file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #aedce-;h4htm or #aedce-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ e_/d_/c_/aedce_/aedce-;h_/#aedce-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ e_/d_/c_/aedce_/aedce-;h4zip7 ,practical ,work in the ,school ,room ,series4 ,part ,i ,,object ,,lessons ,,on ,,the ,,human ,,body ,a ,transcript of ,lessons ,given in the ,primary ,department of ,school ,no4 #di1 ,new ,york ,city ,pupils' ,edition 7,revised7 ,new ,york3 ,parker ,p4 ,simmons1 ,successor to ,a4 ,lovell ,company #aijd ,,author',s ,,note ,,to ,,the ,,pupil ,this book has been prepared to help you in learning about the house you live in1 and to teach you to take care of it1 and keep it from being destroyed by two of its greatest enemies1--,alcohol and ,nicotine4 ,as you study its pages1 be sure to find out the meaning of every word in them which you do not understand2 for1 if you let your tongue say what your mind knows nothing about1 you are talking parrot-fashion4 ,and do not forget that you must pay for all the knowledge you obtain1 whether you are rich or poor4 ,nobody else can pay for you4 ,you1 your own self1 must pay attention with your own mind1 through your own eyes and ears1 or do without knowledge4 ,be wise3 gain all the knowledge you can concerning everything worth knowing1 and use it for the good of yourself and other people4 ,,knowledge ,,is ,,power4 ,illustration3 ,a1 the heart2 ,b1 the lungs2 light cross lines1 arteries2 heavy lines1 veins4 ,,part ,i4 ,,formula ,,for ,,introductory ,,lessons4 #a4 ,my body is built of bones covered with flesh and skin2 the blood flows through it1 all the time1 from my heart4 ,i breathe through my nose and mouth1 and take the air into my lungs4 #b4 ,the parts of my body are the head1 the trunk1 the limbs4 #c4 ,my head4 ,the crown of my head4 ,the back of my head4 ,the sides of my head4 ,my face4 ,my forehead4 ,my two temples4 ,my two eyes4 ,my nose4 ,my two cheeks4 ,my mouth4 ,my chin4 ,my two ears4 ,my neck4 ,my two shoulders4 ,my two arms4 ,my two hands4 ,my trunk4 ,my back4 ,my two sides4 ,my chest4 ,my two legs4 ,my two knees4 ,my two feet4 ,i am sitting erect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,tell about your body4 #b4 ,name the parts of the body4 #c4 ,name the parts of the head1 trunk1 and limbs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,nose ,,and ,,the ,,mouth4 ,be sure to keep your mouth closed when you are not talking or singing1 especially when you are walking1 running1 or asleep4 ,the two nostrils are outside doors1 always open to admit the air1 and inside of the upper part of the nose there are two other openings1 through which it passes into the throat4 ,air which goes this way is warmed1 cleansed1 and moistened1 but that which is breathed directly through the mouth is not so well prepared for its work in the lungs4 ,do not use your mouth as a box or a pin-cushion2 the pin1 or whatever yon have put into it1 may slip into your throat and cause your death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,introductory ,,lessons4 ,of what is the body built8--,of bones4 ,what covers the bones8--,flesh4 ,what covers the flesh8--,skin4 ,what flows through the body8--,blood4 ,where does the blood flow from8--,the heart4 ,when does the blood flow from the heart8--,every time the heart beats4 ,show with your hand how the heart beats4 ,when does the heart beat8--,all the time4 ,what happens when the heart stops beating8--,we die4 ,what do you see on the back of your hand1 beneath the skin8--,veins ,what is in the veins8--,bad blood4 ,what are the veins8--,pipes for the bad blood to pass through4 ,where do the veins carry the bad blood8--,to the heart4 ,where does the heart send the bad blood8--,to the lungs4 ,what happens to the bad blood when in the lungs8--,it is made pure4 ,what makes the bad blood pure8--,the air4 ,how does the air get into the lungs8--,through my nose1 mouth1 and windpipe4 ,what is breathing8--,letting the air into and out of my lungs1 through my nose1 mouth1 and windpipe4 ,when do you breathe8--,all the time4 ,what do you breathe8--,air4 ,what do you breaths through8--,my nose1 mouth1 and windpipe4 ,where do you get the air8--,everywhere4 ,where do the lungs send the pure blood8--,to the heart4 ,where does the heart send the pure blood8--,all through the body4 ,how does the heart send the pure blood through the body8--,through pipes called arteries4 ,what kind of blood passes through the arteries8--,pure blood4 ,what kind of blood passes through the veins8--,impure blood4 ,what carries the pure blood through the body8--,the arteries4 ,what carries the impure blood through the body8--,the veins4 ,what makes blood8--,food and drink4 ,what is food8--,anything good to eat4 ,what is drink8--,anything good to drink4 ,name some kinds of wholesome food4--,meat1 potatoes1 oranges1 apples1 etc4 ,name some kinds of wholesome drink4--,water1 milk1 lemonade1 etc4 ,what do you mean by wholesome food8--,food that will make good blood4 ,what do you mean by wholesome drink8--,drink that will make good blood4 ,what does the blood make8--,bones1 flesh1 skin1 hair1 nails1 and cartilage4 ,what use is the blood to the body8--,it makes the body grow1 and keeps it alive4 ,name some kinds of poisonous drinks4--,rum1 brandy1 ale1 cider1 etc4 ,what do you mean by poisonous drinks8--,drinks which hurt or poison the body4 ,why do you say that rum and the other drinks you have named are poisonous8--,because they do harm to every part of the body4 ,which part do they hurt most8--,the head or brain4 ,what harm do they do to the brain8--,they make it unfit to do its work4 ,what work does the brain do8--,thinking4 ,then what harm do rum1 brandy1 wine1 and these other drinks do to the brain8--,they make it unfit to think4 ,what other poison do some people use8--,tobacco4 ,when do children use tobacco8--,when they chew tobacco2 when they smoke cigars or cigarettes4 ,how much does tobacco poison hurt children8--,more than it hurts anybody else4 ,in what way does it hurt children8--,it keeps children from growing fast2 from being strong and healthy2 and from learning as well as they ought4 ,how does it do all this mischief to children8--,it poisons their lungs1 their heart and blood1 and their brain4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,formula ,,for ,,the ,,parts ,,and ,,joints ,,of ,,the ,,body3 #a4 ,my limbs are my two arms and my two legs4 #b4 ,my arm has two parts3 my upper arm1 my fore-arm2 and three joints3 my shoulder joint1 my elbow joint1 my wrist joint4 #c4 ,my hand is used in holding1 throwing1 catching1 and feeling3 the palm of my hand1 the back of my hand1 my fingers1 my thumb1 my forefinger1 my middle finger1 my ring finger1 my little finger1 my knuckles1 my finger joints1 my nails1 the tips of my fingers1 the veins1 the ball of my thumb1 and the lines where the flesh is bent4 #d4 ,my leg has two parts3 my thigh1 and my lower leg2 and three joints3 my hip joint1 my knee joint1 my ankle joint4 #e4 ,my foot is used in standing1 walking1 running1 skating1 and jumping3 my instep1 my toes1 the sole of my foot1 the ball1 the hollow1 the heel1 my toe joints1 and my toe nails1 which protect my toes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,which are your limbs8 #b4 ,tell about your arm4 #c4 ,tell about your hand4 #d4 ,tell about your leg4 #e4 ,tell about your foot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,elbow ,,joint4 7,a hinge joint47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,hip ,,joint4 7,a ball-and-socket joint47 ,some joints1 as those of the skull1 are immovable2 some1 as those of the spine1 may be moved a little2 and others more or less freely1 as those of the limbs4 ,in machines1 the parts which move upon each other need to be oiled1 to keep them from wearing out2 but the joints of our bodies oil themselves with a thin fluid1 called synovia4 ,this fluid resembles the white of an egg1 and comes from a smooth lining inside of the joints4 ,the ends of the bones which form joints are covered by gristle or cartilage1 and are fastened together by very strong1 silvery white bands1 called ligaments4 ,a sprain is caused by overstretching or tearing some of these ligaments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,limbs ,,and ,,joints ,,of ,,the ,,body4 ,what is the trunk of your body8--,all the body but the head and limbs4 ,which are your limbs8--,my two arms and my two legs4 ,how many limbs have you8--,four4 ,how many parts has your arm8--,two parts3 my upper arm and my fore-arm4 ,how many parts has your leg8--,two parts3 my thigh and my lower leg4 ,how many joints has your arm8--,three joints3 my shoulder joint1 my elbow joint1 my wrist joint4 ,how many joints has your leg8--,three joints3 my hip joint1 my knee joint1 my ankle joint4 ,what are joints8--,bending places4 ,how many kinds of joints have you8--,two3 hinge joints1 and ball-and-socket joints4 ,what kind of a joint is the shoulder joint8--,a ball-and-socket joint4 ,why do you call the shoulder joint a ball-and-socket joint8--,because at the shoulder the arm may move in any direction4 ,tell how the shoulder joint is made4--,the upper end of the bone of the upper arm is rounded and fastened in a hollow place called a socket4 ,which of the joints of the arm and hand are hinge joints8--,the elbow joint1 the wrist joint1 the thumb joint1 the finger joints4 ,which of the joints of the leg and foot are hinge joints8--,the knee joint1 the ankle joint1 the toe joint4 ,which of the joints of the leg is a ball-and-socket joint8--,the hip joint4 ,where is the heel8--,at the back part of the foot4 ,where is the ball of the foot8--,on the sole of the foot1 behind the great toe4 ,where is the hollow of the foot8--,in the middle of the sole of the foot4 ,where is the sole of the foot8--,on the bottom of the foot4 ,where is the instep8--,between the ankle joint and the toes4 ,where is the lower leg8--,between the knee joint and the ankle joint4 ,where is the thigh8--,between the hip joint and the knee joint4 ,where is the upper arm8--,between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint4 ,where is the fore-arm8--,between the elbow joint and the wrist joint4 ,where are the toe joints8--,between the parts of the toes4 ,where are the finger joints8--,between the parts of the fingers4 ,where is the ankle joint8--,between the lower leg and the foot4 ,where is the knee joint8--,between the thigh and the lower leg4 ,where is the hip joint8--,between the trunk and the thigh4 ,where is the wrist joint8--,between the fore-arm and the hand4 ,where is the elbow joint8--,between the upper arm and the fore-arm4 ,where is the shoulder joint8--,between the trunk and the upper arm4 ,where are the tips of the fingers8--,at the ends of the fingers4 ,where is the ball of the thumb8--,on the palm of the hand1 below the thumb4 ,where is the palm of the hand8--,on the inside of the hand1 between the wrist and fingers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,skeleton4 #a4 ,the skull4 #b4 ,the spine4 #c4 ,the ribs4 #d4 ,the breastbone4 #e4 ,the shoulder blades4 #f4 ,the collar bones4 #g4 ,the bone of the upper arm4 #h4 ,the bones of the forearm4 #i4 ,the bones of the wrist4 #aj4 ,the bones of the fingers4 #aa4 ,the bones of the thigh4 #ab4 ,the bones of the lower leg4 #ac4 ,the bones of the ankle4 #ad4 ,the bones of the toes4 #ae4 ,the kneepan4 #a4 ,the skull4 #b4 ,the spine4 #c4 ,the ribs4 #d4 ,the breastbone4 #e4 ,the shoulder blades4 #f4 ,the collar bones4 #g4 ,the bone of the upper arm4 #h4 ,the bones of the forearm4 #i4 ,the bones of the wrist4 #aj4 ,the bones of the fingers4 #aa4 ,the bones of the thigh4 #ab4 ,the bones of the lower leg4 #ac4 ,the bones of the ankle4 #ad4 ,the bones of the toes4 #ae4 ,the kneepan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,formula ,,for ,,the ,,lesson ,,on ,,the ,,bones ,,of ,,the ,,body4 #a4 ,my bones are hard2 they make my body strong4 ,there are about two hundred bones in my body4 #b4 ,the bones of my head are my skull and my lower jaw2 my face has fourteen bones2 my ear has four small bones2 at the root of my tongue is one bone4 #c4 ,the bones of my trunk are my spine1 my ribs1 my breastbone1 my two shoulder blades1 and my two collar bones4 #d4 ,my upper arm has one bone2 my fore-arm has two bones2 my wrist has eight bones2 from my wrist to my knuckles are five bones2 my thumb has two bones2 each finger has three bones1 making nineteen bones in my hand4 #e4 ,my thigh has one bone2 my lower leg has two bones2 my knee-pan is the cap which covers and protects my knee2 in my foot1 near my heel1 are seven bones2 in the middle of my foot are five bones2 my great toe has two bones2 each of my other toes has three bones2 making twenty-six bones in my foot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,tell about your bones4 #b4 ,tell about the bones of the head4 #c4 ,tell about the bones of the trunk4 #d4 ,tell about the bones of the arm and hand1 beginning with the upper arm4 #e4 ,count the bones of the hand4 #f4 ,tell about the bones of the leg and foot1 beginning with the thigh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 ,a4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 the upper row of the bones of the wrist4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 the lower row of the bones of the wrist4 #i1 #aj1 the lower ends of the bones of the fore-arm4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 the upper ends of the bones of the palm of the hand4 ,the bones of the wrist are so firmly fastened together that they are seldom put out of place4 ,the upper row joins with the bones of the fore-arm1 the lower with those of the palm of the hand4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 ,b4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 the bones of the palm of the hand4 #f1 #g1 the bones of the thumb4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 the bones of the first or fore-finger4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 the bones of the second or middle finger4 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 the bones of the third or ring finger4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 the bones of the fourth or little finger4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,bones4 ,how many bones in the body8--,about two hundred4 ,of what use are the bones to the body8--,they make the body strong2 they form the framework of the body4 ,how many bones in the face8--,fourteen4 ,how many bones in the ear8--,four small bones4 ,how many bones at the root of the tongue8--,one4 ,how many bones in the upper arm8--,one4 ,how many bones in the fore-arm8--,two4 ,how many bones between the wrist and the knuckles8--,five4 ,how many bones in the thumb8--,two4 ,how many bones in each of the fingers8--,three4 ,how many bones in the whole hand8--,nineteen4 ,how many bones in the hand and arm8--,thirty4 ,how many bones in the thigh8--,one long bone4 ,how many bones in the lower leg8--,two4 ,how many bones in the heel8--,seven4 ,how many bones in the middle of the foot8--,five4 ,how many bones in the great toe8--,two4 ,how many bones in each of the other toes8--,three4 ,how many bones in the whole foot8--,twenty-six4 ,how many bones in the foot and leg8--,thirty4 ,how many bones in two arms and two hands8--,sixty4 ,how many bones in two legs and two feet8--,sixty4 ,how many bones in the limbs8--,one hundred and twenty4 ,where is the knee-pan8--,over the knee joint4 ,where is the longest bone of the body8--,in the thigh4 ,where are the smallest bones of the body8--,in the ear4 ,point to the collar bones4 ,point to the shoulder blades4 ,how many collar bones have you8--,two4 ,how many shoulder blades have you8--,two4 ,point to the spine4 ,point to the breastbone4 ,point to the skull4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exercise ,,for ,,counting ,,the ,,bones ,,of ,,the ,,hand4 ,,for ,,primary ,,classes4 ,i4 #a4 ,close both hands4 #b4 ,raise the forefinger of the right hand1 as the index or pointing finger4 #c4 ,place the index finger upon the lower thumb joint of the left hand4 #d4 ,draw the index finger down to the wrist1 over the bone between the thumb knuckle and the wrist1 and count ,one4 #e4 ,place the index finger on the knuckle of the first finger4 #f4 ,draw the index finger down to the wrist1 over the bone leading from the first finger to the wrist1 and count ,two4 #g4 ,so on1 for each of the three other bones of the hand4 ,repeat until no mistake is made in touching or counting4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,raise the thumb1 and place the index finger of the right hand on the middle of the upper part of the thumb for bone ,six2 then #b4 ,on the lower part of the thumb for bone ,seven4 ,repeat from the beginning1 until the children can touch and count each bone properly4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,keep the thumb erect2 raise the first finger of the left hand4 #b4 ,place the index finger on the bone between the tip and the first joint of the first finger for bone ,eight4 #c4 ,between the first and middle joint for bone ,nine4 #d4 ,between the middle and third joint for bone ,ten4 ,review1 from the beginning1 until the class can touch and count every bone as directed4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,keep the thumb and forefinger erect2 raise the second finger and touch1 as in the lesson on the first finger bones1 ,eleven1 ,twelve1 and ,thirteen4 ,review4 #b4 ,proceed in the same manner for the third and fourth fingers1 always beginning with the bone nearest the tip of the finger1 and touching that at the lowest part last4 ,if the exercise has been properly performed1 every child will say ,nineteen as its index finger touches the lowest bone of the little finger1 and all the fingers of every left hand will be outspread4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,bones ,,of ,,the ,,head3 ,skull #h ,face1 including the lower jaw #ad ,tongue #a ,ears #h ---- #ca ,,of ,,the ,,trunk3 ,spine #bd ,ribs #bd ,breastbone #h ,shoulder blades #b ,collar bones #b ---- #fj ,,of ,,the ,,upper ,,limbs3 ,upper arms #a x #b #b ,fore-arms #b x #b #d ,wrists #h x #b #af ,hands #ai x #b #ch ---- #fj ,,of ,,the ,,lower ,,limbs3 ,thighs #a x #b #b ,knee-pans #a x #b #b ,lower legs #b x #b #d ,feet #bf x #b #eb ---- #fj ,total1 #baa1 not including the teeth4#a ,we teach the children to say about two hundred1 because there is not always the same number of bones in the body4 ,in some parts two or three bones unite and form one bone4 ,for example3 the breastbone of a child is made up of eight pieces2 some of these unite as it becomes older1 so that when fully grown it has but three pieces in this bone4 #a ,the teeth are not bone1 but a kind of soft1 bone-like substance1 called dentine4 ,common ivory is dentine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,formulas ,,for ,,the ,,lessons ,,on ,,the ,,organs ,,of ,,sense4 #a4 ,the ,eyes4--,my eyes are to see with4 ,my eye is like a ball in a deep1 bony socket4 ,the black circle in the centre is the pupil or window of my eye2 the colored ring is the iris or curtain2 the white part is the eyeball4 ,my upper and lower eyelids cover and protect my eyes4 ,my eyebrows are for beauty1 and keep the perspiration from rolling into my eyes4 ,my eyes are washed by teardrops every time ,i wink my eyelids4 #b4 ,the ,ears4--,my ears are to hear with3 the rim of my ear1 the flap of my ear1 the drum of my ear4 ,the drum of my ear is protected by a fence of short1 stiff hairs1 and by a bitter wax about the roots of these hairs4 #c4 ,the ,nose4--,my nose is to smell and breathe with2 it is in the middle of my face3 my two nostrils1 the bridge of my nose1 the cartilage1 the tip of my nose4 ,my nostrils lead to a passage back of my mouth through which ,i breathe4 ,the cartilage separates my nose into two parts4 #d4 ,the ,mouth4--,my mouth is to speak1 eat1 and breathe through3 my upper lip1 my lower lip4 ,in my mouth are3 my tongue1 my lower teeth1 my upper teeth1 my lower teeth1 and my upper and lower jaws1 covered with flesh called gum4 #e4 ,the ,teeth4--,my teeth are used in eating and talking4 ,my teeth are made of a soft kind of bone1 covered with enamel4 ,i have three kinds of teeth3 cutting teeth1 tearing teeth1 grinding teeth4 ,a young child has twenty teeth1 ten in each jaw4 ,a grown person has thirty-two teeth1 sixteen in each jaw4 #f4 ,to preserve my teeth3 ,i must keep them clean4 ,i must not scratch the enamel4 ,i must not eat or drink anything very hot or very cold4 ,i must not use them for scissors or nut-crackers4 ,i must not burn them with tobacco or cigars4 #g4 ,about ,eating4--,when ,i eat ,i move my lower jaw only4 ,my tongue brings the food between my teeth1 the cutters cut it1 the tearers tear it1 the grinders grind it1 the saliva moistens it1 and my tongue helps me to swallow it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formulas4 #a4 ,tell about your eyes4 #b4 ,tell about your ears4 #c4 ,tell about your nose4 #d4 ,tell about your mouth4 #e4 ,tell about your teeth4 #f4 ,what is necessary if you would preserve your teeth8 #g4 ,tell about eating4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration #a1 the muscle which raises the upper eyelid4 #b1 the upper oblique muscle4 #g1 the lower oblique muscle4 ,the oblique muscles roll the eye inward and downward4 #d1 #e1 #f1 three of the four straight muscles4 ,two of the straight muscles roll the eye up and down2 the other two move it right and left4 #c1 the pulley through which the upper oblique muscle plays4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,eyes4 ,of what shape is the eye8--,it is round like a ball4 ,in what is it placed8--,in a deep1 bony socket4 ,what is a socket8--,a hollow place4 ,why is the eye placed in a deep1 bony socket8--,to keep it from getting hurt4 ,why would not an eye shaped like a cube do for us8--,it would not look well2 it could not be rolled about4 ,why would not an eye shaped like a cone or cylinder do for us8--,it could not be rolled in every direction4 ,why is the ball-shape best for the eye8--,it looks best1 and may be rolled in every direction4 ,what part of the eye do we see through8--,the black spot in the centre4 ,what is it called8--,the pupil4 ,what shape is the pupil8--,round like a circle4 ,what color is the pupil8--,black4 ,of what use is the pupil8--,to let light into the eye2 to see through4 ,what is around the pupil8--,a colored ring4 ,what is the colored ring called8--,the iris4 ,of what use is the iris8--,it acts like a curtain to the eye2 it lets in and keeps out light from the pupil4 ,of what shape is the iris8--,round like a ring4 ,of what color is the iris8--,sometimes blue1 sometimes brown1 sometimes gray4 ,does the iris always appear the same in size8--,it does not3 sometimes it looks large1 sometimes small4 ,when is it the largest8--,when it rolls over the pupil to keep out the strong light4 ,when is it the smallest8--,when it rolls backward1 to let light into the pupil4 ,when is the pupil the largest8--,when we are in the dark4 ,when is the pupil the smallest8--,when we are in a bright light4 ,what color is the eyeball8--,white4 ,what shape is the eyeball8--,round like a ball4 ,how is the eyeball held in its socket8--,by cords made of flesh4 ,where are the eyebrows8--,above the eyelids4 ,of what use are the eyebrows8--,to keep the perspiration from rolling into the eyes4 ,where are the eyelids8--,over the eyes4 ,of what use are they8--,they cover the eyes and keep them from getting hurt4 ,where are the eyelashes8--,on the edges of the eyelids4 ,of what use are the tears8--,they keep the eyes clean2 they make the eyes move easily in their sockets4 ,where are the tears made8--,back of the eyebrows4 ,when do the tears wash the eyes8--,every time we wink our eyelids4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,ears4 ,name the parts of the ear4 ,where are your ears8--,on the sides of my head4 ,which is the rim of the ear8--,the edge of the ear4 ,which is the flap of the ear8--,the lower part of the ear4 ,where is the drum of the ear8--,inside of the ear4 ,how is the drum protected8--,by stiff hairs and a bitter wax at its entrance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,nose4 ,where is the nose8--,in the middle of the face4 ,name the parts of the nose4 ,where is the tip of the nose8--,at the end of the nose4 ,where is the bridge of the nose8--,at the top of the nose1 between the eyes4 ,where is the cartilage8--,in the middle of the inside of the nose4 ,of what use is the nose8--,to smell and breathe through4 ,what are the nostrils8--,the openings inside of the nose4 ,of what use are the nostrils8--,to let the air into and out of the opening back of the mouth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,mouth1 ,,etc4 ,where is the mouth8--,in the lower part of the face1 between the nose and the chin4 ,of what use is the mouth8--,to breathe1 speak1 and eat through4 ,what is in the mouth8--,my tongue1 my upper teeth1 my lower teeth1 and my upper and lower jaws4 ,what covers the jaws8--,red flesh1 called gum4 ,of what are the jaws composed8--,of bones4 ,of what are the teeth made8--,of dentine1 covered with enamel4 ,see note1 p4 #ai4 ,what is enamel8--,a smooth1 white substance1 harder than bone4 ,of what use are the teeth8--,to eat and talk with4 ,what kinds of teeth have you8--,cutting teeth1 tearing teeth1 grinding teeth4 ,describe the cutting teeth4--,the cutting teeth have broad and flat edges4 ,describe the tearing teeth4--,the tearing teeth are sharp and pointed4 ,describe the grinding teeth4--,the grinding teeth are the thick1 back teeth4 ,which jaw is moved in eating8--,the lower jaw4 ,what work do the teeth perform8--,they cut1 tear1 and grind the food4 ,how many teeth has a child in a full set8--,twenty teeth3 ten in each jaw4 ,how many teeth has a grown person in a full set8--,thirty-two3 sixteen in each jaw4 ,what does the tongue do in eating8--,it rolls the food between the teeth1 and helps in swallowing4 ,what is the saliva8--,a kind of liquid1 sometimes called spit4 ,of what use is it in eating8--,it wets and softens the food4 ,what do you mean by preserve8--,to keep from injury4 ,what do you mean by injury8--,hurt4 ,how do you preserve your teeth8 ,see ,formula4 ,how do very hot or very cold drinks hurt the teeth8--,they crack the enamel4 ,what happens if the enamel is cracked8--,the teeth decay4 ,then what must you do to preserve your teeth8--,i must try to keep the enamel from being cracked or injured in any way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,v4 ,,formula ,,for ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,bones4 #a4 ,my skull is formed of several bones united1 like two saws with their toothed edges hooked into each other4 #b4 ,my spine extends from the base of the skull behind1 down the middle of my back4 ,it is composed of twenty-four short bones1 piled one upon the other1 with cartilage between them4 ,these bones are fastened together1 forming an upright and flexible column1 which makes me erect and graceful4 #c4 ,my ribs are curved1 strong1 and light2 there are twenty-four of them1 twelve on each side2 they are fastened at the back to my spine1 in front to my breastbone1 forming a hollow place for my heart1 lungs1 and stomach4 #d4 ,my shoulder blades are flat1 thin1 and like a triangle in shape2 they are for my arms to rest upon4 #e4 ,my collar bones are fastened to my shoulder blades and my breastbone2 they keep my arms from sliding too far forward4 #f4 ,the bones of old people are hard and brittle2 those of children soft and flexible2 so ,i must sit and stand erect1 that mine may not be bent out of shape4 ,i must not wear tight clothing1 or do anything that will crowd them out of their places4 #g4 ,my bones are made from my food1 after it has been changed into blood2 so ,i must be careful to eat good1 wholesome food1 that they may be strong and healthy4 #h4 ,i must not breathe impure air1 because impure air makes bad blood1 and bad blood makes poor bones4 #i4 ,the body of every person is changing all the time1 because the skin1 flesh1 and bones are always wearing out1 and the blood is always repairing and building them again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,tell about the skull4 #b4 ,tell about the spine4 #c4 ,tell about the ribs4 #d4 ,tell about the shoulder blades4 #e4 ,tell about the collar bones4 #f4 ,tell about the difference between the bones of old people and those of children4 #g4 ,of what are your bones made8 #h4 ,if you wish your bones to be strong1 why should you not breathe impure air8 #i4 ,what have you learned about the change which is always taking place in the body8 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,joints ,,of ,,the ,,skull4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a little girl was looking at some pictures of ladies in fashionable dresses4 ,while admiring the beautiful styles and bright colors of the garments1 she pointed to the waist of one1 and exclaimed1 ,that means trouble4 ,the waist was too small for a grown person1 and could only have been made so by tight-lacing4 ,the child had been taught that dresses1 corsets1 coats1 vests1 bands1 or anything fastened tightly around the waist1 press upon the ribs and crowd them out of place1 preventing the heart1 lungs1 and other inside organs from working as they should1 causing headache1 dyspepsia1 shortness of breath1 and often ending in some incurable disease1 so she knew that tight clothing means trouble to the wearer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,deformed by tight-lacing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a natural1 well-shaped chest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,bones4 ,point to the skull4 ,of what is it made8--,several bones united together4 ,how are the skull bones united8--,like two saws with their toothed edges hooked into each other4 ,what do you mean by toothed8--,having points1 like teeth4 ,what covers the skull8--,flesh1 skin1 and hair4 ,of what use is the skull8--,it protects the brain4 ,what is the brain8--,that part of my body in which the thinking is done4 ,where is the spine8--,it extends from the base of my skull behind1 down the middle of my back4 ,what do you mean by extends8--,goes from4 ,what do you mean by base8--,the lower part of anything4 ,of what is the spine made8--,of about twenty-four short bones1 with cartilage between them4 ,what is cartilage8--,an elastic substance1 harder than flesh1 but softer than bone4 ,how are the bones of the spine placed8--,they are piled one upon the other4 ,what do you mean by forming8--,making4 ,what do you mean by upright8--,in a vertical position4 ,what do you mean by flexible8--,easily bent4 ,what do you mean by column8--,a pillar4 ,what do you mean by erect8--,in a vertical position4 ,why is cartilage placed between the bones of the spine8--,to make the spine flexible2 to keep the brain from injury when we walk or run4 ,what do you mean by elastic8--,springing back after having been stretched1 squeezed1 twisted1 or bent4 ,tell about your ribs4--,my ribs are curved1 strong1 and light4 ,where are your ribs8--,on each side of my trunk4 ,how many ribs have you8--,twenty-four2 twelve on each side4 ,how are your ribs fastened8--,at the back to my spine2 in front to my breastbone4 ,what do your ribs form8--,a hollow place for my heart1 lungs1 and stomach4 ,where are your shoulder blades8--,in the upper part of my back4 ,what shape are they8--,flat1 thin1 and like a triangle4 ,of what use are your shoulder blades8--,for my arms to rest upon4 ,point to your collar bones4 ,where are they fastened8--,to my shoulder blades and my breastbone4 ,of what use are your collar bones8--,they keep my arms from sliding too far forward4 ,of what are your bones made8--,of food after it has been changed into blood4 ,why should you eat wholesome food8--,that my bones may be strong and healthy4 ,how does impure air hurt the bones8--,impure air makes bad blood1 and bad blood makes poor bones4 ,why should you sit and stand erect8--,because my bones are easily bent out of shape2 if ,i do not sit and stand erect1 they will grow crooked4 ,why is it wrong to wear tight clothing8--,because tight clothing crowds the bones out of shape4 ,whose bones are the more brittle1 those of a child1 or those of an old person8--,those of an old person4 ,what do you mean by brittle8--,easily broken4 ,whose are the more flexible8--,those of a child4 ,what do you mean by flexible8--,easily bent4 ,what repairs the worn out bones1 flesh1 and skin of the body8--,the blood4 ,what do you mean by repairs8--,mends4 ,what causes the bones1 flesh1 and skin of your body to change often8--,the bones1 flesh1 and skin are always wearing out1 and the blood is always building and repairing them again4 ,what are alcoholic liquors8--,liquors which have alcohol in them4 ,name some alcoholic liquors4--,beer1 wine1 rum1 etc4 ,whose bones mend the more easily when broken1 the bones of those who drink alcoholic liquors1 or those of the people who do not use these poisons8--,the bones of those who do not use alcoholic liquors4 ,what other poison hurts the bones8--,tobacco4 ,how do alcohol and tobacco hurt the bones8--,they make bad blood1 and bad blood makes poor bones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,front ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,muscles ,,of ,,the ,,body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,formula ,,for ,,the ,,lesson ,,on ,,the ,,muscles4 #a4 ,muscles are the red1 elastic bands and bundles of thread like substance1 called flesh1 which cover the bones and make the eyeballs1 the eyelids1 the tongue1 the heart1 the lungs1 and various other parts of the body4 #b4 ,there are about four hundred and fifty muscles in my body4 #c4 ,the work of the muscles is to support and move my bones1 and different parts of the body4 #d4 ,the muscles may be named the muscles of my head1 the muscles of my trunk1 the muscles of my limbs4 #e4 ,the muscles of my head cover and move the parts of my head and face4 ,the muscles of my trunk cover and move the parts of my neck and trunk4 ,the muscles of my limbs cover and mote the parts of my arms and legs4 #f4 ,those muscles are the weakest which ,i use least2 those muscles are the strongest which ,i exercise most in work or play4 #g4 ,if ,i would be strong and healthy1 my muscles must be used1 my muscles must be rested1 my muscles must be supplied with good blood4 ,i must exercise in work and play to make them strong2 ,i must sleep1 or change my kind of work or play1 to give them rest1 when they are tired2 ,i must breathe pure air1 take wholesome food and drink1 and live in the sunlight1 to supply them with good blood2 ,i must not weaken them by using alcohol or tobacco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,tell about the muscles4 #b4 ,how many muscles have you in your body8 #c4 ,of what use are the muscles8 #d4 ,how may the muscles be named8 #e4 ,tell about the muscles of the head1 trunk1 and limbs4 #f4 ,which muscles are the weakest1 and which are the strongest8 #g4 ,what is necessary if you would have strong and healthy muscles8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,classes ,,and ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,muscles4 ,the muscles are divided into two great classes3 those which we may move as we choose1 called voluntary muscles1 and those over which we have no power1 called involuntary muscles4 ,some muscles support and move the various parts of the body1 others have different work to do4 ,the heart1 the great involuntary muscle1 acts like an engine to drive the blood throughout the body2 the lungs draw in and throw out the air in breathing2 the stomach helps to churn and change food into blood2 the tongue is used in speaking and eating4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,muscles4 ,what are the muscles8--,the lean flesh of the body2 bands and bundles of fleshy threads which cover the body4 ,of what use are the muscles to the body8--,they cover the bones2 they support and move the bones and different parts of the body4 ,name some parts of the body which are made of muscles4--,the eyeballs1 the eyelids1 the tongue1 the heart1 the lungs4 ,what color are the muscles8--,red4 ,how do the muscles move the bones8--,by shortening or lengthening themselves according to the way the bones are to be moved4 ,tell how the muscles move your arm at the elbow4--,the muscles in the front part of the arm shorten themselves1 to draw my fore-arm toward the shoulder2 when ,i wish to stretch out the fore-arm these muscles lengthen1 while another set of muscles shorten1 to draw the fore-arm away from the upper arm4 ,what do you say about the muscles because they have the power to shorten and lengthen themselves8--,they are elastic4 ,about how many muscles are there in your whole body8--,about four hundred and fifty4 ,how may these be divided as you study about them8--,they may be divided into the muscles of my head1 the muscles of my trunk1 and the muscles of my limbs4 ,of what use are the muscles of your head8--,they cover and move the parts of my head and face4 ,of what use are the muscles of your trunk8--,they move the parts of my neck and trunk4 ,of what use are the muscles of your limbs8--,they move the parts of my arms and legs4 ,how can you make your muscles strong8--,by using them4 ,how can you make your muscles weak8--,by not using them4 ,what is necessary to make your muscles strong and healthy8--,they must be used2 they must be rested when tired2 they must be supplied with pure blood4 ,how should the muscles be used8--,they should be exercised in work or play4 ,how may they be rested8--,i may rest my muscles by changing position2 by changing my kind of work or play2 or by going to sleep4 ,explain what you mean by changing your position4--,if ,i am standing1 ,i must sit or lie down to rest them2 if they are tired1 because ,i have been sitting too long1 ,i must rest them by standing1 walking1 or running4 ,what do you mean by changing the kind of work or play8--,if1 in my work or play1 my arms become tired1 ,i must do something in which my arms may rest1 though other parts of my body may be in exercise4 ,how may you help supply your muscles with good blood8--,by breathing pure air2 by taking wholesome food and drink2 and by living in the sunlight4 ,how does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the muscles8--,it makes them weak1 and unfit to move the parts of the body4 ,what wonderful muscle moves without your will8--,the heart4 ,how does alcohol hurt the heart8--,it makes it beat too fast4 ,how does beating too fast hurt the heart8--,it makes it tired1 and sometimes wears it out4 ,see ,appendices on ,alcohol and ,tobacco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,skin 7very highly magnified74--7,from ,walker's ,physiology1 #ahhd47 ,a1 arteries2 ,v1 veins2 ,n1 nerves2 ,f1 fat cells2 ,e1 the outer skin2 ,,cl1 the color layer2 ,d1 the true skin2 ,,pt1 a perspiratory tube2 ,,hf1 a hair and hair sac2 ,,ep1 muscles2 ,,sg1 oil glands2 ,,tc1 tactile corpuscles2 ,,ct1 connective tissue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,vii4 ,,formula ,,for ,,the ,,lesson ,,on ,,the ,,skin4 #a4 ,my skin covers my body4 #b4 ,it is thin1 elastic1 flexible1 porous1 and absorbent4 #c4 ,i have two skins2 the inner skin is the true skin4 #d4 ,my true skin is elastic1 and like a net-work of blood-vessels and nerves4 ,my true skin is covered with a jelly-like substance which gives color to my skin4 #e4 ,my outside skin is not the same thickness over my whole body4 ,in some parts1 as on the palms of my hands and the soles of my feet1 it is very thick and tough4 #f4 ,if my outside skin be destroyed1 it will grow again2 if the jelly-like substance be destroyed1 it will re-appear2 but if my true skin be destroyed1 it will never be perfectly renewed4 #g4 ,more than half of the waste substance of my body passes from it through the pores of the skin1 in the form of perspiration4 #h4 ,if ,i would have a healthy skin1 ,i must perspire freely all the time1 ,i must keep my body clean1 ,i must wear clean clothing1 ,i must breathe pure air1 and live in the sunlight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,where is your skin8 #b4 ,tell about the skin4 #c4 ,how many skins have you8 #d4 ,tell about the true skin4 #e4 ,what difference is there in the thickness of your outside skin8 #f4 ,what happens if the different skins be destroyed8 #g4 ,what passes through the pores of the skin8 #h4 ,what is necessary if you would have a healthy skin8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,directions ,,for ,,bathing4 ,bathe the whole body at least twice every week4 ,do not bathe when tired or after a hearty meal4 ,after bathing rub well with a coarse towel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,skin4 ,of what use is the skin8--,it covers the muscles of the body4 ,what can you tell about it8--,it is flexible1 elastic1 porous1 and absorbent4 ,why do you say it is flexible8--,because it is easily bent4 ,why do you say it is porous8--,because it is full of little holes1 or pores4 ,why do you say it is elastic8--,because it will spring back after it is stretched1 squeezed1 twisted1 or bent4 ,why do you say it is absorbent8--,because it will soak up liquids4 ,how many skins have you8--,two2 an outside skin1 and an inner skin4 ,which is the true skin8--,the inner skin4 ,of what is the inner skin composed8--,of blood-vessels and nerves4 ,how do you know that the outer skin has no blood-vessels8--,because if ,i put a pin through the outer skin the blood does not flow out1 as it would if ,i had cut a blood-vessel4 ,how do you know the outer skin has no nerves8--,because if ,i put a pin through my outer skin it does not make me suffer pain1 as it would if ,i had touched a nerve4 ,what gives color to the skin8--,a jelly-like substance between the inner and the outer skin4 ,what have you learned about the true skin8--,that it is of the same color in people of every nation4 ,what difference is there in the thickness of the outer skin8 ,see ,formula4 ,what passes through the pores of the skin8 ,see ,formula4 ,what is this waste called when it comes from the surface of the skin8--,perspiration4 ,when does the perspiration flow through the pores of the skin8--,all the time1 if the skin is healthy4 ,why do we not always see the perspiration which passes through the pores8--,because it does not always form drops on the surface of the skin2 it generally passes off in very fine particles4 ,what becomes of the fine or minute portions of perspiration which pass from the body8--,some of these portions are absorbed by the clothing2 some pass into and mix with the air around us4 ,what effect does the perspiration produce on the air and the clothing8--,it soon makes the air unfit to be breathed1 and the clothing unfit to be worn4 ,what is necessary if you would have a healthy skin8 ,see ,formula4 ,why must you wear clean clothing8--,that there may be nothing impure in the clothing for the pores of the skin to absorb4 ,why should you breathe pure air8--,because air purifies the blood1 and pure blood is necessary to make a healthy skin4 ,how does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the skin8--,it makes the blood impure1 and impure blood makes unhealthy skin4 ,in what other way does drinking these liquors hurt the skin8--,it gives the skin too much work to do4 ,how does it give it too much work to do8--,it makes more waste substance to pass from it through the pores1 in the form of perspiration4 ,in what other way does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the skin8--,it makes it a bad color4 ,how does it make the skin a bad color8--,it stretches the little blood-vessels of the skin1 and makes them too full of blood4 ,see ,appendix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,heart4 ,a1 the right ventricle2 ,b1 the left ventricle2 ,c1 the right auricle ,d1 the left auricle2 ,e1 the aorta2 ,f1 the pulmonary artery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,viii4 ,,formula ,,for ,,the ,,lesson ,,on ,,the ,,heart ,,and ,,the ,,circulation ,,of ,,the ,,blood4 #a4 ,my heart is shaped like a cone1 and placed in my chest near my breastbone1 with its apex pointing downward to my left side4 ,it beats about seventy times a minute1 sending out about two ounces of blood at every beat4 #b4 ,the blood when pure is of a bright red color2 it is a liquid made from food and drink4 #c4 ,it passes from my heart to all parts of my body1 through pipes called arteries2 these arteries spread out through the body like branches from a tree4 #d4 ,as the blood flows from the heart1 through the arteries1 it gives nourishment to every part of the body1 and carries away the impurities it meets1 which makes it black and thick2 when it comes through the veins1 back to the heart1 it is not fit to be used1 so it goes to the lungs to be purified by the fresh air2 then it returns to the heart to be sent again throughout the body2 this happens once in from three to eight minutes1 and is called the circulation of the blood4 #g4 ,if ,i would be healthy1 my blood must be pure and circulate freely all the time4 #h4 ,it will not circulate freely1 if ,i wear tight clothing1 if ,i do not exercise in work or play1 if ,i do not keep my body warm4 #i4 ,it will be impure1 if ,i breathe bad air1 if ,i eat unwholesome food1 if ,i drink alcoholic liquors1 if ,i snuff1 smoke1 or chew tobacco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,tell about the heart and where it is placed4 #b4 ,tell about the blood and of what it is made4 #c4 ,where does the good blood pass after it is sent out from the heart8 #d4 ,tell what the blood does as it flows through the body4 #e4 ,what is this flowing of the blood to and from the heart called8 #f4 ,how often does it happen8 #g4 ,what is necessary if you would have pure blood8 #h4 ,when will the blood not circulate freely8 #i4 ,when will the blood be impure8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,how ,,to ,,treat ,a ,,wound4 ,if it is only a flesh-wound or slight cut1 wash it with cold water and bandage it with a clean1 white rag4 ,the edges of a deep cut should be drawn together and held in place by narrow strips of adhesive plaster1 fastened across the wound from side to side4 ,if the cut is very deep1 and the blood flows very freely1 send for a doctor4 ,while you wait for him1 knot a handkerchief1 or suspender1 or towel1 in the middle1 and twist it very tightly over the cut artery1 above the wound4 ,if a vein has been severed1 twist the knotted handkerchief below the wound4 ,if the blood continues to flow1 tie a bandage both above and below the hurt part4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,heart ,,and ,,the ,,circulation ,,of ,,the ,,blood4 ,of what shape is your heart8--,my heart is shaped like a cone4 ,where is it placed8--,in the chest1 pointing toward my left side4 ,what bone is it near8--,it is near my breastbone4 ,of what use is the heart8--,it contains the blood and sends it to the different parts of the body4 ,how much blood is sent from the heart at each beat8--,about two ounces4 ,what is the blood8--,a liquid made from food and drink4 ,of what color is the blood8--,bright red1 when pure2 dark red1 when impure4 ,how does the heart send the blood through the body8--,through pipes called arteries4 ,what do the arteries resemble in the way they are arranged8--,the branches of a tree4 ,what makes the blood impure8--,as the blood flows1 it gives nourishment to every part of the body2 this makes it poor4 ,it also takes up the old worn-out particles2 this makes it impure4 ,where do the arteries carry the impure blood8--,to the veins4 ,where do the veins carry the impure blood8--,to the heart4 ,where does the heart carry the impure blood8--,to the lungs4 ,what happens to the impure blood in the lungs8--,it is made pure4 ,what makes it pure8--,pure air4 ,where do the lungs send the blood after it is made pure8--,back to the heart4 ,where does the heart send the pure blood8--,throughout the body4 ,what is the journey of the blood to and from the heart to the different parts of the body called8--,the circulation of the blood4 ,what is the circulation of the blood8--,the circulation of the blood is its journey from the heart to the different parts of the body1 and from the different parts of the body back to the heart4 ,how often does this circulation take place8--,once in from three to eight minutes1 according as the heart beats fast or slowly4 ,what kind of blood is necessary to health8--,pure blood4 ,how should the blood circulate8--,freely1 all the time4 ,what do you mean by freely8--,without anything to hinder4 ,what is necessary for the free circulation of the blood8--,i must wear clean clothing2 ,i must exercise in work or play2 ,i must keep my body warm4 ,how does tight clothing hinder the free circulation of the blood8--,by pressing upon the arteries and veins2 and when about the waist1 causing the ribs and other parts of the body to press upon the heart4 ,how does exercise help the free circulation of the blood8--,exercise makes the heart beat faster1 which causes the blood to more faster through the arteries and veins4 ,why does keeping the body warm help the circulation of the blood8--,because the blood moves faster when it is warmest2 cold chills the blood1 and makes it move slowly4 ,what harm do alcoholic liquors do to the heart8--,they make it tired1 and sometimes wear it out4 ,in what way do they make it tired8--,they make it beat too fast4 ,why does it beat too fast8--,because it is hurrying to drive the alcohol out of the body4 ,in what other way do alcoholic liquors hurt the heart8--,they produce disease in it4 ,tell one way by which the heart becomes diseased through alcoholic liquors8--,alcohol softens the fibres of the muscles of the heart1 and fills them with fat4 ,what harm does this do to the heart8--,it makes it too weak to do its work1 which is to pump the blood through the body4 ,what sometimes happens when the heart is thus weakened8--,it stops beating1 which causes sudden death4 ,what harm does alcohol do to the blood8--,it uses up the water of the blood2 it destroys the goodness of the red part2 it makes the blood thin1 impure1 and unfit to do its work4 ,see ,appendices on ,alcohol and ,tobacco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lungs4 #a1 #b1 the larynx1 the upper part of the windpipe4 #c1 the windpipe1 or trachea4 #d1 where the windpipe divides to right and left lungs4 #e1 the right bronchial tube4 #f1 the left bronchial tube4 #g1 outline of the right lung4 #h1 outline of the left lung4 #i1 the left lung4 #aj1 the right lung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,ix4 ,,formula ,,for ,,the ,,lesson ,,on ,,the ,,lungs ,,and ,,respiration4 #a4 ,my lungs are the bellows or breathing machines of my body4 #b4 ,they are composed of a soft1 fleshy substance1 full of small air-cells and tubes4 ,they are porous and spongy when healthy1 but in some diseases become an almost solid mass1 through which the air cannot pass4 #c4 ,i breathe by drawing the air through my windpipe1 along the tubes into the cells of my lungs1 swelling them out1 and causing my chest to expand2 then the chest contracts1 and the impure vapor in my lungs is pressed out through the same tubes1 windpipe1 nose1 and mouth1 into the atmosphere4 #d4 ,i cannot live without breathing1 because if the air does not go down into my lungs1 the dark blood in them is not changed into pure red blood1 and goes back through my body dark blood1 which cannot keep me alive4 #e4 ,if ,i would have healthy lungs1 ,i must breathe pure air1 ,i must live in the sunlight1 ,i must keep my body clean1 ,i must wear loose clothing1 ,i must wear clean clothing1 ,i must sit and stand erect1 ,i must keep all parts of my body warm1 ,i must not change my winter clothing too early in the spring1 ,i must avoid draughts of cool air1 ,i must not rush into the cold when ,i am in a perspiration1 ,i must not poison my lungs with alcohol or tobacco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,what are the lungs8 #b4 ,describe the lungs4 #c4 ,how do you breathe8 #d4 ,why can you not live without breathing8 #e4 ,what is necessary if you would have healthy lungs8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,air ,,and ,,the ,,lungs4 ,the air which enters through the nose and mouth passes into a tube of muscles and ring-like pieces of cartilage4 ,the upper part of this tube is the voice-box or larynx1 covered by a spoon-shaped lid which closes when we swallow2 the lower part is the trachea1 and the two parts are the windpipe4 ,the trachea divides into two branches1 the bronchial tubes1 one for each lung4 ,these tubes divide again and again like the branches of a tree1 and end in exceedingly small sacs or bags4 ,the air in these sacs1 or air-cells1 gives oxygen to the blood in the tiny blood-vessels of the lungs and takes from them the poison1 carbonic-acid gas1 water1 and impurities1 which it carries back through the windpipe into the outside air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,lungs ,,and ,,respiration4 ,of what are the lungs composed8--,of a soft1 fleshy substance1 full of small air-cells and tubes4 ,of what use are the lungs8--,they are the breathing machines of the body4 ,how do the lungs appear when healthy8--,porous and spongy4 ,how does the air get into the lungs8--,the air flows through the nose and mouth1 into the windpipe and along the air-tubes1 into the air-cells of the lungs4 ,what does the air do in the lungs8--,it swells the lungs and causes the chest to expand4 ,what do you mean by expand8--,to increase in size4 ,how is the air expelled from the lungs8--,the chest contracts and sends the impure air through the tubes and windpipe1 the nose and mouth1 into the atmosphere4 ,what do you mean by contracts8--,becomes smaller4 ,what do you mean by atmosphere8--,the air4 ,of what use is the air when it is in the lungs8--,it makes the blood pure4 ,why can you not live without breathing8--,because1 if ,i do not breathe1 pure air cannot get into the lungs to make the bad blood pure1 and ,i cannot live if the dark1 impure blood is sent back again through my body4 ,why must you live in the sunlight8--,because the sunlight helps to purify the blood and strengthen the body4 ,why must you wear loose clothing8--,because tight clothing stops the circulation of the blood4 ,why must you avoid tight-lacing8--,because tight-lacing crowds the ribs against the lungs1 so that the lungs cannot move freely4 ,why should you wear clean clothing8--,that nothing impure may pass into the body through the pores of the skin4 ,why should you keep the body clean8--,that the pores of the skin may not be closed1 but remain open to let the perspiration pass through4 ,what has the cleanliness of the body to do with the health of the lungs8--,if the body is not kept clean1 the perspiratory pores become clogged4 ,what happens when the perspiratory pores are clogged8--,the impure particles which should pass through them stay in the body1 and cause disease in the lungs or other parts4 ,why should you sit and stand erect8--,because1 if ,i am in the habit of stooping1 my lungs will be crowded1 and will not have enough room to move freely4 ,why should you keep all parts of the body warm8--,because chilling any part of the body causes the blood to chill in that part1 and thus hinders its circulation4 ,why should you not change your winter clothing too early in the spring of the year8--,i may take cold if not warmly clothed during the cool days of early spring4 ,why should you avoid draughts of cool air8--,because the cool air blows upon some parts of the body and closes the pores of the skin1 checking the perspiration1 and hindering the circulation of the blood4 ,why should you not rush suddenly from a warm to a cool place8--,because when warm the pores of the skin are open2 if ,i rush suddenly into the cool air1 these pores are closed too quickly4 ,why does stopping the perspiration hurt the lungs more or less8--,the impurities it ought to carry away remain in the body1 make the blood impure1 and produce disease in some part2 very often that part is the lungs4 ,what harm does alcohol do in the lungs8--,it fills the lungs with impure blood4 ,what harm does it do to the air-cells8--,it hardens the walls of the air-cells of the lungs4 ,what harm is done by the hardening of these air-cells8--#a4 ,the lungs cannot take in enough of the gas called oxygen to purify the blood perfectly4 #b4 ,the gases or vapors in the lungs cannot pass freely through the hardened air-cells4 ,what happens from this8--,the lungs become diseased4 ,from what disease do some hard drinkers suffer8--,alcoholic consumption1 for which there is no cure4 ,see ,appendices on ,alcohol and ,tobacco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,digestive ,,organs4 #a4 ,the upper jaw4 #b4 ,the lower jaw4 #c4 ,the tongue4 #d4 ,the roof of the mouth4 #e4 ,the food-pipe4 #f4 ,the windpipe4 #g1 #h4 ,where the saliva is made4 #i4 ,the stomach4 #aj4 ,the liver4 #aa4 ,where the bile is made4 #ab4 ,the duct through which the bile passes to the small intestine4 #ac4 ,the upper part of the small intestine4 #ad4 ,where the pancreatic juice is made4 #ae4 ,the small intestine4 #af4 ,the opening of the small into the large intestine4 #ag-bj4 ,the large intestine4 #ba4 ,the spleen4 #bb4 ,the spinal column4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,x4 ,,formula ,,for ,,the ,,digestive ,,organs ,,and ,,digestion4 #a4 ,when my food is chewed1 it is rolled by my tongue into the oesophagus1 or food-pipe1 which is back of my windpipe1 and leads from my mouth down along the side of my spine1 to the left and upper end of my stomach4 #b4 ,my stomach is an oblong1 soft1 and fleshy bag1 extending from my left to my right side1 below my lungs and heart4 #c4 ,it is composed of three coats or membranes1 and resembles tripe4 #d4 ,the outer coat is smooth1 thick1 and tough4 ,it supports and strengthens the stomach4 #e4 ,the middle coat is fibrous4 ,its fibres have the power of contracting1 sometimes pressing upon the food1 and sometimes pushing it along toward the opening which leads out of the stomach4 #f4 ,the inner coat is soft1 thick1 spongy1 and wrinkled4 ,it prepares a slimy substance and a fluid4 ,the slimy substance prevents the stomach from being irritated by the food4 ,the fluid dissolves the food4 #g4 ,food passes through several changes after it enters the mouth4 #h4 ,it is changed into pulp in the mouth1 by the action of the teeth and the saliva4 ,this is called mastication4 ,it is changed in the stomach1 by the action of the stomach and the gastric juice1 into another kind of pulp called chyme4 ,the chyme is changed by the bile and another kind of juice1 called pancreatic juice2 these separate the nourishing from the waste substance4 ,the nourishing1 milk-like substance is called chyle4 ,the waste substance passes from the body4 ,the chyle is poured into a vein behind the collar bone1 and passes through the heart to the lungs1 where it is changed into blood4 #i4 ,if ,i would have a healthy stomach1 ,i must be careful what kind of food ,i eat1 ,i must be careful how much ,i eat1 ,i must be careful how ,i eat1 ,i must be careful when ,i eat4 #aj4 ,i must eat wholesome food1 good bread1 ripe fruits1 rather than rich pies or jellies4 #aa4 ,i must eat enough food1 but not too much4 #ab4 ,i must eat slowly1 ,i must masticate my food thoroughly1 ,i must masticate and swallow ray food without drinking #ac4 ,i must take my food regularly but not too often1 ,i must rest before and after eating1 if possible1 ,i must not eat just before bedtime4 #ad4 ,i must breathe pure air1 ,i must sit1 stand1 and walk erect1 ,i must not drink alcoholic liquors1 ,i must not snuff1 smoke1 or chew tobacco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,for ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,describe the process of eating4#b ,see page #ba4 #b4 ,where does the food go after it is chewed8 #c4 ,describe the stomach4 #d4 ,of what is the stomach composed8 #e4 ,describe the outer coat of the stomach1 and tell its use4 #f4 ,describe the middle coat of the stomach1 and tell its use4 #g4 ,describe the inner coat of the stomach1 and tell its use4 #h4 ,what happens to the food after it enters the mouth8 #i4 ,tell about these changes4 #aj4 ,what is necessary if you would have a healthy stomach8 #aa4 ,what kind of food must you eat8 #ab4 ,how much food must you eat8 #ac4 ,how must you eat8 #ad4 ,when must you eat8 #ae4 ,what other rules must you obey8 #b ,see ,formula #g on the ,organs of ,sense4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eat ,,to ,,live1 ,,not ,,live ,,to ,,eat4 ,there is pleasure in eating1 because ,god has given us the sense of taste1 that we may enjoy our food4 ,but not everything which pleases this sense is good for the body1 so we should learn what things are wholesome and choose them for our food and drink1 refusing everything which is unwholesome4 ,those who obey these rules eat to live and never become drunkards or gluttons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,digestive ,,organs ,,and ,,digestion4 ,what happens to the food after it is chewed8--,it is rolled by my tongue into the oesophagus or food-pipe4 ,where is the oesophagus or food-pipe8--,it passes from the mouth down the left side of the spine4 ,what is the stomach8--,a fleshy bag which receives and changes the food we eat4 ,where is the stomach8--,in the front part of the chest1 below the heart and lungs4 ,of what is the stomach composed8--,of three coats or membranes4 ,what do you mean by composed8--,made of4 ,what do you mean by membrane8--,a thin skin4 ,what are the coats of the stomach called8--,the outer coat1 the middle coat1 the inner coat4 ,describe the outer coat of the stomach4--,the outer coat is smooth1 thick1 and tough4 ,of what use is the outer coat of the stomach8--,it strengthens and supports the stomach4 ,what do you mean by supports8--,holds4 ,describe the middle coat of the stomach4--,the middle coat is composed of fleshy fibres1 which have the power of making themselves long or short4 ,what do you mean by fibrous8--,composed of threads4 ,what do you mean by fibres8--,threads4 ,of what are the fibres of the stomach composed8--,of flesh4 ,of what use are the fibres of the stomach8--,they press upon the food1 and push it toward the opening which leads out of the stomach4 ,describe the inner coat of the stomach4--,the inner coat is soft1 thick1 spongy1 and wrinkled4 ,of what use is the inner coat of the stomach8--,it prepares a slimy substance and a fluid4 ,of what use is the slimy substance8--,it prevents the stomach from being irritated by the food4 ,of what use is the fluid8--,it dissolves the food4 ,what do you mean by slimy8--,soft1 moist1 and sticky4 ,what do you mean by irritate8--,to produce unhealthy action4 ,what do you mean by dissolves8--,melts4 ,where is the food changed after it is taken into the mouth8--,first it is changed in the mouth2 second1 it is changed in the stomach2 third1 it is changed after leaving the stomach2 fourth1 it is changed in the lungs4 ,by what is it changed in the mouth8--,by the action of the teeth and the saliva4 ,by what is it changed in the stomach8--,by the action of the stomach and a kind of fluid called gastric juice4 ,by what is it changed after leaving the stomach8--,by the action of the bile and the pancreatic juice4 ,by what is it changed in the lungs8--,nobody knows4 ,into what is it changed in the mouth8--,into pulp4 ,into what is it changed after leaving the stomach8--,into chyle and waste substance4 ,into what is it changed in the lungs8--,into blood4 ,what is the change in the mouth called8--,mastication1 or chewing4 ,what is the change in the stomach called8--,chymification1 or chyme-making4 ,what is the change after leaving the stomach called8--,chylification1 or chyle-making4 ,what is necessary1 if you would have a healthy stomach8--,i must be careful what kind of food ,i eat2 how much ,i eat2 and when ,i eat4 ,what kind of food must you eat8--,wholesome food1 etc4 ,see ,formula4 ,how much must you eat8--,enough1 but not too much4 ,how must you eat8--,slowly4 ,how should your food be masticated8--,thoroughly4 ,when must you eat8--,regularly1 but not too often4 ,when should you avoid eating8--,just before bedtime4 ,what kind of air should you breathe8--,pure air4 ,how should you sit1 stand1 and walk8--,erect4 ,why should you not eat too much food8--,because1 if ,i eat too much food1 my stomach will have too much work to do in changing it into chyme4 ,why should you eat slowly8--,that ,i may have time to masticate the food thoroughly4 ,why should you masticate your food thoroughly8--,that it may be well prepared to enter the stomach4 ,why should the food be well prepared to enter the stomach8--,because1 if it is not well prepared in the mouth1 the stomach will have too much work to change it into chyme4 ,why should you eat regularly1 but not too often8--,because the stomach needs rest1 which it cannot have1 if ,i eat too often4 ,why should you avoid eating just before bedtime8--,because1 while ,i am asleep1 the stomach cannot do the work of changing the food as it ought to be changed2 because the stomach should rest with the other parts of the body4 ,why should you breathe pure air8--,because pure air helps to make pure blood1 which the stomach needs to make it strong and healthy4 ,why should you sit1 stand1 and walk erect8--,that the stomach may not be crowded out of its place1 or pressed upon by other parts of the body4 ,in what way does tobacco hurt the stomach8--,it poisons the saliva and prevents it from preparing the food to enter the stomach4 ,what harm does tobacco do inside the stomach8--,it weakens the stomach and makes it unfit to change the food into chyme4 ,how will wise children treat tobacco8--,let it alone4 ,they will not chew1 snuff1 or smoke the vile weed4 ,is alcohol food or poison8--,it is poison4 ,how do we know it is not food8--,because it cannot be changed into blood4 ,how has this been proved8--,alcohol has been found in the brain1 and other parts of drunkards1 with the same smell and the same power to burn easily which it had when it was taken into the mouth4 ,how do you know it is a poison8--,because it does harm to every part of the body1 beginning in the stomach4 ,what harm does alcohol do in the stomach8--,it hinders the stomach from doing its work2 it burns the coats of the stomach2 it destroys the gastric juice2 it hardens the food1 so that it cannot be dissolved by the gastric juice4 ,what does the stomach do with alcohol8--,drives it out as soon as possible4 ,where does the stomach send it8--,into the liver4 ,where does the liver send it8--,to the heart2 and the heart sends it to the lungs4 ,what do the lungs do with the alcohol8--,they drive it out as soon as they can4 ,where do the lungs send some of it8--,through the nose and mouth1 into the air4 ,what harm does the alcohol do in the breath8--,it poisons the air2 it tells that some kind of alcoholic liquor has been taken into the stomach4 ,from what you have learned about alcohol1 what do you think is the only safe rule to obey concerning cider1 beer1 wine1 and all alcoholic liquors8--,i must not drink them1 if ,i wish to have a strong and healthy stomach4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4--7,from ,walker's ,physiology47 #a4 ,the large brain4 #b4 ,the small brain4 #c4 ,the spinal cord4 #d1 #e4 ,nerves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,xi4 ,,formula ,,for ,,the ,,lesson ,,on ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4 #a4 ,my brain is a soft gray-and-white mass resembling marrow4 #b4 ,it is placed in a bony box called the skull2 it is covered and held together by three coats or membranes4 #c4 ,the outer membrane is thick and firm2 it strengthens and supports the brain4 #d4 ,the middle membrane is thick1 and somewhat like a spider's web in appearance4 #e4 ,the inner membrane is a network of blood-vessels4 #f4 ,from the brain1 white or reddish gray pulpy cords1 called nerves1 pass to all parts of the body4 ,these nerves are of two kinds3 nerves of feeling1 and nerves of motion4 #g4 ,if ,i prick my finger1 a nerve of feeling carries the message to my brain2 if ,i wish to move my finger1 a nerve of motion causes my finger to obey my will4 #h4 ,twelve pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain3 the first pair1 called the nerves of smell1 to my nose2 the fourth pair1 called the nerves of sight1 to my eyes2 the fifth pair1 called the nerves of taste1 to my mouth1 tongue1 and teeth4 ,one pair pass to my face2 another to my ears4 ,the ninth1 tenth1 eleventh1 and twelfth pairs to my tongue and parts of my throat and neck4#c #i4 ,the spinal cord is a bundle of nerves extending from the base of my brain1 down through the whole length of my spine1 or backbone4 ,it is the largest nerve in my body4 #aj4 ,from the spine1 thirty-one pairs of nerves1 called spinal nerves1 pass to different parts of my body2 some to the lungs1 some to the heart1 some to the stomach1 some to the bones1 and some to the muscles and skin4 #aa4 ,if a nerve be destroyed it cannot carry messages to and from the brain4 ,before filling a tooth1 the dentist sometimes destroys its nerve4 #ab4 ,if a nerve be pressed upon too long it cannot perform its duty4 ,if ,i press upon the nerve passing to my foot1 ,i stop it from communicating with the brain2 the foot loses its feeling1 or1 as ,i say1 is asleep4 #ac4 ,if ,i drink alcoholic liquors1 or snuff1 smoke1 or chew tobacco1 my brain and nerves cannot do their work well2 because alcohol and nicotine are very poisonous to the brain and nerves4 #ad4 ,the brain must be supplied with good blood2 ,the brain must be used2 ,the brain must be rested2 ,i must drink wholesome drink1 eat wholesome food1 take enough exercise1 and breathe pure air1 that my brain may be supplied with pure blood2 ,i must study and think1 that my brain may grow and be strong for work2 ,i must rest my brain when it is tired1 either by changing my employment1 or by going to sleep2 ,i must not poison my brain with alcohol or tobacco4 #c ,,note4--,a fuller description of the ,nerves of the ,brain3 ,twelve pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain2 the first pair1 called the nerves of smell1 to my nose2 the second pair1 called the nerves of sight1 to my eyes2 the third1 fourth1 and sixth pairs to the muscles of my eyes2 the fifth pair to my forehead1 eyes1 nose1 ears1 tongue1 teeth1 and different parts of my face2 the seventh pair to different parts of my face2 the eighth pair1 called the nerves of hearing1 to the inner part of my ear2 the ninth pair to my mouth1 tongue1 and throat2 the twelfth pair to my tongue2 the eleventh pair to my neck2 the tenth pair to my neck1 throat1 lungs1 stomach1 and different parts of my body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,formula4 #a4 ,describe the brain4 #b4 ,where is the brain placed8 #c4 ,describe the outer membrane of the brain4 #d4 ,describe the middle membrane of the brain4 #e4 ,describe the inner membrane of the brain4 #f4 ,tell about the nerves4 #g4 ,tell about the use of the two kinds of nerves4 #h4 ,tell about the nerves which pass from the brain4 #i4 ,tell about the spinal cord4 #aj4 ,tell about the nerves which pass from the spinal cord4 #aa4 ,what happens if a nerve be destroyed8 #ab4 ,what happens if a nerve be pressed upon too long8 #ac4 ,what happens if you drink alcoholic liquors1 or snuff1 smoke1 or chew tobacco8 #ad4 ,what is necessary if you would have a healthy brain8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,brain ,,and ,,its ,,work4 ,the brain is egg-shaped1 and of two parts1 the large brain 7cerebrum71 and the little brain 7cerebellum74 ,these are composed of a white and gray substance1 which in the large brain is so folded and wrinkled that it looks like the meat of an ,english walnut2 in the little brain it is so arranged that it resembles a tree1 and is called arbor vitae1 tree of life4 ,the mind does its thinking through the large brain1 and controls its muscles through the little brain4 ,a drunken man can not walk straight because alcohol has hurt the little brain2 he can not think straight because it has poisoned the large brain4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,brain ,,and ,,the ,,spinal ,,cord4 ,c1 the large brain 7cerebrum74 ,b1 the small brain 7cerebellum74 ,s1 a portion of the spinal cord4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4 ,where is your brain8--,in my skull4 ,what color is the brain8--,gray and white4 ,what does the brain resemble8--,marrow4 ,how is the brain protected8--,by three coats or membranes4 ,what may you name these membranes8--,the outer membrane1 the middle membrane1 and the inner membrane4 ,describe the outer membrane4 ,see ,formula4 ,describe the middle membrane4 ,see ,formula4 ,what are the nerves8--,white ashen-gray pulpy cords1 which are found in the brain4 ,where do they go from the brain8--,to every part of the body4 ,how many kinds of nerves have you8--,two4 ,what names are given to the two kinds of nerves8--,nerves of motion and nerves of feeling4 ,which is the largest nerve in the body8--,the spinal cord4 ,where is the spinal cord8--,it extends from the brain throughout the whole length of the backbone4 ,how may you describe the spinal cord8--,it is a bundle of nerves1 etc4 ,see ,formula4 ,where are the spinal nerves8--,they pass from the spinal cord to different parts of the trunk and limbs4 ,how many pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain8--,twelve4 ,where do the first pair go8--,to the nose4 ,what are they called8--,the nerves of smell4 ,where do the second pair go8--,to the eyes4 ,what are the second pair called8--,the nerves of sight4 ,which move the muscles of the eyes8--,the third1 fourth1 and sixth pairs4 ,where do the fifth pair go8--,to the forehead1 eyes1 nose1 ears1 tongue1 teeth1 and different parts of the face4 ,the seventh pair8--,to the different parts of the face4 ,the eighth pair8--,to the inner ear4 ,what are the eighth pair called8--,the nerves of hearing4 ,where do the ninth pair go8--,to the mouth1 tongue1 and throat4 ,where do the twelfth pair go8--,to the tongue4 ,where do the eleventh pair go8--,to the neck4 ,where do the tenth pair go8--,to the neck1 throat1 lungs1 stomach1 and different parts of the body4 ,what happens if a nerve be destroyed8--,it cannot carry messages to the brain4 ,what happens if a nerve be pressed upon too long8--,it cannot carry messages to the brain4 ,what is necessary if you would have a strong1 healthy brain8--,my brain must be used2 my brain must be rested2 my brain must be supplied with pure blood4 ,how must you use your brain8--,in thinking and studying4 ,how may the brain be rested8--,by sleep4 ,in what other way may the brain be rested8--,by thinking of something different from that which made it tired4 ,what two brain-poisons have you learned about8--,alcohol and tobacco4#d ,with what may you show the harm done by alcohol to the gray part of the brain8--,with alcohol and the white of an egg4 ,how could you show it with these8--,i would pour the alcohol upon the white of the egg4 ,what would then happen8--,the white of the egg would harden as if it had been boiled4 ,what is in the white of an egg8--,water and albumen4 ,where else may we find albumen8--,in some seeds1 and in the gray part of the brain and the nerves4 ,what harm does alcohol do to the nerves8--,it takes away their moisture and hardens them4 ,what harm does this do to them8--,it paralyzes them1 or makes them lose their power4 ,what happens when nerves are paralyzed8--,they lose their power over the muscles2 they are unfit to carry messages to and from the brain4 ,what harm does alcohol do to the gray part of the brain8--,it hardens it1 as it hardens the white of an egg4 ,what harm does this do to the brain8--,it paralyzes it1 or makes it lose its power4 ,what then happens8--,it cannot properly do its work of thinking1 and cannot control the nerves4 ,what disease is sometimes caused by this hardening of the brain by alcohol8--,paralysis1 which often ends in death4 ,what harm does alcohol do to the blood-vessels of the brain8--,it fills them with impure blood4 ,what disease is caused by the blood-vessels of the brain being filled with impure blood8--,congestion of the brain1 or apoplexy1 which ends in death4 ,what else frequently happens to those who drink alcoholic liquors8--,they become crazy1 or insane4 ,if you wish to have a strong1 healthy brain1 what should you do about these liquors8-- ,never put them into my mouth1 ,to steal away my brains4 ,tell of what dreadful disease people die who are bitten by a mad dog4--,of hydrophobia4 ,of what dreadful disease do people sometimes die who are bitten by the serpent in alcoholic liquors8--,of delirium tremens4 ,which is the more dreadful1 hydrophobia or delirium tremens8--,one is as dreadful as the other4 ,how can you be sure never to have delirium tremens8--,by drinking nothing which has alcohol in it4 ,will a little beer or wine hurt you8--,yes1 it may make me love the taste of alcohol4 ,what harm is there in loving the taste of alcohol8--,i may love it so much as to become a drunkard4 ,tell once more how you should treat alcoholic liquors4--,i should never drink a drop of them4 #d ,see ,appendices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alcohol4 ,,the ,,story ,,about ,,alcohol4 ,several hundred years ago many people were trying to discover something that would keep them young and strong1 and prevent them from dying4 ,it is said by some that a man named ,paracelsus1 in making experiments1 discovered alcohol4 ,he called it the water of life1 and boasted that he would never be weak and never die2 so he went on drinking alcoholic liquors until at last he died in a drunken fit4 ,what is this alcohol which has done and is doing so much mischief in the world8 ,i will show you some4 ,what does it look like8--,water4 ,yes2 and if you were to smell it you would say it has a somewhat pleasant odor2 if you were to taste it1 that it has a hot1 biting taste1 i4e41 is pungent4 ,if you put a lighted match to it you would notice that it burns easily1 and with a flame1 and may therefore be said to be combustible and inflammable4 ,what does it come from8 ,is it one of the drinks ,god has given us8 ,some of the class think it is2 we will try to learn whether this answer is correct or not4 ,if we study about it very carefully we shall discover that it is not a natural drink1 that it is not found except where it has been made from decayed or rotten fruits1 grains1 or vegetables4 ,if you take some apples1 and squeeze the juice out of them1 you will find it sweet and pleasant2 let that juice stand for several days and what will happen to it8--,it will get bad4 ,yes2 or1 as grown people say1 it will work or ferment2 that is1 the sugary part of the juice will be separated into a kind of gas and a liquid4 ,the gas is called carbonic acid gas2 the liquid is alcohol4 ,both the gas and the liquid are poisonous4 ,alcohol may also be obtained from other fruits1 as grapes1 and from some grains and vegetables4 ,but all these must first become rotten before alcohol will come out of them4 ,this is one reason why we think that ,god1 who gives us good1 wholesome food1 did not intend alcohol to be a drink for man1 else ,he would have put it into the delicious ripe fruit1 and not made it impossible to get until they decay4 ,now let us put upon the blackboard something which will help us remember what we have learned about ,,alcohol4 ,,discovered ,,by ,,description4 ,,made ,,from ,paracelsus4 ,water-like2 with a ,fruits1 ,grains1 or pleasant odor2 a ,vegetables4 ,,called hot1 biting taste2 ,the water of life4 and will burn with a flame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,uses ,,of ,,alcohol4 ,we put some sugar into water2 the children see that it melts2 then some glue or shellac is placed in the same liquid2 they see that this is not melted1 but that1 when alcohol is used instead of water1 the glue or shellac is dissolved4 ,from this experiment they learn that alcohol is used in making varnishes4 ,some water is poured into one saucer1 and alcohol into another2 a lighted match is applied to each2 the class notices that the alcohol takes fire and burns1 while the water does not4 ,next1 we fill a lamp with alcohol1 and put a wick into it2 when the wick becomes wet with the fluid it burns steadily and without smoke1 as may be seen by holding a clean white saucer over the flame4 ,this shows why jewellers and others1 who wish to use a lamp to make things very hot1 prefer alcohol to kerosene1 which1 as the children know1 smokes lamp-chimneys1 or anything else1 so easily4 ,we show a thermometer2 the children are told its use if they are not already familiar with the instrument2 we talk about the quicksilver in the tube1 about its rising or falling according to the degree of heat or cold2 then we inform the class that in some countries where it is very cold quicksilver freezes2 for this reason alcohol1 which does not freeze1 is colored red and put into the thermometer tube to be used in these ,arctic regions4 ,another use for alcohol is to keep or preserve substances4 ,this we illustrate by placing a piece of meat into some alcohol4 ,we explain that the water in the meat is that which causes it to decay4 ,alcohol has the power to take up or absorb water2 so when meat is put into this liquid the water from the meat is absorbed by it1 and the meat does not become bad4 ,those who wish to preserve insects a long time1 and doctors who desire to keep any portion of a human body after death1 put these into alcohol1 in which they may be kept for a long time4 ,lastly1 we let the children smell cologne or other perfumery1 and tell them this is made from different oils mixed with alcohol4 ,at the close of this lesson the class is ready to help us make the following ,,blackboard ,,outline4 ,,facts ,,about ,,alcohol4 ,,good ,,uses ,,of ,,alcohol4 ,it melts gums4 ,to melt gums4 ,burns with a flame4 ,to make varnishes4 ,burns without smoke4 ,to burn in lamps4 ,will not freeze4 ,to make camphene1 etc4 ,likes water4 ,to put into thermometer ,mixes with oils4 tubes4 ,to preserve meats1 etc4 ,to make perfumery4 ,in making jewelry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,uses ,,of ,,alcohol--concluded4 ,you see alcohol is very useful for some purposes2 but do people ever drink it8 ,some of the children think not1 and we grant that no one is foolish enough to drink raw alcohol1 because it is too strong4 ,it would take only a little to make them drunk1 and only a few ounces to kill them instantly4 ,we ask the pupils if they have ever seen a drunken person1 and what made that person drunk8 ,we soon obtain an answer1 and place upon the board ,rum1 gin1 whiskey1 brandy1 as the names of drinks which will take away the good sense of those who drink them4 ,to these are added ,wine1 beer1 ale1 lager1 and cider4 ,we explain that all these have alcohol in them1 as may be known by smelling them1 or by smelling the breath of those who have drunk even a little of them2 and that because they contain alcohol they are called alcoholic liquors4 ,if a person drinks any one of them he will be poisoned1 more or less1 according to how much he takes4 ,the children are astonished at the word poisoned1 but we explain that the very word1 intoxicated1 means poisoned4 ,so a drunken man is a poisoned man4 ,if enough alcohol1 or alcoholic liquor1 is drunk by anyone1 he will drop down dead as quickly as if he were shot by a cannon ball4 ,when told that alcohol is not a food1 but a poison1 the class readily understands what we mean1 and we have no difficulty in having the following statements prepared and memorized3 99 99 99 99 99 ,,food4 ,that which makes the body grow1 and helps to keep it alive4 ,,poison4 ,that which hurts the body1 and makes it die4 ,,alcohol4 ,,qualities4 ,,good ,,uses4 ,water-like1 looks like ,to melt gums4 water4 ,to make varnishes4 ,transparent1 may be seen ,to burn in lamps4 through clearly4 ,to make camphene1 etc4 ,odorous1 has a smell4 ,to put in thermometer ,pungent1 has a hot1 biting tubes4 taste4 ,to preserve meats1 insects1 ,liquid1 will flow in etc4 drops4 ,to make perfumery4 ,poisonous1 hurts the ,in making jewelry4 body4 ,intoxicating1 takes away the ,,bad ,,use4 senses2 makes drunk4 ,to drink4 ,absorbent1 takes up or absorbs water4 ,inflammable1 burns with a flame4 ,uncongealable1 will not freeze4 ,innutritious1 not good for food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,about ,,fermentation ,,and ,,fermented ,,liquor4 ,,alcohol4--,alcohol may be obtained from any substance which contains sugar or starch1 or both sugar and starch1 as apples1 pears1 grapes1 potatoes1 beets1 rice1 barley1 maple1 honey1 etc4 ,alcohol can be obtained only by fermentation4 ,by fermentation we mean the change which takes place when a juice containing sugar decays1 or goes to pieces4 ,you know decay always makes things fall to pieces4 ,you ask1 what pieces is sugar made of8 ,very1 very little pieces1 called atoms4 ,there are different kinds of sugar4 ,in that made from grapes1 called grape sugar1 there are six atoms of carbon1 twelve of hydrogen1 and six of oxygen4 ,what are carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen8 ,oxygen is the kind of gas which keeps animals alive1 and makes things burn4 ,hydrogen is another kind1 which you have smelled perhaps when water has been spilled on a hot stove2 the gas burned in street-lamps is hydrogen that has been driven out of coal4 ,carbon you see in charcoal and soot2 the black lead of your lead-pencils is mostly composed of carbon and iron2 lamp-black is pure carbon1 without form or shape4 ,we will let these circles of colored paper stand for the atoms of carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen in grape sugar1--the largest1 which are red1 for the oxygen2 the second size1 which you notice are black1 will represent atoms of carbon2 while the little blue ones will make you think of hydrogen4 ,if you remember that it takes one atom of carbon and two of oxygen to make carbonic acid gas2 also1 that two atoms of carbon1 one of oxygen1 and six of hydrogen to form alcohol1 you can easily find that two atoms of carbonic acid gas and two atoms of alcohol may be formed from an atom of sugar4 ,so the more sugar a juice contains the more alcohol may be formed from it4 ,,cider4--,cider is made by pressing the juice out of apples4 ,this sweet cider ferments1 and the sugar part of it changes into carbonic acid gas and alcohol4 ,people who do not understand this go on drinking cider1 not knowing that it makes drunkards of those who drink much of a beverage which seems so pleasant and harmless4 ,,wines4--,wines are made from the juices of fruits which have sugar in them1 especially grapes4 ,sometimes people have what they call home-made wines1 which they make from blackberries1 currants1 elderberries1 gooseberries1 cherries1 or other fruits4 ,they may ask you to take some1 saying1 ,this will do you no harm2 we did not put any alcohol into it4 ,they do not know what you have learned1 that alcohol is always formed in fermented juices which contain sugar4 ,it does not wait to be put into the home-made wines2 it quietly comes in as they are getting made1 at home or any other place1 and will make people drunk as surely as when it is found in brandy or any other liquor4 ,some of the wines in the stores are made from grape juice1 but many more are made by mixing hurtful and poisonous things together to make the liquor strong1 and give it what is called a fine color and good taste4 ,,beer ,,and ,,ales4--,these are made from grains and hops1 which contain no sugar1 it is true1 but are composed of starch1 which may be changed into sugar4 ,when a seed of grain is put into the ground and begins to grow1 the starch in it becomes sugar1 which feeds the young plant4 ,when a brewer wishes to make beer1 he takes some grain1 puts it in a dark place1 wets it1 and leaves it to sprout1 or begin to grow4 ,then he puts it into an oven to dry it1 and make it stop growing4 ,this makes what is called malt4 ,the malt is mashed and soaked in warm water to get the sugar out of it2 this forms a liquid called sweet wort4 ,the wort is separated from the mashed grain and boiled2 yeast is mixed with it to help it to ferment more quickly2 it soon becomes changed2 a dirty yellow scum filled with bubbles comes to the top1 which we know is the poisonous carbonic acid gas2 the other poison1 alcohol1 stays in the liquid and makes the beer taste good to those who like it4 ,liquors made from grain are called malt liquors4 ,lager beer1 and all kinds of ales and porters1 are malt liquors4 ,they make people dull1 sluggish1 and stupid who drink much of them4 ,they do much mischief in the body1 though it takes a larger quantity of any one of them to make a person drunk than it does of whiskey or brandy4 ,,an ,,atom ,,of ,,grape ,,sugar4 ,,carbonic ,,acid ,,gas4 ,,alcohol4 ,carbon1 #f atoms4 ,carbon1 #a atom4 ,carbon1 #b atoms4 ,oxygen1 #f atoms4 ,oxygen1 #b atoms4 ,oxygen1 #a atom4 ,hydrogen1 #ab atoms4 ,hydrogen1 #f atoms4 ,,sub-,,fermented ,,grape ,,sugar ,,makes #b atoms of carbonic acid gas and #b atoms of alcohol4 ,,alcoholic ,,liquors ,,made ,,from ,,fruits4 ,,grains4 ,cider4 ,wines4 ,beer1 ,ales1 etc4 ,apples4 ,grapes1 ,gooseberries1 ,barley1 ,oats1 ,perry4 ,currants1 ,elderberries1 ,wheat1 ,peas1 etc4 ,pears4 ,blackberries1 ,cherries1 etc4 ,corn1 7with hops74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,distillation4 ,how does the sugar in grapes and other fruits become alcohol8--,by fermenting4 ,yes1 and liquors made by fermenting are called fermented liquors4 ,what other alcoholic drinks have you heard about beside cider1 wines1 beer1 and ales8--,gin1 whiskey1 brandy1 rum4 ,these are stronger than the fermented liquors1 that is1 they contain more alcohol2 they are made by what is called distillation4 ,if you boil water1 and let the steam from it fall upon a cold plate1 the steam will change back into liquid and become distilled water4 ,making a liquid boil1 catching the vapor or steam and cooling it1 is what we mean by distillation4 ,if two or more liquids are mixed together1 the one that boils with the least heat will be drawn off first4 ,the alcohol of beer1 cider1 and wines is mixed with water2 it boils at a lower heat than water1 so can be drawn off from it very easily4 ,this does not make more alcohol1 it only makes the alcohol stronger by separating it from the water4 ,when beer or any other alcoholic liquor is to be distilled1 it is poured into a large copper boiler1 called a still1 and boiled4 ,a tube carries the vapor from the boiler into a cask filled with cold water4 ,this tube is coiled like a spiral line or worm through the cask2 it is called the worm of the still1 and the cask is the worm-tub4 ,as the vapor passes through the tube1 it cools and drops out at the end into the worm-tub1 changed into a liquid stronger in alcohol than that from which it was drawn or distilled4 ,in this way gin is made from beer1 brandy from wine1 and rum from fermented molasses4 ,these are very strong drinks1 and only hard drinkers like them4 ,but very few people begin by taking these2 they first learn to like alcohol by drinking cider1 beer1 or wine1 and end with gin1 whiskey1 or rum when they have become drunkards4 ,,definitions4 ,,distillation4 ,drawing the vapor from a boiling liquid and cooling it4 ,,still4 ,machinery for distilling2 the boiler which holds the liquid4 ,,the ,,worm ,,of ,,the ,,still4 ,the tube which passes from the still to a cask1 in which it coils like a worm4 ,,worm-,,tub4 ,the cask which holds the tube or worm1 and receives the distilled liquid4 ,,distilled ,,liquid4 ,a liquid formed by cooled steam4 ,,distilled ,,liquors4 ,liquors made by distilling alcoholic liquors4 ,,fermented4 ,changed by decay4 ,,fermented ,,liquors4 ,liquors which have been fermented or changed by decay1 and contain alcohol4 ,,unfermented4 ,not decayed4 ,,unfermented ,,liquors4 ,liquors which contain no alcohol4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,liquors #e,,unfermented4 ,,fermented4 ,,distilled4 ,grape juice1 ,hard cider1 ,gin1 ,sweet cider1 7,malt liquors7 ,brandy1 ,root beer1 ,beer1 ,whiskey1 ,ginger beer4 ,lager beer1 ,rum4 ,perry4 ,ale1 ,porter1 ,wine4 #e ,these soon become fermented2 they then contain alcohol4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,harm ,,done ,,by ,,alcohol ,,in ,,various ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,body4 ,raw alcohol does not do much harm to people because it is too strong for them to drink much of it2 but the alcohol hidden in cider1 ale1 wine1 whiskey1 and other alcoholic drinks kills not less than sixty thousand persons in this country every year1 besides those who die from its use in other parts of the world4 ,there is great excitement when there is a mad dog around2 and1 if any one is bitten and dies from the dreadful hydrophobia1 people are ready to destroy all the dogs of the neighborhood2 but when a drunkard dies from delirium tremens or alcohol craziness1 how few take any notice of the cause of his death1 or do all they can to wage war against the use of alcoholic liquors4 ,but why do we say such hard things against these liquors which some people love so well and think so harmless8 ,in what way do they hurt and kill people8 ,let us see4 ,where does what we drink go after it has been put into the mouth8--,into the stomach4 ,if it were the right thing to go into the stomach1 into what would it be changed8--,into something which helps to make good blood4 ,learned men1 who have examined and carefully studied about these things1 tell us that the stomach is hurt by alcohol1 because the fiery fluid is not food1 but poison which makes the stomach very sore1 and gives it hard work to do4 ,the veins of the stomach take it up and send it into the liver4 ,the liver1 which is a large organ weighing about four pounds1 lies on the right side below the lungs2 its work is1 to help make the blood pure4 ,it can do nothing with alcohol1 so it drives it along to the heart2 the heart sends it to the lungs2 the lungs throw some of it out through the breath1 which smells of the vile stuff that has been poisoning every part it has passed through since it entered the mouth4 ,some of the alcohol does not get out of the lungs through the breath1 but goes with the blood back to the heart1 and from the heart is sent through the arteries to every part of the body4 ,no part of the body wants it4 ,the ,skin drives some of it out1 through its little pores1 with the perspiration4 ,the ,kidneys1 which lie in the back below the waist1 on each side of the spine1 send off some of the poison4 ,yet some of it gets into the brain1 and there does very much mischief1 of which you will learn more by and by4 ,you know1 if the brain is hurt1 the mind cannot do its work of thinking properly2 thus1 alcohol does great harm to the mind through the brain4 ,the muscles and the bones are hurt by not being supplied with pure blood2 the heart gets tired out with overwork1 and the lungs become diseased through this same terrible alcohol4 ,therefore1 if you would be strong and healthy1 have nothing to do with alcoholic liquors2 for ,,alcohol ,,poisons ,the stomach1 ,the liver1 ,the blood1 ,the heart1 ,the lungs1 ,the brain1 ,the bones1 ,the muscles1 ,the skin1 ,and every part of the body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in ,,the ,,stomach4 ,children who have learned the ,lesson on ,digestion1 and know about the coats of the stomach1 about mastication and chyme-making1 are easily made to understand why anything which has alcohol in it is unfit to go into the stomach4 ,if we touch a drop of alcohol to the eye1 it will make it sore2 so alcohol in the stomach irritates its coats and makes them sore4 ,alcohol poisons the gastric juice4 ,if we get some of this juice from the stomach of a calf which has just been killed1 and mix alcohol with it1 the alcohol will separate the watery part from the pepsin or white part4 ,this is what alcohol does in the stomach4 ,it takes up water from the gastric juice1 which prevents the pepsin from mixing well with the food1 and hinders the change of the food into chyme1 which cannot take place without pepsin4 ,the children have already learned that alcohol keeps meat from decaying1 or going to pieces4 ,we explain that food in the stomach must go to pieces to prepare it to make blood2 when mixed with alcohol1 it is preserved1 and the gastric juice cannot melt or dissolve it4 ,thus the stomach is hindered from doing its work until it gets rid of the alcohol4 ,a true story we have read will help you to remember how troublesome alcohol is to the stomach4 ,some men in ,edinburgh were paid their wages1 one ,saturday1 soon after they had eaten their dinner4 ,they got drunk and remained so till the next day at noon4 ,when they became sober they had a headache and were so ill that they sent for a doctor2 he gave them some medicine which brought up their ,saturday's dinner just as it had gone down into the stomach4 ,the poor stomach could do nothing with dinner mixed with whiskey or rum1 because these liquors are half alcohol4 ,you have already learned that the stomach hurries to drive out the alcohol into the liver2 the liver sends it with the blood into the heart2 the heart pours it into the lungs2 the lungs breathe it out through the nose and mouth1 and tell that some kind of alcoholic liquor has been taken into the stomach4 ,remember1 that the alcohol which comes out in the breath is a part of that which went into the mouth4 ,it could not be changed4 ,it did nothing but mischief in its journey1 which shows that it is not food1 but poison4 ,god1 who created the body1 has not given any part of it power to change alcohol into blood4 ,people sometimes take ale or wine because they think it gives them an appetite4 ,this is a great mistake4 ,when any alcoholic liquor goes into the stomach1 there is such hard work to get it out that the pain of hunger is not felt2 when it is out1 the stomach is tired and does not tell the brain that it is hungry4 ,when alcohol is poured into it1 day after day1 it loses its desire for good1 wholesome food1 and wants more and more alcoholic liquor4 ,it has an appetite for alcohol4 ,alcohol makes the stomach sore and full of disease2 people who take much of it in liquors always suffer much from dyspepsia4 ,so1 if the stomach could speak1 it would say3 ,don't pour any alcohol into me1 though you mix it and call it ale1 cider1 wine1 or any other name that makes folks think it will do me no harm4 ,you cannot deceive me4 ,i know alcohol as soon as it comes down1 and it always makes me suffer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,blackboard ,,outline4 ,,alcohol-- ,burns or inflames the coats of the stomach4 ,spoils the gastric juice4 ,makes the food hard to be dissolved4 ,makes the stomach tired and weak4 ,takes away the appetite for wholesome food4 ,makes an appetite for alcoholic liquors4 ,causes disease in the stomach and other digestive organs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,question ,,on ,,blackboard ,,outline4 ,what harm does alcohol do in the stomach8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,the ,,bones1 ,,muscles1 ,,and ,,skin4 ,,to ,,the ,,bones4--,you have already learned that the bones require to be supplied with good blood to make them strong and healthy1 and that alcohol does not make good blood1 so we need spend no time in deciding that alcoholic liquors do injury to the bones1 and that the bones of those who drink these liquors are less likely to heal1 when broken1 than those of persons whose blood has not been poisoned by alcohol4 ,,to ,,the ,,muscles4--,the muscles1 as you know1 cover and move the bones2 good blood makes them grow1 and keeps them healthy and strong4 ,people like to have plenty of good muscle1 for this not only gives them strength1 but makes them look plump and well4 ,alcohol poisons the blood by killing many of the very little1 round1 red parts in it1 called by a long name1 which you can learn if you try4 ,this hard name is corpuscles kor'pussls2 corpuscle means a little body4 ,these little bodies float in the fluid portion of the blood1 and go to every part of the body to help keep it alive and healthy4 ,when alcohol hurts them1 they turn into a poor kind of fat1 like suet1 and cannot do any good4 ,they stay in different parts and do much harm4 ,sometimes they lodge between the muscles1 and make a person look strong because plump2 but he is not strong1 for his muscles are filled with fat4 ,sometimes the liver or the heart1 which are only large muscles1 become so heavy and soft with fat that they cannot do their work properly2 they become weak and diseased1 wear out1 and cause the death of their owner1 who has poisoned them with ale1 wine1 or other alcoholic drink4 ,,to ,,the ,,skin4--,alcohol hurts the skin also1 by feeding it with poisoned blood1 by giving the pores extra work in carrying off some of the alcohol in the perspiration1 and by making the little blood-vessels larger than they should be in a way you will learn more about by and by4 ,these little blood-vessels become very full of blood1 and cause the red face and blue nose which mark the drinker of alcoholic liquors4 ,this redness of the skin tells of the mischief which alcohol is doing inside of the body4 ,it is the danger-signal which warns against the use of the fiery poison4 ,,alcohol ,,hurts ,,the ,,bones1 ,,the ,,muscles1 ,,the ,,skin1 ,by supplying them with ,by supplying them with ,by supplying it with bad blood4 bad blood2 bad blood2 ,by loading them with ,by over-working the fat which makes them perspiratory pores4 weak4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,the ,,blood1 ,,the ,,lungs1 ,,and ,,the ,,heart4 ,,to ,,the ,,blood4--,the wonderful fluid which is the life of the body consists of a water-like liquid in which floats millions of the very little1 circle-shaped1 red particles which you have been taught to call corpuscles4 ,you have also been told that alcohol kills these little bodies1 and thus takes some of the life out of the blood1 and fills it with useless1 suet-like fat4 ,the blood1 you know1 flows everywhere through the body1 giving its goodness to make every part grow and live1 and carrying away the worn-out particles it meets4 ,blood1 when poisoned with alcohol1 goes through the body1 giving disease and death instead of health and life4 ,so1 if you want good1 red blood1 do not let alcohol get into it4 ,,to ,,the ,,heart4--,when alcohol comes with the blood from the liver1 the heart begins to beat fast to get rid of the firewater2 this makes it very tired1 for it always has enough to do in carrying bad blood to the lungs1 and pumping good blood into the arteries1 without having the extra trouble of driving out alcohol4 ,wise people will not give it this extra work to do4 ,besides1 we told you1 in the talk about the harm done by alcohol to the muscles1 that the heart1--which is only a large muscle1 or rather many muscles fastened together so as to make a pear-shaped organ about the size of your fist1--is hurt in another way by alcohol4 ,it gets too much of the poor kind of fat from the blood1 which fills between the muscles1 and after awhile makes the walls of the heart so soft and weak1 that we could almost push through them with a finger1 if we could get at them4 ,very often the tired1 overworked1 weakened heart suddenly stops beating1 and the person who would keep on drinking beer1 wine1 brandy1 or rum falls down dead4 ,died from heart disease1 people say1 when the truth is1 died from drinking alcoholic liquors4 ,,to ,,the ,,lungs4--,what are the lungs8--,the breathing-machines of the body4 ,what do they throw out8--,bad air4 ,what do they take in8--,fresh air4 ,in pure air there is a good kind of gas which is necessary to keep us alive2 this gas is called oxygen4 ,when air is taken into the lungs1 the oxygen mixes with the blood in them and makes it pure4 ,if alcohol is in the lungs1 it hardens the walls of their air-cells1 and keeps out the oxygen or good gas2 at the same time it keeps in the impure gas1 called nitrogen1 which ought to come out through the nose and mouth into the air4 ,thus the blood in the lungs cannot be properly purified1 and goes back to the heart impure blood which is unfit to be used4 ,the lungs are also obliged to work faster when alcohol is in them1 because with the heart they are striving to drive out the enemy4 ,this makes the lungs tired1 sore1 and inflamed4 ,they are not as strong to do their work1 and are more likely to breathe in any contagious disease than are the lungs of people who do not drink alcoholic liquors4 ,some people go on drinking these poisons for many years1 and seem not to be hurt by them2 but at last they suffer from what is called ,alcoholic ,phthisis1 a kind of consumption which doctors cannot cure4 ,,harm ,,done ,,by ,,alcohol ,,to ,,the ,,heart4 ,,blood-,,vessels4 ,,lungs4 ,overworks it4 ,hurries the blood through ,makes them work too ,makes it tired4 them4 fast4 ,loads it with fat4 ,stretches the small ,heats and inflames ,softens and destroys arteries and makes them them4 it4 unfit to work4 ,hardens the walls of ,poisons the blood in the their air-cells4 hair-like blood-vessels ,keeps in the poisonous 7capillaries74 gas4 ,keeps out the good gas 7oxygen74 ,weakens them and makes them diseased4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,blood 7,the life 444 is in the blood7 ,consists of ,a colorless liquid 7plasma71 and ,little1 red1 circle-shaped bodies 7corpuscles74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alcohol 7a blood-poison7 ,mixes with the colorless liquid1 and takes away some of its goodness4 ,makes some of the corpuscles ,smaller4 ,change shape4 ,lose color4 ,lose oxygen4 ,die1 and change into useless fat 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,the ,,brain ,,and ,,nerves4 ,where is your brain8--,in my skull4 ,what color is it8--,gray and white4 ,what does it resemble8--,marrow4 ,what work is done in the brain8--,the work of thinking4 ,you may repeat what you have learned about the membranes of the brain4 7,see ,formula for the ,lesson on the ,nervous ,system47 ,you say the inner membrane is a net-work of blood-vessels4 ,if these are blood-vessels in the membranes1 what fills them8--,blood4 ,do you think alcohol can get into the brain8--,yes4 ,how can it get there8--,it goes there with the blood4 ,how can we know that alcohol does mischief in the brain8 ,you cannot answer8 ,did you never see a drunken man8 ,now tell me how you might know his brain has been hurt by alcohol4--,he talks funny2 he acts strangely2 he is very cross2 he does not know what he is doing2 he walks crookedly2 he falls down2 sometimes he falls asleep1 and is almost like a dead man2 he is dead drunk4 ,let us study to learn why the drunken man does such strange things4 ,the alcohol in this bottle1 and this egg which you see1 will help us find the cause of the mischief4 ,you may tell what is in the egg4--,a white liquid and a yellow liquid4 ,how could they be made hard8--,by making the egg hot2 by boiling4 ,we will try what alcohol will do to the white part4 ,you see when it is poured upon the white of the egg it hardens this part as boiling would harden it4 ,this white portion is composed of water and something called albumen4 ,the alcohol dries up the water and thickens the albumen4 ,albumen is found not only in eggs but in some seeds1 as beans1 peas1 corn1 etc41 also in the gray part of the brain and in the nerves4 ,we will talk first of the harm alcohol does to the nerves4 ,you know they are the grayish-white cords which pass from the brain and the spine to every part of the body4 ,what do they act like in the kind of work they do8--,like telegraph wires4 ,what is their work8--,to carry messages to and from the brain4 ,what kinds of nerves have you learned about8--,nerves of feeling and nerves of motion4 ,when alcohol touches a nerve1 it draws away the moisture or water from it1 and hardens the white part or albumen2 this makes the nerve shrivel as if it had been burned2 it loses its power to feel and move1 or1 to use a long word1 is paralyzed4 ,alcohol paralyzes all the nerves it touches4 ,it makes them so stupid that they cannot understand what the brain says to them1 and they do not carry the right messages back to it4 ,for instance3 when the nerves of the stomach are poisoned by the alcohol in beer1 wine1 etc41 they do not feel the pain of hunger as much as they otherwise would1 and they let the brain think the stomach is satisfied and does not need any more food1 when it is only stupefied by these liquors4 ,again1 it is the work of some nerves to tell the muscles of the small arteries to tighten1 or contract1 when too much blood is coming into them4 ,alcohol so paralyzes these nerves that they do not carry their message2 the arteries let in the blood1 and become swollen and enlarged4 ,they tell the mischief done to them1 by causing the skin to be red or flushed4 ,if people drink much of any intoxicating liquor1 and often1 their skin is always a bad color1 or1 as grown folks say1 becomes permanently discolored4 ,all this because the nerves have been made unfit to do their duty by alcohol poison4 ,the nerves also lose power over the muscles of the limbs4 ,this is plainly seen in the trembling of the hands and the unsteady walking of the drunkard2 but is equally true of those who drink only a little now and then4 ,their nerves are not as strong and wide-awake to control the machinery of the body as they would be if no alcohol were troubling them4 ,sometimes the nerves of hearing and sight tell the brain queer stories1 and the poor brain believes them all1 for it1 too1 is stupefied by the same fire-water which has hurt the nerves4 ,indeed1 the harm done by alcohol to the brain is greater than that done to any other part of the body4 ,it takes the water from the albumen1 and makes the white part of the brain hard1 as if it had been cooked4 ,it kills the little1 circle-shaped1 red parts of the blood--the corpuscles2 these collect in the blood-vessels of the brain1 and keep the blood from flowing as fast as it ought1 which causes disease and very often death4 ,sometimes the brain is so much injured by the poison that the drinker becomes crazy1 and is a great deal of trouble to himself and everybody else4 ,since all this is true1 wise children will let cider1 lager1 ale1 wine1 and every other kind of alcoholic drink alone1 and never1 ,,never1 ,put an enemy into their mouths1 ,to steal away their brains4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,harm ,,done ,,by ,,alcohol ,,to ,,the ,,nerves4 ,,brain4 ,takes away their moisture1 and ,fills or congests its paralyzes them4 blood-vessels with impure ,takes away their power to blood4 control the muscles4 ,collects in it1 and paralyzes ,makes them unfit to carry it4 messages to and from the ,hardens its albumen4 brain4 ,so hurts it as to cause craziness 7insanity7 and death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,more ,,about ,,the ,,harm ,,done ,,by ,,alcohol4 ,in the lessons you have learned you have been taught about the harm done by alcohol to the body and the mind2 can you tell1 from what you have seen of drunken people1 in what other way alcoholic liquors hurt them8--,they make people waste their money2 they make them waste their time2 they make them cross2 they make them fight2 they make them say silly and wicked words2 they sometimes make fathers and mothers hurt their children2 they make people lose their good name2 they often make them do things for which they are sent to prison4 ,yes1 this is only some of the mischief done by alcohol4 ,if you could fly around the world and see everybody who has been hurt in any way by this terrible poison1 what a sad1 sad sight you would behold6 ,at least half the trouble in the world comes from strong drink4 ,are you1 little girl1 little boy1 going to join the army of drunkards8 ,no1 indeed6 you think2 but probably no one who has become a drunkard ever intended to do so4 ,they all began with one glass1 a few drops of some alcoholic liquor1--cider1 wine1 or beer perhaps1--and thus learned to love the taste of alcohol1 and soon became its slaves4 ,for this poison has the strange power of making those who drink it want more and more of itself1 though they know it is doing them harm4 ,the only safety is in letting alcoholic liquors alone1 forever4 ,,blackboard ,,outline4 ,,alcoholic ,,liquors ,,hurt ,the body1 ,the mind1 and ,the soul2 ,,and ,,make ,,people ,,waste ,,lose ,,unfit ,,to ,,unfit ,,to ,,serve ,money1 ,strength1 ,think1 or ,themselves1 ,talents1 and ,health1 and ,work4 ,their neighbor1 ,time4 ,good name4 or ,,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stories ,,about ,,the ,,harm ,,done ,,by ,,alcohol4#f ,a ,,young ,,beginner4--,the hardest drinker ,i ever knew commenced on cider when he was only five years old4 ,he would go to the barrel of cider in the cellar1 which had been put there to make vinegar1 and1 getting a straw1 would suck all the cider he wanted2 and then1 after he had played awhile1 he would go back and get more4 ,he kept on drinking alcoholic liquors of some kind1 until he died a drunkard4 ,,cider ,,delirium4--,dr4 ,j4,h4 ,travis1 of ,masonville1 ,n4,y41 was once called to a child six years old1 who was raving in the wildest delirium4 ,his symptoms were so peculiar that he questioned the family closely1 and found that the day previous1 at a raising1 the child had drank freely of cider4 ,after the men left he had procured a straw and gone to the barrel and drank till he was senseless1 and after this the delirium came on4 ,he exhibited undoubted symptoms of delirium tremens4 ,cider was the common beverage of the family4 ,dr4 ,travis has been called to several other cases of delirium tremens from the use of cider4--,mrs4 ,e4,j4 ,richmond4 ,a ,,caution ,,to ,,mothers4--,one of the first literary men in the ,united ,states said to a temperance lecturer3 ,there is one thing which ,i wish you to do everywhere2 entreat every mother never to give a drop of strong drink to a child4 ,i have had to fight as for my life all my days to keep from dying a drunkard1 because ,i was fed with spirits when a child4 ,i thus acquired an appetite for it4 ,my brother1 poor fellow1 died a drunkard4 ,a ,,girl ,,drunkard4--,a young girl of eighteen1 beautiful1 intelligent1 and temperate1 the pride of her home1 was recommended to take a little gin for some chronic ailment4 ,she took it2 it soothed the pain2 she kept on taking it2 it created an artificial appetite1 and in four years she died a drunkard4--,medical ,temperance ,journal4 ,a ,,little ,,won',t ,,hurt ,,him4--,i was the pet of the family4 ,before ,i could well walk ,i was treated to the sweet from the bottom of my father's glass4 ,my dear mother would gently chide with him1 ,don't1 ,john1 it will do him harm4 ,to this he would smilingly reply1 ,this little sup won't hurt him4 ,when ,i became a school-boy ,i was ill at times1 and my mother would pour for me a glass of wine from the decanter4 ,at first ,i did not like it2 but1 as ,i was told that it would make me strong1 ,i got to like it4 ,when ,i became an apprentice1 ,i reasoned thus3 ,my parents told me that these drinks are good1 and ,i cannot get them except at the public-house4 ,step by step ,i fell4444 ,i have grown to manhood1 but my course of intemperance has added sin to sin4 ,my days are now nearly ended4 ,hope for the future ,i have none4--,dying ,drunkard4 ,,danger4--,in one of ,mr4 ,moody's temperance prayer meetings at ,chicago1 a reformed man attributed a former relapse of drunkenness wholly to a physician's prescription to take whiskey three times a day6 ,,killed ,,by ,,the ,,poison4--,many years ago1 when stage coaches were in use in ,england1 during a very cold night1 a young woman mounted the coach4 ,a respectable tradesman sitting there asked her what induced her to travel on such a night1 when she replied that she was going to the bedside of her mother1 of whose illness she had just heard4 ,she was soon wrapped in such coats1 etc41 as the passengers could spare1 and when they stopped the tradesman procured her some brandy4 ,she declined it at first1 saying she had never drank spirits in her life4 ,but he said1 ,drink it down2 it won't hurt you on such a bitter night4 ,this was done repeatedly1 until the poor girl fell fast asleep1 and when they arrived in ,london she could not be roused4 ,she was stiff and cold in death1 and the doctor1 on the coroner's inquest1 said that she had been killed by the brandy4--,mrs4 ,balfour4 ,,in ,,case ,,of ,,shipwreck4--,in the winter of #agif a vessel was wrecked on an island of the ,massachusetts coast1 and five persons on board determined to swim ashore4 ,four of them drank freely of spirits to keep up their strength1 but the fifth would drink none4 ,one was drowned1 and all that drank spirits failed and stopped1 and froze one after another1 the man that drank none being the only one that reached the house at some distance from1 the shore1 and he lived many years after that4 ,,it ,,exhausts ,,strength4--,concerning one cold winter when there were very severe snow-storms in the ,highlands of ,scotland1 ,james ,hogg1 the poet1 says3 ,it was a received opinion all over the country that sundry lives were lost1 and a great many more endangered1 by the administration of ardent spirits to the sufferers while in a state of exhaustion4 ,a little bread and sweet milk1 or even bread and cold water1 proved a much safer restorative in the fields4 ,some who took a glass of spirits that night never spoke another word1 even though they were continuing to walk and converse when their friends joined them4 ,one woman found her husband lying in a state of insensibility2 she had only sweet milk and oatmeal cake to give him1 but with these she succeeded in getting him home and saving him4--,bacchus4 ,,shipmaster ,,of ,,the ,,kedron4--,i was brought up in a temperance school1 and when ,i shipped before the mast ,i stuck to my principles1 though everyone else on board drank excepting two boys whom ,i persuaded to abstain4 ,in a very severe storm off a lee-shore1 when it was so cold they had to break the icicles off the ropes to tack the ship1 all drank but myself and these two boys4 ,the men would work very well for a few minutes1 and then slack off and take another drink1 until they were all keeled up1 and we three boys had all we could do to keep the ship from going ashore4 ,if we had drank with the rest1 all would have been lost1 for the men were too drunk to save themselves4 ,providentially1 the storm abated before morning1 and we were saved4 ,now1 for many years ,i have been captain of my own ship1 and ,i never give out one drop of liquor4--,captain ,brown4 ,,on ,,the ,,plains4--,twenty-six men1 travelling on one of the great ,western plains in the ,united ,states1 were overtaken by cold and night4 ,they had food1 clothing1 and whiskey1 but no fire4 ,they were warned not to drink whiskey or they would freeze4 ,three did not drink a drop1 and though they felt cold they did not suffer nor freeze4 ,three more drank a little1 and though they suffered much they did not freeze4 ,seven others that drank a good deal had their toes and fingers frozen4 ,six that drank pretty strong were badly frozen and never got over it4 ,four that got very boozy were frozen so badly that they died three or four weeks afterward4 ,three that got dead drunk were stiff dead by daylight4 ,they all suffered just in proportion to the amount of whiskey they took4 ,they were all strong men1 and had about the same amount of clothing and blankets2 the whiskey was all that made the difference4 ,,the ,,red ,,river ,,expedition in ,canada1 in #ahgj1 is often quoted as one of the most laborious on record1 #abjj troops travelling #abjj miles through a very dense wilderness1 and having all their supplies to carry4 ,they were ninety-four days out1 and none of them had liquor4 ,they were constantly wet through1 sometimes for days together1 and all the while at the severe labor of rowing1 poling1 tracking1 and portaging1 yet they were always well and cheery1 and there was a total absence of crime4 ,,in ,,africa it is far safer to do without intoxicating drink4 ,livingstone says that he lived without it for twenty years4 ,stanley performed his wonderful journey without it4 ,bruce said more than one hundred1 years ago3 ,i laid down as a positive rule of health that spirits and all fermented liquors should be regarded as poisonous4 ,spring1 or running water1 if you can find it1 is to be your only drink4 ,,waterton1 the great naturalist1 who travelled so much in ,south ,america1 says3 ,i eat moderately1 and never drink wine1 spirits1 or any fermented liquors in any climate4 ,this abstemiousness has proved a faithful friend4 ,he died by accident at the age of eighty-three4 ,,mr4 ,,huber1 who saw #bafj perish of cholera in twenty-five days in one town in ,russia1 says that ,persons given to drinking are swept away like flies4 ,in ,tiflis1 containing #bj1jjj inhabitants1 every drunkard has fallen4 ,of #bjd cases of cholera in the ,park ,hospital1 ,new ,york1 there were but six temperate persons1 and these recovered4 ,in ,albany1 where cholera prevailed with severe mortality for several weeks1 only two of the #ejjj members of temperance societies became its victims4 ,in ,montreal1 where the victims of the disease were intemperate1 it usually cut them off4 ,in ,great ,britain1 those who have been addicted to spirituous liquors and irregular habits have been the greatest sufferers from cholera4 ,in some towns the drunkards are all dead4--,bacchus4 ,,malt ,,liquors1 under which title are included all kinds of porters and ales1 produce the worst species of drunkenness4 ,the effects of malt liquors are more stupefying than those of ardent spirits1 and less easily removed4 ,in a short time they render dull and sluggish the gayest disposition4--,anatomy of ,drunkenness4 ,,ginger-,,beer4--,a man who has been a temperance-worker for forty-five years1 says that there is often alcohol in ginger-beer4 ,he told of a case known to him of a reformed man who1 after drinking some1 felt strongly drawn to the bar-room1 where he drank until he brought on delirium tremens4 ,the beer will sometimes ferment enough in a few hours to produce alcohol--if it answers the conditions--a sweet liquid and a ferment4 ,,danger ,,to ,,the ,,reformed4--,a lady who had become a drunkard through taking alcoholic drinks as medicines1 at length1 after many efforts1 succeeded in breaking away from the power of the appetite1 and for a long time she seemed to be saved4 ,at length she went to visit her mother1 and that mother put brandy peaches on the table for tea4 ,they aroused the slumbering appetite1 the victim fell again1 became worse than ever1 and died a miserable drunkard4 #f ,from ,juvenile ,temperance ,manual1 by ,julia ,colman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stories ,,about ,,the ,,right ,,way ,,to ,,treat ,,ale1 ,,beer1 ,etc4 ,,the ,,right ,,side4--,boys1 which is the right side of the public house8 ,can you tell me8--,yes1 sir1 the outside4 ,,the ,,goat ,,and ,,the ,,ale4--,many years ago1 when everybody drank freely1 a ,welsh minister named ,rees ,pritchard was at the ale-house drinking1 when he took it into his head to offer some ale to a large tame goat4 ,the animal drank till he fell down drunk1 and the minister drank on till he was carried home drunk4 ,the next day he was sick all day1 but on the third day he went again to the ale-house1 and began to drink4 ,the goat was there1 and he offered him more ale1 but the animal would not touch it4 ,the minister1 seeing the animal wiser than himself1 was ashamed1 and gave up drinking1 and became a worthy minister4 ,,how ,,the ,,monkey ,,was ,,cured4--,a monkey named ,kees had been taught to drink brandy4 ,at dinner every day he had his share like his more manly 787 neighbors1 only that his was given to him in a plate4 ,one day1 as he was about to drink it1 his master set it on fire1 and he ran off frightened and chattering4 ,no inducement could afterward make him drink brandy4 ,we have many stories of animals who would never drink again after they had once experienced its effects4 ,,the ,,keen ,,marksman does not poison his nerves and brain with alcohol4 ,angus ,cameron1 a ,highlander1 at the age of twenty1 took the ,queen's prize for the best marksmanship1 and when he was twenty-two 7in #ahfi71 he won in the same way a cup worth #ajjj4 ,he made the best shot each time that ever had been made in the contest1 and neither of them has been beaten by anyone else4 ,angus is a slight1 modest1 unassuming young man1 who had been a ,band of ,hope boy4 ,when he was announced as the winner1 and all the friends made an ado over him1 and offered him a generous glass of champagne1 he quietly refused their mistaken kindness1 and kept his pledge4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin1 when a printer boy in ,london1 would drink no beer1 and his companions called him the water ,american1 and wondered that he was stronger than they who drank beer4 ,his companion at the press drank six pints of beer every day1 and had it to pay for4 ,he was not only saved the expense1 but he was stronger than they1 and better off in every way4 ,if he had gone to drinking beer at that time1 like the other printer boys1 it is likely we should never have heard of him4 ,,oatmeal ,,drink4--,in ,boulton and ,watts' factory we saw an immense workman at the hottest and heaviest work1 wielding a ponderous hammer1 and asked him what liquor he drank4 ,he replied by pointing to an immense vessel filled with water and oatmeal1 to which the men went and drank as much as they liked4 ,this is made by adding one pound fine oatmeal to each gallon of water1 and is much used in factories and at heavy work of all kinds in ,government works1 instead of the old rations of alcoholic liquors4 ,iron puddlers1 glass blowers1 and athletic trainers1 all do their work now better without alcoholic liquors4 ,a ,,change ,,in ,,affairs4--,a poor boy was once put as an apprentice to a mechanic2 and1 as he was the youngest1 he was obliged to go for beer for the older apprentices1 though he never drank it4 ,in vain they teased and taunted him to induce him to drink2 he never touched it4 ,now there is a great change4 ,every one of those older apprentices became a drunkard1 while this temperance boy has become a master1 and has more than a hundred men in his employ4 ,so much for total abstinence4 ,,books ,,better ,,than ,,beer4--,an intelligent young mechanic stood up in a temperance meeting and said3 ,i have a rich treat every night among my books4 ,i saved my beer money and spent it in books4 ,they cost me1 with my book-case1 nearly #ajj4 ,they furnish enjoyment for my winter evenings1 and have enabled me1 by ,god's blessing1 to gain much useful knowledge1 such as pots and pipes could never have given me4 ,a ,,little ,,drummer-,,boy was a favorite among the officers1 who one day offered him a glass of strong drink4 ,he refused it1 saying that he was a ,cadet of ,temperance4 ,they accused him of being afraid2 but that did not move him4 ,then the major commanded him to drink1 saying3 ,you know it is death to disobey orders4 ,the little fellow stood up at his full height1 and fixing his clear blue eyes on the face of the officer1 he said3 ,when ,i entered the army ,i promised my mother on bended knees that1 by the help of ,god1 ,i would not taste a drop of rum1 and ,i mean to keep my promise4 ,i am sorry to disobey orders1 sir1 but ,i would rather suffer than disgrace my mother1 and break my temperance pledge4 ,he was excused from drinking4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tobacco4 ,,introductory ,,lesson4 ,you have been learning about the poison alcohol1 and what mischief is done by it2 we will now study about another poison which thousands of persons are using every day4 ,it is rolled in cigars and cigarettes1 and hidden in snuff and pieces of tobacco1 and does more harm to children and young people who use these things than to grown persons4 ,perhaps you know how a person feels who takes tobacco or smokes a cigar for the first time2 if not1 we will tell you4 ,he begins to be dizzy1 to tremble1 to become faint1 and to vomit2 his head aches1 and he is so sick for hours1 often for several days1 that he scarcely knows what to do4 ,why is he so sick8 ,because tobacco poison has been taken into his lungs2 also1 some has mixed with the saliva and gone down into his stomach2 and each part it has reached is striving to drive it out1 and is saying1 by the pain it causes1 ,you have given me poison2 do not give me any more4 ,if he had taken enough it would have killed him4 ,he recovers from this sickness and tries chewing or smoking again and again1 until he becomes accustomed to the poison and can chew or smoke and it does not hurt him2 so he thinks1 but he is very much mistaken4 ,tobacco is a poison1 and hurts everybody who uses it every time they do so1 although it does its evil work very slowly1 unless taken in large quantities4 ,to understand more about this we will try to learn how tobacco is obtained1 what poison is in it1 and in what way it harms people4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,story ,,about ,,tobacco4 ,,how ,,it ,,came ,,to ,,be ,,used4--,tobacco is the leaves of the tobacco plant1 a native of ,america4 ,it was used by the ,indians of this country before ,columbus came here in #adib4 ,some of the ,spaniards who were with him on his second visit took some of it back with them to ,portugal1 and told the people they had discovered a wonderful medicine4 ,from ,spain tobacco seed was sent to ,france by ,jean ,nicot1 in #aefj4 ,it is said that ,sir ,walter ,raleigh carried it to ,england in #aehf1 when ,elizabeth was queen4 ,in a few years many civilized people were snuffing1 chewing1 and smoking tobacco1 like the wild ,indians1 although it cost them a great deal of money to do so4 ,king ,james does not seem to have liked it very much1 for he said1 ,it is a custome loathsome to the eye1 hateful to the nose1 harmful to the brain1 and dangerous to the lungs4 ,he called the smoke stinking fumes4 ,,the ,,tobacco ,,plant4 ,this plant belongs to the same family as the deadly nightshade1 henbane1 belladonna1 thorn-apple1 ,jerusalem cherry1 potato1 tomato1 egg-plant1 cayenne pepper1 bitter-sweet1 and petunia4 ,most of the plants of this ,nightshade family have more or less poison in their leaves or fruit4 ,tobacco is supposed to have been named from the pipe used by the ,indians in smoking its leaves4 ,the common tobacco plant grows from three to six feet high1 and has large1 almost lance-shaped1 leaves growing down the stems2 its flowers are funnel-shaped and of a purplish color4 ,when fresh the leaves have very little odor or taste4 ,,how ,,tobacco ,,is ,,used4--,when the plants are ripe1 they are cut off above the roots and placed where they will become dry1 sometimes in a building made for this purpose1 called a tobacco house4 ,after a short time they begin to smell strong and taste bitter4 ,they are then stripped from the stems very carefully and sorted4 ,the leaves nearest the root are considered the poorest1 those at the top generally the best4 ,the different sorts are packed in separate hogsheads1 and sent away to be sold to manufacturers of cigars1 snuff1 etc4 ,the manufacturer has some leaves rolled into cigars1 some pressed into cakes for chewing1 or into little pieces to be smoked in a pipe2 while some are ground for snuff4 ,while the dried leaves are being rolled1 pressed1 or ground1 various substances are mixed with them to give them an agreeable odor and pleasant taste4 ,yet1 however pleasant the manufacturer may make them as he rolls1 presses1 or grinds1 he cannot take the poison out of them4 ,it remains in its brown covering to do much harm to those who may smoke the cigars1 use the snuff1 or chew the tobacco4 ,,blackboard ,,outline4 ,,the ,,tobacco ,,plant4 ,,native ,,of ,,found ,,by ,,taken ,,to ,,grows ,,in ,,the ,america4 ,columbus1 #adib4 ,portugal1 ,torrid and #adif4 temperate zones4 ,france1 #aefj4 7,about #ej species47 ,england1 #aehf4 ,,description4 ,,family ,height1 #c to #f feet4 ,the same as the ,jerusalem ,cherry1 ,leaves1 lance-ovate1 and running ,petunia1 down the stem4 ,potato1 ,stem1 hairy and sticky4 ,tomato1 ,flowers1 funnel-shaped and ,egg-plant1 purplish4 ,red pepper1 etc4 ,,how ,,made ,,ready ,,for ,,use4 7#a7 7#b7 ,cut-off above the roots4 ,flavored and scented4 ,dried4 ,rolled for cigars4 ,stripped2 sorted4 ,pressed for chewing4 ,packed1 and sold to the ,ground for snuff4 manufacturers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,poison ,,in ,,tobacco ,,and ,,the ,,harm ,,it ,,does4 ,,the ,,poison4--,what is the poison in fermented liquors8--,alcohol4 ,in distilled liquors8--,alcohol ,true2 and the strongest poison in tobacco is nicotine1 named from the man who first sent it to ,france1 ,jean ,nicot4 ,beside this it contains several others1 some of which we shall tell you about when we make up our blackboard outline4 ,tobacco1 like alcohol1 is a narcotic2 that is1 it soothes pain and produces sleep4 ,alcohol acts first upon the nerves2 tobacco upon the muscles1 which it weakens and causes to tremble4 ,it often causes palpitation of the heart4 ,if the skin is scratched or punctured1 and tobacco poison put into the wound1 it will do the same harm as if it were taken into the stomach4 ,tobacco is so dangerous that physicians do not use it much as a medicine4 ,,harm ,,done ,,in ,,the ,,stomach4--,you remember that after alcohol has been swallowed1 the little mouths of the stomach take it up and carry it to the liver1 which sends it with the blood to different parts of the body4 ,tobacco1 as we have already told you1 poisons more slowly4 ,people do not swallow it purposely1 yet some of it goes down1 accidentally1 into the stomach with the saliva1 and makes trouble there1 causing nausea and vomiting when taken for the first time4 ,by and by the stomach seems to take the poison without being hurt1 but it really suffers from dyspepsia or other diseases1 and often loses its appetite for wholesome food4 ,,harm ,,done ,,in ,,the ,,mouth1 ,,throat1 ,,and ,,lungs4--,the mouth takes in some of the poison through the pores of the membrane1 or skin1 which lines it2 those who smoke1 sometimes have what is called smokers' sore throat2 besides this1 the senses of taste and smell arc more or less injured by nicotine and the other poisons in tobacco4 ,the fumes1 or smoke1 from the weed fills the air with poisonous vapor which irritates the lungs1 not only of the smoker1 but of all who are where they must breathe the same atmosphere4 ,lungs thus irritated are liable to become diseased4 ,cigarettes are still more injurious than cigars because of the smoke from their paper coverings2 also1 because from the way they are made1 more of the tobacco poison goes into the lungs4 ,the cheap cigarette which boys use is made from cast-away cigar stumps and other filthy things4 ,,harm ,,done ,,in ,,the ,,brain ,,and ,,nerves4--,the smoker feels so rested and comfortable1 after his cigar1 and his brain is so rested1 that he does not think about the mischief that is going on among its blood-vessels and nerves2 perhaps he has never heard that tobacco1 snuffed1 chewed1 or smoked hurts the brain1 and does not learn about it until he finds he is losing his memory1 that his mind is not so strong to think as it should be1 and his will too weak to help him conquer his love for the snuff1 tobacco1 or cigar1 when he wishes to stop using it4 ,he has become the slave of tobacco1 and it is not easy to get free from his cruel enemy4 ,the nerves also lose their power1 or become more or less paralyzed by nicotine and the other tobacco poisons4 ,,more ,,about ,,the ,,harm ,,done ,,by ,,tobacco4--,some persons who continue to use tobacco are strong enough to throw off the poison through the lungs1 the skin1 and in other ways2 but how much better it would be if they were not obliged to employ their strength in getting rid of that which does them no good1 which only gives a little pleasure to nobody but themselves1 and often makes those suffer who are compelled to remain where they are having a good smoke4 ,beside1 their breath and clothing have the tobacco odor1 which not only makes the air impure1 but is disagreeable to most people4 ,if this be true of smoking1 what shall we say about the filthy habit of chewing1 and the utterly useless and disgusting practice of taking snuff1 which injures the voice as well as the senses of taste and smell8 ,and what about spitting tobacco juice on the floors of cars1 steamboats1 churches1--any place where it is convenient for the man or boy who has lost his common politeness in his love for tobacco8 ,we must not forget that cigars1 etc41 cost money4 ,no one who smokes1 chews1 or snuffs would throw away dollars and cents which might be put into the savings bank1 or used in buying something worth having for himself or somebody else4 ,lastly1 we would have you know that tobacco causes thirst1 and this often leads to drinking alcoholic liquors4 ,some one who has studied this subject1 says that nine out of ten of the boys and young men who become drunkards have first learned to smoke or chew tobacco4 ,a ,new ,york daily paper gave a list of #bid cases of insanity caused by drinking1 in #bdf of which the whiskey drinking followed tobacco chewing4 ,tobacco and alcohol make thousands of wretched homes1 and send a great many people to prison or to the insane asylum2 so we entreat you to turn from beer1 wine1 and all alcoholic liquors as you would from a serpent1 and say ,no1 when tempted to smoke a cigar or use tobacco in any form4 ,do this all the more decidedly because1 as we have told you before1 alcohol and tobacco hurt children and young persons in every way more than they injure any one else4 ,if you have begun to use these poisons1 give them up this very day1 before the habit of using them becomes too strong for you to break4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,questions ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,tobacco4 ,of what poison beside alcohol have you been studying8--,tobacco4 ,how is tobacco used8--,some take it in snuff2 some chew it2 some smoke it in a pipe2 some smoke it in cigars or cigarettes4 ,what is the name of the strongest poison in tobacco8--,nicotine4 ,what harm does tobacco poison do to the body8--,see ,blackboard ,outline4 ,what harm does it do to the mind8--,see ,blackboard ,outline4 ,whom does it harm most8--,those who begin to use it when they are children or very young4 ,what happens to children or young people if they use tobacco in any way8--,they are not healthy2 they are not strong2 they do not grow fast2 they look pale and sickly4 ,how does the tobacco poison hurt their minds8--,they cannot learn fast2 they often forget what they have learned4 ,what often makes tobacco-chewers1 snuffers1 and smokers disagreeable to clean people8--,their breath smells of tobacco2 their clothes smell of tobacco2 they poison the air with tobacco-fumes2 some have the filthy habit of spitting tobacco-juice wherever they happen to be4 ,what other harm does the use of tobacco do to people8--,it makes them waste time and money2 it leads some to drink alcoholic liquors and to go with bad company4 ,if you are wise how will you treat tobacco8--,i will let it alone4 ,if you have begun to use it what had you better do8--,give it up to-day4 ,why to-day8--,because the longer ,i use it the harder it will be for me to give it up4 ,if you keep on using it what will you be8--,a tobacco slave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,blackboard ,,outline4 ,,tobacco4 ,,poisons ,,in ,,tobacco ,,smoke4 ,,effects ,,of ,,the ,,poisons4 ,carbonic acid ,causes sleepiness and headache4 ,carbonic oxide ,causes trembling of the muscles and heart4 ,ammonia ,bites the tongue2 makes too much work for the salivary glands4 ,nicotine ,see below4 ,,nicotine ,,is ,,causes ,odorous1 ,weakness1 ,pungent1 ,nervousness1 ,emetic1 ,dizziness1 ,poisonous1 ,nausea1 ,pain-soothing1 ,faintness1 ,sleep-producing1 i4e4 ,narcotic4 ,loss of strength1 ,stupor1 ,if taken in large quantities ,convulsions and ,death4 ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,harm ,,done ,,by ,,tobacco ,,to ,,the ,,body4 ,,to ,,the ,,mind1 ,,etc4 ,poisons the saliva4 ,makes the memory poor4 ,injures the sense of smell1 taste1 ,lessens the power to think4 sight1 and hearing4 ,weakens the will4 ,causes smokers' sore-throat4 ,makes people grow in selfishness ,injures the stomach1 causing and impoliteness4 dyspepsia1 etc4 ,makes people waste time and ,often takes away the appetite for money4 wholesome food4 ,often leads to drunkenness and bad ,irritates the air-cells of the company4 lungs4 ,sometimes causes insanity4 ,causes palpitation of the heart4 ,weakens the muscles1 causing trembling4 ,injures the eyes4 ,excites1 then stupefies and paralyzes the brain and the nerves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,opium ,,and ,,other ,,narcotics4 ,,opium4--,opium is the juice obtained from the seed-vessels of the white poppy before they are ripe2 this is dried1 and smoked in a pipe or chewed4 ,it makes a person feel very pleasant and happy for a little while1 then so horribly wretched that he takes more of the poison to forget his misery4 ,so he keeps on until mind and body are a complete wreck4 ,now and then an opium slave gets free from the dreadful habit which has mastered him1 but usually the slavery ends only in death4 ,,laudanum ,,and ,,morphine4--,these soothe pain and cause sleep2 but beware of them2 they are made from opium1 and like it1 though more slowly1 hurt mind and body4 ,beware also of chloral hydrate and chloroform1 which physicians give to ease suffering and produce sleep4 ,endure pain rather than form the habit of using these narcotics4 ,,hashish1 ,,etc4--,this is prepared from the hemp plant growing in hot countries1 and is a terribly exciting poison4 ,the areca nut1 the seed from a kind of palm1 pear-shaped1 and resembling a nutmeg1 is mixed with quick-lime and wrapped in a betel-leaf1 which grows on a vine belonging to the pepper family4 ,this mixture reddens the saliva and lips1 and blackens the teeth4 ,it is chewed by millions of people in ,india4 ,the leaves of the coca1 also of the thorn apple1 are smoked or chewed by the ,south ,american ,indian4 ,,all these poisons mean the same thing1-- ,a little pleasure1 ,,disease1 and ,,death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,practical ,work in the ,school-,room4 ,,by ,,sarah ,f4 ,,buckelew ,,margaret ,w4 ,,lewis4 ,part ,i4--,,the ,,human ,,body4 ,,teachers' ,,edition4 ,a ,,transcript ,,of ,,lessons ,,given ,,in ,,the ,,primary ,,department ,,of ,,grammar ,,school ,,no4 #di1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,this work was prepared especially to aid ,teachers in giving oral instructions in ,physiology to ,primary and ,intermediate ,classes4 ,it is1 perhaps1 the only ,physiology published that is suitable for these grades4 ,considerable attention is paid to the subject of ,alcohol and ,narcotics4 ,first is given a model lesson2 second1 a formula1 embodying the principal facts given during the development and teaching2 third1 questions for the formula2 fourth1 directions for teaching2 and fifth1 questions on the lesson4 ,these last are important4 ,a full plan of lessons is given for each week for five months1 in each of six grades1 showing exactly how much work ought to be attempted4 ,no book could be made more helpful to teachers4 ,to the thousands who are asking1 ',tell us how to teach1' here are full1 minute1 and correct instructions4 ,even the answers expected are given1 blackboard outlines are arranged1 and nothing is wanting to make the book as useful to teachers as it is possible for any book to be4 ,it ought to have a large sale4 ,no book published during the last ten years will do more to drive away routine from the school-room and introduce thought than this1 if only the teachers will use it4 ,its introduction displaces nothing but the old-fashioned monotonous recitations4 ,let them go2 we welcome this book as an important aid in hastening along the good time of better teaching4 ,it is excellently printed1 with good paper and binding4--,the ,new ,york ,school ,journal4 ,illustrated4 ,price by mail1 #ge cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,development ,,lessons4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,e4,v4 ,,degraff ,,miss ,m4,k4 ,,smith4 ,,in ,,five ,,parts4 ,i4 ,,fifty ,,lessons ,,on ,,the ,,senses1 ,,size1 ,,form1 ,,place1 ,,plants1 ,,and ,,insects4 ,these lessons are presented objectively with a view to showing how elementary work in natural science may be done4 ,,ii4 ,,quincy ,,school ,,work4 ,,iii4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,the ,,science ,,and ,,art ,,of ,,teaching4 ,specific instruction is given on how to teach ,reading1 ,spelling1 ,phonics1 ,language1 ,geography1 ,arithmetic1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,,school ,,government4 ,v4 ,,the ,,new ,,departure ,,in ,,the ,,schools ,,of ,,quincy4 ,by ,,chas4 ,,francis ,,adams4 ,,dr4 ,a4,d4 ,,mayo says1 in the ,new ,england ,journal of ,education3 ,although we have given place in our book-notice column to an appreciative mention of the volume1 ',development ,lessons1' a new reading seems to call for a new commendation of this admirable guide to teachers4 ,mr4 ,de,graff needs no special 'boom' as a first-class institute man1 and his extracts of lectures in ,part ,,iii4 sparkle with valuable suggestions4 ,in no published work is ,col4 ,parker really seen to such advantage as in the 'reports of conversations' with him in ,part ,,ii41 which can be studied with profit by every teacher4 ,but perhaps the most complete portion of this admirable book is the #agh pages of lessons on the ,senses1 ,size1 ,form1 ,place1 ,plants1 and ,insects1 by ,,miss ,m4,k4 ,,smith1 now ,teacher of ,methods in the ,state ,normal ,school at ,peru1 ,neb4 ,handsomely ,bound and ,illustrated4 #cjj pages4 ,price by mail1 #a4ej4