,transcrib]s note3 ,mis-spell$ words 9 !
 orig9al left z is4 ,bel[ is a li/ ( all
 kn[n mis-spell$ words kept f ! orig9al3
  ,table ,( ,cont5ts - ,classification (
 ,plates     b[els - %\ld be b[ls       
,*apt] ,,ii - ,,spe$ ,,( ,,! ,,la!      
c5trificial - %\ld be c5trifugal  ,*apt]
 ,,ix - ,,me?ods ,,( ,,fa/5+ ,,/ock     
epecially - %\ld be especially  ,*apt]  
,,xi - ,,spiral ,,turn+     modell+ -   
%\ld be model+  ,*apt] ,,xi - ,,plates  
,b-,v--#b-;b1 b     midde - %\ld be     
middle   ,a ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,wood ,,turn+  
,by ,,ar*ie ,s4 ,,milton  ,,otto ,k4    
,,wohl]s  ,illu/ration3 ,,bruce         
,,milwaukee 7,publi%]s ,/amp7  ,,!      
,,bruce ,,publi%+ ,,company             
,,milwaukee1 ,,wiscons9  ,copyright     
#aiai  ,ar*ie ,s4 ,milton  ,otto ,k4    
,wohl]s     ,,preface   ,?is book is !  
outgr[? ( problems giv5 to high s*ool   
pupils by ! writ]s1 & has be5 compil$ 9 
logical sequ5ce4 ,/ress is laid ^u !    
prop] use ( tools1 & ! problems are     
pres5t$ 9 su* a way t ea* ex]cise1 or   

project1 dep5ds some:at on ! "o prec$+4 
,x is n ! idea ( ! writ]s t all problems
 %[n %\ld be made1 b t ! in/ructor      
select only su* z w give ! pupils en\gh 
prelim9>y "w 9 ! use ( ! tools to prep>e
 !m = o!r models foll[+4  ,! relat$     
matt] on ! c>e ( ! la! & tools1 ! gr9d+ 
( *isels1 ! poli%+ ( projects1 & !      
specific directions & cautions = work+  
out ! v>i\s ex]cises & projects ) !     
draw+s1 make ! book n only valuable =   
ref]5ce1 b also z a class text to be    
/udi$ 9 connection ) ! mak+ ( projects4 
,! draw+s %[ exact dim5sions & are      
tabulat$ 9 ! upp] "r-h& corn] 9 su* a   
way t !y may be us$ 9 a fil+ case if    
desir$4 ,at lea/ two designs are %[n =  
ea* model1 & ^! may be us$ z sugge/ions 
f :i* /ud5ts1 ) ! aid ( ! in/ructor1 may
 "w out _! own designs4  ,! book has be5
 divid$ into two p>ts3 7,a7 ,sp9dle     
,turn+1 & 7,b7 ,face-,plate ,turn+4 ,!  
same ord] is foll[$ 9 ea* "p2 ! relat$  
in=mation is suppli$ :]e requir$ z !    
pupil progresses4  ,"p ,a takes up !    

foll[+3 7,i7 ,ex]cises2 7,,ii7 ,models1 
involv+ ! same tool processes1 only 9 a 
some:at diff]5t degree2 7,,iii7 ,oval   
,turn+1 expla9+ ! use ( two c5t]s2      
7,,iv7 ,duplicate ,turn+1 :]e id5tical  
pieces are turn$4  ,"p ,b is arrang$ z  
foll[s3 7,i7 ,ex]cises2 7,,ii7 ,models1 
:i* are an application ( cuts 9 ex]cises
 t involve only face-plate "w2 7,,iii7  
,models1 :i* require *uck+2 7,,iv7      
,assembl+ ,ex]cises1 involv+ sp9dle     
turn+1 face-plate "w & *uck+2 7,v7      
,spiral ,turn+1 %[+ ! me?od ( turn+ a   
spiral on ! la!4  ,! ultimate aim ( ?is 
book is to give1 ?r\gh ! ex]cises &     
problems1 a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples
 ( wood turn+ by gradually develop+ !   
confid5ce ( ! pupil 9 ! complete control
 ( 8 tools1 at ! same "t sugge/+        
h>moni\s l9es 9 design :i* w lead to o!r
 ideas 9 design+ problems4     ,,table  
,,( ,,cont5ts                           
,pages ,,*apt] ,i4   ,introductory      
--,comm]cial & ,educational ,values (   
,wood ,turn+     --,elem5ts ( ,success  

#i-aj  ,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,! ,la!          
--,c>e ( ! ,la!     --,spe$ ( ! ,la!    
--,me?od ( ,figur+ ! ,diamet] ( ,pulleys
     --,rules = ,f9d+ ! ,spe$s & ,sizes 
( ,pulleys     --,po9ts on ,sett+ ,up ! 
,la! & ,%aft+                #aa-ad     
,,*apt] ,,iii4   ,wood ,turn+ ,tools    
--,gr9d+ & ,:ett+ ,turn+ ,tools     --,!
 ,g\ge     --,! ,p>t+ ,tool             
--,scrap+ ,tools                        
#ae-ah  ,,*apt] ,,iv4   ,sp9dle ,turn+  
--,c5t]+ ,/ock     --,clamp+ ,/ock 9 !  
,la!     --,adju/+ ! ,tool ,re/         
--,position ( ! ,op]ator at ! ,la!      
--,hold+ ! ,tools     --,use ( ! ,tools 
9 ,sp9dle ,turn+                        
#ai-ba  ,,*apt] ,v4   ,tool ,processes 9
 ,sp9dle ,turn+     --,! ,r\gh+ ,cut    
--,! ,siz+ ,cut     --,! ,smoo?+ ,cut   
--,te/+ = ,smoo?ness     --,measur+ =   
,l5g?     --,squ>+ ,ends     --,cutt+   
,(f     --,%\ld] ,cuts     --,tap] ,cuts
     --,v ,cuts-,concave ,cuts          
--,convex ,cuts     --,comb9ation ,cuts 
--,*isel ,h&les     --,mallets & ,h&les 

--,vise ,h&les                          
#bb-cb  ,,*apt] ,,vi4   ,oval ,turn+    
--,tool ,op]ations                      
#cc-cd  ,,*apt] ,,vii4   ,duplicate     
,turn+     --,use ( ,measur+ ,/ick      
--,use ( ,templets                      
#ce  ,,*apt] ,,viii4   ,f9i%+ & ,poli%+ 
--,ord9>y ,cab9et ,f9i%+     --,fr5*    
,poli%+     --,me?od ( ,apply+ ,fr5*    
,poli%                           #cf-ch 
,,*apt] ,,ix4   ,face-,plate & ,*uck    
,turn+     --,me?ods ( ,fa/5+ ,/ock     
--,small ,s+le ,screw ,face-,plate      
--,l>ge ,surface ,screw ,face-,plate    
--,glu+ to ,wa/e ,/ock     --,la!       
,adju/m5ts     --,position ( ,tool ,re/ 
#ci-dj  ,,*apt] ,x4   ,tool ,processes 9
 ,face-,plate & ,*uck ,turn+            
--,/raight ,cuts     --,r\gh+ ,(f       
,corn]s     --,calip]+ = ,diamet]       
--,smoo?+ ,cut     --,r\gh+ ,cut on !   
,face     --,smoo?+ ! ,face     --,lay+ 
,(f ,measurem5ts     --,ext]nal ,%\ld]s 
--,int]nal ,%\ld]s     --,tap] ,cuts    
--,v ,cuts     --,concave ,cuts         

--,convex ,cuts     --,comb9ation ,cuts 
--,use ( ,scrap+ ,tools     --,int]nal  
,bor+     --,turn+ a ,sph]e             
#da-dh  ,,*apt] ,,xi4   ,spiral ,turn+  
--,s+le ,spiral1 ,/raight ,%aft         
--,tap]$ ,%aft     --,d\ble ,spiral1    
,tap]$ ,%aft     --,d\ble ,spiral1      
,/raight ,%aft     --,d\ble ,groove     
,spiral1 ,/raight ,%aft                 
#di-ee   ,,plates--,,sp9dle ,,turn+4    
,/raight ,cuts1 #eg   ,%\ld] ,cuts1     
#ei-fe   ,tap] ,cuts1 #fg-gg   ,v ,cuts1
 #gi-ha   ,concave ,cuts1 #hc-hg        
,convex ,cuts1 #hi-ie   ,comb9ation     
,cuts1 #ig-aja   ,*isel ,h&les1 #ajc-ajg
   ,cab9et ,file ,h&le1 #aji   ,scrat*  
,awl ,h&le1 #aaa   ,c>v+ ,tool ,h&le1   
#aac   ,turn+ ,*isel ,h&le1 #aae        
,mallets1 #aag-aai   ,gavels1 #aba-abg  
,d>n+ ,eggs1 #abi-acc   ,/ock+ ,d>n]1   
#aca   ,potato ,ma%]1 #ace   ,roll+     
,p9s1 #aci-ada   ,vise ,h&le1 #adc      
,screw ,driv] ,h&les1 #ade-adg   ,p5e   
,hamm] ,h&le1 #adi   ,claw ,hamm] ,h&le1
 #aea   ,indian ,clubs1 #aec-aee   ,dumb

 ,bells1 #aeg-aei   ,t5 ,p9s1 #afa      
,,plates--,,*uck ,,turn+4   ,/raight    
,cuts1 #afg-afi   ,%\ld] ,cuts1 #aga-agc
   ,tap] ,cuts1 #age-agg   ,v ,cuts1    
#agi-aha   ,concave ,cuts1 #ahc-ahe     
,convex ,cuts1 #ahg-ahi   ,comb9ation   
,cuts1 #aia-aie   ,mat* ,boxes1 #aig-bja
   ,p9 ,trays1 #bjc-bje   ,hair ,p9     
,receiv]s1 #bjg-bji   ,hat ,p9          
,receiv]s1 #baa-bac   ,ornam5tal ,vases1
 #bae-bai   ,sp9net1 #bba   ,t[el ,r+s1 
#bbc-bbg   ,c>d ,trays1 #bbi-bce        
,picture ,frames1 #bcg-bdc   ,nut ,b[ls1
 #bde-bea   ,napk9 ,r+s1 #bec-beg       
,jewel ,boxes1 #bei-bgc   ,coll> ,boxes1
 #bge-bgi   ,sph]e1 #bha   ,*eck] ,m51  
#bhc   ,c&le ,/icks1 #bhe-bic   ,%av+   
,/&s1 #bie-cja   ,read+ ,lamp ,/&s1     
#cjc-cjg   ,p$e/al1 #cji   ,smok]s'     
,/&s1 #caa-cac   ,p9 ,cu%ion & ,spoon   
,hold]1 #cae   ,*ess ,m51 #cag-cai      
,p$e/als1 #cba-cbe   ,electric ,read+   
,lamps1 #cbg-cce   ,magaz9e ,hold]s1    
#ccg-cci   ,,classification ,,( ,,plates
    ,a4 ,,sp9dle ,,turn+        ,i4     

,ex]cises          #a4 ,/raight ,cuts1 a
          #b4 ,%\ld] ,cuts1 a-b-c-d     
#c4 ,tap] ,cuts1 a-b-c-d-e-f            
#d4 ,v ,cuts1 a-b          #e4 ,concave 
,cuts1 a-b-c          #f4 ,convex ,cuts1
 a-b-c-d          #g4 ,comb9ation ,cuts1
 a-b-c      ,,ii4 ,models          #a4  
,*isel ,h&les1 a-b-c-d-e-f-g            
#b4 ,mallets1 a-b          #c4 ,gavels1 
a-b-c-d          #d4 ,/ock+ ,d>n]s1     
a-b-c          #e4 ,potato ,ma%]s1 a-b  
#f4 ,roll+ ,p9s1 a-b          #g4 ,vise 
,h&les1 a     ,,iii4 ,oval ,turn+       
#a4 ,screw-driv] ,h&les1 a-b            
#b4 ,hamm] ,h&les1 a-b      ,,iv4       
,duplicate ,turn+          #a4 ,indian  
,clubs1 a-b          #b4 ,dumb-bells1   
a-b          #c4 ,t5p9s1 a          #d4 
,draw] ,pulls1 a-b    ,b4 ,,face-,,plate
 ,,& ,,*uck ,,turn+        ,i4 ,ex]cises
          #a4 ,/raight ,cuts1 a-b       
#b4 ,%\ld] ,cuts1 a-b          #c4 ,tap]
 ,cuts1 a-b          #d4 ,v ,cuts1 a-b  
#e4 ,concave ,cuts1 a-b          #f4    
,convex ,cuts1 a-b          #g4         

,comb9ation ,cuts1 a-b-c      ,,ii4     
,face-,plate ,models          #a4 ,mat* 
,boxes1 a-b-c          #b4 ,p9 ,trays1  
a-b          #c4 ,hair ,p9 ,receiv]s1   
a-b          #d4 ,hat ,p9 ,receiv]s1 a-b
          #e4 ,ornam5tal ,vases1 a-b-c  
#f4 ,sp9net1 7game7 a     ,,iii4 ,*uck  
,models          #a4 ,t[el ,r+s1 a-b-c  
#b4 ,c>d ,trays1 a-b-c-d          #c4   
,picture ,frames1 a-b-c-d          #d4  
,nut ,b[els1 a-b-c-d          #e4 ,napk9
 ,r+s1 a-b-c          #f4 ,jewel ,boxes1
 a-b-c-d-e-f-g-h          #g4 ,coll>    
,boxes1 a-b-c          #h4 ,sph]es1 a   
#i4 ,*eck] ,m51 a      ,,iv4 ,assembl+  
,ex]cises          #a4 ,c&le ,/icks1    
a-b-c-d-e          #b4 ,%av+ ,/&s1      
a-a-b-b          #c4 ,read+ ,lamp ,/&s1 
a-b-c          #d4 ,p$e/als1 a          
#e4 ,smok+ ,/&s1 a-b          #f4 ,p9   
,cu%ions & ,spool ,hold]1 a          #g4
 ,*ess ,m51 a-a       ,v4 ,spiral ,turn+
          #a4 ,p$e/al1 7,s+le7 a-a1     
7,d\ble7 b          #b4 ,read+ ,lamps1  
7,s+le7 a-a-a 7,d\ble7 b-b          #c4 

,magaz9e ,hold]1 a-a      ,,*apt] ,i    
,,introductory   ,wood turn+ has _h a   
def9ite place 9 ! comm]cial _w = a great
 _m ye>s4 ,x is us$ 9 v>i\s =ms 9 mak+  
furniture & furniture p>ts1 build+ trim1
 tool p>ts1 toys1 a?letic p>aph]nalia & 
_m o!r useful & beautiful articles 9    
common use4  ,:5 prop]ly taught 9 !     
s*ools x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable types ( 
in/ruction4 ,x appeals to pupils m ?an  
any o!r type ( manual "w1 z x embodies  
bo? ! play & "w elem5ts4 ,x is v int]e/+
 & fasc9at+ &1 9 ! h&s ( a skill$       
in/ructor1 is readily correlat$ ) o!r   
"w4  ,wood turn+ gives a pupil prelim9>y
 exp]i5ce necess>y 9 patt]n mak+ & ma*9e
 %op "w4 ,x br+s into play ! sci5tific  
elem5t by demon/rat+ ! laws gov]n+      
revolv+ bodies4 ,9 br++ ! *isel into    
contact ) ! revolv+ surface1 !          
ma!matical pr9ciple ( ! po9t ( tang5cy  
is illu/rat$4 ,excell5t tool te*nique is
 develop$ 9 wood turn+ z on ! exactness 
( e movem5t dep5ds ! success ( !        
op]ator1 & any slight v>iation w spoil a

 piece ( "w4 ,?is br+s 9 a v close      
correlation ( ! m5tal & motor activities
 & also gives ! /ud5t an opportunity =  
obs]v+ & ?9k+ :ile at "w4 ,:5 8 tool    
makes a run he mu/ det]m9e ! reason &   
figure out :y a c]ta9 result is obta9$  
:5 ! *isel is held 9 a giv5 position4   
,c]ta9 cuts mu/ be fully ma/]$1 & x     
takes a good deal ( exp]i5ce & absolute 
confid5ce 9 "o's self 9 manipulat+ !    
tools be=e x is possible to attempt     
skilful "w4 ,if scrap+ is all[$ !       
educational value ( ! "w is lo/4  ,9    
wood turn+ a va/ field = design & model+
 is op5$1 & art & ar*itecture c be      
correlat$4 ,! pupil w see = himself !   
ne$ ( v>iety 9 curves & mu/ use 8       
judgm5t 9 det]m9+ curves t are s        
h>moni\s & pleas+ t !y w bl5d toge!r4   
,if prop]ly taught ! beauty 9 ! ord]s ( 
ar*itecture c be br\ght out 9 ! mak+ ( !
 bead1 fillet1 scotia1 cove1 etc4  ,a   
feel+ ( importance is excit$ 9 a boy :5 
he sees 8 h&s %ap+ mat]ials into objects
 ( pleas+ =m4 ,wood turn+ prop]ly taught

 awak5s ! ae/hetic s5se & creates a     
desire = ! beautiful4 ,! boy or man :o  
has le>n$ to make graceful curves &     
clean-cut fillets & beads w nev] be     
satisfi$ ) clumsy effects :i* are       
*>act]i/ic 9 *eap comm]cial "w1 made    
only to sell4  ,success 9 turn+ dep5ds  
on ! foll[+3    #a4 ,c>e ( la!1 tools1  
selection ( mat]ials4   #b4 ,/udy ( !   
sci5tific elem5ts (--         a4        
,revolv+ bodies4         b4 ,po9ts (    
tang5cy4         c4 ,/udy ( results by  
reason+ & obs]v+4   #c4 ,developm5t (   
te*nique & exactness4   #d4 ,correlation
 ( m5tal & motor activities4     ,,*apt]
 ,,ii  ,,! ,,la!   ,! sizes ( turn+ la!s
 are giv5 z #aj1 #ab1 etc4 ,^! figures  
d5ote ! diamet]1 or size1 ( ! l>ge/     
piece ( "w t c be turn$ on !m4 ,!       
measurem5t is tak5 f ! c5t] po9t ( !    
live c5t] to ! b$ ( ! la! 7usually #e or
 #f7 & is "o-half ! diamet] ( ! entire  
circle4 ,! l5g? ( a la! is det]m9$ by ! 
l5g? ( a piece ( "w t c be turn$4 ,?is  
measurem5t is tak5 f ! po9ts ( ! live & 

dead c5t]s :5 ! tail /ock is drawn back 
! full ext5t ( ! la! b$4 ,fig4 #a %[s a 
turn+ la! ) sixte5 pr9cipal p>ts nam$4  
,! /ud5t %\ld le>n ! names ( ^! p>ts &  
famili>ize himself ) ! p>ticul> function
 ( ea*4   ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,la!  ,! la!   
%\ld be oil$ e day be=e />t+4 ,at ! end 
( ! p]iod ! la! %\ld be bru%$ clean (   
all *ips & %av+s1 aft] :i* x %\ld be    
rubb$ (f ) a piece ( wa/e or clo? to    
remove all surplus oil4 ,all tools %\ld 
be wip$ clean & put 9 _! prop] places4  
,if a /ud5t f9ds t 8 la! is n runn+ z x 
%\ld1 he %\ld fir/ call ! att5tion ( !  
in/ructor to t fact be=e attempt+ to    
adju/ x2 & !n only su* adju/m5ts %\ld be
 made z ! in/ructor directs4   ,,spe$   
,,( ,,! ,,la!  ,! spe$ ( ! la! %\ld     
range f #bdjj to #cjjj revolutions p]   
m9ute :5 ! belt is on ! smalle/ /ep ( ! 
cone pulley4 ,at ?is spe$ /ock up to #c 
9 diamet] c be turn$ ) safety4 ,/ock f  
#c to #f 9 diamet] %\ld be turn$ on !   
second or ?ird /ep1 & all /ock ov] #f on
 ! la/ /ep4 ,! spe$ at :i* a la! %\ld   

run dep5ds entirely ^u ! nature ( ! "w  
to be done & ! k9d ( mat]ial us$4       
,pieces t _c be c5t]$ accurately & all  
glu$-up "w ) r\gh corn]s %\ld be run    
sl[ly until all corn]s are tak5 (f & !  
/ock runs true4 ,at high spe$ !         
c5trificial =ce on su* pieces is v      
great1 caus+ ! la! to vibrate1 & !re is 
a possibility ( ! piece be+ ?r[n f ! la!
 ?us endang]+ ! work] z well z ^? ar\nd 
him4 ,aft] ! /ock is runn+ true ! spe$  
may be increas$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#a4 - ,wood ,turn+ ,la!  ,,to ,,figure  
,,! ,,diamet] ,,( ,,pulleys  ,suppose a 
motor runs #aejj ,r4,p4,m4 & is fitt$ ) 
a #d pulley4 ,suppose also1 a ma9 %aft  
%\ld run #cjj ,r4,p4,m4    ,!n1 #aejj 3 
#cjj 33 x 3 #d2     ,or1 #cjjx  #fjjj1  
x  #bj1 or ! diamet] ( ! l>ge pulley on 
! ma9 %aft4   ,suppose aga9 t a l9e %aft
 runs #cjj ,r4,p4,m41 & a c\nt] %aft    
#fjj ,r4,p4,m4 ,! c\nt] %aft has a      
pulley #d 9 diamet]4 ,! pulley on ! l9e 
%aft mu/ !n h a diamet] ( #h4     #cjj 3
 #fjj 33 #d 3 x2     ,or1 #cjjx  #bdjj1 

x  #h  ,suppose ! cone pulley on ! c\nt]
 %aft runs #fjj ,r4,p4,m42 a la! sp9dle 
runs #bbjj ,r4,p4,m41 :5 connect$ ) !   
small cone pulley :i* has a diamet] (   
#c4 ,! l>ge cone pulley has !n a diamet]
 ( #aa4    #fjj 3 #bbjj 33 #c 3 x       
,or1 #fjjx  #ffjj2       x  #aa         
,,rules ,,= ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,spe$s ,,&      
,,sizes ,,( ,,pulleys  #a4 ,to f9d !    
diamet] ( ! driv+ pulley3  ,multiply !  
diamet] ( ! driv5 by ! numb] (          
revolutions x %\ld make & divide !      
product by ! numb] ( revolutions ( !    
driv]4 7#bj x #cjj  #fjjj2 #fjjj  #aejj 
#d--;diamet] ( motor pulley47  #b4 ,to  
f9d ! diamet] ( ! driv5 pulley3         
,multiply ! diamet] ( ! driv] by its    
numb] ( revolutions & divide ! product  
by ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! driv54 7#d 
x #aejj  #fjjj2 #fjjj  #cjj             
#bj--;diamet] ( ! driv5 pulley47  #c4   
,to f9d ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! driv5 
pulley3  ,multiply ! diamet] ( ! driv]  
by its numb] ( revolutions & divide by !
 diamet] ( ! driv54 7#d x #aejj  #fjjj2 

#fjjj  #bj  #cjj--revolutions ( driv5   
pulley47   ,,po9ts ,,on ,,sett+ ,,up    
,,la! ,,& ,,%aft+  ,! c\nt] %aft %\ld be
 ab\t #g' above ! la!4 ,a di/ance ( #f' 
f ! c5t] ( ! %aft to ! c5t] ( ! sp9dle  
is suffici5t4 ,9 sett+ a la! or hang+ a 
c\nt] %aft x is necess>y t bo? be level4
 ,! c\nt] %aft mu/ be p>allel to ! l9e  
%aft4 ,:5 ! c\nt] %aft is 9 position a  
plumb bob %\ld be hung f ! c\nt] %aft   
cone to ! sp9dle cone2 ! la! %\ld be    
adju/$ s t ! belt w track betwe5 ! two  
cone pulleys4 ,! axis ( ! la! mu/ be    
p>allel to t ( ! c\nt] %aft4 ,! la!1    
h[ev]1 ne$ n be directly b5ea? ! c\nt]  
%aft z ! belt w run on an angle z well z
 p]p5dicul>4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,wood  
,,turn+ ,,tools   ,a wood turn+ kit %\ld
 consi/ ( "o ea* ( ! foll[+ tools4 ,fig4
 #b %[s ! g5]al %ape ( ^! tools4        
#a-a_/d ,g\ge      #c_/d ,g\ge          
#a_/b ,g\ge      #a_/d ,g\ge    #a-a_/d 
,skew      #c_/d ,skew      #a_/b ,skew 
#a_/d ,skew      #a_/h ,p>t+ ,tool      
#a_/b ,r\nd ,nose      #a_/d ,r\nd ,nose

      #a_/b ,squ>e ,nose      #a_/d     
,squ>e ,nose      #a_/b ,spe> ,po9t     
#a_/b ,"r ,skew      #a_/b ,left ,skew  
,slip ,/one ) r\nd edges        #f      
,outside ,calip]s        #f ,inside     
,calip]s        #h ,divid]s       #ab   
,rule   #a_/b pt4 ,oil ,c           ,b5*
 ,bru%   ,,gr9d+ ,,& ,,:ett+ ,,turn+    
,,tools  ,skew ,*isel  ,! skew *isel is 
%>p5$ equally on bo? sides ,on ?is tool 
! cutt+ edge %\ld =m an angle ( ab\t #bj
 ) "o ( ! edges4 ,! skew is us$ 9 cutt+ 
bo? to ! "r & to ! left1 & !re=e1 mu/ be
 bevel$ on bo? sides4 ,! l5g? ( ! bevel 
%\ld equal ab\t twice ! ?ickness ( !    
*isel at ! po9t :]e x is %>p5$4 ,9 gr9d+
 ! bevel1 ! *isel mu/ be held s t !     
cutt+ edge w be p>allel to ! axis ( !   
em]y :eel4 ,! :eel %\ld be ab\t #f 9    
diamet] z ?is w leave ! bevel slightly  
holl[ gr\nd4 ,cool ! *isel 9 wat]       
occasionally :5 us+ a dry em]y4 ,o!rwise
 ! :eel w burn ! *isel1 tak+ out !      
temp]2 ! metal w be s(t & ! edge w n /& 
up4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ t ! same bevel 

is kept s t x w be uni=mly holl[ gr\nd4 
,! r\gh edge left by ! em]y :eel %\ld be
 :ett$ (f ) a slip /one by hold+ ! *isel
 on ! flat side ( ! /one s t ! toe &    
heel ( ! bevel are equally 9 contact )  
x4 ,rub fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r4  
,! wire edge is ?us worn (f quickly z   
!re is no metal to be worn away 9 !     
middle ( ! bevels4 ,! *isel is %>p :5 ! 
edge1 :i* may be te/$ by draw+ x ov] !  
?umb nail1 is smoo? & w take hold ev5ly 
along its entire l5g?4 ,if any wire edge
 rema9s x %\ld be :ett$ aga94           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 - ,la! ,tools   
,g\ge  ,! g\ge us$ 9 wood turn+ is      
bevel$ on ! outside & is gr\nd s t !    
nose is approximately semi-circul> 9    
%ape4 ,! tool is a comb9ation ( ! r\nd  
nose *isel & ! ord9>y g\ge4 ,! bevel    
%\ld ext5d well ar\nd to ! ends s t !   
cutt+ edge ext5ds to ea* side4 ,?is is  
necess>y to avoid ! abrupt corn]s :i*   
w\ld be pres5t if ! nose 7 left /raight 
across z 9 ! ord9>y wood-work+ g\ge4 ,9 
mak+ %e>+ cuts ! r\nd nose p]mits ! tool

 to be roll$ to ! side to avoid scrap+ !
 "w4 ,! l5g? ( ! bevel %\ld be ab\t     
twice ! ?ickness ( ! blade at ! po9t :]e
 ! %>p5+ beg9s4  ,! %>p5+ ( a g\ge =    
turn+ is r difficult = ! av]age /ud5t4  
,! ord9>y g\ge :i* has a squ>e nose may 
be bevel$ by m]ely turn+ x half way     
ar\nd & back aga94 ,9 work+ out ! r\nd  
nose ( a g\ge = wood turn+1 x is        
necess>y t ! h&le be swung f "o side to 
! o!r :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! *isel is    
revolv$ to cut ! bevel ev5ly4 ,x is     
sometimes necess>y to all[ "s pupils to 
use ! side ( ! em]y :eel 9 %>p5+ ! g\ge4
 ,?is k9d ( gr9d+1 h[ev]1 does n leave !
 tool holl[ gr\nd z :5 ! face ( ! :eel  
is us$4  ,to complete ! %>p5+ ! r\gh    
edge is work$ smoo? on a slip /one1 !   
cross section ( :i* is w$ge-%ap$ & !    
edges ( :i* are r\nd$4 ,! toe & heel ( !
 bevel$ side ( ! g\ge are br\ght into   
contact ) ! flat side ( ! /one4 ,z !    
%>p5+ proce$s ! wire edge is work$ to ! 
inside ( ! g\ge4 ,! r\nd$ edge ( ! /one 
is !n plac$ inside ! g\ge & is work$    

back & =? until ! r\gh edge disappe>s4  
,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to bevel !     
inside ( ! g\ge :5 :ett+ ) ! r\nd edges 
( ! /one1 z ! result w be ! same z ) an 
ord9>y *isel or plane bit4   ,p>t+ ,tool
  ,! p>t+ tool is %>p5$ on bo? sides4   
,?is tool diff]s f ! ord9>y *isel 9 t x 
is betwe5 #e_/h & #c_/d ?ick & only ab\t
 #a_/h wide at ! wide/ po9t1 :i* is 9 ! 
c5t] ( its entire l5g?4 ,! bevels mu/   
meet exactly at ! c5t]1 or ! wide/ po9t1
 & %\ld make an angle ( ab\t #ej ) ea*  
o!r4 ,if ! bevels d n meet at ! wide/   
po9t ! tool w n cle>1 & ! sides w rub   
aga9/ ! revolv+ /ock2 ! tool w be burn$ 
& w ?us lose its temp]4 ,! bevel %\ld be
 holl[ gr\nd slightly z !n comp>atively 
little metal ne$ be remov$ :5 :ett+4    
,scrap+ ,tools  ,! r\nd nose1 squ>e     
nose1 spe> po9t1 "r skew & left skew are
 scrap+ tools1 us$ *iefly 9 patt]n "w & 
sometimes 9 face-plate "w4 ,!y are %>p5$
 on "o side only1 & ! bevel is ab\t     
twice ! ?ickness ( ! *isel at ! po9t :]e
 %>p5$4 ,^! tools %\ld be slightly holl[

 gr\nd to facilitate ! :ett+4 ,scrap+   
tools become dull q easily z _! edges   
are 9 contact ) ! wood almo/ at "r      
angles4 ,aft] %>p5+1 ! edges ( ^! tools 
may be turn$ ) a burni%] or ! broad side
 ( a skew *isel 9 ! same mann] t ! edge 
( a cab9et scrap] is turn$ ?\gh n ne>ly 
to s great a degree4 ,?is w help to keep
 ! tool %>p =1 z ! edge we>s (f1 ! tool 
%>p5s itself to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,! *isel 
is ( h>d] mat]ial ?an a cab9et scrap] s 
t x w n /& a great am\nt ( turn+ ov] on 
! edge4 ,small pieces w be brok5 out1   
unless a flat surface is rubb$ aga9/ !  
edge at a m acute angle ?an 0 us$ 9 !   
:ett+4 ,if a n>r[ burni%] is us$1 pieces
 are m likely to be brok5 out f ! %>p   
edge & ?us make ! tool useless4         
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,sp9dle ,,turn+   ,sp9dle
 turn+ is ! t]m appli$ to all "w done on
 a la! 9 :i* ! /ock to be work$ ^u is   
held firmly betwe5 ! live & dead c5t]s4 
,!re are two me?ods 9 common use 9 wood 
turn+3 fir/1 ! scrap+ or patt]n-mak]s'  
me?od2 & second1 ! cutt+ me?od4 ,ea* has

 its advantages & disadvantages1 b x is 
necess>y t bo? be le>n$ 9 ord] to       
develop a well r\nd$ turn]4 ,c>e %\ld be
 ex]cis$1 h[ev]1 t ea* me?od be us$ 9   
its prop] place4 ,! fir/ is sl[]1 h>d]  
on ! cutt+ edge ( tools1 & less skill is
 requir$ to obta9 accurate "w2 ! second 
is fa/]1 easi] on ! cutt+ edge ( tools1 
& ! accuracy ( results obta9$ dep5ds ^u 
! skill acquir$4 ,z skill is ! "o ?+ mo/
 s\ght = 9 high s*ool "w1 ! use ( !     
cutt+ me?od is advocat$ entirely = all  
sp9dle turn+ &1 ) b few exceptions1 =   
face-plate & *uck turn+4   ,,to ,,c5t]  
,,/ock  ,if ! wood to be turn$ is squ>e 
or rectangul> 9 %ape ! be/ way to locate
 ! c5t] is to draw diagonals across !   
end ( ! /ock4 ,! po9t ( int]section     
locates ! c5t]4   ,,clamp+ ,,/ock ,,9   
,,! ,,la!  ,take ! live c5t] f ! sp9dle 
& ) a wood5 mallet drive ! spur deep    
into ! wood4 ,nev] drive ! wood onto !  
live c5t] :ile 9 ! sp9dle because s]i\s 
injury may be done ! ma*9e by su*       
practice4 ,:5 extremely h>d wood is be+ 

us$1 x is a good practice to make saw   
cuts along ! diagonal l9es & bore a hole
 at ! int]section1 ?us all[+ ! spur to  
ent] ! wood m freely4 ,oil ! o!r end ( !
 wood :ile hold+ x 9 a v]tical position1
 & give ! oil a *ance to p5etrate into !
 wood4 ,!n replace ! live c5t] by tak+ !
 /ock & c5t] & =c+ x into ! sp9dle by a 
sudd5 pu% ( ! h&4 ,! tail /ock is !n    
mov$ ab\t #a_/b to #a f ! end ( ! piece 
to be turn$1 hav+ ! tail sp9dle well    
back 9 ! tail /ock4 ,! tail /ock is !n  
clamp$ to ! la! b$4 ,turn ! tail /ock h&
 :eel until ! wood is held firmly4 ,"w !
 cone pulley by h& at ! same "t1 s t !  
cup or dead c5t] w be =c$ deeply into ! 
wood1 s deeply t ! live c5t] w n cont9ue
 to turn4 ,n[ turn ! dead sp9dle back   
until ! live sp9dle beg9s to turn freely
 & clamp ! dead sp9dle fa/4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c   ,,adju/+ ,,!   
,,tool ,,re/  ,horizontally ! tool re/  
%\ld be set ab\t #a_/h f ! f>!/ project+
 corn] ( ! wood & %\ld be readju/$      
occasionally z ! /ock dim9i%es 9 size4  

,! v]tical height v>ies slightly accord+
 to ! height ( ! op]ator4 ,x is ev5 ) ! 
c5t] ( ! sp9dle = a %ort p]son2 #a_/h   
above = a m$ium p]son2 & #a_/d above = a
 tall p]son4 ,s long z ! /ock is 9 its  
squ>e =m ! tool re/ %\ld nev] be adju/$ 
:ile ! ma*9e is 9 motion z !re is dang] 
( ! re/ cat*+ ! corn]s & ?r[+ ! /ock f !
 ma*9e4 ,also see t ev]y?+ is clamp$    
tight be=e />t+ ! la!4   ,,position ,,( 
,,! ,,op]ator  ,! op]ator /&s firmly on 
! floor back f> en\gh f ! la! to all[   
him to pass ! tools f "r to left 9 front
 ( 8 body )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! feet4
 ,x may be f\nd conv5i5t to turn        
slightly1 br++ ! left side ( ! body a   
little clos] to ! la!4 ,9 no case1      
h[ev]1 %\ld ! tools be br\ght 9 contact 
) ! body z ! cutt+ op]ation f "r to left
 %\ld be accompli%$ by a movem5t ( !    
arms alone & n ! sway+ ( ! body4 7,fig4 
#c47   ,,hold+ ,,! ,,tools  ,all tools  
%\ld be held firmly b n rigidly4 ,! "r  
h& %\ld grasp ! h&le at ! extreme end = 
two reasons3 fir/1 to give z mu* lev]age

 z possible s t ! tool w n be ?r[n f !  
h&s 9 case x %\ld cat* 9 ! wood2 second1
 a slight wav]+ ( ! h& w n cause z mu*  
v>iance 9 ! cuts z :5 held clos] up to !
 re/4 ,! left h& %\ld act z a guide &   
%\ld be held ov] ! tool ne> ! cutt+     
edge4 ,! little f+] & ! back "p ( ! palm
 ( ! h& %\ld t\* ! tool re/ ?us assur+ a
 /eady movem5t4 ,! left h& %\ld n grasp 
! tool at any "t4 7,fig4 #c47   ,,use   
,,( ,,! ,,tools ,,9 ,,sp9dle ,,turn+  ,!
 correct use ( ! v>i\s tools us$ 9      
sp9dle turn+ w be expla9$ 9 detail z !  
/eps are work$ out 9 ! sequ5ce (        
op]ations on ! ex]cises 9 ,section      
,a-,i4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,tool           
,,processes ,,9 ,,sp9dle ,,turn+        
,ex]cise ,a-,i--#a-;a4 ,/raight ,cuts   
#a4 ,,! ,,r\gh+ ,,cut 7,,l>ge ,,g\ge74  
,,fig4 #d4 ,place ! g\ge on ! re/ s t ! 
level is above ! wood & ! cutt+ edge is 
tang5t to ! circle or surface ( !       
cyl9d]4 ,! h&le %\ld be held well d[n4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4  ,roll ! g\ge   
ov] slightly to ! "r s t x w make a %e>+

 cut in/ead ( a scrap+ cut4 ,?is roll+ (
 ! tool w also ?r[ ! *ips f ! op]ator4  
,!n lift ! h&le sl[ly1 =c+ ! cutt+ edge 
deep en\gh into ! wood to remove all or 
ne>ly all ( ! corn]s1 at ! end ( ! "w   
:i* is be+ turn$4 ,?is cut is begun ab\t
 #c_/d f ! dead c5t] end4 ,"w back ano!r
 #c_/d1 mov+ t[>d ! live c5t] & make a  
second cut1 & s on until ! entire l5g? (
 ! cyl9d] is gone ov]4 ,?is me?od (     
remov+ corn]s %\ld always be foll[$ to  
avoid any possibility ( break+ a l>ge   
sliv] f ! /ock1 ) consequ5t dang] to !  
work]4  ,! tool may !n be work$ f "o end
 to ! o!r1 gett+ a fairly-smoo?1 regul> 
surface1 slightly above ! diamet]       
requir$4 ,h[ev]1 d n beg9 on ! v edge ( 
! cyl9d] end4 ,x is bett] to beg9 ab\t  
#b f "o end & "w to ! o!r1 & !n rev]se &
 "w back4  ,! tool %\ld also be held at 
a slight angle to ! axis ( ! cyl9d]1 ) !
 cutt+ po9t always 9 advance ( ! h&le4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4   #b4 ,,! ,,siz+
 ,,cut 7,,small ,,g\ge74 ,,fig4 #e4     
,set ! calip]s to ! requir$ diamet] ( ! 

cyl9d]4  ,) a small g\ge held 9 ! "r h& 
scrape grooves ab\t #a ap>t1 hold+ !    
calip]s 9 ! left h& p]p5dicul> to !     
cyl9d] & measur+ ! cuts z !y are made4  
,! scrap+ %\ld cont9ue until ! calip]s w
 pass easily ov] ! cyl9d]4 ,x w be well 
:ile scrap+ to "w ! h&le ( ! g\ge a     
little f side to side s t ! nose has m  
cle>ance4 ,?is w prev5t ! piece :i* is  
be+ turn$ f *att]+ or vibrat+4  ,!      
calip]s w be slightly sprung by com+ 9  
contact ) ! revolv+ /ock b ?is error 9  
diamet] w be remov$ by ! f9i%+ cut :i*  
removes ^! m>ks f ! f9i%$ cyl9d]4   #c4 
,,! ,,smoo?+ ,,cut 7,,l>ge ,,skew74     
,,fig4 #f4 ,lay ! skew *isel on ! re/ ) 
! cutt+ edge above ! cyl9d] & at an     
angle ( ab\t #fj to ! surface4  ,sl[ly  
draw ! *isel back & at ! same "t raise !
 h&le until ! *isel beg9s to cut ab\t   
#a_/d to #c_/h f ! heel4 ,! fir/ cut is 
begun f #a to #b f ei!r end & is pu%$   
t[>d ! ne> end4 ,!n beg9 at ! fir/ />t+ 
po9t & cut t[>d ! o!r end4 ,"o %\ld nev]
 />t at ! end to make a cut z !re is    

dang] t ! *isel w cat* & cause ! wood to
 split or t ! *isel w be torn f ! h&s4  
,! fir/ cut takes (f ! bumps & r+s left 
by ! g\ge1 & takes ! /ock d[n s "o c j  
see :]e ! scrap+ to size 0 done4 ,!n    
take ! la/ cut & remove all traces ( ^!1
 leav+ ! cyl9d] p]fectly smoo? & ( !    
requir$ diamet] at ea* end4 ,te/ !      
cyl9d] = accuracy ) a /raight edge4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4   #d4 ,,te/+ ,,=
 ,,smoo?ness4 ,9 te/+ = smoo?ness place 
! palm ( ! h&1 ) ! f+]s ext5d$ /raight1 
lightly on ! back ( ! cyl9d] opposite ! 
tool re/4 ,?is position w avoid any     
possibility ( ! h& be+ drawn 9 betwe5 ! 
cyl9d] & ! re/4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4
   #e4 ,,measur+ ,,= ,,l5g? 7,,rule ,,& 
,,p5cil74 ,,fig4 #g4 ,hold ! back edge (
 ! rule 9 ! left h& & place x on ! tool 
re/ s t ! front edge is almo/ 9 contact 
) ! revolv+ cyl9d]4  ,) a %>p p5cil m>k 
(f ! requir$ l5g?1 />t+ f ! dead c5t]   
end4 ,! fir/ m>k %\ld be j f> en\gh 9 on
 ! cyl9d] to insure cutt+ pa/ ! po9t ( !
 dead c5t]4 ,?is w leave all surplus    

/ock at ! live c5t] end :]e x is ne$$1  
because1 if n en\gh /ock is left at ?is 
end1 !re is dang] ( /rik+ ! live c5t]   
spur ) ! tool & ( injur+ ! *isel &      
p]haps ! "w4  ,9 case sev]al measurem5ts
 are to be made1 z 9 "s ( ! foll[+      
ex]cises1 ! rule %\ld n be mov$ until   
all are m>k$4 ,?is w insure m accurate  
"w ?an if ! rule be *ang$ sev]al times4 
#f4 ,,squ>+ ,,ends 7,,small ,,skew ,,&  
,,p>t+ ,,tool74 ,,fig4 #h4 ,?is op]ation
 is done ) ! toe or acute angle ( !     
#a_/b or #a_/d skew *isel4  ,place !    
*isel squ>e on ! tool re/4 ,sw+ ! h&le  
out f ! cyl9d] s t ! gr9d1 :i* =ms !    
cutt+ edge1 next to ! /ock is p]p5dicul>
 to ! axis ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! heel ( ! *isel
 is !n tipp$ slightly f ! cyl9d] 9 ord] 
to give cle>ness4 ,raise ! h&le & pu% ! 
toe ( ! *isel into ! /ock ab\t #a_/h    
outside ! l9e indicat+ ! end ( ! cyl9d]4
 ,sw+ ! h&le /ill f>!r f ! cyl9d] & cut 
a half ,v4 ,?is w give cle>ance = !     
*isel po9t & w prev5t burn+4 ,cont9ue   
?is op]ation on bo? ends until ! cyl9d] 

is cut to ab\t #c_/af 9 diamet]4  ,!    
rema9+ #a_/h is !n remov$ by tak+ v ?9  
cuts 7ab\t #a_/cb7 hold+ ! *isel z fir/ 
/at$4 ,aft] ea* cut is made ! end %\ld  
be te/$ = squ>5ess by hold+ ! edge ( !  
*isel ov] ! end ( ! cyl9d]4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4  ,?is is an easy
 cut aft] x is ma/]$1 b is "o ( ! h>de/ 
to le>n4 ,%\ld ! op]ator lose control ( 
! tool & all[ any "p o!r ?an ! po9t to  
t\* ! cyl9d]1 a run or ga%+ ( ! wood w  
be caus$4  ,9 l>ge cyl9d]s :]e          
consid]able /ock has to be cut away 9   
ord] to squ>e ! ends1 "t w be sav$ by   
siz+ ! ends d[n ) ! p>t+ tool to )9     
#a_/h ( ! desir$ l9e1 leav+ en\gh /ock  
at ! base ( ! cuts to /ill hold ! cyl9d]
 rigid :ile cutt+ on ! ends4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4  ,= ?is op]ation
 hold ! p>t+ tool on ! re/ ) ! cutt+    
edge p>allel to ! axis ( ! cyl9d] & !   
l[] gr9d tang5t to ! cyl9d]4 ,lift !    
h&le & =ce ! cutt+ edge into ! wood2 at 
! same "t pu% ! *isel =w>d to keep x at 
! prop] tang5cy4   #g4 ,,cutt+ ,,(f     

7,,small ,,skew74 ,,fig4 #i4  ,aft] bo? 
ends h be5 squ>$ cut away /ock1 at bo?  
ends1 to leave j en\gh to hold ! cyl9d] 
f sep>at+ f ! wa/e ends4  ,) ! *isel    
held 9 ! "r h& 9 ! same position z 9    
squ>+ ! ends1 & ! f+]s ( ! left h& ar\nd
 ! /ock to cat* x1 sl[ly =ce ! po9t ( ! 
*isel into ! /ock at ! live c5t] end1   
until x is cut free & ! cyl9d] /ops 9 ! 
op]ator's h&4 ,too mu* pressure %\ld n  
be us$ 9 ?is op]ation or x w cause !    
cyl9d] to twi/ (f in/ead ( be+ cut1 & w 
leave a ragg$ hole 9 ! end4  ,! dead    
c5t] end1 :i* has be5 scor$ heavily be=e
 cutt+ (f at ! live c5t]1 is !n remov$  
by hold+ ! gr9d ( ! *isel flat on ! end 
( ! cyl9d]4 ,! latt] is revolv$ by h&   
until ! /ock is cut away4   ,ex]cise    
,a-,i--#b-;a4 ,%\ld] ,cuts  #a4 ,turn a 
cyl9d] to ! l>ge/ diamet] requir$4  #b4 
,lay (f measurem5ts ) rule & p5cil4  #c4
 ,) ! g\ge 7:]e space p]mits7 or ! p>t+ 
tool 79 n>r[ spaces7 r\gh out surplus   
/ock1 keep+ #a_/af away f ! l9es        
indicat+ %\ld]s4  #d4 ,calip] to !      

diamet] ( ! second /ep4  #e4 ,! %\ld]s  
are cut d[n z describ$ 9 ,squ>+ ,ends1  
,/ep #f1 ,/raight ,cuts4  #f4 ,! new    
diamet] or /ep is !n tru$ up ) a skew   
*isel 9 ! same mann] z a cyl9d]2 except 
t 9 ne>+ ! %\ld] ! *isel is pu%$ up on !
 cyl9d] until ! heel1 :i* is ! only "p t
 c be work$ into ! corn]1 becomes !     
cutt+ po9t4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 v n>r[ /eps x 
w be advisable to use ! heel entirely z 
a cutt+ po9t4  ,9 spaces betwe5 %\ld]s1 
too n>r[ to p]mit ! use ( ! skew *isel1 
v effective "w c be accompli%$ by       
slightly tipp+ ! p>t+ tool sideways to  
all[ a %e>+ cut to be tak5 ) ! cutt+    
edge4  #g4 ,:]e sev]al /eps are requir$ 
on ! same cyl9d]1 ea* successive "o is  
work$ out z above describ$4             
,note3--,all prelim9>y /eps 9 work+ /ock
 to size1 lay+ ( dim5sions1 etc41 9     
prep>ation = ! ex]cise 9 h&1 w be omitt$
 9 ! foll[+ ex]cises3   ,ex]cise        
,a-,i--#c-;a4 ,tap] ,cuts  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #aj4  ,calip]+ = ,new ,diamet]s4 
,= all diamet]s on tap]s ! calip]s %\ld 

be set #a_/af l>g] ?an ! desir$         
measurem5t 9 ord] to avoid work+ "u size
 9 ! f9i%+ cut :i* removes all calip]   
m>ks4  ,if ! tap] runs to ! extreme end 
( ! cyl9d]1 z 9 ,plate ,a-,i--#c-;a1 a  
p>t+ tool %\ld be us$1 in/ead ( a g\ge1 
to take (f a v ?9 %\ld]4  ,if ! tap] =ms
 an int]nal angle z 9 ,plate            
,a-,i--#c-;b1 a g\ge is us$ z 9 ,/ep    
#b--,siz+ ,cut--,plate ,a-,i--#a-;a4  ,9
 o!r cases :]e tap]s connect ) /raight  
cyl9drical %\ld]s x is be/ to turn !    
%\ld]s to size be=e work+ ! tap]s4  ,9  
cutt+ a long /raight tap] ! skew *isel  
is us$1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z 9 ord9>y   
cyl9d] "w1 except t at ! />t ( ea* cut !
 heel mu/ be ! cutt+ po9t4 ,?is w avoid 
any *ance ( ! *isel cat*+ & draw+ back &
 ?us g\g+ ! wood beyond ! />t+ po9t4 ,z 
soon z ! cut is well "u way ! *isel may 
be pu%$ up on ! cyl9d] s t ! cutt+ po9t 
is a little above ! heel4 ,all cuts %\ld
 be made f ! highe/ po9t on ! cyl9d] to 
! l[e/ & ?us cut across ! gra9 ( ! wood4
  ,9 mak+ ! cut1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see

 t ! *isel is n tipp$ to a great] angle 
?an t ( ! tap] want$4 ,%\ld t be done a 
holl[1 or di%$ out1 tap] is sure to be !
 result in/ead ( a /raight "o4          
,ex]cise ,a-,i--#d-;a4 ,v ,cutt+  ,9    
cutt+ ,v's a small skew is almo/ always 
us$ & ! cutt+ is done ) ! heel4  ,place 
! *isel squ>e on ! tool re/ s t ! cutt+ 
edge is p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! cyl9d]4
 ,draw ! *isel back & raise ! h&le s t !
 heel is driv5 into ! wood1 ?us scor+ x4
 ,?is cut %\ld n be too deep or ! *isel 
w burn4 ,?is scor+ %\ld be at ! exact   
c5t] ( ! ,v cut4  ,sw+ ! h&le a little  
to ! "r & at ! same "t tip ! *isel s t !
 gr9d1 :i* =ms ! cutt+ edge1 is at an   
angle ( ab\t #de ) ! axis ( ! cyl9d]4 ,!
 h&le is !n rais$ at an angle ( #de br++
 ! heel d[n to make a good cut4 ,! *isel
 is !n swung to ! o!r side & a simil>   
cut is tak54 ,^! cuts are cont9u$1      
toge!r ) ! c5t] scor+1 until q close to 
! p5cil m>ks4 ,te/ ! angle be=e ! f9i%+ 
cut is tak54  ,x w be f\nd be/ to h ! ,v
 slightly great] ?an #ij at ! base until

 ! f9al cut is made1 at :i* "t x c be   
tru$ up4  ,! ,v %\ld be te/$ ) ! squ>e  
end ( a rule4 ,! cyl9d] %\ld n be 9     
motion :ile te/+4  ,:5 angles o!r ?an   
#de are cut1 ! cutt+ edge ( ! *isel %\ld
 be tipp$ s t x is p>allel or ne>ly s to
 ! side ( ! cut desir$4   ,a-,i--#e-;a4 
,concave ,cuts  ,! concave cuts z a rule
 w give ! pupil consid]able tr\ble at   
fir/ ow+ to ! fact t ! gr9d1 :i* =ms !  
cutt+ edge & :i* mu/ be held p]p5dicul> 
to ! cyl9d] at ! />t1 is on ! "u side ( 
! tool & _c be se54 ,h[ev]1 z soon z !  
correct angle ( ! tool is locat$1 ! cut 
w be f\nd z easy z any4 ,concaves are   
usually made ) a m$ium siz$ g\ge ei!r ! 
#a_/b or #c_/d4  ,place ! g\ge on ! re/ 
) ! gr9d or cutt+ edge well above !     
wood4 ,! tool is !n roll$ on its side s 
t ! gr9d at ! cutt+ po9t1 :i* is on !   
lip ( ! g\ge well bel[ ! c5t]1 is       
p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! cyl9d]4 ,fig4  
#aa4  ,sl[ly raise ! h&le to =ce ! g\ge 
into ! wood4 ,z soon z ! g\ge has tak5  
hold1 ! tool is =c$ =w>d & upw>d by a   

slight l[]+ ( ! h&le1 :ile at ! same "t 
x is roll$ back t[>d its fir/ position4 
,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to roll ! *isel too 
fa/ or a p]fect arc w n be cut4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4  ,by ?is triple
 action ! gr9d1 :i* comes 9 contact ) ! 
surface ( ! curve1 =ces ! lip sidewise &
 cuts "o qu>t] ( a circle4 ,rev]se !    
position ( ! g\ge & cut f ! o!r side 9 !
 same mann] to =m ! o!r half ( !        
semi-circle4 ,! cutt+ %\ld always /op at
 ! base ( ! cut z !re is dang] t ! tool 
w cat* :5 cutt+ aga9/ ! gra9 ( ! wood on
 ! o!r side4 ,repeat ?is op]ation until 
)9 ab\t #a_/af ( ! requir$ size4 ,at !  
end ( ea* successive cut ! tool %\ld h  
be5 =c$ f> en\gh =w>d & upw>d to br+ !  
gr9d or nose ( ! *isel well out on top (
 ! cut4 ,fig4 #ab4  ,! exact dep? ( !   
concave is !n calip]$ 9 ! usual mann] z 
describ$ be=e4 ,a f9i%+ cut is !n tak5  
aft] ! cut has be5 te/$ ) a templet4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4   ,a-,i--#f-;a4
 ,convex ,cuts  ,! convex cut1 or ,bead 
z x is usually call$1 is g5]ally        

consid]$ ! h>de/ cut to make4--,! cut is
 made ) ! heel ( a small skew *isel1    
usually ! #a_/d or #a_/h4  ,aft] !      
cyl9d] has be5 m>k$ (f1 r\gh out all    
/ock betwe5 ! beads ) a p>t+ tool4 ,!   
base ( ! cuts is f9i%$ ! same z describ$
 9 ,plate ,a-,i--#a-;a1 = %\ld] cutt+4  
,) a %>p p5cil m>k ! c5t] ( ea* bead to 
be made4 ,?is l9e is ! />t+ po9t = all  
cutt+4  ,place ! *isel on ! re/1 ) !    
cutt+ edge above ! cyl9d] & ! l[] gr9d  
tang5t to x4 ,draw ! *isel back & raise 
! h&le to br+ ! heel ( ! *isel 9 contact
 ) ! cyl9d] at ! l9e indicat+ ! c5t] ( !
 bead4 ,! *isel is !n mov$ to ! "r 7if  
cutt+ ! "r side ( ! bead72 at ! same "t 
! *isel is cont9ually tipp$ to keep !   
l[] gr9d tang5t to ! revolv+ cyl9d] &   
also to ! bead at ! po9t ( contact4     
,fig4 #ac4 ,?is cut is cont9u$ until !  
bottom ( ! bead is rea*$4 ,x is well 9  
turn+ a s]ies ( beads to "w ! same side 
( all be=e rev]s+ to ! o!r side4        
,note3--,! same pr9ciples employ$ 9 ?is 
ex]cise are also us$ 9 work+ out long   

convex curves su* z are f\nd 9 *isel    
h&les1 mallet h&les1 etc4 ,! only       
exception is t 9 mo/ cases ! po9t (     
contact ne$ n be ! heel ( ! *isel b     
high] up z 9 ord9>y /raight "w4         
,a-,i--#g-;a--,comb9ation ,cuts  ,^!    
ex]cises are s design$ z to include "o  
or m ( ea* ( ! =ego+ cuts4 ,! /ud5t "h  
is giv5 an opportunity ( comb9+ ^! cuts 
into "o f9i%$ product4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #ac4  ,an analysis ( ! ex]cise    
*os5 %\ld be made to det]m9e :i* ( !    
v>i\s cuts %\ld be made fir/1 second1   
etc41 9 ord] to produce ! ex]cise 9 !   
%orte/ "t & ) ! lea/ am\nt ( tool       
manipulation4  ,aft] ! /ud5t has ma/]$  
^! cuts ) a c]ta9 degree ( skill &      
accuracy1 he is ready to apply !m 9     
work+ out v>i\s models 9 ,section ,,ii4 
,a-,,ii--#a-;a4 ,*isel ,h&les  ,at ?is  
po9t x is well to /ate t ! small end (  
all "w %\ld be turn$ at ! dead c5t]4 ,9 
! case ( *isel h&les ! socket or f]rule 
end is at ! dead c5t] :]e ! /ock c      
safely be cut away to p]mit ! fitt+ ( ! 

f]rule or ! socket4  ,aft] ! /ock is    
turn$ to a cyl9d] ( ! l>ge/ dim5sion    
desir$1 ! tap]1 = ! socket *isel1 %\ld  
be turn$ fir/ & fitt$ to ! *isel 9 :i* x
 is to be us$4 ,!n ! re/ ( ! h&le is    
work$ out4 ,f]rules %\ld also be fitt$ 9
 ! same mann]4 ,a drive fit %\ld be us$ 
= all f]rules4   ,a-,,ii--#b & #c4      
,mallets & ,gavels  ,! bigge/ s\rce (   
tr\ble 9 ^! models is gett+ ! h&les to  
fit true4 ,?is is caus$ by n gett+ !    
hole 9 ! head /raight4  ,turn ! head to 
a cyl9d] #c_/af l>g] ?an ! f9i%$        
dim5sion4 ,!n bore ! hole p]p5dicul> to 
! axis z ne> z possible1 ei!r by leav+ x
 betwe5 ! la! c5t]s or by plac+ x 9 a   
vise4 ,! h&le is !n fitt$ into ! head4  
,a snug fit is necess>y4 ,if "o side    
hangs or is l[] ?an ! o!r ! c5t]s are   
mov$ suffici5tly to correct x4 ,! head  
is !n turn$ to exact size & f9i%$4      
,a-,,ii--#g4 ,vise ,h&les4  ,turn !     
sp9dle ) ! solid head to dim5sions4     
,bore a hole ?r\gh a #a-a_/d squ>e block
 & fit ! block snugly to ! end ( !      

sp9dle4 ,turn ?is block to ! same       
dim5sions z ! o!r head4 ,?is me?od w    
save *uck+ ! second head & is mu*       
quick]4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,oval ,,turn+
   ,oval "w z a problem 9 turn+ w be    
f\nd to be a v good "o z well z int]e/+ 
to ! pupil4 ,x br+s 9 ! pr9ciple ( !    
oval z us$ 9 ord9>y %op practice2 7arcs 
f po9ts on ! major & m9or axes74 ,= ?ick
 heavy ovals ! (f-c5t]+ is v slight1    
:ile = long1 ?9 ones ! (f-c5t]+ is      
great]4 ,! measurem5ts giv5 on ,plates  
,a-,,iii--#a-;a1 b & ,a-,,iii--#b-;a1 b 
w give a good idea ( approximate        
di/ances to be us$4  ,:ile ! tool       
op]ations are mu* ! same z 9 o!r sp9dle 
turn+ !re is "o notable diff]5ce4 ,!    
design mu/ be work$ out by eye1 because 
( ! nature ( ! "w no calip] measurem5ts 
c be made = dep? ( cuts4  ,to get ! be/ 
results ! /ock ( oval turn+ %\ld be cut 
squ>e or slightly rectangul> 9          
cross-section & ab\t #c long] ?an !     
model to be made4 ,! ?ickness ( ! /ock  
%\ld be ab\t #a_/h great] ?an ! major   

axis ( ! oval want$4  ,! c5t]s are      
locat$ 9 ! usual mann] aft] :i*         
p]p5dicul> l9es are drawn f ! sides1    
pass+ ?r\gh ! po9ts ( ! c5t]s4 ,f ! ends
 ( "o ( ^!1 p]p5dicul> l9es are ext5d$  
l5g?wise ( ! /ock 7on opposite sides7   
meet+ ! correspond+ p]p5dicul> at ! o!r 
end ( ! /ock4 ,^! l9es =m ! ridge ( !   
oval4 ,on ! o!r p]p5dicul>s1 ! po9ts =  
(f-c5t]+ are laid (f1 measur+ ! requir$ 
di/ance on bo? sides ( ! c5t] po9t4  ,) 
a #a_/h drill bore holes #a_/d deep at  
ea* ( ! (f-c5t]+ po9ts z well z !       
orig9al c5t]4 ,?is w insure ! la! c5t]s 
p5etrat+ ! /ock at ! prop] po9t4 ,! /ock
 is !n plac$ 9 ! la!1 us+ two           
correspond+ (f-c5t] po9ts z c5t]s4  ,) !
 la! runn+ at ?ird spe$ turn d[n ! /ock 
to ! horizontal l9e =m+ ! ridge ( !     
oval1 except+ = a di/ance ( ab\t #a-a_/d
 at ! ends4 ,! /ock at ! ends is        
necess>y = ! (f-c5t]+ &1 if cut away1 w 
spoil ! c5t]+ = ! o!r side1 especially  
at ! live c5t] end4 ,! /ock is !n *ang$ 
to ! o!r (f-c5t] po9ts & ! second side  

is cut d[n to ! l9e4  ,all measurem5ts  
are !n laid out & ! design is cut1 *ang+
 ! /ock 9 ! la! :5 necess>y4 ,c>e %\ld  
be tak5 t ! %>p ridge left on ! "w =ms a
 /raight l9e ! full l5g? ( ! /ock4 ,aft]
 ! design has be5 f9i%$1 ! /ock is c5t]$
 on ! true c5t] & a v ?9 cut is tak5 !  
full l5g? ( ! object to remove ! %>p    
corn]s4 ,! model is !n s&pap]$ :ile !   
la! is runn+ v sl[ly4     ,,*apt] ,,vii 
,,duplicate ,,turn+   ,"u ! head (      
duplicate turn+ h be5 classifi$ only su*
 models z cle>ly indicate ! necessity ( 
mak+ two or m articles to complete !    
model or set ( articles desir$4 ,b x is 
n int5d$ to convey ! idea t o!r models  
may n be made 9 duplicate z 9 _m cases x
 is v desirable & ev5 pref]able t !y    
%\ld be made t way4 ,:atev] ! problem   
may be ! sugge/ions (f]$ at ?is po9t may
 be appli$ effectively4  ,:5ev] two or m
 models are to be made id5tically alike 
!re are always two possibilities (      
inaccuracies t w r5d] ! "w dissimil>3   
,fir/1 inaccurate measur+ bo? = l5g? &  

po9ts ( new diamet]s & also on ! new    
diamet]s !mselves2 second1 a v>iation 9 
! curv$ surfaces ei!r on long convex or 
concave cuts4  ,! fir/ difficulty c be  
ov]come to a great ext5t by ! use ( a   
measur+ /ick4 ,?is /ick %\ld be made (  
any s(t wood4 ,x %\ld be /raight on "o  
edge & ab\t ! ?ickness ( an ord9>y rule4
 ,on ! /raight edge lay (f v c>efully   
measurem5ts = l5g?1 %\ld]s1 beads1      
concaves & all po9ts :]e calip]+ = new  
diamet]s w be necess>y4 ,ins]t at ea*   
po9t measur$ a small brad :i* has be5   
%>p5$ at bo? ends1 leav+ ! end protrude 
ab\t #a_/h4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t all     
brads protrude ! same di/ance4  ,aft] ! 
/ock has be5 turn$ to ! l>ge/ diamet]1 !
 /ick is held 9 ! position ( ! rule :ile
 measur+ & ! po9ts are =c$ aga9/ !      
revolv+ cyl9d]1 ?us scor+ x4 ,?is /ick c
 be us$ z _m times z ! model is to be   
made & ! measurem5ts w always be ! same4
  ,to avoid dissimil> curves x is well  
to cut out a full siz$ templet ( ! model
 to be made4 ,?is templet c be made (   

any ?91 /iff mat]ial1 pref]ably light   
%eet iron4 ,9 "s cases x w be necess>y  
to make ! templet 9 sev]al pieces 9 ord]
 to help facilitate ! tool op]ations4   
,! use ( ?is templet w n only be a help 
to gett+ all curv$ surfaces ! same1 b w 
also *eck up on ! v>i\s new diamet]s on 
! model4 ,! cyl9d] %\ld nev] be 9 motion
 :ile ! templet is be+ us$4     ,,*apt] 
,,viii  ,,f9i%+ ,,& ,,poli%+   ,to get a
 high & la/+ poli% on wood1 ! "w mu/ be 
fir/ s&$ s z to be p]fectly smoo?4 ,9   
addition to ?is1 op5 gra9$ wood1 su* z  
oak1 mu/ be prop]ly fill$ ) a wood      
fill]4 ,if prop]ly %>p5$ tools h be5 us$
 v little s&+ is requir$1 & !n worn     
s&pap] %\ld be us$ z x does n cut into !
 "w z new pap] cuts4 ,rememb] s&pap] is 
n to be us$ z a tool 9 cutt+ d[n /ock :5
 work+ to dim5sions4 ,9 us+ old s&pap]  
run ! la! at a mod]ate spe$ to avoid    
burn+ ! wood1 especially on squ>e or    
r\nd fillets4 ,keep ! edges ( ! "w %>p &
 d n we> !m r\nd4 ,9 us+ new s&pap] use 
a f9e grit 7#jj or #j7 & move ! pap] f  

"o end ( ! "w to ! o!r sl[ly1 s t no    
scrat*es result on ! surface ( ! "w4  ,!
 "w may be f9i%$ by "o ( two me?ods4 ,9 
! fir/ me?od z 9 f9i%+ ord9>y cab9et "w1
 ! pieces %\ld be /a9$ & fill$4 ,9      
apply+ fill]1 run ! la! at ! sl[e/ spe$ 
aft] ! mat]ial has dri$ suffici5tly to  
rub into ! pores ( ! wood4 ,if !        
highlights are to be br\ght out1 z 9 !  
case ( oak1 /a9 & !n give a light coat (
 %ellac1 & apply ! fill] aft] ! %ellac  
is dry4 ,! %ellac keeps ! d>k fill] f   
/a9+ ! flakes ( ! oak d>k]1 & ! pores ( 
! wood fill 9 z be=e4 ,! pores become   
d>k] ?an ! flakes1 & at ! same "t a     
smoo? surface is produc$4 ,aft] ! fill] 
has h>d5$ ! wood may be wax$ or v>ni%$4 
,! second me?od1 or ,fr5* poli%+1 is r  
difficult to apply & requires a little  
skill4 ,a close gra9$ wood1 l maple1 w  
be f\nd m satisfactory = ! beg9n]4 ,an  
op5 gra9$ wood may be fill$ 9 ! ord9>y  
way1 or ! gra9 may be fill$ by rubb+    
into ! pores ( ! wood a comb9ation (    
%ellac1 rott5 /one or pumice1 oil &     

alcohol4 ,rott5 /one is us$ = d>k wood &
 pumice is us$ = light wood4 ,! wood may
 be left 9 ! natural or /a9$ z 9 ! fir/ 
me?od4 ,! mixture ( %ellac1 rott5 /one1 
oil & alcohol1 is appli$ to ! "w ) a pad
 made ( cotton wa/e1 wrapp$ 9 *eese clo?
 to keep x f /ick+ to ! "w4 ,x %\ld be  
ab\t #a-a_/b 9 diamet] & #a_/b ?ick4    
,hold ! pad ov] ! m\? ( a bottle (      
%ellac & tip ! bottle s t ! %ellac comes
 9 contact ) ! pad4 ,! %ellac w rema9   
clean 9 a bottle & w be h&y4 ,! m\? ( ! 
%ellac bottle %\ld be ab\t #a 9 diamet] 
& %\ld be dipp$ once4 ,d likewise ) a   
bottle1 hav+ a m\? #a_/b 9 diamet]1     
conta9+ alcohol4 ,?is %\ld be dipp$     
twice all[+ ! alcohol to dilute !       
%ellac4 ,!n drop on a c\ple ( drops (   
oil & rub ov] ! pad ev5ly2 ?is aids 9   
di/ribut+ ! %ellac prop]ly & keeps ! pad
 f /ick+ to ! "w4 ,a bottle may also be 
us$ = ?is4 ,= ! rott5 /one use a pepp]  
%ak] s t x may be sift$ on ! "w z ne$$4 
,:5 ! mixture has be5 appli$ to ! pad1  
hold ! pad aga9/ ! "w lightly at fir/1  

until mo/ ( ! moi/ure has be5 work$ out 
( x1 & !n gradually increase ! pressure 
until ! pad is almo/ dry4 ,9 putt+ on ! 
fir/ coat1 use m %ellac & alcohol & j   
en\gh oil at all times to prev5t ! pad f
 /ick+ to ! "w4 ,h[ev]1 ! pad %\ld n    
conta9 z mu* %ellac t x c be squeez$ out
 ) ! f+]s4 ,:5 ! pad is dry1 ano!r      
mixture is appli$1 & :]e op5 gra9$ wood 
is us$1 rott5 /one1 or pumice /one1 is  
spr9kl$ on ! "w to gradually fill up !  
pores & to build up a smoo? surface4    
,run ! la! at a l[ spe$1 dep5d+ on !    
size ( ! piece t is be+ poli%$4 ,all[ ! 
fir/ coat to dry be=e apply+ a second   
coat =1 if too mu* is put on at any "o  
"t1 ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! rubb+ w cause !   
%ellac to pull1 & x w =m r+s by pil+ up4
 ,^! r+s may be work$ out 9 two ways1   
ei!r by a slight pressure ( ! pad on !  
r+s or by cutt+ !m ) alcohol appli$ to !
 pad4 ,if too mu* alcohol is us$ x w cut
 ?r\gh ! %ellac & remove :at has already
 be5 rubb$ on4 ,if at any "t too mu*    
%ellac is us$ x w pile up & =m r+s4 ,too

 mu* rott5 /one w cut d[n ! poli% & by  
absorb+ ! mixture w leave ! pad dry4 ,if
 too mu* oil is us$ ! poli% w become    
dull aft] a day or two4  ,aft] ! fir/   
coat has h>d5$ apply ! second1 b use    
less %ellac & m alcohol & j en\gh oil to
 prev5t ! pad f /ick+4 ,?is may be done 
by dipp+ ! tip ( a f+] 9 ! oil & spread+
 x ov] ! pad4 ,! entire mixture %\ld be 
s t only a dampness c be felt on ! pad4 
,z ! process goes on less oil & %ellac  
are us$4 ,all oil mu/ be remov$ :5      
apply+ ! la/ coat1 or ! piece w lose its
 poli%4 ,all ! pores %\ld be fill$1 & no
 r+s %\ld be on ! f9i%$ "w4 ,:]e a      
natural f9i% is desir$1 apply a coat (  
boil$ l9se$ oil twelve h\rs be=e ! "w is
 to be poli%$4 ,?is w br+ out ! gra9 & w
 also aid 9 apply+ ! fir/ coat2 no oil  
ne$ !n be us$ 9 ! fir/ coat4  ,a great  
am\nt ( practice & pati5ce is requir$ to
 get a fir/ class poli%4 ,poli%+ c only 
be le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,correct y\r      
tr\bles 9 prop]ly proportion+ ! mixture4
 ,nev] use too mu* %ellac z x w build up

 too fa/ & w n h>d51 ?us caus+ r+s2 or x
 w pull & cat* to ! pad1 ?us =m+ bun*es4
 ,! purpose ( alcohol is ma9ly to dilute
 ! %ellac & to prev5t aga9/ putt+ x on !
 "w too fa/1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to use 
too mu* alcohol to cut ! %ellac         
entirely4 ,! oil helps to di/ribute !   
%ellac ev5ly1 b x mu/ be remov$ :5 f9i%+
 ! la/ coat1 or ! poli% w n rema94 ,x   
also helps to keep ! pad f /ick+ to !   
"w4  ,x is impossible to obta9 a poli% t
 w be z la/+ & ri* by any me?od o!r ?an 
! "o describ$4 ,= success x is ess5tial 
to le>n ! proportions ( ! mixture & to  
acquire skill 9 apply+ ! mat]ials by us+
 exactly ! "r pressure & ! "r movem5t ( 
! pad4     ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,face-,,plate 
,,& ,,*uck ,,turn+   ,face-plate & *uck 
turn+ op5 an entirely new field ( "w f t
 tak5 up 9 previ\s *apt]s ( ?is book4   
,if h&l$ correctly1 x has mu* great]    
educational & practical value ?an cyl9d]
 turn+4 ,f ! practical /&po9t ! field ( 
"w is broad] & ! models to be made are (
 mu* great] value4 ,aside f ?is1 trade  

me?ods & practices c be appli$ & a broad
 insight into comm]cial "w c be giv5 !  
/ud5t4  ,9 "s details ( *uck turn+ !    
tool op]ations already le>n$ c be       
employ$1 b = ! mo/ "p !y are entirely   
diff]5t4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve !           
educational value ( ! "w z br\ght out by
 skill & dext]ity 9 h&l+ tools1 x w be  
necess>y to use ! cutt+ me?od :]ev]     
possible4 ,9 "s in/ances t me?od w be   
impossible1 & ! scrap+ me?od mu/ be us$4
   ,,me?ods ,,( ,,fa/5+ ,,/ock  ,all !  
"w ?us f> has be5 on models :]e ! /ock  
work$ ^u is held betwe5 ! live & dead   
c5t]s4 ,9 face-plate & *uck turn+ ! "w  
is done at ! head /ock only & ! piece is
 support$ by means ( a face-plate1 or   
*uck1 t is fa/5$ to a face-plate1 :i* is
 screw$ onto ! end ( ! live sp9dle4 ,!re
 are ?ree me?ods ( fa/5+ /ock to !      
face-plate1 & x dep5ds ^u ! nature ( !  
ex]cise or model to be made :i* me?od is
 us$4  #a4 ,,small ,,s+le ,,screw       
,,face-,,plate4 ,= all "w t does n      
require deep cutt+ 9 ! c5t]1 su* z 9    

t[el r+s1 picture frames1 etc41 ! small 
face-plate ) a s+le screw %\ld be us$4  
,note3--,%\ld x be f\nd difficult to    
keep ! block f work+ loose & turn+1 x is
 a good plan to fold a piece ( s&pap]1  
grit side out1 & place x betwe5 !       
face-plate & ! /ock4  #b4 ,,l>ge        
,,surface ,,screw ,,face-,,plate4 ,= all
 "w t does n require deep cutt+ on !    
outside1 su* z ex]cises1 jewel boxes1   
etc41 z well z all l>ge /ock1 & all /ock
 f :i* *ucks are to be made1 ! l>ge     
face-plate ) ! surface screws %\ld be   
us$4  #c4 ,,glu+ ,,to ,,wa/e ,,/ock4 ,a 
block ( scrap wood is fa/5$ to a        
face-plate ! same z = a *uck & surfac$  
(f squ>e4 ,! block f :i* ! model is to  
be made is plan$ squ>e on "o side & glu$
 to ! block on ! face-plate ) a %eet (  
pap] betwe5 ! two4 ,to sep>ate ! model f
 ! *uck1 aft] x is complet$1 place a    
*isel on ! wa/e /ock1 #a_/af back ( !   
glue jo9t at su* a po9t z w br+ ! *isel 
p>allel to ! gra9 ( ! model1 & /rike    
lightly ) a mallet4 ,?is w cause ! pap] 

to sep>ate & ! model to become free4    
,?is me?od w be f\nd v conv5i5t         
epecially on models :]e ! base is to be 
left /raight4 ,x w also be f\nd to save 
mu* /ock :5 work+ ) exp5sive woods4     
,,la! ,,adju/m5ts  ,to get ! be/ results
 9 face-plate or *uck turn+ !re %\ld be 
no end play 9 ! sp9dle ( ! la!4 ,!      
sp9dle %\ld always be te/$ out1 & if any
 play is f\nd1 %\ld be adju/$ be=e      
attempt+ any "w4 ,x is almo/ impossible 
to make a true cut :5 su* a condition   
obta9s4   ,,position ,,( ,,tool ,,re/   
,= all face-plate & *uck turn+ ! tool   
re/ %\ld be kept z close to ! /ock z    
possible1 ! same z 9 sp9dle turn+1      
reg>dless ( ! angle x may be set4       
,v]tically1 ! re/ 9 mo/ cases %\ld be   
suffici5tly bel[ ! c5t] ( ! /ock to br+ 
! c5t] or cutt+ po9t ( ! tools us$1 :5  
held p>allel to ! b$ ( ! la!1 ev5 ) !   
c5t] ( ! /ock4 ,?is la/ condition w     
necessitate adju/+ ! height occasionally
 :5 *ang+ f l>ge to small tools4        
,,*apt] ,x  ,,tool ,,processes ,,9      

,,face-,,plate ,,& ,,*uck ,,turn+       
,b-,i--#a-;a4 ,/raight ,cuts  #a4       
,,r\gh+ ,,(f ,,corn]s4 7#c_/d ,,g\ge47  
,,fig4 #ad4 ,! tool re/ is set crosswise
 to ! b$ ( ! la! & p>allel to ! face ( !
 /ock4  ,place ! g\ge on ! re/ ) ! h&le 
well d[n4 ,roll ! g\ge to ! left until !
 gr9d :i* =ms ! cutt+ edge is p]p5dicul>
 to ! /ock4 ,! po9t ( contact %\ld be   
slightly bel[ ! c5t] or nose ( ! tool4  
,! h&le ( ! g\ge is !n swung well to !  
back ( ! la! or to ! op]ator's "r4 ,!   
g\ge is !n pu%$ =w>d into ! /ock & to ! 
left1 mak+ a %e>+ cut4 ,! cut %\ld n be 
too heavy4 ,! />t+ po9t = ?is cut %\ld  
be a l9e :i* w indicate ! l>ge/ diamet] 
or circle t c be made f ! block4--,?is  
cut %\ld be repeat$ until ! corn]s are  
remov$ f ! block4  ,to complete ! cutt+ 
( ?ick /ock x w be f\nd necess>y to     
*ange ! tool re/ to an angle ( #de ) !  
b$ ( ! la!4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4   
,:5 h>dwood is be+ turn$ x is sometimes 
advisable to saw ! block almo/ r\nd ) a 
compass saw or b&saw1 if "o is to be _h4

 ,%\ld ?is be done ! prec$+ /eps are    
omitt$4  ,! tool re/ is !n plac$ p>allel
 ) ! la! b$ & a r\gh+ cut is tak5 ) !   
g\ge ! entire ?ickness ( ! block4  ,!   
la! %\ld be run on second or ?ird spe$  
until ! corn]s are remov$1 & !n *ang$ to
 fir/ spe$4  #b4 ,,calip]+ ,,=          
,,diamet]4 ,! true diamet] is !n calip]$
 ! same z 9 sp9dle "w4  #c4 ,,smoo?+    
,,cut4 ,a smoo?+ cut is tak5 ) a skew   
*isel ! same z 9 sp9dle "w4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4  #d4 ,,r\gh+   
,,cut ,,on ,,! ,,face4 7#c_/d ,,g\ge47  
,,fig4 #ae4 ,! re/ is n[ plac$ p>allel  
to ! b$ ( ! la! & slightly above ! c5t] 
( ! sp9dle4 ,place ! g\ge on ! re/ on   
its edge ) ! gr9d t[>d ! /ock & p>allel 
to ! face to be surfac$4 ,! nose ( !    
g\ge is ! cutt+ po9t4  ,! h&le is !n    
rais$ & ! cutt+ po9t is =c$ t[>d ! c5t]4
 ,a v ?9 %av+ %\ld be tak54 ,if ! g\ge  
is all[$ to roll back s ! gr9d above !  
cutt+ po9t comes 9 contact ) ! wood x is
 sure to cat* & ga% ! wood4  #e4        
,,smoo?+ ,,! ,,face4 7,,small ,,skew    

,,*isel47 ,,fig4 #af4 ,= all "w up to #c
 9 diamet]1 ! surface may be smoo!d by  
us+ a small skew *isel 9 ! same mann] z 
9 squ>+ ! ends ( ,/ock 9 cyl9d] "w4     
7,/ep #f--;,ex]cise ,a-,i--#a-;a1       
,/raight ,cuts47  ,= l>g] "w1 place !   
*isel flat on ! re/ ) ! toe next to !   
/ock & ! back edge ( ! *isel p>allel to 
! face to be surfac$4  ,! po9t ( ! *isel
 is !n =c$ t[>d ! c5t] ( ! /ock1 us+ !  
/raight back ( ! tool z a guide aga9/ ! 
f9i%$ surface4 ,only a v ?9 cut %\ld be 
tak5 at a "t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 
,note3--,:ile ?is op]ation may be t]m$ a
 scrap+ cut1 x w be f\nd to be mu* easi]
 on ! tool ?an if ! cutt+ edge 7 held   
flat aga9/ ! "w z 9 o!r scrap+ cuts4  ,!
 surface ( ! "w %\ld be te/$ = squ>5ess 
by hold+ ! edge ( ! *isel or a /raight  
edge across ! face4   ,,lay+ ,,(f       
,,measurem5ts  ,9 lay+ (f measurem5ts on
 ! face ( ! /ock a p5cil compass or     
divid]s %\ld be us$4 ,set ! compass or  
divid]s to "o-half ! diamet] ( ! circle 
want$4 ,:ile "o po9t is held at ! exact 

c5t] ( ! /ock1 :i* is easily locat$ :ile
 ! /ock is revolv+1 ! o!r is br\ght 9   
contact ) ! revolv+ /ock until a circle 
( ! correct diamet] is m>k$4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4  ,%\ld ! c5t] (
 ! /ock be cut away1 r5d]+ ?is me?od    
impossible1 ! foll[+ me?od may be us$3  
,set ! compass or divid]s to ! exact    
diamet] want$4 ,place "o po9t 9 contact 
) ! /ock a little to "o side ( ! requir$
 l9e on ! "p t is to be cut-away4 ,br+ !
 o!r po9t to ! /ock & see if x t\*es !  
l9e fir/ made4 ,if n1 move ! fir/ po9t  
until ! two po9ts track 9 ! same l9e4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4  ,! re/ %\ld be
 set at ! exact c5t] = measur+4  ,all   
measurem5ts on ! edge ( ! /ock c be made
 ) p5cil & rule z 9 cyl9d] turn+4       
,b-,i--#b-;a4 ,%\ld] ,cuts  #a4         
,,ext]nal ,,%\ld]s4 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,!      
surplus /ock at ea* successive %\ld] is 
r\gh$ out ) a #c_/d g\ge1 keep+ well    
outside ! f9i%$ measurem5ts4 ,! g\ge =  
?is "w is held 9 ! same position z      
describ$ 9 ,b-,i--#a-;a1 ,/ep #a1 =     

,r\gh+ ,(f ,corn]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ai4  #b4 ,= ! f9i%+ cut a small skew  
*isel is us$1 & ! process is ! same z t 
us$ 9 squ>+ ends ( /ock4 ,bo? ! v]tical 
& horizontal %\ld]s c be h&l$ easily by 
?is me?od4 ,fig1 #ai4  #c4 ,,int]nal    
,,%\ld]s4 ,= int]nal %\ld] cutt+ ! same 
me?ods may be us$ = r\gh+ out & cutt+ ! 
horizontal %\ld]s1 b = ! v]tical or base
 %\ld] x w be necess>y to use ! scrap+  
process4 7,see ,use ( ,scrap+ ,tools47  
,b-,i--#c-;a4 ,tap] ,cuts  ,tap] cutt+ w
 n be f\nd h>d z ! g\ge & skew *isel are
 us$ 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9        
,b-,i--#a-;a1 ,/eps #d & #e4 ,aft] !    
/ock has be5 r\gh$ away ) ! g\ge to !   
approximate angle desir$1 a smoo?+ cut  
is tak5 ) ! skew4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! 
skew *isel is held at ! exact angle ( ! 
tap] desir$4   ,b-,i--#d-;a4 ,v ,cuts   
,v cutt+ w also be f\nd easy z ! tool   
process is exactly ! same z t us$ 9     
sp9dle turn+4 ,ex]cise ,a-,i--#d-;a4    
,fig4 #bj4   ,b-,i--#e-;a4 ,concave     
,cuts  ,place ! #c_/d g\ge on ! re/ ) ! 

h&le p>allel to ! b$ ( ! la!4 ,roll !   
g\ge on its edge & sw+ ! h&le s t ! gr9d
 is p]p5dicul> to ! /ock ) ! nose ( !   
tool z ! cutt+ po9t4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #bj4  ,=ce ! g\ge =w>d into !     
wood4 ,z soon z ! cut is />t$1 ! h&le is
 l[]$ & swung to ! left2 7if cutt+ !    
left side ( ! concave7 at ! same "t !   
tool is roll$ back t[>d its orig9al     
position4 ,?is movem5t br+s ! cutt+ po9t
 f>!r d[n on ! lip & ! gr9d1 re/+ on !  
side ( ! cut1 w =ce ! g\ge sidewise & w 
=m "o-qu>t] ( ! circle4 ,fig4 #ba4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4  ,?is cut is   
cont9u$ f alt]nate side until ! concave 
is ne>ly to size4 ,! cut %\ld be te/$ ) 
a templet be=e ! f9i%+ cut is tak54     
,b-,i--#f-;a4 ,convex ,cuts  ,r\gh out !
 /ock betwe5 ! beads ) a p>t+ tool4     
,hold ! edge ( ! g\ge on ! re/ ) ! h&le1
 p>allel to ! b$ ( ! la!1 to make ! nose
 ! cutt+ po9t4  ,sw+ ! h&le to ! left s 
t ! gr9d w =m a tang5t to ! bead at its 
highe/ po9t4  ,! g\ge is !n =c$ into !  
/ock & to ! "r2 at ! same "t ! h&le is  

swung to ! "r2 keep+ ! gr9d tang5t to ! 
bead at ! po9t ( contact4 ,fig4 #bb4    
,?is cut is cont9u$ until ! base ( !    
bead is rea*$4   ,b-,i--#g-;a4          
,comb9ation ,cuts  ,z 9 sp9dle turn+1 a 
comb9ation ex]cise %\ld be giv5 at ?is  
po9t to provide an opportunity = /udy+  
out ! be/ me?ods ( work+ ! v>i\s cuts j 
describ$ into a f9i%$ product4   ,,use  
,,( ,,scrap+ ,,tools  ,:5 scrap+ is to  
be employ$1 x %\ld be done ) only ^?    
tools t are made = t purpose1 i4e41     
,squ>e ,nose1 ,r\nd ,nose1 ,spe> ,po9t1 
,"r & ,left ,skew4 ,! h&l+ ( ^! tools w 
be f\nd easy4 ,! only po9t to rememb] is
 t !y %\ld be held flat on ! tool re/ & 
p>allel to ! b$ ( ! la! :5 9 use4  ,9   
g5]al practice ! ord9>y skew *isel %\ld 
n be us$ z a scrap+ tool1 = ! cutt+ edge
 is n %>p5$ to )/& ! heavy /ra9 requir$ 
by su* "w4 ,%\ld x be necess>y1 h[ev]1  
to use a skew *isel z a scrap]1 ! tool  
%\ld be held s t ! top gr9d is p>allel  
to ! b$ ( ! la! :ile 9 use4   ,,int]nal 
,,bor+  ,9 r\gh+ out ! c5t] = ,napk9    

,r+s1 ,jewel ,boxes1 etc41 ! quicke/    
me?od is to "w x out ) a small g\ge4    
,place ! g\ge on ! re/ p>allel to ! b$ (
 ! la!1 hav+ ! po9t ev5 ) ! c5t] ( !    
/ock4  ,=ce ! g\ge into ! wood until a  
hole is bor$ to ! dep? requir$4 ,if !   
hole is deep] ?an #a1 remove ! tool (t5 
& cle> out ! %av+s 9 ord] n to burn !   
po9t4  ,9 ord] to enl>ge ! hole to !    
prop] size ! po9t ( ! g\ge is press$    
aga9/ ! left side ( ! hole a little     
above ! c5t] & a %e>+ cut is tak54 ,to  
obviate ! dang] ( ! tool cat*+1 all cuts
 %\ld />t f ! back ( ! hole & proce$    
t[>d ! front4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 
,b-,,iii--#h-;a4 ,sph]e  ,aft] ! sph]e  
is turn$ z ne>ly p]fect z is possible :5
 work+ betwe5 c5t]s 7,/eps #a to #d7 x  
is cut free f ! wa/e /ock & is c5t]$ 9 a
 *uck4  ,! *uck is made ( any s(t wood &
 %\ld be cut 9 ! end gra91 :i* w insure 
equal pressure on all sides4 ,equal     
pressure _c be obta9$ if ! ,*uck is cut 
9 cross gra9 wood1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy (    
side gra9 to give m ?an ! end gra94 ,!  

sph]e %\ld be =c$ into ! *uck ) slightly
 ov] half protrud+4 ,v ?9 cuts %\ld be  
tak5 & ! sph]e %\ld be revolv$ "o-qu>t] 
turn aft] ea* until true4 ,z ! sph]e    
becomes small] dur+ ! cutt+1 x w be     
necess>y to cut ! face ( ! *uck d[n &   
bore ! hole deep] & small] 9 ord] to    
keep m ?an half ( x protrud+ at all     
times4  ,illu/ration3 ,mirror 7,see     
,pages #bii-cja74  ,to remove ! sph]e   
tap ! *uck lightly ) a hamm] j above x1 
at ! same "t pull out on ! sph]e4       
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,spiral ,,turn+   ,spiral
 turn+ is a subject t has receiv$ v     
little att5tion by mo/ s*ools 9 :i* wood
 turn+ is taught4 ,spiral "w is se5 9   
antique furniture & also 9 ! mod]n      
furniture ( ! pres5t day4 ,x seems t x  
takes ! :eel ( fa%ion ab\t a c5tury to  
make a complete turn1 = :at our =efa!rs 
neglect$ & de/roy$ ! p ( ! pres5t day   
value & *]i%4  ,spiral "w gives excell5t
 practice 9 %ap+ & modell+ wood4 ,x br+s
 into play ! pr9ciple ( ! helix z us$ 9 
cutt+ ?reads1 etc42 & its =m1 size &    

%ape may be v>i$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( !  
individual4 ,z 9 ?reads s 9 spiral "w we
 h s+le & d\ble spirals1 & _! =m &      
proportion dep5d ^u _! use & application
 9 furniture mak+4 ,a v>iation ( !      
spiral may be made 9 sev]al ways3 ,fir/1
 by *ang+ ! numb] ( turns ( ! spiral on 
a /raight %aft2 second1 by runn+ a      
spiral on a tap]$ %aft2 ?ird1 by *ang+ !
 %ape or =m ( ! spiral itself2 & f\r?1  
by mak+ m ?an "o spiral on a %aft4 ,x is
 uncommon to see t5 or twelve spirals   
runn+ ar\nd a s+le %aft4  ,"s ( ! =ms ( 
! above types are fully tak5 up &       
expla9$ 9 ! "w t is to foll[4   ,,plates
 ,b-,v--#a-;a1 a4 ,,s+le ,,spiral4      
,,/raight ,,%aft  ,to "w out a s+le     
spiral = a p$e/al proce$ z foll[s3  #a4 
,turn a cyl9d] #b-a_/d 9 diamet]4 ,make 
! ends slightly l>g] 9 ord] t ! design  
may be turn$ on ea*1 aft] ! spiral has  
be5 work$ out4  #b4 ,lay (f spaces      
#b-a_/af ap>t on ! cyl9d] :ile ! sp9dle 
is turn+ 9 ! la! & divide ea* ( ^! into 
f\r equal p>ts4 ,ea* "o ( ^! l>ge spaces

 repres5ts "o turn ( ! spiral4 ,a good  
proportion is slightly less ?an !       
diamet] ( ! cyl9d]2 ?us ! diamet] ( !   
cyl9d] equals #b-a_/d & ! wid? ( ! space
 #b-a_/af4  #c4 ,on ! cyl9d] p>allel to 
! axis draw l9es ,a-,a ,b-,b ,c-,c      
,d-,d4 ,^! l9es %\ld be #ij ap>t z %[n 9
 ! top diagram 7,plate ,b-,v--#a-;a74   
,l9e ,d-,d is on ! o!r side ( ! cyl9d] z
 %[n 9 ! top & middle diagrams4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4  #d4 ,/>t on   
l9e ,a-,a at po9t ,x1 circle #a1 & draw 
a l9e connect+ x ) l9e ,b-,b on circle  
#a4 ,!n connect ,b-,b on circle #a )    
,c-,c on circle #b & s on until a spiral
 has be5 drawn ! entire l5g? ( ! cyl9d]4
 ,?is l9e w =m ! ridge ( ! spiral z %[n 
9 ! middle diagram4  #e4 ,next beg9 on  
l9e ,c-,c at circle #a1 & draw a l9e    
connect+ x ) ,d-,d on circle #a !n to   
l9e ,a-,a on circle #b1 & s on z be=e4  
,?is spiral repres5ts ! c5t] ( ! groove 
or ! portion :i* is to be cut away4 ,?is
 is n %[n 9 ! diagram because m or less 
confusion w\ld be caus$ ) ! l9e         

repres5t+ ! ridge ( ! spiral4  #f4 ,beg9
 on l9e ,c-,c at circle #a1 & saw to a  
dep? ( #c_/d4 ,saw ! entire l5g? ( !    
cyl9d] leav+ ab\t #a-a_/b at ! ends4 ,d 
n foll[ ! l9e "h1 b swit* (f gradually &
 foll[ circles #a & #ae1 s z to all[ !  
spiral to beg9 & end gradually & n      
abruptly4  #g4 ,r\gh out ) a knife or   
*isel by cutt+ on bo? sides ( ! saw cut4
 ,!n use a wood rasp to f9i% %ap+ out ! 
spiral4 ,:5 prop]ly %ap$ out all[ ! la! 
to turn sl[ly & smoo? ) s&pap] by foll[+
 ! spiral z ! la! turns4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #bd4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd-;a4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4  #h4 ,cut !    
design on bo? ends ( ! cyl9d] & poli%4  
,,plates ,b-,v--#b-;a1 a1 a4 ,,s+le     
,,spiral4 ,,tap]$ ,,%aft  ,to lay (f a  
s+le spiral = ! electric lamp %[n 9     
,figs4 #bd & #bd;a proce$ z foll[s3  #a4
 ,select y\r wood & bore a hole ?r\gh x4
 ,plug ! hole & c5t] ! piece 9 ! la!4   
,?is insures gett+ ! hole exactly 9 !   
c5t]1 & x w n be cut into :ile ! cutt+ (
 ! groove ( ! spiral proce$s4 ,a groove 

may also be cut 9 two pieces ( /ock &   
glu$ toge!r to =m a hole ?r\gh ! /ock4  
#b4 ,turn a cyl9d] #b-a_/b 9 diamet]1   
tap]+ x to #a-a_/b at ! "o end2 ?is "p  
%\ld be #ab-a_/h long4 ,bo? ends %\ld be
 left l>g] ?an #b-a_/b z ! l[] & upp]   
designs mu/ be cut "h4  #c4 ,let !      
sp9dle revolve 9 ! la! & draw circles z 
%[n 9 ! lay\t 7,plate ,b-,v--#b-;a74 ,! 
numb] ( circles w v>y ) ! tap]4 ,s9ce   
sev5 turns are ne$$ 9 ! pres5t spiral1  
#bh circles w be necess>y--f\r circles =
 ea* turn ( ! spiral z %[n 9 ! middle   
diagram4 ,a good proportion to foll[ is 
to measure ! diamet] ( ! sp9dle at      
circle #b & lay (f ?is di/ance f circle 
#a to circle #c4 ,!n measure ! diamet]  
at circle #d & lay (f ?is diamet] f     
circle #c to circle #e & s on until all 
circles h be5 made4 ,!n divide ^! l>ge  
divisions into f\r equal p>ts4  #d4     
,draw f\r l9es ! entire l5g? ( ! sp9dle1
 ea* #ij ap>t z %[n by ! heavy l9es 9 ! 
middle diagram4 ,! heavy circles ( !    
same diagram repres5t ! complete turns (

 ! spiral4  #e4 ,lay out ! l9e repres5t+
 ! ridge ( ! spiral z %[n 9 ! middle    
diagram4 ,beg9 on circle #a1 :]e !      
/raight l9e crosses x1 draw to circle #a
 at ! po9t :]e ! next /raight l9e       
crosses x1 !n to #b--b--c--c & s on     
until ! end is rea*$4 ,?is =ms ! ridge (
 ! spiral z %[n 9 diagram #c4 ,next x   
may be m conv5i5t to draw ano!r l9e     
repres5t+ ! groove4 ,9 ?is case beg9 at 
po9t ,x 9 ! middle diagram1 opposite !  
po9t :]e fir/ />t$1 & cont9ue 9 ! prec$+
 mann]1 mak+ ?is l9e p>allel to ! o!r   
l9e4  #f4 ,saw on ! l9e la/ made1 be+   
c>eful n to saw too deeply4 ,! dep? mu/ 
be #a_/d less ?an half ! diamet] ( !    
sp9dle :]e ! cut is made4 ,?is saw cut  
=ms ! groove ( ! spiral4 ,! groove is !n
 cut out by h& ) a *isel or knife1 by   
work+ d[n ! wood on bo? sides ( ! saw   
cut4 ,aft] ! spirals h be5 r\gh$ out1 a 
rasp is us$ to f9i% %ap+ !m4 ,! "w is !n
 s&pap]$ smoo?1 :ile ! sp9dle is revolv$
 sl[ly 9 ! la!4  #g4 ,cut designs on !  
ends ( ! cyl9d] & poli%4   ,,plates     

,b-,v--#b-;b1 b4 ,,d\ble ,,spiral4      
,,tap]$ ,,%aft  ,to "w out a d\ble      
spiral = ! electric lamp illu/rat$ 9    
,fig4 #be proce$ z foll[s3  #a4 ,turn up
 ! sp9dle 9 ! usual mann]4 ,s9ce ! base 
( ! %aft is l>g] ?an ! top1 ! spiral mu/
 also be 9 proportion & l9es ,a-,a1     
,b-,b1 ,c-,c1 ,d-,d1 & ,e-,e1 are drawn 
ar\nd ! %aft4 ,to get ! approximate     
spac+ f circles ,a-,a to ,b-,b measure !
 diamet] at ,a-,a plus ab\t #c_/af & lay
 (f f ,a-,a to ,b-,b4 ,!n take ! diamet]
 ( ,b-,b plus ab\t #c_/af & lay (f f    
,a-,a to ,b-,b4 ,!n take ! diamet] at   
,b-,b plus ab\t #c_/af & lay (f f circle
 ,b-,b to ,c-,c & s on4 ,if ! %aft is   
tap]$ m1 a diff]5t proportion mu/ be    
us$4 ,also if x is desir$ to h ! twi/   
w9d ar\nd ! %aft ?ree times1 a v>iation 
mu/ be made 9 ! numb] ( circles4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4  #b4 ,if x is  
desir$ to h ! twi/ w9d ar\nd ! %aft     
twice1 draw circles #a-a1 #b-b1 #c-c1 & 
#d-d & ! spaces w gr[ proportionately   
small] at ! small end4  #c4 ,draw f\r   

l9es runn+ l5g?wise on ! sp9dle & #ij   
ap>t z %[n 9 ! midde figure 9 heavy l9es
 7,plate ,b-,v--#b-;b74  #d4 ,beg9 at ,a
 & draw a curv$ l9e to :]e ! #ij l9e    
crosses circle #a-a4 ,f !re ext5d ! l9e 
to :]e ! next #ij l9e crosses circle    
,b-,b at po9t ,b4 ,cont9ue 9 ?is mann]  
until ! o!r end ( ! %aft is rea*$4 ,beg9
 at ,a & draw a l9e on ! opposite side (
 ! %aft4 ,^! two l9es runn+ ar\nd &     
along ! %aft =m ! grooves :ile ! portion
 9 betwe5 =ms ! beads ( ! d\ble spiral4 
#e4 ,saw to ! desir$ dep?1 be+ #a_/d    
less ?an half ! diamet] at ! po9t :]e   
cut4 ,) a *isel or knife =m ! grooves & 
beads4 ,x is necess>y to be c>eful ab\t 
n end+ ! grooves too abruptly4 7,see    
po9t #f 9 ,plates ,b-,v--#a-;a1 a47     
,smoo? ) a rasp & s&pap] :ile ! la! is  
revolv+ sl[ly4  #f4 ,cut ! design on !  
ends & poli%4   ,,plates ,b-,v--#c-;a1  
a4 ,,d\ble ,,groove ,,spiral4 ,,/raight 
,,%aft  ,to "w out ! d\ble groove spiral
 = ! magaz9e hold] illu/rat$1 proce$ z  
foll[s3  #a4 ,squ>e up ! /ock to        

#a-c_/h4 ,c5t] c>efully & turn ! design 
on bo? ends z %[n1 9 ! upp] diagram     
7,plate ,b-,v--#c-;a74 ,turn ! cyl9d]   
betwe5 ! top & bottom1 mak+ x #e-a_/b   
long & #a-c_/h 9 diamet]4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #bf4  #b4 ,divide ! cyl9d] into  
two equal p>ts4 ,ea* "p repres5ts "o    
revolution ( ! spiral4  #c4 ,divide ea* 
half into f\r equal p>ts z %[n 9 ! top &
 c5t] diagrams 7,plate ,b-,v--#c-;a71   
#a-a1 #b-b1 #c-c & s on4 ,! proportion (
 ! di/ance betwe5 ^! circles %\ld be    
"o-half ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4  #d4 ,draw
 l9es ,a-,a1 ,b-,b1 ,c-,c1 & ,d-,d1     
p>allel to ! axis ( ! cyl9d] #ij ap>t4  
#e4 ,) a b& #c_/af wide ( any sub/antial
 mat]ial 7pref]ably a n>r[ /rip ( t9 or 
a wat* ma9 spr+7 beg9 on ! l9e ,a-,a at 
circle #a1 & connect circle #a at l9e   
,b-,b1 & !n connect circle #b at ,c-,c1 
& s on until ! spiral is made ! entire  
l5g?4 ,m>k on bo? sides ( ! #c_/af b& s 
z to keep ! spiral p>allel4  #f4 ,next  
beg9 at ! l9e ,c-,c :]e circle #a       
crosses x & connect f "h to #a at ,b-,b4

 ,proce$ z 9 ,/ep #e1 z %[n 9 ! c5t]    
diagram4  #g4 ,n[ erase ! extreme ends (
 ! spiral ne> circles #a & #e1 & deviate
 f ! orig9al spiral & foll[ ! circles 9 
a m p>allel direction s z to all[ !     
spiral to beg9 & end gradually & n too  
abruptly4 ,ref] to ! l[] diagram = ?is4 
#h4 ,cut out portions ( wood betwe5 !   
b&s previ\sly m>k$ ar\nd1 z %[n 9 ! l[] 
figure4 ,! wood %\ld be cut out ) a     
knife s z to leave ! corn]s %>p on !    
n>r[ b&s4 ,! portion cut out %\ld be a  
semi-circle & c be s&$ by mak+ a sp9dle 
a little small] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 !  
b&s & fa/5+ s&pap] on ! sp9dle4 ,place 9
 ! la! & hold ! spiral on ! s&pap]      
cyl9d] at an angle s t ! spiral w fit4  
,turn gradually & ! s&pap] w smoo? up ! 
portion betwe5 ! b&s & true x up4 ,at ! 
ends :]e ! grooves are small]1 use a    
small] /ick ar\nd :i* s&pap] has be5    
w\nd & "w out by h&4  #i4 ,x is well to 
cut /raight d[n1 ab\t #a_/cb deep1 along
 ! l9es m>k+ out ! n>r[ b&s4 ,!n ! wood 
w n be s likely to split :ile remov+ !  

/ock :i* =ms ! grooves betwe5 ! b&s4    
#aj4 ,cut out ! mortises 9 ! squ>e      
portions :i* h be5 left at bo? ends4    
,make ! frame "w = ! sides & cane4 ,glue
 toge!r & poli%4  ,note3--,by mak+ !    
po/s small] & us+ ! same con/ruction = a
 side a nice look+ book /all may be     
made4 ,! proportions = ! po/s are ! same
 z m5tion$ 9 ,/ep #c4   ,transcrib]s    
note3 ,!re are #adb l9e art illu/rations
 aft] ?is po9t 9 ! book4 ,!y are all    
provid$ 9 ! illu/rat$ ,,html edition (  
?is book4