,,lectures  ,,on  ,,popul> ,,&          
,,sci5tific ,,subjects   ,,by ,,!  ,,e>l
 ,,( ,,cai?ness1 ,f4,r4,s4   ,,deliv]$  
,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times ,,& ,,places4      
,second ,enl>g$ ,edition4  ,,london3    
,,tr,,bn]  ,,co41 ,,ludgate ,,hill4     
#ahgi4  ,ballantyne ,press              
,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,& ,,co4        
,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london     ,,cont5ts4  
,,coal ,,& ,,coal ,,m9es  ,,sci5ce      
,,appli$ ,,to ,,art  ,a ,,p5ny',s       
,,wor?2 ,,or1 ,,take ,,c>e ,,( ,,!      
,,p5ce1 ,,&   ,,! ,,p\nds ,,w ,,take    
,,c>e ,,( ,,!mselves  ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t
 ,,means ,,( ,,communication  ,,!       
,,/eam-,,eng9e  ,,on ,,attraction  ,,!  
,,oil ,,f ,,l9se$  ,,hodge-,,podge2     
,,or1 ,,:at',s ,,intilt     ,,lectures  
,,on ,,popul> ,,& ,,sci5tific           
,,subjects4     ,,coal ,,&              
,,coal-,,m9es4   ,!re are few subjects (
 m importance1 & few less kn[n or ?\ght 
ab\t1 ?an our coal-m9es4 ,coal is "o (  
our greate/ bless+s1 & c]ta9ly "o       
orig9at+ cause ( ,engl&'s greatness &   

weal?4 ,x has giv5 u a p[] ov] o!r      
nations1 & va/ sums ( money are ye>ly   
br\ght to our c\ntry f abroad 9 ex*ange 
= ! coal we s5d4 ,ne>ly #ag1jjj1jjj is !
 repres5tative value ( ! coal rais$ e   
ye> at ! pit's m\?1 & #bj1jjj1jjj       
repres5t its mean value at ! v>i\s      
places ( consumption4 ,! capital inve/$ 
9 our coal-m9+ trade1 ap>t f ! value ( !
 m9es !mselves1 exce$s #bj1jjj1jjj /]l+1
 & ! am\nt ( coal annually extract$ f ! 
e>? is ov] #gj1jjj1jjj ( tons4 ,tak+ !  
calculation ( a work+ m9]--,j4 ,ellwood1
 ,moss ,pit1 ne> ,:itehav5--we may /ate1
 t if #fh1jjj1jjj tons 7 excavat$ f a   
m9+ gall]y #f feet high & #ab feet wide1
 t gall]y w\ld be n less ?an #eabh      
miles1 #ajij y>ds1 9 l5g?2 or1 if ?is   
am\nt ( coal 7 erect$ 9 a pyramid1 its  
squ>e base w\ld ext5d ov] #dj acres1 & !
 height w\ld be #ccef feet4  ,!re are   
gr\nds = believ+ t ! produce ( ! v>i\s  
coal-fields ( ! _w does n at pres5t mu* 
exce$ #ajj1jjj1jjj ( tons annually1 &   
!re=e our own c\ntry contributes m ?an  

?ree-fif?s ( ! total am\nt4 ,if we      
divide ! coal-yield+ c\nties ( ,brita9  
into f\r classes1 s z to make ne>ly     
equal am\nts ( produce1 we f9d t ,durham
 & ,nor?umb]l& yield r m e ye> ?an sev5 
o!r c\nties1 includ+ ,york%ire4         
,d]by%ire1 aga91 produces m ?an eight   
o!r c\nties1 & ne>ly z mu* z ! :ole (   
,nor? & ,s\? ,wales1 ,scotl&1 &         
,irel&--! yield ( ! latt] be+ ab\t      
#ag1jjj1jjj ( tons1 & t ( ! two         
fir/-nam$ ab\t #af1jjj1jjj ( tons4  ,9  
#aggc !re 7 only #ac colli]ies on !     
,tyne1 & ^! _h increas$ to upw>ds ( #cj 
9 #ahjj4 ,! numb] ( colli]ies 9 #ahbh _h
 increas$ to #da on ! ,tyne1 & #ah on ! 
,we>1 9 all #ei1 produc+ #e1hhg1eeb tons
 ( coal4 ,! out-put ( coal 9 ,nor?umb]l&
 & ,durham 9 #ahed 0 no less ?an        
#ae1dbj1fae tons1 & n[ 9 ^! two c\nties 
!re are #bhc colli]ies4 ,m9+ began on ! 
,tyne & cont9u$ on ! ,we>1 :]e ! indu/ry
 has be5 l>gely develop$4 ,!re are 9 all
 ab\t #eg diff]5t seams 9 ! ,great      
,nor!rn coal-field1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f #a

 in* to #e feet #e in*es & #f feet1 & ^!
 seams comprise an aggregate ( ne>ly #gf
 feet ( coal4 ,tak+ ! area ( ?is field  
to be #gej squ>e miles--a mo/ probable  
e/imate--we may classify ! cont5ts z    
h\sehold coal1 /eam coal1 or ^? employ$ 
9 /eam-eng9e boil]s1 & cok+ coal1       
employ$ = mak+ coke & gas4 ,( h\sehold  
coal !re is only #if squ>e miles out ( !
 total #gej1 all ! rema9d] be+ /eam or  
cok+ & gas coal4 ,! great] "p ev5 ( ?is 
#if squ>e miles has be5 work$ out on !  
,tyne1 & ! supply is rapidly decreas+   
also on ! ,we>1 :]e ! l>ge/ bulk ( !    
h\sehold coal lies4 ,! colli]ies ( !    
,tees possess b six squ>e miles out ( ! 
#if1 z f> z we at pres5t "k4 ,turn+1    
h[ev]1 to t "p ( ! coal-field reg>d$ z  
prec>i\s1 & consi/+ ( fir/1 second1 &   
?ird-rate h\sehold coal1 we h = future  
use #cjj squ>e miles4 ,london 0 =m]ly   
suppli$ f ! pits ea/ ( ,tyne ,bridge1   
:]e is ! fam\s ,walls5d ,colli]y1 :i*   
gave ! "n to ! be/ coal4 ,t m9e is n[   
dr[n$ out1 &1 l ! great ,roman ,wall1 at

 ! t]m9ation ( :i* x 0 sunk1 & f :i* x  
d]iv$ its "n1 is n[ an antiquity4 ,!re  
is n[ no ,walls5d coal1 & ! pr9cipal "p 
( ! pres5t s-call$ coal comes f ! ,we>1 
b ! seam :i* suppli$ t fam\s pit is     
cont9u$ into ,durham1 & t seam1 or its  
equival5t1 s5ds a million or two ( tons 
e ye> into ,london4 ,! supply1 h[ev]1 9 
?is di/rict is rapidly decreas+4 ,c>eful
 calculations h be5 made z to ! probable
 duration ( ?is coal1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is 
a summ>y4 ,! workable quantity ( coal   
rema9+ 9 ! t5 pr9cipal seams ( ?is      
coal-field is e/imat$ at #a1hgf1hdh1gef 
,newca/le *aldrons 7ea* #ce cwt474      
,d$uct+ losses & und]gr\nd & surface    
wa/e1 ! total m]*antable r\nd or        
good-siz$ coal w be #a1bea1bcb1ejg      
,newca/le *aldrons4 ,proce$+ on ?is     
e/imate1 =m$ by ,mr4 ,grun) 9 #ahdf1 we 
may arrive at ! probable duration ( !   
supplies3 tak+ ! future annual av]age ( 
coal rais$ f ^! seams to be #aj1jjj1jjj 
( tons--& ?is is "u ! pres5t rate--!    
:ole w be exhau/$ 9 #cca ye>s4 ,a /ill  

lat] e/imate 0 made by ,mr4 ,t4,g4 ,hall
 9 #ahed1 & he reckon$ ! quantity ( coal
 left = future use at #e1aba1hhh1ief    
tons2 divid+ ?is by #ad1jjj1jjj ( tons z
 ! annual consumption1 ! result w\ld be 
#cfe ye>s2 & %\ld ! annual dem& arrive  
at #bj1jjj1jjj ( tons1 ! future supply (
 ?is fam\s coal-field w\ld cont9ue =    
#bef ye>s4 ,! total available coal      
7#ahga7 9 ! ,briti% coal-fields1 at     
dep?s n exce$+ #djjj feet1 & 9 seams n  
less ?an #a foot ?ick1 is               
#ij1bjg1bhe1cih tons1 & tak+ into acc\nt
 seams :i* may yet become available1 ly+
 "u ! ,p]mian1 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 & o!r  
sup]9cumb5t /rata1 ?is e/imate is       
increas$ to #adf1dhj1jjj1jjj ( tons4    
,?is quantity1 at ! pres5t annual rate (
 production ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry--namely1   
#abc1ejj1jjj tons--w\ld la/ #aahf ye>s4 
,o!r e/imates ( v>i\s k9ds relative to  
our coal supply h be5 put =?3 "s h      
ass]t$ t1 ow+ to increas+ population &  
increas+ consumption 9 manufactures1 x w
 be exhau/$ 9 #ajj ye>s1 & betwe5 ?is   

extreme & t ( #aahf ye>s !re are _m o!r 
conjectures & e/imates4  ,9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates !re are ab\t #abj1jjj squ>e miles
 und]laid by kn[n workable coal-b$s1    
besides :at yet rema9s to be discov]$2  
:ile on ! cliffs ( ,nova ,scotia !      
coal-seams c be se5 "o ov] ! o!r = _m   
hundr$ feet1 & %[+ h[ ! coal 0 orig9ally
 =m$4 ,) ?is imm5se /ock ( fuel 9 !     
cell>s ( ! e>?1 x seems evid5t t we ne$ 
n tr\ble our m9ds or be anxi\s z to !   
duration ( our coal supply4 ,besides1 ! 
conv]sion ( vegetable matt] into coal   
seems to be go+ on ev5 n[4 ,9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates !re are peat-bogs ( consid]able  
ext5t1 9 :i* a sub/ance exactly resembl+
 cannel coal has be5 f\nd2 & 9 "s ( !   
,iri% peat-b$s1 z also 9 ! ,nor? (      
,scotl&1 a simil> sub/ance has be5      
discov]$1 ( a v inflammable nature1     
resembl+ coal4  ,yes6 :at c\ld h produc$
 ?is s+ul>-look+1 black1 inflammable    
rock8 ,h[ _m times 0 ?is "q ask$ be=e   
,sci5ce c\ld return an answ]8 ,?is %e c 
n[ d ) confid5ce4 ,coal 0 once gr[+     

vegetable matt]4 ,on ! surface ( ! %ale1
 imm$iately above ! coal1 y w f9d       
innum]able impressions ( leaves &       
bran*es1 z p]fect z arti/ ev] drew4 ,b  
h[ c\ld ?is vegetable matt] ev]         
accumulate 9 su* masses z to make b$s ( 
coal ( su* va/ ext5t1 "s n less ?an #cj 
feet ?ick8 ,x w\ld take #aj or #ab feet 
( gre5 vegetable matt] to make #a foot (
 solid coal4 ,let u transport ourselves 
to ! c>bonif]\s times1 & see ! condition
 ( ! e>?1 & ?is may assi/ u to answ] !  
"q4 ,/& on ?is rocky em95ce & behold t  
sea ( v]dure1 ^: gigantic waves roll 9 !
 gre5e/ ( bill[s to ! v]ge ( !          
horizon--t is a c>bonif]\s =e/4 ,m>k t  
/eamy cl\d float+ ov] x1 an indication (
 ! great evaporation con/antly proce$+4 
,! sc5t ( ! morn+ air is l t ( a        
gre5h\se2 & well x may be1 = ! l& ( !   
globe is a mighty ho?\se--! cru/ ( ! e>?
 is /ill ?91 & its int]nal heat makes a 
tropical climate ev]y:]e1 un*eck$ by    
w9t]'s cold1 ?us =c+ plants to a mo/    
luxuri\s gr[?4  ,desc5d1 & let u w&]    

?r\gh ?is =e/ & exam9e x m closely4 ,:at
 /range trees are "h6 ,no oaks1 no elms1
 or a%1 or *e/nut--no trees t we ev] saw
 be=e4 ,x looks z if ! plants ( a boggy 
mead[ _h %ot up 9 a s+le night to a     
height ( #fj or #gj feet1 & we 7 walk+  
among ! /alks--a gigantic mead[ ( f]ns1 
re$s1 grasses1 & club-mosses4 ,a million
 columns rise1 s ?ick at ! top t !y make
 twilight at mid-day1 & _! trunks are s 
close toge!r we c sc>cely edge our way  
betwe5 !m1 :il/ ! gr\nd is c>pet$ )     
trail+ plants completely int]wov54 ,:at 
/range trees !y are6 ,b5ea? u lies an   
accumulation ( vegetable matt] m ?an    
#bjj feet 9 ?ickness--! result ( ! gr[? 
& decay ( plants 9 ?is swamp = c5turies4
 ,all ?+s are "h fav\rable = ! gr[? (   
vegetation--! great heat ( ! gr\nd      
causes wat] to rise rapidly 9 vap\r1 &  
?is aga9 desc5ds 9 %[]s1 supply+ !      
plants ) moi/ure cont9u\sly4 ,! air     
conta9s a l>ge proportion ( c>bonic acid
 gas1 poison to animals b food to       
plants1 :i*1 by means ( its aid1 build  

up _! woody /ructure4 ,w9ds at times    
level ^! gigantic plants1 = _! hold on !
 e>? is feeble1 & ?us ! mass goes on    
increas+4  ,we are n[ on ! edge ( a lake
 ab\nd+ ) fi%1 ^: bony scales glitt] 9 !
 wat] z !y pursue _! prey4 ,ly+ along ! 
%ore are %ells ca/ up by ! waves1 & !re 
are also se5 ! tracks ( "s l>ge animals4
 ,h[ l ! impression ( a man's h& "s ( ^!
 tracks are6 ,! h9d-feet are evid5tly   
mu* l>g] ?an ! =e-feet4 ,!re is ! frog-l
 animal :i* made !m1 & :at a size6 ,x   
mu/ be six feet long1 & its head looks l
 t ( a crocodile1 = its jaws are furni%$
 ) =midable r[s ( long1 /rong1 %>p1     
conical tee?4  ,! cont9u$ gr[? &        
decomposition ( ! vegetation dur+ long  
ages mu/ h produc$ b$s l ! peat-deposits
 ( ,am]ica & ,great ,brita94 ,9 !       
,dismal ,swamp ( ,virg9ia !re is said to
 be a mass ( vegetable matt] #dj feet 9 
?ickness1 & on ! banks ( ! ,%annon 9    
,irel& is a peat-bog #c miles broad &   
#ej feet deep4 ,:5 conditions 7 s mu* m 
fav\rable = ^! deposits1 b$s #djj feet 9

 ?ickness may easily h be5 produc$4 ,?is
 accumulat$ mass ( vegetable matt] mu/  
be buri$1 h[ev]1 be=e we c h a coal-b$4 
,h[ 0 ?is accompli%$8 ,! v weight ( x   
may h caus$ ! cru/ ( ! e>? to s9k1 =m+ a
 bas9 into :i* riv]s1 sweep+ d[n f !    
surr\nd+ high] c\ntry1 & c>ry+ d[n mud 9
 _! wat]s1 ! weight ( :i*1 deposit$ ^u !
 vegetable matt]1 press$ & squeez$ x    
into half its orig9al compass4 ,s& c>ri$
 d[n subsequ5tly 9 a simil> mann]1 &    
deposit$ ^u ! mud1 press$ x into %ale1 &
 ! vegetable matt]1 /ill m r$uc$ 9      
volume by ?is additional pressure1 is   
prep>$ = its f9al conv]sion into %ale4  
,9 "t ! bas9 becomes %all[ f !          
decomposition ( s$im5t on its bottom1 & 
!n we h ano!r m>% ) its myriad plants2  
ano!r accumulation ( vegetable matt]    
takes place1 :i* by simil> processes is 
also buri$4 ,:]e ?irty or =ty seams (   
coal h be5 f\nd "o bel[ ano!r1 we h     
evid5ce ( l& & wat] ?us *ang+ places _m 
times4  ,:5 vegetable matt] is exclud$ f
 air & "u great pressure1 x decomposes  

sl[ly1 p>t+ ) c>bonic acid gas2 & is    
fir/ *ang$ into lignite or br[n coal1 & 
!n into bitum9\s coal1 or ! s(t coal t  
burns ) smoke & flame4 ,i h be5 9 a     
coal-m9e :]e ! c>bonic acid gas1 p\r+ f 
a crevice 9 ! coal1 put out a light$    
c&le4 ,! high temp]ature to :i* ! coal  
has be5 subject$ :5 buri$ at great dep?s
 has also probably assi/$ 9 produc+ ?is 
*ange2 & :]e t temp]ature has be5 v     
high1 ! coal by ! influ5ce ( ! heat hav+
 p>t$ ) its inflammable gases1 we h !   
h>d or an?racite coal1 :i* burns )      
little or no flame & )\t smoke4 ,x is   
inde$ coal made into coke "u trem5d\s   
pressure1 & ?is is ! k9d ( coal :i*     
,am]icans use exclusively 9 _!          
dwell+-h\ses & mon/] hotels4  ,x 0 at   
fir/ suppos$ t ! plants ( ! c>bonif]\s  
times 7 bamboos1 palms1 & gigantic      
cactuses1 su* z are n[ f\nd 9 tropical  
regions1 b a m c>eful exam9ation ( !m   
%[s t1 ) ! exception ( ! tree-f]n n[    
f\nd 9 ! tropics1 !y diff] f all exi/+  
trees4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! plants ( !

 coal-measures 7 f]ns1 "s au?orities say
 "o-half4 ,f _! great abundance we may  
inf] ! great heat & moi/ure ( !         
atmosph]e at ! "t :5 !y grew1 z simil>  
f]ns at ! pres5t day are only f\nd 9 !  
greate/ abundance on small tropical     
isl&s :]e ! temp]ature is high4 ,coal   
(t5 conta9s impressions ( f]n leaves &  
palm-l f]ns--no less ?an #icd k9ds are  
drawn & describ$ by geologi/s4 ,_m      
animals & insects are f\nd 9 ! coal1 su*
 z l>ge toad-l reptiles ) beautiful     
tee?1 small liz>ds1 wat] liz>ds1 great  
fi% ) trem5d\s jaws1 _m insects ( !     
gras%opp] tribe1 b none ( ^! are ( !    
same species z ^? f\nd n[ liv+ on ?is   
globe4  ,wood1 peat1 br[n coal1 jet1 &  
true coal1 are *emically alike1 diff]+  
only 9 _! am\nt ( oxyg51 due to !       
diff]5ce ( compression to :i* !y 7      
subject$4 ,! sun gave 8 heat & light to 
! =e/s n[ turn$ into coal1 & :5 we burn 
x ages aft]w>ds1 we revive "s ( ! heat &
 light s long unt\*$4 ,/eph5son once    
rem>k$ to ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 z !y /ood  

wat*+ a pass+ tra93 ,!re goes ! sun%9e (
 =m] ages6   ,,co/ ,,( ,,work+4  ,hav+  
?us /at$ %ortly ! orig9 & ext5t ( ! coal
 ( ?is c\ntry1 m p>ticul>ly t ( ! nor!rn
 coal-fields ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 ,i
 ?9k x may be int]e/+ to say some?+ ( ! 
co/ at :i* ?is valuable article is      
obta9$1 z ,i am sure few are at all aw>e
 ( ! va/ sums ( money t h to be exp5d$  
be=e we c sit d[n by our com=table      
firesides1 ) a cold w9t] night outside1 
& read our book1 or h our family ga!r$  
r\nd u2 & few "k ! dang] & h>d%ip ( !   
bold work] :o risks 8 life to procure ! 
coal4 ,! fir/ /ep is to f9d out if !re  
is coal4 ,?is done1 ! next is to get at 
x1 or1 z x is t]m$1 to w9 ! coal4 ,!    
process is to s9k a %aft1 & ?is is alike
 dang]\s1 unc]ta91 & v co/ly4 ,! fir/   
attempt to s9k a pit at ,haswell 9      
,durham 0 ab&on$ aft] an outlay (       
#fj1jjj4 ,! s9k]s _h to pass ?r\gh s&1  
"u ! magnesian lime/one1 :]e va/        
quantities ( wat] lay /or$1 & ?\gh      
eng9es 7 erect$ t pump$ out #bf1gjj tons

 ( wat] p] day1 yet ! flood rema9$ !    
conqu]or4 ,?is am\nt seems incr$ible1 b 
su* is ! fact4 ,at ano!r colli]y ne>    
,gate%ead 7,goose ,colli]y71 #ajjj      
gallons a m9ute1 or #fjjj tons ( wat] p]
 day1 7 pump$ out1 & only #cjj tons (   
coal 7 br\ght up 9 ! same "t1 & ?us !   
wat] rais$ exce$$ ! coal tw5ty times4 ,!
 mo/ a/oni%+ und]tak+ 9 m9+ 0 ! ,dalton 
le ,dale ,pit1 n9e miles f ,durham4 ,on 
! #a/ ,june #ahdj !y pump$ out #cbhe    
gallons a m9ute4 ,eng9es 7 erect$ :i*   
rais$ #ic1jjj gallons a m9ute f a dep? (
 #ij fa?oms or #edj feet1 & ?is 0 done  
night & day4 ,! am\nt exp5d$ to rea* !  
coal 9 ?is pit 0 #cjj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,hall   
e/imates ! capital inve/$ 9 ! coal trade
 ( ! c\nties ( ,durham & ,nor?umb]l&1   
includ+ private railways1 waggons1 &    
docks = load+ %ips1 at #ac1jjj1jjj /]l+4
  ,! great difficulty 9 work+ coal1 %\ld
 ^! upp] seams fail1 is n only !        
increase ( co/ 9 s9k+ fur!r d[n1 b !    
increas$ heat to be work$ 94 ,at #bjjj  
feet ! m9e w increase 9 heat #bh1 at    

#djjj1 #eg2 to ?is mu/ be add$ ! con/ant
 temp]ature ( #ej #e'1 s t at #bjjj feet
 x w\ld be #gh #e'1 & at #djjj1 #ajg #e'
 ,fahr4 ,by actual trial on ,july #ag1  
#aheg1 9 ,duck+field ,pit1 ! temp]ature 
at #bbdi feet 0 #ge #e'4 ,f ?is x may be
 conceiv$ 9 :at great heat ! m5 h to "w1
 & ! "w is v h>d4 ,"o may fancy f ?is   
:at c be endur$1 b x w\ld be next to    
impossible to "w 9 a great] temp]ature4 
,i c speak ^u ?is f actual exp]i5ce1 z  
:5 d[n ! ,lady ,londond]ry ,pit !       
temp]ature 0 #he1 & "h ! m5 work$ nak$4 
,ano!r great s\rce ( exp5se & anxiety   
lies 9 keep+ up ! ro(1 z1 f ! excessive 
pressure1 ! ro( & floor are always      
incl9$ to come toge!r1 & props mu/ !re=e
 be us$1 & ^! 9 "s pits co/ z mu* z     
#aejj a ye>4 ,to digress = a mom5t1 an  
amus+ /ory is told ( ,grimaldi1 !       
celebrat$ cl[n1 :5 pay+ a visit to a    
coal-pit4 ,hav+ gone "s way ?r\gh ! m9e1
 a sudd5 noise1 aris+ f ! fall+ ( coal f
 ! ro(1 caus$ him to ask ! reason ( !   
noise4 ,hallo6 exclaim$ ,grimaldi1      

greatly t]rifi$1 :at's t8 ,he*6 said 8  
guide1 x's only a wee bit ( coal fall5  
d[n--we h t ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,!n
 ,i'll ?ank y to r+ = my basket1 = ,i'll
 /op no long] among ! wee bits ( fall+  
coal4 ,?is wee bit 0 ab\t ?ree tons'    
weight4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! sad      
accid5ts 9 coal-m9es is caus$ by ^!     
falls ( ! ro(1 :i* give no w>n+1 b      
sudd5ly come d[n & cru% to dea? ^? :o   
happ5 to be ne>4   ,,mode ,,( ,,work+4  
,! co/ ( work+ hav+ ?us be5 giv51 ,i wi%
 n[ to lay be=e y an explanation ( !    
me?od ( work+ & br++ ! coal to !        
surface4 ,x may n be un9t]e/+ to m5tion 
h[ _m m5 are employ$ 9 ?is "w1 z ! numb]
 is v l>ge4 ,coal 0 n =m]ly excavat$ by 
ma*9]y1 b x is s n[1 & !re=e h&s mu/ be 
_h4 ,! numb] ( m5 employ$ 9 ! m9es (    
c\nty ,durham 9 #ahed 0 #bh1jjj2 ( ^!1  
#ac1ejj 7 hew]s1 w9n+ sev]al ?\s& tons (
 coal daily4 ,( ! rema9d]1 #cejj 7      
safety-/aff m51 hav+1 besides1 #adjj    
boys belong+ to _! /aff2 #bjjj 7 (f-h&  
m51 = b>ga9 "w or o!r duties2 #gfjj lads

 & boys1 work+ "u ! v>i\s designations (
 putt]s1 or pu%]s ( coal-tubs1 und]gr\nd
 driv]s1 m>r[s1 half-m>r[s1 & foals1 ^! 
latt] t]ms be+ local1 & significant (   
age & lab\r4 ,= ,nor?umb]l& mu/ be add$ 
#aj1ecf p]sons1 & ,cumb]l& #cegi1 mak+ a
 total = ^! ?ree c\nties ( upw>ds (     
#db1jjj p]sons lab\r+ 9 & r\nd our      
nor!rn colli]ies4 ,! av]age t ea* hew] w
 raise p] day is f two to ?ree tons 9   
?91 & ?ree to f\r tons 9 ?ick seams4 ,! 
l>ge/ quantity rais$ by any hew] on an  
av]age ( ! colli]s ( ,engl& is ab\t six 
tons a day ( eight h\rs4 ,! mode ( work+
 is v labori\s1 z ! majority ( seams (  
coal be+ v ?9--t is to say1 n m ?an two 
feet ?ick--! work] ( necessity is oblig$
 to "w 9 a con/ra9$ position1 (t5 ly+ on
 8 side2 & y c fancy ! lab\r ( us+ a    
pick 9 su* a position4 ,to get an idea (
 ! position1 j place y\rself "u a table1
 & !n try to use a pick1 & x w give y a 
pretty cle> idea ( ! com=table way 9 :i*
 a great "p ( our coal is got1 & ?is    
also at a temp]ature ( #hf 9 bad air4 ,!

 object1 ( c\rse1 ( ! work] is to take  
no?+ b coal1 z all lab\r is lo/ t is    
sp5t 9 tak+ any o!r mat]ial away4 ,! man
 aft] a "t gets twi/$ 9 8 =m1 f be+     
con/antly 9 ?is con/ra9$ position1 &1 9 
fact1 to sit upright l o!r m5 is at la/ 
pa9ful4 ,!n an am\nt ( dang] is always  
be=e him1 ev5 9 ! be/ regulat$ &        
v5tilat$ pits4 ,?is dang] proce$s f     
fire-damp1 z "o unlucky /roke ( ! pick  
may br+ =? a /ream ( c>buret$ hydrog5   
gas1 inexplosive ( itself1 b if mix$ )  
eight times its bulk ( air1 m dang]\s   
?an gunp[d]1 & :i*1 if by *ance x comes 
9 contact ) ! flame ( a c&le1 is sure to
 explode1 & c]ta9 dea? is ! result--n   
always f ! explosion itself1 b f !      
aft]-damp or c>bonic acid gas :i* foll[s
 x4  ,upw>ds ( #aejj lives are ye>ly lo/
 f ^! causes1 & n less ?an #aj1jjj      
accid5ts 9 ! same p]iod %[ ! con/ant    
dang] t ! m9] is expos$ to4 ,x w\ld     
appe> t ,engl& has m dea?s f m9+        
accid5ts ?an =eign c\ntries1 z ,mr4     
,mackwor?'s table w %[3--  ,prussia     

#a4hi p] #ajjj ,belgium        #b4h     
,engl&        #d4e     ,/af=d%ire  #g4c 
,?is /atem5t %[s t m c>e is want$ 9 ?is 
la/-nam$ c\nty especially1 z ,i f9d t ! 
yield ( coal 9 ,belgium is half z mu* z 
9 ,engl&4 ,long work+ 9 ! d>k1 if "o may
 s speak1 is a cause ( s]i\s detrim5t to
 ! sight1 & ! work] also suff]s mu* f   
con/antly inhal+ ! small black du/1 :i* 
9 c\rse ( "t affects ! lungs1 caus+ :at 
is kn[n z m9]'s a/hma4 ,)\t go+ fur!r   
into ! unheal?y nature ( ! m9]'s "w1 x  
may be int]e/+ to m5tion some?+ ( !     
actual process1 & hav+ myself be5 an    
eye-witness ( x1 ,i w expla9 x z %ortly 
z ,i c4 ,! work]s hav+ arriv$ at !      
pit-m\? at _! prop] h\rs--= ! pit is    
work$ by %ifts1 & consequ5tly is g5]ally
 work$ day & night--! fir/ op]ation is =
 ea* to procure 8 lamp f ! lamp-keep]1  
receiv+ x light$ & lock$2 ?is is f\nd to
 be necess>y1 z f ! small light giv5 by 
! ,davy-lamp ! m5 are (t5 tempt$ to op5 
!m1 & "s are ev51 s foolh>dy z to c>ry  
_! lamp on _! cap & a c&le 9 ! h&1 &    

h5ce a t]rible explosion may take place4
 ,a few words on ! ,davy-lamp1 :i* came 
into use ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 may n be  
out ( place "h4 ,?is safety-lamp ( ! m9]
 n only %[s ! pres5ce ( gas1 b prev5ts  
its explosion4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( gauze  
made ( iron-wire "o-=tie? to "o-sixtie? 
( an in* 9 diamet]1 hav+ #ghd op5+s to !
 in*1 & ! cool+ effect ( ! curr5t pass+ 
?r\gh ! lamp prev5ts ! gas tak+ fire4   
,if we p\r turp5t9e ov] a light$        
safety-lamp1 x w %[ black smoke1 b no   
flame4 ,provid$ ) 8 lamp1 ! m9] takes 8 
place ) o!rs 9 ! tub1 :i* conveys him ) 
great rapidity to ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,"h
 l&$1 he takes 8 way to ! work+s1 "s (  
^!1 9 l>ge pits1 be+ two miles f !      
bottom ( ! %aft4 ,to a novice ?is is n  
easy1 z y h to walk 9 a cr\*+ mann] mo/ 
"p ( ! way4 ,once !re1 he beg9s 9 e>ne/1
 & drives at 8 pick = eight h\rs1 !     
monotony only reliev$ by 8 ga!r+ !      
products into small railway waggons or  
tubs to be remov$4 ,?is is done mo/ly by
 boys1 b 9 ! l>g] m9es by ponies ( !    

,%etl& & o!r small bre$s4 ,! tubs are   
tak5 to a "p ( ! m9e :]e1 if "o may s   
speak1 ! ma9 l9e is rea*$1 & !n =m$ into
 tra9s1 & tak5 to ! %aft by means ( an  
endless rope work$ by an eng9e 9 ! pit4 
,9 accompli%+ all ?is "w1 great c>e has 
to be tak5 t ! curr5t ( air is n *ang$  
or /opp$4 ,?is is effect$ by means (    
doors plac$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! m9e1 s z to
 /op ! curr5t & drive x 9 ! requir$     
direction4 ,^! doors are kept by boys1  
^: duty x is to op5 & close !m = !      
passage ( ! coal tubs4 ,^? boys are (t5 
all[$ no light1 & sit 9 a hole cut 9 !  
side ( ! road ne> to ! doors4 ,^u _!    
c>efulness ! safety ( ! m9e 9 a great   
measure dep5ds1 z if !y neglect to %ut !
 door ! curr5t ( air is *ang$4 ,i h be5 
told t ^! boys are subject to accid5ts  
no less ?an ! work]s1 =1 sitt+ 9 ! d>k1 
& (t5 alone = h\rs1 !y are v apt to g to
 sleep4 ,to ensure be+ awoke at ! prop] 
"t1 !y frequ5tly lie d[n on ! l9e (     
rails "u ! rope1 s t :5 ! rope is />t$ x
 may awake !m by its motion1 b at times 

s s\nd is _! sleep1 t x has fail$ to    
r\se !m 9 "t1 & a tra9 ( coal waggons   
has pass$ ov] !m1 caus+ 9 mo/ cases     
dea?4  ,! coal hav+ be5 br\ght to !     
pit-m\?1 x rema9s to be %[n :at becomes 
( ?is mo/ valuable m9]al1 ! consumption 
( :i* is n[ s l>ge 9 all p>ts ( ! globe4
 ,! next p]son employ$ 9 ! trade is !   
sailor1 to convey x to ! m>ket1 & !     
colli] vessels are a valuable navy to ! 
c\ntry1 prov+ q a nurs]y ( seam5 = our  
royal m>9e s]vice4 ,newca/le1 ,sund]l&1 
,we/ ,h>tlepool1 & a l>ge numb] ( o!r   
ports along our coa/1 h an imm5se am\nt 
( %ipp+ employ$ exclusively 9 ! coal    
trade--no less ?an #ecei vessels c>ry+  
coal hav+ ent]$ ! port ( ,london alone 9
 #ahgc1 & ! av]age annual quantity (    
coal export$ abroad dur+ ! ?ree ye>s    
end+ #ahgb 0 #ab1jjj1jjj tons4  ,i w n  
n[ deta9 y long] on ! subject ( ! ext5t 
& work+ ( coal1 le/ ,i %\ld tire y\r    
pati5ce2 b be=e conclud+ ,i %\ld wi% to 
give "s acc\nt ( ! uses to :i* ?is mo/  
valuable product is appli$4 ,! ma9 use (

 coal1 z we all "k1 is to produce heat1 
)\t :i* _m a pat]familias w\ld grumble  
:5 ! d9n]-h\r came & he _h no?+ hot to  
eat4 ,x n only1 h[ev]1 supplies heat1 b 
! beauty ( ! processes = light+ up our  
h\ses is n[ ma9ly d]iv$ f coal4 ,!      
imm5se consumption ( coal1 among o!r    
?+s1 is 9 ! production ( ! vap\r (      
wat]--/eam1 by :i* our ?\s&s ( eng9es on
 sea & l& are made to p]=m _! v>i\s     
appo9t$ tasks4 ,?is production1 =m$ (   
decay$ vegetable matt]1 :i* 9 ages pa/  
n\ri%$ on ! surface ( ! e>?1 z ,i h     
already %[n1 is aga9 br\ght =? = our    
use1 & is a te/imony ( ! goodness &     
k9dness ( ,god 9 provid+ = our wants4   
,by its heat "s #aj1jjj locomotive      
eng9es are propell$1 & _m hundr$s ( iron
 furnaces are kept 9 "w1 besides ^? =   
o!r purposes4 ,x moves ! ma*9]y ( at    
lea/ #cjjj factories1 #bejj /eam        
vessels1 besides num]\s small] craft1 & 
,i _c tell h[ _m =ges & fires4 ,x aids 9
 produc+ delicacies out ( season 9 our  
ho?\ses4 ,x lights our h\ses & /reets ) 

gas1 ! *eape/ & be/ ( all               
lights--,london alone 9 ?is way sp5d+   
ab\t #ej1jjj a ye>4 ,x gives u oil & t> 
to lubricate ma*9]y & pres]ve timb] &   
iron2 & la/1 n lea/1 by ! aid ( *emi/ry 
x is made to produce _m beautiful dyes1 
su* z mag5ta & mauve1 & also1 9 ! same  
way1 gives p]fumes resembl+ cloves1     
almonds1 & spices4  ,! annual           
consumption ( coal 9 ,great ,brita9 is  
reckon$ to be n less ?an #hj1jjj1jjj    
tons4 ,! am\nt rais$ 9 #ahgc am\nt$ to  
#abg1jjj1jjj tons1 & ( ?is 0 import$    
into ,london alone #g1hhc1ach           
tons--#d1jjj1jjj tons1 or #ae p] c5t4 ( 
! total out-put ( ! c\ntry1 be+ s5t f   
,durham alone4 ,! co/ ( ! ,walls5d coal 
on bo>d ! %ip may be /at$ at #ajs4 #f;d4
 p] ton2 to ?is mu/ be add$ ! *>ge at   
coal-m>ket ( #bs4 #h;d41 freight say    
#es4 #i;d41 pr(it #gs4 #f;d41 s t a ton 
( coal ( ?is k9d w co/ 9 y\r cell> 9    
,london ! sum ( #a1 #fs4 #e;d4  ,i ?9k x
 is n[ "t to conclude ?is mo/ int]e/+   
subject1 = ?\gh ,i h by no means exhau/$

 x1 yet ,i fe> ,i h said z mu* z a      
lecture w w>rant4 ,! subject %[s u h[   
m9dful a k9d ,provid5ce has be5 ( man1 &
 to ?is nation 9 p>ticul>1 = to our coal
 we 9 a measure owe mu* ( our greatness4
 ,s :ile we admire ! geology ( our      
globe1 let u n =get :o made x & all t x 
conta9s1 & :o1 :5 ,he _h f9i%$ ! "w1    
pron\nc$ x all v good4 ,let u s /rive to
 live1 t ?\gh we may be call$ away      
sudd5ly1 z #aii ( our fell[-creatures 7 
call$ by :at is t]m$ a m9+ accid5t1 we  
may be ready to meet ,him :o n only made
 u1 b made ! coal1 & :o1 :5 man1 at fir/
 made p]fect1 fell away1 0 pleas$ to s5d
 a ,savi\r to r$eem u & br+ u to t light
 :i* fade? n away4     ,,sci5ce ,,appli$
 ,,to ,,art4   ,a resum ( sci5ce & art  
requires to set =? :at !y h already done
 & :at !y are n[ do+--to trace !m d[n to
 our own "t1 & contra/ _! e>ly /ages )  
_! pres5t developm5t4 ,giv+ to art &    
sci5ce all t is _! due1 x mu/ be evid5t 
to e "o t !y are prim>ily n ( human     
orig91 b owe _! exi/5ce & progress to ^?

 inh]5t faculties ( man :i* h be5 be/[$ 
^u him by an ,almighty ,be+--faculties  
giv5 n only to fa?om ! works ( creation1
 & adapt !m = man's use & b5efit1 b also
 t !y might %[ =? ! praise & hon\r ( _! 
,creator1 z ! heav5s decl>e ! glory (   
,god1 & ! firmam5t %[e? ,8 h&iwork4 ,to 
set =? sci5ce & art be=e an ,in/itution 
l t "h met toge!r1 behoves "o to ent] ^u
 ! subject 9 a way :i* w n only int]e/ b
 also in/ruct4 ,b ?is is only an op5+   
address1 & ! lectur]s :o w foll[ me 9   
due c\rse w br+ be=e y ! special int]e/s
 ( ^? special subjects on :i* !y are to 
treat4 ,^! _c fail to int]e/ z well z   
in/ruct ^? :o att5d1 _! object be+ pr(it
 to ! m9d1 & h5ce n only ! fur!rance (  
m5tal culture1 b increas+ capabilities =
 mat]ial prosp]ity4  ,to address a meet+
 9 ,glasg[ gives "o a feel+ ( pleasure2 
b1 be=e go+ fur!r1 ,i tru/ t :5 ,i h    
f9i%$ y may n be able to say ( me1 z !  
two ,highl&]s did aft] leav+ *ur*--,eh1 
man6 wasna t a gr& discoorse8--x jumbl$ 
! head & confus$ ! und]/&+6 ,?is city   

has br\ght =? "o ( ! greate/ ( m5--?\gh1
 l _m o!rs1 he _h to fight an uphill    
battle 9 8 e>ly c>e]--t man 0 ,james    
,watt4 ,b :at a c>e] 0 86 & :at a b5efit
 to all n[ liv+ has prov$ ! result ( 8  
p]sev]ance1 = to 8 g5ius are we ma9ly   
indebt$ = ! manifold applications ( !   
wondr\s p[] ( ,/eam6 ,t ^w is en\gh2 & !
 eng9es x n[ propels are a p[]ful       
te/imony to ! tal5t ( ! great man :o    
br\ght ?is mighty p[] to be> on ! va/   
ma*9]y1 n only ( ?is great c\ntry1 b ( !
 :ole _w4 ,contra/1 = "o ?+1 ! travell+ 
facilities ( ,watt's e>ly days ) ^? we  
n[ possess ?r\gh 8 p]sev]+ indu/ry4     
,f\rte5 days 0 !n ! usual "t = a j\rney 
f ,glasg[ to ,london1 :ile at pres5t x c
 be p]=m$ 9 a less numb] ( h\rs4        
,railways6 :at h !y n done6 ,we see t[ns
 spr+ up 9 a few ye>s :]e only a few    
cottages =m]ly /ood1 & wild gl5s        
trans=m$ into fruitful valleys1 by means
 ( railways 9 _! neighb\rhood develop+  
traffic & trade1 & creat+ employm5t by  
plac+ !m 9 communication ) l>g] t[ns1 & 

?us op5+ up new s\rces ( mat]ial        
prosp]ity4 ,look at ! magnitude ( our   
railways4 ,) respect to locomotives     
alone1 9 #ahff !re 7 #habe ( ^!1 & ! "w 
p]=m$ by !m 0 ! haulage ( #f1jjj1jjj    
tra9s a di/ance ( #adc1jjj1jjj miles4 ,z
 ea* eng9e possesses a draught-p[] equal
 to #dej horses1 ^! #habe locomotives   
consequ5tly did ! "w ( m ?an #c1ejj1jjj 
horses1 & z ! av]age durability ( a     
locomotive is comput$ to be ab\t fifte5 
ye>s1 ea* w h 9 t "t trav]s$ ne>ly      
#cjj1jjj miles6 ,!n1 aga91 !re h to be  
replac$ ab\t #ejj worn-out locomotives e
 ye>1 at a co/ = ea* ( ab\t #bejj to    
#cjjj1 entail+ an annual exp5diture (   
ne>ly #a1ejj1jjj /]l+4 ,all ?is money   
circulates = ! c\ntry's b5efit1 keep+   
our iron1 copp]1 & coal m9es1 our       
furnaces & our work%ops1 all at "w1 &   
our p well & usefully employ$1 & ?us    
prov+ "o ( ! greate/ advantages ( appli$
 sci5ce & art to ?is c\ntry & ! _w at   
l>ge4 ,if x _h n be5 = /eam1 ?is        
valuable ,in/itution might n h be5 9    

exi/5ce1 hav+ = its *ief objects !      
promotion ( ! gr[? & increas+ !         
usefulness ( ! appli$ sci5ces4  ,we h n[
 "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( eng9e]+ art 9
 ! ,mont ,c5is ,railway1 & ?is1 ?\gh    
work$ out "u great difficulties1 has    
prov$ a p]fect success4 ,/ill m rec5tly 
we h _h br\ght "u our notice ! bold     
s*eme ( connect+ ,brita9 & ,france by a 
tunnel "u ! ,engli% ,*annel--a project  
:i*1 b a few ye>s ago1 any "o w\ld h be5
 ?\ght mad to propose2 b sci5ce has     
prov$ t x c be c>ri$ out2 & x is only a 
few days s9ce a l>ge meet+ 0 held 9     
,liv]pool ) a view ( tunnell+ "u !      
,m]sey1 & ?us connect+ ,liv]pool &      
,birk5head4 ,nor d ^! s*emes seem at all
 vision>y :5 we le>n t our g-ahead      
,transatlantic c\s9s h a project be=e ! 
,legislature ( ,new ,j]sey = lay+ wood5 
tubes und]gr\nd1 ?r\gh :i* ! mails &    
small p>cels w be =w>d$ at ! rate ( #aej
 miles an h\r6 ,?r\gh a simil> tube1 #f 
feet 9 diamet]1 laid "u ! ,ea/ & ,hudson
 ,riv]s1 pass5g]s are to be transport$ f

 ,brooklyn to ,j]sey city4 ,a l s*eme is
 9 c\rse ( con/ruction "u ! ,?ames4,a   
,ano!r ,am]ican eng9e]+ triumph w be !  
railway susp5sion bridge propos$ to be  
built across ! ,hudson ,riv] at         
,peekskill1 9 ! hilly di/rict kn[n to   
,new ,york]s z ! ,highl&s1 :i* is to h a
 cle> span ( #afjj feet at a height (   
#aee feet above high wat]4  ,ano!r gr& &
 comp>atively rec5t application ( /eam  
is 9 its adaptation to agriculture4     
,fields are n[ turn$ up by !            
/eam-pl\gh--an inv5tion z yet 9 its     
infancy--9 a mann] t c\ld nev] be done  
by m]e h&-lab\r4 ,/eam-culture has      
already p5etrat$ z f> nor? z            
,john-o'-,groats1 :]e ,i h "o ( ! pl\ghs
 ( ,mr4 ,h[>d ( ,b$=d1 & b = its        
assi/ance ,i c\ld n h tak5 9 ! l& ,i h  
n[ work$ up4 ,s great is ! dem& =       
/eam-cultivat+ app>atus1 n only 9       
,brita91 b ?r\gh\t ! ,g]man pla9s & !   
flat alluvial soils ( ,egypt1 t ! mak]s 
h n[ m ord]s ?an !y c readily supply4   
,9 all our manufactories /eam proves    

itself ! motive p[]1 & !re is h>dly a   
l>ge "w )\t x4 ,?is city c %[ its weav+1
 sp9n+1 blea*+1 & dye+ works--all :i* h 
t5d$ to raise ,glasg[ f ! small t[n (   
,watt's "t to ! pr\d position x n[ holds
 ( be+ ! fir/ comm]cial city ( ,scotl&4 
,9 ?is city1 second only to ,man*e/] 9 !
 production ( cotton goods1 x _c fail to
 be int]e/+ to /ate1 t 9 ! fir/ n9e     
mon?s ( ! pres5t ye> !re has be5 export$
 #b1ahh1eia1bhh y>ds ( cotton           
piece-goods manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry--a 
l>g] quantity by ne>ly #aej1jjj1jjj y>ds
 ?an ! correspond+ p]iod ( #ahfg1 ! ye> 
( ! l>ge/ export ( cotton manufactures  
ev] kn[n until !n4 ,( c\rse ,glasg[ has 
_h its %>e 9 ?is great bran* ( export   
trade1 r5d]+ x l>ge1 weal?y1 &          
popul\s--results :i* h ma9ly foll[$ f ! 
application ( sci5ce to art4  ,la/1 n   
lea/1 see :at /eam has enabl$ u to d 9  
reg>d to ! food = ! m9d1 bo? 9 pr9t+ x &
 aft]w>ds 9 its di/ribution4 ,look1 =   
in/ance1 to ,pr9t+ ,h\se ,squ>e--to !   
,times newspap]4 ,9 ! %ort space ( "o   

h\r #bj1jjj copies are ?r[n (f !        
pr9t+-ma*9e1 &1 ?anks to ! express tra91
 ! same day ! pap] c be read 9 ,glasg[4 
,/ill fur!r 9 ?is direction1 ! value (  
/eam is also %[n by its hav+ enabl$ u to
 produce *eap lit]ature1 s /rik+ly      
in/anc$ 9 ! _w-fam$ works ( ,sir ,walt] 
,scott1 :i* we are n[ enabl$ to pur*ase 
at ! small sum ( sixp5ce = ea* volume--a
 result :i* well %[s ! application (    
sci5ce to art4  ,let u n[ obs]ve :at a  
v>i$ numb] ( me*anical & agricultural   
appliances are requir$ to furni% u ) ?is
 *eap lit]ature4 ,!re is agriculture1 9 
! gr[? ( ! fibre t produces ! mat]ial ( 
:i* ! pr9t+ pap] is made2 !n ! flax-mill
 is br\ght into play to produce ! y>n to
 be wov52 !n weav+ to produce ! clo?2   
aft] ?is1 dye+4 ,!n ! f9e mat]ial is us$
 = v>i\s purposes too num]\s to m5tion2 
& aft] x has p]=m$ its own prop] "w1 &  
is ca/ away z rags1 no m to be ?\ght (  
by its own]1 x is ga!r$ up z a mo/      
preci\s sub/ance by ! pap]mak]1 :o %[s u
 ! true value ( ! ca/-(f rags4 ,subject$

 to ! beautiful & co/ly ma*9]y ( !      
pap]-mill1 ! rags turn out an article ( 
s mu* value t )\t x ! _w w\ld almo/ come
 to a /&-/ill4 ,yet fur!r1 we h next !  
m9]1 :o by 8 lab\r br+s to ! surface ( !
 e>? ! metal requir$ to produce ! type =
 pr9t+2 aft] ?is ! pr9t+-press2 & next !
 *emi/1 :o by c]ta9 *emical comb9ations 
gives u ! ink t is to spread k to ! _w1 
by mak+ cle> to ! eye ! ?\ghts ( au?ors 
:o h appli$ _! m9ds = ! in/ruction &    
amusem5t ( _! fell[-m54 ,b we d n end   
"h2 consid] also t ea* & all1 ! f>m]1 ! 
sp9n]1 ! weav]1 ! *emi/1 ! m9]1 ! pr9t]1
 & ! au?or1 mu/ respectively h a pr(it  
out ( _! v>i\s bran*es ( indu/ry1 & does
 x n /rike "o =cibly :at a boon to ! _w 
is ?is all-important application (      
sci5ce to art--putt+ )9 ! rea* ( ! poor 
man & ! work+ man ! means ( cultivat+ 8 
m9d1 & s1 by giv+ him matt]s ( deep     
int]e/ to ?9k ov]1 keep+ him f idl5ess &
 p]haps s9 7= idl5ess is ! root ( mo/   
evil71 & mak+ him a happy family-man    
in/ead ( a public-h\se frequ5t]4  ,_m 7 

/rongly oppos$ to ! introduction ( /eam1
 & w\ld r h se5 x put d[n1 & ! old coa* 
& pr9t+-press1 loom1 sp9n+-:eel1 & flail
 kept 9 use1 fe>+ t ma*9]y w\ld limit   
employm5t2 & a h>d fight x has be5 to   
c>ry =w>d all t has hi!rto be5 done4 ,b 
:at has prov$ to be ! result8 ,?\s&s are
 n[ employ$ :]e =m]ly a few p suffic$1 &
 we are all b5efit$ 9 hav+ bett] & *eap]
 goods1 books1 provisions1 & all ?+s    
ne$ful4 ,!re is !re=e ! satisfaction (  
kn[+ t1 by ! ?\s& & "o applications (   
/eam1 ! physical1 m5tal1 & ev5 moral    
condition ( ! p has be5 greatly         
ameliorat$2 9 ?is way aga9 prov+ a      
triumph = ! application ( sci5ce to art4
  ,glasg[ is n only fam\s = its         
multif>i\s applications ( wat] 9 its    
f9ely divid$ gase\s =m ( /eam1 b x has  
made admirable use ( t elem5t 9 its m   
famili> & fluid =m1 z %[n 9 ! gigantic  
und]tak+ ( br++ a wat]-supply into ?is  
?riv+ & popul\s city4 ,! peaceful wat]s 
( a ,highl& lake are sudd5ly turn$ f _! 
quiet re/+-place1 :]e !y h rema9$ 9     

peace = g5]ations1 ! admiration ( all   
behold]s1 & made to take an active "p 9 
contribut+ to ! heal?1 weal?1 & com=t ( 
,glasg[4 ,! beautiful ,lo* ,katr9e has  
be5 br\ght into ! city1 furni%+ a /ream 
( pure wat] to m9i/] to ! wants ( all   
classes ( ! p--an und]tak+ :i* a few    
ye>s ago w\ld h be5 pron\nc$ impossible2
 b "h aga9 sci5ce & art h prevail$1 &   
br\ght ab\t ?is all-important object &  
greatly desir$ & ine/imable boon4 ,!    
great capital ( ,engl& itself _c boa/ ( 
su* an advantage1 & mu/ /ill be cont5t  
to dr9k wat] contam9at$ ) impurities4   
,does n ?is speak volumes = ! weal? &   
en]gy ( ,glasg[8 ,:at s conducive to    
heal? & cleanl9ess 7& cleanl9ess is ak9 
to godl9ess7 z a pure & p]fect supply ( 
wat] su* z y n[ possess2 & y h great    
reason to be grateful = ?is b5efic5t    
application ( sci5ce & art4 ,) a        
worldwide celebrity = y\r wat]works1 y h
 cause also to be pr\d ( y\r *emical    
works1 & t fam\s *imney ( ,/4 ,rollox1  
"o ( ! l(tie/ /ructures 9 ! _w4 ,!re are

 few cities m highly fav\r$ ?an ?is4    
,w\ld n ,capta9 ,%aw be glad if1 9      
,london1 he _h ! head or comm& ( wat]   
su* z y h f ,lo* ,katr9e to save ! great
 metropolis f ! de/ruction by fire t !y 
are 9 daily dread (8 ,9 ,glasg[ we h>dly
 want ?is--our gr& ,lo* ,katr9e does x  
all4  ,turn to y\r riv]1 ! beautiful    
,clyde1 :i* eighty ye>s ago c\ld be =d$ 
at ,ersk9e1 :ile ,port ,glasg[ 0 z f> z 
%ips c\ld !n come up--a /rik+ contra/ to
 :at is n[ to be se5 at ! ,broomielaw1  
:]e ! l>ge/ /eam]s & %ips draw+ ?irty   
feet ( wat] are moor$ 9 ! v he>t ( !    
city1 dis*>g+ produce f all p>ts ( ! _w4
 ,:at has done ?is b /eam--! en]gy (    
man2 /eam cutt+ a *annel by dr$g+ to    
admit ( %ips pass+ s f> up ! riv]3 & ?is
 has be5 to ,glasg[ a great s\rce (     
weal? by ! promotion ( comm]ce4 ,art has
 be5 p]mitt$ to "w out great ?+s = y\r  
city1 & ,i tru/ /ill great] ?+s are 9   
/ore4 ,take ! trade n[ 9 full progress  
on ! banks ( ! ,clyde4 ,! %ipbuild+ is  
fa/ leav+ ! ,?ames & f9d+ its way "h4 ,x

 is a pleasure to he> p say3 ,!re is a  
f9e %ip--%e is ,clyde-built4--,:o built 
h]8 ,0 x ,napi]1 or ,?omson1 or ,tod1 or
 ,m',gregor1 or ,r&olph  ,eld]1 or      
,caird1 or ,d5ny ( ,dumb>ton1 or        
,cunliff  ,dunlop8 ,p>don me if ,i h    
left out any "n1 = all are good build]s4
 ,!n1 aga91 x may be ask$3 ,:o eng9$ ^! 
%ips8--,oh1 ,clyde eng9e]s1 or ^? :o    
built !m4 ,i _h ! pleasure ( be+ ?is ye>
 on bo>d ! ,tr9ity ya*t ,galatea1 on a  
cruise :5 f\rte5 knots an h\r 7         
accompli%$2 & t ya*t is a good specim5 (
 :at ,clyde %ipbuild]s c turn out4 ,%e 0
 built by ,caird4 ,i h also _h !        
pleasure ( a trip 9 ! ,russia1 "o ( !   
f9e/ screw-vessels afloat1 built by     
,?omson2 & %e has prov$ h]self p]haps ! 
fa/e/ ( sea-go+ /eam]s4 ,does n all ?is 
%[ :at sci5ce appli$ to art has done8   
,glasg[ has also a ,college ( ! fir/    
ord]1 "o t is look$ up to z s5d+ m5 (   
high /&+ =? to ! _w4 ,watt work$ "u its 
ro( z a poor ma!matical in/rum5t mak]1 &
 al?\gh enjoy+ little ( its valuable    

in/ruction1 he produc$ ! /eam-eng9e--a  
lesson z to :at ^? ought to d t[>ds     
promot+ ! application ( sci5ce to art :o
 h ! full b5efit ( a sci5tific tra9+ su*
 z y\r ,college af=ds4  ,ea* day br+s =?
 some?+ new--! electric telegraph1 =    
in/ance1 by :i* our ?\ghts & desires are
 transmitt$ to all p>ts ( ! _w1 s to    
speak1 9 a mom5t ( "t4 ,:5 we ?9k t we  
are )9 an in/ant ( ,am]ica1 x gives "o a
 feel+ ( awe1 = x %[s to :at an ext5t we
 h be5 p]mitt$ to c>ry ! application (  
sci5ce to art4 ,a small wire is c>ri$   
across ! great ,atlantic1 & imm$iate    
communication is ! result4 ,! a*ievem5ts
 ( sci5ce 7 %[n to a great ext5t 9 !    
lay+ ( ?is cable1 & p]haps /ill m 9 its 
recov]y aft] x _h be5 brok54 ,a small   
cable is lo/ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 f> f
 ! l&1 & 9 wat] ab\t two miles 9 dep?--a
 %ip goes out1 discov]s ! spot1 & !n    
grappl+ irons are l[]$4 ,sci5ce ) its   
long arm1 z x 71 rea*es d[n ! almo/     
unfa?omable abyss1 & ) its p[]ful h&    
secures & br+s to ! surface ( ! ocean ! 

fractur$ cable1 :i* is aga9 made to     
connect ! ,old & ,new ,worlds--?us      
v]ify+ almo/ ! words ( ,%akespe>e1 :5 he
 speaks ( call+ spirits f ! va/y deep4  
,aft] splic+ ! cable1 ! vessel proce$s )
 ! "w ( pay+ x out1 z x sails across !  
,atlantic2 & once m sci5ce & art f9d a  
successful issue1 = ,europe & ,am]ica   
are unit$4  ,:at ! comb9ation ( sci5ce &
 art has done is1 h[ev]1 n yet exhau/$3 
witness ! spl5did specim5s ( artill]y n[
 produc$ by ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor? & ,sir
 ,william ,arm/rong--weapons by :i*     
projectiles are ?r[n ) an almo/         
irresi/ible =ce4 ,! beauty ( _!         
con/ruction is a triumph to art1 & _!   
ma!matical tru? a triumph to sci5ce4 ,"o
 ?+ foll[s ano!r1 & no soon] h m5 (     
orig9ality & obs]vation p]fect$ ! means 
( de/ruction1 :5 o!rs press =w>d &      
furni% ! means ( def5ce4 ,our           
arm\r-clads1 su* z ! ,w>rior & o!rs :i* 
lately visit$ ^! wat]s1 h ?us be5 call$ 
into exi/5ce1 & !y are spl5did specim5s 
( :at sci5ce appli$ to art c a*ieve4  ,!

 ,m5ai ,bridge is ano!r in/ance ( ! p[] 
( man 9 appli$ sci5ce4 ,a railway bridge
 is requir$ to fur!r communication1 b   
,gov]nm5t dem&s t ! navigation ( !      
,/rait %all n be imp$$4 ,! m9d ( a great
 man is call$ into action1 & by apply+  
sci5tific pr9ciples to eng9e]+ art1 we h
 t wond] ( ! _w1 ! great tubul> bridge  
ov] ! ,m5ai ,/raits4 ,?is "w requir$ a  
m9d ( no ord9>y nature1 b su* a "o 0    
f\nd 9 ! celebrat$ ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 ,i 
am pr\d to say ,i 0 privileg$ to h him z
 a fri5d1 & ,i greatly lam5t$ 8 dea?1 n 
only z a fri5d1 b z an irrep>able loss  
to ! _w ( sci5ce4  ,ano!r in/ance (     
sci5ce appli$ to art--& n ! lea/        
important--is ! adaptation ( glass to =m
 ! l5s :i* enables ! flame ( a lamp to  
be se5 f a great di/ance4 ,:at ?is has  
done = ! m>9] is %[n 9 our ligh?\ses1   
:i* enable him to "k :]e he is by night 
z well z by day1 = ! lights are made to 
revolve1 to be /ation>y1 or to %[ v>i\s 
col\rs or fla%es1 :i* reveal to him _!  
respective positions4 ,! compass also1  

?\gh anci5t1 is /ill an application (   
appli$ sci5ce1 & by x ! m>9] is enabl$  
to guide 8 %ip safely ov] ! ocean4 ,a v 
beautiful in/ance ( appli$ sci5ce to art
 is electrometallurgy1 9 :i* metals are 
deposit$ by means ( ! galvanic batt]y 9 
any requir$ =m or %ape1 & ?is process ( 
gild+ & plat+ is execut$ ) m>vell\s     
rapidity4 ,all ^! v>i\s in/ances %[ :at 
! m9d ( man has done1 & is do+2 b !     
applications ( sci5ce to art are s      
endless1 t ev5 _! simple enum]ation c\ld
 n be includ$ 9 ! limits ( an op5+      
address1 = !re are few ?+s to :i* sci5ce
 _c be appli$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t &      
beautiful is ! art ( photography1 :]e1  
by means ( appli$ *emi/ry1 aid$ by !    
rays ( ! sun1 !re c be produc$ ! mo/    
pleas+ & lifelike repres5tations4 ,?is  
new application ( *emi/ry is a mo/      
int]e/+ "o1 :i* %[s t we d n /& /ill1 & 
z long z arts & sci5ce are p]mitt$ to be
 practis$ by u we are n int5d$ to /&    
/ill1 b to ex]cise our m9ds to ! utmo/  
to unravel ^? my/]ies ( nature t are yet

 to be develop$4  ,*emi/ry1 z a regul>  
bran* ( natural sci5ce1 is (            
comp>atively rec5t orig91 & c h>dly be  
said to date e>li] ?an ! latt] ?ird (   
la/ c5tury4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s _h "s 
vague yet pr(\nd ideas on ?is subject1 b
 _! acqua9tance 0 limit$ to speculations
  priori1 f\nd$ on g5]al & (t5          
inaccurate obs]vations ( natural        
occurr5ces4 ,yet _! acut5ess 0 su*1 t "s
 ( _! speculations z to ! con/itu5t     
prop]ties ( matt] co9cide 9 a wond]ful  
degree ) ^? :i* n[ prevail among mod]n  
philosoph]s4 ,x is n easy to def9e :at  
*emi/ry is 9 a few words1 b x may be    
describ$ z ! sci5ce :i* has = its object
 ! inve/igation ( all elem5t>y bodies   
:i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se1 ) ! view ( det]m9+
 _! composition & prop]ties4 ,x also    
seeks to detect ! laws :i* regulate _!  
mutual relations1 & ! proportions 9 :i* 
^! elem5ts w comb9e toge!r to =m !      
comp\nds :i* con/itute ! animal1        
vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms1 z well z !   
prop]ties ( ^! v>i\s comp\nds4 ,!       

anci5ts admitt$ only f\r elem5ts--e>?1  
air1 fire1 & wat]4 ,*emi/s n[ f> exce$  
?is numb]1 & seek to %[ :at ^! elem5ts  
are compos$ ( by analys+ !m into ! v>i\s
 gases1 solids1 & liquids4  ,a/ronomy is
 ! mo/ anci5t ( all ! sci5ces4 ,!       
,*aldeans1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,*9ese1 !    
,h9doos1 ,gauls1 & ,p]uvians1 ea* reg>d$
 !mselves z ! inv5tors ( a/ronomy1 an   
hon\r :i* ,josephus deprives !m ( by    
ascrib+ x to ! ant$iluvian patri>*s4 ,f 
! few facts to be glean$ out ( ! vague  
acc\nts by anci5t au?ors reg>d+ !       
,*aldeans1 x may be inf]r$ t _! boa/$ k 
( ?is sci5ce 0 conf9$ to obs]vations ( !
 simple/ k9d1 unassi/$ by any in/rum5ts 
:atev]4 ,! ,egyptians1 aga91 ?\gh       
anci5tly consid]$ ! rivals ( ! ,*aldeans
 9 ! cultivation ( ?is sci5ce1 h yet    
left beh9d !m /ill few] records ( _!    
lab\rs1 ?\gh x is s f> c]ta9 t _!       
a/ronomical k 0 ev5 great] ?an t ( !    
,*aldeans4 ,! ,pho5icians seem to h     
excell$ 9 ! art ( navigation1 & w\ld no 
d\bt direct _! c\rse among ! isl&s ( !  

,m$it]ranean by ! />s2 b if !y _h any   
fur!r speculative notions ( a/ronomy1 !y
 7 probably d]iv$ f ! ,*aldeans or      
,egyptians4 ,9 ,*9a1 a/ronomy has be5   
kn[n f ! remote/ ages1 & has always be5 
consid]$ z a sci5ce necess>y &          
indisp5sable to ! civil gov]nm5t ( !    
,cele/ial ,empire4 ,on consid]+ !       
acc\nts ( ,*9ese a/ronomy1 we f9d x     
consi/$ only 9 ! practice ( c]ta9       
obs]vations1 :i* l$ to no?+ m ?an ! k ( 
a few isolat$ facts1 & !y are indebt$ to
 =eign]s = any fur!r improvem5ts !y h   
s9ce adopt$4  ,! ,greeks seem to h made 
! mo/ e>ly advances 9 a/ronomy2 =       
not)/&+ t ! art ( obs]vation 0 /ill 9   
its infancy1 we are indebt$ to ! lab\rs 
& speculations ( anci5t ,greek          
philosoph]s = rais+ a/ronomy to !       
dignity ( a sci5ce4 ,! complicat$ b     
+5i\s hypo!ses ( ! ,greek ,ptolemy      
prep>$ ! way = ! discov]y ( ! elliptic  
=m ( ! planet>y orbits & o!r a/ronomical
 laws by ! ,g]man ,kepl]1 :i* aga9      
conduct$ our ,engli% ,newton to !       

discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,i am n1
 h[ev]1 desir\s ( giv+ ?is meet+ a      
lecture on a/ronomy--,i %all leave t to 
,pr(essor ,grant4 ,b x is s+ul> t ,i    
%\ld h come "h on a day on :i* "o ( ! n[
 kn[n obs]vations & movem5ts ( ! planets
 has tak5 place--! transit ( ,m]cury4   
,?is 0 calculat$ to occur ?is day by !  
sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 & x is also kn[n :5 x
 w aga9 occur1 namely1 on ! #f? ( ,may  
#ahgh4 ,i w end ?is subject by say+1 t !
 discov]ies 9 a/ronomy 9 ! la/ & pres5t 
c5turies h be5 s _m & int]e/+1 t x w\ld 
be q impossible = me to ent] "h m9utely 
^u !m4  ,9 conclusion1--,:at h sci5ce & 
art done = u8 ,!y h cultivat$ our       
m9ds--!y h made u ?9k1 wond]1 & admire1 
& ,i tru/ caus$ u to adore & rev]5ce !  
,creator ( ?is va/ univ]se4 ,!y h taught
 u ! k & value ( "t1 & h also %[n !     
value ( :at man has be5 enabl$ to "w out
 = 8 own b5efit & t ( ! _w at l>ge4  ,! 
*emi/ deals ) ! v>i\s sub/ances br\ght  
"u 8 notice1 !reby acquir+ a k ( _!     
prop]ties1 enabl+ him to produce results

 :i* are truly b5eficial4 ,?is k is p[]4
  ,! pa9t] makes ! features ( ,nature 8 
/udy1 & by 8 bru% del9eates !m on !     
canvas1 & ?us by k ( art he exhibits    
p[]4  ,! a/ronom]'s sci5ce is "o ( va/  
magnitude & importance--! /udy ( x      
embrac+ bo? sci5ce & art3 sci5ce 9 !    
v>i\s intricate calculations he requires
 to make 9 connection ) ! heav5ly       
bodies4 ,by 8 rese>*es we h discov]$ !  
=m ( ! e>? & o!r planets1 _! respective 
di/ances f ea* o!r1 _! revolutions1 _!  
eclipses & _! orbits1 &1 m wond]ful     
/ill1 ! precise "t :5 ! v>i\s movem5ts (
 ea* occur4 ,9 art1 ! a/ronom] has      
orig9at$ & p]fect$ ! _m p[]ful &        
beautiful in/rum5ts n[ requir$ = tak+   
obs]vations1 & ^!1 :5 comp>$ ) !        
in/rum5ts 9 use 9 bypa/ times1 are      
excell5t evid5ces ( mod]n progress 9 ?is
 direction4 ,our wond] is excit$ :5 we  
look at ! in/rum5ts =m]ly 9 use2 t s mu*
 0 done ?r\gh !m1 & ! advance made by   
art 9 ! p]fection ( ^? n[ adopt$1 %[ u  
aga9 t k is p[]4  ,! navigator1 by a    

comb9ation ( a/ronomy & seaman%ip1 is   
enabl$ to pl\gh ! great deep1 & at all  
times by ma!matical calculation to      
discov] ! exact position ( 8 %ip4 ,:at1 
h[ev]1 w\ld he be )\t ! aid ( art8 ,!   
compass1 ! sextant1 or quadrant1 c41 are
 ! means :i* enable him to atta9 ^! gr& 
results1 & to br+ 8 %ip to ! desir$     
hav54 ,! use ( ^! is k1 & ?is k is p[]4 
,alike ) all o!r ?+s :i* sci5ce & art h 
call$ into use1 k is p[]1 & ?is p[] 0   
giv5 by ! ,almighty1 z ,i said at !     
beg9n+ ( ?is lecture1 to enable man to  
fa?om ! works ( creation4 ,let u !n s   
live t we may ev] admire ! results ( !  
lab\rs ( sci5ce & ( art1 & at ! same "t 
ev] rememb] ,him :o has giv5 u ! p[] to 
discov] & use !m = our b5efit1--?ank+   
,god1 :o fir/ made all ?+s & pron\nc$ !m
 v good1 = ,8 great m]cy t[>d u4        
,,footnotes3  ,a ,n[ c>ri$ out4     ,a  
,,p5ny',s ,,wor?2  ,,or1  ,,take ,,c>e  
,,( ,,! ,,p5ce1 ,,& ,,! ,,p\nds ,,w     
,,take ,,c>e ,,( ,,!mselves4   ,a p5ny  
seems a small sum to talk ab\t1 & ) _m1 

,i am sorry to say1 is look$ ^u z s     
insignificant z to be consid]$ almo/    
wor?less2 b ,i hope1 be=e ,i h done1 to 
%[ y some?+ ( ! great value ( ev5 a     
p5ny1 & ( ! effects & products we h be5 
enabl$ to produce & dispose ( ) a       
reasonable pr(it at ! co/ ( "o p5ny4 ,a 
mu* small] sum ?an ?is 0 look$ ^u &     
reg>d$ z ( ine/imable value by our      
bless$ ,savi\r1 :5 ,he saw ! ri* m5 & ! 
wid[ ca/+ _! (f]+s into ! treasury1 =   
,he said3 ,all ^! h ( _! abundance ca/ 9
 unto ! (f]+s ( ,god3 b %e ( h] p5ury   
ha? ca/ 9 all ! liv+ t %e _h4  ,n[ :at  
did ?is wid[ ca/ 98 ,two mites1 :i* make
 "o f>?+4 ,?\gh ?is took place m ?an    
eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 x %[s to u ev5 
n[ ! great value ( small ?+s :5 giv5 ) !
 he>t & us$ 9 ! "r way4  ,money is a mo/
 desirable ?+1 & )\t x ! bus9ess ( ! _w 
w\ld come to a /&-/ill1 b h[ to sp5d x  
aright is a matt] ( grave ?\ght1 = x may
 ) ease be sp5t 9 luxury1 b x requires a
 m9d to use x pr(itably4 ,bo? pleasure &
 pr(it may be ga9$ by prud5t & prop]    

exp5diture1 & to %[ h[ ev5 a limit$     
income may enjoy great com=t at home 7& 
!re is1 ,i hope y ?9k1 no place l home1 
& "o's own home-fireside71 ,i h v5tur$  
to br+ be=e y at ?is "t :at c be done = 
"o p5ny4  ,! p5ny itself is a matt] :i* 
leads "o into ?\ght4 ,! va/ness ( m9d   
:i* has be5 br\ght to be> on !          
production ( ! co9 is itself wor?y (    
consid]ation4 ,be=e any co9 c be        
sanction$ by ! realm1 x has to g ?r\gh !
 ordeal ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t1 &    
aft] all has be5 done to ! satisfaction 
( ! au?orities1 a little bit (          
copp]--?\gh n[1 = ! good ( our pockets1 
mix$ ) an alloy--is made to m9i/] to our
 wants 9 ways :i* ,i hope to lay be=e y 
z pla9ly & %ortly z possible4 ,fir/ &   
=emo/ we mu/ h t great & valuable ?+    
heat1 = )\t heat g5]at$ by fire we c\ld 
h no p5ny4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s requir$ to  
produce ?is heat is wood4 ,n[ ! wood mu/
 be gr[n1--trees att5d$ to ) c>e & at   
great co/4 ,ye>s pass be=e !y are ei!r  
fit = beauty or use1 yet1 dur+ ! "t ( _!

 gr[?1 ! small] bran*es t are lopp$ (f  
=m j :at is requir$ to set on fire !    
coal & coke to produce ! heat :i* is    
necess>y = smelt+ & bla/ furnaces1 = our
 own dome/ic fires1 & v>i\s o!r uses4 ,a
 faggot ( ^! lopp$ bran*es c be b\ght = 
a p5ny4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd out1 z a beg9n+1 
"o ?+ :i* c be obta9$ = a p5ny1 let u g 
on to see :at has to be att5d$ to &     
enc\nt]$ be=e ?is valuable co9 c be     
made4 ,sums ( money h to be sp5t1 risks 
v great h to be ent]$ into1 & beautiful 
ma*9]y con/ruct$ be=e x c be plac$ 9 our
 pockets4 ,! m9es ( ,cornwall h to be   
rea*$ = bo? copp] & t9--a matt] ( great 
co/ to ! pockets ( speculators1 & (     
anxiety to ! m9ds ( eng9e]s1 :o lay     
!mselves out to ga9 ! mat]ial4 ,furnaces
 h to be built to smelt ! ore & br+ x   
into a workable condition4 ,! ,m9t is   
!n1 aft] ! metal is ready1 call$ into   
requisition to produce a co9 :i*1 aft]  
all ?is lab\r & exp5se1 is only a p5ny4 
,i come n[ to tell "s ( ! ?+s :i* c be  
accompli%$ & produc$ = a p5ny4 ,"o ( !  

e>lie/ publications ( any note 0 ! ,p5ny
 ,magaz9e1 :i* is ende>$ to my memory z 
hav+ %[n me ! e>lie/ ( ,george          
,/eph5son's great works--! ,liv]pool &  
,man*e/] ,railway4 ,?is magaz9e has n[  
pass$ away1 b x has be5 amply replac$ by
 o!rs ( equal m]it1 c>ry+ out its       
pr9ciples ( giv+ a s\nd & *eap lit]ature
 to ! p2 x 0 a boon to all :o c>$ =     
in/ruction1 & at ! same "t _h to take   
c>e ( a p5ny4 ,n[ we h our daily pap]s  
at a p5ny1 & ( ! #agaa newspap]s issu$  
7#ahgf7 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #hjh are sold
 at ?is small price4 ,look at ^? pap]s1 
! ,telegraph1 ,/&>d1 & _m o!rs2 are !y n
 a light t has %one ov] our _w1 %[+ :at 
man has be5 enabl$ to d = 8 fell[s1 9   
be+ able to dissem9ate ! k ( :at is     
transpir+ ov] ! _w to _! read]s1 bo? ne>
 & f> (f1 & all = only "o p5ny6 ,has ?is
 be5 done )\t lab\r8 ,no4 ,:at has caus$
 x b ! e>ne/ desire to "k ! ev5ts (     
daily life 9 z %ort a "t z possible4 ,i 
d n c>e to v\* = :at ,i n[ say1 b ,i    
%\ld ?9k t ab\t #bj1jjj copies are ?r[n 

(f ( ! ,daily ,telegraph 9 an h\r1 & ^! 
c be b\ght = "o p5ny ea*4 ,?is p5ny's   
wor? has co/ a great am\nt ( ?\ght to   
br+ ab\t4 ,besides ! v>i\s manufactures 
:i* are requir$ = ?is result1 ! daily   
pap] also br+s to its aid ! agriculturi/
 z reg>ds ! pap]2 = ?\gh ?is 0 at fir/  
only made ( rags1 we n[ produce x f     
/raw1 & ,i h made x f ?i/les1 :il/ x has
 also be5 made f wood & o!r ?+s4 ,!     
rags1 ( c\rse1 7 d]iv$ f agriculture 9 z
 f> z flax requir$ to be gr[n1 b n[ !   
f>m] gets 8 gra9 f ! crop1 & ! /raw left
 is made into pap]--! *ief ag5t 9       
di/ribut+ ?r\gh ! _w ! ?\ghts ( ! le>n$ 
9 sci5ce1 arts1 lit]ature1 & politics4  
,) :at eag]ness d we look = our pap] 9 !
 morn+1 & ) :at pleasure d we pay our   
p5ny = x6 ,a p5ny's wor? ) respect to   
?is mat]ial does n /op "h4 ,look at our 
beautiful & n co/ly decorations2 see :at
 a *>m+ room we c %[1 produc$ by a      
wall-pap] at a co/ ( "o p5ny a y>d4 ,"s 
( ^! col\r$ decorations produce an      
eye-deception t q1 z ! ,scot* w\ld say1 

jumbles ! judgm5t & conf\nds ! und]/&+4 
,we h n done ) luxuries1 & ,i w n[ br+  
"o be=e y t1 l _m o!rs1 if us$ aright1  
!re is no h>m 91 & :i* ,i look ^u z a   
means ( keep+ up social good-fell[%ip   
among all4 ,i mean smok+4 ,n[ ! use (   
tobacco 9 itself is h>mless1 b us$ 9    
excess is n only dang]\s1 b acts z a    
poison4 ,i l a pipe1 b ,i f9d at ! same 
"t x is ne$ful to h a light4 ,! +5uity (
 man has suppli$ my want & wi%1 & ,i c  
n[ get a light f an article :i*1 to look
 at1 seems only some?+ black tipp$ ) r$4
 ,! lab\r requir$ to produce ?is small  
box ( lights1 z x is call$1 is          
wond]ful--! *emi/1 ! wood m]*ant1 !     
me*anician 7& ,i am sorry to say1 also !
 surgeon1 f ! delet]i\s effects ( !     
phosphorus on ! human frame71 h all to  
br+ _! "w to be> on ! production ( ?is  
mo/ useful article4 ,yet1 aft] all1 x is
 sold & b\ght = "o p5ny a box4 ,messrs4 
,bryant  ,may pr(ess to save y\r h\ses f
 fire = ?is sum by us+ _! mat*es1 & ,i  
?9k !y are "r4 ,fire & heat are among   

our be/ fri5ds1 b are also dang]\s      
enemies2 & ,i am sure a p5ny sp5t on    
,bryant  ,may's mat*es is well sp5t4 ,i 
d n wi% to disp>age o!r mak]s--f> f x2 b
 a mat* t w only ignite on ! box is an  
article all h\sehold]s %\ld procure1 n  
only = _! own protection1 b also = t (  
_! neighb\rs4  ,a v /rik+ in/ance ( !   
value ( a p5ny is set be=e u 9 t mo/    
wond]ful sy/em ! p5ny-po/age1 !         
in/itution ( :i* 0 a boon to ! k+dom t  
_c be too highly appreciat$4 ,x enables 
ri* & poor alike to br+ _! ?\ghts &     
desires into communication ) ea* o!r1 & 
s relieve anxi\s c>es 9 reg>d to ! heal?
 & weal?1 ! joys & sorr[s ( fri5ds 9 an 
easy mann]4 ,a p5ny /amp c convey all   
our requirem5ts1 :e!r = good or = evil1 
& _m a l>ge sum is n[ transmitt$ "u its 
c>e4 ,i h be5 told t z _m z #fj1jjj     
lett]s h pass$ ?r\gh ! travell+         
po/-(fice ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n    
,railway 9 "o night4 ,h[ c\ld ?is great 
correspond5ce ev] h be5 c>ri$ on b =    
railways2 & b = ! =esight ( ,sir ,r[l&  

,hill ?is sy/em might /ill h be5 9 !    
backgr\nd4 ,x is cle>ly 9 my            
recollection :5 #a s4 #a-a_/b d4 0 !    
*>ge = a lett] f ,london to ,ed9burgh1 &
 t 0 = :at 0 !n call$ a s+le lett]2 n[ y
 may s5d z mu* z y l "u a c]ta9 weight =
 "o p5ny4  ,travell+ is n[ also a ?+ )9 
! rea* ( all1 = y c travel = "o p5ny a  
mile1 & ?is at a rate ( spe$ t c\ld n be
 done a few ye>s ago4 ,s mu* = railways4
  ,hav+ begun ) matt]s m especially     
affect+ old] p1 x w\ld be h>d inde$ to  
leave out ! y\ng] bran*es1 & ! means t  
are n[ employ$ n only = _! com=t1 b _!  
amusem5t4 ,among o!r requirem5ts = !m we
 may class _! toys4 ,!y are 9 a s5se mo/
 ne$ful1 z well z useful1 = our *ildr51 
& f _m ( ! +5i\s toys n[-a-days we c    
acquire a great deal ( k1 useful to     
ourselves & ( advantage to o!rs4 ,!     
beauty ( _! manufacture is a /rik+      
in/ance ( ! +5uity ( man z appli$ to    
small ?+s1 see+ t toys1 s to speak1 are 
only made = a few days' enjoym5t1 & are 
!n almo/ c]ta9 to be brok54 ,b = _! %ort

 & transi5t exi/5ce :at an am\nt ( m5tal
 en]gy has be5 br\ght to be>--! fancy ( 
! *ild has to be /udi$ & provid$ =1 9 a 
way to please1 gratify1 & amuse1 tea*+ !
 "y idea h[ to %oot3 all ?is = "o p5ny4 
,look at ! c>ts1 horses1 & o!r articles 
innum]able t are to be b\ght at ! baza>s
 9 ,london = a p5ny1 & d !y n br+ be=e u
 9 a /rik+ mann] :at has be5 done = !   
b5efit ( ! "y4 ,^! toys1 :i* only co/ a 
p5ny1 h caus$ _m h>d & anxi\s ?\ghts1   
are ! means ( giv+ "w to ?\s&s1 & enabl+
 ^! ?\s&s to live an hone/ & happy life 
by furni%+ a pay+ liv+1 :ile at ! same  
"t !y m9i/] to ! acquirem5ts ( ^? :o :5 
"y require amusem5t4 ,all ?is is done = 
a p5ny's wor?2 b h[ divid$ is ?is be=e !
 wond]ful toy is produc$6 ,we h wood1   
iron1 copp]1 t91 lead--,i may say1 all !
 metals1 ev5 ! mo/ preci\s 7= gold is   
frequ5tly us$ 9 ! production ( a toy t c
 be b\ght = a p5ny71 are employ$4 ,n    
only h ^! to be utilis$1 b !y h fir/ to 
be obta9$--"s by ! gr[? ( timb]1 o!rs by
 m9+1 !n by ! heat ( ! furnace1 !n by   

hamm] & workman1 !n by ! *emi/ &        
col\r-mak]1 !n by ! mak] ( ! toy--_m (  
^! employ$ at l>ge wages2 & yet y       
receive = y\r *ildr5 an article :i* n   
only gives in/ruction1 b ! greate/      
amusem5t1 all = "o p5ny4  ,an old say+1 
b a v true "o1 ,cleanl9ess is next to   
godl9ess2 & ?is br+s u to a luxury :i*1 
?\gh long kn[n 9 ,france1 has only be5  
lately introduc$ "h4 ,?is is !          
%oe-black4 ,y come up to him1 dirty f ! 
mud ( ! /reets ( ,london1 & 9 a v %ort  
"t y h y\r boots %9+ = a p5ny4 ,?is     
p5ny's wor? br+s be=e u a l>ge am\nt (  
?\ght be=e x c be e>n$ & paid =4 ,we h  
to beg9 ) ! f>m]1 :o fe$s ! animal t1   
aft] we h eat5 a good di% f & ?9k no m  
(1 yet furni%es ! hair :i* is made into 
bru%es by ! bru%mak]2 ! c>p5t] has to   
make ! box to hold !m2 ! black+-mak]    
also comes to ! s]vice2 & ! tailor to   
give ! uni=m r$ coat worn by ! ,%oeblack
 ,brigade--yet aft] all ?is1 y c get y\r
 boots black$1 & t well done1 = "o p5ny4
 ,out ( _! e>n+s1 at "s /ations !       

boys--s ,i 0 told a %ort "t ago--h to   
pay #bs4 #f;d4 a day = leave to /& at _!
 /ation4  ,i h gone a long way on ?+s t 
c be obta9$ = a p5ny1 b ,i h n yet got  
to ! greate/ & mo/ valuable--a ?+ :i* is
 to be obta9$ = ev5 less ?an ! wid['s   
mite4 ,x is ?is3 ,come ye1 buy & eat1   
)\t money & )\t price1 = ,my ^w is meat 
inde$1 & ,my ^w is dr9k inde$4 ,*ri/    
says ?is1 & man _c d5y x4 ,i am n go+ to
 prea* a s]mon1 b z ?+s h come be=e me1 
,i h put !m d[n4  ,see+ :at a p5ny c d1 
let u turn to "s ( ! results4 ,a p5ny a 
week at a s*ool1 & :at c be ga9$8 ,a    
*ild is educat$ to use ! tal5ts giv5 him
 or h]1 s z to "w out an hone/ liv+1 &  
is !re taught :at x c d = ! life t n[ is
 & t :i* is to come4 ,! value (         
education is s great t x _c be          
ov]-e/imat$4 ,a "y man ,i knew got into 
a railway work%op4 ,he sav$ en\gh to g  
to ,au/ralia1 :]e he has n[ made a l>ge 
sum ( money4 ,he left ?is c\ntry ) less 
?an #ej 9 8 pocket4 ,he knew "w &       
bus9ess1 ?anks to education1 & _h a     

det]m9$ desire to "w 8 way4 ,i wi% x 0 s
 all ov] ,engl&1 = ,i "k 9 ! ,midl&     
,c\nties e "o w n leave home4 ,y mu/    
leave home1 at lea/ = a season1 if y wi%
 to get on 9 ! _w4 ,no?+ is to be ga9$ 9
 ?is _w )\t /riv+ = x4 ,"h is "w1 b aft]
 dea? !re is re/1 b n till !n4 ,s1 9    
conclusion1 let me say1 ,let u all      
rememb] t :ile on e>? x is a season =   
"w4 ,"h is "w--"w = ! body1 "w = ! m9d1 
&1 above all1 "w to prep>e ! s\l =      
et]nity4 ,s t :5 we come to die1 we may 
n only be able to look back on a life 9 
:i* we h sp5t a p5ny aright1 b be able  
to look =w>d to t life :]e is ev]la/+   
peace & joy1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ 9 ,god4 ,& may 
our la/ words be--,"h 0 "w1 b !re is    
re/1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,savi\r4     ,,pa/ 
,,& ,,pres5t ,,means ,,(                
,,communication4   ,we may1 ,i ?9k1     
comm5ce by say+1 ,"l1 s tea* u to numb] 
our days t we may apply our he>ts unto  
wisdom1 =1 z ,david says1 ,:at is man t 
,?\ art m9dful ( him1 & ! son ( man t   
,?\ visite/ him8 ,?\ make/ him to h     

dom9ion ov] ! works ( ,?y h&s1 & ha/ put
 all ?+s 9 subjection "u 8 feet4 ,!     
diff]5ce ( pa/ & pres5t means (         
communication are s great1 t x is no    
easy task to ent] into a discussion on !
 subject2 b x leads "o to gravely       
consid] :at is said 9 ! #ij? ,psalm3 ,s 
tea* u to numb] our days1 t we may apply
 our he>ts unto wisdom4 ,to address an  
association su* z ,i h n[ ! hon\r &     
pleasure ( do+1 gives "o a feel+ (      
int]e/1 z well z a feel+ (              
responsibility1 = z ,i h be5 k9dly ask$ 
to close ! c\rse ( lectures = ?is       
session1 su* an address is look$ to 9   
g5]al ) expectation4 ,d n hope = too mu*
 f me2 b ,i tru/ t1 :5 ,i h conclud$1 y 
w n be able to pay me ! complim5t an old
 ,highl& woman did to h] m9i/] on see+  
him aft] *ur*-s]vice--,ah1 mai/]1 ?is   
disc\rs+ w nev] d1 = ,i wasna weel      
asleep till ye 7 done4 ,hav+ said ?is by
 way ( introduction1 ,i ?9k x devolves  
^u me 9 "s way fir/ to expla9 :at is !  
mean+ ( ! subject ( ,communication4 ,x  

may be briefly /at$ to be a means to an 
end--an int]c\rse or passage ( ei!r !   
body f "o place to ano!r1 or ( ! ?\ghts 
( "o p]son to ano!r4 ,& z ,i beg9 ) !   
communication ( ! body1 ,i _c d bett]   
?an "n "s ( ! me?ods by :i*             
communication is c>ri$ on1 & %all       
comm5ce ) ,roads1 ,coa*es1 ,railways1   
,canals1 & ,/eam]s4 ,!n1 = m9d1 ,i w    
take ,books1 ,pr9t+1 ,lett]s1           
,exhibitions1 & ,telegraphs4  ,our age  
has s advanc$1 t ?\gh ,me?uselah liv$   
ne>ly "o ?\s& ye>s1 yet he 9 8 age did n
 live z long z we d n[4 ,see :at sci5ce 
& art h done = u4 ,we n[ d m 9 "o day   
?an c\ld be done 9 a mon? "s v few ye>s 
ago2 &1 z f> z travell+ ab\t ! _w is    
conc]n$1 ,i c say t ,i h be5 f          
,john-o'-,groat's ,h\se to ,brighton1   
!nce into ,h]t=d%ire1 !nce back to      
,london1 f !re to ,ed9burgh1 !nce to    
,john-o'-,groat's1 & "h ,i am be=e y1   
)\t fatigue1 or a ?\ght t ,i %\ld n be  
pres5t 9 "t4 ,:at has enabl$ u to d ?is 
b ! det]m9ation ( man to communicate ) 8

 fell[-m51 & 8 ?ir/ = ! k ( :at is do+ 9
 places :]e he1 z an individual1 c\ld n 
be pres5t4 ,:5 !re 7 no roads1 x 0 no   
easy matt] to move ab\t1 s ! p rema9$ at
 re/4 ,b ! ,romans1 a p :o aspir$ to    
conqu] ! _w1 7 n a p to sleep & let ?+s 
/& /ill4 ,!y began ! mak+ ( roads 9     
,brita91 & to !m we owe ! fir/ ( our    
greatness4 ,!y saw1 z e wise man n[     
sees1 t ! fir/ ?+ to ! improvem5t ( l& &
 prop]ty is easy communication1 &       
facilities = br++ ! ?+s ne$$ = !        
improvem5t ( ! l&1 & ! means also (     
export = ! produce4 ,! e>lie/ roads 71 z
 we may say1 "r on end2 & ! ,roman      
roads1 z ,i he>1 h borne ! traffic ( two
 ?\s& ye>s4 ,i hope ,i may say t ev5 a  
,roman road w\ld n be> ! traffic ( a t[n
 l ,gre5ock = any?+ l t p]iod ( "t1 or  
,i fe> ! comm]ce ( ?is popul\s & mo/    
?riv+ t[n w\ld be 9 a bad way4 ,! great 
,tel=d & ,macadam are ! p]sons to be    
?ank$ = our beautiful sy/em ( road-mak+1
 & no p]son c1 ,i am sure1 d5y ! utility
 ( _! plans4 ,z ,i said1 roads are a    

means ( communication = ! body1 & also =
 ! m9d2 & !re=e1 n[ t _! advantages are 
se51 we %\ld /rive to fur!r _! advance 9
 all di/ricts4  ,coa*es4--,we come n[ to
 ! means ( communication on ! roads = ! 
body1 & also = ! m9d1 z bo? mu/ g       
toge!r--viz41 ! coa* & ! c>riage or c>t 
7= be=e ! roads 7 made we _h no coa*es74
 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! c>ts or c>riages 7 
rude & heavy waggons1 )\t spr+s or o!r  
com=t2 b /ill !y s]v$ to convey ! body1 
& ! m9d t w5t ) x at la/ discov]$1 by   
degrees1 t conveyances c\ld be con/ruct$
 s z to cause less we> & te> on animal  
life4 ,! result ( "t & lab\r has be5 !  
elegant con/ructions ( ! pres5t day4 ,! 
fir/ hackney-coa*es 7 />t$ 9 ,london1   
,a4,d4 #afbe1 by a ,capta9 ,bailey4     
,ano!r conveyance = ! body1 ! s$an-*air1
 0 introduc$ fir/ into ,engl& 9 #aehd1 &
 came into fa%ion 9 ,london 9 #afcd4 ,! 
late ,sir ,john ,s9clair 0 call$ a fool 
because he said a mail-coa* w\ld come f 
,london to ,?urso4 ,i am glad to say t  
he saw x1 & x op5$ up a communication = 

! body & m9d t has work$ wond]s 9 ! f>  
,nor?4 ,we n[ h a railway4  ,/eam4--,we 
proce$ next to ! gr&e/ /age--or1 z x is 
said 9 ! ,nor?1 ,we took a />t4 ,:at    
place h we to ?ank = ?is great />t1 b ! 
v t[n 9 :i* ,i h ! hon\r to give ?is    
clos+ address4 ,0 n ,james ,watt born   
"h8 ,! #ai? ,janu>y #agcf 0 a great day 
= ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ! _w at l>ge1 = t  
day br\ght into ! _w a man :o1 by 8     
tal5ts & by 8 obs]vations ( :at o!rs _h 
done be=e him1 0 ! means ( br++ to a    
workable /ate t all-p[]ful & mo/ useful 
ma*9e1 ! /eam-eng9e4 ,! p ( ,gre5ock may
 well inde$ feel pr\d ( be+ citiz5s ( a 
t[n t produc$ su* a man2 = ?\gh _m      
places h giv5 bir? to great & valuable  
m51 & p]sons :o r5d]$ ! _w va/ & la/+   
s]vice1 yet1 ,i may safely say1 no "o   
has surpass$ ,james ,watt 9 ! b5efits he
 has be/[$ on ! _w1 on its trade1 its   
comm]ce1 & its means ( communication =  
bo? body & m9d1 z ! produc] ( !         
/eam-eng9e4 ,!re 7 n ev5 coa*es 9 8 "t1 
& 8 fir/ j\rney to ,london 0 p]=m$ on   

horseback1 a t5 days' ride1 v diff]5t to
 our t5 or twelve h\rs n[-a-days4 ,8    
life & det]m9ation %[ :at a man c d1 bo?
 = himself & 8 fell[-m51 & are a bright 
example to be foll[$ by all ^?          
especially :o belong to su* associations
 z ! "o ,i n[ h ! hon\r to address4 ,he 
n only ?\ght1 b c>ri$ out 8 ?\ghts to a 
practical issue1 &1 ?\gh laugh$ at1 he  
/ill /uck to 8 great "w1 & by 8         
p]sev]ance gave to ! _w "o ( its greate/
 boons1 & c]ta9ly its greate/ motive    
p[]--! /eam-eng9e4 ,! fir/ use ( !      
eng9e1 z y well "k1 0 ! pump+ ( wat]4   
,rude 7 ! ma*9es made by ,savory1       
,newcombe1 & o!rs1 to a*ieve ! desir$   
end1 b ,watt1 9 8 small room 9 ! cottage
 at ,glasg[1 at la/ br\ght ab\t a       
triumph t ! _w at l>ge n[ feels &       
ackn[l$ges4 ,i w n g fur!r into ! hi/ory
 ( a man s well kn[n & appreciat$1 z 8  
memory mu/ be "h1 b w g on to say some?+
 briefly on ! results ( ! op]ations ( ! 
m9d ov] ! mat]ial plac$ be=e x1 to br+  
into =m & make x practically useful = ! 

advantage ( man4  ,/eam]s4--,gre5ock mu/
 see & value ! great p[] at h] disposal 
9 ! /eam-%ip4 ,%e has n[ h] l>ge build+ 
y>ds1 & x 0 f h] y>ds t1 9 #agai1 ! fir/
 %ip--belong+ to ,gre5ock1 & ,i believe 
built !re--sail$ = ,am]ica1 & f t "t !  
trade increas$ rapidly4 ,& ,i believe   
,glasg[ laun*$ ! fir/ ,scot* %ip t ev]  
cross$ ! ,atlantic 9 #agah1 only "o ye> 
9 advance ( ,gre5ock4 ,! l>ge build+    
y>ds ( ,gre5ock br+ into ! t[n sums (   
money :i*1 b = ^! y>ds1 w\ld g else:]e1 
& deprive ! community ( _m com=ts1 n to 
say luxuries4 ,!y are ! means ( c>ry+ on
 ! import & export trade ( ?is ?riv+ t[n
 9 a way t c\ld n o!rwise h be5 done2   
fam\s z ?is place is = %ipbuild+1 sp9n+1
 & its spl5did sug>-works4 ,^! latt] y h
 inde$ reason to be pr\d (1 = !re are   
few f9]4 ,! increase ( importation (    
sug> is /rik+4 ,9 ,brita9 9 #ahef1 our  
imports ( ?is article 7 #f1hac1jjj lbs41
 9 #ahfe x 0 #g1aab1ggb lbs4 ,?\gh all  
?is did n come to ,gre5ock1 yet f :at y 
d 9 ?is trade1 ,i ?9k ! ^w holds good t 

we z ,scot*m5 are sweet-too!d4 ,y c n[  
boa/ ( a /eam communication n only on ! 
coa/1 b ov] ! _w4 ,i _h la/ ye> !       
pleasure ( a cruise 9 ! ,tr9ity ya*t    
,galatea1 & does n %e speak volumes =   
:at c be done by y\r citiz5s8 = t vessel
 0 built by ,mr4 ,caird1 & ev5 ! %ip    
seem$ to feel t %e came f ! beautiful   
,clyde4 ,:at a diff]5ce n[ to ! "t (    
,h5ry ,bell 9 #ahab1 :o fir/ />t$ a     
/eam] = pass5g]s on ! ,clyde6 ,we h n[ 9
 ,great ,brita9 #bebc /eam]s1 regi/]+ no
 less ?an #gff1bjj tons4 ,h n ^!        
improvem5ts %[n :at means (             
communication d = body & m9d8           
,railways4--,hav+ said ?is mu* ab\t     
/eam]s1 ,i w turn = a %ort "t to ano!r  
means ( communication = body & m9d--,i  
mean ! railways4 ,are n !y a /rik+      
advance 9 sci5ce1 & ! br++ to be> ! p[] 
( m9d to "w on ! mat]ial t has be5      
provid$ = our use by an all-wise ,god8  
,x is b a few ye>s s9ce1 comp>atively   
speak+1 !y came into exi/5ce1 & yet1 f !
 "t ( ,george ,/eph5son 7& 8 p]sev]ance 

l>gely aid$ to p]fect ! railway71 see   
:at va/ sums ( money h be5 sp5t1 :at    
magnific5t & noble /ructures h be5      
erect$1 & :at spe$ has be5 obta9$ = !   
communication ( body & m9d4 ,in/ead ( ! 
?irty miles f ,man*e/] to ,liv]pool 9   
#ahcj1 we n[ h 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&
 #ac1bhi miles ( railway4 ,! total      
capital paid 9 #ahfe 0 #dee1dgh1jjj1 &  
?is has l>gely increas$ s9ce !n4 ,an    
idea may be =m$ ( ! diff]5ce ( ! rate ( 
spe$ 9 travell+ effect$1 bo? be=e & aft]
 ! introduction ( railways1 by su* facts
 z ! foll[+3--,two hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,k+ 
,james's groom rode six days 9          
succession betwe5 ,london & ,york1 & a  
wond]ful feat x 0 deem$2 :il/ n[1 ! same
 di/ance is p]=m$ 9 five h\rs4 ,ab\t    
#agee to #agfj1 ! ,london & ,ed9burgh   
coa* 0 adv]tis$ to run betwe5 ^! cities 
9 f\rte5 days 9 summ]1 & sixte5 9 w9t]1 
re/+ "o ,sunday on ! road4 ,s mu* = !   
gr[+ desire = spe$y int]c\rse = m9d &   
body4  ,suez ,canal4--,!re is an        
all-absorb+ topic n[ be=e ! public1 & x 

is "o t br+s /rik+ly be=e u ! ?ir/ =    
communication ( bo? body & m9d to & f   
di/ant p>ts ( our globe4 ,x is "o ( deep
 importance to all :o take an int]e/ 9 !
 advancem5t ( sci5ce--,i mean ! ,suez   
,canal4 ,! ,r$ ,sea _c b be famili> to u
 all--a sea ( ! mo/ pr(\nd int]e/1 = !re
 did ! mighty ,jehovah "w "o ( ,8 mo/   
/up5d\s miracles1 :5 ,he br\ght ! *ildr5
 ( ,israel out ( ,egypt1 & at ! same "t 
de/roy$ ,ph>aoh & all 8 ho/4 ,b 9 h[    
diff]5t a mann] did ! ,"l "w6 ,by a ^w  
,he caus$ ! wat]s to g back1 leav+ a    
wall on ! "r h& & on ! left1 s t ! p (  
,israel w5t ?r\gh on dry l&4 ,?is 0 n   
all4 ,7 n ,8 *os5 p accompani$ by a     
pill> ( fire to give light 9 ! night    
season1 & a cl\d ( ?ick d>kness to      
prev5t ! ,egyptians com+ ne> !m dur+ !  
day8 ,does n ?is %[ t ,8 m]cy is ov] all
 ,8 works8 ,= aft] ,he _h br\ght out ,8 
p ) joy1 & ,8 *os5 ) gladness1 ,he      
ov]?rew _! enemies 9 ! sea--9 ! same    
place :]e ,he _h p]=m$ su* wond]s = !   
pres]vation ( ,8 p4  ,(t5 has ! spot be5

 cross$ by our /eam]s2 & ?\gh "s may1 & 
,i tru/ d1 br+ to m9d ! /up5d\s miracle1
 yet x1 l _m o!r ?+'s1 is reg>d$ z a    
matt] gone by4 ,"h n[ we h ! ,r$ ,sea   
br\ght "u our notice 9 a mo/ /rik+      
mann]1 & "o t leads u n only to feel !  
greatness ( ! p[] ( man ov] mat]ial ?+s1
 b ,i tru/ x may also lead u to see our 
littl5ess :5 comp>$ ) ,him :o made u4   
,we1 t is ! nations :i* br\ght ab\t ?is 
great canal1 h _h to sp5d ye>s & va/    
sums ( money to c>ry out ! end aim$ at1 
& "u ! ,div9e aid x has be5 br\ght to a 
successful t]m9ation4 ,b see :at ,god   
did6 ,did ! ,almighty consult eng9e]s1  
or take s\nd+s & levels1 or ask ! laws (
 ,nature if ,he c\ld or w\ld succe$8    
,nay1--"o ^w 0 en\gh4 ,he spake1 & t 0  
suffici5t--! wat]s /ood up 9 a heap4    
,we1 h[ev]1 h succe$$ 9 br++ ! ,r$ ,sea 
& ! ,m$it]ranean into connection ) ea*  
o!r--an a*ievem5t t /rongly %[s !       
det]m9ation ( man4 ,x is a boon1 inde$1 
to ! comm]ce ( ?is c\ntry1 & ,i hope    
also ( _m o!rs1 z by enabl+ %ips to pass

 ?r\gh1 ! tran%ipm5t ( c>go is n[ done  
away )1 & ! di/ance to ! o!r side ( !   
globe r$uc$ to its m9imum4 ,eng9e]s may 
truly be pr\d ( ! day t br\ght ?is great
 & noble "w to a completion2 & ,i tru/  
!y w ?ank ! ,"l :o ha? cr[n$ _! /r5u\s  
ef=ts ) success4  ,books4--,hav+ got ?us
 f> z reg>ds ! conveyance ( ! body1 we  
mu/ n[ turn to ! communication ( ! m9d1 
& ! ?\ghts ( "o individual z convey$ to 
ano!r1 & ?is leads "o to speak ( books4 
,:at are !y b ! means ( communication ( 
! ?\ghts ( great m51 & a di/ribution (  
^? ?\ghts = ! b5efit ( _! fell[s1 by    
br++ be=e !m matt]s ( int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory 
( our own c\ntry & t ( o!rs4 ,! great   
object to be look$ to is ! selection (  
our books--! v>iety is n[ s great2 & ,i 
grieve to say 7& ,i ?9k ,i am "r7 t !   
s5sational works ( ! pres5t day h a     
t5d5cy to lead ! m9d into a tra9 ( ?\ght
 t is flippant & un/eady1 & ,i w\ld w>n 
"y p aga9/ !m4 ,:5 we look to su* works 
z ^? ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,macaulay1 & 
_m o!rs ( ! same k9d1 we f9d food = !   

m9d1 ! b5efit ( :i* _c be ov]-e/imat$4  
,pr9t+4--,! spread ( k ?r\gh ! _w is    
inde$ a boon :i* _c be too highly       
extoll$2 b ! ?\ghts ( man c\ld n ?us h  
be5 circulat$ _h x n be5 = !            
pr9t+-press4 ,see :at sci5ce & art h    
done = u 9 ?is mo/ p]fect & beautiful   
ma*9e6 ,:5 we g only to "o example1 !   
,times newspap]1 & consid] ! am\nt (    
in=mation x circulates ea* day ?r\gh !  
_w1 x /rikes "o =cibly :at man has be5  
all[$ & enabl$ to d = ! b5efit ( himself
 & 8 fell[-m54 ,:at we h br\ght !       
pr9t+-press to1 is %[n 9 #bj1jjj copies 
( ! ,times be+ ?r[n (f 9 "o h\r1 & !    
advantage x has be5 to ! advancem5t (   
lit]ature 9 our n[ be+ able to buy su*  
works z ^? ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott =       
sixp5ce a volume4  ,hav+ gone s f>1 ,i  
mu/ n deta9 y = m ?an a brief p]iod4 ,y 
h _h su* an able & int]e/+ c\rse (      
lectures giv5 by m5 ( high tal5t1 t     
little rema9s = me except to close ?is  
c\rse ) congratulation to ! ,association
 9 be+ able to procure ^? individuals to

 give _! valuable "t to ?is desirable   
object2 = :at 9 life is m int]e/+ ?an ! 
imp>t+ ! k we may possess to o!rs :o    
desire to acquire x1 see+ t !re is no   
way 9 :i* moral & social int]c\rse is m 
advanc$ & develop$4 ,/ill1 be=e clos+1  
,i mu/ ask = a %ort "t to g into "o or  
two o!r subjects4 ,& fir/1 ,i w take "o 
( ! greate/ importance to ! comm]ce (   
?is c\ntry1 & "o t has %[n :at ! m9d has
 done = communicat+ ! ?\ghts ( "o p]son 
to ano!r at f> di/ant places--,i ref] to
 ! telegraph4 ,! l& is n only cov]$ )   
wires1 b ev5 ! va/ dep?s ( ! great ocean
 are made to m9i/] to our requirem5ts4  
,! _w1 we may say1 is encircl$ ) ropes1 
& in/ant communication has be5 ! result4
 ,:at has a*iev$ ^! great results b !   
m9d ( man appli$ to sci5ce6 ,& see 9 :at
 a multitude ( ways ?is application (   
m9d has be5 made to "w6 ,:at does x br+ 
into play8 ,:y1 we h m9+ to produce !   
metal to make ! wire2 we h ! furnace1   
hamm]s1 & wire-draw+ ma*9es to produce !
 wire f ! raw mat]ial4 ,we h ! =e/ !n to

 g to = gutta-p]*a1 = l& poles1 & = t>  
to pres]ve ! cables4 ,we h ! f>m] = our 
hemp4 ,we h ! *emi/1 we h ! electrician1
 we h ! /eam]1 & a great numb] ( o!r    
requisites be=e ! sil5t b un]r+ voice ( 
! ne$le br+s ! ?\ghts ( "o man 9 ,am]ica
 to ano!r 9 ?is t[n 9 an in/ant ( "t4   
,accid5ts & mi/akes w occur 9 !         
be/-regulat$ works ( all k9ds1 b ,i hope
 n (t54 ,"o z to ! telegraph ,i mu/ tell
 t happ5$ dur+ ! ,indian ,mut9y4 ,!     
message meant to say t ,! g5]al won't   
act1 & ! troops h no head4 ,!           
trans=mation 0 curi\s1 namely1 ,! g5]al 
won't eat1 & ! troops h cut (f 8 head4  
,if m5 w\ld only consid] well ?is gr&   
a*ievem5t1 !y w\ld be l$ inde$ to say & 
feel1 ) all humility & ?ankfulness1 t   
,god has truly giv5 him dom9ion ov] !   
works ( ,8 h&s1 & has put all ?+s 9     
subjection "u 8 feet4  ,i _h almo/      
=gott5 "o o!r po9t ( communication =    
m9d1 &1 ?\gh at ! risk ( try+ y\r       
pati5ce1 ,i mu/ m5tion x1 z its increase
 has be5 s l>ge1 & its advantages s     

manifold & untold4 ,i mean !            
p5ny-po/age4 ,i am n go+ to ent] into x 
at any l5g?1 b ! increase (             
correspond5ce has be5 s l>ge1 t ,sir    
,r[l& ,hill's "n %\ld n be left out ( a 
lecture treat+ on subjects su* z ?is "o 
is int5d$ to d4 ,i w cont5t myself by   
m]ely tell+ ! increase ( correspond5ce1 
& leave y to judge = y\rselves z to its 
b5efits4 ,! numb] ( lett]s 9 #ahci1 be=e
 ! p5ny-po/age1 0 #hb1dgj1eif1 & 9 #ahff
 x 0 #eig1bgg1faf4 ,judge ! diff]5ce6   
,com+ to ! results ( communication1 ,i h
 "o subject to br+ be=e y1 & z x has %[n
 to su* a l>ge ext5t ! b5efits (        
int]national communication1 ,i tru/ a   
few words on x may n be out ( place4 ,! 
subject is ! great ,int]national        
,exhibitions t h be5 held 9 v>i\s       
c\ntries 9 ! la/ eighte5 ye>s4 ,! fir/  
idea ( hold+ su* great exhibitions      
emanat$ f a man ^: "n _c be held 9 too  
great e/imation by all4 ,few m5 7 gift$ 
) su* r>e tal5ts z he 01 = !re 7 few    
subjects1 :e!r 9 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 or  

art1 t he 0 n intimately acqua9t$ )4    
,?is man 0 ! late ,pr9ce ,consort4 ,he  
conceiv$ ! idea t if ! products ( !     
v>i\s c\ntries ( ! _w c\ld be br\ght    
toge!r "u "o ro(1 ! k ^! w\ld convey ( !
 ma*9]y1 cultivation1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1
 & arts practis$ 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( !     
globe w\ld t5d to /imulate & advance !  
m9d by %[+ t we _h n only ourselves to  
look to1 b t 9 a great measure we _h to 
dep5d on o!rs = ! _m bless+s we n[      
enjoy2 & also lead u to see h[ ne$ful to
 our prosp]ity & com=t is a con/ant     
communication ) ^? :o c communicate to u
 t k :i* o!rwise we c\ld n obta94       
,c]ta9ly ! results h prov$ t he 0 "r4   
,c\ld any?+ h be5 m int]e/+ or          
in/ructive to all ?an a visit to !      
,great ,exhibitions ( #ahea or #ahfb1 or
 t ( ,p>is 9 #ahfg4 ,! public int]e/ is 
at once %[n :5 ,i tell y t #f1jci1aie   
p]sons visit$ ! latt]1 & ! receipts 9   
money 7 #ejf1ajj4 ,!re1 all & e "o _h   
be=e him at a glance ! subject mo/ suit$
 to 8 ta/e1 ) a full description ( !    

c\ntry :i* produc$ x4 ,f ! l>ge/ ma*9e1 
! heavie/ ordnance1 ! mo/ brilliant &   
preci\s /ones1 ! f9e/ silks1 lace1      
furniture1 c>riages1 ! greate/ luxuries 
= ! table1 &1 9 fact1 ev]y?+ ne$ful = ! 
use ( man2--all 7 !re1 & all to be se5 &
 /udi$ by ! inquir+ m9d1 or to be reg>d$
 z v wond]ful by ^? :o w5t to !         
,exhibition z a sight4 ,few1 ,i v5ture  
to say1 ev] left ^! build+s except wis] 
?an :5 !y ent]$4 ,x c\ld n fail to /rike
 "o1 if "o only gave x a mom5t's        
reflection1 & ask$ himself1 h[ has all  
?is be5 br\ght ab\t1 b t x 0 ! result ( 
! communication ( ! m9ds ( c]ta9        
individuals ) ^? ( o!rs1 & by a         
conc5tration ( ! products ( v>i\s       
c\ntries to enlight5 ! m9d z to ! va/   
intellig5ce ( ! _w at l>ge4  ,9         
conclusion1 ,i feel n[ t ,i h spok5 long
 en\gh = any lecture1 ?\gh ,i h n by any
 means exhau/$ ! subject ( communication
 ( ei!r pa/ or pres5t2 b ,i %\ld feel   
griev$ if ,i exhau/$ y\r pati5ce4 ,all  
?+s1 z we well "k1 mu/ h an end1 except 

t life to :i* we are look+ =w>d & /riv+ 
to ga91 :]e we %all cease f our lab\rs &
 be at re/4 ,we h be5 endu$ by our ,mak]
 ) ?\ght & m9d1 tal5ts to be us$ = our  
b5efit1 & n wrapp$ up 9 a napk9 till our
 ,"l's return1 b to be plac$ out s z to 
br+ 9 ei!r ! five or ! t5 tal5ts4 ,&1 z 
y all "k1 we are answ]able = ! mann] 9  
:i* we employ !m4 ,may ! result prove t 
we h us$ !m aright4  ,! progress ( means
 ( communication ( m9d & body h be5     
gradual b /eady1 & ,i ?9k may be        
repres5t$ by human life f its *ildhood  
to manhood1 z beautifully set =? 9 !    
#ac? *apt] ( #a/ ,cor9?ians #aa? v]se1  
:]e x is said1 ,:5 ,i 0 a *ild1 ,i spake
 z a *ild2 ,i und]/ood z a *ild1 ,i     
?\ght z a *ild2 b :5 ,i became a man1 ,i
 put away *ildi% ?+s4 ,is n ?is v mu* 9 
keep+ ) our gr[? 9 communication8 ,at   
fir/ x 0 small1 & we 7 cont5t to he> (  
:at o!rs 7 engag$ 9 )\t reg>d to "t1 z  
"o day e>li] or lat] 0 ( little         
consequ5ce4 ,b n[ we are n *ildr51 b are
 become m5 9 our int]e/s & ?ir/ =       

communication ) ea* o!r4 ,:at %\ld we   
say if we f\nd ! ,express1 z 0 writt5 on
 ! boy's po/-bag1 busily engag$ 9 a game
 ( b[ls on ! road1 reg>dless ( ! loss ( 
"t or money !reby occasion$8 ,i ?9k we  
%\ld be incl9$ to write to ! pap]s4  ,! 
results ( communication are manifold1 & 
day by day !y are br\ght be=e u 9 a     
mann] :i* %[s ! untir+ wi% ( man =      
improvem5t bo? 9 social & comm]cial     
int]e/s4 ,^! results are /rik+ly %[n 9 !
 v>i\s subjects ,i h endeav\r$ to br+   
be=e y4 ,ea* & all ( !m are subjects =  
?\ght4 ,:at %\ld we n[ be )\t1 ,i may   
say1 any "o ( !m8  ,a well-regulat$ m9d 
is ! mo/ desirable ( all acquirem5ts1 & 
,i "k no bett] means ( ga9+ ?is ?an by  
meet+s ( su* in/itutions z ?is4 ,"h y h 
int]c\rse ) y\r fri5ds1 & y c ga9 f "o  
ano!r by fri5dly int]c\rse /ores ( k1 t 
to se>* = z individuals w\ld take away  
mu* m "t ?an y c\ld by any means devote1
 & at ! same "t att5d to ! bus9ess ( y\r
 call+4 ,"h y h ! means ( amusem5t z    
well z ( ga9+ s\nd in=mation1 & ,i tru/ 

no "o "h w ev] h cause to regret ! day  
:5 he came to associate ) 8 fri5ds1 &   
he> :at o!rs c\ld communicate1 = 9 !    
multitude ( c\nsellors !re is wisdom4   
,,! ,,/eam-,,eng9e4   ,! _m v>ieties ( !
 _w's manufactures--"o might almo/ call 
!m wond]s--are n[ s num]\s1 t to br+ any
 p>ticul> "o 9 a s+le =m be=e ?is meet+ 
is a matt] ( no easy nature4 ,to-night1 
h[ev]1 ,i h v5tur$ to s+le out1 & h !   
pleasure ( br++ be=e y1 ! /eam-eng9e1 z 
! prime mov] at pres5t ( our work%ops & 
manufactories1 z also ! gr& motive p[] (
 our railways1 n[ s diff]5t f ! "t :5 ! 
great ,/eph5son 0 said to be mad1       
because he ?\ght x possible to drive a  
tra9 at fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,= ! fir/  
s]viceable use ( ?is gr& ma*9e we are   
indebt$ to ! great ,james ,watt4 ,he x 0
 :o fir/ wr\ght x s z to be "u ! useful 
& entire control ( man1 f :at x 0 9 ! "t
 ( ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 ab\t #abj ye>s be=e
 ,*ri/4 ,our eng9e]s h1 s9ce ,watt's "t1
 improv$ ^u x ye> by ye>1 till at !     
pres5t day1 in/ead ( hav+ to g 9 a      

mail-coa* f ,london to ,ed9burgh1 :i*   
=m]ly took fifty h\rs1 we n[ g 9 !      
express tra9 9 t51 a di/ance ( #dbj     
miles4 ,if beyond ?is t5 h\rs1 we       
grumble1 & ask gu>ds1 port]s1 c41 at !  
v>i\s /ations1 ,:at has made ! tra9 s   
late to-day8 =gett+ t j be=e ! railways 
7 fir/ op5$1 ! great ,/eph5son 0 urg$ n 
to say too mu* z to ! suppos$ p[] ( !   
locomotive1 9 case ! cause ( railways   
might be damag$4 ,?is 0 only "s =ty ye>s
 ago1 & x %[s u h[ times are *ang$1 = 9 
! pres5t day we consid] ?irty miles an  
h\r any?+ b a fa/ tra94  ,! hi/ory ( !  
/eam-eng9e is a subject on :i* s mu* has
 be5 writt5 9 books & magaz9es n[ be=e !
 public1 t :at ,i am ab\t to (f]1 ?\gh  
pret5d+ no?+ new1 yet ,i hope may be    
look$ ^u z conta9+ some?+ useful z well 
z in/ructive1 bo? to ! practical & !    
amateur me*anic4 ,i %all !re=e1 9 z     
small a compass z possible1 trace !     
/eam-eng9e f its fir/ & e>ly /ages up to
 its pres5t p]fect /ate z our gr& motive
 p[]4 ,! fir/ m5tion made ( ! vap\r (   

wat]1 z =m$ by ! action ( heat ^u x1 is 
f\nd to be z f> back z #abj ,b4,c41 :5  
"o ,h]o ( ,alex&ria employ$ ?is vap\r = 
! purpose ( driv+ a ma*9e4 ,x is a      
well-kn[n fact t :5 wat] is br\ght up to
 a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 call$ !         
boil+-po9t1 t x s5ds =? a vap\r1 !      
ela/ic prop]ties ( :i*1 :5 9 an op5     
vessel1 are n p]ceiv$--z1 = in/ance1 9 a
 common pan--yet if ! vessel is clos$ or
 %ut up at ! top1 y w f9d t ! vap\r     
acquires su* a degree ( ela/ic =ce1 t1  
if n all[$ to escape by fair means1 x   
w\ld soon make a way or v5t = itself by 
bur/+ :atev] vessel x 0 conta9$ 94 ,/eam
 is ?us highly ela/ic1 b :5 sep>at$ f ! 
fluid out ( :i* x is g5]at$1 x does n   
possess a great] ela/ic =ce ?an ! same  
quantity ( air4 ,if1 = example1 a vessel
 is fill$ ) /eam only at #bab1 x may be 
br\ght to a r$ heat )\t fe> ( bur/+2 b  
if wat] is also 9 ! vessel1 ea*         
additional quantity ( heat causes a fre%
 quantity ( /eam to be g5]at$1 :i* adds 
its ela/ic =ce to t ( ! /eam already 9 !

 vessel1 till ! con/antly accumulat+ =ce
 at la/ bur/s ! vessel4  ,?is ela/ic    
vap\r is call$ /eam1 & x is by ?is t t  
mo/ beautiful ma*9e1 ! /eam-eng9e1 is   
driv54 ,z y all "k1 by ?is vap\r or     
air--= x is invisible till x loses "p ( 
its heat--enorm\s p[] is obta9$ 9 a     
small compass1 & ! lab\r ( man r$uc$ to 
no?+ comp>$ ) =m] ages4 ,_m m5 lab\r$ to
 p]fect ma*9]y to be work$ by ?is vap\r 
( wat]1 & _m came ne> ! m>k2 b x rema9$ 
= ! great ,watt1 at ! ,soho ,works1     
,birm+ham1 to br+ ! eng9e to its useful 
& work+ /ate1 = ?\gh discov]$ z a motive
 p[] #abj ,b4,c41 x 0 yet res]v$ = ?is  
truly great man to be :at may be t]m$ ! 
inv5tor ( ! /eam-eng9e4  ,9 #abj ,b4,c41
 ,h]o ( ,alex&ria made a ma*9e to be    
driv5 by /eam4 ,x consi/$ ( a holl[     
sph]e into :i* ! /eam 0 admitt$2        
project+ f ! sph]e 7 two arms1 f :i* !  
/eam escap$ by ?ree holes on ! side (   
ea* arm opposite to t ( ! direction (   
its revolution1 :i*1 by remov+ ! p[] f  
(f ! "o "p ( ea* arm1 caus$ x to revolve

 9 ! direction opposite to t ( ! hole t 
all[$ ! /eam to escape4 ,?is k9d ( eng9e
 has be5 = "s ye>s 9 use by ,mr4 ,ru?v5 
( ,ed9burgh4 ,!re are o!rs :o h foll[$ v
 closely on ,h]o's plan 9 m ways ?an "o2
 = in/ance1 x is ! common ,b>k]'s mill1 
?\gh ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 8 mill is driv5  
by wat] in/ead ( /eam3 ,av]y1 also1 made
 a /eam-eng9e almo/ exactly ! same4 ,i  
may "h1 p]haps1 j be all[$ to m5tion :at
 a little wat] & coal w produce1 z x w  
%[ at once f :5ce our p[] is d]iv$4 ,a  
p9t ( wat] may be evaporat$ by two      
ounces ( coal2 9 its evaporation x      
swells to #baf gallons ( /eam1 ) a      
me*anical =ce equal to rais+ a weight ( 
?irty-sev5 tons "o foot high4 ,a p\nd ( 
coal 9 a locomotive w evaporate ab\t    
five p9ts ( wat]1 & 9 _! evaporation ^! 
w ex]t a =ce equal to draw+ two tons on 
a railway a di/ance ( "o mile 9 two     
m9utes4 ,a tra9 ( eighty tons weight w  
take #bdj pass5g]s & luggage f ,liv]pool
 to ,birm+ham & back1 ea* j\rney ab\t   
f\r & a qu>t] h\rs2 ?is d\ble j\rney (  

#aij miles be+ effect$ by ! combu/ion ( 
"o & a half tons ( coke1 wor? ab\t      
tw5ty-f\r %ill+s4 ,to p]=m ! same "w by 
common road w\ld require tw5ty coa*es1 &
 an e/abli%m5t ( #chjj horses1 ) :i* !  
j\rney w\ld be p]=m$ ea* way 9 ab\t     
twelve h\rs1 /oppages includ$4 ,s mu* = 
! advantages ( /eam4  ,! ,romans are    
suppos$ to h _h "s k ( ! p[] ( /eam4    
,among amus+ anecdotes1 %[+ ! k !       
anci5ts _h ( /eam1 x is told t ,an!mius1
 ! ar*itect ( ,sa9t ,sophia1 liv$ next  
door to ,z5o4 ,!re exi/$ a feud betwe5  
!m1 & to annoy 8 neighb\r1 ,an!mius _h  
"s boil]s plac$ 9 8 h\se conta9+ wat]1 )
 a flexible tube :i* he c\ld pass ?r\gh 
a hole 9 ! wall "u ! floor ( ,z5o's     
dwell+2 he !n lit a fire1 :i* soon caus$
 /eam to pass ?r\gh ! tube 9 su* a      
quantity z to make ! floors to heave z  
if by an e>?quake4 ,b to return4 ,we    
next come to ,blasco de ,g>ay 7,a4,d4   
#aedc71 :o propos$ to propel a %ip by ! 
p[] ( /eam4 ,s mu* cold wat] seems to h 
be5 ?r[n on 8 eng9e1 t x mu/ h cond5s$  

all 8 /eam1 z little notice is tak5 ( x 
except t he got no enc\ragem5t4 ,we f9d 
t x has also be5 us$ by "s ( ! anci5ts 9
 connection ) _! deities4 ,ru/]i*1 "o ( 
! ,teutonic gods1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 an       
excavation1 proves h[ ! prie/s deceiv$ !
 p4 ,! head ( ?is "o 0 made ( metal &   
conta9$ a pot ( wat]4 ,! m\? & ano!r    
hole 9 ! =ehead be+ /opp$ by wood5      
plugs1 a fire ( *>coal 0 light$ "u ?is  
pot ( wat]1 & at l5g? ! /eam drove out !
 plugs ) a great noise1 & ! god 0 %r\d$ 
9 a mi/ ( /eam :i* conceal$ him f 8     
a/oni%$ wor%ipp]s4  ,9 #afbi1 ,giovanni 
,branca ( ,loretto 9 ,italy1 an eng9e] &
 ar*itect1 propos$ to "w mills & o!r    
ma*9]y by /eam bl[+ aga9/ vanes1 mu* 9 !
 same way z wat] does 9 turn+ a :eel4 ,!
 wa/e ( /eam 9 su* a plan is s obvi\s1 t
 x is n to be wond]$ at t x did n       
produce any great results1 z we all "k t
 ! mom5t we let /eam out ( 8 case1 !    
case is all up ) him1 & he dies a       
natural dea?4 ,he is a mo/ delicate yet 
p[]ful ag5t1 & requires to be kept w>m 9

 all wea!rs--?is fact does n seem to h  
/ruck ,mons4 ,branca :5 he let him out (
 8 boil]4  ,! next p]son we come to1 &  
p]haps ! fir/ ( any note1 is ! ,m>quis (
 ,worce/] 9 #affc 7di$ #affg74 ,he 0 a  
man :o seems1 z f> z hi/ory tells u1 to 
h tak5 a great int]e/ 9 fur!r+ !        
advancem5t ( /eam4 ,he 0 n cont5t$ ) "o 
inv5tion1 b publi%$ a book entitl$ ,a   
,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 & 9 ?is "w he     
describes a means ( rais+ wat] by !     
pressure ( /eam4 ,! ,m>quis appe>s to h 
be5 a politician z well z an inv5tor1 z 
we f9d he 0 engag$ on ! side ( !        
,royali/s 9 ! ,civil ,w>s ( !           
,revolution1 lo/ 8 =tune & w5t to       
,irel&1 :]e he 0 imprison$4 ,escap+ to  
,france1 f !nce he return$ to ,london z 
a secret ag5t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 b 0       
detect$ & imprison$ 9 ! ,t[]1 :]e he    
rema9$ till ! ,re/oration1 :5 he 0 set  
at lib]ty4 ,"o day1 :ile 9 prison1 he   
obs]v$ ! lid ( ! pot 9 :i* 8 d9n] 0 be+ 
prep>$ lift$ up by ! vap\r ( ! wat]     
boil+ inside4 ,reflect+ on ?is1 he turn$

 8 m9d to ! matt]1 & ?\ght t ?is vap\r1 
if rightly appli$1 might be made a      
useful mov+ p[]4 ,he ?us describes 8    
inv5tion 9 8 #fh? ,article3 ,i h        
contriv$ an admirable way to drive up   
wat] by fire1 n by draw+ or suck+ x     
upw>ds1 ?irty-two feet4 ,b ?is way ha?  
no b\nds1 if ! vessels be /rong en\gh4  
,he !n goes on to say1 t hav+ a way to  
make 8 vessels1 s t !y are /r5g!n$ by ! 
=ce )91 ,i h se5 ! wat] run l a con/ant 
/ream =ty feet high4 ,"o vessel r>ifi$  
by fire drive? =ty ( cold wat]1 & "o be+
 consum$1 ano!r beg9s to =ce1 & refill )
 cold wat]1 & s on successively1 ! fire 
be+ kept con/ant4 ,! eng9eman hav+ only 
to turn two cocks1 s z to connect ! /eam
 ) ! "o or ! o!r vessel4  ,9 ?is eng9e1 
if x c be call$ an eng9e1 we see t !    
,m>quis _h a good idea ( ! p[] ( /eam1 b
 he _h none1 y w obs]ve1 z to ! action (
 ! cond5sation :i* w\ld imm$iately take 
place :5 ! /eam f ! boil] 0 br\ght into 
contact ) ! cold wat] to be rais$4      
,!re=e ?is plan w\ld be mo/ exp5sive1 on

 acc\nt ( ! great loss ( /eam by        
cond5sation4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 q able to     
produce ! effect1 ?\gh only equal to    
rais+ #bj cubic feet ( wat]1 or #abej   
lbs41 "o foot high by "o p\nd ( coal1 or
 ab\t ! two-hundr$? "p ( ! effect ( a   
good /eam-eng9e4 ,aft] ?is1 ( c\rse1 x  
prov$ ( no avail2 b /ill we may say t ! 
,m>quis ( ,worce/] 0 among ! fir/ :o    
tri$ to make1 & did d s1 /eam a mov+    
p[]4  ,our next is ,d5ys ,pap9 7di$     
#agaj71 a native ( ,blois1 9 ,france1 :o
 0 ma!matical pr(essor at ,m>purg4 ,to  
him is due ! discov]y ( "o ( ! qualities
 ( /eam--its cond5sation1 s z to produce
 a vacuum1 to ! prop] managem5t ( :i*   
our mod]n eng9es owe mu* ( _! efficacy4 
,pap9 seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o cons]v$ !
 idea ( ! cyl9d] & pi/on1 :i* he made to
 act on atmosph]ic pr9ciples--t is to   
say1 he took a cyl9d] ) a pi/on mov+ up 
& d[n 9 x1 & f\nd t by remov+ ! air f "u
 ! pi/on 9 ! cyl9d]1 t ! pressure ( !   
atmosph]e w\ld drive x d[n to ! bottom (
 ! cyl9d]3 ?is he p]=m$ by admitt+ /eam1

 & !n cond5s+ x rapidly1 s caus+ !      
requir$ vacuum4 ,! pressure ( !         
atmosph]e is z ne> z may be #af lbs4 on 
e squ>e in* ( surface on ! globe3 ?is is
 obvi\sly ! weight ( ! columns ( air    
ext5d+ f t squ>e in* ( surface upw>ds to
 ! top ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is =ce is ?us   
measur$3 ,take a glass tube #cb in*es   
long1 op5 at "o end & clos$ at ! o!r2   
provide also a bas9 full ( m]cury2 let !
 tube be fill$ ) m]cury & inv]t$ into ! 
bas94 ,! m]cury w !n fall 9 ! tube1 till
 x gets to t height :i* ! atmosph]e w   
su/a94 ,?is is no?+ m ?an ! b>omet] us$ 
9 all our h\ses4 ,if ! action ( ! tube  
be equal to a squ>e in*1 ! weight ( !   
column ( m]cury 9 ! tube w\ld be exactly
 equal to ! weight ( ! atmosph]e on ea* 
squ>e in* ( surface4 ,?us ,pap9 discov]$
 a great /ep 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 ?\gh x 0 n 
mu* act$ on = "s ye>s2 he 0 also ! fir/ 
:o propos$ to drive %ips ) paddles work$
 by /eam4  ,we n[ come to ,?omas        
,savory1 :o got a pat5t 9 #afih = a     
me?od ( cond5s+ /eam to =m a vacuum4    

,savory describes 8 discov]y 9 ?is      
way3--,hav+ drank a flask ( w9e at a    
tav]n1 he flung ! empty flask on ! fire1
 & !n call$ = a bas9 ( wat] to wa% 8    
h&s4 ,a little w9e rema9$ 9 ! flask1 :i*
 ( c\rse soon boil$1 & x occurr$ to him 
to try :at effect w\ld be produc$ by    
putt+ ! m\? ( ! flask into ! cold wat]4 
,he did ?is1 & 9 a mom5t ! cold wat]    
ru%$ up & fill$ ! flask1 ?is be+ caus$  
by ! /eam be+ cond5s$ & leav+ a vacuum1 
:i* ,nature abhors1 & r ?an p]mit ?is ! 
wat] ru%$ up & took ! place =m]ly       
occupi$ by ! n[ cond5s$ /eam4 ,we see by
 ?is 9 h[ simple a way great ends are   
produc$1 & 9 ! age 9 :i* ?is happ5$1 !  
result may be inde$ be said to h produc$
 a great end4 ,! eng9e ( ,savory 0 us$ =
 "s ye>s z a ma*9e to raise wat]4 ,!    
pr9ciple ( 8 eng9e 0 j z ,i h /at$1 &   
consi/$ ( two cases & o!r v>i\s p>ts1 & 
?is eng9e possess$ advantages ov] t ( ! 
,m>quis ( ,worce/] 9 suck+ up ! wat] z  
well z =c+4  ,savory's eng9e consi/$ (  
two /eam vessels connect$ to a boil] by 

tubes2 a suction pipe1 or t pipe :i*    
leads f a pump ( ! pres5t day to ! well1
 & communicat+ ) ea* ( ! /eam vessels by
 valves op5+ upw>ds2 a pipe go+ f ^!    
/eam vessels to any requir$ height to   
:i* ! wat] is to be rais$4 ,! /eam      
vessels 7 connect$ to ?is pipe by o!r   
valves1 also op5+ upw>ds1 & by pipes4   
,ov] ! /eam vessels 0 plac$ a ci/]n1 :i*
 0 kept fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,f ?is       
proce$$ a pipe ) a /opcock4 ,?is ci/]n 0
 t]m$ ! cond5s+ ci/]n1 & ! pipe c\ld be 
br\ght ov] ea* /eam vessel alt]nately f 
! boil]4 ,n[1 suppose ! tubes to be     
fill$ ) common air1 & ! regulator plac$ 
s t "o tube & ! boil] are made to       
communicate1 & ! o!r tube & ! boil]     
clos$1 /eam w fill "o ( ! /eam vessels  
?r\gh "o tube2 at fir/ x w cond5se      
quickly1 b erelong ! heat ( ! /eam w    
imp>t its heat to ! metal ( ! vessel1 & 
x w cease to cond5se4 ,mix$ ) ! heat$   
air1 x w acquire a great] =ce ?an ! air 
outside ! valve1 :i* x w =ce op51 &     
drive out ! mixture ( air & /eam1 till  

all ! air w h pass$ f ! vessel1 & no?+ b
 ! vap\r ( wat] rema94 ,?is done1 a cock
 is op5$1 & ! wat] f ! ci/]n is all[$ to
 fl[ ov] ! outside ( ! /eam vessel1 fir/
 hav+ /opp$ ! fur!r supply ( /eam f x2  
?is produc$ ! imm$iate cond5sation ( !  
/eam conta9$ 9 x1 by ! temp]ature be+   
br\ght d[n aga9 by ! cold wat]1 & !     
cond5sation ?us produc$ caus$ a vacuum  
inside ! vessel4 ,! valve w !n be kept  
clos$ by ! atmosph]e outside1 & !       
pressure ( ! air on ! surface ( ! wat] 9
 ! well or res]voir w op5 ano!r valve1  
=ce ! wat] up ! pipe1 till1 aft] "o or  
two exhau/ions--if ,i may s t]m x--x w  
at la/ rea* ! second vessel4 ,?us f> !  
atmosph]e has done all ! "w1 b at la/ ! 
wat] fills ! vessel1 & !n comes ! =c+   
po9t4 ,n[ ! p[] ( ! /eam itself is us$  
to drive ! wat] up ! pipe4 ,! /eam is   
aga9 let into ! vessel1 n[ fill$ 9 :ole1
 or at lea/ 9 great "p1 ) wat]2 at fir/ 
x w1 z be=e1 cond5se rapidly1 b soon !  
surface ( ! wat] w get heat$1 & z hot   
wat] is light] ?an cold1 x w keep on !  

surface1 & ! pressure ( ! /eam f ! boil]
 w drive all ! wat] f ! vessel up !     
pipe4 ,:5 x is empty ! cock is aga9     
op5$1 & ! /eam1 :i* ! vessel by ?is "t  
only conta9s1 is aga9 cond5s$1 & ! same 
process :i* ,i h j describ$ is aga9     
comm5c$ & c>ri$ out1 ?us mak+ ,savory's 
eng9e a complete pump by ! aid ( ! vap\r
 ( wat] z rais$ by fire4  ,savory _h !  
hon\r ( %[+ ?is eng9e to ,8 ,maje/y     
,william ,,iii4 at ,hampton ,c\rt       
,palace1 & to ! ,royal ,society4 ,he    
propos$ ! foll[+ uses1 :i* p]haps may z 
well be m5tion$1 z !y %[ h[ little 0 !n 
kn[n ( ! real value ( ! p[] ( /eam3--#a4
 ,to raise wat] to drive                
mill-:eels--fancy erect+ a /eam eng9e   
n[1 ( say fifty horse-p[]1 to raise wat]
 to turn a :eel ( say ?irty2 #b4 ,to    
supply palaces & h\ses ) wat]2 #c4 ,t[ns
 ) wat]2 #d4 ,dra9+ m>%es2 #e4 ,%ips2   
#f4 ,dra9+ m9es4 ,!re is "o m ?+ ,i may 
m5tion z curi\s1 t ?\gh ! /eam he us$   
mu/ h be5 ( a high pressure1 he did n   
use a safety-valve1 ?\gh x _h be5 inv5t$

 ab\t ! ye> #afha by ,pap94 ,!          
consumption ( fuel 0 enorm\s 9 ,savory's
 eng9e1 z may easily be p]ceiv$ f !     
great loss ( /eam by cond5sation4       
,nev]!less1 x 0 on ! :ole a good & a    
workable eng9e1 z we f9d ! foll[+ said (
 x by ,mr4 ,f>ey3--,:5 comp>ison is made
 betwe5 ,capta9 ,savory's eng9e & ^? ( 8
 pr$ecessors1 ! result w be fav\rable to
 him z an inv5tor & practical eng9e]4   
,all ! details ( 8 inv5tion are made out
 9 a ma/]ly /yle1 s z to make x a real  
workable eng9e4 ,8 pr$ecessors1 !       
,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 ,sir ,s4 ,morl&1    
,pap91 & o!rs1 only produc$ outl9es :i* 
requir$ to be fill$ up to make !m       
workable4  ,i mu/ n deta9 y mu* long]   
be=e ,i proce$ to ! great ,watt1 b ,i w 
j "n ,newcom51 :o inv5t$ an eng9e ) a   
cyl9d]1 & introduc$ a beam1 to ! o!r end
 ( :i* he fix$ a pump rod l a common or 
g>d5 pump4 ,he made ! weight ( ! pump & 
beam to lift ! pi/on1 & !n let ! /eam   
ent] bel[ ! pi/on & cond5s$ x by a jet (
 wat]1 ?us caus+ a vacuum1 :5 ! pressure

 ( ! atmosph]e drove ! pi/on f ! top to 
! bottom ( ! cyl9d] & lift$ ! pump rods 
9 ! usual way4 ,!re 7 v>i\s cocks to be 
op5$ & %ut 9 ! work+ ( ?is eng9e = ! "r 
admission ( /eam & wat] at ! requir$    
mom5ts1 a task :i* 0 p]=m$ by boys :o 7 
t]m$ cock-boys4 ,i w n[ m5tion an       
in/ance :i*1 ?\gh 9 practice n to be    
imitat$1 yet 0 "o ( ^? happy accid5ts   
:i* sometimes turn out = ! be/4 ,"o ( ^!
 boys1 l _m1 m fond ( play ?an "w1 got  
tir$ ( turn+ ^! cocks day by day1 &     
conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ ! eng9e d x =    
itself4 ,?is idle boy--we w n call him  
good-=-no?+1 z he prov$ good = a great  
deal 9 "o way--0 nam$ ,humphrey ,pott]1 
& "o day he fix$ /r+s to ! beam1 :i*    
op5$ & %ut ! valves1 & s all[$ him to   
play1 little ?9k+ ?is 0 "o ( ! greate/  
boons he c\ld possibly h be/[$ on ! _w  
at l>ge1 = by s do+ he r5d]$ !          
/eam-eng9e a self-act+ ma*9e4  ,we n[   
come to a p]iod :i* 0 de/9$ to advance !
 cause ( /eam to a f> great] ext5t--9   
fact1 ! "t :i* r5d]$ ! /eam-eng9e !     

useful & valuable ma*9e x n[ is4 ,?is is
 ! "t ( ,james ,watt4 ,?is great man1 be
 x said to ! cr$it ( ,scotl&1 0 born 9  
,gre5ock1 on ! ,clyde1 on ! #ai? ,janu>y
 #agcf4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 a f>m] 9           
,ab]de5%ire1 & 0 kill$ 9 "o ( ! battles 
( ,montrose4 ,8 fa!r 0 a tea*] (        
ma!matics1 & 0 latt]ly *ief magi/rate ( 
,gre5ock4 ,james ,watt1 ! celebrat$ man 
( :om ,i n[ speak1 0 a v delicate boy1 s
 mu* s1 t he _h to leave s*ool on acc\nt
 ( 8 heal?1 & 0 all[$ to amuse himself z
 he lik$4 ,?is he did 9 a sci5tific way1
 h[ev]1 z an aunt ( 8 said to him "o    
day3 ,d y "k :at y h be5 do+8 ,y h tak5 
(f & put on ! lid ( ! teapot repeat$ly2 
y h be5 hold+ spoons & sauc]s ov] !     
/eam1 & try+ to cat* ! drops ( wat] =m$ 
on !m by x4 ,is x n a %ame s to wa/e y\r
 "t8 ,mrs4 ,muirhead1 8 aunt1 0 little  
aw>e t ?is 0 ! fir/ exp]im5t 9 ! way :i*
 aft]w>ds immortalis$ h] nephew4  ,9    
#agge ,watt 0 s5t to ,london to a       
ma!matical in/rum5t mak]1 b c\ld n /ay  
on acc\nt ( 8 heal?1 & soon aft]w>ds    

came back to ,glasg[4 ,he !n got rooms 9
 ! ,college1 & 0 made ma!matical        
in/rum5t mak] to ! ,univ]sity1 & he     
aft]w>ds op5$ a %op 9 ! t[n4 ,he 0 b    
tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age :5 he 0 appo9t$ to  
?is po/ 9 ! ,college1 & 8 %op became !  
l\nge ( ! clev] & ! sci5tific4 ,! fir/  
"t t 8 att5tion 0 direct$ to ! ag5cy (  
/eam z a p[] 0 9 #agcd1 :5 a fri5d ( 81 
,mr4 ,rob9son1 :o _h "s idea ( /eam     
c>riages1 consult$ him on !             
subject1--little is said ( ?is1 h[ev]4  
,9 #agfb ,watt tri$ "s exp]im5ts on     
high-pressure /eam1 & made a model to %[
 h[ motion c\ld be obta9$ f t p[]2 b did
 n pursue 8 exp]im5ts on acc\nt ( !     
suppos$ dang] ( su* pressure4 ,he next  
_h a model ( ,newcom5's eng9e1 :i* w\ld 
n "w well1 s5t him to repair4 ,watt soon
 f\nd out its faults1 & made x "w z x   
%\ld d4 ,?is did n satisfy him1 & sett+ 
8 active m9d to "w1 he f\nd 9 ! model t 
! /eam :i* rais$ ! pi/on _h ( c\rse to  
be got rid (4 ,?is1 z a natural         
consequ5ce1 caus$ great loss ( heat1 z !

 cyl9d] _h to be cool$ s z to cond5se ! 
/eam2 & ?is l$ him at la/1 aft] v>i\s   
plans1 to adopt a sep>ate vessel to     
cond5se ?is /eam4 ,( c\rse1 if y wi% to 
save fuel1 x is necess>y t ! /eam %\ld  
ent] a heat$ cyl9d] or o!r vessel1 or   
else all ! /eam is lo/1--or 9 o!r words1
 cond5s$1--t ent]s x1 until x has f its 
own heat imp>t$ s mu* to ! cyl9d] z to  
raise x to its own temp]ature1 :5 x w no
 long] cond5se1 & n till !n does x beg9 
to ex]t its ela/ic p[] to produce       
motion4 ,?is 0 ! great object ga9$ by   
,james ,watt1 :51 aft] v>i\s exp]im5ts1 
he gave up ! idea altoge!r ( cond5s+    
/eam 9 its own or work+ cyl9d]1 & !n    
made use ( a sep>ate vessel1 n[ call$ ! 
cond5s]4  ,! weight ( /eam is ab\t #ahjj
 times less ?an wat]4 ,i may "h p]haps  
m5tion also t wat] w boil at #ajj       
degrees ,fahr4 9 vacuo1 :]eas 9         
atmosph]e x takes #bab degrees to boil4 
,!re is also a ?+ p]haps wor? kn[+ to   
all :o wi% to get ! mo/ /ock out (      
bones1 c41 t if !y are boil$ 9 a clos$  

vessel1 t is to say1 "u a pressure (    
/eam1 a v l>ge increase 9 quantity ( !  
/ock w be produc$1 because ! heat is    
increas$4 ,a cubic in* ( wat]1 evaporat$
 "u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 w be    
conv]t$ into a cubic foot ( /eam2 & a   
cubic in* ( wat]1 evaporat$ z above1    
gives a me*anical =ce equal to rais+    
ab\t a ton a foot high4  ,! next great  
improvem5t ( ,watt1 9 addition to !     
cond5s]1 is ! air-pump1 ! use & absolute
 necessity = :i* y w und]/& :5 ,i expla9
 its action4 ,watt fir/ us$ x = 8       
atmosph]ic eng9e4 ,! pi/on ( ?is eng9e 0
 kept tight by a fl[ ( oil & wat] on !  
top1 :i* t5d$ to make ! :ole a          
tr\blesome & bad-work+ ma*9e4 ,! cold   
atmosph]e1 z ! pi/on w5t d[n1 ( c\rse   
foll[$ x & cool$ ! cyl9d]4 ,on ! pi/on  
aga9 ris+1 "s /eam w\ld ( c\rse be      
cond5s$ & cause wa/e4 ,if ! eng9e-room  
c\ld be kept at ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 ?is
 w\ld n h be5 ! case1 b ! eng9eman :o   
c\ld live 9 ?is heat w\ld also require  
to be inv5t$1 & s ?is _h to be giv5 up4 

,watt's next & mo/ important /ep 0 ! "o 
:i* br+s u to talk ( ! /eam-eng9e z x n[
 is 9 ! pres5t day4 ,?is important /ep 0
 ! idea1 ( mak+ ! /eam draw d[n ! pi/on1
 z well z help to drive x up2 9 ! fir/  
eng9es x 0 rais$ by ! beam1 & /eam us$  
only to cause a vacuum1 s z to let ! air
 drive x d[n4 ,all be=e ?is _h be5 m]ely
 /eps 9 advance1 l ^? ( *ildr51 :o mu/  
walk be=e !y c run2 s 0 x ) !           
/eam-eng9e4 ,x 0 uphill "w = _m ye>s1 & 
! top ( ! hill _c be said to h be5      
readi$ till ,watt work$ out ?is gr&     
idea4 ,! fir/ eng9e c\ld only be call$  
atmosph]ic2 n[ x 0 de/9$ to become 9    
reality a /eam-eng9e4 ,"t w\ld fail 7 ,i
 to attempt to g into any details ( all 
! exp]im5ts ?r\gh :i* ,watt toil$ to br+
 8 ideas to p]fection--en\gh to say t he
 did s2 & ,i tru/ y w be able1 ?r\gh !  
description ,i w endeav\r to give1 to   
und]/& h[ well 8 lab\r 0 be/[$1 & h[    
beautiful ! result has prov$ = ! b5efit 
( ! _w at l>ge4 ,9 #aggc1 ,watt remov$  
to ,soho1 ne> ,birm+ham1 :]e a "p ( !   

works 0 allott$ to him to erect ! ma*9]y
 necess>y to c>ry out 8 inv5tions on a  
gr& scale4  ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to "s ( ! 
useful po9ts ( ! eng9e1 all ,i h be=e   
m5tion$ simply relat+ to ! inv5tors &   
improv]s2 b hav+ br\ght x s f>1 ,i may  
n[1 ,i ?9k1 proce$ fur!r4 ,! fir/ use ( 
! /eam-eng9e 0 simply to raise wat] f   
m9es1 & = long x 0 ?\ght x c\ld be us$ =
 no?+ else2 s mu* s1 t x 0 at "o "t us$ 
to raise wat] to turn :eels & ?us       
produce motion4 ,"o ( its fir/ uses aft]
 x became a really useful ma*9e 0 to    
propel %ips1 ?\gh _m a we>y h\r 0 sp5t  
to br+ x to ?is po9t4 ,!re is a v pretty
 monum5t on ! ,clyde1 d$icat$ to ,mr4   
,bell1 :o ,i believe 0 ! fir/ p]son :o  
successfully br\ght /eam]s to "w on its 
wat]s4 ,! fir/ :o us$ /eam = %ips 0 ,mr4
 ,james ,taylor1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4   
,mill] ( ,dalsw9ton4 ,! dang] ( !       
fire-%ip took su* hold on p's m9ds t x 0
 ) great toil & difficulty !y 7 p]suad$ 
to v5ture on ! face ( ! wat]s 9 su*     
dang]\s & unseamanlike craft4 ,b g to   

,glasg[ ,bridge any day1 & y w see h[ "t
 has ov]come fe> & prejudice1 = our     
ocean is cov]$ ) /eam]s ( all sizes4 ,x 
is n _m ye>s ago s9ce x 0 said t /eam]s 
c\ld nev] rea* ,am]ica2 ?is has giv5 way
 to pro(1 & ev5 ,au/ralia has be5 rea*$ 
by /eam4 ,i "k ( a /eam] build+ :i* c\ld
 c>ry ! :ole population ( ?is place & n 
be full2 %e is #fhj feet or #bbf y>ds   
long1 & a l>ge vessel w\ld hang l a boat
 alongside h]4  ,! fir/ attempt at giv+ 
motion by /eam to %ips 0 ( c\rse only 9 
"o way--by a rat*et at ! end ( a beam1  
at "o mom5t driv+ & ! next /&+ /ill4    
,?is 0 on acc\nt ( ! eng9e be+ only 9   
p[] "o half ( ! /roke2 b by ! d\ble-act+
 eng9e be+ introduc$1 & ! /eam act+ bo? 
ways1 x became at la/ a /eady mov] 7)\t 
! aid ( two or ?ree cyl9d]s1 z 9 ! fir/ 
eng9es1 "o to take up ! o!r z ! p[] 0   
giv5 (f71 by a rat*et on ! end ( a beam 
or else a *a94 ,?is act$ on ! %aft :i*  
mov$ ! paddles4 ,x is to ,watt t we are 
indebt$ = ! crank & direct action1 s z  
to give a circul> motion to ! :eels4    

,we f9d 9 #ageb a ,mr4 ,*ampion (       
,bri/ol appli$ ! atmosph]ic eng9e to    
raise wat] to drive a numb] ( :eels =   
work+ ma*9]y 9 a brasswork1 9 o!r words1
 a f\ndry4 ,also1 9 ,colebrok$ale1      
/eam-eng9es 7 us$ to raise wat] t _h    
pass$ ov] ! :eel1 s z to save wat]4 ,all
 ^! plans h1 h[ev]1 n[ pass$ by1 l !    
wat] ov] ! :eel1 & we n[ h ! eng9e !    
prime mov]--! d\ble action ( ! /eam on !
 pi/on1 ?is act+ on ! sway beam1 & !    
beam on ! crank1 :i*1 by ! assi/ance ( !
 fly-:eel on l& or fix$ eng9es1 gives a 
uni=m motion to ! ma*9e4 ,all ^! h n[   
enabl$ u to apply ! eng9e z our gr& mov+
 p[]4 ,"o great & important po9t 9 !    
eng9e is ! gov]nor1 & ! fir/ modes (    
*ang+ ! /eam f ! top to ! bottom ( !    
cyl9d] 7 cumbr\s1 till ! exc5tric :eel 0
 devis$4  ,boil]s also h to be att5d$   
to--^! 7 at fir/ rude & n[ w\ld be      
useless4 ,!y 7 unprovid$ ) valves1      
gauge-cocks1 or any o!r safety1 all (   
:i* are n[ s well und]/ood t no?+ b     
c>elessness c cause a bl[-up4 ,"o ( !   

greate/ causes ( dang] is t ( lett+ !re 
be too little wat] 9 ! boil]1 & ?us     
all[+ x to get r$-hot1 :51 if y let 9   
wat]1 su* a volume ( /eam is g5]at$ t no
 valve w let x escape fa/ en\gh4 ,=ce or
 fe$ pumps are also requir$ to keep !   
wat] 9 ! boil] at a prop] height1 :i* is
 asc]ta9$ by ! gauge-cocks4 ,m]cury     
gauges = l[ pressure act accord+ to !   
pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 high-pressure   
boil]s ( c\rse require a diff]5t        
con/ruction1 z ! /eam is great] 9       
pressure ?an ! air4  ,hav+ got s f> 9 my
 subject1 ,i ?9k be=e conclud+ ,i mu/   
devote a %ort "t 9 %[+ ! fir/ /eps ( !  
locomotive2 ! m s1 z ,i am speak+ to ^? 
:o are s l>gely engag$ 9 ! daily work+ (
 t n[ beautifully p]fect ma*9e4 ,v>i\s &
 = a "t unsuccessful exp]im5ts 7 made to
 br+ out a ma*9]y or travell+ eng9e1 z x
 0 fir/ call$4 ,a pat5t 0 tak5 by a ,mr4
 ,treve?ick = a locomotive to run on    
common roads1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t x did  
"w4 ,an amus+ anecdote is told ( x4 ,9  
com+ up to a toll-gate1 ! gatekeep]1    

almo/ fright5$ out ( 8 sev5 s5ses1 op5$ 
! gate wide = ! mon/]1 z he ?\ght1 & on 
be+ ask$ :at 0 to pay1 said             
,na-na-na-na6 ,:at h we got to pay8 0   
aga9 ask$4 ,no-no?-no?+ to pay1 my de>  
,mr4 ,devil2 d drive on z fa/ z y c6    
,?is1 "o ( ! fir/ /eam c>riages1 rea*$  
,london 9 safety1 & 0 exhibit$ 9 ! squ>e
 :]e ! l>ge /ation ( ! ,london &        
,nor?-,we/]n ,railway n[ /&s4 ,sir      
,humphrey ,davy took great int]e/ 9 x1  
&1 9 writ+ to a fri5d1 said3 ,i %all    
hope soon to see ,engli% roads ! haunts 
( ,capta9 ,treve?ick's dragons4 ,!      
badness ( roads1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ its com+
 into g5]al use4  ,treve?ick 9 #ahjd    
con/ruct$ a locomotive = ! ,m]?yr &     
,tydvil ,rail 9 ,s\? ,wales1 :i* succe$$
 9 draw+ t5 tons at five miles an h\r4  
,! boil] 0 ( ca/-iron1 ) a "o-cyl9d]    
eng9e1 spur ge> & a fly-:eel on "o side4
 ,he s5t ! wa/e /eam into ! *imney1 & by
 ?is means 0 v ne>ly arriv+ at !        
bla/-pipe1 aft]w>ds ! great & important 
discov]y ( ,george ,/eph5son4 ,! jump+  

motion on ! bad roads1 h[ev]1 caus$ x   
con/antly to be dism\nt$1 & x 0 giv5 up 
z a practical failure1 be+ s5t to "w a  
l>ge pump at a m9e4 ,treve?ick 0        
satisfi$ ) a few exp]im5ts1 & !n gave x 
up = :at he ?\ght m pr(itable           
speculations1 & no fur!r advances 7 made
 9 locomotives = "s ye>s4 ,an imag9>y   
difficulty seems to h be5 among !       
ob/acles to its progress4 ,?is 0 !      
supposition t if a heavy weight 7 to be 
drawn1 ! grip or bite ( ! :eels w\ld n  
be suffici5t1 b t !y w\ld turn r\nd &   
leave ! eng9es /ation>y1 h5ce ,treve?ick
 made 8 :eels ) cogs1 :i* ( c\rse t5d$  
to cause great jolts1 z well z be+      
de/ructive to ! ca/-iron rails4  ,a ,mr4
 ,bl5k9sop ( ,le$s pat5t$ 9 #ahaa a     
locomotive ) a rack$ or too!d rail4 ,x 0
 support$ on f\r :eels1 b !y did n drive
 ! eng9e2 its two cyl9d]s 7 connect$ to 
"o :eel beh9d1 :i* 0 too!d & work$ 9 !  
cog-rail1 & s drove ! eng9e4 ,x began   
runn+ on ,middleton ,coal ,rail to      
,le$s1 ?ree & a qu>t] miles1 on ! #ab?  

,augu/ #ahab1 & cont9u$ a great         
curiosity to /rang]s = "s ye>s4 ,9 #ahaf
 ! ,gr& ,duke ,ni*olas ( ,russia saw ?is
 eng9e work+ ) great int]e/ &           
expressions ( no slight admiration4 ,an 
eng9e !n took ?irty coal-waggons at ?ree
 & a qu>t] miles 9 an h\r4  ,we next    
come to ,messrs4 ,*apman ( ,newca/le1 :o
 9 #ahab tri$ to ov]come ! suppos$ want 
( adhesion by a *a9 fix$ at ! ends ( !  
l9e & w\nd r\nd a groov$ drum driv5 by !
 eng9e4 ,x 0 tri$ on ! ,heaton ,rail ne>
 ,newca/le1 b 0 f\nd to be s clumsy t x 
0 soon ab&on$4 ,! next 0 a rem>kable    
contrivance--a me*anical travell] to g  
on legs4 ,x nev] got beyond its         
exp]im5tal /ate1 & un=tunately blew up1 
kill+ sev]al p4 ,all ^! plans %[ h[     
lively an int]e/ 0 !n be+ tak5 9        
endeav\r+ to br+ out a good work+       
locomotive4 ,mr4 ,blackett1 h[ev]1      
p]sev]$ h>d to p]fect a railway sy/em1 &
 to "w x by locomotives4 ,! ,wylam      
waggon-way1 "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! ,nor?1 0   
made ( wood5 rails d[n to #ahjg1 & w5t  

to ! %ipp+-place = coals on ! ,tyne4    
,ea* *aldron-waggon 0 orig9ally drawn by
 a horse ) a man 9 *>ge1 only mak+ two  
j\rneys 9 ! "o day & ?ree on ! foll[+1 !
 man be+ all[$ sev5p5ce = ea* j\rney4   
,?is primitive railway pass$ be=e !     
cottage :]e ,george ,/eph5son 0 born1 & 
0 consequ5tly "o ( ! fir/ sights 8      
infant eyes beheld2 & little did 8 p>5ts
 ?9k :at _! *ild 0 de/9$ to "w out 9 8  
day = ! advancem5t ( railways4 ,mr4     
,blackett took up ! wood & laid an iron 
plate-way 9 #ahjh1 & 9 #ahab he ord]$ an
 eng9e on ,trevetbick's pr9ciple4 ,x 0 a
 v awkw>d "o1 _h only "o cyl9d] ( six   
in*es diamet]1 ) a fly-:eel2 ! boil] 0  
ca/-iron1 & 0 describ$ by ! man :o _h   
*>ge ( x z hav+ lots ( pumps1 cog-:eels1
 & plugs4 ,x 0 plac$ on a wood5 frame ) 
f\r :eels1 & _h a b>rel ( wat] on ano!r 
c>riage to s]ve z a t5d]4 ,x 0 at la/   
got on ! road1 b w\ld n move an in*1 &  
h] driv] says3--,%e flew all to pieces1 
& x 0 ! bigge/ wond] we 7 n all bl[n up4
 ,mr4 ,blackett p]sev]$1 & _h ano!r     

eng9e1 :i* did its "w mu* bett]1 ?\gh x 
(t5 broke d[n1 till at l5g? ! workm5    
decl>$ x a p]fect plague4 ,a good /ory  
is told ( ?is eng9e by a travell]1 :o1 n
 kn[+ ( its exi/5ce1 said1 aft] an      
enc\nt] ) ! ,newca/le mon/] work+ its   
great pi/on1 l a huge arm1 up & d[n1 &  
?r[+ out smoke & fire1 t he _h j        
enc\nt]$ a t]rible deevil on ! ,hight   
,/reet road4  ,we n[ come to ,george    
,/eph5son1 :o did = ! locomotive :at    
,watt did = our o!r /eam-eng9es4 ,8 fir/
 eng9e _h two v]tical cyl9d]s ( eight   
in*es diamet] & two-feet /roke1 work+ by
 cross-heads2 ! p[] 0 giv5 (f by        
spur-:eels2 x _h no spr+s1 consequ5tly x
 jolt$ v mu* on ! !n bad railways2 !    
:eels 7 all smoo?1 z ,/eph5son 0 sure ! 
adhesion w\ld be suffici5t4 ,x began "w 
on ! #be? ,july #ahad1 w5t up a gradi5t 
( "o 9 #dej1 & took eight waggons ) #cj 
tons at f\r miles an h\r4 ,x 0 by f> !  
mo/ successful eng9e t _h yet be5 made4 
,! next & mo/ valuable improvem5t (     
,/eph5son 0 ! bla/-pipe--by its means ! 

sl[ combu/ion ( ! fire 0 at once        
ov]come1 & /eam obta9$ to any am\nt4    
,?is pipe 0 ! result ( c>eful obs]vation
 & great ?\ght4 ,8 next eng9e _h        
horizontal connect+ rods1 & 0 ! type ( !
 pres5t p]fect ma*9e4 ,?is truly great  
man did n re/ "h1 b "t w\ld fail1 z well
 z y\r pati5ce1 if ,i 7 to proce$ fur!r4
 ,en\gh to say1 t he aft]w>ds e/abli%$ a
 manufactory at ,newca/le1 & "t has %[n 
! result & b5efit x has prov$ to ! :ole 
_w at l>ge4 ,a %ort "t be=e ! ,liv]pool 
& ,man*e/] ,railway 0 op5$1 ,/eph5son 0 
laugh$ at because he said he ?\ght he   
c\ld g ?irty miles an h\r1 & 0 urg$ be=e
 ! ,h\se ( ,commons n to say s1 z he    
might be ?\ght to be mad4 ,?is ,i h f   
p]son :o knew ! circum/ances4           
,nev]!less1 at ! trial1 ,i believe !    
,rocket did g at ! rate ( ?irty miles an
 h\r1 to ! n small a/oni%m5t ( ! _w1 &  
especially to ! unbeliev]s 9 /eam z a l&
 ag5t4 ,! /ipulation made 0 t tra9s 7 to
 be convey$ at ! rate ( twelve miles an 
h\r4  ,9 our pres5t p]fect eng9es1 !    

coke or fuel consum$ p] mile is ab\t #ah
 lbs4 ) a tra9 ( #ajj tons gross weight1
 c>ry+ #bej pass5g]s4 ,a fir/-class     
c>riage weighs #f tons #aj cwts42 a     
second-class1 #e tons #aj cwts41 ea* )  
pass5g]s2 a ,pullman c> weighs ab\t #cj 
tons4 ,our /eam]s consume #e lbs4 ( coal
 p] horse-p[] 9 "o h\r4 ,& la/1 n lea/1 
"o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts we h _h 9    
/eam propulsion is ! screw4 ,aga91 ,i   
may also "n ! great advantage d]iv$ f   
/eam by our f>m]s 9 ?ra%+ out gra94 ,!  
eng9es pr9cipally us$ 9 f>m-"w are :at  
are t]m$ high-pressure1 or ( ! same     
class z ! locomotive4 ,! great sav+ 9   
co/ 9 ! fir/ place1 ! simplicity & ease 
( action 9 ! second1 & ! small quantity 
( wat] requir$ to keep !m 9 action1 are 
all reasons :y !y %\ld be pref]r$4 ,!   
dang] 9 ! "o1 t is1 ! high-pressure1 ov]
 ! cond5s]1 is v small1 & all t is      
requir$ is common c>e to gu>d aga9/     
accid5ts4 ,/eam be+ a /eady p[]1 is mu* 
to be pref]r$ to wat]1 z by its con/ant 
& uni=m action ! te> & we> ( ma*9]y is  

mu* dim9i%$1 & ( c\rse proportionate    
sav+ made 9 keep+ up ! mill or any o!r  
ma*9]y4  ,hav+ n[1 to ! be/ ( my p[]1 s 
f> z a s+le lecture w p]mit1 br\ght !   
/eam-eng9e f #abj ,b4,c4 to ! pres5t "t1
 x only rema9s = me to say1 t x %[s h[  
actively ! m9d ( man has be5 p]mitt$ to 
"w to br+ x to p]fection by ! direction 
( an all-wise ,provid5ce1 :o kn[s our   
necessities be=e we ask1 & our ignorance
 9 ask+4 ,a travell] by rail sees b     
little ( ! va/ & difficult "* ( ! works 
ov] :i* he is c>ri$ ) su* ease & com=t4 
,"t is 8 great object4 ,no age ( ! _w   
has conqu]$ su* difficulties z our      
eng9e]s h _h to deal )1 & ! result is n[
 be=e ! eye ( e ?9k+ travell]4 ,our     
eng9e]s 7 at fir/ self-taught1 & _m a   
self-taught man has _h reason to rejoice
 9 ! "t he sp5t 9 8 education4 ,( ^! m5 
we h examples 9 ,br9dley1 :o 0 at fir/ a
 lab\r] & aft]w>ds a millwright2 ,tel=d 
0 a /one-mason2 ,r5nie a f>m]'s son     
appr5tic$ to a millwright2 & ,george    
,/eph5son 0 a brakesman at a colli]y4   

,p]sev]ance ) g5ius1 & a det]m9ation to 
ov]come1 made !m ! great m5 !y 74 ,t y  
may s p]sev]e & /rive is ! e>ne/ wi% (  
him :o has ?is ev5+ _h ! great pleasure 
( giv+ y ?is lecture1 & :o feels s      
greatly oblig$ to y = ! v pati5t he>+ y 
h giv5 him4     ,,on ,,attraction4,b    
,gravitation4--,attraction1 :i* may be  
illu/rat$ by ! effect a magnet has on a 
piece ( iron1 may be view$ g5]ally z an 
influ5ce :i* two bodies1 say1 ex]t on   
ea* o!r1 "u :i*1 ?\gh at a di/ance1 !y  
t5d to move t[>ds ea* o!r till !y come  
into contact4 ,! =ce by :i* a body has  
weight1 &1 :5 free1 falls to ! gr\nd1 is
 ( ?is nature2 & x is call$1 f gravis1  
heavy1 ! gravitat+ =ce ( ! e>?1 because 
x causes weight1 & because1 ?\gh emanat+
 9 a small degree f ! fall+ body1 x is  
ma9ly ex]t$ by ! e>? itself4 ,x is "u ! 
action ( gravity t a p5dulum oscillates3
 x is by t unse5 influ5ce x beg9s to    
sway alt]nately d[nw>d & upw>d z soon z 
x is mov$ to a side2 & x is only because
 x is )held by ! rod t ! ball or bob    

keeps trav]s+ ! arc ( a circle & does n 
fall /raight to ! e>?4  ,all mat]ial    
sub/ances1 h[ev] small1 & h[ev] light1  
buoyant1 & e!real !y may seem1 are      
subject to ?is =ce3 ! t9ie/ speck 9 a   
sunbeam & ! mo/ volatile vap\r1 equally 
) ! heavie/ metal & ! huge/ block1 !    
p>ticles ( bodies z well z ! bodies     
!mselves4 ,! ris+ ( a balloon 9 ! air   
may seem an exception to ?is law2 b x is
 n s2 = ! balloon rises1 n because !    
p>ticles ( ! gas ) :i* x is inflat$ are 
n act$ ^u by ! e>?'s attraction1 b      
because ! air outside be+ bulk = bulk   
heavi] ?an ! air inside1 its p>ticles   
press 9 bel[ ! balloon & buoy x up1     
until x rea*es a /ratum ( ! atmosph]e   
:]e1 ! pressure be+ less1 ! air outside 
is no heavi] ?an ! air )9--a fact :i* r 
proves ?an disproves ! univ]sal action (
 gravitation2 because ! great] weight ( 
! air 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e is due
 to ! pressure ( ! air 9 ^? above1 & !  
balloon ceases to asc5d because x has   
rea*$ a po9t :]e ! air outside is ! same

 weight z ! air )91 & ! weight 9 bo?    
cases is caus$ by ! attraction ( ! e>?4 
,& n only is ! =ce ( attraction         
univ]sal1 x is ! same = e p>ticle2 =    
?\gh ?is may seem to be contradict$ by !
 fact t "s bodies fall fa/] to ! gr\nd  
?an o!rs1 t fact is fully acc\nt$ = by !
 great] resi/ance :i* ! air (f]s to !   
fall+ ( light] bodies ?an to ! fall+ (  
heavi]4 ,a p>ticles ( bodies1 & all     
bodies1 t5d to fall ) ! same velocity1  
&1 9 fact1 all d2 = ?\gh1 = ! reason j  
/at$1 a fea!r w take long] to rea* !    
gr\nd ?an an ounce ( lead1 an ounce (   
lead w fall z fa/ z a hundr$weight4 ,& t
 x is ! resi/ance ( ! air1 & n any      
dim9ution 9 ! p[] ( attraction1 :i*     
causes ! fea!r to lag beh9d1 may be     
prov$ by exp]im5t2 = if y let a fea!r & 
a co9 drop toge!r f ! top ( ! exhau/$   
receiv] ( an air-pump1 !y w bo? be se5  
to desc5d at ! same rate1 & rea* !      
bottom at ! same in/ant2 a fact :i* may 
be demon/rat$ m simply by plac+ ! co9 & 
fea!r free ( ea* o!r 9 a pap] cone1 &   

lett+ ! cone fall ) its apex d[nw>ds1 s 
z to break ! air's resi/ance2 or by     
susp5d+ a piece ( gold-leaf 9 a bottle1 
& lett+ ! bottle drop--( c\rse %ort ( ! 
gr\nd--9 :i* case ! includ$ leaf w be   
se5 to h gone z fa/ & z f> z ! bottle4  
,x is to be especially notic$ t         
attraction is no lopsid$ affair2 t x is 
mutual2 t1 :ile ! l>g] body attracts !  
less1 ! less also attracts & moves !    
l>g] 9 proportion2 & t1 inde$1 e body & 
e p>ticle attracts e o!r1 f> z well z   
ne>1 to ! utmo/ v]ge ( ! univ]se (      
matt]4 ,"u x ! moon ma9ta9s its place ) 
ref]5ce to ! e>?1 ! planets ) ref]5ce to
 ! sun1 & ! sol> sy/em ) ref]5ce to !   
/ell>4 ,z = ! moon1 x ma9ta9s its orbit 
& revolves r\nd ! e>? "u ! action ( two 
=ces1 ! "o ak9 to t by :i* a ball is    
project$ f ! m\? ( a cannon1 & ! o!r !  
attraction ( ! e>?1 :i*1 by its con/ant 
& equal op]ation1 b5ds its o!rwise      
rectil9eal track into a circul> "o1 z we
 might %[ if we c\ld only project a ball
 ) su* a =ce z exactly to balance ! p[] 

( gravity1 s t x w\ld at no po9t 9 its  
c\rse be drawn ne>] ! e>? ?an at />t+4  
,t ! =ce we are consid]+ p]vades ! sol> 
sy/em is demon/rable1 = x is on !       
supposition ( x & ! laws x is kn[n to   
obey t all ! calculations ( a/ronomy--& 
!y nev] misc>ry--are gr\nd$2 & x is by  
notic+ di/urbances 9 ! o!rwise regul>   
movem5ts ( c]ta9 planets t a/ronom]s h  
be5 l$ m ?an once to inf] & discov] !   
pres5ce ( "s hi!rto unkn[n body 9 !     
neighb\rhood4 ,x 0 actually ?us ! planet
 ,neptune 0 discov]$ 9 #ahdf4 ,c]ta9    
irregul>ities _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! movem5ts
 ( ,uranus1 :i* c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by !
 influ5ce ( any o!r bodies kn[n to be   
ne> x2 & ^! irregul>ities1 be+ c>efully 
wat*$ & /udi$1 gradually l$ m ?an "o    
a/ronom] fir/ to ! :]eab\ts1 & !n to !  
vision ( ! di/urb+ planet4  ,not)/&+ :at
 we said ab\t ! univ]sality ( ?is =ce1 &
 h[ x affects all =ms ( matt]1 x may    
/ill appe> z if ! air 7 an exception4 ,b
 x is n s2 ! air also gravitates4 ,!    
fact t x gravitates is prov$ 9 v>i\s    

ways4 ,fir/1 if x did n1 x w\ld n       
accompany ! e>? 9 its movem5ts r\nd !   
sun2 ! e>? w\ld sweep along into space1 
& leave x beh9d x4 ,secondly1 if we     
place a bottle f :i* ! air is exhau/$ 9 
a balance & exactly poise x ) a         
c\nt]-weight1 & !n op5 x & let 9 ! air1 
x w %[ at once t ! air has weight or    
gravitates by imm$iately desc5d+4       
,?irdly1 if we ext5d a piece (          
india-rubb] ov] ! end ( a vessel & beg9 
to )draw ! air f x1 we %all see !       
india-rubb] s9k 91 "u ! pressure ( ! air
 outside1 to fill up ! space left vacant
 by ! removal ( ! includ$ air4 ,! fact t
 air gravitates we h already tak5 =     
grant$ 9 expla9+ ! asc5t ( a balloon2 & 
! pro(s n[ giv5 are en\gh to %[ t !     
cause assum$ is a real "o4 ,! light] gas
 rises & ! heavi] s9ks by law (         
gravitation4  ,gravitation &            
,cohesion4--,unlike ! attraction (      
aggregation1 or cohesion1 :i* acts only 
betwe5 p>ticles sep>at$ f ea* o!r by    
spaces t are imp]ceptible1 gravitation  

takes effect at di/ances :i* transc5d   
conception1 b x dim9i%es 9 =ce z !      
di/ance increases4 ,! law accord+ to :i*
 x does s is express$ ?us2 its int5sity 
decreases ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 t is to
 say1 at twice ! orig9al di/ance x is   
#a-d?2 at ?rice1 #a-i?2 at f\r times1   
#a-af?1 = #d1 #i1 #af are ! squ>es      
respectively ( #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,to take an
 in/ance1 a ball :i* weighs #add lb4 at 
! surface ( ! e>? w weigh #a-d? ( t1 or 
#cf lb41 :5 x is twice z f> f ! c5tre z 
x is at ! surface2 & #a-i?1 or #af lb4  
:5 x is ?rice z f>2 & #a-af?1 or #i lb4 
:5 x is f\r times z f>4 ,! attraction ( 
cohesion1 on ! o!r h&1 z we say1 acts   
only :5 ! p>ticles seem almo/ 9 contact1
 & x ceases altoge!r :5 once1 by        
me*anical or o!r means1 ! bond is brok51
 9 consequ5ce ( ! p>ticles be+ =c$ too  
ne>1 or sund]$ too f> f1 "o ano!r4  ,"o 
di/+ui%+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! attraction ( 
gravitation & t ( cohesion is1 t :]eas !
 =m] is uni=m1 ! latt] is v>iable2 t is1
 "u gravitation ! attraction ( any "o   

p>ticle to any o!r is ! same1 b "u      
cohesion1 "s sets ( p>ticles are m      
=cibly drawn toge!r ?an o!rs4 ,=        
in/ance1 a p>ticle ( iron & a p>ticle ( 
cork gravitate equally1 b p>ticles (    
iron & p>ticles ( cork among !mselves d 
n coh]e equally4 ,& x is j because ^? ( 
! =m] coh]e m ?an ^? ( ! latt]1 t a     
piece ( iron feels h>d] & weighs heavi] 
?an a piece ( cork4  ,fur!r1 !          
attraction ( gravitation is unaffect$ by
 *ange 9 ! condition ( bodies1 :ile t ( 
cohesion is4 ,x makes no?+ to           
gravitation :e!r a piece ( metal is z   
cold z ice1 or heat$ ) a sev5fold heat4 
,n s to ! p[] ( cohesion2 )draw heat1 & 
! p>ticles "u cohesion cl+ clos]2 add x1
 & bo? ! spaces gr[ wid] & ! attraction 
feebl]4 ,?us1 = example1 y may susp5d a 
weight by a piece ( copp]-wire1 & ! wire
 n break4 ,b apply heat to ! wire1 & its
 cohesion w be less5$2 ! =ce (          
gravitation w ov]p[] x1 rupture ! wire1 
& cause ! weight to fall4               
,cohesion4--,t ! action ( ! attraction (

 cohesion dep5ds on ! contiguity ( !    
p>ticles 9 ! coh]+ body1 may be %[n by  
an illu/ration4 ,take a ball ( lead1    
divide x into two hemisph]es1 smoo? !   
surfaces ( section1 !n press !m toge!r1 
& y w f9d x requires "s =ce to sep>ate  
!m2 ?us prov+ ! dep5d5ce ( cohesion on  
contiguity1 al?\gh ! effect 9 ?is case  
may be due 9 "s degree to ! pressure ( !
 atmosph]e z well z ! p[] ( cohesion4   
,heat is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 induc+       
cohesion1 z well z 9 relax+ its en]gy2 =
 by means ( x y c weld ! h>de/ z well z 
! s(te/ sub/ances into "o1 & two pieces 
( iron toge!r1 no less ?an two pieces ( 
wax4 ,x is possible1 inde$1 by heat to  
unite two suffici5t wax$ corks to "o    
ano!r1 s z to be able by means ( ! "o to
 draw ! o!r out ( a bottle3 su*1 9 ?is  
case1 is ! =ce ( cohesion induc$ by     
heat4  ,! p[] ( cohesion exi/s betwe5 ! 
p>ticles ( liquids z well z ^? ( solids1
 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 9 solids !       
p>ticles are relatively fix$1 :ile 9    
liquids !y move freely ab\t "o ano!r1   

unless inde$ :5 !y are attract$ to !    
surface ( a solid--a fact we are famili>
 ) :5 we dip our f+] into a vessel (    
wat]4 ,! cohesive p[] ( liquids is      
ov]come by heat z well z t ( solids1    
only to a mu* great] degree1 = "u x !y  
assume a new =m1 acquire new prop]ties1 
& exp& imm5sely 9 volume4 ,!y pass into 
! =m ( vap\r1 occupy a ?\s& times l>g]  
area1 & possess an ela/icity (          
compressibility & expansibility !y 7    
de/itute ( be=e4  ,!re is a beautiful   
ph5om5on :i* accompanies ! expansion (  
e!r "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,plac$ 9 a    
flask to :i* heat is appli$1 ! e!r w g  
(f 9 vap\r2 & z ! heat increases1 !     
vap\r w gradually light up into a lovely
 flame4 ,! expansibility ( air1 :i* is  
vap\r 9 a p]man5t =m1 c be %[n by       
exp]im5t4 ,if we tie up an empty or     
collaps$ bladd]1 & place x 9 a vessel   
ov] an air-pump1 we may see1 z we )draw 
! air f ! vessel1 & s dim9i% its        
pressure1 ! bladd] gradually exp& &     
swell z x does "u inflation4  ,!        

cohesive p[] ( wat] is beautifully      
illu/rat$4 ,h a small b>rel or bucket s 
con/ruct$ z to be fitt$ ) gauze at !    
top2 imm]se x exactly1 s t ! wat] may =m
 a film betwe5 ! me%es1 & !n op5 ! tap  
at ! bottom3 ! wat] w n fl[ till ! me%es
 at ! top are brok5 by bl[+ on _!       
surface4 ,! adhesion ( ! p>ticles 9 a   
soap-bubble is ano!r illu/ration1 no    
less beautiful1 z well z m famili>2 = ! 
soap1 :i* might be suppos$ to be ! cause
 ( ! ph5om5on1 s]ves only to prev5t !   
intrusion ( du/ betwe5 ! p>ticles1 b by 
no means to int5sify _! attractive p[]4 
,!re are "s liquids ! adhesiv5ess ( ^:  
p>ticles is s p]fect z to b> out !      
access ( air :5 we /rew !m on ! surface 
( o!r liquids2 & on ! ,cont95t x is n   
uncommon to protect w9es aga9/ ! action 
( ! atmosph]e by1 in/ead ( cork+ !      
bottle1 simply p\r+ 9 a few drops ( oil1
 :i*1 be+ light] ?an ! w9e1 floats on ! 
surface4 ,x is p>allel to ! in/ance ( ! 
b>rel ) ! gauze-wire top m5tion$ above1 
t if we loosely plug a bottle full (    

liquid ) a piece ( cotton-wool1 & inv]t 
x1 ! p>ticles 9 contact ) ! wool w coh]e
 s closely t ! fluid w n be able to     
escape4 ,! adhesiv5ess ( ! p>ticles (   
wat] to a solid surface c be exemplifi$ 
by all[+ "o ( ! scales ( a balance to   
float 9 wat] & leav+ ! o!r free2 ! "o 9 
contact ) ! wat] w refuse to yield aft] 
we h plac$ ev5 a tol]able weight 9 ! o!r
 :i* is susp5d$ 9 ! air4  ,! p[] (      
cohesion is m rigor\s 9 "s bodies ?an   
o!rs4 ,9 "s cases ! body w rupture if x 
is int]f]$ ) ev] s little2 9 o!rs1 !    
p>ticles admit ( a c]ta9 displacem5t1 & 
if ! limits are n transgress$1 !y return
 to _! orig9al position :5 ! compress+  
or di/5d+ cause is remov$4 ,?is rally+  
p[] 9 ! cohesive =ce is call$           
,ela/icity1 & x exi/s 9 no small degree 
9 glass4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! p>ticles c1 
)9 limits1 be ei!r less5$ by compression
 or increas$ by di/5sion1 & ! p>ticles  
reta9 _! p[] ( recov]+ & ma9ta9+ !      
relation !y /ood 9 be=e !y 7 di/urb$4 ,x
 is ! p[] ( cohesion or aggregation :i* 

resi/s any di/urbance among ! p>ticles1 
& :i* re/ores ord] among !m :5 once     
di/urbance has tak5 place4 ,& n only    
does nature resi/ directly any undue    
int]f]5ce ) ! coh]+ =ce1 b tamp]+ ) x   
ev5 slightly has (t5 a c]ta9 det]iorat+ 
effect ^u ! physical prop]ties ( bodies4
 ,a bell1 = in/ance1 loses its tone :5  
heat$1 because by t means its p>ticles  
are di/urb$2 ?\gh x recov]s its tone-p[]
 z x cools1 & z ! p>ticles return to _! 
places4  ,9 organic bodies1 bo? dur+    
gr[? & decay1 ! p>ticles are m or less 9
 flux2 b 9 fea!rs1 aft] _! =mation1 !   
attraction ( aggregation rema9s con/ant1
 & by means ( x _! p>ticles cont9ue fix$
 9 _! places1 n only ) ! life ( ! bird1 
b long aft]4 ,nay1 y may ev5 crumple !m 
up1 & toss !m away z wor?less1 & yet if 
y expose !m to ! vap\r ( /eam1 !y w n   
only recov] _! =m1 b !y c be made to    
look z beautiful z ev]4  ,*emical       
,aff9ity4--,! attraction ( ! p>ticles ( 
bodies ( diff]5t k9ds to ea* o!r is (t5 
/rik+ & curi\s2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( salt 

to ^? ( wat]4 ,! salt attracts ! wat]1 &
 ! wat] ! salt1 till at la/1 if !re is a
 suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 all ! salt  
is attract$ p>ticle by p>ticle f itself1
 & tak5 up & unit$ to ! wat]4 ,! salt is
 no long] visible to ! eye1 & is said to
 be dissolv$ or 9 solution2 b ?is *ange 
( =m is due to its aff9ity = ! wat]1 & !
 result+ attraction ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! 
same ph5om5a are obs]v$1 & !y are due to
 ! same cause1 9 o!r solutions2 z :5 we 
infuse our tea or sweet5 x ) sug>4 ,!   
attraction ( wat]1 or "o ( its elem5ts  
r1 = o!r sub/ances1 sometimes %[s itself
 9 vehem5t =ms4 ,:5 a piece ( potassium1
 = example1 is ?r[n into a vessel (     
wat]1 its attraction = ! wat] is su*1 & 
( ! wat] = x1 t x in/antly takes fire1 &
 ! two blaze away1 p>ticle viol5tly     
seiz+ on p>ticle until ! elem5ts ( !    
wat] unite "p = "p ) ! metal4 ,x is !   
mutually attractive =ce t causes ! heat 
& flame :i* accompany ! comb9ation2 &   
?is =ce is mo/ viol5tly active 9 ! union
 ( dissimil> sub/ances4 ,unions ( a     

quiet] k9d1 ?\gh n less ?or\gh1 occur   
ev5 betwe5 solids :5 plac$ 9 contact4 ,=
 in/ance1 sulphate ( soda & sulphate (  
ammonia1 :5 plac$ side by side1 w       
diliquesce1 & 9 liquid =m unite into a  
new comb9ation4 ,sulphuric acid1 :5 we  
mix x ) wat]1 g5]ates great heat2 & ?is 
is due to its attraction = ! wat]4      
,sometimes two fluids unite toge!r1 &1 9
 do+ s1 pass f ! liquid into ! solid =m2
 z1 e4g41 sulphuric acid & *loride (    
calcium4 ,attraction ( ?is nature is    
call$ *emical3 x takes effect betwe5    
dissimil> p>ticles1 & results 9         
comb9ations ) new prop]ties4 ,x op]ates 
n only betwe5 solid & solid1 solid &    
liquid1 & liquid & liquid1 b betwe5 ^! &
 gases1 & gases ) "o ano!r2 & ^! z well 
z ^? comb9e into new sub/ances1 & ev9ce 
9 ! act n a little viol5t commotion4    
,?us1 phosphorus cat*es fire 9 !        
atmosph]e at a temp]ature ( #adj        
degrees1 & x goes on rapidly comb9+ ) ! 
oxyg51 burn+ ) a dazzl+ :ite light1 &   
produc+ phosphoric acid4 ,inde$1 mo/    

metals h an aff9ity = ! oxyg5 9 ! air1 &
 oxydise 9 x ) m or less facility2 & a  
metal1 z su*1 has m value ?an ano!r     
accord+ z x has less aff9ity = t elem5t1
 & is less liable to oxydise or ru/ 9 x4
 ,?is is "o reason1 among o!rs1 :y gold 
is ! mo/ preci\s metal1 & ! conv5tional 
repres5tative ( highe/ wor? 9 ?+s4  ,!re
 are "s metals1 su* z lead1 = in/ance1  
:i* oxydise readily1 b ?is process /ops 
%ort at ! surface 9 contact ) ! air1 & s
 =ms a coat+ :i* prev5ts ! metal f fur!r
 oxydation2 s t "h1 z 9 s _m ?+s else1  
/r5g? is connect$ ) weakness4           
,electricity4--,?is1 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y   
view ( x1 is a m or less attractive or  
repellant =ce lat5t 9 bodies1 & :i* is  
capable ( be+ r\s$ into action by !     
application ( friction4 ,x is excit$ 9 a
 rod ( glass by rubb+ x ) silk1 & 9 a   
piece ( seal+-wax by rubb+ x ) flannel1 
?\gh ! effect is diff]5t :5 we apply    
fir/ ! "o & !n ! o!r to ! same body4    
,?us1 e4g41 if we apply ! excit$        
seal+-wax to a pap] r+1 or a pi?-ball1  

hung by a silk ?read f a horizontal     
glass rod1 x w1 aft] contact1 repel x2 &
 if1 !reaft]1 we apply to x ! excit$    
glass rod1 x w attract x2 or if we fir/ 
apply ! excit$ glass rod to ! pap] r+1  
or pi?-ball1 x w1 aft] contact1 repel x2
 & if !reaft] we apply to x ! excit$    
seal+-wax1 x w attract x4 ,! reason is1 
t :5 we once *>ge a body by contact )   
ei!r k9d1 x repels t k9d1 & attracts !  
opposite2 if we *>ge x f ! glass1 i4e41 
) vitre\s electricity1 x refuses to h m1
 & is attract$ to ! seal+-wax2 & if we  
*>ge x f ! seal+-wax1 i4e41 ) res9\s    
electricity1 x refuses to h m1 & is     
attract$ to ! glass-rod2 only x is to be
 obs]v$ t1 till ! body is *>g$ by ei!r1 
x has an equal attraction = bo?4 ,f all 
:i* x appe>s t k9dr$ electricities      
repel1 & opposite attract1 ea* o!r4     
,two pieces ( gold leaf susp5d$ f a     
metal rod1 ins]t$ at ! top ( a glass    
%ade full ( p]fectly pure1 dry air1 w   
sep>ate if we rub our foot on ! c>pet1 &
 t\* ! top ( ! rod ) "o ( our f+]s2 = ! 

motion ( ! body1 z 9 walk+1 always      
excites electricity1 & x is ?is :i*1 z x
 passes ?r\gh ! f+]1 causes ! ph5om5on2 
?\gh ! lea/ s5sation ( damp 9 ! glass   
w\ld1 by in/antly dra9+ (f !            
electricity1 defeat ! exp]im5t4 ,:at    
happ5s 9 ?is case is1 t "o k9d (        
electricity passes f ! f+] to ! leaves1 
:ile ano!r k9d1 to make room = x1 passes
 f ! leaf to ! f+]2 & ! leaves sep>ate  
because !y are bo? m or less *>g$ ) !   
same k9d ( electricity1 & k9dr$         
electricities repel ea* o!r4 ,ribbons1  
p>ticul>ly ( :ite silk1 :5 well wa%$1   
are simil>ly susceptible ( electrical   
excitation2 & !y behave v mu* z ! gold  
leaf does :5 !y are rubb$ %>ply ?r\gh a 
piece ( flannel4 ,gutta-p]*a is ano!r   
sub/ance :i*1 :5 simil>ly treat$1 is    
simil>ly affect$4  ,?is p[] is a v      
my/]i\s "o1 & ( a nature to p]plex ev5 !
 philosophic obs]v]4 ,c]ta9 bodies1 su* 
z ! metals1 convey x1 & are call$       
conductors2 c]ta9 o!rs1 su* z glass &   
porcela91 arre/ x1 & are call$          

insulators4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! wires
 ( ! telegraph are support$ by a        
non-conductor1 = if n1 ! electric curr5t
 w\ld pass into ! e>? by ! fir/ po/ &   
nev] rea* its f9al de/9ation4 ,glass be+
 an insulator1 x 0 f\nd t1 if a glass   
bottle 0 fill$ ) wat]1 & !n cork$ up ) a
 cork1 ?r\gh :i* a nail 0 pass$ s t !   
top ( x t\*$ ! wat]1 x w\ld receive &   
reta9 a *>ge z long z x 0 held 9 ! h&2 &
 ?is obs]vation l$ to an inv5tion ( "s  
acc\nt 9 ! subsequ5t applications (     
electricity1 kn[n1 f ! place ( its      
conception1 z ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,?is is a    
glass j>1 ! inside ( :i* is coat$ )     
t9foil1 & ! outside z f> z ! neck1 &    
into :i*1 s z to t\* ! inside coat+1 a  
brass rod ) a knob at ! top is ins]t$   
?r\gh a cork1 :i* closes its m\?4 ,by   
means ( ?is1 9 consequ5ce ( ! isolation 
( ! coat+s by ! glass1 electricity c1 9 
a dry atmosph]e1 be cond5s$1 & /or$ up &
 husb&$ till want$4  ,a s]ies ( eggs1   
arrang$ 9 contact & 9 l9e1 give occasion
 to a pretty exp]im5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( !

 %ells be+ non-conductors1 & ! inside   
conduct+1 x happ5s t a curr5t (         
electricity1 appli$ to ! fir/ ( ! s]ies1
 w pass f "o to ano!r 9 a succession (  
crackl+ sp>ks1 9 ?is way =c+ itself     
?r\gh ! ob/ruct+ walls4 ,?is effect (   
electricity 9 mak+ its way ?r\gh        
non-conduct+ ob/ructions acc\nts = !    
explosion :i* ensues :5 a curr5t ( x    
comes 9 contact ) a quantity ( gunp[d]2 
z x also does = ! fatal consequ5ces :i* 
result :51 on its way f ! atmosph]e to !
 e>?1 x ru%es a?w>t any resi/+ organic  
or inorganic body4  ,magnetism4--,unlike
 electricity1 :i* acts ) a %ock & !n    
expires1 magnetism is a con/ant         
quantity1 & con/ant 9 its action2 & x   
has ?is s+ul> prop]ty1 t x c imp>t      
itself z a p]man5t =ce to bodies        
previ\sly )\t x4 ,?us1 !re be+ natural  
magnets & artificial1 we c1 by pass+ a  
piece ( /eel ov] a magnet1 turn x into a
 /rong magnet itself2 al?\gh we c also1 
:5 x is 9 ! =m ( a horse-%oe1 by a half 
turn r\nd & !n rubb+ x on ! magnet1 take

 away :at x has acquir$1 & br+ x back to
 its orig9al /ate4 ,! magnetic prop]ty  
is v readily imp>t$ 7by induction1 z x  
is call$7 to s(t iron1 b :5 ! iron is   
remov$ f ! magnetis+ body1 x p>ts ) !   
virtue z fa/ z x acquir$ x4 ,to obta9 a 
sub/ance t w reta9 ! p[] induc$1 we mu/ 
make "s o!r election2 & h>d /eel is mo/ 
s]viceable = conv]sion into a p]man5t   
magnet4  ,! prop]ties ( ! magnet are be/
 obs]v$ 9 magnetis$ /eel2 & :5 we proce$
 to te/ its magnetic p[]1 x w be f\nd t 
x is mo/ active at ! extremities ( ! b>1
 :i* are h5ce call$ its poles1 & h>dly1 
if at all1 at ! c5tre2 t :ile bo? poles 
attract c]ta9 sub/ances & repel o!rs1 ! 
"o always po9ts ne>ly nor? & ! o!r ne>ly
 s\? :5 ! b> is horizontally susp5d$2 & 
t1 :5 we break ! b> into two or any     
numb] ( pieces1 h[ev] small1 ea* "p =ms 
into a complete magnet ) its virtue     
active at ! poles1 :i*1 :5 susp5d$1     
pres]ves its orig9al direction2 s t (   
two p>ticles "o is1 9 t case1 always    
nor? ( ! o!r2 nay1 x is probable t ea* (

 ^! has its nor? pole & its s\?1 z      
con/ant z ^? ( ! e>? itself1 :i*1 too1  
is a l>ge magnet4  ,! magnet acts ?r\gh 
m$ia & at a di/ance1 z well z 9 contact2
 & x has an especial attraction = iron1 
! m s :5 ! conduct+ m$ium is solid1 su* 
z a table2 & s :5 ! magnet is           
horizontally susp5d$1 or pois$1 9 !     
vic9ity ( iron1 its t5d5cy to po9t nor? 
& s\? is s]i\sly di/urb$4 ,! di/urbance 
( ! b>1 or ne$le1 9 su* a case1 is call$
 its deflection2 & x is correct$ by s   
plac+ a piece ( s(t iron or ano!r magnet
 9 its neighb\rhood z to neutralise !   
effect1 & leave said b>1 or ne$le1 free 
to obey ! magnetism ( ! e>?4 ,! ne$le1 x
 is to be rem>k$1 does n po9t due nor? &
 s\?1 nei!r1 :5 pois$ freely on its     
c5tre1 does x lie p]fectly horizontal2 9
 our latitude x po9ts at pres5t #bj we/ 
( nor?1 :i* is call$ its decl9ation1 &  
its nor? pole slopes d[nw>ds at an angle
 ( #fh1 :i* is call$ its dip4  ,by hold+
 a rod ( iron1 or a pok]1 = a l5g? ( "t 
p>allel to ! direction ( ! ne$le1 s z to

 h ! same decl9ation & ! same dip1 x w  
gradually assume & display magnetic     
virtue1 & ?is w ere long become fix$ &  
p[]ful "u a succession ( vibratory      
%ocks4 ,!re is a beautiful exp]im5t 9   
:i* a ne$le1 :5 magnetis$1 c be made to 
float on wat]1 :5 x adju/s itself to !  
magnetic m]idian1 & w incl9e nor? & s\? 
! same z ! ne$le ( ! compass4  ,!       
,*emical ,action ( ,electricity &       
,magnetism4--,^! ag5ts possess p[]s :i* 
develop wond]fully 9 connection )       
*emical comb9ation4 ,?us1 if we susp5d a
 piece ( iron 9 a vessel :i* conta9s    
oxyg5 gas1 & apply to ! metal an        
electric curr5t1 x w imm$iately beg9 to 
unite rapidly1 & =m an oxide ) oxyg51   
emitt+1 dur+ ! process1 int5se heat & a 
bright flame4 ,z9c1 too1 :5 simil>ly    
act$ on1 w ignite 9 ! common atmosph]e &
 burn away1 ?\gh ) less int5sity1 till x
 also is1 "u ! electric =ce1 r$uc$ to an
 oxide4 ,x is presum$ t _m o!r *emical  
comb9ations take place because ( !      
simultane\s jo9t developm5t ( electric  

ag5cies1 z 9 copp]1 wat]1 & aqua=tis1   
nitrate ( copp]1 c4 ,s also x happ5s t1 
:5 a plate ( iron is = "s "t imm]s$ 9 a 
copp] solution1 x comes out at l5g?     
cov]$ ov] ) a coat+ ( copp]4 ,& x is    
because !re is electricity at "w t a    
silv] bas9 w be coat$ ) copp] :5 we p\r 
into x a copp] solution1 & at ! same "t 
place 9 x a rod ( z9c1 s t x re/s on !  
side & bottom1 ?\gh no coat+ w =m at all
 :5 !re is no rod pres5t to excite !    
electric curr5t4 ,! same ph5om5a w appe>
 if we deposit a silv] co9 9 ! solution 
9 "q3 ! co9 w come out unaffect$1 unless
 we excite aff9ity by means ( a rod (   
iron4 ,x is "u ! action ( an electric   
curr5t t "o metal is coat$ ) ano!r4 ,!  
metal1 copp] say1 is /eep$ 9 a solution 
( ! coat+ sub/ance1 & connect$ by means 
( wires ) a galvanic batt]y1 "u ! action
 ( :i* ! metal 9 solution unites ) !    
surface ( ! plate imm]s$ 9 x4 ,heat also
 is develop$ "u magnetic influ5ce1 & t  
(t5 ( great int5sity4 ,?us1 if we       
connect ! poles ( a voltaic batt]y by   

means ( a plat9um wire1 heat w develop  
to su* a degree t ! plat9um w almo/     
in/antane\sly become r$ hot & emit a    
bright light1 & t along a wire ( "s     
consid]able l5g?4 ,a simil> effect is   
noticeable :5 we sub/itute o!r metals1  
su* z silv] or iron1 = plat9um4 ,& !    
electric light1 :i* fla%es out rays (   
sunlike brilliance1 is ! result ( plac+ 
a piece ( compact *>coal betwe5 !       
sep>at$ b confront+ poles ( a p[]ful    
galvanic batt]y1 light1 develop+ m at ! 
"o pole & heat m at ! o!r ( ! inc&esc5t 
sub/ance4  ,k9dr$1 ?\gh mu* mild]1      
results w %[ !mselves "u simpl]1 ?\gh   
simil>1 contrivances4 ,a fl\nd] w jump &
 j]k ab\t uneasily if we lay x ^u a     
piece ( t9foil & place ov] x a ?9 plate 
( z9c1 & !n connect ! two ) a b5t metal 
rod2 :i* w happ5 to an eel also1 if we  
expose x to a g5tle curr5t f a batt]y4  
,by means ( electric or magnetic action 
we c sep>ate bodies *emically comb9$1 z 
well z unite !m into *emical comp\nds2 z
 w appe> if we place a piece ( blott+   

pap] ^u t9foil1 & ?is ^u wool2 if we !n 
spread above ^! two pieces ( te/-pap]1  
litmus & turm]ic1 ! "o ! te/ ( acids1 & 
! o!r ( alkalis1 & saturate bo? )       
,glaub] salt 7:i* is by itself nei!r an 
acid nor an alkali1 b a comb9ation ( !  
two71 &1 f9ally1 connect ea* by means ( 
a piece ( z9c ) ! poles ( a batt]y1 !   
te/-pap]s w imm$iately *ange col\r1 z !y
 d ! "o 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid simply1 & 
! o!r ( an alkali simply1 b nev] 9 a    
comp\nd :]e ^! are neutralis$2 ?us prov+
 t ! comp\nd has 9 ?is case be5         
decompos$1 & its elem5ts dis9tegrat$ "o 
f ano!r4  ,a v p[]ful magnet c be       
produc$ by coil+ a wire r\nd a b> ( s(t 
iron1 & atta*+ its extremities to !     
poles ( a galvanic batt]y1 :5 x w be    
f\nd t its /r5g? w be proportion$ to !  
/r5g? ( ! curr5t & ! turns ( ! coil4    
,?is is especially ! case :5 ! b> is b5t
 into ! =m ( a horse-%oe1 & ! wires are 
insulat$ & coil$ r\nd its limbs4 ,! =ce 
communicat$ to a magnet ( ?is k9d1 :i*  
is (t5 imm5se1 is ! product ( ! *emical 

action :i* goes on 9 ! batt]y1 &1 9 a   
c]ta9 s5se1 ! measure ( x4 ,h[ great t  
is we may judge :5 we consid] t1        
evanesc5t z x is 9 itself1 x has imp>t$ 
a virtue :i* is bo? p[]ful & con/ant1 & 
ev] at our s]vice4  ,summ>y4--,?us1 !n1 
on a review ( ! :ole1 we f9d all ?+s are
 end[$ ) attractive p[]1 & t !re is no  
p>ticle :i* is n directly or indirectly 
relat$1 9 manifold ways1 to ! o!r       
p>ticles ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is1 fir/1 !  
univ]sal attraction ( gravitation1 "u   
:i* e p>ticle is1 by a fix$ law1 drawn  
to e o!r )9 ! sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is1 
secondly1 ! attraction ( cohesion or    
aggregation1 :i* acts at %ort di/ances1 
& unites ! o!rwise loose atoms ( bodies 
into coh]5t masses4 ,!re is1 ?irdly1 !  
p[] by :i* elem5ts ( diff]5t k9ds comb9e
 into comp\nds ) new & useful qualities1
 kn[n by ! "n ( *emical aff9ity4 ,&1    
la/ly1 relat$ to ! action ( aff9ity1    
aid+ 9 x & result+ f x1 !re are ^?      
/range negative & positive1 attractive &
 repellant pol> =ces :i* appe> 9 !      

ph5om5a ( electricity & magnetism1      
ag5cies ( su* pot5cy & univ]sal avail 9 
mod]n civilisation4  ,on ! p]man5cy (   
su* =ces & _! mutual play ! univ]se     
re/s1 & its wond]ful hi/ory4 ,) !       
collapse ( any ( !m x w\ld cease to h   
any m a foot+ 9 space1 & all its elem5ts
 w\ld ru% into in/ant confusion4 ,:at a 
,h&1 !re=e1 t mu/ be :i* holds !m up1 & 
:at a ,wisdom :i* guides _! movem5ts6   
,v]ily1 ,he t s5ds !m =? & bids !m "w ,8
 w is great] ?an any "o--great] ?an all 
( !m toge!r4 ,h[ insignificant1 !n1 %\ld
 we seem be=e ,him :o rules !m on ! wide
 scale by comm&+ !m1 :ile we c only rule
 !m on ! small by obey+ !m6 ,& yet h[   
b5ignant mu/ we reg>d ,him to be :o bo? 
wields !m ,himself = our b5efit &       
subjects !m to our intellig5ce &        
control6  ,,footnotes3  ,b ,?is pap] on 
,attraction is ! sub/ance ( a lecture   
:i* ,i compos$ on ! basis ( notes tak5  
by me :54 ,i _h ! hon\r ( att5d+ !      
,pr9ce ( ,wales at ! c\rse giv51 on !   
same subject by ! late ,pr(essor        

,f>aday4 ,! ,pr(essor1 hav+ se5 ! resum 
,i _h writt51 w>mly comm5d$ ! execution1
 & g5]\sly accord$ me 8 sanction to make
 any use ( x1 :e!r = ! purpose ( a      
lecture or o!rwise1 z might seem good to
 me4 ,x is on ! gr\nd ( ?is sanction ,i 
feel w>rant$ to pr9t x "h4     ,,! ,,oil
 ,,f ,,l9se$4   ,v>i\s processes h = a  
long "t be5 9 use = ! purpose ( extract+
 ! oils f diff]5t species ( nuts & se$s1
 a few ( ! m int]e/+ ( :i* are n unwor?y
 ( brief notice & description4  ,9      
,ceylon1 :]e cocoa-nuts & oil-produc+   
se$s ab\nd1 ! means employ$ by ! natives
 9 ! la/ c5tury = extract+ ! oils 7 ( a 
mo/ primitive "*4 ,a few poles 7 fix$   
upright 9 ! gr\nd1 two horizontal b>s   
atta*$ to !m1 betwe5 :i* a bag conta9+ !
 pulp ( ! se$ or nut 0 plac$4 ,a lev] 0 
!n appli$ to ! horizontal b>s1 :i*      
br\ght !m toge!r1 ?us creat+ a pressure 
:i*1 by squeez+ ! bag1 gradually        
express$ ! oil f ! pulpy sub/ance4 ,?is 
rude ma*9e 0 at t "t ( day "o ( ! mo/   
approv$ = ! purpose4  ,! sy/em ( pe/le &

 mort> 0 also 9 use1 b z ! process 0    
necess>ily v sl[1 ?is me?od 0 seldom    
resort$ to4 ,an improvem5t on ?is sy/em 
0 inv5t$ by a ,mr4 ,h]b]t1 ^: design x  
_h be5 to con/ruct a p[]ful & effici5t  
ma*9e :i* %\ld comb9e *eapness &        
simplicity4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree pieces (  
wood1 viz41 an upright piece fix$ 9 !   
gr\nd1 f ! l[] & upp] extremities ( :i* 
!re project$ ! two o!r pieces1 ! top "o 
atta*$ to ! jo9t ( a long horizontal    
lev]1 & ! l[] "o to ! jo9t ( a v]tical  
"o4 ,! fix$ upright po/ & ! horizontal  
lev] =m$ ! press4 ,! bag ( pulp be+ put 
betwe5 ! upright "o & ! v]tical1 !      
pressure 0 obta9$ by susp5d+ a negro or 
a weight f ! lev]4  ,9 ano!r press ( !  
same or a simil> k9d1 ! bags 7 plac$ 9 a
 horizontal frame1 & a loose beam ( wood
 press$ d[n on x by a lev]4  ,ano!r =m (
 press _h cambs & w$ges2 also a         
modification ( x by ,mr4 ,hall ( ,d>t=d1
 :o appli$ ! pressure by means ( a      
/eam-cyl9d]4 ,! cambs are arrang$       
alt]nately1 s t "o is fill$ :ile ! o!r  

is be+ press$4 ,?is brief notice w      
suffice to give an idea ( su* ma*9es z  
are wr\ght by lev] pressure4  ,we pass  
on1 !re=e1 to lat] inv5tions &          
improvem5ts4  ,fir/1 ,! ,dut* or /amp]  
press1 inv5t$ 9 ,holl&2 second1 ! screw2
 &1 ?ird1 ! hydraulic3--  7#a47 ,! /amp]
 press is some?+ l a beetl+-ma*9e1 9 :i*
 w$ges are driv5 9 betwe5 ! bags1       
conta9+1 ( c\rse 9 a bruis$ condition1 !
 se$ to be press$4  7#b47 ,! screw press
 has an ord9>y squ>e-?read$ screw1 & x  
acts 9 ! same way z press = mak+ cid] or
 *eese4  7#c47 ,! hydraulic press4 ,"h !
 pressure is produc$ by means ( a pi/on 
driv5 up by ! =ce ( wat]1 ! imm5se p[] (
 :i* is1 9 great "p1 due to its almo/   
total incompressibility4 ,?is is by f> !
 mo/ p]fect =m ( press4 ,its p[] mu/ be 
famili> to all :o rememb] ! lift+ ( !   
tubes ( ! ,britannia ,bridge1 & ! laun*+
 ( ! ,great ,ea/]n4  ,an oil-mill is 9  
=m some?+ l a fl\r-mill4 ,! op]ation    
beg9s at ! top1 :]e ! se$ is pass$ ?r\gh
 a flat screw or %ak] & !n ?r\gh a pair 

( roll]s1 :i* cru% x4 ,^! roll]s are (  
unequal diamet]1 ! "o be+ #d feet1 & !  
o!r #a foot2 b !y are bo? ( ! same l5g?1
 #a foot #d in*es1 & make fifty-six     
revolutions 9 a m9ute4 ,by ?is          
arrangem5t x is f\nd ! se$ is bo? bett] 
bruis$ & fa/] ?an :51 z 0 =m]ly ! case1 
! roll]s 7 ( ! same diamet]4 ,a pair (  
roll]s w cru% #d-a_/b tons ( se$ 9 elev5
 h\rs1 a quantity en\gh to keep two sets
 ( hydraulic presses go+4  ,aft] ! se$  
is cru%$ 9 ?is way1 x is pass$ "u a pair
 ( edge /ones4 ,^! /ones weigh ab\t sev5
 tons1 are #g feet #f in*es 9 diamet] & 
#ag in*es broad1 & make sev5te5         
revolutions a m9ute4 ,if ( good quality1
 !y w n require to be fac$ m ?an once 9 
?ree ye>s1 & !y w la/ f fifte5 to tw5ty4
 ,!y are fitt$ ) two scrap]s1 "o = rak+ 
! se$ betwe5 ! /ones1 ! o!r = rak+ x (f 
at ! prop] p]iod4 ,"o pair ( /ones w    
gr9d se$ suffici5t = two d\ble hydraulic
 presses1 & ! op]ation occupies ab\t    
tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,! se$ is n[ cru%$ & 
gr\nd1 b be=e x is pass$ on to ! press x

 is transf]r$ to ! heat+-kettle4  ,!    
heat+-kettle is compos$ ( two cyl9drical
 ca/+s1 "o fitt+ loosely into ! o!r1 s t
 a space is left betwe5 !m = a free     
circulation ( /eam all r\nd bo? ! sides 
& bottom ( ! int]ior vessel4 ,! int]nal 
ca/+ is aga9 divid$ horizontally into   
two p>titions1 "o above ! o!r !re=e1 by 
two plates1 betwe5 :i* also !re is a    
space left = ! admission & circulation (
 /eam2 & a communication is kept up     
betwe5 ! upp] comp>tm5t & ! "u by means 
( a /ripp+ valve4 ,besides ?is1 !re is a
 communication f ! int]nal kettle ?r\gh 
! ext]nal "o1 & also a %aft passes      
betwe5 ! two horizontal p>ts to give    
motion to ! /irr]1 :i* revolves         
?irty-six times a m9ute4 ,a cov]        
encloses ! top1 & x is ?r\gh ?is !      
vessel is *>g$4 ,! upp] portion is fill$
 fir/1 :]e ! cont5ts introduc$ are all[$
 to rema9 t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 aft] :i* 
! valve is op5$ & ! :ole falls into !   
l[] kettle1 :]e x is kept till want$4 ,!
 se$ is !n tak5 away f ! l[] kettle by  

an op5+1 & be/[$ 9 bags ( suffici5t size
 to make a cake ( #h lbs4 weight aft] ! 
oil is press$ out ( x4 ,inde$1 !        
comp>tm5ts ( ! heat+-kettle are ( a size
 to conta9 en\gh to *>ge "o side ( a    
hydraulic press4 ,^!1 !re=e1 are s      
con/ruct$ z to r5d] ! op]ation cont9u\s1
 ! upp] "o be+ dis*>g$ into ! "u z soon 
z its cont5ts are )drawn to ! press4 ,! 
se$ is heat$ to ! temp]ature ( #agj     
degrees ,fahr41 :5 x is drawn (f & plac$
 9 ! bags4  ,9 ano!r =m ( kettle ! se$  
is heat$ on a hot he>?1 & on ! top ( !  
he>? is a loose r+1 )9 :i* a sp9dle     
revolves to /ir ! se$4 ,aft] ! requisite
 temp]ature has be5 rea*$1 ! r+ is rais$
 & ! se$ swept into ! bags1 :i* are made
 ( horse-hair4 ,!re is great loss ( heat
 9 ?is me?od1 h[ev]1 z ! se$ is expos$  
to ! atmosph]e1 :i* ( c\rse cools x4    
,we n[ come to ! f9al op]ation1 ! mode (
 express+ ! oil4 ,! screw press we d n  
ne$ to describe1 z x consi/s simply (   
two plates1 br\ght toge!r by a screw1 9 
! same way z ! press us$ = squeez+      

apples 9 ! manufacture ( cid]1 & ! *eese
 press4 ,let u look !re=e at ! /amp]    
press4 ,x consi/s ( an iron box1 op5 at 
! top1 at ea* end ( :i* are two plates1 
capable ( conta9+ betwe5 !m a bag ( se$ 
:i* %all yield a cake weigh+ #i lbs4 ,to
 "o ( ! inn] plates ( ! box is atta*$ a 
w$ge1 beside :i* is ins]t$ ano!r fill+  
up1 & !n ! driv+ w$ge is introduc$2 &   
la/ly1 ano!r block is let 9 betwe5 ?is  
w$ge & ! o!r plate z soon z ! bags h be5
 plac$ v]tically 9 ! press-box4 ,a /amp]
 ( wood1 work$ by cambs on a revolv+    
%aft1 is all[$ to fall ab\t #a foot #aj 
in*es1 at ! rate ( fifte5 /rokes a      
m9ute1 = ab\t six m9utes4 ,?is /amp] is 
#af feet long by #h in*es squ>e1 & falls
 on ! head ( ! w$ge1 & drives x 9 to a  
level at ! top ( ! box4 ,ano!r /amp] is 
employ$ to drive d[n an inv]t$ w$ge1 s z
 to release ! work+ "o1 & enable !      
att5dant to take out ! cake4 ,a press ( 
?is k9d w turn out only ab\t #ab cwts4 (
 cake a day4  ,we come n[ to ! hydraulic
 press4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! mo/ approv$   

inv5tion t has yet be5 adopt$1 & x is   
simply a ,bramah press adju/$ = !       
purpose4 ,x has be5 9 use = ab\t ?irty  
ye>s1 ?\gh x 01 ( c\rse1 at fir/ less   
skilfully & sci5tifically con/ruct$ ?an 
x is n[4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! presses1 
! box :i* conta9s ! se$ runs on a       
tramway 9 ord] to facilitate its removal
 f ! heat+-kettle1 s t ea* "t ! bags h  
to be repl5i%$ ! :ole box has to be     
remov$2 & ?is causes no inconsid]able   
loss bo? ( p[] & "t1 = x has1 :5 fill$1 
to be replac$ on ! ram & lift$ bodily   
upw>ds 9 ord] to br+ x flu% ) ! top ( ! 
press1 :i* fits ! press-box & acts z a  
po9t ( resi/ance4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t !re 
are introduc$ only "o press & "o set (  
small pumps4  ,! next press we come to  
is ,blundell's1 :i* is admitt$ to be by 
f> ! mo/ effici5t 9 use to-day4 ,"h !re 
are two di/9ct presses1 or a d\ble      
hydraulic press1 f$ by two pumps1 "o    
#b-a_/b in*es & ! o!r #a in* 9 diamet]1 
bo? connect$ ) ! sep>ate cyl9d]s by     
hydraulic tub+4 ,! /roke ( ^! pumps is  

#e in*es1 & !y make ?irty-six /rokes a  
m9ute4 ,! l>g] pump is weight$ to #gdj  
lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 & ! small] to #eedj
 ! squ>e in*4 ,! diamet] ( ! rams is #ab
 in*es1 & ! /roke #aj in*es4 ,ea* press 
is fitt$ to receive f\r bags ( se$1 & x 
produces #fd lbs4 ( cake at ea*         
op]ation4 ,aft] ! heat$ se$ has be5     
plac$ 9 ! bags1 ! att5dant proce$s to   
fill "o press1 & !n he op5s ! valve     
betwe5 ! l>ge pump & ! *>g$ press1 :i*  
causes ! ram to rise till !re is a      
pressure ( =ty tons1 :]eupon !          
safety-valve ( ! l>ge pump op5s1 & is   
kept s by a spr+4 ,:ile ?is op]ation is 
go+ on1 ! att5dant is occupi$ ) fill+ ! 
second press2 :i* complet$1 he op5s !   
communication betwe5 ! l>ge pump & !    
second press1 tak+ c>e fir/ to replace !
 safety-valve4 ,! ram ( ?is press is !n 
rais$ to ! same height z ! o!r1 aft] :i*
 ! safety-valve rises a second "t4 ,!   
att5dant1 z he closes ! valve :i* op5s !
 communication betwe5 ! l>ge pump & !   
press1 at ! same "t op5s ! valve betwe5 

! small pumps & ! presses2 & ! pressure1
 am\nt+ to ab\t #cjj tons1 ex]t$ by !   
small pump1 is all[$ to rema9 on ! rams 
= ab\t sev5 m9utes4 ,f :i* x appe>s t1  
all[+ ?ree m9utes = empty+ & *>g+ !     
press1 ! process ( express+ ! oil takes 
only ?ree m9utes 9 all2 & x is done by  
?is press 9 ?is brief "t 9 ! mo/        
effectual mann]4 ,! oil1 z x is         
express$1 passes ?r\gh ! canvas & hair  
bags to a ci/]n1 kn[n z ! spill-tank1   
:i* is j l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! produce 
( "o day's work+4 ,! presses are work$  
by oil in/ead ( wat]1 z x keeps bo?     
presses & pumps 9 bett] ord]4 ,ea* ( !m 
w produce #cf cwts4 ( cake p] day (     
elev5 h\rs1 :ile ! yield ( oil is ab\t  
#ad cwts4 ,! oil is pump$ f !           
spill-tanks to l>g] ones1 capable (     
hold+ f #be to #ajj tons1 :]e x rema9s =
 "s "t 9 ord] to settle previ\sly to be+
 br\ght to ! m>ket4  ,i d n int5d to    
ent] into ! relative m]its ( ! v>i\s    
presses1 b cont5t myself ) hav+ expla9$ 
to y ! mann] 9 :i* ! oil is produc$4    

,be=e conclud+1 x may be int]e/+ to give
 y "s idea ( ! va/ ext5t ( ?is          
manufacture4 ,x appe>s1 accord+ to !    
(ficial returns1 t 9 ! ye> #ahda we     
import$ #cfd1jjj qu>t]s ( se$4  ,,!     
,,oil ,,f ,,l9se$4          #ahdb       
#cfh1jjj  #ahdg  #dci1jjj  #aheb        
#hjj1jjj      #ahdc  #dgj1jjj  #ahdh    
#gii1jjj  #ahec  #a1jjj1jjj      #ahdd  
#faf1jjj  #ahdi  #fbf1jjj  #ahed        
#hbh1jjj      #ahde  #fff1jjj  #ahej    
#ffh1jjj  #ahee    #geg1jjj      #ahdf  
#ejf1jjj  #ahea  #fcj1jjj  #ahef        
#a1ajj1jjj       ,n[ if we take ! la/   
ye>'s imports1 we %all f9d t ! produce  
w\ld am\nt to ab\t #add1jjj tons' weight
 ( oil-cake1 & above #ef1jjj tons ( oil4
  ,! cake is us$ = fe$+ cattle1 & ! oil 
= burn+1 lubricat+1 pa9t+1 c42 & a v    
l>ge quantity is export$4  ,we f9d t to 
cru% ! se$ import$ 9 #ahef x requir$ f  
#aej to #afj d\ble hydraulic presses1   
ne>ly #ajj ( :i* 7 9 ,hull4 ,?is %[s !  
ext5t ( our comm]ce 9 ! se$ ( flax1 to  
say no?+ ( its fibre2 & is "o m in/ance 

( ! great results :i* may be wr\ght out 
( little ?+s4 ,:at a beautiful          
illu/ration ( ! b\nty ( ,provid5ce2 &   
:at an enc\ragem5t to ! +5uity ( man6   
,:o kn[s :at treasures may yet lie hidd5
 9 neglect$ fields1 or to :at untold    
weal? ! human family may "o day fall    
heir8     ,,hodge-,,podge3 ,,or1        
,,:at',s ,,intilt4  ,,writt5 ,,nov4 #bj1
 #ahge1 ,,at ,,/ag5hoe ,,p>k4   ,!      
subject & treatm5t1 z well z title1 (   
?is ,lecture are sugge/$ by ! answ] ( ! 
ho/ess at a ,scotti% inn to an ,engli%  
t\ri/1 :o 0 inquisitive to "k !         
composition ( a di% :i* %e (f]$ him1 &  
:i* %e call$ ,hodge-,podge4 ,!re's wat] 
intilt1 %e said1 !re's mutton intilt1   
!re's pease intilt1 !re's leeks intilt1 
!re's neeps intilt1 & sometimes some?+s 
else intilt4 ,! analysis 0 an exhau/ive 
"o1 & ! intellig5ce display$ by ! l&lady
 0 e way wor?y ( ! %rewdness indig5\s to
 h] c\ntry2 b h] answ] 0 n s lucid to h]
 li/5] z to h]self1 z appe>$ by 8       
bewild]$ looks1 & 8 fur!r half-despair+ 

int]rogatory4 ,b :at is intilt8 said he1
 impati5tly /rik+ 9 be=e %e _h well     
f9i%$4 ,hav5't ,i be5 tell9' ye :at's   
intilt8 %e repli$4 ,& %e began !        
enum]ation aga91 only ) long] pause &   
great] emphasis at e /ep1 z if %e 7     
enlight5+ a sl[ appreh5sion1--,!re's    
wat] intilt1 !re's mutton intilt2       
quietly & self-complac5tly add+1 z %e   
f9i%$1 ,ye surely k5 n[ :at's intilt4   
,:e!r h] gue/ n[ und]/ood h] mean+1 or  
:e!r he _h to succumb1 cont5t$ ) 8      
ignorance1 we are n in=m$2 b few ( my   
read]s ne$ to be told t intilt is a     
,scot* prov9cialism = into x1 & t !     
l&lady meant by us+ x to signify t !    
p>ticul>s enum]at$ ent]$ z con/itu5ts   
into h] my/]i\s di%4  ,my aim is to     
disc\rse on ! same con/itu5ts z !y      
display _! virtues & play _! p>ts on a  
l>g] scale1 9 a wid] economy2 & :5 ,i h 
said my say1 ,i hope ,i may be able to  
lay claim to ! cr$it ( hav+ spok5       
intelligibly & pr(itably1 ?\gh ,i mu/ at
 ! outset bespeak indulg5ce by promise (

 no?+ m ?an ! s]v+ up ( a di% ( simple  
hodge-podge4 ,! "q ,i put 9 a wid]      
ref]5ce is ! "q ( ! ,engli%man1 z       
express$ 9 ! ,scot*woman's dialect1     
,:at's intilt8 & ,i assume t !re ent]   
into x1 z radically compon5t p>ts1 at   
lea/ ! +r$i5ts ( ?is motley s\p4 ,into !
 l>ge hodge-podge ( nature & t]re/rial  
economics1 z into ?is small section (   
,scot* cook]y1 !re ent] ! elem5t ( wat]1
 ! fle% ( animals1 & ! fruits ( ! e>?1 z
 well z ! processes by :i* ^! are br\ght
 to h& & r5d]$ s]viceable to life4 ,!   
+r$i5ts ( hodge-podge exi/ 9 r]um       
natura1 & ! place !y occupy & ! function
 !y fulfil 9 x are no less des]v+ ( our 
inquisitive reg>d4  ,?us1 !re is wat] 9 
x1 )\t :i* !re 7 no seas & no sail+ (   
%ips1 no riv]s & no ply+ ( mills1 no    
vap\r & no p[] ( /eam1 no manufacture & 
no trade1 & n only no motion1 b no gr[? 
& no life4 ,!re is mutton1 or beef1 9 x1
 & connect$ !re) ! bre$+ & re>+ (       
cattle1 ! production ( wool1 tall[1 &   
lea!r1 & ! relat$ manufactures & crafts4

 ,!re are turnips & c>rots 9 x1 ! latt] 
( su* value to ! f>m] t on "o occasion a
 s+le crop ( !m suffic$ to cle> (f a    
r5t2 & ! =m] ( su* consequ5ce 9 ! fatt5+
 ( /ock & ! provision ( animal food1 t a
 liv+ economi/ divides society          
exhau/ively into turnip-produc+ classes 
& turnip-consum+4 ,!re are leeks &      
onions 9 x1 & ^!1 ) ! =m]1 sugge/ ! art 
( ! g>d5]1 & ! wond]ful processes by :i*
 h>% & fibr\s products c be turn$ into  
pulpy & edible fruits4 ,& !re are pease 
& b>ley 9 x1 & associat$ !re) ! :ole art
 ( ! husb&man 9 ! tillage ( ! soil & !  
rais+ ( c]eals1 ) ! relat$ processes (  
gr9d+ ! meal1 bak+ ! bread1 prep>+ !    
malt1 brew+ ! be]1 & di/ill+ ! fi]y     
life-blood at ! he>t4  ,n[1 to disc\rse 
on all ^!1 z !y des]ve1 w\ld be a task (
 no ord9>y magnitude1 b ! subject is an 
int]e/+ "o1 & to treat ( x ev] s        
cursorily might n unpr(itably occupy a  
reflective mom5t or two4 ,wat] is ! fir/
 topic x is laid ^u me to talk ab\t1 &  
,i beg9 ) x all ! m readily because x   

sugge/s a s5se ( fre%ness1 & ?\ghts :i* 
may float our ent]prise prosp]\sly into 
port4  ,i4 ,wat]1 z already h9t$1 is an 
elem5t ( va/ acc\nt 9 ! economy (       
nature1 & is a recreation to ! he>t & a 
delight to ! eye ( bo? man & bea/4 ,to h
 a pl5tiful supply ( x is "o ( ! greate/
 bless+s ( ,god to ! creature1 & to be  
able to be/[ x wisely & employ x        
usefully is "o ( ! mo/ s]viceable (     
human arts4 ,x is too valuable a s]vant 
to suff] to g idle1 & _m are ! (fices x 
might d u1 if1 z x travels f ! m\nta9s  
to ! sea-bo>d1 we caught x 9 its c\rse1 
h>ness$ x to our *>iot1 & guid$ x to our
 aim4 ,we %\ld turn x to acc\nt e in* ( 
its progress1 & compel x1 z x c1 to     
m9i/] to our requirem5ts by its         
irresi/ible en]gy4 ,its m]ely me*anical 
p[] is imm5se1 & ?is is due 9 great "p  
to its incompressibility2 = x is 9      
virtue ( ?is quality alone we c1 by     
means ( x1 a*ieve feats n o!rwise       
feasible4 ,h[ else c\ld we h rais$ to   
its sublime height t /up5d\s bridge :i* 

spans ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 & :i* is ! wond] 
( ! behold]1 z x is ! boa/ ( ! design]8 
,x /&s :]e x does by ! help ( "s        
me*anism inde$1 b ! true giant t lift$ x
 on 8 %\ld]s & bore x to its airy       
elevation 0 ! incompressible =ce ( wat]1
 a fluid :i* is1 /rangely1 ! simple     
product ( ! comb9ation ( two ela/ic     
transp>5t gases1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 nei!r 
( :i* ap>t has ! !w & s9ew ( its (fspr+4
 ,nay1 x is ?is s+le elem5t1 :i*1 act$  
on by heat or act+ ?r\gh ma*9]y1 fet*es 
& c>ries = u ov] ! wide globe1 & is fa/ 
weav+ into "o liv+ web ! f>-scatt]$     
int]e/s ( ! _w4  ,wat] 0 9 primitive    
times utilis$ into a motive p[] by !    
help ( a me*anism ( rude design1 :i* yet
 is h>dly out ( date1 & might rec5tly be
 se5 9 its orig9al1 /ill m 9 modifi$ =m1
 9 c]ta9 back-qu>t]s ( civilisation4 ,a 
/ream1 guid$ by a sluice1 0 made to play
 ^u f\r v]tical paddle-blades1 atta*$ to
 a %aft :i* !y caus$ to revolve1 & :i*  
mov$ a mill/one1 re/+ ^u ano!r ?r\gh :i*
 x pass$4 ,x 0 a primitive mill1 :i*    

sup]s$$ ! /ill m primitive h&-mill1 or  
qu]n2 & ,i myself h se5 x at "w 9 !     
,%etl& ,isl&s1 & ev5 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1  
?\gh x is n[ done away ) ev5 !re1 /ill m
 f>!r s\?1 & its place suppli$ & its "w 
done by ov]%ot & "u-%ot :eel-ge>1 &     
improv$ ma*9]y atta*$1 ( less or m      
complexity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t           
improvem5ts is ! ,turb9e1 a sort (      
,b>k]'s mill2 x is ( great p[]1 small   
compass1 & acts "u a good fall ) a      
m9imum exp5diture ( wat]-p[]4  ,pass+ f 
! consid]ation ( wat] z a motive p[] 9  
its natural /ate1 ,i ask y to notice    
briefly ! gigantic =ce x c be made to   
develop "u ! action ( heat4 ,9 its      
normal =m ! p[] ( wat] is due1 z ,i h   
said1 to its incompressibility2 9 ! /ate
 ( vap\r1 to :i* x is r$uc$ by heat1 its
 p[] is due to ! c\nt] =ce ( expansion4 
,x 0 :5 conf9$ z a /ate prison] 9 ! ,t[]
 ( ,london t ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] began 
to speculate on ! possibilities ( /eam1 
?\gh he little dream$ ( its m important 
applications1 & ! incalculable s]vices x

 might be made to r5d] to ! cause (     
humanity4 ,sudd5ly1 "o day1 8 mus+s 9 8 
solitude 7 int]rupt$ by ! rattl+ ( ! lid
 ( a kettle1 :i* 0 boil+ away on ! fire 
beside him1 :51 be+ ( a philosophic ve91
 he comm5c$ to inquire aft] ! cause2 &  
he soon reason$ himself into !          
conclusion t ! motive p[] lay 9 ! t5sion
 ( ! vap\r1 & t ! ma9t5ance ( ?is mu/ be
 due to successive additions ( heat4 ,! 
?\ght 0 a se$ s[n 9 a fit soil1 = x l$  
to exp]im5ts :i* confirm$ ! supposition1
 & inaugurat$ o!rs t h borne fruit1 z we
 see4 ,x 0 a great mom5t 9 ! annals (   
discov]y1 & f t "t to ?is ! g5ius (     
improvem5t has mov$ onw>d ) unprec$5t$  
/rides2 & ?is 9 ! application ( /eam-p[]
 z well z ! results1 /up5d\s z ^! la/ h 
be54 ,= z !re is no dep>tm5t ( indu/ry t
 has n made imm5se advances s9ce1 none  
on :i* /eam has n directly or indirectly
 be5 br\ght to be> ) effect2 s !re has  
be5 no end to ! +5uity & +5i\s devices  
by :i* /eam has be5 coax$ into          
subjection to human use & made ! pliant 

m9i/] ( ! ma/]1 man4 ,all ^! results    
foll[ z a natural consequ5ce f ! fir/   
discov]y ( its motive p[] by ! ,m>quis (
 ,worce/]1 & ! subsequ5t inv5tion (     
,james ,watt1 by :i* ! =ce detect$ 0    
r5d]$ uni=m1 in/ead ( fitful &          
spasmodic1 z x _h be5 be=e4 ,& yet1     
important z 0 ! discov]y ( ! "o1 & +5i\s
 z is ! inv5tion ( ! o!r1 bo? are (     
slight acc\nt 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great fact
 ( nature obs]v$ by ! ,engli% nobleman &
 hum\r$ by ! ,scotti% artisan4 ,! g5ie  
:om ! "o captur$ & ! o!r tam$1 is !     
great magic work]1 ap>t f ^: subtle     
/r5g? _! +5uity _h be5 wa/$1 & _h come  
to naught4  ,b "h ,i mu/ re/ra9 my      
rov+s1 & recall my purpose to descant on
 o!r po9ts4 ,& inde$ ! uses ( wat] are s
 num]\s & v>i$ t ! subject might well   
engross a lecture by itself2 & ,i mu/   
ne$s !re=e cut ! matt] %ort4 ,x is only 
,hodge-,podge1 moreov]1 ,i h und]tak5 to
 di% up be=e y1 & ,i mu/ keep my ^w4 ,=1
 fa9 z ,i am to dilate on ! _m economic 
virtues ( wat]1 ,i mu/ n =get t ! pot   

conta9s o!r +r$i5ts1 & t ! di% ,i am    
s]v+ out ( x w\ld yield b poor f>e1 if x
 did n4  #b4 ,i come !re=e to ! next    
+r$i5t 9 ! s\p ,i am provid+2 =1 z !    
h\sewife said1 !re's mutton intilt1 & x 
is ! mo/ important +r$i5t 9 ! mess4 ,b !
 animal :i* produces x1 l ! k9dr$       
animals t produce ! l1 s]ves o!r        
purposes z well1 & ^! no less ess5tial  
to ! exig5cy ( ! race2 & x is ( !m ,i   
propose to speak4 ,x is beside my design
 to ent] on ! doma9 ( ! %eep-bre$]1 &   
attempt an acc\nt ( ! diff]5t k9ds re>$ 
by ! f>m]2 en\gh to say t1 num]\s z ^!  
are1 !y are all f$ & t5d$ = ! b5efit ( !
 human family1 & t !y m9i/] to ! supply 
( ! same human wants4  ,! *ild1 z x     
frolics on ! lawn1 /ops 8 gambols & /eps
 g5tly aside to coax1 to c>ess 8        
woolly-fleec$ companion2 & ! "m talks   
s(tly to h] *ild ( ! innoc5t d>l+s1 &   
asks if !y are n lovely creatures1 &    
beautiful to look at1 z !y timidly w&] f
 spot to spot1 & nibble ! delicate      
pa/ure4 ,s x is to ! lively fancy (     

*ildhood1 & s x is to ! "m ^: affections
 are naturally melt$ into s(tness 9 !   
pres5ce ( simplicity2 b :5 economic     
consid]ations arise1 & ! "q is "o (     
s]vice & value1 all su* s5tim5tal &     
ae/hetic emotions pass out ( c\rt1 &    
only calculations ( base utilit>ianism  
fill ! eye f horizon to horizon4 ,no    
d\bt ! creatures are lovely & beautiful 
to behold on ! mead[s & hill-sides ( !  
l&scape1 :i* !y enliv5 & adorn2 b man   
mu/ live z well z admire1 & unless by   
sacrifice ( ! %eep he mu/ n only g )\t  
hodge-podge to 8 d9n]1 b disp5se ) mu*  
else equally necess>y to 8 life &       
welf>e4 ,! cook requires ! sacrifice1 t 
he may purvey = ! tables ( bo? g5tle &  
semple2 ! tall[-deal] requires !        
sacrifice1 t he may provide light = our 
home/eads1 & oil = our eng9es1 bo?      
/ation>y & locomotive2 & ! wool-m]*ant &
 ! curri] insi/ on /ripp+ ! victim ( 8  
fleece1 & ev5 flay+ 8 sk91 be=e !y c    
assure u ( fit clo?+ & cov]+ aga9/ cold 
& ra9 = our bodies & our belong+s4 ,&   

:at a wret*$ plight we %\ld be 91 if !  
%eep1 or _! l1 did n come to ! rescue1  
or ! help !y are fitt$ to r5d] 7 n laid 
"u contribution6 ,= n only might we be  
fat$ to g (t5 d9n]less to b$1 & to live 
all our days 9 a body imp]fectly n\ri%$1
 b our ev5+s w\ld 9 _m cases be sp5t )\t
 light1 & our j\rneys und]tak5 )\t      
com=t1 & our out] man left to battle at 
odds1 un%od & unprotect$1 ) ! discom=ts 
( ! highway & ! inclem5cy ( ! seasons4  
,( all ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! %eep to !   
race ( man1 p]haps ! mo/ invaluable is t
 :i* is accord$ 9 ! gift ( wool2 & x is 
= ! sake ( ?is alone t1 9 _m qu>t]s1    
:ole flocks1 & ev5 bre$s1 are re>$ &    
t5d$1--s great is ! dem& = x1 & su* !   
e/eem 9 :i* x is held = ! purpose (     
clo?+ ! body & keep+ x 9 w>m?4  #c4 ,b1 
aga91 to advance a /ep fur!r1 !re are1 z
 ! l&lady ( ! inn rem>k$1 neeps intilt4 
,on ?is "p ( ! subject1 t ,i may pass to
 ! next topic on :i* ,i mean to speak1 &
 :i* is ( wid] range1 ,i int5d to say   
little4 ,i h already ref]r$ to !        

important place assign$ to ?is vegetable
 by a liv+ economi/ z af=d+ a basis =   
gr\p+ society into two great classes4   
,to ! f>m] x is ( equal1 & f> m         
practical1 importance2 = x is1 by !     
mann] ( its cultivation1 a great means (
 cle>+ ! l& ( we$s2 x is ! *ief support 
( %eep & cattle ?r\gh ! mon?s ( w9t]2 & 
x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable crops rais$ on 
,briti% soil1 & ( equal acc\nt 9 !      
agriculture ( bo? ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,!  
culture ( turnips on f>ms involves      
consid]able exp5se inde$1 & is sometimes
 att5d$ ) loss1 & ev5 failure2 b !y are 
( ine/imable value 9 cattle husb&ry1 z  
)\t !m our %eepf>ms w\ld soon be        
depopulat$1 & ! animals h>dly outlive a 
w9t]4 ,"o function !y1 & ! l1 fulfil 9  
nature1 is turn+ inorganic matt] into   
vegetable1 t ! compon5t elem5ts may 9   
?is =m be m readily assimilat$ into     
animal fle% & blood2 :ile _!            
introduction z an article ( f>m+ is (   
great importance z r5d]+ possible &     
feasible a regul> rotation ( crops4  #d4

 ,b ,i mu/1 z ,i said1 ha/5 on to ano!r 
+r$i5t ( ! di% we are comp\nd+2 ,i ref] 
to b>ley1 = t too1 z our graci\s ho/ess 
w\ld say1 is intilt4 ,f ?is s+le gra9   
:at virtues h be5 develop$6 :at         
mildness1 :at soo?+1 :at n\ri%m5t1 & :at
 /r5g?6 ,:at a s\rce x is to u ( com=t1 
( enjoym5t1 & ( weal?6 ,!re is          
b>ley-wat]1 = in/ance1 a bev]age mo/    
h>mless1 yet mo/ soo?+2 meet dr9k = !   
sick-room1 & specially promotive ( !    
secretions 9 pati5ts ^: disease is      
inflammatory1 & :o suff] f ?ir/4 ,!n !re
 is b>ley-bread1 ext5sively us$ 9 bo?   
,engl& & ,scotl&1 ?an :i* !re is none m 
:olesome to ! blood & m n\ri%+ to !     
sy/em2 ! meal ( :i* is ( s]vice too 9 ! 
%ape ( a m$ical appliance1 &1 :5 s us$1 
acts ) mo/ b5eficial effect4 ,b its     
/r5g? is n s pron\nc$ or decisive ei!r 9
 ! =m ( an infusion or 9 t ( bread1 mu* 
z 9 ^! =ms x contributes to heal? &     
vig\r3 x is n :5 x is put into ! pot1 or
 :5 bruis$ by ! mill]1 t x comes out 9 !
 fulness ( its might2 x is :5 x is      

imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & subject$ to heat1 &    
metamorphos$ into malt4 ,9 ?is =m x c be
 conv]t$ into a bev]age t is simple &   
heal?ful1 &1 :5 us$ aright1 conducive to
 /r5g? ( muscle & g5]al vig\r ( life2 b 
:5 x has und]gone a fur!r process1 :i*  
,i am ab\t to describe1 x evolves a _s s
 ma/]ful t ! weak w\ld d well to )/& its
 s$uctiv5ess1 = only a /rong head & a   
/\t w d>e ) impunity to ent] ! li/s ) x1
 & c hope to retire f ! conte/ ) ! /r5g?
 un%orn & a firm foot/ep4,c  ,:isky1 :i*
 is :at ,i n[ ref] to z ! highe/ outcome
 ( ! /r5g? ( b>ley1 is1 l hodge-podge1 (
 ,scot* incubation1 & des]ves1 =        
c\ntry's sake & ! fame x has1 "s brief  
reg>d4 ,! process by :i* ! gra9 is      
prep>$ may be describ$ z foll[s4 ,! gra9
 is fir/ damp$1 !n spread out on a      
floor1 & f9ally a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] 
& heat appli$1 :5 x beg9s to g]m9ate1   
:i* x cont9ues to d to a c]ta9 /age1    
beyond :i* x is n all[$ to pass4 ,at ?is
 mom5t a ,gov]nm5t (ficial pres5ts      
himself1 & exacts a duty ( ! manufactur]

 = ! production ( ! malt1 ! au?orities  
%rewdly judg+ t !y are entitl$ to levy  
(f s valuable an article a modicum (    
tax4 ,! gra9 ?us prep>$ is n[ 9 a /ate =
 fur!r manufacture1 & x passes into !   
h&s ( ! brew] or di/ill]1 to be conv]t$ 
into a m or less alcoholic dr9k4  ,fir/ 
! brew] produces !refrom ^? excell5t    
bev]ages call$ be] & port]1 & s         
contributes to our refre%m5t1 enjoym5t1 
& /r5g?4 ,^! bev]ages are1 9 "o %ape or 
o!r1 ne>ly 9 univ]sal dem&1 & ! money   
sp5t ^u ! consumption ( ,bass & ,,xx    
almo/ passes belief4 ,!y are export$    
into e zone ( ! _w1 & consum$ by e      
class4 ,& !n ! di/ill] takes ! gra9 9 ! 
same =m1 &1 by sl[ evaporation &        
subsequ5t cond5sation1 extracts ! pure1 
subtle1 & pot5t _s we h ref]r$ to1 &    
:i*1 9 m or less dilut$ =m1 we call     
:isky1 or ,scot* dr9k4 ,& ?is article   
also1 9 spite ( cautions1 is 9 l>ge dem&
 & ext5sively export$1 ?\gh p]haps n s  
mu* is consum$ among u z 0 fifty ye>s   
ago4 ,x is n by any means s bad an      

article z x has a bad "n2 = :5 ( good   
quality1 & mod]ately indulg$ 91 x is    
p]fectly :olesome2 only :5 ! quality is 
bad1 or ! indulg5ce excessive1 d evil   
results foll[4 ,& inde$ su* are its     
m]its :5 good1 t x is said deal]s       
sometimes export x to ,france & o!r     
p>ts1 f :i* x is import$ aga9 to ?is    
c\ntry1 transfus$ into spl5didly labell$
 br&y bottles1 & sold untrans=m$ z be/  
br&y6  ,little d we ?9k1 :5 eat+ our    
quiet d9n] at a ,scotti% c\ntry inn1 :at
 p[] & weal? are repres5t$ 9 !          
hodge-podge :i* belike =ms "o ( ! di%es1
 & :i*1 by sugge/ion & 9 ! /yle ( !     
h\sewife1 we are n[ analys+4 ,z we      
dis9tegrate ! mess1 & resolve x into its
 elem5ts1 we may well be?9k ourselves ( 
! co/ ( our bo>d on ! planet1 & ( !     
value ( ! articles we are daily consum+4
 ,to help y to a cle>] idea ( ?is1 9    
reg>d to ! article b>ley alone 9 ! =m ( 
malt1 let me comm5d to y\r att5tion !   
foll[+ /ati/ical /atem5t3--  ,a         
,p>liam5t>y return ( #ahgf %[s t !      

quantity ( malt *>g$ ) duty dur+ ! ye>  
0--                                     
,,bu%els4            ,,duty4 ,engl&1    
#ed1fee1bgd        #g1dab1fba ,scotl&1  
#b1ibg1gfc           #cif1bda ,irel&1   
#c1cdf1fjf           #dec1hhc           
----------        ---------- ,total (   
,unit$ ,k+dom1       #fj1ibi1fcc        
#h1bfb1gdf  ,! quantity ( b>ley import$ 
into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom dur+ ! ye> 0       
equival5t to #b1gcf1dbe qu>t]s4 ,see h[ 
great a fire a little sp>k1 hodge-podge1
 k9dle?6  ,s mu* = ! quantity ( malt    
produc$1 & ! rev5ue d]iv$ f x1 9 a ye> 9
 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,i h spok5 ( ?is malt 
z be+ conv]tible into a =m :i*          
possesses1 among o!r virtues1 ! p[] (   
qu5*+ our ?ir/4 ,i wi% x did n also qu5*
 our ?ir/ = ! k we all ought to h ( its 
production & really s]viceable          
qualities2 t x w\ld /imulate inquiry    
aft] su* ?+s1 & n smo!r x1 z x is too   
apt to d2 &1 9 g5]al1 prompt u to a wis]
 /udy ( our social wants1 & ! means at  
our comm& = fur!r social improvem5t2 :i*

 we might prosecute ) less & less       
rec\rse to ! /imulant virtues ( malt 9  
su* =ms z :isky4 ,& ?is we may d1 if we 
limit our indulg5ce 9 x to ! less pot5t 
=m ( x 9 be]1 :i*1 :ile x is calculat$  
to qu5* man's bodily ?ir/1 is equally   
calculat$ to quick5 8 m5tal4 ,h[ mu* x  
contributes to allay ! =m]1 & h[ _m     
?ir/y s\ls are refre%$ by x1 we may     
e/imate f ! /ati/ics ( ! sale ( x       
furni%$ by a s+le firm 9 ,london4 ,i    
ref] to ! firm ( ! ,messrs4 ,fo/]1      
,brook ,/reet1 :o are fri5ds ( my own1 &
 to :om ,i %\ld be glad to ref] all :o  
may be 9 want ( a :olesome be]1 = !irs  
is s good & g5u9e4 ,! ,messrs4 ,fo/] are
 among ! mo/ ext5sive bottl]s & export]s
 9 ! c\ntry2 & ,i f9d f ! in=mation !y h
 k9dly suppli$ me1 t ! be] bottl$ by !m 
= export purposes dur+ ! ye> #ahgd 0    
#fjjj butts1 ( #ajh gallons ea*2 t _!   
contracts = ! supply ( bottles dur+ t   
p]iod repres5t$ #be1jjj gross1 or       
#e1jdj1jjj bottles1 :i*1 if laid end to 
end1 w\ld ext5d to ab\t #ajjj miles2 & t

 _! acc\nts ) ,bass  ,co4 alone = t t]m 
am\nt$ to #aej1jjj4 ,all1 f ! highe/ to 
! l[e/1 dr9k be] 9 ,engl&2 & :5         
unadult]at$ & tak5 9 mod]ation1 x is "o 
( ! mo/ heal?ful bev]ages ( :i* ! human 
be+1 man or woman1 c p>take4  ,?\gh ,i h
 only p>tially gone ov] ! gr\nd         
contemplat$ at fir/1 ,i feel ,i mu/ n[  
draw to a conclusion1 :i* ,i am ! less  
indispos$ to d1 z ,i ?9k 9 :at ,i h said
 ,i h pretty fairly set be=e y !        
wond]ful prop]ties lat5t 9 a bas9 (     
hodge-podge4 ,= x is a habit ( m9e1 :i* 
,i h s\ght to indulge on ! pres5t       
occasion1 to analyse e subject to :i* my
 att5tion is direct$1 & 9 :i* ,i feel   
int]e/1 be=e ,i c make up my m9d z to ! 
prop] significance & importance ( ! :ole
 comp\nd4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 set a di% (  
hodge-podge be=e me2 x does n satisfy me
 to be told t x is only a bas9 ( bro?1 &
 t x is :olesome f>e2 ,i mu/1 z ,i h n[ 
be5 do+ 9 a way1 resolve ! comp\nd into 
its elem5ts1 see ^! 9 o!r & wid]        
relations1 & ref] !m m5tally to _! rank 

& /&+ 9 ! l>g] _w ( ! economy ( nature &
 ( social exi/5ce4 ,i am always ask+    
,:at's intilt8 & am nev] satisfi$1 any m
 ?an ! ,engli% t\ri/1 ) a b>e           
enum]ation3 ,i mu/ subject ! factors    
includ$ to rational inspection1 & wat*  
_! play & weigh _! wor? 9 connection )  
int]e/s m g5]al4  ,& if1 9 ! deliv]y (  
?is lecture1 ,i h p]suad$ any "o to     
reg>d common ?+s 9 a simil> light & f a 
simil> int]e/1 ,i %all deem ! "t sp5t on
 x n altoge!r ?r[n away4 ,m9d1 n wat]1  
is ! ultimate solv5t 9 nature1 & ev]y?+1
 :5 ?r[n into x1 w be f\nd 9 ! end to   
resolve itself into x1 or :at 9 nature  
is ( k9 to x4 ,& if a ,lat9 poet c\ld   
ju/ify 8 int]e/ 9 man by a ref]5ce to 8 
own humanity1 s may we re/ cont5t )     
nature :5 we f9d t we & x are p>ts ( ea*
 o!r4 ,x is well to le>n to look on no?+
 z private1 b on ev]y?+ z a "p ( a great
 :ole1 ( :i* we ourselves are units2 s  
%all we feel ev]y:]e at home1 & a s5se (
 k9%ip ) ! remote z well z ne> )9 ! r\nd
 ( exi/5ce4  ,,footnotes3  ,c ,!        

,highl&]s are said to be able to (f] x a
 /\t defiance1 = !y c /& an imm5se      
quantity2 & ,i h he>d ( an innkeep] 9 ! 
nor?1 :o1 :5 remon/rat$ ) on acc\nt ( 8 
excessive dr9k+1 s f> admitt$ ! ju/ice (
 ! *>ge impli$1 b pl$ t he c\ld n be    
accus$ ( undue indulg5ce ! night be=e1  
z1 :atev] he might h drunk dur+ ! day1  
he _h1 aft] supp]1 _h only sev5te5      
glasses6   ,,! ,,end4     ,,pr9t$ ,,by  
,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,& ,,co4        
,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london4