file :i* includes ! orig9al rem>kable illu/rations4 ,see #aedia-;h4htm or #aedia-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/e_ /d_/i_/aedia_/aedia-;h_/#aedia-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/e_ /d_/i_/aedia_/aedia-;h_/#aedia-;h4zip7 ,! read] ( ?is text file %\ld und]/& t words or phrases betwe5 und]scores %\ld be imag9$ to be set 9 italics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,,royal ,,society ( ,london = ,improv+ ( ,natural ,k4 ,ord]$1 ,t ! ,book writt5 by ,rob]t ,hooke1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ ( ?is ,society1 ,entitul$1 ,micrographia1 or "s ,physiological ,descriptions ( ,m9ute ,bodies1 made by ,magnify+ ,glasses1 ) ,obs]vations & ,inquiries !reupon1 ,be pr9t$ by ,john ,m>tyn1 & ,james ,alle/ry1 ,pr9t]s to ! said ,society4 ,novem4 #bc4 #affd4 ,,br\nck]4 ,p4,r4,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,micrographia3 ,,or ,,"s ,physiological ,descriptions ,,( ,,m9ute ,,bodies ,,made ,,by ,,magnify+ ,,glasses ,,) ,,obs]vations & ,,inquiries !reupon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,r4 ,,hooke1 ,fell[ ( ! ,,royal ,,society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,non possis oculo quantum cont5d]e ,l9ceus1 ,non tam5 idcirco contemnas ,lippus inungi4 ,horat4 ,ep4 lib4 #a4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,jo4 ,m>tyn1 & ,ja4 ,alle/ry1 ,pr9t]s to ! ,,royal ,,society1 & are to be sold at _! ,%op at ! ,bell 9 ,s4 ,paul's ,*ur*-y>d4 ,m ,,dc ,,lx ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,! ,,k+4 ,,sir1 ,i ,d "h mo/ humbly lay ?is small ,pres5t at ,y\r ,maje/ies ,royal feet4 ,& ?\gh x comes accompany'd ) two disadvantages1 ! meanness ( ! ,au?or1 & ( ! ,subject2 yet 9 bo? ,i am inc\rag$ by ! greatness ( y\r ,m]cy & y\r ,k4 ,by ! "o ,i am taught1 t y c =give ! mo/ presumptu\s ,(f5dors3 ,& by ! o!r1 t y w n e/eem ! lea/ "w ( ,nature1 or ,art1 unwor?y y\r ,obs]vation4 ,amid/ ! _m felicities t h accompani'd y\r ,maje/ies happy ,re/auration & ,gov]nm5t1 x is none ( ! lea/ consid]able t ,philosophy & ,exp]im5tal ,le>n+ h prosp]'d "u y\r ,royal ,patronage4 ,& z ! calm prosp]ity ( y\r ,reign has giv5 u ! leisure to foll[ ^! ,/udies ( quiet & retirem5t1 s x is j1 t ! ,fruits ( !m %\ld1 by way ( ackn[l$gem5t1 be return'd to y\r ,maje/y4 ,!re are1 ,sir1 sev]al o!r ( y\r ,subjects1 ( y\r ,royal ,society1 n[ busie ab\t ,nobl] matt]s3 ,! ,improvem5t ( ,manufactures & ,agriculture1 ! ,increase ( ,comm]ce1 ! ,advantage ( ,navigation3 ,9 all :i* !y are assi/$ by y\r ,maje/ies ,inc\ragem5t & ,example4 ,amid/ all ^? great] ,designs1 ,i "h presume to br+ 9 t :i* is m proportionable to ! smalness ( my ,abilities1 & to (f] "s ( ! lea/ ( all visible ?+s1 to t ,mighty ,k+1 t has e/abli%t an ,empire ov] ! be/ ( all ,invisible ?+s ( ?is ,_w1 ! ,m9ds ( ,m54 ,y\r ,maje/ies mo/ humble & mo/ ob$i5t ,subject & ,s]vant1 ,,rob]t ,,hooke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,aft] my ,address to our ,great ,f\nd] & ,patron1 ,i c\ld n b ?9k my self oblig'd1 9 consid]ation ( ^? _m ,+agem5ts y h laid ^u me1 to (f] ^! my poor ,lab\rs to ?is ,,mo/ ,,illu/ri\s ,,assembly4 ,,y h be5 pleas'd =m]ly to accept ( ^! rude ,draughts4 ,i h s9ce add$ to !m "s ,descriptions1 & "s ,conjectures ( my own4 ,& !re=e1 toge!r ) ,,y\r ,acceptance1 ,i mu/ also beg ,,y\r p>don4 ,! ,rules ,,y h prescrib'd ,,y\r selves 9 ,,y\r ,philosophical ,progress d seem ! be/ t h ev] yet be5 practis'd4 ,& p>ticul>ly t ( avoid+ ,dogmatiz+1 & ! esp\sal ( any ,hypo!sis n suffici5tly gr\nd$ & confirm'd by ,exp]im5ts4 ,?is way seems ! mo/ excell5t1 & may pres]ve bo? ,philosophy & ,natural ,hi/ory f its =m] ,corruptions4 ,9 say+ :i*1 ,i may seem to condemn my own ,c\rse 9 ?is ,treatise2 9 :i* !re may p]haps be "s ,expressions1 :i* may seem m positive !n ,,y\r ,prescriptions w p]mit3 ,& ?\gh ,i desire to h !m und]/ood only z ,conjectures & ,quries 7:i* ,,y\r ,me?od does n altoge!r disall[7 yet if ev5 9 ^? ,i h exce$$1 'tis fit t ,i %\ld decl>e1 t x 0 n done by ,,y\r ,directions4 ,= x is mo/ unreasonable1 t ,,y %\ld und]go ! imputation ( ! faults ( my ,conjectures1 see+ ,,y c receive s small advantage ( reputation by ! sleight ,obs]vations ( ,,y\r mo/ humble & mo/ fai?ful ,s]vant ,,rob]t ,,hooke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,preface4 ,x is ! great pr]ogative ( ,mank9d above o!r ,creatures1 t we are n only able to behold ! works ( ,nature1 or b>ely to su/e9 our lives by !m1 b we h also ! p[] ( consid]+1 comp>+1 alt]+1 assi/+1 & improv+ !m to v>i\s uses4 ,& z ?is is ! peculi> privil$ge ( humane ,nature 9 g5]al1 s is x capable ( be+ s f> advanc$ by ! helps ( ,art1 & ,exp]i5ce1 z to make "s ,m5 excel o!rs 9 _! ,obs]vations1 & ,d$uctions1 almo/ z mu* z !y d ,bea/s4 ,by ! addition ( su* artificial ,in/rum5ts & me?ods1 !re may be1 9 "s mann]1 a rep>ation made = ! mis*iefs1 & imp]fection1 mank9d has drawn ^u x self1 by neglig5ce1 & intemp]ance1 & a wilful & sup]/iti\s des]t+ ! ,prescripts & ,rules ( ,nature1 :]eby e man1 bo? f a d]iv'd corruption1 innate & born ) him1 & f 8 bre$+ & conv]se ) m51 is v subject to slip into all sorts ( errors4 ,! only way :i* n[ rema9s = u to recov] "s degree ( ^? =m] p]fections1 seems to be1 by rectify+ ! op]ations ( ! ,s5se1 ! ,memory1 & ,reason1 s9ce ^u ! evid5ce1 ! /r5g?1 ! integrity1 & ! "r correspond5ce ( all ^!1 all ! light1 by :i* our actions are to be guid$ is to be r5ew$1 & all our comm& ov] ?+s is to be e/abli%t4 ,x is !re=e mo/ wor?y ( our consid]ation1 to recollect _! sev]al defects1 t s we may ! bett] und]/& h[ to supply !m1 & by :at assi/ances we may inl>ge _! p[]1 & secure !m 9 p]=m+ _! p>ticul> duties4 ,z = ! actions ( our ,s5ses1 we _c b obs]ve !m to be 9 _m p>ticul>s mu* outdone by ^? ( o!r ,creatures1 & :5 at be/1 to be f> %ort ( ! p]fection !y seem capable (3 ,& ^! infirmities ( ! ,s5ses arise f a d\ble cause1 ei!r f ! disproportion ( ! ,object to ! ,organ1 :]eby an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s c nev] ent] into !m1 or else f error 9 ! ,p]ception1 t _m ?+s1 :i* come )9 _! rea*1 are n receiv$ 9 a "r mann]4 ,! l frailties are to be f\nd 9 ! ,memory2 we (t5 let _m ?+s slip away f u1 :i* des]ve to be reta9'd1 & ( ^? :i* we treasure up1 a great "p is ei!r frivol\s or false2 & if good1 & sub/antial1 ei!r 9 tract ( "t oblit]at$1 or at be/ s ov]:elm$ & buri$ "u m fro?y notions1 t :5 !re is ne$ ( !m1 !y are 9 va9 s\ght =4 ,! two ma9 f\ndations be+ s deceivable1 x is no wond]1 t all ! succe$+ works :i* we build ^u !m1 ( argu+1 conclud+1 def9+1 judg+1 & all ! o!r degrees ( ,reason1 are lyable to ! same imp]fection1 be+1 at be/1 ei!r va91 or unc]ta93 ,s t ! errors ( ! und]/&+ are answ]able to ! two o!r1 be+ defective bo? 9 ! quantity & goodness ( its k2 = ! limits1 to :i* our ?\ghts are conf9'd1 are small 9 respect ( ! va/ ext5t ( ,nature x self2 "s p>ts ( x are too l>ge to be compreh5d$1 & "s too little to be p]ceiv$4 ,& f !nce x mu/ foll[1 t n hav+ a full s5sation ( ! ,object1 we mu/ be v lame & imp]fect 9 our conceptions ab\t x1 & 9 all ! proportions :i* we build ^u x2 h5ce1 we (t5 take ! %ad[ ( ?+s = ! sub/ance1 small appe>ances = good similitudes1 similitudes = def9itions2 & ev5 _m ( ^?1 :i* we ?9k1 to be ! mo/ solid def9itions1 are r expressions ( our own misguid$ appreh5sions !n ( ! true nature ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,! effects ( ^! imp]fections are manife/$ 9 diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! temp] & disposition ( ! sev]al m9ds ( m51 "s !y incl9e to gross ignorance & /upidity1 & o!rs to a presumptu\s impos+ on o!r m5s ,op9ions1 & a confid5t dogmatiz+ on matt]s1 :]e( !re is no assurance to be giv54 ,?us all ! unc]ta9ty1 & mi/akes ( humane actions1 proce$ ei!r f ! n>r[ness & w&r+ ( our ,s5ses1 f ! slipp]9ess or delusion ( our ,memory1 f ! conf9em5t or ra%ness ( our ,und]/&+1 s t 'tis no wond]1 t our p[] ov] natural causes & effects is s sl[ly improv'd1 see+ we are n only to cont5d ) ! obscurity & difficulty ( ! ?+s :]eon we "w & ?9k1 b ev5 ! =ces ( our own m9ds conspire to betray u4 ,^! be+ ! dang]s 9 ! process ( humane ,reason1 ! rem$ies ( !m all c only proce$ f ! real1 ! me*anical1 ! exp]im5tal ,philosophy1 :i* has ?is advantage ov] ! ,philosophy ( disc\rse & disputation1 t :]eas t *iefly aims at ! subtilty ( its ,d$uctions & ,conclusions1 )\t mu* reg>d to ! fir/ gr\nd-"w1 :i* ought to be well laid on ! ,s5se & ,memory2 s ?is int5ds ! "r ord]+ ( !m all1 & ! mak+ !m s]viceable to ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be und]tak5 9 ?is weighty "w1 is a wat*fulness ov] ! fail+s & an inl>gem5t ( ! dom9ion1 ( ! ,s5ses4 ,to :i* end x is requisite1 fir/1 ,t !re %\ld be a scrupul\s *oice1 & a /rict exam9ation1 ( ! reality1 con/ancy1 & c]ta9ty ( ! ,p>ticul>s t we admit3 ,?is is ! fir/ rise :]eon tru? is to beg91 & "h ! mo/ sev]e1 & mo/ imp>tial dilig5ce1 mu/ be imploy$2 ! /or+ up ( all1 )\t any reg>d to evid5ce or use1 w only t5d to d>kness & confusion4 ,we mu/ n !re=e e/eem ! ri*es ( our ,philosophical treasure by ! numb] only1 b *iefly by ! weight2 ! mo/ vulg> ,in/ances are n to be neglect$1 b above all1 ! mo/ in/ructive are to be ent]ta9'd2 ! foot/eps ( ,nature are to be trac'd1 n only 9 h] ord9>y c\rse1 b :5 %e seems to be put to h] %ifts1 to make _m d\bl+s & turn+s1 & to use "s k9d ( art 9 indeav\r+ to avoid our discov]y4 ,! next c>e to be tak51 9 respect ( ! ,s5ses1 is a supply+ ( _! infirmities ) ,in/rum5ts1 &1 z x 71 ! add+ ( artificial ,organs to ! natural2 ?is 9 "o ( !m has be5 ( late ye>s accompli%t ) prodigi\s b5efit to all sorts ( useful k1 by ! inv5tion ( ,optical ,glasses4 ,by ! means ( ,telescopes1 !re is no?+ s f> di/ant b may be repres5t$ to our view2 & by ! help ( ,microscopes1 !re is no?+ s small1 z to escape our inquiry2 h5ce !re is a new visible ,_w discov]$ to ! und]/&+4 ,by ?is means ! ,heav5s are op5'd1 & a va/ numb] ( new ,/>s1 & new ,motions1 & new ,productions appe> 9 !m1 to :i* all ! anti5t ,a/ronom]s 7 utt]ly ,/rang]s4 ,by ?is ! ,e>? x self1 :i* lyes s ne] u1 "u our feet1 %ews q a new ?+ to u1 & 9 e little p>ticle ( its matt]2 we n[ behold almo/ z great a v>iety ( ,creatures1 z we 7 able be=e to reckon up 9 ! :ole ,univ]se x self4 ,x seems n improbable1 b t by ^! helps ! subtilty ( ! composition ( ,bodies1 ! /ructure ( _! p>ts1 ! v>i\s texture ( _! matt]1 ! in/rum5ts & mann] ( _! inw>d motions1 & all ! o!r possible appe>ances ( ?+s1 may come to be m fully discov]$2 all :i* ! anti5t ,p]ipateticks 7 cont5t to compreh5d 9 two g5]al & 7unless fur!r expla9'd7 useless words ( ,matt] & ,=m4 ,f :5ce !re may arise _m admirable advantages1 t[>ds ! increase ( ! ,op]ative1 & ! ,me*anick ,k1 to :i* ?is ,age seems s mu* incl9$1 because we may p]haps be inabl$ to disc]n all ! secret work+s ( ,nature1 almo/ 9 ! same mann] z we d ^? t are ! productions ( ,art1 & are manag'd by ,:eels1 & ,eng9es1 & ,spr+s1 t 7 devis$ by humane ,wit4 ,9 ?is k9d ,i "h pres5t to ! ,_w my imp]fect ,indeav\rs2 :i* ?\gh !y %all prove no o!r way consid]able1 yet1 ,i hope1 !y may be 9 "s measure useful to ! ma9 ,design ( a re=mation 9 ,philosophy1 if x be only by %ew+1 t !re x n s mu* requir'd t[>ds x1 any /r5g? ( ,imag9ation1 or exactness ( ,me?od1 or dep? ( ,contemplation 7?\gh ! addition ( ^!1 :]e !y c be _h1 mu/ ne$s produce a mu* m p]fect composure7 z a s9c]e ,h&1 & a fai?ful ,eye1 to exam9e1 & to record1 ! ?+s !mselves z !y appe>4 ,& ,i beg my ,read]1 to let me take ! boldness to assure him1 t 9 ?is pres5t condition ( k1 a man s qualifi$1 z ,i h indeav\r$ to be1 only ) resolution1 & integrity1 & pla9 int5tions ( imploy+ 8 ,s5ses aright1 may v5ture to comp>e ! reality & ! usefulness ( 8 s]vices1 t[>ds ! true ,philosophy1 ) ^? ( o!r m51 t are ( mu* /rong]1 & m acute speculations1 t %all n make use ( ! same me?od by ! ,s5ses4 ,! tru? is1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,nature has be5 already too long made only a "w ( ! ,bra9 & ! ,fancy3 ,x is n[ high "t t x %\ld return to ! pla9ness & s\ndness ( ,obs]vations on mat]ial & obvi\s ?+s4 ,x is said ( great ,empires1 ,t ! be/ way to pres]ve !m f decay1 is to br+ !m back to ! fir/ ,pr9ciples1 & ,arts1 on :i* !y did beg94 ,! same is und\bt$ly true 9 ,philosophy1 t by w&r+ f> away into invisible ,notions1 has almo/ q de/roy'd x self1 & x c nev] be recov]$1 or cont9u$1 b by return+ into ! same s5sible pa?s1 9 :i* x did at fir/ proce$4 ,if !re=e ! ,read] expects f me any infallible ,d$uctions1 or c]ta9ty ( ,axioms1 ,i am to say = my self1 t ^? /rong] ,works ( ,wit & ,imag9ation are above my weak ,abilities2 or if !y _h n be5 s1 ,i w\ld n h made use ( !m 9 ?is pres5t ,subject be=e me3 ,:5ev] he f9ds t ,i h v5tur'd at any small ,conjectures1 at ! causes ( ! ?+s t ,i h obs]v$1 ,i besee* him to look ^u !m only z d\btful ,problems1 & unc]ta9 ghesses1 & n z unque/ionable ,conclusions1 or matt]s ( unconfutable ,sci5ce2 ,i h produc$ no?+ "h1 ) int5t to b9d 8 und]/&+ to an implicit cons5t2 ,i am s f> f t1 t ,i desire him1 n absolutely to rely ^u ^! ,obs]vations ( my eyes1 if he f9ds !m contradict$ by ! future ,ocul> ,exp]im5ts ( sob] & imp>tial ,discov]]s4 ,z = my "p1 ,i h obta9$ my end1 if ^! my small ,lab\rs %all be ?\ght fit to take up "s place 9 ! l>ge /ock ( natural ,obs]vations1 :i* s _m h&s are busie 9 provid+4 ,if ,i h contribut$ ! meane/ f\ndations :]eon o!rs may raise nobl] ,sup]/ructures1 ,i am abundantly satisfi$2 & all my ambition is1 t ,i may s]ve to ! great ,philosoph]s ( ?is ,age1 z ! mak]s & ! gr9d]s ( my ,glasses did to me2 t ,i may prep>e & furni% !m ) "s ,mat]ials1 :i* !y may aft]w>ds ord] & manage ) bett] skill1 & to f> great] advantage4 ,! next rem$ies 9 ?is univ]sal cure ( ! ,m9d are to be appli$ to ! ,memory1 & !y are to consi/ ( su* ,directions z may in=m u1 :at ?+s are be/ to be /or'd up = our purpose1 & :i* is ! be/ way ( s dispos+ !m1 t !y may n only be kept 9 safety1 b ready & conv5i5t1 to be at any "t produc'd = use1 z occasion %all require4 ,b ,i w n "h prev5t my self 9 :at ,i may say 9 ano!r ,disc\rse1 :]e9 ,i %all make an attempt to propose "s ,consid]ations ( ! mann] ( compil+ a ,natural & ,artificial ,hi/ory1 & ( s rang+ & regi/r+ its ,p>ticul>s into ,philosophical ,tables1 z may make !m mo/ useful = ! rais+ ( ,axioms & ,!ories4 ,! la/ inde$ is ! mo/ haz>d\s ,ent]prize1 & yet ! mo/ necess>y2 & t is1 to take su* c>e t ! ,judgm5t & ! ,reason ( ,man 7:i* is ! ?ird ,faculty to be repair'd & improv'd7 %\ld receive su* assi/ance1 z to avoid ! dang]s to :i* x is by nature mo/ subject4 ,! ,imp]fections1 :i* ,i h already m5tion'd1 to :i* x is lyable1 d ei!r belong to ! ext5t1 or ! goodness ( its k2 & "h ! difficulty is ! great]1 lea/ t :i* may be ?\ght a rem$y = ! "o %\ld prove de/ructive to ! o!r1 lea/ by seek+ to inl>ge our ,k1 we %\ld r5d] x weak & unc]ta92 & lea/ by be+ too scrupul\s & exact ab\t e ,circum/ance ( x1 we %\ld conf9e & /reight5 x too mu*4 ,9 bo? ^! ! middle wayes are to be tak51 no?+ is to be omitt$1 & yet e ?+ to pass a mature delib]ation3 ,no ,intellig5ce f ,m5 ( all ,pr(essions1 & qu>t]s ( ! ,_w1 to be slight$1 & yet all to be s sev]ely exam9'd1 t !re rema9 no room = d\bt or in/ability2 mu* rig\r 9 admitt+1 mu* /rictness 9 comp>+1 & above all1 mu* sl[ness 9 debat+1 & %yness 9 det]m9+1 is to be practis$4 ,! ,und]/&+ is to ord] all ! inf]i\r s]vices ( ! l[] ,faculties2 b yet x is to d ?is only z a lawful ,ma/]1 & n z a ,tyrant4 ,x mu/ n incroa* ^u _! ,(fices1 nor take ^u x self ! employm5ts :i* belong to ei!r ( !m4 ,x mu/ wat* ! irregul>ities ( ! ,s5ses1 b x mu/ n g be=e !m1 or prev5t _! in=mation4 ,x mu/ exam9e1 range1 & dispose ( ! bank :i* is laid up 9 ! ,memory3 b x mu/ be sure to make di/9ction betwe5 ! sob] & well collect$ heap1 & ! extravagant ,ideas1 & mi/ak5 ,images1 :i* !re x may sometimes light ^u4 ,s _m are ! l9ks1 ^u :i* ! true ,philosophy dep5ds1 ( :i*1 if any "o be loose1 or weak1 ! :ole *a9 is 9 dang] ( be+ dissolv'd2 x is to beg9 ) ! ,h&s & ,eyes1 & to proce$ on ?r\gh ! ,memory1 to be cont9u$ by ! ,reason2 nor is x to /op !re1 b to come ab\t to ! ,h&s & ,eyes aga91 & s1 by a cont9ual passage r\nd f "o ,faculty to ano!r1 x is to be ma9ta9$ 9 life & /r5g?1 z mu* z ! body ( man is by ! circulation ( ! blood ?r\gh ! sev]al p>ts ( ! body1 ! ,arms1 ! ,feet1 ! ,lungs1 ! ,he>t1 & ! ,head4 ,if once ?is me?od 7 foll[$ ) dilig5ce & att5tion1 !re is no?+ t lyes )9 ! p[] ( human ,wit 7or :i* is f> m effectual7 ( human ,indu/ry1 :i* we might n compass2 we might n only hope = ,inv5tions to equalize ^? ( ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 ,gilb]t1 ,h>vy1 & ( o!rs1 ^: ,names are almo/ lo/1 t 7 ! ,inv5tors ( ,gun-p[d]1 ! ,seamans ,compass1 ,pr9t+1 ,et*+1 ,grav+1 ,microscopes1 c4 b multitudes t may f> exce$ !m3 = ev5 ^? discov]ies seem to h be5 ! products ( "s su* me?od1 ?\gh b imp]fect2 ,:at may n be !re=e expect$ f x if ?or\ghly prosecut$8 ,talk+ & cont5tion ( ,argum5ts w\ld soon be turn'd into lab\rs2 all ! f9e dreams ( ,op9ions1 & univ]sal metaphysical natures1 :i* ! luxury ( subtil ,bra9s has devis'd1 w\ld quickly vani%1 & give place to solid ,hi/ories1 ,exp]im5ts & ,works4 ,& z at fir/1 mank9d fell by ta/+ ( ! =bidd5 ,tree ( ,k1 s we1 _! ,po/]ity1 may be 9 "p re/or'd by ! same way1 n only by behold+ & contemplat+1 b by ta/+ too ^? fruits ( ,natural k1 t 7 nev] yet =bidd54 ,f h5ce ! ,_w may be assi/$ ) v>iety ( ,inv5tions1 new matt] = ,sci5ces may be collect$1 ! old improv'd1 & _! ru/ rubb'd away2 & z x is by ! b5efit ( ,s5ses t we receive all our ,skill 9 ! works ( ,nature1 s !y also may be wond]fully b5efit$ by x1 & may be guid$ to an easi] & m exact p]=mance ( _! ,(fices2 'tis n unlikely1 b t we may f9d out :]e9 our ,s5ses are defici5t1 & z easily f9d wayes ( repair+ !m4 ,! ,indeav\rs ( ,skilful m5 h be5 mo/ conv]sant ab\t ! assi/ance ( ! ,eye1 & _m noble ,productions h foll[$ ^u x2 & f h5ce we may conclude1 t !re is a way op5'd = advanc+ ! op]ations1 n only ( all ! o!r ,s5ses1 b ev5 ( ! ,eye x self2 t :i* has be5 already done ought n to cont5t u1 b r to inc\rage u to proce$ fur!r1 & to attempt great] ?+s 9 ! same & diff]5t wayes4 ',tis n unlikely1 b t !re may be yet inv5t$ sev]al o!r helps = ! eye1 at mu* exce$+ ^? already f\nd1 z ^? d ! b>e eye1 su* z by :i* we may p]haps be able to discov] liv+ ,creatures 9 ! ,moon1 or o!r ,planets1 ! figures ( ! comp\nd+ ,p>ticles ( matt]1 & ! p>ticul> ,s*ematisms & ,textures ( ,bodies4 ,& z ,glasses h highly promot$ our see+1 s 'tis n improbable1 b t !re may be f\nd _m ,me*anical ,inv5tions to improve our o!r ,s5ses1 ( he>+1 smell+1 ta/+1 t\*+4 ',tis n impossible to he> a :isp] a furlongs di/ance1 x hav+ be5 already done2 & p]haps ! nature ( ! ?+ w\ld n make x m impossible1 ?\gh t furlong %\ld be t5 times multiply'd4 ,& ?\gh "s fam\s ,au?ors h affirm'd x impossible to he> ?r\gh ! ?9ne/ plate ( ,muscovy-glass2 yet ,i "k a way1 by :i* 'tis easie en\gh to he> "o speak ?r\gh a wall a y>d ?ick4 ,x has n be5 yet ?or\ghly exam9'd1 h[ f> ,otoc\/icons may be improv'd1 nor :at o!r wayes !re may be ( quickn+ our he>+1 or convey+ s\nd ?r\gh o!r bodies !n ! ,air3 = t t is n ! only m$ium1 ,i c assure ! ,read]1 t ,i h1 by ! help ( a di/5d$ wire1 propagat$ ! s\nd to a v consid]able di/ance 9 an in/ant1 or ) z seem+ly quick a motion z t ( light1 at lea/1 incomp>ably swift] !n t1 :i* at ! same "t 0 propagat$ ?r\gh ! ,air2 & ?is n only 9 a /raight l9e1 or direct1 b 9 "o b5d$ 9 _m angles4 ,nor are ! o!r ?ree s p]fect1 b t dilig5ce1 att5tion1 & _m me*anical contrivances1 may also highly improve !m4 ,= s9ce ! s5se ( smell+ seems to be made by ! swift passage ( ! ,air 7impregnat$ ) ! /eams & effluvia ( sev]al odor\s ,bodies7 ?r\gh ! grisly me&]s ( ! ,nose ^: surfaces are cov]'d ) a v s5sible n]ve1 & moi/n$ by a transudation f ! processus mamill>es ( ! ,bra91 & "s adjoyn+ gl&ules1 & by ! moi/ /eam ( ! ,lungs1 ) a ,liquor conv5i5t = ! reception ( ^? effluvia & by ! adhesion & mix+ ( ^? /eams ) t liquor1 & !reby affect+ ! n]ve1 or p]haps by ins9uat+ !mselves into ! juices ( ! bra91 aft] ! same mann]1 z ,i h 9 ! foll[+ ,obs]vations intimat$1 ! p>ts ( ,salt to pass ?r\gh ! sk9s ( ,effs1 & ,frogs4 ,s9ce1 ,i say1 smell+ seems to be made by "s su* way1 'tis n improbable1 b t "s contrivance1 = mak+ a great quantity ( ,air pass quick ?r\gh ! ,nose1 might z mu* promote ! s5se ( smell+1 z ! any wayes h9dr+ t passage does dull & de/roy x4 ,sev]al tryals ,i h made1 bo? ( h9dr+ & promot+ ?is s5se1 & h succe$$ 9 "s accord+ to expectation2 & inde$ to me x seems capable ( be+ improv'd1 = ! judg+ ( ! con/itutions ( _m ,bodies4 ,p]haps we may !reby also judge 7z o!r ,creatures seem to d7 :at is :olsome1 :at poyson2 & 9 a ^w1 :at are ! specifick prop]ties ( ,bodies4 ,!re may be also "s o!r me*anical wayes f\nd out1 ( s5sibly p]ceiv+ ! effluvia ( ,bodies2 sev]al ,in/ances ( :i*1 7 x "h prop]1 ,i c\ld give ( ,m9]al /eams & exhalations2 & x seems n impossible1 b t by "s su* wayes improv$1 may be discov]$1 :at ,m9]als lye buri$ "u ! ,e>?1 )\t ! tr\ble to dig = !m2 "s ?+s to confirm ?is ,conjecture may be f\nd 9 ,agricola1 & o!r ,writ]s ( ,m9]als1 speak+ ( ! ,vegetables t are apt to ?rive1 or p9e1 9 ^? /eams4 ,:e!r also ^? /eams1 :i* seem to issue out ( ! ,e>?1 & mix ) ! ,air 7& s to precipitate "s aque\s ,exhalations1 :]e) 'tis impregnat$7 may n be by "s way detect$ be=e !y produce ! effect1 seems h>d to det]m9e2 yet some?+ ( ?is k9d ,i am able to discov]1 by an ,in/rum5t ,i contriv'd to %ew all ! m9ute v>iations 9 ! pressure ( ! ,air2 by :i* ,i con/antly f9d1 t be=e1 & dur+ ! "t ( ra9y wea!r1 ! pressure ( ! ,air is less1 & 9 dry wea!r1 b especially :5 an ,ea/]n ,w9d 7:i* hav+ pa/ ov] va/ tracts ( ,l& is heavy ) ,e>?y ,p>ticles7 bl[s1 x is mu* m1 ?\gh ^! *anges are v>i$ accord+ to v odd ,laws4 ,! ,in/rum5t is ?is4 ,i prep>e a pretty capaci\s ,bolt-head ,,ab1 ) a small /em ab\t two foot & a half long ,,dc2 ^u ! end ( ?is ,d ,i put on a small b5d$ ,glass1 or braz5 syphon ,,def 7op5 at ,d1 ,e & ,f1 b to be clos$ ) cem5t at ,f & ,e1 z occasion s]ves7 ^: /em ,f %\ld be ab\t six or eight in*es long1 b ! bore ( x n above half an in* diamet]1 & v ev52 ^! ,i fix v /rongly toge!r by ! help ( v h>d ,cem5t1 & !n fit ! :ole ,glass ,,abcdef into a long ,bo>d1 or ,frame1 9 su* mann]1 t almo/ half ! head ,,ab may lye buri$ 9 a concave ,hemisph]e cut into ! ,bo>d ,,rs2 !n ,i place x s on ! ,bo>d ,,rs1 z is expre/ 9 ! fir/ figure ( ! fir/ ,s*eme2 & fix x v firm & /eady 9 t po/ure1 s z t ! weight ( ! ,m]cury t is aft]w>ds to be put into x1 may n 9 ! lea/ %ake or /ir x2 !n draw+ a l9e ,,xy on ! ,frame ,,rt1 s t x may divide ! ball into two equal p>ts1 or t x may pass1 z 'tw]e1 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! ball4 ,i beg9 f t1 & divide all ! re/ ( ! ,bo>d t[>ds ,,ut into in*es1 & ! in*es betwe5 ! #be & ! end ,e 7:i* ne$ n be above two or ?ree & ?irty in*es di/ant f ! l9e ,,xy7 ,i subdivide into ,decimals2 !n /opp+ ! end ,f ) s(t ,cem5t1 or s(t ,wax1 ,i inv]t ! ,frame1 plac+ ! head d[nw>ds1 & ! ,orifice ,e upw>ds2 & by x1 ) a small ,funnel1 ,i fill ! :ole ,glass ) ,quicksilv]2 !n by /opp+ ! small ,orifice ,e ) my f+]1 ,i (t5times erect & inv]t ! :ole ,glass & ,frame1 & !reby free ! ,quicksilv] & ,glass f all ! bubbles or p>cels ( lurk+ ,air2 !n inv]t+ x z be=e1 ,i fill x top full ) cle> & well /ra9'd ,quicksilv]1 & hav+ made ready a small ball ( pretty h>d ,cem5t1 by heat made v s(t1 ,i press x into ! hole ,e1 & !reby /op x v fa/2 & to secure ?is ,cem5t f fly+ out aft]w>d1 ,i b9d ov] x a piece ( ,lea!r1 t is spread ov] 9 ! inside ) ,cem5t1 & w\nd ab\t x :ile ! ,cem5t is hot3 ,hav+ ?us fa/n$ x1 ,i g5tly erect aga9 ! ,glass aft] ?is mann]3 ,i fir/ let ! ,frame d[n edge-wayes1 till ! edge ,,rv t\* ! ,floor1 or ly horizontal2 & !n 9 t edg+ po/ure raise ! end ,,rs2 ?is ,i d1 t if !re *ance to be any ,air hidd5 9 ! small ,pipe ,e1 x may asc5d into ! ,pipe ,f1 & n into ! ,pipe ,,dc3 ,hav+ ?us erect$ x1 & hung x by ! hole ,q1 or fixt x p]p5dicul>ly by any o!r means1 ,i op5 ! end ,f1 & by a small ,syphon ,i draw out ! ,m]cury s long1 till ,i f9d ! surface ( x ,,ab 9 ! head to t\* exactly ! l9e ,,xy2 at :i* "t ,i imm$iately take away ! ,syphon1 & if by *ance x be run some:at bel[ ! l9e ,,xy1 by p\r+ 9 g5tly a little ,m]cury at ,f1 ,i raise x aga9 to its desir$ height1 by ?is contrivance ,i make all ! s5sible ris+ & fall+ ( ! ,m]cury to be visible 9 ! surface ( ! ,m]cury 9 ! ,pipe ,f1 & sc>ce any 9 ! head ,,ab4 ,b because !re really is "s small *ange ( ! upp] surface also1 ,i f9d by sev]al ,obs]vations h[ mu* x rises 9 ! ,ball1 & falls 9 ! ,pipe ,f1 to make ! di/ance betwe5 ! two surfaces an in* great] !n x 0 be=e2 & ! measure t x falls 9 ! ,pipe is ! l5g? ( ! in* by :i* ,i am to m>k ! p>ts ( ! ,tube ,f1 or ! ,bo>d on :i* x lyes1 into in*es & ,decimals3 ,hav+ ?us ju/n$ & divid$ x1 ,i h a l>ge ,:eel ,,mnop1 ^: outmo/ limb is divid$ into two hundr$ equal p>ts2 ?is by c]ta9 small ,pill>s is fixt on ! ,frame ,,rt1 9 ! mann] expre/ 9 ! ,figure4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is1 on ! back side1 9 a conv5i5t frame1 is plac$ a small ,cyl9d]1 ^: circumf]5ce is equal to twice ! l5g? ( "o ( ^? divisions1 :i* ,i f9d answ] to an in* ( asc5t1 or desc5t1 ( ,m]cury3 ,?is ,cyl9d] ,i1 is movable on a v small ,ne$le1 on ! end ( :i* is fixt a v light ,index ,,kl1 all :i* are s pois'd on ! ,axis1 or ,ne$le1 t no "p is heavi] !n ano!r3 ,!n ab\t ?is ,cyl9d] is w\nd a small ,clew ( ,silk1 ) two small /eel ,bullets at ea* end ( x ,,gh2 "o ( ^!1 :i* is some:at ! heavi]1 ought to be s big1 z freely to move to & fro 9 ! ,pipe ,f2 by means ( :i* contrivance1 e ! lea/ v>iation ( ! height ( ! ,m]cury w be made exce$+ visible by ! motion to & fro ( ! small ,index ,,kl4 ,b ?is is b "o way ( discov]+ ! effluvia ( ! ,e>? mixt ) ! ,air2 !re may be p]haps _m o!rs1 witness ! ,hygroscope1 an ,in/rum5t :]eby ! wat]y /eams volatile 9 ! ,air are disc]n$1 :i* ! ,nose x self is n able to f9d4 ,?is ,i h describ'd 9 ! foll[+ ,tract 9 ! ,description ( ! ,be>d ( a wild ,oat4 ,o!rs !re are1 may be discov]$ bo? by ! ,nose1 & by o!r wayes also4 ,?us ! smoak ( burn+ ,wood is smelt1 se51 & suffici5tly felt by ! eyes3 ,! fumes ( burn+ ,brim/one are smelt & discov]$ also by ! de/roy+ ! ,col\rs ( ,bodies1 z by ! :it5+ ( a r$ ,rose3 ,& :o kn[s1 b t ! ,indu/ry ( man1 foll[+ ?is me?od1 may f9d out wayes ( improv+ ?is s5se to z great a degree ( p]fection at x is 9 any ,animal1 & p]haps yet high]4 ',tis n improbable also1 b t our ta/e may be v mu* improv'd1 ei!r by prep>+ our ta/e = ! ,body1 z1 aft] eat+ bitt] ?+s1 ,w9e1 or o!r ,v9\s liquors1 are m s5sibly ta/$2 or else by prep>+ ,bodies = our ta/2 z ! dissolv+ ( ,metals ) acid ,liquors1 make !m ta/able1 :i* 7 be=e altoge!r insipid2 ?us ,lead becomes sweet] !n ,sug>1 & ,silv] m bitt] !n ,gall1 ,copp] & ,iron ( mo/ loa?some ta/s4 ,& inde$ ! bus9ess ( ?is s5se be+ to discov] ! pres5ce ( dissolv$ ,bodies 9 ,liquors put on ! ,tongue1 or 9 g5]al to discov] t a fluid body has "s solid body dissolv'd 9 x1 & :at !y are2 :atev] contrivance makes ?is discov]y improves ?is s5se4 ,9 ?is k9d ! mixtures ( ,*ymical ,liquors af=d _m ,in/ances2 z ! sweet ,v9eg> t is impregnat$ ) ,lead may be discov]$ to be s by ! affusion ( a little ( an ,alcalizate solution3 ,! bitt] liquor ( ,aqua =tis & ,silv] may be discov]'d to be *>g'd ) t ,metal1 by lay+ 9 x "s plates ( ,copp]3 ',tis n improbable also1 b !re may be multitudes ( o!r wayes ( discov]+ ! p>ts dissolv'd1 or dissoluble 9 liquors2 & :at is ?is discov]y b a k9d ( secund>y ta/+4 ',tis n improbable also1 b t ! s5se ( feel+ may be highly improv'd1 = t be+ a s5se t judges ( ! m gross & robu/ motions ( ! ,p>ticles ( ,bodies1 seems capable ( be+ improv'd & assi/$ v _m wayes4 ,?us = ! di/+ui%+ ( ,heat & ,cold1 ! ,wea!r-glass & ,!rmomet]1 :i* ,i h describ'd 9 ?is foll[+ ,treatise1 d exce$+ly p]fect x2 by ea* ( :i* ! lea/ v>iations ( heat or cold1 :i* ! mo/ ,acute s5se is n able to di/+ui%1 are manife/$4 ,?is is (t5times fur!r promot$ also by ! help ( ,burn+-glasses1 & ! l1 :i* collect & unite ! radiat+ heat4 ,?us ! r\ghness & smoo?ness ( a ,body is made mu* m s5sible by ! help ( a ,microscope1 !n by ! mo/ t5d] & delicate ,h&4 ,p]haps1 a ,physitian might1 by sev]al o!r tangible proprieties1 discov] ! con/itution ( a ,body z well z by ! ,pulse4 ,i d b in/ance 9 ^!1 to %ew :at possibility !re may be ( _m o!rs1 & :at probability & hopes !re 7 ( f9d+ !m1 if ?is me?od 7 foll[$2 = ! ,(fices ( ! five ,s5ses be+ to detect ei!r ! subtil & curi\s ,motions propagat$ ?r\gh all pellucid or p]fectly homog5e\s ,bodies2 ,or ! m gross & vibrative ,pulse communicat$ ?r\gh ! ,air & all o!r conv5i5t m$iums1 :e!r fluid or solid3 ,or ! effluvia ( ,bodies dissolv'd 9 ! ,air2 ,or ! p>ticles ( bodies dissolv'd or dissoluble 9 ,liquors1 or ! m quick & viol5t %ak+ motion ( heat 9 all or any ( ^!3 :atsoev] does any wayes promote any ( ^! k9ds ( crit]ia1 does af=d a way ( improv+ "s "o s5se4 ,& :at a multitude ( ^! w\ld a dilig5t ,man meet ) 9 8 inquiries8 ,& ?is = ! help+ & promot+ ! s5sitive faculty only4 ,next1 z = ! ,memory1 or ret5tive faculty1 we may be suffici5tly in/ruct$ f ! writt5 ,hi/ories ( civil actions1 :at great assi/ance may be af=d$ ! ,memory1 9 ! committ+ to writ+ ?+s obs]vable 9 natural op]ations4 ,if a ,physitian be !re=e acc\nt$ ! m able 9 8 ,faculty1 because he has _h long exp]i5ce & practice1 ! remembrance ( :i*1 ?\gh p]haps v imp]fect1 does regulate all 8 aft] actions3 ,:at ought to be ?\ght ( t man1 t has n only a p]fect regi/] ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 b is gr[n old ) ! exp]i5ce ( _m hundr$s ( ye>s1 & _m ?\s&s ( m54 ,& ?\gh ( late1 m51 beg9n+ to be s5sible ( ?is conv5i5ce1 h "h & !re regi/r$ & pr9t$ "s few ,c5turies1 yet = ! mo/ "p !y are set d[n v lamely & imp]fectly1 &1 ,i fe>1 _m times n s truly1 !y seem+1 sev]al ( !m1 to be design'd m = ,o/5tation !n publique use3 ,=1 n to in/ance1 t !y d1 = ! mo/ "p1 omit ^? ,exp]i5ces !y h made1 :]e9 _! ,pati5ts h misc>ri$1 x is v easie to be p]ceiv'd1 t !y d all along hyp]bolically extol _! own ,prescriptions1 & vilifie ^? ( o!rs4 ,not)/&+ all :i*1 ^! k9ds ( ,hi/ories are g5]ally e/eem'd useful1 ev5 to ! able/ ,physitian4 ,:at may n be expect$ f ! rational or d$uctive ,faculty t is furni%t ) su* ,mat]ials1 & ^? s readily adapt$1 & rang'd = use1 t 9 a mom5t1 z 'tw]e1 ?\s&s ( ,in/ances1 s]v+ = ! illu/ration1 det]m9ation1 or inv5tion1 ( almo/ any inquiry1 may be repres5t$ ev5 to ! sight8 ,h[ ne] ! nature ( ,axioms mu/ all ^? ,propositions be :i* are exam9'd be=e s _m ,witnesses8 ,& h[ difficult w x be = any1 ?\gh nev] s subtil an error 9 ,philosophy1 to scape f be+ discov]'d1 aft] x has indur'd ! t\*1 & s _m o!r tryals8 ,:at k9d ( me*anical way1 & physical inv5tion also is !re requir'd t might n ?is way be f\nd out8 ,! ,inv5tion ( a way to f9d ! ,longitude ( places is easily p]=m'd1 & t to z great p]fection z is desir'd1 or to at great an accurat5ess z ! ,latitude ( places c be f\nd at ,sea2 & p]haps yet also to a great] c]ta9ty !n t has be5 hi!rto f\nd1 z ,i %all v spe$ily freely manife/ to ! _w4 ,! way ( fly+ 9 ! ,air seems pr9cipally unpracticable1 by reason ( ! want ( /r5g? 9 humane muscles2 if !re=e t c\ld be suppli'd1 x 71 ,i ?9k1 easie to make tw5ty contrivances to p]=m ! (fice ( ,w+s3 ,:at ,attempts also ,i h made = ! supply+ t ,defect1 & my successes !re91 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 are :olly new1 & n inconsid]able1 ,i %all 9 ano!r place relate4 ',tis n unlikely also1 b t ,*ymi/s1 if !y foll[$ ?is me?od1 might f9d out _! s mu* s\ght = ,alkahe/4 ,:at an univ]sal ,m5/ruum1 :i* dissolves all sorts ( ,sulphure\s ,bodies1 ,i h discov]'d 7:i* has n be5 be=e tak5 notice ( z su*7 ,i h %ewn 9 ! sixte5? ,obs]vation4 ,:at a prodigi\s v>iety ( ,inv5tions 9 ,anatomy has ?is latt] ,age af=d$1 ev5 9 our own ,bodies 9 ! v ,he>t1 by :i* we live1 & ! ,bra91 :i* is ! seat ( our k ( o!r ?+s8 witness all ! excell5t ,works ( ,pecquet1 ,b>?ol9us1 ,billius1 & _m o!rs2 & at home1 ( ,doctor ,h>vy1 ,doctor ,ent1 ,doctor ,willis1 ,doctor ,glisson4 ,9 ,cele/ial ,obs]vations we h f> exce$$ all ! ,anti5ts1 ev5 ! ,*aldeans & ,egyptians !mselves1 ^: va/ ,pla9s1 high ,t[]s1 & cle> ,air1 did n give !m s great advantages ov] u1 z h ov] !m by our ,glasses4 ,by ! help ( :i*1 !y h be5 v mu* outdone by ! fam\s ,galileo1 ,hevelius1 ,zuli*em2 & our own ,c\ntrym51 ,mr4 ,rook1 ,doctor ,wr51 & ! great ,ornam5t ( our ,*ur* & ,nation1 ! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,exet]4 ,& to say no m 9 ,a]ial ,discov]ies1 !re has be5 a wond]ful progress made by ! ,noble ,eng9e ( ! mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,mr4 ,boyle1 :om x becomes me to m5tion ) all hon\r1 n only z my p>ticul> ,patron1 b z ! ,patron ( ,philosophy x self2 :i* he e day increases by 8 ,lab\rs1 & adorns by 8 ,example4 ,! good success ( all ^! great ,m51 & _m o!rs1 & ! n[ seem+ly great obvi\sness ( mo/ ( _! & div]s o!r ,inv5tions1 :i* f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w h be51 z 'tw]e1 trod on1 & yet n m9d$ till ^! la/ inquisitive ,ages 7an ,argum5t t !re may be yet beh9d multitudes ( ! l7 puts me 9 m9d to recomm5d su* ,/udies1 & ! prosecution ( !m by su* me?ods1 to ! ,g5tlem5 ( our ,nation1 ^: leisure makes !m fit to und]take1 & ! pl5ty ( _! =tunes to accompli%1 extraord9>y ?+s 9 ?is way4 ,& ,i d n only propose ?is k9d ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy z a matt] ( high rapture & delight ( ! m9d1 b ev5 z a mat]ial & s5sible ,pleasure4 ,s va/ x ! v>iety ( ,objects :i* w come "u _! ,inspections1 s _m diff]5t wayes !re are ( h&l+ !m1 s great is ! satisfaction ( f9d+ out new ?+s1 t ,i d>e comp>e ! cont5tm5t :i* !y w injoy1 n only to t ( contemplation1 b ev5 to t :i* mo/ m5 pref] ( ! v ,s5ses !mselves4 ,& if !y w please to take any inc\ragem5t f s mean & s imp]fect endeav\rs z m9e1 ^u my own exp]i5ce1 ,i c assure !m1 )\t arrogance1 ,t !re has n be5 any inquiry or ,problem 9 ,me*anicks1 t ,i h hi!rto prop\nd$ to my self1 b by a c]ta9 me?od 7:i* ,i may on "s o!r opportunity expla97 ,i h be5 able pres5tly to exam9e ! possibility ( x2 & if s1 z easily to excogitate div]s wayes ( p]=m+ x3 ,& inde$ x is possible to d z mu* by ?is me?od 9 ,me*anicks1 z by ,algebra c be p]=m'd 9 ,geometry4 ,nor c ,i at all d\bt1 b t ! same me?od is z applicable to ,physical ,enquiries1 & z likely to f9d & reap !nce z pl5tiful a crop ( ,inv5tions2 & inde$ !re seems to be no subject s b>r51 b may ) ?is good husb&ry be highly improv'd4 ,t[>d ! prosecution ( ?is me?od 9 ,physical ,inquiries1 ,i h "h & !re glean$ up an h&ful ( ,obs]vations1 9 ! collection ( mo/ ( :i* ,i made use ( ,microscopes1 & "s o!r ,glasses & ,in/rum5ts t improve ! s5se2 :i* way ,i h h]e9 tak51 n t !re are n multitudes ( useful & pleasant ,obs]vables1 yet uncollect$1 obvi\s en\gh )\t ! helps ( ,art1 b only to promote ! use ( ,me*anical helps = ! ,s5ses1 bo? 9 ! survey+ ! already visible ,_w1 & = ! discov]y ( _m o!rs hi!rto unkn[n1 & to make u1 ) ! great ,conqu]or1 to be affect$ t we h n yet ov]come "o ,_w :5 !re are s _m o!rs to be discov]$1 e consid]able improvem5t ( ,telescopes or ,microscopes produc+ new ,worlds & ,t]ra-,incognita's to our view4 ,! ,glasses ,i us$ 7 ( our ,engli% make1 b ?\gh v good ( ! k9d1 yet f> %ort ( :at might be expect$1 c\ld we once f9d a way ( mak+ ,glasses ,elliptical1 or ( "s m true %ape2 = ?\gh bo? ,microscopes1 & ,telescopes1 z !y n[ are1 w magnifie an ,object ab\t a ?\s& ?\s& times bigg] !n x appe>s to ! nak$ eye2 yet ! ,ap]tures ( ! ,object glasses are s v small1 t v few ,rays are admitt$1 & ev5 ( ^? few !re are s _m false1 t ! ,object appe>s d>k & indi/9ct3 ,& inde$ ^! inconv5i5ces are su*1 z seem insep>able f ,sph]ical ,glasses1 ev5 :5 mo/ exactly made2 b ! way we h hi!rto made use ( = t purpose is s imp]fect1 t !re may be p]haps t5 wr\ght be=e "o be made tol]ably good1 & mo/ ( ^? t5 p]haps e "o diff]+ 9 goodness "o f ano!r1 :i* is an ,argum5t1 t ! way hi!rto us$ is1 at lea/1 v unc]ta94 ,s t ^! ,glasses h a d\ble defect2 ! "o1 t v few ( !m are exactly true wr\ght2 ! o!r1 t ev5 ( ^? t are be/ among !m1 none w admit a suffici5t numb] ( ,rayes to magnifie ! ,object beyond a det]m9ate bigness4 ,aga9/ :i* ,inconv5i5ces ! only ,rem$ies ,i h hi!rto met ) are ^!4 ,fir/1 = ,microscopes 7:]e ! ,object we view is ne> & )9 our p[]7 ! be/ way ( mak+ x appe> bright 9 ! ,glass1 is to ca/ a great quantity ( light on x by means ( convex glasses1 = !reby1 ?\gh ! ap]ture be v small1 yet !re w ?rong 9 ?r\gh x su* multitudes1 t an ,object w by ?is means indure to be magnifi'd z mu* aga9 z x w\ld be )\t x4 ,! way = do+ :i* is ?is4 ,i make *oice ( "s ,room t has only "o w9d[ op5 to ! ,s\?1 & at ab\t ?ree or f\r foot di/ance f ?is ,w9d[1 on a ,table1 ,i place my ,microscope1 & !n s place ei!r a r\nd ,globe ( ,wat]1 or a v deep cle> plano convex ,glass 7^: convex side is turn'd t[>ds ! ,w9d[7 t !re is a great quantity ( ,rayes collect$ & ?r[n ^u ! ,object3 ,or if ! ,sun %9e1 ,i place a small piece ( oyly ,pap] v ne> ! ,object1 betwe5 t & ! light2 !n ) a good l>ge ,burn+-,glass ,i s collect & ?r[ ! ,rayes on ! ,pap]1 t !re may be a v great quantity ( light pass ?r\gh x to ! ,object2 yet ,i s proportion t light1 t x may n s+e or burn ! ,pap]4 ,in/ead ( :i* ,pap] !re may be made use ( a small piece ( ,look+-glass plate1 "o ( ^: sides is made r\gh by be+ rubb'd on a flat ,tool ) v f9e s&1 ?is w1 if ! heat be leisurely ca/ on x1 indure a mu* great] degree ( heat1 & consequ5tly v mu* augm5t a conv5i5t light4 ,by all :i* means ! light ( ! ,sun1 or ( a ,w9d[1 may be s ca/ on an ,object1 z to make x twice z light z x w\ld o!rwise be )\t x1 & t )\t any inconv5i5ce ( gl>+1 :i* ! imm$iate light ( ! ,sun is v apt to create 9 mo/ ,objects2 = by ?is means ! light is s equally diffus$1 t all p>ts are alike inlightn$2 b :5 ! imm$iate light ( ! ,sun falls on x1 ! reflexions f "s few p>ts are s vivid1 t !y dr[n ! appe>ance ( all ! o!r1 & are !mselves also1 by reason ( ! inequality ( light1 indi/9ct1 & appe> only radiant spots4 ,b because ! light ( ! ,sun1 & also t ( a ,w9d[1 is 9 a cont9ual v>iation1 & s _m ,objects _c be view'd long en\gh by !m to be ?r\ghly exam9'd2 besides t1 (t5times ! ,wea!r is s d>k & cl\dy1 t = _m dayes toge!r no?+ c be view'd3 ,& because also !re are _m ,objects to be met ) 9 ! night1 :i* _c s conv5i5tly be kept p]haps till ! day1 !re=e to procure & ca/ a suffici5t quantity ( light on an ,object 9 ! night1 ,i ?\ght (1 & (t5 us$ ?is1 ,exp$i5t4 ,i procur'd me a small ,p$e/al1 su* z is describ'd 9 ! fif? ,figure ( ! fir/ ,s*eme on ! small ,pill> ,,ab1 ( :i* 7 two movable ,armes ,,cd1 :i* by means ( ! ,screws ,,ef1 ,i c\ld fix 9 any "p ( ! ,pill>2 on ! und]mo/ ( ^! ,i plac'd a pretty l>ge ,globe ( ,glass ,g1 fill'd ) exce$+ cle> ,br9e1 /opt1 inv]t$1 & fixt 9 ! mann] visible 9 ! ,figure2 out ( ! side ( :i* ,arm proce$$ ano!r ,arm ,h1 ) _m joynts2 to ! end ( :i* 0 fa/n$ a deep pla9 ,convex glass ,i1 :i* by means ( ?is ,arm c\ld be mov$ to & fro1 & fixt 9 any po/ure4 ,on ! upp] ,arm 0 plac$ a small ,lamp ,k1 :i* c\ld be s mov'd ^u ! end ( ! ,arm1 z to be set 9 a fit po/ure to give light ?r\gh ! ,ball3 ,by means ( ?is ,in/rum5t duly plac'd1 z is expre/ 9 ! ,figure1 ) ! small flame ( a ,lamp may be ca/ z great & conv5i5t a light on ! ,object z x w well indure2 & be+ always con/ant1 & to be _h at any "t1 ,i f\nd mo/ prop] = draw+ ! repres5tations ( ^? small ,objects ,i _h occasion to obs]ve4 ,none ( all :i* ways 7?\gh mu* beyond any o!r hi!rto made use ( by any ,i "k7 d af=d a suffici5t help1 b aft] a c]ta9 degree ( magnify+1 !y leave u aga9 9 ! lur*4 ,h5ce x 7 v desirable1 t "s way 7 ?\ght ( = mak+ ! ,object-glass ( su* a ,figure z w\ld conv5i5tly be> a l>ge ,ap]ture4 ,z = ,telescopes1 ! only improvem5t !y seem capable (1 is ! increas+ ( _! l5g?2 = ! ,object be+ remote1 !re is no ?\ght ( giv+ x a great] light !n x has2 & !re=e to augm5t ! ,ap]ture1 ! ,glass mu/ be gr\nd ( a v l>ge sph]e2 =1 by t means1 ! long] ! ,glass be1 ! bigg] ap]ture w x be>1 if ! ,glasses be ( an equal goodness 9 _! k9d4 ,!re=e a six w indure a mu* l>g] ,ap]ture !n a ?ree foot ,glass1 & a sixty foot ,glass w proportionably be> a great] ,ap]ture !n a ?irty1 & w z mu* excel x also z a six foot does a ?ree foot1 z ,i h exp]im5tally obs]v'd 9 "o ( t l5g? made by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,reives "h at ,london1 :i* w be> an ,ap]ture above ?ree in*es ov]1 & yet make ! ,object proportionably big & di/9ct2 :]eas !re are v few ?irty foot ,glasses t w indure an ,ap]ture ( m !n two in*es ov]4 ,s t = ,telescopes1 suppos+ we _h a v ready way ( mak+ _! ,object ,glasses ( exactly sph]ical ,surfaces1 we might1 by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! ,glass1 magnifie ! ,object to any assignable bigness4 ,& = p]=m+ bo? ^!1 ,i _c imag9e any way m easie1 & m exact1 !n by ?is foll[+ ,eng9e1 by means ( :i*1 any ,glasses1 ( :at l5g? soev]1 may be spe$ily made4 ,x seems ! mo/ easie1 because ) "o & ! same ,tool may be ) c>e gr\nd an ,object ,glass1 ( any l5g? or bread? requisite1 & t ) v little or no tr\ble 9 fitt+ ! ,eng9e1 & )\t mu* skill 9 ! ,gr9d]4 ,x seems to be ! mo/ exact1 = to ! v la/ /roke ! ,glass does regulate & rectifie ! ,tool to its exact ,figure2 & ! long] or m ! ,tool & ,glass are wr\ght toge!r1 ! m exact w bo? ( !m be ( ! desir'd ,figure4 ,fur!r1 ! motions ( ! ,glass & ,tool d s cross ea* o!r1 t !re is n "o po9t ( ei!rs ,surface1 b has ?\s&s ( cross motions ?w>t+ x1 s t !re c be no k9d ( ,r+s or ,gutt]s made ei!r 9 ! ,tool or ,glass4 ,! contrivance ( ! ,eng9e is1 only to make ! ends ( two l>ge ,m&rils s to move1 t ! ,c5t]s ( !m may be at any conv5i5t di/ance asund]1 & t ! ,axis ( ! ,m&rils ly+ bo? 9 ! same pla9 produc'd1 may meet ea* o!r 9 any assignable ,angle2 bo? :i* requisites may be v well p]=m'd by ! ,eng9e describ'd 9 ! ?ird ,figure ( ! fir/ ,s*eme3 :]e ,,ab signifies ! ,beam ( a ,la? fixt p]p5dicul>ly or ,horizontally1 ,,cd ! two ,poppet heads1 fixt at ab\t two foot di/ance1 ,,ef an ,iron ,m&ril1 ^: tap]+ neck ,f runs 9 an adapt$ tap]+ brass ,coll>2 ! o!r end ,e runs on ! po9t ( a ,screw ,g2 9 a conv5i5t place ( ?is is fa/n$ ,h a pully ,:eel1 & into ! end ( x1 t comes ?r\gh ! ,poppet head ,c1 is screw$ a ,r+ ( a holl[ ,cyl9d] ,k1 or "s o!r conv5i5tly %ap'd ,tool1 ( :at wid5ess %all be ?\ght mo/ prop] = ! cize ( ,glasses1 ab\t :i* x is to be imploy'd3 ,z1 = ,object glasses1 betwe5 twelve foot & an hundr$ foot long1 ! ,r+ may be ab\t six in*es ov]1 or inde$ some:at m = ^? long] ,glasses4 ,x w\ld be conv5i5t also1 & n v *>geable1 to h f\r or five sev]al ,tools2 z "o = all ,glasses betwe5 an in* & a foot1 "o = all ,glasses betwe5 a foot & t5 foot long1 ano!r = all betwe5 t5 & an hundr$1 a f\r? = all betwe5 a hundr$ & a ?\s& foot long2 & if ,curiosity %all ev] proce$ s f>1 "o = all l5g?s betwe5 a ?\s& & t5 ?\s& foot long2 = inde$ ! pr9ciple is su*1 t suppos+ ! ,m&rils well made1 & ( a good l5g?1 & suppos+ great c>e be us$ 9 work+ & poli%+ !m1 ,i see no reason1 b t a ,glass ( a ?\s&1 nay ( t5 ?\s& foot long1 may be z well made z "o ( t52 = ! reason is ! same1 suppos+ ! ,m&rils & ,tools be made suffici5tly /rong1 s t !y _c b5d2 & suppos+ ! ,glass1 out ( :i* !y are wr\ght1 be capable ( s great a regul>ity 9 its p>ts z to refraction3 ?is holl[ ,cyl9d] ,k is to conta9 ! ,s&1 & by be+ drove r\nd v quick to & fro by means ( a small ,:eel1 :i* may be mov'd ) ones foot1 s]ves to gr9d ! ,glass3 ,! o!r ,m&ril is %ap'd l ?is1 b x has an ev5 neck in/ead ( a tap] "o1 & runs 9 a ,coll>1 t by ! help ( a ,screw & a joynt made l ,m 9 ! ,figure1 x c be /ill adju/n$ to ! we>+ or wa/+ neck3 into ! end ( ?is ,m&ril is screw$ a ,*ock ,n on :i* ) ,cem5t or ,glew is fa/n$ ! piece ( ,glass ,q t is to be =m'd2 ! middle ( :i* ,glass is to be plac'd j on ! edge ( ! ,r+1 & ! ,la? ,,op is to be set & fixt 7by means ( c]ta9 pieces & screws1 ! mann] :]e( w be suffici5tly evid5c'd by ! ,figure7 9 su* an ,angle z is requisite to ! =m+ ( su* a ,sph]e z ! ,glass is design'd to be (2 ! geometrical gr\nd ( :i* be+ suffici5tly pla91 ?\gh n he$$ be=e1 ,i %all1 = brevities sake1 pass ov]4 ,?is la/ ,m&ril to be made 7by means ( ! =m]1 or "s o!r ,:eel7 to run r\nd v swift also1 by :i* two cross motions ! ,glass _c *use 7if c>e be u'd7 b be wr\ght into a mo/ exactly sph]ical ,surface4 ,b because we are c]ta91 f ! ,laws ( refraction 7:i* ,i ,i h exp]im5tally f\nd to be s1 by an ,in/rum5t ,i %all pres5tly describe7 t ! l9es ( ! angles ( ,incid5ce are proportionate to ! l9es ( ! angles ( ,refraction1 !re=e if ,glasses c\ld be made ( ^? k9d ( ,figures1 or "s o!r1 su* z ! mo/ incomp>able ,des ,c>tes has inv5t$1 & demon/rat$ 9 8 ,philosophical & ,ma!matical ,works1 we might hope = a mu* great] p]fection ( ,opticks !n c be rationally expect$ f sph]ical ones2 = ?\gh1 ct]is p>ibus1 we f9d1 t ! l>g] ! ,telescope ,object ,glasses are1 & ! %ort] ^? ( ! ,microscope1 ! bett] !y magnifie1 yet bo? ( !m1 beside su* det]m9ate dim5sions1 are by c]ta9 inconv5i5ces r5dr$ unuseful2 = x w be exce$+ difficult to make & manage a ,tube above an hundr$ foot long1 & x w be z difficult to inlight5 an ,object less !n an hundr$ "p ( an in* di/ant f ! ,object ,glass4 ,i h n z yet made any attempts ( t k9d1 ?\gh ,i "k two or ?ree wayes1 :i*1 z f> z ,i h yet consid]$1 seem v probable1 & may invite me to make a tryal z soon z ,i h an opportunity1 ( :i* ,i may h]eaft] p]haps acqua9t ! _w4 ,9 ! ,int]im1 ,i %all describe ! ,in/rum5t ,i ev5 n[ m5tion'd1 by :i* ! refraction ( all k9ds ( ,liquors may be mo/ exactly measur'd1 !reby to give ! curi\s an opportunity ( mak+ :at fur!r tryals ( t k9d !y %all ?9k requisite to any ( _! int5d$ tryals2 & to let !m see t ! laws ( ,refraction are n only notional4 ,! ,in/rum5t consi/$ ( five ,rul]s1 or long pieces plac$ toge!r1 aft] ! mann] expre/ 9 ! second ,figure ( ! fir/ ,s*eme1 :]e ,,ab d5otes a /raight piece ( wood ab\t six foot & two in*es long1 ab\t ?ree in*es ov]1 & an in* & half ?ick1 on ! back side ( :i* 0 hung a small plummet by a l9e /ret*t f top to bottom1 by :i* ?is piece 0 set exactly upright1 & s v firmly fixt2 9 ! middle ( ?is 0 made a hole or c5t]1 into :i* "o end ( a holl[ cyl9drical brass ,box ,,cc1 fa%ion'd z ,i %all by & by describe1 0 plac'd1 & c\ld v easily & truly be mov'd to & fro2 ! o!r end ( ?is ,box be+ put into1 & mov+ 91 a hole made 9 a small arm ,,dd2 into ?is box 0 fa/n$ ! long ,rul] ,,ef1 ab\t ?ree foot & ?ree or f\r in*es long1 & at ?ree foot f ! above m5tion'd ,c5t]s ,,pp 0 a hole ,e1 cut ?r\gh1 & cross'd ) two small ?reads1 & at ! end ( x 0 fixt a small sight ,g1 & on ! back side ( x 0 fixt a small ,arm ,h1 ) a ,screw to fix x 9 any place on ! ,rul] ,,lm2 ?is ,rul] ,,lm 0 mov'd on ! ,c5t] ,b 7:i* 0 exactly ?ree foot di/ance f ! middle ,c5t] ,p7 & a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! middle ( x ,,lm1 0 divid$ by a ,l9e ( cords into "s sixty degrees1 & ea* degree 0 subdivid$ into m9utes1 s t putt+ ! cross ( ! ?reads 9 ,e ^u any "p ( ?is divid$ l9e1 ,i pres5tly knew :at ,angle ! two ,rules ,,ab & ,,ef made ) ea* o!r1 & by turn+ ! ,screw 9 ,h1 ,i c\ld fix !m 9 any position4 ,! o!r ,rul] also ,,rs 0 made mu* aft] ! same mann]1 only x 0 n fixt to ! holl[ cyl9drical ,box1 b1 by means ( two small brass ,armes or ,e>s1 x mov'd on ! ,c5t]s ( x2 ?is also1 by means ( ! cross ?reads 9 ! hole ,s1 & by a ,screw 9 ,k1 c\ld be fa/n$ on any division ( ano!r l9e ( cords ( ! same radius drawn on ,,no4 ,& s by t means1 ! ,angle made by ! two ,rul]s1 ,,ab & ,,rs1 0 also kn[n4 ,! ,brass box ,,cc 9 ! middle 0 %ap'd v mu* l ! ,figure ,x1 t is1 x 0 a cyl9drical ,box /opp'd close at ei!r end1 (f ( :i* a "p bo? ( ! sides & bottomes 0 cut out1 s t ! ,box1 :5 ! ,pipe & t 0 joyn$ to x1 w\ld conta9 ! ,wat] :5 fill'd half full1 & w\ld likewise1 )\t runn+ ov]1 indure to be incl9'd to an ,angle1 equal to t ( ! greate/ refraction ( ,wat]1 & no m1 )\t runn+ ov]4 ,! ,rul] ,,ef 0 fixt v fa/ to ! ,pipe ,v1 s t ! ,pipe ,v direct$ ! l5g? ( ! ,rul] ,,ef1 & ! ,box & ,rul] 7 mov'd on ! ,p9 ,,tt1 s z to make any desirable ,angle ) ! ,rul] ,,ab4 ,! bottom ( ?is ,pipe ,v 0 /op'd ) a small piece ( exactly pla9 ,glass1 :i* 0 plac'd exactly p]p5dicul> to ! ,l9e ( direction1 or ,axis ( ! ,rul] ,,ef4 ,! ,p9s also ,,tt 7 drill'd ) small holes ?r\gh ! ,axis1 & ?r\gh ^? holes 0 /ret*t & fa/n$ a small ,wire4 ,!re 0 likewise a small ,pipe ( ,t9 loosly put on ^u ! end ( ,v1 & rea*+ d[n to ! sight ,g2 ! use ( :i* 0 only to keep any false ,rayes ( light f pass+ ?r\gh ! bottom ( ,v1 & only admitt+ su* to pass z pi]c$ ?r\gh ! sight ,g3 ,all ?+s be+ plac$ toge!r 9 ! mann] describ'd 9 ! ,figure2 t is1 ! ,rul] ,,ab be+ fixt p]p5dicul>1 ,i fill'd ! ,box ,,cc ) ,wat]1 or any o!r ,liquor1 ^: refraction ,i int5d$ to try1 till ! ,wire pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( x 7 j cov]$3 !n ,i mov$ & fixt ! ,rul] ,,fe at any assignable ,angle1 & plac$ ! flame ( a ,c&le j aga9/ ! sight ,g2 & look+ ?r\gh ! sight ,i1 ,i mov$ ! ,rul] ,,rs to & fro1 till ,i p]ceiv$ ! light pass+ ?r\gh ,g to be cov]$1 z 'tw]e1 or divid$ by ! d>k ,wire pass+ ?r\gh ,,pp3 !n turn+ ! ,screw 9 ,k1 ,i fixt x 9 t po/ure3 ,& ?r\gh ! hole ,s1 ,i obs]v$ :at degree & "p ( x 0 cut by ! cross ?reads 9 ,s4 ,& ?is gave me ! ,angle ( ,incl9ation1 ,,aps answ]+ to ! ,angle ( ,refraction ,,bpe3 = ! surface ( ! ,liquor 9 ! ,box w be alwayes horizontal1 & consequ5tly ,,ab w be a p]p5dicul> to x2 ! ,angle !re=e ,,aps w measure1 or be ! ,angle ( ,incl9ation 9 ! ,liquor2 next ,,epb mu/ be ! ,angle ( ,refraction1 = ! ,ray t passes ?r\gh ! sight ,g1 passes also p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! ,glass ,diaphragme at ,f1 & consequ5tly also p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! l[] surface ( ! ,liquor contigu\s to ! ,glass1 & !re=e suff]s no refraction till x meet ) ! horizontal surface ( ! ,liquor 9 ,,cc1 :i* is det]m9$ by ! two ,angles4 ,by means ( ?is ,in/rum5t ,i c ) little tr\ble1 & a v small quantity ( any ,liquor1 exam9e1 mo/ accurately1 ! refraction ( x n only = "o incl9ation1 b = all2 & !reby am inabl$ to make v accurate ,tables2 sev]al ( :i* ,i h also exp]im5tally made1 & f9d1 t ,oyl ( ,turp5t9e has a mu* great] ,refraction !n ,_s ( ,w9e1 ?\gh x be light]2 & t ,_s ( ,w9e has a great] ,refraction !n ,wat]1 ?\gh x be light] also2 b t salt ,wat] also has a great] ,refraction !n fre%1 ?\gh x be heavi]3 b ,alum wat] has a less refraction !n common ,wat]1 ?\gh heavi] also4 ,s t x seems1 z to ! refraction made 9 a ,liquor1 ! specifick gravity is ( no efficacy4 ,by ?is ,i h also f\nd t look :at proportion ! ,s9e ( ! ,angle ( "o ,incl9ation has to ! ,s9e ( ! ,angle ( ,refraction1 correspond5t to x1 ! same proportion h all ! ,s9es ( o!r ,incl9ations to ! ,s9es ( _! appropriate ,refractions4 ,my way = measur+ h[ mu* a ,glass magnifies an ,object1 plac'd at a conv5i5t di/ance f my eye1 is ?is4 ,hav+ rectifi'd ! ,microscope1 to see ! desir'd ,object ?r\gh x v di/9ctly1 at ! same "t t ,i look ^u ! ,object ?r\gh ! ,glass ) "o eye1 ,i look ^u o!r ,objects at ! same di/ance ) my o!r b>e eye2 by :i* means ,i am able1 by ! help ( a ,rul] divid$ into in*es & small p>ts1 & laid on ! ,p$e/al ( ! ,microscope1 to ca/1 z x 71 ! magnifi'd appe>ance ( ! ,object ^u ! ,rul]1 & !reby exactly to measure ! ,diamet] x appe>s ( ?r\gh ! ,glass1 :i* be+ comp>'d ) ! ,diamet] x appe>s ( to ! nak$ eye1 w easily af=d ! quantity ( its magnify+4 ,! ,microscope1 :i* = ! mo/ "p ,i made use (1 0 %ap'd mu* l t 9 ! six? ,figure ( ! fir/ ,s*eme1 ! ,tube be+ = ! mo/ "p n above six or sev5 in*es long1 ?\gh1 by reason x _h f\r ,draw]s1 x c\ld v mu* be l5g!n$1 z occasion requir$2 ?is 0 contriv'd ) ?ree ,glasses2 a small ,object ,glass at ,a1 a ?9n] ,eye ,glass ab\t ,b1 & a v deep "o ab\t ,c3 ?is ,i made use ( only :5 ,i _h occasion to see mu* ( an ,object at once2 ! middle ,glass convey+ a v great company ( radiat+ ,p5cils1 :i* w\ld g ano!r way1 & ?r[+ !m ^u ! deep ,eye ,glass4 ,b :5 ev] ,i _h occasion to exam9e ! small p>ts ( a ,body m accurately1 ,i took out ! middle ,glass1 & only made use ( "o ,eye ,glass ) ! ,object ,glass1 = always ! few] ! ,refractions are1 ! m bright & cle> ! ,object appe>s4 ,& !re=e 'tis n to be d\bt$1 b c\ld we make a ,microscope to h "o only refraction1 x w\ld1 ct]is p>ibus1 f> excel any o!r t _h a great] numb]4 ,& h5ce x is1 t if y take a v cle> piece ( a brok5 ,v5ice ,glass1 & 9 a ,lamp draw x out into v small hairs or ?reads1 !n hold+ ! ends ( ^! ?reads 9 ! flame1 till !y melt & run into a small r\nd ,globul1 or drop1 :i* w hang at ! end ( ! ?read2 & if fur!r y /ick sev]al ( ^! ^u ! end ( a /ick ) a little seal+ ,wax1 s z t ! ?reads /& upw>ds1 & !n on a ,:et/one fir/ gr9d (f a good "p ( !m1 & aft]w>d on a smoo? ,metal plate1 ) a little ,tripoly1 rub !m till !y come to be v smoo?2 if "o ( ^! be fixt ) a little s(t ,wax aga9/ a small ne$le hole1 prick'd ?r\gh a ?9 ,plate ( ,brass1 ,lead1 ,pewt]1 or any o!r ,metal1 & an ,object1 plac'd v ne>1 be look'd at ?r\gh x1 x w bo? magnifie & make "s ,objects m di/9ct !n any ( ! great ,microscopes4 ,b because ^!1 ?\gh exce$+ easily made1 are yet v tr\blesome to be u'd1 because ( _! smalness1 & ! ne>ness ( ! ,object2 !re=e to prev5t bo? ^!1 & yet h only two ,refractions1 ,i provid$ me a ,tube ( ,brass1 %ap'd mu* l t 9 ! f\r? ,figure ( ! fir/ ,s*eme2 into ! small] end ( ?is ,i fixt ) ,wax a good plano convex ,object ,glass1 ) ! convex side t[>ds ! ,object1 & into ! bigg] end ,i fixt also ) wax a pretty l>ge plano ,convex ,glass1 ) ! convex side t[>ds my eye1 !n by means ( ! small hole by ! side1 ,i fill'd ! int]m$iate space betwe5 ^! two ,glasses ) v cle> ,wat]1 & ) a ,screw /opp'd x 92 !n putt+ on a ,cell = ! ,eye1 ,i c\ld p]ceive an ,object m bright !n ,i c\ld :5 ! int]m$iate space 0 only fill'd ) ,air1 b ?is1 = o!r inconv5i5ces1 ,i made b little use (4 ,my way = fix+ bo? ! ,glass & ,object to ! ,p$e/al mo/ conv5i5tly 0 ?us3 ,^u "o side ( a r\nd ,p$e/al ,,ab1 9 ! six? ,figure ( ! fir/ ,s*eme1 0 fixt a small ,pill> ,,cc1 on ?is 0 fitt$ a small ,iron ,arm ,d1 :i* c\ld be mov'd up & d[n1 & fixt 9 any "p ( ! ,pill>1 by means ( a small ,screw ,e2 on ! end ( ?is ,arm 0 a small ,ball fitt$ into a k9d ( socket ,f1 made 9 ! side ( ! ,brass ,r+ ,g1 ?r\gh :i* ! small end ( ! ,tube 0 screw'd2 by means ( :i* contrivance ,i c\ld place & fix ! ,tube 9 :at po/ure ,i desir'd 7:i* = _m ,obs]vations 0 exce$+ necess>y7 & adju/5 x mo/ exactly to any ,object4 ,= plac+ ! ,object1 ,i made ?is contrivance2 ^u ! end ( a small brass ,l9k or ,/aple ,,hh1 ,i s fa/n$ a r\nd ,plate ,,ii1 t x might be turn'd r\nd ^u its ,c5t] ,k1 & go+ pretty /iff1 w\ld /& fixt 9 any po/ure x 0 set2 on ! side ( ?is 0 fixt a small ,pill> ,p1 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* high1 & ?r\gh ! top ( ?is 0 ?ru/ a small ,iron p9 ,m1 ^: top j /ood ov] ! ,c5t] ( ! ,plate2 on ?is top ,i fixt a small ,object1 & by means ( ^! contrivances ,i 0 able to turn x into all k9d ( positions1 bo? to my ,eye & ! ,light2 = by mov+ r\nd ! small ,plate on its c5t]1 c\ld move x "o way1 & by turn+ ! ,p9 ,m1 ,i c\ld move x ano!r way1 & ?is )\t /irr+ ! ,glass at all1 or at lea/ b v little2 ! ,plate likewise ,i c\ld move to & fro to any "p ( ! ,p$e/al 7:i* 9 _m cases 0 v conv5i5t7 & fix x also 9 any ,position1 by means ( a ,nut ,n1 :i* 0 screw'd on ^u ! l[] "p ( ! ,pill> ,,cc4 ,all ! o!r ,contrivances are obvi\s en\gh f ! draught1 & w ne$ no description4 ,n[ ?\gh ?is 7 ! ,in/rum5t ,i made mo/ use (1 yet ,i h made sev]al o!r ,tryals ) o!r k9ds ( ,microscopes1 :i* bo? = matt] & =m 7 v diff]5t f common sph]ical ,glasses4 ,i h made a ,microscope ) "o piece ( ,glass1 bo? ^: surfaces 7 pla9s4 ,i h made ano!r only ) a plano concave1 )\t any k9d ( reflection1 div]s also by means ( reflection4 ,i h made o!rs ( ,wat]s1 ,gums1 ,res9s1 ,salts1 ,ars5ick1 ,oyls1 & ) div]s o!r mixtures ( wat]y & oyly ,liquors4 ,& inde$ ! subject is capable ( a great v>iety2 b ,i f9d g5]ally none m useful !n t :i* is made ) two ,glasses1 su* z ,i h already describ'd4 ,:at ! ?+s are ,i obs]v'd1 ! foll[+ descriptions w manife/2 9 brief1 !y 7 ei!r exce$+ small ,bodies1 or exce$+ small ,pores1 or exce$+ small ,motions1 "s ( ea* ( :i* ! ,read] w f9d 9 ! foll[+ ,notes1 & su*1 z ,i presume1 7_m ( !m at lea/7 w be new1 & p]haps n less /range3 ,"s specim5 ( ea* ( :i* ,heads ! ,read] w f9d 9 ! subsequ5t del9eations1 & inde$ ( "s m !n ,i 0 will+ !re %\ld be2 :i* 0 occasion$ by my fir/ ,int5tions to pr9t a mu* great] numb] !n ,i h s9ce f\nd "t to compleat4 ,( su* !re=e z ,i _h1 ,i select$ only "s few ( e ,head1 :i* = "s p>ticul>s seem'd mo/ obs]vable1 reject+ ! re/ z sup]flu\s to ! pres5t ,design4 ,:at ea* ( ! del9eat$ ,subjects are1 ! foll[+ descriptions annext to ea* w in=m1 ( :i* ,i %all "h1 only once = all1 add1 ,t 9 div]s ( !m ! ,grav]s h pretty well foll['d my directions & draughts2 & t 9 mak+ ( !m1 ,i indeav\r$ 7z f> z ,i 0 able7 fir/ to discov] ! true appe>ance1 & next to make a pla9 repres5tation ( x4 ,?is ,i m5tion ! r1 because ( ^! k9d ( ,objects !re is mu* m difficulty to discov] ! true %ape1 !n ( ^? visible to ! nak$ eye1 ! same ,object seem+ q diff]+1 9 "o position to ! ,light1 f :at x really is1 & may be discov]'d 9 ano!r4 ,& !re=e ,i nev] began to make any draught be=e by _m exam9ations 9 sev]al lights1 & 9 sev]al positions to ^? lights1 ,i _h discov]'d ! true =m4 ,= x is exce$+ difficult 9 "s ,objects1 to di/+ui% betwe5 a prom95cy & a depression1 betwe5 a %ad[ & a black /a91 or a reflection & a :it5ess 9 ! col\r4 ,besides1 ! transp>5cy ( mo/ ,objects r5d]s !m yet mu* m difficult !n if !y 7 opac\s4 ,! ,eyes ( a ,fly 9 "o k9d ( light appe> almo/ l a ,lattice1 drill'd ?r\gh ) abundance ( small holes2 :i* probably may be ! ,reason1 :y ! ,+5i\s ,dr4 ,p[] seems to suppose !m su*4 ,9 ! ,sun%9e !y look l a ,surface cov]'d ) gold5 ,nails2 9 ano!r po/ure1 l a ,surface cov]'d ) ,pyramids2 9 ano!r ) ,cones2 & 9 o!r po/ures ( q o!r %apes2 b t :i* exhibits ! be/1 is ! ,light collect$ on ! ,object1 by ^? means ,i h already describ'd4 ,& ?is 0 und]tak5 9 prosecution ( ! ,design :i* ! ,,royal ,,society has propos'd to x self4 ,= ! ,memb]s ( ! ,assembly hav+ be=e _! eys s _m fatal ,in/ances ( ! errors & fal%oods1 9 :i* ! greate/ "p ( mank9d has s long w&r$1 because !y rely'd ^u ! /r5g? ( humane ,reason alone1 h begun anew to correct all ,hypo!ses by s5se1 z ,seam5 d _! dead ,reckon+s by ,cle/ial ,obs]vations2 & to ?is purpose x has be5 _! pr9cipal indeav\r to enl>ge /r5g!n ! ,s5ses by ,m$ic9e1 & by su* outw>d ,in/rum5ts z are prop] = _! p>ticul> works4 ,by ?is means !y f9d "s reason to suspect1 t ^? effects ( ,bodies1 :i* h be5 commonly attribut$ to ,qualities1 & ^? confess'd to be occult1 are p]=m'd by ! small ,ma*9es ( ,nature1 :i* are n to be disc]n'd )\t ^! helps1 seem+ ! me] products ( ,motion1 ,figure1 & ,magnitude2 & t ! ,natural ,textures1 :i* "s call ! ,pla/ick faculty1 may be made 9 ,looms1 :i* a great] p]fection ( ,opticks may make disc]nable by ^! ,glasses2 s z n[ !y are no m puzzl$ ab\t !m1 !n ! vulg> are to conceive1 h[ ,tape/ry or fl[r$ ,/uffs are wov54 ,& ! ends ( all ^! ,inquiries !y int5d to be ! ,pleasure ( ,contemplative m9ds1 b above all1 ! ease & dispat* ( ! lab\rs ( m5s h&s4 ,!y d inde$ neglect no opportunity to br+ all ! r>e ?+s ( ,remote ,c\ntries )9 ! compass ( _! k & practice4 ,b !y /ill ackn[l$g _! mo/ useful ,in=mations to arise f common ?+s1 & f div]sify+ _! mo/ ord9>y op]ations ^u !m4 ,!y d n :olly reject ,exp]im5ts ( me] light & !ory2 b !y pr9cipally aim at su*1 ^: ,applications w improve & facilitate ! pres5t way ( ,manual ,arts4 ,& ?\gh "s m51 :o are p]haps tak5 up ab\t less hon\rable ,employm5ts1 are pleas'd to c5sure _! proce$+s1 yet !y c %ew m fruits ( _! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 :]e9 !y h assembl$1 !n any o!r ,society 9 ,europe c = a mu* l>g] space ( "t4 ',tis true1 su* und]tak+s z !irs d commonly meet ) small inc\ragem5t1 because m5 are g5]ally r tak5 ) ! plausible & discursive1 !n ! real & ! solid "p ( ,philosophy2 yet by ! good =tune ( _! in/itution1 9 an ,age ( all o!rs ! mo/ inquisitive1 !y h be5 assi/$ by ! contribution & pres5ce ( v _m ( ! *ief ,nobility & ,g5try1 & o!rs :o are "s ( ! mo/ consid]able 9 _! sev]al ,pr(essions4 ,b t t yet f>!r conv9ces me ( ! ,real e/eem t ! m s]i\s "p ( m5 h ( ?is ,society1 is1 t sev]al ,m]*ants1 m5 :o act 9 e>ne/ 7^: ,object is meum tuum1 t great ,rudd] ( humane affairs7 h adv5tur'd consid]able sums ( ,money1 to put 9 practice :at "s ( our ,memb]s h contriv$1 & h cont9u$ /$fa/ 9 _! good op9ions ( su* ,indeav\rs1 :5 n "o ( a hundr$ ( ! vulg> h believ$ _! und]tak+s feasable4 ,& x is also fit to be add$1 t !y h "o advantage peculi> to !mselves1 t v _m ( _! numb] are m5 ( ,conv]se & ,traffick2 :i* is a good ,om51 t _! attempts w br+ ,philosophy f words to action1 see+ ! m5 ( ,bus9ess h _h s great a %>e 9 _! fir/ f\ndation4 ,& ( ?is k9d ,i ought n to conceal "o p>ticul> ,g5]osity1 :i* m ne>ly conc]ns my self4 ,x is ! munific5ce ( ,sir ,john ,cutl]1 9 end[+ a ,lecture = ! promotion ( ,me*anick ,arts1 to be gov]n$ & direct$ by ,?is ,society4,?is ,b\nty ,i m5tion = ! ,hon\rabl5ess ( ! ?+ x self1 & = ! expectation :i* ,i h ( ! efficacy ( ! ,example2 = x _c n[ be object$ to !m1 t _! ,designs w be e/eem$ frivol\s & va91 :5 !y h su* a real ,te/imony ( ! ,approbation ( a ,man t is su* an em95t ,ornam5t ( ?is r5[n$ ,city1 & "o1 :o1 by ! ,v>iety1 & ! happy ,success1 ( 8 negotiations1 has giv5 evid5t pro(s1 t he is n easie to be deceiv'd4 ,?is ,g5tleman has well obs]v'd1 t ! ,arts ( life h be5 too long imprison'd 9 ! d>k %ops ( ,me*anicks !mselves1 !re h9dr$ f gr[?1 ei!r by ignorance1 or self-int]e/3 & he has bravely fre$ !m f ^! inconv5i5ces3 ,he ha? n only oblig$ ,tradesm51 b ,trade x self3 ,he has done a "w t is wor?y ( ,london1 & has taught ! *ief ,city ( ,comm]ce 9 ! _w ! "r way h[ ,comm]ce is to be improv'd4 ,we h already se5 _m o!r great signs ( ,lib]ality & a l>ge m9d1 f ! same h&3 ,= by 8 dilig5ce ab\t ! ,corporation = ! ,poor2 by 8 honorable ,subscriptions = ! rebuild+ ( ,/4 ,paul's2 by 8 *e>ful ,disbursm5t = ! replant+ ( ,irel&1 & by _m o!r su* publick works1 he has %ewn by :at means he indeav\rs to e/abli% 8 ,memory2 & n[ by ?is la/ gift he has done t1 :i* became "o ( ! wise/ ,citiz5s ( our ,nation to accompli%1 see+ "o ( ! wise/ ( our ,/atesm51 ! ,"l ,v]ulam1 fir/ prop\nd$ x4 ,b to return to my ,subject1 f a digression1 :i*1 ,i hope1 my ,read] w p>don me1 see+ ! ,example is s r>e t ,i c make no m su* digressions4 ,if ^! my fir/ ,lab\rs %all be any wayes useful to inquir+ m51 ,i mu/ attribute ! inc\ragem5t & promotion ( !m to a v ,rev]5d & ,le>n$ ,p]son1 ( :om ?is ought 9 ju/ice to be said1 ,t !re is sc>ce any "o ,inv5tion1 :i* ?is ,nation has produc'd 9 our ,age1 b x has "s way or o!r be5 set =w>d by 8 assi/ance4 ,my ,read]1 ,i believe1 w quickly ghess1 t x is ,dr4 ,wilk9s t ,i mean4 ,he is inde$ a man born = ! good ( mank9d1 & = ! hon\r ( 8 ,c\ntry4 ,9 ! sweetness ( ^: behavi\r1 9 ! calmness ( 8 m9d1 9 ! unb\nd$ goodness ( 8 he>t1 we h an evid5t ,in/ance1 :at ! true & ! primitive unpassionate ,religion 01 be=e x 0 s[r$ by p>ticul> ,factions4 ,9 a ^w1 8 ,zeal has be5 s con/ant & effectual 9 advanc+ all good & pr(itable ,arts1 t z "o ( ! ,anti5t ,romans said ( ,scipio1 ,t he ?ank$ ,god t he 0 a ,roman2 because :]eev] ,scipio _h be5 born1 !re _h be5 ! seat ( ! ,empire ( ! _w3 ,s may ,i ?ank ,god1 t ,dr4 ,wilk9s 0 an ,engli%man1 = :]eev] he _h liv$1 !re _h be5 ! *ief ,seat ( g5]\s ,k & true ,philosophy4 ,to ! tru? ( ?is1 !re are s _m wor?y m5 liv+ t w subscribe1 t ,i am confid5t1 :at ,i h "h said1 w n be look$ ^u1 by any +5i\s ,read]1 z a ,panegyrick1 b only z a real te/imony4 ,by ! ,advice ( ?is ,excell5t man ,i fir/ set ^u ?is ,ent]prise1 yet /ill came to x ) mu* ,reluctancy1 because ,i 0 to foll[ ! foot/eps ( s em95t a ,p]son z ,dr4 ,wr51 :o 0 ! fir/ t attempt$ any ?+ ( ?is nature2 ^: orig9al draughts d n[ make "o ( ! ,ornam5ts ( t great ,collection ( ,r>ities 9 ! ,k+s ,closet4 ,?is ,honor1 :i* 8 fir/ beg9n+s ( ?is k9d h receiv'd1 to be admitt$ into ! mo/ fam\s place ( ! _w1 did n s mu* inc\rage1 z ! haz>d ( com+ aft] ,dr4 ,wr5 did affright me2 = ( him ,i mu/ affirm1 t1 s9ce ! "t ( ,ar*im$es1 !re sc>ce ev] met 9 "o man1 9 s great a p]fection1 su* a ,me*anical ,h&1 & s ,philosophical a ,m9d4 ,b at la/1 be+ assur$ bo? by ,dr4 ,wilk9s1 & ,dr4 ,wr5 himself1 t he _h giv5 ov] 8 int5tions ( prosecut+ x1 & n f9d+ t !re 0 any else design'd ! pursu+ ( x1 ,i set ^u ?is und]tak+1 & 0 n a little inc\rag'd to proce$ 9 x1 by ! ,hon\r ! ,royal ,society 0 pleas'd to fav\r me )1 9 approv+ ( ^? draughts 7:i* f "t to "t z ,i _h an opportunity ( describ+7 ,i pres5t$ to !m4 ,& p>ticul>ly by ! ,incitem5ts ( div]s ( ^? ,noble & excell5t ,p]sons ( x1 :i* 7 my m especial ,fri5ds1 :o 7 n less urg5t ) me = ! publi%+1 !n = ! prosecution ( !m4 ,aft] ,i _h almo/ compleat$ ^! ,pictures & ,obs]vations 7hav+ _h div]s ( !m engrav51 & 0 ready to s5d !m to ! ,press7 ,i 0 in=m'd1 t ! ,+5i\s ,physitian ,dr4 ,h5ry ,p[] _h made sev]al ,microscopical ,obs]vations1 :i* _h ,i n aft]w>ds1 ^u our int]*angably view+ ea* o!rs ,pap]s1 f\nd t !y 7 = ! mo/ "p diff]+ f m9e1 ei!r 9 ! ,subject x self1 or 9 ! p>ticul>s tak5 notice (2 & t 8 design 0 only to pr9t ,obs]vations )\t ,pictures1 ,i _h ev5 !n suppress$ :at ,i _h s f> proce$$ 94 ,b be+ fur!r excit$ by sev]al ( my ,fri5ds1 9 compliance ) _! op9ions1 t x w\ld n be unacceptable to sev]al inquisitive ,m51 & hop+ also1 t ,i %\ld !reby discov] some?+ ,new to ! ,_w1 ,i h at l5g? ca/ 9 my ,mite1 into ! va/ ,treasury ( ,a ,philosophical ,hi/ory4 ,& x is my hope1 z well z belief1 t ^! my ,lab\rs w be no m comp>able to ! ,productions ( _m o!r ,natural ,philosoph]s1 :o are n[ e :]e busie ab\t great] ?+s2 !n my little ,objects are to be comp>'d to ! great] & m beautiful ,works ( ,nature1 ,a ,flea1 a ,mite1 a ,gnat1 to an ,horse1 an ,elephant1 or a ,lyon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,micrographia1 ,,or ,,"s ,physiological ,descriptions ,,( ,,m9ute ,,bodies1 ,,made ,,by ,,magnify+ ,,glasses2 ,,) ,,obs]vations & ,,inquiries !reupon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,i4 ,( ! ,po9t ( a %>p small ,ne$le4 ,z 9 ,geometry1 ! mo/ natural way ( beg9n+ is f a ,ma!matical po9t2 s is ! same me?od 9 ,obs]vations & ,natural hi/ory ! mo/ g5u9e1 simple1 & in/ructive4 ,we mu/ fir/ endev\r to make lett]s1 & draw s+le /rokes true1 be=e we v5ture to write :ole ,s5t5ces1 or to draw l>ge ,pictures4 ,& 9 ,physical ,enquiries1 we mu/ endev\r to foll[ ,nature 9 ! m pla9 & easie ways %e treads 9 ! mo/ simple & uncomp\nd$ bodies1 to trace h] /eps1 & be acqua9t$ ) h] mann] ( walk+ !re1 be=e we v5ture our selves into ! multitude ( me&]s %e has 9 bodies ( a m complicat$ nature2 le/1 be+ unable to di/+ui% & judge ( our way1 we quickly lose bo? ,nature our ,guide1 & our selves too1 & are left to w&] 9 ! labyr9? ( gr\ndless op9ions2 want+ bo? judgm5t1 t light1 & exp]i5ce1 t clew1 :i* %\ld direct our proce$+s4 ,we w beg9 ^! our ,inquiries !re=e ) ! ,obs]vations ( ,bodies ( ! mo/ simple nature fir/1 & s gradually proce$ to ^? ( a m comp\nd$ "o4 ,9 prosecution ( :i* me?od1 we %all beg9 ) a ,physical po9t2 ( :i* k9d ! ,po9t ( a ,ne$le is commonly reckon'd = "o2 & is inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 made s %>p1 t ! nak$ eye _c di/+ui% any p>ts ( x3 ,x v easily pi]ces1 & makes its way ?r\gh all k9d ( bodies s(t] !n x self3 ,b if view'd ) a v good ,microscope1 we may f9d t ! top ( a ,ne$le 7?\gh z to ! s5se v %>p7 appe>s a broad1 blunt1 & v irregul> end2 n resembl+ a ,cone1 z is imag9'd1 b onely a piece ( a tap]+ body1 ) a great "p ( ! top remov'd1 or defici5t4 ,! ,po9ts ( ,p9s are yet m blunt1 & ! ,po9ts ( ! mo/ curi\s ,ma!matical ,in/rum5ts d v seldome arrive at s great a %>pness2 h[ mu* !re=e c be built ^u demon/rations made onely by ! productions ( ! ,rul] & ,compasses1 he w be bett] able to consid] t %all b view ^? po9ts & l9es ) a ,microscope4 ,n[ ?\gh ?is po9t be commonly acc\nt$ ! %>pe/ 7:5ce :5 we w\ld express ! %>pness ( a po9t ! mo/ sup]latively1 we say1 ,z %>p z a ,ne$le7 yet ! ,microscope c af=d u hundr$s ( ,in/ances ( ,po9ts _m ?\s& times %>p]3 su* z ^? ( ! hairs1 & bri/les1 & claws ( multitudes ( ,insects2 ! ?orns1 or crooks1 or hairs ( leaves1 & o!r small vegetables2 nay1 ! ends ( ! /iri or small p>allelipip$s ( ,amian?us1 & alum5 plumosum2 ( _m ( :i*1 ?\gh ! ,po9ts are s %>p z n to be visible1 ?\gh view'd ) a ,microscope 7:i* magnifies ! ,object1 9 bulk1 above a million ( times7 yet ,i d\bt n1 b 7 we able practically to make ,microscopes accord+ to ! !ory ( !m1 we might f9d hills1 & dales1 & pores1 & a suffici5t br$?1 or expansion1 to give all ^? p>ts elb[-room1 ev5 9 ! blunt top ( ! v ,po9t ( any ( ^! s v %>p bodies4 ,= c]ta9ly ! quantity or ext5sion ( any body may be ,divisible 9 inf9itum1 ?\gh p]haps n ! matt]4 ,b to proce$3 ,! ,image we h "h exhibit$ 9 ! fir/ ,figure#a1 0 ! top ( a small & v %>p ,ne$le1 ^: po9t aa nev]!less appe>'d ?r\gh ! ,microscope above a qu>t] ( an in* broad1 n r\nd nor flat1 b irregul> & unev52 s t x seem'd to h be5 big en\gh to h af=d$ a hundr$ arm$ ,mites room en\gh to be rang'd by ea* o!r )\t endang]+ ! break+ "o ano!rs necks1 by be+ ?ru/ (f on ei!r side4 ,! surface ( :i*1 ?\gh appe>+ to ! nak$ eye v smoo?1 c\ld n nev]!less hide a multitude ( holes & scrat*es & rugg$nesses f be+ discov]'d by ! ,microscope to inve/ x1 sev]al ( :i* inequalities 7z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 seem'd holes made by "s small specks ( ,ru/2 & ,d "s adv5titi\s body1 t /uck v close to x7 7 casual4 ,all ! re/ t r\gh5 ! surface1 7 onely s _m m>ks ( ! rud5ess & bungl+ ( ,art4 ,s unaccurate is x1 9 all its productions1 ev5 9 ^? :i* seem mo/ neat1 t if exam9'd ) an organ m acute !n t by :i* !y 7 made1 ! m we see ( _! %ape1 ! less appe>ance w !re be ( _! beauty3 :]eas 9 ! works ( ,nature1 ! deepe/ ,discov]ies %ew u ! greate/ ,excell5cies4 ,an evid5t ,argum5t1 t he t 0 ! ,au?or ( all ^! ?+s1 0 no o!r !n ,omnipot5t2 be+ able to include z great a v>iety ( p>ts & contrivances 9 ! yet smalle/ ,disc]nable ,po9t1 z 9 ^? va/] bodies 7:i* comp>atively are call$ also ,po9ts7 su* z ! ,e>?1 ,sun1 or ,planets4 ,nor ne$ x seem /range t ! ,e>? x self may be by an ,analogie call'd a ,physical ,po9t3 ,= z its body1 ?\gh n[ s ne> u z to fill our eys & fancies ) a s5se ( ! va/ness ( x1 may by a little ,di/ance1 & "s conv5i5t ,dim9i%+ ,glasses1 be made vani% into a sc>ce visible ,speck1 or ,po9t 7z ,i h (t5 try'd on ! ,moon1 & 7:5 n too bright7 on ! ,sun x self47 ,s1 c\ld a ,me*anical contrivance succesfully answ] our ,!ory1 we might see ! lea/ spot z big z ! ,e>? x self2 & ,discov]1 z ,des ,c>tes#b also conjectures1 z great a v>iety ( bodies 9 ! ,moon1 or ,planets1 z 9 ! ,e>?4 ,b leav+ ^! ,discov]ies to future ,indu/ries1 we %all proce$ to add "o ,obs]vation m ( a po9t commonly s call'd1 t is1 ! m>k ( a full /op1 or p]iod4 ,& = ?is purpose ,i obs]v$ _m bo? pr9t$ ones & writt52 & among multitudes ,i f\nd few ( !m m r\nd or regul> !n ?is :i* ,i h del9eat$ 9 ! ?ird figure ( ! second ,s*eme1 b v _m abundantly m disfigur'd2 & = ! mo/ "p if !y seem'd equally r\nd to ! eye1 ,i f\nd ^? po9ts t _h be5 made by a ,copp]-plate1 & ,roll-press1 to be z mis%ap5 z ^? :i* _h be5 made ) ,types1 ! mo/ curi\s & smo?ly engrav5 /rokes & po9ts1 look+ b z s _m furr[s & holes1 & _! pr9t$ impressions1 b l smutty daub+s on a matt or unev5 floor ) a blunt ext+ui%t br& or /ick's end4 ,& z = po9ts made ) a p5 !y 7 mu* m ragg$ & de=m$4 ,nay1 hav+ view'd c]ta9 pieces ( exce$+ curi\s writ+ ( ! k9d 7"o ( :i* 9 ! br$? ( a two-p5ce compris'd ! ,lords pray]1 ! ,apo/les ,cre$1 ! t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & ab\t half a doz5 v]ses besides ( ! ,bible1 ^: l9es 7 s small & ne> toge!r1 t ,i 0 unable to numb] !m ) my nak$ eye17 a v ord9>y ,microscope1 ,i _h !n ab\t me1 inabl$ me to see t :at ! ,writ] ( x _h ass]t$ 0 true1 b )all discov]'d ( :at pitifull bungl+ scribbles & scrawls x 0 compos'd1 ,arabian & ,*9a *>act]s be+ almo/ z well %ap'd1 yet ?us mu* ,i mu/ say = ! ,man1 t x 0 = ! mo/ "p legible en\gh1 ?\gh 9 "s places !re want$ a good fantsy well prepose/ to help "o ?r\gh4 ,if ?is mann] ( small writ+ 7 made easie & practicable 7& ,i ?9k ,i "k su* a "o1 b h nev] yet made tryal ( x1 :]eby "o might be inabl$ to write a great deale ) mu* ease1 & accurately en\gh 9 a v little roome7 x might be ( v good use to convey secret ,intellig5ce )\t any dang] ( ,discov]y or mi/ru/+4 ,b to come aga9 to ! po9t4 ,! ,irregul>ities ( x are caus$ by ?ree or f\r coadjutors1 "o ( :i* is1 ! unev5 surface ( ! pap]1 :i* at be/ appe>s no smo!r !n a v c\rse piece ( %ag'd clo?1 next ! irregul>ity ( ! ,type or ,+rav+1 & a ?ird is ! r\gh ,daub+ ( ! ,pr9t+-,ink t lies ^u ! in/rum5t t makes ! impression1 to all :i*1 add ! v>iation made by ! ,diff]5t lights & %ad[s1 & y may h suffici5t reason to ghess t a po9t may appe> mu* m ugly !n ?is1 :i* ,i h "h pres5t$1 :i* ?\gh x appe>'d ?r\gh ! ,microscope gray1 l a great splat* ( ,london dirt1 ab\t ?ree in*es ov]2 yet to ! nak$ eye x 0 black & no bigg] !n t 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,circle ,a4 ,& c\ld ,i h f\nd ,room 9 ?is ,plate to h ins]t$ an ,o y %\ld h se5 t ! lett]s 7 n m di/9ct !n ! po9ts ( ,di/9ction1 nor a drawn circle m exactly s1 !n we h n[ %[n a po9t to be a po9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,edge ( a ,razor4 ,! %>pe/ ,edge ha? ! same k9d ( aff9ity to ! %>pe/ ,po9t 9 ,physicks1 z a l9e ha? to a po9t 9 ,ma!maticks2 & !re=e ! ,treaty conc]n+ ?is1 may v prop]ly be annex$ to ! =m]4 ,a ,razor do? appe> to be a ,body ( a v neat & curi\s aspect1 till m closely view$ by ! ,microscope1 & !re we may obs]ve its v ,edge to be ( all k9d ( %apes1 except :at x %\ld be4 ,= exam9+ t ( a v %>p "o1 ,i c\ld n f9d t any "p ( x _h any ?+ ( %>pness 9 x2 b x appe>$ a r\gh surface ( a v consid]able br$? f side to side1 ! n>r[e/ "p n seem+ ?9n] !n ! back ( a pretty ?ick ,knife4 ,nor is't likely t x %\ld appe> any o!rwise1 s9ce z we j n[ %ew'd t a po9t appe>'d a circle1 'tis rational a l9e %\ld be a p>allelogram4 ,n[ = ! draw+ ?is second ,figure#c 7:i* repres5ts a "p ( ! ,edge ab\t half a qu>t] ( an in* long ( a ,razor well set7 ,i s plac'd x betwe5 ! ,object-glass ! light1 t !re appe>'d a reflection f ! v ,edge1 repres5t$ by ! :ite l9e abcdef4 ,9 :i* y may p]ceive x to be some:at %>p] !n else:]e ab\t d1 to be ind5t$ or pitt$ ab\t b1 to be broad] & ?ick] ab\t c1 & unequal & rugg$ ab\t e1 & pretty ev5 betwe5 ab & ef4 ,nor 0 t "p ( ! ,edge ghik s smoo? z "o w\ld imag9e s smoo? bodies z a ,hone & ,oyl %\ld leave x2 = besides ^? multitudes ( scrat*es1 :i* appe> to h raz'd ! surface ghik1 & to cross ea* o!r e way :i* are n half ( !m expre/ 9 ! ,figure1 !re 7 sev]al great & deep scrat*es1 or furr[s1 su* z gh & ik1 :i* made ! surface yet m rugg$1 caus'd p]haps by "s small ,du/ casually fall+ on ! ,hone1 or "s h>d] or m fl9ty "p ( ! ,hone x self4 ,! o!r "p ( ! ,razor ll1 :i* is poli%'d on a gr9d+-/one1 appe>'d mu* r\gh] !n ! o!r1 look+ almo/ l a pl['d field1 ) _m p>allels1 ridges1 & furr[s1 & a cloddy1 z 'tw]e1 or an unev5 surface3 nor %all we wond] at ! r\ghnesses ( ^? surfaces1 s9ce ev5 9 ! mo/ curi\s wr\ght ,glasses = ,microscopes1 & o!r ,optical uses1 ,i h1 :5 ! ,sun has %one well on !m1 discov]'d _! surface to be v>i\sly raz'd or scrat*$1 & to consi/ ( an inf9ite ( small brok5 surfaces1 :i* reflect ! light ( v v>i\s & diff]+ col\rs4 ,& inde$ x seems impossible by ,art to cut ! surface ( any h>d & brittle body smoo?1 s9ce ,putte1 or ev5 ! mo/ curi\s ,p[d] t c be made use (1 to poli% su* a body1 mu/ consi/ ( little h>d r\gh p>ticles1 & ea* ( !m mu/ cut its way1 & consequ5tly leave "s k9d ( gutt] or furr[ beh9d x4 ,& ?\gh ,nature does seem to d x v readily 9 all k9ds ( fluid bodies1 yet p]haps future obs]vators may discov] ev5 ^! also rugg$2 x be+ v probable1 z ,i else:]e %ew1 t fluid bodies are made up ( small solid p>ticles v>i\sly & /rongly mov'd1 & may f9d reason to ?9k !re is sc>ce a surface 9 r]um natur p]fectly smoo?4 ,! black spot mn1 ,i ghess to be "s small speck ( ru/1 = t ,i h (t obs]v'd to be ! mann] ( ! work+ ( ,corrosive ,juyces4 ,to conclude1 ?is ,edge & piece ( a ,razor1 if x _h be5 really su* z x appe>'d ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 w\ld sc>cely h s]v'd to cleave wood1 mu* less to h cut (f ! hair ( be>ds1 unless x 7 aft] ! mann] t ,lucian m]rily relates ,*>on to h made use (1 :5 ) a ,c>p5t]s ,axe he *op'd (f ! be>d ( a sage ,philosoph]1 ^: gravity he v cauti\sly fe>'d w\ld indang] ! ov]sett+ ( 8 ,:]ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,iii4 ,( f9e ,lawn1 or ,l9n5 ,clo?4 ,?is is ano!r product ( ,art1 ,a piece ( ! f9e/ ,lawn ,i 0 able to get1 s curi\s t ! ?reads 7 sc>ce disc]nable by ! nak$ eye1 & yet ?r\gh an ord9>y ,microscope y may p]ceive#d :at a goodly piece ( co>se ,matt+ x is2 :at proportionable cords ea* ( its ?reads are1 be+ n unlike1 bo? 9 %ape & size1 ! bigg] & co>s] k9d ( s+le ,rope-y>n1 :]e) !y usually make ,cables4 ,t :i* makes ! ,lawn s transp>5t1 is by ! ,microscope1 nay by ! nak$ eye1 if att5tively view$1 pla9ly en\gh evid5c$ to be ! multitude ( squ>e holes :i* are left betwe5 ! ?reads1 appe>+ to h mu* m hole 9 respect ( ! int]curr5t p>ts !n is = ! mo/ "p left 9 a lattice-w9d[1 :i* x does a little resemble1 onely ! cross+ p>ts are r\nd & n flat4 ,^! ?reads t compose ?is f9e contexture1 ?\gh !y are z small z ^? t con/itute ! f9] sorts ( ,silks1 h not)/&+ no?+ ( _! glossie1 pleasant1 & lively reflection4 ,nay1 ,i h be5 in=m$ bo? by ! ,inv5tor himself1 & sev]al o!r eye-witnesses1 t ?\gh ! flax1 out ( :i* x is made1 has be5 7by a s+ul> art1 ( t excell5t ,p]son1 & ,noble ,virtuoso1 ,m4 ,*>ls ,h[>d1 bro!r to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk7 s curi\sly dress'd & prep>'d1 z to appe> bo? to ! eye & ! t\*1 full z f9e & z glossie1 & to receive all k9ds ( col\rs1 z well z ,sleave-,silk2 yet :5 ?is ,silk5 ,flax is twi/$ into ?reads1 x q lose? its =m] lu/]1 & becomes z pla9 & base a ?read to look on1 z "o ( ! same bigness1 made ( common ,flax4 ,! reason ( :i* odd ,ph5om5on seems no o!r !n ?is2 t ?\gh ! curi\sly dre/ ,flax has its p>ts s exce$+ly small1 z to equallize1 if n to be mu* small] !n ! clew ( ! ,silk-worm1 especially 9 ?9ness1 yet ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! figures ( ! con/itut+ filam5ts are s great1 & _! sub/ances s v>i\s1 t :]eas ^? ( ! ,silk are small1 r\nd1 h>d1 transp>5t1 & to _! bigness proportionably /iff1 s z ea* filam5t pres]ves its prop] ,figure1 & consequ5tly its vivid reflection intire1 ?\gh twi/$ into a ?read1 if n too h>d2 ^? ( ,flax are flat1 limb]1 s(t]1 & less transp>5t1 & 9 twi/+ into a ?read !y joyn1 & lie s close toge!r1 z to lose _! own1 & de/roy ea* o!rs p>ticul> reflections4 ,!re seems !re=e ?ree ,p>ticul>s v requisite to make ! s dre/ ,flax appe> ,silk also :5 spun into ?reads4 ,fir/1 t ! sub/ance ( x %\ld be made m cle> & transp>5t1 ,flax reta9+ 9 x a k9d ( opacat+ br[n1 or yell[2 & ! p>ts ( ! :ite/ k9d ,i h yet obs]v'd ) ! ,microscope appe>+ :ite1 l flaw'd ,horn or ,glass1 r !n cle>1 l cle> ,horn or ,glass4 ,next t1 ! filam5ts %\ld ea* ( !m be r\nd$1 if t c\ld be done1 :i* yet is n s v necess>y1 if ! fir/ be p]=m'd1 & ?is ?ird1 :i* is1 t ea* ( ! small filam5ts be /ifn$2 = ?\gh !y be squ>e1 or flat1 provid$ !y be transp>5t & /iff1 mu* ! same appe>ances mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i h n yet made trial1 yet ,i d\bt n1 b t bo? ^! proprieties may be also induc'd ^u ! ,flax1 & p]haps too by "o & ! same ,exp$i5t1 :i* "s trials may quickly in=m any +5i\s attempt] (1 :o f ! use & pr(it ( su* an ,inv5tion1 may f9d suffici5t argum5t to be prompt$ to su* ,inquiries4 ,z = ! t5acity ( ! sub/ance ( ,flax1 out ( :i* ! ?read is made1 x seems mu* inf]i\r to t ( ,silk1 ! "o be+ a vegetable1 ! o!r an animal sub/ance4 ,& :e!r x proce$ f ! bett] concoction1 or ! m homog5e\s con/itution ( animal sub/ances above ^? ( vegetables1 ,i d n "h det]m9e2 yet s9ce ,i g5]ally f9d1 t vegetable sub/ances d n equalize ! t5acity ( animal1 nor ^! ! t5acity ( "s purifi$ m9]al sub/ances2 ,i am v apt to ?9k1 t ! t5acity ( bodies does n proce$ f ! ham\s1 or hook$ p>ticles1 z ! ,epicureans & "s mod]n ,philosoph]s h imag9'd2 b f ! m exact congruity ( ! con/itu5t p>ts1 :i* are contigu\s to ea* o!r1 & s bulky1 z n to be easily sep>at$1 or %att]'d1 by any small pulls or concussion ( heat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,iv4 ,( f9e wal$ ,silk1 or ,taffety4 ,?is#e is ! appe>ance ( a piece ( v f9e ,taffety-rib& 9 ! bigg] magnify+ ,glass1 :i* y see exhibits x l a v conv5i5t sub/ance to make ,b$-matts1 or ,door-matts (1 or to s]ve = ,beehives1 ,corn-scuttles1 ,*airs1 or ,corn-tubs1 x be+ n unlike t k9d ( "w1 :]e) 9 _m p>ts 9 ,engl&1 !y make su* ,ut5sils ( ,/raw1 a little wrea!d1 & b\nd toge!r ) ?ongs ( ,brambles4 ,= 9 ?is ,contexture1 ea* little filam5t1 fib]1 or clew ( ! ,silk-worm1 seem'd ab\t ! bigness ( an ord9>y ,/raw1 z appe>s by ! little irregul> pieces1 ab1 cd1 & ef2 ,! ,w>p1 or ! ?read t ran cross+ ! ,rib&1 appe>'d l a s+le ,rope ( an ,in* ,diamet]2 b ! ,wo(1 or ! ?read t ran ! l5g? ( ! ,rib&1 appe>'d n half s big4 ,ea* ,in* ( six-p5y-broad ,rib& appe>+ no less !n a piece ( ,matt+ ,in* & half ?ick1 & twelve foot squ>e1 a few y>ds ( ?is1 w\ld be en\gh to floor ! long ,gall]y ( ! ,l\re at ,p>is4 ,b to return to our piece ( ,rib&3 ,x af=ds u a n unpleasant object1 appe>+ l a bundle1 or wrea?1 ( v cle> & transp>5t ,cyl9d]s1 if ! ,silk be :ite1 & curi\sly t+'d2 if x be col\r'd1 ea* ( ^? small horney ,cyl9d]s af=d+ 9 "s place or o!r ( !m1 z vivid a reflection1 z if x _h be5 s5t f a ,cyl9d] ( ,glass or ,horn4 ,insomu*1 t ! reflections ( ,r$1 appe>'d z if com+ f s _m ,granates1 or ,rubies4 ,! lovel9ess ( ! col\rs ( ,silks above ^? ( hairy ,/uffs1 or ,l9n51 consi/+1 z ,i else-:]e intimate1 *iefly 9 ! transp>5cy1 & vivid reflections f ! ,concave1 or inn] surface ( ! transp>5t ,cyl9d]1 z are also ! col\rs ( ,preci\s ,/ones2 = mo/ ( ! reflections f ea* ( ^! ,cyl9d]s1 come f ! ,concave surface ( ! air1 :i* is z 'tw]e ! foil t incompasses ! ,cyl9d]4 ,! col\rs ) :i* ea* ( ^! ,cyl9d]s are t+'d1 seem p>tly to be sup]ficial1 & /ick+ to ! out-sides ( !m2 & p>tly1 to be imbib'd1 or sunck into ! sub/ance ( !m3 = ,silk1 seem+ to be little else !n a dri$ ?read ( ,glew1 may be suppos'd to be v easily relaxt1 & s(t5$1 by be+ /eep$ 9 w>m1 nay 9 cold1 if p5etrant1 juyces or liquors4 ,& !reby ^? t9ctures1 ?\gh !y t+e p]haps b a small "p ( ! sub/ance1 yet be+ s highly impregnat$ ) ! col\r1 z to be almo/ black ) x1 may leave an impression /rong en\gh to exhibite ! desir'd col\r4 ,a pretty k9de ( artificial ,/uff ,i h se51 look+ almo/ l transp>5t ,p>*m5t1 ,horn1 or ,is+-glass1 & p]haps "s su* ?+ x may be made (1 :i* be+ transp>5t1 & ( a glut9\s nature1 & easily mollifi$ by keep+ 9 wat]1 z ,i f\nd ^u trial1 _h imbib'd1 & did rema9 t+'d ) a great v>iety ( v vivid col\rs1 & to ! nak$ eye1 x look'd v l ! sub/ance ( ! ,silk4 ,& ,i h (t5 ?\ght1 t probably !re might be a way f\nd out1 to make an artificial glut9\s composition1 mu* resembl+1 if n full z good1 nay bett]1 !n t ,excrem5t1 or :atev] o!r sub/ance x be out ( :i*1 ! ,silk-worm wire-draws 8 clew4 ,if su* a composition 7 f\nd1 x 7 c]ta9ly an easie matt] to f9d v quick ways ( draw+ x out into small wires = use4 ,i ne$ n m5tion ! use ( su* an ,inv5tion1 nor ! b5efit t is likely to accrue to ! f9d]1 !y be+ suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,?is h9t !re=e1 may1 ,i hope1 give "s ,+5i\s inquisitive ,p]son an occasion ( mak+ "s trials1 :i* if successfull1 ,i h my aim1 & ,i suppose he w h no occasion to be displeas'd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,v4 ,( wat]$ ,silks1 or ,/uffs4 ,!re are b few ,artificial ?+s t are wor? obs]v+ ) a ,microscope1 & !re=e ,i %all speak b briefly conc]n+ !m4 ,= ! ,productions ( art are su* rude mis-%ap5 ?+s1 t :5 view'd ) a ,microscope1 is little else obs]vable1 b _! de=mity4 ,! mo/ curi\s ,c>v+s appe>+ no bett] !n ^? rude ,russian ,images we f9d m5tion'd 9 ,pur*as1 :]e ?ree not*es at ! end ( a ,/ick1 /ood = a face4 ,& ! mo/ smoo? & burni%'d surfaces appe> mo/ r\gh & unpoli%t3 ,s t my fir/ ,reason :y ,i %all add b a few obs]vations ( !m1 is1 _! mis-%ap5 =m2 & ! next1 is _! uselessness4 ,= :y %\ld we tr\ble our selves 9 ! exam9ation ( t =m or %ape 7:i* is all we are able to rea* ) a ,microscope7 :i* we "k 0 design'd = no high] a use1 !n :at we 7 able to view ) our nak$ eye8 ,:y %\ld we endeav\r to discov] my/]ies 9 t :i* has no su* ?+ 9 x8 ,& l ,rabb9s f9d out ,caballisms1 & nigms 9 ! ,figure1 & plac+ ( ,lett]s1 :]e no su* ?+ lies hid3 :]eas 9 natural =ms !re are "s s small1 & s curi\s1 & _! design'd bus9ess s f> remov'd beyond ! rea* ( our sight1 t ! m we magnify ! object1 ! m excell5cies & my/]ies d appe>2 ,& ! m we discov] ! imp]fections ( our s5ses2 & ! ,omnipot5cy & ,inf9ite p]fections ( ! great ,creat\r4 ,i %all !re=e onely add "o or two ,obs]vations m artificial ?+s1 & !n come to ! ,treaty conc]n+ su* matt]s z are ! ,productions ( a m curi\s ,workman4 ,"o ( ^!1 %all be t ( a piece ( wat]'d ,silk1 repres5t$ 9 ! second ,figure ( ! ?ird ,s*eme1#f z x appe>'d ?r\gh ! lea/ magnify+ ,glass4 ,,ab signify+ ! long way ( ! ,/uff1 & ,,cd ! broad way4 ,?is ,/uff1 if ! "r side ( x be look$ ^u1 appe>s to ! nak$ eye1 all ov] s wav$1 undulat$1 or gra9'd1 ) a curi\s1 ?\gh irregul> v>iety ( bright] & d>k] p>ts1 t x adds no small gracefulness to ! ,gloss ( x4 ,x is s kn[n a propriety1 t x ne$s b little explication1 b x is obs]vable1 :i* p]haps ev]yone has n consid]$1 t ^? p>ts :i* appe> ! d>k] "p ( ! wave1 9 "o position to ! light1 9 ano!r appe>s ! light]1 & ! contr>y2 & by ?is means ! undulations become transi5t1 & 9 a cont9ual *ange1 accord+ z ! position ( ! p>ts 9 respect ( ! incid5t beams ( light is v>i$4 ,! reason ( :i* odd phnom5a1 to "o t has b dilig5tly exam9'd x ev5 ) 8 nak$ eye1 w be obvi\s en\gh4 ,b he t obs]ves x ) a ,microscope1 may m easily p]ceive :at ?is ,proteus is1 & h[ x comes to *ange its %ape4 ,he may v easily p]ceive1 t x proce$s onely f ! v>iety ( ! ,reflections ( light1 :i* is caus'd by ! v>i\s %ape ( ! ,p>ticles1 or little protub]ant p>ts ( ! ?read t compose ! surface2 & t ^? p>ts ( ! waves t appe> ! bright]1 ?r[ t[>ds ! eye a multitude ( small reflections ( light1 :]eas ! d>k] sc>ce af=d any4 ,! reason ( :i* reflection1 ! ,microscope pla9ly discov]s1 z appe>s by ! ,figure4 ,9 :i* y may p]ceive1 t ! bright] p>ts ( ! surface consi/ ( an abundance ( l>ge & /rong reflections1 d5ot$ by a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 c4 = ! surfaces ( ^? ?reads t run ! long way1 are by ! ,me*anical process ( wat]+1 creas'd or angl$ 9 ano!r k9d ( po/ure !n !y 7 by ! weav+3 = by ! weav+ !y are onely b5t r\nd ! w>p+ ?reads2 b by ! wat]+1 !y are b5t ) an angle1 or elb[1 t is 9 /ead ( ly+1 or be+ b5t r\nd ! ?reads1 z 9 ! ?ird ,figure1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 are ab\t b1 b1 b 7b1 b1 b repres5t+ ! ends1 z 'tw]e1 ( ! cross ?reads1 !y are b5t ab\t7 !y are creas'd on ! top ( ^? ?reads1 ) an angle1 z 9 ! f\r? ,figure1 & t ) all imag9able v>iety2 s t1 :]eas be=e !y reflect$ ! light onely f "o po9t ( ! r\nd surface1 z ab\t c1 c1 c1 !y n[ :5 wat]'d1 reflect ! beams f m !n half ! :ole surface1 z de1 de1 de1 & 9 o!r po/ures !y return no reflections at all f ^? surfaces4 ,h5ce 9 "o po/ure !y compose ! bright] p>ts ( ! waves1 9 ano!r ! d>k]4 ,& ^! reflections are also v>i$1 accord+ z ! p>ticul> p>ts are v>i\sly b5t4 ,! reason ( :i* creas+ we %all next exam9e2 & "h we mu/ fet* our in=mation f ! ,me*anism or mann] ( proce$+ 9 ?is op]ation2 :i*1 z ,i h be5 in=m'd1 is no o!r !n ?is4 ,!y d\ble all ! ,/uff t is to be wat]'d1 t is1 !y crease x j ?r\gh ! middle ( x1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! piece1 leav+ ! "r side ( ! ,/uff inw>d1 & plac+ ! two edges1 or silvages j ^u "o ano!r1 &1 z ne> z !y c1 place ! wale s 9 ! d\bl+ ( x1 t ! wale ( ! "o side may lie v ne> p>allel1 or ev5 ) ! wale ( ! o!r2 = ! ne>] t po/ure !y lie1 ! great] w ! wat]+ appe>2 & ! m obliquely1 or across to ea* o!r !y lie1 ! small] are ! waves4 ,_! way = fold+ x = a great wale is ?us3 !y take a ,p91 & beg9 at "o side ( ! piece 9 any wale1 & s mov+ x t[>ds ! o!r side1 !reby direct _! h&s to ! opposite ends ( ! wale1 & !n1 z ne> z !y c1 place ! two opposite ends ( ! same wale toge!r1 & s d\ble1 or fold ! :ole piece1 repeat+ ?is enquiry ) a ,p9 at e y>d or two's di/ance ?r\gh ! :ole l5g?2 !n !y spr9kle x ) wat]1 & fold x ! long-ways1 plac+ betwe5 e fold a piece ( ,pa/bo>d1 by :i* means all ! wrong side ( ! wat]'d ,/uff becomes flat1 & ) little wales1 & ! wales on ! o!r side become ! m protub]ant2 :5ce ! creas+s or angul> b5d+s ( ! wales become ! m p]spicu\s4 ,hav+ fold$ x 9 ?is mann]1 !y place x ) an int]jac5t ,pa/bo>d into an hot ,press1 :]e x is kept v viol5tly pre/1 till x be dry & /iff2 by :i* means1 ! wales ( ei!r contigu\s sides leave _! own impressions ^u ea* o!r1 z is v manife/ by ! second ,figure1 :]e 'tis obvi\s en\gh1 t ! wale ( ! piece ,,abcd runs p>allel betwe5 ! prick$ l9es ef1 ef1 ef1 & z manife/ to disc]n ! impressions ^u ^! wales1 left by ^? t 7 pre/ ^u !m1 :i* ly+ n exactly p>allel ) !m1 b a little a?w>t !m1 z is d5ot$ by ! l9es (1 oooo1 gh1 gh1 gh1 betwe5 :i* ! o!r wales did lie p>allel2 !y are s v>i\sly1 & irregul>ly creas'd t be+ put into t %ape :5 wet1 & kept s till !y be drie1 !y s let ea* o!rs ?reads1 t ! ,mold+s rema9 almo/ z long z ! ,/uff la/s4 ,h5ce x may appe> to any "o t att5tively consid]s ! ,figure1 :y ! p>ts ( ! wale a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 %\ld appe> bright2 & :y ! p>ts b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 %\ld appe> %ad[$1 or d>k2 :y "s1 z d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 %\ld appe> p>tly light1 & p>tly d>k3 ! v>ieties ( :i* reflections & %ad[s are ! only cause ( ! appe>ance ( wat]+ 9 ,silks1 or any o!r k9d ( ,/uffs4 ,f ! v>iety ( reflection1 may also be d$uc'd ! cause :y a small breez or gale ( w9d ruffl+ ! surface ( a smoo? wat]1 makes x appe> black2 z also1 on ! o!r side1 :y ! smoo?+ or burni%+ ! surface ( :it5$ ,silv] makes x look black2 & multitudes ( o!r phnom5a might h]eby be solv'd1 :i* are too _m to be "h insi/$ on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,vi4 ,( ,small ,glass ,canes4 ,t ,i might be satisfi'd1 :e!r x 7 n possible to make an ,artificial pore z small z any ,natural ,i _h yet f\nd1 ,i made sev]al attempts ) small glass pipes1 melt$ 9 ! flame ( a ,lamp1 & !n v sudd5ly drawn out into a great l5g?4 ,&1 by t means1 )\t mu* difficulty1 ,i 0 able to draw "s almo/ z small z a ,cobweb1 :i* yet1 ) ! ,microscope1 ,i c\ld pla9ly p]ceive#g to be p]=at$1 bo? by look+ on ! ends ( x1 & by look+ on x aga9/ ! light :i* 0 mu* ! easi] way to det]m9e :e!r x 7 solid or p]=at$2 =1 tak+ a small pipe ( glass1 & clos+ "o end ( x1 !n fill+ x half full ( wat]1 & hold+ x aga9/ ! light1 ,i c\ld1 by ?is means1 v easily f9d :at 0 ! diff]+ aspect ( a solid & a p]=at$ piece ( glass2 & s easily di/+ui%1 )\t see+ ei!r end1 :e!r any ,cyl9d] ( glass ,i look'd on1 7 a solid /ick1 or a holl[ cane4 ,& by ?is means1 ,i c\ld also pres5tly judge ( any small filam5t ( glass1 :e!r x 7 holl[ or n1 :i* w\ld h be5 exce$+ t$i\s to exam9e by look+ on ! end4 ,& _m su* l ways ,i 0 fa9 to make use (1 9 ! exam9+ ( div]s o!r p>ticul>s relat$ 9 ?is ,book1 :i* w\ld h be5 no easie task to h det]m9$ me]ly by ! m common way ( look+ on1 or view+ ! ,object4 ,=1 if we consid] fir/1 ! v fa9t light :]e) ! object is enlight5$1 :5ce _m p>ticles appe> opac\s1 :i* :5 m enlightn$1 appe> v transp>5t1 s t ,i 0 fa9 to det]m9e its transp>5cy by "o glass1 & its texture by ano!r4 ,next1 ! unmanageabl5ess ( mo/ ,objects1 by reason ( _! smalness1 #c4 ,! difficulty ( f9d+ ! desir$ po9t1 & ( plac+ x s1 z to reflect ! light conv5i5tly = ! ,inquiry4 ,la/ly1 ones be+ able to view x b ) "o eye at once1 !y w appe> no small ob/ructions1 nor are !y easily remov'd )\t _m contrivances4 ,b to proce$1 ,i c\ld n f9d t wat]1 or "s deeply t+'d liquors w\ld 9 small ones rise s high z "o w\ld expect2 & ! highe/ ,i h f\nd x yet rise 9 any ( ! pipes ,i h try'd1 0 to #ba in*es above ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! vessel3 = ?\gh ,i f\nd t 9 ! small pipes x w\ld nimbly ent] at fir/1 & run ab\t #f or #g in*es upw>ds2 yet ,i f\nd x !n to move upw>ds s sl[1 t ,i h n yet _h ! pati5ce to obs]ve x above t height ( #ba in*es 7& t 0 9 a pretty l>ge ,pipe1 9 comp>ison ( ^? ,i =m]ly m5tion$2 = ,i c\ld obs]ve ! progress ( a v deep t+'d liquor 9 x ) my nak$ eye1 )\t mu* tr\ble2 :]eas _m ( ! o!r pipes 7 s v small1 t unless 9 a conv5i5t po/ure to ! light1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive !m37 ,b 'tis v probable1 t a great] pati5ce & assiduity may discov] ! liquors to rise1 at lea/ to rema9 susp5d$1 at heights t ,i %\ld be loa? n[ ev5 to ghess at1 if at lea/ !re be any proportion kept betwe5 ! height ( ! asc5d+ liquor1 & ! bigness ( ! holes ( ! pipes4 ,,an ,,attempt ,,= ,,! ,,explication ,,( ,,?is ,,exp]im5t4 ,my ,conjecture1 ,t ! unequal height ( ! surfaces ( ! wat]1 proce$$ f ! great] pressure made ^u ! wat] by ! ,air )\t ! ,pipes ,,abc1 !n by t )9 !m#h2 ,i %all endeav\r to confirm f ! tru? ( ! two foll[+ ,propositions3 ,! fir/ ( :i* is1 ,t an unequal pressure ( ! incumb5t ,air1 w cause an unequal height 9 ! wat]'s ,surfaces4 ,& ! second is1 ,t 9 ?is exp]im5t !re is su* an unequal pressure4 ,t ! fir/ is true1 ! foll[+ ,exp]im5t w ev9ce4 ,= if y take any ,vessel s contriv$1 z t y c at pleasure ei!r increase or dim9i% ! pressure ( ! ,air ^u ?is or t "p ( ! ,sup]ficies ( ! wat]1 ! equality ( ! height ( ^? p>ts w pres5tly be lo/2 & t "p ( ! ,sup]ficies t su/a9s ! great] pressure1 w be inf]ior to t :i* und]goes ! less4 ,a fit ,vessel = ?is purpose1 w be an inv]t$ ,glass ,syphon1 su* an "o z is describ$ 9 ! ,six? ,figure4 ,= if into x y put ,wat] en\gh to fill x z high z ,,ab1 & g5tly bl[ 9 at ,d1 y %all depress ! ,sup]ficies ,b1 & !reby raise ! opposite ,sup]ficies ,a to a consid]able height1 & by g5tly suck+ y may produce clean contr>y effects4 ,next1 ,t !re is su* an unequal pressure1 ,i %all prove f ?is1 ,t !re is a mu* great] incongruity ( ,air to ,glass1 & "s o!r ,bodies1 !n !re is ( ,wat] to ! same4 ,by ,congruity1 ,i mean a prop]ty ( a fluid ,body1 :]eby any "p ( x is readily unit$ ) any o!r "p1 ei!r ( itself1 or ( any o!r ,simil>1 fluid1 or solid body3 ,& by ,incongruity a prop]ty ( a fluid1 by :i* x is h9dr$ f unit+ ) any dissimil>1 fluid1 or solid ,body4 ,?is la/ prop]ty1 any "o t ha? be5 obs]v+ly conv]sant ab\t fluid ,bodies1 _c be ignorant (4 ,= 7n n[ to m5tion sev]al ,*ymical ,spirits & ,oyls1 :i* w v h>dly1 if at all1 be br\ght to mix ) "o ano!r2 insomu* t !re may be f\nd "s #h or #i1 or m1 sev]al di/9ct ,liquors1 :i* swimm+ "o ^u ano!r1 w n pres5tly mix7 we ne$ seek no fur!r = ,examples ( ?is k9d 9 fluids1 !n to obs]ve ! drops ( ra9 fall+ ?r\gh ! air & ! bubbles ( air :i* are by any means convey$ "u ! surface ( ! wat]2 or a drop ( common ,sallet-,oyl swimm+ ^u wat]4 ,9 all :i*1 & _m m examples ( ?is k9d t might be enum]at$1 ! incongruity ( two fluids is easily disc]nable4 ,& z = ! ,congruity or ,incongruity ( ,liquids1 ) sev]al k9ds ( firm ,bodies1 !y h long s9ce be5 tak5 notice (1 & call$ by ! ,names ( ,dr9ess & ,moi/ure 7?\gh ^! two names are n compreh5sive en\gh1 be+ commonly us$ to signifie only ! adh]+ or n adh]+ ( wat] to "s o!r solid ,bodies7 ( ?is k9d we may obs]ve t wat] w m readily wet "s woods !n o!rs2 & t wat]1 let fall ^u a ,fea!r1 ! :it] side ( a ,colwort1 & "s o!r leaves1 or ^u almo/ any du/y1 unctu\s1 or res9\s sup]ficies1 w n at all adh]e to !m1 b easily tumble (f f !m1 l a solid ,b[l2 :]eas1 if dropt ^u ,l9n51 ,pap]1 ,clay1 gre5 ,wood1 c4 x w n be tak5 (f1 )\t leav+ "s "p ( x beh9d adh]+ to !m4 ,s ,quick-silv]1 :i* w v h>dly be br\ght to /ick to any vegetable body1 w readily adh]e to1 & m+le )1 sev]al clean metall9e bodies4 ,& t we may ! bett] f9de :at ! cause ( ,congruity & ,incongruity 9 bodies is1 x w be requisite to consid]1 ,fir/1 :at is ! cause ( fluidness2 ,& ?is1 ,i conceive1 to be no?+ else b a c]ta9 pulse or %ake ( heat2 = ,heat be+ no?+ else b a v brisk & vehem5t agitation ( ! p>ts ( a body 7z ,i h els:]e made probable7 ! p>ts ( a body are !reby made s loose f "o ano!r1 t !y easily move any way1 & become fluid4 ,t ,i may expla9 ?is a little by a gross ,similitude1 let u suppose a di% ( s& set ^u "s body t is v mu* agitat$1 & %ak5 ) "s quick & /rong vibrat+ motion1 z on a ,mil/one turn'd r\nd ^u ! "u /one v viol5tly :il/ x is empty2 or on a v /iff ,drum-head1 :i* is vehem5tly or v nimbly beat5 ) ! ,drum/icks4 ,by ?is means1 ! s& 9 ! di%1 :i* be=e lay l a dull & unactive body1 becomes a p]fect fluid2 & ye c no soon] make a hole 9 x ) y\r f+]1 b x is imm$iately fill$ up aga91 & ! upp] surface ( x levell'd4 ,nor c y bury a light body1 z a piece ( ,cork "u x1 b x pres5tly em]ges or swims z 'tw]e on ! top2 nor c y lay a heavi] on ! top ( x1 z a piece ( ,lead1 b x is imm$iately buri$ 9 ,s&1 & 7z 'tw]e7 s9ks to ! bottom4 ,nor c y make a hole 9 ! side ( ! ,di%1 b ! s& %all run out ( x to a level1 n an obvi\s prop]ty ( a fluid body1 z su*1 b ?is dos imitate2 & all ?is me]ly caus$ by ! vehem5t agitation ( ! conte9+ vessel2 = by ?is means1 ea* s& becomes to h a vibrative or danc+ motion1 s z no o!r heavi] body c re/ on x1 unless su/e9'd by "s o!r on ei!r side3 ,nor w x suff] any ,body to be b5ea? x1 unless x be a heavi] !n x self4 ,ano!r ,in/ance ( ! /range loos5+ nature ( a viol5t j>r+ ,motion1 or a /rong & nimble vibrative "o1 we may h f a piece ( iron grat$ on v /rongly ) a file3 = if into t a p9 screw'd s firm & h>d1 t ?\gh x has a conv5i5t head to x1 yet x c by no means be unscrew'd by ! f+]s2 if1 ,i say1 y attempt to unscrew ?is :il/ grat$ on by ! file1 x w be f\nd to undoe & turn v easily4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ,examples manife/s1 h[ a body actually divid$ into small p>ts1 becomes a fluid4 ,& ! latt] manife/s by :at means ! agitation ( heat s easily loos5s & unties ! p>ts ( solid & firm bodies4 ,nor ne$ we suppose heat to be any ?+ else1 besides su* a motion2 = suppos+ we c\ld ,me*anically produce su* a "o quick & /rong en\gh1 we ne$ n sp5d fuel to melt a body4 ,n[1 t ,i d n speak ?is altoge!r gr\ndless1 ,i mu/ ref] ! ,read] to ! ,obs]vations ,i h made ^u ! %9+ sp>ks ( ,/eel1 = !re he %all f9d t ! same effects are produc$ ^u small *ips or p>cels ( ,/eel by ! flame1 & by a quick & viol5t motion2 & if ! body ( /eel may be ?us melt$ 7z ,i !re %ew x may7 ,i ?9k we h little reason to d\bt t almo/ any o!r may n also4 ,e ,smi? c in=m "o h[ quickly bo? 8 ,file & ! ,iron gr[s hot ) fil+1 & if y rub almo/ any two h>d bodies toge!r1 !y w d ! same3 ,& we "k1 t a suffici5t degree ( heat causes fluidity1 9 "s bodies mu* soon]1 & 9 o!rs lat]2 t is1 ! p>ts ( ! body ( "s are s loose f "o ano!r1 & s unapt to coh]e1 & s m9ute & little1 t a v small degree ( agitation keeps !m always 9 ! /ate ( fluidity4 ,( ?is k9d1 ,i suppose1 ! !r1 t is ! m$ium or fluid body1 9 :i* all o!r bodies d z x 7 swim & move2 & p>ticul>ly1 ! ,air1 :i* seems no?+ else b a k9d ( t9cture or solution ( t]re/rial & aque\s p>ticles dissolv'd into x1 & agitat$ by x1 j z ! t9cture ( ,co*5eel is no?+ b "s f9] dissoluble p>ts ( t ,concrete lick'd up or dissolv'd by ! fluid wat]4 ,& f ?is ,notion ( x1 we may easily give a m ,intelligible reason h[ ! ,air becomes s capable ( ,r>efaction & ,cond5sation4 ,=1 z 9 t9ctures1 "o gra9 ( "s /rongly t++ sub/ance may s5sibly col\r "s hundr$ ?\s& gra9s ( appropriat$ ,liquors1 s z e drop ( x has its proportionate %>e1 & be s5sibly t+'d1 z ,i h try'd bo? ) ,logwood & ,co*5eel3 ,& z "s few gra9s ( ,salt is able to infect z great a quantity1 z may be f\nd by prcipitations1 ?\gh n s easily by ! sight or ta/e2 s ! ,air1 :i* seems to be b z 'tw]e a t9cture or sal9e sub/ance1 dissolv'd & agitat$ by ! fluid & agil !r1 may disp]se & exp& x self into a va/ space1 if x h room en\gh1 & infect1 z x 71 e "p ( t space4 ,b1 z on ! o!r side1 if !re be b "s few gra9s ( ! liquor1 x may extract all ! col\r ( ! t++ sub/ance1 & may dissolve all ! ,salt1 & !reby become mu* m impregnat$ ) ^? sub/ances1 s may all ! air t suffic$ 9 a r>ify'd /ate to fill "s hundr$ ?\s& spaces ( !r1 be compris'd 9 only "o1 b 9 a position proportionable d5se4 ,& ?\gh we h n yet f\nd out su* /ra9]s = ,t9ctures & ,salts z we h = ! ,air1 be+ yet unable to sep>ate !m f _! dissolv+ liquors by any k9d ( filtre1 )\t prcipitation1 z we are able to sep>ate ! ,air f ! !r by ,glass1 & sev]al o!r bodies4 ,& ?\gh we are yet unable & ignorant ( ! ways ( prcipitat+ ,air out ( ! !r z we c ,t9ctures1 & ,salts out ( sev]al dissolv5ts2 yet nei!r ( ^! seem+ impossible f ! nature ( ! ?+s1 nor s improbable b t "s happy future indu/ry may f9d out ways to effect !m2 nay1 fur!r1 s9ce we f9d t ,nature does really p]=m 7?\gh by :at means we are n c]ta97 bo? ^! actions1 namely1 by prcipitat+ ! ,air 9 ,ra9 & ,dews1 & by supply+ ! ,/reams & ,riv]s ( ! ,_w ) fre% wat]1 /ra9'd ?r\gh secret subt]rane\s ,cav]ns3 ,& s9ce1 t 9 v _m o!r proprieties !y d s exactly seem ( ! same nature2 till fur!r obs]vations or tryals d in=m u ( ! contr>y1 we may safely en\gh conclude !m ( ! same k9d4 ,= x seldom happ5s t any two natures h s _m prop]ties co9cid5t or ! same1 z ,i h obs]v'd ,solutions & ,air to h1 & to be diff]5t 9 ! re/4 ,& !re=e ,i ?9k x nei!r impossible1 irrational1 nay nor difficult to be able to pr$ict :at is likely to happ5 9 o!r p>ticul>s also1 besides ^? :i* ,obs]vation or ,exp]im5t h decl>$ ?us or ?us2 especially1 if ! circum/ances t d (t5 v mu* conduce to ! v>iation ( ! effects be duly weigh'd & consid]'d4 ,& inde$1 7 !re n a probability ( ?is1 our inquiries w\ld be endless1 our tryals va91 & our greate/ inv5tions w\ld be no?+ b ! me] products ( *ance1 & n ( ,reason2 &1 l ,m>9]s 9 an ,ocean1 de/itute bo? ( a ,compass & ! sight ( ! ,cele/ial guides1 we might inde$1 by *ance1 ,/e] directly t[>ds our desir$ ,port1 b 'tis a ?\s& to "o b we miss our aim4 ,b to proce$1 we may h5ce also give a pla9 reason1 h[ ! ,air comes to be d>kn$ by cl\ds1 c4 :i* are no?+ b a k9d ( precipitation1 & h[ ^? precipitations fall d[n 9 ,%[rs4 ,h5ce also c\ld ,i v easily1 & ,i ?9k truly1 d$uce ! cause ( ! curi\s sixangul> figures ( ,sn[1 & ! appe>ances ( ,haloes1 c4 & ! sudd5 ?ickn+ ( ! ,sky ) ,cl\ds1 & ! vani%+ & disappe>+ ( ^? ,cl\ds aga92 = all ^! ?+s may be v easily imitat$ 9 a glass ( liquor1 ) "s slight ,*ymical prep>ations z ,i h (t5 try'd1 & may some:]e else m l>gely relate1 b h n n[ "t to set !m d[n4 ,b to proce$1 !re are o!r bodies t consi/ ( p>ticles m ,gross1 & ( a m apt figure = cohesion1 & ?is requires some:at great] agitation2 su*1 ,i suppose 1 f]m5t$ v9\s ,spirits1 sev]al ,*ymical ,oils1 :i* are mu* ( k9 to ^? ,spirits1 c4 ,o!rs yet require a great]1 z wat]1 & s o!rs mu* great]1 = almo/ inf9ite degrees3 ,=1 ,i suppose !re are v few bodies 9 ! _w t may n be made aliquat5us fluid1 by "s or o!r degree ( agitation or heat4 ,hav+ !re=e 9 %ort set d[n my ,notion ( a ,fluid body1 ,i come 9 ! next place to consid] :at ,congruity is2 & ?is1 z ,i said be=e1 be+ a ,relative prop]ty ( a fluid1 :]eby x may be said to be l or unlike to ?is or t o!r body1 :]eby x does or does n mix ) ?is or t body4 ,we w aga9 h rec\rse to our =m] ,exp]im5t1 ?\gh b a rude "o2 & "h if we mix 9 ! di% sev]al k9ds ( s&s1 "s ( bigg]1 o!rs ( less & f9] bulks1 we %all f9d t by ! agitation ! f9e s& w eject & ?r[ out ( x self all ^? bigg] bulks ( small /ones & ! l1 & ^? w be ga!r$ toge!r all into "o place2 & if !re be o!r bodies 9 x ( o!r natures1 ^? also w be sep>at$ into a place by !mselves1 & unit$ or tumbl$ up toge!r4 ,& ?\gh ?is d n come up to ! highe/ prop]ty ( ,congruity1 :i* is a ,cohsion ( ! p>ts ( ! fluid toge!r1 or a k9d ( attraction & t5acity1 yet ?is does z 'tw]e %ad[ x out1 & some:at resemble x2 = j aft] ! same mann]1 ,i suppose ! pulse ( heat to agitate ! small p>cels ( matt]1 & ^? t are ( a l bigness1 & figure1 & matt]1 w hold1 or dance toge!r1 & ^? :i* are ( a diff]+ k9d w be ?ru/ or %ov'd out f betwe5 !m2 = p>ticles t are simil>1 w1 l s _m equal musical /r+s equally /ret*t1 vibrate toge!r 9 a k9d ( ,h>mony or unison2 :]eas o!rs t are dissimil>1 ^u :at acc\nt soev]1 unless ! disproportion be o!rwise c\nt]-ballanc'd1 w1 l s _m /r+s out ( tune to ^? unisons1 ?\gh !y h ! same agitat+ pulse1 yet make q diff]+ k9ds ( vibrations & rep]cussions1 s t ?\gh !y may be bo? mov'd1 yet are _! vibrations s diff]5t1 & s untun'd1 z 'tw]e to ea* o!r1 t !y cross & j> aga9/ ea* o!r1 & consequ5tly1 _c agree toge!r1 b fly back f ea* o!r to _! simil> p>ticles4 ,n[1 to give y an in/ance h[ ! disproportion ( "s bodies 9 "o respect1 may be c\nt]-ballanc'd by a contr>y disproportion ( ! same body 9 ano!r respect1 :5ce we f9d t ! subtil v9\s _s is congru\s1 or does readily mix ) wat]1 :i* 9 _m prop]ties is ( a v diff]+ nature1 we may consid] t a unison may be made ei!r by two /r+s ( ! same bigness1 l5g?1 & t5sion1 or by two /r+s ( ! same bigness1 b ( diff]+ l5g?1 & a contr>y diff]+ t5sion1 or #cly4 by two /r+s ( unequal l5g? & bigness1 & ( a diff]+ t5sion1 or ( equal l5g?1 & diff]+ bigness & t5sion1 & sev]al o!r su* v>ieties4 ,to :i* ?ree prop]ties 9 /r+s1 w correspond ?ree proprieties also 9 s&1 or ! p>ticles ( bodies1 _! ,matt] or ,sub/ance1 _! ,figure or ,%ape1 & _! ,body or ,bulk4 ,& f ! v>ieties ( ^! ?ree1 may arise inf9ite v>ieties 9 fluid bodies1 ?\gh all agitat$ by ! same pulse or vibrative motion4 ,& !re may be z _m ways ( mak+ ,h>monies & ,discords ) ^!1 z !re may be ) musical /r+s4 ,hav+ !re=e se5 :at is ! cause ( ,congruity or ,incongruity1 ^? relative prop]ties ( fluids1 we may1 f :at has be5 said1 v easily collect1 :at is ! reason ( ^? ,relative proprieties also betwe5 fluid bodies & solid2 = s9ce all bodies consi/ ( p>ticles ( su* a ,sub/ance1 ,figure1 & ,bulk2 b 9 "s !y are unit$ toge!r m firmly !n to be loos5$ f ea* o!r by e vibrative motion 7?\gh ,i imag9e t !re is no body 9 ! _w1 b t "s degree ( agitation may1 z ,i h9t$ be=e1 agitate & loos5 ! p>ticles s z to make !m fluid7 ^? coh]+ p>ticles may vibrate 9 ! same mann] almo/ z ^? t are loose & become unisons or discords1 z ,i may s speak1 to !m4 ,n[ t ! p>ts ( all bodies1 ?\gh nev] s solid1 d yet vibrate1 ,i ?9k we ne$ g no fur!r = pro(1 !n t all bodies h "s degrees ( heat 9 !m1 & t !re has n be5 yet f\nd any ?+ p]fectly cold3 ,nor c ,i believe inde$ t !re is any su* ?+ 9 ,nature1 z a body ^: p>ticles are at re/1 or lazy & unactive 9 ! great ,!atre ( ! ,_w1 x be+ q contr>y to ! gr& ,oeconomy ( ! ,univ]se4 ,we see !re=e :at is ! reason ( ! sympa?y or unit+ ( "s bodies toge!r1 & ( ! antipa?y or flight ( o!rs f ea* o!r3 ,= ,congruity seems no?+ else b a ,sympa?y1 & ,incongruity an ,antipa?y ( bodies1 h5ce simil> bodies once unit$ w n easily "p1 & dissimil> bodies once disjoyn'd w n easily unite aga92 f h5ce may be v easily d$uc'd ! reason ( ! susp5sion ( wat] & ,quick-silv] above _! usual /ation1 z ,i %all m at l>ge anon %ew4 ,^! prop]ties !re=e 7alwayes ! concomitants ( fluid bodies7 produce ^! foll[+ visible ,effects3 ,fir/1 ,!y unite ! p>ts ( a fluid to its simil> ,solid1 or keep !m sep>ate f its dissimil>4 ,h5ce ,quick-silv] w 7z we not$ be=e7 /ick to ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,t91 ,lead1 c4 & unite ) !m3 b r\l (f f ,wood1 ,/one1 ,glass1 c4 if nev] s little scituat$ out ( its horizontal level2 & wat] t w wet salt & dissolve x1 w slip (f f ,tall[1 or ! l1 )\t at all adh]+2 z x may likewise be obs]v$ to d ^u a du/y sup]ficies4 ,& next !y cause ! p>ts ( homog5eal fluid bodies readily to adh]e toge!r & mix1 & ( het]og5eal1 to be exce$+ av]se !reunto4 ,h5ce we f9d1 t two small drops ( wat]1 on any sup]ficies !y c r\l on1 w1 if !y *ance to t\* ea* o!r1 readily unite & mix into "o #c;d drop3 ,! l may be obs]v$ ) two small ,b[ls ( ,quick-silv] ^u a ,table or ,glass1 provid$ _! surfaces be n du/y2 & ) two drops ( ,oyl ^u fair wat]1 c4 ,& fur!r1 wat] put unto w9e1 salt wat]1 v9eg>1 _s ( w9e1 or ! l1 does imm$iately 7especially if !y be %ak5 toge!r7 disp]se x self all ov] !m4 ,h5ce1 on ! contr>y1 we also f9d1 t ,oyl ( ,t>t> p\r$ ^u ,quick-silv]1 & ,_s ( ,w9e on t ,oyl1 & ,oyl ( ,turp5t9e on t ,_s1 & ,air ^u t ,oyl1 ?\gh !y be /opt closely up into a ,bottle1 & %ak5 nev] s mu*1 !y w by no means long suff] any ( _! bigg] p>ts to be unit$ or includ$ )9 any ( ! o!r ,liquors 7by :i* recit$ ,liquors1 may be pla9ly en\gh repres5t$ ! f\r ,p]ipatetical ,elem5ts1 & ! m subtil !r above all47 ,f ?is prop]ty 'tis1 t a drop ( wat] does n m+le )1 or vani% into ,air1 b is driv5 7by t ,fluid equally protrud+ x on e side7 & =c't into z little a space z x c possibly be conta9$ 91 namely1 into a ,r\nd ,globule4 ,s likewise a little ,air bl[n "u ! wat]1 is unit$ or ?ru/ into a ,bubble by ! ambi5t wat]4 ,& a p>cel ( ,quick-silv] enclos$ ) ,air1 ,wat]1 or almo/ any o!r ,liquor1 is =m$ into a r\nd ,ball4 ,n[ ! cause :y all ^! includ$ ,fluids1 newly m5tion$1 or z _m o!rs z are :olly includ$ )9 a het]og5e\s fluid1 are n exactly ( a ,sph]ical ,figure 7see+ t if caus$ by ^! ,pr9ciples only1 x c\ld be ( no o!r7 mu/ proce$ f "s o!r k9d ( pressure aga9/ ! two opposite flatt$ sides4 ,?is adv5titi\s or accid5tal pressure may proce$ f div]s causes1 & accord+ly mu/ div]sifie ! ,figure ( ! includ$ het]og5e\s fluid3 ,= see+ t a body may be includ$ ei!r ) a fluid only1 or only ) a solid1 or p>tly ) a fluid1 & p>tly ) a solid1 or p>tly ) "o fluid1 & p>tly ) ano!r2 !re w be f\nd a v great v>iety ( ! t]m9at+ surfaces1 mu* diff]+ f a ,sph]ical1 accord+ to ! v>i\s resi/ance or pressure t belongs to ea* ( ^! encompass+ bodies4 ,:i* ,prop]ties may 9 g5]al be d$uc$ f two heads1 viz4 ,motion1 & ,re/4 ,=1 ei!r ?is ,globul> ,figure is alt]$ by a natural ,motion1 su* z is ,gravity1 or a viol5t1 su* z is any accid5tal motion ( ! fluids1 z we see 9 ! w9d ruffl+ up ! wat]1 & ! purl+s ( ,/reams1 & foam+ ( ,cat>racts1 & ! l4 ,or ?irdly1 ,by ! ,re/1 ,firmness & ,/ability ( ! ambi5t ,solid4 ,= if ! includ+ ,solid be ( an angul> or any o!r irregul> ,=m1 ! includ$ fluid w be ne> ( ! l1 z a ,p9t-,pot full ( wat]1 or a ,bladd] full ( ,air4 ,& next1 if ! includ+ or includ$ fluid h a great] gravity "o ?an ano!r1 !n w ! globul> ,=m be depre/ into an ,elliptico-sph]ical3 ,z if1 = example1 we suppose ! ,circle ,,abcd1 9 ! f\r? ,figure1 to repres5t a drop ( wat]1 ,quick-silv]1 or ! l1 includ$ ) ! ,air or ! l1 :i* suppos+ !re 7 no gravity at all 9 ei!r ( ! fluids1 or t ! conta9$ & conta9+ 7 ( ! same weight1 w\ld be equally compre/ into an exactly sph]ical body 7! ambi5t fluid =c+ equally aga9/ e side ( x47 ,b suppos+ ei!r a great] gravity 9 ! includ$1 by reason :]e( ! p>ts ( x be+ pre/ f ,a t[>ds ,b1 & !reby ! :ole put into motion1 & t motion be+ h9dr$ by ! resi/ance ( ! subjac5t p>ts ( ! ambi5t1 ! globul> ,figure ,,adbc w be depre/ into ! ,elliptico-sph]ical1 ,,egfh4 ,= ! side ,a is detrud$ to ,e by ! ,gravity1 & ,b to ,f by ! resi/ance ( ! subjac5t m$ium3 & !re=e ,c mu/ necess>ily be ?ru/ to ,g2 & ,d to ,h4 ,or else1 suppos+ a great] gravity 9 ! ambi5t1 by ^: m !n ord9>y pressure aga9/ ! "u side ( ! includ$ globule2 ,b w be =c$ to ,f1 & by its resi/ance ( ! motion upw>ds1 ! side ,a w be depre/ to ,e1 & !re=e ,c be+ ?ru/ to ,g & ,d to ,h2 ! globul> ,figure by ?is means also w be made an ,elliptico-sph]ical4 ,next if a fluid be includ$ p>tly ) "o1 & p>tly ) ano!r fluid1 x w be f\nd to be %ap$ div]sly1 accord+ to ! proportion ( ! gravity & incongruity ( ! #c fluids "o to ano!r3 ,z 9 ! second ,figure1 let ! upp] ,,mmm be ,air1 ! middle ,,lmno be common ,oyl1 ! l[] ,,ooo be ,wat]1 ! ,oyl w be =m'd1 n into a sph]ical ,figure1 su* z is repres5t$ by ! prick$ ,l9e1 b into su* a ,figure z ,,lmno1 ^: side ,,lmn w be ( a flatt] ,elliptical ,figure1 by reason ( ! great disproportion betwe5 ! ,gravity ( ,oyl & ,air1 & ! side ,,lom ( a r\nd]1 because ( ! small] diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ,oyl & ,wat]4 ,la/ly1 ,! globul> ,figure w be *ang$1 if ! ambi5t be p>tly fluid & p>tly solid4 ,& "h ! t]m9ation ( ! incompass$ fluid t[>ds ! incompass+ is %ap'd accord+ to ! proportion ( ! congruity or incongruity ( ! fluids to ! solids1 & ( ! gravity & incongruity ( ! fluids "o to ano!r4 ,z suppose ! subjac5t m$ium t h9d]s an includ$ fluids desc5t1 be a solid1 z let ,,ki1 9 ! f\r? ,figure1 repres5t ! smoo? sup]ficies ( a ,table2 ,,egfh1 a p>cel ( runn+ ,m]cury2 ! side ,,gfh w be m flatt$1 accord+ to ! proportion ( ! incongruity ( ! ,m]cury & ,air to ! ,wood1 & ( ! gravity ( ,m]cury & ,air "o to ano!r2 ,! side ,,geh w likewise be a little m depre/ by reason ! subjac5t p>ts are n[ at re/1 :i* 7 be=e 9 motion4 ,or fur!r 9 ! ?ird figure1 let ,,aild repres5t an includ+ solid m$ium ( a cyl9drical %ape 7z suppose a small ,glass ,j>7 ,let ,,fgemm repres5t a conta9'd fluid1 z wat]2 ?is t[>ds ! bottom & sides1 is figur$ accord+ to ! concavity ( ! ,glass3 ,b its upp] ,surface1 7:i* by reason ( its gravity1 7n consid]+ at all ! ,air above x1 & s nei!r ! congruity or incongruity ( ei!r ( !m to ! ,glass7 %\ld be t]m9at$ by "p ( a ,sph]e ^: diamet] %\ld be ! same ) t ( ! e>?1 :i* to our s5se w\ld appe> a /raight ,l9e1 z ,,fge1 ,or :i* by reason ( its hav+ a great] congruity to ,glass ?an ,air has1 7n consid]+ its ,gravity7 w\ld be ?ru/ into a concave ,sph]e1 z ,,*b1 ^: diamet] w\ld be ! same ) t ( ! concavity ( ! ,vessel37 ,its upp] ,surface1 ,i say1 by reason ( its hav+ a great] gravity !n ! ,air1 & hav+ likewise a great] congruity to ,glass !n ! ,air has1 is t]m9at$1 by a concave ,elliptico-sph]ical ,figure1 z ,,ckb4 ,= by its congruity x easily con=ms x self1 & adh]es to ! ,glass1 & con/itutes z x 7 "o conta9+ body ) x1 & !re=e %\ld ?ru/ ! conta9$ ,air on t side x t\*es x1 into a sph]ical ,figure1 z ,,bhc1 b ! motion ( ,gravity depress+ a little ! ,corn]s ,b & ,c1 r$uces x into ! a=esaid ,figure ,,ckb4 ,n[ t x is ! great] congruity ( "o ( ! two contigu\s fluids1 !n ( ! o!r1 to ! conta9+ solid1 t causes ! sep>at+ surfaces to be ?us or ?us figur$3 ,& t x is n because ?is or t figurat$ surface is m prop]1 natural1 or peculi> to "o ( ^! fluid bodies1 !n to ! o!r1 w appe> f ?is2 t ! same fluids w by be+ put into diff]+ solids1 *ange _! surfaces4 ,= ! same wat]1 :i* 9 a ,glass or wood5 ,vessel w h a concave surface upw>ds1 & w rise high] 9 a small] !n a great] ,pipe1 ! same wat]1 ,i say1 9 ! same ,pipes greas$ ov] or oyl$1 w produce q contr>y effects2 = x w h a protub]ant & convex surface upw>ds1 & w n rise s high 9 small1 z 9 bigg] ,pipes3 ,nay1 9 ! v same solid ,vessel1 y may make ! v same two contigu\s ,liquids to alt] _! ,surfaces2 = tak+ a small ,w9e-glass1 or su* l ,vessel1 & p\r+ wat] g5tly into x1 y %all p]ceive ! surface ( ! wat] all ! way concave1 till x rise ev5 ) ! top1 :5 y %all f9d x 7if y g5tly & c>efully p\r 9 m7 to gr[ v protub]ant & convex2 ! reason ( :i* is pla91 = t ! solid sides ( ! conta9+ body are no long] ext5d$1 to :i* ! wat] does m readily adh]e !n ! air2 b x is h5ce=? to be includ$ ) air1 :i* w\ld r$uce x into a hemisph]e1 b by reason ( its gravity1 x is flatt$ into an ,oval4 ,quicksilv] also :i* to ,glass is m incongru\s !n ,air 7& !reby be+ put into a ,glass-pipe1 w n adh]e to x1 b by ! m congru\s air w be =c$ to h a v protub]ant surface1 & to rise high] 9 a great] !n a less] ,pipe7 ?is ,quicksilv] to clean ,metal1 especially to ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,t91 ,lead1 c4 ,iron except$1 is m congru\s !n ,air1 & w n only /ick to x1 b h a concave ,surface l wat]1 & rise high] 9 a less1 !n 9 a great] ,pipe4 ,9 all ^! ,examples x is evid5t1 t !re is an extraord9>y & adv5titi\s =ce1 by :i* ! globul> ,figure ( ! conta9$ het]og5e\s fluid is alt]$2 nei!r c x be imag9$1 h[ x %\ld o!rwise be ( any o!r ,figure !n ,globul>3 ,= be+ by ! het]og5e\s fluid equally protrud$ e way1 :atsoev] "p is protub]ant1 w be !reby depre/4 ,f ?is cause x is1 t 9 its effects x does v mu* resemble a r\nd ,spr+ 7su* z a ,hoop47 ,= z 9 a r\nd ,spr+ !re is requir$ an additional pressure aga9/ two opposite sides1 to r$uce x into an ,oval ,=m1 or to =ce x 9 betwe5 ! sides ( a ,hole1 ^: ,diamet] is less !n t ( ! ,spr+1 !re mu/ be a consid]able =ce or protrusion aga9/ ! concave or inn] side ( ! ,spr+2 ,s to alt] ?is sph]ical con/itution ( an includ$ fluid body1 !re is requir$ m pressure aga9/ opposite sides to r$uce x into an ,oval2 &1 to press x into an ,hole less 9 ,diamet] !n x self1 x requires a great] protrusion aga9/ all ! o!r sides1 ,:at degrees ( =ce are requisite to r$uce !m into long] & long] ,ovals1 or to press !m into less & less holes1 ,i h n yet exp]im5tally calculat$2 b ?us mu* by exp]im5t ,i f9d 9 g5]al1 t !re is alwayes requir$ a great] pressure to close !m into long] ,ovals1 or protrude !m into small] holes4 ,! necessity & reason ( ?is1 7 x requisite1 ,i c\ld easily expla93 b be+ n s necess>y1 & requir+ m room & "t !n ,i h = x at pres5t1 ,i %all "h omit x2 & proce$ to %ew1 t ?is may be pres5tly f\nd true1 if ,exp]im5t be made ) a r\nd ,spr+ 7! way ( mak+ :i* trials is obvi\s en\gh47 ,& ) ! fluid bodies ( ,m]cury1 ,air1 c4 ! way ( try+ :i*1 w be some:at m difficult2 & !re=e ,i %all 9 brief describe x4 ,he !re=e t w\ld try ) ,air1 mu/ fir/ be provid$ ( a ,glass-pipe1 made ( ! %ape ( t 9 ! fif? ,figure1 :]e( ! side ,,ab1 repres5ts a /raight ,tube ( ab\t ?ree foot long1 ,c1 repres5ts ano!r "p ( x1 :i* consi/s ( a r\nd ,bubble2 s ord]$1 t !re is left a passage or hole at ! top1 into :i* may be fa/5$ ) cem5t sev]al small ,pipes ( det]m9ate cyl9drical cavities3 z let ! holl[ ( ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,i4 be ( an in*4 ,k4 ,l4 ,m4 c4---- ,!re may be add$ z _m m1 z ! ,exp]im5t] %all ?9k fit1 ) holes cont9ually decreas+ by kn[n quantities1 s f> z 8 s5ses are able to help him2 ,i say1 s f>1 because !re may be made ,pipes s small t x w be impossible to p]ceive ! p]=ation ) ones nak$ eye1 ?\gh by ! help ( a ,microscope1 x may easily en\gh be p]ceiv$3 ,nay1 ,i h made a ,pipe p]=at$ f end to end1 s small1 t ) my nak$ eye ,i c\ld v h>dly see ! body ( x1 insomu* t ,i h be5 able to knit x up into a knot )\t break+3 ,& m accurately exam9+ "o ) my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd x n s big z a sixte5? "p ( "o ( ! small] hairs ( my head :i* 0 ( ! small] & f9] sort ( hair1 s t sixte5 ( ^! ,pipes b\nd faggot-wise toge!r1 w\ld b h equaliz$ "o s+le hair2 h[ small !re=e mu/ its p]=ation be8 ,x appe>+ to me ?r\gh ! ,microscope to be a proportionably ?ick-sid$ ,pipe4 ,to proce$ !n1 = ! trial ( ! ,exp]im5t1 ! ,exp]im5t] mu/ place ! ,tube ,,ab1 p]p5dicul>1 & fill ! ,pipe ,f 7cem5t$ into ! hole ,e7 ) wat]1 b leave ! bubble ,c full ( ,air1 & !n g5tly p\r+ 9 wat] into ! ,pipe ,,ab1 he mu/ obs]ve dilig5tly h[ high ! wat] w rise 9 x be=e x protrude ! bubble ( ,air ,c1 ?r\gh ! n>r[ passage ( ,f1 & d5ote exactly ! height ( ! ,cyl9d] ( wat]1 !n cem5t+ 9 a second ,pipe z ,g1 & fill+ x ) wat]2 he may proce$ z ) ! =m]1 d5ot+ likewise ! height ( ! ,cyl9d] ( wat]1 able to protrude ! bubble ,c ?r\gh ! passage ( ,g1 ! l may he d ) ! next ,pipe1 & ! next1 c4 z f> z he is able3 !n comp>+ ! sev]al heights ( ! ,cyl9d]s1 ) ! sev]al holes ?r\gh :i* ea* ,cyl9d] did =ce ! air 7hav+ due reg>d to ! ,cyl9d]s ( wat] 9 ! small ,tubes7 x w be v easie to det]m9e1 :at =ce is requisite to press ! ,air into su* & su* a hole1 or 7to apply x to our pres5t exp]im5t7 h[ mu* ( ! pressure ( ! ,air is tak5 (f by its +ress into small] & small] holes4 ,f ! application ( :i* to ! entr+ ( ! ,air into ! bigg] hole ( ! ,vessel1 & into ! small] hole ( ! ,pipe1 we %all cle>ly f9d1 t !re is a great] pressure ( ! air ^u ! wat] 9 ! ,vessel or great] pipe1 !n !re is ^u t 9 ! less] pipe3 ,= s9ce ! pressure ( ! air e way is f\nd to be equal1 t is1 z mu* z is able to press up & su/a9 a ,cyl9d] ( ,quicksilv] ( two foot & a half high1 or !reab\ts2 ,& s9ce ( ?is pressure s _m m degrees are requir$ to =ce ! ,air into a small] !n into a great] hole t is full ( a m congru\s fluid4 ,& la/ly1 s9ce ^? degrees t are requisite to press x 91 are !reby tak5 (f f ! ,air )91 & ! ,air )9 left ) s _m degrees ( pressure less !n ! ,air )\t2 x w foll[1 t ! ,air 9 ! less ,tube or pipe1 w h less pressure aga9/ ! sup]ficies ( ! wat] !re91 !n ! ,air 9 ! bigg]3 :i* 0 ! m9or ,proposition to be prov$4 ,! ,conclusion !re=e w necess>ily foll[1 viz4 ,t ?is unequal pressure ( ! ,air caus$ by its +ress into unequal holes1 is a cause suffici5t to produce ?is effect1 )\t ! help ( any o!r concurr5t2 & !re=e is probably ! pr9cipal 7if n ! only7 cause ( ^! ,phnom5a4 ,?is !re=e be+ ?us expla9$1 !re w be div]s ,phnom5a explicable !reby1 z1 ! ris+ ( ,liquors 9 a ,filtre1 ! ris+ ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 ,oyl1 melt$ ,tall[1 c4 9 ! ,week ( a ,lamp1 7?\gh made ( small ,wire1 ,?re$s ( ,asbe/us1 ,/r+s ( ,glass1 or ! l7 ! ris+ ( ,liquors 9 a ,spunge1 piece ( ,bread1 ,s&1 c4 p]haps also ! asc5d+ ( ! ,sap 9 ,trees & ,plants1 ?r\gh _! small1 & "s ( !m imp]ceptible pores1 7( :i* ,i h said m1 on ano!r occasion7 at lea/ ! pass+ ( x out ( ! e>? into _! roots4 ,& inde$ ^u ! consid]ation ( ?is ,pr9ciple1 multitudes ( o!r uses ( x occurr'd to me1 :i* ,i h n yet s well exam9$ & dige/$ z to prop\nd = ,axioms1 b only z ,qu]ies & ,conjectures :i* may s]ve z h9ts t[>d "s fur!r discov]ies4 ,z fir/1 ,^u ! consid]ation ( ! congruity & incongruity ( ,bodies1 z to t\*1 ,i f\nd also ! l congruity & incongruity 7if ,i may s speak7 z to ! ,transmitt+ ( ! ,rates ( ,light3 ,= z 9 ?is reg>d1 wat] 7n n[ to m5tion o!r ,liquors7 seems ne>] ( aff9ity to ,glass !n ,air1 & ,air !n ,quicksilv]3 :5ce an oblique ,ray out ( ,glass1 w pass into wat] ) v little refraction f ! p]p5dicul>1 b none out ( ,glass into ,air1 except+ a direct1 w pass )\t a v great refraction f ! p]p5dicul>1 nay any oblique ,ray "u ?irty degrees1 w n be admitt$ into ! ,air at all4 ,& ,quicksilv] w nei!r admit oblique or direct1 b reflects all2 seem+1 z to ! transmitt+ ( ! ,raies ( ,light1 to be ( a q diff]+ con/itution1 f t ( ,air1 ,wat]1 ,glass1 c4 & to resemble mo/ ^? opac\s & /rong reflect+ bodies ( ,metals3 ,s also z to ! prop]ty ( cohesion or congruity1 ,wat] seems to keep ! same ord]1 be+ m congru\s to ,glass !n ,air1 & ,air !n ,quicksilv]4 ,a ,second ?+ 7:i* 0 h9t$ to me1 by ! consid]ation ( ! includ$ fluids globul> =m1 caus$ by ! protrusion ( ! ambi5t het]og5e\s fluid7 01 :e!r ! ,phnom5a ( gravity might n by ?is means be expla9$1 by suppos+ ! ,globe ( ,e>?1 ,wat]1 & ,air to be includ$ ) a fluid1 het]og5e\s to all & ea* ( !m1 s subtil1 z n only to be e :]e int]sp]s$ ?r\gh ! ,air1 7or r ! air ?r\gh x7 b to p]vade ! bodies ( ,glass1 & ev5 ! close/ ,metals1 by :i* means x may endeav\r to detrude all e>?ly bodies z f> f x z x c2 & p>tly !reby1 & p>tly by o!r ( its prop]ties may move !m t[>ds ! ,c5t] ( ! ,e>?4 ,n[ t !re is "s su* fluid1 ,i c\ld produce _m ,exp]im5ts & ,reasons1 t d seem to prove x3 ,b because x w\ld ask "s "t & room to set !m d[n & expla9 !m1 & to consid] & answ] all ! ,objections 7_m :]e( ,i =esee7 t may be all$g$ aga9/ x2 ,i %all at pres5t proce$ to o!r ,qu]ies1 cont5t+ my self to h "h only giv5 a h9t ( :at ,i may say m els:]e4 ,a ,?ird ,qu]y !n 01 ,:e!r ! het]og5eity ( ! ambi5t fluid may n be acc\nt$ a second>y cause ( ! r\ndness or globul> =m ( ! great] bodies ( ! _w1 su* z are ^? ( ! ,sun1 ,/>s1 & ,planets1 ! sub/ance ( ea* ( :i* seems altoge!r het]og5e\s to ! circumambi5t fluid !r8 ,& ( ?is ,i %all say m 9 ! ,obs]vation ( ! ,moon4 ,a ,f\r? 01 ,:e!r ! globul> =m ( ! small] p>cels ( matt] "h ^u ! ,e>?1 z t ( ,fruits1 ,pebbles1 or ,fl9ts1 c4 7:i* seem to h be5 a ,liquor at fir/7 may n be caus$ by ! het]og5e\s ambi5t fluid4 ,= ?us we see t melt$ ,glass w be naturally =m$ into a r\nd ,figure2 s likewise any small ,p>cel ( any fusible body1 if x be p]fectly enclos$ by ! ,air1 w be driv5 into a globul> ,=m2 &1 :5 cold1 w be f\nd a solid ,ball4 ,?is is pla9ly en\gh manife/$ to u by _! way ( mak+ %ot ) ! drops ( ,lead2 :i* be+ a v pretty curiosity1 & kn[n b to a v few1 & hav+ ! lib]ty ( publi%+ x grant$ me1 by t ,em95t ,virtuoso ,sir ,rob]t ,moray1 :o br\ght 9 ?is ,acc\nt ( x to ! ,royal ,society1 ,i h "h transcrib$ & ins]t$4 ,to make small %ot ( diff]5t sizes2 ,communicat$ by 8 ,highness ,p4,r4 ,take ,lead out ( ! ,pig :at quantity y please1 melt x d[n1 /ir & cle> x ) an iron ,ladle1 ga!r+ toge!r ! blacki% p>ts t swim at top l scum1 & :5 y see ! col\r ( ! cle> ,lead to be gre5i%1 b no soon]1 /rew ^u x ,auripigm5tum p[d]$ accord+ to ! quantity ( ,lead1 ab\t z mu* z w lye ^u a half ,cr[n piece w s]ve = eighte5 or tw5ty p\nd weight ( "s sorts ( ,lead2 o!rs w require m1 or less4 ,aft] ! ,auripigm5tum is put 91 /ir ! ,lead well1 & ! ,auripigm5tum w flame3 :5 ! flame is ov]1 take out "s ( ! ,lead 9 a ,ladle hav+ a lip or not* 9 ! brim = conv5i5t p\r+ out ( ! ,lead1 & be+ well w>m$ among/ ! melt$ ,lead1 & ) a /ick make "s s+le drops ( ,lead trickle out ( ! ,ladle into wat] 9 a ,glass1 :i* if !y fall to be r\nd & )\t tails1 !re is ,auripigm5tum en\gh put 91 & ! temp] ( ! heat is "r1 o!rwise put 9 m4 ,!n lay two b>s ( ,iron 7or "s m prop] ,iron-tool made on purpose7 ^u a ,pail ( wat]1 & place ^u !m a r\nd ,plate ( ,copp]1 ( ! size & figure ( an ord9>y l>ge ,pewt] or ,silv] ,tr5*]1 ! holl[ :]e( is to be ab\t ?ree in*es ov]1 ! bottom l[] !n ! brims ab\t half an in*1 pi]c$ ) ?irty1 =ty1 or m small holes2 ! small] ! holes are1 ! small] ! %ot w be2 & ! brim is to be ?ick] !n ! bottom1 to cons]ve ! heat ! bett]4 ,! bottom ( ! ,tr5*] be+ "s f\r in*es di/ant f ! wat] 9 ! ,pail1 lay ^u x "s burn+ ,coles1 to keep ! ,lead melt$ ^u x4 ,!n ) ! hot ,ladle take ,lead (f ! ,pot :]e x /&s melt$1 & p\r x s(tly ^u ! burn+ ,coles ov] ! bottom ( ! ,tr5*]1 & x w imm$iately run ?r\gh ! holes into ! wat] 9 small r\nd drops4 ,?us p\r on new ,lead /ill z fa/ z x runs ?r\gh ! ,tr5*] till all be done2 bl[+ n[ & !n ! ,coles ) h&-,bell[s1 :5 ! ,lead 9 ! ,tr5*] cools s z to /op f runn+4 ,:il/ "o p\rs on ! ,lead1 ano!r mu/1 ) ano!r ,ladle1 ?ru/$ f\r or five in*es "u wat] 9 ! ,pail1 cat* f "t to "t "s ( ! %ot1 z x drops d[n1 to see ! size ( x1 & :e!r !re be any faults 9 x4 ,! greate/ c>e is to keep ! ,lead ^u ! ,tr5*] 9 ! "r degree ( heat2 if x be too cool1 x w n run ?r\gh ! ,tr5*]1 ?\gh x /& melt$ ^u x2 & ?is is to be help$ by bl[+ ! ,coals a little1 or p\r+ on new ,lead t is hott]3 b ! cool] ! ,lead1 ! l>g] ! ,%ot2 & ! hott]1 ! small]2 :5 x is too hot1 ! drops w crack & fly2 !n y mu/ /op p\r+ on new ,lead1 & let x cool2 & s long z y obs]ve ! "r temp] ( ! heat1 ! ,lead w con/antly drop into v r\nd ,%ot1 )\t s mu* z "o ) a tail 9 _m p\nds4 ,:5 all is done1 take y\r ,%ot out ( ! ,pail ( wat]1 & put x 9 a ,fry+-pan ov] ! fire to dry !m1 :i* mu/ be done w>ily1 /ill %ak+ !m t !y melt n2 & :5 !y are dry y may sep>ate ! small f ! great1 9 ,pe>l ,sives made ( ,copp] or ,latt9 let into "o ano!r1 into z _m sizes at y please4 ,b if y w\ld h y\r ,%ot l>g] !n ! ,tr5*] makes !m1 y may d x ) a ,/ick1 mak+ !m trickle out ( ! ,ladle1 z ha? be5 said4 ,if ! ,tr5*] be b t\*t a v little :5 ! ,lead /ops f go+ ?r\gh x1 & be n too cool1 x w drop aga91 b x is bett] n to t\* x at all4 ,at ! melt+ ( ! ,lead take c>e t !re be no k9d ( ,oyl1 ,grease1 or ! l1 ^u ! ,pots1 or ,ladles1 or ,tr5*]4 ,! ,*ief cause ( ?is ,globul> ,figure ( ! ,%ot1 seems to be ! ,auripigm5tum2 =1 z soon z x is put 9 among ! melt$ ,lead1 x loses its %9+ brightness1 contract+ in/antly a grayi% film or sk9 ^u x1 :5 y scum x to make x clean ) ! ,ladle4 ,s t :5 ! ,air comes at ! fall+ drop ( ! melt$ ,lead1 t sk9 con/ricts !m e :]e equally3 b ^u :at acc\nt1 & :e!r ?is be ! true cause1 is left to fur!r disquisition4 ,mu* aft] ?is same mann]1 :5 ! ,air is exce$+ cold ?r\gh :i* x passes2 d we f9d ! drops ( ,ra91 fall+ f ! ,cl\ds1 congeal$ into r\nd ,hail-/ones by ! freez+ ,ambi5t4 ,to :i* may be add$ ?is o!r kn[n ,exp]im5t1 ,t if y g5tly let fall a drop ( wat] ^u small s& or du/1 y %all f9d1 z x 71 an artificial r\nd /one quickly g5]at$4 ,i _c ^u ?is occasion omit ! m5tion+ ( ! /range k9d ( ,gra91 :i* ,i h obs]v$ 9 a /one br\ght f ,kett]+ 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & !re=e call$ by ,masons ,kett]+-,/one1 ( :i* see ! ,description4 ,:i* br+s into my m9d :at ,i long s9ce obs]v$ 9 ! fi]y ,sp>ks t are /ruck out ( a ,/eel4 ,= hav+ a great desire to see :at 0 left beh9d1 aft] ! ,sp>k 0 gone out1 ,i purposely /ruck fire ov] a v :ite piece ( ,pap]1 & obs]v+ dilig5tly :]e "s conspicu\s sp>ks w5t out1 ,i f\nd a v little black spot no bigg] !n ! po9t ( a ,p91 :i* ?r\gh a ,microscope appe>$ to be a p]fectly r\nd ,ball1 look+ mu* l a poli%t ball ( ,/eel1 insomu* t ,i 0 able to see ! ,image ( ! w9d[ reflect$ f x4 ,i _c "h /ay 7hav+ done x m fully 9 ano!r place7 to exam9e ! p>ticul> ,reasons ( x1 b %all only h9t1 t ,i imag9e x to be "s small p>cel ( ! ,/eel1 :i* by ! viol5ce ( ! motion ( ! /roke 7mo/ ( :i* seems to be impre/ ^u ^? small p>cels7 is made s gl[+ hot1 t x is melt$ into a ,vitrum1 :i* by ! ambi5t ,air is ?ru/ into ! =m ( a ,ball4 ,a ,fif? ?+ :i* ,i ?\ght wor? ,exam9ation 01 ,:e!r ! motion ( all k9d ( ,spr+s1 might n be r$uc$ to ! ,pr9ciple :]eby ! includ$ het]og5e\s fluid seems to be mov$2 or to t :]eby two ,solids1 z ,m>bles1 or ! l1 are ?ru/ & kept toge!r by ! ambi5t fluid4 ,a ,six? ?+ 01 ,:e!r ! ,ris+ & ,ebullition ( ! ,wat] out ( ,spr+s & ,f\nta9s 7:i* lie mu* high] f ! ,c5t] ( ! ,e>? !n ! ,sup]ficies ( ! ,sea1 f :5ce x seems to be d]iv$7 may n be explicat$ by ! ris+ ( ,wat] 9 a small] ,pipe3 ,= ! ,sea-wat] be+ /ra9$ ?r\gh ! ,pores or ,crannies ( ! ,e>?1 is1 z x 71 includ$ 9 little ,pipes1 :]e ! pressure ( ! ,air has n s great a p[] to resi/ its ris+3 ,b exam9+ ?is way1 & f9d+ 9 x sev]al difficulties almo/ irremovable1 ,i ?\ght ^u a way t w\ld mu* m naturally & conceivably expla9 x1 :i* 0 by ?is foll[+ ,exp]im5t3 ,i took a ,glass-,tube1 ( ! =m ( t describ$ 9 ! six? ,figure1 & *us+ two het]og5e\s fluids1 su* z ,wat] & ,oyl1 ,i p\r$ 9 z mu* ,wat] z fill$ up ! ,pipes z high z ,,ab1 !n putt+ 9 "s ,oyl into ! ,tube ,,ac1 ,i depre/ ! sup]ficies ,a ( ! ,wat] to ,f1 & ,b ,i rais$ to ,g1 :i* 0 n s high p]p5dicul>ly z ! sup]ficies ( ! ,oyl ,f1 by ! space ,,fi1 :]e=e ! proportion ( ! gravity ( ^! two ,liquors 0 z ,,gh to ,,fe4 ,?is ,exp]im5t ,i tri$ ) sev]al o!r ,liquors1 & p>ticul>ly ) fre% ,wat] & ,salt 7:i* ,i made by dissolv+ ,salt 9 w>m ,wat]7 :i* two ?\gh !y are no?+ het]og5e\s1 yet be=e !y w\ld p]fectly mix "o ) ano!r1 ,i made trial ( ! ,exp]im5t3 ,nay1 lett+ ! ,tube :]e9 ,i tri$ ! ,exp]im5t rema9 = _m dayes1 ,i obs]v$ !m n to mix2 b ! sup]ficies ( ! fre% 0 r m !n less elevat$ above t ( ! ,salt4 ,n[ ! proportion ( ! gravity ( ,sea-wat]1 to t ( ,riv]-wat]1 accord+ to ,/ev9us & ,v>5ius1 & z ,i h s9ce f\nd pretty true by mak+ trial my self1 is z #df4 to #de4 t is1 #df4 ,ounces ( ! salt ,wat] w take up no m room !n #de4 ( ! fre%4 ,or reciprocally #de p9ts ( salt-wat] weigh z mu* z #df ( fre%4 ,b ,i f\nd ! proportion ( ,br9e to fre% ,wat] to be ne> #ac to #ab3 ,suppos+ !re=e ,,ghm to repres5t ! ,sea1 & ,,fi ! height ( ! ,m\nta9 above ! ,sup]ficies ( ! ,sea1 ,,fm a ,cav]n 9 ! ,e>?1 beg9n+ at ! bottom ( ! ,sea1 & t]m9at$ at ! top ( ! ,m\nta91 ,,lm ! ,s& at ! bottom1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,wat] is z x 7 /ra9$1 s z t ! fre%] p>ts are only p]mitt$ to transude1 & ! sal9e kept back2 if !re=e ! proportion ( ,g ,m to ,,fm be z #de to #df1 !n may ! ,cyl9d] ( ,salt-wat] ,,gm make ! ,cyl9d] ( ,fre%-wat] to rise z high z ,e1 & to run ov] at ,n4 ,i _c "h /& to exam9e or confute _! ,op9ion1 :o make ! dep? ( ! ,sea1 bel[ its ,sup]ficies1 to be no m p]p5dicul>ly measur$ !n ! height ( ! ,m\nta9s above x3 ',tis en\gh = me to say1 !re is no "o ( ^? t h ass]t$ x1 h exp]im5tally kn[n ! p]p5dicul> ( ei!r2 nor %all ,i "h det]m9e1 :e!r !re may n be _m o!r causes ( ! sep>ation ( ! fre% wat] f ! salt1 z p]haps "s p>ts ( ! ,e>? ?r\gh :i* x is to pass1 may conta9 a ,salt1 t mix+ & unit+ ) ! ,sea-salt1 may precipitate x2 mu* aft] ! same mann] z ! ,alcalizate & ,acid ,salts mix & precipitate ea* o!r 9 ! prep>ation ( ,t>t>um ,vitriolatum4 ,i "k n also :e!r ! exce$+ cold 7t mu/ necess>ily be7 at ! bottom ( ! ,wat]1 may n help t[>ds ?is sep>ation1 = we f9d1 t w>m ,wat] is able to dissolve & conta9 m ,salt1 !n ! same cold2 insomu* t ,br9es /rongly impregnat$ by heat1 if let cool1 d suff] mu* ( _! ,salt to subside & cry/allize ab\t ! bottom & sides4 ,i "k n also :e!r ! exce$+ pressure ( ! p>ts ( ! ,wat] "o aga9/ ano!r1 may n keep ! ,salt f desc5d+ to ! v bottom1 z f9d+ little or no room to ins]t x self betwe5 ^? p>ts1 protrud$ s viol5tly toge!r1 or else squeeze x upw>ds into ! sup]i\r p>ts ( ! ,sea1 :]e x may m easily obta9 room = x self1 among/ ! p>ts ( ! ,wat]1 by reason t !re is m heat & less pressure4 ,to ?is ,op9ion ,i 0 some:at ! m induc$ by ! relations ,i h met ) 9 ,geographical ,writ]s1 ( draw+ fre% ,wat] f ! bottom ( ! ,sea1 :i* is salt above4 ,i _c n[ /& to exam9e1 :e!r ?is natural p]petual motion may n artificially be imitat$3 ,nor c ,i /& to answ] ! ,objections :i* may be made aga9/ ?is my ,supposition3 ,z1 ,fir/1 ,h[ x comes to pass1 t !re are sometimes salt ,spr+s mu* high] !n ! ,sup]ficies ( ! ,wat]8 ,&1 ,secondly1 ,:y ,spr+s d n run fa/] & sl[]1 accord+ to ! v>y+ height made ( ! ,cyl9d] ( ,sea-wat]1 by ! ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! ,sea8 ,z to ! ,fir/1 ,9 %ort1 ,i say1 ! fre% ,wat] may receive aga9 a sal9e ,t9cture ne> ! ,sup]ficies ( ! ,e>?1 by pass+ ?r\gh "s salt ,m9es1 or else _m ( ! sal9e p>ts ( ! ,sea may be kept back1 ?\gh n all4 ,& z to ! ,second1 ,! same ,spr+ may be f$ & supply$ by div]s ,cav]ns1 com+ f v f> di/ant p>ts ( ! ,sea1 s z t x may 9 "o place be high1 9 ano!r l[ wat]2 & s by t means ! ,spr+ may be equally supply'd at all times4 ,or else ! ,cav]n may be s /raight & n>r[1 t ! wat] n hav+ s ready & free passage ?r\gh x1 _c ^u s %ort & quick mutations ( pressure1 be able to produce any s5sible effect at su* a di/ance4 ,besides t1 to confirm ?is hypo!sis1 !re are _m ,examples f\nd 9 ,natural ,hi/orians1 ( ,spr+s t d ebb & fl[ l ! ,sea3 ,z p>ticul>ly1 ^? record$ by ! ,le>n$ ,camd51 & aft] him by ,spe$1 to be f\nd 9 ?is ,isl&3 ,"o ( :i*1 !y relate to be on ! ,top ( a ,m\nta91 by ! small ,village ,kilk5 9 ,fl9t%ire1 ,m>is mulus qui /atis temporibus suas evomit resorbet ,aquas2 ,:i* at c]ta9 times rise? & falle? aft] ! mann] ( ! ,sea4 ,a ,second 9 ,ca]m>d5%ire1 ne> ,ca]m>d51 at a place call$ ,cantr$ ,bi*an2 ,qui 7ut scribit ,giraldus7 naturali die bis undis defici5s1 toties exub]ans1 m>9as imitatur in/abilitates2 ,t twice 9 f\r & tw5ty h\rs ebb+ & fl[+2 resemble? ! un/able motions ( ! ,sea4 ,! ,phnom5a ( :i* two may be easily made out1 by suppos+ ! ,cav]n1 by :i* !y are f$1 to arise f ! bottom ( ! next ,sea4 ,a ,?ird1 is a ,well ^u ! ,riv] ,ogmore 9 ,glamorgan%ire1 & ne> unto ,newton1 ( :i* ,camd5 relates himself to be c]tifi$1 by a ,lett] f a ,le>n$ ,fri5d ( 8 t obs]v$ x1 ,fons abe/ h9c1 c4 ,! ,lett] is a little too long to be ins]t$1 b ! sub/ance is ?is2 ,t ?is ,well ebbs & fl[s q contr>y to ! fl[+ & ebb+ ( ! ,sea 9 ^? p>ts3 = 'tis almo/ empty at ,full ,sea1 b full at ,l[ wat]4 ,?is may happ5 f ! ,*annel by :i* x is suppli$1 :i* may come f ! bottom ( a ,sea v remote f ^? p>ts1 & :]e ! ,tides are mu* diff]+ f ^? ( ! approximate %ores4 ,a ,f\r?1 lies 9 ,we/morl&1 ne> ! ,riv] ,l$]2 ,qui in/> ,euripi spius 9 die reciprocantibus undis fluit refluit1 :i* ebbs & fl[s _m times a day4 ,?is may proce$ f its be+ supply$ f _m ,*annels1 com+ f sev]al p>ts ( ! ,sea1 ly+ suffici5tly di/ant asund] to h ! times ( ,high wat] diff]+ en\gh "o f ! o!r2 s z t :5soev] x %all be ,high wat] ov] any ( ^? places1 :]e ^! ,*annels beg91 x %all likewise be s 9 ! ,well2 b ?is is b a supposition4 ,a ,sev5? ,qu]y 01 ,:e!r ! dissolution or mix+ ( sev]al bodies1 :e!r fluid or solid1 ) sal9e or o!r ,liquors1 might n p>tly be attribut$ to ?is ,pr9ciple ( ! congruity ( ^? bodies & _! dissolv5ts8 ,z ( ,salt 9 ,wat]1 ,metals 9 sev]al ,m5/ruums1 ,unctu\s ,gums 9 ,oyls1 ! mix+ ( ,w9e & ,wat]1 c4 ,& :e!r precipitation be n p>tly made f ! same ,pr9ciple ( ,incongruity8 ,i say p>tly1 because !re are 9 "s ,dissolutions1 "s o!r ,causes concurr5t4 ,i %all la/ly make a mu* m seem+ly /range & unlikely ,qu]y2 & t is1 ,:e!r ?is ,pr9ciple1 well exam9$ & expla9$1 may n be f\nd a coeffici5t 9 ! mo/ consid]able ,op]ations ( ,nature8 ,z 9 ^? ( ,heat1 & ,light1 & consequ5tly ( ,r>efaction & ,cond5sation1 ,h>dness1 & ,fluidness1 ,p]spicuity & ,opac\sness1 ,refractions & ,col\rs4 c4 ,nay1 ,i "k n :e!r !re may be _m ?+s done 9 ,nature1 9 :i* ?is may n 7be said to7 h a ,f+]8 ,?is ,i h 9 "s o!r passages ( ?is ,treatise fur!r enquir$ into & %ewn1 t z well ,light z ,heat may be caus$ by corrosion1 :i* is applicable to congruity1 & consequ5tly all ! re/ w be b subsequ5ts3 ,9 ! mean "t ,i w\ld n will+ly be guilty ( t ,error1 :i* ! ?rice ,noble & ,le>n$ ,v]ulam ju/ly takes notice (1 z su*1 & calls ,philosophi ,g5us ,empiricum1 quod 9 paucorum ,exp]im5torum ,angu/iis ,obscuritate fundatum e/4 ,= ,i nei!r conclude f "o s+le ,exp]im5t1 nor are ! ,exp]im5ts ,i make use ( all made ^u "o ,subject3 ,nor wre/ ,i any ,exp]im5t to make x quadr>e ) any preconceiv'd ,notion4 ,b on ! contr>y1 ,i endeav\r to be conv]sant 9 div]s k9ds ( ,exp]im5ts1 & all & e "o ( ^? ,trials1 ,i make ! ,/&>ds or ,t\*/ones1 by :i* ,i try all my =m] ,notions1 :e!r !y hold out 9 weight1 & measure1 & t\*1 c4 ,= z t ,body is no o!r !n a ,c\nt]feit ,gold1 :i* wants any "o ( ! ,proprieties ( ,gold1 7su* z are ! ,malleabl5ess1 ,weight1 ,col\r1 ,fixtness 9 ! ,fire1 ,indissolubl5ess 9 ,aqua =tis1 & ! l7 ?\gh x has all ! o!r2 s w all ^? ,notions be f\nd to be false & deceitful1 t w n und]go all ! ,trials & ,te/s made ( !m by ,exp]im5ts4 ,& !re=e su* z w n come up to ! desir$ ,apex ( ,p]fection1 ,i r :olly reject & take new1 !n by piec+ & pat*+1 endeav\r to reta9 ! old1 z kn[+ su* ?+s at be/ to be b lame & imp]fect4 ,& ?is c\rse ,i le>n$ f ,nature2 :om we f9d neglectful ( ! old ,body1 & suff]+ its ,decaies & ,infirmities to rema9 )\t repair1 & altoge!r sollicit\s & c>eful ( p]petuat+ ! ,species by new ,individuals4 ,& x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ likely way to erect a glori\s ,/ructure & ,temple to ,nature1 su* z %e w be f\nd 7by any zeal\s ,vot>y7 to reside 92 to beg9 to build a new ^u a sure ,f\ndation ( ,exp]im5ts4 ,b to digress no fur!r f ! consid]ation ( ! ,phnom5a1 m imm$iately explicable by ?is ,exp]im5t1 we %all proce$ to %ew1 ,t1 z to ! ris+ ( ,wat] 9 a ,filtre1 ! reason ( x w be manife/ to him1 t does take notice1 t a ,filtre is con/itut$ ( a great numb] ( small long solid bodies1 :i* lie s close toge!r1 t ! ,air 9 its gett+ 9 betwe5 !m1 do? lose ( its pressure t x has aga9/ ! ,fluid )\t !m1 by :i* means ! ,wat] or ,liquor n f9d+ s /rong a resi/ance betwe5 !m z is able to c\nt]-ballance ! pressure on its sup]ficies )\t1 is rais$ upw>d1 till x meet ) a pressure ( ! ,air :i* is able to h9d] x4 ,& z to ! ,ris+ ( ,oyl1 melt$ ,tall[1 ,_s ( ,w9e1 c4 9 ! ,week ( a ,c&le or ,lamp1 x is evid5t1 t x diff]s 9 no?+ f ! =m]1 save only 9 ?is1 t 9 a ,filtre ! ,liquor desc5ds & runs away by ano!r "p2 & 9 ! ,week ! ,liquor is disp]s$ & c>ri$ away by ! ,flame2 some?+ !re is ascribable to ! ,heat1 = t x may r>ifie ! m volatil & spiritu\s p>ts ( ^? combu/ible ,liquors1 & s be+ made light] !n ! ,air1 x may be protrud$ upw>ds by t m pond]\s fluid body 9 ! ,=m ( ,vap\rs2 b ?is c be ascrib$ to ! asc5sion ( b a v little1 & mo/ likely ( t only :i* asc5ds )\t ! ,week4 ,z = ! ,ris+ ( x 9 a ,spunge1 ,bread1 ,cotton1 c4 above ! sup]ficies ( ! subjac5t ,liquor1 :at has be5 said ab\t ! ,filtre 7if consid]$7 w easily sugge/ a reason1 consid]+ t all ^! bodies ab\nd ) small holes or pores4 ,f ?is same ,pr9ciple also 7viz4 ! unequal pressure ( ! ,air aga9/ ! unequal sup]ficies ( ! wat]7 proce$s ! cause ( ! accession or incursion ( any float+ body aga9/ ! sides ( ! conta9+ ,vessel2 or ! approp9quation ( two float+ bodies1 z ,bubbles1 ,corks1 ,/icks1 ,/raws1 c4 "o t[>ds ano!r4 ,z = in/ance1 ,take a ,glass j>1 su* z ,,ab 9 ! sev5? ,figure1 & fill+ x pretty ne> ! top ) wat]1 ?r[ into x a small r\nd piece ( ,cork1 z ,c1 & plunge x all ov] 9 wat]1 t x be wet1 s z t ! wat] may rise up by ! sides ( x1 !n plac+ x any :]e ^u ! sup]ficies1 ab\t an in*1 or "o in* & a qu>t] f any side1 & y %all p]ceive x by degrees to make p]p5dicul>ly t[>d ! ne>e/ "p ( ! side1 & ! ne>] x approa*es1 ! fa/] to be mov$1 ! reason ( :i* ,phnom5on w be f\nd no o!r !n ?is1 t ! ,air has a great] pressure aga9/ ! middle ( ! sup]ficies1 !n x has aga9/ ^? p>ts t approa* ne>]1 & are contigu\s to ! sides4 ,n[ t ! pressure is great]1 may 7z ,i %ew$ be=e 9 ! explication ( ! ?ird ,figure7 be ev9c$ f ! flatt+ ( ! wat] 9 ! middle1 :i* arises f ! gravity ( ! "u fluid3 = s9ce1 z ,i %ew$ be=e1 if !re 7 no gravity 9 ! "u fluid1 or t x 7 equal to t ( ! upp]1 ! t]m9at+ ,surface w\ld be ,sph]ical1 & s9ce x is ! additional pressure ( ! gravity ( wat] t makes x s flat1 x foll[s1 t ! pressure ^u ! middle mu/ be great] !n t[>ds ! sides4 ,h5ce ! ,ball hav+ a /rong] pressure aga9/ t side ( x :i* respects ! middle ( ! sup]ficies1 !n aga9/ t :i* respects ! approximate side1 mu/ necess>ily move t[>ds t "p1 f :5ce x f9ds lea/ resi/ance1 & s be accel]at$1 z ! resi/ance decrease4 ,h5ce ! m ! wat] is rais$ "u t "p ( its way x is pass+ above ! middle1 ! fa/] x is mov$3 ,& !re=e y w f9d x to move fa/] 9 ,e !n 9 ,d1 & 9 ,d !n 9 ,c4 ,nei!r c\ld ,i f9d ! float+ sub/ance to be mov$ at all1 until x 7 plac$ ^u "s "p ( ! ,sup]ficies t 0 s5sibly elevat$ above ! height ( ! middle "p4 ,n[ t ?is may be ! true cause1 y may try ) a bl[n ,bladd]1 & an exactly r\nd ,ball ^u a v smoo? side ( "s pliable body1 z ,horn or ,quicksilv]4 ,= if ! ,ball be plac$ "u a "p ( ! ,bladd] :i* is ^u "o side ( ! middle ( its pressure1 & y press /rongly aga9/ ! ,bladd]1 y %all f9d ! ,ball mov$ f ! middle t[>ds ! sides4 ,hav+ !re=e %ewn ! reason ( ! motion ( any float t[>ds ! sides1 ! reason ( ! incursion ( any two float+ bodies w easily appe>3 ,= ! ris+ ( ! wat] aga9/ ! sides ( ei!r ( !m1 is an ,argum5t suffici5t1 to %ew ! pressure ( ! ,air to be !re less1 !n x is fur!r f x1 :]e x is n s mu* elevat$2 & !re=e ! reason ( ! motion ( ! o!r t[>d x1 w be ! same z t[>ds ! side ( ! ,glass1 only "h f ! same reason1 !y are mutually mov$ t[>d ea* o!r1 :]eas ! side ( ! ,glass 9 ! =m] rema9s fixt4 ,if also y g5tly fill ! ,j> s full ) wat]1 t ! wat] is protub]ant above ! sides1 ! same piece ( ,cork t be=e did ha/5 t[>ds ! sides1 does n[ fly f x z fa/ t[>ds ! middle ( ! ,sup]ficies2 ! reason ( :i* w be f\nd no o!r !n ?is1 t ! pressure ( ! ,air is /rong] aga9/ ! sides ( ! ,sup]ficies ,g & ,h1 !n aga9/ ! middle ,i2 = s9ce1 z ,i %ew$ be=e1 ! ,pr9ciple ( congruity w\ld make ! t]m9at+ ,surface ,sph]ical1 & t ! flatt+ ( ! ,surface 9 ! middle is f ! abatem5t ( ! wat]s pressure outw>ds1 by ! contr>y indeav\r ( its gravity2 x foll[s t ! pressure 9 ! middle mu/ be less !n on ! sides2 & !re=e ! consecution w be ! same z 9 ! =m]4 ,x is v odd to "o t consid]s n ! reason ( x1 to see two float+ bodies ( wood to approa* ea* o!r1 z ?\gh !y 7 indu$ ) "s magnetical vig\r2 :i* br+s into my m9d :at ,i =m]ly tri$ ) a piece ( ,cork or su* l body1 :i* ,i s ord]$1 t by putt+ a little /ick into ! same wat]1 "o "p ( ! said ,cork w\ld approa* & make t[>d ! /ick1 :]eas ano!r w\ld disc$e & fly away1 nay x w\ld h a k9d ( v]ticity1 s z t if ! quator 7z ,i may s speak7 ( ! ,cork 7 plac$ t[>ds ! /ick1 if let alone1 x w\ld in/antly turn its appropriate ,pole t[>d x1 & !n run a-tilt at x3 & ?is 0 done only by tak+ a dry ,cork1 & wett+ "o side ( x ) "o small /roak2 = by ?is means g5tly putt+ x ^u ! wat]1 x w\ld depress ! sup]ficies on e side ( x t 0 dry1 & !re=e ! greate/ pressure ( ! ,air1 be+ ne> ^? sides1 caus$ x ei!r to *ase away1 or else to fly (f f any o!r float+ body1 :]eas t side only1 aga9/ :i* ! wat] asc5d$1 0 !reby able to attract4 ,x rema9s only1 t ,i %\ld det]m9e h[ high ! ,wat] or o!r ,liquor may by ?is means be rais$ 9 a small] ,pipe above ! ,sup]ficies ( t )\t x1 & at :at height x may be su/a9$3 ,b to det]m9e ?is1 w be exce$+ difficult1 unless ,i c\ld c]ta9ly "k h[ mu* ( ! ,airs pressure is tak5 (f by ! smalness ( su* & su* a ,pipe1 & :e!r x may be :olly tak5 (f1 t is1 :e!r !re c be a hole or pore s small1 into :i* ,air c\ld n at all ent]1 ?\gh wat] might ) its :ole =ce1 = 7 !re su*1 'tis manife/1 t ! wat] might rise 9 x to "s five or six & ?irty ,engli% ,foot high4 ,i "k n :e!r ! capill>y ,pipes 9 ! bodies ( small ,trees1 :i* we call _! ,microscopical pores1 may n be su*2 & :e!r ! congruity ( ! sides ( ! ,pore may n yet draw ! juyce ev5 high] !n ! ,air 0 able by its b>e pressure to raise x3 ,=1 ,congruity is a pr9ciple t n only unites & holds a body joyn$ to x1 b1 :i* is m1 attracts & draws a body t is v ne> x1 & holds x above its usual height4 ,& ?is is obvi\s ev5 9 a drop ( wat] susp5d$ "u any ,simil> or ,congru\s body3 ,=1 besides ! ambi5t pressure t helps to keep x su/e9'd1 !re is ! ,congruity ( ! bodies t are contigu\s4 ,?is is yet m evid5t 9 ,t5aci\s & ,glut9\s bodies2 su* z ,gumm\s ,liquors1 ,syrups1 ,pit*1 & ,ros9 melt$1 c4 ,t>1 ,turp5t9e1 ,balsom1 ,birdlime1 c4 = !re x is evid5t1 t ! ,p>ts ( ! t5aci\s body1 z ,i may s call x1 d /ick & adh]e s closely toge!r1 t ?\gh drawn out into long & v sl5d] ,cyl9d]s1 yet !y w n easily rel9qui% "o ano!r2 & ?is1 ?\gh ! bodies be aliquat5us fluid1 & 9 motion by "o ano!r1 :i*1 to su* z consid] a fluid body only z its p>ts are 9 a confus$ irregul> motion1 )\t tak+ 9 also ! congruity ( ! p>ts "o among ano!r1 & incongruity to "s o!r bodies1 does appe> n a little /range4 ,s t besides ! incongruity ( ! ambi5t fluid to x1 we are to consid] also ! congruity ( ! p>ts ( ! conte9'd fluid "o ) ano!r4 ,& ?is ,congruity 7t ,i may "h a little fur!r expla9 x7 is bo? a ,t5aci\s & an ,attractive p[]2 = ! ,congruity1 9 ! ,vibrative motions1 may be ! cause ( all k9d ( attraction1 n only ,electrical1 b ,magnetical also1 & !re=e x may be also ( ,t5acity & ,glut9\sness4 ,=1 f a p]fect congruity ( ! motions ( two di/ant bodies1 ! int]m$iate fluid p>ticles are sep>at$ & drov5 away f betwe5 !m1 & !reby ^? congru\s bodies are1 by ! incompass+ m$iums1 compell'd & =c$ ne]] toge!r2 :]e=e t attractiv5ess mu/ ne$s be /rong]1 :51 by an imm$iate contact1 !y are =c'd to be exactly ! same3 ,z ,i %ew m at l>ge 9 my ,!ory ( ! ,magnet4 ,& ?is h9ts to me ! reason ( ! susp5sion ( ! ,m]cury _m in*es1 nay _m feet1 above ! usual /ation ( #cj in*es4 ,= ! p>ts ( ,quick-,silv]1 be+ s v simil> & congru\s to ea* o!r1 if once unit$1 w n easily suff] a divulsion3 ,& ! p>ts ( wat]1 t 7 any wayes het]og5e\s1 be+ by exantlation or r>efaction exhau/$1 ! rema9+ p>ts be+ also v simil>1 w n easily "p nei!r4 ,& ! p>ts ( ! ,glass be+ solid1 are m difficultly disjoyn'd2 & ! wat]1 be+ some:at simil> to bo?1 is1 z x 71 a m$ium to unite bo? ! ,glass & ! ,m]cury toge!r4 ,s t all ?ree be+ unit$1 & n v dissimil>1 by means ( ?is contact1 if c>e be tak5 t ! ,tube 9 erect+ be n %ogg$1 ! ,quicksilv] w rema9 susp5d$1 not)/&+ its contr>y indeav\r ( ,gravity1 a great height above its ord9>y ,/ation2 b if ?is imm$iate ,contact be remov$1 ei!r by a me] sep>ation ( !m "o f ano!r by ! =ce ( a %og1 :]eby ! o!r becomes imbodi$ betwe5 !m1 & licks up f ! surface "s agil p>ts1 & s hurl+ !m makes !m air1 or else by "s small het]og5e\s agil "p ( ! ,wat]1 or ,air1 or ,quicksilv]1 :i* appe>s l a bubble1 & by its jumbl+ to & fro !re is made way = ! het]og5e\s !r to obtrude x self betwe5 ! ,glass & ei!r ( ! o!r ,fluids1 ! ,gravity ( ,m]cury precipitates x d[nw>d ) v great viol5ce2 & if ! ,vessel t holds ! re/agnat+ ,m]cury be conv5i5t1 ! ,m]cury w = a "t vibrate to & fro ) v l>ge reciprocations1 & at la/ w rema9 kept up by ! pressure ( ! ext]nal ,air at ! height ( ne] ?irty in*es4 ,& :]eas x may be object$1 t x _c be1 t ! me] imbody+ ( ! !r betwe5 ^! bodies c be ! cause1 s9ce ! !r hav+ a free passage alwayes1 bo? ?r\gh ! ,pores ( ! ,glass1 & ?r\gh ^? ( ! ,fluids1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n make a sep>ation at all times :il/ x rema9s susp5d$1 z :5 x is viol5tly disjoyn$ by a %og4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 ,t ?\gh ! !r passes betwe5 ! ,p>ticles1 t is1 ?r\gh ! ,pores ( bodies1 s z t any *asm or sep>ation be+ made1 x has inf9ite passages to admit its entry into x1 yet su* is ! t5acity or attractive virtue ( ,congruity1 t till x be ov]come by ! me] /r5g? ( ,gravity1 or by a %og assi/+ t ,conatus ( ,gravity1 or by an agil ,p>ticle1 t is l a leav] agitat$ by ! !r2 & !reby ! p>ts ( ! congru\s sub/ances are sep>at$ s f> asund]1 t ! /r5g? ( congruity is s f> weak5$1 z n to be able to reunite !m1 ! p>ts to be tak5 hold ( be+ remov$ out ( ! attractive ,sph]e1 z ,i may s speak1 ( ! congruity2 su*1 ,i say1 is ! t5acity ( congruity1 t x reta9s & holds ! almo/ contigu\s ,p>ticles ( ! ,fluid1 & suff]s !m n to be sep>at$1 till by me] =ce t attractive or ret5tive faculty be ov]come3 ,b ! sep>ation be+ once made beyond ! ,sph]e ( ! attractive activity ( congruity1 t virtue becomes ( no effect at all1 b ! ,m]cury freely falls d[nw>ds till x meet ) a resi/ance f ! pressure ( ! ambi5t ,air1 able to resi/ its gravity1 & keep x =c$ up 9 ! ,pipe to ! height ( ab\t ?irty in*es4 ,?us h ,i g5tly rais$ a ,/eel p5dulum by a ,load/one to a great ,angle1 till by ! %ak+ ( my h& ,i h *anc$ to make a sep>ation betwe5 !m1 :i* is no soon] made1 b z if ! ,load/one _h reta9$ no attractive virtue1 ! ,p5dulum moves freely f x t[>ds ! o!r side4 ,s va/ a diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ! attractive virtue ( ! ,magnet :5 x acts ^u a contigu\s & ^u a disjoyn$ body3 & mu* m mu/ !re be betwe5 ! attractive virtues ( congruity ^u a contigu\s & disjoyn$ body2 & 9 tru? ! attractive virtue is s little ^u a body disjoyn$1 t ?\gh ,i h ) a ,microscope obs]v$ v dilig5tly1 :e!r !re 7 any extraord9>y protub]ance on ! side ( a drop ( wat] t 0 exce$+ ne] to ! end ( a gre5 /ick1 b did n t\* x1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive ! lea/2 ?\gh ,i f\nd1 t z soon z ev] x t\*t x ! :ole drop w\ld pres5tly unite x self ) x2 s t x seems an absolute contact is requisite to ! ex]cis+ ( ! t5aci\s faculty ( congruity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,vii4 ,( "s ,phnom5a ( ,glass drops4 ,^! ,glass ,drops are small p>cels ( co>se gre5 ,glass tak5 out ( ! ,pots t conta9 ! ,metal 7z !y call x7 9 fusion1 ^u ! end ( an ,iron ,pipe2 & be+ exce$+ hot1 & !reby ( a k9d ( sluggi% fluid ,consi/5ce1 are suff]$ to drop f !nce into a ,bucket ( cold ,wat]1 & 9 x to lye till !y be gr[n s5sibly cold4 ,"s ( ^! ,i broke 9 ! op5 air1 by snapp+ (f a little ( ! small /em ) my f+]s1 o!rs by cru%+ x ) a small pair ( ,ply]s2 :i* ,i _h no soon] done1 !n ! :ole bulk ( ! drop flew viol5tly1 ) a v brisk noise1 into multitudes ( small pieces1 "s ( :i* 7 z small z du/1 ?\gh 9 "s !re 7 rema9+ pieces pretty l>ge1 )\t any flaw at all1 & o!rs v mu* flaw'd1 :i* by rubb+ betwe5 ones f+]s 0 easily r$uc$ to du/2 ^! disp]s$ e way s viol5tly1 t "s ( !m pi]c$ my sk94 ,i c\ld n f9d1 ei!r ) my nak$ ,eye1 or a ,microscope1 t any ( ! brok5 pieces 7 ( a regul> figure1 nor any "o l ano!r1 b = ! mo/ "p ^? t flaw'd (f 9 l>ge pieces 7 prettily bran*$4 ,! ends ( o!rs ( ^! drops ,i nipt (f :il/ all ! bodies & ends ( !m lay buri$ "u ! wat]1 :i*1 l ! =m]1 flew all to pieces ) z brisk a noise1 & z /rong a motion4 ,o!rs ( ^! ,i tri$ to break1 by gr9d+ away ! blunt end1 & ?\gh ,i took a seem+ly good "o1 & _h gr\nd away ne] two ?irds ( ! ,ball1 yet w\ld x n fly to pieces1 b n[ & !n "s small r+s ( x w\ld snap & fly (f1 n )\t a brisk noise & quick motion1 leav+ ! ,surface ( ! drop :5ce x flew v prettily bran*$ or creas$1 :i* 0 easily discov]able by ! ,microscope4 ,?is drop1 aft] ,i _h ?us gr\nd x1 )\t at all impair+ ! remnant t 0 n gr\nd away1 ,i caus$ to fly imm$iately all into s& ^u ! nipp+ (f ! v tip ( its sl5d] end4 ,ano!r ( ^! drops ,i began to gr9d away at ! small] end1 b _h n worn away on ! /one above a qu>t] ( an in* be=e ! :ole drop flew ) a brisk crack into s& or small du/2 nor w\ld x h held s long1 _h !re n be5 a little flaw 9 ! piece t ,i gr\nd away1 z ,i aft]w>ds f\nd4 ,sev]al o!rs ( ^! drops ,i cov]$ ov] ) a ?9 b v tuff sk9 ( ,ic?yocolla1 :i* be+ v t\gh & v transp>5t1 0 ! mo/ conv5i5t sub/ance = ^! tryals t ,i c\ld imag9e1 hav+ dipt1 ,i say1 sev]al ( ^! drops 9 ?is transp>5t ,glue :il/ hot1 & suff]+ !m to hang by a /r+ ti$ ab\t ! end ( !m till !y 7 cold1 & ! sk9 pretty t\gh2 !n wrapp+ all ! body ( ! drop 7leav+ out only ! v tip7 9 f9e supple ,kids-lea!r v closely1 ,i nipp$ (f ! small top1 & f\nd1 z ,i expect$1 t not)/&+ ?is sk9 ( ,glue1 & ! close wrapp+ up 9 ,lea!r1 ^u ! break+ ( ! top1 ! drop gave a crack l ! re/1 & gave my h& a pretty brisk impulse3 b yet ! sk9 & lea!r 0 s /rong z to keep ! p>ts f fly+ out ( _! =m] po/ure2 &1 ! sk9 be+ transp>5t1 ,i f\nd t ! drop reta9$ exactly its =m] figure & poli%1 b 0 gr[n p]fectly opac\s & all ov] flaw'd1 all ^? flaws ly+ 9 ! mann] ( r+s1 f ! bottom or blunt end1 to ! v top or small po9t4 ,& by sev]al exam9ations ) a ,microscope1 ( sev]al ?us brok51 ,i f\nd ! flaws1 bo? )9 ! body ( ! drop1 & on ! outw>d surface1 to lye mu* 9 ?is ord]4 ,let ,,ab 9 ! ,figure ,x ( ! f\r? ,s*eme repres5t ! drop cas$ ov] ) ,ic?yocolla or ,is+lass1 7by be+ ord]$ z is be=e prescrib$7 craz$ or flaw$ into pieces1 b by ! sk9 or case kept 9 its =m] figure1 & ea* ( its flaw$ p>ts pres]v$ exactly 9 its due po/ure2 ! outw>d appe>ance ( x some:at pla9ly to ! nak$ eye1 b mu* m conspicu\s if view$ ) a small l5s appe>$ mu* aft] ?is %ape4 ,t is1 ! blunt end ,b = a pretty bread?1 namely1 z f> z ! ,r+ ,,ccc seem$ irregul>ly flaw$ ) div]s clefts1 :i* all seem$ to t5d t[>ds ! ,c5t] ( x1 be+1 z ,i aft]w>ds f\nd1 & %all anon %ew 9 ! description ( ! figure ,y1 ! ,basis1 z x 71 ( a ,cone1 :i* 0 t]m9at$ a little above ! middle ( ! drop1 all ! re/ ( ! ,surface f ,,ccc to ,a 0 flaw$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( small & p>allel ,r+s1 :i* z !y 7 = ! mo/ "p v r\nd1 s 7 !y v ?ick & close toge!r1 b 7 n s exactly flaw'd z to make a p]fect ,r+1 b ea* circul> "p 0 by irregul> cracks flaw$ likewise into multitudes ( irregul> flakes or tiles2 & ?is ord] 0 obs]v$ likewise ! :ole l5g? ( ! neck4 ,n[ ?\gh ,i c\ld n s exactly cut ?is conical ,body ?r\gh ! ,axis1 z is repres5t$ by ! figure ,y2 yet by anatomiz+1 z x 71 ( sev]al1 & tak+ notice ( div]s p>ticul> circum/ances1 ,i 0 in=m$1 t c\ld ,i h artificially divid$ a flaw'd drop ?r\gh ! ,axis or ,c5t]1 ,i %\ld ) a ,microscope h f\nd x to appe> mu* ( ?is =m1 :]e ,a signifies ! ,apex1 & ,b ! blunt end1 ,,cc ! ,cone ( ! ,basis1 :i* is t]m9at$ at ,t ! top or end ( x1 :i* seems to be ! v middle ( ! blunt end 9 :i*1 n only ! conical body ( ! ,basis ,,cc is t]m9at$1 b z _m ( ! p>ts ( ! drop z rea* z high z ,,dd4 ,& x seem$ to be ! head or beg9n+ ( a ,pi?1 z x 71 or a "p ( ! body :i* seem$ m spungy !n ! re/1 & mu* m irregul>ly flaw$1 :i* f ,t asc5d$ by ,,ee1 ?\gh less visible1 into ! small neck t[>ds ,a4 ,! ,gra91 z x 71 ( all ! flaws1 t proce$s f all ! outw>d ,surface ,,adccda1 0 mu* ! same1 z is repres5t$ by ! black /rokes t meet 9 ! middle ,,dt1 ,,dt1 ,,de1 ,,de1 c4 ,nor is ?is k9d ( ,gra91 z ,i may call x1 peculi> to ,glass drops ?us qu5*$2 = 7n to m5tion ,cop]as-/ones1 & div]s o!r ,m>*asites & ,m9]als1 :i* ,i h (t5 tak5 notice ( to be 9 ! v same mann] flak$ or gra9$1 ) a k9d ( ,pi? 9 ! middle7 ,i h obs]v$ ! same 9 all mann] ( ca/ ,iron1 especially ! co>s] sort1 su* z ,/oves1 & ,furnaces1 & ,backs1 & ,pots are made (3 ,= ^u ! break+ ( any ( ^? ,sub/ances x is obvi\s to obs]ve1 h[ f ! out-sides t[>ds ! middle1 !re is a k9d ( ,radiation or ,gra9 mu* resembl+ ?is ( ! ,glass-drop2 b ?is ,gra9 is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ,iron-bullets1 if !y be brok53 ! same ,phnom5a may be produc$ by ca/+ regulus ( ,antimony into a ,bullet-mold1 z also ) ,glass ( ,antimony1 or ) almo/ any su* k9d ( ,vitrifi$ sub/ance1 ei!r ca/ into a cold ,mold or p\r$ into ,wat]4 ,o!rs ( ^! ,drops ,i heat r$ hot 9 ! fire1 & !n suff]$ !m to cool by degrees4 ,& ^! ,i f\nd to h q lo/ all _! fulm9at+ or fly+ quality1 z also _! h>d1 brittle & spr+y texture2 & to em]ge ( a mu* s(t] temp]1 & mu* easi] to be brok5 or snapt ) ones f+]2 b its /rong & brittle quality 0 q de/roy$1 & x seem$ mu* ( ! same consi/5ce ) o!r gre5 ,glass well neal$ 9 ! ,ov54 ,! ,figure & bigness ( ^! = ! mo/ "p 0 ! same ) t ( ! ,figure ,z2 t is1 all ! surface ( !m 0 v smoo? & poli%t1 & = ! mo/ "p r\nd1 b v rugg$ or knobb$ ab\t ,d1 & all ! l5g? ( ! /em 0 "h & !re pitt$ or flatt$4 ,ab\t ,d1 :i* is at ! upp] "p ( ! drop "u t side ( ! /em :i* is concave1 !re usually 0 made "s "o or m little ,hillocks or ,prom95ces4 ,! drop x self1 be=e x be brok51 appe>s v transp>5t1 & t[>ds ! middle ( x1 to be v full ( small ,bubbles1 ( "s k9d ( a]ial sub/ance1 :i* by ! refraction ( ! outw>d surface appe> mu* bigg] !n really !y are2 & ?is may be 9 good "p remov$1 by putt+ ! drop "u ! surface ( cle> ,wat]1 = by t means mo/ "p ( ! refraction ( ! convex ,surface ( ! drop is de/roy$1 & ! bubbles w appe> mu* small]4 ,& ?is1 by ! by1 m9ds me ( ! appe>+ magnitude ( ! ap]ture ( ! iris1 or pupil ( ! eye1 :i* ?\gh x appe>1 & be !re=e judg$ v l>ge1 is yet n above a qu>t] ( ! bigness x appe>s (1 by ! l5ticul> refraction ( ! ,cornea4 ,! cause ( all :i* ,phnom5a ,i imag9e to be no o!r !n ?is1 ,t ! ,p>ts ( ! ,glass be+ by ! excessive heat ( ! fire kept (f & sep>at$ "o f ano!r1 & !reby put into a k9d ( sluggi% fluid ,consi/5ce1 are suff]$ to drop (f ) t heat or agitation rema9+ 9 !m1 into cold ,wat]2 by :i* means ! outsides ( ! drop are pres5tly cool'd & cru/$1 & are !reby made ( a loose texture1 because ! p>ts ( x h n "t to settle !mselves leisurely toge!r1 & s to lie v close toge!r3 ,& ! inn]mo/ p>ts ( ! drop1 reta9+ /ill mu* ( _! =m] heat & agitations1 rema9 ( a loose texture also1 &1 accord+ z ! cold /rikes inw>ds f ! bottom & sides1 are qu5*$1 z x 71 & made rigid 9 t v po/ure :]e9 ! cold f9ds !m4 ,= ! p>ts ( ! cru/ be+ already h>d5$1 w n suff] ! p>ts to %r9k any m f ! outw>d ,surface inw>d2 & ?\gh x %r9k a little by reason ( ! small p>cels ( "s ,a]ial sub/ances disp]s$ ?r\gh ! matt] ( ! ,glass1 yet t is n ne] s mu* z x appe>s 7z ,i j n[ h9t$27 nor if x 71 w\ld x be suffici5t = to consolidate & cond5se ! body ( ,glass into a tuff & close texture1 aft] x _h be5 s excessively r>ifi$ by ! heat ( ! glass-,furnace4 ,b t !re may be su* an expansion ( ! a]ial sub/ance conta9$ 9 ^? little blebbs or bubbles 9 ! body ( ! drop1 ?is foll[+ ,exp]im5t w make m evid5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,take a small ,glass-,cane ab\t a foot long1 seal up "o end ( x h]metically1 !n put 9 a v small bubble ( ,glass1 almo/ ( ! %ape ( an ,ess5ce-viol ) ! op5 m\? t[>ds ! seal$ end1 !n draw out ! o!r end ( ! ,pipe v small1 & fill ! :ole ,cyl9d] ) wat]1 !n set ?is ,tube by ! ,fire till ! ,wat] beg9 to boyl1 & ! ,air 9 ! bubble be 9 good "p r>ifi$ & driv5 out1 !n by suck+ at ! small+ ,pipe1 m ( ! ,air or vap\rs 9 ! bubble may be suck'd out1 s t x may s9k to ! bottom2 :5 x is sunk to ! bottom1 9 ! flame ( a ,c&le1 or ,lamp1 nip up ! sl5d] ,pipe & let x cool3 :]eupon x is obvi\s to obs]ve1 fir/1 t ! ,wat] by degrees w subside & %r9k into mu* less room3 ,next1 t ! ,air or vap\rs 9 ! ,glass w exp& !mselves s1 z to buoy up ! little ,glass3 ,?irdly1 t all ab\t ! inside ( ! ,glass-pipe !re w appe> an inf9ite numb] ( small bubbles1 :i* z ! ,wat] gr[s cold] & cold] w swell bigg] & bigg]1 & _m ( !m buoy !mselves up & break at ! top4 ,f ?is ,disc$+ ( ! heat 9 ,glass drops1 t is1 by ! qu5*+ or cool+ ,irradiations propagat$ f ! ,surface upw>ds & inw>ds1 by ! l9es ,,ct1 ,,ct1 ,,dt1 ,,de1 c4 ! bubbles 9 ! drop h room to exp& !mselves a little1 & ! p>ts ( ! ,glass contract !mselves2 b ?is op]ation be+ too quick = ! sluggi% p>ts ( ! ,glass1 ! contraction is p]=m$ v unequally & irregul>ly1 & !reby ! ,p>ticles ( ! ,glass are b5t1 "s "o way1 & "s ano!r1 yet s z t mo/ ( !m draw t[>ds ! ,pi? or middle ,,teee1 or r f t outw>d3 s t !y _c extricate or unb5d !mselves1 till "s "p ( ,,teee be brok5 & loos5$1 = all ! p>ts ab\t t are plac$ 9 ! mann] ( an ,ar*1 & s till _! hold at ,,teee be loos5$ !y _c fly asund]1 b uphold1 & %elt]1 & fix ea* o!r mu* l ! /ones 9 a ,vault1 :]e ea* /one does concurre to ! /ability ( ! :ole ,fabrick1 & no "o /one c be tak5 away b ! :ole ,ar* falls4 ,& :]esoev] any ( ^? radiat+ w$ges ,,dtd1 c4 are remov$1 :i* are ! compon5t p>ts ( ?is ,ar*1 ! :ole ,fabrick pres5tly falls to pieces2 = all ! ,spr+s ( ! sev]al p>ts are set at lib]ty1 :i* imm$iately extricate !mselves & fly asund] e way2 ea* "p by its spr+ contribut+ to ! d>t+ ( x self & "s o!r contigu\s "p4 ,b if ?is drop be heat s hot z t ! p>ts by degrees c unb5d !mselves1 & be settl$ & anneal$ 9 t po/ure1 & be !n suff]$ g5tly to subside & cool2 ,! p>ts by ?is neal+ los+ _! spr+9ess1 con/itute a drop ( a m s(t b less brittle texture1 & ! p>ts be+ n at all "u a flexure1 ?\gh any "p ( ! middle or ,pi? ,,teee be brok51 yet w n ! drop at all fly to pieces z be=e4 ,?is ,conjecture ( m9e ,i %all indeav\r to make out by expla9+ ea* p>ticul> ,ass]tion ) analog\s ,exp]im5ts3 ,! ,ass]tions are ^!4 ,fir/1 ,t ! p>ts ( ! ,glass1 :il/ 9 a fluid ,consi/5ce & hot1 are m r>ifi$1 or take up m room1 !n :5 h>d & cold4 ,secondly1 ,t ! p>ts ( ! drop d suff] a two-fold contraction4 ,?irdly1 ,t ! dropp+ or qu5*+ ! gl[+ metal 9 ! ,wat] makes x ( a h>d1 spr++1 & r>ifi$ texture4 ,f\r?ly1 ,t !re is a flexion or =ce rema9+ ^u ! p>ts ( ! ,glass ?us qu5*$1 f :i* !y indeav\r to extricate !mselves4 ,fif?ly1 ,t ! ,fabrick ( ! drop1 t is able to h9d] ! p>ts f extricat+ !mselves1 is analogus to t ( an ,ar*4 ,six?ly1 ,t ! sudd5 fly+ asund] ( ! p>ts proce$s f _! spr+9ess4 ,sev5?ly1 ,t a gradual heat+ & cool+ does anneal or r$uce ! p>ts ( ,glass to a texture t is m loose1 & easili] to be brok51 b n s brittle4 ,t ! fir/ ( ^! is true may be ga!r$ f ?is1 ,t ,heat is a prop]ty ( a body aris+ f ! motion or agitation ( its p>ts2 & !re=e :atev] body is !reby t\*t mu/ necess>ily receive "s "p ( t motion1 :]eby its p>ts w be %ak5 & agitat$1 & s by degrees free & extricate !mselves f "o ano!r1 & ea* "p s mov$ does by t motion ex]t a conatus ( protrud+ & displac+ all ! adjac5t ,p>ticles4 ,?us ,air includ$ 9 a vessel1 by be+ heat$ w bur/ x to pieces4 ,?us h ,i broke a ,bladd] held ov] ! fire 9 my h&1 ) su* a viol5ce & noise1 t x almo/ made me deaf = ! pres5t1 & mu* surpass$ ! noise ( a ,musket3 ,! l h ,i done by ?r[+ into ! fire small glass ,bubbles h]metically seal$1 ) a little drop ( ,wat] includ$ 9 !m4 ,?us ,wat] also1 or any o!r ,liquor1 includ$ 9 a conv5i5t vessel1 by be+ w>m$1 manife/ly exp&s x self ) a v great viol5ce1 s z to break ! /ronge/ vessel1 if :5 heat$ x be n>r[ly imprison$ 9 x4 ,?is is v manife/ by ! ,seal$ ,!rmomet]s1 :i* ,i h1 by sev]al tryals1 at la/ br\ght to a great c]ta9ty & t5d]ness3 = ,i h made "s ) /ems above f\r foot long1 9 :i* ! exp&+ ,liquor w\ld s f> v>y1 z to be v ne] ! v top 9 ! heat ( ,summ]1 & prety ne] ! bottom at ! colde/ "t ( ! ,w9t]4 ,! ,/ems ,i use = !m are v ?ick1 /raight1 & ev5 ,pipes ( ,glass1 ) a v small p]=ation1 & bo? ! head & body ,i h made on purpose at ! ,glass-h\se1 ( ! same metal :]e( ! ,pipes are drawn3 ^! ,i c easily 9 ! flame ( a ,lamp1 urg$ ) ! bla/ ( a pair ( ,bell[s1 seal & close toge!r1 s z to rema9 v firm1 close & ev52 by ?is means ,i joyn on ! body fir/1 & !n fill bo? x & a "p ( ! /em1 proportionate to ! l5g? ( ! /em & ! w>m? ( ! season ,i fill x 9 ) ! be/ rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e highly t+'d ) ! lovely col\r ( ,co*5eel1 :i* ,i deep5 ! m by p\r+ "s drops ( common ,_s ( ,ur9e1 :i* mu/ n be too well rectifi$1 because x w be apt to make ! ,liquor to curdle & /ick 9 ! small p]=ation ( ! /em4 ,?is ,liquor ,i h ^u tryal f\nd ! mo/ t5d] ( any spiritu\s ,liquor1 & ^? are mu* m s5sibly affect$ ) ! v>iations ( heat & cold !n o!r m flegmatick & pond]\s ,liquors1 & z capable ( receiv+ a deep t9cture1 & keep+ x1 z any ,liquor :atsoev]2 & 7:i* makes x yet m acceptable7 is n subject to be froz5 by any cold yet kn[n4 ,:5 ,i h ?us fill$ x1 ,i c v easily 9 ! =em5tion$ flame ( a ,lamp seal & joyn on ! head ( x4 ,!n1 = graduat+ ! /em1 ,i fix t = ! beg9n+ ( my division :]e ! surface ( ! liquor 9 ! /em rema9s :5 ! ball is plac$ 9 common di/ill$ wat]1 t is s cold t x j beg9s to freeze & %oot into flakes2 & t m>k ,i fix at a conv5i5t place ( ! /em1 to make x capable ( exhibit+ v _m degrees ( cold1 bel[ t :i* is requisite to freeze wat]3 ! re/ ( my divisions1 bo? above & bel[ ?is 7:i* ,i m>k ) a #j or n\ght7 ,i place accord+ to ! ,degrees ( ,expansion1 or ,contraction ( ! ,liquor 9 proportion to ! bulk x _h :5 x indur'd ! newly m5tion'd freez+ cold4 ,& ?is may be v easily & accurately en\gh done by ?is foll[+ way2 ,prep>e a ,cyl9drical vessel ( v ?9 plate ,brass or ,silv]1 ,,abcd ( ! figure ,z2 ! ,diamet] ,,ab ( ^: cavity let be ab\t two in*es1 & ! dep? ,,bc ! same2 let ea* end be cov]'d ) a flat & smoo? plate ( ! same sub/ance1 closely sod]'d on1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! upp] cov] make a pretty l>ge hole ,,ef1 ab\t ! bigness ( a fif? "p ( ! ,diamet] ( ! o!r2 into ?is fa/5 v well ) cem5t a /raight & ev5 ,cyl9drical pipe ( ,glass1 ,,efgh1 ! ,diamet] ( ^: cavity let be exactly "o t5? ( ! ,diamet] ( ! great] ,cyl9d]4 ,let ?is pipe be m>k'd at ,,gh ) a ,diamant1 s t ,g f ,e may be di/ant j two in*es1 or ! same height ) t ( ! cavity ( ! great] ,cyl9d]1 !n divide ! l5g? ,,eg exactly into #aj p>ts1 s ! capacity ( ! holl[ ( ea* ( ^! divisions w be "p ( ! capacity ( ! great] ,cyl9d]4 ,?is vessel be+ ?us prep>$1 ! way ( m>k+ & graduat+ ! ,!rmomet]s may be v easily ?us p]=m$3 ,fill ?is ,cyl9drical vessel ) ! same liquor :]e) ! ,!rmomet]s are fill'd1 !n place bo? x & ! ,!rmomet] y are to graduate1 9 wat] t is ready to be froz51 & br+ ! surface ( ! liquor 9 ! ,!rmomet] to ! fir/ m>ke or #j2 !n s proportion ! liquor 9 ! ,cyl9drical vessel1 t ! surface ( x may j be at ! l[] end ( ! small glass-,cyl9d]2 !n v g5tly & gradually w>m ! wat] 9 :i* bo? ! ,!rmomet] & ?is ,cyl9drical vessel /&1 & z y p]ceive ! t+'d liquor to rise 9 bo? /ems1 ) ! po9t ( a ,diamond give sev]al m>ks on ! /em ( ! ,!rmomet] at ^? places1 :i* by comp>+ ! expansion 9 bo? ,/ems1 are f\nd to correspond to ! divisions ( ! cyl9drical vessel1 & hav+ by ?is means m>k$ "s few ( ^! divisions on ! ,/em1 x w be v easie by ^! to m>k all ! re/ ( ! ,/em1 & accord+ly to assign to e division a prop] "*4 ,a ,!rmomet]1 ?us m>k$ & prep>$1 w be ! fitte/ ,in/rum5t to make a ,/&>d ( heat & cold t c be imag9$4 ,= be+ seal$ up1 x is n at all subject to v>iation or wa/+1 nor is x liable to be *ang$ by ! v>y+ pressure ( ! ,air1 :i* all o!r k9d ( ,!rmomet]s t are op5 to ! ,air are liable to4 ,b to proce$4 ,?is prop]ty ( ,expansion ) ,heat1 & ,contraction ) ,cold1 is n peculi> to ,liquors only1 b to all k9d ( solid ,bodies also1 especially ,metals1 :i* w m manife/ly appe> by ?is ,exp]im5t4 ,take ! ,b>rel ( a ,/opcock ( ,brass1 & let ! ,key1 :i* is well fitt$ to x1 be rivet$ into x1 s t x may slip1 & be easily turn$ r\nd1 !n heat ?is ,cock 9 ! fire1 & y w f9d ! ,key s swoll51 t y w n be able to turn x r\nd 9 ! ,b>rel2 b if x be suff]$ to cool aga91 z soon z x is cold x w be z movable1 & z easie to be turn$ z be=e4 ,?is ,quality is also v obs]vable 9 ,lead1 ,t91 ,silv]1 ,antimony1 ,pit*1 ,ros91 ,bees-wax1 ,butt]1 & ! l2 all :i*1 if aft] !y be melt$ y suff] g5tly to cool1 y %all f9d ! p>ts ( ! upp] ,surface to subside & fall inw>ds1 los+ t plumpness & smoo?ness x _h :il/ 9 fusion4 ,! l ,i h also obs]v$ 9 ! cool+ ( ,glass ( ,antimony1 :i* does v ne] approa* ! nature ( ,glass1 ,b because ^! are all ,examples tak5 f o!r mat]ials !n ,glass1 & argue only1 t possibly !re may be ! l prop]ty also 9 ,glass1 n t really !re is2 we %all by ?ree or f\r ,exp]im5ts indeav\r to manife/ t also4 ,& ! ,fir/ is an ,obs]vation t is v obvi\s ev5 9 ^! v drops1 to wit1 t !y are all ( !m t]m9at$ ) an unequal or irregul> ,surface1 especially ab\t ! small] "p ( ! drop1 & ! :ole l5g? ( ! /em2 z ab\t ,d1 & f !nce to ,a1 ! :ole ,surface1 :i* w\ld h be5 r\nd if ! drop _h cool'd leisurely1 is1 by be+ qu5*$ ha/ily1 v irregul>ly flatt$ & pitt$2 :i* ,i suppose proce$s p>tly f ! ,wat]s unequally cool+ & press+ ! p>ts ( ! drop1 & p>tly f ! self-contract+ or subsid+ quality ( ! sub/ance ( ! ,glass3 ,= ! vehem5cy ( ! heat ( ! drop causes su* hidd5 motions & bubbles 9 ! cold ,wat]1 t "s p>ts ( ! ,wat] be> m =cibly aga9/ "o "p !n aga9/ ano!r1 & consequ5tly d m sudd5ly cool ^? p>ts to :i* !y are contigu\s4 ,a ,second ,argum5t may be drawn f ! ,exp]im5t ( cutt+ ,glasses ) a hot ,iron4 ,= 9 t ,exp]im5t ! top ( ! ,iron heats1 & !reby r>ifies ! p>ts ( ! ,glass t lie j be=e ! crack1 :5ce ea* ( ^? agitat$ p>ts indeav\r+ to exp& its self & get elb[-room1 ?ru/s (f all ! re/ ( ! contigu\s p>ts1 & consequ5tly promotes ! crack t 0 be=e begun4 ,a ,?ird ,argum5t may be drawn f ! way ( produc+ a crack 9 a s\nd piece or plate ( ,glass1 :i* is done two wayes1 ei!r ,fir/1 by sudd5ly heat+ a piece ( ,glass 9 "o place m !n 9 ano!r4 ,& by ?is means *ymi/s usually cut (f ! necks ( ,glass-bodies1 by two k9ds ( ,in/rum5ts1 ei!r by a gl[+ hot r\nd ,iron-,r+1 :i* j incompasses ! place t is to be cut1 or else by a ,sulphur'd ,?re$1 :i* is (t5 w\nd ab\t ! place :]e ! sep>ation is to be made1 & !n fir$4 ,or ,secondly1 ,a ,glass may be crack$ by cool+ x sudd5ly 9 any place ) ,wat]1 or ! l1 aft] x has be5 all leisurely & gradually heat$ v hot4 ,bo? :i* ,phnom5a seem manife/ly to proce$ f ! expansion & contraction ( ! p>ts ( ! ,glass1 :i* is also made m probable by ?is circum/ance :i* ,i h obs]v$1 t a piece ( common w9d[-glass be+ heat$ 9 ! middle v sudd5ly ) a live ,coal or hot ,iron1 does usually at ! fir/ crack fall into pieces1 :]eas if ! ,plate has be5 gradually heat$ v hot1 & a drop ( cold ,wat] & ! l be put on ! middle ( x1 x only flaws x1 b does n break x asund] imm$iately4 ,a ,f\r? ,argum5t may be drawn f ?is ,exp]im5t2 ,take a ,glass-pipe1 & fit into a solid /ick ( ,glass1 s z x w b j be mov$ 9 x4 ,!n by degrees heat !m :il/ !y are "o )9 ano!r1 & !y w gr[ /iff]1 b :5 !y are aga9 cold1 !y w be z easie to be turn$ z be=e4 ,?is ,expansion ( ,glass is m manife/ 9 ?is ,exp]im5t4 ,take a /ick ( ,glass ( a consid]able l5g?1 & fit x s betwe5 ! two ends or screws ( a ,la?1 t x may b j easily turn1 & t ! v ends ( x may be j t\*t & su/e9$ !reby2 !n apply+ ! flame ( ! ,c&le to ! middle ( x1 & heat+ x hot1 y w pres5tly f9d ! ,glass to /ick v fa/ on ^? po9ts1 & n )\t mu* difficulty to be conv]tible on !m1 be=e t by remov+ ! flame = a :ile f x1 x be suff]$ to cool1 & :5 y w f9d x z easie to be turn$ r\nd z at ! fir/4 ,f all :i* ,exp]im5ts x is v evid5t1 t all ^? ,bodies1 & p>ticul>ly ,glass1 suff]s an ,expansion by ,heat1 & t a v consid]able "o1 :il/ !y are 9 a /ate ( ,fusion4 ,= ,fluidity1 z ,i else:]e m5tion1 be+ no?+ b an effect ( v /rong & quick %ak+ motion1 :]eby ! p>ts are1 z x 71 loos5$ f ea* o!r1 & consequ5tly leave an int]jac5t space or vacuity2 x foll[s1 t all ^? %ak5 ,p>ticles mu/ necess>ily take up mu* m room !n :5 !y 7 at re/1 & lay quietly ^u ea* o!r4 ,& ?is is fur!r confirm$ by a ,pot ( boyl+ ,alaba/]1 :i* w manife/ly rise a six? or eigh? "p high] 9 ! ,pot1 :il/ x is boyl+1 !n x w rema9 at1 bo? be=e & aft] x be boyl$4 ,! reason ( :i* odd ,phnom5on 7to h9t x "h only by ! way7 is ?is1 t !re is 9 ! curi\s p[d] ( ,alaba/]1 & o!r calc9+ ,/ones1 a c]ta9 wat]y sub/ance1 :i* is s fixt & includ$ ) ! solid ,p>ticles1 t till ! heat be v consid]able !y w n fly away2 b aft] ! heat is increas$ to su* a degree1 !y break out e way 9 vap\rs1 & !reby s %ake & loos5 ! small corpuscles ( ! ,p[d] f ea* o!r1 t !y become p]fectly ( ! nature ( a fluid body1 & "o may move a /ick to & fro ?r\gh x1 & /ir x z easily z wat]1 & ! vap\rs bur/ & break out 9 bubbles j z 9 boyl+ wat]1 & ! l2 :]eas1 bo? be=e ^? wat]y p>ts are fly+ away1 & aft] !y are q gone2 t is1 be=e & aft] x h done boyl+1 all ^? effects cease1 & a /ick is z difficultly mov$ to & fro 9 x z 9 s&1 or ! l4 ,:i* ,explication ,i c\ld easily prove1 _h ,i "t2 b ?is is n a fit place = x4 ,to proce$ !re=e1 ,i say1 t ! dropp+ ( ?is exp&$ ,body into cold ,wat]1 does make ! p>ts ( ! ,glass suff] a d\ble contraction3 ,! fir/ is1 ( ^? p>ts :i* are ne] ! ,surface ( ! ,drop4 ,= ,cold1 z ,i said be=e1 contract+ ,bodies1 t is1 by ! abatem5t ( ! agitat+ faculty ! p>ts fall+ ne]] toge!r2 ! p>ts next adjoyn+ to ! ,wat] mu/ ne$s lose mu* ( _! motion1 & imp>t x to ! ,ambi5t wat] 7:i* ! ,ebullition & commotion ( x manife/s7 & !reby become a solid & h>d cru/1 :il/ ! inn]mo/ p>ts rema9 yet fluid & exp&$2 :5ce1 z !y gr[ cold also by degrees1 _! p>ts mu/ necess>ily be left at lib]ty to be cond5s$1 b because ( ! h>dness ( ! outw>d cru/1 ! contraction _c be admitt$ t way2 b !re be+ _m v small1 & be=e inconspicu\s1 bubbles 9 ! sub/ance ( ! ,glass1 ^u ! subsid+ ( ! p>ts ( ! ,glass1 ! agil sub/ance conta9$ 9 !m has lib]ty ( exp&+ x self a little1 & !reby ^? bubbles gr[ mu* bigg]1 :i* is ! second ,contraction4 ,& bo? ^! are confirm$ f ! appe>ance ( ! ,drop x self3 = z = ! outw>d p>ts1 we see1 fir/1 t x is irregul> & %runk1 z x 71 :i* is caus$ by ! yield+ a little ( ! h>d5$ ,sk9 to a ,contraction1 aft] ! v outmo/ ,surface is settl$2 & z = ! int]nal p>ts1 "o may ) ones nak$ ,eye p]ceive abundance ( v conspicu\s bubbles1 & ) ! ,microscope _m m4 ,! ,consid]ation ( :i* ,p>ticul>s w easily make ! ,?ird ,position probable1 t is1 t ! p>ts ( ! drop w be ( a v h>d1 ?\gh ( a r>ifi$ ,texture2 = if ! outw>d p>ts ( ! ,drop1 by reason ( its h>d cru/1 w indure v little ,contraction1 & ! agil ,p>ticles1 includ$ 9 ^? bubbles1 by ! los+ ( _! agitation1 by ! decrease ( ! ,heat1 lose also mo/ "p ( _! ,spr+ & ,expansive p[]2 x foll[s 7! )draw+ ( ! heat be+ v sudd57 t ! p>ts mu/ be left 9 a v loose ,texture1 & by reason ( ! implication ( ! p>ts "o ab\t ano!r1 :i* f _! sluggi%nes & glut9\sness ,i suppose to be mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! /icks 9 a ,?orn-bu%1 or a ,lock ( ,wool2 x w foll[1 ,i say1 t ! p>ts w hold ea* o!r v /rongly toge!r1 & indeav\r to draw ea* o!r ne]] toge!r1 & consequ5tly _! ,texture mu/ be v h>d & /iff1 b v mu* r>ifi$4 ,& ?is w make probable my next ,position1 ,t ! p>ts ( ! ,glass are "u a k9d ( t5sion or flexure1 out ( :i* !y indeav\r to extricate & free !mselves1 & !reby all ! p>ts draw t[>ds ! ,c5t] or middle1 & w\ld1 if ! outw>d p>ts w\ld give way1 z !y d :5 ! outw>d p>ts cool leisurely 7z 9 bak+ ( ,glasses7 contract ! bulk ( ! drop into a mu* less compass4 ,= s9ce1 z ,i prov$ be=e1 ! ,int]nal p>ts ( ! drop1 :5 fluid1 7 ( a v r>ifi$ ,texture1 &1 z x 71 tos'd op5 l a ,lock ( ,wool1 & if !y 7 suff]$ leisurely to cool1 w\ld be aga9 pre/1 z x 71 close toge!r3 ,& s9ce t ! heat1 :i* kept !m b5d$ & op51 is remov$1 & yet ! p>ts n suff]$ to get z ne] toge!r z !y naturally w\ld2 ,x foll[s1 t ! ,p>ticles rema9 "u a k9d ( t5sion & flexure1 & consequ5tly h an indeav\r to free !mselves f t b5d+ & di/5sion1 :i* !y d1 z soon z ei!r ! tip be brok51 or z soon z by a leisurely heat+ & cool+1 ! p>ts are neal$ into ano!r po/ure4 ,& ?is w make my next ,position probable1 t ! p>ts ( ! ,glass drops are contignat$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( an ,ar*1 _c any :]e yield or be drawn inw>ds1 till by ! remov+ ( "s "o "p ( x 7z x happ5s 9 ! remov+ "o ( ! /ones ( an ,ar*7 ! :ole ,fabrick is %att]'d1 & falls to pieces1 & ea* ( ! ,spr+s is left at lib]ty1 sudd5ly to extricate x self3 = s9ce ,i h made x probable1 t ! int]nal p>ts ( ! ,glass h a contractive p[] inw>ds1 & ! ext]nal p>ts are incapable ( su* a ,contraction1 & ! figure ( x be+ sph]ical2 x foll[s1 t ! sup]ficial p>ts mu/ be> aga9/ ea* o!r1 & keep "o ano!r f be+ cond5s'd into a less room1 9 ! same mann] z ! /ones ( an ,ar* conduce to ! uphold+ ea* o!r 9 t ,figure4 ,& ?is is made m probable by ano!r ,exp]im5t :i* 0 communicat$ to me by an excell5t ,p]son1 ^: extraord9>y ,abilities 9 all k9d ( ,kn[l$g1 especially 9 t ( ,natural ?+s1 & 8 g5]\s ,disposition 9 communicat+1 inc\rag$ me to h rec\rse to him on _m occasions4 ,! ,exp]im5t 0 ?is3 ,small ,glass-balls 7ab\t ! bigness ( t repres5t$ 9 ! ,figure 47 w\ld1 ^u rubb+ or scrat*+ ! inw>d ,surface1 fly all insund]1 ) a pretty brisk noise2 :]eas nei!r be=e nor aft] ! inn] ,surface _h be5 ?us scrat*t1 did !re appe> any flaw or crack4 ,& putt+ ! pieces ( "o ( ^? brok5 ones toge!r aga91 ! flaws appe>$ mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! black l9es on ! ,figure1 4 ,^! ,balls 7 small1 b exce$+ ?ick bubbles ( ,glass1 :i* be+ crack'd (f f ! ,puntilion :il/ v hot1 & s suff]$ to cool )\t neal+ !m 9 ! ,ov5 ov] ! ,furnace1 d !reby 7be+ made ( :ite ,glass1 :i* cools mu* quick] !n gre5 ,glass1 & is !reby made mu* brittl]7 acquire a v por\s & v brittle texture3 s t if ) ! po9t ( a ,ne$le or ,bodk91 ! inside ( any ( !m be rubb$ prety h>d1 & !n laid on a ,table1 x w1 )9 a v little :ile1 break into _m pieces ) a brisk noise1 & ?r[ ! p>ts above a span asund] on ! ,table3 ,n[ ?\gh ! pieces are n s small z ^? ( a fulm9at+ drop1 yet !y z pla9ly %ew1 t ! outw>d p>ts ( ! ,glass h a great ,conatus to fly asund]1 7 !y n held toge!r by ! t5acity ( ! p>ts ( ! inw>d ,surface3 = we see z soon z ^? p>ts are craz$ by h>d rubb+1 & !reby _! t5acity spoil$1 ! spr+9ess ( ! m outw>d p>ts quickly makes a divulsion1 & ! brok5 pieces w1 if ! concave ,surface ( !m be fur!r scrat*t ) a ,diamond1 fly aga9 into small] pieces4 ,f :i* prec$+ consid]ations x w foll[ ,six?ly1 ,t ! sudd5 fly+ asund] ( ! p>ts z soon z ?is ,ar* is any :]e disord]$ or brok51 proce$s f ! spr++ ( ! p>ts2 :i*1 indeav\r+ to extricate !mselves z soon z !y get ! lib]ty1 !y p]=m x ) su* a quickness1 t !y ?r[ "o ano!r away ) v great viol5ce3 = ! ,p>ticles t compose ! ,cru/ h a ,conatus to lye fur!r f "o ano!r1 & !re=e z soon z ! ext]nal p>ts are loos5$ !y d>t !mselves outw>d ) great viol5ce1 j z s _m ,spr+s w\ld d1 if !y 7 deta9$ & fa/5$ to ! body1 z soon z !y %\ld be sudd5ly loos5$2 & ! int]nal p>ts draw+ inw>d1 !y contract s viol5tly2 t !y reb\nd back aga9 & fly into multitude ( small %iv]s or s&s4 ,n[ ?\gh !y appe> n1 ei!r to ! nak$ ,eye1 or ! ,microscope1 yet ,i am v apt to ?9k !re may be abundance ( small flaws or cracks1 :i*1 by reason ! /rong reflect+ ,air is n got betwe5 ! contigu\s p>ts1 appe> n4 ,& t ?is may be s1 ,i argue f ?is1 t ,i h v (t5 be5 able to make a crack or flaw1 9 "s conv5i5t pieces ( ,glass1 to appe> & disappe> at pleasure1 accord+ z by press+ toge!r1 or pull+ asund] ! contigu\s p>ts1 ,i exclud$ or admitt$ ! /rong reflect+ ,air betwe5 ! p>ts3 ,& x is v probable1 t !re may be "s ,body1 t is ei!r v r>ifi$ ,air1 or some?+ analog\s to x1 :i* fills ! bubbles ( ^! drops2 :i* ,i argue1 fir/1 f ! r\ndness ( !m1 & next1 f ! vivid reflection ( ,light :i* !y exhibite3 ,n[ ?\gh ,i d\bt n1 b t ! ,air 9 !m is v mu* r>ifi$1 yet t !re is "s 9 !m1 to su* z well consid] ?is ,exp]im5t ( ! disappe>+ ( a crack ^u ! extrud+ ( ! ,air1 ,i suppose x w seem m !n probable4 ,! ,sev5? & la/ !re=e t ,i %all prove1 is1 ,t ! gradual heat+ & cool+ ( ^! s ext5d$ bodies does r$uce ! p>ts ( ! ,glass to a loos] & s(t] temp]4 ,& ?is ,i f\nd by heat+ !m1 & keep+ !m = a prety :ile v r$ hot 9 a fire2 = !reby ,i f\nd !m to gr[ a little light]1 & ! small ,/ems to be v easily brok5 & snapt any :]e1 )\t at all mak+ ! drop fly2 :]eas be=e !y 7 s exce$+ h>d1 t !y c\ld n be brok5 )\t mu* difficulty2 & ^u _! break+ ! :ole drop w\ld fly 9 pieces ) v great viol5ce4 ,! ,reason ( :i* la/ seems to be1 t ! leisurely heat+ & cool+ ( ! p>ts does n only wa/ "s "p ( ! ,glass x self1 b ranges all ! p>ts into a bett] ord]1 & gives ea* ,p>ticle an opportunity ( relax+ its self1 & consequ5tly nei!r w ! p>ts hold s /rongly toge!r z be=e1 nor be s difficult to be brok53 ,! p>ts n[ m easily yield+1 nor w ! o!r p>ts fly 9 pieces1 because ! p>ts h no b5d$ ,spr+s4 ,! relaxation also 9 ! temp] ( h>dn$ ,/eel1 & hamm]$ ,metals1 by neal+ !m 9 ! fire1 seems to proce$ f mu* ! same cause4 ,= bo? by qu5*+ sudd5ly su* ,metals z h vitrifi$ p>ts int]sp]s'd1 z ,/eel has1 & by hamm]+ ( o!r k9ds t d n s mu* ab\nd ) !m1 z ,silv]1 ,brass1 c4 ! p>ts are put into & deta9$ 9 a b5d$ po/ure1 :i* by ! agitation ( ,heat are %ak51 & loos5$1 & suff]$ to unb5d !mselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,viii4 ,( ! fi]y ,sp>ks /ruck f a ,fl9t or ,/eel4 ,x is a v common ,exp]im5t1 by /rik+ ) a ,fl9t aga9/ a ,/eel1 to make c]ta9 fi]y & %9+ ,sp>ks to fly out f betwe5 ^? two compress+ ,bodies4 ,ab\t eight ye>s s9ce1 ^u casually read+ ! ,explication ( ?is odd ,phnom5on1 by ! mo/ ,+5i\s ,des ,c>tes1 ,i _h a great desire to be satisfi$1 :at t ,sub/ance 0 t gave su* a %9+ & bright ,light3 ,& to t end ,i spread a %eet ( :ite ,pap]1 & on x1 obs]v+ ! place :]e sev]al ( ^! ,sp>ks seem$ to vani%1 ,i f\nd c]ta9 v small1 black1 b gli/]+ ,spots ( a movable ,sub/ance1 ea* ( :i* exam9+ ) my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd to be a small r\nd ,globule2 "s ( :i*1 z !y look$ prety small1 s did !y f _! ,surface yield a v bright & /rong reflection on t side :i* 0 next ! ,light2 & ea* look'd almo/ l a prety bright ,iron-,ball1 ^: ,surface 0 prety regul>1 su* z is repres5t$ by ! ,figure ,a4 ,9 ?is ,i c\ld p]ceive ! ,image ( ! ,w9d[ prety well1 or ( a ,/ick1 :i* ,i mov$ up & d[n betwe5 ! ,light & x4 ,o!rs ,i f\nd1 :i* 71 z to ! bulk ( ! ,ball1 prety regul>ly r\nd1 b ! ,surface ( !m1 z x 0 n v smoo?1 b r\gh1 & m irregul>1 s 0 ! reflection f x m fa9t & confus$4 ,su* 7 ! ,surfaces ( ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 & ,e4 ,"s ( ^! ,i f\nd cleft or crack$1 z ,c1 o!rs q brok5 9 two & holl[1 z ,d4 :i* seem$ to be half ! holl[ %ell ( a ,granado1 brok5 irregul>ly 9 pieces4 ,sev]al o!rs ,i f\nd ( o!r %apes2 b t :i* is repres5t$ by ,e1 ,i obs]v$ to be a v big ,sp>k ( fire1 :i* w5t out ^u "o side ( ! ,fl9t t ,i /ruck fire )all1 to :i* x /uck by ! root ,f1 at ! end ( :i* small ,/em 0 fa/5$-on a ,hemisph]e1 or half a holl[ ,ball1 ) ! m\? ( x op5 f ! /emw>ds1 s t x look$ mu* l a ,funnel1 or an old fa%ion$ ,b[l )\t a foot4 ,?is night1 mak+ _m tryals & obs]vations ( ?is ,exp]im5t1 ,i met1 among a multitude ( ! ,globul> ones :i* ,i _h obs]v$1 a c\ple ( ,in/ances1 :i* are v rem>kable to ! confirmation ( my ,hypo!sis4 ,& ! ,fir/ 0 ( a pretty big ,ball fa/5$ on to ! end ( a small sliv] ( ,iron1 :i* ,compositum seem$ to be no?+ else b a long ?9 *ip ( ,iron1 "o ( ^: ends 0 melt$ into a small r\nd ,globul2 ! o!r end rema9+ unmelt$ & irregul>1 & p]fectly ,iron4 ,! ,second ,in/ance 0 n less rem>kable !n ! ,fir/2 = ,i f\nd1 :5 a ,sp>k w5t out1 no?+ b a v small ?9 long sliv] ( ,iron or ,/eel1 unmelt$ at ei!r end4 ,s t x seems1 t "s ( ^! ,sp>ks are ! sliv]s or *ips ( ! ,iron vitrifi$1 ,o!rs are only ! sliv]s melt$ into ,balls )\t vitrification1 ,& ! ?ird k9d are only small sliv]s ( ! ,iron1 made r$-hot ) ! viol5ce ( ! /roke giv5 on ! ,/eel by ! ,fl9t4 ,he t %all dilig5tly exam9e ! ,phnom5a ( ?is ,exp]im5t1 w1 ,i d\bt n1 f9d cause to believe1 t ! reason ,i h h]et(ore giv5 ( x1 is ! true & g5u9e cause ( x1 namely1 ,t ! ,sp>k1 appe>+ s bright 9 ! fall+1 is no?+ else b a small piece ( ! ,/eel or ,fl9t1 b mo/ commonly ( ! ,/eel1 :i* by ! viol5ce ( ! /roke is at ! same "t sev]'d & heat r$-hot1 & t sometimes to su* a degree1 z to make x melt toge!r into a small ,globule ( ,/eel2 & sometimes also is t heat s v int5se1 z fur!r to melt x & vitrifie x2 b _m times ! heat is s g5tle1 z to be able to make ! sliv] only r$ hot1 :i* not)/&+ fall+ ^u ! t9d] 7t is only a v curi\s small ,coal made ( ! small ?reads ( ,l9n5 burnt to coals & *>'d7 x easily sets x on fire4 ,nor w any "p ( ?is ,hypo!sis seem /range to him t consid]s1 ,fir/1 t ei!r hamm]+1 or fil+ or o!rwise viol5tly rubb+ ( ,/eel1 w pres5tly make x s hot z to be able to burn ones f+]s4 ,next1 t ! :ole =ce ( ! /roke is ex]t$ ^u t small "p :]e ! ,fl9t & ,/eel fir/ t\*3 ,= ! ,bodies be+ ea* ( !m s v h>d1 ! puls _c be f> communicat$1 t is1 ! p>ts ( ea* c yield b v little1 & !re=e ! viol5ce ( ! concussion w be ex]t$ on t piece ( ,/eel :i* is cut (f by ! ,fl9t4 ,?irdly1 t ! fil+s or small p>ts ( ,/eel are v apt1 z x 71 to take fire1 & are pres5tly r$ hot1 t is1 !re seems to be a v combu/ible sulphure\s ,body 9 ,iron or ,/eel1 :i* ! ,air v readily preys ^u1 z soon z ! body is a little viol5tly heat$4 ,& ?is is obvi\s 9 ! fil+s ( ,/eel or ,iron ca/ ?r\gh ! flame ( a ,c&le2 = ev5 by t sudd5 transitus ( ! small *ips ( ,iron1 !y are heat r$ hot1 & t combu/ible sulphure\s ,body is pres5tly prey'd ^u & dev\r$ by ! a]eal incompass+ ,m5/ruum1 ^: (fice 9 ?is ,p>ticul> ,i h %ewn 9 ! ,explication ( ,*>cole4 ,& 9 prosecution ( ?is ,exp]im5t1 hav+ tak5 ! fil+s ( ,iron & ,/eel1 & ) ! po9t ( a ,knife ca/ !m ?r\gh ! flame ( a ,c&le1 ,i obs]v$ :]e "s conspicu\s %9+ ,p>ticles fell1 & look+ on !m ) my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd !m to be no?+ else b su* r\nd ,globules1 z ,i =m]ly f\nd ! ,sp>ks /ruck f ! ,/eel by a /roke to be1 only a little bigg]2 & %ak+ toge!r all ! fil+s t _h fall5 ^u ! %eet ( ,pap] und]nea? & obs]v+ !m ) ! ,microscope1 ,i f\nd a great numb] ( small ,globules1 su* z ! =m]1 ?\gh !re 7 also _m ( ! p>ts t _h rema9$ unt\*t & r\gh fil+s or *ips ( ,iron4 ,s t1 x seems1 ,iron does conta9 a v combu/ible sulphure\s ,body1 :i* is1 9 all likelihood1 "o ( ! causes ( ?is ,phnom5on1 & :i* may be p]haps v mu* conc]n$ 9 ! bus9ess ( its h>d5+ & temp]+3 ( :i* some:at is said 9 ! ,description ( ,muscovy-glass4 ,s t1 ^! ?+s consid]$1 we ne$ n tr\ble our selves to f9d out :at k9d ( ,pores !y are1 bo? 9 ! ,fl9t & ,/eel1 t conta9 ! ,atoms ( fire1 nor h[ ^? ,atoms come to be h9dr$ f runn+ all out1 :5 a dore or passage 9 _! ,pores is made by ! concussion3 nor ne$ we tr\ble our selves to exam9e by :at ,prome!us ! ,elem5t ( ,fire comes to be fet*t d[n f above ! ,regions ( ! ,air1 9 :at ,cells or ,boxes x is kept1 & :at ,epime!us lets x g3 ,nor to consid] :at x is t causes s great a conflux ( ! atomical ,p>ticles ( ,fire1 :i* are said to fly to a flam+ ,body1 l ,vultures or ,eagles to a putrify+ ,c>cass1 & !re to make a v great pudd]4 ,s9ce we h no?+ m difficult 9 ?is ,hypo!sis to conceive1 fir/1 z to ! k9dl+ ( ,t9d]1 !n h[ a l>ge ,iron-bullet1 let fall r$ or gl[+ hot ^u a heap ( ,small-coal1 %\ld set fire to ^? t are next to x fir/3 ,nor secondly1 is ?is la/ m difficult to be explicat$1 !n t a ,body1 z ,silv] = ,in/ance1 put into a weak ,m5/ruum1 z unrectifi$ ,aqua =tis %\ld1 :5 x is put 9 a great heat1 be !re dissolv$ by x1 & n be=e2 :i* ,hypo!sis is m l>gely explicat$ 9 ! ,description ( ,*>coal4 ,to conclude1 we see by ?is ,in/ance1 h[ mu* ,exp]im5ts may conduce to ! regulat+ ( ,philosophical notions4 ,= if ! mo/ ,acute ,des ,c>tes _h appli$ himself exp]im5tally to h exam9$ :at sub/ance x 0 t caus$ t %9+ ( ! fall+ ,sp>ks /ruck f a ,fl9t & a ,/eel1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h a little alt]$ 8 ,hypo!sis1 & we %\ld h f\nd1 t 8 ,+5i\s ,pr9ciples w\ld h admitt$ a v plausible ,explication ( ?is ,phnom5on2 :]eas by n exam9+ s f> z he might1 he has set d[n an ,explication :i* ,exp]im5t d's contradict4 ,b be=e ,i leave ?is ,description1 ,i mu/ n =get to take notice ( ! ,globul> =m into :i* ea* ( ^! is mo/ curi\sly =m$4 ,& ?is ,phnom5on1 z ,i h else:]e m l>gely %ewn1 proce$s f a propriety :i* belongs to all k9ds ( fluid ,bodies m or less1 & is caus$ by ! ,incongruity ( ! ,ambi5t & includ$ ,fluid1 :i* s acts & modulates ea* o!r1 t !y acquire1 z ne] z is possible1 a sph]ical or globul> =m1 :i* propriety & sev]al ( ! ,phnom5a t proce$ f x1 ,i h m fully explicat$ 9 ! six? ,obs]vation4 ,"o ,exp]im5t1 :i* does v mu* illu/rate my pres5t ,explication1 & is 9 x self exce$+ pretty1 ,i mu/ n pass by3 ,& t is a way ( mak+ small ,globules or ,balls ( ,lead1 or ,t91 z small almo/ z ^! ( ,iron or ,/eel1 & t exce$+ easily & quickly1 by turn+ ! fil+s or *ips ( ^? ,metals also into p]fectly r\nd ,globules4 ,! way1 9 %ort1 z ,i receiv$ x f ! ,le>n$ ,physitian ,doctor ,i4,g4 is ?is2 ,r$uce ! ,metal y w\ld ?us %ape1 into exce$+ f9e fil+s1 ! f9] ! fil+s are1 ! f9] w ! ,balls be3 ,/ratifie ^! fil+s ) ! f9e & well dry$ p[d] ( quick ,lime 9 a ,crucible proportion$ to ! quantity y int5d to make3 ,:5 y h ?us fill$ y\r ,crucible1 by cont9ual /ratifications ( ! fil+s & p[d]1 s t1 z ne] z may be1 no "o ( ! fil+s may t\* ano!r1 place ! ,crucible 9 a gradual fire1 & by degrees let x be br\ght to a heat big en\gh to make all ! fil+s1 t are mixt ) ! quick ,lime1 to melt1 & no m2 = if ! fire be too hot1 _m ( ^! fil+s w joyn & run toge!r2 :]eas if ! heat be proportion$1 ^u wa%+ ! ,lime-du/ 9 fair ,wat]1 all ^? small fil+s ( ! ,metal w subside to ! bottom 9 a mo/ curi\s p[d]1 consi/+ all ( exactly r\nd ,globules1 :i*1 if x be v f9e1 is v excell5t to make ,h\r-glasses (4 ,n[ ?\gh quick ,lime be ! p[d] t ?is direction makes *oice (1 yet ,i d\bt n1 b t !re may be mu* m conv5i5t ones f\nd out1 "o ( :i* ,i h made tryal (1 & f\nd v effectual2 & 7 x n = discov]+1 by ! m5tion+ ( x1 ano!r ,secret1 :i* ,i am n free to imp>t1 ,i %\ld h "h ins]t$ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,ix4 ,( ! ,col\rs obs]vable 9 ,muscovy-,glass1 & o!r ?9 ,bodies4 ,moscovy-glass1 or ,lapis specul>is1 is a ,body t seems to h z _m ,curiosities 9 its ,fabrick z any common ,m9]al ,i h met )3 = fir/1 ,x is transp>5t to a great ?ickness3 ,next1 x is comp\nd$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( ?9 flakes joyn$ or g5]at$ "o ^u ano!r s close smoo?1 z ) _m hundr$s ( !m to make "o smoo? & ?9 ,plate ( a transp>5t flexible sub/ance1 :i* ) c>e & dilig5ce may be slit into pieces s exce$+ly ?9 z to be h>dly p]ceivable by ! eye1 & yet ev5 ^?1 :i* ,i h ?\ght ! ?9ne/1 ,i h ) a good ,microscope f\nd to be made up ( _m o!r ,plates1 yet ?9n]2 & x is probable1 t1 7 our ,microscopes mu* bett]1 we might mu* fur!r discov] its divisibility4 ,nor are ^! flakes only regul> z to ! smoo?ness ( _! ,surfaces1 b ?irdly1 ,9 _m ,plates !y may be p]ceiv$ to be t]m9at$ naturally ) edges ( ! figure ( a ,rhomboeid4 ,?is ,figure is mu* m conspicu\s 9 our ,engli% talk1 mu* :]e( is f\nd 9 ! ,lead ,m9es1 & is commonly call$ ,sp>1 & ,kauck1 :i* is ( ! same k9d ( sub/ance ) ! ,sel5itis1 b is seldom f\nd 9 s l>ge flakes z t is1 nor is x altoge!r s tuff1 b is mu* m cle> & transp>5t1 & mu* m curi\sly %ap$1 & yet may be cleft & flak'd l ! o!r ,sel5itis4 ,b f\r?ly1 ?is /one has a prop]ty1 :i* 9 respect ( ! ,microscope1 is m notable1 & t is1 t x exhibits sev]al appe>ances ( ,col\rs1 bo? to ! nak$ ,eye1 b mu* m conspicu\sly to ! ,microscope2 = ! exhibit+ ( :i*1 ,i took a piece ( ,muscovy-glass1 & splitt+ or cleav+ x into ?9 ,plates1 ,i f\nd t up & d[n 9 sev]al p>ts ( !m ,i c\ld pla9ly p]ceive sev]al :ite specks or flaws1 & o!rs div]sly col\r$ ) all ! ,col\rs ( ! ,ra9b[2 & ) ! ,microscope ,i c\ld p]ceive1 t ^! ,col\rs 7 rang$ 9 r+s t incompass$ ! :ite speck or flaw1 & 7 r\nd or irregul>1 accord+ to ! %ape ( ! spot :i* !y t]m9at$2 & ! position ( ,col\rs1 9 respect ( "o ano!r1 0 ! v same z 9 ! ,ra9b[4 ,! consecution ( ^? ,col\rs f ! middle ( ! spot outw>d be+ ,blew1 ,purple1 ,sc>let1 ,yell[1 ,gre52 ,blew1 ,purple1 ,sc>let1 & s onw>ds1 sometimes half a score times repeat$1 t is1 !re appe>$ six1 sev51 eight1 n9e or t5 sev]al col\r$ r+s or l9es1 ea* incircl+ ! o!r1 9 ! same mann] z ,i h (t5 se5 a v vivid ,ra9b[ to h f\r or five sev]al ,r+s ( ,col\rs1 t is1 acc\nt+ all ! ,gradations betwe5 ,r$ & ,blew = "o3 ,b ! ord] ( ! ,col\rs 9 ^! ,r+s 0 q contr>y to ! prim>y or inn]mo/ ,ra9b[1 & ! same ) ^? ( ! second>y or out]mo/ ,ra9b[2 ^! col\r$ ,l9es or ,irises1 z ,i may s call !m1 7 "s ( !m mu* bright] !n o!rs1 & "s ( !m also v mu* broad]1 !y be+ "s ( !m t51 tw5ty1 nay1 ,i believe1 ne] a hundr$ times broad] !n o!rs2 & ^? usually 7 broade/ :i* 7 ne]e/ ! c5t] or middle ( ! flaw4 ,& (t5times ,i f\nd1 t ^! ,col\rs rea*t to ! v middle ( ! flaw1 & !n !re appe>$ 9 ! middle a v l>ge spot1 = ! mo/ "p1 all ( "o col\r1 :i* 0 v vivid1 & all ! o!r ,col\rs incompass+ x1 gradually asc5d+1 & gr[+ n>r[] t[>ds ! edges1 keep+ ! same ord]1 z 9 ! secund>y ,ra9b[1 t is1 if ! middle 7 ,blew1 ! next incompass+ x w\ld be a ,purple1 ! ?ird a ,r$1 ! f\r? a ,yell[1 c4 z above2 if ! middle 7 a ,r$1 ! next )\t x w\ld be a ,yell[1 ! ?ird a ,gre51 ! f\r? a ,blew1 & s onw>d4 ,& ?is ord] x alwayes kept :atsoev] 7 ! middle ,col\r4 ,!re 0 fur!r obs]vable 9 sev]al o!r p>ts ( ?is ,body1 _m ,l9es or ,?reads1 ea* ( !m ( "s "o peculi> ,col\r1 & ^? s exce$+ly bright & vivid1 t x af=d$ a v pleasant object ?r\gh ! ,microscope4 ,"s ( ^! ?reads ,i h obs]v$ also to be piec$ or made up ( sev]al %ort l5g?s ( diff]5tly col\r$ ends 7z ,i may s call !m7 z a l9e appe>+ ab\t two in*es long ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 has be5 comp\nd$ ( ab\t half an in* ( a ,pea* col\r1 ( a lovely ,grass-gre51 ( an in* m ( a bright ,sc>let1 & ! re/ ( ! l9e ( a ,wat*et blew4 ,o!rs ( !m 7 mu* o!rwise col\r$2 ! v>iety be+ almo/ inf9ite4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* is v obs]vable1 is1 t if y f9d any place :]e ! col\rs are v broad & conspicu\s to ! nak$ eye1 y may1 by press+ t place ) y\r f+]1 make ! col\rs *ange places1 & g f "o "p to ano!r4 ,!re is "o ,phnom5on m1 :i* may1 if c>e be us$1 exhibit to ! behold]1 z x has div]s times to me1 an exce$+ pleasant1 & n less in/ructive ,spectacle2 ,& t is1 if curiosity & dilig5ce be us$1 y may s split ?is admirable ,sub/ance1 t y may h pretty l>ge ,plates 79 companion ( ^? small] ones :i* y may obs]ve 9 ! ,r+s7 t are p]haps an or a "p ( an in* ov]1 ea* ( !m appe>+ ?r\gh ! ,microscope mo/ curi\sly1 intirely1 & uni=mly adorn$ ) "s "o vivid col\r3 ?is1 if exam9$ ) ! ,microscope1 may be pla9ly p]ceiv$ to be 9 all p>ts ( x equally ?ick4 ,two1 ?ree1 or m ( ^! ly+ "o ^u ano!r1 exhibit (t5times curi\s comp\nd$ col\rs1 :i* produce su* a ,compositum1 z "o w\ld sc>ce imag9e %\ld be ! result ( su* +r$i5ts3 ,z p]haps a fa9t yell[ & a blew may produce a v deep purple4 ,b :5 anon we come to ! m /rict exam9ation ( ^! ,phnom5a1 & to inquire into ! causes & reasons ( ^! productions1 we %all1 ,i hope1 make x m conceivable h[ !y are produc$1 & %ew !m to be no o!r !n ! natural & necess>y effects aris+ f ! peculi> union ( concurr5t causes4 ,^! ,phnom5a1 be+ s v>i\s1 & s truly admirable1 x w c]ta9ly be v well wor? our inquiry1 to exam9e ! causes & reasons ( !m1 & to consid]1 :e!r f ^! causes demon/ratively evid5c$1 may n be d$uc$ ! true causes ( ! production ( all k9d ( ,col\rs4 ,& ,i ! r n[ d x1 in/ead ( an ,app5dix or ,digression to ?is ,hi/ory1 !n ^u ! occasion ( exam9+ ! ,col\rs 9 ,peacocks1 or o!r ,fea!rs1 because ?is ,subject1 z x does af=d m v>iety ( p>ticul> ,col\rs1 s does x af=d mu* bett] wayes ( exam9+ ea* circum/ance4 ,& ?is w be made manife/ to him t consid]s1 fir/1 t ?is lam9at$ body is m simple & regul> !n ! p>ts ( ,peacocks fea!rs1 ?is consi/+ only ( an indef9ite numb] ( pla9 & smoo? ,plates1 heap$ up1 or incumb5t on ea* o!r4 ,next1 t ! p>ts ( ?is body are mu* m manageable1 to be divid$ or joyn$1 !n ! p>ts ( a ,peacocks fea!r1 or any o!r sub/ance t ,i "k4 ,& ?irdly1 because t 9 ?is we are able f a col\rless body to produce sev]al col\r$ bodies1 af=d+ all ! v>iety ( ,col\rs imag9able3 ,& sev]al o!rs1 :i* ! subsequ5t ,inquiry w make manife/4 ,to beg9 !re=e1 x is manife/ f sev]al circum/ances1 t ! mat]ial cause ( ! app>ition ( ^! sev]al ,col\rs1 is "s ,lam9a or ,plate ( a transp>5t or pellucid body ( a ?ickness v det]m9ate & proportion$ accord+ to ! great] or less refractive p[] ( ! pellucid body4 ,& t ?is is s1 abundance ( ,in/ances & p>ticul> ,circum/ances w make manife/4 ,z fir/1 if y take any small piece ( ! ,muscovy-glass1 & ) a ,ne$le1 or "s o!r conv5i5t ,in/rum5t1 cleave x (t5times into ?9n] & ?9n] ,lam91 y %all f9d1 t till y come to a det]m9ate ?9ness ( !m1 !y %all all appe> transp>5t & col\rless1 b if y cont9ue to split & divide !m fur!r1 y %all f9d at la/1 t ea* ,plate1 aft] x comes to su* a det]m9ate ?ickness1 %all appe> mo/ lovely t+'d or imbu$ ) a det]m9ate col\r4 ,if fur!r1 by any means y s flaw a pretty ?ick piece1 t "o "p does beg9 to cleave a little f ! o!r1 & betwe5 ^? two !re be by any means gott5 "s pellucid m$ium1 ^? lam9at$ pellucid bodies t fill t space1 %all exhibit sev]al ,ra9b[s or col\r$ ,l9es1 ! col\rs ( :i* w be dispos$ & rang$ accord+ to ! v>i\s ?icknesses ( ! sev]al p>ts ( t ,plate4 ,t ?is is s1 is yet fur!r confirm$ by ?is ,exp]im5t4 ,take two small pieces ( gr\nd & poli%t ,look+-glass-plate1 ea* ab\t ! bigness ( a %ill+1 take ^! two dry1 & ) y\r =e-f+]s & ?umbs press !m v h>d & close toge!r1 & y %all f9d1 t :5 !y approa* ea* o!r v ne>1 !re w appe> sev]al ,irises or col\r$ ,l9es1 9 ! same mann] almo/ z 9 ! ,muscovy-glass2 & y may v easily *ange any ( ! ,col\rs ( any "p ( ! int]pos$ body1 by press+ ! ,plates clos] & h>d] toge!r1 or leav+ !m m lax2 t is1 a "p :i* appe>$ col\r$ ) a r$1 may be pres5tly t+'d ) a yell[1 blew1 gre51 purple1 or ! l1 by alt]+ ! approp9quation ( ! t]m9at+ ,plates4 ,n[ t air is n necess>y to be ! int]pos$ body1 b t any o!r transp>5t fluid w d mu* ! same1 may be try$ by wett+ ^? approximat$ ,surfaces ) ,wat]1 or any o!r transp>5t ,liquor1 & proce$+ ) x 9 ! same mann] z y did ) ! ,air2 & y w f9d mu* ! l effect1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ^? compre/ bodies1 :i* diff] mo/1 9 _! refractive quality1 f ! compress+ bodies1 exhibit ! mo/ /rong & vivid t9ctures4 ,nor is x necess>y1 t ?is lam9at$ & t+'d body %\ld be ( a fluid sub/ance1 any o!r sub/ance1 provid$ x be ?9 en\gh & transp>5t1 do+ ! same ?+3 ?is ! ,lam9 ( our ,muscovy-glass h9t2 b x may be confirm'd by multitudes ( o!r ,in/ances4 ,& fir/1 we %all f9d1 t ev5 ,glass x self may1 by ! help ( a ,lamp1 be bl[n ?9 en\gh to produce ^! ,phnom5a ( ,col\rs3 :i* ,phnom5a accid5tally happ5+1 z ,i h be5 attempt+ to frame small ,glasses ) a ,lamp1 did n a little surprize me at fir/1 hav+ nev] he>d or se5 any ?+ ( x be=e2 ?\gh aft]w>ds comp>+ x ) ! ,phnom5a1 ,i _h (t5 obs]v$ 9 ^? ,bubbles :i* ,*ildr5 use to make ) ,soap-wat]1 ,i did ! less wond]2 especially :5 ^u ,exp]im5t ,i f\nd1 ,i 0 able to produce ! same ,phnom5a 9 ?9 ,bubbles made ) any o!r transp>5t ,sub/ance4 ,?us h ,i produc$ !m ) ,bubbles ( ,pit*1 ,ros91 ,colophony1 ,turp5t9e1 ,solutions ( sev]al ,gums1 z ,gum-,arabick 9 wat]2 any glut9\s ,liquor1 z ,wort1 ,w9e1 ,_s ( ,w9e1 ,oyl ( ,turp5t9e1 ,gl>e ( ,snails1 c4 ,x w\ld be ne$less to enum]ate ! sev]al ,in/ances1 ^! be+ en\gh to %ew ! g5]ality or univ]sality ( ?is propriety4 ,only ,i mu/ n omit1 t we h in/ances also ( ?is k9d ev5 9 metall9e ,bodies & animal2 = ^? sev]al ,col\rs :i* are obs]v$ to foll[ ea* o!r ^u ! poli%t surface ( h>dn$ ,/eel1 :5 x is by a suffici5t degree ( heat gradually temp]$ or s(t5$1 are produc$1 f no?+ else b a c]ta9 ?9 ,lam9a ( a vitrum or vitrifi$ "p ( ! ,metal1 :i* by t degree ( heat1 & ! concurr+ action ( ! ambi5t ,air1 is driv5 out & fix$ on ! surface ( ! ,/eel4 ,& ?is h9ts to me a v probable 7at lea/1 if n ! true7 cause ( ! h>dn+ & temp]+ ( ,/eel1 :i* has n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 yet giv51 nor1 t ,i "k ( be5 s mu* z ?\ght ( by any4 ,& t is ?is1 t ! h>dness ( x arises f a great] proportion ( a vitrifi$ ,sub/ance int]sp]s$ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! ,/eel4 ,& t ! temp]+ or s(tn+ ( x arises f ! proportionate or small] p>cels ( x left )9 ^? pores4 ,?is w seem ! m probable1 if we consid] ^! ,p>ticul>s4 ,fir/1 ,t ! pure p>ts ( ,metals are ( !mselves v flexible & tuff2 t is1 w indure b5d+ & hamm]+1 & yet reta9 _! cont9uity4 ,next1 ,t ! ,p>ts ( all vitrifi$ ,sub/ances1 z all k9ds ( ,glass1 ! ,scoria ( ,metals1 c4 are v h>d1 & also v brittle1 be+ nei!r flexible nor malleable1 b may by hamm]+ or beat+ be brok5 into small p>ts or p[d]s4 ,?irdly1 ,t all ,metals 7except+ ,gold & ,silv]1 :i* d n s mu* ) ! b>e fire1 unless assi/$ by o!r sal9e ,bodies7 d m or less vitrifie by ! /r5g? ( fire1 t is1 are corrod$ by a ,sal9e ,sub/ance1 :i* ,i else:]e %ew to be ! true cause ( fire2 & are !reby1 z by sev]al o!r ,m5/ruums conv]t$ into ,scoria2 ,& ?is is call$1 calc9+ ( !m1 by ,*imi/s4 ,?us ,iron & ,copp] by heat+ & qu5*+ d turn all ( !m by degrees into ,scoria1 :i* are evid5tly vitrifi$ ,sub/ances1 & unite ) ,glass1 & are easily fusible2 & :5 cold1 v h>d1 & v brittle4 ,f\r?ly1 ,t mo/ k9d ( ,vitrifications or ,calc9ations are made by ,salts1 unit+ & incorporat+ ) ! metall9e ,p>ticles4 ,nor d ,i "k any "o calc9ation :]e9 a ,sal9e body may n1 ) v great probability1 be said to be an ag5t or coadjutor4 ,fif?ly1 ,t ,iron is conv]t$ into ,/eel by means ( ! incorporation ( c]ta9 salts1 ) :i* x is kept a c]ta9 "t 9 ! fire4 ,six?ly1 ,t any ,iron may1 9 a v little "t1 be case h>dn$1 z ! ,tradesm5 call x1 by cas+ ! iron to be h>dn$ ) clay1 & putt+ betwe5 ! clay & iron a good quantity ( a mixture ( ,ur9e1 ,soot1 ,sea-salt1 & ,horses ho(s 7all :i* conte9 great quantities ( ,sal9e bodies7 & !n putt+ ! case into a good /rong fire1 & keep+ x 9 a consid]able degree ( heat = a good :ile1 & aft]w>ds heat+1 & qu5*+ or cool+ x sudd5ly 9 cold wat]4 ,sev5?ly1 ,t all k9d ( vitrify'd sub/ances1 by be+ sudd5ly cool'd1 become v h>d & brittle4 ,& !nce arises ! pretty ,phnom5a ( ! ,glass ,drops1 :i* ,i h already fur!r expla9$ 9 its own place4 ,eigh?ly1 ,t ^? metals :i* are n s apt to vitrifie1 d n acquire any h>dness by qu5*+ 9 wat]1 z ,silv]1 ,gold1 c4 ,^! consid]ations premis'd1 w1 ,i suppose1 make way = ! m easie reception ( ?is foll[+ ,explication ( ! ,phnom5a ( h>dn$ & temp]'d ,/eel4 ,t ,/eel is a sub/ance made out ( ,iron1 by means ( a c]ta9 proportionate ,vitrification ( sev]al p>ts1 :i* are s curi\sly & proportionately mixt ) ! m t\gh & unalt]'d p>ts ( ! ,iron1 t :5 by ! great heat ( ! fire ?is vitrify'd sub/ance is melt$1 & consequ5tly r>ify'd1 & !reby ! pores ( ! ,iron are m op51 if !n by means ( dipp+ x 9 cold wat] x be sudd5ly cold1 & ! p>ts h>dn$1 t is1 /ay'd 9 t same degree ( ,expansion !y 7 9 :5 hot1 ! p>ts become v h>d & brittle1 & t ^u ! same acc\nt almo/ z small p>cels ( glass qu5*$ 9 wat] gr[ brittle1 :i* we h already explicat$4 ,if aft] ?is ! piece ( ,/eel be held 9 "s conv5i5t heat1 till by degrees c]ta9 col\rs appe> ^u ! surface ( ! brightn$ metal1 ! v h>d & brittle tone ( ! metal1 by degrees relaxes & becomes mu* m t\gh & s(t2 namely1 ! action ( ! heat does by degrees loos5 ! p>ts ( ! ,/eel t 7 be=e /rea*$ or set atilt z x 71 & /ay$ op5 by ea* o!r1 :]eby !y become relax$ & set at lib]ty1 :5ce "s ( ! m brittle int]jac5t p>ts are ?ru/ out & melt$ into a ?9 sk9 on ! surface ( ! ,/eel1 :i* f no col\r increases to a deep ,purple1 & s onw>d by ^! gradations or consecutions1 ,:ite1 ,yell[1 ,orange1 ,m9ium1 ,sc>let1 ,purple1 ,blew1 ,wat*et1 c4 & ! p>ts )9 are m conv5i5tly1 & proportionately mixt2 & s !y gradually subside into a texture :i* is mu* bett] proportion'd & clos] joyn'd1 :5ce t rigidness ( p>ts ceases1 & ! p>ts beg9 to acquire _! =m] ductilness4 ,n[1 t 'tis no?+ b ! vitrify'd metal t /icks ^u ! surface ( ! col\r'd body1 is evid5t f ?is1 t if by any means x be scrap$ & rubb'd (f1 ! metal und]nea? x is :ite & cle>2 & if x be kept long] 9 ! fire1 s z to increase to a consid]able ?ickness1 x may1 by bl[s1 be beat5 (f 9 flakes4 ,?is is fur!r confirm'd by ?is obs]vable1 t t ,iron or ,/eel w keep long] f ru/+ :i* is cov]$ ) ?is vitrify'd case3 ,?us also ,lead w1 by degrees1 be all turn'd into a li?>ge2 = t col\r :i* cov]s ! top be+ scum'd or %ov'd aside1 appe>s to be no?+ else b a li?>ge or vitrify'd ,lead4 ,?is is obs]vable also 9 "s sort1 on ,brass1 ,copp]1 ,silv]1 ,gold1 ,t91 b is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ,lead3 all ^? ,col\rs t cov] ! surface ( ! ,metal be+ no?+ else1 b a v ?9 vitrifi'd "p ( ! heat$ ,metal4 ,! o!r ,in/ance we h1 is 9 ,animal bodies1 z 9 ,pe>ls1 ,"m ( ,pe>l-%els1 ,oy/]-%els1 & almo/ all o!r k9ds ( /ony %els :atsoev]4 ,?is h ,i also sometimes ) pleasure obs]v'd ev5 9 ,muscles & ,t5dons4 ,fur!r1 if y take any glut9\s sub/ance & run x exce$+ly ?9 ^u ! surface ( a smoo? glass or a poli%t metal9e body1 y %all f9d ! l effects produc$3 & 9 g5]al1 :]esoev] y meet ) a transp>5t body ?9 en\gh1 t is t]m9at$ by reflect+ bodies ( diff]+ refractions f x1 !re w be a production ( ^! pleas+ & lovely col\rs4 ,nor is x necess>y1 t ! two t]m9at+ ,bodies %\ld be bo? ( ! same k9d1 z may appe> by ! vitrifi$ ,lam9 on ,/eel1 ,lead1 & o!r ,metals1 "o surface ( :i* ,lam9 is contigu\s to ! surface ( ! ,metal1 ! o!r to t ( ! ,air4 ,nor is x necess>y1 t ^! col\r'd ,lam9 %\ld be ( an ev5 ?ickness1 t is1 %\ld h _! edges & middles ( equal ?ickness1 z 9 a ,look+-glass-plate1 :i* circum/ance is only requisite to make ! ,plate appe> all ( ! same col\r2 b !y may resemble a ,l5s1 t is1 h _! middles ?ick] !n _! edges2 or else a d\ble concave1 t is1 be ?9n] 9 ! middle !n at ! edges2 9 bo? :i* cases !re w be v>i\s col\r$ r+s or l9es1 ) diff]+ consecutions or ord]s ( ,col\rs2 ! ord] ( ! fir/ f ! middle outw>ds be+ ,r$1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,blew1 c4 ,& ! latt] q contr>y4 ,b fur!r1 x is altoge!r necess>y1 t ! ,plate1 9 ! places :]e ! ,col\rs appe>1 %\ld be ( a det]m9ate ?ickness3 ,fir/1 ,x mu/ n be m !n su* a ?ickness1 = :5 ! ,plate is increas$ to su* a ?ickness1 ! ,col\rs cease2 & besides1 ,i h se5 9 a ?9 piece ( ,muscovy-glass1 :]e ! two ends ( two ,plates1 :i* appe>+ bo? s+le1 exhibit$ two di/9ct & diff]+ ,col\rs2 b 9 t place :]e !y 7 unit$1 & con/itut$ "o d\ble ,plate 7z ,i may call x7 !y appe>$ transp>5t & col\rless4 ,nor1 ,secondly1 may ! ,plates be ?9n] !n su* a det]m9ate cize2 = we alwayes f9d1 t ! v outmo/ ,rim ( ^! flaws is t]m9at$ 9 a :ite & col\rless ,r+4 ,fur!r1 9 ?is ,production ( ,col\rs !re is no ne$ ( a det]m9ate ,light ( su* a bigness & no m1 nor ( a det]m9ate position ( t ,light1 t x %\ld be on ?is side1 & n on t side2 nor ( a t]m9at+ %ad[1 z 9 ! ,prisme1 & ,ra9b[1 or ,wat]-ball3 = we f9d1 t ! ,light 9 ! op5 ,air1 ei!r 9 or out ( ! ,sun-beams1 & )9 a ,room1 ei!r f "o or _m ,w9d[s1 produces mu* ! same effect3 only :]e ! ,light is brighte/1 !re ! ,col\rs are mo/ vivid4 ,s does ! light ( a ,c&le1 collect$ by a ,glass-ball4 ,& fur!r1 x is all "o :atev] side ( ! col\r$ ,r+s be t[>ds ! light2 = ! :ole ,r+ keeps its prop] ,col\rs f ! middle outw>ds 9 ! same ord] z ,i be=e relat$1 )\t v>y+ at all1 ^u *ang+ ! position ( ! light4 ,b above all x is mo/ obs]vable1 t "h are all k9d ( ,col\rs g5]at$ 9 a pellucid body1 :]e !re is prop]ly no su* refraction z ,des ,c>tes supposes 8 ,globules to acquire a v]ticity by3 ,= 9 ! pla9 & ev5 ,plates x is manife/1 t ! second refraction 7accord+ to ,des ,c>tes 8 ,pr9ciples 9 ! fif? ,section ( ! eigh? ,*apt] ( 8 ,meteors7 does regulate & re/ore ! suppos$ turb9at$ ,globules unto _! =m] uni=m motion4 ,?is ,exp]im5t !re=e w prove su* a "o z our ?rice excell5t ,v]ulam calls ,exp]im5tum ,crucis1 s]v+ z a ,guide or ,l&-m>k1 by :i* to direct our c\rse 9 ! se>* aft] ! true cause ( ,col\rs4 ,af=d+ u ?is p>ticul> negative ,in=mation1 t = ! production ( ,col\rs !re is n necess>y ei!r a great refraction1 z 9 ! ,prisme2 nor ,secondly1 a det]m9ation ( ,light & %ad[1 su* z is bo? 9 ! ,prisme & ,glass-ball4 ,n[ t we may see likewise :at affirmative & positive ,in/ruction x yields1 x w be necess>y1 to exam9e x a little m p>ticul>ly & /rictly2 :i* t we may ! bett] d1 x w be requisite to premise some:at 9 g5]al conc]n+ ! nature ( ,light & ,refraction4 ,& fir/ = ,light x seems v manife/1 t !re is no lum9\s ,body b has ! p>ts ( x 9 motion m or less4 ,fir/1 ,t all k9d ( fi]y burn+ ,bodies h _! p>ts 9 motion1 ,i ?9k1 w be v easily grant$ me4 ,t ! sp>k /ruck f a ,fl9t & ,/eel is 9 a rapid agitation1 ,i h else:]e made probable4 ,& t ! ,p>ts ( rott5 ,wood1 rott5 ,fi% & ! l1 are also 9 motion1 ,i ?9k1 w z easily be conc$$ by ^?1 :o consid]1 t ^? p>ts nev] beg9 to %9e till ! ,bodies be 9 a /ate ( putrefaction2 & t is n[ g5]ally grant$ by all1 to be caus$ by ! motion ( ! p>ts ( putrify+ bodies4 ,t ! ,bononian /one %9es no long] !n x is ei!r w>m$ by ! ,sun-beams1 or by ! flame ( a ,fire or ( a ,c&le1 is ! g5]al report ( ^? t write ( x1 & ( o!rs t h se5 x4 ,& t heat argues a motion ( ! int]nal p>ts is 7z ,i said be=e7 g5]ally grant$4 ,b !re is "o ,in/ance m1 :i* 0 fir/ %ewn to ! ,royal ,society by ,mr4 ,clayton a wor?y ,memb] !re(1 :i* does make ?is ,ass]tion m evid5t !n all ! re/3 ,& t is1 ,t a ,diamond be+ rub'd1 /ruck or heat$ 9 ! d>k1 %9es = a pretty :ile aft]1 s long z t motion1 :i* is imp>t$ by any ( ^? ,ag5ts1 rema9s 79 ! same mann] z a ,glass1 rubb'd1 /ruck1 or 7by a means :i* ,i %all else:]e m5tion7 heat$1 yields a s\nd :i* la/s z long z ! vibrat+ motion ( t sonor\s body7 sev]al ,exp]im5ts made on :i* ,/one1 are s9ce publi%$ 9 a ,disc\rse ( ,col\rs1 by ! truly hon\rable ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,:at may be said ( ^? ,ignes fatui t appe> 9 ! night1 ,i _c s well affirm1 hav+ nev] _h ! opportunity to exam9e !m my self1 nor to be in=m'd by any o!rs t _h obs]v'd !m3 ,& ! relations ( !m 9 ,au?ors are s imp]fect1 t no?+ c be built on !m4 ,b ,i hope ,i %all be able 9 ano!r place to make x at lea/ v probable1 t !re is ev5 9 ^? also a ,motion :i* causes ?is effect4 ,t ! %9+ ( ,sea-wat] proce$s f ! same cause1 may be argu$ f ?is1 ,t x %9es n till ei!r x be beat5 aga9/ a ,rock1 or be "s o!r wayes brok5 or agitat$ by ,/orms1 or ,o>s1 or o!r p]cuss+ bodies4 ,& t ! ,animal ,en]gies or ,spiritu\s agil p>ts are v active 9 ,cats eyes :5 !y %9e1 seems evid5t en\gh1 because _! eyes nev] %9e b :5 !y look v int5sly ei!r to f9d _! prey1 or be+ hunt$ 9 a d>k room1 :5 !y seek aft] _! adv]s>y1 or to f9d a way to escape4 ,& ! l may be said ( ! %9+ ,bellies ( ,gl[orms2 s9ce 'tis evid5t !y c at pleasure ei!r increase or ext+ui% t ,radiation4 ,x w\ld be some:at too long a "w = ?is place ,zetetically to exam9e1 & positively to prove1 :at p>ticul> k9d ( motion x is t mu/ be ! effici5t ( ,light2 = ?\gh x be a motion1 yet 'tis n e motion t produces x1 s9ce we f9d !re are _m bodies v viol5tly mov'd1 :i* yet af=d n su* an effect2 & !re are o!r bodies1 :i* to our o!r s5ses1 seem n mov'd s mu*1 :i* yet %9e4 ,?us ,wat] & quick-silv]1 & mo/ o!r liquors heat$1 %9e n2 & sev]al h>d bodies1 z ,iron1 ,silv]1 ,brass1 ,copp]1 ,wood1 c4 ?\gh v (t5 /ruck ) a hamm]1 %9e n pres5tly1 ?\gh !y w all ( !m gr[ exce$+ hot2 :]eas rott5 ,wood1 rott5 ,fi%1 ,sea-wat]1 ,gl[orms1 c4 h no?+ ( tangible heat 9 !m1 & yet 7:]e !re is no /rong] light to affect ! ,s5sory7 !y %9e "s ( !m s ,vividly1 t "o may make a %ift to read by !m4 ,x w\ld be too long1 ,i say1 "h to ins]t ! discursive progress by :i* ,i inquir'd aft] ! proprieties ( ! motion ( ,light1 & !re=e ,i %all only add ! result4 ,&1 ,fir/1 ,i f\nd x ought to be exce$+ quick1 su* z ^? motions ( f]m5tation & putrefaction1 :]eby1 c]ta9ly1 ! p>ts are exce$+ nimbly & viol5tly mov'd2 & t1 because we f9d ^? motions are able m m9utely to %att] & divide ! body1 !n ! mo/ viol5t heats or m5/ruums we yet "k4 ,& t fire is no?+ else b su* a dissolution ( ! ,burn+ body1 made by ! mo/ univ]sal m5/ruum ( all sulphure\s bodies1 namely1 ! ,air1 we %all 9 an o!r place ( ?is ,tractate endeav\r to make probable4 ,& t1 9 all extreamly hot %9+ bodies1 !re is a v quick motion t causes ,light1 z well z a m robu/ t causes ,heat1 may be argu$ f ! cel]ity :]e) ! bodyes are dissolv'd4 ,next1 x mu/ be a ,vibrative motion4 ,& = ?is ! newly m5tion'd ,diamond af=ds u a good argum5t2 s9ce if ! motion ( ! p>ts did n return1 ! ,diamond mu/ aft] _m rubb+s decay & be wa/$3 b we h no reason to suspect ! latt]1 especially if we consid] ! exce$+ difficulty t is f\nd 9 cutt+ or we>+ away a ,diamond4 ,& a ,circul> motion ( ! p>ts is mu* m improbable1 s9ce1 if t 7 grant$1 & !y be suppos'd irregul> & ,angul> p>ts1 ,i see n h[ ! p>ts ( ! ,diamond %\ld hold s firmly toge!r1 or rema9 9 ! same s5sible dim5sions1 :i* yet !y d4 ,next1 if !y be ,globul>1 & mov'd only ) a turb9at$ motion1 ,i "k n any cause t c impress t motion ^u ! pellucid m$ium1 :i* yet is done4 ,?irdly1 any o!r irregul> motion ( ! p>ts "o among/ ano!r1 mu/ necess>ily make ! body ( a fluid consi/5ce1 f :i* x is f> en\gh4 ,x mu/ !re=e be a ,vibrat+ motion4 ,& ,?irdly1 ,t x is a v %ort-vibrat+ motion1 ,i ?9k ! in/ances drawn f ! %9+ ( ,diamonds w also make probable4 ,= a ,diamond be+ ! h>de/ body we yet "k 9 ! ,_w1 & consequ5tly ! lea/ apt to yield or b5d1 mu/ consequ5tly also h its vibrations exce$+ %ort4 ,& ^!1 ,i ?9k1 are ! ?ree pr9cipal proprieties ( a motion1 requisite to produce ! effect call'd ,light 9 ! ,object4 ,! next ?+ we are to consid]1 is ! way or mann] ( ! trajection ( ?is motion ?r\gh ! int]pos'd pellucid body to ! eye3 ,& "h x w be easily grant$1 ,fir/1 ,t x mu/ be a body susceptible & imp>tible ( ?is motion t w des]ve ! "n ( a ,transp>5t4 ,& next1 t ! p>ts ( su* a body mu/ be ,homog5e\s1 or ( ! same k9d4 ,?irdly1 t ! con/itution & motion ( ! p>ts mu/ be su*1 t ! appulse ( ! lum9\s body may be communicat$ or propagat$ ?r\gh x to ! greate/ imag9able di/ance 9 ! lea/ imag9able "t1 ?\gh ,i see no reason to affirm1 t x mu/ be 9 an in/ant3 ,= ,i "k n any "o ,exp]im5t or obs]vation t does prove x4 ,&1 :]eas x may be object$1 ,t we see ! ,sun ris5 at ! v in/ant :5 x is above ! s5sible ,horizon1 & t we see a ,/> hidd5 by ! body ( ! ,moon at ! same in/ant1 :5 ! ,/>1 ! ,moon1 & our ,eye are all 9 ! same l9e2 & ! l ,obs]vations1 or r suppositions1 may be urg'd4 ,i h ?is to answ]1 ,t ,i c z easily d5y z !y affirm2 = ,i w\ld fa9 "k by :at means any "o c be assur$ any m ( ! ,affirmative1 !n ,i ( ! ,negative4 ,if inde$ ! propagation 7 v sl[1 'tis possible some?+ might be discov]$ by ,eclypses ( ! ,moon2 b ?\gh we %\ld grant ! progress ( ! light f ! ,e>? to ! ,moon1 & f ! ,moon back to ! ,e>? aga9 to be full two ,m9utes 9 p]=m+1 ,i "k n any possible means to discov] x2 nay1 !re may be "s in/ances p]haps ( ,horizontal ,eclypses t may seem v mu* to fav\r ?is supposition ( ! sl[] progression ( ,light !n mo/ imag9e4 ,& ! l may be said ( ! ,eclypses ( ! ,sun1 c4 ,b ( ?is only by ! by4 ,f\r?ly1 ,t ! motion is propagat$ e way ?r\gh an ,homog5e\s m$ium by direct or /raight l9es ext5d$ e way l ,rays f ! c5t] ( a ,sph]e4 ,fif?ly1 9 an ,homog5e\s m$ium ?is motion is propagat$ e way ) equal velocity1 :5ce necess>ily e pulse or vibration ( ! lum9\s body w g5]ate a ,sph]e1 :i* w cont9ually increase1 & gr[ bigg]1 j aft] ! same mann] 7?\gh indef9itely swift]7 z ! waves or r+s on ! surface ( ! wat] d swell into bigg] & bigg] circles ab\t a po9t ( x1 :]e1 by ! s9k+ ( a ,/one ! motion 0 begun1 :5ce x necess>ily foll[s1 t all ! p>ts ( ^! ,sph]es undulat$ ?r\gh an ,homog5e\s m$ium cut ! ,rays at "r angles4 ,b because all transp>5t m$iums are n ,homog5e\s to "o ano!r1 !re=e we w next exam9e h[ ?is pulse or motion w be propagat$ ?r\gh diff]+ly transp>5t m$iums4 ,& "h1 accord+ to ! mo/ acute & excell5t ,philosoph] ,des ,c>tes1 ,i suppose ! sign ( ! angle ( incl9ation 9 ! fir/ m$ium to be to ! sign ( refraction 9 ! second1 ,z ! d5sity ( ! fir/1 to ! d5sity ( ! second4 ,by d5sity1 ,i mean n ! d5sity 9 respect ( gravity 7) :i* ! refractions or transp>5cy ( m$iums hold no proportion7 b 9 respect onely to ! trajection ( ! ,rays ( light1 9 :i* respect !y only diff] 9 ?is2 t ! "o propagates ! pulse m easily & weakly1 ! o!r m sl[ly1 b m /rongly4 ,b z = ! pulses !mselves1 !y w by ! refraction acquire ano!r propriety1 :i* we %all n[ endeav\r to explicate4 ,we w suppose !re=e 9 ! fir/ ,figure ,,acfd to be a physical ,ray1 or ,,abc & ,,def to be two ,ma!matical ,rays1 traject$ f a v remote po9t ( a lum9\s body ?r\gh an ,homog5e\s transp>5t m$ium ,,lll1 & ,,da1 ,,eb1 ,,fc1 to be small portions ( ! orbicul> impulses :i* mu/ !re=e cut ! ,rays at "r angles2 ^! ,rays meet+ ) ! pla9 surface ,,no ( a m$ium t yields an easi] transitus to ! propagation ( light1 & fall+ obliquely on x1 !y w 9 ! m$ium ,,mmm be refract$ t[>ds ! p]p5dicul> ( ! surface4 ,& because ?is m$ium is m easily traject$ !n ! =m] by a ?ird1 !re=e ! po9t ,c ( ! orbicul> pulse ,,fc w be mov'd to ,h f\r spaces 9 ! same "t t ,f ! o!r end ( x is mov'd to ,g ?ree spaces1 !re=e ! :ole refract$ pulse ,,gh %all be oblique to ! refract$ ,rays ,,*k & ,,gi2 & ! angle ,,ghc %all be an acute1 & s mu* ! m acute by h[ mu* ! great] ! refraction be1 !n :i* no?+ is m evid5t1 = ! sign ( ! incl9ation is to ! sign ( refraction z ,,gf to ,,tc ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9t ,c & ! p]p5dicul> f ,g on ,,ck1 :i* be+ z f\r to ?ree1 ,,hc be+ long] !n ,,gf is long] also !n ,,tc1 !re=e ! angle ,,ghc is less ?an ,,gtc4 ,s t h5ce=? ! p>ts ( ! pulses ,,gh & ,,ik are mov'd ascew1 or cut ! ,rays at oblique angles4 ,x is n my bus9ess 9 ?is place to set d[n ! reasons :y ?is or t body %\ld imp$e ! ,rays m1 o!rs less3 z :y ,wat] %\ld transmit ! ,rays m easily1 ?\gh m weakly ?an air4 ,onely ?us mu* 9 g5]al ,i %all h9t1 t ,i suppose ! m$ium ,,mmm to h less ( ! transp>5t undulat+ subtile matt]1 & t matt] to be less implicat$ by x1 :]eas ,,lll ,i suppose to conta9 a great] quantity ( ! fluid undulat+ sub/ance1 & ?is to be m implicat$ ) ! p>ticles ( t m$ium4 ,b to proce$1 ! same k9d ( obliquity ( ! ,pulses & ,rays w happ5 also :5 ! refraction is made out ( a m easie into a m difficult m$iu2 z by ! calculations ( ,,gq ,,csr :i* are refract$ f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,9 bo? :i* calculations 'tis obvi\s to obs]ve1 t always t "p ( ! ,ray t[>ds :i* ! refraction is made has ! end ( ! orbicul> pulse prec$5t to t ( ! o!r side4 ,& always1 ! (tn] ! refraction is made ! same way1 ,or ! great] ! s+le refraction is1 ! m is ?is unequal progress4 ,s t hav+ f\nd ?is odd propriety to be an insep>able concomitant ( a refract$ ,ray1 n /reightn$ by a contr>y refraction1 we w next exam9e ! refractions ( ! ,sun-beams1 z !y are suff]'d onely to pass ?r\gh a small passage1 obliquely out ( a m difficult1 into a m easie m$ium4 ,let u suppose !re=e ,,abc 9 ! second ,figure to repres5t a l>ge ,*emical ,glass-body ab\t two foot long1 fill$ ) v fair ,wat] z high z ,,ab1 & incl9'd 9 a conv5i5t po/ure ) ,b t[>ds ! ,sun3 ,let u fur!r suppose ! top ( x to be cov]'d ) an opac\s body1 all b ! hole ab1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,sun-beams are suff]'d to pass into ! ,wat]1 & are !reby refract$ to cdef1 aga9/ :i* "p1 if a ,pap] be exp&$ on ! outside1 !re w appe> all ! col\rs ( ! ,ra9b[1 t is1 !re w be g5]at$ ! two pr9cipal col\rs1 ,sc>let & ,blue1 & all ! int]m$iate ones :i* arise f ! composition & dilut+s ( ^! two1 t is1 cd %all exhibit a ,sc>let1 :i* t[>d d is dilut$ into a ,yell[2 ?is is ! refraction ( ! ,ray1 ik1 :i* comes f ! und]side ( ! ,sun2 & ! ,ray ef %all appe> ( a deep ,blue1 :i* is gradually t[>ds e dilut$ into a pale ,wat*et-blue4 ,betwe5 d & e ! two dilut$ col\rs4 ,blue & ,yell[ are mixt & comp\nd$ into a ,gre52 & ?is ,i imag9e to be ! reason :y ,gre5 is s acceptable a col\r to ! eye1 & t ei!r ( ! two extremes are1 if int5se1 r a little (f5sive1 namely1 ! be+ plac'd 9 ! middle betwe5 ! two extremes1 & comp\nd$ out ( bo? ^?1 dilut$ also1 or some:at qualifi'd1 = ! composition1 aris+ f ! mixture ( ! two extremes undilut$1 makes a ,purple1 :i* ?\gh x be a lovely col\r1 & pretty acceptable to ! eye1 yet is x no?+ comp>able to ! ravi%+ pleasure ) :i* a curi\s & well temp]$ ,gre5 affects ! eye4 ,if remov+ ! ,pap]1 ! eye be plac'd aga9/ cd1 x w p]ceive ! l[] side ( ! ,sun 7or a ,c&le at night :i* is mu* bett]1 because x (f5ds n ! eye1 & is m easily manageable7 to be ( a deep ,r$1 & if aga9/ ef x w p]ceive ! upp] "p ( ! lum9\s body to be ( a deep ,blue2 & ^! col\rs w appe> deep] & deep]1 accord+ z ! ,rays f ! lum9\s body fall m obliquely on ! surface ( ! ,wat]1 & !reby suff] a great] refraction1 & ! m di/9ct1 ! fur!r cdef is remov$ f ! traject+ hole4 ,s t ^u ! :ole1 we %all f9d t ! reason ( ! ,phnom5a seems to dep5d ^u ! obliquity ( ! orbicul> pulse1 to ! ,l9es ( ,radiation1 & 9 p>ticul>1 t ! ,ray cd :i* con/itutes ! ,sc>let has its inn] p>ts1 namely ^? :i* are next to ! middle ( ! lum9\s body1 prec$5t to ! out]mo/ :i* are contigu\s to ! d>k & unradiat+ skie4 ,& t ! ,ray ef :i* gives a ,blue1 has its outw>d "p1 namely1 t :i* is contigu\s to ! d>k skie prec$5t to ! pulse f ! inn]mo/1 :i* bord]s on ! bright area ( ! lum9\s body4 ,we may obs]ve fur!r1 t ! cause ( ! dilut+ ( ! col\rs t[>ds ! middle1 proce$s p>tly f ! wid5ess ( ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! ,rays pass1 :]eby ! ,rays f sev]al p>ts ( ! lum9\s body1 fall ^u _m ( ! same p>ts betwe5 c & f z is m manife/ by ! ,figure3 ,& p>tly also f ! nature ( ! refraction x self1 = ! vividness or /r5g? ( ! two t]m9at+ col\rs1 aris+ *iefly z we h se51 f ! v great diff]5ce t is betwixt ! outsides ( ^? oblique undulations ! d>k ,rays circumambi5t1 & t disp>ity betwixt ! approximate ,rays1 decay+ gradually3 ! fur!r inw>d t[>d ! middle ( ! lum9\s body !y are remov'd1 ! m mu/ ! col\r approa* to a :ite or an undi/urb$ light4 ,^u ! calculation ( ! refraction & reflection f a ,ball ( ,wat] or ,glass1 we h mu* ! same ,phnom5a1 namely1 an obliquity ( ! undulation 9 ! same mann] z we h f\nd x "h4 ,:i*1 because x is v mu* to our pres5t purpose1 & af=ds su* an ,in/ancia crucis1 z no "o t ,i "k has hi!rto tak5 notice (1 ,i %all fur!r exam9e4 ,= x does v pla9ly & positively di/+ui%1 & %ew1 :i* ( ! two ,hypo!ses1 ei!r ! ,c>tesian or ?is is to be foll[$1 by af=d+ a g5]ation ( all ! colors 9 ! ,ra9b[1 :]e accord+ to ! ,c>tesian ,pr9ciples !re %\ld be none at all g5]at$4 ,& secondly1 by af=d+ an in/ance t does m closely conf9e ! cause ( ^! ,phnom5a ( col\rs to ?is pres5t ,hypo!sis4 ,& fir/1 = ! ,c>tesian1 we h ?is to object aga9/ x1 ,t :]eas he says 7,meteorum ,cap4 #h4 ,sect4 #e47 ,s$ judicabam unicam 7refractione scilicet7 ad m9imum requiri1 quidem talem ut ejus effectus ali contr>i 7refractione7 non de/ruatur3 ,nam exp]i5tia docet si sup]ficies ,,nm ,,np 7nempe refr+5tes7 ,p>allel =5t1 radios tantundem p] alt]am it]um erectos quantum p] unam frang]5tur1 nullos colores depicturos2 ,?is ,pr9ciple ( 8 holds true inde$ 9 a prisme :]e ! refract+ surfaces are pla91 b is contradict$ by ! ,ball or ,cyl9d]1 :e!r ( ,wat] or ,glass1 :]e ! refract+ surfaces are ,orbicul> or ,cyl9drical4 ,= if we exam9e ! passage ( any ,globule or ,ray ( ! prim>y ,iris1 we %all f9d x to pass out ( ! ,ball or ,cyl9d] aga91 ) ! same incl9ation & refraction t x ent]'d 9 )all1 & t t la/ refraction by means ( ! int]m$iate reflection %all be ! same z if )\t any reflection at all ! ,ray _h be5 twice refract$ by two ,p>allel surfaces4 ,& t ?is is true1 n onely 9 "o1 b 9 e ,ray t goes to ! con/itution ( ! ,prim>y ,iris2 nay1 9 e ,ray1 t suff]s only two refractions1 & "o reflection1 by ! surface ( ! r\nd body1 we %all pres5tly see mo/ evid5t1 if we repeat ! ,c>tesian ,s*eme1 m5tion$ 9 ! t5? ,section ( ! eigh? ,*apt] ( 8 ,meteors1 :]e ,,efknp 9 ! ?ird ,figure#i is "o ( ! ,rays ( ! ,prim>y ,iris1 twice refract$ at ,f & ,n1 & once reflect$ at ,k by ! surface ( ! ,wat]-ball4 ,=1 fir/ x is evid5t1 t ,,kf & ,,kn are equal1 because ,,kn be+ ! reflect$ "p ( ,,kf !y h bo? ! same incl9ation on ! surface ,k t is ! angles ,,fkt1 & ,,nkv made by ! two ,rays & ! ,tang5t ( ,k are equal1 :i* is evid5t by ! ,laws ( reflection2 :5ce x w foll[ also1 t ,,kn has ! same incl9ation on ! surface ,n1 or ! ,tang5t ( x ,,xn t ! ,ray ,,kf has to ! surface ,f1 or ! ,tang5t ( x ,,fy1 :5ce x mu/ necess>ily foll[1 t ! refractions at ,f & ,n are equal1 t is1 ,,kfe & ,,knp are equal4 ,n[1 t ! surface ,n is by ! reflection at ,k made p>allel to ! surface at ,f1 is evid5t f ! pr9ciples ( reflection2 = reflection be+ no?+ b an inv]t+ ( ! ,rays1 if we re-inv]t ! ,ray ,,knp1 & make ! same incl9ations bel[ ! l9e ,,tkv t x has above1 x w be mo/ evid5t1 t ,,kh ! inv]se ( ,,kn w be ! cont9uation ( ! l9e ,,fk1 & t ,,lhi ! inv]se ( ,,ox is p>allel to ,,fy4 ,& ,,hm ! inv]se ( ,,np is ,p>allel to ,,ef = ! angle ,,khi is equal to ,,kno :i* is equal to ,,kfy1 & ! angle ,,khm is equal to ,,knp :i* is equal to ,,kfe :i* 0 to be prov'd4 ,s t accord+ to ! above m5tion$ ,c>tesian pr9ciples !re %\ld be g5]at$ no col\r at all 9 a ,ball ( ,wat] or ,glass by two refractions & "o reflection1 :i* does hold mo/ true inde$1 if ! surfaces be pla91 z may be exp]im5t$ ) any k9d ( prisme :]e ! two refract+ surfaces are equally incl9'd to ! reflect+2 b 9 ?is ! ,phnom5a are q o!rwise4 ,! cause !re=e ( ! g5]ation ( col\r mu/ n be :at ,des ,c>tes assigns1 namely1 a c]ta9 rotation ( ! ,globuli !rei1 :i* are ! p>ticles :i* he supposes to con/itute ! ,pellucid m$ium1 ,b some:at else1 p]haps :at we h lately suppos$1 & %all by & by fur!r prosecute & expla94 ,b1 ,fir/ ,i %all crave leave to prop\nd "s o!r difficulties ( 81 not)/&+ exce$+ly +5i\s ,hypo!sis1 :i* ,i pla9ly confess to me seem su*2 & ^? are1 ,fir/1 if t light be 7z is affirm$1 ,diopt4 cap4 #a4 4 #h47 n s prop]ly a motion1 z an action or prop5sion to motion1 ,i _c conceive h[ ! eye c come to be s5sible ( ! v]ticity ( a ,globule1 :i* is g5]at$ 9 a drop ( ,ra91 p]haps a mile (f f x4 ,= t ,globule is n c>ry'd to ! eye accord+ to 8 =m]ly recit$ ,pr9ciple2 & if n s1 ,i _c conceive h[ x c communicate its rotation1 or circul> motion to ! l9e ( ! ,globules betwe5 ! drop & ! eye4 ,x _c be by means ( e ones turn+ ! next be=e him2 = if s1 !n onely all ! ,globules t are 9 ! odd places mu/ be turn$ ! same way ) ! fir/1 namely1 ! #c4 #e4 #g4 #i4 #aa1 c4 b all ! ,globules int]posit$ betwe5 !m 9 ! ev5 places2 namely1 ! #b4 #d4 #f4 #h4 #aj4 c4 mu/ be ! q contr>y1 :5ce1 accord+ to ! ,c>tesian ,hypo!sis1 !re mu/ be no di/9ct col\r g5]at$1 b a confusion4 ,next1 s9ce ! ,c>tesian ,globuli are suppos'd 7,pr9cipiorum ,philosoph4 ,"p4 #c4 4 #hf47 to be ea* ( !m cont9ually 9 motion ab\t _! c5t]s1 ,i _c conceive h[ ! eye is able to di/+ui% ?is new g5]at$ motion f _! =m] inh]5t "o1 if ,i may s call t o!r :]e) !y are mov'd or turb9at$1 f "s o!r cause ?an refraction4 ,& ?irdly1 ,i _c conceive h[ ^! motions %\ld n happ5 sometimes to oppose ea* o!r1 & !n1 9 /ead ( a rotation1 !re w\ld be no?+ b a direct motion g5]at$1 & consequ5tly no col\r4 ,& f\r?ly1 ,i _c conceive1 h[ by ! ,c>tesian ,hypo!sis x is possible to give any plausible reason ( ! nature ( ! ,col\rs g5]at$ 9 ! ?9 lam9 ( ^! our ,microscopical ,obs]vations2 = 9 _m ( ^!1 ! refract+ & reflect+ surfaces are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & consequ5tly no rotation c be g5]at$1 nor is !re any necessity ( a %ad[ or t]m9ation ( ! bright ,rays1 su* z is suppos'd 7,*ap4 #h4 4 #e4 ,et prt]ea obs]vavi umbram quoque1 aut limitationem lum9is requiri3 & ,*ap4 #h4 4 #i47 to be necess>y to ! g5]ation ( any di/9ct col\rs2 ,besides t1 "h is (t5times "o col\r g5]at$ )\t any ( ! o!r app5dant ones1 :i* _c be by ! ,c>tesian ,hypo!sis4 ,!re mu/ be !re=e "s o!r propriety ( refraction t causes col\r4 ,& ^u ! exam9ation ( ! ?+1 ,i _c conceive any "o m g5]al1 insep>able1 & suffici5t1 ?an t :i* ,i h be=e assign'd4 ,t we may !re=e see h[ exactly our ,hypo!sis agrees also ) ! ,phnom5a ( ! refract+ r\nd body1 :e!r ,globe or ,cyl9d]1 we %all next subjoyn our ,calculation or ,exam5 ( x4 ,& to ?is end1 we w calculate any two ,rays3 z = in/ance2#aj let ,,ef be a ,ray cutt+ ! ,radius ,,cd 7divid$ into #bj4 p>ts7 9 ,g #af4 p>ts di/ant f ,c1 & ef ano!r ,ray1 :i* cuts ! same ,radius 9 g #ag4 p>ts di/ant1 ^! w be refract$ to ,k & k1 & f !nce reflect$ to ,n & n1 & f !nce refract$ t[>d ,p & p2 !re=e ! ,ar* ,ff w be #e4;d #e4 ,! ,ar* ,,fk #ajf4;d #cj4 ! ,ar* fk #aja4;d #b4 ,! l9e ,,fg #fjjj4 & fg #ebfg4 !re=e hf4 #gcc4 !re=e ,fc #ihj1 almo/4 ,! l9e ,,fk #afjbd4 & fk #aedcf4 !re=e ,nd #aif4 & no #adg almo/1 ! l9e ,nn #ajai ! ,ar* ,nn #e4;d #ea4 !re=e ! ,angle ,nno is #cd4;d #dc4 !re=e ! ,angle ,non is #aci4;d #ef4 :i* is almo/ #ej4;d m ?an a "r ,angle4 ,x is evid5t !re=e by ?is ,hypo!sis1 t at ! same "t t ef t\*es f4 ,,ef is arriv$ at c4 ,& by t "t efkn is got to n1 ,,efkn is got to d & :5 x t\*es ,n1 ! pulse ( ! o!r ,ray is got to o4 & no f>!r1 :i* is v %ort ( ! place x %\ld h arriv'd to1 to make ! ,ray np to cut ! orbicul> pulse ,no at "r ,angles3 !re=e ! ,angle ,nop is an acute ,angle1 b ! q contr>y ( ?is w happ51 if #ag4 & #ah4 be calculat$ 9 /ead ( #af4 & #ag4 bo? :i* does mo/ exactly agree ) ! ,phnom5a3 ,= if ! ,sun1 or a ,c&le 7:i* is bett]7 be plac$ ab\t ,ee1 & ! eye ab\t ,pp1 ! ,rays ,e,fef at #af4 & #ag4 w pa9t ! side ( ! lum9\s object t[>d np ,blue1 & t[>ds ,,np ,r$4 ,b ! q contr>y w happ5 :5 ,,ef is #ag4 & ef #ah4 = !n t[>ds ,,np %all be a ,blue1 & t[>ds np a ,r$1 exactly accord+ to ! calculation4 ,& !re appe>s ! ,blue ( ! ,ra9b[1 :]e ! two ,blue sides ( ! two ,images unite1 & !re ! ,r$ :]e ! two ,r$ sides unite1 t is1 :]e ! two ,images are j disappe>+2 :i* is1 :5 ! ,rays ,,ef & ,,np produc'd till !y meet1 make an ,angle ( ab\t #da4 & an half2 ! l union is !re ( ! two ,images 9 ! ,production ( ! ,secund>y ,iris1 & ! same causes1 z ^u calculation may appe>2 onely ) ?is diff]5ce1 t x is some:at m fa9t1 by reason ( ! duplicate reflection1 :i* does always weak5 ! impulse ! (tn] x is repeat$4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! second refraction made at ,nn be conv5i5t1 t is1 d make ! ,rays glance ! m1 yet is x n altoge!r requisite2 = x is pla9 f ! calculation1 t ! pulse dn is suffici5tly oblique to ! ,rays ,,kn & kn1 z wel z ! pulse fc is oblique to ! ,rays ,,fk fk4 ,& !re=e if a piece ( v f9e ,pap] be held close aga9/ ,nn & ! eye look on x ei!r ?r\gh ! ,ball z f ,d1 or f ! o!r side1 z f ,b4 !re %all appe> a ,ra9b[1 or col\r'd l9e pa9t$ on x ) ! "p t[>d ,x appe>+ ,r$1 t[>ds ,o1 ,blue2 ! same also %all happ51 if ! ,pap] be plac$ ab\t ,kk1 = t[>ds ,t %all appe> a ,r$1 & t[>ds ,v a ,blue1 :i* does exactly agree ) ?is my ,hypo!sis1 z ^u ! calculation ( ! progress ( ! pulse w mo/ easily appe>4 ,nor d ^! two obs]vations ( ! col\rs appe>+ to ! eye ab\t p diff]+ f :at !y appe> on ! ,pap] at ,n contradict ea* o!r2 b r confirm & exactly agree ) "o ano!r1 z w be evid5t to him t exam9es ! reasons set d[n by ! +5i\s4 ,des ,c>tes 9 ! #ab4 ,sect4 ( ! #h4 ,*apt] ( 8 ,meteors1 :]e he gives ! true reason :y ! col\rs appe> ( a q contr>y ord] to ! eye1 to :at !y appe>'d on ! ,pap] if ! eye be plac'd 9 /e$ ( ! ,pap]3 ,& z 9 ! ,prisme1 s also 9 ! ,wat]-drop1 or ,globe ! ,phnom5a1 & reason are mu* ! same4 ,hav+ !re=e %ewn t !re is su* a propriety 9 ! prisme & wat] ,globule :]eby ! pulse is made oblique to ! progressive1 & t s mu* ! m1 by h[ mu* great] ! refraction is1 ,i %all 9 ! next place consid]1 h[ ?is conduces to ! production ( col\rs1 & :at k9d ( impression x makes ^u ! bottom ( ! eye2 & to ?is end x w be requisite to exam9e ?is ,hypo!sis a little m p>ticul>ly4 ,fir/ !re=e1 if we consid] ! mann] ( ! progress ( ! pulse1 x w seem rational to conclude1 t t "p or end ( ! pulse :i* prec$es ! o!r1 mu/ necess>ily be som:at m obtund$1 or imp$$ by ! resi/ance ( ! transp>5t m$ium1 ?an ! o!r "p or end ( x :i* is subsequ5t1 ^: way is1 z x 71 prep>$ by ! o!r2 especially if ! adjac5t m$ium be n 9 ! same mann] enlightn$ or agitat$4 ,& !re=e 79 ! f\r? ,figure ( ! six? ,iconism7 ! ,ray ,,aaahb w h its side ,,hh m dead5$ by ! resi/ance ( ! d>k or quiet m$ium ,,ppp1 ,:5ce !re w be a k9d ( deadness sup]9duc'd on ! side ,,hhh1 :i* w cont9ually increase f ,b1 & /rike deep] & deep] into ! ,ray by ! l9e ,,br2 ,:5ce all ! p>ts ( ! triangle1 ,,rbho w be ( a dead ,blue col\r1 & s mu* ! deep]1 by h[ mu* ! ne>] !y lie to ! l9e ,,bhh1 :i* is mo/ dead$ or imp$$1 & s mu* ! m dilute1 by h[ mu* ! ne>] x approa*es ! l9e ,,br4 ,next on ! o!r side ( ! ,ray ,,aan1 ! end ,a ( ! pulse ,,ah w be promot$1 or made /rong]1 hav+ its passage already prep>'d z 'tw]e by ! o!r p>ts prec$+1 & s its impression wil be /rong]2 ,& because ( its obliquity to ! ,ray1 !re w be propagat$ a k9d ( fa9t motion into ,,qq ! adjac5t d>k or quiet m$ium1 :i* fa9t motion w spread fur!r & fur!r into ,,qq z ! ,ray is propagat$ fur!r & fur!r f ,a1 namely1 z f> z ! l9e ,,ma1 :5ce all ! triangle ,,man w be t+'d ) a ,r$1 & t ,r$ w be ! deep] ! ne>] x approa*es ! l9e ,,ma1 & ! pal] or yell[] ! ne>] x is ! l9e ,,na4 ,& if ! ,ray be cont9u$1 s t ! l9es ,,an & ,,br 7:i* are ! b\nds ( ! ,r$ & ,blue dilut$7 d meet & cross ea* o!r1 !re w be beyond t int]section g5]at$ all k9ds ( ,gre5s4 ,n[1 ^! be+ ! proprieties ( e s+le refract$ ,ray ( light1 x w be easie en\gh to consid] :at mu/ be ! result ( v _m su* ,rays collat]al3 ,z if we suppose inf9ite su* ,rays int]jac5t betwe5 ,,aksb & ,,anob1 :i* are ! t]m9at+3 ,= 9 ?is case ! ,ray ,,aksb w h its ,r$ triangle intire1 z ly+ next to ! d>k or quiet m$ium1 b ! o!r side ( x ,,bs w h no ,blue1 because ! m$ium adjac5t to x ,,sbo1 is mov'd or enlightn$1 & consequ5tly t light does de/roy ! col\r4 ,s likewise w ! ,ray ,,anob lose its ,r$1 because ! adjac5t m$ium is mov'd or enlightn$1 b ! o!r side ( ! ,ray t is adjac5t to ! d>k1 namely1 ,,aho w pres]ve its ,blue entire1 & ^! ,rays mu/ be s f> produc'd z till ,,an & ,,br cut ea* o!r1 be=e !re w be any ,gre5 produc'd4 ,f ^! ,proprieties well consid]'d1 may be d$uc'd ! reasons ( all ! ,phnom5a ( ! prisme1 & ( ! ,globules or drops ( ,wat] :i* conduce to ! production ( ! ,ra9b[4 ,next = ! impression !y make on ! ,ret9a1 we w fur!r exam9e ?is ,hypo!sis3 ,suppose !re=e ,,abcdef1 9 ! fif? ,figure1 to repres5t ! ,ball ( ! eye3 on ! ,cornea ( :i* ,,abc two ,rays ,,ga* & ,,kcai 7:i* are ! t]m9at+ ,rays ( a lum9\s body7 fall+1 are by ! refraction !re( collect$ or conv]g'd into two po9ts at ! bottom ( ! eye4 ,n[1 because ^! t]m9at+ ,rays1 & all ! int]m$iate ones :i* come f any "p ( ! lum9\s body1 are suppos'd by "s suffici5t refraction be=e !y ent] ! eye1 to h _! pulses made oblique to _! progression1 & consequ5tly ea* ,ray to h pot5tially sup]9duc'd two proprieties1 or col\rs1 viz4 a ,r$ on ! "o side1 & a ,blue on ! o!r1 :i* not)/&+ are nev] actually manife/1 b :5 ?is or t ,ray has ! "o or ! o!r side ( x bord]+ on a d>k or unmov'd m$ium1 !re=e z soon z ^! ,rays are entr$ into ! eye & s h "o side ( ea* ( !m bord]+ on a d>k "p ( ! hum\rs ( ! eye1 !y w ea* ( !m actually exhibit "s col\r2 !re=e ,,adc ! production ( ,,ga* w exhibit a ,blue1 because ! side ,,cd is adjac5t to ! d>k m$ium ,,cqdc1 b no?+ ( a ,r$1 because its side ,,ad is adjac5t to ! enlightn$ m$ium ,,adfa3 ,& all ! ,rays t f ! po9ts ( ! lum9\s body are collect$ on ! p>ts ( ! ,ret9a betwe5 ,d & ,f %all h _! ,blue s mu* ! m dilut$ by h[ mu* ! f>!r ^! po9ts ( collection are di/ant f ,d t[>ds ,f2 & ! ,ray ,,afc ! production ( ,,kcai1 w exhibit a ,r$1 because ! side ,,af is adjac5t to ! d>k or quiet m$ium ( ! eye ,,apfa1 b no?+ ( a ,blue1 because its side ,,cf is adjac5t to ! enlightn$ m$ium ,,cfdc1 & all ! ,rays f ! int]m$iate p>ts ( ! lum9\s body t are collect$ betwe5 ,f & ,d %all h _! ,r$ s mu* ! m dilut$1 by h[ mu* ! f>!r !y are di/ant f ,f t[>ds ,d4 ,n[1 because by ! refraction 9 ! ,cornea1 & "s o!r p>ts ( ! eye1 ! sides ( ea* ,ray1 :i* be=e 7 almo/ p>allel1 are made to conv]ge & meet 9 a po9t at ! bottom ( ! eye1 !re=e t side ( ! pulse :i* prec$$ be=e ^! refractions1 %all fir/ t\* ! ,ret9a1 & ! o!r side la/4 ,& !re=e accord+ z ?is or t side1 or end ( ! pulse %all be imp$$1 accord+ly w ! impressions on ! ,ret9a be v>i$2 !re=e by ! ,ray ,,ga* refract$ by ! ,cornea to ,d !re %all be on t po9t a /roke or impression confus'd1 ^: weake/ end1 namely1 t by ! l9e ,,cd %all prec$e1 & ! /rong]1 namely1 t by ! l9e ,,ad %all foll[4 ,& by ! ,ray ,,kcai refract$ to ,f1 !re %all be on t "p a confus'd /roke or impression1 ^: /ronge/ "p1 namely1 t by ! l9e ,,cf %al prec$e1 & ^: weake/ or imp$$1 namely1 t by ! l9e ,,af %all foll[1 & all ! int]m$iate po9ts betwe5 ,f & ,d w receive impressions f ! conv]g'd ,rays s mu* ! m l ! impressions on ,f & ,d by h[ mu* ! ne>] !y approa* t or ?is4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ! proprieties ( :i* impressions1 we may collect ^! %ort def9itions ( ,col\rs3 ,t ,blue is an impression on ! ,ret9a ( an oblique & confus'd pulse ( light1 ^: weake/ "p prec$es1 & ^: /ronge/ foll[s4 ,&1 t ,r$ is an impression on ! ,ret9a ( an oblique & confus'd pulse ( light1 ^: /ronge/ "p prec$es1 & ^: weake/ foll[s4 ,:i* proprieties1 z !y h be5 already manife/$1 9 ! ,prisme & fall+ drops ( ,ra91 to be ! causes ( ! col\rs !re g5]at$1 may be easily f\nd to be ! effici5ts also ( ! col\rs appe>+ 9 ?9 lam9at$ transp>5t bodies2 = ! explication ( :i*1 all ?is has be5 premis$4 ,& t ?is is s1 a little clos] exam9ation ( ! ,phnom5a & ! ,figure ( ! body1 by ?is ,hypo!sis w make evid5t4 ,= fir/ 7z we h already obs]v$7 ! lam9at$ body mu/ be ( a det]m9ate ?ickness1 t is1 x mu/ n be ?9n] !n su* a det]m9ate quantity2 = ,i h always obs]v'd1 t ne] ! edges ( ^? :i* are exce$+ ?91 ! col\rs disappe>1 & ! "p gr[s :ite2 nor mu/ x be ?ick] !n ano!r det]m9ate quantity2 = ,i h likewise obs]v'd1 t beyond su* a ?ickness1 no col\rs appe>'d1 b ! ,plate look$ :ite1 betwe5 :i* two det]m9ate ?icknesses 7 all ! col\r'd ,r+s2 ( :i* 9 "s sub/ances ,i h f\nd t5 or twelve1 9 o!rs n half s _m1 :i* ,i suppose dep5ds mu* ^u ! transp>5cy ( ! lam9at$ body4 ,?us ?\gh ! consecutions are ! same 9 ! scum or ! sk9 on ! top ( metals2 yet 9 ^? consecutions 9 ! same col\r is n s (t5 repeat$ z 9 ! consecutions 9 ?9 ,glass1 or 9 ,sope-wat]1 or any o!r m transp>5t & glut9\s liquor2 = 9 ^! ,i h obs]v'd1 ,r$1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,blue1 ,purple2 ,r$1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,blue1 ,purple2 ,r$1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,blue1 ,purple2 ,r$1 ,yell[1 c4 to succe$ ea* o!r1 t5 or twelve times1 b 9 ! o!r m opac\s bodies ! consecutions w n be half s _m4 ,& !re=e secondly1 ! lam9at$ body mu/ be transp>5t1 & ?is ,i argue f ?is1 t ,i h n be5 able to produce any col\r at all ) an opac\s body1 ?\gh nev] s ?94 ,& ?is ,i h (t5 try'd1 by press+ small ,globule ( ,m]cury betwe5 two smoo? ,plates ( ,glass1 :]eby ,i h r$uc'd t body to a mu* great] ?9ness !n 0 requisite to exhibit ! col\rs ) a transp>5t body4 ,?irdly1 !re mu/ be a consid]able reflect+ body adjac5t to ! "u or fur!r side ( ! lam9a or plate3 = ?is ,i always f\nd1 t ! great] t reflection 01 ! m vivid 7 ! appe>+ col\rs4 ,f :i* ,obs]vations1 is mo/ evid5t1 t ! reflection f ! "u or fur!r side ( ! body is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! production ( ^! col\rs2 :i*1 t x is s1 & h[ x conduces to t effect1 ,i %all fur!r expla9 9 ! foll[+ ,figure1 :i* is "h describ$ ( a v great ?ickness1 z if x _h be5 view'd ?r\gh ! ,microscope2 & 'tis inde$ mu* ?ick] ?an any ,microscope 7,i h yet u'd7 has be5 able to %ew me ^? col\r'd plates ( ,glass1 or ,muscovie-glass1 :i* ,i h n )\t mu* tr\ble view'd ) x1 = ?\gh ,i h endeav\r$ to magnifie !m z mu* z ! ,glasses 7 capable (1 yet are !y s exce$+ ?91 t ,i h n hi!rto be5 able positively to det]m9e _! ?ickness4 ,?is ,figure !re=e ,i "h repres5t1 is :oly ,hypo!tical4 ,let ,,abcdhfe 9 ! six? ,figure be a fru/um ( ,muscovy-glass1 ?9n] t[>d ! end ,,ae1 & ?ick] t[>ds ,,df4 ,let u fir/ suppose ! ,ray aghb com+ f ! ,sun1 ( "s remote lum9\s object to fall obliquely on ! ?9n] plate ,,bae1 "p !re=e is reflect$ back by cghd1 ! fir/ ,sup]ficies2 :]eby ! p]p5dicul> pulse ab is aft] reflexion propagat$ by cd1 cd1 equally remote f ea* o!r ) ab1 ab1 s t ag gc1 or bh hd are ei!r ( !m equal to aa1 z is also cc1 b ! body ,,bae be+ transp>5t1 a "p ( ! light ( ?is ,ray is refract$ 9 ! surface ,,ab1 & propagat$ by gikh to ! surface ,,ef1 :5ce x is reflect$ & refract$ aga9 by ! surface ,,ab4 ,s t aft] two refractions & "o reflection1 !re is propagat$ a k9d ( fa9t] ,ray emnf1 ^: pulse is n only weak] by reason ( ! two refractions 9 ! surface ,,ab1 b by reason ( ! "t sp5t 9 pass+ & repass+ betwe5 ! two surfaces ,,ab & ,,ef1 ef :i* is ?is fa9t] or weak] pulse comes beh9d ! pulse cd2 s t h]eby 7! surfaces ,,ab1 & ,,ef be+ s ne] toge!r1 t ! eye _c discrim9ate !m f "o7 ?is confus'd or duplicat$ pulse1 ^: /ronge/ "p prec$es1 & ^: weake/ foll[s1 does produce on ! ,ret9a1 7or ! optick n]ve t cov]s ! bottom ( ! eye7 ! s5sation ( a ,yell[4 ,& secondly1 ?is ,yell[ w appe> s mu* ! deep]1 by h[ mu* ! fur!r back t[>ds ! middle betwe5 cd & cd ! spuri\s pulse ef is remov'd1 z 9 #b :]e ! surface ,,bc be+ fur!r remov'd f ,,ef1 ! weak] pulse ef w be ne>] to ! middle1 & w make an impression on ! eye ( a ,r$4 ,b ?irdly1 if ! two reflect+ surfaces be yet fur!r remov'd asund] 7z 9 #c ,,cd & ,,ef are7 !n w ! weak] pulse be s f>r beh9d1 t x w be m !n half ! di/ance betwe5 cd & cd4 ,& 9 ?is case x w r seem to prec$e ! foll[+ /rong] pulse1 !n to foll[ ! prec$+ "o1 & consequ5tly a ,blue w be g5]at$4 ,& :5 ! weak] pulse is j 9 ! middle betwe5 two /rong ones1 !n is a deep & lovely ,purple g5]at$2 b :5 ! weak] pulse ef is v ne] to cd1 !n is !re g5]at$ a ,gre51 :i* w be blu]1 or yell[]1 accord+ z ! approximate weak pulse does prec$e or foll[ ! /rong]4 ,n[ f\r?ly1 if ! ?ick] ,plate *ance to be cleft into two ?9n] ,plates1 z ,,cdfe is divid$ into two ,plates by ! surface ,,gh !n f ! composition aris+ f ! ?ree reflections 9 ! surfaces ,,cd1 ,,gh1 & ,,ef1 !re w be g5]at$ sev]al comp\nd$ or mixt col\rs1 :i* w be v diff]+1 accord+ z ! proportion betwe5 ! ?icknesses ( ^? two divid$ ,plates ,,cdhg1 & ,,ghfe are v>i$4 ,& fif?ly1 if ^! surfaces ,,cd & ,,fe are fur!r remov'd asund]1 ! weak] pulse w yet lagg beh9d mu* fur!r1 & n onely be co9cid5t ) ! second1 cd1 b lagg beh9d t also1 & t s mu* ! m1 by h[ mu* ! ?ick] ! ,plate be2 s t by degrees x w be co9cid5t ) ! ?ird cd backw>d also1 & by degrees1 z ! ,plate gr[s ?ick] ) a f\r?1 & s onw>d to a fif?1 six?1 sev5?1 or eigh?2 s t if !re be a ?9 transp>5t body1 t f ! greate/ ?9ness requisite to produce col\rs1 does1 9 ! mann] ( a ,w$ge1 by degrees gr[ to ! greate/ ?ickness t a ,plate c be (1 to exhibit a col\r by ! reflection ( ,light f su* a body1 !re %all be g5]at$ sev]al consecutions ( col\rs1 ^: ord] f ! ?9 end t[>ds ! ?ick1 %all be ,yell[1 ,r$1 ,purple1 ,blue1 ,gre52 ,yell[1 ,r$1 ,purple1 ,blue1 ,gre52 ,yell[1 ,r$1 ,purple1 ,blue1 ,gre52 ,yell[1 c4 & ^! s (t5 repeat$1 z ! weak] pulse does lose paces ) its ,prim>y1 or fir/ pulse1 & is co9cid5t ) a second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 six?1 c4 pulse beh9d ! fir/4 ,& ?is1 z x is co9cid5t1 or foll[s f ! fir/ ,hypo!sis ,i took ( col\rs1 s ^u exp]im5t h ,i f\nd x 9 multitudes ( in/ances t seem to prove x4 ,"o ?+ :i* seems ( ! greate/ conc]n 9 ?is ,hypo!sis1 is to det]m9e ! greate/ or lea/ ?ickness requisite = ^! effects1 :i*1 ?\gh ,i h n be5 want+ 9 attempt+1 yet s exce$+ ?9 are ^! col\r$ ,plates1 & s imp]fect our ,microscope1 t ,i h n be5 hi!rto successfull1 ?\gh if my endeav\rs %all answ] my expectations1 ,i %all hope to gratifie ! curi\s ,read] ) "s ?+s m remov'd beyond our rea* hi!rto4 ,?us h ,i1 ) z mu* brevity z ,i 0 able1 endeav\r$ to explicate 7,hypo!tically at lea/7 ! causes ( ! ,phnom5a ,i =m]ly recit$1 on ! consid]ation ( :i* ,i h be5 ! m p>ticul>4 ,fir/1 because ,i ?9k ^! ,i h newly giv5 are capable ( explicat+ all ! ,phnom5a ( col\rs1 n onely ( ^? appe>+ 9 ! ,prisme1 ,wat]-drop1 or ,ra9b[1 & 9 lam9at$ or plat$ bodies1 b ( all t are 9 ! _w1 :e!r !y be fluid or solid bodies1 :e!r 9 ?ick or ?91 :e!r transp>5t1 or seem+ly opac\s1 z ,i %all 9 ! next ,obs]vation fur!r endeav\r to %ew4 ,& secondly1 because ?is be+ "o ( ! two ornam5ts ( all bodies discov]able by ! sight1 :e!r look$ on )1 or )\t a ,microscope1 x seem'd to des]ve 7some:]e 9 ?is ,tract1 :i* conta9s a description ( ! ,figure & ,col\r ( "s m9ute bodies7 to be some:at ! m intimately enquir'd into4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,x4 ,( ,metall9e1 & o!r real ,col\rs4 ,hav+ 9 ! =m] ,disc\rse1 f ! ,fundam5tal cause ( ,col\r1 made x probable1 t !re are b two ,col\rs1 & %ewn1 t ! ,phantasm ( ,col\r is caus'd by ! s5sation ( ! oblique or unev5 pulse ( ,light :i* is capable ( no m v>ieties ?an two t arise f ! two sides ( ! oblique pulse1 ?\gh ea* ( ^? be capable ( inf9ite gradations or degrees 7ea* ( !m beg9n+ f ,:ite1 & end+ ! "o 9 ! deepe/ ,sc>let or ,yell[1 ! o!r 9 ! deepe/ ,blue7 ,i %all 9 ?is ,section set d[n "s ,obs]vations :i* ,i h made ( o!r col\rs1 su* z ,metall9e p[d]s t++ or col\r'd bodies & sev]al k9ds ( t9ctures or t+'d liquors1 all :i*1 toge!r ) ^? ,i treat$ ( 9 ! =m] ,obs]vation w1 ,i suppose1 comprise ! sev]al subjects 9 :i* col\r is obs]v'd to be inh]5t1 & ! sev]al mann]s by :i* x inh]es1 or is app>5t 9 !m4 ,& "h ,i %all endeav\r to %ew by :at composition all k9d ( comp\nd col\rs are made1 & h[ !re is no col\r 9 ! _w b may be made f ! v>i\s degrees ( ^! two col\rs1 toge!r ) ! int]mixtures ( ,black & ,:ite4 ,& ?is be+ s1 z ,i %all anon %ew1 x seems an evid5t argum5t to me1 t all col\rs :atsoev]1 :e!r 9 fluid or solid1 :e!r 9 v transp>5t or seem+ly opac\s1 h ! same effici5t cause1 to wit1 "s k9d ( refraction :]eby ! ,rays t proce$ f su* bodies1 h _! pulse obliquat$ or confus'd 9 ! mann] ,i explicat$ 9 ! =m] ,section2 t is1 a ,r$ is caus'd by a duplicat$ or confus'd pulse1 ^: /ronge/ pulse prec$es1 & a weak] foll[s3 & a ,blue is caus'd by a confus'd pulse1 :]e ! weak] pulse prec$es1 & ! /rong] foll[s4 ,& accord+ z ^! are1 m or less1 or v>i\sly mixt & comp\nd$1 s are ! s5sations1 & consequ5tly ! phantasms ( col\rs div]sifi$4 ,to proce$ !re=e2 ,i suppose1 t all transp>5t col\r'd bodies1 :e!r fluid or solid1 d consi/ at lea/ ( two p>ts1 or two k9ds ( sub/ances1 ! "o ( a sub/ance ( a some:at diff]+ refraction f ! o!r4 ,t "o ( ^! sub/ances :i* may be call'd ! t++ sub/ance1 does consi/ ( di/9ct p>ts1 or p>ticles ( a det]m9ate bigness :i* are dissem9at$1 or disp]s'd all ov] ! o!r3 ,t ^! p>ticles1 if ! body be equally & uni=mly col\r'd1 are ev5ly rang'd & disp]s'd ov] ! o!r contigu\s body2 ,t :]e ! body is deepe/ t+'d1 !re ^! p>ticles are rang'd ?icke/1 & :]e 'tis b fa9tly t+'d1 !y are rang'd mu* ?9n]1 b uni=mly4 ,t by ! mixture ( ano!r body t unites ) ei!r ( ^!1 :i* has a diff]+ refraction f ei!r ( ! o!r1 q diff]+ effects w be produc'd1 t is1 ! consecutions ( ! confus'd pulses w be mu* ( ano!r k9d1 & consequ5tly produce o!r s5sations & phantasms ( col\rs1 & f a ,r$ may turn to a ,blue1 or f a ,blue to a ,r$1 c4 ,n[1 t ?is may be ! bett] und]/ood1 ,i %all endeav\r to expla9 my mean+ a little m s5sible by a ,s*eme3 ,suppose we !re=e 9 ! sev5? ,figure ( ! six? ,s*eme1 t ,,abcd repres5ts a ,vessel hold+ a t+'d liquor1 let ,,iiiii1 c4 be ! cle> liquor1 & let ! t++ body t is mixt ) x be ,,ee1 c4 ,,ff1 c4 ,,gg1 c4 ,,hh1 c4 ^: p>ticles 7:e!r r\nd1 or "s o!r det]m9ate ,figure is little to our purpose7 are fir/ ( a det]m9ate & equal bulk4 ,next1 !y are rang'd into ! =m ( ,qu9cunx1 or ,equilat]otriangul> ord]1 :i* t probably !y are s1 & :y !y are s1 ,i %all else:]e endeav\r to %ew4 ,?irdly1 !y are ( su* a nature1 z does ei!r m easily or m difficultly transmit ! ,rays ( light !n ! liquor2 if m easily1 a ,blue is g5]at$1 & if m difficultly1 a ,r$ or ,sc>let4 ,& fir/1 let u suppose ! t++ p>ticles to be ( a sub/ance t does m imp$e ! ,rays ( light1 we %all f9d t ! pulse or wave ( light mov'd f ,,ad to ,,bc1 w proce$ on1 ?r\gh ! conta9+ m$ium by ! pulses or waves ,,kk1 ,,ll1 ,,mm1 ,,nn1 ,,oo2 b because sev]al ( ^! ,rays t g to ! con/itution ( ^! pulses w be slugg$ or /opp$ by ! t++ p>ticles ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h2 !re=e !re %all be secund>y & weak pulse t %all foll[ ! ,ray1 namely ,,pp :i* w be ! weak]3 fir/1 because x has suff]'d _m refractions 9 ! imp$+ body2 next1 = t ! ,rays w be a little disp]s'd or confus'd by reason ( ! refraction 9 ea* ( ! p>ticles1 :e!r r\nd or angul>2 & ?is w be m evid5t1 if we a little m closely exam9e any "o p>ticul> t++ ,globule4 ,suppose we !re=e ,,ab 9 ! eigh? ,figure ( ! six? ,s*eme1 to repres5t a t++ ,globule or p>ticle :i* has a great] refraction ?an ! liquor 9 :i* x is conta9'd3 ,let ,,cd be a "p ( ! pulse ( light :i* is propagat$ ?r\gh ! conta9+ m$ium2 ?is pulse w be a little /opt or imp$$ by ! ,globule1 & s by t "t ! pulse is pa/ to ,,ef t "p ( x :i* has be5 imp$$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! ,globule1 w get b to ,,lm1 & s t pulse :i* has be5 propagat$ ?r\gh ! ,globule1 to wit1 ,,lm1 ,,no1 ,,pq1 w always come beh9d ! pulses ,,ef1 ,,gh1 ,,ik1 c4 ,next1 by reason ( ! great] imp$im5t 9 ,,ab1 & its ,globul> ,figure1 ! ,rays t pass ?r\gh x w be disp]s'd1 & v mu* scatt]'d4 ,:5ce ,,ca & ,,db :i* be=e w5t direct & p>allel1 w aft] ! refraction 9 ,,ab1 div]ge & spread by ,,ap1 & ,,bq2 s t z ! ,rays d meet ) m & m ( ^! t++ p>ticles 9 _! way1 by s mu* ! m w ! pulse ( light fur!r lagg beh9d ! cle>] pulse1 or t :i* has few] refractions1 & !nce ! deep] w ! col\r be1 & ! fa9t] ! light t is traject$ ?r\gh x2 = n onely _m ,rays are reflect$ f ! surfaces ( ,,ab1 b ^? ,rays t get ?r\gh x are v mu* disord]$4 ,by ?is ,hypo!sis !re is no "o exp]im5t ( col\r t ,i h yet met )1 b may be1 ,i conceive1 v rationably solv'd1 & p]haps1 _h ,i "t to exam9e sev]al p>ticul>s requisite to ! demon/ration ( x1 ,i might prove x m ?an probable1 = all ! exp]im5ts ab\t ! *anges & mix+s ( col\rs relat$ 9 ! ,treatise ( ,col\rs1 publi%$ by ! ,incomp>able ,mr4 ,boyle1 & multitudes ( o!rs :i* ,i h obs]v'd1 d s easily & naturally fl[ f ^? pr9ciples1 t ,i am v apt to ?9k x probable1 t !y own _! production to no o!r secund>y cause3 ,z to in/ance 9 two or ?ree exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! tw5tie? ,exp]im5t1 ?is ,noble ,au?\r has %ewn t ! deep blui% purple-col\r ( ,violets1 may be turn'd into a ,gre51 by ,alcalizate ,salts1 & to a ,r$ by acid2 t is1 a ,purple consi/s ( two col\rs1 a deep ,r$1 & a deep ,blue2 :5 ! ,blue is dilut$1 or alt]$1 or de/roy'd by acid ,salts1 ! ,r$ becomes pr$om9ant1 b :5 ! ,r$ is dilut$ by ,alcalizate1 & ! ,blue heightn$1 !re is g5]at$ a ,gre52 = ( a ,r$ dilut$1 is made a ,yell[1 & ,yell[ & ,blue make a ,gre54 ,n[1 because ! spuri\s pulses :i* cause a ,r$ & a ,blue1 d ! "o foll[ ! cle> pulse1 & ! o!r prec$e x1 x usually foll[s1 t ^? ,sal9e refract+ bodies :i* d dilute ! col\r ( ! "o1 d deep5 t ( ! o!r4 ,& ?is w be made manife/ by almo/ all k9ds ( ,purples1 & _m sorts ( ,gre5s1 bo? ^! col\rs consi/+ ( mixt col\rs2 = if we suppose ,a & ,a 9 ! n9? ,figure1 to repres5t two pulses ( cle> light1 :i* foll[ ea* o!r at a conv5i5t di/ance1 ,,aa1 ea* ( :i* has a spuri\s pulse prec$+ x1 z ,,bb1 :i* makes a ,blue1 & ano!r foll[+ x1 z ,,cc1 :i* makes a ,r$1 ! "o caus'd by t++ p>ticles t h a great] refraction1 ! o!r by o!rs t h a less refract+ quality !n ! liquor or ,m5/ruum 9 :i* ^! are dissolv'd1 :atsoev] liquor does s alt] ! refraction ( ! "o1 )\t alt]+ t ( ! o!r "p ( ! t+'d liquor1 mu/ ne$s v mu* alt] ! col\r ( ! liquor2 = if ! refraction ( ! dissolv5t be increas'd1 & ! refraction ( ! t++ p>ticles n alt]$1 !n w ! prec$+ spuri\s pulse be %ortn$ or /opt1 & n out-run ! cle> pulse s mu*2 s t ,,bb w become ,,ee1 & ! ,blue be dilut$1 :]eas ! o!r spuri\s pulse :i* foll[s w be made to lagg mu* m1 & be fur!r beh9d ,,aa ?an be=e1 & ,,cc w become ff1 & s ! ,yell[ or ,r$ w be heightn$4 ,a ,sal9e liquor !re=e1 mixt ) ano!r t+'d liquor1 may alt] ! col\r ( x sev]al ways1 ei!r by alt]+ ! refraction ( ! liquor 9 :i* ! col\r swims3 or secondly by v>y+ ! refraction ( ! col\r$ p>ticles1 by unit+ m intimately ei!r ) "s p>ticul> corpuscles ( ! t++ body1 or ) all ( !m1 accord+ z x has a congruity to "s m especially1 or to all alike3 or ?irdly1 by unit+ & int]weav+ x self ) "s o!r body t is already joyn'd ) ! t++ p>ticles1 ) :i* sub/ance x may h a congruity1 ?\gh x h v little ) ! p>ticles !mselves3 or f\r?ly1 x may alt] ! col\r ( a t+'d liquor by dis-joyn+ c]ta9 p>ticles :i* 7 be=e unit$ ) ! t++ p>ticles1 :i* ?\gh !y 7 some:at congru\s to ^! p>ticles1 h yet a great] congruity ) ! newly infus'd ,sal9e m5/ruum4 ,x may likewise alt] ! col\r by fur!r dissolv+ ! t++ sub/ance into small] & small] p>ticles1 & s dilut+ ! col\r2 or by unit+ sev]al p>ticles toge!r z 9 precipitations1 & s deepn+ x1 & "s su* o!r ways1 :i* _m exp]im5ts & comp>isons ( diff]+ trials toge!r1 might easily in=m "o (4 ,f ^! ,pr9ciples appli$1 may be made out all ! v>ieties ( col\rs obs]vable1 ei!r 9 liquors1 or any o!r t+'d bodies1 ) great ease1 & ,i hope intelligible en\gh1 !re be+ no?+ 9 ! notion ( col\r1 or 9 ! suppos'd production1 b is v conceivable1 & may be possible4 ,! greate/ difficulty t ,i f9d aga9/ ?is ,hypo!sis1 is1 t !re seem to be m di/9ct col\rs !n two1 t is1 !n ,yell[ & ,blue4 ,?is ,objection is gr\nd$ on ?is reason1 t !re are sev]al ,r$s1 :i* dilut$1 make n a ,saffron or pale ,yell[1 & !re=e ,r$1 or ,sc>let seems to be a ?ird col\r di/9ct f a deep degree ( ,yell[4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t ,saffron af=ds u a deep ,sc>let t9cture1 :i* may be dilut$ into z pale a ,yell[ z any1 ei!r by mak+ a weak solution ( ! ,saffron1 by infus+ a small p>cel ( x into a great quantity ( liquor1 z 9 _s ( ,w9e1 or else by look+ ?r\gh a v ?9 quantity ( ! t9cture1 & :i* may be heightn'd into ! lovelie/ ,sc>let1 by look+ ?r\gh a v ?ick body ( ?is t9cture1 or ?r\gh a ?9n] p>cel ( x1 :i* is highly impregnat$ ) ! t++ body1 by hav+ _h a great] quantity ( ! ,saffron dissolv'd 9 a small] p>cel ( ! liquor4 ,n[1 ?\gh !re may be "s p>ticles ( o!r t++ bodies t give a lovely ,sc>let also1 :i* ?\gh dilut$ nev] s mu* ) liquor1 or look$ on ?r\gh nev] s ?9 a p>cel ( t+'d liquor1 w n yet af=d a pale ,yell[1 b onely a k9d ( fa9t ,r$2 yet ?is is no argum5t b t ^? t+'d p>ticles may h 9 !m ! fa9te/ degree ( ,yell[1 ?\gh we may be unable to make !m exhibit x2 ,= t p[] ( be+ dilut$ dep5d+ ^u ! divisibility ( ! t+'d body1 if ,i am unable to make ! t++ p>ticles s ?9 z to exhibit t col\r1 x does n !re=e foll[1 t ! ?+ is impossible to be done2 n[1 ! t++ p>ticles ( "s bodies are ( su* a nature1 t unless !re be f\nd "s way ( comm9ut+ !m into less bulks !n ! liquor does dissolve !m into1 all ! ,rays t pass ?r\gh !m mu/ necess>ily receive a t9cture s deep1 z _! appropriate refractions & bulks comp>'d ) ! proprieties ( ! dissolv+ liquor mu/ necess>ily dispose !m to empress1 :i* may p]haps be a pretty deep ,yell[1 or pale ,r$4 ,& t ?is is n gratis dictum1 ,i %all add "o in/ance ( ?is k9d1 :]e9 ! ?+ is mo/ manife/4 ,if y take ,blue ,smalt1 y %all f9d1 t to af=d ! deepe/ ,blue1 :i* ct]is p>ibus has ! greate/ p>ticles or s&s2 & if y fur!r divide1 or gr9d ^? p>ticles on a ,gr9d/one1 or porphyry /one1 y may by comm9ut+ ! s&s ( x1 dilute ! ,blue into z pale a "o z y please1 :i* y _c d by lay+ ! col\r ?92 = :]esoev] any s+le p>ticle is1 x exhibits z deep a ,blue z ! :ole mass4 ,n[1 !re are o!r ,blues1 :i* ?\gh nev] s mu* gr\nd1 w n be dilut$ by gr9d+1 because consi/+ ( v small p>ticles1 v deeply t+'d1 !y _c by gr9d+ be actually sep>at$ into small] p>ticles !n ! op]ation ( ! fire1 or "s o!r dissolv+ m5/ruum1 r$uc'd !m to already4 ,?us all k9d ( ,metall9e col\rs1 :e!r precipitat$1 sublim'd1 calc9'd1 or o!rwise prep>'d1 are h>dly *ang'd by gr9d+1 z ultra m>9e is n m dilut$2 nor is ,v]milion or ,r$-lead made ( a m fa9t col\r by gr9d+2 = ! smalle/ p>ticles ( ^! :i* ,i h view'd ) my greate/ ,magnify+-,glass1 if !y be well enlightn$1 appe> v deeply t+'d ) _! peculi> col\rs2 nor1 ?\gh ,i h magnifi$ & enlightn$ ! p>ticles exce$+ly1 c\ld ,i 9 _m ( !m1 p]ceive !m to be transp>5t1 or to be :ole p>ticles1 b ! smalle/ specks t ,i c\ld f9d among well gr\nd ,v]milion & ,r$-lead1 seem'd to be a ,r$ mass1 comp\nd$ ( a multitude ( less & less motes1 :i* /ick+ toge!r1 compos'd a bulk1 n "o ?\s& ?\s&? "p ( ! smalle/ visible s& or mote4 ,& ?is ,i f9d g5]ally 9 mo/ ,metall9e col\rs1 t ?\gh !y consi/ ( p>ts s exce$+ly small1 yet are !y v deeply t+'d1 !y be+ s pond]\s1 & hav+ su* a multitude ( t]re/rial p>ticles ?rong'd into a little room2 s t 'tis difficult to f9d any p>ticle transp>5t or resembl+ a preti\s /one1 ?\gh n impossible2 = ,i h obs]v'd div]s su* %9+ & respl5d5t col\rs int]mixt ) ! p>ticles ( ,c9nab]1 bo? natural & artificial1 be=e x ha? be5 gr\nd & brok5 or flaw'd into ,v]milion3 ,z ,i h also 9 ,orpim5t1 ,r$-lead1 & ,bise1 :i* makes me suppose1 t ^? metall9e col\rs are by gr9d+1 n onely brok5 & sep>at$ actually into small] pieces1 b t !y are also flaw'd & brus$1 :5ce !y1 = ! mo/ "p1 become opac\s1 l flaw'd ,cry/al or ,glass1 c4 ,b = ,smalts & v]ditures1 ,i h be5 able ) a ,microscope to p]ceive _! p>ticles v _m ( !m transp>5t4 ,n[1 t ! o!rs also may be transp>5t1 ?\gh !y d n appe> s to ! ,microscope1 may be made probable by ?is ,exp]im5t3 t if y take ammel t is almo/ opac\s1 & gr9d x v well on a ,porphyry1 or ,s]p5t9e1 ! small p>ticles w by reason ( _! flaws1 appe> p]fectly opac\s2 & t 'tis ! flaws t produce ?is opac\sness1 may be argu$ f ?is1 t p>ticles ( ! same ,ammel mu* ?ick] if unflaw'd w appe> some:at transp>5t ev5 to ! eye2 & f ?is also1 t ! mo/ transp>5t & cle> ,cry/al1 if heat$ 9 ! fire1 & !n sudd5ly qu5*$1 s t x be all ov] flaw'd1 w appe> opac\s & :ite4 ,& t ! p>ticles ( ,metall9e col\rs are transp>5t1 may be argu$ yet fur!r f ?is1 t ! ,cry/als1 or ,vitriols ( all ,metals1 are transp>5t1 :i* s9ce !y consi/ ( metall9e z well z sal9e p>ticles1 ^? metall9e ones mu/ be transp>5t1 :i* is yet fur!r confirm'd f ?is1 t !y h = ! mo/ "p1 appropriate col\rs2 s ! vitriol ( ,gold is ,yell[2 ( ,copp]1 ,blue1 & sometimes ,gre52 ( ,iron1 gre52 ( ,t9n & ,lead1 a pale ,:ite2 ( ,silv]1 a pale ,blue1 4 ,& next1 ! ,solution ( all ,metals into m5/ruums are mu* ! same ) ! ,vitriols1 or ,cry/als4 ,x seems !re=e v probable1 t ^? col\rs :i* are made by ! precipitation ( ^? p>ticles out ( ! m5/ruums by transp>5t precipitat+ liquors %\ld be transp>5t also4 ,?us ,gold precipitates ) oyl ( ,t>t>1 or _s ( ,ur9e into a br[n ,yell[1 ,copp] ) _s ( ,ur9e into a ,muc\s blue1 :i* reta9s its transp>5cy4 ,a solution ( sublimate 7z ! same ,illu/ri\s ,au?\r ,i lately m5tion'd %ews 9 8 #dj4 ,exp]im5t7 precipitates ) oyl ( ,t>t> p] deliquium1 into an ,orange col\r'd precipitate2 nor is x less probable1 t ! calc9ation ( ^? ,vitriols by ! fire1 %\ld h _! p>ticles transp>5t3 ,?us ,sacc>um ,saturni1 or ! ,vitriol ( ,lead by calc9ation becomes a deep ,orange-col\r'd m9ium1 :i* is a k9d ( precipitation by "s ,salt :i* proce$s f ! fire2 common ,vitriol calc9'd1 yields a deep ,br[n ,r$1 c4 ,a ?ird ,argum5t1 t ! p>ticles ( ,metals are transp>5t1 is1 t be+ calc9'd1 & melt$ ) ,glass1 !y t+e ! ,glass ) transp>5t col\rs4 ,?us ! ,calx ( ,silv] t+es ! ,glass on :i* x is anneal'd ) a lovely ,yell[1 or ,gold col\r1 c4 ,& t ! p>ts ( ,metals are transp>5t1 may be f>!r argu$ f ! transp>5cy ( ,leaf-gold1 :i* held aga9/ ! light1 bo? to ! nak$ eye1 & ! ,microscope1 exhibits a deep ,gre54 ,& ?\gh ,i h nev] se5 ! o!r ,metals lam9at$ s ?91 t ,i 0 able to p]ceive !m transp>5t1 yet1 = ,copp] & ,brass1 if we _h ! same conv5i5cy = lam9at+ !m1 z we h = ,gold1 we might1 p]haps1 ?r\gh su* plates or leaves1 f9d v diff]+ degrees ( ,blue1 or ,gre52 = x seems v probable1 t ^? ,rays t reb\nd f !m t+'d1 ) a deep ,yell[1 or pale ,r$1 z f ,copp]1 or ) a pale ,yell[1 z f ,brass1 h pa/ ?r\gh !m2 = ,i _c conceive h[ by reflection alone ^? ,rays c receive a t9cture1 tak+ any ,hypo!sis extant4 ,s t we see !re may a suffici5t reason be drawn f ^! in/ances1 :y ^? col\rs :i* we are unable to dilute to ! pale/ ,yell[1 or ,blue1 or ,gre51 are n !re=e to be conclud$ n to be a deep] degree ( !m2 = suppos+ we _h a great company ( small ,globul> ess5ce ,bottles1 or r\nd ,glass bubbles1 ab\t ! bigness ( a ,walnut1 fill'd ea* ( !m ) a v deep mixture ( ,saffron1 & t e "o ( !m did appe> ( a deep ,sc>let col\r1 & all ( !m toge!r did exhibit at a di/ance1 a deep dy'd ,sc>let body4 ,x does n foll[1 because aft] we h come ne>] to ?is cong]ies1 or mass1 & divid$ x into its p>ts1 & exam9+ ea* ( its p>ts sev]ally or ap>t1 we f9d !m to h mu* ! same col\r ) ! :ole mats2 x does n1 ,i say1 !re=e foll[1 t if we c\ld break ^? ,globules small]1 or any o!r ways come to see a small] or ?9n] p>cel ( ! t+'d liquor t fill'd ^? bubbles1 t t t+'d liquor mu/ always appe> ,r$1 or ( a ,sc>let hue1 s9ce if ,exp]im5t be made1 ! q contr>y w ensue2 = x is capable ( be+ dilut$ into ! pale/ ,yell[4 ,n[1 t ,i might avoid all ! ,objections ( ?is k9d1 by exhibit+ an ,exp]im5t t might by ocul> pro( conv9ce ^? :om o!r reasons w\ld n prevail )1 ,i provid$ me a ,prismatical ,glass1 made holl[1 j 9 ! =m ( a ,w$ge1 su* z is repres5t$ 9 ! t5? ,figure ( ! six? ,s*eme4 ,! two p>allelogram sides ,,abcd1 ,,abef1 :i* met at a po9t1 7 made ( ! cle>e/ ,look+-glass plates well gr\nd & poli%'d t ,i c\ld get2 ^! 7 joyn'd ) h>d cem5t to ! triangul> sides1 ,,bce1 ,,adf1 :i* 7 ( ,wood2 ! ,p>allelogram base ,,bcef1 likewise 0 ( ,wood joyn'd on to ! re/ ) h>d cem5t1 & ! :ole ,prismatical ,box 0 exactly /opt e :]e1 b onely a little hole ne> ! base 0 left1 :]eby ! ,vessel c\ld be fill'd ) any liquor1 or empti$ aga9 at pleasure4 ,"o ( ^! ,boxes 7= ,i _h two ( !m7 ,i fill'd ) a pretty deep t9cture ( ,aloes1 drawn onely ) fair ,wat]1 & !n /opt ! hole ) a piece ( ,wax1 !n1 by hold+ ?is ,w$ge aga9/ ! ,light1 & look+ ?r\gh x1 x 0 obvi\s en\gh to see ! t9cture ( ! liquor ne> ! edge ( ! ,w$ge :]e x 0 b v ?91 to be a pale b well col\r'd ,yell[1 & fur!r & fur!r f ! edge1 z ! liquor grew ?ick] & ?ick]1 ?is t9cture appe>'d deep] & deep]1 s t ne> ! blunt end1 :i* 0 sev5 ,in*es f ! edge & ?ree ,in*es & an half ?ick2 x 0 ( a deep & well col\r'd ,r$4 ,n[1 ! cle>] & pur] ?is t9cture be1 ! m lovely w ! deep ,sc>let be1 & ! f\l] ! t9cture be1 ! m dirty w ! ,r$ appe>2 s t "s dirty t9ctures h af=d$ _! deepe/ ,r$ mu* ( ! col\r ( burnt ,ok] or ,spani% br[n2 o!rs z lovely a col\r z ,v]milion1 & "s mu* bright]2 b sev]al o!rs1 accord+ z ! t9ctures 7 worse or m f\l1 exhibit$ v>i\s k9ds ( ,r$s1 ( v diff]+ degrees4 ,! o!r ( ^! ,w$ges1 ,i fill'd ) a mo/ lovely t9cture ( ,copp]1 drawn f ! fil+s ( x1 ) _s ( ,ur9e1 & ?is ,w$ge held z ! =m] aga9/ ! ,light1 af=d$ all mann] ( ,blues1 f ! fa9te/ to ! deepe/1 s t ,i 0 9 good hope by ^! two1 to h produc'd all ! v>ieties ( col\rs imag9able2 = ,i ?\ght by ?is means to h be5 able by plac+ ! two ,p>allelogram sides toge!r1 & ! edges contr>y ways1 to h s mov'd !m to & fro "o by ano!r1 z by look+ ?r\gh !m 9 sev]al places1 & ?r\gh sev]al ?icknesses1 ,i %\ld h comp\nd$1 & consequ5tly h se5 all ^? col\rs1 :i* by o!r l compositions ( col\rs w\ld h ensu$4 ,b in/e$ ( meet+ ) :at ,i look'd =1 ,i met ) some:at m admirable2 & t 01 t ,i f\nd my self utt]ly unable to see ?r\gh !m :5 plac$ bo? toge!r1 ?\gh !y 7 transp>5t en\gh :5 asund]2 & ?\gh ,i c\ld see ?r\gh twice ! ?ickness1 :5 bo? ( !m 7 fill'd ) ! same col\r'd liquors1 :e!r bo? ) ! ,yell[1 or bo? ) ! ,blue1 yet :5 "o 0 fill'd ) ! ,yell[1 ! o!r ) ! ,blue1 & bo? look$ ?r\gh1 !y bo? appe>'d d>k1 onely :5 ! p>ts ne> ! tops 7 look'd ?r\gh1 !y exhibit$ ,gre5s1 & ^? ( v great v>iety1 z ,i expect$1 b ! ,purples & o!r col\rs1 ,i c\ld n by any means make1 :e!r ,i endeav\r'd to look ?r\gh !m bo? aga9/ ! ,sun1 or :e!r ,i plac'd !m aga9/ ! hole ( a d>kn$ room4 ,b not)/&+ ?is mis-ghess+1 ,i proce$$ on ) my trial 9 a d>k room1 & hav+ two holes ne> "o ano!r1 ,i 0 able1 by plac+ my ,w$ges aga9/ !m1 to mix ! t+'d ,rays t pa/ ?r\gh !m1 & fell on a %eet ( :ite ,pap] held at a conv5i5t di/ance f !m z ,i pleas'd2 s t ,i c\ld make ! ,pap] appe> ( :at col\r ,i w\ld1 by v>y+ ! ?icknesses ( ! ,w$ges1 & consequ5tly ! t9cture ( ! ,rays t pa/ ?r\gh ! two holes1 & sometimes also by v>y+ ! ,pap]1 t is1 in/e$ ( a :ite ,pap]1 hold+ a gray1 or a black piece ( ,pap]4 ,:5ce ,i exp]im5tally f\nd :at ,i _h be=e imag9'd1 t all ! v>ieties ( col\rs imag9able are produc'd f sev]al degrees ( ^! two col\rs1 namely1 ,yell[ & ,blue1 or ! mixture ( !m ) light & d>kness1 t is1 :ite & black4 ,& all ^? almo/ inf9ite v>ieties :i* ,limn]s & ,pa9t]s are able to make by comp\nd+ ^? sev]al col\rs !y lay on _! ,%els or ,palads1 are no?+ else1 b "s compositum1 made up ( "s "o or m1 or all ( ^! f\r4 ,n[1 :]eas x may "h aga9 be object$1 t nei!r c ! ,r$s be made out ( ! ,yell[s1 add$ toge!r1 or laid on 9 great] or less quantity1 nor c ! ,yell[s be made out ( ! ,r$s ?\gh laid nev] s ?92 & z = ! addition ( ,:ite or ,black1 !y d no?+ b ei!r :it5 or d>k5 ! col\rs to :i* !y are add$1 & n at all make !m ( any o!r k9d ( col\r3 z = in/ance1 ,v]milion1 by be+ temp]'d ) ,:ite ,lead1 does n at all gr[ m ,yell[1 b onely !re is made a :it] k9d ( ,r$4 ,nor does ,yell[ ,ok]1 ?\gh laid nev] s ?ick1 produce ! col\r ( ,v]milion1 nor ?\gh x be temp]'d ) ,black1 does x at all make a ,r$2 nay1 ?\gh x be temp]'d ) ,:ite1 x w n af=d a fa9t] k9d ( ,yell[1 su* z ma/icut1 b onely a :it5'd ,yell[2 nor w ! ,blues be dilut$ or deepn$ aft] ! mann] ,i speak (1 z ,indico w nev] af=d s f9e a ,blue z ,ultram>9e or ,bise2 nor w x1 temp]'d ) ,v]milion1 ev] af=d a ,gre51 ?\gh ea* ( !m be nev] s mu* temp]'d ) :ite4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 dilut+ a col\r & :it5+ ( x2 = dilut+ a col\r1 is to make ! col\r'd p>ts m ?91 s t ! t+'d light1 :i* is made by traject+ ^? t+'d bodies1 does n receive s deep a t9cture2 b :it5+ a col\r is onely an int]mix+ ( _m cle> reflections ( light among ! same t+'d p>ts2 deepn+ also1 & d>kn+ or black+ a col\r1 are v diff]5t2 = deepn+ a col\r1 is to make ! light pass ?r\gh a great] quantity ( ! same t++ body2 & d>kn+ or black+ a col\r1 is onely int]pos+ a multitude ( d>k or black spots among ! same t+'d p>ts1 or plac+ ! col\r 9 a m fa9t light4 ,fir/ !re=e1 z to ! =m] ( ^! op]ations1 t is1 dilut+ & deepn+1 mo/ ( ! col\rs u'd by ! ,limn]s & ,pa9t]s are incapable (1 to wit1 ,v]milion & ,r$-lead1 & ,ok]1 because ! t+'d p>ts are s exce$+ small1 t ! mo/ curi\s ,gr9d/ones we h1 are n able to sep>ate !m into p>ts actually divid$ s small z ! t+'d p>ticles are2 = look+ on ! mo/ curi\sly gr\nd ,v]milion1 & ,ok]1 & ,r$-lead1 ,i c\ld p]ceive t ev5 ^? small corpuscles ( ! bodies !y left 7 comp\nd$ ( _m pieces1 t is1 !y seem'd to be small pieces comp\nd$ ( a multitude ( less] t+'d p>ts3 ea* piece seem+ almo/ l a piece ( ,r$ ,glass1 or t+'d ,cry/al all flaw'd2 s t unless ! ,gr9d/one c\ld actually divide !m into small] pieces !n ^? flaw'd p>ticles 71 :i* comp\nd$ t t+'d mote ,i c\ld see ) my ,microscope1 x w\ld be impossible to dilute ! col\r by gr9d+1 :i*1 because ! f9e/ we h w n rea* to d 9 ,v]milion or ,ok]1 !re=e !y _c at all1 or v h>dly be dilut$4 ,o!r col\rs inde$1 ^: t+'d p>ticles are su* z may be made small]1 by gr9d+ _! col\r1 may be dilut$4 ,?us sev]al ( ! ,blues may be dilut$1 z ,smalt & ,bise2 & ,ma/icut1 :i* is ,yell[1 may be made m fa9t3 ,& ev5 ,v]milion x self may1 by too mu* gr9d+1 be br\ght to ! col\r ( ,r$-lead1 :i* is b an ,orange col\r1 :i* is confe/ by all to be v mu* ^u ! ,yell[4 ,n[1 ?\gh p]haps some:at ( ?is dilut+ ( ,v]milion by ov]mu* gr9d+ may be attribut$ to ! ,gr9d/one1 or mull]1 = t "s ( _! p>ts may be worn (f & mixt ) ! col\r1 yet !re seems n v mu*1 = ,i h done x on a ,s]p5t9e-/one ) a mull] made ( a ,pebble1 & yet obs]v'd ! same effect foll[4 ,& secondly1 z to ! o!r ( ^! op]ations on col\rs1 t is1 ! deepn+ ( !m1 ,limn]s & ,pa9t]s col\rs are = ! mo/ "p also uncapable4 ,= !y be+ = ! mo/ "p opac\s2 & t opac\sness1 z ,i said be=e1 proce$+ f ! p>ticles1 be+ v mu* flaw'd1 unless we 7 able to joyn & reunite ^? flaw'd p>ticles aga9 into "o piece1 we %all n be able to deep5 ! col\r1 :i* s9ce we are unable to d ) mo/ ( ! col\rs :i* are by ,pa9t]s acc\nt$ opac\s1 we are !re=e unable to deep5 !m by add+ m ( ! same k9d4 ,b because all ^? opac\s col\rs h two k9ds ( beams or ,rays reflect$ f !m1 t is1 ,rays unt+'d1 :i* are onely reflect$ f ! outw>d surface1 )\t at all p5etrat+ ( ! body1 & t+'d ,rays :i* are reflect$ f ! inw>d surfaces or flaws aft] !y h suff]'d a two-fold refraction2 & because t transp>5t liquors mixt ) su* corpuscles1 d1 = ! mo/ "p1 take (f ! =m] k9d ( reflection2 !re=e ^! col\rs mixt ) ,wat] or ,oyl1 appe> mu* deep] ?an :5 dry1 = mo/ "p ( t :ite reflection f ! outw>d surface is remov'd4 ,nay1 "s ( ^! col\rs are v mu* deepn$ by ! mixture ) "s transp>5t liquor1 & t because !y may p]haps get betwe5 ^? two flaws1 & s consequ5tly joyn two or m ( ^? flaw'd pieces toge!r2 b ?is happ5s b 9 a v few4 ,n[1 to %ew t all ?is is n gratis dictum1 ,i %all set d[n "s ,exp]im5ts :i* d manife/ ^! ?+s to be probable & likely1 :i* ,i h "h deliv]'d4 ,=1 fir/1 if y take any t+'d liquor :atsoev]1 especially if x be pretty deeply t+'d1 & by any means "w x into a fro?1 ! cong]ies ( t fro? %all seem an opac\s body1 & appe> ( ! same col\r1 b mu* :it] ?an t ( ! liquor out ( :i* x is made4 ,= ! abundance ( reflections ( ! ,rays aga9/ ^? surfaces ( ! bubbles ( :i* ! fro? consi/s1 does s (t5 reb\nd ! ,rays backw>ds1 t little or no light c pass ?r\gh1 & consequ5tly ! fro? appe>s opac\s4 ,aga91 if to any ( ^! t+'d liquors t w endure ! boil+ !re be add$ a small quantity ( f9e fl[] 7! p>ts ( :i* ?r\gh ! ,microscope are pla9ly en\gh to be p]ceiv'd to consi/ ( transp>5t corpuscles7 & suff]'d to boyl till x ?ick5 ! liquor1 ! mass ( ! liquor w appe> opac\s1 & t+'d ) ! same col\r1 b v mu* :it5'd4 ,?us1 if y take a piece ( transp>5t ,glass t is well col\r'd1 & by heat+ x1 & !n qu5*+ x 9 ,wat]1 y flaw x all ov]1 x w become opac\s1 & w exhibit ! same col\r ) :i* ! piece is t+'d1 b fa9t] & :it]4 ,or1 if y take a ,pipe ( ?is transp>5t ,glass1 & 9 ! flame ( a ,lamp melt x1 & !n bl[ x into v ?9 bubbles1 !n break ^? bubbles1 & collect a good p>cel ( ^? lam9 toge!r 9 a ,pap]1 y %all f9d t a small ?ickness ( ^? ,plates w con/itute an opac\s body1 & t y may see ?r\gh ! mass ( ,glass be=e x be ?us lam9at$1 above f\r times ! ?ickness3 ,& besides1 !y w n[ af=d a col\r by reflection z o!r opac\s 7z !y are call'd7 col\rs w1 b mu* fa9t] & :it] ?an t ( ! ,lump or ,pipe out ( :i* !y 7 made4 ,?us also1 if y take ,putty1 & melt x ) any transp>5t col\r'd ,glass1 x w make x become an opac\s col\r'd lump1 & to yield a pal] & :it] col\r ?an ! lump by reflection4 ,! same ?+ may be done by a prep>ation ( ,antimony1 z has be5 %ewn by ! ,le>n$ ,physician1 ,dr4 ,c4,m4 9 8 ,excell5t ,obs]vations & ,notes on ,n]y's ,art ( ,glass2 & by ?is means all transp>5t col\rs become opac\s1 or ammels4 ,& ?\gh by be+ gr\nd !y lose v mu* ( _! col\r1 gr[+ mu* :it] by reason ( ! multitude ( s+le reflections f _! outw>d surface1 z ,i %ew'd a=e1 yet ! fire t 9 ! neal+ or melt+ re-unites !m1 & s r5ews ^? spuri\s reflections1 removes also ^? :it5+s ( ! col\r t proce$ f !m4 ,z = ! o!r col\rs :i* ,pa9t]s use1 :i* are transp>5t1 & u'd to v>ni% ov] all o!r pa9t+s1 'tis well en\gh kn[n t ! lay+ on ( !m ?9n] or ?ick]1 does v mu* dilute or deep5 _! col\r4 ,pa9t]s ,col\rs !re=e consi/+ mo/ ( !m ( solid p>ticles1 s small t !y _c be ei!r re-unit$ into ?ick] p>ticles by any ,art yet kn[n1 & consequ5tly _c be deepn$2 or divid$ into p>ticles s small z ! flaw'd p>ticles t exhibit t col\r1 mu* less into small]1 & consequ5tly _c be dilut$2 ,x is necess>y t !y :i* are to imitate all k9ds ( col\rs1 %\ld h z _m degrees ( ea* col\r z c be procur'd4 ,& to ?is purpose1 bo? ,limn]s & ,pa9t]s h a v great v>iety bo? ( ,yell[s & ,blues1 besides sev]al o!r col\r'd bodies t exhibit v comp\nd$ col\rs1 su* z ,gre5s & ,purples2 & o!rs t are comp\nd$ ( sev]al degrees ( ,yell[1 or sev]al degrees ( ,blue1 sometimes unmixt1 & sometimes comp\nd$ ) sev]al o!r col\r'd bodies4 ,! ,yell[s1 f ! pale/ to ! deepe/ ,r$ or ,sc>let1 :i* has no int]mixture ( ,blue1 are pale & deep ,ma/icut1 ,orpam5t1 ,engli% ,ok]1 br[n ,ok]1 ,r$-,lead1 & ,v]milion1 burnt ,engli% ,ok]1 & burnt br[n ,ok]1 :i* la/ h a mixture ( d>k or dirty p>ts ) !m1 c4 ,_! ,blues are sev]al k9ds ( ,smalts1 & ,v]ditures1 & ,bise1 & ,ultram>9e1 & ,indico1 :i* la/ has _m dirty or d>k p>ts int]mixt ) x4 ,_! comp\nd$ col\r'd bodies1 z ,p9k1 & ,v]digrese1 :i* are ,gre5s1 ! "o a ,pop+ay1 ! o!r a ,sea-gre52 !n ,lac1 :i* is a v lovely ,purple4 ,to :i* may be add$ _! ,black & ,:ite1 :i* !y also usually call ,col\rs1 ( ea* ( :i* !y h sev]al k9ds1 su* z ,bone ,black1 made ( ,ivory burnt 9 a close ,vessel1 & ,blue ,black1 made ( ! small coal ( ,will[1 or "s o!r ,wood2 & ,cull5s e>?1 :i* is a k9d ( br[n ,black1 c4 ,_! usual ,:ites are ei!r artificial or natural ,:ite ,lead1 ! la/ ( :i* is ! be/ !y yet h1 & ) ! mix+ & temp]+ ^! col\rs toge!r1 are !y able to make an imitation ( any col\r :atsoev]3 ,_! ,r$s or deep ,yell[s1 !y c dilute by mix+ pale ,yell[s ) !m1 & deep5 _! pale by mix+ deep] ) !m2 = x is n ) ,opac\s col\rs z x is ) transp>5t1 :]e by add+ m ,yell[ to yell[1 x is deepn$1 b 9 opac\s dilut$4 ,!y c :it5 any col\r by mix+ ,:ite ) x1 & d>k5 any col\r by mix+ ,black1 or "s d>k & dirty col\r4 ,& 9 a ^w1 mo/ ( ! col\rs1 or col\r'd bodies !y use 9 ,limn+ & ,pa9t+1 are su*1 z ?\gh mixt ) any o!r ( _! col\rs1 !y pres]ve _! own hue1 & by be+ 9 su* v smal p>ts disp]s'd ?r\gh ! o!r col\r'd bodies1 !y bo?1 or altoge!r repres5t to ! eye a compositum ( all2 ! eye be+ unable1 by reason ( _! smalness1 to di/+ui% ! peculi>ly col\r'd p>ticles1 b receives !m z "o intire compositum3 :]eas 9 _m ( ^!1 ! ,microscope v easily di/+ui%es ea* ( ! comp\nd+ col\rs di/9ct1 & exhibit+ its own col\r4 ,?us h ,i by g5tly mix+ ,v]milion & ,bise dry1 produc'd a v f9e ,purple1 or mixt col\r1 b look+ on x ) ! ,microscope1 ,i c\ld easily di/+ui% bo? ! ,r$ & ! ,blue p>ticles1 :i* did n at all produce ! ,phantasm ( ,purple4 ,to summ up all !re=e 9 a ^w1 ,i h n yet f\nd any solid col\r'd body1 t ,i h yet exam9'd1 p]fectly opac\s2 b ^? t are lea/ transp>5t are ,metall9e & ,m9]al bodies1 ^: p>ticles g5]ally1 seem+ ei!r to be v small1 or v mu* flaw'd1 appe> = ! mo/ "p opac\s1 ?\gh !re are v few ( !m t ,i h look'd on ) a ,microscope1 t h n v pla9ly or circum/antially manife/$ !mselves transp>5t4 ,& inde$1 !re seem to be s few bodies 9 ! _w t are 9 m9imis opac\s1 t ,i ?9k "o may make x a rational ,qu]y1 ,:e!r !re be any body absolutely ?us opac\s8 ,= ,i d\bt n at all 7& ,i h tak5 notice ( v _m circum/ances t make me ( ?is m9d7 t c\ld we v mu* improve ! ,microscope1 we might be able to see all ^? bodies v pla9ly transp>5t1 :i* we n[ are fa9 onely to ghess at by circum/ances4 ,nay1 ! ,object ,glasses we yet make use ( are su*1 t !y make _m transp>5t bodies to ! eye1 seem opac\s ?r\gh !m1 :i* if we wid5 ! ,ap]ture a little1 & ca/ m light on ! objects1 & n *>ge ! ,glasses s deep1 w aga9 disclose _! transp>5cy4 ,n[1 z = all k9ds ( col\rs t are dissolvable 9 ,wat]1 or o!r liquors1 !re is no?+ s manife/1 z t all ^? t+'d liquors are transp>5t2 & _m ( !m are capable ( be+ dilut$ & comp\nd$ or mixt ) o!r col\rs1 & div]s ( !m are capable ( be+ v mu* *ang'd & heightn$1 & fixt ) sev]al k9ds ( ,sal9e m5/ruums4 ,o!rs ( !m ^u comp\nd+1 de/roy or vitiate ea* o!rs col\rs1 & precipitate1 or o!rwise v mu* alt] ea* o!rs t9cture4 ,9 ! true ord]+ & dilut+1 & deepn+1 & mix+1 & fix+ ( ea* ( :i*1 consi/s "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( ! ,dy]s2 ( :i* p>ticul>s1 because our ,microscope af=ds u v little in=mation1 ,i %all add no?+ m at pres5t2 b onely t ) a v few t9ctures ord]'d & mixt aft] c]ta9 ways1 too long to be "h set d[n1 ,i h be5 able to make an appe>ance ( all ! v>i\s col\rs imag9able1 )\t at all us+ ! help ( ,salts1 or ,sal9e m5/ruums to v>y !m4 ,z = ! mutation ( ,col\rs by ,sal9e m5/ruums1 !y h already be5 s fully & excell5tly h&l$ by ! lately m5tion'd ,incomp>able ,au?\r1 t ,i c add no?+1 b t ( a multitude ( trials t ,i made1 ,i h f\nd !m exactly to agree ) 8 ,rules & ,!ories2 & ?\gh !re may be inf9ite in/ances1 yet may !y be r$uc'd "u a few ,heads1 & compris'd )9 a v few ,rules4 ,& g5]ally ,i f9d1 t ,sal9e m5/ruums are mo/ op]ative ^u ^? col\rs t are ,purple1 or h "s degree ( ,purple 9 !m1 & ^u ! o!r col\rs mu* less4 ,! spuri\s pulses t compose :i*1 be+ 7z ,i =m]ly not$7 s v ne] ! middle betwe5 ! true ones1 t a small v>iation ?r[s !m bo? to "o side1 or bo? to ! o!r1 & s consequ5tly mu/ make a va/ mutation 9 ! =m]ly appe>+ ,col\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xi4 ,( ,figures obs]v'd 9 small ,s&4 ,s& g5]ally seems to be no?+ else b exce$+ small ,pebbles1 or at lea/ "s v small p>cels ( a bigg] /one2 ! :it] k9d seems ?r\gh ! ,microscope to consi/ ( small transp>5t pieces ( "s pellucid body1 ea* ( !m look+ mu* l a piece ( ,alum1 or ,salt ,gem2 & ?is k9d ( ,s& is angl$ = ! mo/ "p irregul>ly1 )\t any c]ta9 %ape1 & ! granules ( x are = ! mo/ "p flaw'd1 ?r\gh among/ _m ( !m x is n difficult to f9d "s t are p]fectly pellucid1 l a piece ( cle> ,cry/al1 & div]s likewise mo/ curi\sly %ap'd1 mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! bigg] ,/iri ( ,cry/al1 or l ! small ,diamants ,i obs]v'd 9 c]ta9 ,fl9ts1 ( :i* ,i %all by & by relate2 :i* la/ p>ticul> seems to argue1 t ?is k9d ( ,s& is n made by ! comm9ution ( great] transp>5t ,cry/al9e bodies1 b by ! concretion or coagulation ( ,wat]1 or "s o!r fluid body4 ,!re are o!r k9ds ( c\rs] ,s&s1 :i* are br[n]1 & h _! p>ticles mu* bigg]2 ^!1 view'd ) a ,microscope1 seem mu* c\rs] & m opac\s sub/ances1 & mo/ ( !m are ( "s irregul>ly r\nd$ ,figures2 & ?\gh !y seem n s opac\s z to ! nak$ eye1 yet !y seem v f\l & cl\dy1 b nei!r d ^! want curi\sly transp>5t1 no m ?an !y d regul>ly figur'd & well col\r'd p>ticles1 z ,i h (t5 f\nd4 ,!re are multitudes ( o!r k9ds ( ,s&s1 :i* 9 _m p>ticul>s1 pla9ly en\gh discov]able by ! ,microscope1 diff] bo? f ^! la/ m5tion'd k9ds ( ,s&s1 & f "o ano!r3 !re seem+ to be z great v>iety ( ,s&s1 z !re is ( ,/ones4 ,& z among/ ,/ones "s are call'd preci\s f _! excell5cy1 s also are !re ,s&s :i* des]ve ! same ,epi?ite = _! beauty2 = view+ a small p>cel ( ,ea/-,india ,s& 7:i* 0 giv5 me by my highly hon\r$ fri5d1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,colwall7 &1 s9ce t1 ano!r p>cel1 mu* ( ! same k9d1 ,i f\nd sev]al ( !m1 bo? v transp>5t l preci\s ,/ones1 & regul>ly figur'd l ,cry/al1 ,corni% ,diamants1 "s ,rubies1 c4 & also t+'d ) v lively & deep col\rs1 l ,rubys1 ,saphyrs1 ,em]alds1 c4 ,^! k9ds ( granules ,i h (t5 f\nd also 9 ,engli% ,s&4 ,& 'tis easie to make su* a c\nt]feit ,s& ) deeply t+'d ,glass1 ,enamels & ,pa9t]s col\rs4 ,x 7 endless to describe ! multitudes ( ,figures ,i h met ) 9 ^! k9d ( m9ute bodies1 su* z ,sph]ical1 ,oval1 ,pyramidal1 ,conical1 ,prismatical1 ( ea* ( :i* k9ds ,i h tak5 notice4 ,b among/ _m o!rs1 ,i met ) none m obs]vable ?an ?is pretty ,%ell 7describ$ 9 ! ,figure ,x4 ( ! fif? ,s*eme7 :i*1 ?\gh z x 0 light on by *ance1 des]v'd to h be5 omitt$ 7,i be+ unable to direct any "o to f9d ! l7 yet = its r>ity 0 x n inconsid]able1 especially ^u ! acc\nt ( ! in=mation x may af=d u4 ,= by x we h a v good in/ance ( ! curiosity ( ,nature 9 ano!r k9d ( ,animals :i* are remov'd1 by reason ( _! m9ut5ess1 beyond ! rea* ( our eyes1 s t z !re are sev]al sorts ( ,insects1 z ,mites1 & o!rs1 s small z n yet to h _h any names2 7"s ( :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds describe7 & small ,fi%es1 z ,lee*es 9 ,v9eg>2 & smal vegetables1 z ,moss1 & ,rose-,leave-plants2 & small ,mu%roms1 z m\ld3 s are !re1 x seems1 small ,%el-fi% likewise1 ,nature %ew+ h] curiosity 9 e ,tribe ( ,animals1 ,vegetables1 & ,m9]als4 ,i 0 try+ sev]al small & s+le ,magnify+ ,glasses1 & casually view+ a p>cel ( :ite ,s&1 :5 ,i p]ceiv'd "o ( ! gra9s exactly %ap'd & wrea?'d l a ,%ell1 b endeav\r+ to di/+ui% x ) my nak$ eye1 x 0 s v small1 t ,i 0 fa9 aga9 to make use ( ! ,glass to f9d x2 !n1 :ile/ ,i ?us look'd on x1 ) a ,p9 ,i sep>at$ all ! re/ ( ! granules ( ,s&1 & f\nd x aft]w>ds to appe> to ! nak$ eye an exce$+ small :ite spot1 no bigg] ?an ! po9t ( a ,p94 ,aft]w>ds ,i view'd x e way ) a bett] ,microscope & f\nd x on bo? sides1 & edge-ways1 to resemble ! ,%ell ( a small ,wat]-,snail ) a flat spiral ,%ell3 x _h twelve wrea?+s1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 c4 all v proportionably gr[+ "o less ?an ano!r t[>d ! middle or c5t] ( ! ,%ell1 :]e !re 0 a v small r\nd :ite spot4 ,i c\ld n c]ta9ly discov] :e!r ! ,%ell 7 holl[ or n1 b x seem'd fill'd ) some:at1 & 'tis probable t x might be petrify'd z o!r l>g] ,%els (t5 are1 su* z are m5tion'd 9 ! sev5te5? ,obs]vation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xii4 ,( ,gravel 9 ,ur9e4 ,i ,h (t5 obs]v'd ! ,s& or ,gravel ( ,ur9e1 :i* seems to be a t>t>e\s sub/ance1 g5]at$ out ( a sal9e & a t]re/rial sub/ance cry/alliz'd toge!r1 9 ! =m ( ,t>t>1 sometimes /ick+ to ! sides ( ! ,ur9al1 b = ! mo/ "p s9k+ to ! bottom1 & !re ly+ 9 ! =m ( coorse common ,s&2 ^!1 ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 appe> to be a company ( small bodies1 p>tly transp>5t & p>tly opac\s1 "s ,:ite1 "s ,yell[1 "s ,r$1 o!rs ( m br[n & duskie col\rs4 ,! ,figure ( !m is = ! mo/ "p flat1 9 ! mann] ( ,slats or su* l plat$ ,/ones1 t is1 ea* ( !m seem to be made up ( sev]al o!r ?9n] ,plates1 mu* l ,muscovie ,glass1 or ,engli% ,sp>r to ! la/ ( :i*1 ! :ite plat$ ,gravel seems mo/ likely2 = !y seem n onely plat$ l t1 b _! sides %ap'd also into ,rhombs1 ,rhomboeids1 & sometimes into ,rectangles & ,squ>es4 ,_! bigness & ,figure may be se5 9 ! second ,figure ( ! sev5? ,plate1 :i* repres5ts ab\t a doz5 ( !m ly+ ^u a plate ,,abcd1 "s ( :i*1 z a1 b1 c1 d seem'd m regul> ?an ! re/1 & e1 :i* 0 a small "o1 /ick+ on ! top ( ano!r1 0 a p]fect ,rhomboeid on ! top1 & _h f\r ,rectangul> sides4 ,! l9e ,e :i* 0 ! measure ( ! ,microscope1 is "p ( an ,engli% ,in*1 s t ! greate/ br$? ( any ( !m1 exce$$ n "p ( an ,in*4 ,putt+ ^! into sev]al liquors1 ,i f\nd oyl ( ,vitriol1 ,_s ( ,ur9e1 & sev]al o!r ,sal9e m5/ruums to dissolve !m2 & ! fir/ ( ^! 9 less ?an a m9ute )\t ,ebullition1 ,wat]1 & sev]al o!r liquors1 _h no sudd5 op]ation ^u !m4 ,?is ,i m5tion1 because ^? liquors t dissolve !m1 fir/ make !m v :ite1 n vitiat+1 b r rectify+ _! ,figure1 & !reby make !m af=d a v pretty object = ! ,microscope4 ,h[ great an advantage x w\ld be to su* z are tr\bl$ ) ! ,/one1 to f9d "s m5/ruum might dissolve !m )\t hurt+ ! ,bladd]1 is easily imag9'd1 s9ce "s injections made ( su* bodies might likewise dissolve ! /one1 :i* seems mu* ( ! same nature4 ,x may !re=e1 p]haps1 be wor?y "s ,physicians enquiry1 :e!r !re may n be some?+ mixt ) ! ,ur9e 9 :i* ! ,gravel or ,/one lies1 :i* may aga9 make x dissolve x1 ! fir/ ( :i* seems by x's regul> ,figures to h be5 sometimes ,cry/alliz'd out ( x4 ,= :e!r ?is ,cry/allization be made 9 ! mann] z ,alum1 ,pet]1 c4 are cry/alliz$ out ( a cool+ liquor1 9 :i*1 by boyl+ !y h be5 dissolv'd2 or :e!r x be made 9 ! mann] ( ,t>t>um ,vitriolatum1 t is1 by ! ,coalition ( an acid & a ,sulphure\s sub/ance1 x seems n impossible1 b t ! liquor x lies 91 may be aga9 made a dissolv5t ( x4 ,b leav+ ^! inquiries to ,physicians or ,*ymi/s1 to :om x does m prop]ly belong1 ,i %all proce$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xiii4 ,( ! small ,diamants1 or ,sp>ks 9 ,fl9ts4 ,*anc+ to break a ,fl9t /one 9 pieces1 ,i f\nd )9 x a c]ta9 cavity all cru/$ ov] ) a v pretty c&i$ sub/ance1 "s ( ! p>ts ( :i*1 ^u *ang+ ! po/ure ( ! ,/one1 9 respect ( ! ,incid5t light1 exhibit$ a numb] ( small1 b v vivid reflections2 & hav+ made use ( my ,microscope1 ,i c\ld p]ceive ! :ole surface ( t cavity to be all beset ) a multitude ( little ,cry/al9e or ,adamant9e bodies1 s curi\sly %ap'd1 t x af=d$ a n unpleas+ object4 ,hav+ consid]$ ^? vivid rep]cussions ( light1 ,i f\nd !m to be made p>tly f ! pla9 ext]nal surface ( ^! regul>ly figur$ bodies 7:i* af=d$ ! vivid reflections7 & p>tly to be made f )9 ! some:at pellucid body1 t is1 f "s surface ( ! body1 opposite to t sup]ficies ( x :i* 0 next ! eye4 ,& because ^! bodies 7 s small1 t ,i c\ld n well come to make ,exp]im5ts & ,exam9ations ( !m1 ,i provid$ me sev]al small /iri ( ,cry/als or ,diamants1 f\nd 9 great quantities 9 ,cornwall & are !re=e commonly call$ ,corni% ,diamants3 ^! be+ v pellucid1 & gr[+ 9 a holl[ cavity ( a ,rock 7z ,i h be5 sev]al times in=m$ by ^? t h obs]v'd !m7 mu* aft] ! same mann] z ^! d 9 ! ,fl9t1 & hav+ besides _! outw>d surface v regul>ly %ap'd1 reta9+ v ne> ! same ,figures ) "s ( ^? ,i obs]v'd 9 ! o!r1 became a conv5i5t help to me = ! ,exam9ation ( ! proprieties ( ^? k9ds ( bodies4 ,& fir/ = ! ,reflections1 9 ^! ,i f\nd x v obs]vable1 ,t ! brighte/ reflections ( light proce$$ f )9 ! pellucid body2 t is1 t ! ,rays admitt$ ?r\gh ! pellucid sub/ance 9 _! gett+ out on ! opposite side1 7 by ! contigu\s & /rong reflect+ surface ( ! ,air v vividly reflect$1 s t m ,rays 7 reflect$ to ! eye by ?is surface1 ?\gh ! ,ray 9 entr+ & gett+ out ( ! ,cry/al _h suff]'d a d\ble refraction1 ?an !re 7 f ! outw>d surface ( ! ,glass :]e ! ,ray _h suff]'d no refraction at all4 ,& t ?is 0 ! surface ( ! ,air t gave s vivid a re-p]cussion ,i try'd by ?is means ,i sunk half ( a /iria 9 ,wat]1 s t only ,wat] 0 contigu\s to ! "u surface1 & !n ! int]nal reflection 0 s exce$+ly fa9t1 t x 0 sc>ce disc]nable4 ,aga91 ,i try'd to alt] ?is vivid reflection by keep+ (f ! ,air1 ) a body n fluid1 & t 0 by rubb+ & hold+ my f+] v h>d aga9/ ! "u surface1 s z 9 _m places ! pulp ( my f+] did t\* ! ,glass1 )\t any int]jac5t air betwe51 !n obs]v+ ! reflection1 ,i f\nd1 t :]esoev] my f+] or sk9 t\*t ! surface1 f t "p !re 0 no reflection1 b 9 ! little furr[s or creases ( my sk91 :]e !re rema9'd little small l9es ( air1 f !m 0 return'd a v vivid reflection z be=e4 ,i try'd fur!r1 by mak+ ! surface ( v pure ,quicksilv] to be contigu\s to ! "u surface ( ?is pellucid body1 & !n ! reflection f t 0 s exce$+ly m vivid ?an f ! air1 z ! reflection f air 0 ?an ! reflection f ! ,wat]2 f all :i* trials ,i pla9ly saw1 t ! /rong reflect+ air 0 ! cause ( ?is ,phnom5on4 ,& ?is agrees v well ) ! ,hypo!sis ( light & ,pellucid bodies :i* ,i h m5tion'd 9 ! description ( ,muscovy-glass2 = we !re suppose ,glass to be a m$ium1 :i* does less resi/ ! pulse ( light1 & consequ5tly1 t mo/ ( ! ,rays incid5t on x ent] into x1 & are refract$ t[>ds ! p]p5dicul>2 :]eas ! air ,i suppose to be a body t does m resi/ x1 & consequ5tly m are re-p]cuss'd !n d ent] x3 ! same k9d ( trials h ,i made1 ) ,cry/all9e ,glass1 ) drops ( fluid bodies1 & sev]al o!r ways1 :i* d all seem to agree v exactly ) ?is ,!ory4 ,s t f ?is ,pr9ciple well e/abli%'d1 we may d$uce sev]all ,coroll>ies n unwor?y obs]vation4 ,& ! fir/ is2 t x pla9ly appe>s by ?is1 t ! production ( ! ,ra9b[ is z mu* to be ascrib$ to ! reflection ( ! concave surface ( ! air1 z to ! refraction ( ! ,globul> drops3 ?is w be evid5tly manife/ by ^! ,exp]im5ts1 if y foliate t "p ( a ,glass-ball t is to reflect an ,iris1 z 9 ! ,c>tesian ,exp]im5t1 above m5tion'd1 ! reflections w be abundantly m /rong1 & ! col\rs m vivid3 & if t "p ( ! surface be t\*'d ) ,wat]1 sc>ce af=ds any s5sible col\r at all4 ,next we le>n1 t ! great reason :y pellucid bodies beat5 small are :ite1 is f ! multitude ( reflections1 n f ! p>ticles ( ! body1 b f ! contigu\s surface ( ! air4 ,& ?is is evid5tly manife/$1 by fill+ ! ,int]/itia ( ^? p[d]'d bodies ) ,wat]1 :]eby _! :it5ess pres5tly disappe>s4 ,f ! same reason proce$s ! :it5ess ( _m k9ds ( ,s&s1 :i* 9 ! ,microscope appe> to be made up ( a multitude ( little pellucid bodies1 ^: brighte/ reflections may by ! ,microscope be pla9ly p]ceiv'd to come f _! int]nal surfaces2 & mu* ( ! :it5ess ( x may be de/roy'd by ! affusion ( fair ,wat] to be contigu\s to ^? surfaces4 ,! :it5ess also ( fro?1 is = ! mo/ "p to be ascrib$ to ! reflection ( ! light f ! surface ( ! air )9 ! ,bubbles1 & v little to ! reflection f ! surface ( ! ,wat] x self3 = ?is la/ reflection does n return a qu>t] s _m ,rays1 z t :i* is made f ! surface ( ! air1 z ,i h c]ta9ly f\nd by a multitude ( ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts4 ,! :it5ess ( ,l9n51 ,pap]1 ,silk1 c4 proce$s mu* f ! same reason1 z ! ,microscope w easily discov]2 = ! ,pap] is made up ( an abundance ( pellucid bodies1 :i* af=d a v pl5tifull reflection f )91 t is1 f ! concave surface ( ! air contigu\s to its compon5t p>ticles2 :]e=e by ! affusion ( ,wat]1 ,oyl1 ,tall[1 ,turp5t9e1 c4 all ^? reflections are made m fa9t1 & ! beams ( light are suff]'d to traject run ?r\gh ! ,pap] m freely4 ,h5ce fur!r we may le>n ! reason ( ! :it5ess ( _m bodies1 & by :at means !y may be 9 "p made pellucid3 ,z :ite ,m>ble = in/ance1 = ?is body is compos$ ( a pellucid body exce$+ly flaw'd1 t is1 !re are abundance ( ?91 & v f9e cracks or *9ks among/ ! multitude ( p>ticles ( ! body1 t conta9 9 !m small p>cels ( air1 :i* d s re-p]cuss & drive back ! p5etrat+ beams1 t !y _c ent] v deep )9 t body2 :i* ! ,microscope does pla9ly in=m u to be made up ( a ,cong]ies ( pellucid p>ticles4 ,& ,i fur!r f\nd x some:at m evid5tly by "s attempts ,i made t[>ds ! mak+ transp>5t ,m>ble1 = by heat+ ! ,/one a little1 & soak+ x 9 ,oyl1 ,turp5t9e1 ,oyl ( ,turp5t9e1 c41 ,i f\nd t ,i 0 able to see mu* deep] into ! body ( ,m>ble ?an be=e2 & "o trial1 :i* 0 n ) an unctu\s sub/ance1 succe$$ bett] ?an ! re/1 ( :i*1 :5 ,i h a bett] opportunity1 ,i %all make fur!r trial4 ,?is also gives u a probable reason ( ! s mu* admir$ ,phnom5a1 ( ! ,oculus ,mundi1 an ,oval /one1 :i* commonly looks l :ite ,alaba/]1 b be+ laid a c]ta9 "t 9 ,wat]1 x gr[s pellucid1 & transp>5t1 & be+ suff]'d to lie aga9 dry1 x by degrees loses t transp>5cy1 & becomes :ite z be=e4 ,= ! ,/one be+ ( a holl[ spongie nature1 has 9 ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! appe>ances1 all ^? pores fill'd ) ! obtund+ & reflect+ air2 :]eas 9 ! second1 all ^? pores are fill'd ) a m$ium t has mu* ! same refraction ) ! p>ticles ( ! ,/one1 & !re=e ^? two be+ contigu\s1 make1 z 'tw]e1 "o cont9u$ m$ium1 ( :i* m is said 9 ! #ae4 ,obs]vation4 ,!re are a multitude ( o!r ,phnom5a1 t are produc'd f ?is same ,pr9ciple1 :i* z x has n be5 tak5 notice ( by any yet t ,i "k1 s ,i ?9k1 ^u m dilig5t obs]vation1 w x n be f\nd ! lea/ consid]able4 ,b ,i h "h onely "t to h9t ,hypo!ses1 & n to prosecute !m s fully z ,i c\ld wi%2 _m ( !m hav+ a va/ ext5t 9 ! production ( a multitude ( ,phnom5a1 :i* h be5 by o!rs1 ei!r n attempt$ to be expla9'd1 or else attribut$ to "s o!r cause ?an :at ,i h assign'd1 & p]haps ?an ! "r2 & !re=e ,i %all leave ?is to ! prosecution ( su* z h m leisure3 onely be=e ,i leave x1 ,i mu/ n pret]mit to h9t1 t by ?is ,pr9ciple1 multitudes ( ! ,phnom5a ( ! air1 z ab\t ,mi/s1 ,cl\ds1 ,meteors1 ,haloes1 c4 are mo/ pla9ly & 7p]haps7 truly explicable2 multitudes also ( ! ,phnom5a 9 col\r'd bodies1 z liquors1 c4 are d$ucible f x4 ,& f ?is ,i %all proce$ to a second consid]able ,phnom5on :i* ^! ,diamants exhibit1 & t is ! regul>ity ( _! ,figure1 :i* is a propriety n less g5]al ?an ! =m]1 ,x compris+ )9 its ext5t1 all k9ds ( ,metals1 all k9ds ( ,m9]als1 mo/ ,preci\s /ones1 all k9ds ( ,salts1 multitudes ( ,e>?s1 & almo/ all k9ds ( fluid bodies4 ,& ?is is ano!r propiety1 :i*1 ?\gh a little sup]ficially tak5 notice ( by "s1 has n1 t ,i "k1 be5 s mu* z attempt$ to be explicat$ by any4 ,?is propriety ( bodies1 z ,i ?9k x ! mo/ wor?y1 & next 9 ord] to be consid]'d aft] ! contemplation ( ! ,globul> ,figure1 s h ,i long _h a desire z wel z a det]m9ation to h prosecut$ x if ,i _h _h an opportunity1 hav+ long s9ce propos'd to my self ! me?od ( my enquiry !re91 x conta9+ all ! allurem5ts t ,i ?9k any enquiry is capable (3 ,=1 fir/ ,i take x to proce$ f ! mo/ simple pr9ciple t any k9d ( =m c come f1 next ! ,globul>1 :i* 0 !re=e ! fir/ ,i set ^u1 & :at ,i h !re9 p]=m'd1 ,i leave ! ,judici\s ,read] to det]m9e4 ,= z t =m proce$$ f a propiety ( fluid bodies1 :i* ,i h call'd ,congruity1 or ,incongruity2 s ,i ?9k1 _h ,i "t & opportunity1 ,i c\ld make probable1 t all ^! regul> ,figures t are s conspicu\sly v>i\s & curi\s1 & d s adorn & beautifie su* multitudes ( bodies1 z ,i h above h9t$1 arise onely f ?ree or f\r sev]al positions or po/ures ( ,globul> p>ticles1 & ^? ! mo/ pla91 obvi\s1 & necess>y conjunctions ( su* figur'd p>ticles t are possible1 s t suppos+ su* & su* pla9 & obvi\s causes concurr+ ! coagulat+ p>ticles mu/ necess>ily compose a body ( su* a det]m9ate regul> ,figure1 & no o!r1 & ?is ) z mu* necessity & obvi\sness z a fluid body encompa/ ) a ,het]og5e\s fluid mu/ be protrud$ into a ,sph]ule or ,globe4 ,& ?is ,i h ad oculum demon/rat$ ) a company ( bullets1 & "s few o!r v simple bodies2 s t !re 0 n any regul> ,figure1 :i* ,i h hi!rto met )all1 ( any ( ^? bodies t ,i h above nam$1 t ,i c\ld n ) ! composition ( bullets or globules1 & "o or two o!r bodies1 imitate1 ev5 almo/ by %ak+ !m toge!r4 ,& ?us = in/ance may we f9d t ! ,globul> bullets w ( !mselves1 if put on an incl9+ pla91 s t !y may run toge!r1 naturally run into a triangul> ord]1 compos+ all ! v>iety ( figures t c be imag9'd to be made out ( quilat]al triangles2 & su* w y f9d1 ^u trial1 all ! ,surfaces ( ,alum to be compos'd (3 ,= ?ree bullets ly+ on a pla91 z close to "o ano!r z !y c compose an quilat]o-triangul> =m1 z 9 ,a 9 ! #g4 ,s*eme4 ,if a f\r? be joyn'd to !m on ei!r side z closely z x c1 !y f\r compose ! mo/ regul> ,rhombus consi/+ ( two quilat]al triangles1 z ,b4 ,if a fif? be joyn'd to !m on ei!r side 9 z close a position z x c1 :i* is ! propriety ( ! ,texture1 x makes a ,trapezium1 or f\r-sid$ ,figure1 two ( ^: angles are #abj4 & two #fj4 degrees1 z ,c4 ,if a six? be add$1 z be=e1 ei!r x makes an quilat]al triangle1 z ,d1 or a ,rhomboeid1 z ,e1 or an ,hexangul> ,figure1 z ,f1 :i* is compos'd ( two prim>y ,rhombs4 ,if a sev5? be add$1 x makes ei!r an quilat]o-hexagonal ,figure1 z ,g1 or "s k9d ( six-sid$ ,figure1 z ,h1 or ,i4 ,& ?\gh !re be nev] s _m plac$ toge!r1 !y may be rang'd into "s ( ^! lately m5tion$ ,figures1 all ! angles ( :i* w be ei!r #fj4 degrees1 or #abj4 z ! figure ,k4 :i* is an quiangul> hexagonal ,figure is comp\nd$ ( #ab4 ,globules1 or may be ( #be1 or #bg1 or #cf1 or #db1 c4 & by ^! k9ds ( texture1 or position ( globul> bodies1 may y f9d out all ! v>iety ( regul> %apes1 into :i* ! smoo? surfaces ( ,alum are =m'd1 z ^u exam9ation any "o may easily f9d2 nor does x hold only 9 sup]ficies1 b 9 solidity also1 = x's obvi\s t a f\r? ,globule laid ^u ! ?ird 9 ?is texture1 composes a regul> ,tetrah$ron1 :i* is a v usual ,figure ( ! ,cry/als ( ,alum4 ,& 7to ha/57 !re is no "o ,figure into :i* ,alum is obs]v'd to be cry/alliz$1 b may by ?is texture ( ,globules be imitat$1 & by no o!r4 ,i c\ld in/ance also 9 ! ,figure ( ,sea-salt1 & ,sal-gem1 t x is compos'd ( a texture ( ,globules1 plac$ 9 a cubical =m1 z ,l1 & t all ! ,figures ( ^? ,salts may be imitat$ by ?is texture ( ,globules & by no o!r :atsoev]4 ,& t ! =ms ( ,vitriol & ( ,salt-,pet]1 z also ( ,cry/al1 ,hore-fro/1 c4 are comp\nd$ ( ^! two textures1 b modulat$ by c]ta9 proprieties3 ,b ,i h n "h "t to insi/ ^u1 z ,i h n nei!r to %ew by :at means ,globules come to be ?us context1 & :at ^? ,globules are1 & _m o!r p>ticul>s requisite to a full & intelligible explication ( ?is propriety ( bodies4 ,nor h ,i hi!rto f\nd inde$ an opportunity ( prosecut+ ! inquiry s f>r z ,i design'd2 nor d ,i "k :5 ,i may1 x requir+ abundance ( "t1 & a great deal ( assi/ance to g ?r\gh ) :at ,i design'd2 ! model ( :i* 0 ?is3 ,fir/1 to get z exact & full a collection z ,i c\ld1 ( all ! diff]+ k9ds ( ,geometrical figur'd bodies1 "s ?ree or f\r sev]al bodies ( ea* k9d4 ,secondly1 ) !m to get z exact a ,hi/ory z possibly ,i c\ld le>n ( _! places ( ,g5]ation or f9d+1 & to enquire aft] z _m circum/ances t t5d$ to ! ,illu/rat+ ( ?is ,enquiry1 z possibly ,i c\ld obs]ve4 ,?irdly1 to make z _m trials z ^u exp]i5ce ,i c\ld f9d requisite1 9 ,dissolutions & ,coagulations ( sev]al cry/alliz+ ,salts2 = ! ne$full in/ruction & in=mation 9 ?is ,enquiry4 ,f\r?ly1 to make sev]al trials on div]s o!r bodies1 z ,metals1 ,m9]als1 & ,/ones1 by dissolv+ !m 9 sev]al ,m5/ruums1 & cry/aliz+ !m1 to see :at ,figures w\ld arise f ^? sev]al ,compositums4 ,fif?ly1 to make ,compositions & ,coagulations ( sev]al ,salts toge!r into ! same mass1 to obs]ve ( :at ,figure ! product ( !m w\ld be2 & 9 all1 to note z _m circum/ances z ,i %\ld judge conducive to my ,enquiry4 ,six?ly1 to enquire ! clos5ess or r>ity ( ! texture ( ^! bodies1 by exam9+ _! gravity1 & _! refraction1 c4 ,sev5?ly1 to enquire p>ticul>ly :at op]ations ! fire has ^u sev]al k9ds ( ,salts1 :at *anges x causes 9 _! ,figures1 ,textures1 or ,en]gies4 ,eigh?ly1 to exam9e _! mann] ( dissolution1 or act+ ^u ^? bodies dissoluble 9 !m2 ,! texture ( ^? bodies be=e & aft] ! process4 ,& ?is = ! ,hi/ory4 ,next = ! ,solution1 ,to h exam9'd by :at1 & h[ _m means1 su* & su* ,figures1 actions & effects c\ld be produc'd possibly4 ,& la/ly1 f all circum/ances well weigh'd1 ,i %\ld h endeav\r$ to h %ewn :i* ( !m 0 mo/ likely1 & 7if ! in=mations by ^! ,enquiries w\ld h born x7 to h demon/rat$ :i* ( !m x mu/ be1 & 04 ,b to proce$1 ,z ,i believe x next to ! ,globul> ! mo/ simple2 s d ,i1 9 ! second place1 judge x n less pleasant2 = t :i* makes an ,enquiry pleasant1 are1 fir/ a noble ,inv5tum t promises to cr[n ! successfull endeav\r2 & su* mu/ c]ta9ly ! k ( ! effici5t & concurr5t causes ( all ^! curi\s ,geometrical ,figures be1 :i* has made ! ,philosoph]s hi!rto to conclude nature 9 ^! ?+s to play ! ,geometrician1 accord+ to t say+ ( ,plato1 4 ,or next1 a great v>iety ( matt] 9 ! ,enquiry2 & "h we meet ) no?+ less ?an ! ,ma!maticks ( nature1 hav+ e day a new ,figure to contemplate1 or a v>iation ( ! same 9 ano!r body1 ,:i* d af=d u a ?ird ?+1 :i* w yet m sweet5 ! ,enquiry1 & t is1 a multitude ( in=mation2 we are n s mu* to grope 9 ! d>k1 z 9 mo/ o!r ,enquiries1 :]e ! ,inv5tum is great2 = hav+ su* a multitude ( in/ances to comp>e1 & su* easie ways ( g5]at+1 or comp\nd+ & ( de/roy+ ! =m1 z 9 ! ,solution & ,cry/allization ( ,salts1 we _c b le>n pl5tifull in=mation to proce$ by4 ,& ?is w fur!r appe> f ! univ]sality ( ! ,pr9ciple :i* ,nature has made use ( almo/ 9 all inanimate bodies4 ,& !re=e1 z ! contemplation ( !m all conduces to ! kn[l$g ( any "o2 s f a ,sci5tifical k ( any "o does foll[ ! fame ( all1 & e "o4 ,& f\r?ly1 = ! usefulness ( ?is k1 :5 acquir'd2 c]ta9ly none c d\bt1 t consid]s t x c>ies u a /ep =w>d into ! ,labyr9? ( ,nature1 9 ! "r way t[>ds ! end we propose our selves 9 all ,philosophical ,enquiries4 ,s t kn[+ :at is ! =m ( ,inanimate or ,m9]al bodies1 we %all be ! bett] able to proce$ 9 our next ,enquiry aft] ! =ms ( ,vegetative bodies2 & la/ ( all1 ( ,animate ones1 t seem+ to be ! highe/ /ep ( natural k t ! m9d ( man is capable (4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xiv4 ,( sev]al k9des ( froz5 ,figures4 ,i h v (t5 9 a ,morn+1 :5 !re has be5 a great ho>-fro/1 ) an indiff]5tly magnify+ ,microscope1 obs]v'd ! small ,/iri1 or ,cry/all9e be>d1 :i* !n usually cov]s ! face ( mo/ bodies t lie op5 to ! cold air1 & f\nd !m to be g5]ally ,hexangul> prismatical bodies1 mu* l ! long ,cry/als ( ,salt-pet]1 save onely t ! ends ( !m 7 diff]+3 = :]eas ^? ( ,nitre are = ! mo/ "p pyramidal1 be+ t]m9at$ ei!r 9 a po9t or edge2 ^! ( ,fro/ 7 holl[1 & ! cavity 9 "s seem'd pretty deep1 & ?is cavity 0 ! m pla9ly to be se51 because usually "o or o!r ( ! six p>allelogram sides 0 want+1 or at lea/ mu* %ort] !n ! re/4 ,b ?is 0 onely ! ,figure ( ! ,be>d$ ho>-fro/2 & z = ! p>ticles ( o!r k9ds ( ho>-fro/s1 !y seem'd = ! mo/ "p irregul>1 or ( no c]ta9 ,figure4 ,nay1 ! p>ts ( ^? curi\s bran*+s1 or vortices1 t usually 9 cold wea!r t>ni% ! surface ( ,glass1 appe> ?r\gh ! ,microscope v rude & un%ap51 z d mo/ o!r k9ds ( froz5 ,figures1 :i* to ! nak$ eye seem exce$+ neat & curi\s1 su* z ! ,figures ( ,sn[1 froz5 ,ur9e1 ,hail1 sev]al ,figures froz5 9 common ,wat]1 c4 ,"s ,obs]vations ( ea* ( :i* ,i %all h]eunto annex1 because if well consid]'d & exam9'd1 !y may1 p]haps1 prove v in/ructive = ! f9d+ out ( :at ,i h endeav\r$ 9 ! prec$+ ,obs]vation to %ew1 to be 7next ! ,globul> ,figure :i* is caus'd by congruity1 z ,i hope ,i h made probable 9 ! six? ,obs]vation7 ! mo/ simple & pla9 op]ation ( ,nature1 ( :i*1 not)/&+ we are yet ignorant4 ,i4 ,sev]al ,obs]vables 9 ! six-bran*$ ,figures =m'd on ! surface ( ,ur9e by freez+4 #a #aa,! ,figures 7 all froz5 almo/ ev5 ) ! surface ( ! ,ur9e 9 ! ,vessel2 b ! bigg] /ems 7 a little prom95t above t surface1 & ! p>ts ( ^? /ems :i* 7 ne>e/ ! c5t] 7a7 7 bigge/ above ! surface4 #b ,i h obs]v'd sev]al k9ds ( ^! ,figures1 "s small]1 no bigg] !n a ,two-p5ce1 o!rs s bigg1 t ,i h by measure f\nd "o ( its /ems or bran*es above f\r foot long2 & ( ^!1 "s 7 pretty r\nd1 hav+ all _! bran*es pretty ne] alike2 o!r ( !m 7 m ext5d$ t[>ds "o side1 z usually ^? v l>ge ones 71 :i* ,i h obs]v'd 9 ,dit*es :i* h be5 full ( f\l wat]4 #c ,none ( all ^! ,figures ,i h yet tak5 notice (1 _h any regul> position 9 respect ( "o ano!r1 or ( ! sides ( ! ,vessel2 nor did ,i f9d any ( !m equally to exactness ext5d$ e way f ! c5t] a4 #d ,:]e ev] !re 0 a c5t]1 ! bran*+s f x1 ab1 ac1 ad1 ae1 af1 ag1 7 nev] few]1 or m !n six1 :i* usually concurr'd1 or met "o ano!r v ne] 9 ! same po9t or c5t]1 a2 ?\gh (t5times n exactly2 & 7 encl9'd to ea* o!r by an angle1 ( v ne> sixty degrees1 ,i say1 v ne]1 because1 ?\gh hav+ endeav\r$ to measure !m ! mo/ accurately ,i 0 able1 ) ! l>ge/ ,compasses ,i _h1 ,i c\ld n f9d any s5sible v>iation f t measure1 yet ! :ole six-bran*$ ,figure seem+ to compose a solid angle1 !y mu/ necess>ily be some:at less4 #e ,! middle l9es or /ems ( ^! bran*es1 ab1 ac1 ad1 ae1 af1 ag1 seem'd some:at :it]1 & a little high] !n any ( ! int]m$iate bran*+s ( ^! ,figures2 & ! c5t] a1 0 ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! :ole ,figure1 seem+ ! apex ( a solid angle or pyramid1 ea* ( ! six pla9s be+ a little encl9'd bel[ ! surface ( ! ,ur94 #f ,! lat]al bran*+s issu+ out ( ! great ones1 su* z op1 mq1 c4 7 ea* ( !m incl9'd to ! great ones1 by ! same angle ( ab\t sixty degrees1 z ! great ones 7 "o to ano!r1 & always ! bigg] bran*+s 7 prom95t above ! less1 & ! less above ! lea/1 by proportionate gradations4 #g ,! lat]al bran*es %oot+ out ( ! great ones1 w5t all ( !m f ! c5t]1 & ea* ( !m 0 p>allel to t great bran*1 next to :i* x lay2 s t z all ! bran*es on "o side 7 p>allel to "o ano!r1 s 7 !y all ( !m to ! approximate great bran*1 z po1 qr1 z !y 7 p>allel to ea* o!r1 & %ot f ! c5t]1 s 7 !y p>allel also to ! great bran* ab4 #h ,"s ( ! /ems ( ! six bran*es proce$$ /raight1 & ( a ?ickness t gradually grew %>p] t[>ds ! end1 z ag4 #i ,o!rs ( ! /ems ( ^? bran*es grew bigg] & knotty t[>ds ! middle1 & ! bran*es also z well z /ems1 f ,cyl9d]s grew into ,plates1 9 a mo/ admirable & curi\s ord]1 s exce$+ regul> & delicate1 z no?+ c\ld be m1 z is visible 9 ab1 ac1 ad1 ae1 af1 b t[>ds ! end ( "s ( ^! /ems1 !y began aga9 to gr[ small] & to recov] _! =m] bran*+s1 z ab\t k & n4 #aj ,_m ( ! lat]al bran*es _h collat]al bran*es 7if ,i may s call !m7 z qm _h _m su* z /1 & mo/ ( ^? aga9 subcollat]al1 z vw1 & ^! aga9 _h o!rs less1 :i* "o may call lat]osubcollat]al1 & ^! aga9 o!rs1 & !y o!rs1 c4 9 great] ,figures4 #aa ,! bran*+s ( ! ma9 ,/ems joyn'd n toge!r by any regul> l9e1 nor did "o side ( ! "o lie ov] ! o!r side ( ! o!r1 b ! small collat]al & subcollat]al bran*es did lie at top ( "o ano!r accord+ to a c]ta9 ord] or me?od1 :i* ,i always obs]v'd to be ?is4 #ab ,t side ( a collat]al or subcollat]al1 c4 bran*1 lay ov] ! side ( ! approximate 7z ! fea!rs 9 ! w+ ( a ,bird7 ^: bran*+s proce$$ p>allel to ! la/ bigge/ /em f :i* x sprung1 & n to ! bigge/ /em ( all1 unless t 7 a second /em backw>ds4 #ac ,?is rule t held 9 ! bran*+s ( ! ,sexangul> ,figure held also 9 ! bran*+s ( any o!r great or small /em1 ?\gh x did n proce$ f a c5t]4 #ad ,! exactness & curiosity ( ! figuration ( ^! bran*es1 0 9 e p>ticul> s transc5d5t1 t ,i judge x almo/ impossible = humane art to imitate4 #ae ,ta/+ sev]al cle] pieces ( ?is ,ice1 ,i c\ld n f9d any ,ur9\s ta/e 9 !m1 b ^? few ,i ta/$1 seem'd z insipid z wat]4 #af ,a figuration some:at l ?is1 ?\gh inde$ 9 "s p>ticul>s mu* m curi\s1 ,i h sev]al times obs]v'd 9 regulus m>tis /ellatus1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t all ! /ems & bran*+s are b5d$ 9 a mo/ excell5t & regul> ord]1 :]eas 9 ,ice ! /ems & bran*+s are /reight1 b 9 all o!r p>ticul>s x agrees ) ?is1 & seems inde$ no?+ b "o ( ^! />s1 or bran*$ ,figures froz5 on ,ur9e1 di/ort$1 or wrea!d a little1 ) a c]ta9 proportion3 ,lead also t has ,ars5ick & "s o!r ?+s mixt ) x1 ,i h f\nd to h its surface1 :5 suff]'d to cool1 figur$ some:at l ! bran*+s ( ,ur9e1 b mu* small]4 #ag ,b !re is a ,vegetable :i* does exce$+ly imitate ^! bran*es1 & t is1 ,fe>n1 :]e ! ma9 /em may be obs]v'd to %oot out bran*es1 & ! /ems ( ea* ( ^! lat]al bran*es1 to s5d =? collat]al1 & ^? subcollat]al & ^? lat]osubcollat]al1 c4 & all ^? mu* aft] ! same ord] ) ! bran*+s1 divisions1 & subdivisions 9 ! bran*+s ( ^! ,figures 9 froz5 ,ur9e2 s t if ! ,figures ( bo? be well consid]'d1 "o w\ld ghess t !re 7 n mu* great] ne$ ( a sem9al pr9ciple = ! production ( ,fe>n1 !n = ! production ( ! bran*es ( ,ur9e1 or ! ,/ella m>tis1 !re seem+ to be z mu* =m & beauty 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,& inde$1 ?is ,plant ( ,fe>n1 if all p>ticul>s be well consid]'d1 w seem ( z simple1 & uncomp\nd$ a =m z any ,vegetable1 next to ,m\ld or ,mu%romes1 & w\ld next aft] ! inv5tion ( ! =ms ( ^?1 des]ve to be enquir'd into2 = not)/&+ sev]al h affirm'd x to h se$1 & to be propagat$ !reby2 yet1 ?\gh ,i h made v dilig5t enquiry aft] t p>ticul>1 ,i _c f9d t !re is any "p ( x t c be imag9'd to be m sem9al !n ano!r3 ,b ?is onely "h by ! by3 ,= ! freez+ ,figures 9 ,ur9e1 ,i f\nd x requisite1 ,fir/1 t ! ,sup]ficies be n di/urb$ ) any w9d1 or o!r commotion ( ! air1 or ! l4 ,secondly1 t x be n too long expos$1 s z t ! :ole bulk be froz51 = (t5times1 9 su* cases1 by reason ( ! swell+ ! ( ,ice1 or f "s o!r cause1 ! curi\s bran*$ ,figures disappe>4 ,?irdly1 an artificial freez+ ) ,sn[ & ,salt1 apply'd to ! outside ( ! conta9+ ,vessel1 succe$s n well1 unless !re be a v little quantity 9 ! ,vessel4 ,f\r?ly1 ,if y take any cle] & smoo? ,glass1 & wett+ all ! inside ( x ) ,ur9e1 y expose x to a v %>p freez+1 y w f9d x cov]'d ) a v regul> & curi\s ,figure4 ,,ii4 ,obs]vables 9 figur'd ,sn[4 ,expos+ a piece ( black ,clo?1 or a black ,hatt to ! fall+ ,sn[1 ,i h (t5 ) great pleasure1 obs]v'd su* an inf9ite v>iety ( curi\sly figur'd ,sn[1 t x w\ld be z impossible to draw ! ,figure & %ape ( e "o ( !m1 z to imitate exactly ! curi\s & ,geometrical ,me*anisme ( ,nature 9 any "o4 ,"s coorse draughts1 su* z ! coldness ( ! wea!r1 & ! ill provisions1 ,i _h by me = su* a purpose1 w\ld p]mit me to make1 ,i h "h add$ 9 ! ,second ,figure ( ! ,eigh? ,s*eme4#ab ,9 all :i* ,i obs]v'd1 t if !y 7 ( any regul> ,figures1 !y 7 always bran*$ out ) six pr9cipal bran*es1 all ( equal l5g?1 %ape & make1 f ! c5t]1 be+ ea* ( !m incl9'd to ei!r ( ! next bran*es on ei!r side ( x1 by an angle ( sixty degrees4 ,n[1 z all ^! /ems 7 = ! mo/ "p 9 "o flake exactly ( ! same make1 s 7 !y 9 diff]+ ,figures ( v diff]+ ones2 s t 9 a v little "t ,i h obs]v'd above an hundr$ sev]al cizes & %apes ( ^! />ry flakes4 ,! bran*es also out ( ea* /em ( any "o ( ^! flakes1 7 exactly alike 9 ! same flake2 s t ( :atev] ,figure "o ( ! bran*es 71 ! o!r five 7 sure to be ( ! same1 v exactly1 t is1 if ! bran*+s ( ! "o 7 small ,p]allelipip$s or ,plates1 ! bran*+s ( ! o!r five 7 ( ! same2 & g5]ally1 ! bran*+s 7 v con=mable to ! rules & me?od obs]v'd be=e1 9 ! ,figures on ,ur9e1 t is1 ! bran*+s f ea* side ( ! /ems 7 p>allel to ! next /em on t side1 & if ! /ems 7 plat$1 ! bran*es also 7 ! same2 if ! /ems 7 v long1 ! bran*es also 7 s1 c4 ,obs]v+ "s ( ^! figur'd flakes ) a ,microscope1 ,i f\nd !m n to appe> s curi\s & exactly figur'd z "o w\ld h imag9'd1 b l ,artificial ,figures1 ! bigg] !y 7 magnify'd1 ! m irregul>ities appe>'d 9 !m2 b ?is irregul>ity seem'd ascribable to ! ?aw+ & break+ ( ! flake by ! fall1 & n at all to ! defect ( ! pla/ick virtue ( ,nature1 ^: curiosity 9 ! =mation ( mo/ ( ^! k9d ( regul> ,figures1 su* z ^? ( ,salt1 ,m9]als1 c4 appe>s by ! help ( ! ,microscope1 to be v _m degrees small] !n ! mo/ acute eye is able to p]ceive )\t x4 ,& ?\gh "o ( ^! six-bran*$ ,/>s appe>'d "h bel[ mu* ( ! %ape describ$ 9 ! ,?ird ,figure ( ! ,eigh? ,s*eme2 yet ,i am v apt to ?9k1 t c\ld we h a sight ( "o ( !m ?r\gh a ,microscope z !y are g5]at$ 9 ! ,cl\ds be=e _! ,figures are vitiat$ by ext]nal accid5ts1 !y w\ld exhibit abundance ( curiosity & neatness !re also1 ?\gh nev] s mu* magnify'd3 ,= s9ce ,i h obs]v'd ! ,figures ( ,salts & ,m9]als to be "s ( !m s exce$+ small1 t ,i h sc>cely be5 able to p]ceive !m ) ! ,microscope1 & yet h !y be5 regul>1 & s9ce 7z f> z ,i h yet exam9'd x7 !re seems to be b "o & ! same cause t produces bo? ^! effects1 ,i ?9k x n irrational to suppose t ^! pretty figur'd ,/>s ( ,sn[1 :5 at fir/ g5]at$ might be also v regul> & exact4 ,,iii4 ,sev]al k9ds ( ,figures 9 ,wat] froz54 ,putt+ fair ,wat] into a l>ge capaci\s ,vessel ( ,glass1 & expos+ x to ! cold1 ,i obs]v'd aft] a little "t1 sev]al broad1 flat1 & ?9 lam91 or plates ( ,ice1 cross+ ! bulk ( ! wat] & "o ano!r v irregul>ly1 onely mo/ ( !m seem'd to turn "o ( _! edges t[>ds t side ( ! ,glass :i* 0 next x1 & seem'd to gr[1 z 'tw]e f ! inside ( ! ,vessel inw>ds t[>ds ! middle1 almo/ l s _m blades ( ,f]n4 ,hav+ tak5 sev]al ( ^! plates out ( wat] on ! blade ( a ,knife1 ,i obs]v'd !m figur'd mu* aft] ! mann] ( ,h]r+ bones1 or ,f]n blades1 t is1 !re 0 "o bigg] /em 9 ! middle l ! back-bone1 & out ( x1 on ei!r side1 7 a multitude ( small /iri1 or icicles1 l ! small] bones1 or ! small] bran*es 9 ,f]n1 ea* ( ^! bran*es on ! "o side1 7 p>allel to all ! re/ on ! same side1 & all ( !m seem'd to make an angle ) ! /em1 t[>ds ! top1 ( sixty degrees1 & t[>ds ! bottom or root ( ?is /em1 ( #abj4 ,see ! f\r? ,figure ( ! #h4 ,plate4 ,i obs]v'd likewise sev]al v pretty ,v>ieties ( ,figures 9 ,wat]1 froz5 on ! top ( a broad flat ,m>ble-/one1 expos'd to ! cold ) a little ,wat] on x1 "s l fea!rs1 "s ( o!r %apes1 _m ( !m 7 v mu* ( ! %ape expre/ 9 ! fif? ,figure ( ! #h4 ,s*eme1 :i* is extremely diff]+ f any ( ! o!r ,figures4 ,i obs]v'd likewise1 t ! %oot+s ( ,ice on ! top ( ,wat]1 beg9n+ to freeze1 7 9 /reight prismatical bodies mu* l ^? ( ro*-pet]1 t !y cro/ ea* o!r usually )\t any k9d ( ord] or rule1 t !y 7 always a little high] !n ! surface ( ! ,wat] t lay betwe5 !m2 t by degrees ^? int]jac5t spaces w\ld be fill'd ) ,ice also1 :i* usually w\ld be z high z ! surface ( ! re/4 ,9 flakes ( ,ice t _h be5 froz5 on ! top ( ,wat] to any consid]able ?ickness1 ,i obs]v'd t bo? ! upp] & ! "u sides ( x 7 curi\sly quill'd1 furr['d1 or gra9'd1 z x 71 :i* :5 ! ,sun %one on ! ,plate1 0 exce$+ easily to be p]ceiv'd to be mu* aft] ! %ape ( ! l9es 9 ! #f4 ,figure ( ! #h4 ,s*eme1 t is1 !y consi/$ ( sev]al /reight ends ( p>allel ,plates1 :i* 7 ( div]s l5g?s & angles to "o ano!r )\t any c]ta9 ord]4 ,! cause ( all :i* regul> ,figures 7& ( hundr$s ( o!rs1 namely ( ,salts1 ,m9]als1 ,metals1 c4 :i* ,i c\ld h "h ins]t$1 w\ld x n h be5 too long7 seems to be d$ucible f ! same ,pr9ciples1 :i* ,i h 79 ! #ac4 ,obs]vation7 h9t$ only1 hav+ n yet _h "t to compleat a ,!ory ( !m4 ,b inde$ 7:i* ,i !re also h9t$7 ,i judge x ! second /ep by :i* ! ,pyramid ( natural k 7:i* is ! k ( ! =m ( bodies7 is to be asc5d$3 ,& :osoev] w climb x1 mu/ be well furni%'d ) t :i* ! ,noble ,v]ulam calls ,scalam ,intellectus2 he mu/ h scal+ ,ladd]s1 o!rwise ! /eps are s l>ge & high1 !re w be no gett+ up !m1 & consequ5tly little hopes ( atta9+ any high] /ation1 su* z to ! k ( ! mo/ simple pr9ciple ( ,vegetation manife/$ 9 ,m\ld & ,mu%romes1 :i*1 z ,i else:]e endeav\r$ to %ew1 seems to be ! ?ird /ep2 = x seems to me1 t ! ,intellect ( man is l 8 body1 de/itute ( w+s1 & _c move f a l[] to a high] & m sublime /ation ( kn[l$g1 o!rwise !n /ep by /ep1 nay ev5 !re :]e ! way is prep>'d & already made passible2 z 9 ! ,elem5ts ( ,geometry1 or ! l1 :]e x is fa9 to climb a :ole s]ies ( ,propositions by degrees1 be=e x atta9s ! k ( "o ,probleme4 ,b if ! asc5t be high1 difficult & above its rea*1 x mu/ h rec\rse to a novum organum1 "s new eng9e & contrivance1 "s new k9d ( ,algebra1 or ,analytick ,art be=e x c surm\nt x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xv4 ,( ,kett]+-/one1 & ( ! pores ( ,inanimate bodies4 #ac,?is ,/one :i* is br\ght f ,kett]+ 9 ,nor?ampton-,%ire1 & digg'd out ( a ,qu>ry1 z ,i am in=m'd1 has a gra9 altoge!r admirable1 nor h ,i ev] se5 or he>d ( any o!r /one t has ! l4 ,x is made up ( an innum]able company ( small bodies1 n all ( ! same cize or %ape1 b = ! mo/ "p1 n mu* diff]+ f a ,globul> =m1 nor exce$ !y "o ano!r 9 ,diamet] above ?ree or f\r times2 !y appe> to ! eye1 l ! ,cobb or ,ov>y ( a ,h]r+1 or "s small] fi%es1 b = ! mo/ "p1 ! p>ticles seem some:at less1 & n s uni=m2 b _! v>iation f a p]fect globul> ball1 seems to be only by ! pressure ( ! contigu\s bals :i* h a little depre/ & protrud$ ^? t\*t sides inw>d1 & =c'd ! o!r sides z mu* outw>ds beyond ! limits ( a ,globe2 j z x w\ld happ51 if a heap ( exactly r\nd ,balls ( s(t ,clay 7 heap$ ^u "o ano!r2 or1 z ,i h (t5 se5 a heap ( small ,globules ( ,quicksilv]1 r$uc'd to t =m by rubb+ x mu* 9 a glaz'd ,vessel1 ) "s slimy or sluggi% liquor1 su* z ,spittle1 :5 ?\gh ! top ( ! upp] ,globules be v ne] sph]ical1 yet ^? t are pre/ ^u by o!rs1 exactly imitate ! =ms ( ^! lately m5tion'd gra9s4 ,:]e ^! gra9s t\* ea* o!r1 !y are s firmly unit$ or settl$ toge!r1 t !y seldom "p )\t break+ a hole 9 "o or ?'o!r ( !m1 su* z a1 a1 a1 b1 c1 c1 c4 ,"s ( :i* fractions1 z a1 a1 a1 a1 :]e ! t\* has be5 b light1 break no m !n ! outw>d cru/1 or fir/ %ell ( ! /one1 :i* is ( a :ite col\r1 a little da%'d ) a br[ni% ,yell[1 & is v ?91 l ! %ell ( an ,egg3 & ,i h se5 "s ( ^? gra9s p]fectly resemble "s k9d ( ,eggs1 bo? 9 col\r & %ape3 ,b :]e ! union ( ! contigu\s granules has be5 m firm1 !re ! divulsion has made a great] ,*asm1 z at b1 b1 b1 9 s mu* t ,i h obs]v'd "s ( !m q brok5 9 two1 z at c1 c1 c1 :i* has discov]$ to me a fur!r resemblance !y h to ,eggs1 !y hav+ an appe>ance ( a :ite & yelk1 by two diff]+ sub/ances t envelope & encompass ea* o!r4 ,t :i* we may call ! :ite 0 pretty :iti% ne] ! yelk1 b m duskie t[>ds ! %ell2 "s ( !m ,i c\ld pla9ly p]ceive to be %ot or radiat$ l a ,pyrites or fire-/one2 ! yelk 9 "s ,i saw holl[1 9 o!rs fill'd ) a duskie br[n & por\s sub/ance l a k9d ( pi?4 ,! small pores1 or int]/itia eeee betwixt ! ,globules1 ,i pla9ly saw1 & f\nd by o!r trials to be e way p]vi\s to air & wat]1 = ,i c\ld bl[ ?r\gh a piece ( ?is /one ( a consid]able ?ickness1 z easily z ,i h bl[n ?r\gh a ,cane1 :i* m9d$ me ( ! pores :i* ,des ,c>tes all[ 8 mat]ia subtilis betwe5 ! !real globules4 ,! object1 ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 appe>s l a ,cong]ies or heap ( ,pibbles1 su* z ,i h (t5 se5 ca/ up on ! %ore1 by ! work+ ( ! ,sea aft] a great /orm1 or l 79 %ape1 ?\gh n col\r7 a company ( small ,globules ( ,quicksilv]1 look'd on ) a ,microscope1 :5 r$uc'd into t =m by ! way lately m5tion$4 ,& p]haps1 ?is la/ may give "s h9t at ! mann] ( ! =mation ( ! =m]3 ,= suppos+ "s ,lapidesc5t sub/ance to be g5]at$1 or "s way br\ght 7ei!r by "s commixture ( bodies 9 ! ,sea x self1 or protrud$ 91 p]haps1 out ( "s subt]rane\s cav]ns7 to ! bottom ( ! ,sea1 & !re rema9+ 9 ! =m ( a liquor l ,quicksilv]1 het]og5e\s to ! ambi5t ,sal9e fluid1 x may by ! work+ & tumbl+s ( ! ,sea to & fro be jumbl$ & comm9ut$ into su* ,globules z may aft]w>ds be h>dn$ into ,fl9ts1 ! ly+ ( :i* "o ^u ano!r1 :5 9 ! ,sea1 be+ n v h>d1 by reason ( ! weight ( ! incompass+ fluid1 may cause ! und]mo/ to be a little1 ?\gh n mu*1 v>i$ f a globul> ,figure4 ,b ?is only by ! by4 ,aft] :at mann] ?is ,kett]+-/one %\ld be g5]at$ ,i _c le>n1 hav+ nev] be5 !re to view ! place1 & obs]ve ! circum/ances2 b x seems to me f ! /ructure ( x to be g5]at$ f "s sub/ance once m fluid1 & aft]w>ds by degrees gr[+ h>d]1 almo/ aft] ! same mann] z ,i suppos$ ! g5]ation ( ,fl9ts to be made4 ,b :atev] 7 ! cause ( its curi\s texture1 we may le>n ?is in=mation f x2 t ev5 9 ^? ?+s :i* we acc\nt vile1 rude1 & coorse1 ,nature has n be5 want+ to %ew abundance ( curiosity & excell5t ,me*anisme4 ,we may "h f9d a ,/one by help ( a ,microscope1 to be made up ( abundance ( small ,balls1 :i* d b j t\* ea* o!r1 & yet !re be+ s _m contacts1 !y make a firm h>d mass1 or a ,/one mu* h>d] !n ,free-/one4 ,next1 ?\gh we c by a ,microscope disc]n s curi\s a %ape 9 ! p>ticles1 yet to ! nak$ eye !re sc>ce appe>s any su* ?+2 :i* may af=d u a good argum5t to ?9k1 t ev5 9 ^? bodies also1 ^: texture we are n able to disc]n1 ?\gh help'd ) ,microscopes1 !re may be yet lat5t s curi\s a ,s*ematisme1 t x may abundantly satisfie ! curi\s se>*]1 :o %all be s happy z to f9d "s way to discov] x4 ,next1 we "h f9d a ,/one1 ?\gh to ! nak$ eye a v close "o1 yet e way p]=at$ ) innum]able pores1 :i* are no?+ else b ! int]/itia1 betwe5 ^? multitudes ( m9ute globul> p>ticles1 t compose ! bulk x self1 & ^! pores are n only discov]'d by ! ,microscope1 b by ?is contrivance4 ,i took a pretty l>ge piece ( ?is /one1 & cov]+ x all ov] ) cem5t1 save only at two opposite p>ts1 ,i f\nd my self able1 by bl[+ 9 at "o end t 0 left op51 to bl[ my spittle1 ) :i* ,i _h wet ! o!r end1 into abundance ( bubbles1 :i* argu$ ^! pores to be op5 & p]vi\s ?r\gh ! :ole /one1 :i* af=ds u a v pretty in/ance ( ! por\sness ( "s seem+ly close bodies1 ( :i* k9d ,i %all anon h occasion to subjoyn _m m1 t5d+ to prove ! same ?+4 ,i mu/ n "h omit to take notice1 t 9 ?is body !re is n a vegetative faculty t %\ld s contrive ?is /ructure = any peculi> use ( ,vegetation or gr[?1 :]eas 9 ! o!r in/ances ( vegetable por\s bodies1 !re is an anima or =ma in=mans1 t does contrive all ! ,/ructures & ,me*anisms ( ! con/itut+ body1 to make !m subs]vi5t & usefull to ! great ,"w or ,function !y are to p]=m4 ,& s ,i ghess ! pores 9 ,wood1 & o!r vegetables1 9 bones1 & o!r ,animal sub/ances1 to be z s _m *annels1 provid$ by ! ,great & ,alwise ,creator1 = ! conveyance ( appropriat$ juyces to p>ticul> p>ts4 ,& !re=e1 t ?is may t5d1 or be p]vi\s all t[>ds "o "p1 & may h imp$im5ts1 z valves or ! l1 to any o!r2 b 9 ?is body we h v little reason s suspect !re %\ld be any su* design1 = x is equally p]vi\s e way1 n onely =w>d1 b backw>ds1 & side-ways1 & seems inde$ mu* r to be ,homog5e\s or simil> to ^? pores1 :i* we may ) great probability believe to be ! *annels ( pellucid bodies1 n direct$1 or m op5 any "o way1 !n any o!r1 be+ equally p]vi\s e way4 ,&1 accord+ z ^! pores are m or great] 9 respect ( ! int]/itial bodies1 ! m transp>5t are ! s con/itut$ concretes2 & ! small] ^? pores are1 ! weak] is ! ,impulse ( light communicat$ ?r\gh !m1 ?\gh ! m quick be ! progress4 ,^u ?is ,occasion1 ,i hope x w n be altoge!r unseasonable1 if ,i prop\nd my conjectures & ,hypo!sis ab\t ! m$ium & conveyance ( light4 ,i suppose !n1 t ! greate/ "p ( ! ,int]/itia ( ! _w1 t lies betwe5 ! bodies ( ! ,sun & ,/>rs1 & ! ,planets1 & ! ,e>?1 to be an exce$+ fluid body1 v apt & ready to be mov'd1 & to communicate ! motion ( any "o "p to any o!r "p1 ?\gh nev] s f> di/ant3 ,nor d ,i mu* conc]n my self1 to det]m9e :at ! ,figure ( ! p>ticles ( ?is exce$+ly subtile fluid m$ium mu/ be1 nor :e!r x h any int]/itiat$ pores or vacuities1 x be+ suffici5t to solve all ! ,phnom5a to suppose x an exce$+ly fluid1 or ! mo/ fluid body 9 ! _w1 & z yet impossible to det]m9e ! o!r difficulties4 ,t be+ s exce$+ fluid a body1 x easily gives passage to all o!r bodies to move to & fro 9 x4 ,t x nei!r receives f any ( its p>ts1 or f o!r bodies2 nor communicates to any ( its p>ts1 or to any o!r body1 any impulse1 or motion 9 a direct l9e1 t is n ( a det]m9ate quickness4 ,& t :5 ! motion is ( su* det]m9ate swiftness1 x bo? receives1 & communicates1 or propagates an impulse or motion to any imag9able di/ance 9 /reight l9es1 ) an unimag9able cel]ity & vig\r4 ,t all k9d ( solid bodies consi/ ( pretty massie p>ticles 9 respect ( ! p>ticles ( ?is fluid m$ium1 :i* 9 _m places d s t\* ea* o!r1 t none ( ?is fluid m$ium int]poses mu* aft] ! same mann] 7to use a gross similitude7 z a heap ( great /ones compose "o great cong]ies or mass 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]4 ,t all fluid bodies :i* we may call tangible1 are no?+ b "s m subtile p>ts ( ^? p>ticles1 t s]ve to con/itute all tangible bodies4 ,t ! wat]1 & su* o!r fluid bodies1 are no?+ b a cong]ies ( p>ticles agitat$ or made fluid by x 9 ! same mann] z ! p>ticles ( ,salt are agitat$ or made fluid by a p>cel ( wat]1 9 :i* !y are dissolv'd1 & subsid+ to ! bottom ( x1 con/itute a fluid body1 mu* m massie & d5se1 & less fluid !n ! pure wat] x self4 ,t ! air on ! o!r side is a c]ta9 company ( p>ticles ( q ano!r k9d1 t is1 su* z are v mu* small]1 & m easily moveable by ! motion ( ?is fluid m$ium2 mu* l ^? v subtile p>ts ( ,co*5el1 o!r v deep t++ bodies1 :]e by a v small p>cel ( matt] is able to t+e & diffuse x self ov] a v great quantity ( ! fluid dissolv5t2 or some:at aft] t mann]1 z smoak1 & su* l m9ute bodies1 or /eams1 are obs]v'd to t+e a v great quantity ( air2 onely ?is la/ similitude is defici5t 9 "o propriety1 & t is a p]petuity or cont9uance 9 t /ate ( commixture ) ! air1 b ! =m] does m ne>ly approa* to ! nature & mann] ( ! air's be+ dissolv'd by ?is fluid or !r4 ,& ?is ,similitude w fur!r hold 9 ^! proprieties2 t z ^? t9ctures may be increas$ by c]ta9 bodies1 s may !y be precipitat$ by o!rs1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds %ew x to be v probable1 t ! l accid5ts happ5 ev5 to ! ,air x self4 ,fur!r1 z ^! solutions & t9ctures d alt] ! nature ( ^! fluid bodies1 z to _! aptness to propagate a motion or impulse ?r\gh !m1 ev5 s does ! p>ticles ( ! ,air1 ,wat]1 & o!r fluid bodies1 & ( ,glass1 ,cry/al1 c4 :i* are commixt ) ?is bulk ( ! !r alt] ! motion ( ! propagat$ pulse ( light2 t is1 :]e ^! m bulkie p>ticles are m pl5tifull1 & consequ5tly a less] quantity ( ! !r betwe5 !m to be mov'd1 !re ! motion mu/ necess>ily be ! swift]1 ?\gh n s robu/1 :i* w produce ^? effects1 :i* ,i h 7,i hope7 ) "s probability1 ascrib$ to x 9 ! digression ab\t ,col\rs1 at ! end ( ! ,obs]vations on ,muscovy-glass4 ,n[1 t o!r ,/ones1 & ^? :i* h ! close/ & h>de/ textures1 & seem 7z f> z we are able to discov] ) our eyes1 ?\gh help'd ) ! be/ ,microscopes7 free/ f pores1 are yet not)/&+ repl5i%'d ) !m1 an ,in/ance or two w1 ,i suppose1 make m probable4 ,a v solid & unflaw'd piece ( cle] :ite ,m>ble1 if x be well poli%'d & glaz'd1 has s curi\sly smoo? a surface1 t ! be/ & mo/ poli%'d surface ( any wr\ght-glass1 seems n to ! nak$ eye1 nor ?r\gh a ,microscope1 to be m smoo?1 & less por\s4 ,& yet1 t ?is h>d close body is repl5i%'d ) abundance ( pores1 ,i ?9k ^! foll[+ ,exp]im5ts w suffici5tly prove4 ,! fir/ is1 ,t if y take su* a piece1 & = a pretty :ile boyl x 9 ,turp5t9e & ,oyl ( ,turp5t9e1 y %all f9d t ! /one w be all imbu'd ) x2 & :]eas be=e x look'd m :ite1 b m opac\s1 n[ x w look m greasie1 b be mu* m transp>5t1 & if y let x lie b a little :ile1 & !n break (f a "p ( x1 y %all f9d ! unctu\s body to h p5etrat$ x to su* a det]m9ate dep? e way )9 ! surface4 ,?is may be yet easi] try'd ) a piece ( ! same ,m>ble1 a little w>m'd 9 ! fire1 & !n a little ,pit* or ,t>r melt$ on ! top ( x2 = ^! black bodies1 by _! ins9uat+ !mselves into ! invisible pores ( ! /one1 t+ x ) s black a hue1 t !re c be no fur!r d\bt ( ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion1 t x ab\nds ) small imp]ceptible pores4 ,n[1 t o!r bodies w also s9k into ! pores ( ,m>ble1 besides unctu\s1 ,i h try'd1 & f\nd1 t a v ,blue t9cture made 9 _s ( ,ur9e w\ld v readily & easily s9k into x1 z w\ld also sev]al t9ctures drawn ) _s ( ,w9e4 ,nor is ,m>ble ! only seem+ly close /one1 :i* by o!r k9ds ( ,exp]im5ts may be f\nd por\s2 = ,i h by ?is k9d ( ,exp]im5t on div]s o!r /ones f\nd mu* ! same effect1 & 9 "s1 inde$ mu* m notable4 ,o!r /ones ,i h f\nd s por\s1 t ) ! ,microscope ,i c\ld p]ceive sev]al small w9d+ holes1 mu* l ,worm-holes1 z ,i h not$ 9 "s k9d ( ,purbeck-/one1 by look+ on ! surface ( a piece newly flaw'd (f1 = if o!rwise1 ! surface has be5 long expos'd to ! ,air1 or has be5 scrap$ ) any tool1 ^? small cav]ns are fill'd ) du/1 & disappe>4 ,& to confirm ?is ,conjecture1 yet fur!r1 ,i %all "h ins]t an excell5t acc\nt1 giv5 into ! ,royal ,society by t ,em95tly ,le>n$ ,physician1 ,doctor ,godd>d1 ( an ,exp]im5t1 n less in/ructive !n curi\s & accurate1 made by himself on a v h>d & seem+ly close /one call'd ,oculus ,mundi1 z ,i f9d x pres]v'd 9 ! ,records ( t ,hon\rable ,society4 ,a small /one ( ! k9d1 call'd by "s ,au?\rs1 ,oculus ,mundi1 be+ dry & cl\dy1 weigh'd #e ,gra9s4 ,! same put "u wat] = a night1 & some:at m1 became transp>5t1 & ! sup]ficies be+ wip$ dry1 weigh$ #f ,gra9s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two weights1 #j ( a ,gra94 ,! same ,/one kept out ( wat] "o ,day & becom+ cl\dy aga9 weigh$1 #e ,gra9es4 ,:i* 0 m !n ! fir/ weight1 #j ( a ,gra94 ,! same be+ kept two ,days long] weigh$1 #e ,gra9es4 ,:i* 0 less !n at fir/1 #j a ,gra94 ,be+ kept dry some?+ long] x did n gr[ s5sibly light]4 ,be+ put "u wat] = a night & becom+ aga9 transp>5t & wip$ dry1 ! weight 01 #f ,gra9s1 ! same ) ! fir/ aft] putt+ 9 wat]1 & m !n ! la/ weight aft] keep+ ( x dry1 #j ( a ,gra94 ,ano!r ,/one ( ! same k9d be+ v>iegat$ ) milky :ite & gray l "s sorts ( ,agates1 :ile x lay "u wat]1 0 alwaies inviron$ ) little ,bubbles1 su* z appe> 9 wat] a little be=e boyl+1 next ! sides ( ! ,vessel4 ,!re 7 also "s ! l ,bubbles on ! ,surface ( ! wat] j ov] x1 z if ei!r "s exhalations came out ( x1 or t x did excite "s f]m5tation 9 ! p>ts ( ! wat] contigu\s to x4 ,!re 0 little s5sible diff]5ce 9 ! transp>5cy ( ?is ,/one1 be=e ! putt+ "u wat]1 & aft]3 ,to be sure ! milky-:ite p>ts cont9u$ z be=e1 b m diff]5ce 9 weight !n 9 ! =m]4 ,= :]eas be=e ! putt+ into ! wat] ! weight 0 #ah ,gra9es4 ,aft] x _h ly5 9 ab\t f\r & tw5ty h\rs ! weight 0 #bj ,gra9es1 s ! diff]5ce 01 #a ,gra9es4 ,! same ,/one 0 infus$ 9 ! wat] scald+ hot1 & s cont9u$ = a :ile aft] x 0 cold1 b got no m weight !n ^u infus+ 9 ! cold1 nei!r 0 !re any s5sible ,diff]5ce 9 ! weight bo? times4 ,9 :i* ,exp]im5t1 !re are ?ree ,obs]vables t seem v manife/ly to prove ! por\sness ( ^! seem+ly close bodies3 ! fir/ is _! acquir+ a transp>5cy1 & los+ _! :it5ess aft] /eep+ 9 wat]1 :i* w seem ! m /rongly to argue x1 if :at ,i h already said ab\t ! mak+ transp>5t1 or cl>ify+ ( "s bodies1 z ! :ite p[d] ( beat5 ,glass1 & ! fro? ( "s glut9\s transp>5t liquor be well consid]'d2 = !reby x w seem rational to ?9k t ?is transp>5cy arises f ! ins9uation ( ! wat] 7:i* has mu* ! same refraction ) su* /ony p>ticles1 z may be discov]'d by ,s& view'd ) a ,microscope7 into ^? pores :i* 7 =m]ly repleat ) air 7t has a v diff]+ refraction1 & consequ5tly is v reflective7 :i* seems to be confirm'd by ! second ,obs]vable1 namely1 ! increase ( weight aft] keep+1 & decrease ^u dry+4 ,& ?irdly1 seem'd yet m s5sibly confirm'd by ! multitude ( bubbles 9 ! la/ ,exp]im5t4 ,we f9d also mo/ ,acid ,salts v readily to dissolve & sep>ate ! p>ts ( ?is body "o f ano!r2 :i* is yet a fur!r ,argum5t to confirm ! por\sness ( bodies1 & w s]ve z su*1 to %ew t ev5 ,glass also has an abundance ( pores 9 x1 s9ce !re are sev]al liquors1 t ) long /ay+ 9 a ,glass1 w s ,corrode & eat into x1 z at la/1 to make x p]vi\s to ! liquor x conta9'd1 ( :i* ,i h se5 v _m ,in/ances4 ,s9ce !re=e we f9d by o!r pro(s1 t _m ( ^? bodies :i* we ?9k ! mo/ solid ones1 & appe> s to our sight1 h not)/&+ abundance ( ^? gross] k9d ( pores1 :i* w admit sev]al k9ds ( liquors into !m1 :y %\ld we n believe t ,glass1 & all o!r transp>5t bodies ab\nd ) !m1 s9ce we h _m o!r argum5ts1 besides ! propagation ( light1 :i* seem to argue = x8 ,& :]eas x may be object$1 t ! propagation ( light is no argum5t t !re are ^? atomical pores 9 glass1 s9ce !re are ,hypo!ses plausible en\gh to solve ^? ,phnom5a1 by suppos+ ! pulse onely to be communicat$ ?r\gh ! transp>5t body4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t t ,hypo!sis :i* ! indu/ri\s ,m]s5nus has publi%'d ab\t ! sl[] motion ( ! end ( a ,ray 9 a d5s] m$ium1 !n 9 a m r>e & ?91 seems altoge!r unsuffici5t to solve abundance ( ,phnom5a1 ( :i* ?is is n ! lea/ consid]able1 t x is impossible f t supposition1 t any col\rs %\ld be g5]at$ f ! refraction ( ! ,rays2 = s9ce by t ,hypo!sis ! undulat+ pulse is always c>ri$ p]p5dicul>1 or at "r angles ) ! ,ray or ,l9e ( direction1 x foll[s1 t ! /roke ( ! pulse ( light1 aft] x has be5 once or twice refract$ 7?r\gh a ,prisme1 = example7 mu/ affect ! eye ) ! same k9d ( /roke z if x _h n be5 refract$ at all4 ,nor w x be en\gh = a ,def5dant ( t ,hypo!sis1 to say1 t p]haps x is because ! refractions h made ! ,rays m weak1 = if s1 !n two refractions 9 ! two p>allel sides ( a ,quadrangul> ,prisme w\ld produce col\rs1 b we h no su* ,phnom5a produc'd4 ,!re are sev]al ,argum5ts t ,i c\ld br+ to ev9ce t !re are 9 all transp>5t bodies su* atomical pores4 ,& t !re is su* a fluid body z ,i am argu+ =1 :i* is ! m$ium1 or ,in/rum5t1 by :i* ! pulse ( ,light is convey'd f ! lucid body to ! enlightn'd4 ,b t x be+ a digression f ! ,obs]vations ,i 0 record+1 ab\t ! ,pores ( ,kett]+-,/one1 x w\ld be too mu* su*1 if ,i %\ld protract x too long2 & !re=e ,i %all proce$ to ! next ,obs]vation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xvi4 ,( ,*>coal1 or burnt ,vegetables4 ,*>coal1 or a ,vegetable burnt black1 af=ds an object no less pleasant ?an in/ructive1 = if y take a small r\nd ,*>coal1 & break x %ort ) y\r f+]s1 y may p]ceive x to break ) a v smoo? & sleek surface1 almo/ l ! surface ( black seal+ ,wax2 ?is surface1 if x be look'd on ) an ord9>y ,microscope1 does manife/ abundance ( ^? pores :i* are also visible to ! eye 9 _m k9ds ( ,wood1 rang'd r\nd ! pi?1 bo? a 9 k9d ( circul> ord]1 & a radiant "o4 ,( ^! !re are a multitude 9 ! sub/ance ( ! ,coal1 e :]e almo/ p]=at+ & drill+ x f end to end2 by means ( :i*1 be ! ,coal nev] s long1 y may easily bl[ ?r\gh x2 & ?is y may pres5tly f9d1 by wett+ "o end ( x ) ,spittle1 & bl[+ at ! o!r4 ,b ?is is n all1 = besides ^? _m great & conspicu\s irregul> spots or pores1 if a bett] ,microscope be made use (1 !re w appe> an inf9ite company ( exce$+ly small1 & v regul> pores1 s ?ick & s ord]ly set1 & s close to "o ano!r1 t !y leave v little room or space betwe5 !m to be fill'd ) a solid body1 = ! app>5t int]/itia or sep>at+ sides ( ^! pores seem s ?9 9 "s places1 t ! texture ( a ,honey-comb _c be m por\s4 ,?\gh ?is be n e :]e s1 ! int]curr5t p>titions 9 "s places be+ v mu* ?ick] 9 proportion to ! holes4 ,mo/ ( ^! small pores seem'd to be pretty r\nd1 & 7 rang'd 9 r[s t radiat$ f ! pi? to ! b>k2 !y all ( !m seem'd to be cont9u$ op5 pores1 runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,/ick2 & t !y 7 all p]=at$1 ,i try'd by break+ (f a v ?9 sliv] ( ! ,coal cross-ways1 & !n ) my ,microscope1 dilig5tly survey+ !m aga9/ ! light1 = by t means ,i 0 able to see q ?r\gh !m4 ,^! pores 7 s exce$+ small & ?ick1 t 9 a l9e ( !m1 "p ( an ,in* long1 ,i f\nd by numb]+ !m no less !n #aej4 small pores2 & !re=e 9 a l9e ( !m an ,in* long1 mu/ be no less !n #bgjj4 pores1 & 9 a circul> area ( an ,in* diamet]1 mu/ be ab\t #egbecej4 ( ! l pores2 s t a ,/ick ( an ,in* ,diamet]1 may conta9 no less !n sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty five ?\s&1 besides #e ,millions ( pores1 :i* w\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 seem ev5 incr$ible1 7 n e "o left to believe 8 own eyes4 ,nay1 hav+ s9ce exam9'd ,cocus1 black & gre5 ,ebony1 ,lignum ,vit1 c4 ,i f\nd1 t all ^! ,woods h _! pores1 abundantly small] !n ^? ( s(t light ,wood2 9 s mu*1 t ^? ( ,guajacum seem'd n above an eigh? "p ( ! bigness ( ! pores ( ,bee*1 b !n ! ,int]/itia 7 ?ick]2 s prodigi\sly curi\s are ! contrivances1 pipes1 or sluces by :i* ! ,succus nutritius1 or ,juyce ( a ,vegetable is convey'd f place to place4 ,?is ,obs]vation seems to af=d u ! true reason ( sev]al ,phnom5a ( ,coals2 z ,fir/1 :y !y look black2 & = ?is we ne$ g no fur!r !n ! ,s*eme1 = c]ta9ly1 a body t has s _m pores 9 x z ?is is discov]'d to h1 f ea* ( :i* no light is reflect$1 mu/ necess>ily look black1 especially1 :5 ! pores are some:at bigg] 9 proportion to ! int]vals !n !y are cut 9 ! ,s*eme1 black be+ no?+ else b a privation ( ,light1 or a want ( reflection2 & :]esoev] ?is reflect+ quality is defici5t1 !re does t "p look black1 :e!r x be f a por\sness ( ! body1 z 9 ?is ,in/ance1 or 9 a deadn+ & dull+ quality1 su* z ,i h obs]v'd 9 ! ,scoria ( ,lead1 ,t91 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 c4 ,next1 we may also z pla9ly see ! reason ( its %9+ quality1 & t is f ! ev5 break+ (f ( ! /ick1 ! solid int]/itia hav+ a regul> t]m9ation or surface1 & hav+ a pretty /rong reflect+ quality1 ! _m small reflections become unit$ to ! nak$ eye1 & make a v pretty %9+ surface4 ,?irdly1 ! reason ( its h>dness & brittl5ess seems evid5t1 = s9ce all ! wat]y or liquid sub/ance t moi/n'd & t\ghn'd ^? ,int]/itia ( ! m solid p>ts1 are evaporat$ & remov'd1 t :i* is left beh9d becomes ( ! nature almo/ ( a /one1 :i* w n at all1 or v little1 b5d )\t a divulsion or solution ( its cont9uity4 ,x is n my design at pres5t1 to exam9e ! use & ,me*anisme ( ^! p>ts ( ,wood1 t be+ m prop] to ano!r ,enquiry2 b r to h9t1 t f ?is ,exp]im5t we may le>n1 ,fir/1 :at is ! cause ( ! blackness ( _m burnt bodies1 :i* we may f9d to be no?+ else b ?is2 t ! heat ( ! fire agitat+ & r>ify+ ! wat]i%1 transp>5t1 & volatile wat] t is conta9'd 9 !m1 by ! cont9uation ( t action1 does s totally expel & drive away all t :i* be=e fill'd ! pores1 & 0 disp]s'd also ?r\gh ! solid mass ( x1 & !reby caus'd an univ]sal k9d ( transp>5cy1 t x n onely leaves all ! pores empty1 b all ! ,int]/itia also s dry & opac\s1 & p]haps also yet fur!r p]=at$1 t t light onely is reflect$ back :i* falls ^u ! v outw>d edges ( ! pores1 all !y t ent] into ! pores ( ! body1 nev] return+1 b be+ lo/ 9 x4 ,n[1 t ! ,*>r+ or coal+ ( a body is no?+ else1 may be easily believ'd by "o t %all consid] ! means ( its production1 :i* may be done aft] ?is1 or any su* mann]4 ,! body to be *>r'd or coal'd1 may be put into a ,crucible1 ,pot1 or any o!r ,vessel t w endure to be made r$-hot 9 ! fire )\t break+1 & !n cov]'d ov] ) ,s&1 s z no "p ( x be suff]'d to be op5 to ! ,air1 !n set into a good fire1 & !re kept till ! ,s& has cont9u'd r$ hot = a qu>t]1 half1 an h\r or two1 or m1 accord+ to ! nature & bigness ( ! body to be coal'd or *>r'd1 !n tak+ x out ( ! fire1 & lett+ x /& till x be q cold1 ! body may be tak5 out ( ! ,s& well *>r'd & cleans'd ( its wat]i% p>ts2 b 9 ! tak+ ( x out1 c>e mu/ be _h t ! ,s& be v ne] cold1 = else1 :5 x comes into ! free air1 x w take fire1 & readily burn away4 ,?is maybe done also 9 any close ,vessel ( ,glass1 z a ,retort1 or ! l1 & ! sev]al fluid sub/ances t come ov] may be receiv'd 9 a fit ,recipi5t1 :i* w yet fur!r c\nt5ance ?is ,hypo!sis3 ,& _! mann] ( *>r+ ,wood 9 great quantity comes mu* to ! same ?+1 namely1 an application ( a great heat to ! body1 & pres]v+ x f ! free access ( ! dev\r+ air2 ?is may be easily le>n'd f ! ,hi/ory ( ,*>r+ ( ,coal1 mo/ excell5tly describ'd & publi%'d by t mo/ accompli%'d ,g5tleman1 ,mr4 ,john ,evel91 9 ! #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 pages ( 8 ,sylva1 to :i* ,i %all !re=e ref] ! curi\s ,read] t desires a full in=mation ( x4 ,next1 we may le>n :at "p ( ! ,wood x is t is ! combu/ible matt]1 = s9ce we %all f9d t none1 or v little ( ^? fluid sub/ances t are driv5 ov] into ! ,receiv] are combu/ible1 & t mo/ ( t :i* is left beh9d is s1 x foll[s1 t ! solid int]/itia ( ! ,wood are ! combu/ible matt]4 ,fur!r1 ! reason :y un*>r'd ,wood burns ) a great] flame !n t :i* is *>r'd1 is z evid5t1 because ^? wat]i% or volatil p>ts issu+ out ( ! fir$ ,wood1 e way1 n onely %att] & op5 ! body1 ! bett] = ! fire to ent]1 b issu+ out 9 vap\rs or w9d1 !y become l s _m little olipiles1 or ,bell[s1 :]eby !y bl[ & agitate ! fir'd "p1 & conduce to ! m spe$y & viol5t consumption or dissolution ( ! body4 ,?irdly1 f ! ,exp]im5t ( *>r+ ( ,coals 7:]eby we see t not)/&+ ! great heat1 & ! duration ( x1 ! solid p>ts ( ! ,wood rema91 :ile/ !y are pres]v'd f ! free access ( ! air undissipat$7 we may le>n1 t :i* has n1 t ,i "k (1 be5 publi%'d or h9t$1 nay1 n s mu* z ?\ght (1 by any2 & t 9 %ort is ?is4 ,fir/1 t ! ,air 9 :i* we live1 move1 & brea?1 & :i* encompasses v _m1 & *]i%es mo/ bodies x encompasses1 t ?is ,air is ! m5/ruum1 or univ]sal dissolv5t ( all ,sulphure\s bodies4 ,secondly1 t ?is action x p]=ms n1 till ! body be fir/ suffici5tly heat$1 z we f9d requisite also to ! dissolution ( _m o!r bodies by sev]al o!r m5/ruums4 ,?irdly1 t ?is action ( dissolution1 produces or g5]ates a v great heat1 & t :i* we call ,fire2 & ?is is common also to _m dissolutions ( o!r bodies1 made by m5/ruums1 ( :i* ,i c\ld give multitudes ( ,in/ances4 ,f\r?ly1 t ?is action is p]=m'd ) s great a viol5ce1 & does s m9utely act1 & rapidly agitate ! smalle/ p>ts ( ! combu/ible matt]1 t x produces 9 ! diaphan\s m$ium ( ! ,air1 ! action or pulse ( light1 :i* :at x is1 ,i h else-:]e already %ewn4 ,fif?ly1 t ! dissolution ( sulphure\s bodies is made by a sub/ance inh]5t1 & mixt ) ! ,air1 t is l1 if n ! v same1 ) t :i* is fixt 9 ,salt-pet]1 :i* by multitudes ( ,exp]im5ts t may be made ) ,salt-pet]1 w1 ,i ?9k1 mo/ evid5tly be demon/rat$4 ,six?ly1 t 9 ?is dissolution ( bodies by ! ,air1 a c]ta9 "p is unit$ & mixt1 or dissolv'd & turn'd into ! ,air1 & made to fly up & d[n ) x 9 ! same mann] z a metall9e or o!r body dissolv$ into any m5/ruums1 does foll[ ! motions & progresses ( t m5/ruum till x be precipitat$4 ,sev5?ly1 ,t z !re is "o "p t is dissoluble by ! ,air1 s are !re o!r p>ts ) :i* ! p>ts ( ! ,air mix+ & unit+1 d make a ,coagulum1 or precipitation1 z "o may call x1 :i* causes x to be sep>at$ f ! ,air1 b ?is precipitate is s light1 & 9 s small & r>ify'd or por\s clu/]s1 t x is v volatil1 & is easily c>ry'd up by ! motion ( ! ,air1 ?\gh aft]w>ds1 :5 ! heat & agitation t kept x r>ify'd ceases1 x easily cond5ses1 & commixt ) o!r indissoluble p>ts1 x /icks & adh]es to ! next bodies x meets )all2 & ?is is a c]ta9 ,salt t may be extract$ out ( ,soot4 ,eigh?ly1 t _m indissoluble p>ts be+ v apt & prompt to be r>ify'd1 & s1 :ile/ !y cont9ue 9 t heat & agitation1 are light] !n ! ,ambi5t ,air1 are !reby ?ru/ & c>ry'd upw>ds ) great viol5ce1 & by t means c>ry along ) !m1 n onely t ,sal9e concrete ,i m5tion'd be=e1 b _m t]re/rial1 or indissoluble & irr>efiable p>ts1 nay1 _m p>ts also :i* are dissoluble1 b are n suff]'d to /ay long en\gh 9 a suffici5t heat to make !m prompt & apt = t action4 ,& !re=e we f9d 9 ,soot1 n onely a "p1 t be+ cont9u$ long] 9 a compet5t heat1 w be dissolv'd by ! ,air1 or take fire & burn2 b a "p also :i* is fixt1 t]re/rial1 & irr>efiable4 ,n9?ly1 t z !re are ^! sev]al p>ts t w r>ifie & fly1 or be driv5 up by ! heat1 s are !re _m o!rs1 t z !y are indissoluble by ! a]ial m5/ruum1 s are !y ( su* sluggi% & gross p>ts1 t !y are n easily r>ify'd by heat1 & !re=e _c be rais'd by x2 ! volatility or fixtness ( a body seem+ to consi/ only 9 ?is1 t ! "o is ( a texture1 or has compon5t p>ts t w be easily r>ify'd into ! =m ( ,air1 & ! o!r1 t x has su* z w n1 )\t mu* ado1 be br\ght to su* a con/itution2 & ?is is t "p :i* rema9s beh9d 9 a :ite body call'd ,a%es1 :i* conta9s a sub/ance1 or ,salt1 :i* ,*ymi/s call ,alkali3 :at ! p>ticul> natures ( ea* ( ^! bodies are1 ,i %all n "h exam9e1 int5d+ x 9 ano!r place1 b %all r add t ?is ,hypo!sis does s exactly agree ) all ,phnom5a1 ( ,fire1 & s g5u9ely explicate ea* p>ticul> circum/ance t ,i h hi!rto obs]v'd1 t x is m !n probable1 t ?is cause :i* ,i h assign'd is ! true adequate1 real1 & onely cause ( ^? ,phnom5a2 ,& !re=e ,i %all proce$ a little fur!r1 to %ew ! nature & use ( ! ,air4 ,t5?ly1 !re=e ! dissolv+ p>ts ( ! ,air are b few1 t is1 x seems ( ! nature ( ^? ,sal9e m5/ruums1 or spirits1 t h v mu* flegme mixt ) ! spirits1 & !re=e a small p>cel ( x is quickly glutt$1 & w dissolve no m2 & !re=e unless "s fre% "p ( ?is m5/ruum be apply'd to ! body to be dissolv'd1 ! action ceases1 & ! body leaves to be dissolv'd & to %9e1 :i* is ! ,indication ( x1 ?\gh plac'd or kept 9 ! greate/ heat2 :]eas ,salt-pet] is a m5/ruum1 :5 melt$ & r$-hot1 t ab\nds m ) ^? ,dissolv5t p>ticles1 & !re=e z a small quantity ( x w dissolve a great sulphure\s body1 s w ! dissolution be v quick & viol5t4 ,!re=e 9 ! ,elev5? place1 x is obs]vable1 t1 z 9 o!r solutions1 if a copi\s & quick supply ( fre% m5/ruum1 ?\gh b weak1 be p\r$ on1 or appli$ to ! dissoluble body1 x quickly consumes x3 ,s ?is m5/ruum ( ! ,air1 if by ,bell[s1 or any o!r su* contrivance1 x be copi\sly apply'd to ! %9+ body1 is f\nd to dissolve x z soon1 & z viol5tly z ! m /rong m5/ruum ( melt$ ,nitre4 ,!re=e twelf?ly1 x seems reasonable to ?9k t !re is no su* ?+ z an ,elem5t ( ,fire t %\ld attract or draw up ! flame1 or t[>ds :i* ! flame %\ld endeav\r to asc5d out ( a desire or appetite ( unit+ ) t z its ,homog5eal primitive & g5]at+ ,elem5t2 b t t %9+ transi5t body :i* we call ,flame1 is no?+ else b a mixture ( ,air1 & volatil sulphure\s p>ts ( dissoluble or combu/ible bodies1 :i* are act+ ^u ea* o!r :il/ !y asc5d1 t is1 flame seems to be a mixture ( ,air1 & ! combu/ible volatil p>ts ( any body1 :i* p>ts ! encompass+ ,air does dissolve or "w ^u1 :i* action1 z x does int5d ! heat ( ! a]ial p>ts ( ! dissolv5t1 s does x !reby fur!r r>ifie ^? p>ts t are act+1 or t are v ne] !m1 :]eby !y gr[+ mu* light] !n ! heavie p>ts ( t ,m5/ruum t are m remote1 are !reby protrud$ & driv5 upw>d2 & ?is may be easily obs]v'd also 9 dissolutions made by any o!r m5/ruum1 especially su* z ei!r create heat or bubbles4 ,n[1 ?is action ( ! ,m5/ruum1 or ,air1 on ! dissoluble p>ts1 is made ) su* viol5ce1 or is su*1 t x imp>ts su* a motion or pulse to ! diaphan\s p>ts ( ! ,air1 z ,i h else:]e %ewn is requisite to produce light4 ,?is ,hypo!sis ,i h endeav\r$ to raise f an ,inf9ite ( ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts1 ! process ( :i* w\ld be mu* too long to be "h ins]t$1 & w p]haps ano!r "t af=d matt] copi\s en\gh = a mu* l>g] ,disc\rse1 ! ,air be+ a ,subject :i* 7?\gh all ! _w has hi!rto liv'd & brea?'d 91 & be5 unconv]sant ab\t7 has yet be5 s little truly exam9'd or expla9'd1 t a dilig5t enquir] w be able to f9d b v little in=mation f :at has be5 7till ( late7 writt5 ( x3 ,b be+ once well und]/ood1 x w1 ,i d\bt n1 inable a man to r5d] an intelligible1 nay probable1 if n ! true reason ( all ! ,phnom5a ( ,fire1 :i*1 z x has be5 f\nd by ,writ]s & ,philosoph]s ( all ,ages a matt] ( no small difficulty1 z may be suffici5tly und]/ood by _! /range ,hypo!ses1 & un9telligible ,solutions ( "s few ,phnom5a ( x2 s w x prove a matt] ( no small conc]n & use 9 humane affairs1 z ,i %all else:]e endeav\r to manife/ :5 ,i come to %ew ! use ( ! ,air 9 respiration1 & = ! pres]vation ( ! life1 nay1 = ! cons]vation & re/auration ( ! heal? & natural con/itution ( mank9d z well z all o!r a]eal animals1 z also ! uses ( ?is pr9ciple or propriety ( ! ,air 9 *ymical1 me*anical1 & o!r op]ations4 ,9 ?is place ,i h onely "t to h9t an ,hypo!sis1 :i*1 if ,god p]mit me life & opportunity1 ,i may else:]e prosecute1 improve & publi%4 ,9 ! mean "t1 be=e ,i f9i% ?is ,disc\rse1 ,i mu/ n =get to acqua9t ! ,read]1 t hav+ _h ! lib]ty grant$ me ( mak+ "s trials on a piece ( ,lignum fossile %ewn to ! ,royal ,society1 by ! em95tly ,+5i\s & ,le>n$ ,physician1 ,doctor ,ent1 :o receiv'd x = a ,pres5t f ! fam\s ,+5ioso ,cavalli]o de ,pozzi1 x be+ "o ( ! faire/ & be/ pieces ( ,lignum fossile he _h se52 ,hav+ 7,i say7 tak5 a small piece ( ?is ,wood1 & exam9'd x1 ,i f\nd x to burn 9 ! op5 ,air almo/ l o!r ,wood1 & in/e$ ( a res9\s smoak or fume1 x yield$ a v bitum9\s "o1 smell+ mu* ( t k9d ( s5t3 ,b t :i* ,i *iefly took notice (1 01 t cutt+ (f a small piece ( x1 ab\t ! bigness ( my ,?umb1 & *>r+ x 9 a ,crucible ) ,s&1 aft] ! mann] ,i above prescrib'd1 ,i f\nd x inf9itely to ab\nd ) ! small] sort ( pores1 s extreamly ?ick1 & s regul>ly p]=at+ ! sub/ance ( x long-ways1 t break+ x (f across1 ,i f\nd x to look v l an ,honey-comb2 b z = any ( ! second1 or bigg] k9d ( pores1 ,i c\ld n f9d t x _h any2 s t x seems1 :atev] 7 ! cause ( its production1 x 0 n )\t ^? small k9d ( pores :i* we h onely hi!rto f\nd 9 ,vegetable bodies3 & comp>+ !m ) ! pores :i* ,i h f\nd 9 ! ,*>coals t ,i by ?is means made ( sev]al o!r k9ds ( ,wood1 ,i f9d x resemble none s mu* z ^? ( ,firr1 to :i* x is n mu* unlike 9 gra9 also1 & sev]al o!r proprieties4 ,& !re=e1 :at ev] is by "s1 :o h writt5 ( x1 & p>ticul>ly by ,francisco ,/elluto1 wrote a ,treatise 9 ,italian ( t ,subject1 :i* 0 ,pr9t$ at ,rome1 #afcg1 affirm'd t x is a c]ta9 k9d ( ,clay or ,e>?1 :i* 9 tract ( "t is turn'd into ,wood2 ,i r suspect ! q contr>y1 t x 0 at fir/ c]ta9 great ,trees ( ,fir or ,p9e1 :i* by "s ,e>?quake1 or o!r casualty1 came to be buri$ "u ! ,e>?1 & 0 !re1 aft] a long "t's resid5ce 7accord+ to ! sev]al natures ( ! encompass+ adjac5t p>ts7 ei!r rott$ & turn'd into a k9d ( ,clay1 or petrify'd & turn'd into a k9d ( ,/one1 or else _h its pores fill'd ) c]ta9 ,m9]al juices1 :i* be+ /ay'd 9 !m1 & 9 tract ( "t coagulat$1 appe>'d1 ^u cleav+ out1 l small ,metall9e ,wires1 or else f "s flames or scor*+ =ms t are ! occasion (t5times1 & usually accompany ,e>?quakes1 might be bla/$ & turn'd into ,coal1 or else f c]ta9 subt]rane\s fires :i* are affirm'd by t ,au?\r to ab\nd mu* ab\t ^? p>ts 7namely1 9 a ,prov9ce ( ,italy1 call'd ,umbria1 n[ ! ,dut*ie ( ,spoletto1 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,todi1 anci5tly call'd ,tudor2 & betwe5 ! two ,villages ( ,collesecco & ,ros>o n f> di/ant f ! high-way lead+ to ,rome1 :]e x is f\nd 9 great] quantity !n else:]e7 are by reason ( _! be+ encompass$ ) ,e>?1 & s kept close f ! dissolv+ ,air1 *>r'd & conv]t$ into ,coal4 ,x w\ld be too long a "w to describe ! sev]al k9ds ( pores :i* ,i met )all1 & by ?is means discov]$ 9 sev]al o!r ,vegetable bodies2 nor is x my pres5t design to expatiate ^u ,in/ances ( ! same k9d1 b r to give a ,specim5 ( z _m k9ds z ,i h _h opportunity z yet ( obs]v+1 res]v+ ! prosecution & enl>g+ on p>ticul>s till a m fit opportunity2 & 9 prosecution ( ?is design1 ,i %all "h add3 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xvii4 ,( ,petrify'd wood1 & o!r ,petrify'd bodies4 ,( ?is sort ( sub/ance1 ,i obs]v'd sev]al pieces ( v diff]+ k9ds1 bo? = _! outw>d %ape1 col\r1 gra91 texture1 h>dness1 c4 "s be+ br[n & r$di%2 o!rs gray1 l a ,hone2 o!rs black1 & ,fl9t-l3 "s s(t1 l a ,slate or ,:et/one1 o!rs z h>d z a ,fl9t1 & z brittle4 ,t :i* ,i m p>ticul> exam9'd1 0 a piece ab\t ! bigness ( a mans h&1 :i* seem'd to h be5 a "p ( "s l>ge tree1 t by rott5ness _h be5 brok5 (f f x be=e x began to be petrify'd4 ,& inde$1 all t ,i h yet se51 seem to h be5 rott5 ,wood be=e ! petrifaction 0 begun2 & n long s9ce1 exam9+ & view+ a huge great ,oak1 t seem'd ) me] age to be rott5 z x /ood1 ,i 0 v mu* confirm'd 9 ?is op9ion2 = ,i f\nd1 t ! gra91 col\r1 & %ape ( ! ,wood1 0 exactly l ?is petrify'd sub/ance2 & ) a ,microscope1 ,i f\nd1 t all ^? ,microscopical pores1 :i* 9 sappy or firm & s\nd ,wood are fill'd ) ! natural or innate juices ( ^? ,vegetables1 9 ?is !y 7 all empty1 l ^? ( ,vegetables *>r'd2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !y seem'd mu* l>g] !n ,i h se5 any 9 ,*>coals2 nay1 ev5 !n ^? ( ,coals made ( great blocks ( ,timb]1 :i* are commonly call'd ,old-coals4 ,! reason ( :i* diff]5ce may probably be1 t ! *>r+ ( ,vegetables1 be+ an op]ation quickly p]=m'd1 & :ile/ ! ,wood is sappy1 ! m solid p>ts may m easily %r9k toge!r1 & contract ! pores or int]/itia betwe5 !m1 !n 9 ! rott5 ,wood1 :]e t natural juice seems onely to be wa%'d away by adv5titi\s or unnatural moi/ure2 & s ?\gh ! natural juice be wa/$ f betwe5 ! firm p>ts1 yet ^? p>ts are kept asund] by ! adv5titi\s moy/ures1 & s by degrees settl$ 9 ^? po/ures4 ,& ?is ,i likewise f\nd 9 ! petrify'd ,wood1 t ! pores 7 some:at bigg] !n ^? ( ,*>coal1 ea* pore be+ ne] ^u half z bigg aga91 b !y did n be> t disproportion :i* is expre/ 9 ! t5? ,s*eme1 betwe5 ! small specks or pores 9 ! fir/ ,figure 7:i* repres5te? ! pores ( ,coal or ,wood *>r'd7 & ! black spots ( ! second ,figure 7:i* repres5t ! l ,microscopical pores 9 ! petrify'd ,wood7 = ^! la/ 7 drawn by a ,microscope t magnify'd ! object above six times m 9 ,diamet] !n ! ,microscope by :i* ^? pores ( ,coal 7 obs]v'd4 ,n[1 ?\gh !y 7 a little bigg]1 yet did !y keep ! exact figure & ord] ( ! pores ( ,coals & ( rott5 ,wood1 :i* la/ also 7 mu* ( ! same cize4 ,! o!r ,obs]vations on ?is petrify'd sub/ance1 t a :ile s9ce1 by ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,i made1 & pres5t$ to !m an acc\nt (1 7 ^! t foll[1 :i* _h ! hon\r done !m by ! mo/ accompli%'d ,mr4 ,evel91 my highly hon\r$ fri5d1 to be ins]t$ & publi%$ among ^? excell5t ,obs]vations :]e) 8 ,sylva is repl5i%'d1 & w\ld !re=e h be5 "h omitt$1 _h n ! ,figure ( !m1 z !y appe>'d ?r\gh ! ,microscope be5 be=e t engrav54 ,?is ,petrify'd sub/ance resembl$ ,wood1 9 t ,fir/1 all ! p>ts ( x seem'd n at all dislocat$1 or alt]'d f _! natural ,position1 :il'/ !y 7 ,wood1 b ! :ole piece reta9'd ! exact %ape ( ,wood1 hav+ _m ( ! conspicu\s pores ( wood /ill rema9+ pores1 & %ew+ a manife/ diff]5ce visible en\gh betwe5 ! gra9 ( ! ,wood & t ( ! b>k1 especially :5 any side ( x 0 cut smoo? & polite2 = !n x appe>'d to h a v lovely gra91 l t ( "s curi\s close ,wood4 ,next 7x resembl$ ,wood7 9 t all ! small] & 7if ,i may s call ^? :i* are onely visible ) a good magnify+ ,glass7 ,microscopical pores ( x appe> 7bo? :5 ! sub/ance is cut & poli%'d transv]sly & p>allel to ! pores ( x7 p]fectly l ! ,microscopical pores ( sev]al k9ds ( ,wood1 especially l & equal to ^? ( sev]al sorts ( rott5 ,wood :i* ,i h s9ce obs]v'd1 reta9+ bo? ! %ape1 position & magnitude ( su* pores4 ,x 0 diff]+ f ,wood3 ,fir/2 9 weight1 be+ to common wat] z #c to #a4 :]eas !re are few ( our ,engli% ,woods1 t :5 v dry are f\nd to be full z heavie z wat]4 ,secondly1 9 h>dness1 be+ v ne] z h>d z a ,fl9t2 & 9 "s places ( x also resembl+ ! gra9 ( a ,fl9t3 &1 l x1 x w\ld v readily cut ,glass1 & w\ld n )\t difficulty1 especially 9 "s p>ts ( x1 be scrat*'d by a black h>d ,fl9t3 ,x w\ld also z readily /rike fire aga9/ a ,/eel1 or aga9/ a ,fl9t1 z any common ,fl9t4 ,?irdly1 9 ! clos5ess ( x1 = ?\gh all ! ,microscopical pores ( ?is petrify'd sub/ance 7 v conspicu\s 9 "o position1 yet by alt]+ t position ( ! poli%'d surface to ! light1 x 0 also manife/1 t ^? pores appe>'d d>k] !n ! re/ ( ! body1 onely because !y 7 fill'd up ) a m duskie sub/ance1 & n because !y 7 holl[4 ,f\r?ly1 9 its incombu/ibl5ess1 9 t x w\ld n burn 9 ! fire2 nay1 ?\gh ,i kept x a good :ile r$-hot 9 ! flame ( a ,lamp1 made v int5se by ! bla/ ( a small ,pipe1 & a l>ge ,*>coal1 yet x seem'd n at all to h dim9i%'d its ext5sion2 b only ,i f\nd x to h *ang'd its col\r1 & to appe> ( a m d>k & duskie br[n col\r2 nor c\ld ,i p]ceive t ^? p>ts :i* seem'd to h be5 ,wood at fir/1 7 any ?+ wa/$1 b ! p>ts appe>'d z solid & close z be=e4 ,x 0 fur!r obs]vable also1 t z x did n consume l ,wood1 s nei!r did x crack & flie l a ,fl9t1 or su* l h>d ,/one1 nor 0 x long be=e x appe>'d r$-hot4 ,fif?ly1 9 its dissolubl5ess2 = putt+ "s drops ( di/ill'd ,v9eg> ^u ! ,/one1 ,i f\nd x pres5tly to yield v _m ,bubbles1 j l ^? :i* may be obs]v'd 9 _s ( ,v9eg> :5 x corrodes corals1 ?\gh p]haps _m ( ^? small ,bubbles might proce$ f "s small p>cels ( ,air :i* 7 driv5 out ( ! pores ( ?is petrify'd sub/ance by ! ins9uat+ liquid m5/ruum4 ,six?ly1 9 its rigidness1 & friability1 be+ n at all flexible b brittle l a ,fl9t1 insomu* t ,i c\ld ) "o knock ( a ,hamm] break (f a piece ( x1 & ) a few m1 r$uce t into a pretty f9e p[d]4 ,sev5?ly1 x seem'd also v diff]+ f ,wood to ! t\*1 feel+ m cold !n ,wood usually does1 & mu* l o!r close /ones & ,m9]als4 ,! ,reasons ( all :i* ,phnom5a seem to be1 ,t petrify'd ,wood hav+ la9 9 "s place :]e x 0 well soak'd ) petrify+ wat] 7t is1 su* a wat] z is well impregnat$ ) /ony & e>?y p>ticles7 did by degrees sep>ate1 ei!r by /ra9+ & filtration1 or p]haps1 by precipitation1 cohesion or coagulation1 abundance ( /ony p>ticles f ! p]meat+ wat]1 :i* /ony p>ticles1 be+ by means ( ! fluid vehicle convey'd1 n onely into ! ,microscopical pores1 & s p]fectly /opp+ !m up1 b also into ! pores or int]/itia1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be ev5 9 ! texture or ,s*ematisme ( t "p ( ! ,wood1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 appe>s mo/ solid1 d !reby s augm5t ! weight ( ! ,wood1 z to make x above ?ree times heavi] !n wat]1 & p]haps1 six times z heavie z x 0 :5 ,wood4 ,next1 !y !reby s lock up & fett] ! p>ts ( ! ,wood1 t ! fire _c easily make !m flie away1 b ! action ( ! fire ^u !m is onely able to ,*> ^? p>ts1 z x 71 l a piece ( ,wood1 if x be clos'd v fa/ up 9 ,clay1 & kept a good :ile r$-hot 9 ! fire1 w by ! heat ( ! fire be *>r'd & n consum'd1 :i* may1 p]haps1 also be some:at ( ! cause1 :y ! petrify'd sub/ance appe>'d ( a d>k br[n col\r aft] x _h be5 burnt4 ,by ?is intrusion ( ! petrify+ p>ticles1 ?is sub/ance also becomes h>d & friable2 = ! small] pores ( ! ,wood be+ p]fectly w$g'd1 & /uft up ) ^? /ony p>ticles1 ! small p>ts ( ! ,wood h no places or pores into :i* !y may slide ^u b5d+1 & consequ5tly little or no flexion or yield+ at all c be caus'd 9 su* a sub/ance4 ,! rema9+ p>ticles likewise ( ! ,wood among ! /ony p>ticles1 may keep !m f crack+ & fly+ :5 put into ! fire1 z !y are v apt to d 9 a ,fl9t4 ,nor is ,wood ! onely sub/ance t may by ?is k9d ( transmutation be *ang'd into /one2 = ,i my self h se5 & exam9'd v _m k9ds ( sub/ances1 & among v cr$ible ,au?\rs1 we may meet ) ,hi/ories ( su* ,metamorphoses wr\ght almo/ on all k9d ( sub/ances1 bo? ,vegetable & ,animal1 :i* ,hi/ories1 x is n my bus9ess at pres5t1 ei!r to relate1 or epitomise1 b only to set d[n "s ,obs]vation ,i lately made on sev]al k9d ( petrify'd ,%els1 f\nd ab\t ,ke9%am1 :i* lies )9 f\r or five miles ( ,bri/ol1 :i* are commonly call'd ,s]p5t9e-/ones4 ,exam9+ sev]al ( ^! v curi\sly figur'd bodies 7:i* are commonly ?\ght to be ,/ones =m'd by "s extraord9>y ,pla/ick virtue lat5t 9 ! ,e>? x self7 ,i took notice ( ^! p>ticul>s3 ,fir/1 t ^! figur$ bodies1 or /ones1 7 ( v diff]+ sub/ances1 z to h>dness3 "s ( ,clay1 "s ,m>le1 "s s(t ,/one1 almo/ ( ! h>dness ( ^? s(t /ones :i* ,masons call ,fire-/one1 o!rs z h>d z ,portl& /one1 o!rs z h>d z ,m>ble1 & "s z h>d z a ,fl9t or ,cry/al4 ,next1 !y 7 ( v diff]+ sub/ances z to transp>5cy & col\r2 "s :ite1 "s almo/ black1 "s br[n1 "s ,metall9e1 or l ,m>*asites2 "s transp>5t l :ite ,m>ble1 o!rs l flaw'd ,cry/al1 "s gray1 "s ( div]s col\rs2 "s radiat$ l ^? long petrify'd drops1 :i* are commonly f\nd at ! ,peak1 & 9 o!r subt]rane\s cav]ns1 :i* h a k9d ( pi? 9 ! middle4 ,?irdly1 t !y 7 v diff]5t z to ! mann] ( _! outw>d figuration2 = "s ( !m seem'd to h be5 ! sub/ance t _h fill'd ! ,%ell ( "s k9d ( ,%el-fi%2 o!rs1 to h be5 ! sub/ance t _h conta9'd or enwrapp'd "o ( ^? ,%els1 on bo? :i*1 ! p]fect impression ei!r ( ! inside or outside ( su* ,%ells seem'd to be left1 b = ! mo/ "p1 ^? impressions seem'd to be made by an imp]fect or brok5 ,%ell1 ! great end or m\? ( ! ,%ell be+ always want+1 & (t5times ! little end1 & sometimes half1 & 9 "s !re 7 impressions1 j z if !re _h be5 holes brok5 9 ! figurat+1 impr9t+ or m\ld+ ,%ell2 "s ( !m seem'd to be made by su* a ,%ell v mu* brus$ or flaw'd1 insomu* t "o w\ld v]ily h ?\ght t v figur'd /one _h be5 brok5 or brus$ :il/ a gelly1 z 'tw]e1 & s h>dn$1 b )9 9 ! gra9 ( ! /one1 !re appe>'d n ! lea/ sign ( any su* bruse or break+1 b onely on ! v utt]mo/ sup]ficies4 ,f\r?ly1 !y 7 v diff]5t1 z to _! outw>d cov]+1 "s hav+ ! p]fect ,%ell1 bo? 9 figure1 col\r1 & sub/ance1 /ick+ on ^u its surface1 & adh]+ to x1 b might v easily be sep>at$ f x1 & l o!r common ,cockle or ,scolop-%els1 :i* "s ( !m mo/ accurately resembl$1 7 v dissoluble 9 common ,v9eg>1 o!rs ( !m1 especially ^? ,s]p5t9e1 or ,helical /ones 7 cov]'d or reta9$ ! %9+ or ,pe>l-col\r'd sub/ance ( ! inside ( a ,%el1 :i* sub/ance1 on "s p>ts ( !m1 0 exce$+ ?91 & might v easily be rubb$ (f2 on o!r p>ts x 0 pretty ?ick1 & reta9$ a :ite coat1 or flaky sub/ance on ! top1 j l ! outsides ( su* ,%ells2 "s ( !m _h v l>ge pieces ( ! ,%ell v pla9ly /ick+ on to !m1 :i* 7 easily to be brok5 or flak$ (f by degrees3 !y likewise1 "s ( !m reta9'd all along ! surface ( !m v pretty k9d ( sutures1 su* z are obs]v'd 9 ! skulls ( sev]al k9ds ( liv+ creatures1 :i* sutures 7 mo/ curi\sly %ap'd 9 ! mann] ( leaves1 & e "o ( !m 9 ! same ,%ell1 exactly "o l ano!r1 :i* ,i 0 able to discov] pla9ly en\gh ) my nak$ eye1 b m p]fectly & di/9ctly ) my ,microscope2 all ^! sutures1 by break+ "s ( ^! /ones1 ,i f\nd to be ! t]m9i1 or b\nd+s ( c]ta9 diaphragms1 or p>titions1 :i* seem'd to divide ! cavity ( ! ,%ell into a multitude ( v proportionate & regul> cells or cav]ns1 ^! ,diaphragms1 9 _m ( !m1 ,i f\nd v p]fect & compleat1 ( a v di/9ct sub/ance f t :i* fill'd ! cavities1 & exactly ( ! same k9d ) t :i* cov]$ ! outside1 be+ = ! mo/ "p :iti%1 or "m ( pe>l col\r'd4 ,z = ! cavities betwe5 ^? ,diaphragms1 ,i f\nd "s ( !m fill'd ) ,m>le1 & o!rs ) sev]al k9ds ( /ones1 o!rs1 = ! mo/ "p holl[1 onely ! :ole cavity 0 usually cov]$ ov] ) a k9d ( t>t>e\s petrify'd sub/ance1 :i* /uck ab\t ! sides1 & 0 !re %ot into v curi\s regul> ,figures1 j z ,t>t>1 or o!r dissolv'd ,salts are obs]v'd to /ick & cry/allize ab\t ! sides ( ! conta9+ ,vessels2 or l ^? little ,diamants :i* ,i be=e obs]v$ to h cov]$ ! vault$ cavity ( a ,fl9t2 o!rs _h ^! cavities all l9'd ) a k9d ( metall9e or m>*asite-l sub/ance1 :i* ) a ,microscope ,i c\ld z pla9ly see mo/ curi\sly & regul>ly figur$1 z ,i _h done ^? 9 a ,fl9t4 ,f all :i*1 & sev]al o!r p>ticul>s :i* ,i obs]v'd1 ,i _c b ?9k1 t all ^!1 & mo/ o!r k9ds ( /ony bodies :i* are f\nd ?us /rangely figur$1 d owe _! =mation & figuration1 n to any k9d ( ,pla/ick virtue inh]5t 9 ! e>?1 b to ! ,%ells ( c]ta9 ,%el-fi%es1 :i*1 ei!r by "s ,deluge1 ,inundation1 ,e>?quake1 or "s su* o!r means1 came to be ?r[n to t place1 & !re to be fill'd ) "s k9d ( ,mudd or ,clay1 or petrify+ ,wat]1 or "s o!r sub/ance1 :i* 9 tract ( "t has be5 settl$ toge!r & h>dn$ 9 ^? %elly m\lds into ^? %ap$ sub/ances we n[ f9d !m2 t ! great & ?9 end ( ^! ,%ells by t ,e>?quake1 or :at ev] o!r extraord9>y cause x 0 t br\ght !m ?i!r1 0 brok5 (f2 & t _m o!rs 7 o!rwise brok51 bruis$ & disfigur$2 t ^! ,%ells :i* are ?us spiralli$ & sep>at$ ) ,diaphragmes1 7 "s k9d ( ,nautili or ,porcelane %ells2 & t o!rs 7 %ells ( ,cockles1 ,muscles1 ,p]iw9cles1 ,scolops1 c4 ( v>i\s sorts2 t ^! ,%ells 9 _m1 f ! p>ticul> nature ( ! conta9+ or enclos'd ,e>?1 or "s o!r cause1 h 9 tract ( "t rott$ & m\ldr$ away1 & onely left _! impressions1 bo? on ! conta9+ & conta9$ sub/ances2 & s left !m pretty loose "o )9 ano!r1 s t !y may be easily sep>at$ by a knock or two ( a ,hamm]4 ,t o!rs ( ^! ,%ells1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ances adjac5t to !m1 h1 by a long cont9uance 9 t po/ure1 be5 petrify'd & turn'd into ! nature ( /one1 j z ,i ev5 n[ obs]v'd sev]al sorts ( ,wood to be4 ,t (t5times ! ,%ell may be f\nd ) "o k9d ( sub/ance )91 & q ano!r )\t2 hav+1 p]haps1 be5 fill'd 9 "o place1 & aft]w>ds translat$ to ano!r1 :i* ,i h v frequ5tly obs]v'd 9 ,cockle1 ,muscle1 ,p]iw9cle1 & o!r %ells1 :i* ,i h f\nd by ! ,sea side4 ,nay1 fur!r1 t "s p>ts ( ! same ,%ell may be fill'd 9 "o place1 & "s o!r cav]ns 9 ano!r1 & o!rs 9 a ?ird1 or a f\r?1 or a fif? place1 = s _m diff]+ sub/ances h ,i f\nd 9 "o ( ^! petrify'd ,%ells1 & p]haps all ^! diff]+ f ! encompass+ e>? or /one2 ! means h[ all :i* v>ieties may be caus'd1 ,i ?9k1 w n be difficult to conceive1 to any "o t has tak5 notice ( ^? ,%ells1 :i* are commonly f\nd on ! ,sea %ore3 ,& he t %all ?r\ghly exam9e sev]al k9ds ( su* curi\sly =m'd /ones1 w 7,i am v apt to ?9k7 f9d reason to suppose _! g5]ation or =mation to be ascribable to "s su* accid5ts z ,i h m5tion'd1 & n to any ,pla/ick virtue3 ,= x seems to me q contr>y to ! inf9ite prud5ce ( ,nature1 :i* is obs]vable 9 all its works & productions1 to design e ?+ to a det]m9ate end1 & = ! atta9+ ( t end1 makes use ( su* ways z are 7z f>r z ! k ( man has yet be5 able to rea*7 altoge!r consonant1 & mo/ agreeable to man's reason1 & ( no way or means t does contradict1 or is contr>y to humane ,ratioc9ation2 :5ce x has a long "t be5 a g5]al obs]vation & maxime1 t ,nature does no?+ 9 va92 ,x seems1 ,i say1 contr>y to t great ,wisdom ( ,nature1 t ^! prettily %ap'd bodies %\ld h all ^? curi\s ,figures & contrivances 7:i* _m ( !m are adorn'd & contriv'd )7 g5]at$ or wr\ght by a ,pla/ick virtue1 = no high] end1 !n onely to exhibite su* a =m2 :i* he t %all ?r\ghly consid] all ! circum/ances ( su* k9d ( ,figur'd bodies1 w1 ,i ?9k1 h great reason to believe1 ?\gh1 ,i confess1 "o _c pres5tly be able to f9d out :at ,nature's designs are4 ,x 7 !re=e v desirable1 t a good collection ( su* k9d ( figur'd /ones 7 collect$2 & z _m p>ticul>s1 circum/ances1 & in=mations collect$ ) !m z c\ld be obta9$1 t f su* a ,hi/ory ( ,obs]vations well rang'd1 exam9'd & dige/$1 ! true orig9al or production ( all ^? k9ds ( /ones might be p]fectly & surely kn[n2 su* z are ,?und]-/ones1 ,lapides ,/ell>es1 ,lapides ,judaici1 & multitudes ( o!r1 :]e( m5tion is made 9 ,aldon&us1 ,wormius1 & o!r ,writ]s ( ,m9]als4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xviii4 ,( ! ,s*ematisme or ,texture ( ,cork1 & ( ! ,cells & ,pores ( "s o!r su* fro?y ,bodies4 ,i took a good cle> piece ( ,cork1 & ) a ,p5-knife %>p5'd z ke5 z a ,razor1 ,i cut a piece ( x (f1 & !reby left ! surface ( x exce$+ smoo?1 !n exam9+ x v dilig5tly ) a ,microscope1 me ?\ght ,i c\ld p]ceive x to appe> a little por\s2 b ,i c\ld n s pla9ly di/+ui% !m1 z to be sure t !y 7 pores1 mu* less :at ,figure !y 7 (3 ,b judg+ f ! lightness & yield+ quality ( ! ,cork1 t c]ta9ly ! texture c\ld n be s curi\s1 b t possibly1 if ,i c\ld use "s fur!r dilig5ce1 ,i might f9d x to be disc]nable ) a ,microscope1 ,i ) ! same %>p ,p5knife1 cut (f f ! =m] smoo? surface an exce$+ ?9 piece ( x1 & plac+ x on a black object ,plate1 because x 0 x self a :ite body1 & ca/+ ! light on x ) a deep plano convex ,glass1 ,i c\ld exce$+ pla9ly p]ceive x to be all p]=at$ & por\s1 mu* l a ,honey-comb1 b t ! pores ( x 7 n regul>2 yet x 0 n unlike a ,honey-comb 9 ^! p>ticul>s4 ,fir/1 9 t x _h a v little solid sub/ance1 9 comp>ison ( ! empty cavity t 0 conta9'd betwe51 z does m manife/ly appe> by ! ,figure ,a & ,b ( ! ,,xi4 ,s*eme1 = ! ,int]/itia1 or walls 7z ,i may s call !m7 or p>titions ( ^? pores 7 ne] z ?9 9 proportion to _! pores1 z ^? ?9 films ( ,wax 9 a ,honey-comb 7:i* enclose & con/itute ! sexangul> celts7 are to !irs4 ,next1 9 t ^! pores1 or cells1 7 n v deep1 b consi/$ ( a great _m little ,boxes1 sep>at$ out ( "o cont9u$ long pore1 by c]ta9 ,diaphragms1 z is visible by ! ,figure ,b1 :i* repres5ts a sight ( ^? pores split ! long-ways4 ,i no soon] disc]n'd ^! 7:i* 7 inde$ ! fir/ microscopical pores ,i ev] saw1 & p]haps1 t 7 ev] se51 = ,i _h n met ) any ,writ] or ,p]son1 t _h made any m5tion ( !m be=e ?is7 b me ?\ght ,i _h ) ! discov]y ( !m1 pres5tly h9t$ to me ! true & intelligible reason ( all ! ,phnom5a ( ,cork2 ,z1 ,fir/1 if ,i enquir'd :y x 0 s exce$+ light a body8 my ,microscope c\ld pres5tly in=m me t "h 0 ! same reason evid5t t !re is f\nd = ! lightness ( fro?1 an empty ,honey-comb1 ,wool1 a ,spunge1 a ,pumice-/one1 or ! l2 namely1 a v small quantity ( a solid body1 ext5d$ into exce$+ l>ge dim5sions4 ,next1 x seem'd no?+ m difficult to give an intelligible reason1 :y ,cork is a body s v unapt to suck & dr9k 9 ,wat]1 & consequ5tly pres]ves x self1 float+ on ! top ( ,wat]1 ?\gh left on x nev] s long3 & :y x is able to /op & hold air 9 a ,bottle1 ?\gh x be !re v mu* cond5s'd & consequ5tly presses v /rongly to get a passage out1 )\t suff]+ ! lea/ bubble to pass ?r\gh its sub/ance4 ,=1 z to ! fir/1 s9ce our ,microscope in=ms u t ! sub/ance ( ,cork is altoge!r fill'd ) ,air1 & t t ,air is p]fectly enclos$ 9 little ,boxes or ,cells di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,x seems v pla91 :y nei!r ! ,wat]1 nor any o!r ,air c easily ins9uate x self into !m1 s9ce !re is already )9 !m an intus exi/5s1 & consequ5tly1 :y ! pieces ( ,cork become s good floats = ,nets1 & /opples = ,viols1 or o!r close ,vessels4 ,& ?irdly1 if we enquire :y ,cork has su* a spr+9ess & swell+ nature :5 compress'd8 & h[ x comes to suff] s great a compression1 or seem+ p5etration ( dim5sions1 s z to be made a sub/ance z heavie aga9 & m1 bulk = bulk1 z x 0 be=e compression1 & yet suff]'d to return1 is f\nd to ext5d x self aga9 into ! same space8 ,our ,microscope w easily in=m u1 t ! :ole mass consi/s ( an inf9ite company ( small ,boxes or ,bladd]s ( ,air1 :i* is a sub/ance ( a spr+y nature1 & t w suff] a consid]able cond5sation 7z ,i h sev]al times f\nd by div]s trials1 by :i* ,i h mo/ evid5tly cond5s'd x into less !n a tw5tie? "p ( its usual dim5sions ne] ! ,e>?1 & t ) no o!r /r5g? !n t ( my h&s )\t any k9d ( =c+ ,eng9e1 su* z ,racks1 ,leav]s1 ,:eels1 ,pullies1 or ! l1 b ?is onely by & by7 & besides1 x seems v probable t ^? v films or sides ( ! pores1 h 9 !m a spr++ quality1 z almo/ all o!r k9d ( ,vegetable sub/ances h1 s z to help to re/ore !mselves to _! =m] position4 ,& c\ld we s easily & c]ta9ly discov] ! ,s*ematisme & ,texture ev5 ( ^! films1 & ( sev]al o!r bodies1 z we c ^! ( ,cork2 !re seems no probable reason to ! contr>y1 b t we might z readily r5d] ! true reason ( all _! ,phnom5a2 z namely1 :at 7 ! cause ( ! spr+9ess1 & t\ghness ( "s1 bo? z to _! flexibility & re/itution4 ,:at1 ( ! friability or brittl5ess ( "s o!rs1 & ! l2 b till su* "t z our ,microscope1 or "s o!r means1 enable u to discov] ! true ,s*ematism & ,texture ( all k9ds ( bodies1 we mu/ grope1 z x 71 9 ! d>k1 & onely ghess at ! true reasons ( ?+s by similitudes & comp>isons4 ,b1 to return to our ,obs]vation4 ,i told sev]al l9es ( ^! pores1 & f\nd t !re 7 usually ab\t ?reescore ( ^! small ,cells plac$ end-ways 9 ! eighte5? "p ( an ,in* 9 l5g?1 :5ce ,i conclud$ !re mu/ be ne] elev5 hundr$ ( !m1 or some:at m !n a ?\s& 9 ! l5g? ( an ,in*1 & !re=e 9 a squ>e ,in* above a ,million1 or #aaffdjj4 & 9 a ,cubick ,in*1 above twelve hundr$ ,millions1 or #abeigabjjj4 a ?+ almo/ incr$ible1 did n our ,microscope assure u ( x by ocul> demon/ration2 nay1 did x n discov] to u ! pores ( a body1 :i* 7 !y diaphragm'd1 l ^? ( ,cork1 w\ld af=d u 9 "o ,cubick ,in*1 m !n t5 times z _m little ,cells1 z is evid5t 9 sev]al *>r'd ,vegetables2 s prodigi\sly curi\s are ! works ( ,nature1 t ev5 ^! conspicu\s pores ( bodies1 :i* seem to be ! *annels or pipes ?r\gh :i* ! ,succus nutritius1 or natural juices ( ,vegetables are convey'd1 & seem to correspond to ! ve9s1 art]ies & o!r ,vessels 9 s5sible creatures1 t ^! pores ,i say1 :i* seem to be ! ,vessels ( nutrition to ! va/e/ body 9 ! ,_w1 are yet s exce$+ small1 t ! ,atoms :i* ,epicurus fancy'd w\ld g ne] to prove too bigg to ent] !m1 mu* m to con/itute a fluid body 9 !m4 ,& h[ inf9itely small] !n mu/ be ! ,vessels ( a ,mite1 or ! pores ( "o ( ^? little ,vegetables ,i h discov]$ to gr[ on ! back side ( a ,rose-leaf1 & %all anon m fully describe1 ^: bulk is _m millions ( times less !n ! bulk ( ! small %rub x gr[s on2 & ev5 t %rub1 _m millions ( times less 9 bulk !n sev]al trees 7t h h]et(ore gr[n 9 ,engl&1 & are ?is day fl\ri%+ 9 o!r hott] ,climates1 z we are v cr$ibly in=m'd7 if at lea/ ! pores ( ?is small ,vegetable %\ld keep any su* proportion to ! body ( x1 z we h f\nd ^! pores ( o!r ,vegetables to d to _! bulk4 ,b ( ^! pores ,i h said m else:]e4 ,to proce$ !n1 ,cork seems to be by ! transv]se con/itution ( ! pores1 a k9d ( ,fungus or ,mu%rome1 = ! pores lie l s _m ,rays t5d+ f ! c5t]1 or pi? ( ! tree1 outw>ds2 s t if y cut (f a piece f a bo>d ( ,cork transv]sly1 to ! flat ( x1 y w1 z x 71 split ! pores1 & !y w appe> j z !y are express'd 9 ! ,figure ,b ( ! ,,xi4 ,s*eme4 ,b if y %ave (f a v ?9 piece f ?is bo>d1 p>allel to ! pla9 ( x1 y w cut all ! pores transv]sly1 & !y w appe> almo/ z !y are express'd 9 ! ,figure ,a1 save onely ! solid ,int]/itia w n appe> s ?ick z !y are !re repres5t$4 ,s t ,cork seems to suck its n\ri%m5t f ! subjac5t b>k ( ! ,tree imm$iately1 & to be a k9d ( excresc5ce1 or a sub/ance di/9ct f ! sub/ances ( ! entire ,tree1 some?+ analogus to ! ,mu%rome1 or ,moss on o!r ,trees1 or to ! hairs on ,animals4 ,& hav+ enquir'd into ! ,hi/ory ( ,cork1 ,i f9d x reckon$ z an excresc5cy ( ! b>k ( a c]ta9 ,tree1 :i* is di/9ct f ! two b>ks t lie )9 x1 :i* are common also to o!r trees2 ,t 'tis "s "t be=e ! ,cork t cov]s ! "y & t5d] spr\ts comes to be disc]nable2 ,t x cracks1 flaws1 & cleaves into _m great *aps1 ! b>k und]nea? rema9+ entire2 ,t x may be sep>at$ & remov'd f ! ,tree1 & yet ! two "u-b>ks 7su* z are also common to t ) o!r ,trees7 n at all injur'd1 b r help$ & fre$ f an ext]nal injury4 ,?us ,jon/onus 9 ,d5drologia1 speak+ de ,sub]e1 says1 ,arbor e/ proc]a1 ,lignum e/ robu/um1 dempto cortice 9 aquis non fluitat1 ,cortice 9 orbem detracto juvatur1 crascesc5s enim pr/r+it /rangulat1 intra tri5nium it]um repletur3 ,caudex ubi adolescit crassus1 cortex sup]ior d5sus c>nosus1 duos digitos crassus1 scab]1 rimosus1 qui nisi detrahatur dehiscit1 alioque subnasc5te expellitur1 int]ior qui sube/ novellus ita rubet ut arbor m9io picta videatur4 ,:i* ,hi/ories1 if well consid]'d1 & ! tree1 sub/ance1 & mann] ( gr[+1 if well exam9'd1 w\ld1 ,i am v apt to believe1 mu* confirm ?is my conjecture ab\t ! orig9ation ( ,cork4 ,nor is ?is k9d ( ,texture peculi> to ,cork onely2 = ^u exam9ation ) my ,microscope1 ,i h f\nd t ! pi? ( an ,eld]1 or almo/ any o!r ,tree1 ! inn] pulp or pi? ( ! ,cany holl[ /alks ( sev]al o!r ,vegetables3 z ( ,f5nel1 ,c>rets1 ,daucus1 ,bur-docks1 ,teasels1 ,fe>n1 "s k9ds ( ,re$s1 c4 h mu* su* a k9d ( ,s*ematisme1 z ,i h lately %ewn t ( ,cork1 save onely t "h ! pores are rang'd ! long-ways1 or ! same ways ) ! l5g? ( ! ,cane1 :]eas 9 ,cork !y are transv]se4 ,! pi? also t fills t "p ( ! /alk ( a ,fea!r t is above ! ,quil1 has mu* su* a k9d ( texture1 save onely t :i* way soev] ,i set ?is light sub/ance1 ! pores seem'd to be cut transv]sly2 s t ,i ghess ?is pi? :i* fills ! ,fea!r1 n to consi/ ( abundance ( long pores sep>at$ ) ,diaphragms1 z ,cork does1 b to be a k9d ( solid or h>dn$ fro?1 or a cong]ies ( v small bubbles consolidat$ 9 t =m1 into a pretty /iff z well z t\gh concrete1 & t ea* ,cav]n1 ,bubble1 or ,cell1 is di/9ctly sep>ate f any ( ! re/1 )\t any k9d ( hole 9 ! encompass+ films1 s t ,i c\ld no m bl[ ?r\gh a piece ( ?is k9de ( sub/ance1 !n ,i c\ld ?r\gh a piece ( ,cork1 or ! s\nd pi? ( an ,eld]4 ,b ?\gh ,i c\ld n ) my ,microscope1 nor ) my brea?1 nor any o!r way ,i h yet try'd1 discov] a passage out ( "o ( ^? cavities into ano!r1 yet ,i _c !nce conclude1 t !re=e !re are none su*1 by :i* ! ,succus nutritius1 or appropriate juices ( ,vegetables1 may pass ?r\gh !m2 =1 9 sev]al ( ^? ,vegetables1 :il'/ gre51 ,i h ) my ,microscope1 pla9ly en\gh discov]'d ^! ,cells or ,poles fill'd ) juices1 & by degrees sweat+ !m out2 z ,i h also obs]v$ 9 gre5 ,wood all ^? long ,microscopical pores :i* appe> 9 ,*>coal p]fectly empty ( any ?+ b ,air4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i h ) great dilig5ce endeav\r$ to f9d :e!r !re be any su* ?+ 9 ^? ,microscopical pores ( ,wood or ,pi?s1 z ! ,valves 9 ! he>t1 ve9s1 & o!r passages ( ,animals1 t op5 & give passage to ! conta9'd fluid juices "o way1 & %ut !mselves1 & imp$e ! passage ( su* liquors back aga91 yet h ,i n hi!rto be5 able to say any ?+ positive 9 x2 ?\gh1 me ?9ks1 x seems v probable1 t ,nature has 9 ^! passages1 z well z 9 ^? ( ,animal bodies1 v _m appropriat$ ,in/rum5ts & contrivances1 :]eby to br+ h] designs & end to pass1 :i* 'tis n improbable1 b t "s dilig5t ,obs]v]1 if help'd ) bett] ,microscopes1 may 9 "t detect4 ,& t ?is may be s1 seems ) great probability to be argu$ f ! /range ,phnom5a ( s5sitive ,plants1 :]e9 ,nature seems to p]=m sev]al ,animal actions ) ! same ,s*ematism or ,org9ization t is common to all ,vegetables1 z may appe> by "s no less in/ructive !n curi\s ,obs]vations t 7 made by div]s ,em95t ,memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society on "s ( ^! k9d ( ,plants1 :]e( an acc\nt 0 deliv]$ 9 to !m by ! mo/ ,+5i\s & ,excell5t ,physician1 ,doctor ,cl>k1 :i*1 hav+ t lib]ty grant$ me by t mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,society1 ,i h h]eunto adjoyn'd4 ,obs]vations on ! ,humble & ,s5sible ,plants 9 ,m ,*iff9's ,g>d5 9 ,sa9t ,james's ,p>k1 made ,augu/ ! #i?1 #affa4 ,pres5t1 ! ,"l ,br\nck]1 ,sr4 ,rob]t ,moray1 ,dr4 ,wilk9s1 ,mr4 ,evel91 ,dr4 ,h5%aw1 & ,dr4 ,cl>k4 ,!re are f\r ,plants1 two ( :i* are little %rub ,plants1 ) a little %ort /ock1 ab\t an ,in* above ! gr\nd1 f :5ce are spread sev]al /icky bran*es1 r\nd1 /reight1 & smoo? 9 ! di/ances betwe5 ! ,spr\ts1 b j "u ! ,spr\ts !re are two %>p ?orny prickles1 broad 9 ! lett+ on1 z 9 ! ,bramble1 "o j "u ! ,spr\t1 ! o!r on ! opposite side ( ! bran*4 #ad,! di/ances betwixt ! ,spr\ts are usually some?+ m !n an ,in*1 & _m ^u a ,bran*1 accord+ to its l5g?1 & !y grew s1 t if ! l[] ,spr\t be on ! left side ( ! ,bran*1 ! next above is on ! "r1 & s to ! end1 n spr\t+ by pairs4 ,at ! end ( ea* ,spr\t are g5]ally f\r sprigs1 two at ! ,extremity1 & "o on ea* side1 j "u x4 ,at ! fir/ spr\t+ ( ^! f ! ,bran* to ! ,sprig :]e ! leaves gr[1 !y are full ( little %ort :ite hairs1 :i* we> (f z ! leaves gr[1 & !n !y are smoo? z ! ,bran*4 ,^u ea* ( ^! sprigs1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 elev5 pair ( leaves1 neatly set into ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! little sprig1 exactly "o aga9/ ano!r1 z x 7 9 little articulations1 su* z ,anatomi/s call ,en>?rosis1 :]e ! r\nd head ( a ,bone is receiv$ into ano!r fitt$ = its motion2 & /&+ v fitly to %ut !mselves & t\*1 ! pairs j above !m clos+ some:at ^u !m1 z 9 ! %ut sprig2 s is ! little r\nd ,p$unculus ( ?is leaf fitt$ into a little cavity ( ! sprig1 visible to ! eye 9 a sprig new pluck'd1 or 9 a sprig )]$ on ! ,bran*1 f :i* ! leaves easily fall by t\*+4 ,! leaf be+ almo/ an oblong squ>e1 & set into ! ,p$unculus1 at "o ( ! l[] corn]s1 receive? f t n onely a ,sp9e1 z ,i may call x1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! leaf1 divides x s l5g?-ways t ! out]-side is broad] !n ! inn] next ! sprig1 b little fibres pass+ obliquely t[>ds ! opposite broad] side1 seem to make x "h a little muscul>1 & fitt$ to move ! :ole leaf1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! :ole sprig1 are set full ) little %ort :iti% hairs4 ,"o ( ^! ,plants1 ^: bran* seem'd to be old] & m gr[n !n ! o!r1 onely ! t5d] ,spr\ts ( x1 aft] ! leaves are %ut1 fall & hang d[n2 ( ! o!r1 ! :ole bran*es fall to ! gr\nd1 if ! ,sun %9e v w>m1 ^u ! fir/ tak+ (f ! ,glass1 :i* ,i !re=e call ! humble ,plant4 ,! o!r two1 :i* d nev] fall1 nor d any ( _! bran*es flag & hang d[n1 %ut n _! leaves1 b ^u some:at a h>d /roke2 ! /alks seem to gr[ up f a root1 & appe> m h]bace\s1 !y are r\nd & smoo?1 )\t any prickle1 ! ,spr\ts f !m h sev]al pairs ( sprigs1 ) mu* less leaves !n ! o!r on !m1 & h on ea* sprig g5]ally sev5te5 pair4 ,^u t\*+ any ( ! sprigs ) leaves on1 all ! leaves on t sprig contract+ !mselves by pairs1 joyn$ _! upp] sup]ficies close toge!r4 ,^u ! dropp+ a drop ( ,aqua =tis on ! sprig betwixt ! leaves1 ff all ! leaves above %ut pres5tly1 ^? bel[ by pairs successively aft]1 & by ! l[] leaves ( ! o!r bran*es1 ll1 kk1 c4 & s e pair successively1 ) "s little di/ance ( "t betwixt1 to ! top ( ea* sprig1 & s !y cont9u'd %ut all ! "t we 7 !re4 ,b ,i return+ ! next day1 & sev]al days s9ce1 f\nd all ! leaves dilat$ aga9 on two ( ! sprigs2 b f ff1 :]e ! ,aqua =tis _h dropp$ upw>ds1 dead & )]$2 b ^? bel[ on ! same sprig1 gre51 & clos+ ^u ! t\*1 & are s to ?is day1 ,augu/ #ad4 ,) a pair ( ,sciss]s1 z sudd5ly z x c\ld be done1 "o ( ! leaves bb 0 clipp$ (f 9 ! middle1 ^u :i* t pair1 & ! pair above1 clos$ pres5tly1 aft] a little int]val1 dd1 !n ee1 & s ! re/ ( ! pairs1 to ! bottom ( ! sprig1 & !n ! motion began 9 ! l[] pairs1 ll1 on ! o!r sprigs1 & s %ut !m by pairs upw>ds1 ?\gh n ) su* di/9ct di/ances4 ,"u a pretty l>ge bran* ) its sprigs on1 !re ly+ a l>ge ,%ell betwixt two & ?ree ,in*es bel[ x1 !re 0 rubb$ on a /rong sc5t$ oyl1 aft] a little "t all ! leaves on t sprig 7 %ut1 & s !y cont9u$ all ! "t ( our /ay !re1 b at my returne ! next day1 ,i f\nd ! position ( ! ,%ell alt]'d1 & ! leaves exp&$ z be=e1 & clos+ ^u ! t\*4 ,^u ! application ( ! ,sun-beams by a ,burn+-glass1 ! m humble ,plant fell1 ! o!r %ut _! leaves4 ,we c\ld n s apply ! smoak ( ,sulph]1 z to h any visible effect f t1 at two or ?ree times trial2 b on ano!r trial1 ! smoak t\*+ ! leaves1 x succe$$4 ,! humble ,plant fell ^u tak+ (f ! ,glass :]e) x 0 cov]$4 ,cutt+ (f "o ( ! little ,spr\ts1 two or ?ree drops ( liquor 7 ?ru/ out ( ! "p f :5ce t 0 cut1 v cle]1 & pellucid1 ( a bright gre5i% col\r1 ta/+ at fir/ a little bitt]i%1 b aft] leav+ a licori%-l ta/e 9 my m\?4 ,s9ce1 go+ two or ?ree times :5 x 0 cold1 ,i took ! ,glasses f ! m humble ,plant1 & x did n fall z =m]ly1 b %ut its leaves onely4 ,b com+ aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,sun %one v w>m1 z soon z x 0 tak5 (f1 x fell z be=e4 ,s9ce ,i pluck'd (f ano!r sprig1 ^: leaves 7 all %ut1 & _h be5 s "s "t1 ?9k+ to obs]ve ! liquor %\ld come f t ,i _h brok5 (f1 b f9d+ none1 ?\gh ) press+1 to come1 ,i1 z dext]\sly z ,i c\ld1 pull'd (f "o ^: leaves 7 exp&$1 & !n _h ^u ! %utt+ ( ! leaves1 a little ( ! m5tion'd liquor1 f ! end ( ! sprig ,i _h brok5 f ! ,plant4 ,& ?is twice successively1 z (t5 almo/ z ,i dur/ rob ! ,plant4 ,b my curiosity c>ry+ me yet fur!r1 ,i cut (f "o ( ! h>d] bran*es ( ! /rong] ,plant1 & !re came ( ! liquor1 bo? f t ,i _h cut1 & t ,i _h cut x f1 )\t pressure4 ,:i* made me ?9k1 t ! motion ( ?is ,plant ^u t\*+1 might be f ?is1 t !re be+ a con/ant int]c\rse betwixt e "p ( ?is ,plant & its root1 ei!r by a circulation ( ?is liquor1 or a con/ant press+ ( ! subtil] p>ts ( x to e extremity ( ! ,plant4 ,^u e pressure1 f :atsoev] x proce$s1 great] !n t :i* keeps x up1 ! subtile p>ts ( ?is liquor are ?ru/ d[nw>ds1 t[>ds its articulations ( ! leaves1 :]e1 n hav+ room pres5tly to get into ! sprig1 ! little r\nd p$unculus1 f :5ce ! ,sp9e & ^? oblique ,fibres ,i m5tion$ rise1 be+ dilat$1 ! ,sp9e & ,fibres 7be+ cont9u$ f x7 mu/ be contract$ & %ortn$1 & s draw ! leaf upw>ds to joyn ) its fell[ 9 ! same condition ) x self1 :]e1 be+ clos$1 !y are held toge!r by ! implications ( ! little :iti% hair1 z well z by ! /ill retreat+ liquor1 :i* di/5d+ ! ,fibres t are cont9u$ l[] to ! bran* & root1 %ort5 !m above2 & :5 ! liquor is s mu* =c$ f ! ,spr\t1 ^: ,fibres are yet t5d]1 & n able to support !mselves1 b by t t5sness :i* ! liquor fill+ _! int]/ices gives !m1 ! ,spr\t hangs & flags4 ,b1 p]haps1 he t _h ! ability & leisure to give y ! exact ,anatomy ( ?is pretty ,plant1 to %ew y its ,fibres1 & visible ,canales1 ?r\gh :i* ?is f9e liquor circulate?1 or is mov$1 & _h ! faculty ( bett] & m copi\sly express+ 8 ,obs]vations & conceptions1 su* a "o w\ld easily f ! motion ( ?is liquor1 solve all ! ,phnom5a1 & w\ld n fe> to affirm1 t x is no obscure s5sation ?is ,plant ha?4 ,b ,i h said too mu*1 ,i humbly submit1 & am ready to /& correct$4 ,i h n yet made s full & satisfactory ,obs]vations z ,i desire on ?is ,plant1 :i* seems to be a ,subject t w af=d abundance ( in=mation4 ,b z f>r z ,i h _h opportunity to exam9e x1 ,i h discov]$ ) my ,microscope v curi\s /ructures & contrivances2 b design+ mu* m accurate exam9ations & trials1 bo? ) my ,microscope1 & o!rwise1 z soon z ! season w p]mit1 ,i %all n till !n add any ?+ ( :at ,i h already tak5 notice (2 b z f>r z ,i h yet obs]v'd1 ,i judge ! motion ( x to proce$ f causes v diff]+ f ^? by :i* ,gut-/r+s1 or ,lute-/r+s1 ! be>d ( a wilde ,oat1 or ! be>d ( ! ,se$s ( ,g]anium1 ,moscatum1 or ,musk-grass & o!r k9ds ( ,cranes-bill1 move !mselves4 ,( :i* ,i %all add m 9 ! subsequ5t ,obs]vations on ^? bodies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xix4 ,( a ,plant gr[+ 9 ! blight$ or yell[ specks ( ,damask-rose-leaves1 ,bramble-leaves1 & "s o!r k9d ( leaves4 ,i h = sev]al ye>s toge!r1 9 ! ,mone?s ( ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb] 7:5 any ( ! gre5 leaves ( ,roses beg9 to dry & gr[ yell[7 obs]v'd _m ( !m1 especially ! leaves ( ! old %rubs ( ,damask ,roses1 all bespeck$ ) yell[ /a9s2 & ! und]sides j aga9/ !m1 to h little yell[ hillocks ( a gumm\s sub/ance1 & sev]al ( !m to h small black spots 9 ! mid/ ( ^? yell[ ones1 :i*1 to ! nak$ eye1 appe>'d no bigg] !n ! po9t ( a ,p91 or ! smalle/ black spot or tittle ( ,ink "o is able to make ) a v %>p po9t$ ,p54 ,exam9+ ^! ) a ,microscope1 ,i 0 able pla9ly to di/+ui%1 up & d[n ! surface1 sev]al small yell[ knobs1 ( a k9d ( yell[i% r$ gummy sub/ance1 out ( :i* ,i p]ceiv'd !re sprung multitudes ( little cases or black bodies l ,se$-cods1 & ^? ( !m t 7 q )\t ! hillock ( ,gumm1 disclos'd !mselves to gr[ out ( x ) a small ,/raw-col\r'd & transp>5t /em1 ! :i* se$ & /em appe>'d v l ^? ( common ,moss 7:i* ,i else:]e describe7 b t !y 7 abundantly less1 _m hundr$s ( !m be+ n able to equalize "o s+le se$ ,cod ( ,moss4 ,i h (t5 d\bt$ :e!r !y 7 ! se$ ,cods ( "s little ,plant1 or "s k9d ( small ,buds1 or ! ,eggs ( "s v small ,insect1 !y appe>'d ( a d>k br[ni% r$1 "s almo/ q black1 & ( a ,figure mu* resembl+ ! se$-cod ( ,moss1 b _! /alks on :i* !y grew 7 ( a v f9e transp>5t sub/ance1 almo/ l ! /alk ( m\ld1 b t !y seem'd some:at m yell[4 ,t :i* makes me to suppose !m to be ,vegetables1 is = t ,i p]ceiv'd _m ( ^? hillocks b>e or de/itute1 z if ^? bodies lay yet conceal'd1 z ,g4 ,9 o!rs ( !m1 !y 7 j spr++ out ( _! gummy hillocks1 :i* all seem'd to %oot directly outw>ds1 z at ,a4 ,9 o!rs1 z at ,b1 ,i f\nd !m j gott5 out1 ) v little or no /alk1 & ! ,cods ( an indiff]5t cize2 b 9 o!rs1 z ,c1 ,i f\nd !m beg9 to h little %ort /alks1 or /ems2 9 o!rs1 z ,d1 ^? /ems 7 gr[n bigg]1 & l>g]2 & 9 o!rs1 z at ,e1 ,f1 ,h1 ,i1 ,k1 ,l1 c4 ^? /ems & ,cods 7 gr[n a great deal bigg]1 & ! /alks 7 m bulky ab\t ! root1 & v mu* tap]'d t[>ds ! top1 z at ,f & ,l is mo/ visible4 ,i did n f9d t any ( !m _h any se$ 9 !m1 or t any ( !m 7 holl[1 b z !y grew bigg] & bigg]1 ,i f\nd ^? heads or ,cods beg9 to turn _! tops t[>ds _! roots1 9 ! same mann] z ,i _h obs]v'd t ( ,moss to d2 s t 9 all likelihood1 ,nature did int5d 9 t po/ure1 :at %e does 9 ! l se$-cods ( great] bulk1 t is1 t ! se$1 :5 ripe1 %\ld be %ak5 out & disp]s$ at ! end ( x1 z we f9d 9 ,columb9e ,cods1 & ! l4 ,! :ole ,oval ,,oooo 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #ab4 ,s*eme repres5ts a small "p ( a ,rose-leaf1 ab\t ! bigness ( ! little ,oval 9 ! hillock1 ,c1 m>k$ ) ! ,figure ,x4 9 :i* ,i h n p>ticul>ly obs]v'd all ! o!r =ms ( ! surface ( ! ,rose-leaf1 z be+ little to my pres5t purpose4 ,n[1 if ^! ,cods h a se$ 9 !m s proportion'd to ! ,cod1 z ?ole ( ,p9ks1 & ,c>nations1 & ,columb9es1 & ! l1 h[ unimag9ably small mu/ ea* ( ^? se$s necess>ily be1 = ! :ole l5g? ( "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ^? ,cods 0 n "p ( an ,in*2 "s n above 1 & !re=e c]ta9ly1 v _m ?\s& ( !m w\ld be unable to make a bulk t %\ld be visible to ! nak$ eye2 & if ea* ( ^! conta9 ! ,rudim5ts ( a "y ,plant ( ! same k9d1 :at mu/ we say ( ! pores & con/itu5t p>ts ( t8 ,! g5]ation ( ?is ,plant seems 9 "p1 ascribable to a k9d ( ,mildew or ,blight1 :]eby ! p>ts ( ! leaves gr[ scabby1 or putrify'd1 z x 71 s z t ! moi/ure breaks out 9 little scabs or spots1 :i*1 z ,i said be=e1 look l little knobs ( a r$ gumm\s sub/ance4 ,f ?is putrify'd scab breaks out ?is little ,vegetable2 :i* may be some:at l a ,m\ld or ,moss2 & may h its equivocal g5]ation mu* aft] ! same mann] z ,i h suppos$ ,moss or ,m\ld to h1 & to be a m simple & uncomp\nd$ k9d ( vegetation1 :i* is set a mov+ by ! putrefactive & f]m5tative heat1 joyn'd ) t ( ! ambi5t a]ial1 :5 7by ! putrifaction & decay ( "s o!r p>ts ( ! vegetable1 t = a :ile /aid its progress7 x is unfett]'d & left at lib]ty to move 9 its =m] c\rse1 b by reason ( its regulators1 moves & acts aft] q ano!r mann] !n x did :5 a coag5t 9 ! m comp\nd$ ma*9e ( ! m p]fect ,vegetable4 ,& f ?is v same ,pr9ciple1 ,i imag9e ! ,misleto ( ,oaks1 ,?orns1 ,appletrees1 & o!r ,trees1 to h its orig9al3 ,x seldom or nev] gr[+ on any ( ^? ,trees1 till !y beg9 to wax decrepid1 & decay ) age1 & are pe/]'d ) _m o!r infirmities4 ,hi!r also may be ref]r'd ^? multitudes & v>ieties ( ,mu%roms1 su* z t1 call'd ,jews-e>s1 all sorts ( gray & gre5 ,mosses1 c4 :i* infe/ all k9d ( ,trees1 %rubs1 & ! l1 especially :5 !y come to any bigness4 ,& ?is we see to be v mu* ! me?od ( ,nature ?r\gh\t its op]ations1 putrifactive ,vegetables v (t5 produc+ a ,vegetable ( a mu* less comp\nd$ nature1 & ( a mu* inf]i\r tribe2 & putrefactive animal sub/ances deg5]at+ into "s k9d ( animal production ( a mu* inf]i\r rank1 & ( a m simple nature4 ,?us we f9d ! hum\rs & sub/ances ( ! body1 ^u putrifaction1 to produce /range k9ds ( mov+ ,v]m9e3 ! putrifaction ( ! slimes & juices ( ! ,/omack & ,guts1 produce ,worms almo/ l ,e>?-worms1 ! ,:eals 9 *ildr5s h&s produce a little ,worm1 call'd a ,:eal-worm3 ,! bl\d & milk1 & o!r hum\rs1 produce o!r k9ds ( ,worms1 at lea/1 if we may believe :at is deliv]'d to u by v fam\s ,au?ors2 ?\gh1 ,i confess1 ,i h n yet be5 able to discov] su* my self4 ,& :]eas x may seem /range t ,v9eg>1 ,meal1 mu/y ,casks1 c4 are obs]v'd to bre$ _! diff]+ k9ds ( ,insects1 or liv+ creatures1 :]eas !y be+ ,vegetable sub/ances1 seem to be ( an inf]i\r k9d1 & s unable to produce a creature m noble1 or ( a m comp\nd$ nature !n !y !mselves are (1 & s )\t "s concurr5t sem9al pr9ciple1 may be ?\ght utt]ly unfit = su* an op]ation2 ,i mu/ add1 t we _c pres5tly positively say1 !re are no animal sub/ances1 ei!r m$iately1 z by ! soil or fatn+ ( ! ,plant f :5ce !y sprung1 or m imm$iately1 by ! real mixture or composition ( su* sub/ances1 jo9'd ) !m2 or p]*ance "s k9d ( ,insect1 9 su* places :]e su* k9d ( putrify+ or f]m5t+ bodies are1 may1 by a c]ta9 in/9ct ( nature1 eject "s sort ( sem9al pr9ciple1 :i* coop]at+ ) v>i\s k9ds ( putrify+ sub/ances1 may produce v>i\s k9ds ( ,insects1 or ,animate bodies3 ,= we f9d 9 mo/ sorts ( ^? l[] degrees ( ,animate bodies1 t ! putrify+ sub/ances on :i* ^! ,eggs1 ,se$s1 or sem9al pr9ciples are ca/ by ! ,insect1 become1 z x 71 ! ,matrices or ,wombs t conduce v mu* to _! g5]ation1 & may p]*ance also to _! v>iation & alt]ation1 mu* aft] ! same mann]1 z1 by /range & unnatural copulations1 sev]al new k9ds ( ,animals are produc'd1 z ,mules1 & ! l1 :i* are usually call'd ,mon/r\s1 because a little unusual1 ?\gh _m ( !m h all _! pr9cipal p>ts z p]fectly %ap'd & adapt$ = _! peculi> uses1 z any ( ! mo/ p]fect ,animals4 ,if !re=e ! putrify+ body1 on :i* any k9d ( sem9al or vital pr9ciple *ances to be ca/1 become some:at m !n me]ly a nurs+ & fo/]+ help] 9 ! g5]ation & production ( any k9d ( ,animate body1 ! m ne] x approa*es ! true nature ( a ,womb1 ! m p[] w x h on ! by-bl[ x incloses4 ,b ( ?is some:at m 9 ! description ( ! ,wat]-gnat4 ,p]haps "s m accurate ,enquiries & ,obs]vations ab\t ^! matt]s might br+ ! ,"q to "s c]ta9ty1 :i* w\ld be ( no small conc]n 9 ,natural ,philosophy4 ,b t putrify+ animal sub/ances may produce animals ( an inf]ior k9d1 ,i see n any s v great a difficulty1 b t "o may1 )\t mu* absurdity1 admit3 ,= z !re may be multitudes ( contrivances t g to ! mak+ up ( "o compleat ,animate body2 s1 ,t "s ( ^? coadjutors1 9 ! p]fect exi/5ce & life ( x1 may be vitiat$1 & ! life ( ! :ole de/roy$1 & yet sev]al ( ! con/itut+ contrivances rema9 intire1 ,i _c ?9k x beyond imag9ation or possibility2 no m !n t a l accid5tal process1 z ,i h els:]e h9t$1 may also be suppos$ to explicate ! me?od ( ,nature 9 ! ,metamorphosis ( ,plants4 ,& ?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,plant & an ,animal be v great1 yet ,i h n hi!rto met ) any s cog5t an ,argum5t1 z to make me positive 9 affirm+ ^! two to be altoge!r ,het]og5e\s & ( q diff]+ k9ds ( ,nature3 ,& besides1 z !re are _m ,zoophyts1 & s5sitive ,plants 7div]s ( :i* ,i h se51 :i* are ( a middle nature1 & seem to be ,natures transition f "o degree to ano!r1 :i* may be obs]v'd 9 all h] o!r passages1 :]e9 %e is v seldom obs]v'd to leap f "o /ep to ano!r7 s h we1 9 "s ,au?ors1 ,in/ances ( ,plants turn+ into ,animals1 & ,animals into ,plants1 & ! l2 & "s o!r v /range 7because unhe$$7 proce$+s ( ,nature2 some?+ ( :i* k9d may be met )1 9 ! description ( ! ,wat]-,gnat1 ?\gh x be n altoge!r s direct to ! pres5t purpose4 ,b to ref] ?is ,disc\rse ( ,animals to _! prop] places1 ,i %all add1 t ?\gh "o %\ld suppose1 or x %\ld be prov'd by ,obs]vations2 t sev]al ( ^! k9ds ( ,plants are accid5tally produc'd by a casual putrifaction1 ,i see n any great reason to "q1 b t1 not)/&+ its own production 0 z 'tw]e casual1 yet x may g]m9ate & produce se$1 & by x propagate its own1 t is1 a new ,species4 ,= we d n "k1 b t ! ,omnipot5t & ,all-wise ,creator might z directly design ! /ructure ( su* a ,vegetable1 or su* an ,animal to be produc'd out ( su* or su* a putrifaction or *ange ( ?is or t body1 t[>ds ! con/itution or /ructure ( :i*1 he knew x necess>y1 or ?\ght x fit to make x an +r$i5t2 z t ! dige/ion or mod]ate heat+ ( an ,egg1 ei!r by ! ,female1 or ! ,sun1 or ! heat ( ! ,fire1 or ! l1 %\ld produce ?is or t ,bird2 or t ,putrifactive & w>m /eams %\ld1 out ( ! bl[+s1 z !y call !m1 t is1 ! ,eggs ( a ,flie1 produce a liv+ ,magot1 & t1 by degrees1 be turn'd into an ,aurelia1 & t1 by a long] & a proportion'd heat1 be transmut$ into a ,fly4 ,nor ne$ we !re=e to suppose x ! m imp]fect 9 its k9d1 !n ! m comp\nd$ ,vegetable or ,animal ( :i* x is a "p2 = he might z compleatly furni% x ) all k9ds ( contrivances necess>y = its own exi/5ce1 & ! propagation ( its own ,species1 & yet make x a "p ( a m comp\nd$ body3 z a ,clock-mak] might make a ,set ( ,*imes to be a "p ( a ,clock1 & yet1 :5 ! wat* "p or /rik+ "p are tak5 away1 & ! h9drances ( its motion remov'd1 ?is *im+ "p may g z accurately1 & /rike its tune z exactly1 z if x 7 /ill a "p ( ! comp\nd$ ,automaton4 ,s1 ?\gh ! orig9al cause1 or sem9al pr9ciple f :i* ?is m9ute ,plant on ,rose leaves did spr+2 71 be=e ! corruption caus'd by ! ,mill-dew1 a compon5t "p ( ! leaf on :i* x grew1 & did s]ve z a coag5t 9 ! production & con/itution ( x1 yet might x be s consummate1 z to produce a se$ :i* might h a p[] ( propagat+ ! same species3 ! works ( ! ,creator seem+ ( su* an excell5cy1 t ?\gh !y are unable to help to ! p]fect+ ( ! m comp\nd$ exi/5ce ( ! great] ,plant or ,animal1 !y may h not)/&+ an ability ( act+ s+ly ^u _! own int]nal pr9ciple1 s z to produce a ,vegetable body1 ?\gh ( a less comp\nd$ nature1 & to proce$ s f>r 9 ! me?od ( o!r ,vegetables1 z to be> fl[]s & se$s1 :i* may be capable ( propagat+ ! l4 ,s t ! little cases :i* appe> to gr[ on ! top ( ! sl5d] /alks1 may1 = ought ,i "k1 ?\gh ,i %\ld suppose !m to spr+ f ! p]v]t+ ( ! usual c\rse ( ! p>5t ,vegetable1 conta9 a se$1 :i*1 be+ scatt]'d on o!r leaves ( ! same ,plant1 may produce a ,plant ( mu* ! same k9d4 ,nor are ,damask-,rose leaves ! onely leaves t produce ^! k9ds ( ,vegetable spr\t+s2 = ,i h obs]v'd !m also 9 sev]al o!r k9ds ( ,rose leaves1 & on ! leaves ( sev]al sorts ( ,bri]s1 & on ,bramble leaves !y are (t5times to be f\nd 9 v great clu/]s2 s t ,i h f\nd 9 "o clu/]1 ?ree1 f\r1 or five hundr$ ( !m1 mak+ a v conspicu\s black spot or scab on ! back side ( ! leaf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xx4 ,( blue ,m\ld1 & ( ! fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,vegetation aris+ f ,putrefaction4 ,! ,blue & ,:ite & sev]al k9ds ( hairy m\ldy spots1 :i* are obs]vable ^u div]s k9ds ( putrify'd bodies1 :e!r ,animal sub/ances1 or ,vegetable1 su* z ! sk91 raw or dress'd1 fle%1 bl\d1 hum\rs1 milk1 gre5 ,*eese1 c4 or rott5 sappy ,wood1 or ,h]bs1 ,leaves1 ,b>ks1 ,roots1 c4 ( ,plants1 are all ( !m no?+ else b sev]al k9ds ( small & v>i\sly figur'd ,mu%roms1 :i*1 f conv5i5t mat]ials 9 ^? putrify+ bodies1 are1 by ! concurr5t heat ( ! ,air1 excit$ to a c]ta9 k9d ( vegetation1 :i* w n be unwor?y our m s]i\s speculation & exam9ation1 z ,i %all by & by %ew4 ,b1 fir/1 ,i mu/ premise a %ort description ( ?is ,specim51 :i* ,i h add$ ( ?is ,tribe1 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! ,,xii4 ,s*eme1 :i* is no?+ else b ! appe>ance ( a small :ite spot ( hairy m\ld1 multitudes ( :i* ,i f\nd to bespeck :it5 ov] ! r$ cov]s ( a small book1 :i*1 x seems1 7 ( ,%eeps sk91 t be+ m apt to ga!r m\ld1 ev5 9 a dry & clean room1 !n o!r lea!rs4 ,^! spots appe>'d1 ?r\gh a good ,microscope1 to be a v pretty %ap'd ,vegetative body1 :i*1 f almo/ ! same "p ( ! ,lea!r1 %ot out multitudes ( small long cyl9drical & transp>5t /alks1 n exactly /reight1 b a little b5d$ ) ! weight ( a r\nd & :ite knob t grew on ! top ( ea* ( !m2 _m ( ^! knobs ,i obs]v'd to be v r\nd1 & ( a smoo? surface1 su* z ,a1 ,a1 c4 o!rs smoo? likewise1 b a little oblong1 z ,b2 sev]al ( !m a little brok51 or clov5 ) *ops at ! top1 z ,c2 o!rs flitt]'d z 'tw]e1 or fl[n all to pieces1 z ,d1 ,d4 ,! :ole sub/ance ( ^! pretty bodies 0 ( a v t5d] con/itution1 mu* l ! sub/ance ( ! s(t] k9d ( common :ite ,mu%roms1 = by t\*+ !m ) a ,p91 ,i f\nd !m to be brus$ & torn2 !y seem'd ea* ( !m to h a di/9ct root ( _! own2 = ?\gh !y grew ne] toge!r 9 a clu/]1 yet ,i c\ld p]ceive ea* /em to rise out ( a di/9ct "p or pore ( ! ,lea!r2 "s ( ^! 7 small & %ort1 z seem+ to h be5 b newly sprung up1 ( ^! ! balls 7 = ! mo/ "p r\nd1 o!rs 7 bigg]1 & tall]1 z be+ p]haps ( a long] gr[?1 & ( ^!1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! heads 7 brok51 & "s mu* wa/$1 z ,e2 :at ^! heads conta9'd ,i c\ld n p]ceive2 :e!r !y 7 knobs & fl[]s1 or se$ cases1 ,i am n able to say1 b !y seem'd mo/ likely to be ( ! same nature ) ^? t gr[ on ,mu%roms1 :i* !y did1 "s ( !m1 n a little resemble4 ,bo? _! smell & ta/e1 :i* are active en\gh to make a s5sible impression ^u ^? organs1 are unpleasant & noisome4 ,i c\ld n f9d t !y w\ld s quickly be de/roy'd by ! actual flame ( a ,c&le1 z at fir/ sight ( !m ,i conceiv$ !y w\ld be1 b !y rema9'd intire aft] ,i _h pa/ t "p ( ! ,lea!r on :i* !y /uck ?ree or f\r times ?r\gh ! flame ( a ,c&le2 s t1 x seems !y are n v apt to take fire1 no m !n ! common :ite ,mu%roms are :5 !y are sappy4 ,!re are a multitude ( o!r %apes1 ( :i* ^! ,microscopical ,mu%roms are figur'd1 :i* w\ld h be5 a long ,"w to h describ$1 & w\ld n h suit$ s well ) my design 9 ?is ,treatise1 onely1 among/ ! re/1 ,i mu/ n =get to take notice ( "o t 0 a little l to1 or resembl$1 a ,spunge1 consi/+ ( a multitude ( little ,ramifications almo/ z t body does1 :i* inde$ seems to be a k9d ( ,wat]-,mu%rom1 ( a v pretty texture1 z ,i else-:]e manife/4 ,& a second1 :i* ,i mu/ n omit1 because (t5 m+l$1 & ne] adjo9+ to ^! ,i h describ'd1 & ?is appe>'d mu* l a ,?icket ( bu%es1 or brambles1 v mu* bran*'d1 & ext5d$1 "s ( !m1 to a great l5g?1 9 proportion to _! ,diamet]1 l creep+ brambles4 ,! mann] ( ! gr[? & =mation ( ?is k9d ( ,vegetable1 is ! ?ird head ( ,enquiry1 :i*1 _h ,i "t1 ,i %\ld foll[3 ! figure & me?od ( ,g5]ation 9 ?is concrete seem+ to me1 next aft] ! ,enquiry into ! =mation1 figuration2 or *ry/alization ( ,salts1 to be ! mo/ simple1 pla91 & easie2 & x seems to be a m$ium ?r\gh :i* he mu/ necess>ily pass1 t w\ld ) any likelihood inve/igate ! =ma in=mans ( ,vegetables3 = z ,i ?9k t he %all f9d x a v difficult task1 :o und]takes to discov] ! =m ( ,sal9e cry/allizations1 )\t ! consid]ation & presci5ce ( ! nature & reason ( a ,globul> =m1 & z difficult to explicate ?is configuration ( ,mu%roms1 )\t ! previ\s consid]ation ( ! =m ( ,salts2 s w ! enquiry into ! =ms ( ,vegetables be no less1 if n mu* m difficult1 )\t ! =e-k ( ! =ms ( ,mu%roms1 ^! sev]al ,enquiries hav+ no less dep5dance "o ^u ano!r !n any select numb] ( ,propositions 9 ,ma!matical ,elem5ts may be made to h4 ,nor d ,i imag9e t ! skips f ! "o to ano!r w be f\nd v great1 if beg9n+ f fluidity1 or body )\t any =m1 we desc5d gradually1 till we arrive at ! highe/ =m ( a bruite ,animal's ,s\l1 mak+ ! /eps or f\ndations ( our ,enquiry1 ,fluidity1 ,orbiculation1 ,fixation1 ,angulization1 or ,cry/allization ,g]m9ation or ,ebullition1 ,vegetation1 ,plantanimation1 ,animation1 ,s5sation1 ,imag9ation4 ,n[1 t we may ! bett] proce$ 9 our ,enquiry1 ,x w be requisite to consid]3 ,fir/1 t ,m\ld & ,mu%roms require no sem9al prop]ty1 b ! =m] may be produc'd at any "t f any k9d ( putrify+ ,animal1 or ,vegetable ,sub/ance1 z ,fle%1 c4 kept moi/ & w>m1 & ! latt]1 if :at ,ma?iolus relates be true1 ( mak+ !m by ,art1 are z mu* )9 our comm&1 ( :i* ,matt] take ! ,epitomie :i* ,mr4 ,p>k9son has deliv]'d 9 8 ,h]bal1 9 8 ,*apt] ( ,mu%roms1 because ,i h n ,ma?iolus n[ by me3 ,unto ^! ,mu%roms 7sai? he7 may also be adjoyn'd ^? :i* are made ( ,art 7:]e( ,ma?iolus makes m5tion7 t gr[ naturally among c]ta9 /ones 9 ,naples1 & t ! /ones be+ digg'd up1 & c>ri$ to ,rome1 & o!r places1 :]e !y set !m 9 _! ,w9e ,cell>s1 cov]+ !m ) a little ,e>?1 & spr9kl+ a little w>m wat] !reon1 w\ld )9 f\r days produce ,mu%roms fit to be eat51 at :at "t "o w3 ,z also t ,mu%roms may be made to gr[ at ! foot ( a wilde ,popl> ,tree1 )9 f\r days aft]1 w>m wat] :]e9 "s leaves h be5 dissolv'd %all be p\r'd into ! ,root 7:i* mu/ be slit7 & ! /ock above gr\nd4 ,next1 t z ,mu%roms may be g5]at$ )\t se$1 s does x n appe> t !y h any su* ?+ z se$ 9 any "p ( !m2 = hav+ consid]$ sev]al k9ds ( !m1 ,i c\ld nev] f9d any ?+ 9 !m t ,i c\ld ) any probability ghess to be ! se$ ( x1 s t x does n z yet appe> 7t ,i "k (7 t ,mu%roms may be g5]at$ f a se$1 b !y r seem to dep5d m]ely ^u a conv5i5t con/itution ( ! matt] out ( :i* !y are made1 & a concurr5ce ( ei!r natural or artificial heat4 ,?irdly1 t by sev]al bodies 7z ,salts & ,metals bo? 9 ,wat] & 9 ! air1 & by sev]al k9ds ( sublimations 9 ! ,air7 actuat$ & guid$ ) a congru\s heat1 !re may be produc'd sev]al k9ds ( bodies z curi\sly1 if n ( a m compos'd ,figure2 sev]al k9ds ( ris+ or ,ebulliat+ ,figures seem to manife/2 z witness ! %oot+ 9 ! ,rectification ( spirits ( ,ur9e1 ,h>t-horn1 ,bl\d1 c4 witness also ! curi\s bran*es ( evaporat$ dissolutions1 "s ( !m aga9/ ! sides ( ! conta9+ ,j>3 o!rs /&+ up1 or gr[+ an end1 out ( ! bottom1 ( :i* ,i h tak5 notice ( a v great v>iety4 ,b above all ! re/1 x is a v pretty k9d ( ,g]m9ation :i* is af=d$ u 9 ! ,silv] ,tree1 ! mann] ( mak+ :i* ) ,m]cury & ,silv]1 is well kn[n to ! ,*ymi/s1 9 :i* !re is an ,ebullition or ,g]m9ation1 v mu* l ?is ( ,mu%roms1 if ,i h be5 rightly in=m'd ( x4 ,f\r?ly1 ,i h v (t5 tak5 notice (1 & also obs]v'd ) a ,microscope1 c]ta9 excresc5cies or ,ebullitions 9 ! snuff ( a ,c&le1 :i*1 p>tly f ! /ick+ ( ! smoaky p>ticles z !y are c>ry$ upw>ds by ! curr5t ( ! r>ify'd ,air & flame1 & p>tly also f a k9d ( ,g]m9ation or ,ebullition ( "s actuat$ unctu\s p>ts :i* creep along & filt] ?r\gh "s small /r+ ( ! ,week1 are =m$ into pretty r\nd & uni=m heads1 v mu* resembl+ ! =m ( hood$ ,mu%roms1 :i*1 be+ by any means expos'd to ! fre% ,air1 or t air :i* encompasses ! flame1 !y are pres5tly lick'd up & dev\r'd by x1 & vani%4 ,! reason ( :i* ,phnom5on seems to me1 to be no o!r !n ?is3 ,t :5 a conv5i5t ?read ( ! ,week is s b5t out by ! sides ( ! snuff t are ab\t half an ,in* or m1 remov'd above ! bottom1 or l[e/ "p ( ! flame1 & t ?is "p be :olly includ$ 9 ! flame2 ! ,oyl 7= ! reason ( filtration1 :i* ,i h else:]e r5dr$7 be+ cont9ualy driv5 up ! snuff is driv5 likewise into ?is ragg$ b5d$-end1 & ?is be+ remov'd a good di/ance1 z half an ,in* or m1 above ! bottom ( ! flame1 ! p>ts ( ! air t passes by x1 are already1 almo/ satiat$ ) ! dissolution ( ! boil+ unctu\s /eams t issu$ out bel[1 & !re=e are n onely glutt$1 t is1 c dissolve no m !n :at !y are already act+ ^u1 b !y c>ry up ) !m abundance ( unctu\s & sooty p>ticles1 :i* meet+ ) t rag ( ! ,week1 t is pl5tifully fill'd ) ,oyl1 & onely sp5ds x z fa/ z x evaporates1 & n at all by dissolution or burn+1 by means ( ^! /eamy p>ts ( ! filtrat$ ,oyl issu+ out at ! sides ( ?is ragg1 & be+ inclos'd ) an air t is already satiat$ & _c prey ^u !m nor burn !m1 ! asc5d+ sooty p>ticles are /ay'd ab\t x & fix'd1 s z t ab\t ! end ( t ragg or filam5t ( ! snuff1 :5ce ! greate/ "p ( ! /eams issue1 !re is conglobat$ or fix'd a r\nd & pretty uni=m cap1 mu* resembl+ ! head ( a ,mu%rom1 :i*1 if x be ( any great bigness1 y may obs]ve t its und]side w be bigg] !n t :i* is above ! ragg or /em ( x2 = ! ,oyl t is br\ght into x by filtration1 be+ by ! bulk ( ! cap a little %elt]'d f ! heat ( ! flame1 does by t means issue z mu* out b5ea? f ! /alk or d[nw>ds1 z x does upw>ds1 & by reason ( ! great access ( ! adv5titi\s smoak f b5ea?1 x increases mo/ t way4 ,t ?is may be ! true reason ( ?is ,phnom5on1 ,i c\ld produce _m ,argum5ts & ,exp]im5ts to make x probable3 ,z1 ,fir/1 t ! ,filtration c>ries ! ,oyl to ! top ( ! ,week1 at lea/ z high z ^! raggs1 is visible to "o t w obs]ve ! snuff ( a burn+ ,c&le ) a ,microscope1 :]e he may see an ,ebullition or bubbl+ ( ! ,oyl1 z high z ! snuff looks black4 ,next1 t x does /eam away m !n burn2 ,i c\ld tell y ( ! dim burn+ ( a ,c&le1 ! long] ! snuff be :i* arises f ! abundance ( vap\rs out ( ! high] p>ts ( x4 ,&1 ?irdly1 t 9 ! middle ( ! flame ( ! ,c&le1 ne] ! top ( ! snuff1 ! fire or dissolv+ pr9ciple is no?+ ne] s /rong1 z ne] ! bottom & out edges ( ! flame1 :i* may be obs]v'd by ! burn+ asund] ( a ?read1 t w fir/ break 9 ^? p>ts t ! edges ( ! flame t\*1 & n 9 ! middle4 ,& ,i c\ld add sev]al ,obs]vables t ,i h tak5 notice ( 9 ! flame ( a ,lamp actuat$ ) ,bell[s1 & v _m o!rs t confirm me 9 my op9ion1 b t x is n s mu* to my pres5t purpose1 :i* is onely to consid] ?is concreet 9 ! snuff ( a ,c&le1 s f>r z x has any resemblance ( a ,mu%rom1 to ! consid]ation ( :i*1 t ,i may return1 ,i say1 we may also obs]ve3 ,9 ! fif? place1 t ! dropp+s or trill+s ( ,lapidesc5t wat]s 9 ,vaults "u gr\nd1 seem to con/itute a k9d ( petrify'd body1 =m'd almo/ l "s k9d ( ,mu%roms inv]t$1 9 s mu* t ,i h se5 "s knobb'd a little at ! l[] end1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p1 inde$ !y are o!rwise %ap'd1 & tap]'d t[>ds ! end2 ! g5]ation ( :i* seems to be f no o!r reason b ?is1 t ! wat] by soak+ ?r\gh ! e>? & ,lime 7= ,i ghess t sub/ance to add mu* to x petrify+ quality7 does s impregnate x self ) /ony p>ticles1 t hang+ 9 drops 9 ! ro( ( ! ,vault1 by reason t ! soak+ ( ! wat] is b sl[1 x becomes expos'd to ! ,air1 & !reby ! outw>d "p ( ! drop by degrees gr[s h>d1 by reason t ! wat] gradually evaporat+ ! /ony p>ticles ne] ! outsides ( ! drop beg9 to t\*1 & by degrees1 to dry & gr[ clos] toge!r1 & at l5g? con/itute a cru/ or %ell ab\t ! drop2 & ?is soak+ by degrees1 be+ m & m supply'd1 ! drop gr[s long] & long]1 & ! sides h>d5 ?ick] & ?ick] into a ,quill or ,cane1 & at l5g?1 t holl[ or pi? becomes almo/ /op'd up1 & solid3 aft]w>ds ! soak+ ( ! petrify+ wat]1 f9d+ no long] a passage ?r\gh ! middle1 bur/s out1 & trickles d[n ! outside1 & z ! wat] evaporates1 leaves new sup]9duc'd %ells1 :i* m & m swell ! bulk ( ^? ,iceicles1 & because ( ! great supply f ! ,vault1 ( petrify+ waf]1 ^? bodies gr[ bigg] & bigg] next to ! ,vault1 & tap] or %>p5 t[>ds ! po9t2 = ! access f ! ar* ( ! ,vault be+ b v sl[1 & consequ5tly ! wat] be+ spread v ?9ly ov] ! surface ( ! ,iceicle1 ! wat] beg9s to settle be=e x c rea* to ! bottom1 or corn] end ( x2 :5ce1 if y break "o ( ^!1 y w\ld almo/ imag9e x a /ick ( ,wood petrify'd1 x hav+ s pretty a resemblance ( pi? & gra91 & if y look on ! outside ( a piece1 or ( "o :ole1 y w\ld ?9k no less1 bo? f its vegetable r\ndness & tap]+ =m2 b :]eas all ,vegetables are obs]v'd to %oot & gr[ p]p5dicul>ly upw>ds1 ?is does %oot or prop5d directly d[nw>ds4 ,by :i* la/ ,obs]vables1 we see t !re may be a v pretty body %ap'd & concreet$ by ,me*anical pr9ciples1 )\t ! lea/ %ew or probability ( any o!r sem9al =matrix4 ,& s9ce we f9d t ! great reason ( ! ,phnom5a ( ?is pretty petrifaction1 are to be r$uc'd f ! gravity ( a fluid & pretty volatil body impregnat$ ) /ony p>ticles1 :y may n ! ,phnom5a ( ,ebullition or ,g]m9ation be 9 "p possibly en\gh d$uc'd f ! levity ( an impregnat$ liquor1 :i* !re=e p]p5dicul>ly asc5d+ by degrees1 evaporates & leaves ! m solid & fix'd p>ts beh9d 9 ! =m ( a ,mu%rom1 :i* is yet fur!r div]sify'd & specificat$ by ! =ms ( ! p>ts t impregnat$ ! liquor1 & compose or help to con/itute ! ,mu%rom4 ,t ! =em5tion'd ,figures ( gr[+ ,salts1 & ! ,silv] ,tree1 are f ?is pr9ciple1 ,i c\ld v easily manife/1 b t ,i h n n[ a conv5i5t opportunity ( foll[+ x1 nor h ,i made a suffici5t numb] ( ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations to prop\nd1 explicate1 & prove s usefull a ,!ory z ?is ( ,mu%roms3 =1 ?\gh ! contr>y pr9ciple to t ( petrify'd ,iceicles may be 9 "p a cause1 yet ,i _c b ?9k1 t !re is some:at a m complicat$ cause1 ?\gh yet ,me*anical1 & possible to be expla9'd4 ,we !re=e h fur!r to enquire ( x1 :at makes x to be su* a liquor1 & to asc5d1 :e!r ! heat ( ! ,sun & ,air1 or :e!r t firm5tiation & putrifaction1 or bo? toge!r2 z also :e!r !re be n a ?ird or f\r?2 :e!r a ,sal9e pr9ciple be n a consid]able ag5t 9 ?is bus9ess also z well z heat2 :e!r also a fixation1 precipitation or settl+ ( c]ta9 p>ts out ( ! a]ial m5/ruum may n be also a consid]able coadjutor 9 ! bus9ess4 ,s9ce we f9d t _m pretty be>ds or /iri ( ! p>ticles ( ,silv] may be precipitat$ ^u a piece ( ,brass put into a solution ( ,silv] v mu* dilut$ ) fair wat]1 :i* look n unlike a k9d ( m\ld or ho> ^u t piece ( metal2 & ! ho> fro/ looks l a k9d ( m\ld2 & :e!r !re may n be sev]al o!rs t d concurr to ! production ( a ,mu%rom1 hav+ n yet _h suffici5t "t to prosecute accord+ to my desires1 ,i mu/ ref] ?is to a bett] opportunity ( my own1 or leave & recomm5d x to ! m dilig5t enquiry & exam9ation ( su* z c be ma/]s bo? ( leisure & conv5i5cies = su* an ,enquiry4 ,& 9 ! mean "t1 ,i mu/ conclude1 t z f> z ,i h be5 able to look into ! nature ( ?is ,prim>y k9d ( life & vegetation1 ,i _c f9d ! lea/ probable argum5t to p]swade me !re is any o!r concurr5t cause !n su* z is purely ,me*anical1 & t ! effects or productions are z necess>y ^u ! concurr5ce ( ^? causes z t a ,%ip1 :5 ! ,sails are hoi/ up1 & ! ,rudd] is set to su* a position1 %\ld1 :5 ! ,w9d bl[s1 be mov'd 9 su* a way or c\rse to t or t'o!r place2 ,or1 z t ! brus$ ,wat*1 :i* ,i m5tion 9 ! description ( ,moss1 %\ld1 :5 ^? p>ts :i* h9dr$ its motion 7 fall5 away1 beg9 to move1 b aft] q ano!r mann] !n x did be=e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxi4 ,( ,moss1 & sev]al o!r small vegetative ,sub/ances4 ,moss is a ,plant1 t ! wise/ ( ,k+s ?\ght nei!r unwor?y 8 speculation1 nor 8 ,p51 & ?\gh among/ ,plants x be 9 bulk "o ( ! smalle/1 yet x is n ! lea/ consid]able3 ,=1 z to its %ape1 x may comp>e = ! beauty ( x ) any ,plant t gr[s1 & be>s a mu* bigg] bread?2 x has a root almo/ l a se$y ,p>snep1 furni%'d ) small /r+s & suck]s1 :i* are all ( !m f9ely bran*'d1 l ^? ( ! roots ( mu* bigg] ,vegetables2 out ( ?is spr+s ! /em or body ( ! ,plant1 :i* is some:at ,quadrangul>1 r !n ,cyl9drical1 mo/ curi\sly flut$ or /rung ) small creases1 :i* run1 = ! mo/ "p1 p>allel ! :ole /em2 on ! sides ( ?is are close & ?ick set1 a multitude ( fair1 l>ge1 well-%ap'd leaves1 "s ( !m ( a r\nd]1 o!rs ( a long] %ape1 accord+ z !y are y\ng] or old] :5 pluck'd2 z ,i ghess by ?is1 t ^? ,plants t _h ! /alks gr[+ f ! top ( !m1 _h _! leaves ( a mu* long] %ape1 all ! surface ( ea* side ( :i*1 is curi\sly cov]'d ) a multitude ( little oblong transp>5t bodies1 9 ! mann] z y see x express'd 9 ! leaf ,b1 9 ! ,,xiii4 ,s*eme4 ,?is ,plant1 :5 "y & spr++ up1 does mu* resemble a ,h\sleek1 hav+ ?ick leaves1 almo/ l t1 & seems to be som:at ( k9 to x 9 o!r p>ticul>s2 also f ! top ( ! leaves1 !re %oots out a small :ite & transp>5t hair1 or ?orn3 ,?is /em1 9 "t1 come to %oot out into a long1 r\nd & ev5 /alk1 :i* by cutt+ transv]sly1 :5 dry1 ,i manife/ly f\nd to be a /iff1 h>d1 & holl[ ,cane1 or ,re$1 )\t any k9d ( knot1 or /op1 f its bottom1 :]e ! leaves encompass'd x1 to ! top1 on :i* !re gr[s a l>ge se$ case1 ,a1 cov]'d ) a ?91 & m :iti% sk91 ,b1 t]m9at$ 9 a long ?orny top1 :i* at fir/ cov]s all ! ,case1 & by degrees1 z t swells1 ! sk9 cleaves1 & at l5g? falls (f1 ) its ?orny top & all 7:i* is a "p ( x7 & leaves ! se$ ,case to rip51 & by degrees1 to %att] out its se$ at a place und]nea? ?is cap1 ,b1 :i* be=e ! se$ is ripe1 appe>s l a flat b>r'd button1 )\t any hole 9 ! middle2 b z x rip5s1 ! button gr[s bigg]1 & a hole appe>s 9 ! middle ( x1 ,e1 out ( :i*1 9 all probability1 ! se$ falls3 ,= z x rip5s by a provision ( ,nature1 t end ( ?is ,case turns d[nw>d aft] ! same mann] z ! e>s ( ,:eat & ,b>ley usually d2 & op5+ sev]al ( ^! dry r$ ,cases1 ,f1 ,i f\nd !m to be q holl[1 )\t any?+ at all 9 !m2 :]eas :5 ,i cut !m asund] ) a %>p ,p5-knife :5 gre51 ,i f\nd 9 ! middle ( ?is great ,case1 ano!r small] r\nd ,case1 betwe5 :i* two1 ! int]/ices 7 fill'd ) multitudes ( /r+ie fibres1 :i* seem'd to susp5d ! less] ,case 9 ! middle ( ! o!r1 :i* 7z f>r z ,i 0 able to disc]n7 seem'd full ( exce$+ small :ite se$s1 mu* l ! se$-bagg 9 ! knop ( a ,c>nation1 aft] ! fl[]s h be5 two or ?ree days1 or a week1 fall5 (f2 b ?is ,i c\ld n s p]fectly disc]n1 & !re=e _c positively affirm x4 ,aft] ! se$ 0 fall5 away1 ,i f\nd bo? ! ,case1 ,/alk1 & ,plant1 all gr[ r$ & )]1 & f o!r p>ts ( ! root cont9ually to spr+ new bran*es or slips1 :i* by degrees increas$1 & grew z bigg z ! =m]1 se$$1 rip5'd1 %att]'d1 & )]'d4 ,i c\ld n f9d t x obs]v'd any p>ticul> seasons = ^! sev]al k9ds ( gr[?1 b r f\nd x to be spr++1 mature1 ripe1 se$y1 & )]'d at all times ( ! ye>2 ,b ,i f\nd x mo/ to fl\ri% & increase 9 w>m & moi/ wea!r4 ,x ga!rs its n\ri%m5ts1 = ! mo/ "p1 out ( "s ,lapidesc5t1 or o!r sub/ance corrupt$ or *ang'd f its =m] texture1 or sub/antial =m2 = ,i h f\nd x to gr[ on ! rott5 p>ts ( ,/one1 ( ,bricks1 ( ,wood1 ( ,bones1 ( ,lea!r1 c4 ,x (t gr[s on ! b>ks ( sev]al ,trees1 spread+ x self1 sometimes f ! gr\nd upw>ds1 & sometimes f "s *9k or cleft ( ! b>k ( ! ,tree1 :i* has "s putrify'd sub/ance 9 x1 b ?is seems ( a di/9ct k9d f t :i* ,i obs]v'd to gr[ on putrify'd inanimate bodies1 & rott5 e>?4 ,!re are also great v>ieties ( o!r k9ds ( ,mosses1 :i* gr[ on ,trees1 & sev]al o!r ,plants1 ( :i* ,i %all "h make no m5tion1 nor ( ! ,moss gr[+ on ! skull ( a dead man1 :i* mu* resembles t ( ,trees4 ,:e!r ?is ,plant does sometimes orig9ally spr+ or rise out ( corruption1 )\t any dissem9at$ se$1 ,i h n yet made trials en\gh to be v mu*1 ei!r positive or negative2 = z x seems v h>d to conceive h[ ! se$ %\ld be g5]ally disp]s'd into all p>ts :]e !re is a corruption begun1 unless we may rationally suppose1 t ?is se$ be+ s exce$+ small1 & consequ5tly exce$+ light1 is !reby tak5 up1 & c>ri$ to & fro 9 ! ,air into e place1 & by ! fall+ drops ( ra9 is wa%'d d[n out ( x1 & s disp]s'd into all places1 & !re onely takes root & propagates1 :]e x f9ds a conv5i5t soil or matrix = x to ?rive 92 s if we w h x to proce$ f corruption1 x is n less difficult to conceive1 ,fir/1 h[ ! corruption ( any ,vegetable1 mu* less ( any ,/one or ,brick1 %\ld be ! ,p>5t ( s curi\sly figur'd1 & s p]fect a ,plant z ?is is4 ,b "h inde$1 ,i _c b add1 t x seems r to be a product ( ! ,ra9 9 ^? bodies :]e x is /ay'd1 !n ( ! v bodies !mselves1 s9ce ,i h f\nd x gr[+ on ,m>ble1 & ,fl9t1 b always ! ,microscope1 if n ! nak$ eye1 w\ld discov] "s little hole ( ,dirt 9 :i* x 0 root$4 ,next1 h[ ! corruption ( ea* ( ^? exce$+ly diff]+ bodies %\ld all conspire to ! production ( ! same ,plant1 t is1 t ,/ones1 ,bricks1 ,wood1 or vegetable sub/ances1 & ,bones1 ,lea!r1 ,horns1 or animate sub/ances1 unless we may ) "s plausibl5ess say1 t ,air & ,wat] are ! coadjutors1 or m5/ruums1 all k9ds ( putrifactions1 & t !reby ! bodies 7?\gh :il'/ !y reta9'd _! sub/antial =ms1 7 ( exce$+ diff]+ natures1 yet7 s9ce !y are dissolv'd & mixt into ano!r1 !y may be v ,homog5e\s1 !y be+ almo/ resolv'd aga9 into ,air1 ,wat]1 & ,e>?2 reta9+1 p]haps1 "o "p ( _! vegetative faculty yet entire1 :i* meet+ ) congru\s assi/ants1 su* z ! heat ( ! ,air1 & ! fluidity ( ! ,wat]1 & su* l coadjutors & conv5i5ces1 acquires a c]ta9 vegetation = a "t1 :olly diff]+ p]haps f t k9d ( vegetation x _h be=e4 ,to expla9 my mean+ a little bett] by a gross ,similitude3 ,suppose a curi\s piece ( ,clock-"w1 t _h _h sev]al motions & contrivances 9 x1 :i*1 :5 9 ord]1 w\ld all h mov'd 9 _! design'd me?ods & ,p]iods4 ,we w fur!r suppose1 by "s means1 t ?is ,clock comes to be brok51 brus$1 or o!rwise disord]$1 s t sev]al p>ts ( x be+ dislocat$1 are imp$$1 & s /& /ill1 & n onely h9d] its own progressive motion1 & produce n ! effect :i* !y 7 design'd =1 b because ! o!r p>ts also h a dep5d5ce ^u !m1 put a /op to _! motion likewise2 & s ! :ole ,in/rum5t becomes uns]viceable1 & n fit = any use4 ,?is ,in/rum5t aft]w>ds1 by "s %ak+ & tumbl+1 & ?r[+ up & d[n1 comes to h sev]al ( its p>ts %ak5 out1 & sev]al ( its curi\s motions1 & contrivances1 & p>ticles all fall5 asund]2 "h a ,p9 falls out1 & !re a ,pill>1 & "h a ,:eel1 & !re a ,hamm]1 & a ,spr+1 & ! l1 & among ! re/1 away falls ^? p>ts also :i* 7 brus$ & disord]'d1 & _h all ?is :ile imp$$ ! motion ( all ! re/2 h]eupon sev]al ( ^? o!r motions t yet rema91 :ole spr+s 7 n q run d[n1 be+ n[ at lib]ty1 beg9 ea* ( !m to move1 ?us or ?us1 b q aft] ano!r me?od !n be=e1 !re be+ _m regulat+ p>ts & ! l1 fall5 away & lo/4 ,^u ?is1 ! ,own]1 :o *ances to he> & obs]ve "s ( ^! effects1 be+ ignorant ( ! ,wat*-mak]s ,art1 wond]s :at is betid 8 ,clock1 & pres5tly imag9es t "s ,arti/ has be5 at "w1 & has set 8 ,clock 9 ord]1 & made a new k9d ( ,in/rum5t ( x1 b ^u exam9+ circum/ances1 he f9ds !re 0 no su* matt]1 b t ! casual slipp+ out ( a ,p9 _h made sev]al p>ts ( 8 ,clock fall to pieces1 & t !reby ! ob/acle t all ?is :ile h9dr$ 8 ,clock1 toge!r ) o!r usefull p>ts 7 fall5 out1 & s 8 ,clock 0 set at lib]ty4 ,& ^u w9d+ up ^? spr+s aga9 :5 run d[n1 he f9ds 8 ,clock to g1 b q aft] ano!r mann] !n x 0 wont h]et(ore4 ,& ?us may x be p]haps 9 ! bus9ess ( ,moss1 & ,m\ld1 & ,mu%roms1 & sev]al o!r spontane\s k9ds ( vegetations1 :i* may be caus'd by a vegetative pr9ciple1 :i* 0 a coadjutor to ! life & gr[? ( ! great] ,vegetable1 & 0 by ! de/roy+ ( ! life ( x /opt & imp$$ 9 p]=m+ its (fice2 b aft]w>ds1 ^u a fur!r corruption ( sev]al p>ts t _h all ! :ile imp$$ x1 ! heat ( ! ,sun w9d+ up1 z x 71 ! spr+1 sets x aga9 into a vegetative motion1 & ?is be+ s+le1 & n at all regulat$ z x 0 be=e 7:5 a "p ( t great] ma*9e ! pri/9e vegetable7 is mov'd aft] q a diff]+ mann]1 & produces effects v diff]+ f ^? x did be=e4 ,b ?is ,i prop\nd onely z a conjecture1 n t ,i am m encl9'd to ?is ,hypo!sis !n ! sem9al1 :i* ^u good reason ,i ghess to be ,me*anical also1 z ,i may else:]e m fully %ew3 ,b because ,i may1 by ?is1 h9t a possible way h[ ?is appe>ance may be solv'd2 suppos+ we %\ld be driv5 to confess f c]ta9 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations made1 t su* or su* ,vegetables 7 produc'd out ( ! corruption ( ano!r1 )\t any concurr5t sem9al pr9ciple 7z ,i h giv5 "s reason to suppose1 9 ! description ( a ,microscopical ,mu%rome7 )\t d]ogat+ at all f ! inf9ite wisdom ( ! ,creator4 ,= ?is accid5tal production1 z ,i may call x1 does manife/ z mu*1 if n v mu* m1 ( ! excell5cy ( 8 contrivance z any ?+ 9 ! m p]fect vegetative bodies ( ! _w1 ev5 z ! accid5tal motion ( ! ,automaton does make ! own] see1 t !re 0 mu* m contrivance 9 x !n at fir/ he imag9'd4 ,b ( ?is ,i h add$ m 9 ! description ( ,m\ld1 & ! ,vegetables on ,rose leaves1 c4 ^? be+ mu* m likely to h _! orig9al f su* a cause !n ?is :i* ,i h "h describ$1 9 ! #ac4 ,s*eme1 :i* inde$ ,i _c conceive o!rwise (1 !n z ( a mo/ p]fect ,vegetable1 want+ no?+ ( ! p]fections ( ! mo/ conspicu\s & va/e/ ,vegetables ( ! _w1 & to be ( a rank s high1 z t x may v prop]ly be reckon'd ) ! tall ,c$> ( ,lebanon1 z t ,k+ly ,botani/ has done4 ,we "k !re may be z mu* curiosity ( contrivance1 & excell5cy ( =m 9 a v small ,pocket-clock1 t takes n up an ,in* squ>e ( room1 z !re may be 9 a ,*ur*-clock t fills a :ole room2 ,& ,i "k n :e!r all ! contrivances & ,me*anisms requisite to a p]fect ,vegetable1 may n be cr[d$ into an exce$+ly less room !n ?is ( ,moss1 z ,i h he>d ( a /rik+ ,wat* s small1 t x s]v'd = a ,p5dant 9 a ,ladies e>2 & ,i h already giv5 y ! description ( a ,plant gr[+ on ,rose leaves1 t is abundantly small] !n ,moss2 insomu*1 t ne] #ajjj4 ( !m w\ld h>dly make ! bigness ( "o s+le ,plant ( ,moss4 ,& by comp>+ ! bulk ( ,moss1 ) ! bulk ( ! bigge/ k9d ( ,vegetable we meet ) 9 ,/ory 7( :i* k9d we f9d 9 "s hott] climates1 z ,gu9e1 & ,brasile1 ! /ock or body ( "s ,trees to be tw5ty foot 9 ,diamet]1 :]eas ! body or /em ( ,moss1 = ! mo/ "p1 is n above "o sixtie? "p ( an ,in*7 we %all f9d t ! bulk ( ! "o w exce$ ! bulk ( ! o!r1 no less !n #biheihd ,millions1 or #biheihdjjjjjj1 & suppos+ ! production on a ,rose leaf to be a ,plant1 we %all h ( ^? ,indian ,plants to exce$ a production ( ! same ,vegetable k+dom no less !n #ajjj times ! =m] numb]2 s prodigi\sly v>i\s are ! works ( ! ,creator1 & s ,all-suffici5t is he to p]=m :at to man w\ld seem unpossible1 !y be+ bo? alike easie to him1 ev5 z "o day1 & a ?\s& ye>s are to him z "o & ! same "t4 ,i h tak5 notice ( su* an inf9ite v>iety ( ^? small] k9ds ( vegetations1 t %\ld ,i h describ$ e "o ( !m1 !y w\ld almo/ h fill'd a ,volume1 & prov'd bigg en\gh to h made a new ,h]bal1 su* multitudes are !re to be f\nd 9 moi/ hot wea!r1 especially 9 ! ,summ] "t1 on all k9d ( putrify+ sub/ances1 :i*1 :e!r !y d m prop]ly belong to ! ,classis ( ,mu%rooms1 or ,m\lds1 or ,mosses1 ,i %all n n[ dispute1 !re be+ "s t seem m prop]ly ( "o k9d1 o!rs ( ano!r1 _! col\rs & magnitudes be+ z mu* diff]+ z _! ,figures & sub/ances4 ,nay1 ,i h obs]v'd1 t putt+ fair ,wat] 7:e!r ,ra9-wat] or ,pump-wat]1 or ,may-dew or ,sn[-wat]1 x 0 almo/ all "o7 ,i h (t5 obs]v'd1 ,i say1 t ?is ,wat] w\ld1 ) a little /&+1 t>ni% & cov] all ab\t ! sides ( ! ,glass t lay "u wat]1 ) a lovely gre52 b ?\gh ,i h (t5 endeav\r'd to discov] ) my ,microscope :e!r ?is gre5 7 l ,moss1 or long /rip$ ,sea-we$1 or any o!r peculi> =m1 yet s ill & imp]fect are our ,microscopes1 t ,i c\ld n c]ta9ly discrim9ate any4 ,gr[+ ,trees also1 & any k9ds ( ,woods1 ,/ones1 ,bones1 c4 t h be5 long expos'd to ! ,air & ,ra91 w be all ov] cov]'d ) a gre5i% scurff1 :i* w v mu* f\l & gre5 any k9d ( cloa?s t are rubb'd aga9/ x2 view+ ?is1 ,i c\ld n c]ta9ly p]ceive 9 _m p>ts ( x any det]m9ate =m1 ?\gh 9 _m ,i c\ld p]ceive a ,b$ z 'tw]e ( "y ,moss1 b 9 o!r p>ts x look'd almo/ l gre5 bu%es1 & v confus'd1 b always ( :at ev] irregul> ,figures ! p>ts appe>'d (1 !y 7 always gre51 & seem'd to be ei!r "s ,vegetable1 or to h "s vegetat+ pr9ciple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxii4 ,( common ,sponges1 & sev]al o!r ,spongie fibr\s bodies4 ,a ,sponge is commonly reckon'd among ! ,zoophyts1 or ,plant ,animals2 & ! texture ( x1 :i* ! ,microscope discov]s1 seems to confirm x2 = x is ( a =m :]e( ,i nev] obs]v'd any o!r ,vegetable1 & inde$1 x seems impossible t any %\ld be ( x1 = x consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( small %ort fibres1 or n]v\s p>ts1 mu* ( ! same bigness1 curi\sly jo9t$ or contex'd toge!r 9 ! =m ( a ,net1 z is m pla9ly manife/ by ! little ,draught :i* ,i h add$1 9 ! ?ird ,figure ( ! ,,ix4 ,s*eme1 ( a piece ( x1 :i* y may p]ceive repres5ts a confus'd heap ( ! fibr\s p>ts curi\sly jo9t$ & implicat$4 ,! jo9ts are1 = ! mo/ "p1 :]e ?ree fibres onely meet1 = ,i h v seldom met ) any t _h f\r4 ,at ^! jo9ts !re is no "o ( ! ?ree t seems to be ! /ock :]eon ! o!r gr[1 b ea* ( ! fibres are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( an equal bigness1 & seem ea* ( !m to h an equal %>e 9 ! jo9t2 ! fibres are all ( !m mu* ab\t ! same bigness1 n small] t[>ds ! top ( ! ,sponge1 & bigg] ne]] ! bottom or root1 z is usuall 9 ,plants1 ! l5g? ( ea* betwe5 ! jo9ts1 is v irregul> & diff]5t2 ! di/ance betwe5 "s two jo9ts1 be+ t5 or twelve times m !n betwe5 "s o!rs4 ,nor are ! jo9ts regul>1 & ( an equitriagonal ,figure1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! ?ree fibres s meet1 t !y compose ?ree angles v diff]+ all ( !m f "o ano!r4 ,! me%es likewise1 & holes ( ?is reticulat$ body1 are n less v>i\s & irregul>3 "s bilat]al1 o!rs trilat]al1 & quadrilat]al ,figures2 nay1 ,i h obs]v'd "s me%es to h #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 or #i4 sides1 & "s to h onely "o1 s exce$+ v>i\s is ! ,lusus ,natur 9 ?is body4 ,z to ! outw>d appe>ance ( ?is ,vegetative body1 !y are s usuall ev]y:]e1 t ,i ne$ n describe !m1 consi/+ ( a s(t & por\s sub/ance1 repres5t+ a ,lock1 sometimes a fleece ( ,wool2 b x has besides ^! small microscopical pores :i* lie betwe5 ! fibres1 a multitude ( r\nd pores or holes1 :i*1 f ! top ( x1 pi]ce into ! body1 & sometimes g q ?r\gh to ! bottom4 ,i h obs]v'd _m ( ^! ,sponges1 to h includ$ likewise 9 ! mid/ ( _! fibr\s contextures1 pretty l>ge friable /ones1 :i* mu/ ei!r h be5 inclos'd :il'/ ?is ,vegetable 0 9 =mation1 or g5]at$ 9 ^? places aft] x 0 p]fectly %ap'd4 ,! lat] ( :i* seems ! m improbable1 because ,i did n f9d t any ( ^! /ony sub/ances 7 p]=at$ ) ! fibres ( ! ,sponge4 ,i h nev] se5 nor be5 en=m'd ( ! true mann] ( ! gr[+ ( ,sponges on ! ,rock2 :e!r !y are f\nd to increase f little to great1 l ,vegetables1 t is1 "p aft] "p1 or l ,animals1 all p>ts equally gr[+ toge!r2 or :e!r !y be matrices or fe$-baggs ( any k9d ( ,fi%es1 or "s k9d ( watry ,insect2 or :e!r !y are at any times m s(t & t5d]1 or ( ano!r nature & texture1 :i* ?+s1 if ,i knew h[1 ,i %\ld mu* desire to be in=m$ (3 b f a cursory view t ,i at fir/ made ) my ,microscope1 & "s o!r trials1 ,i suppos$ x to be "s ,animal sub/ance ca/ out1 & fa/n$ ^u ! ,rocks 9 ! =m ( a fro?1 or cong]ies ( bubbles1 l t :i* ,i h (t5 obs]v'd on ,rosem>y1 & o!r ,plants 7:]e9 is includ$ a little ,insect7 t all ! little films :i* divide ^! bubbles "o f ano!r1 did pres5tly1 almo/ aft] ! sub/ance began to gr[ a little h>d]1 break1 & leave onely ! ?read beh9d1 :i* might be1 z 'tw]e1 ! angle or ?read betwe5 ! bubbles1 t ! great holes or pores obs]vable 9 ^! ,sponges 7 made by ! eruption ( ! includ$ ,het]og5e\s sub/ance 7:e!r air1 or "s o!r body1 = _m o!r fluid bodies w d ! same ?+7 :i* break+ out ( ! less]1 7 collect$ into v l>ge bubbles1 & s might make _! way out ( ! ,sponge1 & 9 _! passage might leave a r\nd cavity2 & if x 7 l>ge1 might c>ry up ) x ! adjac5t bubbles1 :i* may be p]ceiv'd at ! outside ( ! ,sponge1 if x be fir/ ?r\ghly wett$1 & suff]r'd to plump itself into its natural =m1 or be !n wrung dry1 & suff]'d to exp& x self aga91 :i* x w freely d :il'/ moi/3 = :5 x has ?us plump'd x self into its natural %ape & dim5sions1 'tis obvi\s en\gh t ! m\?s ( ! l>g] holes h a k9d ( lip or ris+ r\nd ab\t !m1 b ! o!r small] pores h little or none4 ,x may fur!r be f\nd1 t ea* ( ^! great pores has _m o!r small pores bel[1 t are unit$ unto x1 & help to con/itute x1 almo/ l s _m rivulets or small /reams t contribute to ! ma9t5ance ( a l>ge ,riv]4 ,nor f ?is ,hypo!sis w\ld x h be5 difficult to explicate1 h[ ^? little bran*es ( ,coral1 smal ,/ones1 %ells1 & ! l1 come to be includ$ by ^! fro?y bodies3 ,b ?is inde$ 0 b a conjecture2 & ^u a m accurate enquiry into ! =m ( x ) ! ,microscope1 x seems n to be ! true orig9e ( !m2 = :]eas ,sponges h onely ?ree arms :i* jo9 toge!r at ea* knot1 if !y _h be5 g5]at$ f bubbles !y mu/ h _h f\r4 ,b t !y are ,animal ,sub/ances1 ! ,*ymical exam9ation ( !m seems to manife/1 !y af=d+ a volatil ,salt & _s1 l ,h>ts-,horn1 z does also _! great /r5g? & t\ghness1 & _! smell :5 burn'd 9 ! ,fire or a ,c&le1 :i* has a k9d ( fle%y s5t1 n mu* unlike to hair4 ,& hav+ s9ce exam9'd sev]al ,au?ors conc]n+ !m1 among o!rs2 ,i f9d ?is acc\nt giv5 by ,bellonius1 9 ! ,,xi4 ,*ap4 ( 8 #b;d ,book1 ,de ,aquatilibus4 ,spongi rec5tes1 says he1 siccis longe div]s1 scopulis aqu m>9 ad duos vel tres cubitos1 nonnunquam quatuor tantum digitos imm]sis1 ut fungi arboribus adhr5t1 sordido quodam succo aut mucosa potius sanie rf]t1 usque ade ftida1 ut vel em9us nauseam excitet1 cont9etur autem iis cav]nis1 quas inanes 9 siccis lotis ,spongiis c]nimus3 ,putris pulmonis modo nigr conspiciuntur1 v]m qu 9 sublimi aqu nascuntur multo magis opaca nigr$9e suffus sunt4 ,viv]e quidem ,spongias adhr5do ,ari/oteles c5set3 absolute v]o m9ime3 s5sumque aliquem hab]e1 vel eo argum5to 7inquit7 cr$antur1 quod difficillime ab/rahantur1 nisi clanculum agatur3 ,atq2 ad avulsoris accessum ita contrahantur1 ut eas evell]e difficile sit1 quod idem etiam faciunt quoties flatus tempe/atsque urg5t4 ,puto autem illis succum sordidum quem supra diximus c>nis loco natura attributum fuisse3 atque meatibus latioribus tanquam inte/9is aut int]aneis uti4 ,ct]um p>s ea qu ,spongi cautibus adhr5t e/ tanquam folii petiolus1 quo veluti collum quoddam gracile incipit3 quod de9de 9 latitud9em diffusum capitis globum facit4 ,rec5tibus nihil e/ fi/ulosum1 hsitantque tanquam radicibus4 ,sup]ne omnes propemodum meatus concreti lat5t3 inf]ne v] quat]ni aut qu9i pat5t1 p] quos eas sug]e exi/imamus4 ,f :i* ,description1 !y seem to be a k9d ( ,plant-,animal t adh]es to a ,rock1 & ^! small fibres or ?reads :i* we h describ$1 seem to h be5 ! ,vessels :i* 7'tis v probable7 7 v mu* bigg] :il'/ ! ,int]/itia 7 fill'd 7z he affirms7 ) a muc\s1 pulpy or fle%y sub/ance2 b ^u ! dry+ 7 %runk into ! bigness !y n[ appe>4 ,! texture ( x is su*1 t ,i h n yet met ) any o!r body 9 ! _w t has ! l1 b onely "o ( a l>g] sort ( ,sponge 7:i* is pres]v'd 9 ! ,museum ,h>veanum belong+ to ! mo/ ,illu/ri\s & mo/ le>n$ ,society ( ! ,physicians ( ,london7 :i* is ( a horney1 or r ( a petrify'd sub/ance4 ,& ( ?is inde$1 ! texture & make is exactly ! same ) common ,sponges1 b onely t bo? ! holes & ! fibres1 or texture ( x is exce$+ly mu* bigg]1 = "s ( ! holes 7 above an ,in* & half ov]1 & ! fibres & texture ( x 0 bigg en\gh to be di/+ui%$ easily ) ones eye1 b conspicu\sly ) an ord9>y s+le ,microscope4 ,& ^! inde$1 seem'd to h be5 ! habitation ( "s ,animal2 & exam9+ ,ari/otle1 ,i f9d a v consonant acc\nt h]eunto1 namely1 t he _h kn[n a c]ta9 little ,animal1 call'd ,p9no!ra1 l a ,spid]1 to be br$ 9 ^? cav]ns ( a ,sponge1 f )9 :i*1 by op5+ & clos+ ^? holes1 he insn>es & cat*es ! little ,fi%es2 & 9 ano!r place he says1 ,t 'tis v confid5tly report$1 t !re are c]ta9 ,mo?s or ,worms t reside 9 ! cavities ( a ,sponge1 & are !re n\ri%$3 ,not)/&+ all :i* ,hi/ories1 ,i ?9k x well wor? ! enquir+ into ! ,hi/ory & nature ( a ,sponge1 x seem+ to promise "s in=mation ( ! ,vessels 9 ,animal sub/ances1 :i* 7by reason ( ! solidity ( ! int]s]t$ fle% t is n easily remov'd1 )\t de/roy+ also ^? int]sp]s'd ,vessels7 are hi!rto undiscov]'d2 :]eas "h 9 a ,sponge1 ! ,p>5*yma1 x seems1 is b a k9d ( muc\s gelly1 :i* is v easily & cle>ly wa%'d away4 ,! reason t makes me imag9e1 t !re may probably be "s su* texture 9 ,animal sub/ances1 is1 t exam9+ ! texture ( ! filam5ts ( tann'd ,lea!r1 ,i f9d x to be mu* ( ! same nature & /r5g? ( a ,sponge2 & ) my ,microscope1 ,i h obs]v'd _m su* jo9ts & knobs1 z ,i h describ$ 9 ,sponges1 ! fibres also 9 ! holl[ ( sev]al sorts ( ,bones1 aft] ! ,m>r[ has be5 remov'd1 ,i h f\nd some:at to resemble ?is texture1 ?\gh1 ,i confess1 ,i nev] yet f\nd any texture exactly ! same1 nor any = curiosity comp>able to x4 ,! filam5ts ( x are mu* small] !n ^? ( ,silk1 & ?r\gh ! ,microscope appe> v ne] z transp>5t1 nay1 "s p>ts ( !m ,i h obs]v'd mu* m4 ,hav+ exam9'd also sev]al k9ds ( ,mu%roms1 ,i f9de _! texture to be some:at ( ?is k9d1 t is1 to consi/ ( an inf9ite company ( small filam5ts1 e way contex'd & wov5 toge!r1 s z to make a k9d ( clo?1 & m p>ticul>ly1 exam9+ a piece ( ,t\*-wood 7:i* is a k9d ,jews-e>1 or ,mu%rom1 gr[+ "h 9 ,engl& also1 on sev]al sorts ( ,trees1 su* z ,eld]s1 ,maples1 ,will[s1 c4 & is commonly call'd by ! "n ( ,spunk2 b t we meet ) to be sold 9 ,%ops1 is br\ght f beyond ,seas7 ,i f\nd x to be made ( an exce$+ delicate texture3 ,= ! sub/ance ( x feels1 & looks to ! nak$ eye1 & may be /ret*'d any way1 exactly l a v f9e piece ( ,*amois ,lea!r1 or wa%'d ,lea!r1 b x is ( some:at a br[n] hew1 & no?+ ne] s /rong2 b exam9+ x ) my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd x ( some:at ano!r make !n any k9d ( ,lea!r2 = :]eas bo? ,*amois1 & all o!r k9ds ( ,lea!r ,i h yet view'd1 consi/ ( an inf9ite company ( filam5ts1 some:at l bu%es int]wov5 "o )9 ano!r1 t is1 ( bigg] p>ts or /ems1 z x 71 & small] bran*+s t gr[ out ( !m2 or l a heap ( ,ropes ends1 :]e ea* ( ! l>g] ,ropes by degrees seem to split or untwi/1 into _m small] ,cords1 & ea* ( ^? ,cords into small] ,l9es1 & ^? ,l9es into ,?reads1 c4 & ^! /rangely intangl$1 or int]wov5 "o )9 ano!r3 ,! texture ( ?is ,t\*-wood seems m l t ( a ,lock or a ,fleece ( ,wool1 = x consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( small filam5ts1 all ( !m1 z f>r z ,i c\ld p]ceive1 ( ! same bigness l ^? ( a ,sponge1 b t ! filam5ts ( ?is 7 n a tw5tie? "p ( ! bigness ( ^? ( a ,sponge2 & ,i c\ld n s pla9ly p]ceive _! jo9ts1 or _! mann] ( int]weav+1 ?\gh1 z f>r z ,i 0 able to disc]n ) t ,microscope ,i _h1 ,i suppose x to h "s k9d ( resemblance1 b ! jo9ts are no?+ ne] s ?ick1 nor )\t mu* tr\ble visible4 ,! filam5ts ,i c\ld pla9ly en\gh p]ceive to be ev51 r\nd1 cyl9drical1 transp>5t bodies1 & to cross ea* o!r e way1 t is1 !re 7 n m seem'd to lie horizontally !n p]p5dicul>ly & ?w>tway1 s t x is some:at difficult to conceive h[ !y %\ld gr[ 9 t mann]4 ,by te>+ (f a small piece ( x1 & look+ on ! ragg$ edge1 ,i c\ld among sev]al ( ^? fibres p]ceive small jo9ts1 t is1 "o ( ^? hairs split into two1 ea* ( ! same bigness ) ! o!r out ( :i* !y seem'd to gr[1 b hav+ n lately _h an opportunity ( exam9+ _! mann] ( gr[?1 ,i _c positively affirm any ?+ ( !m4 ,b to proce$1 ,! swell+ ( ,sponges ^u wett+1 & ! ris+ ( ! ,wat] 9 x above ! surface ( ! ,wat] t x t\*es1 are bo? f ! same cause1 ( :i* an acc\nt is already giv5 9 ! six? ,obs]vation4 ,! sub/ance ( !m inde$1 has s _m excell5t prop]ties1 sc>ce to be met ) 9 any o!r body 9 ! _w1 t ,i h (t5 wond]$ t s little use is made ( x1 & ^? onely vile & sordid2 c]ta9ly1 if x 7 well consid]'d1 x w\ld af=d mu* great] conv5i5cies4 ,t use :i* ! ,div]s are said to make ( x1 seems1 if true1 v /range1 b hav+ made trial ( x my self1 by dipp+ a small piece ( x 9 v good ,sallet-oyl1 & putt+ x 9 my m\?1 & !n keep+ my m\? & nose "u wat]1 ,i c\ld n f9d any su* ?+2 = ,i 0 z soon out ( brea? z if ,i _h _h no ,sponge1 nor c\ld ,i fet* my brea? )\t tak+ 9 wat] at my m\?2 b ,i am v apt to ?9k1 t 7 !re a contrivance :]eby ! expir'd air might be =c'd to pass ?r\gh a wet or oyly ,sponge be=e x 7 aga9 inspir'd1 x might mu* cleanse1 & /ra9 away f ! ,air div]s fulig9\s & o!r noisome /eams1 & ! dipp+ ( x 9 c]ta9 liquors might1 p]haps1 s r5ew t prop]ty 9 ! ,air :i* x loses 9 ! ,lungs1 by be+ brea?'d1 t "o squ>e foot ( ,air might la/ a man = respiration mu* long]1 p]haps1 !n t5 w n[ s]ve him ( common ,air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxiii4 ,( ! curi\s texture ( ,sea-we$s4 ,= curiosity & beauty1 ,i h n among all ! ,plants or ,vegetables ,i h yet obs]v'd1 se5 any "o comp>able to ?is ,sea-we$ ,i h "h describ'd1 ( :i* ,i am able to say v little m !n :at is repres5t$ by ! second ,figure ( ! n9? ,s*eme3 ,namely1 t x is a ,plant :i* gr[s ^u ! ,rocks "u ! wat]1 & increases & spreads x self into a great tuft1 :i* is n onely h&somely bran*'d into sev]al leaves1 b ! :ole surface ( ! ,plant is cov]'d ov] ) a mo/ curi\s k9d ( c>v'd "w1 :i* consi/s ( a texture mu* resembl+ a ,honey-comb2 = ! :ole surface on bo? sides is cov]'d ov] ) a multitude ( v small holes1 be+ no bigg] !n s _m holes made ) ! po9t ( a small ,p9n1 & rang'd 9 ! neate/ & mo/ delicate ord] imag9able1 !y be+ plac'd 9 ! mann] ( a ,qu9cunx1 or v mu* l ! r[s ( ! eyes ( a ,fly1 ! r[s or ord]s be+ v regul>1 :i* way soev] !y are obs]v'd3 :at ! texture 01 z x appe>'d ?r\gh a pretty bigg ,magnify+ ,microscope1 ,i h "h adjo9'd 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! #ad4 ,s*eme4 :i* r\nd ,area ,,abcd repres5ts a "p ( ! surface ab\t "o eigh? "p ( an ,in* 9 ,diamet]3 ,^? little holes1 :i* to ! eye look'd r\nd1 l s _m little spots1 "h appe>'d v regul>ly %ap'd holes1 repres5t+ almo/ ! %ape ( ! sole ( a r\nd to$ %oe1 ! h9d] "p ( :i*1 is1 z x 71 trod on or cov]'d by ! toe ( t next bel[ x2 ^! holes seem'd wall'd ab\t ) a v ?9 & transp>5t sub/ance1 look+ ( a pale /raw-col\r2 f ! edge ( :i*1 aga9/ ! middle ( ea* hole1 7 spr\t$ out f\r small transp>5t /raw-col\r'd ,?orns1 :i* seem'd to protect & cov] ^? cavities1 f ei!r side two2 ne] ! root ( ?is ,plant1 7 spr\t$ out sev]al small bran*es ( a k9d ( ba/>d ,corall9e1 curi\sly bran*'d1 ?\gh small4 ,& to confirm ?is1 hav+ lately ! opportunity ( view+ ! l>ge ,plant 7if ,i may s call x7 ( a ,sponge petrify'd1 ( :i* ,i made m5tion 9 ! la/ ,obs]vation1 ,i f\nd1 t ea* ( ! ,bran*es or ,figures ( x1 did1 by ! range ( its pores1 exhibit j su* a texture1 ! r[s ( pores cross+ "o ano!r1 mu* aft] ! mann] z ! r[s ( eyes d :i* are describ'd 9 ! #bf4 ,s*eme3 ,corall9e also1 & sev]al sorts ( :ite ,coral1 ,i h ) a ,microscope obs]v'd v curi\sly %ap'd4 ,& ,i d\bt n1 b t he t %all obs]ve ^! sev]al k9ds ( ,plants t gr[ ^u ,rocks1 :i* ! ,sea sometimes ov]fl[s1 & ^? heaps ( o!rs :i* are vomit$ out ( x ^u ! %ore1 may f9d multitudes ( little ,plants1 & o!r bodies1 :i* l ?is w af=d v beautifull objects = ! ,microscope2 & ?is ,specim5 "h is adjo9'd onely to excite _! curiosities :o h opportunity ( obs]v+ to exam9e & collect :at !y f9d wor?y _! notice2 = ! ,sea1 among t]re/rial bodies1 is also a prolifick "m1 & af=ds z _m ,in/ances ( spontane\s g5]ations z ei!r ! ,air or ,e>?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxiv4 ,( ! surfaces ( ,rosem>y1 & o!r leaves4 ,?is :i* is del9eat$ )9 ! circle ( ! second ,figure ( ! #ad4 ,s*eme1 is a small "p ( ! back or "u side ( a leaf ( ,rosem>y1 :i* ,i did n !re=e make *oice ( because x _h any ?+ peculi> :i* 0 n obs]vable ) a ,microscope 9 sev]al o!r ,plants1 b because x exhibits at "o view1 ,fir/1 a smoo? & %9+ surface1 namely1 ,,ab1 :i* is a "p ( ! upp] side ( ! leaf1 t by a k9d ( hem or d\bl+ ( ! leaf appe>s on ?is side4 ,!re are multitudes ( leaves1 ^: surfaces are l ?is smoo?1 & z x 7 quilt$1 :i* look l a curi\s quilt$ bagg ( gre5 ,silk1 or l a ,bladd]1 or "s su* pliable transp>5t sub/ance1 full /uff$ out ) a gre5 juice or liquor2 ! surface ( ,rue1 or ,h]bgrass1 is poli%'d1 & all ov] ind5t$1 or pitt$1 l ! ,silk-worm's ,egg1 :i* ,i %all anon describe2 ! smoo? surfaces ( o!r ,plants are o!rwise quilt$1 ,nature 9 ?is1 z x 71 express+ h] ,ne$le-"w1 or imbroid]y4 ,next a d[ny or bu%y surface1 su* z is all ! "u side almo/1 appe>+ ?r\gh ! ,microscope mu* l a ?icket ( bu%es1 & ) ?is k9d ( ,d[n or ,hair ! leaves & /alks ( multitudes ( ,vegetables are cov]$2 & !re seems to be z great a v>iety 9 ! %ape1 bulk1 & mann] ( ! gr[+ ( ^! secund>y ,plants1 z ,i may call !m 7!y be+1 z x 71 a ,plant gr[+ out ( a ,plant1 or some:at l ! hairs ( ,animals7 z !re is to be f\nd among/ small %rubs t compose bu%es2 b = ! mo/ "p1 !y consi/ ( small transp>5t p>ts1 "s ( :i* gr[ 9 ! %ape ( small ,ne$les or ,bodk9s1 z on ! ,?i/le1 ,c[ag-ecod & ,nettle2 o!rs 9 ! =m ( ,cat's claws1 z 9 ,clid]s1 ! be>ds ( ,b>ley1 ! edges ( sev]al sorts ( ,grass & ,re$s1 c4 9 o!r1 z ,coltsfoot1 ,rose-campion1 ,aps1 ,popl>1 ,will[1 & almo/ all o!r d[ny ,plants1 !y gr[ 9 ! =m ( bu%es v mu* div]sify'd 9 ea* p>ticul> ,plant1 ,t :i* ,i h be=e 9 ! #ai4 ,obs]vation not$ on ,rose leaves1 is ( a q diff]+ k9d1 & seems inde$ a real ,vegetable1 di/9ct f ! leaf4 ,?irdly1 among ^! small bu%es are obs]vable an inf9ite company ( small r\nd ,balls1 exactly ,globul>1 & v mu* resembl+ ,pe>ls1 namely1 ,,cccc1 ( ^! !re maybe multitudes obs]v'd 9 ,sage1 & sev]al o!r ,plants1 :i* ,i suppose 0 ! reason :y ,a?anasius ,kir*] suppos$ !m to be all cov]'d ) ,spid]s ,eggs1 or "y ,spid]s1 :i* inde$ is no?+ else b "s k9d ( gumm\s exsudation1 :i* is always mu* ( ! same bigness4 ,at fir/ sight ( ^!1 ,i confess1 ,i imag9'd t !y might h be5 "s k9d ( matrices1 or n\ri%+ receptacles = "s small ,insect1 j z ,i h f\nd ,oak-apples1 & multitudes ( su* o!r l>ge excresc5cies on ! leaves & o!r p>ts ( ,trees & %rubs to be = ,flyes1 & div]s o!r ,insects1 b obs]v+ !m to be !re all ! ye>1 & sc>ce at all to *ange _! magnitude1 t conjecture seem'd n s probable4 ,b :at ev] be ! use ( x1 x af=ds a v pleasant object ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 & may1 p]haps1 ^u fur!r exam9ation1 prove v lucif]\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxv4 ,( ! /++ po9ts & juice ( ,nettles1 & "s o!r v5om\s ,plants4 ,a ,nettle is a ,plant s well kn[n to e "o1 z to :at ! appe>ance ( x is to ! nak$ eye1 t x ne$s no description2 & !re are v few t h n felt z well z se5 x2 & !re=e x w be no news to tell t a g5tle & slight t\* ( ! sk9 by a ,nettle1 does (t5time1 n onely create v s5sible & acute pa91 mu* l t ( a burn or scald1 b (t5 also v angry & h>d swell+s & inflamations ( ! p>ts1 su* z w pres5tly rise1 & cont9ue swoln div]s h\rs4 ,^! obs]vations1 ,i say1 are common en\gh2 b h[ ! pa9 is s sudd5ly creat$1 & by :at means cont9u$1 augm5t$ = a "t1 & aft]w>ds dim9i%'d1 & at l5g? q ex/+ui%'d1 has n1 t ,i "k1 be5 expla9'd by any4 ,& "h we mu/ h rec\rse to our ,microscope1 & t w1 if almo/ any "p ( ! ,plant be look$ on1 %ew u ! :ole surface ( x v ?ick set ) turn-,pikes1 or %>p ,ne$les1 ( ! %ape ( ^? repres5t$ 9 ! #ae4 ,s*eme & fir/ ,figure by ,,ab1 :i* are visible also to ! nak$ eye2 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( two p>ts v di/9ct = %ape1 & diff]+ also 9 quality f "o ano!r4 ,= ! "p ,a1 is %ap$ v mu* l a r\nd ,bodk91 f ,b tap]+ till x end 9 a v %>p po9t2 x is ( sub/ance v h>d & /iff1 exce$+ly transp>5t & cle]1 &1 z ,i by _m trials c]ta9ly f\nd1 is holl[ f top to bottom4 ,?is ,i f\nd by ?is ,exp]im5t1 ,i _h a v conv5i5t ,microscope ) a s+le ,glass :i* drew ab\t half an ,in*1 ?is ,i _h fa/n$ into a little frame1 almo/ l a pair ( ,spectacles1 :i* ,i plac$ be=e m9e eyes1 & s hold+ ! leaf ( a ,nettle at a conv5i5t di/ance f my eye1 ,i did fir/1 ) ! ?ru/+ ( sev]al ( ^! bri/les into my sk91 p]ceive t pres5tly aft] ,i _h ?ru/ !m 9 ,i felt ! burn+ pa9 beg92 next ,i obs]v'd 9 div]s ( !m1 t ^u ?ru/+ my f+] aga9/ _! tops1 ! ,bodk9 7if ,i may s call x7 did n 9 ! lea/ b5d1 b ,i c\ld p]ceive mov+ up & d[n )9 x a c]ta9 liquor1 :i* ^u ?ru/+ ! ,bodk9 aga9/ its basis1 or bagg ,b1 ,i c\ld p]ceive to rise t[>ds ! top1 & ^u tak+ away my h&1 ,i c\ld see x aga9 subside1 & %r9k into ! bagg2 ?is ,i did v (t51 & saw ?is ,phnom5on z pla9 z ,i c\ld ev] see a p>cel ( wat] asc5d & desc5d 9 a pipe ( ,glass4 ,b ! basis und]nea? ^! ,bodk9s on :i* !y 7 fa/1 7 made ( a m pliable sub/ance1 & look$ almo/ l a little bagg ( gre5 ,lea!r1 or r resembl$ ! %ape & surface ( a wilde ,cucumb]1 or cucum]is as99i1 & ,i c\ld pla9ly p]ceive !m to be c]ta9 little baggs1 bladd]s1 or receptacles full ( wat]1 or z ,i ghess1 ! liquor ( ! ,plant1 :i* 0 poison\s1 & ^? small ,bodk9s 7 b ! ,syr+e-pipes1 or ,gly/]-pipes1 :i* fir/ made way into ! sk91 & !n s]v$ to convey t poison\s juice1 ^u ! press+ ( ^? little baggs1 into ! int]ior & s5sible p>ts ( ! sk91 :i* be+ s dis*>g'd1 does corrode1 or1 z x 71 burn t "p ( ! sk9 x t\*es2 & ?is pa9 w sometimes la/ v long1 accord+ z ! impression is made deep] or /rong]4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! leaf or surface ( ! ,nettle1 h v little consid]able1 b :at is common to mo/ ( ^! k9ds ( ,plants1 z ! rugg$ness or ind5t+1 & hair9ess1 & o!r r\ghnesses ( ! surface or outside ( ! ,plant1 ( :i* ,i may say m 9 ano!r place4 ,z ,i %all likewise ( c]ta9 little pretty cle] ,balls or ,apples :i* ,i h obs]v$ to /ick to ! sides ( ^! leaves1 bo? on ! upp] & "u side1 v mu* l ! small ,apples :i* ,i h (t5 obs]v'd to gr[ on ! leaves ( an ,oak call'd ,oak-apples :i* are no?+ b ! ,matrices ( an ,infect1 z ,i else:]e %ew4 ,! *ief ?+ !re=e is1 h[ ?is ,plant comes1 by s slight a t\*1 to create s great a pa92 & ! reason ( ?is seems to be no?+ else1 b ! corrosive p5etrant liquor conta9'd 9 ! small baggs or bladd]s1 ^u :i* gr[ out ^? %>p ,syr+e-pipes1 z ,i be=e not$2 & v consonant to ?is1 is ! reason ( ! pa9 creat$ by ! /+ ( a ,bee1 ,wasp1 c4 z ,i else:]e %ew3 ,= by ! ,d>t1 :i* is likewise a pipe1 is made a deep passage into ! sk91 & !n by ! ang] ( ! ,fly1 is 8 gally poison\s liquor inject$2 :i* be+ admitt$ among ! s5sible p>ts1 & s mix'd ) ! hum\rs or /agnat+ juices ( t "p1 does create an ,ebullition p]haps1 or eff]vesc5s1 z is usually obs]v'd 9 ! m+l+ ( two diff]+ ,*ymical sal9e liquors1 by :i* means ! p>ts become swell'd1 h>d1 & v pa9full2 = !reby ! n]v\s & s5sible p>ts are n onely /ret*'d & /ra9'd beyond _! natural tone1 b are also prick'd1 p]haps1 or corrod$ by ! pung5t & incongru\s p>ts ( ! intrud$ liquor4 ,& ?is seems to be ! reason1 :y ,aqua =tis1 & o!r sal9e liquors1 if !y come to t\* ! s5sitive p>ts1 z 9 a cut ( ! sk91 or ! l1 d s viol5tly & intoll]ably excruciate & torm5t ! ,pati5t4 ,& 'tis n unlikely1 b ! ,inv5tors ( t ,diabolical practice ( poison+ ! po9ts ( ,arr[s & ,pony>ds1 might receive _! fir/ h9t f "s su* ,in/ance 9 natural contrivances1 z ?is ( ! ,nettle3 = ! gr\nd :y su* poison'd weapons kill s infallibly z !y d1 seems no o!r !n ?is ( our ,nettle's /++2 = ! ,pony>d or ,d>t makes a passage or entrance into ! s5sitive or vital p>ts ( ! body1 :]eby ! contagi\s sub/ance comes to be dissolv'd by1 & mix'd ) ! fluid p>ts or hum\rs ( ! body1 & by t means spreads x self by degrees into ! :ole liquid "p ( ! body1 9 ! same mann]1 z a few gra9s ( ,salt1 put into a great quantity ( ,wat]1 w by degrees diffuse x self ov] ! :ole4 ,& ?is ,i take to be ! reason ( kill+ ( ,toads1 ,frogs1 ,effs1 & sev]al ,fi%es1 by /rew+ ,salt on _! backs 7:i* ,exp]im5t 0 %ewn to ! ,royal ,society by a v +5i\s ,g5tleman1 & a wor?y ,memb] ( x7 = ^? creatures hav+ always a cont9ual exsudation1 z x 71 ( slimy & watry p>ts1 sweat+ out ( ! pores ( _! sk91 ! sal9e p>ticles1 by t means obta9 a vehicle1 :i* conveys !m into ! int]nal & vital p>ts ( ! body4 ,?is seems also to be ! reason :y ba?+ 9 ,m9]al wat]s are su* sov]aign rem$ies = multitudes ( di/emp]s1 especially *ronical2 = ! liquid w>m vehicles ( ! ,m9]al p>ticles1 :i* are kn[n to be 9 v consid]able quantities 9 ^? heal+ ba?s1 by ! body's long /ay 9 !m1 d by degrees /eep & ins9uate !mselves into ! pores & p>ts ( ! sk91 & !reby ^? ,m9]al p>ticles h _! ways & passages op5'd to p5etrate into ! inn] p>ts1 & m+le !mselves ) ! /agnant juices ( ! sev]al p>ts2 besides1 _m ( ^? (f5sive p>ts :i* 7 unit$ ) ^? /agnant juices1 & :i* 7 contr>y to ! natural con/itution ( ! p>ts1 & s become irksome & pa9full to ! body1 b c\ld n be dis*>g$1 because ,nature _h made no provision = su* accid5tal mis*iefs1 are1 by means ( ?is soak+1 & fill+ ! pores ( ! sk9 ) a liquor1 af=d$ a passage ?r\gh t liquor t fills ! pores into ! ambi5t fluid1 & !reby ! body comes to be dis*>g$4 ,s t 'tis v evid5t1 !re may be a good z well z an evil application ( ?is ,pr9ciple4 ,& ! +5i\s ,inv5tion ( t ,excell5t p]son1 ,doctor ,wr5 ( inject+ liquors into ! ve9s ( an ,animal1 seems to be r$ucible to ?is head3 ,i _c /ay1 nor is ?is a fit place1 to m5tion ! sev]al ,exp]im5ts made ( ?is k9d by ! mo/ incomp>able ,mr4 ,boyle1 ! multitudes made by ! lately m5tion'd ,physician ,doctor ,cl>k1 ! ,hi/ory :]e(1 z he has be5 pleas'd to communicate to ! ,royal ,society1 s he may p]haps be prevail'd ) to make publique himself3 ,b ,i %all r h9t1 t c]ta9ly1 if ?is ,pr9ciple 7 well consid]'d1 !re might1 besides ! fur!r improv+ ( ,ba?+ & ,syr++ into ! ve9s1 be ?\ght on sev]al ways1 :]eby sev]al ob/9ate di/emp]s ( a humane body1 su* z ! ,g\t1 ,dropsie1 ,/one1 c4 might be ma/]'d1 & expell'd2 & good m5 might make z good a use ( x1 z evil m5 h made a p]v]se & ,diabolical4 ,& t ! fill+ ( ! pores ( ! sk9 ) "s fluid vehicle1 is ( no small efficacy t[>ds ! prep>+ a passage = sev]al k9ds ( p5etrant juices1 & o!r dissoluble bodies1 to ins9uate !mselves )9 ! sk91 & into ! s5sitive p>ts ( ! body1 may be1 ,i ?9k1 prov'd by an ,in/ance giv5 u by ,bellonius1 9 ! #bf4 ,*apt] ( ! second ,book ( 8 ,obs]vations1 :i* conta9+ a v rem>kable ,/ory ,i h "h transcrib'd3 ,cum ,*amleonis nigri radices 7says he7 apud ,pagum qu5dam ,livado*orio nuncupatum erui cur>emus1 plurimi ,grci ,turc spectatum v5]unt quid eru]emus1 eas v]o fru/ulatim secabamus1 filo trajiciebamus ut facilius exsicc>i poss5t4 ,turc 9 eo negotio occupatos nos vid5tes1 similit] eas radices tract>e sec>e volu]unt3 at cum summus esset /us1 omnes sudore mad]5t1 quicunque eam radicem manibus tractav]ant sudoremque ab/]s]ant1 aut faciem digitis scalps]ant1 tantam prurig9em iis locis quos attig]ant po/ea s5s]unt1 ut aduri vid]5tur4 ,*amleonis enim nigri radix ea virtute pollet1 ut cuti applicata ipsam adeo inflammet1 ut nec squill1 nec urtic ull c5tesima p>te ita adur5t3 ,at prurigo non adeo cel]it] sese prodit4 ,po/ unam aut alt]am porro horam1 s+uli v>iis faciei locis cutem adeo inflammatam hab]e cpimus ut tota sangu9ea vid]etur1 atque quo magis eam confricabamus1 tanto magis excitabatur prurigo4 ,fonti assidebamus sub platano1 atque initio pro ludicro habebamus ridebamus3 at t&em illi plurimum indignati sunt1 nisi assev]assemus nunquam exp]tos tali virtute eam plantam poll]e1 haud dubie male nos multass5t1 ,attam5 no/ra excusatio fuit ab illis facilitus accepta1 cum eodem incommodo nos affectos conspic]5t4 ,mirum sane quod 9 tantillo radice tam +5tem efficaciam no/ro malo exp]ti sumus4 ,by :i* obs]vation ( 81 x seems manife/1 t _! be+ all cov]'d ) sweat :o ga!r'd & cut ?is root ( ! black ,*ameleon ,?i/le1 0 ! great reason :y !y suff]'d t inconv5i5ce1 = x seems ! l circum/ance _h n be5 be=e t not$1 nor d ,i f9d any m5tion ( su* a prop]ty belong+ to ?is ,vegetable 9 any ( ! ,h]bals ,i h at pres5t by me4 ,i c\ld give v _m ,obs]vations :i* ,i h made ( ?is k9d1 :]eby ,i h f\nd t ! be/ way to get a body to be ins9uat$ into ! sub/ance or ins5sible pores ( ano!r1 is fir/1 to f9d a fluid vehicle t has "s congruity1 bo? to ! body to be ins9uat$1 & to ! body into ^: pores y w\ld h ! o!r convey'd4 ,& 9 ?is ,pr9ciple lies ! great my/]y ( /a9+ sev]al sorts ( bodies1 z ,m>ble1 ,woods1 ,bones1 c4 & ( ,dy+ ,silks1 ,cloa?s1 ,wools1 ,fea!rs1 c4 ,b ^! be+ digressions1 ,i %all proce$ to3 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxvi4 ,( ,c[age1 & ! it*+ op]ation ( "s bodies4 ,!re is a c]ta9 ,d[n ( a ,plant1 br\ght f ! ,ea/-,indies1 call'd commonly1 ?\gh v improp]ly1 ,c[-it*1 ! reason ( :i* mi/ake is manife/ en\gh f ! description ( x1 :i* ,mr4 ,p>k9son sets d[n 9 8 ,h]bal1 ,tribe ,,xi4 ,*ap4 #b4 ,phasiolus siliqua hirsuta2 ,! hairy ,kidney-bean1 call$ 9 ,zurratte :]e x gr[s1 ,c\hage3 ,we h _h 7says he7 ano!r ( ?is k9d br\ght u out ( ! ,ea/-,indies1 :i* be+ plant$ 0 9 %ew l ! =m]1 b came n to p]fection1 ! unk9dly season n suff]+ x to %ew ! fl[]2 b ( ! ,cods t 7 br\ght1 "s 7 small]1 %ort]1 & r\nd] !n ! ,g>d5 k9d2 o!rs mu* long]1 & _m gr[+ toge!r1 z x 7 9 clu/]s1 & cov]'d all ov] ) a br[n %ort hair9ess1 s f9e1 t if any ( x be rubb'd1 or fall on ! back ( ones h&1 or o!r t5d] p>ts ( ! sk91 x w cause a k9d ( it*+1 b n /rong1 nor long indur+1 b pass+ quickly away1 )\t ei!r dang] or h>m2 ! ,beans 7 small] !n ord9>y1 & ( a black %9+ col\r4 ,hav+ "o ( ^! ,cods giv5 me by a ,sea-,capta91 :o _h frequ5t$ ^? p>ts1 ,i f\nd x to be a small ,cod1 ab\t ?ree ,in*es long1 mu* l a %ort ,cod ( ,fr5* ,beans1 :i* _h six ,beans 9 x1 ! :ole surface ( x 0 cov]'d ov] ) a v ?ick & %9+ br[n ,d[n or ,hair1 :i* 0 v f9e1 & = its bigness /iff2 tak+ "s ( ?is ,d[n1 & rubb+ x on ! back ( my h&1 ,i f\nd v little or no tr\ble1 only ,i 0 s5sible t sev]al ( ^! little d[ny p>ts ) rubb+ did p5etrate1 & 7 sunk1 or /uck pretty deep into my sk94 ,aft] ,i _h ?us rubb'd x = a pretty :ile1 ,i felt v little or no pa91 9 s mu* t ,i d\bt$1 :e!r x 7 ! true ,c\hage2 b :il'/ ,i 0 consid]+2 ,i f\nd ! ,d[n beg9 to make my h& it*1 & 9 "s places to sm>t aga91 mu* l ! /++ ( a ,flea or ,gnat1 & ?is cont9u$ a pretty :ile1 s t by degrees ,i f\nd my sk9 to be swell'd ) little r$ pu/ules1 & to look z if x _h be5 it*ie4 ,b suff]+ x )\t rubb+ or scrat*+1 ! it*+ tickl+ pa9 quickly grew languid1 & )9 an h\r ,i felt no?+ at all1 & ! little protub]ancies 7 vani%'d4 ,! cause ( :i* odd ,phnom5on1 ,i suppose to be mu* ! same ) t ( ! /++ ( a ,nettle1 = by ! ,microscope1 ,i discov]'d ?is ,d[n to consi/ ( a multitude ( small & sl5d] conical bodies1 mu* resembl+ ,ne$les or ,bodk9s1 su* z are repres5t$ by ,,ab4 ,,cd4 ,,ef4 ( ! fir/ ,figure ( ! ,,xvi4 ,s*eme2 t _! ends ,,aaa1 7 v %>p1 & ! sub/ance ( !m /iff & h>d1 mu* l ! sub/ance ( sev]al k9ds ( ,?orns & crooks gr[+ on ,trees4 ,& ?\gh !y appe>'d v cle] & transp>5t1 yet ,i c\ld n p]ceive :e!r !y 7 holl[ or n1 b to me !y appe>'d l solid transp>5t bodies1 )\t any cavity 9 !m2 :e!r1 ?\gh !y might n be a k9d ( ,cane1 fill'd ) "s transp>5t liquor :i* 0 h>dn$ 7because ! ,cod :i* ,i _h 0 v dry7 ,i 0 n able to exam9e4 ,n[1 be+ su* /iff1 %>p bodies1 x is easie to conceive1 h[ ) rubb+ !y might easily be ?ru/ into ! t5d] p>ts ( ! sk91 & !re1 by reason ( _! exce$+ f95ess & dr9ess1 n create any consid]able tr\ble or pa91 till by rema9+ 9 ^? places moi/n$ ) ! hum\rs ( ! body1 "s cau/ick "p /ick+ on !m1 or resid+ )9 !m might be dissolv'd & mix'd ) ! ambi5t juices ( t place1 & !reby ^? fibres & t5d] p>ts adjoyn+ become affect$1 & z x 7 corrod$ by x2 :5ce1 :ile t action la/s1 ! pa9s creat$ are pretty %>p & pung5t1 ?\gh small1 :i* is ! ess5tial prop]ty ( an it*+ "o4 ,t ! pa9 also caus$ by ! /++ ( a ,flea1 a ,gnat1 a ,flie1 a ,wasp1 & ! l1 proce$s mu* f ! v same cause1 ,i else:]e 9 _! prop] places endeav\r to manife/4 ,! /++ also ( %r$ ,hors-hair1 :i* 9 m]im5t is (t5 /rew'd betwe5 ! %eets ( a ,b$1 seems to proce$ f ! same cause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxvii4 ,( ! ,be>d ( a wilde ,oat1 & ! use t may be made ( x = exhibit+ always to ! ,eye ! temp]ature ( ! ,air1 z to dr9ess & moi/ure4 ,?is ,be>d ( a wild ,oat1 is a body ( a v curi\s /ructure1 ?\gh to ! nak$ ,eye x appe>s v slight1 & inconsid]able1 x be+ only a small black or br[n ,be>d or ,bri/le1 :i* gr[s out ( ! side ( ! inn] ,husk t cov]s ! ,gra9 ( a wild ,oat2 ! :ole l5g? ( x1 :5 put 9 ,wat]1 s t x may ext5d x self to its full l5g?1 is n above an ,in* & a half1 & = ! mo/ "p some:at %ort]1 b :5 ! ,gra9 is ripe1 & v dry1 :i* is usually 9 ! ,mone?s ( ,july1 & ,augu/1 ?is ,be>d is b5t some:at bel[ ! middle1 namely1 ab\t f ! bottom ( x1 almo/ to a "r ,angle1 & ! "u "p ( x is wrea?'d lik a ,)2 ! sub/ance ( x is v brittle :5 dry1 & x w v easily be brok5 f ! husk on :i* x gr[s4 ,if y take "o ( ^! ,gra9s1 & wet ! ,be>d 9 ,wat]1 y w pres5tly see ! small b5d$ top to turn & move r\nd1 z if x 7 s5sible2 & by degrees1 if x be cont9u$ wet en\gh1 ! jo9t or knee w /reight5 x self2 & if x be suff]'d to dry aga91 x w by degrees move r\nd ano!r way1 & at l5g? b5d aga9 into its =m] po/ure4 ,if x be view'd ) an ord9>y s+le ,microscope1 x w appe> l a small wrea?'d ,sprig1 ) two clefts2 & if wet z be=e1 & !n look'd on ) ?is ,microscope1 x w appe> to unwrea? x self1 & by degrees1 to /reight5 its knee1 & ! two clefts w become /reight1 & almo/ on opposite sides ( ! small cyl9drical body4 ,if x be cont9u$ to be look'd on a little long] ) a ,microscope1 x w )9 a little :ile beg9 to wrea? x self aga91 & soon aft] return to its =m] po/ure1 b5d+ x self aga9 ne] ! middle1 into a k9d ( knee or angle4 ,sev]al ( ^? bodies ,i exam9'd ) l>g] ,microscopes1 & !re f\nd !m mu* ( ! make ( ^? two long wrea?'d cyl9d]s del9eat$ 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #ae4 ,s*eme1 :i* two cyl9d]s repres5t ! wrea!d "p brok5 into two pieces1 :]e( ! end ,,ab is to be suppos'd to h jo9'd to ! end ,,cd1 s t ,,eacf does repres5t ! :ole wrea?'d "p ( ! ,be>d1 & ,,eg a small piece ( ! upp] "p ( ! ,be>d :i* is beyond ! knee1 :i* z ,i _h n room to ins]t1 s 0 x n v consid]able1 ei!r = its =m1 or any kn[n prop]ty2 b ! "u or wrea!d "p is notable = bo?3 ,z to its =m1 x appe>'d1 if x 7 look'd on side-ways1 almo/ l a ,will[1 or a small tap]+ rod ( ,hazel1 ! l[] or bigg] half ( :i* onely1 is twi/$ r\nd sev]al times1 9 "s ?ree1 9 o!rs m1 9 o!rs less1 accord+ to ! bigness & maturity ( ! ,gra9 on :i* x grew1 & accord+ to ! dr9ess & moi/ure ( ! ambi5t ,air1 z ,i %all %ew m at l>ge by & by4 ,! :ole outw>d ,sup]ficies ( ?is ,cyl9drical body is curi\sly adorn$ or flut$ ) little *annels1 & int]jac5t ridges1 or little protub]ances betwe5 !m1 :i* run ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,be>d1 & are /reight :]e ! ,be>d is n twi/$1 & wrea?'d :]e x is1 j aft] ! same mann]3 ea* ( ^? sides is beset pretty ?ick ) small ,bri/es or ,?orns1 some:at 9 =m resembl+ t ( ,porcup9es ,quills1 su* z aaaaa 9 ! ,figure2 all ^: po9ts are direct$ l s _m ,turn-pikes t[>ds ! small end or top ( ! ,be>d1 :i* is ! reason1 :y1 if y endeav\r to draw ! ,be>d betwe5 y\r f+]s ! contr>y way1 y w f9d x to /ick1 & grate1 z x 71 aga9/ ! sk94 ,! proportion ( ^! small conical bodies aaaaa to t :]eon !y gr[1 ! ,figure w suffici5tly %ew1 z also _! mann] ( gr[+1 _! ?ickness1 & ne>ness to ea* o!r1 z1 t t[>ds ! root or bottom ( ! ,be>d1 !y are m ?91 & mu* %ort]1 insomu* t !re is usually left betwe5 ! top ( ! "o1 & ! bottom ( t next above x1 m !n ! l5g? ( "o ( !m1 & t t[>ds ! top ( ! ,be>d !y gr[ m ?ick & close 7?\gh !re be few] ridges7 s t ! root1 & almo/ half ! upp] are hid by ! tops ( ^? next bel[ !m4 ,i c\ld n p]ceive any transv]se pores1 unless ! :ole wrea?'d "p 7 sep>at$ & cleft1 9 ^? little *annels1 by ! wrea?+ into s _m little /r+s z !re 7 ridges1 :i* 0 v difficult to det]m9e2 b !re 7 9 ! wrea!d "p two v conspicu\s *annels or clefts1 :i* 7 cont9u$ f ! bottom ,f to ! elb[ ,,eh or all along ! "p :i* 0 wrea?'d1 :i* seem'd to divide ! wrea?'d ,cyl9d] into two p>ts1 a bigg] & a less2 ! bigg] 0 t :i* 0 at ! convex side ( ! knee1 namely1 on ! side ,a1 & 0 wrea?'d by ,,ooooo2 ?is1 z x seem'd ! broad]1 s did x also ! long]1 ! o!r ,,ppppp1 :i* 0 usually purs'd or wr9ckl$ 9 ! b5d+ ( ! knee1 z ab\t ,e1 seem'd bo? ! %ort] & n>r[]1 s t at fir/ ,i ?\ght ! wrea?+ & unwrea?+ ( ! ,be>d might h be5 caus'd by ! %r9k+ or swell+ ( t "p2 b ^u fur!r exam9ation1 ,i f\nd t ! clefts1 ,,kk1 ,,ll1 7 /uft up ) a k9d ( ,spongie sub/ance1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 0 v conspicu\s ne] ! knee1 z 9 ! cleft ,,kk1 :5 ! ,be>d 0 dry2 ^u ! discov]y ( :i*1 ,i began to ?9k1 t x 0 ^u ! swell+ ( ?is por\s pi? ^u ! access ( moi/ure or wat] t ! ,be>d1 be+ made long] 9 ! mid/1 0 /reightn$1 & by ! %r9k+ or subsid+ ( ! p>ts ( t ,spongie sub/ance toge!r1 :5 ! wat] or moi/ure 0 exhal'd or dri$1 ! pi? or middle p>ts gr[+ %ort]1 ! :ole became twi/$4 ,b ?is ,i _c be positive 91 = ^u cutt+ ! wrea?'d "p 9 _m places transv]sly1 ,i 0 n s well satisfy'd ) ! %ape & mann] ( ! pores ( ! pi?2 = look+ on ^! transv]se ,sections ) a v good ,microscope1 ,i f\nd t ! ends ( ^? transv]se ,sections appe>'d mu* ( ! mann] ( ! ?ird ,figure ( ! #ae4 s*eme ,,abcfe1 & ! middle ( pi? ,,cc1 seem'd v full ( pores inde$1 b all ( !m seem'd to run ! long-ways4 ,?is ,figure pla9ly en\gh %ews 9 :at mann] ^? clefts1 ,k & ,l divid$ ! wrea?'d ,cyl9d] into two unequal p>ts1 & also ( :at k9d ( sub/ance ! :ole body consi/s2 = by cutt+ ! same ,be>d 9 _m places1 ) transv]se ,sections1 ,i f\nd mu* ! same appe>ance ) ?is express'd2 s t ^? pores seem to run1 z 9 mo/ o!r su* ,cany bodies1 ! :ole l5g? ( x4 ,! clefts ( ?is body ,,kk1 & ,,ll1 seem'd 7z is also express'd 9 ! ,figure7 to w9d v oddly 9 ! inn] "p ( ! wrea?1 & 9 "s p>ts ( !m1 !y seem'd /uff$1 z x 71 ) t ,spongie sub/ance1 :i* ,i j n[ describ$4 ,?is s oddly con/itut$ ,vegetable sub/ance1 is fir/ 7t ,i h met )7 tak5 notice ( by ,bapti/a ,porta1 9 8 ,natural ,magick1 z a ?+ kn[n to *ildr5 & ,jugl]s1 & x has be5 call'd by "s ( ^? la/ nam$ p]sons1 ! bett] to cov] _! *eat1 ! ,legg ( an ,arabian ,spid]1 or ! ,legg ( an in*ant$ ,egyptian fly1 & has be5 us$ by !m to make a small ,index1 ,cross1 or ! l1 to move r\nd ^u ! wett+ ( x ) a drop ( ,wat]1 & mutt]+ c]ta9 words4 ,b ! use t has be5 made ( x1 = ! discov]y ( ! v>i\s con/itutions ( ! ,air1 z to dr9ess & moi/ness1 is incomp>ably beyond any o!r1 = ?is x does to admiration3 ,! mann] ( contriv+ x s1 z to p]=m ?is great effect1 is onely ?us3 ,provide a good l>ge ,box ( ,ivory1 ab\t f\r ,in*es ov]1 & ( :at dep? y %all judge conv5i5t 7accord+ to y\r int5tion ( mak+ use ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m ( ^! small ,be>ds1 ord]$ 9 ! mann] :i* ,i %all by & by describe7 let all ! sides ( ?is ,box be turn$ ( ,basket-"w 7:i* "h 9 ,london is easily en\gh procur'd7 full ( holes1 9 ! mann] almo/ ( a ,lettice1 ! bigg]1 or m ! holes are1 ! bett]1 t s ! ,air may h ! m free passage to ! inclos$ ,be>d1 & may ! m easily pass ?r\gh ! ,in/rum5t2 x w be bett] yet1 ?\gh n altoge!r s h&som1 if in/e$ ( ! ,basket-"w on ! sides ( ! ,box1 ! bottom & top ( ! ,box be jo9'd toge!r onely ) ?ree or f\r small ,pill>s1 aft] ! mann] repres5t$ 9 ! #d4 ,figure ( ! #ae4 ,s*eme4 ,or1 if y int5d to make use ( _m ( ^! small ,be>ds jo9'd toge!r1 y may h a small long ,case ( ,ivory1 ^: sides are turn'd ( ,basket-"w1 full ( holes1 :i* may be screw'd on to ! und]side ( a broad ,plate ( ,ivory1 on ! o!r side ( :i* is to be made ! divid$ ,r+ or ,circle1 to :i* divisions ! po9t+ ( ! ,h& or ,index1 :i* is mov$ by ! conjo9'd ,be>d1 may %ew all ! ,m9ute v>iations ( ! ,air4 ,!re may be multitudes ( o!r ways = contriv+ ?is small ,in/rum5t1 s z to produce ?is effect1 :i* any "o may1 accord+ to 8 peculi> use1 & ! exig5cy ( 8 pres5t occasion1 easily en\gh contrive & take1 on :i* ,i %all n !re=e insi/4 ,! :ole mann] ( mak+ any "o ( !m is ?us3 ,hav+ y\r ,box or frame ,,aabb1 fitly adapt$ = ! free passage ( ! ,air ?r\gh x1 9 ! mid/ ( ! bottom ,,bbb1 y mu/ h a v small hole ,c1 into :i* ! l[] end ( ! ,be>d is to be fix'd1 ! upp] end ( :i* ,be>d ab1 is to pass ?r\gh a small hole ( a ,plate1 or top ,,aa1 if y make use onely ( a s+le "o1 & on ! top ( x e1 is to be fix'd a small & v light ,index fg1 made ( a v ?9 sliv] ( a ,re$ or ,cane2 b if y make use ( two or m ,be>ds1 !y mu/ be fix'd & b\nd toge!r1 ei!r ) a v f9e piece ( ,silk1 or ) a v small t\* ( h>d ,wax1 or ,glew1 :i* is bett]1 & ! ,index fg1 is to be fix'd on ! top ( ! second1 ?ird1 or f\r? 9 ! same mann] z on ! s+le "o4 ,n[1 because t 9 e ( ^! contrivances1 ! ,index fg1 w ) "s temp]atures ( ,air1 move two1 ?ree1 or m times r\nd1 :i* )\t "s o!r contrivance !n ?is1 w be difficult to di/+ui%1 !re=e ,i ?\ght ( ?is ,exp$i5t3 ,! ,index or ,h& fg1 be+ rais'd a pretty way above ! surface ( ! ,plate ,,aa1 fix 9 at a little di/ance f ! middle ( x a small ,p9 h1 s z almo/ to t\* ! surface ( ! ,plate ,,aa1 & !n 9 any conv5i5t place ( ! surface ( ! ,plate1 fix a small ,p91 on :i* put on a small piece ( ,pap]1 or ?9 ,pa/bo>d1 ,vellom1 or ,p>*m5t1 made ( a conv5i5t cize1 & %ap'd 9 ! mann] ( t 9 ! ,figure express'd by ik1 s t hav+ a conv5i5t numb] ( tee? e turn or return ( ! ,p9 h1 may move ?is small ind5t$ ,circle1 a too? =w>d or backw>ds1 by :i* means ! tee? ( ! ,circle1 be+ m>k'd1 x w be !reby v easie to "k c]ta9ly1 h[ mu* v>iation any *ange ( wea!r w make ^u ! small wrea?'d body4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ?is ,secund>y ,circle ( ,vellom1 or ! l1 great c>e is to be _h1 t x be made exce$+ light1 & to move v easily1 = o!rwise a small v>iation w spoil ! :ole op]ation4 ,! ,box may be made ( ,brass1 ,silv]1 ,iron1 or any o!r sub/ance1 if c>e be tak5 to make x op5 en\gh1 to let ! ,air h a suffici5tly free access to ! ,be>d4 ,! ,index also may be v>i\s ways contriv$1 s z to %ew bo? ! numb] ( ! revolutions x makes1 & ! ,m9ute divisions ( ea* revolution4 ,i h made sev]al trials & ,in/rum5ts = discov]+ ! dr9ess & moi/ure ( ! ,air ) ?is little wrea?'d body1 & f9d x to v>y exce$+ s5sibly ) ! lea/ *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,air1 z to dr9ess & moi/ure1 s t ) "o brea?+ ^u x1 ,i h made x untwi/ a :ole b\t1 & ! ,index or ,h& has %ew'd or po9t$ to v>i\s divisions on ! upp] ,face or ,r+ ( ! ,in/rum5t1 accord+ z x 0 c>ri$ ne]] & ne]] to ! fire1 or z ! heat ( ! ,sun increas$ ^u x4 ,o!r trials ,i h made ) ,gut-/r+s1 b f9d !m no?+ ne] s s5sible1 ?\gh !y also may be s contriv'd z to exhibit ! *anges ( ! ,air1 z to dr9ess & moi/ure1 bo? by _! /ret*+ & %r9k+ 9 l5g?1 & also by _! wrea?+ & unwrea?+ !mselves2 b ^! are no?+ ne] s exact or s t5d]1 = _! v>y+ prop]ty w 9 a little "t *ange v mu*4 ,b !re are sev]al o!r ,vegetable sub/ances t are mu* m s5sible !n ev5 ?is ,be>d ( a wilde ,oat2 su* ,i h f\nd ! ,be>d ( ! se$ ( ,musk-grass1 or ,g]anium mos*atum1 & ^? ( o!r k9ds ( ,cranes-bil se$s1 & ! l4 ,b always ! small] ! wrea?+ sub/ance be1 ! m s5sible is x ( ! mutations ( ! ,air1 a conjecture at ! reason ( :i* ,i %all by & by add4 ,! l[] end ( ?is wrea?'d ,cyl9d] be+ /uck upright 9 a little s(t ,wax1 s t ! b5d$ "p or ,index ( x lay horizontal1 ,i h obs]v'd x always ) moi/ure to unwrea? x self f ! ,ea/ 7,= in/ance7 by ! ,s\? to ! ,we/1 & s by ! ,nor? to ! ,ea/ aga91 mov+ ) ! ,sun 7z we commonly say7 & ) heat & dr\? to re-twi/2 & wrea? x self ! contr>y way1 namely1 f ! ,ea/1 7= in/ance7 by ! ,nor? to ! ,we/1 & s onw>ds4 ,! cause ( all :i* ,phnom5a1 seems to be ! diff]+ texture ( ! p>ts ( ^! bodies1 ea* ( !m 7especially ! ,be>d ( a wilde ,oat1 & ( ,mosk-grass se$7 seem+ to h two k9d ( sub/ances1 "o t is v por\s1 loose1 & spongie1 into :i* ! watry /eams ( ! ,air may be v easily =c$1 :i* w be !reby swell'd & ext5d$ 9 its dim5sions1 j z we may obs]ve all k9d ( ,vegetable sub/ance ^u /eep+ 9 wat] to swell & gr[ bigg] & long]4 ,& a second t is m h>d & close1 into :i* ! wat] c v little1 or n at all p5etrate1 ?is !re=e reta9+ always v ne] ! same dim5sions1 & ! o!r /ret*+ & %r9k+1 accord+ z !re is m or less moi/ure or wat] 9 its pores1 by reason ( ! make & %ape ( ! p>ts1 ! :ole body mu/ necess>ily unwrea? & wrea? x self4 ,& ^u ?is ,pr9ciple1 x is v easie to make sev]al sorts ( contrivances t %\ld ?us wrea? & unwrea? !mselves1 ei!r by heat & cold1 or by dr9ess & moi/ure1 or by any great] or less =ce1 f :atev] cause x proce$1 :e!r f gravity or weight1 or f w9d :i* is motion ( ! ,air1 or f "s spr++ body1 or ! l4 ,?is1 _h ,i "t1 ,i %\ld enl>ge mu* m ^u2 = x seems to me to be ! v fir/ foot/ep ( ,s5sation1 & ,animate motion1 ! mo/ pla91 simple1 & obvi\s contrivance t ,nature has made use ( to produce a motion2 next to t ( ,r>efaction & ,cond5sation by heat & cold4 ,& 7 ?is ,pr9ciple v well exam9'd1 ,i am v apt to ?9k1 x w\ld af=d u a v great help to f9d out ! ,me*anism ( ! ,muscles1 :i* inde$1 z f>r z ,i h hi!rto be5 able to exam9e1 seems to me n s v p]plex z "o might imag9e1 especially ^u ! exam9ation :i* ,i made ( ! ,muscles ( ,crabs1 ,lob/]s1 & sev]al sorts ( l>ge ,%ell-fi%1 & comp>+ my ,obs]vations on !m1 ) ! circum/ances ,i obs]v'd 9 ! muscles ( t]re/rial ,animals4 ,n[1 z 9 ?is ,in/ance ( ! ,be>d ( a wilde ,oat1 we see !re is no?+ else requisite to make x wrea? & unwrea? x self1 & to /reight5 & b5d its knee1 !n onely a little brea? ( moi/ or dry ,air1 or a small atome almo/ ( wat] or liquor1 & a little heat to make x aga9 evaporate1 =1 by hold+ ?is ,be>d1 plac'd & fix'd z ,i be=e direct$1 ne] a ,fire1 & dipp+ ! tip ( a small %r$ ( ,pap] 9 well rectify'd _s ( ,w9e1 & !n t\*+ ! wrea?'d ,cyl9drical "p1 y may p]ceive x to untwi/ x self2 & pres5tly aga91 ^u ! avolation ( ! _s1 by ! great heat1 x w re-twi/ x self1 & ?us w x move =w>d & backw>ds z (t z y repeat ! t\*+ x ) ! _s ( ,w9e2 s may1 p]haps1 ! %r9k+ & relax+ ( ! muscles be by ! influx & evaporation ( "s k9d ( liquor or juice4 ,b ( ?is ,enquiry ,i %all add m else:]e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxviii4 ,( ! ,se$s ( ,v5us look+-glass1 or ,corn ,violet4 ,f ! ,leaves1 & ,d[ns1 & ,be>ds ( ,plants1 we come at la/ to ! ,se$s2 & "h inde$ seems to be ! ,cab9et ( ,nature1 :]e9 are laid up its ,jewels4 ,! provid5ce ( ,nature ab\t ,vegetables1 is 9 no "p manife/$ m1 !n 9 ! v>i\s contrivances ab\t ! se$1 nor inde$ is !re 9 any "p ( ! ,vegetable s curi\s c>v+s1 & beautifull adornm5ts1 z ab\t ! se$2 ?is 9 ! l>g] sorts ( se$s is mo/ evid5t to ! eye2 nor is x le/ manife/ ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 9 ^? se$s ^: %ape & /ructure1 by reason ( _! smalness1 ! eye is h>dly able to di/+ui%4 ,( ^! !re are multitudes1 _m ( :i* ,i h obs]v'd ?r\gh a ,microscope1 & f9d1 t !y d1 = ! mo/ "p1 e "o af=d exce$+ pleasant & beautifull objects4 ,= besides ^? t h v>i\s k9ds ( c>v'd surfaces1 !re are o!r t h smoo? & p]fectly poli%'d surfaces1 o!rs a d[ny hairy surface2 "s are cov]'d onely ) a sk91 o!rs ) a k9d ( %ell1 o!rs ) bo?1 z is obs]vable also 9 great] se$s4 ,( ^! se$s ,i h onely describ$ f\r sorts :i* may s]ve z a specim5 ( :at ! inquisitive obs]v]s are likely to f9d among ! re/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! se$s :i* are describ$ 9 ! #ag4 ,s*eme1 are ^? ( ,corn-,violets1 ! se$ is v small1 black1 & %9+1 &1 to ! nak$ eye1 looks almo/ l a v small ,flea2 ,b ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 x appe>s a l>ge body1 cov]'d ) a t\gh ?ick & bright reflect+ sk9 v irregul>ly %runk & pitt$1 insomu* t x is almo/ an impossibility to f9d two ( !m wr9kl$ alike1 s great a v>iety may !re be ev5 9 ?is little se$4 ,?is1 ?\gh x appe>'d "o ( ! mo/ promis+ se$s = beauty to ! nak$ eye1 yet ?r\gh ! ,microscope x appe>'d b a rude mis%ap5 se$1 :i* ,i !re=e drew1 t ,i might !reby manife/ h[ unable we are by ! nak$ eye to judge ( beaute\s or less curi\s microscopical ,objects2 cutt+ "s ( !m 9 sund]1 ,i obs]v'd !m to be fill'd ) a gre5i% yell[ pulp1 & to h a v ?ick husk1 9 proportion to ! pulp4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxix4 ,( ! ,se$s ( ,tyme4 ,^! pretty fruits "h repres5t$1 9 ! #ah4 ,s*eme1 are no?+ else1 b n9e sev]al se$s ( ,tyme2 !y are all ( !m 9 diff]+ po/ure1 bo? z to ! eye & ! light2 nor are !y all ( !m exactly ( ! same %ape1 !re be+ a great v>iety bo? 9 ! bulk & figure ( ea* se$2 b !y all agre$ 9 ?is1 t be+ look'd on ) a ,microscope1 !y ea* ( !m exactly resembl$ a ,lemmon or ,orange dry'd2 & ?is bo? 9 %ape & col\r4 ,"s ( !m are a little r\nd]1 ( ! %ape ( an ,orange1 z ,a & ,b1 !y h ea* ( !m a v conspicu\s "p by :i* !y 7 jo9'd to _! little /alk1 & "o ( !m _h a little piece ( /alk rema9+ on2 ! opposite side ( ! se$1 y may p]ceive v pla9ly by ! ,figure1 is v copp$ & prom95t1 z is v usual 9 ,lemmons2 :i* prom95cies are express'd 9 ,d1 ,e & ,f4 ,!y seem'd ea* ( !m a little creas'd or wr9ckl$1 b ,e 0 v conspicu\sly furr['d1 z if ! inw>d make ( ?is se$ _h be5 some:at l t ( a ,lemmon also1 b ^u divid+ sev]al se$s ) a v %>p ,p5-knife1 & exam9+ !m aft]w>d1 ,i f\nd _! make to be 9 no?+ b bulk diff]+ f t ( ,peas1 t is1 to h a pretty ?ick coat1 & all ! re/ an indiff]5t :ite pulp1 :i* seem'd v close2 s t x seems ,nature does n v mu* alt] h] me?od 9 ! mann] ( inclos+ & pres]v+ ! vital ,pr9ciple 9 ! se$1 9 ^! v small gra9s1 f t ( ,beans1 ,peas1 c4 ,! ,gra9 af=ds a v pretty ,object = ! ,microscope1 namely1 a ,di% ( ,lemmons plac'd 9 a v little room2 %\ld a ,lemmon or ,nut be proportionably magnify'd to :at ?is se$ ( ,tyme is1 x w\ld make x appe> z bigg z a l>ge ,hay-reek & x w\ld be no great wond] to see ,hom]s ,iliads1 & ,hom] & all1 cramm'd into su* a ,nut%ell4 ,we may p]ceive ev5 9 ^! small ,gra9s1 z well z 9 great]1 h[ curi\s & c>efull ,nature is 9 pres]v+ ! sem9al pr9ciple ( ,vegetable bodies1 9 :at delicate1 /rong & mo/ conv5i5t ,cab9ets %e lays !m & closes !m 9 a pulp = _! saf] protection f outw>d dang]s1 & = ! supply ( conv5i5t alim5tal juice1 :5 ! heat ( ! ,sun beg9s to animate & move ^! little automatons or ,eng9es2 z if %e w\ld1 f ! ornam5ts :]e) %e has deckt ^! ,cab9ets1 h9t to u1 t 9 !m %e has laid up h] ,jewels & ,ma/]-pieces4 ,& ?is1 if we are b dilig5t 9 obs]v+1 we %all f9d h] me?od ?r\gh\t4 ,!re is no curiosity 9 ! ,elem5tal k+dom1 if ,i may s call ! bodies ( ,air1 ,wat]1 ,e>?1 t are comp>able 9 =m to ^? ( ,m9]als1 ,air & ,wat] hav+ no =m at all1 unless a pot5tiality to be =m'd into ,globules2 & ! clods & p>cels ( ,e>? are all irregul>1 :]eas 9 ,m9]als %e does beg9 to ,geometrize1 & practise1 z 'tw]e1 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,me*anicks1 %ap+ !m ( pla9 regul> figures1 z triangles1 squ>es1 c4 & tetra$rons1 cubes1 c4 ,b none ( _! =ms are comp>able to ! m comp\nd$ ones ( ,vegetables2 ,= "h %e goes a /ep fur!r1 =m+ !m bo? ( m complicat$ %apes1 & add+ also multitudes ( curi\s ,me*anick contrivances 9 _! /ructure2 = :]eas 9 ,vegetables !re 0 no det]m9ate numb] ( ! leaves or bran*es1 nor no exactly c]ta9 figure ( leaves1 or fl[]s1 or se$s1 9 ,animals all ^? ?+s are exactly def9'd & det]m9'd2 & :]eev] !re is ei!r an excess or defect ( ^? det]m9ate p>ts or limbs1 !re has be5 "s imp$im5t t has spoil'd ! pr9ciple :i* 0 mo/ regul>3 ,"h we %all f9d1 n onely mo/ curi\sly comp\nd$ %apes1 b mo/ /up5di\s ,me*anisms & contrivances1 "h ! ornam5ts are 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 no?+ 9 all ! ,vegetable k+dom t is comp>able to ! deck+s ( a ,peacock2 nay1 to ! curiosity ( any fea!r1 z ,i else:]e %ew2 nor to t ( ! smalle/ & mo/ despicable ,fly4 ,b ,i mu/ n /ay on ^! speculations1 ?\gh p]haps x 7 v well wor? :ile = "o t _h leisure1 to see :at ,in=mation may be le>n'd ( ! nature1 or use1 or virtues ( bodies1 by _! sev]al =ms & v>i\s excell5cies & prop]ties4 ,:o kn[s b ,adam might f "s su* contemplation1 give names to all creatures8 ,if at lea/ 8 names _h any significancy 9 !m ( ! creatures nature on :i* he impos'd x2 z _m 7^u :at gr\nds ,i "k n7 h suppos'd3 ,& :o kn[s1 b ! ,creator may1 9 ^? *>act]s1 h writt5 & engrav5 _m ( 8 mo/ my/]i\s designs & c\nsels1 & giv5 man a capacity1 :i*1 assi/$ ) dilig5ce & indu/ry1 may be able to read & und]/& !m4 ,b n to multiply my digression m !n ,i c ! "t1 ,i w proce$ to ! next1 :i* is1 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxx4 ,( ! ,se$s ( ,poppy4 ,! small se$s ( ,poppy1 :i* are describ$ 9 ! #ai4 ,s*eme1 bo? = _! smalness1 multiplicity & prett9ess1 z also = _! admirable soporifick quality1 des]ve to be tak5 notice ( among ! o!r microscopical se$s ( ,vegetables3 ,= fir/1 ?\gh !y gr[ 9 a ,case or ,hive (t5times bigg] !n "o ( ^! ,pictures ( ! microscopical appe>ance1 yet are !y = ! mo/ "p s v little1 t !y exce$ n ! bulk ( a small ,nitt1 be+ n above "p ( an ,in* 9 ,diamet]1 :]eas ! ,diamet] ( ! ,hive ( !m (t5times exce$s two ,in*es1 s t x is capable ( conta9+ ne> two hundr$ ?\s&1 & s 9 all likelihood does conta9 a va/ quantity1 ?\gh p]haps n t numb]4 ,next1 = _! prett9ess1 !y may be comp>'d to any microscopical se$ ,i h yet se52 = !y are ( a d>k br[ni% r$ col\r1 curi\sly ,honey-comb'd all ov] ) a v pretty v>iety ( ,net-"w1 or a small k9d ( imbosm5t ( v ord]ly rais'd ridges1 ! surface ( !m look+ n unlike ! inside ( a ,beev's /omack4 ,b t :i* makes x mo/ consid]able ( all1 is1 ! m$ic9al virtues ( x1 :i* are su* z are n af=d$ u by any ,m9]al prep>ation2 & t is = ! procur+ ( sleep1 a ?+ z necess>y to ! well-be+ ( a creature z 8 meat1 & t :i* refre%es bo? ! volunt>y & rational faculties1 :i*1 :il'/ ?is affection has seis'd ! body1 are = ! mo/ "p unmov'd1 & at re/4 ,&1 me?9ks1 ,nature does seem to h9t "s v notable virtue or excell5cy 9 ?is ,plant f ! curiosity x has be/['d ^u x4 ,fir/1 9 its fl[]1 x is ( ! highe/ sc>let-,dye1 :i* is inde$ ! prime & *iefe/ col\r1 & has be5 9 all ,ages ( ! _w mo/ highly e/eem'd3 ,next1 x has z mu* curiosity %ew'd also 9 ! husk or case ( ! se$1 z any "o ,plant ,i h yet met )all2 & ?irdly1 ! v se$s !mselves1 ! ,microscope discov]s to be v curi\sly %ap'd bodies2 & la/ly1 ,nature has tak5 su* abundant c>e = ! propagation ( x1 t "o s+le se$ gr[n into a ,plant1 is capable ( br++ "s hundr$ ?\s&s ( se$s4 ,x 7 v wor?y "s able man's enquiry :e!r ! int5tion ( ,nature1 z to ! secund>y end ( ,animal & ,vegetable sub/ances might n be f\nd out by "s su* *>act]s & notable impressions z ^!1 or f div]s o!r circum/ances1 z ! figure1 col\r1 place1 "t ( fl\ri%+1 spr++ & fad+1 duration1 ta/e1 smell1 c4 ,= if su* !re are 7z an able ,physician ^u good gr\nds has giv5 me cause to believe7 we might !n1 in/e$ ( /udy+ ,h]bals 7:]e s little is deliv]'d ( ! virtues ( a ,plant1 & less ( tru?7 h rec\rse to ! ,book ( ,nature x self1 & !re f9d ! mo/ natural1 usefull1 & mo/ effectual & specifick ,m$ic9es1 ( :i* we h among/ ,vegetables1 two v noble ,in/ances to inc\rage su* a hope1 ! "o ( ! ,jesuite p[d] = ! cure ( int]mitt+ ,feav]s1 & ! o!r ( ! juice ( ,poppy = ! cur+ ! defect ( sleep+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxi4 ,( ,purslane-se$4 ,! ,se$s ( ,purslane seem ( v notable %apes1 appe>+ ?r\gh ! ,microscope %ap'd some:at l a nautilus or ,porcelane %ell1 z may be se5 9 ! ,,xx4 ,s*eme1 x be+ a small body1 coyl'd r\nd 9 ! mann] ( a ,spiral1 at ! great] end :]e(1 :i* repres5ts ! m\? or orifice ( ! ,%ell1 !re is left a little :ite transp>5t sub/ance1 l a sk91 repres5t$ by ,,bbbb1 :i* seems to h be5 ! place :]eunto ! /em 0 jo9'd4 ,! :ole surface ( ?is ,coclea or ,%ell1 is cov]'d ov] ) abundance ( little prom95cies or buttons v ord]ly rang'd into ,spiral r[s1 ! %ape ( ea* ( :i* seem'd mu* to resemble a ,w>t ^u a mans h&4 ,! ord]1 v>iety1 & curiosity 9 ! %ape ( ?is little se$1 makes x a v pleasant object = ! ,microscope1 "o ( !m be+ cut asund] ) a v %>p ,p5knife1 discov]'d ?is c>v$ ,casket to be ( a br[ni% r$1 & some:at transp>5t sub/ance1 & manife/$ ! inside to be fill'd ) a :iti% gre5 sub/ance or pulp1 ! ,b$ :]e9 ! sem9al pr9ciple lies invelop'd4 ,!re are multitudes ( o!r se$s :i* 9 %ape repres5t or imitate ! =ms ( div]s o!r sorts ( ,%ells3 z ! se$ ( ,scurvy-grass v mu* resembles ! make ( a ,con*a ,v5]ea1 a k9d ( ,purcelane ,%ell2 o!rs repres5t sev]al sorts ( l>g] fruits1 sweat ,m>j]ome & ,pot-m>j]ome repres5t ,olives4 ,c>ret se$s are l a cleft ( a ,coco-,nut ,husk1 o!rs are l ,artificial ?+s1 z ,succory se$s are l a ,quiv] full ( ,arr[s1 ! se$s ( ,am>an?us are ( an exce$+ lovely %ape1 some:at l an ,eye3 ,! sk9 ( ! black & %rivl$ se$s ( ,onyons & ,leeks1 are all ov] knobb$ l a ,seals sk94 ,sorrel has a pretty black %9+ ?ree-squ>e se$1 :i* is pick$ at bo? ends ) ?ree ridges1 t are b5t ! :ole l5g? ( x4 ,x 7 almo/ endless to reckon up ! sev]al %apes1 !y are s _m & s v>i\s2 ,leav+ !m !re=e to ! curi\s obs]v]1 ,i %all proce$ to ! ,obs]vations on ! p>ts ( ,animals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxii4 ,( ! ,figure ( sev]al sorts ( ,hair1 & ( ! texture ( ! sk94 ,view+ "s ( ! ,hairs ( my ,head ) a v good ,microscope1 ,i took notice ( ^! p>ticul>s3 #a4 ,t !y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ,cyl9drical1 "s ( !m 7 some:at ,prismatical1 b g5]ally !y 7 v ne] r\nd1 su* z are repres5t$ 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #e4 ,s*eme1 by ! ,cyl9d]s ,,eee4 nor c\ld ,i f9d any t _h %>p angles4 #b4 ,t t "p :i* 0 next ! top1 0 bigg] !n t :i* 0 ne]] ! root4 #c4 ,t !y 7 all along f end to end transp>5t1 ?\gh n v cle]1 ! end next ! root appe>+ l a black transp>5t piece ( ,horn1 ! end next ! top m br[n1 some:at l transp>5t ,horn4 #d4 ,t ! root ( ! ,hairs 7 pretty smoo?1 tap]+ inw>ds1 almo/ l a ,p>sneb2 nor c\ld ,i f9d t x _h any filam5ts1 or any o!r vessels1 su* z ! fibres ( ,plants4 #e4 ,t ! top :5 split 7:i* is common 9 long ,hair7 appe>'d l ! end ( a /ick1 beat5 till x be all flitt]'d1 !re be+ n onely two spl9t]s1 b sometimes half a score & m4 #f4 ,t !y 7 all1 z f>r z ,i 0 able to f9d1 solid ,cyl9drical bodies1 n p]vi\s1 l a ,cane or ,bulru%2 nor c\ld ,i f9d t !y _h any ,pi?1 or di/9ction ( ,r9d1 or ! l1 su* z ,i _h obs]v'd 9 ,horse-hairs1 ! ,bri/les ( a ,cat1 ! ,indian ,de]'s ,hair1 c4 ,obs]vations on sev]al o!r sorts ( ,hair4 ,= ! ,brisles ( a ,hogg1 ,i f\nd !m to be fir/ a h>d transp>5t horny sub/ance1 )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( pores or holes 9 x2 & ?is ,i try'd ) ! greate/ c>e ,i 0 able1 cutt+ _m ( !m ) a v %>p ,razor1 s t !y appe>'d1 ev5 9 ! ,glass1 to h a pretty smoo? surface1 b some:at wav$ by ! saw+ to & fro ( ! ,razor1 z is visible 9 ! end ( ! ,prismatical body ,a ( ! same ,figure2 & !n mak+ trials ) caus+ ! light to be ca/ on !m all ! v>i\s ways ,i c\ld ?9k (1 t 0 likely to make ! pores appe>1 if !re _h be5 any1 ,i 0 n able to discov] any4 ,next1 ! ,figure ( ! ,brisles 0 v v>i\s1 nei!r p]fectly r\nd1 nor %>p edg'd1 b ,prismatical1 ) div]s sides1 & r\nd angles1 z appe>s 9 ! ,figure ,a4 ,! b5d+ ( !m 9 any "p :]e !y be=e appe>'d cle]1 w\ld all flaw !m1 & make !m look :ite4 ,! ,mu/a*eos ( a ,cat 7"p ( "o ( :i* is repres5t$ by ! %ort ,cyl9d] ,b ( ! same ,figure7 seem'd to h1 all ( !m t ,i obs]v'd1 a l>ge pi? 9 ! middle1 l ! pi? ( an ,eld]1 ^: texture 0 s close1 t ,i 0 n able to discov] ! lea/ sign ( pores2 & ^? p>ts :i* seem to be pores1 z !y appe>'d 9 "o position to ! light1 9 ano!r ,i c\ld f9d a manife/ reflection to be ca/ f !m4 ,?is ,i in/ance 91 to h9t t x is n safe to conclude any ?+ to be positively ?is or t1 ?\gh x appe> nev] s pla9 & likely :5 look'd on ) a ,microscope 9 "o po/ure1 be=e ! same be exam9'd by plac+ x 9 sev]al o!r positions4 ,& ?is ,i take to be ! reason :y _m h believ$ & ass]t$ ! ,hairs ( a man's head to be holl[1 & l s _m small pipes p]=at$ f end to end4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i grant t by an ,analogie "o may suppose !m s1 & f ! ,polonian disease "o may believe !m su*1 yet ,i ?9k we h n ! lea/ enc\ragem5t to ei!r f ! ,microscope1 mu* less positively to ass]t !m su*4 ,& p]haps ! v ess5ce ( ! ,plica ,polonica may be ! hairs gr[+ holl[1 & ( an unnatural con/itution4 ,& z = ! ,analogie1 ?\gh ,i am apt en\gh to ?9k t ! hairs ( sev]al ,animals may be p]=at$ some:at l a ,cane1 or at lea/ h a k9d ( pi? 9 !m1 fir/1 because !y seem z 'tw]e a k9d ( ,vegetable gr[+ on an ,animal1 :i* gr[+1 !y say1 rema9s a long :ile aft] ! ,animal is dead1 & !re=e %\ld l o!r ,vegetables h a pi?2 & secondly1 because ,horns & ,fea!rs1 & ,porcup9e's ,quils1 & ,cats ,brisles1 & ! long hairs ( ,horses1 :i* come v ne] ! nature ( a mans hair1 seem all ( !m to h a k9d ( pi?1 & "s ( !m to be por\s1 yet ,i ?9k x n 79 ^! cases1 :]e we h su* helps = ! s5se z ! ,microscope af=ds7 safe conclud+ or build+ on m !n we s5sibly "k1 s9ce we may1 ) exam9+1 f9d t ,nature does 9 ! make ( ! same k9d ( sub/ance1 (t5 v>y h] me?od 9 fram+ ( x3 ,in/ances en\gh to confirm ?is we may f9d 9 ! ,horns ( sev]al creatures3 z :at a va/ diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ! ,horns ( an ,oxe1 & ^? ( "s sorts ( ,/aggs z to _! %ape8 & ev5 9 ! hairs ( sev]al creatures1 we f9d a va/ diff]5ce1 z ! hair ( a man's head seems1 z ,i said be=e1 long1 ,cyl9drical & sometime a little ,prismatical1 solid or imp]vi\s1 & v small2 ! hair ( an ,indian ,de] 7a "p ( ! middle ( :i* is describ$ 9 ! ?ird ,figure ( ! fif? ,s*eme1 m>k$ ) ,f7 is bigg] 9 compass ?r\gh all ! middle ( x1 !n ! ,bri/le ( an ,hogg1 b ! end ( x is small] !n ! hair ( any k9d ( ,animal 7z may be se5 by ! ,figure ,g7 ! :ole belly ( x1 :i* is ab\t two or ?ree ,in*es long1 looks to ! eye l a ?read ( c\rse ,canvass1 t has be5 newly unwrea?'d1 x be+ all wav'd or b5d$ to & fro1 mu* aft] t mann]1 b ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 x appe>s all p]=at$ f side to side1 & ,spongie1 l a small k9d ( spongy ,coral1 :i* is (t5 f\nd ^u ! ,engli% %ores2 b ?\gh ,i cut x transv]sly1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive t x _h any pores t ran ! long way ( ! hair3 ! long hairs ( ,horses ,,cc & ,d1 seem ,cyl9drical & some:at pi?y2 ! ,bri/les ( a ,cat ,b1 are conical & pi?y3 ! ,quils ( ,porcup9es & ,h$ghoggs1 be+ cut transv]sly1 h a :iti% pi?1 9 ! mann] ( a ,/>r1 or ,spur-r[el3 ,piggs-hair 7,a7 is some:at triagonal1 & seems to h nei!r pi? nor pore3 ,& o!r k9ds ( hair h q a diff]+ /ructure & =m4 ,& !re=e ,i ?9k x no way agreeable to a true natural ,hi/orian1 to pret5d to be s %>p-sight$1 z to see :at a preconceiv'd ,hypo!sis tells !m %\ld be !re1 :]e ano!r man1 ?\gh p]haps z see+1 b n =e/all'd1 c discov] no su* matt]4 ,b to proce$2 ,i obs]v'd sev]al k9d ( hairs t _h be5 ,dy$1 & f\nd !m to be a k9d ( horny ,cyl9d]1 be+ ( mu* ab\t ! transp>5cy ( a pretty cle] piece ( ,oxe horn2 ^! appe>'d q ?r\gh\t t+'d ) ! col\rs !y exhibit$4 ,& 'tis likely1 t ^? hairs be+ boyl'd or /eep'd 9 ^? v hot t+'d liquors 9 ! ,dye-fat1 ,& ! sub/ance ( ! hair be+ mu* l t ( an ,oxes ,horn1 ! p5etrant liquor does s f> mollifie & s(t5 ! sub/ance1 t x s9ks into ! v c5t] ( x1 & s ! t+'d p>ts come to be mix'd & unit$ ) ! v body ( ! hair1 & d n 7z "s h ?\ght7 only /ick on ^u ! outw>d surface4 ,& ?is1 ! boil+ ( ,horn w make m probable2 = we %all f9d by t action1 t ! wat] w ins9uate x self to a pretty dep? )9 ! surface ( x1 especially if ?is p5etrancy ( ! wat] be mu* help$ by ! ,salts t are usually mix'd ) ! ,dy+ liquors4 ,n[1 :]eas ,silk may be dy$ or t+'d into all k9d ( col\rs )\t boil+ or dipp+ into hot liquors1 ,i ghess ! reason to be two-fold3 ,fir/1 because ! filam5ts1 or small cyl9d]s ( ,silk1 are abundantly small] & f9]1 & s h a mu* less dep? to be p5etrat$ !n mo/ k9d ( hairs2 & next1 because ! sub/ance or matt] ( ,silk1 is mu* m l a ,glew !n ! sub/ance ( ,hair is4 ,& t ,i h reason to suppose3 ,fir/1 because :5 x is spun or drawn out ( ! ,worm1 x is a p]fect glut9\s sub/ance1 & v easily /icks & cleaves to any adjac5t body1 z ,i h sev]al times obs]v$1 bo? 9 ,silk-worms & ,spid]s4 ,next1 because t ,i f9d t wat] does easily dissolve & mollifie ! sub/ance aga91 :i* is evid5t f _! mann] ( ord]+ ^? bottoms or pods ( ! ,silk-worm be=e !y are able to unw9d !m4 ,x is no great wond] !re=e1 if ^? ,dyes or t+'d liquors d v quickly mollifie & t+e ! surfaces ( s small & s glut9\s a body4 ,& we ne$ n wond] t ! col\rs appe> s lovely 9 ! "o1 & s dull 9 ! o!r1 if we view b ! t+'d cyl9d]s ( bo? k9ds ) a good ,microscope2 = :]eas ! sub/ance ( ,hair1 at be/1 is b a dirty duski% :ite some:at transp>5t1 ! filam5ts ( ,silk h a mo/ lovely transp>5cy & cle]ness1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? two be+ n mu* less !n t betwe5 a piece ( ,horn1 & a piece ( ,cry/al2 ! "o yield+ a bright & vivid reflection f ! concave side ( ! cyl9d]1 t is1 f ! concave surface ( ! ,air t incompasses ! back-"p ( ! cyl9d]2 ! o!r yield+ a dull & p]turb'd reflection f ! sev]al ,het]og5e\s p>ts t compose x4 ,& ?is diff]5ce w be manife/ en\gh to ! eye1 if y get a c\ple ( small ,cyl9d]s1 ! small] ( ,cry/al ,glass1 ! o!r ( ,horn1 & !n v>ni%+ !m ov] v ?9ly ) "s transp>5t col\r1 :i* w repres5t to ! nak$ eye mu* ! same k9d ( object :i* is repres5t$ to x f ! filam5ts ( ,silk & ,hair by ! help ( ! ,microscope4 ,n[1 s9ce ! ?reads ( ,silk & ,s]ge are made up ( a great numb] ( ^! filam5ts1 we may h5ce=? cease to wond] at ! diff]5ce4 ,f mu* ! same reason proce$s ! vivid & lovely col\rs ( ,fea!rs1 :]e9 !y v f>r exce$ ! natural z well z ,artificial col\rs ( hair1 ( :i* ,i %all say m 9 its prop] place4 ,! ,tegum5ts inde$ ( creatures are all ( !m adapt$ to ! peculi> use & conv5i5ce ( t ,animal :i* !y inwrap2 & v mu* also = ! ornam5t & beauty ( x1 z w be mo/ evid5t to any "o t %all att5tively consid] ! v>i\s k9ds ( cloa?+s :]e) mo/ creatures are by ,nature inve/$ & cov]'d4 ,?us ,i h obs]v$1 t ! hair or furr ( ^? ,nor!rn :ite ,be>s t inhabite ! cold] ,regions1 is exce$+ ?ick & w>m3 ! l h ,i obs]v'd ( ! hair ( a ,gre5l& ,de]1 :i* be+ br\ght alive to ,london1 ,i _h ! opportunity ( view+2 its hair 0 s exce$+ ?ick1 long & s(t1 t ,i c\ld h>dly ) my h&1 grasp or take hold ( 8 sk91 & x seem'd s exce$+ w>m1 z ,i _h nev] met ) any be=e4 ,& z = ! ornam5tative use ( !m1 x is mo/ evid5t 9 a multitude ( creatures1 n onely = col\r1 z ! ,leop>ds1 ,cats1 ,rhe9 ,de]1 c4 b = ! %ape1 z 9 ,horses manes1 ,cats be>ds1 & sev]al o!r ( ! great] sort ( t]re/rial ,animals1 b is mu* m conspicu\s1 9 ! ,ve/m5ts ( ,fi%es1 ,birds1 ,insects1 ( :i* ,i %all by & by give "s ,in/ances4 ,z = ! sk91 ! ,microscope discov]s z great a diff]5ce betwe5 ! texture ( ^? sev]al k9ds ( ,animals1 z x does betwe5 _! hairs2 b all t ,i h yet tak5 notice (1 :5 tann'd or dress'd1 are ( a ,spongie nature1 & seem to be con/itut$ ( an inf9ite company ( small long fibres or hairs1 :i* look n unlike a heap ( ,t[ or ,okum2 e ( :i* fibres seem to h be5 "s "p ( a ,muscle1 & probably1 :il'/ ! ,animal 0 alive1 might h its di/9ct function1 & s]ve = ! contraction & relaxation ( ! sk91 & = ! /ret*+ & %r9k+ ( x ?is or t way4 ,& inde$1 )\t su* a k9d ( texture z ?is1 :i* is v l t ( ,spunk x w\ld seem v /range1 h[ any body s /rong z ! sk9 ( an ,animal usually is1 & s close z x seems1 :il'/ ! ,animal is liv+1 %\ld be able to suff] s great an ext5sion any ways1 )\t at all hurt+ or dilac]at+ any "p ( x4 ,b1 s9ce we are in=m'd by ! ,microscope1 t x consi/s ( a great _m small filam5ts1 :i* are implicat$1 or intangl$ "o )9 ano!r1 almo/ no o!rwise !n ! hairs 9 a lock ( ,wool1 or ! flakes 9 a heap ( ,t[1 ?\gh n altoge!r s loose1 b ! filam5ts are "h & !re twi/$1 z 'tw]e1 or int]wov51 & "h & !re !y jo9 & unite ) "o ano!r1 s z inde$ ! :ole sk9 seems to be b "o piece1 we ne$ n mu* wond]3 ,& ?\gh ^! fibres appe> n ?r\gh a ,microscope exactly jo9t$ & contex'd1 z 9 ,sponge2 yet1 z ,i =m]ly h9t$1 ,i am apt to ?9k1 t c\ld we f9d "s way ( discov]+ ! texture ( x1 :il'/ x inve/s ! liv+ ,animal1 or _h "s v easie way ( sep>at+ ! pulp or int]curr5t juices1 su* z 9 all probability fill ^? ,int]/itia1 )\t dilac]at+1 brus+1 or o!rwise spoil+ ! texture ( x 7z x seems to be v mu* by ! ways ( tann+ & dress+ n[ u'd7 we might discov] a mu* m curi\s texture !n ,i h hi!rto be5 able to f9d2 p]haps some:at l t ( ,sponges4 ,t ( ,*amoise ,lea!r is inde$ v mu* l t ( ,spunk1 save onely t ! filam5ts seem no?+ ne] s ev5 & r\nd1 nor altoge!r s small1 nor has x s curi\s jo9ts z ,spunk has1 "s ( :i* ,i h lately discov]'d l ^? ( a ,sponge1 & p]haps all ^! ?ree bodies may be ( ! same k9d ( sub/ance1 ?\gh two ( !m inde$ are commonly acc\nt$ ,vegetable 7:i*1 :e!r !y be s or no1 ,i %all n n[ dispute7 ,b ?is seems common to all ?ree1 t !y und]go a tann+ or dress+1 :]eby ! int]sp]s'd juices are wa/$ & wa%'d away be=e ! texture ( !m c be discov]'d4 ,:at _! way is ( dress+1 or cur+ ,sponges1 ,i confess1 ,i _c le>n2 b ! way ( dress+ ,spunk1 is1 by boil+ x a good :ile 9 a /rong ,lixivium1 & !n beat+ x v well2 & ! mann] ( dress+ ,lea!r is suffici5tly kn[n4 ,x 7 inde$ extremely desirable1 if su* a way c\ld be f\nd :]eby ! ,p>5*yma or fle% ( ! ,muscles1 & sev]al o!r p>ts ( ! body1 might be wa%'d1 or waft$ clean away1 )\t vitiat+ ! =m ( ! fibr\s p>ts or vessells ( x1 = h]eby ! texture ( ^? p>ts1 by ! help ( a good ,microscope1 might be mo/ accurately f\nd4 ,b to digress no fur!r1 we may1 f ?is discov]y ( ! ,microscope1 pla9ly en\gh und]/& h[ ! sk91 ?\gh x looks s close z x does1 comes to give a passage to s va/ a quantity ( excrem5titi\s sub/ances1 z ! dilig5t ,sanctorius has excell5tly obs]v$ x to d1 9 8 m$ic9a /atica2 = x seems v probable1 f ! texture aft] dress+1 t !re are an inf9ite ( pores t e way pi]ce x1 & t ^? pores are onely fill'd ) "s k9d ( juice1 or "s v pulpy s(t sub/ance1 & !reby ! /eams may almo/ z easily f9d a passage ?r\gh su* a fluid vehicle z ! vapor\s bubbles :i* are g5]at$ at ! bottom ( a ,kettle ( hot wat] d f9d a passage ?r\gh t fluid m$ium into ! ambi5t ,air4 ,nor is ! sk9 ( animals only ?us p]vi\s1 b ev5 ^? ( vegetables also seem to be ! same2 = o!rwise ,i _c conceive :y1 if two sprigs ( ,rosem>y 7= ,in/ance7 be tak5 z exactly alike 9 all p>ticul>s z c be1 & ! "o be set ) ! bottom 9 a ,glass ( wat]1 & ! o!r be set j )\t ! ,glass1 b 9 ! ,air onely1 ?\gh y /op ! l[] end ( t 9 ! ,air v c>efully ) ,wax1 yet %all x pres5tly almo/ )]1 :]eas ! o!r t seems to h a supply f ! subjac5t wat] by its small pipes1 or microscopical pores1 pres]ves its gre5ness = _m days1 & sometimes weeks4 ,n[1 ?is to me1 seems n likely to proce$ f any o!r cause !n ! avolation ( ! juice ?r\gh ! sk92 = by ! ,wax1 all ^? o!r pores ( ! /em are v firmly & closely /op'd up4 ,& f ! m or less por\sness ( ! sk9s or r9ds ( ,vegetables may1 p]haps1 be some:at ( ! reason giv51 :y !y keep long] gre51 or soon] )]2 = we may obs]ve by ! bladd]+ & crak+ ( ! leaves ( ,bays1 ,holly1 ,laurel1 c4 t _! sk9s are v close1 & d n suff] s free a passage ?r\gh !m ( ! includ$ juices4 ,b ( ?is1 & ( ! ,exp]im5t ( ! ,rosem>y1 ,i %all else:]e m fully consid]1 seem+ to me an extreme lucif]\s ,exp]im5t1 su* z seems inde$ v pla9ly to prove ! ,s*ematism or /ructure ( ,vegetables altoge!r me*anical1 & z necess>y1 t 7wat] & w>m? be+ apply'd to ! bottom ( ! sprig ( a ,plant7 "s ( x %\ld be c>ri$ upw>ds into ! /em1 & !nce di/ribut$ into ! leaves1 z t ! wat] ( ! ,?ames cov]+ ! bottom ( ! ,mills at ! ,bridge foot ( ,london1 & by ! ebb+ & fl[+ ( x1 pass+ /rongly by !m1 %\ld h "s "p ( x convey'd to ! ,ce/]ns above1 & !nce into sev]al h\ses & ,ce/]ns up & d[n ! ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxiii4 ,( ! ,scales ( a ,soal1 & o!r ,fi%es4 ,hav+ h9t$ some:at ( ! sk9 & cov]+ ( t]re/rial ,animals1 ,i %all next add an ,obs]vation ,i made on ! sk9 & ,scales ( a ,soal1 a small ,fi%1 commonly en\gh kn[n2 & "h 9 ,fi%es1 z well z o!r ,animals1 ,nature foll[s its usual me?od1 fram+ all p>ts s1 z t !y are bo? usefull & ornam5tal 9 all its composures1 m+l+ utile & dulce toge!r2 & bo? ^! designs x seems to foll[1 ?\gh our unassi/$ s5ses are n able to p]ceive !m3 ,?is is n onely manife/ 9 ! cov]+ ( ?is ,fi%1 b 9 multitudes ( o!rs1 :i* x w\ld be too long to enum]ate1 witness p>ticul>ly t small ,s& ,%ell1 :i* ,i m5tion'd 9 ! ,,xi4 ,obs]vation1 & inf9ite o!r small ,%ells & ,scales1 div]s ( :i* ,i h view'd4 ,?is sk9 ,i view'd1 0 flead f a pretty l>ge ,soal1 & !n exp&$ & dry'd1 ! inside ( x1 :5 dry1 to ! nak$ eye1 look'd v l a piece ( ,canvass1 b ! ,microscope discov]'d t texture to be no?+ else1 b ! inn] ends ( ^? curi\s ,scolop'd ,scales ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 9 ! second ,figure ( ! ,,xxi4 ,s*eme1 namely1 ! "p ( ,,gggg 7( ! l>g] repres5tation ( a s+le ,scale1 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! same ,s*eme7 :i* on ! back side1 ?r\gh an ord9>y s+le ,magnify+ ,glass1 look'd n unlike ! ,tyles on an h\se4 ,! outside ( x1 to ! nak$ eye1 exhibit$ no?+ m ( ornam5t1 save ! usual ord] ( rang+ ! ,scales into a triagonal =m1 onely ! edges seem'd a little to %9e1 ! f+] be+ rubb'd f ! tail-w>ds t[>ds ! head1 ! ,scales seem'd to /ay & raze x2 ,b ?r\gh an ord9>y ,magnify+ glass1 x exhibit$ a mo/ curi\sly c>v$ & adorn$ surface1 su* z is visible 9 ! second ,figure1 ea* ( ^? 7=m]ly almo/ imp]ceptible7 ,scales appe>+ mu* ( ! %ape ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 t is1 !y 7 r\nd1 & protub]ant1 & some:at %ap'd l a ,scolop1 ! :ole ,scale be+ creas'd ) curi\sly wav'd & ind5t$ ridges1 ) proportionable furr[s betwe52 ea* ( :i* 0 t]m9at$ ) a v %>p transp>5t bony sub/ance1 :i*1 l s _m small ,turnpikes1 seem'd to arm ! edges4 ,! back "p ,,kkk 0 ! sk9 into :i* ea* ( ^! ,scales 7 v deeply fix'd1 9 ! curi\s regul> ord]1 visible 9 ! second ,figure4 ,! l5g? & %ape ( ! "p ( ! ,scale :i* 0 buri$ by ! sk91 is evid5c$ by ! fir/ ,figure2 :i* is ! repres5tation ( "o ( !m pluck'd out & view'd ?r\gh a good ,microscope1 namely1 ! "p ,,lfggfl1 :]e9 is also m pla9ly to be se51 ! mann] ( c>v+ ( ! scolopt "p ( e p>ticul> ,scale1 h[ ea* ridge or b>r ,,eee is alt]nately holl[$ or engrav51 & h[ e gutt] betwe5 !m is t]m9at$ ) v transp>5t & h>d po9t$ spikes1 & h[ e o!r ( ^!1 z ,,aaaa1 are mu* long] !n ! int]jac5t ones1 ,,ddd4 ,! texture or =m also ( ! hidd5 "p appe>s1 namely1 ! middle "p1 ,,ggg1 seems to consi/ ( a great numb] ( small quills or pipes1 by :i*1 p]haps1 ! :ole may be n\ri%$2 & ! side p>ts ,,ff consi/ ( a m fibr\s texture1 ?\gh inde$ ! :ole ,scale seem'd to be ( a v t\gh gri/ly sub/ance l ! l>g] ,scales ( o!r ,fi%es4 ,! ,scales ( ! sk9 ( a ,dog-fi% 7:i* is u'd by su* z "w 9 ,wood1 = ! smoo?+ ( _! "w1 & consi/s pla9ly en\gh to ! nak$ eye1 ( a great numb] (f small horny po9ts7 ?r\gh ! ,microscope appe>'d ea* ( !m curi\sly ridg'd1 & v neatly c>v$2 & inde$1 y c h>dly look on ! scales ( any ,fi%1 b y may discov] abundance ( curiosity & beautify+2 & n only 9 ^! ,fi%es1 b 9 ! %ells & cru/s or arm\r ( mo/ sorts ( ,m>9e ,animals s inve/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxiv4 ,( ! ,/+ ( a ,bee4 ,! ,/+ ( a ,bee1 del9eat$ 9 ! second ,figure ( ! ,,xvi4 ,s*eme1 seems to be a weapon ( (f5ce1 & is z great an ,in/ance1 t ,nature did really int5d rev5ge z any1 & t fir/1 because !re seems to be no o!r use ( x4 ,secondly1 by reason ( its admirable %ape1 seem+ to be purposely %ap'd = t v end4 ,?irdly1 f ! virul5cy ( ! liquor x ejects1 & ! sad effects & symptoms t foll[ x4 ,b :atev] be ! use ( x1 c]ta9 x is1 t ! /ructure ( x is v admirable2 :at x appe>s to ! nak$ eye1 ,i ne$ n describe1 ! ?+ be+ kn[n almo/ to e "o1 b x appe>s ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 to consi/ ( two p>ts1 ! "o a %ea?1 )\t a *ape or top1 %ap'd almo/ l ! ,hol/] ( a ,pi/ol1 beg9n+ at d1 & end+ at b1 ?is %ea? ,i c\ld mo/ pla9ly p]ceive to be holl[1 & to conta9 9 x1 bo? a ,sword or ,d>t1 & ! poison\s liquor t causes ! pa94 ,! %ea? or case seem'd to h sev]al jo9ts or sett+s toge!r1 m>k$ by fghiklmno1 x 0 arm'd moreov] ne] ! top1 ) sev]al crooks or =ks 7pqr/7 on "o side1 & 7pqr/u7 on ! o!r1 ea* ( :i* seem'd l s _m ,?orns gr[+ on a bri>1 or r l s _m ,cat's ,claws2 = ! crooks !mselves seem'd to be little %>p transp>5t po9ts or claws1 gr[+ out ( little protub]ancies on ! side ( ! %ea?1 :i*1 by obs]v+ ! ,figure dilig5tly1 is easie en\gh to be p]ceiv'd2 & f sev]al p>ticul>s1 ,i suppose ! ,animal has a p[] ( display+ !m1 & %utt+ !m 9 aga9 z x pleases1 z a ,cat does its claws1 or z an ,add] or ,vip] c its tee? or fangs4 ,! o!r "p ( ! ,/+ 0 ! ,sword1 z ,i may s call x1 :i* is %ea?'d1 z x 71 9 x1 ! top ( :i* ab appe>s q ?r\gh at ! small] end1 j z if ! *ape ( ! %ea? ( a ,sword 7 lo/1 & ! end ( x appe>'d beyond ! ,scabb>d2 ! end ( ?is ,d>t7a7 0 v %>p1 & x 0 arm'd likewise ) ! l ,t5t]-hooks or claws ) ^? ( ! %ea?1 su* z 7vxy1 xyzz7 ^! crooks1 ,i am v apt to ?9k1 c be clos'd up also1 or laid flat to ! sides ( ! ,sword :5 x is drawn into ! ,scabb>d1 z ,i h sev]al times obs]v'd x to be1 & c be spr$ aga9 or ext5d$ :5 ev] ! ,animal pleases4 ,! consid]ation ( :i* v pretty /ructure1 has h9t$ to me1 t c]ta9ly ! use ( ^! claws seems to be v consid]able1 z to ! ma9 end ( ?is ,in/rum5t1 = ! draw+ 91 & hold+ ! /+ 9 ! fle%2 = ! po9t be+ v %>p1 ! top ( ! ,/+ or ,dagg] 7ab7 is v easily ?ru/ into an ,animal's body1 :i* be+ once entr$1 ! ,bee1 by endeav\r+ to pull x into ! %ea?1 draws 7by reason ( ! crooks 7vxy7 & 7xyzz7 :i* lay hold ( ! sk9 on ei!r side7 ! top ( ! %ea? 7tsrv7 into ! sk9 aft] x1 & ! crooks t1 s1 & r1 v1 be+ entr$1 :5 ! ,bee endeav\rs to ?ru/ out ! top ( ! /+ out ( ! %ea? aga91 !y lay hold ( ! sk9 on ei!r side1 & d n onely keep ! %ea? f slid+ back1 b helps ! top inw>ds1 & ?us1 by an alt]nate & successive retract+ & emitt+ ( ! ,/+ 9 & out ( ! %ea?1 ! little enrag$ creature by degrees makes 8 rev5gfull weapon pi]ce ! t\ghe/ & ?icke/ ,hides ( 8 enemies1 9 s mu* t "s few ( ^! /\t & resolute soldi]s ) ^! little eng9es1 d (t5 put to flight a huge ma/y ,be>1 "o ( _! deadly enemies1 & !reby %ew ! _w h[ mu* m consid]able 9 ,w>r a few skilfull ,eng9e]s & resolute soldi]s politickly ord]'d1 t "k h[ to manage su* eng9es1 are1 !n a va/ unweildy rude =ce1 t confides 91 & acts onely by1 its /r5g?4 ,b 7to proce$7 t he ?us gets 9 8 ,/+ into ! sk91 ,i conjecture1 because1 :5 ,i h obs]v'd ?is creature liv+1 ,i h f\nd x to move ! ,/+ ?us1 to & fro1 & !reby also1 p]haps1 does1 z 'tw]e1 pump or =ce out ! poison\s liquor1 & make x hang at ! end ( ! %ea? ab\t b 9 a drop4 ,! crooks1 ,i suppose also to be ! cause :y ^! angry creatures1 ha/ily remov+ !mselves f _! rev5ge1 d (t5 leave ^! weapons beh9d !m1 %ea?'d1 z 'tw]e1 9 ! fle%1 &1 by t means1 cause ! pa9full symptoms to be great]1 & m la/+1 :i* are v probably caus'd1 p>tly by ! pi]c+ & te>+ ( ! sk9 by ! ,/+1 b *iefly by ! corrosive & poison\s liquor t is by ?is ,syr+e-pipe convey'd among ! s5sitive p>ts !re( & !reby m easily gnaws & corrodes ^? t5d] fibres3 ,z ,i h %ew$ 9 ! description ( a ,nettle & ( ,c[hage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxv4 ,( ! contexture & %ape ( ! p>ticles ( ,fea!rs4 ,exam9+ sev]al sorts ( ,fea!rs1 ,i took notice ( ^! p>ticul>s 9 all sorts ( w+-,fea!rs1 especially 9 ^? :i* s]v'd = ! beat+ ( ! air 9 ! action ( fly+4 ,t ! outw>d surface ( ! ,quill & ,/em 0 ( a v h>d1 /iff1 & horny sub/ance1 :i* is obvi\s en\gh1 & t ! "p above ! ,quill 0 fill'd ) a v :ite & light pi?1 &1 ) ! ,microscope1 ,i f\nd ?is pi? to be no?+ else1 b a k9d ( natural cong]ies ( small bubbles1 ! films ( :i* seem to be ( ! same sub/ance ) t ( ! ,quill1 t is1 ( a /iff transp>5t horny sub/ance4 ,:i* p>ticul> seems to me1 v wor?y a m s]i\s consid]ation2 ,= "h we may obs]ve ,nature1 z 'tw]e1 put to its %ifts1 to make a sub/ance1 :i* %all be bo? light en\gh1 & v /iff & /rong1 )\t v>y+ f its own e/abli%'d pr9ciples1 :i* we may obs]ve to be su*1 t v /rong bodies are = ! mo/ "p v heavie also1 a /r5g? ( ! p>ts usually requir+ a d5sity1 & a d5sity a gravity2 & !re=e %\ld ,nature h made a body s broad & s /rong z a ,fea!r1 almo/1 any o!r way !n :at x has tak51 ! gravity ( x mu/ necess>ily h _m times exce$$ ?is2 = ?is pi? seems to be l s _m /ops or cross pieces 9 a long optical tube1 :i* d v mu* contribute to ! /r5g? ( ! :ole1 ! pores ( :i* 7 su*1 z t !y seem'd n to h any communication ) "o ano!r1 z ,i h else:]e h9t$4 ,b ! ,me*anism ( ,nature is usually s excell5t1 t "o & ! same sub/ance is adapt$ to s]ve = _m ends4 ,= ! *ief use ( ?is1 inde$1 seems to be = ! supply ( n\ri%m5t to ! d[ny or fea!ry "p ( ! /em2 = 'tis obvi\s en\gh 9 all sorts ( ,fea!rs1 t 'tis plac'd j "u ! roots ( ! bran*es t gr[ out ( ei!r side ( ! quill or /alk1 & is exactly %ap'd accord+ to ! rank+ ( ^? bran*es1 com+ no l[] into ! quill1 !n j ! beg9n+ ( ! d[ny bran*es1 & gr[+ onely on ! "u side ( ! quill :]e ^? bran*es d s4 ,n[1 9 a ripe ,fea!r 7z "o may call x7 x seems difficult to conceive h[ ! ,succus nutritius %\ld be convey'd to ?is pi?2 = x _c1 ,i ?9k1 be well imag9'd to pass ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! quill1 s9ce1 hav+ exam9'd x ) ! greate/ dilig5ce ,i 0 able1 ,i c\ld n f9d ! lea/ appe>ance ( pores2 b he t %all well exam9e an unripe or p9n'd ,fea!r1 w pla9ly en\gh p]ceive ! ,vessel = ! conveyance ( x to be ! ?9 filmy pi? 7z 'tis call'd7 :i* passes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! quill4 ,z = ! make & contexture ( ! ,d[n x self1 x is inde$ v r>e & admirable1 & su* z ,i c h>dly believe1 t ! l is to be discov]'d 9 any o!r body 9 ! _w2 = !re is h>dly a l>ge ,fea!r 9 ! w+ ( a ,bird1 b conta9s ne] a million ( di/9ct p>ts1 & e "o ( !m %ap'd 9 a mo/ regul> admirable =m1 adapt$ to a p>ticul> ,design3 ,= exam9+ a middle ciz'd ,goose-quill1 ,i easily en\gh f\nd ) my nak$ eye1 t ! ma9 /em ( x conta9'd ab\t #cjj4 long] & m ,d[ny bran*+s ^u "o side1 & z _m on ! o!r ( m /iff b some:at %ort] bran*+s4 ,_m ( ^! long & d[ny bran*+s1 exam9+ ) an ord9>y ,microscope1 ,i f\nd div]s ( !m to conta9 ne] #abjj4 small leaves 7z ,i may call !m1 su* z ,,ef ( ! fir/ ,figure ( ! #bb4 ,s*eme7 & z _m /alks on ! o!r side1 su* z ,,ik ( ! same ,figure1 ea* ( ! leaves or bran*+s1 ,,ef1 seem'd to be divid$ into ab\t sixte5 or eighte5 small jo9ts1 z may be se5 pla9ly en\gh 9 ! ,figure1 out ( mo/ ( :i* !re seem to gr[ small long fibres1 su* z are express'd 9 ! ,figure1 ea* ( !m v proportionably %ap'd accord+ to its position1 or place on ! /alk ,,ef2 ^? on ! "u side ( x1 namely1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 c4 be+ mu* long] !n ^? directly opposite to !m on ! upp]2 & div]s ( !m1 su* z #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 c4 7 t]m9at$ ) small crooks1 mu* resembl+ ^? small crooks1 :i* are visible en\gh to ! nak$ eye1 9 ! se$-buttons ( ,bur-docks4 ,! /alks likewise1 ,,ik on ! o!r side1 seem'd divid$ into ne] z _m small knott$ jo9ts1 b )\t any appe>ance ( /r+s or crooks1 ea* ( !m ab\t ! middle ,k1 seem'd divid$ into two p>ts by a k9d ( =k1 "o side ( :i*1 namely1 ,,kl1 0 ext5d$ ne] ! l5g? ( ,,ki1 ! o!r1 ,m1 0 v %ort4 ,! transv]se ,sections ( ! /ems ( ^! bran*+s1 manife/$ ! %ape or figure ( x to be mu* l ,,inoe1 :i* consi/$ ( a horny sk9 or cov]+1 & a :ite seem+ly fro?y pi?1 mu* l ! make ( ! ma9 /em ( a ,fea!r4 ,! use ( ?is /range k9d ( =m1 is inde$ m admirable !n all ! re/1 & su* z des]ves to be mu* m s]i\sly exam9'd & consid]'d1 !n ,i h hi!rto f\nd "t or ability to d2 = c]ta9ly1 x may v mu* in/ruct u 9 ! nature ( ! ,air1 especially z to "s prop]ties ( x4 ,! /ems ( ! ,d[ny bran*es ,,inoe1 be+ rang'd 9 ! ord] visible en\gh to ! nak$ eye1 at ! di/ance ( ,,if1 or some:at m1 ! collat]al /alks & leaves 7if ,i may s call ^? bodies ,i newly describ$7 are s rang'd1 t ! leaves or hairy /alks ( ! "o side lie at top1 or are incumb5t on ! /alks ( ! o!r1 & cross ea* o!r1 mu* aft] ! mann] express'd 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #bb4 ,s*eme1 by :i* means e ( ^? little hook$ fibres ( ! leav$ /alk get betwe5 ! nak$ /alks1 & ! /alks be+ full ( knots1 & a prety way dis-jo9'd1 s z t ! fibres c easily get betwe5 !m1 ! two p>ts are s closely & admirably wov5 toge!r1 t x is able to imp$e1 = ! greate/ "p1 ! transcursion ( ! ,air2 & ?\gh !y are s exce$+ small1 z t ! ?ickness ( "o ( ^! /alks am\nts n to a #ejj4 "p ( an ,in*1 yet d !y compose s /rong a texture1 z1 not)/&+ ! exce$+ quick & viol5t beat+ ( !m aga9/ ! ,air1 by ! /r5g? ( ! ,birds w+1 !y firmly hold toge!r4 ,& x argues an admirable provid5ce ( ,nature 9 ! contrivance & fabrick ( !m2 = _! texture is su*1 t ?\gh by any ext]nal injury ! p>ts ( !m are viol5tly disjoyn'd1 s z t ! leaves & /alks t\* n "o ano!r1 & consequ5tly sev]al ( ^! r5ts w\ld imp$e ! ,bird's fly+2 yet1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( !mselves !y readily re-jo9 & re-contex !mselves1 & are easily by ! ,birds /rok+ ! ,fea!r1 or draw+ x ?r\gh its ,bill1 all ( !m settl$ & wov5 into _! =m] & natural po/ure2 = !re are su* an inf9ite company ( ^? small fibres 9 ! "u side ( ! leaves1 & mo/ ( !m h su* little crooks at _! ends1 t !y readily cat* & hold ! /alks !y t\*4 ,f :i* /range contexture1 x seems rational to suppose t !re is a c]ta9 k9d ( me% or hole s small1 t ! ,air w n v easily pass ?r\gh x1 z ,i h9t$ also 9 ! six? ,obs]vation ab\t small ,glass ,canes1 = o!rwise x seems probable1 t ,nature w\ld h drawn ov] "s k9d ( ?9 film :i* %\ld h cov]$ all ^? almo/ squ>e me%es or holes1 !re seem+ ?r\gh ! ,microscope to be m !n half ( ! surface ( ! ,fea!r :i* is op5 & visibly p]vi\s2 :i* conjecture w yet seem m probable f ! texture ( ! bru%ie w+s ( ! ,t9ea arg5tea1 or :ite ,fea!r w+'d mo?1 :i* ,i %all anone describe4 ,b ,nature1 t kn[s be/ its own laws1 & ! sev]al prop]ties ( bodies1 kn[s also be/ h[ to adapt & fit !m to h] design$ ends1 & :oso w\ld "k ^? prop]ties1 mu/ endeav\r to trace ,nature 9 its work+1 & to see :at c\rse %e obs]ves4 ,& ?is ,i suppose w be no inconsid]able advantage :i* ! ,s*ematisms & ,/ructures ( ,animate bodies w af=d ! dilig5t enquir]1 namely1 mo/ sure & excell5t in/ructions1 bo? z to ! practical "p ( ,me*anicks & to ! ,!ory & k ( ! nature ( ! bodies & motions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxvi4 ,( ,peacocks1 ,ducks1 & o!r ,fea!rs ( *angeable col\rs4 ,! p>ts ( ! ,fea!rs ( ?is glori\s ,bird appe>1 ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 no less gaudy !n d ! :ole ,fea!rs2 =1 z to ! nak$ eye 'tis evid5t t ! /em or quill ( ea* ,fea!r 9 ! tail s5ds out multitudes ( ,lat]al bran*es1 su* z ,,ab 9 ! ?ird ,figure ( ! #bb4 ,s*eme repres5ts a small "p ( ab\t "p ( an ,in* long1 & ea* ( ! lat]al bran*es emit multitudes ( little sprigs1 ?reads or hairs on ei!r side ( !m1 su* z ,,cd1 ,,cd1 ,,cd1 s ea* ( ^? ?reads 9 ! ,microscope appe>s a l>ge long body1 consi/+ ( a multitude ( bright reflect+ p>ts1 ^: ,figure 'tis no easie matt] to det]m9e1 z he t exam9es x %all f9d2 = e new position ( x to ! light makes x p]fectly seem ( ano!r =m & %ape1 & no?+ :at x appe>'d a little be=e2 nay1 x appe>'d v diff]+ (ttimes f s seem+ly inconsid]able a circum/ance1 t ! int]pos+ ( ones h& betwe5 ! light & x1 makes a v great *ange1 & ! op5+ or %utt+ a ,casem5t & ! l1 v mu* div]sifies ! appe>ance4 ,& ?\gh1 by exam9+ ! =m ( x v _m ways1 :i* w\ld be t$i\s "h to enum]ate1 ,i suppose ,i h discov]'d ! true ,figure ( x1 yet (t5times1 ^u look+ on x 9 ano!r po/ure1 ,i h almo/ ?\ght my =m] obs]vations defici5t1 ?\gh inde$1 ^u fur!r exam9ation1 ,i h f\nd ev5 ^? also to confirm !m4 ,^! ?reads !re=e ,i f9d to be a cong]ies ( small ,lam9 or plates1 z eeeee1 c4 ea* ( !m %ap'd mu* l ?is ( abcd1 9 ! f\r? ,figure1 ! "p ac be+ a ridge1 prom95cy1 or /em1 & b & d ! corn]s ( two small ?9 ,plates t gr[ unto ! small /alk 9 ! middle1 s t !y make a k9d ( little fea!r2 ea* ( ^! ,plates lie "o close to ano!r1 almo/ l a company ( slop+ ridge or gutt] ,tyles2 !y gr[ on ea* side ( ! /alk opposite to "o ano!r1 by two & two1 f top to bottom1 9 ! mann] express'd 9 ! fif? ,figure1 ! tops ( ! l[] cov]+ ! roots ( ! next above !m2 ! "u side ( ea* ( ^! lam9at$ bodies1 is ( a v d>k & opac\s sub/ance1 & suff]s v few ,rays to be traject$1 b reflects !m all t[>d t side f :5ce !y come1 mu* l ! foil ( a ,look+-glass2 b _! upp] sides seem to me to consi/ ( a multitude ( ?9 plat$ bodies1 :i* are exce$+ ?91 & lie v close toge!r1 & !reby1 l "m ( ,pe>l %ells1 d n onely reflect a v brisk light1 b t+e t light 9 a mo/ curi\s mann]2 & by means ( v>i\s positions1 9 respect ( ! light1 !y reflect back n[ "o col\r1 & !n ano!r1 & ^? mo/ vividly4 ,n[1 t ^! col\rs are onely fanta/ical ones1 t is1 su* z arise imm$iately f ! refractions ( ! light1 ,i f\nd by ?is1 t wat] wett+ ^! col\r'd p>ts1 de/roy'd _! col\rs1 :i* seem'd to proce$ f ! alt]ation ( ! reflection & refraction4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i 0 n able to see ^? hairs at all transp>5t by a common light1 yet by look+ on !m aga9/ ! ,sun1 ,i f\nd !m to be t+'d ) a d>ki% r$ col\r1 no?+ a-k9 to ! curi\s & lovely gre5s & blues !y exhibit$4 ,:at ! reason ( col\r seems to be 9 su* ?9 plat$ bodies1 ,i h else:]e %ewn4 ,b h[ wat] ca/ ^u ^? ?reads de/roys _! col\rs1 ,i suppose to be p]=m'd ?us2 ,! wat] fall+ ^u ^! plat$ bodies f its hav+ a great] congruity to ,fea!rs !n ! ,air1 ins9uates x self betwe5 ^? ,plates1 & s extrudes ! /rong reflect+ ,air1 :5ce bo? ^! p>ts gr[ m transp>5t1 z ! ,microscope in=ms1 & col\rless also1 at be/ reta9+ a v fa9t & dull col\r4 ,b ?is wet be+ wa/$ away by ! cont9ual evaporations & /eams t pass ?r\gh !m f ! ,peacock1 :il'/ t ,bird is yet alive1 ! col\rs aga9 appe> 9 _! =m] lu/]1 ! int]/itia ( ^! ,plates be+ fill'd ) ! /rongly reflect+ ,air4 ,! beaute\s & vivid col\rs ( ! ,fea!rs ( ?is ,bird1 be+ f\nd to proce$ f ! curi\s & exce$+ smalness & f95ess ( ! reflect+ p>ts1 we h "h ! reason giv5 u ( all ^? gaud]ies 9 ! app>el ( o!r ,birds also1 & h[ !y come to exce$ ! col\rs ( all o!r k9ds ( ,animals1 besides ,insects2 = s9ce 7z we "h1 & else:]e also %ew7 ! vividness ( a col\r1 dep5ds ^u ! f95ess & transp>5cy ( ! reflect+ & refract+ p>ts2 & s9ce our ,microscope discov]s to u1 t ! compon5t p>ts ( fea!rs are su*1 & t ! hairs ( ,animals are o!rwise2 & s9ce we f9d also by ! ,exp]im5t ( t ,noble & mo/ ,excell5t ,p]son ,i =m]ly nam$2 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,silk & ,flax1 z to its col\r1 is no?+ else 7= ,flax r$uc'd to a v great f95ess ( p>ts1 bo? :ite & col\r'd1 appe>s z :ite & z vivid z any ,silk1 b loses t brightness & its ,silk5 aspect z soon z x is twi/$ into ?read1 by reason t ! compon5t p>ts1 ?\gh v small & f9e1 are yet pliable flakes1 & n cyl9d]s1 & !nce1 by twi/+1 become unit$ into "o opac\s body1 :]eas ! ?reads ( ,silk & ,fea!rs reta9 _! lu/re1 by pres]v+ _! cyl9drical =m intire )\t mix+2 s t ea* reflect$ & refract$ beam t composes ! gloss ( ,silk1 pres]ves its own prop]ty ( modulat+ ! light intire72 ,& s9ce we f9d ! same confirm'd by _m o!r ,exp]im5ts else:]e m5tion$1 ,i ?9k we may safely conclude ?is = an ,axiome1 t :]esoev] we meet ) transp>5t bodies1 spun out into v f9e p>ts1 ei!r cle]1 or any ways t+'d1 ! col\rs result+ f su* a composition mu/ necess>ily be v glori\s1 vivid1 & cle]1 l ^? ( ,silk & ,fea!rs4 ,?is may p]haps h9t "s usefull way ( mak+ o!r bodies1 besides ,silk1 be susceptible ( bright t9ctures1 b ( ?is onely by ! by4 ,! *angeable col\r'd ,fea!rs also ( ,ducks1 & sev]al o!r ,birds1 ,i h f\nd by exam9ation ) my ,microscope1 to proce$ f mu* ! same causes & textures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxvii4 ,( ! ,feet ( ,flies1 & sev]al o!r ,insects4 ,! foot ( a ,fly 7del9eat$ 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! #bc4 ,s*eme1 :i* repres5ts ?ree jo9ts1 ! two ,tallons1 & ! two ,patt5s 9 a flat po/ure2 & 9 ! second ,figure ( ! same ,s*eme1 :i* repres5ts onely "o jo9t1 ! ,tallons & ,patt5s 9 ano!r po/ure7 is ( a mo/ admirable & curi\s contrivance1 = by ?is ! ,flies are inabl$ to walk aga9/ ! sides ( ,glass1 p]p5dicul>ly upw>ds1 & to conta9 !mselves 9 t po/ure z long z !y please2 nay1 to walk & susp5d !mselves aga9/ ! "u surface ( _m bodies1 z ! ceil+ ( a room1 or ! l1 & ?is ) z great a seem+ facility & firmness1 z if !y 7 a k9d ( ,antipodes1 & _h a t5d5cy upw>ds1 z we are sure !y h ! contr>y1 :i* !y also evid5tly discov]1 9 t !y _c make !mselves s light1 z to /ick or susp5d !mselves on ! "u surface ( a ,glass well poli%'d & cleans'd2 _! susp5sion !re=e is :olly to be ascrib'd to "s ,me*anical contrivance 9 _! feet2 :i*1 :at x is1 we %all 9 brief expla91 by %ew+1 t its ,me*anism consi/s pr9cipally 9 two p>ts1 t is1 fir/ its two ,claws1 or ,tallons1 & secondly1 two ,palms1 ,patt5s1 or ,soles4 ,! two ,tallons are v l>ge1 9 proportion to ! foot1 & h&somely %ap'd 9 ! mann] describ'd 9 ! ,figures1 by ,,ab1 & ,,ac1 ! bigg] "p ( !m f ,a to dd1 is all hairy1 or brisl$1 b t[>d ! top1 at ,c & ,b smoo?1 ! tops or po9ts1 :i* seem v %>p turn+ d[nw>ds & inw>ds1 are ea* ( !m mov'd on a jo9t at ,a1 by :i* ! ,fly is able to op5 or %ut !m at pleasure1 s t ! po9ts ,b & ,c be+ ent]$ 9 any pores1 & ! ,fly endeav\r+ to %ut !m1 ! ,claws n onely draw "o aga9/ ano!r1 & s fa/5 ea* o!r1 b !y draw ! :ole foot1 ,,ggadd =w>d1 s t on a s(t foot+1 ! t5t]s or po9ts ,,gggg1 7:]e( a ,fly has ab\t t5 9 ea* foot1 to wit1 two 9 e jo9t7 run into ! pores1 if !y f9d any1 or at lea/ make _! way2 & ?is is s5sible to ! nak$ eye1 9 ! feet ( a ,*af]1 :i*1 if he be suff]'d to creep ov] ! h&1 or any o!r "p ( ! sk9 ( ones body1 does make 8 /eps z s5sible to ! t\* z ! sight4 ,b ?is contrivance1 z x (t5 fails ! ,*af]1 :5 he walks on h>d & close bodies1 s w\ld x also our ,fly1 ?\gh he be a mu* less]1 & nimbl] creature1 & !re=e ,nature has furni%'d 8 foot ) ano!r additam5t mu* m curi\s & admirable1 & t is1 ) a c\ple ( ,palms1 ,patt5s or ,soles ,,dd1 ! /ructure ( :i* is ?is3 ,f ! bottom or "u "p ( ! la/ jo9t ( 8 foot1 ,k1 arise two small ?9 plat$ horny sub/ances1 ea* consi/+ ( two flat pieces1 ,,dd1 :i* seem to be flexible1 l ! cov]s ( a ,book1 ab\t ,,ff1 by :i* means1 ! pla9s ( ! two sides ,,ee1 d n always lie 9 ! same pla91 b may be sometimes %ut clos]1 & s ea* ( !m may take a little hold !mselves on a body2 b t is n all1 = ! "u sides ( ^! ,soles are all beset ) small brisles1 or t5t]s1 l ! ,wire tee? ( a ,c>d us$ = work+ ,wool1 ! po9ts ( all :i* t5d =w>ds1 h5ce ! two ,tallons draw+ ! feet =w>ds1 z ,i be=e h9t$1 & ^! be+ appli$ to ! surface ( ! body ) all ! po9ts look+ ! contr>y way1 t is1 =w>ds & outw>ds1 if !re be any irregul>ity or yield+ 9 ! surface ( ! body1 ! ,fly susp5ds x self v firmly & easily1 )\t ! access or ne$ ( any su* ,sponges fill'd ) an imag9>y glut51 z _m h1 = want ( good ,glasses1 p]haps1 or a tr\blesome & dilig5t exam9ation1 suppos'd4 ,n[1 t ! ,fly is able to walk on ,glass1 proce$s p>tly f "s rugg$ness ( ! surface3 & *iefly f a k9d ( t>ni%1 or dirty smoaky sub/ance1 :i* adh]es to ! surface ( t v h>d body2 & ?\gh ! po9t$ p>ts _c p5etrate ! sub/ance ( ,glass1 yet may !y f9d pores en\gh 9 ! t>ni%1 or at lea/ make !m4 ,?is ,/ructure ,i some:at ! m dilig5tly survey'd1 because ,i c\ld n well compreh5d1 h[1 if !re 7 su* a glut9\s matt] 9 ^? suppos$ ,sponges1 z mo/ 7t h obs]v'd t ,object 9 a ,microscope7 h hi!rto believ'd1 h[1 ,i say1 ! ,fly c\ld s readily unglew & loos5 its feet3 &1 because ,i h n f\nd any o!r creature to h a contrivance any ways l x1 & *iefly1 t we might n be ca/ ^u un9telligible explications ( ! ,phnom5a ( ,nature1 at lea/ o!rs !n ! true ones1 :]e our s5ses 7 able to furni% u ) an intelligible1 rationall & true "o4 ,some:at a l contrivance to ?is ( ,flies %all we f9d 9 mo/ o!r ,animals1 su* z all k9ds ( ,flies & case-w+'d creatures2 nay1 9 a ,flea1 an ,animal abundantly small] !n ?is ,fly4 ,o!r creatures1 z ,mites1 ! ,l&-,crab1 c4 h onely "o small v %>p ,tallon at ! end ( ea* ( _! legs1 :i* all draw+ t[>ds ! c5t] or middle ( _! body1 inable ^! exce$+ light bodies to susp5d & fa/5 !mselves to almo/ any surface4 ,:i* h[ !y are able to d1 w n seem /range1 if we consid]1 fir/1 h[ little body !re is 9 "o ( ^! creatures comp>'d to _! sup]ficies1 or outside1 _! ?ickness1 p]haps1 (t5times1 n am\nt+ to ! hundr$? "p ( an ,in*3 ,next1 ! /r5g? & agility ( ^! creatures comp>'d to _! bulk1 be+1 proportionable to _! bulk1 p]haps1 an hundr$ times /rong] !n an ,horse or ,man4 ,& ?irdly1 if we consid] t ,nature does always appropriate ! in/rum5ts1 s z !y are ! mo/ fit & conv5i5t to p]=m _! (fices1 & ! mo/ simple & pla9 t possibly c be2 ?is we may see fur!r v]ify'd also 9 ! foot ( a ,l\se :i* is v mu* diff]+ f ^? ,i h be5 describ+1 b m conv5i5t & necess>y = ! place ( its habitation1 ea* ( 8 leggs be+ foot$ ) a c\ple ( small claws :i* he c op5 or %ut at pleasure1 %ap'd almo/ l ! claws ( a ,lob/] or ,crab1 b ) appropriat$ contrivances = 8 peculi> use1 :i* be+ to move its body to & fro ^u ! hairs ( ! creature x inhabits1 ,nature has furni%'d "o ( its claws ) jo9ts1 almo/ l ! jo9ts ( a man's f+]s1 s z !reby x is able to encompass or grasp a hair z firmly z a man c a /ick or rope4 ,nor1 is !re a less admirable & wond]full ,me*anism 9 ! foot ( a ,spid]1 :]eby he is able to sp91 weave1 & climb1 or run on 8 curi\s transp>5t clew1 ( :i* ,i %all say m 9 ! description ( t ,animal4 ,& to conclude1 we %all 9 all ?+s f9d1 t ,nature does n onely "w ,me*anically1 b by su* excell5t & mo/ comp5di\s1 z well z /up5di\s contrivances1 t x 7 impossible = all ! reason 9 ! _w to f9d out any contrivance to d ! same ?+ t %\ld h m conv5i5t prop]ties4 ,& c any be s sotti%1 z to ?9k all ^? ?+s ! productions ( *ance8 ,c]ta9ly1 ei!r _! ,ratioc9ation mu/ be extremely deprav$1 or !y did nev] att5tively consid] & contemplate ! ,works ( ! ,al-mighty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxviii4 ,( ! ,/ructure & motion ( ! ,w+s ( ,flies4 ,! ,w+s ( all k9ds ( ,insects1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 v beautifull ,objects1 & af=d no less pleas+ an ,object to ! m9d to speculate ^u1 !n to ! eye to behold4 ,?is ( ! blue ,fly1 among ! re/1 wants n its peculi> ornam5ts & contrivances2 x gr[s out ( ! ,?orax1 or middle "p ( ! body ( a ,fly1 & is seat$ a little beyond ! c5t] ( gravity 9 ! body t[>ds ! head1 b t ,exc5tricly is curi\sly balanc'd2 fir/1 by ! exp&$ ,area ( ! w+s :i* lies all m backw>ds !n ! root1 by ! motion ( !m1 :]eby ! c5t] ( _! vibration is mu* m backw>ds t[>ds ! tail ( ! ,fly !n ! root ( ! w+ is4 ,:at ! vibrative motion ( ! w+s is1 & aft] :at mann] !y are mov$1 ,i h endeav\r$ by _m trials to f9d out3 ,& fir/ = ! mann] ( _! motion1 ,i endeav\r$ to obs]ve sev]al ( ^? k9d ( small sp9n+ ,flies1 :i* w naturally susp5d !mselves1 z x 71 pois'd & /eady 9 "o place ( ! air1 )\t ris+ or fall+1 or mov+ =w>ds or backw>ds2 = by look+ d[n on ^?1 ,i c\ld by a k9d ( fa9t %ad[1 p]ceive ! utmo/ extremes ( ! vibrative motion ( _! w+s1 :i* %ad[1 :il'/ !y s endeav\r$ to susp5d !mselves1 0 n v long1 b :5 !y endeav\r'd to flie =w>ds1 x 0 some:at long]2 next1 ,i tri$ x1 by fix+ ! leggs ( a ,fly ^u ! top ( ! /alk ( a fea!r1 ) ,glew1 ,wax1 c4 & !n mak+ x endeav\r to flie away2 = be+ !reby able to view x 9 any po/ure1 ,i collect$ t ! motion ( ! w+ 0 aft] ?is mann]4 ,! extreme limits ( ! vibrations 7 usually some:at ab\t ! l5g? ( ! body di/ant f "o ano!r1 (t5times %ort]1 & sometimes also long]2 t ! =mo/ limit 0 usually a little above ! back1 & ! h9d] som:at b5ea? ! belly2 betwe5 :i* two limits1 if "o may ghess by ! s\nd1 ! w+ seem'd to be mov'd =w>ds & backw>ds ) an equal velocity3 ,& if "o may 7f ! %ad[ or fa9t repres5tation ! w+s af=d$1 & f ! consid]ation ( ! nature ( ! ?+7 ghess at ! po/ure or mann] ( ! w+s mov+ betwe5 !m1 x seem'd to be ?is3 ,! w+ be+ suppos'd plac$ 9 ! upmo/ limit1 seems to be put s t ! pla9 ( x lies almo/ horizontal1 b onely ! =ep>t does dip a little1 or is some:at m depre/2 9 ?is position is ! w+ vibrat$ or mov'd to ! l[] limit1 be+ almo/ arriv$ at ! l[] limit1 ! h9d] "p ( ! w+ mov+ some:at fa/] !n ! =m]1 ! ,area ( ! w+ beg9s to dip beh9d1 & 9 t po/ure seems x to be mov'd to ! upp] limit back aga91 & !nce back aga9 9 ! fir/ po/ure1 ! =m] "p ( ! ,area dipp+ aga91 z x is mov$ d[nw>ds by means ( ! quick] motion ( ! ma9 /em :i* t]m9ates or edges ! =ep>t ( ! w+4 ,& ^! vibrations or motions to & fro betwe5 ! two limits seem s swift1 t 'tis v probable 7f ! s\nd x af=ds1 if x be comp>'d ) ! vibration ( a musical /r+1 tun'd unison to x7 x makes _m hundr$s1 if n "s ?\s&s ( vibrations 9 a second m9ute ( "t4 ,&1 if we may be all['d to ghess by ! s\nd1 ! w+ ( a ,bee is yet m swift1 = ! tone is mu* m acute1 & t1 9 all likelihood1 proce$s f ! exce$+ swift beat+ ( ! air by ! small w+4 ,& x seems ! m likely too1 because ! w+ ( a ,bee is less 9 proportion to its body1 !n ! o!r w+ to ! body ( a ,fly2 s t = ought ,i "k1 x may be "o ( ! quicke/ vibrat+ spontane\s motions ( any 9 ! _w2 & ?\gh p]haps !re may be _m ,flies 9 o!r places t af=d a yet m %rill note ) _! w+s1 yet 'tis mo/ probable t ! quicke/ vibrat+ spontane\s motion is to be f\nd 9 ! w+ ( "s creature4 ,n[1 if we consid] ! exce$+ quickness ( ^! ,animal spirits t mu/ cause ^! motions1 we _c *use b admire ! exce$+ vividness ( ! gov]n+ faculty or ,anima ( ! ,insect1 :i* is able to dispose & regulate s ! motive faculties1 z to cause e peculi> organ1 n onely to move or act s quick1 b to d x also s regul>ly4 ,:il'/ ,i 0 exam9+ & consid]+ ! curi\s ,me*anism ( ! w+s1 ,i obs]v'd t "u ! w+s ( mo/ k9d ( ,flies1 ,bees1 c4 !re 7 plac'd c]ta9 p5dulums or ext5d$ drops 7z ,i may s call !m f _! resembl+ motion & figure7 = !y mu* resembl$ a long hang+ drop ( "s transp>5t visc\s liquor2 & ,i obs]v$ !m con/antly to move j be=e ! w+s ( ! ,fly began to move1 s t at ! fir/ sight ,i c\ld n b ghess1 t !re 0 "s excell5t use1 z to ! regulation ( ! motion ( ! w+1 & did phancy1 t x might be some?+ l ! h&le ( a ,cock1 :i* by vibrat+ to & fro1 might1 z 'tw]e1 op5 & %ut ! ,cock1 & !reby give a passage to ! det]m9ate influ5ces into ! ,muscles2 aft]w>ds1 ^u "s o!r trials1 ,i suppos'd t !y might be = "s use 9 respiration1 :i* = _m reasons ,i suppose ^? ,animals to use1 &1 me ?\ght1 x 0 n v improbable1 b t !y might h conv5i5t passages "u ! w+s = ! emitt+1 at lea/1 ( ! air1 if n admitt+1 z 9 ! gills ( ,fi%es is mo/ evid5t2 or1 p]haps1 ?is ,p5dulum might be some:at l ! /aff to a ,pump1 :]eby ^! creatures might ex]cise _! ,analog\s lungs1 & n only draw 91 b =ce out1 ! air !y live by3 b ^! 7 b conjectures1 & ^u fur!r exam9ation seem'd less probable4 ,! fabrick ( ! w+1 z x appe>s ?r\gh a mod]ately magnify+ ,microscope1 seems to be a body consi/+ ( two p>ts1 z is visible 9 ! #d4 ,figure ( ! #bc4 ,s*eme2 & by ! #b4 ,figure ( ! #bf4 ,s*eme2 ! "o is a quilly or f9ny sub/ance1 consi/+ ( sev]al long1 sl5d] & v>i\sly b5d$ quills or wires1 some?+ resembl+ ! ve9s ( leaves2 ^! are1 z 'tw]e1 ! f9ns or quills :i* /iff5 ! :ole ,area1 & keep ! o!r "p di/5d$1 :i* is a v ?9 transp>5t sk9 or membrane v>i\sly fold$1 & platt$1 b n v regul>ly1 & is besides exce$+ ?ickly be/uck ) innum]able small bri/les1 :i* are onely p]ceptible by ! bigg] magnify+ ,microscope1 & n ) t nei!r1 b ) a v conv5i5t augm5tation ( sky-light project$ on ! ,object ) a burn+ ,glass1 z ,i h else:]e %ew'd1 or by look+ ?r\gh x aga9/ ! light4 ,9 /e$ ( ^! small hairs1 9 sev]al o!r ,flies1 !re are inf9ite ( small ,fea!rs1 :i* cov] bo? ! "u & upp] sides ( ?is ?9 film z 9 almo/ all ! sorts ( ,butt]flies & ,mo?s3 & ^? small p>ts are n onely %ap'd v mu* l ! fea!rs ( ,birds1 b l ^? v>iegat$ ) all ! v>iety ( curi\s bright & vivid col\rs imag9able2 & ^? fea!rs are likewise s admirably & delicately rang'd1 z to compose v f9e fl\ri%+s & ornam5tal pa9t+s1 l ,turkie & ,p]sian ,c>pets1 b ( f> m surpass+ beauty1 z is evid5t en\gh to ! nak$ eye1 9 ! pa9t$ w+s ( ,butt]flies1 b mu* m ?r\gh an ord9>y ,microscope4 ,int]m+l$ likewise ) ^! hairs1 may be p]ceiv$ multitudes ( little pits1 or black spots1 9 ! ext5d$ membrane1 :i* seem to be ! root ( ! hairs t gr[ on ! o!r side2 ^! two bodies seem disp]s'd ov] ! :ole surface ( ! w+4 ,! hairs are be/ p]ceiv'd1 by look+ ?r\gh x aga9/ ! light1 or1 by lay+ ! w+ ^u a v :ite piece ( ,pap]1 9 a conv5i5t light1 = !reby e little hair mo/ manife/ly appe>s2 a ,specim5 ( :i* y may obs]ve drawn 9 ! f\r? ,figure ( ! #bc4 ,s*eme1 ,,ab1 ,,cd1 ,,ef :]e( repres5t "s p>ts ( ! bones or quills ( ! w+1 ea* ( :i* y may p]ceive to be cov]'d ov] ) a multitude ( scales1 or bri/les1 ! =m] ,,ab1 is ! bigge/ /em ( all ! w+1 & may be prop]ly en\gh call'd ! cut-air1 x be+ t :i* t]m9ates & /iff5s ! =mo/ edge ( ! w+2 ! =e-edge ( ?is is arm'd ) a multitude ( little brisles1 or ,t5t]-hooks1 9 "s /&+ regul> & 9 ord]1 9 o!rs n2 all ! po9ts ( :i* are direct$ f ! body t[>ds ! tip ( ! w+1 nor is ?is edge onely ?us fr+'d1 b ev5 all ! :ole edge ( ! w+ is cov]$ ) a small fr+e1 consi/+ ( %ort & m sl5d] brisles4 ,?is ,subject1 _h ,i "t1 w\ld af=d excell5t matt] = ! contemplation ( ! nature ( w+s & ( fly+1 b1 because ,i may1 p]haps1 get a m conv5i5t "t to prosecute t speculation1 & recollect sev]al ,obs]vations t ,i h made ( t p>ticul>4 ,i %all at pres5t proce$ to 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xxxix4 ,( ! ,eyes & ,head ( a ,grey drone-,fly1 & ( sev]al o!r creatures4 ,i took a l>ge grey ,drone-,fly1 t _h a l>ge head1 b a small & sl5d] body 9 proportion to x1 & cutt+ (f its head1 ,i fix'd x ) ! =ep>t or face upw>ds ^u my ,object ,plate 7?is ,i made *oice ( r !n ! head ( a great blue ,fly1 because my enquiry be+ n[ ab\t ! eyes1 ,i f\nd ?is ,fly to h1 fir/ ! bigge/ clu/]s ( eyes 9 proportion to 8 head1 ( any small k9d ( ,fly t ,i h yet se51 x be+ some:at incl9+ t[>ds ! make ( ! l>ge ,dragon-,flies4 ,next1 because !re is a great] v>iety 9 ! knobs or balls ( ea* clu/]1 !n is ( any small ,fly47 ,!n exam9+ x accord+ to my usual mann]1 by v>y+ ! degrees ( light1 & alt]+ its position to ea* k9de ( light1 ,i drew t repres5tation ( x :i* is del9eat$ 9 ! #bd4 ,s*eme1 & f\nd ^! ?+s to be z pla9 & evid5t1 z notable & pleasant4 ,fir/1 t ! greate/ "p ( ! face1 nay1 ( ! head1 0 no?+ else b two l>ge & protub]ant bun*es1 or prom95t p>ts1 ,,abcdea1 ! surface ( ea* ( :i* 0 all cov]'d ov]1 or %ap'd into a multitude ( small ,hemisph]es1 plac'd 9 a triagonal ord]1 t be+ ! close/ & mo/ compact$1 & 9 t ord]1 rang'd ov] ! :ole surface ( ! eye 9 v lovely r[s1 betwe5 ea* ( :i*1 z is necess>y1 7 left long & regul> tr5*es1 ! bottoms ( e ( :i*1 7 p]fectly intire & n at all p]=at$ or drill'd ?r\gh1 :i* ,i mo/ c]ta9ly 0 assur$ (1 by ! regul>ly reflect$ ,image ( c]ta9 ,objects :i* ,i mov'd to & fro betwe5 ! head & ! light4 ,& by exam9+ ! ,cornea or outw>d sk91 aft] ,i _h /ript x (f f ! sev]al sub/ances t lay )9 x1 & by look+ bo? ^u ! inside & aga9/ ! light4 ,next1 t ( ^? multitudes ( ,hemisph]es1 !re 7 obs]vable two degrees ( bigness1 ! half ( !m t 7 l[]mo/1 & look'd t[>d ! gr\nd or _! own leggs1 namely1 ,,cde1 ,,cde be+ a pretty deal small] !n ! o!r1 namely1 ,,abce1 ,,abce1 t look'd upw>d1 & side-ways1 or =]ight1 & backw>d1 :i* v>iety ,i h n f\nd 9 any o!r small ,fly4 ,?irdly1 t e "o ( ^! ,hemisph]es1 z !y seem'd to be pretty ne] ! true %ape ( a ,hemisph]e1 s 0 ! surface exce$+ smoo? & regul>1 reflect+ z exact1 regul>1 & p]fect an ,image ( any ,object f ! surface ( !m1 z a small ,ball ( ,quick-silv] ( t bigness w\ld d1 b no?+ ne] s vivid1 ! reflection f ^! be+ v languid1 mu* l ! reflection f ! outside ( ,wat]1 ,glass1 ,cry/al1 c4 ,9 s mu* t 9 ea* ( ^! ,hemisph]es1 ,i h be5 able to discov] a ,l&-scape ( ^? ?+s :i* lay be=e my w9d[1 "o ?+ ( :i* 0 a l>ge ,tree1 ^: trunk & top ,i c\ld pla9ly discov]1 z ,i c\ld also ! p>ts ( my w9d[1 & my h& & f+]s1 if ,i held x betwe5 ! ,w9d[ & ! ,object2 a small draught ( n9ete5 ( :i*1 z !y appe>'d 9 ! bigg] ,magnify+-glass to reflect ! ,image ( ! two w9d[s ( my ,*amb]1 are del9eat$ 9 ! ?ird ,figure ( ! #bc4 ,s*eme4 ,f\r?ly1 t ^! r[s 7 s dispos'd1 t !re 0 no qu>t] visible f 8 head t !re 0 n "s ( ^! ,hemisph]es direct$ aga9/1 s t a ,fly may be truly said to h an eye e way1 & to be really circumspect4 ,& x 0 fur!r obs]vable1 t t way :]e ! trunk ( 8 body did h9d] 8 prospect backw>d1 ^! protub]ances 7 elevat$1 z x 71 above ! pla9 ( 8 %\ld]s & back1 s t he 0 able to see backw>ds also ov] 8 back4 ,fif?ly1 9 liv+ ,flies1 ,i h obs]v'd1 t :5 any small mote or du/1 :i* flies up & d[n ! air1 *ances to light ^u any "p ( ^! knobs1 z x is sure to /ick firmly to x & n fall1 ?\gh ?r\gh ! ,microscope x appe>s l a l>ge /one or /ick 7:i* "o w\ld admire1 especially s9ce x is no ways probable t !re is any wet or glut9\s matt] ^u ^! ,hemisph]es1 b ,i hope ,i %all r5d] ! reason 9 ano!r place7 s ! ,fly pres5tly makes use ( 8 two =e-feet 9 /ead ( eye-lids1 ) :i*1 z ) two ,brooms or ,bru%es1 !y be+ all be/uck ) ,brisles1 he (t5 sweeps or bru%es (f :at ev] h9d]s ! prospect ( any ( 8 ,hemisph]es1 & !n1 to free 8 leggs f t dirt1 he rubs !m "o aga9/ ano!r1 ! po9t$ ,brisles or ,t5t]s ( :i* look+ bo? "o way1 ! rubb+ ( !m to & fro "o aga9/ ano!r1 does cleanse !m 9 ! same mann] z ,i h obs]v'd ^? t ,c>d ,wool1 to cleanse _! ,c>ds1 by plac+ _! ,c>ds1 s z ! tee? ( bo? look ! same way1 & !n rubb+ !m "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,9 ! v same mann] d !y bru% & cleanse _! bodies & w+s1 z ,i %all by & by %ew2 o!r creatures h o!r contrivances = ! cleans+ & cle]+ _! eyes4 ,six?ly t ! numb] ( ! ,pe>ls or ,hemisph]es 9 ! clu/]s ( ?is ,fly1 0 ne] #adjjj4 :i* ,i judg$ by numb]+ c]ta9 r[s ( !m sev]al ways1 & ca/+ up ! :ole cont5t1 acc\nt+ ea* clu/] to conta9 ab\t sev5 ?\s& ,pe>ls1 ?ree ?\s& ( :i* 7 ( a size1 & consequ5tly ! r[s n s ?ick1 & ! f\re ?\s& ,i acc\nt$ to be ! numb] ( ! small] ,pe>ls next ! feet & proboscis4 ,o!r ,animals ,i obs]v'd to h yet a great] numb]1 z ! ,dragon-,fly or ,add]bolt3 ,& o!rs to h a mu* less company1 z an ,ant1 c4 & sev]al o!r small ,flies & ,insects4 ,sev5?ly1 t ! ord] ( ^! eies or ,hemisph]es 0 altoge!r curi\s & admirable1 !y be+ plac'd 9 all k9d ( ,flies1 & a]ial animals1 9 a mo/ curi\s & regul> ord9ation ( triangul> r[s1 9 :i* ord] !y are rang'd ! ne]e/ toge!r t possibly !y c1 & consequ5tly leave ! lea/ pits or tr5*es betwe5 !m4 ,b 9 ,%rimps1 ,crawfi%es1 ,lob/]s1 & su* k9ds ( ,cru/ace\s wat] ,animals1 ,i h yet obs]v'd !m rang'd 9 a quadrangul> ord]1 ! r[s cutt+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 :i* z x admits ( a less numb] ( ,pe>ls 9 equal surfaces2 s h ^? creatures a recomp5ce made !m1 by hav+ _! eyes a little movable 9 _! heads1 :i* ! o!r altoge!r want4 ,s inf9itely wise & provid5t d we f9d all ! ,disp5sations 9 ,nature1 t c]ta9ly ,epicurus1 & 8 foll[]s1 mu/ v little h consid]'d !m1 :o ascrib'd ^? ?+s to ! production ( *ance1 t wil1 to a m att5tive consid]]1 appe> ! products ( ! highe/ ,wisdom & ,provid5ce4 ,^u ! ,anatomy or ,dissection ( ! ,head1 ,i obs]v'd ^! p>ticul>s3 ,fir/1 t ?is outw>d sk91 l ! ,cornea ( ! eyes ( ! great] ,animals1 0 bo? flexible & transp>5t1 & seem'd1 ?r\gh ! ,microscope p]fectly to resemble ! v sub/ance ( ! ,cornea ( a man's eye2 = hav+ cut out ! clu/]1 & remov'd ! d>k & muc\s /uff t is subjac5t to x1 ,i c\ld see x transp>5t l a ?9 piece ( sk91 hav+ z _m cavities 9 ! inside ( x1 & rang'd 9 ! same ord] z x _h protub]ances on ! outside1 & ?is propriety1 ,i f\nd ! same 9 all ! ,animals t _h x1 :e!r ,flies or ,%ell-,fi%4 ,secondly1 ,i f\nd t all ,animals t ,i h obs]v'd ) ^? k9d ( eyes2 h )9 ?is ,cornea1 a c]ta9 cle] liquor or juice1 ?\gh 9 a v little quantity1 &1 ,i obs]v'd ?irdly1 t )9 t cle] liquor1 !y _h a k9d ( d>k muc\s l9+1 :i* 0 all spread r\nd )9 ! cavity ( ! clutt]1 & seem'd v ne] adjo9+ to x1 ! col\r ( :i*1 9 "s ,flies1 0 grey2 9 o!rs1 black1 9 o!rs r$2 9 o!rs1 ( a mix'd col\r2 9 o!rs1 spott$2 & t ! :ole clu/]s1 :5 look'd on :il/ ! ,animal 0 liv+1 or b newly kill'd1 appe>'d ( ! same col\r t ?is coat 7z ,i may s call x7 appe>'d (1 :5 t outw>d sk91 or ,cornea1 0 remov'd4 ,f\r?ly1 t ! re/ ( ! capacity ( ! clu/]s 0 9 "s1 z 9 ,dragon ,flies1 c4 holl[1 or empty2 9 o!rs fill'd ) "s k9d ( sub/ance2 9 blue ,flies1 ) a r$di% muscul\s sub/ance1 ) fibres t5d+ f ! c5t] or bottom outw>ds2 & div]s o!r1 ) v>i\s & diff]+ k9ds ( sub/ances4 ,t ?is curi\s contrivance is ! organ ( sight to all ^? v>i\s ,cru/ace\s ,animals1 :i* are furni%'d ) x1 ,i ?9k we ne$ n d\bt1 if we consid] b ! sev]al congruities x has ) ! eyes ( great] creatures4 ,z fir/1 t x is furni%'d ) a ,cornea1 ) a transp>5t hum\r1 & ) a uvea or ret9a1 t ! ,figure ( ea* ( ! small ,hemisph]es are v ,sph]ical1 exactly poli%'d1 & mo/ vivid1 lively & plump1 :5 ! ,animal is liv+1 z 9 great] ,animals1 & 9 l mann] dull1 flaccid1 & irregul>1 or %runk1 :5 ! ,animal is dead4 ,next1 t ^? creatures t are furni%'d ) x1 h no o!r organs t h any resemblance to ! kn[n eyes ( o!r creatures4 ,?irdly1 t ^? :i* !y call ! eyes ( ,crabs1 ,lob/]s1 ,%rimps1 & ! l1 & are really s1 are ,hemisph]'d1 almo/ 9 ! same mann] z ^! ( ,flies are4 ,& t !y really are s1 ,i h v (t5 try'd1 by cutt+ (f ^! little movable knobs1 & putt+ ! creature aga9 into ! wat]1 t x w\ld swim to & fro1 & move up & d[n z well z be=e1 b w\ld (t5 hit x self aga9/ ! rocks or /ones2 & ?\gh ,i put my h& j be=e its head1 x w\ld n at all />t or fly back till ,i t\*'d x1 :]eas :il'/ ^? 7 rema9+1 x w\ld />t back1 & avoid my h& or a /ick at a good di/ance be=e x t\*'d x4 ,& if 9 cru/ace\s ,sea-animals1 !n x seems v probable also1 t ^! knobs are ! eyes 9 cru/ace\s ,insects1 :i* are also ( ! same k9d1 onely 9 a high] & m active ,elem5t2 ?is ! con=mity or congruity ( _m o!r p>ts common to ei!r ( !m1 w /rongly argue1 _! cru/ace\s arm\r1 _! numb] ( leggs1 :i* are six1 beside ! two great claws1 :i* answ] to ! w+s 9 ,insects2 & 9 all k9d ( ,spid]s1 z also 9 _m o!r ,insects t want w+s1 we %all f9d ! compleat numb] ( !m1 & n onely ! numb]1 b ! v %ape1 figure1 jo9ts1 & claws ( ,lob/]s & ,crabs1 z is evid5t 9 ,scorpions & ,spid]s1 z is visible 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #ca4 ,s*eme1 & 9 ! little ,mite-worm1 :i* ,i call a ,l&-crab1 describ'd 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #cc4 ,s*eme1 b 9 _! mann] ( g5]ation be+ ovip>\s1 c4 ,& x 7 v wor?y obs]vation1 :e!r !re be n "s k9ds ( trans=mation & metamorphosis 9 ! sev]al /ates ( cru/ace\s wat]-animals1 z !re is 9 sev]al sorts ( ,insects2 = if su* c\ld be met )1 ! progress ( ! v>iations w\ld be mu* m conspicu\s 9 ^? l>g] ,animals1 !n !y c be 9 any k9d ( ,insects our cold] ,climate af=ds4 ,^! be+ _! eyes1 x af=ds u a v pretty ,speculation to contemplate _! mann] ( vision1 :i*1 z x is v diff]+ f t ( biocul> ,animals1 s is x n less admirable4 ,t ea* ( ^! ,pe>ls or ,hemisph]es is a p]fect eye1 ,i ?9k we ne$ n d\bt1 if we consid] onely ! outside or figure ( any "o ( !m1 = !y be+ ea* ( !m cov]'d ) a transp>5t protub]ant ,cornea1 & conta9+ a liquor )9 !m1 resembl+ ! watry or glassie hum\rs ( ! eye1 mu/ necess>ily refract all ! p>allel ,rays t fall on !m out ( ! air1 into a po9t n f>r di/ant )9 !m1 :]e 79 all probability7 ! ,ret9a ( ! eye is plac$1 & t opac\s1 d>k1 & muc\s inw>d coat t 7,i =m]ly %ew'd7 ,i f\nd to subt5d ! concave "p ( ! clu/] is v likely to be t tunicle or coat1 x appe>+ ?r\gh ! ,microscope to be plac'd a little m ?an a ,diamet] ( ^? ,pe>ls bel[ or )9 ! tunica cornea4 ,& if s1 !n is !re 9 all probability1 a little ,picture or ,image ( ! objects )\t1 pa9t$ or made at ! bottom ( ! ,ret9a aga9/ e "o ( ^? ,pe>ls1 s t !re are z _m impressions on ! ,ret9a or opac\s sk91 z !re are ,pe>ls or ,hemisph]es on ! clu/]4 ,b because x is impossible = any protub]ant surface :atsoev]1 :e!r sphrial or o!r1 s to refract ! ,rays t come f f>r remote lat]al po9ts ( any ,object z to collect !m aga91 & unite !m ea* 9 a di/9ct po9t1 & t onely ^? ,rays :i* come f "s po9t t lies 9 ! ,axis ( ! ,figure produc'd1 are s accurately refract$ to "o & ! same po9t aga91 & t ! lat]al ,rays1 ! fur!r !y are remov'd1 ! m imp]fect is _! refract$ conflu5ce2 ,x foll[s !re=e1 t onely ! ,picture ( ^? p>ts ( ! ext]nal objects t lie 91 or ne]1 ! ,axis ( ea* ,hemisph]e1 are disc]nably pa9t$ or made on ! ,ret9a ( ea* ,hemisph]e1 & t !re=e ea* ( !m c di/9ctly s5sate or see onely ^? p>ts :i* are v ne] p]p5dicul>ly oppos'd to x1 or lie 9 or ne] its optick ,axis4 ,n[1 ?\gh !re may be by ea* ( ^! eye-pe>ls1 a repres5tation to ! ,animal ( a :ole ,hemisph]e 9 ! same mann] z 9 a man's eye !re is a picture or s5sation 9 ! ,ret9a ( all ! objects ly+ almo/ 9 an ,hemisph]e2 yet1 z 9 a man's eye also1 !re are b "s v few po9ts :i* liyng 91 or ne]1 ! optick ,axis are di/9ctly disc]n'd3 ,s !re may be multitudes ( ,pictures made ( an ,object 9 ! sev]al ,pe>ls1 & yet b "o1 or "s v few t are di/9ct2 ,! repres5tation ( any object t is made 9 any o!r ,pe>l1 b t :i* is directly1 or v ne] directly1 oppos'd1 be+ altoge!r confus'd & unable to produce a di/9ct vision4 ,s t we see1 t ?\gh x has pleas'd ! ,all-wise ,creator1 to indue ?is creature ) su* multitudes ( eyes1 yet has he n indu$ x ) ! faculty ( see+ m !n ano!r creature2 = :]eas ?is _c move 8 head1 at lea/ c move x v little1 )\t mov+ 8 :ole body1 biocul> creatures c 9 an in/ant 7or ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 :i*1 be+ v quick1 is vulg>ly us$ 9 ! same signification7 move _! eyes s z to direct ! optick ,axis to any po9t2 nor is x probable1 t !y are able to see att5tively at "o "t m !n "o ,physical po9t2 = ?\gh !re be a di/9ct ,image made 9 e eye1 yet 'tis v likely1 t ! obs]v+ faculty is only imploy'd ab\t "s "o object = :i* !y h mo/ conc]n4 ,n[1 z we accurately di/+ui% ! site or position ( an ,object by ! motion ( ! ,muscles ( ! eye requisite to put ! optick ,l9e 9 a direct position1 & confus$ly by ! position ( ! imp]fect ,picture ( ! object at ! bottom ( ! eye2 s are ^! cru/ace\s creatures able to judge confus$ly ( ! position ( objects by ! ,picture or impression made at ! bottom ( ! opposite ,pe>l1 & di/9ctly by ! removal ( ! att5tive or obs]v+ faculty1 f "o ,pe>l to ano!r1 b :at ?is faculty is1 z x requires ano!r place1 s a mu* deep] speculation4 ,n[1 because x 7 impossible1 ev5 ) ?is multitude ( eye-balls1 to see any object di/9ct 7= z ,i h9t$ be=e1 onely ^? p>ts t lay 91 or v ne]1 ! optick ,l9es c\ld be s7 ! ,inf9itely wise ,creator has n left ! creature )\t a p[] ( mov+ ! head a little 9 ,a]ial cru/ace\s animals1 & ! v eyes also 9 cru/ace\s ,sea-animals2 s t by ^! means !y are inabl$ to direct "s optick l9e or o!r aga9/ any object1 & by t means !y h ! visive faculty z compleat z any ,animal t c move its eyes4 ,di/ances ( ,objects also1 'tis v likely !y di/+ui%1 p>tly by ! consonant impressions made 9 "s two conv5i5t ,pe>ls1 "o 9 ea* clu/]2 =1 accord+ z ^? congru\s impressions affect1 two ,pe>ls ne]] approa*'d to ea* o!r1 ! ne]] is ! ,object1 & ! f>!r !y are di/ant1 ! m di/ant is ! ,object3 p>tly also by ! alt]ation ( ea* ,pe>l1 requisite to make ! ,s5sation or ,picture p]fect2 = 'tis impossible t ! ,pictures ( two ,objects1 v>i\sly di/ant1 c be p]fectly pa9t$1 or made on ! same ,ret9a or bottom ( ! eye n alt]$1 z w be v evid5t to any "o t %all att5tively consid] ! nature ( refraction4 ,n[1 :e!r ?is alt]ation may be 9 ! ,figure ( ! ,cornea1 9 ! motion ( access or recess ( ! ,ret9a t[>ds ! ,cornea1 or 9 ! alt]ation ( a cry/all9e hum\r1 if su* !re be1 ,i pret5d n to det]m9e2 ?\gh ,i ?9k we ne$ n d\bt1 b t !re may be z mu* curiosity ( contrivance & /ructure 9 e "o ( ^! ,pe>ls1 z 9 ! eye ( a ,:ale or ,elephant1 & ! almighty's ,fiat c\ld z easily cause ! exi/5ce ( ! "o z ! o!r2 & z "o day & a ?\s& ye>s are ! same ) him1 s may "o eye & t5 ?\s&4 ,?is we may be sure (1 t ! filam5ts or s5sative p>ts ( ! ,ret9a mu/ be mo/ exce$+ly curi\s & m9ute1 s9ce ! :ole ,picture x self is su*2 :at mu/ ne$s ! compon5t p>ts be ( t ,ret9a1 :i* di/+ui%es ! "p ( an object's ,picture t mu/ be _m millions ( millions less !n t 9 a man's eye8 ,& h[ exce$+ curi\s & subtile mu/ ! compon5t p>ts ( ! m$ium t conveys light be1 :5 we f9d ! in/rum5t made = its reception or refraction to be s exce$+ly small8 we may1 ,i ?9k1 f ?is speculation be suffici5tly disc\rag$ f hop+ to discov] by any optick or o!r in/rum5t ! det]m9ate bulk ( ! p>ts ( ! m$ium t conveys ! pulse ( light1 s9ce we f9d t !re is n less accurat5ess %ewn 9 ! ,figure & poli% ( ^? exce$+ly m9ute l5ticul> surfaces1 !n 9 ^? m l>ge & conspicu\s surfaces ( our own eyes4 ,& yet c ,i n d\bt1 b t !re is a det]m9ate bulk ( ^? p>ts1 s9ce ,i f9d !m unable to ent] betwe5 ! p>ts ( ,m]cury1 :i* be+ 9 motion1 mu/ necess>ily h pores1 z ,i %all else:]e %ew1 & "h pass by1 z be+ a digression4 ,z conc]n+ ! horns ,,ff1 ! feel]s or smell]s1 ,,gg1 ! ,proboscis ,,hh1 & ,i1 ! hairs & brisles1 ,,kk1 ,i %all indeav\r to describe 9 ! #db4 ,obs]vation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xl4 ,( ! ,tee? ( a ,snail4 ,i h little m to add ( ! ,tee? ( a ,snail1 besides ! ,picture ( x1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! #be4 ,s*eme1 save t 8 b5d$ body1 ,,abcdef1 :i* seem'd fa%ion$ v mu* l a r[ ( small tee?1 ord]ly plac'd 9 ! ,gums1 & looks z if x 7 divid$ into sev]al small] & great] black tee?1 0 no?+ b "o small b5d$ h>d bone1 :i* 0 plac'd 9 ! upp] jaw ( ! m\? ( a ,h\se-,snail1 ) :i* ,i obs]v'd ?is v ,snail to fe$ on ! leaves ( a ,rose-tree1 & to bite out pretty l>ge & half r\nd bits1 n unlike ! ,figure ( a 7,c7 nor v mu* diff]+ f x 9 bigness1 ! upp] "p ,,abcd ( ?is bone1 ,i f\nd to be mu* :it]1 & to gr[ out ( ! upp] *ap ( ! ,snail1 ,,ggg1 & n to be any ?+ ne] s mu* creas'd z ! l[] & black] "p ( x ,,hiihkkh :i* 0 exactly %ap'd l tee?1 ! bone gr[+ ?9n]1 or tap]+ to an edge t[>ds ,,kkk4 ,x seem'd to h n9e tee?1 or prom95t p>ts ,,ik1 ,,ik1 ,,if1 c4 :i* 7 jo9'd toge!r by ! ?9n] int]pos'd p>ts ( ! bone4 ,! ,animal to :i* ^! tee? belong1 is a v anomal\s creature1 & seems ( a k9d q di/9ct f any o!r t]re/rial ,animal or ,insect1 ! ,anatomy :]e( exce$+ly diff]+ f :at has be5 hi!rto giv5 ( x ,i %\ld h ins]t$1 b t x w be m prop] 9 ano!r place4 ,i h nev] met ) any k9d ( ,animal ^: tee? are all jo9'd 9 "o1 save onely t ,i lately obs]v'd1 t all ! tee? ( a ,rh9oc]ot1 :i* gr[ on ei!r side ( its m\?1 are jo9'd into "o l>ge bone1 ! weight ( "o ( :i* ,i f\nd to be ne] elev5 p\nd ,hav]dupois4 ,s t x seems "o ( ! bigge/ sort ( t]re/rial ,animals1 z well z "o ( ! smalle/1 has 8 tee? ?us %ap'd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xli4 ,( ! ,eggs ( ,silk-worms1 & o!r ,insects4 ,! ,eggs ( ,silk-worms 7"o ( :i* ,i h describ'd 9 ! second ,figure ( #be4 ,s*eme7 af=d a pretty ,object = a ,microscope t magnifies v mu*1 especially if x be bright wea!r1 & ! light ( a w9d[ be ca/ or collect$ on x by a deep ,convex glass1 or ,wat]-ball4 ,= !n ! :ole surface ( ! ,%ell may be p]ceiv'd all cov]'d ov] ) exce$+ small pits or cavities ) int]pos$ edges1 almo/ 9 ! mann] ( ! surface ( a ,poppy-se$1 b t ^! holes are n an hundr$? "p sc>ce ( _! bigness2 ! ,%ell1 :5 ! "y ones 7 hat*'d 7:i* ,i f\nd an easie ?+ to d1 if ! ,eggs 7 kept 9 a w>m place7 appe>'d no ?ick] 9 proportion to its bulk1 !n t ( an ,h5's or ,goos's ,egg is to its bulk1 & all ! ,%ell appe>'d v :ite 7:i* seem'd to proce$ f its transp>5cy7 :5ce all ^? pitt+s did almo/ vani%1 s t !y c\ld n1 )\t mu* difficulty1 be disc]n'd1 ! inside ( ! ,%ell seem'd to be l9'd also ) a k9d ( ?9 film1 n unlike 7keep+ ! proportion to its ,%ell7 t ) :i* ! %ell ( an ,h5-egg is l9'd2 & ! %ell x self seem'd l common ,egg-%ells2 v brittle1 & crack'd4 ,9 div]s o!r ( ^! ,eggs ,i c\ld pla9ly en\gh1 ?r\gh ! %ell1 p]ceive ! small ,insect lie coyl$ r\nd ! edges ( ! %ell4 ,! %ape ( ! ,egg x self1 ! ,figure pretty well repres5ts 7?\gh by default ( ! ,grav] x does n appe> s r\nd$1 & ly+ above ! ,pap]1 z x 71 z x ought to d7 t is1 x 0 = ! mo/ "p pretty oval end-ways1 some:at l an ,egg1 b ! o!r way x 0 a little flatt$ on two opposite sides4 ,div]s ( ^! ,eggs1 z is common to mo/ o!rs1 ,i f\nd to be b>r51 or addle1 = !y nev] af=d$ any "y ones4 ,& ^? ,i usually f\nd mu* :it] !n ! o!r t 7 prolifick4 ,! ,eggs ( o!r k9ds ( ,ovip>\s ,insects ,i h f\nd to be p]fectly r\nd e way1 l s _m ,globules1 ( ?is sort ,i h obs]v'd "s sorts ( ,spid]s ,eggs2 & *anc+ ! la/ ,summ] to inclose a v l>ge & curi\sly pa9t$ ,butt]fly 9 a ,box1 int5d+ to exam9e its gaud]y ) my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd )9 a day or two aft] ,i inclos'd h]1 almo/ all ! inn] surface ( ! ,box cov]'d ov] ) an inf9ite ( exactly r\nd ,eggs1 :i* 7 /uck v fa/ to ! sides ( x1 & 9 s exactly regul> & close an ord]1 t made me call to m9d my ,hypo!sis1 :i* ,i _h =m]ly ?\ght on = ! mak+ out ( all ! regul> ,figures ( ,salt1 :i* ,i h else:]e h9t$2 = "h ,i f\nd all ( !m rang'd into a mo/ exact triagonal ord]1 mu* aft] ! mann] z ! ,hemisph]es are place on ! eye ( a ,fly2 all :i* ,eggs ,i f\nd aft] a little "t to be hat*'d1 & out ( !m to come a multitude ( small ,worms1 v mu* resembl+ "y ,silk-worms1 leav+ all _! ?9 holl[ %ells beh9d !m1 /ick+ on ! ,box 9 _! triagonal po/ure2 ^! ,i f\nd ) ! ,microscope to h mu* su* a sub/ance z ! ,silk-worms ,eggs1 b c\ld n p]ceive !m pitt$4 ,& inde$1 !re is z great a v>iety 9 ! %ape ( ! ,eggs ( ,ovip>\s ,insects z among ^? ( ,birds4 ,( ^! ,eggs1 a l>ge & lu/y ,fly w at "o "t lay ne] f\r or five hundr$1 s t ! increase ( ^! k9d ( ,insects mu/ ne$s be v prodigi\s1 7 !y n prey'd on by multitudes ( ,birds1 & de/roy'd by ,fro/s & ,ra9s2 & h5ce 'tis ^? hott] ,climates betwe5 ! ,tropicks are infe/$ ) su* multitudes ( ,locu/s1 & su* o!r ,v]m9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xlii4 ,( a blue ,fly4 ,?is k9d ( ,fly1 :]e( a ,microscopical ,picture is del9eat$ 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! #bf4 ,s*eme1 is a v beautifull creature1 & has _m ?+s ab\t x v notable2 div]s ( :i* ,i h already p>tly describ'd1 namely1 ! feet1 w+s1 eyes1 & head1 9 ! prec$+ ,obs]vations4 ,& ?\gh ! head be=e describ'd be t ( a grey ,drone-,fly1 yet = ! ma9 x is v agreeable to ?is4 ,! ?+s :]e9 !y diff] mo/1 w be easily en\gh f\nd by ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,fir/1 ! clu/]s ( eyes ( ?is ,fly1 are v mu* small] !n ^? ( ! ,dron-,fly1 9 proportion to ! head4 ,& next1 all ! eyes ( ea* clu/] seem'd mu* ( ! same bigness "o ) ano!r1 n diff]+ z ! o!r1 b rang'd 9 ! same triagonal ord]4 ,?irdly1 betwe5 ^! two clu/]s1 !re 0 a scaly prom95t front ,b1 :i* 0 arm'd & adorn'd ) l>ge tap]+ %>p black brisles1 :i* gr[+ out 9 r[s on ei!r side1 7 s b5t t[>d ea* o!r ne] ! top1 z to make a k9d ( ar*$ arb\r ( ,brisles1 :i* almo/ cov]'d ! =m] front4 ,f\r?ly1 at ! end ( ?is ,ar*1 ab\t ! middle ( ! face1 on a prom95t "p ,c1 grew two small oblong bodies1 ,,dd1 :i* ?r\gh a ,microscope look'd n unlike ! ,p5dants 9 ,lillies1 ^! seem'd to be jo9t$ on to two small p>ts at ,c1 ea* ( :i* seem'd aga9 jo9t$ into ! front4 ,fif?ly1 out ( ! upp] "p & outsides ( ^! horns 7z ,i may call !m1 f ! ,figure !y are (1 9 ! #bd4 ,s*eme1 :]e !y are m>k$ ) ,,ff7 !re gr[s a s+le fea!r1 or bru%y ,brisle1 ,,ee1 some:at ( ! same k9d ) ! tufts ( a ,gnat1 :i* ,i h be=e describ$4 ,:at ! use ( ^! k9d ( horn$ & tuft$ bodies %\ld be1 ,i _c well imag9e1 unless !y s]ve = smell+ or he>+1 ?\gh h[ !y are adapt$ = ei!r1 x seems v difficult to describe3 !y are 9 almo/ e sev]al k9d ( ,flies ( s v>i\s a %ape2 ?\gh c]ta9ly !y are "s v ess5tial "p ( ! head1 & h "s v notable (fice assign'd !m by ,nature1 s9ce 9 all ,insects !y are to be f\nd 9 "o or o!r =m4 ,six?ly1 at ! "u "p ( ! face ,,ff1 7 sev]al ( ! =m] sort ( b5d$ ,brisles1 & bel[ all1 ! m\?1 out ( ! middle ( :i*1 grew ! proboscis ,,ghi1 :i*1 by means ( sev]al jo9ts1 :]e( x seem'd to consi/1 ! ,fly 0 able to move to & fro1 & ?ru/ x 9 & out z x pleas'd2 ! end ( ?is holl[ body 7:i* 0 all ov] cov]'d ) small %ort hairs or brisles7 01 z 'tw]e1 b5t at ,h1 & ! out] or =mo/ side ( ! b5d$ "p ,,hi1 slit1 z x 71 into two *aps1 ,,hi1 ,,hi1 all ! outside ( :i* :]e cov]'d ) hairs1 & pretty l>ge brisles2 ^! he c\ld1 l two *aps1 v readily op5 & %ut1 & :5 he seem'd to suck any ?+ f ! surface ( a body1 he w\ld spread abroad ^? *aps1 & apply ! holl[ "p ( !m v close to x4 ,f ei!r side ( ! ,proboscis1 )9 ! m\?1 grew two o!r small horns1 or f+]s1 ,,kk1 :i* 7 hairy1 b small 9 ?is ,figure2 b ( ano!r %ape1 & bigg] 9 proportion1 9 ! #bd4 ,s*eme1 :]e !y are m>k$ ) ,,gg1 :i* two inde$ seem'd a k9d ( smell]s1 b :e!r s or n1 ,i _c positively det]m9e4 ,! ,?orax or middle "p ( ?is ,fly1 0 cas'd1 bo? above & b5ea?1 ) a v firm cru/ ( arm\r1 ! upp] "p m r\nd1 & cov]$ ov] ) long conical brisles1 all ^: ends po9t$ backw>ds2 out ( ! h9d] & "u "p ( ?is grew out 9 a clu/] six leggs1 ?ree ( :i* are app>5t 9 ! ,figure1 ! o!r ?ree 7 hid by ! body plac'd 9 t po/ure4 ,! leggs 7 all mu* ( ! same make1 be+ all ( !m cov]'d ) a /rong hairy scale or %el1 j l ! legs ( a ,crab or ,lob/]1 & ! contrivance ( ! jo9ts seem'd mu* ! same1 ea* legg seem'd made up ( eight p>ts1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 to ! eigh? or la/ ( :i*1 grew ! soles & claws1 describ$ be=e 9 ! #ch4 ,obs]vation4 ,out ( ! upp] "p ( ?is trunk grew ! two w+s1 :i* ,i m5tion'd 9 ! #ch4 ,obs]vation1 consi/+ ( a film1 ext5d$ on c]ta9 small /iff wires or bones3 ^! 9 a blue ,fly1 7 mu* long] !n ! body1 b 9 o!r k9d ( ,flies !y are ( v diff]+ proportions to ! body4 ,^! films1 9 _m ,flies1 7 s ?91 t1 l sev]al o!r plat$ bodies 7m5tion'd 9 ! n9? ,obs]vation7 !y af=d$ all v>ieties ( fanta/ical or transi5t col\rs 7! reason ( :i* ,i h "h endeav\r$ to expla97 !y seem'd to receive _! n\ri%m5t f ! /alks or wires1 :i* seem'd to be holl[1 & ne] ! upp] "p ( ! w+ ,,ll sev]al ( !m seem'd jo9t$1 ! %ape ( :i* w suffici5tly appe> by ! black l9es 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #bf4 ,s*eme1 :i* is a del9eation ( "o ( ^? w+s exp&$ directly to ! eyes4 ,all ! h9d] "p ( its body is cov]'d ) a mo/ curi\s blue %9+ arm\r1 look+ exactly l a poli%'d piece ( /eel br\ght to t blue col\r by anneal+1 all :i* arm\r is v ?ick be/uck ) abundance ( tap]+ brisles1 su* z gr[ on its back1 z is visible en\gh by ! ,figure4 ,nor 0 ! inside ( ?is creature less beautifull !n its outside1 = cutt+ (f a "p ( ! belly1 & !n view+ x1 to see if ,i c\ld discov] any ,vessels1 su* z are to be f\nd 9 a great] ,animals1 & ev5 9 ,snails exce$+ manife/ly1 ,i f\nd1 mu* beyond my expectation1 t !re 7 abundance ( bran*+s ( ,milk-:ite vessels1 no less curi\s !n ! bran*+s ( ve9s & art]ies 9 bigg] t]re/rial ,animals1 9 "o ( :i*1 ,i f\nd two notable bran*es1 jo9+ _! two ma9 /ocks1 z x 71 into "o common ductus2 n[1 to :at ve9s or art]ies ^! ,vessells 7 analogus1 :e!r to ! v5a porta1 or ! mes]aick vessells1 or ! l1 or inde$1 :e!r !y 7 ve9s & art]ies1 or vasa lactea1 prop]ly s call$1 ,i am n hi!rto able to det]m9e1 hav+ n yet made suffici5t enquiry2 b 9 all p>ticul>s1 !re seems n to be any ?+ less ( curi\s contrivance 9 ^! ,insects1 !n 9 ^? l>g] t]re/rial ,animals1 = ,i _h nev] se5 any m curi\s bran*+s ( ,vessels1 !n ^? ,i obs]v'd 9 two or ?ree ( ^! ,flies ?us op5$4 ,x is a creature active & nimble1 s z !re are v few creatures l x1 :e!r bigg] or small]1 9 s mu*1 t x w scape & avoid a small body1 ?\gh com+ on x exce$+ swiftly1 & if x sees any ?+ approa*+ x1 :i* x fe>s1 x pres5tly squats d[n1 z x 71 t x may be ! m ready = its rise4 ,nor is x less h>dy 9 ! ,w9t]1 !n active 9 ! ,summ]1 indur+ all ! ,fro/s1 & surviv+ till ! next ,summ]1 not)/&+ ! bitt] cold ( our ,climate2 nay1 ?is creature w indure to be froz51 & yet n be de/roy'd1 = ,i h tak5 "o ( !m out ( ! ,sn[ :]eon x has be5 froz5 almo/ :ite1 ) ! ,ice ab\t x1 & yet by ?aw+ x g5tly by ! w>m? ( a fire1 x has quickly reviv'd & fl[n ab\t4 ,?is k9d ( ,fly seems by ! /eams or ta/e ( f]m5t+ & putrify+ meat 7:i* x (t5 kisses1 z 'tw]e1 ) its proboscis z x trips ov] x7 to be /imulat$ or excit$ to eject its ,eggs or ,se$ on x1 p]haps1 f ! same reason z ,dogs1 ,cats1 & _m o!r brute creatures are excit$ to _! p>ticul> lu/s1 by ! smell ( _! females1 :5 by ,nature prep>$ = g5]ation2 ! males seem+ by ^? k9d ( smells1 or o!r incitations1 to be z mu* necessitat$ !reto1 z ,aqua ,regis /rongly impregnat$ ) a solution ( ,gold1 is =c$ to precipitate x by ! affusion ( _s ( ,ur9e1 or a solution ( ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,"o ( ^! put 9 _s ( ,w9e1 0 v quickly seem+ly kill'd1 & bo? its eys & m\? began to look v r$1 b ^u ! tak+ ( x out1 & suff]+ x to lie ?ree or f\r h\rs1 & heat+ x ) ! ,sun beams ca/ ?r\gh a ,burn+-glass1 x aga9 reviv'd1 seem+1 z x 71 to h be5 all ! int]m$iate "t1 b dead drunk1 & aft] c]ta9 h\rs to gr[ fre% aga9 & sob]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xliii4 ,( ! ,wat] ,insect or ,gnat4 ,?is little creature1 describ$ 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! #bg4 ,s*eme1 0 a small scal$ or cru/$ ,animal1 :i* ,i h (t5 obs]v'd to be g5]at$ 9 ,ra9-wat]2 ,i h also obs]v'd x bo? 9 ,pond & ,riv]-wat]4 ,x is suppos'd by "s1 to d$uce its fir/ orig9al f ! putrifaction ( ,ra9-wat]1 9 :i*1 if x h /ood any "t op5 to ! air1 y %all seldom miss1 all ! ,summ] long1 ( /ore ( !m frisk+ too & fro4 ',tis a creature1 :olly diff]+ 9 %ape f any ,i ev] obs]v'd2 nor is its motion less /range3 ,x has a v l>ge head1 9 proportion to its body1 all cov]$ ) a %ell1 l o!r te/ace\s ,animals1 b x diff]s 9 ?is1 t x has1 up & d[n sev]al p>ts ( x1 sev]al tufts ( hairs1 or brisles1 plac'd 9 ! ord] express'd 9 ! ,figure2 ,x has two horns1 :i* seem'd almo/ l ! horns ( an ,oxe1 inv]t$1 &1 z ne] z ,i c\ld guess1 7 holl[1 ) tufts ( brisles1 likewise at ! top2 ^! horns !y c\ld move easily ?is or t way1 & might1 p]*ance1 be _! no/rils4 ,x has a pretty l>ge m\?1 :i* seem'd contriv'd mu* l ^? ( ,crabs & ,lob/]s1 by :i*1 ,i h (t5 obs]v'd !m to fe$ on wat]1 or "s imp]ceptible nutritive sub/ance 9 x4 ,i c\ld p]ceive1 ?r\gh ! transp>5t %ell1 :ile ! ,animal surviv'd1 sev]al motions 9 ! head1 ?orax1 & belly1 v di/9ctly1 ( diff]+ k9ds :i* ,i may1 p]haps1 else:]e endeav\r m accurately to exam9e1 & to %ew ( h[ great b5efit ! use ( a ,microscope may be = ! discov]y ( ,nature's c\rse 9 ! op]ations p]=m'd 9 ,animal bodies1 by :i* we h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ h] ?r\gh ^! delicate & pellucid tegum5ts ( ! bodies ( ,insects act+ accord+ to h] usual c\rse & way1 undi/urb$1 :]eas1 :5 we endeav\r to pry into h] secrets by break+ op5 ! doors ^u h]1 & dissect+ & mangl+ creatures :il'/ !re is life yet )9 !m1 we f9d h] inde$ at "w1 b put into su* disord] by ! viol5ce (f]'d1 z x may easily be imag9'd1 h[ diff]+ a ?+ we %\ld f9d1 if we c\ld1 z we c ) a ,microscope 9 ^! small] creatures1 quietly peep 9 at ! w9d[s1 )\t fright+ h] out ( h] usual byas4 ,! =m ( ! :ole creature1 z x appe>'d 9 ! ,microscope1 may1 )\t tr\bl+ y ) m descriptions1 be pla9ly en\gh p]ceiv'd by ! ,s*eme1 ! h9d] "p or belly consi/+ ( eight sev]al jo9t$ p>ts1 namely1 ,,abcdefgh1 ( ! fir/ ,figure1 f ! mid/ ( ea* ( :i*1 on ei!r side issu$ out ?ree or f\r small brisles or hairs1 ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 ! tail 0 divid$ into two p>ts ( v diff]+ make2 "o ( !m1 namely1 ,k1 hav+ _m tufts ( hair or brisles1 :i* seem'd to s]ve bo? = ! f9ns & tail1 = ! ,o>s & ,rud] ( ?is little creature1 :]e) x 0 able1 by frisk+ & b5d+ its body nimbly to & fro1 to move himself any :i!r1 & to skull & /e] himself z he pleas'd1 ! o!r "p1 ,l1 seem'd to be1 z 'tw]e1 ! n9? division ( 8 belly1 & _h _m s+le brisles on ei!r side4 ,f ! end ,v1 ( :i*1 ?r\gh ! :ole belly1 !re 0 a k9d ( ,gut ( a d>k] col\r1 ,,mmm1 :]e91 by c]ta9 ,p]i/altick motions !re 0 a k9d ( black sub/ance mov'd upw>ds & d[nw>ds ?r\gh x f ! orbicul> "p ( x1 ,n1 7:i* seem'd ! ,v5tricle1 or /oma*7 to ! tail ,v1 & s back aga91 :i* p]i/altick motion ,i h obs]v'd also 9 a ,l\se1 a ,gnat1 & sev]al o!r k9ds ( transp>5t body'd ,flies4 ,! ,?orax or *e/ ( ?is creature ,,oooo1 0 ?ick & %ort1 & pretty transp>5t1 = ?r\gh x ,i c\ld see ! :ite he>t 7:i* is ! col\r also ( ! bl\d 9 ^!1 & mo/ o!r ,insects7 to beat1 & sev]al o!r k9d ( motions4 ,x 0 be/uck & adorn'd up & d[n ) sev]al tufts ( brisles1 su* z are po9t$ out by ,p1 ,p1 ,p1 ,p1 ! head ,q 0 likewise be/uck ) sev]al ( ^? tufts1 ,,sss2 x 0 broad & %ort1 _h two black eyes1 ,,tt1 :i* ,i c\ld n p]ceive at all pe>l'd1 z !y aft]w>ds appe>'d1 & two small horns1 ,,rr1 su* z ,i =m]ly describ'd4 ,bo? its motion & re/ is v /range1 & pleasant1 & diff]+ f ^? ( mo/ o!r creatures ,i h obs]v'd2 =1 :]e x ceases f mov+ its body1 ! tail ( x seem+ mu* light] !n ! re/ ( its body1 & a little light] !n ! wat] x swims 91 pres5tly boys x up to ! top ( ! wat]1 :]e x hangs susp5d$ ) ! head always d[nw>d2 & l our ,antipodes1 if !y d by a frisk get bel[ t sup]ficies1 !y pres5tly asc5d aga9 unto x1 if !y cease mov+1 until !y tread1 z x 71 "u t sup]ficies ) _! tails2 ! hang+ ( ^! 9 ?is po/ure1 put me 9 m9d ( a c]ta9 creature ,i h se5 9 ,london1 t 0 br\ght out ( ,am]ica1 :i* w\ld v firmly susp5d x self by ! tail1 ) ! head d[nw>ds1 & 0 said to keep 9 t po/ure1 ) h] "y ones 9 h] false belly1 :i* is a ,purse1 provid$ by ,nature = ! production1 nutrition1 & pres]vation ( h] "y ones1 :i* is describ$ by ,piso 9 ! #bd4 ,*apt] ( ! fif? ,book ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,brasil4 ,! motion ( x 0 ) ! tail =w>ds1 draw+ its self backw>ds1 by ! /rik+ to & fro ( t tuft :i* grew out ( "o ( ! /umps ( its tail4 ,x _h ano!r motion1 :i* 0 m sutable to t ( o!r creatures1 & t is1 ) ! head =w>d2 = by ! mov+ ( 8 *aps 7if ,i may s call ! p>ts ( 8 m\?7 x 0 able to move x self d[nw>ds v g5tly t[>ds ! bottom1 & did1 z 'tw]e1 eat up its way ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,b t :i* 0 mo/ obs]vable 9 ?is creature1 01 its ,metamorphosis or *ange2 = hav+ kept sev]al ( ^! ,animals 9 a ,glass ( ,ra9-wat]1 9 :i* !y 7 produc'd1 ,i f\nd1 aft] ab\t a =tnight or ?ree weeks keep+1 t sev]al ( !m flew away 9 ,gnats1 leav+ _! husks beh9d !m 9 ! wat] float+ "u ! surface1 ! place :]e ^! ,animals 7 wont to reside1 :il'/ !y 7 inhabitants ( ! wat]3 ?is made me m dilig5tly to wat* !m1 to see if ,i c\ld f9d !m at ! "t ( _! trans=mation2 & n long aft]1 ,i obs]v'd sev]al ( !m to be *ang$ into an unusual %ape1 :olly diff]+ f t !y 7 ( be=e1 _! head & body be+ gr[n mu* bigg] & deep]1 b n broad]1 & _! belly1 or h9d] "p small]1 & coyl'd1 ab\t ?is great body mu* ( ! fa%ion repres5t$ by ! prick'd l9e 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #bg4 ,s*eme1 ! head & horns n[ swam upp]mo/1 & ! :ole bulk ( ! body seem'd to be gr[n mu* light]2 = :5 by my fright+ ( x1 x w\ld by frisk+ out ( its tail 79 ! mann] express'd 9 ! ,figure by ,,bc7 s9k x self bel[ ! surface t[>ds ! bottom2 ! body w\ld m swiftly re-asc5d1 !n :5 x 0 9 its =m] %ape4 ,i /ill m>k$ its progress f "t to "t1 & f\nd its body /ill to gr[ bigg] & bigg]1 ,nature1 z x 71 fitt+ & acc\tr+ x = ! light] ,elem5t1 ( :i* x 0 n[ go+ to be an inhabitant2 =1 by obs]v+ "o ( ^! ) my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd ! eyes ( x to be altoge!r diff]+ f :at !y seem'd be=e1 appe>+ n[ all ov] pe>l'd or knobb'd1 l ! eyes ( ,gnats1 z is visible 9 ! second ,figure by ,a4 ,at l5g?1 ,i saw "p ( ?is creature to swim above1 & "p b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]1 bel[ :i* ?\gh x w\ld quickly plunge x self if ,i by any means fright$ x1 & pres5tly re-asc5d into its =m] po/ure2 aft] a little long] expectation1 ,i f\nd t ! head & body ( a ,gnat1 began to appe> & /& cle] above ! surface1 & by degrees x drew out its leggs1 fir/ ! two =mo/1 !n ! o!r1 at l5g? its :ole body p]fect & entire appe>'d out ( ! husk 7:i* x left 9 ! wat]7 /&+ on its leggs ^u ! top ( ! wat]1 & by degrees x began to move1 & aft] flew ab\t ! ,glass a p]fect ,gnat4 ,i h be5 ! m p>ticul>1 & l>ge 9 ! relation ( ! trans=mation ( div]s ( ^! little ,animals :i* ,i obs]v'd1 because ,i h n f\nd t any ,au?\r has obs]v'd ! l1 & because ! ?+ x self is s /range & het]og5e\s f ! usual progress ( o!r ,animals1 t ,i judge x may n onely be pleasant1 b v usefull & necess>y t[>ds ! compleat+ ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,!re is inde$ 9 ,piso1 a v odd ,hi/ory1 :i* ?is relation may make ! m probable2 & t is 9 ! #b4 ,*apt] ( ! #d4 ,book ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,brasil1 :]e he says1 ,porro prt] tot docum5ta f]tilitatis circa vegetabilia s5sitiva m>9a telluris mula1 accidit illud1 quod paucis ,p>anambuc5si milli>ibus1 piscatoris uncum citra int5tionem cont+at infigi vadis petrosis1 loco piscis spongia1 coralla1 aliasque arbusculas m>9as capi4 ,int] hc inusitat =m prodit spongiosa arbuscula sesquip$is longitud9is1 brevioribus radicibus1 lapideis nit5s vadis1 rupibus infixa1 erigiturque 9 corpus spongiosum molle oblongum rotundum turb9atum3 intus miris cancellis alveis fabricatum1 extus autem t5aci glut9e in/> ,apum propolis undique ve/itum1 o/io satis patulo pr(undo 9 summitate relicto1 sicut ex alt]a iconum probe depicta vid]e licet 7see ! ?ird & f\r? ,figures ( ! #bg4 ,s*eme47 ,ita ut ,api>ium m>9um v]e dix]is2 primo enim intuitu ,m>e ad ,t]ram delatum1 v]miculis scatebat cruleis p>vis1 qui mox calore solis 9 ,muscas1 vel ,apes potius1 easq2 exiguas nigras trans=mebantur1 circumvolantesque evanescebant1 ita ut de eorum mellificatione nihil c]ti conspici datum fu]it1 cum tam5 crosa mat]ia propolis ,apumque cell manife/e app>]5t1 atque ipsa mellis qualiscunque sub/antia proculdubio ur9atoribus patebit1 ubi curiosius inquisiv]9t hc api>ia1 eaque 9 natali solo salo div]sis temporibus p5itius lu/r>9t4 ,:i* ,hi/ory conta9s ?+s suffici5tly /range to be consid]'d1 z :e!r ! husk 7 a ,plant1 gr[+ at ! bottom ( ! ,sea be=e1 ( x self1 out ( ^: putrifaction might be g5]at$ ^! /range k9d ( ,magots2 or :e!r ! se$ ( c]ta9 ,bees1 s9k+ to ! bottom1 might !re naturally =m x self t vegetable hive1 & take root2 or1 :e!r x might n be plac$ !re by "s div+ ,fly2 or1 :e!r x might n be "s peculi> propriety ( t ,plant1 :]eby x might rip5 or =m its vegetable juice into an ,animal sub/ance2 or1 :e!r x may n be ( ! nature ( a ,sponge1 or r a ,sponge ( ! nature ( ?is1 accord+ to "s ( ^? relations & conjectures ,i =m]ly made ( t body1 is a matt] v difficult to be det]m9$4 ,b inde$1 9 ?is description1 ! ,excell5t ,piso has n be5 suffici5tly p>ticul> 9 ! sett+ d[n ! :ole process1 z x 7 to be wi%'d3 ,!re are inde$ v odd progresses 9 ! production ( sev]al k9ds ( ,insects1 :i* are n less in/ructive !n pleasant1 sev]al ( :i*1 ! dilig5t ,go$>tius has c>efully obs]v'd & record$1 b among all 8 ,obs]vations1 he has none l ?is1 ?\gh t ( ! ,hem]obius be some:at ( ?is k9d1 :i* is add$ z an ,app5dix by ,johannes ,mey4 ,i h1 = my own p>ticul>1 besides sev]al ( ^? m5tion'd by him1 obs]v'd div]s o!r circum/ances1 p]haps1 n mu* tak5 notice (1 ?\gh v common1 :i* d inde$ af=d u a v co]cive argum5t to admire ! goodness & provid5ce ( ! inf9itely wise ,creator 9 8 mo/ excell5t contrivances & disp5sations4 ,i h obs]v'd1 at sev]al times ( ! ,summ]1 t _m ( ! leaves ( div]s ,plants h be5 spott$1 or1 z x 7 scabb$1 & look+ on ! und]sides ( ^? ( !m t h be5 b a little irregul>1 ,i h p]ceiv'd !m to be spr9kl$ ) div]s sorts ( little ,eggs1 :i* lett+ alone1 ,i h f\nd by degrees to gr[ bigg]1 & become little ,worms ) leggs1 b /ill to keep _! =m] places1 & ^? places ( ! leaves1 ( _! own accords1 to be gr[n v protub]ant upw>ds1 & v holl[1 & ar*$ und]nea?1 :]eby ^? "y creatures are1 z x 71 %elt]'d & h\s$ f ext]nal injury2 div]s leaves ,i h obs]v'd to gr[ & swell s f>r1 z at l5g? p]fectly to inclose ! ,animal1 :i*1 by o!r obs]vations ,i h made1 ,i ghess to conta9 x1 & become1 z x 7 a womb to x1 s long1 till x be fit & prep>'d to be translat$ into ano!r /ate1 at :at "t1 l 7:at !y say (7 ,vip]s1 !y gnaw _! way ?r\gh ! womb t br$ !m2 div]s ( ^! k9ds ,i h met ) ^u ,goosb]ry leaves1 ,rose-tree leaves1 ,will[ leaves1 & _m o!r k9ds4 ,!re are (t5 to be f\nd ^u ,rose-trees & ,bri] bu%es1 little r$ tufts1 :i* are c]ta9 knobs or excresc5cies1 gr[+ out f ! ,r9d1 or b>ks ( ^? k9ds ( ,plants1 !y are cov]'d ) /range k9ds ( ?reads or r$ hairs1 :i* feel v s(t1 & look n unpleasantly4 ,9 mo/ ( ^!1 if x has no hole 9 x1 y %all f9d c]ta9 little ,worms1 :i* ,i suppose to be ! causes ( _! production2 = :5 t ,worm has eat its way ?r\gh1 !y1 hav+ p]=m$ :at !y 7 design'd by ,nature to d1 by degrees die & )] away4 ,n[1 ! mann] ( _! production1 ,i suppose to be ?us1 t ! ,alwise ,creator has z well implant$ 9 e creature a faculty ( kn[+ :at place is conv5i5t = ! hat*+1 nutrition1 & pres]vation ( _! ,eggs & (-spr+s :]eby !y are /imulat$ & direct$ to conv5i5t places1 :i* become1 z 'tw]e ! wombs t p]=m ^? (fices3 ,z he has also suit$ & adapt$ a prop]ty to ^? places :]by !y gr[ & inclose ^? se$s1 & hav+ inclos$ !m1 provide a conv5i5t n\ri%m5t = !m1 b z soon z !y h done ! (fice ( a womb1 !y die & )]4 ,! progress ( inclosure ,i h (t5 obs]v'd 9 leaves1 :i* 9 ^? places :]e ^? se$s h be5 ca/1 h by degrees swell'd & inclos'd !m1 s p]fectly r\nd1 z n to leave any p]ceptible passage out4 ,f ?is same cause1 ,i suppose t ,galls1 ,oak-apples1 & sev]al o!r productions ( t k9d1 ^u ! bran*es & leaves ( ,trees1 h _! orig9al1 = if y op5 any ( !m1 :5 almo/ ripe1 y %all f9d a little ,worm 9 !m4 ,?us1 if y op5 nev] s _m dry ,galls1 y %all f9d ei!r a hole :]eby ! ,worm has eat its passage out1 or if y f9d no passage1 y may1 by break+ or cutt+ ! ,gall1 f9d 9 ! middle ( x a small cavity1 & 9 x a small body1 :i* does pla9ly en\gh yet reta9 a %ape1 to manife/ x once to h be5 a ,worm1 ?\gh x dy'd by a too e>ly sep>ation f ! ,oak on :i* x grew1 its navel-/r+1 z 'tw]e1 be+ brok5 (f f ! leaf or bran* by :i* ! ,globul> body t invelop'd x1 receiv$ its n\ri%m5t f ! ,oak4 ,& inde$1 if we consid] ! great c>e ( ! ,creator 9 ! disp5sations ( 8 provid5ces = ! propagation & increase ( ! race1 n onely ( all k9d ( ,animals1 b ev5 ( ,vegetables1 we _c *use b admire & adore him = 8 ,excell5cies1 b we %all leave (f to admire ! creature1 or to wond] at ! /range k9d ( act+ 9 sev]al ,animals1 :i* seem to fav\r s mu* ( reason2 x seem+ to me mo/ manife/1 t ^? are b act+s accord+ to _! /ructures1 & su* op]ations z su* bodies1 s compos'd1 mu/ necess>ily1 :5 !re are su* & su* circum/ances concurr+1 p]=m3 ?us1 :5 we f9d ,flies sw>m+1 ab\t any piece ( fle% t does beg9 a little to f]m5t2 ,butt]flies ab\t ,colworts1 & sev]al o!r leaves1 :i* w s]ve to hat* & n\ri% _! "y2 ,gnats1 & sev]al o!r ,flies ab\t ! ,wat]s1 & m>i%y places1 or any o!r creatures1 seek+ & plac+ _! ,se$s 9 conv5i5t repositories1 we may1 if we att5tively consid] & exam9e x1 f9d t !re are circum/ances suffici5t1 ^u ! supposals ( ! excell5t contrivance ( _! ma*9e1 to excite & =ce !m to act aft] su* or su* a mann]2 ^? /eams t rise f ^! sev]al places may1 p]haps1 set sev]al p>ts ( ^! little ,animals at "w1 ev5 z 9 ! contrivance ( kill+ a ,fox or ,wolf ) a ,gun1 ! mov+ ( a /r+1 is ! dea? ( ! ,animal2 = ! ,bea/1 by mov+ ! fle% t is laid to entrap him1 pulls ! /r+ :i* moves ! trigg]1 & t lets g ! ,cock :i* on ! /eel /rikes c]ta9 sp>ks ( fire :i* k9dle ! p[d] 9 ! pann1 & t pres5tly flies into ! b>rel1 :]e ! p[d] cat*+ fire r>ifies & drives out ! bullet :i* kills ! ,animal2 9 all :i* actions1 !re is no?+ ( int5tion or ratioc9ation to be ascrib'd ei!r to ! ,animal or ,eng9e1 b all to ! +5i\sness ( ! contriv]4 ,b to return to ! m imm$iate consid]ation ( our ,gnat3 ,we h 9 x an ,in/ance1 n usual or common1 ( a v /range amphibi\s creature1 t be+ a creature t inhabits ! ,air1 does yet produce a creature1 t = "s "t lives 9 ! wat] z a ,fi%1 ?\gh aft]w>d 7:i* is z /range7 x becomes an inhabitant ( ! ,air1 l its ,sire1 9 ! =m ( a ,fly4 ,& ?is1 me?9ks1 does prompt me to propose c]ta9 conjectures1 z ,qu]ies1 hav+ n yet _h suffici5t opportunity & leisure to answ] !m my self f my own ,exp]im5ts or ,obs]vations4 ,& ! fir/ is1 ,:e!r all ^? ?+s t we suppose to be br$ f corruption & putrifaction1 may n be rationally suppos'd to h _! orig9ation z natural z ^! ,gnats1 :o1 'tis v probable1 7 fir/ dropt into ?is ,wat]1 9 ! =m ( ,eggs4 ,^? ,se$s or ,eggs mu/ c]ta9ly be v small1 :i* s small a creature z a ,gnat yields1 & !re=e1 we ne$ n wond] t we f9d n ! ,eggs !mselves1 "s ( ! y\ng] ( !m1 :i* ,i h obs]v'd1 hav+ n exce$$ a t5? "p ( ! bulk !y h aft]w>ds come to2 & next1 ,i h obs]v$ "s ( ^? little ones :i* mu/ h be5 g5]at$ aft] ! ,wat] 0 inclos$ 9 ! ,bottle1 & !re=e mo/ probably f ,eggs1 :]eas ^? creatures h be5 suppos'd to be br$ ( ! corruption ( ! ,wat]1 !re be+ n =m]ly kn[n any probable way h[ !y %\ld be g5]at$4 ,a second is1 :e!r ^! ,eggs are imm$iately dropt into ! ,wat] by ! ,gnats !mselves1 or1 m$iately1 are br\ght d[n by ! fall+ ra92 = x seems n v improbable1 b t ^? small se$s ( ,gnats may 7be+1 p]haps1 ( s light a nature1 & hav+ s great a proportion ( surface to s small a bulk ( body7 be eject$ into ! ,air1 & s1 p]haps1 c>ri$ = a good :ile too & fro 9 x1 till by ! drops ( ,ra9 x be wa%'d out ( x4 ,a ?ird is1 :e!r multitudes ( ^? o!r little creatures t are f\nd to inhabit ! ,wat] = "s "t1 d n1 at c]ta9 times1 take w+ & fly into ! ,air1 o!rs dive & hide !mselves 9 ! ,e>?1 & s contribute to ! increase bo? ( ! "o & ! o!r ,elem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,po/script4 ,a good :ile s9ce ! writ+ ( ?is ,description1 ,i 0 pres5t$ by ,doctor ,pet] ,ball1 an +5i\s ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 ) a little ,pap] ( ,nuts1 :i* he told me 0 s5t him f a ,bro!r ( 8 out ( ! ,c\ntrey1 f ,mamhead 9 ,devon%ire1 "s ( !m 7 loose1 hav+ be51 z ,i suppose1 brok5 (f1 o!rs 7 /ill gr[+ fa/ on ^u ! sides ( a /ick1 :i* seem'd by ! b>k1 pliabl5ess ( x1 & by c]ta9 /r+s t grew out ( x1 to be "s piece ( ! root ( a ,tree2 !y 7 all ( !m dry'd1 & a little %rivell'd1 o!rs m r\nd1 ( a br[n col\r2 _! %ape 0 mu* l a ,figg1 b v mu* small]1 "s be+ ab\t ! bigness ( a ,bay-b]ry1 o!rs1 & ! bigge/1 ( a ,hazel-,nut4 ,"s ( ^! t _h no hole 9 !m1 ,i c>efully op5$ ) my ,knife1 & f\nd 9 !m a good l>ge r\nd :ite ,maggot1 almo/ z bigg z a small ,pea1 :i* seem'd %ap'd l o!r ,maggots1 b %ort]4 ,i c\ld n f9d !m to move1 ?\gh ,i ghess'd !m to be alive1 because ^u prick+ !m ) a ,p9n1 !re w\ld issue out a great deal ( :ite muc\s matt]1 :i* seem'd to be f a volunt>y contraction ( _! sk92 _! husk or matrix consi/$ ( ?ree ,coats1 l ! b>ks ( ,trees1 ! out]mo/ be+ m r\gh & spongie1 & ! ?icke/1 ! middlemo/ m close1 h>d1 :ite1 & ?91 ! inn]mo/ v ?91 seem+ almo/ l ! sk9 )9 an ,egg's %ell4 ,! two out]mo/ _h root 9 ! bran* or /ick1 b ! inn]mo/ _h no /em or process1 b 0 onely a sk9 t cov]'d ! cavity ( ! ,nut4 ,all ! ,nuts t _h no holes eat5 9 !m1 ,i f\nd to conta9 ^! ,maggots1 b all t _h holes1 ,i f\nd empty1 ! ,maggots1 x seems1 hav+ eat5 _! way ?r\gh1 tak5 w+s & fl[n away1 z ?is foll[+ acc\nt 7:i* ,i receiv'd 9 writ+ f ! same p]son1 z x 0 s5t him by 8 ,bro!r7 manife/s4 ,9 a moori% black ,peaty m\ld1 ) "s small ve9s ( :iti% yell[ ,s&s1 ^u occasion ( digg+ a hole two or ?ree foot deep1 at ! head ( a ,pond or ,pool1 to set a ,tree 91 at t dep?1 7 f\nd1 ab\t ! end ( ,octob] #affc4 9 ^? v ve9s ( ,s&1 ^? ,buttons or ,nuts1 /ick+ to a little loose /ick1 t is1 n belong+ to any live ,tree1 & "s ( !m also free by !mselves4 ,f\r or five ( :i* be+ !n op5'd1 "s 7 f\nd to conta9 live ,insects come to p]fection1 mo/ l to fly+ ,ants1 if n ! same2 9 o!rs1 ,insects1 yet imp]fect1 hav+ b ! head & w+s =m'd1 ! re/ rema9+ a s(t :ite pulpy sub/ance4 ,n[1 z ?is furni%es u ) "o odd ,hi/ory m1 v agreeable to :at ,i be=e h9t$1 s ,i d\bt n1 b 7 m5 dilig5t obs]v]s1 !y might meet ) multitudes ( ! same k9d1 bo? 9 ! ,e>? & 9 ! ,wat]1 & 9 ! ,air1 on ,trees1 ,plants1 & o!r ,vegetables1 all places & ?+s be+1 z x 71 anim>um pl5a4 ,& ,i h (t51 ) wond] & pleasure1 9 ! ,spr+ & ,summ] "t1 look'd close to1 & dilig5tly on1 common ,g>d5 m\ld1 & 9 a v small p>cel ( x1 f\nd su* multitudes & div]sities ( little reptiles1 "s 9 husks1 o!rs onely creep]s1 _m w+'d1 & ready = ! ,air2 div]s husks or habitations left beh9d empty4 ,n[1 if ! ,e>? ( our cold ,climate be s f]tile ( animate bodies1 :at may we ?9k ( ! fat ,e>? ( hott] ,climates8 ,c]ta9ly1 ! ,sun may !re1 by its activity1 cause z great a p>cel ( ,e>? to fly on w+s 9 ! ,air1 z x does ( ,wat] 9 /eams & vap\rs4 ,& :at sw>ms mu/ we suppose to be s5t out ( ^? pl5tifull inundations ( wat] :i* are p\r$ d[n by ! sluces ( ,ra9 9 su* va/ quantities8 ,s t we ne$ n mu* wond] at ^? innum]able cl\ds ( ,locu/s ) :i* ,africa1 & o!r hot c\ntries are s pe/r$1 s9ce 9 ^? places are f\nd all ! conv5i5t causes ( _! production1 namely1 g5itors1 or ,p>5ts1 concurr5t receptacles or matrixes1 & a suffici5t degree ( natural heat & moi/ure4 ,i 0 go+ to annex a little draught ( ! ,figure ( ^? ,nuts s5t out ( ,devon%ire1 b *anc+ to exam9e ,mr4 ,p>k9son's ,h]bal = some?+ else1 & p>ticul>ly ab\t ,galls & ,oak-apples1 ,i f\nd among no less !n #bd4 sev]al k9ds ( excresc5cies ( ! ,oak1 :i* ,i d\bt n1 b ^u exam9ation1 w be all f\nd to be ! matrixes ( s _m sev]al k9ds ( ,insects2 ,i hav+ obs]v'd _m ( !m my self to be s1 among #bd4 sev]al k9ds1 ,i say1 ,i f\nd "o describ$ & ,figur'd directly l t :i* ,i _h by me1 ! ,s*eme is !re to be se51 ! description1 because b %ort1 ,i h "h adjo9'd ,!atri ,botanici trib4 #af4 ,*ap4 #b4 ,!re gr[e? at ! roots ( old ,oaks 9 ! ,spr+-"t1 & sometimes also 9 ! v heat ( ,summ]1 a peculi> k9d ( ,mu%rom or ,excresc5ce1 call'd ,uva ,qu]c9a1 swell+ out ( ! ,e>?1 _m gr[+ "o close unto ano!r1 ( ! fa%ion ( a ,grape1 & !re=e took ! "n1 ! ,oak-,grape1 & is ( a ,purpli% col\r on ! outside1 & :ite )9 l ,milk1 & 9 ! end ( ,summ] become? h>d & woody4 ,:e!r ?is be ! v same k9d1 ,i _c affirm1 b bo? ! ,picture & ,description come v ne] to t ,i h1 b t he seems n to take notice ( ! holl[ness or ,worm1 = :i* 'tis mo/ obs]vable4 ,& !re=e 'tis v likely1 if m5 did b take notice1 !y might f9d v _m diff]+ ,species ( ^! ,nuts1 ,ov>ies1 or ,matrixes1 & all ( !m to h mu* ! same designation & (fice4 ,& ,i h v lately f\nd sev]al k9ds ( ,excresc5cies on ,trees & ,%rubs1 :i* hav+ endur$ ! ,w9t]1 ^u op5+ !m1 ,i f\nd mo/ ( !m to conta9 little ,worms1 b dead1 ^? ?+s t conta9'd !m be+ )]'d & dry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xliv4 ,( ! tuft$ or ,bru%-horn'd ,gnat4 ,?is little creature 0 "o ( ^? multitudes t fill our ,engli% air all ! "t t w>m wea!r la/s1 & is exactly ( ! %ape ( t ,i obs]v'd to be g5]at$ & hat*'d out ( ^? little ,insects t wriggle up & d[n 9 ,ra9-wat]4 ,b1 ?\gh _m 7 ( ?is =m1 yet ,i obs]v'd o!rs to be ( q o!r k9ds2 nor 7 all ( ?is or ! o!r k9d g5]at$ out ( ,wat] ,insects2 = :]eas ,i obs]v'd t ^? t proce$$ f ^? ,insects 7 at _! full gr[?1 ,i h also f\nd multitudes ( ! same %ape1 b mu* small] & t5d]] seem+ to be v "y ones1 creep up & d[n ^u ! leaves ( ,trees1 & fly+ up & d[n 9 small clu/]s1 9 places v remote f wat]2 & ?is ,spr+1 ,i obs]v'd "o day1 :5 ! ,w9d 0 v calm1 & ! aft]noon v fair1 & pretty w>m1 ?\gh x _h = a long "t be5 v cold wea!r1 & ! w9d cont9u$ /ill 9 ! ,ea/1 sev]al small sw>ms ( !m play+ to & fro 9 little cl\ds 9 ! ,sun1 ea* ( :i* 7 n a t5? "p ( ! bigness ( "o ( ^! ,i "h h del9eat$1 ?\gh v mu* ( ! same %ape1 :i* makes me ghess1 t ea* ( ^! sw>ms might be ! (-spr+ ( "o onely ,gnat1 :i* _h be5 hoord$ up 9 "s safe repository all ?is ,w9t] by "s provid5t ,p>5t1 & 7 n[1 by ! w>m? ( ! ,spr+-air1 hat*'d into little ,flies4 ,& inde$1 s v>i\s1 & seem+ly irregul> are ! g5]ations or productions ( ,insects1 t he t %all c>efully & dilig5tly obs]ve ! sev]al me?ods ( ,nature !re91 w h inf9itely cause fur!r to admire ! wisdom & provid5ce ( ! ,creator2 = n onely ! same k9d ( creature may be produc'd f sev]al k9ds ( ways1 b ! v same creature may produce sev]al k9ds3 ,=1 z div]s ,wat*es may be made out ( sev]al mat]ials1 :i* may yet h all ! same appe>ance1 & move aft] ! same mann]1 t is1 %ew ! h\r equally true1 ! "o z ! o!r1 & out ( ! same k9d ( matt]1 l ,wat*es1 may be wr\ght diff]+ ways2 &1 z "o & ! same ,wat* may1 by be+ div]sly agitat$1 or mov'd1 by ?is or t ag5t1 or aft] ?is or t mann]1 produce a q contr>y effect3 ,s may x be ) ^! mo/ curi\s ,eng9es ( ,insect's bodies2 ! ,all-wise ,god ( ,nature1 may h s ord]$ & dispos$ ! little ,automatons1 t :5 n\ri%$1 act$1 or enliv5$ by ?is cause1 !y produce "o k9d ( effect1 or animate %ape1 :5 by ano!r !y act q ano!r way1 & ano!r ,animal is produc'd4 ,s may he s ord] sev]al mat]ials1 z to make !m1 by sev]al k9ds ( me?ods1 produce simil> ,automatons4 ,b to come to ! ,description ( ?is ,insect1 z x appe>s ?r\gh a ,microscope1 ( :i* a repres5tation is made 9 ! #bh4 ,s*eme4 ,its head ,a1 is exce$+ small1 9 proportion to its body1 consi/+ ( two clu/]s ( pe>l'd eyes ,,bb1 on ea* side ( its head1 ^: pe>ls or eye-balls are curi\sly rang'd l ^? ( o!r ,flies2 betwe5 ^!1 9 ! =ehead ( x1 !re are plac'd ^u two small black balls1 ,,cc1 two long jo9t$ horns1 tap]+ t[>ds ! top1 mu* resembl+ ! long horns ( ,lob/]s1 ea* ( ^: /ems or quills1 ,,dd1 7 brisl$ or bru%$ ) multitudes ( small /iff hairs1 issu+ out e way f ! sev]al jo9ts1 l ! /r+s or spr\t+s ( ! h]b ,horse-tail1 :i* is (t obs]v'd to gr[ among ,corn1 & = ! :ole %ape1 x does v mu* resemble ^? bru%y ,vegetables2 besides ^!1 !re are two o!r jo9t$ & brisl$ horns1 or feel]s1 ,,ee1 9 ! =ep>t ( ! head1 & a proboscis1 ,f1 und]nea?1 :i* 9 "s ,gnats are v long1 /reight holl[ pipes1 by :i* ^! creatures are able to drill & p5etrate ! sk91 & !nce1 ?r\gh ^? pipes suck s mu* bl\d z to /uff _! bellies s full till !y be ready to bur/4 ,?is small head1 ) its appurt5ances1 is fa/n$ on by a %ort neck1 ,g1 to ! middle ( ! ?orax1 :i* is l>ge1 & seems cas$ ) a /rong black %el1 ,,hik1 out ( ! "u "p ( :i*1 issue six long & sl5d] legs1 ,,llllll1 %ap'd j l ! legs ( ,flies1 b spun or drawn out long] & sl5d]]1 :i* c\ld n be express'd 9 ! ,figure1 because ( _! great l5g?2 & f ! upp] "p1 two oblong1 b sl5d] transp>5t w+s1 ,,mm1 %ap$ some:at l ^? ( a ,fly1 und]nea? ea* ( :i*1 z ,i h obs]v'd also 9 div]s sorts ( ,flies1 & o!r k9ds ( ,gnats1 0 plac$ a small body1 ,n1 mu* resembl+ a drop ( "s transp>5t glut9\s sub/ance1 h>dn$ or cool'd1 z x 0 almo/ ready to fall1 = x has a r\nd knob at ! end1 :i* by degrees gr[s sl5d]] into a small /em1 & ne] ! ins]tion "u ! w+1 ?is /em aga9 gr[s bigg]2 ^! little ,p5dulums1 ,i may s call !m1 ! little creature vibrates to & fro v quick :5 x moves its w+s1 & ,i h sometimes obs]v'd x to move !m also1 :il'/ ! w+ lay /ill1 b always _! motion seem'd to fur!r ! motion ( ! w+ ready to foll[2 ( :at use !y are1 z to ! mov+ ( ! w+1 or o!rwise1 ,i h n n[ "t to exam9e4 ,its belly 0 l>ge1 z x is usually 9 all ,insects1 & ext5d$ into n9e l5g?s or p>titions1 ea* ( :i* 0 cov]'d ) r\nd arm$ r+s or %ells2 six ( :i*1 ,,opqr/ 7 transp>5t1 & div]s k9ds ( ,p]i/altick motions might be v easily p]ceiv'd1 :il'/ ! ,animal 0 alive1 b especially a small cle] :ite "p ,v1 seem$ to beat l ! he>t ( a l>g] ,animal4 ,! la/ ?ree divisios1 ,,wxy1 7 cov]'d ) black & opac\s %ells4 ,to conclude1 take ?is creature altoge!r1 & = beauty & curi\s contrivances1 x may be comp>$ ) ! l>ge/ ,animal ^u ! ,e>?4 ,nor do? ! ,alwise ,creator seem to h %ewn less c>e & provid5ce 9 ! fabrick ( x1 !n 9 ^? :i* seem mo/ consid]able4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xlv4 ,( ! great ,belly'd ,gnat or female ,gnat4 ,! second ,gnat1 del9eat$ 9 ! tw5ty n9? ,s*eme1 is ( a v diff]+ %ape f ! =m]2 b yet ( ?is sort also1 ,i f\nd sev]al ( ! ,gnats1 t 7 g5]at$ out ( ! ,wat] ,insect3 ! w+s ( ?is1 7 mu* l>g] !n ^? ( ! o!r1 & ! belly mu* bigg]1 %ort] & ( an o!r %ape2 &1 f sev]al p>ticul>s1 ,i ghe/ x to be ! ,female ,gnat1 & ! =m] to be ! ,male4 ,! ?orax ( ?is1 0 mu* l t ( ! o!r1 hav+ a v /rong & ridg$ back-piece1 :i* w5t also on ei!r side ( its leggs2 ab\t ! w+s !re 7 sev]al joynt$ pieces ( ,armor1 :i* seem'd curi\sly & conv5i5tly contriv'd1 = ! promot+ & /r5g?n+ ! motion ( ! w+s3 its head 0 mu* diff]+ f ! o!r1 be+ mu* bigg] & neat] %ap'd1 & ! horns t grew out betwe5 8 eyes on two little balls1 7 ( a v diff]+ %ape f ! tufts ( ! o!r ,gnat1 ^! hav+ b a few knots or joynts1 & ea* ( ^? b a few1 & ^? %ort & /rong1 brisles4 ,! =mo/ horns or feel]s1 7 l ^? ( ! =m] ,gnat4 ,"o ( ^! ,gnats ,i h suff]'d to pi]ce ! sk9 ( my h&1 ) its proboscis1 & !nce to draw out z mu* blood z to fill its belly z full z x c\ld hold1 mak+ x appe> v r$ & transp>5t2 & ?is )\t any fur!r pa91 !n :il/ x 0 s9k+ 9 its proboscis1 z x is also 9 ! /++ ( ,fleas3 a good argum5t1 t ^! creatures d n w\nd ! sk91 & suck ! blood out ( enmity & rev5ge1 b = me] necessity1 & to satisfy _! hung]4 ,by :at means ?is creature is able to suck1 we %all %ew 9 ano!r place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xlvi4 ,( ! :ite fea!rw+'d ,mo? or ,t9ea ,arg5tea4 ,?is :ite long w+'d ,mo?1 :i* is del9eat$ 9 ! #cj4 ,s*eme2 af=d$ a lovely object bo? to ! nak$ ,eye1 & ?r\gh a ,microscope3 to ! ,eye x appe>'d a small ,milk-:ite ,fly ) f\r :ite ,w+s1 ! two =mo/ some:at long] !n ! two h9d]mo/1 & ! two %ort] ab\t half an ,in* long1 ea* ( :i* f\r ,w+s seem'd to consi/ ( two small long ,fea!rs1 v curi\sly tuft$1 or hair$ on ea* side1 ) purely :ite1 & exce$+ly f9e & small ,haires1 proportion'd to ! /alks or /ems1 out ( :i* !y grew1 mu* l ! tufts ( a long w+-fea!r ( "s ,bird1 & _! /alks or /ems 71 l ^?1 b5d$ backw>ds & d[nw>ds1 z may be pla9ly se5 by ! draughts ( !m 9 ! ,figure4 ,obs]v+ "o ( ^! 9 my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd1 9 ! fir/ place1 t all ! ,body1 ,legs1 ,horns & ! ,/alks ( ! ,w+s1 7 cov]$ ov] ) v>i\s k9ds ( curi\s :ite ,fea!rs1 :i* did1 ) h&l+ or t\*+1 easily rubb (f & fly ab\t1 9 s mu* t look+ on my ,f+]s1 ) :i* ,i _h h&l$ ?is ,mo?1 & p]ceiv+ on !m little :ite specks1 ,i f\nd by my ,microscope1 t !y 7 sev]al ( ! small ,fea!rs ( ?is little creature1 t /uck up & d[n 9 ! rugosities ( my ,sk94 ,next1 ,i f\nd t und]nea? ^! ,fea!rs1 ! pretty ,insect 0 cov]$ all ov] ) a cru/$ ,%ell1 l o!r ( ^? ,animals1 b ) "o mu* ?9n] & t5d]]4 ,?irdly1 ,i f\nd1 z 9 ,birds also is notable1 x _h diff]+ & appropriate k9ds ( ,fea!rs1 t cov]$ sev]al p>ts ( its body4 ,f\r?ly1 survey+ ! p>ts ( its body1 ) a m accurate & bett] ,magnify+ ,microscope1 ,i f\nd t ! tufts or haires ( its ,w+s 7 no?+ else b a cong]ies1 or ?ick set clu/] ( small vim9a or twiggs1 resembl+ a small twigg ( ,bir*1 /ript or :it5$1 ) :i* ,bru%es are usually made1 to beat out or bru% (f ! du/ f ,clo? & ,hang+s4 ,e "o ( ! twiggs or bran*es t compos$ ! ,bru% ( ! ,fea!rs1 appe>$ 9 ?is bigg] ,magnify+ ,glass 7( :i* ,,ef :i* repres5ts "p ( an ,in*1 is ! scale1 z ,g is ( ! less]1 :i* is only 7 l ! figure ,d4 ,! ,fea!rs also t cov]$ a "p ( 8 ,body1 & 7 int]sp]s$ among ! bru% ( 8 ,w+s1 ,i f\nd1 9 ! bigg] ,magnify+ ,glass1 ( ! %ape ,a1 consi/+ ( a /alk or /em 9 ! middle1 & a seem+ tuft$ness or bru%y "p on ea* side4 ,! ,fea!rs t cov]'d mo/ "p ( 8 ,body & ! /alk ( 8 w+s1 71 9 ! same ,microscope1 mu* ( ! figure ,b1 appe>+ ( ! %ape ( a small ,fea!r1 & seem$ tuft$3 ^? :i* cov]$ ! ,horns & small p>ts ( ! ,leggs1 ?r\gh ! same ,microscope1 appe>'d ( ! %ape ,c4 ,:e!r ! tufts ( any or all ( ^! small ,fea!rs1 consi/$ ( su* compon5t p>ticles z ! ,fea!rs ( ,birds1 ,i mu* d\bt1 because ,i f9d t ,nature does n alwaies keep1 or op]ate aft] ! same me?od1 9 small] & bigg] creatures4 ,& ( ?is1 we h p>ticul> ,in/ances 9 ! ,w+s ( sev]al creatures4 ,= :]eas1 9 ,birds ( all k9ds1 x composes ea* ( ! ,fea!rs ( :i* its ,w+ consi/s1 ( su* an exce$+ curi\s & mo/ admirable & /up5di\s texture1 z ,i else-:]e %ew1 9 ! ,obs]vations on a ,fea!r2 we f9d x to alt] its me?od q1 9 ! fabrick ( ! ,w+s ( ^! m9ute creatures1 compos+ "s ( ?9 ext5d$ membranes or sk9s1 su* z ! ,w+s ( ,dragon-flys2 9 o!rs1 ^? sk9s are all ov]-gr[n1 or pretty ?ick be/uck1 ) %ort brisles1 z 9 ,fle%-flies2 9 o!rs1 ^? filmes are cov]$1 bo? on ! upp] & "u side1 ) small ,fea!rs1 plac'd almo/ l ! tyles on a ,h\se1 & are curi\sly rang'd & adorn'd ) mo/ lively col\rs1 z is obs]vable 9 ,butt]-flies1 & sev]al k9ds ( ,mo?s2 ,9 o!rs1 in/ead ( _! films1 ,nature has provid$ no?+1 b a matt] ( half a score /alks 7if ,i well rememb] ! numb]2 = ,i h n lately met ) any ( ^! flys1 & did n1 :5 ,i fir/ obs]v'd !m1 take suffici5t notice ( div]s p>ticul>s7 & ea* ( ^! /alks1 ) a few s+le bran*+s on ea* side1 resembl+ mu* ! bran*$ back-bone ( a ,h]r+ or ! l ,fi%1 or a ?9 hair'd ,peacocks fea!r1 ! top or ! eye be+ brok5 (f4 ,) a few ( ^! on ei!r side 7:i* x 0 able to %ut up or exp& at pleasure1 mu* l a ,fann1 or r l ! po/ure ( ! fea!rs 9 a w+1 :i* ly all "o "u ano!r1 :5 %ut1 & by ! side ( ea* o!r1 :5 exp&$7 ?is pretty little grey ,mo? 7= su* 0 ! creature ,i obs]v'd1 ?us w+'d7 c\ld v nimbly1 & z x seem'd v easily move its corpuscle1 ?r\gh ! ,air1 f place to place4 ,o!r ,insects h _! w+s cas'd1 or cov]'d ov]1 ) c]ta9 holl[ %ells1 %ap'd almo/ l ^? holl[ ,trayes1 9 :i* ,but*]s c>ry meat1 ^: holl[ sides be+ turn'd d[nw>ds1 d n only secure _! fold$ w+s f injury ( ! e>?1 9 :i* mo/ ( ^? creatures reside1 b :il/ !y fly1 s]ves z a help to su/a9 & be> !m up4 ,& ^! are obs]vable 9 ,sc>abees & a multitude ( o!r t]re/rial cru/ace\s ,insects2 9 :i* we may yet fur!r obs]ve a p>ticul> provid5ce ( ,nature4 ,n[ 9 all ^! k9ds ( w+s1 we obs]ve ?is p>ticul>1 z a ?+ mo/ wor?y rem>k2 t :]e ev] a w+ consi/s ( discont9u$ p>ts1 ! ,pores or int]/itia betwe5 ^? p>ts are v seldom1 ei!r mu* bigg]1 or mu* small]1 !n ^! :i* we "h f9d betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ^! bru%es1 s t x %\ld seem to intimate1 t ! p>ts ( ! ,air are su*1 t !y w n easily or readily1 if at all1 pass ?r\gh ^! ,pores1 s t !y seem to be /ra9]s f9e en\gh to h9d] ! p>ticles ( ! ,air 7:e!r h9d]'d by _! bulk1 or by _! agitation1 circulation1 rotation or undulation1 ,i %all n "h det]m9e7 f gett+ ?r\gh !m1 &1 by t means1 s]ve ! ,animal z well1 if n bett]1 !n if !y 7 little films4 ,i say1 if n bett]1 because ,i h obs]v'd t all ^? creatures1 t h film'd w+s1 move !m ab\ndantly quick] & m /rongly1 su* z all k9d ( ,flies & ,sc>abees & ,batts1 !n su* z h _! w+s cov]$ ) fea!rs1 z ,butt]-flies & ,birds1 or twiggs1 z ,mo?s1 :i* h ea* ( !m a mu* sl[] motion ( _! w+s2 ,t little rugg$ness p]haps ( _! w+s help+ !m some:at1 by tak+ bett] hold ( ! p>ts ( ! ,air1 or n suff]+ !m s easily to pass by1 any o!r way !n "o4 ,b :at ev] be ! reason ( x1 'tis mo/ evid5t1 t ! smoo? w+'d ,insects1 h ! /ronge/ ,muscles or mov5t p>ts ( _! w+s1 & ! o!r mu* weak]2 & ?is v ,insect1 we are n[ describ+1 _h a v small ?orax or middle "p ( 8 body1 if comp>'d to ! l5g? & numb] ( 8 w+s2 :i* !re=e1 z he mov'd !m v sl[ly1 s mu/ he move !m v weakly4 ,& ?is la/ propriety d we f9d some:at obs]v'd also 9 bigg] k9d ( ,fly+ creatures1 ,birds2 s t we see t ! ,wisdom & ,provid5ce ( ! ,all-wise ,creator1 is n less %ewn 9 ^! small despicable creatures1 ,flies & ,mo?s1 :i* we h br&$ ) a "n ( ignom9y1 call+ !m ,v]m9e1 !n 9 ^? great] & m rem>kable animate bodies1 ,birds4 ,i _c "h /& to add any ?+ ab\t ! nature ( fly+1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 on ano!r occasion1 ,i may say some?+ on t subject1 x be+ su* z may des]ve a mu* m accurate exam9ation & scrut9y !n x has hi!rto met )2 ,= to me !re seems no?+ want+ to make a man able to fly1 b :at may be easily en\gh supply'd f ! ,me*anicks hi!rto kn[n1 save onely ! want ( /r5g?1 :i* ! ,muscles ( a man seem utt]ly uncapable (1 by reason ( _! smalness & texture1 b h[ ev5 /r5g? also may be me*anically made1 & an artificial ,muscle s contriv'd1 t !reby a man %all be able to ex]t :at /r5g? he pleases1 & to regulate x also to 8 own m9d1 ,i may else:]e endeav\r to manife/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xlvii4 ,( ! ,%eph]d ,spid]1 or long-legg'd ,spid]4 ,! ,c>t]1 ,%eph]d ,spid]1 or long-legg'd ,spid]1 has1 = two p>ticul>ities1 v few simil> creatures t ,i h met )1 ! fir/1 :i* is discov]able onely by ! ,microscope1 & is 9 ! fir/ & second ,figures ( ! #ca4 ,s*eme1 pla9ly describ'd1 is ! curi\s contrivance ( 8 eyes1 ( :i* 7diff]+ f mo/ o!r ,spid]s7 he has onely two1 & ^? plac'd ^u ! top ( a small pill> or hillock1 ris+ out ( ! middle ( ! top ( its back1 or r ! cr[n ( its head1 = !y 7 fix'd on ! v top ( ?is pill> 7:i* is ab\t ! heigh? ( "o ( ! transv]se ,diamet]s ( ! eye1 & look'd on 9 ano!r po/ure1 appe>'d mu* ( ! %ape1 ,,bcd47 ,! two eyes1 ,,bb1 7 plac$ back to back1 ) ! transp>5t p>ts1 or ! pupils1 look+ t[>ds ei!r side1 b some:at m =w>d !n backw>ds4 ,c 0 ! column or neck on :i* !y /ood1 & ,d ! cr[n ( ! head out ( :i* t neck sprung4 ,^! eyes1 to appe>ance1 seem'd to be ( ! v same /ructure ) t ( l>g] b9ocul> creatures1 seem+ to h a v smoo? & v protub]ant ,cornea1 & 9 ! mid/ ( x to h a v black pupil1 incompass$ ab\t ) a k9d ( grey ,iris1 z appe>s by ! ,figure2 :e!r x 7 able to move ^! eyes to & fro1 ,i h n obs]v'd1 b 'tis n v likely he %\ld1 ! pill> or neck ,c1 seem+ to be cov]'d & /iff5'd ) a cru/y %ell2 b ,nature1 9 probability1 has supply'd t defect1 by mak+ ! ,cornea s v protub]ant1 & sett+ x s cle] above ! %ad[+ or ob/ruct+ ( its prospect by ! body1 t 'tis likely ea* eye may p]ceive1 ?\gh n see di/9ctly1 almo/ a ,hemisph]e1 :5ce hav+ s small & r\nd a body plac'd ^u su* long leggs1 x is quickly able s to w9d1 & turn x1 z to see any ?+ di/9ct4 ,?is creature1 z d all o!r ,spid]s ,i h yet exam9'd1 does v mu* diff] f mo/ o!r ,insects 9 ! ,figure ( its eyes2 = ,i _c1 ) my be/ ,microscope1 discov] its eyes to be any ways knobb'd or pe>l'd l ^? ( o!r ,insects4 ,! second ,peculi>ity :i* is obvi\s to ! eye1 is also v rem>kable1 & t is ! prodigi\s l5g? ( its leggs1 9 proportion to its small r\nd body1 ea* legg ( ?is ,i drew1 be+ above sixte5 times ! l5g? ( its :ole body1 & !re are "s :i* h !m yet long]1 & o!rs t seem ( ! same k9d1 t h !m a great deal %ort]2 ! eight leggs are ea* ( !m jo9t$1 j l ^? ( a ,crab1 b e ( ! p>ts are spun out prodigi\sly long] 9 proportion2 ea* ( ^! leggs are t]m9at$ 9 a small case or %ell1 %ap'd almo/ l t ( a ,musle-%ell1 z is evid5t 9 ! ?ird ,figure ( ! same ,s*eme 7t repres5ts ! appe>ance ot ! "u "p or belly ( ! creature7 by ! %ape ( ! protub]ant conical body1 ,,iiii1 c4 ,^! are z 'tw]e plac'd or fa/5'd on to ! protub]ant body ( ! ,insect1 :i* is to be suppos'd v high at ,m1 mak+ a k9d ( blunt cone :]e( ,m is to be suppos'd ! ,apex1 ab\t :i* great] cone ( ! body1 ! small] cones ( ! leggs are plac'd1 ea* ( !m almo/ rea*+ to ! top 9 s admirable a mann]1 z does n a little manife/ ! wisdom ( ,nature 9 ! contrivance2 = ^! long ,leav]s 7z ,i may s call !m7 ( ! legs1 hav+ n ! advantage ( a long end on ! o!r side ( ! hypomo*lion or c5t]s on :i* ! p>ts ( ! leggs move1 mu/ necess>ily require a va/ /r5g? to move !m1 & keep ! body ballanc'd & susp5d$1 9 s mu*1 t if we %\ld suppose a man's body susp5d$ by su* a contrivance1 an hundr$ & fifty times ! /r5g? ( a man w\ld n keep ! body f fall+ on ! brea/4 ,to supply !re=e ea* ( ^! leggs ) its prop] /r5g?1 ,nature has all['d to ea* a l>ge ,*e/ or ,cell1 9 :i* is includ$ a v l>ge & /rong ,muscle1 & !reby ?is little ,animal is n onely able to susp5d its body ^u less !n ^! eight1 b to move x v swiftly ov] ! tops ( grass & leaves4 ,nor are ^! eight leggs s prodigi\sly long1 b ! n9?1 & t5?1 :i* are ! two claws1 ,,kk1 are z %ort1 & s]ve 9 /e$ ( a proboscis1 = ^? seem'd v little long] !n 8 m\?2 ea* ( !m _h ?ree p>ts1 b v %ort1 ! jo9ts ,,kk1 :i* repres5t$ ! ?ird1 be+ long] !n bo? ! o!r4 ,?is creature1 seems 7:i* ,i h sev]al times ) pleasure obs]v'd7 to ?r[ its body ^u ! prey1 in/e$ ( its h&s1 n unlike a hunt+ ,spid]1 :i* leaps l a ,cat at a ,m\se4 ,! :ole ,fabrick 0 a v pretty "o1 & c\ld ,i h dissect$ x1 ,i d\bt n b ,i %\ld h f\nd z _m s+ul>ities )9 x z )\t1 p]haps1 = ! mo/ "p1 n unlike ! p>ts ( a ,crab1 :i* ?is little creature does 9 _m ?+s1 v mu* resemble2 ! curiosity ( ^: contrivance1 ,i h 9 ano!r place exam9'd4 ,i omit ! description ( ! horns1 ,,aa1 ( ! m\?1 ,,ll1 :i* seem'd l t ( a ,crab2 ! speckl$ness ( 8 %ell1 :i* proce$$ f a k9d ( fea!rs or hairs1 & ! hair9ess ( 8 leggs1 8 l>ge ?orax & little belly1 & ! l1 !y be+ manife/$ by ! ,figure2 & %all onely take notice t ! ?ree p>ts ( ! body1 namely1 ! head1 brea/1 & belly1 are 9 ?is creature /rangely confus'd1 s t 'tis difficult to det]m9e :i* is :i*1 z !y are also 9 a ,crab2 & inde$1 ?is seems to be no?+ else1 b an ,air-crab1 be+ made m light & nimble1 proportionable to ! m$ium :]e9 x resides2 & z ,air seems to h b "o ?\s&? "p ( ! body ( ,wat]1 s does ?is ,spid] seem n to be a ?\s&? "p ( ! bulk ( a ,crab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xlviii4 ,( ! hunt+ ,spid]1 & sev]al o!r sorts ( ,spid]s4 ,! hunt+ ,spid] is a small grey ,spid]1 prettily bespeck'd ) black spots all ov] its body1 :i* ! ,microscope discov]s to be a k9d ( fea!rs l ^? on ,butt]flies w+s1 or ! body ( ! :ite ,mo? ,i lately describ'd4 ,its gate is v nimble by fits1 sometimes runn+1 & sometimes leap+1 l a ,gra%opp] almo/1 !n /&+ /ill1 & sett+ x self on its h9d] leggs1 x w v nimbly turn its body1 & look r\nd x self e way3 ,x has six v conspicu\s eyes1 two look+ directly =w>ds1 plac'd j be=e2 two o!r1 on ei!r side ( ^?1 look+ =w>d & side-ways2 & two o!r ab\t ! middle ( ! top ( its back or head1 :i* look backw>ds & side-w>ds2 ^! seem'd to be ! bigge/4 ,! surface ( !m all 0 v black1 sphrical1 purely poli%'d1 reflect+ a v cle] & di/9ct ,image ( all ! ambi5t objects1 su* z a w9d[1 a man's h&1 a :ite ,pap]1 or ! l4 ,"s o!r prop]ties ( ?is ,spid]1 obs]v'd by ! mo/ accompli%'d ,mr4 ,evelyn1 9 8 travels 9 ,italy1 are mo/ emphatically set =? 9 ! ,hi/ory h]eunto annex$1 :i* he 0 pleas'd ^u my desire to s5d me 9 writ+4 ,( all ! sorts ( ,insects1 !re is none has af=d$ me m div]tisem5ts !n ! ,v5atores1 :i* are a sort ( ,lupi1 t h _! ,d5ns 9 ! rugg$ walls1 & crevices ( our h\ses2 a small br[n & delicately spott$ k9d ( ,spid]s1 ^: h9d] leggs are long] !n ! re/4 ,su* ,i did frequ5tly obs]ve at ,rome1 :i* espy+ a ,fly at ?ree or f\r y>ds di/ance1 ^u ! ,balcony 7:]e ,i /ood7 w\ld n make directly to h]1 b craul "u ! ,rail1 till be+ arriv'd to ! ,antipodes1 x w\ld /eal up1 seldom miss+ its aim2 b if x *anc$ to want any ?+ ( be+ p]fectly opposite1 w\ld at fir/ peep1 imm$iately slide d[n aga91 till tak+ bett] notice1 x w\ld come ! next "t exactly ^u ! ,fly's back3 ,b1 if ?is hapn'd n to be )9 a compet5t leap1 !n w\ld ?is ,insect move s s(tly1 z ! v %ad[ ( ! ,gnomon seem'd n to be m imp]ceptible1 unless ! ,fly mov'd2 & !n w\ld ! ,spid] move also 9 ! same proportion1 keep+ t j "t ) h] motion1 z if ! same ,s\l _h animat$ bo? ^? little bodies2 & :e!r x 7 =w>ds1 backw>ds1 or to ei!r side1 )\t at all turn+ h] body1 l a well mannag'd ,horse3 ,b1 if ! caprici\s ,fly took w+1 & pit*'d ^u ano!r place beh9d our ,huntress1 !n w\ld ! ,spid] :irle its body s nimbly ab\t1 z no?+ c\ld be imag9'd m swift2 by :i* means1 %e always kept ! head t[>ds h] prey1 ?\gh to appe>ance1 z immovable1 z if x _h be5 a ,nail driv5 into ! ,wood1 till by t indisc]nable progress 7be+ arriv'd )9 ! sph]e ( h] rea*7 %e made a fatal leap 7swift z ,lightn+7 ^u ! ,fly1 cat*+ him 9 ! pole1 :]e %e nev] quitt$ hold till h] belly 0 full1 & !n c>ri$ ! rema9d] home4 ,i h beheld !m in/ruct+ _! "y ones1 h[ to hunt1 :i* !y w\ld sometimes discipl9e = n well obs]v+2 b1 :5 any ( ! old ones did 7z sometimes7 miss a leap1 !y w\ld run out ( ! field1 & hide !m 9 _! crannies1 z a%am'd1 & haply n be se5 abroad = f\r or five h\rs aft]2 = s long h ,i wat*$ ! nature ( ?is /range ,insect1 ! contemplation ( ^: s wond]full sagacity & address has amaz'd me2 nor d ,i f9d 9 any *ase :atsoev]1 m cunn+ & ,/ratagem obs]v'd3 ,i h f\nd "s ( ^! ,spid]s 9 my ,g>d51 :5 ! wea!r 7t[>ds ! ,spr+7 is v hot1 b !y are no?+ s eag] ( hunt+ z !y are 9 ,italy4 ,!re are multitudes ( o!r sorts ( ,spid]s1 ^: eyes1 & mo/ o!r p>ts & prop]ties1 are s exce$+ly diff]5t bo? f ^? ,i h describ'd1 & f "o ano!r1 t x w\ld be almo/ endless1 at lea/ too long = my pres5t ,essay1 to describe !m1 z "s ) six eyes1 plac'd 9 q ano!r ord]2 o!rs ) eight eyes2 o!rs ) few]1 & "s ) m4 ,!y all seem to be creatures ( prey1 & to fe$ on o!r small ,insects1 b _! ways ( cat*+ !m seem v diff]+3 ! ,%eph]d ,spid] by runn+ on 8 prey2 ! ,hunt+ ,spid] by leap+ on x1 o!r sorts weave ,nets1 or ,cobwebs1 :]eby !y ensn>e !m1 ,nature hav+ bo? fitt$ !m ) mat]ials & tools1 & taught !m h[ to "w & weave _! ,nets1 & to lie p]due1 & to wat* dilig5tly to run on any ,fly1 z soon z ev] entangl$4 ,_! ?read or web seems to be spun out ( "s visc\s k9d ( excrem5t1 ly+ 9 _! belly1 :i*1 ?\gh s(t :5 drawn out1 is1 pres5tly by reason ( its smallness1 h>dn$ & dri$ by ! ambi5t ,air4 ,exam9+ sev]al ( :i* ) my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd !m to appe> mu* l :ite ,hors-hair1 or "s su* transp>5t horny sub/ance1 & to be ( v diff]+ magnitudes2 "s appe>+ z bigg z a ,pigg's brisle1 o!rs equal to a ,horss-hair2 o!r no bigg] !n a man's hair2 o!rs yet small] & f9]4 ,i obs]v'd fur!r1 t ! radiat+ *ords ( ! web 7 mu* bigg]1 & smoo!r !n ^? t 7 wov5 r\nd1 :i* seem'd small]1 & all ov] knott$ or pe>l'd1 ) small transp>5t ,globules1 n unlike small ,cry/al ,beads or se$ ,pe>ls1 ?9 /rung on a ,clew ( ,silk2 :i*1 :e!r !y 7 s spun by ! ,spid]1 or by ! adv5titi\s moi/ure ( a fogg 7:i* ,i h obs]v'd to cov] all ^! filam5ts ) su* ,cry/all9e ,beads7 ,i w n n[ dispute4 ,^! ?reads 7 "s ( !m s small1 t ,i c\ld v pla9ly1 ) ! ,microscope1 discov] ! same consecutions ( col\rs z 9 a ,prisme1 & !y seem'd to proce$ f ! same cause ) ^? col\rs :i* ,i h already describ'd 9 ?9 plat$ bodies4 ,mu* resembl+ a ,cobweb1 or a confus'd lock ( ^! ,cyl9d]s1 is a c]ta9 :ite sub/ance :i*1 aft] a fogg1 may be obs]v'd to fly up & d[n ! ,air2 cat*+ sev]al ( ^!1 & exam9+ !m ) my ,microscope1 ,i f\nd !m to be mu* ( ! same =m1 look+ mo/ l to a flake ( ,wor/$ prep>'d to be spun1 ?\gh by :at means !y %\ld be g5]at$1 or produc'd1 is n easily imag9$3 !y 7 ( ! same weight1 or v little heavi] !n ! ,air2 & 'tis n unlikely1 b t ^? great :ite cl\ds1 t appe> all ! ,summ] "t1 may be ( ! same sub/ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,xlix4 ,( an ,ant or ,pismire4 ,?is 0 a creature1 m tr\blesome to be drawn1 !n any ( ! re/1 = ,i c\ld n1 = a good :ile1 ?9k ( a way to make x suff] its body to ly quiet 9 a natural po/ure2 b :il'/ x 0 alive1 if its feet 7 fett]'d 9 ,wax or ,glew1 x w\ld s twi/ & w9d its body1 t ,i c\ld n any wayes get a good view ( x2 & if ,i kill$ x1 its body 0 s little1 t ,i did (t5 spoil ! %ape ( x1 be=e ,i c\ld ?r\ghly view x3 = ?is is ! nature ( ^! m9ute ,bodies1 t z soon1 almo/1 z ev] _! life is de/roy'd1 _! p>ts imm$iately %rivel1 & lose _! beauty2 & s is x also ) small ,plants1 z ,i in/anc$ be=e1 9 ! description ( ,moss4 ,& !nce also is ! reason ( ! v>iations 9 ! be>ds ( wild ,oats1 & 9 ^? ( ,musk-grass se$1 t _! bodies1 be+ exce$+ small1 ^? small v>iations :i* are made 9 ! surfaces ( all bodies1 almo/ ^u e *ange ( ,air1 especially if ! body be por\s1 d "h become s5sible1 :]e ! :ole body is s small1 t x is almo/ no?+ b surface2 = z 9 vegetable sub/ances1 ,i see no great reason to ?9k1 t ! moi/ure ( ! ,aire 7t1 /ick+ to a wrea?'d be>d1 does make x untwi/7 %\ld evaporate1 or exhale away1 any fa/] !n ! moi/ure ( o!r bodies1 b r t ! avolation f1 or access ( moi/ure to1 ! surfaces ( bodies be+ mu* ! same1 ^? bodies become mo/ s5sible ( x1 :i* h ! lea/ proportion ( body to _! surface4 ,s is x also ) ,animal sub/ances2 ! dead body ( an ,ant1 or su* little creature1 does almo/ in/antly %rivel & dry1 & y\r object %all be q ano!r ?+1 be=e y c half del9eate x1 :i* proce$s n f ! extraord9>y exhalation1 b f ! small proportion ( body & juices1 to ! usual dry+ ( bodies 9 ! ,air1 especially if w>m4 ,= :i* inconv5i5ce1 :]e ,i c\ld n o!rwise remove x1 ,i ?\ght ( ?is exp$i5t4 ,i took ! creature1 ,i _h design'd to del9eate1 & put x into a drop ( v well rectifi$ _s ( ,w9e1 ?is ,i f\nd w\ld pres5tly dispat*1 z x 71 ! ,animal1 & be+ tak5 out ( x1 & lay'd on a pap]1 ! _s ( ,w9e w\ld imm$iately fly away1 & leave ! ,animal dry1 9 its natural po/ure1 or at lea/1 9 a con/itution1 t x might easily ) a p9 be plac'd1 9 :at po/ure y desir$ to draw x1 & ! limbs w\ld s rema91 )\t ei!r mov+1 or %rivel+4 ,& ?us ,i dealt ) ?is ,ant1 :i* ,i h "h del9eat$1 :i* 0 "o ( _m1 ( a v l>ge k9d1 t inhabit$ "u ! ,roots ( a ,tree1 f :5ce !y w\ld sally out 9 great p>ties1 & make mo/ griev\s havock ( ! ,fl[]s & ,fruits1 9 ! ambi5t ,g>d51 & return back aga9 v exp]tly1 by ! same wayes & pa?s !y w5t4 ,x 0 m !n half ! bigness ( an ,e>wig1 ( a d>k br[n1 or r$di% col\r1 ) long legs1 on ! h9d] ( :i* x w\ld /& up1 & raise its head z high z x c\ld above ! gr\nd1 t x might />e ! fur!r ab\t x1 j aft] ! same mann] z ,i h also obs]v'd a hunt+ ,spid] to d3 & putt+ my f+] t[>ds !m1 !y h at fir/ all run t[>ds x1 till almo/ at x2 & !n !y w\ld /& r\nd ab\t x1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 & smell1 z x 71 & consid] :e!r !y %\ld any ( !m v5ture any fur!r1 till "o m bold !n ! re/ v5tur+ to climb x1 all ! re/1 if ,i w\ld h suff]$ !m1 w\ld h imm$iately foll[$3 _m su* o!r seem+ly rational actions ,i h obs]v'd 9 ?is little ,v]m9e ) mu* pleasure1 :i* w\ld be too long to be "h relat$2 ^? t desire m ( !m may satisfie _! curiosity 9 ,ligons ,hi/ory ( ! ,b>badoes4 ,hav+ insn>'d sev]al ( ^! into a small ,box1 ,i made *oice ( ! talle/ gr[n among !m1 & sep>at+ x f ! re/1 ,i gave x a ,gill ( ,br&y1 or ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* aft] a :ile e'en knock'd him d[n dead drunk1 s t he became moveless1 ?\gh at fir/ putt+ 9 he /ruggl$ = a pretty :ile v mu*1 till at la/1 c]ta9 bubbles issu+ out ( its m\?1 x ceas$ to move2 ?is 7because ,i _h be=e f\nd !m quickly to recov] aga91 if !y 7 tak5 out pres5tly7 ,i suff]$ to lye above an h\r 9 ! ,_s2 & aft] ,i _h tak5 x out1 & put its body & legs into a natural po/ure1 rema9$ moveless ab\t an h\r2 b !n1 ^u a sudd51 z if x _h be5 awak5 out ( a drunk5 sleep1 x sudd5ly reviv'd & ran away2 be+ caught1 & s]v'd z be=e1 he = a :ile cont9u$ /ruggl+ & /riv+1 till at la/ !re issu$ sev]al bubbles out ( its m\?1 & !n1 tanquam animam expirasset1 he rema9$ moveless = a good :ile2 b at l5g? aga9 recov]+1 x 0 aga9 r$ipt1 & suff]$ to lye "s h\rs 9 ! ,_s2 not)/&+ :i*1 aft] x _h lay5 dry "s ?ree or f\r h\rs1 x aga9 recov]$ life & motion3 ,:i* k9d ( ,exp]im5ts1 if prosecut$1 :i* !y highly des]ve1 seem to me ( no inconsid]able use t[>ds ! inv5tion ( ! ,lat5t ,s*eme1 7z ! ,noble ,v]ulam calls x7 or ! hidd51 unkn[n ,texture ( ,bodies4 ,( :at ,figure ?is ,creature appe>'d ?r\gh ! ,microscope1 ! #cb4 ,s*eme 7?\gh n s c>efully grav5 z x ought7 w repres5t to ! eye1 namely1 ,t x _h a l>ge head ,,aa1 at ! upp] end ( :i* 7 two protub]ant eyes1 pe>l'd l ^? ( a ,fly1 b small] ,,bb2 out ( ! ,nose1 or =emo/ "p1 issu$ two horns ,,cc1 ( a %ape suffici5tly diff]+ f ^? ( a blew ,fly1 ?\gh inde$ !y seem to be bo? ! same k9d ( ,organ1 & to s]ve = a k9d ( smell+2 beyond ^! 7 two ind5t$ jaws ,,dd1 :i* he op5'd side-wayes1 & 0 able to gape !m asund] v wide2 & ! ends ( !m be+ arm$ ) tee?1 :i* meet+ w5t betwe5 ea* o!r1 x 0 able to grasp & hold a heavy body1 ?ree or f\r times ! bulk & weight ( its own body3 ,x _h only six legs1 %ap'd l ^? ( a ,fly1 :i*1 z ,i %ew$ be=e1 is an ,argum5t t x is a w+$ ,insect1 & ?\gh ,i c\ld n p]ceive any sign ( !m 9 ! middle "p ( its body 7:i* seem'd to consi/ ( ?ree jo9ts or pieces ,,efg1 out ( :i* sprung two legs71 yet 'tis kn[n t !re are ( !m t h long w+s1 & fly up & d[n 9 ! air4 ,! ?ird & la/ "p ( its body ,,iii 0 bigg] & l>g] !n ! o!r two1 unto :i* x 0 joyn'd by a v small middle1 & _h a k9d ( loose %ell1 or ano!r di/9ct "p ( its body ,h1 :i* seem'd to be int]pos'd1 & to keep ! ?orax & belly f t\*+4 ,! :ole body 0 cas'd ov] ) a v /rong arm\r1 & ! belly ,,iii 0 cov]$ likewise ) multitudes ( small :ite %9+ brisles2 ! legs1 horns1 head1 & middle p>ts ( its body 7 be/uck ) hairs also1 b small] & d>k]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,l4 ,( ! w&r+ ,mite4 ,9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #affa4 ,i obs]v'd 9 ,ox=d sev]al ( ^! little pretty ,creatures to w&] to & fro1 & (t5 to travel ov] ! pla9s ( my ,w9d[4 ,& 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #affc4 ,i obs]v'd likewise sev]al ( ^! v same ,creatures trav]s+ a w9d[ at ,london1 & look+ )\t ! w9d[ ^u ! subjac5t wall1 ,i f\nd :ole flocks ( ! same k9d runn+ to & fro among ! small groves & ?ickets ( gre5 moss1 & ^u ! curi\sly spread+ vegetable blew or yell[ moss1 :i* is a k9d ( a ,mu%rome or ,jews-e>4 ,^! ,creatures to ! nak$ eye seem$ to be a k9d ( black ,mite1 b mu* nimbl] & /rong] !n ! ord9>y ,*eese-,mites2 b exam9+ !m 9 a ,microscope1 ,i f\nd !m to be a v f9e cru/$ or %ell'd ,insect1 mu* l t repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! ?ree & ?irtie? ,s*eme1 ) a protub]ant oval %ell ,a1 ind5t$ or pitt$ ) an abundance ( small pits1 all cov]$ ov] ) little :ite brisles1 ^: po9ts all direct$ backw>ds4 ,x _h eight legs1 ea* ( !m provid$ ) a v %>p tallon1 or claw at ! end1 :i* ?is little ,animal1 9 its go+1 fa/n$ into ! pores ( ! body ov] :i* x w5t4 ,ea* ( ^! legs 7 be/uck 9 e joynt ( !m ) multitudes ( small hairs1 or 7if we respect ! proportion !y bore to ! bigness ( ! leg7 turnpikes1 all po9t+ t[>ds ! claws4 ,! ,?orax1 or middle p>ts ( ! body ( ?is ,creature1 0 exce$+ small1 9 respect bo? ( ! head & belly1 x be+ no?+ b t "p :i* 0 cov]$ by ! two %ells ,,bb1 ?\gh x seem'd to gr[ ?ick] und]nea?3 ,& inde$1 if we consid] ! great v>iety ,nature uses 9 proportion+ ! ?ree p>ts ( ! body1 7! ,head1 ,?orax1 & ,belly7 we %all n wond] at ! small proportion ( ?is ,?orax1 nor at ! va/] bulk ( ! belly1 = c\ld we exactly anatomise ?is little ,creature1 & obs]ve ! p>ticul> designs ( ea* "p1 we %\ld d\btless1 z we d 9 all h] m manageable & tractable fabricks1 f9d mu* m reason to admire ! excell5cy ( h] contrivance & workman%ip1 !n to wond]1 x 0 n made o!rwise4 ,! head ( ?is little ,insect 0 %ap'd some:at l a ,mite's1 t is1 x _h a long sn\t1 9 ! mann] ( a ,hogs1 ) a knobb$ ridge runn+ along ! middle ( x1 :i* 0 be/uck on ei!r side ) _m small brisles1 all po9t+ =w>d1 & two v l>ge pikes or horns1 :i* rose f ! top ( ! head1 j ov] ea* eye1 & po9t$ =w>d also4 ,x _h two pretty l>ge black eyes on ei!r side ( ! head ,,ee1 f "o ( :i* ,i c\ld see a v bright reflection ( ! w9d[1 :i* made me ghess1 t ! ,cornea ( x 0 smoo?1 l ^? ( bigg] ,insects4 ,its motion 0 pretty quick & /rong1 x be+ able v easily to tumble a /one or clod f\r times z big z its :ole body4 ,at ! same "t & place1 & div]s times s9ce1 ,i h obs]v$ ) my ,microscope1 ano!r little ,insect1 :i*1 ?\gh ,i h n annex$ ! picture (1 may be wor? not+1 = its exce$+ nimbl5ess z well z smalness2 x 0 z small z a ,mite1 ) a body deep & ridg$1 almo/ l a ,flea2 x _h eight blood-r$ legs1 n v long1 b sl5d]2 & two horns or feel]s be=e4 ,its motion 0 s exce$+ quick1 t ,i h (t5 lo/ sight ( "o ,i h obs]v$ ) my nak$ eye2 & ?\gh1 :5 x 0 n fright$1 ,i 0 able to foll[ ! motions ( "s ) my ,microscope2 yet if x 7 nev] s little />tl$1 x po/$ away ) su* spe$1 & turn'd & w9d$ x self s quick1 t ,i %\ld pres5tly lose sight ( x4 ,:5 ,i fir/ obs]v'd ! =m] ( ^! ,insects1 or ,mites1 ,i began to conjecture1 t c]ta9ly ,i _h f\nd out ! vagabond ,p>5ts ( ^? ,mites we f9d 9 ,*eeses1 ,meal1 ,corn1 ,se$s1 mu/y ,b>rels1 mu/y ,lea!r1 c4 ^! little ,creatures1 w&r+ to & fro e :i!r1 might p]haps1 z !y 7 invit$ hi!r & ?i!r by ! mu/y /eams ( sev]al putrify+ bodies1 make _! invasions ^u ^? new & pleas+ t]ritories1 & !re sp5d+ ! rema9d] ( _! life1 :i* might be p]haps a day1 or !reab\ts1 9 v pl5tiful & riot\s liv+1 might leave _! (fspr+ beh9d !m1 :i* by ! *ange ( ! soil & ,c\ntry !y n[ inhabite1 might be q alt]'d f ! hew ( _! primog5itors1 &1 l ,mores translat$ into ,nor!rn ,european ,climates1 aft] a little "t1 *ange bo? _! sk9 & %ape4 ,& ?is seems yet m probable 9 ^! ,insects1 because t ! soil or body !y inhabit1 seems to be almo/ half _! p>5t1 = x n only hat*es & br+s ^? little eggs1 or sem9al pr9ciples1 to p]fection1 b seems to augm5t & n\ri% !m also be=e !y are hat*'d or %ap$2 = x is obvi\s en\gh to be obs]v'd1 t ! eggs ( _m o!r ,insects1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,mites1 are increas'd 9 bulk aft] !y are laid out ( ! bodies ( ! ,insects1 & plump'd sometimes into _m times _! =m] bigness1 s t ! bodies !y are laid 9 be+1 z x 71 half _! mo!rs1 we %all n wond] t x %\ld h su* an active p[] to *ange _! =ms4 ,we f9d by relations h[ mu* ! ,negro ,wom5 d besme] ! (-spr+ ( ! ,spani>d1 br++ =? nei!r :ite-sk9n'd nor black1 b tawny hid$ ,mulattos4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i prop\nd ?is z probable1 ,i h n yet be5 s f>r c]tify'd by ,obs]vations z to conclude any ?+1 ei!r positively or negatively1 conc]n+ x4 ,p]haps1 "s m lucky dilig5ce may please ! curi\s ,inquir] ) ! discov]y ( ?is1 to be a tru?1 :i* ,i n[ conjecture1 & may !reby give him a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! cause ( ^? creatures1 ^: orig9al seems yet s obscure1 & may give him cause to believe1 t _m o!r animate be+s1 t seem also to be ! m]e product ( putrifaction1 may be innobl$ ) a ,p$igree z anti5t z ! fir/ creation1 & f>r exce$ ! greate/ be+s 9 _! num]\s ,g5ealogies4 ,b on ! o!r side1 if x %\ld be f\nd t ^!1 or any o!r animate body1 h no imm$iate simil> ,p>5t1 ,i h 9 ano!r place set d[n a conjectural ,hypo!sis :]eby ^? ,phnom5a may likely en\gh be solv'd1 :]e9 ! inf9ite wisdom & provid5ce ( ! ,creator is no less r>e & wond]full4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,li4 ,( ! ,crab-l ,insect4 ,read+ "o day 9 ,septemb4 ,i *anc$ to obs]ve a v smal creature creep ov] ! ,book ,i 0 read+1 v sl[ly2 hav+ a ,microscope by me1 ,i obs]v'd x to be a creature ( a v unusual =m1 & t n less notable2 su* z is describ'd 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #cc4 ,s*eme4 ,x 0 ab\t ! bigness ( a l>ge ,mite1 or some:at long]1 x _h t5 legs1 eight ( :i*1 ,,aaaa1 7 topt ) v %>p claws1 & 7 ^? ^u :i* he walk'd1 seem+ %ap'd mu* l ^? ( a ,crab1 :i* 9 _m o!r ?+s also ?is little creature resembl$2 = ! two o!r claws1 ,,bb1 :i* 7 ! =mo/ ( all ! t51 & seem'd to gr[ out ( 8 head1 l ! horns ( o!r ,animals1 7 exactly =m'd 9 ! mann] ( ,crabs or ,lob/]s claws1 = !y 7 %ap'd & jo9t$ mu* l ^? repres5t$ 9 ! ,s*eme & ! ends ( !m 7 furni%'d ) a pair ( claws or p9c]s1 ,,cc1 :i* ?is little animal did op5 & %ut at pleasure3 ,x seem'd to make use ( ^? two horns or claws bo? = feel]s & hold]s2 = 9 its motion x c>ri$ ^! al(t ext5d$ be=e1 mov+ !m to & fro1 j z a man bl9dfold$ w\ld d 8 h&s :5 he is fe>full ( runn+ aga9/ a wall1 & if ,i put a hair to x1 x w\ld readily take hold ( x ) ^! claws1 & seem to hold x fa/4 ,n[1 ?\gh ^! horns seem'd to s]ve him = two uses1 namely1 = feel+ & hold+2 yet he seem'd nei!r bl9d1 hav+ two small black spots1 ,,dd1 :i* by ! make ( !m1 & ! bright reflection f !m seem'd to be 8 eyes1 nor did x want o!r h&s1 hav+ ano!r pair ( claws1 ,,ee1 v ne] plac'd to its m\?1 & seem'd adjo9+ to x4 ,! :ole body 0 cas$ ov] ) arm\r-%ells1 z is usuall 9 all ^? k9ds ( cru/ace\s creatures1 especially ab\t _! bellies1 & seem'd ( ?ree k9ds1 ! head ,f seem'd cov]'d ) a k9d ( scaly %ell1 ! ?orax ) two smoo? %ells1 or ,r+s1 ,,gg1 & ! belly ) eight knobb'd ones4 ,i c\ld n c]ta9ly f9d :e!r x _h "u ^! la/ %ells any w+s1 b ,i suspect ! contr>y2 = ,i h n f\nd any w+'d ,insect ) eight leggs1 two ( ^? leggs be+ always conv]t$ into w+s1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 ^? t h b six1 h w+s4 ,?is creature1 ?\gh ,i c\ld nev] meet ) m !n "o ( !m1 & s c\ld n make s _m exam9ations ( x z o!rwise ,i w\ld1 ,i did not)/&+1 by reason ( ! great curiosity t appe>'d to me 9 its %ape1 del9eate x1 to %ew t1 9 all likelihood1 ,nature _h cr\d$ toge!r into ?is v m9ute ,insect1 z _m1 & z excell5t contrivances1 z into ! body ( a v l>ge ,crab1 :i* exce$s x 9 bulk1 p]haps1 "s ,millions ( times2 = z to all ! app>5t p>ts1 !re is a great] r !n a less multiplicity ( p>ts1 ea* legg has z _m p>ts1 & z _m jo9ts z a ,crabs1 nay1 & z _m hairs or brisles2 & ! l may be 9 all ! o!r visible p>ts2 & 'tis v likely1 t ! int]nal curiosities are n less excell5t3 ,x be+ a g5]al rule 9 ,nature's proce$+s1 t :]e %e beg9s to display any excell5cy1 if ! subject be fur!r se>*'d into1 x w manife/1 t !re is n less curiosity 9 ^? p>ts :i* our s+le eye _c rea*1 !n 9 ^? :i* are m obvi\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,lii4 ,( ! small ,silv]-col\r'd ,book-worm4 ,z among great] ,animals !re are _m t are scal$1 bo? = ornam5t & def5ce1 s are !re n want+ su* also among ! less] bodies ( ,insects1 :]e( ?is little creature gives u an ,in/ance4 ,x is a small :ite ,silv]-%9+ ,worm or ,mo?1 :i* ,i f\nd mu* conv]sant among ,books & ,pap]s1 & is suppos'd to be t :i* corrodes & eats holes ?r\gh ! leaves & cov]s2 x appe>s to ! nak$ eye1 a small glitt]+ ,pe>l-col\r'd ,mo?1 :i* ^u ! remov+ ( ,books & ,pap]s 9 ! ,summ]1 is (t5 obs]v'd v nimbly to scud1 & pack away to "s lurk+ cranney1 :]e x may ! bett] protect itself f any appe>+ dang]s4 ,its head appe>s bigg & blunt1 & its body tap]s f x t[>ds ! tail1 small] & small]1 be+ %ap'd almo/ l a ,c>ret4 ,?is ! ,microscopical appe>ance w m pla9ly manife/1 :i* exhibits1 9 ! ?ird ,figure ( ! #cc4 ,s*eme1 a conical body1 divid$ into f\rte5 sev]al p>titions1 be+ ! appe>ance ( s _m sev]al %els1 or %ields t cov] ! :ole body1 e ( ^! %ells are aga9 cov]'d or til$ ov] ) a multitude ( ?9 transp>5t scales1 :i*1 f ! multiplicity ( _! reflect+ surfaces1 make ! :ole ,animal appe> ( a p]fect ,pe>l-col\r4 ,:i*1 by ! way1 may h9t u ! reason ( t s mu* admir$ appe>ance ( ^? s highly e/eem'd bodies1 z also ( ! l 9 "m ( ,pe>l %ells1 & 9 multitudes ( o!r %elly ,sea-sub/ances2 = !y ea* ( !m consi/+ ( an inf9ite numb] ( v ?9 %ells or lam9at$ orbiculations1 cause su* multitudes ( reflections1 t ! compositions ( !m toge!r ) ! reflections ( o!rs t are s ?9 z to af=d col\rs 7( :i* ,i else:]e give ! reason7 gives a v pleasant reflection ( light4 ,& t ?is is ! true cause1 seems likely1 fir/1 because all ^? s appe>+ bodies are comp\nd$ ( multitudes ( plat$ sub/ances4 ,& next t1 by ord]+ any trasp>5t sub/ance aft] ?is mann]1 ! l ,phnom5a may be produc'd2 ?is w be made v obvi\s by ! bl[+ ( ,glass into exce$+ ?9 %ells1 & !n break+ !m into scales1 :i* any lamp-work] w pres5tly d2 = a good quantity ( ^! scales1 laid 9 a heap toge!r1 h mu* ! same resemblance ( ,pe>ls4 ,ano!r way1 n less in/ructive & pleasant1 is a way :i* ,i h sev]al times done1 :i* is by work+ & toss+1 z 'tw]e1 a p>cel ( pure cry/all9e glass :il/ x is kept gl[+ hot 9 ! bl[n flame ( a ,lamp1 =1 by t means1 t purely transp>5t body w be s divid$ into an inf9ite numb] ( plates1 or small /r+s1 ) int]pos'd a]ial plates & fibres1 t f ! multiplicity ( ! reflections f ea* ( ^? int]nal surfaces1 x may be drawn out into curi\s ,pe>l-l or ,silv] wire1 :i* ?\gh small1 w yet be opac\s2 ! same ?+ ,i h done ) a composition ( r$ ,colophon & ,turp5t9e1 & a little ,bee's ,wax1 & may be done likewise ) ,birdlime1 & su* l glut9\s & transp>5t bodies3 ,b to return to our description4 ,! small blunt head ( ?is ,insect 0 furni%'d on ei!r side ( x ) a clu/] ( eyes1 ea* ( :i* seem'd to conta9 b a v few1 9 comp>ison ( :at ,i _h obs]v'd ! clu/]s ( o!r ,insects to ab\nd )2 ea* ( ^! clu/]s 7 beset ) a r[ ( small brisles1 mu* l ! cilia or hairs on ! eye-lids1 &1 p]haps1 !y s]v'd = ! same purpose4 ,x _h two long horns be=e1 :i* 7 /reight1 & tap]+ t[>ds ! top1 curi\sly r+'d or knobb'd1 & brisl$ mu* l ! ,m>% ,we$1 call'd ,horse-tail1 or ,cats-tail1 hav+ at ea* knot a fr+'d ,girdle1 z ,i may s call x1 ( small] hairs1 & sev]al bigg] & l>g] brisles1 "h & !re disp]s'd among !m3 besides ^!1 x _h two %ort] horns1 or feel]s1 :i* 7 knott$ & fr+'d1 j z ! =m]1 b want$ brisles1 & 7 blunt at ! ends2 ! h9d] "p ( ! creature 0 t]m9at$ ) ?ree tails1 9 e p>ticul> resembl+ ! two long] horns t grew out ( ! head3 ,! leggs ( x 7 scal'd & hair'd mu* l ! re/1 b are n express'd 9 ?is ,figure1 ! ,mo? be+ intangl$ all 9 ,glew1 & s ! leggs ( ?is appe>'d n ?r\gh ! ,glass :i* look$ p]p5dicul>ly ^u ! back4 ,?is ,animal probably fe$s ^u ! ,pap] & cov]s ( ,books1 & p]=ates 9 !m sev]al small r\nd holes1 f9d+1 p]haps1 a conv5i5t n\ri%m5t 9 ^? husks ( ,hemp & ,flax1 :i* h pass'd ?r\gh s _m sc\r+s1 wa%+s1 dress+s & dry+s1 z ! p>ts ( old ,pap] mu/ necess>ily h suff]'d2 ! dige/ive faculty1 x seems1 ( ^! little creatures be+ able yet fur!r to "w ^u ^? /ubborn p>ts1 & r$uce !m into ano!r =m4 ,& inde$1 :5 ,i consid] :at a heap ( ,saw-du/ or *ips ?is little creature 7:i* is "o ( ! tee? ( ,"t7 conveys into its intrals1 ,i _c *use b rememb] & admire ! excell5t contrivance ( ,nature1 9 plac+ 9 ,animals su* a fire1 z is cont9ually n\ri%$ & supply'd by ! mat]ials convey'd into ! /oma*1 & fom5t$ by ! bell[s ( ! lungs2 & 9 s contriv+ ! mo/ admirable fabrick ( ,animals1 z to make ! v sp5d+ & wa/+ ( t fire1 to be in/rum5tal to ! procur+ & collect+ m mat]ials to augm5t & *]i% x self1 :i* inde$ seems to be ! pr9cipal end ( all ! contrivances obs]vable 9 bruit ,animals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,liii4 ,( a ,flea4 ,! /r5g? & beauty ( ?is small creature1 _h x no o!r relation at all to man1 w\ld des]ve a description4 ,= its /r5g?1 ! ,microscope is able to make no great] discov]ies ( x !n ! nak$ eye1 b onely ! curi\s contrivance ( its leggs & jo9ts1 = ! ex]t+ t /r5g?1 is v pla9ly manife/$1 su* z no o!r creature1 ,i h yet obs]v'd1 has any ?+ l x2 = ! jo9ts ( x are s adapt$1 t he c1 z 'tw]e1 fold !m %ort "o )9 ano!r1 & sudd5ly /ret*1 or spr+ !m out to _! :ole l5g?1 t is1 ( ! =e-leggs1 ! "p ,a1 ( ! #cd4 ,s*eme1 lies )9 ,b1 & ,b )9 ,c1 p>allel to1 or side by side ea* o!r2 b ! p>ts ( ! two next1 lie q contr>y1 t is1 ,d )\t ,e1 & ,e )\t ,f1 b p>allel also2 b ! p>ts ( ! h9d] leggs1 ,g1 ,h & ,i1 b5d "o )9 ano!r1 l ! p>ts ( a d\ble jo9t$ ,rul]1 or l ! foot1 legg & ?igh ( a man2 ^! six leggs he clit*es up altoge!r1 & :5 he leaps1 spr+s !m all out1 & !reby ex]ts 8 :ole /r5g? at once4 ,b1 z = ! beauty ( x1 ! ,microscope manife/s x to be all ov] adorn'd ) a curi\sly poli%'d suit ( sable ,arm\r1 neatly jo9t$1 & beset ) multitudes ( %>p p9ns1 %ap'd almo/ l ,porcup9e's ,quills1 or bright conical ,/eel-bodk9s2 ! head is on ei!r side beautify'd ) a quick & r\nd black eye ,k1 beh9d ea* ( :i* also appe>s a small cavity1 ,l1 9 :i* he seems to move to & fro a c]ta9 ?9 film beset ) _m small transp>5t hairs1 :i* probably may be 8 e>s2 9 ! =ep>t ( 8 head1 betwe5 ! two =e-leggs1 he has two small long jo9t$ feel]s1 or r smell]s1 ,,mm1 :i* h f\r jo9ts1 & are hairy1 l ^? ( sev]al o!r creatures2 betwe5 ^!1 x has a small proboscis1 or probe1 ,,nno1 t seems to consi/ ( a tube ,,nn1 & a tongue or suck] ,o1 :i* ,i h p]ceiv'd him to slip 9 & out4 ,besides ^!1 x has also two *aps or bit]s ,,pp1 :i* are some:at l ^? ( an ,ant1 b ,i c\ld n p]ceive !m too?'d2 ^! 7 %ap'd v l ! blades ( a pair ( r\nd top'd ,sciz]s1 & 7 op5$ & %ut j aft] ! same mann]2 ) ^! ,in/rum5ts does ?is little busie ,creature bite & pi]ce ! sk91 & suck out ! blood ( an ,animal1 leav+ ! sk9 inflam$ ) a small r\nd r$ spot4 ,^! p>ts are v difficult to be discov]$1 because1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y lye cov]$ betwe5 ! =e-legs4 ,!re are _m o!r p>ticul>s1 :i*1 be+ m obvi\s1 & af=d+ no great matt] ( in=mation1 ,i %all pass by1 & ref] ! ,read] to ! ,figure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,liv4 ,( a ,l\se4 ,?is is a ,creature s (fici\s1 t 'twill be kn[n to e "o at "o "t or o!r1 s busie1 & s impud5t1 t x w be intrud+ x self 9 e ones company1 & s pr\d & aspir+ )all1 t x fe>s n to trample on ! be/1 & affects no?+ s mu* z a ,cr[n2 fe$s & lives v high1 & t makes x s saucy1 z to pull any "o by ! e>s t comes 9 its way1 & w nev] be quiet till x has drawn blood3 x is tr\bl$ at no?+ s mu* z at a man t scrat*es 8 head1 z kn[+ t man is plott+ & contriv+ "s mis*ief aga9/ x1 & t makes x (t5time sculk into "s mean] & l[] place1 & run beh9d a mans back1 ?\gh x g v mu* aga9/ ! hair2 :i* ill conditions ( x hav+ made x bett] kn[n !n tru/$1 w\ld exempt me f mak+ any fur!r description ( x1 did n my fai?ful ,m]cury1 my ,microscope1 br+ me o!r in=mation ( x4 ,= ?is has discov]$ to me1 by means ( a v bright light ca/ on x1 t x is a ,creature ( a v odd %ape2 x has a head %ap'd l t expre/ 9 #ce4 ,s*eme m>k$ ) ,a1 :i* seems almo/ ,conical1 b is a little flatt$ on ! upp] & "u sides1 at ! bigge/ "p ( :i*1 on ei!r side beh9d ! head 7z x 71 be+ ! place :]e o!r ,creatures e>s /&7 are plac$ its two black %9+ goggle eyes ,,bb1 look+ backw>ds1 & f5c$ r\nd ) sev]al small cilia1 or hairs t incompass x1 s t x seems ?is ,creature has no v good =esight3 ,x does n seem to h any eye-lids1 & !re=e p]haps its eyes 7 s plac$1 t x might ! bett] cleanse !m ) its =e-legs2 & p]haps ?is may be ! reason1 :y !y s mu* avoid & run f ! light beh9d !m1 = be+ made to live 9 ! %ady & d>k recesses ( ! hair1 & !nce probably _! eye hav+ a great ap]ture1 ! op5 & cle> light1 especially t ( ! ,sun1 mu/ ne$s v mu* (f5d !m2 to secure ^! eyes f receiv+ any injury f ! hairs ?r\gh :i* x passes1 x has two horns t gr[ be=e x1 9 ! place :]e "o w\ld h ?\ght ! eyes %\ld be2 ea* ( ^! ,,cc ha? f\r joynts1 :i* are fr+$1 z 'tw]e1 ) small brisles1 f :i* to ! tip ( its sn\t ,d1 ! head seems v r\nd & tap]+1 end+ 9 a v %>p nose ,d1 :i* seems to h a small hole1 & to be ! passage ?r\gh :i* he sucks ! blood4 ,n[ :]eas if x be plac'd on its back1 ) its belly upw>ds1 z x is 9 ! #ce4 ,s*eme1 x seems 9 sev]al ,positions to h a resemblance ( *aps1 or jaws1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! ,figure by ,,ee1 yet 9 o!r po/ures ^? d>k /rokes disappe>2 & hav+ kept sev]al ( !m 9 a box = two or ?ree dayes1 s t = all t "t !y _h no?+ to fe$ on1 ,i f\nd1 ^u lett+ "o creep on my h&1 t x imm$iately fell to suck+1 & did nei!r seem to ?ru/ its nose v deep into ! sk91 nor to op5 any k9d ( m\?1 b ,i c\ld pla9ly p]ceive a small curr5t ( blood1 :i* came directly f its sn\t1 & pa/ into its belly2 & ab\t ,a !re seem'd a contrivance1 some:at resembl+ a ,pump1 pair ( ,bell[s1 or ,he>t1 = by a v swift sy/ole & dia/ole ! blood seem'd drawn f ! nose1 & =c$ into ! body4 ,x did n seem at all1 ?\gh ,i view$ x a good :ile z x 0 suck+1 to ?ru/ m ( its nose into ! sk9 !n ! v sn\t ,d1 nor did x cause ! lea/ disc]nable pa91 & yet ! blood seem'd to run ?r\gh its head v quick & freely1 s t x seems !re is no "p ( ! sk9 b ! blood is disp]s'd into1 nay1 ev5 into ! cuticula2 = _h x ?ru/ its :ole nose 9 f ,d to ,,cc1 x w\ld n h am\nt$ to ! suppos$ ?ickness ( t tegum5t1 ! l5g? ( ! nose be+ n m !n a ?ree hundr$? "p ( an in*4 ,x has six legs1 cov]$ ) a v transp>5t %ell1 & joynt$ exactly l a ,crab's1 or ,lob/]'s2 ea* leg is divid$ into six p>ts by ^! joynts1 & ^? h "h & !re sev]al small hairs2 & at ! end ( ea* leg x has two claws1 v prop]ly adapt$ = its peculi> use1 be+ !reby inabl$ to walk v securely bo? on ! sk9 & hair2 & inde$ ?is contrivance ( ! feet is v curi\s1 & c\ld n be made m commodi\sly & comp5di\sly1 = p]=m+ bo? ^! requisite motions1 ( walk+ & climb+ up ! hair ( a mans head1 !n x is3 =1 by hav+ ! less] claw 7a7 set s mu* %ort ( ! bigg] 7b7 :5 x walks on ! sk9 ! %ort] t\*es n1 & !n ! feet are ! same ) ^? ( a ,mite1 & sev]al o!r small ,insects1 b by means ( ! small joynts ( ! long] claw x c b5d x r\nd1 & s ) bo? claws take hold ( a hair1 9 ! mann] repres5t$ 9 ! ,figure1 ! long transp>5t ,cyl9d] ,,fff1 be+ a ,man's hair held by x4 ,! ,?orax seem'd cas'd ) ano!r k9d ( sub/ance !n ! belly1 namely1 ) a ?9 transp>5t horny sub/ance1 :i* ^u ! fa/+ ( ! ,creature did n gr[ flaccid2 ?r\gh ?is ,i c\ld pla9ly see ! blood1 suck'd f my h&1 to be v>i\sly di/ribut$1 & mov'd to & fro2 & ab\t ,g !re seem'd a pretty big :ite sub/ance1 :i* seem'd to be mov$ )9 its ?orax2 besides1 !re appe>'d v _m small milk-:ite vessels1 :i* cro/ ov] ! brea/ betwe5 ! legs1 out ( :i*1 on ei!r side1 7 _m small bran*+s1 ^! seem'd to be ! ve9s & art]ies1 = t :i* is analogus to blood 9 all ,insects is milk-:ite4 ,! belly is cov]$ ) a transp>5t sub/ance likewise1 b m resembl+ a sk9 !n a %ell1 = 'tis gra9'd all ov] ! belly j l ! sk9 9 ! palms ( a man's h&1 & :5 ! belly is empty1 gr[s v flaccid & wr9kl$2 at ! upp] end ( ?is is plac$ ! /oma* ,,hh1 & p]haps also ! :ite spot ,,ii may be ! liv] or pancreas1 :i*1 by ! p]i/alick motion ( ! guts1 is a little mov'd to & fro1 n ) a sy/ole & dia/ole1 b r ) a ?rong+ or ju/l+ motion4 ,view+ "o ( ^! ,creatures1 aft] x _h fa/$ two dayes1 all ! h9d] "p 0 lank & flaccid1 & ! :ite spot ,,ii h>dly mov'd1 mo/ ( ! :ite bran*+s disappe>'d1 & mo/ also ( ! r$ness or suck$ blood 9 ! guts1 ! p]i/altick motion ( :i* 0 sc>ce disc]nable2 b ^u ! suff]+ x to suck1 x pres5tly fill'd ! sk9 ( ! belly1 & ( ! six scolop'd embosm5ts on ei!r side1 z full z x c\ld be /uft1 ! /oma* & guts 7 z full z !y c\ld hold2 ! p]i/altick motion ( ! gut grew quick1 & ! ju/l+ motion ( ,,ii accord+ly2 multitudes ( milk-:ite vessels seem'd quickly fill$1 & turgid1 :i* 7 p]haps ! ve9s & art]ies & ! ,creature 0 s gre$y1 t ?\gh x c\ld n conta9 m1 yet x cont9u$ suck+ z fa/ z ev]1 & z fa/ empty+ x self beh9d3 ! dige/ion ( ?is ,creature mu/ ne$s be v quick1 = ?\gh ,i p]ceiv'd ! blood ?ick] & black] :5 suck'd1 yet1 :5 9 ! guts1 x 0 ( a v lovely ruby col\r1 & t "p ( x1 :i* 0 dige/$ into ! ve9s1 seem$ :ite2 :5ce x appe>s1 t a fur!r dige/ion ( blood may make x milk1 at lea/ ( a resembl+ col\r3 ,:at is else obs]vable 9 ! figure ( ?is ,creature1 may be se5 by ! #ce4 ,s*eme4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,lv4 ,( ,mites4 ,! lea/ ( ,reptiles ,i h hi!rto met )1 is a ,mite1 a ,creature :]e( !re are "s s v small1 t ! %>pe/ sight1 unassi/$ ) ,glasses1 is n able to disc]n !m1 ?\gh1 be+ :ite ( !mselves1 !y move on a black & smoo? surface2 & ! ,eggs1 out ( :i* ^! ,creatures seem to be hat*'d1 are yet small]1 ^? be+ usually n above a f\r or five hundr$? "p ( a well gr[n ,mite1 & ^? well gr[n ,mites n mu* above "o hundr$? ( an in* 9 ?ickness2 s t accord+ to ?is reckon+ !re may be no less !n a million ( well gr[n ,mites conta9'd 9 a cubick in*1 & five hundr$ times z _m ,eggs4 ,not)/&+ :i* m9ut5ess a good ,microscope discov]s ^? small movable specks to be v prettily %ap'd ,insects1 ea* ( !m furni%$ ) eight well %ap'd & proportion'd legs1 :i* are ea* ( !m joynt$ or b5dable 9 eight sev]al places1 or joynts1 ea* ( :i* is cov]$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) a v transp>5t %ell1 & ! l[] end ( ! %ell ( ea* joynt is fr+$ ) sev]al small hairs2 ! contrivance ( ! joynts seems ! v same ) t ( ,crabs & ,lob/]s legs1 & l ^? also1 !y are ea* ( !m t]m9at$ ) a v %>p claw or po9t2 f\r ( ^! legs are s plac$1 t !y seem to draw =w>ds1 ! o!r f\r are plac$ 9 a q contr>y position1 !reby to keep ! body backw>ds :5 !re is occasion4 #ae,! body1 z 9 o!r l>g] ,insects1 consi/s ( ?ree regions or p>ts2 ! h9d] or belly ,a1 seems cov]$ ) "o intire %ell1 ! middle1 or *e/1 seems divid$ into two %ells ,,bc4 :i* runn+ "o )9 ! o!r1 ! ,mite is able to %r9k 9 & ?ru/ out z x f9ds occasion1 z x c also ! sn\t ,d4 ,! :ole body is pretty transp>5t1 s t be+ look'd on aga9/ ! light1 div]s motions )9 its body may be p]ceiv$2 z also all ! p>ts are mu* m pla9ly del9eable1 !n 9 o!r po/ures1 to ! light4 ,! %ell1 especially t :i* cov]s ! back1 is curi\sly poli%t1 s t 'tis easie to see1 z 9 a convex ,look+-glass1 or foliat$ ,glass-ball1 ! picture ( all ! objects r\nd ab\t2 up & d[n1 9 sev]al p>ts ( its body1 x has sev]al small long :ite hairs gr[+ out ( its %ell1 :i* are (t5 long] !n ! :ole body1 & are repres5t$ too %ort 9 ! fir/ & second ,figures2 !y seem all pretty /raight & pliable1 save only two ^u ! =ep>t ( its body1 :i* seem to be ! horns1 z may be se5 9 ! ,figures2 ! fir/ :]e( is a prospect ( a small] sort ( ,mites 7:i* are usually m plump7 z x 0 passant to & fro2 ! second is ! prospect ( "o fixt on its tail 7by means ( a little m\?-glew rub'd on ! object plate7 exhibit+ ! mann] ( ! gr[+ ( ! legs1 toge!r ) _! sev]al joynts4 ,?is ,creature is v mu* div]sify'd 9 %ape1 col\r1 & div]s o!r prop]ties1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ance out ( :i* x seems to be +5dr$ & n\ri%$1 be+ 9 "o sub/ance m long1 9 ano!r m r\nd1 9 "s m hairy1 9 o!rs m smoo?1 9 ?is nimble1 9 t sl[1 "h pale & :it]1 !re br[n]1 black]1 m transp>5t1 c4 ,i h obs]v$ x to be resid5t almo/ on all k9ds ( sub/ances t are m\ldy1 or putrify+1 & h se5 x v nimbly me%+ ?r\gh ! ?ickets ( m\ld1 & sometimes to lye dormant und]nea? !m2 & 'tis n unlikely1 b t x may fe$ on t vegetat+ sub/ance1 spontane\s ,vegetables seem+ a food prop] en\gh = spontane\s ,animals1 ,b :e!r inde$ ?is ,creature1 or any o!r1 be su* or n1 ,i _c positively1 f any ,exp]im5t1 or ,obs]vation1 ,i h yet made1 det]m9e4 ,b1 z ,i =m]ly h9t$1 x seems probable1 t "s k9d ( w&r+ ,mite may s[1 z 'tw]e1 ! fir/ se$s1 or lay ! fir/ eggs1 9 ^? places1 :i* ,nature has in/ruct$ !m to "k conv5i5t = ! hat*+ & n\ri%+ _! "y2 & ?\gh p]haps ! prime ,p>5t might be ( a %ape v diff]+ f :at ! (fspr+1 aft] a little :ile1 by reason ( ! sub/ance !y fe$ on1 or ! ,region 7z 'tw]e7 !y inhabite2 yet p]haps ev5 "o ( ^! alt]'d prog5y1 w&]+ aga9 f its native soil1 & light+ on by *ance ! same place f :5ce its prime ,p>5t came1 & !re settl+1 & plant+1 may produce a g5]ation ( ,mites ( ! same %apes & prop]ties ) ! fir/ w&r+ ,mite3 ,& f "s su* accid5ts z ^!1 ,i am v apt to ?9k1 ! mo/ sorts ( ,animals1 g5]ally acc\nt$ spontane\s1 h _! orig9ation1 & all ^? v>i\s sorts ( ,mites1 t are to be met ) up & d[n 9 div]s putrify+ sub/ances1 may p]haps be all ( ! same k9d1 & h sprung f "o & ! same sort ( ,mites at ! fir/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,lvi4 ,( a small ,creature hat*'d on a ,v9e4 ,!re is1 almo/ all ! ,spr+ & ,summ] "t1 a c]ta9 small1 r\nd1 :ite ,cobweb1 z 'tw]e1 ab\t ! bigness ( a ,pea1 :i* /icks v close & fa/ to ! /ocks ( ,v9es nayl'd aga9/ a w>m wall3 be+ att5tively view$1 !y seem cov]'d1 ^u ! upp] side ( !m1 ) a small husk1 n unlike ! scale1 or %ell ( a ,wood-l\se1 or ,hog-l\se1 a small ,insect usually f\nd ab\t rott5 wood1 :i* ^u t\*+ pres5tly r\ls x self into ! =m ( a pepp]corn3 ,sep>at+ sev]al ( ^! f ! /ock1 ,i f\nd !m1 ) my ,microscope1 to consi/ ( a %ell1 :i* n[ seem$ m likely to be ! husk ( "o ( ^! ,insects3 ,& ! fur seem'd a k9d ( cobweb1 consi/+ ( abundance ( small filam5ts1 or sleaves ( cobwebs4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is1 if !y 7 n hat*'d1 & run away be=e1 ! "t ( :i* hat*+ 0 usually ab\t ! latt] end ( ,june1 or beg9n+ ( ,july1 ,i h (t5 f\nd abundance ( small br[n ,eggs1 su* z ,a & ,b 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #cf4 ,s*eme1 mu* ab\t ! bigness ( ,mites ,eggs2 & at o!r times1 multitudes ( small ,insects1 %ap$ exactly l t 9 ! ?ird ,figure m>k$ ) ,x4 ,its head l>ge1 almo/ half ! bigness ( its body1 :i* is usual 9 ! ftus ( mo/ ,creatures4 ,x _h two small black eyes aa1 & two small long joynt$ & brisl$ horns bb4 ,! h9d] "p ( its body seem'd to consi/ ( n9e scales1 & ! la/ end$ 9 a =k$ tayl1 mu* l t ( a ,cutio1 or ,wood-l\se1 out ( :i* grew two long hairs2 !y ran to & fro v swiftly1 & 7 mu* ( ! bigness ( a common ,mite1 b "s ( !m less3 ,! longe/ ( !m seem'd n ! hundr$? "p ( an in*1 & ! ,eggs usually n above half z mu*4 ,!y seem$ to h six legs1 :i* 7 n visible 9 ?is ,i h "h del9eat$1 by reason !y 7 drawn "u its body4 ,if ^! ,m9ute creatures 7 ,wood-lice 7z inde$ f _! own %ape & f ! frame1 ! sk91 or %ell1 t gr[s on !m1 "o may ) great probability ghess7 x af=ds u an ,in/ance1 :]e( p]haps !re are n _m l 9 ,nature1 & t is1 ( ! prodigi\s increase ( ^! ,creatures1 aft] !y are hat*'d & run ab\t2 = a common ,wood-l\se1 ( ab\t half an in* long1 is no less !n a hundr$ & tw5ty five ?\s& times bigg] !n "o ( ^!1 :i* ?\gh inde$ x seems v /range1 yet ,i h obs]v$ ! "y ones ( "s ,spid]s h almo/ kept ! same proportion to _! ,dam4 ,?is1 me?9ks1 if x be s1 does 9 ! next place h9t a ,qury1 :i* may p]haps des]ve a little fur!r exam9ation3 ,& t is1 ,:e!r !re be n _m ( ^? m9ute ,creatures1 su* z ,mites1 & ! l1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are commonly ?\ght ( o!rwise1 are only ! pully1 or "y ones1 ( mu* bigg] ,insects1 & n ! g5]at+1 or p>5t ,insect1 t has layd ^? ,eggs2 = hav+ _m times obs]v'd ^? ,eggs1 :i* usually are f\nd 9 great abundance :]e ,mites are f\nd1 x seems some?+ /range1 t s small an ,animal %\ld h an ,egg s big 9 proportion to its body4 ,?\gh on ! o!r side1 ,i mu/ confess1 t hav+ kept div]s ( ^? ,mites inclos$ 9 a box = a good :ile1 ,i did n f9d !m v mu* augm5t$ beyond _! usual bigness4 ,:at ! husk & cobweb ( ?is little :ite sub/ance %\ld be1 ,i _c imag9e1 unless x be1 t ! old "o1 :5 impregnat$ ) ,eggs1 %\ld !re /ay1 & fix x self on ! ,v9e1 & dye1 & all ! body by degrees %\ld rot1 save only ! husk1 & ! ,eggs 9 ! body3 ,& ! heat1 or fire1 z x 71 ( ! approa*+ ,sun-beams %\ld vivifie ^? ,relicts ( ! corrupt$ ,p>5t1 & out ( ! a%es1 z 'tw]e1 7z x is fabl$ ( ! ,phnix7 %\ld raise a new (fspr+ = ! p]petuation ( ! ,species4 ,nor w ! cobweb1 z x 71 9 :i* ^! ,eggs are inclos'd1 make mu* aga9/ ?is ,conjecture2 = we may1 by ^? cobwebs t are c>ri$ up & d[n ! ,air aft] a ,fog 7:i* ) my ,microscope ,i h discov]$ to be made up ( an inf9ite company ( small filam5ts or ?reads7 le>n1 t su* a texture ( body may be o!rwise made !n by ! sp9n+ ( a ,worm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,lvii4 ,( ! ,eels 9 ,v9eg>4 ,( ^! small ,eels1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 div]s sorts ( ,v9eg>1 ,i h little to add besides _! ,picture1 :i* y may f9d drawn 9 ! ?ird ,figure ( ! #be4 ,s*eme3 ,t is1 !y 7 %ap$ mu* l an ,eel1 save only t _! nose ,a1 7:i* 0 a little m opac\s !n ! re/ ( _! body7 0 a little %>p]1 & long]1 9 proportion to _! body1 & ! wrigl+ motion ( _! body seem'd to be onely upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 :]eas t ( ,eels is onely side-wayes3 ,!y seem'd to h a m opac\s "p ab\t ,b1 :i* might1 p]haps1 be _! ,gills2 x seem+ always ! same proportionate di/ant f _! nose1 f :i*1 to ! tip ( _! tail1 ,c1 _! body seem'd to tap]4 ,tak+ sev]al ( ^! out ( _! ,pond ( ,v9eg>1 by ! net ( a small piece ( filtr+ ,pap]1 & lay+ !m on a black smoo? ,glass plate1 ,i f\nd t !y c\ld wriggle & w9de _! body1 z mu* almo/ z a ,snake1 :i* made me d\bt1 :e!r !y 7 a k9d ( ,eal or ,lee*4 ,i %all add no o!r obs]vations made on ?is m9ute ,animal1 be+ prev5t$ h]e9 by _m excell5t ones already publi%'d by ! +5i\s1 ,doctor ,p[]1 among 8 ,microscopical ,obs]vations1 save onely t a quantity ( ,v9eg> repleat ) !m be+ includ$ 9 a small ,viol1 & /op'd v close f ! ambi5t air1 all ! includ$ ,worms 9 a v %ort "t di$1 z if !y _h be5 /ifl$4 ,& t _! motion seems 7contr>y to :at we may obs]ve 9 ! motion ( all o!r ,infects7 exce$+ sl[4 ,b ! reason ( x seems pla91 = be+ to move to & fro aft] t mann] :i* !y d1 by wav+ onely1 or wrigl+ _! body2 ! t5acity1 or glut9\sness1 & ! d5sity or resi/ance ( ! fluid m$ium becomes s exce$+ s5sible to _! extremely m9ute bodies1 t x is to me inde$ a great] wond] t !y move !m s fa/ z !y d1 !n t !y move !m no fa/]4 ,= :at a va/ly great] proportion h !y ( _! sup]ficies to _! bulk1 !n ,eels or o!r l>g] ,fi%es1 & next1 ! t5acity & d5sity ( ! liquor be+ mu* ! same to be mov$1 bo? by ! "o & ! o!r1 ! resi/ance or imp$im5t !nce aris+ to ! motions made ?r\gh x1 mu/ be almo/ inf9itely great] to ! small "o !n to ! great4 ,?is we f9d exp]im5tally v]ify'd 9 ! ,air1 :i* ?\gh a m$ium a ?\s& times m r>ify'd !n ! wat]1 ! resi/ance ( x to motions made ?r\gh x1 is yet s s5sible to v m9ute bodies1 t a ,d[n-fea!r 7! lea/ ( ^: p>ts seem yet bigg] !n ^! ,eels1 & _m ( !m almo/ incomp>ably bigg]1 su* z ! quill & /alk7 is susp5d$ by x1 & c>ri$ to & fro z if x _h no weight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,lviii4 ,( a new ,prop]ty 9 ! ,air1 & sev]al o!r transp>5t ,m$iums nam'd ,inflection1 :]eby v _m consid]able ,phnom5a are attempt$ to be solv'd1 & div]s o!r uses are h9t$4 ,s9ce ! ,inv5tion 7& p]fect+ 9 "s measure7 ( ,telescopes1 x has be5 obs]v'd by sev]al1 t ! ,sun & ,moon ne] ! ,horizon1 are disfigur'd 7los+ t exactly-smoo? t]m9at+ circul> limb1 :i* !y are obs]v'd to h :5 situat$ ne]] ! ,z5i?7 & are b\nd$ ) an edge e way 7especially ^u ! "r & left sides7 ragg$ & ind5t$ l a ,saw3 :i* inequality ( _! limbs1 ,i h fur!r obs]v'd1 n to rema9 always ! same1 b to be cont9ually *ang'd by a k9d ( fluctuat+ motion1 n unlike t ( ! waves ( ! ,sea1 s z t "p ( ! limb1 :i* 0 b ev5 n[ nick'd or ind5t$ 91 is n[ protub]ant1 & w pres5tly be s9k+ aga92 nei!r is ?is all b ! :ole body ( ! ,lum9>ies1 d 9 ! ,telescope1 seem to be depress'd & flatt$1 ! upp]1 & m especially ! "u side appe>+ ne]] to ! middle !n really !y are1 & ! "r & left appe>+ m remote3 :5ce ! :ole ,area seems to be t]m9at$ by a k9d ( ,oval4 ,x is fur!r obs]v'd1 t ! body1 = ! mo/ "p1 appe>s r$1 or ( "s col\r approa*+ ne] unto x1 z "s k9d ( yell[2 & ?is ,i h always m>k'd1 t ! m ! limb is flatt$ or ovall$1 ! m r$ does ! body appe>1 ?\gh n always ! contr>y4 ,x is fur!r obs]vable1 t bo? fix'd ,/>s & ,planets1 ! ne]] !y appe> to ! ,horizon1 ! m r$ & dull !y look1 & ! m !y are obs]v'd to tw9kle2 9 s mu*1 t ,i h se5 ! ,dog-/>r to vibrate s /rong & bright a radiation ( light1 z almo/ to dazle my eyes1 & pres5tly1 almo/ to disappe>4 ,x is also obs]vable1 t ^? bright sc9tillations ne] ! ,horizon1 are n by mu* s quick & sudd5 9 _! consecutions ( "o ano!r1 z ! nimbl] tw9kl+s ( ,/>s ne]] ! ,z5i?4 ,?is is also notable1 t ! ,/>rs ne] ! ,horizon1 are tw9kl$ ) sev]al col\rs2 s z sometimes to appe> r$1 sometimes m yell[1 & sometimes blue1 & ?is :5 ! ,/>r is a pretty way elevat$ above ! ,horizon4 ,i h fur!r1 v (t5 se5 "s ( ! small ,/>rs ( ! fif? or six? magnitude1 at c]ta9 times to disappe> = a small mom5t ( "t1 & aga9 appe> m conspicu\s1 & ) a great] lu/]4 ,i h sev]al times1 ) my nak$ eye1 se5 _m small] ,/>rs1 su* z may be call'd ( ! sev5? or eigh? magnitude to appe> = a %ort space1 & !n vani%1 :i*1 by direct+ a small ,telescope t[>ds t "p !y appe>'d & disappe>'d 92 ,i c\ld pres5tly f9d to be inde$ small ,/>rs s situate1 z ,i _h se5 !m ) my nak$ eye1 & to appe> tw9kl+ l ! ord9>y visible ,/>s2 nay1 9 exam9+ "s v notable p>ts ( ! ,heav51 ) a ?ree foot ,tube1 me ?\ght ,i n[ & !n1 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! con/ellation1 c\ld p]ceive little tw9kl+s ( ,/>rs1 mak+ a v %ort k9d ( app>ition1 & pres5tly vani%+1 b not+ dilig5tly ! places :]e !y ?us seem'd to play at boe-peep1 ,i made use ( a v good twelve foot ,tube1 & ) t x 0 n uneasie to see ^?1 & sev]al o!r degrees ( small] ,/>rs1 & "s small] yet1 t seem'd aga9 to appe> & disappe>1 & ^! also by giv+ ! same ,object-glass a mu* bigg] ap]ture1 ,i c\ld pla9ly & con/antly see appe> 9 _! =m] places2 s t ,i h obs]v'd "s twelve sev]al magnitudes ( ,/>rs less !n ^? ( ! six magnitudes commonly rec\nt$ 9 ! ,globes4 ,x has be5 obs]v'd & confirm'd by ! accurate/ ,obs]vations ( ! be/ ( our mod]n ,a/ronom]s1 t all ! ,lum9\s bodies appe> above ! ,horizon1 :5 !y really are bel[ x4 ,s t ! ,sun & ,moon h bo? be5 se5 above ! ,horizon1 :il'/ ! ,moon has be5 9 an ,eclipse4 ,i %all n "h in/ance 9 ! great refractions1 t ! tops ( high m\nta9s1 se5 at a di/ance1 h be5 f\nd to h2 all :i* seem to argue ! ,horizontal refraction1 mu* great] !n x is hi!rto g5]ally believ'd4 ,i h fur!r tak5 notice1 t n onely ! ,sun1 ,moon & ,/>rs1 & high tops ( m\nta9s h suff]'d ^! k9ds ( refraction1 b ,trees1 & sev]al bright ,objects on ! gr\nd3 ,i h (t5 tak5 notice ( ! tw9kl+ ( ! reflections ( ! ,sun f a ,glass-w9d[ at a good di/ance1 & ( a ,c&le 9 ! night1 b t is n s conspicu\s1 & 9 obs]v+ ! sett+ ,sun1 ,i h (t5 tak5 notice ( ! tremulation ( ! ,trees & ,bu%es1 z well z ( ! edges ( ! ,sun4 ,div]s ( ^! ,phnom5a h be5 tak5 notice ( by sev]al1 :o h giv5 sev]al reasons ( !m1 b ,i h n yet met ) any altoge!r satisfactory1 ?\gh "s ( _! conjectures h be5 p>tly true1 b p>tly also false4 ,sett+ my self !r=e ^u ! inquiry ( ^! ,phnom5a1 ,i fir/ endeav\r'd to be v dilig5t 9 tak+ notice ( ! sev]al p>ticul>s & circum/ances obs]vable 9 !m2 & next1 9 mak+ div]s p>ticul> ,exp]im5ts1 t might cle] "s d\bts1 & s]ve to det]m9e1 confirm1 & illu/rate ! true & adquate cause ( ea*2 & ^u ! :ole1 ,i f9d mu* reason to ?9k1 t ! true cause ( all ^! ,phnom5a is f ! inflection1 or multiplicate refraction ( ^? ,rays ( light )9 ! body ( ! ,atmosph]e1 & t x does n proce$ f a refraction caus'd by any t]m9at+ sup]ficies ( ! ,air above1 nor f any su* exactly def9'd sup]ficies )9 ! body ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,?is ,conclusion is gr\nd$ ^u ^! two ,propositions3 ,fir/1 t a m$ium1 ^: p>ts are unequally d5se1 & mov'd by v>i\s motions & transpositions z to "o ano!r1 w produce all ^! visible effects ^u ! ,rays ( light1 )\t any o!r coeffici5t cause4 ,secondly1 t !re is 9 ! ,air or ,atmosph]e su* a v>iety 9 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( x1 bo? z to _! d5sity & r>ity1 & z to _! div]s mutations & positions "o to ano!r4 ,by ,d5sity & ,r>ity1 ,i und]/& a prop]ty ( a transp>5t body1 t does ei!r m or less refract a ,ray ( light 7com+ obliquely ^u its sup]ficies out ( a ?ird m$ium7 t[>d its p]p5dicul>3 ,z ,i call ,glass a m d5se body !n ,wat]1 & ,wat] a m r>e body !n ,glass1 because ( ! refractions 7m or less deflect+ t[>ds ! p]p5dicul>7 t are made 9 !m1 ( a ,ray ( light out ( ! ,air t has ! same incl9ation ^u ei!r ( _! sup]ficies4 ,s z to ! bus9ess ( ,refraction1 _s ( ,w9e is a m d5se body !n ,wat]1 x hav+ be5 f\nd by an accurate ,in/rum5t t measures ! angles ( ,refractions to ,m9utes t = ! same refract$ angle ( #cj4jj4 9 bo? ^? ,m$iums1 ! angle ( incid5ce 9 ,wat] 0 b #da4ce4 b ! angle ( ! incid5ce 9 ! trial ) _s ( ,w9e 0 #db4de4 ,b z to gravity1 ,wat] is a m d5se body !n _s ( ,w9e1 = ! proportion ( ! same ,wat]1 to ! same v well rectify'd _s ( ,w9e 01 z #ba4 to #ai4 ,s z to ,refraction1 ,wat] is m ,d5se !n ,ice2 = ,i h f\nd by a mo/ c]ta9 ,exp]im5t1 :i* ,i exhibit$ be=e div]s illu/ri\s ,p]sons ( ! ,royal ,society1 t ! ,refraction ( ,wat] 0 great] !n t ( ,ice1 ?\gh "s consid]able ,au?ors h affirm'd ! contr>y1 & ?\gh ! ,ice be a v h>d1 & ! ,wat] a v fluid body4 ,t ! =m] ( ! two prec$+ ,propositions is true1 may be manife/$ by sev]al ,exp]im5ts2 ,z fir/1 if y take any two liquors diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 d5sity1 b yet su* z w readily mix3 z ,salt ,wat]1 or ,br9e1 ,fre%2 almo/ any k9d ( ,salt dissolv'd 9 ,wat]1 & filtrat$1 s t x be cle]1 _s ( ,w9e & ,wat]2 nay1 _s ( ,w9e1 & _s ( ,w9e1 "o m highly rectify'd !n ! o!r1 & v _m o!r liquors2 if 7,i say7 y take any two ( ^! liquors1 & mix+ !m 9 a ,glass ,viol1 aga9/ "o side ( :i* y h fix'd or glu$ a small r\nd piece ( ,pap]1 & %ak+ !m well toge!r 7s t ! p>ts ( !m may be some:at di/urb'd & move up & d[n7 y endeav\r to see t r\nd piece ( ,pap] ?r\gh ! body ( ! liquors1 y %all pla9ly p]ceive ! ,figure to wave1 & to be ind5t$ mu* aft] ! same mann] z ! limb ( ! ,sun ?r\gh a ,telescope seems to be1 save onely t ! mutations "h1 are mu* quick]4 ,& if1 9 /e$ ( ?is bigg] ,circle1 y take a v small spot1 & fa/5 & view x z ! =m]1 y w f9d x to appe> mu* l ! tw9kl+ ( ! ,/>rs1 ?\gh mu* quick]3 :i* two ,phnom5a1 7= ,i %all take notice ( no m at pres5t1 ?\gh ,i c\ld in/ance 9 multitudes ( o!rs7 mu/ necess>ily be caus'd by an inflection ( ! ,rays )9 ! t]m9at+ sup]ficies ( ! comp\nd$ m$ium1 s9ce ! surfaces ( ! transp>5t body ?r\gh :i* ! ,rays pass to ! eye1 are n at all alt]$ or *ang'd4 ,?is inflection 7if ,i may s call x7 ,i imag9e to be no?+ else1 b a multiplicate refraction1 caus$ by ! unequal d5sity ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! m$ium1 :]eby ! motion1 action or progress ( ! ,ray ( light is h9dr$ f proce$+ 9 a /reight l9e1 & inflect$ or deflect$ by a curve4 ,n[1 t x is a curve l9e is manife/ by ?is ,exp]im5t3 ,i took a ,box1 su* z ,,adge1 9 ! fir/ ,figure ( ! #cg4 ,s*eme1 ^: sides ,,abcd1 & ,,efgh1 7 made ( two smoo? flat plates ( ,glass1 !n fill+ x half full ) a v /rong solution ( ,salt1 ,i fill$ ! o!r half ) v fair fre% wat]1 !n expos+ ! opac\s side1 ,,dhgc1 to ! ,sun1 ,i obs]v'd bo? ! refraction & inflection ( ! ,sun beams1 ,,id ,,kh1 & m>k+ z exactly z ,i c\ld1 ! po9ts1 ,p1 ,n1 ,o1 ,m1 by :i* ! ,ray1 ,,kh1 pass$ ?r\gh ! comp\nd$ m$ium1 ,i f\nd !m to be 9 a curve l9e2 = ! p>ts ( ! m$ium be+ cont9ually m d5se ! ne]] !y 7 to ! bottom1 ! ,ray pf 0 cont9ually m & m deflect$ d[nw>ds f ! /reight l9e4 ,?is ,inflection may be me*anically expla9$1 ei!r by ,monsieur ,des ,c>tes pr9ciples by conceiv+ ! ,globuls ( ! ?ird ,elem5t to f9d less & less resi/ance aga9/ t side ( !m :i* is d[nw>ds1 or by a way1 :i* ,i h fur!r explicat$ 9 ! ,inquisition ab\t ,col\rs1 to be f an obliquation ( ! pulse ( light1 :5ce ! "u "p is cont9ually promot$1 & consequ5tly refract$ t[>ds ! p]p5dicul>1 :i* cuts ! ,orbs at "r angles4 ,:at ! p>ticul> ,figure ( ! ,curve l9e1 describ'd by ?is way ( light1 is1 ,i %all n n[ /& to exam9e1 especially s9ce !re may be s _m sorts ( x z !re may be v>ieties ( ! ,positions ( ! int]m$iate degrees ( d5sity & r>ity betwe5 ! bottom & ! top ( ! inflect+ ,m$ium4 ,i c\ld produce _m m ,examples & ,exp]im5ts1 to illu/rate & prove ?is fir/ ,proposition1 viz4 t !re is su* a con/itution ( "s bodies z w cause inflection4 ,z n to m5tion ^? ,i h obs]v'd 9 ,horn1 ,tortoise-,%ell1 transp>5t ,gums1 & res9\s ,sub/ances3 ,! ve9s ( ,glass1 nay1 ( melt$ ,cry/al1 f\nd1 & mu* compla9$ ( by ,glass-gr9d]s1 & o!rs1 might suffici5tly demon/rate ! tru? ( x to any dilig5t ,obs]vator4 ,b t1 ,i presume1 ,i h by ?is ,example giv5 pro( suffici5t 7viz4 ocul> demon/ration7 to ev9ce1 t !re is su* a modulation1 or b5d+ ( ! rayes ( light1 z ,i h call'd inflection1 diff]+ bo? f reflection1 & refraction 7s9ce !y are bo? made 9 ! sup]ficies1 ?is only 9 ! middle72 & likewise1 t ?is is able or suffici5t to produce ! effects ,i h ascrib$ to x4 ,x rema9s !re=e to %ew1 t !re is su* a prop]ty 9 ! ,air1 & t x is suffici5t to produce all ! above m5tion$ ,phnom5a1 & !re=e may be ! pr9cipal1 if n ! only cause ( !m4 ,fir/1 ,t !re is su* a prop]ty1 may be prov$ f ?is1 t ! p>ts ( ! ,air are "s ( !m m cond5s'd1 o!rs m r>ifi$1 ei!r by ! diff]+ heat1 or diff]+ pressure x su/a9s1 or by ! some:at het]og5e\s vap\rs int]sp]s'd ?r\gh x4 ,= z ! ,air is m or less r>ifi$1 s does x m or less refract a ray ( light 7t comes out ( a d5s] m$ium7 f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,?is y may f9d true1 if y make tryal ( ?is ,exp]im5t4 ,take a small ,glass-bubble1 made 9 ! =m ( t 9 ! second ,figure ( ! #cg4 ,s*eme1 & by heat+ ! ,glass v hot1 & !reby v mu* r>ify+ ! includ$ ,air1 or1 :i* is bett]1 by r>ify+ a small quantity ( wat]1 includ$ 9 x1 into vap\rs1 :i* w expel ! mo/ "p1 if n all ! ,air1 & !n seal+ up ! small neck ( x1 & lett+ x cool1 y may f9d1 if y place x 9 a conv5i5t ,in/rum5t1 t !re w be a manife/ diff]5ce1 z to ! refraction4 ,z if 9 ?is second ,figure y suppose ,a to repres5t a small sight or hole1 ?r\gh :i* ! eye looks ^u an object1 z ,c1 ?r\gh ! ,glass-bubble ,b1 & ! second sight ,l2 all :i* rema9 exactly fixt 9 _! sev]al places1 ! object ,c be+ s ciz$ & plac$1 t x may j seem to t\* ! upp] & "u edge ( ! hole ,l3 & s all ( x be se5 ?r\gh ! small ,glass-ball ( r>ifi$ ,air2 !n by break+ (f ! small seal'd neck ( ! ,bubble 7)\t at all /irr+ ! sights1 object1 or glass7 & admitt+ ! ext]nal ,air1 y w f9d y\r self unable to see ! utmo/ ends ( ! object2 b ! t]m9at+ rayes ,,ae & ,,ad 7:i* 7 be=e refract$ to ,g & ,f by ! r>ifi$ ,air7 w proce$ almo/ directly to ,i & ,h2 :i* alt]ation ( ! rayes 7see+ !re is no o!r alt]ation made 9 ! ,organ by :i* ! ,exp]im5t is try$1 save only ! admission1 or exclusion ( ! cond5s'd ,air7 mu/ necess>ily be caus$ by ! v>iation ( ! m$ium conta9'd 9 ! ,glass ,b2 ! greate/ difficulty 9 ! mak+ ( :i* ,exp]im5t1 is f ! unev5 surfaces ( ! bubble1 :i* w repres5t an unev5 image ( ! object4 ,n[1 t !re is su* a diff]5ce ( ! upp] & "u p>ts ( ! ,air is cle> en\gh ev9c'd f ! late improvem5t ( ! ,torricellian ,exp]im5t1 :i* has be5 try$ at ! tops & feet ( ,m\nta9s2 & may be fur!r illu/rat$1 & inquir$ into1 by a means1 :i* "s :iles s9ce ,i ?\ght (1 & u'd1 = ! f9d+ by :at degrees ! ,air passes f su* a degree ( ,d5sity to su* a degree ( ,r>ity4 ,& ano!r1 = ! f9d+ :at pressure 0 requisite to make x pass f su* a degree ( ,r>efaction to a det]m9ate ,d5sity3 ,:i* ,exp]im5ts1 because !y may be useful to illu/rate ! pres5t ,inquiry1 ,i %all briefly describe4 #af ,i took !n a small ,glass-pipe ,,ab1 ab\t ! bigness ( a ,swans quill1 & ab\t f\r foot long1 :i* 0 v equally drawn1 s t1 z f> z ,i c\ld p]ceive1 no "o "p 0 bigg] !n ano!r3 ,?is ,tube 7be+ op5 at bo? ends7 ,i fitt$ into ano!r small ,tube ,,de1 t _h a small bore j big en\gh to conta9 ! small ,pipe1 & ?is 0 seal'd up at "o1 & op5 at ! o!r1 end2 ab\t :i* op5 end ,i fa/n$ a small wood5 box ,c ) cem5t1 s t fill+ ! bigg] ,tube1 & "p ( ! box1 ) ,quicksilv]1 ,i c\ld ?ru/ ! small] ,tube into x1 till x 7 all cov]$ ) ! ,quicksilv]3 ,hav+ ?us done1 ,i fa/n$ my bigg] ,tube aga9/ ! side ( a wall1 t x might /& ! /eadi]1 & plung+ ! small ,tube cle] "u ! ,m]cury 9 ! box1 ,i /opt ! upp] end ( x v fa/ ) cem5t1 !n lift+ up ! small ,tube1 ,i drew x up by a small pully1 & a /r+ t ,i _h fa/n$ to ! top ( ! ,room1 & f\nd ! height ( ! ,m]curial ,cyl9d] to be ab\t tw5ty n9e in*es4 ,!n lett+ d[n ! ,tube aga91 ,i op5$ ! top1 & !n ?ru/ d[n ! small ,tube1 till ,i p]ceiv$ ! ,quicksilv] to rise )9 x to a m>k t ,i _h plac'd j an in* f ! top2 & imm$iately clapp+ on a small piece ( cem5t t ,i _h kept w>m1 ,i ) a hot ,iron seal'd up ! top v fa/1 !n lett+ x cool 7t bo? ! cem5t might gr[ h>d1 & m especially1 t ! ,air might come to its temp]1 natural = ! ,day ,i try'd ! ,exp]im5t 97 ,i obs]v'd dilig5tly1 & f\nd ! includ$ ,air to be exactly an ,in*4 ,"h y are to take notice1 t aft] ! ,air is seal'd up1 ! top ( ! ,tube is n to be elevat$ above ! sup]ficies ( ! ,quicksilv] 9 ! box1 till ! surface ( t )9 ! ,tube be equal to x1 = ! ,quicksilv] 7z ,i h else:]e prov'd7 be+ m het]og5e\s to ! ,glass !n ! ,air1 w n naturally rise up s high )9 ! small ,pipe1 z ! sup]ficies ( ! ,m]cury 9 ! box1 & !re=e y are to obs]ve1 h[ mu* bel[ ! outw>d sup]ficies ( ! ,m]cury 9 ! box1 t ( ! same 9 ! ,tube does /&1 :5 ! top be+ op51 free +ress is admitt$ to ! outw>d ,air4 ,hav+ ?us done1 ,i p]mitt$ ! ,cyl9d]1 or small ,pipe1 to rise out ( ! box1 till ,i f\nd ! surface ( ! ,quicksilv] 9 ! ,pipe to be two in*es above t 9 ! box1 & f\nd ! ,air to h exp&$ x self b "o sixte5? "p ( an in*2 !n draw+ up ! small pipe1 till ,i f\nd ! height ( ! ,quicksilv] )9 to be f\r in*es above t )\t1 ,i obs]v$ ! ,air to be exp&$ only ( an in* m !n x 0 at fir/1 & to take up ! room ( #a in*3 !n ,i rais$ ! ,tube till ! ,cyl9d] 0 six in*es high1 & f\nd ! ,air to take up #a in*es ( room 9 ! ,pipe2 !n to #h1 #aj1 #ab4 c4 ! expansion ( ! ,air t ,i f\nd to ea* ( :i* ,cyl9d]s are set d[n 9 ! foll[+ ,table2 :]e ! fir/ r[ signifies ! height ( ! ,m]curial ,cyl9d]2 ! next1 ! expansion ( ! ,air2 ! ?ird1 ! pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e1 or ! highe/ ,cyl9d] ( ,m]cury1 :i* 0 !n ne] ?irty in*es3 ,! la/ signifies ! =ce ( ! ,air s exp&$1 :i* is f\nd by sub/ract+ ! fir/ r[ ( numb]s out ( ! ?ird2 = hav+ f\nd1 t ! outw>d ,air w\ld !n keep up ! ,quicksilv] to ?irty in*es1 look :atev] ( t height is want+ mu/ be attribut$ to ! ,elat] ( ! ,air depress+4 ,& !re=e hav+ ! ,expansion 9 ! second r[1 & ! height ( ! subjac5t ,cyl9d] ( ,m]cury 9 ! fir/1 & ! greate/ height ( ! ,cyl9d] ( ,m]cury1 :i* ( x self c\nt]ballances ! :ole pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e2 by sub/ract+ ! numb]s ( ! fir/ r[ out ( ! numb]s ( ! ?ird1 y w h ! measure ( ! ,cyl9d]s s depre/1 & consequ5tly ! =ce ( ! ,air1 9 ! sev]al ,expansions1 regi/r$4 ,! height ( ! ,! ,expansion ,! height ( ,! /r5g? ,cyl9d] ( ,m]cury1 ( ! ,air4 ! ,m]cury ( ! ,elat] t1 toge!r ) t c\nt]- ( ! exp&$ ! ,elat] ( ! ballanc'd ! ,air4 includ$ ,air1 ,atmosph]e4 ballanc$ ! pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- #jj #ja #cj #cj #jb #ja #cj #bh #jd #ja #cj #bf #jf #ja #cj #bd #jh #ja #cj #bb #aj #ja #cj #bj #ab #ja #cj #ah #ad #ja #cj #af #af #jb #cj #ad #ah #jb #cj #ab #bj #jc #cj #aj #bb #jc #cj #h #bd #je #cj #f #be #jf #cj #e #bf #jh #cj #d #bf #ji #cj #c #bf #aj #cj #c #bf #ac #cj #c #bg #ae #cj #c ,i _h sev]al o!r ,tables ( my ,obs]vations1 & ,calculations1 :i* ,i !n made2 b x be+ above a twelve mon? s9ce ,i made !m2 & by t means hav+ =got _m circum/ances & p>ticul>s1 ,i 0 resolv$ to make !m ov] once aga91 :i* ,i did ,augu/ ! second #affa4 ) ! v same ,tube :i* ,i us$ ! ye> be=e1 :5 ,i fir/ made ! ,exp]im5t 7= x be+ a v good "o1 ,i _h c>efully pres]v'd x37 ,& aft] hav+ try$ x ov] & ov] aga92 & be+ n well satisfi$ ( "s p>ticul>s1 ,i1 at la/1 hav+ put all ?+s 9 v good ord]1 & be+ z att5tive1 & obs]vant1 z possibly ,i c\ld1 ( e circum/ance requisite to be tak5 notice (1 did regi/] my sev]al ,obs]vations 9 ?is foll[+ ,table4 ,9 ! mak+ ( :i*1 ,i did n exactly foll[ ! me?od t ,i _h us$ at fir/2 b1 hav+ lately he>d ( ,mr4 ,t[nly's ,hypo!sis1 ,i %ap'd my c\rse 9 su* sort1 z w\ld be mo/ conv5i5t = ! exam9ation ( t ,hypo!sis2 ! ev5t ( :i* y h 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ ,table4 ,! o!r ,exp]im5t 01 to f9d :at degrees ( =ce 7 requisite to compress1 or cond5se1 ! ,air into su* or su* a bulk4 ,! mann] ( proce$+ !re9 0 ?is3 ,i took a ,tube ab\t five foot long1 "o ( ^: ends 0 seal$ up1 & b5d$ 9 ! =m ( a ,syphon1 mu* l t repres5t$ 9 ! f\r? ,figure ( ! #cg4 ,s*eme1 "o side :]e( ,,ad1 t 0 op5 at ,a1 0 ab\t fifty in*es long1 ! o!r side ,,bc1 %ut at ,b1 0 n mu* above sev5 in*es long1 !n plac+ x exactly p]p5dicul>1 ,i p\r'd 9 a little ,quicksilv]1 & f\nd t ! ,air ,,bc 0 #f in*es1 or v ne> to sev52 !n p\r+ 9 ,quicksilv] at ! long] ,tube1 ,i cont9u$ fill+ ( x till ! ,air 9 ! %ort] "p ( x 0 contract$ into half ! =m] dim5sions1 & f\nd ! height exactly n9e & tw5ty in*es2 & by mak+ sev]al o!r tryals1 9 sev]al o!r degrees ( cond5sation ( ! ,air1 ,i f\nd !m exactly answ] ! =m] ,hypo!sis4 ,b hav+ 7by reason x 0 a good :ile s9ce ,i fir/ made7 =gott5 _m p>ticul>s1 & be+ mu* unsatisfi$ 9 o!rs1 ,i made ! ,exp]im5t ov] aga91 &1 f ! sev]al tryals1 collect$ ! =m] "p ( ! foll[+ ,table3 ,:]e 9 ! r[ next ! left h& #bd4 signifies ! dim5sions ( ! ,air1 su/a9+ only ! pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e1 :i* at t "t 0 equal to a ,cyl9d] ( ,m]cury ( n9e & tw5ty in*es3 ,! next ,figure above x 7#bj7 0 ! dim5sions ( ! ,air indur+ ! fir/ compression1 made by a ,cyl9d] ( ,m]cury #e high1 to :i* ! pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e n9e & tw5ty in*es be+ add$1 ! ela/ick /r5g? ( ! ,air s compre/ w be f\nd #cd1 c4 ,a ,table ( ! ,ela/ick p[] ( ! ,air1 bo? ,exp]im5tally & ,hypo!tically calculat$1 accord+ to its v>i\s ,dim5sions4 ,! dim5sions ,! height ,! ,m]curial ,! sum or ,:at !y ( ! includ$ ( ! ,cyl9d] diff]5ce ought to ,air4 ,m]curial add$1 or ( ^! be accord+ ,cyl9d] tak5 f two to ! c\nt]- ! =m]4 ,cyl9d]s4 ,hypo!sis4 pois'd by ! ,atmosph]e4 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- #ab #bi #bi #eh #eh #ac #bi #bd #ec #ec #ad #bi #bj #di #di #af #bi #ad #dc #dc #ah #bi #i #ch #ch #bj #bi #e #cd #cd #bd #bi #j #bi #bi #dh #bi #ad #ad #ad #if #bi #bb #f #g #aib #bi #be #c #c #chd #bi #bg #a #a #egf #bi #bg #a #a #gfh #bi #bh #j #jg #ifj #bi #bh #j #je #aaeb #bi #bh #j #j ,f :i* ,exp]im5ts1 ,i ?9k1 we may safely conclude1 t ! ,elat] ( ! ,air is reciprocal to its ext5sion1 or at lea/ v ne]4 ,s t to apply x to our pres5t purpose 7:i* 0 inde$ ! *ief cause ( inv5t+ ^! wayes ( tryal7 we w suppose a ,cyl9d] indef9itely ext5d$ upw>ds1 ,i say a ,cyl9d]1 n a piece ( a ,cone1 because1 z ,i may else:]e %ew 9 ! ,explication ( ,gravity1 t triplicate proportion ( ! %els ( a ,sph]e1 to _! respective diamet]s1 ,i suppose to be remov$ 9 ?is case by ! decrease ( ! p[] ( ,gravity & ! pressure ( ! ,air at ! bottom ( ?is ,cyl9d] to be /rong en\gh to keep up a ,cyl9d] ( ,m]cury ( ?irty in*es3 ,n[ because by ! mo/ accurate tryals ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s & incomp>able ,mr4 ,boyle1 publi%$ 9 8 des]v$ly fam\s ,pneumatick ,book1 ! weight ( ,quicksilv]1 to t ( ! ,air "h bel[1 is f\nd ne] ab\t z f\rte5 ?\s& to "o3 ,if we suppose ! p>ts ( ! ,cyl9d] ( ! ,atmosph]e to be e :]e ( an equal d5sity1 we %all 7z he !re d$uces7 f9d x ext5d$ to ! height ( ?irty five ?\s& feet1 or sev5 miles3 ,b because by ^! ,exp]im5ts we h some:at confirm'd ! hypo!sis ( ! reciprocal proportion ( ! ,elat]s to ! ,ext5sions we %all f9d1 t by suppos+ ?is ,cyl9d] ( ! ,atmosph]e divid$ into a ?\s& p>ts1 ea* ( :i* be+ equival5t to ?irty five feet1 or sev5 geometrical paces1 t is1 ea* ( ^! divisions conta9+ z mu* ,air z is suppos'd 9 a ,cyl9d] ne] ! e>? ( equal diamet]1 & ?irty five foot high1 we %all f9d ! l[]mo/ to press aga9/ ! surface ( ! ,e>? ) ! :ole weight ( ! above m5tion$ ?\s& p>ts2 ! pressure ( ! bottom ( ! second aga9/ ! top ( ! fir/ to be #ajjj #a #iii4 ( ! ?ird aga9/ ! second to be #ajjj #b #iih4 ( ! f\r? aga9/ ! ?ird to be #ajjj #c #iig4 ( ! upp]mo/ aga9/ ! #iii4 or t next bel[ x1 to be #ajjj #iii #a4 s t ! ext5sion ( ! l[]mo/ next ! ,e>?1 w be to ! ext5sion ( ! next bel[ ! upp]mo/1 z #a4 to #iii4 = z ! pressure su/a9$ by ! #iii4 is to ! pressure su/a9'd by ! fir/1 s is ! ext5sion ( ! fir/ to ! ext5sion ( ! #iii4 s t1 f ?is hypo!tical calculation1 we %all f9d ! ,air to be indef9itely ext5d$3 ,= if we suppose ! :ole ?ickness ( ! ,air to be divid$1 z ,i j n[ in/anc$1 into a ?\s& p>ts1 & ea* ( ^? "u diff]+ ,dim5sions1 or ,altitudes1 to conta9 an equall quantity ( ,air1 we %all f9d1 t ! fir/ ,cyl9d]1 ^: ,base is suppos$ to lean on ! ,e>?1 w be f\nd to be ext5d$ #ce foot2 ! second equal ,division1 or ,cyl9d]1 ^: basis is suppos$ to lean on ! top ( ! fir/1 %all h its top ext5d$ high] by #ce ! ?ird #ce ! f\r? #ce & s onw>d1 ea* equal quantity ( ,air hav+ its dim5sions measur$ by #ce4 & "s additional numb] expre/ alwayes 9 ! mann] ( a fraction1 ^: num]ator is alway ! numb] ( ! place multipli'd by #ce4 & ^: d5om9ator is alwayes ! pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e su/a9'd by t "p1 s t by ?is means we may easily calculate ! height ( #iii4 divisions ( ^? #ajjj4 divisions1 ,i suppos'd2 :]eas ! upp]mo/ may ext5d x self m !n z high aga91 nay1 p]haps indef9itely1 or beyond ! ,moon2 = ! ,elat]s & ,expansions be+ 9 reciprocal proportions1 s9ce we _c yet f9d ! plus ultra1 beyond :i* ! ,air w n exp& x self1 we _c det]m9e ! height ( ! ,air3 = s9ce1 z we h %ewn1 ! proportion w be alway z ! pressure su/a9'd by any "p is to #ce4 s #ajjj4 to ! expansion ( t "p2 ! multiplication or product !re=e ( ! pressure1 & expansion1 t is1 ( ! two extream proportionals1 be+ alwayes equal to ! product ( ! means1 or #cejjj4 x foll[s1 s9ce t ,rectangle or ,product may be made up ( ! multiplication ( inf9ite div]sities ( numb]s1 t ! height ( ! ,air is also indef9ite2 = s9ce 7z f> z ,i h yet be5 able to try7 ! ,air seems capable ( an indef9ite ,expansion1 ! pressure may be decreas$ 9 inf9itum1 & consequ5tly its expansion upw>ds indef9ite also4 ,!re be+ !re=e su* a diff]5ce ( d5sity1 & no ,exp]im5t yet kn[n to prove a ,saltus1 or skipp+ f "o degree ( r>ity to ano!r mu* diff]+ f x1 t is1 t an upp] "p ( ! ,air %\ld s mu* diff] f t imm$iately subjac5t to x1 z to make a di/9ct sup]ficies1 su* z we obs]ve betwe5 ! ,air & ,wat]1 c4 ,b x be+ m likely1 t !re is a cont9ual increase ( r>ity 9 ! p>ts ( ! ,air1 ! fur!r !y are remov$ f ! surface ( ! ,e>?3 ,x w h5ce necess>ily foll[1 t 7z 9 ! ,exp]im5t ( ! salt & fre% ,wat]7 ! ray ( ,light pass+ obliquely ?r\gh ! ,air also1 :i* is ( v diff]5t d5sity1 w be cont9ually1 & inf9itely inflect$1 or b5d$1 f a /reight1 or direct motion4 ,?is grant$1 ! reason ( all ! above recit$ ,phnom5a1 conc]n+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,cele/ial ,bodies1 w v easily be d$uc$4 ,z1 ,fir/1 ,! r$ness ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 w be f\nd to be caus$ by ! inflection ( ! rays )9 ! ,atmosph]e4 ,t x is n really 9 or ne> ! lum9\s bodies1 w1 ,i suppose1 be v easily grant$1 see+ t ?is r$ness is obs]vable 9 sev]al places diff]+ 9 ,longitude1 to be at ! same "t diff]5t1 ! sett+ & ris+ ,sun ( all p>ts be+ = ! mo/ "p r$3 ,& secondly1 ,t x is n me]ly ! col\r ( ! ,air int]pos'd1 w1 ,i suppose1 )\t mu* m difficulty be yield$1 see+ t we may obs]ve a v great int]/itium ( ,air betwixt ! ,object1 & ! ,eye1 makes x appe> ( a dead blew1 f> en\gh diff]+ f a r$1 or yell[4 ,b ?irdly1 ,t x proce$s f ! refraction1 or inflection1 ( ! rays by ! ,atmosph]e1 ?is foll[+ ,exp]im5t w1 ,i suppose1 suffici5tly manife/4 ,take a sphrical ,cry/all9e ,viol1 su* z is describ'd 9 ! fif? ,figure ,,abcd1 &1 hav+ fill'd x ) pure cle> ,wat]1 expose x to ! ,sun beams2 !n tak+ a piece ( v f9e ,v5ice ,pap]1 apply x aga9/ t side ( ! ,globe t is opposite to ! ,sun1 z aga9/ ! side ,,bc1 & y %all p]ceive a bright r$ ,r+ to appe>1 caus'd by ! refraction ( ! ,rays1 ,,aaaa1 :i* is made by ! ,globe2 9 :i* ,exp]im5t1 if ! ,glass & ,wat] be v cle]1 s t !re be no ,s&s nor bubbles 9 ! ,glass1 nor dirt 9 ! ,wat]1 y %all n p]ceive any appe>ance ( any o!r col\r4 ,to apply :i* ,exp]im5t1 we may imag9e ! ,atmosph]e to be a great transp>5t ,globe1 :i* be+ ( a sub/ance m d5se !n ! o!r1 or 7:i* comes to ! same7 t has its p>ts m d5se t[>ds ! middle1 ! ,sun beams t are tang5ts1 or next )9 ! tang5ts ( ?is ,globe1 w be refract$ or inflect$ f _! direct passage t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! ,globe1 :5ce1 accord+ to ! laws ( refractions made 9 a triangul> ,prism1 & ! g5]ation ( col\r set d[n 9 ! description ( ,muscovi-glass !re mu/ necess>ily appe> a r$ col\r 9 ! transitus or passage ( ^? tang5t ,rays4 ,to make ?is m pla91 we w suppose 79 ! six? ,figure7 ,,abcd1 to repres5t ! ,globe ( ! ,atmosph]e1 ,,efgh to repres5t ! opac\s ,globe ( ! ,e>?1 ly+ 9 ! mid/ ( x1 ne] to :i*1 ! p>ts ( ! ,air1 su/a9+ a v great pressure1 are !reby v mu* cond5s'd1 f :5ce ^? ,rays t are by inflection made tang5ts to ! ,globe ( ! ,e>?1 & ^? )\t !m1 t pass ?r\gh ! m cond5s'd "p ( ! ,atmosph]e1 z suppose betwe5 ,a & ,e1 are by reason ( ! inequality ( ! m$ium1 inflect$ t[>ds ! c5t]1 :]eby !re mu/ necess>ily be g5]at$ a r$ col\r1 z is m pla9ly %ewn 9 ! =m] cit$ place2 h5ce :atsoev] opac\s bodies 7z vap\rs1 or ! l7 %all *ance to be elevat$ into ^? p>ts1 w reflect a r$ t[>ds ! eye2 & !re=e ^? ev5+s & morn+s appe> r$de/1 t h ! mo/ /ore ( vap\rs & halitu\s sub/ances exhal$ to a conv5i5t di/ance f ! ,e>?2 = !reby ! inflection is made ! great]1 & !reby ! col\r also ! m int5se2 & sev]al ( ^? exhalations be+ opac\s1 reflect sev]al ( ^? ,rays1 :i*1 ?r\gh an ,homog5e\s transp>5t m$ium w\ld pass unse52 & !re=e we see1 t :5 !re *ances to be any cl\ds situat$ 9 ^? ,regions !y reflect a /rong & vivid r$4 ,n[1 ?\gh "o great cause ( ! r$ness may be ?is inflection1 yet ,i _c :olly exclude ! col\r ( ! vap\rs !mselves1 :i* may h some?+ ( r$ness 9 !m1 !y be+ p>tly nitr\s2 & p>tly fulig9\s2 bo? :i* /eams t+e ! ,rays t pass ?r\gh !m1 z is made evid5t by look+ at bodies ?r\gh ! fumes ( ,aqua =tis or _s ( ,nitre z ! newly m5tion$ ,illu/ri\s ,p]son has demon/rat$ & also ?r\gh ! smoak ( a ,fire or ,*imney4 ,hav+ !re=e made x probable at lea/1 t ! morn+ & ev5+ r$ness may p>tly proce$ f ?is inflection or refraction ( ! ,rays1 we %all next %ew h[ ! ,oval ,figure w be likewise easily d$uc$4 ,suppose we !re=e1 ,,efgh 9 ! six? ,figure ( ! #cg4 ,s*eme1 to repres5t ! ,e>?2 ,,abcd1 ! ,atmosph]e2 ,,ei1 & ,,el1 two ,rays com+ f ! ,sun1 ! "o f ! upp]1 ! o!r f ! nea!r ,limb1 ^! ,rays1 be+ by ! ,atmosph]e inflect$1 appe> to ! eye at ,e1 z if !y _h come f ! po9ts1 ,n & ,o2 & because ! ,ray ,l has a great] incl9ation ^u ! inequality ( ! ,atmosph]e !n ,i1 !re=e mu/ x suff] a great] inflection1 & consequ5tly be fur!r elevat$ above its true place1 !n ! ,ray ,i1 :i* has a less incl9ation1 w be elevat$ above its true place2 :5ce x w foll[1 t ! l[] side appe>+ ne]] ! upp] !n really x is1 & ! two lat]al sides1 viz4 ! "r & left side1 suff]+ no s5sible alt]ation f ! inflection1 at lea/ :at x does suff]1 does r increase ! visible ,diamet] !n dim9i% x1 z ,i %all %ew by & by1 ! ,figure ( ! lum9\s body mu/ necess>ily appe> some:at ,elliptical4 ,?is w be m pla91 if 9 ! sev5? ,figure ( ! #cg4 ,s*eme we suppose ,,ab to repres5t ! s5sible ,horizon2 ,,cdef1 ! body ( ! ,sun really bel[ x2 ,,ghik1 ! same appe>+ above x1 elevat$ by ! inflection ( ! ,atmosph]e3 ,= if1 accord+ to ! be/ obs]vation1 we make ! visible ,diamet] ( ! ,sun to be ab\t ?ree or f\r & ?irty m9utes1 & ! ,horizontal refraction accord+ to ,ti*o be !reab\t1 or some:at m1 ! l[] limb ( ! ,sun ,e1 w be elevat$ to ,i2 b because1 by 8 acc\nt1 ! po9t ,c w be elevat$ b #bi4 m9utes1 z hav+ n s great an incl9ation ^u ! inequality ( ! ,air1 !re=e ,,ig1 :i* w be ! app>5t refract$ p]p5dicul> ,diamet] ( ! ,sun1 w be less !n ,,cg1 :i* is b #bi4 m9utes1 & consequ5tly six or sev5 m9utes %ort] !n ! unrefract$ app>5t ,diamet]4 ,! p>ts1 ,d & ,f1 w be likewise elevat$ to ,h & ,k1 ^: refraction1 by reason ( its incl9ation1 w be bigg] !n t ( ! po9t ,c1 ?\gh less !n t ( ,e2 !re=e w ! semidiamet] ,,il1 be %ort] !n ,,lg1 & consequ5tly ! "u side ( ! appe>+ ,sun m flat !n ! upp]4 ,n[1 because ! ,rays f ! "r & left sides ( ! ,sun1 c4 h be5 obs]v'd by ,ricciolo & ,grimaldus1 to appe> m di/ant "o f ano!r !n really !y are1 ?\gh 7by v _m ,obs]vations t ,i h made = t purpose1 ) a v good ,telescope1 fitt$ ) a divid$ ,rul]7 ,i c\ld nev] p]ceive any great alt]ation1 yet !re be+ really "s1 x w n be amiss1 to %ew t ?is also proce$s f ! refraction or inflection ( ! ,atmosph]e2 & ?is w be manife/1 if we consid] ! ,atmosph]e z a transp>5t ,globe1 or at lea/ a transp>5t %ell1 encompass+ an opac\s ,globe1 :i*1 be+ m d5se !n ! m$ium encompass+ x1 refracts or inflects all ! entr+ p>allel ,rays into a po9t or focus1 s t :]esoev] ! ,obs]vator is plac'd )9 ! ,atmosph]e1 betwe5 ! focus & ! lum9\s body1 ! lat]al ,rays mu/ necess>ily be m conv]g'd t[>ds 8 eye by ! refraction or inflection1 !n !y w\ld h be5 )\t x2 & !re=e ! ,horizontal ,diamet] ( ! lum9\s body mu/ necess>ily be augm5t$4 ,?is might be m pla9ly manife/ to ! eye by ! six? ,figure2 b because x w\ld be som:at t$i\s1 & ! ?+ be+ obvi\s en\gh to be imag9'd by any "o t att5tively consid]s x1 ,i %all r omit x1 & proce$ to %ew1 t ! mass ( ,air ne] ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 consi/s1 or is made up1 ( p>cels1 :i* d v mu* diff] f "o ano!r 9 po9t ( d5sity & r>ity2 & consequ5tly ! ,rays ( light t pass ?r\gh !m w be v>i\sly inflect$1 "h "o way1 & !re ano!r1 accord+ z !y pass s or s ?r\gh ^? diff]+ p>ts2 & ^? p>ts be+ always 9 motion1 ei!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 or to ! "r or left1 or 9 "s way comp\nd$ ( ^!1 !y d by ?is _! motion inflect ! ,rays1 n[ ?is way1 & pres5tly t way4 ,?is irregul>1 unequal & uncon/ant inflection ( ! ,rays ( light1 is ! reason :y ! limb ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,m>s1 & ,v5us1 appe> to wave or dance2 & :y ! body ( ! ,/>rs appe> to tremulate or tw9kle1 _! bodies1 by ?is means1 be+ sometimes magnify'd1 & sometimes dim9i%$2 sometimes elevat$1 o!r:iles depress'd2 n[ ?r[n to ! "r h&1 & !n to ! left4 ,& t !re is su* a prop]ty or unequal di/ribution ( p>ts1 is manife/ f ! v>i\s degrees ( heat & cold t are f\nd 9 ! ,air2 f :5ce w foll[ a diff]+ d5sity & r>ity1 bo? z to quantity & refraction2 & likewise f ! vap\rs t are int]pos'd1 7:i*1 by ! way1 ,i imag9e1 z to refraction or inflection1 to d ! same ?+1 z if !y 7 r>ify'd ,air2 & t ^? vap\rs t asc5d1 are bo? light]1 & less d5se1 !n ! ambi5t ,air :i* boys !m up2 & t ^? :i* desc5d1 are heavi] & m d5se7 ,! fir/ ( ^! may be f\nd true1 if y take a good ?ick piece ( ,glass1 & heat+ x pretty hot 9 ! fire1 lay x ^u su* ano!r piece ( ,glass1 or hang x 9 ! op5 ,air by a piece ( ,wire1 !n look+ ^u "s f> di/ant ,object 7su* z a ,/eeple or ,tree7 s z ! ,rays f t ,object pass directly ov] ! ,glass be=e !y ent] y\r eye1 y %all f9d su* a tremulation & wav]+ ( ! remote ,object1 z w v mu* (f5d y\r eye3 ,! l tremul\s motion y may obs]ve to be caus'd by ! asc5d+ /eams ( ,wat]1 & ! l4 ,n[1 f ! fir/ ( ^! x is manife/1 t f ! r>ifaction ( ! p>ts ( ! ,air1 by heat1 !re is caus'd a diff]+ refraction1 & f ! asc5sion ( ! m r>ify'd p>ts ( ! ,air1 :i* are ?ru/ up by ! cold]1 & !re=e m cond5s'd & heavie1 is caus'd an undulation or wav]+ ( ! ,object2 = ,i ?9k1 t !re are v few w grant1 t ,glass1 by z g5tle a heat z may be endur'd by ones h&1 %\ld s5d =? any ( its p>ts 9 /eams or vap\rs1 :i* does n seem to be mu* wa/$ by t viol5t fire ( ! gre5 ,glass-h\se2 b1 if yet x be d\bt$1 let ,exp]im5t be fur!r made ) t body t is acc\nt$1 by ,*ymi/s & o!rs1 ! mo/ pond]\s & fix'd 9 ! _w2 = by heat+ ( a piece ( ,gold1 & proce$+ 9 ! same mann]1 y may f9d ! same effects4 ,?is trembl+ & %ak+ ( ! ,rays1 is m s5sibly caus'd by an actual flame1 or quick fire1 or any?+ else heat$ gl[+ hot2 z by a ,c&le1 live ,coal1 r$-hot ,iron1 or a piece ( ,silv]1 & ! l3 ! same also appe>s v conspicu\s1 if y look at an ,object betwixt :i* & y\r eye1 ! ris+ smoak ( "s ,*imney is int]pos'd2 :i* br+s into my m9d :at ,i _h once ! opportunity to obs]ve1 :i* 01 ! ,sun ris+ to my eye j ov] a ,*imney t s5t =? a copi\s /eam ( smoak2 & tak+ a %ort ,telescope1 :i* ,i _h !n by me1 ,i obs]v'd ! body ( ! ,sun1 ?\gh x 0 b j peep'd above ! ,horizon1 to h its und]side1 n onely flatt$1 & press'd inw>d1 z x usually is :5 ne] ! ,e>?2 b to appe> m protub]ant d[nw>ds !n if x _h suff]$ no refraction at all2 & besides all ?is1 ! :ole body ( ! ,sun appe>'d to tremble or dance1 & ! edges or limb to be v ragg$ or ind5t$1 undulat+ or wav+1 mu* 9 ! mann] ( a flag 9 ! ,w9d4 ,?is ,i h likewise (t5 obs]v'd 9 a hot ,sun%9y ,summ]'s day1 t look+ on an ,object ov] a hot /one1 or dry hot e>?1 ,i h f\nd ! ,object to be undulat$ or %ak51 mu* aft] ! same mann]4 ,& if y look ^u any remote ,object ?r\gh a ,telescope 79 a hot ,summ]'s day especially7 y %all f9d x likewise to appe> tremul\s4 ,& fur!r1 if !re *ance to bl[ any w9d1 or t ! air betwe5 y & ! ,object be 9 a motion or curr5t1 :]eby ! p>ts ( x1 bo? r>ify'd & cond5s'd1 are swiftly remov'd t[>ds ! "r or left1 if !n y obs]ve ! ,horizontal ridge ( a ,hill f> di/ant1 ?r\gh a v good ,telescope1 y %all f9d x to wave mu* l ! ,sea1 & ^? waves w appe> to pass ! same way ) ! w9d4 ,f :i*1 & _m o!r ,exp]im5ts1 'tis cle] t ! l[] ,region ( ! ,air1 especially t "p ( x :i* lie? ne]e/ to ! ,e>?1 has1 = ! mo/ "p1 its con/itu5t p>cels v>i\sly agitat$1 ei!r by heat or w9ds1 by ! fir/ ( :i*1 "s ( !m are made m r>e1 & s suff] a less refraction2 o!rs are int]wov51 ei!r ) asc5d+ or desc5d+ vap\rs2 ! =m] ( :i* be+ m light1 & s m r>ify'd1 h likewise a less refraction2 ! latt] be+ m heavie1 & consequ5tly m d5se1 h a great]4 ,n[1 because t heat & cold are equally diffus'd e way2 & t ! fur!r x is spread1 ! weak] x gr[s2 h5ce x w foll[1 t ! mo/ "p ( ! "u ,region ( ! ,air w be made up ( sev]al k9ds ( l5tes1 "s :]e( w h ! prop]ties ( ,convex1 o!rs ( ,concave glasses1 :i*1 t ,i may ! m intelligibly make out1 we w suppose 9 ! eigh? ,figure ( ! #cg4 ,s*eme1 t ,a repres5ts an asc5d+ vap\r1 :i*1 by reason ( its be+ some:at ,het]og5e\s to ! ambi5t ,air1 is !reby ?ru/ into a k9d ( ,globul> =m1 n any :]e t]m9at$1 b gradually f9i%$1 t is1 x is mo/ r>ify'd 9 ! middle ab\t ,a4 some:at m cond5s'd ab\t ,,bb1 m !n t ab\t ,,cc2 yet fur!r1 ab\t ,,dd1 almo/ ( ! same d5sity ) ! ambi5t ,air ab\t ,,ee21 & la/ly1 inclos$ ) ! m d5se ,air ,,ff1 s t f ,a1 to ,,ff1 !re is a cont9ual increase ( d5sity4 ,! reason ( :i* w be manife/1 if we consid] ! ris+ vap\r to be mu* w>m] !n ! ambi5t heavie ,air2 = by ! coldness ( ! ambi5t ,air1 ! %ell ,,ee w be m refrig]at$ !n ,,dd1 & t !n ,,cc1 :i* w be yet m !n ,,bb1 & t m !n ,a2 s t f ,f to ,a1 !re is a cont9ual increase ( heat1 & consequ5tly ( r>ity2 f :5ce x w necess>ily foll[1 t ! ,rays ( light w be inflect$ or refract$ 9 x1 9 ! same mann] z !y w\ld be 9 a ,concave-glase2 = ! ,rays ,,gki1 ,,gki w be inflect$ by ,,gkh1 ,,gkh1 :i* w easily foll[ f :at ,i be=e expla9$ conc]n+ ! inflection ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,on ! o!r side1 a desc5d+ vap\r1 or any "p ( ! air includ$ by an asc5d+ vap\r1 w exhibit ! same effects ) a ,convex l5s2 =1 if we suppose1 9 ! =m] ,figure1 ! q contr>y con/itution to t la/ describ'd2 t is1 ! ambi5t ,air ,,ff be+ hott] !n any "p ( t matt] )9 any circle1 !re=e ! colde/ "p mu/ necess>ily be ,a1 z be+ f>!/ remov'd f ! heat1 all ! int]m$iate spaces w be gradually discrim9at$ by ! cont9uall mixture ( heat & cold1 s t x w be hott] at ,,ee1 !n ,,dd1 9 ,,dd !n ,,cc1 9 ,,cc !n ,,bb1 & 9 ,,bb !n ,a4 ,f :i*1 a l refraction & cond5sation w foll[1 & consequ5tly a less] or great] refraction1 s t e includ$ "p w refract m !n ! includ+1 by :i* means ! ,rays1 ,,gki1 ,,gki1 com+ f a ,/>r1 or "s remote ,object1 are s inflect$1 t !y w aga9 concurr & meet1 9 ! po9t ,m4 ,by ! int]position !re=e ( ?is des5d+ vap\r ! visible body ( ! ,/>1 or o!r ,object1 is v mu* augm5t$1 z by ! =m] x 0 dim9i%$4 ,f ! quick consecutions ( ^! two1 "o aft] ano!r1 betwe5 ! ,object & y\r eye1 caus$ by _! motion upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 proce$+ f _! levity or gravity1 or to ! "r or left1 proce$+ f ! w9d1 a ,/>r may appe>1 n[ bigg]1 n[ less1 !n really x w\ld o!rwise )\t !m2 & ?is is t prop]ty ( a ,/>r1 :i* is commonly call'd tw9kl+1 or sc9tillation4 ,! reason :y a ,/> w n[ appe> ( "o col\r1 n[ ( ano!r1 :i* = ! mo/ "p happ5s :5 'tis ne] ! ,horizon1 may v easily be d$uc'd f its appe>+ n[ 9 ! middle ( ! vap\r1 o!r :iles ne] ! edge2 = if y look aga9/ ! body ( a ,/>r ) a ,telescope t has a pretty deep ,convex ,eye-glass1 & s ord] x1 t ! ,/> may appe> sometimes 9 "o place1 & sometimes 9 ano!r ( x2 y may p]ceive ?is or t p>ticul> col\r to be pr$om9ant 9 ! app>5t ,figure ( ! ,/>r1 accord+ z x is m or less remote f ! middle ( ! ,l5s4 ,?is ,i _h "h fur!r expla9'd1 b t x does m prop]ly belong to ano!r place4 ,i %all !re=e onely add "s few ,quries1 :i* ! consid]ation ( ^! p>ticul>s h9t$1 & s f9i% ?is ,section4 ,& ! fir/ ,i %all prop\nd is1 ,:e!r !re may n be made an artificial transp>5t body ( an exact ,globul> ,figure t %all s inflect or refract all ! ,rays1 t1 com+ f "o po9t1 fall ^u any ,hemisph]e ( x2 t e "o ( !m may meet on ! opposite side1 & cross "o ano!r exactly 9 a po9t2 & t x may d ! l also ) all ! ,rays t1 com+ f a lat]al po9t1 fall ^u any o!r ,hemisph]e2 = if s1 !re 7 to be hop$ a p]fection ( ,dioptricks1 & a transmigration into heav51 ev5 :il'/ we rema9 "h ^u e>? 9 ! fle%1 & a desc5d+ or p5etrat+ into ! c5t] & inn]mo/ recesses ( ! e>?1 & all e>?ly bodies2 nay1 x w\ld op5 n onely a cranney1 b a l>ge w9d[ 7z ,i may s speak7 into ! ,%op ( ,nature1 :]eby we might be enabl$ to see bo? ! tools & op]ators1 & ! v mann] ( ! op]ation x self ( ,nature2 ?is1 c\ld x be effect$1 w\ld z f>r surpass all o!r k9d ( p]spectives z ! va/ ext5t ( ,heav5 does ! small po9t ( ! ,e>?1 :i* di/ance x w\ld imm$iately remove1 & unite !m1 z 'tw]e1 into "o1 at lea/1 t !re %\ld appe> no m di/ance betwe5 !m !n ! l5g? ( ! ,tube1 into ! ends ( :i* ^! ,glasses %\ld be ins]t$3 ,n[1 :e!r ?is may n be effect$ ) p>cels ( ,glass ( sev]al d5sities1 ,i h sometimes proce$$ s f>r z to d\bt 7?\gh 9 tru?1 z to ! g5]al1 ,i h :olly despair'd ( x7 = ,i h (t5 obs]v'd 9 ,optical ,glasses a v great v>iety ( ! p>ts1 :i* are commonly call$ ,ve9s2 nay1 "s ( !m r\nd en\gh 7= !y are = ! mo/ "p1 drawn out into /r+s7 to con/itute a k9d ( l5s4 ,?is ,i %\ld fur!r proce$ to hope1 _h any "o be5 s inquisitive z to h f\nd out ! way ( mak+ any transp>5t body1 ei!r m d5se or m r>e1 = !n x might be possible to compose a ,globule t %\ld be m d5se 9 ! middle ( x1 !n 9 any o!r "p1 & to compose ! :ole bulk1 s z t !re %\ld be a cont9ual gradual transition f "o degree ( d5sity to ano!r2 su* z %\ld be f\nd requisite = ! desir$ inflection ( ! transmigrat+ ,rays2 b ( ?is en\gh at pres5t1 because ,i may say m ( x :5 ,i set d[n my own ,trials conc]n+ ! melioration ( ,dioptricks1 :]e ,i %all enum]ate ) h[ _m sev]al sub/ances ,i h made bo? ,microscopes1 & ,telescopes1 & by :at & h[ _m1 ways3 ,let su* z h leisure & opportunity f>!r consid] x4 ,! next ,qury %all be1 :e!r by ! same collection ( a m d5se body !n ! o!r1 or at lea/1 ( ! d5s] "p ( ! o!r1 !re might n be imag9'd a reason ( ! app>ition ( "s new fix'd ,/>s1 z ^? 9 ! ,swan1 ,cassiope's ,*>r1 ,s]p5t>ius1 ,piscis1 ,cetus1 c4 ,?irdly1 ,:e!r x be possible to def9e ! height ( ! ,atmosph]e f ?is inflection ( ! ,rays1 or f ! ,quicksilv] ,exp]im5t ( ! r>ifaction or ext5sion ( ! ,air4 ,f\r?ly1 ,:e!r ! disp>ity betwe5 ! upp] & "u ,air be n sometimes s great1 z to make a reflect+ sup]ficies2 ,i h _h sev]al ,obs]vations :i* seem to h proce$$ f "s su* cause1 b x w\ld be too long to relate & exam9e !m4 ,an ,exp]im5t1 also some:at analog\s to ?is1 ,i h made ) ,salt-wat] & ,fre%1 :i* two liquors1 9 mo/ ,positions1 seem'd ! same1 & n to be sep>at$ by any det]m9ate sup]ficies1 :i* sep>at+ surface yet 9 "s o!r ,positions did pla9ly appe>4 ,& if s1 ,:e!r ! reason ( ! equal b\nd+ or t]m9us ( ! "u p>ts ( ! cl\ds may n proce$ f ?is cause2 :e!r1 secondly1 ! ,reason ( ! app>ition ( _m ,suns may n be f\nd out1 by consid]+ h[ ! ,rays ( ! ,sun may s be reflect$1 z to describe a pretty true ,image ( ! body1 z we f9d !m f any regul> ,sup]ficies4 ,:e!r also ?is may n be f\nd to cause ! app>ition ( "s ( ^? ,p>elii1 ( c\nt]feit ,suns1 :i* appe> col\r$1 by refract+ ! ,rays s1 z to make ! body ( ! ,sun appe> 9 q ano!r place !n really x is4 ,b ( ?is m else:]e4 #e4 ,:e!r ! ,phnom5a ( ! ,cl\ds may n be made out by ?is div]sity ( d5sity 9 ! upp] & "u p>ts ( ! ,air1 by suppos+ ! ,air above !m to be mu* light] !n !y !mselves are1 & !y !mselves to be yet light] !n t :i* is subjac5t to !m1 _m ( !m seem+ to be ! same sub/ance ) ! ,cobwebs t fly 9 ! ,air aft] a ,fog4 ,n[ t su* a con/itution ( ! ,air & ,cl\ds1 if su* !re be1 may be suffici5t to p]=m ?is effect1 may be confirm'd by ?is ,exp]im5t4 ,make z /rong a ,solution ( ,salt z y are able1 !n fill+ a ,glass ( "s dep? half full ) x1 fill ! o!r half ) fre% ,wat]1 & poyse a little ,glass-bubble1 s z t x may s9k pretty quick 9 fre% ,wat]1 :i* take & put into ! a=esaid ,glass1 & y %all f9d x to s9k till x comes t[>ds ! middle1 :]e x w rema9 fixt1 )\t mov+ ei!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,& by a second ,exp]im5t1 ( pois+ su* a bubble 9 wat]1 ^: upp] "p is w>m]1 & consequ5tly light]1 !n ! "u1 :i* is cold] & heavi]2 ! mann] ( :i* foll[s 9 ?is next ,qury1 :i* is1 #f4 ,:e!r ! r>ifaction & cond5sation ( ,wat] be n made aft] ! same mann]1 z ^? effects are produc'd 9 ! ,air by heat2 = ,i once pois'd a seal'd up ,glass-bubble s exactly1 t nev] s small an addition w\ld make x s9k1 & z small a detraction make x swim1 :i* suff]+ to re/ 9 t ,vessel ( ,wat] = "s "t1 ,i alwayes f\nd x ab\t noon to be at ! bottom ( ! ,wat]1 & at night1 & 9 ! morn+1 at ! top3 ,imag9+ ?is to proce$ f ! ,r>ifaction ( ! ,wat]1 caus'd by ! heat1 ,i made tryal1 & f\nd mo/ true2 = ,i 0 able at any "t1 ei!r to depress1 or raise x1 by heat & cold2 = if ,i let ! ,pipe /& = "s "t 9 cold wat]1 ,i c\ld easily raise ! ,bubble f ! bottom1 :i!r ,i _h a little a=e detrud$ x1 by putt+ ! same ,pipe into w>m ,wat]4 ,& ?is way ,i h be5 able1 = a v consid]able "t1 to keep a ,bubble s poys'd 9 ! ,wat]1 z t x %\ld rema9 9 ! middle1 & nei!r s9k1 nor swim3 ,= g5tly heat+ ! upp] "p ( ! ,pipe ) a ,c&le1 ,coal1 or hot ,iron1 till ,i p]ceiv$ ! ,bubble beg9 to desc5d1 !n =be>+1 ,i h obs]v$ x to desc5d to su* or su* a /ation1 & !re to rema9 susp5d$ = "s h\rs1 till ! heat by degrees 7 q vani%$1 :5 x w\ld aga9 asc5d to its =m] place4 ,?is ,i h also (t5 obs]v$ naturally p]=m$ by ! heat ( ! ,air1 :i* be+ able to r>ifie ! upp] p>ts ( ! ,wat] soon] !n ! l[]1 by reason ( its imm$iate contact1 ! heat ( ! ,air has sometimes s sl[ly increas$1 t ,i h obs]v$ ! ,bubble to be "s h\rs 9 pass+ betwe5 ! top & bottom4 #g4 ,:e!r ! appe>ance ( ! ,pike ( ,t5]if1 & sev]al o!r high ,m\nta9s1 at s mu* great] a di/ance !n seems to agree ) _! respective heights1 be n to be attribut$ to ! ,curvature ( ! visual ,ray1 t is made by its pass+ obliquely ?r\gh s diff]+ly ,d5se a ,m$ium f ! top to ! eye v f> di/ant 9 ! ,horizon3 ,= s9ce we h already1 ,i hope1 made x v probable1 t !re is su* an inflection ( ! ,rays by ! diff]+ d5sity ( ! p>ts ( ! ,air2 & s9ce ,i h f\nd1 by sev]al ,exp]im5ts made on places comp>atively n v high1 & h yet f\nd ! pressure su/a9'd by ^? p>ts ( ! ,air at ! top & bottom1 & also _! diff]+ ,expansions v consid]able3 ,insomu* t ,i h f\nd ! pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e light] at ! top ( ,/4 ,paul's ,/eeple 9 ,london 7:i* is ab\t two hundr$ foot high7 !n at ! bottom by a sixtie? or fiftie? "p1 & ! expansion at ! top great] !n t at ! bottom by ne] ab\t s mu* also2 = ! ,m]curial ,cyl9d] at ! bottom 0 ab\t #ci4 in*es1 & at ! top half an in* l[]2 ! ,air also includ$ 9 ! ,wea!r-glass1 t at ! bottom fill'd only #aee4 spaces1 at ! top fill'd #aeh4 ?\gh ! heat at ! top & bottom 0 f\nd exactly ! same ) a scal'd ,!rmomet]3 ,i ?9k x v rational to suppose1 t ! greate/ ,curvature ( ! ,rays is made ne>e/ ! ,e>?1 & t ! inflection ( ! ,rays1 above #c4 or #d4 miles upw>ds1 is v inconsid]able1 & !re=e t by ?is means su* calculations ( ! height ( ,m\nta9s1 z are made f ! di/ance !y are visible 9 ! ,horizon1 f ! supposal t t ,ray is a /raight ,l9e 7t f ! top ( ! ,m\nta9 is1 z 'tw]e1 a ,tang5t to ! ,horizon :5ce x is se57 :i* really is a ,curve1 is v errone\s4 ,:5ce1 ,i suppose1 proce$s ! reason ( ! exce$+ly diff]+ ,op9ions & ,ass]tions ( sev]al ,au?ors1 ab\t ! height ( sev]al v high ,hills4 #h4 ,:e!r ?is ,inflection ( ! ,air w n v mu* alt] ! suppos$ di/ances ( ! ,planets1 :i* seem to h a v great dep5d5ce ^u ! ,hypo!tical refraction or inflection ( ! ,air1 & t refraction ^u ! hypo!tical height & d5sity ( ! ,air3 ,= s9ce 7z ,i hope7 ,i h "h %ewn ! ,air to be q o!rwise !n has be5 hi!rto suppos'd1 by manife/+ x to be1 bo? ( a va/1 at lea/ an unc]ta91 height1 & ( an uncon/ant & irregul> d5sity2 ,x mu/ necess>ily foll[1 t its inflection mu/ be v>i$ accord+ly3 ,& !re=e we may h5ce le>n1 ^u :at sure gr\nds all ! ,a/ronom]s hi!rto h built1 :o h calculat$ ! di/ance ( ! ,planets f _! ,horizontal ,p>allax2 = s9ce ! ,refraction & ,p>allax are s ne>ly ally'd1 t ! "o _c be kn[n )\t ! o!r1 especially by any wayes t h be5 yet attempt$1 h[ unc]ta9 mu/ ! ,p>allax be1 :5 ! ,refraction is unkn[n8 ,& h[ easie is x = ,a/ronom]s to assign :at di/ance !y please to ! ,planets1 & def5d !m1 :5 !y h su* a curi\s subt]fuge z t ( ,refraction1 :]e9 a v little v>iation w all[ !m lib]ty en\gh to place ! ,cele/ial ,bodies at :at di/ance !y please4 ,if !re=e we w\ld come to any c]ta9ty 9 ?is po9t1 we mu/ g o!r wayes to "w2 & z ,i h "h exam9$ ! height & refractive prop]ty ( ! ,air by o!r wayes !n are usual1 s mu/ we f9d ! ,p>allax ( ! ,planets by wayes n yet practic$2 & to ?is end1 ,i _c imag9e any bett] way1 !n ! ,obs]vations ( !m by two p]sons at v f> di/ant p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 t lye z ne] z may be "u ! same ,m]idian1 or ,degree ( longitude1 b diff]+ z mu* 9 latitude1 z !re c be places conv5i5tly f\nd3 ,^! two p]sons1 at c]ta9 appo9t$ times1 %\ld 7z ne> z c\ld be7 bo? at ! same "t1 obs]ve ! way ( ! ,moon1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 among/ ! fixt ,/>s1 ) a good l>ge ,telescope1 & mak+ little ,iconismes1 or pictures1 ( ! small fix$ ,/>s1 t appe> to ea* ( !m to lye 9 or ne> ! way ( ! ,c5t] ( ! ,planet1 & ! exact measure ( ! app>5t ,diamet]2 f ! comp>+ ( su* ,obs]vations toge!r1 we might c]ta9ly "k ! true di/ance1 or ,p>allax1 ( ! ,planet4 ,& hav+ any "o true ,p>allax ( ^! ,planets1 we might v easily h ! o!r by _! app>5t ,diamet]s1 :i* ! ,telescope likewise af=ds u v accurately4 ,& !nce _! motions might be mu* bett] kn[n1 & _! ,!ories m exactly regulat$4 ,& = ?is purpose ,i "k n any "o place m conv5i5t = su* an ,obs]vation to be made 91 !n 9 ! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 ^u ! ,coa/ ( ,africk1 :i* lyes ab\t sixte5 degrees to ! ,s\?w>ds ( ! ,l9e1 & is v ne>1 accord+ to ! late/ ,geographical ,maps1 9 ! same ,m]idian ) ,london2 = ?\gh !y may n p]haps lye exactly 9 ! same1 yet _! ,obs]vations1 be+ ord]$ accord+ to :at ,i %all anon %ew1 x w n be difficult to f9d ! true di/ance ( ! ,planet4 ,b 7 !y bo? "u ! same ,m]idian1 x w\ld be mu* bett]4 ,& because ,obs]vations may be mu* easi]1 & m accurately made ) good ,telescopes1 !n ) any o!r ,in/rum5ts1 x w n1 ,i suppose1 seem imp]t95t to expla9 a little :at wayes ,i judge mo/ fit & conv5i5t = t p>ticul>4 ,su* !re=e z %all be ! ,obs]vators = ?is purpose1 %\ld be furni%$ ) ! be/ ,telescopes t c be _h1 ! long] ! bett] & m exact w _! ,obs]vations be1 ?\gh !y are some:at ! m difficultly manag'd4 ,^! %\ld be fitt$ ) a ,rete1 or divid$ ,scale1 plac'd at su* a di/ance )9 ! ,eye-glass1 t !y may be di/9ctly se51 :i* %\ld be ! measures ( m9utes & seconds2 by ?is ,in/rum5t ea* ,obs]vator %\ld1 at c]ta9 prefixt times1 obs]ve ! ,moon1 or o!r ,planet1 91 or v ne>1 ! ,m]idian2 & because x may be v difficult to f9d two conv5i5t /ations t w happ5 to be j "u ! same ,m]idian1 !y %all1 ea* ( !m1 obs]ve ! way ( ! ,planet1 bo? = an h\r be=e1 & an h\r aft]1 x arrive at ! ,m]idian2 & by a l9e1 or /roke1 among/ ! small fix$ ,/>s1 !y %all d5ote out ! way t ea* ( !m obs]v'd ! ,c5t] ( ! ,planet to be mov'd 9 = ^? two h\rs3 ,^! ,obs]vations ea* ( !m %all repeat = _m dayes toge!r1 t bo? x may happ51 t bo? ( !m may sometimes make _! ,obs]vations toge!r1 & t f div]s ,exp]im5ts we may be ! bett] assur$ ( :at c]ta9ty & exactness su* k9d ( ,obs]vations are l to prove4 ,& because _m ( ! ,/>s :i* may happ5 to come )9 ! compass ( su* an ,iconism1 or ,map1 may be su* z are only visible ?r\gh a good ,telescope1 ^: ,positions p]haps h n be5 not$1 nor _! longitudes1 or latitudes1 any :]e rem>k$2 !re=e ea* ,obs]vator %\ld indeav\r to ins]t "s fixt ,/>1 ^: longitude1 & latitude1 is kn[n2 or ) 8 ,telescope he %all f9d ! ,position ( "s notable telescopical ,/>1 ins]t$ 9 8 ,map1 to "s kn[n fixt ,/>1 ^: place 9 ! ,zodiack is well def9'd4 ,hav+ by ?is means f\nd ! true di/ance ( ! ,moon1 & hav+ obs]v$ well ! app>5t ,diamet] ( x at t "t ) a good ,telescope1 x is easie en\gh1 by "o s+le ,obs]vation ( ! app>5t ,diamet] ( ! ,moon ) a good ,glass1 to det]m9e h] di/ances 9 any o!r "p ( h] ,orbit1 or ,dragon1 & consequ5tly1 "s few ,obs]vations w tell u1 :e!r %e be mov'd 9 an ,ellipsis1 7:i*1 by ! way1 may also be f\nd1 ev5 n[1 ?\gh ,i ?9k we are yet ignorant ( h] true di/ance7 & next 7:i* )\t su* ,obs]vations1 ,i ?9k1 we %all n be sure (7 we may "k exactly ! bigness ( t ,ellipsis1 or ,circle1 & h] true velocity 9 ea* "p1 & !reby be mu* ! bett] inabl$ to f9d out ! true cause ( all h] ,motions4 ,& ?\gh1 ev5 n[ also1 we may1 by su* ,obs]vations 9 "o /ation1 z "h at ,london1 obs]ve ! app>5t ,diamet] & motion ( ! ,moon 9 h] ,dragon1 & consequ5tly be inabl$ to make a bett] ghess at ! ,species or k9d ( ,curve1 9 :i* %e is mov'd1 t is1 :e!r x be sphrical1 or elliptical1 or nei!r1 & ) :at proportional velocities %e is c>ri$ 9 t ,curve2 yet till h] true ,p>allax be kn[n1 we _c det]m9e ei!r4 ,next1 = ! true di/ance ( ! ,sun1 ! be/ way w be1 by accurate ,obs]vations1 made 9 bo? ^! =em5tion$ /ations1 ( "s conv5i5t ,eclipse ( ! ,sun1 _m ( :i* may s happ51 z to be se5 by bo?2 = ! ,p5umbra ( ! ,moon may1 if %e be sixty ,semidiamet]s di/ant f ! ,e>?1 & ! ,sun above sev5 ?\s&1 ext5d to ab\t sev5ty degrees on ! ,e>?1 & consequ5tly be se5 by ,obs]vators z f> di/ant z ,london1 & ,/4 ,hel5a1 :i* are n full sixty n9e degrees di/ant4 ,& ?is w\ld mu* m accurately1 !n any way t has be5 yet us$1 det]m9e ! ,p>allax1 & di/ance1 ( ! ,sun2 = z = ! ,horizontal ,p>allax ,i h already %ewn x suffici5tly unc]ta92 nor is ! way ( f9d+ x by ! ,eclipse ( ! ,moon any o!r !n hypo!tical2 & t by ! diff]5ce ( ! true & app>5t quadrature ( ! ,moon is n less unc]ta91 witness _! ,d$uctions f x1 :o h made use ( x2 = ,v5del9e puts t diff]5ce to be b #d4cj4 :5ce he d$uces a va/ di/ance ( ! ,sun1 z ,i h be=e %ewn4 ,ricciolo makes x full #cj4jj4 b ,re9oldus1 & ,kir*]1 no less !n ?ree degrees4 ,& no wond]1 = if we exam9e ! ,!ory1 we %all f9d x s complicat$ ) unc]ta9ties4 ,fir/1 ,f ! irregul> surface ( ! ,moon1 & f sev]al ,p>allaxes1 t unless ! ,di*otomy happ5 9 ! ,nonagesimus ( ! ,ecliptick1 & t 9 ! ,m]idian1 c4 all :i* happ5 s v seldom1 t x is almo/ impossible to make !m o!rwise !n unc]ta9ly4 ,besides1 we are n yet c]ta91 b t !re may be some:at ab\t ! ,moon analogus to ! ,air ab\t ! ,e>?1 :i* may cause a refraction ( ! light ( ! ,sun1 & consequ5tly make a great diff]5ce 9 ! app>5t di*otomy ( ! ,moon4 ,_! way inde$ is v rational & +5i\s2 & su* z is mu* to be pref]r$ be=e ! way by ! ,horizontal ,p>allax1 c\ld all ! unc]ta9ties be remov'd1 & 7 ! true di/ance ( ! ,moon kn[n4 ,b because we f9d by ! ,exp]im5ts ( ,v5dil9e1 ,re9oldus1 c4 t ,obs]vations ( ?is k9d are v unc]ta9 also3 ,x 7 to be wi%t1 t su* k9d ( ,obs]vations1 made at two v di/ant /ations1 7 promot$4 ,& x is s mu* ! m desirable1 because1 f :at ,i h n[ %ewn ( ! nature ( ! ,air1 x is evid5t1 t ! refraction may be v mu* great] !n all ! ,a/ronom]s hi!rto h imag9$ x3 ,& consequ5tly1 t ! di/ance ( ! ,moon1 & o!r ,planets1 may be mu* lesse !n :at !y h hi!rto made x4 ,= fir/1 ?is ,inflection1 ,i h "h prop\nd$1 w all[ ! %ad[ ( ! ,e>? to be mu* %ort] !n x c be made by ! o!r ,hypo!sis ( refraction1 & consequ5tly1 ! ,moon w n suff] an ,eclipse1 unless x comes v mu* ne>] ! ,e>? !n ! ,a/ronom]s hi!rto h suppos$ x4 ,secondly1 ,!re w n 9 ?is ,hypo!sis be any o!r %ad[ ( ! ,e>?1 su* z ,kepl] supposes1 & calls ! ,p5umbra1 :i* is ! %ad[ ( ! refract+ ,atmosph]e2 = ! b5d+ ( ! ,rays be+ altoge!r caus'd by ,inflection1 z ,i h already %ewn1 all t "p :i* is ascrib$ by ,kepl]1 & o!rs aft] him1 to ! ,p5umbra1 or d>k "p1 :i* is )\t ! umbra t]r1 does cle> vani%2 = 9 ?is ,hypo!sis !re is no refract+ surface ( ! ,air1 & consequ5tly !re c be no %ad[s1 su* z appe> 9 ! n9? ,figure ( ! #cg4 ,s*eme1 :]e let ,,abcd repres5t ! ,e>?1 & ,,efgh ! ,atmosph]e1 :i* accord+ to ,kepl]s supposition1 is l a ,sphre ( ,wat] t]m9at$ ) an exact surface ,,efgh1 let ! l9es ,,mf1 ,,lb1 ,,id1 ,,kh1 repres5t ! ,rays ( ! ,sun2 'tis manife/1 t all ! ,rayes betwe5 ,,lb1 & ,,id1 w be reflect$ by ! surface ( ! ,e>? ,,bad1 & consequ5tly1 ! conical space ,,bod w\ld be d>k & obscure2 b1 say ! foll[]s ( ,kepl]1 ! ,rays betwe5 ,,mf1 & ,,lb1 & betwe5 ,,id1 & ,,kh1 fall+ on ! ,atmosph]e1 are refract$1 bo? at _! +ress & egress out ( ! ,atmosph]e1 ne>] t[>ds ! ,axis ( ! sphrical %ad[ ,,co1 & consequ5tly1 inlight5 a great "p ( t =m] d>k ,cone1 & %ort51 & contract1 its top to ,n4 ,& because ( ?is ,reflection ( ^! ,rays1 say !y1 !re is sup]9duc'd ano!r %ell ( a d>k ,cone ,,fph1 ^: ,apex ,p is yet fur!r di/ant f ! ,e>?3 ,by ?is ,p5umbra1 say !y1 ! ,moon is ,eclips$1 = x alwayes passes betwe5 ! l9es #ab1 & #cd4 ,to :i* ,i say1 ,t if ! ,air be su*1 z ,i h newly %ewn x to be1 & consequ5tly cause su* an inflection ( ! ,rays t fall into x1 ^? d>k ,p5umbra's ,,fyzq1 ,,hxvt1 & ,,orps1 w all vani%4 ,= if we suppose ! ,air indef9itely ext5d$1 & to be no :]e b\nd$ ) a det]m9ate refract+ surface1 z ,i h %ewn x uncapable ( hav+1 f ! nature ( x2 x w foll[1 t ! ,moon w no :]e be totally obscur$1 b :5 x is bel[ ! ,apex ,n1 ( ! d>k blunt ,cone ( ! ,e>?'s %ad[3 ,n[1 f ! supposition1 t ! ,sun is di/ant ab\t sev5 ?\s& ,diamet]s1 ! po9t ,n1 accord+ to calculation1 be+ n above tw5ty five t]re/rial ,semidiamet]s f ! ,c5t] ( ! ,e>?3 ,x foll[s1 t :5soev] ! ,moon eclips$ is totally d>kn$1 )\t af=d+ any k9d ( light1 x mu/ be )9 tw5ty five ,semidiamet]s ( ! ,e>?1 & consequ5tly mu* l[] !n any ,a/ronom]s h hi!rto put x4 ,?is w seem mu* m consonant to ! re/ ( ! secund>y ,planets2 = ! highe/ ( ,jupit]'s ,moons is betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ,jovial ,semidiamet]s di/ant f ! ,c5t] ( ,jupit]2 & ! ,moons ( ,saturn mu* ab\t ! same numb] ( ,saturnial ,semidiamet]s f ! ,c5t] ( t ,planet4 ,b ^! are b conjectures also1 & mu/ be det]m9'd by su* k9d ( ,obs]vations z ,i h newly m5tion'd4 ,nor w x be difficult1 by ?is ,hypo!sis1 to salve all ! appe>ances ( ,eclipses ( ! ,moon1 = 9 ?is ,hypo!sis also1 !re w be on ea* side ( ! %ad[ ( ! ,e>?1 a ,p5umbra1 n caus'd by ! ,refraction ( ! ,air1 z 9 ! ,hypo!sis ( ,kepl]2 b by ! fa9t inlightn+ ( x by ! ,sun3 ,= if1 9 ! six? ,figure1 we suppose ,,esq1 & ,,gsr1 to be ! ,rays t t]m9ate ! %ad[ f ei!r side ( ! ,e>?2 ,,esq com+ f ! upp] limb ( ! ,sun1 & ,,gsr f ! "u2 x w foll[1 t ! %ad[ ( ! ,e>?1 )9 ^? ,rays1 t is1 ! ,cone ,,gse1 w be totally d>k4 ,b ! ,sun be+ n a po9t1 b a l>ge area ( light1 !re w be a second>y d>k ,cone ( %ad[ ,,epg1 :i* w be caus'd by ! e>?'s h9dr+ "p ( ! ,rays ( ! ,sun f fall+ on ! p>ts ,,gpr1 & ,,epq1 ( :i* halv$ %ad[1 or ,p5umbra1 t "p w appe> brighte/ :i* lyes ne>e/ ! t]m9at+ ,rayes ,,gp1 & ,,ep1 & ^? d>k] t lye ne>e/ to ,,gs1 & ,,es3 :5 !re=e ! ,moon appe>s q d>k 9 ! middle ( ! ,eclipse1 %e mu/ be bel[ ,s1 t is1 betwe5 ,s & ,f2 :5 %e appe>s light] ne> ! middle ( ! ,eclipse1 %e mu/ pass "s :]e betwe5 ,,rq & ,s2 & :5 %e is alike light ?r\gh ! :ole ,eclipse1 %e mu/ pass betwe5 ,,rq1 & ,p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,lix4 ,( multitudes ( small ,/>s discov]able by ! ,telescope4 ,hav+1 9 ! la/ ,obs]vation1 premis'd "s p>ticul>s obs]vable 9 ! m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* we mu/ look ^u ,cle/ial ,objects1 ,i %all "h add "o ,obs]vation ( ! ,bodies !mselves2 & = a specim5 ,i h made *oice ( ! ,pleiades1 or sev5 ,/>s1 commonly s call$ 7?\gh 9 our "t & ,climate !re appe> no m !n six to ! nak$ eye7 & ?is ,i did ! r1 because ! des]v$ly fam\s ,galileo1 hav+ publi%t a ,picture ( ?is ,a/]isme1 0 able1 x seems1 ) 8 ,glass to discov] no m !n ?irty six1 :]eas ) a pretty good twelve foot ,telescope1 by :i* ,i drew ?is #ch ,iconism1 ,i c\ld v pla9ly discov] sev5ty eight1 plac$ 9 ! ord] !y are rang$ 9 ! ,figure1 & ( z _m diff]+ ,magnitudes z ! ,a/]isks1 :]e) !y are ,m>k$1 d specifie2 !re be+ no less !n f\rte5 sev]al ,magnitudes ( ^? ,/>s1 :i* are compris'd )9 ! draught1 ! bigge/ :]e( is n acc\nt$ great] !n "o ( ! ?ird ,magnitude2 & inde$ t acc\nt is mu* too big1 if x be comp>$ ) o!r ,/>s ( ! ?ird ,magnitude1 especially by ! help ( a ,telescope2 = !n by x may be p]ceiv'd1 t its spl5dor1 to ! nak$ eye1 may be some:at augm5t$ by ! ?ree little ,/>s imm$iately above x1 :i* are ne> adjoyn+ to x4 ,! ,telescope also discov]s a great v>iety1 ev5 9 ! bigness ( ^?1 commonly reckon'd1 ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 & six? ,magnitude2 s t %\ld !y be di/+ui%'d !reby1 ^? six ,magnitudes w\ld1 at lea/1 af=d no less !n ?rice t numb] ( ,magnitudes1 pla9ly en\gh di/+ui%able by _! ,magnitude1 & brightness2 s t a good twelve foot ,glass w\ld af=d u no less !n tw5ty five sev]al ,magnitudes4 ,nor are ^! all1 b a long] ,glass does yet fur!r1 bo? m nicely di/+ui% ! ,magnitudes ( ^? already not$1 & also discov] sev]al o!r ( small] ,magnitudes1 n disc]nable by ! twelve foot ,glass3 ,?us h ,i be5 able1 ) a good ?irty six foot ,glass1 to discov] _m m ,/>s 9 ! ,pleiades !n are "h del9eat$1 & ^? ( ?ree or f\r di/9ct ,magnitudes less !n any ( ^? spots ( ! f\rte5? ,magnitude4 ,& by ! tw9kl+ ( div]s o!r places ( ?is ,a/]isme1 :5 ! ,sky 0 v cle>1 ,i am apt to ?9k1 t ) long] ,glasses1 or su* z w\ld be> a bigg] ap]ture1 !re might be discov]$ multitudes ( o!r small ,/>s1 yet inconspicu\s4 ,& inde$1 = ! discov]y ( small ,/>s1 ! bigg] ! ap]ture be1 ! bett] adapt$ is ! ,glass2 = ?\gh p]haps x does make ! sev]al specks m radiant1 & gl>+1 yet by t means1 unit+ m ,rays v ne> to "o po9t1 x does make _m ( ^? radiant po9ts conspicu\s1 :i*1 by putt+ on a less ap]ture1 may be f\nd to vani%2 & !re=e1 bo? = ! discov]y ( ! fixt ,/>1 & = f9d+ ! ,satellites ( ,jupit]1 be=e x be out ( ! day1 or twilight1 ,i alwayes leave ! ,object-glass z cle> )\t any ap]ture z ,i c1 & h !reby be5 able to discov] ! ,satellites a long :ile be=e2 ,i 0 able to disc]n !m1 :5 ! small] ap]tures 7 put on2 & at o!r times1 to see multitudes ( o!r small] ,/>s1 :i* a small] ap]ture makes to disappe>4 ,9 t notable ,a/]ism also ( ! ,sword ( ,orion1 :]e ! +5i\s ,monsieur ,hug5s van ,zuli*em has discov]$ only ?ree little ,/>s 9 a clu/]1 ,i h ) a ?irty six foot ,glass1 )\t any ap]ture 7! bread? ( ! ,glass be+ ab\t "s ?ree in*es & a half7 discov]'d five1 & ! tw9kl+ ( div]s o!rs up & d[n 9 div]s p>ts ( t small milky ,cl\d4 ,s t 'tis n unlikely1 b t ! meliorat+ ( ,telescopes w af=d z great a v>iety ( new ,discov]ies 9 ! ,heav5s1 z bett] ,microscopes w\ld among small t]re/rial ,bodies1 & bo? w\ld give u inf9ite cause1 m & m to admire ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,creator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v4 ,,lx4 ,( ! ,moon4 ,hav+ a pretty l>ge corn] ( ! ,plate = ! sev5 ,/>rs1 void1 = ! fill+ x up1 ,i h add$ "o small ,specim5 ( ! appe>ance ( ! p>ts ( ! ,moon1 by describ+ a small spot ( x1 :i*1 ?\gh tak5 notice (1 bo? by ! ,excell5t ,hevelius1 & call$ ,mons ,olympus 7?\gh ,i ?9k some:at improp]ly1 be+ r a vale7 & repres5t$ by ! ,figure ,x4 ( ! #ch4 ,s*eme1 & also by ! ,le>n'd ,ricciolus1 :o calls x ,hipp>*us1 & describes x by ! ,figure ,y1 yet h[ f> %ort bo? ( !m come ( ! tru?1 may be some:at p]ceiv'd by ! draught1 :i* ,i h "h add$ ( x1 9 ! ,figure ,z1 7:i* ,i drew by a ?irty foot ,glass1 9 ,octob] #affd4 j be=e ! ,moon 0 half inlightn$7 b mu* bett] by ! ,read]'s dilig5tly obs]v+ x himself1 at a conv5i5t "t1 ) a ,glass ( t l5g?1 & mu* bett] yet ) "o ( ?reescore foot long1 = ?r\gh ^! x appe>s a v spaci\s ,vale1 incompass$ ) a ridge ( ,hills1 n v high 9 comp>ison ( _m o!r 9 ! ,moon1 nor yet v /eep4 ,! ,vale x self ,,abcd1 is mu* ( ! figure ( a ,pe>1 & f sev]al appe>ances ( x1 seems to be "s v fruitful place1 t is1 to h its surface all cov]$ ov] ) "s k9ds ( vegetable sub/ances2 = 9 all positions ( ! light on x1 x seems to give a mu* fa9t] reflection !n ! m b>r5 tops ( ! incompass+ ,hills1 & ^? a mu* fa9t] !n div]s o!r cragg$1 *alky1 or rocky ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon4 ,s t ,i am n unapt to ?9k1 t ! ,vale may h ,vegetables analogus to our ,grass1 ,%rubs1 & ,trees2 & mo/ ( ^! incompass+ ,hills may be cov]$ ) s ?9 a vegetable ,coat1 z we may obs]ve ! ,hills ) u to be1 su* z ! %ort ,%eep pa/ure :i* cov]s ! ,hills ( ,salisbury ,pla9s4 ,up & d[n 9 sev]al p>ts ( ?is place "h describ'd 7z !re are multitudes 9 o!r places all ov] ! surface ( ! ,moon7 may be p]ceiv$ sev]al k9ds ( pits1 :i* are %ap'd almo/ l a di%1 "s bigg]1 "s less1 "s %all[]1 "s deep]1 t is1 !y seem to be a holl[ ,hemisph]e1 incompass$ ) a r\nd ris+ bank1 z if ! sub/ance 9 ! middle _h be5 digg'd up1 & ?r[n on ei!r side4 ,^! seem to me to h be5 ! effects ( "s motions )9 ! body ( ! ,moon1 analogus to our ,e>?quakes1 by ! eruption ( :i*1 z x has ?r[n up a brim1 or ridge1 r\nd ab\t1 high] !n ! ,ambi5t surface ( ! ,moon1 s has x left a hole1 or depression1 9 ! middle1 proportionably l[]2 div]s places resembl+ "s ( ^!1 ,i h obs]v'd "h 9 ,engl&1 on ! tops ( "s ,hills1 :i* might h be5 caus'd by "s ,e>?quake 9 ! y\ng] dayes ( ! _w4 ,b t :i* does mo/ incl9e me to ?is belief1 is1 fir/1 ! g5]ality & div]sity ( ! ,magnitude ( ^! pits all ov] ! body ( ! ,moon4 ,next1 ! two exp]im5tal wayes1 by :i* ,i h made a repres5tation ( !m4 ,! fir/ 0 ) a v s(t & well temp]'d mixture ( ,tobacco-pipe clay & ,wat]1 into :i*1 if ,i let fall any heavy body1 z a ,bullet1 x w\ld ?r[ up ! mixture r\nd ! place1 :i* = a :ile w\ld make a repres5tation1 n unlike ^! ( ! ,moon2 b consid]+ ! /ate & condition ( ! ,moon1 !re seems n any probability to imag9e1 t x %\ld proce$ f any cause analogus to ?is2 = x w\ld be difficult to imag9e :5ce ^? bodies %\ld come2 & next1 h[ ! sub/ance ( ! ,moon %\ld be s s(t2 b if a ,bubble be bl[n "u ! surface ( x1 & suff]'d to rise1 & break2 or if a ,bullet1 or o!r body1 sunk 9 x1 be pull'd out f x1 ^! dep>t+ bodies leave an impression on ! surface ( ! mixture1 exactly l ^! ( ! ,moon1 save t ^! also quickly subside & vani%4 ,b ! second1 & mo/ notable1 repres5tation 01 :at ,i obs]v'd 9 a pot ( boyl+ ,alaba/]1 = !re t p[d] be+ by ! eruption ( vap\rs r$uc'd to a k9d ( fluid consi/5ce1 if1 :il'/ x boyls1 x be g5tly remov'd besides ! fire1 ! ,alaba/] pres5tly ceas+ to boyl1 ! :ole surface1 especially t :]e "s ( ! la/ ,bubbles h ris51 w appe> all ov] cov]$ ) small pits1 exactly %ap'd l ^! ( ! ,moon1 & by hold+ a light$ ,c&le 9 a l>ge d>k ,room1 9 div]s positions to ?is surface1 y may exactly repres5t all ! ,phnom5a ( ^! pits 9 ! ,moon1 accord+ z !y are m or less inlightn$ by ! ,sun4 ,& t !re may h be5 9 ! ,moon "s su* motion z ?is1 :i* may h made ^! pits1 w seem ! m probable1 if we suppose x l our ,e>?1 = ! ,e>?quakes "h ) u seem to proce$ f "s su* cause1 z ! boyl+ ( ! pot ( ,alaba/]1 !re seem+ to be g5]at$ 9 ! ,e>? f "s subt]rane\s fires1 or heat1 great quantities ( vap\rs1 t is1 ( exp&$ a]ial sub/ances1 :i* n pres5tly f9d+ a passage ?r\gh ! ambi5t p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 d1 z !y are increas$ by ! supply+ & g5]at+ pr9ciples1 & !reby 7hav+ n suffici5t room to exp& !mselves7 extreamly cond5s'd1 at la/ ov]p[]1 ) _! ela/ick prop]ties1 ! resi/5ce ( ! incompass+ ,e>?1 & lift+ x up1 or cleav+ x1 & s %att]+ ( ! p>ts ( ! ,e>? above x1 d at l5g?1 :]e !y f9d ! p>ts ( ! ,e>? above !m m loose1 make _! way upw>ds1 & c>ry+ a great "p ( ! ,e>? be=e !m1 n only raise a small brim r\nd ab\t ! place1 out ( :i* !y break1 b = ! mo/ "p consid]able high ,hills & ,m\nta9s1 & :5 !y break f "u ! ,sea1 div]s times1 m\nta9\s ,isl&s2 ?is seems confirm'd by ! ,vulcans 9 sev]al places ( ! ,e>?1 ! m\?s ( :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are incompass$ ) a ,hill ( a consid]able height1 & ! tops ( ^? ,hills1 or ,m\nta9s1 are usually %ap'd v mu* l ^! pits1 or di%es1 ( ! ,moon3 ,in/ances ( ?is we h 9 ! descriptions ( tna 9 ,sicily1 ( ,hecla 9 ,icel&1 ( ,t5]if 9 ! ,can>ies1 ( ! sev]al ,vulcans 9 ,new-,spa91 describ'd by ,gage1 & m especially 9 ! eruption ( late ye>s 9 "o ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,9 all ( :i* !re is n only a consid]able high ,hill rais$ ab\t ! m\? ( ! ,vulcan1 b1 l ! spots ( ! ,moon1 ! top ( ^? ,hills are l a di%1 or bason4 ,& inde$1 if "o att5tively consid] ! nature ( ! ?+1 "o may f9d suffici5t reason to judge1 t x _c be o!rwise2 = ^! eruptions1 :e!r ( fire1 or smoak1 alwayes rais+ great quantities ( ,e>? be=e !m1 mu/ necess>ily1 by ! fall ( ^? p>ts on ei!r side1 raise v consid]able heaps4 ,n[1 bo? f ! figures ( !m1 & f sev]al o!r circum/ances2 ^! pits 9 ! ,moon seem to h be5 g5]at$ mu* aft] ! same mann] t ! holes 9 ,alaba/]1 & ! ,vulcans ( ! ,e>? are made4 ,= fir/1 x is n improbable1 b t ! sub/ance ( ! ,moon may be v mu* l t ( our ,e>?1 t is1 may consi/ ( an e>?y1 s&y1 or rocky sub/ance1 9 sev]al ( its sup]ficial p>ts1 :i* p>ts be+ agitat$1 und]m9'd1 or heav'd up1 by eruptions ( vap\rs1 may naturally be ?r[n into ! same k9d ( figur$ holes1 z ! small du/1 or p[d] ( ,alaba/]4 ,next1 x is n improbable1 b t !re may be g5]at$1 )9 ! body ( ! ,moon1 div]s su* k9d ( int]nal fires & heats1 z may produce su* ,exhalations2 = s9ce we c pla9ly en\gh discov] ) a ,telescope1 t !re are multitudes ( su* k9d ( eruptions 9 ! body ( ! ,sun x self1 :i* is acc\nt$ ! mo/ noble !rial body1 c]ta9ly we ne$ n be mu* sc&aliz'd at su* k9d ( alt]ations1 or corruptions1 9 ! body ( ?is l[] & less consid]able "p ( ! univ]se1 ! ,moon1 :i* is only secund>y1 or att5dant1 on ! bigg]1 & m consid]able body ( ! ,e>?4 ,?irdly1 'tis n unlikely1 b t suppos+ su* a s&y or m\ldr+ sub/ance to be !re f\nd1 & suppos+ also a possibility ( ! g5]ation ( ! int]nal ela/ical body 7:e!r y w call x air or vap\rs7 'tis n unlikely1 ,i say1 b t !re is 9 ! ,moon a pr9ciple ( gravitation1 su* z 9 ! ,e>?4 ,& to make ?is probable1 ,i ?9k1 we ne$ no bett] ,argum5t1 !n ! r\ndness1 or globul> ,figure ( ! body ( ! ,moon x self1 :i* we may p]ceive v pla9ly by ! ,telescope1 to be 7bat+ ! small inequality ( ! ,hills & ,vales 9 x1 :i* are all ( !m likewise %ap'd1 or levell$1 z x 71 to answ] to ! c5t] ( ! ,moons body7 p]fectly ( a ,sphrical figure1 t is1 all ! p>ts ( x are s rang'd 7bat+ ! comp>atively small rugg$ness ( ! ,hills & ,dales7 t ! outmo/ b\nds ( !m are equally di/ant f ! ,c5t] ( ! ,moon1 & consequ5tly1 x is exce$+ly probable also1 t !y are equidi/ant f ! ,c5t] ( gravitation2 & inde$1 ! figure ( ! sup]ficial p>ts ( ! ,moon are s exactly %ap'd1 accord+ z !y %\ld be1 suppos+ x _h a gravitat+ pr9ciple z ! ,e>? has1 t ev5 ! figure ( ^? p>ts !mselves is ( suffici5t efficacy to make ! gravitation1 & ! o!r two suppositions probable3 s t ! o!r suppositions may be r prov'd by ?is consid]able ,circum/ance1 or ,obs]vation1 !n ?is suppos'd ,explication c by !m2 = he t %all att5tively obs]ve ) an excell5t ,telescope1 h[ all ! ,circum/ances1 notable 9 ! %ape ( ! sup]ficial p>ts1 are1 z x 71 exactly adapt$ to suit ) su* a pr9ciple1 w1 if he well consid]s ! usual me?od ( ,nature 9 its o!r proce$+s1 f9d abundant argum5t to believe x to h really !re also su* a pr9ciple2 = ,i c\ld nev] obs]ve1 among all ! m\nta9\s or prom95t p>ts ( ! ,moon 7:]e( !re is a huge v>iety7 t any "o "p ( x 0 plac'd 9 su* a mann]1 t if !re %\ld be a gravitat+1 or attract+ pr9ciple 9 ! body ( ! ,moon1 x w\ld make t "p to fall1 or be mov'd out ( its visible po/ure4 ,next1 ! %ape & position ( ! p>ts is su*1 t !y all seem put into ^? v %apes !y are 9 by a gravitat+ p[]3 ,= fir/1 !re are b v few clifts1 or v /eep declivities 9 ! asc5t ( ^! ,m\nta9s2 = besides ^? ,m\nta9s1 :i* are by ,hevelius call'd ! ,ap5n9e ,m\nta9s1 & "s o!r1 :i* seem to bord] on ! ,seas ( ! ,moon1 & ^? only ^u "o side1 z is common also 9 ^? ,hills t are "h on ! ,e>?2 !re are v few t seem to h v /eep asc5ts1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y are made v r\nd1 & mu* resemble ! make ( ! ,hills & ,m\nta9s also ( ! ,e>?2 ?is may be p>tly p]ceiv$ by ! ,hills incompass+ ?is ,vale1 :i* ,i h "h describ'd2 & z on ! ,e>? also1 ! middlemo/ ( ^! ,hills seems ! highe/1 s is x obvi\s also1 ?r\gh a good ,telescope1 9 ^? ( ! ,moon2 ! ,vales also 9 _m are mu* %ap'd l ^? ( ! ,e>?1 & ,i am apt to ?9k1 t c\ld we look ^u ! ,e>? f ! ,moon1 ) a good ,telescope1 we might easily en\gh p]ceive its surface to be v mu* l t ( ! ,moon4 ,n[ :]eas 9 ?is small draught1 7z !re w\ld be multitudes if ! :ole ,moon 7 drawn aft] ?is mann]7 !re are sev]al little ,ebullitions1 or ,di%es1 ev5 9 ! ,vales !mselves1 & 9 ! incompass+ ,hills also2 ?is w1 f ?is supposition1 7:i* ,i h1 ,i ?9k1 ^u v good reason tak57 be exce$+ easily explicable2 =1 z ,i h sev]al times also obs]v'd1 9 ! surface ( ,alaba/] s ord]$1 z ,i be=e describ'd1 s may ! lat] eruptions ( vap\rs be ev5 9 ! middle1 or on ! edges ( ! =m]2 & o!r succe$+ ^! also 9 "t may be 9 ! middle or edges ( ^!1 c4 ( :i* !re are ,in/ances en\gh 9 div]s p>ts ( ! body ( ! ,moon1 & by a boyl+ pot ( ,alaba/] w be suffici5tly exemplifi'd4 ,to conclude !re=e1 x be+ v probable1 t ! ,moon has a pr9ciple ( gravitation1 x af=ds an excell5t di/+ui%+ ,in/ance 9 ! se>* aft] ! cause ( gravitation1 or attraction1 to h9t1 t x does n dep5d ^u ! diurnal or turb9at$ motion ( ! ,e>?1 z "s h some:at inconsid]ately suppos$ & affirm$ x to d2 = if ! ,moon has an attractive pr9ciple1 :]eby x is n only %ap'd r\nd1 b does firmly conta9 & hold all its p>ts unit$1 ?\gh _m ( !m seem z loose z ! s& on ! ,e>?1 & t ! ,moon is n mov'd ab\t its ,c5t]2 !n c]ta9ly ! turb9ation _c be ! cause ( ! attraction ( ! ,e>?1 & !re=e "s o!r pr9ciple mu/ be ?\ght (1 t w agree ) all ! secund>y z well z prim>y ,planets4 ,b ?is1 ,i confess1 is b a probability1 & n a demon/ration1 :i* 7f any ,obs]vation yet made7 x seems h>dly capable (1 ?\gh h[ successful future indeav\rs 7promot$ by ! meliorat+ ( ,glasses1 & obs]v+ p>ticul> circum/ances7 may be 9 ?is1 or any o!r1 k9d1 mu/ be ) pati5ce expect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f9is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,table4 ,obs]vat4 #a4 ,( ! po9t ( a ,ne$le4 ,a ,description ( x3 :at o!r ,bodies h ! %>pe/ po9ts3 ( ! rugg$ness ( poli%t ,metal4 ,a description ( a pr9t$ po9t4 ,( v small writ+1 & ! use ( x = secret intellig5ce3 ! cause ( ! c\rsness ( pr9t$ l9es & po9ts4 ,obs]v4 #b4 ,( ! ,edge ( a ,razor4 ,a description ( x3 ! causes ( its r\ghness3 ( ! r\ghness ( v well poli%t ,optick ,glasses44 ,obs]4 #c4 ,( f9e ,lawn4 ,a description ( x3 ,a silk5 ,flax m5tion'd1 an attempt to explicate ! ,phnom5a ( x1 ) a conjecture at ! cause ( ! gloss ( ,silk4 ,obs]v4 #d4 ,( ,tabby4 ,a %ort description ( x4 ,a conjecture ab\t ! reason :y ,silk is s susceptible ( vivid col\rs3 & :y ,flax & ,hair is n4 ,a conjecture1 t x may p]haps be possible to sp9 a k9d ( artificial ,silk1 out ( "s glut9\s sub/ance t may equalize natural ,silk4 ,obs]v4 #e4 ,( wat]'d ,silks4 ,! great unaccurat5ess ( artificial works4 ,a description ( a piece ( wat]'d ,silk2 an ,explication ( ! cause ( ! ,phnom5a3 ! way by :i* t op]ation is p]=m'd3 "s o!r ,phnom5a m5tion'd dep5d+ on ! same cause4 ,obs]v4 #f4 ,( ,glass ,canes4 ,! exce$+ smallness ( "s ( ^! ,bodies4 ,by :at means ! holl[ness ( ^! small pipes 0 discov]'d3 sev]al ,phnom5a ( x m5tion'd4 ,an attempt to explicate !m f ! congruity & incongruity ( ,bodies3 :at ^? proprieties are4 ,a hypo!tical explication ( fluidity3 ( ! fluidity ( ! air1 & sev]al o!r ,phnom5a ( x3 ( congruity incongruity2 illu/rat$ ) sev]al ,exp]im5ts3 :at effects may be ascrib'd to ^! prop]ties3 an explication ( ! r\ndness ( ! surface ( fluid ,bodies3 h[ ! +ress ( fluid bodies into a small hole ( an het]og5e\s body is h9dr$ by incongruity2 a multitude ( ,phnom5a explicable h]eby4 ,sev]al ,quries prop\nd$2 #a4 ,conc]n+ ! propagation ( light ?r\gh diff]+ m$iums4 #b4 ,conc]n+ ,gravity4 #c4 ,conc]n+ ! r\ndness ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,planets4 #d4 ,conc]n+ ! r\ndness ( ,fruits1 ,/ones1 & div]s artificial ,bodies4 ,8 ,highness ,pr9ce ,rup]t's way ( mak+ ,%ot4 ,( ! r\ndness ( ,hail4 ,( ! gra9 ( ,kett]+ ,/one1 & ( ! ,sp>ks ( fire4 #e4 ,conc]n+ spr+9ess & t5acity4 #f4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9al ( ,f\nta9s2 sev]al ,hi/ories & ,exp]im5ts relat+ !reto4 #g4 ,conc]n+ ! dissolution ( ,bodies 9 ,liquors4 #h4 ,conc]n+ ! univ]sality ( ?is ,pr9ciple3 :at me?od 0 tak5 9 mak+ & apply+ exp]im5ts4 ,! explication ( filtration1 & sev]al o!r ,phnom5a2 su* z ! motion ( ,bodies on ! surface ( ,liquors2 sev]al ,exp]im5ts m5tion'd to ?is purpose4 ,( ! height to :i* ! wat] may rise 9 ^! ,pipes2 & a conjecture ab\t ! juices ( ,vegetables1 ! use ( _! pores4 ,a fur!r explication ( ,congruity3 ,& an attempt ( solv+ ! ,phnom5a ( ! /range ,exp]im5t ( ! susp5sion ( ! ,m]cury at a mu* great] height !n ?irty in*es4 ,! efficacy ( imm$iate contact1 & ! reason ( x4 ,obs]v4 #g4 ,( ,glass drops4 ,sev]al ,exp]im5ts made ) ^! small ,bodies4 ,! mann] ( ! break+ & flaw+ ( !m1 explicat$ by ,figures4 ,:at o!r bodies w be flaw$ mu* 9 ! same mann]3 "s o!r tryals1 & a description ( ! ,drops !mselves3 "s conjectures at ! cause ( ! ,phnom5a1 indeav\r$ to be made probable by sev]al ,argum5ts & ,exp]im5ts4 ,an ,exp]im5t ( ! expansion ( ,wat] by heat1 & %r9k+ by cold3 ! l ,proprieties suppos'd 9 ,glass drops1 & :at effects proce$ f !m3 ! sev5 ,propositions on :i* ! conjectures are gr\nd$4 ,exp]im5ts to %ew1 t bodies exp& by heat4 ,! mann] ( mak+ ,!rmomet]s1 & ! ,in/rum5t = graduat+ !m4 ,! mann] ( graduat+ !m1 & _! use3 ,o!r ,exp]im5ts to prove ! expansion ( bodies by heat4 ,f\r exp]im5tal ,argum5ts to prove ! expansion ( ,glass by heat3 fur!r prov'd by ! ,exp]im5t ( boyl+ ,alaba/]2 :i* is explicat$4 ,an explication ( ! contract+ ( heat$ ,glass ^u cool+4 ,an explication h[ ! p>ts ( ! ,glass become b5t by sudd5 cold1 & h[ kept f extricat+ !mselves by ! contignation ( ! ,glass drop2 :i* is fur!r explicat$ by ano!r ,exp]im5t made ) a holl[ ,glass ball3 ! reason ( ! fly+ asund] ( ! p>ts fur!r explicat$3 t 'tis probable ^! bodies may h _m flaws1 ?\gh n visible1 & :y3 h[ a gradual heat+ & cool+ does put ! p>ts ( ,glass1 & o!r h>dn$ bodies1 into a loos] texture4 ,obs]v4 #h4 ,( ,fi]y ,sp>ks4 ,! occasion & mann] ( mak+ ?is ,exp]im5t3 div]s ,obs]vations set d[n 9 ord] to ! f9d+ out ! reasons3 "s conjectures conc]n+ x1 :i* are endeav\r$ to be explicat$ & confirm'd by sev]al ,exp]im5ts & ,reasons3 ! ,hypo!sis a little fur!r explicat$4 ,"s ,obs]vations ab\t ! ,globul> ,figure3 & an ,exp]im5t ( r$uc+ ! fil+s ( ,t9 or ,lead to exactly r\nd ,globules4 ,obs]v4 #i4 ,( ,fanta/ical ,col\rs4 ,! texture ( ,muscovy ,glass2 its ,figures3 :at o!r ,bodies are l x3 t x exhibits sev]al col\rs1 & h[3 sev]al ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts ab\t ^? col\rs3 ! reason :y on ?is occasion ! nature ( col\rs is inquir'd into4 ,a conjecture at ! reason ( ^! col\rs explicat$ by sev]al ,exp]im5ts & ,reasons3 ,fir/1 by cont9ual cleav+ ! ,body till x become col\r'd4 ,secondly1 by produc+ all k9ds ( col\rs ) two flat ,plates ( ,glass4 ,?irdly1 by bl[+ ,glass s ?9 9 ! ,lamp1 till x produce ! same effect4 ,f\r?ly1 by do+ ! same ) ,bubbles ( div]s o!r transp>5t ,bodies3 ! reasons ( ! col\rs on neal$ ,/eel1 :]e by ! way ! causes ( ! h>dn+ & temp]+ ( ,/eel1 endeav\r'd to be %ewn & explicat$ by sev]al ,reasons & ,exp]im5ts3 ! reason ( ! col\rs on ,lead1 ,brass1 ,copp]1 ,silv]1 c4 o!r ,in/ances ( su* col\r'd bodies 9 animal sub/ances3 sev]al o!r di/+ui%+ ,obs]vations4 ,des ,c>tes ,hypo!sis ( ,col\rs exam9'd4 ,an ,hypo!sis = ! explication ( light by motion1 indeav\r$ to be explicat$ & det]m9$ by sev]al ,reasons & ,exp]im5ts3 ?ree di/+ui%+ ,prop]ties ( ! motion ( light4 ,! di/+ui%+ ,prop]ties ( a trasp>5t ,m$ium t !re seems to be no ,exp]im5t t proves ! ,in/antane\s motion ( light ! mann] ( ! propagation ( light ?r\gh !m4 ,( ! homog5iety & het]og5iety ( transp>5t ,m$iums1 & :at effects !y cause on ! ,rayes ( light1 explicat$ by a ,figure3 an ,exam9ation ( ! refraction ( ! ,rays by a pla9 ,surface1 :i* causes ,col\rs4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! l effects produc$ by a sph]ical ,surface3 ! use t may be made ( ^! ,exp]im5ts1 = ! exam9ation ( sev]al ,hypo!ses ( ,col\rs4 ,des ,c>tes ,hypo!sis exam9'd4 ,"s ,difficulties tak5 notice ( 9 x4 ,:at seems mo/ likely to be ! cause ( col\r3 t propriety is indeav\r$ to be %ewn 9 a ,glass ball3 t ! reflection is n necess>y to produce ,col\rs nor a d\ble refraction3 ! ,hypo!sis fur!r exam9$1 bo? 9 ! pellucid ,m$ium & 9 ! ,eye4 ,! def9itions ( ,col\rs2 & a fur!r explication & exam9ation ( ! ,proprieties ( lam9at$ ,bodies2 by :at means !y conduce to ! production ( ,col\rs4 ,obs]v4 #aj4 ,( ,metall9e ,col\rs4 ,t all ,col\rs seem to be caus'd by refraction4 ,an ,hypo!sis consonant h]eunto1 explicat$ by ,figures4 ,h[ sev]al ,exp]im5ts1 ( ! sudd5 *ang+ ( ,col\rs by ,*ymical ,liquors may be h]eby explicat$3 h[ _m wayes su* ,*ymical ,liquors may alt] ! col\rs ( ,bodies4 ,objections made aga9/ ?is ,hypo!sis ( two col\rs only1 indeav\r$ to be answ]'d1 by sev]al ,reasons & ,exp]im5ts4 ,! reason :y "s ,col\rs are capable ( be+ dilut$1 o!rs n3 :at ^? are3 t probably ! p>ticles ( mo/ metall9e ,col\rs are transp>5t2 = ?is sev]al ,argum5ts & ,obs]vations are recit$3 h[ ,col\rs become incapable ( dilut+1 explicat$ by a ,similitude4 ,an ,in/rum5t1 by :i* "o & ! same col\r$ ,liquor at once exhibit$ all ! degrees ( col\rs betwe5 ! pale/ yell[ & deepe/ r$3 z likewise ano!r t exhibit$ all v>ieties ( blues3 sev]al ,exp]im5ts try'd ) ^! ,boxes4 ,an ,objection drawn f ! nature ( ,pa9t]s col\rs answ]$3 t dilut+ & :it5+ a col\r are diff]5t op]ations2 z are deep5+ & black5+3 :y "s may be dilut$ by gr9d+1 & "s o!r by be+ temp]$ ) ,oyl3 sev]al ,exp]im5ts = ! explicat+ ( "s =m] ,ass]tions3 :y ,pa9t]s are =c$ to make use ( _m col\rs3 :at ^? col\rs are3 & h[ mixt4 ,! conclusion1 t mo/ col\r$ ,bodies seem to consi/ ( transp>5t p>ticles3 t all col\rs dissoluble 9 ,liquors are capable ( dilut+3 "s ( mix+1 :at a /range v>iety may !reby be produc'd4 ,obs]v4 #aa4 ,( ! ,figures ( ,s&4 ,( ! sub/ances & %apes ( common & o!r ,s&s3 a description ( a v small ,%ell4 ,obs]v4 #ab4 ,( ,gravel 9 ,ur9e4 ,a description ( su* ,gravel1 & "s tryals made ) x1 & conjectures at its cause4 ,obs]4 #ac4 ,( ,diamonds 9 ,fl9ts4 ,a description & exam9ation ( "s ( !m1 explicat$ fur!r by ,corni% ,diamonds3 sev]al ,obs]vations ab\t reflection & refraction3 & "s d$uctions !refrom2 z an explication ( :it5ess2 t ! ,air has a /rong] reflection !n ,wat]4 ,h[ sev]al ,bodies may be made transp>5t3 an explication ( ! ,phnom5a ( ,oculus ,mundi4 ,( ! regul> ,geometrical ,figures ( sev]al ,bodies3 an hypo!tical explication m5tion$3 ! me?od ( prosecut+ ?is inquiry4 ,obs]v4 #ad4 ,( froz5 ,figure4 ,! ,figures ( ho> ,fro/1 & ! ,vortices on w9d[s3 sev]al ,obs]vations on ! bran*$ ,figures ( ,ur9e3 ! ,figures ( ,regulus ,m>tis /ellatus1 & ( ,f]n4 ,( ! ,figures ( ,sn[4 ,( froz5 wat]4 ,obs]v4 #ae4 ,( ,kett]+-,/one4 ,a description ( ! ,figure ( ! ,p>ticles1 & ( ! ,pores1 & ( ! ,contexture4 ,sev]al ,obs]vations & ,consid]ations !reupon3 "s ,conjectures ab\t ! m$ium & propagation ( light1 & ! con/itution ( fluid & transp>5t ,bodies4 ,sev]al ,exp]im5ts to prove ! por\sness ( ,m>ble1 & "s o!r ,/ones4 ,an acc\nt ( "s ,exp]im5ts to ?is purpose made on an ,oculus ,mundi3 "s o!r ,consid]ations & ,exp]im5ts ab\t ! por\sness ( ,bodies3 "s o!r ,consid]ations ab\t ! propagation ( light & refraction4 ,obs]v4 #af4 ,( ,*>coal4 ,( two sort ( ,pores to be f\nd 9 all ,woods & ,vegetables2 ! %ape ( !m2 ! numb]1 ?ickness1 mann] & use ( ^! ,pores4 ,an explication ( ! ,phnom5a ( ,coals4 ,! mann] ( *>r+ ,wood1 or any o!r body4 ,:at "p ( ,wood is combu/ible4 ,an ,hypo!sis ( fire explicat$ 9 twelve p>ticul>s1 :]e9 ! ,action ( ! ,air1 z a ,m5/ruum 9 ! dissolution ( all sulphure\s bodies1 is v p>ticul>ly explicat$1 & "s o!r ,consid]ations ab\t ! ,air propos$3 ! exam9ation ( a piece ( ,lignum fossile s5t f ,rome1 & "s ,conclusions !nce d$uc'd4 ,obs]v4 #ag4 ,( ,wood1 & o!r ,bodies1 petrifi$4 ,sev]al ,obs]vations ( div]s k9ds ( ^! sub/ances4 ,a m p>ticul> exam9ation & explication ( "o v notable piece ( petrifi$ ,wood2 & "s ,conjectures ab\t ! cause ( ^? productions3 sev]al ,obs]vations made on o!r petrifi$ ,bodies1 z %ells1 c4 ,& "s probable ,conclusions !nce d$uc'd1 ab\t ! orig9al cause ( ^? ,bodies4 ,obs]v4 #ah4 ,( ! ,pores ( ,cork1 & o!r ,bodies4 ,sev]al ,obs]vations & ,consid]ations ab\t ! nature ( ,cork3 ! numb] ( ,pores 9 a cubical ,in*1 & sev]al consid]ations ab\t ,pores4 ,sev]al ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations ab\t ! nature ( ,cork3 ! ,texture & ,pores ( ! ,pi? ( an ,eld]1 & sev]al o!r ,trees3 ( ! ,/alks ( ,burdocks1 ,teasels1 ,daisies1 ,c>ret1 ,f5nel1 ,f]ne1 ,re$s1 c4 ( ! fro?y texture ( ! ,pi? ( a ,fea!r3 "s ,conjectures ab\t ! probability ( values 9 ^! ,pores4 ,argu$ also f ! ,phnom5a ( s5sible & humble ,plant3 "s ,obs]vations on :i* are ins]t$4 ,obs]v4 #ai4 ,( a ,vegetable gr[+ on blight$ ,leaves4 ,sev]al ,obs]vations & ,exam9ations made ( !m3 sev]al ,consid]ations ab\t spontane\s g5]ation aris+ f ! putrefaction ( ,bodies4 ,obs]v4 #bj4 ,( ,blew ,m\ld & ,mu%romes4 ,! description ( sev]al k9ds ( ,m\lds4 ,! me?od ( proce$+ 9 natural ,inquiries4 ,sev]al ,consid]ations ab\t ! nature ( ,m\ld & ,mu%romes4 #a4 ,t !y may be produc'd )\t se$4 #b4 ,t !y seem to h none4 #c4 ,t ,salts1 c4 are %ap'd into z curi\s figures )\t a se$4 #d4 ,( a k9d ( ,mu%rome gr[+ 9 a ,c&le3 ,a m p>ticul> explication ( ?is la/ sort ( ,mu%romes4 #e4 ,( ! figure & mann] ( ! production ( petrifi$ ,iceicles3 sev]al d$uctions f ^! ,consid]ations1 ab\t ! nature ( ! vegetation ( ,m\ld & ,mu%romes4 ,obs]v4 #ba4 ,( ,moss4 ,! description ( sev]al sorts ( ,mosses2 ^u ?is occasion sev]al ,conjectures1 ab\t ! mann] ( ! production ( ^! k9ds ( ,bodies1 are h9t$1 & "s ( !m explicat$ by a ,similitude tak5 f a piece ( ,clock-"w1 ,! va/ diff]5ce ( ! bigness ( vegetable ,bodies2 & ! probability t ! lea/ may compreh5d z curi\s contrivances z ! greate/4 ,( multitudes ( o!r ,m\lds1 ,mosses1 & ,mu%romes1 & o!r vegetat+ ,pr9ciples1 9 ,wat]1 ,wood1 c4 ,obs]v4 #bb4 ,( ,sponges1 & o!r fibr\s ,bodies4 ,sev]al ,obs]vations & ,conjectures ab\t ! mak+ ( ^! ,bodies1 & sev]al ,hi/ories out ( ,au?ors4 ,sc>ce any o!r ,body ha? su* a texture2 ! fibr\s texture ( ,lea!r1 ,spunk1 c4 7:i* are !re describ'd7 come ne>e/ to x ,t ^u tryal ) a piece ( ,spunge & ,oyl ! necessity ( respiration c\ld n be alt]'d4 ,obs]v4 #bc4 ,( ! ,=m ( ,sea-we$4 ,f ! curi\sly %ap'd ,surface ( ?is ,sea-we$1 & "s o!rs1 is conjectur$ ! possibility ( multitudes ( ! l4 ,obs]v4 #bd4 ,( ! ,surfaces ( "s ,leaves4 ,! description1 #a4 ,( ! bald ,surfaces ( ,leaves4 #b4 ,( ! d[ny ,surfaces ( sev]al o!rs4 #c4 ,( ! gumm\s exsudation1 or small transp>5t ,pe>ls1 discov]$ ) a ,microscope 9 sev]al o!rs4 ,an ,in/ance ( all :i* is af=d$ 9 a ,rosem>y ,leaf4 ,obs]v4 #be4 ,( ! /++ ,po9ts ( a ,nettle4 ,a description ( ! ,ne$les & sev]al o!r contrivances 9 ! leaf ( a ,nettle3 h[ ! /++ pa9 is creat$3 ^u ?is sev]al consid]ations ab\t poyson+ ,d>ts are set d[n4 ,an ,exp]im5t ( kill+ ,effs1 & ,fi%es ) ,salt4 ,"s conjectures at ! efficacy ( ,ba?s2 ! use t may be made ( inject+ into ! ,ve9s4 ,a v rem>kable ,hi/ory out ( ,bellonius2 & "s ,consid]ations ab\t /a9+ & dy+ ( ,bodies4 ,obs]v4 #bf4 ,( ,c[age4 ,! description ( x out ( ,p>k9son3 an ,exp]im5t made ( x3 a description1 & "s conjectures at ! cause ( ! ,phnom5a4 ,obs]v4 #bg4 ,( ! ,be>d ( a wild ,oat4 ,! description ( its %ape & prop]ties3 ! mann] ( mak+ a ,hygroscope ) x2 & a ,conjecture at ! causes ( ^! motions1 & ( ! motions ( ! ,muscles4 ,obs]v4 #bh4 ,( ! ,se$s ( ,v5ice ,look+-glass4 ,! description ( !m4 ,obs]4 #bi4 ,( ! ,se$s ( ,"t4 ,a description ( !m4 ,a digression ab\t ,natures me?od4 ,obs]v4 #cj4 ,( ,poppy ,se$s4 ,! description & use ( !m4 ,obs]v4 #ca4 ,( ,purslane ,se$s4 ,a description ( ^! & _m o!r ,se$s4 ,obs]v4 #cb4 ,( ,hair4 ,! description ( sev]al sorts ( ,hair2 _! ,figures & ,textures3 ! reason ( _! col\rs1 ,a description ( ! texture ( ! sk91 & ( ,spunk & ,sponges3 by :at passages & pores ( ! sk9 transpiration seems to be made4 ,exp]im5ts to prove ! por\sness ( ! sk9 ( ,vegetables4 ,obs]v4 #cc4 ,( ! ,scales ( a ,soale4 ,a description ( _! beaute\s =m4 ,obs]v4 #cd4 ,( ! ,/+ ( a ,bee4 ,a description ( its %ape1 me*anisme1 & use4 ,obs]v4 #ce4 ,( ,fea!rs4 ,a description ( ! %ape & curi\s contexture ( ,fea!rs3 & "s conjectures !reupon4 ,obs]4 #cf4 ,( ,peacocks ,fea!rs4 ,a description ( _! curi\s =m & proprieties2 ) a conjecture at ! cause ( _! v>iable col\rs4 ,obs]4 #cg4 ,( ! ,feet ( ,flyes1 & o!r ,insects4 ,a description ( _! figure1 p>ts1 & use2 & "s consid]ations !reupon4 ,obs]4 #ch4 ,( ! ,w+s ( ,flyes4 ,aft] :at mann] & h[ swiftly ! w+s ( ,insects move4 ,a description ( ! ,p5dulums "u ! w+s1 & _! motion2 ! %ape & /ructure ( ! p>ts ( ! w+4 ,obs]4 #ci4 ,( ! ,head ( a ,fly4 #a4 ,all ! face ( a ,drone-fly is no?+ almo/ b eyes4 #b4 ,^? are ( two magnitudes4 #c4 ,!y are ,hemisph]es1 & v reflective & smoo?4 #d4 ,"s direct$ t[>ds e qu>t]4 #e4 ,h[ ! fly cleanses !m4 #f4 ,_! numb]4 #g4 ,_! ord]3 div]s p>ticul>s obs]v'd 9 ! dissect+ a head4 ,t ^! are v probably ! eyes ( ! ,creature2 argu$ f sev]al ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts1 t ,crabs1 ,lob/]s1 ,%rimps1 seem to be wat] ,insects1 & to be fram$ mu* l ,air ,insects4 ,sev]al ,consid]ations ab\t _! mann] ( vision4 ,obs]4 #dj4 ,( ! ,tee? ( a ,snail4 ,a brief description ( x4 ,obs]v4 #da4 ,( ! ,eggs ( ,silk-worms4 ,sev]al ,obs]vables ab\t ! ,eggs ( ,insects4 ,obs]v4 #db4 ,( a blue ,fly4 ,a description ( its outw>d & inw>d p>ts4 ,its h>d9ess to indure freez+1 & sleep+ 9 ,_s ( w9e4 ,obs]v4 #dc4 ,( a wat] ,insect4 ,a description ( its %ape1 transp>5cy1 motion1 bo? int]nal & progressive1 & trans=mation4 ,a ,hi/ory some:at ,analogus cit$ out ( ,piso4 ,sev]al ,obs]vations ab\t ! v>i\s wayes ( ! g5]ations ( ,insects3 by :at means !y act s seem+ly wisely & prud5tly4 ,sev]al ,quries prop\nd$4 ,po/script1 conta9+ a relation ( ano!r v odd way ( ! g5]ation ( ,insects4 ,an ,obs]vation ab\t ! f]tility ( ! ,e>? ( our ,climate 9 produc+ ,insects1 & ( div]s o!r wayes ( _! g5]ation4 ,obs]v4 #dd4 ,( ! tuft$ ,gnat4 ,sev]al ,obs]vables ab\t ,insects1 & a m p>ticul> description ! p>ts ( ?is ,gnat4 ,ob4 #de4 ,( ! great belly'd ,gnat4 ,a %ort description ( x4 ,obs]4 #df4 ,( a :ite ,mo?4 ,a description ( ! fea!rs & w+s ( ?is1 & sev]al o!r ,insects4 ,div]s ,consid]ations ab\t ! w+s1 & ! fly+ ( ,insects & ,birds4 ,obs4 #dg4 ,( ! ,%eph]d ,spid]4 ,a description ( its ,eyes3 & ! sockets ( its long legs3 & a ,conjecture ( ! me*anical reason ( its fabrick2 toge!r ) a supposition1 t 'tis n unlikely1 b ,spid]s may h ! make ( _! inw>d p>ts exactly l a ,crab1 :i* may be call'd a wat] ,spid]4 ,obs]4 #dh4 ,( ! hunt+ ,spid]4 ,a %ort description ( x2 to :i* is annext an excell5t ,hi/ory ( x1 made by ,mr4 ,evelyn4 ,"s fur!r ,obs]vations on o!r ,spid]s1 & _! ,webs1 toge!r ) an exam9ation ( a :ite ,sub/ance fly+ up & d[n 9 ! ,air aft] a ,fog4 ,obs]4 #di4 ,( an ,ant4 ,t all small ,bodies1 bo? ,vegetable & ,animal1 d quickly dry & )]4 ,! be/ rem$y ,i f\nd to h9d] x1 & to make ! ,animal lye /ill to be obs]v'd4 ,sev]al p>ticul>s relat$ ( ! actions ( ?is ,creature & a %ort description ( its p>ts4 ,obs4 #ej4 ,( ! w&r+ ,mite4 ,a description ( ?is ,creature1 & ( ano!r v small "o1 :i* usually bore x company4 ,a ,conjecture at ! orig9al ( ,mites4 ,obs]v4 #ea4 ,( a ,crab-l ,insect4 ,a brief description ( x4 ,obs]v4 #eb4 ,( a ,book-worm4 ,a description ( x2 :]e by ! way is ins]t$ a digression1 exp]im5tally explicat+ ! ,phnom5a ( ,pe>l4 ,a consid]ation ( its dige/ive faculty4 ,obs]v4 #ec4 ,( a ,flea4 ,a %ort description ( x4 ,obs]v4 #ed4 ,( a ,l\se4 ,a description ( its p>ts1 & "s notable circum/ances4 ,obs]v4 #ee4 ,( ,mites4 ,! exce$+ smalness ( "s ,mites1 & _! ,eggs4 ,a description ( ! ,mites ( ,*eese3 & an intimation ( ! v>iety ( =ms 9 o!r ,mites1 ) a ,conjecture at ! reason4 ,ob4 #ef4 ,( small ,v9e-,mites4 ,a description ( !m2 a ghess at _! orig9al2 _! exce$+ smalness comp>'d ) t ( a ,wood-l\se1 f :i* !y may be suppos'd to come4 ,obs]v4 #eg4 ,( ,v9eg>-worms4 ,a description ( !m1 ) "s consid]ations on _! motions4 ,obs4 #eh4 ,( ! ,inflection ( ! ,rays ( ,light 9 ! ,air4 ,a %ort rehe>sal ( sev]al ,phnom5a4 ,an attempt to explicate !m3 ! supposition f\nd$ on two ,propositions1 bo? :i* are indeav\r$ to be made out by sev]al ,exp]im5ts1 ,:at d5sity & r>ity is 9 respect ( refraction3 ! refraction ( ,_s ( ,w9e comp>$ ) t ( common ,wat]3 ! refraction ( ,ice4 ,an ,exp]im5t ( mak+ an ,undulation ( ! ,rays by ! mix+ ( ,liquors ( diff]+ d5sity4 ,! explication ( inflection1 me*anically & hypo!tically3 :at ,bodies h su* an inflection4 ,sev]al ,exp]im5ts to %ew t ! ,air has ?is propriety2 t x proce$s f ! diff]+ d5sity ( ! ,air3 t ! upp] & "u "p ( ! ,air are ( diff]+ d5sity3 "s ,exp]im5ts to prove ?is4 ,a ,table ( ! /r5g? ( ! spr+ ( ! ,air1 answ]+ to ea* degree ( ext5sion2 :5 fir/ made1 & :5 repeat$4 ,ano!r ,exp]im5t ( compress+ ! ,air4 ,a ,table ( ! /r5g? ( ! ,air1 answ]+ to ea* compression & expansion2 f :i* ! height ( ! ,air may be suppos'd indef9ite2 to :at degree ! ,air is r>ifi'd at any di/ance above ! ,surface ( ! ,e>?3 h[1 f ?is1 ,inflection is inf]r'd2 & sev]al ,phnom5a expla9'd4 ,t ! ,air ne> ! ,e>? is compos'd ( p>ts ( diff]+ d5sity2 made probable by sev]al ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations2 h[ ?is propriety produces ! effects ( ! wav+ & danc+ ( ,bodies2 & ( ! tw9kl+ ( ! ,/>s4 ,sev]al ,phnom5a explicat$4 ,"s ,quries add$4 #a4 ,:e!r ?is ,pr9ciple may n be made use (1 = p]fect+ ,optick ,glasses8 ,:at might be hop$ f x if x 7 to be done8 #b4 ,:e!r f ?is ,pr9ciple ! app>ition ( "s new ,/>s may n be explicat$8 #c4 ,:e!r ! height ( ! ,air may be def9'd by x8 #d4 ,:e!r !re may n sometimes be s great a disp>ity ( d5sity betwe5 ! upp] & "u p>ts ( ! ,air1 z to make a reflect+ ,surface8 #e4 ,:e!r1 if s1 ?is w n explicate ! ,phnom5a ( ! ,cl\ds4 ,an ,exp]im5t to ?is purpose8 #g4 ,:e!r ! ,rayes f ! top ( ,m\nta9s are n b5d$ into ,curve-l9es by inflection8 ,an ,argum5t = x1 tak5 f an ,exp]im5t made on ,/4 ,paul's ,/eeple4 #h4 ,:e!r ! di/ance ( ! ,planets w n be m difficult to be f\nd8 ,:at wayes are mo/ likely to rectifie ! di/ance ( ! ,moon3 ! way ( fitt+ ,telescopes = su* ,obs]vations4 ,h[ to make ! ,obs]vations1 & h[ f !m to f9d ! true di/ance ( ! ,moon at any "t4 ,h[ ! di/ance ( ! ,sun may be f\nd by two ,obs]vators4 ,! way by ! ,di*otomy ( ! ,moon unc]ta94 ,t ! di/ance ( ! ,moon may be less !n x has be5 hi!rto suppos'd4 ,kepl]'s ,supposition n s probable3 ! explication ( ! ,phnom5a by ano!r ,hypo!sis4 ,obs]v4 #ei4 ,( ! fixt ,/>s4 ,( ! multitudes ( ,/>s discov]able by ! ,telescope1 & ! v>iety ( _! magnitudes3 #gh4 ,/>s di/+ui%t 9 ! ,pleiades3 t !re are degrees ( bigness ev5 9 ! ,/>s acc\nt$ ( ! same magnitude3 ! long] ! ,glasses are1 & ! bigg] ap]tures !y w indure1 ! m fit !y are = ^! discov]ies3 t 'tis probable1 long] ,glasses w\ld yet make great] discov]ies4 #e4 ,/>s discov]'d 9 ! ,galaxie ( ,orion's ,sword4 ,obs]v4 #fj4 ,( ! ,moon4 ,a description ( a ,vale 9 ! ,moon2 :at call'd by ,hevelius & ,ricciolus1 & h[ describ'd by !m3 ) :at sub/ances ! hills ( ! ,moon may be cov]'d4 ,a description ( ! pits ( ! ,moon1 & a conjecture at _! cause3 two ,exp]im5ts t make x probable1 t ( ! surface ( boyl'd ,alaba/] du/ seem+ ! mo/ likely to be resembl$ by eruptions ( vap\rs out ( ! body ( ! ,moon3 t ,e>?quakes seem to be g5]at$ mu* ! same way1 & _! effects seem v simil>4 ,an ,argum5t t !re may be su* v>iations 9 ! ,moon1 because great] h be5 obs]v'd 9 ! ,sun3 because ! sub/ance ( ! ,moon & ,e>? seem mu* alike3 & because 'tis probable ! ,moon has a gravitat+ pr9ciple3 ?is is argu$ f sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,! reason :y sev]al pits are "o )9 ano!r4 ,! use t may be made ( ?is ,in/ance ( a gravity 9 ! ,moon4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,s*em4 #b4 ,fig4 #a4 #b ,diop4 *4 #aj4 #i4 #c ,s*em4 #b4 ,fig4 #b4 #d ,s*em4 #a499 ,fig4 #c4 #e ,s*em4 #c4 ,fig4 #a4 #f ,s*em4 #c4 ,fig4 #b4 #g ,s*em4 #d4 #h ,s*em4 #d4 ,fig4 #a4 #i ,s*em4 #f4 ,fig4 #c4 #aj ,s*em4 #f4 ,fig4 #c4 #aa ,s*em4 #h4 ,fig4 #a4 #ab ,s*em4 #h4 ,fig4 #b4 #ac ,s*em4 #i4 ,fig4 #a4 #ad ,see ,s*em4 #aa4 ,fig4 #b4 #ae ,fig4 #a4 ,s*em4 #cf4 #af ,fig4 #c4