ! ?+2 z1-- honrem dtrxrunt hom91 !y took away ! honor f ! man2 ,caes> rg tetr>*iam ripuit1 ,caes> took ! tetr>*y away f ! k+2 silic sc9tillam excdit1 he /ruck a sp>k f ! fl9t4 ,dative ( ,ag5cy4 #ahi4 ,! ,dative is us$ to d5ote ag5cy-- #a4 ,regul>ly ) ! ,g]undive2 z1-- haec nbs ag5da sunt1 ^! ?+s mu/ be done by u2 mihi eundum e/1 ,i mu/ g 7lit4 x mu/ be gone by me74 a4 ,to avoid ambiguity1 ) ! ,ablative is sometimes us$ ) ! ,g]undive2 z1-- ho/ibus nbs p>c5dum e/1 ! enemy mu/ be sp>$ by u4 #b4 ,mu* less frequ5tly ) ! comp\nd t5ses ( ! passive voice & ! p]fect passive p>ticiple2 z1-- disputti quae mihi np] habita e/1 ! discussion :i* 0 rec5tly conduct$ by me4 #c4 ,r>ely ) ! uncomp\nd$ t5ses ( ! passive2 z1-- hone/a bons virs qua]untur1 noble ends are s\ght by good m54 ,dative ( ,possession4 #aij4 ,! ,dative ( ,possession occurs ) ! v]b esse 9 su* expressions z3-- mihi e/ lib]1 ,i h a book2 mihi nm5 e/ ,mrcus1 ,i h ! "n ,m>cus4 #a4 ,b ) nm5 e/ ! "n is m commonly attract$ into ! ,dative2 z1 mihi ,mrc nm5 e/4 ,dative ( ,purpose or ,t5d5cy4 #aia4 ,! ,dative ( ,purpose or ,t5d5cy designates ! end t[>d :i* an action is direct$ or ! direction 9 :i* x t5ds4 ,x is us$-- #a4 ,unaccompani$ by ano!r ,dative2 z1-- ca/rs locum dlig]e1 to *oose a place = a camp2 legins praesidi rel9qu]e1 to leave ! legions z a gu>d 7lit4 = a gu>d72 receptu can]e1 to s\nd ! signal = a retreat4 #b4 ,mu* m frequ5tly 9 connection ) ano!r ,dative ( ! p]son3-- a7 ,especially ) "s =m ( esse2 z1-- =tnae tuae mihi crae sunt1 y\r =tunes are a c>e to me 7lit4 = a c>e72 quibus sunt odi1 to :om !y are an object ( hatr$2 cui bon8 to :om is x ( advantage8 b7 ,) o!r v]bs2 z1-- hs tibi mn] msit1 he has s5t ^! to y = a pres5t2 ,pausanis ,attics vnit auxili1 ,pausanias came to ! aid ( ! ,a!nians 7lit4 to ! ,a!nians = aid74 #c4 ,9 connection ) ! ,g]undive2 z1-- decemvir lgibus scrbunds1 decemvirs = codify+ ! laws2 m g]5d bell ducem crevre1 me !y h made lead] = c>ry+ on ! w>4 ,,note4--,?is con/ruction ) ! g]undive is n common till ,livy4 ,dative ) ,adjectives4 #aib4 ,! use ( ! ,dative ) ,adjectives corresponds v closely to its use ) v]bs4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,correspond+ to ! ,dative ( ,indirect ,object x occurs ) adjectives signify+3 fri5dly1 unfri5dly1 simil>1 dissimil>1 equal1 ne>1 relat$ to1 etc42 z1-- mihi inimcus1 ho/ile to me2 sunt proxim ,g]mnis1 !y are next to ! ,g]mans2 noxiae po5a pr e/1 let ! p5alty be equal to ! damage4 a4 ,= propior & proximus ) ! ,accusative1 see #ada1 #c4 #b4 ,correspond+ to ! ,dative ( ,purpose1 ! ,dative occurs ) adjectives signify+3 suitable1 adapt$1 fit2 z1-- ca/rs idneus locus1 a place fit = a camp2 apta dis sacrifici1 a day suitable = a sacrifice4 ,,note4--,adjectives ( ?is la/ class (t5 take ! ,accusative ) ad4 ,dative ( ,direction4 #aic4 ,9 ! poets ! ,dative is occasionally us$ to d5ote ! direction ( motion2 z1-- x clmor cael1 ! %\t goes heav5w>d2 c9]s rv flu5t jace1 ca/ ! a%es t[>d a fl[+ /ream4 #a4 ,by an ext5sion ( ?is con/ruction ! poets sometimes use ! ,dative to d5ote ! limit ( motion2 z1-- dum ,lati des nf]ret1 till he %\ld br+ 8 gods to ,latium4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,g5itive4 #aid4 ,! ,g5itive is us$ ) ,n\ns1 ,adjectives1 & ,v]bs4 ,,g5itive ,,) ,,n\ns4 #aie4 ,) ,n\ns ! ,g5itive is ! case :i* def9es ! mean+ ( ! limit$ n\n m closely4 ,?is relation is g5]ally indicat$ 9 ,engli% by ! preposition (4 ,!re are ! foll[+ v>ieties ( ! ,g5itive ) ,n\ns3-- ,g5itive ( ,orig91 ,objective ,g5itive1 ,g5itive ( ,mat]ial1 ,g5itive ( ! ,:ole1 ,g5itive ( ,possession1 ,appositional ,g5itive1 ,subjective ,g5itive1 ,g5itive ( ,quality4 #aif4 ,g5itive ( ,orig92 z1-- ,mrc flius1 ! son ( ,m>cus4 #aig4 ,g5itive ( ,mat]ial2 z1-- tal5tum aur1 a tal5t ( gold2 ac]vus frm5t1 a pile ( gra94 #aih4 ,g5itive ( ,possession or ,own]%ip2 z1-- domus ,cic]nis1 ,cic]o's h\se4 #a4 ,"h belongs ! ,g5itive ) caus & grti4 ,! ,g5itive always prec$es2 z1-- hom9um caus1 = ! sake ( m52 merum amcrum grti1 = ! sake ( my fri5ds4 #b4 ,! ,possessive ,g5itive is (t5 us$ pr$icatively1 especially ) esse & fi]2 z1-- domus e/ rgis1 ! h\se is ! k+'s2 /ult e/ 9 errre manre1 x is 7! "p7 ( a fool to rema9 9 error2 d bell jdicium imp]tris e/1 nn mlitum1 ! decision conc]n+ w> belongs to ! g5]al1 n to ! soldi]s4 a4 ,= ! diff]5ce 9 =ce betwe5 ! ,possessive ,g5itive & ! ,dative ( ,possession1 see #cei1 #a4 #aii4 ,subjective ,g5itive4 ,?is d5otes ! p]son :o makes or produces some?+ or :o has a feel+2 z1-- dicta ,platnis1 ! utt]ances ( ,plato2 timrs lb]rum1 ! fe>s ( ! *ildr54 #bjj4 ,objective ,g5itive4 ,?is d5otes ! object ( an action or feel+2 z1-- metus derum1 ! fe> ( ! gods2 amor lb]ttis1 love ( lib]ty2 cnsutd bonrum hom9um1 int]c\rse ) good m54 #a4 ,?is relation is (t5 express$ by means ( prepositions2 z1-- amor erg p>5ts1 love t[>d "o's p>5ts4 #bja4 ,g5itive ( ! ,:ole4 ,?is designates ! :ole ( :i* a "p is tak54 ,x is us$-- #a4 ,) ,n\ns1 ,pron\ns1 ,comp>atives1 ,sup]latives1 & ,ord9al ,num]als2 z1-- magna p>s hom9um1 a great "p ( mank9d2 duo mlia p$itum1 two ?\s& foot-soldi]s2 quis mortlium1 :o ( mortals8 major frtrum1 ! eld] ( ! bro!rs2 gns maxima ,g]mnrum1 ! l>ge/ tribe ( ! ,g]mans2 prmus omnium1 ! fir/ ( all4 a4 ,yet in/ead ( ! ,g5itive ( ! ,:ole we (t5 f9d ex or d ) ! ,ablative1 regul>ly s ) ,c>d9al numb]s & qudam2 z1-- fidlissimus d s]vs1 ! mo/ tru/y ( ! slaves2 qudam ex amcs1 c]ta9 ( 8 fri5ds2 nus ex mlitibus1 "o ( ! soldi]s4 b4 ,9 ,engli% we (t5 use ( :]e !re is no relation ( :ole to "p4 ,9 su* cases ! ,lat9 is m exact1 & does n use ! ,g5itive2 z1-- quot vs e/is1 h[ _m ( y are !re8 trec5t conjrvimus1 ?ree hundr$ ( u h conspir$ 7i4e4 we1 ?ree hundr$ 9 numb]74 #b4 ,! ,g5itive ( ! ,:ole is us$ also ) ! ,nom9ative or ,accusative ,s+ul> ,neut] ( ,pron\ns1 or ( ,adjectives us$ sub/antively2 also ) ! ,adv]bs p>um1 satis1 & p>tim :5 us$ sub/antively2 z1-- quid cnsil1 :at purpose8 tantum cib1 s mu* food2 pls auctrittis1 m au?ority2 m9us labris1 less labor2 satis pecniae1 en\gh money2 p>um indu/riae1 too little indu/ry4 a4 ,an ,adjective ( ! second decl5sion us$ sub/antively may be employ$ z a ,g5itive ( ! ,:ole2 z1 nihil bon1 no?+ good4 b4 ,b ,adjectives ( ! ?ird decl5sion agree directly ) ! n\n !y limit2 z1 nihil dulcius1 no?+ sweet]4 #c4 ,occasionally we f9d ! ,g5itive ( ! ,:ole dep5d5t ^u ,adv]bs ( place2 z1-- ubi t]rrum8 ubi g5tium8 :]e 9 ! _w8 a4 ,by an ext5sion ( ?is usage ! ,g5itive sometimes occurs 9 dep5d5ce ^u prdi & po/rdi1 b only 9 ! phrases prdi ejus di1 on ! day be=e t2 po/rdi ejus di1 on ! day aft] t4 #bjb4 ,appositional ,g5itive4 ,! ,g5itive sometimes has ! =ce ( an appositive2 z1-- nm5 rgis1 ! "n ( k+2 po5a mortis1 ! p5alty ( dea?2 ars scrb5d1 ! art ( writ+4 #bjc4 ,g5itive ( ,quality4 ,! ,g5itive modifi$ by an ,adjective is us$ to d5ote quality4 ,?is con/ruction pres5ts sev]al v>ieties4 ,?us x is us$-- #a4 ,to d5ote "s int]nal or p]man5t *>act]i/ic ( a p]son or ?+2 z1-- vir magnae virttis1 a man ( great virtue2 ratins ejus mod1 consid]ations ( t sort4 a4 ,only a limit$ numb] ( ,adjectives occur 9 ?is con/ruction1 *iefly magnus1 maximus1 summus1 tantus1 along ) ejus4 #b4 ,to d5ote measure 7bread?1 l5g?1 etc472 z1-- fossa qundecim p$um1 a tr5* fifte5 feet wide 7or deep72 exsilium decem annrum1 an exile ( t5 ye>s4 #c4 ,equival5t to ! ,g5itive ( ,quality 7?\gh probably ( diff]5t orig97 are ! ,g5itives tant1 quant1 p>v1 magn1 m9ris1 plris1 m9im1 plrim1 maxim4 ,^! are us$ pr$icatively to d5ote indef9ite value2 z1-- nlla /udia tant sunt1 no /udies are ( s mu* value2 magn op]a ejus ex/imta e/1 8 assi/ance 0 highly e/eem$4 #d4 ,by an ext5sion ( ! notion ( value1 quant1 tant1 plris1 & m9ris are also us$ ) v]bs ( buy+ & sell+1 to d5ote indef9ite price2 z1-- quant a$s mi/1 at h[ high a price did y pur*ase ! h\se8 #e4 ,any ( ! above v>ieties ( ! ,g5itive ( ,quality may be us$ pr$icatively2 z1-- tantae mlis erat ,rmnam cond]e g5tem1 ( s great difficulty 0 x to f\nd ! ,roman race4 ,,g5itive ,,) ,,adjectives4 #bjd4 ,! ,g5itive is us$ ) _m ,adjectives to limit ! ext5t ( _! application4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,) adjectives signify+ desire1 k1 famili>ity1 memory1 p>ticipation1 p[]1 fullness1 & _! opposites2 z1-- /udisus disc5d1 desir\s ( le>n+2 p]tus bell1 skill$ 9 w>2 nsutus labris1 unus$ to toil2 immemor m&t tu1 unm9dful ( y\r commission2 plna p]culrum e/ vta1 life is full ( dang]s4 a4 ,"s p>ticiples us$ adjectively also take ! ,g5itive2 z1-- diligns vrittis1 fond ( tru?2 amns patriae1 devot$ to "o's c\ntry4 #b4 ,sometimes ) proprius & commnis2 z1-- vir propria e/ =titd1 brav]y is *>act]i/ic ( a man4 memoria e/ commnis omnium artium1 memory is common to all pr(essions4 a4 proprius & commnis are also con/ru$ ) ! ,dative4 #c4 ,) similis ! ,g5itive is ! common] con/ruction 9 ,cic]o1 :5 ! ref]5ce is to liv+ objects2 z1-- flius patris simillimus e/1 ! son is exactly l 8 fa!r2 me similis1 l me2 ve/r similis1 l y4 ,:5 ! ref]5ce is to ?+s1 bo? ,g5itive & ,dative occur2 z1-- mors somn 7or somn7 similis e/1 dea? is l sleep4 #d4 ,9 ! poets & lat] prose writ]s ! use ( ! ,g5itive ) ,adjectives is ext5d$ f> beyond e>li] limits2 z1 atrx anim1 fi]ce ( temp]2 inc]tus cnsil1 undecid$ 9 purpose4 ,,g5itive ,,) ,,v]bs4 #bje4 ,! ,g5itive is us$ ) ! foll[+ classes ( ,v]bs3-- ,mem9i1 ,rem9scor1 ,oblvscor4 #bjf4 #a4 ,,:5 ,,ref]r+ ,,to ,,p]sons-- a4 mem9 always takes ! ,g5itive ( p]sonal or reflexive pron\ns2 z1-- me mem9]s1 rememb] me6 no/r mem9it1 he rememb]s u4 ,) o!r words d5ot+ p]sons mem9 takes ! ,accusative1 r>ely ! ,g5itive2 z1-- ,sullam mem91 ,i recall ,sulla2 vvrum mem91 ,i rememb] ! liv+4 b4 oblvscor regul>ly takes ! ,g5itive2 z1-- ,epicr nn licet oblvsc1 we mu/n't =get ,epicurus4 #b4 ,,:5 ,,ref]r+ ,,to ,,?+s1 mem91 rem9scor1 oblvscor take sometimes ! ,g5itive1 sometimes ! ,accusative1 )\t diff]5ce ( mean+2 z1-- animus praet]itrum mem9it1 ! m9d rememb]s ! pa/2 mem9i/ne nm9a1 d y rememb] ! names8 rem9sc]e vet]is incommod1 rememb] ! =m] disa/]2 rem9scns ac]bittem1 rememb]+ ! bitt]ness4 a4 ,b neut] pron\ns1 & adjectives us$ sub/antively1 regul>ly /& 9 ! ,accusative2 z1-- haec mem91 ,i rememb] ?is2 multa rem9scor1 ,i rememb] _m ?+s4 #c4 ,! phrase mihi 7tibi1 etc47 9 m5tem v5it1 foll[+ ! analogy ( mem91 takes ! ,g5itive2 z1-- mihi patriae v5ibat 9 m5tem1 ,i rememb]$ my c\ntry4 ,admone1 ,commone1 ,commonefaci4 #bjg4 ,^! v]bs1 9 addition to an ,accusative ( ! p]son1 occasionally take a ,g5itive ( ! ?+2 z1-- t vet]is amcitiae commonefaci1 ,i rem9d y ( our old fri5d%ip4 a4 ,b m frequ5tly 79 ,cic]o almo/ inv>iably7 ^! v]bs take d ) ! ,ablative2 z1-- m admons d sorre1 y rem9d me ( y\r si/]4 b4 ,a neut] pron\n or adjective us$ sub/antively regul>ly /&s 9 ! ,accusative 7 #agh1 #a1 d72 z1-- t hc admone1 ,i give y ?is w>n+4 ,v]bs ( ,judicial ,action4 #bjh4 #a4 ,v]bs ( ,accus+1 ,convict+1 ,acquitt+ take ! ,g5itive ( ! *>ge2 z1-- m frt accsat1 he accuses me ( !ft2 ,v]rem avritiae co>guit1 he convicts ,v]res ( av>ice2 impiettis absoltus e/1 he 0 acquitt$ ( blasphemy4 #b4 ,v]bs ( ,condemn+ take-- a4 ,! ,g5itive ( ! *>ge2 z1-- pecniae pblicae condemntus1 condemn$ 7on ! *>ge7 ( embezzlem5t 7lit4 public money72 capitis damntus1 condemn$ on a capital *>ge 7lit4 on a *>ge involv+ 8 head74 b4 ,! ,ablative ( ! p5alty2 z1-- capite damntus e/1 he 0 condemn$ to dea?2 mlle numms damntus e/1 he 0 condemn$ 7to pay7 a ?\s& se/]ces 7lit4 by a ?\s& se/]ces1 ,abl4 ( ,means74 #c4 ,note ! phrases3-- vt damntus1 vt reus1 hav+ atta9$ "o's pray] 7lit4 condemn$ on ! score ( "o's v[72 d v1 7accus$1 convict$1 etc47 ( assault2 int] scris1 7accus$1 convict$1 etc47 ( murd]4 ,g5itive ) ,imp]sonal ,v]bs4 #bji4 #a4 ,! ,imp]sonals pudet1 pa5itet1 mis]et1 ta$et1 piget take ! ,accusative ( ! p]son affect$1 along ) ! ,g5itive ( ! p]son or ?+ t[>d :om ! feel+ is direct$2 z1-- pudet m tu1 ,i am a%am$ ( y 7lit4 x %ames me ( y72 pa5itet m hjus fact1 ,i rep5t ( ?is act2 eum ta$et vtae1 he is we>y ( life2 paup]um t mis]et1 y pity ! poor4 a4 ,in/ead ( ! ,g5itive ( ! ?+ we (t5 f9d an ,inf9itive or ,neut] ,pron\n us$ z subject ( ! v]b4 ,?us2-- m pa5itet hc fcisse1 ,i rep5t ( hav+ done ?is2 m hc pudet1 ,i am a%am$ ( ?is4 #b4 ,mis]eor & mis]sc also gov]n ! ,g5itive2 z1-- mis]m9 socirum1 pity ! allies4 ,int]e/1 ,rf]t4 #baj4 ,) int]e/1 x conc]ns1 ?ree po9ts ent] into consid]ation2 viz4-- a7 ! p]son conc]n$2 b7 ! ?+ ab\t :i* he is conc]n$2 c7 ! ext5t ( 8 conc]n4 #baa4 #a4 ,! p]son conc]n$ is regul>ly d5ot$ by ! ,g5itive2 z1-- patris int]e/1 x conc]ns ! fa!r4 a4 ,b in/ead ( ! ,g5itive ( ! p]sonal pron\ns1 me1 tu1 no/r1 ve/r1 ! ,lat9 uses ! ,ablative ,s+ul> ,fem99e ( ! ,possessive1 viz43 me1 tu1 etc42 z1-- me int]e/1 x conc]ns me4 #b4 ,! ?+ ab\t :i* a p]son is conc]n$ is d5ot$-- a7 by a ,neut] ,pron\n z subject2 z1-- hc re pblicae int]e/1 ?is conc]ns ! /ate4 b7 by an ,inf9itive2 z1-- omnium int]e/ valre1 x conc]ns all to keep well4 c7 by an ,indirect ,"q2 z1-- me int]e/ qu& v5is1 ,i am conc]n$ z to :5 y are com+4 #c4 ,! degree ( conc]n is d5ot$-- a7 by ! ,g5itive 7cf4 #bjc1 #c73 magn1 p>v1 etc42 z1-- me magn int]e/1 x conc]ns me greatly4 b7 by ! ,adv]bs1 magnop]e1 magis1 maxim1 etc42 z1-- cvium m9im int]e/1 x conc]ns ! citiz5s v little4 c7 by ! ,neut]s1 multum1 pls1 m9us1 etc42 z1-- multum ve/r int]e/1 x conc]ns y mu*4 #d4 ,rf]t foll[s int]e/ 9 its con/ruction1 except t x r>ely takes ! ,g5itive ( ! p]son4 ,?us3-- me rf]t1 x conc]ns me2 b r>ely illu rf]t1 x conc]ns him4 ,g5itive ) ,o!r ,v]bs4 #bab4 #a4 ,v]bs ( ,pl5ty & ,want sometimes gov]n ! ,g5itive2 z1-- pecniae indigs1 y ne$ money4 a4 ,^! v]bs m commonly take ! ,ablative 7 #bad1 #a72 indige is ! only v]b :i* has a pref]5ce = ! ,g5itive4 #b4 ,potior1 ?\gh usually foll[$ by ! ,ablative1 sometimes takes ! ,g5itive1 almo/ always s 9 ,sallu/2 & regul>ly 9 ! phrase potr rrum1 to get control ( affairs4 #c4 ,9 poetry "s v]bs take ! ,g5itive 9 imitation ( ! ,greek2 z1-- ds9e qu]ellrum1 cease y\r compla9ts2 op]um solt1 fre$ f _! tasks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ablative4 #bac4 ,! ,lat9 ,ablative unites 9 itself ?ree cases :i* 7 orig9ally di/9ct bo? 9 =m & 9 mean+2 viz4-- ,! ,ablative or f-case4 ,! ,in/rum5tal or )-case4 ,! ,locative or :]e-case4 ,! uses ( ! ,lat9 ,ablative accord+ly fall into ,g5u9e ,ablative uses1 ,in/rum5tal uses1 & ,locative uses4 ,,g5u9e ,,ablative ,,uses4 ,ablative ( ,sep>ation4 #bad4 ,! ,ablative ( ,sep>ation is con/ru$ sometimes )1 sometimes )\t1 a preposition4 #a4 ,! foll[+ words regul>ly take ! ,ablative )\t a preposition3-- a7 ,! ,v]bs ( free+3 lb]1 solv1 lev2 b7 ,! ,v]bs ( depriv+3 prv1 spoli1 exu1 fraud1 nd2 c7 ,! ,v]bs ( lack+3 ege1 c>e1 vac2 d7 ,! correspond+ ,adjectives1 lb]1 9nis1 vacuus1 ndus1 & "s o!rs ( simil> mean+4 ,?us3-- crs lb]tus1 fre$ f c>es2 ,caes> ho/s arms exuit1 ,caes> /ripp$ ! enemy ( _! arms2 c>et sns commn1 he lacks common s5se2 auxili eget1 he ne$s help2 bonrum vta vacua e/ met1 ! life ( ! good is free f fe>4 ,,note #a4--,yet ,adjectives & lb] may take ! preposition ab1--regul>ly s ) ! ,ablative ( p]sons2 z1-- urbem tyrann lb]runt1 !y fre$ ! city f ! tyrant4 ,,note #b4--;,indige usually takes ! ,g5itive4 ,see #bab1 #a1 a4 #b4 ,( ,v]bs signify+ to keep f1 to remove1 to )draw1 "s take ! preposition1 o!rs omit x4 ,! same ,v]b (t5 admits bo? con/ructions4 ,examples3-- ab/9re cib1 to ab/a9 f food2 ho/s fnibus prohiburunt1 !y kept ! enemy f _! bord]s2 pra$ns ab nsul prohibuit1 he kept ! pirates f ! isl&4 #c4 ,o!r ,v]bs ( sep>ation usually take ! ,ablative ) a ,prepositon1 p>ticul>ly comp\nds ( dis- & s-2 z1-- diss5ti t1 ,i diss5t f y2 sc]nantur nbs1 let !m be sep>at$ f u4 #d4 ,! ,preposition is freely omitt$ 9 poetry4 ,ablative ( ,s\rce4 #bae4 ,! ,ablative ( ,s\rce is us$ ) ! p>ticiples ntus & ortus 79 poetry also ) ditus1 satus1 & "s o!rs71 to designate p>5tage or /ation2 z1-- ,jove ntus1 son ( ,jupit]2 summ loc ntus1 high-born 7lit4 born f a v high place72 nbil g5]e ortus1 born ( a noble family4 #a4 ,pron\ns regul>ly 7n\ns r>ely7 take ex2 z1 ex m ntus1 sprung f me4 #b4 ,to d5ote remot] desc5t1 ortus ab1 or oriundus 7) or )\t ab71 is us$2 z1-- ab ,ulixe oriundus1 desc5d$ f ,ulysses4 ,ablative ( ,ag5t4 #baf4 ,! ,ablative accompani$ by 7ab7 is us$ ) passive v]bs to d5ote ! p]sonal ag5t2 z1-- ,caes>e accstus e/1 he 0 arraign$ by ,caes>4 #a4 ,collective n\ns ref]r+ to p]sons1 & ab/ract n\ns :5 p]sonifi$1 may be con/ru$ z ! p]sonal ag5t4 ,?us3-- ho/s =tn ds]bantur1 ! enemy 7 des]t$ by ,=tune2 multitd9e ho/ium mnts t5bantur1 ! m\nta9s 7 held by a multitude ( ! enemy4 #b4 ,names ( animals sometimes admit ! same con/ruction4 ,?us3-- canibus lanitus e/1 he 0 torn to pieces by dogs4 ,ablative ( ,comp>ison4 #bag4 #a4 ,! ,ablative is (t5 us$ ) ,comp>atives 9 ! s5se ( ?an2 z1-- melle dulcior1 sweet] ?an honey2 patria mihi vt crior e/1 my c\ntry is de>] to me ?an life4 #b4 ,?is con/ruction1 z a rule1 occurs only z a sub/itute = quam 7?an7 ) ! ,nom9ative or ,accusative4 ,9 o!r cases quam mu/ be us$2 z1-- tu /udisior sum quam illu1 ,i am fond] ( y ?an ( him4 --,/udisior ill w\ld h meant1 ,i am fond] ( y ?an he is4 ,pls1 m9us1 amplius1 longius are (t5 employ$ z ! equival5ts ( pls quam1 m9us quam1 etc4 ,?us3-- amplius vg9t urbs inc5duntur1 m ?an tw5ty cities are fir$2 m9us qunque mlia prcessit1 he advanc$ less ?an five miles4 #c4 ,note ! use ( opnine ) ,comp>atives2 z1-- opnine cel]ius v5it1 he comes m quickly ?an expect$ 7lit4 ?an op9ion74 ,,in/rum5tal ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,ablative4 ,ablative ( ,means4 #bah4 ,! ,ablative is us$ to d5ote means or in/rum5t2 z1-- ,alex&] sagitt vuln]tus e/1 ,alex&] 0 w\nd$ by an arr[4 ,!re are ! foll[+ special v>ieties ( ?is ,ablative3-- #a4 tor1 fruor1 fungor1 potior1 vescor1 & _! comp\nds take ! ,ablative2 z1-- dvitis titur1 he uses 8 weal? 7lit4 he b5efits himself by 8 weal?72 vt fruitur1 he enjoys life 7lit4 he enjoys himself by life72 mn]e fungor1 ,i p]=m my duty 7lit4 ,i busy myself ) duty72 c>ne vescuntur1 !y eat fle% 7lit4 fe$ !mselves by means (72 ca/rs pottus e/1 he got possession ( ! camp 7lit4 made himself p[]ful by ! camp74 a44 ,potior sometimes gov]ns ! ,g5itive4 ,see #bab1 #b4 #b4 ,) opus e/ 7r>ely sus e/71 !re is ne$2 z1-- duce nbs opus e/1 we ne$ a lead]4 a4 ,a ,neut] ,pron\n or ,adjective (t5 /&s z subject ) opus z pr$icate4 ,?us3-- hc mihi opus e/1 ?is is necess>y = me4 b4 ,an ord9>y sub/antive r>ely /&s z subject4 ,?us dux nbs opus e/ is a r>e =m ( expression4 c4 ,note ! occasional use ( a p]fect passive p>ticiple ) opus e/2 z1-- opus e/ prop]t1 !re is ne$ ( ha/e4 #c4 ,) ntor1 innxus1 & frtus2 z1-- ntitur ha/1 he re/s on a spe> 7lit4 supports himself by a spe>72 frtus virtte1 rely+ on virtue 7lit4 support$ by virtue74 #d4 ,) cont9r1 cnsi/]e1 cn/re1 consi/ (2 z1-- n]vs et ossibus cont95tur1 !y consi/ ( s9ews & bones 7lit4 !y are held toge!r by s9ews & bones72 mortl cnsi/it corpore mundus1 ! _w consi/s ( mortal sub/ance 7lit4 holds toge!r by means (1 etc474 #f4 ,9 expressions ( ! foll[+ type3-- quid hc hom9e facis1 :at c y d ) ?is man8 quid me ,tulliol fet1 :at w become ( my de> ,tullia8 7lit4 :at w be done ) my de> ,tullia87 #g4 ,9 ! foll[+ special phrases at v>iance ) ! ord9>y ,engli% idiom3-- proeli cont5d]e1 v9c]e1 to cont5d1 conqu] 9 battle2 proeli lacess]e1 to provoke to battle2 curr veh1 to ride 9 a *>iot2 p$ibus re1 to g on foot2 ca/rs s t5re1 to keep 9 camp4 #h4 ,) ,v]bs ( fill+ & ,adjectives ( pl5ty2 z1-- fosss virgults complrunt1 !y fill$ ! tr5*es ) bru%4 a4 ,b plnus m commonly takes ! ,g5itive4 ,see #bjd1 #a4 #i4 ,"u ',means' belongs also ! ,ablative ( ! ,way by ,:i*2 z1-- vnum ,tib] dvectum1 w9e br\ght d[n 7by7 ! ,tib]4 #aj4 ,! means may be a p]son z well z a ?+4 ,?us3-- mlitibus lac ,lemann ad montem ,jram mrum p]dcit1 ) 7i4e4 by means (7 8 troops he runs a wall f ,lake ,g5eva to ,mt4 ,jura4 ,ablative ( ,cause4 #bai4 ,! ,ablative is us$ to d5ote cause2 z1-- multa glriae cupiditte fcit1 he did _m ?+s on acc\nt ( 8 love ( glory4 #a4 ,s especially ) v]bs d5ot+ m5tal /ates2 z1 dlector1 gude1 laetor1 glrior1 fd1 cnfd4 ,also ) cont5tus2 z1-- =tn amc gaude1 ,i rejoice at ! =tune ( my fri5d 7i4e4 on acc\nt ( x72 victri su glriantur1 !y exult ov] _! victory2 ntr loc cnfdbant1 !y tru/$ 9 ! "* ( _! c\ntry 7lit4 7 confid5t on acc\nt ( ! "*74 a4 fd & cnfd always take ! ,dative ( ! p]son 7 #ahg1 ,,ii1 a72 sometimes ! ,dative ( ! ?+4 #b4 ,z ,ablatives ( ,cause are to be reckon$ also su* ,ablatives z juss1 by ord] (1 injuss1 )\t ! ord]1 rogt1 etc4 ,ablative ( ,mann]4 #bbj4 ,! ,ablative ) cum is us$ to d5ote mann]2 z1-- cum gravitte loquitur1 he speaks ) dignity4 #a4 ,! preposition may be abs5t :5 ! ,ablative is modifi$ by an adjective2 z1-- magn gravitte loquitur1 he speaks ) great dignity4 #b4 ,! preposition is regul>ly abs5t 9 ! expressions jre1 injri1 joc1 v1 fraude1 voluntte1 frt1 sil5ti4 #c4 ,a special v>iety ( ! ,ablative ( ,mann] d5otes t 9 accordance ) :i* or 9 pursuance ( :i* any?+ is or is done4 ,x is g5]ally us$ )\t a preposition4 ,?us3-- me s5t5ti1 accord+ to my op9ion2 sus mribus1 9 accordance ) _! cu/om2 su sponte1 volunt>ily1 ( 8 7_!7 own accord2 e condicine1 on ^! t]ms4 ,ablative ( ,att5dant ,circum/ance4 #bba4 ,! ,ablative is (t5 us$ to d5ote an att5dant circum/ance ( an action or an ev5t2 z1-- bons auspicis1 "u good auspices2 nlla e/ alt]cti clmribus umquam habita majribus1 no debate 0 ev] held "u circum/ances ( great] applause2 ex/+uitur +5t lct prv9ciae1 he dies "u circum/ances ( great grief on ! "p ( ! prov9ce2 long int]vll sequitur1 he foll[s at a great di/ance4 ,ablative ( ,accompanim5t4 #bbb4 ,! ,ablative ) cum is us$ ) v]bs ( motion to d5ote accompanim5t2 z1-- cum comitibus pr(ectus e/1 he set out ) 8 att5dants2 cum febr domum r$iit1 he return$ home ) a fev]4 #a4 ,9 milit>y expressions ! ,ablative may /& )\t cum :5 modifi$ by any adjective except a num]al2 z1-- omnibus cpis1 +5t ex]cit1 magn man2 b usually cum ex]cit1 cum dubus leginibus4 ,ablative ( ,association4 #bbb;,a4 ,! ,ablative is (t5 us$ ) v]bs ( jo9+1 mix+1 cl++1 ex*ang+2 also ) assusc1 cnsusc1 assufaci1 & "s o!rs to d5ote association2 z1-- improbits scel]e jncta1 badness jo9$ ) crime2 r calre admixtus1 air mix$ ) heat2 assutus labre1 accu/om$ to 7lit4 famili>iz$ )7 toil2 pcem bell p]mtant1 !y *ange peace = 7lit4 )7 w>4 ,ablative ( ,degree ( ,diff]5ce4 #bbc4 ,! ,ablative is us$ ) comp>atives & words involv+ comp>ison 7z po/1 ante1 nfr1 supr7 to d5ote ! degree ( diff]5ce2 z1-- dimidi m9or1 small] by a half2 tribus p$ibus altior1 ?ree feet high]2 paul po/1 a little aft]w>ds2 qu plur habmus1 e cupimus amplira1 ! m we h1 ! m we want4 ,ablative ( ,quality4 #bbd4 ,! ,ablative1 modifi$ by an adjective1 is us$ to d5ote quality2 z1-- puella eximi frm1 a girl ( exceptional beauty2 vir s+ulr indu/ri1 a man ( s+ul> indu/ry4 #a4 ,! ,ablative ( ,quality may also be us$ pr$icatively2 z1-- e/ magn prd5ti1 he is 7a man7 ( great wisdom2 bon anim sunt1 !y are ( good c\rage4 #b4 ,9 place ( ! ,adjective we sometimes f9d a limit+ ,g5itive2 z1-- sunt speci et colre taur1 !y are ( ! appe>ance & color ( a bull1 #c4 ,9 poetry ! ,ablative ( ,quality sometimes d5otes mat]ial2 z1-- scopuls p5d5tbus antrum1 a cave ( ar*+ rocks4 ,ablative ( ,price4 #bbe4 ,) v]bs ( buy+ & sell+1 price is designat$ by ! ,ablative2 z-- s]vum qunque m9s mit1 he b\ght ! slave = five m9ae4 #a4 ,! ,ablatives magn1 plrim1 p>v1 m9im 7by omission ( preti7 are us$ to d5ote indef9ite price2 z1-- a$s magn vndidt1 he sold ! h\se = a high price4 #b4 ,= ! ,g5itive ( ,indef9ite ,price1 see #bjc1 #d4 ,ablative ( ,specification4 #bbf4 ,! ,ablative ( ,specification is us$ to d5ote t 9 respect to :i* some?+ is or is done2 z1-- ,helvti omnibus ,galls virtte prae/bant1 ! ,helvetians surpass$ all ! ,gauls 9 valor2 p$e claudus1 lame 9 8 foot4 #a4 ,note ! phrases3-- major nt1 old] 7lit4 great] z to age72 m9or nt1 y\ng]4 #b4 ,"h belongs ! use ( ! ,ablative ) dignus1 wor?y1 indignus1 unwor?y1 & dignor1 deem wor?y (2 z1-- dign honre1 wor?y ( honor 7i4e4 9 po9t ( honor72 fid indign1 unwor?y ( confid5ce2 m dignor honre1 ,i deem myself wor?y ( honor4 ,ablative ,absolute4 #bbg4 ,! ,ablative ,absolute is grammatically indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,9 its commone/ =m x consi/s ( a n\n or pron\n limit$ by a p>ticiple2 z1-- urbe capt1 ,a5s fgit1 :5 ! city _h be5 captur$1 ,a5eas fl$ 7lit4 ! city hav+ be5 captur$74 #a4 ,in/ead ( a p>ticiple we (t5 f9d an adjective or n\n2 z1-- vv ,caes>e rs pblica salva erat1 :ile ,caes> 0 alive ! /ate 0 safe 7lit4 ,caes> be+ alive72 ,t>qu9i rge1 ,py?agors 9 ,italiam vnit1 9 ! reign ( ,t>qu9 ,py?agoras came into ,italy 7lit4 ,t>qu9 be+ k+72 ,cn4 ,pompej1 ,m4 ,crass cnsulibus1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,gnaeus ,pompey & ,m>cus ,crassus 7lit4 ,p4 & ,c4 be+ consuls74 #b4 ,! ,ablative ,absolute is g5]ally us$ 9 ,lat9 :]e 9 ,engli% we employ subord9ate clauses4 ,?us ! ,ablative ,absolute may correspond to a clause d5ot+-- a7 ,"t1 z 9 ! =ego+ examples4 b7 ,condition2 z1-- omns virtts jac5t1 voluptte dom9ante1 all virtues lie pro/rate1 if pleasure is ma/]4 c7 ,opposition2 z1-- p]dits omnibus rbus1 virts s su/5tre pote/1 ?\gh ev]y?+ else is lo/1 yet ,virtue c ma9ta9 h]self4 d7 ,cause2 z1-- nll adv]sante rgnum obt9uit1 s9ce no "o oppos$ him1 he secur$ ! ?rone4 e7 ,att5dant circum/ance2 z1-- passs palms pcem petvrunt1 ) h&s out/ret*$1 !y su$ = peace4 #c4 ,an ,inf9itive or clause sometimes occurs 9 ! ,ablative ,absolute con/ruction1 especially 9 ,livy & lat] writ]s2 z1-- audt eum fgisse1 :5 x 0 he>d t he _h fl$4 #d4 ,a n\n or pron\n /&s 9 ! ,ablative ,absolute con/ruction only :5 x d5otes a diff]5t p]son or ?+ f any 9 ! clause 9 :i* x /&s4 ,exceptions to ?is pr9ciple are extremely r>e4 ,,locative ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,ablative4 ,ablative ( ,place4 ,a4 ,place :]e4 #bbh4 ,! place :]e is regul>ly d5ot$ by ! ,ablative ) a preposition2 z1-- 9 urbe habitat1 he dwells 9 ! city4 #a4 ,b c]ta9 words /& 9 ! ,ablative )\t a preposition2 viz4-- a7 ,names ( t[ns1--except ,s+ul>s ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,decl5sions 7see #bcb1 #a72 z1-- ,c>?g91 at ,c>?age2 ,a?nis1 at ,a!ns2 ,vejs1 at ,veii4 b7 ,! g5]al words loc1 locs1 p>te2 also _m words modifi$ by ttus or ev5 by o!r ,adjectives2 z1-- hc loc1 at ?is place2 tts ca/rs1 9 ! :ole camp4 c7 ,! special words3 =s1 out ( doors2 rr1 9 ! c\ntry1 t]r m>que1 on l& & sea4 d7 ,! poets freely omit ! preposition ) any ^w d5ot+ place2 z1-- /ant ltore pupps1 ! /]ns re/ on ! bea*4 ,b4 ,place f :i*4#ej #bbi4 ,place f :i* is regul>ly d5ot$ by ! ,ablative ) a preposition2 z1-- ab ,itali pr(ectus e/1 he set out f ,italy2 ex urbe r$iit1 he return$ f ! city4 #a4 ,b c]ta9 words /& 9 ! ,ablative )\t a preposition2 viz4-- a7 ,names ( t[ns & small isl&s2 z1-- ,rma pr(ectus e/1 he set out f ,rome2 ,rhod rev]tit1 he return$ f ,rhodes4 b7 dom1 f home2 rre1 f ! c\ntry4 c7 ,freely 9 poetry2 z1-- ,itali dcessit1 he )drew f ,italy4 #b4 ,) names ( t[ns1 ab is us$ to mean f ! vic9ity (1 or to d5ote ! po9t :5ce di/ance is measur$2 z1-- ,g]govi discessit1 he )drew f ! vic9ity ( ,g]govia2 ,rm ,x mlia ab]at1 he 0 t5 miles di/ant f ,rome4 ,urbe & oppid1 :5 /&+ 9 apposition ) a t[n "n1 are accompani$ by a preposition2 z1-- ,curibus ex oppid ,sabnrum1 f ,cures1 a t[n ( ! ,sab9es ,ablative ( ,"t4 ,a4 ,"t at :i*4 #bcj4 ,! ,ablative is us$ to d5ote ! "t at :i*2 z1-- qurt hr mortuus e/1 he di$ at ! f\r? h\r2 ann septugsim cnsul cretus1 elect$ consul 9 8 sev5tie? ye>4 #a4 ,any ^w d5ot+ a p]iod ( "t may /& 9 ?is con/ruction1 p>ticul>ly annus1 vr1 ae/s1 hiems1 dis1 nox1 hra1 comitia 7,election ,day71 ld 7! ,games71 etc4 #b4 ,words n d5ot+ "t require ! preposition 91 unless accompani$ by a modifi]4 ,?us3-- 9 pce1 9 peace2 9 bell1 9 w>2 b secund bell ,pnic1 9 ! second ,punic ,w>4 #c4 ,expressions l 9 e tempore1 9 summa s5ectte1 take ! preposition because !y d5ote situation r ?an "t4 ,b4 ,"t )9 :i*4 #bca4 ,"t )9 :i* is d5ot$ by ! ,ablative ei!r ) or )\t a preposition2 z1-- /ella ,sturn trg9t anns cursum cnficit1 ! planet ,saturn completes its orbit )9 ?irty ye>s2 t] 9 ann1 ?rice 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 #a4 ,occasionally ! ,ablative d5otes duration ( "t2 z1-- bi5ni prsp]s rs habuit1 = two ye>s he _h a prosp]\s adm9i/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,locative4 #bcb4 ,! ,locative case occurs *iefly 9 ! foll[+ words3-- #a4 ,regul>ly 9 ! ,s+ul> ( names ( t[ns & small isl&s ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions1 to d5ote ! place 9 :i*2 z1-- ,rmae1 at ,rome2 ,cor9?1 at ,cor9?2 ,rhod1 at ,rhodes4 #b4 ,9 ! foll[+ special =ms3-- dom1 at home2 hum1 on ! gr\nd2 bell1 9 w>2 mlitiae1 9 w>2 vesp]1 at ev5+2 h]1 ye/]day4 #c4 ,note ! phrase p5dre anim1 lit4 to be 9 susp5se 9 "o's m9d4 #d4 ,= urbs & oppidum 9 apposition ) a ,locative1 see #afi1 #d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,syntax ( ,adjectives4 #bcc4 #a4 ,! ^w ) :i* an ,adjective agrees is call$ its ,subject4 #b4 ,attributive & ,pr$icate ,adjectives4 ,an ,attributive ,adjective is "o t limits its subject directly2 z1-- vir sapins1 a wise man4 ,a ,pr$icate ,adjective is "o t limits its subject ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a v]b 7usually esse72 z1-- vir e/ sapins1 ! man is wise2 vir vidbtur sapins1 ! man seem$ wise2 vir jdictus e/ sapins1 ! man 0 judg$ wise2 hunc virum sapi5tem jdicvimus1 we adjudg$ ?is man wise4 #c4 ,p>ticiples & ,adjective ,pron\ns h ! con/ruction ( ,adjectives4 ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,adjectives4 #bcd4 ,agreem5t ) ,"o ,n\n4 ,:5 an ,adjective limits "o n\n x agrees ) x 9 ,g5d]1 ,numb]1 & ,case4 #a4 ,two ,adjectives 9 ! ,s+ul> may limit a n\n 9 ! ,plural1 z2 prma et vcsima legins1 ! fir/ & tw5tie? legions4 #b4 ,a ,pr$icate ,adjective may /& 9 ! ,neut] :5 its ,subject is ,mascul9e or ,fem99e & d5otes a ?+2 z1-- omnium rrum mors e/ extrmum1 dea? is ! end ( all ?+s4 #bce4 ,agreem5t ) ,two or ,m ,n\ns4 ,a4 ,,agreem5t ,,z ,,to ,,numb]4 #a4 ,:5 ! ,adjective is ,attributive1 x regul>ly agrees 9 numb] ) ! ne>e/ n\n2 z1-- pat] tuus et mt]1 y\r fa!r & "m2 eadem alacrits et /udium1 ! same eag]ness & zeal4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,adjective is ,pr$icative1 x is regul>ly ,plural2 z1-- px et concordia sunt pul*rae1 peace & concord are glori\s4 ,b4 ,,agreem5t ,,z ,,to ,,g5d]4 #a4 ,:5 ! ,adjective is ,attributive1 x regul>ly agrees 9 g5d] ) ! ne>e/ n\n2 z1-- rs op]ae multae ac labris1 a matt] ( mu* ef=t & labor4 #b4 ,:5 ! ,adjective is ,pr$icative-- a7 ,if ! n\ns are ( ! same g5d]1 ! ,adjective agrees ) !m 9 g5d]2 z1-- pat] et flius capt sunt1 fa!r & son 7 captur$4 ,yet ) fem99e ab/ract n\ns1 ! ,adjective is m frequ5tly ,neut]2 z1-- /ultitia et timidits fugi5da sunt1 folly & c[>dice mu/ be %unn$4 b7 ,if ! n\ns are ( diff]5t g5d]2 !n1-- 7 ,9 case !y d5ote p]sons1 ! ,adjective is ,mascul9e2 z1-- pat] et mt] mortu sunt1 ! fa!r & "m h di$4 7 ,9 case !y d5ote ?+s1 ! ,adjective is ,neut]2 z1-- honrs et victriae =tuta sunt1 honors & victories are accid5tal4 7 ,9 case !y include bo? p]sons & ?+s1 ! ,adjective is1-- 7 ,sometimes ,mascul9e2 z1-- domus1 uxor1 lb] inv5t sunt1 home1 wife1 & *ildr5 are secur$4 7 ,sometimes ,neut]2 z1-- p>5ts1 lb]s1 doms vlia habre1 to hold p>5ts1 *ildr51 h\ses *eap4 7 ,sometimes x agrees ) ! ne>e/ n\n2 z1-- popul prv9ciaeque lb]tae sunt1 nations & prov9ces 7 lib]at$4 c7 ,con/ruction accord+ to ,s5se4 ,sometimes an ,adjective does n agree ) a n\n accord+ to /rict grammatical =m1 b accord+ to s5se2 z1-- p>s b/is object sunt1 "p 7( ! m57 7 ?r[n to bea/s4 ,,adjectives ,,us$ ,,sub/antively4 #bcf4 #a4 ,,plural ,,adjectives ,,us$ ,,sub/antively4 ,adjectives are q freely us$ z ,sub/antives 9 ! ,plural4 ,! ,mascul9e d5otes p]sons2 ! ,neut] d5otes ?+s2 z1-- doct1 s*ol>s2 p>va1 small ?+s2 mal1 ! wick$2 magna1 great ?+s2 ,graec1 ! ,greeks2 tilia1 useful ?+s2 no/r1 our m54 #b4 ,neut] ,plural ,adjectives ?us us$ are conf9$ ma9ly to ! ,nom9ative & ,accusative cases4 ,su* =ms z magnrum1 omnium2 magns1 omnibus1 w\ld ord9>ily lead to ambiguity2 yet :]e !re is no ambiguity1 !y sometimes occur2 z1-- p>vs compn]e magna1 to comp>e great ?+s ) small ,o!rwise ! ,lat9 says3 magnrum rrum1 magns rbus1 etc4 #bcg4 ,,s+ul> ,,adjectives ,,us$ ,,sub/antively4 ,adjectives are less freely us$ z ,sub/antives 9 ! ,s+ul> ?an 9 ! ,plural4 #a4 ,mascul9e ,adjectives occur only occasionally 9 ?is use2 z1-- probus invidet nm91 ! hone/ man envies nobody4 a4 ,usually vir1 hom1 or "s simil> ^w is employ$2 z1-- hom doctus1 a s*ol>2 vir ,rmnus1 a ,roman4 b4 ,b :5 limit$ by a pron\n any adjective may be s us$2 z1-- hc doctus1 ?is s*ol>2 doctus qudam1 a c]ta9 s*ol>4 #b4 ,neut]s are likewise infrequ5t2 z1-- vrum1 tru?2 j/um1 ju/ice2 hone/um1 virtue4 a4 ,?is sub/antive use ( ,neut] ,s+ul>s is commone/ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,g5itive ( ! ,:ole1 & aft] ,prepositions2 z1-- aliquid vr1 some?+ true2 nihil nov1 no?+ new2 9 m$i1 9 ! mid/4 #bch4 ,f ,adjectives :i*1 l ! above1 occasionally admit ! sub/antive use1 mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ c]ta9 o!rs :i* h become n\ns2 z1-- adv]srius1 oppon5t2 hb]na1 w9t] qu>t]s2 aequlis1 contempor>y2 prop9quus1 relative2 amcus1 fri5d2 socius1 p>tn]2 cogntus1 k9sman2 sodlis1 comrade2 vcnus1 neighbor2 etc4 ,,adjectives ,,) ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,adv]bs4 #bci4 ,! ,lat9 (t5 uses an ,adjective :]e ! ,engli% idiom employs an ,adv]b or an adv]bial phrase2 z1-- s5tus frequns convnit1 ! s5ate assembl$ 9 great numb]s2 fuit assiduus mcum1 he 0 con/antly ) me4 ,,comp>atives ,,& ,,sup]latives4 #bdj4 #a4 ,! ,comp>ative (t5 corresponds to ! ,engli% ,positive ) 'r1' 'some:at1' 'too'2 z1-- s5ects e/ loqucior1 old age is r talkative4 #b4 ,s ! ,sup]lative (t5 corresponds to ! ,positive ) 'v'2 z1-- vir =tissimus1 a v brave man4 #c4 ,/r5g!n+ ,words4 ,vel & quam are (t5 us$ ) ! ,sup]lative z /r5g!n+ p>ticles1 vel ) ! =ce ( 'v1' & quam ) ! =ce ( 'z possible'2 z1-- vel maximus1 ! v greate/2 quam maximae cpiae1 z great =ces z possible4 #d4 ,phrases ( ! type 'm ri* ?an brave' regul>ly take ! ,comp>ative 9 bo? memb]s2 z1-- ex]citus erat dtior quam =tior1 ! army 0 m ri* ?an brave4 ,,o!r ,,peculi>ities4 #bda4 #a4 ,c]ta9 ,adjectives may be us$ to d5ote a "p ( an object1 *iefly prmus1 extrmus1 summus1 m$ius1 nfimus1 mus2 z1-- summus mns1 ! top ( ! m\nta92 extrm hieme1 9 ! la/ "p ( ! w9t]4 #b4 ,prior1 prmus1 ultimus1 & po/rmus are frequ5tly equival5t to a relative clause2 z1-- prmus eam vd1 ,i 0 ! fir/ :o saw h]2 ultimus dcessit1 he 0 ! la/ :o )drew4 #c4 ,:5 multus & ano!r adjective bo? limit ! same n\n et is g5]ally us$2 z1-- multae et magnae cgittins1 _m 7&7 great ?\ghts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,syntax ( ,pron\ns4 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 #bdb4 #a4 ,! ,p]sonal ,pron\ns z subjects ( v]bs are1 z a rule1 n express$ except = ! purpose ( emphasis1 contra/1 or cle>ness4 ,?us ord9>ily3-- vide1 ,i see2 amat1 he loves4 ,b ego t vide1 et t m vids1 ,i see y1 & y see me4 #b4 ,! ,g5itives me1 tu1 no/r1 ve/r are us$ only z ,objective ,g5itives2 no/rum & ve/rum z ,g5itives ( ! ,:ole4 ,?us3-- memor tu1 m9dful ( y2 dsd]ium ve/r1 long+ = y2 nm ve/rum1 no "o ( y4 a4 ,b no/rum & ve/rum are regul>ly us$ 9 ! place ( ! ,possessive 9 ! phrases omnium no/rum1 omnium ve/rum4 #c4 ,! ,fir/ ,plural is (t5 us$ = ! ,fir/ ,s+ul> ( ,pron\ns & ,v]bs4 ,comp>e ! ,eng4 editorial 'we4' #d4 ,:5 two ,v]bs gov]n ! same object1 ! ,lat9 does n use a pron\n ) ! second1 z is ! rule 9 ,engli%4 ,?us3-- virts amcitis conciliat et cns]vat1 virtue e/abli%es fri5d%ips & ma9ta9s !m 7n es cns]vat74 ,,possessive ,,pron\ns4 #bdc4 #a4 ,! ,possessive ,pron\ns1 z a rule1 are n employ$ except = ! purpose ( cle>ness4 ,?us3-- patrem am1 ,i love my fa!r2 d fli morte flbs1 y wept = ! dea? ( y\r son4 ,b-- d morte fli me flbs1 y wept = ! dea? ( my son4 a4 ,:5 express$ m]ely = ! sake ( cle>ness1 ! possessive usually /&s aft] its n\n2 b 9 ord] to indicate emphasis or contra/1 x prec$es2 z1-- su man lb]s occdit1 ) 8 own h& he slew 8 *ildr52 me quidem s5t5ti1 9 my op9ion at lea/4 #b4 ,sometimes ! ,possessive ,pron\ns are us$ ) ! =ce ( an ,objective ,g5itive2 z1-- metus ve/]1 fe> ( y2 dsd]ium tuum1 long+ = y4 #c4 ,= special emphasis1 ! ,lat9 employs ipsu or ipsrum1 9 apposition ) ! ,g5itive idea impli$ 9 ! ,possessive2 z1-- me ipsu op]1 by my own help2 no/r ipsrum op]1 by our own help4 a4 ,s sometimes o!r ,g5itives2 z1-- me nu op]1 by ! assi/ance ( me alone4 ,,reflexive ,,pron\ns4 #bdd4 #a4 ,! ,reflexive ,pron\n s & ! ,possessive ,reflexive suus h a d\ble use3-- ,i4 ,!y may ref] to ! subject ( ! clause 7ei!r pr9cipal or subord9ate7 9 :i* !y /&1--',direct ,reflexives'2 z1-- s amant1 !y love !mselves2 sus amcs adjuvt1 he helps 8 own fri5ds2 eum rv1 ut s s]vret1 ,i bes\ght him to save himself4 ,,ii4 ,!y may /& 9 a subord9ate clause & ref] to ! subject ( ! pr9cipal clause1--',indirect ,reflexives'2 z1-- m rvit ut s df5d]em1 he bes\ght me to def5d him 7lit4 t ,i def5d himself72 m rvrunt1 ut =tnrum surum dfnsinem suscip]em1 !y bes\ght me to und]take ! def5se ( _! =tunes4 a4 ,! ,indirect ,reflexive is ma9ly re/rict$ to ^? clauses :i* express ! ?\ght1 n ( ! au?or1 b ( ! subject ( ! pr9cipal clause4 #b4 ,! ,g5itive su is regul>ly employ$1 l me & tu1 z an ,objective ,g5itive1 e4g4 obltus su1 =getful ( himself2 b x occasionally occurs--p>ticul>ly 9 po/-,augu/an writ]s--9 place ( ! ,possessive suus2 z1 fruitur fm su1 he enjoys 8 own fame4 #c4 ,s & suus are sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se1 "o's self1 "o's own1 :]e ! ref]5ce is n to any p>ticul> p]son2 z1-- s amre1 to love "o's self2 suum g5ium propitire1 to propitiate "o's own g5ius4 #d4 ,suus sometimes occurs 9 ! mean+ 8 own1 _! own1 etc41 ref]r+ n to ! subject b to an oblique case2 z1-- ,hannibalem su cvs cvitte jcrunt1 8 own fell[-citiz5s drove out ,hannibal4 a4 ,?is usage is p>ticul>ly frequ5t 9 comb9ation ) quisque2 z1-- suus quemque error vexat1 8 own error tr\bles ea*4 #e4 ,! ,reflexives = ! fir/ & second p]sons are suppli$ by ! oblique cases ( ego & t 7 #he72 z1-- vs df5ditis1 y def5d y\rselves4 ,,reciprocal ,,pron\ns4 #bde4 #a4 ,! ,lat9 has no special reciprocal pron\n 7'ea* o!r'71 b expresses ! reciprocal notion by ! phrases3 int] ns1 int] vs1 int] s2 z1-- ,belgae obsids int] s d$runt1 ! ,belgae gave ea* o!r ho/ages 7lit4 among !mselves72 ammus int] ns1 we love ea* o!r2 ,gall int] s cohortt sunt1 ! ,gauls exhort$ ea* o!r4 a4 ,note t ! ,object is n express$ 9 s5t5ces ( ?is type4 ,,demon/rative ,,pron\ns4 ,hc1 ,ille1 ,i/e4 #bdf4 #a4 ,:]e hc & ille are us$ 9 contra/1 hc usually ref]s to ! latt] ( two objects1 & ille to ! =m]4 #b4 ,hc & ille are (t5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( '! foll[+'2 z1-- ,!mi/ocls hs v]bs epi/ulam msit1 ,!mi/ocles s5t a lett] 7c\*$7 9 ! foll[+ words2 illud intelleg1 omnium ra 9 m conv]sa esse1 ,i und]/& ?is1 t ! faces ( all are turn$ t[>d me4 #c4 ,ille (t5 means ! fam\s2 z1 ,soln ille1 ! fam\s ,solon4 #d4 ,i/e frequ5tly involves contempt2 z1 i/e hom1 t fell[6 #e4 ,! above pron\ns1 along ) is1 are usually attract$ to ! g5d] ( a pr$icate n\n2 z1 hc e/ honor1 mem9isse (ficium suum1 ?is is an honor1 to be m9dful ( "o's duty4 ,is4 #bdg4 #a4 ,is (t5 s]ves z ! antec$5t ( ! relative qu4 ,?us3-- ,maximum1 eum qu ,t>5tum recpit1 dlx1 ,i lov$ ,maximus1 ! man :o retook ,t>5tum4 a4 ,closely ak9 to ?is usage is is 9 ! s5se ( su* 7 tlis72 z1-- nn sum is qu t]re>1 ,i am n su* a p]son z to be fright5$4 b4 ,note ! phrase id quod1 :]e id /&s 9 apposition ) an entire clause2 z1-- nn suspicbtur 7id quod nunc s5tiet7 satis mults te/s nbs reliqus esse1 he did n suspect 7a ?+ :i* he w n[ p]ceive7 t we _h witnesses en\gh left4 ,yet quod alone1 )\t prec$+ id1 sometimes occurs 9 ?is use4 #b4 ,is also 9 all cases s]ves z ! p]sonal pron\n ( ! ?ird p]son1 'he1' '%e1' 'x1' '!y1' '!m4' #c4 ,:5 ! ,engli% uses 't (1' '^? (1' to avoid repetition ( ! n\n1 ! ,lat9 omits ! pron\n3 z1-- 9 ex]cit ,sullae et po/e 9 ,crass fu]at1 he _h be5 9 ! army ( ,sulla & aft]w>d 9 t ( ,crassus2 nllae m fbulae dlectant nisi ,plaut1 no plays delight me except ^? ( ,plautus4 #d4 ,note ! phrases et is1 et ea1 etc41 9 ! s5se3 & t too2 z1-- v9cula1 et ea sempit]na1 imprisonm5t1 & t too p]man5tly4 dem4 #bdh4 #a4 dem 9 apposition ) ! subject or object (t5 has ! =ce ( also1 likewise2 z1-- quod idem mihi contigit1 :i* likewise happ5$ to me 7lit4 :i*1 ! same ?+72 bonus vir1 quem eundem sapi5tem appellmus1 a good man1 :om we call also wise4 ,= dem atque 7ac71 ! same z1 see #cda1 #a4 c4 ,ipse4 #bdi4 #a4 ,ipse1 lit]ally self1 acquires its special =ce f ! context2 z1-- e ips di1 on t v day2 ad ipsam rpam1 close to ! bank2 ips t]rre1 by m]e fright2 valvae s ipsae ap]urunt1 ! doors op5$ ( _! own accord2 ipse ad]at1 he 0 pres5t 9 p]son4 #b4 ,! reflexive pron\ns are (t5 emphasiz$ by ! addition ( ipse1 b ipse 9 su* cases1 in/ead ( /&+ 9 apposition ) ! reflexive1 m commonly agrees ) ! subject2 z1-- scum ips loquuntur1 !y talk ) !mselves2 s ipse cont9re nn pote/1 he _c conta9 himself #c4 ,ipse is also us$ z an ,indirect ,reflexive = ! purpose ( m>k+ a contra/ or avoid+ an ambiguity2 z1-- ,p]sae p]timurunt n ,alcibiads ab ipss dscsc]et et cum sus 9 grtiam r$ret1 ! ,p]sians fe>$ t ,alcibiades w\ld break ) !m & become reconcil$ ) 8 c\ntrym52 ea mole/issim f]re db5t hom9s quae ipsrum culp contrcta sunt1 m5 ought to *afe mo/ ov] ^? ?+s :i* h be5 br\ght ab\t by _! own fault 7z oppos$ to ! fault ( o!rs74 ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 #bej4 ,agreem5t4 #a4 ,! ,relative ,pron\n agrees ) its antec$5t 9 ,g5d]1 ,numb]1 & ,p]son1 b its case is det]m9$ by its con/ruction 9 ! clause 9 :i* x /&s2 z1-- muli] quam vidbmus1 ! woman :om we saw2 bona quibus fruimur1 ! bless+s :i* we enjoy4 #b4 ,:]e ! antec$5t is comp\nd1 ! same pr9ciples = numb] & g5d] prevail z 9 case ( pr$icate adjectives "u simil> conditions 7see #bce1 ,b1 #b74 ,?us3-- pat] et flius1 qui capt sunt1 ! fa!r & son :o 7 captur$2 /ultitia et timidits quae fugi5da sunt1 folly & c[>dice :i* mu/ be %unn$2 honrs et victriae quae sunt =tuta1 honors & victories1 :i* are accid5tal4 #c4 ,! ,relative regul>ly agrees ) a pr$icate n\n 7ei!r ,nom9ative or ,accusative7 in/ead ( its antec$5t2 z1-- c>c]1 quae lautumiae vocantur1 ! prison1 :i* is call$ ,lautumiae2 ,belgae1 quae e/ t]tia p>s1 ! ,belgians1 :o are ! ?ird "p4 #d4 ,sometimes ! ,relative takes its g5d] & numb] f ! mean+ ( its antec$5t2 z1-- p>s qu b/is object sunt1 a "p 7( ! m57 :o 7 ?r[n to bea/s4 #e4 ,occasionally ! ,relative is attract$ into ! case ( its antec$5t2 z1-- ntus e patre qu dx1 born ( ! fa!r t ,i said4 #bea4 ,antec$5t4 #a4 ,! antec$5t ( ! ,relative is sometimes omitt$2 z1-- qu ntram sequitur sapins e/1 he :o foll[s ,nature is wise4 #b4 ,! antec$5t may be impli$ 9 a possessive pron\n 7or r>ely an adjective72 z1-- no/ra qu remnsimus ca$s1 ! slaught] ( u :o rema9$2 s]vl tumult1 qus sus ac disciplna sublevrunt1 at ! upris+ ( ! slaves1 :om exp]i5ce & discipl9e assi/$ 7s]vl s]vrum74 #c4 ,sometimes ! antec$5t is repeat$ ) ! ,relative2 z1-- erant it9]a duo1 quibus it9]ibus1 !re 7 two r\tes1 by :i* 7r\tes74 #d4 ,incorporation ( ,antec$5t 9 ,relative ,clause4 ,! antec$5t is (t5 incorporat$ 9 ! relative clause4 ,?us3-- a7 ,:5 ! relative clause /&s fir/2 z1-- quam quisque nvit artem1 9 hc s ex]ceat1 let ea* "o practice ! bran* :i* he kn[s4 b7 ,:5 ! antec$5t is an appositive2 z1-- nn long ,tolstium fnibus absunt1 quae cvits e/ 9 prv9ci1 !y are n f> f ! bord]s ( ! ,tolosates1 a /ate :i* is 9 our prov9ce4 c7 ,:5 ! logical antec$5t is a sup]lative2 z1-- ,!mi/ocls d s]vs sus1 quem habuit fidlissimum1 msit1 ,!mi/ocles s5t ! mo/ tru/y slave he _h4 d7 ,9 expressions ( ! foll[+ type-- qu es prd5ti2 quae tua e/ prd5tia1 su* is y\r prud5ce 7lit4 ( :i* prud5ce y are2 :i* is y\r prud5ce74 #e4 ,! ,relative is nev] omitt$ 9 ,lat9 z x is 9 ,engli%4 ,?us ! boy ,i saw mu/ be pu] quem vd4 #f4 ,! ,relative is us$ freely 9 ,lat91 p>ticul>ly at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce1 :]e 9 ,engli% we employ a demon/rative2 z1-- qu factum e/1 by ?is x happ5$2 quae cum ita s9t1 s9ce ?is is s2 quibus rbus cognits1 :5 ^! ?+s became kn[n4 #g4 ,! ,relative introduc+ a subord9ate clause may belong grammatically to a clause :i* is subord9ate to ! "o x introduces2 z1-- numquam dign satis laudr philosophia pot]it1 cui qu preat1 omne tempus aettis s9e mole/i possit dg]e1 philosophy c nev] be prais$ en\gh1 s9ce he :o obeys h] c pass e p]iod ( life )\t annoyance 7lit4 he :o obeys :i*1 etc474 ,"h cui introduces ! subord9ate clause possit & connects x ) philosophia2 b cui is gov]n$ by preat1 :i* is subord9ate to possit4 ,,indef9ite ,,pron\ns4 #beb4 #a4 ,quis1 any "o1 is ! weake/ ( ! ,indef9ites1 & /&s usually 9 comb9ation ) s1 nisi1 n1 num2 z1-- s quis putat1 if any "o ?9ks4 #b4 ,aliquis 7adj4 aliqu7 is m def9ite ?an quis1 & corresponds usually to ! ,engli% "s "o1 somebody1 "s2 z1-- nunc aliquis dcat mih1 n[ let somebody tell me2 ut9am modo agtur aliquid1 oh t some?+ may be done4 #c4 ,qudam1 a c]ta9 "o1 is /ill m def9ite ?an aliquis2 z1-- hom qudam1 a c]ta9 man 7i4e41 "o :om ,i h 9 m9d74 a4 ,qudam 7) or )\t quasi1 z if7 is sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se3 a sort (1 k9d (2 z1-- cognti qua$am1 a sort ( relation%ip2 mors e/ quasi qua$am migrti1 dea? is a k9d ( transf] z x 74 #d4 ,quisquam1 any "o1 any "o :oev] 7m g5]al ?an quis71 & its correspond+ adjective llus1 any1 occur mo/ly 9 negative & conditional s5t5ces1 9 int]rogative s5t5ces imply+ a negative1 & 9 clauses ( comp>ison2 z1-- j/itia numquam nocet cuiquam1 ju/ice nev] h>ms anybody2 s quisquam1 ,cat sapins fuit1 if anybody 0 ev] wise1 ,cato 02 pote/ne quisquam s9e p]turbtine anim rsc1 c anybody be angry )\t excitem5t8 s ll mod pot]it1 if x c be done 9 any way2 taetrior hc tyrannus fuit quam quisquam sup]irum1 he 0 a vil] tyrant ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 #e4 ,quisque1 ea* "o1 is us$ especially "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3-- a7 ,9 connection ) suus4 ,see #bdd1 #d1 a4 b7 ,9 connection ) a ,relative or ,int]rogative ,pron\n2 z1-- quod cuique obtigit1 id t5eat1 :at falls to ea*1 t let him hold4 c7 ,9 connection ) sup]latives2 z1-- optimus quisque1 all ! be/ 7lit4 ea* be/ "o74 d7 ,) ord9al num]als2 z1-- qunt quque ann1 e f\r ye>s 7lit4 ea* fif? ye>74 #f4 ,nm1 no "o1 9 addition to its o!r uses1 /&s regul>ly ) adjectives us$ sub/antively2 z1-- nm mortlis1 no mortal2 nm ,rmnus1 no ,roman4 ,,pronom9al ,,adjectives4 #bec4 #a4 ,alius1 ano!r1 & alt]1 ! o!r1 are (t5 us$ correlatively2 z1-- aliud loquitur1 aliud s5tit1 he says "o ?+1 he ?9ks ano!r2 ali resi/unt1 ali fugiunt1 "s resi/1 o!rs flee2 alt] ex]citum p]didit1 alt] vndidit1 "o ru9$ ! army1 ! o!r sold x2 alt] s 9 montem recprunt1 alt] ad imp$m5ta s contulrunt1 ! "o p>ty retreat$ to ! m\nta91 ! o!rs betook !mselves to ! baggage4 #b4 ,:]e ! ,engli% says "o does "o ?+1 ano!r ano!r1 ! ,lat9 uses a m cond5s$ =m ( /atem5t2 z1-- alius aliud amat1 "o likes "o ?+1 ano!r ano!r2 aliud alis placet1 "o ?+ pleases "s1 ano!r o!rs4 a4 ,s sometimes ) adv]bs2 z1-- ali ali fugiunt1 "s flee 9 "o direction1 o!rs 9 ano!r4 #c4 ,! ,lat9 also expresses ! notion 'ea* o!r' by means ( alius repeat$2 z1-- ,gall alius alium cohortt sunt1 ! ,gauls enc\rag$ ea* o!r4 #d4 ,ct] means ! re/1 all ! o!rs2 z1-- ct]s prae/re1 to be sup]ior to all ! o!rs4 #e4 ,reliqu means ! o!rs 9 ! s5se ( ! re/1 ^? rema9+1--h5ce is ! regul> ^w ) num]als2 z1-- reliqu sex1 ! six o!rs4 #f4 ,nescio quis =ms a comp\nd indef9ite pron\n ) ! =ce ( "s "o or o!r2 z1-- causidicus nescio quis1 "s pettifogg] or o!r2 msit nescio quem1 he s5t "s "o or o!r2 nescio qu pact1 someh[ or o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,v4--,syntax ( ,v]bs4 ,,agreem5t4 ,) ,"o ,subject4 #bed4 #a4 ,agreem5t 9 ,numb] & ,p]son4 ,a ,f9ite ,v]b agrees ) its subject 9 ,numb] & ,p]son2 z1-- vs vidtis1 y see2 pat] flis n/ituit1 ! fa!r tra9s 8 sons4 #b4 ,agreem5t 9 ,g5d]4 ,9 ! comp\nd =ms ( ! v]b ! p>ticiple regul>ly agrees ) its subject 9 g5d]2 z1-- sditi repressa e/1 ! mut9y 0 *eck$4 #c4 ,b :5 a pr$icate n\n is ( diff]5t g5d] or numb] f its subject1 ! v]b usually agrees ) its ne>e/ sub/antive2 z1-- ,t>qu9i mt]na patria erat1 ,t>qu9ii 0 8 native c\ntry on 8 "m's side2 nn omnis error /ultitia e/ dc5da1 n e error is to be call$ folly4 a4 ,less frequ5tly ! v]b agrees ) an appositive2 z1-- ,coriol1 oppidum ,volscrum1 captum e/1 ,corioli1 a t[n ( ! ,volsci1 0 captur$4 #d4 ,con/ruction accord+ to ,s5se4 ,sometimes ! v]b agrees ) its subject accord+ to s5se in/ead ( /rict grammatical =m4 ,?us3-- a7 ,9 ,numb]2 z1-- multitd hom9um convn]ant1 a cr[d ( m5 _h ga!r$4 b7 ,9 ,g5d]2 z1-- duo mlia crucibus adfx sunt1 two ?\s& 7m57 7 crucifi$4 ,) ,two or ,m ,subjects4 #bee4 #a4 ,agreem5t 9 ,numb]4 ,) two or m subjects ! v]b is regul>ly plural2 z1-- pat] et flius mortu sunt1 ! fa!r & son di$4 #b4 ,b sometimes ! v]b agrees ) ! ne>e/ subject2 viz41-- a7 ,:5 ! v]b prec$es bo? subjects or /&s betwe5 !m2 z1-- mortuus e/ pat] et flius2 pat] mortuus e/ et flius4 b7 ,:5 ! subjects are connect$ by aut2 aut 444 aut2 vel 444 vel2 neque 444 neque2 z1-- neque pat] neque flius mortuus e/1 nei!r fa!r nor son di$4 #c4 ,:5 ! diff]5t subjects are felt toge!r z con/itut+ a :ole1 ! s+ul> is us$2 z1-- tem]its ignrtique vitisa e/1 ra%ness & ignorance are bad4 a4 ,?is is regul>ly ! case 9 s5tus populusque ,rmnus4 #d4 ,agreem5t 9 ,p]son4 ,) comp\nd subjects ( diff]5t p]sons ! v]b always takes ! fir/ p]son r ?an ! second1 & ! second r ?an ! ?ird2 z1-- s t et ,tullia valtis1 ego et ,cic] valmus1 if y & ,tullia are well1 ,cic]o & ,i are well4 #e4 ,agreem5t 9 ,g5d]4 ,) subjects ( diff]5t g5d]s ! p>ticiple 9 ! comp\nd t5ses foll[s ! same pr9ciples z laid d[n = pr$icate adjectives4 ,see #bce1 ,b1 #b4 ,,voices4 #bef4 #a4 ,! ,passive ,voice sometimes reta9s traces ( its orig9al middle or reflexive mean+2 z1-- ego nn pati> eum df5d1 ,i %all n all[ him to def5d himself4 #b4 ,9 imitation ( ,greek usage _m p]fect passive p>ticiples are us$ by ! poets z indirect middles1 i4e4 ! subject is view$ z act+ n ^u itself1 b z do+ some?+ 9 8 own int]e/2 z1-- vltus tempora1 hav+ veil$ 8 temples4 a4 ,occasionally f9ite =ms ( ! v]b are ?us us$2 z1-- tunic indcitur arts1 he cov]s 8 limbs ) a tunic4 #c4 ,intransitive ,v]bs may be us$ imp]sonally 9 ! passive2 z1-- curritur1 p run 7lit4 x is run72 v5tum e/1 he 7!y1 etc47 came 7lit4 x 0 come74 ,,t5ses4 ,,t5ses ,,( ,,! ,,indicative4 #beg4 #a4 ,! ,lat9 t5ses express two di/9ct notions3-- a7 ,! p]iod ( "t to :i* ! action belongs3 ,pres5t1 ,pa/1 or ,future4 b7 ,! k9d ( action3 ,undef9$1 ,go+ on1 or ,complet$4 ,! ,lat9 ) its six t5ses is able to express ea* ( ! ?ree k9ds ( action = ea* ( ! ?ree p]iods ( "t 7mak+ practically n9e t5ses74 ,x does ?is by employ+ c]ta9 t5ses 9 m ?an "o way1 z may be se5 by ! foll[+ table3-- ,,k9d ,,( ,,p]iod ,,( ,,"t4 ,,action4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pa/4 ,,future4 ,,undef9$ ,pres5t3 ,hi/orical ,future3 scrb1 ,i write4 ,p]fect3 scrbam1 ,i %all scrps1 ,i write4 wrote4 ,,go+ ,,on4 ,pres5t3 ,imp]fect3 ,future3 scrb1 ,i am scrbbam1 ,i 0 scrbam1 ,i %all writ+4 writ+4 be writ+4 ,,complet$4 ,pres5t ,plup]fect3 ,future ,p]fect3 ,p]fect3 scrps]am1 ,i _h scrps]1 ,i scrps1 ,i h writt54 %all h writt54 writt54 #b4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,pres5t may express ,undef9$ action or action ,go+ on2 s also ! ,future4 ,! ,p]fect likewise has a d\ble use1 accord+ z x d5otes action ,complet$ 9 pres5t "t 7,pres5t ,p]fect7 or ,undef9$ action belong+ to pa/ "t 7,hi/orical ,p]fect74 ,pr9cipal & ,hi/orical ,t5ses4 #beh4 ,t5ses :i* d5ote ,pres5t or ,future "t are call$ ,pr9cipal 7or ,prim>y7 ,t5ses1 ^? :i* d5ote ,pa/ "t are call$ ,hi/orical 7or ,second>y74 ,! ,pr9cipal ,t5ses ( ! ,indicative are3 ,pres5t1 ,future1 ,pres5t ,p]fect1 ,future ,p]fect4 ,! ,hi/orical ,t5ses are3 ,imp]fect1 ,hi/orical ,p]fect1 ,plup]fect4 ,pres5t ,indicative4 #bei4 ,besides ! two uses indicat$ 9 ! table1 ! ,pres5t ,indicative pres5ts ! foll[+ peculi>ities3-- #a4 ,x is us$ to d5ote a g5]al tru?1 i4e4 some?+ true n m]ely 9 ! pres5t b at all times 7',gnomic ,pres5t'72 z1-- virts conciliat amcitis et cns]vat1 virtue e/abli%es ties ( fri5d%ip & ma9ta9s !m 7i4e4 always does s74 #b4 ,x is us$ ( an attempt$ action 7',conative ,pres5t'72 z1-- dum vtant vitia1 9 contrria currunt1 :ile !y try to avoid 7vtant7 vices1 !y ru% into opposite ones4 #c4 ,9 lively n>ration ! ,pres5t is (t5 us$ ( a pa/ action 7',hi/orical ,pres5t'72 z1-- ,caes> imp]at magnum num]um obsidum1 ,caes> dem&$ a l>ge numb] ( ho/ages 7lit4 dem&s74 #d4 ,9 comb9ation ) jam1 jam di1 jam prdem1 & simil> words1 ! ,pres5t is frequ5tly us$ ( an action orig9at+ 9 ! pa/ & cont9u+ 9 ! pres5t2 z1-- jam prdem cupi t vs]e1 ,i h long be5 desir+ to visit y 7i4e4 ,i desire & h long desir$74 ,imp]fect ,indicative4 #bfj4 #a4 ,! ,imp]fect prim>ily d5otes action go+ on 9 pa/ "t2 z1-- librum legbam1 ,i 0 read+ a book4 a4 ,?is =ce makes ! ,imp]fect especially adapt$ to s]ve z ! t5se ( description 7z oppos$ to m]e n>ration74 #b4 ,f ! notion ( action go+ on1 !re easily develops ! notion ( repeat$ or cu/om>y action2 z1-- lgts int]rogbat1 he kept ask+ ! envoys2 ,c4 ,dulium vidbam pu]1 z a boy ,i (t5 us$ to see ,gaius ,duilius4 #c4 ,! ,imp]fect (t5 d5otes an attempt$ action 7',conative ,imp]fect'7 or an action z beg9n+ 7',inceptive ,imp]fect'72 z1-- ho/s no/rs intr mntins prgr$ prohibbant1 ! enemy tri$ to prev5t 7prohibbant7 our m5 f advanc+ )9 ! =tifications 7',conative'72 ad proelium s exp$ibant1 !y 7 beg9n+ to get ready = battle 7',inceptive'74 #d4 ,! ,imp]fect1 ) jam1 jam di1 jam ddum1 etc41 is sometimes us$ ( an action :i* _h be5 cont9u+ "s "t2 z1-- domicilium ,rmae mults jam anns habbat1 he _h _h 8 resid5ce at ,rome = _m ye>s 7i4e4 he _h x at ?is "t & _h long _h x74 ,future ,indicative4 #bfa4 #a4 ,! ,lat9 is mu* m exact 9 ! use ( ! ,future ?an is ! ,engli%4 ,we say3 ',if he comes1 ,i %all be glad1' :]e we really mean3 ',if he %all come1' etc4 ,9 su* cases ! ,lat9 r>ely admits ! ,pres5t1 b g5]ally employs ! ,future4 #b4 ,sometimes ! ,future has ,imp]ative =ce2 z1 dcs1 say6 ,p]fect ,indicative4 #bfb4 ,a4 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect4 ,sev]al ,pres5t ,p]fects d5ote ! /ate result+ f a complet$ act1 & s seem equival5t to ! ,pres5t2 z1-- nv1 cognv1 ,i "k 7lit4 ,i h become acqua9t$ )72 cnsuv1 ,i am wont 7lit4 ,i h become accu/om$74 ,b4 ,,hi/orical ,,p]fect4 ,! ,hi/orical ,p]fect is ! t5se ( n>ration 7z oppos$ to ! ,imp]fect1 ! t5se ( description72 z1-- ,rgulus 9 s5tum vnit1 m&ta exposuit1 r$d captivs negvit esse tile1 ,regulus came into ! ,s5ate1 set =? 8 commission1 said x 0 useless = captives to be return$4 #a4 ,occasionally ! ,hi/orical ,p]fect is us$ ( a g5]al tru? 7',gnomic ,p]fect'74 ,plup]fect ,indicative4 #bfc4 ,! ,lat9 ,plup]fect1 l ! ,engli% ,pa/ ,p]fect1 d5otes an act complet$ 9 ! pa/2 z1-- ,caes> ,rhnum trnsre dcrv]at1 s$ nvs de]ant1 ,caes> _h decid$ to cross ! ,rh9e1 b _h no boats4 a4 ,9 ^? v]bs ^: ,p]fect has ,pres5t =ce 7 #bfb1 ,a71 ! ,plup]fect has ! =ce ( an ,imp]fect2 z1-- nv]am1 ,i knew4 ,future ,p]fect ,indicative4 #bfd4 ,! ,future ,p]fect d5otes an action complet$ 9 future "t4 ,?us3-- scrbam epi/ulam1 cum r$i]is1 ,i w write ! lett] :5 y h return$ 7lit4 :5 y %all h return$74 a4 ,! ,lat9 is mu* m exact 9 ! use ( ! ,future ,p]fect ?an ! ,engli%1 :i* commonly employs ! ,pres5t ,p]fect in/ead ( ! ,future ,p]fect4 b4 ,9 ^? v]bs ^: ,p]fect has ,pres5t =ce 7 #bfb1 ,a7 ! ,future ,p]fect has ! =ce ( a ,future2 z1-- nv]1 ,i %all "k4 ,epi/ol>y ,t5ses4 #bfe4 ,9 lett]s ! writ] (t5 uses t5ses :i* are n appropriate at ! "t ( writ+1 b :i* w be s at ! "t :5 8 lett] is receiv$2 he ?us employs ! ,imp]fect & ! ,p]fect = ! ,pres5t1 & ! ,plup]fect = ! ,pres5t ,p]fect2 z1-- nihil habbam quod scrb]em1 neque enim nov quidquam audi]am et ad tus omns epi/uls jam rescrps]am1 ,i h no?+ to write1 = ,i h he>d no news & h already answ]$ all y\r lett]s4 ,,t5ses ,,( ,,! ,,subjunctive4 #bff4 ,a4 ,9 ,indep5d5t s5t5ces4 ,see #bgb-bhj4 ,b4 ,9 ,dep5d5t ,s5t5ces4 ,9 dep5d5t s5t5ces ! t5ses ( ! subjunctive usually con=m to ! s-call$ ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses4 #bfg4 #a4 ,9 ! ,subjunctive ! ,pres5t & ,p]fect are ,pr9cipal t5ses1 ! ,imp]fect & ,plup]fect1 ,hi/orical4 #b4 ,by ! ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses ,pr9cipal t5ses are foll[$ by ,pr9cipal1 ,hi/orical by ,hi/orical4 ,?us3-- ,,pr9cipal ,,sequ5ce1-- vide quid facis1 ,i see :at y are do+4 vidb quid facis1 ,i %all see :at y are do+4 vd] quid facis1 ,i %all h se5 :at y are do+4 vide quid fc]s1 ,i see :at y h done4 vidb quid fc]s1 ,i %all see :at y h done4 vd] quid fc]s1 ,i %all h se5 :at y h done4 ,,hi/orical ,,sequ5ce1-- vidbam quid fac]s1 ,i saw :at y 7 do+4 vd quid fac]s1 ,i saw :at y 7 do+4 vd]am quid fac]s1 ,i _h se5 :at y 7 do+4 vidbam quid fcisss1 ,i saw :at y _h done4 vd quid fcisss1 ,i saw :at y _h done4 vd]am quid fcisss1 ,i _h se5 :at y _h done4 #c4 ,! ,pres5t & ,imp]fect ,subjunctive d5ote incomplete action1 ! ,p]fect & ,plup]fect complet$ action1 exactly z 9 ! ,indicative4 ,peculi>ities ( ,sequ5ce4 #bfh4 #a4 ,! ,p]fect ,indicative is usually an hi/orical t5se 7ev5 :5 translat$ 9 ,engli% z a ,pres5t ,p]fect71 & s is foll[$ by ! ,imp]fect & ,plup]fect ,subjunctive2 z1-- dmn/rv qur ad causam accd]em1 ,i h %[n :y ,i took ! case 7lit4 ,i %[$ :y1 etc474 #b4 ,a dep5d5t ,p]fect ,inf9itive is treat$ z an hi/orical t5se :]ev]1 if resolv$ into an equival5t ,indicative1 x w\ld be hi/orical2 z1-- videor o/5disse quls de ess5t1 ,i seem to h %[n ( :at nature ! gods are 7o/5disse "h corresponds to an ,indicative1 o/5d1 ,i %[$74 #c4 ,! ,hi/orical ,pres5t is sometimes reg>d$ z a pr9cipal t5se1 sometimes z hi/orical4 ,?us3-- ,sulla sus horttur ut =t anim s9t1 ,sulla exhorts 8 soldi]s to be /\t-he>t$2 ,galls horttur ut arma cap]5t1 he exhort$ ! ,gauls to take arms4 #d4 ,conditional s5t5ces ( ! 'contr>y-to-fact' type are n affect$ by ! pr9ciples = ! ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses2 z1-- hone/um tle e/ ut1 vel s ignrr5t id hom9s1 su tam5 pul*ritd9e laudable esset1 virtue is su* a ?+ t ev5 if m5 7 ignorant ( x1 x w\ld /ill be wor?y ( praise = its own lovel9ess4 #e4 ,9 conditional s5t5ces ( ! 'contr>y-to-fact' type ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive is usually treat$ z an ,hi/orical t5se2 z1-- s sls es dc]s mis]s1 quibus mori5dum esset1 nm9em t quidem erum qu vv]5t excip]s1 if y call$ only ^? wret*$ :o mu/ die1 y w\ld except no "o ( ^? :o live4 #f4 ,9 clauses ( ,result & "s o!rs1 ! ,p]fect ,subjunctive is sometimes us$ z an hi/orical t5se4 ,?us3-- rx tantum mtus e/1 ut ,tissaph]nem ho/em jdicrit1 ! k+ 0 s mu* mov$ t he adjudg$ ,tissaph]nes an enemy4 ,?is con/ruction is r>e 9 ,cic]o1 b frequ5t 9 ,nepos & subsequ5t hi/orians4 ,! ,p]fect ,subjunctive 9 ?is use repres5ts a result simply z a fact )\t ref]5ce to ! cont9uance ( ! act1 & !re=e corresponds to an ,hi/orical ,p]fect ,indicative ( direct /atem5t4 ,?us1 jdicrit 9 ! above example corresponds to adjdicvit1 he adjudg$4 ,to d5ote a result z some?+ cont9u\s1 all writ]s use ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive aft] hi/orical t5ses4 #g4 ,sometimes p]spicuity dem&s t ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( ,sequ5ce be ab&on$ altoge!r4 ,?us3 a7 ,we may h ! ,pres5t or ,p]fect ,subjunctive aft] an hi/orical t5se2 z1-- ,v]rs ,siciliam ita p]didit ut ea re/itu nn possit1 ,v]res s ru9$ ,sicily t x _c be re/or$ 7,direct /atem5t3 nn pote/ re/itui72 rdbat ,hortnsius dc5d cupiditte sc1 ut 9 nll flagrantius /udium vd]im1 ,hort5sius burn$ s ) eag]ness to speak t ,i h se5 9 no "o a great] desire 7,direct /atem5t3 9 nll vd1 ,i h se5 9 no "o74 ,,note4--,?is usage is diff]5t f t cit$ "u #f4 ,"h1 by neglect ( ,sequ5ce1 ! ,p]fect is us$1 ?\gh a pr9cipal t5se2 !re ! ,p]fect 0 us$ z an hi/orical t5se4 b7 ,we may h a pr9cipal t5se foll[$ by ! ,p]fect ,subjunctive us$ hi/orically2 z1-- nesci quid causae fu]it cr nlls ad m litt]s d>s1 ,i d n "k :at reason !re 0 :y y did n s5d me a lett]4 ,"h fu]it is hi/orical1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 ,me?od ( ,express+ ,future ,"t 9 ! ,subjunctive4 #bfi4 ,! ,future & ,future ,p]fect1 :i* are lack+ to ! ,lat9 ,subjunctive1 are suppli$ 9 subord9ate clauses z foll[s3-- #a4 a7 ,! ,future is suppli$ by ! ,pres5t aft] pr9cipal t5ses1 by ! ,imp]fect aft] hi/orical t5ses4 b7 ,! ,future ,p]fect is suppli$ by ! ,p]fect aft] pr9cipal t5ses1 by ! ,plup]fect aft] hi/orical t5ses4 ,?is is especially frequ5t :5 ! context cle>ly %[s1 by ! pres5ce ( a future t5se 9 ! ma9 clause1 t ! ref]5ce is to future "t4 ,?us3-- ,gall pollic5tur s factrs1 quae ,caes> imp]et1 ! ,gauls promise !y w d :at ,caes> %all ord]2 ,gall pollicbantur s factrs1 quae ,caes> imp]ret1 ! ,gauls promis$ !y w\ld d :at ,caes> %\ld ord]2 ,gall pollic5tur s factrs quae ,caes> imp]v]it1 ! ,gauls promise !y w d :at ,caes> %all h ord]$2 ,gall pollicbantur s factrs quae ,caes> imp]visset1 ! ,gauls promis$ !y w\ld d :at ,caes> %\ld h ord]$4 #b4 ,ev5 :]e ! context does n conta9 a ,future t5se 9 ! ma9 clause1 ,future "t is (t5 express$ 9 ! subord9ate clauses by ! ,pres5t & ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 ,?us3-- "t n v5iat1 ,i am afraid he w come2 ,caes> exspectbat quid cnsil ho/s cap]5t1 ,caes> 0 wait+ to see :at plan ! enemy w\ld adopt4 #c4 ,:]e great] def9it5ess is necess>y1 ! p]iphra/ic =ms 9 -rus sim & -rus essem are employ$1 especially 9 clauses ( ,result1 ,indirect ,que/ions1 & aft] nn dubit qun2 z1-- nn dubit qun pat] v5trus sit1 ,i d n d\bt t my fa!r w come2 nn dubitbam qun pat] v5trus esset1 ,i did n d\bt t my fa!r w\ld come4 #d4 ,:]e ! v]b has no ,future ,active ,p>ticiple1 or :]e x /&s 9 ! passive voice1 its ,future "* may be indicat$ by ! use ( ! p>ticles mox1 brev1 /atim1 etc41 9 connection ) ! ,pres5t & ,imp]fect ,subjunctive2 z1-- nn dubit qun t mox hjus re pa5iteat1 ,i d n d\bt t y w soon rep5t ( ?is ?+2 nn dubitbam qun haec rs brev cnfic]tur1 ,i did n d\bt t ?is ?+ w\ld soon be fni%$4 ,,t5ses ,,( ,,! ,,inf9itive4 #bgj4 #a4 ,! t5ses ( ! ,inf9itive d5ote "t n absolutely1 b ) ref]5ce to ! v]b on :i* !y dep5d4 ,?us3-- a7 ,! ,pres5t ,inf9itive repres5ts an act z contemporane\s ) ! "t ( ! v]b on :i* x dep5ds2 z1-- vidtur honrs adsequ1 he seems to be ga9+ honors2 vidbtur honrs adsequ1 he seem$ to be ga9+ honors4 b7 ,! ,p]fect ,inf9itive repres5ts an act z prior to ! "t ( ! v]b on :i* x dep5ds2 z1-- vidtur honrs adsectus esse1 he seems to h ga9$ honors2 vsus e/ honrs adsectus esse1 he seem$ to h ga9$ honors4 c7 ,! ,future ,inf9itive repres5ts an act z subsequ5t to t ( ! v]b on :i* x dep5ds2 z1-- vidtur honrs adsectrus esse1 he seems to be ab\t to ga9 honors2 vsus e/ honrs adsectrus esse1 he seem$ to be ab\t to ga9 honors4 #b4 ,:]e ! ,engli% says 'ought to h done1' 'might h done1' etc41 ! ,lat9 uses dbu1 oportuit1 potu 7dbbam1 oportbat1 pot]am71 ) ! ,pres5t ,inf9itive2 z1-- dbuit dc]e1 he ought to h said 7lit4 ow$ x to say72 oprtuit v5re1 he ought to h come2 potuit vidre1 he might h se54 a4 ,oportuit1 vol1 nl 7& 9 poetry "s o!r v]bs71 may take a ,p]fect ,inf9itive in/ead ( ! ,pres5t2 z1-- hc jam prdem factum esse oportuit1 ?is ought long ago to h be5 done4 #c4 ,,p]iphra/ic ,,future ,,inf9itive4 ,v]bs t h no ,p>ticipial ,/em1 express ! ,future ,inf9itive ,active & ,passive by =e ut or futrum esse ut1 ) ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- spr =e ut t pa5iteat levittis1 ,i hope y w rep5t ( y\r fickl5ess 7lit4 hope x w happ5 t y rep5t72 spr futrum esse ut ho/s arceantur1 ,i hope t ! enemy w be kept (f4 a4 ,! ,p]iphra/ic ,future ,inf9itive is (t5 us$1 especially 9 ! ,passive1 ev5 9 case ( v]bs :i* h ! ,p>ticipial ,/em2 z1-- spr =e ut ho/s v9cantur1 ,i hope ! enemy w be conqu]$4 #d4 ,passives & ,depon5ts sometimes =m a ,future ,p]fect ,inf9itive ) =e2 z1-- spr epi/ulam scrptam =e1 ,i hope ! lett] w h be5 writt52 dc m satis adeptum =e1 ,i say t ,i %all h ga9$ en\gh4 ,,! ,,moods4 ,,moods ,,9 ,,indep5d5t ,,s5t5ces4 ,! ,indicative 9 ,indep5d5t ,s5t5ces4 #bga4 ,! ,indicative is us$ = ! /atem5t ( facts1 ! supposition ( facts1 or inquiry aft] facts4 #a4 ,note ! foll[+ idiomatic uses3-- a7 ,) possum2 z1-- possum multa dc]e1 ,i might say mu*2 pot]am multa dc]e1 ,i might h said mu* 7 #bgj1 #b74 b7 ,9 su* expressions z longum e/1 aequum e/1 melius e/1 difficile e/1 tilius e/1 & "s o!rs2 z1-- longum e/ ea dc]e1 x w\ld be t$i\s to tell t2 difficile e/ omnia p]sequ1 x w\ld be difficult to enum]ate ev]y?+4 ,! ,subjunctive 9 ,indep5d5t ,s5t5ces4 #bgb4 ,! ,subjunctive is us$ 9 ,indep5d5t ,s5t5ces to express some?+-- #a4 ,z will$--,volitive ,subjunctive2 #b4 ,z desir$--,optative ,subjunctive2 #c4 ,conceiv$ ( z possible--,pot5tial ,subjunctive4 ,,volitive ,,subjunctive4 #bgc4 ,! ,volitive ,subjunctive repres5ts ! action z will$4 ,x always implies au?ority on ! "p ( ! speak]1 & has ! foll[+ v>ieties3-- ,a4 ,,hortatory ,,subjunctive4 #bgd4 ,! ,hortatory ,subjunctive expresses an exhortation4 ,?is use is conf9$ to ! fir/ p]son plural ( ! ,pres5t4 ,! negative is n4 ,?us3-- emus1 let u g2 ammus patriam1 let u love our c\ntry2 n dsprmus1 let u n despair4 ,b4 ,,jussive ,,subjunctive4 #bge4 ,! ,jussive ,subjunctive expresses a comm&4 ,! ,jussive /&s regul>ly 9 ! ,pres5t ,t5se1 & is us$-- #a4 ,mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! ?ird s+ul> & ! ?ird plural2 z1-- dcat1 let him tell2 dcant1 let !m tell2 qur scdant improb1 :]e=e let ! wick$ dep>t6 #b4 ,less frequ5tly 9 ! second p]son1 (t5 ) indef9ite =ce2 z1-- i/ bon tre1 use t advantage2 mode/ vvs1 live temp]ately4 ,c4 ,,prohibitive ,,subjunctive4 #bgf4 ,! ,subjunctive is us$ 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons s+ul> & plural1 ) n1 to express a prohibition4 ,bo? ,pres5t & ,p]fect occur1 & )\t appreciable diff]5ce ( mean+2 z1-- n repugntis1 d n resi/6 t vr i/am n relqu]s1 don't leave h]6 impi n plcre audeant des1 let n ! impi\s d>e to appease ! gods6 a4 ,nei!r ( ^! con/ructions is frequ5t 9 classical prose4 b4 ,a common] me?od ( express+ a prohibition 9 ! second p]son is by ! use ( nl 7nlte7 ) a foll[+ inf9itive1 or by cav or cav n ) ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- nl hc fac]e1 don't d ?is 7lit4 be unwill+ to d76 nlte m5tr1 d n lie6 cav ignscs1 cav t mis]eat1 d n =give1 d n pity6 cav n haec facis1 d n d ?is 7lit4 take c>e le/ y d76 ,d4 ,,delib]ative ,,subjunctive4 #bgg4 ,! ,delib]ative ,subjunctive is us$ 9 que/ions & exclamations imply+ d\bt1 indignation1 ! impossibility ( an act1 obligation1 or propriety4 ,! ,pres5t is us$ ref]r+ to pres5t "t1 ! ,imp]fect ref]r+ to pa/4 ,! negative is nn4 ,?us3-- quid faciam1 :at %all ,i d8 ego r$eam1 ,i g back6 huic cdmus6 hjus condicins audimus6 are we to b[ to him6 are we to li/5 to 8 t]ms6 quid fac]em1 :at 0 ,i to d8 hunc ego nn dligam1 %\ld ,i n *]i% ?is man8 a4 ,^! ,delib]ative ,que/ions are usually purely ,rhetorical 9 "*1 & d n expect an answ]4 ,e4 ,,concessive ,,subjunctive4 #bgh4 ,! ,subjunctive is us$ to indicate some?+ z grant$ or conc$$ = ! sake ( argum5t4 ,! ,pres5t is us$ = pres5t "t1 ! ,p]fect regul>ly = pa/4 ,! negative is n4 ,?us3-- sit hc vrum1 ,i grant t ?is is true 7lit4 let ?is be true72 n s9t 9 s5ectte vrs1 ,i grant !re is n /r5g? 9 old age2 fu]it malus cvis alis2 tibi qu& esse coepit1 ,i grant t he 0 a bad citiz5 to o!rs2 :5 did he beg9 to be s t[>d y8 ,,optative ,,subjunctive4 #bgi4 ,! ,optative ,subjunctive occurs 9 expressions ( wi%+4 ,! negative is regul>ly n4 #a4 ,! ,pres5t ,t5se1 (t5 accompani$ by ut9am1 is us$ :]e ! wi% is conceiv$ ( z possible4 d i/aec prohibeant1 may ! gods prev5t t6 falsus ut9am vts sim1 oh t ,i may be a false prophet6 n v5iant1 may !y n come6 #b4 ,! ,imp]fect expresses1 9 ! =m ( a wi%1 ! regret t some?+ is n s n[2 ! ,plup]fect t some?+ 0 n s 9 ! pa/4 ,! ,imp]fect & ,plup]fect are regul>ly accompani$ by ut9am2 z1-- ut9am i/ud ex anim dc]s1 w\ld t y 7 say+ t 9 e>ne/ 7i4e4 ,i regret t y are n say+ x 9 e>ne/72 ,plds ut9am vtsset ,apoll9is arcs1 w\ld t ,a*illes _h escap$ ! b[ ( ,apollo2 ut9am n ntus essem1 w\ld t ,i _h n be5 born4 ,,pot5tial ,,subjunctive4 #bhj4 ,! ,pot5tial ,subjunctive expresses a possibility4 ,! negative is nn4 ,! foll[+ uses are to be not$3-- #a4 ,! ',may' ,pot5tial4--,! ,pot5tial ,subjunctive may designate a m]e possibility 7,engli% auxili>y may74 ,bo? ,pres5t & ,p]fect occur1 & )\t appreciable diff]5ce ( mean+4 ,?us3-- dcat aliquis1 "s "o may say2 dx]it aliquis1 "s "o may say4 a4 ,?is con/ruction is by no means frequ5t1 & is conf9$ ma9ly to a few phrases l ^? giv5 z examples4 #b4 ',%\ld'-',w\ld' ,pot5tial4--,! ,pot5tial ,subjunctive may repres5t some?+ z dep5d+ ^u a condition express$ or und]/ood 7,engli% auxili>y %\ld1 w\ld74 ,bo? ,pres5t & ,p]fect occur1 & )\t appreciable diff]5ce ( mean+4 ,?us3-- =tnam citius rep]is quam ret9es1 "o w\ld m quickly f9d ,=tune ?an keep x 7i4e4 if "o %\ld make ! trial72 crdid]im1 ,i %\ld believe4 a4 ,"h belongs ! use ( velim1 mlim1 nlim1 z s(t5$ =ms ( /atem5t = vol1 ml1 nl4 ,?us3-- velim mihi ignscs1 ,i wi% y w\ld =give me2 nlim puts m jocr1 ,i don't want y to ?9k ,i'm jok+4 b4 ,:5 ! condition is express$1 we get "o ( ! regul> types ( ,conditional ,s5t5ces 7see #cjc72 z1-- dis dficiat1 s cn] num]re causs1 "t w\ld fail if ,i %\ld attempt to enum]ate ! reasons4 #c4 ',c'-',c\ld' ,pot5tial4--,9 ! ,pres5t & ,imp]fect ! ,pot5tial occurs 9 ! second p]son s+ul> 7) indef9ite =ce2 #cef1 #c7 ( a few v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 see+1 ?9k+1 & ! l2 z1-- vides1 c]ns1 "o c see1 "o c p]ceive2 crd]s1 "o c\ld believe2 vidrs1 c]n]s1 "o c\ld see1 p]ceive2 putrs1 "o c\ld imag9e4 #d4 ,! ,imp]fect & ,plup]fect 9 ! ,apodosis ( conditional s5t5ces ( ! contr>y-to-fact type 7see #cjd7 are also ,pot5tial 9 "*4 ,by omission ( ! ,protasis1 su* an ,apodosis sometimes /&s alone1 p>ticul>ly vellem1 nllem1 mllem2 z1-- vellem id quidem1 ,i %\ld wi% t 7i4e4 7 ,i bold en\gh74 ,! ,imp]ative4 #bha4 ,! ,imp]ative is us$ 9 comm&s1 admonitions & entreaties 7negative n71 z1-- gr$]e ex urbe1 dep>t f ! city2 mihi ignsce1 p>don me2 val1 f>ewell4 #a4 ,! ,pres5t is ! t5se ( ! ,imp]ative mo/ commonly us$1 b ! ,future is employ$-- a7 ,:]e !re is a di/9ct ref]5ce to future "t1 especially 9 ! apodosis ( conditional s5t5ces2 z1-- rem vbs prpnam2 vs eam p5ditte1 ,i w lay ! matt] be=e y2 d y 7!n7 consid] x2 s b5e disputbit1 tribuit litt]s ,graecis1 if he %all speak well1 attribute x to ,greek lit]ature4 b7 ,9 laws1 treaties1 wills1 maxims1 etc42 z1-- cnsuls summum js hab5t1 ! consuls %all h supreme p[]2 hom9em mortuom 9 urbe n sepelt1 no "o %all bury a dead body 9 ! city2 amcitia rg ,antio* cum popul ,rmn hs legibus et condicinibus e/1 let !re be fri5d%ip betwe5 ,antio*us & ! ,roman p on ! foll[+ t]ms & conditions2 qurtae e/ p>tis ,mrcus hrs1 let ,m>cus be heir to a f\r? 7( ! prop]ty72 ignscit saepe alt]1 numquam tibi1 =give y\r neighbor (t51 y\rself nev]4 #b4 ,except ) ! ,future ,imp]ative ! negative is n us$ 9 classical prose4 ,prohibitions are regul>ly express$ 9 o!r ways4 ,see #bgf1 b4 #c4 ,que/ions 9 ! ,indicative introduc$ by qun 7:y n87 are (t5 equival5t to an ,imp]ative or to ! ,hortatory ,subjunctive2 z1-- qun abs1 g away6 7lit4 :y don't y g away872 qun vcem cont9tis1 keep /ill6 7lit4 :y don't y /op y\r voices872 qun equs cnsc5dimus1 let u m\nt our horses 7lit4 :y d we n m\nt our horses87 ,,moods ,,9 ,,dep5d5t ,,clauses4 ,clauses ( ,purpose4 #bhb4 #a4 ,clauses ( ,purpose are introduc$ mo/ commonly by ut 7ut71 qu 7t1 9 ord] t71 n 79 ord] t n1 le/71 & /& 9 ! ,subjunctive1 z1-- edimus ut vvmus1 we eat t we may live2 adjt m qu hc fat facilius1 help me1 9 ord] t ?is may be done m easily2 ports clausit1 n quam oppidn injriam accip]5t1 he clos$ ! gates1 le/ ! t[nspeople %\ld receive any injury4 a4 ,qu1 z a rule1 is employ$ only :5 ! purpose clause conta9s a comp>ative or a comp>ative idea4 ,occasional exceptions occur2 z1-- haec faciunt qu ,*remtem ab/]reant1 !y are do+ ?is 9 ord] to fright5 ,*remes4 b4 ,ut n is sometimes f\nd in/ead ( n4 ,?us3-- ut n quid negleg5t] agmus1 9 ord] t we may n d any?+ c>elessly4 c4 ,ut nn 7n n7 is us$ :]e ! negation belongs to "s s+le ^w1 in/ead ( to ! purpose clause z a :ole4 ,?us3-- ut nn jectus ad alins1 s$ invttus ad tus videre1 t y may seem n driv5 out among /rang]s1 b invit$ to y\r own fri5ds4 d4 ,to say '& t n' or 'or t n1' ! ,lat9 regul>ly uses nve 7neu72 z1-- ut erum rrum vs m9u]tur1 neu pont nocr5t1 t ! viol5ce ( ^! ?+s might be less5$1 & t !y might n h>m ! bridge2 pr(git1 n cap]tur nve int]fic]tur1 he fl$1 t he might n be captur$ or kill$4 e4 ,b neque 7= nve7 is sometimes us$ 9 a second ,purpose ,clause :5 ut /&s 9 ! fir/1 &1 aft] ! ,augu/an era1 ev5 :5 ! fir/ clause is introduc$ by n4 f4 ,purpose ,clauses sometimes /& 9 apposition ) a prec$+ n\n or pron\n3 z1-- hc caus1 ut pcem habr5t1 on ?is acc\nt1 t !y might h peace4 #b4 ,a ,relative ,pron\n 7qu7 or ,adv]b 7ubi1 unde1 qu7 is frequ5tly us$ to introduce a ,purpose ,clause2 z1-- ,helvti lgts mittunt1 qu dc]5t1 ! ,helvetii s5t envoys to say 7lit4 :o %\ld say72 haec habu1 d s5ectte quae dc]em1 ,i _h ^! ?+s to say ab\t old age2 nn habbant qu s recip]5t1 !y _h no place to :i* to flee 7lit4 :i!r !y might flee74 a4 ,qu 9 su* clauses is equival5t to ut is1 ut ego1 etc42 ubi to ut ibi2 unde to ut inde2 qu to ut e4 #c4 ,relative ,clauses ( purpose foll[ dignus1 indignus1 & idneus2 z1-- idneus fuit nm quem imitrre1 !re 0 no "o suitable = y to imitate 7cf4 nm fuit quem imitrre1 !re 0 no "o = y to imitate72 dignus e/ qu aliqu& imp]et1 he is wor?y to rule sometime4 #d4 ,purpose ,clauses (t5 dep5d ^u some?+ to be suppli$ f ! context in/ead ( ^u ! pr9cipal v]b ( _! own s5t5ces2 z1-- ut haec omnia omittam1 abiimus1 to pass ov] all ?is1 7,i w say t7 we dep>t$4 ,clauses ( ,*>act]i/ic4 #bhc4 #a4 ,a relative clause us$ to express a quality or *>act]i/ic ( a g5]al or indef9ite antec$5t is call$ a ,clause ( ,*>act]i/ic1 & usually /&s 9 ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- multa sunt1 quae m5tem acuant1 !re are _m ?+s :i* %>p5 ! wits4 ,clauses ( ,*>act]i/ic are oppos$ to ^? relative clauses :i* are us$ m]ely to /ate "s fact ab\t a def9ite antec$5t1 & :i* !re=e take ! ,indicative2 z1-- ,cat1 s5ex jcundus1 qu ,sapins appelltus e/1 ,cato1 a delightful old man1 :o 0 call$ ',! ,wise4' ,! ,clause ( ,*>act]i/ic implies 'a p]son ( ! sort t does some?+'2 ! ,indicative relative clause implies 'a p>ticul> p]son :o does some?+4' #b4 ,clauses ( ,*>act]i/ic are us$ especially aft] su* expressions z1 e/ qu2 sunt qu2 nm e/ qu2 nllus e/ qu2 nus e/ qu2 slus e/ qu2 quis e/ qu2 is qu2 etc4 ,?us3-- sunt qu dcant1 !re are 7"s7 :o say2 nm e/ qu nesciat1 !re is nobody :o is ignorant2 sapi5tia e/ na quae mae/itiam pellat1 philosophy is ! only ?+ t drives away sorr[2 quae cvits e/ quae nn v]t possit1 :at /ate is !re t _c be ov]?r[n8 nn is sum qu improbs laudem1 ,i am n ! sort ( man t praises ! wick$4 a4 ,sometimes 7v r>ely 9 ,cic]o & ,caes>7 ! clause ( *>act]i/ic is us$ aft] comp>atives2 z1-- nn longius ho/s ab]ant quam qu tlum adig posset1 ! enemy 7 n too f> (f = a d>t to rea* !m 7lit4 fur!r (f ?an a po9t to :i* a d>t c\ld be ca/74 #c4 ,! ,clause ( ,*>act]i/ic (t5 conveys an accessory notion ( cause 7s9ce7 or opposition 7al?\gh74 ,?us3-- a7 ,cause4 ,! relative is !n frequ5tly accompani$ by ut1 quppe1 utpote2 z1-- =tnte adulscns1 qu tuae virttis ,homrum praecnem invn]s1 ,o =tunate man1 s9ce y h f\nd a ,hom] z ! h]ald ( y\r valor2 ut qu optim jre eam prv9ciam obt9u]it1 s9ce he held t prov9ce by excell5t "r4 b7 ,opposition3-- egomet qu sr ,graecs litt]s attigissem1 tam5 complrs dis ,a?ns commortus sum1 ,i1 al?\gh ,i _h tak5 up ,greek lit]ature late 9 life1 nev]!less t>ri$ sev]al days at ,a!ns4 #d4 ,clauses ( ,*>act]i/ic may also be introduc$ by qun qu 7quae1 quod7 nn2 z1-- nm e/ qun saepe audi]it1 !re is no "o :o has n (t5 he>d2 nm fuit mlitum qun vuln]rtur1 !re 0 no "o ( ! soldi]s :o 0 n w\nd$4 #e4 ,relat$ to ,clauses ( ,*>act]i/ic are also phrases ( ! type3 quod sciam1 s f> z ,i "k2 quem 7quam1 quod71 audi]im1 s f> z ,i h he>d4 ,clauses ( ,result4 #bhd4 #a4 ,clauses ( ,result are usually introduc$ by ut 7t1 s t71 negative ut nn 7s t n71 & take ! ,subjunctive4 ,! ma9 clause (t5 conta9s tantus1 tlis1 tot1 is 7 tlis71 tam1 ita1 sc1 ade1 or "s simil> ^w4 ,?us3-- quis tam dmns e/ ut su voluntte ma]eat1 :o is s s5seless z to m\rn ( 8 own volition8 ,siciliam ita v/vit ut re/itu 9 antquum /atum nn possit1 he s ravag$ ,sicily t x _c be re/or$ to its =m] condition2 mns altissimus imp5dbat1 ut facile p]pauc prohibre poss5t1 a v high m\nta9 ov]hung1 s t a v few c\ld easily /op !m2 nn is es ut t pudor umquam turpitd9e vocrit1 y are n s con/itut$ t %ame ev] call$ y back f bas5ess4 #b4 ,a ,result ,clause is (t5 introduc$ by a ,relative ,pron\n or ,adv]b1 qu 7 ut is71 qu 7 ut e71 etc42 z1-- nm e/ tam s5ex qu s annum nn putet posse vv]e1 nobody is s old z n to ?9k he c live a ye>2 habtis eum cnsulem qu prre ve/rs dcrts nn dubitet1 y h a consul su* z does n hesitate to obey y\r decrees4 a4 ,^! ,relative ,clauses ( ,result are closely relat$ to ! ,clause ( ,*>act]i/ic1 & sometimes x is difficult to di/+ui% ! two con/ructions4 ,x is be/ to class ! relative clause z "o ( ,*>act]i/ic1 unless ! result idea is cle> & unmi/akable4 #c4 ,result clauses may also be introduc$ by qun ut nn2 z1-- nihil tam difficile e/ qun qua]5d inv/gr possit1 no?+ is s difficult t x _c be discov]$ by se>*+2 nm e/ tam =tis qun re novitte p]turbtur1 no "o is s /eadfa/ z n to be ?r[n into confusion by a /range occurr5ce4 #d4 ,note ! use ( quam ut 7sometimes quam alone7 to d5ote ,result aft] comp>atives2 z1-- urbs erat mntior quam ut prm impet cap posset1 ! city 0 too /rongly =tifi$ to be tak5 at ! fir/ attack 7lit4 m /rongly =tifi$ ?an s t x c\ld be tak51 etc474 ,causal ,clauses4 #bhe4 ,causal clauses are introduc$ *iefly by ! foll[+ p>ticles3-- #a4 ,quod1 quia1 quoniam4 #b4 ,cum4 #c4 ,qu&4 #bhf4 ,! use ( moods is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,quod1 quia1 quoniam take ! ,indicative :5 ! reason is t ( ! writ] or speak]2 !y take ! ,subjunctive :5 ! reason is view$ z t ( ano!r4 ,?us3-- ,p>?s "t quod diffd cpis no/rs1 ,i fe> ! ,p>?ians1 because ,i di/ru/ our troops4 ,!mi/ocls1 quia nn ttus erat1 ,corcyram dmigrvit1 ,!mi/ocles1 s9ce he 0 n safe1 mov$ to ,corcyra4 neque m vxisse pa5itet1 quoniam b5e vx1 ,i d n regret hav+ liv$1 s9ce ,i h liv$ well4 ,scrats accstus e/ quod corrump]et juv5ttem1 ,socrates 0 arraign$ on ! gr\nd t he 0 corrupt+ ! "y4 7,"h ! reason is n t ( ! writ] b ( ! accus]4 ,h5ce ! ,subjunctive47 ,ha$u ,caes> grtis grunt quod s p]cul lb]visset1 ! ,ha$ui ?ank$ ,caes> because he _h deliv]$ !m f dang]4 7,! reason ( ! ,ha$ui47 quoniam ,miltiads dc]e nn posset1 v]ba pr e fcit ,tsagors1 s9ce ,miltiades c\ld n speak1 ,tisagoras spoke = him4 7,! reason ( ,tisagoras47 noct ambulbat ,!mi/ocls1 quod somnum cap]e nn posset1 ,!mi/ocles us$ to walk at night because 7z he said7 he c\ldn't sleep4 a4 ,v]bs ( ?9k+ & say+ (t5 /& 9 ! ,subjunctive 9 causal clauses z ?\gh ! act ( ?9k+ or say+1 & n ! cont5ts ( ! ?\ght or language1 con/itut$ ! reason4 ,?us3-- ,bellovac suum num]um nn complvrunt quod s su nm9e cum ,rmns bellum ge/rs dc]5t1 ! ,bellovaci did n furni% _! complem5t1 because !y said !y 7 go+ to wage w> ) ! ,romans on _! own acc\nt4 b4 ,nn quod1 nn qu 7by attraction = nn e quod71 nn quia1 n t1 n because2 & nn quod nn1 nn qu nn1 nn qun1 n t 444 n2 n because 444 n2 n b t1 are usually employ$ m]ely to introduce a hypo!tical reason1 & h5ce take ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- id fc1 nn quod vs hanc dfnsinem dsd]re arbitrr]1 s$ ut omns intelleg]5t1 ?is ,i did1 n because ,i ?\ght y ne$$ ?is def5se1 b t all might p]ceive2 ,crass comm5dtinem nn sum pollicitus1 nn qun eam valitram apud t arbitrr]1 s$ egre mihi comm5dtine nn vidbtur1 ,i did n promise a recomm5dation to ,crassus1 n t ,i did n ?9k x w\ld h weight ) y1 b because he did n seem to me to ne$ recomm5dation4 c4 ,b clauses introduc$ by nn quod1 nn qua take ! ,indicative if !y /ate a fact1 ev5 ?\gh t fact is d5i$ to be ! reason = some?+2 z1-- hc ita s5ti1 nn quia sum ipse augur1 s$ quia sc ex/imre ns e/ necesse1 ?is ,i ?9k1 n because ,i am myself an augur 7:i* ,i really am71 b because x is necess>y = u to ?9k s4 #b4 ,cum causal regul>ly takes ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- quae cum ta s9t1 s9ce ?is is s2 cum ss mortlis1 quae mortlia sunt1 cr1 s9ce y are mortal1 c>e = :at is mortal4 a4 ,note ! phrase cum praes]tim 7praes]tim cum71 especially s9ce2 z1-- ,ha$us accsat1 praes]tim cum erum precibus adductus bellum suscp]it1 he blam$ ! ,ha$ui1 especially s9ce he _h und]tak5 ! w> at _! entreaties4 #c4 ,qu& 7less frequ5t ?an ! o!r causal p>ticles7 gov]ns ! ,indicative2 z1-- id omitt1 qu& vbs ita placet1 ,i pass ov] t1 s9ce y s wi%4 ,temporal ,clauses introduc$ by ,po/quam1 ,ut1 ,ubi1 ,simul ac1 etc4 #bhg4 #a4 ,po/quam 7po/equam71 aft]2 ut1 ubi1 :52 cum prmum1 simul1 simul ac 7simul atque71 z soon z1 :5 us$ to ref] to a s+le pa/ act regul>ly take ! ,p]fect ,indicative2 z1-- ,epamnnds po/quam audvit vcisse ,boetis1 ',satis' inquit 'vx1' ,epam9ondas1 aft] he he>d t ! ,boeotians _h conqu]$1 said1 ',i h liv$ en\gh2' id ut audvit1 ,corcyram dmigrvit1 :5 he he>d ?is1 he mov$ to ,corcyra2 ,caes> cum prmum potuit1 ad ex]citum cont5dit1 ,caes>1 z soon z he c\ld1 hurri$ to ! army2 ubi d ,caes>is adv5t c]tirs fact sunt1 lgts ad eum mittunt1 :5 !y 7 in=m$ ( ,caes>'s arrival1 !y s5t envoys to him4 a4 ,! ,hi/orical ,pres5t may take ! place ( ! ,p]fect 9 ?is con/ruction4 #b4 ,to d5ote ! repeat$ occurr5ce ( an act1 ut1 ubi1 simul atque1 z (t5 z1 :5 foll[+ an hi/orical t5se1 take ! ,plup]fect ,indicative 7comp>e #bhh1 #c2 #cjb1 #c72 z1-- ut quisque ,v]ris animum (f5d]at1 9 lautumis /atim conicibtur1 :5ev] anybody _h (f5d$ ,v]res's feel+s1 he 0 =?) put 9 ! /one-qu>ry2 ho/s1 ubi aliqus gr$i5ts cnspex]ant1 adoribantur1 :5ev] ! enemy _h se5 any m5 disemb>k+1 !y attack$ !m4 a4 ,9 ,livy & succe$+ hi/orians ! ,imp]fect & ,plup]fect ,subjunctive are us$ to d5ote ?is repeat$ occurr5ce ( an act 7',indef9ite ,frequ5cy'72 z1-- id ubi dxisset ha/am mittbat1 :5ev] he _h said t1 he hurl$ a spe>4 #c4 ,occasionally ! above conjunctions are foll[$ by ! ,plup]fect ,indicative ( a s+le occurr5ce4 ,?is is regul>ly ! case ) po/quam 9 expressions d5ot+ a def9ite int]val ( "t 7days1 mon?s1 ye>s1 etc471 su* z po/ t]tium annum quam1 tri5ni po/quam4 ,?us3-- qunque po/ dibus quam ,lc discess]at1 ad ,s>d9iam vnit five days aft] he _h dep>t$ f ,luca he came to ,s>d9ia2 po/quam occuptae ,syrcsae erant1 pr(ectus e/ ,c>?g9em1 aft] ,syracuse _h be5 seiz$1 he set out = ,c>?age4 #d4 ,! ,imp]fect ,indicative also sometimes occurs1 to d5ote a cont9u$ /ate2 z1-- po/quam ,rmam adv5tbant1 s5tus cnsultus e/1 aft] !y 7 on ! m>* t[>d ,rome1 ! ,s5ate 0 consult$2 po/quam /rct utrimque /bant1 aft] !y _h be5 drawn up on bo? sides & 7 9 position4 #e4 ,r>ely po/quam1 po/equam1 foll[+ ! analogy ( cum1 take ! ,subjunctive1 b only 9 ! hi/orical t5ses2 z1-- po/equam smptusa fi]i fn]a coepiss5t1 lge sublta sunt1 aft] fun]als _h begun to be elaborate1 !y 7 done away ) by law4 ,temporal ,clauses introduc$ by ,cum4 ,a4 ,cum ,,ref]r+ ,,to ,,! ,,pa/4 #bhh4 #a4 ,cum1 :5 ref]r+ to ! pa/1 takes1-- ,a4 ,! ,indicative 7,imp]fect1 ,hi/orical ,p]fect1 or ,plup]fect7 to d5ote ! po9t ( "t at :i* some?+ occurs4 ,b4 ,! ,subjunctive 7,imp]fect or ,plup]fect7 to d5ote ! situation or circum/ances "u :i* some?+ occurs4 ,examples3-- ,,indicative4 an tum ers cnsul1 cum 9 ,palti mea domus rdbat1 or 7 y consul at ! "t :5 my h\se burn$ up on ! ,palat9e8 crd tum cum ,sicilia flrbat opibus et cpis magna artificia fuisse 9 e nsul1 ,i believe t at ! "t :5 ,sicily 0 p[]ful 9 ri*es & res\rces !re 7 great crafts 9 t isl&2 e tempore pruit cum prre necesse erat1 he obey$ at ! "t :5 x 0 necess>y to obey2 ill di1 cum e/ lta lx d m1 on t day :5 ! law conc]n+ me 0 pass$4 ,,subjunctive4 ,lys&] cum vellet ,lycrg lgs commtre1 prohibitus e/1 :5 ,lys&] desir$ to *ange ! laws ( ,lycurgus1 he 0 prev5t$2 ,py?agors cum 9 gemetri quiddam nov invnisset1 ,mss bovem immolsse dcitur1 :5 ,py?agoras _h discov]$ some?+ new 9 geometry1 he is said to h sacrific$ an ox to ! ,muses4 a4 ,note t ! ,indicative is mu* less frequ5t 9 su* clauses ?an ! ,subjunctive1 & is regul>ly conf9$ to ^? cases :]e ! ma9 clause has tum1 e di1 e ann1 e tempore or "s simil> correlative ( ! cum4 ,sometimes x dep5ds entirely ^u ! po9t ( view ( ! writ] :e!r he %all employ ! ,indicative or ,subjunctive4 #b4 ,cum ,inv]sum4 ,:5 ! logical ord] ( ! clauses is inv]t$1 we f9d cum ) ! ,p]fect ,indicative or ,hi/orical ,pres5t1 9 ! s5se ( :51 :5 sudd5ly4 ,! ma9 clause 9 su* cases (t5 has jam1 vix1 aegr1 nndum2 z1-- jam ,gall ex oppid fug]e app>bant1 cum mtrs familiae rep5te prcurrrunt1 ! ,gauls 7 already prep>+ to flee1 :5 sudd5ly ! matrons ru%$ =? 7logically1 ! matrons ru%$ =? z ! ,gauls 7 prep>+ to flee72 ,trvir ,labinum adorr p>bant1 cum dus legins vnisse cognscunt1 ! ,treviri 7 prep>+ to attack1 :5 7sudd5ly7 !y le>n$ t two legions _h arriv$4 #c4 ,to d5ote a recurr+ action 9 ! pa/1 cum is foll[$ by ! ,indicative1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,plup]fect 7comp>e #bhg1 #b2 #cjb1 #c72 z1-- cum d aliquod oppidum vn]at1 edem lectc ad cubiculum df]btur1 :5ev] he _h arriv$ at "s t[n1 he 0 7always7 c>ri$ 9 ! same litt] to 8 room2 cum equittus no/] s 9 agrs jc]at1 ess$ris ex silvs mittbat1 :5ev] our cavalry _h advanc$ into ! fields1 he w\ld s5d 8 *>iote]s out f ! woods4 a4 ,sometimes ! ,imp]fect or ,plup]fect ,subjunctive is ?us us$2 z1-- saepe cum aliquem vidret m9us b5e ve/tum1 suum amiculum d$it1 (t51 :]ev] he saw "s "o m poorly clo!d1 he gave him 8 own mantle2 cum prcucurriss5t1 ,numidae effugibant1 z (t5 z !y _h advanc$1 ! ,numidians ran away4 ,?is con/ruction is frequ5t 9 ,livy & subsequ5t hi/orians4 ,b4 ,cum ,,ref]r+ ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,or ,,future4 #bhi4 ,:5 cum ref]s to ! ,pres5t or ,future x regul>ly takes ! ,indicative2 z1-- tum tua rs agitur1 p>is cum proximus rdet1 y\r own int]e/s are at /ake :5 y\r neighbor's h\se is burn+2 cum vidbis1 tum scis1 :5 y see1 !n y w "k4 a4 ,! ,indicative ( ! ,pres5t or ,future may d5ote also a recurr+ action2 z1-- /abilits amcitiae cnfirmr pote/1 cum hom9s cupd9ibus imp]bunt1 firm fri5d%ip c be e/abli%$ :5ev] m5 %all control _! desires4 ,c4 ,,o!r ,,uses ,,( ,cum4 #bij4 #a4 ,cum ,explicative4 ,cum1 ) ! ,indicative1 is sometimes us$ to indicate ! id5tity ( "o act ) ano!r2 z1-- cum tac5t clmant1 _! sil5ce is a %\t 7lit4 :5 !y are sil5t1 !y %\t74 #b4 ,cum 444 tum4 ,:5 cum 444 tum mean bo? 444 &1 ! cum-clause is 9 ! ,indicative2 b :5 cum has ! =ce ( :ile1 ?\gh1 x may take ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- cum t semp] dlx]im1 tum tus facts incnsus sum1 :ile ,i h always lov$ y1 at ! same "t ,i am /irr$ by y\r conduct4 ,clauses introduc$ by ,antequam & ,priusquam4 ,a4 ,,) ,,! ,,indicative4 #bia4 ,antequam & priusquam 7(t5 writt5 ante 444 quam1 prius 444 quam7 take ! ,indicative to d5ote an actual fact4 #a4 ,sometimes ! ,pres5t or ,future ,p]fect2 z1-- prius responds quam rog1 y answ] be=e ,i ask2 nihil contr disputb priusquam dx]it1 ,i w say no?+ 9 opposition1 be=e he speaks4 #b4 ,sometimes ! ,p]fect1 especially aft] negative clauses2 z1-- nn prius jugul& fnis fuit1 quam ,sulla omns sus dvitis explvit1 !re 0 no end ( murd] until ,sulla satisfi$ all 8 h5*m5 ) weal?4 ,b4 ,,) ,,! ,,subjunctive4 #bib4 ,antequam & priusquam take ! ,subjunctive to d5ote an act z anticipat$4 #a4 ,?us ! ,subjunctive may d5ote-- a7 ,an act 9 prep>ation = :i* ! ma9 act takes place2 z1-- priusquam dmicr5t1 fo$us ctum e/1 i4e4 9 anticipation ( ! fight1 a treaty 0 /ruck4 ,by an ext5sion ( ?is usage1 ! ,subjunctive is sometimes us$ ( g5]al tru?s1 :]e ! anticipatory notion has fad$ out2 z1-- tempe/s m9tur antequam surgat1 ! tempe/ ?reat5s be=e x rises4 b7 ,an act anticipat$ & =e/all$2 z1-- priusquam tlum adic posset1 omnis acis t]ga v]tit1 be=e a spe> c\ld be hurl$1 ! :ole army fl$4 c7 ,an act anticipat$ & deprecat$2 z1-- animum omittunt priusquam loc dmigr5t1 !y die r ?an quit _! po/4 #b4 ,aft] hi/orical t5ses ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive is us$1 especially by "s writ]s1 :]e ! notion ( anticipation has practically vani%$2 z1-- sl antequam s abd]et fugi5tem vdit ,antnium1 ! sun be=e x set saw ,antony flee+4 ,clauses introduc$ by ,dum1 ,dnec1 ,quoad4 #bic4 #a4 ,dum1 :ile1 regul>ly takes ! ,indicative ( ! ,hi/orical ,pres5t2 z1-- ,alex&]1 dum int] prmrs pugnat1 sagitt ictus e/1 ,alex&]1 :ile he 0 fight+ 9 ! van1 0 /ruck by an arr[2 dum haec g]untur1 9 fns ,v5ellrum p]vnit1 :ile ^! ?+s 7 be+ done1 he arriv$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,v5elli4 ,,ii4 ,dum1 dnec1 & quoad1 z long z1 take ! ,indicative2 z1-- dum anima e/1 sps e/1 z long z !re is life1 !re is hope2 ,lac$aemonirum gns =tis fuit1 dum ,lycrg lgs vigbant1 ! race ( ! ,lac$aemonians 0 p[]ful1 z long z ! laws ( ,lycurgus 7 9 =ce2 ,cat1 quoad vxit1 virttum laude crvit1 ,cato1 at long z he liv$1 increas$ 9 ! fame ( 8 virtues4 ,,iii4 ,dum1 dnec1 & quoad1 until1 take3-- #a4 ,! ,indicative1 to d5ote an actual ev5t2 z1-- dnec r$iit1 fuit sil5tium1 !re 0 sil5ce till he came2 f]rum 9 corpore ret9uit1 quoad r5ntitum e/ ,boetis vcisse1 he kept ! iron 9 8 body until ^w 0 br\ght t ! ,boeotians _h conqu]$4 a4 ,9 ,livy & subsequ5t hi/orians dum & dnec 9 ?is s5se (t5 take ! ,subjunctive in/ead ( ! ,indicative2 z1-- trepidtinis aliquantum dbant dnec timor quitem fcisset1 !y %[$ "s trepidation1 until fe> produc$ quiet4 #b4 ,! ,subjunctive1 to d5ote anticipation or expectancy2 z1-- exspectvit ,caes> dum nvs conv5r5t1 ,caes> wait$ = ! %ips to assemble2 dum litt]ae v5iant1 morbor1 ,i %all wait = ! lett] to come4 ,sub/antive ,clauses4 #bid4 ,a ,sub/antive ,clause is "o :i* z a :ole s]ves z ! ,subject or ,object ( a v]b1 or /&s 9 "s o!r case relation4 ,a4 ,sub/antive ,clauses develop$ f ! ,volitive4 #bie4 ,sub/antive ,clauses ,develop$ f ! ,volitive are us$ ) ! foll[+ classes ( v]bs3-- #a4 ,) v]bs signify+ to admoni%1 reque/1 comm&1 urge1 p]suade1 induce1#ea etc4 7conjunctions ut1 n1 or ut n72 z1-- po/ul ut fat1 ,i dem& t x be done 7dep5d5t =m ( ! ,jussive fat1 let x be done672 rat1 n abes1 he begs t y w n g away2 mlits cohorttus e/ ut ho/ium impetum su/9r5t1 he exhort$ 8 soldi]s to )/& ! attack ( ! enemy2 ,helvtis p]susit ut exr5t1 he p]suad$ ! ,helvetii to m>* =?4 a4 ,jube1 comm&1 ord]1 regul>ly takes ! ,inf9itive4 #b4 ,) v]bs signify+ to grant1 conc$e1 p]mit1 all[1#eb etc4 7conjunction ut72 z1-- huic concd ut ea praet]eat1 ,i all[ him to pass t by 7dep5d5t =m ( ! ,jussive ea praet]eat1 let him pass t by672 cnsul p]missum e/ ut dus legins scrb]et1 ! consul 0 p]mitt$ to enroll two legions4 #c4 ,) v]bs ( h9d]+1 prev5t+1#ec etc4 7conjunctions n1 qum9us1 qun72 z1-- n l/rum p]fic]et1 mors prohibuit1 dea? prev5t$ him f f9i%+ ! lu/rum 7dep5d5t =m aft] pa/ t5se ( n l/rum p]ficiat1 let him n f9i%1 etc472 prohibuit qum9us 9 num cor5t1 he prev5t$ !m f com+ toge!r2 nec qun rump]et1 prohibr pot]at1 nor c\ld he be prev5t$ f ru%+ =?4 a4 ,qun is us$ only :5 ! v]b ( h9d]+ is accompani$ by a negative1 or /&s 9 a "q imply+ a negative2 x is n necess>ily us$ ev5 !n4 #d4 ,) v]bs ( decid+1 resolv+1#ed etc4 7conjunctions ut1 n1 or ut n72 z1-- cn/itu]am ut prdi ds ,aqun manrem1 ,i _h decid$ to rema9 at ,aqu9um on ! #ab?2 dcrvit s5tus ut ,opmius vidret1 ! ,s5ate decre$ t ,opimius %\ld see to x2 convnit ut ns ca/rs miscr5tur1 x 0 agre$ t !y %\ld be unit$ 9 "o camp4 #e4 ,) v]bs ( /riv+1#ee etc4 7conjunctions ut1 n1 or ut n72 z1-- fac ut eum exrs1 see to x t y prevail ^u him6 cr ut vir ss1 see to x t y are a man6 labrbat ut reliqus cvitts adjung]et1 he 0 /riv+ to jo9 ! rema9+ /ates to him4 a4 ,cnor1 try1 always takes ! ,inf9itive4 ,,note4--,v]bs ( all ! above classes also admit ! ,inf9itive1 especially 9 poetry4 #f4 ,) a few o!r expressions1 su* z necesse e/1 reliquus e/1 sequitur1 licet1 oportet2 z1-- sequitur ut doceam1 x rema9s = me to %[2 licet r$es1 y may return2 oportet loqumur1 we mu/ speak4 ,on ! abs5ce ( ut ) licet & oportet1 see p>agraph #h4 #g4 ,"h also belong phrases ( ! type3 nlla causa e/ cr1 qun2 nn e/ cr1 etc42 nihil e/ cr1 etc42 z1-- nlla causa e/ cr timeam1 !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld fe> 7orig9ally ,delib]ative3 :y %\ld ,i fe>8 ,!re's no reason72 nihil e/ qun dcam1 !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld n say4 #h4 ,_m ( ! above classes ( v]bs at times take ! simple ,subjunctive )\t ut4 ,9 su* cases we mu/ n recognize any omission ( ut1 b simply an e>li] =m ( expression :i* exi/$ be=e ! ut-clause arose4 ,?is is regul>ly ! case ) necesse e/1 licet1 & oportet2 see #f4 ,o!r examples are3-- es mone ds9ant1 ,i w>n !m to /op2 huic imp]at adeat cvitts1 he ord]s him to visit ! /ates4 ,b4 ,sub/antive ,clauses develop$ f ! ,optative4 #bif4 ,sub/antive ,clauses ,develop$ f ! ,optative occur3-- #a4 ,) v]bs ( wi%+1 desir+1 especially cupi1 opt1 vol1 ml 7conjunctions ut1 n1 ut n72 z1-- opt ut 9 hc jdici nm improbus rep]itur1 ,i hope t 9 ?is c\rt no bad man may be f\nd 7"h ut rep]itur repres5ts a simple optative ( direct /atem5t1 viz4 rep]itur1 may no bad man be f\nd672 cupi n v5iat1 ,i desire t he may n come4 a4 ,! simple ,subjunctive 7)\t ut7 sometimes occurs ) v]bs ( ?is class4 7,see #bie1 #h47 ,examples are3 velim scrbs1 ,i wi% y w\ld write2 vellem scrpsisset1 ,i wi% he _h writt54 #b4 ,) expressions ( fe>+ 7"t1 metu1 v]eor1 etc474 ,"h n means t1 le/1 & ut means t n2 z1-- "t n v5iat1 ,i fe> t he w come 7orig9ally3 may he n come6 ,i'm afraid he w72 "t ut v5iat1 ,i fe> t he w n come 7orig9ally3 may he come6 ,i'm afraid he won't74 a4 ,n nn sometimes occurs in/ead ( ut1 especially :]e ! v]b ( fe>+ has a negative1 or :]e ! writ] desires to emphasize "s p>ticul> ^w 9 ! dep5d5t clause2 z1-- nn v]eor ne hc nn fat1 ,i am n afraid t ?is w n happ52 v]eor n ex]citum frmum habre nn possit1 ,i fe> t he is unable 7nn possit7 to h a /rong army4 ,c4 ,sub/antive ,clauses ( ,result4 #big4 ,sub/antive ,clauses ( ,result 7introduc$ by ut1 ut nn7 are a developm5t ( pure ,result clauses1 & occur ) ! foll[+ classes ( words3-- #a4 ,z object clauses aft] v]bs ( do+1 accompli%+ 7especially faci1 effici1 cnfici74 ,?us3-- gravits morb facit ut m$icn egemus1 ! sev]ity ( disease makes u ne$ m$ic9e4 #b4 ,z ! subject ( sev]al imp]sonal v]bs1 p>ticul>ly fit1 efficitur1 accidit1 v5it1 cont+it1 accdit1 fi] pote/1 =e1 sequitur1 rel9quitur4 ,?us3-- ex qu efficitur1 ut volupts nn sit summum bonum1 f :i* x foll[s t pleasure is n ! greate/ good2 ita fit1 ut nm esse possit betus1 ?us x happ5s t no "o c be happy2 accdbat ut nvs deess5t1 ano!r ?+ 0 ! lack ( %ips 7lit4 x 0 add$ t %ips 7 lack+74 #c4 ,z pr$icate or appositive aft] expressions l js e/1 ms e/1 cnsutd e/2 also aft] neut] pron\ns1 hc1 illud1 etc4 ,?us3-- e/ ms hom9um ut nl9t eundem plribus rbus excell]e1 x is ! way ( m5 n to wi% ! same p]son to excel 9 _m ?+s4 ,d4 ,sub/antive ,clauses introduc$ by ,qun4 #bih4 ,sub/antive ,clauses introduc$ by qun 7us$ sometimes z subject1 sometimes z object7 occur aft] negative & int]rogative expressions ( d\bt1 omission1 & ! l1 p>ticul>ly aft] nn dubit1 ,i d n d\bt2 quis dubitat1 :o d\bts82 nn 7haud7 dubium e/1 !re is no d\bt4 ,! mood is ! ,subjunctive4 ,examples3-- quis dubitat qun 9 virtte dvitiae s9t1 :o d\bts t 9 virtue !re are ri*es8 nn dubium erat qun v5trus esset1 !re 0 no d\bt t he 0 ab\t to come4 a4 ,9 ,nepos1 ,livy1 & po/-,augu/an writ]s an ,inf9itive sometimes takes ! place ( ! qun-clause aft] nn dubit2 z1-- nn dubitmus inv5ts esse1 we d n d\bt t m5 7 f\nd b4 ,nn dubit1 ,i d n hesitate1 is regul>ly foll[$ by ! ,inf9itive1 ?\gh sometimes by a qun-clause4 ,e4 ,sub/antive ,clauses ,introduc$ by ,quod4 #bii4 #a4 ,quod1 ! fact t1 t1 introduces ,sub/antive ,clauses 9 ! ,indicative4 ,?is con/ruction occurs especially-- a7 ,9 apposition ) a prec$+ demon/rative1 z hc1 id1 illud1 illa1 ex e1 inde1 etc4 ,?us3-- illud e/ admrtine dignum1 quod captvs ret95ds cnsuit1 ?is is especially wor?y ( admiration1 t he ?\ght ! prison]s ought to be kept2 hc n prae/mus vel maxim f]s1 quod colloquimur int] ns1 9 ?is "o respect we are especially sup]ior to ! bea/s1 t we talk ) ea* o!r4 b7 ,aft] b5e fit1 b5e accidit1 male fit1 b5e fac]e1 mror1 etc42 z1-- b5e mihi v5it1 quod mittor ad mortem1 x is well = me t ,i am s5t to dea?2 b5e fci/ quod mnsi/1 y did well 9 rema9+4 #b4 ,quod at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce sometimes has ! =ce ( z reg>ds ! fact t4 ,?us3-- quod multitd9em ,g]mnrum 9 ,galliam trdc1 id me mni5d caus faci1 z reg>ds ! fact t ,i am transport+ a multitude ( ,g]mans into ,gaul1 ,i am do+ x = ! sake ( /r5g!n+ myself2 quod m ,agamemnona aemulr puts1 fall]is1 z reg>ds y\r ?9k+ t ,i emulate ,agamemnon1 y are mi/ak54 ,f4 ,indirect ,que/ions4 #cjj4 #a4 ,indirect ,que/ions are ,sub/antive ,clauses us$ aft] v]bs ( ask+1 inquir+1 tell+1 & ! l4 ,!y take _! v]b 9 ! ,subjunctive#ef4 ,l ,direct ,que/ions 7see #afb7 !y may be introduc$-- a7 ,by ,int]rogative ,pron\ns or ,adv]bs2 z1-- dc mihi ubi fu]s1 quid fc]s1 tell me :]e y 71 :at y did2 oculs jdicr nn pote/ 9 utram p>tem fluat ,ar>1 x _c be det]m9$ by ! eye 9 :i* direction ! ,ar> fl[s2 bis bna quot ess5t1 nescibat1 he did n "k h[ _m two times two 74 ,,note4--,c>e %\ld be tak5 to di/+ui% ,indirect ,que/ions f ,relative ,clauses4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two appe>s cle>ly 9 ! foll[+3-- effug]e nm id pote/ quod futrum e/1 no "o c escape :at is de/9$ to come to pass2 b saepe autem ne tile quidem e/ scre quid futrum sit1 b (t5 x is n ev5 useful to "k :at is com+ to pass4 b7 ,by num or -ne1 )\t di/9ction ( mean+2 z1-- ,epamnnds quaesvit num salvus esset clipeus1 or salvusne esset clipeus1 ,epam9ondas ask$ :e!r 8 %ield 0 safe2 disputtur num int]re virts 9 hom9e possit1 ! "q is rais$ :e!r virtue c die 9 a man2 ex ,scrate quaestum e/ nnne ,ar*elum betum putret1 ! "q 0 ask$ ( ,socrates :e!r he did n ?9k ,ar*elaus happy4 ,,note4--,nnne 9 ,indirect ,que/ions occurs only aft] qua]1 z 9 ! la/ example above4 #b4 ,(t5 ! ,indirect ,"q repres5ts a ,delib]ative ,subjunctive ( ! direct disc\rse2 z1-- nesci quid faciam1 ,i d n "k :at to d4 7,direct3 quid faciam1 :at %all ,i d67 #c4 ,aft] v]bs ( expectation & endeavor 7exspect1 cnor1 exp]ior1 tempt7 we sometimes f9d an ,indirect ,"q introduc$ by s2 z1-- cnantur s p]rump]e poss9t1 !y try :e!r !y c break ?r\gh4 a4 ,sometimes ! gov]n+ v]b is omitt$2 z1-- p]git ad proximam spluncam s =te e v/gia f]r5t1 he proce$$ to ! ne>e/ cave 7to see7 if ! tracks l$ ?i!r4 #d4 ,indirect ,d\ble ,que/ions are introduc$ 9 ! ma9 by ! same p>ticles z direct d\ble que/ions 7 #afb1 #d72 viz42-- utrum 444 an2 -ne 444 an2 ---- 444 an2 ---- 444 ne4 ,examples3-- qua] utrum vrum an falsum sit1 qua] vrumne an falsum sit1 ,i ask :e!r x qua] vrum an falsum sit1 is true or false8 qua] vrum falsumne sit1 a4 ',or n' 9 ! second memb] ( ! d\ble "q is ord9>ily express$ by necne1 less frequ5tly by an nn2 z1-- d utrum s9t necne1 qua]itur1 x is ask$ :e!r !re are gods or n4 #e4 ,haud sci an1 nesci an1 by omission ( ! fir/ memb] ( ! d\ble "q1 occur ) ! ,subjunctive 9 ! s5se3 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 probably1 p]haps2 z1-- haud sci an ita sit1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ?is is s4 #f4 ,9 e>ly ,lat9 & 9 poetry ! ,indicative is sometimes us$ 9 indirect ,que/ions4 ,,conditional ,,s5t5ces4 #cja4 ,conditional ,s5t5ces are comp\nd s5t5ces 7 #afd7 consi/+ ( two p>ts1 ! ,protasis 7or condition71 usually introduc$ by s1 nisi1 or sn1 & ! ,apodosis 7or conclusion74 ,!re are ! foll[+ types ( ,conditional ,s5t5ces3-- ,fir/ ,type4--,no?+ ,impli$ z to ! ,reality ( ! ,suppos$ ,case4 #cjb4 #a4 ,"h we regul>ly h ! ,indicative 9 bo? ,protasis & ,apodosis4 ,any t5se may be us$2 z1-- s hc crdis1 errs1 if y believe ?is1 y are mi/ak52 ntram s sequmur1 numquam ab]rbimus1 if we foll[ ,nature1 we %all nev] g a/ray2 s hc dxi/1 err/1 if y said ?is1 y 7 9 error4 #b4 ,sometimes ! ,protasis takes ! ,indef9ite ,second ,p]son ,s+ul> 7 #cef1 #c7 ( ! ,pres5t or ,p]fect ,subjunctive1 ) ! =ce ( ! ,indicative2 z1-- memoria m9uitur1 nisi eam ex]ces1 memory is impair$ unless y ex]cise x4 #c4 ,"h belong also ^? conditional s5t5ces 9 :i* ! ,protasis d5otes a repeat$ action 7comp>e #bhg1 #b2 #bhh1 #c72 z1-- s quis equitum dcid]at1 p$its circumsi/bant1 if any "o ( ! horsem5 fell1 ! foot-soldi]s ga!r$ ab\t him4 a4 ,in/ead ( ! ,indicative1 ,livy & subsequ5t writ]s employ ! ,subjunctive ( ! ,hi/orical t5ses 9 ! ,protasis to d5ote repeat$ action2 z1-- s dc5d quis diem exim]et1 if 7ev]7 anybody consum$ a day 9 plead+2 s qu& adsidret1 if ev] he sat by4 #d4 ,:]e ! s5se dem&s x1 ! ,apodosis 9 conditional s5t5ces ( ! ,fir/ ,type may be an ,imp]ative or "o ( ! ,indep5d5t ,subjunctives 7,hortatory1 ,delib]ative1 etc472 z1-- s hc crditis1 tacte1 if y believe ?is1 be sil5t2 s hc crdimus1 tacemus1 if we believe ?is1 let u keep sil5t4 ,second ,type4--',%\ld'-',w\ld' ,conditions4 #cjc4 ,"h we regul>ly h ! ,subjunctive 7( ! ,pres5t or ,p]fect t5se7 9 bo? ,protasis & ,apodosis2 z1-- s hc dcs1 errs1 or s hc dx]s1 errv]s1 if y %\ld say ?is1 y w\ld be mi/ak52 s velim ,hannibalis proelia omnia dscrb]e1 dis m dficiat1 if ,i %\ld wi% to describe all ! battles ( ,hannibal1 "t w\ld fail me2 m5ti>1 s negem1 ,i %\ld lie1 if ,i %\ld d5y x2 haec s tcum patria loqutur1 nnne impetrre dbeat1 if y\r c\ntry %\ld plead ?us ) y1 w\ld %e n des]ve to obta9 h] reque/8 a4 ,! ,subjunctive 9 ! ,apodosis ( conditional s5t5ces ( ?is type is ( ! ,pot5tial v>iety4 b4 ,sometimes we f9d ! ,indicative 9 ! ,apodosis ( s5t5ces ( ! ,second ,type1 :]e ! writ] wi%es to ass]t ! accompli%m5t ( a result m positively2 z1-- alit] s faciat1 nllam habet auctrittem1 if he %\ld d o!rwise1 he has no au?ority4 ,?ird ,type4--,suppos$ ,case ,repres5t$ z ,contr>y to ,fact4 #cjd4 #a4 ,"h we regul>ly h ! ,subjunctive 9 bo? ,protasis & ,apodosis1 ! ,imp]fect ref]r+ to pres5t "t1 & ! ,plup]fect ref]r+ to pa/2 z1-- s amc me adess5t1 opis nn indigrem1 if my fri5ds 7 "h1 ,i %\ld n lack assi/ance2 s hc dxisss1 errsss1 if y _h said ?is1 y w\ld h err$2 sapi5tia nn expet]tur1 s nihil effic]et1 philosophy w\ld n be desir$1 if x accompli%$ no?+2 cnsilium1 rati1 s5t5tia nisi ess5t 9 s5ibus1 nn summum cnsilium majrs no/r appellss5t s5tum1 unless delib]ation1 reason1 & wisdom exi/$ 9 old m51 our ance/ors w\ld n h call$ _! highe/ delib]ative body a s5ate4 #b4 ,sometimes ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive is f\nd ref]r+ to ! pa/1 especially to d5ote a cont9u$ act1 or a /ate ( ?+s /ill exi/+2 z1-- ,laelius1 ,frius1 ,cat s nihil litt]s adjuvr5tur1 numquam s ad erum /udium contuliss5t1 ,laelius1 ,furius1 & ,cato w\ld nev] h devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( lett]s1 unless !y _h be5 7con/antly7 help$ by !m2 num igitur s ad c5tsimum annum vxisset1 s5ecttis eum suae pa5itret1 if he _h liv$ to 8 hundr$? ye>1 w\ld he h regrett$ 7& n[ be regrett+7 8 old age8 #c4 ,! ,apodosis 9 conditional s5t5ces ( ?is type sometimes /&s 9 ! ,indicative 7,imp]fect1 ,p]fect1 or ,plup]fect71 viz4-- a7 ,frequ5tly 9 expressions ( ability1 obligation1 or necessity2 z1-- nisi flcits 9 scordiam v]tisset1 exu]e jugum poturunt1 unless _! prosp]ity _h turn$ to folly1 !y c\ld h ?r[n (f ! yoke2 ,,note4--,9 s5t5ces ( ?is type1 h[ev]1 x is n ! possibility t is repres5t$ z-contr>y-to-fact1 b some?+ to be suppli$ 9 ?\ght f ! context4 ,?us 9 ! =ego+ s5t5ce ! logical apodosis is et exuiss5t und]/ood 7& !y w\ld h %ak5 x (f74 ,:5 ! possibility itself is condition$1 ! ,subjunctive is us$4 eum patris loc col]e dbbs1 s lla 9 t piets esset1 y ought to rev]e him z a fa!r1 if y _h any s5se ( devotion4 b7 ,) bo? ! ,p]iphra/ic ,conjugations2 z1-- s ,s/ius occsus esset1 fui/isne ad arma xr1 if ,se/ius _h be5 sla91 w\ld y h proce$$ to arms8 s num diem mort esstis1 mori5dum omnibus fuit1 if y _h delay$ "o day1 y w\ld all h _h to die4 ,protasis express$ )\t ,s4 #cje4 #a4 ,! ,protasis is n always express$ by a clause ) s1 b may be impli$ 9 a ^w1 a phrase1 or m]ely by ! context2 z1-- aliqu haec nn scrb]5tur1 o!rwise 7i4e4 if matt]s 7 o!rwise7 ^! ?+s w\ld n be writt52 nn pote/is1 voluptte omnia drig5ts1 ret9re virttem1 y _c reta9 virtue1 if y direct ev]y?+ ) ref]5ce to pleasure4 #b4 ,sometimes an ,imp]ative1 or a ,jussive ,subjunctive1 s]ves z ,protasis4 ,?us3-- crs petit1 dabitur1 if y ask to-morr[1 x %all be giv5 y 7lit4 ask to-morr[1 etc472 haec reput5t1 vidbunt1 if !y consid] ?is1 !y w see 7lit4 let !m consid]1 etc472 rogs ,znnem1 respondeat1 if y %\ld ask ,z5o1 he w\ld answ]4 ,use ( ,nisi1 ,s ,nn1 ,sn4 #cjf4 #a4 ,nisi1 unless1 negatives ! entire protasis2 s nn negatives a s+le ^w2 z1-- f]reus essem1 nisi t amrem1 ,i %\ld be h>d-he>t$ unless ,i lov$ y2 b-- f]reus essem1 s t nn amrem1 ,i %\ld be h>d-he>t$ if ,i did ,,n love y4 ,9 ! fir/ example1 x is ! notion ( lov+ y t is negativ$1 9 ! second1 ! notion ( lov+4 #b4 ,s nn 7s m9us7 is regul>ly employ$3-- a7 ,:5 an apodosis ) at1 tam51 c]t foll[s2 z1-- dolrem s nn potu] frang]e1 tam5 occultb1 if ,i _c cru% my sorr[1 yet ,i w hide x4 b7 ,:5 an affirmative protasis is repeat$ 9 negative =m2 z1-- s fc]is1 magnam habb grtiam2 s nn fc]is1 ignscam1 if y d x1 ,i %all be deeply grateful2 if y d n d x1 ,i %all p>don y4 a4 ,b if ! v]b is omitt$ 9 ! repetition1 only si m9us or s9 m9us is admissible2 z1-- hc s assectus sum1 gaude2 s m9us1 m cnslor1 if ,i h atta9$ ?is1 ,i am glad2 if n1 ,i console myself4 #c4 ,sn4 ,:]e "o protasis is foll[$ by ano!r oppos$ 9 mean+1 b affirmative 9 =m1 ! second is introduc$ by sn2 z1-- hunc mihi timrem ripe2 s vrus e/1 n opprim>1 sn falsus1 ut timre ds9am1 relieve me ( ?is fe>2 if x is well f\nd$1 t ,i may n be de/roy$2 b if x is gr\ndless1 t ,i may cease to fe>4 #d4 ,nisi has a fondness = comb9+ ) negatives 7nn1 nm1 nihil72 z1-- nihil cgitvit nisi ca$em1 he _h no ?\ght b murd]4 a4 ,nn & nisi are always sep>at$ 9 ! be/ ,lat9ity4 #e4 ,nisi =te1 nisi vr1 nisi s1 unless p]*ance1 unless inde$ 7(t5 ) ironical =ce71 take ! ,indicative2 z1-- nisi vr1 quia p]fecta rs nn e/1 nn vidtur pni5da1 unless inde$1 because an act is n consummat$1 x does n seem to m]it puni%m5t4 ,conditional ,clauses ( ,comp>ison4 #cjg4 #a4 ,conditional ,clauses ( ,comp>ison are introduc$ by ! p>ticles1 ac s1 ut s1 quasi1 quam s1 tamquam s1 velut s1 or simply by velut or tamquam4 ,!y /& 9 ! ,subjunctive mood & regul>ly involve an ellipsis 7see #cgd1 #a71 z indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ examples3-- tantus patrs metus cpit1 velut s jam ad ports ho/is esset1 z great fe> seiz$ ! s5ators z 7w\ld h seiz$ !m7 if ! enemy 7 already at ! gates2 s$ quid ego hs te/ibus tor quasi rs dubia aut obscra sit1 b :y d ,i use ^! witnesses1 z 7,i %\ld d7 if ! matt] 7 d\btful or obscure2 s]viam tibi tam quasi m]s m arg5t1 ,i w s]ve y z ?\gh y _h b\ght me = money4 #b4 ,note t 9 s5t5ces ( ?is k9d ! ,lat9 obs]ves ! regul> pr9ciples = ! ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses4 ,?us aft] pr9cipal t5ses ! ,lat9 uses ! ,pres5t & ,p]fect 7z 9 ! second & ?ird examples71 :]e ! ,engli% uses ! ,pa/ & ,pa/ ,p]fect4 ,concessive ,clauses4 #cjh4 ,! t]m ',concessive' is be/ re/rict$ to ^? clauses develop$ f ! ,jussive ,subjunctive :i* h ! =ce ( grant$ t1 etc42 7see #bgh7 z1-- sit fr1 sit sacrilegus1 at e/ bonus imp]tor1 grant$ t he is a ?ief & a robb]1 yet he is a good comm&]2 haec s9t falsa1 grant$ t ?is is false2 n sit summum malum dolor1 malum c]t e/1 grant$ t pa9 is n ! greate/ evil1 yet x is c]ta9ly an evil4 ,adv]sative ,clauses ) ,quamvs1 ,quamquam1 etc4 #cji4 ,clauses introduc$ by quamvs1 quamquam1 ets1 tamets1 cum1 al?\gh1 :ile (t5 class$ z ',concessive1' are yet ess5tially diff]5t f g5u9e ,concessive clauses4 ,z a rule1 !y d n grant or conc$e any?+1 b r /ate t some?+ is true 9 spite ( some?+ else4 ,!y accord+ly emphasize ! adv]sative idea1 & are prop]ly ,subord9ate ,adv]sative ,clauses4 ,! diff]5t p>ticles us$ to introduce ^! clauses h diff]5t mean+s & take diff]5t con/ructions1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,quamvs1 h[ev] mu*1 al?\gh1 does n introduce a /atem5t ( fact1 b repres5ts an act m]ely z conceiv$4 ,x is foll[$ by ! ,subjunctive1 usually ( ! pres5t t5se2 z1-- hom9s quamvs 9 turbids rbus s9t1 tam5 int]dum anims relaxantur1 9 h[ev] /irr+ ev5ts m5 may engage1 yet at times !y relax _! en]gies2 nn e/ pote/s opitul& re pblicae quamvs ea premtur p]culs1 !re is no opportunity to succor ! /ate1 ?\gh x be beset by dang]s4 #b4 ,quamquam1 ets1 tamets1 al?\gh1 introduce a /atem5t ( fact1 & are foll[$ by ! ,indicative 7( any t5se72 z1-- quamquam omnis virts ns allicit1 tam5 j/itia id maxim efficit1 al?\gh all virtue attracts u1 yet ju/ice does s especially2 ,caes>1 ets nndum cnsilium ho/ium cognv]at1 tam5 id quod accidit suspicbtur1 ,caes>1 ?\gh he did n yet "k ! plans ( ! enemy1 yet 0 suspect+ :at actually occurr$4 a4 ,ets1 al?\gh1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ets1 ev5 if4 ,! latt] is a conditional p>ticle & takes any ( ! con/ructions admissible = s4 7,see #cjb-cjd47 #c4 ,cum1 al?\gh1 is foll[$ by ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- ,atticus honrs nn petiit1 cum e patr5t1 ,atticus did n seek honors1 ?\gh !y 7 op5 to him4 #d4 ,licet sometimes loses its v]bal =ce 7see #bie1 #f7 & s9ks to ! level ( a conjunction ) ! =ce ( al?\gh4 ,x takes ! ,subjunctive1 ,pres5t or ,p]fect2 z1-- licet omns t]rrs imp5deant1 succurram1 ?\gh all t]rors hang ov] me1 7yet7 ,i w l5d aid4 #e4 ,quamquam1 ) ! =ce & yet1 is (t5 us$ to introduce pr9cipal clauses2 z1-- quamquam quid loquor1 & yet :y d ,i speak8 #f4 ,9 po/-,augu/an writ]s quamquam is freely con/ru$ ) ! ,subjunctive1 :ile quamvs is (t5 us$ to introduce /atem5ts ( fact1 & takes ei!r ! ,indicative or ! ,subjunctive4 ,?us3-- quamquam movrtur hs vcibus1 al?\gh he 0 mov$ by ^! words2 quamvs mult opnr5tur1 ?\gh _m ?\ght2 quamvs nf/ anim p]vn]s1 ?\gh y _h come ) ho/ile int5t4 ,clauses ) ,dum1 ,modo1 ,dummodo1 d5ot+ a ,wi% or a ,proviso4 #caj4 ,^! p>ticles are foll[$ by ! ,subjunctive 7negative n7 & h two di/9ct uses3-- ,i4 ,!y are us$ to introduce clauses embody+ a wi% ent]ta9$ by ! subject ( ! lead+ v]b2 z1-- mult hone/a neglegunt dummodo pot5tiam cnsequantur1 _m neglect honor 9 _! desire to obta9 p[] 7if only !y may atta972 omnia po/posu1 dum praecepts patris prrem1 ,i made ev]y?+ else second>y1 9 my desire to obey ! injunctions ( my fa!r2 nl ob/at tibi1 dum n sit dtior alt]1 no?+ h9d]s y 9 y\r desire t y\r neighbor may n be ri*] ?an y4 ,,ii4 ,!y are us$ to express a proviso 7'provid$ t'72 z1-- d]9t1 dum metuant1 let !m hate1 provid$ !y fe>2 man5t +5ia s5ibus1 modo p]maneat /udium et indu/ria1 old m5 reta9 _! faculties1 provid$ only !y reta9 _! int]e/ & vigor2 nbant1 dum n ds fiat comes1 let !m m>ry1 provid$ no d[ry goes ) x4 ,relative ,clauses4 #caa4 ,relative ,clauses are introduc$ by ,relative ,pron\ns1 ,adjectives1 or ,adv]bs4 #cab4 #a4 ,relative clauses usually /& 9 ! ,indicative ,mood1 especially clauses introduc$ by ^? ,g5]al ,relatives :i* are d\bl$ or h ! suffix -oumque2 z1-- quidquid id e/1 "t ,danas et dna f]5ts1 :atev] x is1 ,i fe> ! ,greeks ev5 :5 !y (f] gifts2 quidquid oritur1 qulecumque e/1 causam ntr habet1 :atev] comes into be+1 ( :atev] sort x is1 has its primal cause 9 ,nature4 #b4 ,any simple ,relative may introduce a conditional s5t5ce ( any ( ! ?ree types m5tion$ 9 #cjb-cjd2 z1-- qu hc dcit1 errat1 he :o says ?is is mi/ak5 7,fir/ ,type72 qu hc dcat1 erret1 he w\ld be mi/ak5 :o %\ld say ?is 7,second ,type72 qu hc dxisset1 errsset1 ! man :o _h said ?is w\ld h be5 mi/ak54 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse 7,r,,ti ,,obl,,qua74 #cac4 ,:5 ! language or ?\ght ( any p]son is reproduc$ )\t *ange1 t is call$ ,direct ,disc\rse 7rti ,recta72 z1 ,caes> said1 ',! die is ca/4' ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 "o's language or ?\ght is made to dep5d ^u a v]b ( say+1 ?9k+1 etc41 t is call$ ,indirect ,disc\rse 7rti ,oblqua72 z1 ,caes> said t ! die 0 ca/2 ,caes> ?\ght t 8 troops 7 victori\s4 a4 ,= ! v]bs mo/ frequ5tly employ$ to introduce ,indirect ,disc\rse1 see #cca4 ,,moods ,,9 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse4 ,decl>ative ,s5t5ces4 #cad4 #a4 ,decl>ative ,s5t5ces ^u becom+ ,indirect *ange _! ma9 clause to ! ,inf9itive ) ,subject ,accusative1 :ile all subord9ate clauses take ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- ,rgulus dxit quam di jre jr& ho/ium t5rtur nn esse s s5trem1 ,regulus said t z long z he 0 held by 8 pl$ge to ! enemy he 0 n a s5ator4 7,direct3 quam di t5eor nn sum s5tor47 #b4 ,! v]b ( say+1 ?9k+1 etc41 is sometimes to be inf]r$ f ! context2 z1-- tum ,rmulus lgts circ vcns g5ts msit qu societtem cnbiumque pet]5t3 urbs quoque1 ut ct]a1 ex nfim nsc1 !n ,romulus s5t envoys ar\nd among ! neighbor+ tribes1 to ask = alliance & ! "r ( int]m>riage1 7say+ t7 cities1 l ev]y?+ else1 />t f a mode/ beg9n+4 #c4 ,subord9ate clauses :i* conta9 an explanatory /atem5t ( ! writ] & s are n prop]ly a "p ( ! ,indirect ,disc\rse1 or :i* emphasize ! fact /at$1 take ! ,indicative2 z1-- nntitum e/ ,ariovi/um ad occup&um ,vesontinem1 quod e/ oppidum maximum ,squanrum cont5d]e1 x 0 report$ t ,ariovi/us 0 ha/5+ to seize ,vesontio1 :i* is ! l>ge/ t[n ( ! ,sequani4 #d4 ,sometimes a subord9ate clause is su* only 9 its ext]nal =m1 & 9 s5se is pr9cipal4 ,x !n takes ! ,inf9itive ) ,subject ,accusative4 ,?is occurs especially 9 case ( relative clauses1 :]e qu is equival5t to et hc1 nam hc1 etc42 z1-- dxit urbem ,a?ninsium prpugnculum oppositum esse b>b>s1 apud quam jam bis classs rgis fcisse naufragium1 he said ! city ( ! ,a!nians _h be5 set aga9/ ! b>b>ians l a bulw>k1 ne> :i* 7 & ne> x7 ! fleets ( ! ,k+ _h twice met disa/]4 #e4 ,! ,subject ,accusative ( ! ,inf9itive is sometimes omitt$ :5 x ref]s to ! same p]son z ! subject ( ! lead+ v]b1 or c easily be suppli$ f ! context2 z1-- cum id nescre ,mg dc]et1 :5 ,mago said he did n "k ?is 7= s nescre74 ,int]rogative ,s5t5ces4 #cae4 #a4 ,real que/ions ( ! ,direct ,disc\rse1 ^u becom+ indirect1 are regul>ly put 9 ! ,subjunctive2 z1-- ,ariovi/us ,caes> respondit3 s prius 9 ,galliam vnisse quam populum ,rmnum4 ,quid sibi vellet8 ,cr 9 sus possessins v5ret1 ,ariovi/us repli$ to ,caes> t he _h come into ,gaul be=e ! ,roman p4 ,:at did he 7,caes>7 mean8 ,:y did he come into 8 doma98 7,direct3 quid tibi vs8 cr 9 mes possessins v5s87 #b4 ,rhetorical que/ions1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ ask$ m]ely = effect1 & be+ equival5t 9 =ce to emphatic /atem5ts1 regul>ly /& 9 ! ,inf9itive 9 ,indirect ,disc\rse4 ,?us 3-- quid e/ levius 7lit4 :at is m trivial1 no?+ is m trivial7 ( ! ,direct ,disc\rse becomes quid esse levius 9 ! ,indirect4 #c4 ,delib]ative ,subjunctives ( ! ,direct ,disc\rse rema9 un*ang$ 9 mood 9 ! ,indirect3 z1-- quid fac]et1 :at 0 he to d8 7,direct3 quid faciat87 ,imp]ative ,s5t5ces4 #caf4 ,all ,imp]atives or ,jussive ,subjunctives ( ! ,direct ,disc\rse appe> z ,subjunctives 9 ! ,indirect2 z1-- mlits c]tirs fcit paulisp] int]mitt]5t proelium1 he told ! soldi]s to /op ! battle = a little4 7,direct3 int]mittite47 a4 ,! negative 9 su* s5t5ces is n2 z1-- n suae virtt tribu]et1 let him n attribute x to 8 own valor6 ,,t5ses ,,9 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse4 ,a4 ,t5ses ( ! ,inf9itive4 #cag4 ,^! are us$ 9 accordance ) ! regul> pr9ciples = ! use ( ! ,inf9itive z giv5 9 #bgj4 a4 ,! ,p]fect ,inf9itive may repres5t any pa/ t5se ( ! ,indicative ( ,direct ,disc\rse4 ,?us3-- sci t haec gisse may mean-- ,i "k y 7 do+ ?is47,direct3 haec agbs47 ,i "k y did ?is4 7,direct3 haec gi/47 ,i "k y _h done ?is4 7,direct3 haec g]s47 ,b4 ,t5ses ( ! ,subjunctive4 #cah4 ,^! foll[ ! regul> pr9ciple = ! ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses1 be+ ,pr9cipal if ! v]b ( say+ is ,pr9cipal2 ,hi/orical if x is ,hi/orical4 ,yet = ! sake ( vividness1 we (t5 f9d ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive us$ aft] an hi/orical t5se 7,repraes5tti72 z1-- ,caes> respondit1 s obsids d5tur1 ss pcem esse factrum1 ,caes> repli$ t1 if ho/ages be giv51 he w\ld make peace4 a4 ,= ! sequ5ce aft] ! ,p]fect ,inf9itive1 see #bfh1 #b4 ,,conditional ,,s5t5ces ,,9 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse4 ,conditional ,s5t5ces ( ! ,fir/ ,type4 #cai4 ,a4 ,,! ,,apodosis4 ,any t5se ( ! ,indicative is *ang$ to ! correspond+ t5se ( ! ,inf9itive 7 #bgj2 #cag1 a74 ,b4 ,,! ,,protasis4 ,! protasis takes ^? t5ses ( ! ,subjunctive :i* are requir$ by ! ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses4 ,examples3-- ,,direct4 ,,indirect4 s hc crdis1 errs1 dc1 s hc crds1 t errre2 dx1 s hc crd]s1 t errre4 s hc crds1 errbis1 dc1 s hc crds1 t errtrum esse2 dx1 s hc crd]s1 t errtrum esse4 s hc crdid]is1 errbis1 dc1 s hc crd]s1 t errtrum esse2 dx1 s hc crdidisss1 t errtrum esse4 s hc crdbs1 errvi/1 dc1 s hc crd]s1 t errvisse2 dx1 s hc crd]s1 t errvisse4 a4 ,note t a ,future ,p]fect ,indicative ( ! ,direct ,disc\rse regul>ly appe>s 9 ! ,indirect z a ,p]fect ,subjunctive aft] a pr9cipal t5se1 & z a ,plup]fect ,subjunctive aft] an hi/orical t5se4 ,conditional ,s5t5ces ( ! ,second ,type4 #cbj4 ,a4 ,,! ,,apodosis4 ,! ,pres5t ,subjunctive ( ! ,direct ,disc\rse regul>ly becomes ! ,future ,inf9itive ( ! ,indirect4 ,b4 ,,! ,,protasis4 ,! ,protasis takes ^? t5ses ( ! ,subjunctive dem&$ by ! sequ5ce ( t5ses4 ,examples3-- s hc crds1 errs1 dc1 s hc crds1 t errtrum esse2 dx1 s hc crd]s1 t errtrum esse2 ,conditional ,s5t5ces ( ! ,?ird ,type4 #cba4 ,a4 ,,! ,,apodosis4 #a4 ,! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive ( ! ,direct ,disc\rse becomes ! ,future ,inf9itive4 a4 ,b ?is con/ruction is r>e1 be+ repres5t$ 9 ! classical ,lat9ity by a s+le example 7,caes>1 ,v4 #bi4 #b74 ,"s s*ol>s "q ! correctness ( ?is passage4 #b4 ,! ,plup]fect ,subjunctive ( ! ,direct ,disc\rse becomes3-- a7 ,9 ! ,active ,voice ! ,inf9itive 9 -rus fuisse4 b7 ,9 ! ,passive ,voice x takes ! =m futrum fuisse ut ) ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 ,b4 ,,! ,,protasis4 ,! protasis 9 ,conditional ,s5t5ces ( ?is type always rema9s un*ang$4 ,examples3-- s hc crd]s1 errrs1 dc 7dx71 s hc crd]s1 t errtrum esse2 s hc crdidisss1 dc 7dx71 s hc crdidisss1 t errvisss1 errtrum fuisse2 s hc dxisss1 pntus dc 7dx71 s hc dxisss1 futrum esss4 fuisse ut pnrris4 #cbb4 ,:5 an apodosis ( a conditional s5t5ce ( ! ,?ird ,type ref]r+ to ! pa/ is at ! same "t a ,result clause or a qun-clause 7aft] nn dubit1 etc471 x /&s 9 ! ,p]fect ,subjunctive 9 ! =m -rus fu]im2 z1-- ita t]rit sunt1 ut arma trditr fu]9t1#eg nisi ,caes> subit advnisset1 !y 7 s fright5$ t !y w\ld h giv5 up _! arms1 _h n ,caes> sudd5ly arriv$2 nn dubit qun1 s hc dxisss1 errtrus fu]s1#eg ,i d n d\bt t1 if y _h said ?is1 y w\ld h made a mi/ake4 a4 ,?is peculi>ity is conf9$ to ! ,active ,voice4 ,9 ! ,passive1 su* s5t5ces1 :5 !y become dep5d5t1 rema9 un*ang$2 z1-- nn dubit qun1 s hc dxisss1 vitup]tus esss1 ,i d n d\bt t1 if y _h said ?is1 y w\ld h be5 blam$4 b4 ,:5 an ,indirect ,"q becomes an apodosis 9 a conditional s5t5ce ( ! ,?ird ,type1 -rus fu]im 7r>ely -rus fuissem7 is us$2 z1-- qua]1 num1 s hc dxisss1 errtrus fu]s 7or fuisss74 c4 ,potu1 :5 x becomes a dep5d5t apodosis 9 s5t5ces ( ?is ,type1 usually *anges to ! ,p]fect ,subjunctive2 z1-- concurs ttu civittis dfns sunt1 ut frgidissims quoque rtrs popul /udia excitre potu]9t1 !y 7 def5d$ be=e a ga!r+ ( all ! citiz5s1 s t ! int]e/ ( ! p w\ld h be5 en\gh to excite ev5 ! mo/ apa!tic orators4 ,,impli$ ,,indirect ,,disc\rse4 #cbc4 ,! ,subjunctive is (t5 us$ 9 subord9ate clauses ^: indirect "* is m]ely impli$ by ! context2 z1-- dmn/rbantur mihi praet]e1 quae ,scrats d immortlitte animrum diss]uisset1 !re 7 expla9$ to me besides1 ! argum5ts :i* ,socrates _h set =? conc]n+ ! immortality ( ! s\l 7i4e4 ! argum5ts :i*1 x 0 said1 ,socrates _h set =?72 ,paetus omns librs qus pat] suus relquisset mihi dnvit1 ,paetus gave me all ! books :i* 7z he said7 8 fa!r _h left4 ,,subjunctive ,,by ,,attraction4 #cbd4 #a4 ,subord9ate clauses dep5d5t ^u ! ,subjunctive are frequ5tly attract$ into ! same mood especially :5 !y d n express a fact1 b con/itute an ess5tial "p ( "o complex idea2 z1-- nm avrus adhc inv5tus e/1 cui1 quod habret1 esset satis1 no mis] has yet be5 f\nd :o 0 satisf$ ) :at he _h2 cum dv]ss causs aff]r5t1 dum frmam su quisque et anim et +5i r$d]5t1 z !y br\ght =w>d diff]5t argum5ts1 :ile ea* mirror$ 8 own individual type ( m9d & natural b5t2 quod ego fate>1 pudeat8 %\ld ,i be a%am$ ( a ?+ :i* ,i admit8 #b4 ,simil>ly a subord9ate clause dep5d5t ^u an ,inf9itive is put 9 ! ,subjunctive :5 ! two =m "o closely unit$ :ole2 z1-- ms e/ ,a?ns quotanns 9 cntine laudr es qu s9t 9 proelis int]fect1 x is ! cu/om at ,a!ns e ye> = ^? to be publicly eulogiz$ :o h be5 kill$ 9 battle4 7,"h ! notion ( 'prais+ ^? :o fell 9 battle' =ms an insep>able :ole47 ,,n\n ,,& ,,adjective ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 #cbe4 ,^! are ! ,inf9itive1 ,p>ticiple1 ,g]und1 & ,sup9e4 ,all ( ^! p>take ( ! nature ( ! ,v]b1 on ! "o h&1 & ( ! ,n\n or ,adjective1 on ! o!r4 ,?us3-- ,z ,v]bs1-- a7 ,!y may be limit$ by adv]bs2 b7 ,!y admit an object2 c7 ,!y h ! prop]ties ( voice & t5se4 ,z ,n\ns or ,adjectives1-- a7 ,!y are decl9$2 b7 ,!y take ,n\n or ,adjective con/ructions4 ,,! ,,inf9itive4 ,inf9itive )\t ,subject ,accusative4 #cbf4 ,?is is us$ *iefly z ,subject or ,object b also z ,pr$icate or ,appositive4 ,,note4--,! ,inf9itive 0 orig9ally a ,dative1 & traces ( ?is are /ill to be se5 9 ! poetical use ( ! ,inf9itive to express purpose2 z1 nec dulcs occurr5t scula nt pra]ip]e1 & no sweet *ildr5 w run to snat* kisses4 ,a4 ,z ,subject4 #cbg4 #a4 ,! ,inf9itive )\t ,subject ,accusative is us$ z ! ,subject ( esse & v>i\s imp]sonal v]bs1 p>ticul>ly opus e/1 necesse e/1 oportet1 juvat1 dlectat1 placet1 libet1 licet1 prae/at1 decet1 pudet1 int]e/1 etc42 z1-- dulce et decrum e/ pr patri mor1 x is sweet & noble to die = "o's c\ntry2 virrum e/ =tium tol]ant] dolrem pat1 x is ! "p ( brave m5 to endure pa9 ) pati5ce2 s5tu placuit lgts mitt]e1 ! ,s5ate decid$ 7lit4 x pleas$ ! ,s5ate7 to s5d envoys4 #b4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ,inf9itive itself appe>s )\t ,subject1 x may take a ,pr$icate ,n\n or ,adjective 9 ! ,accusative2 z1-- aliud e/ rcundum esse1 aliud rtum1 x is "o ?+ to be irascible1 ano!r to be angry2 impne quaelibet fac]e1 id e/ rgem esse1 to d :atev] y please ) impunity1 t is to be a k+4 a4 ,b :5 licet is foll[$ by a ,dative ( ! p]son1 a ,pr$icate ,n\n or ,adjective ) esse is attract$ into ! same case2 z1 licuit esse tis ,!mi/ocl1 lit4 x 0 p]mitt$ to ,!mi/ocles to be at leisure4 ,s sometimes ) o!r ,imp]sonals4 ,b4 ,z ,object4 #cbh4 #a4 ,! ,inf9itive )\t ,subject ,accusative is us$ z ! ,object ( _m v]bs1 to d5ote ano!r action ( ! same subject1 p>ticul>ly aft]-- vol1 cupi1 ml1 nl1 dbeo1 cgit1 m$itor1 purpose1 ought2 int5d2 /atu1 cn/itu1 decide2 negleg1 neglect2 aude1 d>e2 v]eor1 "t1 fe>2 /ude1 cont5d1 /rive2 mtr1 fe/n1 prop]1 cont5d1 p>1 prep>e 7s p>tus72 ha/52 incipi1 coep1 n/itu1 assusc1 cnsusc1 accu/om beg92 myself 7s assutus1 nsutus1 p]g1 cont9ue2 assufactus72 ds91 dsi/1 cease2 disc1 le>n2 possum1 c2 sci1 "k h[2 cnor1 try2 sole1 am wont2 z1-- t hs intur auds1 d y d>e to look on ^! m58 ,dmo/h5s ad flcts m>is dclmre solbat1 ,demo/h5es us$ to declaim by ! waves ( ! sea4 #b4 ,a ,pr$icate ,n\n or ,adjective ) ^! ,inf9itives is attract$ into ! ,nom9ative2 z1-- betus esse s9e virtte nm pote/1 no "o c be happy )\t virtue2 ,cat esse quam vidr bonus mlbat1 ,cato pref]r$ to be good r ?an to seem s4 ,inf9itive ) ,subject ,accusative4 #cbi4 ,?is is us$ *iefly z ,subject or ,object b also z ,pr$icate or ,appositive4 ,a4 ,z ,subject4 #ccj4 ,! ,inf9itive ) ,subject ,accusative 7l ! simple ,inf9itive7 is us$ z ,subject ) esse & ,imp]sonal v]bs1 p>ticul>ly ) aequum e/1 tile e/1 turpe e/1 fma e/1 sps e/1 fs e/1 nefs e/1 opus e/1 necesse e/1 oportet1 cn/at1 prae/at1 licet1 etc42 z1-- nihil 9 bell oportet contemn1 no?+ ought to be despis$ 9 w>2 ap]tum e/ sibi quemque ntr esse crum1 x is manife/ t by nature ev]ybody is de> to himself4 ,b4 ,z ,object4 #cca4 ,! ,inf9itive ) ,subject ,accusative is us$ z ,object aft] ! foll[+ classes ( v]bs3 #a4 ,mo/ frequ5tly aft] v]bs ( say+1 ?9k+1 kn[+1 p]ceiv+1 & ! l 7,v]ba ,s5ti5di et ,dclr&74 ,?is is ! regul> con/ruction ( ,pr9cipal ,clauses ( ,indirect ,disc\rse4 ,v]bs t take ?is con/ruction are1 among o!rs1 ! foll[+3 s5ti1 audi1 vide1 cognsc2 put1 jdic1 spr1 cnfd2 sci1 mem92 dic1 affrm1 neg 7say t 444 n71 trd1 nrr1 fateor1 responde1 scrb1 prmitt1 glrior4 ,also ! phrases3 c]tirem faci 7in=m71 memori t5e 7rememb]71 etc4 ,examples3-- ,epicr putant cum corporibus simul anims int]re1 ! ,epicureans ?9k t ! s\l p]i%es ) ! body2 ,?als dxit aquam esse initium rrum1 ,?ales said t wat] 0 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! univ]se2 ,dmocritus negat quicquid esse sempit]num1 ,democritus says no?+ is ev]la/+2 spr eum v5trum esse1 ,i hope t he w come4 ,,ii4 ,) jube1 ord]1 & vet1 =bid2 z1-- ,caes> mlits pontem fac]e jussit1 ,caes> ord]$ ! soldi]s to make a bridge4 a4 ,:5 ! "n ( ! p]son :o is ord]$ or =bidd5 to d some?+ is omitt$1 ! ,inf9itive ) jube & vet is put 9 ! ,passive2 z1 ,caes> pontem fi] jussit4 ,,iii4 ,) patior & s91 p]mit1 all[2 z1-- nll s implicr negti passus e/1 he did n p]mit himself to be involv$ 9 any difficulty4 ,,iv4 ,) vol1 nl1 ml1 cupi1 :5 ! ,subject ( ! ,inf9itive is diff]5t f t ( ! gov]n+ v]b2 z1-- nec mihi hunc errrem extorqur vol1 nor d ,i wi% ?is error to be wre/$ f me2 es rs jactr nlbat1 he 0 unwill+ t ^! matt]s %\ld be discuss$2 t tu fru virtte cupimus1 we desire t y enjoy y\r wor?4 a4 ,:5 ! ,subject ( bo? v]bs is ! same1 ! simple ,inf9itive is regul>ly us$ 9 accordance ) #cbh1 #a4 ,b exceptions occur1 especially 9 case ( esse & ,passive ,inf9itives z1-- cupi m esse clm5tem1 ,i desire to be l5i5t2 ,tmolen mluit s dilig quam metu1 ,timoleon pref]r$ to be lov$ r ?an fe>$4 b4 ,vol also admits ! ,subjunctive1 ) or )\t ut2 nl ! ,subjunctive alone4 7,see #bif1 #a1 a47 ,v4 ,) ,v]bs ( emotion 7joy1 sorr[1 regret1 etc471 especially gaude1 laetor1 dole2 aegr f]1 mole/ f]1 gravit] f]1 am annoy$1 di/ress$2 mror1 qu]or1 indignor2 z1-- gaude t salvum adv5re1 ,i rejoice t y arrive safely2 nn mole/ f]unt s libd9um v9culs laxts sse1 !y are n tr\bl$ at be+ releas$ f ! bonds ( passion2 mror t ad m nihil scrb]e1 ,i wond] t y write me no?+4 a4 ,in/ead ( an ,inf9itive ^! v]bs also sometimes admit a quod- clause z ,object4 7,see #bii47 ,?us3-- mror quod nn loqu]is1 ,i wond] t y d n speak4 ,,vi4 ,"s v]bs :i* take two ,accusatives1 "o ( ! ,p]son & ! o!r ( ! ,?+ 7 #agh1 #a71 may sub/itute an ,inf9itive = ! second ,accusative2 z1-- cg t hc fac]e1 ,i compel y to d ?is 7cf4 t hc cg72 docu t cont5tum esse1 ,i taught y to be cont5t 7cf4 t mode/iam docu1 ,i taught y temp]ance74 ,passive ,con/ruction ( ! ,=ego+ ,v]bs4 #ccb4 ,^? v]bs :i* 9 ! ,active are foll[$ by ! ,inf9itive ) ,subject ,accusative1 usually admit ! p]sonal con/ruction ( ! ,passive4 ,?is is true ( ! foll[+ & ( "s o!rs3-- a7 jubeor1 vetor1 s9or2 z1-- mlits pontem fac]e juss sunt1 ! soldi]s 7 ord]$ to build a bridge2 pns fi] jussus e/1 a bridge 0 ord]$ built2 mlits ca/rs exre vetit sunt1 ! troops 7 =bidd5 to g out ( ! camp2 ,s/ius ,cldium accsre nn e/ situs1 ,se/ius 0 n all[$ to accuse ,clodius4 b7 videor1 ,i am se51 ,i seem2 z1-- vidtur comp]isse1 he seems to h discov]$4 c7 dcor1 putor1 ex/imor1 jdicor 79 all p]sons72 z1-- dcitur 9 ,italiam vnisse1 he is said to h come into ,italy2 ,rmulus prmus rx ,rmnrum fuisse puttur1 ,romulus is ?\ght to h be5 ! fir/ k+ ( ! ,romans4 d7 f]tur1 f]untur1 trditur1 trduntur 7only 9 ! ?ird p]son72 z1-- f]tur ,homrus caecus fuisse1 ,hom] is said to h be5 bl9d2 c>m9a ,ar*ilo* contumlis ref]ta esse trduntur1 ,ar*ilo*us's poems are report$ to h be5 full ( abuse4 ,,note4--,9 comp\nd t5ses & p]iphra/ic =ms1 ! la/ two classes ( v]bs1 c71 d71 m commonly take ! imp]sonal con/ruction2 z-- trditum e/ ,homrum caecum fuisse1 ! /ory goes t ,hom] 0 bl9d4 ,inf9itive ) ,adjectives4 #ccc4 ,! ,inf9itive ) ,adjectives 7except p>tus1 assutus1 etc42 see #cbh1 #a7 occurs only 9 poetry & po/-,augu/an prose writ]s2 z1-- cont5tus dmn/rsse1 cont5t$ to h prov$2 audx omnia p]pet1 bold = endur+ ev]y?+4 ,inf9itive 9 ,exclamations4 #ccd4 ,! ,inf9itive is us$ 9 ,exclamations imply+ scorn1 indignation1 or regret4 ,an int5sive -ne is (t5 atta*$ to "s ^w 9 ! clause4 ,examples3-- hunc9e slem tam nigrum surrxe mihi1 to ?9k t to-day's sun rose ) su* evil om5 = me6 s$re tts dis 9 vll1 to /ay :ole days at ! villa4 ,hi/orical ,inf9itive4 #cce4 ,! ,inf9itive is (t5 us$ 9 hi/orical n>rative in/ead ( ! ,imp]fect ,indicative4 ,! ,subject /&s 9 ! ,nom9ative2 z1-- int]im cottdi ,caes> ,ha$us frm5tum flgitre1 mean:ile ,caes> 0 daily dem&+ gra9 ( ! ,ha$ui4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,t5ses ( ! ,p>ticiple4 #ccf4 #a4 ,! t5ses ( ! ,p>ticiple1 l ^? ( ! inf9itive 7see #bgj71 express "t n absolutely1 b ) ref]5ce to ! v]b ^u :i* ! ,p>ticiple dep5ds4 #b4 ,! ,pres5t ,p>ticiple d5otes action contempor>y ) t ( ! v]b4 ,?us3-- audi t loqu5tem y ,,are speak+ & ,i he> y2 audibam t loqu5tem y ,,7 speak+ & ,i he>d y2 audiam t loqu5tem y ,,w ,,be speak+ & ,i %all he> y4 a4 ,! ,pres5t ,p>ticiple is sometimes employ$ ) ,conative =ce2 z1-- assurg5tem rgem resupnat1 z ! k+ 0 try+ to rise1 he ?rew him d[n4 #c4 ,! ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple d5otes action prior to t ( ! v]b4 ,?us3-- loctus tace ,i ,,h spok5 & am sil5t2 loctus tacui ,i ,,_h spok5 & !n 0 sil5t2 loctus tacb ,i ,,%all speak & !n %all be sil5t4 #d4 ,! absolute "t ( ! action ( a p>ticiple1 !re=e1 is det]m9$ entirely by ! f9ite v]b ) :i* x is connect$4 #e4 ,c]ta9 ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiples ( ,depon5t & ,semi-,depon5t ,v]bs are us$ z ,pres5ts2 viz4 arbitrtus1 ausus1 ratus1 gvsus1 solitus1 sus1 cnfsus1 diffsus1 sectus1 v]itus4 ,use ( ,p>ticiples4 #ccg4 ,z an ,adjective ! ,p>ticiple may be us$ ei!r z an attributive or pr$icate modifi] ( a ,sub/antive4 #a4 ,attributive ,use4 ,?is pres5ts no special peculi>ities4 ,examples are3-- glria e/ cns5tins laus bonrum1 glory is ! unanim\s praise ( ! good2 ,conn mrs ,lys&r druts reficit1 ,conon re/or$ ! walls de/roy$ by ,lys&]4 #b4 ,pr$icate ,use4 ,"h ! ,p>ticiple is (t5 equival5t to a subord9ate clause4 ,?us ! ,p>ticiple may d5ote3-- a7 ,"t2 z1-- omne malum nscns facile opprimitur1 e evil is easily cru%$ at bir?4 b7 ,a ,condition2 z1-- m5te t nn possumus cib et ptine complt1 if gorg$ ) food & dr9k1 we _c use our intellects4 c7 ,mann]2 z1-- ,soln s5sc]e s dcbat multa 9 dis addisc5tem1 ,solon said he grew old le>n+ _m new ?+s daily4 d7 ,means2 z1-- sl orins diem cnficit1 ! sun1 by its ris+1 makes ! day4 e7 ,opposition 7'?\gh'72 z1-- m5dc hom9 n vrum quidem dc5t crdimus1 we d n believe a li>1 ?\gh he speaks ! tru?4 f7 ,cause2 z1-- p]fidiam v]itus ad sus recessit1 s9ce he fe>$ trea*]y1 he return$ to 8 own troops4 #c4 ,vide & audi1 besides ! ,inf9itive1 take ! ,pres5t ,p>ticiple 9 ! ,pr$icate use2 z1-- vide t fugi5tem1 ,i see y flee+4 a4 ,s frequ5tly faci1 f+1 indc1 etc42 z1-- es ,catnem respond5tem facimus1 we repres5t ,cato reply+ to !m2 ,homrus ,lartem col5tem agrum facit1 ,hom] repres5ts ,lartes till+ ! field4 #d4 ,! ,future ,active ,p>ticiple 7except futrus7 is regul>ly conf9$ to its use 9 ! ,p]iphra/ic ,conjugation1 b 9 poets & lat] writ]s x is us$ indep5d5tly1 especially to d5ote purpose2 z1-- vnrunt ca/ra oppugntr1 !y came to assault ! camp4 #e4 ,! ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple is (t5 equival5t to a cord9ate clause2 z1-- urbem captam druit1 he captur$ & de/roy$ ! city 7lit4 he de/roy$ ! city captur$74 #f4 ,! ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple 9 comb9ation ) a n\n is sometimes equival5t to an ab/ract n\n ) a dep5d5t ,g5itive2 z1-- po/ urbem conditam1 aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! city2 ,qunctius dfnsus1 ! def5se ( ,qu9ctius2 quibus animus occuptus1 ! preoccupation ( ! m9d ) :i*4 #g4 ,habe sometimes takes a ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple 9 ! ,pr$icate con/ruction ) a =ce n f> remov$ f t ( ! ,p]fect or ,plup]fect ,indicative2 z1-- equittus quem coctum habbat1 ! cavalry :i* he _h collect$4 #h4 ,! ,g]undive d5otes obligation1 necessity1 etc4 ,l o!r ,p>ticiples x may be us$ ei!r z ,attributive or ,pr$icate4 a7 ,less frequ5tly z ,attributive4 ,?us3-- lib] leg5dus1 a book wor? read+2 lgs obs]v&ae1 laws des]v+ ( obs]vance4 b7 ,m frequ5tly z ,pr$icate4 #a7 ,9 ! ,passive ,p]iphra/ic ,conjugation 7am&us e/1 etc474 ,9 ?is use ,intransitive ,v]bs c be us$ only imp]sonally1 b admit _! ord9>y case-con/ruction 7,g541 ,dat41 ,abl472 z1-- v5i5dum e/1 x is necess>y to come2 oblvsc5dum e/ (fnsrum1 "o mu/ =get injuries2 numquam prditr crd5dum e/1 y mu/ nev] tru/ a traitor2 su cuique t5dum e/ jdici1 e man mu/ use 8 own judgm5t4 #b7 ,aft] cr1 provide =2 d1 trd1 give ov]2 rel9qu1 leave2 concd1 h& ov]1 & "s o!r v]bs1 in/ead ( an object clause1 or to d5ote purpose2 z1-- ,caes> pontem 9 ,ar> faci5dum crvit1 ,caes> provid$ = ! con/ruction ( a bridge ov] ! ,ar>2 imp]tor urbem mlitibus dripi5dam concessit1 ! g5]al h&$ ov] ! city to ! soldi]s to plund]4 #i4 ,= ! ,g]undive z ! equival5t ( ! ,g]und1 see #cci1 #a4 ,,! ,,g]und4 #cch4 ,z a v]bal n\n ! ,g]und admits n\n con/ructions z foll[s3-- #a4 ,g5itive4 ,! ,g5itive ( ! ,g]und is us$-- a7 ,) ,n\ns1 z objective or ,appositional ,g5itive 7see #bjj1 #bjb72 z1-- cupidits dom9&1 desire ( rul+2 ars scrb5d1 ! art ( writ+4 b7 ,) ,adjectives2 z1-- cupidus audi5d1 desir\s ( he>+4 c7 ,) caus1 grti2 z1-- disc5d caus1 = ! sake ( le>n+4 #b4 ,dative4 ,! ,dative ( ! ,g]und is us$-- a7 ,) ,adjectives2 z1-- aqua tilis e/ bib5d1 wat] is useful = dr9k+4 b7 ,) ,v]bs 7r>ely72 z1-- adfu scrb5d1 ,i 0 pres5t at ! writ+4 #c4 ,accusative4 ,! ,accusative ( ! ,g]und is us$ only ) ,prepositions1 *iefly ad & 9 to d5ote purpose2 z1-- hom ad ag5dum ntus e/1 man is born = action4 #d4 ,ablative4 ,! ,ablative ( ! ,g]und is us$-- a7 ,)\t a ,preposition1 z an ,ablative ( ,means1 ,cause1 etc4 7see #bah1 #bai72 z1-- mns disc5d alitur et cgit&1 ! m9d is n\ri%$ by le>n+ & reflection4 ,!mi/ocls m>itims pra$ns cnsect& m>e ttum r$didit1 ,!mi/ocles made ! sea safe by foll[+ up ! pirates4 b7 ,aft] ! prepositions 1 d1 ex1 92 z1-- summa volupts ex disc5d capitur1 ! ke5e/ pleasure is d]iv$ f le>n+2 multa d b5e betque vv5d ,platne disputta sunt1 !re 0 mu* discussion by ,plato on ! subject ( liv+ well & happily4 #e4 ,z a rule1 only ! ,g5itive ( ! ,g]und & ! ,ablative 7)\t a preposition7 admit a ,direct ,object4 ,g]undive ,con/ruction in/ead ( ! ,g]und4 #cci4 #a4 ,in/ead ( ! ,g5itive or ,ablative ( ! ,g]und ) a ,direct ,object1 ano!r con/ruction may be1 & v (t5 is1 us$4 ,?is consi/s 9 putt+ ! ,direct ,object 9 ! case ( ! ,g]und 7,g54 or ,abl47 & us+ ! ,g]undive 9 agreem5t ) x4 ,?is is call$ ! ,g]undive ,con/ruction4 ,?us3-- ,,g]und ,,con/ruction4 ,,g]undive ,,con/ruction4 cupidus urbem vid5d1 desir\s ( cupidus urbis vid5dae2 see+ ! city4 dlector rtrs leg5d1 ,i am dlector rtribus leg5ds *>m$ ) read+ ! orators4 #b4 ,! ,g]undive ,con/ruction mu/ be us$ to avoid a ,direct ,object ) ! ,dative ( ! ,g]und1 or ) a case dep5d5t ^u a ,preposition2 z1-- locus ca/rs mni5ds aptus1 a place adapt$ to =tify+ a camp2 ad pcem pet5dam vnrunt1 !y came to ask peace2 multum temporis cnsm 9 leg5ds pots1 ,i sp5d mu* "t 9 read+ ! poets4 #c4 ,9 ord] to avoid ambiguity 7see #bcf1 #b71 ! ,g]undive ,con/ruction mu/ n be employ$ 9 case ( ,neut] ,adjectives us$ sub/antively4 ,?us regul>ly-- philosoph cupid sunt vrum inv/g&1 philosoph]s are eag] = discov]+ tru? 7r>ely vr inv/g&72 /udium plra cognsc5d1 a desire ( kn[+ m 7n plrium cognsc5drum74 #d4 ,f ! nature ( ! case only ,transitive ,v]bs c be us$ 9 ! ,g]undive con/ruction2 b tor1 fruor1 fungor1 potior 7orig9ally transitive7 regul>ly admit x2 z1-- ho/s 9 spem potiundrum ca/rrum vn]ant1 ! enemy _h conceiv$ ! hope ( ga9+ possession ( ! camp4 #e4 ,! ,g5itives me1 tu1 su1 no/r1 ve/r1 :5 us$ 9 ! ,g]undive ,con/ruction1 are regul>ly employ$ )\t ref]5ce to ,g5d] or ,numb]1 s9ce !y 7 orig9ally ,neut] ,s+ul> ,adjectives us$ sub/antively4 ,?us3-- muli] su s]v& caus aufgit1 ! woman fl$ = ! sake ( sav+ h]self2 lgt 9 ca/ra vnrunt su prg& caus1 ! envoys came into camp = ! purpose ( cle>+ !mselves4 ,s no/r s]v& caus1 = ! sake ( sav+ ourselves4 #f4 ,occasionally ! ,g5itive ( ! ,g]undive ,con/ruction is us$ to d5ote purpose2 z1-- quae ille cpit lgum ac lb]ttis subv]tundae1 :i* he und]took = ! purpose ( ov]?r[+ ! laws & lib]ty4 #g4 ,! ,dative ( ! ,g]undive ,con/ruction occurs 9 "s expressions :i* h ! "* ( =mulas2 z1-- decemvir lgibus scrbunds1 decemvirs = codify+ ! laws2 qundecimvir sacrs faciunds1 qu9decimvirs = p]=m+ ! sacrifices4 ,,! ,,sup9e4 #cdj4 #a4 ,! ,sup9e 9 -um is us$ aft] ,v]bs ( motion to express purpose2 z1-- lgt ad ,caes>em grtultum convnrunt1 envoys came to ,caes> to congratulate him4 a4 ,! ,sup9e 9 -um may take an ,object2 z1-- pcem pettum rtrs ,rmam mittunt1 !y s5d envoys to ,rome to ask = peace4 b4 ,note ! phrase3-- d 7colloc7 fliam nptum1 ,i give my daught] 9 m>riage4 #b4 ,! ,sup9e 9 - is us$ z an ,ablative ( ,specification ) facilis1 difficilis1 incrdibilis1 jcundus1 optimus1 etc42 also ) fs e/1 nefs e/1 opus e/2 z1-- haec rs e/ facilis cognit1 ?is ?+ is easy to le>n2 hc e/ optimum fact1 ?is is be/ to d4 a4 ,only a few ,sup9es 9 - are 9 common use1 *iefly audt1 cognit1 dict1 fact1 vs4 b4 ,! ,sup9e 9 - nev] takes an ,object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,p>ticles4 ,,co,,rd9ate ,,conjunctions4 #cda4 ,copulative ,conjunctions4 ,^! jo9 "o ^w1 phrase1 or clause to ano!r4 #a4 a7 et simply connects4 b7 -que jo9s m closely ?an et1 & is us$ especially :]e ! two memb]s h an int]nal connection ) ea* o!r2 z1-- p>5ts lb]que1 p>5ts & *ildr52 cum hom9s ae/ febrque jactantur1 :5 p are toss$ ab\t ) heat & fev]4 c7 atque 7ac7 usually emphasizes ! second ( ! two ?+s connect$1--& also1 & inde$1 & 9 fact4 ,aft] words ( lik5ess & diff]5ce1 atque 7ac7 has ! =ce ( z1 ?an4 ,?us3-- ego idem s5ti ac t1 ,i ?9k ! same z y2 haud alit] ac1 n o!rwise ?an4 d7 neque 7nec7 means & n1 nei!r1 nor4 #b4 a7 -que is an enclitic1 & is app5d$ always to ! second ( two words connect$4 ,:]e x connects phrases or clauses1 x is app5d$ to ! fir/ ^w ( ! second clause2 b :5 ! fir/ ^w ( ! second clause is a ,preposition1 -que is regul>ly app5d$ to ! next foll[+ ^w2 z1-- ob eamque rem1 & on acc\nt ( t ?+4 b7 atque is us$ be=e v[els & consonants2 ac nev] be=e v[els1 & seldom be=e c1 g1 qu4 c7 et nn is us$ = neque :5 ! emphasis ( ! negative re/s ^u a special ^w2 z1-- vetus et nn ignbilis rtor1 an old & n ignoble orator4 d7 ,= & n[h]e1 & nev]1 & none1 ! ,lat9 regul>ly said nec squam1 nec umquam1 nec llus1 etc4 #c4 ,correlatives4 ,copulative ,conjunctions are frequ5tly us$ correlatively2 z1-- et 444 et1 bo? 444 &2 neque 7nec7 444 neque 7nec71 nei!r 444 nor2 cum 444 tum1 :ile 444 at ! same "t2 tum 444 tum1 n only 444 b also4 ,less frequ5tly3-- et 444 neque2 neque 444 et4 a4 ,note t ! ,lat91 ) its t5d5cy to emphasize anti!tical relations1 (t5 uses correlatives1 especially et 444 et1 et 444 neque1 neque 444 et1 :]e ! ,engli% employs b a s+le connective4 #d4 ,9 enum]ations-- a7 ,! diff]5t memb]s ( a s]ies may foll[ "o ano!r )\t connectives 7,asyndeton2 see #cdf74 ,?us3-- ex cupidittibus odia1 discidia1 discordiae1 sditins1 bella nscuntur1 f covet\s desires spr+ up hatr$1 diss5sion1 discord1 s$ition1 w>s4 b7 ,! diff]5t memb]s may sev]ally be connect$ by et 7,polysyndeton74 ,?us3-- hrae cdunt et dis et mnss et ann1 h\rs & days & mon?s & ye>s pass away4 c7 ,! connective may be omitt$ betwe5 ! =m] memb]s1 :ile ! la/ two are connect$ by -que 7r>ely et72 z1-- ,caes> 9 ,c>nuts1 ,&s ,turonsque legins ddcit1 ,caes> leads 8 legions into ! t]ritory ( ! ,c>nutes1 ,&es1 & ,turones4 #cdb4 ,disjunctive ,conjunctions indicate an alt]native4 #a4 a7 aut mu/ be us$ :5 ! alt]natives are mutually exclusive2 z1-- cita mors v5it aut victria laeta1 7ei!r7 swift dea? or glad victory comes4 b7 vel1 -ve 7enclitic7 imply a *oice betwe5 ! alt]natives2 z1-- qu ae?r vel caelum nm9tur1 :i* is call$ ae!r or heav54 #b4 ,correlatives4 ,disjunctive ,conjunctions are (t5 us$ correlatively2 z1-- aut 444 aut1 ei!r 444 or2 vel 444 vel1 ei!r 444 or2 sve 444 sve1 if 444 or if4 #cdc4 ,adv]sative ,conjunctions4 ,^! d5ote opposition4 #a4 a7 s$1 b1 m]ely d5otes opposition4 b7 vrum1 b1 is /rong] ?an s$1 b is less frequ5tly us$4 c7 autem1 b on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 m>ks a transition4 ,x is always po/-positive4 ,,def9ition4 ,a po/-positive ^w is "o t _c beg9 a s5t5ce1 b is plac$ aft] "o or m words4 d7 at1 b1 is us$ especially 9 disputation1 to introduce an oppos+ argum5t4 e7 atqu means b yet4 f7 tam51 yet1 usually /&s aft] ! emphatic ^w1 b n always4 g7 vr1 h[ev]1 inde$1 9 tru?1 is always po/-positive4 #b4 ,note ! correlative expressions3-- nn slum 7nn modo7 444 s$ etiam1 n only 444 b also2 nn modo nn 444 s$ n 444 quidem1 n only n1 b n ev52 z1-- nn modo tibi nn rscor1 s$ n repreh5d quidem factum tuum1 ,i n only am n angry ) y1 b ,i d n ev5 blame y\r action4 a4 ,b :5 ! s5t5ce has b "o v]b1 & ?is /&s ) ! second memb]1 nn modo may be us$ = nn modo nn2 z1-- ads5tti nn modo amc1 s$ n lb] quidem digne e/1 flatt]y is n only n wor?y ( a fri5d1 b n ev5 ( a free man4 #cdd4 ,illative ,conjunctions4 ,^! repres5t ! /atem5t :i* !y introduce z foll[+ f or z 9 con=mity ) :at has prec$$4 #a4 a7 itaque & s1 accord+ly4 b7 erg !re=e1 accord+ly4 c7 igitur 7regul>ly po/-positive#eh7 !re=e1 accord+ly4 #b4 ,igitur is nev] comb9$ ) et1 atque1 -que1 or neque4 #cde4 ,causal ,conjunctions4 ,^! d5ote cause1 or give an explanation4 ,!y are nam1 namque1 enim 7po/-positive71 et5im1 =4 #cdf4 ,asyndeton4 ,! conjunction is sometimes omitt$ betwe5 cord9ate memb]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 lively or impassion$ n>ration4 ,?us3-- a7 ,a copulative ,conjunction is omitt$2 z1-- avritia nfnta1 nsatibilis e/1 av>ice is b\ndless 7&7 insatiable2 ,cn4 ,pompej1 ,m4 ,crass cnsulibus1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,gnaeus ,pompey 7&7 ,m>cus ,crassus4 ,! conjunction is regul>ly omitt$ betwe5 ! names ( consuls :5 ! pra5om5 7,mrcus1 ,gaius1 etc47 is express$4 b7 ,an ,adv]sative ,conjunction may be omitt$2 z1-- ratins dfurunt1 b]ts rtinis nn dfuit1 argum5ts 7 lack+1 7b7 abundance ( words 0 n4 ,,adv]bs4 #cdg4 #a4 ,! foll[+ p>ticles1 sometimes class$ z ,conjunctions1 are m prop]ly ,adv]bs3-- etiam1 also1 ev54 quoque 7always po/-positive71 also4 quidem 7always po/-positive7 lays /ress ^u ! prec$+ ^w4 ,x is sometimes equival5t to ! ,engli% inde$1 9 fact1 b m frequ5tly _c be r5d]$1 except by vocal emphasis4 n 444 quidem means n ev52 ! emphatic ^w or phrase always /&s betwe52 z1 n ille quidem1 n ev5 he4 tam5 & vr1 9 addition to _! use z ,conjunctions1 are (t5 employ$ z ,adv]bs4 #b4 ,negatives4 ,two negatives are regul>ly equival5t to an affirmative z 9 ,engli%1 z nn nll1 "s2 b :5 nn1 nm1 nihil1 numquam1 etc41 are accompani$ by neque 444 neque1 nn 444 nn1 nn modo1 or n 444 quidem1 ! latt] p>ticles simply take up ! negation & emphasize x2 z1-- habe hc nm9em neque amcum neque cogntum1 ,i h "h no "o1 nei!r fri5d nor relative4 nn enim praet]eundum e/ n id quidem1 = n ev5 t mu/ be pass$ by4 a4 ,haud 9 ,cic]o & ,caes> occurs almo/ exclusively z a modifi] ( ,adjectives & ,adv]bs1 & 9 ! phrase haud sci an4 ,lat] writ]s use x freely ) v]bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,^w-ord] & ,s5t5ce-,/ructure4 ,a4 ,,^w-,,ord]4 #cdh4 ,9 ! normal arrangem5t ( ! ,lat9 s5t5ce ! ,subject /&s at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce1 ! ,pr$icate at ! end2 z1-- ,dru classem qung5trum nvium comp>vit1 ,d>ius got ready a fleet ( five hundr$ %ips4 #cdi4 ,b = ! sake ( emphasis ! normal arrangem5t is (t5 ab&on$1 & ! emphatic ^w is put at ! beg9n+1 less frequ5tly at ! end ( ! s5t5ce2 z1-- magnus 9 hc bell ,!mi/ocls fuit1 ,,great 0 ,!mi/ocles 9 ?is w>2 aliud it] habmus nllum1 o!r c\rse we h ,,none4 ,,special ,,pr9ciples4 #cej4 #a4 ,n\ns4 ,a ,g5itive or o!r oblique case regul>ly foll[s ! ^w ^u :i* x dep5ds4 ,?us3-- a7 ,dep5d+ ^u a ,n\n3-- tribnus plbis1 tribune ( ! plebs2 flius rgis1 son ( ! k+2 vir magn anim1 a man ( noble _s4 ,yet always s5ts cnsultum1 plbis sctum4 b7 ,dep5d+ ^u an ,adjective3-- ignrus rrum1 ignorant ( affairs2 dign amciti1 wor?y ( fri5d%ip2 pls aequ1 m ?an 7:at is7 fair4 #b4 ,appositives4 ,an ,appositive regul>ly foll[s its ,subject2 z1-- ,philippus1 rx ,mac$onum1 ,philip1 k+ ( ! ,mac$onians2 ads5tti1 vitirum adjtrx1 flatt]y1 promot] ( evils4 ,yet flm5 ,rhnus1 ! ,riv] ,rh9e2 & always 9 good prose urbs ,rma1 ! city ,rome4 #c4 ,! ,vocative usually foll[s "o or m words2 z1-- aud1 ,caes>1 he>1 ,caes>6 #d4 ,adjectives4 ,no g5]al law c be laid d[n = ! position ( ,adjectives4 ,on ! :ole !y prec$e ! n\n (t5] ?an !y foll[ x4 a4 ,adjectives ( quantity 7includ+ num]als7 regul>ly prec$e _! n\n2 z1-- omns hom9s1 all m52 sept+5tae nvs1 sev5 hundr$ vessels4 b4 ,note ! =ce ( position 9 ! foll[+3-- m$ia urbs1 ! middle ( ! city2 urbs m$ia1 ! middle city1 extrmum bellum1 ! end ( ! w>2 bellum extrmum1 ! la/ w>4 c4 ,rmnus & ,latnus regul>ly foll[2 z1-- s5tus populusque ,rmnus1 ! ,roman ,s5ate & ,p2 ld ,rmn1 ! ,roman games2 friae ,latnae1 ! ,lat9 holidays4 d4 ,:5 a ,n\n is modifi$ bo? by an ,adjective & by a ,g5itive1 a favorite ord] is3 ,adjective1 ,g5itive1 ,n\n2 z1-- summa omnium rrum abundantia1 ! greate/ abundance ( all ?+s4 #e4 ,pron\ns4 a4 ,! ,demon/rative1 ,relative1 & ,int]rogative ,pron\ns regul>ly prec$e ! ,n\n2 z1-- hc hom1 ?is man2 ille hom1 t man2 erant duo it9]a1 quibus it9]ibus1 etc41 !re 7 two r\tes1 by :i*1 etc4 qu hom8 :at sort ( man8 b4 ,b ille 9 ! s5se ( 't well kn[n1' 't fam\s1' usually /&s aft] its ,n\n2 z1-- te/ula illa1 t well-kn[n cu/om ( o/racism2 ,mda illa1 t fam\s ,m$ea4 c4 ,possessive & ,indef9ite ,pron\ns usually foll[ _! ,n\n2 z1-- pat] meus1 my fa!r2 hom qudam1 a c]ta9 man2 muli] aliqua1 "s woman4 ,b = purposes ( contra/ ! ,possessive (t5 prec$es its ,n\n2 z1-- meus pat]1 ,,my fa!r 7i4e4 z oppos$ to y\rs1 81 etc474 d4 ,:]e two or m ,pron\ns occur 9 ! same s5t5ce1 ! ,lat9 is fond ( putt+ !m 9 close proximity2 z1-- nisi =te ego vbs cessre videor1 unless p]*ance ,i seem to y to be do+ no?+4 #f4 ,adv]bs & ,adv]bial phrases regul>ly prec$e ! ^w !y modify2 z1-- vald dligns1 extremely dilig5t2 saepe dx1 ,i h (t5 said2 t jam di hortmur1 we h long be5 urg+ y2 paul po/1 a little aft]4 #g4 ,prepositions regul>ly prec$e ! words !y gov]n4 a4 ,b limit+ words (t5 int]v5e betwe5 ! ,preposition & its case2 z1-- d commn hom9um memori1 conc]n+ ! common memory ( m52 ad bet vv5dum1 = liv+ happily4 b4 ,:5 a n\n is modifi$ by an ,adjective1 ! ,adjective is (t5 plac$ be=e ! preposition2 z1-- magn 9 dolre1 9 great grief2 summ cum laude1 ) ! highe/ cr$it2 qu d caus1 = :i* cause2 hanc ob rem1 on acc\nt ( ?is ?+4 c4 ,= ,ana/rophe1 by :i* a ,preposition is put aft] its case1 see #add1 #c4 #h4 ,conjunctions4 ,autem1 enim1 & igitur regul>ly /& 9 ! second place 9 ! s5t5ce1 b :5 comb9$ ) e/ or sunt !y (t5 /& ?ird2 z1-- ita e/ enim1 = s x is4 #i4 ,words or ,phrases ref]r+ to ! prec$+ s5t5ce or to "s "p ( x1 regul>ly /& fir/2 z1-- id ut audvit1 ,corcyram dmigrvit1 :5 he he>d t 7ref]r+ to ! cont5ts ( ! prec$+ s5t5ce71 he mov$ to ,corcyra2 e cum ,caes> vnisset1 tim5ts cnfirmat1 :5 ,caes> _h come ?i!r 7i4e4 to ! place j m5tion$71 he enc\rag$ ! timid4 #aj4 ,! ,lat9 has a fondness = putt+ side by side words :i* are etymologically relat$2 z1-- ut ad s5em s5ex d s5ectte1 sc hc libr ad amcum amcissimus d amciti scrps1 z ,i1 an old man1 wrote to an old man1 on old age1 s 9 ?is book1 z a fond fri5d1 ,i h writt5 to a fri5d1 conc]n+ fri5d%ip4 #aa4 ,special rhetorical devices = indicat+ emphasis are ! foll[+3-- a7 ,hyprbaton1 :i* consi/s 9 ! sep>ation ( words t regul>ly /& toge!r2 z1-- septimus mihi ,org9um lib] e/ 9 manibus1 ! sev5? book ( my ',orig9es' is "u way2 recept ,caes> ric pr(icscitur1 hav+ recov]$ ,oricus1 ,caes> set out4 b7 ,anphora1 :i* consi/s 9 ! repetition ( ! same ^w or ! same ^w-ord] 9 successive phrases2 z1-- s$ pln omns sunt libr1 plnae sapi5tium vcs1 plna exemplrum vetu/s1 b all books are full ( x1 ! voices ( sages are full ( x1 antiquity is full ( examples ( x4 c7 ,*ismus1#ei :i* consi/s 9 *ang+ ! relative ord] ( words 9 two anti!tical phrases2 z1-- mults df5d1 laes nm9em1 _m h ,i def5d$1 ,i h injur$ no "o2 horribilem illum diem alis1 nbs fau/um1 t day dreadful to o!rs1 = u =tunate4 d7 ,sn*ysis1 or ! int]lock$ arrangem5t4 ,?is is mo/ly conf9$ to poetry1 yet occurs 9 rhetorical prose1 especially t ( ! ,imp]ial ,p]iod2 z1-- simultam ,pompejnrum grtiam p>tium1 pret5d$ int]e/ 9 ! ,pompeian p>ty4 #ab4 ,metrical ,close4 ,at ! end ( a s5t5ce c]ta9 cad5ces 7 avoid$2 o!rs 7 mu* employ$4 ,?us3-- a7 ,cad5ces avoid$4 v v v or 2 z1 esse vidtur 7close ( hexamet]74 v v v or 2 z1 esse pote/ 7close ( p5tamet]74 b7 ,cad5ces frequ5tly employ$4 v 2 z1 aux]ant4 v v 2 z1 comprobvit4 v v v v 2 z1 esse videtur4 v v 2 z1 rogt tu4 ,b4 ,,s5t5ce-,,/ructure4 #cea4 #a4 ,unity ( ,subject4--,9 complex s5t5ces ! ,lat9 regul>ly holds to unity ( ,subject 9 ! diff]5t memb]s2 z1-- ,caes> prmum su1 de9de omnium ex cnspect remts equs1 ut aequt p]cul spem fugae toll]et1 cohorttus sus proelium commsit1 ,caes> hav+ fir/ remov$ 8 own horse f sight1 !n ! horses ( all1 9 ord]1 by mak+ ! dang] equal1 to take away hope ( flight1 enc\rag$ 8 m5 & jo9$ battle4 #b4 ,a ^w s]v+ z ! common ,subject or ,object ( ! ma9 clause & a subord9ate "o1 /&s be=e bo?2 z1-- ,ha$u cum s df5d]e nn poss5t1 lgts ad ,caes>em mittunt1 s9ce ! ,ha$ui c\ld n def5d !mselves1 !y s5t envoys to ,caes>2 ille ets flagrbat bell& cupiditte1 tam5 pc s]vi5dum putvit1 al?\gh he 0 burn+ ) a desire to fight1 yet he ?\ght he ought to aim at peace4 a4 ,! same is true also #a7 ,:5 ! ,subject ( ! ma9 clause is ,object 7,direct or ,indirect7 ( a subord9ate clause2 z1-- ,caes>1 cum hc e nntiatum esset1 mtrat ab urbe pr(icsc1 :5 ?is _h be5 report$ to ,caes> he ha/5$ to set out f ! city4 #b7 ,:5 ! ,subject ( a subord9ate clause is at ! same "t ! ,object 7,direct or ,indirect7 ( ! ma9 clause2 z1-- ,l4 ,mnli1 cum dicttor fuisset1 ,m4 ,pompnius tribnus plbis diem dxit1 ,m4 ,pomponius1 tribune ( ! p1 in/itut$ proce$+s aga9/ ,lucius ,manlius1 ?\gh he _h be5 dictator4 #c4 ,( subord9ate clauses1 temporal1 conditional1 & adv]sative clauses m commonly prec$e ! ma9 clause2 indirect que/ions & clauses ( purpose or result m commonly foll[2 z1-- po/quam haec dxit1 pr(ectus e/1 aft] he said ?is1 he set out2 s quis ita agat1 imprdns sit1 if any "o %\ld act s1 he w\ld be devoid ( =esight2 accidit ut n nocte omns ,h]mae dic]5tur1 x happ5$ t 9 a s+le night all ! ,h]mae 7 ?r[n d[n4 #d4 ,sometimes 9 ,lat9 ! ma9 v]b is plac$ )9 ! subord9ate clause2 z1-- s quid e/ 9 m +51 quod s5ti quam sit exiguum1 if !re is any tal5t 9 me1 & ,i "k h[ little x is4 #e4 ,! ,lat9 ,p]iod4 ,! t]m ,p]iod1 :5 /rictly us$1 designates a comp\nd s5t5ce 9 :i* ! subord9ate clauses are ins]t$ )9 ! ma9 clause2 z1-- ,caes> ets intellegbat qu d caus ea dc]5tur1 tam51 n ae/tem 9 ,trv]s cnsm]e cg]tur1 ,indutiomrum ad s v5re jussit1 ?\gh ,caes> p]ceiv$ :y ?is 0 said1 yet1 le/ he %\ld be =c$ to sp5d ! summ] among ! ,trev]i1 he ord]$ ,indutiom>us to come to him4 ,9 ! ,p]iodic /ructure ! ?\ght is susp5d$ until ! end ( ! s5t5ce is rea*$4 ,_m ,roman writ]s 7 extremely fond ( ?is s5t5ce-/ructure1 & x 0 well adapt$ to ! inflectional "* ( _! language2 9 ,engli% we g5]ally avoid x4 #f4 ,:5 !re are sev]al subord9ate clauses 9 "o ,p]iod1 ! ,lat9 s arranges !m z to avoid a succession ( v]bs4 ,?us3-- ,at ho/s cum msiss5t1 qu1 quae 9 ca/rs g]]5tur1 cognsc]5t1 ubi s dcepts intellxrunt1 omnibus cpis subsect ad flm5 cont5dunt1 b ! enemy :5 !y _h s5t m5 to le>n :at 0 go+ on 9 camp1 aft] discov]+ t !y _h be5 outwitt$1 foll[$ ) all _! =ces & hurri$ to ! riv]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,viii4-,h9ts on ,lat9 ,/yle4 #ceb4 ,9 ?is *apt] brief consid]ation is giv5 to a few features ( ,lat9 diction :i* belong r to /yle ?an to =mal gramm>4 ,,n\ns4 #cec4 #a4 ,:]e a di/9ct ref]5ce to sev]al p]sons or ?+s is involv$1 ! ,lat9 is frequ5tly mu* m exact 9 ! use ( ! ,plural ?an is ! ,engli%2 z1-- doms eunt1 !y g home 7i4e4 to _! homes72 ,g]mn corpora crant1 ! ,g]mans c>e = ! body2 anims mlitum recreat1 he r5ews ! c\rage ( ! soldi]s2 dis noctsque timre1 to be 9 a /ate ( fe> day & night4 #b4 ,9 case ( ,neut] ,pron\ns & ,adjectives us$ sub/antively1 ! ,lat9 (t5 employs ! ,plural :]e ! ,engli% uses ! ,s+ul>2 z1-- omnia sunt p]dta1 ev]y?+ is lo/2 quae cum ita s9t1 s9ce ?is is s2 haec omnibus p]vulgta sunt1 ?is is v well kn[n to all4 #c4 ,! ,lat9 is usually m concrete ?an ! ,engli%1 & especially less bold 9 ! p]sonification ( ab/ract qualities4 ,?us3-- pu]1 pu]s1 f boyhood2 ,sull dicttre1 9 ,sulla's dictator%ip2 m duce1 "u my lead]%ip2 ,rmn cum ,c>?g9insibus pcem fcrunt ,rome made peace ) ,c>?age2 lib] doctrnae plnus a le>n$ book2 prd5ti ,!mi/ocls ,graecia s]vta e/ ,!mi/ocles's =esight sav$ ,greece4 #d4 ,! ,n\ns ( ,ag5cy 9 -tor & -sor 7see #adg1 #a7 d5ote a p]man5t or *>act]i/ic activity2 z1-- accstrs1 7pr(essional7 accus]s2 rtrs1 plead]s2 cantrs1 s+]s2 ,arm9ius1 ,g]mniae lb]tor1 ,arm9ius1 lib]ator ( ,g]many4 a4 ,to d5ote s+le in/ances ( an action1 o!r expressions are commonly employ$2 z1-- ,numa1 qu ,rmul successit1 ,numa1 successor ( ,romulus2 qu mea legunt1 my read]s2 qu m audiunt1 my auditors4 #e4 ,! ,lat9 avoids ! use ( prepositional phrases z modifi]s ( a ,n\n4 ,9 ,engli% we say3 ',! w> aga9/ ,c>?age'2 'a j\rney ?r\gh ,gaul'2 'cities on ! sea'2 '! book 9 my h&s'2 '! fight at ,salamis'2 etc4 ,! ,lat9 9 su* cases usually employs ano!r mode ( expression4 ,?us3-- a7 ,a ,g5itive2 z1-- dolor injrirum1 res5tm5t at injuries4 b7 ,an ,adjective2 z1-- urbs m>itimae1 cities on ! sea2 pugna ,salamnia1 ! fight at ,salamis4 c7 ,a ,p>ticiple2 z1-- pugna ad ,canns facta1 ! battle at ,cannae4 d7 ,a ,relative clause2 z1-- lib] qu 9 mes manibus e/1 ! book 9 my h&s4 ,,note4--,yet )9 c]ta9 limits ! ,lat9 does employ ,prepositional phrases z ,n\n modifi]s4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly frequ5t :5 ! gov]n+ n\n is d]iv$ f a v]b4 ,! foll[+ are typical examples3-- trnsitus 9 ,britanniam1 ! passage to ,brita92 excessus vt1 dep>ture f life2 odium erg ,rmns1 hatr$ ( ! ,romans2 lib] d s5ectte1 ! book on old age2 amor 9 patriam1 love = "o's c\ntry4 ,,adjectives4 #ced4 #a4 ,special ,lat9 ,equival5ts = ,engli% ,adjectives are-- a7 ,a ,g5itive2 z1-- virtts anim moral virtues2 dolrs corporis bodily ills4 b7 ,an ,ab/ract ,n\n2 z1-- novits re ! /range circum/ance2 asp]its virum r\gh roads4 c7 ,h5diadys 7see #cgd1 #d72 z1-- rati et rd sy/ematic ord]2 rdor et impetus eag] onset4 d7 ,sometimes an ,adv]b2 z1-- omns circ popul1 all ! surr\nd+ tribes2 sus semp] ho/s1 _! p]petual foes4 #b4 ,(t5 a ,lat9 ,n\n is equival5t to an ,engli% ,n\n modifi$ by an ,adjective2 z1-- doctrna1 !oretical k2 prd5tia1 practical k2 oppidum1 wall$ t[n2 libellus1 little book4 #c4 ,adjectives are n us$ 9 imm$iate agreem5t ) prop] names2 b an ,adjective may limit vir1 hom1 ille1 or "s o!r ^w us$ z an ,appositive ( a prop] "n2 z1-- ,scrats1 hom sapins ! wise ,socrates2 ,scpi1 vir =tissimus ! d\ghty ,scipio2 ,syrcsae1 urbs praeclrissima fam\s ,syracuse4 #d4 ,an ,adjective may be equival5t to a ,possessive or ,subjective ,g5itive2 z1-- p/or rgius1 ! %eph]d ( ! k+2 tumultus s]vlis1 ! upris+ ( ! slaves4 ,,pron\ns4 #cee4 #a4 ,9 ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces ! ,relative ,pron\n has a fondness = connect+ itself ) ! subord9ate clause r ?an ! ma9 "o2 z1-- qu cum qua]]tur1 quid maxim exp$ret1 respondit1 :5 x 0 ask$ ( him :at 0 be/1 he repli$4 7,less commonly1 qu1 cum ab e qua]]tur1 respondit47 #b4 ,ut]que1 amb4 ,ut]que means ea* ( two2 amb means bo?2 z1-- ut]que frt] abiit1 ea* ( ! two bro!rs dep>t$ 7i4e4 sep>ately72 amb frtrs abirunt1 i4e4 ! two bro!rs dep>t$ toge!r4 a4 ,! ,plural ( ut]que occurs-- #a7 ,) ,n\ns us$ only 9 ! ,plural 7see #ef72 z1-- 9 utrsque ca/rs1 9 ea* camp4 #b7 ,:]e !re is a di/9ct ref]5ce to two gr\ps ( p]sons or ?+s2 z1-- utrque ducs clr furunt1 ! g5]als on ea* side 7sev]al 9 numb]7 7 fam\s4 ,,v]bs4 #cef4 #a4 ,9 case ( ,defective & ,depon5t ,v]bs1 a ,passive is suppli$3-- a7 ,by ! correspond+ v]bal ,n\ns 9 comb9ation ) esse1 etc42 z1-- 9 odi sumus1 we are hat$2 9 invidi sum1 ,i am envi$2 admrtin e/1 he is admir$2 oblvine obruitur1 he is =gott5 7lit4 is ov]:elm$ by oblivion72 9 s esse1 to be us$4 b7 ,by ! ,passive ( ,v]bs ( relat$ mean+4 ,?us3-- agitr z ,passive ( p]sequ2 temptr z ,passive ( adorr4 #b4 ,! lack ( ! ,p]fect ,active ,p>ticiple 9 ,lat9 is suppli$-- a7 ,sometimes by ! ,p]fect ,passive ,p>ticiple ( ! ,depon5t2 z1-- adhorttus1 hav+ exhort$2 v]itus1 hav+ fe>$4 b7 ,by ! ,ablative ,absolute2 z1-- ho/ium agrs v/ts ,caes> ex]citum r$xit1 hav+ ravag$ ! c\ntry ( ! enemy1 ,caes> l$ back 8 army4 c7 ,by subord9ate clauses2 z1-- e cum advnisset1 ca/ra posuit1 hav+ arriv$ !re1 he pit*$ a camp2 ho/es qu 9 urbem irrp]ant1 ! enemy hav+ bur/ into ! city4 #c4 ,! ,lat9 agrees ) ,engli% 9 ! /yli/ic employm5t ( ! ,second ,p]son ,s+ul> 9 an indef9ite s5se 7 '"o'74 ,cf4 ! ,engli% ',y c drive a horse to wat]1 b y c't make him dr9k4' ,b 9 ,lat9 ?is use is ma9ly conf9$ to c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! ,subjunctive1 especially ! ,pot5tial 7 #bhj71 ,jussive 7 #bge71 ,delib]ative 7 #bgg71 & ! ,subjunctive 9 conditional s5t5ces ( ! sort includ$ "u #cjb1 #b1 & #cjc4 ,examples3-- vidrs1 y c\ld see2 tre vribus1 use y\r /r5g?1 quid hc hom9e facis1 :at are y to d ) ?is man8 mns quoque et animus1 nisi tamquam lm9 oleum n/lls1 ex/+uuntur s5ectte1 ! intellect & m9d too are ext+ui%$ by old age1 unless1 s to speak1 y keep p\r+ oil into ! lamp2 tant amre possessins sus amplex t5bant1 ut ab es membra dvell citius posse dc]s1 !y clung to _! possessions ) su* an affectionate embrace1 t y w\ld h said _! limbs c\ld soon] be torn f _! bodies4 ,,peculi>ities ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,accusative4 #ceg4 #a4 ,to d5ote 's _m ye>s1 etc41 aft]w>ds or be=e' ! ,lat9 employs n m]ely ! ,ablative ( ,degree ( ,diff]5ce ) po/ & ante 7see #bbc71 b has o!r =ms ( expression4 ,?us3-- po/ qunque anns1 five ye>s aft]w>d2 paucs ante dis1 a few days be=e2 ante quadri5nium1 f\r ye>s be=e2 po/ diem qurtum quam ab urbe discess]mus1 f\r days aft] we _h left ! city2 ante t]tium annum quam dcess]at1 ?ree ye>s be=e he _h di$4 #b4 ,! ,lat9 seldom comb9es bo? ,subject & ,object ) ! same ,inf9itive2 z1-- ,rmns ,hannibalem vcisse cn/at4 ,su* a s5t5ce w\ld be ambigu\s1 & might mean ei!r t ! ,romans _h conqu]$ ,hannibal1 or t ,hannibal _h conqu]$ ! ,romans4 ,p]spicuity 0 ga9$ by ! use ( ! ,passive ,inf9itive2 z1-- ,rmns ab ,hannibale victs esse cn/at1 x is well e/abli%$ t ! ,romans 7 defeat$ by ,hannibal4 ,,peculi>ities ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,dative4 #ceh4 #a4 ,! ,engli% = does n always correspond to a ,dative notion 9 ,lat91 b is (t5 ! equival5t ( pr ) ! ,ablative1 viz4 9 ! s5ses-- a7 ,9 def5se (2 z1-- pr patri mor1 to die = "o's c\ntry4 b7 ,in/ead (1 9 behalf (2 z1-- nus pr omnibus dxit1 "o spoke = all2 haec pr lge dicta sunt1 ^! ?+s 7 said = ! law4 c7 ,9 proportion to2 z1-- pr multitd9e hom9um erum fns erant angu/1 = ! population1 _! t]ritory 0 small4 #b4 ,simil>ly1 ,engli% to :5 x indicates motion is r5d]$ 9 ,lat9 by ad4 a4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t ! ,lat9 may say ei!r scrb]e ad aliquem1 or scrb]e alicui1 accord+ z ! idea ( motion is or is n pr$om9ant4 ,s 9 sev]al simil> expressions4 #c4 ,9 ! poets1 v]bs ( m+l+ )1 cont5d+ )1 jo9+1 cl++ to1 etc41 sometimes take ! ,dative4 ,?is con/ruction is a ,grecism4 ,?us3-- s miscet virs1 he m+les ) ! m52 cont5dis ,homr1 y cont5d ) ,hom]2 dextrae dextram jung]e1 to clasp h& ) h&4 ,,peculi>ities ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,g5itive4 #cei4 #a4 ,! ,possessive ,g5itive gives emphasis to ! possessor1 ! ,dative ( ,possessor emphasizes ! fact ( possession2 z1-- hortus patris e/1 ! g>d5 is my fa!r's2 mihi hortus e/1 ,i possess a g>d54 #b4 ,! ,lat9 c say ei!r /ult or /ultum e/ dc]e1 x is fooli% to say2 b ,adjectives ( "o end+ p]mit only ! ,g5itive2 z1-- sapi5tis e/ haec scum reputre1 x is ! "p ( a wise man to consid] ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,prosody4 #cfj4 ,prosody treats ( metres & v]sification4 #cfa4 ,lat9 ,v]se4 ,lat9 ,poetry 0 ess5tially diff]5t 9 "* f ,engli%4 ,9 our own language1 poetry is bas$ ^u acc5t1 & poetical =m consi/s ess5tially 9 a c]ta9 succession ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables4 ,lat9 poetry1 on ! o!r h&1 0 bas$ n ^u acc5t1 b ^u quantity1 s t ) ! ,romans poetical =m consi/$ 9 a c]ta9 succession ( long & %ort syllables1 i4e4 ( long & %ort int]vals ( "t4 ,?is fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ,engli% & ,lat9 poetry is a natural result ( ! diff]5ce 9 "* ( ! two languages4 ,engli% is a /rongly acc5t$ language1 9 :i* quantity is relatively subord9ate4 ,lat91 on ! o!r h&1 0 a quantitative language1 9 :i* acc5t 0 relatively subord9ate4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,v[els ,,& ,,syllables ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 #cfb4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples = ! quantity ( v[els & syllables h be5 giv5 above 9 #e4 ,! foll[+ peculi>ities are to be not$ "h3-- #a4 ,a v[el is usually %ort :5 foll[$ by ano!r v[el 7 #e1 ,a1 #b71 b ! foll[+ exceptions occur3-- a7 ,9 ! ,g5itive t]m9ation -u 7except alt]u72 z1 illu1 ttu4 ,yet ! i may be %ort 9 poetry2 z1 illu1 ttu4 b7 ,9 ! ,g5itive & ,dative ,s+ul> ( ! ,fif? ,decl5sion2 z1 di1 aci4 ,b fid1 r1 sp 7 #eb1 #a74 c7 ,9 f1 except+ fit & =ms :]e i is foll[$ by er4 ,?us3 fbam1 fat1 funt2 b fer1 ferem4 d7 ,9 a few o!r words1 especially words d]iv$ f ! ,greek2 z1 du1 ,a5s1 ,dru1 hres1 etc4 #b4 ,a diph?ong is usually long 7 #e1 ,b1 #b71 b ! preposition prae 9 composition is (t5 %ort5$ be=e a v[el2 z1 practus4 #c4 ,a syllable conta9+ a %ort v[el foll[$ by two consonants 7 #e1 ,b1 #b7 is long1 ev5 :5 "o ( ! consonants is 9 ! foll[+ ^w2 z1 t]ret populum4 ,occasionally ! syllable is long :5 bo? consonants are 9 ! foll[+ ^w2 z1 pr segete spcs4 #d4 ,comp\nds ( jaci1 ?\gh writt5 inicit1 adicit1 etc41 h ! fir/ syllable long1 z ?\gh writt5 inj-1 adj-4 #e4 ,be=e j1 & made a long syllable1 e4g4 9 major1 pejor1 ejus1 ejusdem1 ,pompejus1 rejcit1 etc4 ,^! 7 pron\nc$1 mai-jor1 pei-jor1 ei-jus1 ,pompei-jus1 rei-jcit1 etc4 ,s also sometimes be=e i1 e4g4 ,pompe-1 pron\nc$ ,pompei-2 re-ici1 pron\nc$ rei-ici4 ,quantity ( ,f9al ,syllables4 ,a4 ,f9al ,syllables end+ 9 a ,v[el4 #cfc4 #a4 ,f9al a is mo/ly %ort1 b is long3-- a7 ,9 ! ,ablative ,s+ul> ( ! ,fir/ ,decl5sion2 z1 port4 b7 ,9 ! ,imp]ative2 z1 laud4 c7 ,9 indecl9able words 7except x1 qui72 z1 trg9t1 contr1 po/e1 int]e1 etc4 #b4 ,f9al e is usually %ort1 b is long3-- a7 ,9 ! ,ablative ,s+ul> ( ! ,fif? ,decl5sion2 z1 di1 r2 h5ce hodi1 qur4 ,"h belongs also fam 7 #ei1 #b1 b74 b7 ,9 ! ,imp]ative ( ! ,second ,conjugation2 z1 mon1 hab1 etc42 yet occasionally cav1 val4 c7 ,9 ,adv]bs d]iv$ f ,adjectives ( ! ,second ,decl5sion1 along ) f] & f]m4 ,b51 mal1 tem]1 saep h 4 d7 ,9 1 d1 m1 t1 s1 n 7n1 le/71 n 7v]ily74 #c4 ,f9al i is usually long1 b is %ort 9 nis & quas4 ,mihi1 tibi1 sibi1 ibi1 ubi1 h regul>ly 1 b sometimes 2 yet always ibdem1 ibque1 ubque4 #d4 ,f9al o is regul>ly long1 b is %ort3-- a7 ,9 eg1 du1 mod 7only71 cit4 b7 ,r>ely 9 ! ,fir/ ,p]son ,s+ul> ( ! ,v]b1 & 9 ,nom9atives ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion2 z1 am1 le4 c7 ,9 a few comp\nds beg9n+ ) ! ,preposition pro1 especially be=e f2 z prfund]e1 prficsc1 prfug]e4 #e4 ,f9al u is always long4 ,b4 ,f9al ,syllables end+ 9 a ,consonant4 #cfd4 #a4 ,f9al syllables end+ 9 any o!r consonant ?an s are %ort4 ,! foll[+ words1 h[ev]1 h a long v[el3 sl1 sl1 ,lr1 pr1 vr1 fr1 dc1 dc1 n1 nn1 qun1 sn1 sc1 cr4 ,also ! adv]bs hc1 illc1 i/c4#fj #b4 ,f9al syllables 9 -z are long2 z1 t]rs1 ams4 #c4 ,f9al syllables 9 -es are regul>ly long1 b are %ort3-- a7 ,9 ! ,nom9ative & ,vocative ,s+ul> ( d5tal /ems 7 #cc7 ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion :i* h a %ort p5ult 9 ! ,g5itive2 z1 segs 7segetis71 obss 7obsidis71 mls1 dvs4 ,b a few h -s2 viz4 ps1 aris1 abis1 p>is4 b7 ,9 s 7?\ art71 p5s4 #d4 ,f9al -os is usually long1 b %ort 9 s 7ossis71 comps1 imps4 #e4 ,f9al -is is usually %ort1 b is long3-- a7 ,9 ,plurals2 z1 ports1 horts1 nbs1 vbs1 nbs 7,acc474 b7 ,9 ! ,second ,p]son ,s+ul> ,p]fect ,subjunctive ,active2 z1 amv]s1 monu]s1 audv]s1 etc4 ,yet occasional exceptions occur4 c7 ,9 ! ,second ,p]son ,s+ul> ,pres5t ,indicative ,active ( ! ,f\r? ,conjugation2 z1 auds4 d7 ,9 vs1 =ce2 s1 ?\ goe/2 fs2 ss2 vels2 nls2 vs1 ?\ wilt 7mvs1 quamvs1 quvs1 etc474 #f4 ,f9al -u is usually %ort1 b is long3-- a7 ,9 ! ,g5itive ,s+ul> & 9 ! ,nom9ative1 ,accusative1 & ,vocative ,plural ( ! ,f\r? ,decl5sion2 z1 frcts4 b7 ,9 ! ,nom9ative & ,vocative ,s+ul> ( ^? n\ns ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion 9 :i* ! u belongs to ! /em2 z1 pals 7-dis71 s]vits 7-tis71 tells 7-ris74 #cfe4 ,greek ,n\ns reta9 9 ,lat9 _! orig9al quantity2 z1 ,a51 epitom1 ,dlos1 ,pallas1 ,simos1 ,salams1 ,dds1 ,p>id1 r1 ae?r1 crtr1 hrs4 ,yet ,greek n\ns 9 - 7-r7 regul>ly %ort5 ! v[el ( ! f9al syllable2 z1 rhtr1 ,hectr4 ,,v]se-,,/ructure4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 #cff4 #a4 ,! metrical unit 9 v]sification is a %ort syllable1 te*nically call$ a mora 7 v 74 ,a long syllable 7 7 is reg>d$ z equival5t to two morae4 #b4 ,a ,foot is a gr\p ( syllables4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important k9ds ( fundam5tal feet3-- ,,feet ,,( ,,?ree ,,morae4 ,,feet ,,( ,,f\r ,,morae4 v ,tro*ee4 v v ,dactyl4 v ,iambus4 v v ,anapae/4 #c4 ,a ,v]se is a succession ( feet4 #d4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( v]ses are nam$ ,tro*aic1 ,iambic1 ,dactylic1 ,anapae/ic1 accord+ to ! foot :i* =ms ! basis ( _! /ructure4 #e4 ,ictus4 ,9 e fundam5tal foot ! long syllable naturally receives ! great] prom95ce4 ,?is prom95ce is call$ ictus4#fa ,x is d5ot$ ?us3 _/ v v 2 _/ v 4 #f4 ,!sis & ,arsis4 ,! syllable :i* receives ! ictus is call$ ! !sis2 ! re/ ( ! foot is call$ ! arsis4 #g4 ,elision4 ,f9al syllables end+ 9 a v[el1 a diph?ong1 or -m are regul>ly elid$ be=e a ^w beg9n+ ) a v[el or h4 ,9 read+1 we omit ! elid$ syllable entirely4 ,?is may be indicat$ z foll[s3 corpore 9 n2 multum ille et2 mn/rum horr5dum2 causae rrum4 a4 ,omission ( elision is call$ ,hitus4 ,x occurs especially be=e & aft] monosyllabic int]jections2 z1 et praesidium4 #h4 ,! end+ ( a ^w )9 a foot is call$ a ,caesra 7cutt+7 ,e v]se usually has "o prom95t caesura4 ,! end+ ( a ^w & foot toge!r )9 ! v]se is call$ a dia]esis4 #i4 ,v]ses are di/+ui%$ z ,catalectic or ,acatalectic4 ,a ,catalectic v]se is "o 9 :i* ! la/ foot is n complete1 b lacks "o or m syllables2 an ,acatalectic v]se has its la/ foot complete4 #aj4 ,at ! end ( a v]se a slight pause occurr$4 ,h5ce ! f9al syllable may be ei!r long or %ort 7syllaba anceps71 & may t]m9ate 9 a v[el or m1 ev5 ?\gh ! next v]se beg9s ) a v[el4 #aa4 ,iambic1 ,tro*aic1 & ,anapae/ic v]ses are fur!r designat$ z dimet]1 trimet]1 tetramet]1 accord+ to ! numb] ( dipodies 7pairs ( feet7 :i* !y conta94 ,dactylic v]ses are measur$ by s+le feet1 & are designat$ z tetramet]1 p5tamet]1 hexamet]1 accord+ly4 ,,special ,,peculi>ities4 #cfg4 #a4 ,synizsis 7synaresis74 ,two successive v[els 9 ! int]ior ( a ^w are (t5 unit$ into a long syllable2 z1-- aures1 deinde1 antere1 deesse4 #b4 ,di/ole4 ,a syllable usually %ort is sometimes long2 z1-- vidt1 audt4 #c4 ,s/ole4 ,a syllable usually long is sometimes %ort2 z1-- /etrunt4 a4 ,dia/ole & ,sy/ole are n m]e arbitr>y processes4 ,!y usually repres5t an e>li] pronunciation :i* _h pass$ out ( vogue 9 ! ord9>y spee*4 #d4 ,aft] a consonant1 i & u sometimes become j & v4 ,! prec$+ syllable !n becomes long2 z1-- abjete = abiete2 g5va = g5ua4 #e4 ,sometimes v becomes u2 z1-- silua = silva2 dissolu = dissolv4 #f4 ,sometimes a v]se has an extra syllable4 ,su* a v]se is call$ an ,hyprmet]4 ,! extra syllable ends 9 a v[el or -m1 & is unit$ ) ! initial v[el or h ( ! next v]se by ,synaphia4 ,?us3-- 444 ignr hom9umque locrumque errmus4 #g4 ,tmesis 7cutt+74 ,comp\nd words are occasionally sep>at$ into _! elem5ts2 z1-- qu m cumque rapit tempe/s1 = qucumque1 etc4 #h4 ,sncope4 ,a %ort v[el is sometimes dropp$ betwe5 two consonants2 z1-- repo/us = repositus ,,! ,,dactylic ,,hexamet]4 #cfh4 #a4 ,! ,dactylic ,hexamet]1 or ,h]oic ,v]se1 consi/s !oretically ( six dactyls4 ,b 9 all ! feet except ! fif?1 a spondee 7 7 may take ! place ( ! dactyl4 ,! six? foot may be ei!r a spondee or a tro*ee1 s9ce ! f9al syllable ( a v]se may be ei!r long or %ort 7syllaba anceps74 ,! foll[+ repres5ts ! s*eme ( ! v]se3-- _/ vv 7or 7 2 _/ vv 7or 7 2 _/ vv 7or 7 2 _/ vv 7or 7 2 _/ vv 2 _/ v 7or 74 #b4 ,sometimes we f9d a spondee 9 ! fif? foot4 ,su* v]ses are call$ ,spondaic4 ,a dactyl usually /&s 9 ! f\r? place1 & ! fif? & six? feet are g5]ally made up ( a quadrisyllable2 z1-- armtumque aur circumspicit rna4 cra deum subols1 magnum ,jovis incrm5tum4 #c4 ,caesura4 a7 ,! favorite position ( ! caesura 9 ! ,dactylic ,hexamet] is aft] ! !sis ( ! ?ird foot2 z1-- arma virumque c ,trjae qu prmus ab rs4 b7 ,less frequ5tly ! caesura occurs aft] ! !sis ( ! f\r? foot1 usually accompani$ by ano!r 9 ! second foot2 z1-- inde tor pat] ,a5s sc rsus ab alt e/4 c7 ,sometimes ! caesura occurs betwe5 ! two %ort syllables ( ! ?ird foot2 z1-- pass gravira dabit deus hs quoque fnem4 ,?is caesura is call$ ,fem99e1 z oppos$ to ! caesura aft] a long syllable1 :i* is call$ ,mascul9e 7z "u a & b7 d7 ,a pause sometimes occurs at ! end ( ! f\r? foot4 ,?is is call$ ! ,bucolic ,dia]esis1 z x 0 borr[$ by ! ,romans f ! ,bucolic poetry ( ! ,greeks4 ,?us3-- sl/itium pecor df5dite2 jam v5it ae/s4 ,,dactylic ,,p5tamet]4 #cfi4 #a4 ,! ,dactylic ,p5tamet] consi/s ( two p>ts1 ea* ( :i* conta9s two dactyls1 foll[$ by a long syllable4 ,spondees may take ! place ( ! dactyls 9 ! fir/ "p1 b n 9 ! second4 ,! long syllable at ! close ( ! fir/ half ( ! v]se always ends a ^w4 ,! s*eme is ! foll[+3-- _/ vv 7or 7 _/ vv 7or 7 _/ _/ vv _/ vv v 7or 74 #b4 ,! ,p5tamet] is nev] us$ alone1 b only 9 connection ) ! ,hexamet]4 ,! two arrang$ alt]nately =m ! s-call$ ,elegiac ,di/i*4 ,?us3-- ,v]gilium vd tantum1 neo amra ,tibull ,tempus amcitiae fta d$re meae4 ,,iambic ,,measures4 #cgj4 #a4 ,! mo/ important ,iambic v]se is ! ,iambic ,trimet] 7 #cff1 #aa71 call$ also ,s5>ius4 ,?is is an acatalectic v]se4 ,x consi/s ( six ,iambi4 ,its pure =m is3-- v v v v v v ,betus ille qu procul negtis4 ,! ,caesura usually occurs 9 ! ?ird foot2 less frequ5tly 9 ! f\r?4 #b4 ,9 place ( ! ,iambus1 a ,tribra* 7 v v v 7 may /& 9 any foot b ! la/4 ,9 ! odd feet 7fir/1 ?ird1 & fif?7 may /& a ,spondee1 ,dactyl1 or ,anapae/1 ?\gh ! la/ two are less frequ5t4 ,sometimes a ,proceleusmatic 7 v v v v 7 occurs4 #c4 ,9 ! ,lat9 comic writ]s1 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 great fre$om is p]mitt$1 & ! v>i\s equival5ts ( ! ,iambus1 viz4 ! ,dactyl1 ,anapae/1 ,spondee1 ,tribra*1 ,proceleusmatic1 are freely admitt$ 9 any foot except ! la/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,supplem5ts ,,to ,,! ,,gramm>4 ,i4 ,,julian ,,cal5d>4 #cga4 #a4 ,! names ( ! ,roman mon?s are3 ,jnurius1 ,februrius1 ,mrtius1 ,aprlis1 ,majus1 ,jnius1 ,jlius 7,quntlis#fb prior to #df ,b4,c471 ,augu/us 7,sextlis#fb be=e ! ,empire71 ,septemb]1 ,octb]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]4 ,^! words are prop]ly ,adjectives 9 agreem5t ) mnsis und]/ood4 #b4 ,dates 7 reckon$ f ?ree po9ts 9 ! mon?3-- a7 ,! ,cal5ds1 ! fir/ ( ! mon?4 b7 ,! ,nones1 usually ! fif? ( ! mon?1 b ! sev5? 9 ,m>*1 ,may1 ,july1 & ,octob]4 c7 ,! ,ides1 usually ! ?irte5? ( ! mon?1 b ! fifte5? 9 ,m>*1 ,may1 ,july1 & ,octob]4 #c4 ,f ^! po9ts dates 7 reckon$ backw>d2 consequ5tly all days aft] ! ,ides ( any mon? 7 reckon$ z s _m days be=e ! ,cal5ds ( ! mon? next foll[+4 #d4 ,! day be=e ! ,cal5ds1 ,nones1 or ,ides ( any mon? is designat$ z prdi ,kal5ds1 ,nns1 ds4 ,! second day be=e 0 designat$ z di t]ti ante ,kal5ds1 ,nns1 etc4 ,simil>ly ! ?ird day be=e 0 designat$ z di qurt1 & s on4 ,^! designations are ari?metically inaccurate1 b ! ,romans reckon$ bo? ends ( ! s]ies4 ,! ,roman num]al indicat+ ! date is !re=e always l>g] by "o ?an ! actual numb] ( days be=e ,nones1 ,ides1 or ,cal5ds4 #e4 ,9 indicat+ dates1 ! "n ( ! mon? is add$ 9 ! =m ( an ,adjective agree+ ) ,kal5ds1 ,nns1 ds4 ,v>i\s =ms ( expression occur1 ( :i* t giv5 "u d7 is mo/ common3-- ,days ,m>*1,may1,july,janu>y1 ,augu/ ,april1,june1 ( ! ,octob]4 ,decemb] ,septemb]1 ,febru>y mon?4 ,novemb] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,,kal5d,s ,,kal5d,s ,,kal5d,s ,,kal5d,s #b ,,vi ,nns ,,iv ,nns ,,iv ,nns ,,iv ,nns #c ,v ,,iii ,,iii ,,iii #d ,,iv ,prdi ,nns ,prdi ,nns ,prdi ,nns #e ,,iii ,n,n,s ,n,n,s ,n,n,s #f ,prdi ,nns ,,viii ds ,,viii ds ,,viii ds #g ,n,n,s ,,vii ,,vii ,,vii #h ,,viii ds ,,vi ,,vi ,,vi #i ,,vii ,v ,v ,v #aj ,,vi ,,iv ,,iv ,,iv #aa ,v ,,iii ,,iii ,,iii #ab ,,iv ,pr4 ds ,pr4 ds ,pr4 ds #ac ,,iii ,,dibus ,,dibus ,,dibus #ad ,pr4 ds ,,xix ,kal5d4 ,,xviii ,kal5d4,,xvi ,kal5d4 #ae ,,dibus ,,xviii ,,xvii ,,xv #af ,,xvii ,kal5d4 ,,xvii ,,xvi ,,xiv #ag ,,xvi ,,xvi ,,xv ,,xiii #ah ,,xv ,,xv ,,xiv ,,xii #ai ,,xiv ,,xiv ,,xiii ,,xi #bj ,,xiii ,,xiii ,,xii ,x #ba ,,xii ,,xii ,,xi ,,ix #bb ,,xi ,,xi ,x ,,viii #bc ,x ,x ,,ix ,,vii #bd ,,ix ,,ix ,,viii ,,vi #be ,,viii ,,viii ,,vii ,v 7bis ,,vi7 #bf ,,vii ,,vii ,,vi ,,iv 7,v7 #bg ,,vi ,,vi ,v ,,iii 7,,iv7 #bh ,v ,v ,,iv ,pr4,kal47,,iii ,k47 #bi ,,iv ,,iv ,,iii 7,prd4 ,kal47 #cj ,,iii ,,iii ,pr4 ,kal5d4 7,enclos$ =ms are #ca ,pr4 ,kal5d4 ,pr4 ,kal5d4 = leap-ye>47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,,prop] ,,names4 #cgc4 #a4 ,! "n ( a ,roman citiz5 regul>ly consi/$ ( ?ree p>ts3 ! pra5m5 7or giv5 "n71 ! nm5 7"n ( ! g5s or clan71 & ! cognm5 7family "n74 ,su* a typical "n is exempli$ by ,mrcus ,tullius ,cic]1 9 :i* ,mrcus is ! pra5m51 ,tullius ! nm51 & ,cic] ! cognm54 ,sometimes a second cognm5 79 lat] ,lat9 call$ an agnm57 is add$--expecially 9 honor ( milit>y a*ievem5ts2 z1-- ,gius ,cornlius ,scpi fricnus4 #b4 ,,abbreviations ,,( ,,prop] ,,names4 ,a4 ,aulus4 ,mam4 ,mm]cus4 ,app4 ,appius4 ,n4 ,num]ius4 ,c4 ,gius4 ,p4 ,pblius4 ,cn4 ,gnaeus4 ,q4 ,quntus4 ,d4 ,decimus4 ,sex4 ,sextus4 ,k4 ,kaes4 ,s]4 ,s]vius4 ,l4 ,lcius4 ,sp4 ,spurius4 ,m4 ,mrcus4 ,t4 ,titus4 ,m'4 ,mnius4 ,ti4 ,tib]ius4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,,figures ,,( ,,syntax ,,& ,,rhetoric4 ,a4 ,figures ( ,syntax4 #cgd4 #a4 ,ellpsis is ! omission ( "o or m words2 z1-- quid multa1 :y 7%\ld ,i say7 mu*8 #b4 ,bra*logy is a brief or cond5s$ =m ( expression2 z1-- ut ag] s9e cultr frctusus esse nn pote/1 sc s9e doctrn animus1 z a field _c be productive )\t cultivation1 s ! m9d 7_c be productive7 )\t le>n+4 ,special v>ieties ( ,bra*ylogy are-- a7 ,zeugma1 9 :i* "o v]b is made to /& = two2 z1-- m9s aut bl&m5ts corrupta 7t]rif$7 by ?reats or corrupt$ by flatt]y4 b7 ,comp5di>y ,comp>ison1 by :i* a modifi] ( an object is m5tion$ in/ead ( ! object itself2 z1-- dissimilis erat ,*>s erum et facts et mribus1 lit4 ,*>es 0 diff]5t f _! conduct & "* i4e4 ,*>es's conduct & "* 7 diff]5t1 etc4 #c4 ,plonasm is an unnecess>y fullness ( expression2 z1-- prius pra$cam1 lit4 ,i w fir/ say 9 advance4 #d4 ,h5dadys 7 1 "o ?r\gh two7 is ! use ( two n\ns jo9$ by a conjunction1 9 ! s5se ( a n\n modifi$ by a ,g5itive or an ,adjective2 z1-- febris et ae/us1 ! heat ( fev]2 cel]itte cursque1 by swift runn+4 #e4 ,prolpsis1 or ,anticipation1 is ! introduction ( an epi!t 9 advance ( ! action :i* makes x appropriate2 z1-- subm]ss obrue pupps1 lit4 ov]:elm _! subm]g$ %ips1 i4e4 ov]:elm & s9k _! %ips4 a4 ,! "n ,prolepsis is also appli$ to ! introduction ( a n\n or pron\n z object ( ! ma9 clause :]e we %\ld expect x to /& z subject ( a subord9ate clause4 ,?us3-- n/ ,mrcellum quam t>dus sit1 y "k h[ sl[ ,m>cellus is 7lit4 y "k ,m>cellus1 h[ sl[ he is74 ,bo? v>ieties ( ,prolepsis are *iefly conf9$ to poetry4 #f4 ,anacol?on is a lack ( grammatical consi/5cy 9 ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce2 z1-- tum ,anc fli 444 impnsius es indignits crsc]e1 !n ! sons ( ,ancus 444 _! indignation increas$ all ! m4 #g4 ,h/]on ,prt]on consi/s 9 ! inv]sion ( ! natural ord] ( two words or phrases2 z1-- morimur et 9 m$ia arma rumus let u ru% into ! mid/ ( arms & die4 ,b4 ,figures ( ,rhetoric4 #cge4 #a4 ,ltotes 7lit]ally s(t5+7 is ! expression ( an idea by ! d5ial ( its opposite2 z1-- haud p>um labris1 no little toil 7i4e4 mu* toil72 nn ignr1 ,i am n ignorant 7i4e4 ,i am well aw>e74 #b4 ,oxymron is ! comb9ation ( contradictory conceptions2 z1-- sapins nsnia1 wise folly4 #c4 ,allit]ation is ! employm5t ( a succession ( words pres5t+ frequ5t repetition ( ! same lett] 7mo/ly initial72 z1-- snsim s9e sns aets s5scit4 #d4 ,onomatopia is ! suit+ ( s\nd to s5se2 z1-- quadrup$ante putrem sonit quatit ungula campum1 ',& %ake ) horny ho(s ! solid gr\nd4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,illu/rative ,,examples ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,! ,,syntax4#fc #afb4 nonne videtis1 ,se/4 #dg4 num exspectas1 ,phil4 ii1 #hf4 videsne1 ,vat94 #cj4 s5si/9e1 ,cat4 #a1 #h4 a rebus1 de ,s54 #ae4 visne locum1 ,leg4 ii1 #a4 e/isne1 ,liv4 i1 #ch1 #b4 jam ea1 ,t]4 ,phor4 #ebe4 e/ne frat]1 ,t]4 ,ad4 #efi4 #aff4 decorum e/1 ,hor4 ,od4 iii1 #b1 #ac4 opportune accidit ,att4 i1 #ag1 #b4 #afh4 ,numa1 ,eut4 i1 #c4 philosophia1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii1 #af4 #afi4 ass5tatio1 ,lael4 #hi4 ,cor9?i1 ,tac4 ,h4 ii1 #a4 #aga4 audi tu1 ,livy1 i1 #bd4 nate1 mea1 ,a54 i1 #ffd4 #agd4 rumor e/1 ,t]4 ,&4 #ahe4 #age4 galeam1 ,a54 ii1 #cib4 c9ctus1 ,ov4 ,am4 iii1 #i1 #fa nodo s9us1 ,a54 i1 #cbj4 #agf4 idem glori>i1 de ,s54 #cb4 eadem peccat1 ,n4,d4 i1 #ca4 multa egeo1 ,gell4 xiii1 #bd4 multum valet1 ,hor4 ,epp4 i1 #f1 #eb4 nihil peccat1 ,/at4 #afa4 m9itantem vana1 ,sil4 i1 #cjf ac]ba tu5s1 ,lucr4 v1 #cc4 dulce loqu5tem1 ,hor4 ,od4 i1 #bb1 #bd4 multum sunt1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #a1 #h4 s]vitutem1 ,pl4 ,p]s4 #cd a4 vitam1 ,t]4 ,ad4 #hei4 /adium ,(f4 iii1 #aj1 #db4 ,olympia1 de ,s54 #ad4 piscis1 ,s54 ,n4,q4 iii1 #ah1 #b4 orationes1 ,brut4 #hb4 #agg4 hom9es1 ,rosc4 ,am4 #aja4 #agh4 otium1 ,hor4 ,od4 ii1 #af1 #a4 me duas1 ,att4 ii1 #g1 #a4 te litt]as1 ,pis4 #gc4 hoc te1 ,t]4 ,hec4 #gff4 me id1 ,pl4 ,tr4 #if4 non te1 ,fam4 ii1 #af1 #c4 omnes artes1 ,liv4 #be1 #cg4 rogatus1 de ,dom4 #af4 multa1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #aff4 #agi4 milites1 ,b4,c4 i1 #ed4 #ahj4 tremit1 ,lucr4 iii1 #dhi4 nuda1 ,a54 i1 #cbj4 manus1 ,a54 ii1 #eg4 #aha4 hic locus1 ,b4,g4 i1 #di4 #ahb4 ,?alam1 ,sall4 ,jug4 #ge1 #a4 ,?urios 91 ,nep4 ,alc4 #d4 cum ,ac51 ,nep4 ,dat4 #e4 ,italiam v5it1 ,a54 i1 #b4 #ahg4 amicis1 ,sall4 ,c4 #af1 #d4 ,orgetorix1 ,b4,g4 i1 #b4 munitioni1 ,b4,g4 i1 #aj4 #ahh4 mihi ante1 ,v]r4 v1 #abc4 illi1 ,tac4 ,ag4 #i4 int]clud]e1 ,pl4 ,m4,g4 #bbc4 oppidum1 ,b4,c4 iii1 #hj tu mihi1 ,v]r4 #c1 #bac4 quid mihi1 ,hor4 ,epp4 i1 #c1 #ae4 erit ille1 ,ecl4 i1 #g4 quae i/a1 ,p>4 #da4 honorem1 ,v]r4 iv1 #be4 ,caes>1 ,div4 ii1 #gi4 sc9tillam1 ,a54 i1 #agd4 #ahi4 disputatio1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii1 #b4 hone/a1 ,(f4 iii1 #ch4 #aia4 ca/ris1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #af4 legiones1 ,b4,c4 ii1 #bb4 receptui1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #dg4 =tunae1 ,fam4 vi1 #e1 #a4 quibus1 ,flac4 #ai4 hos tibi1 ,nep4 ,paus4 #b4 me g]5do1 ,liv4 i1 #bc4 noxiae1 ,leg4 iii1 #aa4 #aib4 x clamor1 ,a54 v1 #dea4 #aic4 dum ,latio1 ,a54 i1 #f4 #bjc4 magni1 ,nep4 ,cat4 #a1 #b4 tantae molis1 ,a54 i1 #cc4 #bjd4 viri1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii1 #dc4 memoria1 ,or4 #ed4 #bjf4 ,epicuri1 ,f4 v1 #c4 praet]itorum1 ,div4 i1 #fc4 nom9a1 ,pl4 ,po54 #ajfb4 rem9isc]e1 ,b4,g4 i1 #ac4 rem9isc5s1 ,nep4 ,alc4 #f4 mihi patriae1 ,sull4 #ai4 #bjg4 te vet]is1 ad ,h]4 iv1 #bd1 #cc4 me admones1 ad ,att4 v1 #a1 #c4 #bjh4 pecuniae1 ,flacc4 #dc4 #bji4 mis]em9i1 ,v]r4 #a1 #gb4 #bab4 des9e1 ,hor4 ,od4 ii1 #i1 #ag4 op]um1 ,hor4 ,od4 iii1 #ag1 #af4 #bad4 p4 #adb1 curis1 ,m>c4 #cd4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 #e1 #ea4 c>et1 ,hor4 ,sat4 i1 #c1 #ff4 urbem1 ,nep4 ,?ras4 #a4 ab/9]e1 ,pl94 ,epp4 i1 #ab1 #i4 ho/es1 ,b4,g4 i1 #a1 #d4 pra$ones1 ,v]r4 iv1 #add4 diss5tio1 ,planc4 #i4 sec]nantur1 ,cat4 i1 #cb4 #bae4 ab ,ulixe1 ,liv4 i1 #di1 #i4 #baf4 a =tuna1 ,b4,g4 v1 #cd1 #b4 a multitud9e1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #b1 #a4 #bag4 melle dulcior1 de ,s54 #ca4 patria1 ,cat4 i1 #bg4 amplius1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #ae1 #a4 op9ione1 ,b4,g4 ii1 #c1 #a4 #bah4 mun]e1 ,a54 vi1 #hhe4 c>ne1 ,sall4 ,jug4 #hi4 ca/ris1 ,b4,g4 ii1 #bf1 #d4 opus e/ prop]ato1 ,mil4 #di4 nititur1 ,a54 vi1 #gfj n]vis1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #ei mortali1 ,lucr4 v1 #fe4 quid hoc1 ,se/4 #bi4 quid mea1 ,fam4 xiv1 #d1 #c4 fossas1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #ah4 v9um1 ,juv4 vii1 #aba4 militibus1 ,b4,g4 i1 #h1 #a4 #bai4 victoria1 ,b4,g4 i1 #ad1 #d4 natura loci1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #i1 #c4 #bba4 nulla e/1 ,brut4 #afd4 ex/+uitur1 ,tac4 ,a4 ii1 #gb4 longo1 ,a54 v1 #cbj4 #bbb;,a4 cum febri1 de4 ,or4 iii1 #f4 improbitas1 de ,or4 ii1 #bcg4 a] calore1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #bg4 assuetus1 de ,or4 iii1 #eh4 #bbd4 puella1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #ac4 vir s+ul>i1 ,pl4 ,vid4 #da4 sunt specie1 ,b4,g4 vi1 #bh1 #a4 scopulis1 ,a54 i1 #aff4 #bbf4 ,helvetii1 ,b4,g4 i1 #b1 #b4 me dignor1 ,a54 i1 #cce4 #bbg4 ,cn4 ,pompeio1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #a4 omnes virtutes1 ,f94 ii1 #aag4 p]ditis1 ,fam4 vi1 #a1 #d4 nullo adv]sante1 ,tac4 ,a4 i1 #b4 passis palmis1 ,b4,c4 iii1 #ih4 audito eum1 ,liv4 xxviii1 #g4 #bbh4 /ant litore1 ,a54 vi1 #ija4 #bbi4 a ,g]govia1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #ei1 #a4 #bca4 /ella1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #eb4 bi5nio1 ,tac4 ,agr4 #ad4 #bcd4 prima et1 ,tac4 ,a4 i1 #cg4 omnium r]um1 ,fam4 vi1 #ba1 #a4 #bce4 eadem alacritas1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #bd1 #d4 res op]ae1 ,b4,g4 v1 #aa1 #e4 /ultitia1 ,f4 iii1 #ci4 domus1 uxor1 ,t]4 ,&4 #hia4 p>s1 ,sall4 ,jug4 #ad1 #ae4 #bdj4 s5ectus1 de ,s54 #ee4 ex]citus1 ,livy1 xxxix1 #a4 #bdb4 virtus1 ,lael4 #ajj4 #bdd4 me oravit1 ,phil4 ii1 #de4 me orav]unt1 ,div4 ,caec4 #b4 suum g5ium1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #i4 ,hannibalem1 ,se/4 #adb4 suus quemque1 ,rosc4 ,am4 #fg4 #bde4 ,belgae1 ,b4,g4 ii1 #a1 #a4 ,galli1 ,b4,g4 vi1 #h1 #a4 #bdf4 ,!mi/ocles1 ,nep4 ,!m4 #i4 illud intellego1 ,sall4 ,jug4 #he1 #e4 hic e/1 ,pl4 ,tr4 #fig4 #bdg4 ,maximum1 de ,s54 #aj4 non is sum1 ,b4,g4 v1 #cj1 #b4 non suspicabatur1 ,v]r4 i1 #cf4 v9cula1 ,cat4 iv1 #g4 #bdh4 quod idem1 ,ac4 ii1 #eb4 bonus vir1 ,lael4 #fe4 #bdi4 ipso t]rore1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #cc1 #a4 valvae se1 ,div4 i1 #gd4 ,p]sae1 ,nep4 ,alc4 #e4 ea mole/issime1 ,q4 ,fr4 i1 #a1 #b4 #bej4 c>c] quae1 ,v]r4 v1 #adc4 ,belgae1 ,b4,g4 ii1 #a1 #a4 no/ra qui1 ,cat4 i1 #g4 s]vili1 ,b4,g4 i1 #dj4 erant1 ,b4,g4 i1 #f4 quam quisque1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #da4 non longe1 ,b4,g4 i1 #aj1 #a4 ,!mi/ocles1 ,nep4 ,!m4 #d4 #c4 numquam digne1 de ,s54 #b4 #beb4 cognatio1 ,ar*4 #b4 mors e/1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #bg4 ju/itia1 ,f4 i1 #ej4 si quisquam1 ,lael4 #i4 pote/ne1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iv1 #ed4 si ullo1 ,att4 xii1 #bc1 #a4 taetrior1 ,v]r4 iv1 #abc4 quod cuique1 ,(f4 i1 #ba4 qu9to quoque1 ,v]r4 ii1 #aci4 nemo ,romanus1 ,liv4 viii1 #cj1 #c4 #bec4 alt] ex]citum1 ,planc4 #hf4 alt]i se1 ,b4,g4 i1 #bf1 #a4 causidicus1 de ,or4 i1 #bjb4 #bed4 ,t>qu9ii1 ,liv4 i1 #cd1 #g4 non omnis1 ,div4 ii1 #ij4 ,corioli1 ,liv4 ii1 #cc1 #h4 duo milia1 ,curt4 iii1 #b1 #e4 #bee4 tem]itas1 ,f4 iii1 #gb4 si tu1 ,fam4 xiv1 #e1 #a4 #bef4 velatus1 ,ov4 ,met4 v1 #aaj4 tunica1 ,a54 viii1 #deg4 #bei4 virtus1 ,lael4 #ajj4 dum vitant1 ,hor4 ,sat4 i1 #b1 #bd4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #ij1 #b4 jam pridem1 ,att4 ii1 #e1 #a4 #bfj4 ,duilium1 de ,s54 #dd4 ho/es1 ,b4,g4 v4 #i1 #f4 domicilium1 ,ar*4 #g4 #bfb4 ,regulus1 ,(f4 iii1 #ajj4 #bfc4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #ag1 #a4 #bfe4 nihil habebam1 ,att4 ix1 #aj1 #a4 #bfh4 videor1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #gb4 ,gallos1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #d1 #d4 hone/um1 ,f4 ii1 #di4 si solos1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #i4 rex tantum1 ,nep4 ,con4 #d4 ,v]res1 ,v]r4 ,act4 ,pr4 #ab4 ardebat1 ,brut4 #cjb4 #bfi4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #bd1 #a4 #bgj4 hoc jam1 ,cat4 i1 #e4 dico me1 ,sull4 #bg4 #bge4 qu>e1 ,cat4 #a1 #cb4 i/o bono1 de ,s54 #cc4 #bgf4 ne repugnetis1 ,clu5t4 #f tu v]o1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #aab4 impii ne1 ,leg4 ii1 #da4 cave ignoscas1 ,lig4 #ad4 #bgg4 quid faciam1 ,pl4 ,curc4 #ehi4 ego r$eam1 ,t]4 ,eun4 #di4 huic c$amus6 ,phil4 xiii1 #af4 quid fac]em1 ,t]4 ,eun4 #hca4 hunc ego1 ,ar*4 #ah4 #bgh4 ne s9t1 de ,s54 #cd4 fu]it1 ,v]r4 i1 #cg4 #bgi4 di i/aec1 ,t]4 ,h4,t4 #ajch4 falsus ut9am1 ,liv4 xxi1 #aj1 #aj4 #bhj4 dicat aliquis1 ,t]4 ,&4 #fdj4 =tunam1 ,pub4 ,syr4 #aic4 velim mihi1 ,fam4 xiii1 #ge1 #a4 nolim putes1 ,fam4 ix1 #ae1 #d4 dies deficat1 ,n4,d4 iii1 #ha4 #bha4 egr$]e1 ,cat4 i1 #bj4 rem vobis1 ,v]r4 iv1 #a4 si b5e1 de ,s54 #c4 consules1 ,leg4 iii1 #h4 hom9em1 ,twelve ,tables4 amicitia1 ,liv4 #ch1 #ch1 #a4 qu9 equos1 ,liv4 i1 #eg1 #g4 #bhb4 adjuta1 ,t]4 ,eun4 #aej4 portas1 ,b4,g4 ii1 #cc haec1 ,&4 #dgb4 ut ne1 ,(f4 i1 #ajc4 ut non1 ,cat4 i1 #bc4 ut e>um1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #ag1 #aj4 ,helvetii1 ,b4,g4 i1 #g1 #c4 haec habui1 de ,s54 #he4 non habebant1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #ch1 #b4 idoneus1 ,v]r4 iii1 #da4 dignus1 ,leg4 iii1 #e4 #bhc4 multa1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #hj4 sunt qui1 ,inv4 ii1 #add4 nemo1 ,fam4 i1 #d1 #b4 sapi5tia1 ,f94 i1 #dc4 quae1 ,lael4 #bc4 non is sum1 ,b4,g4 v1 #cj1 #b4 non longius1 ,b4,g4 ii1 #ba1 #c4 o =tunate1 ,ar*4 #bd4 ut qui1 ,phil4 xi1 #cj4 egomet1 de ,or4 i1 #hb4 nemo e/1 ,v]r4 iv1 #aae4 nemo fuit1 ,b4,c4 iii1 #ec1 #c4 quem audi]im1 ,nep4 ,ar4 #a1 #b4 #bhd4 quis tam1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iii1 #ga4 ,siciliam1 ,v]r4 ,act4 ,pr4 #ab4 mons1 ,b4,g4 i1 #f1 #a4 non is1 ,cat4 i1 #bb4 nemo e/1 de ,s54 #bd4 habetis1 ,cat4 iv1 #bd4 nihil1 ,t]4 ,h4,t4 #fge4 nemo e/1 ,b4,g4 vi1 #ci1 #c4 #bhf4 ,!mi/ocles1 ,nep4 ,!m4 #h1 #c4 neque1 de ,s54 #hd4 quoniam1 ,nep4 ,milt4 #g1 #e4 noctu1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iv1 #dd4 ,bellovaci1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #ge4 id feci1 ,caec4 #aja4 ,crasso1 ,fam4 xiii1 #af1 #c4 hoc ita1 ,leg4 iii1 #ca4 ,ha$uos1 ,b4,g4 i1 #af1 #f4 id omitto1 ,sall4 ,jug4 #aaj1 #g4 #bhg4 ,epam9ondas1 ,nep4 ,ep4 #i1 #d4 id ut1 ,nep4 ,!m4 #h1 #c4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #i1 #b4 ubi de1 ,b4,g4 i1 #g1 #c4 ut quisque1 ,v]r4 v1 #adc4 ho/es1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #bf1 #b4 id ubi1 ,liv4 i1 #cb1 #ac4 po/quam occupatae1 ,liv4 xxiv1 #ce1 #d4 po/quam ,romam1 ,sall4 ,jug4 #bh1 #b4 po/quam /ructi1 ,liv4 i1 #bc1 #f4 po/eaquam1 ,leg4 ii1 #fd4 #bhh4 an tum1 ,pis4 #bf4 cr$o tum1 ,v]r4 iv1 #df4 eo tempore1 ,lig4 #bj4 illo die1 ,mil4 #ch4 ,lys&]1 ,div4 i1 #if4 ,py?agoras1 ,n4,d4 iii1 #hh4 jam ,galli1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #bf1 #c4 ,trev]i1 ,b4,g4 vi1 #g1 #a4 cum ad1 ,v]r4 v1 #bg4 cum equitatus1 ,b4,g4 v1 #ai1 #b4 saepe cum1 ,nep4 ,cim4 #d1 #b4 cum procucurriss5t1 ,b4,c4 ii1 #da1 #f4 #bhi4 tum tua1 ,hor4 ,epp4 i1 #ah1 #hd4 cum videbis1 ,pl4 ,bac*4 #ade4 /abilitas1 ,lael4 #hb4 #bij4 cum tac5t1 ,cat4 i1 #ba4 cum te1 ,att4 xiv1 #ag ,a1 #d4 #bia4 prius1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #def4 nihil contra1 ,flacc4 #ea4 non prius1 ,sall4 ,c4 #ea4 #bia4 priusquam1 ,liv4 i1 #bd1 #c4 tempe/as1 ,s54 ,ep4 #ajc1 #b4 priusquam telum1 ,b4,c4 ii1 #cd1 #f4 animum1 ,pl4 ,amph4 #bdj4 sol antequam1 ,phil4 xiv1 #bg4 #bic4 ,alex&]1 ,qu9t4 ,curt4 iv1 #f1 #ag4 dum haec1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #ag1 #a4 dum anima1 ,att4 ix1 #aj1 #c4 ,lac$aemoniorum1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #aja4 ,cato1 ,nep4 ,cat4 #b1 #d4 donec1 ,liv4 xxiii1 #ca1 #i4 f]rum1 ,nep4 ,ep4 #i1 #c4 trepidationis1 ,liv4 xxi1 #bh1 #aa4 exspectavit1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #bc1 #d4 dum litt]ae1 ,fam4 xi1 #bc1 #b4 #bie4 po/ulo1 ,t]4 ,&4 #eej4 orat1 ,t]4 ,ad4 #hhb4 milites1 ,b4,g4 ii1 #ba1 #b4 ,helvetiis1 ,b4,g4 i1 #b1 #a4 huic1 ,rosc4 ,am4 #ed4 consuli1 ,liv4 xxxv1 #bj1 #d4 ne lu/rum1 ,liv4 xxiv1 #dc1 #d4 prohibuit1 ,liv4 xxv1 #ce1 #f4 nec qu91 ,liv4 xxvi1 #dj1 #d4 con/itu]am1 ,att4 xvi1 #aj1 #a4 decrevit1 ,cat4 i1 #d4 conv5it1 ,liv4 x1 #bg1 #b4 fac ut1 ,pl4 ,rud4 #abah4 cura ut1 ,cat4 iii1 #ab4 laborabat1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #ca1 #a4 sequitur1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #ha4 eos moneo1 ,cat4 ii1 #bj4 huic imp]at1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #ba1 #h4 #bif4 opto1 ,v]r4 ,act4 ,pr4 #ej4 v]eor ne1 ,att4 vii1 #ab1 #b4 #big4 ex quo1 ,f4 ii1 #bd4 ita fit1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii1 #af4 e/ mos1 ,brut4 #hd4 #bih4 quis1 ,p>4 #dh4 #bii4 illud1 ,(f4 iii1 #aaa4 hoc uno1 de ,or4 i1 #cb4 b5e mihi1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #ig4 quod1 ,b4,g4 i1 #dd1 #f4 quod me1 ,nep4 ,ep4 #e1 #f4 #cjj4 oculis1 ,b4,g4 i1 #ab1 #a4 bis b9a1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #di4 effug]e1 ,n4,d4 iii1 #ad4 saepe autem1 ,n4,d4 iii1 #ad4 ,epam9ondas1 ,f4 ii1 #ig4 ex ,socrate1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 v1 #cd4 nescio1 ,pl4 ,amph4 #ajef4 conantur1 ,b4,g4 i1 #h1 #d4 p]git1 ,liv4 i1 #g1 #f1 qua]itur1 ,n4,d4 i1 #fa4 haud scio1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii1 #da4 #cjb4 naturam1 ,(f4 i1 #ajj4 memoria1 de ,s54 #ba4 si quis1 ,b4,g4 i1 #dh1 #f4 si dic5do1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ai4 #cjc4 m5ti>1 ,lael4 #aj4 haec si1 ,cat4 i1 #ai4 #cjd4 sapi5tia1 ,f4 i1 #db4 consilium1 de ,s54 #ai4 ,laelius1 ,ar*4 #af4 num igitur1 de ,s54 #ai4 nisi felicitas1 ,tac4 ,agr4 #ca4 eum patris1 ,phil4 ii1 #ii4 si ,se/ius1 ,se/4 #ha4 si unum1 ,liv4 ii1 #ch1 #e4 #cje4 non pote/is1 ,f4 ii1 #ga4 cras1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #ggj4 haec reput5t1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #ea4 roges1 ,f4 iv1 #fi4 #cjf4 f]reus1 ,fam4 xv1 #ba1 #c4 dolorem1 ,phil4 #ab1 #ba4 si fec]is1 ,fam4 v1 #ai1 #b4 hoc si1 ,fam4 vii1 #a1 #f4 hunc mihi1 ,cat4 i1 #ah4 nihil1 ,cat4 ii1 #aj4 nisi1 ,mil4 #ai4 #cjg4 s$ quid1 ,div4 ,caec4 #ad4 s]viam1 ,pl4 ,m54 #aaja4 #cjh4 sit fur1 ,v]r4 v1 #d4 haec s9t1 ,ac4 ii1 #aje4 ne sit1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii1 #ad4 #cji4 hom9es1 ,phil4 ii1 #ci4 non e/1 ,rep4 i1 #aj4 quamquam1 ,(f4 i1 #ef4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #ca1 #a4 ,atticus1 ,nep4 ,att4 #f1 #b4 licet1 ,rosc4 ,am4 #ca4 quamquam quid1 ,cat4 i1 #bb4 quamquam1 ,liv4 xxxvi1 #cd1 #f4 quamvis1 multi1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #b4 quamvis infe/o1 ,liv4 ii1 #dj1 #g4 #caj4 multi1 ,(f4 iii1 #hb4 omnia po/posui1 ,fam4 xvi1 #ba1 #f4 nil ob/at1 ,hor4 ,sat4 i1 #a1 #dj4 od]9t1 ,acc4 #bjd4 man5t1 de ,s54 #bb4 nubant1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dia4 #cab4 quidquid1 ,a54 ii1 #di4 quidquid oritur1 ,div4 ii1 #fj4 #cad4 ,regulus1 ,(f4 iii1 #ajj4 tum ,romulus1 ,liv4 i1 #i1 #b4 nuntiatum1 ,b4,g4 i1 #ch1 #a4 dixit1 ,nep4 ,!m4 #g1 #e4 #cae4 ,ariovi/us1 ,b4,g4 i1 #dd1 #g4 #caf4 milites1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #e1 #c4 #cah4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 i1 #ad1 #f4 #cbb4 concursu1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #ci4 #cbc4 demon/rabantur1 de ,s54 #gh4 ,paetus1 ,att4 ii1 #a1 #ab4 #cbd4 nemo1 ,p>4 #eb4 cum div]sas1 ,tac4 ,dial4 #a1 #d4 mos e/1 ,orat4 #aea4 quod ego1 ,pl4 ,capt4 #ifa4 #cbg4 dulce1 ,hor4 ,od4 iii1 #b1 #ac4 virorum1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii1 #dc4 aliud e/1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iv1 #bg4 impune1 ,sall4 ,jug4 #ca1 #bf4 licuit1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #cc4 #cbh4 ,demo/h5es1 ,f4 v1 #e4 beatus1 ,n4,d4 i1 #dh4 ,cato1 ,sall4 ,cat4 #ed1 #e4 #ccj4 ap]tum e/1 ,f4 v1 #cd4 #cca4 ,epicurei1 ,lael4 #ac4 ,?ales1 ,n4,d4 i1 #be4 ,democritus1 ,n4,d4 i1 #bj4 nullo se1 ,lig4 #c4 nec mihi1 de ,s54 #he4 eas res1 ,b4,g4 i1 #ah4 te tua1 ,brut4 #cca4 cupio1 ,cat4 i1 #d4 ,timoleon1 ,nep4 ,tim4 #c1 #d4 gaudeo1 ,pl4 ,bac*4 #def4 non mole/e1 de ,s54 #g4 #ccb4 ,se/ius1 ,se/4 #ie4 traditum1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 v1 #aad4 #ccc4 audax1 ,hor4 ,od4 i1 #c1 #be4 #ccd4 hunc9e1 ,hor4 ,sat4 i1 #i1 #gb4 #cce4 int]im1 ,b4,g4 i1 #af1 #a4 #ccf4 assurg5tem1 ,liv4 iv1 #ai4 #ccg4 gloria1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iii1 #c4 ,conon1 ,nep4 ,con4 #d1 #e4 omne1 ,phil4 v1 #ca4 m5te1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 v1 #ajj4 ,solon1 de ,s54 #bf4 sol1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #ajb4 m5daci1 ,div4 ii1 #adf4 p]fidiam1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #e1 #e4 eis ,catonem1 de ,s54 #c4 ,hom]us1 de ,s54 #ed4 urbem1 ,liv4 xxii1 #bj4 equitatum1 ,b4,g4 i1 #ae1 #a4 oblivisc5dum1 ,tac4 ,hi/4 ii1 #a4 numquam1 ,v]r4 i1 #ch4 suo cuique1 ,n4,d4 iii1 #a4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 i1 #ac1 #a4 #cch4 scrib5do1 ,fam4 xv1 #f1 #b4 m5s1 ,(f4 i1 #aje4 ,!mi/ocles1 ,nep4 ,!m4 #b1 #c4 multa1 ,f4 i1 #e4 #cci4 ad pacem1 ,liv4 xxi1 #ac4 ho/es1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #f1 #b4 legati1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #ac1 #e4 quae ille1 ,sall4 ,fr4 i1 #gg1 #aa4 #cdj4 legati1 ,b4,g4 i1 #cj1 #a4 d 7colloco71 ,pl4 ,tr4 #gce4 hoc e/1 ,att4 vii1 #bb1 #b4 #cda4 cum hom9es1 ,cat4 i1 #ca4 discidia1 ,f4 i1 #dd4 horae1 de ,s54 #fi4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 ii1 #ce1 #c4 #cdb4 cita1 ,hor4 ,sat4 i1 #a1 #h4 qui ae!r1 ,n4,d4 ii1 #da4 #cdc4 ads5tatio1 ,lael4 #hi4 #cdf4 ,cn4 ,pompeio1 ,b4,g4 iv1 #a1 #a4 #cdh4 ,d>ius1 ,nep4 ,milt4 #d1 #a4 #cdi4 magnus1 ,nep4 ,!m4 #f1 #a4 #cej4 erant duo1 ,b4,g4 i1 #f1 #a4 nisi =te1 de ,s54 #ah4 id ut1 ,nep4 ,!m4 #h1 #c4 eo cum1 ,b4,g4 vii1 #g1 #d4 ut ad1 ,lael4 #e4 septimus1 de ,s54 #ch4 recepto1 ,b4,c4 iii1 #ab1 #a4 s$ pl5i1 ,ar*4 #ad4 horribilem1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i1 #aah4 simulatam1 ,tac4 ,a4 i1 #aj4 #cea4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 i1 #be1 #a4 ,ha$ui1 ,b4,g4 i1 #aa1 #b4 ,caes> cum1 ,b4,g4 i1 #g1 #a4 accidit1 ,nep4 ,alc4 #c1 #b4 si quid1 ,ar*4 #a4 ,caes>1 ,b4,g4 v1 #d1 #a4 #cef4 ho/ium1 ,b4,g4 iii1 #bi1 #c4 m5s quoque1 de ,s54 #cf4 tanto1 ,sull4 #ei4 #ceh4 pro multitud9e1 ,b4,g4 i1 #b1 #e4 #cgd4 ut ag]1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ii1 #ac4 m9is1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 v1 #hg4 dissimilis1 ,nep4 ,*ab4 #c1 #d4 febris1 ,cat4 i1 #ca4 subm]sas1 ,a54 i1 #fi4 no/i1 ,fam4 viii1 #aj1 #c4 tum ,anci1 ,liv4 i1 #dj1 #b4 moriamur1 ,a54 ii1 #cec4 #cge4 quadrup$ante1 ,a54 viii1 #ejf4 ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,,9 ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,illu/rative ,,examples ,ac41 ,cic]o1 ,academica4 ,acc41 ,accius4 ad ,h]41 ad ,h]5nium4 ,a541 ,virgil1 ,a5eid4 ,ar*41 ,cic]o1 pro ,ar*ia4 ,att41 ,cic]o1 ,epi/ulae ad ,atticus4 ,b4,c41 ,caes>1 de ,bello ,civili4 ,b4,g41 ,caes>1 de ,bello ,gallico4 ,brut41 ,cic]o1 ,brutus4 ,caec41 ,cic]o1 pro ,caec9a4 ,cat41 ,cic]o1 9 ,catil9am4 ,clu5t41 ,cic]o1 pro ,clu5tio4 ,curt41 ,qu9tus ,curtius de ,dom41 ,cic]o1 de ,domo ,sua4 de ,or41 ,cic]o1 de ,oratore4 de ,s541 ,cic]o1 de ,s5ectute4 ,d41 ,cic]o1 de ,div9atione4 ,div4 ,caec41 ,cic]o1 ,div9atio 9 ,caecilium4 ,ecl41 ,virgil1 ,eclogues4 ,eut41 ,eutropius4 ,f41 ,cic]o1 de ,f9ibus4 ,fam41 ,cic]o1 ,epi/ulae ad ,famili>es4 ,flac41 ,cic]o1 pro ,flacco4 ,gell1 ,aulus ,gellius4 ,hor41 ,horace4 ---- ,epp41 ,epi/les4 ---- ,od41 ,odes4 ---- ,sat41 ,satires4 ,inv41 ,cic]o1 de ,inv5tione4 ,juv41 ,juv5al4 ,lael41 ,cic]o1 ,laelius1 de ,amicitia4 ,leg41 ,cic]o1 de ,legibus4 ,lig41 ,cic]o1 pro ,lig>io4 ,liv41 ,livy4 ,lucr41 ,lucretius4 ,m>c41 ,cic]o1 pro ,m>cello4 ,mil41 ,cic]o1 pro ,milone4 ,n4,d41 ,cic]o1 de ,natura ,deorum4 ,nep41 ,nepos4 ---- ,alc41 ,alcibiades4 ---- ,ar41 ,ari/ides4 ---- ,att41 ,atticus4 ---- ,cat41 ,cato4 ---- ,*ab4 ,*abrias4 ---- ,cim41 ,cimon4 ---- ,con41 ,conon4 ---- ,dat41 ,datames4 ---- ,ep41 ,epam9ondas4 ---- ,milt41 ,miltiades4 ---- ,paus41 ,pausanias4 ---- ,!m41 ,!mi/ocles4 ---- ,?ras41 ,?rasybulus4 ---- ,tim41 ,timoleon4 ,(f41 ,cic]o1 de ,(ficiis4 ,or41 ,cic]o1 ,orator4 ,ov41 ,ovid4 ---- ,am41 ,amores1 ---- ,met41 ,metamorphoses4 ,p>41 ,cic]o1 ,p>adoxa4 ,phil41 ,cic]o1 ,philippics4 ,pis41 ,cic]o1 9 ,pisonem4 ,planc41 ,cic]o1 pro ,plancio4 ,pl41 ,plautus4 ---- ,amph41 ,amphitruo4 ---- ,aul41 ,aulul>ia4 ---- ,bac*41 ,bac*ides4 ---- ,capt41 ,captivi4 ---- ,curc41 ,curculio4 ---- ,m541 ,m5ae*mi4 ---- ,m]c41 ,m]cator4 ---- ,m4,g41 ,miles ,gloriosus4 ---- ,p]s41 ,p]sa4 ---- ,po541 ,po5ulus4 ---- ,rud41 ,rud5s4 ---- ,tr41 ,tr9ummus4 ---- ,vid41 ,vidul>ia4 ,pl94 ,epp41 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,lett]s4 ,pub4 ,syr41 ,publilius ,syrus4 ,q4,f41 ,cic]o1 ad ,qu9tum ,fratrem4 ,rosc4 ,am41 ,cic]o1 pro ,roscio ,am]9o4 ,sall41 ,sallu/4 ---- ,c41 ,catil9e4 ---- ,fr41 ,fragm5ts4 ---- ,jug41 ,jugur?a4 ,s541 ,s5eca4 ---- ,ep41 ,epi/les4 ---- ,n4,q41 ,naturales ,quae/iones4 ,se/41 ,cic]o1 pro ,se/io4 ,sex4 ,rosc41 ,cic]o1 pro ,sexto ,roscio4 ,sil41 ,silius ,italicus4 ,/at41 ,caecilius ,/atius4 ,sull41 ,cic]o1 pro ,sulla4 ,tac41 ,tacitus4 ---- ,a41 ,annals4 ---- ,agr41 ,agricola4 ---- ,dial41 ,dialogus de ,oratoribus4 ---- ,g]41 ,g]mania4 ---- ,h41 ,hi/ories4 ,t]41 ,t]5ce4 ---- ,ad41 ,adelphoi4 ---- ,&41 ,&ria4 ---- ,eun41 ,eunu*us4 ---- ,hec41 ,hecyra4 ---- ,h4,t41 ,hautontimor\m5os4 ---- ,phor41 ,phormio4 ,tusc4 ,disp41 ,cic]o1 ,tusculan ,disputations4 ,twelve ,tables1 ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,vat941 ,cic]o1 9 ,vat9ium4 ,v]r41 ,cic]o1 9 ,v]rem4 ,v]r4 ,act4 ,pr41 ,cic]o1 ,actio ,prima 9 ,c4 ,v]rem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,v]bs ,,note4--,comp\nds are n giv5 unless !y pres5t "s special irregul>ity4 ,! ref]5ces are to sections4 ,a4 abd1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 abici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 abnu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 abole1 #aba1 ,i4 ab/]ge1 #aba1 ,,iii absum1 #abe4 acc5d1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 accidit1 #ach1 ,,iii4 acci1 #aba1 ,i1 ,n4 accipi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 acqur1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 acu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 add1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 adha]sc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #b4 adipscor1 #abb1 ,v4 adolsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 adsum1 #abe4 adv5i1 #abc1 ,,iv4 aff]1 #abi4 affici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 afflg1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 agnsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 ag1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 alge1 #aba1 ,,iii4 al1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 amici1 #abc1 ,,iii4 am1 #abj1 ,i4 amplector1 #abb1 ,v4 ang1 #abb1 ,i1 #g4 ap]i1 #abc1 ,,ii4 appet1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 arce1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 arcess1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 rde1 #aba1 ,,iii4 rsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #b4 argu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 asc5d1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 aspici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 ass5tior1 #abc1 ,,vii4 assufaci1 #abb1 ,,iii4 assuf1 #abb1 ,,iii4 audi1 #abc1 ,i4 auf]1 #abi4 auge1 #aba1 ,,iii4 ave1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #b4 ,c4 cad1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 ca$1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 calefaci1 #abb1 ,,iii4 calefi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 cale1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 calsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #b4 c1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 capess1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 capi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 c>e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 c>p1 #aba1 ,i1 #a1 a4 cave1 #aba1 ,v4 cd1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 cnse1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 c]n1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 cie1 #aba1 ,i4 c+1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 circumsi/1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 claud1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 claud1 #abb1 ,i1 #g4 com1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 coep1 #acc4 corce1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 cognsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 cg1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 collig1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 col1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 comm9scor1 #abb1 ,v4 comp]i1 #abc1 ,v4 comple1 #aba1 ,i4 concuti1 #abb1 ,,iii4 cond1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 cnf]1 #abi4 cnfiteor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 congru1 #abb1 ,,ii4 cns5sc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #b4 cns]1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 cns]1 #abb1 ,i1 #f 7plant74 cnsid1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 cnsi/1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 cnspici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 cn/at1 #ach1 ,,iii4 cn/itu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 cnsusc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 cnsul1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 cont9e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 cont+it1 #ach1 ,,iii4 coqu1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 crep1 #abj1 ,,ii4 crsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 cub1 #abj1 ,,ii4 cupi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 curr1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 ,d4 dbe1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 dc]n1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 decet1 #ach1 ,,ii4 ddecet1 #ach1 ,,ii4 dd1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 df5d1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 dlo1 #aba1 ,i dlig1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 dm1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 dsr1 #abb1 ,i1 #e ds91 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 dsum1 #abe4 dc1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 diff]1 #abi4 dlig1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 dmic1 #abj1 ,,ii4 dirim1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 dripi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 dru1 #abb1 ,,ii4 disc]n1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 disc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 diss]1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 di/+u1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a41 footnote #dd4 dvid1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 d1 #abg4 doce1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 dole1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 dom1 #abj1 ,,ii4 dc1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 ,e4 d1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 ed1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 eff]1 #abi4 effugi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 ege1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 lici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 m9e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 em1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 e1 #acb4 suri1 #abc1 ,,vi4 vd1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b41 footnote #de4 vnsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #c4 excol1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 excd1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 ex]ce1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 exp]ior1 #abc1 ,,vii4 exple1 #aba1 ,i1 ,n4 explic1 #abj1 ,,ii4 ex/+u1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a41 footnote #dd4 extimsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #b4 ,f4 faci1 #abb1 ,,iii4 fall1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 fateor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 fave1 #aba1 ,v4 f]i1 #abc1 ,,vi4 f]1 #abi4 f]ve1 #aba1 ,,vi fg1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 f9d1#abb1 ,i1 #b1 ,n4 f+1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 fi1 #aca4 flect1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 fle1 #aba1 ,i4 flre1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 flrsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #b4 flu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 fodi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 fove1 #aba1 ,v4 frang1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 frem1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 fric1 #abj1 ,,ii4 frge1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #b4 fruor1 #abb1 ,v4 fugi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 fulci1 #abc1 ,,iii4 fulge1 #aba1 ,,iii4 fulget1 #ach1 ,i4 fund1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 fungor1 #abb1 ,v4 fur1 #abb1 ,i1 #g4 ,g4 gem1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 g]1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 gign1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 gradior1 #abb1 ,v4 ,h4 habe1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 ha]e1 #aba1 ,,iii4 hauri1 #abc1 ,,iii4 horre1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 ,i4 ignsc1 #aba1 ,,iv1 #b4 illici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 imbu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 imm9e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #b4 imple1 #aba1 ,i1 ,n4 implic1 #abj1 ,,ii4 incipi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 incol1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 incumb1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 indulge1 #aba1 ,,iii4 indu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 nf]1 #abi4 +emsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #b4 nsum1 #abe4 intelleg1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 int]fici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 int]sum1 #abe4 invd1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b41 footnote #de4 inv5i1 #abc1 ,,iv4 rscor1 #abb1 ,v4 ,j4 jace1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 jaci1 #abb1 ,,iii4 jube1 #aba1 ,,iii4 jung1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 juv1 #abj1 ,,iii4 ,l4 lbor1 #abb1 ,v4 lacess1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 la$1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 lamb1 #abb1 ,i1 #g4 l>gior1 #abc1 ,,vii4 late1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 lav1 #abj1 ,,iii4 leg1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 libet1 #ach1 ,,ii4 liceor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 licet1 #ach1 ,,ii4 loquor1 #abb1 ,v4 lceo1 #aba1 ,,iii4 ld1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 lge1 #aba1 ,,iii4 lu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 ,m4 ma]e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #b4 ml1 #acj4 mane1 #aba1 ,,iii4 mtrsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #c4 m$eor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 mem91 #acc4 m]e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 m]eor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 m]g1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 mtior1 #abc1 ,,vii4 metu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 mic1 #abj1 ,,ii4 m9u1 #abb1 ,,ii4 misce1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 mis]et1 #ach1 ,,ii4 mis]eor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 mitt1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 mol1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 mone1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 morde1 #aba1 ,,iv4 morior1 #abb1 ,v4 move1 #aba1 ,v4 ,n4 nancscor1 #abb1 ,v4 nscor1 #abb1 ,v4 nect1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 negleg1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 n+it1 #ach1 4 nite1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 ntor1 #abb1 ,v4 noce1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 nl1 #acj4 nsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 nb1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 ,o4 obdrsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #c4 obl91 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 oblvscor1 #abb1 ,v4 obmtsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #c4 obru1 #abb1 ,,ii4 obsolsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 obsum1 #abe4 obt9e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 d1 #acc4 (f]1 #abi4 ole1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 op]i1 #abc1 ,,ii4 oportet1 #ach1 ,,ii4 opp]ior1 #abc1 ,,vii4 rdior1 #abc1 ,,vii4 orior1 #abc1 ,,vii4 ,p4 pa5itet1 #ach1 ,,ii4 palle1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 p&1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 p>c1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 pre1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 p>i1 #abb1 ,,iii4 psc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 pscor1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 patefaci1 #abb1 ,,iii4 patef1 #abb1 ,,iii4 pate1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 patior1 #abb1 ,v4 pave1 #aba1 ,v4 pellici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 pell1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 p5de1 #aba1 ,,iv4 p5d1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 p]ag1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 p]cell1 #abb1 ,i1 #b1 ,n4 p]crbrsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #c4 p]d1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 p]fici1 #abb1 ,,iii4 p]fr+1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 p]fruor1 #abb1 ,v4 p]leg1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 p]mulce1 #aba1 ,,iii4 p]petior1 #abb1 ,v4 p]vd1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b41 footnote #de4 pet1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 piget1 #ach1 ,,ii4 p+1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 place1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 plaud1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 pluit1 #ach1 ,i4 polle1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #b4 polliceor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 pollu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 pn1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 posc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 possd1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 possum1 #abf4 pt1 #abj1 ,i4 praebe1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 prae/at1 #ach1 ,,iii4 praesum1 #abe4 pr&e1 #aba1 ,,vi4 preh5d1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 prem1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 prd1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 prm1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 prsum1 #abe4 pr/]n1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 pudet1 #ach1 ,,ii4 pung1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 ,q4 qua]1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 quati1 #abb1 ,,iii4 qu]or1 #abb1 ,v4 quisc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #a4 ,r4 rd1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 rapi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 r$d1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 r$im1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 ref]ci1 #abc1 ,,iii4 ref]1 #abi4 rf]t1 #ach1 ,,ii4 reg1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 rel9qu1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 rem9scor1 #abb1 ,v4 reor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 rep]i1 #abc1 ,v4 rp1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 resi/1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 respu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 re/+u1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a41 footnote #dd4 ret9e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 rde1 #aba1 ,,iii4 rd1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 rube1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 rump1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 ru1 #abb1 ,,ii4 ,s4 saepi1 #abc1 ,,iii4 sali1 #abc1 ,,ii4 sanci1 #abc1 ,,iii4 sapi1 #abb1 ,,iii4 s>ci1 #abc1 ,,iii4 sc9d1 #abb1 ,i1 #b1 ,n4 scsc1 #abb1 ,,iv1 #b4 scrib1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 sculp1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 sec1 #abj1 ,,ii4 s$e1 #aba1 ,v4 s5ti1 #abc1 ,,iii4 sepeli1 #abc1 ,i4 sequor1 #abb1 ,v4 s]1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 s]p1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 sile1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 s91 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 solv1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 son1 #abj1 ,,ii4 sp>g1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 sp]n1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 spl5de1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 sponde1 #aba1 ,,iv4 /atu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 /]n1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 -/+u1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 /1 #abj1 ,,iv4 /rep1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 /rde1 #aba1 ,,vi4 /r+1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 /ru1 #abb1 ,,ii4 /ude1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 sude1 #aba1 ,,iii4 subig1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 subsum1 #abe4 sum1 #ajj4 sm1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 su1 #abb1 ,,ii4 sup]sum1 #abe4 su/9e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 ,t4 tace1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 ta$et1 #ach1 ,,ii4 tang1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 teg1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 temn1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 t5d1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 t5e1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 t]1 #abb1 ,i1 #f4 t]re1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 tex1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 "t1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 t+1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 toll1 #abb1 ,i1 #b1 ,n4 tonat1 #ach1 ,i4 tonde1 #aba1 ,,iv4 ton1 #abj1 ,,ii4 torpe1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 torque1 #aba1 ,,iii4 torre1 #aba1 ,,ii1 b4 trd1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 trah1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 trem1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 tribu1 #abb1 ,,ii4 trd1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 tueor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 tund1 #abb1 ,i1 #b4 ,u4 ulcscor1 #abb1 ,v4 ungu1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 urge1 #aba1 ,,iii4 r1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 tor1 #abb1 ,v4 ,v4 vd1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 b4 vale1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a4 veh1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 vell1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 v5i1 #abc1 ,,iv4 v]eor1 #aba1 ,,vii4 v]g1 #abb1 ,i1 #g4 v]r1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 v]t1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 vescor1 #abb1 ,v4 vet1 #abj1 ,,ii4 vide1 #aba1 ,v4 vige1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 v9ci1 #abc1 ,,iii4 v9c1 #abb1 ,i1 #c4 vire1 #aba1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 #a4 vs1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 vv1 #abb1 ,i1 #a1 a4 vol1 #acj4 volv1 #abb1 ,i1 #d4 vom1 #abb1 ,i1 #e4 vove1 #aba1 ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,g5]al ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ref]5ces are to sections & p>agraphs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,abbreviations4--,abl41 ablative2 acc41 accusative2 adj41 adjective2 adv41 adv]b1 adv]bial1 or adv]bially2 cf41 comp>e2 comp41 comp>ison or comp>ative2 conj41 conjunction or conjugation2 con/41 con/r41 con/ruction2 dat41 dative2 decl41 decl5sion2 g541 g5itive2 ind41 indicative2 indir4 disc41 indirect disc\rse2 loc41 locative2 ,n41 note2 nom41 nom9ative2 plu41 plural2 prep41 preposition2 pron41 pron\n or pronunciation2 s+41 s+ul>2 subj41 subject2 subjv41 subjunctive2 voc41 vocative2 w41 )4 ,a4 1 v[el1 #b1 #a2 ---- pronunciation1 #c1 #a2 ---- developm5t ( 1 be=e a s+le consonant1 #g1 #a1 a2 ---- be=e two consonants1 #g1 #a1 b2 ---- z end+ ( nom4 s+4 ( #a/ decl41 #bj2 ---- 9 voc4 s+4 ( ,greek n\ns 9 -s ( #a/ decl41 #bb2 ---- 9 nom4 s+4 ( ,greek n\ns 9 - ( #a/ decl41 #bb1 #c2 ---- t]m9ation ( nom4 & acc4 plu4 ( neut]s1 #bc2 #ce2 #dh2 ---- t]m9ation ( nom4 s+4 ( n\ns ( #c;d decl41 #bh2 ---- g5d] ( n\ns 9 - ( #c;d decl41 #dc1 #c2 ---- end+ ( acc4 s+4 ( ,greek n\ns ( #c;d decl41 #dg1 #a2 ---- regul> quantity ( f9al a1 #cfc1 #a2 ---- exceptions to quantity ( f9al a1 #cfc1 #a1 a-c4 1 pronunciation1 #c1 #a2 ---- aris+ by contraction1 #g1 #b2 ---- z end+ ( /em 9 #a/ decl41 #ah2 ---- -/ems inflect$1 #bj2 ---- 9 voc4 s+4 ( ,greek n\ns ( #a/ decl41 #bb2 ---- 9 voc4 s+4 ( ,greek n\ns 9 -s ( #c;d decl41 #dg1 #d2 ---- di/+ui%+ v[el ( #a/ conjugation1 #ih2 ---- end+ ( imp]ative act4 ( #a/ conj41 #aja2 ---- f9al a long by exception1 #cfc1 #a1 a-c4 1 ab1 abs1 use1 #adb1 #a2 ---- ) t[n names1 #bbi1 #b4 to d5ote ag5cy1 #baf4 ---- to d5ote sep>ation1 #bad4 ---- place f :i*1 #bbi4 ---- ) t[n names1 #bbi1 #b4 ---- ) abl4 ( g]und1 #cch1 #d1 b4 -/ems1 #bj2 #ih2 #aja4 ,abbreviations ( prop] names1 #cgc4 ,ablative case1 #ag2 #bac f4 ---- 9 -bus1 #ba1 #b1 e4 ---- 9 -d 9 prons41 #hd1 #c2 #he1 #c4 ---- =mation ( s+4 ( adjs4 ( #c;d decl41 #fg1 a2 #gj1 #a-e4 ---- ( -/ems1 #cg2 #ch4 ---- g5u9e abl4 uses1 #bad f4 ---- absolute1 #bbg4 ---- ( ag5t1 #baf4 ---- ( accompanim5t1 #bbb4 ---- ( accordance1 #bbj1 #c4 ---- ( association1 #bbb;,a4 ---- ( att5dant circum/ance1 #bba2 #bbg1 #b1 e74 ---- ( cause1 #bai4 ---- ( comp>ison1 #bag4 ---- ( degree ( diff]5ce1 #bbc4 ---- ( f9e or p5alty1 #bjh1 #b1 b4 ---- ( mann]1 #bbj4 ---- ( mat]ial1 #bbd1 #c4 ---- ( means1 #bah4 ---- ( p5alty1 #bjh1 #b1 b4 ---- ( place :]e1 #bbh4 ---- ( place :5ce1 #bbi4 ---- ( price1 #bbe4 ---- ( quality1 #bbd4 ---- ( sep>ation1 #bad2 ---- ---- ) comp\nds ( dis- & s-1 #bad1 #c4 ---- ( s\rce1 #bae4 ---- ( specification1 #bbf4 ---- ( "t at :i*1 #bcj4 ---- ( "t dur+ :i*1 #bca1 #a4 ---- ( "t )9 :i*1 #bca4 ---- ( way by :i*1 #bac1 #i4 ---- ) cont9ri1 cnsi/]e1 cn/re1 #bah1 #d4 ---- ) special phrases1 #bah1 #g4 ---- ) jung]e1 mscre1 mtre1 etc41 #bbb;,a4 ---- ) faci1 fi1 #bah1 #f ---- ) prepositions1 #adb2 #bac f4 ---- ) v]bs ( fill+1 #bah1 #h4 ---- ) v]bs & adjs4 ( free+1 #bad1 ,i1 a1 & ,n4 #a4 ---- ) adjs4 ( pl5ty1 #bah1 #h4 ---- ) tor1 fruor1 fungor1 potior1 vescor1 #bah1 #a4 ---- ) opus & sus1 #bah1 #b ---- ) ntor1 innxus1 & frtus1 #bah1 #c4 abs1 #adb1 #a4 absns1 #abe4 ,absolute1 ablative1 #bbg4 ---- "t1 ( p>ticiples1 #ccf1 #d4 ---- use ( v]bs1 #agd1 a4 ,ab/ract n\ns1 #ab1 #b1 b72 ---- plural (1 #ee1 #d1 c74 -bus1 #ba1 #b1 e74 ac1 #cda1 #b1 b72 ---- z1 ?an1 #cda1 #a1 c74 ,acatalectic v]ses1 #cff1 #i4 accdit ut1 #big1 #b4 ,acc5t1 #f2 ---- 9 g54 ( n\ns 9 -ius & -ium1 #be1 #a & #b4 accidit ut1 #big1 #b4 accidit quod1 #bii1 #a1 b4 ,accompanim5t1 abl4 (1 #bbb4 ,accordance1 abl4 (1 #bbj1 #c4 ,accusative case1 #ag2 ---- 9 -n & -n ( ,greek n\ns1 #bb2 ---- 9 -om 9 #b;d decl41 #bd2 ---- 9 -on & -n 9 ,greek n\ns1 #bg2 ---- 9 - 9 s+4 ( ,greek n\ns1 #dg1 #a2 ---- 9 -s 9 plu41 #dg1 #c2 ---- 9 -im & -is 9 i-/ems1 #cg2 #ch2 ---- acc4 s+4 neut4 z adv41 #gg1 #c2 #agf1 #c2 #agb f4 ---- ( duration ( "t1 #aha4 ---- ( result produc$1 #agc1 ,b2 #agf4 ---- ( ext5t ( space1 #aha4 ---- ( limit ( motion1 #ahb f4 ---- ( neut4 prons4 or adjs41 #agf1 #b4 ---- ( p]son or ?+ affect$1 #agc1 ,a2 #age4 ---- 9 exclamations1 #ahc4 ---- z subj4 ( inf41 #ahd4 ---- ) admone1 commone1 etc41 #bjg4 ---- ) adv4 =ce1 #agf1 #c4 ---- ) comp\nds1 #age1 #b4 ---- ) imp]sonal v]bs1 #age1 #b1 c4 ---- ) intransitive v]bs1 #age1 #b1 a4 ---- ) passive us$ z middle1 #age1 #b1 d74 ---- ) v]bs ( rememb]+ & =gett+ 7mem91 oblvscor1 rem9scor71 #bjf1 #a2 #b4 ---- ) v]bs express+ emotion1 #age1 #b1 b4 ---- ) v]bs ( ta/+ & smell+1 #agf1 #e4 ---- ) v]bs ( mak+1 *oos+1 call+1 reg>d+1 etc41 #agg4 ---- ) v]bs ( ask+1 reque/+1 dem&+1 tea*+1 conceal+1 #agh1 #a-e4 ---- ) adjs4 7propior1 proximus71 #ada1 #c4 ---- ) adv]bs 7propius1 proxim71 #ada1 #c2 ---- ---- clam1 prdi1 #add1 #b4 ---- ,g5avam ad oppidum1 #ahb1 #b1 a4 ---- cognate acc41 #agf1 #d4 ---- ,greek acc41 #ahj4 ---- synecdo*ical acc41 #ahj4 ---- two accs41 direct obj4 & pr$4 acc41 #agg2 ---- ---- p]son affect$ & result produc$1 #agh2 ---- ---- ) comp\nds ( trns1 #agi2 ---- ---- ) o!r comp\nds1 #agi1 #b4 ---- ) prepositions1 #ada2 #agi f4 ---- reta9$ 9 pass41 #agh1 #b4 ,accus+1 v]bs (1 con/r41 #bjh f4 accs1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 d74 c]1 decl41 #fh2 ---- comp>$1 #ga1 #c4 ,acquitt+1 v]bs (1 con/r41 #bjh f4 ac s ) subjv41 #cjg1 #a4 ad1 't[>d1' '9 vic9ity (1' #ahb1 #c2 ---- ) acc4 alt]nat+ ) dat41 #ceh1 #b4 ---- comp\nds ( ad gov]n+ dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii2 #ahh1 #b1 d4 ---- ) g]und d5ot+ purpose1 #cch1 #c4 -ads1 patronymic end+1 #adh1 #f1 a4 adg- agg-1 #i1 #b4 ,adjectives1 #fb f2 #ced2 ---- d]ivation (1 #aej f4 ---- ( #a/ & #b;d decl41 #fc ff4 ---- 9 -ius1 g54 s+41 #fc1 a4 ---- ( #c;d decl41 #fg1 ff2 ---- ---- 9 abl41 #gj1 #e4 ---- comp>ison ( adjs41 #ga f42 ---- ---- 9 -er1 #ga1 #c2 ---- ---- 9 -ilis1 #ga1 #d2 ---- ---- comp>ative lack+1 #gc1 #c2 ---- ---- defective comp>ison1 #gc2 ---- ---- n admitt+ comp>ison1 #ge2 ---- ---- comp>ison by magis & maxim1 #gd4 ---- num]als1 #gh f4 ---- syntax1 #bcc ff42 ---- ---- attributive & pr$icate adjs41 #bcc1 #b4 ---- agreem5t1 #bcd1 f4 ---- us$ sub/antively1 #bcf f4 ---- d5ot+ "p ( an object1 #bda1 #a4 ---- ) =ce ( adv]bs1 #bci4 ---- =ce ( comp4 & sup]l41 #bdj1 #a4 ---- n foll[$ by inf9itive1 #ccc4 ---- n us$ ) prop] names1 #ced1 #c4 ---- equival5t to a poss4 g541 #ced1 #d4 ---- special ,lat9 equival5ts ( ,eng4 adjs41 #ced1 #a4 ---- equiv4 to rel4 clause1 #bda1 #b4 ---- z pr$4 acc41 #agg1 #b4 ---- position ( adj41 #cej1 #d4 ---- pronom9al adjs41 #ib4 ---- gov]n+ g541 #bjd4 ---- gov]n+ dat41 #aib4 ---- gov]n+ acc41 #ada1 #c4 ---- con/ru$ ) abl41 #bad1 #a1 d2 #bag1 #a2 #bah1 #h2 #bbc2 #bbf1 #b2 #bbg1 #a4 ---- ) sup9e 9 -1 #cdj1 #b4 adl- all-1 #i1 #b4 admone1 con/r41 #bjg4 ,admoni%+1 con/4 ( v]bs (1 #bjg4 adr- arr-1 #i1 #b4 ads- ass-1 #i1 #b4 ad s5sum1 con/r41 #bce1 ,b1 #b1 c2 #bed1 #d4 adulscns1 spell+1 #i1 #b4 adult]1 decl41 #bc1 #b4 adultus1 =ce1 #aad1 #b4 ,adv]bs1 def9$1 #adj2 ---- =mation & comp>ison1 #gf f42 #adj2 #aeg4 ---- 9 -it] f adjs4 9 -u1 #gg1 #d4 ---- 9 -tus & -tim1 #gg1 #e4 ---- 9 & -o1 #gg1 #b4 ---- num]al1 #gi4 ---- z preps41 #add1 #b4 ---- d]ivation (1 #aeg4 ---- ) g541 #bja1 #b2 #c2 & a4 ---- special mean+s1 #cdg4 ---- position1 #cej1 #f4 ,adv]sative clauses1 #cji4 ---- conjunctions1 #cdc4 adv]sus1 prep4 ) acc41 #ada4 ae1 h[ pron\nc$1 #c1 #b2 ---- phonetic *anges1 #g1 #a1 d4 a$s1 plu41 #fa4 aequlis1 abl4 s+4 (1 #gj1 #e1 a2 ---- z sub/41 #bch4 aequor1 decl41 #cd4 aequum e/ aequum sit1 #bga1 #a1 b74 aes1 9 plu41 #ee1 #d1 b2 ---- lacks g54 plu41 #eg1 #g4 aets1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 e72 ---- id aettis1 #ahe1 #b4 -aeus1 suffix1 #aeb1 #c4 aevom1 decl41 #bd4 ,affect$1 acc4 ( p]son or ?+1 #age4 ,ag5cy1 dat4 (1 #ahi2 ---- abl41 #baf4 ,ag5t1 abl41 #baf2 ---- ) names ( animals1 #baf1 #b4 ag]1 decl41 #bc4 ,agreem5t1 n\ns1 #aff2 #afh2 #afi1 #b2 #c2 #d4 ---- adjs41 #bcd2 ---- ---- 9 g5d]1 #bce1 ,b2 ---- ---- 9 numb]1 #bce1 ,a2 ---- prons41 #bej2 ---- v]bs1 ) "o subj41 #bed1 #a2 ---- ---- ) two or m subjs41 #bee1 #a4 -1 case-end+1 g54 s+41 #a/ decl41 poet41 #ba1 #b1 b74 an1 #ace1 ,n4 aj1 #ace2 ---- quantity ( fir/ syllable1 #cfb1 #e4 -al1 decl5sion ( n\ns 91 #ci4 alac]1 decl41 #fh1 #a2 ---- comp41 #gc1 #d4 aliqua1 #ia1 #b4 aliqu1 #ia2 #ia1 #b4 aliquis1 #ia2 #beb1 #b2 ---- aliquis dcat1 dx]it1 #bhj1 #a4 -lis1 suffix1 #aea1 #b4 alit] ac1 #cda1 #a1 c4 alius1 #ff2 #ib1 #a2 ---- us$ correlatively1 #bec1 #a4 alius ac1 'o!r ?an1' #cda1 #a1 c74 ,allia1 g5d] (1 #ae1 #c1 ,n4 allici1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 b74 ,allit]ation1 #cge1 #c4 ,alphabet1 #a4 alt]1 decl41 #ff2 #ib1 #a2 ---- us$ correlatively1 #bec1 #a4 ,alt]native que/ions1 #afb1 #d2 ---- indirect1 #cjj1 #d4 alt]ut]1 decl41 #ib1 #b4 alvus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #a1 b4 am&us sum1 conj41 #aae4 amtrus sum1 conj41 #aae4 amb- 7ambi-71 #aei1 #c1 ,n4 amb1 #hj1 #b1 a2 ---- usage1 #cee1 #b4 am1 conj41 #aja4 amplius amplius quam1 #bag1 #c4 amussis1 -im1 #ch1 #a4 an1 #afb1 #d1 & a72 #cjj1 #d2 ---- haud sci an1 nesci an1 #cjj1 #e4 ,anacolu?on1 #cgd1 #f4 ,anapae/1 #cff1 #b4 ,anaphora1 #cej1 #aa1 b74 ,ana/rophe ( prep41 #ada1 #b2 #adb1 #c2 #add1 #c4 anceps 7syllaba anceps71 def9$1 #cff1 #aj4 ,&roges1 decl41 #bg4 animal1 decl41 #ci4 ,animals1 z ag5ts1 #baf1 #b4 anim1 locative1 #bcb1 #c4 annn1 9 d\ble que/ions1 #afb1 #d4 ,answ]s1 #afb1 #e4 ante1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada2 ---- z adv41 #add1 #a2 ---- dat4 w4 v]bs comp\nd$ w4 ante1 #ahg1 ,,iii2 ---- 9 expressions ( "t1 #ceg1 #a2 #cga1 #e2 ---- ante diem1 #cga1 #e2 #f4 ,antec$5t ( rel41 #bea4 ---- attraction (1 #bea1 #d4 ---- incorporat$ ) rel41 #bea1 #d4 ,antec$5t omitt$1 #bea1 #a4 ---- repeat$ ) rel41 #bea1 #c4 ,antep5ult1 #f1 #b4 antepn1 ) dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii1 #b4 antequam1 ) ind41 #bia2 ---- ) subjv41 #bib4 ,anticipation1 d5ot$ by subjv41 w4 antequam & priusquam1 #bib2 ---- by subjv4 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 #bic1 ,,iii1 #b2 #cgd1 #e4 -nus1 suffix1 #aea1 #b2 #aeb1 #a2 #c4 ,aori/ t5se1 see ,hi/orical p]fect4 ,apodosis1 #cja ff4 ---- 9 conditional s5t4 ( #a/ type1 #cjb1 #d2 ---- result clauses z apodoses1 #cbb2 ---- qun- clauses z apodoses1 #cbb2 ---- ind4 que/ions z apodoses1 #cbb1 b2 ---- potu]im 9 apodosis1 #cbb1 c2 ---- apodosis 9 indir4 disc41 #cai-cba2 ---- 9 expressions ( obligation1 ability1 etc41 #cjd1 #c1 a2 ---- ) p]iphra/ic conjugations1 #cjd1 #c1 b4 ,apposition1 #afi2 ---- agreem5t1 #afi1 #b2 ---- p>titive1 #afi1 #e2 ---- ) voc4 9 nom41 #aga1 #b2 ---- g5itive w4 =ce ( appositive1 #bjb2 ---- id z appositive ( clause1 #bdg1 #a1 b2 ---- inf4 z appositive1 #cbf2 #cbi2 ---- sub/4 clauses z appositives1 #bhb1 #a1 f2 #bid2 #big1 #c4 ,appositive ( locative1 #afi1 #d2 ---- ) acc4 ( limit ( motion1 #ahb1 #b1 a2 ---- ) t[n names1 9 abl4 ( place :5ce1 #bbi1 #b4 ---- position (1 #cej1 #b4 aptus1 w4 dat41 #aib1 #b4 apud1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 ,ar*is1 decl5sion (1 #bb4 -ar1 decl5sion ( n\ns 91 #ci4 argu1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 d74 -ris1 suffix1 #aea1 #b4 -rium1 suffix1 #adh1 #c4 -rius1 suffix1 #aea1 #b4 armig]1 decl41 #bc1 #b4 ,arrangem5t ( words1 #cdh-cej2 ---- ( clauses1 #cea4 ,arsis1 def9$1 #cff1 #f4 arts1 dat4 & abl4 plu4 (1 #di1 #c4 arx1 decl41 #dj4 -s1 acc4 plu4 9 ,greek n\ns1 #dg1 #c4 -s1 old g54 s+41 #a/ decl41 case-end+1 #ba1 #b1 a74 ---- end+ ( ,greek n\ns1 nom4 s+4 91 #bb4 ---- g5d] ( n\ns 9 -s1 #dc1 #b2 #de1 #a4 ---- voc4 ( ,greek n\ns 9 -s1 antis1 #dg1 #d4 ---- -tis1 abl4 ( patrials 91 #gj1 #e1 c74 ,ask+1 case con/1 ) v]bs (1 #agh1 #a1 c2 ---- sub/4 clauses w41 #bie1 #a2 ---- ind4 que/ions1 #cjj1 #a4 ,aspirates1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,assimilation ( consonants1 #h1 #d f42 #i1 #b4 ,association1 abl4 (1 #bbb;,a4 ,asyndeton1 #cda1 #d1 a72 #cdf4 at1 #cdc1 #a1 d74 -tim1 suffix1 #aeg1 #b4 ,atls1 decl41 #dg1 #d4 atomus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #a1 c74 atque1 #cda1 #b1 b72 ---- z1 #cda1 #a1 c74 atqu1 #cdc1 #a1 e74 ,att5dant circum/ance1 abl4 (1 #bba3 #bbg1 #b1 e74 ,attraction ( demon/ratives1 #bdf1 #e2 ---- ( relatives1 #bej1 #e2 ---- subjunctive by attraction1 #cbd2 ---- ( adjectives1 #cbg1 #b1 a2 #cbh1 #b4 ,attributive adjs41 #bcc1 #b4 -tus1 its =ce z suffix1 #aea1 #d4 audct]1 =mation & comp>ison1 #gf1 #b4 aude1 conj41 #aad1 #a4 audi1 conj41 #ajg2 ---- ) pres4 p>tic41 #ccg1 #c4 aul1 ar*aic g541 #ba1 #b1 b4 ausus1 =ce z p>ticiple1 #ccf1 #e4 aut1 #cdb1 #a1 a74 autem1 #cdc1 #a1 c72 #cej1 #h4 ,auxili>y omitt$ 9 inf941 #aaf1 #e3 ---- ---- 9 f9ite =ms1 #aff1 #c4 auxilium1 auxilia1 #fa4 -x1 suffix1 #aej1 #b4 ,b4 balneum1 balneae1 #fj1 #b4 b>bitos1 decl41 #bg4 ,believ+1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 bell1 locative1 #bcb1 #b4 bellum1 decl41 #bc4 b5e1 comp>ison1 #gg1 #a4 ,b5efit+1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 b5evolus1 comp>ison1 #ga1 #e1 a74 -b]1 decl5sion ( mon? names 91 #fh1 #a4 -bilis1 suffix1 #aej1 #d4 bonus1 decl41 #fc2 comp>ison1 #gb4 bs1 decl41 #da4 ,bra*ylogy1 #cgd1 #b4 ,bucolic dia]esis1 #cfh1 #c1 d -bulum1 suffix1 #adg1 #d4 -bundus1 suffix1 #aej1 #a4 bris1 decl41 #ch1 #a ,c4 ,c41 = ,g4 z abbreviation ( ,gius1 #cgc4 ca$s1 decl41 #dj4 ,caesura1 #cff1 #h3 ---- 9 dactylic hexamet] #cfh1 #c4 calc>1 decl41 #ci4 ,cal5d>1 #cga2 #cgb4 ,cal5ds1 #cga1 #b1 a74 campe/]1 decl41 #fh1 #a canis1 decl41 #ch1 #b4 capi1 conj41 #aaj c>basus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #a b74 c>c]1 c>c]s1 #fa4 ,c>d9als1 def9$4 #gh1 #a2 ---- li/ (1 #gi2 ---- decl41 #hj2 ---- ) & )\t et1 #ha1 #a2 #c2 ---- express$ by subtraction1 #ha1 #b2 ---- replac$ by attributives 9 poetry1 #ha1 #d1 d4 cr1 comp>ison1 #gf1 #b4 c>1 decl41 #db4 c>rus1 c>rum1 #fj1 #a4 ,cases1 #ag2 ---- alike 9 =m1 #ai2 #agj ff4 ,case-end+s1 #ag1 #c4 ca/rum1 ca/ra1 #fa4 ,catalectic v]ses1 #cff1 #i4 caus1 ) g541 #aih1 #a2 ---- nlla causa e/ cr1 ) subjv41 #bie1 #g4 ,causal clauses1 #bhe2 #bhf2 ---- clause ( *>act]i/ic ) accessory notion ( cause1 #bhc1 #c4 ---- conjunctions1 #cde4 ,cause1 abl4 (1 #bai2 #bbg1 #b1 d7 cav1 cav n 9 prohibitions1 #bgf1 b4 -ce1 #f1 #c f42 #hg1 footnote #bc4 c$o1 cette1 #acg1 #c4 cd1 ) dat4 #ahg1 ,,ii4 celeb]1 decl41 #fh1 #a4 cel]1 decl41 #fh1 #b4 cl1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 e74 cntus1 =ce1 #aad1 #b4 ct]a1 adv]bial acc41 #ahe1 #b4 cet]1 use1 #bec1 #d4 ,*>act]/ic1 clauses (1 #bhc2 ---- d5ot+ cause or opposition 7'al?\gh'71 #bhc1 #c2 ---- g54 (1 #bjh1 #a2 ---- abl41 #bbd4 ,*>ge1 g54 (1 #bjh1 #a2 #b4 ,*iasmus1 #cej1 #aa1 c74 ,*oos+1 con/4 w4 v]bs (1 #agg1 #a-c4 circ1 circit]1 circum1 preps4 w4 acc41 #ada4 circum1 comp\nds (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii4 circumd1 con/41 #ahg1 #a1 a4 ,circum/ance1 abl4 ( att5dant1 #bba4 cis1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 cit]ior1 comp>ison1 #gc1 #a4 cito1 #gg1 #b1 a4 citr1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 cvits decl41 #dj1 #a1 e4 clam1 ) acc41 #add1 #b4 ,clauses1 cord4 & subord41 #afd1 #afe4 ,clauses ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc2 ---- purpose1 #bhb2 ---- result1 #bhd2 ---- causal1 #bhe2 ---- temporal ) po/quam1 ut1 ubi1 simul ac1 etc41 #bhg2 ---- ) cum1 #bhh2 ---- sub/antive clauses1 #bid f42 ---- condition1 #cja f42 ---- conditional comp>ison1 #cjg2 ---- concessive1 #cjh2 ---- adv]sative1 #cji2 ---- wi% or proviso1 #caj2 ---- relative1 #caa f42 #bhc f4 clvis1 decl41 #ch1 #a4 ,cl++1 con/ruction ( v]bs (1 #beh1 #c4 clipeus1 clipeum1 #fj1 #a4 ,close ( s5t5ces1 cad5ces us$1 #cej1 #ab4 coep1 conj41 #acc2 ---- coeptus e/1 #acc1 #a4 ,cognate acc41 #agf1 #d4 cognm51 #cgc4 cg1 w4 acc41 #agh1 #a1 d72 ---- w4 inf941 #cca1 ,,vi4 ,collective n\ns1 #ab1 #b1 a72 ---- w4 plu4 v]b1 #bed1 #d4 colus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #a1 b74 com-1 comp\nds (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii4 com$1 conj41 #abh1 #b4 comts1 decl41 #bb4 comitia1 z "t expression1 #bcj1 #a4 ,comm&+1 dat4 w4 v]bs (1 #ahg1 ,,ii2 ---- sub/4 clause w4 v]bs (1 #bie1 #a2 ---- comm&s express$ by jussive subjv41 #bge2 ---- ---- by imp]ative1 #bha4 ,common g5d]1 #ae1 ,b1 ,n4 #a4 ---- n\ns1 #ab1 #a4 ---- syllables1 #e1 ,b1 #c4 commonefaci1 w4 g51 & acc41 #bjg4 commone1 w4 g54 & acc41 #bjg4 commnis1 w4 g541 #bjd1 #b2 ---- ) dat41 #bjd1 #b1 a4 commt1 w4 abl41 #bbb;,a4 ,comp>atives1 decl41 #fi2 ---- w4 abl41 #bag2 ---- w4 quam1 #bag1 #b2 ---- occasional mean+1 #bdj4 ---- two requir$ 9 ,lat91 #bdj1 #d4 ,comp>ison ( adjs41 #ga f42 ---- ( adv]bs1 #gf2 #gg4 ---- p>ticiples z adjs41 #ga1 #b4 ---- adjs4 9 -dicus1 -ficus1 -volus1 #ga1 #e4 ---- defective1 #gc4 ---- abl4 (1 #bag4 ,comp>ison1 conditional1 #cjg4 ,comp5di>y comp>ison1 #cgd1 #b1 b72 ---- w4 result clauses1 #bhd1 #d2 ---- w4 clauses ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc1 #b1 a4 ,complet$ action1 t5ses express+1 #bfb-d2 #bfg1 #c4 ,comp\nds1 #aeh f42 ---- spell+ (1 #i1 #b4 ,comp\nd s5t5ces1 #afd4 ---- v]bs gov]n+ acc41 #age1 #b1 a2 ---- gov]n+ dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii2 #ahh1 #b1 d4 ,conative uses ( pres41 #bei1 #b2 ---- ( imp]f41 #bfj1 #c2 ---- ( pres4 p>tic41 #ccf1 #b1 a4 ,concessive clauses1 #cjh2 ---- 'al?\gh' z accessory idea to clause ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc1 #c4 ---- subjunctive1 #bgh4 ,conclusion1 see ,apodosis4 ,concrete n\ns1 #ab1 #b1 a74 ,condemn+1 v]bs (1 con/r41 #bjh1 f4 ,conditional clauses ( comp>ison1 #cjg4 ---- s5t5ces1 #a/ type 7no?+ impli$71 #cjb2 ---- ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cai2 ---- ---- #b;d type 7'%\ld'-'w\ld'71 #cjc2 ---- ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cbj2 ---- ---- #c;d type 7contr>y to fact71 #cjd2 ---- ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cba2 ---- ---- abl4 abs4 equival5t to1 #bbg1 #b1 b72 ---- ---- introduc$ by relative pron\ns1 #cab2 ---- ---- g5]al conditions1 #cjb1 #b2 #c2 ---- ---- indicative 9 contr>y-to-fact apodoses1 #cjd1 #c2 ---- ---- protasis omitt$ or impli$1 #cje1 #a2 ---- ---- protasis conta9$ 9 imp]ative1 or jussive subjv41 #cje1 #b2 ---- ---- employm5t ( nisi1 s nn1 sn1 s m9us1 #cjf2 ---- ---- conditional relative s5t5ces1 #cab1 #b4 cnfd1 w4 abl41 #bai1 #a1 a4 ,conjugation1 #aa2 #ic f42 ---- ! f\r conjugations1 #ih2 ---- p]iphra/ic1 #aae2 ---- peculi>ities ( conj41 #aaf4 ,conjunctions1 #ade1 #a2 #cda f4 cnor1 ) inf41 #bie1 #e1 a4 ,consecutive clauses1 see ,result clauses4 cnsi/]e1 ) abl41 #bah1 #d4 ,consonant /ems1 n\ns1 #bi f42 ---- adjs41 #gj1 #a4 ---- p>tially adapt$ to -/ems1 #dj4 ,consonants1 #b1 #b f42 ---- pronunciation1 #c1 #c4 ---- d\ble1 #b1 #i4 ---- comb9ations (1 9 division into syllables1 #d1 #b f4 ,consonant *anges1 #h2 ---- omission ( f9als #h1 #c2 ---- assimilation (1 #h1 #d f4 ---- /ems1 #bi2 ---- ---- foll[+ analogy ( -/ems1 #dj4 cnspici1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 b74 cn/re1 w4 abl41 #bah1 #d4 ,con/ruction acc4 to s5se1 #bed1 #d2 #bce1 ,b1 #b1 c74 cnsutd e/1 ) subjv4 sub/antive clause1 #big1 #c4 cnsuv pres41 #bfb1 ,a4 cnsulris1 abl4 s+4 (1 #gj1 #e1 a4 ,cont5d+1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #ceh1 #c4 cont5tus1 w4 abl41 #bai1 #a4 cont9]1 ) abl41 #bah1 #d4 cont+it ut1 #big1 #b4 ,cont9u$ action1 t5ses =1 #beg1 #a1 b4 contr1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada2 ---- z adv41 #add1 #a4 ,contraction1 #g1 #b4 ---- l5g? ( v[el z result (1 #e1 ,a1 #a1 b74 ,contr>y-to-fact conditions1 #cjd4 ,convict+1 v]bs (1 con/r41 #bjh f4 ,cord9ate clauses1 #afe4 ---- conjunctions1 #cda f4 cpia1 cpiae1 #fa4 ,copulative conjunctions1 #cda4 cor1 lacks g54 plu41 #eg1 #g4 corn1 decl41 #dh4 ,correlative conjunctions1 #cda1 #c2 #cdb1 #b4 ---- adv]bs1 #adj4 cottdi1 spell+1 #i1 #b4 ,c\ntries1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #a1 a4 ,crime1 g54 (1 #bjh1 #a2 #b4 -crum1 suffix1 #adg1 #d4 -culum1 suffix1 #adg1 #d4 -culus 7a1 um71 suffix1 #adh1 #a4 cum1 app5d$1 #adb1 #d4 cum 7conj471 ':51' #bhh-bij2 ---- ':5ev]1' #bhh1 #c4 ---- adv]sative1 #cji1 #c4 ---- causal1 #bhf1 #b4 ---- explicative1 #bij4 ---- to d5ote a recurr+ action1 #bhh1 #c2 #bhi1 a4 ---- inv]sum1 #bhh1 #b4 com 444 tum1 #bij1 #b4 cum prmum1 #bhg1 #a4 cum1 spell+ (1 #i1 #a4 cum 7prep471 ) abl4 ( mann]1 #bbj2 ---- ) abl4 ( accompanim5t1 #bbb2 ---- app5d$ to prons41 #adb1 #d4 -cundus1 suffix1 #aej1 #a4 cupi1 conj1 #aji1 #b1 a72 ---- ) sub/4 clause develop$ f optative1 #bif2 ---- w4 inf41 #cca1 ,,iv1 & a4 cr1 nlla causa e/ cr1 w4 subjv41 #bie1 #g4 cr1 ) g]undive con/ z obj41 #ccg1 #h1 b1 #b4 ,cu/om>y action1 #bei1 #a2 #bfj1 #b4 ,d4 ,d1 *ang$ to s1 #h1 #b2 ---- d f9al omitt$1 #h1 #c2 ---- assimilat$1 #h1 #d4 ,dactyl1 #cff1 #b4 ,dactylic hexamet]1 #cfh4 ---- p5tamet]1 #cfi4 dapis1 defective1 #eg1 #f4 ,d>+1 v]bs (1 ) obj4 inf41 #cbh1 #a4 ,dates #cga1 #b-e2 ---- z indecl9able n\ns1 #cga1 #f2 ---- 9 leap ye>1 #cga1 #g4 ,dative #ag2 ---- irregul>1 #a/ decl41 #ba1 #b1 c72 ---- #c;d decl41 #dg1 #e2 ---- #d? decl41 #di1 #b2 #c2 ---- #e? decl41 #eb1 #a & #c2 #ahf ff4 ---- 9 ! g]undive con/41 #cci1 #g4 ---- ( ag5cy1 #ahi4 ---- ( direction & limit ( motion1 #aic4 ---- ( indir4 obj41 #ahg4 ---- ( advantage or disadvantage1 s call$1 #ahh1 #a4 ---- ( local /&po9t1 #ahh1 #b1 a74 ---- ( p]son judg+1 #ahh1 #b1 c74 ---- ( possession1 #aij2 #cei1 #a4 ---- ( purpose or t5d5cy1 #aia2 #cci1 #g4 ---- ( ref]5ce1 #ahh4 ---- ( sep>ation1 #ahh1 #b1 d74 ---- ( ! g]und1 #cch1 #b4 ---- ) adjs41 #aib2 ---- ) proprius1 commnis1 #bjd1 #b2 ---- ) similis1 #bjd1 #c4 ---- ) comp\nd v]bs1 #ahg1 ,,iii4 ---- ) intrans4 v]bs1 #ahg1 ,,ii4 ---- ) nm5 e/1 #aij1 #a4 ---- ) imp]sonal pass4 v]bs1 #ahg1 ,,ii1 b4 ---- ) trans4 v]bs1 #ahg1 ,i4 ---- ) v]bs ( m+l+1 #ceh1 #c4 ---- e?ical dat41 #ahh1 #b1 b74 d1 prep4 w4 abl41 #adb2 ---- ) abl4 in/ead ( g54 ( :ole1 #bja1 #a1 a2 ---- ) v]bs ( rem9d+1 #bjg1 a2 ---- comp\nds ( d gov]n+ dat41 #ahh1 #b1 d2 ---- d v1 ) v]bs ( accus+ & convict+1 #bjh1 #c2 ---- ) g]und & g]undive1 #cch1 #d1 b4 dea1 debus1 #ba1 #b1 e74 dbbam1 dbu 9 apodosis1 #cjd1 #c1 a74 dbe1 gov]n+ obj4 inf41 #cbh1 #a4 dbu1 ) pres inf41 #bgj1 #b4 decemvir1 g54 plu4 (1 #be1 #f1 b74 dc]n1 w4 sub/4 clause develop$ f volitive1 #bie1 #d4 decet1 w4 acc41 #age1 #b1 c74 ,decl>ative s5t5ces1 def9$1 #afa1 #a2 ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cad4 ,decl5sion1 #aa2 ---- het]oclites1 #ei4 ---- /ems & g54 t]m9ations1 #ah4 ---- #a/ decl41 #bj-bb2 ---- #b;d decl41 #bc-bg2 ---- #c;d decl41 #bh-dg2 ---- #d? decl41 #dh-ej2 ---- #e? decl41 #ea-ec2 ---- ( ,greek n\ns1 #bb2 #bg2 #dg2 ---- ( adjs41 #fb-fi2 ---- ( prons41 #hd-ij4 ,decree+1 v]bs (1 w4 subjv41 #bie1 #d4 ddecet1 #age1 #b1 c74 ,defective v]bs1 #acc f42 ---- n\ns1 #ed f42 #eb1 #d2 #eg2 ---- comp>ison1 #gc4 ,def9ite p]fect1 see ,pres5t p]fect4 ,degree ( diff]5ce1 abl4 (1 #bbc4 ,degrees ( comp>ison1 #ga ff4 dlectat1 w4 inf4 z subj41 #cbg1 #a4 dlector1 w4 abl4 ( cause1 #bai4 ,delib]ative subjv41 #bgg2 ---- 9 indir4 que/ions1 #cjj1 #b2 ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cae1 #c4 ,dem&+1 v]bs (1 w4 two accs41 #agh1 #a2 ---- w4 sub/4 clause1 #bie1 #a4 ,demon/rative pron\ns1 #hg2 #bdf2 ---- ( #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d p]sons1 #hg2 ---- position ( demon/ratives1 #cej1 #e1 a4 ,d5om9ative v]bs1 #aef4 ,d5tal mutes1 #b1 #d2 ---- /ems1 #cc4 ,dep5d5t clauses1 #bhb ff4 ,depon5t v]bs1 #aab2 ---- =ms ) passive mean+s1 #aab1 b72 ---- semi-depon5ts1 #aad4 ,depriv+1 v]bs (1 w4 abl1 #bad1 #a1 b4 ,d]ivatives1 #adg f4 -ds1 patronymics 91 #adh1 #f4 ,description1 imp]f4 z t5se (1 #bfj1 #a1 a4 ,desid]atives1 #aee1 #c4 ,desire1 adjs4 (1 w4 g541 #bjd1 #a2 ---- v]bs (1 w4 sub/4 clauses1 #bif1 #a4 dt]ior1 #gc1 #a4 deus1 decl41 #be1 #d4 dv]tor1 #aad1 #c4 dext]1 decl1 #fe1 #a4 d-1 #aei1 #c1 ,n4 ,dia]esis1 #cff1 #h2 ---- bucolic d41 #cfh1 #c1 d74 ,dia/ole1 #cfg1 #b4 dc1 #aaf1 #c4 dcitur1 dictum e/1 w4 inf41 #ccb1 note4 dc1 acc5t ( comp\nds (1 9 imp]ative1 #aaf1 #c4 -dicus1 comp>ison ( adjs4 91 #ga1 #e4 ,dd1 decl1 #dg1 #h4 dis1 decl41 #ea2 ---- g5d]1 #ec4 ,diff]5ce1 abl ( degree (1 #bbc4 difficile e/ ,eng4 pot5tial1 #bga1 #a1 b74 difficilis1 comp41 #ga1 #d4 dignor1 ) abl41 #bbf1 #b4 dignus1 #bbf1 #b2 ---- 9 rel4 clauses ( purpose1 #bhb1 #c4 ,dimet]1 v]ses1 #cff1 #aa4 ,dim9utives1 #adh1 #a4 ,diph?ongs1 #b1 #a2 #c1 #b2 ---- diph?ong /ems1 #da2 ---- diph?ongs %ort5$1 #cfb1 #b4 diph?ongus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #a4 c74 ,dipodies1 #cff1 #aa4 ,direct reflexives1 #bdd1 #a4 ---- object1 #agb4 ---- quotation1 #cac4 ---- disc\rse1 #cac4 ---- que/ions1 #afb4 dis-1 9 comp\nds1 #aei1 #c1 ,n4 ,disjunctive conjunctions1 #cdb4 dissimilis1 comp41 #ga1 #d4 ,di/ributives1 #fc1 #b2 #gh1 #a2 #gi2 #ha1 #d4 di1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 dves1 decl41 #gj1 #a2 ---- comp>$1 #ga1 #f4 dxt1 #aaf1 #d1 c4 d1 conj41 #abg4 doce1 ) acc41 #agh1 #a1 b72 ---- ) inf41 #cca1 ,,vi4 dom1 locative1 #bcb1 #b4 dom1 #bbi1 #a1 b74 doms1 #ahb1 #a1 b4 domum1 #ahb1 #a1 b72 ---- 'h\se1' 9 acc41 #ahb1 ,n4 domus1 decl41 #di1 #d2 ---- g5d]1 #ej4 dnec1 ) ind41 #bic2 ---- ) subjv41 #bic1 ,,iii1 #b4 dn1 con/r41 #ahg1 #a1 a4 ds1 g5d]1 #dd1 #c4 ,d\ble consonants1 #b1 #i4 ---- que/ions1 #afb1 #d2 ---- ---- indirect1 #cjj1 #d4 ,d\bt+1 v]bs (1 w4 qun1 #bih4 ,dubitative subjunctive1 see ,delib]ative4 dubit1 dubium e/1 nn dubit1 nn dubium e/1 ) qu91 #bih2 ---- nn dubit w4 inf41 #bih1 a4 dc1 #aaf1 #c4 dc1 acc5t ( comp\nds (1 9 imp]41 #aaf1 #c4 duim1 du9t1 #abg1 #b4 -dum1 #f1 #c4 dum1 temporal ) ind41 #bic2 ---- ) subjv41 #bic1 ,,iii1 #b2 ---- 9 wi%es & provisos1 #caj4 dummodo1 #caj4 duo1 decl1 #hj1 #b4 ,duration ( "t1 #aha1 #b4 ,duty1 express$ by g]undive1 #ahi1 #ccg1 #h2 ---- v]bs ( duty 9 conclusion ( cond4 s5t5ces contr>y-to-fact1 #cjd1 #c1 a2 ---- sub/4 clauses dep5d5t on v]bs (1 #bie1 #f2 ---- inf4 w4 v]bs ( duty1 #cbg1 #a2 #cbh1 #a2 #ccj2 ---- 'x is ! duty (1' #aih1 #c2 ---- ',i p]=m a duty1 #bah1 #a4 duumvir1 g54 plu4 (1 #be1 #f1 b74 dux1 decl1 #cb4 ,e4 1 z v[el1 #b1 #a2 ---- z second memb] ( diph?ongs1 #b1 #a2 ---- s\nd (1 #c1 #a2 ---- *ange1 to 1 #g1 #a1 a2 ---- = 1 #g1 #a1 c2 ---- 9 voc4 s+1 ( #b;d decl41 #bc2 ---- 9 abl4 s+1 ( #c;d decl41 #ca2 ---- dropp$ 9 nom4 ( neut]s ( #c;d decl41 #ci2 ---- - = - 9 abl4 ( m>e1 #ci2 ---- alt]nat+ w4 9 abl4 s+4 ( -/ems1 #cg1 #ch2 ---- = 9 g54 s+4 ( #e? decl41 #eb1 #a2 ---- 9 abl4 s+4 ( adjs4 ( #c;d decl41 #gj1 #a2 ---- 9 b5 & mal1 #gg1 #a2 ---- di/+ui%+ v[el ( #c;d conj41 #ih2 ---- be=e j1 #cfb1 #e2 ---- = - 9 imp]atives1 #cfc1 #b1 b2 ---- 9 tem] & saep1 #cfc1 #b1 c4 1 pronunciation1 #c1 #a2 ---- by contraction1 #g1 #b2 ---- z end+ ( ,greek n\ns1 #bb2 ---- -/ems1 #ea2 ---- end+ ( dat4 ( #e? decl41 #eb1 #c2 ---- di/+ui%+ v[el ( #b;d conj41 #ih2 ---- - 9 fam #cfc1 #b1 a2 ---- ---- 9 adv]bs1 #cfc1 #b1 c 1 ex1 use1 #adb2 see ex4 ecquis1 #ia1 #f4 dc1 #aaf1 #c4 ,editorial 'we1' #bdb1 #c4 ed1 #abh4 dc1 #aaf1 #c4 effici ut1 #big1 #a4 efficitur ut1 #big1 #b4 ,ef=t1 subjv4 w4 v]bs (1 #bie1 #e4 ege1 w4 abl41 #bad1 #a1 c4 ego1 #hd4 egomet1 #hd1 #b4 ei1 diph?ong1 #b1 #a2 #c1 #b4 -i1 g54 ( #e? decl41 #eb1 #a4 -is1 #adh1 #f1 b74 ejus1 z poss41 #hf1 #a2 ---- quantity1 #cfb1 #e4 ,elegiac di/i*1 #cfi1 #b4 ,elision1 #bff1 #g4 ,ellipsis1 #cgd1 #a4 -ellus 7a1 um71 #adh1 #a4 ,emphasis1 #cdi4 ,enclitics1 acc5t ( prec$+ syllable1 #f1 #c4 ---- -met1 #hd1 #b2 ---- -pte1 #hf1 #c2 ---- cum z enclitic1 #adb1 #d ,end ( motion1 see ,limit4 ,end+s1 case end+s1 #ag1 #c2 ---- p]sonal1 ( v]b1 #if2 ---- 9 =mation ( words1 #adg f4 enim1 #cde4 -nsimus 7-nsumus71 #gi1 ,n4 -nsis1 #aea1 #b2 #aeb1 #c4 ,envy1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii e1 #acb2 ---- cpds41 #acb1 #a4 ,epexegetical g5itive1 #bjb4 ,epi/ol>y t5ses1 #bfe4 epi/ula1 spell+1 #i1 #b4 epitom1 decl41 #bb4 epulum1 epulae1 #fj1 #b4 equbus1 #ba1 #b1 e74 eque/]1 decl41 #fh1 #a4 equos1 decl41 #bd4 -er1 decl41 ( n\ns 91 #bc2 ---- adjs41 #fc2 #fd2 #fe2 ---- adjs4 9 -er comp>$1 #ga1 #c4 erg1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 erg1 #cdd1 #a1 b74 -ernus1 suffix1 #aed4 -s1 g5d] ( n\ns 91 #dc1 #a2 ---- ---- exception1 #dd1 #e2 ---- 9 nom4 plu4 ( ,greek n\ns ( #c;d decl41 #dg1 #b4 -s1 end+ ( ,greek n\ns1 nom4 s+4 91 #bb4 ---- g54 -is1 decl4 ( n\ns 91 #dj1 #a1 a74 esse1 conjugation (1 #ajj2 ---- comp\nds (1 #abe2 #abf2 ---- esse omitt$1 #aaf1 #e4 e/ qu1 ) subj41 #bhc1 #b4 et1 #cda1 #a1 a2 ---- 9 enum]ations1 #cda1 #d1 c74 et is1 #bdg1 #d4 et 444 neque1 #cda1 #c4 ,e?ical dative1 #ahh1 #b1 b74 etiam1 9 answ]s1 #afb1 #e4 et nn1 #cda1 #b1 c74 ets1 'al?\gh1' #cji1 #b2 ---- ets1 'ev5 if1' #cji1 #b1 a4 -tum1 suffix1 #adh1 #c4 -eus1 inflection ( ,greek n\ns 91 #dg1 #f2 ---- adj4 suffix1 #aea1 #a4 v5it ut1 #big1 #b4 ex1 #adb1 #b2 ---- ) abl41 in/ead ( g54 ( :ole1 #bja1 #a1 a2 ---- comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #ahh1 #b1 d2 ---- ) abl4 ( s\rce1 #bae1 #a4 ,ex*ang+1 v]bs (1 ) abl4 ( association1 #bbb;,a4 ,exclamation1 acc4 (1 #ahc4 ,exclamatory s5t5ces1 #afa1 #c4 ,expectancy1 clauses d5ot+1 9 subjv41 #bib1 #a2 #bic1 ,,iii1 #b4 exposc1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 a74 exsi/1 spell+1 #i1 #b4 exspect1 spell+1 #i1 #b4 ext]1 xt]ior1 #gc1 #b4 extrmus1 use1 #bda1 #a4 exu1 w4 abl41 #bad1 #a1 b4 ,f4 f1 pronunciation1 #c1 #c2 ---- nf1 quantity ( v[el be=e1 #e1 #a1 a4 fac1 #aaf1 #c2 ---- ) subjv41 #bie1 #e4 facile1 #gg1 #c4 facilis1 comp41 #ga1 #d4 faci1 #aji1 #b1 a72 ---- pass4 (1 #aca4 ---- 9 imp]41 #aaf1 #c4 falsus1 comp>ison1 #gc1 #c4 fam1 #ei1 #b1 b74 ,famili>ity1 adjs4 (1 w4 g541 #bjd4 #a4 familis1 #ba1 #b1 a4 fr1 #acf4 fs1 indecl9able1 #eh4 faucs1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d4 ,favor1 v]bs signify+1 ) dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 ,fe>+1 v]bs (1 con/r4 #bif1 #b4 febris1 decl4 #ch1 #a4 flx1 #gj4 ,fem99e1 see ,g5d]4 ,fem99e caesura1 #cfh1 #c1 c4 femur1 decl4 #db1 #d4 -f]1 decl4 ( n\ns 92 adjs41 #bc1 #b2 ---- adjs4 #fe1 #a4 f]1 & its comp\nds1 #abi4 -ficus1 comp>ison ( adjs4 91 #ga1 #e4 fide1 #eb1 #a4 fd1 #aad1 #a2 ---- ) abl41 #bai1 #a1 a4 fdus1 comp>$1 #gc1 #c4 ferem1 fer #cfb1 #a1 c2 ---- fi] pote/ ut1 #bih1 #b4 ,fif? decl41 #ea f4 ,figures ( rhetoric1 #cge4 ---- ( syntax1 #cgd4 fl1 #be1 #c4 flia1 flibus1 #ba1 #b1 e ,fill+1 v]bs (1 w4 abl41 #bah1 #h4 ,f9al clauses1 see ,purpose clauses4 ,f9al consonant omitt$1 #h1 #c4 ,f9al syllables1 quantity1 #cfc1 #cfd4 fnis1 fns1 #fa4 ,f9ite v]b1 #ie4 f1 conj41 #aca4 f1 ) abl41 #bah1 #f4 ,fir/ conj41 #aja2 ---- pr9cipal p>ts ( v]bs (1 #abj2 ---- depon5ts ( #a/ conj41 #aac4 ,fir/ decl41 #bj f42 ---- peculi>ities1 #ba2 ---- ,greek n\ns ( #a/ decl41 #bb4 fit ut1 #big1 #b4 flgit1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 a4 fodi1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 a4 ,foot1 9 v]se1 #cff1 #b4 ',=1' its ,lat9 equival5ts1 #ceh1 #a4 =e1 #ajj1 footnote #cb4 =e ut1 #bgj1 #c2 ---- #big1 #b4 =em1 =s1 etc41 #ajj1 footnote #ca4 =s1 #bbh1 #a1 c4 ,=mation ( words1 #adf f4 =s1 =te1 #eg1 #b1 a4 =tior1 decl41 #fi4 =tis1 #fi4 =tna1 =tnae1 #fa4 ,f\r? conj41 #ajg4 ,f\r? decl41 #dh2 ---- dat4 9 -1 #di1 #b2 ---- g54 9 -1 #di1 #a2 ---- dat4 abl4 plu4 9 -ubus1 #di1 #c4 fraude1 abl4 ( mann]1 #bbj1 #b4 ,free1 abl4 w4 adjs4 signify+1 #bad1 #a1 d4 ,free+1 abl4 w4 v]bs (1 #bad1 #a1 a4 frnum1 plu4 (1 #fj1 #b4 ,frequ5tatives1 #aee1 #b4 frtus w4 abl41 #bah1 #c4 ,fricatives1 #b1 #g4 ,fri5dly1 dat4 w4 adjs4 signify+1 #aib1 #a4 frctus1 decl41 #dh4 frgi1 comp>$1 #gb2 #gj1 #f4 frgis1 #eg1 #f4 fruor1 ) abl41 #bah1 #a2 ---- 9 g]undive con/r41 #cci1 #d4 fugi1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 a74 fu1 fui/1 etc41 = sum1 es1 etc41 9 comp\nd t5ses1 #ajb1 footnotes #cf1 #cg4 ,fullness1 adjs4 (1 w4 abl41 #bah1 #h2 ---- w4 g541 #bjd1 #a4 fungor1 w4 abl41 #bah1 #a2 ---- 9 g]undive con/r41 #cci1 #d4 fr1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d4 frt1 abl4 ( mann]1 #bbj1 #b4 ,future t5se1 #afa2 ---- w4 imp]ative =ce1 #bfa1 #c4 ---- "t 9 ! subjv41 #bfi4 ---- p]fect1 #bfd2 ---- ---- ) future mean+1 #acc1 #b2 ---- ---- inf41 #bgj1 #d4 ---- imp]ative1 #bha1 #a4 ---- inf9itive1 #bgj2 ---- ---- p]iphra/ic fut4 inf41 #bgj1 #c1 & a4 ---- p>ticiple1 #ccg1 #d4 futrum esse ut1 ) subjv41 #bgj1 #c4 ,g4 gaude1 semi-depon5t1 #aad1 #a4 gem1 w4 acc41 #age1 #b1 b4 ,g5d] #ac-ae2 ---- 9 #a/ decl41 #bj2 #ba2 ---- 9 #b;d decl41 #bc2 ---- exceptions1 #bf2 ---- 9 #c;d decl41 #dc f42 ---- 9 #d? decl41 #ej2 ---- 9 #e? decl41 #ec2 ---- det]m9$ by end+s1 #ad2 ---- ---- by signification1 #ae1 ,a2 ---- het]og5e\s n\ns1 #fj4 g5]1 decl1 #bc1 #b4 ,g5]al relatives1 #cab1 #a2 ---- g5]al tru?s1 #bei1 #a2 #bfb1 ,b1 #a2 ---- 'g5]al' conditions1 #cjb1 #b2 #c4 ,g5itive1 #ag2 ---- 9 - = -i1 #be1 #a & #b2 ---- ( #d? decl41 9 -1 #di1 #a2 ---- ( #e? decl4 9 -1 #eb1 #b2 ---- ( #e? decl4 9 -1 #eb1 #a2 ---- ---- 9 -1 #eb1 #c2 ---- ( #a/ decl4 9 -1 #ba1 #b1 b2 ---- ( #a/ decl4 9 -s1 #ba1 #b1 a2 ---- g54 plu4 -um = -rum1 #ba1 #b d72 ---- ---- -um = rum1 #be1 #f2 #fc1 #b2 ---- ---- -um = -ium1 #gj1 #g2 ---- g54 plu4 lack+1 #eg1 #g2 ---- syntax (1 #aid f4 ---- ( *>act]i/ic1 #bjc1 #a4 ---- ( *>ge ) judicial v]bs1 #bjh4 ---- ( indef9ite price1 #bjc1 #d4 ---- ( indef9ite value1 #bjc1 #c4 ---- ( mat]ial1 #aig4 ---- ( measure1 #bjc1 #b4 ---- ( orig91 #aif4 ---- ( possession1 #aih4 ---- ( quality1 #bjc4 ---- ( ! :ole1 #bja4 ---- appositional1 #bjb4 ---- objective1 #bjj4 ---- ( sep>ation1 #bab1 #c4 ---- subjective1 #aii4 ---- ) adjs41 #bjd2 ---- ---- ) p>ticiples1 #bjd1 #a1 a4 ---- ) caus1 grti1 #aih1 #a4 ---- ) v]bs1 #bje f42 ---- ---- ( pl5ty & want1 #bab2 ---- ---- ) imp]s4 v]bs1 #bji4 ---- position ( g541 #cej1 #a4 g5us1 decl4 #cf2 ---- id g5us1 #ahe1 #a4 -g]1 decl4 ( n\ns 91 #bc1 #b2 ---- adjs41 #fe1 #a4 ,g]und1 #ie1 #a2 ---- #a/ conj41 #aja2 ---- #b;d conj41 #ajc2 ---- #c;d conj41 #aje2 ---- #d? conj41 #ajg2 ---- syntax1 #cch2 ---- ) object1 #cch1 #e4 ,g]undive1 #ie1 #a2 ---- #a/ conj41 #ajb2 ---- #b;d conj41 #ajd2 ---- #c;d conj41 #ajf2 ---- #d? conj41 #ajh2 ---- 9 p]iphra/ic conj41 #aae2 #ccg1 #h4 ,g]undive1 con/41 #cci1 #a-f2 ---- 9 passive p]iphra/ic conj41 #ccg1 #h f42 ---- g54 d5ot+ purpose1 #cci1 #f2 ---- ) dat4 ( purpose1 #aia1 #c2 #cci1 #g4 gnrus1 n comp>$1 #ge1 #b4 ,gnomic pres5t1 #bei1 #a2 ---- p]fect1 #bfb1 #a4 gradior1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 c4 ,grammatical g5d]1 #ae4 grti1 ) g541 #aih1 #a2 ---- grtia1 grtiae1 #fa4 ,greek n\ns1 #a/ decl41 #bb2 ---- #b;d decl41 #bg2 ---- ---- exceptions 9 g5d]1 #bf1 #a1 c72 ---- #c;d decl41 #dg2 ---- ,greek acc41 #ahj2 ---- ,greek n\ns 9 v]se1 #cfe4 grs1 decl41 #da1 #b4 gu gv1 #c1 #c4 ,guttural mutes1 #b1 #d4 ---- /ems1 #cb4 ,h4 h1 pron41 #c1 #c2 ---- ph1 *1 ?1 #b1 #d2 #c1 #c4 habe1 ) p]f4 pass4 p>tic41 #ccg1 #f4 ,hadria1 g5d]1 #ba1 #a4 ,happ5+1 v]bs (1 w4 ind41 #bii1 #a1 #b2 ---- w4 subjv41 #big1 #b4 ,h>d consonants1 #b1 #c1 a71 footnote #d4 ,h>d5+1 #cfg1 #d4 haud1 use1 #cdg1 #b1 a2 ---- haud sci an1 #cjj1 #e4 hav1 #acg1 #e4 ,help1 v]bs signify+1 w4 dat4 #ahg1 ,,ii4 ,h5diadys1 #cgd1 #d4 h]1 locative1 #bcb1 #b4 ,het]oclites1 #ei4 ,het]og5e\s n\ns1 #fj4 ,hexamet]1 dactylic1 #cfh4 ,hiatus1 #cff1 #g1 a4 hc1 #hg2 #bdf1 #a2 #bdf1 #b2 ---- hc1 #cfd1 footnote #fj4 hiems1 #ce1 footnote #ac4 ,h9d]+1 v]bs (1 ) subjv41 #bie1 #c4 ,hi/orical t5ses1 #beh2 ---- hi/orical pres5t1 #bei1 #c2 #bfh1 #c2 ---- hi/orical p]fect1 #bfb1 ,b2 ---- hi/orical inf9itive1 #cce4 honor1 decl41 #cf4 ,hop+1 v]bs (1 w4 inf41 #cca1 ,i4 ,hortatory subjv41 #bgd4 hortus1 decl41 #bc4 hsc9e1 #hg1 footnote #bc ho/is1 decl41 #ch4 hjusce1 #hg1 footnote #bc hum1 locative1 #bcb1 #b4 humilis1 comp41 #ga1 #d4 humus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #a1 b4 hunc9e1 #hg1 footnote #bc ,hyp]baton1 #cej1 #aa1 a4 ,hyp]met]1 #cfg1 #f4 ,hy/]on prot]on1 #cgd1 #g4 ,i4 1 #a1 #a2 ---- 9 diph?ongs1 #b1 #a2 ---- pron41 #c1 #a2 ---- f 1 #g1 #a1 a2 ---- f 1 #g1 #a1 b2 ---- dropp$ by syncope1 #g1 #d2 ---- = 9 "s words1 #i1 #a2 ---- *anges to 1 #ci2 ---- dropp$1 #ci2 ---- f9al i %ort1 #cfc1 #c2 ---- becomes j1 #cfg1 #d4 -/ems1 #cg2 #ci2 ---- n always end+ 9 -is1 #ch1 #c4 -1 g54 & voc4 ( #b;d decl4 n\ns 9 -ius & -ium 91 #be1 #a & #b4 ---- g54 ( #d? decl4 n\ns 9 -u1 #di1 #a4 ---- g54 ( #e? decl4 n\ns1 #eb1 #b4 -/em1 vs1 #da4 1 9 abl41 #c;d decl41 #ch1 #a2 #ci2 ---- 9 adjs41 #fg1 #c1 a2 #gj1 #e2 ---- p>ticiples1 #gj1 #c2 ---- patrials1 #gj1 #e1 c72 ---- nom4 plu41 ( is1 #hg2 ---- z *>act]i/ic ( #d? conj41 #ih4 -ia1 #adi4 ,iambus1 #cff1 #b4 ,iambic measures1 #cgj4 ---- trimet]1 #cgj4 -inus1 suffix1 #aeb1 #a4 -ias1 suffix1 #adh1 #f1 b74 -bam1 9 imp]f41 #aaf1 #d1 b74 -b1 9 future1 #aaf1 #d1 b74 ,ictus1 #cff1 #e4 -icus1 suffix1 #aea1 #b2 #aeb1 #b4 id aettis1 #ahe1 #b4 id g5us1 #ahe1 #a4 id quod #bdg1 #a1 b4 id temporis1 #ahe1 #b4 ,ideal 'y'2 see ,indef9ite second p]son4 dem1 #hg2 #bdh4 dem ac1 #bdh1 #b4 ,ides1 #cga1 #b1 c74 -ds1 suffix1 #adh1 #f1 a74 -ds1 suffix1 #adh1 #f1 a74 -d1 suffix1 #adg1 #c1 c74 idneus1 n comp>$1 #gd1 #b2 ---- w4 dat41 #aib1 #b42 ---- w4 ad & acc41 #aib1 #b & ,n42 ---- ) rel4 clause ( purpose1 #bhb1 #c4 -dus1 suffix1 #aej1 #c4 ds1 fem4 by exception1 #ej4 -ie1 9 voc4 s+4 ( adjs4 9 -ius1 #fc1 #a4 ins1 pres4 p>tic4 f e1 #acb4 -ins1 z end+ ( num]al adv]bs1 #ig & ,n4 -i]1 inf4 end+1 #aaf1 #d1 a4 -is1 n\ns 91 #ea4 igitur1 #cdd1 #a1 c74 gnis1 decl41 #ch4 -i1 9 g51 s+4 ( i-/ems1 #be1 #b4 is1 9 dat4 & abl4 plu4 ( is1 #hg4 -le1 suffix1 #adh1 #c4 lion1 decl41 #bg4 -lis1 suffix1 #aea1 #b4 -ilis1 suffix1 #aej1 #d4 ,illative conjunctions1 #cdd4 ille1 #hg2 ---- '! foll[+1' #bdf1 #b2 ---- '! =m]1' #bdf1 #a2 ---- '! well-kn[n1' #bdf1 #c2 ---- position1 #cej1 #e1 b4 illc1 #hg1 footnote #be4 -illus 7a1 um71 dim9utive suffix1 #adh1 #a4 -im1 9 acc41 #c;d decl41 #ch1 #a4 -im1 -s 9 subjv41 #aaf1 #d1 d4 imp$m5tum1 imp$m5ta1 #fa4 ,imp]ative1 #bha2 ---- t5ses 91 #id1 #c2 #bha1 #a2 ---- future indic4 ) =ce (1 #bfa1 #c4 ---- z protasis ( a conditional s5t41 #cje1 #b2 ---- ---- z apodosis1 #cjb1 #d4 ---- s5t4 9 indir disc41 #caf4 ,imp]fect t5se1 #bfj2 ---- conative1 #bfj1 #c2 ---- inceptive1 #bfj1 #c2 ---- ) jam1 etc41 #bfj1 #d2 ---- epi/ol>y imp41 #bfe4 ,imp]fect subjv4 9 conditional s5t4 ref]r+ to ! pa/1 #cjd1 #b4 ,imp]sonal v]bs1 #ach2 ---- g54 )1 #bji2 ---- dat4 )1 #ahg1 ,,ii1 b2 ---- 9 passive1 #bef1 #c2 ---- ) sub/antive clauses develop$ f volitive1 #bie1 #f2 ---- ( result1 #big1 #b2 ---- ) inf941 #cbg1 #a2 #ccj4 impetus1 defective1 #eg1 #d4 ,impli$ indir4 disc41 #cbc4 mus1 'bottom (1' #bda1 #a4 91 prep41 #adc2 ---- v]bs comp\nd$ w4 9 gov]n+ acc41 #age1 #b1 a1 #b2 ---- v]bs comp\nd$ w4 9 gov]n+ dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii4 9 ) abl4 ( place1 #bbh2 ---- ) abl4 ( "t1 #bcj1 #b2 #bca4 -na1 suffix1 #adh1 #e4 ,inceptives1 #aee1 #a4 ,in*oatives1 #aee1 #a4 ,incomplete action1 #beg1 #a1 b2 #bfg1 #c4 ,indecl9able adjs41 #gj1 #f2 #hj1 #f4 ---- n\ns1 #eh2 ---- ---- g5d] (1 #ae1 #c4 ,indef9ite price1 #bbe1 #a2 #bjc1 #d4 ,indef9ite pron\ns1 #ia1 #beb2 ---- 9 conditions1 #cjb1 #c4 ,indef9ite second p]son1 #bhj1 #c2 #cef1 #c2 #cjb1 #b4 ,indef9ite value1 #bjc1 #c4 ,indicative1 equival5t to ,eng4 subjv41 #bga4 ---- 9 apodosis ( conditional s5t4 ( #c;d type1 #cjd1 #c1 a7 & b74 indige1 con/r41 #bad1 #a1 ,n4 #b4 indignus1 ) abl41 #bbf1 #b2 ---- ) rel4 clause ( purpose1 #bhb1 #c4 ,indirect disc\rse1 def9$1 #cac f42 ---- ---- mood 91 #cac ff42 ---- ---- t5ses 9 #cag-ah2 ---- ---- decl>ative s5t5ces 91 #cad2 ---- ---- int]rog4 s5t5ces 91 #cae2 ---- ---- imp]ative s5t5ces 91 #caf2 ---- ---- conditional s5t5ces 91 #cai-bb2 ---- ---- v]bs introduc+1 #cca1 #a2 ---- ---- v]b ( say+1 etc41 impli$1 #cad1 #b2 ---- ---- ind4 9 subord4 clauses ( indir4 disc41 #cad1 #c2 ---- ---- inf4 = subjv4 9 indir4 disc41 #cad1 #d2 ---- ---- subj4 acc4 omitt$1 #cad1 #e2 ---- ---- impli$ indir4 disc41 #cbc4 ---- que/ions1 #cjj2 ---- ---- p>ticles introduc+1 #cjj1 #a1 a2 ---- ---- delib]ative subjv4 9 indir4 que/41 #cjj1 #b2 ---- ---- indir4 que/4 w4 s1 #cjj1 #c2 ---- ---- d\ble indir4 que/ions1 #cjj1 #d2 ---- ---- 9 indir4 que/41 #cjj1 #f2 ---- ---- 9 conditional s5ts4 ( #c;d type1 #cbb1 b4 ---- reflexives1 #bdd1 #b4 ---- object1 #ahg4 nf]um1 nf]ior1 #gc1 #b4 nfimus1 #bda1 #a4 ,inf9itive1 g5d] (1 #ae1 ,a #c2 ---- 9 -i]1 #aaf1 #d1 a2 ---- =ce ( t5ses 91 #bgj2 #cbf ff4 ---- fut4 p]f4 inf41 #bgj1 #d2 ---- ---- p]iphra/ic future1 #bgj1 #c4 ---- )\t subj4 acc41 #cbf-cbh2 #cad1 #e4 ---- ) subj4 acc41 #cbi-cca4 ---- z obj41 #cbh2 #cca1 ---- z subj41 #cbg2 #ccj4 ---- ) adjs41 #ccc4 ---- d5ot+ purpose1 #cbf1 ,n4 ---- 9 abl4 abs41 #bbg1 #c4 ---- 9 exclamations1 #ccd4 ---- hi/orical inf41 #cce4 nfitis1 con/r41 #ahb1 #e4 ,inflection1 #aa4 ,inflections1 #aa ff4 nfr1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 +ns1 comp41 #gc1 #d4 injri1 abl4 ( mann]1 #bbj1 #b4 injuss1 defective1 #eg1 #a2 ---- ! abl41 #bai1 #b4 inl- ill-1 #i1 #b4 innxus1 w4 abl41 #bah1 #c4 inops1 decl41 #gj1 #b4 inquam1 conj41 #acd4 ,insep>able prepositions1 #aei1 #c1 ,n4 nsidiae1 plu4 only1 #ef1 #c4 n/>1 #eh4 ,in/rum5tal uses ( abl41 #bac2 #bah ff4 ,int5sive pron41 #hh4 ,int5sives 7v]bs71 #aee1 #b4 int]1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada2 ---- comp\nd$ w4 v]bs1 gov]n+ dat4 #ahg1 ,,iii2 ---- to express reciprocal relation1 #bde4 int]dc1 con/41 #ahh1 #a1 a4 int]e/1 con/r41 #baj2 #baa4 int]ior1 comp41 #gc1 #a4 ,int]jections1 #ade4 ,int]lock$ ord]1 #cej1 #aa1 d4 ,int]rogative pron\ns1 #ij4 ---- s5t5ces1 #afb2 ---- p>ticles1 #afb1 #b2 ---- ---- omitt$1 #afb1 #b1 d72 ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cae4 intr1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 ,intransitive v]bs1 ) cognate acc41 #agf1 #d2 ---- 9 passive1 #bef1 #c2 #ahg1 ,,ii1 b2 ---- imp]sonal intransitives1 #ach1 ,,iv4 -nus1 suffix1 #aea1 #b2 #aeb1 #a2 #aeb1 #c4 -i1 v]bs ( #c;d conj41 #aji4 -ior1 ius1 comp>ative end+1 #ga4 ipse1 #hh2 #bdi2 ---- z indir4 reflexive1 #bdi1 #c4 ipsu & ipsrum1 ) possessive pron\ns1 #bdc1 #c4 -ir1 decl4 ( n\ns 91 #bc4 ,irregul> comp>ison1 #gb ff42 ---- n\ns1 #db2 ---- v]bs1 #abd f4 is1 #hg2 #bdg2 ---- z p]sonal pron41 #bdg1 #b4 -is1 z patronymic end+1 #adh1 #f1 b72 ---- n\ns 9 -is ( #c;d decl41 #cg f42 ---- adjs4 9 -is1 #fi4 -s1 acc4 plu41 #c;d decl41 #cg2 #dj4 ---- -tis1 abl4 ( patrials 91 #gj1 #e1 c74 i/aec1 #hg1 footnote #bd4 i/e1 #hg2 #bdf1 #d4 i/c1 #f1 #d4 i/c1 #f1 #d2 #hg1 footnote #bd4 ita1 9 answ]s1 #afb1 #e4 itaque1 #cdd1 #a1 a74 it]1 #db1 #a4 -itia1 #adi4 -x1 frequ5tatives 91 #aee1 #b1 a4 -ium1 g54 ( n\ns 91 #be1 #b2 ---- end+ ( g54 plu41 #c;d decl41 #cg f42 #ci2 #dj2 #adg1 #c1 b72 #adh1 #b4 -ius1 g54 & voc4 s+4 ( n\ns 91 #be1 #a & #b2 ---- ( adjs41 #fc1 a2 #aea1 #b2 #aeb1 #b2 #aeb1 #c2 ---- -u = -u1 #cfb1 #a1 a74 -vus1 suffix1 #aea1 #b4 ,j4 j1 #a1 #b4 jaci1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 a72 ---- comp\nds (1 #i1 #c2 #cfb1 #e4 jam1 etc41 ) pres5t t5se1 #bei1 #d2 ---- ) imp]fect1 #bfj1 #d4 jecur1 decl41 #db1 #c4 joc1 abl4 ( mann]1 #bbj1 #b4 jocus1 plu4 (1 #fj1 #b4 ,jo9+1 v]bs (1 con/ruction1 #ceh1 #c4 jube1 con/r41 #bie1 #a1 a3 #cca1 ,,ii4 jdicor1 w4 inf41 #ccb1 c4 jg]um1 #ei1 #a4 ,julian cal5d>1 #cga4 jung1 w4 abl41 #bbb;,a4 ,juppit]1 decl41 #da4 jrtus1 #aad1 #b4 jre1 abl4 ( mann]1 #bbj1 #b4 js e/1 ) sub/antive clause1 #big1 #c4 juss1 #eg1 #a2 ---- ! abl41 #bai1 #b4 ,jussive subjv41 #bge2 ---- equiv4 to a protasis1 #cje1 #b4 juvat1 w4 acc41 #agb1 #b1 c72 ---- ) inf41 #cbg1 #a4 ,juv5le1 abl41 #gj1 #e1 b4 juv5is1 a cons4 /em1 #ch1 #b2 ---- comp>ison1 #gc1 #d4 juv1 ) acc41 #ahg1 ,,ii1 ,n4 jxt1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 ,k4 k1 #a1 #a4 ,kn[+1 v]bs (1 w4 inf41 #cca1 ,i4 ,k1 adjs4 (1 w4 g541 #bjd4 ,l4 l1 pron41 #c1 #c4 ,labial mutes1 #b1 #d4 ---- /ems1 #ca2 ---- ---- g5d] (1 #dc1 #c2 #df1 #a4 lac]1 decl41 #fe1 #a4 lacus1 decl41 #di1 #c4 la$1 w4 acc41 #ahg1 ,,ii1 ,n4 laetus1 w4 adv]bial =ce1 #bci4 lapis1 decl41 #cc4 l>gior1 #aac4 ,lat9 p]iod1 #cea1 #e4 ,l5g? ( syllables1 #e1 ,b4 ,l5g? ( v[els1 #e1 ,a4 -l5tus1 suffix1 #aea1 #c4 le1 decl41 #ce4 ,lb]1 decl1 #bc1 #b4 lb]1 adj41 decl41 #fe1 #a4 lb]1 con/r41 #bad1 #a1 ,n4 #a4 lb]ta1 lb]tbus1 #ba1 #b1 e74 lib]um1 g54 plu41 #be1 #f1 c74 licet1 ) subjv41 #bie1 #f & #h2 #cjh1 a2 ---- ) inf41 #cbg1 #a2 #ccj4 licet1 adv]sative1 #cji1 #d4 ,lik5ess1 adjs4 (1 w4 dat41 #aib1 #a4 ,limit ( motion1 acc4 (41 #ahb4 ,l+ual mutes1 #b1 #d4 l9t]1 decl41 #dj4 ,liquids1 #b1 #e4 ---- /ems1 #cd4 ls1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d74 ,litotes1 #cge1 #a4 litt]a1 litt]ae1 #fa4 ,locative1 #ag1 #a2 ---- 9 -ae1 #ba1 #b1 c72 ---- 9 -i1 #be1 #e2 ---- syntax1 #bcb2 ---- apposition )1 #afi1 #d2 ---- loc4 uses ( abl41 #bac2 #bbh f4 loc1 locs1 ! abl41 #bbh1 #a1 b4 locus1 plurals (1 #fj1 #b4 ,long syllables1 #e1 ,b1 #a4 ---- v[els1 #e1 ,a1 #a4 longius longius quam1 #bga1 #c4 longum e/ ,eng4 pot5tial1 #bag1 #a1 b4 lubet1 lubd1 spell+1 #i1 #a4 lds1 ! abl41 #bcj1 #a4 -lus1 -la1 -lum1 dim9utives 91 #adh1 #a4 lx1 #eg1 #g4 ,m4 m1 pron41 #c1 #c2 ---- *ang$ to n be=e d1 c1 #h1 #e1 c2 ---- m-/em1 #ce1 footnote #ac2 ---- m-f9al 9 poetry1 #cff1 #aj4 ma]e1 w4 acc41 #age1 #b1 b4 magis1 comp>ison1 #gg1 #a2 ---- comp>ison )1 #gd4 magn1 g54 ( value1 #bjc1 #c4 magnop]e1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 magnus1 comp>$1 #gb4 ,mak+1 v]bs (1 w4 two accusatives1 #agg4 male1 comp>ison1 #gg1 #a4 mal$cns1 comp>ison1 #ga1 #e1 a74 mlim1 pot5tial subjv41 #bhj1 #b1 a4 mllem1 pot5tial subjv41 #bhj1 #d4 ml1 #acj2 ---- ) inf41 #cca1 ,,iv1 & a2 ---- ) subjv41 #bif1 #a1 a4 malus1 comp>ison1 #gb4 mne1 indecl9able1 #eh4 ,mann]1 abl4 (1 #bjj4 m>e1 decl41 #ci1 #b2 ---- m>1 #bbh1 #a1 c74 ms1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d74 ,mascul9e1 see ,g5d]4 ,mascul9e caesura1 #cfh1 #c1 c4 ,mat]ial1 abl4 (1 #bbd1 #c4 mt]is1 mt]ia1 #ei1 #b1 a74 mtr1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 mtrus1 comp>$1 #ga1 #c4 maxim1 adjs4 comp>$ )1 #gd4 maxim1 z g54 ( value1 #bjc1 #c4 maxumus1 #i1 #a4 ,means1 abl4 (1 #bah2 ---- abl4 abs4 d5ot+1 #bbg1 #b2 ---- d5ot$ by p>tic41 #ccg1 #b1 d4 md1 = m1 #hd1 #c4 ,m$iae 7consonants71 #b1 #c1 b71 footnote #e4 m$ius1 'middle ('1 #bda1 #a4 me1 z objective g541 #bdb1 #b4 melior1 comp>ison1 #gb4 melius e/ ,eng4 pot5tial1 #bga1 #a1 b74 mem9i1 #acc2 ---- con/r41 #bjf1 #a1 a2 #b1 a4 memor1 decl41 #gj1 #b4 -m51 -m5tum1 suffixes1 #adg1 #d4 mnsis1 #ch1 #b1 footnote #ad4 m5tem 79 m5tem v5re71 #bjf1 #c4 -met1 enclitic1 #f1 #c2 #hd1 #b4 ,metrical close ( s5t41 #cej1 #ab4 metu1 w4 subjv41 #bif1 #b4 m1 dat41 #hd1 #a4 m1 voc4 ( meus1 #hf1 #b4 ,middle voice1 v]bs 91 #age1 #b1 d74 mles1 decl41 #cc4 mlitiae1 locative1 #bcb1 #b4 mlle1 mlia1 decl41 #hj1 #e4 m9im1 comp>ison1 #gg1 #a2 ---- 9 answ]s1 #afb1 #e1 b74 m9imus1 comp>ison1 #gb4 m9or1 comp>ison1 #gb4 m9ris1 g54 ( value1 #bjc1 #c2 ---- ( price1 #bjc1 #d4 m9us1 comp>ison #gg1 #a2 ---- m9us quam1 #bag1 #c2 ---- qu m9us1 #bie1 #c2 ---- s m9us1 #cjf1 #b & a4 mror1 conj41 #aac4 mrus1 comp>ison1 #ge1 #b4 miscre1 ) abl41 #bbb;,a2 ---- ) dat41 #ceh1 #c4 mis]eor1 ) g541 #bji1 #b4 mis]sc1 ) g541 #bji1 #b4 mis]et1 con/r41 #bji4 ,mix$ /ems1 #dj4 modium1 g54 plu41 #be1 #f1 a74 modo1 9 wi%es & provisos1 #caj4 mone1 #ajc2 ---- con/r41 #agh1 #a1 d74 mon?s1 g5d] ( names (1 #ae1 #a2 ---- decl4 #fh1 #a2 ---- abl41 ( mon? names1 #gj1 #e1 a72 ---- names1 #cga1 #a4 ,moods1 #id1 #b4 ---- 9 indep5d5t s5t5ces1 #bga f4 ---- 9 dep5d5t clauses1 #bhb f4 ,mora1 #cff1 #a4 morior1 conj4 #aji1 #b1 c72 ms1 decl41 #cf2 ---- mrs1 #fa4 ms e/1 ) subjv4 clause1 #big1 #c4 muliebre secus1 con/r41 #ahe1 #a4 ,multiplication1 di/ributives us$ to indicate1 #ha1 #d1 c4 multum1 #gg1 #c2 ---- comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 multus1 comp>$1 #gb2 ---- ) ano!r adj41 #bda1 #c4 ms decl41 #dj1 #a1 d74 mtre1 ) abl41 #bbb;,a4 ,mutes1 #b1 #c4 ,mute /ems1 #cj4 ,n4 n1 pronunciation1 #c1 #c2 ---- n-/ems1 #ce4 n adult]num1 #b1 #f4 -nam1 app5d$ to quis1 #ij1 #b1 d4 ,names1 ,roman1 #cgc4 ,nam+1 v]bs (1 w4 two accusatives1 #aag1 #a4 ,nasals1 #b1 #f4 ,nasal /ems1 #ce4 nt1 #eg1 #a2 ---- maximus nt1 m9imus nt1 #gc1 #d1 footnotes #bj1 #ba2 #bbf1 #a4 ,natural g5d]1 #ad4 ntus1 con/r41 #bae4 nvis1 decl41 #da1 #d4 nd1 v[el %ort be=e1 #e1 #b1 a4 -ne1 #f1 #c f2 #afb1 #b1 c72 #cjj1 #a1 b72 ---- -ne 444 an1 #afb1 #d2 ---- ---- 9 indir4 d\ble que/ions1 #cjj1 #d4 n1 9 prohibitions1 #bgf2 ---- ) hortatory subjv41 #bgd2 ---- ) concessive1 #bgh2 ---- ) optative1 #bgi2 ---- 9 purpose clauses1 #bhb2 ---- 9 sub/antive clauses1 #bie f41 #bif2 ---- 9 provisos1 #caj4 n1 'le/1' #bhb1 #a2 #bif1 #b4 n nn = ut aft] v]bs ( fe>+1 #bif1 #b1 a4 n 444 quidem1 #cdg1 #a2 #b4 ,ne>ness1 adjs4 (1 w4 dat41 #aib1 #a4 nec1 #cda1 #a1 d72 ---- nec squam1 #cda1 #b1 d74 necesse e/1 w4 subjv41 #bie1 #h4 necne1 9 d\ble que/ions1 #afb1 #d4 nefs1 indecl9able1 #eh4 ,negatives1 #cdg1 #b2 ---- two negatives /r5g!n+ ! negation1 #cdg1 #b4 nm1 defective1 #eg1 #c2 ---- use1 #beb1 #f4 nquam1 indecl9able1 #gj1 #f2 ---- comp>$1 #gb4 neque1 #cda1 #a1 d72 ---- neque 9 purpose clauses1 #bhb1 #a1 e4 neque1 conj41 #acg1 #a4 ne quis1 use1 #ia1 #e4 nquit]1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 nesci an1 #cjj1 #e4 nesci quis1 z indef4 pron41 #bec1 #f4 ,neut]1 see ,g5d]4 neut]1 decl41 #ff2 ---- use1 #ib1 #a4 nve 7neu71 9 purpose clauses1 #bhb1 #a1 d4 nf1 quantity ( v[el be=e1 #e1 #a1 a4 nihil1 indecl9able1 #eh4 nihil e/ cr1 qun1 #bie1 #g4 n+it1 'x sn[s1' #ach1 #a4 nisi1 #cjf1 #a & #d4 nisi =te1 #cjf1 #e4 nisi s1 #cjf1 #e4 nisi vr1 #cjf1 #e4 ntor1 con/r41 #bah1 #c4 nix1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d74 ,no1 9 answ]s1 #afb1 #e1 b4 -n1 class ( v]bs1 #aag1 #d4 nl1 ) inf41 9 prohibitions1 #bgf1 b4 nlim1 pot5tial subjv41 #bhj1 #b1 a4 nllem1 pot5tial subjv41 #bhj1 #d4 nl1 #acj2 ---- ) inf41 #cca1 ,,iv & a2 #bgf1 #b1 a2 ---- ) subjv41 #bif1 #a1 a4 nm51 decl41 #ce2 ---- nm5 e/1 con/r41 #aij1 #a2 ---- nm51 z "p ( ,roman "n1 #cgc4 ,nom9ative1 #ag2 #agj2 ---- us$ = voc41 #aga1 #a2 ---- nom4 s+4 lack+1 #eg1 #f2 ---- pr$4 nom41 #afh4 ,nones1 #cga1 #b1 b74 nn1 9 answ]s1 #afb1 #e1 b72 ---- ) pot54 subjv41 #bhj2 ---- ) delib]ative1 #bgg4 nn dubit qun1 ) subjv41 #bih2 ---- nn dubit1 w4 inf41 #bih1 a2 b4 nn modo = nn modo nn1 #cdc1 #b1 a4 nnne1 #afb1 #b1 a72 #cjj1 #a1 b71 ,n4 nn quia1 ) ind41 #bhf1 #a1 c2 ---- ) subjv41 #bhf1 #a1 b4 nn qun1 ) sujbv41 #bhf1 #a1 b4 nn quod1 ) ind41 #bhf1 #a1 c2 ---- ) subjv41 #bhf1 #a1 b4 ns ego1 #bdb1 #c4 no/ri1 z objective g541 #bdb1 #b4 no/rum1 z g54 ( :ole1 #bdb1 #b2 ---- z possessive g541 #bdb1 #b1 a4 ,n\ns1 #ab ff42 #cec2 ---- d]ivation (1 #adg f4 ---- 9 -is n always -/ems1 #ch1 #a4 ---- ( ag5cy1 =ce1 #cec1 #d4 ---- us$ 9 plu4 only1 #ef4 ---- us$ 9 s+4 only1 #ee4 ---- us$ only 9 c]ta9 cases1 #eg4 ---- indecl9able1 #eh4 ---- ) *ange ( mean+ 9 plural1 #fa4 ---- syntax1 #aff f4 ---- pr$icate1 agreem5t (1 etc41 #afg f4 ---- appositives1 agreem5t (1 etc41 #afi f4 ,n\n & adj4 =ms ( ! v]b1 #ie1 #b4 nv1 z pres41 #bfb1 ,a4 novus1 comp>$1 #gc1 #c4 ns1 quantity ( v[el be=e1 #e1 #a1 a4 -ns1 decl4 ( n\ns 91 #dj1 #a1 c74 nt1 quantity ( v[el be=e1 #e1 #b1 a4 nbs1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 a nlla causa e/ cr1 qun1 #bie1 #g4 nllus1 decl41 #ff2 #eg1 #c2 ---- use1 #ib1 #a4 num1 #afb1 #b1 b72 #cjj1 #a1 b74 ,numb]1 #af2 #id1 #d4 ,num]als1 #gh f42 ---- peculi>ities 9 use (1 #ha4 numquis1 decl41 #ia1 #e4 np]1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 -nus1 suffix1 #aea1 #b4 ,o4 1 v[el1 #b1 #a2 ---- z elem5t 9 dip?ong 1 #b1 #a2 ---- pron41 #c1 #a2 ---- alt]nat+ w4 9 c]ta9 classes ( words1 #i1 #a2 #b2 #d2 ---- -/ems1 #bc2 #bd2 ---- 9 cit1 #gg1 #b1 a2 ---- 9 du1 #hj1 #b2 ---- 9 eg1 #hd2 #cfc1 #d1 a2 ---- 9 mod1 #cfc1 #d1 a2 ---- 9 comp\nds ( pro-1 #cfc1 #d1 c2 ---- 9 am1 le1 etc41 #cfc1 #d1 b4 1 pron4 #c1 #a2 ---- = au1 #g1 #a1 e2 ---- by contraction1 #g1 #b2 ---- 9 abl4 s+4 ( #b;d decl41 #bc2 ---- 9 nom4 s+4 ( #c;d decl41 #ce2 ---- 9 ,greek n\ns1 #dg1 #h2 ---- 9 adv]bs1 #gg1 #b2 ---- 9 amb1 #hj1 #b1 a2 ---- 9 p]sonal end+s1 #if4 ob1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada2 ---- v]bs comp\nd$ w4 gov]n+ dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii4 ,obey+1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 ,object1 direct1 #agb f42 ---- two objects w4 same v]b1 #agg2 #agh2 ---- indirect1 #ahg f42 ---- inf4 z obj41 #cbf2 #cbh2 #cbi2 #cca4 ,objective g541 #bjj4 ,obligation1 v]b 9 expression (1 #cjd1 #c1 a2 ---- see also ,duty4 ,oblique cases1 #ga1 #b4 oblvscor1 con/r41 #bjf1 #a1 b2 #b4 octdecim 7= duodvg9t71 #ha1 #b4 d1 #acc4 oe1 #b1 #a2 ---- pron41 #c1 #b4 ,old =ms1 familis1 #ba1 #b1 a2 ---- aul1 #ba1 #b1 b2 ---- s]vos1 aevom1 equos1 etc41 #bd2 ---- md1 td1 #hd1 #c2 ---- sd1 #he1 #c4 olle1 ar*aic = ille1 #hg4 -olus 7a1 um71 #adh1 #a4 -om1 lat] -um 9 #b;d decl41 #bc4 -on1 ,greek n\ns1 #b;d decl4 91 #bg4 ,onomatopia1 #cge1 #d4 op]a1 op]ae1 #fa4 ,op]ations ( nature1 imp]sonal v]bs express+1 #ach1 #a4 opnine ) comp>atives1 #bag1 #d4 opis1 #eg1 #f2 ---- ops1 #fa4 oportet1 #ach2 ---- w4 subjv41 #bie1 #f2 #h2 ---- w4 inf41 #cbg1 #ccj4 oportuit1 ) pres4 inf4 'ought to h'1 #bgj1 #b2 ---- ) p]f4 inf41 #bgj1 #b1 a4 oppidum 7,g5avam ad oppidum71 #ahb1 #b1 a4 ,optative subjv41 #bgb2 #bgi2 ---- sub/antive clauses develop$ f1 #bif4 optimts1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d4 optimus1 comp41 #gb4 opt1 w4 sub/4 cl4 develop$ f optative1 #bif1 #a4 optumus1 spell+1 #i1 #a4 opus e/1 w4 abl41 #bah1 #b2 ---- w4 p>tic41 #bah1 #b1 c4 -or1 n\ns 91 #cd2 ---- -or = -os1 #cf2 ---- g5d] ( n\ns 91 #dc1 #a2 ---- exceptions 9 g5d]1 #dd1 #b2 ---- z suffix1 #adg1 #b4 ,oratio ,obliqua1 #cac f4 ,ord] ( words1 #cdh f4 ,ord9als1 #gh1 #a2 #gi4 orior1 conjugation1 #abc1 ,,vii4 oriundus1 con/r41 #bae1 #b4 r1 ) acc41 #agh1 #a1 a ,orpheus1 decl41 #dg1 #f4 ,or?ography1 peculi>ities1 #i4 ortus1 con/r41 #bae4 s1 decl41 #eg1 #g4 os1 decl41 #db4 -os1 lat] -u 9 #b;d decl41 #bc4 -s1 lat] -or 9 #c;d decl41 #cf1 #a4 ---- -s1 ,greek n\ns1 #b;d decl4 91 #bg4 -sus1 =m ( suffix1 #aea1 #c4 ovis1 decl41 #ch1 #a4 ,oxymoron1 #cge1 #b4 ,p4 p1 pron41 #c1 #c2 ---- by assimilation1 #h1 #d2 ---- by p>tial assimilation1 #h1 #e4 pa5itet1 #ach1 ,,ii2 ---- ) g541 #bji palam1 z prep4 w4 abl41 #add1 #b4 ,palatal mutes1 #b1 #d4 pal/]1 decl41 #fh1 #a4 ,p>asitic v[els1 #g1 #c4 p>tus1 ) inf941 #ccc4 ,p>don1 v]bs signify+1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 p>i1 #aji1 #b1 a74 p>s1 "ps1 #fa4 p>te1 abl4 ( place1 #bbh1 #a1 b4 p>tem1 adv]bially us$1 #ahe1 #a4 ,p>ticipation1 adjs4 (1 w4 g541 #bjd1 #a4 ,p>ticipial /em1 #ig1 ,,iii2 ---- =mation1 #aai4 ,p>ticiples1 9 -ns & -ns1 #gj1 #c2 ---- g54 plu4 ( 9 -um1 #gj1 #g2 ---- pres4 act4 p>tic41 #ig1 ,i1 #e2 #aja2 #ajc2 #aje2 #ajg2 #aaj2 #aac2 ---- fut4 act4 p>tic41 #ig1 ,,iii2 ---- z "o ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]b1 #ii1 footnote #bh2 #ajj2 #aja2 #ajc2 #aje2 #ajg2 #aaj2 #aac2 ---- p]f4 pass4 p>tic41 #ig1 ,,iii2 #ajb2 #ajd2 #ajf2 #ajh2 #aaa2 #aac22 ---- g]undive1 see ,g]undive2 ---- fut4 act41 peculi> =mation (1 #aai1 #d2 ---- p]f4 pass41 w4 act4 or neut] mean+1 #aad1 #b2 ---- ( depon5ts1 #aab1 b2 ---- syntax1 #ccf ff4 ,p>ticiples1 fut4 act41 #aai1 #d2 ---- ---- d5ot+ purpose1 #ccg1 #d4 ---- p]f4 act41 h[ suppli$1 #cef1 #b4 ---- p]f4 pass4 #ccf1 #c2 ---- ---- z pres41 #ccf1 #e4 ---- pres4 p>tic41 #ccf1 #b2 ---- ---- ) conative =ce1 #ccf1 #b1 a4 ---- p]f4 pass41 ) active mean+1 #aad1 #b2 ---- pr$4 use ( p>tic41 #ccg1 #b2 ---- p>ticiples equival5t to subord9ate clauses1 #ccg1 #b2 ---- ---- to cord9ate clauses1 #ccg1 #e2 ---- w4 opus e/1 #bah1 #b1 c2 ---- ) n\n1 equival5t to ab/ract n\n1 #ccg1 #f2 ---- ) habe1 #ccg1 #g4 ---- ) vide1 audi1 faci1 etc41 #ccg1 #c4 ,p>ticles1 #aci f42 #cda f4 ,p>titive apposition1 #afi1 #e4 ,p>titive g541 s call$1 #bja4 ,p>ts ( spee*1 #aj4 p>um1 comp>ison1 #gg1 #a4 p>v1 g54 ( value1 #bjc1 #c4 p>vus1 comp>ison1 #gb4 ,passive1 v]bs 91 ) middle mean+1 #age1 #b1 d2 #bef2 ---- v]bs gov]n+ dat4 us$ 9 pass4 only imp]sonally1 #ahg1 ,,ii1 b2 ---- con/r4 ( passive v]bs ( say+1 etc41 #ccb & note2 ---- h[ suppli$ :5 miss+1 #cef1 #a4 patior1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 c2 #aac2 ---- ) inf41 #cca1 ,,iii4 ,patrial adjs41 #gj1 #e1 c4 ,patronymics1 #adh1 #f4 paulum1 =mation1 #gg1 #c4 paulus1 spell+1 #i1 #b4 paup]1 decl411 #gj1 #a4 p$e/]1 decl41 #fh1 #a4 pejor1 quantity ( fir/ syllable1 #cfb1 #e4 pelagus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #b4 ,p5alty1 abl4 (1 #bjh1 #b1 b4 p5ts1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d74 p5es1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 ,p5tamet]1 dactylic1 #cfi4 ,p5ult1 #f1 #b4 p]1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada2 ---- ) acc4 ( "t & space1 #aha1 #b4 ,p]ceiv+1 v]bs (1 w4 inf41 #cca1 ,i4 ,p]fect active ptc41 h[ suppli$ 9 ,lat91 #cef1 #b4 ,p]fect pass4 p>tic41 =ce ( w4 depon5t v]bs1 #aab1 b2 ---- dat4 ( ag5cy sometimes us$ w41 #ahi1 #b2 ---- opus1 #bah1 #b1 c4 ,p]fect /em1 #ig1 ,,ii2 ---- ---- =mation1 #aah4 ---- 9 -v1 -v1 -v contract$1 #aaf1 #a4 ---- hi/orical p]f41 #bfb4 ---- ) =ce ( pres4 #bfb2 #acc1 #b2 ---- pres4 p]f4 & hi/4 p]f4 di/+ui%$1 #bcg1 #a & #b2 ---- gnomic p]f41 #bfb1 #a2 ---- p]f4 subjv4 z hi/orical t5se1 #bfh1 #f & #g1 b2 ---- p]f4 inf4 w4 oportuit1 #bgj1 #b2 ---- p]f4 prohibitive1 #bgi1 a2 ---- p]f4 pot5tial1 #bhj1 #a & #b2 ---- p]f4 concessive1 #bgh2 ---- sequ5ce ( t5ses aft] p]f4 inf41 #bfh1 #b4 ,p]iodic /ructure1 #cea1 #e4 ,p]iphra/ic conj41 #aae2 #bfi1 #c2 ---- 9 conditional s5t5ces ( ! #c;d type1 #cjd1 #c1 b72 ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cbb2 ---- 9 passive1 #ccg1 #h1 b1 #a4 ---- fut4 inf41 #bgj1 #c4 ,p]sons1 #ie1 #d2 ---- #b;d s+1 ( indef9ite subject1 #cef1 #c4 ,p]sonal pron\ns #hd2 #bdb2 ---- ---- z subject1 omission (1 #aff1 #b2 ---- ---- z objective g5itives1 #bdb1 #b4 ---- end+s1 #if4 p]sude1 ) dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii1 a2 ---- ) subjv41 #bie1 #a4 ,p]suad+1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 ph1 #b1 #c1 c2 #b1 #d2 #c1 #c4 piget1 ) g541 #bji4 ,pity1 v]bs (1 w4 g541 #bji1 #a & #b4 ,place to :i*1 #ahb2 ---- :5ce1 #bbi2 ---- place :]e1 #bbh4 placitus1 =ce1 #aad1 #b4 ,pleas+1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii1 a2 ---- w4 acc41 #ahg1 ,,ii1 a1 ,n4 plbs1 het]oclite1 #ei1 #b1 d74 plbi1 g541 #eb1 #b4 ,pl5ty & ,want1 v]bs (1 con/r41 #bab2 cf4 #bah1 #h4 plnus1 w4 g541 #bah1 #h1 a4 ,pleonasm1 #cgd1 #c4 plrque1 #f1 #e4 pluit1 #ach1 ,i4 ,plup]fect t5se1 =mation1 #ajj2 ---- syntax1 #bfc2 #bfe2 #bhg1 #b2 #bhh1 #c2 ---- ) imp]fect mean+1 #acc1 #b4 ,plural1 #af2 ---- 9 #e? decl41 #eb1 #d2 ---- ( prop] names1 #ee1 #d1 a72 ---- ( ab/ract n\ns1 #e1 #d1 c72 ---- n\ns us$ 91 only1 #ef2 ---- ) *ange ( mean+1 #fa2 ---- /yli/ic use1 #cec1 #a1 #b4 ,pluralia tantum1 #ef2 #ha1 #d1 b74 plris1 g54 ( value1 #bjc1 #c2 ---- ( price1 #bjc1 #d4 pls1 decl41 #gj2 #gj1 #d2 ---- pls quam1 #bag1 #c4 poma1 decl41 #dg1 #e4 ,polysyndeton1 #cda1 #d1 b74 por-1 insep>able prep41 #aei1 #c1 e4 porticus1 g5d]1 #ej4 portus1 decl41 #di1 #c4 posc1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 a74 ,position ( clauses1 #cea1 #c4 ---- ( words1 #cdh2 #cej2 #cea4 ,possessive dat41 #aij2 ---- g541 #aih2 ---- ---- contra/$ ) dat4 ( poss41 #cei1 #a4 ,possessive pron\ns1 #hf1 #bdc2 ---- objective g541 #bdc1 #b2 ---- position (1 #bdc1 #a1 a4 ,possibility1 v]bs (1 put 9 indic4 9 cond4 s5t5ces1 #cjd1 #c1 a4 possum1 #abf2 ---- ) pres5t inf941 ',i might1' #bga1 #a1 a2 ---- 9 cond4 s5t5ces1 #cjd1 #c1 a4 po/1 prep4 w4 acc41 #add1 #a2 ---- 9 expressions ( "t1 #ceg1 #a4 ,po/-positive words1 #cdc1 #a1 c74 po/equam1 #bhg2 ---- sep>at$1 #bhg1 #c2 ---- ) imp]f4 ind41 #bhg1 #d2 ---- w4 plup]f4 ind41 #bhg1 #c2 ---- ) subjv41 #bhg1 #e4 po/]us1 po/]ior1 comp41 #gc1 #b4 po/rmus1 use1 #bda1 #b4 po/rdi1 ) g541 #bja1 #c1 a4 po/ul1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 a4 ,pot5tial subjv41 #bgb2 #bhj4 potior1 ) g541 #bab1 #b2 ---- ) abl41 #bah1 #a2 ---- 9 g]undive con/r41 #cci1 #d4 ---- adj41 #gc1 #a4 potius1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 potu1 pot]am1 9 apodosis ( conditional s5t4 ( #c;d type1 #cjd1 #c1 a72 ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cbb1 c4 potu1 ) pres4 inf4 'c\ld h1' #bgj1 #b4 potu]im1 9 dep5d5t apodosis1 #cbb1 c4 ptus1 =ce1 #aad1 #b4 prae1 prep1 w4 abl41 #adb2 ---- v]bs comp\nd$ ) gov]n+ dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii2 ---- %ort 9 praeactus1 etc41 #cfb1 #b4 ,pra5m51 #cgc4 praesns1 #abe4 praesum1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii4 prnsus1 =ce1 #aad1 #b4 prec1 -em1 -e1 #eg1 #e1 a4 ,pr$icate1 #afc4 ---- g541 #aih1 #c2 #bjc1 #e4 ,pr$icate n\ns1 #afg2 #afh2 ---- 9 acc41 #agg2 ---- pr$icate n\ns or adjs4 attract$ to dat41 #cbg1 #b1 a2 ---- ---- to nom41 #cbh1 #b4 ---- adjectives1 #bcb1 #b2 #agg1 #b4 ,prepositions1 assimilation (1 9 comp\nds1 #h1 #d2 #i1 #b2 ---- ) acc41 #ada2 ---- ) abl41 #adb2 ---- z adv]bs1 #add2 ---- insep>able prepositions1 #aei1 #c1 ,n42 ---- position1 #cej1 #g2 ---- prepositional phrases z attributive modifi]s1 #cec1 #e2 ---- ana/rophe (1 #add1 #c2 #ada1 #b2 #adb1 #c2 ---- usage ) abl4 ( sep41 #bad f2 ---- ) abl4 ( s\rce1 #bae4 ,pres5t t5se1 #bei2 ---- gnomic1 #bei1 #a2 ---- conative1 #bei1 #b2 ---- hi/orical1 #bei1 #c2 ---- ) jam prdem1 jam di1 etc41 #bei1 #d2 ---- ) dum1 ':ile1' #bic1 ,i2 ---- 9 ,repraes5tti1 #cah2 ---- pres4 subjv41 9 -im1 #abg1 #b2 ---- pres4 p>tic41 see ,p>ticiple4 ---- /em1 #ig1 ,i2 ---- ---- =mation1 #aag4 ---- p]f41 #beg1 #a & #b4 ,prev5t+1 v]bs (1 w4 subjv4 clause1 #bie1 #c4 ,price1 indef9ite1 special words 9 g54 #bjc1 #d2 also #bbe1 #a4 ---- abl4 (1 #bbe4 prdi1 ) g541 #bja1 #c1 a2 ---- ) acc41 #add1 #b4 ,prim>y t5ses1 see ,pr9cipal t5ses4 prmus1 'fir/ :o1' #bda1 #b4 prnceps1 decl41 #ca4 ,pr9cipal p>ts1 #ii2 ---- li/1 p4 #bea4 ---- t5ses1 #beh f4 prior1 comp>$1 #gc1 #a4 prius1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 priusquam1 ) ind41 #bia2 ---- ) subjv41 #bib2 ---- sep>at$1 #bib4 ,privation1 v]bs (1 w4 abl41 #bad1 #a1 b & c4 pr1 prep4 w4 abl41 #adb4 procul1 z prep4 w4 abl41 #add1 #b4 prohibe1 w4 abl41 #bad1 #b2 ---- w4 subjv4 clause1 #bie1 #c4 ,prohibitions1 me?od ( express+1 #bgf4 ,prohibitive subjv41 #bgf4 ,prolepsis1 #cgd1 #e4 ,pronom9al adjs41 #bec4 ,pron\ns1 def9$1 #hb2 ---- classes1 #hc2 ---- p]sonal1 #hd2 ---- reflexive1 #he2 ---- possessive1 #hf2 ---- demon/rative1 #hg2 ---- int5sive1 #hh2 ---- relative1 #hi2 ---- int]rogative1 #ij2 ---- indef9ite1 #ia2 ---- pronom9al adjs41 #ib2 ---- p]sonal1 omission (1 z subject1 #aff1 #b2 ---- syntax1 #bdb f42 ---- ---- p]sonal1 #bdb f42 ---- ---- possess41 #bdc f42 ---- ---- reflex41 #bdd f42 ---- ---- reciprocal1 #bde f42 ---- ---- demon/rative1 #bdf f42 ---- ---- relative1 #bej f42 ---- ---- indef41 #beb f42 ---- position1 #cej1 #e2 #cee4 ,pronunciation1 ,roman1 #c4 prope1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 ,prop] names1 abbreviat$1 #cgc4 ---- n\ns1 #ab1 #a4 propior1 comp>$1 #gc1 #a2 ---- ) acc41 #ada1 #c4 proprius1 ) dat41 #bjd1 #b1 a2 ---- ) g541 #bjd1 #b4 propt]1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 ,prosody1 #cfj f4 prsp]1 decl41 #fe1 #a4 prsum1 conj41 #abe1 ,n4 ,protasis1 #cja2 ---- d5ot+ repeat$ action1 #cjb1 #c2 ---- )\t s1 #cje2 ---- ( indef4 #b;d s+41 #cjb1 #b2 ---- see ,conditions4 ,provisos1 #caj4 proxim1 -u1 comp41 #gc1 #a2 #gg1 #a2 ---- ) acc41 #ada1 #c4 prdns1 decl41 #gj4 -pte1 #hf1 #c4 pudet1 ) g51 #bji2 ---- w4 inf41 #cbg1 #a4 pu]1 decl41 #bc4 pul*]1 comp41 #ga1 #c4 puppis1 decl41 #ch1 #a4 ,purpose1 dat4 ( purpose1 #aia2 ---- ) dat4 & g]undive1 #aia1 #c2 ---- w4 ad & acc41 #aib1 #b2 ---- subjv4 ( purp41 #bhb1 #a2 ---- ---- w4 qu1 #bhb1 #a1 a2 ---- ---- w4 ut n1 #bhb1 #a1 b2 ---- ---- ) nn 9 purpose clause1 #bhb1 #a1 c2 ---- ---- nve 7neu7 9 purpose clauses1 #bib1 #a1 d2 ---- ---- neque1 #bhb1 #a1 e2 ---- rel4 clauses ( purpose1 #bhb1 #b2 ---- ---- w4 dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 #bhb1 #c2 ---- indep5d5t ( pr9cipal v]b1 #bhb1 #d2 ---- inf41 d5ot+ purpose1 #cbf1 ,n42 ---- fut4 p>tic41 d5ot+ purpose1 #ccg1 #d2 ---- g]und1 w4 ad1 #cch1 #c2 ---- g]undive1 #cci1 #b2 ---- sup9e1 #cdj4 ,q4 qu1 pron41 #c1 #c2 ---- bo? lett]s consonants1 #gd1 a4 qua]1 w4 indir4 que/ions1 #cjj1 #a1 b71 ,n4 quaes1 #acg1 #b4 ,quality1 g541 #bjc2 ---- abl41 #bbd4 quam1 9 comp>isons1 #bag1 #b2 ---- ) sup]l41 #bdj1 #c2 ---- ante 444 quam1 po/ 444 quam1 prius 444 quam1 see antequam1 po/quam1 priusquam2 quam qu1 #bhc1 #b1 a4 quam s1 #cjg1 #a4 quam ut1 ) subjv41 #bhd1 #d4 quamquam1 ) ind41 #cji1 #b2 ---- ) subjv41 #cji1 #f2 ---- '& yet1' #cji1 #e4 quamvs1 ) subjv41 #cji1 #a2 #f2 ---- d5ot+ a fact1 #cji1 #f4 qu&1 #bhf1 #c1 b4 quant1 z g54 ( price1 #bjc1 #d2 ---- ( value1 #bjc1 #c4 ,quantity1 #e4 ---- ( syllables1 #e1 ,b2 #cfc f4 ---- ( v[els1 #e1 ,a2 #cfb2 ---- ---- 9 ,greek words1 #cfe4 quasi1 #cjg1 #a4 quati1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 a74 -que1 acc5t ( ^w prec$+1 #f1 #c2 #f1 #e2 #cda1 #a1 b72 #b1 a72 #d1 c74 que1 #acg1 #a4 ,que/ions1 ^w1 s5t5ce1 #afb f42 ---- rhetorical1 #afb1 #c2 ---- d\ble 7alt]native71 #afb1 #d2 ---- indirect1 #cjj2 ---- que/ions 9 indir4 disc41 #cae4 qu1 rel41 #hi2 ---- int]r41 #ij2 ---- indef41 #ia2 ---- = quis 9 indir4 que/ions1 #ij1 #b1 b2 ---- ) n1 s1 nisi1 num1 #ia1 #e2 ---- 9 purpose clauses1 #bhb1 #b2 ---- abl41 #ij1 #b1 a4 quia1 9 causal clauses1 #bhf1 #a4 qucum1 #hi4 qucumque1 decl41 #ia1 #h4 qudam1 decl1 #ia2 syntax1 #beb1 #c4 quidem1 po/-positive1 #cdg1 #a4 qulibet1 decl41 #ia1 qun1 9 result clauses1 #bhd1 #c2 ---- 9 sub/antive clauses1 #bie1 #c2 #bih2 ---- qu nn 9 clauses ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc1 #d2 ---- ) ind41 #bha1 #c2 ---- 9 indir4 disc1 #cbb & a2 ---- nlla causa e/ qun1 #bie1 #g4 qunam1 #ij1 #b1 d4 ,quntlis 7 ,jlius71 #cga4 quppe qu1 9 clauses ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc1 #c4 ,quirts1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d4 quis1 indef41 #ia2 ---- int]r41 #ij2 #ij1 #b1 c42 #beb1 #a2 ---- nesci quis1 #bec1 #f2 ---- ) n1 s1 nisi1 num1 #ia1 #e4 quis e/ qu1 #bhc1 #b4 qus quibus1 #hi4 quisnam1 inflection1 #ij1 #b1 d4 quispiam1 inflection1 #ia4 quisquam1 inflection1 #ia2 ---- usage1 #beb1 #d4 quisque1 inflection1 #ia2 ---- usage1 #beb1 #e4 quisquis1 inflection1 #ia1 #h4 quvs1 inflection1 #ia qu1 9 purpose clauses1 #bhb1 #a1 a44 quoad1 ) ind41 #bic2 ---- ) subjv4 #bic1 ,,iii1 #b4 quod1 9 causal clauses1 #bhf1 #a2 ---- 9 sub/antive clauses1 #bii2 #cca1 ,v1 a2 ---- 'z reg>ds ! fact1' #bii1 #b4 quod audi]im1 #bhc1 #e2 ---- quod sciam1 #bhc1 #e4 quod 7s71 adv]bial acc41 #ahe1 #b4 quom1 e>ly =m ( cum1 #i1 #a4 qu m9us1 aft] v]bs ( h9d]+1 #bie1 #c4 quoniam1 9 causal clauses1 #bhf1 #a4 quoque1 po/-positive1 #cdg4 -quus1 decl4 ( n\ns 91 #bd4 ,r4 r1 pron41 #c1 #c2 ---- = s betwe5 v[els 7',rhotacism'71 #h1 #a4 rapi1 conj41 #ajj1 #b a74 r/rum1 plurals (1 #fj1 #b4 ratus1 '?9k+1' #ccf1 #e4 ,reciprocal pron\ns1 #he1 #b2 #bde2 cf4 #bec1 #c4 ,r$uplication 9 p]f41 #aah1 #d1 a72 ---- 9 pres41 #aag1 #g4 ,ref]5ce1 dat4 (1 #ahh4 rf]t1 con/r41 #baj2 #baa1 #d4 ,reflexive pron\ns1 #he2 #bdd2 #bdi1 #c4 reg1 conj41 #aje4 ,regul> v]bs1 #aja-aac4 ri1 #cfb1 #a1 b74 reici1 quantity1 #cfb1 #e4 ,relative adv]bs1 9 rel4 clauses ( purp41 #bhb1 #b4 ---- clauses1 ( purp41 #bhb1 #b2 ---- ---- w4 dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 #bhb1 #c2 ---- ---- ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc2 ---- ---- d5ot+ cause or opposition1 #bhc1 #c2 ---- ---- re/rictive1 #bhc1 #e2 ---- ---- introduc$ by qun1 #bhc1 #d2 #bhd1 #c2 ---- ---- conditional rel4 clauses1 #caa2 #cab1 #a & #b2 ---- ---- relative z subj4 ( inf41 #cad1 #d2 ---- ---- rel4 clause /&+ fir/1 #bea1 #d1 a4 ---- pron\ns1 inflection1 #hi2 ---- ---- use1 #bej1 ff42 ---- ---- ,eng4 demon/rative1 #bea1 #f2 ---- ---- agreem5t1 #bej2 ---- ---- n omitt$ z 9 ,eng41 #bea1 #e2 ---- ---- fondness = subord9ate clauses1 #cee4 rel9quitur ut1 #big1 #b4 reliqu1 use1 #bec1 #e4 reliquum e/1 ) subjv41 #bie1 #f4 rmex1 decl41 #cb4 ,rememb]+1 v]bs (1 cases us$ w41 #bjf4 ,rem9d+1 v]bs (1 con/41 #bjg4 rem9scor1 con/r41 #bjf1 #b4 ,remov+1 v]bs (1 w4 abl41 #bad1 #b4 reposc1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 a74 ,repraes5tti1 #cah4 requis1 requiem1 requitem1 #ei1 #b1 c74 rs1 decl41 #ea4 ,resi/+1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 ,re/rictive clauses1 #bhc1 #e4 ,result1 acc4 (1 #agc1 ,b2 #agf2 ---- clauses (1 #bhd2 #big2 ---- ---- 9 dep5d5t apodosis1 #cbb1 & a2 ---- ---- sequ5ce ( t5se 91 #bfh1 #f4 rev]tor1 semi-depon5t1 #aad1 #c4 ,rhetorical que/ions1 #afb1 #c2 #bgg1 a2 ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cae1 #b4 ,rhotacism1 #h1 #a2 #cf1 #a4 ,riv]s1 g5d] ( names (1 #ae1 ,a1 #a4 rogt1 abl4 ( cause1 #bai1 #b4 rog1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 c72 #agh1 #a1 a74 ,roman pronunciation1 #c4 ,root1 #ag1 #c1 footnote #ab4 -rs1 decl4 ( n\ns 91 #dj1 #a1 c74 rre1 abl41 place f :i*1 #bbi1 #a1 b4 rr1 abl41 place 9 :i*1 #bbh1 #a1 c4 rs1 #eg1 #g2 ---- acc41 limit ( motion1 #ahb1 #a1 b4 ,s4 s1 pron41 #c1 #c2 ---- *ang$ to r betwe5 v[els1 #h1 #a3 ---- s1 ss f dt1 tt1 ts1 #h1 #b4 -s1 decl4 ( monosyllables 91 prec$$ by "o or m consonants1 #dj1 #a1 b74 s-/ems1 #cf4 sac]1 decl41 #fe2 ---- comp>ison1 #gc1 #c4 saepe1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 sl1 #eg1 #g2 ---- sls1 #fa4 salbris1 decl41 #fh1 #c4 saltris1 comp41 #gc1 #d4 salv1 salvte1 #acg1 #d4 ,samnts1 #dj1 #a1 d74 sn1 9 answ]s1 #afb1 #e4 sapi1 conj41 #aji1 #b1 a74 satur1 decl41 #fe1 #b4 ,say+1 v]bs (1 w4 inf4 ( ind4 disc41 #cca1 ,i4 sci1 quod sciam1 #bhc1 #e4 -sc-class ( v]bs1 #aag1 #f2 #aee4 scrb]e ad alquem1 #ceh1 #b4 s1 use1 #bdd4 s-1 comp\nds (1 #aei1 #c1 e4 ,second conj41 #ajc2 ---- decl41 #bc2 ---- peculi>ities1 #be2 ---- second p]son indef9ite1 #bhj1 #c2 #cef1 #c2 #cjb1 #b4 ,second>y t5ses1 see ,hi/orical t5ses4 secundum1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 secris1 decl41 #ch1 #a4 secus1 comp>$1 #gg1 #a4 secus 7virle secus71 #ahe1 #a2 #eh4 sectus1 'foll[+'1 #ccf1 #e4 s$1 s1 #he1 #c4 sd-1 comp\nds (1 #aei1 #c1 e4 sd1 #cdc1 #a1 a74 s$le1 decl41 #ci4 sm5tis1 decl41 #ch1 #a4 ,semi-depon5t v]bs1 #aad4 ,semiv[els1 #b1 #h4 s5ex1 decl41 #db2 ---- comp>$1 #gc1 #d4 ,s5t5ces1 classification1 #afj1 f42 ---- simple & comp\nd1 #afd2 ---- s5t5ce-/ructure1 #cea2 ---- s5t5ce que/ions1 #afb1 #b4 s5t5ti1 abl4 ( accordance1 #bbj1 #c4 ,sep>ation1 dat4 (1 #ahh1 #b1 d72 ---- g541 #bab1 #c2 ---- abl41 #bad4 ,sequ5ce ( t5ses1 #bfg2 #bfh4 seque/]1 decl41 #fh1 #a4 sequitur ut1 #big1 #b4 sequor1 conj41 #aac4 ,s]v+1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 s]vos1 decl41 #bd4 ss1 decl41 #he4 ,sextlis 7 ,augu/us71 #cga4 ,%>+1 adjs4 (1 w4 g541 #bjd1 #a4 ,%ort syllables1 #e1 ,b1 #b2 ---- v[els1 #e1 ,a1 #b4 ,%[+1 v]bs (1 w4 two accs41 #agg4 s1 ) indir4 que/ions1 #cjj1 #c2 ---- 9 protasis1 #cja2 ---- omitt$1 #cje4 signif]1 decl41 #bc1 #b4 sil5ti1 abl ( mann]1 #bbj1 #b4 silve/]1 decl41 #fh1 #c4 similis1 ) dat41 #bjd1 #c2 ---- ) g541 #bjd1 #c2 ---- comp41 #ga1 #d4 s m9us1 use1 #cjf1 #b4 ,simple s5t5ces1 #afd4 simul1 z prep41 w4 abl41 #add1 #b4 simul ac1 w4 ind41 #bhg1 #a2 #b4 s nn1 usage1 #cjf1 #a & #b4 sn1 usage1 #cjf1 #c4 sn m9us1 #cjf1 #b1 a4 ,s+ul>1 second p]son indef9ite1 #bhj1 #c2 #cef1 #c2 #cjb1 #b4 s9 ) inf41 #cca1 ,,iii4 sitis1 decl41 #ch1 #a4 ,smell+1 v]bs (1 con/r41 #agf1 #e4 ,s(t consonants1 #b1 #c1 b71 footnote #e4 -s1 v]bs 91 #aee1 #b4 soc]1 decl41 #bc1 #b4 socium1 g51 plu41 #be1 #f1 c74 sl1 decl41 #eg1 #g4 sole1 semi-dep41 #aad1 #a4 solitus1 us$ z pres5t p>tic41 #ccf1 #e4 slus1 #ff2 ---- slus e/ qui ) subjv41 #bhc1 #b4 ,sonant consonants1 #b1 #c1 b71 footnote #e4 ,sracte1 decl41 #ci1 #b4 ,s\nds1 classification1 #b4 ---- ( ! lett]s1 #c4 ,s\rce1 abl41 #bae4 ,space1 ext5t (1 #aha4 ,sp>+1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 ,specification1 abl4 (1 #bbf4 sp1 quantity1 #cfb1 #a1 b4 ,spell+1 see ,or?ography4 ,spirants1 #b1 #g4 ,spondaic v]ses1 #cfh1 #b4 ,spondee1 #cfh1 #a4 sponte su1 abl4 accordance1 #bbj1 #c4 spontis1 -e1 defective1 #eg1 #b1 b4 ,/atutes1 fut4 imp]ative us$ 91 #bha1 #a1 b4 ,/em1 #ag1 #c4 ---- v]b1 #ig2 #aag4 ,/ructure ( s5t5ces1 see ,s5t5ces4 ,/yle1 h9ts on1 #ceb f4 su sv1 #c1 #c4 sub1 prep4 ) acc4 & abl41 #adc2 ---- comp\nds (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,iii4 ,subject1 #afc2 ---- nom41 #aff2 ---- acc41 #ahd2 ---- subject acc4 ( inf41 #ahd2 ---- omitt$1 #cad1 #e2 ---- clauses z subject1 #bid2 #bie1 #f2 ---- inf4 z subj41 #cbg2 #ccj4 ,subjective g541 #aii4 ,subjunctive1 t5ses 91 #ie1 #c4 ---- 9 indep5d5t s5t5ces1 #bgb2 ---- by attraction1 #cbd2 ---- t5ses (1 #bff f42 ---- me?od ( express+ future "t 91 #bfi2 ---- volitive 7hortatory1 jussive1 probibitive1 delib]ative1 concessive71 #bgc f42 ---- optative 7wi%es71 #bgi2 ---- pot5tial1 #bhj2 ---- 9 clauses ( purpose1 #bhb2 ---- ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc2 ---- ( result1 #bhd2 ---- ( cause1 #bhf2 ---- temporal clauses ) po/quam1 po/equam1 #bhg1 #e2 ---- temporal clauses ) cum1 #bhh-bij2 ---- ) antequam & priusquam1 #bib2 ---- ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 #bic1 ,,iii1 #b2 ---- sub/antive clauses1 #bid f42 ---- indir4 que/ions1 #cjj2 ---- 9 apodosis ( fir/ type conditions1 #cjb1 #d2 ---- jussive subjunctive z protasis ( condition1 #cje1 #b2 ---- ) velut1 tamquam1 etc41 #cjg2 ---- ) necesse e/1 opportet1 etc41 #bie1 #f & #h2 ---- ) licet1 #cji1 #d2 ---- ) quamvs1 quamquam1 ets1 cum 'al?\gh1' #cji f4 subltus1 #abi1 ,n4 subm- summ-1 #i1 #b4 ,subord9ate clauses1 #afe4 ,sub/antive clauses1 #bid f42 ---- ---- develop$ f ! volitive1 #bie1 #a-h2 ---- ---- develop$ f ! optative1 #bif2 ---- ---- ) nn dubit1 #bih2 ---- ---- indir4 que/ions1 #cjj2 ---- ---- )\t ut1 #bie1 #h2 ---- ---- ( result1 #big2 ---- ---- introduc$ by quod1 #bii4 ---- use ( adjs41 #bcf-bch4 subt]1 prep1 w4 acc41 #adc1 #a4 ,suffixes1 #ag1 #c1 footnote #ab2 #adg f4 su1 #he2 ---- z objective g541 #bdd1 #b2 ---- possessive g541 #bdd1 #b4 sum1 conj41 #ajj2 ---- omitt$ :5 auxili>y1 #aff1 #c4 summus1 'top (1' #bda1 #a4 sunt qu1 ) subjv41 #bhc1 #b4 supte1 supte1 #hf1 #c4 supellex1 decl41 #db1 #b4 sup]1 prep4 w4 acc41 #adc1 #a4 ,sup]lative degree2 ---- ( adjs41 #ga1 #a2 ---- ---- 9 -rimus1 #ia1 #c2 ---- ---- 9 -limus1 #ga1 #d2 ---- ---- irregul> sup]l41 #gb2 #gc2 ---- ---- lack+1 #gc1 #d2 ---- ---- =m$ w4 maxim1 #gd2 ---- ( adv]bs1 #gf1 #b2 ---- ---- irregul>1 #gg1 #a2 ---- =ce (1 #bdj1 #b4 sup]us1 comp>$1 #gc1 #b4 ,sup9e1 #cdj4 supr1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 -sra1 suffix1 #adg1 #c1 a4 ,surd consonants1 #b1 #c1 a71 footnote #d4 ss1 decl41 #da4 su/ul1 #abi1 ,n4 suus1 decl41 #hf1 #a2 #bdd2 ---- suus quisque1 #bdd1 #d1 a4 ,syllaba anceps1 #cff1 #aj4 ,syllables1 division1 #d2 ---- quantity (1 #e1 ,b4 ,synapheia1 #cfg1 #f4 ,syna]esis1 #cfg1 #a4 ,syn*ysis1 #cej1 #aa1 d4 ,syncope1 #g1 #d2 #cfg1 #h4 ,synecdo*ical acc41 #ahj4 ,synizesis1 #cfg1 #a4 ,syntax1 #afj f4 ,sy/ole1 #cfg1 #c4 ,t4 t1 pron41 #c1 #c2 ---- ?1 #b1 #c1 c2 #c1 #c2 ---- *anges1 #h1 #b2 ---- dropp$1 #h1 #c4 ta$et1 #ach1 ,,ii2 ---- w4 g541 #bji4 ,tak+ away1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahh1 #b1 d4 tal5tum1 g54 plu41 #be1 #e1 a4 tam51 #cdc1 #a1 f4 tamets1 #cji1 #b4 tamquam1 tamquam s1 w4 subjv41 #cjg4 tantn1 #f1 #d4 -tas1 #adi2 ---- g54 -ttis1 decl4 ( n\ns 91 #dj1 #a1 e74 ,ta/+1 v]bs (1 con/r41 #agf1 #e4 ,tea*+1 v]bs (1 con/r41 #agh1 #a1 b4 td t1 #hd1 #c4 ,temporal clauses1 w4 po/quam1 ut1 ubi1 simul ac1 #bhg2 ---- w4 cum1 #bhh2 #bhi2 ---- w4 antequam & priusquam1 #bia2 #bib2 ---- ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 #bic4 temporis 7id temporis71 #ahe1 #b4 ,t5d5cy1 dat4 (1 #aia4 t5]1 decl41 #fd4 ,t5ses1 #id1 #c2 #beg ff42 ---- ( inf41 #bgj2 ---- ( inf4 9 indir4 disc41 #cag2 ---- ( p>ticiples1 #ccf2 ---- ( subjv41 #bff2 ---- sequ5ce (1 #bff-bfh2 ---- 9 indir4 disc41 #cag2 #cah4 ,t5ues 7consonants71 #b1 #c1 a71 footnote #d4 t5us1 position1 #adb1 #c4 ,t]m9ations1 #ag1 #c4 t]n1 h[ us$1 #ha1 #d1 b4 -t]nus1 #aed4 t]r m>que1 #bbh1 #a1 c4 t]re/]1 #fh1 #c4 ,tetramet] v]ses1 #cff1 #aa4 ,!matic v]bs1 #aja-aac4 ---- v[els1 #aag1 footnote #ci4 ,!sis1 #cff1 #f4 ,?ird conj41 #aje2 #aji f42 ---- decl41 #bh f42 ---- g5d] 91 #dc f4 ,?reat5+1 v]bs (1 #ahg1 ,,ii4 -tim1 adv]bs 91 #aeg1 #b4 ,"t1 at :i*1 #bcj2 ---- dur+ :i*1 #aha2 #bca1 #a2 ---- )9 :i*1 #bca4 "t n & ut1 #bif1 #b4 -t9us1 suffix1 #aed4 -ti1 suffix1 #adg1 #c4 ,tmesis1 #cfg1 #g4 -to z suffix ( v]bs1 #aee1 #b4 -tor1 use ( n\ns 91 #cec1 #d4 ttus1 #ff2 ---- preposition abs5t w41 9 expression ( place relations1 #bbh1 #a1 b74 ,t[ns1 g5d] ( names (1 #ae1 #b2 ---- names (1 d5ot+ limit ( motion1 #ahb1 #a1 a2 ---- d5ot+ place :]e1 #bbh1 #a1 a2 ---- place f :i*1 #bbi1 #a1 a2 ---- appositives ( t[n names1 #afi1 #d2 #bbi1 #b4 trditur1 trditum e/1 w4 inf41 #ccb1 ,n4 trns1 prep1 w4 acc41 #ada2 ---- con/r4 ( v]bs comp\nd$ )1 #agi4 ,transitive v]bs1 #agd4 ,trees1 g5d] ( names (1 #ae1 #b4 trs1 decl41 #hj1 #c4 ,tribra*1 #cgj1 #b4 tribus1 decl41 #di1 #c2 ---- g5d]1 #ej4 ,trimet] v]ses1 #cff1 #aa4 trn1 use1 #ha1 #d1 b74 triumvir1 g54 plu4 (1 #be1 #f1 b74 -trx1 suffix1 #adg1 #a4 ,tro*ee1 #cff1 #b4 -trum1 suffix1 #adg1 #d4 ,tru/+1 v]bs (1 w4 dat41 #ahg1 ,,ii4 t1 decl41 #hd4 -td1 suffix1 #hd4 tu1 z objective g541 #bdb1 #b4 -tra1 suffix1 #adg1 #c1 a74 ts1 decl41 #eg1 #g4 -tus1 suffix1 #adg1 #c2 #aea1 #d4 tussis1 decl41 #ch4 tte1 ttemet1 ttimet1 #hd1 #b4 ,two accusatives1 #agg2 #agh4 ,two datives1 #aia1 #b4 ,u4 u1 in/ead ( i 9 "s words1 #i1 #a2 ---- in/ead ( a1 #i1 #a2 #i1 #d4 u1 becomes v #cfg1 #d4 -/ems1 #dh4 -/ems1 #da4 -1 dat4 s+41 #d? decl1 #di1 #b4 b]1 decl41 #gj1 #a4 ubi1 ) ind41 #bhg1 #a2 #b2 ---- ) g541 #bja1 #c4 -ubus1 dat41 plu41 #d? decl41 #di1 #c4 llus1 decl41 #ff4 ult]ior1 comp>$1 #gc1 #a4 ultimus1 use1 #bda1 #b4 ultr1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada4 -ulus1 dim9utive end+1 #aej1 #b2 ---- 7a1 um71 #adh1 #a4 -um1 #a/ decl41 g54 plu4 91 #ba1 #b1 d72 ---- #b;d decl41 #be1 #f2 ---- = -ium1 #gj1 #g4 -undus1 -und1 9 g]und & g]undive1 #aaf1 #b4 nus1 decl41 #ff2 #ib1 #a2 ---- nus e/ qui1 ) subjv41 #bhc1 #b4 -uri1 end+ ( desid]ative v]bs1 #aee1 #c4 -rus1 end+ ( fut4 act4 p>tic41 #aja2 #ajc ff42 ---- -rus fuisse 9 apodosis ( conditional s5t5ces contr>y-to-fact1 9 indir4 disc41 #cba1 #b2 ---- -rus fu]im 9 indir4 que/ions s]v+ z apodoses1 #cbb1 b4 -u1 neut] n\ns ( #b;d decl4 91 #bf1 #b2 ---- nom4 9 #c;d decl41 9 -u1 #cf2 ---- g5d] ( n\ns 9 -u ( #c;d decl41 #dc1 #c2 ---- exceptions 9 g5d]1 #df1 #d4 -s1 n\ns ( #c;d decl4 91 #dc1 #b4 sque ad1 w4 acc41 #ada1 #a4 sus e/1 ) abl41 #bah1 #b4 ut1 temporal1 #bhg1 #a2 #b2 ---- ut1 ut1 9 purpose clauses1 #bhb2 ---- 9 result clauses1 #bhd2 ---- 9 sub/antive clauses1 #bie f42 ---- sub/antive clauses )\t1 #bie1 #h2 ---- ) v]bs ( fe>+1 #bif1 #b4 ut n n1 #bhb1 #a1 b2 #bie1 #a1 #d1 #e4 ut non in/ead ( n1 #bhb1 #a1 c2 ---- 9 clauses ( result1 #bhd1 #big4 ut qu1 introduc+ clauses ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc1 #c4 ut s1 w4 subjv41 #cjg1 #a4 ut]1 decl41 #ff2 #ib1 #a4 t]1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d74 ut]cumque1 decl41 #ib1 #b4 ut]libet1 decl41 #ib1 #b4 ut]que1 decl41 #ib1 #b2 ---- use1 #cee1 #b4 ut]vs1 decl41 #ib1 #b4 tilius e/ ,eng4 pot5tial1 #bga1 #a1 b74 ut9am1 ) optative subjv41 #bgi1 #a & #b4 tor1 ) abl41 #bah1 #a2 ---- 9 g]undive con/r41 #cci1 #d utpote qui1 introduc+ clauses ( *>act]i/ic1 #bhc1 #c4 utrque1 #f1 #e4 utrum 444 an1 #afb1 #d2 #cjj1 #d4 ,v4 v1 #a1 #a2 ---- pron41 #c1 #c3 ---- develop+ f u1 #cfg1 #d4 v1 becomes u1 #cfg1 #e4 vald1 by syncope1 = valid1 #g1 #d4 val1 #cfc1 #b1 b74 ,value1 indef9ite1 9 g541 #bjc1 #c4 vannus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #a1 b74 ,v>iations 9 spell+1 #i4 vs1 decl41 #ei1 #a4 -ve1 #f1 #c2 #cdb1 #a1 b74 vel1 #cdb1 #a1 b72 ---- ) sup]l41 #bdj1 #c4 velim1 pot5tial subjv41 #bhj1 #b1 a4 vellem1 pot5tial subjv41 #bhj1 #d4 velut1 velut s1 w4 subjv41 #cjg1 #a4 v5t]1 decl41 #dj1 #a1 d74 ,v]ba s5ti5d et dclr&1 w4 inf4 ( indir4 disc41 #cca1 ,i2 ---- passive use ( ^!1 #ccb4 ,v]bal adjs41 #aej1 #a-d4 ,v]bs1 #id f42 ---- p]sonal end+s1 #if2 ---- depon5t1 #aab2 ---- ar*aic & poetic =ms1 #aaf1 #d2 ---- irregul>1 #abd2 ---- defective1 #acc2 ---- imp]sonal1 #ach2 ---- ) sub/antive clauses ( result1 #big1 #b2 ---- omission (1 #aff1 #c2 ---- transitive1 #agd2 ---- ---- us$ absolutely1 #agd1 a2 ---- passives us$ z middles1 #age1 #b1 d72 ---- ( smell+ & ta/+1 con/r41 #agf1 #e2 ---- n us$ 9 passive1 #agg1 #c1 a2 ---- intransitives imp]sonal 9 passive1 #ahg1 ,,ii1 b2 #bef1 #c2 ---- comp\nd$ ) preps41 con/r41 #ahg1 ,,iii2 ---- ( judicial action1 con/r41 #bjh2 ---- d]ivation (1 #aee f42 ---- inceptive or in*oative1 #aee1 #a2 ---- frequ5tative or int5sive1 #aee1 #b2 ---- desid]ative1 #aee1 #c2 ---- d5om9ative1 #aef2 ---- agreem5t (1 #bed f4 ,v]b /ems1 #ig2 ---- =mation (1 #aag f4 v]eor1 conj41 #aac2 ---- ) sub/4 clause 9 subjv41 #bif1 #b4 ,v]gilius1 g54 (1 #be1 #a4 v]itus1 ) pres5t =ce2 #ccf1 #e4 vr1 #cdc1 #a1 g72 ---- 9 answ]s1 #afb1 #e4 ,v]se1 #cff1 #c4 ,v]se-/ructure1 #cff f4 ,v]sification1 #cfa4 v]sus1 prep4 w4 acc41 #ada2 ---- foll[s its case1 #ada1 #b4 vrum1 #cdc1 #a1 b74 vescor1 ) abl41 #bah1 #a4 vesp]1 decl41 #bc1 #b4 vesp]1 locative1 #bcb1 #b4 ve/r1 z obj4 g541 #bdb1 #b4 ve/rum1 z g54 ( :ole1 #bdb1 #b2 ---- z possessive g541 #bdb1 #b1 a4 vet1 ) inf4 #cca1 ,,ii4 vetus1 decl41 #gj2 ---- comp>$1 #gc1 #c4 v1 #bbj1 #b4 vicem1 us$ adv]bially1 #ahe1 #a2 ---- vicis1 vice1 #eg1 #e1 b4 victor1 decl41 #cd4 vide1 ) pres4 p>tic41 #ccg1 #c4 vigil1 decl41 #cd4 viol5t]1 =mation1 #gg1 #d1 a4 vir1 decl41 #bc4 ---- g54 plu4 ( n\ns comp\nd$ )1 #be1 #f1 b74 virle seces1 con/r41 #ahe1 #a4 vrus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #b4 vs1 decl41 #da4 vsc]a1 us$ 9 plu4 only1 #ef1 #c4 ,vocative case1 #ag2 #ai1 #a2 ---- ( ,greek prop] names 9 -s1 #dg1 #d2 ---- ( adjs4 9 -ius1 #fc1 #a2 #aga2 ---- 9 - = -ie1 #be1 #a2 ---- position (1 #cej1 #c4 ,voic$ s\nds1 #b1 #c1 a74 ,voic$ consonants1 #b1 #c1 b74 ,voiceless consonants1 #b1 #c1 a74 ,voices1 #id2 #bef2 ---- middle voice1 #bef1 #a4 ,volitive subjunctive1 #bgb f4 volnus1 spell+1 #i1 #a4 vol1 #acj2 ---- ) inf41 #cca1 ,,iv & a2 #bgj1 #b1 a2 ---- ) subjv41 #bif1 #a1 a4 volt1 spell+1 #i1 #a4 voltus1 spell+1 #h1 #a4 voluc]1 decl41 #fh1 #a4 voluntte1 #bbj1 #b4 -volus1 comp>ison ( adjs4 91 #ga1 #e ,v[els1 #b1 #a2 ---- s\nds ( !1 #c1 #a2 ---- quantity (1 #e1 ,a2 ---- contraction (1 #g1 #b2 ---- p>asitic1 #g1 #c4 ,v[el *anges1 #g4 vulgus1 g5d] (1 #bf1 #b4 -vum1 -vus1 decl4 ( n\ns 91 #bd4 ,w4 ,want1 v]bs & adjs4 (1 w4 abl41 #bad1 #a1 c2 d4 ,way by :i*1 abl4 (1 #bah1 #i4 ,we1 editorial1 #bdb1 #c4 ,:ole1 g54 (1 #bja4 ,wills1 use ( fut4 imp]ative 91 #bha1 #a1 b4 ,w9ds1 g5d] ( names (1 #ae1 #a4 ,wi%1 clauses ) dum1 etc41 express+ a1 #caj4 ,wi%es1 subjunctive 91 #bgi2 ---- see ,optative subjunctive4 ,wi%+1 v]bs (1 ) sub/4 clause #bif1 #a2 ---- ) obj4 inf41 #cca1 ,,iv4 ,^w-=mation1 #adf f4 ,^w-ord]1 #cdh f4 ,^w que/ions1 #afb1 #a4 ,x4 x1 #b1 #i2 ---- cs & gs1 #cb4 -x1 decl4 ( monosyllables 91 prec$$ by "o or m cons41 #dj1 #a1 b72 ---- g5d] ( n\ns 9 -x ( #c;d decl41 #dc1 #b2 ---- exceptions1 #de1 #d4 ,y4 y1 #a1 #a4 ,yes1 h[ express$1 #afb1 #e4 ',y1' indef9ite1 #cef1 #c2 #bhj1 #c2 #cjb1 #b4 ,z4 z1 #a1 #a2 #b1 #i4 ,zeugma1 #cgd1 #b1 a74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes #a ,sometimes also call$ ,aryan or ,indo-,g]manic4 #b ,cunei=m means w$ge-%ap$4 ,! "n applies to ! =m ( ! /rokes ( :i* ! *>act]s consi/4 #c ,! "n ,z5d is (t5 giv5 to ?is4 #d ,= 'voiceless1' 'surd1' 'h>d1' or 't5uis' are sometimes us$4 #e ,= 'voic$1' 'sonant1' 's(t1' or 'm$ia' are sometimes us$4 #f ,9 ?is book1 long v[els are indicat$ by a horizontal l9e above !m2 z1 1 1 1 etc4 ,v[els n ?us m>k$ are %ort4 ,occasionally a curve is set above %ort v[els2 z1 1 4 #g ,to avoid confusion1 ! quantity ( syllables is n indicat$ by any sign4 #h ,b if ! l or r introduces ! second "p ( a comp\nd1 ! prec$+ syllable is always long2 z1 abrump4 #i ,only ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s ( ^! are "h treat$4 #aj ,only ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s ( ^! are "h treat$4 #aa ,! great majority ( all ,lat9 n\ns come "u ?is category4 ,! pr9ciples = det]m9+ _! g5d] are giv5 "u ! sep>ate decl5sions4 #ab ,! ,/em is (t5 d]iv$ f a m primitive =m call$ ! ,root4 ,?us1 ! /em porta- goes back to ! root p]-1 por-4 ,roots are usually monosyllabic4 ,! addition made to a root to =m a /em is call$ a ,suffix4 ,?us 9 porta- ! suffix is -ta4 #ac ,!re is only "o /em end+ 9 -m3--hiems1 hiems1 w9t]4 #ad ,mnsis1 mon?1 orig9ally a consonant /em 7mns-71 has 9 ! ,g5itive ,plural bo? mnsium & mnsum4 ,! ,accusative ,plural is mnss4 #ae ,?is is practically always us$ in/ead ( alu 9 ! ,g5itive4 #af ,a ,dative ,s+ul> ,fem99e alt]ae also occurs4 #ag ,suppli$ by vetu/ior1 f vetu/us4 #ah ,suppli$ by rec5tior4 #ai ,= newe/1 rec5tissimus is us$4 #bj ,suppli$ by m9imus nt4 #ba ,suppli$ by maximus nt4 #bb ,! f9al i is sometimes long 9 poetry4 #bc ,=ms ( hc end+ 9 -s sometimes app5d -ce = emphasis2 z1 hjusce1 ?is 444 "h2 hsce1 hsce4 ,:5 -ne is add$1 -c & -ce become -ci2 z hunc9e1 hsc9e4 #bd ,= i/ud1 i/c sometimes occurs2 = i/a1 i/aec4 #be ,= illud1 illc sometimes occurs4 #bf ,sometimes qus4 #bg ,an ablative qu occurs 9 qucum1 ) :om4 #bh ,:]e ! ,p]fect ,p>ticiple is n 9 use1 ! ,future ,active ,p>ticiple1 if x occurs1 is giv5 z "o ( ! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts4 #bi ,! ,p]fect ,p>ticiple is want+ 9 sum4 #cj ,! mean+s ( ! diff]5t t5ses ( ! ,subjunctive are s _m & s v>i$1 p>ticul>ly 9 subord9ate clauses1 t no attempt c be made to give !m "h4 ,= full] in=mation ! pupil is ref]r$ to ! ,syntax4 #ca ,= essem1 esss1 esset1 ess5t1 ! =ms =em1 =s1 =et1 =5t are sometimes us$4 #cb ,= futrus esse1 ! =m =e is (t5 us$4 #cc ,decl9$ l bonus1 -a1 -um4 #cd ,! ,imp]fect also means ,i lov$4 #ce ,= decl5sion ( amns1 see #gj1 #c4 #cf ,fu1 fui/1 etc41 are sometimes us$ = sum1 es1 etc4 ,s fu]am1 fu]s1 etc41 = eram1 etc42 fu]1 etc41 = er1 etc4 #cg ,fu]im1 etc41 are sometimes us$ = sim2 s fuissem1 etc41 = essem4 #ch ,9 actual usage passive imp]atives occur only 9 depon5ts 7 #aab74 #ci ,/rictly speak+1 ! ,pres5t ,/em always ends 9 a ,!matic ,v[el 7 or 72 z1 dc--1 dc--2 am--1 am--4 ,b ! multitude ( phonetic *anges involv$ prev5ts a sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject "h4 ,see ! au?or's ,lat9 ,language4 #dj ,b ! comp\nds ( juv sometimes h -jtrus2 z1 adjtrus4 #da ,us$ only imp]sonally4 #db ,s imple1 exple4 #dc ,comp\nds foll[ ! ,f\r? ,conjugation3 acci1 accre1 etc4 #dd ,fully conjugat$ only 9 ! comp\nds3 ex/+u1 re/+u1 di/+u4 #de ,only 9 ! comp\nds3 vd1 invd1 p]vd4 #df ,x w be obs]v$ t n all ! =ms ( f] lack ! connect+ v[el4 ,"s ( !m1 z f]imus1 f]unt1 foll[ ! regul> inflection ( v]bs ( ! ,?ird ,conjugation4 #dg ,= ! ,pr$icate ,g5itive1 see #aih1 #c2 #bjc1 #e4 #dh ,_m su* v]bs 7 orig9ally intransitive 9 ,engli% also1 & once gov]n$ ! ,dative4 #di ,?is 0 ! orig9al =m ( ! preposition cum4 #ej ,place f :i*1 ?\gh /rictly a ,g5u9e ,ablative use1 is treat$ "h = sake ( conv5i5ce4 #ea ,especially3 mone1 admone2 rog1 r1 pet1 po/ul1 precor1 flgit2 m&1 imp]1 praecipi2 sude1 hortor1 cohortor2 p]sude1 impell4 #eb ,especially3 p]mitt1 concd1 nn patior4 #ec ,especially3 prohibe1 imp$i1 dt]re4 #ed ,especially3 cn/itu1 dc]n1 cnse1 placuit1 conv5it1 pacscor4 #ee ,especially3 labr1 d op]am1 id ag1 cont5d1 impetr4 #ef ,exclamations1 also1 ^u becom+ indirect1 take ! ,subjunctive1 z cnsid] quam v>iae s9t hom9um cupd9s1 consid] h[ v>i$ are ! desires ( m54 7,direct3 quam v>iae sunt hom9um cupd9s67 #eg ,trditri fu]9t & errtrus fu]s are to be reg>d$ z repres5t+ trditri furunt & errtrus fui/ ( ,direct ,disc\rse4 7,see #cjd1 #c1 b47 #eh ,except 9 ,sallu/ & ,silv] ,lat94 #ei ,s nam$ f a fanci$ analogy to ! /rokes ( ! ,greek lett] 7*i74 ,?us3-- mults laes df5d nm9em #fj ,! pron\ns hic1 hoc1 & ! adv]b huc1 probably _h a %ort v[el4 ,! syllable 0 made long by pron\nc+ hicc1 hocc1 etc4 #fa ,ictus 0 n acc5t1--nei!r /ress acc5t n musical acc5t1--b 0 simply ! quantitative prom95ce inh]5t 9 ! long syllables ( fundam5tal feet4 #fb ,= explanation ( ! abbreviations1 see p4 #beg4