,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,practical ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,bl[pipe4 ,,be+ ,a ,,graduat$ ,,c\rse ,,( ,,analysis ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,all ,,^? ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,metallic ,,comb9ations4 ,,new ,,york3 ,h4 ,,bailli,,re1 #bij ,,broadway1 ,,& #bai ,,reg5t ,,/reet1 ,,london4 ,,p>is3 ,j4,b4 ,,bailli,,re ,,et ,,fils1 ,,rue ,,hautefeuille4 ,,madrid3 ,c4 ,,bailly-,,bailli,,re1 ,,calle ,,del ,,pr9cipe4 #aheh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aheh1 by ,c4,e4 ,,bailli,,re1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,w4,h4 ,,t9son1 ,pr9t] & ,/]eotyp]1 #dc ,c5tre ,/reet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,preface1 #g ,! ,use ( ! ,bl[pipe1 #i ,ut5sils--,! ,bl[pipe1 #ab ,! ,oil ,lamp1 #bb ,! ,_s ,lamp1 #bc ,*>coal ,support1 #bd ,plat9um ,supports1 #bf ,iron ,spoons1 #bh ,glass ,tubes1 #bh ,o!r ,app>atus necess>y1 #ca ,,! ,,reag5ts1 #cd ,reag5ts ( ,g5]al ,use1 #cd ,c>bonate ( ,soda1 #cd ,hydrate ( ,b>yta1 #ce ,bi-sulphate ( ,potassa1 #ce ,oxalate ( ,potassa1 #cf ,cyanide ( ,potassium1 #cf ,nitrate ( ,potassa1 #cg ,borax1 #ch ,microcosmic ,salt1 #ci ,nitrate ( ,cobalt1 #dj ,t91 #da ,silica1 #db ,te/ ,pap]s1 #db ,,especial ,,reag5ts1 #dc ,boracic ,acid1 #dc ,fluorsp>1 #dc ,oxalate ( ,nickel1 #dc ,oxide ( ,copp]1 #dc ,antimoniate ( ,potassa1 #dd ,silv] ,foil1 #dd ,nitroprusside ( ,sodium1 #dd ,,"p ,,ii4 ,initiatory ,analysis1 #dg ,exam9ation ) ! ,glass ,bulb1 #dg 9 ! ,op5 ,tube1 #eb ^u ,*>coal1 #ee 9 ! ,plat9um ,=ceps1 #fa 9 ! ,borax ,bead1 #fi 9 ,microcosmic ,salt1 #gb ,table ,i4--,colors ( ,beads ( ,borax & ,microcosmic ,salt1 #ge ,table ,,ii4--,behavior ( ,metallic ,oxydes ) ,borax & ,microcosmic ,salt1 #he ,exam9ations ) ,c>bonate ( ,soda1 #ajc ,,"p ,,iii4 ,special ,reactions1 #aji ,a4--,,metallic ,,oxides3 ,fir/ ,gr\p4--,! ,alkalies3 ,potassa1 ,soda1 ,ammonia1 & ,li?ia1 #aaj ,second ,gr\p4--,! ,alkal9e ,e>?s3 ,b>yta1 ,/rontia1 ,lime1 & ,magnesia1 #aae ,?ird ,gr\p4--,! ,e>?s3 ,alum9a1 ,gluc9a1 ,yttria1 ,?or9a1 & ,zirconia1 #aba ,f\r? ,gr\p4--,c]ium1 ,lan?anium1 ,didymium1 ,columbium1 ,niobium1 ,pelopium1 ,titanium1 ,uranium1 ,vanadium1 ,*romium1 ,manganese1 #abd ,fif? ,gr\p4--,iron1 ,cobalt1 ,nickel1 #ace ,six? ,gr\p4--,z9c1 ,cadmium1 ,antimony1 ,tellurium1 #adj ,sev5? ,gr\p4--,lead1 ,bismu?1 ,t91 #adi ,eigh? ,gr\p4--,m]cury1 ,ars5ic1 #aeg ,n9? ,gr\p4--,copp]1 ,silv]1 ,gold1 #afa ,t5? ,gr\p4--,molybd5um1 ,osmium1 #afe ,elev5? ,gr\p4--,plat9um1 ,palladium1 ,iridium1 ,rhodium1 ,ru!nium1 #afg ,non-,metallic ,sub/ances1 #afh ,tabul> ,/atem5t ( ! ,reactions ( ,m9]als be=e ! ,bl[pipe1 #agh ,c>bon & ,organic ,m9]als1 #aha ,potassa1 #ahd ,soda1 #ahf ,b>yta & ,/rontia1 #aij ,lime1 #aib ,magnesia1 #aif ,alum9a1 #bjj ,silicates1 #bjd ,uranium1 #bab ,iron1 #bad ,manganese1 #bbb ,nickel & ,cobalt1 #bbf ,z9c1 #bcb ,bismu?1 #bcd ,lead1 #bch ,copp]1 #bdh ,antimony1 #bef ,ars5ic1 #bfj ,m]cury1 #bfb ,silv]1 #bfd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,x is believ$ ! arrangem5t ( ! pres5t "w is sup]ior to t ( _m ( its pr$ecessors1 z a vehicle = ! facilitation ( ! /ud5t's progress4 ,:ile x does n pret5d to any o!r rank ?an z an introduction to ! l>g] works1 x is hop$ t ! arrangem5t ( its matt] is su* t ! beg9n] may m readily compreh5d ! entire subject ( ,bl[pipe ,analysis ?an if he 7 to beg9 8 /udies by ! p]usal ( ! m copi\s works ( ,b]zelius & ,plattn]4 ,:5 ! /ud5t %all h gone ?r\gh ^! pages1 & repeat$ ! v>i\s reactions describ$1 !n he w be fully prep>$ to ent] ^u ! /udy ( ! l>g] works4 ,to progress ?r\gh !m w !n be b a comp>atively easy task4 ,! arrangem5t ( ?is little "w has be5 su* z ! au?or & 8 fri5ds h consid]$ ! be/ t c\ld be devis$ = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! progress ( ! /ud5t4 ,:e!r we h succe$$ is left = ! public to decide4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to sev]al ( 8 fri5ds = valuable contributions & sugge/ions4 ,s4 ,,c9c9nati1 ,june1 #aheg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bl[pipe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"p ,fir/4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,bl[pipe4 ,p]haps dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 no dep>tm5t ( *emi/ry has be5 s enri*$ z t relat+ to analysis by means ( ! ,bl[pipe4 ,?r\gh ! unwe>i$ ex]tions ( m5 ( sci5ce1 ! use ( ?is in/rum5t has arriv$ to su* a degree ( p]fection1 t we h a "r to t]m its use1 ,analysis 9 ! dry way1 9 contradi/9ction to analysis 9 ! wet way4 ,! manipulations are s simple & exp$iti\s1 & ! results s cle> & *>act]i/ic1 t ! ,bl[pipe analysis n only v]ifies & completes ! results ( analysis 9 ! wet way1 b x gives 9 _m cases direct evid5ces ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( _m sub/ances1 :i* w\ld n be o!rwise detect$1 b ?r\gh a tr\blesome & t$i\s process1 involv+ bo? prolixity & "t2 = in/ance1 ! detection ( manganese 9 m9]als4 ,_m sub/ances h to g ?r\gh ,bl[pipe manipulations be=e !y c be submitt$ to an analysis 9 ! wet way4 ,! app>atus & reag5ts employ$ are comp5di\s & small 9 numb]1 s t !y c be c>ri$ easily :ile on sci5tific excursions1 a consid]able advantage = m9]alogi/s & metallurgi/s4 ,! pr9cipal op]ations ) ! ,bl[pipe may be expla9$ briefly z foll[s3 7a47 ,by ,ignition is meant ! exposure ( a sub/ance to su* a degree ( heat1 t x gl[s or emits light1 or becomes r$-hot4 ,its greate/ value is 9 ! sep>ation ( a volatile sub/ance f "o less volatile1 or "o :i* is entirely fix$ at ! temp]ature ( ! flame4 ,9 ?is case we only take cognizance ( ! latt] or fix$ sub/ance1 al?\gh 9 _m in/ances we make use ( ignition = ! purpose ( *ang+ ! conditions ( a sub/ance1 = example1 ! sesquioxide ( *romium 7,cr#b,o#c7 9 its insoluble modification2 & z a prelim9>y exam9ation = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! subject ( inquiry be a comb9ation ( an organic or inorganic nature4 ,! app>atus us$ = ?is purpose are crucibles ( plat9um or silv]1 plat9um foil1 a plat9um spoon1 plat9um wire or tongs1 *>coal1 glass tubes1 & iron spoons4 7b47 ,sublimation is t process by :i* we conv]t a solid sub/ance into vapor by means ( a /rong heat4 ,^! vapors are cond5s$ by refrig]ation into ! solid =m4 ,x may be t]m$ a di/illation ( a solid sub/ance4 ,sublimation is ( great consequ5ce 9 ! detection ( _m sub/ances2 = in/ance1 ars5ic1 antimony1 m]cury1 etc4 ,! app>atus us$ = ! purposes ( sublimation consi/ ( glass tubes clos$ at "o end4 7c47 ,fusion4--,_m sub/ances :5 expos$ to a c]ta9 degree ( heat lose _! solid =m1 & are conv]t$ into a liquid4 ,^? sub/ances :i* d n become conv]t$ into ! liquid /ate by heat1 are said to be infusible4 ,x is a conv5i5t classification to arrange sub/ances into ^? :i* are fusible ) difficulty1 & ^? :i* are easily fusible4 ,v (t5 we resort to fusion = ! purpose ( decompos+ a sub/ance1 or to cause x to ent] into o!r comb9ations1 by :i* means x is ! m readily detect$4 ,if insoluble sub/ances are fus$ ) o!rs m fusible 7reag5ts7 = ! purpose ( caus+ a comb9ation :i* is soluble 9 wat] & acids1 ! op]ation is t]m$ unclos+4 ,^! sub/ances are p>ticul>ly ! silicates & ! sulphates ( ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,! usual reag5ts resort$ to = ?is purpose are c>bonate ( soda 7,na,o1 ,,co#b71 c>bonate ( pota% 7,,ko1 ,,co#b71 or /ill bett]1 a mixture ( ! two 9 equal p>ts4 ,9 "s cases we use ! hydrate ( b>ytes 7,ba,o1 ,,ho7 & ! bisulphate ( pota% 7,,ko1 #b,,s#c74 ,! plat9um spoon is g5]ally us$ = ?is manipulation4 ,sub/ances are expos$ to fusion = ! purpose ( gett+ a new comb9ation :i* has su* di/9ctive *>act]i/ics t we c class x "u a c]ta9 gr\p2 or = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ at once :at ! sub/ance may be4 ,! reag5ts us$ = ?is purpose are borax 7,na,o1 #b;,br,o#c7 & ! microcosmic salt 7,na,o1 ,,nh#d,o1 ,,po#e1 ,,ho74 ,*>coal & ! plat9um wire are us$ z supports = ?is k9d ( op]ation4 7d47 ,oxidation4--,! *emical comb9ation ( any sub/ance ) oxyg5 is t]m$ oxidation1 & ! products are t]m$ oxides4 ,z ^! oxides h qualities diff]+ f ^? :i* are non-oxidiz$1 x !re=e frequ5tly becomes necess>y to conv]t sub/ances into oxides2 or1 if !y are su*1 ( a l[] degree1 to conv]t !m into a high] degree ( oxidation4 ,^! diff]5t /ates ( oxidation frequ5tly pres5t *>act]i/ic m>ks ( id5tity suffici5t to enable u to draw conclusions 9 relation to ! sub/ance "u exam9ation4 ,= in/ance1 ! oxidation ( manganese1 ( ars5ic1 etc4 ,! conditions necess>y = oxidation1 are high temp]ature & ! free admission ( air to ! sub/ance4 ,if ! oxidation is effect$ ?r\gh ! addition ( a sub/ance conta9+ oxyg5 7= in/ance1 ! nitrate or *lorate ( pota%7 & ! heat+ is accompani$ by a lively deflagration & crackl+ noise1 x is t]m$ detonation4 ,by ?is process we frequ5tly effect ! oxidation ( a sub/ance1 & ?us we prove ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( a c]ta9 class ( sub/ances4 ,= in/ance1 if we detonate 7z x is t]m$ by ! ,g]man *emi/s7 ! sulphide ( antimony1 or ! sulphide ( ars5ic ) nitrate ( pota%1 we get ! nitrate ( antimony1 or ! nitrate ( ars5ic4 ,! salts ( nitric or *loric acid are det]m9$ by fus+ !m ) ! cyanide ( potassium1 because ! salts ( ^! acids detonate4 7e47 ,r$uction4--,if we deprive an oxidiz$ sub/ance ( its oxyg51 we t]m ! process r$uction4 ,?is is effect$ by fus+ ! sub/ance "u exam9ation ) ano!r :i* possesses a great] aff9ity = oxyg54 ,! ag5ts us$ = r$uction are hydrog51 *>coal1 soda1 cyanide ( potassium1 etc4 ,sub/ances g5]ally1 :5 9 ! unoxidiz$ /ate1 h su* *>act]i/ic qualities1 t !y _c v readily be mi/ak5 = o!rs4 ,= ?is reason1 r$uction is a v excell5t exp$i5t = ! purpose ( disc]n+ & classify+ _m sub/ances4 ,b4 ,,ut5sils4 ,we %all give "h a brief description ( ! mo/ necess>y app>atus us$ = analysis 9 ! dry way1 & ( _! use4 ,! ,bl[pipe is a small in/rum5t1 made g5]ally out ( brass1 silv]1 or ,g]man silv]1 & 0 pr9cipally us$ 9 e>li] times = ! purpose ( sold]+ small pieces ( metals toge!r4 ,x is g5]ally made 9 ! =m ( a tube1 b5t at a "r angle1 b )\t a %>p corn]4 ,! l>ge/ "o is ab\t sev5 in*es long1 & ! smalle/ ab\t two in*es4 ,! latt] "o t]m9ates ) a small po9t1 ) a small orifice4 ,! fir/ use ( ! bl[pipe t we h record$ is t ( a ,sw$i% m9+ (fic]1 :o us$ x 9 ! ye> #agch = *emical purposes1 b we h ! mo/ meagre acc\nts ( 8 op]ations4 ,9 #ageh ano!r ,sw$i% m9+ (fic]1 by ! "n ( ,cron/$t1 publi%$ 8 ,use ( ! ,bl[pipe 9 ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy1 translat$ into ,engli%1 9 #aggj1 by ,van ,enge/roem4 ,b]gman ext5d$ its use1 & aft] him ,ghan & ! v5]able ,b]zelius 7#ahba74 ,! bl[pipe mo/ g5]ally us$ 9 *emical exam9ations is compos$ ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 7,fig4 #a47 ,a is a little res]voir made air-tight by gr9d+ ! "p ,b into x4 ,?is res]voir s]ves ! purpose ( reta9+ ! moi/ure ) :i* ! air f ! m\? is *>g$4 ,a small conical tube is fitt$ to ?is res]voir4 ,?is tube t]m9ates 9 a f9e orifice4 ,z ?is small po9t is liable to get clogg$ up ) soot1 etc41 x is bett] t x %\ld be made ( plat9um1 s t x may be ignit$4 ,two ( ^! plat9um tubes %\ld be suppli$1 diff]+ 9 ! size ( ! orifice1 by :i* a /rong] or light] curr5t ( flame may be project$ f x4 ,metals1 su* z brass or ,g]man silv]1 are v liable to become dirty ?r\gh oxidation1 & :5 plac$ betwe5 ! lips are liable to imp>t a disagreeable ta/e4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! top ( ! tube mu/ be suppli$ ) a m\?piece ( ivory or horn ,c4 ,! bl[pipe "h repres5t$ is ! "o us$ by ,ghan1 & approv$ by ,b]zelius4 ,! trumpet m\?piece 0 adopt$ by ,plattn]2 x is press$ ^u ! lips :ile bl[+1 :i* is less tiresome ?an hold+ ! m\?piece betwe5 ! lips1 al?\gh _m pref] ! latt] mode4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,dr4 ,black's bl[pipe is z good an in/rum5t & *eap]4 ,x consi/s ( two tubes1 sold]$ at a "r angle2 ! l>g] "o1 into :i* ! air is bl[n1 is ( suffici5t capacity to s]ve z a res]voir4 ,a *emi/ c1 ) a bl[pipe & a piece ( *>coal1 det]m9e _m sub/ances )\t any reag5ts1 ?us enabl+ him1 ev5 :5 travell+1 to make useful inve/igations ) means :i* are always at 8 disposal4 ,!re are pocket bl[pipes z portable z a p5cil case1 su* z ,wolla/on's & ,mits*]li*'s2 ^! are objectionable = cont9u$ use z _! con/ruction requires ! use ( a metallic m\?piece4 ,mr4 ,casamajor1 ( ,new ,york1 has made "o lately :i* has an ivory m\?piece1 & :i*1 :5 9 use1 is l ,dr4 ,black's4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,! l5g? ( ! bl[pipe is g5]ally sev5 or eight in*es1 b ?is dep5ds v mu* ^u ! visual angle ( ! op]ators4 ,a %ort-sight$ p]son1 ( c\rse1 w\ld require an in/rum5t ( less l5g? ?an w\ld suit a f>-sight$ p]son4 ,! purpose requir$ ( ! bl[pipe is to introduce a f9e curr5t ( air into ! flame ( a c&le or lamp1 by :i* a high] degree ( heat is induc$1 & consequ5tly combu/ion is m rapidly accompli%$4 ,by inspect+ ! flame ( a c&le burn+ "u usual circum/ances1 we p]ceive at ! bottom ( ! flame a portion :i* is ( a light blue color 7a b71 ,fig4 #b1 :i* gradually dim9i%es 9 size z x rec$es f ! wick1 & disappe>s :5 x rea*es ! p]p5dicul> side ( ! flame4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! flame !re is a d>k nucleus ) a conical =m 7c74 ,?is is envelop$ by ! illum9at+ portion ( ! flame 7d74 ,at ! ext]ior edge ( ! "p d we p]ceive a ?91 sc>cely visible veil1 a1 e1 e1 :i* is broad] ne> ! apex ( ! flame4 ,! action ( ! burn+ c&le may be ?us expla9$4 ,! radiant heat f ! flame melts ! tall[ or wax1 :i* !n passes up into ! texture ( ! wick by capill>y attraction until x rea*es ! gl[+ wick1 :]e ! heat decomposes ! combu/ible matt] into c>bonat$ hydrog5 7,c#d;,h#d71 & into c>bonic oxide 7,,co74 ,:ile ^! gases are ris+ 9 hot condition1 ! air comes 9 contact ) !m & effects _! combu/ion4 ,! d>k portion1 c1 ( ! flame is :]e ! c>bon & gases h n a suffici5cy ( air = _! ?or\gh combu/ion2 b gradually !y become mix$ ) air1 al?\gh n !n suffici5t = complete combu/ion4 ,! hydrog5 is fir/ oxidiz$ or burnt1 & !n ! c>bon is attack$ by ! air1 al?\gh p>ticles ( c>bon are sep>at$1 & x is ^!1 9 a /ate ( int5se ignition1 :i* produce ! illum9ation4 ,by br++ any oxidizable sub/ance into ?is portion ( ! flame1 x oxidizes v quickly 9 consequ5ce ( ! high temp]ature & ! free access ( air4 ,= t reason ?is "p ( ! flame is t]m$ ! oxidiz+ flame1 :ile ! illum9at+ portion1 by its t5d5cy to ab/ract oxyg5 = ! purpose ( complete combu/ion1 easily r$uces oxidat$ sub/ances br\ght into x1 & x is1 !re=e1 call$ ! flame ( r$uction4 ,9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 on ! contr>y1 all ! c>bon :i* exi/s 9 ! int]ior ( ! flame is oxidiz$ into c>bonic acid 7,,co#b7 & c>bonic oxide 7,,co71 :ile ! blue color ( ! cone ( ! flame is caus$ by ! complete combu/ion ( ! c>bonic oxide4 ,^! two portions ( ! flame--! oxidiz+ & ! r$uc+--are ! pr9cipal ag5ts ( bl[pipe analysis4 ,if we introduce a f9e curr5t ( air into a flame1 we notice ! foll[+3 ,! air /rikes fir/ ! d>k nucleus1 & =c+ ! gases beyond x1 mixes ) !m1 by :i* oxyg5 is m+l$ freely ) !m4 ,?is effects ! complete combu/ion ( ! gases at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! po9t ( ! bl[pipe4 ,at ?is place ! flame has ! highe/ temp]ature1 =m+ !re ! po9t ( a blue cone4 ,! illum9at$ or r$uc+ portion ( ! flame is envelop$ outside & inside by a v hot flame1 :]eby its own temp]ature is s mu* increas$ t 9 ?is r$uction-flame _m sub/ances w und]go fusion :i* w\ld prove p]fectly refractory 9 a common flame4 ,! ext]ior sc>cely visible "p loses its =m1 is dim9i%$1 & press$ m to a po9t1 by :i* its heat+ p[] is greatly increas$4 ,! ,bla/ ( ,air4--,by us+ ! bl[pipe = *emical purposes1 ! effect int5d$ to be produc$ is an un9t]rupt$ /eady /ream ( air = _m m9utes toge!r1 if necess>y1 )\t an in/ant's cessation4 ,!re=e1 ! bl[+ c only be effect$ ) ! muscles ( ! *eeks1 & n by ! ex]tion ( ! lungs4 ,x is only by ?is means t a /eady con/ant /ream ( air c be kept up1 :ile ! lungs w n be injur$ by ! deprival ( air4 ,! details ( ! prop] mann] ( us+ ! bl[pipe are really m difficult to describe ?an to acquire by practice2 !re=e ! pupil is reque/$ to apply himself at once to its practice1 by :i* he w soon le>n to produce a /eady curr5t ( air1 & to di/+ui% ! diff]5t flames f ea* o!r4 ,we w\ld simply say t ! tongue mu/ be appli$ to ! ro( ( ! m\?1 s z to int]rupt ! communication betwe5 ! passage ( ! no/rils & ! m\?4 ,! op]ator n[ fills 8 m\? ) air1 :i* is to be pass$ ?r\gh ! pipe by compress+ ! muscles ( ! *eeks1 :ile he brea!s ?r\gh ! no/rils1 & uses ! palate z a valve4 ,:5 ! m\? becomes ne>ly empty1 x is repl5i%$ by ! lungs 9 an in/ant1 :ile ! tongue is mom5t>ily )drawn f ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,! /ream ( air c be cont9u$ = a long "t1 )\t ! lea/ fatigue or injury to ! lungs4 ,! easie/ way = ! /ud5t to accu/om himself to ! use ( ! bl[pipe1 is fir/ to le>n to fill ! m\? ) air1 & :ile ! lips are kept firmly clos$ to brea! freely ?r\gh ! no/rils4 ,hav+ effect$ ?is mu*1 he may introduce ! m\?piece ( ! bl[pipe betwe5 8 lips4 ,by inflat+ ! *eeks1 & brea?+ ?r\gh ! no/rils1 he w soon le>n to use ! in/rum5t )\t ! lea/ fatigue4 ,! air is =c$ ?r\gh ! tube aga9/ ! flame by ! action ( ! muscles ( ! *eeks1 :ile he cont9ues to brea! )\t int]ruption ?r\gh ! no/rils4 ,hav+ become acqua9t$ ) ?is process1 x only requires "s practice to produce a /eady jet ( flame4 ,a defect 9 ! nature ( ! combu/ible us$1 z bad oil1 su* z fi% oil1 or oil ?ick5$ by long /&+ or by dirt1 dirty cotton wick1 or an untrimm$ "o1 or a dirty wickhold]1 or a want ( /ead9ess ( ! h& t holds ! bl[pipe1 w prev5t a /eady jet ( flame4 ,b frequ5tly ! fault lies 9 ! orifice ( ! jet1 or too small a hole1 or its p>tial /oppage by dirt1 :i* w prev5t a /eady jet ( air1 & lead to difficulty4 ,) a good bl[pipe ! air projects ! entire flame1 =m+ a horizontal1 blue cone ( flame1 :i* conv]ges to a po9t at ab\t an in* f ! wick1 ) a l>g]1 long]1 & m lum9\s flame envelop+ x1 & t]m9at+ to a po9t beyond t ( ! blue flame4 ,to produce an effici5t flame ( oxidation1 put ! po9t ( ! bl[pipe into ! flame ab\t "o ?ird ! diamet] ( ! wick1 & ab\t "o twelf? ( an in* above x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! flame us$4 ,bl[ /rong en\gh to keep ! flame /raight & horizontal1 us+ ! l>ge/ orifice = ! purpose4 ,^u exam9+ ! flame ?us produc$1 we w obs]ve a long1 blue flame1 a b1 ,fig4 #c1 :i* lett]s correspond ) ! same lett]s 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,b ?is flame has *ang$ its =m1 & conta9s all ! combu/ible gases4 ,x =ms n[ a ?91 blue cone1 :i* conv]ges to a po9t ab\t an in* f ! wick4 ,?is po9t ( ! flame possesses ! highe/ int5sity ( temp]ature1 = !re ! combu/ion ( ! gases is ! mo/ complete4 ,9 ! orig9al flame1 ! hotte/ "p =ms ! ext]nal envelope1 b "h x is compress$ m into a po9t1 =m+ ! cone ( ! blue flame1 & likewise an envelope ( flame surr\nd+ ! blue "o1 ext5d+ beyond x f a to c1 & pres5t+ a light blui% or br[ni% color4 ,! ext]nal flame has ! highe/ temp]ature at d1 b ?is decreases f d to c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,if !re is a v high temp]ature1 ! oxidation is n effect$ s readily 9 _m cases1 unless ! sub/ance is remov$ a little f ! flame2 b if ! heat be n too high1 x is readily oxidiz$ 9 ! flame1 or ne> its cone4 ,if ! curr5t ( air is bl[n too freely or viol5tly into ! flame1 m air is =c$ !re ?an is suffici5t to consume ! gases4 ,?is sup]flu\s air only acts detrim5tally1 by cool+ ! flame4 ,9 g5]al ! op]ation proce$s be/ :5 ! sub/ance is kept at a dull r$ heat4 ,! blue cone mu/ be kept free f /raggl+ rays ( ! yell[ or r$uction flame4 ,if ! analysis be effect$ on *>coal1 ! bla/ %\ld n be too /rong1 z a "p ( ! coal w\ld be conv]t$ into c>bonic oxide1 :i* w\ld act antagoni/ically to ! oxidation4 ,! oxidation flame requires a /eady curr5t ( air1 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! blue cone con/antly ( ! same l5g?4 ,= ! purpose ( acquir+ practice1 ! foll[+ may be done3 ,melt a little molybd5ic acid ) "s borax1 ^u a plat9um wire1 ab\t ! sixte5? ( an in* f ! po9t ( ! blue cone4 ,9 ! pure oxidation flame1 a cle> yell[i% glass is =m$2 b z soon z ! r$uction flame rea*es x1 or ! po9t ( ! blue cone t\*es x1 ! color ( ! bead *anges to a br[n1 :i*1 f9ally1 aft] a little long] bl[+1 becomes q d>k1 & loses its transp>5cy4 ,! cause ( ?is is1 t ! molybd5ic acid is v easily r$uc$ to a l[] degree ( oxidation1 or to ! oxide ( molybd5um4 ,! flame ( oxidation w aga9 conv]t ?is oxide into ! acid1 & ?is conv]sion is a good te/ ( ! progress ( ! /ud5t 9 ! use ( ! bl[pipe4 ,9 cases :]e we h to sep>ate a m oxidizable sub/ance f a less "o1 we use ) success ! blue cone1 p>ticul>ly if we wi% to det]m9e :e!r a sub/ance has ! quality1 :5 submitt$ to heat 9 ! blue cone1 ( color+ ! ext]nal flame4 ,a good r$uction flame c be obta9$ by ! use ( a small orifice at ! po9t ( ! bl[pipe4 ,9 ord] to produce su* a flame1 hold ! po9t ( ! bl[pipe high] above ! wick1 :ile ! nozzle mu/ n ent] ! flame s f> z 9 ! production ( ! oxidation flame4 ,! po9t ( ! bl[pipe %\ld only t\* ! flame1 :ile ! curr5t ( air bl[n into x mu/ be /rong] ?an into ! oxidation flame4 ,if we project a /ream1 9 ! mann] m5tion$1 into ! flame1 f ! small] side ( ! wick to ! middle1 we %all p]ceive ! flame *ang$ to a long1 n>r[1 lum9\s cone1 a b1 ,fig4 #d1 ! end a ( :i* is envelop$ by ! same dimly visible bluei% color$ portion ( ! flame a1 c1 :i* we p]ceive 9 ! orig9al flame1 ) its po9t at c4 ,! portion close above ! wick1 pres5t+ ! dull appe>ance1 is occasion$ by ! ris+ gases :i* h n suppli$ to !m en\gh oxyg5 to consume !m entirely4 ,! hydrog5 is consum$1 :ile ! c>bon is sep>at$ 9 a /ate ( bright ignition1 & =ms ! int]nal flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,directly above ! wick1 ! combu/ion ( ! gases is lea/ complete1 & =ms !re likewise1 z is ! case 9 ! free flame1 a d>k blue nucleus d4 ,if ! oxide ( a metal is br\ght into ! lum9\s portion ( ! flame produc$ z above1 s t ! flame envelopes ! sub/ance p]fectly1 ! access ( air is prev5t$4 ,! p>tially consum$ gases h n[ a /rong aff9ity = oxyg51 "u ! influ5ce ( ! int5se heat ( t "p ( ! flame4 ,! sub/ance is ?us depriv$ ( a "p1 or ! :ole1 ( its oxyg51 & becomes r$uc$ accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! aff9ity :i* ! sub/ance itself has = oxyg54 ,if ! r$uction ( a sub/ance is und]tak5 on plat9um1 by fusion ) a flux1 & if ! oxide is difficult to r$uce1 ! r$uction w be completely effect$ only 9 ! lum9\s "p ( ! flame4 ,b if a sub/ance be r$uc$ on *>coal1 ! r$uction w take place 9 ! blue "p ( ! flame1 z long z ! access ( air is cut (f2 b x is ! lum9\s "p ( ! flame :i* really possesses ! greate/ r$uc+ p[]4 ,! foll[+ %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ord] to procure a good r$uction flame3 ,! wick %\ld n be too long1 t x may make a smoke1 nor too %ort1 o!rwise ! flame w be too small to produce a heat /rong en\gh = r$uction4 ,! wick mu/ be free f all loose ?reads1 & f *>coal4 ,! bla/ %\ld be cont9u$ = a consid]able "t )\t int]mission1 o!rwise r$uction _c be effect$4 ,= ! purpose ( acquir+ practice1 ! /ud5t may fuse ! oxide ( manganese ) borax1 ^u a plat9um wire1 9 ! oxidation flame1 :5 a violet-r$ glass w be obta9$2 or if too mu* ( ! oxide be us$1 a glass ( a d>k color & opaque w be obta9$4 ,by submitt+ ?is glass to ! r$uction flame1 x w become colorless 9 correspond5ce to ! p]fection ) :i* ! flame is produc$4 ,or a piece ( t9 may be fus$ ^u *>coal1 & kept 9 t /ate = a consid]able "t1 :ile x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a bright metal on ! surface4 ,?is w require dext]ity 9 ! op]ator2 =1 if ! oxidation flame %\ld *ance to t\* ! bright metal only = a mom5t1 x is coat$ ) an infusible oxide4 ,,combu/ion4--,any flame ( suffici5t size c be us$ = bl[pipe op]ations4 ,x may be ei!r ! flame ( a c&le ( tall[ or wax1 or ! flame ( a lamp4 ,! flame ( a wax c&le1 or ( an oil lamp is mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,sometimes a lamp is us$ fill$ ) a solution ( spirits ( turp5t9e 9 /rong alcohol4 ,if a c&le is us$1 x is well to cut ! wick (f %ort1 & to b5d ! wick a little t[>d ! sub/ance exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,b c&les are n ! be/ = bl[pipe op]ations1 z ! radiant heat1 reflect+ f ! sub/ance ^u ! wax or tall[1 w cause x to melt & run d[n ! side ( ! c&le2 :ile aga91 c&les d n give heat en\gh4 ,! lamp is mu* ! mo/ desirable4 ,! subjo9$ figure1 f ,b]zelius1 is p]haps ! be/ =m ( lamp4 ,x is made ( japann$ t9-plate1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & has ! =m & arrangem5t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,k is ! lamp1 fa/5$ on ! /&1 ,s1 by a screw1 ,c1 & is movable upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 z repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,! po/]ior end ( ! lamp may be ab\t "o in* squ>e1 & at its ant]ior end1 ,e1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* squ>e4 ,! "u side ( ?is box may be r\nd1 z se5 9 ! figure4 ,! oil is p\r$ into ! orifice1 ,a1 :i* has a cap screw$ ov] x4 ,c' is a wickhold] = a flat lamp-wick4 a is a socket conta9+ ! wick1 :i*1 :5 n 9 use1 is secur$ f dirt by ! cap4 ,! figures ,b & a' give ! =ms ( ! cap & socket4 ,! be/ combu/ible = ?is lamp is ! ref9$ rape-se$ oil1 or pure sweet oil4 ,:5 ?is lamp is 9 use1 !re mu/ be no loose ?reads1 or no *>coal on ! wick1 or ^! w produce a smoky flame4 ,! wick1 likewise1 %\ld n be pull$ up too high1 z ! same smoky flame w\ld be produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,,! ,,_s-,,lamp4--,?is is a %ort1 /rong glass lamp1 ) a cap1 ,b1 ,fig4 #f1 fitt$ to x by gr9d+1 to prev5t ! evaporation ( ! alcohol4 ,! neck a conta9s a tube ,c1 made ( silv]1 or ( t9 plate1 & :i* conta9s ! wick4 ,brass w\ld n answ] s well = ?is tube1 z ! spirits w\ld oxidize x1 & ?us imp>t color to ! flame4 ,! wickhold] mu/ cov] ! edge ( ! neck1 b n fit tight )9 ! tube1 o!rwise1 by its expansion1 x w break ! glass4 ,x is n necess>y t alcohol1 v highly rectifi$1 %\ld be burnt 9 ?is lamp1 al?\gh if too mu* dilut$ ) wat]1 en\gh heat w n be giv5 out4 ,alcohol ( specific gravity #j4hd to #j4hf is ! be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,?is lamp is g5]ally resort$ to by bl[pipe analy/s1 = ! purpose ( exp]im5ts 9 glass app>atus1 z ! oily combu/ibles w coat ! glass ) soot4 ,"s sub/ances1 :5 expos$ to ! d>k "p ( ! flame1 become r$uc$ &1 9 /atu nasc5di1 evaporat$2 b by pass+ ?r\gh ! ext]nal "p ( ! flame1 !y become oxidiz$ aga91 & imp>t a color to ! flame4 ,! _s flame is ! mo/ effici5t "o = ! exam9ation ( sub/ances ! nature ( :i* we wi% to asc]ta9 ?r\gh color imp>t$ to ! flame1 z t ( ! _s-lamp be+ colorless1 is1 consequ5tly1 mo/ easily & ?or\ghly recogniz$ by ! slighte/ t+e imp>t$ to x4 ,x is necess>y t 9 op]at+ ) su* m9ute quantities ( sub/ances z are us$ 9 bl[pipe analysis1 t !y %\ld h "s appropriate support4 ,9 ord] t no false results may ensue1 x is necess>y t ! supports %\ld be ( su* a nature t !y w n =m a *emical comb9ation ) ! sub/ance :ile x is expos$ to fusion or ignition4 ,appropriate supports = ! diff]5t bl[pipe exp]im5ts are *>coal1 plat9um in/rum5ts1 & glass tubes4 7a47 ,*>coal4--,! value ( *>coal z a support may be /at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! *>coal is infusible1 & be+ a poor conductor ( heat1 a sub/ance c be expos$ to a high] degree ( heat ^u x ?an ^u any o!r sub/ance4 #b4 ,x is v por\s1 & !re=e all[s easily fusible sub/ances 7su* z alkalies & fluxes7 to pass into x1 :ile o!r sub/ances less fusible1 su* z metals1 to rema9 unabsorb$4 #c4 ,x has likewise a great r$uc+ p[]4 ,! be/ k9d ( *>coal is t ( p9ewood1 l9d51 will[1 or ald]wood1 or any o!r s(t wood4 ,coal f ! firwood sp>kles too freely1 :ile t ( ! h>d woods conta9s too mu* iron 9 its a%es4 ,smoo? pieces1 free f b>k & knots1 %\ld be select$4 ,x %\ld be ?or\ghly burnt1 & ! annual r+s or gr[?s %\ld be z close toge!r z possible4 ,if ! *>coal is 9 masses1 x %\ld be saw$ into pieces ab\t six in*es 9 l5g? by ab\t two in*es broad1 b s t ! ye>-gr[?s run p]p5dicul> to ! broade/ side1 z ! o!r sides1 by _! unequal /ructure1 burn unev5ly4 ,t ! sub/ance "u exam9ation may n be c>ri$ (f by ! bla/1 small conical concavities %\ld be cut 9 ! broad side ( ! *>coal1 betwe5 ! ye>-gr[?s1 ) a conical tube ( t9 plate ab\t two or ?ree in*es long1 & "o qu>t] ( an in* at "o end1 & half an in* at ! o!r4 ,^! edges are made %>p ) a file4 ,! wide/ end ( ?is *>coal bor] is us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ cavities = cupellation4 ,9 places :]e ! prop] k9d ( *>coal is difficult to procure1 x is economical to cut common *>coal into pieces ab\t an in* broad1 & ! ?ird ( an in* ?ick4 ,9 ea* ( ^! little pieces small cavities %\ld be cut ) ! small end ( ! bor]4 ,:5 ^! pieces ( *>coal are requir$ = use1 !y mu/ be fa/5$ to a n>r[ slip ( t9 plate1 "o end ( :i* is b5t into ! =m ( a hook1 "u :i* ! plate ( *>coal is pu%$4 ,9 g5]al1 we use ! *>coal support :]e we wi% to r$uce metallic oxides1 to prev5t oxidation1 or to te/ ! fusibility ( a sub/ance4 ,!re is ano!r po9t to :i* we w\ld direct ! /ud5t4 ,^? metals :i* are volatile 9 ! r$uction flame1 appe> z oxides 9 ! oxidation flame4 ,^! oxides make sublimates ^u ! *>coal close 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sub/ance1 or :]e x re/$1 & by _! peculi> color indicate pretty correctly ! species ( m9]als exp]im5t$ ^u4 7b47 ,plat9um ,supports4--,! metal plat9um is infusible 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 & is su* a poor conductor ( heat t a /rip ( x may be held close to t portion ( x :i* is r$ hot )\t ! lea/ inconv5i5ce to ! f+]s4 ,x is necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld be cognizant ( ^? sub/ances :i* w\ld n be appropriate to exp]im5t ^u if plac$ on plat9um4 ,metals %\ld n be treat$ ^u plat9um app>atus1 nor %\ld ! easily r$ucible oxides1 sulphides1 nor *lorides1 z ^! sub/ances w comb9e ) ! plat9um1 & ?us r5d] x unfit = fur!r use 9 analysis4 7c47 ,plat9um ,wire4--,z ! color ( ! flame _c be well disc]n$ :5 ! sub/ance is support$ ^u *>coal1 9 consequ5ce ( ! latt] furni%+ false colors1 by its own reflection1 to ! sub/ances "u exam9ation1 we use plat9um wire = t purpose1 :5 we wi% to exam9e ^? sub/ances :i* give indications by ! peculi> color :i* !y imp>t to fluxes4 ,! wire %\ld be ab\t z ?ick z ,no4 #af or #ah wire1 or ab\t #j4d millimetre1 & cut into pieces ab\t f two & a half to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! end ( ea* piece is crook$4 ,9 ord] t ^! pieces %\ld rema9 cle> ( dirt1 & ready = use1 !y %\ld be kept 9 a glass ( wat]4 ,to use !m1 we dip ! wett$ hook$ end into ! p[d]$ flux 7borax or microcosmic salt7 "s ( :i* w adh]e1 :5 we fuse x 9 ! flame ( ! bl[pipe to a bead4 ,?is bead hang+ 9 ! hook1 mu/ be cle> & colorless4 ,%\ld !re n adh]e a suffici5t quantity ( ! flux 9 ! fir/ trial to =m a bead suffici5tly l>ge1 ! hook mu/ be dipp$ a second "t 9 ! flux & aga9 submitt$ to ! bl[pipe flame4 ,to fix ! sub/ance to be exam9$ to ! bead1 x is necess>y1 :ile ! latt] is hot1 to dip x 9 ! p[d]$ sub/ance4 ,if ! hook is cold1 we moi/5 ! p[d] a little1 & !n dip ! hook into x1 & !n expose x to ! oxidation flame1 by keep+ x expos$ to a regul> bla/ until ! sub/ance & ! flux are fus$ toge!r1 & no fur!r alt]ation is produc$ by ! flame4 ,! plat9um wire c be us$ except :]e r$uction to ! metallic /ate is requir$4 ,e r$uction & oxidation exp]im5t1 if ! results are to be kn[n by ! color ( ! fluxes1 %\ld be effect$ ^u plat9um wire4 ,at ! t]m9ation ( ! exp]im5t or inve/igation1 if x be "o1 to1 clean ! wire1 place x 9 wat]1 :i* w dissolve ! bead4 7d47 ,plat9um ,foil4--,= ! heat+ or fus+ ( a sub/ance1 :]eby its r$uction w\ld be avoid$1 we use plat9um foil z a support4 ,?is foil %\ld be ( ! ?ickness ( good writ+ pap]1 & f two & a half to ?ree in*es long1 by ab\t half an in* broad1 & z ev5 & smoo? z possible4 ,if x %\ld become injur$ by long use1 cut ! injur$ end (f1 & if x %\ld prove too %ort to be held ) ! f+]s1 a pair ( =ceps may be us$ to grasp x1 or x may be plac$ on a piece ( *>coal4 7e47 ,plat9um ,spoon4--,:5 we require to fuse sub/ances ) ! acid sulphate ( pota%1 or to oxidize !m by detonation ) nitrate ( pota%1 :]eby we wi% to pres]ve ! oxide produc$1 we g5]ally use a little spoon ( plat9um1 ab\t f n9e to fifte5 millimetres#a 9 diamet]1 & %ap$ z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! h&le ( ?is spoon is likewise ( plat9um1 & %\ld fit into a piece ( cork1 or be held ) ! =ceps4 #a ,! ,fr5* millimetre is ab\t ! tw5ty-fif? "p ( an ,engli% in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 7f47 ,plat9um ,=ceps or ,tongs4--,we frequ5tly are necessitat$ to exam9e small spl9t]s ( metals or m9]als directly 9 ! bl[pipe flame4 ,^! pieces ( metallic sub/ances are held ) ! =ceps or tongs repres5t$ z 9 ,fig4 #h1 :]e ac is =m$ ( /eel1 & aa are plat9um b>s ins]t$ betwe5 ! /eel plates4 ,at bb are knobs :i* by pressure s sep>ate ! plat9um b>s aa1 t any small sub/ance c be ins]t$ betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 7g47 ,iron ,spoons4--,= a prelim9>y exam9ation iron spoons are desirable4 ,!y may be made ( %eet iron1 ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & are v useful 9 _m exam9ations :]e ! use ( plat9um w\ld n be desirable4 7h47 ,glass ,tubes4--,= ! sep>ation & recognition ( volatile sub/ances be=e ! bl[pipe flame1 we use glass tubes4 ,^! %\ld be ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & cut into pieces ab\t five or six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,^! tubes %\ld h bo? ends op54 ,tubes are ( great value 9 ! exam9ation ( volatile sub/ances :i* require oxidiz+ or roa/+1 & heat+ ) free access ( air4 ,also to asc]ta9 :e!r a sub/ance "u exam9ation w sublimate volatile matt] ( a c]ta9 appe>ance4 ,su* sub/ances are sel5ium1 sulphur1 ars5ic1 antimony1 & tellurium4 ,^! sub/ances cond5se on a cool "p ( ! tube1 & !y pres5t *>act]i/ic appe>ances1 or !y may be recogniz$ by _! peculi> smell4 ,^! tubes mu/ be made ( ! be/ k9d ( glass1 :ite & difficult ( fusion1 & entirely free f lead4 ,! sub/ance to be exam9$ mu/ be put 9 ! tube ne> "o end1 & expos$ to ! flame ( ! bl[pipe4 ,! end conta9+ ! sub/ance mu/ be held l[] ?an ! o!r end1 & mu/ be mov$ a little ov] ! _s-lamp be=e a draught ( air is produc$ ?r\gh ! tube4 ,x is a good plan to h a numb] ( ^! tubes on h&4 ,aft] hav+ us$ a tube we cut (f t end ( x :i* conta9$ ! sub/ance1 ) a file1 & clean x f ! sublimate1 ei!r by heat+ x ov] ! _s-lamp1 or ) a piece ( pap] w\nd ar\nd a wire4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! sub/ance falls out ( ! tube be=e x becomes suffici5tly melt$ to adh]e to ! glass4 ,to obviate ?is1 we b5d ! tube n f> f ! end1 at an obtuse angle1 & place ! sub/ance 9 ! angle1 :]eby ! tube may be l[]$ z mu* z necess>y4 ,fig4 #i w give ! /ud5t a compreh5sion ( ! processes describ$1 & ( ! mann] ( b5d+ ! tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 7i47 ,glass ,tubes clos$ at "o ,end4--,if we wi% to expose volatile sub/ances to heat1 ) ! exclusion ( air z mu* z possible1 or to asc]ta9 ! cont5ts ( wat]1 or o!r volatile fluids1 or = ! purpose ( heat+ sub/ances :i* w decrepitate1 we use glass tubes clos$ at "o end4 ,^! tubes mu/ be ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* wide1 & f two to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y %\ld be made ( :ite glass1 difficult ( fusion1 & free f lead4 ,!y %\ld be clos$ at "o end1 z figur$ 9 ! m>g91 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,:5 a sub/ance is to be exam9$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r x conta9s combu/ible matt]1 z sulphur or ars5ic1 & :]e we wi% to avoid oxidation1 we use ^! tubes )\t ext5d+ ! clos$ end1 9 ord] t !re may be z little air admitt$ z possible1 z is repres5t$ 9 tube ,b4 ,b :5 a sub/ance to be exam9$ is to be te/$ = wat]1 or o!r incombu/ible volatile matt]s1 we employ tubes ) little bulbs bl[n at "o end1 su* z repres5t$ at tube ,a4 ,"h !re is room = a circulation ( air at ! bottom ( ! tube1 by :i* ! volatile matt] rises m easily4 ,9 "s cases1 x is necess>y to draw ! clos$ end out to a f9e po9t1 z 9 ! tubes ,c & ,d4 ,ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ^! tubes is employ$1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! sub/ance us$4 ,! sublimates cond5se at ! upp] "p ( ! tube a1 & c be !re exam9$ & recogniz$4 ,^! tubes1 be=e be+ us$1 mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$ & clean$4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) !m1 !y %\ld n be expos$ at once to ! hotte/ "p ( ! flame1 b %\ld be submitt$ to ! heat gradually4 ,if ! sub/ance is ( su* a nature t x w sublime at a l[ heat1 ! tube %\ld be held m horizontal1 :ile a high] heat is atta9$ by br++ ! tube to a m v]tical position4 ,,v>i\s ,,app>atus ,,necess>y4 ,edulcorator or ,wa%+ ,bottle4--,take a glass bottle ( ! capacity ( ab\t twelve ounces1 & close ! m\? ( x v tight ) a cork1 ?r\gh :i* a %ort glass tube is fitt$ airtight4 ,! ext]nal end ( ?is tube is drawn out to a po9t1 ) a v f9e orifice4 ,! bottle %\ld be fill$ ab\t half full ( wat]4 ,by bl[+ air into ! bottle ?r\gh ! tube1 & !n turn+ x d[nw>ds1 ! compress$ air w expel a f9e /ream ( wat] ?r\gh ! f9e orifice ) consid]able =ce4 ,we use ?is wa%+ bottle1 ,fig4 #aa1 = ! purpose ( r9s+ ! small p>ticles ( coal f ! r$uc$ metals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,agate ,mort> & ,pe/le4--,?is mort> is us$ = ! purpose ( pulv]iz+ h>d sub/ances1 & = mix+ fluxes4 ,z ?is mort> w n yield to abrasion1 !re is no dang] ( any =eign matt] becom+ mix$ ) ! sub/ance pulv]iz$ 9 x4 ,x %\ld be clean$ aft] use ) pumice /one4 ,/eel mort>s are v useful = ! pulv]ization ( h>d bodies2 b = all ^? sub/ances :i* require great c>e 9 _! analysis1 & :i* c be obta9$ 9 v m9ute quantity1 ! agate mort> alone %\ld be us$4 ,a hamm] made ( /eel is necess>y4 ,?is %\ld h ! edge squ>e4 ,a small anvil1 poli%$ on ! surface1 is also requir$4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ to te/ ! malleability ( metals4 ,a knife1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! h>dness ( m9]als4 ,! /ud5t %\ld also be provid$ ) sev]al ?ree-edg$ files1 & likewise ) "s flat ones4 ,a microscope1 an in/rum5t ) two l5ses1 or ) su* a comb9ation ( l5ses1 t !y may be us$ d\ble or s+le1 is frequ5tly necess>y = ! exam9ation ( bl[pipe exp]im5ts1 or ! reaction ( ! fluxes4 ,common l5ses1 h[soev] *eap !y may be1 are c]ta9ly n recomm5d$4 ,a microscope ) a*romatic l5ses c n[ be pur*as$ s *eap t !re is no long] any necessity ( procur+ "o ) ! common l5s4 ,besides1 !re is no reliability :atev] to be plac$ 9 ! revelations ( ! common l5s2 :ile on ! contr>y1 ! deceptive appe>ances :i* m9ute objects assume b5ea? su* l5ses are m injuri\s ?an o!rwise4 ,a small *eap set ( magnify+ glasses are all t is requir$ = ! purpose ( bl[pipe analysis1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a small magnet %\ld be kept on h&1 = ! purpose ( te/+ r$uc$ metals4 ,nipp]s1 = ! purpose ( break+ (f pieces ( m9]als = analysis1 )\t injur+ ! entire piece1 are indisp5sable1 ,fig #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a pair ( scissors is requir$ to trim ! wick ( ! & = ! trimm+ ( ! edge ( plat9um foil4 ,a small spatula %\ld be kept = ! purpose ( mix+ sub/ances ) fluxes4 ,,! ,,reag5ts4 ,^? sub/ances :i* possess ! prop]ty ( act+ ^u o!r sub/ances1 9 su* a *>act]i/ic mann] t !y c be recogniz$1 ei!r by _! color1 or by _! eff]vesc5ce1 or by ! peculi> precipitation produc$1 are t]m$ reag5ts4 ,! ph5om5a ?us produc$ is t]m$ reaction4 ,we use ^? reag5ts1 or te/s1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 ?r\gh ! peculi> ph5om5a produc$ :5 br\ght 9 contact ) !m4 ,! numb] ( reag5ts employ$ 9 bl[pipe analysis is n great1 & !re=e we %all "h give a brief description ( _! prep>ation & use4 ,x is indisp5sably necess>y t !y %\ld be *emically pure1 z e admixture ( a =eign sub/ance w\ld only produce a false result4 ,"s ( !m h a /rong aff9ity = wat]1 or are deliquesc5t1 & consequ5tly absorb x gre$ily f ! air4 ,^! mu/ be kept 9 glass bottles1 ) glass /opp]s1 fitt$ air-tight by gr9d+4 ,a4 ,,reag5ts ,,( ,,g5]al ,,use4 #a4 ,c>bonate ( ,soda4--7,na,o1 ,,co#b7 ,wa% ! bic>bonate ( soda 7,na,o1 #b;,,co#b7 ^u a filt]1 ) cold wat]1 until ! filtrate ceases to give1 aft] neutralization ) dilut$ nitric acid 7,,no#e71 a precipitate ) nitrate ( b>yta1 7,ba,o1 ,,no#e71 or nitrate ( silv]1 7,ag,o1 ,,no#e74 ,t left ^u ! filt] we make r$ hot 9 a plat9um1 silv]1 or porcela9 di%4 ,"o atom ( c>bonic acid is expell$1 & ! residue is c>bonate ( soda4 ,a solution ( soda mu/ n be *ang$ by ! addition ( sulphide ( ammonium4 ,& :5 neutraliz$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & evaporat$ to dryness1 & aga9 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 !re mu/ be no residue left4 ,c>bonate ( soda is an excell5t ag5t 9 r$uction1 9 consequ5ce ( its easy fusibility1 :]eby x causes ! close contact ( ! oxides ) ! *>coal support1 s t ! bl[pipe flame c rea* e "p ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation4 ,= ! decomposition & det]m9ation ( insoluble sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly ! silicates1 c>bonate ( soda is indisp5sable4 ,b = ! latt] purpose1 we use ) advantage a mixture ( t5 p>ts ( soda & ?irte5 p>ts ( dry c>bonate ( pota%1 :i* mixture fuses m easily ?an ! c>bonate ( soda alone4 #b4 ,hydrate ( ,b>yta 7,ba,o1 ,,ho74--,?is salt is us$ sometimes = ! detection ( alkalies 9 silicates4 ,mix "o "p ( ! sub/ance ) ab\t f\r p>ts ( ! hydrate ( b>yta1 & expose x to ! bl[pipe flame4 ,! hydrate ( b>yta comb9es ) ! silicic acid1 & =ms ! sup]-basic silicate ( b>yta1 :ile ! oxides become free4 ,! fus$ mass mu/ be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 :i* conv]ts ! oxides into *lorides4 ,evaporate to dryness1 & dissolve ! residue 9 wat]4 ,! silicic acid rema9s insoluble4 ,! hydrate ( b>yta is prep>$ by mix+ six p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ heavy-sp> 7,ba,o1 ,,s#c7 ) "o "p ( *>coal & "o & a half p>ts ( :eat fl\r1 & expos+ ?is mixture 9 a ,hessian crucible ) a cov] to a /rong & cont9u\s r$ heat4 ,! cool$ *ocolate-br[n mass mu/ be boil$ ) tw5ty p>ts ( wat]1 &1 :ile boil+1 !re mu/ be add$ ! oxide ( copp] 9 suffici5t quantity1 or until ! liquid w n imp>t a black color to a solution ( acetate ( lead 7,pb,o1 ,a74 ,! liquid mu/ be filt]$ :ile hot1 & z x cools ! hydrate ( b>yta appe>s 9 cry/als4 ,^! cry/als mu/ be wa%$ ) a little cold wat]1 & !n heat$ at a l[ temp]ature 9 a porcela9 di% until ! cry/al wat] is expell$4 ,! hydrate ( b>yta melts by a l[ r$ heat )\t los+ its wat] ( hydration4 #c4 ,bisulphate ( ,potassa 7,,ko1 #b,,s#c74--;,at a r$ heat ! half ( ! sulphuric acid ( ?is salt becomes free1 & ?us sep>ates & expels volatile sub/ances1 by :i* we c recognize li?ium1 boracic acid1 nitric acid1 fluoric acid1 brom9e1 iod9e1 *lor9e2 or x decomposes & reveals "s o!r comp\nds1 z1 = in/ance1 ! salts ( ! titanic1 tantalic & tung/ic acids4 ,! bisulphate ( pota% is also us$ = ! purpose ( conv]t+ a sub/ance into sulphate1 or to free x at once f c]ta9 con/itu5ts4 ,^! sulphates are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 by :i* we are enabl$ to effect ! sep>ation ( its v>i\s con/itu5ts4 ,,prep>ation4--,two p>ts ( co>sely p[d]$ sulphate ( pota% are plac$ 9 a porcela9 crucible1 & "o "p ( pure sulphuric acid is p\r$ ov] x4 ,expose ?is to heat ov] ! _s-lamp1 until ! :ole becomes a cle> liquid4 ,! cool$ mass mu/ be ( a pure :ite color1 & may be got out ( ! crucible by inv]t+ x4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 a f9e p[d]4 #d4 ,oxalate ( ,potassa 7,,ko1 ,o74--,dissolve bioxalate ( pota% 9 wat]1 & neutralize ) c>bonate ( pota%4 ,evaporate ! solution at a l[ heat to dryness1 /irr+ con/antly t[>ds ! close ( ! op]ation4 ,! dry residue is to be kept 9 ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,! oxalate ( pota%1 at a l[ r$ heat1 elim9ates a consid]able quantity ( c>bonic oxide1 :i*1 hav+ a /rong aff9ity = oxyg51 ) :i* x =ms c>bonic acid1 x is !re=e a p[]ful ag5t ( r$uction4 ,x is 9 _m cases pref]able to c>bonate ( soda4 #e4 ,cyanide ( ,potassium 7,cy1 ,k74--,9 ! dry me?od ( analysis1 ?is salt is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t ag5ts = ! r$uction ( metallic oxides4 ,x sep>ates n only ! metals f _! oxyg5 comp\nds1 b likewise f _! sulphur comp\nds1 :ile x is conv]t$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! oxyg5 into c>bonate ( pota%1 or1 9 ! latt] case1 comb9es ) ! sulphur & =ms ! sulphuret$ cyanide ( potassium4 ,?is sep>ation is facilitat$ by its easy fusibility4 ,b 9 _m cases x melts too freely1 & !re=e x is bett] to mix x1 = bl[pipe analysis1 ) an equal quantity ( soda4 ,?is mixture has great p[]s ( r$uction1 & x is easily absorb$ by ! *>coal1 :ile ! globules ( r$uc$ metal are visible 9 ! greate/ purity4 ,,prep>ation4--,deprive ! f]rocyanide ( potassium 7#b,k,cy ,fe,cy7 ( its wat] by heat+ x ov] ! _s-lamp 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,mix eight p>ts ( ?is anhydr\s salt ) ?ree p>ts ( dry c>bonate ( pota%1 & fuse ! mixture by a l[ r$ heat 9 a ,hessian1 or /ill bett]1 9 an iron crucible ) a cov]1 until ! mass fl[s quiet & cle>1 & a sample tak5 up ) an iron spatula appe>s p]fectly :ite4 ,p\r ! cle> mass out into a *9a or porcela9 di% or an iron plate1 b ) caution t ! f9e iron p>ticles :i* h settl$ to ! bottom1 d n mix ) x4 ,! :ite fus$ mass mu/ be p[d]$1 & kept f ! air4 ,! cyanide ( potassium ?us prep>$1 conta9s "s ( ! cyanate ( potassa1 b ! admixture does n det]iorate x = bl[pipe use4 ,x mu/ be p]fectly :ite1 free f iron1 *>coal1 & sulphide ( potassium4 ,! solution ( x 9 wat] mu/ give a :ite precipitate ) a solution ( lead1 & :5 neutraliz$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & evaporat$ to dryness1 x mu/ n give an insoluble residue by dissolv+ x aga9 9 wat]4 #f4 ,nitrate ( ,potassa1 ,saltpetre 7,,ko1 ,,no#e74--,saturate boil+ wat] ) comm]cial saltpetre1 filt] :ile hot 9 a beak] glass1 :i* is to be plac$ 9 cold wat]1 & /ir :ile ! solution is cool+4 ,! great] "p ( ! saltpetre w cry/allize 9 v f9e cry/als4 ,place ^! cry/als ^u a filt]1 & wa% !m ) a little cold wat]1 until a solution ( nitrate ( silv] ceases to exhibit any reaction ^u ! filtrate4 ,^! cry/als mu/ be dri$ & p[d]$4 ,saltpetre1 :5 heat$ ) sub/ances easy ( oxidation1 yields its oxyg5 q readily1 & is1 !re=e1 a p[]ful means ( oxidation4 ,9 bl[pipe analysis1 we use x p>ticul>ly to conv]t sulphides 7z ^? ( ars5ic1 antimony1 c47 into oxides & acids4 ,we fur!rmore use saltpetre = ! purpose ( produc+ a complete oxidation ( small quantities ( metallic oxides1 :i* oxidize ) difficulty 9 ! oxidation flame1 s t ! color ( ! bead1 9 its highe/ /ate ( oxidation1 %all be visible1 z = in/ance1 manganese dissolv$ 9 ! microcosmic salt4 #g4 ,biborate ( soda1 borax--7,na,o #b;,,bo#c74--;,comm]cial borax is seldom pure en\gh = a reag5t4 ,a solution ( borax mu/ n give a precipitate ) c>bonate ( potassa2 or1 aft] ! addition ( dilute nitric acid1 x mu/ rema9 cle> ^u ! addition ( nitrate ( silv]1 or nitrate ( b>yta4 ,or a small piece ( ! dry salt1 fus$ ^u a plat9um wire1 mu/ give a cle> & uncolor$ glass1 z well 9 ! oxidation flame z 9 ! r$uction flame4 ,if ^! te/s indicate a =eign admixture1 ! borax mu/ be purifi$ by re-cry/allization4 ,^! cry/als are wa%$ ^u a filt]1 dri$1 & heat$1 to expel ! cry/al wat]1 or until ! mass ceases to swell up1 & x is r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,boracic acid is incombu/ible1 & has a /rong aff9ity = oxides :5 fus$ ) !m2 !re=e1 x n only directly comb9es ) oxides1 b x expels1 by fusion1 all o!r volatile acids f _! salts4 ,fur!rmore1 boracic acid promotes ! oxidation ( metals & sulphur1 & induces haloid comp\nds1 9 ! oxidation flame1 to comb9e ) ! ris+ oxides4 ,borates ?us made1 melt g5]ally by !mselves2 b admix$ ) borate ( soda1 !y fuse mu* m readily1 give a cle> bead4 ,borax acts ei!r z a flux1 or ?r\gh ! =mation ( d\ble salts4 ,9 borax1 we h ! action ( free boracic acid1 z well z borate ( soda1 & = t reason x is an excell5t reag5t = bl[pipe analysis4 ,all exp]im5ts 9 :i* borax is employ$ %\ld be effect$ ^u plat9um wire4 ,! hook ( ! wire %\ld be heat$ r$ hot1 & !n dipp$ into ! p[d]$ borax4 ,?is %\ld be expos$ to ! oxidation flame1 :5 x w be fus$ to a bead1 :i* adh]es to ! hook4 ,?is %\ld be !n dipp$ into ! p[d]$ sub/ance1 :i* w adh]e to x if x is hot2 b if ! bead is cool1 x mu/ be previ\sly moi/5$4 ,expose ?is bead to ! oxidation flame until x ceases to *ange1 !n all[ x to cool1 :5 x %\ld be expos$ to ! r$uction flame4 ,look = ! foll[+ 9 ! oxidation flame3 7#a47 ,:e!r ! heat$ sub/ance is fus$ to a cle> bead or n1 & :e!r ! bead rema9s transp>5t aft] cool+4 ,! beads ( "s sub/ances1 = in/ance ^? ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 are cle> :ile hot2 b ^u cool+1 are milk-:ite & enamell$4 ,"s sub/ances give a cle> bead :5 heat$ & :5 cold1 b appe> enamell$ :5 heat$ int]mitt+ly or ) a flame :i* *anges (t5 f oxidation to r$uction1 or ) an un/eady flame produc$ by too /rong a bla/4 ,! reason is an incomplete fusion1 :ile f ! basic borate comp\nd a "p ( ! base is sep>at$4 ,z ! boracic acid is capable ( dissolv+ m 9 ! heat1 a bead w be cle> :ile hot1 enamell$ :5 cold1 z a "p 9 ! latt] in/ance w become sep>at$4 7#b47 ,:e!r ! sub/ance dissolves easily or n1 & :e!r x intumesces f aris+ gases4 7#c47 ,:e!r ! bead1 :5 expos$ to ! oxidation flame1 exhibits any color1 & :e!r ! color rema9s aft] ! bead %all h cool$1 or :e!r ! color fades4 7#d47 ,:e!r ! bead exhibits any o!r reaction 9 ! r$uction flame4 ,! bead %\ld n be ov]*>g$ ) ! sub/ance "u exam9ation1 or x w become color$ s deeply z n to pres5t any transp>5cy1 or ! color light en\gh to disc]n its hue4 #h4 ,microcosmic ,salt--,phosphate ( ,soda & ,ammonia--7,na,o1 ,,nh#d,o ,,po#e74--;,dissolve six p>ts ( phosphate ( soda 7#b,na,o1 ,,ho1 ,,po#e71 & "o "p ( pure *loride ( ,ammonium 7,,nh#d;,cl471 9 two p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 & all[ x to cool4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! =m$ d\ble salt cry/allizes1 :ile ! "m-liquid conta9s *loride ( sodium1 & "s ( ! d\ble salt4 ,! cry/als mu/ be dissolv$ 9 z little boil+ wat] z possible1 & re-cry/alliz$4 ,^! cry/als mu/ be dri$ & p[d]$4 ,:5 ?is d\ble salt is heat$1 ! wat] & ! ammonia escape1 :ile ! incombu/ible residue has a composition simil> to borax1 viz41 a free acid & an easily fusible salt4 ,! effect ( x is1 !re=e1 simil> to ! borax4 ,! free phosphoric acid expels1 likewise1 mo/ o!r acids f _! comb9ations1 & comb9es ) metallic oxides4 ,= supports1 ! plat9um wire may be us$1 b ! hook mu/ be small] ?an :5 borax is us$1 or ! bead w n adh]e4 ,z = all ! o!r exp]im5ts ) ?is salt1 ! microscosmic salt is us$ ! same z borax4 #i4 ,nitrate ( ,cobalt4--7,co,o1 ,,no#e74--,?is salt c be prep>$ by dissolv+ pure oxide ( cobalt 9 dilut$ nitric acid1 & evaporat+ to dryness ) a l[ heat4 ,! dry residue %\ld be dissolv$ 9 t5 p>ts ( wat]1 & filt]$4 ,! filtrate is n[ ready = use1 & %\ld be kept 9 a bottle ) a glass /opp]4 ,if ! pure oxide ( cobalt _c be procur$1 !n x may be prep>$ by mix+ two p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ glance ( cobalt ) f\r p>ts ( saltpetre1 & "o "p ( dry c>bonate ( potassa ) "o "p ( wat] free f c>bonate ( soda4 ,?is mixture %\ld be add$ 9 successive portions into a r$-hot ,hessian crucible1 & ! heat cont9u$ until ! mass is fus$1 or at lea/ greatly dim9i%$ 9 volume4 ,! cool$ mass mu/ be triturat$ ) hot wat]1 & !n heat$ ) hydro*loric acid until x is dissolv$ & =ms a d>k gre5 solution1 :i* g5]ally pres5ts a gelat9\s appe>ance1 occasion$ by sep>at$ silica4 ,! solution is to be evaporat$ to dryness1 ! dry residue moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid1 boil$ ) wat]1 filt]$ & neutraliz$ :ile hot ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 until x ceases to give an acid reaction ) te/-pap]4 ,?is mu/ n[ be filt]$ aga91 & c>bonate ( potassa add$ to ! filtrate z long z a precipitate is produc$4 ,?is precipitate is br\ght ^u a filt] & wa%$ ?or\ghly1 & !n dissolv$ 9 dilut$ nitric acid4 ,?is is evaporat$ to dryness1 & "o "p ( x is dissolv$ 9 t5 p>ts ( wat] = use4 ,! oxide ( cobalt comb9es1 ) /rong heat 9 ! oxidation flame1 ) v>i\s e>?s & infusible metallic oxides1 & ?us produces peculi>ly color$ comp\nds1 & is !re=e us$ = _! detection2 7alum9a1 magnesia1 oxide ( z9c1 oxide ( t91 etc47 ,"s ( ! p[d]$ sub/ance is heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 & moi/5$ ) a drop ( ! solution ( ! nitrate ( cobalt1 :5 ! oxidation flame is ?r[n ^u x4 ,alum9a gives a pure blue color1 ! oxide ( z9c a bright gre51 magnesia a light r$1 & ! oxide ( t9 a blui%-gre5 color2 b ! latt] is only di/9ctly visible aft] cool+4 ,! dropp+ bottle1 is ! mo/ useful app>atus = ! purpose ( gett+ small quantities ( fluid4 ,x is compos$ ( a glass tube1 drawn out to a po9t1 ) a small orifice4 ,?is tube passes ?r\gh ! cork ( ! bottle4 ,by press+ 9 ! cork into ! neck ( ! bottle1 ! air )9 w be compress$1 & ! liquid w rise 9 ! tube4 ,if n[ we draw ! cork out1 ) ! tube fill$ ) ! fluid1 & press+ ! f+] ^u ! upp] orifice1 ! fluid c be =c$ out 9 ! smalle/ quantity1 ev5 to a fraction ( a drop4 #aj4 ,t94--,?is metal is us$ 9 ! =m ( foil1 cut into /rips ab\t half an in* wide4 ,t9 is v susceptible ( oxidation1 & !re=e deprives oxidiz$ sub/ances ( _! oxyg5 v quickly1 :5 heat$ 9 contact ) !m4 ,x is employ$ 9 bl[pipe analysis1 = ! purpose ( produc+ 9 glass beads a l[] degree ( oxidation1 p>ticul>ly if ! sub/ance "u exam9ation conta9s only a small portion ( su* oxide4 ,^! oxides give a *>act]i/ic color to ! bead1 & ?us are detect$4 ,! bead is heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! r$uction flame1 ) a small portion ( ! t91 :]eby "s ( ! t9 is melt$ & mixes ) ! bead4 ,! bead %\ld be r$uc$ quickly 9 ! r$uction flame1 = by cont9u+ ! bla/ too great a :ile1 ! oxide ( t9 sep>ates ! o!r oxides 9 ! r$uc$ or metallic /ate1 :ile we only require t !y %all only be conv]t$ into a sub-oxide1 9 ord] t its peculi> color may be recogniz$ 9 ! bead4 ,! addition ( too mu* t9 causes ! bead to pres5t an unclean appe>ance1 & prev5ts ! requir$ reaction4 #aa4 ,silica 7,si,o#c74--,?is acid does n ev5 expel c>bonic acid 9 ! wet way1 b 9 a gl[+ heat x expels ! /ronge/ volatile acids4 ,9 bl[pipe analysis1 we use x fus$ ) c>bonate ( soda to a bead1 z a te/ = sulphuric acid1 & 9 "s cases = phosphoric acid4 ,also ) c>bonate ( soda & borax1 = ! purpose ( sep>at+ t9 f copp]4 ,f9ely p[d]$ qu>tz w answ] ^! purposes4 ,if x _c be procur$1 take well wa%$ :ite s& & mix x ) two p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda & two p>ts ( c>bonate ( potassa4 ,melt ! mat]ials toge!r1 p\nd up ! cool$ mass1 dissolve 9 hot wat]1 filt]1 add to ! filtrate hydro*loric acid1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,moi/5 ! dry residue ) hydro*loric acid1 & boil 9 wat]4 ,! silica rema9s insoluble4 ,x %\ld be wa%$ well1 dri$1 & heat$1 & !n r$uc$ to p[d]4 #ab4 ,,te/-,,pap]s4--7a47 ,blue1 ,litmus ,pap]4--,dissolve "o "p ( litmus 9 six or eight p>ts ( wat]1 & filt]4 ,divide ! filtrate into two p>ts4 ,9 "o ( ! p>ts neutralize ! free alkali by /irr+ x ) a glass rod dipp$ 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 until ! fluid appe>s slightly r$4 ,!n mix ! two p>ts toge!r1 & draw slips ( unsiz$ pap]1 free f alkali1 su* z f9e filt]+ pap]4 ,hang ^! /rips on a l9e to dry1 9 ! %ade & free f float+ du/4 ,if ! litmus solution is too light1 x w n give suffici5t *>act]i/ic indications1 & if too d>k x is n s5sitive en\gh4 ,! blue color ( ! pap] %\ld be *ang$ to r$1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) a solution conta9+ ! m9ute/ trace ( free acid2 b x %\ld be recollect$ t ! neutral salts ( ! heavy metals produce ! same *ange4 7b47 ,r$ ,litmus ,pap]4--,! prep>ation ( ! r$ litmus pap] is simil> to ! above1 ! acid be+ add$ until a r$ color is obta9$4 ,r$d5$ litmus pap] is a v s5sitive reag5t = free alkalies1 ! c>bonates ( ! alkalies1 alkal9e e>?s1 sulphides ( ! alkalies & ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 & alkal9e salts ) weak acids1 su* z boracic acid4 ,^! sub/ances re/ore ! orig9al blue color ( ! litmus4 7c47 ,logwood ,pap]4--,take bruis$ logwood1 boil x 9 wat]1 filt]1 & proce$ z above4 ,logwood pap] is a v delicate te/ = free alkalies1 :i* imp>t a violet t9t to x4 ,x is sometimes us$ to detect hydr(luoric acid1 :i* *anges its color to yell[4 ,all ! te/-pap]s are to be cut into n>r[ /rips1 & pres]v$ 9 closely /opp$ vials4 ,! especial employm5t ( ! te/-pap]s we %all allude to 9 ano!r place4 ,b4 ,,especial ,,reag5ts4 #ac4 ,fus$ ,boracic ,acid 7,,bo#c74--,! comm]cial article is suffici5tly pure = bl[pipe analysis4 ,x is employ$ 9 "s cases to detect phosphoric acid1 & also m9ute traces ( copp] 9 lead comp\nds4 #ad4 ,fluorsp> 7,ca,fl#b74--,?is sub/ance %\ld be p\nd$ f9e & /rongly heat$4 ,fluorsp> is (t5 mix$ ) boracic acid1 :i* r5d]s x unfit = analytical purposes4 ,su* an admixture c be detect$ if x be mix$ ) bisulphate ( potassa1 & expos$ ^u plat9um wire to ! int]ior or blue flame4 ,x is soon fus$1 ! boracic acid is r$uc$ & evaporat$1 & by pass+ ?r\gh ! ext]nal flame x is reoxidiz$1 & colors ! flame gre54 ,we use fluorsp> mix$ ) bisulphate ( potassa z a te/ = li?ia & boracic acid 9 complicat$ comp\nds4 #ae4 ,oxalate ( ,nickel 7,ni,o1 ,o74--,x is prep>$ by dissolv+ ! pure oxide ( nickel 9 dilut$ hydro*loric acid4 ,evaporate to dryness1 dissolve 9 wat]1 & precipitate ) oxalate ( ammonia4 ,! precipitate mu/ be wa%$ ) caution ^u a filt]1 & !n dri$4 ,x is employ$ 9 bl[pipe analysis to detect salts ( potassa 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium & li?ium4 #af4 ,oxide ( ,copp] 7,cu,o74--,pure metallic copp] is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid4 ,! solution is evaporat$ 9 a porcela9 di% to dryness1 & gradually heat$ ov] a _s-lamp1 until ! blue color ( ! salt has disappe>$ & ! mass pres5ts a uni=m black color4 ,! oxide ( copp] s prep>$ mu/ be p[d]$1 & pres]v$ 9 a vial4 ,x s]ves to detect1 9 complicat$ comp\nds1 m9ute traces ( *lor9e4 #ag4 ,antimoniate ( ,potassa 7,,ko1 ,sb,o#f74--,mix f\r p>ts ( ! bruis$ metal ( antimony1 ) n9e p>ts ( saltpetre4 ,?r[ ?is mixture1 9 small portions1 into a r$-hot ,hessian crucible1 & keep x at a gl[+ heat = a:ile aft] all ! mixture is add$4 ,boil ! cool$ mass ) wat]1 & dry ! residue4 ,take two p>ts ( ?is1 & mix x ) "o "p ( dry c>bonate ( potassa1 & expose ?is to a r$ heat = ab\t half an h\r4 ,!n wa% ! mass 9 cold wat]1 & boil ! residue 9 wat]2 filt]1 evaporate ! filtrate to dryness1 & !n1 ) a /rong heat1 r5d] x free ( wat]4 ,p[d] x :ile x is w>m1 & pres]ve x 9 clos$ vials4 ,x is us$ = ! detection ( small quantities ( *>coal 9 comp\nd sub/ances1 z x %>es its oxyg5 ) ! c>bonace\s matt]1 ! antimony becomes sep>at$1 & c>bonate ( potassa is produc$1 :i* re/ores r$ litmus pap] to blue1 & eff]vesces ) acids4 #ah4 ,silv] ,foil4--,a small piece ( silv] foil is us$ = ! purpose ( detect+ sulphur & ! sulphides ( ! metals1 :i* imp>t a d>k /a9 to x4 ,if no silv] foil is at h&1 /rips ( filt]+ pap]1 impregnat$ ) acetate ( lead1 w answ] 9 _m cases4 #ai4 ,nitroprusside ( ,sodium 7,fe#b;,cy#e1 ,,no#e1 #b,na74--,?is is a v delicate te/ = sulphur1 & 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,playfair4 ,?is te/ has lately be5 exam9$ ) consid]able ability by ,pr(4 ,j4,w4 ,bailey1 ( ,we/ ,po9t4 ,if any sulphate or sulphide is heat$ by ! bl[pipe ^u *>coal ) ! c>bonate ( soda1 & ! fus$ mass is plac$ on a wat*-glass1 ) a little wat]1 & a small piece ( ! nitroprusside ( sodium is add$1 !re w be produc$ a spl5did purple color4 ,?is color1 or reaction1 w be produc$ f any sub/ance conta9+ sulphur1 su* z ! p>+s ( ! nails1 hair1 album51 etc4 ,9 reg>d to ^! latt] sub/ances1 ! c>bonate ( soda %\ld be mix$ ) a little />*1 :i* w prev5t ! loss ( any ( ! sulphur by oxidation4 ,coil a piece ( hair ar\nd a plat9um wire1 moi/5 x1 & dip x into a mixture ( c>bonate ( soda1 to :i* a little />* has be5 add$1 & !n heat x ) ! bl[pipe1 :5 ! fus$ mass w give ) ! nitroprusside ( sodium ! *>act]i/ic purple reaction1 indicative ( ! pres5ce ( sulphur4 ,) ! prop] delicacy ( manipulation1 a piece ( hair1 half an in* 9 l5g?1 w give di/9ct indications ( sulphur4 ,prep>ation4--,! nitroprussides ( sodium & potassium 7= ei!r salt w give ! above reactions71 are prep>$ z foll[s3 ,"o atom 7#dbb gra9s7 ( pulv]iz$ f]rocyanide ( potassium is mix$ ) five atoms ( comm]cial nitric acid1 dilut$ ) an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,"o-fif? ( ?is quantity 7"o atom7 ( ! acid is suffici5t to transf] ! f]rocyanide into nitroprusside2 b ! use ( a l>g] quantity is f\nd to give ! be/ results4 ,! acid is p\r$ all at once ^u ! f]rocyanide1 ! cold produc$ by ! mix+ be+ suffici5t to mod]ate ! action4 ,! mixture fir/ assumes a milky appe>ance1 b aft] a little :ile1 ! salt dissolves1 =m+ a c(fee-color$ solution1 & gases are dis5gag$ 9 abundance4 ,:5 ! salt is completely dissolv$1 ! solution is f\nd to conta9 f]rocyanide 7r$ prussiate7 ( potassium1 mix$ ) nitroprusside & nitrate ( ! same base4 ,x is !n imm$iately decant$ into a l>ge flask1 & heat$ ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,x cont9ues to evolve gas1 & aft] a:ile1 no long] yields a d>k blue precipitate ) f]r\s salts1 b a d>k gre5 or slate-color$ precipitate4 ,x is !n remov$ f ! fire1 & left to cry/allize1 :]eupon x yields a l>ge quantity ( cry/als ( nitre1 & m or less oxamide4 ,! /rongly-color$ "m liquid is !n neutraliz$ ) c>bonate ( pota% or soda1 accord+ to ! salt to be prep>$1 & ! solution is boil$1 :]eupon x g5]ally deposits a gre5 or br[n precipitate1 :i* mu/ be sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! liquid !n conta9s no?+ b nitroprusside & nitrate ( pota% or soda4 ,! nitrates be+ ! lea/ soluble1 are fir/ cry/alliz$1 & ! rema9+ liquid1 on f>!r evaporation1 yields cry/als ( ! nitroprusside4 ,! sodium salt cry/allizes mo/ easily4--7,,playfair47 ,z "s sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly 9 complicat$ comp\nds1 are n detect$ ) suffici5t nicety 9 ! dry way ( analysis1 x w (t5 be necess>y to resort to ! wet way4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to h prep>$ ! reag5ts requir$ = su* te/+1 z e p]son1 be=e he c become an exp]t bl[pipe analy/1 mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]i/ic te/s z appli$ 9 ! wet way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,initiatory ,,analysis4 ,qualitative analysis ref]s to ^? exam9ations :i* relate simply to ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 irrespective ( _! quantities4 ,b be=e we take cognizance ( special exam9ations1 x w\ld facilitate ! progress ( ! /ud5t to pass ?r\gh a c\rse ( ,initiatory ,ex]cises4 ,^! at once lead into ! special analysis ( all ^? sub/ances susceptible ( exam9ation by ! bl[pipe4 ,! ,initiatory ,analysis is be/ /udi$ by adopt+ ! foll[+ arrangem5t3 #a4 ,,exam9ations ,,) ,,! ,,glass ,,bulb4 ,! glass ( :i* ! bulb is made %\ld be entirely free f lead1 o!rwise fictiti\s results w ensue4 ,if ! bulb be ( fl9t glass1 !n by heat+ x1 !re is a slightly iridesc5t film caus$ ^u ! surface ( ! glass1 :i* may easily be mi/ak5 = ars5ic4 ,besides1 ?is k9d ( glass is easily fusible 9 ! oxidat+ flame ( ! bl[pipe1 :ile1 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 its ready decomposition w\ld preclude its use entirely4 ,! tube %\ld be compos$ ( ! pota% or h>d ,bohemian glass1 %\ld be p]fectly :ite1 & v ?91 or ! heat w crack x4 ,! tube %\ld be p]fectly clean1 :i* c be easily atta9$ by wrapp+ a clean cotton rag ar\nd a small /ick1 & ins]t+ x 9 ! tube4 ,be=e us+ ! tube1 see also t x is p]fectly dry4 ,! quantity ( ! sub/ance put into ! tube = exam9ation %\ld be small4 ,f "o to ?ree gra9s is q suffici5t1 z a g5]al rule1 b circum/ances v>y ! quantity4 ,! sides ( ! tube %\ld n cat* any ( ! sub/ance z x is be+ plac$ at ! bottom ( ! tube1 or into ! bulb4 ,if any ( ! p[d]1 h[ev]1 %\ld adh]e1 x %\ld be pu%$ d[n ) a roll ( clean pap]1 or ! clean cotton rag ref]r$ to above4 ,9 submitt+ ! tube to ! flame1 x %\ld be heat$ at fir/ v g5tly1 ! heat be+ increas$ until ! glass beg9s to s(t51 :5 ! obs]vations ( :at is ensu+ )9 x may be made4 ,if ! sub/ance be ( an organic nature1 a peculi> empyreumatic odor w be giv5 (f4 ,if ! sub/ance *>s1 !n x may be inf]r$ t x is ( an organic nature4 ,! matt]s :i* are giv5 (f & cause ! empyreumatic odor1 are a peculi> oil1 ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 acetic acid1 wat]1 cyanog51 & frequ5tly o!r comp\nds4 ,if a piece ( pap] is heat$ 9 ! bulb1 a d>k color$ oil cond5ses ^u ! sides ( ! tube1 :i* has a /rong empyreumatic odor4 ,a piece ( litmus pap] indicates t ?is oil is acid1 z x is quickly *ang$ to r$ by contact ) x4 ,a black residue is n[ left 9 ! tube1 & ^u exam9ation we w f9d t x is *>coal4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! pap]1 a piece ( animal sub/ance is plac$ 9 ! bulb1 ! r$d5$ litmus pap] w be conv]t$ into its orig9al blue color1 :ile *>coal w be left at ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,a *ang+ ( ! sub/ance1 h[ev]1 to a d>k color1 %\ld n be accept$ z an inv>iable indication ( *>coal1 z "s inorganic bodies ?us *ange color1 b ! d>k sub/ance w n be likely to be mi/ak5 = *>coal4 ,by ignit+ ! suspect$ sub/ance ) nitrate ( potassa1 x c quickly be asc]ta9$ :e!r x is organic or n1 = if ! latt]1 ! vivid deflagration w indicate x4 ,if ! sub/ance conta9s wat]1 x w cond5se ^u ! cold portion ( ! tube1 & may be !re exam9$ z to :e!r x is acid or alkal9e4 ,if ! =m]1 ! matt] "u exam9ation is1 p]haps1 vegetable2 if ! latt]1 x is ( an animal nature4 ,! wat] may be t fluid absorb$1 or x may =m a portion ( its con/itution1 ,if ! sub/ance conta9 sulphur1 ! sublimate ^u ! cold "p ( ! tube may be recogniz$ by its *>act]i/ic appe>ance1 especially if ! sub/ance %\ld be a sulphide ( t91 copp]1 antimony1 or iron4 ,! hyposulphites1 & sev]al o!r sulphides1 also give (f sulphur :5 heat$4 ,! volatile metals1 m]cury & ars5ic1 w1 h[ev]1 sublime )\t und]go+ decomposition4 ,z ! sulphide ( ars5ic may be mi/ak51 f its color & appe>ance1 = sulphur1 x mu/ be exam9$ especially = ! purpose ( det]m9+ t po9t4 ,sel5ium w likewise sublime by heat z does sulphur4 ,?is is ! case if sel5ides are pres5t4 ,sel5ium gives (f ! smell ( decay$ horse-radi%4 ,:5 ! p]salts are heat$ !y are r$uc$ to protosalts1 ) ! elim9ation ( a "p ( _! acid4 ,?is w be indicat$ by ! blue litmus pap]4 ,if "s ( ! neutral salts conta9+ a volatile acid be pres5t1 !y w become decompos$4 ,= in/ance1 ! r$ nitr\s acid wat] ( ! nitrates w indicate ! decomposition ( ! salt1 especially if x be ! nitrate ( a metallic oxide4 ,if !re is an odor ( sulphur1 !n x is q probable1 if no free sulphur be pres5t1 t a hyposulphite is decompos$4 ,if an oxalate be pres5t1 x is decompos$ ) ! evolution ( c>bonic oxide1 :i* may be inflam$ at ! m\? ( ! tube2 b !re are oxalates t give (f c>bonic acid gas1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w n burn4 ,a cyanide w become decompos$ & elim9ate nitrog5 gas1 :ile ! residue is *>r$4 ,"s cyanides are1 h[ev]1 n ?us decompos$1 z ! dry cyanides ( ! e>?s & alkalies4 ,!re are sev]al oxides ( metals :i* w sublime1 & may be ?us exam9$ 9 ! tube4 ,ars5i\s acid sublimes ) great ease 9 m9ute octoh$ral cry/als4 ,! oxides ( tellurium & antimony w sublime1 ! latt] 9 m9ute glitt]+ ne$les4 ,!re are sev]al metals :i* w sublime1 & may be exam9$ 9 ! cold portion ( ! tube4 ,m]cury cond5ses ^u ! tube 9 m9ute globules4 ,^! (t5 d n pres5t ! metallic appe>ance until !y are di/urb$ ) a glass rod1 :5 !y attract ea* o!r1 & adh]e z small globules4 ,place 9 ! tube ab\t a gra9 ( r$ precipitate ( ! drug /ores & apply heat1 :5 ! oxide w become decompos$1 its oxyg5 w escape :ile ! vaporiz$ m]cury w cond5se ^u ! cold portion ( ! tube1 & may !re be exam9$ ) a magnify+ glass4 ,ars5ic1 :5 vaporiz$1 may be kn[n by its peculi> alliace\s odor4 ,ars5ic is vaporiz$ f its metallic /ate1 & likewise f its alloys4 ,sev]al comp\nds :i* conta9 ars5ic w also sublime1 su* z ! ars5ical cobalt4 ,place 9 ! bulb a small piece ( ars5ical cobalt or fly-/one1 & apply heat4 ,! sulphide ( ars5ic w fir/ rise1 b soon ! ars5ic w adh]e to ! sides ( ! tube4 ,! metals tellurium & cadmium are susceptible ( solution1 b ! heat requir$ is a high "o4 ,?is is be/ done ^u *>coal4 ,! p]*loride ( m]cury sublimes undecompos$ 9 ! bulb1 previ\sly und]go+ fusion4 ,! proto*loride ( m]cury likewise sublimes1 b x does n und]go fusion fir/1 z is ! case ) ! corrosive sublimate4 ,! ammoniacal salts all are susceptible ( sublimation1 :i* !y d )\t leav+ a residue4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al :i* conta9 fix$ acids1 :i* latt] are left 9 ! bulb4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! phosphates & borates4 ,a piece ( r$ litmus pap] w readily detect ! escap+ ammonia1 :ile its odor w indicate its pres5ce ) great c]ta9ty4 ,! halog5 comp\nds ( m]cury1 we %\ld h m5tion$1 also sublime1 ! r$ iodide giv+ a yell[ sublimate4 ,! bulb is also a conv5i5t little in/rum5t = ! purpose ( heat+ ^? sub/ances :i* phosphoresce1 & likewise ^? salts t decrepitate4 ,%\ld ! above reactions n be readily disc]n$1 x %\ld n be consid]$ z an indication t ! sub/ances are n pres5t1 = !y are frequ5tly expell$ 9 su* comb9ations t ! above reactions w n take place4 ,?is is (t5 ! case ) sulphur1 sel5ium1 ars5ic1 & tellurium4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 likewise1 t ^! sub/ances are 9 su* comb9ations t heat alone w n sublime !m2 or else two or m ( !m may arise toge!r1 & ?us complicate ! sublimate1 s t ! eye _c readily detect ei!r sub/ance4 ,sometimes sulphur & ars5ic w coat ! tube ) a metal-l appe>ance1 :i* is deceptive4 ,?is coat+ pres5ts a metallic lu/re at its l[] portion1 b *ang+1 z x progresses upw>d1 to a d>k br[n1 light br[n1 orange or yell[2 ?is sublimate be+ due to comb9ations ( ars5ic & sulphur1 :i* comp\nds are volatiliz$ at a l[] temp]ature ?an metallic ars5ic4 ,if c]ta9 reag5ts are mix$ ) _m sub/ances1 *anges are effect$ :i* w\ld n ensue ) heat alone4 ,=miate ( soda possesses ! prop]ty ( readily r$uc+ metallic oxides4 ,:5 ?is salt is heat$1 x gives (f a quantity ( c>bonic oxide gas4 ,?is gas1 :5 9 ! pres5ce ( a metallic oxide1 easily r$uces ! metal1 by )draw+ its oxyg5 f x1 & be+ *ang$ into c>bonic oxide4 ,if a little fly-/one is mix$ ) "s =miate ( soda1 & heat$ 9 ! bulb1 ! ars5ic is r$uc$1 volatiliz$1 & cond5ses 9 ! cool portion ( ! tube4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! smalle/ portion ( a gra9 ( ! ars5ical comp\nd may be ?us exam9$ ) ! greate/ read9ess4 ,if ! residue is n[ wa%$1 by :i* ! soda is got rid (1 ! metallic ars5ic may be obta9$ 9 small spangles4 ,if ! comp\nd exam9$ be ! sulphide ( antimony1 ! "o-?\s&? "p c be readily detect$1 & h5ce ?is me?od is admirably adapt$ to ! exam9ation ( m$ic9al antimonial comp\nds4 ,! ars5ites ( silv] & copp] are r$uc$ by ! =miate ( soda to _! metals1 mix$ ) metallic ars5ic4 ,! m]curial salts are all r$uc$ ) ! metal pla9ly visible z a bright silv]y r+ on ! cool portion ( ! tube4 ,! *loride & nitrate ( silv] are completely r$uc$1 & may be obta9$ aft] work+ out ! soda1 z bright metallic spangles4 ,! salts ( antimony & z9c are ?us r$uc$2 also ! sulphate ( cadmium4 ,! sublimate ( ! latt]1 al?\gh 9 appe>ance n unlike t ( ars5ic1 c easily be di/+ui%$ by its bright] color4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! ri* yell[ ( ?is sublimate :i* has l$ arti/s to adopt x z "o ( _! mo/ valu$ pigm5ts4 #b4 ,,exam9ations ,,9 ,,! ,,op5 ,,tube4 ,! sub/ance to be op]at$ ^u %\ld be plac$ 9 ! tube1 ab\t half an in* f ! end1 & ! flame appli$ at fir/ v cauti\sly1 increas+ gradually to ! requir$ temp]ature4 ,! tube1 9 all ^! roa/+ op]ations1 z !y are t]m$1 %\ld be held 9 an incl9$ position4 ,! ne>] p]p5dicul> ! tube is held1 ! /rong] is ! draught ( air t passes ?r\gh x4 ,if b little heat is requir$ 9 ! op5 tube op]ation1 ! _s-lamp is ! be/ me?od ( apply+ ! heat4 ,b if a great] temp]ature is requir$1 !n rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! bl[pipe4 ,^u ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! tube dep5ds ! am\nt ( air t passes ?r\gh x1 & !re=e1 ! rapidity ( ! draught may be easily regulat$ at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,! incl9ation ( ! tube may1 z a g5]al rule1 be ab\t ! angle repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #ad4 ,! l5g? ( ! tube mu/ be ab\t six in*es1 s t ! portion ^u :i* ! sub/ance re/$ 9 a previ\s exam9ation may be cut (f4 ,! portion ( ! tube left w answ] = sev]al simil> op]ations4 ,:5 ! sub/ance is "u exam9ation1 we %\ld devote our att5tion to ! nature ( ! sublimates1 & to t ( ! odors ( ! gases4 ,if sulphur be 9 ! sub/ance exp]im5t$ ^u1 ! *>act]i/ic odor ( sulphur\s acid gas w readily indicate ! sulphur4 ,if metallic sulphides1 = in/ance1 are exp]im5t$ ^u1 ! sulphur\s acid gas elim9at$ w readily reveal _! pres5ce4 ,z x is a prop]ty ( ?is gas to blea*1 a piece ( ,brazil-wood te/ pap] %\ld be held 9 ! m\? ( ! tube1 :5 its loss ( color w indicate ! pres5ce ( ! sulphur\s acid4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 too1 t a slight deposition ( sulphur w be obs]v$ ^u ! cool portion ( ! tube4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ^? sulphides1 :i* yield sublimates ( sulphur :5 heat$ 9 ! bulb4 ,sel5ium und]goes b slight oxidation1 b x becomes readily volatiliz$1 & may be obs]v$ on ! cool portion ( ! tube4 ,at ! same "t ! nose1 if appli$ close to ! end ( ! tube1 w detect ! *>act]i/ic odor ( rott5 horse-radi%4 ,ars5ic also gives its peculi> alliace\s odor1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic t x c be easily detect$4 ,a few ( ! ars5ides produce ?is odor4 ,! sublimates %\ld be c>efully obs]v$1 z !y indicate (t5 ) great c]ta9ty ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 sub/ances2 = in/ance1 t ( ars5ic4 ,! sublimate1 9 ?is case1 pres5ts itself z ! ars5i\s acid1 or ! metallic ars5ic itself4 ,if x be ! =m]1 x may be disc]n$ by aid ( ! magnify+ glass z beautiful glitt]+ octoh$ral cry/als4 ,if ! latt]1 ! metallic lu/re w reveal x4 ,b x w be obs]v$ t :ile "s ( ! ars5ides are sublim$ at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 o!rs require a v high "o4 ,antimony gives a :ite sublimate :5 its salts are roa/$1 z ! sulphide1 or ! antimonides !mselves1 or ! oxide ( ?is metal4 ,?is :ite sublimate is n antimoni\s acid1 b !re is mix$ ) x ! oxide ( antimony ) :i* ! acid is sublim$4 ,z is ! case ) ars5i\s acid1 ! antimoni\s acid may1 by dext]\s heat+1 be driv5 f "o portion ( ! tube to ano!r4 ,tellurium1 or its acid & oxide1 may be got z a sublimate 9 ! tube4 ,! telluri\s acid1 unlike ! ars5i\s & antimoni\s acids1 _c be driv5 f "o portion ( ! tube to ano!r1 b1 on ! contr>y1 x fuses into small cle> globules1 visible to ! nak$ eye sometimes1 b q s ) ! aid ( ! magnify+ glass4 ,lead1 or its *loride1 sublimes l tellurium1 &1 l t sub/ance1 fuses into globules or drops4 ,bismu?1 or its sulphide1 sublimes into an orange or br[ni% globules1 :5 x is melt$1 z direct$ above1 = tellurium4 ,! color ( ! bismu? & lead oxides are some:at simil>1 al?\gh t ( ! latt] is pal]4 ,if any m9]al conta9+ fluor9e1 is fus$1 fir/ ) ! microcosmic salt bead1 !n put into ! tube1 & ! flame ( ! bl[pipe be direct$ into ! tube ^u ! bead1 hydr(luoric acid is dis5gag$ & attacks ! inside ( ! tube4 ,! fluoride ( calcium1 or fluorsp>1 may be us$ = ?is exp]im5t4 ,dur+ ! roa/+1 a brisk curr5t ( air %\ld be all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! tube1 :]eby unoxidiz$ matt] may be prev5t$ f volatilization1 & ! clogg+ up ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation be prev5t$4 #c4 ,,exam9ations ,,^u ,,*>coal4 ,9 mak+ exam9ations ^u *>coal1 x is q necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld make himself famili> ) ! diff]5t & *>act]i/ic appe>ances ( ! deposits ^u ! *>coal4 ,9 ?is case ,i h f\nd ! advice giv5 by ,dr4 ,%]] to be ! be/2 t is1 to beg9 ) ! exam9ation ( ! pure mat]ials fir/1 until ! eye becomes famili>iz$ ) ! appe>ances ( _! incru/ations ^u *>coal4 ,! great] "p ( ! metals fuse :5 submitt$ to ! heat ( ! bl[pipe1 & if expos$ to ! out] flame1 !y oxidize4 ,^! metals1 t]m$ ! noble metals1 d n oxidize1 b !y fuse4 ,! metals plat9um1 iridium1 rhodium1 osmium & palladium d n fuse4 ,! metal osmium1 if expos$ to ! flame ( oxidation1 fuses & is f9ally dissipat$ z osmic acid4 ,9 ! latt] flame1 ! salts ( ! noble metals are r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 & ! *>coal is cov]$ ) ! bright metal4 ,we %all give a brief description ( ! appe>ance ( ! pr9cipal elem5t>y bodies ^u be+ fus$ ) *>coal4 ,?is plan is t deem$ ! mo/ conducive to ! progress ( ! /ud5t1 by ,b]zelius1 ,plattn]1 & ,%]]4 ,exp]i5ce has taught u t ?is me?od is ! mo/ effici5t t c\ld h be5 devis$ z an initiatory ex]cise = ! /ud5t1 ere he comm5ces a m concise & me?odical me?od ( analysis4 ,9 ^! reactions ^u *>coal1 we %all foll[ ne>ly ! language ( ,plattn] & ,%]]4 ,,sel5ium is n difficult ( fusion1 & gives (f br[n fumes 9 ei!r ! oxidation or r$uction flame4 ,! deposit ^u ! *>coal is ( a /eel-grey color1 ) a slightly metallic lu/re4 ,! deposit h[ev] t fuses outside ( ?is /eel-grey "o is ( a dull violet color1 %ad+ (f to a light br[n4 ,"u ! flame ( oxidation ?is deposit is easily driv5 f "o portion ( ! *>coal to ano!r1 :ile ! application ( ! r$uc+ flame volatilizes x ) ! evolution ( a beautiful blue light4 ,! *>act]i/ic odor ( decay$ horse-radi% di/+ui%es ! volatilization ( ?is metal4 ,,tellurium4--,?is metal fuses ) ! greate/ read9ess1 & is r$uc$ to vapor "u bo? flames ) fumes1 & coats ! *>coal ) a deposit ( tellur\s acid4 ,?is deposit is :ite ne> ! c5tre1 & is ( a d>k yell[ ne> ! edges4 ,x may be driv5 f place to place by ! flame ( oxidation1 :ile t ( r$uction volatilizes x ) a gre5 flame4 ,if !re be a mixture ( sel5ium pres5t1 !n ! color ( ! flame is blui%-gre54 ,,ars5ic4--,?is metal is volatiliz$ )\t fus+1 & cov]s ! *>coal bo? 9 ! oxidiz+ & r$uc+ flames ) a deposit ( ars5i\s acid4 ,?is coat+ is :ite 9 ! c5tre1 & grey t[>ds ! edges1 & is f\nd "s di/ance f ! assay4 ,by ! mo/ g5tle application ( ! flame1 x is imm$iately volatiliz$1 & if t\*$ = a mom5t ) ! r$uc+ flame1 x disappe>s1 t++ ! flame pale blue4 ,dur+ volatilization a /rong g>lic odor is di/9ctly p]ceptible1 v *>act]i/ic ( ars5ic1 & by :i* its pres5ce 9 any comp\nd may be imm$iately recogniz$4 ,,antimony4--,?is metal fuses readily1 & coats ! *>coal "u bo? flames ) antimoni\s acid4 ,?is incru/ation is ( a :ite color :]e ?ick1 b ( a blui% t9t :]e x is ?91 & is f\nd ne>] to ! assay ?an t ( ars5ic4 ,:5 greatly heat$ by ! flame ( oxidation1 x is driv5 f place to place )\t color+ ! flame1 b :5 volatiliz$ by ! flame ( r$uction1 x t+es ! flame blue4 ,z antimoni\s acid is n s volatile z ars5i\s acid1 !y may ?us be easily di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,:5 metallic antimony is fus$ ^u *>coal1 & ! metallic bead rais$ to a r$ heat1 if ! bla/ be susp5d$1 ! fluid bead rema9s = "s "t at ?is temp]ature1 giv+ (f opaque :ite fumes1 :i* are at fir/ deposit$ on ! surr\nd+ *>coal1 & !n ^u ! bead itself1 cov]+ x ) :ite1 pe>ly cry/als4 ,! ph5om5on is dep5d5t ^u ! fact1 t ! heat$ button ( antimony1 9 absorb+ oxyg5 f ! air1 developes suffici5t heat to ma9ta9 ! metal 9 a fluid /ate1 until x becomes entirely cov]$ ) cry/als ( antimoni\s acid s =m$4 ,,bismu?4--,?is metal fuses ) ease1 & "u bo? flames cov]s ! *>coal ) a coat+ ( oxide1 :i*1 :ile hot1 is ( an orange-yell[ color1 & aft] cool+1 ( a lemon-yell[ color1 pass+1 at ! edges1 into a blui% :ite4 ,?is :ite coat+ consi/s ( ! c>bonate ( bismu?4 ,! sublimate f bismu? is =m$ at a less di/ance f ! assay ?an is ! case ) antimony4 ,x may be driv5 f place to place by ! application ( ei!r flame2 b 9 s do+1 ! oxide is fir/ r$uc$ by ! heat$ *>coal1 & ! metallic bismu? s =m$ is volatiliz$ & reoxidiz$4 ,! flame is uncolor$4 ,,lead4--,?is metal readily fuses "u ei!r flame1 & incru/s ! *>coal ) oxide at ab\t ! same di/ance f ! assay z is ! case ) bismu?4 ,! oxide is1 :ile hot1 ( a d>k lemon-yell[ color1 b ^u cool+1 becomes ( a sulphur yell[4 ,! c>bonate :i* is =m$ ^u ! *>coal1 beyond ! oxide1 is ( a blui%-:ite color4 ,if ! yell[ incru/ation ( ! oxide be heat$ ) ! flame ( oxidation1 x disappe>s1 und]go+ *anges simil> to ^? ( bismu? above m5tion$4 ,"u ! flame ( r$uction1 x1 h[ev]1 disappe>s1 t++ ! flame blue4 ,,cadmium4--,?is metal fuses ) ease1 &1 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 takes fire1 & burns ) a deep yell[ color1 giv+ (f br[n fumes1 :i* coat ! *>coal1 to )9 a small di/ance ( ! assay1 ) oxide ( cadmium4 ,?is coat+ exhibits its *>act]i/ic r$di%-br[n color mo/ cle>ly :5 cold4 ,:]e ! coat+ is v ?91 x passes to an orange color4 ,z oxide ( cadmium is easily r$uc$1 & ! metal v volatile1 ! coat+ ( oxide may be driv5 f place to place by ! application ( ei!r flame1 to nei!r ( :i* does x imp>t any color4 ,ar\nd ! deposit ( oxide1 ! *>coal has occasionally a v>iegat$ t>ni%4 ,,z9c4--,?is metal fuses ) ease1 & takes fire 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 burn+ ) a brilliant gre5i%-:ite light1 & =m+ ?ick :ite fumes ( oxide ( z9c1 :i* coat ! *>coal r\nd ! assay4 ,?is coat+ is yell[ :ile hot1 b :5 p]fectly cool$1 becomes :ite4 ,if heat$ ) ! flame ( oxidation1 x %9es brilliantly1 b is n volatiliz$1 s9ce ! heat$ *>coal is1 "u ^! circum/ances1 insuffici5t to effect its r$uction4 ,ev5 "u ! r$uc+ flame1 x disappe>s v sl[ly4 ,,t94--,?is metal fuses readily1 &1 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 becomes cov]$ ) oxide1 :i*1 by a /rong bla/1 may be easily bl[n (f4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame1 ! fus$ metal assumes a :ite surface1 & ! *>coal becomes cov]$ ) oxide4 ,?is oxide is ( a pale yell[ color :ile hot1 & is q brilliant :5 ! flame ( oxidation is direct$ ^u x4 ,aft] cool+1 x becomes :ite4 ,x is f\nd imm$iately ar\nd ! assay1 & _c be volatiliz$ by ! application ( ei!r flame4 ,,molybd5um4--,?is metal1 9 p[d]1 is infusible be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,if heat$ 9 ! out] flame1 x becomes gradually oxidiz$1 & incru/s ! *>coal1 at a small di/ance f ! assay1 ) molybdic acid1 :i*1 ne> ! assay1 =ms transp>5t cry/all9e scales1 & is else:]e deposit$ z a f9e p[d]4 ,! incru/ation1 :ile hot1 is ( a yell[ color1 b becomes :ite aft] cool+4 ,x may be volatiliz$ by heat+ ) ei!r flame1 & leaves ! surface ( ! *>coal1 :5 p]fectly cool$1 ( a d>k-r$ copp] color1 ) a metallic lu/re1 due to ! oxide ( molybd5um1 :i* has be5 =m$ by ! r$uc+ action ( ! *>coal ^u ! molybdic acid4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame1 metallic molybd5um rema9s un*ang$4 ,,silv]4--,?is metal1 :5 fus$ alone1 & kept 9 ?is /ate = "s "t1 "u a /rong oxidiz+ flame1 cov]s ! *>coal ) a ?9 film ( d>k r$di%-br[n oxide4 ,if ! silv] be alloy$ ) lead1 a yell[ incru/ation ( ! oxide ( t metal is fir/ =m$1 & aft]w>ds1 z ! silv] becomes m pure1 a d>k r$ deposit is =m$ on ! *>coal beyond4 ,if ! silv] conta9s a small quantity ( antimony1 a :ite incru/ation ( antimoni\s acid is =m$1 :i* becomes r$ on ! surface if ! bla/ be cont9u$4 ,& if lead & antimony are bo? pres5t 9 ! silv]1 aft] ! great] "p ( ^! metals h be5 volatiliz$1 a beautiful crimson incru/ation is produc$ ^u ! *>coal4 ,?is result is sometimes obta9$ 9 fus+ ri* silv] ores on *>coal4 ,,sulphides1 ,,*lorides1 ,,iodides1 ,,& ,,bromides4 ,9 bl[pipe exp]im5ts1 x r>ely occurs t we h to deal ) pure metals1 :i*1 if n absolutely non-volatile1 are recogniz$ by ! incru/ation !y =m ^u *>coal4 ,"s comp\nd sub/ances1 :5 heat$ ^u *>coal1 =m :ite incru/ations1 resembl+ t =m$ by antimony1 & :i*1 :5 heat$1 may1 9 l mann]1 be driv5 f place to place4 ,among ^! are c]ta9 sulphides1 z sulphide ( potassium1 & sulphide ( sodium1 :i* are =m$ by ! action ( ! r$uc+ flame ^u ! sulphates ( potassa & soda1 & are1 :5 volatiliz$1 reconv]t$ into ^? sulphates1 & z su* deposit$ on ! *>coal4 ,no incru/ation is1 h[ev]1 =m$1 until ! :ole ( ! alkal9e sulphate has be5 absorb$ into ! *>coal1 & has p>t$ ) its oxyg54 ,z sulphide ( potassium is m volatile ?an sulphide ( sodium1 an incru/ation is =m$ f ! =m] soon] ?an f ! latt] ( ^! salts1 & is consid]ably ?ick] 9 ! =m] case4 ,if ! pota% incru/ation be t\*$ ) ! r$uc+ flame1 x disappe>s ) a violet-color$ flame2 & if a soda incru/ation be treat$ 9 l mann]1 an orange-yell[ flame is produc$4 ,sulphide ( li?ium1 =m$ by heat+ ! sulphate 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 is volatiliz$ 9 simil> mann] by a /rong bla/1 al?\gh less readily ?an ! sulphide ( sodium4 ,x af=ds a greyi% :ite film1 :i* disappe>s ) a crimson flame :5 submitt$ to ! r$uc+ flame4 ,besides ! above1 ! sulphides ( bismu? & lead give1 :5 heat$ 9 ei!r flame1 two diff]5t incru/ations1 ( :i* ! m volatile is ( a :ite color1 & consi/s 9 ! "o case ( sulphate ( lead1 & 9 ! o!r ( sulphate ( bismu?4 ,if ei!r ( ^! be heat$ "u ! r$uc+ flame1 x disappe>s 9 ! =m] case ) a blui% flame1 9 ! latt] unaccompani$ by any visible flame4 ,! incru/ation =m$ ne>e/ to ! assay consi/s ( ! oxide ( lead or bismu?1 & is easily recogniz$ by its color :5 hot & aft] cool+4 ,!re are _m o!r metallic sulphides1 :i*1 :5 heat$ by ! bl[pipe flame1 cov] ! *>coal ) a :ite incru/ation1 z sulphide ( antimony1 sulphide ( z9c1 & sulphide ( t94 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ! incru/ation consi/s ( ! metallic oxide alone1 & ei!r volatilizes or rema9s un*ang$1 :5 submitt$ to ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,( ! metallic *lorides !re are _m :i*1 :5 heat$ on *>coal ) ! bl[pipe flame1 are volatiliz$ & r$eposit$ z a :ite incru/ation4 ,among ^! are ! *lorides ( potassium1 sodium1 & li?ium1 :i* volatilize & cov] ! *>coal imm$iately ar\nd ! assay ) a ?9 :ite film1 aft] !y h be5 fus$ & absorb$ into ! *>coal1 *loride ( potassium =ms ! ?icke/ deposit1 & *loride ( li?ium ! ?9ne/1 ! latt] be+ moreov] ( a greyi%-:ite color4 ,! *lorides ( ammonium1 m]cury1 & antimony volatilize )\t fus+4 ,! *lorides ( z9c1 cadmium1 lead1 bismu?1 & t9 fir/ fuse & !n cov] ! *>coal ) two diff]5t incru/ations1 "o ( :i* is a :ite volatile *loride1 & ! o!r a less volatile oxide ( ! metal4 ,"s ( ! incru/ations =m$ by metallic *lorides disappe> ) a color$ flame :5 heat$ ) ! r$uc+ flame2 ?us *loride ( potassium af=ds a violet flame1 *loride ( sodium an orange "o1 *loride ( li?ium a crimson flame1 & *loride ( lead a blue "o4 ,! o!r metals m5tion$ above volatilize )\t color+ ! flame4 ,! *loride ( copp] fuses & colors ! flame ( a beautiful blue4 ,moreov]1 if a cont9u\s bla/ be direct$ ^u ! salt1 a "p ( x is driv5 (f 9 ! =m ( :ite fumes :i* smell /rongly ( *lor9e1 & ! *>coal is cov]$ ) incru/ations ( ?ree diff]5t colors4 ,t :i* is =m$ ne>e/ to ! assay is ( a d>k grey color1 ! next1 a d>k yell[ pass+ into br[n1 & ! mo/ di/ant ( a blui% :ite color4 ,if ?is incru/ation be heat$ "u ! r$uc+ flame1 x disappe>s ) a blue flame4 ,metallic iodides & bromides behave ^u *>coal 9 a simil> mann] to ! *lorides4 ,^? pr9cipally des]v+ ( m5tion are ! bromides & iodides ( potassium & sodium4 ,^! fuse ^u *>coal1 are absorb$ into its pores1 & volatilize 9 ! =m ( :ite fumes1 :i* are deposit$ ^u ! *>coal at "s di/ance f ! assay4 ,:5 ! sal9e films s =m$ are submitt$ to ! r$uc+ flame1 !y disappe>1 color+ ! flame 9 ! same mann] z ! correspond+ *lorides4 #d4 ,,exam9ations ,,9 ,,! ,,plat9um ,,=ceps4 ,be=e ! /ud5t attempts to make an exam9ation 9 ! plat9um =ceps or tongs1 he %\ld fir/ asc]ta9 :e!r or n x w act ^u ! plat9um4 ,if ! sub/ance to be exam9$ %all act *emically ^u ! plat9um1 !n x %\ld be exam9$ on ! *>coal1 & ! color ( ! flame asc]ta9$ z rigidly z possible4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( sub/ances produce ! color atta*$ to !m4 ,a4 ,,violet4 ,pota%1 & all its comp\nds1 ) ! exception ( ! phosphate & ! borate1 t+e ! color ( ! flame violet4 ,b4 ,,blue4 ,*loride ( copp]1 ,int5se blue4 ,lead1 ,pale cle> blue4 ,bromide ( copp]1 ,blui% gre54 ,antimony1 ,blui% gre54 ,sel5ium1 ,blue4 ,ars5ic1 ,engli% gre54 ,c4 ,,gre54 ,ammonia1 ,d>k gre54 ,boracic acid1 ,d>k gre54 ,copp]1 ,d>k gre54 ,tellurium1 ,d>k gre54 ,z9c1 ,light gre54 ,b>yta ,apple gre54 ,phosphoric acid1 ,pale gre54 ,molybdic acid1 ,apple gre54 ,telluric acid1 ,light gre54 ,d4 ,,yell[4 ,soda1 ,int5se yell[4 ,wat]1 ,feeble yell[4 ,e4 ,,r$4 ,/rontia1 ,int5se crimson4 ,li?ia1 ,purpli% r$4 ,pota%1 ,violet r$4 ,lime1 ,purpli% r$4 ,! /ud5t may (t5 be deceiv$ 9 reg>d to ! colors3 = in/ance1 if a small spl9t] ( almo/ any m9]al be held at ! po9t ( ! flame ( oxidation1 x w imp>t a v slight yell[ to ! flame4 ,?is is caus$1 d\btless1 by ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! m9]al4 ,if ! piece ( plat9um wire is us$1 & x %\ld be wet ) ! saliva1 z is frequ5tly done by ! /ud5t1 !n ! small quantity ( soda exi/+ 9 t fluid w color ! flame ( a light yell[ hue4 ,a4 ,,! ,,violet ,,color4 ,! salts ( pota%1 ) ! exception ( ! borate & ! phosphate1 color ! flame ( a ri* violet hue4 ,?is color is be/ discov]$ 9 ! out] flame ( ! bl[pipe1 z is ! case ) all ! o!r colors4 ,! flame %\ld be a small "o1 ) a lamp hav+ a small wick1 :ile ! orifice ( ! bl[pipe mu/ be q small4 ,^! exp]im5ts %\ld likewise be made 9 a d>k room1 s t ! colors may be disc]n$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,9 inve/igat+ ) pota% = ! disc]nm5t ( color1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! lea/ quantity ( soda w entirely de/roy ! violet color ( ! pota%1 by ! sub/itution ( its own /rong yell[ color4 ,if !re be n m ?an ! two hundr$? "p ( soda1 ! violet reaction ( ! pota% w be de/roy$4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) ! pres5ce ( li?ia1 = its peculi> r$ color w de/roy ! violet ( ! pota%4 ,!re=e 9 mak+ inve/igations ) ! silicates :i* conta9 pota%1 ! violet color ( ! latt] c only be disc]n$ :5 !y are free f soda & li?ia4 ,b4 ,,! ,,blue ,,color4 7a47 ,! ,*loride ( ,copp]4--,any ( ! *lorides produce a blue color 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 or any salt :i* conta9s *lor9e w %[ ! blue t9t1 z ! color 9 ?is case is ref]able to ! *lor9e itself4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s *lorides :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! peculi> reactions ( _! bases1 w n produce ! blue color1 al?\gh 9 ^! cases ! blue ( ! *lor9e w be v likely to bl5d itself ) ! color produc$ by ! base4 ,! *loride ( copp] communicates an int5se blue to ! flame1 :5 fus$ on ! plat9um wire4 ,if ! heat be cont9u$ until ! *lor9e is driv5 (f1 !n ! gre5i% hue ( ! oxide ( copp] w be disc]n$4 7b47 ,lead4--,metallic lead communicates to ! flame a pale blue color4 ,! oxide reacts 9 ! same mann]4 ,! lead-salts1 ^: acids d n int]f]e ) ! color1 imp>t also a f9e blue to ! flame1 ei!r 9 ! plat9a =ceps1 or ! crook$ wire4 7c47 ,bromide ( ,copp]4--,?is salt colors ! flame ( a blui%-gre5 color1 b :5 ! brom9e is driv5 (f1 !n we h ! gre5 ( ! oxide ( copp]4 7d47 ,antimony4--,?is metal imp>ts a blue color to ! bl[pipe flame1 b if ! metal is 9 too small a quantity1 !n ! color is a brilliant :ite4 ,if antimony is fus$ on *>coal1 ! fus$ metal gives a blue color4 ,! :ite sublimate :i* surr\nds ! fus$ metal1 be+ subject$ to ! flame ( oxidation1 disappe>s f ! *>coal ) a blui%-gre5 color4 7e47 ,sel5ium4--,if fus$ 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 x imp>ts to ! flame a deep blue color4 ,! incru/ation ^u *>coal gives to ! flame ! same ri* color4 7f47 ,ars5ic4--,! ars5iates & metallic ars5ic itself imp>t to ! bl[pipe flame a f9e blue color1 provid$ t !re is no o!r body pres5t :i* may h a t5d5cy to color ! flame ) its *>act]i/ic hue4 ,! sublimate ( ars5i\s acid :i* surr\nds ! assay1 w give ! same blue flame1 :5 dissipat$ by ! oxidation flame4 ,! plat9um =ceps w answ] = ! exhibition ( ! color ( ars5ic1 ev5 ?\gh ! salts be ars5iates1 ^: bases possess ! prop]ty ( imp>t+ _! peculi> color to ! flame1 su* z ! ars5iate ( lime4 ,c4 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,color4 7a47 ,ammonia4--,! salts ( ammonia1 :5 heat$ be=e ! bl[pipe1 & j ^u ! po9t ( disappe>+1 imp>t to ! flame a feeble ?\gh d>k gre5 color4 ,?is color1 h[ev]1 c only be disc]n$ 9 a d>k room4 7b47 ,boracic ,acid4--,if any "o ( ! borates is mix$ ) two p>ts ( a flux compos$ ( "o "p ( pulv]iz$ fluorsp>1 & f\r & a half p>ts ( bisulphate ( pota%1 & aft] be+ melt$1 is put ^u ! coil ( a plat9um wire1 & held at ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 soon aft] fusion takes place a d>k gre5 color is disc]n$1 b x is n ( long duration4 ,! above process is t recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,turn]4 ,! gre5 color ( ! borates may be readily se5 by dipp+ !m1 previ\sly moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid1 into ! upp] "p ( ! blue flame1 :5 ! color c be readily disc]n$4 ,if soda be pres5t1 !n ! ri* gre5 ( ! boracic acid is m>r$ by ! yell[ ( ! soda4 ,borax1 or ! biborate ( soda 7,na,o1 #b;,,bo#c7 may be us$ = ?is latt] reaction1 b if x be moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid1 ! gre5 ( ! boracic acid c !n be se54 ,if ! borates1 or m9]als :i* conta9 boracic acid1 are fus$ on *>coal ) c>bonate ( pota%1 !n moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid & alcohol1 !n ! bright gre5 ( ! boracic acid is produc$1 ev5 if ! m9]al conta9s b a m9ute portion ( ! boracic acid4 7c47 ,copp]4 ,ne>ly all ! ores ( copp] & its salts1 give a bright gre5 color to ! bl[pipe flame4 ,metallic copp] likewise colors ! flame gre51 be+ fir/ oxidiz$4 ,if iod9e1 *lor9e1 & brom9e are pres5t1 ! flame is consid]ably modifi$1 b ! =m] at lea/ int5sifies ! color4 ,_m ores conta9+ copp] also color ! flame gre51 b ! int]nal portion is ( a bright blue color if ! comp\nd conta9s lead1 ! latt] color be+ due to ! lead4 ,! native sulphide & c>bonate ( copp] %\ld be moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid1 :ile ! =m] %\ld be previ\sly roa/$4 ,if hydro*loric acid is us$ = moi/5+ ! salts1 !n ! ri* gre5 giv5 by t moi/5$ ) ! sulphuric acid is *ang$ to a blue1 be+ ?us modifi$ by ! *lor9e ( ! acid4 ,silicates conta9+ copp]1 if heat$ 9 ! flame 9 ! plat9um =ceps1 imp>t a ri* gre5 color to ! out] flame4 ,9 fact1 if any sub/ance conta9+ copp] be submitt$ to ! bl[pipe flame1 x w t+e x gre51 provid$ !re be no o!r sub/ance pres5t to imp>t its own color to ! flame1 & ?us modify or m> t ( ! copp]4 7d47 ,tellurium4--,if ! flame ( r$uction is direct$ ^u ! oxide ( tellurium plac$ ^u *>coal1 a gre5 color is imp>t$ to x4 ,if ! telluric acid be plac$ ^u plat9um wire 9 ! r$uction flame1 ! oxidation flame is color$ gre54 ,or if ! sublimate be dissipat$ by ! flame ( oxidation1 x gives a gre5 color4 ,if sel5ium be pres5t1 ! gre5 color is *ang$ to a blue4 7e47 ,z9c4--,! oxide ( z9c1 :5 /rongly heat$1 gives a blue flame4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! flame is a small "o1 h[ev]1 & n v *>act]i/ic1 z ) c]ta9 prep>ations ( z9c ! blue color is *ang$ to a bright :ite4 ,! soluble salts ( z9c give no blue color4 7f47 ,b>yta4--,! soluble salts ( b>yta1 moi/5$1 & !n submitt$ to ! r$uction flame1 produce a gre5 color4 ,! salt %\ld be moi/5$1 :5 ! color w be /rongly m>k$ 9 ! out] flame4 ,! insoluble salts d n produce s vivid a color z ! soluble salts1 & !y are bright] :5 !y h previ\sly be5 moi/5$4 ,! c>bonate does n give a /rong color1 b ! acetate does1 s long z x is n all[$ to turn to a c>bonate4 ,! *loride1 :5 fus$ on ! plat9um wire1 9 ! po9t ( ! r$uction flame1 imp>ts a f9e gre5 color to ! oxidation flame4 ,?is t9t *anges f9ally to a fa9t dirty gre5 color4 ,! sulphate ( b>yta colors ! flame gre5 :5 heat$ at ! po9t ( ! r$uction flame4 ,b nei!r ! sulphate1 c>bonate1 nor1 9 fact1 any o!r salt ( b>yta1 gives su* a f9e gre5 color z ! *loride4 ,! pres5ce ( lime does int]f]e ) ! reaction ( b>yta1 b /ill does n de/roy its color4 7g47 ,phosphoric ,acid4--,! phosphates give a gre5 color to ! oxidation flame1 especially :5 !y are moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,?is is be/ %[n ) ! plat9um =ceps4 ,! gre5 ( phosphoric1 or ! phosphates1 is mu* less int5se ?an t ( ! borates or boracic acid1 b yet ! reaction is a c]ta9 "o1 & is susceptible ( consid]able delicacy1 ei!r ) ! =ceps1 or /ill bett] ^u plat9um wire4 ,sulphuric acid is a great aid to ! developm5t ( ! color1 especially if o!r salts be pres5t :i* w\ld be liable to hide ! color ( ! phosphoric acid4 ,9 ?is reaction ) phosphates1 ! wat] %\ld be expell$ f !m previ\s to melt+ !m ) sulphuric acid4 ,!y %\ld likewise be pulv]iz$4 ,%\ld soda be pres5t x w only exhibit its peculi> color aft] ! phosphoric acid %all h be5 expell$2 !re=e1 ! gre5 color ( ! phosphoric acid %\ld be look$ = imm$iately ^u submitt+ ! phosphate to heat4 7h47 ,molybdic ,acid4--,if ?is acid or ! oxide ( molybd5um be expos$ ^u a plat9um wire to ! po9t ( ! r$uction flame1 a bright gre5 color is communicat$ to ! flame ( oxidation4 ,take a small piece ( ! native sulphide ( molybd5um1 & expose x 9 ! plat9um tongs to ! flame ref]r$ to above1 :5 ! gre5 color *>act]i/ic ( ?is metal w be exhibit$4 7i47 ,telluric ,acid4--,if ! flame ( r$uction is direct$ ^u a small piece ( ! oxide ( tellurium plac$ ^u *>coal1 a bright gre5 color is produc$4 ,or if telluric acid be submitt$ to ! r$uction flame ^u ! loop ( a plat9um wire1 x communicates to ! out] flame ! bright gre5 ( tellurium4 ,if ! sublimate f\nd ^u ! *>coal 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t be submitt$ to ! bl[pipe flame1 ! gre5 color ( tellurium is produc$ :ile ! sublimate is volatiliz$4 ,if sel5ium be pres5t ! gre5 color is *ang$ to a deep blue "o4 ,d4 ,,yell[4 ,! salts ( soda all give a bright yell[ color :5 heat$ 9 ! plat9um loop 9 ! r$uction flame4 ,?is color is v p]si/5t1 & w de/roy ! color ( almo/ any o!r sub/ance4 ,e m9]al ( :i* soda is a con/itu5t1 give ?is bright orange-yell[ reaction4 ,ev5 ! silicate ( soda itself imp>ts to ! flame ( oxidation ! *>act]i/ic yell[ ( soda4 ,e4 ,,r$4 7a47 ,/rontia4--,moi/5 a small piece ( ! *loride ( /rontium1 put x 9 ! plat9um =ceps & submit x to ! flame ( r$uction1 :5 ! out] flame w become color$ ( an int5se r$4 ,if ! salt ( /rontia %\ld be a soluble "o1 ! reaction is ( a deep] color ?an if an insoluble salt is us$1 :ile ! color is ( a deep] crimson if ! salt is moi/5$4 ,if ! salt be a soluble "o1 x %\ld be moi/5$ & dipp$ into ! flame1 :ile if x be an insoluble salt1 x %\ld be kept dry & expos$ beyond ! po9t ( ! flame4 ,! c>bonate ( /rontia %\ld be moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid in/ead ( wat]1 by :i* its color similates t ( ! *loride ( /rontium :5 moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! decid$ r$ color :i* /rontia communicates to flame1 x is us$ by pyrote*ni/s = ! purpose ( mak+ _! crimson fire4 7b47 ,li?ia4--,! color ( ! flame ( li?ia is slightly incl9$ to purple4 ,! *loride1 :5 plac$ 9 ! plat9um loop1 gives to ! out] flame a bright r$ color1 sometimes ) a slight t+e ( purple4 ,pota% does n prev5t ?is reaction1 al?\gh x may modify x to violet2 b ! decid$ color ( soda *anges ! r$ ( li?ia to an orange color4 ,if mu* soda be pres5t1 ! color ( ! li?ia is lo/ entirely4 ,! color ( ! *loride ( li?ium may be di/9ctly produc$ be=e ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 & its durability may be ! means ( det]m9+ x f t ( li?ium1 z ! latt]1 "u ! same conditions1 is q evanesc5t4 ,! m9]als :i* conta9 li?ia1 frequ5tly conta9 soda1 & ?us ! latt] de/roys ! color ( ! =m]4 7c47 ,pota%4--,! salts ( pota%1 if ! acid does n int]f]e1 give a purpli%-r$ color be=e ! bl[pipe2 b z ! color is m disc]nibly a purple1 we h class$ x "u t color4 7d47 ,lime4--,! color ( ! flame ( lime does n greatly diff] f t ( /rontia1 ) ! exception t x is n s decid$4 ,arragonite & calc>e\s sp>1 moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & tri$ z direct$ = /rontia1 produce a r$ light1 n unlike t ( /rontia4 ,! *loride ( calcium gives a r$ t+e1 b n ne>ly s decid$ z ! *loride ( /rontium4 ,! c>bonate ( lime w produce a yell[i% flame = a :ile1 until ! c>bonic acid is driv5 (f1 :5 ! r$ color ( ! lime may be disc]n$4 ,if ! borate or phosphate ( lime be us$1 ! gre5 color ( ! acids pr$om9ates ov] ! r$ ( ! lime4 ,b>yta also de/roys ! r$ color ( ! lime1 by mix+ its gre5 color ) x4 ,!re is b "o silicate ( lime :i* colors ! flame r$1 x is ! v>iety t]m$ tabul> sp>4 #e4 ,,exam9ations ,,9 ,,! ,,borax ,,bead4 ,9 ord] to exam9e a sub/ance 9 borax1 ! loop ( ! plat9um wire %\ld1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly clean$1 & heat$ to r$ness1 be quickly dipp$ into ! p[d]$ borax1 & !n quickly transf]r$ to ! flame ( oxidation1 & !re fus$4 ,if ! bead is n l>ge en\gh to fill ! loop ( ! wire1 x mu/ be subject$ aga9 to ! same process4 ,by exam9+ ! bead1 bo? :5 hot & cold1 by hold+ x up aga9/ ! light1 x c be soon asc]ta9$ :e!r x is free f dirt by ! transp>5cy1 or ! want ( x1 ( ! bead4 ,9 ord] to make ! exam9ation ( a sub/ance1 ! bead %\ld be melt$ & press$ aga9/ x1 :5 en\gh w adh]e to answ] ! purpose4 ,?is p[d] %\ld !n be fus$ 9 ! oxidation flame until x mixes )1 & is ?or\ghly dissolv$ by ! borax bead4 ,! pr9cipal objects to be det]m9$ n[ are3 ! color ( ! borax bead1 bo? :5 heat$ & :5 cool$2 also ! rapidity ) :i* ! sub/ance dissolves 9 ! bead1 & if any gas is elim9at$4 ,if ! color ( ! bead is ! object desir$1 ! quantity ( ! sub/ance employ$ mu/ be v small1 else ! bead w be s deeply color$1 z 9 "s cases to appe> almo/ opaque1 z1 = in/ance1 9 t ( cobalt4 ,%\ld ?is be ! case1 !n1 :ile ! bead is /ill r$ hot1 x %\ld be press$ flat ) ! =ceps2 or x may1 :ile s(t1 be pull$ out to a ?9 ?read1 :]eby ! color c be di/9ctly discov]$4 ,"s bodies1 :5 heat$ 9 ! borax bead1 pres5t a cle> bead bo? :ile hot & cold2 b if ! bead be heat$ ) ! int]mitt5t flame1 or 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 x becomes opalesc5t1 opaque or milk-:ite4 ,! alkal9e e>?s are in/ances ( ?is k9d ( reaction1 also gluc9a oxide ( c]ium1 tantalic & titanic acids1 yttria & zirconia4 ,b if a small portion ( silica %\ld be pres5t1 !n ! bead becomes cle>4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) "s silicates1 provid$ !re be n too l>ge a quantity pres5t1 t is3 ov] ! quantity necess>y to saturate ! borax1 =1 9 t case1 ! bead w be opaque :5 cool4 ,if ! bead be heat$ on *>coal1 a small tube or cavity mu/ be scoop$ out ( ! *>coal1 ! bead plac$ 9 x1 & ! flame ( r$uction play$ ^u x4 ,:5 ! bead is p]fectly fus$1 x is tak5 up betwe5 ! plat9um =ceps & press$ flat1 s t ! color may be ! m readily disc]n$4 ,?is quick cool+ also prev5ts ! protoxides1 if !re be any pres5t1 f pass+ into a high] degree ( oxidation4 ,! bead %\ld fir/ be submitt$ to ! oxidation flame1 & any reaction c>efully obs]v$4 ,!n ! bead %\ld be submitt$ to ! flame ( r$uction4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! plat9um =ceps %\ld n be us$ :5 !re is dang] ( a metallic oxide be+ r$uc$1 z 9 ?is case ! metal w\ld alloy ) ! plat9um & spoil ! =ceps4 ,9 ?is case *>coal %\ld be us$ = ! support4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be oxides pres5t :i* are n r$uc$ by ! borax1 !n ! plat9um loop may be us$4 ,t9 is frequ5tly us$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! bead to acquire a color = an oxide 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 by its aff9ity = oxyg54 ,! oxide1 ?us be+ r$uc$ to a l[] degree ( oxidation1 imp>ts its peculi> t+e to ! bead z x cools4 ,! ars5ides & sulphides1 be=e be+ exam9$1 %\ld be roa/$1 & !n heat$ ) ! borax bead4 ,! ars5ic ( ! =m]1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 w act on ! glass tube 9 :i* ! sublimation is proce$+1 if ! glass %\ld conta9 lead4 ,x %\ld be recollect$ t e>?s1 metallic oxides1 & metallic acids are soluble 9 borax1 except ^? ( ! easily r$ucible metals1 su* z plat9um or gold1 or ( m]cury1 :i* too readily vaporize4 ,also ! metallic sulphides1 aft] ! sulphur has be5 driv5 (f4 ,also ! salts ( metals1 aft] _! acids are driv5 (f by heat4 ,also ! nitrates & c>bonates1 aft] _! acids are driv5 (f dur+ ! fusion4 ,also ! salts ( ! halog5s1 su* z ! *lorides1 iodides1 bromides1 etc41 ( ! metals4 ,also ! silicates1 b ) great t>d9ess4 ,also ! phosphates & borates t fuse 9 ! bead )\t suff]+ decomposition4 ,! metallic sulphides are insoluble 9 borax1 & _m ( ! metals 9 ! pure /ate4 ,!re are _m sub/ances :i* give cle> beads ) borax bo? :ile hot & cold1 b :i*1 ^u be+ heat$ ) ! int]mitt5t oxidation flame1 become enamell$ & opaque4 ,! int]mitt5t flame may be readily atta9$1 n by v>y+ ! =ce ( ! air f ! m\?1 b by rais+ & depress+ ! bead be=e ! po9t ( ! /eady oxidat+ flame4 ,! addition ( a little nitrate ( pota% w (t5 greatly facilitate ! production ( a color1 z x oxidizes ! metal4 ,! hot bead %\ld be press$ ^u a small cry/al ( ! nitrate1 :5 ! bead swells1 intumesces1 & ! color is manife/$ 9 ! surface ( ! bead1 #f4 ,,exam9ations ,,9 ,,microcosmic ,,salt4 ,microcosmic salt is a bett] flux = _m metallic oxides ?an borax1 z ! colors are exhibit$ 9 x ) m /r5g? & "*4 ,microcosmic salt is ! phosphate ( soda & ammonia4 ,:5 x is ignit$ x passes into ! biphosphate ( soda1 ! ammonia be+ driv5 (f4 ,?is biphosphate ( soda possesses an excess ( phosphoric acid1 & ?us has ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ a great numb] ( sub/ances1 9 fact almo/ any "o1 ) ! exception ( silica4 ,if ! sub/ances treat$ ) ?is salt consi/ ( sulphides or ars5ides1 ! bead mu/ be heat$ on *>coal4 ,b if ! sub/ance exp]im5t$ ^u consi/s ( e>?ly +r$i5ts or metallic oxides1 ! plat9um wire is ! be/4 ,if ! latt] is us$ a few additional turns %\ld be giv5 to ! wire 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] fluidity ( ! bead ov] t ( borax4 ,! microcosmic salt bead possesses ! advantage ov] t ( borax1 t ! colors ( _m sub/ances are bett] disc]n$ 9 x1 & t x sep>ates ! acids1 ! m volatile ones be+ dissipat$1 :ile ! fix$ ones comb9e ) a portion ( ! base equally ) ! phosphoric acid1 or else d n comb9e at all1 b float ab\t 9 ! bead1 z is ! case p>ticul>ly ) silicic acid4 ,_m ( ! silicates give ) borax a cle> bead1 :ile !y =m ) microcosmic salt an opalesc5t "o4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t if a metallic oxide w n give its peculi> color 9 "o ( ! flames1 t x w 9 ! o!r1 z ! diff]5ce 9 degree ) :i* ! metal is oxidiz$ (t5 det]m9es ! color4 ,if ! bead is heat$ 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 x is well t x %\ld be cool$ rapidly to prev5t a reoxidation4 ,r$uction is mu* facilitat$ by ! employm5t ( metallic t91 :]eby ! protoxide or ! r$uc$ metal may be obta9$ 9 a comp>atively brief "t4 ,! foll[+ tables1 tak5 f ,plattn] & ,%]]1 w pres5t ! reactions ( ! metallic oxides1 & "s ( ! metallic acids1 9 su* a cle> light1 t ! /ud5t _c v easily be l$ a/ray1 if he gives ! lea/ att5tion to !m4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a tabul> /atem5t ( reactions w impress facts ^u ! memory :5 long detail$ descriptions w fail to d s4 ,x is = ?is purpose t we subjo9 ! foll[+ excell5t tables4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,i4 ,a4 ,,borax4 #a4 ,oxydiz+ flame4 #b4 ,r$uc+ ,b4 ,,microcosmic ,,salt4 #a4 ,oxydiz+ flame4 #b4 ,r$uc+ ,a4 ,,borax #a4 ,oxydiz+ flame ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,color ( ,bead4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sub/ances :i* produce ?is color ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 9 ! hot bead4 9 ! cold bead4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,colorless ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,silica ,silica ,alum9a ,alum9a ,oxide ( ,t9 ,oxide ( ,t9 ,telluric ,acid ,telluric ,acid ,b>yta ,b>yta ,/rontia ,/rontia ,lime ,lime ,magnesia ,magnesia ,gluc9a ,9 all ,gluc9a ,yttria proportions4 ,yttria ,zirconia ,zirconia ,?oria ,?oria ,) ,oxide ( ,lan?anum ,oxide ( ,lan?anum int]mitt5t ,silv] flame ,tantalic ,acid ,tantalic ,acid opaque ,niobic ,niobic :ite4 ,pelopic _/ ,pelopic ,titanic _/ ,titanic ,tung/ic ,9 small ,tung/ic ,molybdic quantity ,molybdic ,oxide ( ,z9c only4 ,oxide ( ,z9c _/ ,cadmium ,cadmium_/ ,lead ,9 l>ge ,lead ,bismu? _/ quantity ,bismu? ,antimony _/ yell[4 ,antimony ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,yell[1 orange-r$ & r$di%-br[n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,titanic ,acid1 yell[ ,tung/ic ,acid1 yell[ ,molybdic ,acid1 d>k yell[:5 9 ,oxide ( ,z9c1 pale-yell[l>ge ,oxide ( ,cadmium1 quantity4 pale-yell[ ,o!rwise ,oxide ( ,lead1 yell[ colorless4 ,oxide ( ,bismu?1 orange _/ ,oxide ( ,antimony1 yell[_/ ,oxide ( ,c]ium1 r$ ,oxide ( ,c]ium ) int]m4 ,oxide ( ,iron1 d>k r$ flame opaque :ite4 ,oxide ( ,uranium1 r$ ,oxide ( ,iron1 yell[ ,oxide ( ,silv] ,oxide ( ,uranium ) int]m4 flame opaque yell[4 ,oxide ( ,silv] 9 l>ge proportion1 ) int]m4 flame yell[4 ,vanadic ,acid1 yell[ ,vanadic ,acid1 yell[4 ,oxide ( ,*romium1 d>k-r$ ,oxide ( ,nickel1 r$di%-br[n4 ,oxide ( ,manganese1 r$ to violet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,violet or ,ame?y/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,nickel ,manganese ,oxide ( ,didymium4 ,didymium ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,blue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,cobalt ,oxide ( ,cobalt4 ,copp]1 blue to gre5i%-blue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,gre54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,copp] ,oxide ( ,*romium1 ) yell[i% t+e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a4 ,,borax #b4 ,r$uc+ flame ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,color ( ,bead4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sub/ances :i* produce ?is color ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 9 ! hot bead4 9 ! cold bead4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,colorless ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,silica ,silica ,alum9a ,alum9a ,oxide ( ,t9 ,oxide ( ,t9 ,b>yta ,b>yta ,/rontia ,/rontia ,lime ,lime ,magnesia ,magnesia ,) ,gluc9a ,gluc9a int]mitt5t ,yttria ,yttria flame ,zirconia ,zirconia opaque-:ite4 ,?oria ,?oria only :5 saturat$ ,oxide ( ,lan?anum ,oxide ( ,lan?anum ,c]ium ,c]ium _/ ,tantalic ,acid ,tantalic ,acid _/ ,oxide ( ,didymium ,oxide ( ,didymium ,manganese ,manganese ,niobic ,acid ,9 small ,niobic ,acid ,9 small ,pelopic proportions4 ,pelopic proportions4 _/ _/ ,oxide ( ,silv] ,oxide ( ,silv] ,aft] ,z9c ,aft] long ,z9c long ,cadmium cont9u$ ,cadmium cont9u$ ,lead bl[+4 ,lead bl[+4 ,bismu? ,o!rwise ,bismu? ,o!rwise ,antimony grey4 ,antimony grey4 ,nickel _/ ,nickel _/ ,telluric ,acid _/ ,telluric ,acid _/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,yell[ to br[n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,titanic ,acid ,titanic ,acid4 ,tung/ic ,tung/ic ,molybdic ,molybdic ,vanadic ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,blue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,cobalt4 ,oxide ( ,cobalt4 ,titanic ,acid ) int]mitt5t flame opaque-blue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,gre54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,iron ,oxide ( ,iron1 bottle-gre54 ,uranium ,oxide ( ,uranium1 bottle- ,*romium gre54 ,oxide ( ,*romium1 em]ald- gre54 ,vanadic ,acid1 em]ald-gre54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,opaque-grey4 7,! opacity g5]ally becomes di/9ct dur+ cool+47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,silv] ,oxide ( ,silv]4 ,z9c ,aft] ,z9c ,aft] ,cadmium %ort ,cadmium %ort ,lead bl[+4 ,lead bl[+4 ,bismu? ,o!rwise ,bismu? ,o!rwise ,antimony colorless4 ,antimony colorless4 ,nickel _/ ,nickel _/ ,telluric ,acid _/ ,telluric ,acid _/ ,niobic ,acid ,aft] long ,niobic ,acid ,aft] long ,pelopic cont9u$ bl[+ ,pelopic cont9u$ & 9 bl[+ & consid]able 9 consid]able _/ proportion4 _/ proportion4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,opaque r$ & r$di%-br[n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,copp] ,oxide ( ,copp]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b4 ,,microcosmic ,,salt4 #a4 ,oxydiz+ flame4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,color ( ,bead4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sub/ances :i* produce ?is color ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 9 ! hot bead4 9 ! cold bead4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,colorless ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,silica 7only ,silica slightly soluble7 ,alum9a ,alum9a ,oxide ( ,t9 ,oxide ( ,t9 ,telluric ,acid ,telluric ,acid ,b>yta ,b>yta ,/rontia ,/rontia ,) ,lime ,9 all ,lime int]mitt5t ,magnesia proportions4 ,magnesia flame ,gluc9a ,gluc9a opaque ,yttria ,yttria :ite4 ,zirconia ,zirconia ,?oria ,?oria _/ ,oxide ( ,lan?anum ,oxide ( ,lan?anum_/ ,c]ium ,niobic ,acid _/ ,niobic ,acid ,pelopic _/ ,pelopic ,tantalic ,tantalic ,titanic ,titanic ,tung/ic ,tung/ic ,oxide ( ,z9c ,9 small ,oxide ( ,z9c ,cadmium quantity only4 ,cadmium ,lead ,9 l>ge ,lead ,bismu? quantity ,bismu? ,antimony _/ yell[4 ,antimony _/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,yell[1 orange1 r$ & br[n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,tantalic ,acid ,titanic ,tung/ic ,oxide ( ,z9c ,9 l>ge ,cadmium quantity4 ,lead ,bismu? ,antimony _/ ,silv] ,oxide ( ,silv]4 ,c]ium ,iron ,oxide ( ,iron4 ,nickel ,nickel4 ,uranium ,uranium1 yell[i%-gre54 ,vanadic ,acid ,vanadic ,acid4 ,oxide ( ,*romium ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,violet or ,ame?y/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,manganese ,oxide ( ,manganese4 ,didymium ,didymium4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,blue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,cobalt ,oxide ( ,cobalt ,oxide ( ,copp]1 to gre5i%-blue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,gre54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,molybdic ,acid1 yell[i%-gre5 ,molybdic ,acid1 yell[i%-gre54 ,oxide ( ,copp] ,oxide ( ,uranium1 yell[i%-gre54 ,oxide ( ,*romium1 em]ald-gre54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b4 ,,microcosmic ,,salt4 #b4 ,r$uc+ flame4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,color ( ,bead4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sub/ances :i* produce ?is color ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 9 ! hot bead4 9 ! cold bead4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,colorless ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,silica 7only slightly soluble7 ,silica 7only slightly soluble74 ,alum9a ,alum9a4 ,oxide ( ,t9 ,oxide ( ,t94 ,b>yta ,b>yta ,/rontia ,/rontia ,lime ,lime ,magnesia ,magnesia ,) an ,gluc9a ,gluc9a int]mitt5t ,yttria ,yttria flame ,zirconia ,zirconia opaque- ,?oria ,?oria only :5 :ite4 saturat$ _/ ,oxide ( ,lan?anum ,oxide ( ,lan?anum_/ ,c]ium ,c]ium4 ,didymium ,didymium4 ,manganese ,manganese4 ,tantalic ,acid ,tantalic ,acid4 ,oxide ( ,silv] ,oxide ( ,silv] ,z9c ,z9c ,aft] ,cadmium ,aft] long ,cadmium long ,lead cont9u$ ,lead cont9u$ ,bismu? bl[+4 ,bismu? bl[+4 ,antimony ,o!rwise grey4 ,antimony ,o!rwise ,nickel _/ ,nickel _/ grey4 ,telluric ,acid _/ ,telluric ,acid _/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,yell[1 r$1 & br[n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,iron1 r$ ,oxide ( ,iron4 ,titanic ,acid1 yell[ ,pelopic ,acid1 br[n ,pelopic ,acid4 ,f]rug9\s ,titanic ,acid1 blood r$ ,f]rug9\s ,titanic ,acid4 ,niobic ,niobic ,pelopic ,pelopic ,tung/ic ,tung/ic ,vanadic ,acid1 br[ni% ,oxide ( ,*romium1 r$di% ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,violet or ,ame?y/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,niobic ,acid 9 l>ge proportion ,niobic ,acid 9 l>ge proportion4 ,titanic ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,blue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,cobalt ,oxide ( ,cobalt4 ,tung/ic ,acid ,tung/ic ,acid4 ,niobic ,acid 9 v l>ge proportion4 ,niobic ,acid 9 v l>ge proportion4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,gre54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,uranium ,oxide ( ,uranium4 ,molybdic ,acid ,molybdic ,acid4 ,vanadic ,oxide ( ,*romium4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,opaque-grey4 7,! opacity g5]ally becomes di/9ct dur+ cool+47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,silv] ,oxide ( ,silv]4 ,z9c ,z9c4 ,cadmium ,cadmium4 ,lead ,lead4 ,bismu? ,bismu?4 ,antimony ,antimony4 ,nickel ,nickel4 ,telluric ,acid ,telluric ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,opaque-r$ & r$di% br[n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ( ,copp] ,oxide ( ,copp]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,ii4 ,metallic ,oxides #a4 ,oxide ( ,c]ium1 ,c#b,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves into a r$ or d>k yell[ glass 7simil> to t produc$ by iron74 ,dur+ cool+1 ! color dim9i%es 9 ! int5sity & becomes f9ally yell[4 ,if mu* oxide be dissolv$1 an opaque bead may be obta9$ ) an int]mitt5t flame1 & a /ill l>g] quantity r5d]s x opaque spontane\sly4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! color ( ! bead becomes pal]1 s t a bead1 :i* is yell[ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 is r5d]$ colorless4 ,) a l>ge quantity ( oxide ! bead becomes :ite & cry/all9e on cool+4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 ,dur+ ! process ( cool+ ! color entirely disappe>s4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,bo?1 :5 hot & cold1 ! bead is colorless1 by :i* "* oxide ( c]ium may be di/+ui%$ f oxide ( iron4 ,! glass rema9s cle> ev5 :5 conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( ! oxide4 99 99 99 99 99 #b4 ,oxide ( ,lan?anum1 ,la,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves into a colorless glass1 :i*1 :5 suffici5t oxide is pres5t1 may be r5d]$ opaque ) an int]mitt5t flame1 & becomes s spontane\sly on cool+1 :5 a /ill l>g] am\nt is dissolv$4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,no reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 #c4 ,oxide ( ,didymium1 ,,d4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame3 ,dissolves to a cle> d>k ame?y/9e glass4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,no reaction4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,no reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 #d4 ,oxide ( ,manganese1 ,mn#b,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,af=ds an int5se ame?y/ color1 :i* on cool+ becomes violet4 ,a l>ge quantity ( ! oxide produces an app>5tly black bead1 :i* h[ev]1 if press$ flat1 is se5 to be transp>5t4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! color$ bead becomes colorless4 ,) a l>ge am\nt ( ! oxide1 ?is reaction is be/ obta9$ ^u *>coal1 & is facilitat$ by ! addition ( t9 foil4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,) a consid]able quantity ( oxide an ame?y/ color is obta9$1 b nev] s d>k z 9 borax4 ,) b little oxide a colorless bead is obta9$1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! ame?y/-color may be br\ght out by add+ a little nitre4 ,:ile ! bead is kept fus$1 x fro?s & gives (f bubbles ( gas4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! color$ bead imm$iately loses its color1 ei!r on plat9um wire or on *>coal4 ,aft] ! r$uction ! fluid bead rema9s /ill4 99 99 99 99 99 #e4 ,oxide ( ,iron1 ,fe#b,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,) a small proportion ( oxide1 ! glass is ( a yell[ color1 :ile w>m1 & colorless :5 cold2 ) a l>g] proportion1 r$1 :ile w>m1 & yell[1 :5 cold2 & ) a /ill l>g] am\nt1 d>k-r$1 :ile w>m1 & d>k-yell[1 :5 cold4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,treat$ alone on plat9um wire1 ! glass becomes ( a bottle-gre5 color 7,f#c,o#d71 & if t\*$ ) t91 x becomes ( a pale sea-gre54 ,on *>coal ) t91 x assumes at fir/ a bottle-gre5 color1 :i* by cont9u$ bl[+ *anges to a sea-gre5 7,fe,o74 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,) a c]ta9 am\nt ( oxide1 ! glass is ( a yell[i%-r$ color1 :i* on cool+ *anges to yell[1 !n gre51 & f9ally becomes colorless4 ,) a l>ge addition ( oxide1 ! color is1 :5 w>m1 d>k r$1 & passes1 :ile cool+1 into br[ni%-r$1 d>k gre51 & f9ally br[ni%-r$4 ,dur+ ! cool+ process1 ! colors *ange m rapidly ?an ) borax4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,) a small proportion ( oxide !re is no reaction4 ,) a l>g] am\nt ! bead is r$1 :ile w>m1 & becomes on cool+ successively yell[1 gre51 & russet4 ,) ! addition ( t9 ! glass becomes1 dur+ cool+1 fir/ gre5 & !n colorless4 99 99 99 99 99 #f4 ,oxide ( ,cobalt1 ,co,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame3 ,colors ! glass ( an int5se smalt blue bo? :il/ hot & :5 cold4 ,:5 mu* oxide is pres5t1 ! color is s deep z to appe> black4 9 ! r$uc+ flame3 ,z 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z ) borax1 b less int5sively color$4 ,dur+ cool+ ! color becomes some:at pal]4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 ! oxidiz+ flames4 99 99 99 99 99 #g4 ,oxide ( ,nickel1 ,ni,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,colors int5sely4 ,a small am\nt ( oxide af=ds a glass :i*1 :ile w>m1 is violet1 & becomes ( a pale r$di%-br[n on cool+4 ,a l>g] addition produces a d>k violet color 9 ! w>m & r$di%-br[n 9 ! cold bead4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! oxide is r$uc$ & ! metallic p>ticles give ! bead a turbid grey appe>ance4 ,if ! bla/ be cont9u$ ! metallic p>ticles fall toge!r )\t fus+1 & ! glass becomes colorless4 ,?is reaction is readily obta9$ ) t9 ^u *>coal1 & ! r$uc$ nickel fuses to a bead ) ! t94 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves into a r$di% glass :i* becomes yell[ on cool+4 ,) a l>ge addition ( ! oxide1 ! glass is br[ni% :ile hot1 & orange :5 cold4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,on plat9um wire ! nickelif]\s bead und]goes no *ange4 ,treat$ ) t9 ^u *>coal1 x becomes at fir/ opaque & grey1 & aft] long cont9u$ bl[+ ! r$uc$ nickel =ms a bead1 & ! glass rema9s colorless4 99 99 99 99 99 #h4 ,oxide ( ,z9c1 ,zn,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves easily into a cle> colorless glass1 :i*1 :5 mu* oxide is pres5t1 may be r5d]$ opaque & floccul5t by an int]mitt5t flame1 & becomes s spontane\sly ) a /ill l>g] addition4 ,:5 a consid]able quantity is dissolv$1 a glass is obta9$ :i* is pale yell[1 :ile hot1 & colorless :5 cold4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,on plat9um wire ! saturat$ glass becomes at fir/ opaque & grey1 b by a su/a9$ bla/ is aga9 r5d]$ cle>4 ,on *>coal ! oxide is gradually r$uc$2 ! metal is volatiliz$ & 9 cru/s ! *>coal ) oxide4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 99 99 99 99 99 #i4 ,oxide ( ,cadmium1 ,cd,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,:5 9 v l>ge proportion1 dissolves to a cle> yell[ glass1 :i* becomes ne>ly colorless on cool+4 ,:5 ! oxide is pres5t 9 any consid]able quantity1 ! glass c be r5d]$ opaque ) an int]mitt5t flame1 &1 ) a l>g] addition1 x becomes s spontane\sly on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,^u *>coal ebullition takes place & ! oxide is r$uc$4 ,! metallic cadmium is volatiliz$ & incru/s ! *>coal ) its *>act]i/ic deep yell[ oxide4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,:5 9 v l>ge proportion dissolves to a cle> glass1 hav+ a yell[ t+e1 :ile hot1 :i* disappe>s on cool+1 & :5 p]fectly saturat$1 becomes milk-:ite4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,on *>coal ! oxide is sl[ly & imp]fectly r$uc$4 ,! r$uc$ metal =ms ! *>act]i/ic incru/ation on ! *>coal1 b ! is ?9 & does n exhibit its color cle>ly until q cold4 ,! addition ( t9 ha/5s ! reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 #aj4 ,oxide ( ,lead1 ,pb,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves readily to a cle> yell[ glass1 :i* loses its color ^u cool+1 & :5 conta9+ mu* oxide c be r5d]$ dull "u an int]mitt5t flame4 ,) a /ill l>g] addition ( oxide x becomes opal9e yell[ on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! plumbif]\s glass spreads out on *>coal1 becomes turbid1 bubbles up1 until ! :ole ( ! oxide is r$uc$1 :5 x aga9 becomes cle>4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to br+ ! lead toge!r into a bead4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z ) borax1 b a l>g] addition ( oxide1 requir$ to produce a yell[ color 9 ! w>m bead4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,on *>coal ! plumbif]\s glass becomes grey & dull4 ,) an ov] dose ( oxide a "p is volatiliz$ & =ms an incru/ation on ! *>coal beyond ! bead4 ,! addition ( t9 does n r5d] ! glass opaque1 b some:at m dull & grey ?an 9 its abs5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #aa4 ,oxide ( ,t91 ,sn,o#b4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,9 small quantity dissolves sl[ly into a cle> colorless glass1 :i*1 :5 cold1 rema9s cle>1 & _c be r5d]$ opaque ) an int]mitt5t flame4 ,if a saturat$ bead1 :i* has be5 all[$ to cool1 be reheat$ to incipi5t r$ness1 x loses its r\nd$ =m & exhibits imp]fect cry/allization4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,a glass conta9+ b little oxide und]goes no *ange4 ,if mu* ( ! latt] be pres5t1 a "p may be r$uc$ ^u *>coal4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,9 small quantity dissolves v sl[ly to a colorless glass1 :i* rema9s cle> on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! glass und]goes no *ange1 ei!r on *>coal or plat9um wire4 99 99 99 99 99 #ab4 ,oxide ( ,bismu?1 ,bi,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves readily to a cle> glass :i* ) a small am\nt ( ! oxide is yell[1 :ile w>m1 & becomes colorless on cool+4 ,) a l>g] addition1 ! glass is1 9 ! hot /ate1 ( a deep orange color1 :i* *anges to yell[ & f9ally becomes opal9e 9 process ( cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,a glass becomes at fir/ grey & turbid1 !n beg9s to eff]vesce1 :i* action cont9ues dur+ ! r$uction ( ! oxide1 & x f9ally becomes p]fectly cle>4 ,if t9 be add$1 ! glass becomes at fir/ grey f ! r$uc$ bismu?1 b1 :5 ! metal is collect$ into a bead1 ! glass is aga9 cle> & colorless4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves 9 small quantity to a cle> colorless glass4 ,a l>g] addition af=ds a glass :i*1 :ile w>m1 is yell[1 & becomes colorless on cool+4 ,:5 9 suffici5t proportion ! glass may be r5d]$ opaque "u an int]mitt5t flame1 & a /ill l>g] addition ( oxide r5d]s ! bead spontane\sly opaque on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,on *>coal1 & especially ) ! addition ( t91 ! glass rema9s colorless & cle>1 :ile w>m1 b becomes on cool+ ( a d>k grey color & opaque4 99 99 99 99 99 #ac4 ,oxide ( ,uranium1 ,u#b,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behaves simil>ly to oxide ( iron1 ) ! exception t ! color ( ! =m] is some:at pal]4 ,:5 suffici5tly saturat$1 ! glass may be r5d]$ ( an opaque yell[ by an int]mitt5t flame4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,af=ds ! same color z ! oxide ( iron4 ,! gre5 glass obta9$ 9 ?is flame1 if suffici5tly saturat$1 c be r5d]$ black by an int]mitt5t flame1 b x has "u ^! circum/ances no enamel9e appe>ance4 ,on *>coal1 ) ! addition ( t91 ! glass takes a d>k gre5 color4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves to a cle> yell[ glass1 :i* assumes a yell[i%-gre5 color on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! glass assumes a beautiful gre5 color1 :i* becomes m brilliant z ! bead cools4 ,! addition ( t9 ^u *>coal produces no fur!r *ange4 99 99 99 99 99 #ad4 ,oxide ( ,copp]1 ,cu,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,produces an int5se coloration4 ,if 9 small quantity1 ! glass is gre51 :ile w>m1 & becomes blue on cool+4 ,if 9 l>ge proportion1 ! gre5 color is s int5se z to appe> black4 ,:5 cool1 ?is becomes pal]1 & *anges to a gre5i% blue4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,if n too saturat$1 ! cuprif]\s glass soon becomes ne>ly colorless1 b imm$iately on solidify+ assumes a r$ color & becomes opaque4 ,by long cont9u$ bl[+ on *>coal1 ! copp] 9 ! bead is r$uc$ & sep>ates out z a small metallic bead1 leav+ ! glass colorless4 ,) ! addition ( t91 ! glass becomes ( an opaque dull-r$ on cool+4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,) an equal proportion ( oxide1 ?is salt is n s /rongly color$ z borax4 ,a small am\nt imp>ts a gre5 color 9 ! w>m & a blue 9 ! cold4 ,) a v l>ge addition ( oxide1 ! glass is opaque 9 ! hot /ate1 & aft] cool+ ( a gre5i%-blue4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,a tol]ably saturat$ glass assumes a d>k gre5 color "u a good flame1 & on cool+ becomes ( an opaque brick-r$1 ! mom5t x solidifies4 ,a glass conta9+ b a small proportion ( ! oxide becomes equally r$ & opaque on cool+1 if treat$ ) t9 ^u *>coal4 99 99 99 99 99 #ae4 ,oxide ( ,m]cury1 ,hg,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,no reaction4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,no reaction4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,no reaction4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,no reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 #af4 ,oxide ( ,silv]1 ,ag,o4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,! oxide is p>tly dissolv$ & p>tly r$uc$4 ,9 small quantity1 x colors ! glass yell[ :ile w>m1 ! color disappe>+ on cool+4 ,9 l>g] quantity1 ! glass is yell[ :ile w>m1 b dur+ cool+ becomes pal] to a c]ta9 po9t1 & !n aga9 deep]4 ,if reheat$ slightly1 ! glass becomes opalesc5t4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,on *>coal ! arg5tif]\s glass becomes at fir/ grey f ! r$uc$ metal1 b aft]w>ds1 :5 ! silv] is collect$ into a bead1 x becomes cle> & colorless4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,bo? ! oxide & ! metal af=d a yell[i% glass1 :i*1 :5 conta9+ mu* oxide becomes opal9e1 exhibit+ a yell[ color by daylight & a r$ "o by artificial light4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 borax4 99 99 99 99 99 #ag4 ,oxide ( ,plat9um1 ,pt,o#b4 #ah4 ,oxide ( ,palladium1 ,pd,o#b4 #ai4 ,oxide ( ,rhodium1 ,r#b,o#c4 #bj4 ,oxide ( ,iridium1 ,ir#b,o#c4 #ba4 ,oxide ( ,ru!nium1 ,ru#b,o#i4 #bb4 ,oxide ( ,osmium ,os,o#b4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,are r$uc$ )\t be+ dissolv$4 ,! r$uc$ metal1 be+ infusible1 _c h[ev] be collect$ into a bead4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z 9 borax4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 borax4 99 99 99 99 99 #bc4 ,oxide ( ,gold1 ,au#b,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,is r$uc$ )\t be+ dissolv$ & c be collect$ into a bead on *>coal4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z 9 borax4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 borax4 99 99 99 99 99 #bd4 ,titanic ,acid1 ,ti,o#b ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves readily to a cle> glass :i*1 :5 b little acid is pres5t1 is colorless1 b :5 9 l>g] proportion1 yell[1 &1 on cool+1 colorless4 ,:5 suffici5tly saturat$1 x may be r5d]$ opaque ) an int]mitt5t flame1 & ) a /ill l>g] addition ( ! acid becomes s spontane\sly on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,9 small proportion1 x r5d]s ! glass yell[ 9 l>g] quantity d>k-yell[ or br[n4 ,a saturat$ bead assumes a blue enamel-l appe>ance "u an int]mitt5t flame4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves readily to a cle> glass1 :i*1 :5 suffici5tly saturat$1 is yell[ :ite hot1 & becomes colorless on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! glass obta9$ 9 ! oxidiz+ glame becomes yell[ 9 ! hot /ate1 b on cool+ assumes a beautiful violet color4 ,if too saturat$1 ?is color is s deep z to appe> opaque1 b is n enamel9e4 ,if ! titanic acid conta9s iron1 ! glass becomes on cool+ ( a br[ni%-yell[ or r$ color4 ,! addition ( t9 neutralizes ! iron1 & ! glass !n becomes violet4 99 99 99 99 99 #be4 ,tantalic ,acid1 ,ta,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves readily to a cle> colorless glass1 :i*1 :5 suffici5tly saturat$1 may be r5d]$ opaque ) an int]mitt5t flame1 & ) a l>g] addition ( ! acid becomes spontane\sly enamel9e on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves readily to a cle> glass1 :i*1 :5 x conta9s a l>ge proportion ( ! acid1 is yell[ :ile w>m1 b becomes colorless on cool+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! glass obta9$ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame und]goes no *ange1 nor does x1 accord+ to ,h4 ,rose1 alt] by ! addition ( sulphate ( iron4 99 99 99 99 99 #bf4 ,niobic ,acid1 ,ni#b,o#c ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behaves 9 a simil> mann] to tantalic acid1 b ! glass requires a v l>ge dose ( ! acid to r5d] x opaque "u an int]mitt5t flame4 ,) an increas$ am\nt ( ! acid1 ! glass is cle> & yell[1 :ile w>m1 b becomes on cool+ turbid1 & :5 q cold is :ite4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! glass obta9$ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame & :i* has become opalesc5t on cool+1 is r5d]$ cle> 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,) a l>g] addition ( ! acid1 x becomes dull1 & ( a blui%-grey color on cool+1 & a /ill l>g] am\nt ( r5d]s x opaque & blui% grey4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves 9 l>ge quantities to a cle> colorless glass4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,if ! acid be n pres5t 9 too l>ge a proportion1 ! glass rema9s un*ang$4 ,an additional am\nt ( ! acid r5d]s x violet1 & a /ill l>g] quantity af=ds a beautiful pure blue color1 simil> to t produc$ by tung/ic acid4 ,if to su* a bead "s sulphate ( iron be add$1 ! glass becomes blood-r$4 ,! addition ( p]oxide ( iron r5d]s ! glass deep yell[ :ile w>m1 ! color becomes pal] on cool+4 99 99 99 99 99 #bg4 ,pelopic ,acid1 ,pp#b,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behaves simil>ly to ! prec$+4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,a bead conta9+ suffici5t ( ! acid to r5d] x spontane\sly opaque on cool+1 has a greyi% color4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves ev5 9 l>ge quantity to a colorless glass4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,) suffici5t dose ( ! acid1 ! bead becomes br[n ) a violet t+e4 ,?is reaction is readily obta9$ ^u *>coal4 ,sulphate ( iron r5d]s ! bead blood-r$4 99 99 99 99 99 #bh4 ,oxide ( ,antimony1 ,sb,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,ev5 :5 9 l>ge proportion1 dissolves to a cle> glass1 :i* is yell[ :5 w>m1 b almo/ entirely loses its color on cool+4 ,on *>coal1 ! antimoni\s acid may be almo/ expell$1 s t t9 produces no fur!r *ange4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,a bead1 t has only be5 treat$ = a %ort "t 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 :5 submitt$ to ! r$uc+ flame becomes grey & turbid f ! r$uc$ antimony4 ,?is soon volatizes & ! glass aga9 becomes cle>4 ,! addition ( t9 r5d]s ! glass a%-grey or black1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( oxide x conta9s4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves ) ebullition to a glass ( a pale yell[ color :ile w>m4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,on *>coal1 ! saturat$ glass becomes at fir/ dull1 b z soon z ! r$uc$ antimony is volatiliz$1 x aga9 becomes cle>4 ,) t91 ! glass is at fir/ r5d]$ grey by ! r$uc$ antimony1 b by cont9u$ bl[+ is re/or$ to cle>ness4 ,ev5 :5 ! glass conta9s b little oxide1 t9 produces ?is reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 #bi4 ,tung/ic ,acid1 ,,wo#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves readily to a cle> colorless glass4 ,9 l>ge proportion x r5d]s ! borax yell[1 :ile w>m1 & ) a /ill great] addition ! bead may be made opaque ) an int]mitt5t flame4 ,if m be !n add$1 ?is reaction takes place spontane\sly4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,:5 ! oxide is pres5t 9 small quantity1 ! glass und]goes no *ange4 ,) a l>g] proportion1 ! glass is deep yell[ :ile w>m1 & yell[i%-br[n :5 cold4 ,?is reaction takes place ^u *>coal1 ) a small quantity ( ! acid4 ,t9 produces a d>k coloration1 :5 ! acid is n pres5t 9 too great a quantity4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves to a cle> glass1 :i*1 :5 saturat$1 is yell[ 9 ! hot /ate4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! glass is ( a pure blue4 ,if ! tung/ic acid conta9 iron1 ! glass becomes blood-r$ on cool+1 simil> to titanic acid4 ,9 ?is case1 t9 re/ores ! blue color1 or1 if iron be 9 consid]able quantity1 r5d]s x gre54 99 99 99 99 99 #cj4 ,molydbic ,acid1 ,,mo#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves readily & 9 l>ge quantity4 ,:5 b little is dissolv$1 ! glass is yell[ :ile hot & colorless :5 cold4 ,:5 9 l>g] quantity yell[ :ile w>m & opal9e :5 cold1 & a fur!r addition ( acid r5d]s x yell[ :5 w>m1 ! color1 on cool+1 *ang+ fir/ to a pale enamel blue1 & !n to an enamel :ite4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! glass1 :i* has be5 treat$ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 becomes1 :5 ! acid is n pres5t 9 too l>ge a quantity1 br[n1 & :5 9 l>ge quantity1 p]fectly opaque4 ,9 a /rong flame1 oxide ( molybd5um is =m$ :i* is visible 9 ! yell[ glass 9 ! =m ( black flakes4 ,if ! glass appe> opaque1 x %\ld be flatt5$ ) ! =ceps4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves to a cle> glass1 :i*1 :5 suffici5t acid is pres5t1 is ( a yell[i%-gre5 color :5 w>m1 & becomes ne>ly colorless on cool+4 ,on *>coal1 ! glass becomes d>k1 & :5 cool has a beautiful gre5 color4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! glass becomes ( a bottle-gre5 color1 :i* on cool+1 *anges to a brilliant gre51 simil> to t produc$ by oxide ( *romium4 ,! reaction on *>coal is precisely simil>4 ,t9 r5d]s ! color some:at d>k]4 99 99 99 99 99 #ca4 ,vanadic ,acid1 ,va,o#h4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves to a cle> glass1 :i* is colorless :5 only a small quantity ( acid is pres5t1 & yell[ :5 conta9+ a l>g] proportion4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! yell[ color ( ! glass *anges to a br[n :5 w>m & a *rome-gre5 on cool+4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 99 99 99 99 99 #cb4 ,oxide ( ,*romium1 ,cr#b,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,af=ds an int5se color1 b dissolves sl[ly4 ,a small proportion colors ! glass yell[ :5 w>m1 & yell[i% gre5 :5 cold2 a l>g] addition produces a d>k r$ color :5 w>m1 :i*1 on cool+1 becomes yell[ & f9ally a brilliant gre5 ) a t+e ( yell[4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,a small quantity ( ! oxide r5d]s ! glass beautifully gre5 bo? :5 w>m & :5 cold4 ,a l>g] addition *anges x to a d>k] em]ald gre54 ,t9 produces no *ange 9 ! color4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves to a cle> glass :i* has a p9k t+e :ile w>m1 b on cool+ becomes dusky gre51 & f9ally brilliantly gre54 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 except t ! colors are some:at d>k]4 ,t9 produces no fur!r *ange4 99 99 99 99 99 #cc4 ,ars5i\s ,acid1 ,as,o#c4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,no reaction4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,no reaction4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,no reaction4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,no reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 #cd4 ,tellur\s ,acid1 ,te,o#b4 ,behavior ) ,borax on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,dissolves to a cle> colorless glass :i*1 :5 treat$ on *>coal1 becomes grey & dull f p>ticles ( r$uc$ tellurium4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,behavior ) ,mic4 ,salt on ,plat9um wire 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,z ) borax4 99 99 99 99 99 #g4 ,,exam9ations ,,) ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,soda4 ,! c>bonate ( soda is pulv]iz$ & !n knead$ to a pa/e ) wat]2 ! sub/ance to be exam9$1 9 f9e p[d]1 is also mix$ ) x4 ,a small portion ( ?is pa/e is plac$ on ! *>coal1 & gradually heat$ until ! moi/ure is expell$1 :5 ! heat is br\ght to ! fusion ( ! bead1 or z high z x c be rais$4 ,sev]al ph5om5a w take place1 :i* mu/ be closely obs]v$4 ,notice :e!r ! sub/ance fuses ) ! bead1 & if s1 :e!r !re is intumesc5ce or n4 ,or1 :e!r ! sub/ance und]goes r$uction2 or1 :e!r nei!r ( ^! reactions takes place1 &1 on ! contr>y1 ! soda s9ks into ! *>coal1 leav+ ! sub/ance intact ^u its surface4 ,if intumesc5ce takes place1 ! pres5ce ( ei!r t>t>ic acid1 molybdic acid1 silicic1 or tung/ic acid1 is indicat$4 ,! silicic acid w fuse into a bead1 :i* becomes cle> :5 x is cold4 ,titanic acid w fuse into ! bead1 b may be easily di/+ui%$ f ! silicic acid by ! bead rema9+ opaque :5 cold4 ,/rontia & b>yta w fl[ into ! *>coal1 b lime w n4 ,! molybdic & tung/ic acids comb9e ) ! soda1 =m+ ! respective salts4 ,^! salts are absorb$ by ! *>coal4 ,if too great a quantity ( soda is us$1 ! bead w be q likely to become opaque ^u cool+1 :ile1 if too small a quantity ( soda is us$1 a portion ( ! sub/ance w rema9 undissolv$4 ,^! c be equally avoid$ by ei!r ! addition ( soda1 or ! sub/ance exp]im5t$ ^u1 z may be requir$4 ,z silica & titanic acid are ! only two sub/ances t produce a cle> bead1 ! /ud5t1 if he gets a cle> bead1 may almo/ conclude t he is exp]im5t+ ) silica1 titanic acid be+ a r>e sub/ance4 ,:5 soda is heat$ ) silica1 a slight eff]vesc5ce w be ! fir/ ph5om5on notic$4 ,?is is ! escape ( ! c>bonic acid ( ! c>bonate ( soda1 :ile ! silicic acid takes its place1 =m+ a glass ) ! soda4 ,z titanic acid w n act 9 ! same mann] z silica1 x c be easily di/+ui%$ by its bead n be+ p]fectly pellucid4 ,if ! bead ) :i* silica is fus$ %\ld be t9t$ ( a hyac9? or yell[ color1 ?is may be attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( sulphur or a sulphate1 & ?is sometimes happ5s f ! fact ( ! flux conta9+ sulphate ( soda4 ,! foll[+ metals1 :5 expos$ ) c>bonate ( soda to ! r$uc+ flame1 are :olly or p>tially r$uc$1 viz4 ! oxides ( all ! noble metals1 ! oxides & acids ( tung/51 molybd5um1 ars5ic1 antimony1 m]cury1 copp]1 tellurium1 z9c1 lead1 bismu?1 t91 cadmium1 iron1 nickel1 & cobalt4 ,m]cury & ars5ic1 z soon z !y are r$uc$1 are dissipat$1 :ile tellurium1 bismu?1 lead1 antimony1 cadmium1 & z9c1 are only p>tially volatiliz$1 &1 !re=e1 =m sublimates on ! *>coal4 ,^? metals :i* are difficult ( r$uction %\ld be fus$ ) oxalate ( potassa1 in/ead ( ! c>bonate ( soda4 ,! c>bonic oxide =m$ f ! combu/ion ( ! acid ( ?is salt is v effici5t 9 ! r$uction ( ^! metals4 ,c>bonate ( soda is v effici5t = ! detection ( m9ute quantities ( manganese4 ,! mixture ( ! c>bonate ( soda ) a small addition ( nitrate ( potassa1 & ! m9]al conta9+ manganese1 mu/ be fus$ on plat9um foil4 ,! fus$ mass1 :5 cool$1 pres5ts a f9e blue color4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,! foll[+ m9]als1 accord+ to ,griff91 produce beads ) soda1 b d n fuse :5 heat$ alone3 qu>tz1 agalmatolyte1 dioptase1 his+]ite1 sid]os*ilosite1 leucite1 rutile1 pyrophyllite1 wolckonskoite4 #b4 ,! foll[+ m9]als produce only slags ) soda3 allophane1 cymophane1 polymignite1 s*ynite1 o]/$tite1 titanif]\s iron1 tantalite1 oxides ( iron1 yttro-tantalite1 oxides ( manganese1 p]oxide ( t9 7is r$uc$71 hydrate ( alum9a1 hydrate ( magnesia1 sp9el1 gahnite1 wor?ite1 c>bonate ( z9c1 pe*uran1 zircon1 ?orite1 &alusite1 /aurolite1 gehl5ite1 *lorite sp>1 *rome o*re1 uw>[ite1 *romate ( iron1 c>bonates ( ! e>?s1 c>bonates ( ! metallic oxides1 basic phosphate ( yttria1 d4 ( alum9a1 d4 ( lime1 p]sulphate ( iron1 sulphate ( alum9a1 alum9ite1 alum/one1 fluoride ( c]ium1 yttroc]ite1 topaz1 corundum1 pleona/e1 *ondrodite4 #c4 ,! foll[+ m9]als produce beads ) a small quantity ( soda1 b produce slags if too mu* soda is add$3 ph5akite1 pi]osm9e1 oliv9e1 c]ite1 cyanite1 talc1 gadol9ite1 li?ium-t\rmal9e4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,! foll[+ m9]als1 :5 fus$ alone1 produce beads4 ,( ^! m9]als ! foll[+ produce beads ) soda3 ! zeolites1 spodum5e1 soda-spodum5e1 labrador1 scapolite1 sodalite 7,gre5l&71 elolite1 mica f primitive lime-/one1 black talc1 acmite1 krokidolite1 lievrite1 cron/$tite1 g>net1 c]9e1 helv9e1 gadol9ite1 boracic acid1 hydroboracite1 t9cal1 boracite1 da?olite1 botryolite1 ax9ite1 lapis lazuli1 eudialyte1 pyrosmalite1 cryolite4 #b4 ,! foll[+ m9]als produce beads ) a small quantity ( soda1 b if too mu* is add$ !y produce slags3 ok5ite1 pectolite1 r$ silicate ( manganese1 black hydro-silicate ( manganese1 idocrase1 manganesian g>nets1 or?ite1 pyror?ite1 sordawalite1 sodalite1 fluorsp>4 #c4 ,! foll[+ m9]als produce a slag ) soda3 brevicite1 amphodelite1 *lorite1 fahlunite1 pyrope1 soap-/one 7,corni%7 r$ di*roite1 pyr>gillite1 black pota% t\rmal9e1 wolfram1 ph>macolite1 scorodite1 ars5iate ( iron1 tetraphyl9e1 hetepozite1 uranite1 phosphate ( iron1 d4 ( /rontia1 d4 ( magnesia1 polyhalite1 hauyne4 #d4 ,! foll[+ metals are r$uc$ by soda3 tung/ate ( lead1 molybdate ( lead1 vanadate ( lead1 *romate ( lead1 vauquel9ite1 cobalt bloom1 nickel o*re1 phosphate ( copp]1 sulphate ( lead1 *loride ( lead1 & *loride ( silv]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ m9]als fuse on ! edges alone1 :5 heat$ 9 ! bl[pipe flame3 #a4 ,! foll[+ produce beads ) soda3 /eatite1 me]s*aum1 felsp>1 albite1 petalite1 nephel9e1 anor?ite1 em]ald1 euclase1 turquois1 sodalite 7,vesuvius74 #b4 ,! foll[+ m9]als produce beads ) a small quantity ( soda1 b ) ! addition ( m produce slags3 tabul> sp>1 diallage1 hyp]/h5e1 epidote1 zoisite4 #c4 ,! foll[+ m9]als produce slags only ) soda3 /ilpnosid]ite1 plombgomme1 s]p5t9e1 silicate ( manganese 7f ,pi$mont71 mica f granite1 pimelite1 p9ite1 blue di*roite1 sph5c1 k>pholite1 pyro*lore1 tung/ate ( lime1 gre5 soda t\rmal9e1 lazulite1 heavy sp>1 gypsum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! reactions ( sub/ances1 :5 fus$ ) soda 9 ! flame ( oxidation may be ( use to ! /ud5t4 ,a few ( !m are !re=e giv54 ,silica gives a cle> glass4 ,! oxide ( tellurium & telluric acid gives a cle> bead :5 x is hot1 b :ite aft] x is cool$4 ,titanic acid gives a yell[ bead :5 hot4 ,! oxide ( *romium gives also a cle> yell[ glass :5 hot1 b is opaque :5 cold4 ,molybdic acid gives a cle> bead :5 hot1 b is turbid & :ite aft] cool+4 ,! oxides & acids ( antimony give a cle> & colorless bead :ile hot1 & :ite aft] cool+4 ,vanadic acid is absorb$ by ! *>coal1 al?\gh x is n r$uc$4 ,tung/ic acid gives a d>k yell[ cle> bead :ile hot1 b is opaque & yell[ :5 cold4 ,! oxides ( manganese give to ! soda bead a f9e *>act]i/ic gre5 color4 ,?is is ! case ) a v small quantity4 ,?is reaction is be/ exhibit$ on plat9um foil4 ,oxide ( cobalt gives to ! bead :ile hot a r$ color1 :i*1 ^u be+ cool$1 becomes grey4 ,! oxide ( copp] gives a cle> gre5 bead :ile hot4 ,! oxide ( lead gives a cle> colorless bead :ile hot1 :i* becomes1 ^u cool+1 ( a dirty yell[ color & opaque4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ metals1 :5 !y are fus$ ) soda on *>coal1 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 produce volatile oxides1 & leave an incru/ation ar\nd ! assay1 viz4 bismu?1 z9c1 lead1 cadmium1 antimony1 sel5ium1 tellurium1 & ars5ic4 ,bismu?1 "u ! r$uction flame1 yields small p>ticles ( metal1 :i* are brittle & easily cru%$4 ,! incru/ation is ( a fle% color1 or orange1 :5 hot1 b gets light] z x cools4 ,! sublimate may be driv5 ab\t ! *>coal f place to place1 by ei!r flame1 b is f9ally dissipat$4 ,:ile antimony & tellurium1 9 ! act ( dissipation1 give color to ! flame1 bismu? does n1 & may ?us be di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,z9c deposits an incru/ation ab\t ! assay1 :i* is yell[ :ile hot1 b fades to :ite :5 cold4 ,! r$uction flame dissipates ?is deposit1 b n t ( oxidation4 ,all ! z9c m9]als deposit ! oxide incru/ation ab\t ! assay1 :i*1 :5 moi/5$ ) a solution ( cobalt & heat$1 *anges to gre54 ,lead is v easily r$uc$1 9 small p>ticles1 & may be easily di/+ui%$ by its flatt5+ "u ! hamm]1 unlike bismu?4 ,x leaves an incru/ation ar\nd ! assay resembl+ t ( bismu?1 9 ! color ( x1 & 9 ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* x lies ar\nd ! assay4 ,cadmium deposits a dull r$di% incru/ation ar\nd ! assay4 ,ei!r ( ! flames dissipate ! sublimate ) ! greate/ read9ess4 ,antimony r$uces ) read9ess4 ,at ! same "t x yields consid]able vapor1 & deposits an incru/ation ar\nd ! assay4 ,?is deposit c be driv5 ab\t on ! *>coal by ei!r ( ! flames4 ,! flame ( r$uction1 h[ev]1 produces ! light blue color ( ! antimony4 ,sel5ium is deposit$ on ! *>coal z a grey metallic-look+ sublimate1 b sometimes appe>+ purple or blue4 ,if ! r$uction flame is direct$ on ?is deposit1 x is dissipat$ ) a blue light4 ,tellurium is deposit$ on ! *>coal z a :ite sublimate1 sometimes *ang+ at ! m>g9 to an orange or r$ color4 ,! oxidation flame drives ! deposit ov] ! *>coal1 :ile ! r$uction-flame dissipates x ) a gre5i% color4 ,ars5ic is vaporiz$ rapidly1 :ile !re is deposit$ ar\nd ! assay a :ite incru/ation ( ars5i\s acid4 ,?is deposit w ext5d to "s di/ance f ! assay1 & is readily volatiliz$1 ! r$uc+ flame produc+ ! *>act]i/ic alliace\s color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ metals1 or _! comp\nds1 are r$uc$ :5 fus$ ) soda on *>coal1 9 ! flame ( r$uction4 ,!y are r$uc$ to metallic p>ticles1 b give no incru/ation1 viz4 nickel1 cobalt1 iron1 t91 copp]1 gold1 silv]1 plat9um1 tung/51 & molybd5um4 ,! p>ticles ( iron1 nickel1 & cobalt1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 are attract$ by ! magnet4 ,! foll[+ sub/ances are nei!r fus$ nor r$uc$ 9 soda1 viz4 alum9a1 magnesia1 lime1 b>yta1 /rontia1 ! oxide ( uranium1 ! oxides ( c]ium1 zirconia1 tantalic acid1 ?or9a1 gluc9a1 & yttria4 ,nei!r are ! alkalies1 z !y s9k into ! *>coal4 ,! c>bonates ( ! e>?s1 /rontia1 & b>yta fuse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"p ,,iii ,,special ,,reactions2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,behavior ,,( ,,sub/ances ,,be=e ,,! ,,bl[pipe4 ,analytical *emi/ry may be t]m$ ! art ( conv]t+ ! unkn[n con/itu5ts ( sub/ances1 by means ( c]ta9 op]ations1 into new comb9ations :i* we recognize ?r\gh ! physical & *emical prop]ties :i* !y manife/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 indisp5sably necess>y1 n only to be cognizant ( ! peculi> conditions by :i* ^! op]ations c be effect$1 b x is absolutely necess>y to be acqua9t$ ) ! =ms & comb9ations ( ! result+ product1 & ) e modification :i* may be produc$ by alt]+ ! conditions ( ! analysis4 ,we %all fir/ give ! behavior ( simple sub/ances be=e ! bl[pipe2 & ! /ud5t %\ld /udy ?is "p ?or\ghly1 by repeat+ ea* reaction1 s t he c acquire a k ( ! color1 =m1 & physical prop]ties 9 g5]al1 ( ! result+ comb9ation4 ,!re is no?+1 p]haps1 :i* w contribute m readily to ! progress ( ! pupil1 ?an ?or\gh practice ) ! reactions recomm5d$ 9 ?is "p ( ! "w1 = :5 once ! /ud5t %all h acquir$ a practical eye 9 ! disc]nm5t ( ! peculi> appe>ances ( sub/ances aft] !y h und]gone ! decompositions produc$ by ! /rong heat ( ! bl[pipe flame1 toge!r ) ! reactions incid5t to ^! *anges1 !n he w h greatly progress$ 9 8 /udy1 & ! re/ w be comp>atively simple4 ,a4 ,,metallic ,,oxides4 ,,gr\p ,,fir/4--,,! ,,alkalies3 ,,potassa1 ,,soda1 ,,ammonia1 ,,& ,,li?ia4 ,! alkalies1 9 _! pure1 or c>bonat$ /ate1 r5d] r$d5$ litmus pap] blue4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) ! sulphides ( ! alkalies4 ,! neutral salts ( ! alkalies1 =m$ ) ! /rong acids1 d n *ange litmus pap]1 b ! salts =m$ ) ! weak acids1 r5d] ! r$ litmus pap] blue2 = in/ance1 ! alkal9e salts ) boracic acid4 ,fus$ ) borax1 soda1 or microcosmic salt1 !y give a cle> bead4 ,! alkalies & _! salts melt at a l[ r$ heat4 ,! alkalies _c be r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,!y are n volatile :5 r$ hot1 except ! alkali ammonia1 b !y are volatile at a :ite heat4 7a47 ,potassa47,,ko74--,x is n f\nd free1 b 9 comb9ation ) inorganic & organic acids1 z well 9 ! animal z 9 ! vegetable organism1 z 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,9 ! pure1 or anhydr\s /ate1 or z ! c>bonate1 potassa absorbs moi/ure1 & becomes fluid1 or is deliquesc5t1 z x is t]m$4 ,by expos+ potassa1 or its easily fusible salts 7except ! phosphate or borate71 ^u plat9um wire1 to ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 !re is communicat$ to ! ext]nal flame a violet color1 9 consequ5ce ( a r$uction & reoxidation4 ,?is color1 ?\gh *>act]i/ic ( all ! potassa comp\nds1 is sc>cely visible ) ! phosphate or borate salts ( t alkali4 ,! admixture ( a v little soda 7#a_/cjj?7 de/roys ! color imp>t$ by ! potassa1 :ile ! flame assumes a yell[ color1 *>act]i/ic ( ! soda4 ,! pres5ce ( li?ia *anges ! violet color ( ! pota% into r$4 ,! silicates ( potassa mu/ exi/ 9 pretty l>ge proportion be=e !y c be detect$ by ! violet color ( ! flame1 & ^? m9]als mu/ melt easily at ! edges4 ,! pres5ce ( a little soda 9 ^! in/ances conceals ! reaction 9 ! potassa entirely4 ,if alcohol is p\r$ ov] potassa comp\nds :i* are p[d]$1 & !n set on fire1 ! ext]nal flame appe>s violet-color$1 p>ticul>ly :5 /irr$ ) a glass rod1 & :5 ! alcohol is really consum$4 ,! pres5ce ( soda 9 li?ia w1 9 ?is case likewise1 hide by _! own *>act]i/ic color1 t ( ! potassa4 ,! salts ( potassa are absorb$ :5 fus$ ^u *>coal4 ,! sulphur1 brom9e1 *lor9e1 & iod9e comp\nds ( potassa give a :ite1 b easily volatile sublimate ^u ! *>coal1 ar\nd ! place :]e ! fus$ sub/ance repos$4 ,?is :ite sublimate manife/s itself only :5 ! sub/ance is melt$ & absorb$ )9 ! *>coal1 & ceases to be visible z soon z x is submitt$ to ! r$uc+ flame1 :ile ! ext]nal flame is color$ violet2 sulphate ( potassa1 = in/ance1 is r$uc$ by ! gl[+ *>coal into ! sulphide4 ,?is latt] is some:at volatile1 b by pass+ ?r\gh ! oxidation flame1 x is aga9 oxidiz$ into ! sulphate4 ,?is1 be+ less volatile1 sublimes ^u ! *>coal1 b by expos+ x aga9 to ! flame ( r$uction1 x is r$uc$ & c>ri$ (f to be aga9 oxidiz$ by its passage ?r\gh ! oxidation flame4 ,potassa & its comp\nds give1 ) soda1 borax or microcosmic salt1 z well :5 hot z cold1 colorless beads1 unless ! acid associat$ ) ! alkali %\ld itself produce a color4 ,:5 borax is fus$ ) "s pure boracic acid1 & suffici5t ( ! oxide ( nickel is add$1 s t ! beads appe> ( a br[n color aft] be+ cool$1 & !n ! bead ?us produc$ fus$ ) ! sub/ance suspect$ to conta9 potassa1 9 ! oxidation flame1 ! br[n color is *ang$ to blue4 ,! pres5ce ( ! o!r alkalies does n prev5t ?is reaction4 ,z x is n possible to detect potassa comp\nds ) un]r+ c]ta9ty by ! bl[pipe flame1 ! ! wet me?od %\ld be resort$ to = ! purpose ( confirm+ x4 ,! silicates ( potassa mu/ be prep>$ z foll[s1 = analytical purposes by ! wet way4 ,mix "o "p ( ! f9ely p[d]$ sub/ance ) two p>ts ( soda 7free f potassa71 & "o "p ( borax4 ,fuse ! mixture ^u *>coal 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle>1 transp>5t bead4 ,?is is to be expos$ aga9 ) ! p9c]s to ! oxidation flame1 to burn (f ! adh]+ coal p>ticles4 ,!n pulv]ize & dissolve 9 hydro*loric acid to sep>ate ! silica2 evaporate to dryness1 dissolve ! residue 9 wat]1 ) ! admixture ( a little alcohol1 & te/ ! filtrate ) *loride ( plat9um = potassa4 7b47 ,soda 7,na,o74--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ abundant sub/ances1 al?\gh seldom f\nd free1 b comb9$ ) *lor9e or "s o!r less abundant comp\nd4 ,soda1 its hydrate & salts manife/ 9 g5]al ! same prop]ties z _! respective pota% comp\nds2 b ! salts ( soda mo/ly conta9 cry/al wat]1 :i* leaves ! salts if !y are expos$ to ! air1 & ! salts eff]vesce4 ,by expos+ soda or its comp\nds ^u a plat9um wire to ! blue flame1 a r$di%-yell[ color is communicat$ to ! ext]nal flame1 :i* appe>s z a long brilliant /ream & consid]ably increas$ 9 volume4 ,! pres5ce ( pota% does n prev5t ?is reaction ( soda4 ,if !re is too l>ge a quantity ( pota%1 ! flame ne> to ! sub/ance is violet-color$1 b ! edge ( ! flame exhibits ! *>act]i/ic t9t ( ! soda4 ,! pres5ce ( li?ia *anges ! yell[ color to a %ade ( r$4 ,:5 alcohol is p\r$ ov] p[d]$ soda comp\nds & light$1 ! flame exhibits a r$di%-yell[ color1 p>ticul>ly if ! alcohol is /irr$ up ) a glass rod1 or if ! alcohol is ne>ly consum$4 ,fus$ ^u *>coal1 soda comp\nds are absorb$ by ! coal4 ,! sulphide1 *loride1 iodide1 & bromide ( soda yield a :ite sublimate ar\nd ! spot :]e ! sub/ance is laid1 b ?is sublimate is n s copi\s z t ( ! pota% comp\nds1 & disappe>s :5 t\*$ ) ! r$uction flame1 communicat+ a yell[ color to ! ext]nal flame4 ,! pres5ce ( soda 9 comp\nds mu/ likewise be conf9$ by reactions 9 ! wet way4 7c47 ,ammonia 7,,nh#d,o74--,9 ! fus$ /ate1 & at ! usual temp]ature1 ammonia is a pung5t gas1 & ex]ts a reaction ^u litmus pap] simil> to pota% & soda4 ,ammonium is consid]$ by *emi/s z a metal1 f ! nature ( its behavior ) o!r sub/ances4 ,x has n be5 isolat$1 b its exi/5ce is n[ g5]ally conc$$ by all *emi/s4 ,! ammonia salts are volatile1 & _m ( !m sublimate )\t be+ decompos$4 ,! salts ( ammonia1 on be+ heat$ 9 ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 produce a feeble gre5 color 9 ! ext]nal flame1 j previ\s to _! be+ conv]t$ into vapor4 ,b ?is color is sc>cely visible1 & pres5ts no?+ *>act]i/ic4 ,:5 ! ammonia salts are mix$ ) ! c>bonate ( soda1 & heat$ 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end1 c>bonate ( ammonia is sublim$1 :i* c be readily recogniz$ by its p5etrat+ smell ( spirits ( h>t%orn4 ,?is sublimate w r5d] blue a slip ( r$ litmus pap]4 ,?is c be easily done by moi/5+ ! litmus pap]1 & !n ins]t+ ! end ( x 9 ! tube4 ,by hold+ a glass rod1 moi/5$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 ov] ! m\? ( ! tube1 a :ite vapor is in/antly r5d]$ visible 7sal ammoniac74 7d47 ,li?ia 7,li,o74--,9 ! pure /ate1 li?ia is :ite & cry/all9e1 n easily soluble 9 wat]1 & does n absorb moi/ure4 ,x *anges r$ litmus to blue1 & at a l[ r$ heat x melts4 ,li?ia or its salts1 expos$ to ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 communicates a r$ color to ! ext]nal or oxidation flame1 9 consequ5ce ( a r$uction1 sublimation1 & re-oxidation ( ! li?ia4 ,an admixture ( pota% communicates to ?is flame a r$di%-violet color1 & ! pres5ce ( soda t ( a yell[i%-r$ or orange4 ,if ! soda1 h[ev]1 is 9 too great proportion1 !n its int5se yell[ hides ! r$ ( ! li?ia4 ,9 ! latt] case ! sub/ance "u te/ mu/ be only imp]fectly fus$ 9 ! oxidation flame1 & !n dipp$ 9 wax or tall[4 ,by expos+ x n[ to ! r$uction flame1 ! r$ color imp>t$ to ! ext]nal flame by ! li?ia becomes visible1 ev5 if a consid]able quantity ( soda be pres5t4 ,a p>ticul> ph5om5on appe>s ) ! phosphate ( li?ia1 viz41 ! phosphoric acid itself possesses ! prop]ty ( communicat+ to ! flame a blui%-gre5 color4 ,by its comb9ation ) li?ia x /ill exhibits its *>act]i/ic color1 :ile ! latt] pres5ts likewise its peculi> t9t4 ,!n we p]ceive a gre5 flame 9 ! c5tre ( ! flame1 :ile ! r$ color ( li?ia surr\nds x4 ,! silicates1 :i* conta9 only a little li?ia1 produce only a slight hue 9 ! flame1 & (t5 none at all4 ,we h to mix "o "p ( ! silicate ) two p>ts ( a mixture compos$ ( "o "p ( fluorsp> & "o & a half p>ts ( bisulphate ( potassa4 ,moi/5 ! mass ) wat] s t ! mass w adh]e1 & !n melt x ^u a plat9um wire 9 ! r$uction flame1 :5 t ( oxidation w pres5t ! r$ color ( li?ia4 ,! ,borates ( li?ia produce at fir/ a gre5 color1 b x soon yields to ! r$ ( li?ia4 ,:5 alcohol is p\r$ ov] li?ia or its comp\nds1 & inflam$1 x burns ) a deep r$ color1 p>ticul>ly if ! fluid is /irr$ up ) a glass rod1 or :5 ! alcohol is ne>ly consum$4 ,?is color pres5ts ! same modifications z ! correspond+ ones communicat$ to ! bl[pipe z m5tion$ above4 ,! salts ( li?ia are absorb$ by *>coal :5 fus$ ^u x4 ,! sulphide1 bromide1 iodide1 & *loride ( li?ia produce ^u ! *>coal a greyi%-:ite sublimate1 al?\gh n s copi\sly z ! correspond+ comp\nds ( pota% & soda4 ,?is sublimate disappe>s :5 t\*$ by ! r$uction flame1 :ile ! oxidation flame gives ! *>act]i/ic color ( li?ia4 ,,second ,,gr\p4--,,! ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s1 ,,b>yta1 ,,/rontia1 ,,lime1 ,,& ,,magnesia4 ,9 ! pure /ate1 ! alkal9e e>?s are cau/ic1 cause r$ litmus pap] to become blue1 & are m or less soluble 9 wat]4 ,_! sulphides are also soluble4 ,! c>bonates & phosphates ( ! alkal9e e>?s are insoluble 9 wat]4 ,by ignit+ ! c>bonates1 _! c>bonic acid is expell$1 & ! alkal9e e>?s are left 9 ! cau/ic /ate4 ,! alkal9e e>?s are n volatile1 & _! organic salts are conv]t$1 by ignition1 into c>bonates4 7a47 ,b>yta4 7,ba,o74--,?is alkal9e e>? does n occur free 9 nature1 b comb9$ ) acids1 p>ticul>ly ) c>bonic & sulphuric acids4 ,9 ! pure /ate1 b>yta is ( a greyi%-:ite color1 pres5ts an e>?y appe>ance1 & is easily p[d]$4 ,:5 sp>+ly moi/5$ ) wat]1 x slakes1 becomes heat$1 & =ms a dry1 :ite p[d]4 ,) /ill m wat] x =ms a cry/all9e mass1 ! hydrate ( b>yta1 :i* is completely soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,pure b>yta is infusible2 ! hydrate fuses at a r$ heat1 )\t ! loss ( its hydratic wat]2 if cau/ic b>yta is expos$ = too great a l5g? ( "t to ! flame1 x absorbs wat]1 orig9at$ by ! combu/ion1 & becomes a hydrate1 :5 x w melt4 ,salts ( b>yta1 =m$ ) mo/ acids1 are insoluble 9 wat]2 = in/ance1 ! salts ) sulphuric1 c>bonic1 ars5ic1 phosphoric1 & boracic acids4 ,! salts ( b>yta1 soluble 9 wat]1 are decompos$ by ignition1 except ! *loride4 ,c>bonate ( b>yta loses its c>bonic acid at a r$ heat1 becomes cau/ic1 & colors r$ litmus pap] blue4 ,by expos+ b>yta or its comp\nds ^u a plat9um wire1 or a spl9t] ( ! sub/ance held ) ! plat9um tongs1 to ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 a pale apple-gre5 color is communicat$ to ! ext]nal flame4 ,?is color appe>s at fir/ v pale1 b soon becomes m int5se4 ,?is color is mo/ visible if ! sub/ance is op]at$ ) 9 small quantities4 ,! *loride ( b>ium produces ! deepe/ color4 ,?is color is less int5se if ! c>bonate or sulphate is us$4 ,! pres5ce ( /rontia1 lime1 or magnesia1 does n suppress ! reaction ( ! b>yta1 unless !y greatly pr$om9ate4 ,:5 alcohol is p\r$ ov] b>yta or its salts1 & inflam$1 a feeble gre5 color is communicat$ to ! flame1 b ?is color %\ld n be consid]$ a *>act]i/ic ( ! salt4 ,b>yta & its comp\nds give1 :5 fus$ ) c>bonate ( soda ^u plat9um foil1 a cle> bead4 ,fus$ ) soda ^u *>coal1 x is absorb$4 ,! sulphate fuses at fir/ to a cle> bead1 :i* soon spreads1 & is absorb$ & conv]t$ :ile boil+ into a hepatic mass4 ,if ?is mass is tak5 out1 plac$ ^u a piece ( poli%$ silv] & moi/5$ ) a little wat]1 a black spot ( sulphide ( silv] is left aft] wa%+ (f ! mass ) wat]4 ,borax dissolves b>yta & its comp\nds ) a hiss+ noise1 z well 9 ! flame ( oxidation z 9 t ( r$uction4 ,!re is =m$ a cle> bead :i*1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( saturation1 is cle> :5 cold1 b appe>s milk-:ite :5 ov]*>g$1 & ( an opal1 enamel appe>ance1 :5 heat$ int]mitt+ly1 or ) a vacillat+ flame1 t *anges frequ5tly f ! oxidat+ to ! r$uc+ flame4 ,b>yta & its comp\nds produce ! same reactions ) microcosmic salt4 ,b>yta & its comp\nds fuse :5 expos$ to ignition 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,moi/5$ ) ! solution ( nitrate ( cobalt1 & heat$ 9 ! oxidation flame1 x pres5ts a bead1 color$ f brick-r$ to br[n1 accord+ to ! quantity us$4 ,?is color disappe>s :5 cold1 & ! bead falls to a pale grey p[d] aft] be+ expos$ a:ile to ! air4 ,:5 heat$ aga91 ! color does n appe> until fusion is effect$4 ,if c>bonate ( soda is fus$ ^u plat9um wire ) s mu* ( ! sesquioxide ( manganese t a gre5 bead is produc$1 ?is bead1 :5 fus$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( b>yta1 or its comp\nds1 aft] cool+1 w appe> ( a blui%-gre51 or light blue color4 7b47 ,/rontia 7,sr,o74--,/rontia & its comp\nds are analog\s to ! respective ones ( b>yta4 ,! hydrate ( /rontia has ! same prop]ties z ! hydrate ( b>yta1 except t x is less soluble 9 wat]4 ,! c>bonate ( /rontia fuses a little at a r$ heat1 swells1 & bubbles up l caulifl[]4 ,?is produces1 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 an int5se & spl5did light1 & n[ produces an alkal9e reaction ^u r$ litmus pap]4 ,! sulphate ( /rontia melts 9 ! oxidation flame ^u plat9um foil1 or ^u *>coal1 to a milk-:ite globule4 ,?is fuses ^u *>coal1 spreads & is r$uc$ to ! sulphide1 :i* is absorb$ by ! *>coal4 ,x n[ produces ! same reactions ^u poli%$ silv] z ! sulphate ( b>yta "u ! same conditions4 ,by expos+ /rontia & its comp\nds ^u plat9um wire1 or z a spl9t] ) ! plat9um tongs1 to ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 ! ext]nal flame appe>s ( an int5se crimson color4 ,! deepe/ r$ color is produc$ by ! *loride ( /rontium1 p>ticul>ly at ! fir/ mom5t ( apply+ ! heat4 ,aft] ! salt is fus$1 ! r$ color ceases to be visible 9 ! flame1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! *loride ( li?ium4 ,! c>bonate ( /rontia swells up & produces a spl5did :ite light1 :ile ! ext]nal flame is color$ ( a f9e purple-r$4 ,! color produc$ by ! sulphate ( /rontia is less int5se4 ,! pres5ce ( b>yta de/roys ! reaction ( ! /rontia1 ! flame pres5t+ ! light gre5 color ( ! b>yta4 ,if alcohol is p\r$ ov] p[d]$ /rontia & inflam$1 ! flame appe>s purple or deep crimson1 p>ticul>ly if ! fluid is /irr$ ) a glass rod1 & :5 ! alcohol is ne>ly consum$4 ,! insoluble salts ( /rontia d n produce a v int5se color4 ,b>yta does n prev5t ! reaction ( ! soluble salts ( /rontia1 unless x exi/s greatly 9 excess4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( b>yta1 /rontia c be detect$ by ! foll[+ process3 mix "s ( ! sub/ance "u exam9ation ) "s pure graphite & wat]1 by gr9d+ 9 an agate mort>4 ,place ! mixture ^u *>coal1 & expose x = a :ile to ! r$uction flame4 ,! sub/ance becomes r$uc$ to sulphide ( b>ium & sulphide ( /rontium1 :5 x %\ld be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution %\ld be evaporat$ to dryness1 r$issolv$ 9 a little wat]1 & en\gh alcohol add$ t a _s ( #hj p] c5t4 is produc$4 ,inflame ! _s1 & if /rontia is pres5t1 ! flame is t+$ ( a r$ color4 ,?is color c be disc]n$ m di/9ctly by moi/5+ "s cotton ) ?is _s & inflam+ x4 ,if /rontia or its comp\nds are fus$ ) a gre5 bead ( c>bonate ( soda & sesquioxide ( manganese1 z describ$ "u ! head ( b>yta1 a bead ( a br[n1 br[ni%-gre51 or d>k grey color is produc$4 ,c>bonate ( soda does n dissolve pure /rontia4 ,! c>bonate & sulphate ( /rontia melt ) soda ^u plat9um foil to a bead1 :i* is milk-:ite :5 cold1 b fus$ ^u *>coal !y are absorb$4 ,/rontia or its comp\nds produce ) borax1 or microcosmic salt1 ! same reactions z b>yta4 ,:5 !y are moi/5$ ) nitrate ( cobalt1 & ignit$ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 a black1 or grey infusible mass is produc$4 7c47 ,lime1 ,oxide ( ,calcium 7,ca,o74--,lime does n occur free 9 nature1 b 9 comb9ation ) acids1 *iefly ! c>bonic & sulphuric4 ,! phosphate occurs pr9cipally 9 bones4 ,! hydrate & ! salts ( lime are 9 _! prop]ties simil> to ^? ( ! two prec$+ alkal9e e>?s4 ,9 ! pure /ate1 ! oxide ( calcium is :ite2 x slakes1 produces a high temp]ature1 & falls into a :ite p[d] :5 spr9kl$ ) a little wat]4 ,x is n[ a hydrate1 & has greatly increas$ 9 volume4 ,! hydrate ( lime is f> less soluble 9 wat] ?an ei!r ^? ( b>yta or /rontia1 & is less soluble 9 hot wat] ?an 9 cold4 ,lime1 its hydrate & sulphide ( calcium1 h a /rong alkal9e reaction ^u r$ litmus pap]4 ,lime & its hydrate are infusible1 b produce at a /rong r$ heat a v int5se & spl5did :ite light1 :ile ! hydrate loses its wat]4 ,! c>bonate ( lime is also infusible1 b at a r$ heat ! c>bonic acid is expell$1 & ! residue becomes cau/ic1 appe>s :it]1 & produces an int5s] light4 ,! sulphate ( lime melts ) difficulty1 & pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an enamell$ mass :5 cold4 ,by heat+ x ^u *>coal x fuses 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 & is r$uc$ to a sulphide4 ,?is has a /rong hepatic odor1 & ex]ts an alkal9e reaction ^u r$ litmus pap]4 ,by expos+ lime1 or its comp\nds1 ^u plat9um wire--or z a small spl9t] ( ! m9]al 9 ! plat9um tongs--to ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 a purple color1 simil> to t ( li?ia & /rontia1 is communicat$ to ! ext]nal flame1 b ?is color is n s int5se z t produc$ by /rontia1 & appe>s mix$ ) a slight t+e ( yell[4 ,?is color is mo/ int5se ) ! *loride ( calcium1 :ile ! c>bonate ( lime produces at fir/ a yell[i% color1 :i* becomes r$1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,sulphate ( lime produces ! same color1 b n s int5se4 ,among ! silicates ( lime only ! tablesp> 7#c;,ca,o1 #b,si,o#c7 produces a r$ color4 ,fluorsp> 7,ca,fl7 produces a r$ z int5se z pure lime1 & fuses into a bead4 ,phosphate & borate ( lime produce a gre5 flame :i* is only *>act]i/ic ( _! acids4 ,! pres5ce ( b>yta communicates a gre5 color to ! flame4 ,! pres5ce ( soda produces only a yell[ color 9 ! ext]nal flame4 ,if alcohol is p\r$ ov] lime or its comp\nds & inflam$1 a r$ color is communicat$ to ! flame4 ,! pres5ce ( b>yta or soda prev5ts ?is reaction4 ,lime & its comp\nds d n dissolve mu* by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,if ?is fusion is effect$ on *>coal1 ! c>bonate ( soda is absorb$ & ! lime rema9s z a half-globul> infusible mass on ! *>coal4 ,?is is :at di/+ui%es lime f b>yta & /rontia1 & is a good me?od ( sep>at+ ! =m] f ! latt]4 ,lime & its comp\nds fuse ) borax 9 ! oxidiz+ & r$uc+ flames to a cle> bead1 :i* rema9s cle> :5 cold1 b :5 ov]*>g$ ) an excess or heat$ int]mitt+ly1 ! bead appe>s1 :5 cold1 cry/all9e & unev51 & is n s milk-:ite z ! bead ( b>yta or /rontia1 produc$ "u ! same circum/ances4 ,! c>bonate ( lime is dissolv$ ) a peculi> hiss+ noise4 ,microcosmic salt dissolves a l>ge quantity ( lime into a cle> bead1 :i* is milky :5 cold4 ,:5 ! bead has be5 ov]*>g$ ) lime1 by a less excess1 or by an int]mitt5t flame1 we w p]ceive 9 ! bead1 :5 cold1 f9e cry/als 9 ! =m ( ne$les4 ,lime & its comp\nds =m by ignition ) nitrate ( cobalt1 a black or greyi%-black infusible mass4 7d47 ,magnesia 7,mg,o74--,magnesia occurs 9 nature 9 sev]al m9]als4 ,x exi/s 9 consid]able quantity comb9$ ) c>bonic1 sulphuric1 phosphoric1 & silicic acids1 etc4 ,magnesia & its hydrate are :ite & v volum9\s1 sc>cely soluble 9 hot or cold wat]1 & re/ores moi/5$ r$ litmus pap] to its orig9al blue color4 ,magnesia & its hydrate are infusible1 ! latt] los+ its wat] by ignition4 ,! c>bonate ( magnesia is infusible1 loses its c>bonic acid at a r$ heat1 & %r9ks a little4 ,x n[ ex]ts ^u r$ litmus pap] an alkal9e reaction4 ,! sulphate ( magnesia1 at a r$ heat1 loses its wat] & sulphuric acid1 is entirely infusible1 & gives n[ an alkal9e reaction4 ,! artificial ,a/ra*anit 7,na,o1 ,,s#c ,mg,o1 ,,s#c #d;,,ho7 fuses easily4 ,:5 fus$ on *>coal1 ! great] "p ( ! sulphate ( soda is absorb$1 & !re rema9s an infusible mass4 ,magnesia & its comp\nds d n produce any color 9 ! ext]nal flame1 :5 heat$ 9 ! po9t ( ! blue flame4 ,! mo/ ( ! magnesia m9]als yield "s wat] :5 heat$ 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end4 ,magnesia1 9 ! pure /ate1 or z ! hydrate1 does n fuse ) soda4 ,"s ( its comp\nds are infusible likewise ) soda1 & swell up slightly1 :ile o!rs ( !m melt ) soda to a slightly opaque mass4 ,"s few 7su* z ! borate ( magnesia7 give a cle> bead ) soda1 ?\gh x becomes slightly turbid by cool+ :5 saturat$ ) magnesia1 & cry/allizes 9 l>ge facets4 ,magnesia & its comp\nds give beads ) borax & microcosmic salt simil> to ^? ( lime4 ,by ignit+ magnesia or its comp\nds v /rongly 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 moi/5+ ) nitrate ( cobalt1 & re-ignit+ 9 ! oxidation flame1 !y pres5t1 aft] a cont9u$ bl[+1 a pale fle%-color1 :i* is m visible :5 cold4 ,x is indisp5sable t ! magnesia comp\nds %\ld be completely :ite & free ( color$ sub/ances1 or ! color ref]r$ to _c be disc]n$4 ,9 g5]al ! reactions ( magnesia be=e ! bl[pipe are n suffici5t1 & x w be necess>y to confirm its pres5ce or abs5ce by aid ( reag5ts appli$ 9 ! wet way4 ,,?ird ,,gr\p4--,,! ,,e>?s1 ,,alum9a1 ,,gluc9a1 ,,yttria1 ,,?or9a1 ,,& ,,zirconia4 ,! sub/ances ( ?is gr\p are di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ by _! insolubility 9 wat]1 9 _! pure or hydrat$ /ate--t !y h no alkal9e reaction ^u litmus pap]1 nor =m salts ) c>bonic acid4 ,! e>?s are n volatile1 &1 9 ! pure /ate1 are infusible4 ,!y _c be r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,! organic salts are de/roy$ by ignition1 :ile ! e>?s are left 9 ! pure /ate1 mix$ ) *>coal1 f ! organic acids4 ,! mo/ ( _! neutral salts are insoluble 9 wat]2 ! soluble neutral salts *ange blue litmus pap] to r$1 & lose _! acids :5 ignit$4 7a47 ,alum9a 7,al#b,o#c74--,?is e>? is "o ( our mo/ common m9]als4 ,x occurs free 9 nature 9 _m m9]als1 z sapphire1 etc42 or 9 comb9ation ) sulphuric acid1 phosphoric acid1 & fluor9e1 & *iefly silicates4 ,pure alum9a is a :ite cry/all9e p[d]1 or yell[i%-:ite1 & amorph\s :5 produc$ by dry+ ! hydrate1 sep>at$ *emically f its salts4 ,alum9a is q unalt]able 9 ! fire2 ! hydrate1 h[ev]1 los+ its wat] at a l[ r$ heat4 ,! neutral salts ( alum9a1 ) mo/ acids1 are insoluble 9 wat]4 ,^? soluble 9 x h an acid reaction ^u litmus pap]1 *ang+ ! blue into r$4 ,! sulphates ( alum9a elim9ate wat] :5 heat$ 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end4 ,by ignition1 sulphur\s acid 7,,s#b7 is giv5 (f1 :i* c be recogniz$ by its smell1 & by its acid reaction ^u blue litmus pap]1 :5 a small /rip ( x moi/5$ is br\ght )9 ! orifice ( ! tube2 an infusible residue is left 9 ! tube4 ,! great] "p ( ! alum9a comp\nds give (f wat] ) heat2 ! mo/ ( !m are also infusible1 except a few phosphates & silicates4 ,pure alum9a does n fuse ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,! sulphates1 :5 expos$ ^u *>coal ) soda to ! r$uc+ flame1 leave a hepatic residue4 ,! phosphates melt ) a little soda1 ) a hiss+ noise1 to a semi-transp>5t mass1 b !y are infusible ) ! addition ( soda1 & give only a t\gh mass4 ,?is is ! case1 likewise1 ) ! silicates ( alum9a4 ,fluoride ( alum9ium melts ) c>bonate ( soda to a cle> bead1 spreads by cool+1 & appe>s !n milk-:ite4 ,borax dissolves ! alum9a comp\nds sl[ly 9 ! oxidiz+ & r$uc+ flames to a cle> bead1 :i* is also cle> :5 cold1 or heat$ int]mitt+ly ) a vacillat+ flame4 ,! bead is turbid1 z well 9 ! heat z ! cold1 :5 an excess ( alum9a is pres5t4 ,:5 ! alum9a comp\nd is add$ to excess 9 ! p[d]$ =m1 ! bead appe>s cry/all9e ^u cool+1 & melts aga9 ) great difficulty4 ,alum9a & its comp\nds are sl[ly dissolv$ 9 ! microcosmic salt to a bead1 cle> 9 bo? flames1 & :5 hot or cold4 ,:5 alum9a is add$ to excess1 ! undissolv$ portion appe>s semi-transp>5t4 ,alum9a melts ) bisulphate ( pota% into a mass soluble 9 wat]4 ,:5 ! p[d]$ alum9a comp\nds are /rongly ignit$ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 !n moi/5$ ) nitrate ( cobalt1 & re-ignit$ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 an infusible mass is left1 :i* appe>s1 :5 cool$1 ( an int5se blue color4 ,! pres5ce ( color$ metallic oxides1 9 consid]able quantity1 w alt] or suppress ?is reaction4 ,! silicates ( ! alkalies produce1 9 a v /rong heat1 or cont9u$ heat1 ) nitrate ( cobalt1 a pale blue color4 ,! blue color produc$ by alum9a is only di/9ctly visible by daylight2 by c&le-light x appe>s ( a dirty violet color4 7b47 ,gluc9a4 7,g#b,o#c74--;,gluc9a only occurs 9 a few r>e m9]als1 9 comb9ation ) silica & alum9a4 ,x is :ite & insoluble 9 ! pure /ate1 & its prop]ties g5]ally are simil> to ^? ( alum9a4 ,! mo/ ( its comp\nds are infusible1 & yield wat] by di/illation4 ,c>bonate ( soda does n dissolve gluc9a by ignition4 ,silicate ( gluc9a melts ) c>bonate ( soda to a colorless globule4 ,borax & microcosmic salt dissolve gluc9a & its comp\nds to a colorless bead :i*1 :5 ov]*>g$ ) gluc9a1 or heat$ ) ! int]mitt5t flame appe>s1 aft] cool+1 turbid or milk-:ite4 ,gluc9a yields1 by ignition ) nitrate ( cobalt1 a black1 or d>k grey infusible mass4 7c47 ,yttria 7,,yo7 occurs only 9 a few r>e m9]als1 & usually 9 company ) t]bium & erbium4 ,its reactions be=e ! bl[pipe are simil> to ! prec$+1 b = its detection 9 comp\nds x w be necess>y to resort to analysis 9 ! wet way4 7d47 ,zirconia 7,zr#b,o#c74--,?is sub/ance resembles alum9a 9 appe>ance1 ?\gh x occurs only 9 a few r>e m9]als4 ,x is 9 ! pure /ate infusible1 & at a r$ heat produces su* a spl5did & vivid :ite light t ! eyes c sc>cely endure x4 ,its o!r reactions be=e ! bl[pipe are analog\s to gluc9a4 ,microcosmic salt does n dissolve s mu* zirconia z gluc9a1 & is m prone to give a turbid bead4 ,zirconia yields ) nitrate ( cobalt1 :5 ignit$1 an infusible black mass4 ,to recognize zirconia 9 comp\nds we mu/ resort to fluid analysis4 7e47 ,?or9a 7,th,o74--,?is is ! r>e/ among ! r>e m9]als4 ,9 ! pure /ate x is :ite & infusible1 & w n melt ) ! c>bonate ( soda4 ,borax dissolves ?or9a sl[ly to a colorless1 transp>5t bead1 :i* w rema9 s :5 heat$ ) ! int]mitt5t flame4 ,if ov]*>g$ ) ! ?or9a1 ! bead pres5ts1 on cool+1 a milky hue4 ,microcosmic salt dissolves ! ?or9a v t>dily4 ,by ignition ) nitrate ( cobalt1 ?or9a is conv]t$ into an infusible black mass1 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,f\r? ,,gr\p4 ,,c]ium1 ,,lan?anium1 ,,didymium1 ,,columbium1 ,,niobium1 ,,pelopium1 ,,titanium1 ,,uranium1 ,,vanadium1 ,,*romium1 ,,manganese4 ,! sub/ances ( ?is gr\p _c be r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 nei!r by heat+ !m p] se1 nor by fus+ !m ) reag5ts4 ,!y give by fusion ) borax or microcosmic salt1 color$ beads1 :ile ! prec$+ gr\ps give colorless beads4 7a47 ,c]ium 7,ce74--,?is metal occurs 9 ! oxidat$ /ate 9 a few r>e m9]als1 & is associat$ ) lan?anium & didymium1 comb9$ ) fluor9e1 phosphoric acid1 c>bonic acid1 silica1 etc4 ,:5 r$uc$ artificially1 x =ms a grey metallic p[d]4 7a47 ,protoxide ( ,c]ium 7,ce,o74--,x exi/s 9 ! pure /ate z ! hydrate1 & is ( a :ite color4 ,x soon oxidizes & becomes yell[1 :5 plac$ 9 contact ) ! air4 ,:5 heat$ 9 ! oxidation flame1 x is conv]t$ into ! sesquioxide1 & !n is *ang$ into light brick-r$ color4 ,9 ! oxidation flame x is dissolv$ by borax into a cle> bead1 :i* appe>s ( an orange or r$ :ile hot1 b becomes yell[ ^u cool+4 ,:5 highly saturat$ ) ! metal1 or :5 heat$ ) a fluctuat+ flame1 ! bead appe>s enamell$ z :5 cold4 ,9 ! r$uction flame x is dissolv$ by borax to a cle> yell[ bead1 :i* is colorless :5 cold4 ,if too mu* ( ! metal exi/s 9 ! bead1 x !n appe>s enamell$ :5 cool$4 ,microcosmic salt dissolves x1 9 ! oxidation flame1 to a cle> bead1 :i* is color$ d>k yell[ or orange1 b loses its color :5 cold4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ! bead is colorless :5 ei!r hot or cold4 ,ev5 if highly saturat$ ) ! metal1 ! bead rema9s colorless :5 cold4 ,by fus+ x ) c>bonate ( soda ^u *>coal 9 ! r$uction flame1 ! soda is absorb$ by ! *>coal1 :ile ! protoxide ( ! metal rema9s z a light grey p[d]4 7,b47 ,sesquioxide ( ,c]ium 7,ce#b,o#c74--,?is oxide1 9 ! pure /ate1 is a r$ p[d]4 ,:5 heat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 x produces *lor9e gas1 & is dissolv$ to a salt ( ! protoxide4 ,x is n affect$ by ei!r ! flame ( oxidation or ( r$uction2 :5 fus$ ) borax or microcosmic salt1 x acts l ! protoxide4 ,x does n fuse ) soda ^u *>coal4 ,9 ! r$uction flame x is r$uc$ to ! protoxide1 :i* rema9s ( a light grey color1 :ile ! soda is absorb$ by ! *>coal4 7b47 ,lan?anium 7,la47--,?is metal is inv>iably associat$ ) c]ium4 ,x pres5ts1 9 its metallic /ate1 a d>k grey p[d]1 :i* by compression acquires ! metallic lu/re4 ,! oxide ( lan?anium 7,la,o7 is :ite1 & its salts are colorless4 ,heat$ ^u *>coal1 x does n *ange ei!r 9 ! oxidation flame or t ( r$uction4 ,) borax1 9 ! flame ( oxidation or r$uction1 x gives a cle> colorless bead4 ,?is bead1 if saturat$1 & :5 hot1 pres5ts a yell[ appe>ance1 b is cl\d$ or enamell$ :5 cold4 ,) microcosmic salt ! same appe>ance is indicat$4 ,x does n fuse ) c>bonate ( soda1 b ! soda is absorb$ by ! *>coal1 :ile ! oxide rema9s ( a grey color4 7c47 ,didymium 7,d74--,?is metal occurs only 9 comb9ation ) ! prec$+ ones1 & x is !re=e1 l !m1 a r>e "o4 ,oxide ( ,didymium 7,,d74--,?is oxide is ( a br[n color1 :ile its salts pres5t a r$di%-violet or ame?y/ color4 ,! oxide is infusible 9 ! oxidation flame1 & 9 t ( r$uction x loses its br[n color & *anges to grey4 ,) borax 9 ! oxidation flame1 x fuses to a cle> d>k r$ or violet bead1 :i* reta9s its cle>ness :5 highly saturat$ ) ! oxide1 or if heat$ ) a fluctuat+ flame4 ,! reactions ) microcosmic salt are ! same z ) borax4 ,x does n melt ) c>bonate ( soda ^u *>coal1 b ! oxide rema9s ) a grey color1 :ile ! soda is absorb$ by ! *>coal4 7d47 ,columbium1 7,tantalum--,ta74--,?is r>e metal occurs q sp>+ly 9 ! m9]als tantalite1 yttrotantalite1 etc41 z columbic acid4 ,9 ! metallic /ate1 x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a black p[d]1 :i*1 :5 compress$1 exhibits ! metallic lu/re4 ,:5 heat$ 9 ! air x is oxidiz$ into columbic acid1 & is only soluble 9 hydr(luoric acid1 yield+ hydrog54 ,x is oxidiz$ by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda or pota%4 ,columbic ,acid 7,ta#b,o#c7 is a :ite p[d]1 & is infusible4 ,:5 heat$ 9 ! flame ( oxidation or r$uction1 x appe>s ( a light yell[ :ile hot1 b becomes colorless :5 cold4 ,) borax1 9 ! flames ( oxidation & r$uction1 x fuses to a cle> bead1 :i* appe>s by a c]ta9 degree ( saturation1 ( a yell[ color s long z x cont9ues hot1 b becomes colorless :5 cold4 ,if ov]*>g$1 or heat$ ) an int]mitt5t flame1 x pres5ts an enamel :ite :5 cool4 ,x melts ) microcosmic salt q readily 9 bo? ( ! flames1 to a cle> bead1 :i* appe>s1 if a consid]able quantity ( columbic acid be pres5t1 ( a yell[ color :ile hot1 b colorless :5 cold1 & does n become cl\d$ if ! int]mitt5t flame be appli$ to x4 ,) c>bonate ( soda x fuses ) eff]vesc5ce to a bead :i* spreads ov] ! *>coal4 ,melt$ ) m soda1 x becomes absorb$ by ! *>coal4 ,x yields1 moi/5$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( cobalt1 & expos$ to ! oxidation flame aft] cont9u$ bl[+1 an infusible mass1 pres5t+ :ile hot a light grey color1 b aft] be+ cool$ t ( a light r$1 simil> to ! color pres5t$ by magnesia "u ! same circum/ances4 ,b if !re be "s alkali mix$ ) x1 a fusion at ! edges w be manife/1 & x w yield by cool+ a blui%-black mass4 7e47 ,niobium 7,ni74--,?is metal occurs z niobic acid 9 columbite 7tantalite74 ,niobic acid is 9 its prop]ties simil> to columbic acid4 ,x is :ite & infusible4 ,by heat+ x ei!r 9 ! flames ( r$uction or oxidation1 x pres5ts z long z x cont9ues hot1 a gre5i%-yell[ color1 b becomes :ite :5 cool4 ,borax dissolves x 9 ! oxidation flame q readily to a cle> bead1 :i*1 ) a consid]able quantity ( niobic acid1 is yell[ :5 hot1 b transp>5t & colorless :5 cold4 ,a saturat$ bead is cle> :5 ei!r hot or cold1 b becomes opaque :5 heat$ int]mitt+ly4 ,9 ! flame ( r$uction1 borax is capable ( dissolv+ m ( ! niobic acid1 s t a bead ov]*>g$ & opaque 9 ! oxidation flame appe>s q cle> :5 heat$ 9 ! flame ( r$uction4 ,a bead ov]*>g$ 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 appe>s by cool+ dim & blui%-grey4 ,microcosmic salt dissolves 9 ! flame ( oxidation a great quantity ( x to a cle> bead1 :i* is yell[ :ile hot1 b colorless :5 cold4 ,9 ! flame ( r$uction1 & 9 pres5ce ( a consid]able quantity ( niobic acid1 ! bead appe>s :ile hot ( a light dirty blue color1 & :5 cold1 ( a violet hue2 b by ! addition ( m niobic acid1 ! bead1 :5 hot1 is ( a dirty d>k blue color1 & :5 cold1 ( a transp>5t blue4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! oxides ( iron1 ! bead is1 :ile hot1 ( a br[ni%-r$ color1 b *ang+ :5 cool to a d>k yell[4 ,?is acid fuses ) an equal quantity ( c>bonate ( soda ^u *>coal1 to a bead :i* spreads v quickly1 & is !n infusible4 ,:5 fus$ ) /ill m soda1 x is absorb$4 ,:5 moi/5$ ) nitrate ( cobalt1 & heat$ 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 x yields an infusible mass :i* appe>s grey :5 hot1 & dirty gre5 :5 cold2 b if ! heat has be5 too /rong1 x is fus$ a little at ! edges1 :i* pres5t a d>k blui%-grey color4 ,pelopium 7,pe74--,?is metal occurs z an acid 9 ! m9]al columbite 7tantalite71 & is v simil> to ! two prec$+ metals4 7f47 ,pelopic ,acid 7,pe,o#c74--,?is acid is :ite1 & appe>s yell[ :5 heat$1 b resumes its :ite color :5 cold4 ,borax dissolves x 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> colorless bead1 :i* appe>s1 :5 ov]*>g$ & heat$ int]mitt+ly1 enamel-:ite :5 cold4 ,?is is likewise ! case 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 b :5 ov]*>g$ ! color is light grey1 :5 ! bead is cool$4 ,microcosmic salt dissolves x 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 to a cle> yell[ bead1 :i* loses its color :5 cold4 ,9 ! r$uction flame1 :5 ! bead is highly saturat$1 a violet-br[n color is produc$4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! oxides ( iron1 ! reactions are l ^? ( niobic acid4 ,) c>bonate ( soda1 ! reactions are simil> to ^? ( niobic acid4 ,by heat+ ) nitrate ( cobalt1 x yields a light grey infusible mass4 7g47 ,titanium 7,ti74--,?is metal occurs occasionally 9 ! slags ( iron works1 9 ! metallic /ate1 z small cubical cry/als ( a r$ color4 ,x is a v h>d metal1 & v infusible4 ,titanic acid occurs 9 nature cry/alliz$ 9 anatase1 arkansite1 brookite1 & rutile4 ,titanium is h>d] ?an agate1 entirely infusible1 & loses only a little ( its lu/re1 :i* c be rega9$ by fusion ) borax4 ,x does n melt ) c>bonate ( soda1 borax1 or microcosmic salt1 & is insoluble 9 e acid except ! hydr(luoric4 ,by ignition ) saltpetre x is conv]t$ into titanic acid1 :i* comb9es ) ! potassium1 =m+ ! titanate ( potassium4 ,titanic ,acid 7,ti,o#b7 is :ite1 insoluble1 &1 :5 heat$1 x appe>s yell[ :ile hot1 b resumes ^u cool+ its :ite color4 ,borax dissolves x 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> yell[ bead1 :i* :5 cool is colorless4 ,:5 ov]*>g$1 or heat$ ) ! int]mitt+ flame1 x is enamel-:ite aft] be+ cool$4 ,9 ! r$uction flame1 ! bead appe>s yell[1 if ! acid exi/s 9 small quantity1 b if m be add$1 !n x is ( an orange1 or d>k yell[1 or ev5 br[n4 ,! saturat$ bead1 :5 heat$ int]mitt+ly1 appe>s :5 cold ( an enamell$ blue4 ,by addition ( ! acid1 & by heat+ ! bead on *>coal 9 ! r$uction flame1 x becomes d>k yell[ :ile hot1 b d>k blue1 or black & opaque :5 cold4 ,?is bead appe>s1 :5 heat$ int]mitt+ly1 ( a light blue1 & :5 cold1 enamell$4 ,microcosmic salt fuses ) x 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> colorless bead1 :i* appe>s yell[ only 9 ! pres5ce ( a quantity ( titanic acid1 ?\gh by cool+ x loses its color4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ?is bead exhibits a yell[ color :5 hot1 b is r$ :ile cool+1 & :5 cold ( a beautiful blui%-violet4 ,if ! bead is ov]*>g$1 ! color becomes s d>k t ! bead appe>s opaque1 ?\gh n pres5t+ an enamel appe>ance4 ,by heat+ ! bead aga9 9 ! oxidation flame ! color disappe>s4 ,! addition ( "s t9 promotes ! r$uction4 ,if ! titanic acid conta9s oxide ( iron1 or if "s is add$1 ! bead appe>s1 :5 cold1 br[ni%-yell[1 or br[ni%-r$4 ,by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda1 titanic acid is dissolv$ ) eff]vesc5ce to a cle> d>k yell[ bead1 :i* cry/allizes by cool+1 :]eby s mu* heat is elim9at$1 t ! bead1 at ! in/ant ( its cry/allization1 gl[s ) great brightness4 ,a r$uction to a metal _c1 h[ev]1 be effect$4 ,by ignition ) a solution ( nitrate ( cobalt 9 ! oxidation flame1 x yields an infusible yell[i%-gre5 mass4 7h47 ,uranium 7,u74--,?is r>e metal occurs 9 ! =m ( protoxide along ) o!r oxides1 9 ! m9]al pit*-bl5de2 z p]oxide 9 uranite & uran-mica1 associat$ ) phosphoric acid & lime4 ,9 ! metallic /ate x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a d>k grey mass1 :i* is infusible1 & rema9s un*ang$ :5 "u wat]1 or :5 expos$ to dry air1 b1 :5 heat$ 9 ! oxidation flame1 x becomes oxidiz$1 ) lively sp>kl+1 to a d>k gre5 mass1 compos$ ( ! protoxide & p]oxide4 ,! protoxide ( uranium 7,,uo7 is black1 uncry/all9e1 or =ms a br[n p[d]4 ,:5 expos$ to heat x is conv]t$ p>tially into p]oxide1 :5 x has a d>k gre5 color4 ,! p]oxide ( uranium 7,u#b,o#c7 is ( an orange color1 :ile its hydrate is ( a f9e yell[ color1 & 9 ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,! salts are yell[4 ,by heat+ x 9 ! oxidation flame1 x acquires a d>k gre5 color1 & is p>tly r$uc$ to protoxide4 ,9 ! r$uction flame x pres5ts a black appe>ance1 & is !re completely r$uc$ to protoxide4 ,borax dissolves x 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> d>k yell[ bead1 :i* is colorless :5 cold1 if ! metal is n pres5t 9 great quantity4 ,if m ( ! metal1 or p]oxide1 be add$1 ! bead *anges to orange :5 hot1 & light yell[ :5 cold4 ,:5 heat$ ) ! int]mitt5t flame1 x requires a l>ge quantity ( ! p]oxide to produce an enamel appe>ance 9 ! cool$ bead4 ,9 ! flame ( r$uction ! bead becomes ( a dirty gre5 color1 be+ p>tly r$uc$ to protoxide1 & appe>s1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( saturation1 black1 :5 heat$ int]mitt+ly1 b nev] enamell$4 ,! bead appe>s on *>coal1 & ) ! addition ( t91 ( a d>k gre5 color4 ,x fuses ) microcosmic salt 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> yell[ bead1 :i* is gre5i%-yell[ :5 cold4 ,9 ! r$uction flame x produces a beautiful gre5 bead1 :i* increases :5 cold4 ,:5 fus$ ^u *>coal ) ! addition ( t91 its color is d>k]4 ,c>bonate ( soda does n dissolve x1 al?\gh ) a v small portion ( soda x gives indications ( fusion1 b ) /ill m ( ! soda x =ms a yell[1 or light-br[n mass1 :i* is absorb$ by ! *>coal1 b x is n r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 7i47 ,vanadium 7,v74--,?is v r>e m9]al is f\nd 9 small quantity 9 iron-ores1 9 ,sw$51 & z vanadic acid 9 a few r>e m9]als4 ,! metal pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an iron-grey p[d]1 & sometimes t ( a silv]-:ite mass4 ,x is n oxidiz$ ei!r by air or wat]1 & is infusible4 ,vanadic ,acid 7,,vo#c7 fuses ^u plat9um foil to a deep orange liquid1 :i* becomes cry/all9e aft] cool+4 ,:5 fus$ ^u *>coal1 "o "p ( x is absorb$1 :ile ! re/ rema9s ^u ! *>coal & is r$uc$ to protoxide simil> 9 appe>ance to graphite4 ,a small portion ( x fuses ) borax 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> colorless bead1 :i* appe>s1 ) ! addition ( m vanadic acid1 ( a yell[ color1 b *anges to gre5 :5 cold4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ! bead is br[n :ile hot1 b *anges1 ^u cool+1 to a beautiful sapphire-gre54 ,at ! mom5t ( cry/allization1 & at a degree ( heat by :i* at daylight no gl[+ ( ! heat$ mass is visible x beg9s to gl[ aga94 ,! gl[ spreads f ! p]iph]y to ! c5tre ( ! mass1 & is caus$ by ! heat lib]at$ by ! sudd5 cry/allization ( ! mass4 ,x n[ exhibits an orange color1 & is compos$ ( ne$le cry/als 9 a compact mass4 ,microcosmic salt & vanadic acid fuse 9 ! oxidation flame to a d>k yell[ bead :i*1 ^u cool+1 loses mu* ( its color4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ! bead is br[n :ile hot1 b1 ^u cool+1 acquires a beautiful gre5 color4 ,vanadic acid fuses ) c>bonate ( soda ^u *>coal1 & is absorb$4 7k47 ,*romium 7,cr7 occurs 9 ! metallic /ate only 9 a v small quantity 9 meteoric iron1 b is frequ5tly f\nd 9 union ) oxyg51 z oxide 9 *rome iron ore1 & z *romic acid 9 "s lead ores4 ,9 ! metallic /ate x is ( a light grey color1 ) b little metallic lu/re1 v h>d1 & n v fusible4 ,acids d n act ^u x1 except ! hydr(luoric2 fus$ ) nitre1 x =ms *romate ( potassa4 ,x is unalt]$ 9 ! bl[pipe flame4 ,sesquioxide ( ,*romium 7,cr#b,o#c74--,?is oxide =ms black cry/als ( great h>dness1 & is sometimes se5 z a gre5 p[d]4 ,its hydrate 7,cr#b,o#c #f;,,ho7 is ( a blui%-grey color4 ,x =ms ) acids two classes ( isom]ic salts1 "s ( :i* are ( a gre5 color1 & ! o!rs violet-r$ or ame?y/4 ,! neutral & soluble salts h an acid reaction ^u blue litmus pap]1 & are decompos$ by ignition4 ,sesquioxide ( *romium 9 ! oxidation & r$uction flames is un*angable4 ,:5 expos$ to heat1 ! hydrate loses its wat]1 & gives a peculi>ly beautiful flame4 ,9 ! oxidation flame borax dissolves ! sesquioxide ( *romium sl[ly to a yell[ bead 7*romic acid7 :i* is yell[i% gre5 :5 cold4 ,^u ! addition ( m ( ! oxide1 ! bead is d>k r$ :ile hot1 b *anges to gre5 z x becomes cold4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ! bead is ( a beautiful gre5 color1 bo? :ile hot & :5 cold4 ,x is "h di/+ui%$ f vanadic acid1 :i* gives a br[ni% or yell[ bead :ile hot4 ,) microcosmic salt x fuses 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> yell[ bead1 :i* appe>s1 z x cools1 ( a dirty-gre51 color1 b ^u be+ cool is ( a f9e gre5 color4 ,if !re be a sup]abundance ( ! oxide1 s t ! microcosmic salt _c dissolve x1 ! bead swells up1 & is conv]t$ into a foamy mass1 9 consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( gases4 ,9 ! r$uction flame x fuses to a f9e gre5 bead4 ,! addition ( a little t9 r5d]s ! gre5 /ill deep]4 ,sesquioxide ( *romium fuses ) c>bonate ( soda ^u plat9um foil to a br[n or yell[ bead1 :i*1 ^u cool+1 appe>s ( a light] color & transp>5t 7*romate ( sodium74 ,:5 fus$ ) soda ^u *>coal1 ! soda is absorb$1 & ! gre5 oxide is left ^u x1 b is nev] r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,*romic ,acid 7,cr,o#c7 cry/allizes 9 ! =m ( deep ruby r$ ne$les4 ,x is decompos$ into sesquioxide & oxyg5 :5 heat$4 ,?is decomposition is att5d$ ) a v lively emission ( light1 b ?is is n ! case if ! *romic acid has be5 atta9$ by ! cop]ation ( an aque\s solution1 unless ! r$uction is effect$ 9 ! vapor ( ammonia4 ,be=e ! bl[pipe *romic acid produces ! same reactions z ! sesquioxide4 7l47 ,manganese 7,mn74--,?is metal occurs 9 consid]able abundance1 pr9cipally z oxides1 less frequ5tly z salts1 & sometimes 9 comb9ation ) sulphur & ars5ic4 ,x is f\nd 9 plants1 & passes ) !m into ! animal body4 ,9 ! metallic /ate1 x is f\nd frequ5tly 9 ca/ iron & /eel4 ,x is a h>d1 brittle metal1 fusible ) difficulty1 & ( a light grey color4 ,x t>ni%es ^u exposure to ! air & "u wat]1 & falls into a p[d]4 ,protoxide ( ,manganese exi/s z a gre5 p[d]2 z hydrate sep>at$ by cau/ic alkalies1 x is :ite1 b oxidizes v spe$ily ^u exposure to ! air4 ,! protoxide is ! base ( ! salts ( manganese4 ,^! salts1 :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 are decompos$ :5 heat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! air--except ! sulphate 7,mn,o1 ,,s#c71 b if ! latt] is expos$ to ignition = a:ile1 x !n ceases to be soluble 9 wat]1 or at lea/ only sp>+ly s4 ,sesquioxide ( ,manganese 7,mn#b,o#c7 ,occurs v sp>+ly 9 nature z small black cry/als 7,braunite7 :i* give1 :5 gr\nd1 a br[n p[d]4 ,:5 prep>$ by *emical process1 x is 9 ! =m ( a black p[d]4 ,! hydrate occurs sometimes 9 nature z black cry/als 7manganite74 ,by dige/ion ) acids1 x is dissolv$ into salts ( ! protoxide4 ,) hydro*loric acid1 x yields *lor9e4 ,! prot-sesquioxide ( manganese 7,mn,o ,mn#b,o#c7 occurs sometimes 9 black cry/als 7hausmannite74 ,prep>$ artificially1 x is 9 ! =m ( a br[n p[d]4 ,p]oxide ( ,manganese 7,mn,o#b7 occurs 9 consid]able abundance z a s(t black amorph\s mass1 or cry/alliz$ z pyrolusite1 also r5i=m & fibr\s4 ,x is depriv$ ( a "p ( its oxyg5 :5 expos$ to ignition4 ,x elim9ates a consid]able quantity ( *lor9e f hydro*loric acid1 & is !reby conv]t$ into *loride ( manganese 7,cl,mn74 ,mo/ ( ! manganese comp\nds :i* occur 9 nature yield wat] :5 heat$ 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end4 ,! sesquioxide & p]oxide give out oxyg5 :5 /rongly heat$1 :i* c be readily detect$ by ! increas$ gl[ :i* x causes1 if a piece ( light$ wood or pap] is br\ght to ! m\? ( ! tube4 ,! residue left 9 ! tube is a br[n mass 7,mn,o ,mn#b,o#c74 ,:5 expos$ to ignition ) free access ( air1 all manganese oxides are conv]t$ into 7,mn,o ,mn#b,o#c71 b )\t fusion4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! /atem5t ( "s ( ! ,g]man *emi/s1 al?\gh x w admit p]haps ( fur!r inve/igation4 ,manganese oxides fuse ) borax 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> & int5sely color$ bead1 ( a violet hue :ile hot1 b *ang+ to r$ z x cools4 ,if a consid]able quantity ( ! oxide is add$1 ! bead acquires a color s d>k z to become opaque4 ,if su* be ! case1 we h to press x flat1 by :i* its prop] color w become manife/4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ! bead is colorless4 ,a v d>k color$ bead mu/ be fus$ ^u *>coal ) ! addition ( "s t94 ,! bead mu/ be cool$ v sudd5ly1 = if x cools too sl[ly1 x !n has "t to oxidize aga94 ,?is may be effect$ by pu%+ x (f ! plat9um wire1 or ! *>coal1 & press+ x flat ) ! =ceps4 ,! oxides ( manganese fuse ) microcosmic salt 9 ! oxidation flame1 to a cle> br[ni%-violet bead1 :i* appe>s r$di%-violet :ile cool+4 ,?is bead does n become opaque :5 ov]*>g$ ) manganese4 ,z long z x is kept 9 fusion a cont9u$ boil+ or eff]vesc5ce takes place1 produc$ by ! expulsion ( oxyg51 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t ! microcosmic salt _c dissolve mu* sesquioxide1 :ile ! re/ is r$uc$ to protoxide1 is re-oxidat$1 & in/antly aga9 r$uc$4 ,if ! manganese is pres5t 9 su* a m9ute quantity z n to p]ceptibly t+e ! bead1 ! color may be made to appe> by ! contact ( a cry/al ( nitre :ile hot4 ,! bead foams up ^u ! addition ( ! nitre1 & ! foam appe>s1 aft] cool+1 ( a rose-r$ or violet color4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ! bead sometimes becomes colorless4 ,! oxides ( manganese fuse ) c>bonate ( soda ^u plat9um foil or wire1 to a cle> gre5 bead1 :i* appe>s blui%-gre5 & p>tially opaque :5 cold 7manganate ( soda ,na,o ,mn,o#c74 ,a v m9ute trace ( manganese w produce ?is gre5 color4 ,! oxides ( manganese _c be r$uc$ ^u *>coal ) c>bonate ( soda be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,! soda is absorb$1 & 7,mn,o ,mn#b,o#c7 is left4 ,,gr\p ,,fif?4--,,iron1 ,,cobalt1 ,,nickel4 ,! oxides ( ?is gr\p are r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate :5 fus$ ) c>bonate ( soda ^u *>coal 9 ! r$uction flame4 ,metals :5 ?us r$uc$ =m p[d]s1 are n fusible or volatile 9 ! bl[pipe flame1 b !y are attract$ by ! magnet4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! oxides are n dissolv$ by c>bonate ( soda 9 ! oxidation flame1 b !y produce color$ beads ) borax & microcosmic salt4 7a47 ,iron4--,x occurs 9 great abundance 9 nature4 ,x is f\nd 9 sev]al places 9 ,am]ica 9 ! metallic /ate1 & x likewise occurs 9 ! same /ate 9 meteors4 ,x occurs *iefly z ! oxide 7r$ hematite1 br[n hematite1 magnetic oxide1 etc471 & frequ5tly 9 comb9ation ) sulphur4 ,iron also =ms a con/itu5t ( ! blood4 ,metallic iron is ( a grey color1 & pres5ts ! metallic lu/re vividly :5 poli%$4 ,x is v ductile1 malleable1 & t5aci\s4 ,x is v h>d at common temp]atures1 b s(t & yield+ at a r$ heat4 ,9 dry & cold air1 iron does n oxidize1 b :5 ! air is dry & moi/1 x oxidizes rapidly4 ,?is likewise takes place ) great rapidity :5 ! metal is heat$ to r$ness4 ,:5 submitt$ to a :ite heat iron burns ) brilliant sc9tillations4 ,protoxide ( ,iron 7,fe,o74--,?is oxide does n occur pure 9 nature1 b 9 union ) ! p]oxide ( iron & o!r sub/ances4 ,x pres5ts ! =m ( a black p[d]1 & has "s metallic lu/re1 is brittle1 & fuses at a high temp]ature to a vitre\s look+ mass4 ,x is attract$ by ! magnet1 & ( c\rse is susceptible ( becom+ magnetic itself4 ,x =ms ) wat] a hydrate1 b ?is passes s rapidly into a /ate ( high] oxidation1 t x is difficult to keep x 9 ! pure /ate4 ,magnetic ,oxide ( ,iron 7,fe,o ,fe#b,o#c74--,?is peculi> oxide is ( a d>k color1 & is magnetic1 s t tacks or small nails adh]e to x :5 br\ght 9 contact ) x4 ,x is ! v>iety ( ! oxide t]m$ load/one4 ,x is f\nd frequ5tly cry/alliz$ 9 octah$rons 9 ,sc&9avia & o!r places4 ,magnetic oxide ( iron is produc$ :5 r$-hot iron is hamm]$4 ,sesquioxide ( ,iron 7,fe#b,o#c74--,?is oxide is f\nd native 9 great abundance z r$ hematite & specul> iron1 cry/alliz$ 9 ! rhombic =m4 ,9 ! cry/all9e /ate x is ( a blacki%-grey color1 & possess$ ( ! metallic lu/re4 ,:5 p[d]$1 x =ms a br[ni%-r$ mass4 ,:5 artificially prep>$1 x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a blood-r$ p[d]4 ,x is n magnetic1 & has less aff9ity = acids ?an ! protoxide4 ,its hydrate is f\nd native z br[n hematite4 ,by expos+ ! p]oxide ( iron to ! oxidation flame1 x is n act$ ^u1 b 9 ! r$uction flame x becomes r$uc$ to ! magnetic oxide4 ,! oxides ( iron are dissolv$ by borax 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> d>k-yell[ or d>k-r$ bead1 :i* appe>s light] :ile cool+1 & yell[i% :5 cold4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a v small quantity ( iron1 ! bead appe>s colorless :5 cold4 ,if ! iron is increas$1 ! bead is opaque :ile cool+1 & ( a dirty d>k-yell[ color :5 cold4 ,9 ! r$uction flame1 & fus$ ^u plat9um wire1 ! bead appe>s d>k gre5 7,fe,o ,fe#b,o#c74 ,by ! addition ( "s t91 & fus$ ^u *>coal1 ! bead appe>s blui%-gre51 or n unlike t ( sulphate ( iron4 ,microcosmic salt dissolves ! oxides ( iron 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> bead1 :i*1 by ! addition ( a consid]able quantity ( iron1 becomes ( an orange color :ile hot1 b gets light] :ile cool+1 pres5t+ f9ally a gre5i% hue1 & gradually becom+ light]1 till1 :5 cold1 x is colorless4 ,if ! iron is increas$1 ! hot bead pres5ts a d>k r$ color1 b :ile cool+ a br[ni%-r$1 :i* *anges to a dirty-gre51 &1 :5 cold1 to a br[ni%-r$ color4 ,! decrease ( ! color dur+ ! transition f ! hot to ! cold /ate is /ill great] 9 ! bead =m$ by ! microcosmic salt4 ,9 ! r$uction flame no *ange is visible if ! quantity ( iron be small4 ,by ! addition ( m iron1 ! hot bead appe>s r$1 & :ile cool+1 *anges to yell[1 !n gre51 &1 :5 cold1 is ( a dull r$4 ,by fus+ ! bead on *>coal ) a small addition ( t91 x exhibits1 :ile cool+1 a blui%-gre5 color1 b1 :5 cold1 is colorless4 ,! oxides ( iron are n dissolv$ 9 ! oxidation flame by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,by ignition ) soda ^u *>coal 9 ! r$uction flame1 !y are absorb$ & r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,cut out ?is portion ( ! *>coal2 gr9d x ) ! addition ( "s wat] 9 an agate mort>1 = ! purpose ( wa%+ (f ! c>bon p>ticles1 :5 ! iron w rema9 z a grey magnetic p[d]4 7b47 ,cobalt 7,co7 occurs 9 comb9ation ) ars5ic & sulphur1 & associat$ ) nickel & iron4 ,x is f\nd occasionally 9 comb9ation ) sel5ium1 & !re are a traces ( x 9 meteoric iron4 ,9 ! metallic /ate x is ( a light1 r$di%-grey color1 r brittle1 & only fusible at a /rong :ite heat2 at common temp]atures x is unalt]able by air or wat]4 ,at a r$ heat1 x oxidizes sl[ly & decomposes wat]2 at a :ite heat x burns ) a r$ flame4 ,cobalt is soluble 9 dilute sulphuric or hydro*loric acid by ! aid ( heat1 :]eby hydrog5 is elim9at$4 ,^! solutions h a f9e r$ color4 ,protoxide ( ,cobalt 7,co,o74--,x is an olive-gre5 p[d]1 b1 by exposure to ! air1 x becomes gradually br[n4 ,its hydrate is a ri* r$ p[d]4 ,! solution ( its salts is r$1 b ! aque\s solution is (t5 blue4 ,:5 heat$ 9 ! oxidation flame1 ! protoxide is conv]t$ into ! black proto-sesquioxide 7,co,o ,co#b,o#c74 ,9 ! r$uction flame x %r9ks & is r$uc$ )\t fusion to ! metallic /ate4 ,x is n[ attract$ by ! magnet & acquires lu/re by compression4 ,borax dissolves x 9 ! oxidation flame1 & produces a cle>1 int5sely color$ blue bead1 :i* rema9s transp>5t & ( ! same beautiful blue :5 cold4 ,?is blue is likewise manife/ ev5 if ! bead be heat$ int]mitt+ly4 ,if ! cobalt exi/s 9 consid]able quantity1 ! color ( ! bead is s int5se z to appe> almo/ black4 ,?is reaction ( cobalt is s *>act]i/ic & s5sitive t x c detect a m9ute trace4 ,) microcosmic salt ! same reaction is exhibit$1 b n s s5sitive1 nor is ! bead s int5sely color$ :5 cold z t ) borax4 ,by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda ^u a plat9um wire1 ) a v small portion ( cobalt1 a bright r$ color$ mass is produc$ :i* appe>s grey1 or slightly gre5 :5 cold4 ,by fusion ^u plat9um foil ! fus$ portion floats d[n f ! sides1 & ! foil is coat$ ar\nd ! undissolv$ "p1 ) a ?91 d>k-r$ sublimate4 ,:5 fus$ ^u *>coal1 & 9 ! r$uction flame1 x is r$uc$ ) soda to a grey p[d]1 :i* is attract$ by ! magnet1 & exhibits ! metallic lu/re by compression4 ,sesquioxide ( ,cobalt 7,co#b,o#c74--;,x is a d>k br[n p[d]4 ,its hydrate 7#b;,,ho ,co#b,o#c7 is a br[n p[d]4 ,x is soluble only 9 acetic acid z ! acetate ( ! sesquioxide4 ,all o!r acids dissolve its salts to protoxide1 ! hydro*loric acid produc+ *loric gas4 ,by ignition 9 ! oxidation flame1 x is conv]t$ into ! proto-sesquioxide 7,co,o ,co#b,o#c7 & produces ) reag5ts be=e ! bl[pipe ! same reactions z ! protoxide4 7c47 ,nickel 7,ni74--,?is metal occurs inv>iably associat$ ) cobalt1 & 9 analog\s comb9ations1 *iefly z ! ars5ical nickel4 ,9 ! metallic /ate x is greyi%1 silv]-:ite1 has a high lu/re1 is h>d1 & malleable bo? cold & hot4 ,at common temp]atures1 x is unalt]able ei!r 9 dry or moi/ air4 ,:5 ignit$1 x t>ni%es4 ,x is easily dissolv$ by nitric acid1 b v sl[ly by dilute sulphuric or hydro*loric acid1 produc+ hydrog54 ,protoxide ( ,nickel 7,ni,o74--,x is 9 ! =m ( small greyi%-black octah$rons1 or a d>k1 gre5i%-grey p[d]4 ,its hydrate is a gre5 p[d]4 ,bo? are unalt]able 9 ! air1 & are soluble 9 nitric1 sulphuric1 & hydro*loric acids1 to a gre5 liquid4 ,! protoxide is ! base ( ! salts ( nickel1 :i* 9 ! anhydr\s /ate are yell[1 & :5 hydrat$ are gre54 ,! soluble neutral salts *ange blue litmus pap] to r$4 ,by ignition 9 ! oxidation flame1 protoxide ( nickel is unalt]$4 ,9 ! r$uction flame & ^u *>coal1 x becomes r$uc$1 & =ms a grey adh]5t p[d]1 :i* is infusible1 & pres5ts ! metallic lu/re by compression1 & is magnetic4 ,borax dissolves x 9 ! oxidation flame v readily to a cle> bead1 ( a r$di%-violet or d>k yell[ color1 b yell[ or light r$ :5 cold4 ,if !re is b a small quantity ( ! oxide pres5t1 x is colorless4 ,if m ( ! oxide be pres5t1 ! bead is opaque & d>k br[n1 & appe>s1 :ile cool+1 transp>5t & d>k r$4 ,by ! addition ( a salt ( potassa 7! nitrate or c>bonate7 a blue or a d>k purple color$ bead is produc$4 ,! borax bead1 9 ! r$uction flame1 is grey1 turbid1 or completely opaque f ! r$uc$ metallic p>ticles4 ,aft] a cont9u$ bla/1 ! bead becomes colorless1 al?\gh ! p>ticles are n fus$4 ,if ! nickel conta9s cobalt1 x w n[ be visible ) its peculi> blue color4 ,^u *>coal1 & by ! addition ( "s t91 ! r$uction ( ! oxide ( nickel is easily effect$1 :ile ! r$uc$ nickel fuses ) ! t94 ,! oxide ( nickel is dissolv$ by microcosmic salt 9 ! oxidation flame to a cle> bead1 :i* appe>s r$di% :ile hot1 b yell[ & sometimes colorless :5 cool+4 ,if a consid]able quantity ( nickel be pres5t ! heat$ bead is ( a br[n color1 b orange :5 cool$4 ,9 ! r$uction flame1 & ^u plat9um wire1 ! color ( ! bead is orange :5 cold2 b ^u *>coal1 & ) ! addition ( a little t91 ! bead appe>s grey & opaque4 ,aft] be+ submitt$ to ! bl[pipe flame all ! nickel is r$uc$1 & ! bead becomes colorless4 ,c>bonate ( soda does n affect x 9 ! oxidation flame1 b 9 ! r$uction flame & ^u *>coal1 x is absorb$ & r$uc$1 & rema9s1 aft] wa%+ (f ! c>bon1 z a :ite metallic p[d]1 :i* is infusible1 & has a great] attraction = ! magnet ?an iron4 ,sesquioxide ( ,nickel 7,ni#b,o#c74--;,x is 9 ! =m ( a black p[d]1 & does n comb9e ) o!r sub/ances1 unless x is r$uc$ to ! protoxide4 ,x exhibits be=e ! bl[pipe ! same behavior z ! protoxide4 ,,gr\p ,,six?4--,,z9c1 ,,cadmium1 ,,antimony1 ,,tellurium4 ,! sub/ances ( ?is gr\p c be r$uc$ ^u *>coal by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda1 b ! r$uc$ metals are volatiliz$1 & cov] ! *>coal ) sublimates4 7a47 ,z9c 7,zn74--,?is metal is f\nd 9 consid]able abundance1 b nev] occurs 9 ! pure metallic /ate1 b 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances1 *iefly z sulphide 9 z9c bl5de1 z c>bonate 9 calam9e1 & z ! silicate 9 ! kieselz9c ore2 also1 ) sulphuric acid1 ! vitriol ( z9c4 ,z9c is ( a blui%-:ite color & metallic lu/re1 is cry/all9e & brittle :5 heat$ #djj;,f41 b malleable & ductile betwe5 #bjj & #cjj4 ,x w n oxidize 9 dry air1 b t>ni%es if expos$ to air conta9+ moi/ure1 fir/ becomes grey1 & !n passes into ! :ite c>bonate4 ,x decomposes 9 wat] at a gl[+ heat4 ,x is dissolv$ by dilut$ acids1 :ile hydrog5 is elim9at$4 ,x melts at ab\t #gge1 & di/ills :5 expos$ to a :ite heat 9 a close vessel4 ,:5 heat$ ov] #ajjj 9 ! op5 air1 x takes fire1 & burns ) a blui%-:ite light1 & ) a ?ick :ite smoke ( oxide ( z9c4 ,oxide ( ,z9c 7,zn,o74--,9 ! pure /ate1 oxide ( z9c is a :ite p[d]1 infusible1 & n volatile4 ,x is readily soluble 9 acids aft] be+ heat$ /rongly4 ,its soluble neutral salts1 :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 *ange blue litmus pap] to r$4 ,its salts1 ) organic acids1 are decompos$ by ignition1 & ! c>bonate ( z9c rema9s4 ,! oxide ( z9c turns yell[ by be+ ignit$ 9 ! oxidation flame1 b x is only visible by daylight2 ?is color *anges to :ite :5 cold4 ,x does n melt1 b produces a /rong light1 & x is n volatile4 ,x disappe>s gradually 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 :ile a :ite smoke sublimates ^u ! *>coal4 ,?is sublimate is yell[ :ile hot1 b *anges to :ite :5 cold4 ,! cause ( ?is is1 t ! oxide is r$uc$1 is volatiliz$1 & re-oxidiz$1 by go+ ?r\gh ! ext]nal flame 9 ! =m ( a metallic vapor4 ,borax dissolves oxide ( z9c 9 ! flame ( oxidation easily to a cle> bead1 :i* is yell[ :ile hot1 & colorless :5 cold4 ,! bead becomes1 by ! addition ( m oxide1 enamell$1 :ile cool+4 ,if ! bead is heat$ ) ! int]mitt5t flame1 x is milk-:ite :5 cold4 ,:5 heat$ 9 ! flame ( r$uction ^u plat9um wire1 ! bead at fir/ appe>s opaque1 & ( a greyi% color1 b becomes cle> aga9 aft] a cont9u$ bla/4 ,:5 heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! r$uction flame1 x is r$uc$ to a metal2 b1 at ! same mom5t1 is volatiliz$1 & sublimes z oxide ( z9c ^u ! *>coal1 ab\t "o l9e's di/ance f ! assay4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) ! microcosmic salt1 except t x is m easily volatiliz$ 9 ! r$uction flame4 ,c>bonate ( soda does n dissolve ! oxide ( z9c 9 ! flame ( oxidation4 ,9 ! r$uction flame & ^u *>coal1 ! oxide ( z9c is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 & is volatiliz$ ) a :ite vapor ( ! z9c oxide1 :i* sublimes on ! *>coal & exhibits a yell[ color :ile hot1 & :i* *anges to :ite :5 cold4 ,by a /rong heat ! r$uc$ z9c burns ) a :ite flame4 ,moi/5$ ) a solution ( cobalt oxide1 & heat$ /rongly 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 z9c oxide becomes ( a yell[i%-gre5 color :ile hot1 & *anges to a beautiful gre5 color :5 cold4 7b47 ,cadmium 7,cd74--,?is is "o ( ! r>e metals4 ,x occurs 9 comb9ation ) sulphur 9 gre5ockite1 & 9 "s ores ( z9c4 ,x 0 detect$ fir/ 9 ! ye> #ahah1 & pres5ts itself z a t9-:ite metal ( great lu/re1 & susceptible ( a f9e poli%4 ,x has a fibr\s /ructure1 cry/allizes easily 9 regul> octah$rons1 pres5t+ (t5 ! peculi> arboresc5t appe>ance ( ! f]n4 ,x is s(t1 b h>d] & m t5aci\s ?an t92 x c be b5t1 fil$1 & easily cut3 x imp>ts to pap] a color l t ( lead4 ,x is v malleable & ductile1 & c be hamm]$ into ?9 leaves4 ,x is easily fus$1 & melts be=e x gl[s 7#dej74 ,at a temp]ature n mu* ov] ! boil+ po9t ( m]cury1 x beg9s to boil1 & di/ills1 ! vapor ( ! metal possess+ no peculi> odor4 ,x is unalt]able 9 ! air = a long "t1 b at l5g? x t>ni%es & pres5ts a greyi%-:ite1 half metallic color4 ,?is metal easily takes fire :5 heat$ 9 ! air1 & burns ) a br[ni%-yell[ vapor1 :ile x deposits a yell[ sublimate ^u surr\nd+ bodies4 ,x is easily soluble 9 acids ) ! escape ( hydrog51 ! solutions be+ colorless4 ,its salts1 soluble 9 wat]1 are decompos$ by ignition 9 free air4 ,its soluble neutral salts *ange blue litmus pap] to r$4 ,! salts1 insoluble 9 wat]1 are readily dissolv$ 9 acids4 ,oxide ( ,cadmium 7,cd,o74--,?is oxide is ( a d>k orange color4 ,x does n melt1 & is n volatile1 n ev5 at a v high temp]ature4 ,its hydrate is :ite1 loses 9 ! heat its hydratic wat]1 & absorbs c>bonic acid f ! air :5 x is kept 9 op5 vessels4 ,cadmium oxide is unalt]$ :5 expos$ ^u plat9um wire 9 ! flame ( oxidation4 ,:5 heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! flame ( r$uction x disappe>s 9 a v %ort "t1 :ile ! *>coal is coat$ ) a d>k orange or yell[ p[d]1 ! color ( :i* is m visible aft] x is cool$4 ,! portions ( ?is sublimate fur!/ f ! assay pres5t a visible iridesc5t appe>ance4 ,?is reaction ( cadmium is s *>act]i/ic & s5sitive t m9]als 7= in/ance1 calam9e1 c>bonate ( z9c7 :i* conta9s f "o to five p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( cadmium1 w give a d>k yell[i% r+ ( cadmium oxide1 a little di/ance f ! assay1 aft] be+ expos$ = a few mom5ts to ! flame ( r$uction4 ,?is sublimate is m visible :5 cold1 & is produc$ "s "t previ\s to ! r$uction ( ! z9c oxide4 ,if a vapor ( ! latt] %\ld appe>1 x indicates t x has be5 expos$ too great a l5g? ( "t to ! flame4 ,borax dissolves a consid]able quantity ( cadmium oxide ^u a plat9um wire to a cle> yell[ bead1 :i*1 :5 cold1 is almo/ colorless4 ,if ! bead is ne>ly saturat$ ) ! cadmium oxide1 x appe>s milk-:ite :5 int]mitt+ly heat$4 ,if ! bead is completely saturat$1 x reta9s its opalesc5t appe>ance4 ,^u *>coal1 & 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 ! bead intumesces1 ! cadmium oxide becomes r$uc$ to metal2 ?is becomes volatiliz$ & re-oxidiz$1 & sublimes ^u ! *>coal z ! yell[ cadmium oxide4 ,9 ! oxidation flame1 microcosmic salt dissolves a l>ge quantity ( x to a cle> bead1 :i*1 :5 highly saturat$ & :ile hot1 is yell[i% color$1 b colorless :5 cold4 ,by complete saturation1 ! bead is enamel-:ite :5 cold4 ,^u *>coal1 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 ! bead is sl[ly & only p>tially r$uc$1 a scanty sublimate be+ produc$ on ! *>coal4 ,! addition ( t9 promotes ! r$uction4 ,c>bonate ( soda does n dissolve cadmium oxide 9 ! oxidation flame4 ,9 ! r$uction flame1 ^u *>coal1 x is r$uc$ to metal1 & is volatiliz$ to a r$-br[n or d>k1 r$ sublimate ( cadmium oxide ^u ! *>coal1 at a little di/ance f ! assay ! *>coal pres5t+ ! *>act]i/ic iridesc5t appe>ance4 ,?is reaction is /ill m s5sitive if ! cadmium oxide is heat$ p] se 9 ! r$uction flame4 ,antimony 7,sb74--,?is metal is f\nd 9 almo/ e c\ntry4 ,x pr9cipally occurs z ! t]sulphide 7,sb,s#c71 ei!r pure or comb9$ ) o!r sulphides1 p>ticul>ly ) basic sulphides4 ,sometimes x occurs z ! pure metal1 & r>] 9 a /ate ( oxidation z an antimoni\s acid & z ! oxysulphide4 ,9 ! pure /ate1 antimony has a silv]-:ite color1 ) mu* lu/re1 & pres5ts a cry/all9e /ructure4 ,! comm]cial & impure metal is ( a t9-:ite color1 & may frequ5tly be split 9 p>allel /rata4 ,x is brittle & easily pulv]iz$4 ,x melts at a l[ r$ heat 7#haj71 is volatiliz$ at a :ite heat1 & c be di/ill$4 ,at common temp]atures x is n affect$ by ! air4 ,at a gl[+ heat x takes fire1 & burns ) a :ite flame1 & ) :ite fumes1 =m+ volatile antimoni\s acid4 ,common acids oxidize antimony1 b dissolve x slightly4 ,x is soluble 9 aqua regia 7nitro-hydro*loric acid74 ,sesquioxide ( ,antimony 7,sb#b,o#c74--;,9 ! pure /ate ?is oxide is a :ite p[d]1 is fusible at a dull r$ heat to a yell[ liquid1 :i*1 aft] cool+1 is greyi%-:ite & cry/all9e4 ,if x is heat$ exclud$ f ! air1 x c be volatiliz$ completely2 x sublimes 9 bright cry/als hav+ ! =m ( ne$les4 ,x occurs sometimes 9 nature z :ite & v bright cry/als4 ,x takes fire :5 heat$ 9 ! op5 air1 & burns ) a :ite vapor to antimoni\s acid4 ,x fuses ) ! t]-sulphide ( antimony to a r$ bead4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r oxides ( antimony by ! read9ess ) :i* x is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate ^u *>coal1 & by its easy fusibility & volatility4 ,! sesquioxide is ! base ( "s salts--= in/ance1 ! t>t> emetic4 ,x is n soluble 9 nitric acid1 b is soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,?is solution becomes milky by ! addition ( wat]4 ,a "p ( ! salts ( ! sesquioxide ( antimony are decompos$ by ignition4 ,! haloid salts are easily volatiliz$1 )\t decomposition4 ,its soluble neutral salts *ange blue litmus pap] to r$1 & are conv]t$1 by admixture ( wat]1 into insoluble basic & soluble acid salts4 ,antimoni\s acid 7antimoniate ( sesquioxide ( antimony1 ,sb#b,o#c ,sb#b,o#e7 is ( a :ite color1 b1 :5 heat$1 ( a light yell[ color1 b *anges to :ite aga9 :5 cold4 ,x is infusible & unalt]$ by heat4 ,x =ms a :ite hydrate1 & bo? are insoluble 9 wat] & nitric acid4 ,x is p>tly soluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 ) ! application ( heat4 ,! addition ( wat] causes a precipitate 9 ?is solution4 ,antimonic ,acid 7,sb#b,o#e74--;,9 ! pure /ate ?is acid is a light yell[-color$ p[d]4 ,its hydrate is :ite1 & is insoluble 9 wat] & nitric acid4 ,x is sp>+ly soluble 9 hot conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,x =ms salts ) e base1 "s ( :i* are insoluble1 & o!rs sp>+ly s4 ,not)/&+ t antimonic acid is insoluble 9 wat]1 x expels ! c>bonic acid f ! solutions ( ! c>bonates ( ! alkalies4 ,antimonic acid & its hydrate *anges moi/5$ blue litmus pap] to r$4 ,behavior ( ,antimony & its ,oxides be=e ! ,bl[pipe4 ,metallic ,antimony fuses easily ^u *>coal4 ,:5 heat$ to gl[+1 & !n remov$ f ! flame1 x cont9ues to gl[ = a:ile1 & produces a ?ick :ite smoke4 ,! vapor cry/allizes gradually1 & coats ! assay ) small cry/als :i* iridesce l "m ( pe>l 7sesquioxide ( antimony74 ,x is n volatile at ! temp]ature ( melt$ glass4 ,ignit$ 9 an op5 glass tube1 x burns sl[ly ) a :ite vapor1 :i* cond5ses ^u ! cool "p ( ! tube1 & exhibits "s indications ( cry/allization4 ,?is vapor consi/s ( ! sesquioxide1 & c be driv5 by heat f "o place to ano!r1 )\t leav+ a residue4 ,if ! metallic antimony conta9s sulphide ( antimony1 !re is a correspond+ portion ( antimoni\s acid produc$1 :i* rema9s z a :ite sublimate aft] ! sesquioxide is remov$4 ,sesquioxide ( antimony melts easily1 & sublimes z a :ite vapor4 ,x may be prep>$ by precipitat+ & dry+4 ,:5 heat$1 x takes fire previ\s to melt+1 gl[s l t9d]1 & is conv]t$ into antimoni\s acid1 :i* is n[ infusible4 ,:5 heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 x is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 & p>tly volatiliz$4 ,a :ite vapor sublimates ^u ! *>coal1 :ile ! ext]nal flame exhibits a gre5i%-blue color4 ,antimoni\s acid is infusible1 produces a /rong light1 & is dim9i%$ 9 volume :5 heat$ 9 ! ext]nal flame1 dur+ :i* "t a d5se :ite vapor sublimes ^u ! *>coal4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 ?is mann] r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate l ! sesquioxide4 ,antimonic acid1 :5 fir/ heat$1 becomes :ite1 & is conv]t$ into antimoni\s acid4 ,hydrat$ antimonic acid1 :i* is orig9ally :ite1 appe>s at fir/ yell[ :ile giv+ (f wat]1 & !n becomes :ite aga91 :ile oxyg5 is expell$1 & x is conv]t$ into antimoni\s acid4 ,! oxides ( antimony produce1 ) bl[pipe reag5ts1 ! foll[+ reactions3 borax dissolves oxides ( antimony 9 ! oxidation flame 9 consid]able quantity to a cle> bead1 :i* is yell[ :ile hot1 b colorless :5 cold4 ,if ! bead is saturat$1 a "p ( ! oxide is volatiliz$ z a :ite vapor4 ,^u *>coal1 9 ! oxidation flame1 x is completely volatiliz$1 & ! *>coal is cov]$ ) a :ite sublimate4 ,heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 ! bead is ( a greyi% color1 & p>tially1 if n :olly opaque1 f ! pres5ce ( r$uc$ metallic p>ticles4 ,a cont9u$ heat w volatilize !m1 & ! bead becomes cle>4 ,! addition ( t9 promotes ! r$uction4 ,microcosmic salt dissolves ! comp\nds ( antimony 9 ! flame ( oxidation ) intumesc5ce1 to a cle> light-yell[ color$ bead1 :i* :5 cold is colorless4 ,heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! r$uction flame1 ! bead is fir/ turbid1 b soon becomes transp>5t4 ,! addition ( t9 r5d]s ! bead greyi% :ile cool+1 b a cont9u$ bla/ r5d]s x transp>5t4 ,soda dissolves ! comp\nds ( antimony ^u plat9um wire 9 ! oxidation flame1 to a cle> colorless bead1 :i* is :ite :5 cold4 ,^u *>coal1 bo? 9 ! oxidation & r$uction flames1 ! antimony comp\nds are readily r$uc$ to ! metal1 :i* is imm$iately volatiliz$1 & produces a :ite incru/ation ( oxide ( antimony ^u ! *>coal4 ,if ! antimony comp\nds are heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 ) a mixture ( c>bonate ( soda & cyanide ( potassium 7,k,cy71 !re are produc$ small globules ( metallic antimony4 ,at ! same "t1 a "p ( ! r$uc$ metal is volatiliz$ 7?is cont9ues aft] ! assay is remov$ f ! flame7 & re-oxidiz$4 ,a :ite incru/ation appe>s ^u ! *>coal1 & ! metallic globules are cov]$ ) small :ite cry/als4 ,if ?is :ite sublimate ^u ! *>coal is moi/5$ ) a solution ( cobalt-oxide1 & expos$ to ! r$uction flame1 a "p ( x is volatiliz$1 :ile ! o!r "p passes into high] oxidation1 & rema9s1 aft] cool+1 ( a dirty d>k-gre5 color4 7d47 ,tellurium 7,te74--,?is is "o ( ! r>e metals4 ,x occurs v seldom 9 ! metallic /ate1 b (t5 ) bismu?1 lead1 silv]1 & gold4 ,tellurium1 9 ! pure /ate1 is silv]-:ite1 v bright1 ( a foliat$ or lamell> /ructure1 brittle1 & easily triturat$4 ,x is incl9$ to cry/allize4 ,x is soluble 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid )\t oxidation4 ,! solution is ( a f9e purple color1 & gives a precipitate ) ! addition ( wat]4 ,tellurium 9 ! ,metallic =m4--,by ! aid ( heat x is oxidiz$ 9 sulphuric acid1 a portion ( ! oxyg5 ( ! acid oxidiz+ ! metal1 :ile sulphur\s acid gas escapes4 ,?is solution is colorless1 & is tellur\s acid1 dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,x melts at a l[ r$ heat1 & volatilizes at a high] temp]ature4 ,if tellurium is heat$ ) free access ( air1 x takes fire1 & burns ) a blue color1 ! flame be+ gre5i% at ! edges1 :ile a ?ick :ite vapor escapes1 :i* has a feeble acidul\s odor4 ,tellur\s ,acid 7,te,o#b7 is ( a f9e1 granul\s1 cry/all9e or :ite e>?y mass1 :i* is p>tly soluble 9 wat]4 ,! solution has a /rong metallic ta/e1 & an acid reaction ^u litmus pap]4 ,heat$ 9 a tube clos$ at "o end until x beg9s to gl[1 x fuses to a yell[ liquid :i* is colorless1 cry/all9e1 & opaque :5 cold4 ,beads ( x rema9 usually transp>5t l glass4 ,heat$ ^u plat9um wire 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 x melts1 & is volatiliz$ z a :ite vapor4 ,:5 heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! oxidation flame1 x melts1 & is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 b volatilizes & a sublimate ( :ite tellur\s acid is =m$ ^u ! *>coal4 ,! edge ( ?is deposit is usually r$ or d>k-yell[4 ,heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 x is rapidly r$uc$1 ! ext]nal flame exhibit+ a blui%-gre5 color4 ,borax dissolves x 9 ! oxidation flame ^u plat9um wire to a cle> colorless bead :i* turns grey :5 heat$ ^u *>coal1 ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( r$uc$ metallic p>ticles4 ,^u *>coal1 9 ! r$uction flame1 ! bead is grey1 caus$ by ! r$uc$ metal4 ,aft] a cont9u$ bla/1 tellurium is completely volatiliz$1 & ! bead appe>s cle> aga91 :ile a :ite sublimate is deposit$ ^u ! *>coal4 ,) microcosmic salt1 ! same reactions are produc$4 ,) c>bonate ( soda1 tellur\s acid fuses ^u plat9um wire to a cle> colorless bead1 :i* is :ite :5 cold4 ,^u *>coal x is r$uc$1 & =ms tellur-sodium1 :i* is absorb$ by ! *>coal1 & metallic tellurium1 :i* is volatiliz$1 & deposits ^u ! *>coal a :ite incru/ation 7tellur\s acid74 ,if tellur\s acid1 f9ely p[d]$ *>coal1 & c>bonate ( soda are mix$ toge!r1 & ! mixture be well ignit$ 9 a clos$ tube1 until fusion is effect$1 & a few drops ( boil$ wat] are br\ght into ! tube1 !y are color$ purple1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( tellur-sodium4 ,telluric ,acid 7,te,o#c7 =ms six-sid$ prismatic cry/als4 ,x has n an acid1 b r a metallic ta/e4 ,x *anges blue litmus pap] to r$2 is sl[ly soluble 9 wat]1 & r sp>+ly4 ,expos$ to a high temp]ature1 b n until gl[+1 ! cry/all9e acid loses its wat]1 & acquires an orange color1 b /ill x pres]ves its cry/all9e =m1 al?\gh no long] soluble 9 wat]1 & is 9 fact s mu* *ang$ 9 its prop]ties z to pres5t ! in/ance ( an isom]ic modification4 ,if telluric acid is heat$ g5tly 9 a clos$ tube1 x loses wat] & turns yell[4 ,heat$ /ill m /rongly1 x becomes milk-:ite1 oxyg5 is expell$1 & x is conv]t$ into tellur\s acid4 ,! pres5ce ( oxyg5 c be recogniz$ by ! m lively combu/ion :i* an ignit$ spl9t] ( wood und]goes :5 held 9 x4 ,telluric acid produces ! same reactions ) ! bl[pipe reag5ts z tellur\s acid4 ,,sev5? ,,gr\p4--,,lead1 ,,bismu?1 ,,t94 ,! oxides ( ^! metals are also r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate by fusion ) soda ^u *>coal 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 b !y are volatiliz$ only aft] a cont9u$ bla/1 & a sublimate is ?r[n ^u ! *>coal4 7a47 ,lead 7,pb74--,?is metal occurs 9 consid]able quantity 9 nature1 *iefly z gal5a or lead-glance 7sulphide ( lead74 ,likewise1 b m r>ely1 z a c>bonate2 also z a sulphate1 & sometimes comb9$ ) o!r acids & metals4 ,9 ! metallic /ate1 lead is ( a blui%-grey color1 high lu/re1 & sp4 gr4 #aa4d4 ,x is s(t1 & communicates a /a9 to pap]4 ,x is malleable1 ductile1 b has v little t5acity4 ,x melts at ab\t #fab4 ,expos$ to ! air x soon t>ni%es1 be+ cov]$ ) a grey matt]1 :i* "s reg>d z a suboxide 7,pb#b,o71 & o!rs z simply a mixture ( lead & protoxide4 ,at a gl[+ heat x is oxidiz$ to a protoxide1 & at a :ite heat x is volatiliz$4 ,x is insoluble 9 mo/ acids4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 soluble 9 nitric acid1 b )\t decompos+ wat]4 7,l47 ,protoxide ( ,lead 7,pb,o74--,x is an orange-color$ p[d]1 :i* melts at a gl[+ temp]ature1 & =ms a lamell> mass aft] cool+4 ,protoxide ( lead absorbs oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e :ile melt+1 :i* is giv5 (f aga9 by cool+4 ,be+ expos$ = a long] :ile to ! air1 x absorbs c>bonic acid & wat]1 & becomes :ite on ! surface4 ,x is soluble 9 nitric acid & cau/ic alkalies4 ,x =ms ) mo/ acids insoluble salts4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 pure wat]1 b n 9 wat] :i* conta9s alkal9e salts4 ,?is hydrate is :ite4 7beta47 ,r$ ,oxide ( ,lead 7,pb,o#b1 ,pb,o74--,x =ms a puce-color$ p[d]4 ,x is insoluble 9 cau/ic alkalies4 ,hydro*loric acid dissolves x & =ms a yell[ liquid1 :i* is soon decompos$ into *loride ( lead & *lor9e4 ,x is r$uc$ by ignition to ! protoxide4 7gamma47 ,p]oxide ( ,lead 7,pb,o#b74--;,x is a d>k-br[n p[d]4 ,x yields ) hydro*loric acid ! *loride ( lead & *lor9e gas4 ,:5 heat$ x lib]ates oxyg51 & is r$uc$ to ! protoxide4 ,lead comb9ations give ! foll[+ reactions be=e ! bl[pipe3 ,metallic lead t>ni%es :5 heat$ 9 ! oxidation flame1 & is in/antly cov]$ ) a grey matt]1 consi/+ ( ! protoxide & ! metal4 ,x fuses quickly1 & is !n cov]$ ) a yell[i%-br[n protoxide until all ! lead is conv]t$ into ! protoxide1 :i* melts to a yell[ liquid4 ,9 ! r$uction flame & ^u *>coal1 x is volatiliz$1 :ile ! *>coal becomes cov]$ ) a yell[ sublimate ( oxide4 ,a little di/ance f ! assay1 ?is sublimate appe>s :ite 7c>bonate ( lead74 ,protoxide ( lead melts 9 ! flame ( oxidation to a beautiful d>k yell[ bead4 ,9 ! flame ( r$uction1 & ^u *>coal1 x is r$uc$ ) intumesc5ce to metallic lead1 :i* is volatiliz$ by a cont9u$ bla/1 & sublimates on *>coal1 z m5tion$ above4 ,r$ oxide ( lead turns black :5 heat$ 9 ! glass tube clos$ at "o end1 & lib]ates oxyg51 :i* is easily detect$ by ! introduction ( an ignit$ spl9t]1 :5 a m lively combu/ion ( ! wood proves ! pres5ce ( uncomb9$ oxyg54 ,! r$ oxide 9 ?is case is r$uc$ to ! protoxide4 ,heat$ ^u plat9um foil1 x fir/ turns black1 is r$uc$ to ! protoxide1 & melts into a d>k yell[ liquid4 ,9 ! r$uction flame1 ^u *>coal1 x is r$uc$ to ! metal ) intumesc5ce4 ,aft] a cont9u$ bla/1 a yell[ sublimate ( protoxide is produc$ ^u ! *>coal1 & at a little di/ance (f1 ar\nd ?is sublimate1 a :ite "o ( c>bonate ( lead is produc$4 ,?is sublimate disappe>s :5 t\*$ by ! flame ( r$uction1 :ile x communicates an azure blue-t+e to ! ext]nal flame4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) ! p]oxide ( lead4 ,! diff]5t oxides ( lead produce ) ! bl[pipe reag5ts ! same reactions4 ,borax dissolves lead comp\nds ) ! greate/ read9ess ^u plat9um wire 9 ! oxidation flame to a transp>5t bead1 :i* is yell[ :5 hot1 b colorless aft] be+ cool$4 ,) ! addition ( m ( ! lead oxide1 x becomes opalesc5t4 ,:5 heat$ by ! int]mitt5t flame1 & ) /ill m ( ! oxide1 x acquires a yell[ enamel aft] cool+4 ,heat$ ^u *>coal1 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 ! bead spreads & becomes opaque4 ,aft] a cont9u$ bla/1 all ! oxide is r$uc$ ) eff]vesc5ce to metallic lead1 :i* melts & runs t[>ds ! edges ( ! bead1 :ile ! bead aga9 becomes transp>5t4 ,microcosmic ,salt dissolves oxides ( lead ^u plat9um wire 9 ! flame ( oxidation easily to a cle>1 colorless bead1 :i* appe>s1 :5 highly saturat$1 yell[ :ile hot4 ,a saturat$ bead becomes enamel-l aft] cool+4 ,! bead appe>s 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 & ^u *>coal1 ( a greyi% color & dull4 ,by ! addition ( m oxide1 a yell[ sublimate ( protoxide is produc$ ^u ! *>coal4 ,by ! addition ( t91 ! bead appe>s ( a d>k] grey1 b x is nev] q opaque4 ,c>bonate ( ,soda dissolves oxide ( lead 9 ! flame ( oxidation ^u plat9um wire q readily to a transp>5t bead1 :i* becomes yell[ :5 cool+1 & is opaque4 ,^u *>coal 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 x is rapidly r$uc$ to metallic lead1 :i* yields1 aft] a cont9u$ bla/1 a yell[ sublimate ( oxide ^u ! *>coal4 7b47 ,bismu? 7,bi74--,?is metal occurs mo/ly 9 ! metallic /ate1 & less frequ5tly z ! sulphide4 ,9 ! pure metallic /ate1 x is ( a r$di%-:ite color & great lu/re4 ,x cry/allizes 9 cubes4 ,x is brittle1 & may be readily pulv]iz$4 ,x melts at #dgf1 & is volatiliz$ at a :ite heat4 ,x is soluble 9 nitric acid1 & =ms ! nitrate ( bismu?4 7alpha47 ,oxide ( ,bismu? 7,bi#b,o#c74--,?is oxide is a light yell[ p[d]1 fusible at a r$ heat1 insoluble 9 cau/ic pota% & ammonia4 ,x is ! base ( ! salts ( bismu?4 ,its hydrate is :ite1 & easily soluble 9 acids4 ,! addition ( wat] causes ^! solutions to become milky1 because !y are decompos$ into a soluble acidul\s & an insoluble basic salt ( bismu?4 7beta47 ,p]oxide ( ,bismu? 7,bi,o#b7 is a d>k-color$ p[d]1 completely soluble 9 boil+ nitric acid1 & yield+ oxyg52 produces1 ) hydro*loric acid1 *lor9e gas4 ,x c be heat$ up to ! temp]ature ( #fbj )\t be+ decompos$2 b1 expos$ to a temp]ature ( #fcj x yields oxyg54 ,mix$ ) combu/ible sub/ances1 x gl[s ) brightness4 7gamma47 ,bismu?ic ,acid 7,bi#b,o#e7 is a br[n p[d] simil> to ! p]oxide1 b is conv]t$ by boil+ nitric acid into a gre51 sc>cely soluble sub/ance 7,bi#b,o#c1 ,bi#b,o#e74 ,its hydrate is ( a r$ color4 ,,bl[pipe ,,reactions4--,metallic bismu? is conv]t$1 :5 expos$ ^u plat9um wire to ! flame ( oxidation1 into a d>k br[n oxide1 :i* turns light yell[ :ile cool+4 ,x is sl[ly volatiliz$ :5 heat$1 & a yell[ sublimate ( oxide is produc$ ^u ! *>coal4 ,oxide ( bismu? melts ^u plat9um foil 9 ! flame ( oxidation v easily into a d>k-br[n liquid1 :i* *anges to a light yell[ :ile cool+4 ,by too /rong a heat1 x is r$uc$ & p5etrates ! plat9um foil4 ,^u *>coal1 9 ! flame ( oxidation & ( r$uction1 x is r$uc$ to metallic bismu?1 :i* melts into "o or m globules4 ,by a cont9u$ bla/ !y are sl[ly volatiliz$1 & produce a yell[ sublimate ( oxide ^u ! *>coal1 beyond :i* a :ite sublimate ( c>bonate ( bismu? is visible4 ,^! sublimates disappe> 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 b )\t communicat+ any color to x4 ,borax dissolves oxide ( bismu? ^u plat9um wire1 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 easily to a cle> yell[ bead1 :i* appe>s colorless aft] cool+4 ,by ! addition ( m oxide1 ! hot bead becomes orange4 ,x turns m yell[ :ile cool+1 & :5 cool is opalesc5t4 ,^u *>coal 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 ! bead becomes turbid & greyi% color$4 ,! oxide is r$uc$ ) intumesc5ce to ! metallic /ate1 & ! bead becomes cle> aga94 ,! addition ( t9 promotes ! r$uction4 ,microcosmic ,salt dissolves oxide ( bismu? ^u plat9um wire1 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 to a yell[ bead1 :i* becomes colorless aft] cool+4 ,by ! addition ( m oxide1 ! bead is yell[i%-br[n :ile hot1 & colorless aft] cool+1 b n q transp>5t4 ,?is bead becomes enamell$ :5 heat$ by ! int]mitt5t flame2 also1 by ! addition ( /ill m ( ! oxide1 aft] x is cool$4 ,^u *>coal1 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! addition ( t91 ! bead is colorless & transp>5t :ile hot1 b :ile cool+ becomes ( a d>k-gray color & opaque4 ,oxide ( bismu? is r$uc$1 by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda1 z well 9 ! oxidat+ z 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 in/antly to metallic bismu?4 ,z ! above m5tion$ high] oxides ( bismu? are conv]t$ by ignition into oxide ( ! metal & free oxyg51 !y h ! same behavior be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,z bismu? occurs mo/ly 9 ! metallic =m1 x is necess>y to "k h[ to di/+ui% x f metals simil> to x4 ,its brittl5ess di/+ui%es x f lead1 z9c & t91 z !y are readily flatt5$ by a /roke ( ! hamm]1 :ile bismu? is brok5 to pieces4 ,bismu?1 9 ?is latt] respect1 might p]haps be mi/ak5 = antimony or tellurium2 b1 by ! foll[+ exam9ation1 x is easy to sep>ate bismu? f antimony or tellurium4 #a4 ,nei!r bismu? nor antimony sublimates :5 heat$ 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end4 ,at a temp]ature :i* is ab\t to fuse ! glass1 tellurium yields a small quantity ( a :ite vapor 7"s tellurium is oxidiz$ to tellur\s acid by ! oxyg5 ( ! air 9 ! tube74 ,aft] t1 a grey metallic sublimate settles on ! sides ( ! tube4 #b4 ,heat$ 9 an op5 tube1 antimony yields a :ite vapor1 :i* coats ! inside ( ! glass tube1 & c be driv5 by heat f "o "p ( ! tube to ano!r )\t leav+ a residue4 ,! metallic globule is cov]$ ) a consid]able quantity ( fus$ oxide4 ,tellurium produces1 "u ! same circum/ances1 an int5se vapor1 & deposits on ! glass a :ite p[d]1 :i* melts by heat into globules t run ov] ! glass4 ,! metallic globules are cov]$ by fus$1 transp>5t1 & ne>ly colorless oxide1 :i* becomes :ite :ile cool+4 ,by a high temp]ature1 & ) little access ( air1 metallic tellurium sublimes ) ! deposition ( a grey p[d]4 ,bismu? produces1 "u simil> treatm5t1 sc>cely any vapor1 unless x is comb9$ ) sulphur4 ,! metal is envelop$ by fus$ oxide ( a d>k yell[ color1 :i* appe>s light yell[ aft] be+ cool$4 ,x acts ^u ! glass1 & dissolves x4 #c4 ,^u *>coal1 expos$ to ! bl[pipe flame1 ! ?ree metals are volatiliz$1 & yield a sublimate ^u ! *>coal4 ,t ( antimony is :ite1 :ile ^? ( bismu? & tellurium are d>k yell[4 ,by expos+ !m to ! flame ( r$uction1 ! sublimate ( tellurium disappe>s & communicates an int5se gre5 color to ! flame4 ,! antimony incru/ation gives a feeble gre5i%-blue color1 :ile ! sublimate ( bismu? gives no p]ceptible color 9 ! light4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( notice t if ! op]ation takes place 9 ! d>k1 a v pale blue flame w be se5 ) ! bismu?4 7c47 ,t9 7,sn74--,?is metal does n occur 9 nature 9 ! metallic /ate1 v seldom 9 ! sulphide1 b *iefly 9 ! oxide 7t9/one74 ,9 ! metallic /ate x is silv]-:ite1 possesses a v high lu/re1 is s(t 7b h>d] ?an lead71 ductile1 b has n mu* t5acity1 & x is v malleable4 ,! metal :5 x is ca/ gives a peculi> creak+ noise :5 twi/$ or b5t1 :i* proce$s f ! cry/all9e /ructure ( ! metal4 ,?is cry/allization is q cle>ly manife/$ by attack+ ! surface ( ! metal1 or t ( t9 plate1 ) acids4 ,t9 is v slightly t>ni%$ by exposure to ! air4 ,x fuses at #ddb1 & becomes grey1 be+ a mixture ( ! oxide & ! metal4 ,at a high temp]ature ev51 t9 is b little subject to pass (f z vapor4 ,x is soluble 9 aqua regia1 & ) ! lib]ation ( hydrog51 9 hot sulphuric & hydro*loric acids1 & 9 cold dilute nitric acid1 )\t decompos+ wat]1 or ! production ( a gas1 :ile nitrate ( t9 & nitrate ( ammonia are =m$4 ,conc5trat$ nitric acid conv]ts t9 into insoluble t9 acids4 7alpha47 ,protoxide ( ,t9 7,sn,o7 is a d>k-grey p[d]4 ,its hydrate is :ite1 & is soluble 9 cau/ic alkalies4 ,:5 ?is solution is heat$1 anhydr\s cry/all9e black protoxide is sep>at$4 ,! soluble neutral salts ( t9-protoxide are decompos$ by ! addition ( wat]1 & conv]t$ into acid soluble1 & basic insoluble salts4 ,:5 protoxide ( t9 is ignit$ ) free access ( air1 x takes fire & is conv]t$ ) consid]able int5sity into ! acids1 produc+ :ite vapors4 ,?is is likewise ! case if x is t\*$ by a sp>k ( fire f /eel4 ,! hydrate ( ! protoxide ( t9 c be ignit$ by ! flame ( a c&le1 & gl[s l t9d]4 7beta47 ,sesquioxide ( ,t9 7,sn#b,o#c7 is a greyi%-br[n p[d]4 ,its hydrate is :ite1 ) a yell[ t+e4 ,x is soluble 9 aqua ammonia & 9 hydro*loric acid2 ?is solution =ms ) solution ( gold ! purple ( ,cassius4 7gamma47 ,/annic ,acid 7p]oxide1 ,sn,o#b74--,?is acid occurs 9 nature cry/alliz$ 9 quadro-octah$rons1 ( a br[n or an int5se black color1 & ( great h>dness 7t9/one74 ,artificially prep>$1 x is a :ite or yell[i%-:ite p[d]4 ,x exi/s 9 two di/9ct or isom]ic modifications1 "o ( :i* is insoluble 9 acids 7natural t9-acid7 :ile ! o!r 7t9-acid prep>$ 9 ! wet way7 is soluble 9 acids4 ,by ignition ! soluble acid is conv]t$ into ! insoluble4 ,bo? modifications =m hydrates4 ,reactions be=e ! ,bl[pipe4--,metallic t9 melts easily4 ,x is cov]$ 9 ! flame ( oxidation into a yell[i%-:ite oxide1 :i* is c>ri$ (f sometimes by ! /ream ( air :i* propels ! flame4 ,9 ! r$uction flame1 & ^u *>coal1 melt+ t9 reta9s its metallic lu/re1 :ile a ?9 sublimate is produc$ ^u ! *>coal4 ,?is sublimate is light-yell[ :ile hot1 & gives a /rong light 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 & turns :ite :ile cool+4 ,?is sublimate is f\nd ne> to ! metal1 & _c be volatiliz$ 9 ! oxidation flame4 ,9 ! flame ( r$uction x is r$uc$ to metallic t94 ,sometimes ?is incru/ation is s imp]ceptible t x c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ! a%es ( ! *>coal4 ,if su* be ! case1 moi/5 x ) a solution ( cobalt1 & expose x to ! flame ( oxidation1 :5 ! sublimate w exhibit1 aft] cool+1 a blui%-gre5 color4 ,protoxide ( t9 takes fire 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 & burns ) flame & "s :ite vapor into t9 acid1 or /annic acid4 ,9 a /rong & cont9u$ r$uction flame1 x may be r$uc$ to metal1 :5 ! same sublimate above m5tion$ is visible4 ,! sesquioxide ( t9 behaves z ! above4 ,/annic acid1 heat$ 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 does n melt & is n volatiliz$1 b produces a /rong light1 & appe>s yell[i% :ile hot1 b *ang+ z x cools to a dirty-yell[ :ite color4 ,9 a /rong & cont9u$ flame ( r$uction1 x may be r$uc$ likewise to ! metallic /ate1 ) ! production ( ! same sublimate z ! above4 ,borax dissolves t9 comp\nds 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 & ^u plat9um wire1 v t>dily1 & 9 small quantity1 to a transp>5t colorless bead1 :i* rema9s cle> aft] cool+1 & also :5 heat$ int]mitt+ly4 ,b if a saturat$ bead1 aft] be+ completely cool1 is expos$ aga9 to ! flame ( oxidation1 at a l[ r$ heat1 ! bead :ile cool+ is opaque1 loses its globul> =m1 & exhibits an indi/9ct cry/allization4 ,?is is ! case too 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 b if ! bead is highly saturat$1 a "p ( ! oxide is r$uc$4 ,microcosmic ,salt dissolves ! oxides 9 ! flame ( r$uction v t>dily 9 a small quantity to a transp>5t colorless bead1 :i* rema9s cle> :ile cool+4 ,if to ?is bead sesquioxide ( iron is add$ 9 prop] proportion1 ! sesquioxide loses its prop]ty ( color+ ! bead1 b ( c\rse an excess ( ! iron salt w communicate to ! bead its own *>act]i/ic color4 ,9 ! flame ( r$uction no fur!r alt]ation is visible4 ,t9-oxides comb9e ) c>bonate ( soda1 9 ! flame ( oxidation ^u plat9um wire1 ) intumesc5ce to a bulky & confus$ mass1 :i* is insoluble 9 m soda4 ,^u *>coal1 9 ! r$uction flame1 x is easily r$uc$ to a metallic globule4 ,c]ta9 comp\nds ( t9-oxides1 p>ticul>ly if !y conta9 tantalum1 are by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda r$uc$ ) difficulty2 b by ! addition ( "s borax1 ! r$uction to ! metallic /ate is easily effect$4 ,t9-oxides expos$ to ! oxidation flame1 !n moi/5$ ) a solution ( cobalt1 & expos$ aga9 to ! flame ( oxidation1 w exhibit1 aft] hav+ completely cool$1 a blui%-gre5 color4 ,,eigh? ,,gr\p4--,,m]cury1 ,,ars5ic4 ,^! two metals are volatiliz$ at a temp]ature l[] ?an t ( a r$ heat1 & produce1 !re=e1 no reactions ) borax & microcosmic salt4 ,_! oxides are easily r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 7a47 ,m]cury 7,hg74--,?is metal occurs 9 nature *iefly comb9$ ) sulphur z a bisulphide4 ,x occurs /ill m r>ely 9 ! metallic =m1 or comb9$ ) silv]1 sel5ium1 or *lor9e4 ,m]cury1 9 ! metallic /ate1 has a /rong lu/re1 & is liquid at ord9>y temp]atures1 :]eby x is di/+ui%$ f any o!r metal4 ,x freezes at #dj & boils at #fbj1 b x evaporates at common temp]atures4 ,pure m]cury is unalt]able4 ,^u be+ expos$ to ! air1 x t>ni%es only by admixture ) o!r metals1 turns grey on ! surface1 & loses its lu/re4 ,x is soluble 9 cold nitric acid & 9 conc5trat$ hot sulphuric acid1 b n 9 hydro*loric acid4 7*i47 ,protoxide ( ,m]cury 7,hg#b,o74--,x is a black p[d]1 :i* is decompos$ by ignition into metallic m]cury & oxyg54 ,by dige/ion ) c]ta9 acids1 & p>ticul>ly ) cau/ic alkalies1 x is conv]t$ into metallic m]cury & p]oxide4 ,"s neutral salts ( ! protoxide are only p>tly soluble 9 wat]1 z !y are conv]t$ into basic insoluble & acid soluble salts4 ,protoxide ( m]cury is completely insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,its neutral salts *ange blue litmus pap] to r$4 7beta47 ,p]oxide ( ,m]cury 7,hg,o74--,?is oxide exi/s 9 two allotropic modifications4 ,"o is ( a brick-r$ color1 & ! o!r is orange4 ,be+ expos$ to heat1 !y turn black1 b rega9 _! respective colors ^u cool+4 ,!y are decompos$ at a high temp]ature into metallic m]cury & oxyg54 ,!y yield ) acids _! own peculi> salts4 ,m]cury1 9 ! metallic =m1 c nev] be mi/ak5 = any o!r metal 9 consequ5ce ( its fluid condition at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,expos$ to ! bl[pipe flame1 x is in/antly volatiliz$4 ,?is is also ! case ) x :5 comb9$ ) o!r metals4 ,! oxides ( m]cury are1 9 ! oxidation & r$uction flames1 in/antly r$uc$ & volatiliz$4 ,!y d n produce any alt]ation ) fluxes1 z !y are volatiliz$ be=e ! bead melts4 ,heat$ ) c>bonate ( soda 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end1 !y are r$uc$ to metallic m]cury1 :i* is volatiliz$1 & cond5ses ^u a cool portion ( ! tube z a grey p[d]4 ,by cauti\s knock+ aga9/ ! tube1 or by rubb+ ) a glass rod1 ?is sublimate c be br\ght toge!r into "o globule ( metallic m]cury4 ,comp\nds ( m]cury c be mo/ completely r$uc$ by a mixture ( neutral oxalate ( potassa & cyanide ( potassium4 ,if ! sub/ance "u exam9ation conta9s su* a small quantity ( m]cury t x _c be di/+ui%$ by volatilization1 a /rip ( gold leaf may be atta*$ to an iron wire1 & introduc$ dur+ ! exp]im5t 9 ! glass tube4 ,! smalle/ trace ( m]cury w :it5 ! gold leaf 9 spots4 7b47 ,ars5ic 7,z74--,?is metal occurs 9 consid]able quantity 9 nature1 *iefly comb9$ ) sulphur or metals4 ,ars5ic1 9 ! metallic /ate1 is ( a :iti%-grey color1 high lu/re1 & is cry/all9e1 ( a foliat$ /ructure1 & is s brittle t x c be pulv]iz$4 ,x does n melt1 b is volatiliz$ at #cef4 ,its vapor has a /rong alliace\s odor4 ,ars5ic sublimes 9 irregul> cry/als4 ,by exposure to ! air x soon t>ni%es1 & is coat$ black4 ,be+ mix$ ) nitrate ( potassa & inflam$1 x detonates ) vehem5ce4 ,mix$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 x is inflam$ by a /roke ( ! hamm]1 & detonates viol5tly4 ,heat$ 9 oxyg5 gas1 x is inflam$1 & burns ) a pale blue flame to ars5i\s acid4 7beta47 ,ars5i\s ,acid 7,as,o#c74--,?is acid cry/allizes 9 octah$rons1 or1 :5 fus$1 =ms a colorless glass1 :i* f9ally becomes opaque & enamel-l1 or =ms a :ite p[d]4 ,x sublimes )\t *ange or decomposition4 ,:5 heat$ = a long] :ile bel[ ! temp]ature ( sublimation1 x melts into a transp>5t1 colorless1 t\gh glass4 ,! opaque acid is sp>+ly soluble 9 cold wat]1 & /ill m soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,x is conv]t$1 by cont9u$ boil+1 into ! transp>5t acid1 :i* is mu* m soluble 9 wat]4 ,ars5i\s acid is easily dissolv$ by cau/ic potassa4 ,x is also soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,?is acid occurs associat$ ) antimoni\s acid1 protoxide ( t91 protoxide ( lead1 & oxide ( copp]4 ,x occurs likewise 9 v small quantity 9 f]rug9\s m9]al spr+s4 7gamma47,ars5ic ,acid 7,as,o#e7 is a :ite mass1 :i* readily absorbs moi/ure & dissolves4 ,x w n volatilize at a l[ r$ heat1 nor w x decompose4 ,expos$ to a /rong heat1 x is decompos$1 yield+ oxyg51 & pass+ into ars5i\s acid4 ,reactions be=e ! ,bl[pipe4 ,metallic ars5ic1 heat$ 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end1 yields a black sublimate ( a metallic lu/re1 & at ! same "t gives out ! *>act]i/ic alliace\s odor4 ,?is is ! case too ) alloys ( ars5ic1 if !re is a maximum quantity ( ars5ic pres5t4 ,:5 heat$ 9 a glass tube op5 at bo? ends1 metallic ars5ic is oxidiz$ to ars5i\s acid1 :i* appe>s z a :ite cry/all9e sublimate on ! sides ( ! glass tube4 ,?is deposit w occur at "s di/ance f ! assay1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great volatility ( ! ars5ic4 ,! sublimate c be driv5 f "o place ^u ! tube to ano!r1 by a v l[ heat4 ,alloys ( ars5ic are conv]t$ into basic ars5iates ( metal oxides1 :ile surplus ars5ic is conv]t$ into ars5i\s acid1 :i* sublimes on ! tube4 ,if too mu* ars5ic is us$ = ?is exp]im5t1 a d>k-br[n incru/ation w sublime ^u ! sides ( ! tube :i* w give an alliace\s smell4 ,if ?is sublimate %\ld be deposit$ ne> ! assay1 !n x resembles ! :ite sublimate ( ars5i\s acid4 ,heat$ ^u *>coal1 metallic ars5ic is volatiliz$ be=e x melts1 & incru/s ! *>coal 9 ! flame ( oxidation z a :ite deposit ( ars5i\s acid4 ,?is sublimate appe>s sometimes ( a greyi% color1 & takes place at "s di/ance f ! assay4 ,:5 heat$ slightly ) ! bl[pipe flame1 ?is sublimate is in/antly driv5 away1 & be+ heat$ rapidly 9 ! r$uction flame1 x disappe>s ) a light blue t+e1 :ile ! usual alliace\s or g>lic smell may be disc]n$4 ,ars5i\s acid sublimes 9 bo? glass tubes v readily1 z a :ite cry/all9e sublimate4 ,^! cry/als appe> to be regul> octah$rons :5 obs]v$ "u ! microscope4 ,^u *>coal x in/antly volatilizes1 & :5 heat$1 ! *>act]i/ic g>lic smell may be obs]v$4 ,ars5ic acid yields1 heat$ /rongly 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end1 oxyg5 & ars5i\s acid1 ! latt] ( :i* sublimes 9 ! cool portions ( ! tube4 ,comp\nds ( ars5ic produce1 9 consequ5ce ( _! volatility1 no reactions ) fluxes4 ,be+ heat$ ^u *>coal ) c>bonate ( soda1 !y are r$uc$ to metallic ars5ic :i* may be detect$ by ! alliace\s odor peculi> to all ! ars5ic comp\nds :5 volatiliz$4 ,,n9? ,,gr\p4--,,copp]1 ,,silv]1 ,,gold4 ,^! metals are n volatile1 nei!r are _! oxides4 ,!y are r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda1 :5 !y melt to a metallic gra94 ,! oxides ( silv] & gold are r$uc$ p] se to ! metallic /ate by ignition4 ,9 ! r$uction ( ! oxides ( ?is gr\p1 no sublimate is visible ^u ! *>coal4 7a47 ,copp] 7,cu74--,?is metal occurs 9 ! metallic /ate1 also z ! protoxide1 & z oxides comb9$ ) acids 9 diff]5t salts 7c>bonate ( copp] z mala*ite1 etc47 ,! sulphide ( copp] is ! pr9cipal ore ( copp] occurr+ 9 nature4 ,9 ! metallic /ate1 copp] is ( a r$ color1 has great lu/re & t5acity1 is ductile & malleable1 & cry/allizes 9 octah$rons & cubes4 ,x melts at a bright r$ heat1 is m difficult ?an silv] to fuse1 b fuses m readily ?an gold4 ,x absorbs oxyg5 :ile melt+4 ,!re arises f its surface a f9e du/ ( metallic globules1 :i* are cov]$ ) ! protoxide4 ,! surface ( ! metal is likewise cov]$ ) ! protoxide4 ,copp] expos$ to moi/ air t>ni%es1 & is conv]t$ into hydratic c>bonate ( copp]4 ,:5 ignit$ 9 ! op5 air1 x is soon cov]$ ) ! br[ni%-r$ protoxide4 7*i47 ,protoxide ( ,copp] 7,cu#b,o74--,?is oxide occurs 9 nature1 cry/alliz$ 9 octah$rons ( a ruby-r$ color1 ( a lamell> /ructure1 & transp>5t4 ,artificially prep>$1 x =ms a p[d] ( ! same color4 ,x is decompos$ by dilute acids into salts ( p]oxide & metal4 ,x is conv]t$ by ignition1 ) free access ( air1 into p]oxide4 7beta47 ,oxide ( ,copp] 7,cu,o74--,?is oxide is a d>k-br[n or black p[d]4 ,x is dissolv$ by acids1 ) a blue or gre5-color$ solution4 ,x is soluble 9 aqua ammonia1 & ! solution is ( a d>k blue color4 ,reactions be=e ! ,bl[pipe4--,oxide ( copp] expos$ ^u plat9um wire to ! inmo/ flame 7! blue flame71 communicates to ! ext]nal flame a gre5 color4 ,heat$ ^u *>coal 9 ! oxidation flame1 x melts to a black ball1 soon spreads ov] ! *>coal1 & is p>tially r$uc$4 ,expos$ to ! r$uction flame1 at a temp]ature :i* w n melt copp]1 x is r$uc$ ) a bright metallic lu/re1 b z soon z ! bla/ ceases1 ! surface ( ! metal becomes oxidiz$1 & appe>s d>k br[n or black4 ,if ! temp]ature is cont9u$ /ill high]1 x melts to a metallic gra94 ,borax dissolves ! oxide ( copp] 9 ! flame ( oxidation to a cle> gre5-color$ bead1 ev5 if ! quantity ( oxide be q small1 b by cool+1 ! bead becomes blue4 ,9 ! flame ( r$uction ^u plat9um wire1 ! bead soon becomes colorless1 b :ile cool+ pres5ts a r$ color 7protoxide ( copp]74 ,?is bead is opaque1 b1 if too mu* ( ! oxide is add$1 a "p ( x is r$uc$ to metal1 :i* is visible by break+ ! metallic gra94 ,^u *>coal1 ! oxide is r$uc$ to ! metal1 & ! bead appe>s colorless aft] cool+4 ,) ! addition ( "s t91 ! bead becomes br[ni%-r$ & opaque aft] cool+4 ,microcosmic ,salt dissolves oxide ( copp] 9 ! flame ( oxidation to a gre5 bead1 n s int5sely color$ z ! borax bead4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ! bead1 if pretty well saturat$1 becomes d>k-gre5 :ile hot1 & br[ni%-r$ :5 cool1 opaque & enamel-l4 ,if ! oxide is s little t no reaction is visible1 by ! addition ( "s t91 ! bead appe>s colorless :ile hot1 & d>k br[ni%-r$ & opaque :5 cold4 ,c>bonate ( ,soda dissolves oxide ( copp] 9 ! oxidation flame ^u plat9um wire1 to a cle>1 gre5 bead1 :i* loses its color :5 cool+1 & becomes opaque4 ,^u *>coal1 x is r$uc$ to ! metal1 ! soda is absorb$ by ! *>coal1 & ! metallic p>ticles melt ) suffici5t heat to a gra94 7b47 ,silv] 7,ag74--,?is metal occurs 9 nature 9 ! metallic /ate1 & 9 comb9ation ) o!r metals1 p>ticul>ly ) lead4 ,x also occurs z ! sulphide 9 sev]al m9es4 ,x cry/allizes 9 cubes & octah$rons2 is ( a pure :ite color1 great lu/re1 is v malleable & ductile1 & is s(t] ?an copp]1 b h>d] ?an gold4 ,x is n oxidizable1 nei!r at common temp]atures nor at ^? :i* are consid]ably high]4 ,x is soluble 9 dilute nitric acid1 & 9 boil+ conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 7*i47 ,protoxide ( ,silv] 7,ag#b,o74--,x is a black p[d]4 ,x is conv]t$ by acids & ammonia into oxide & metal4 7beta47 ,oxide ( ,silv] 7,ag,o74--,x is a greyi%-br[n or black p[d]1 & is ! base ( ! silv] salts4 ,) aqua ammonia1 x is conv]t$ into ! black1 fulm9at+ silv]4 7gamma47 ,sup]oxide or ,b9oxide ( ,silv] 7,ag,o#b74--,?is oxide occurs 9 black ne$les or octah$ral cry/als ( great metallic lu/re4 ,x is dissolv$ by ! oxyg5 acids ) ! dis5gagem5t ( oxyg5 gas4 ,behavior be=e ! ,bl[pipe4--,:5 expos$ to ! flames ( oxidation & r$uction1 ! oxides ( silv] are in/antly r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,borax dissolves silv]-oxides ^u plat9um wire 9 ! oxidation flame b p>tially1 :ile ! o!r portion is r$uc$1 ! bead appe>+ opalesc5t aft] cool+1 9 correspond5ce to ! degree ( saturation4 ,! bead becomes grey 9 ! flame ( r$uction1 ! r$uc$ silv] melt+ to a gra91 & ! bead is r5d]$ cle> & colorless aga94 ,microcosmic ,salt dissolves oxides ( silv] 9 ! flame ( oxidation ^u plat9um wire to a transp>5t yell[i% bead1 :i* pres5ts1 :5 mu* ( ! oxide is pres5t1 an opalesc5t appe>ance4 ,9 ! flame ( r$uction1 ! reaction is analog\s to t ( borax4 ,by fusion ) c>bonate ( soda 9 ! oxidation & r$uction flames1 ! silv] oxides are in/antly r$uc$ to metallic silv]1 :i* fuses into "o or m gra9s4 7c47 ,gold 7,au74--,?is metal occurs mo/ly 9 ! metallic /ate1 b frequ5tly mix$ ) ores1 & ) o!r metals4 ,gold cry/allizes 9 cubes & octah$rons1 is ( a beautiful yell[ color1 great lu/re1 & is ! mo/ malleable & ductile ( all ! metals4 ,x melts at a high] temp]ature ?an copp]1 gives a gre5 color$ light :5 fus$1 & contracts greatly :5 cool+4 ,x does n oxidize at ord9>y temp]atures1 nor :5 heat$ mu* above !m4 ,x is soluble 9 nitro-hydro*loric acid 7aqua regia74 7*i47 ,protoxide ( ,gold 7,au#b,o74--,?is oxide is a d>k violet color$ p[d] :i* is conv]t$ by a temp]ature ( #edj into metallic gold & oxyg54 ,x is only soluble 9 aqua regia4 ,treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 x yields ! *loride ( gold & ! metal4 ,) aqua ammonia1 x yields ! fulm9at+ gold1 :i* is a blue mass & v explosive4 7*i47 ,p]oxide ( ,gold 7,au#b,o#c74--,?is oxide is an olive-gre5 or d>k br[n p[d]1 conta9+ v>iable quantities ( wat]4 ,decompos$ at #ecj1 x yields metallic gold & oxyg54 ,reactions be=e ! ,bl[pipe4--,oxides ( gold are r$uc$1 9 bo? ! oxidation & r$uction flames1 to ! metal1 :i* fuses to gra9s4 ,borax does n dissolve x1 b x is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate 9 ?is flux 9 ei!r flame4 ,! r$uc$ metal fuses ^u *>coal to a gra94 ,microcosmic ,salt pres5ts ! same reactions z borax4 ,:5 fus$ ) soda1 ^u *>coal1 ! soda is absorb$1 & ! gold rema9s z a metallic gra94 ,,t5? ,,gr\p4--,,molybd5um1 ,,osmium4 ,^! metals are n volatile1 & are infusible be=e ! bl[pipe2 b "s ( _! oxides are volatile1 & c be r$uc$ to an infusible metallic p[d]4 7a47 ,molybd5um 7,mo7 occurs 9 ! metallic /ate2 also comb9$ ) sulphur1 or z molybdic acid comb9$ ) lead4 ,x is a :ite1 brittle metal1 & is unalt]$ by exposure to ! air4 ,:5 heat$ until x beg9s to gl[1 x is conv]t$ into a br[n oxide4 ,heat$ at a cont9u$ dull r$ heat1 x turns blue4 ,at a high] temp]ature1 x is oxidiz$ to molybdic acid1 :5 x glimm]s & smokes1 & is conv]t$ into cry/alliz$ molybdic acid ^u ! surface4 7*i47 ,protoxide ( ,molybd5um 7,mo,o74--,?is oxide is a black p[d]4 7*i47 ,deutoxide ( ,molybd5um 7,mo,o#b74--,?is oxide is a d>k copp]-color$ cry/all9e p[d]4 ,reactions be=e ! ,bl[pipe4--,metallic molybd5um1 its protoxide & b9oxide1 are conv]t$ 9 ! oxidation flame into molybdic acid4 ,?is acid fuses 9 ! flame ( oxidation to a br[n liquid1 :i* spreads1 volatilizes1 & sublimes ^u ! *>coal z a yell[ p[d]1 :i* appe>s cry/all9e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! assay4 ,?is sublimate becomes :ite aft] cool+4 ,beyond ?is sublimate !re is visible a ?9 & n volatile ore ( b9oxide1 aft] cool+2 ?is is ( a d>k copp]-r$ color1 & pres5t+ a metallic lu/re4 ,heat$ 9 a glass tube1 clos$ at "o end1 x melts to a br[n mass1 vaporizes & sublimates to a :ite p[d] ^u a cool portion ( ! tube4 ,imm$iately above ! assay1 yell[ cry/als are visible2 ^! cry/als are colorless aft] cool+1 & ! fus$ mass becomes light yell[-color$ & cry/all9e4 ,^u plat9um foil1 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 x melts & vaporizes1 & becomes light yell[ & cry/all9e aft] cool+4 ,9 ! r$uction flame x becomes blue1 & br[n-color$ if ! heat is increas$4 ,^u *>coal1 9 ! r$uction flame1 x is absorb$ by ! *>coal2 &1 ) an increase ( ! temp]ature1 x is r$uc$ to ! metal1 :i* rema9s z a grey p[d] aft] wa%+ (f ! p>ticles ( *>coal4 ,borax dissolves x1 9 ! oxidation flame1 ^u plat9um wire easily1 & 9 great quantity1 to a cle> yell[1 :i* becomes colorless :ile cool+4 ,by ! addition ( m ( ! molybd5ic acid ! bead is d>k yell[1 or r$ :ile hot1 & opalesc5t :5 cold4 ,9 ! r$uction flame1 ! color ( ! bead is *ang$ to br[n & transp>5t4 ,by ! addition ( m ( ! acid1 x becomes opaque4 ,microcosmic ,salt dissolves x 9 ! oxidation flame1 ^u plat9um wire1 to a cle>1 yell[i%-gre5 bead1 :i* becomes colorless aft] cool+4 ,9 ! r$uction flame ! bead is v d>k & opaque1 b becomes ( a bright gre5 aft] cool+4 ,?is is ! case likewise ^u *>coal4 ,c>bonate ( ,soda dissolves x ^u plat9um wire 9 ! oxidation flame ) intumesc5ce1 to a cle> bead1 :i* appe>s milk-:ite aft] cool+4 ,^u *>coal ! soda & ! molybdic acid are absorb$1 ! latt] is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 ! metal rema9+ z a grey p[d] aft] wa%+ (f ! p>ticles ( *>coal4 ,:5 molybdic acid1 or any o!r oxide ( ?is metal1 is expos$ ^u plat9um wire1 or ) plat9um tongs1 to ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 a yell[i%-gre5 color is communicat$ to ! ext]nal flame4 ,if also any ( ! comp\nds ( molybd5um are mix$ 9 ! =m ( a p[d] ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & alcohol1 & ! latt] inflam$1 ! flame ( ! alcohol appe>s color$ gre54 7c47 ,osmium 7,os74--,?is metal occurs associat$ ) plat9um4 ,x is ( a blui%-grey color1 & is v brittle4 ,ignit$ 9 ! op5 air1 x is oxidiz$ to volatile osmic acid1 :i* is possess$ ( a pung5t smell1 & affects ! eyes4 ,x communicates a bright :ite color to ! flame ( alcohol4 ,osmium oxide 7,os,o#b7 is conv]t$ 9 ! oxidation flame to osmic acid1 :i* is volatiliz$ ) a peculi> smell1 leav+ a sublimate4 ,9 ! r$uction flame x is r$uc$ to a d>k-br[n infusible metallic p[d]4 ,x produces no reactions ) fluxes4 ,c>bonate ( soda r$uces x ^u *>coal to an infusible metallic p[d]1 :i* appe>s1 aft] wa%+ (f ! p>ticles ( *>coal1 ( a d>k-br[n color4 ,,elev5? ,,gr\p4--,,plat9um1 ,,palladium1 ,,iridium1 ,,rhodium1 ,,ru!nium4 ,^! metals are infusible be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,!y are n volatile1 nor are !y oxidizable4 ,_! oxides are1 9 bo? flames1 r$uc$ to a metallic & infusible p[d]4 ,!y give no reactions ) fluxes1 b are sep>at$ 9 ! metallic =m4 ,^! metals are g5]ally f\nd associat$ toge!r 9 ! native plat9um1 also ) traces ( copp]1 lead1 & iron4 ,! metal palladium is f\nd native1 associat$ ) iridium & plat9um4 ,?is metal g5]ally occurs 9 greate/ quantity 9 ,brazil4 ,! metal rhodium is f\nd along ) plat9um1 b 9 v small quantities4 ,iridium occurs 9 nature associat$ ) osmium1 gold1 & plat9um1 9 ! m9es ( ,russia4 ,its great h>dness has r5d]$ x desirable = ! po9ts ( gold p5s4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica ?is metal is f\nd native1 associat$ ) plat9um & osmium4 ,! latt] metal1 associat$ ) plat9um & iridium1 has be5 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,z ^! metals w n oxidize or dissolve1 !y _c be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! bl[pipe ) ! reag5ts peculi> to t species ( analysis4 ,x is true t colors may be disc]n$ 9 ! beads1 b ^! t9ts proce$ f ! pres5ce ( small traces ( copp]1 iron1 etc4 ,! ore ( osmium & iridium c be decompos$1 & ! =m] recogniz$ by its fetid odor4 ,?is metal1 /rongly ignit$ 9 a glass tube ) nitrate ( pota%1 is conv]t$ to ! oxide ( osmium1 :i* gives an odor n unlike ! *loride ( sulphur4 ,z ! metals ( ?is gr\p are v r>e ones1 especially ! la/ f\r ones1 we %all n devote an especial division to ea* ( !m4 ,= a m detail$ /atem5t ( _! reactions1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ! l>ge works ^u bl[pipe analysis4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,non-,,metallic ,,sub/ances4 #a4 ,wat]--#b4 ,nitric ,acid--#c4 ,c>bon--#d4 ,phosphorus --#e4 ,sulphur--#f4 ,boron--#g4 ,silicon--#h4 ,*lor9e --#i4 ,brom9e--#aj4 ,iod9e--#aa4 ,fluor9e--#ab4 ,cyanog5 --#ac4 ,sel5ium4 7#a47 ,wat] 7,,ho74--,pure di/ill$ wat] is compos$ ( "o volume ( oxyg51 & two volumes ( hydrog5 gases2 or1 by weight1 ( "o "p ( hydrog5 to eight p>ts ( oxyg5 gases4 ,wat] is nev] f\nd pure 9 nature1 b possess+ great solv5t prop]ties1 x always is f\nd ) v>iable proportions ( ^? sub/ances x is mo/ liable to meet )1 dissolv$ 9 x4 ,?us x d]ives v>i\s designations dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! sub/ance x may hold 9 solution1 z lime-wat]1 etc4 ,9 tak+ cognizance ( wat] 9 relation to bl[pipe analysis1 we reg>d x only z exi/+ 9 m9]als4 ,! exam9ation = wat] is g5]ally p]=m$ ?us3 ! sub/ance may be plac$ 9 a dry tube1 & !n submitt$ to heat ov] a _s-lamp4 ,if ! wat] exi/s 9 ! m9]al me*anically x w soon be driv5 (f1 b if x exi/s *emically comb9$1 ! heat w fail to drive x (f1 or if x does1 x w only p>tially effect x4 ,! wat] w cond5se ^u ! cool portions ( ! tube1 :]e x c be readily disc]n$4 ,if ! wat] exi/s *emically comb9$1 a mu* /rong] heat mu/ be appli$ 9 ord] to sep>ate x4 ,_m sub/ances may be p]haps mi/ak5 = wat] by ! beg9n]1 su* z ! volatile acids1 etc4 7#b47 ,nitric ,acid 7,,no#e74--,nitric acid occurs 9 nature 9 pota% & soda saltpetre4 ,^! salts are g5]ally impure1 conta9+ lime1 z ! sulphate1 c>bonate & nitrate1 & also iron 9 small quantity4 ,! soda saltpetre g5]ally conta9s a quantity ( ! *loride ( sodium4 ,! salts conta9+ nitric acid deflagrate :5 heat$ on *>coal4 ,sub/ances conta9+ nitric acid may be heat$ 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end1 by :i* ! *>act]i/ic r$ fumes ( nitr\s acid are elim9at$4 ,if ! acid be 9 too m9ute a quantity to be ?us di/+ui%$1 a portion ( ! sub/ance may be intimately mix$ ) "s bisulphate ( pota%1 & treat$ z above4 ,! sulphuric acid ( ! bisulphate comb9es ) ! base1 & lib]ates ! nitric acid1 :ile ! tube conta9s ! nitr\s acid gas4 ,! nitrate ( potassa1 :5 heat$ 9 a glass tube1 fuses to a cle> glass1 b gives (f no wat]4 ,:5 fus$ on plat9um wire1 x communicates to ! ext]nal flame ! *>act]i/ic violet color4 ,:5 fus$ & ignit$ on *>coal1 its surface becomes fro?y1 indicat+ ! nitric acid4 7#c47 ,c>bon 7,c74--,c>bon is f\nd 9 nature 9 ! pure cry/alliz$ /ate z ! diamond4 ,x occurs likewise 9 sev]al allotropic /ates z graphite1 plumbago1 *>coal1 an?racite1 etc4 ,x exi/s 9 l>ge quantities comb9$ ) oxyg5 z c>bonic acid4 ,! diamond1 al?\gh combu/ible1 requires too high a heat = its combu/ion to enable u to burn x ) ! bl[pipe4 ,:5 exclud$ f ! air1 x may be heat$ to :it5ess )\t und]go+ fusion1 b ) ! free access ( air x burns at a temp]ature ( #gjc ,c1 & is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid4 ,if mix$ ) nitre1 ! potassa reta9s ! c>bonic acid1 & ! c>bon may be ?us easily e/imat$4 ,if a m9]al conta9+ c>bonic acid is heat$1 ! gas escapes ) eff]vesc5ce1 or a /rong m9]al acid z ! hydro*loric w expel ! acid ) ! *>act]i/ic eff]vesc5ce4 7#d47 ,phosphorus1 ,phosphoric ,acid 7,,po#f74--,?is acid occurs 9 a v>iety ( m9]als1 associat$ ) yttria1 copp]1 uranium1 iron1 lead1 manganese1 etc4 ,phosphoric acid may be detect$ 9 m9]als by pursu+ ! foll[+ process3 dip a small piece ( ! m9]al 9 sulphuric acid1 & place x 9 ! plat9um tongs3 ?is is heat$ at ! po9t ( ! blue flame1 :5 ! out] flame w become color$ ( a gre5i%-blue hue4 ,?is color w n be mi/ak5 = ^? ( boracic acid1 copp]1 or b>yta4 ,"s ( ! phosphoric m9]als1 :5 heat$ 9 ! inn] flame1 w color ! out] flame gre54 ,if alum9a be pres5t ) ! phosphoric acid1 ! foll[+ wet me?od %\ld be adopt$ = ! detection ( ! latt]3 ! sub/ance %\ld be p[d]$ 9 ! agate mort> ) a mixture ( six p>ts ( soda1 & "o & a half p>ts ( silica4 ,! entire mass %\ld n[ be plac$ on *>coal1 & melt$ 9 ! flame ( oxidation4 ,! residue %\ld be treat$ ) boil+ wat]1 :i* dissolves ! phosphate & ! excess ( c>bonate ( soda1 :ile ! silicate ( alum9a1 ) "s ( ! soda1 is left4 ,! cle> liquor is n[ treat$ ) acetic acid1 & heat$ ov] ! _s-lamp1 & a small portion ( cry/alliz$ nitrate ( silv] add$2 a lemon-yell[ precipitate ( phosphate ( silv] is quickly develop$4 ,previ\s to ! addition ( ! nitrate1 ! liquor %\ld be well heat$2 o!rwise1 a :ite precipitate ( dipyrophosphate ( silv] w be produc$4 ,if ! exam9ation be ( any ( ! metallic phosphides1 ! sub/ances %\ld be p[d]$ 9 ! agate mort>1 & fus$ ) nitrate ( potassa on ! plat9um wire2 ! fus$ mass %\ld be treat$ ) soda 9 ! same mann] z any sub/ance conta9+ phosphoric acid4 ,! metal & ! phosphorus are oxidiz$1 :ile ! phosphate ( potassa is fus$1 & ! metallic oxide sep>ates4 7#e47 ,sulphur 7,s74--,sulphur is f\nd native 9 cry/als ,x is frequ5tly f\nd associat$ ) lime1 iron1 silica1 c>bon1 etc41 & comb9$ ext5sively ) metals4 ,! pr9cipal acid ( sulphur 7! sulphuric1 ,,s#c7 occurs comb9$ ) ! e>?s1 ! alkalies1 & ! metallic oxides4 ,native sulphur is recogniz$1 :5 heat$ ^u *>coal1 by its odor 7sulphur\s acid7 & ! blue color ( its flame4 ,! comp\nds ( sulphur may be detect$ by sev]al me?ods4 ,if ! sub/ance is heat$ 9 a glass tube1 clos$ at "o end1 ! yell[ sublimate ( sulphur w subside ^u ! cool portions ( ! tube2 if ! sub/ance %\ld also conta9 ars5ic1 ! sublimate w pres5t itself z a light br[n incru/ation1 consi/+ ( ! sulphide ( ars5ic4 ,if ! assay is heat$ 9 ! op5 glass tube1 sulphur\s acid w ?us be g5]at$2 b1 if ! gas is too little to be detect$ by ! smell1 a /rip ( moi/5$ litmus pap] w indicate ! pres5ce ( ! acid4 ,! assay w give (f sulphur\s fumes if heat$ 9 ! flame ( oxidation4 ,if ! p[d]$ sub/ance is fus$ ) two p>ts ( soda1 & "o "p ( borax1 ^u *>coal1 ! sulphide ( sodium is =m$4 ,?is salt1 if moi/5$ & appli$ to a poli%$ silv] surface1 w black5 x4 ,! borax s]ves no o!r purpose ?an to prev5t ! absorption ( ! =m$ sulphide ( sodium by ! *>coal4 ,z sel5ium w black5 silv] 9 ! mann] above indicat$1 ! pres5ce ( ?is sub/ance %\ld be fir/ asc]ta9$1 by heat+ ! assay2 :51 if x be pres5t1 ! *>act]i/ic horse-radi% odor w reveal ! fact4 ,sulphuric acid may be detect$ by fus+ ! sub/ance ) two p>ts ( soda1 & "o "p ( borax1 on *>coal1 9 ! flame ( r$uction2 ! mass mu/ n[ be wett$ ) wat]1 & plac$ 9 contact ) a surface ( bright silv]2 :51 if sulphuric acid be pres5t1 ! silv] w become black5$4 ,or ! sub/ance may be fus$ ) silicate ( soda 9 ! flame ( r$uction4 ,9 ?is case1 ! soda comb9es ) a portion ( ! sulphuric acid1 :i* is !n r$uc$ to ! sulphide1 :ile ! bead becomes ( an orange or r$ color1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( ! sulphuric acid pres5t4 ,if ! assay %\ld1 h[ev]1 be color$1 !n ! previ\s treatm5t %\ld be resort$ to4 7#f47 ,boron1 ,boracic ,acid 7,,bo#c74--,?is acid occurs 9 nature 9 sev]al m9]als comb9$ ) v>i\s bases1 su* z magnesia1 lime1 soda1 alum9a1 etc4 ,comb9$ ) wat]1 ?is acid exi/s 9 nature z ! native boracic acid2 ?is acid gives ) te/ pap] prep>$ f ,brazil wood1 :5 moi/5$ ) wat]1 a *>act]i/ic reaction1 = ! pap] becomes completely blea*$4 ,an alcohol solution turns curcuma te/ pap] br[n4 ,heat$ on *>coal1 x fuses to a cle> bead2 b1 if ! sulphate ( lime be pres5t1 ! bead becomes opaque ^u cool+4 ,! foll[+ reaction is a c]ta9 "o3 ! sub/ance is pulv]iz$ & mix$ ) a flux ( f\r & a half p>ts ( bisulphate ( potassa1 & "o "p ( pulv]iz$ fluoride ( calcium4 ,! :ole is made into a pa/e ) wat]1 & ! assay is plac$ on ! plat9um wire1 & submitt$ to ! po9t ( ! blue flame4 ,:ile ! assay is melt+1 fluoboric gas is dis5gag$1 :i* t+es ! out] flame gre54 ,if b a small portion ( boracic acid is pres5t1 ! color w be q evanesc5t4 7#g47 ,silica1 ,silicic ,acid 7,si,o#c74--,?is acid exi/s 9 ! greate/ pl5ty1 =m+ no inconsid]able portion ( ! solid "p ( ?is e>?4 ,x exi/s ne>ly pure 9 cry/alliz$ qu>tz1 *alc$ony1 cornelian1 fl9t1 etc41 ! color+ +r$i5ts ( ^! m9]als be+ g5]ally iron or manganese4 ,) microcosmic salt1 silica =ms a bead 9 ! flame ( oxidation :i*1 :ile hot1 is cle>1 :ile ! sep>at$ silica floats 9 x4 ,a plat9um wire is g5]ally us$ = ! purpose1 ! end ( x be+ fir/ dipp$ 9 ! salt :i* is fus$ into a bead1 aft] :i* ! silica mu/ be add$1 & !n ! bead submitt$ to ! flame ( oxidation4 ,! silicates dissolve 9 soda b p>tially1 & !n ) eff]vesc5ce4 ,if ! oxyg5 ( ! acid be twice t ( ! base1 a cle> bead w be obta9$ t w reta9 its transp>5cy :5 cold4 ,if ! soda be add$ 9 small quantity1 ! bead w !n be opaque4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a "p ( ! base :i* sep>ates is re-dissolv$1 &1 !re=e1 ! transp>5cy ( ! glass2 b1 if too l>ge a quantity ( ! soda is add$1 ! sep>ation ( ! base is suffici5t to r5d] ! assay infusible4 7#h47 ,*lor9e 7,cl74--,*lor9e exi/s 9 nature always 9 comb9ation1 z ! *lorides ( sodium1 potassium1 calcium1 ammonium1 magnesia1 silv]1 m]cury1 lead1 copp]1 etc4 ,! *lor9e exi/+ 9 metallic *lorides may be detect$ z foll[s3 ! wet way may be accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,if ! sub/ance is insoluble1 x mu/ be melt$ ) soda to r5d] x soluble2 if x be already soluble x mu/ be dissolv$ 9 pure wat]1 & nitrate ( silv] add$1 :5 ! "o t5-?\s&? "p ( *lor9e w manife/ its pres5ce by imp>t+ a milky hue to ! fluid4 ,by ! bl[pipe1 *lor9e may be detect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,oxide ( copp] is dissolv$ 9 microcosmic salt on ! plat9um wire 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 & a cle> bead is obta9$4 ,! sub/ance conta9+ ! *lor9e is n[ add$1 & heat is appli$4 ,! assay w soon be envelop$ by a blue or purpli% flame4 ,z none ( ! acids t occur 9 ! m9]al k+dom give ?is reaction1 *lor9e _c be conf\nd$ ) !m1 = ^? :i* imp>t a color to ! flame1 :5 mix$ ) a copp] salt1 w n d s :5 te/$ 9 ! microcosmic salt bead z above indicat$4 ,if ! assay is soluble 9 wat]1 ! foll[+ me?od may be foll[$3 a small quantity ( sulphate ( copp] or iron is dissolv$2 a few drops ( ! solution is plac$ ^u a bright surface ( silv]1 & ! metallic *loride add$2 :51 if *lor9e is pres5t1 ! silv] is black5$4 ,if ! *loride is insoluble 9 wat]1 x mu/ be r5d]$ soluble by fusion ^u a plat9um wire ) soda1 & !n treat$ z above4#b #b ,plattn]4 7#i47 ,brom9e 7,br74--,! bromide ( magnesium & sodium exi/s 9 _m salt spr+s1 & x is f ^! t ! brom9e ( comm]ce is obta9$4 ,! metallic bromides give ! same reactions on silv] ) ! microcosmic bead & copp] salt z ! metallic *lorides4 ,! purpli% color :i*1 h[ev]1 *>act]izes ! *lorides1 is m incl9$ to gre5i% ) ! bromides4 ,if ! sub/ance be plac$ 9 a flask or glass tube1 & fus$ ) bisulphate ( potassa1 ov] ! _s-lamp1 sulphur\s gas & brom9e w be elim9at$4 ,brom9e w be readily detect$ by its yell[ color & its smell4 ,brom9e may be readily detect$ by pass+ a curr5t ( *lor9e ?r\gh ! fluid1 aft] :i* e!r is add$ & ! :ole is agitat$4 ,! e!r rises to ! top1 c>ry+ ) x ! brom9e 9 solution2 aft] be+ )drawn1 ?is e!r is mix$ ) potassa1 by :i* ! bromide & bromate ( potassa are =m$4 ,! solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue is fus$ 9 a plat9um vessel1 ! bromate is decompos$1 :ile ! bromide rema9s2 ?is mu/ be di/ill$ ) sulphuric acid & ! b9oxide ( manganese4 ,a r$ or br[n vapor w !n appe>1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( brom9e2 ?is vapor w color />* pa/e--:i* may be put 9 ! receiv] on purpose--( a deep orange color4 ,if1 to a solution conta9+ a bromide1 conc5trat$ sulphuric or nitric acid be add$1 ! brom9e is lib]at$ & colors ! solution yell[ or r$4 ,! hypo*lorites act 9 ! same mann]4 ,! brom9e salts are com+ into use ext5sively 9 photography1 9 consequ5ce ( _! great] s5sitiv5ess to ! action ( light ?an ! *lorides alone4 7#aj47 ,iod9e 7,i74--,?is elem5t occurs 9 salt-spr+s1 g5]ally comb9$ ) sodium2 x also exi/s 9 rock-salt2 x has likewise be5 f\nd 9 sea-wat]1 also 9 a m9]al f ,mexico1 9 comb9ation ) silv]1 & 9 "o f ,silesia1 9 comb9ation ) z9c4 ,z sea-wat] conta9s iod9e1 we w\ld consequ5tly expect to f9d x exi/+ 9 ! sea-we$s1 & x is g5]ally f ! a%es ( ^! t x is obta9$ 9 comm]ce4 ,:5 ! metallic iodides are fus$ ) ! microcosmic salt & copp]1 z previ\sly indicat$1 !y imp>t a gre5 color to ! flame4 ,?is color _c be mi/ak5 = ! color imp>t$ to ! flame by copp] alone4 ,:5 ! metallic iodides are fus$ 9 a glass tube1 clos$ at "o end1 ) ! bisulphate ( potassa1 ! vapor ( iod9e is lib]at$1 & may be recogniz$ by its *>act]i/ic color4 ,^? m9]al wat]s conta9+ iod9e c be treat$ ! same z = brom9e1 z previ\sly indicat$1 :ile ! violet-color$ vapor ( ! iod9e c be easily disc]n$4 ,! nitrate ( silv] is ! be/ te/ = iod9e1 ! yell[ color ( ! iodide ( silv] be+ n easily mi/ak51 :ile its almo/ insolubility 9 ammonia w confirm its id5tity4 ,! *loride ( silv]1 on ! contr>y1 dissolves 9 ammonia ) ! greate/ facility4 ,! reactions ( iod9e are simil> to ^? ( brom9e ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & b9oxide ( manganese1 & ) nitric acid3 ,! iod9e is releas$ &1 if ! quantity be n too great1 colors ! liquid br[n4 ,if !re be a consid]able quantity ( iod9e pres5t1 x is precipitat$ z a d>k color$ p[d]4 ,ei!r ( ^!1 :5 heat$1 gives out ! violet-color ( ! iod9e4 ,) />* pa/e free iod9e comb9es1 produc+ a deep blue comp\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! iod9e be 9 v m9ute quantity1 ! color1 in/ead ( be+ blue1 w be light violet or rose color4 ,if to a solution ( ! sulphate ( copp]1 to :i* a small portion ( sulphur\s acid has be5 add$1 a liquid conta9+ iod9e & brom9e is p\r$ 91 a dirty1 :ite precipitate ( ! subiodide ( copp] is produc$1 & ! brom9e rema9s 9 ! solution4 ,! latt] may !n be te/$ = ! brom9e by /rong sulphuric acid4 7#aa47 ,fluor9e 7,fl74--,?is elem5t exi/s comb9$ ) sodium1 calcium1 li?ium1 alum9ium1 magnesium1 yttrium1 & c]ium4 ,fluor9e also exi/s 9 ! enamel ( ! tee?1 & 9 ! bones ( "s animals4 ,?is elem5t has a /rong aff9ity = hydrog51 &1 !re=e1 we f9d x frequ5tly 9 ! =m ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,brazil-wood pap] is ! mo/ delicate te/ = hydr(luoric acid1 :i* x t+es ( a light yell[ color4 ,phosphoric acid likewise colors ,brazil pap] yell[1 b z ?is acid is n volatile at a heat suffici5t to exam9e hydr(luoric acid1 !re c be no mi/ake4 ,if ! sub/ance is suppos$ to conta9 ?is acid1 x %\ld be plac$ on a slip ( glass1 & moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid1 :5 ! te/ pap] may be appli$1 & ! *>act]i/ic yell[ color w indicate ! pres5ce ( ! fluor9e4 ,z hydr(luoric acid acts ^u glass1 ?is prop]ty may be us$ = its detection4 ,! sub/ance may be put into a glass tube1 & sulphuric acid p\r$ ^u x 9 suffici5t quantity to moi/5 x2 a slight heat appli$ to ! tube w develop ! acid1 :i* w act ^u ! glass ( ! tube4 ,if ! acid is reta9$ 9 ! m9]al by a feeble aff9ity1 & wat] be pres5t1 a piece ( x may be put 9 ! tube & heat$1 :5 ! acid gas w be elim9at$4 ,! te/ pap] w indicate its pres5ce1 ev5 be=e x has "t to act ^u ! glass4 ,if ! temp]ature be too high1 fluosilicic acid is g5]at$1 & w =m a silici\s incru/ation ^u ! cool portion ( ! tube4 ,if ! fluor9e is too m9ute to produce ei!r ( ! above reactions1 !n ! foll[+ process1 recomm5d$ by ,plattn]1 %\ld be foll[$3 ! assay %\ld be mix$ ) metaphosphate ( soda1 =m$ by heat+ ! microcosmic salt to dull r$ness4 ,! mass mu/ !n be plac$ 9 an op5 glass tube1 9 su* a position t !re w be an access ( hot air f ! flame4 ,?us aque\s hydr(luoric acid is =m$1 :i* c be recogniz$ by its smell be+ m suffocat+ ?an *lor9e1 & also by ! et*+ produc$ by ! cond5sation ( vapor 9 ! tube4 ,moi/ ,brazil pap]1 appli$ to ! extremity ( ! tube1 w be in/antly color$ yell[4 ,m]let's me?od = ! detection ( ?is acid is ! foll[+3#c ,pulv]ize ! sub/ance = exam9ation1 !n triturate x to an impalpable p[d]1 & mix x ) an equal "p ( bisulphate ( potassa4 ,heat ! mass gradually 9 a mod]ately wide te/-tube4 ,! judici\s application ( heat mu/ be /rictly obs]v$1 = if ! op]ator fir/ heats ! "p ( ! tube :]e ! assay re/s1 ! :ole may be lo/ on acc\nt ( ! glass be+ %att]$4 ,! _s-flame mu/ be fir/ appli$ to ! =e "p ( ! tube1 & !n made to rec$e sl[ly until x fuses ! assay4 ,aft] ! mixture has be5 = "s "t kept 9 a molt5 /ate1 ! lamp mu/ be )drawn1 & ! "p conta9+ ! assay sev]$ ) a file4 ,! =e "p ( ! tube mu/ !n be well wa%$1 & aft]w>ds dri$ ) bibul\s pap]4 ,%\ld ! fluor9e conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance be appreciable1 ! glass tube1 :5 held up to ! light1 w be f\nd to h lo/ its transp>5cy1 & to be v r\gh to ! t\*4 #c ,quot$ by ,plattn]4 ,great c>e %\ld be obs]v$ n to all[ ?is v corrosive acid to come into contact ) ! sk91 z an ulc] w be ! consequ5ce t w be extremely difficult to heal4 ,:5 hydr(luoric acid comes 9 contact ) any silici\s sub/ance1 hydr(luosilicic acid gas is always =m$4 7#ab47 ,sel5ium 7,se74--,?is elem5t occurs 9 comb9ation ) lead z ! sel5ide1 & ) copp] z ! sel5ide ( copp]4 ,x exi/s also comb9$ ) cobalt & lead1 z ! sel5ide ( ^! metals2 also z ! sel5ide ( lead & m]cury4 ,! smalle/ trace ( sel5ium may be detect$ by ignit+ a small piece ( *>coal 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 :5 ! peculi> & unmi/akable odor ( decay$ horse-radi% w indicate ! pres5ce ( t elem5t4 ,an orange vapor is elim9at$ if ! sel5ium be pres5t 9 any quantity1 :ile !re is an incru/ation ar\nd ! assay ( a grey color1 ) a metallic lu/re4 ,?is incru/ation frequ5tly pres5ts a r$di%-violet color at its ext]ior edges1 (t5 runn+ into a deep blue4 ,if a sub/ance conta9+ sel5ium be plac$ 9 a glass tube1 clos$ at "o end1 & submitt$ to heat1 ! sel5ium is sublim$1 ) an orange-color$ vapor1 & ) ! *>act]i/ic odor ( t sub/ance4 ,^u ! cool portions ( ! tube a /eel-grey sublimate is deposit$1 &1 beyond t1 c be disc]n$ small cry/als ( sel5ic acid4 ,if ! m9]al be ! sel5if]\s lead glance1 sulphur\s acid gas w be giv5 (f1 & may be detect$ by ! smell1 or by a /rip ( moi/5$ litmus pap]4 ,if ars5ic is pres5t1 heat+ ^u *>coal w quickly lead to ! det]m9ation ( ! "o f ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tabul> ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,reactions ,,( ,,m9]als ,,be=e ,,! ,,bl[pipe4 ,9 ,,"p ,,?ird ( ?is "w1 comm5c+ at page #aji1 ! /ud5t w f9d a suffici5tly explicit description ( ! bl[pipe reactions ( ^? pr9cipal sub/ances t w\ld be likely to come b5ea? 8 att5tion4 ,! foll[+ tabul> /atem5t ( ^? reactions--:i* we take f ,s*e]] & ,blan=d's excell5t little "w ^u ! bl[pipe--w be ( great b5efit1 z a vehicle = consultation1 :5 ! want ( "t--or dur+ ! hurry ( an exam9ation--precludes ! att5tive p]usal ( ! m l5g?y descriptions 9 ! text4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( m9]als1 be=e ! /ud5t avails himself ( ! aid ( ! bl[pipe1 he %\ld n neglect to exam9e ! specim5 rigidly 9 relation to its physical *>act]s1 su* z its h>dness1 lu/re1 color1 & peculi> cry/allization4 ,x is :]e ! diff]5ce ( two m9]als _c be di/+ui%$ by _! physical appe>ance1 t ! aid ( ! bl[pipe comes 9 mo/ significantly z an auxili>y4 ,= in/ance1 ! two m9]als molybd5ite & graphite resemble ea* o!r v closely1 :5 exam9$ 9 reg>d to _! physical appe>ance1 b ! bl[pipe w quickly discrim9ate !m1 = if a small piece ( ! =m] m9]al be plac$ 9 ! flame ( oxidation1 a bright gre5 color w be communicat$ to ! flame beyond x1 :ile 9 ! latt] !re w be no color4 ,?us1 9 a v %ort "t1 ^! two m9]als c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by aid ( ! bl[pipe1 :ile no am\nt ( physical exam9ation c\ld det]m9e t po9t4 ,! bl[pipe is equally an indisp5sable in/rum5t 9 ! det]m9ation ( c]ta9 m9]als :i* may exi/ 9 o!rs z ess5tial or non-ess5tial con/itu5ts ( !m4 ,= in/ance1 %\ld a m9ute quantity ( manganese be pres5t 9 a m9]al1 x mu/ be fus$ ) twice its bulk ( a mixture ( two p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda1 & "o "p ( ! nitrate ( potassa1 9 ! flame ( oxidation ^u plat9um foil4 ,! manganate ( soda ?us =m$ w color ! fus$ mass ( a blui%-gre5 t9t4 ,or a slight quantity ( ars5ic may be disc]n$ by ! foll[+ process recomm5d$ by ,plattn]3#d "o gra9 ( ! f9ely pulv]iz$ metal is mix$ ) six gra9s ( citrate ( potassa1 & sl[ly heat$ on ! plat9um spoon4 ,by ?is means ! metals are oxidiz$1 :ile ! ars5iate ( potassa is obta9$4 ,!n boil ! fus$ mass 9 a small quantity ( wat] 9 a porcela9 vessel till all ?o ars5iate is dissolv$4 ,! metallic oxides are all[$ to subside1 & ! above solution decant$ (f into ano!r porcela9 vessel4 ,a few drops ( sulphuric acid are add$1 & ! solution boil$ to expel ! nitric acid1 aft] :i* x is evaporat$ to dryness4 ,9 ?is op]ation1 ! sulphuric acid %\ld be add$ only 9 suffici5t quantity to drive (f ! nitric acid1 or1 at ! utmo/1 to =m a bisulphate ) ! excess ( potassa4 ,:5 dry1 ! salt ?us obta9$ is pulv]iz$ 9 an agate mort>1 & mix$ ) ab\t ?ree times its volume ( oxalate ( potassa1 & a little *>coal p[d]4 ,! mixture is introduc$ into a glass bulb hav+ a n>r[ neck1 & g5tly w>m$ ov] a _s-lamp 9 ord] to drive (f ! moi/ure1 :i* mu/ be absorb$ by a piece ( blott+-pap] 9 ! neck ( ! bulb4 ,aft] a %ort "t1 ! temp]ature is increas$ to a l[ r$ heat1 at :i* ! ars5i\s acid is r$uc$ & ! metallic ars5ic sublim$1 & :i* re-cond5ses 9 ! neck ( ! bulb4 ,if !re ! ars5ic be s small 9 quantity z to exhibit no metallic lu/re1 ! neck ( ! bulb may be cut (f ) a file imm$iately above ! sublimate1 & ! latt] expos$ to ! flame ( ! bl[pipe1 :5 ! ars5ic is volatiliz$1 & may be recogniz$ by its g>lic odor4 #d ,quot$ by ,s*e]]4 ,if ! pres5ce ( cadmium is suspect$ 9 z9c-bl5de1 x may be detect$ by fus+ a small piece ( ! bl5de ^u *>coal 9 c>bonate ( soda4 ,! peculi> bright yell[ sublimate ( ! oxide ( cadmium1 if x be pres5t1 w n fail to indicate x4 ,?is incru/ation c be easily di/+ui%$ f t ( z9c4 ,?us1 ) ! ?ree illu/rations we h giv51 ! /ud5t w readily compreh5d ! great utility ( ! bl[pipe 9 ! exam9ation ( m9]als4 ,al?\gh ! foll[+ tables 7 n arrang$ especially = ! la/ "p ( ?is "w1 /ill ?is arrangem5t is s good t by _! consultation ! /ud5t w readily compreh5d at a glance :at requires "s detail to expla91 & we feel no hesitation 9 say+ t1 al?\gh !y are n v copi\s1 !y w n fail to imp>t a va/ am\nt ( in=mation1 if consult$ ) any degree ( c>efulness4 ,! m9]als giv5 are su* z are be/ kn[n to ,engli% & ,am]ican m9]alogi/s "u ! names specifi$4 ,= m detail$ reactions ?an c\ld be cr[d$ into a table1 ! /ud5t w h to consult ! p>ticul> sub/ance z treat$ 9 ,"p ,?ird4 ,if ?is "p is p]us$ c>efully previ\s to consult+ ! tables1 ^! w be f\nd em95tly s]viceable z a refre%] ( ! memory1 & may ?us save mu* "t & tr\ble4 ,&1 f9ally1 we w\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d ! /ud5t1 aft] he %all h gone ?r\gh our little volume 7if he is ambiti\s ( mak+ himself a ?or\gh bl[pipe analy/71 to !n take up ! l>g] works ( ,b]zelius & ,plattn]1 = our treatise pret5ds to no?+ m ?an a humble introduction to ^! m copi\s & sci5tific works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,diamond ,=mula4 ,c ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 -- on plat9um foil4 ,9 f9e p[d] is sl[ly consum$ )\t residue 9 a /rong oxidiz+ ,flame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,graphite ,=mula4 ,c ) "s iron silica1 etc4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,g5]ally gives (f wat]4 on plat9um foil4 ,is sl[ly consum$ leav+ m or less a%1 pr9cipally ,fe#b,o#c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,an?racite ,=mula4 ,c x4,h ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat]4 on plat9um foil4 ,is sl[ly consum$ ) ! exception ( a small quantity ( a%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,walls5d-coal ,=mula4 ,c1 ,h1 ,o1 ,s & a%4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,intumesces & gives (f wat] & t>ry matt]s :i* p>tly cond5se 9 bulb1 & leave a por\s coke4 on plat9um foil4 ,takes fire "u bl[pipe flame1 & burns ) a smoky flame1 deposit+ mu* soot & leav+ a por\s c9d] :i* burns sl[ly & leaves a small a%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,cannel-coal ,=mula4 ,c1 ,h1 ,n1 ,o1 ,s & a%4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,z ! prec$+ b gives (f m t>4 on plat9um foil4 ,simil> to ! prec$+4 ,if held to ! lamp-flame1 takes fire & burns = "s seconds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,br[n-coal ,=mula4 ,c1 ,h1 ,n1 ,o1 ,s1 & a%4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f mu* wat] & t>1 & leaves a por\s c9d] reta9+ ! =m ( ! orig9al fragm5t4 on plat9um foil4 ,burns sl[ly & )\t flame1 leav+ "s a%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,asphaltum ,=mula4 ,c ,h ,o4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses ) ease af=d+ an empyreumatic oil hav+ an alkal9e reaction1 & combu/ible gasses1 & leaves a c>bonace\s residue1 :i* is entirely consum$ "u ! bl[pipe flame1 except a little a%4 on plat9um foil4 ,takes fire & burns ) a bright flame & a ?ick smoke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,elat]ite ,=mula4 ,c ,h4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses & gives (f wat] hav+ an acid reaction1 naph?a & a t>ry fluid1 :i* *iefly cond5se 9 ! neck ( ! bulb1 & leave a light1 pulv]ul5t c>bonace\s residue4 on plat9um foil4 ,fuses1 takes fire1 & burns ) a smoky flame1 leav+ a c>bonace\s residue1 :i* "u ! bl[pipe flame1 is quickly consum$1 ) ! exception ( ! a%es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,ha*ett9e ,=mula4 ,c ,h4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses to a cle> colorless liquid1 :i* solidifies on cool+ & has a tall[-l smell4 on plat9um foil4 ,fuses1 takes fire1 & burns ) a bright flame until entirely consum$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,ozok]ite ,=mula4 ,c ,h4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses readily to a cle> br[n oily fluid1 :i* solidifies on cool+4 on plat9um foil4 ,z ! prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,amb] ,=mula4 ,c ,h ,o4 ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses ) difficulty1 & af=ds wat]1 an empyreumatic oil1 & succ9ic acid :i* cond5se 9 ! neck ( ! bulb leav+ a %9+ black residue4 on plat9um foil4 ,takes fire & burns ) a yell[ flame & a peculi> aromatic odor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,mellite ,=mula4 444,al,m#c #ae4;,h ,behavior 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]4 ,if heat$ to r$ness1 is c>boniz$1 & gives a slight empyreumatic odor4 on plat9um foil4 ,on *>coal burns to a :ite a%1 :i* moi/5$ ) nitrate ( cobalt & heat$ %[s ! alum9a reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pota%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,nitre ,=mula4 4,k44444,n ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses readily to a cle> liquid & ) a /rong heat boils ) ! evolution ( oxyg54 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,deflagrates leav+ a sal9e mass1 :i* is absorb$ into *>coal & gives a sulphur reaction on silv]4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,on plat9um wire fuses & colors ! flame violet m or less modifi$ by lime & soda4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) bisulphate ( potassa 9 ! glass-bulb evolves nitr\s fumes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,polyhalite ,=mula4 4,k444,s4,mg444,s#b4;,ca444,s#b4;,h ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a r$di% bead1 :i* 9 ! r$uc+ flame solidifies & %r9ks to a holl[ cru/4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,on plat9um wire fuses & colors ! flame yell[ f a small quantity ( soda4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves ) ebullition to a cle> glass1 :i* is slightly color$ by iron1 & :5 saturat$ become opaque on cool+4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses4 ,! alkalies are absorb$ by ! *>coal leav+ ! lime & magnesia infusible on ! surface4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,! alkal9e mass :5 laid on silv] gives a sulphur reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,soda4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,rock-salt ,=mula4 ,na,cl4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses to a cle> liquid 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses1 is absorb$ by ! *>coal & p>tially volatiliz$ incru/+ ! *>coal ar\nd4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses ) great ease & colors ! flame yell[4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! *lor9e reactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,natron ,=mula4 4,na44,c #aj4;,h ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses1 ) ! evolution ( wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses1 & is absorb$ into ! pores ( ! *>coal4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & behaves z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,dissolves 9 acid ) viol5t eff]vesc5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,soda-nitre ,=mula4 4,na44444,n4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses & if /rongly heat$ evolves nitr\s fumes4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,deflagrates & is absorb$ into ! *>coal4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,deflagrates on plat9um wire1 color+ ! flame yell[4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,9 a glass-bulb ) bisulphate ( potassa1 gives ! ,,no#e-reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,glaub]-salt ,=mula4 4,na444,s #aj4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses & gives (f wat] hav+ a neutral reaction4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses1 & is absorb$ by ! *>coal4 ,! saturat$ *>coal laid ^u silv] gives ! sulphur reaction 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! flame yell[4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! ,,s#c-reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,glaub]ite ,=mula4 4,na444,s 4,ca444,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates ) ! evolution ( m or less wat]1 & :5 /rongly heat$ fuses to a cle> liquid4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a cle> bead1 !n spreads out2 ! soda is absorb$ & ! lime left on ! surface4 ,laid on silv]1 ! fus$ mass gives a sulphur reaction4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses easily to a cle> glass1 color+ ! flame yell[4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,fuses easily & gives ! lime reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone 9 *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z 9 prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,borax ,=mula4 4,na444,b#baj4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,intumesces ) ! evolution ( wat]1 & "u a /rong heat fuses4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,intumesces & fuses to a cle> bead m or less color$ by impurities4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z on *>coal4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a cle> bead1 :i* becomes cry/all9e on cool+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! boracic-acid-reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,cryolite ,=mula4 #c,na,fl,al#b;,fl#c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates slightly & gives a trace ( wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,if heat$ s t ! flame be all[$ to play up ! tube ^u ! m9]al1 fl\r9e is evolv$1 :i* corrodes ! int]ior ( ! tube4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a limpid bead1 :i* on cool+ becomes a :ite enamel4 ,if heat$ = "s "t1 x bubbles1 gives (f fluor9e & becomes infusible4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses1 color+ ! flame yell[4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves to a cle> bead1 :i* is r5d]$ opaque by a l>ge addition4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a cle> bead1 !n spreads out on ! *>coal1 ! soda is absorb$1 & an infusible mass ( alum9a rema9s4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,if ! alum9a residue obta9$ be moi/5$ ) cobalt solution & heat$ /rongly1 x assumes a beautiful blue color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b>yta ,,& ,,/rontia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,heavy-sp> ,=mula4 4,ba444,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,sometimes decrepitates & gives (f m or less wat] 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses ) difficulty on edges4 ,colors ! out] flame gre54 ,9 r$uc+ flame =ms ,ba,s1 :i* fuses readily4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! b>yta-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a cle> bead2 !n spreads out & is absorb$ into ! *>coal4 ,! fus$ mass laid on silv] gives ! ,s-reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,if fus$ ) potassa on plat9um1 gives ! ,,s#c-reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,cele/9e ,=mula4 4,sr444,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a milk-:ite bead4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,colors ! flame crimson4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! /rontia-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,simil> to ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,simil> to ! prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,)]ite ,=mula4 4,ba44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates m or less & evolves ,wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses1 eff]vesces1 & is p>tially absorb$ by ! *>coal4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,colors ! out] flame int5sely gre54 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves ) eff]vesc5ce & gives ! b>yta-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a cle> bead2 !n spreads out & passes into ! *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,9 dilute ,h,cl dissolves ) mu* eff]vesc5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,/rontianite ,=mula4 4,sr44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,becomes opaque4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z 9 ! =ceps4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,exfoliates & becomes arboresc5t4 ,! filam5ts gl[ brilliantly & fuse on ! po9t4 ,colors ! flame brilliantly crimson4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,resembles ! prec$+4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z ! prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,b>ytocalcite4 ,=mula4 4,ba44,c 4,ca44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,z 9 ! prec$+4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,9 p[d] frits toge!r1 b does n fuse4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,colors ! flame gre5 9 ! c5tre & r$ t[>ds ! po9t4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves ) eff]vesc5ce4 ,9 l>ge quantities gives a semi-cry/all9e bead4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax1 b ! saturat$ bead is milk-:ite4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses1 & is p>tially absorb$ leav+ ! lime on ! surface4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z )]ite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,gypsum ,=mula4 4,ca444,s #b4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,turns :ite1 giv+ (f wat] & be+ conv]t$ into pla/] ( ,p>is4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame =ms ,ca,s1 :i* has an alkal9e reaction on te/ pap]1 & gives a sulphur-reaction :5 laid on silv] & moi/5$4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses ) difficulty to a bead1 color+ ! flame r$4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves to a cle> bead1 :i* gives ! lime- reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,behaves z lime4 ,! alkal9e mass laid on silv] & moi/5$ gives ! sulphur-reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! sulphuric-acid reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,apatite ,cl ,=mula4 4,ca -- #c4;,ca#c44444,p ,fl ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,occasionally decrepitates & gives (f "s wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,,iv4 ,previ\sly dipp$ 9 ,,s#c colors ! flame gre51 aft]w>ds r$4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves easily & :5 9 "s quantity gives an opal9e bead4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,gives ! lime-reaction4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,is infusible4 ,! alkali is absorb$1 leav+ ! lime on ! on ! surface ( ! *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) microcosmic salt & oxide ( copp]1 gives ! *lor9e-reaction4 ,) microcosmic salt 9 ! op5 tube evolves fluor9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,ph>macolite ,=mula4 4,ca#b44444;,z #f4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]1 & emits an ars5ical odor4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to an opaque bead & emits a /rong smell ( ars5ic4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses to a transluc5t violet color$ bead1 ! color be+ due to cobalt4 ,colors ! flame blue at fir/1 !n fa9tly r$4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves readily to a bead /rongly color$ by cobalt1 :i* obscures ! lime-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses1 & emits ,z4 ,! alkali is !n absorb$ by ! *>coal1 z 9 ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,calesp> ,=mula4 4,ca44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,turns :ite & sometimes decrepitates4 ,/rongly heat$ loses ,,co#b & becomes cau/ic4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,turns :ite1 or br[n if conta9+ mu* iron or manganese & gl[s brilliantly4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,gl[s brilliantly1 color+ ! flame r$4 ,becomes cau/ic & %[s a /rong alkal9e reaction4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves ) evolution ( ,,co#b & :5 pure gives ! lime-reaction4 ,! bead is g5]ally m or less color$ by iron & manganese4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses1 & behaves z o!r lime-salts4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,dissolves ) eff]vesc5ce 9 cold ,h,cl4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,fluorsp> ,=mula4 ,ca,fl ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,phosphoresces ) v>i\s colors1 :5 heat$ 9 ! d>k4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses easily to a cle> bead1 :i* becomes opaque on cool+1 !n loses fluor9e1 gl[s brilliantly & becomes infusible4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z on *>coal4 ,colors ! flame r$4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! lime-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a cle> bead1 opaque on cool+4 ,) an addition ( ! alkali behaves z lime4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) microcosmic salt 9 op5 tube gives ! fluor9e-reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,magnesia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,brucite ,=mula4 4,mg4,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,behaves z magnesia4 ,sometimes gives a fa9t iron-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,behaves z magnesia4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) nitrate ( cobalt1 gives ! magnesia reaction 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,epsomite ,=mula4 4,mg444,s #g4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat] hav+ an acid reaction on te/ pap]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives ( ,,ho & ,,s#c1 %9es brilliantly1 & becomes alkal9e & cau/ic4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,z on *>coal4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,behaves z magnesia4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,! alkali is absorb$ leav+ ! magnesia on surface ( ! *>coal4 ,gives ! sulphur-reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,! magnesian residue obta9$ on treat+ ) c>bonate ( soda 7#g71 assumes a fle%-t9t1 :5 treat$ ) cobalt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,boracite ,=mula4 4,mg444,b#b #b4,mg444,b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,occasionally gives (f a trace ( wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) intumesc5ce to a :ite cry/all9e bead4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,i4 ,z on *>coal4 ,colors ! flame gre54 7#e7 9 borax4 ,fuses easily to a cle> bead1 :i* is cry/all9e1 :5 conta9+ mu* ( ! m9]al1 & is usually slightly t9t$ by iron4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,) a small quantity ( alkali fuses to a cle> bead on cool+4 ,) a l>g] quantity gives a cle>1 uncry/allizable bead4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,magnesite ,=mula4 4,mg44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,sometimes gives (f a small quantity ( wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,is infusible4 ,) cobalt-solution1 assumes a dusky fle% t9t4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,behaves z magnesia4 ,sometimes a slight iron-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a bead1 ! soda is !n absorb$1 leav+ an infusable mass ( magnesia4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,! magnesian residue obta9$ by fus+ ) c>bonate ( soda gives ! magnesian-reaction ) nitrate ( cobalt4 ,dissolves ) eff]vesc5ce 9 w>m ,h,cl4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,mesit9e sp> ,=mula4 74,mg4,fe4,mn744,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,z magnesite4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,is infusible4 ,assumes a deep br[n color4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron & manganese-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z magnesite1 b ! residual mass has a d>k color f iron & manganese4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,dissolves ) eff]vesc5se 9 w>m ,h,cl4 ,) c>bonate ( soda & nitre gives a manganese-reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alum9a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,sapphire ,corundum ,em]y ,=mula4 444,al4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,9 f9e p[d] dissolves sl[ly to a colorless glass4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,9 f9e p[d] moi/5$ ) cobalt-solution & heat$ yields a blue color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,web/]ite ,=mula4 444,al444,s #i4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]1 &1 :5 heat$ to incipi5t r$ness1 sulphur\s acid4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives (f wat] & ,,s#c1 leav+ an infusible mass4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,behaves z alum9a4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,yields an infusible mass1 :i* laid on silv] & moi/5$1 produces a black /a94 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,fus$ ) potassa 9 plat9um has no action on silv]4 ,cobalt-solution produces ! alum9a reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,native ,alum ,=mula4 4,r444,s 444,al444,s#c #bd4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,intumesces greatly & gives (f mu* wat]4 ,/rongly heat$1 evolves ,,s#c1 :i* r$d5s litmus4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,intumesces & become infusible4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,colors ! flame violet if a potassa alum--yell[ if soda--be pres5t4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves & gives ! iron & manganese reaction1 if ^! oxides be pres5t4 ,o!rwise ! bead is colorless4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,! alkali is absorb$ into ! *>coal1 leav+ an infusable mass :i* gives ! sulfur reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,if n conta9+ too mu* iron or manganese gives an alum9a reaction ) nitrate ( ( cobalt4 ,9 o!r respects z ! prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,turquoise ,=mula4 444,al#b44444,p #e4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat]1 occasionally decrepitates & turns black4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,turns br[n1 b rema9s infusible4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,z on *>coal4 ,colors ! out] flame gre54 7#e7 9 borax4 ,9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 gives a gre5 bead1 due to copp] & iron4 ,9 r$uc+ flame1 opaque r$4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,intumesces1 !n fuses to a semi-cle> glass color$ by iron4 ,) m alkali yields an infusible mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! phosphoric-acid reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,wavellite ,=mula4 ,al,f#c #c7444;,al#d44444,p#c #ah4;,h47 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat] & "s fluor9e1 :i* attacks ! glass4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,exfoliates & turns :ite4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,z on *>coal4 ,colors ! out] flame gre51 especially if moi/5$ ) ,,s#c4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z alum9a4 ,g5]ally gives also a slight iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms an infusible :ite mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) cobalt-solution on *>coal gives ! alum9a reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,sp9el ,=mula4 4,r444,al4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives a slight iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses p>tially & =ms a por\s mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) nitrate ( cobalt gives ! alum9a reaction4 ,) nitre & c>bonate ( soda a slight manganese reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,silicates4 ,! pres5ce ( silica 9 a m9]al c easily be asc]ta9$ by treat+ a small fragm5t 9 a bead ( microcosmic salt4 ,! bases w dissolve out ) m or less difficulty 9 ! salt1 & ! silica be+ insoluble w rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! bead1 reta9+ ! orig9al =m ( ! fragm5t4 ,9 borax1 ! silicates ( lime & magnesia g5]ally dissolve ) consid]able ease1 b ^? ( alum9a sl[ly & ) difficulty4 ,! silicates ( lime are moreov] frequ5tly *>act]iz$ by intumesc5ce or ebullition1 :5 heat$ 9 ! =ceps 9 ! bl[pipe flame4 ,! m9]als pres5t+ ?is "* are m>k$ 9 ! table4 ,z ! mo/ conv5i5t mode ( classify+ ! silicates = bl[pipe exam9ation1 ! foll[+ arrangem5t w be adopt$3 ,,table ,i4--,,anhydr\s ,,silicates4 ,,table ,,ii4--,,hydr\s ,,silicates4 ,,fusibility4 ,i4 ,readily fusible to a bead4 ,,ii4 ,) difficulty fusible to a bead4 ,,iii4 ,readily fusible on ! edges4 ,,iv4 ,) difficulty fusible on ! edges4 ,v4 ,infusible4 a4 ,af=d a fluid bead ) c>bonate ( soda4 b4 ,af=d a fluid bead ) b little ( t salt1 b ) a l>g] quantity a slaggy mass4 c4 ,af=d a slaggy mass only4 ,?is classification ( m9]als1 accord+ to _! fusibility & _! behavior ) c>bonate ( soda1 0 orig9ally propos$ by ,b]zelius1 & a table ( ! pr9cipal oxidiz$ m9]als arrang$ accord+ to ^! *>act]s is giv5 9 8 h&book ( ! bl[pipe1 & !nce adopt$1 ) "s alt]ations by ,plattn]1 9 ! v excell5t & detail$ "w already _m times cit$4 ,9 ! foll[+ g5]al table ,i41 ! m important silicates only are includ$1 & 9 table ,,ii4 are enum]at$ 9 alphabetical ord] ^? :i* af=d *>act]i/ic reactions4 ,,table ,i4 ,anhydr\s ,silicates4 ,fus4 alone & ) ,na,c4 ,m9]al4 ,=mula4 ,i4 a4 ,ax9ite 74,ca4,mg7#c7444;,b444,si7#c 7444,al444,fe444,mn7#b7444,si444,b7 ,int4 ,elaolite 74,k4,na7#c444,si #c444;,al444,si ,int4 ,g>net 4,r#c444,si 4,r444,si ,oligoclase 4,na444,si 444,al444,si#b ,scapolite 74,ca4,na7#c444,si#b #b444;,al444,si ,int4 ,spodum5e 74,li4,na7#c444,si#b #d444;,al444,si#b;,int4 b4 ,asbe/os ,z ,hornbl5de to ,,ii4 ,augite 74,ca4,mg4,fe4,mn7#c444,si#b ,int4 "s v>4 ,epidote 74,ca,fe7#c444,si ,int4 to ,,iii4 #b7444;,al444,fe444,mn7444,si ,hornbl5de 74,ca4,mg4,fe7#d 7444,si444,al7#c ,int4 "s v>4 ,sodalite 4,na#c444,si #c444;,al444,si ,na,cl ,int4 to ,,iii4 ,vesuvian #c74;,ca4,mg7#c444,si #b7444;,al444,fe7444,si ,int4 c4 ,biaxial ,mica 4,k444,si #d7444;,al444,fe7444,si to ,,iii4 ,hauyne 74,k4,na7#c444,si #c444;,al444,si 4,na444,si ,t\rmal9e 74,r444,r444,b7#d444,si#c ,int4 to ,v4 ,,ii4 a4 ,labradorite 74,ca4,na4,k7444,si 7444,al444,fe7444,si ,lepidolite 7,k,na,l7,f 7444,al444,fe7444,si#b8 ,ryacolite 4,k444,si 444,al444,si#b ,albite 4,na444,si 444,al444,si#c b4 ,augite 4,r#c444,si#b "s v>4 ,act9olite 74,ca4,mg4,fe7#d444,si#c ,int4 ,diopside 74,ca4,mg7#c444,si#b ,humboltilite #b74;,ca4,mg4,na4,k7444,si 7444,al444,fe7444,si ,sahlite ,z ,augite ,tremolite 74,ca4,mg7#d444,si#c c4 ,pyrope 74,ca4,mg4,fe7#c444,si ,al444,si m444,cr8 ,,iii4 a4 ,anor?ite 74,ca4,mg4,na4,k7#c444,si #c7444;,al444,fe7444,si ,nephel9e 74,na4,k4,ca7#b444,si #b444;,al444,si ,obsidian 444,si1444,al1444,fe14,fe14,ca4,na4,k ,int4 ,or?oclase 74,k4,na7444,si 444,al444,si#c ,petalite 74,li4,na7#c444,si#d #d444;,al444,si#d ,pumice 444,si1444,al14,ca14,k14,na14,h ,int4 b4 ,gadol9ite 74,y4,ce4,la4,fe4,ca7#c444,si to ,v4 ,nephrite 74,ca4,mg4,fe7#d444,si#c8 ,int4 ,wolla/onite 4,ca#c444,si#b c4 ,iolite 74,mg4,fe7#c444,si#b #c444;,al444,si ,,iv4 a4 ,b]yl 444,be444,si#b 444,al444,si#b b4 ,diallage 74,ca4,mg4,fe7#c7444,si444,al7#b ,hyp]/h5e 74,mg4,fe7#c444,si#b c4 ,fu*site 74,k#e444,si7#b #i7444;,al444,cr7#f444,si#f ,v4 a4 ,leucite 4,k#c444,si#b 444,al444,si#b b4 ,*ondrodite 74,mg14,mg,f7#d7444,si,si,f#c7 ,oliv9e 74,mg4,fe4,ca7#b444,si c4 ,&alusite 7444,al,fe7#c444,si#b ,*rysob]yl 444,be 444,al ,kaynite 444,al#c444,si#b ,pycnite #f444;,al#c444,si#b 7#c444;,al,f#c #b444,si,f#c7 ,topaz #f444;,al#c444,si#b 7#c444;,al,f#c #b444,si,f#c7 ,zircon 444,zr444,si ,/aurolite 7444,al,fe7#b444,si ,hydr\s ,silicates4 ,fus4 alone & ) ,na,c4 ,m9]al4 ,=mula4 ,i4 a4 ,analcime 4,na#c444,si#b #c444;,al444,si#b #f4;,h ,int4 ,apophyllite 74,k1 ,,kf77444,si1 ,si,f#c7 #f4;,ca444,si #ae4;,h ,int4 ,brew/]ite 74,sr4,ba7444,si 444,al444,si#c #e4;,h ,int4 ,*abasite 74,ca14,na14,k7#c444,si #c444;,al444,si#b #ah4;,h ,int4 ,lapis ,lazuli 444,si1444,s1444,al1 ,fe1 4,ca1 4,na1 4,h ,laumonite 4,ca#c444,si#b #c444;,al444,si#b #ab4;,h ,int4 ,mesotype 74,na4,ca7444,si 444,al444,si #c4;,h ,int4 ,natrolite 4,na444,si 444,al444,si #b4;,h ,int4 ,prehnite 4,ca#b444,si 444,al444,si 4,h ,int4 ,scolezite 4,ca444,si 444,al444,si #c4;,h ,int4 ,?omsonite 74,ca4,na7#c444,si #c444;,al444,si #g4;,h ,int4 ,da?olite #b4;,ca#c444,si 444,b#c444,si#b #c4;,h ,int4 ,heul&ite 4,ca444,si 444,al444,si#c #e4;,h ,int4 ,/ilbite 4,ca444,si 444,al444,si#c #f4;,h ,int4 b4 ,ok5ite 4,ca#c444,si#d #f4;,h ,int4 ,pectolite 74,ca4,na7#d444,si#c 4,h ,int4 c4 ,saponite #b4,mg#c444,si#b 444,al444,si #aj or #f4;,h ,,ii4 a4 ,antrimolite #c74;,ca4,k7444,si #e444;,al444,si #ae4;,h ,h>matome 444,ba444,si 444,al,s#b #e4;,h b4 ,brevicite 4,na444,si 444,al444,si #b4;,h ,or?ite 4,r#c444,si 444,r444,si 74,h87 ,int4 ,,iii4 c4 ,pit*/one 444,si1444,al1 ,fe1 4,mg4,na1 4,k4,h ,talc to ,v4 4,mg#f444,si#e #b4;,h ,*lorite #c74,mg,fe7#c444,si 7444,al,fe7#b444,si #i4;,h ,p9ite 444,si1444,al14,fe14,k14,mg14,h ,,iv4 a4 ,/eatite 4,mg#f444,si#e #d4;,h c4 ,gilb]tite 444,si1444,al14,fe14,mg14,h ,int4 ,me]s*aum 4,mg444,si 4,h ,s]p5t9e 4,mg#i444,si#d #f4;,h ,v4 a4 ,gismond9e 74,ca4,k7#b444,si #b444;,al444,si #i4;,h ,,table ,,ii4 ,analcime ,if transp>5t becomes :ite & opaque :5 heat$1 b on incipi5t fusion resumes its transp>5cy & !n fuses to a cle> glass4 ,&alusite ,:5 p[d]$ & treat$ ) cobalt solution on *>coal1 assumes a blue color4 ,apophyllite ,fuses to a fro?y :ite glass4 ,ax9ite ,imp>ts a gre5 color to ! bl[pipe flame1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( boracic acid4 ,?is reaction is especially di/9ct1 if ! m9]al be previ\sly mix$ ) fluorsp> & bisulphate ( potassa4 ,b]yl ,sometimes gives a *romium reaction 9 borax & microcosmic salt4 ,*abasite ,fuses to a :ite enamel4 ,*ondrodite ,evolves fluor9e 9 ! glass tube1 bo? :5 heat$ alone & ) microcosmic salt4 ,x sometimes also gives (f a trace ( wat]4 ,*rysob]yl ,is unattack$ by c>bonate ( soda4 ,) nitrate ( cobalt on *>coal ! f9ely p[d]$ m9]al assumes a blue color4 ,da?olite ,fuses to a cle> glass & colors ! flame gre54 ,diallage ,frequ5tly gives (f wat] 9 small quantity4 ,fu*site ,gives ! *romium reaction ) borax & microcosmic salt4 ,gadol9ite ,t f ,hitt]oe1 if heat$ 9 a p>tially cov]$ plat9um spoon to l[ r$ness1 gl[s sudd5ly & brilliantly4 ,hauyne ,af=ds ! sulphur reaction bo? on *>coal & :5 fus$ ) potassa4 ,x conta9s bo? sulphur & sulphuric acid4 ,hyp]/h5e ,z ,diallage4 ,kyanite ,z ,&alusite4 ,lapis ,lazuli ,fuses to a :ite glass1 & :5 treat$ ) c>bonate ( soda on *>coal1 gives ! sulphur reaction on silv]4 ,laumonite ,:5 /rongly heat$1 exfoliates & curls up4 ,lepidolite ,colors ! bl[pipe flame crimson1 f li?ia2 also gives ! fluor9e reaction ) microcosmic salt4 ,leucite ,"s v>ieties1 :5 treat$ ) cobalt solution1 assume a blue color4 ,me]s*aum ,9 ! glass bulb frequ5tly black5s & evolves an empyreumatic odor due to organic matt]4 ,:5 ?is is burnt (f1 x aga9 becomes :ite1 & if moi/5$ ) nitrate ( cobalt solution & heat$1 assumes a p9k color4 ,ok5ite ,behaves z ,apophyllite4 ,oliv9e ,"s v>ieties give (f fluor9e1 :5 fus$ ) microcosmic salt4 ,pectolite ,simil> to ,apophyllite4 ,petalite ,imp>ts a slight crimson color to ! flame1 l ,lepidolite4 ,prehnite ,z ,*abasite4 ,pycnite ,assumes a blue color1 :5 treat$ ) nitrate ( cobalt4 ,gives ! fluor9e reaction ) microcosmic salt4 ,pyrope ,gives ! *romium reaction ) borax & microcosmic salt4 ,scolecite ,simil> to ,laumonite1 b m m>k$4 ,scapolite ,occasionally conta9s a small quantity ( li?ia1 & colors ! flame r$ :5 fus$ ) fluorsp> & bisulphate ( potassa4 ,sodalite ,if mix$ ) "o-fif? its volume ( oxide ( copp]1 moi/5$ to make ! mixture coh]e1 & a small portion plac$ ^u *>coal & heat$ ) ! blue oxidiz+ flame1 ! out] flame w be color$ int5sely blue f *loride ( copp]4 ,spodum5e ,:5 n too /rongly heat$1 colors ! bl[pipe flame r$1 :5 m /rongly1 yell[4 ,/ilbite ,z ,*abasite4 ,topaz ,:5 heat$1 rema9s cle>4 ,o!rwise z ,pycnite4 ,t\rmal9e ,gives ! boracic acid reaction ) fl\rsp> & bisulphate ( potassa4 ,wolla/onite ,colors ! bl[pipe flame fa9tly r$ f lime4 ,zircon ,! color$ v>ieties become :ite or colorless & transp>5t1 :5 heat$4 ,is only slightly attack$ by c>bonate ( soda4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,uranium4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,pit*bl5de ,=mula4 4,u444,u ess5tially4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves "s wat] & a small quantity ( sulphur1 sulphide ( ars5ic & metallic ars5ic4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves ,,s#b & a :ite sublimate ( ars5i\s acid4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives (f ars5ical fumes4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,,iii4 ,colors ! flame blue beyond ! assay1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ,pb4 ,sometimes also gre5 t[>ds ! po9t1 due to ,cu4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al af=ds ! uranium reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z borax4 ,also a small residue ( silica4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,infusible4 ,af=ds ! *>act]i/ic ,pb incru/ation1 & sometimes yields m9ute p>ticles ( ,cu4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,uranium o*re ,=mula4 444,u4,h#b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat] & assumes a r$ color4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,v4 ,9 r$uc+ flame assumes a gre5 color4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! uranium reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,uranite ,=mula4 74,ca 444,u#b744444,p #h4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat] & becomes yell[ & opaque4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) intumesc5ce to a black bead hav+ a semi-cry/all9e surface4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! uranium reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms an infusible yell[ slag4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! ,,po#e reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,*alcolite ,=mula4 74,cu444,u#b744444,p #h4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,z uranite4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z uranite4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z uranite4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,9 ! oxidiz+ flame gives a gre5 bead1 :i* 9 ! r$uc+ flame becomes ( an opaque r$1 f ,cu4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,9 r$uc+ flame yields a metallic bead ( ,cu4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z uranite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,iron pyrites ,=mula4 ,fe,s#b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives a consid]able yell[ sublimate ( sulphur1 & sometimes sulphide ( ars5ic4 ,also ,,hs4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,sulphur\s acid & sometimes ars5i\s acid are evolv$4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives (f "s sulphur1 :i* burns ) a blue flame4 ,residue fuses to a magnetic bead4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al gives a /rong iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a black mass1 :i* spreads out on *>coal & gives ! sulphur reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,magnetic pyrites ,=mula4 1,fe#e111;,fe4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves sulphur\s acid4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a magnetic bead black on ! surface1 & ) a yell[ %9+ fracture4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z iron pyrites4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z iron pyrites4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,mispickel ,=mula4 ,fe,as ,fe,s#b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,a r$ sublimate ( ,as,s#b is fir/ =m$ & !n a black sublimate ( metallic ars5ic4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,sulphur\s & ars5i\s acids are evolv$1 ! latt] =m+ a :ite sublimate4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives (f mu* ars5ic =m+ a :ite incru/ation & fuses to a magnetic globule4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z iron pyrites4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z iron pyrites4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,magnetic iron ore ,=mula4 ,fe#c,o#d ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,9 ! blue flame1 fuses on edges & rema9s magnetic4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,specul> iron ,r$ haematite ,=mula4 ,fe#b,o#c ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,9 ! blue flame is conv]t$ into ,fe#b,o#d1 & !n behaves z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z magnetic iron ore4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,g?ite ,=mula4 444,fe4,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z specul> iron4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z specul> iron4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,frankl9ite ,=mula4 74,fe4,zn4,mn7 7444,fe444,mn74 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,=ms a :ite incru/ation on ! *>coal1 :i* moi/5$ ) cobalt solution assumes a gre5 color4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,9 ! blue flame fuses on edges & & becomes magnetic4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron & manganese reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,af=ds a consid]able :ite incru/ation ( ,zn,o4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives a /rong manganese reaction ) nitre & c>bonate ( soda4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,ilm5ite ,=mula4 444,ti & 444,fe4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,9 r$uc+ flame fuses on edges & becomes magnetic4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,9 oxidiz+ flame exhibits ! iron reaction4 ,9 r$uc+ flame assumes a deep br[ni% r$ color4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,*romic iron ,=mula4 4,fe444,cr4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves sl[ly & gives ! *romium reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,on plat9um foil ) nitre & c>bonate ( soda af=ds a yell[ mass ( *romate ( potassa4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,lievrite ,=mula4 #c74;,fe4,ca7#c444,si #b444;,fe444,si4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,occasionally gives (f "s wat] & turns black4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a black globule1 :i* 9 ! r$uc+ flame becomes magnetic4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,i4 ,9 r$uc+ flame is magnetic4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,gives ! iron & silica reactions4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a black opaque bead4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,g5]ally gives ! manganese reaction ) nitre & c>bonate ( soda4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,*loropal ,=mula4 444,fe444,si#b #c4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates m or less1 gives (f mu* wat] & turns black4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,loses color & turns black4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,gives ! iron & silica reaction4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a transp>5t gre5 glass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,gre5 e>? ,=mula4 444,si14,fe1444,al14,na14,k14,h1 etc4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat] & becomes d>k] 9 color4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,9 r$uc+ flame fuses on edges & colors ! out] flame yell[ 74,na7 or violet 74,k74 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms a slaggy mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,sid]ite ,=mula4 4,fe44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,occasionally decrepitates4 ,gives (f ,,co#b & turns black & magnetic4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z 9 glass bulb4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,behaves simil>ly to ! magnetic oxide4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron & manganese reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,behaves z an oxide4 ,) nitre & c>bonate ( soda on plat9um g5]ally gives ! manganese reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,9 acid dissolves ) eff]vesc5se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,copp]as ,=mula4 4,fe444,s #g4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]1 &1 :5 /rongly heat$1 ,,s#b & ,,s#c1 :i* r$d5s litmus pap]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves wat] & ,,s#b1 :i* may be recogniz$ by its odor4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,loses wat] & ,,s#b1 & is conv]t$ into 444,fe4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,gives (f ,h & ,,s#b1 & !n behaves z ! magnetic oxide4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al af=ds an iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms sulphide ( sodium & oxide ( iron4 ,! =m] is absorb$ into ! *>coal1 & if cut out & laid ^u silv] & moi/5$ gives ! ,s reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,if dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & a /rip ( silv]-foil be introduc$ into ! solution1 ! metal rema9s unt>ni%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,vivianite ,=mula4 4,fe#c44444,p #h4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fro?s up & !n fuses to a grey metallic bead4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z on *>coal4 ,s+es flame gre5 744444,p74 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,9 r$uc+ flame becomes magnetic & fuses to a black saggy mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,iriphyl9e ,=mula4 74,fe4,mn4,li7#c44444,p4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]1 hav+ an alkal9e reaction1 & assumes a metallic lu/re resembl+ graphite4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses readily to a black magnetic bead ) a metallic lu/re4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,i4 ,on plat9um wire colors ! flame crimson 74,li7 & gre5 744444,p71 t[>ds ! po9t fuses to a black magnetic bead4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! iron & manganese reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,gives ! iron reaction :i* ov]p[]s t ( ! manganese4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms an infusible por\s mass1 :i* "u ! r$uc+ flame becomes magnetic4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! manganese reaction ) nitre & c>bonate ( soda on plat9um foil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,scorodite ,=mula4 444,fe44444,z #d4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives (f wat] & ,as,o#c4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,emits ars5ical fume & 9 ! r$uc+ flame fuses to a magnetic mass hav+ a metallic lu/re4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,i4 ,z on *>coal4 ,colors ! out] flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al gives an iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! ars5ic reactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,cube ore ,=mula4 4,fe#c44444;,z 444,fe#c44444;,z#b #ah4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,evolves mu* wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z ! prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,manganese4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,manganbl5de ,=mula4 ,mn,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives (f ,,s#b & becomes greyi% gre5 on surface4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,is sl[ly roa/$ & conv]t$ into oxide4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al gives a /rong manganese reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,9 ! unroa/$ /ate1 dissolves ) mu* ebullition & detonation due to elim9ation ( sulphide ( phosphorus4 ,! bead !n exhibits ! *>act]i/ic violet color ( manganese4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms a slaggy mass1 :i* laid on silv] & moi/5$1 gives ! sulphur reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,pyrolusite ,=mula4 44,mn4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,frequ5tly gives (f a small quantity ( wat] &1 :5 /rongly heat$1 oxyg54 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! manganese reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms a slaggy mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,manganite ,=mula4 444,mn4,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f mu* wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,exfoliates slightly4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,psilomelane ,=mula4 74,ba14,ca14,mg14,k7 44,mn 4,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat] &1 :5 /rongly heat$1 oxyg54 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,colors flame fa9tly gre57,ba7 & r$ t[>ds ! po9t 7,ca74 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z pyrolusite4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z pyrolusite4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,wad ,=mula4 44,mn14,mn14,h1 also 444,fe1444,al1 4,ba14,cu1444,pb1444,si1 etc4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,colors flame v>i\sly accord+ to its composition4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! manganese reaction1 m or less modifi$ by ! pres5ce ( o!r oxides4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z pyrolusite4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,v>i\s accord+ to composition4 ,:5 /rongly heat$ & !n moi/5$ has an alkal9e reaction on r$ litmus pap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,rhodonite ,=mula4 4,mn#c444,si#b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f m or less wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,"u a /rong flame fuses to a br[n opaque bead4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,,ii4 ,z on *>coal4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,9 ! oxidiz+ flame gives ! manganese reaction4 ,9 r$uc+ flame ! iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax1 b leaves an insoluble silice\s skeleton4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,) a small quantity ( ! alkali fuses to a black bead4 ,) a l>g] quantity =ms a slag4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,diallogite ,=mula4 4,mn44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,frequ5tly decrepitates & gives (f m or less wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,if /rongly heat$ & moi/5$ has an alkal9e reaction on litmus pap] due to ! pres5ce ( ,ca4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,frequ5tly colors ! flame slightly r$4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! manganese & iron reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms an infusible slag4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,9 w>m acid dissolves ) mu* eff]vesc5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,triplite ,=mula4 744,mn4,fe7#d44444,p4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,g5]ally gives (f m or less wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,i4 ,colors ! out] bl[pipe flame gre5 744444,p74 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! manganese & iron reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms an infusible mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nickel ,,& ,,cobalt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,mill]ite ,=mula4 ,ni,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves ,,s#b4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) mu* ebullition to a magnetic bead4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al gives a nickel reaction1 slightly modifi$ by small quantities ( iron & copp]4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a slaggy mass1 :i* on silv] gives ! sulphur reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,copp]nickel ,=mula4 ,ni#b;,z4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f a little ,as,o#c4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives (f mu* ,as,o#c & "s ,,s#b & falls to p[d]4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a magnetic bead1 ) ! evolution ( ars5ic1 :i* colors ! flame blue4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! ars5ical bead obta9$ by fus+ ! m9]al on *>coal1 if fus$ ^u ! same support ) borax successively add$ & remov$1 gives fir/ly an iron reaction1 !n cobalt if pres5t1 & la/ly nickel4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,if ! residual bead :i* has be5 treat$ ) borax be fur!r treat$ ) microcosmic salt1 ! nickel reaction w be obta9$ & sometimes a slight copp] reaction4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,af=ds a sublimate ( metallic ars5ic :5 treat$ ) cyanide ( potassium4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,smalt9e ,=mula4 ,co,as4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,:5 /rongly heat$ g5]ally evolves metallic ars5ic4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives a cry/all9e sublimate ( ,as,o#c4 ,also "s ,,s#b4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives (f fumes ( ars5ic1 & fuses to a d>k grey magnetic bead1 v brittle1 colors flame blue4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z ! prec$+1 b ! cobalt be+ 9 l>ge excess requires "s "t = its p]fect oxidation1 be=e ! nickel reaction is exhibit$4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,gives ! cobalt reaction1 & aft] ! cobalt has be51 remov$ t ( nickel4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z ! prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,glance cobalt ,=mula4 ,co,s#b ,co,as4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,z ! prec$+1 b gives (f m ,,s#b4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives (f ,s & ,z1 & fuses to a magnetic bead4 ,colors flame blue4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives a cobalt & slight iron reaction :5 treat$ z ! prec$+ m9]als4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,gives a sulphur reaction ( silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z ! prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,nickel glance ,=mula4 ,ni,s#b ,ni,as4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates & gives an orange color$ sublimate ( ,as,s#b4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z copp] nickel4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,gives ! nickel reaction occasionally some:at obscur$ by cobalt4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z copp] nickel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,ulmannite ,=mula4 ,ni,s#b ,ni7,as,sb7#b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives a slight :ite sublimate ( ,sb,o#c & m or less ,as,s#c4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives (f ?ick fumes ( ,sb,o#c & ,sb,o#e ) ,as,o#c & ,,s#b4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z glance cobalt1 b accompani$ by d5se fumes ( ,sb,o#c4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z copp] nickel4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z copp] nickel g5]ally1 b ars5ic is n always pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,cobalt pyrites ,=mula4 71,co1,ni1,fe7 7111,co111,ni111,fe74 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,:5 /rongly heat$ gives (f sulphur & becomes br[n4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives (f mu* ,,s#b & a small quantity ( ,as,o#c4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame small fragm5ts fuse ) ! evolution ( sulphur to a magnetic bead hav+ a bronze color$ fracture4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,9 ! oxidiz+ flame on *>coal gives a violet color$ glass4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame ! nickel is r$uc$ & may collect$ 9 a gold bead4 ,:5 ! nickel is remov$1 ! glass exhibits a slight iron reaction :ile w>m4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax1 b ! r$uction ( ! nickel is m difficult ?an 9 ! latt] flux4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z glance cobalt4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z copp] nickel1 b ! am\nt ( ars5ic is usually v small4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,em]ald nickel ,=mula4 4,ni#c44;,c #f4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f mu* wat] & turns black4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves ) mu* eff]vesc5ce & gives ! nickel reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms a slaggy mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,9 w>m dilute ,h,cl dissolves ) mu* eff]vesc5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,cobalt ,bloom ,=mula4 4,co#c44444;,z #h4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,evolves ars5ical fumes & 9 ! r$uc+ flame fuses to a d>k grey bead ( ars5ide ( cobalt4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,9 ! po9t ( ! blue flame fuses & colors ! out] flame blue 7,z74 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! cobalt reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives (f ars5ic ) cyanide ( potassium 9 glass tube4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,e>?y cobalt ,=mula4 4,mn14,co14,cu14,fe14,h1 etc4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,emits a slight smell ( ars5ic1 b does n fuse4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,colors ! flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,9 oxidiz+ flame gives ! cobalt reaction :i* obscures ^? ( 4,mn1 4,cu1 etc4 ,9 r$uc+ flame occasionally gives ! 4,cu reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 ,if a saturat$ bead be treat$ on *>coal ) t9 9 ! r$uc+ flame = a few seconds1 ! 4,cu reaction is sometimes obta9$4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms an infusible mass4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) c>bonate ( soda & nitre on plat9um foil1 gives a /rong manganese reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,z9c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,z9cbl5de ,=mula4 ,zn,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates /rongly4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves ,,s & becomes :ite or yell[ if conta9+ iron4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,v4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame incru/s ! *>coal ) ,zn,o2 also ) ,cd,o1 if t metal be pres5t4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al gives a z9c reaction1 & sometimes a slight iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 ,moreov] colors ! flame blue4 ,! fus$ alkali gives a ,s reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,r$ oxide ( z9c ,=mula4 4,zn4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame =ms a ?9 incru/ation ( oxide ( z9c on ! *>coal4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,g5]ally gives a manganese & slight iron reaction 9 addition to t ( z9c4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,on *>coal1 =ms a ?ick incru/ation ( ,zn,o4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) c>bonate ( soda & nitre on plat9um foil gives manganese reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,electric calam9e ,=mula4 #b4,zn#c444,si #c4;,h ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat] & becomes :ite & opaque4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 -- 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves to a cle> glass1 :i* _c be r5d]$ opaque by ! int]mitt5t flame4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,dissolves to a cle> glass1 :i* becomes opaque on cool+4 ,silica rema9s insoluble4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,) c>bonate ( soda alone is infusible4 ,) #b p>ts ( alkali & #a ( borax fuses to a glass & sets free 4,zn1 :i* incru/s ! *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,calam9e ,=mula4 4,zn44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f ,,co#b & becomes opaque4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z ! r$ oxide4 ,sometimes also gives a lead incru/ation4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives a z9c reaction & frequ5tly an iron & manganese reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,=ms a ?ick incru/ation ( z9c1 sometimes also ( 4,pb & 4,co4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,dissolves ) mu* eff]vesc5ce 9 cold acid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bismu?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,native bismu? ,=mula4 ,bi4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,fuses & is conv]t$ into a yell[ oxide4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a bead & incru/s ! *>coal ) oxide4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! oxide =m$ ^u *>coal gives ! bismu? reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,bismu?9e ,=mula4 ,bi,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,fuses ) ebullition & gives ( ,s & ,,s#b4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) mu* spirt+ & 9 ! r$uc+ flame yields a metallic bead & incru/s ! *>coal ) oxide4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! oxide obta9$ ^u *>coal gives ! bismu? reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 ,! fus$ alkali gives ! sulphur reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,bismu?bl5de ,=mula4 444,bi#b444,si#c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,turns yell[ &1 :5 /rongly heat$1 fuses4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) ebullition to a br[n globule =m+ an incru/ation ( 444,bi on ! *>coal4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,i4 ,fuses ) ease to a yell[ bead1 color+ ! out] flame blui% gre51 especially if moi/5$ ) ,h,cl4 ,?is color is due to 44444,p4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! bismu? & also an iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax1 b leaves a silici\s skeleton4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses to a yell[ mass4 ,! bismu? is !n r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate & p>tially volatiliz$1 incru/+ ! *>coal beyond4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,tetradymite ,=mula4 ,bi1 ,te1 ,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,occasionally decrepitates & !n fuses1 =m+ a greyi% :ite sublimate imm$iately above ! m9]al fragm5t4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,fuses & gives (f :ite fumes1 "p ( :i* pass up ! tube & "p deposit imm$iately above ! m9]al4 ,?is latt] if heat$ fuses to cle> drops 7,te,o#c74 ,! m9]al residue becomes surr\nd$ by fus$ 444,bi1 *>act]iz$ by its yell[ color4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a metallic bead1 colors ! out] flame blui% gre5 7,te & ,se7 & incru/s ! *>coal ar\nd ) ! orange 444,bi1 beyond :i* is a :ite incru/ation p>tly consi/+ ( 444,te4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! yell[ oxide obta9$ ^u *>coal gives ! bismu? reaction1 & ! :ite incru/ation ( bismu? & telluric acid4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame yields a bead ( metallic bismu?1 "p ( :i* is "p ( ! tellurium volatiliz$ & incru/s ! *>coal ar\nd4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,! fus$ alkal9e mass gives ! sulphur reaction on silv]4 ,also gives ! tellurium reaction ) *>coal & c>bonate ( soda4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,gal5a ,=mula4 ,pb,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,g5]ally decrepitates & gives (f a small quantity ( sulphur4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives (f ,,s#b1 & :5 /rongly heat$1 a :ite sublimate ( 4,pb1 4,s4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses & is r$uc$ af=d+ a bead ( metallic lead1 & =m+ an incru/ation ( ,pb,o on ! *>coal4 ,colors ! out] flame blue4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! oxide =m$ ^u *>coal gives ! lead reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 ,! fus$ alkali gives a sulphur reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,clau/halite ,=mula4 ,pb,se4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates slightly4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,=ms a sublimate ( sel5ium1 :i* is grey :5 ?ickly deposit$1 & r$ :5 ?94 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives (f fumes smell+ /rongly ( sel5ium & color+ ! flame blue4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame fuses p>tially & incru/s ! *>coal ) ,se & ,pb,o4 ,aft] "s "t a black infusible mass alone rema9s4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! infusible residue obta9$ ^u *>coal gives an iron & sometimes copp] & cobalt reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,) c>bonate ( soda1 oxalate ( pota% yields a metallic bead1 ! fus$ alkali laid ^u silv] & moi/5$ produces a /a9 simil> to t produc$ by sulfur4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,jamesonite ,=mula4 1,pb#c111,sb#b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses & gives (f "s sulphur1 sulphide ( antimony & antimony :i* cond5se 9 ! neck ( ! bulb4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,fuses & emits d5se :ite fumes ( ,sb,o#c1 :i* pass (f & r$d5 blue litmus pap]4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) great ease evolv+ mu* ,sb,o#c & ,pb,o1 :i* incru/s ! *>coal ar\nd ! m9]al4 ,:5 ! fumes h ceas$1 a small bead ( metallic lead rema9s4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! yell[ incru/ation =m$ ^u *>coal gives ! reaction ( lead1 & ! :ite ^? ( antimony4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 ,! fus$ alkali gives ! sulphur reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,m9ium ,=mula4 ,pb#c,o#d4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,is r$uc$ fir/ to li?>ge 7,pb,o7 & !n to metallic lead :i* =ms ! usual incru/ation4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,colors ! out] flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! lead reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,m5dipite ,=mula4 ,pb,cl #b,pb,o4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates slightly & assumes a yell[ color4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses readily & is r$uc$ to metallic lead ) ! evolution ( acid fumes4 ,=ms a :ite incru/ation ( ,pb,cl1 & a yell[ "o ( ,pb,o4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! *lor9e reaction ) ,cu,o & microcosmic salt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,c]usite ,=mula4 4,pb44,c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates1 gives (f ,,co#b1 turns yell[ & fuses4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,is r$uc$ to metallic lead1 incru/+ ! *>coal ar\nd ) ,pb,o4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! lead reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,9 nitric acid dissolves ) mu* eff]vesc5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,anglesite ,=mula4 4,pb444,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates & gives (f a small quantity ( wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,9 ! oxidiz+ flame fuses to a cle> bead1 :i* becomes opaque on cool+4 ,9 r$uc+ flame is r$uc$ ) mu* ebullition to a metallic bead & incru/s ! *>coal ar\nd ) ,pb,o4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! lead reaction & occasionally a slight iron & manganese reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,is r$uc$ yield+ a metallic lead bead4 ,! fus$ alkal9e mass gives a sulphur reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,pyromorphite ,=mula4 ,pb,cl #c4,pb#c44444,p4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates1 & :5 /rongly heat$ = "s "t1 gives a slight :ite sublimate ( ,pb,cl4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,9 oxidiz+ flame fuses to a bead hav+ a cry/all9e surface on cool+1 & =ms a ?9 film ( ,pb,cl on ! *>coal ,9 r$uc+ flame fuses )\t r$uction & on cool+ assumes a polyh$ral =m4 ,incru/s ! *>coal slightly ) ,pb,o4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,is r$uc$ yield+ a metallic bead & incru/+ ! *>coal ) ,pb,o4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! *lor9e reaction ) microcosmic salt & ,cu,o4 ,also ! phosphoric acid reactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,mimet5e ,=mula4 ,pb,cl #c4,pb#c44444;,z ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses1 b less easily ?an ! prec$+1 gives (f ,as,o#c & incru/s ! *>coal ) ,pb,cl4 ,f9ally is r$uc$ to a metallic bead & =ms an incru/ation ( ,pb,o4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! oxide =m$ on *>coal gives ! lead reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! *lor9e reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,vanad9ite ,=mula4 ,pb,cl #c4,pb#c444,v8 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,z pyromorphite4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,! p[d]$ m9]al fuses fuses to a black %9+ mass1 :i* 9 ! r$uc+ flame af=ds a metallic bead4 ,incru/s ! *>coal fir/ ) a :ite film ( ,pb,cl & aft]w>ds ) ,pb,o4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z pyromorphite4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves readily to a cle> glass1 :i*1 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 is yell[1 :ile hot1 & colorless :5 cold4 ,9 r$uc+ flame becomes opaque1 & on cool+ gre54 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,9 oxidiz+ flame is yell[ :ile hot1 becom+ pal] on cool+4 ,9 r$uc+ flame br[n :ile w>m1 & em]ald gre5 :5 cold4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,on plat9um wire fuses to a yell[ bead1 :i* is cry/all9e on cool+4 ,on *>coal yields a button ( metallic lead4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) microcosmic salt & ,cu,o1 gives ! *lor9e reaction4 ,if fus$ 9 a plat9um spoon ) f #c to #d times its volume ( 4,k1444,s#b x =ms a fluid yell[ mass hav+ an orange color :5 cold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,crocoisite ,=mula4 4,pb444,cr4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates viol5tly & assumes a d>k color4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses & detonates yield+ ,cr#b,o#c & metallic lead1 & =m+ an incru/ation ( ,pb,o on ! *>coal4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z pyromorphite4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves readily & colors ! glass yell[ :ile w>m1 & gre5 :5 cold4 7,see ,*romium reaction47 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,on plat9um foil gives a d>k yell[ mass1 :i* becomes pal] on cool+4 ,on *>coal yields a metallic button4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,treat$ z above ) 4,k1444,s#b =ms a violet color$ mass1 :i* on solidify+ becomes r$di% & on cool+ pale grey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,molybdate ( lead ,=mula4 4,pb444,m4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses & is p>tly absorb$ into ! *>coal leav+ a globule ( metallic lead1 :i* is p>tially oxidiz$ & incru/s ! *>coal4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z pyromorphite4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves readily & gives ! molybd5a reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,yields metallic lead4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,fus$ z above ) 4,k1444,s#b =ms a yell[ mass1 :i* becomes :ite on cool+4 ,if ?is be dissolv$ 9 wat] & a piece ( z9c introduc$ into ! solution1 ! latt] becomes blue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,s*eelet9e ,=mula4 4,pb444,w4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates m or less4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a bead incru/+ ! *>coal ) ,pb,o4 ,! bead on cool+ is cry/all9e & has a d>k metallic surface4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z pyromorphite4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,dissolves to a cle> colorless glass1 :i* 9 ! r$uc+ flame becomes yell[1 & on cool+ grey & opaque4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,dissolves to a cle> colorless glass1 :i* 9 ! r$uc+ flame assumes a dusky blue color4 ,aft] a "t becomes opaque4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,) c>bonate ( soda & nitre gives ! manganese reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,copp]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,native ,copp] ,=mula4 ,cu4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a brilliant metallic bead1 :i* on cool+ becomes cov]$ ) a coat+ ( black oxide4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! out] flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,9 ! oxidiz+ flame dissolves & !n gives ! copp] reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,vitre\s ,copp] ,=mula4 ,cu#b,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves ,,s#b &1 :5 pulv]iz$ & g5tly heat$ = "s "t is conv]t$ into ,cu,o4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a bead1 :i* spirts consid]ably & gives (f ,,s#b4 ,:5 pulv]iz$ & g5tly roa/$1 is conv]t$ into ,cu,o4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al gives ! copp] reaction1 & sometimes also a slight iron-reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame is decompos$1 =m+ ,na,s & metallic copp]4 ,if ! =m] be cut out & laid ^u silv]1 x gives ! sulfur reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,copp] pyrites ,=mula4 1,cu111,fe4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates1 sometimes gives a sublimate ( sulphur & becomes bronze color$ on ! surface4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves ,,s#b & is f9ally conv]t$ into a d>k r$ mixture ( ,fe#b,o#c & ,cu,o4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses readily ) mu* ebullition & is magnetic on cool+4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z ! prec$+2 b :5 ! copp] has be5 remov$ by r$uc+ on *>coal1 ! bead %[s a /rong iron color4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ! prec$+1 b ! color 9 ! oxidiz+ flame is gre51 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( iron4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,yields a bead ( metallic copp] & "s magnetic oxide ( iron :i* rema9s on ! *>coal4 ,! fus$ gives a sulphur reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,fahl]z ,=mula4 71,cu1,ag1,fe1,zn7#d 7111,sb111,z74 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,sometimes decrepitates1 fuses1 & :5 v /rongly heat$1 gives a r$ sublimate ( 111,sb ) 444,sb1 also sometimes a black sublimate ( 1,hg & occasionally 111,z4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,fuses & gives (f ?ick fumes ( ,sb,o#c & ,,s#b1 also g5]ally ,as,o#c1 leav+ a black infusible residue4 ,if ,hg be pres5t1 x is sublim$ & cond5ses 9 ! tube 9 small drops4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a bead1 :i* fumes /rongly & incru/s ! *>coal ) ,sb,o#c1 & sometimes ,zn,o1 :i* _c be volatiliz$4 ,emits a /rong smell ( ars5ic4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! residue obta9$ on *>coal ?or\ghly roa/$ gives a copp] reaction1 & :5 ! latt] has be5 remov$ by r$uction ^u *>coal1 an iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 ! prec$+4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,) ?is flux & a little borax yields a bead ( metallic copp]2 on silv]1 ! alkal9e mass gives a sulphur reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,if ! copp] bead obta9$ by fus+ ^u c>bonate ( soda be cupell$ ) assay lead1 a silv] bead w be obta9$4 ,or if dissolv$ 9 nitric acid & a drop or two ( ,h,cl add$1 a :ite precipitate ( ,ag,cl w be =m$1 :i* may be collect$ & r$uc$ ) c>bonate ( soda ^u *>coal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,t5natite ,=mula4 71,cu1,fe7#d111;,z4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates occasionally & gives a r$ sublimate ( 111,z4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves 44,s & 444,z1 :i* cond5se & =m a :ite sublimate4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a magnetic bead giv+ ( ars5ical & sulphur\s fumes4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,yields a copp] bead & metallic iron 9 ! =m ( a d>k grey p[d]4 ,! fus$ alkali gives ! sulphur reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,b\rnonite ,=mula4 71,pb#b1;,cu7111,sb4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates giv+ (f sulfur &1 :5 /rongly heat$1 111,sb & 444,sb4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,evolves ?ick :ite fumes ( 444,sb144444,sb & 4,pb444,sb4 ,also 4,s4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses readily & incru/s ! *>coal ) 444,sb & 4,pb leav+ a d>k color$ bead4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,if ! bead obta9$ on *>coal be fus$ on t support 9 ! r$uc+ flame ) borax1 a slight iron reaction is obta9$1 & aft] a "t a copp] reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ) borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,yields a bead ( metallic copp] & lead & incru/s ! *>coal ) 444,sb & 4,pb4 ,! alkal9e mass laid on silv] & moi/5$ gives ! sulphur reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,r$ oxide ( copp] ,=mula4 ,cu#b,o ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,is conv]t$ into ! black oxide ,cu,o4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame is r$uc$1 =m+ a bead ( metallic copp]4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! ! flame em]ald gre51 or if previ\sly moi/5$ ) ,h,cl1 blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! copp] reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ) borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,is r$uc$ to a bead ( metallic copp]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,atacamite ,=mula4 ,cu,cl #c4;,cu #f4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f mu* wat]1 hav+ an acid reaction1 on te/ pap]1 & =ms a light grey sublimate ( ,cu,cl4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses1 colors ! flame blue1 =ms a br[n & a pale grey incru/ation on ! *>coal1 & is r$uc$ to metallic copp]1 leav+ a small quantity ( slag4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! out] flame int5sely blue & gre5 t[>ds ! po9t4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! copp] reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ) borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,is r$uc$1 yield+ a bead ( metallic copp]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,dioptase ,=mula4 4,cu#c444,si#b #c4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat] & turns black4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,9 ! oxidiz+ flame becomes black4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame r$4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,v4 ,colors ! out] flame int5sely gre54 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! copp] reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ) borax4 ,! silica rema9s undissolv$4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,) a small quantity ( c>bonate ( soda fuses to a bead1 :i* on cool+ is opaque & has a r$ fracture4 ,) m alkali =ms a slag1 conta9+ little beads ( r$uc$ copp]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,mala*ite ,=mula4 4,cu#b44;,c 4,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat] & turns black4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses to a bead ) a /rong flame is r$uc$ to metallic copp]4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! out] flame brilliantly gre54 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! copp] reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z ) borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,yields metallic copp]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,dissolves 9 ,h,cl ) mu* eff]vesc5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,blue vitriol ,=mula4 4,cu444,s #e4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,intumesces1 gives (f wat] & becomes :ite4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,/rongly heat$ is decompos$1 giv5 (f ,,s#b & be+ conv]t$ into ,cu,o4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z 9 ! glass-bulb4 ,!n fuses1 color+ ! out] flame gre51 & is r$uc$ to metallic copp] & 1,cu4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! out] flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! roa/$ m9]al gives copp] reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,yields metallic copp]4 ,! alkal9e mass laid on silv] gives ,s reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! sulphuric acid reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,libe!nite ,=mula4 4,cu#d44444,p #b4;,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat] & turns black4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gradually heat$1 turns black & fuses to a bead1 hav+ a core ( metallic copp]4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses b does n color ! flame di/9ctly4 ,on cool+ is black & cry/all9e4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! copp] reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,) mu* ( ! alkali is decompos$1 yield+ metallic copp]4 ,) small portions successively add$ fir/ fuses & !n intumesces1 fuses ) a /rong flame1 & is !n absorb$ into ! *>coal1 leav+ metallic copp]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! phosphoric acid reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,oliv5ite ,=mula4 4,cu#d744444;,z44444,p7 4,h4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,gives (f wat]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) detonation & ! evolution ( ars5ical fumes to a brittle regulus1 br[n ext]nally & hav+ a :ite fracture4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! out] flame gre54 ,on cool+ has a cry/all9e surface4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! copp] reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,is r$uc$1 yield+ metallic copp]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,gives ! ars5ic reactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antimony4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,native antimony ,=mula4 ,sb4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses &1 :5 /rongly heat$1 volatilizes be+ r$eposit$ 9 ! tube z a d>k grey sublimate4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,fuses & gives (f d5se :ite fumes1 :i* are p>tly r$eposit$ on ! tube4 ,sometimes also gives (f ars5ical fumes 9 small quantity4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses & gives (f d5se :ite fumes1 :i* ?ickly incru/ ! *>coal & color ! flame blue imm$iately beyond ! assay4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! oxide =m$ ^u *>coal gives ! antimony reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,! incru/ation on ! *>coal1 if treat$ ) nitrate ( cobalt assumes ! *>act]i/ic gre5 color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,grey antimony ,=mula4 ,sb,s#c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses readily & occasionally gives (f a small quantity ( sulphur4 ,/rongly heat$ =ms a br[n sublimate ( ,sb,s#c & ,sb,o#c4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,fuses & gives (f ,,s#b1 :i* passes (f up ! tube1 & d5se :ite fumes ( ,sb,o#c & ,sb,o#e :i* are p>tly deposit$ 9 ! tube4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses & is p>tly absorb$ by ! *>coal & p>tly volatiliz$1 incru/+ ! *>coal ) ! *>act]i/ic :ite oxides4 ,colors ! flame blue4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,fuses & is r$uc$1 yield+ metallic antimony1 :i* behaves z ! prec$+ m9]al ^u *>coal4 ,! alkal9e mass gives ! sulphur reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z ! prec$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,antimony bl5de ,=mula4 111,sb#b 444,sb4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses easily1 gives (f fir/ ,sb,o#c & aft]w>ds an orange color$ sublimate4 ,/rongly heat$1 is decompos$ & gives a black sublimate1 :i* becomes br[n on cool+4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,z native antimony4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z native antimony4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,:ite antimony ,=mula4 ,sb,o#c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,is sublim$ & recond5s$ 9 ! neck ( ! tube4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,z 9 ! glass-bulb4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) ! evolution ( d5se :ite fumes1 :i* incru/ ! surface ( ! *>coal4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame is p>tly r$uc$1 yield+ metallic antimony4 ,colors flame blue4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & is volatiliz$1 color+ ! out] flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! antimony reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame is r$uc$1 yield+ metallic antimony4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,z native antimony4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ars5ic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,native ars5ic ,=mula4 ,z4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,sublimes )\t fusion & recond5ses z a d>k grey metallic sublimate1 sometimes leav+ a small residue4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,if g5tly heat$ 9 a good curr5t ( air passes (f z ,as,o#c1 :i* is p>tly cond5s$ z a :ite sublimate 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,passes (f z ,as,o#c1 :i* ?9ly incru/s ! *>coal beyond ! assay4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,colors ! flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,realg> ,=mula4 ,as,s#b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses1 ent]s into ebullition & is sublim$ z a transp>5t r$ sublimate4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,g5tly heat$ passes (f z ,,s#b & ,as,o#c1 ! latt] ( :i* is r$eposit$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses & passes (f z ars5i\s & sulphur\s acids4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,fuses & colors ! flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z on *>coal1 except t ! ,s comb9es ) ! alkali =m+ ,na,s1 :i* on silv] gives ! sulphur reaction4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,orpim5t ,=mula4 ,as,s#c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,z ! prec$+1 except t ! sublimate is ( a d>k yell[ color :5 cold4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,:ite ars5ic ,=mula4 ,as,o#c4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,sublimes )\t fusion & re-cond5ses 9 :ite cry/als4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,sublimes & is p>tly recond5s$ on *>coal =m+ a :ite incru/ation4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 ,colors ! flame blue4 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,heat$ ) *>coal 9 a glass-tube seal$ at "o end1 is r$uc$ & metallic ars5ic sublimes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m]cury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,native m]cury ,=mula4 ,hg4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,volatilizes ) little or no residue & recond5ses 9 neck ( bulb4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,is volatiliz$4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,c9nab> ,=mula4 ,hg,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,volatilizes sometimes leav+ a slight e>?y residue1 & re-cond5ses z a black sulphide4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,if g5tly heat$ is decompos$ into metallic m]cury1 :i* volatilizes & recond5ses 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 & ,,s#b1 :i* passes (f z is easily recogniz$ by its odor & blea*+ prop]ties4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,is volatiliz$1 g5]ally leav+ a small e>?y residue4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,) c>bonate ( soda & cyanide ( potassium is decompos$ & metallic m]cury volatiliz$4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,:5 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t ! m]cury has be5 entirely dissipat$1 ! alkal9e residue laid on silv] gives a sulphur reaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,native amalgam ,=mula4 ,ag,hg#b4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,z native m]cury1 b leaves a residue ( pure silv]4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,! m]cury volatilizes leav+ ! silv]1 :i* fuses to a bead1 &1 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 incru/s ! *>coal ) its *>act]i/ic oxide4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,silv]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,native silv] ,=mula4 ,ag4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses & 9 a /rong oxidiz+ flame =ms an incru/ation ( d>k br[n oxide on ! *>coal4 ,if any antimony be pres5t1 x af=ds a crimson incru/ation4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,gives ! silv] reactions4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 -- 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,antimonial silv] ,=mula4 ,ag#b,sb4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives (f d5se :ite fumes1 :i* are p>tly deposit$ 9 ! tube4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses1 fumes /rongly1 =m+ a :ite incru/ation1 & :5 ! antimony is ne>ly expell$ a crimson "o1 a ne>ly pure silv] bead rema9s4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! incru/ation =m$ on *>coal gives an antimony reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,silv] glance ,=mula4 ,ag,s4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 -- 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gives (f sulphur\s acid4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,gives (f ,,s#b & is r$uc$ to metallic silv]4 ,if impure1 a small quantity ( slag also rema9s4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! residual slag 7if any7 obta9$ ^u *>coal gives an iron reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z alone on *>coal4 ,! alkal9e mass gives a sulphur reaction on poli%$ silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,/ephanite ,=mula4 1,ag#f111,sb4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,decrepitates1 fuses & gives a slight sublimate ( sulphide ( antimony4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,fuses & gives (f ,,s#b & d5se :ite antimonial fumes4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses & incru/s ! *>coal ) antimoni\s acid1 leav+ ,ag ) "s antimony4 ,if ! flame be cont9u$1 a r$ incru/ation is =m$ & f9ally a bead ( pure silv] rema9s surr\nd$ by a small slag4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 ,! residual slag obta9$ on ! *>coal gives an iron & copp] reaction4 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 ,z 9 borax4 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,! silv] is r$uc$ & ! antimony passes (f 9 d5se fumes4 ,! fus$ alkali gives ! sulphur reaction on silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,py>gyrite ,=mula4 1,ag#c111,sb4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,sometimes decrepitates1 fuses readily1 &1 :5 /rongly heat$1 gives a r$ sublimate ( ,sb,s#c4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,z 9 ! prec$+4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses ) mu* spirt+ & cov]s ! *>coal ) antimonial fumes4 ,:5 ! residual ,ag,s is heat$ = "s "t 9 ! oxidiz+ flame1 a bead ( pure silv] is obta9$4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z ! prec$+4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,pr\/ite ,=mula4 1,ag#c111;,z4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses & at a l[ r$ heat af=ds a small sublimate ( ,as,s#c4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 ,gradually heat$ x gives (f ,as,o#c & ,,s#b4 ,sometimes also antimony fumes4 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,z ! prec$+1 except t a l>ge quantity ( ,as,o#c & b little ,sb,o#c are giv5 (f4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,z /ephanite1 except t mu* ars5ic is giv5 (f & b little antimony4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,m9]al4 ,horn silv] ,=mula4 ,ag,cl4 ,behavior 7#a7 9 glass-bulb4 ,fuses1 b und]goes no fur!r *ange4 7#b7 9 op5 tube4 -- 7#c7 on *>coal4 ,fuses readily 9 ! oxidiz+ flame4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame is sl[ly r$uc$ yield+ metallic silv]4 7#d7 9 =ceps4 -- 7#e7 9 borax4 -- 7#f7 9 mic4 salt4 -- 7#g7 ) c>b4 soda4 ,is rapidly r$uc$ to metallic silv]4 7#h7 ,special reactions4 ,if cut up into small pieces mix$ ) oxide ( copp] & !n heat$ be=e ! oxidiz+ flame ^u *>coal1 x colors ! flame blue4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text italiciz$ 9 ! orig9al book is surr\nd$ by ''4 ,?is book _h _m column> tables1 (t5 split across pages4 ,^! h be5 trans=m$ 9 data %eets = readability4 ,! notation is us$ = sup]script$ numb]s1 indicat+ ! composition ( ! v>i\s *emical comp\nds4 ,"s ( ! elem5t symbols 7 diff]5c$ by m>k+s t 7 n def9$ 9 ! book1 b are suppos$ to be val5ce m>k+s4 ,^! h be5 transcrib$ z foll[s3 '4' or '1' above elem5t symbol 84,symbol or 81,symbol '-' above elem5t symbol ,symbol '-' ?r\gh elem5t symbol ,symbol 444 ,s 444,al :]e ! orig9al text _h ,al ,m :]e ! orig9al text _h ,m 111 111,sb :]e ! orig9al text _h ,sb 444 444,fe :]e ! orig9al text _h ,fe1 l9e ?r\gh ! ,fe4