,the ,citizen's ,library of ,economics1 ,politics1 and ,sociology ,,under ,,the ,,general ,,editorship ,,of ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,ph4,d1 ,,ll4,d4 ,director of the ,school of ,economics and ,political ,science2 ,professor of ,political ,economy at the ,university of ,wisconsin #abmo4 ,half ,leather4 #a4be1 net1 each 99 99 99 99 99 99,monopolies and ,trusts994 ,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,it is admirable4 ,it is the soundest contribution on the subject that has appeared4--,professor ,,john ,r4 ,,commons4 ,by all odds the best written of ,professor ,ely's work4--,professor ,,simon ,n4 ,,patten1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 99,outlines of ,economics994 ,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 author of ,monopolies and ,trusts1 etc4 99,the ,economics of ,distribution994 ,by ,,john ,a4 ,,hobson1 author of ,the ,evolution of ,modern ,capitalism1 etc4 99,world ,politics994 ,by ,,paul ,s4 ,,reinsch1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,b41 ,assistant ,professor of ,political ,science1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 99,economic ,crises994 ,by ,,edward ,d4 ,,jones1 ,ph4,d41 ,instructor in ,economics and ,statistics1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 99,government in ,switzerland994 ,by ,,john ,,martin ,,vincent1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,professor of ,history1 ,johns ,hopkins ,university4 99,political ,parties in the ,united ,states1 #ahdf-ahfa994 ,by ,,jesse ,,macy1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,political ,science in ,iowa ,college4 99,essays on the ,monetary ,history of the ,united ,states994 ,by ,,charles ,j4 ,,bullock1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,professor of ,economics1 ,williams ,college4 99,social ,control3 ,a ,survey of the ,foundations of ,order994 ,by ,,edward ,,alsworth ,,ross1 ,ph4,d4 99,municipal ,engineering and ,sanitation994 ,by ,w4,n4 ,,baker1 ,ph4,b41 ,associate ,editor of ,engineering ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york 99,in ,preparation for ,early ,issue99 99,,democracy ,,and ,,social ,,ethics99 ,by ,,jane ,,addams1 ,head of ,hull ,house1 ,chicago2 joint author of ,philanthropy and ,social ,progress4 7,now ready47 ,miss ,addams' ,settlement ,work is known to all who are interested in social amelioration and municipal conditions4 ,as the title of her book shows1 it will be occupied with the reciprocal relations of ethical progress and the growth of democratic thought1 sentiment1 and institutions4 99,,custom ,,and ,,competition99 ,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,political ,economy and ,director of the ,school of ,economics and ,political ,science in the ,university of ,wisconsin2 ,president of the ,american ,economic ,association2 author of ,monopolies and ,trusts1 etc4 ,topics treated under ,custom include the ,rent of ,land and ,custom2 ,interest and ,custom2 ,the ,remuneration of ,personal ,services and ,custom2 ,custom and ,commerce4 ,competition is first discussed with reference to the biological aspects of the question1 and the significance of subhuman competition is confined and a careful classification of its various kinds is presented4 ,one of the main topics of the book is ,competition as a ,principle of ,distribution1 and its treatment of the subject of price admirably supplements the theoretical discussion in ,monopolies and ,trusts4 99,,american ,,municipal ,,progress99 ,by ,,charles ,,zueblin1 ,b4,d41 ,associate ,professor of ,sociology in the ,university of ,chicago4 ,this work takes up the problem of the so-called public utilities1 public schools1 libraries1 children's playgrounds1 public baths1 public gymnasiums1 etc4 ,the discussion is from the standpoint of public welfare and is based on repeated personal investigations in leading cities of ,europe1 especially ,england and the ,united ,states4 99,,colonial ,,government99 ,by ,,paul ,s4 ,,reinsch1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,b41 ,professor of ,political ,science in the ,university of ,wisconsin2 ,author of ,world ,politics at the ,end of the ,nineteenth ,century as ,influenced by the ,oriental ,situation4 ,by the author of the ,world ,politics1 which met so cordial a reception from students of modern political history4 ,the main divisions of the book are3 ,motives and ,methods of ,colonization2 ,forms of ,colonial ,government2 ,relations between the ,mother ,country and the ,colonies2 ,internal ,government of the ,colonies2 ,the ,special ,colonial ,problems of the ,united ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,citizen',s ,,library ,,of ,,economics1 ,,politics1 ,,and ,,sociology ,,edited ,,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,director ,,of ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,economics ,,and ,,political ,,science1 ,,university ,,of ,,wisconsin 99 99 99 99 99 ,,democracy ,,and ,,social ,,ethics 99,,the ,,citizen',s ,,library ,,of ,,economics1 ,,politics1 ,,and ,,sociology499 #abmo4 ,half leather4 #a4be net each4 99 99 99 99 99 99,,monopolies ,,and ,,trusts499 ,,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 99,,the ,,economics ,,of ,,distribution499 ,,by ,,john ,a4 ,,hobson4 99,,world ,,politics499 ,,by ,,paul ,s4 ,,reinsch1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,b4 99,,economic ,,crises499 ,,by ,,edward ,d4 ,,jones1 ,,ph4,d4 99,,outline ,,of ,,economics499 ,,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely4 99,,government ,,in ,,switzerland499 ,,by ,,john ,,martin ,,vincent1 ,,ph4,d4 99,,essays ,,in ,,the ,,monetary ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states499 ,,by ,,charles ,j4 ,,bullock1 ,,ph4,d4 99,,social ,,control499 ,,by ,,edward ,a4 ,,ross1 ,,ph4,d4 99,,history ,,of ,,political ,,parties ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states499 ,,by ,,jesse ,,macy1 ,,ll4,d4 99,,municipal ,,engineering ,,and ,,sanitation499 ,,by ,m4,n4 ,,baker1 ,,ph4,b4 99,,democracy ,,and ,,social ,,ethics499 ,,by ,,jane ,,addams4 99,,colonial ,,government499 ,,by ,,paul ,s4 ,,reinsch1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in ,,preparation4 99,,custom ,,and ,,competition499 ,,by ,,richard ,t4 ,,ely1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 99,,municipal ,,sociology499 ,,by ,,charles ,,zueblin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company1 #ff ,,fifth ,,avenue4 ,,the ,,citizen',s ,,library 99 99 99 99 99 ,,democracy ,,and ,,social ,,ethics ,,by ,,jane ,,addams ,,hull-,,house1 ,,chicago ,new ,york ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aijb ,set up and electrotyped ,march1 #aijb4 ,reprinted ,june1 ,september1 #aijb4 ,norwood ,press ,j4,s4 ,cushing ,co4--,berwick ,smith ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,to3 ,m4,r4,s4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,the following pages present the substance of a course of twelve lectures on ,democracy and ,social ,ethics which have been delivered at various colleges and university extension centres4 ,in putting them into the form of a book1 no attempt has been made to change the somewhat informal style used in speaking4 ,the we and us which originally referred to the speaker and her audience are merely extended to possible readers4 ,acknowledgment for permission to reprint is extended to ,the ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,the ,international ,journal of ,ethics1 ,the ,american ,journal of ,sociology1 and to ,the ,commons4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,i ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,chapter ,,ii ,,charitable ,,effort #ac ,,chapter ,,iii ,,filial ,,relations #ga ,,chapter ,,iv ,,household ,,adjustment #ajb ,,chapter ,v ,,industrial ,,amelioration #acg ,,chapter ,,vi ,,educational ,,methods #agh ,,chapter ,,vii ,,political ,,reform #bba ,,index #bgi ,,democracy ,,and ,,social ,,ethics ,,chapter ,i ,,introduction ,it is well to remind ourselves1 from time to time1 that ,ethics is but another word for righteousness1 that for which many men and women of every generation have hungered and thirsted1 and without which life becomes meaningless4 ,certain forms of personal righteousness have become to a majority of the community almost automatic4 ,it is as easy for most of us to keep from stealing our dinners as it is to digest them1 and there is quite as much voluntary morality involved in one process as in the other4 ,to steal would be for us to fall sadly below the standard of habit and expectation which makes virtue easy4 ,in the same way we have been carefully reared to a sense of family obligation1 to be kindly and considerate to the members of our own households1 and to feel responsible for their well-being4 ,as the rules of conduct have become established in regard to our self-development and our families1 so they have been in regard to limited circles of friends4 ,if the fulfilment of these claims were all that a righteous life required1 the hunger and thirst would be stilled for many good men and women1 and the clew of right living would lie easily in their hands4 ,but we all know that each generation has its own test1 the contemporaneous and current standard by which alone it can adequately judge of its own moral achievements1 and that it may not legitimately use a previous and less vigorous test4 ,the advanced test must indeed include that which has already been attained2 but if it includes no more1 we shall fail to go forward1 thinking complacently that we have arrived when in reality we have not yet started4 ,to attain individual morality in an age demanding social morality1 to pride one's self on the results of personal effort when the time demands social adjustment1 is utterly to fail to apprehend the situation4 ,it is perhaps significant that a ,german critic has of late reminded us that the one test which the most authoritative and dramatic portrayal of the ,day of ,judgment offers1 is the social test4 ,the stern questions are not in regard to personal and family relations1 but did ye visit the poor1 the criminal1 the sick1 and did ye feed the hungry8 ,all about us are men and women who have become unhappy in regard to their attitude toward the social order itself2 toward the dreary round of uninteresting work1 the pleasures narrowed down to those of appetite1 the declining consciousness of brain power1 and the lack of mental food which characterizes the lot of the large proportion of their fellow-citizens4 ,these men and women have caught a moral challenge raised by the exigencies of contemporaneous life2 some are bewildered1 others who are denied the relief which sturdy action brings are even seeking an escape1 but all are increasingly anxious concerning their actual relations to the basic organization of society4 ,the test which they would apply to their conduct is a social test4 ,they fail to be content with the fulfilment of their family and personal obligations1 and find themselves striving to respond to a new demand involving a social obligation2 they have become conscious of another requirement1 and the contribution they would make is toward a code of social ethics4 ,the conception of life which they hold has not yet expressed itself in social changes or legal enactment1 but rather in a mental attitude of maladjustment1 and in a sense of divergence between their consciences and their conduct4 ,they desire both a clearer definition of the code of morality adapted to present day demands and a part in its fulfilment1 both a creed and a practice of social morality4 ,in the perplexity of this intricate situation at least one thing is becoming clear3 if the latter day moral ideal is in reality that of a social morality1 it is inevitable that those who desire it must be brought in contact with the moral experiences of the many in order to procure an adequate social motive4 ,these men and women have realized this and have disclosed the fact in their eagerness for a wider acquaintance with and participation in the life about them4 ,they believe that experience gives the easy and trustworthy impulse toward right action in the broad as well as in the narrow relations4 ,we may indeed imagine many of them saying3 ,cast our experiences in a larger mould if our lives are to be animated by the larger social aims4 ,we have met the obligations of our family life1 not because we had made resolutions to that end1 but spontaneously1 because of a common fund of memories and affections1 from which the obligation naturally develops1 and we see no other way in which to prepare ourselves for the larger social duties4 ,such a demand is reasonable1 for by our daily experience we have discovered that we cannot mechanically hold up a moral standard1 then jump at it in rare moments of exhilaration when we have the strength for it1 but that even as the ideal itself must be a rational development of life1 so the strength to attain it must be secured from interest in life itself4 ,we slowly learn that life consists of processes as well as results1 and that failure may come quite as easily from ignoring the adequacy of one's method as from selfish or ignoble aims4 ,we are thus brought to a conception of ,democracy not merely as a sentiment which desires the well-being of all men1 nor yet as a creed which believes in the essential dignity and equality of all men1 but as that which affords a rule of living as well as a test of faith4 ,we are learning that a standard of social ethics is not attained by travelling a sequestered byway1 but by mixing on the thronged and common road where all must turn out for one another1 and at least see the size of one another's burdens4 ,to follow the path of social morality results perforce in the temper if not the practice of the democratic spirit1 for it implies that diversified human experience and resultant sympathy which are the foundation and guarantee of ,democracy4 ,there are many indications that this conception of ,democracy is growing among us4 ,we have come to have an enormous interest in human life as such1 accompanied by confidence in its essential soundness4 ,we do not believe that genuine experience can lead us astray any more than scientific data can4 ,we realize1 too1 that social perspective and sanity of judgment come only from contact with social experience2 that such contact is the surest corrective of opinions concerning the social order1 and concerning efforts1 however humble1 for its improvement4 ,indeed1 it is a consciousness of the illuminating and dynamic value of this wider and more thorough human experience which explains in no small degree that new curiosity regarding human life which has more of a moral basis than an intellectual one4 ,the newspapers1 in a frank reflection of popular demand1 exhibit an omniverous curiosity equally insistent upon the trivial and the important4 ,they are perhaps the most obvious manifestations of that desire to know1 that ,what is this8 and ,why do you do that8 of the child4 ,the first dawn of the social consciousness takes this form1 as the dawning intelligence of the child takes the form of constant question and insatiate curiosity4 ,literature1 too1 portrays an equally absorbing though better adjusted desire to know all kinds of life4 ,the popular books are the novels1 dealing with life under all possible conditions1 and they are widely read not only because they are entertaining1 but also because they in a measure satisfy an unformulated belief that to see farther1 to know all sorts of men1 in an indefinite way1 is a preparation for better social adjustment--for the remedying of social ills4 ,doubtless one under the conviction of sin in regard to social ills finds a vague consolation in reading about the lives of the poor1 and derives a sense of complicity in doing good4 ,he likes to feel that he knows about social wrongs even if he does not remedy them1 and in a very genuine sense there is a foundation for this belief4 ,partly through this wide reading of human life1 we find in ourselves a new affinity for all men1 which probably never existed in the world before4 ,evil itself does not shock us as it once did1 and we count only that man merciful in whom we recognize an understanding of the criminal4 ,we have learned as common knowledge that much of the insensibility and hardness of the world is due to the lack of imagination which prevents a realization of the experiences of other people4 ,already there is a conviction that we are under a moral obligation in choosing our experiences1 since the result of those experiences must ultimately determine our understanding of life4 ,we know instinctively that if we grow contemptuous of our fellows1 and consciously limit our intercourse to certain kinds of people whom we have previously decided to respect1 we not only tremendously circumscribe our range of life1 but limit the scope of our ethics4 ,we can recall among the selfish people of our acquaintance at least one common characteristic1--the conviction that they are different from other men and women1 that they need peculiar consideration because they are more sensitive or more refined4 ,such people refuse to be bound by any relation save the personally luxurious ones of love and admiration1 or the identity of political opinion1 or religious creed4 ,we have learned to recognize them as selfish1 although we blame them not for the will which chooses to be selfish1 but for a narrowness of interest which deliberately selects its experience within a limited sphere1 and we say that they illustrate the danger of concentrating the mind on narrow and unprogressive issues4 ,we know1 at last1 that we can only discover truth by a rational and democratic interest in life1 and to give truth complete social expression is the endeavor upon which we are entering4 ,thus the identification with the common lot which is the essential idea of ,democracy becomes the source and expression of social ethics4 ,it is as though we thirsted to drink at the great wells of human experience1 because we knew that a daintier or less potent draught would not carry us to the end of the journey1 going forward as we must in the heat and jostle of the crowd4 ,the six following chapters are studies of various types and groups who are being impelled by the newer conception of ,democracy to an acceptance of social obligations involving in each instance a new line of conduct4 ,no attempt is made to reach a conclusion1 nor to offer advice beyond the assumption that the cure for the ills of ,democracy is more ,democracy1 but the quite unlooked-for result of the studies would seem to indicate that while the strain and perplexity of the situation is felt most keenly by the educated and self-conscious members of the community1 the tentative and actual attempts at adjustment are largely coming through those who are simpler and less analytical4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,charitable ,,effort ,all those hints and glimpses of a larger and more satisfying democracy1 which literature and our own hopes supply1 have a tendency to slip away from us and to leave us sadly unguided and perplexed when we attempt to act upon them4 ,our conceptions of morality1 as all our other ideas1 pass through a course of development2 the difficulty comes in adjusting our conduct1 which has become hardened into customs and habits1 to these changing moral conceptions4 ,when this adjustment is not made1 we suffer from the strain and indecision of believing one hypothesis and acting upon another4 ,probably there is no relation in life which our democracy is changing more rapidly than the charitable relation--that relation which obtains between benefactor and beneficiary2 at the same time there is no point of contact in our modern experience which reveals so clearly the lack of that equality which democracy implies4 ,we have reached the moment when democracy has made such inroads upon this relationship1 that the complacency of the old-fashioned charitable man is gone forever2 while1 at the same time1 the very need and existence of charity1 denies us the consolation and freedom which democracy will at last give4 ,it is quite obvious that the ethics of none of us are clearly defined1 and we are continually obliged to act in circles of habit1 based upon convictions which we no longer hold4 ,thus our estimate of the effect of environment and social conditions has doubtless shifted faster than our methods of administrating charity have changed4 ,formerly when it was believed that poverty was synonymous with vice and laziness1 and that the prosperous man was the righteous man1 charity was administered harshly with a good conscience2 for the charitable agent really blamed the individual for his poverty1 and the very fact of his own superior prosperity gave him a certain consciousness of superior morality4 ,we have learned since that time to measure by other standards1 and have ceased to accord to the money-earning capacity exclusive respect2 while it is still rewarded out of all proportion to any other1 its possession is by no means assumed to imply the possession of the highest moral qualities4 ,we have learned to judge men by their social virtues as well as by their business capacity1 by their devotion to intellectual and disinterested aims1 and by their public spirit1 and we naturally resent being obliged to judge poor people so solely upon the industrial side4 ,our democratic instinct instantly takes alarm4 ,it is largely in this modern tendency to judge all men by one democratic standard1 while the old charitable attitude commonly allowed the use of two standards1 that much of the difficulty adheres4 ,we know that unceasing bodily toil becomes wearing and brutalizing1 and our position is totally untenable if we judge large numbers of our fellows solely upon their success in maintaining it4 ,the daintily clad charitable visitor who steps into the little house made untidy by the vigorous efforts of her hostess1 the washerwoman1 is no longer sure of her superiority to the latter2 she recognizes that her hostess after all represents social value and industrial use1 as over against her own parasitic cleanliness and a social standing attained only through status4 ,the only families who apply for aid to the charitable agencies are those who have come to grief on the industrial side2 it may be through sickness1 through loss of work1 or for other guiltless and inevitable reasons2 but the fact remains that they are industrially ailing1 and must be bolstered and helped into industrial health4 ,the charity visitor1 let us assume1 is a young college woman1 well-bred and open-minded2 when she visits the family assigned to her1 she is often embarrassed to find herself obliged to lay all the stress of her teaching and advice upon the industrial virtues1 and to treat the members of the family almost exclusively as factors in the industrial system4 ,she insists that they must work and be self-supporting1 that the most dangerous of all situations is idleness1 that seeking one's own pleasure1 while ignoring claims and responsibilities1 is the most ignoble of actions4 ,the members of her assigned family may have other charms and virtues--they may possibly be kind and considerate of each other1 generous to their friends1 but it is her business to stick to the industrial side4 ,as she daily holds up these standards1 it often occurs to the mind of the sensitive visitor1 whose conscience has been made tender by much talk of brotherhood and equality1 that she has no right to say these things2 that her untrained hands are no more fitted to cope with actual conditions than those of her broken-down family4 ,the grandmother of the charity visitor could have done the industrial preaching very well1 because she did have the industrial virtues and housewifely training4 ,in a generation our experiences have changed1 and our views with them2 but we still keep on in the old methods1 which could be applied when our consciences were in line with them1 but which are daily becoming more difficult as we divide up into people who work with their hands and those who do not4 ,the charity visitor belonging to the latter class is perplexed by recognitions and suggestions which the situation forces upon her4 ,our democracy has taught us to apply our moral teaching all around1 and the moralist is rapidly becoming so sensitive that when his life does not exemplify his ethical convictions1 he finds it difficult to preach4 ,added to this is a consciousness1 in the mind of the visitor1 of a genuine misunderstanding of her motives by the recipients of her charity1 and by their neighbors4 ,let us take a neighborhood of poor people1 and test their ethical standards by those of the charity visitor1 who comes with the best desire in the world to help them out of their distress4 ,a most striking incongruity1 at once apparent1 is the difference between the emotional kindness with which relief is given by one poor neighbor to another poor neighbor1 and the guarded care with which relief is given by a charity visitor to a charity recipient4 ,the neighborhood mind is at once confronted not only by the difference of method1 but by an absolute clashing of two ethical standards4 ,a very little familiarity with the poor districts of any city is sufficient to show how primitive and genuine are the neighborly relations4 ,there is the greatest willingness to lend or borrow anything1 and all the residents of the given tenement know the most intimate family affairs of all the others4 ,the fact that the economic condition of all alike is on a most precarious level makes the ready outflow of sympathy and material assistance the most natural thing in the world4 ,there are numberless instances of self-sacrifice quite unknown in the circles where greater economic advantages make that kind of intimate knowledge of one's neighbors impossible4 ,an ,irish family in which the man has lost his place1 and the woman is struggling to eke out the scanty savings by day's work1 will take in the widow and her five children who have been turned into the street1 without a moment's reflection upon the physical discomforts involved4 ,the most maligned landlady who lives in the house with her tenants is usually ready to lend a scuttle full of coal to one of them who may be out of work1 or to share her supper4 ,a woman for whom the writer had long tried in vain to find work failed to appear at the appointed time when employment was secured at last4 ,upon investigation it transpired that a neighbor further down the street was taken ill1 that the children ran for the family friend1 who went of course1 saying simply when reasons for her non-appearance were demanded1 ,it broke me heart to leave the place1 but what could ,i do8 ,a woman whose husband was sent up to the city prison for the maximum term1 just three months1 before the birth of her child found herself penniless at the end of that time1 having gradually sold her supply of household furniture4 ,she took refuge with a friend whom she supposed to be living in three rooms in another part of town4 ,when she arrived1 however1 she discovered that her friend's husband had been out of work so long that they had been reduced to living in one room4 ,the friend1 however1 took her in1 and the friend's husband was obliged to sleep upon a bench in the park every night for a week1 which he did uncomplainingly if not cheerfully4 ,fortunately it was summer1 and it only rained one night4 ,the writer could not discover from the young mother that she had any special claim upon the friend beyond the fact that they had formerly worked together in the same factory4 ,the husband she had never seen until the night of her arrival1 when he at once went forth in search of a midwife who would consent to come upon his promise of future payment4 ,the evolutionists tell us that the instinct to pity1 the impulse to aid his fellows1 served man at a very early period1 as a rude rule of right and wrong4 ,there is no doubt that this rude rule still holds among many people with whom charitable agencies are brought into contact1 and that their ideas of right and wrong are quite honestly outraged by the methods of these agencies4 ,when they see the delay and caution with which relief is given1 it does not appear to them a conscientious scruple1 but as the cold and calculating action of a selfish man4 ,it is not the aid that they are accustomed to receive from their neighbors1 and they do not understand why the impulse which drives people to be good to the poor should be so severely supervised4 ,they feel1 remotely1 that the charity visitor is moved by motives that are alien and unreal4 ,they may be superior motives1 but they are different1 and they are agin nature4 ,they cannot comprehend why a person whose intellectual perceptions are stronger than his natural impulses1 should go into charity work at all4 ,the only man they are accustomed to see whose intellectual perceptions are stronger than his tenderness of heart1 is the selfish and avaricious man who is frankly on the make4 ,if the charity visitor is such a person1 why does she pretend to like the poor8 ,why does she not go into business at once8 ,we may say1 of course1 that it is a primitive view of life1 which thus confuses intellectuality and business ability2 but it is a view quite honestly held by many poor people who are obliged to receive charity from time to time4 ,in moments of indignation the poor have been known to say3 ,what do you want1 anyway8 ,if you have nothing to give us1 why not let us alone and stop your questionings and investigations8 ,they investigated me for three weeks1 and in the end gave me nothing but a black character1 a little woman has been heard to assert4 ,this indignation1 which is for the most part taciturn1 and a certain kindly contempt for her abilities1 often puzzles the charity visitor4 ,the latter may be explained by the standard of worldly success which the visited families hold4 ,success does not ordinarily go1 in the minds of the poor1 with charity and kind-heartedness1 but rather with the opposite qualities4 ,the rich landlord is he who collects with sternness1 who accepts no excuse1 and will have his own4 ,there are moments of irritation and of real bitterness against him1 but there is still admiration1 because he is rich and successful4 ,the good-natured landlord1 he who pities and spares his poverty-pressed tenants1 is seldom rich4 ,he often lives in the back of his house1 which he has owned for a long time1 perhaps has inherited2 but he has been able to accumulate little4 ,he commands the genuine love and devotion of many a poor soul1 but he is treated with a certain lack of respect4 ,in one sense he is a failure4 ,the charity visitor1 just because she is a person who concerns herself with the poor1 receives a certain amount of this good-natured and kindly contempt1 sometimes real affection1 but little genuine respect4 ,the poor are accustomed to help each other and to respond according to their kindliness2 but when it comes to worldly judgment1 they use industrial success as the sole standard4 ,in the case of the charity visitor who has neither natural kindness nor dazzling riches1 they are deprived of both standards1 and they find it of course utterly impossible to judge of the motive of organized charity4 ,even those of us who feel most sorely the need of more order in altruistic effort and see the end to be desired1 find something distasteful in the juxtaposition of the words organized and charity4 ,we say in defence that we are striving to turn this emotion into a motive1 that pity is capricious1 and not to be depended on2 that we mean to give it the dignity of conscious duty4 ,but at bottom we distrust a little a scheme which substitutes a theory of social conduct for the natural promptings of the heart1 even although we appreciate the complexity of the situation4 ,the poor man who has fallen into distress1 when he first asks aid1 instinctively expects tenderness1 consideration1 and forgiveness4 ,if it is the first time1 it has taken him long to make up his mind to take the step4 ,he comes somewhat bruised and battered1 and instead of being met with warmth of heart and sympathy1 he is at once chilled by an investigation and an intimation that he ought to work4 ,he does not recognize the disciplinary aspect of the situation4 ,the only really popular charity is that of the visiting nurses1 who by virtue of their professional training render services which may easily be interpreted into sympathy and kindness1 ministering as they do to obvious needs which do not require investigation4 ,the state of mind which an investigation arouses on both sides is most unfortunate2 but the perplexity and clashing of different standards1 with the consequent misunderstandings1 are not so bad as the moral deterioration which is almost sure to follow4 ,when the agent or visitor appears among the poor1 and they discover that under certain conditions food and rent and medical aid are dispensed from some unknown source1 every man1 woman1 and child is quick to learn what the conditions may be1 and to follow them4 ,though in their eyes a glass of beer is quite right and proper when taken as any self-respecting man should take it2 though they know that cleanliness is an expensive virtue which can be required of few2 though they realize that saving is well-nigh impossible when but a few cents can be laid by at a time2 though their feeling for the church may be something quite elusive of definition and quite apart from daily living3 to the visitor they gravely laud temperance and cleanliness and thrift and religious observance4 ,the deception in the first instances arises from a wondering inability to understand the ethical ideals which can require such impossible virtues1 and from an innocent desire to please4 ,it is easy to trace the development of the mental suggestions thus received4 ,when ,a discovers that ,b1 who is very little worse off than he1 receives good things from an inexhaustible supply intended for the poor at large1 he feels that he too has a claim for his share1 and step by step there is developed the competitive spirit which so horrifies charity visitors when it shows itself in a tendency to work the relief-giving agencies4 ,the most serious effect upon the poor comes when dependence upon the charitable society is substituted for the natural outgoing of human love and sympathy1 which1 happily1 we all possess in some degree4 ,the spontaneous impulse to sit up all night with the neighbor's sick child is turned into righteous indignation against the district nurse1 because she goes home at six o'clock1 and doesn't do it herself4 ,or the kindness which would have prompted the quick purchase of much needed medicine is transformed into a voluble scoring of the dispensary1 because it gives prescriptions and not drugs2 and who can get well on a piece of paper8 ,if a poor woman knows that her neighbor next door has no shoes1 she is quite willing to lend her own1 that her neighbor may go decently to mass1 or to work2 for she knows the smallest item about the scanty wardrobe1 and cheerfully helps out4 ,when the charity visitor comes in1 all the neighbors are baffled as to what her circumstances may be4 ,they know she does not need a new pair of shoes1 and rather suspect that she has a dozen pairs at home2 which1 indeed1 she sometimes has4 ,they imagine untold stores which they may call upon1 and her most generous gift is considered niggardly1 compared with what she might do4 ,she ought to get new shoes for the family all round1 she sees well enough that they need them4 ,it is no more than the neighbor herself would do1 has practically done1 when she lent her own shoes4 ,the charity visitor has broken through the natural rule of giving1 which1 in a primitive society1 is bounded only by the need of the recipient and the resources of the giver2 and she gets herself into untold trouble when she is judged by the ethics of that primitive society4 ,the neighborhood understands the selfish rich people who stay in their own part of town1 where all their associates have shoes and other things4 ,such people don't bother themselves about the poor2 they are like the rich landlords of the neighborhood experience4 ,but this lady visitor1 who pretends to be good to the poor1 and certainly does talk as though she were kind-hearted1 what does she come for1 if she does not intend to give them things which are so plainly needed8 ,the visitor says1 sometimes1 that in holding her poor family so hard to a standard of thrift she is really breaking down a rule of higher living which they formerly possessed2 that saving1 which seems quite commendable in a comfortable part of town1 appears almost criminal in a poorer quarter where the next-door neighbor needs food1 even if the children of the family do not4 ,she feels the sordidness of constantly being obliged to urge the industrial view of life4 ,the benevolent individual of fifty years ago honestly believed that industry and self-denial in youth would result in comfortable possessions for old age4 ,it was1 indeed1 the method he had practised in his own youth1 and by which he had probably obtained whatever fortune he possessed4 ,he therefore reproved the poor family for indulging their children1 urged them to work long hours1 and was utterly untouched by many scruples which afflict the contemporary charity visitor4 ,she says sometimes1 ,why must ,i talk always of getting work and saving money1 the things ,i know nothing about8 ,if it were anything else ,i had to urge1 ,i could do it2 anything like ,latin prose1 which ,i had worried through myself1 it would not be so hard4 ,but she finds it difficult to connect the experiences of her youth with the experiences of the visited family4 ,because of this diversity in experience1 the visitor is continually surprised to find that the safest platitude may be challenged4 ,she refers quite naturally to the horrors of the saloon1 and discovers that the head of her visited family does not connect them with horrors at all4 ,he remembers all the kindnesses he has received there1 the free lunch and treating which goes on1 even when a man is out of work and not able to pay up2 the loan of five dollars he got there when the charity visitor was miles away and he was threatened with eviction4 ,he may listen politely to her reference to horrors1 but considers it only temperance talk4 ,the charity visitor may blame the women for lack of gentleness toward their children1 for being hasty and rude to them1 until she learns that the standard of breeding is not that of gentleness toward the children so much as the observance of certain conventions1 such as the punctilious wearing of mourning garments after the death of a child4 ,the standard of gentleness each mother has to work out largely by herself1 assisted only by the occasional shame-faced remark of a neighbor1 ,that they do better when you are not too hard on them2 but the wearing of mourning garments is sustained by the definitely expressed sentiment of every woman in the street4 ,the mother would have to bear social blame1 a certain social ostracism1 if she failed to comply with that requirement4 ,it is not comfortable to outrage the conventions of those among whom we live1 and1 if our social life be a narrow one1 it is still more difficult4 ,the visitor may choke a little when she sees the lessened supply of food and the scanty clothing provided for the remaining children in order that one may be conventionally mourned1 but she doesn't talk so strongly against it as she would have done during her first month of experience with the family since bereaved4 ,the subject of clothes indeed perplexes the visitor constantly1 and the result of her reflections may be summed up somewhat in this wise3 ,the girl who has a definite social standing1 who has been to a fashionable school or to a college1 whose family live in a house seen and known by all her friends and associates1 may afford to be very simple1 or even shabby as to her clothes1 if she likes4 ,but the working girl1 whose family lives in a tenement1 or moves from one small apartment to another1 who has little social standing and has to make her own place1 knows full well how much habit and style of dress has to do with her position4 ,her income goes into her clothing1 out of all proportion to the amount which she spends upon other things4 ,but1 if social advancement is her aim1 it is the most sensible thing she can do4 ,she is judged largely by her clothes4 ,her house furnishing1 with its pitiful little decorations1 her scanty supply of books1 are never seen by the people whose social opinions she most values4 ,her clothes are her background1 and from them she is largely judged4 ,it is due to this fact that girls' clubs succeed best in the business part of town1 where working girls and young ladies meet upon an equal footing1 and where the clothes superficially look very much alike4 ,bright and ambitious girls will come to these down-town clubs to eat lunch and rest at noon1 to study all sorts of subjects and listen to lectures1 when they might hesitate a long time before joining a club identified with their own neighborhood1 where they would be judged not solely on their own merits and the unconscious social standing afforded by good clothes1 but by other surroundings which are not nearly up to these4 ,for the same reason1 girls' clubs are infinitely more difficult to organize in little towns and villages1 where every one knows every one else1 just how the front parlor is furnished1 and the amount of mortgage there is upon the house4 ,these facts get in the way of a clear and unbiassed judgment2 they impede the democratic relationship and add to the self-consciousness of all concerned4 ,every one who has had to do with down-town girls' clubs has had the experience of going into the home of some bright1 well-dressed girl1 to discover it uncomfortable and perhaps wretched1 and to find the girl afterward carefully avoiding her1 although the working girl may not have been at home when the call was made1 and the visitor may have carried herself with the utmost courtesy throughout4 ,in some very successful down-town clubs the home address is not given at all1 and only the business address is required4 ,have we worked out our democracy further in regard to clothes than anything else8 ,the charity visitor has been rightly brought up to consider it vulgar to spend much money upon clothes1 to care so much for appearances4 ,she realizes dimly that the care for personal decoration over that for one's home or habitat is in some way primitive and undeveloped2 but she is silenced by its obvious need4 ,she also catches a glimpse of the fact that the disproportionate expenditure of the poor in the matter of clothes is largely due to the exclusiveness of the rich who hide from them the interior of their houses1 and their more subtle pleasures1 while of necessity exhibiting their street clothes and their street manners4 ,every one who goes shopping at the same time may see the clothes of the richest women in town1 but only those invited to her receptions see the ,corot on her walls or the bindings in her library4 ,the poor naturally try to bridge the difference by reproducing the street clothes which they have seen4 ,they are striving to conform to a common standard which their democratic training presupposes belongs to all of us4 ,the charity visitor may regret that the ,italian peasant woman has laid aside her picturesque kerchief and substituted a cheap street hat4 ,but it is easy to recognize the first attempt toward democratic expression4 ,the charity visitor finds herself still more perplexed when she comes to consider such problems as those of early marriage and child labor2 for she cannot deal with them according to economic theories1 or according to the conventions which have regulated her own life4 ,she finds both of these fairly upset by her intimate knowledge of the situation1 and her sympathy for those into whose lives she has gained a curious insight4 ,she discovers how incorrigibly bourgeois her standards have been1 and it takes but a little time to reach the conclusion that she cannot insist so strenuously upon the conventions of her own class1 which fail to fit the bigger1 more emotional1 and freer lives of working people4 ,the charity visitor holds well-grounded views upon the imprudence of early marriages1 quite naturally because she comes from a family and circle of professional and business people4 ,a professional man is scarcely equipped and started in his profession before he is thirty4 ,a business man1 if he is on the road to success1 is much nearer prosperity at thirty-five than twenty-five1 and it is therefore wise for these men not to marry in the twenties2 but this does not apply to the workingman4 ,in many trades he is laid upon the shelf at thirty-five1 and in nearly all trades he receives the largest wages in his life between twenty and thirty4 ,if the young workingman has all his wages to himself1 he will probably establish habits of personal comfort1 which he cannot keep up when he has to divide with a family--habits which he can1 perhaps1 never overcome4 ,the sense of prudence1 the necessity for saving1 can never come to a primitive1 emotional man with the force of a conviction2 but the necessity of providing for his children is a powerful incentive4 ,he naturally regards his children as his savings-bank2 he expects them to care for him when he gets old1 and in some trades old age comes very early4 ,a ,jewish tailor was quite lately sent to the ,cook ,county poorhouse1 paralyzed beyond recovery at the age of thirty-five4 ,had his little boy of nine been but a few years older1 he might have been spared this sorrow of public charity4 ,he was1 in fact1 better able to well support a family when he was twenty than when he was thirty-five1 for his wages had steadily grown less as the years went on4 ,another tailor whom ,i know1 who is also a ,socialist1 always speaks of saving as a bourgeois virtue1 one quite impossible to the genuine workingman4 ,he supports a family consisting of himself1 a wife and three children1 and his two parents on eight dollars a week4 ,he insists it would be criminal not to expend every penny of this amount upon food and shelter1 and he expects his children later to care for him4 ,this economic pressure also accounts for the tendency to put children to work overyoung and thus cripple their chances for individual development and usefulness1 and with the avaricious parent also leads to exploitation4 ,i have fed her for fourteen years1 now she can help me pay my mortgage is not an unusual reply when a hardworking father is expostulated with because he would take his bright daughter out of school and put her into a factory4 ,it has long been a common error for the charity visitor1 who is strongly urging her family toward self-support1 to suggest1 or at least connive1 that the children be put to work early1 although she has not the excuse that the parents have4 ,it is so easy1 after one has been taking the industrial view for a long time1 to forget the larger and more social claim2 to urge that the boy go to work and support his parents1 who are receiving charitable aid4 ,she does not realize what a cruel advantage the person who distributes charity has1 when she gives advice4 ,the manager in a huge mercantile establishment employing many children was able to show during a child-labor investigation1 that the only children under fourteen years of age in his employ were protgs who had been urged upon him by philanthropic ladies1 not only acquaintances of his1 but valued patrons of the establishment4 ,it is not that the charity visitor is less wise than other people1 but she has fixed her mind so long upon the industrial lameness of her family that she is eager to seize any crutch1 however weak1 which may enable them to get on4 ,she has failed to see that the boy who attempts to prematurely support his widowed mother may lower wages1 add an illiterate member to the community1 and arrest the development of a capable workingman4 ,as she has failed to see that the rules which obtain in regard to the age of marriage in her own family may not apply to the workingman1 so also she fails to understand that the present conditions of employment surrounding a factory child are totally unlike those which obtained during the energetic youth of her father4 ,the child who is prematurely put to work is constantly oppressed by this never ending question of the means of subsistence1 and even little children are sometimes almost crushed with the cares of life through their affectionate sympathy4 ,the writer knows a little ,italian lad of six to whom the problems of food1 clothing1 and shelter have become so immediate and pressing that1 although an imaginative child1 he is unable to see life from any other standpoint4 ,the goblin or bugaboo1 feared by the more fortunate child1 in his mind1 has come to be the need of coal which caused his father hysterical and demonstrative grief when it carried off his mother's inherited linen1 the mosaic of ,st4 ,joseph1 and1 worst of all1 his own rubber boots4 ,he once came to a party at ,hull-,house1 and was interested in nothing save a gas stove which he saw in the kitchen4 ,he became excited over the discovery that fire could be produced without fuel4 ,i will tell my father of this stove4 ,you buy no coal1 you need only a match4 ,anybody will give you a match4 ,he was taken to visit at a country-house and at once inquired how much rent was paid for it4 ,on being told carelessly by his hostess that they paid no rent for that house1 he came back quite wild with interest that the problem was solved4 ,me and my father will go to the country4 ,you get a big house1 all warm1 without rent4 ,nothing else in the country interested him but the subject of rent1 and he talked of that with an exclusiveness worthy of a single taxer4 ,the struggle for existence1 which is so much harsher among people near the edge of pauperism1 sometimes leaves ugly marks on character1 and the charity visitor finds these indirect results most mystifying4 ,parents who work hard and anticipate an old age when they can no longer earn1 take care that their children shall expect to divide their wages with them from the very first4 ,such a parent1 when successful1 impresses the immature nervous system of the child thus tyrannically establishing habits of obedience1 so that the nerves and will may not depart from this control when the child is older4 ,the charity visitor1 whose family relation is lifted quite out of this1 does not in the least understand the industrial foundation for this family tyranny4 ,the head of a kindergarten training-class once addressed a club of working women1 and spoke of the despotism which is often established over little children4 ,she said that the so-called determination to break a child's will many times arose from a lust of dominion1 and she urged the ideal relationship founded upon love and confidence4 ,but many of the women were puzzled4 ,one of them remarked to the writer as she came out of the club room1 ,if you did not keep control over them from the time they were little1 you would never get their wages when they are grown up4 ,another one said1 ,ah1 of course she 7meaning the speaker7 doesn't have to depend upon her children's wages4 ,she can afford to be lax with them1 because even if they don't give money to her1 she can get along without it4 ,there are an impressive number of children who uncomplainingly and constantly hand over their weekly wages to their parents1 sometimes receiving back ten cents or a quarter for spending-money1 but quite as often nothing at all2 and the writer knows one girl of twenty-five who for six years has received two cents a week from the constantly falling wages which she earns in a large factory4 ,is it habit or virtue which holds her steady in this course8 ,if love and tenderness had been substituted for parental despotism1 would the mother have had enough affection1 enough power of expression to hold her daughter's sense of money obligation through all these years8 ,this girl who spends her paltry two cents on chewing-gum and goes plainly clad in clothes of her mother's choosing1 while many of her friends spend their entire wages on those clothes which factory girls love so well1 must be held by some powerful force4 ,the charity visitor finds these subtle and elusive problems most harrowing4 ,the head of a family she is visiting is a man who has become black-listed in a strike4 ,he is not a very good workman1 and this1 added to his agitator's reputation1 keeps him out of work for a long time4 ,the fatal result of being long out of work follows3 he becomes less and less eager for it1 and gets a job less and less frequently4 ,in order to keep up his self-respect1 and still more to keep his wife's respect for him1 he yields to the little self-deception that this prolonged idleness follows because he was once blacklisted1 and he gradually becomes a martyr4 ,deep down in his heart perhaps--but who knows what may be deep down in his heart8 ,whatever may be in his wife's1 she does not show for an instant that she thinks he has grown lazy1 and accustomed to see her earn1 by sewing and cleaning1 most of the scanty income for the family4 ,the charity visitor1 however1 does see this1 and she also sees that the other men who were in the strike have gone back to work4 ,she further knows by inquiry and a little experience that the man is not skilful4 ,she cannot1 however1 call him lazy and good-for-nothing1 and denounce him as worthless as her grandmother might have done1 because of certain intellectual conceptions at which she has arrived4 ,she sees other workmen come to him for shrewd advice2 she knows that he spends many more hours in the public library reading good books than the average workman has time to do4 ,he has formed no bad habits and has yielded only to those subtle temptations toward a life of leisure which come to the intellectual man4 ,he lacks the qualifications which would induce his union to engage him as a secretary or organizer1 but he is a constant speaker at workingmen's meetings1 and takes a high moral attitude on the questions discussed there4 ,he contributes a certain intellectuality to his friends1 and he has undoubted social value4 ,the neighboring women confide to the charity visitor their sympathy with his wife1 because she has to work so hard1 and because her husband does not provide4 ,their remarks are sharpened by a certain resentment toward the superiority of the husband's education and gentle manners4 ,the charity visitor is ashamed to take this point of view1 for she knows that it is not altogether fair4 ,she is reminded of a college friend of hers1 who told her that she was not going to allow her literary husband to write unworthy potboilers for the sake of earning a living4 ,i insist that we shall live within my own income2 that he shall not publish until he is ready1 and can give his genuine message4 ,the charity visitor recalls what she has heard of another acquaintance1 who urged her husband to decline a lucrative position as a railroad attorney1 because she wished him to be free to take municipal positions1 and handle public questions without the inevitable suspicion which unaccountably attaches itself in a corrupt city to a corporation attorney4 ,the action of these two women seemed noble to her1 but in their cases they merely lived on a lesser income4 ,in the case of the workingman's wife1 she faced living on no income at all1 or on the precarious one which she might be able to get together4 ,she sees that this third woman has made the greatest sacrifice1 and she is utterly unwilling to condemn her while praising the friends of her own social position4 ,she realizes1 of course1 that the situation is changed by the fact that the third family needs charity1 while the other two do not2 but1 after all1 they have not asked for it1 and their plight was only discovered through an accident to one of the children4 ,the charity visitor has been taught that her mission is to preserve the finest traits to be found in her visited family1 and she shrinks from the thought of convincing the wife that her husband is worthless and she suspects that she might turn all this beautiful devotion into complaining drudgery4 ,to be sure1 she could give up visiting the family altogether1 but she has become much interested in the progress of the crippled child who eagerly anticipates her visits1 and she also suspects that she will never know many finer women than the mother4 ,she is unwilling1 therefore1 to give up the friendship1 and goes on bearing her perplexities as best she may4 ,the first impulse of our charity visitor is to be somewhat severe with her shiftless family for spending money on pleasures and indulging their children out of all proportion to their means4 ,the poor family which receives beans and coal from the county1 and pays for a bicycle on the instalment plan1 is not unknown to any of us4 ,but as the growth of juvenile crime becomes gradually understood1 and as the danger of giving no legitimate and organized pleasure to the child becomes clearer1 we remember that primitive man had games long before he cared for a house or regular meals4 ,there are certain boys in many city neighborhoods who form themselves into little gangs with a leader who is somewhat more intrepid than the rest4 ,their favorite performance is to break into an untenanted house1 to knock off the faucets1 and cut the lead pipe1 which they sell to the nearest junk dealer4 ,with the money thus procured they buy beer and drink it in little free-booter's groups sitting in the alley4 ,from beginning to end they have the excitement of knowing that they may be seen and caught by the coppers1 and are at times quite breathless with suspense4 ,it is not the least unlike1 in motive and execution1 the practice of country boys who go forth in squads to set traps for rabbits or to round up a coon4 ,it is characterized by a pure spirit for adventure1 and the vicious training really begins when they are arrested1 or when an older boy undertakes to guide them into further excitements4 ,from the very beginning the most enticing and exciting experiences which they have seen have been connected with crime4 ,the policeman embodies all the majesty of successful law and established government in his brass buttons and dazzlingly equipped patrol wagon4 ,the boy who has been arrested comes back more or less a hero with a tale to tell of the interior recesses of the mysterious police station4 ,the earliest public excitement the child remembers is divided between the rattling fire engines1 the time there was a fire in the next block1 and all the tense interest of the patrol wagon the time the drunkest lady in our street was arrested4 ,in the first year of their settlement the ,hull-,house residents took fifty kindergarten children to ,lincoln ,park1 only to be grieved by their apathetic interest in trees and flowers4 ,as they came back with an omnibus full of tired and sleepy children1 they were surprised to find them galvanized into sudden life because a patrol wagon rattled by4 ,their eager little heads popped out of the windows full of questioning3 ,was it a man or a woman8 ,how many policemen inside8 and eager little tongues began to tell experiences of arrests which baby eyes had witnessed4 ,the excitement of a chase1 the chances of competition1 and the love of a fight are all centred in the outward display of crime4 ,the parent who receives charitable aid and yet provides pleasure for his child1 and is willing to indulge him in his play1 is blindly doing one of the wisest things possible2 and no one is more eager for playgrounds and vacation schools than the conscientious charity visitor4 ,this very imaginative impulse and attempt to live in a pictured world of their own1 which seems the simplest prerogative of childhood1 often leads the boys into difficulty4 ,three boys aged seven1 nine1 and ten were once brought into a neighboring police station under the charge of pilfering and destroying property4 ,they had dug a cave under a railroad viaduct in which they had spent many days and nights of the summer vacation4 ,they had swiped potatoes and other vegetables from hucksters' carts1 which they had cooked and eaten in true brigand fashion2 they had decorated the interior of the excavation with stolen junk1 representing swords and firearms1 to their romantic imaginations4 ,the father of the ringleader was a janitor living in a building five miles away in a prosperous portion of the city4 ,the landlord did not want an active boy in the building1 and his mother was dead2 the janitor paid for the boy's board and lodging to a needy woman living near the viaduct4 ,she conscientiously gave him his breakfast and supper1 and left something in the house for his dinner every morning when she went to work in a neighboring factory2 but was too tired by night to challenge his statement that he would rather sleep outdoors in the summer1 or to investigate what he did during the day4 ,in the meantime the three boys lived in a world of their own1 made up from the reading of adventurous stories and their vivid imaginations1 steadily pilfering more and more as the days went by1 and actually imperilling the safety of the traffic passing over the street on the top of the viaduct4 ,in spite of vigorous exertions on their behalf1 one of the boys was sent to the ,reform ,school1 comforting himself with the conclusive remark1 ,well1 we had fun anyway1 and maybe they will let us dig a cave at the ,school2 it is in the country1 where we can't hurt anything4 ,in addition to books of adventure1 or even reading of any sort1 the scenes and ideals of the theatre largely form the manners and morals of the young people4 ,going to the theatre is indeed the most common and satisfactory form of recreation4 ,many boys who conscientiously give all their wages to their mothers have returned each week ten cents to pay for a seat in the gallery of a theatre on ,sunday afternoon4 ,it is their one satisfactory glimpse of life--the moment when they issue forth from themselves and are stirred and thoroughly interested4 ,they quite simply adopt as their own1 and imitate as best they can1 all that they see there4 ,in moments of genuine grief and excitement the words and the gestures they employ are those copied from the stage1 and the tawdry expression often conflicts hideously with the fine and genuine emotion of which it is the inadequate and vulgar vehicle4 ,as in the matter of dress1 more refined and simpler manners and mode of expressions are unseen by them1 and they must perforce copy what they know4 ,if we agree with a recent definition of ,art1 as that which causes the spectator to lose his sense of isolation1 there is no doubt that the popular theatre1 with all its faults1 more nearly fulfils the function of art for the multitude of working people than all the free galleries and picture exhibits combined4 ,the greatest difficulty is experienced when the two standards come sharply together1 and when both sides make an attempt at understanding and explanation4 ,the difficulty of making clear one's own ethical standpoint is at times insurmountable4 ,a woman who had bought and sold school books stolen from the school fund1--books which are all plainly marked with a red stamp1--came to ,hull ,house one morning in great distress because she had been arrested1 and begged a resident to speak to the judge4 ,she gave as a reason the fact that the ,house had known her for six years1 and had once been very good to her when her little girl was buried4 ,the resident more than suspected that her visitor knew the school books were stolen when buying them1 and any attempt to talk upon that subject was evidently considered very rude4 ,the visitor wished to get out of her trial1 and evidently saw no reason why the ,house should not help her4 ,the alderman was out of town1 so she could not go to him4 ,after a long conversation the visitor entirely failed to get another point of view and went away grieved and disappointed at a refusal1 thinking the resident simply disobliging2 wondering1 no doubt1 why such a mean woman had once been good to her2 leaving the resident1 on the other hand1 utterly baffled and in the state of mind she would have been in1 had she brutally insisted that a little child should lift weights too heavy for its undeveloped muscles4 ,such a situation brings out the impossibility of substituting a higher ethical standard for a lower one without similarity of experience1 but it is not as painful as that illustrated by the following example1 in which the highest ethical standard yet attained by the charity recipient is broken down1 and the substituted one not in the least understood3-- ,a certain charity visitor is peculiarly appealed to by the weakness and pathos of forlorn old age4 ,she is responsible for the well-being of perhaps a dozen old women to whom she sustains a sincerely affectionate and almost filial relation4 ,some of them learn to take her benefactions quite as if they came from their own relatives1 grumbling at all she does1 and scolding her with a family freedom4 ,one of these poor old women was injured in a fire years ago4 ,she has but the fragment of a hand left1 and is grievously crippled in her feet4 ,through years of pain she had become addicted to opium1 and when she first came under the visitor's care1 was only held from the poorhouse by the awful thought that she would there perish without her drug4 ,five years of tender care have done wonders for her4 ,she lives in two neat little rooms1 where with her thumb and two fingers she makes innumerable quilts1 which she sells and gives away with the greatest delight4 ,her opium is regulated to a set amount taken each day1 and she has been drawn away from much drinking4 ,she is a voracious reader1 and has her head full of strange tales made up from books and her own imagination4 ,at one time it seemed impossible to do anything for her in ,chicago1 and she was kept for two years in a suburb1 where the family of the charity visitor lived1 and where she was nursed through several hazardous illnesses4 ,she now lives a better life than she did1 but she is still far from being a model old woman4 ,the neighbors are constantly shocked by the fact that she is supported and comforted by a charity lady1 while at the same time she occasionally rushes the growler1 scolding at the boys lest they jar her in her tottering walk4 ,the care of her has broken through even that second standard1 which the neighborhood had learned to recognize as the standard of charitable societies1 that only the worthy poor are to be helped2 that temperance and thrift are the virtues which receive the plums of benevolence4 ,the old lady herself is conscious of this criticism4 ,indeed1 irate neighbors tell her to her face that she doesn't in the least deserve what she gets4 ,in order to disarm them1 and at the same time to explain what would otherwise seem loving-kindness so colossal as to be abnormal1 she tells them that during her sojourn in the suburb she discovered an awful family secret1--a horrible scandal connected with the long-suffering charity visitor2 that it is in order to prevent the divulgence of this that she constantly receives her ministrations4 ,some of her perplexed neighbors accept this explanation as simple and offering a solution of this vexed problem4 ,doubtless many of them have a glimpse of the real state of affairs1 of the love and patience which ministers to need irrespective of worth4 ,but the standard is too high for most of them1 and it sometimes seems unfortunate to break down the second standard1 which holds that people who rush the growler are not worthy of charity1 and that there is a certain justice attained when they go to the poorhouse4 ,it is certainly dangerous to break down the lower1 unless the higher is made clear4 ,just when our affection becomes large enough to care for the unworthy among the poor as we would care for the unworthy among our own kin1 is certainly a perplexing question4 ,to say that it should never be so1 is a comment upon our democratic relations to them which few of us would be willing to make4 ,of what use is all this striving and perplexity8 ,has the experience any value8 ,it is certainly genuine1 for it induces an occasional charity visitor to live in a tenement house as simply as the other tenants do4 ,it drives others to give up visiting the poor altogether1 because1 they claim1 it is quite impossible unless the individual becomes a member of a sisterhood1 which requires1 as some of the ,roman ,catholic sisterhoods do1 that the member first take the vows of obedience and poverty1 so that she can have nothing to give save as it is first given to her1 and thus she is not harassed by a constant attempt at adjustment4 ,both the tenement-house resident and the sister assume to have put themselves upon the industrial level of their neighbors1 although they have left out the most awful element of poverty1 that of imminent fear of starvation and a neglected old age4 ,the young charity visitor who goes from a family living upon a most precarious industrial level to her own home in a prosperous part of the city1 if she is sensitive at all1 is never free from perplexities which our growing democracy forces upon her4 ,we sometimes say that our charity is too scientific1 but we would doubtless be much more correct in our estimate if we said that it is not scientific enough4 ,we dislike the entire arrangement of cards alphabetically classified according to streets and names of families1 with the unrelated and meaningless details attached to them4 ,our feeling of revolt is probably not unlike that which afflicted the students of botany and geology in the middle of the last century1 when flowers were tabulated in alphabetical order1 when geology was taught by colored charts and thin books4 ,no doubt the students1 wearied to death1 many times said that it was all too scientific1 and were much perplexed and worried when they found traces of structure and physiology which their so-called scientific principles were totally unable to account for4 ,but all this happened before science had become evolutionary and scientific at all1 before it had a principle of life from within4 ,the very indications and discoveries which formerly perplexed1 later illumined and made the study absorbing and vital4 ,we are singularly slow to apply this evolutionary principle to human affairs in general1 although it is fast being applied to the education of children4 ,we are at last learning to follow the development of the child2 to expect certain traits under certain conditions2 to adapt methods and matter to his growing mind4 ,no advanced educator can allow himself to be so absorbed in the question of what a child ought to be as to exclude the discovery of what he is4 ,but in our charitable efforts we think much more of what a man ought to be than of what he is or of what he may become2 and we ruthlessly force our conventions and standards upon him1 with a sternness which we would consider stupid indeed did an educator use it in forcing his mature intellectual convictions upon an undeveloped mind4 ,let us take the example of a timid child1 who cries when he is put to bed because he is afraid of the dark4 ,the soft-hearted parent stays with him1 simply because he is sorry for him and wants to comfort him4 ,the scientifically trained parent stays with him1 because he realizes that the child is in a stage of development in which his imagination has the best of him1 and in which it is impossible to reason him out of a belief in ghosts4 ,these two parents1 wide apart in point of view1 after all act much alike1 and both very differently from the pseudo-scientific parent1 who acts from dogmatic conviction and is sure he is right4 ,he talks of developing his child's self-respect and good sense1 and leaves him to cry himself to sleep1 demanding powers of self-control and development which the child does not possess4 ,there is no doubt that our development of charity methods has reached this pseudo-scientific and stilted stage4 ,we have learned to condemn unthinking1 ill-regulated kind-heartedness1 and we take great pride in mere repression much as the stern parent tells the visitor below how admirably he is rearing the child1 who is hysterically crying upstairs and laying the foundation for future nervous disorders4 ,the pseudo-scientific spirit1 or rather1 the undeveloped stage of our philanthropy1 is perhaps most clearly revealed in our tendency to lay constant stress on negative action4 ,don't give2 don't break down self-respect1 we are constantly told4 ,we distrust the human impulse as well as the teachings of our own experience1 and in their stead substitute dogmatic rules for conduct4 ,we forget that the accumulation of knowledge and the holding of convictions must finally result in the application of that knowledge and those convictions to life itself2 that the necessity for activity and a pull upon the sympathies is so severe1 that all the knowledge in the possession of the visitor is constantly applied1 and she has a reasonable chance for an ultimate intellectual comprehension4 ,indeed1 part of the perplexity in the administration of charity comes from the fact that the type of person drawn to it is the one who insists that her convictions shall not be unrelated to action4 ,her moral concepts constantly tend to float away from her1 unless they have a basis in the concrete relation of life4 ,she is confronted with the task of reducing her scruples to action1 and of converging many wills1 so as to unite the strength of all of them into one accomplishment1 the value of which no one can foresee4 ,on the other hand1 the young woman who has succeeded in expressing her social compunction through charitable effort finds that the wider social activity1 and the contact with the larger experience1 not only increases her sense of social obligation but at the same time recasts her social ideals4 ,she is chagrined to discover that in the actual task of reducing her social scruples to action1 her humble beneficiaries are far in advance of her1 not in charity or singleness of purpose1 but in self-sacrificing action4 ,she reaches the old-time virtue of humility by a social process1 not in the old way1 as the man who sits by the side of the road and puts dust upon his head1 calling himself a contrite sinner1 but she gets the dust upon her head because she has stumbled and fallen in the road through her efforts to push forward the mass1 to march with her fellows4 ,she has socialized her virtues not only through a social aim but by a social process4 ,the ,hebrew prophet made three requirements from those who would join the great forward-moving procession led by ,jehovah4 ,to love mercy and at the same time to do justly is the difficult task2 to fulfil the first requirement alone is to fall into the error of indiscriminate giving with all its disastrous results2 to fulfil the second solely is to obtain the stern policy of withholding1 and it results in such a dreary lack of sympathy and understanding that the establishment of justice is impossible4 ,it may be that the combination of the two can never be attained save as we fulfil still the third requirement--to walk humbly with ,god1 which may mean to walk for many dreary miles beside the lowliest of ,his creatures1 not even in that peace of mind which the company of the humble is popularly supposed to afford1 but rather with the pangs and throes to which the poor human understanding is subjected whenever it attempts to comprehend the meaning of life4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,filial ,,relations ,there are many people in every community who have not felt the social compunction1 who do not share the effort toward a higher social morality1 who are even unable to sympathetically interpret it4 ,some of these have been shielded from the inevitable and salutary failures which the trial of new powers involve1 because they are content to attain standards of virtue demanded by an easy public opinion1 and others of them have exhausted their moral energy in attaining to the current standard of individual and family righteousness4 ,such people1 who form the bulk of contented society1 demand that the radical1 the reformer1 shall be without stain or question in his personal and family relations1 and judge most harshly any deviation from the established standards4 ,there is a certain justice in this3 it expresses the inherent conservatism of the mass of men1 that none of the established virtues which have been so slowly and hardly acquired shall be sacrificed for the sake of making problematic advance2 that the individual1 in his attempt to develop and use the new and exalted virtue1 shall not fall into the easy temptation of letting the ordinary ones slip through his fingers4 ,this instinct to conserve the old standards1 combined with a distrust of the new standard1 is a constant difficulty in the way of those experiments and advances depending upon the initiative of women1 both because women are the more sensitive to the individual and family claims1 and because their training has tended to make them content with the response to these claims alone4 ,there is no doubt that1 in the effort to sustain the moral energy necessary to work out a more satisfactory social relation1 the individual often sacrifices the energy which should legitimately go into the fulfilment of personal and family claims1 to what he considers the higher claim4 ,in considering the changes which our increasing democracy is constantly making upon various relationships1 it is impossible to ignore the filial relation4 ,this chapter deals with the relation between parents and their grown-up daughters1 as affording an explicit illustration of the perplexity and mal-adjustment brought about by the various attempts of young women to secure a more active share in the community life4 ,we constantly see parents very much disconcerted and perplexed in regard to their daughters when these daughters undertake work lying quite outside of traditional and family interests4 ,these parents insist that the girl is carried away by a foolish enthusiasm1 that she is in search of a career1 that she is restless and does not know what she wants4 ,they will give any reason1 almost1 rather than the recognition of a genuine and dignified claim4 ,possibly all this is due to the fact that for so many hundreds of years women have had no larger interests1 no participation in the affairs lying quite outside personal and family claims4 ,any attempt that the individual woman formerly made to subordinate or renounce the family claim was inevitably construed to mean that she was setting up her own will against that of her family's for selfish ends4 ,it was concluded that she could have no motive larger than a desire to serve her family1 and her attempt to break away must therefore be wilful and self-indulgent4 ,the family logically consented to give her up at her marriage1 when she was enlarging the family tie by founding another family4 ,it was easy to understand that they permitted and even promoted her going to college1 travelling in ,europe1 or any other means of self-improvement1 because these merely meant the development and cultivation of one of its own members4 ,when1 however1 she responded to her impulse to fulfil the social or democratic claim1 she violated every tradition4 ,the mind of each one of us reaches back to our first struggles as we emerged from self-willed childhood into a recognition of family obligations4 ,we have all gradually learned to respond to them1 and yet most of us have had at least fleeting glimpses of what it might be to disregard them and the elemental claim they make upon us4 ,we have yielded at times to the temptation of ignoring them for selfish aims1 of considering the individual and not the family convenience1 and we remember with shame the self-pity which inevitably followed4 ,but just as we have learned to adjust the personal and family claims1 and to find an orderly development impossible without recognition of both1 so perhaps we are called upon now to make a second adjustment between the family and the social claim1 in which neither shall lose and both be ennobled4 ,the attempt to bring about a healing compromise in which the two shall be adjusted in proper relation is not an easy one4 ,it is difficult to distinguish between the outward act of him who in following one legitimate claim has been led into the temporary violation of another1 and the outward act of him who deliberately renounces a just claim and throws aside all obligation for the sake of his own selfish and individual development4 ,the man1 for instance1 who deserts his family that he may cultivate an artistic sensibility1 or acquire what he considers more fulness of life for himself1 must always arouse our contempt4 ,breaking the marriage tie as ,ibsen's ,nora did1 to obtain a larger self-development1 or holding to it as ,george ,eliot's ,romola did1 because of the larger claim of the state and society1 must always remain two distinct paths4 ,the collision of interests1 each of which has a real moral basis and a right to its own place in life1 is bound to be more or less tragic4 ,it is the struggle between two claims1 the destruction of either of which would bring ruin to the ethical life4 ,curiously enough1 it is almost exactly this contradiction which is the tragedy set forth by the ,greek dramatist1 who asserted that the gods who watch over the sanctity of the family bond must yield to the higher claims of the gods of the state4 ,the failure to recognize the social claim as legitimate causes the trouble2 the suspicion constantly remains that woman's public efforts are merely selfish and captious1 and are not directed to the general good4 ,this suspicion will never be dissipated until parents1 as well as daughters1 feel the democratic impulse and recognize the social claim4 ,our democracy is making inroads upon the family1 the oldest of human institutions1 and a claim is being advanced which in a certain sense is larger than the family claim4 ,the claim of the state in time of war has long been recognized1 so that in its name the family has given up sons and husbands and even the fathers of little children4 ,if we can once see the claims of society in any such light1 if its misery and need can be made clear and urged as an explicit claim1 as the state urges its claims in the time of danger1 then for the first time the daughter who desires to minister to that need will be recognized as acting conscientiously4 ,this recognition may easily come first through the emotions1 and may be admitted as a response to pity and mercy long before it is formulated and perceived by the intellect4 ,the family as well as the state we are all called upon to maintain as the highest institutions which the race has evolved for its safeguard and protection4 ,but merely to preserve these institutions is not enough4 ,there come periods of reconstruction1 during which the task is laid upon a passing generation1 to enlarge the function and carry forward the ideal of a long-established institution4 ,there is no doubt that many women1 consciously and unconsciously1 are struggling with this task4 ,the family1 like every other element of human life1 is susceptible of progress1 and from epoch to epoch its tendencies and aspirations are enlarged1 although its duties can never be abrogated and its obligations can never be cancelled4 ,it is impossible to bring about the higher development by any self-assertion or breaking away of the individual will4 ,the new growth in the plant swelling against the sheath1 which at the same time imprisons and protects it1 must still be the truest type of progress4 ,the family in its entirety must be carried out into the larger life4 ,its various members together must recognize and acknowledge the validity of the social obligation4 ,when this does not occur we have a most flagrant example of the ill-adjustment and misery arising when an ethical code is applied too rigorously and too conscientiously to conditions which are no longer the same as when the code was instituted1 and for which it was never designed4 ,we have all seen parental control and the family claim assert their authority in fields of effort which belong to the adult judgment of the child and pertain to activity quite outside the family life4 ,probably the distinctively family tragedy of which we all catch glimpses now and then1 is the assertion of this authority through all the entanglements of wounded affection and misunderstanding4 ,we see parents and children acting from conscientious motives and with the tenderest affection1 yet bringing about a misery which can scarcely be hidden4 ,such glimpses remind us of that tragedy enacted centuries ago in ,assisi1 when the eager young noble cast his very clothing at his father's feet1 dramatically renouncing his filial allegiance1 and formally subjecting the narrow family claim to the wider and more universal duty4 ,all the conflict of tragedy ensued which might have been averted1 had the father recognized the higher claim1 and had he been willing to subordinate and adjust his own claim to it4 ,the father considered his son disrespectful and hard-hearted1 yet we know ,st4 ,francis to have been the most tender and loving of men1 responsive to all possible ties1 even to those of inanimate nature4 ,we know that by his affections he freed the frozen life of his time4 ,the elements of tragedy lay in the narrowness of the father's mind2 in his lack of comprehension and his lack of sympathy with the power which was moving his son1 and which was but part of the religious revival which swept ,europe from end to end in the early part of the thirteenth century2 the same power which built the cathedrals of the ,north1 and produced the saints and sages of the ,south4 ,but the father's situation was nevertheless genuine2 he felt his heart sore and angry1 and his dignity covered with disrespect4 ,he could not1 indeed1 have felt otherwise1 unless he had been touched by the fire of the same revival1 and lifted out of and away from the contemplation of himself and his narrower claim4 ,it is another proof that the notion of a larger obligation can only come through the response to an enlarged interest in life and in the social movements around us4 ,the grown-up son has so long been considered a citizen with well-defined duties and a need of making his way in the world1 that the family claim is urged much less strenuously in his case1 and as a matter of authority1 it ceases gradually to be made at all4 ,in the case of the grown-up daughter1 however1 who is under no necessity of earning a living1 and who has no strong artistic bent1 taking her to ,paris to study painting or to ,germany to study music1 the years immediately following her graduation from college are too often filled with a restlessness and unhappiness which might be avoided by a little clear thinking1 and by an adaptation of our code of family ethics to modern conditions4 ,it is always difficult for the family to regard the daughter otherwise than as a family possession4 ,from her babyhood she has been the charm and grace of the household1 and it is hard to think of her as an integral part of the social order1 hard to believe that she has duties outside of the family1 to the state and to society in the larger sense4 ,this assumption that the daughter is solely an inspiration and refinement to the family itself and its own immediate circle1 that her delicacy and polish are but outward symbols of her father's protection and prosperity1 worked very smoothly for the most part so long as her education was in line with it4 ,when there was absolutely no recognition of the entity of woman's life beyond the family1 when the outside claims upon her were still wholly unrecognized1 the situation was simple1 and the finishing school harmoniously and elegantly answered all requirements4 ,she was fitted to grace the fireside and to add lustre to that social circle which her parents selected for her4 ,but this family assumption has been notably broken into1 and educational ideas no longer fit it4 ,modern education recognizes woman quite apart from family or society claims1 and gives her the training which for many years has been deemed successful for highly developing a man's individuality and freeing his powers for independent action4 ,perplexities often occur when the daughter returns from college and finds that this recognition has been but partially accomplished4 ,when she attempts to act upon the assumption of its accomplishment1 she finds herself jarring upon ideals which are so entwined with filial piety1 so rooted in the tenderest affections of which the human heart is capable1 that both daughter and parents are shocked and startled when they discover what is happening1 and they scarcely venture to analyze the situation4 ,the ideal for the education of woman has changed under the pressure of a new claim4 ,the family has responded to the extent of granting the education1 but they are jealous of the new claim and assert the family claim as over against it4 ,the modern woman finds herself educated to recognize a stress of social obligation which her family did not in the least anticipate when they sent her to college4 ,she finds herself1 in addition1 under an impulse to act her part as a citizen of the world4 ,she accepts her family inheritance with loyalty and affection1 but she has entered into a wider inheritance as well1 which1 for lack of a better phrase1 we call the social claim4 ,this claim has been recognized for four years in her training1 but after her return from college the family claim is again exclusively and strenuously asserted4 ,the situation has all the discomfort of transition and compromise4 ,the daughter finds a constant and totally unnecessary conflict between the social and the family claims4 ,in most cases the former is repressed and gives way to the family claim1 because the latter is concrete and definitely asserted1 while the social demand is vague and unformulated4 ,in such instances the girl quietly submits1 but she feels wronged whenever she allows her mind to dwell upon the situation4 ,she either hides her hurt1 and splendid reserves of enthusiasm and capacity go to waste1 or her zeal and emotions are turned inward1 and the result is an unhappy woman1 whose heart is consumed by vain regrets and desires4 ,if the college woman is not thus quietly reabsorbed1 she is even reproached for her discontent4 ,she is told to be devoted to her family1 inspiring and responsive to her social circle1 and to give the rest of her time to further self-improvement and enjoyment4 ,she expects to do this1 and responds to these claims to the best of her ability1 even heroically sometimes4 ,but where is the larger life of which she has dreamed so long8 ,that life which surrounds and completes the individual and family life8 ,she has been taught that it is her duty to share this life1 and her highest privilege to extend it4 ,this divergence between her self-centred existence and her best convictions becomes constantly more apparent4 ,but the situation is not even so simple as a conflict between her affections and her intellectual convictions1 although even that is tumultuous enough1 also the emotional nature is divided against itself4 ,the social claim is a demand upon the emotions as well as upon the intellect1 and in ignoring it she represses not only her convictions but lowers her springs of vitality4 ,her life is full of contradictions4 ,she looks out into the world1 longing that some demand be made upon her powers1 for they are too untrained to furnish an initiative4 ,when her health gives way under this strain1 as it often does1 her physician invariably advises a rest4 ,but to be put to bed and fed on milk is not what she requires4 ,what she needs is simple1 health-giving activity1 which1 involving the use of all her faculties1 shall be a response to all the claims which she so keenly feels4 ,it is quite true that the family often resents her first attempts to be part of a life quite outside their own1 because the college woman frequently makes these first attempts most awkwardly2 her faculties have not been trained in the line of action4 ,she lacks the ability to apply her knowledge and theories to life itself and to its complicated situations4 ,this is largely the fault of her training and of the one-sidedness of educational methods4 ,the colleges have long been full of the best ethical teaching1 insisting that the good of the whole must ultimately be the measure of effort1 and that the individual can only secure his own rights as he labors to secure those of others4 ,but while the teaching has included an ever-broadening range of obligation and has insisted upon the recognition of the claims of human brotherhood1 the training has been singularly individualistic2 it has fostered ambitions for personal distinction1 and has trained the faculties almost exclusively in the direction of intellectual accumulation4 ,doubtless1 woman's education is at fault1 in that it has failed to recognize certain needs1 and has failed to cultivate and guide the larger desires of which all generous young hearts are full4 ,during the most formative years of life1 it gives the young girl no contact with the feebleness of childhood1 the pathos of suffering1 or the needs of old age4 ,it gathers together crude youth in contact only with each other and with mature men and women who are there for the purpose of their mental direction4 ,the tenderest promptings are bidden to bide their time4 ,this could only be justifiable if a definite outlet were provided when they leave college4 ,doubtless the need does not differ widely in men and women1 but women not absorbed in professional or business life1 in the years immediately following college1 are baldly brought face to face with the deficiencies of their training4 ,apparently every obstacle is removed1 and the college woman is at last free to begin the active life1 for which1 during so many years1 she has been preparing4 ,but during this so-called preparation1 her faculties have been trained solely for accumulation1 and she has learned to utterly distrust the finer impulses of her nature1 which would naturally have connected her with human interests outside of her family and her own immediate social circle4 ,all through school and college the young soul dreamed of self-sacrifice1 of succor to the helpless and of tenderness to the unfortunate4 ,we persistently distrust these desires1 and1 unless they follow well-defined lines1 we repress them with every device of convention and caution4 ,one summer the writer went from a two weeks' residence in ,east ,london1 where she had become sick and bewildered by the sights and sounds encountered there1 directly to ,switzerland4 ,she found the beaten routes of travel filled with young ,english men and women who could walk many miles a day1 and who could climb peaks so inaccessible that the feats received honorable mention in ,alpine journals1--a result which filled their families with joy and pride4 ,these young people knew to a nicety the proper diet and clothing which would best contribute toward endurance4 ,everything was very fine about them save their motive power4 ,the writer does not refer to the hard-worked men and women who were taking a vacation1 but to the leisured young people1 to whom this period was the most serious of the year1 and filled with the most strenuous exertion4 ,they did not1 of course1 thoroughly enjoy it1 for we are too complicated to be content with mere exercise4 ,civilization has bound us too closely with our brethren for any one of us to be long happy in the cultivation of mere individual force or in the accumulation of mere muscular energy4 ,with ,whitechapel constantly in mind1 it was difficult not to advise these young people to use some of this muscular energy of which they were so proud1 in cleaning neglected alleys and paving soggy streets4 ,their stores of enthusiasm might stir to energy the listless men and women of ,east ,london and utilize latent social forces4 ,the exercise would be quite as good1 the need of endurance as great1 the care for proper dress and food as important2 but the motives for action would be turned from selfish ones into social ones4 ,such an appeal would doubtless be met with a certain response from the young people1 but would never be countenanced by their families for an instant4 ,fortunately a beginning has been made in another direction1 and a few parents have already begun to consider even their little children in relation to society as well as to the family4 ,the young mothers who attend ,child ,study classes have a larger notion of parenthood and expect given characteristics from their children1 at certain ages and under certain conditions4 ,they quite calmly watch the various attempts of a child to assert his individuality1 which so often takes the form of opposition to the wishes of the family and to the rule of the household4 ,they recognize as acting under the same law of development the little child of three who persistently runs away and pretends not to hear his mother's voice1 the boy of ten who violently1 although temporarily1 resents control of any sort1 and the grown-up son who1 by an individualized and trained personality1 is drawn into pursuits and interests quite alien to those of his family4 ,this attempt to take the parental relation somewhat away from mere personal experience1 as well as the increasing tendency of parents to share their children's pursuits and interests1 will doubtless finally result in a better understanding of the social obligation4 ,the understanding1 which results from identity of interests1 would seem to confirm the conviction that in the complicated life of to-day there is no education so admirable as that education which comes from participation in the constant trend of events4 ,there is no doubt that most of the misunderstandings of life are due to partial intelligence1 because our experiences have been so unlike that we cannot comprehend each other4 ,the old difficulties incident to the clash of two codes of morals must drop away1 as the experiences of various members of the family become larger and more identical4 ,at the present moment1 however1 many of those difficulties still exist and may be seen all about us4 ,in order to illustrate the situation baldly1 and at the same time to put it dramatically1 it may be well to take an instance concerning which we have no personal feeling4 ,the tragedy of ,king ,lear has been selected1 although we have been accustomed so long to give him our sympathy as the victim of the ingratitude of his two older daughters1 and of the apparent coldness of ,cordelia1 that we have not sufficiently considered the weakness of his fatherhood1 revealed by the fact that he should get himself into so entangled and unhappy a relation to all of his children4 ,in our pity for ,lear1 we fail to analyze his character4 ,the ,king on his throne exhibits utter lack of self-control4 ,the ,king in the storm gives way to the same emotion1 in repining over the wickedness of his children1 which he formerly exhibited in his indulgent treatment of them4 ,it might be illuminating to discover wherein he had failed1 and why his old age found him roofless in spite of the fact that he strenuously urged the family claim with his whole conscience4 ,at the opening of the drama he sat upon his throne1 ready for the enjoyment which an indulgent parent expects when he has given gifts to his children4 ,from the two elder1 the responses for the division of his lands were graceful and fitting1 but he longed to hear what ,cordelia1 his youngest and best beloved child1 would say4 ,he looked toward her expectantly1 but instead of delight and gratitude there was the first dawn of character4 ,cordelia made the awkward attempt of an untrained soul to be honest and scrupulously to express her inmost feeling4 ,the king was baffled and distressed by this attempt at self-expression4 ,it was new to him that his daughter should be moved by a principle obtained outside himself1 which even his imagination could not follow2 that she had caught the notion of an existence in which her relation as a daughter played but a part4 ,she was transformed by a dignity which recast her speech and made it self-contained4 ,she found herself in the sweep of a feeling so large that the immediate loss of a kingdom seemed of little consequence to her4 ,even an act which might be construed as disrespect to her father was justified in her eyes1 because she was vainly striving to fill out this larger conception of duty4 ,the test which comes sooner or later to many parents had come to ,lear1 to maintain the tenderness of the relation between father and child1 after that relation had become one between adults1 to be content with the responses made by the adult child to the family claim1 while at the same time she responded to the claims of the rest of life4 ,the mind of ,lear was not big enough for this test2 he failed to see anything but the personal slight involved1 and the ingratitude alone reached him4 ,it was impossible for him to calmly watch his child developing beyond the stretch of his own mind and sympathy4 ,that a man should be so absorbed in his own indignation as to fail to apprehend his child's thought1 that he should lose his affection in his anger1 simply reveals the fact that his own emotions are dearer to him than his sense of paternal obligation4 ,lear apparently also ignored the common ancestry of ,cordelia and himself1 and forgot her royal inheritance of magnanimity4 ,he had thought of himself so long as a noble and indulgent father that he had lost the faculty by which he might perceive himself in the wrong4 ,even in the midst of the storm he declared himself more sinned against than sinning4 ,he could believe any amount of kindness and goodness of himself1 but could imagine no fidelity on the part of ,cordelia unless she gave him the sign he demanded4 ,at length he suffered many hardships2 his spirit was buffeted and broken2 he lost his reason as well as his kingdom2 but for the first time his experience was identical with the experience of the men around him1 and he came to a larger conception of life4 ,he put himself in the place of the poor naked wretches1 and unexpectedly found healing and comfort4 ,he took poor ,tim in his arms from a sheer desire for human contact and animal warmth1 a primitive and genuine need1 through which he suddenly had a view of the world which he had never had from his throne1 and from this moment his heart began to turn toward ,cordelia4 ,in reading the tragedy of ,king ,lear1 ,cordelia receives a full share of our censure4 ,her first words are cold1 and we are shocked by her lack of tenderness4 ,why should she ignore her father's need for indulgence1 and be unwilling to give him what he so obviously craved8 ,we see in the old king the over-mastering desire of being beloved1 selfish1 and yet characteristic of the selfishness of a loving and kindly nature alone4 ,his eagerness produces in us a strange pity for him1 and we are impatient that his youngest and best-beloved child cannot feel this1 even in the midst of her search for truth and her newly acquired sense of a higher duty4 ,it seems to us a narrow conception that would break thus abruptly with the past and would assume that her father had no part in the new life4 ,we want to remind her that pity1 memory1 and faithfulness are natural ties1 and surely as much to be prized as is the development of her own soul4 ,we do not admire the ,cordelia who through her self-absorption deserts her father1 as we later admire the same woman who comes back from ,france that she may include her father in her happiness and freer life4 ,the first had selfishly taken her salvation for herself alone1 and it was not until her conscience had developed in her new life that she was driven back to her father1 where she perished1 drawn into the cruelty and wrath which had now become objective and tragic4 ,historically considered1 the relation of ,lear to his children was archaic and barbaric1 indicating merely the beginning of a family life since developed4 ,his paternal expression was one of domination and indulgence1 without the perception of the needs of his children1 without any anticipation of their entrance into a wider life1 or any belief that they could have a worthy life apart from him4 ,if that rudimentary conception of family life ended in such violent disaster1 the fact that we have learned to be more decorous in our conduct does not demonstrate that by following the same line of theory we may not reach a like misery4 ,wounded affection there is sure to be1 but this could be reduced to a modicum if we could preserve a sense of the relation of the individual to the family1 and of the latter to society1 and if we had been given a code of ethics dealing with these larger relationships1 instead of a code designed to apply so exclusively to relationships obtaining only between individuals4 ,doubtless the clashes and jars which we all feel most keenly are those which occur when two standards of morals1 both honestly held and believed in1 are brought sharply together4 ,the awkwardness and constraint we experience when two standards of conventions and manners clash but feebly prefigure this deeper difference4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,household ,,adjustment ,if we could only be judged or judge other people by purity of motive1 life would be much simplified1 but that would be to abandon the contention made in the first chapter1 that the processes of life are as important as its aims4 ,we can all recall acquaintances of whose integrity of purpose we can have no doubt1 but who cause much confusion as they proceed to the accomplishment of that purpose1 who indeed are often insensible to their own mistakes and harsh in their judgments of other people because they are so confident of their own inner integrity4 ,this tendency to be so sure of integrity of purpose as to be unsympathetic and hardened to the means by which it is accomplished1 is perhaps nowhere so obvious as in the household itself4 ,it nowhere operates as so constant a force as in the minds of the women who in all the perplexity of industrial transition are striving to administer domestic affairs4 ,the ethics held by them are for the most part the individual and family codes1 untouched by the larger social conceptions4 ,these women1 rightly confident of their household and family integrity and holding to their own code of morals1 fail to see the household in its social aspect4 ,possibly no relation has been so slow to respond to the social ethics which we are now considering1 as that between the household employer and the household employee1 or1 as it is still sometimes called1 that between mistress and servant4 ,this persistence of the individual code in relation to the household may be partly accounted for by the fact that orderly life and1 in a sense1 civilization itself1 grew from the concentration of interest in one place1 and that moral feeling first became centred in a limited number of persons4 ,from the familiar proposition that the home began because the mother was obliged to stay in one spot in order to cherish the child1 we can see a foundation for the belief that if women are much away from home1 the home itself will be destroyed and all ethical progress endangered4 ,we have further been told that the earliest dances and social gatherings were most questionable in their purposes1 and that it was1 therefore1 the good and virtuous women who first stayed at home1 until gradually the two--the woman who stayed at home and the woman who guarded her virtue--became synonymous4 ,a code of ethics was thus developed in regard to woman's conduct1 and her duties were logically and carefully limited to her own family circle4 ,when it became impossible to adequately minister to the needs of this circle without the help of many people who did not strictly belong to the family1 although they were part of the household1 they were added as aids merely for supplying these needs4 ,when women were the brewers and bakers1 the fullers1 dyers1 spinners1 and weavers1 the soap and candle makers1 they administered large industries1 but solely from the family point of view4 ,only a few hundred years ago1 woman had complete control of the manufacturing of many commodities which now figure so largely in commerce1 and it is evident that she let the manufacturing of these commodities go into the hands of men1 as soon as organization and a larger conception of their production were required4 ,she felt no responsibility for their management when they were taken from the home to the factory1 for deeper than her instinct to manufacture food and clothing for her family was her instinct to stay with them1 and by isolation and care to guard them from evil4 ,she had become convinced that a woman's duty extended only to her own family1 and that the world outside had no claim upon her4 ,the ,british matron ordered her maidens aright1 when they were spinning under her own roof1 but she felt no compunction of conscience when the morals and health of young girls were endangered in the overcrowded and insanitary factories4 ,the code of family ethics was established in her mind so firmly that it excluded any notion of social effort4 ,it is quite possible to accept this explanation of the origin of morals1 and to believe that the preservation of the home is at the foundation of all that is best in civilization1 without at the same time insisting that the separate preparation and serving of food is an inherent part of the structure and sanctity of the home1 or that those who minister to one household shall minister to that exclusively4 ,but to make this distinction seems difficult1 and almost invariably the sense of obligation to the family becomes confused with a certain sort of domestic management4 ,the moral issue involved in one has become inextricably combined with the industrial difficulty involved in the other1 and it is at this point that so many perplexed housekeepers1 through the confusion of the two problems1 take a difficult and untenable position4 ,there are economic as well as ethical reasons for this survival of a simpler code4 ,the wife of a workingman still has a distinct economic value to her husband4 ,she cooks1 cleans1 washes1 and mends--services for which1 before his marriage1 he paid ready money4 ,the wife of the successful business or professional man does not do this4 ,he continues to pay for his cooking1 house service1 and washing4 ,the mending1 however1 is still largely performed by his wife2 indeed1 the stockings are pathetically retained and their darning given an exaggerated importance1 as if women instinctively felt that these mended stockings were the last remnant of the entire household industry1 of which they were formerly mistresses4 ,but one industry1 the cooking and serving of foods to her own family1 woman has never relinquished4 ,it has1 therefore1 never been organized1 either by men or women1 and is in an undeveloped state4 ,each employer of household labor views it solely from the family standpoint4 ,the ethics prevailing in regard to it are distinctly personal and unsocial1 and result in the unique isolation of the household employee4 ,as industrial conditions have changed1 the household has simplified1 from the medival affair of journeymen1 apprentices1 and maidens who spun and brewed to the family proper2 to those who love each other and live together in ties of affection and consanguinity4 ,were this process complete1 we should have no problem of household employment4 ,but1 even in households comparatively humble1 there is still one alien1 one who is neither loved nor loving4 ,the modern family has dropped the man who made its shoes1 the woman who spun its clothes1 and1 to a large extent1 the woman who washes them1 but it stoutly refuses to drop the woman who cooks its food and ministers directly to its individual comfort2 it strangely insists that to do that would be to destroy the family life itself4 ,the cook is uncomfortable1 the family is uncomfortable2 but it will not drop her as all her fellow-workers have been dropped1 although the cook herself insists upon it4 ,so far has this insistence gone that every possible concession is made to retain her4 ,the writer knows an employer in one of the suburbs who built a bay at the back of her house so that her cook might have a pleasant room in which to sleep1 and another in which to receive her friends4 ,this employer naturally felt aggrieved when the cook refused to stay in her bay4 ,viewed in an historic light1 this employer might quite as well have added a bay to her house for her shoemaker1 and then deemed him ungrateful because he declined to live in it4 ,a listener1 attentive to a conversation between two employers of household labor1--and we certainly all have opportunity to hear such conversations1--would often discover a tone implying that the employer was abused and put upon2 that she was struggling with the problem solely because she was thus serving her family and performing her social duties2 that otherwise it would be a great relief to her to abandon the entire situation1 and never have a servant in her house again4 ,did she follow this impulse1 she would simply yield to the trend of her times and accept the present system of production4 ,she would be in line with the industrial organization of her age4 ,were she in line ethically1 she would have to believe that the sacredness and beauty of family life do not consist in the processes of the separate preparation of food1 but in sharing the corporate life of the community1 and in making the family the unit of that life4 ,the selfishness of a modern mistress1 who1 in her narrow social ethics1 insists that those who minister to the comforts of her family shall minister to it alone1 that they shall not only be celibate1 but shall be cut off1 more or less1 from their natural social ties1 excludes the best working-people from her service4 ,a man of dignity and ability is quite willing to come into a house to tune a piano4 ,another man of mechanical skill will come to put up window shades4 ,another of less skill1 but of perfect independence1 will come to clean and relay a carpet4 ,these men would all resent the situation and consider it quite impossible if it implied the giving up of their family and social ties1 and living under the roof of the household requiring their services4 ,the isolation of the household employee is perhaps inevitable so long as the employer holds her belated ethics2 but the situation is made even more difficult by the character and capacity of the girls who enter this industry4 ,in any great industrial change the workmen who are permanently displaced are those who are too dull to seize upon changed conditions4 ,the workmen who have knowledge and insight1 who are in touch with their time1 quickly reorganize4 ,the general statement may be made that the enterprising girls of the community go into factories1 and the less enterprising go into households1 although there are many exceptions4 ,it is not a question of skill1 of energy1 of conscientious work1 which will make a girl rise industrially while she is in the household2 she is not in the rising movement4 ,she is belated in a class composed of the unprogressive elements of the community1 which is recruited constantly by those from the ranks of the incompetent1 by girls who are learning the language1 girls who are timid and slow1 or girls who look at life solely from the savings-bank point of view4 ,the distracted housekeeper struggles with these unprogressive girls1 holding to them not even the well-defined and independent relation of employer and employed1 but the hazy and constantly changing one of mistress to servant4 ,the latter relation is changing under pressure from various directions4 ,in our increasing democracy the notion of personal service is constantly becoming more distasteful1 conflicting1 as it does1 with the more modern notion of personal dignity4 ,personal ministration to the needs of childhood1 illness1 and old age seem to us reasonable1 and the democratic adjustment in regard to them is being made4 ,the first two are constantly raised nearer to the level of a profession1 and there is little doubt that the third will soon follow4 ,but personal ministrations to a normal1 healthy adult1 consuming the time and energy of another adult1 we find more difficult to reconcile to our theories of democracy4 ,a factory employer parts with his men at the factory gates at the end of a day's work2 they go to their homes as he goes to his1 in the assumption that they both do what they want and spend their money as they please2 but this solace of equality outside of working hours is denied the bewildered employer of household labor4 ,she is obliged to live constantly in the same house with her employee1 and because of certain equalities in food and shelter she is brought more sharply face to face with the mental and social inequalities4 ,the difficulty becomes more apparent as the character of the work performed by the so-called servant is less absolutely useful and may be merely time consuming4 ,a kind-hearted woman who will complacently take an afternoon drive1 leaving her cook to prepare the five courses of a little dinner for only ten guests1 will not be nearly so comfortable the next evening when she speeds her daughter to a dance1 conscious that her waitress must spend the evening in dull solitude on the chance that a caller or two may ring the door-bell4 ,a conscientious employer once remarked to the writer3 ,in ,england it must be much easier2 the maid does not look and dress so like your daughter1 and you can at least pretend that she doesn't like the same things4 ,but really1 my new waitress is quite as pretty and stylish as my daughter is1 and her wistful look sometimes when ,mary goes off to a frolic quite breaks my heart4 ,too many employers of domestic service have always been exempt from manual labor1 and therefore constantly impose exacting duties upon employees1 the nature of which they do not understand by experience2 there is thus no curb of rationality imposed upon the employer's requirements and demands4 ,she is totally unlike the foreman in a shop1 who has only risen to his position by way of having actually performed with his own hands all the work of the men he directs4 ,there is also another class of employers of domestic labor1 who grow capricious and over-exacting through sheer lack of larger interests to occupy their minds2 it is equally bad for them and the employee that the duties of the latter are not clearly defined4 ,tolstoy contends that an exaggerated notion of cleanliness has developed among such employers1 which could never have been evolved among usefully employed people4 ,he points to the fact that a serving man1 in order that his hands may be immaculately clean1 is kept from performing the heavier work of the household1 and then is supplied with a tray1 upon which to place a card1 in order that even his clean hands may not touch it2 later1 even his clean hands are covered with a pair of clean white gloves1 which hold the tray upon which the card is placed4 ,if it were not for the undemocratic ethics used by the employers of domestics1 much work now performed in the household would be done outside1 as is true of many products formerly manufactured in the feudal household4 ,the worker in all other trades has complete control of his own time after the performance of definitely limited services1 his wages are paid altogether in money which he may spend in the maintenance of a separate home life1 and he has full opportunity to organize with the other workers in his trade4 ,the domestic employee is retained in the household largely because her mistress fatuously believes that she is thus maintaining the sanctity of family life4 ,the household employee has no regular opportunity for meeting other workers of her trade1 and of attaining with them the dignity of a corporate body4 ,the industrial isolation of the household employee results1 as isolation in a trade must always result1 in a lack of progress in the methods and products of that trade1 and a lack of aspiration and education in the workman4 ,whether we recognize this isolation as a cause or not1 we are all ready to acknowledge that household labor has been in some way belated2 that the improvements there have not kept up with the improvement in other occupations4 ,it is said that the last revolution in the processes of cooking was brought about by ,count ,rumford1 who died a hundred years ago4 ,this is largely due to the lack of esprit de corps among the employees1 which keeps them collectively from fresh achievements1 as the absence of education in the individual keeps her from improving her implements4 ,under this isolation1 not only must one set of utensils serve divers purposes1 and1 as a consequence1 tend to a lessened volume and lower quality of work1 but1 inasmuch as the appliances are not made to perform the fullest work1 there is an amount of capital invested disproportionate to the product when measured by the achievement in other branches of industry4 ,more important than this is the result of the isolation upon the worker herself4 ,there is nothing more devastating to the inventive faculty1 nor fatal to a flow of mind and spirit1 than the constant feeling of loneliness and the absence of that fellowship which makes our public opinion4 ,if an angry foreman reprimands a girl for breaking a machine1 twenty other girls hear him1 and the culprit knows perfectly well their opinion as to the justice or injustice of her situation4 ,in either case she bears it better for knowing that1 and not thinking it over in solitude4 ,if a household employee breaks a utensil or a piece of porcelain and is reprimanded by her employer1 too often the invisible jury is the family of the latter1 who naturally uphold her censorious position and intensify the feeling of loneliness in the employee4 ,the household employee1 in addition to her industrial isolation1 is also isolated socially4 ,it is well to remember that the household employees for the better quarters of the city and suburbs are largely drawn from the poorer quarters1 which are nothing if not gregarious4 ,the girl is born and reared in a tenement house full of children4 ,she goes to school with them1 and there she learns to march1 to read1 and write in companionship with forty others4 ,when she is old enough to go to parties1 those she attends are usually held in a public hall and are crowded with dancers4 ,if she works in a factory1 she walks home with many other girls1 in much the same spirit as she formerly walked to school with them4 ,she mingles with the young men she knows1 in frank1 economic1 and social equality4 ,until she marries she remains at home with no special break or change in her family and social life4 ,if she is employed in a household1 this is not true4 ,suddenly all the conditions of her life are altered4 ,this change may be wholesome for her1 but it is not easy1 and thought of the savings-bank does not cheer one much1 when one is twenty4 ,she is isolated from the people with whom she has been reared1 with whom she has gone to school1 and among whom she expects to live when she marries4 ,she is naturally lonely and constrained away from them1 and the new maid often seems queer to her employer's family4 ,she does not care to mingle socially with the people in whose house she is employed1 as the girl from the country often does1 but she surfers horribly from loneliness4 ,this wholesome1 instinctive dread of social isolation is so strong that1 as every city intelligence-office can testify1 the filling of situations is easier1 or more difficult1 in proportion as the place offers more or less companionship4 ,thus1 the easy situation to fill is always the city house1 with five or six employees1 shading off into the more difficult suburban home1 with two1 and the utterly impossible lonely country house4 ,there are suburban employers of household labor who make heroic efforts to supply domestic and social life to their employees2 who take the domestic employee to drive1 arrange to have her invited out occasionally2 who supply her with books and papers and companionship4 ,nothing could be more praiseworthy in motive1 but it is seldom successful in actual operation1 resulting as it does in a simulacrum of companionship4 ,the employee may have a genuine friendship for her employer1 and a pleasure in her companionship1 or she may not have1 and the unnaturalness of the situation comes from the insistence that she has1 merely because of the propinquity4 ,the unnaturalness of the situation is intensified by the fact that the employee is practically debarred by distance and lack of leisure from her natural associates1 and that her employer sympathetically insists upon filling the vacancy in interests and affections by her own tastes and friendship4 ,she may or may not succeed1 but the employee should not be thus dependent upon the good will of her employer4 ,that in itself is undemocratic4 ,the difficulty is increasing by a sense of social discrimination which the household employee keenly feels is against her and in favor of the factory girls1 in the minds of the young men of her acquaintance4 ,women seeking employment1 understand perfectly well this feeling among mechanics1 doubtless quite unjustifiable1 but it acts as a strong inducement toward factory labor4 ,the writer has long ceased to apologize for the views and opinions of working people1 being quite sure that on the whole they are quite as wise and quite as foolish as the views and opinions of other people1 but that this particularly foolish opinion of young mechanics is widely shared by the employing class can be easily demonstrated4 ,the contrast is further accentuated by the better social position of the factory girl1 and the advantages provided for her in the way of lunch clubs1 social clubs1 and vacation homes1 from which girls performing household labor are practically excluded by their hours of work1 their geographical situation1 and a curious feeling that they are not as interesting as factory girls4 ,this separation from her natural social ties affects1 of course1 her opportunity for family life4 ,it is well to remember that women1 as a rule1 are devoted to their families2 that they want to live with their parents1 their brothers and sisters1 and kinsfolk1 and will sacrifice much to accomplish this4 ,this devotion is so universal that it is impossible to ignore it when we consider women as employees4 ,young unmarried women are not detached from family claims and requirements as young men are1 and are more ready and steady in their response to the needs of aged parents and the helpless members of the family4 ,but women performing labor in households have peculiar difficulties in responding to their family claims1 and are practically dependent upon their employers for opportunities of even seeing their relatives and friends4 ,curiously enough the same devotion to family life and quick response to its claims1 on the part of the employer1 operates against the girl employed in household labor1 and still further contributes to her isolation4 ,the employer of household labor1 in her zeal to preserve her own family life intact and free from intrusion1 acts inconsistently and grants to her cook1 for instance1 but once or twice a week1 such opportunity for untrammelled association with her relatives as the employer's family claims constantly4 ,this in itself is undemocratic1 in that it makes a distinction between the value of family life for one set of people as over against another2 or1 rather1 claims that one set of people are of so much less importance than another1 that a valuable side of life pertaining to them should be sacrificed for the other4 ,this cannot be defended theoretically1 and no doubt much of the talk among the employers of household labor1 that their employees are carefully shielded and cared for1 and that it is so much better for a girl's health and morals to work in a household than to work in a factory1 comes from a certain uneasiness of conscience1 and from a desire to make up by individual scruple what would be done much more freely and naturally by public opinion if it had an untrammelled chance to assert itself4 ,one person1 or a number of isolated persons1 however conscientious1 cannot perform this office of public opinion4 ,certain hospitals in ,london have contributed statistics showing that seventy-eight per cent of illegitimate children born there are the children of girls working in households4 ,these girls are certainly not less virtuous than factory girls1 for they come from the same families and have had the same training1 but the girls who remain at home and work in factories meet their lovers naturally and easily1 their fathers and brothers know the men1 and unconsciously exercise a certain supervision and a certain direction in their choice of companionship4 ,the household employees living in another part of the city1 away from their natural family and social ties1 depend upon chance for the lovers whom they meet4 ,the lover may be the young man who delivers for the butcher or grocer1 or the solitary friend1 who follows the girl from her own part of town and pursues unfairly the advantage which her social loneliness and isolation afford him4 ,there is no available public opinion nor any standard of convention which the girl can apply to her own situation4 ,it would be easy to point out many inconveniences arising from the fact that the old economic forms are retained when moral conditions which befitted them have entirely disappeared1 but until employers of domestic labor become conscious of their narrow code of ethics1 and make a distinct effort to break through the status of mistress and servant1 because it shocks their moral sense1 there is no chance of even beginning a reform4 ,a fuller social and domestic life among household employees would be steps toward securing their entrance into the larger industrial organizations by which the needs of a community are most successfully administered4 ,many a girl who complains of loneliness1 and who relinquishes her situation with that as her sole excuse1 feebly tries to formulate her sense of restraint and social mal-adjustment4 ,she sometimes says that she feels so unnatural all the time4 ,the writer has known the voice of a girl to change so much during three weeks of service that she could not recognize it when the girl returned to her home4 ,it alternated between the high falsetto in which a shy child speaks a piece and the husky gulp with which the globus hystericus is swallowed4 ,the alertness and bonhomie of the voice of the tenement-house child had totally disappeared4 ,when such a girl leaves her employer1 her reasons are often incoherent and totally incomprehensible to that good lady1 who naturally concludes that she wishes to get away from the work and back to her dances and giddy life1 content1 if she has these1 to stand many hours in an insanitary factory4 ,the charge of the employer is only half a truth4 ,these dances may be the only organized form of social life which the disheartened employee is able to mention1 but the girl herself1 in her discontent and her moving from place to place1 is blindly striving to respond to a larger social life4 ,her employer thinks that she should be able to consider only the interests and conveniences of her employer's family1 because the employer herself is holding to a family outlook1 and refuses to allow her mind to take in the larger aspects of the situation4 ,although this household industry survives in the midst of the factory system1 it must1 of course1 constantly compete with it4 ,women with little children1 or those with invalids depending upon them1 cannot enter either occupation1 and they are practically confined to the sewing trades2 but to all other untrained women seeking employment a choice is open between these two forms of labor4 ,there are few women so dull that they cannot paste labels on a box1 or do some form of factory work2 few so dull that some perplexed housekeeper will not receive them1 at least for a trial1 in her household4 ,household labor1 then1 has to compete with factory labor1 and women seeking employment1 more or less consciously compare these two forms of labor in point of hours1 in point of permanency of employment1 in point of wages1 and in point of the advantage they afford for family and social life4 ,three points are easily disposed of4 ,first1 in regard to hours1 there is no doubt that the factory has the advantage4 ,the average factory hours are from seven in the morning to six in the evening1 with the chance of working overtime in busy seasons4 ,this leaves most of the evenings and ,sundays entirely free4 ,the average hours of household labor are from six in the morning until eight at night1 with little difference in seasons4 ,there is one afternoon a week1 with an occasional evening1 but ,sunday is seldom wholly free4 ,even these evenings and afternoons take the form of a concession from the employer4 ,they are called evenings out1 as if the time really belonged to her1 but that she was graciously permitting her employee to use it4 ,this attitude1 of course1 is in marked contrast to that maintained by the factory operative1 who1 when she works evenings is paid for over-time4 ,second1 in regard to permanency of position1 the advantage is found clearly on the side of the household employee1 if she proves in any measure satisfactory to her employer1 for she encounters much less competition4 ,third1 in point of wages1 the household is again fairly ahead1 if we consider not the money received1 but the opportunity offered for saving money4 ,this is greater among household employees1 because they do not pay board1 the clothing required is simpler1 and the temptation to spend money in recreation is less frequent4 ,the minimum wages paid an adult in household labor may be fairly put at two dollars and a half a week2 the maximum at six dollars1 this excluding the comparatively rare opportunities for women to cook at forty dollars a month1 and the housekeeper's position at fifty dollars a month4 ,the factory wages1 viewed from the savings-bank point of view1 may be smaller in the average1 but this is doubtless counterbalanced in the minds of the employees by the greater chance which the factory offers for increased wages4 ,a girl over sixteen seldom works in a factory for less than four dollars a week1 and always cherishes the hope of at last being a forewoman with a permanent salary of from fifteen to twenty-five dollars a week4 ,whether she attains this or not1 she runs a fair chance of earning ten dollars a week as a skilled worker4 ,a girl finds it easier to be content with three dollars a week1 when she pays for board1 in a scale of wages rising toward ten dollars1 than to be content with four dollars a week and pay no board1 in a scale of wages rising toward six dollars2 and the girl well knows that there are scores of forewomen at sixty dollars a month for one forty-dollar cook or fifty-dollar housekeeper4 ,in many cases this position is well taken economically1 for1 although the opportunity for saving may be better for the employees in the household than in the factory1 her family saves more when she works in a factory and lives with them4 ,the rent is no more when she is at home4 ,the two dollars and a half a week which she pays into the family fund more than covers the cost of her actual food1 and at night she can often contribute toward the family labor by helping her mother wash and sew4 ,the fourth point has already been considered1 and if the premise in regard to the isolation of the household employee is well taken1 and if the position can be sustained that this isolation proves the determining factor in the situation1 then certainly an effort should be made to remedy this1 at least in its domestic and social aspects4 ,to allow household employees to live with their own families and among their own friends1 as factory employees now do1 would be to relegate more production to industrial centres administered on the factory system1 and to secure shorter hours for that which remains to be done in the household4 ,in those cases in which the household employees have no family ties1 doubtless a remedy against social isolation would be the formation of residence clubs1 at least in the suburbs1 where the isolation is most keenly felt4 ,indeed1 the beginnings of these clubs are already seen in the servants' quarters at the summer hotels4 ,in these residence clubs1 the household employee could have the independent life which only one's own abiding place can afford4 ,this1 of course1 presupposes a higher grade of ability than household employees at present possess2 on the other hand1 it is only by offering such possibilities that the higher grades of intelligence can be secured for household employment4 ,as the plan of separate clubs for household employees will probably come first in the suburbs1 where the difficulty of securing and holding servants under the present system is most keenly felt1 so the plan of buying cooked food from an outside kitchen1 and of having more and more of the household product relegated to the factory1 will probably come from the comparatively poor people in the city1 who feel most keenly the pressure of the present system4 ,they already consume a much larger proportion of canned goods and bakers' wares and prepared meats than the more prosperous people do1 because they cannot command the skill nor the time for the more tedious preparation of the raw material4 ,the writer has seen a tenement-house mother pass by a basket of green peas at the door of a local grocery store1 to purchase a tin of canned peas1 because they could be easily prepared for supper and the children liked the tinny taste4 ,it is comparatively easy for an employer to manage her household industry with a cook1 a laundress1 a waitress4 ,the difficulties really begin when the family income is so small that but one person can be employed in the household for all these varied functions1 and the difficulties increase and grow almost insurmountable as they fall altogether upon the mother of the family1 who is living in a flat1 or1 worse still1 in a tenement house1 where one stove and one set of utensils must be put to all sorts of uses1 fit or unfit1 making the living room of the family a horror in summer1 and perfectly insupportable on rainy washing-days in winter4 ,such a woman1 rather than the prosperous housekeeper1 uses factory products1 and thus no high standard of quality is established4 ,the problem of domestic service1 which has long been discussed in the ,united ,states and ,england1 is now coming to prominence in ,france4 ,as a well-known economist has recently pointed out1 the large defection in the ranks of domestics is there regarded as a sign of revolt against an unconscious slavery1 while ,english and ,american writers appeal to the statistics which point to the absorption of an enormous number of the class from which servants were formerly recruited into factory employments1 and urge1 as the natural solution1 that more of the products used in households be manufactured in factories1 and that personal service1 at least for healthy adults1 be eliminated altogether4 ,both of these lines of discussion certainly indicate that domestic service is yielding to the influence of a democratic movement1 and is emerging from the narrower code of family ethics into the larger code governing social relations4 ,it still remains to express the ethical advance through changed economic conditions by which the actual needs of the family may be supplied not only more effectively but more in line with associated effort4 ,to fail to apprehend the tendency of one's age1 and to fail to adapt the conditions of an industry to it1 is to leave that industry ill-adjusted and belated on the economic side1 and out of line ethically4 ,,chapter ,v ,,industrial ,,amelioration ,there is no doubt that the great difficulty we experience in reducing to action our imperfect code of social ethics arises from the fact that we have not yet learned to act together1 and find it far from easy even to fuse our principles and aims into a satisfactory statement4 ,we have all been at times entertained by the futile efforts of half a dozen highly individualized people gathered together as a committee4 ,their aimless attempts to find a common method of action have recalled the wavering motion of a baby's arm before he has learned to cordinate his muscles4 ,if1 as is many times stated1 we are passing from an age of individualism to one of association1 there is no doubt that for decisive and effective action the individual still has the best of it4 ,he will secure efficient results while committees are still deliberating upon the best method of making a beginning4 ,and yet1 if the need of the times demand associated effort1 it may easily be true that the action which appears ineffective1 and yet is carried out upon the more highly developed line of associated effort1 may represent a finer social quality and have a greater social value than the more effective individual action4 ,it is possible that an individual may be successful1 largely because he conserves all his powers for individual achievement and does not put any of his energy into the training which will give him the ability to act with others4 ,the individual acts promptly1 and we are dazzled by his success while only dimly conscious of the inadequacy of his code4 ,nowhere is this illustrated more clearly than in industrial relations1 as existing between the owner of a large factory and his employees4 ,a growing conflict may be detected between the democratic ideal1 which urges the workmen to demand representation in the administration of industry1 and the accepted position1 that the man who owns the capital and takes the risks has the exclusive right of management4 ,it is in reality a clash between individual or aristocratic management1 and corporate or democratic management4 ,a large and highly developed factory presents a sharp contrast between its socialized form and individualistic ends4 ,it is possible to illustrate this difference by a series of events which occurred in ,chicago during the summer of #ahid4 ,these events epitomized and exaggerated1 but at the same time challenged1 the code of ethics which regulates much of our daily conduct1 and clearly showed that so-called social relations are often resting upon the will of an individual1 and are in reality regulated by a code of individual ethics4 ,as this situation illustrates a point of great difficulty to which we have arrived in our development of social ethics1 it may be justifiable to discuss it at some length4 ,let us recall the facts1 not as they have been investigated and printed1 but as they remain in our memories4 ,a large manufacturing company had provided commodious workshops1 and1 at the instigation of its president1 had built a model town for the use of its employees4 ,after a series of years it was deemed necessary1 during a financial depression1 to reduce the wages of these employees by giving each workman less than full-time work in order to keep the shops open4 ,this reduction was not accepted by the men1 who had become discontented with the factory management and the town regulations1 and a strike ensued1 followed by a complete shut-down of the works4 ,although these shops were non-union shops1 the strikers were hastily organized and appealed for help to the ,american ,railway ,union1 which at that moment was holding its biennial meeting in ,chicago4 ,after some days' discussion and some futile attempts at arbitration1 a sympathetic strike was declared1 which gradually involved railway men in all parts of the country1 and orderly transportation was brought to a complete standstill4 ,in the excitement which followed1 cars were burned and tracks torn up4 ,the police of ,chicago did not cope with the disorder1 and the railway companies1 apparently distrusting the ,governor of the ,state1 and in order to protect the ,united ,states mails1 called upon the ,president of the ,united ,states for the federal troops1 the federal courts further enjoined all persons against any form of interference with the property or operation of the railroads1 and the situation gradually assumed the proportions of internecine warfare4 ,during all of these events the president of the manufacturing company first involved1 steadfastly refused to have the situation submitted to arbitration1 and this attitude naturally provoked much discussion4 ,the discussion was broadly divided between those who held that the long kindness of the president of the company had been most ungratefully received1 and those who maintained that the situation was the inevitable outcome of the social consciousness developing among working people4 ,the first defended the president of the company in his persistent refusal to arbitrate1 maintaining that arbitration was impossible after the matter had been taken up by other than his own employees1 and they declared that a man must be allowed to run his own business4 ,they considered the firm stand of the president a service to the manufacturing interests of the entire country4 ,the others claimed that a large manufacturing concern has ceased to be a private matter2 that not only a number of workmen and stockholders are concerned in its management1 but that the interests of the public are so involved that the officers of the company are in a real sense administering a public trust4 ,this prolonged strike clearly puts in a concrete form the ethics of an individual1 in this case a benevolent employer1 and the ethics of a mass of men1 his employees1 claiming what they believed to be their moral rights4 ,these events illustrate the difficulty of managing an industry which has become organized into a vast social operation1 not with the coperation of the workman thus socialized1 but solely by the dictation of the individual owning the capital4 ,there is a sharp divergence between the social form and the individual aim1 which becomes greater as the employees are more highly socialized and dependent4 ,the president of the company under discussion went further than the usual employer does4 ,he socialized not only the factory1 but the form in which his workmen were living4 ,he built1 and in a great measure regulated1 an entire town1 without calling upon the workmen either for self-expression or self-government4 ,he honestly believed that he knew better than they what was for their good1 as he certainly knew better than they how to conduct his business4 ,as his factory developed and increased1 making money each year under his direction1 he naturally expected the town to prosper in the same way4 ,he did not realize that the men submitted to the undemocratic conditions of the factory organization because the economic pressure in our industrial affairs is so great that they could not do otherwise4 ,under this pressure they could be successfully discouraged from organization1 and systematically treated on the individual basis4 ,social life1 however1 in spite of class distinctions1 is much freer than industrial life1 and the men resented the extension of industrial control to domestic and social arrangements4 ,they felt the lack of democracy in the assumption that they should be taken care of in these matters1 in which even the humblest workman has won his independence4 ,the basic difficulty lay in the fact that an individual was directing the social affairs of many men without any consistent effort to find out their desires1 and without any organization through which to give them social expression4 ,the president of the company was1 moreover1 so confident of the righteousness of his aim that he had come to test the righteousness of the process by his own feelings and not by those of the men4 ,he doubtless built the town from a sincere desire to give his employees the best surroundings4 ,as it developed1 he gradually took toward it the artist attitude toward his own creation1 which has no thought for the creation itself but is absorbed in the idea it stands for1 and he ceased to measure the usefulness of the town by the standard of the men's needs4 ,this process slowly darkened his glints of memory1 which might have connected his experience with that of his men4 ,it is possible to cultivate the impulses of the benefactor until the power of attaining a simple human relationship with the beneficiaries1 that of frank equality with them1 is gone1 and there is left no mutual interest in a common cause4 ,to perform too many good deeds may be to lose the power of recognizing good in others2 to be too absorbed in carrying out a personal plan of improvement may be to fail to catch the great moral lesson which our times offer4 ,the president of this company fostered his employees for many years2 he gave them sanitary houses and beautiful parks2 but in their extreme need1 when they were struggling with the most difficult situation which the times could present to them1 he lost his touch and had nothing wherewith to help them4 ,the employer's conception of goodness for his men had been cleanliness1 decency of living1 and1 above all1 thrift and temperance4 ,means had been provided for all this1 and opportunities had also been given for recreation and improvement4 ,but this employer suddenly found his town in the sweep of a world-wide moral impulse4 ,a movement had been going on about him and among his working men1 of which he had been unconscious1 or concerning which he had heard only by rumor4 ,outside the ken of philanthropists the proletariat had learned to say in many languages1 that the injury of one is the concern of all4 ,their watchwords were brotherhood1 sacrifice1 the subordination of individual and trade interests1 to the good of the working classes1 and they were moved by a determination to free that class from the untoward conditions under which they were laboring4 ,compared to these watchwords1 the old ones which this philanthropic employer had given his town were negative and inadequate4 ,he had believed strongly in temperance and steadiness of individual effort1 but had failed to apprehend the greater movement of combined abstinence and concerted action4 ,with all his fostering1 the president had not attained to a conception of social morality for his men and had imagined that virtue for them largely meant absence of vice4 ,when the labor movement finally stirred his town1 or1 to speak more fairly1 when1 in their distress and perplexity1 his own employees appealed to an organized manifestation of this movement1 they were quite sure that simply because they were workmen in distress they would not be deserted by it4 ,this loyalty on the part of a widely ramified and well-organized union toward the workmen in a non-union shop1 who had contributed nothing to its cause1 was certainly a manifestation of moral power4 ,in none of his utterances or correspondence did the president for an instant recognize this touch of nobility1 although one would imagine that he would gladly point out this bit of virtue1 in what he must have considered the moral ruin about him4 ,he stood throughout for the individual virtues1 those which had distinguished the model workmen of his youth2 those which had enabled him and so many of his contemporaries to rise in life1 when rising in life was urged upon every promising boy as the goal of his efforts4 ,of the code of social ethics he had caught absolutely nothing4 ,the morals he had advocated in selecting and training his men did not fail them in the hour of confusion4 ,they were self-controlled1 and they themselves destroyed no property4 ,they were sober and exhibited no drunkenness1 even although obliged to hold their meetings in the saloon hall of a neighboring town4 ,they repaid their employer in kind1 but he had given them no rule for the life of association into which they were plunged4 ,the president of the company desired that his employees should possess the individual and family virtues1 but did nothing to cherish in them the social virtues which express themselves in associated effort4 ,day after day1 during that horrible time of suspense1 when the wires constantly reported the same message1 the ,president of the ,company holds that there is nothing to arbitrate1 one was forced to feel that the ideal of one-man rule was being sustained in its baldest form4 ,a demand from many parts of the country and from many people was being made for social adjustment1 against which the commercial training and the individualistic point of view held its own successfully4 ,the majority of the stockholders1 not only of this company but of similar companies1 and many other citizens1 who had had the same commercial experience1 shared and sustained this position4 ,it was quite impossible for them to catch the other point of view4 ,they not only felt themselves right from the commercial standpoint1 but had gradually accustomed themselves also to the philanthropic standpoint1 until they had come to consider their motives beyond reproach4 ,habit held them persistent in this view of the case through all changing conditions4 ,a wise man has said that the consent of men and your own conscience are two wings given you whereby you may rise to ,god4 ,it is so easy for the good and powerful to think that they can rise by following the dictates of conscience1 by pursuing their own ideals1 that they are prone to leave those ideals unconnected with the consent of their fellow-men4 ,the president of the company thought out within his own mind a beautiful town4 ,he had power with which to build this town1 but he did not appeal to nor obtain the consent of the men who were living in it4 ,the most unambitious reform1 recognizing the necessity for this consent1 makes for slow but sane and strenuous progress1 while the most ambitious of social plans and experiments1 ignoring this1 is prone to failure4 ,the man who insists upon consent1 who moves with the people1 is bound to consult the feasible right as well as the absolute right4 ,he is often obliged to attain only ,mr4 ,lincoln's best possible1 and then has the sickening sense of compromise with his best convictions4 ,he has to move along with those whom he leads toward a goal that neither he nor they see very clearly till they come to it4 ,he has to discover what people really want1 and then provide the channels in which the growing moral force of their lives shall flow4 ,what he does attain1 however1 is not the result of his individual striving1 as a solitary mountain-climber beyond that of the valley multitude but it is sustained and upheld by the sentiments and aspirations of many others4 ,progress has been slower perpendicularly1 but incomparably greater because lateral4 ,he has not taught his contemporaries to climb mountains1 but he has persuaded the villagers to move up a few feet higher2 added to this1 he has made secure his progress4 ,a few months after the death of the promoter of this model town1 a court decision made it obligatory upon the company to divest itself of the management of the town as involving a function beyond its corporate powers4 ,the parks1 flowers1 and fountains of this far-famed industrial centre were dismantled1 with scarcely a protest from the inhabitants themselves4 ,the man who disassociates his ambition1 however disinterested1 from the coperation of his fellows1 always takes this risk of ultimate failure4 ,he does not take advantage of the great conserver and guarantee of his own permanent success which associated efforts afford4 ,genuine experiments toward higher social conditions must have a more democratic faith and practice than those which underlie private venture4 ,public parks and improvements1 intended for the common use1 are after all only safe in the hands of the public itself2 and associated effort toward social progress1 although much more awkward and stumbling than that same effort managed by a capable individual1 does yet enlist deeper forces and evoke higher social capacities4 ,the successful business man who is also the philanthropist is in more than the usual danger of getting widely separated from his employees4 ,the men already have the ,american veneration for wealth and successful business capacity1 and1 added to this1 they are dazzled by his good works4 ,the workmen have the same kindly impulses as he1 but while they organize their charity into mutual benefit associations and distribute their money in small amounts in relief for the widows and insurance for the injured1 the employer may build model towns1 erect college buildings1 which are tangible and enduring1 and thereby display his goodness in concentrated form4 ,by the very exigencies of business demands1 the employer is too often cut off from the social ethics developing in regard to our larger social relationships1 and from the great moral life springing from our common experiences4 ,this is sure to happen when he is good to people rather than with them1 when he allows himself to decide what is best for them instead of consulting them4 ,he thus misses the rectifying influence of that fellowship which is so big that it leaves no room for sensitiveness or gratitude4 ,without this fellowship we may never know how great the divergence between ourselves and others may become1 nor how cruel the misunderstandings4 ,during a recent strike of the employees of a large factory in ,ohio1 the president of the company expressed himself as bitterly disappointed by the results of his many kindnesses1 and evidently considered the employees utterly unappreciative4 ,his state of mind was the result of the fallacy of ministering to social needs from an individual impulse and expecting a socialized return of gratitude and loyalty4 ,if the lunch-room was necessary1 it was a necessity in order that the employees might have better food1 and1 when they had received the better food1 the legitimate aim of the lunch-room was met4 ,if baths were desirable1 and the fifteen minutes of calisthenic exercise given the women in the middle of each half day brought a needed rest and change to their muscles1 then the increased cleanliness and the increased bodily comfort of so many people should of themselves have justified the experiment4 ,to demand1 as a further result1 that there should be no strikes in the factory1 no revolt against the will of the employer because the employees were filled with loyalty as the result of the kindness1 was of course to take the experiment from an individual basis to a social one4 ,large mining companies and manufacturing concerns are constantly appealing to their stockholders for funds1 or for permission to take a percentage of the profits1 in order that the money may be used for educational and social schemes designed for the benefit of the employees4 ,the promoters of these schemes use as an argument and as an appeal1 that better relations will be thus established1 that strikes will be prevented1 and that in the end the money returned to the stockholders will be increased4 ,however praiseworthy this appeal may be in motive1 it involves a distinct confusion of issues1 and in theory deserves the failure it so often meets with in practice4 ,in the clash which follows a strike1 the employees are accused of an ingratitude1 when there was no legitimate reason to expect gratitude2 and useless bitterness1 which has really a factitious basis1 may be developed on both sides4 ,indeed1 unless the relation becomes a democratic one1 the chances of misunderstanding are increased1 when to the relation of employer and employees is added the relation of benefactor to beneficiaries1 in so far as there is still another opportunity for acting upon the individual code of ethics4 ,there is no doubt that these efforts are to be commended1 not only from the standpoint of their social value but because they have a marked industrial significance4 ,failing1 as they do1 however1 to touch the question of wages and hours1 which are almost invariably the points of trades-union effort1 the employers confuse the mind of the public when they urge the amelioration of conditions and the kindly relation existing between them and their men as a reason for the discontinuance of strikes and other trades-union tactics4 ,the men have individually accepted the kindness of the employers as it was individually offered1 but quite as the latter urges his inability to increase wages unless he has the coperation of his competitors1 so the men state that they are bound to the trades-union struggle for an increase in wages because it can only be undertaken by combinations of labor4 ,even the much more democratic effort to divide a proportion of the profits at the end of the year among the employees1 upon the basis of their wages and efficiency1 is also exposed to a weakness1 from the fact that the employing side has the power of determining to whom the benefit shall accrue4 ,both individual acts of self-defence on the part of the wage earner and individual acts of benevolence on the part of the employer are most useful as they establish standards to which the average worker and employer may in time be legally compelled to conform4 ,progress must always come through the individual who varies from the type and has sufficient energy to express this variation4 ,he first holds a higher conception than that held by the mass of his fellows of what is righteous under given conditions1 and expresses this conviction in conduct1 in many instances formulating a certain scruple which the others share1 but have not yet defined even to themselves4 ,progress1 however1 is not secure until the mass has conformed to this new righteousness4 ,this is equally true in regard to any advance made in the standard of living on the part of the trades-unionists or in the improved conditions of industry on the part of reforming employers4 ,the mistake lies1 not in overpraising the advance thus inaugurated by individual initiative1 but in regarding the achievement as complete in a social sense when it is still in the realm of individual action4 ,no sane manufacturer regards his factory as the centre of the industrial system4 ,he knows very well that the cost of material1 wages1 and selling prices are determined by industrial conditions completely beyond his control4 ,yet the same man may quite calmly regard himself and his own private principles as merely self-regarding1 and expect results from casual philanthropy which can only be accomplished through those common rules of life and labor established by the community for the common good4 ,outside of and surrounding these smaller and most significant efforts are the larger and irresistible movements operating toward combination4 ,this movement must tend to decide upon social matters from the social standpoint4 ,until then it is difficult to keep our minds free from a confusion of issues4 ,such a confusion occurs when the gift of a large sum to the community for a public and philanthropic purpose1 throws a certain glamour over all the earlier acts of a man1 and makes it difficult for the community to see possible wrongs committed against it1 in the accumulation of wealth so beneficently used4 ,it is possible also that the resolve to be thus generous unconsciously influences the man himself in his methods of accumulation4 ,he keeps to a certain individual rectitude1 meaning to make an individual restitution by the old paths of generosity and kindness1 whereas if he had in view social restitution on the newer lines of justice and opportunity1 he would throughout his course doubtless be watchful of his industrial relationships and his social virtues4 ,the danger of professionally attaining to the power of the righteous man1 of yielding to the ambition for doing good on a large scale1 compared to which the ambition for politics1 learning1 or wealth1 are vulgar and commonplace1 ramifies through our modern life2 and those most easily beset by this temptation are precisely the men best situated to experiment on the larger social lines1 because they so easily dramatize their acts and lead public opinion4 ,very often1 too1 they have in their hands the preservation and advancement of large vested interests1 and often see clearly and truly that they are better able to administer the affairs of the community than the community itself3 sometimes they see that if they do not administer them sharply and quickly1 as only an individual can1 certain interests of theirs dependent upon the community will go to ruin4 ,the model employer first considered1 provided a large sum in his will with which to build and equip a polytechnic school1 which will doubtless be of great public value4 ,this again shows the advantage of individual management1 in the spending as well as in the accumulating of wealth1 but this school will attain its highest good1 in so far as it incites the ambition to provide other schools from public funds4 ,the town of ,zurich possesses a magnificent polytechnic institute1 secured by the vote of the entire people and supported from public taxes4 ,every man who voted for it is interested that his child should enjoy its benefits1 and1 of course1 the voluntary attendance must be larger than in a school accepted as a gift to the community4 ,in the educational efforts of model employers1 as in other attempts toward social amelioration1 one man with the best of intentions is trying to do what the entire body of employees should have undertaken to do for themselves4 ,the result of his efforts will only attain its highest value as it serves as an incentive to procure other results by the community as well as for the community4 ,there are doubtless many things which the public would never demand unless they were first supplied by individual initiative1 both because the public lacks the imagination1 and also the power of formulating their wants4 ,thus philanthropic effort supplies kindergartens1 until they become so established in the popular affections that they are incorporated in the public school system4 ,churches and missions establish reading rooms1 until at last the public library system dots the city with branch reading rooms and libraries4 ,for this willingness to take risks for the sake of an ideal1 for those experiments which must be undertaken with vigor and boldness in order to secure didactic value in failure as well as in success1 society must depend upon the individual possessed with money1 and also distinguished by earnest and unselfish purpose4 ,such experiments enable the nation to use the ,referendum method in its public affairs4 ,each social experiment is thus tested by a few people1 given wide publicity1 that it may be observed and discussed by the bulk of the citizens before the public prudently makes up its mind whether or not it is wise to incorporate it into the functions of government4 ,if the decision is in its favor and it is so incorporated1 it can then be carried on with confidence and enthusiasm4 ,but experience has shown that we can only depend upon successful men for a certain type of experiment in the line of industrial amelioration and social advancement4 ,the list of those who found churches1 educational institutions1 libraries1 and art galleries1 is very long1 as is again the list of those contributing to model dwellings1 recreation halls1 and athletic fields4 ,at the present moment factory employers are doing much to promote industrial betterment in the way of sanitary surroundings1 opportunities for bathing1 lunch rooms provided with cheap and wholesome food1 club rooms1 and guild halls4 ,but there is a line of social experiment involving social righteousness in its most advanced form1 in which the number of employers and the favored class are so few that it is plain society cannot count upon them for continuous and valuable help4 ,this lack is in the line of factory legislation and that sort of social advance implied in shorter hours and the regulation of wages2 in short1 all that organization and activity that is involved in such a maintenance and increase of wages as would prevent the lowering of the standard of life4 ,a large body of people feel keenly that the present industrial system is in a state of profound disorder1 and that there is no guarantee that the pursuit of individual ethics will ever right it4 ,they claim that relief can only come through deliberate corporate effort inspired by social ideas and guided by the study of economic laws1 and that the present industrial system thwarts our ethical demands1 not only for social righteousness but for social order4 ,because they believe that each advance in ethics must be made fast by a corresponding advance in politics and legal enactment1 they insist upon the right of state regulation and control4 ,while many people representing all classes in a community would assent to this as to a general proposition1 and would even admit it as a certain moral obligation1 legislative enactments designed to control industrial conditions have largely been secured through the efforts of a few citizens1 mostly those who constantly see the harsh conditions of labor and who are incited to activity by their sympathies as well as their convictions4 ,this may be illustrated by the series of legal enactments regulating the occupations in which children may be allowed to work1 also the laws in regard to the hours of labor permitted in those occupations1 and the minimum age below which children may not be employed4 ,the first child labor laws were enacted in ,england through the efforts of those members of parliament whose hearts were wrung by the condition of the little parish apprentices bound out to the early textile manufacturers of the north2 and through the long years required to build up the code of child labor legislation which ,england now possesses1 knowledge of the conditions has always preceded effective legislation4 ,the efforts of that small number in every community who believe in legislative control have always been renforced by the efforts of trades-unionists rather than by the efforts of employers4 ,partly because the employment of workingmen in the factories brings them in contact with the children who tend to lower wages and demoralize their trades1 and partly because workingmen have no money nor time to spend in alleviating philanthropy1 and must perforce seize upon agitation and legal enactment as the only channel of redress which is open to them4 ,we may illustrate by imagining a row of people seated in a moving street-car1 into which darts a boy of eight1 calling out the details of the last murder1 in the hope of selling an evening newspaper4 ,a comfortable looking man buys a paper from him with no sense of moral shock2 he may even be a trifle complacent that he has helped along the little fellow1 who is making his way in the world4 ,the philanthropic lady sitting next to him may perhaps reflect that it is a pity that such a bright boy is not in school4 ,she may make up her mind in a moment of compunction to redouble her efforts for various newsboys' schools and homes1 that this poor child may have better teaching1 and perhaps a chance at manual training4 ,she probably is convinced that he alone1 by his unaided efforts1 is supporting a widowed mother1 and her heart is moved to do all she can for him4 ,next to her sits a workingman trained in trades-union methods4 ,he knows that the boy's natural development is arrested1 and that the abnormal activity of his body and mind uses up the force which should go into growth2 moreover1 that this premature use of his powers has but a momentary and specious value4 ,he is forced to these conclusions because he has seen many a man1 entering the factory at eighteen and twenty1 so worn out by premature work that he was laid on the shelf within ten or fifteen years4 ,he knows very well that he can do nothing in the way of ameliorating the lot of this particular boy2 that his only possible chance is to agitate for proper child-labor laws2 to regulate1 and if possible prohibit1 street-vending by children1 in order that the child of the poorest may have his school time secured to him1 and may have at least his short chance for growth4 ,these three people1 sitting in the street car1 are all honest and upright1 and recognize a certain duty toward the forlorn children of the community4 ,the self-made man is encouraging one boy's own efforts2 the philanthropic lady is helping on a few boys2 the workingman alone is obliged to include all the boys of his class4 ,workingmen1 because of their feebleness in all but numbers1 have been forced to appeal to the state1 in order to secure protection for themselves and for their children4 ,they cannot all rise out of their class1 as the occasionally successful man has done2 some of them must be left to do the work in the factories and mines1 and they have no money to spend in philanthropy4 ,both public agitation and a social appeal to the conscience of the community is necessary in order to secure help from the state1 and1 curiously enough1 child-labor laws once enacted and enforced are a matter of great pride1 and even come to be regarded as a register of the community's humanity and enlightenment4 ,if the method of public agitation could find quiet and orderly expression in legislative enactment1 and if labor measures could be submitted to the examination and judgment of the whole without a sense of division or of warfare1 we should have the ideal development of the democratic state4 ,but we judge labor organizations as we do other living institutions1 not by their declaration of principles1 which we seldom read1 but by their blundering efforts to apply their principles to actual conditions1 and by the oft-time failure of their representatives1 when the individual finds himself too weak to become the organ of corporate action4 ,the very blunders and lack of organization too often characterizing a union1 in marked contrast to the orderly management of a factory1 often confuse us as to the real issues involved1 and we find it hard to trust uncouth and unruly manifestations of social effort4 ,the situation is made even more complicated by the fact that those who are formulating a code of associated action so often break through the established code of law and order4 ,as society has a right to demand of the reforming individual that he be sternly held to his personal and domestic claims1 so it has a right to insist that labor organizations shall keep to the hardly won standards of public law and order2 and the community performs but its plain duty when it registers its protest every time law and order are subverted1 even in the interest of the so-called social effort4 ,yet in moments of industrial stress and strain the community is confronted by a moral perplexity which may arise from the mere fact that the good of yesterday is opposed to the good of today1 and that which may appear as a choice between virtue and vice is really but a choice between virtue and virtue4 ,in the disorder and confusion sometimes incident to growth and progress1 the community may be unable to see anything but the unlovely struggle itself4 ,the writer recalls a conversation between two workingmen who were leaving a lecture on ,organic ,evolution4 ,the first was much puzzled1 and anxiously inquired of the second if evolution could mean that one animal turned into another4 ,the challenged workman stopped in the rear of the hall1 put his foot upon a chair1 and expounded what he thought evolution did mean2 and this1 so nearly as the conversation can be recalled1 is what he said3 ,you see a lot of fishes are living in a stream1 which overflows in the spring and strands some of them upon the bank4 ,the weak ones die up there1 but others make a big effort to get back into the water4 ,they dig their fins into the sand1 breathe as much air as they can with their gills1 and have a terrible time4 ,but after a while their fins turn into legs and their gills into lungs1 and they have become frogs4 ,of course they are further along than the sleek1 comfortable fishes who sail up and down the stream waving their tails and despising the poor damaged things thrashing around on the bank4 ,he--the lecturer--did not say anything about men1 but it is easy enough to think of us poor devils on the dry bank1 struggling without enough to live on1 while the comfortable fellows sail along in the water with all they want and despise us because we thrash about4 ,his listener did not reply1 and was evidently dissatisfied both with the explanation and the application4 ,doubtless the illustration was bungling in more than its setting forth1 but the story is suggestive4 ,at times of social disturbance the law-abiding citizen is naturally so anxious for peace and order1 his sympathies are so justly and inevitably on the side making for the restoration of law1 that it is difficult for him to see the situation fairly4 ,he becomes insensible to the unselfish impulse which may prompt a sympathetic strike in behalf of the workers in a non-union shop1 because he allows his mind to dwell exclusively on the disorder which has become associated with the strike4 ,he is completely side-tracked by the ugly phases of a great moral movement4 ,it is always a temptation to assume that the side which has respectability1 authority1 and superior intelligence1 has therefore righteousness as well1 especially when the same side presents concrete results of individual effort as over against the less tangible results of associated effort4 ,it is as yet most difficult for us to free ourselves from the individualistic point of view sufficiently to group events in their social relations and to judge fairly those who are endeavoring to produce a social result through all the difficulties of associated action4 ,the philanthropist still finds his path much easier than do those who are attempting a social morality4 ,in the first place1 the public1 anxious to praise what it recognizes as an undoubted moral effort often attended with real personal sacrifice1 joyfully seizes upon this manifestation and overpraises it1 recognizing the philanthropist as an old friend in the paths of righteousness1 whereas the others are strangers and possibly to be distrusted as aliens4 ,it is easy to confuse the response to an abnormal number of individual claims with the response to the social claim4 ,an exaggerated personal morality is often mistaken for a social morality1 and until it attempts to minister to a social situation its total inadequacy is not discovered4 ,to attempt to attain a social morality without a basis of democratic experience results in the loss of the only possible corrective and guide1 and ends in an exaggerated individual morality but not in social morality at all4 ,we see this from time to time in the care-worn and overworked philanthropist1 who has taxed his individual will beyond the normal limits and has lost his clew to the situation among a bewildering number of cases4 ,a man who takes the betterment of humanity for his aim and end must also take the daily experiences of humanity for the constant correction of his process4 ,he must not only test and guide his achievement by human experience1 but he must succeed or fail in proportion as he has incorporated that experience with his own4 ,otherwise his own achievements become his stumbling-block1 and he comes to believe in his own goodness as something outside of himself4 ,he makes an exception of himself1 and thinks that he is different from the rank and file of his fellows4 ,he forgets that it is necessary to know of the lives of our contemporaries1 not only in order to believe in their integrity1 which is after all but the first beginnings of social morality1 but in order to attain to any mental or moral integrity for ourselves or any such hope for society4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,educational ,,methods ,as democracy modifies our conception of life1 it constantly raises the value and function of each member of the community1 however humble he may be4 ,we have come to believe that the most brutish man has a value in our common life1 a function to perform which can be fulfilled by no one else4 ,we are gradually requiring of the educator that he shall free the powers of each man and connect him with the rest of life4 ,we ask this not merely because it is the man's right to be thus connected1 but because we have become convinced that the social order cannot afford to get along without his special contribution4 ,just as we have come to resent all hindrances which keep us from untrammelled comradeship with our fellows1 and as we throw down unnatural divisions1 not in the spirit of the eighteenth-century reformers1 but in the spirit of those to whom social equality has become a necessity for further social development1 so we are impatient to use the dynamic power residing in the mass of men1 and demand that the educator free that power4 ,we believe that man's moral idealism is the constructive force of progress1 as it has always been2 but because every human being is a creative agent and a possible generator of fine enthusiasm1 we are sceptical of the moral idealism of the few and demand the education of the many1 that there may be greater freedom1 strength1 and subtilty of intercourse and hence an increase of dynamic power4 ,we are not content to include all men in our hopes1 but have become conscious that all men are hoping and are part of the same movement of which we are a part4 ,many people impelled by these ideas have become impatient with the slow recognition on the part of the educators of their manifest obligation to prepare and nourish the child and the citizen for social relations4 ,the educators should certainly conserve the learning and training necessary for the successful individual and family life1 but should add to that a preparation for the enlarged social efforts which our increasing democracy requires4 ,the democratic ideal demands of the school that it shall give the child's own experience a social value2 that it shall teach him to direct his own activities and adjust them to those of other people4 ,we are not willing that thousands of industrial workers shall put all of their activity and toil into services from which the community as a whole reaps the benefit1 while their mental conceptions and code of morals are narrow and untouched by any uplift which the consciousness of social value might give them4 ,we are impatient with the schools which lay all stress on reading and writing1 suspecting them to rest upon the assumption that the ordinary experience of life is worth little1 and that all knowledge and interest must be brought to the children through the medium of books4 ,such an assumption fails to give the child any clew to the life about him1 or any power to usefully or intelligently connect himself with it4 ,this may be illustrated by observations made in a large ,italian colony situated in ,chicago1 the children from which are1 for the most part1 sent to the public schools4 ,the members of the ,italian colony are largely from ,south ,italy1--,calabrian and ,sicilian peasants1 or ,neapolitans from the workingmen's quarters of that city4 ,they have come to ,america with the distinct aim of earning money1 and finding more room for the energies of themselves and their children4 ,in almost all cases they mean to go back again1 simply because their imaginations cannot picture a continuous life away from the old surroundings4 ,their experiences in ,italy have been those of simple outdoor activity1 and their ideas have come directly to them from their struggle with ,nature1--such a hand-to-hand struggle as takes place when each man gets his living largely through his own cultivation of the soil1 or with tools simply fashioned by his own hands4 ,the women1 as in all primitive life1 have had more diversified activities than the men4 ,they have cooked1 spun1 and knitted1 in addition to their almost equal work in the fields4 ,very few of the peasant men or women can either read or write4 ,they are devoted to their children1 strong in their family feeling1 even to remote relationships1 and clannish in their community life4 ,the entire family has been upheaved1 and is striving to adjust itself to its new surroundings4 ,the men1 for the most part1 work on railroad extensions through the summer1 under the direction of a padrone1 who finds the work for them1 regulates the amount of their wages1 and supplies them with food4 ,the first effect of immigration upon the women is that of idleness4 ,they no longer work in the fields1 nor milk the goats1 nor pick up faggots4 ,the mother of the family buys all the clothing1 not only already spun and woven but made up into garments1 of a cut and fashion beyond her powers4 ,it is1 indeed1 the most economical thing for her to do4 ,her house-cleaning and cooking are of the simplest2 the bread is usually baked outside of the house1 and the macaroni bought prepared for boiling4 ,all of those outdoor and domestic activities1 which she would naturally have handed on to her daughters1 have slipped away from her4 ,the domestic arts are gone1 with their absorbing interests for the children1 their educational value1 and incentive to activity4 ,a household in a tenement receives almost no raw material4 ,for the hundreds of children who have never seen wheat grow1 there are dozens who have never seen bread baked4 ,the occasional washings and scrubbings are associated only with discomfort4 ,the child of such a family receives constant stimulus of most exciting sort from his city street life1 but he has little or no opportunity to use his energies in domestic manufacture1 or1 indeed1 constructively in any direction4 ,no activity is supplied to take the place of that which1 in ,italy1 he would naturally have found in his own surroundings1 and no new union with wholesome life is made for him4 ,italian parents count upon the fact that their children learn the ,english language and ,american customs before they do themselves1 and the children act not only as interpreters of the language1 but as buffers between them and ,chicago1 resulting in a certain almost pathetic dependence of the family upon the child4 ,when a child of the family1 therefore1 first goes to school1 the event is fraught with much significance to all the others4 ,the family has no social life in any structural form and can supply none to the child4 ,he ought to get it in the school and give it to his family1 the school thus becoming the connector with the organized society about them4 ,it is the children aged six1 eight1 and ten1 who go to school1 entering1 of course1 the primary grades4 ,if a boy is twelve or thirteen on his arrival in ,america1 his parents see in him a wage-earning factor1 and the girl of the same age is already looking toward her marriage4 ,let us take one of these boys1 who has learned in his six or eight years to speak his native language1 and to feel himself strongly identified with the fortunes of his family4 ,whatever interest has come to the minds of his ancestors has come through the use of their hands in the open air2 and open air and activity of body have been the inevitable accompaniments of all their experiences4 ,yet the first thing that the boy must do when he reaches school is to sit still1 at least part of the time1 and he must learn to listen to what is said to him1 with all the perplexity of listening to a foreign tongue4 ,he does not find this very stimulating1 and is slow to respond to the more subtle incentives of the schoolroom4 ,the peasant child is perfectly indifferent to showing off and making a good recitation4 ,he leaves all that to his schoolfellows1 who are more sophisticated and equipped with better ,english4 ,his parents are not deeply interested in keeping him in school1 and will not hold him there against his inclination4 ,their experience does not point to the good ,american tradition that it is the educated man who finally succeeds4 ,the richest man in the ,italian colony can neither read nor write--even ,italian4 ,his cunning and acquisitiveness1 combined with the credulity and ignorance of his countrymen1 have slowly brought about his large fortune4 ,the child himself may feel the stirring of a vague ambition to go on until he is as the other children are2 but he is not popular with his schoolfellows1 and he sadly feels the lack of dramatic interest4 ,even the pictures and objects presented to him1 as well as the language1 are strange4 ,if we admit that in education it is necessary to begin with the experiences which the child already has and to use his spontaneous and social activity1 then the city streets begin this education for him in a more natural way than does the school4 ,the ,south ,italian peasant comes from a life of picking olives and oranges1 and he easily sends his children out to pick up coal from railroad tracks1 or wood from buildings which have been burned down4 ,unfortunately1 this process leads by easy transition to petty thieving4 ,it is easy to go from the coal on the railroad track to the coal and wood which stand before a dealer's shop2 from the potatoes which have rolled from a rumbling wagon to the vegetables displayed by the grocer4 ,this is apt to be the record of the boy who responds constantly to the stimulus and temptations of the street1 although in the beginning his search for bits of food and fuel was prompted by the best of motives4 ,the school has to compete with a great deal from the outside in addition to the distractions of the neighborhood4 ,nothing is more fascinating than that mysterious down town1 whither the boy longs to go to sell papers and black boots1 to attend theatres1 and1 if possible1 to stay all night on the pretence of waiting for the early edition of the great dailies4 ,if a boy is once thoroughly caught in these excitements1 nothing can save him from over-stimulation and consequent debility and worthlessness2 he arrives at maturity with no habits of regular work and with a distaste for its dulness4 ,on the other hand1 there are hundreds of boys of various nationalities who conscientiously remain in school and fulfil all the requirements of the early grades1 and at the age of fourteen are found in factories1 painstakingly performing their work year after year4 ,these later are the men who form the mass of the population in every industrial neighborhood of every large city2 but they carry on the industrial processes year after year without in the least knowing what it is all about4 ,the one fixed habit which the boy carries away with him from the school to the factory is the feeling that his work is merely provisional4 ,in school the next grade was continually held before him as an object of attainment1 and it resulted in the conviction that the sole object of present effort is to get ready for something else4 ,this tentative attitude takes the last bit of social stimulus out of his factory work2 he pursues it merely as a necessity1 and his very mental attitude destroys his chance for a realization of its social value4 ,as the boy in school contracted the habit of doing his work in certain hours and taking his pleasure in certain other hours1 so in the factory he earns his money by ten hours of dull work and spends it in three hours of lurid and unprofitable pleasure in the evening4 ,both in the school and in the factory1 in proportion as his work grows dull and monotonous1 his recreation must become more exciting and stimulating4 ,the hopelessness of adding evening classes and social entertainments as a mere frill to a day filled with monotonous and deadening drudgery constantly becomes more apparent to those who are endeavoring to bring a fuller life to the industrial members of the community1 and who are looking forward to a time when work shall cease to be senseless drudgery with no self-expression on the part of the worker4 ,it sometimes seems that the public schools should contribute much more than they do to the consummation of this time4 ,if the army of school children who enter the factories every year possessed thoroughly vitalized faculties1 they might do much to lighten this incubus of dull factory work which presses so heavily upon so large a number of our fellow-citizens4 ,has our commercialism been so strong that our schools have become insensibly commercialized1 whereas we supposed that our industrial life was receiving the broadening and illuminating effects of the schools8 ,the training of these children1 so far as it has been vocational at all1 has been in the direction of clerical work4 ,it is possible that the business men1 whom we in ,america so tremendously admire1 have really been dictating the curriculum of our public schools1 in spite of the conventions of educators and the suggestions of university professors4 ,the business man1 of course1 has not said1 ,i will have the public schools train office boys and clerks so that ,i may have them easily and cheaply1 but he has sometimes said1 ,teach the children to write legibly and to figure accurately and quickly2 to acquire habits of punctuality and order2 to be prompt to obey2 and you will fit them to make their way in the world as ,i have made mine4 ,has the workingman been silent as to what he desires for his children1 and allowed the business man to decide for him there1 as he has allowed the politician to manage his municipal affairs1 or has the workingman so far shared our universal optimism that he has really believed that his children would never need to go into industrial life at all1 but that all of his sons would become bankers and merchants8 ,certain it is that no sufficient study has been made of the child who enters into industrial life early and stays there permanently1 to give him some offset to its monotony and dulness1 some historic significance of the part he is taking in the life of the community4 ,it is at last on behalf of the average workingmen that our increasing democracy impels us to make a new demand upon the educator4 ,as the political expression of democracy has claimed for the workingman the free right of citizenship1 so a code of social ethics is now insisting that he shall be a conscious member of society1 having some notion of his social and industrial value4 ,the early ideal of a city that it was a market-place in which to exchange produce1 and a mere trading-post for merchants1 apparently still survives in our minds and is constantly reflected in our schools4 ,we have either failed to realize that cities have become great centres of production and manufacture in which a huge population is engaged1 or we have lacked sufficient presence of mind to adjust ourselves to the change4 ,we admire much more the men who accumulate riches1 and who gather to themselves the results of industry1 than the men who actually carry forward industrial processes2 and1 as has been pointed out1 our schools still prepare children almost exclusively for commercial and professional life4 ,quite as the country boy dreams of leaving the farm for life in town and begins early to imitate the travelling salesman in dress and manner1 so the school boy within the town hopes to be an office boy1 and later a clerk or salesman1 and looks upon work in the factory as the occupation of ignorant and unsuccessful men4 ,the schools do so little really to interest the child in the life of production1 or to excite his ambition in the line of industrial occupation1 that the ideal of life1 almost from the very beginning1 becomes not an absorbing interest in one's work and a consciousness of its value and social relation1 but a desire for money with which unmeaning purchases may be made and an unmeaning social standing obtained4 ,the son of a workingman who is successful in commercial life1 impresses his family and neighbors quite as does the prominent city man when he comes back to dazzle his native town4 ,the children of the working people learn many useful things in the public schools1 but the commercial arithmetic1 and many other studies1 are founded on the tacit assumption that a boy rises in life by getting away from manual labor1--that every promising boy goes into business or a profession4 ,the children destined for factory life are furnished with what would be most useful under other conditions1 quite as the prosperous farmer's wife buys a folding-bed for her huge four-cornered spare room1 because her sister1 who has married a city man1 is obliged to have a folding-bed in the cramped limits of her flat ,partly because so little is done for him educationally1 and partly because he must live narrowly and dress meanly1 the life of the average laborer tends to become flat and monotonous1 with nothing in his work to feed his mind or hold his interest4 ,theoretically1 we would all admit that the man at the bottom1 who performs the meanest and humblest work1 so long as the work is necessary1 performs a useful function2 but we do not live up to our theories1 and in addition to his hard and uninteresting work he is covered with a sort of contempt1 and unless he falls into illness or trouble1 he receives little sympathy or attention4 ,certainly no serious effort is made to give him a participation in the social and industrial life with which he comes in contact1 nor any insight and inspiration regarding it4 ,apparently we have not yet recovered manual labor from the deep distrust which centuries of slavery and the feudal system have cast upon it4 ,to get away from menial work1 to do obviously little with one's hands1 is still the desirable status4 ,this may readily be seen all along the line4 ,a workingman's family will make every effort and sacrifice that the brightest daughter be sent to the high school and through the normal school1 quite as much because a teacher in the family raises the general social standing and sense of family consequence1 as that the returns are superior to factory or even office work4 ,teacher in the vocabulary of many children is a synonym for women-folk gentry1 and the name is indiscriminately applied to women of certain dress and manner4 ,the same desire for social advancement is expressed by the purchasing of a piano1 or the fact that the son is an office boy1 and not a factory hand4 ,the overcrowding of the professions by poorly equipped men arises from much the same source1 and from the conviction that an education is wasted if a boy goes into a factory or shop4 ,a ,chicago manufacturer tells a story of twin boys1 whom he befriended and meant to give a start in life4 ,he sent them both to the ,athenum for several winters as a preparatory business training1 and then took them into his office1 where they speedily became known as the bright one and the stupid one4 ,the stupid one was finally dismissed after repeated trials1 when to the surprise of the entire establishment1 he quickly betook himself into the shops1 where he became a wide-awake and valuable workman4 ,his chagrined benefactor1 in telling the story1 admits that he himself had fallen a victim to his own business training and his early notion of rising in life4 ,in reality he had merely followed the lead of most benevolent people who help poor boys4 ,they test the success of their efforts by the number whom they have taken out of factory work into some other and higher occupation4 ,quite in line with this commercial ideal are the night schools and institutions of learning most accessible to working people4 ,first among them is the business college which teaches largely the mechanism of type-writing and book-keeping1 and lays all stress upon commerce and methods of distribution4 ,commodities are treated as exports and imports1 or solely in regard to their commercial value1 and not1 of course1 in relation to their historic development or the manufacturing processes to which they have been subjected4 ,these schools do not in the least minister to the needs of the actual factory employee1 who is in the shop and not in the office4 ,we assume that all men are searching for puddings and power1 to use ,carlyle's phrase1 and furnish only the schools which help them to those ends4 ,the business college man1 or even the man who goes through an academic course in order to prepare for a profession1 comes to look on learning too much as an investment from which he will later reap the benefits in earning money4 ,he does not connect learning with industrial pursuits1 nor does he in the least lighten or illuminate those pursuits for those of his friends who have not risen in life4 ,it is as though nets were laid at the entrance to education1 in which those who by some means or other escape from the masses bowed down by labor1 are inevitably caught and held from substantial service to their fellows4 ,the academic teaching which is accessible to workingmen through ,university ,extension lectures and classes at settlements1 is usually bookish and remote1 and concerning subjects completely divorced from their actual experiences4 ,the men come to think of learning as something to be added to the end of a hard day's work1 and to be gained at the cost of toilsome mental exertion4 ,there are1 of course1 exceptions1 but many men who persist in attending classes and lectures year after year find themselves possessed of a mass of inert knowledge which nothing in their experience fuses into availability or realization4 ,among the many disappointments which the settlement experiment has brought to its promoters1 perhaps none is keener than the fact that they have as yet failed to work out methods of education1 specialized and adapted to the needs of adult working people in contra-distinction to those employed in schools and colleges1 or those used in teaching children4 ,there are many excellent reasons and explanations for this failure4 ,in the first place1 the residents themselves are for the most part imbued with academic methods and ideals1 which it is most difficult to modify4 ,to quote from a late settlement report1 ,the most vaunted educational work in settlements amounts often to the stimulation mentally of a select few who are1 in a sense1 of the academic type of mind1 and who easily and quickly respond to the academic methods employed4 ,these classes may be valuable1 but they leave quite untouched the great mass of the factory population1 the ordinary workingman of the ordinary workingman's street1 whose attitude is best described as that of acquiescence1 who lives through the aimless passage of the years without incentive to imagine1 to design1 or to aspire4 ,these men are totally untouched by all the educational and philanthropic machinery which is designed for the young and the helpless who live on the same streets with them4 ,they do not often drink to excess1 they regularly give all their wages to their wives1 they have a vague pride in their superior children2 but they grow prematurely old and stiff in all their muscles1 and become more and more taciturn1 their entire energies consumed in holding a job4 ,various attempts have been made to break through the inadequate educational facilities supplied by commercialism and scholarship1 both of which have followed their own ideals and have failed to look at the situation as it actually presents itself4 ,the most noteworthy attempt has been the movement toward industrial education1 the agitation for which has been ably seconded by manufacturers of a practical type1 who have from time to time founded and endowed technical schools1 designed for workingmen's sons4 ,the early schools of this type inevitably reflected the ideal of the self-made man4 ,they succeeded in transferring a few skilled workers into the upper class of trained engineers1 and a few less skilled workers into the class of trained mechanics1 but did not aim to educate the many who are doomed to the unskilled work which the permanent specialization of the division of labor demands4 ,the ,peter ,coopers and other good men honestly believed that if intelligence could be added to industry1 each workingman who faithfully attended these schools could walk into increased skill and wages1 and in time even become an employer himself4 ,such schools are useful beyond doubt2 but so far as educating workingmen is concerned or in any measure satisfying the democratic ideal1 they plainly beg the question4 ,almost every large city has two or three polytechnic institutions founded by rich men1 anxious to help poor boys4 ,these have been captured by conventional educators for the purpose of fitting young men for the colleges and universities4 ,they have compromised by merely adding to the usual academic course manual work1 applied mathematics1 mechanical drawing and engineering4 ,two schools in ,chicago1 plainly founded for the sons of workingmen1 afford an illustration of this tendency and result4 ,on the other hand1 so far as schools of this type have been captured by commercialism1 they turn out trained engineers1 professional chemists1 and electricians4 ,they are polytechnics of a high order1 but do not even pretend to admit the workingman with his meagre intellectual equipment4 ,they graduate machine builders1 but not educated machine tenders4 ,even the textile schools are largely seized by young men who expect to be superintendents of factories1 designers1 or manufacturers themselves1 and the textile worker who actually holds the thread is seldom seen in them2 indeed1 in one of the largest schools women are not allowed1 in spite of the fact that spinning and weaving have traditionally been woman's work1 and that thousands of women are at present employed in the textile mills4 ,it is much easier to go over the old paths of education with manual training thrown in1 as it were2 it is much simpler to appeal to the old ambitions of getting on in life1 or of preparing for a profession1 or for a commercial career1 than to work out new methods on democratic lines4 ,these schools gradually drop back into the conventional courses1 modified in some slight degree1 while the adaptation to workingmen's needs is never made1 nor1 indeed1 vigorously attempted4 ,in the meantime1 the manufacturers continually protest that engineers1 especially trained for devising machines1 are not satisfactory4 ,three generations of workers have invented1 but we are told that invention no longer goes on in the workshop1 even when it is artificially stimulated by the offer of prizes1 and that the inventions of the last quarter of the nineteenth century have by no means fulfilled the promise of the earlier three-quarters4 ,every foreman in a large factory has had experience with two classes of men3 first with those who become rigid and tolerate no change in their work1 partly because they make more money working by the piece1 when they stick to that work which they have learned to do rapidly1 and partly because the entire muscular and nervous system has become by daily use adapted to particular motions and resents change4 ,secondly1 there are the men who float in and out of the factory1 in a constantly changing stream4 ,they quit work for the slightest reason or none at all1 and never become skilled at anything4 ,some of them are men of low intelligence1 but many of them are merely too nervous and restless1 too impatient1 too easily driven to drink1 to be of any use in a modern factory4 ,they are the men for whom the demanded adaptation is impossible4 ,the individual from whom the industrial order demands ever larger drafts of time and energy1 should be nourished and enriched from social sources1 in proportion as he is drained4 ,he1 more than other men1 needs the conception of historic continuity in order to reveal to him the purpose and utility of his work1 and he can only be stimulated and dignified as he obtains a conception of his proper relation to society4 ,scholarship is evidently unable to do this for him2 for1 unfortunately1 the same tendency to division of labor has also produced over-specialization in scholarship1 with the sad result that when the scholar attempts to minister to a worker1 he gives him the result of more specialization rather than an offset from it4 ,he cannot bring healing and solace because he himself is suffering from the same disease4 ,there is indeed a deplorable lack of perception and adaptation on the part of educators all along the line4 ,it will certainly be embarrassing to have our age written down triumphant in the matter of inventions1 in that our factories were filled with intricate machines1 the result of advancing mathematical and mechanical knowledge in relation to manufacturing processes1 but defeated in that it lost its head over the achievement and forgot the men4 ,the accusation would stand1 that the age failed to perform a like service in the extension of history and art to the factory employees who ran the machines2 that the machine tenders1 heavy and almost dehumanized by monotonous toil1 walked about in the same streets with us1 and sat in the same cars2 but that we were absolutely indifferent and made no genuine effort to supply to them the artist's perception or student's insight1 which alone could fuse them into social consciousness4 ,it would further stand that the scholars among us continued with yet more research1 that the educators were concerned only with the young and the promising1 and the philanthropists with the criminals and helpless4 ,there is a pitiful failure to recognize the situation in which the majority of working people are placed1 a tendency to ignore their real experiences and needs1 and1 most stupid of all1 we leave quite untouched affections and memories which would afford a tremendous dynamic if they were utilized4 ,we constantly hear it said in educational circles1 that a child learns only by doing1 and that education must proceed through the eyes and hands to the brain2 and yet for the vast number of people all around us who do not need to have activities artificially provided1 and who use their hands and eyes all the time1 we do not seem able to reverse the process4 ,we quote the dictum1 ,what is learned in the schoolroom must be applied in the workshop1 and yet the skill and handicraft constantly used in the workshop have no relevance or meaning given to them by the school2 and when we do try to help the workingman in an educational way1 we completely ignore his everyday occupation4 ,yet the task is merely one of adaptation4 ,it is to take actual conditions and to make them the basis for a large and generous method of education1 to perform a difficult idealization doubtless1 but not an impossible one4 ,we apparently believe that the workingman has no chance to realize life through his vocation4 ,we easily recognize the historic association in regard to ancient buildings4 ,we say that generation after generation have stamped their mark upon them1 have recorded their thoughts in them1 until they have become the property of all4 ,and yet this is even more true of the instruments of labor1 which have constantly been held in human hands4 ,a machine really represents the seasoned life of man preserved and treasured up within itself1 quite as much as an ancient building does4 ,at present1 workmen are brought in contact with the machinery with which they work as abruptly as if the present set of industrial implements had been newly created4 ,they handle the machinery day by day1 without any notion of its gradual evolution and growth4 ,few of the men who perform the mechanical work in the great factories have any comprehension of the fact that the inventions upon which the factory depends1 the instruments which they use1 have been slowly worked out1 each generation using the gifts of the last and transmitting the inheritance until it has become a social possession4 ,this can only be understood by a man who has obtained some idea of social progress4 ,we are still childishly pleased when we see the further subdivision of labor going on1 because the quantity of the output is increased thereby1 and we apparently are unable to take our attention away from the product long enough to really focus it upon the producer4 ,theoretically1 the division of labor makes men more interdependent and human by drawing them together into a unity of purpose4 ,if a number of people decide to build a road1 and one digs1 and one brings stones1 and another breaks them1 they are quite inevitably united by their interest in the road4 ,but this naturally presupposes that they know where the road is going to1 that they have some curiosity and interest about it1 and perhaps a chance to travel upon it4 ,if the division of labor robs them of interest in any part of it1 the mere mechanical fact of interdependence amounts to nothing4 ,the man in the factory1 as well as the man with the hoe1 has a grievance beyond being overworked and disinherited1 in that he does not know what it is all about4 ,we may well regret the passing of the time when the variety of work performed in the unspecialized workshop naturally stimulated the intelligence of the workingmen and brought them into contact both with the raw material and the finished product4 ,but the problem of education1 as any advanced educator will tell us1 is to supply the essentials of experience by a short cut1 as it were4 ,if the shop constantly tends to make the workman a specialist1 then the problem of the educator in regard to him is quite clear3 it is to give him what may be an offset from the over-specialization of his daily work1 to supply him with general information and to insist that he shall be a cultivated member of society with a consciousness of his industrial and social value4 ,as sad a sight as an old hand-loom worker in a factory attempting to make his clumsy machine compete with the flying shuttles about him1 is a workingman equipped with knowledge so meagre that he can get no meaning into his life nor sequence between his acts and the far-off results4 ,manufacturers1 as a whole1 however1 when they attempt educational institutions in connection with their factories1 are prone to follow conventional lines1 and to exhibit the weakness of imitation4 ,we find1 indeed1 that the middle-class educator constantly makes the mistakes of the middle-class moralist when he attempts to aid working people4 ,the latter has constantly and traditionally urged upon the workingman the specialized virtues of thrift1 industry1 and sobriety--all virtues pertaining to the individual4 ,when each man had his own shop1 it was perhaps wise to lay almost exclusive stress upon the industrial virtues of diligence and thrift2 but as industry has become more highly organized1 life becomes incredibly complex and interdependent4 ,if a workingman is to have a conception of his value at all1 he must see industry in its unity and entirety2 he must have a conception that will include not only himself and his immediate family and community1 but the industrial organization as a whole4 ,it is doubtless true that dexterity of hand becomes less and less imperative as the invention of machinery and subdivision of labor proceeds2 but it becomes all the more necessary1 if the workman is to save his life at all1 that he should get a sense of his individual relation to the system4 ,feeding a machine with a material of which he has no knowledge1 producing a product1 totally unrelated to the rest of his life1 without in the least knowing what becomes of it1 or its connection with the community1 is1 of course1 unquestionably deadening to his intellectual and moral life4 ,to make the moral connection it would be necessary to give him a social consciousness of the value of his work1 and at least a sense of participation and a certain joy in its ultimate use2 to make the intellectual connection it would be essential to create in him some historic conception of the development of industry and the relation of his individual work to it4 ,workingmen themselves have made attempts in both directions1 which it would be well for moralists and educators to study4 ,it is a striking fact that when workingmen formulate their own moral code1 and try to inspire and encourage each other1 it is always a large and general doctrine which they preach4 ,they were the first class of men to organize an international association1 and the constant talk at a modern labor meeting is of solidarity and of the identity of the interests of workingmen the world over4 ,it is difficult to secure a successful organization of men into the simplest trades organization without an appeal to the most abstract principles of justice and brotherhood4 ,as they have formulated their own morals by laying the greatest stress upon the largest morality1 so if they could found their own schools1 it is doubtful whether they would be of the mechanic institute type4 ,courses of study arranged by a group of workingmen are most nave in their breadth and generality4 ,they will select the history of the world in preference to that of any period or nation4 ,the wonders of science or the story of evolution will attract workingmen to a lecture when zology or chemistry will drive them away4 ,the outlines of literature or the best in literature will draw an audience when a lecturer in ,english poetry will be solitary4 ,this results partly from a wholesome desire to have general knowledge before special knowledge1 and is partly a rebound from the specialization of labor to which the workingman is subjected4 ,when he is free from work and can direct his own mind1 he tends to roam1 to dwell upon large themes4 ,much the same tendency is found in programmes of study arranged by ,woman's ,clubs in country places4 ,the untrained mind1 wearied with meaningless detail1 when it gets an opportunity to make its demand heard1 asks for general philosophy and background4 ,in a certain sense commercialism itself1 at least in its larger aspect1 tends to educate the workingman better than organized education does4 ,its interests are certainly world-wide and democratic1 while it is absolutely undiscriminating as to country and creed1 coming into contact with all climes and races4 ,if this aspect of commercialism were utilized1 it would in a measure counterbalance the tendency which results from the subdivision of labor4 ,the most noteworthy attempt to utilize this democracy of commerce in relation to manufacturing is found at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 in the yearly gatherings held in a large factory there4 ,once a year the entire force is gathered together to hear the returns of the business1 not so much in respect to the profits1 as in regard to its extension4 ,at these meetings1 the travelling salesmen from various parts of the world--from ,constantinople1 from ,berlin1 from ,rome1 from ,hong ,kong--report upon the sales they have made1 and the methods of advertisement and promotion adapted to the various countries4 ,stereopticon lectures are given upon each new country as soon as it has been successfully invaded by the product of the factory4 ,the foremen in the various departments of the factory give accounts of the increased efficiency and the larger output over former years4 ,any man who has made an invention in connection with the machinery of the factory1 at this time publicly receives a prize1 and suggestions are approved that tend to increase the comfort and social facilities of the employees4 ,at least for the moment there is a complete esprit de corps1 and the youngest and least skilled employee sees himself in connection with the interests of the firm1 and the spread of an invention4 ,it is a crude example of what might be done in the way of giving a large framework of meaning to factory labor1 and of putting it into a sentient background1 at least on the commercial side4 ,it is easy to indict the educator1 to say that he has gotten entangled in his own material1 and has fallen a victim to his own methods2 but granting this1 what has the artist done about it--he who is supposed to have a more intimate insight into the needs of his contemporaries1 and to minister to them as none other can8 ,it is quite true that a few writers are insisting that the growing desire for labor1 on the part of many people of leisure1 has its counterpart in the increasing desire for general knowledge on the part of many laborers4 ,they point to the fact that the same duality of conscience which seems to stifle the noblest effort in the individual because his intellectual conception and his achievement are so difficult to bring together1 is found on a large scale in society itself1 when we have the separation of the people who think from those who work4 ,and yet1 since ,ruskin ceased1 no one has really formulated this in a convincing form4 ,and even ,ruskin's famous dictum1 that labor without art brutalizes1 has always been interpreted as if art could only be a sense of beauty or joy in one's own work1 and not a sense of companionship with all other workers4 ,the situation demands the consciousness of participation and well-being which comes to the individual when he is able to see himself in connection and cooperation with the whole2 it needs the solace of collective art inherent in collective labor4 ,as the poet bathes the outer world for us in the hues of human feeling1 so the workman needs some one to bathe his surroundings with a human significance--some one who shall teach him to find that which will give a potency to his life4 ,his education1 however simple1 should tend to make him widely at home in the world1 and to give him a sense of simplicity and peace in the midst of the triviality and noise to which he is constantly subjected4 ,he1 like other men1 can learn to be content to see but a part1 although it must be a part of something4 ,it is because of a lack of democracy that we do not really incorporate him in the hopes and advantages of society1 and give him the place which is his by simple right4 ,we have learned to say that the good must be extended to all of society before it can be held secure by any one person or any one class2 but we have not yet learned to add to that statement1 that unless all men and all classes contribute to a good1 we cannot even be sure that it is worth having4 ,in spite of many attempts we do not really act upon either statement4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,political ,,reform ,throughout this volume we have assumed that much of our ethical maladjustment in social affairs arises from the fact that we are acting upon a code of ethics adapted to individual relationships1 but not to the larger social relationships to which it is bunglingly applied4 ,in addition1 however1 to the consequent strain and difficulty1 there is often an honest lack of perception as to what the situation demands4 ,nowhere is this more obvious than in our political life as it manifests itself in certain quarters of every great city4 ,it is most difficult to hold to our political democracy and to make it in any sense a social expression and not a mere governmental contrivance1 unless we take pains to keep on common ground in our human experiences4 ,otherwise there is in various parts of the community an inevitable difference of ethical standards which becomes responsible for much misunderstanding4 ,it is difficult both to interpret sympathetically the motives and ideals of those who have acquired rules of conduct in experience widely different from our own1 and also to take enough care in guarding the gains already made1 and in valuing highly enough the imperfect good so painfully acquired and1 at the best1 so mixed with evil4 ,this wide difference in daily experience exhibits itself in two distinct attitudes toward politics4 ,the well-to-do men of the community think of politics as something off by itself2 they may conscientiously recognize political duty as part of good citizenship1 but political effort is not the expression of their moral or social life4 ,as a result of this detachment1 reform movements1 started by business men and the better element1 are almost wholly occupied in the correction of political machinery and with a concern for the better method of administration1 rather than with the ultimate purpose of securing the welfare of the people4 ,they fix their attention so exclusively on methods that they fail to consider the final aims of city government4 ,this accounts for the growing tendency to put more and more responsibility upon executive officers and appointed commissions at the expense of curtailing the power of the direct representatives of the voters4 ,reform movements tend to become negative and to lose their educational value for the mass of the people4 ,the reformers take the rle of the opposition4 ,they give themselves largely to criticisms of the present state of affairs1 to writing and talking of what the future must be and of certain results which should be obtained4 ,in trying to better matters1 however1 they have in mind only political achievements which they detach in a curious way from the rest of life1 and they speak and write of the purification of politics as of a thing set apart from daily life4 ,on the other hand1 the real leaders of the people are part of the entire life of the community which they control1 and so far as they are representative at all1 are giving a social expression to democracy4 ,they are often politically corrupt1 but in spite of this they are proceeding upon a sounder theory4 ,although they would be totally unable to give it abstract expression1 they are really acting upon a formulation made by a shrewd ,english observer2 namely1 that1 after the enfranchisement of the masses1 social ideals enter into political programmes1 and they enter not as something which at best can be indirectly promoted by government1 but as something which it is the chief business of government to advance directly4 ,men living near to the masses of voters1 and knowing them intimately1 recognize this and act upon it2 they minister directly to life and to social needs4 ,they realize that the people as a whole are clamoring for social results1 and they hold their power because they respond to that demand4 ,they are corrupt and often do their work badly2 but they at least avoid the mistake of a certain type of business men who are frightened by democracy1 and have lost their faith in the people4 ,the two standards are similar to those seen at a popular exhibition of pictures where the cultivated people care most for the technique of a given painting1 the moving mass for a subject that shall be domestic and human4 ,this difference may be illustrated by the writer's experience in a certain ward of ,chicago1 during three campaigns1 when efforts were made to dislodge an alderman who had represented the ward for many years4 ,in this ward there are gathered together fifty thousand people1 representing a score of nationalities2 the newly emigrated ,latin1 ,teuton1 ,celt1 ,greek1 and ,slav who live there have little in common save the basic experiences which come to men in all countries and under all conditions4 ,in order to make fifty thousand people1 so heterogeneous in nationality1 religion1 and customs1 agree upon any demand1 it must be founded upon universal experiences which are perforce individual and not social4 ,an instinctive recognition of this on the part of the alderman makes it possible to understand the individualistic basis of his political success1 but it remains extremely difficult to ascertain the reasons for the extreme leniency of judgment concerning the political corruption of which he is constantly guilty4 ,this leniency is only to be explained on the ground that his constituents greatly admire individual virtues1 and that they are at the same time unable to perceive social outrages which the alderman may be committing4 ,they thus free the alderman from blame because his corruption is social1 and they honestly admire him as a great man and hero1 because his individual acts are on the whole kindly and generous4 ,in certain stages of moral evolution1 a man is incapable of action unless the results will benefit himself or some one of his acquaintances1 and it is a long step in moral progress to set the good of the many before the interest of the few1 and to be concerned for the welfare of a community without hope of an individual return4 ,how far the selfish politician befools his constituents into believing that their interests are identical with his own2 how far he presumes upon their inability to distinguish between the individual and social virtues1 an inability which he himself shares with them2 and how far he dazzles them by the sense of his greatness1 and a conviction that they participate therein1 it is difficult to determine4 ,morality certainly develops far earlier in the form of moral fact than in the form of moral ideas1 and it is obvious that ideas only operate upon the popular mind through will and character1 and must be dramatized before they reach the mass of men1 even as the biography of the saints have been after all the main guide to the stumbling feet of thousands of ,christians to whom the ,credo has been but mysterious words4 ,ethics as well as political opinions may be discussed and disseminated among the sophisticated by lectures and printed pages1 but to the common people they can only come through example--through a personality which seizes the popular imagination4 ,the advantage of an unsophisticated neighborhood is1 that the inhabitants do not keep their ideas as treasures--they are untouched by the notion of accumulating them1 as they might knowledge or money1 and they frankly act upon those they have4 ,the personal example promptly rouses to emulation4 ,in a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped1 and where there has been little previous experience in self-government1 the office-holder himself sets the standard1 and the ideas that cluster around him exercise a specific and permanent influence upon the political morality of his constituents4 ,nothing is more certain than that the quality which a heterogeneous population1 living in one of the less sophisticated wards1 most admires is the quality of simple goodness2 that the man who attracts them is the one whom they believe to be a good man4 ,we all know that children long to be good with an intensity which they give to no other ambition4 ,we can all remember that the earliest strivings of our childhood were in this direction1 and that we venerated grown people because they had attained perfection4 ,primitive people1 such as the ,south ,italian peasants1 are still in this stage4 ,they want to be good1 and deep down in their hearts they admire nothing so much as the good man4 ,abstract virtues are too difficult for their untrained minds to apprehend1 and many of them are still simple enough to believe that power and wealth come only to good people4 ,the successful candidate1 then1 must be a good man according to the morality of his constituents4 ,he must not attempt to hold up too high a standard1 nor must he attempt to reform or change their standards4 ,his safety lies in doing on a large scale the good deeds which his constituents are able to do only on a small scale4 ,if he believes what they believe and does what they are all cherishing a secret ambition to do1 he will dazzle them by his success and win their confidence4 ,there is a certain wisdom in this course4 ,there is a common sense in the mass of men which cannot be neglected with impunity1 just as there is sure to be an eccentricity in the differing and reforming individual which it is perhaps well to challenge4 ,the constant kindness of the poor to each other was pointed out in a previous chapter1 and that they unfailingly respond to the need and distresses of their poorer neighbors even when in danger of bankruptcy themselves4 ,the kindness which a poor man shows his distressed neighbor is doubtless heightened by the consciousness that he himself may be in distress next week2 he therefore stands by his friend when he gets too drunk to take care of himself1 when he loses his wife or child1 when he is evicted for non-payment of rent1 when he is arrested for a petty crime4 ,it seems to such a man entirely fitting that his alderman should do the same thing on a larger scale--that he should help a constituent out of trouble1 merely because he is in trouble1 irrespective of the justice involved4 ,the alderman therefore bails out his constituents when they are arrested1 or says a good word to the police justice when they appear before him for trial1 uses his pull with the magistrate when they are likely to be fined for a civil misdemeanor1 or sees what he can do to fix up matters with the state's attorney when the charge is really a serious one1 and in doing this he follows the ethics held and practised by his constituents4 ,all this conveys the impression to the simple-minded that law is not enforced1 if the lawbreaker have a powerful friend4 ,one may instance the alderman's action in standing by an ,italian padrone of the ward when he was indicted for violating the civil service regulations4 ,the commissioners had sent out notices to certain ,italian day-laborers who were upon the eligible list that they were to report for work at a given day and hour4 ,one of the padrones intercepted these notifications and sold them to the men for five dollars apiece1 making also the usual bargain for a share of their wages4 ,the padrone's entire arrangement followed the custom which had prevailed for years before the establishment of civil service laws4 ,ten of the laborers swore out warrants against the padrone1 who was convicted and fined seventy-five dollars4 ,this sum was promptly paid by the alderman1 and the padrone1 assured that he would be protected from any further trouble1 returned uninjured to the colony4 ,the simple ,italians were much bewildered by this show of a power stronger than that of the civil service1 which they had trusted as they did the one in ,italy4 ,the first violation of its authority was made1 and various sinister acts have followed1 until no ,italian who is digging a sewer or sweeping a street for the city feels quite secure in holding his job unless he is backed by the friendship of the alderman4 ,according to the civil service law1 a laborer has no right to a trial2 many are discharged by the foreman1 and find that they can be reinstated only upon the aldermanic recommendation4 ,he thus practically holds his old power over the laborers working for the city4 ,the popular mind is convinced that an honest administration of civil service is impossible1 and that it is but one more instrument in the hands of the powerful4 ,it will be difficult to establish genuine civil service among these men1 who learn only by experience1 since their experiences have been of such a nature that their unanimous vote would certainly be that civil service is no good4 ,as many of his constituents in this case are impressed with the fact that the aldermanic power is superior to that of government1 so instances of actual lawbreaking might easily be cited4 ,a young man may enter a saloon long after midnight1 the legal closing hour1 and seat himself at a gambling table1 perfectly secure from interruption or arrest1 because the place belongs to an alderman2 but in order to secure this immunity the policeman on the beat must pretend not to see into the windows each time that he passes1 and he knows1 and the young man knows that he knows1 that nothing would embarrass ,headquarters more than to have an arrest made on those premises4 ,a certain contempt for the whole machinery of law and order is thus easily fostered4 ,because of simple friendliness the alderman is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming1 to find jobs when work is hard to get1 to procure and divide among his constituents all the places which he can seize from the city hall4 ,the alderman of the ward we are considering at one time could make the proud boast that he had twenty-six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll4 ,this1 of course1 included day laborers1 but each one felt under distinct obligations to him for getting a position4 ,when we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward1 we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man1 since there is1 at the least1 one chance out of three for securing work4 ,if we recollect further that the franchise-seeking companies pay respectful heed to the applicants backed by the alderman1 the question of voting for the successful man becomes as much an industrial one as a political one4 ,an ,italian laborer wants a job more than anything else1 and quite simply votes for the man who promises him one4 ,it is not so different from his relation to the padrone1 and1 indeed1 the two strengthen each other4 ,the alderman may himself be quite sincere in his acts of kindness1 for an office seeker may begin with the simple desire to alleviate suffering1 and this may gradually change into the desire to put his constituents under obligations to him2 but the action of such an individual becomes a demoralizing element in the community when kindly impulse is made a cloak for the satisfaction of personal ambition1 and when the plastic morals of his constituents gradually conform to his own undeveloped standards4 ,the alderman gives presents at weddings and christenings4 ,he seizes these days of family festivities for making friends4 ,it is easiest to reach them in the holiday mood of expansive good-will1 but on their side it seems natural and kindly that he should do it4 ,the alderman procures passes from the railroads when his constituents wish to visit friends or attend the funerals of distant relatives2 he buys tickets galore for benefit entertainments given for a widow or a consumptive in peculiar distress2 he contributes to prizes which are awarded to the handsomest lady or the most popular man4 ,at a church bazaar1 for instance1 the alderman finds the stage all set for his dramatic performance4 ,when others are spending pennies1 he is spending dollars4 ,when anxious relatives are canvassing to secure votes for the two most beautiful children who are being voted upon1 he recklessly buys votes from both sides1 and laughingly declines to say which one he likes best1 buying off the young lady who is persistently determined to find out1 with five dollars for the flower bazaar1 the posies1 of course1 to be sent to the sick of the parish4 ,the moral atmosphere of a bazaar suits him exactly4 ,he murmurs many times1 ,never mind1 the money all goes to the poor2 it is all straight enough if the church gets it1 the poor won't ask too many questions4 ,the oftener he can put such sentiments into the minds of his constituents1 the better he is pleased4 ,nothing so rapidly prepares them to take his view of money getting and money spending4 ,we see again the process disregarded1 because the end itself is considered so praiseworthy4 ,there is something archaic in a community of simple people in their attitude toward death and burial4 ,there is nothing so easy to collect money for as a funeral1 and one involuntarily remembers that the early religious tithes were paid to ward off death and ghosts4 ,at times one encounters almost the ,greek feeling in regard to burial4 ,if the alderman seizes upon times of festivities for expressions of his good-will1 much more does he seize upon periods of sorrow4 ,at a funeral he has the double advantage of ministering to a genuine craving for comfort and solace1 and at the same time of assisting a bereaved constituent to express that curious feeling of remorse1 which is ever an accompaniment of quick sorrow1 that desire to make up for past delinquencies1 to show the world how much he loved the person who has just died1 which is as natural as it is universal4 ,in addition to this1 there is1 among the poor1 who have few social occasions1 a great desire for a well-arranged funeral1 the grade of which almost determines their social standing in the neighborhood4 ,the alderman saves the very poorest of his constituents from that awful horror of burial by the county2 he provides carriages for the poor1 who otherwise could not have them4 ,it may be too much to say that all the relatives and friends who ride in the carriages provided by the alderman's bounty vote for him1 but they are certainly influenced by his kindness1 and talk of his virtues during the long hours of the ride back and forth from the suburban cemetery4 ,a man who would ask at such a time where all the money thus spent comes from would be considered sinister4 ,the tendency to speak lightly of the faults of the dead and to judge them gently is transferred to the living1 and many a man at such a time has formulated a lenient judgment of political corruption1 and has heard kindly speeches which he has remembered on election day4 ,ah1 well1 he has a big ,irish heart4 ,he is good to the widow and the fatherless4 ,he knows the poor better than the big guns who are always talking about civil service and reform4 ,indeed1 what headway can the notion of civic purity1 of honesty of administration make against this big manifestation of human friendliness1 this stalking survival of village kindness8 ,the notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it4 ,such an alderman will keep a standing account with an undertaker1 and telephone every week1 and sometimes more than once1 the kind of funeral he wishes provided for a bereaved constituent1 until the sum may roll up into hundreds a year4 ,he understands what the people want1 and ministers just as truly to a great human need as the musician or the artist4 ,an attempt to substitute what we might call a later standard was made at one time when a delicate little child was deserted in the ,hull-,house nursery4 ,an investigation showed that it had been born ten days previously in the ,cook ,county hospital1 but no trace could be found of the unfortunate mother4 ,the little child lived for several weeks1 and then1 in spite of every care1 died4 ,it was decided to have it buried by the county authorities1 and the wagon was to arrive at eleven o'clock2 about nine o'clock in the morning the rumor of this awful deed reached the neighbors4 ,a half dozen of them came1 in a very excited state of mind1 to protest4 ,they took up a collection out of their poverty with which to defray a funeral4 ,the residents of ,hull-,house were then comparatively new in the neighborhood and did not realize that they were really shocking a genuine moral sentiment of the community4 ,in their crudeness they instanced the care and tenderness which had been expended upon the little creature while it was alive2 that it had had every attention from a skilled physician and a trained nurse1 and even intimated that the excited members of the group had not taken part in this1 and that it now lay with the nursery to decide that it should be buried as it had been born1 at the county's expense4 ,it is doubtful if ,hull-,house has ever done anything which injured it so deeply in the minds of some of its neighbors4 ,it was only forgiven by the most indulgent on the ground that the residents were spinsters1 and could not know a mother's heart4 ,no one born and reared in the community could possibly have made a mistake like that4 ,no one who had studied the ethical standards with any care could have bungled so completely4 ,we are constantly underestimating the amount of sentiment among simple people4 ,the songs which are most popular among them are those of a reminiscent old age1 in which the ripened soul calmly recounts and regrets the sins of his youth1 songs in which the wayward daughter is forgiven by her loving parents1 in which the lovers are magnanimous and faithful through all vicissitudes4 ,the tendency is to condone and forgive1 and not hold too rigidly to a standard4 ,in the theatres it is the magnanimous man1 the kindly reckless villain who is always applauded4 ,so shrewd an observer as ,samuel ,johnson once remarked that it was surprising to find how much more kindness than justice society contained4 ,on the same basis the alderman manages several saloons1 one down town within easy access of the city hall1 where he can catch the more important of his friends4 ,here again he has seized upon an old tradition and primitive custom1 the good fellowship which has long been best expressed when men drink together4 ,the saloons offer a common meeting ground1 with stimulus enough to free the wits and tongues of the men who meet there4 ,he distributes each ,christmas many tons of turkeys not only to voters1 but to families who are represented by no vote4 ,by a judicious management some families get three or four turkeys apiece2 but what of that1 the alderman has none of the nagging rules of the charitable societies1 nor does he declare that because a man wants two turkeys for ,christmas1 he is a scoundrel who shall never be allowed to eat turkey again4 ,as he does not distribute his ,christmas favors from any hardly acquired philanthropic motive1 there is no disposition to apply the carefully evolved rules of the charitable societies to his beneficiaries4 ,of course1 there are those who suspect that the benevolence rests upon self-seeking motives1 and feel themselves quite freed from any sense of gratitude2 others go further and glory in the fact that they can thus soak the alderman4 ,an example of this is the young man who fills his pockets with a handful of cigars1 giving a sly wink at the others4 ,but this freedom from any sense of obligation is often the first step downward to the position where he is willing to sell his vote to both parties1 and then scratch his ticket as he pleases4 ,the writer recalls a conversation with a man in which he complained quite openly1 and with no sense of shame1 that his vote had sold for only two dollars this year1 and that he was awfully disappointed4 ,the writer happened to know that his income during the nine months previous had been but twenty-eight dollars1 and that he was in debt thirty-two dollars1 and she could well imagine the eagerness with which he had counted upon this source of revenue4 ,after some years the selling of votes becomes a commonplace1 and but little attempt is made upon the part of the buyer or seller to conceal the fact1 if the transaction runs smoothly4 ,a certain lodging-house keeper at one time sold the votes of his entire house to a political party and was well paid for it too2 but being of a grasping turn1 he also sold the house for the same election to the rival party4 ,such an outrage could not be borne4 ,the man was treated to a modern version of tar and feathers1 and as a result of being held under a street hydrant in ,november1 contracted pneumonia which resulted in his death4 ,no official investigation took place1 since the doctor's certificate of pneumonia was sufficient for legal burial1 and public sentiment sustained the action4 ,in various conversations which the writer had concerning the entire transaction1 she discovered great indignation concerning his duplicity and treachery1 but none whatever for his original offence of selling out the votes of his house4 ,a club will be started for the express purpose of gaining a reputation for political power which may later be sold out4 ,the president and executive committee of such a club1 who will naturally receive the funds1 promise to divide with the boys who swell the size of the membership4 ,a reform movement is at first filled with recruits who are active and loud in their assertions of the number of votes they can deliver4 ,the reformers are delighted with this display of zeal1 and only gradually find out that many of the recruits are there for the express purpose of being bought by the other side2 that they are most active in order to seem valuable1 and thus raise the price of their allegiance when they are ready to sell4 ,reformers seeing them drop away one by one1 talk of desertion from the ranks of reform1 and of the power of money over well-meaning men1 who are too weak to withstand temptation2 but in reality the men are not deserters because they have never actually been enrolled in the ranks4 ,the money they take is neither a bribe nor the price of their loyalty1 it is simply the consummation of a long-cherished plan and a well-earned reward4 ,they came into the new movement for the purpose of being bought out of it1 and have successfully accomplished that purpose4 ,hull-,house assisted in carrying on two unsuccessful campaigns against the same alderman4 ,in the two years following the end of the first one1 nearly every man who had been prominent in it had received an office from the relected alderman4 ,a printer had been appointed to a clerkship in the city hall2 a driver received a large salary for services in the police barns2 the candidate himself1 a bricklayer1 held a position in the city construction department4 ,at the beginning of the next campaign1 the greatest difficulty was experienced in finding a candidate1 and each one proposed1 demanded time to consider the proposition4 ,during this period he invariably became the recipient of the alderman's bounty4 ,the first one1 who was foreman of a large factory1 was reported to have been bought off by the promise that the city institutions would use the product of his firm4 ,the second one1 a keeper of a grocery and family saloon1 with large popularity1 was promised the aldermanic nomination on the regular ticket at the expiration of the term of office held by the alderman's colleague1 and it may be well to state in passing that he was thus nominated and successfully elected4 ,the third proposed candidate received a place for his son in the office of the city attorney4 ,not only are offices in his gift1 but all smaller favors as well4 ,any requests to the council1 or special licenses1 must be presented by the alderman of the ward in which the person desiring the favor resides4 ,there is thus constant opportunity for the alderman to put his constituents under obligations to him1 to make it difficult for a constituent to withstand him1 or for one with large interests to enter into political action at all4 ,from the ,italian pedler who wants a license to peddle fruit in the street1 to the large manufacturing company who desires to tunnel an alley for the sake of conveying pipes from one building to another1 everybody is under obligations to his alderman1 and is constantly made to feel it4 ,in short1 these very regulations for presenting requests to the council have been made1 by the aldermen themselves1 for the express purpose of increasing the dependence of their constituents1 and thereby augmenting aldermanic power and prestige4 ,the alderman has also a very singular hold upon the property owners of his ward4 ,the paving1 both of the streets and sidewalks throughout his district1 is disgraceful2 and in the election speeches the reform side holds him responsible for this condition1 and promises better paving under another rgime4 ,but the paving could not be made better without a special assessment upon the property owners of the vicinity1 and paying more taxes is exactly what his constituents do not want to do4 ,in reality1 getting them off1 or at the worst postponing the time of the improvement1 is one of the genuine favors which he performs4 ,a movement to have the paving done from a general fund would doubtless be opposed by the property owners in other parts of the city who have already paid for the asphalt bordering their own possessions1 but they have no conception of the struggle and possible bankruptcy which repaving may mean to the small property owner1 nor how his chief concern may be to elect an alderman who cares more for the feelings and pocket-books of his constituents than he does for the repute and cleanliness of his city4 ,the alderman exhibited great wisdom in procuring from certain of his down-town friends the sum of three thousand dollars with which to uniform and equip a boys' temperance brigade which had been formed in one of the ward churches a few months before his campaign4 ,is it strange that the good leader1 whose heart was filled with innocent pride as he looked upon these promising young scions of virtue1 should decline to enter into a reform campaign8 ,of what use to suggest that uniforms and bayonets for the purpose of promoting temperance1 bought with money contributed by a man who was proprietor of a saloon and a gambling house1 might perhaps confuse the ethics of the young soldiers8 ,why take the pains to urge that it was vain to lecture and march abstract virtues into them1 so long as the champion boodler of the town was the man whom the boys recognized as a loyal and kindhearted friend1 the public-spirited citizen1 whom their fathers enthusiastically voted for1 and their mothers called the friend of the poor4 ,as long as the actual and tangible success is thus embodied1 marching whether in kindergartens or brigades1 talking whether in clubs or classes1 does little to change the code of ethics4 ,the question of where does the money come from which is spent so successfully1 does of course occur to many minds4 ,the more primitive people accept the truthful statement of its sources without any shock to their moral sense4 ,to their simple minds he gets it from the rich and1 so long as he again gives it out to the poor as a true ,robin ,hood1 with open hand1 they have no objections to offer4 ,their ethics are quite honestly those of the merry-making foresters4 ,the next less primitive people of the vicinage are quite willing to admit that he leads the gang in the city council1 and sells out the city franchises2 that he makes deals with the franchise-seeking companies2 that he guarantees to steer dubious measures through the council1 for which he demands liberal pay2 that he is1 in short1 a successful boodler4 ,when1 however1 there is intellect enough to get this point of view1 there is also enough to make the contention that this is universally done1 that all the aldermen do it more or less successfully1 but that the alderman of this particular ward is unique in being so generous2 that such a state of affairs is to be deplored1 of course2 but that that is the way business is run1 and we are fortunate when a kind-hearted man who is close to the people gets a large share of the spoils2 that he serves franchised companies who employ men in the building and construction of their enterprises1 and that they are bound in return to give work to his constituents4 ,it is again the justification of stealing from the rich to give to the poor4 ,even when they are intelligent enough to complete the circle1 and to see that the money comes1 not from the pockets of the companies' agents1 but from the street-car fares of people like themselves1 it almost seems as if they would rather pay two cents more each time they ride than to give up the consciousness that they have a big1 warm-hearted friend at court who will stand by them in an emergency4 ,the sense of just dealing comes apparently much later than the desire for protection and indulgence4 ,on the whole1 the gifts and favors are taken quite simply as an evidence of genuine loving-kindness4 ,the alderman is really elected because he is a good friend and neighbor4 ,he is corrupt1 of course1 but he is not elected because he is corrupt1 but rather in spite of it4 ,his standard suits his constituents4 ,he exemplifies and exaggerates the popular type of a good man4 ,he has attained what his constituents secretly long for4 ,at one end of the ward there is a street of good houses1 familiarly called ,con ,row4 ,the term is perhaps quite unjustly used1 but it is nevertheless universally applied1 because many of these houses are occupied by professional office holders4 ,this row is supposed to form a happy hunting-ground of the successful politician1 where he can live in prosperity1 and still maintain his vote and influence in the ward4 ,it would be difficult to justly estimate the influence which this group of successful1 prominent men1 including the alderman who lives there1 have had upon the ideals of the youth in the vicinity4 ,the path which leads to riches and success1 to civic prominence and honor1 is the path of political corruption4 ,we might compare this to the path laid out by ,benjamin ,franklin1 who also secured all of these things1 but told young men that they could be obtained only by strenuous effort and frugal living1 by the cultivation of the mind1 and the holding fast to righteousness2 or1 again1 we might compare it to the ideals which were held up to the ,american youth fifty years ago1 lower1 to be sure1 than the revolutionary ideal1 but still fine and aspiring toward honorable dealing and careful living4 ,they were told that the career of the self-made man was open to every ,american boy1 if he worked hard and saved his money1 improved his mind1 and followed a steady ambition4 ,the writer remembers that when she was ten years old1 the village schoolmaster told his little flock1 without any mitigating clauses1 that ,jay ,gould had laid the foundation of his colossal fortune by always saving bits of string1 and that1 as a result1 every child in the village assiduously collected party-colored balls of twine4 ,a bright ,chicago boy might well draw the inference that the path of the corrupt politician not only leads to civic honors1 but to the glories of benevolence and philanthropy4 ,this lowering of standards1 this setting of an ideal1 is perhaps the worst of the situation1 for1 as we said in the first chapter1 we determine ideals by our daily actions and decisions not only for ourselves1 but largely for each other4 ,we are all involved in this political corruption1 and as members of the community stand indicted4 ,this is the penalty of a democracy1--that we are bound to move forward or retrograde together4 ,none of us can stand aside2 our feet are mired in the same soil1 and our lungs breathe the same air4 ,that the alderman has much to do with setting the standard of life and desirable prosperity may be illustrated by the following incident3 ,during one of the campaigns a clever cartoonist drew a poster representing the successful alderman in portraiture drinking champagne at a table loaded with pretentious dishes and surrounded by other revellers4 ,in contradistinction was his opponent1 a bricklayer1 who sat upon a half-finished wall1 eating a meagre dinner from a workingman's dinner-pail1 and the passer-by was asked which type of representative he preferred1 the presumption being that at least in a workingman's district the bricklayer would come out ahead4 ,to the chagrin of the reformers1 however1 it was gradually discovered that1 in the popular mind1 a man who laid bricks and wore overalls was not nearly so desirable for an alderman as the man who drank champagne and wore a diamond in his shirt front4 ,the district wished its representative to stand up with the best of them1 and certainly some of the constituents would have been ashamed to have been represented by a bricklayer4 ,it is part of that general desire to appear well1 the optimistic and thoroughly ,american belief1 that even if a man is working with his hands to-day1 he and his children will quite likely be in a better position in the swift coming to-morrow1 and there is no need of being too closely associated with common working people4 ,there is an honest absence of class consciousness1 and a nave belief that the kind of occupation quite largely determines social position4 ,this is doubtless exaggerated in a neighborhood of foreign people by the fact that as each nationality becomes more adapted to ,american conditions1 the scale of its occupation rises4 ,fifty years ago in ,america a ,dutchman was used as a term of reproach1 meaning a man whose language was not understood1 and who performed menial tasks1 digging sewers and building railroad embankments4 ,later the ,irish did the same work in the community1 but as quickly as possible handed it on to the ,italians1 to whom the name dago is said to cling as a result of the digging which the ,irishman resigned to him4 ,the ,italian himself is at last waking up to this fact4 ,in a political speech recently made by an ,italian padrone1 he bitterly reproached the alderman for giving the-four-dollars-a-day jobs of sitting in an office to ,irishmen and the-dollar-and-a-half-a-day jobs of sweeping the streets to the ,italians4 ,this general struggle to rise in life1 to be at least politically represented by one of the best1 as to occupation and social status1 has also its negative side4 ,we must remember that the imitative impulse plays an important part in life1 and that the loss of social estimation1 keenly felt by all of us1 is perhaps most dreaded by the humblest1 among whom freedom of individual conduct1 the power to give only just weight to the opinion of neighbors1 is but feebly developed4 ,a form of constraint1 gentle1 but powerful1 is afforded by the simple desire to do what others do1 in order to share with them the approval of the community4 ,of course1 the larger the number of people among whom an habitual mode of conduct obtains1 the greater the constraint it puts upon the individual will4 ,thus it is that the political corruption of the city presses most heavily where it can be least resisted1 and is most likely to be imitated4 ,according to the same law1 the positive evils of corrupt government are bound to fall heaviest upon the poorest and least capable4 ,when the water of ,chicago is foul1 the prosperous buy water bottled at distant springs2 the poor have no alternative but the typhoid fever which comes from using the city's supply4 ,when the garbage contracts are not enforced1 the well-to-do pay for private service2 the poor suffer the discomfort and illness which are inevitable from a foul atmosphere4 ,the prosperous business man has a certain choice as to whether he will treat with the boss politician or preserve his independence on a smaller income2 but to an ,italian day laborer it is a choice between obeying the commands of a political boss or practical starvation4 ,again1 a more intelligent man may philosophize a little upon the present state of corruption1 and reflect that it is but a phase of our commercialism1 from which we are bound to emerge2 at any rate1 he may give himself the solace of literature and ideals in other directions1 but the more ignorant man who lives only in the narrow present has no such resource2 slowly the conviction enters his mind that politics is a matter of favors and positions1 that self-government means pleasing the boss and standing in with the gang4 ,this slowly acquired knowledge he hands on to his family4 ,during the month of ,february his boy may come home from school with rather incoherent tales about ,washington and ,lincoln1 and the father may for the moment be fired to tell of ,garibaldi1 but such talk is only periodic1 and the long year round the fortunes of the entire family1 down to the opportunity to earn food and shelter1 depend upon the boss4 ,in a certain measure also1 the opportunities for pleasure and recreation depend upon him4 ,to use a former illustration1 if a man happens to have a taste for gambling1 if the slot machine affords him diversion1 he goes to those houses which are protected by political influence4 ,if he and his friends like to drop into a saloon after midnight1 or even want to hear a little music while they drink together early in the evening1 he is breaking the law when he indulges in either of them1 and can only be exempt from arrest or fine because the great political machine is friendly to him and expects his allegiance in return4 ,during the campaign1 when it was found hard to secure enough local speakers of the moral tone which was desired1 orators were imported from other parts of the town1 from the so-called better element4 ,suddenly it was rumored on all sides that1 while the money and speakers for the reform candidate were coming from the swells1 the money which was backing the corrupt alderman also came from a swell source2 that the president of a street-car combination1 for whom he performed constant offices in the city council1 was ready to back him to the extent of fifty thousand dollars2 that this president1 too1 was a good man1 and sat in high places2 that he had recently given a large sum of money to an educational institution and was therefore as philanthropic1 not to say good and upright1 as any man in town2 that the corrupt alderman had the sanction of the highest authorities1 and that the lecturers who were talking against corruption1 and the selling and buying of franchises1 were only the cranks1 and not the solid business men who had developed and built up ,chicago4 ,all parts of the community are bound together in ethical development4 ,if the so-called more enlightened members accept corporate gifts from the man who buys up the council1 and the so-called less enlightened members accept individual gifts from the man who sells out the council1 we surely must take our punishment together4 ,there is the difference1 of course1 that in the first case we act collectively1 and in the second case individually2 but is the punishment which follows the first any lighter or less far-reaching in its consequences than the more obvious one which follows the second8 ,have our morals been so captured by commercialism1 to use ,mr4 ,chapman's generalization1 that we do not see a moral dereliction when business or educational interests are served thereby1 although we are still shocked when the saloon interest is thus served8 ,the street-car company which declares that it is impossible to do business without managing the city council1 is on exactly the same moral level with the man who cannot retain political power unless he has a saloon1 a large acquaintance with the semi-criminal class1 and questionable money with which to debauch his constituents4 ,both sets of men assume that the only appeal possible is along the line of self-interest4 ,they frankly acknowledge money getting as their own motive power1 and they believe in the cupidity of all the men whom they encounter4 ,no attempt in either case is made to put forward the claims of the public1 or to find a moral basis for action4 ,as the corrupt politician assumes that public morality is impossible1 so many business men become convinced that to pay tribute to the corrupt aldermen is on the whole cheaper than to have taxes too high2 that it is better to pay exorbitant rates for franchises1 than to be made unwilling partners in transportation experiments4 ,such men come to regard political reformers as a sort of monomaniac1 who are not reasonable enough to see the necessity of the present arrangement which has slowly been evolved and developed1 and upon which business is safely conducted4 ,a reformer who really knew the people and their great human needs1 who believed that it was the business of government to serve them1 and who further recognized the educative power of a sense of responsibility1 would possess a clew by which he might analyze the situation4 ,he would find out what needs1 which the alderman supplies1 are legitimate ones which the city itself could undertake1 in counter-distinction to those which pander to the lower instincts of the constituency4 ,a mother who eats her ,christmas turkey in a reverent spirit of thankfulness to the alderman who gave it to her1 might be gradually brought to a genuine sense of appreciation and gratitude to the city which supplies her little children with a ,kindergarten1 or1 to the ,board of ,health which properly placarded a case of scarlet-fever next door and spared her sleepless nights and wearing anxiety1 as well as the money paid with such difficulty to the doctor and the druggist4 ,the man who in his emotional gratitude almost kneels before his political friend who gets his boy out of jail1 might be made to see the kindness and good sense of the city authorities who provided the boy with a playground and reading room1 where he might spend his hours of idleness and restlessness1 and through which his temptations to petty crime might be averted4 ,a man who is grateful to the alderman who sees that his gambling and racing are not interfered with1 might learn to feel loyal and responsible to the city which supplied him with a gymnasium and swimming tank where manly and well-conducted sports are possible4 ,the voter who is eager to serve the alderman at all times1 because the tenure of his job is dependent upon aldermanic favor1 might find great relief and pleasure in working for the city in which his place was secured by a well-administered civil service law4 ,after all1 what the corrupt alderman demands from his followers and largely depends upon is a sense of loyalty1 a standing-by the man who is good to you1 who understands you1 and who gets you out of trouble4 ,all the social life of the voter from the time he was a little boy and played craps with his own push1 and not with some other push1 has been founded on this sense of loyalty and of standing in with his friends4 ,now that he is a man1 he likes the sense of being inside a political organization1 of being trusted with political gossip1 of belonging to a set of fellows who understand things1 and whose interests are being cared for by a strong friend in the city council itself4 ,all this is perfectly legitimate1 and all in the line of the development of a strong civic loyalty1 if it were merely socialized and enlarged4 ,such a voter has already proceeded in the forward direction in so far as he has lost the sense of isolation1 and has abandoned the conviction that city government does not touch his individual affairs4 ,even ,mill claims that the social feelings of man1 his desire to be at unity with his fellow-creatures1 are the natural basis for morality1 and he defines a man of high moral culture as one who thinks of himself1 not as an isolated individual1 but as a part in a social organism4 ,upon this foundation it ought not to be difficult to build a structure of civic virtue4 ,it is only necessary to make it clear to the voter that his individual needs are common needs1 that is1 public needs1 and that they can only be legitimately supplied for him when they are supplied for all4 ,if we believe that the individual struggle for life may widen into a struggle for the lives of all1 surely the demand of an individual for decency and comfort1 for a chance to work and obtain the fulness of life may be widened until it gradually embraces all the members of the community1 and rises into a sense of the common weal4 ,in order1 however1 to give him a sense of conviction that his individual needs must be merged into the needs of the many1 and are only important as they are thus merged1 the appeal cannot be made along the line of self-interest4 ,the demand should be universalized2 in this process it would also become clarified1 and the basis of our political organization become perforce social and ethical4 ,would it be dangerous to conclude that the corrupt politician himself1 because he is democratic in method1 is on a more ethical line of social development than the reformer1 who believes that the people must be made over by good citizens and governed by experts8 ,the former at least are engaged in that great moral effort of getting the mass to express itself1 and of adding this mass energy and wisdom to the community as a whole4 ,the wide divergence of experience makes it difficult for the good citizen to understand this point of view1 and many things conspire to make it hard for him to act upon it4 ,he is more or less a victim to that curious feeling so often possessed by the good man1 that the righteous do not need to be agreeable1 that their goodness alone is sufficient1 and that they can leave the arts and wiles of securing popular favor to the self-seeking4 ,this results in a certain repellent manner1 commonly regarded as the apparel of righteousness1 and is further responsible for the fatal mistake of making the surroundings of good influences singularly unattractive2 a mistake which really deserves a reprimand quite as severe as the equally reprehensible deed of making the surroundings of evil influences so beguiling4 ,both are akin to that state of mind which narrows the entrance into a wider morality to the eye of a needle1 and accounts for the fact that new moral movements have ever and again been inaugurated by those who have found themselves in revolt against the conventionalized good4 ,the success of the reforming politician who insists upon mere purity of administration and upon the control and suppression of the unruly elements in the community1 may be the easy result of a narrowing and selfish process4 ,for the painful condition of endeavoring to minister to genuine social needs1 through the political machinery1 and at the same time to remodel that machinery so that it shall be adequate to its new task1 is to encounter the inevitable discomfort of a transition into a new type of democratic relation4 ,the perplexing experiences of the actual administration1 however1 have a genuine value of their own4 ,the economist who treats the individual cases as mere data1 and the social reformer who labors to make such cases impossible1 solely because of the appeal to his reason1 may have to share these perplexities before they feel themselves within the grasp of a principle of growth1 working outward from within2 before they can gain the exhilaration and uplift which comes when the individual sympathy and intelligence is caught into the forward intuitive movement of the mass4 ,this general movement is not without its intellectual aspects1 but it has to be transferred from the region of perception to that of emotion before it is really apprehended4 ,the mass of men seldom move together without an emotional incentive4 ,the man who chooses to stand aside1 avoids much of the perplexity1 but at the same time he loses contact with a great source of vitality4 ,perhaps the last and greatest difficulty in the paths of those who are attempting to define and attain a social morality1 is that which arises from the fact that they cannot adequately test the value of their efforts1 cannot indeed be sure of their motives until their efforts are reduced to action and are presented in some workable form of social conduct or control4 ,for action is indeed the sole medium of expression for ethics4 ,we continually forget that the sphere of morals is the sphere of action1 that speculation in regard to morality is but observation and must remain in the sphere of intellectual comment1 that a situation does not really become moral until we are confronted with the question of what shall be done in a concrete case1 and are obliged to act upon our theory4 ,a stirring appeal has lately been made by a recognized ethical lecturer who has declared that ,it is insanity to expect to receive the data of wisdom by looking on4 ,we arrive at moral knowledge only by tentative and observant practice4 ,we learn how to apply the new insight by having attempted to apply the old and having found it to fail4 ,this necessity of reducing the experiment to action throws out of the undertaking all timid and irresolute persons1 more than that1 all those who shrink before the need of striving forward shoulder to shoulder with the cruder men1 whose sole virtue may be social effort1 and even that not untainted by self-seeking1 who are indeed pushing forward social morality1 but who are doing it irrationally and emotionally1 and often at the expense of the well-settled standards of morality4 ,the power to distinguish between the genuine effort and the adventitious mistakes is perhaps the most difficult test which comes to our fallible intelligence4 ,in the range of individual morals1 we have learned to distrust him who would reach spirituality by simply renouncing the world1 or by merely speculating upon its evils4 ,the result1 as well as the process of virtues attained by repression1 has become distasteful to us4 ,when the entire moral energy of an individual goes into the cultivation of personal integrity1 we all know how unlovely the result may become2 the character is upright1 of course1 but too coated over with the result of its own endeavor to be attractive4 ,in this effort toward a higher morality in our social relations1 we must demand that the individual shall be willing to lose the sense of personal achievement1 and shall be content to realize his activity only in connection with the activity of the many4 ,the cry of ,back to the people is always heard at the same time1 when we have the prophet's demand for repentance or the religious cry of ,back to ,christ1 as though we would seek refuge with our fellows and believe in our common experiences as a preparation for a new moral struggle4 ,as the acceptance of democracy brings a certain life-giving power1 so it has its own sanctions and comforts4 ,perhaps the most obvious one is the curious sense which comes to us from time to time1 that we belong to the whole1 that a certain basic well being can never be taken away from us whatever the turn of fortune4 ,tolstoy has portrayed the experience in ,master and ,man4 ,the former saves his servant from freezing1 by protecting him with the heat of his body1 and his dying hours are filled with an ineffable sense of healing and well-being4 ,such experiences1 of which we have all had glimpses1 anticipate in our relation to the living that peace of mind which envelopes us when we meditate upon the great multitude of the dead4 ,it is akin to the assurance that the dead understand1 because they have entered into the ,great ,experience1 and therefore must comprehend all lesser ones2 that all the misunderstandings we have in life are due to partial experience1 and all life's fretting comes of our limited intelligence2 when the last and ,great ,experience comes1 it is1 perforce1 attended by mercy and forgiveness4 ,consciously to accept ,democracy and its manifold experiences is to anticipate that peace and freedom4 ,,index#a ,alderman1 basis of his political success1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bdj1 #bdc1 #bdh1 #bfg2 his influence on morals of the ,american boy1 #bea1 #bee1 #bef2 on standard of life1 #beg2 his power1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bdf1 #bfj2 his social duties1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdc1 #bej4 ,art and the workingman1 #bai1 #bbe4 ,boss1 the1 ignorant man's dependence on1 #bfj1 #bff4 ,business college1 the1 #aig4 ,charity1 administration of1 #ad1 #bb2 neighborly relations in1 #bi1 #bcj2 organized1 #be2 standards in1 #ae1 #bg1 #cb1 #ch1 #di1 #eh2 scientific vs4 human relations in1 #fd4 ,child labor1 premature work1 #da1 #ahh2 first laws concerning1 #afg1 #agj4 ,city1 responsibilities of1 #bff4 ,civil service law1 its enforcement1 #bca1 #bcc4 ,commercial and industrial life1 social position of1 compared1 #aic4 ,commercialism and education1 #aij-aii1 #baf2 morals captured by1 #bfd2 polytechnic schools taken by1 #bjb4 ,coperation1 #aec1 #aeh4 ,cooper1 ,peter1 #bjb4 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 factory at1 #baf4 ,death and burials among simple people1 #bch4 ,domestic service1 problem of1 in ,france1 ,england1 and ,america1 #ace2 industrial difficulty of1 #ajf2 moral issues of1 #ajf4 ,education1 attempts at industrial1 #bja2 commercialism in1 #aif1 #bja2 in commercialism1 #baf2 in technical schools1 #bja2 lack of adaptation in1 #aii1 #bjh1 #bab2 of industrial workers1 #ahj1 #aic1 #aii1 #bai2 offset to overspecialization1 #baa2 public school and1 #aij1 #aib2 relation of1 to the child1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #aic2 relation of1 to the immigrant1 #aha-ahf2 university extension lectures and settlements1 #aii2 workingmen's lecture courses1 #bad4 ,educators1 mistakes of1 #bab2 new demands on1 #agh1 #aib1 #bja1 #baa4 ,family claim1 the1 #d1 #gd1 #gh2 daughter's college education1 #hb2 employer's vs4 domestic's1 #abc1 #abd2 on the daughter1 #hb2 on the son1 ibid4 ,family life1 misconception of1 #aaf4 ,filial relations1 clash of moral codes1 #id4 ,funerals1 attitude of simple people toward1 #bch4 ,household employee1 the1 #ajh1 #aji2 character of1 #aab2 domestic vs4 factory1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb2 isolation of1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aag1 #abj1 #acb2 morals of1 #abe2 unnatural relation of1 #aac1 #abj1 #aba1 #abf1 #abg2 unreasonable demands on1 #aac1 #aae2 residence clubs for1 #acc2 social position of1 #aad1 #aai1 #abb4 ,household employer1 the1 undemocratic ethics of1 #aaf2 reform of1 in relation to employee1 #abf4 ,household1 the1 advantages and disadvantages of factory work over1 #abi2 competition of factory work with1 #abh2 difficulties of the small1 #ace2 industrial isolation of1 #aag2 industry of1 transferred to factory1 #ajd1 #aje2 lack of progress in1 #aag2 origin of1 #ajd2 social vs4 individual aspects of1 #ajc2 suburban difficulties of1 #acd2 wages in1 #aca4 ,hull-house experiences1 #dc1 #ec1 #eh1 #ei1 #bdj1 #bdg4 ,human life1 value of1 #g1 #agh4 ,individual action vs4 associated1 #acg1 #aec1 #aeh2 advantages of1 #aeh1 #afb2 limitations of1 #afe2 moral evolution involved in1 #bbf4 ,individual vs4 social needs1 #aee1 #bfi4 ,individual vs4 social virtues1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bfe4 ,italian immigrant1 the1 conception of abstract virtue among1 #bbi2 dependence of1 on their children1 #ahd2 education of1 #ahe2 new conditions of life of1 #aha4 ,juvenile criminal1 the1 evolution of1 #ec-ef1 #ahg4 ,labor1 division of1 #baj1 #bac2 reaction from1 #bae4 ,law and order1 #agb1 #agd1 #bcd4 ,moral fact and moral idea1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bgc4 ,morality1 natural basis of1 #bfh2 personal and social1 #f1 #agf1 #ajc4 ,philanthropic standpoint1 the1 its dangers1 #aej1 #aee-aeg4 ,philanthropist1 the1 #aed1 #age-agf4 ,political corruption1 ethical development in1 #bgj2 formation of reform clubs1 #bdf2 greatest pressure of1 #bfj2 individual and social aspect of1 #bfd2 leniency in regard to1 #bci2 responsibility for1 #bef1 #bfc2 selling of votes1 #bdd-bdf2 street railway and saloon interest1 #bfb4 ,political leaders1 causes of success of1 #bbd4 ,political standards1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bea-bec1 #bfa2 compared with ,benjamin ,franklin's1 #bee4 ,referendum method1 the1 #afd4 ,reformer1 the1 ethics of1 #bgj4 ,reform movements in politics1 causes of failure in1 #bbb1 #bdj1 #bfb1 #bgb1 #bgd2 business men's attitude toward1 #bfe4 ,rumford1 ,count1 #aag4 ,ruskin1 #bai4 ,saloon1 the1 #bdc1 #bfd4 ,social claim1 the1 #d1 #gg2 child study and1 #ib1 #ahj2 misplaced energy and1 #ij4 ,social virtues1 code of employer1 #adc1 #adh2 code of laboring man1 ibid4 ,technical schools1 #bja2 adaptation of1 to workingmen1 #bjd2 compromises in1 #bjc2 polytechnic institutions1 #bjb2 textile schools1 #bjc2 women in1 ibid4 ,thrift1 individualism of1 #ca1 #dj1 #bab4 ,trades unions1 #adh1 #aeh1 #afg1 #afi1 #aga2 sympathetic strikes1 #agd4 ,workingman1 the1 ambition of1 for his children1 #aia1 #beh2 art in relation to1 #bah2 charity of1 #aed2 evening classes and social entertainment for1 #ahi2 grievance of1 #baa2 historical perspective in the work of1 ibid42 organizations of1 #bad2 standards for political candidate1 #beg4 ,footnote #a3 ,this index is not intended to be exhaustive4