,a ,,h&book ,,on ,,japann+ ,,= ,,ironw>e1 ,,t9w>e1 ,,wood1 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,sections ,,on ,,t9-,,plat+ ,,& ,,galvaniz+ ,,by ,,william ,n4 ,,br[n ,,second ,,edition3 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,) ,,?irte5 ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,& ,,son ,,! ,,oil ,,& ,,col\r ,,trades ,,j\rnal ,,(fices #h ,,broadway1 ,,ludgate1 ,e4,c4 #aiac ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company #h ,,w>r5 ,,/41 ,,new ,,york ,fir/ ,edition "u title ,a ,h&book on ,japann+ & ,enamell+1 #aija ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 "u title ,a ,h&book on ,japann+--,janu>y1 #aiac ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,section ,i4 ,,introduction4 #a-e ,prim+ or ,prep>+ ! ,surface to be ,japann$ #d ,! ,fir/ ,/age 9 ! ,japann+ ( ,wood or ( ,lea!r )\t a ,prim+ #e ,,section ,,ii4 ,,japan ,,gr\nds4 #f-ai ,:ite ,japan ,gr\nds #g ,blue ,japan ,gr\nds #i ,sc>let ,japan ,gr\nd #i ,r$ ,japan ,gr\nd #aj ,bright ,pale ,yell[ ,gr\nds #aj ,gre5 ,japan ,gr\nds #aj ,orange-,col\r$ ,gr\nds #aa ,purple ,gr\nds #aa ,black ,gr\nds #aa ,common ,black ,japan ,gr\nds on ,metal #ab ,tortoise-%ell ,gr\nd #ab ,pa9t+ ,japan ,"w #ac ,v>ni%+ ,japan ,"w #ag ,,section ,,iii4 ,,japann+ ,,or ,,enamell+ ,,metals4 #bj-bh ,enamell+ ,b$/ead ,frames & simil> l>ge pieces #bd ,japann+ ,t91 su* z ,tea-trays & simil> goods #be ,enamell+ ,old ,"w #bg ,,section ,,iv4 ,,! ,,enamell+ ,,& ,,japann+ ,,/ove--,,pigm5ts ,,suitable ,,= ,,japann+ ,,) ,,natural ,,lacqu]--,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,( ,,japann+ ,,) ,,natural ,,japanese ,,lacqu]4 #bi-dh ,appliances & ,app>atus us$ 9 ,japann+ & ,enamell+ #bi ,mod]n ,japann+ & ,enamell+ ,/oves #cd ,/oves heat$ by direct fire #cd ,/oves heat$ by hot-wat] pipes #cf ,pigm5ts suitable = ,japann+ ) ,natural ,lacqu] #de ,:ite ,pigm5ts #de ,r$ ,pigm5ts #df ,blue ,pigm5t #df ,yell[ ,pigm5ts #df ,gre5 ,pigm5t #df ,black ,pigm5t #df ,me?ods ( ,application #df ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,japann+ & ,enamell+ ) ,natural ,japanese ,lacqu] #dg ,,section ,v4 ,,col\rs ,,= ,,poli%$ ,,brass4--,,miscellane\s4 #di-eg ,pa9t+ on ,z9c or on ,galvaniz$ ,iron #di ,bronz+ ,compositions #di ,gold5 ,v>ni% = ,metal #ea ,c>riage ,v>ni% #ea ,metal ,poli%es #ea ,black ,pa9ts #eb ,black ,/a9 = ,iron #ec ,v>ni%es = ,ironwork #ee ,,section ,,vi4 ,,processes ,,= ,,t9-,,plat+4 #eh-fj ,amalgam ,process #ei ,imm]sion ,process #ei ,batt]y ,process #ei ,weigl]'s ,process #fj ,h]n's ,process #fj ,,section ,,vii4 ,,galvaniz+4 #fa-ff ,,index4 #fg-fi ,,h&book ,,on ,,japann+4 ,,section ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,japann+1 z x is g5]ally und]/ood 9 ,great ,brita91 is ! art ( cov]+ pap]1 wood1 or metal ) a m or less ?ick coat+ ( brilliant v>ni%1 & h>d5+ ! same by bak+ x 9 an ov5 at a suitable heat4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ,japan--h5ce its "n--:]e ! natives use a natural v>ni% or lacqu] :i* fl[s f a c]ta9 k9d ( tree1 & :i* on its issu+ f ! plant is ( a creamy t9t1 b becomes black on exposure to ! air4 ,x is ma9ly ) ! application ( japan to metallic surfaces t we are conc]n$ 9 ^! pages4 ,japann+ may be said to occupy a position midway betwe5 pa9t+ & porcela9 enamell+1 & a japann$ surface diff]s f an ord9>y pa9t$ surface 9 be+ f> m brilliant1 smoo!r1 h>d]1 & m durable1 & also 9 reta9+ its gloss p]man5tly1 9 n be+ easily injur$ by hot wat] or by be+ plac$ ne> a fire2 :ile real good japann+ is *>act]is$ by great lu/re & adhesiv5ess to ! metal to :i* x has be5 appli$1 & its non-liability to *ipp+--a fault :i*1 z a rule1 /amps ! common article4 ,if ! ,engli% process ( japann+ be m simple & produces a less durable1 a less co/ly coat+ ?an ! ,japanese me?od1 yet its practice is n s injuri\s to ! heal?4 ,inde$1 x is a moot po9t 9 h[ f> ! ,japanese !mselves n[ utilize _! classical process1 z ! coat ( natural japan on all ! articles exhibit$ at ! rec5t ,vi5na exhibition z be+ coat$ ) ! natural lacqu]1 :5 recov]$ aft] six mon?s' imm]sion 9 sea wat] ?r\gh ! s9k+ ( ! %ip1 0 de/roy$1 al?\gh x /ood p]fectly well on ! articles ( "s age4 ,9 ! ,engli% me?od1 :]e necess>y1 a prim+ or und]coat is employ$4 ,x is cu/om>y to fill up any unev5 surface1 any m9ute holes or pores1 & to r5d] ! surface to be japann$ uni=mly smoo?4 ,b su* an und]coat or prim+ is n always appli$1 ! col\r$ v>ni% or a prop] japan gr\nd be+ appli$ directly on ! surface to be japann$4 ,=m]ly ?is surface usually1 if n always1 receiv$ a prim+ coat1 & x does s /ill :]e ! surface is co>se1 unev51 r\gh1 & por\s4 ,b :]e ! surface is imp]vi\s & smoo?1 z 9 ! case ( metallic surfaces1 a prim+ coat is n appli$4 ,x is also unnecess>y to apply su* a coat 9 ! case ( smoo?1 compact1 gra9$ wood4 ,! reason = us+ ?is coat+ is t x effects a consid]able sav+ 9 ! quantity ( v>ni% us$1 & because ! matt] ( :i* ! prim+ is compos$ r5d]s ! surface ( ! body to be v>ni%$ uni=m1 & fills up all pores1 cracks1 & o!r inequalities1 & by its use x is easy aft] rubb+ & wat] poli%+ to produce an ev5 surface on :i* to apply ! v>ni%4 ,! previ\s application ( ?is und]coat 0 ?us an advantage 9 ! case ( co>se1 unev5 surfaces t x =m$ a fir/ & sort ( obligatory initial /age 9 ! process ( japann+4 ,?is initial coat+ is /ill appli$ 9 _m in/ances4 ,b x has its drawbacks1 & ^! drawbacks are incid5tal to ! nature ( ! prim+ coat :i* consi/s ( size & :it+4 ,! coats or lay]s ( japan prop]1 t is ( v>ni% & pigm5t appli$ ov] su* a prim+ coat1 w be cont9ually liable to crack or peel (f ) any viol5t %ock1 & w n la/ ne>ly s long z articles japann$ ) ! same mat]ials & altoge!r 9 ! same way b )\t ! und]coat4 ,?is defect may be readily p]ceiv$ by comp>+ goods t h be5 9 use = "s "t 9 ! japann+ ( :i* an und]coat has be5 appli$ ) simil> goods 9 :i* no su* previ\s coat has be5 giv54 ,provid$ a good japan v>ni% & appropriate pigm5ts h be5 us$ & ! japann+ well execut$1 ! coats ( japan appli$ )\t a prim+ nev] peel or crack or are 9 any way damag$ except by viol5ce or %ock1 or t caus$ by cont9ual ord9>y we> & te> caus$ by su* con/ant rubb+ z w we> away ! surface ( ! japan4 ,b japan coats appli$ ) a prim+ coat crack & fly (f 9 flakes at ! slighte/ concussion1 at any knock or fall1 m especially at ! edges4 ,^? ,birm+ham manufactur]s :o 7 ! fir/ to practise japann+ only on metals on :i* !re 0 no ne$ = a prim+ coat did n ( c\rse adopt su* a practice4 ,moreov]1 !y f\nd x equally unnecess>y 9 ! case ( papi]-ma*e & "s o!r goods4 ,h5ce ,birm+ham japann$ goods we> bett] ?an ^? goods :i* receive a prim+ previ\s to japann+4 ,,prim+ or ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,surface ,,to ,,be ,,japann$4 ,! usual prim+1 :]e "o is appli$1 consi/s ( ,p>is :ite 7levigat$ :it+7 made into a ?9 pa/e ) size4 ,! size %\ld be ( a consi/5cy betwe5 ! common d\ble size & glue1 & mix$ ) z mu* ,p>is :ite z w give x a good body s t x w hide ! surface on :i* x is appli$4 ,b 9 p>ticul> "w glov]s' or p>*m5t size in/ead ( common size is us$1 & ?is is /ill fur!r improv$ by ! addition ( "o-?ird ( is+lass1 & if ! coat be n appli$ too ?ickly x w be mu* less liable to peel or crack4 ,! surface %\ld be previ\sly prep>$ = ?is prim+ by be+ well clean$ & by be+ bru%$ ov] ) hot size dilut$ ) two-?irds ( wat]1 t is provid$ ! size be ( ! usual /r5g?4 ,! prim+ is !n ev5ly & uni=mly appli$ ) a bru% & left to dry4 ,on a fairly ev5 surface two coats ( prim+ prop]ly appli$ %\ld suffice4 ,b if x w n take a prop] wat] poli%1 ow+ to ! unev5 surface n be+ effectually fill$ up1 "o or m additional coats mu/ be appli$4 ,previ\s to ! la/ coat be+ appli$1 ! surface %\ld be smoo!d by f9e glass pap]4 ,:5 ! la/ coat ( prim+ is dry ! wat] poli% is appli$4 ,?is is done by pass+ a f9e wet rag or moi/5$ sponge ov] ! surface until ! :ole appe>s uni=mly smoo? & ev54 ,! prim+ is n[ complete & ! surface ready to take ! japan gr\nd or ! col\r$ v>ni%4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/age ,,9 ,,! ,,japann+ ,,( ,,wood ,,or ,,( ,,lea!r ,,)\t ,a ,,prim+4 ,! lea!r is fir/ securely /ret*$ on a frame or bo>d4 ,9 ?is case1 t is :5 no prim+ coat is previ\sly appli$1 ! be/ way to prep>e ! surface is to apply ?ree coats ( co>se v>ni% 7#a lb4 se$-lac1 #a lb ros9 to #a gallon me?ylat$ _s1 dissolve & filt]74 ,?is v>ni%1 l all o!rs =m$ f me?ylat$ spirits1 mu/ be appli$ 9 a w>m place & all dampness %\ld be avoid$1 = ei!r cold or moi/ure *ills x & ?us prev5ts x tak+ prop] hold ( ! surface on :i* x is appli$4 ,:5 ! "w is prep>$ ?us1 or by ! prim+ made ( size & :it+ already describ$1 ! japan prop] is itself appli$4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,japan ,,gr\nds4 ,! japan gr\nd prop]ly s call$ consi/s ( ! v>ni% & pigm5t :]e ! :ole surface is to be ( "o simple col\r1 or ( ! v>ni%1 ) or )\t pigm5t1 on :i* "s pa9t+ or o!r =m ( decoration is aft]w>ds to be appli$4 ,x is be/ to =m ?is gr\nd ) ! desir$ pigm5t incorporat$ ) %ellac v>ni%1 except 9 ! case ( a :ite japan gr\nd :i* requires special treatm5t1 or :5 great brilliancy is a desid]atum & o!r me?ods mu/ be adopt$4 ,! %ellac v>ni% = ! japan gr\nd is be/ prep>$ z foll[s3 %ellac #a-a_/d lb41 me?ylat$ spirits #a gallon4 ,dissolve 9 a well-cork$ vessel 9 a w>m place & ) frequ5t %ak+4 ,aft] two or ?ree days ! %ellac w be dissolv$4 ,x is !n recomm5d$ to filt] ! solution ?r\gh a flannel bag1 & :5 all t w come ?r\gh freely has done s ! v>ni% %\ld be run into a prop] siz$ vessel & kept c>efully cork$ = use4 ,! bag may !n be squeez$ ) ! h& till ! rema9d] ( ! fluid v>ni% is =c$ ?r\gh x1 & ?is if fairly cle> may be us$ = r\gh purposes or add$ to ! next bat*4 ,pigm5ts ( any nature :atev] may be us$ ) ! %ellac v>ni% to give ! desir$ t9t to ! gr\nd1 & :]e necess>y !y may be mix$ toge!r to =m any comp\nd col\r1 su* z blue & yell[ to =m gre54 ,! pigm5ts us$ = japan gr\nds %\ld all be previ\sly gr\nd v smoo? 9 spirits ( turp5t9e1 s smoo? t ! pa/e does n grate betwe5 ! two ?umb nails1 & !n only are !y mix$ ) ! v>ni%4 ,?is mixture ( pigm5t & v>ni% vehicle %\ld !n be spread ov] ! surface to be japann$ v c>efully & v ev5ly ) a camel-hair bru%4 ,z metals d n require a prim+ coat ( size & :it+1 ! japan gr\nd may be appli$ to metallic surfaces =?) )\t any prelim9>y treatm5t except ?or\gh cleans+1 except 9 ! cases specially ref]r$ to fur!r on4 ,on metallic surfaces ?ree to f\r coats are appli$1 & 9 ! int]val betwe5 ea* coat ! articles mu/ be /ov$ 9 an ov5 heat$ to f #bej deg4 to #cjj deg4 ,f4 ,,:ite ,,japan ,,gr\nds4 ,! =mation ( a p]fectly :ite japan gr\nd & ( ! fir/ degree ( h>dness has always be5 difficult to atta9 9 ! art ( japann+1 z !re are few or no sub/ances t c be s dissolv$ z to =m a v h>d v>ni% coat )\t be+ s d>k5$ 9 ! process z to q degrade or spoil ! :it5ess ( ! col\r4 ,! foll[+ process1 h[ev]1 is said to give a composition :i* yields a v ne> approa* to a p]fect :ite gr\nd3 ,take flake :ite or :ite lead wa%$ & gr\nd up ) ! six? ( its weight ( />* & !n dri$1 temp] x prop]ly = spread+ ) ma/ic v>ni% made ?us3 ,take #e oz4 ( ma/ic 9 p[d] & put x into a prop] vessel ) #a lb4 ( spirits ( turp5t9e2 let !m boil at a g5tle heat till ! ma/ic be dissolv$1 &1 if !re appe> to be any turbidity1 /ra9 (f ! solution ?r\gh flannel4 ,apply ?is intimate & homog5e\s mixture on ! body to be japann$1 ! surface ( :i* has be5 suitably prep>$ ei!r ) or )\t ! prim+1 !n v>ni% x ov] ) five or six coats ( ! foll[+ v>ni%3 ,provide any quantity ( ! be/ se$-lac & pick out ( x all ! cle>e/ & :ite/ gra9s1 take ( ?is se$-lac #a_/b lb4 & ( gum anime #c_/d lb41 pulv]ize ! mixture to a co>se p[d] & dissolve 9 a gallon ( me?ylat$ spirits & /ra9 (f ! cle> v>ni%4 ,! se$-lac w give a slight t9t to ?is v>ni%1 b x _c be omitt$ :]e ! japann$ surface mu/ be h>d1 ?\gh :]e a s(t] surface w s]ve ! purpose ! proportion ( se$-lac may be dim9i%$ & a little turp5t9e oleo-res9 add$ to ! gum anime to take (f ! brittl5ess4 ,a v good v>ni% entirely free f brittl5ess may1 x is said1 be =m$ by dissolv+ gum anime 9 old nut or poppy oil1 :i* mu/ be made to boil g5tly :5 ! gum is put into x4 ,aft] be+ dilut$ ) turps ! :ite gr\nd may be appli$ 9 ?is v>ni%1 & !n a coat or two ( ! v>ni% itself may be appli$ ov] x4 ,^! coats1 h[ev]1 take a long "t to dry1 &1 ow+ to its s(t] nature1 ?is japann$ surface is m readily injur$ ?an t yield$ by ! %ellac v>ni%4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,dickson1 ! old way ( mak+ a cream enamel = /ov+ 7a :ite 0 suppos$ to be impossible7 0 to mix ord9>y tub :ite lead ) ! poli%+ copal v>ni% & to add a modicum ( blue to neutralize ! yell[ t+e1 /ove same 9 ab\t #agj deg4,f4 & !n poli% z be=e describ$4 ,?is1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,dickson1 w\ld at ! be/ produce b a v pale blue enamel or a cream4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds made ) flake :ite or dry :ite lead gr\nd 9 turps only & mix$ ) ! poli%+ copal v>ni% ) ! addition ( t9ts z requir$1 by :i* means a :ite ( any requir$ "* c\ld be produc$4 ,,blue ,,japan ,,gr\nds4 ,au?orities /ate t ^! may be =m$ f bright ,prussian blue or v]dit] glaz$ ov] ) ,prussian blue or ( smalt4 ,by bright ,prussian blue possibly a g5u9e ,prussian blue ton$ d[n to a sky blue ) :ite lead is meant1 & by v]dit] ! v>iety kn[n z ref9]s' blue v]dit]1 & z to smalt x mu/ n be =gott5 t x *anges its col\r 9 artificial light4 ,be t z x may1 ! pigm5t may be mix$ ) ! %ellac v>ni% accord+ to ! in/ructions already giv51 b z ! %ellac w some:at injure ! tone ( ! pigm5t by imp>t+ a yell[ t+e to x :]e a bright true blue is requir$1 ! directions already giv5 z reg>ds :ite gr\nds mu/ be c>ri$ out4 ,,sc>let ,,japan ,,gr\nd4 ,v]milion is ! be/ pigm5t to use = a sc>let japan gr\nd1 & its effect w be greatly enhanc$ by glaz+ x ov] ) c>m9e or f9e lake4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! highe/ degree ( brightness be requir$ ! :ite v>ni% mu/ be us$4 ,v]milion mu/ be /ov$ at a v g5tle heat4 ,,r$ ,,japan ,,gr\nd4 ,! basis ( ?is japan gr\nd is made up ) madd] lake gr\nd 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 ?is con/itutes ! fir/ gr\nd2 :5 ?is is p]fectly dry a second coat ( lake & :ite 9 copal v>ni% is appli$1 & ! la/ coat is made up ( lake 9 a mixture ( copal v>ni% & turp5t9e v>ni%4 ,,bright ,,pale ,,yell[ ,,gr\nds4 ,orpim5t or ,k+'s yell[ may be us$1 & ! effect is enhanc$ by dissolv+ p[d]$ turm]ic root 9 ! me?ylat$ spirits f :i* ! upp] or poli%+ coat is made1 :i* me?ylat$ spirits mu/ be /ra9$ f (f ! dregs be=e ! se$-lac is add$ to x to =m ! v>ni%4 ,! se$-lac v>ni% is n s injuri\s to yell[ pigm5ts z x is to ! tone ( "s o!r pigm5ts1 because1 be+ t+$ a r$di% yell[1 x does little m ?an int5sify or deep5 ! tone ( ! pigm5t4 ,,gre5 ,,japan ,,gr\nds4 ,gre5 japan gr\nds are produc$ by mix+ ,prussian blue or di/ill$ v]digris ) orpim5t1 & ! effect is said to be extremely brilliant by apply+ !m on a gr\nd ( leaf gold4 ,any ( !m may be us$ ) good se$-lac v>ni%1 = reasons already giv54 ,equal p>ts by weight ( ros91 precipitat$ ros9ate ( copp]1 & coal-t> solv5t naph?a w give a v>ni% :i*1 :5 suitably ?9n$ & ! coats /ov$ at a heat bel[ #bab deg4 ,f41 w give a gre5 japan second to none z a f9i%+ coat z reg>ds purity ( tone at lea/4 ,to h>d5 x & r5d] x m ela/ic half ( ! ros9 might be replac$ by equal weights ( a copal soluble 9 solv5t naph?a & boil$ l9se$ oil1 s t ! mixture w\ld /& ?us3 ros9ate ( copp] #a lb41 ros9 #a_/b lb41 boil$ oil #a_/d lb41 h>d res9 7copal7 #a_/d lb41 solv5t naph?a #a lb4 ,:5 heat$ to a high temp]ature ?is ros9ate ( copp] v>ni% yields a magnific5t ruby bronze coloration1 especially on glass4 ,v]digris dissolves 9 turp5t9e1 & successful attempts might be made to make a gre5 japan v>ni% f x on ! l9es indicat$ = ros9ate ( copp]4 ,,orange-,,col\r$ ,,gr\nds4 ,orange-col\r$ gr\nds may be =m$ by mix+ v]milion or r$ lead ) ,k+'s yell[1 or orange lake or r$ orpim5t 78 realg>7 w make a bright] orange gr\nd ?an c be produc$ by any mixture4 ,,purple ,,gr\nds4 ,purple gr\nds may be produc$ by ! admixture ( lake or v]milion ) ,prussian blue4 ,!y may be treat$ z ! o!r col\r$ gr\nds z reg>ds ! v>ni% vehicle4 ,,black ,,gr\nds4 ,black gr\nds may be =m$ ei!r f lamp black or ivory black1 b ivory black is pref]able to lamp black1 & possibly c>bon black or gas black to ei!r4 ,^! may be always appli$ ) ! %ellac v>ni% z a vehicle1 & _! upp] or poli%+ coats may consi/ ( common se$-lac v>ni%4 ,b ! be/ quality ( ivory black gr\nd 9 ! be/ sup] black japan yields1 aft] suitable /ov+1 a v excell5t black inde$1 ! purity ( tone ( :i* may be improv$ by add+ a little blue 9 ! gr9d+4 ,,common ,,black ,,japan ,,gr\nds ,,on ,,metal4 ,common black japan gr\nds on metal by means ( heat are procur$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! surface to be japann$ mu/ be coat$ ov] ) dry+ oil1 & :5 x is mod]ately dry mu/ be put into a /ove ( su* heat z w *ange ! oil black )\t burn+ x4 ,! /ove %\ld n be too hot :5 ! oil is put into x nor ! heat increas$ too fa/1 ei!r :i* error w\ld make x bli/]1 b ! sl[] ! heat is increas$ & ! long] x is cont9u$1 provid$ x be re/ra9$ )9 a due degree1 ! h>d] w be ! coat ( japan4 ,?is k9d ( japan requires no poli%1 hav+ receiv$ f ! heat1 :5 prop]ly regulat$1 a suffici5tly bright surface4 ,,tortoise-,,%ell ,,gr\nd4 ,?is beautiful gr\nd1 produc$ by heat1 is valu$ n only = its h>dness & its capacity to /& a heat great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 b also = its f9e appe>ance4 ,x is made by means ( a v>ni% prep>$ ?us3 ,take "o gallon ( good l9se$ oil & half a p\nd ( umb]1 boil !m toge!r until ! oil becomes v br[n & ?ick1 /ra9 x !n ?r\gh a co>se clo? & set x aga9 to boil1 9 :i* /ate x mu/ be cont9u$ until x acquires a consi/5cy resembl+ t ( pit*2 x w !n be fit = use4 ,hav+ ?us prep>$ ! v>ni%1 clean well ! surface :i* is to be japann$2 !n apply v]milion gr\nd 9 %ellac v>ni% or ) dry+ oil1 v ?9ly dilut$ ) oil ( turp5t9e1 on ! places int5d$ to imitate ! m transp>5t p>ts ( ! tortoise-%ell4 ,:5 ! v]milion is dry1 bru% ! :ole ov] ) ! black v>ni% ?9n$ to ! "r consi/5cy ) oil ( turp5t9e4 ,:5 set & firm put ! "w into a /ove :]e x may und]go a v /rong heat1 :i* mu/ be cont9u$ a consid]able "t1 = ?ree weeks or ev5 a mon? s mu* ! bett]4 ,?is gr\nd may be decorat$ ) pa9t+ & gild+ 9 ! same way z any o!r v>ni%$ surface1 :i* _h be/ be done aft] ! gr\nd has be5 h>d5$1 b x is well to give a second anneal+ at a v g5tle heat aft] x has be5 f9i%$4 ,a v good black japan may be made by mix+ a little japan gold size ) ivory or lamp-black1 ?is w develop a good gloss )\t requir+ to be v>ni%$ aft]w>ds4 ,,pa9t+ ,,japan ,,"w4 ,japan "w %\ld be pa9t$ ) real enamel pa9ts1 t is ) pa9ts actually gr\nd 9 v>ni%1 & 9 t case all pigm5ts may be us$ & ! peculi> disadvantages1 :i* att5d sev]al pigm5ts ) respect to oil or wat]1 cease ) ?is class ( vehicle1 = !y are secur$ by x :5 prop]ly h&l$ f ! lea/ dang] ( *ang+ or fad+4 ,! prep>ation ( pigm5ts = ?is purpose consi/s 9 br++ !m to a due /ate ( f95ess by gr9d+ !m on a /one ) turp5t9e4 ,! be/ v>ni% = b9d+ & pres]v+ ! pigm5ts is %ellac4 ,?is1 :5 judici\sly h&l$1 gives su* a firmness & h>dness to ! "w t1 if x be aft]w>ds fur!r secur$ ) a mod]ately ?ick coat ( se$-lac v>ni%1 x w be almo/ z h>d & durable z glass4 ,! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 v>ni% is1 h[ev]1 f> m t$i\s ?an ) an oil or wat] vehicle4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n[ v usual 9 japan "w = ! sake ( dispat*1 & 9 "s cases 9 ord] to be able to use ! p5cil 7bru%7 m freely1 to apply ! col\rs 9 an oil vehicle well dilut$ ) turps4 ,?is oil 7or japann]s' gold size7 may be made ?us3 ,take #a lb4 ( l9se$ oil & #d oz4 ( gum anime1 set ! oil 9 a prop] vessel & !n add ! gum anime p[d]1 /irr+ x well until ! :ole is mix$ ) ! oil4 ,let ! mixture cont9ue to boil until x appe>s ( a ?ick consi/5ce1 !n /ra9 ! :ole ?r\gh a co>se clo? & keep x = use4 ,! pigm5ts are also sometimes appli$ 9 a gum-wat] vehicle1 b "w s done1 x has be5 urg$1 is n ne>ly s durable z t done 9 v>ni% or oil4 ,h[ev]1 ^? :o =m]ly condemn$ ! practice ( japann+ wat]-col\r$ decorations all[$ t amateurs1 :o practis$ japann+ = _! amusem5t only & ?us might n f9d x conv5i5t to /ock ! necess>y prep>ations = ! o!r me?ods1 might pa9t ) wat]-col\rs4 ,if ! pigm5ts are gr\nd 9 an aque\s vehicle ( /rong is+lass size & honey in/ead ( gum wat] ! "w w\ld n be mu* inf]ior to t execut$ ) o!r vehicles4 ,wat]-col\rs are sometimes appli$ on a gr\nd ( gold aft] ! /yle ( o!r pa9t+s1 & sometimes s z to produce an emboss$ effect4 ,! pigm5ts 9 ?is /yle ( pa9t+ are gr\nd 9 a vehicle ( is+lass size correct$ ) honey or sug>-c&y4 ,! body ) :i* ! emboss$ "w is rais$ is be/ =m$ ( /rong gum wat] ?ick5$ to a prop] consi/5cy ) arm5ian bole & :it+ 9 equal p>ts1 :i*1 be+ laid on 9 ! prop] figures & repair$ :5 dry1 may be !n pa9t$ ) ! int5d$ pigm5ts 9 ! vehicle ( is+lass size or 9 ! g5]al mann] ) %ellac v>ni%4 ,z to ! comp>ative value ( pigm5ts gr\nd 9 wat] & gr\nd 9 oil1 t is betwe5 oil-col\rs & wat]-col\rs 9 enamell+ & japann+1 !re seems to h be5 a *ange ( op9ion = "s "t back1 especially z reg>ds ! enamell+ ( slate4 ,! m>bl+ ( slate 7to be enamell$7 9 wat]-col\rs is a process :i* ,mr4 ,dickson says well repays /udy4 ,x is greatly develop$ 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! process is a quick "o & ! pigm5ts are said to /& well & to ma9ta9 _! pri/9e hue1 yet if _m /rik+ly natural effects result f ! use ( ?is process1 its use has n spread 9 ,great ,brita91 be+ conf9$ :olly & solely to ! m>bl+ ( slate 7except 9 ! case ( wall-pap] :i* is wat]-m>bl$ 9 a some:at simil> way74 ,9 pa9t+ 9 oil-col\r1 says ,mr4 ,dickson1 ! craftsman tru/s l>gely to 8 badg]-hair bru% to produce 8 effects ( s(tness & m>bly appe>ance2 b 9 pa9t+ 9 wat]-col\rs1 ?is s(tness1 dep?1 & m>bly appe>ance are produc$ mo/ly by ! col\r plac$ ^u ! surface1 & left entirely unt\*$ by badg] or any o!r bru%4 ,! col\r dry+ quickly1 does n all[ mu* "t = work+1 & :5 dry x _c be t\*$ )\t spoil+ ! :ole ( ! "w4 ,! diff]5ce fir/ ( all betwe5 pa9t+ 9 wat] & 9 oil col\r1 is t a peculi> gra9 exi/s ) pa9t+ 9 wat] t x is absolutely impossible to get 9 oil4 ,! *>m ( a m>ble is1 ,i ?9k1 its transluc5cy z mu* z its beautiful col\r2 x is to t transluc5cy 7= 9 m>ble fix$ we h no transp>5cy7 t x owes its s(tness ( effect1 :i* makes m>ble ( su* decorative value4 ,?is transluc5cy c only be obta9$ by ?9 glazes ( col\r1 by :i* means ea* succe$+ glaze only p>tly cov]s ! previ\s "o1 ! "* ( ! m>ble be+ ?us produc$4 ,?is is done sometimes 9 oil-col\r 9 a m>vell\s mann]1 b ev5 ! be/ ( oil-pa9t+ 9 m>ble _c /& ! comp>ison ( wat]-col\r1 & x is only by comp>ison t any accurate judgm5t c be =m$ ( any "w4 ,! production ( m>bles 9 wat]-col\r has a dep?1 s(tness1 & /on9ess t defies oil-pa9t+1 & 9 "s cases w defy detection unless by an exp]t ( m>bles4 ,x may be t fir/ ( all ! mat]ials employ$ are m 9 keep+ ) ! real mat]ial1 z no oil ent]s into ! composition ( real m>ble1 & by us+ ! m$ium ( wat] we ?us />t bett]1 b ! real secret is t by us+ wat] z a m$ium ! col\rs take an entirely diff]5t effect4 ,9 pa9t+ 9 wat]-col\r greys ( any t9t or /r5g? c be obta9$ suitable = ! production ( a m>ble ( greyi% gr\nd1 by pure :ite1 t9t$ z requir$1 be+ appli$ ( diff]5t ?icknesses ( col\r1 all ! modulations ( tone be+ obta9$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! ?ickness ( ! col\r appli$4 ,,v>ni%+ ,,japan ,,"w4 ,v>ni%+ is ! la/ & ! f9i%+ process 9 japann+4 ,x consi/s 9 7#a7 apply+1 & 7#b7 poli%+ ! out] coats ( v>ni%1 :i* are equally necess>y :e!r ! pla9 japan gr\nd be pa9t$ on or n4 ,?is is be/ done 9 a g5]al way ) common se$-lac v>ni%1 except on ^? occasions :]e o!r me?ods h be5 %[n to be m exp$i5t1 & ! same reasons1 :i* decide z to ! propriety ( us+ ! diff]5t v>ni%es z reg>ds ! col\rs ( ! gr\nd1 hold equally ) ^? ( ! pa9t+1 = :]e brightness is a mat]ial po9t & a t+e ( yell[ w\ld injure x1 se$-lac mu/ give way to ! :it] res9s2 b :]e h>dness & t5acity are ess5tial x mu/ be adh]$ to1 & :]e bo? are necess>y a mix$ v>ni% mu/ be us$4 ,?is mix$ v>ni% %\ld be made f ! pick$ se$-lac z direct$ 9 ! case ( ! :ite japan gr\nds4 ,! common se$-lac v>ni% may be made ?us3 ,take #a-a_/b lb4 ( se$-lac & wa% x well 9 sev]al wat]s1 !n dry x & p[d] x co>sely & put x ) a gallon ( me?ylat$ spirits into a ,bohemian glass flask s t x be n m ?an two-?irds full4 ,%ake ! mixture well toge!r & place ! flask 9 a g5tle heat till ! se$-lac appe>s to be dissolv$1 ! %ak+ be+ 9 ! meantime repeat$ z (t5 z may be conv5i5t2 !n p\r (f all ! cle> & /ra9 ! rema9d] ?r\gh a co>se clo?4 ,! v>ni% s prep>$ mu/ be kept = use 9 a well-cork$ glass vessel4 ,! :it] se$-lac v>ni%es are us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! common1 except z reg>ds ! sub/ances us$ 9 poli%+1 :i*1 :]e a pure :ite or ! great] cle>ness or purity ( o!r pigm5ts is 9 "q1 %\ld be itself :ite1 :ile ! br[n] sorts ( poli%+ du/1 z be+ *eap] & do+ _! bus9ess ) great] dispat*1 may be us$ 9 o!r cases4 ,! pieces ( "w to be v>ni%$ %\ld be plac$ ne> ! fire or 9 a w>m room & made p]fectly dry1 & !n ! v>ni% may be appli$ ) a flat camel-hair bru% made = ! purpose4 ,?is mu/ be done v rapidly1 b ) great c>e2 ! same place %\ld n be pass$ twice ov] 9 lay+ on "o coat if x c possibly be avoid$4 ,! be/ way ( proce$+ is to beg9 9 ! middle & pass ! bru% to "o end1 !n ) ano!r /roke f ! middle pass x to ! o!r end1 tak+ c>e t be=e ea* /roke ! bru% be well suppli$ ) v>ni%2 :5 "o coat is dry ano!r mu/ be laid ov] x 9 l mann]1 & ?is mu/ be cont9u$ five or six times4 ,if on trial !re be n a suffici5t ?ickness ( v>ni% to be> ! poli% )\t lay+ b>e ! pa9t+ or gr\nd col\r und]nea? m v>ni% mu/ be appli$4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] ( coats ( v>ni% is s appli$ ! "w is fit to be poli%$1 :i* mu/ be done 9 common "w by rubb+ x ) a piece ( clo? or felt dipp$ 9 tripoli or f9ely gr\nd pumice-/one4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( ! rubb+ a little oil ( any k9d mu/ be us$ ) ! p[d]1 & :5 ! "w appe>s suffici5tly bright & glossy x %\ld be well rubb$ ) ! oil alone to clean x f ! p[d] & to give x a /ill great] lu/re4 ,9 ! case ( :ite gr\nds1 in/ead ( ! tripoli1 f9e putty or :it+ %\ld be us$1 b !y %\ld be wa%$ ov] to prev5t ! dang] ( damag+ ! "w f any s& or any o!r gritty matt] t may happ5 to be mix$ ) !m4 ,x greatly improves all k9ds ( japan "w to h>d5 ! v>ni% by means ( heat1 :i*1 9 e degree t c be appli$ %ort ( :at w\ld burn or calc9e ! matt]1 t5ds to give x a firm & /rong texture :]e metals =m ! body2 !re=e a v hot /ove may be us$1 & ! /ov+ may be cont9u$ = a consid]able "t1 especially if ! heat be gradually increas$4 ,b :]e wood or papi]-ma*e is 9 "q1 heat mu/ be appli$ ) great caution4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,japann+ ,,or ,,enamell+ ,,metals4 ,9 japann+ metals1 all good "w ( :i* %\ld be /ov$1 !y h to be fir/ ?or\ghly clean$1 & !n ! japan gr\nd appli$ ) a badg] or camel-hair bru% or o!r means1 v c>efully & ev5ly4 ,metals usually require f ?ree to five coats1 & betwe5 ea* application mu/ be dri$ 9 an ov5 heat$ f #bej deg4 to #cjj deg4 ,f4--ab\t #bgj deg4 be+ ! av]age4 ,x has already be5 se5 t ! be/ gr\nds = japann+ are =m$ ( %ellac v>ni%1 ! necess>y pigm5ts = col\r+ be+ add$ !reto1 be+ mix$ ) ! %ellac v>ni% aft] !y h be5 gr\nd into a high degree ( smoo?ness & f95ess 9 spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,9 japann+ x is be/ to h ! ov5 at r a l[] temp]ature1 increas+ ! heat aft] ! "w has be5 plac$ 9 ! ov54 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] ( coats h be5 laid on--:i* w usually be two only--! "w mu/ be poli%$ by means ( a piece ( clo? or felt dipp$ 9 tripoli or f9ely p[d]$ pumice-/one4 ,= :ite gr\nds f9e putty p[d] or :it+ mu/ be employ$1 a f9al coat be+ aft]w>ds giv51 & ! "w /ov$ aga94 ,! la/ coat ( all is "o ( v>ni%4 ,& "h1 z a prelim9>y rem>k1 x is advisable t all enamels & japans %\ld be pur*as$ ready-made1 z any attempt to make su* is almo/ sure to end 9 disa/]1 :ile1 ow+ to ! fact t su* are only requir$ = small jobs2 x w\ld involve too mu* tr\ble & w\ld n pay4 ,x is = ?is reason t few japan recipes are giv51 z1 al?\gh _m are available1 !y d n always turn out z suitable = ! purpose z c\ld be desir$1 9 addition to :i* ! ready-made articles c be pur*as$ at a v reasonable price & are mu* bett] prep>$4 ,! op]ator %\ld procure 8 enamels a %ade or two light] ?an he desires to see 9 ! f9i%$ article1 all[+ ! *emical action due to ! /ov+ to tone ! col\rs d[n4 ,ano!r necessity is to keep ! enamel ?or\ghly well mix$ by well /irr+ x e "t x is us$1 z if ?is is n done ! actual col\r+ matt] is apt to s9k to ! bottom1 ! ultimate result be+ t /reaky "w is produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ?is indiff]5t mix+ ( ! enamell+ mat]ials4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to /ate t all japann+ or enamell+ "w mu/ be done 9 a room or %op absolutely free f du/ or dirt1 & z f> away z possible f any w9d[ or o!r op5+ lead+ to ! op5 air1 = two reasons--"o be+ t ! draught !refrom may cool ! ov5 or /ove1 & ! o!r t ! air may convey p>ticles ( du/ into ! enamell+ %op4 ,9 fact1 x _c be too mu* impress$ ^u ! workm5 t "o ( ! prim>y secrets ( successful enamell+ is absolute cleanl9ess2 consequ5tly all precautions mu/ be tak5 to ensure t ! enamel is p]fectly free f grit & du/1 & x mu/ be s kept by frequ5t /ra9+ ?r\gh f9e musl91 flannel1 or simil> mat]ial4 ,! "w hav+ be5 ?or\ghly clean$ & fre$ f all grease & o!r =eign matt]1 x mu/ be susp5d$ or held imm$iately ov] ! pan else:]e ref]r$ to1 & ! enamel p\r$ on ) an ord9>y iron ladle1 or cov]$ by means ( ! bru%4 ,:5 x has be5 p]mitt$ to dra9 ?or\ghly1 ! "w %\ld be hung on ! hooks on ! rods 9 ! ov5 z se5 9 ! explanatory sket*1 c>e be+ obs]v$ t no portion ( ! "w is 9 su* a position t any sup]flu\s enamel _c easily dra9 (f--9 o!r words1 ! "w mu/ lie or hang t x is always1 z x 71 on ! slant4 ,always be> 9 m9d :5 %utt+ ! ov5 door to d s g5tly1 z if a slam is indulg$ 9 all ! gas jets w be bl[n out1 & an explosion w\ld probably result4 ,%\ld ! job 9 h& be a l>ge "o1 x w be f\nd z well to get a *eap] enamel = ! fir/ coat1 b if ! "w is only a small job1 x w n be necess>y to h m ?an "o enamel1 ( :i* a c\ple ( coats at lea/ w be requir$4 ,:5 ! fir/ coat has ?or\ghly dri$ & h>d5$1 ! surface w h to be ?or\ghly rubb$ till x is p]fectly smoo? ) tripoli p[d] & f9e pumice-/one1 & aft]w>ds h&-poli%$ ) rott5-/one & putty p[d]4 ,& "h x may be rem>k$ t ! f9] ! surface is got up ) em]y p[d] & o!r poli%+ ag5ts ! bett] w be ! enamell+ & ultimate f9i%4 ,! rubb+ d[n be+ f9i%$1 ano!r coat ( enamel mu/ be appli$ & ! "w bak$ z be=e1 c>e be+ always tak5 to keep ! enamel 9 a suffici5tly fluid condition z to enable x to fl[ & run (f ! "w freely4 ,x c easily be ?9n$ ) a little p>aff94 ,a ?ird coat w frequ5tly be advisable1 z x improves ! f9i%4 ,9 enamell+ cycles1 x is well to hang ! front =ks cr[n upp]mo/ :5 !y are und]go+ ! f9al bak+1 & x is advisable to be> 9 m9d t :eels require an enamel t w /ove at a l[] temp]ature ?an is call$ = = o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,"s japann]s advocate ! fluid be+ put on ) camel-or badg]-hair bru%es1 & = ! be/ descriptions ( "w1 f9al coats1 & su* l1 ,i agree ) !m2 b ?is is a detail :i* c be left to ! op]ator's own fancy1 ! class ( "w1 etc42 b ,i w\ld rem9d him t apply+ enamel ) a bru% requires mu* c>e & a c]ta9 am\nt ( knack4 ,x is some?+ l successful lacqu]+ 9 brasswork--x looks v simple1 b is n4 ,ea* succe$+ coat ( japan gives a m uni=m & glossy surface1 & = ?is reason x may1 9 "s cases1 be necess>y to repeat ! op]ation no few] ?an half a doz5 times1 ! f9al coat be+ g5]ally a lay] ( cle> v>ni% only1 to add to ! lu/re4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 = light-col\r$ japans or enamels n to h ! temp]ature suffici5tly high to scor*1 or ! surface w be discol\r$1 z !y require a l[] temp]ature = fix+ ?an ! d>k japans1 :i*1 provid$ ! article is n likely to be injur$ by ! heat1 are usually dri$ at a some:at high temp]ature4 ,! prec$+ in/ructions apply only to ! be/ descriptions ( "w4 ,:5 p\r+ enamel by means ( ! ladle ov] pieces ( "w1 d n agitate ! liquid too mu*--at ! same "t tak+ c>e to keep x well mix$--s z to =m air bubbles1 z ?is w cause tr\ble1 & 9 p\r+ ov] ! "w d x ) an easy & g5tle & n too hurri$ a motion4 ,9 japann+ curv$ pieces1 su* z mud-gu>ds1 etc41 9 hang+ up ! "w 9 ! ov5 see t ! liquid does n run to extremities & !re =m ugly blots or blot*es ( enamel4 ,:5 :ite or o!r light tones are us$ = japann+ !y are mix$ ) japann]s' v>ni%1 & ^! require m c>eful heat+ 9 ! ov5 or /ove ?an d>k] t9ts or br[n or black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,tr\gh = ,dipp+ ,b$/ead ,frames & o!r ,l>ge ,"w4 ,,enamell+ ,,b$/ead ,,frames ,,& ,,simil> ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,at ,fig4 #a is %[n a tr\gh 9 :i* l>ge pieces1 su* z b$/eads1 bicycle frames1 etc41 are dipp$ or imm]s$4 ,= ! fir/-m5tion$ class ( "w su* high f9i% is n requir$ z = bicycles1 & consequ5tly ! enamel ne$ n be appli$ ) a bru%1 nor w x be necess>y to rub d[n ! "w betwe5 ea* coat1 b in/ead ! pieces c be lit]ally dipp$ 9 ! tank ( liquid1 !n all[$ to dra9 on to ! dripp+-bo>d--! sup]flu\s enamel ?us f9d+ its way back into ! tr\gh or tank1 ! dripp$ articles be+ aft]w>ds plac$ 9 ! ov5 to h>d54 ,! tr\gh mu/ be ( suffici5t dim5sions to all[ ! pieces ( "w to be completely imm]s$1 & ! dripp+-bo>d %\ld be set at an angle ( ab\t #de deg44 ,b$/ead frames w nev] require m ?an two coats & ! common] class ( goods only "o4 ,i w\ld n advise ! tradesman 9 a small way ( bus9ess to g to ! exp5se ( a tr\gh1 etc41 z x calls = mu* m room ?an is ord9>ily available1 b if he has ! necess>y plant = bicycle "w he c1 ( c\rse1 d an occasional job ( ! o!r k9d4 ,,japann+ ,,t91 ,,su* ,,z ,,tea-,,trays ,,& ,,simil> ,,goods4 ,= japann+ %eet-iron articles1 :i* are really t9 goods1 su* z tea-trays & simil> ?+s1 fir/ sc\r !m well ) a piece ( s&/one1 :i* w effectually remove all ! scales & make ! surface q smoo?4 ,!n give ! metal a coat+ ( vegetable black1 :i* mu/ be mix$ ) sup] black japan v>ni%1 ?9n$ ) turps1 & well /ra9$4 ,only a small quantity ( ?is v>ni% is necess>y1 z x w dry dead4 ,! article mu/ !n be plac$ 9 ! /ove to h>d5 at a temp]ature ( #bab deg4 ,f41 !re to rema9 = f t5 to twelve h\rs4 ,:5 tak5 out ( ! /ove1 ! articles mu/ be all[$ to get cold1 aft] :i* !y mu/ be giv5 a coat ( sup] black japan1 :i*1 if necess>y1 mu/ be ?9n$ ) turps1 a /iff1 %ort bri/le bru% be+ employ$1 & ! v>ni% put on sp>+ly1 s t x w n run :5 x gets w>m4 ,two coats ( ?is v>ni% on top ( ! vegetable black coat+ are usually suffici5t1 :5 done prop]ly1 b a ?ird coat+ mu* improves ! "w1 & f t5 to twelve h\rs' h>d5+ w be necess>y betwe5 ea* coat+4 ,! small lumps :i* w be m or less c]ta9 to arise w require to be rubb$ d[n betwe5 ea* application by a small & smoo? piece ( pumice-/one4 ,if x is desir$ to add gold or bronze b&s or any k9d ( floral or o!r k9d ( fancy decorations1 ^! are pa9t$ on1 aft] ! gr\nd japann+ has be5 done1 9 japann]s' gold size1 & !n ! gold leaf is appli$1 or ! bronze or o!r metal p[d] is du/$ on1 aft] :i* ! objects s treat$ are aga9 plac$ 9 ! /ove1 :]e !y w n require to be kept ne> s long z = ord9>y japann+4 ,aft] !y h be5 remov$1 ! gilt or bronz$ portions mu/ be treat$ ) a protect+ coat ( :ite _s v>ni%4 ,transf]s c be appli$ 9 ! same way4 ,t9n$ iron goods are ! mo/ l>gely japann$1 & = ^! br[n & black col\rs are pr9cipally employ$4 ,bo? are obta9$ by ! use ( br[n japan1 ! metal hav+ a prelim9>y coat+ ( black pa9t :5 black is requir$4 ,only "o coat+ ( br[n japan is giv5 to *eap goods1 b = bett] articles two or m are appli$4 ,= ^! x is possible t a f9al dress+ ) pumice-/one1 !n ) rott5-/one1 & rubb$ ) a piece ( felt or clo?1 or ev5 ! palm ( ! h&1 may be necess>y1 b z a rule n4 ,l>ge numb]s ( articles ( ! above description1 su* z tea-trays1 tea-cani/]s1 ca%-boxes1 coal-boxes1 & simil> goods1 are japann$ at ,birm+ham1 & x is to su* t ! prec$+ in/ructions apply4 ,,enamell+ ,,old ,,"w4 ,9 all cases ( re-enamell+ old "w1 x is absolutely necess>y to remove all traces ( ! fir/ enamell+1 & if ?is has be5 well done 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x w prove no mean job4 ,! be/ way to clean ! "w is to soak x 9 a /rong lye ( hot pota%1 :5 ! s(t5$ enamel c be wip$ or bru%$ (f--?is latt] me?od be+ pursu$ 9 ! m intricate & ungetatable portions ( ! "w4 ,new "w1 :i* has n be5 enamell$1 c be treat$ 9 ! same way = ! removal ( all grease1 /a9s1 f+]-m>ks1 etc41 & too mu* att5tion _c be paid to ! initial prep>ation ( ! surface ( ! metal1 to h x ?or\ghly ev5 & smoo?1 z x adds s mu* to ! ultimate f9i% & appe>ance ( ! "w4 ,pl5ty ( lab\r mu/ be be/[$ be=e ! f9al coat1 z any blemi% w %[ ?r\gh ?is f9i%+1 & s m> :at w\ld o!rwise be a highly satisfactory bit ( "w4 ,9 all k9ds ( bicycle "w1 :e!r new or old1 ! mo/ satisfactory results are obta9$ by ! application ( at lea/ two1 & sometimes f\r or five1 successive coats ( good b ?9 enamel1 z ?is w imp>t ! necess>y p]fect coat1 comb9$ ) durability1 a high f9i%1 & a good col\r4 ,a good enamel %\ld be suffici5tly h>d1 s z n to be scrat*$ on ! m]e/ t\* or rubb+4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t no sold]-"w mu/ be put into ! /ove1 or ! pieces w sep>ate4 ,%\ld any ( ?is "w be discov]$1 ! pieces mu/ be tak5 ap>t1 & !n braz$ toge!r be=e be+ enamell$1 & put 9 ! /ove4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,! ,,enamell+ ,,& ,,japann+ ,,/ove--,,pigm5ts ,,suitable ,,= ,,japann+ ,,) ,,natural ,,lacqu]--,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,( ,,japann+ ,,) ,,natural ,,japanese ,,lacqu]4 ,,appliances ,,& ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,9 ,,japann+ ,,& ,,enamell+4 ,besides ! v>i\s enamels or japans & v>ni%es ( v>i\s col\r+s & ! /ove1 :i* w be f\nd describ$ & illu/rat$1 toge!r ) ! tr\gh1 9 o!r pages1 ! work] w ne$ "s iron pots or cauldrons 9 :i* to boil ! pota% lye = ! cleans+1 m p>ticul>ly1 ( old "w1 "s iron ladles bo? = ?is "w & = p\r+ ! japan on ! articles to be cov]$ !re)1 a few badg] tools & bru%es = small f9e "w1 "s hooks = ! /ove1 a pair ( pli]s1 a few bits ( broom h&le cut into %ort l5g?s & made tap]1 s z to fit into ! tubes1 etc41 ( bicycles & o!r "w1 s z to keep ! h&s z free f ! japan z possible1 "s em]y p[d]1 pumice-/one p[d]1 tripoli1 putty p[d]1 :it+1 & a piece ( felt or clo?4 ,if he is also do+ any common "w1 a /umpy bru% ( bri/les & a s(t lea!r w also be requisite1 toge!r ) a file or two4 ,^! w ab\t comprise ! :ole ( ! articles requir$1 n v exp5sive1 all ( :i* w really n be requir$ by a beg9n]4 ,ow+ l>gely to ! /rides made 9 ! cycle trade enamell+ is /ov$ by means ( gas1 & ( ?is a pl5tiful supply is necess>y4 ,enamell+ /oves may really be describ$ z hot-air cupbo>ds or ov5s1 & = a /ove :i* w answ] mo/ requirem5ts--say "o ( #f feet by #f feet by #c-a_/b feet--six r[s ( atmosph]ic burn]s w be necess>y to heat x1 :ile x w be also advisable to fix pipes ( #a-a_/d in* int]nal diamet] f ! gas met] to ! /ove4 ,! atmosph]ic burn]s c be made f ! requisite numb] ( pieces ( #a-a_/d-;in* gas tube #c-a_/b feet 9 l5g?1 "o end ( ea* be+ /opp$1 & hav+ #a_/c-;in* holes drill$ !re9 at int]vals ( ab\t #a in*1 ! o!r end be+ left op5 = ! ins]tion ( ord9>y #c_/h-;in* brass gas taps4 ,ano!r plan pref]r$ by "s japann]s is to h ?ree r[s ( burn]s ! full l5g? ( ! /ove1 :i*1 "u "s circum/ances1 due to /ructural conditions1 w be f\nd m suitable4 ,anyway1 :atev] ! position ( ! /ove1 all[ance mu/ be made = a temp]ature up to #djj deg4 ,f4 to be rais$4 ,9 old-fa%ion$ ov5s ! heat is appli$ by means ( ext]nal flues1 9 :i* hot air or /eam is circulat$1 b ?is sy/em is g5]ally unsatisfactory1 ! supply ( heat hav+ to be controll$ by damp]s or /op-cocks1 & ?is has giv5 place to ! gas app>atus4 ,ano!r simple =m ( ov51 ?\gh n "o :i* ,i %all recomm5d1 is a species ( %eet-iron box1 :i* is encas$ by ano!r & l>g] box ( ! same %ape1 s plac$ t f #b to #c in*es ( int]space exi/s betwe5 ! two boxes4 ,to ?is int]space heat is appli$1 & a flue w h to be affix$ to ?is app>atus to c>ry (f ! vap\rs :i* arise f ! enamel or japan4 ,= amateur or int]mitt5t jobb+ "w ! ov5 illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #b & #c is ab\t z good z any1 ?\gh to gu>d aga9/ fire x w\ld be z well to h a c\rse ( brickwork b5ea? ! ov51 :ile if ?is is n possible on acc\nt ( want ( height1 a %eet or s ( z9c or iron w help to mitigate ! dang]4 ,x is also advisable1 if ! ap>tm5t is a l[-pit*$ "o1 to h a %eet ( iron or z9c susp5d$ by f\r corn] *a9s f ! ceil+ 9 ord] to protect ?is f fir+ ?r\gh ! heat f ! enamell+ ov54 ,( c\rse1 x w be und]/ood t e portion ( ! /ove mu/ be put toge!r ) rivets1 no sold]$ "w be+ p]missible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,door ( ,ov5 :5 ,%ut4 ,to ^? :o wi% to con/ruct _! own /ove1 x w be f\nd t ! framework c be %ap$ out ( #a-;in* angle iron1 ! panels or walls be+ con/ruct$ ( %eet-iron ( ab\t #ah gauge1 ! :ole be+ rivet$ toge!r4 ,! front w be occupi$ 9 its entire space by a door1 :i* w require to be hung on /rong iron h+es1 & ! framework ( ?is door %\ld be con/ruct$ ( #a in* by #a_/d in* iron--a r /\t] mat]ial w really be no disadvantage--to :i* ! %eet-iron plates mu/ be rivet$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! door mu/ be cut a slit1 say #a-a_/b in*es by #i in*es1 :i* w require to be cov]$ ) mica or talc beh9d :i* mu/ be plac$ ! !rmomet]1 s z x c be se5 dur+ ! process ( /ov+1 )\t ! necessity ( op5+ ! door1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 m or less cools ! ov54 ,&1 by ! way1 ?is !rmomet] mu/ regi/] high] ?an ! highe/ temp]ature ! ov5 is capable ( rea*+4 ,above is %[n a sket* ( ! /ove1 int]ior & ext]ior1 :i* w give an idea ( :at a japann]'s /ove is l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--,%[+ ,/ove :5 ,op51 & ,back ( ,door4 ,inside ! /ove x w be necess>y to fix r[s ( iron rods1 "s f\r in*es f ! top1 f :i* to susp5d ! "w1 or angle-iron l$ges c be us$ on :i* ! rods or b>s c be fix$1 ^! arrangem5ts be+ v>i$ accord+ to ! p>ticul> description ( "w1 individual fancy1 or o!r circum/ances4 ,l>ge ,s hooks are ab\t ! h&ie/ to use4 ,a necess>y adjunct ( ! /ove is a pan1 :i* c be made by any h&y man or t9work]1 :i* %\ld be made to fit ! bottom ( ! /ove above ! gas jets1 x be+ arrang$ t x re/s on two side l$ges1 or along "s rods4 ,"o a c\ple ( in*es 9 dep? w be f\nd suffici5t1 & x w repay its co/ 9 ! sav+ ( enamel1 x be+ possible ) its use to enamel a bicycle ) z little z a gallon ( enamel4 ,"s workm5 h ! tray made ) a c\ple ( h+$ side flaps1 to turn ov] & cov] up ! pan :5 n 9 use1 b ?is is a matt] ( fancy4 ,( c\rse1 !y mu/ always be cov]$ up :5 n 9 use4 ,= ^? :o w\ld pref] to use ,buns5 burn]s1 ,i %[ at ,fig4 #d a sket* ( ! be/ to employ1 ^! hav+ ?ree r[s ( holes 9 ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,buns5 ,burn]4 ,:5 brick ov5s are employ$ !y mu/ be l9$ ) %eet-iron1 & 9 ^! v r>e circum/ances :]e gas is n available1 ! /ove c be heat$ ) coal or wood1 :i* w1 ( c\rse1 involve a total alt]ation 9 ! /ructural arrangem5ts4 ,i h n giv5 ! details "h1 z ,i d n ?9k ! necessity w ev] arise = _! use1 & = ! same reason ,i h refra9$ f giv+ ! p>ticul>s = heat+ by /eam & electricity1 or ! o!r me?ods :i* h be5 adopt$ by v>i\s work]s1 z !re is no "q b t a gas /ove or ov51 z describ$1 is ab\t ! be/ & h&ie/ = jobb]s or amateurs4 ,,mod]n ,,japann+ ,,& ,,enamell+ ,,/oves4 ,! mod]n japann+ & enamell+ /ove consi/s ( a comp>tm5t capable ( be+ heat$ to any desir$ temp]ature1 say #ajj deg4 to #djj deg4 ,f41 & at ! same "t1 except z reg>ds v5tilation1 capable ( be+ h]metically seal$ s z to prev5t access ( du/1 soot1 & dirt ( all k9ds to m> ! beauty & lu/re ( ! object be+ enamell$ or japann$4 ,su* a /ove may be heat$-- #a4 ,by a direct coal1 coke1 wood1 peat1 or gas fire 7:i* surr\nds ! inn] isolat$ *amb]7 7,fig4 #e74 #b4 ,by heat$ air4 #c4 ,by /eam or hot-wat] pipes1 coils ( :i* circulate r\nd ! int]ior ( ! /ove or "u ! floor4 ,su* ov5s may be ei!r p]man5t1 t is1 built into masonry1 or portable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,greuzburg's ,japann+ ,ov54 #a4 ,/oves heat$ by direct fire4--,^! 71 ( c\rse1 ! =m 9 :i* japann+ ov5s 7 con/ruct$ some:at aft] ! /yle ( a dry+ kiln4 ,fig4 #e1 ,greuzburg's japann+ ov5 heat$ on ! outside by hot gases f furnace4 ,! ov5 is built into brickwork1 & ! hot gases circulate 9 ! flues betwe5 ! brickwork & ! ov51 & its erection & ! arrangem5t ( ! heat+ flues are a bricklay]'s job4 ,coke conta9+ mu* sulphur is objectionable z a fuel = enamel /oves ,mr4 ,dickson emphasizes ?is v =cibly4 ,he says3 ,9 ! days :5 /oves 7 heat$ by coke furnaces1 & ! heat di/ribut$ by ! flues1 ! pr9cipal tr\ble 0 ! escape ( fumes ( sulphur :i* caus$ dire disa/] to all ! enamels by ent]+ into _! composition & prev5t+ _! ev] dry+1 n to speak ( h>d5+4 ,i h kn[n enamels to be 9 ! /oves ) heat to #bgj deg4 = two & ?ree days1 & !n be s(t4 ,! sulphur also caus$ ! enamels to crack 9 a peculi> mann]1 mu* l a crocodile sk91 & "w s affect$ c\ld nev] be made satisfactory1 = "h aga9 we come back to ! fir/ pr9ciple1 t if ! f\ndation be n good1 ! sup]/ructure c nev] be p]man5t4 ,! enamels1 be+ p]meat$ ) sulphur & o!r products f ! coke1 c\ld nev] be made satisfactory1 & ! only way 0 to clean x all (f4 ,! o!r pr9cipal tr\bles are ! bl[+ ( ! "w 9 air bubbles1 :i* is caus$ ma9ly by ! heat be+ too sudd5ly appli$ to ! articles1 b ^! are v small matt]s to ! exp]i5c$ craftsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 #b4 ,/oves heat$ by hot-wat] pipes4--,let u fir/ ( all consid] ! pr9ciple on :i* ^! are con/ruct$4 ,9 ,p]k9s' app>atus = convey+ heat ?r\gh build+s by ! circulation ( wat] 9 small-bore hot-wat] pipes an endless tube or pipe is employ$1 ! surface ( :i* is occasionally increas$ by spiral or o!r turn+s :]e ! heat is to be giv5 (f or acquir$3 ! annex$ figure may s]ve to illu/rate ?is pr9ciple2 x repres5ts a /rong wr\ght-iron tube ( ab\t "o in* diamet] completely fill$ ) wat]2 ! spiral ,a passes ?r\gh a furnace :]e x is highly heat$1 & ! wat] is consequ5tly put into motion 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s2 ! boil+ ( ! wat] or =mation ( /eam is prev5t$ by ! pressure1 :5ce ! necessity ( ! extreme p]fection & /r5g? ( ! tube4 ,b repres5ts a second coil :i* is suppos$ to be 9 an ap>tm5t :]e ! heat is to be giv5 out4 ,c is a screw /opp] by :i* ! wat] may be occasionally repl5i%$4 ,by ?is =m ( app>atus ! wat] may be heat$ to #cjj deg4 or #djj deg41 or ev5 high]1 s z occasionally to s+e pap]4 ,a l>g] tube & l[] temp]ature are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally pref]able4#a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,enamell+ ,/ove--9 a ,t9-plate ,pr9t+ ,factory--heat$ by ,p]k9s' ,hot-wat] ,pipes4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,p]k9s' inv5tion has1 dur+ ! la/ eighty ye>s1 i4e4 s9ce ! date ( ! inv5tion 9 #ahca1 be5 v ext5sively appli$ n only = ! heat+ ( build+s ( e description1 b x has also be5 utiliz$ = num]\s indu/rial purposes :i* require an atmosph]e heat$ up to #fjj deg4 ,f4 ,! pr9ciple l5ds itself specially to ! design ( app>atus = rais+ & ma9ta9+ heat ev5ly & uni=mly1 & also v economically = su* purposes z enamell+1 japann+1 & lacqu]+4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ?is app>atus :5 appli$ to mod]ate temp]atures lies 9 ! adoption ( a clos$ sy/em ( pip+ ( small bore1 a c]ta9 portion ( :i* is w\nd into a coil & plac$ 9 a furnace situat$ 9 any conv5i5t position outside ! dry+ *amb] or hot closet4 ,! circulation is ?us h]metically seal$ & s proportion$ t :ile a mu* high] temp]ature c be atta9$ ?an is possible ) a sy/em ( pipes op5 to ! atmosph]e1 yet a c]ta9 & p]fectly safe maximum _c by any possibility be exce$$4 ,! effici5cy ( ! app>atus increases )9 c]ta9 limits 9 proportion to ! pressure employ$1 :i* fact expla9s ! exce$+ly economical results obta9$1 :ile ! fact t1 ow+ to ! high temp]ature us$1 a small-bore pipe c be made m effective ?an ! l>g] pipes us$ 9 any op5 sy/em1 acc\nts = ! l[] fir/ co/ ( ! ,p]k9s' app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,japann+ & ,enamell+ ,ov5 ,heat$ by ,s+le ,hot-wat] ,pipes seal$ at bo? ends ) ,furnace 9 ,re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i--;,japann+ & ,enamell+ ,ov5 ,= ,b$/ead1 ,ironmong]y1 ,ca%-box1 & ,lamp ,factories4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,japann+ & ,enamell+ ,/ove = p>ts ( ,sew+ ,ma*9es4 ,x w be se5 f ! v>i\s illu/rations t ! articles to be treat$ are absolutely isolat$ f actual contact ) ! fire or ! fire gases & o!r impurities :i* mu/ be an objection to all me?ods ( heat+ by means :i* are n ( a purely me*anical nature4 ,?is pr9ciple n only recomm5ds itself z sci5tifically correct & suit$ to ! purpose 9 view1 b is also a v simple & practical "o4 ,x af=ds ! means ( apply+ ! heat at ! po9t :]e x is requir$ to d ! "w )\t unduly heat+ p>ts :]e heat is unnecess>y2 x secures absolute uni=mity1 p]fect cont9uity1 & ! highe/ possible fuel economy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,japann+ & ,enamell+ ,/ove = ,iron-,b$/eads & ,h\sehold ,ironmong]y ) ,truck on ,rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab--,p]man5t ,japann+ & ,enamell+ ,/ove = ,kit*5 ,ut5sils built 9 ,masonry4 ,! nature ( ! "w to be execut$ 9 ! diff]5t classes & v>i\s sizes ( /oves v>y s greatly & indef9itely t only by c>eful att5tion to ! special requirem5ts ( ea* case1 on ! "p ( ! design]s & con/ructors1 is x possible to obta9 ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! arrangem5t ( fix+ ! pipes r\nd ! l[] walls ( ! room 9 ?is =m ( /ove is some:at cumb]some1 b 9 a roomy /ove ?is slight drawback is n felt q s mu*4 ,h[ev]1 x seems a good pr9ciple to leave e in* ( int]nal space available = ! goods to be enamell$ or japann$1 ,?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ out to ! lett] 9 ! o!r =m ( /oves describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! sequel4 ,! figure %[s a section ?r\gh s+le *amb] japann+ & enamell+ ov5 heat$ by hot-wat] pipes 7/eel7 clos$ at bo? ends & p>tially fill$ ) wat] :i* always rema9s seal$ up !re91 & nev] evaporates until ! pipes require to be refill$4 ,?is /ove may be heat$ 7#a7 by hot-wat] pipes 7iron71 7#b7 by sup]-heat$ wat]1 7#c7 by /eam1 b only to #hj deg4 ,c4 ,! diff]5t comp>tm5ts may be heat$ to uni=m or to diff]5t temp]atures ) hot wat]2 ! /oke-hole is at ! side & ?us q sep>at$ f ! /ove prop]4 ,! ov5s mu/ be on ! gr\nd floor1 s t ! sup]-heat$ /eam f ! basem5t may be available4 ,! great drawback to ! use ( gas = heat+ japann+ & enamell+ /oves is ! great co/ ( coal gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,portable ,gas ,heat$ ,japann+ & ,enamell+ ,/ove fitt$ ) ,%elves1 ,!rmomet]1 etc4 ,,pigm5ts ,,suitable ,,= ,,japann+ ,,) ,,natural ,,lacqu]4 ,:ite ,pigm5ts4--,b>ium sulphate & bismu? oxy*loride4 ,^! two are us$ = ! :ite lacqu] or z a body = col\r$ lacqu]s4 ,:5 ! lacqu] is to be dri$ at a high temp]ature b>ium sulphate is pref]able1 b :5 x is dri$ at an ord9>y temp]ature bismu? oxy*loride is bett]4 ,s9ce ! lacqu] is orig9ally ( a br[n col\r ! :ite lacqu] is n pure :ite1 b r greyi% or yell[i%4 ,_m :ite pigm5ts1 su* z z9c oxide1 z9c sulphide1 calcium c>bonate1 b>ium c>bonate1 calcium sulphate1 lead :ite1 etc41 turn br[n to black1 & no :ite lacqu] c be obta9$ ) !m4 ,r$ ,pigm5ts4--,v]milion & r$ oxide ( iron4 ,^! two are us$ = ! r$ lacqu]1 b v]milion %\ld be /ov$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,blue ,pigm5t4--,prussian blue4 ,yell[ ,pigm5ts4--,cadmium sulphide1 lead *romate & orpim5t4 ,gre5 ,pigm5t4--,*romium oxide 78 ,guignet's gre574 ,black ,pigm5t4--,lamp black4 ,?is is "o ( ! pigm5ts = black lacqu]1 b does n give a brilliant col\r1 !re=e x is bett] to prep>e ! black lacqu] by add+ iron p[d] or "s comp\nd ( iron to ! lacqu]4 ,v>i\s mix$ col\rs are obta9$ by mix+ "s ( ! above-m5tion$ pigm5ts4 ,examples ( application are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,gold5 ,yell[4--,f9i%$ lacqu]1 #aj p>ts2 gamboge1 #a to #c2 solv5t1 #e4 ,if ut5sils are lacqu]$ ) ?is ?9 lacqu] & dri$ = ab\t #b h\rs 9 an air-ov5 at a temp]ature ( #abj deg4 ,c4 a beautiful h>d coat+ ( gold5 col\r is obta9$4 7#b7 ,black4--,black lacqu]1 #aj p>ts2 solv5t #b to #d4 ,ut5sils lacqu]$ ) ?is lacqu] are dri$ = ab\t an h\r at #acj deg4 to #adj deg4 ,c4 7#c7 ,r$4--,v]milion1 #aj p>ts2 f9i%$ lacqu]1 #d2 solv5t1 #b4 ,?is lacqu] is dri$ = ab\t an h\r at #acj deg4 to #adj deg4 ,c4 7#d7 ,khaki or ,dirty ,yell[4--,b>ium sulphate1 #ajj p>ts2 *romic oxide1 #c2 f9i%$ lacqu]1 #bj to #be2 solv5t1 #ae4 ,?is lacqu] is dri$ = ab\t half an h\r at #afj deg4 ,c4 7#e7 ,gre54--,b>ium sulphate1 #ajj p>ts2 *romic oxide1 #bj to #ej2 f9i%$ lacqu]1 #dj to #ej2 solv5t1 #bj4 ,?is is dri$ = ab\t #aj m9utes at #afj deg4 ,c4 7#f7 ,yell[4--,b>ium sulphate1 #ajj p>ts2 lead *romate1 #dj2 f9i%$ lacqu]1 #dj2 solv5t1 #bj4 ,?is is dri$ = ab\t #ae m9utes at #aej deg4 ,c4 ,almo/ all pigm5ts o!r ?an ! above-m5tion$ are black5$ by contact ) lacqu] or susp5d its dry+ quality4 ,sev]al organic lakes c be us$ = col\r$ lacqu]s1 t is to say1 ,indian yell[1 ?i(lav91 & auram9e lake = a yell[ lacqu]2 fu*s9e1 rhodam9e1 & *loranisid9 lake = a r$2 diamond sky blue1 & pat5t nileblue lake = a blue2 acid gre51 diamond gre51 brilliant mill+ gre51 v]t-me?yl lake1 etc41 = a gre52 me?yl violet1 acid violet1 & mag5ta lake = a violet2 phlox9e lake = a p9k4 ,^! lakes1 h[ev]1 are decompos$ m or less on heat+ & fail to give prop] col\rs :5 dri$ at a high temp]ature4 ,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,( ,,japann+ ,,& ,,enamell+ ,,) ,,natural ,,japanese ,,lacqu]4 ,uru%iol1 ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ,japanese lacqu]1 does n accord+ to ! ,japanese inve/igator1 ,kisaburo ,miryama1 dry by itself at ord9>y temp]atures1 b c be dri$ ) ease at a temp]ature above #if deg4 ,c4 ,9 ! same way1 lacqu] t has be5 heat$ to a temp]ature above #gj deg4 ,c4 & has entirely lo/ its dry+ quality c be easily dri$ at a high temp]ature4 ,9 ?is me?od ( japann+ ! high] ! temp]ature is1 ! m rapidly does ! dry+ take place2 = in/ance1 a ?9 lay] ( uru%iol1 or lacqu]1 h>d5s )9 #e h\rs at #ajj deg4 ,c41 )9 #cj m9utes at #aej deg4 ,c41 & )9 #aj m9utes at #ahj deg4 ,c4 ,japann+ at a high temp]ature ) natural lacqu] does n require ! pres5ce ( ! enzymic nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! lacqu]1 & gives a transp>5t coat+ :i* is q h>d & resi/ant to *emical & me*anical action2 9 ^! respects x is di/+ui%$ f t dri$ at an ord9>y temp]ature4 ,dur+ ! dry+1 oxyg5 is absorb$ f ! atmosph]e & at ! same "t a p>tial decomposition takes place4 ,?is me?od ( japann+ has its application 9 lacqu]+ metal "w1 glass1 porcela91 e>!nw>e1 canvas1 papi]-ma*e1 etc42 because ! dry+ is affect$ 9 a %ort "t1 & ! coat+ ?us obta9$ is mu* m durable ?an ! same obta9$ by ! ord9>y me?od4 ,= practical purposes x is bett] to ?9 ! lacqu] ) turp5t9e oil or o!r solv5t 9 ord] to facilitate ! lacqu]+ & less5 ! dry+ "t ( ! lacqu]4 ,s9ce ! lacqu]-coat+ turns br[n at a high temp]ature1 lacqu]s ( a light col\r %\ld be dri$ at #abj deg4 to #aej deg4 ,c42 & ev5 ^? ( a deep col\r mu/ n be heat$ above #ahj deg4 ,c4 ,mo/ pigm5ts are black5$ by lacqu]2 !re=e ! v>ieties ( col\r$ lacqu]s are v limit$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,a "q has be5 rais$ conc]n+ ! safety ( ,p]k9s' app>atus1 n m]ely z relates to ! dang] ( explosion1 b also respect+ t ( high temp]ature2 & x has be5 ass]t$ t ! wat] may be s highly heat$ 9 ! tubes z to endang] ! *>r+ & ev5 inflammation ( pap]1 wood1 & o!r sub/ances 9 _! contact or vic9ity3 su* no d\bt might be ! case 9 an app>atus expressly int5d$ = su* purposes1 b 9 ! app>atus z con/ruct$ by ,p]k9s1 ) adequate damp]s & safety valves1 & us$ ) common c>e1 no su* result c ensue4 ,pap] b\nd r\nd an iron tube is n affect$ till ! temp]ature exce$s #djj deg42 f #dbj deg4 to #ddd deg4 x becomes br[n or slightly s+$2 sulphur does n inflame bel[ #edj deg44 ,,section ,v4 ,,col\rs ,,= ,,poli%$ ,,brass--,,miscellane\s4 ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,z9c ,,or ,,on ,,galvaniz$ ,,iron4 ,pa9t+ on z9c or galvaniz$ iron is facilitat$ by employ+ a mordant ( #a qu>t ( *loride ( copp]1 #a ( nitrate ( copp]1 & #a ( sal-ammoniac1 dissolv$ 9 #fd p>ts ( wat]4 ,to ?9 mixture add #a "p ( comm]cial hydro*loric acid4 ,?is is bru%$ ov] ! z9c1 & dries a dull-grey col\r 9 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 pa9t adh]+ p]fectly to ! surface ?us =m$4 ,,bronz+ ,,compositions4 ,! foll[+ are ! =mulae = a v>iety ( ba?s1 design$ to imp>t to poli%$ brass v>i\s col\rs4 ,! brass objects are put into boil+ solutions compos$ ( diff]5t salts1 & ! int5sity ( ! %ade obta9$ is dep5d5t ^u duration ( ! imm]sion4 ,) a solution compos$ ( sulphate ( copp]1 #abj gra9s2 hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 #cj gra9s2 & wat] #a qu>t1 gre5i% %ades are obta9$4 ,) ! foll[+ solution1 all ! %ades ( br[n1 f orange-br[n to c9namon1 are obta9$3 *lorate ( pota%1 #aej gra9s2 sulphate ( copp]1 #aej gra9s2 & wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,! foll[+ solution gives ! brass fir/ a rosy t9t1 & !n col\rs x violet & blue3 sulphate ( copp]1 #dce gra9s2 hyposulphite ( soda1 #cjj gra9s2 cream ( t>t>1 #aej gra9s2 & wat]1 #a p9t4 ,^u add+ to ?is solution ammoniacal sulphate ( iron1 #cjj gra9s1 & hyposulphite ( soda1 #cjj gra9s1 !re are obta9$1 accord+ to ! duration ( ! imm]sion1 yell[i%1 orange1 rosy1 & !n blui% %ades4 ,^u pol>iz+ ! ebullition1 ! blue t9t gives way to yell[1 & f9ally to a pretty grey4 ,silv]1 "u ! same circum/ances1 becomes v beautifully col\r$4 ,aft] a long ebullition 9 ! foll[+ solution1 we obta9 a yell[-br[n %ade1 & !n a rem>kable fire-r$3 *lorate ( pota%1 #ge gra9s2 c>bonate ( nickel1 #cj gra9s2 salt ( nickel1 #ge gra9s2 & wat]1 #aj oz4 ,! foll[+ solution gives a beautiful d>k-br[n col\r3 *lorate ( pota%1 #ge gra9s2 salt ( nickel1 #aej gra9s2 & wat]1 #aj oz4 ,! foll[+ gives 9 ! fir/ place1 a r$1 :i* passes to blue1 !n to pale lilac1 & f9ally to :ite3 orpim5t1 #ge gra9s2 cry/alliz$ sal-sodae1 #aej gra9s2 & wat]1 #aj oz4 ,! foll[+ gives a yell[-br[n3 salt ( nickel1 #ge gra9s2 sulphate ( copp]1 #ge gra9s2 *lorate ( pota%1 #ge gra9s2 & wat]1 #aj oz4 ,on mix+ ! foll[+ solutions1 sulphur sep>ates1 & ! brass becomes cov]$ ) iridesc5t cry/allizations3 7#a7 cream ( t>t>1 #ge gra9s2 sulphate ( copp]1 #ge gra9s2 & wat]1 #aj oz4 7#b7 ,hyposulphite ( soda1 #bbe gra9s2 & wat]1 #e oz4 ,^u leav+ ! brass objects imm]s$ 9 ! foll[+ mixture1 conta9$ 9 cork$ vessels1 !y at l5g? acquire a v beautiful blue col\r3 hep> ( sulphur1 #ge gra9s2 ammonia1 #ge gra9s2 & wat]1 #d oz4 ,a ,,gold5 ,,v>ni% ,,= ,,metal4 ,take #b oz4 ( gum s&>a*1 #a oz4 ( li?>ge ( gold1 & #d oz4 ( cl>ifi$ l9se$ oil1 :i* boil 9 a glaz$ e>!nw>e vessel till ! cont5ts appe> ( a transp>5t yell[ col\r4 ,?is w make a good v>ni% = ! f9al coat+ = enamell$ & japann$ goods4 ,,c>riage ,,v>ni%4 ,! foll[+ is us$ = ! :eels1 spr+s1 & c>riage p>ts ( coa*es & o!r vehicles3 ,take ( pale ,african copal #h lb42 fuse1 & add #b-a_/b gallons ( cl>ifi$ l9se$ oil2 boil until v /r+y1 !n add #a_/d lb4 ea* ( dry copp]as & li?>ge2 boil1 & ?9 ) #e-a_/b gallons ( turp5t9e2 !n mix :ile hot ) ! foll[+ v>ni%1 & imm$iately /ra9 ! mixture into a cov]$ vessel4 ,gum anime1 #h lb42 cl>ifi$ l9se$ oil1 #b-a_/b gallons2 #a_/d lb4 ea* ( dri$ sug> ( lead & li?>ge2 boil1 & ?9 ) #e-a_/b gallons ( turp5t9e2 & mix x :ile hot z above direct$4 ,( c\rse ^! quantities w only d = big jobs1 & z x has to d ) metal1 x has be5 ?\ght advisable to include ! =mula 9 ?is h&book4 ,,metal ,,poli%es4 ,! active con/itu5t ( all metal poli%es is g5]ally *alk1 r\ge1 or tripoli1 because ^! produce a poli% on metallic surfaces4 ,! foll[+ recipes give good poli%+ soaps3-- 7#a7 #bj to #be lb4 liquid soap is intimately mix$ ) ab\t #hj lb4 ( ,sw$i% *alk & #a_/b lb4 ,pompeiian r$4 7#b7 #be lb4 liquid coco-nut oil soap is mix$ ) #b lb4 tripoli1 & #a lb4 ea* alum1 t>t>ic acid1 & :ite lead4 7#c7 #be lb4 liquid coco-nut oil soap is mix$ ) #e lb4 r\ge & #a lb4 ammonium c>bonate4 7#d7 #bd lb4 coco-nut oil are saponifi$ ) #ab lb4 soda lye ( #ch deg4 to #dj deg4 ,b41 aft] :i* #c lb4 r\ge1 #c lb4 wat]1 & #cb grammes ammonia are mix$ 94 ,good recipes = poli%+ pomades are z foll[s3 7#a7 #e lb4 l>d & yell[ vasel9e is melt$ & mix$ ) #a lb4 f9e r\ge4 7#b7 #b lb4 palm oil & #b lb4 vasel9e are melt$ toge!r1 & !n #a lb4 r\ge1 #djj gra9s tripoli1 & #bj gra9s oxalic acid are /irr$ 94 7#c7 #d lb4 fatty petroleum & #a lb4 l>d are heat$ & mix$ ) #a lb4 ( r\ge4 ,! poli%+ pomades are g5]ally p]fum$ ) ess5ce ( myrbane4 ,poli%+ p[d]s are prep>$ z foll[s3 7#a7 #d lb4 magnesium c>bonate1 #d lb4 *alk1 & #g lb4 r\ge are intimately mix$4 7#b7 #d lb4 magnesium c>bonate are mix$ ) #aej gra9s f9e r\ge4 ,an excell5t & h>mless poli%+ wat] is prep>$ by %ak+ toge!r #bej gra9s float$ *alk1 #a lb4 alcohol1 & #bj gra9s ammonia4 ,gild$ articles are mo/ readily cleans$ ) a solution ( #e gra9s borax 9 #ajj p>ts wat]1 by means ( a sponge or s(t bru%4 ,! articles are !n wa%$ 9 pure wat]1 & dri$ ) a s(t l95 rag4 ,silv]w>e is cleans$ by rubb+ ) a solution ( sodium hyposulphite4 ,,black ,,pa9ts4 ,c>bon1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is ! base ( all black pigm5ts4 ,by f> ! mo/ common ( ^!1 z us$ 9 /ructural plants1 is graphite4 ,o!r black pigm5ts are lamp-black 7includ+ c>bon black7 & bone-black1 ! =m] be+ produc$ 9 _m grades1 v>y+ 9 price f twop5ce to half a cr[n p] p\nd4 ,bone-black1 :i* is refuse f ! sug>-h\se black1 v>ies 9 ! p]c5tage ( c>bon conta9$1 :i* is usually ab\t #aj or #ab p] c5t1 ! rema9d] be+ ! m9]al matt] orig9ally pres5t 9 ! bone1 & conta9+ #c or #d p] c5t ( c>bonate1 :il/ mo/ ( ! rema9d] is phosphate ( lime4 ,lamp-black is an absolutely impalpable p[d]1 :i* hav+ a small am\nt ( greasy matt] 9 x1 greatly ret>ds ! dry+ ( ! oil ) :i* x may be mix$4 ,= ?is reason x is n us$ by itself1 b is add$ 9 small quantity to o!r pa9ts1 :i* x affects by *ang+ _! col\r1 & probably _! durability4 ,= example1 x is a common practice to add x to r$ lead1 9 ord] to tone d[n its brilliant col\r1 & also to correct ! t5d5cy x has to turn :ite1 due to ! conv]sion ( ! r$ oxide ( lead into ! c>bonate4 ,,black ,,/a9 ,,= ,,iron4 ,= col\r+ iron & /eel a dead black ( sup]ior appe>ance & p]man5cy1 ! foll[+ is a good =mula3 #a "p bismu? *loride1 #b p>ts m]cury bi-*loride1 #a "p copp] *loride1 #f p>ts hydro*loric acid1 #e p>ts alcohol1 & #ej p>ts lamp-black1 ^! be+ all well mix$4 ,to use ?is prep>ation successfully--! article to be black$ or bronz$ be+ fir/ made clean & free f grease--x is appli$ ) a swab or bru%1 or1 bett] /ill1 ! object may be dipp$ into x2 ! liquid is all[$ to dry on ! metal1 & ! latt] is !n plac$ 9 boil+ wat]1 ! temp]ature be+ ma9ta9$ = half an h\r4 ,if1 aft] ?is1 ! col\r is n s d>k z is desir$1 ! op]ation has simply to be repeat$1 & ! result w be f\nd satisfactory4 ,aft] obta9+ ! desir$ degree ( col\r1 ! latt] is fix$1 z well z mu* improv$ g5]ally1 by plac+ = a few m9utes 9 a ba? ( boil+ oil1 or by coat+ ! surface ) oil1 & heat+ ! object till ! oil is completely driv5 (f ,! int5se black obta9$ by ?is me?od is admirable4 ,ano!r black coat+ = ironwork1 :i* is really a lacqu]1 is obta9$ by melt+ ozok]ite1 :i* becomes a br[n res9\s mass1 ) a melt+-po9t at #adj deg4 ,f4 ,! melt$ mass is !n fur!r heat$ to #bab deg4 ,f41 ! boil+-po9t ( wat]4 ,! objects to be lacqu]$ are sc\r$ clean by rubb+ ) dry s&1 & are dipp$ 9 ! melt$ mass4 ,!y are !n all[$ to drip1 & ! ozok]ite is ignit$ by ! objects be+ held ov] a fire4 ,aft] ! ozok]ite has burn$ away1 ! flame is ext+ui%$1 & ! iron acquires a firmly adh]+ black coat+1 :i* resi/s atmosph]ic influ5ces1 z well z acids & alkalies4 ,if ! black iron vessels are to conta9 alkal9e liquids1 ! above op]ation is repeat$4 ,a good *eap /ock black pa9t or v>ni% = ironwork is prep>$1 z foll[s3 ,cle> 7solid7 wood t>1 #aj lb42 lamp black or m9]al black1 #a-a_/d lb42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #e-a_/b qu>ts4 ,! t> is fir/ heat$ 9 a l>ge iron pot to boil+-po9t1 or ne>ly s1 & ! heat is cont9u$ = ab\t #d h\rs4 ,! pot is !n remov$ f ! fire out ( doors1 & :ile /ill w>m1 & n hot1 ! turp5t9e1 mix$ ) ! black1 is /irr$ 94 ,if ! v>ni% is too ?ick to dry quickly1 add m turp5t9e4 ,b5z9e c be us$ in/ead ( turp5t9e1 b ! results are n s good4 ,asphaltum is pref]able to ! *eap t>4 ,to make ano!r good black v>ni% = ironwork1 take #h lb4 ( asphaltum & fuse x 9 an iron kettle1 !n add #b gallons ( boil$ l9se$ oil1 #a lb4 ( li?>ge1 #a_/b lb4 ( sulphate ( z9c 7add ^! sl[ly1 or ! mixture w boil ov]71 & boil !m = ab\t #c h\rs4 ,!n1 add #a-a_/b lb4 ( d>k gum amb]1 & boil = #b h\rs long]1 or until ! mass w become q ?ick :5 cool4 ,aft] ?is x %\ld be ?9n$ ) turp5t9e to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,,v>ni%es ,,= ,,ironwork4 ,a reliable au?ority gives ! foll[+ z a v good recipe = ironwork v>ni%4 ,take #b lb4 ( t> oil1 #a_/b lb4 ( p\nd$ res91 & #a_/b lb4 ( asphaltum1 & dissolve toge!r1 & !n mix :ile hot 9 an iron kettle1 tak+ all c>e to prev5t ! flames gett+ into contact ) ! mixture4 ,:5 cold ! v>ni% is ready = application to outdoor ironwork4 ,ano!r recipe is to take #c lb4 ( p[d]$ res91 place x 9 a t9 or iron vessel1 & add !reto #b-a_/b p9ts ( spirits ( turp5t9e1 :i* well %ake1 & !n let x /& = a day or two1 giv+ x an occasional %ake4 ,!n add to x #e qu>ts ( boil$ oil1 %ake x ?or\ghly well all toge!r1 aft]w>ds lett+ x /& 9 a w>m room till x gets cle>4 ,! cle> portion c !n be drawn (f & us$1 or r$uc$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e till ( ! requisite consi/5cy4 ,= mak+ a v>ni% suitable = iron patt]ns1 take suffici5t oil ( turp5t9e = ! purpose ( ! job 9 h&1 & drop into x1 drop by drop1 "s /rong comm]cial oil ( vitriol1 :5 ! acid w cause a d>k syrupy precipitate 9 ! oil ( turp5t9e1 & cont9ue to add ! drops ( vitriol till ! precipitate ceases to act1 aft] :i* p\r (f ! liquid & wa% ! syrupy mass ) wat]1 :5 x w be ready = use4 ,:5 ! iron patt]n is to be v>ni%$1 x mu/ be heat$ to a g5tle degree1 ! syrupy product appli$1 & !n ! article all[$ to dry4 ,a f9e black v>ni% suitable = ! cov]+ ( brok5 places 9 sew+ ma*9es & simil> articles1 :]e ! japann$ surface has become injur$ or scrat*$1 c be made by tak+ "s f9e lamp-black or ivory-black1 & ?or\ghly mix+ x ) copal v>ni%4 ,! black mu/ be 9 a v f9e p[d]1 & to mix ! m readily x %\ld be made into a pa/y mass ) turp5t9e4 ,= ! ord9>y repair+ %op ?is w be f\nd v h&y4 ,! foll[+ is a simple way = t>r+ %eet-iron pipes to prev5t ru/+4 ,! sections z made %\ld be coat$ ) coal t>1 & !n fill$ ) light wood %av+s1 & ! latt] set alight4 ,! effect ( ?is treatm5t w be to r5d] ! iron practically pro( aga9/ ru/ = an indef9ite p]iod1 r5d]+ future pa9t+ unnecess>y4 ,x is important1 ( c\rse1 t ! iron %\ld n be made too hot1 or kept hot = too long a "t1 le/ ! t> %\ld be burnt (f4 ,! foll[+ is a v>ni% = iron & /eel giv5 by a recogniz$ au?ority3 #e p>ts ( camphor & elemi1 #ae p>ts ( s&>a*1 & #aj p>ts ( cle> gra9s ( ma/ic1 are dissolv$ 9 ! requisite quantity ( alcohol1 & appli$ cold4 ,ano!r good black enamel = small articles c be made by mix+ #a lb4 ( asphaltum ) #a lb4 ( res9 9 #d lb4 ( t> oil1 well heat+ ! :ole 9 an iron vessel be=e apply+4 ,a good br[n japan c be prep>$ by sep>ately heat+ equal quantities ( amb] & asphaltum1 & add+ to ea* "o-half ! quantity by weight ( boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,bo? comp\nds are !n mix$ toge!r4 ,copal res9 may be sub/itut$ = ! amb]1 b x is n s durable4 ,oil v>ni% made f amb] is highly ela/ic4 ,if x is us$ to protect t9-plate pr9t+1 :5 ! plates aft] /ov+ h be5 subsequ5tly roll$ s z to di/ort ! lett]s1 ! v>ni% has 9 no way suff]$1 & its surface rema9s unbrok54 ,a bronz+ composition = coat+ iron consi/s ( #abj p>ts m]cury1 #aj p>ts t91 #bj p>ts gre5 vitriol1 #abj p>ts wat]1 & #ae p>ts hydro*loric acid ( #a4b specific gravity4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,processes ,,= ,,t9-,,plat+4 ,9 ^! days ( mak+ ev]y?+ look :at x is n1 p]haps ! be/ & *eape/ sub/itute = silv] z a :ite coat+ = table w>e1 cul9>y vessels1 & ! _m articles requir+ su* a coat+1 is pure t94 ,x does n comp>e fav\rably ) silv] 9 po9t ( h>dness or we>+ qualities1 b x co/s v mu* less ?an silv]1 is readily appli$1 & c be easily kept clean & bright4 ,9 t9n+ holl[ w>e on ! inside ! metal article is fir/ ?or\ghly cleans$ by pickl+ x 9 dilute muriatic or sulphuric acid & !n sc\r+ x ) f9e s&4 ,x is !n heat$ ov] a fire to ab\t ! melt+-po9t ( t91 spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ res91 & p>tly fill$ ) melt$ pure gra9 t9 cov]$ ) res9 to prev5t its oxidation4 ,! vessel is !n quickly turn$ & roll$ ab\t 9 e direction1 s z to br+ e "p ( ! surface to be cov]$ 9 contact ) ! molt5 metal4 ,! great] "p ( ! t9 is !n ?r[n out & ! surface rubb$ ov] ) a bru% ( t[ to equalize ! coat+2 & if n satisfactory ! op]ation mu/ be repeat$4 ,! vessels usually t9n$ 9 ?is mann] are ( copp] & brass1 b ) a little c>e 9 clean+ & manipulat+1 iron c also be satisfactorily t9n$ by ?is means4 ,! vessels to be t9n$ mu/ always be suffici5tly hot to keep ! metal conta9$ 9 !m ?or\ghly fus$4 ,?is is cov]+ by contact ) melt$ t94 ,! amalgam process is n s mu* us$ z x 0 =m]ly4 ,x consi/s 9 apply+ to ! clean & dry metallic surface a film ( a pa/y amalgam ( t9 ) m]cury1 & !n expos+ ! surface to heat1 :i* volatilizes ! latt]1 leav+ ! t9 adh]+ to ! metal4 ,! imm]sion process is ! be/ adapt$ to coat+ articles ( brass or copp]4 ,:5 imm]s$ 9 a hot solution ( t9 prop]ly prep>$ ! metal is precipitat$ ^u _! surfaces4 ,"o ( ! be/ solutions = ?is purpose is ! foll[+3-- ,ammonia alum #ag-a_/d oz4 ,boil+ #ab-a_/b lb4 ,proto*loride ( t9 #a oz4 ,! articles to be t9n$ mu/ be fir/ ?or\ghly cleans$1 & !n kept 9 ! hot solution until prop]ly :it5$4 ,a bett] result w be obta9$ by us+ ! foll[+ ba?1 & plac+ ! pieces 9 contact ) a /rip ( clean z9c1 also imm]s$3-- ,bit>trate ( potassium #ad oz4 ,s(t wat] #bd ,proto*loride ( t9 #a ,x %\ld be boil$ = a few m9utes be=e us+4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! be/ solutions = plat+ ) t9 by ! batt]y process3-- ,potassium pyrophosphate #ab oz4 ,proto*loride ( t9 #d-a_/b ,wat] #bj ,! anode or fe$+-plate us$ 9 ?is ba? consi/s ( pure ,banca t94 ,?is plate is jo9$ to ! positive 7copp] or c>bon7 pole ( ! batt]y1 :ile ! "w is susp5d$ f a wire connect$ ) ! negative 7z9c7 pole4 ,a mod]ately /rong batt]y is requir$1 & ! "w is f9i%$ by scrat*-bru%+4 ,9 ,weigl]'s process a ba? is prep>$ by pass+ wa%$ *lor9e gas into a conc5trat$ aque\s solution ( /ann\s *loride to saturation1 & expell+ excess ( gas by w>m+ ! solution1 :i* is !n dilut$ ) ab\t t5 volumes ( wat]1 & filt]$1 if necess>y4 ,! articles to be plat$ are pickl$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & poli%$ ) f9e s& & a scrat*-bru%1 r9s$ 9 wat]1 loosely w\nd r\nd ) z9c wire or tape1 & imm]s$ 9 ! ba? = t5 or fifte5 m9utes at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,! coat+ is f9i%$ ) ! scrat*-bru% & :it+4 ,by ?is process ca/-or wr\ght-iron1 /eel1 copp]1 brass1 & lead c be t9n$ )\t a sep>ate batt]y4 ,! only disadvantage ( ! process is t ! ba? soon becomes clogg$ up ) z9c *loride1 & ! t9 salt mu/ be frequ5tly remov$4 ,9 ,h]n's process a ba? compos$ (-- ,t>t>ic acid #b oz4 ,wat] #ajj ,soda #c ,proto*loride ( t9 #c is employ$ in/ead ( ! prec$+4 ,x requires a some:at long] exposure to prop]ly t9 articles 9 ?is ?an 9 ,weigl]'s ba?4 ,ei!r ( ^! ba?s may be us$ ) a sep>ate batt]y4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,galvaniz+4 ,galvaniz+1 z a protect+ surface = l>ge articles1 su* z ent] into ! con/ruction ( bridges1 ro(s1 & %ipwork1 has n q rea*$ ! po9t ( appreciation t possibly ! ne> future may aw>d to x4 ,c]ta9 fallacies exi/$ = a long "t z to ! relative m]its ( ! dry or molt5 & ! wet or electrolytical me?ods ( galvaniz+4 ,! latt] 0 f\nd to be co/ly & sl[1 & ! results obta9$ 7 erratic & n satisfactory1 & soon gave place to ! dry or molt5 ba? process1 z 9 practice at ! pres5t day2 b ! difficulty ( managem5t 9 connexion ) l>ge ba?s ( molt5 mat]ial1 & ! det]ioration ( ! ba?1 & o!r me*anical causes1 limit ! process to articles ( comp>atively small size & weight4 ,! electro deposition ( z9c has be5 subject to _m pat5ts1 & ! ef=ts to introduce x h be5 lam5table 9 bo? a me*anical & f9ancial s5se4 ,mo/ au?orities recomm5d a curr5t d5sity ( #ah or #bj amp]es p] squ>e foot ( ca?ode surface1 & aque\s solutions ( z9c sulphate1 acetate or *loride1 ammonia1 *loride or t>trate1 z be+ ! mo/ suitable = deposition4 ,electrolytes made by add+ cau/ic pota% or soda to a suitable z9c salt h be5 f\nd to be unworkable 9 practice on acc\nt ( ! =mation ( an insoluble z9c oxide on ! surface ( ! anode & ! resultant increas$ electrical resi/ance2 ! electrolytes are also con/antly gett+ out ( ord]1 z m metal is tak5 out ( ! solution ?an c\ld possibly be dissolv$ f ! anodes by ! *emicals set free on acc\nt ( ?is insoluble scale or furr+ up ( ! anodes1 :i* sometimes rea*es "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,to all int5ts & purposes ! deposits obta9$ f acid solutions "u fav\rable circum/ances are fairly adhesive :5 great c>e has be5 ex]cis$ to ?or\ghly scale & clean ! surface to be coat$1 :i* is f\nd to be ! pr9cipal difficulty 9 ! application ( any electro-*emical process = copp]1 lead1 or t91 z well z = z9c1 & t r5d]s ev5 ! application ( pa9t or o!r bru% comp\nds to futile unless hone/ly compli$ )4 ,un=tunately ^! acid z9c coat+s are ( a transitory nature1 ,_! durability be+ incomp>able ) hot galvaniz+1 z ! deposit is por\s & reta9s "s ( ! acid salts1 :i* cause a wa/+ ( ! z9c1 & consequ5tly ! ru/+ ( ! iron or /eel4 ,ca/+s coat$ ) acid z9c ru/ comp>atively quickly1 ev5 :5 ! porosity has be5 r$uc$ by oxidation1 aggravat$ no d\bt by "s ( ! corrod+ ag5ts--sal-ammoniac1 = in/ance--be+ =c$ into ! pores ( ! metal4 ,o!r matt]s ( s]i\s mom5t 9 ! electro-z9c+ process1 ap>t f ! sl[ness ( ! op]ation1 7 ! unc]ta9 nature1 ?ickness1 & ext5t ( ! coat+ on articles ( irregul> %ape1 & ! =mation ( loose1 d>k-col\r$ pat*es on ! "w2 ! unheal?y & non-metallic look & want ( brilliancy & ! lu/re prev5t$ eng9e]s & ! trade f accept+ ! process or its results1 except = ! common] articles ( use4 ,to obviate any t5d5cy ( ! pa9t to peel (f f ! z9c surface1 z x g5]ally manife/s a disposition to d1 x is recomm5d$ to coat all ! z9c surfaces1 previ\s to pa9t+ !m1 ) ! foll[+ comp\nd3 #a "p *loride ( copp]1 #a "p nitrate ( copp]1 #a "p sal-ammoniac1 dissolv$ 9 #fa p>ts ( wat]1 & !n add #a "p comm]cial hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 ! z9c is bru%$ ov] ) ?is mixture x oxidizes ! surface1 turns black1 & dries 9 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & may !n be pa9t$ ov] )\t any dang] ( peel+4 ,ano!r & m quickly appli$ coat+ consi/s (1 bi-*loride ( plat9um1 #a "p dissolv$ 9 #aj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 & appli$ ei!r by a bru% or sponge4 ,x oxidizes at once1 turns black1 & resi/s ! weak acids1 ra91 & ! elem5ts g5]ally4 ,z9c surfaces1 aft] a brief exposure to ! air1 become coat$ ) a ?9 film ( oxide--insoluble 9 wat]--:i* adh]es t5aci\sly1 =m+ a protective coat+ to ! und]ly+ z9c4 ,s long z ! z9c surface rema9s intact1 ! und]ly+ metal is protect$ f corrosive action1 b a me*anical or o!r injury to ! z9c coat+ t exposes ! metal b5ea?1 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure causes a v rapid corrosion to be />t$1 ! galvanic action be+ *ang$ f ! z9c positive to z9c negative1 & ! iron1 z ! positive elem5t 9 ! circuit1 is corrod$ in/ead ( ! z9c4 ,:5 galvaniz$ iron is imm]s$ 9 a corrosive liquid1 ! z9c is attack$ 9 pref]5ce to ! iron1 provid$ bo? ! expos$ p>ts ( ! iron & ! protect$ p>ts are imm]s$ 9 ! liquid4 ,! z9c has n ! same protective quality :5 ! liquid is spr9kl$ ov] ! surface & rema9s 9 isolat$ drops4 ,sea air1 be+ *>g$ ) sal9e matt]s1 is v de/ructive to galvaniz$ surfaces1 =m+ a soluble *loride by its action4 ,z z9c is "o ( ! metals mo/ readily attack$ by acids1 ord9>y galvaniz$ iron is n suitable = positions :]e x is to be mu* expos$ to an atmosph]e *>g$ ) acids s5t into ! air by "s manufactories1 or to ! sulphuric acid fumes f\nd 9 ! products ( combu/ion ( roll+ mills1 iron1 glass1 & gas works1 etc41 & yet we see eng9e]s ( note cov]+-9 important build+s ) corrugat$ & o!r %eets ( iron1 & us+ galvaniz$ iron tie rods1 angles1 & o!r con/ructive %apes 9 bl9d confid5ce ( ! protective p[] ( ! z9c coat+2 also 9 supreme indiff]5ce z to ! future consequ5ces & cata/rophes t arise f _! unexpect$ failure4 ,! comp>ative in]tia ( lead to ! *emical action ( _m acids has l$ to ! cont5tion t x %\ld =m z good1 if n a bett]1 protection ( iron ?an z9c1 b 9 practice x is f\nd to be defici5t z a protective coat+ aga9/ corrosion4 ,a piece ( lead-coat$ iron plac$ 9 wat] w %[ decid$ evid5ces ( corrosion 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is is to be attribut$ to ! por\s nature ( ! coat+1 :e!r x is appli$ by ! hot or wet 7acid7 process4 ,! lead does n bond to ! plate z well z ei!r ( ! o!r metals--z9c1 t91 copp]1 or any alloys ( !m4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! increase 9 weight ( diff]5t articles due to hot galvaniz+3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,description ( ,weight ( ,z9c ,p]c5tage ,article p] ,squ>e foot ( ,increase ( ,weight ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,?9 %eet-iron #a4aif oz4 #ah4b #e_/af-;94 plates #a4gf #b4j #d-;94 cut nails #b4ai #f4gb #g_/h-;94 die bolt & nut approximately #a4bjf oz4 #a4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,t9 is (t5 add$ to ! hot ba? = ! purpose ( obta9+ a smoo!r surface & l>g] facets1 b x is f\nd to %ort5 ! life ( ! protective coat+ v consid]ably4 ,a portion ( a z9c coat+ appli$ by ! hot process 0 f\nd to be v brittle1 break+ :5 attempts 7 made to b5d x2 ! av]age ?ickness ( ! coat+ 0 4#jae in*4 ,an analysis gave ! foll[+ result3 t91 #b4bj2 iron1 #c4gh2 ars5ic1 a trace2 z9c 7by diff]5ce71 #id4jb4 ,a small quantity ( iron is dissolv$ f all ! articles plac$ 9 ! molt5 z9c ba?1 & a dross is =m$ am\nt+ 9 _m cases to #be p] c5t ( ! :ole am\nt ( z9c us$4 ,! z9c-iron alloy is v brittle1 & conta9s by analysis #f p] c5t ( iron1 & is us$ to ca/ small art ornam5ts f4 ,a hot galvaniz+ plant1 hav+ a ba? capacity ( #aj feet by #d feet by #d-a_/b feet outside dim5sions1 & ab\t #a in* 9 ?ickness1 w hold #bh tons ( z9c4 ,) equal am\nts ( z9c p] unit ( area1 ! z9c coat+ put on by ! cold process is m resi/ant to ! corrod+ action ( a saturat$ solution ( copp] sulphate ?an is ! case ) /eel coat$ by ! ord9>y hot galvaniz+ process2 or1 to put x 9 ano!r =m1 articles coat$ by ! cold process %\ld h an equally long life "u ! same conditions ( exposure t hot galvaniz$ articles are expos$ to1 & ) less z9c ?an w\ld be necess>y 9 ! ord9>y hot process4 ,! h>dness ( a z9c surface is a matt] ( "s importance4 ,) ?is object 9 view alum9ium has be5 add$ f a sep>ate crucible to ! molt5 z9c at ! mom5t ( dipp+ ! article to be z9c$1 s z to =m a comp\nd surface ( z9co-alum9ium1 & to r$uce ! a%es =m$ f ! protective cov]+s ( sal-ammoniac1 fat1 glyc]9e1 etc4 ,! addition ( ! alum9ium also r$uces ! ?ickness ( ! coat+ appli$4 ,cold & hot galvaniz$ plates appe> to /& abrasion equally well4 ,bo? pickl+ & hot galvaniz+ r$uce ! /r5g?1 di/ort & r5d] brittle iron & /eel wires ( small sections4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,a ,amalgam process 9 t9-plat+1 #ei4 ,appliances & app>atus us$ 9 japann+ & enamell+1 #bi4 ,b ,batt]y process 9 t9-plat+1 #ei4 ,black gr\nds1 #aa4 ---- japan gr\nds on metal1 common1 #ab4 ---- pa9ts1 #eb4 ---- pigm5t1 #df4 ---- /a9 = iron1 #ec4 ---- v>ni% = sew+ ma*9es1 #ef4 ,blue japan gr\nds1 #i4 ---- pigm5t1 #df4 ,brass1 poli%$1 col\rs =1 #di-eg4 ,brick ov5s1 #cc4 ,bright pale yell[ gr\nds1 #aj4 ,bronz+ composition1 #di4 ,br[n japan1 #eg4 ,buns5 burn]1 #cc4 ,c ,c>riage v>ni%1 #ea4 ,col\rs = poli%$ brass1 #di4 ,common black japan gr\nds on metal1 #ab4 ,composition = bronz+1 #di4 ,cream enamel1 #h4 ,e ,enamell+ & japann+ /oves1 #bi-df4 ---- ---- ---- ---- heat$ by direct fire1 #cd4 ---- ---- ---- ---- heat$ by hot-wat] pipes1 #cf4 ---- or japann+ metals1 #bj-bh4 ---- old "w1 #bg4 ,f ,fir/ /age 9 ! japann+ ( wood1 #e4 ---- ---- 9 ! japann+ ( lea!r1 )\t a prim+1 #e4 ,g ,galvaniz$ iron1 pa9t+ on1 #di4 ,galvaniz+1 #fa-ff4 ,gold5 v>ni% = metal1 #ea4 ,gre5 japan gr\nds1 #aj4 ---- pigm5t1 #df4 ,gr\nd1 r$ japan1 #aj4 ---- sc>let japan1 #i4 ---- tortoise-%ell1 #ab4 ,gr\nds1 black1 #aa4 ---- black japan1 #ab4 ---- blue japan1 #i4 ---- bright pale yell[1 #aj4 ---- gre5 japan1 #aj4 ---- japan1 #f-ai4 ---- orange-col\r$1 #aa4 ---- purple1 #aa4 ---- :ite japan1 #g ,h ,heat+ /oves by direct fire1 #cd4 ---- ---- by hot-wat] pipes1 #cf4 ,h]n's process 9 t9-plat+1 #fj4 ,i ,imm]sion process 9 t9-plat+1 #ei4 ,iron1 black /a9 =1 #ec4 ---- galvaniz$1 pa9t+ on1 #di4 ,ironwork1 v>ni%es =1 #ee4 ,j ,japan1 br[n1 #eg4 ---- gr\nd1 r$1 #aj4 ---- ---- sc>let1 #i4 ---- ---- gr\nds1 #f-ai4 ---- ---- black1 #ab4 ---- ---- blue1 #i4 ---- ---- gre51 #aj4 ---- ---- :ite1 #g4 ---- "w1 pa9t+1 #ac4 ---- ---- v>ni%+1 #ag4 ,japanese gold size1 #ad4 ,japanese lacqu]1 #dg4 ,japann+ & enamell+ /oves1 #cd4 ---- ---- ---- ---- heat$ by direct fire1 #cd4 ---- ---- ---- ---- heat$ by hot-wat] pipes1 #cf4 ---- lea!r )\t a prim+1 fir/ /age1 #e4 ---- or enamell+ metals1 #bj-bh4 ---- t91 #be4 ---- wood1 fir/ /age1 #e4 ,l ,lacqu]1 ,japanese1 #dg4 ,m ,metal1 gold5 v>ni% =1 #ea4 ---- poli%es1 #ea4 ,metals1 japann+ or enamell+1 #bj-bh4 ,mod]n japann+ & enamell+ /oves1 #cd4 ,n ,natural ,japanese lacqu]1 #dg4 ---- lacqu]1 #de4 ,o ,oil vehicle1 #ad4 ,old "w1 enamell+1 #bg4 ,orange-col\r$ gr\nds1 #aa4 ,p ,pa9t+ japan "w1 #ac4 ---- on galvaniz$ iron1 #di4 ---- ---- z9c1 #di4 ,pa9ts1 black1 #eb4 ,pigm5ts suitable = japann+ ) natural lacqu]1 #de4 ---- black1 #df4 ---- blue1 #df4 ---- gre51 #df4 ---- r$1 #df4 ---- :ite1 #de4 ---- yell[1 #df4 ,poli%$ brass1 col\rs =1 #di4 ,prep>+ ! surface to be japann$1 #d4 ,prim+ ! surface to be japann$1 #d4 ,processes = t9-plat+1 #eh4 ,purple gr\nds1 #aa4 ,r ,r$ japan gr\nd1 #aj4 ---- pigm5ts1 #df4 ,s ,sc>let japan gr\nd1 #i4 ,sew+ ma*9es1 black v>ni% =1 #ef4 ,%ellac v>ni%1 #f4 ,/oves1 mod]n japann+ & enamell+1 #cd4 ,/ove1 ! enamell+ & japann+1 #bi-de4 ,surface to be japann$1 prim+ or prep>+ !1 #d4 ,t ,t91 japann+1 #be4 ,t9-plat+1 col\rs =1 #eh4 ,t9-plat+1 amalgam process1 #ei4 ---- batt]y process1 #ei4 ---- ,h]n's process1 #fj4 ---- imm]sion process1 #ei4 ---- ,weigl]'s process1 #fj4 ,tortoise-%ell gr\nd1 #ab4 ,u ,uru%iol1 #dg4 ,v ,v>ni%1 c>riage1 #ea1 ---- = iron & /eel1 #eg4 ---- = metal1 gold51 #ea4 ---- %ellac1 #f4 ,v>ni%es = iron "w1 #ee4 ,v>ni%+ japan "w1 #ag4 ,w ,weigl]'s process ( t9-plat+1 #fj4 ,:ite japan gr\nds1 #g4 ---- pigm5ts1 #de4 ,wood1 fir/ /age 9 ! japann+ (1 #e4 ,y ,yell[ gr\nds1 bright pale1 #aj4 ---- pigm5ts1 #df4 ,z ,z9c1 pa9t+ on1 #di4 ,,ab]de53 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press 99 99 99 99 99 ,,enamels ,,& ,,enamell+ ,an ,introduction to ! ,prep>ation & ,application ( all k9ds ( ,enamels = ,te*nical & ,arti/ic ,purposes4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,( ,,paul ,,r&au4 ,second & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #aid ,pages4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ ,free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 ,home2 #aas4 ,abroad47 ,publi%$ by ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,son1 #h ,,broadway1 ,,ludgate1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,v>ni%es4 ,,by ,j4,g4 ,mc,i,n,t,o,s,h4 ,bas$ on & includ+ ! "w ( ,,a*4 ,,liva*e4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes4 ,,volume ,i4--,,oil ,,cru%+1 ,,ref9+ ,,& ,,boil+1 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,l9oleum1 ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,li?ographic ,,inks1 ,,& ,,india-,,rubb] ,,sub/itutes4 ,demy #hvo4 #aej pp4 #bi ,illu/rations4 ,price #ge4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,volume ,,ii4--,,v>ni% ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,oil-,,v>ni% ,,mak+4 ,demy #hvo4 #gj ,illu/rations4 #bbj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,volume ,,iii4--,,_s ,,v>ni%es ,,& ,,_s ,,v>ni% ,,mat]ials4 ,demy #hvo4 #fd ,illu/rations4 #dfd pp4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,po/ free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,s5d = ,catalogue giv+ ,li/ ( ,cont5ts ( above works f ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,son1 #h ,,broadway1 ,,ludgate1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! late/ recipes1 etc41 on ,japann+ y %\ld read ,oil ,col\r ,trades ,j\rnal4 ,! ,weekly ,organ ( ! ,,oil1 ,,pa9t1 ,,v>ni%1 ,,soap1 ,,glue1 ,,drysalt]y1 ,,& ,,alli$ ,,trades4 ,! ,annual ,subscription ,,= #eb ,,weekly ,,issues1 ,,po/ ,,free1 ,,& ,a ,,copy ,,( ,,! ,,annual ,,di>y ,,& ,,trade ,,directory1 ,,c>riage ,,paid1 ,,is #ajs4 ,,to ,,any ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,a ,specim5 ,copy ,,w ,,be ,,s5t ,,to ,,anyone ,,s5d+ ,,_! ,,"n ,,& ,,address ,,to ,,! ,,oil ,,& ,,col\r ,,trades ,,j\rnal ,,(fices1 #h ,,broadway1 ,,ludgate1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4