,,! ,,future ,,( ,,a/ronomy  ,,by       
,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,c4 ,,pick]+         
,repr9t$ f ! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly1
 ,augu/1 #aiji4     ,,! ,,future ,,(    
,,a/ronomy#a  ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d   
,c4 ,,pick]+  ,,h>v>d ,,college         
,,obs]vatory   ,x is claim$ by a/ronom]s
 t _! sci5ce is n only ! olde/1 b t x is
 ! mo/ highly develop$ ( ! sci5ces4     
,inde$ x %\ld be s1 s9ce no o!r sci5ce  
has ev] receiv$ su* support f royalty1 f
 ! /ate & f ! private individual4 ,h[ev]
 ?is may be1 !re is no d\bt t 9 rec5t   
ye>s a/ronom]s h _h grant$ to !m great] 
opportunities = c>ry+ on l>ge pieces (  
"w ?an h be5 entru/$ to m5 9 any o!r    
dep>tm5t ( pure sci5ce4 ,"o might expect
 t ! practical results ( a sci5ce l     
physics w\ld appeal to ! man :o has made
 a va/ =tune ?r\gh "s ( its             
applications4 ,! telephone1 ! electric  
transmission ( p[]1 wireless telegraphy 
& ! subm>9e cable are in/ances ( imm5se 
f9ancial returns d]iv$ f ! mo/ ab/ruse  
pr9ciples ( physics4 ,yet !re are       

sc>cely any physical laboratories devot$
 to rese>*1 or end[$ ) indep5d5t funds =
 ?is object1 except ^? support$ by !    
gov]nm5t4 ,! end[m5t ( a/ronomical      
obs]vatories devot$ to rese>*1 & n      
includ+ t giv5 = tea*+1 is e/imat$ to   
am\nt to half a million doll>s annually4
 ,sev]al ( ! l>g] obs]vatories h an     
annual income ( fifty ?\s& doll>s4  #a  
,comm5cem5t address at ,case ,s*ool (   
,appli$ ,sci5ce1 ,clevel&1 ,may #bg1    
#aiji4  ,i once ask$ ! wise/ man ,i "k1 
:at 0 ! reason = ?is diff]5ce4 ,he said 
t x 0 probably because a/ronomy appeal$ 
to ! imag9ation4 ,a practical man1 :o   
has sp5t all 8 life 9 8 c\nt+ room or   
mill1 is sometimes deeply impress$ ) !  
va/ di/ances & gr&eur ( ! problems (    
a/ronomy1 & ! v remot5ess & difficulty (
 /udy+ ! />s attract him4  ,my object 9 
call+ y\r att5tion to ?is matt] is !    
hope t :at ,i h to say ( ! organization 
( a/ronomy may prove ( use to ^? int]e/$
 9 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 & t x may lead 
to plac+ !m on ! foot+ !y %\ld hold4 ,my

 argum5ts apply ) almo/ equal =ce to    
physics1 to *emi/ry1 & 9 fact to almo/ e
 bran* ( physical or natural sci5ce1 9  
:i* k may be advanc$ by obs]vation or   
exp]im5t4  ,! practical value ( a/ronomy
 9 ! pa/ is easily e/abli%$4 ,)\t x1    
int]national comm]ce on a l>ge scale    
w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,)\t ! aid (     
a/ronomy1 accurate b\nd>ies ( l>ge      
tracts ( l& c\ld n h be5 def9$ & /&>d "t
 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! "w ( ! e>ly  
a/ronom]s 0 em95tly practical1 & appeal$
 at once to e "o4 ,?is "w has n[ be5    
f9i%$4 ,we c compute ! positions ( ! />s
 = ye>s1 almo/ = c5turies1 ) all !      
accuracy ne$$ = navigation1 = det]m9+ "t
 or = approximate b\nd>ies ( c\ntries4  
,! inve/igations n[ 9 progress at !     
greate/ obs]vatories h little1 if any1  
value 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,!y appeal1      
h[ev]1 to ! f> high] s5se1 ! desire ( ! 
intellectual human be+ to det]m9e ! laws
 ( nature1 ! con/ruction ( ! mat]ial    
univ]se1 & ! prop]ties ( ! heav5ly      
bodies ( :i* ^? kn[n to exi/ f> outnumb]

 ^? t c be se54  ,?ree great advances h 
be5 made 9 a/ronomy4 ,fir/1 ! inv5tion (
 ! telescope1 ) :i* we commonly         
associate ! "n ( ,galileo1 f ! wond]ful 
results he obta9$ ) x4 ,at t "t !re 0   
practically no sci5ce 9 ,am]ica1 & = m  
?an two c5turies we fail$ to add        
mat]ially to ?is inv5tion4 ,half a      
c5tury ago ! g5ius ( ! memb]s ( "o      
family1 ,alvan ,cl>k & 8 two sons1 plac$
 ,am]ica 9 ! front rank n only 9 !      
con/ruction1 b 9 ! possession1 ( ! l>ge/
 & mo/ p]fect telescopes ev] made4 ,x is
 n easy to secure ! _w's record 9 any   
subject4 ,! ,cl>ks con/ruct$            
successively1 ! #ah-;in* l5s = ,*icago1 
! #bf-;in* = ,wa%+ton1 ! #cj-;in* =     
,pulk[a1 ! #cf-;in* = ,lick & ! #dj-;in*
 = ,y]kes4 ,ea* 9 turn 0 ! l>ge/ yet    
made1 & ea* "t ! ,cl>ks 7 call$ ^u to   
surpass ! _w's record1 :i* !y !mselves  
_h already e/abli%$4 ,h we at l5g? rea*$
 ! limit 9 size8 ,if we include         
reflectors1 no1 s9ce we h mirrors ( #fj 
in*es ap]ture at ,mt4 ,wilson &         

,cambridge1 & a /ill l>g] "o ( #ajj     
in*es has be5 und]tak54 ,x is m ?an     
d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r a fur!r increase 9 
size is a great advantage4 ,mu* m dep5ds
 on o!r conditions1 especially ^? (     
climate1 ! k9d ( "w to be done &1 m ?an 
all1 ! man beh9d ! gun4 ,! case is n    
unlike t ( a battle%ip4 ,w\ld a %ip a   
?\s& feet long always s9k "o ( five     
hundr$ feet8 ,x seems z if we _h ne>ly  
rea*$ ! limit ( size ( telescopes1 & z  
if we mu/ hope = ! next improvem5t 9 "s 
o!r direction4  ,! second great advance 
9 a/ronomy orig9at$ 9 ,am]ica1 & 0 9 an 
entirely diff]5t direction1 !           
application ( photography to ! /udy ( ! 
/>s4 ,! fir/ photographic image ( a /> 0
 obta9$ 9 #ahej1 by ,george ,p4 ,bond1 )
 ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,j4,a4 ,:ipple1 at !
 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,a        
dagu]reotype plate 0 plac$ at ! focus ( 
! #ae-;in* equatorial1 at t "t "o ( !   
two l>ge/ refract+ telescopes 9 ! _w4   
,an image ( ,greek3 alpha ,lyr 0 ?us    
obta9$1 & = ?is ,mr4 ,bond receiv$ a    

gold m$al at ! fir/ int]national        
exhibition1 t at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 9   
,london1 9 #ahea4 ,9 #aheg1 ,mr4 ,bond1 
!n ,pr(essor ,bond1 director ( ! ,h>v>d 
,obs]vatory1 aga9 took up ! matt] )     
collodion wet plates1 & 9 ?ree ma/]ly   
pap]s %[$ ! advantages ( photography 9  
_m ways4 ,! lack ( s5sitiv5ess ( ! wet  
plate 0 p]haps ! only reason :y its use 
progress$ b sl[ly4 ,qu>t] ( a c5tury    
lat]1 ) ! introduction ( ! dry plate & !
 gelat9e film1 a new />t 0 made4 ,^!    
photographic plates 7 v s5sitive1 7     
easily h&l$1 & indef9itely long         
exposures c\ld be made ) !m4 ,z a       
result1 photography has sup]s$$ visual  
obs]vations1 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( a/ronomy1 
& is n[ c>ry+ !m f> beyond ! limits t   
w\ld h be5 deem$ possible a few ye>s    
ago4  ,! ?ird great advance 9 a/ronomy  
is 9 photograph+ ! spectra ( ! />s4 ,!  
fir/ photograph %[+ ! l9es 9 a /ell>    
spectrum 0 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,drap]1 
( ,new ,york1 9 #ahgb4 ,sir ,william    
,hugg9s 9 #ahfc _h obta9$ an image ( !  

spectrum ( ,sirius1 on a photographic   
plate1 b no l9es 7 visible 9 x4 ,9 #ahgf
 he aga9 took up ! subject1 &1 by an    
e>ly publication1 prec$$ ,dr4 ,drap]4   
,:5 we consid] ! att5tion ! photography 
( /ell> spectra is receiv+ at ! pres5t  
"t1 9 ne>ly all ! great obs]vatories 9 !
 _w1 x may well be reg>d$ z ! ?ird great
 advance 9 a/ronomy4  ,:at w be ! f\r?  
advance1 & h[ w x be br\ght ab\t8 ,to   
answ] ?is "q we mu/ consid] ! v>i\s ways
 9 :i* a/ronomy1 & = t matt] any o!r    
sci5ce1 may be advanc$4  ,fir/1 by      
educat+ a/ronom]s4 ,!re are _m          
obs]vatories :]e excell5t in/ruction 9  
a/ronomy is giv51 ei!r to ! g5]al /ud5t 
or to "o :o wi%es to make x 8 pr(ession4
 ,at almo/ any active obs]vatory a /ud5t
 w\ld be receiv$ z a volunte] assi/ant4 
,un=tunately1 few "y m5 c af=d to accept
 an unpaid position1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a 
numb] ( fell[%ips ea* (f]+ a small sal>y
 suffici5t to support ! /ud5t w\ld      
enable him to acquire ! necess>y k to   
fill a p]man5t position4 ,! numb] ( ^!  

s*ol>%ips %\ld n be l>ge1 le/ m /ud5ts  
%\ld und]take ! "w ?an w\ld be requir$  
to fill ! p]man5t pay+ positions 9      
a/ronomy1 z !y become vacant4  ,9       
,europe1 a favorite me?od ( aid+ sci5ce 
is to (f] a prize = ! be/ memoir on a   
specifi$ subject4 ,on !oretical gr\nds  
?is is extremely objectionable4 ,s9ce ! 
pap]s pres5t$ are anonym\s &            
confid5tial1 no "o b ! judges "k h[     
great is ! ef=t wa/$ 9 duplication4 ,!  
l>g] ! prize1 ! great] ! injury to      
sci5ce1 s9ce ! great] w be ! en]gy      
div]t$ f untri$ fields4 ,x w\ld be mu*  
wis] to invite applications1 select !   
man mo/ likely to produce a useful      
memoir1 & aw>d ! prize to him if he     
a*iev$ success4  ,! aw>d ( a m$al1 if ( 
great intr9sic value1 w\ld be an unwise 
exp5diture4 ,! ,victoria ,cross is an   
example ( a successful f\ndation1 highly
 priz$1 b ( small intr9sic value4 ,if   
made ( gold1 x w\ld c>ry no great]      
honor1 & w\ld be m liable to be /ol51   
melt$ d[n or pawn$4  ,honor>y memb]%ip 9

 a fam\s society1 or honor>y degrees1 h 
great value if wisely aw>d$4 ,bo? are   
highly priz$1 =m an excell5t /imulus to 
cont9u$ "w1 & z !y are bo? priceless1 & 
)\t price1 !y 9 no way dim9i% ! capacity
 = "w4 ,i rec5tly _h occasion to comp>e 
! progress 9 v>i\s sci5ces ( diff]5t    
c\ntries1 & f\nd t ! numb] ( p]sons     
elect$ z =eign associates ( ! sev5 great
 national societies ( ! _w 0 an excell5t
 te/4 ,eighty-sev5 p]sons 7 memb]s ( two
 or m ( ^! societies4 ,only six are     
resid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile an     
equal numb] come f ,saxony1 :i* has only
 a tw5tie? ( ! population4 ,( ! six     
resid5ts "h1 only ?ree 7 born 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates4 ,n a s+le ma!matician1 or      
doctor1 f ?is c\ntry appe>s on ! li/4   
,only 9 a/ronomy are we well repres5t$4 
,out ( a total ( t5 a/ronom]s1 f\r come 
f ,engl&1 & ?ree f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4     
,comp>+ ! results = ! la/ "o hundr$ &   
fifty ye>s1 we f9d an extraord9>y gr[? =
 ! ,g]man races1 an equally surpris+    
dim9ution = ! ,fr5* & o!r ,lat9 races1  

:ile ! proportion ( ,engli%m5 has rema9$
 un*ang$4  ,a popul> me?od ( exp5d+     
money1 bo? by c\ntries & by individuals1
 is 9 s5d+ exp$itions to obs]ve sol>    
eclipses4 ,^! appeal bo? to donors &    
recipi5ts4 ,! =m] believe t !y are mak+ 
a great contribution to sci5ce1 :ile !  
latt] enjoy a long voyage to a di/ant   
c\ntry1 & 9 case ( cl\ds !y are n       
expect$ to make any sci5tific return4   
,if ! sky is cle> at ! "t ( ! eclipse1 !
 newspap]s ( ! next day report t great  
results h be5 secur$1 & aft] t no?+     
fur!r is ev] he>d4 ,exceptions %\ld be  
made ( ! ,engli% ,eclipse ,committee & !
 ,lick ,obs]vatory1 :i*1 by long cont9u$
 /udy & obs]vation1 are gradually solv+ 
! difficult problems :i* c be rea*$ 9   
?is way only4  ,! gift ( a l>ge         
telescope to a univ]sity is ( v d\btful 
value1 unless x is accompani$1 fir/1 by 
a sum mu* great] ?an its co/1 necess>y  
to keep x employ$ 9 useful "w1 &        
secondly1 to require t x %all be erect$1
 n on ! univ]sity gr\nds1 b 9 "s region1

 probably m\nta9\s or des]t1 :]e results
 ( real value c be obta9$4  ,hav+ ?us   
consid]$1 among o!rs1 "s ( ! ways 9 :i* 
a/ronomy is n likely to be mu* advanc$1 
we proce$ to ^? :i* w secure ! greate/  
sci5tific return = ! outlay4 ,"o ( ! be/
 ( ^! is to create a fund to be us$ 9   
advanc+ rese>*1 subject only to !       
condition t results ( ! greate/ possible
 value to sci5ce %all be secur$4 ,"o    
advantage ( ?is me?od is t excell5t     
results may be obta9$ at once f a sum1  
ei!r l>ge or small4 ,:atev] is at fir/  
giv5 may lat] be increas$ indef9itely1  
if ! results ju/ify x4 ,"o ( ! wise/ z  
well z ! greate/ ( donors has said3 ,f9d
 ! p>ticul> man1 b un=tunately1 ?is plan
 has be5 actually tri$ only ) "s ( !    
small] funds4 ,any "o :o w read ! li/ ( 
rese>*es aid$ by ! ,rum=d ,fund1 !      
,elizabe? ,?ompson ,fund or ! ,bruce    
,fund ( #ahij w see t ! returns are out 
( all proportion to ! money exp5d$4 ,!  
tru/ees ( su* a fund z is "h propos$    
%\ld n reg>d !mselves z patrons conf]r+ 

a favor on ^? to :om grants are made1 b 
z m5 seek+ = ! means ( secur+ l>ge      
sci5tific returns = ! money entru/$ to  
!m4 ,an a/ronom] :o w\ld aid !m 9 ?is   
"w1 by prop]ly exp5d+ a grant1 w\ld     
conf] r ?an receive a favor4 ,!y %\ld   
se>* = a/ronomical b>ga9s1 & %\ld try to
 pur*ase results :]e ! money c\ld be    
exp5d$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,!y %\ld make
 x _! bus9ess to le>n ( ! "w ( e        
a/ronom] engag$ 9 orig9al rese>*4 ,a "y 
man :o pres5t$ a pap] ( unusual         
importance at a sci5tific meet+1 or     
publi%$ x 9 an a/ronomical j\rnal1 w\ld 
receive a lett] invit+ him to submit    
plans to ! tru/ees1 if he desir$ aid 9  
ext5d+ 8 "w4 ,9 _m cases1 x w\ld be f\nd
 t1 aft] work+ = ye>s "u mo/ unfavorable
 conditions1 he _h develop$ a me?od (   
great value & _h appli$ x to a few />s1 
b mu/ n[ /op = want ( means4 ,a small   
appropriation w\ld enable him to employ 
an assi/ant :o1 9 a %ort "t1 c\ld d     
equally good "w4 ,! application ( ?is   
me?od to a hundr$ or a ?\s& />s w\ld !n 

be only a matt] ( "t & money4  ,!       
,am]ican ,a/ronomical ,society met la/  
,augu/ at a summ] resort on ,lake ,erie4
 ,ab\t ?irty a/ronom]s read pap]s1 & 9 a
 l>ge portion ( ! cases ! appropriation 
( a few hundr$ doll>s w\ld h p]mitt$ a  
great ext5sion 9 ^! rese>*es4 ,a sad    
case is t ( a brilliant /ud5t :o may    
graduate at a college1 take a doctor's  
degree 9 a/ronomy1 & p]haps pass a ye>  
or two 9 /udy at a =eign obs]vatory4 ,he
 !n returns to ?is c\ntry1 en?usia/ic & 
full ( ideas1 & consid]s himself =tunate
 9 secur+ a position z a/ronom] 9 a     
little c\ntry college4 ,he n[ f9ds      
himself ov]:elm$ ) "w z a tea*]1 )\t "t 
or appliances = orig9al "w4 ,:at is     
worse1 no "o sympa?izes ) him 9 8       
aspirations1 & aft] a few ye>s he ab&ons
 hope & settles d[n to ! dull r\t9e (   
lectures1 recitations & exam9ations4 ,a 
little enc\ragem5t at ! "r "t1 aid by   
(f]+ to pay = an assi/ant1 = a suitable 
in/rum5t1 or = publi%+ results1 & p]haps
 a ^w to ! presid5t ( 8 college if ! man

 %[$ real g5ius1 might make a great     
a/ronom]1 in/ead ( a poor tea*]4 ,=     
sev]al ye>s1 a small fund1 yield+ a few 
hundr$ doll>s annually1 has be5 disburs$
 at ,h>v>d 9 ?is way1 ) v enc\rag+      
results4  ,a second me?od ( aid+        
a/ronomy is ?r\gh ! l>ge obs]vatories4  
,^! in/itutions1 if prop]ly manag$1 h   
aft] ye>s ( c>eful /udy & trial develop$
 elaborate sy/ems ( solv+ ! great       
problems ( ! cele/ial univ]se4 ,!y are l
 great factories1 :i* by tak+ elaborate 
precautions to save wa/e at e po9t1 & by
 improv+ 9 e detail bo? processes &     
products1 are at l5g? obta9+ results on 
a l>ge scale ) a p]fection & economy f> 
great] ?an is possible by individuals1  
or small] in/itutions4 ,! exp5ses ( su* 
an obs]vatory are v l>ge1 & x has no    
pecuni>y return1 s9ce a/ronomical       
products are n salable4 ,a great portion
 ( ! orig9al end[m5t has be5 sp5t on !  
plant1 exp5sive build+s & in/rum5ts4    
,curr5t exp5ditures1 l libr>y exp5ses1  
heat+1 light+1 etc41 are indep5d5t ( !  

output4 ,x is l a man swimm+ up /ream4  
,he may /ruggle desp]ately1 & yet make  
no progress4 ,any ga9 9 p[] effects a   
real advance4 ,?is is ! condition (     
ne>ly all ! l>g] obs]vatories4 ,_!      
income is ma9ly us$ = curr5t exp5ses1   
:i* w\ld be ne>ly ! same :atev] _!      
output4 ,a relatively small increase 9  
income c ?us be sp5t to great advantage4
 ,! pr9cipal in/rum5ts are r>ely us$ to 
_! full capacities1 & ! me?ods employ$  
c\ld be greatly ext5d$ )\t any addition 
to ! executive or o!r simil> exp5ses4 ,a
 man sup]9t5d+ ! "w ( sev]al assi/ants c
 (t5 h _! numb] d\bl$1 & 8 output       
increas$ 9 ne>ly ! same proportion1 ) no
 additional exp5se except ! mod]ate "o (
 _! sal>ies4 ,a s+le obs]vatory c\ld ?us
 easily d d\ble ! "w t c\ld be          
accompli%$ if its res\rces 7 divid$     
betwe5 two ( half ! size4  ,a ?ird1 &   
p]haps ! be/1 me?od ( mak+ a real       
advance 9 a/ronomy is by secur+ ! unit$ 
"w ( ! lead+ a/ronom]s ( ! _w4 ,! be/   
example ( ?is is ! "w und]tak5 9 #ahgj  

by ! ,a/ronomis*e ,gesells*aft1 ! great 
a/ronomical society ( ! _w4 ,! sky 0    
divid$ into zones1 & a/ronom]s 7 invit$ 
to measure ! positions ( all ! />s 9 ^! 
zones4 ,! obs]vation ( two ( ! nor!rn & 
two ( ! s\!rn zones 7 und]tak5 by       
,am]ican obs]vatories4 ,! zone f #a to  
#e 0 und]tak5 by ! ,*icago ,obs]vatory1 
b 0 ab&on$ ow+ to ! great fire ( #ahga1 
& ! "w 0 assum$ & c>ri$ to completion by
 ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory at ,albany4 ,!   
zone f #ej to #ee 0 und]tak5 by ,h>v>d4 
,an obs]v] & corps ( assi/ants work$ on 
?is problem = a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,!    
complet$ results n[ fill sev5 qu>to     
volumes ( our annals4 ,( ! s\!rn zones1 
t f -#ad to -#ah 0 und]tak5 by ! ,naval 
,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 & is n[ f9i%$4 
,! zone f -#aj to -#ad 0 und]tak5 at    
,h>v>d1 & a second obs]v] & corps (     
assi/ants h be5 work+ on x = tw5ty ye>s4
 ,x is n[ ne>ly complet$1 & we hope to  
beg9 its publication ?is ye>4 ,! o!r    
zones 7 tak5 by ,european a/ronom]s4 ,z 
a result ( ! :ole1 we h ! precise       

positions ( ne>ly a hundr$ & fifty ?\s& 
/>s1 :i* s]ve z a basis = ! places ( all
 ! objects 9 ! sky4  ,ano!r example (   
coop]ative "w is a plan propos$ by !    
writ] 9 #aijf1 at ! celebration ( !     
two-hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! bir? (        
,frankl94 ,x 0 propos$1 fir/ to f9d !   
be/ place 9 ! _w = an a/ronomical       
obs]vatory1 :i* w\ld probably be 9 ,s\? 
,africa1 to erect !re a telescope ( !   
l>ge/ size1 a reflector ( sev5 feet     
ap]ture4 ,?is in/rum5t %\ld be kept at  
"w ?r\gh\t e cle> night1 tak+           
photographs accord+ to a plan recomm5d$ 
by an int]national committee (          
a/ronom]s4 ,! result+ plates %\ld n be  
reg>d$ z belong+ to a s+le in/itution1 b
 %\ld be at ! s]vice ( :oev] c\ld make !
 be/ use ( !m4 ,copies ( any1 or all1   
w\ld be furni%$ at co/ to any "o :o wi%$
 = !m4 ,z an example ( _! use1 suppose t
 an a/ronom] at a little ,g]man         
,univ]sity %\ld discov] a law regulat+ !
 />s 9 clu/]s4 ,p]haps he has only a    
small telescope1 ne> ! smoke & haze ( a 

l>ge city1 & has no means ( secur+ !    
photographs he ne$s4 ,he w\ld apply to !
 committee1 & !y w\ld vote t t5         
photographs ( tw5ty clu/]s1 ea* ) an    
exposure ( an h\r1 %\ld be tak5 ) ! l>ge
 telescope4 ,?is w\ld occupy ab\t a t5? 
"p ( ! "t ( ! telescope = a ye>4 ,aft]  
mak+ copies1 ! photographs w\ld be s5t  
to ! a/ronom] :o w\ld p]haps sp5d t5    
ye>s 9 /udy+ & measur+ !m4 ,! committee 
w\ld h funds at _! disposal to furni%   
him1 if necess>y1 ) suitable measur+    
in/rum5ts1 assi/ants = r$uc+ ! results1 
& means = publication4 ,!y w\ld ?us     
obta9 ! s]vices ( ! mo/ skilful liv+    
a/ronom]s1 ea* 9 8 own special l9e ( "w1
 & ! latt] w\ld obta9 9 _! own homes    
mat]ial = /udy1 ! be/ t ! _w c\ld       
supply4 ,und\bt$ly1 by su* a comb9ation 
if prop]ly organiz$1 results c\ld be    
obta9$ f> bett] ?an is n[ possible by ! 
be/ individual "w1 & at a relatively    
small exp5se4 ,_m ye>s ( prep>ation w   
evid5tly be ne$$ to c>ry out su* a plan1
 & to save "t we h tak5 ! fir/ /ep & h  

s5t a skilful & exp]i5c$ obs]v] to ,s\? 
,africa to /udy its climate & comp>e x )
 ! exp]i5ce he has ga9$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty
 ye>s f a simil> /udy ( ! climate ( ,s\?
 ,am]ica & ! we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates4  ,! next "q to be consid]$ is 9 
:at direction we may expect ! greate/   
advance 9 a/ronomy w be made4 ,=tunate  
inde$ w\ld be ! a/ronom] :o c\ld answ]  
?is "q correctly4 ,:5 ,ptolemy made !   
fir/ catalogue ( ! />s1 he little       
expect$ t 8 obs]vations w\ld h any value
 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,! al*emi/s  
_h no reason to d\bt t _! results 7 z   
important z ^? ( ! *emi/s4 ,! a/rolog]s 
7 respect$ z mu* z ! a/ronom]s4 ,al?\gh 
!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( fa%ion 9         
a/ronomy1 yet p]haps ! be/ te/ is !     
judgm5t ( ^? :o h devot$ _! lives to t  
sci5ce4 ,?irty ye>s ago ! field 0 n>r[4 
,x 0 ! era ( big telescopes4 ,e a/ronom]
 want$ a l>g] telescope ?an 8 neighbors1
 ) :i* to measure d\ble />s4 ,if he c\ld
 n get su* an in/rum5t1 he measur$ !    
positions ( ! />s ) a transit circle4   

,!n came a/rophysics1 includ+           
photography1 spectroscopy & photometry4 
,! /udy ( ! motion ( ! />s along ! l9e (
 sight1 by means ( photographs ( _!     
spectra1 is n[ ! favorite inve/igation  
at ne>ly all ! great obs]vatories ( !   
_w4 ,! /udy ( ! surfaces ( ! planets1   
:ile ! favorite subject ) ! public1 next
 to ! de/ruction ( ! e>? by a comet1    
does n seem to appeal to a/ronom]s4     
,und\bt$ly1 ! only way to advance our k 
9 ?is direction is by ! mo/ p[]ful      
in/rum5ts1 m\nt$ 9 ! be/ possible       
locations4 ,great a/ronom]s are v       
cons]vative1 & any s5sational /ory 9 !  
newspap]s is likely to h b little       
support f !m4 ,in/ead ( aid+1 x greatly 
injures real progress 9 sci5ce4  ,!re is
 no d\bt t1 dur+ ! next half c5tury1 mu*
 "t & en]gy w be devot$ to ! /udy ( !   
fix$ />s4 ,! /udy ( _! motions z        
indicat$ by _! *ange 9 position 0 pursu$
 ) great c>e by ! old] a/ronom]s4 ,!    
app>5t motions 7 s small t a long s]ies 
( ye>s 0 requir$ &1 9 g5]al1 = want (   

e>ly obs]vations ( ! precise positions (
 ! fa9t />s1 ?is "w 0 conf9$ ma9ly to ! 
bright />s4 ,photography is ye>ly add+ a
 va/ am\nt ( mat]ial available = ?is    
/udy1 b ! m9ut5ess ( ! quantities to be 
measur$ r5d]s an accurate det]m9ation ( 
_! laws v difficult4 ,moreov]1 we c ?us 
only det]m9e ! motions at "r angles to !
 l9e ( sight1 ! motion t[>ds u or f u   
be+ entirely ins5sible 9 ?is way4 ,!n   
came ! discov]y ( ! *ange 9 ! spectrum  
:5 a body 0 9 motion1 b /ill ?is *ange 0
 s small t visual obs]vations ( x prov$ 
( b little value4 ,atta*+ a c>efully    
con/ruct$ spectroscope to "o ( ! great  
telescopes ( ! _w1 photograph+ !        
spectrum ( a />1 & measur+ x ) ! greate/
 c>e1 provid$ a tool ( wond]ful         
effici5cy4 ,! motion1 :i* sometimes     
am\nts to sev]al hundr$s ( miles a      
second c\ld ?us be measur$ to )9 a      
fraction ( a mile4 ,! discov]y t !      
motion 0 v>iable1 ow+ to ! />'s revolv+ 
ar\nd a great d>k planet sometimes l>g] 
?an ! />1 add$ greatly n only to !      

int]e/ ( ^! rese>*es1 b also to ! labor 
involv$4 ,in/ead ( a s+le measure = ea* 
/>1 9 ! case ( ! s-call$ spectroscopic  
b9>ies1 we mu/ make en\gh measures to   
det]m9e ! dim5sions ( ! orbit1 its =m & 
! p]iod ( revolution4  ,:at has be5 said
 ( ! motions ( ! />s applies also1 9    
g5]al1 to ! det]m9ation ( _! di/ances4  
,a va/ am\nt ( labor has be5 exp5d$ on  
?is problem4 ,:5 at l5g? ! di/ance ( a  
s+le /> 0 f9ally det]m9$1 ! quantity to 
be measur$ 0 s small z to be ne>ly      
conceal$ by ! unavoidable errors (      
measurem5t4 ,! p>allax1 or "o half ( !  
*ange 9 ! app>5t position ( ! />s z !   
e>? moves ar\nd ! sun1 has its l>ge/    
value = ! ne>e/ />s4 ,no case has yet   
be5 f\nd 9 :i* ?is quantity is z l>ge z 
a foot rule se5 at a di/ance ( fifty    
miles1 & = comp>atively few />s is x    
c]ta9ly appreciable4 ,an extraord9>y    
degree ( precision has be5 atta9$ 9     
rec5t measures ( ?is quantity1 b = a    
really satisfactory solution ( ?is      
problem1 we mu/ probably devise "s new  

me?od1 l ! use ( ! spectroscope =       
det]m9+ motions4 ,two or ?ree           
illu/rations ( ! k9d ( me?ods :i* might 
be us$ to solve ?is problem may be (    
int]e/4 ,!re are c]ta9 indications ( !  
pres5ce ( a selective absorb+ m$ium 9   
space4 ,t is1 a m$ium l r$ glass1 =     
in/ance1 :i* w\ld cut (f ! blue light m 
?an ! r$ light4 ,su* a m$ium w\ld r5d] !
 blue end ( ! spectrum ( a di/ant /> mu*
 fa9t]1 z comp>$ ) ! r$ end1 ?an 9 !    
case ( a ne> />4 ,a measure ( ! relative
 int5sity ( ! two rays w\ld s]vo to     
measure ! di/ance1 or ?ickness ( !      
absorb+ m$ium4 ,! effect w\ld be ! same 
= all />s ( ! same class ( spectrum4 ,x 
c\ld be te/$ by ! />s =m+ a clu/]1 l !  
,pleiades1 :i* are d\btless all at ne>ly
 ! same di/ance f u4 ,! spectra ( />s ( 
! t5? magnitude1 or fa9t]1 c be         
photograph$ well en\gh to be measur$ 9  
?is way1 s t ! relative di/ances ( ne>ly
 a million />s c\ld be ?us det]m9$4     
,ano!r me?od :i* w\ld h a m limit$      
application1 w\ld dep5d on ! velocity ( 

light4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! velocity (
 light 9 space is n ! same = diff]5t    
colors4 ,c]ta9 />s1 call$ ,algol />s1   
v>y 9 light at regul> int]vals :5       
p>tially eclips$ by ! int]position ( a  
l>ge d>k satellite4 ,rec5t obs]vations (
 ^! eclipses1 ?r\gh glass ( diff]5t     
colors1 %[ v>iations 9 ! "t (           
obscuration4 ,app>5tly1 "s ( ! rays rea*
 ! e>? soon] ?an o!rs1 al?\gh all leave 
! /> at ! same "t4 ,z ! entire "t may   
am\nt to sev]al c5turies1 an excessively
 small diff]5ce 9 velocity w\ld be      
recognizable4 ,a m delicate te/ w\ld be 
to measure ! int5sity ( diff]5t portions
 ( ! spectrum at a "t :5 ! light is     
*ang+ mo/ rapidly4 ,! effect %\ld be    
opposite accord+ z ! light is increas+  
or dim9i%+4 ,x %\ld also %[ itself 9 !  
measures ( all spectroscopic b9>ies4  ,a
 ?ird me?od ( great promise dep5ds on a 
rem>kable inve/igation c>ri$ on 9 !     
physical laboratory ( ! ,case ,s*ool (  
,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,accord+ to !          
undulatory !ory ( light1 all space is   

fill$ ) a m$ium call$ e!r1 l air1 b z   
mu* m t5u\s ?an air z air is m t5u\s ?an
 ! d5se/ metals4 ,z ! e>? is mov+ ?r\gh 
space at ! rate ( sev]al miles a second1
 we %\ld expect to feel a breeze z we   
ru% ?r\gh ! e!r1 l t ( ! air :5 9 an    
automobile we are mov+ ) b "o ?\s&? "p (
 ?is velocity4 ,! problem is "o ( !     
greate/ delicacy1 b a =m] (fic] ( !     
,case ,s*ool1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( liv+   
physici/s1 devis$ a me?od ( solv+ x4 ,! 
extraord9>y result 0 rea*$ t no breeze 0
 p]ceptible4 ,?is result appe>$ to be s 
improbable t x has be5 te/$ aga9 & aga91
 b e "t1 ! m delicate ! in/rum5t        
employ$1 ! m c]ta9ly is ! law e/abli%$4 
,if we c\ld det]m9e our motion ) ref]5ce
 to ! e!r1 we %\ld h a fix$ l9e (       
ref]5ce to :i* all o!r motions c\ld be  
ref]r$4 ,?is w\ld give u a l9e (        
ev]-increas+ l5g? f :i* to measure /ell>
 di/ances4  ,/ill ano!r me?od dep5ds on 
! motion ( ! sun 9 space4 ,!re is "s    
evid5ce t ?is motion is n /raight1 b    
along a curv$ l9e4 ,we see ! />s1 n z !y

 are n[1 b z !y 7 :5 ! light left !m4 ,9
 ! case ( ! di/ant />s ?is may h occurr$
 c5turies ago4 ,accord+ly1 if we measure
 ! motion ( ! sun f !m1 & f ne> />s1 a  
comp>ison ) its actual motion w give u a
 clue to _! di/ances4 ,un=tunately1 all 
! />s appe> to h l>ge motions ^: law we 
d n "k1 & !re=e we h no def9ite />t+    
po9t unless we c ref] all to ! e!r :i*  
may be assum$ to be at re/4  ,if ! views
 express$ to y ?is morn+ are correct1 we
 may expect t ! future ( a/ronomy w take
 ! foll[+ =m3 ,!re w be at lea/ "o v    
l>ge obs]vatory employ+ "o or two hundr$
 assi/ants1 & ma9ta9+ ?ree /ations4 ,two
 ( ^! w be obs]v+ /ations1 "o 9 ! we/]n 
"p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n f> f latitude   
#cj1 ! o!r simil>ly situat$ 9 ! s\!rn   
hemisph]e1 probably 9 ,s\? ,africa1 9   
latitude -#cj4 ,! locations w be select$
 :olly f _! climatic conditions4 ,!y w  
be mod]ately high1 f five to t5 ?\s&    
feet1 & 9 des]t regions4 ,! altitude w  
prev5t extreme heat1 & cl\ds or ra9 w be
 r>e4 ,! range ( temp]ature & un/ead9ess

 ( ! air w be dim9i%$ by plac+ !m on    
hills a few hundr$ feet above ! surr\nd+
 c\ntry4 ,! equipm5t & "w ( ! two       
/ations w be sub/antially ! same4 ,ea* w
 h telescopes & o!r in/rum5ts ( ! l>ge/ 
size1 :i* w be kept at "w ?r\gh\t ! :ole
 ( e cle> night4 ,! obs]v]s w d b little
 "w 9 ! daytime1 except p]haps on ! sun1
 & w n und]take mu* ( ! computation or  
r$uctions4 ,?is la/ "w w be c>ri$ on at 
a ?ird /ation1 :i* w be ne> a l>ge city 
:]e ! co/ ( liv+ & ( intellectual labor 
is l[4 ,! photographs w be measur$ &    
/or$ at ?is /ation1 & all ! results w be
 prep>$ = publication1 & pr9t$ !re4 ,!  
"w ( all ?ree /ations w be c>efully     
organiz$ s z to obta9 ! greate/ result =
 a giv5 exp5diture4 ,e inducem5t w be   
(f]$ to visit+ a/ronom]s :o wi% to d    
s]i\s "w at ei!r ( ! /ations & also to  
/ud5ts :o int5d to make a/ronomy _!     
pr(ession4 ,9 ! case ( photographic     
inve/igations x w be be/ to s5d !       
photographs s t a/ronom]s desir+ !m c "w
 at home4 ,! "w ( ! "y a/ronom]s ?r\gh\t

 ! _w w be wat*$ c>efully & l>ge        
appropriations made to !m if x appe>s t 
!y c sp5d !m to advantage4 ,simil> aid w
 be r5d]$ to a/ronom]s engag$ 9 tea*+1 &
 to any "o1 pr(essional or amateur1     
capable ( do+ "w ( ! highe/ grade4 ,z a 
fundam5tal condition = success1 no      
re/rictions w be made t w int]f]e ) !   
greate/ sci5tific effici5cy1 & no       
p]sonal or local prejudices t w re/rict 
! "w4  ,^! plans may seem to y vision>y1
 & too ,utopian = ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,b  
!y may be ne>] fulfilm5t ?an we         
anticipate4 ,! true a/ronom] ( to-day is
 em95tly a practical man4 ,he does n    
accept plans ( a s5sational "*4 ,! same 
qualities are ne$$ 9 direct+ a great    
obs]vatory successfully1 z 9 manag+ a   
railroad1 or factory4 ,any "o c propose 
a gigantic exp5diture1 b to prove to a  
%rewd man ( affairs t x is feasible &   
advisable is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,x is   
mu* m difficult to give away money      
wisely ?an to e>n x4 ,_m m5 h made great
 =tunes1 b few h le>n$ h[ to exp5d money

 wisely 9 advanc+ sci5ce1 or to give x  
away judici\sly4 ,_m p]sons h giv5 l>ge 
sums to a/ronomy1 & "s day we %all f9d !
 man ) broad views :o w decide to h !   
advice & aid ( ! a/ronom]s ( ! _w1 9 8  
plans = promot+ sci5ce1 & :o w ?us exp5d
 8 money1 z he made x1 tak+ ! greate/   
c>e t n "o doll> is wa/$4 ,aga91 let u  
consid] ! next great advance1 :i* p]haps
 w be a me?od ( det]m9+ ! di/ances ( !  
/>s4 ,_m ( u are work+ on ?is problem1 !
 solution ( :i* may come to "s "o any   
day4 ,! pres5t field is a wide "o1 !    
prospects are n[ v bright1 & we may look
 =w>d to z great an advance 9 ! tw5tie? 
c5tury1 z 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,may a portion ( 
?is come to ! ,case ,s*ool &1 ) y\r     
support1 may its enviable record1 9 !   
pa/1 be surpass$ by its future          
a*ievem5ts4