,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #chh ,,new ,,york1 ,june #i1 #ahhc ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xv41 ,no4 #chh4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+4--,f>cot's ,improv$ ,woolf ,comp\nd ,eng9e4--#d figures4 ,! ,swall[1 a ,new ,vehicle4 ,bor+ an ,oil ,well4 ,a ,cem5t ,res]voir4--#b figures4 ,fly+4 ,,ii4 ,,te*nology4--,iron & ,/eel4--,by ,,b>n>d ,,samuelson4 ,! _w's production ( pig iron4--,wond]ful uses & dem&s = iron & /eel4--,progress ( ,bessem] /eel4--,late/ improvem5ts 9 iron mak+4--,honors & rew>ds to inv5tors4 --,gr[? ( ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 process4--,! future ( iron & /eel4--,relations betwe5 employ]s & workm54 ,ma*9e = ,gr9d+ ,li?ographic ,inks & ,colors4--#a figure4 ,a new ,evaporat+ app>atus4--#b figures4 ,photo ,plates4--,wet & ,dry4 ,gelat9o ,bromide ,emulsion ) ,bromide ( ,z9c4 ,! ,removal ( ,ammonia f ,crude ,gas4 ,,iii4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,! ,hair1 its ,uses & its ,c>e4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,effective ,brea?+ 9 ,delay+ ! ,physical ,*anges ,incid5t to ! ,decl9e ( ,life1 & 9 ! ,prev5tion ( ,pneumonia4 ,consumption1 & ,diseases ( ,wom54--,by ,,david ,,w>k4 ,m4,d4--,pneumonia4--,! true fir/ /age ( ,consumption4 ,! developm5t ( tub]cul> matt] 9 ! blood4--,! value ( cod-liv] oil 9 ! prev5tion ( consumption4--,! influ5ce ( normal brea?+ on ! female g5]ative organs--,%[+ h[ ! brea?+ p[]s may be develop$4--,! effects ( adequate respiration 9 special cases4 ,vital ,discov]ies 9 ,ob/ruct$ ,air & ,v5tilation4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity4--,! ,portru% ,electric ,railway1 ,irel&4--,by ,dr4 ,,edw>d ,,hopk9son4 ,! ,?omson-,h\/on ,electric ,light+ ,sy/em4--#d figures4 ,a ,modification ( ! ,vibrat+ ,bell4--#b figures4 ,v4 ,,*emi/ry4--,acetate ( ,lime4 ,reconv]sion ( ,nitroglyc]9e into ,glyc]9e4 ,by ,c4,l4 ,,bloxam4 ,c>bonic ,acid & ,bisulphide ( ,c>bon4 ,by ,,john ,,tyndall4 ,,vi4 ,,agriculture ,,& ,,horticulture4--,propagation ( ,maple ,trees4 ,dioscorea ,retusa4--,illu/ration4 ,ravages ( a ,r>e ,scolytid ,beetle 9 ! ,sug> ,maples ( ,nor!a/]n ,new ,york4--,sev]al figures4 ,! ,r$ ,spid]4 #d figures4 ,japanese ,pepp]m9t4 ,,vii4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,! ,rec5t ,eruption ( ,etna4 ,! ,helod]ma ,horridum4--,illu/ration4 ,! ,kang>oo4 ,,viii4 ,,ar*itecture4--,design = a ,villa4--,illu/ration4 ,,ix4 ,,biography4--,william ,spottiswoode4--,portrait4 ,x4 ,,miscellane\s4--,physics )\t ,app>atus4--,illu/ration4 ,! ,travels ( ! ,sun4 ,,f>cot',s ,,improv$ ,,woolf ,,comp\nd ,,eng9e4 ,9 a prec$+ article1 we h describ$ a v5tilator :i* is 9 use at ! ,decazeville coal m9es1 & :i* is capable ( furni%+1 p] second1 #bj cubic met]s ( air ^: pressure mu/ be able to v>y betwe5 #cj & #hj millimet]s4 ,9 ord] to actuate su* an app>atus1 x 0 necess>y to h a motor t 0 possess$ ( great ela/icity1 & t nev]!less pres5t$ no complications incompatible ) ! application t 0 to be made ( x4 ,9 ! v5tilation ( m9es x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! !oretic p[] 9 kilogrammes necess>y to displace a c]ta9 numb] ( cubic met]s ( air1 at a pressure express$ 9 millimet]s ( wat]1 is obta9$ by multiply+ "o numb] by ! o!r4 ,apply+ ?is rule to ! case ( #bj cubic met]s "u a hydro/atic pressure ( #cj millimet]s1 we f9d3 #bj #cj #fjj kilogrammet]s4 ,9 ! case ( a pressure ( #hj millimet]s1 we h3 #bj #hj #a1fjj kilogrammet]s4 ,if we admit a product ( #ej p] c5t41 we %all h 9 ! two cases1 = ! p[] actually necess>y3 #fjj ---- #a1bjj kilogrammet]s1 or #af ,h4,p4 #j4je #a1fjj ----- #c1bjj kilogrammet]s1 or #dc ,h4,p4 #j4je ,su* are ! limits )9 :i* ! p[] ( ! motor %\ld be able to v>y4 ,aft] successively exam9+ all ! diff]5t sy/ems ( eng9es n[ 9 exi/5ce1 & f9d+ none :i*1 9 a pla9 =m1 0 capable ( fulfill+ ! conditions impos$1 ,mr4 ,e4,d4 ,f>cot decid$ to /udy out "o = himself4 ,almo/ f ! v beg9n+ ( 8 rese>*es 9 ?is direction1 he adopt$ ! ,woolf sy/em1 :i* is "o t p]mits ( great v>iation 9 ! expansion1 & "o 9 :i* ! /eam "u full pressure acts only ^u ! small pi/on4 ,!re are _m types ( ?is eng9e 9 use1 all ( :i* pres5t m>k$ defects4 ,9 "o ( !m1 ! l>ge cyl9d] is arrang$ directly ov] ! small "o s z to h b a s+le rod = ! two pi/ons2 & ! two cyl9d]s h !n "o bottom 9 common1 :i* is furni%$ ) a /uff+-box 9 :i* ! rod moves4 ,) ?is arrangem5t we h b a s+le connect+ rod & a s+le crank = ! %aft2 b1 ! /uff+-box n be+ accessible s t x c be kept 9 a clean /ate1 !re occur aft] a "t bo? leakages ( /eam & entrances ( air4 ,mr4 ,f>cot has fur!r simplifi$ ?is la/ nam$ type by suppress+ ! int]m$iate p>tition1 & consequ5tly ! /uff+-box4 ,! eng9e ?us becomes direct act+1 t is to say1 ! /eam acts fir/ ^u ! l[] surface ( ! small pi/on dur+ its asc5t1 & aft]w>d exp&s 9 ! l>ge cyl9d] & ex]ts its pressure ^u ! upp] surface ( ! l>ge pi/on dur+ its desc5t4 ,moreov]1 ! expansion may be begun 9 ! small cyl9d]1 ?anks to ! use ( a slide plate di/ribut+ valve1 devis$ by ! eld] ,f>cot & slightly modifi$ by ! son4 ,z ! volume compris$ betwe5 ! two pi/ons v>ies ) ! position ( ! latt]1 annoy+ c\nt]-pressures might result !refrom _h n c>e be5 tak5 to put ! *amb] 9 communication ) a res]voir ( t5 times great] capacity1 & :i* is =m$ by ! int]ior ( ! frame4 ,?is br+s ab\t an almo/ con/ant c\nt]-pressure4 ,! type ( motor "u consid]ation1 :i* we repres5t 9 ! accompany+ plate1 is possess$ ( rem>kable simplicity4 ,! numb] ( p>ts is r$uc$ to ! extreme/ limits2 x works at high spe$ )\t p]ceptible we>2 x does n require ^? frequ5t repairs t _m o!r *eap eng9es d2 & ! expansion ( ! /eam is utiliz$ )\t occasion+ viol5t %ocks 9 ! p>ts :i* transmit motion4 ,f9ally1 ! pla9ness ( ! :ole app>atus is p]fectly 9 accordance ) ! uses = :i* x 0 devis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f>cot',s ,,improv$ ,,woolf ,,comp\nd ,,eng9e4 ,details ( ,con/ruction4--,figs4 #a & #b repres5t ! motor 9 v]tical section made 9 ! direction ( two planes at "r angles4 ,figs4 #c & #d are horizontal sections made respectively 9 ! direction ( ! l9es #a-b & #c-d4 ,! frame1 :i* is ( ca/ iron & entirely holl[1 consi/s ( two uprights1 ,b1 connect$ at _! upp] "p by a sort ( cap1 ,b1 :i* is ca/ 9 a piece ) ! two cyl9d]s1 ,c & c4 ,! :ole re/s ^u a base1 ,b1 :i* is itself bolt$ to ! masonry f\ndation4 ,ea* ( ! uprights is provid$ int]nally ) project+ pieces = receiv+ ! guides betwe5 :i* slides ! cross-head1 g1 ( ! pi/on rod4 ,! slides t]m9ate 9 two lubricat+ cups design$ = oil+ ! surfaces submitt$ to friction4 ,! cross-head c>ries two be>+s1 g1 to :i* is jo9t$ ! =k$ extremity1 ,d1 ( ! connect+ rod1 ^: opposite extremity receives a /rap t embraces ! crank$ end ( ! driv+ %aft1 ,a4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ! crank1 ,a1 & ! be>+s1 g1 are v long4 ,! end ! inv5tor _h 9 view 9 con/ruct+ !m ?us 0 to dim9i% friction4 ,to ! %aft1 ,a1 are key$ ! c\pl+ disks1 ,q1 :i* are ca/ solid at a portion ( _! circumf]5ce situat$ at #ahj ) respect to ! p>ts1 ,a1 ( ! crank$ %aft1 ! object ( ?is be+ to balance ! latt] z well z a portion ( ! connect+ rod1 ,d4 ,! %aft1 ,a1 also receives ! ecc5tric1 ,e1 ( ! slide valve1 ! rod1 e1 ( :i* is jo9t$ to ! slide valve rod ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( a cross-head1 e1 analog\s to t ( ! pi/ons1 & :i*1 l ! latt]1 runs on guides held by ! support1 b4 ,! two pi/ons1 p & ,p1 are m\nt$ v simply on ! rod1 ,t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & slide 9 cyl9d]s1 c & ,c1 ^: diamet]s are respectively equal to #bgj & #dgj millimet]s4 ,! slide valve box1 ,f1 is bolt$ to ! cap-piece1 ,b1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,z = ! slide valve1 t1 its arrangem5t may be di/+ui%$ 9 section 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,its ecc5tric is key$ at #agj s z to admit /eam into ! small cyl9d] dur+ ! entire travel1 :i* latt] is #dgj mm4 ,to p]mit ( ! expansion beg9n+ 9 ! small cyl9d]1 ,mr4 ,f>cot has add$ a slid+ plate1 t1 :i* abuts at e /roke aga9/ ! /ops1 s4 ,^! latt] are affix$ to ! rod1 ,s1 ^: l[] extremity is ?read$1 & :i* may be mov$ v]tically1 z slightly z may be desir$1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p9ions1 ,s1 :5 ! h&-:eel1 ,v1 is revolv$4 ,a datum po9t1 v1 & a graduat$ socket1 v1 all[ ! position ( ! /ops1 s1 & consequ5tly ! degree ( expansion1 to be kn[n4 ,/eam is introduc$ into ! small cyl9d] ?r\gh ! conduit1 i1 & its passage into ! l>ge "o is effect$ ?r\gh ! conduit1 f4 ,! escape into ! int]ior ( ! frame is effect$1 aft] expansion1 ?r\gh ! horizontal conduit1 h4 ,! pipe1 ,h1 leads ?is exhau/ /eam to ! op5 air4 ,! pipe1 ,i1 leads /eam into ! jacket1 ,c1 ( ! l>ge cyl9d]1 ?is latt] be+ provid$ 9 addition ) a cas+ ( wood1 ,c1 s z to completely prev5t *ill+4 ,! regulator1 ,r1 is aft] ! ,bss patt]n1 & is set 9 motion by a belt :i* runs ov] ! pulleys1 a & a4 ,x is m\nt$ ^u a di/ribut+ box1 ,r1 to :i* /eam is l$ f ! boil] by ! pipe1 r4 ,aft] trav]s+ ?is box1 ! /eam ent]s ! slide valve box ?r\gh ! pipe1 r1 its admission !reto be+ regulat$ by ! h&-:eel1 ,r1 :i* likewise s]ves = /opp+ ! eng9e4 ,! cocks1 x1 are fix$ at ! base ( ! uprights1 ,b1 = draw+ f ! frame ! cond5s$ wat] t has accumulat$ !re94 ,! lubricat+ app>atus1 ,v1 :i* communicates1 ?r\gh ! tube1 u1 ) ! /eam port1 r1 p]mits oil to be s5t to ! l>ge & small cyl9d]s ?r\gh ! tubes1 u & u4 ,mr4 ,f>cot has rec5tly adapt$ ?is type ( motor to ! direct runn+ ( electric ma*9es t are requir$ to make #djj revolutions p] m9ute4--,publication ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 ,london1 ! presid5t-elect 7,mr4 ,b]n>d ,samuelson1 ,m4,p471 deliv]$ ! foll[+ inaugural address3 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,production ,,( ,,pig ,,iron4 ,he %[$ t ! _w's production ( pig iron has increas$ 9 r\nd numb]s f #aj1ejj1jjj tons 9 #ahfi to #bj1ejj1jjj tons 9 #ahhb4 ,! bla/ furnaces ( #ahfi produc$ on ! av]age a little ov] #ahj tons p] week1 ) a temp]ature ( bla/ sc>cely exce$+ #hjj ,fahr4 ,! consumption ( coke p] ton ( iron v>i$ f #be to #cj cwt4 ,to-day our bla/ furnaces produce on ! av]age upw>d ( #cjj tons p] week4 ,! ,consett ,company h rea*$ a production ( #c1djj tons 9 f\r weeks1 or #hej tons p] week1 & ( #acd tons 9 "o day f a s+le furnace4 ,f ! ,unit$ ,/ates we h au!ntic acc\nts ( an av]age production ( #a1abj tons p] furnace p] week hav+ be5 atta9$1 & t ev5 ?is great output has lately be5 consid]ably exce$$ !re4 ,bo? z to consumption ( fuel & we> & te>1 p] ton ( iron produc$1 ^! enorm\s outputs are att5d$ ) economy4 ,,heat ,,( ,,! ,,bla/4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,consett furnace !y 7 obta9$ al?\gh ! heat ( ! bla/ 0 "u #a1ajj ,fahr41 :ile heats ( #a1ejj to #a1fjj are n uncommon at ! pres5t day 9 brick /oves1 ?anks to ! application ( ! reg5]at+ pr9ciple ( ex-presid5t ,sir ,w4 ,siem5s4 ,b an economy :i* promises to be ( great importance is n[ s\ght 9 ! recov]y & useful application ( ^? con/itu5ts ( coal :i*1 9 ! cok+ process1 h hi!rto be5 lo/2 or1 z an alt]native1 9 a simil> recov]y 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! coal is *>g$ 9 a raw /ate into ! bla/ furnace1 z is ! practice 9 ,scotl& & else:]e4 ,?is recov]y ( ! hydroc>bons & ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! coal1 & _! collection z t> & ammoniacal liquors1 & subsequ5t conv]sion into sulphate ( ammonia z to ! latt]1 & into ! v>i\s light & heavy p>aff9 oils & ! residual pit* z to ! =m]1 h n[ be5 c>ri$ on = a consid]able "t at two ( ! ,g>t%]rie furnaces2 & !y are already engag$ 9 apply+ ! necess>y app>atus to eight m furnaces4 ,9 ! coke ov5 ! recov]y ( ^! by-products--if t "n c be prop]ly appli$ to sub/ances :i* yield ! mo/ brilliant colors1 ! pure/ illum9ants1 & ! fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts suppli$ by ! vegetable _w--w\ld appe> at fir/ sight to be simpl]2 b x has pres5t$ its own peculi> difficulties2 ! *ief ( :i* 01 or 0 believ$ to be1 a det]ioration 9 ! quality ( :at has hi!rto be5 ! pr9cipal1 b :at may1 p]haps1 come to be reg>d$ h]eaft] z ! residual product1 namely1 ! coke4 ,b ! m rec5t exp]i5ce ( ,messrs4 ,pease1 at ,crook1 appe>s n to ju/ify ?is op9ion4 ,y w see on our table specim5s ( ! coke produc$ 9 ! ,c>ves-,simon ov51 yield+ #ge to #gg p] c5t4 ( coke f ! ,pease's ,we/ coal1 :i* !y h n[ _h at "w = sev]al mon?s4 ,tw5ty-five ( ^! ov5s are at "w1 & ! av]age yield ( ammoniacal liquor p] ton ( coal has be5 #cj gallons ( a /r5g? ( #g ,twaddell1 valu$ at #a;d4 p] gallon at ! ov5s2 ! quantity ( t> p] ton has be5 #g gallons1 valu$ at #c;d4 p] gallon4 ,^! products w\ld !re=e realize #ds4 #c;d4 p] ton ( coal4 ,( c\rse ! pr(it on ! ton ( coke is consid]ably m1 & to ?is has to be add$ ! value ( ! additional weight ( coke1 :i* 9 ! ord9>y beehive ov5s f coal ( ! same quality is only #fj p] c5t4 or 9 beehive ov5s hav+ bottom flues ab\t #ff p] c5t41 :ile 9 ! ,c>ves ov5s x is1 z ,i h said1 upw>d ( #ge p] c5t4 ,aga9/ ^! figures !re is a *>ge ( #as4 #d;d4 p] ton ( coke = additional labor1 includ+ all ! labor 9 collect+ ! by-products2 ! int]e/ on ! fir/ co/ ( ! plant1 :i* is consid]able1 & probably "s outlay = repairs 9 excess ( t 9 ! case ( ord9>y ov5s1 has also to be *>g$4 ,mr4 ,jameson takes cr$it = ! combu/ible gas1 :i* is us$ up 9 ! ,c>ves ov5s1 b :i* rema9s ov] 9 8 process1 & is available1 ?\gh n ne>ly all consum$1 9 rais+ /eam = ! v>i\s purposes ( a colli]y1 includ+1 no d\bt1 be=e long1 ! g5]ation ( electricity = its illum9ation4 ,x is "r to /ate t prior to #ahgi ,mr4 ,h5ry ,aitk5 _h appli$ bottom flues = tak+ (f ! oil & ammoniacal wat] to beehive ov5s at ! ,almond ,ironworks1 ne> ,falkirk4 ,he /ates t ! l>ge/ quantity ( oil obta9$ 0 elev5 gallons1 ! specific gravity v>y+ f #j4ibe to #a4jjj1 & t ! wat] conta9$ a quantity ( ammonia fully equal to #e lb4 ( sulphate ( ammonia to ! ton ( coal cok$4 ,! residual p]man5t or non-cond5s$ gases 7 all[$ to issue f ! end ( ! cond5s] pipe1 & 7 burnt = light 9 ! eng9e-h\ses1 b x 0 int5d$ to =ce !m into ! ov5 aga9 above ! level ( ! coke4 ,ow+ to ! works be+ clos$1 no?+ has be5 done ) ^! ov5s = "s ye>s4 ,i may m5tion1 by ! way1 t x is propos$ to apply ! pr9ciple ( ,mr4 ,jameson's process to ! recov]y ( oil & ammonia f ! sm\ld]+ wa/e heaps at ! pit-bank1 by ! introduction into ^! ( conduits resembl+ ^? :i* he applies to ! bottom ( ! beehive ov54 ,!re is e reason to expect t "o or m ( ^! v>i\s me?ods ( utiliz+ valuable products :i* are at pres5t lo/ w be c>ri$ to p]fection1 & w t5d to *eap5 ! co/ at :i* iron c be produc$1 & /ill fur!r to increase its consumption = all ! multif>i\s purposes to :i* x is appli$4 ,,wond]ful ,,uses ,,& ,,dem& ,,= ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,b ! _w's annual production ( #bj1jjj1jjj tons ( pig iron is itself suffici5tly />tl+1 & )\t attempt+ to pres5t to y ! /ati/ics ( all its v>i\s uses--= :i*1 9 fact1 we d n possess ! necess>y mat]ials--! increas$ consumption ( m ?an #i1jjj1jjj tons s9ce #ahfi becomes conceivable :5 we consid] h[ "s ( ! great works 9 :i* x is employ$ h be5 ext5d+ dur+ t or ev5 a %ort] int]val4 ,& ( ^! ,i ne$ only speak ( ! _w's railways1 ( :i* !re 7 9 #ahgb #aee1jjj miles1 & 9 #ahhb n less ?an #bfj1jjj1 b probably m ne>ly #bfe1jjj miles4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone ab\t #fj1jjj miles ( railway h be5 built s9ce #ahfi--! ye>1 ,i may rem9d y 9 pass+1 9 :i* ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,/ates ( ! ,union 7 fir/ unit$ by a railway2 :ile 9 our ,indian ,empire ! communication betwe5 ,calcutta & ,bombay 0 n complet$ till ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! sub/itution ( iron & /eel = wood 9 ! con/ruction ( %ips1 & ! enorm\s increase 9 ! tonnage ( ! _w1 9 spite ( ! economy aris+ f ! employm5t ( /eam]s 9 place ( sail+ %ips1 is p]haps ! elem5t ( increas$ consumption next 9 importance to t ( railways4 ,i d n ?9k t ! mat]ials are available = e/imat+ ) any accuracy ! am\nt ( ?is increase1 b ,i believe ,i am r und]/at+ x if ,i take ! consumption ( iron & /eel us$ la/ ye> ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 %ipbuild+ z hav+ requir$ consid]ably m ?an #a1jjj1jjj tons ( pig iron = its production1 & t ?is is n f> %ort ( f\r times ! quantity us$ = ! same purpose be=e #ahgj4 ,& s all ! o!r great works 9 :i* iron & /eel are employ$ h increas$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to indicate !m all4 ,among ^? :i* rank next 9 importance to ! prec$+1 ,i w only "n ! works = ! di/ribution ( wat] & gas1 :i* 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 ext5d$ 9 a ratio f> great] ?an t ( ! increase ( ! population1 & :i*1 s9ce ! conclusion ( ! ,franco-,g]man w>1 & ! consolidation ( ! ,g]man & ,italian ,/ates1 are n[ to be f\nd 9 almo/ e ,european t[n ( ev5 second>y importance2 & bridges & pi]s1 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* iron has almo/ entirely sup]s$$ e o!r mat]ial4 ,x is difficult to imag9e :at w\ld h be5 ! /ate ( ! iron indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry if we _h be5 call$ ^u to supply our full proportion ( ! enorm\sly increas$ dem& = iron4 ,to meet t proportion1 ! ,briti% production ( pig iron %\ld h be5 close on #aa1jjj1jjj tons 9 #ahhb1 a dra9 on our m9]al res\rces :i* _c be replac$1 & :i*1 especially if cont9u$ 9 ! same ratio1 w\ld h be5 any?+ b desirable4 ,=tunately1 z ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 o!r c\ntries h contribut$ m ?an a proportionate am\nt to ! increase 9 ! _w's dem&2 &1 p>adoxical z x may appe>1 x is possible t1 to ?is c\ntry at lea/1 ! enc\ragem5t giv5 by protective duties to ! production ( iron abroad may h be5 a bless+ 9 disguise4 ,,progress ,,( ,,bessem] ,,/eel4 ,to speak ( ! enorm\s increase 9 ! production ( /eel by ! introduction ( ! ,bessem] process has become a commonplace on occasions l ! pres5t1 & yet ,i d\bt :e!r its real dim5sions are g5]ally kn[n or rememb]$4 ,9 #ahfi ! manufacture ( ,bessem] /eel _h already acquir$ :at 0 !n look$ ^u z a consid]able developm5t 9 all ! pr9cipal c5t]s ( metallurgical indu/ry1 except ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b includ+ our own c\ntry1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,au/ria1 & ! _w's production 9 t ye> 0 #djj1jjj tons4 ,la/ ye> x 0 ov] #e1jjj1jjj tons1 & x has d\bl$ 9 e /eel-produc+ c\ntry dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s1 except 9 ,france1 :]e1 dur+ ?is latt] p]iod1 ! increase has n be5 mu* m ?an "o-f\r?4 ,:at is almo/ z rem>kable z ! enorm\s increase 9 ! production ( ,bessem] /eel is ! great dim9ution 9 its co/4 ,9 ! ye>s prec$+ #ahge1 ! price ( rails manufactur$ f ,bessem] +ots fluctuat$ betwe5 #aj & #ah p] ton1 & ,i rememb] ,"l ,george ,hamilton :5 he 0 ,"u-,secret>y = ,india ( ,"l ,beaconsfield's adm9i/ration 9 #ahge or #ahgf1 congratulat+ himself on 8 good =tune 9 hav+ be5 able to secure a quantity ( /eel rails = ! ,indian gov]nm5t at #ac p] ton4 ,)9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s we h se5 !m sold "u #d #ajs4 9 ?is c\ntry1 & #e #ajs4 9 ,g]many & ,belgium4 ,,late/ ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,iron ,,mak+4 ,?is great r$uction is ! cumulative result ( a numb] ( concurr5t improvem5ts1 p>tly 9 ! conv]sion ( ! iron1 & p>tly 9 ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! +ot /eel4 ,9 mo/ ( ! great /eelworks ! iron is no long] remelt$1 b is transf]r$ direct f ! bla/ furnace to ! conv]t]1 a practice :i* orig9at$ at ,t]re-,noire1 & 0 long consid]$ 9 ?is c\ntry to be incompatible ) uni=mity 9 ! quality ( ! /eel produc$4 ,! turn-out ( ! conv]t] plant has be5 gradually increas$ 9 ?is c\ntry to m ?an f\r times t ( f\rte5 ye>s ago1 :ile ! practice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is /at$ by a rec5t visitor to h rea*$ su* an a/\nd+ figure t ,i am afraid to quote x )\t confirmation2 b ! greate/ economy arises no d\bt 9 ! labor & fuel employ$ 9 ! mill4 ,cogg+ has tak5 ! place ( hamm]+4 ,ev5 wa%-heat+ w be1 if x is n already1 g5]ally disp5s$ ) by ! soak+ process ( our colleague1 ,mr4 ,gj]s1 :i* p]mits ( ! +ot1 z x leaves ! pit1 be+ directly conv]t$ into a rail4 ,,/eel ,,rails #aej ,,feet ,,long4 ,an extract f a lett] address$ to me by our colleague1 ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,ri*>ds1 w describe bett] ?an any words ( m9e ! p]fection at :i* /eel rail mills h arriv$4 ,he says1 ,our cogg+ rolls are #dh 94 diamet]1 & ! r\gh+ & f9i%+ rolls are #cj 94 diamet]4 ,we roll rails #aej feet long z easily z !y us$ to roll #ba feet4 ,our +ots are #ae in*es squ>e1 & weigh f #be to #cj cwts4 accord+ to ! weight ( rail we h to roll4 ,^! heavy +ots are all h&l$ by ma*9]y4 ,we convey !m by small locomotives f ! ,bessem] %op to ! heat+ furnaces1 & by ! same means f ! heat+ furnaces to ! cogg+ rolls4 ,s quickly are ^! +ots n[ h&l$ t we h giv5 up second heat+ altoge!r1 s t aft] "o heat ! +ot is cogg$ f #ae in*es squ>e d[n to #h in*es squ>e1 !n at once pass$ on to ! r\gh+ & f9i%+ rolls1 & f9i%$ 9 l5g?s1 z ,i h said be=e1 ( #aej ft41 !n cut at ! hot saws to ! l5g?s giv5 9 ! specifications1 & v>y+ f #ch ft4 to ab\t #ba ft4 ,! #ch ft4 l5g?s are us$ by ! ,italian ',m]idionali' ,railway ,company1 & f\nd to give v satisfactory results4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t 9 a mill l ?is1 ! exp5diture ( fuel & labor & ! loss by wa/e caus$ by crop ends are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,,basic ,,/eel4 ,! enorm\s production ( /eel has requir$ ! importation ( l>ge quantities ( iron ore ( pure quality f ,spa91 ,alg]ia1 & else:]e1 into ?is c\ntry1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ^! supplies h contribut$ greatly to ! r$uction 9 ! price ( /eel to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & :at is1 p]haps1 ( equal importance1 !y h prev5t$ ! great fluctuations ( price :i* =m]ly prevail$4 ,9 #ahfi ?is trade 0 9 its infancy1 & almo/ conf9$ to ! importation ( ! ,alg]ian ores ( ,mokta el ,hadid into ,france1 :ile 9 #ahhb ,bilbao alone export$ #c1gjj1jjj tons ( hematite ores to v>i\s c\ntries to :i* ! exports f ! s\? ( ,spa91 ,alg]ia1 ,elba1 ,greece1 & o!r c\ntries h to be add$4 ,great ,brita9 alone import$ #c1jjj1jjj tons ( high class1 includ+ manganif]\s iron ores la/ ye>4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ! m9es ( pure iron exi/+ 9 ,europe w\ld long be> a dra9 s great & /ill increas+2 b happily ! "q no long] presses = an answ]1 because ! problem ( obta9+ fir/-class /eel f inf]ior ores has be5 solv$ by ! g5ius ( our colleagues1 ,mr4 ,snelus & ,messrs4 ,?omas & ,gil*ri/1 & by ! practical skill & indomitable resolution ( ,mr4 ,w9dsor ,ri*>ds4 ,x is no "p ( ! duty ( ! ,in/itute to assign to ea* ( ^! g5tlem5 8 precise %>e 9 ! developm5t ( ! basic process4 ,:atev] ^? %>es may be1 ,i feel sure y w agree ) y\r c\ncil z to ! propriety ( _! hav+ aw>d$ a ,bessem] m$al to two ( ^! g5tlem5--,messrs4 ,snelus & ,?omas--to ,mr4 ,snelus z ! fir/ :o made pure /eel f impure iron 9 a ,bessem] conv]t] l9$ ) basic mat]ials2 to ,mr4 ,?omas1 :o solv$ ! same problem indep5d5tly1 & s cle>ly demon/rat$ its practicability to ,mr4 ,ri*>ds by ! trials at ,bla5avon1 z to h l$ t g5tleman to devote all 8 en]gies & ! great res\rces ( ! ,e/on ,works to ! task ( mak+ x :at x n[ is1 a great comm]cial success4 ,all difficulties connect$ ) ! l9+ ( ! conv]t] & 9 insur+ a durability ( ! bottom1 ne>ly1 if n q1 equal to t 9 ! acid process1 appe> n[ to h be5 successfully surm\nt$1 & ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,gil*ri/ t ! pres5t production ( basic /eel 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t is already at ! rate ( consid]ably m ?an #ejj1jjj tons p] annum1 & t works are n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction :i* w increase ?is quantity to m ?an a million tons4 ,our memb]s w h ! opportunity ( see+ ! process at "w dur+ _! visit to ,middlesbr\gh1 at ! ,e/on ,works ( ,messrs4 ,bolck[1 ,vaughan ,co41 :i* are n[ produc+ #aej1jjj tons p] annum ( /eel ( ! highe/ quality f ! phosphoretic ,clevel& ores2 & also at ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,/eel ,company's ,works4 ,i believe x is ! int5tion ( ! latt] company to make a pure1 s(t /eel suitable = plates1 = :i*1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,mons4 ,delafond1 ( ,creuzot1 & o!rs1 ! basic /eel is peculi>ly suitable on acc\nt ( its rem>kable regul>ity4 ,i %all h ! pleasure ( pres5t+ to ,mr4 ,snelus ! m$al :i* he has s well des]v$4 ,,honors ,,& ,,rew>ds ,,to ,,inv5tors4 ,! pres5tation to ,mr4 ,?omas is def]r$4 ,8 ardu\s labors hav+ affect$ 8 heal?1 he is at pres5t 9 ,au/ralia1 aft] hav+1 ,i am happy to say1 receiv$ great advantage f ! voyage2 & 8 "m1 ju/ly pr\d ( 8 m]its1 & appreciat+ fully ! value ( _! recognition by ! aw>d :i* we h made1 has reque/$ u n to pres5t ! m$al by proxy1 b to await ! return ( h] son1 9 ord] t x may be h&$ to him 9 p]son4 ,b honors1 :e!r conf]r$ by ! ,cr[n1 by le>n$ bodies1 or1 z 9 ?is case1 by ! colleagues ( ! recipi5t1 ?\gh !y /imulate inv5tion1 are by !mselves n always suffici5t to enc\rage inv5tors to devote _! labor to ! improvem5ts ( manufactures or to induce capitali/s to assi/ inv5tors 9 ! prosecution ( co/ly exp]im5ts2 & x is on ?is acc\nt t ! protection ( inv5tions by pat5t is a public advantage4 ,! memb]s ( our pr(ession1 unlike "s o!rs1 h n be5 eag] to apply = pat5ts 9 ! case ( m9or inv5tions2 on ! contr>y1 !y h freely communicat$ to ea* o!r ! exp]i5ce z to improvem5t 9 detail :i* h result$ f _! daily practice4 ,x has be5 well said t all ! _w is wis] ?an any "o man 9 x1 & ?is free int]*ange ( our v>i\s exp]i5ces has t5d$ greatly to ! advancem5t ( our trade4 ,b new dep>tures1 l ! great inv5tion ( ,sir ,h4 ,bessem]1 & important improvem5ts l ! basic process1 require ! protection ( pat5ts = _! developm5t4 ,,! ,,pat5t ,,laws4 ,! subject ( ! pat5t laws is1 !re=e1 ( int]e/ to u1 z x is to o!r manufactur]s4 ,y are aw>e t ! ,gov]nm5t has introduc$ a bill = am5d+ ^! laws4 ,if t bill %\ld pass1 x w effect sev]al important *anges4 ,x w1 9 ! fir/ place1 enable a poor man to obta9 protection = an inv5tion at a small co/2 secondly1 x w make x m difficult ?an at pres5t = a m]ely pret5d$ inv5tion to obta9 ! protection & pre/ige ( a pat5t2 ?irdly1 x w promote ! amalgamation ( mutually int]dep5d5t inv5tions by ! clause :i* compels pat5tees to grant lic5ses2 &1 la/ly1 x w enable ! ,gov]nm5t to ent] into treaties ) o!r p[]s = ! int]national protection ( inv5tions4 ,if y %\ld be ( op9ion t ^! are objects des]v+ ( y\r support1 ,i hope t y w induce y\r repres5tatives 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons to d all t is 9 _! p[] to assi/ ! ,gov]nm5t 9 pass+ !m into law4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,siem5s-,,m>t9 ,,process4 ,! gr[? ( ! op5 he>? or :at is kn[n z ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 process ( mak+ /eel1 dur+ ! int]val f #ahfi to ! pres5t "t1 has be5 no less rem>kable ?an t ( ! ,bessem] process2 = ?\gh x has n atta9$ ! enorm\s dim5sions ( ! latt]1 x has ris5 f small] beg9n+s4 ,mr4 ,ramsbottom />t$ a small op5-he>? plant at ! ,crewe ,works ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 9 #ahfh1 = mak+ railway tires1 & ! ,l&ore ,works 7 begun by ,sir ,w4 ,siem5s 9 ! same ye>4 ,on ! ,cont95t !re 7 a few furnaces at ! works ( ,m4 ,emile ,m>t91 at ! ,firm+ ,works1 & at ,le ,creuzot4 ,none ( ^! works1 ,i believe1 possess$ furnaces be=e #ahgj1 capable ( conta9+ m ?an f\r-ton *>ges1 ord9>ily work$ (f twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! +ots weigh$ ab\t #f cwt41 & ! l>ge/ /eel ca/+ made by ?is process1 ( :i* ,i c f9d any acc\nt1 did n exce$ #aj cwt4 ,at ! pres5t day1 we h furnaces ( a capacity ( f #ae to #be tons1 & by comb9+ sev]al furnaces1 s+le +ots weigh+ f #abj to #abe tons h be5 produc$ at ,le ,creuzot4 ,! _w's production ( op5-he>? /eel +ots = %ip & boil] plates1 propell] %afts1 ordnance1 :eels & axles1 wire billets1 armor plates1 ca/+s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & a multiplicity ( o!r articles1 _c h be5 less ?an f #hjj1jjj to #hej1jjj tons 9 #ahhb4 ,! process itself has foll[$ two some:at dissimil> l9es4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 iron ores ( a pure quality are dissolv$ 9 a ba? ( pig iron1 ) ! addition ( only small quantities ( scrap /eel & iron4 ,at ,le ,creuzot l>ge quantities ( wr\ght iron are melt$ 9 ! ba?4 ,?is iron is puddl$ 9 modifi$ rotat+ ,danks furnaces conta9+ a *>ge ( a ton ea*4 ,! furnaces h a mid-rib divid+ ! product into two balls ( #aj cwt41 :i* are %+l$ "u a #aj-ton hamm]4 ,! iron is ( exceptional purity1 conta9+ less ?an #j4ja p] c5t4 ( phosphorus & sulphur4 ,i %\ld add t ! two rotat+ furnaces produce #ej tons ( billets 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,,pres5t ,,production ,,( ,,wr\ght ,,iron4 ,mean:ile1 ! _w's production ( wr\ght iron has n be5 /ation>y4 ,i _c give v accurate figures1 z ! /ati/ics ( "s c\ntries are incomplete1 :ile 9 o!rs ! output ( puddl$ b> only1 & n t ( f9i%$ iron1 has be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! ne>e/ e/imate :i* ,i c arrive at is a production increas$ f ab\t #e1jjj1jjj tons 9 #ahfi to some:at ov] #h1jjj1jjj tons ( f9i%$ iron 9 #ahhb2 an increase all ! m rem>kable :5 x is consid]$ t at ! pres5t "t iron rails h be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by /eel4 ,x is due1 no d\bt1 9 "p to ! ext5sive use ( iron plates & angles 9 %ipbuild+2 b1 ap>t f ^!1 & f b>s = ! manufacture ( t9-plates1 ! consumption has increas$ = ! numb]less purposes to :i* x is appli$ 9 ! _w's economy4 ,,progress ,,( ,,puddl+4 ,!re has be5 no /rik+ improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( puddl$ iron1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! impression t x is doom$ to be sup]s$$ by /eel4 ,me*anical puddl+ has made b little progress1 & few ( ! attempts to economize fuel 9 ! puddl+ furnace1 by ! use ( gas or o!rwise1 h be5 successful4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 draw att5tion to ! rem>kable success :i* has att5d$ ! use ( ! ,bi*]\x gas puddl+ & heat+ furnaces at ! works ( ,ougre1 ne> ,liege4 ,! works produce #bj1jjj tons ( puddl$ b>s p] annum1 9 fifte5 d\ble furnaces4 ,! consumption ( coal p] ton ( ord9>y puddl$ b> is "u #aa cwt41 & p] ton ( f] f9 gra9 7puddl$ /eel1 etc47 #af cwt4 ,! gas is produc$ f slack1 & ! wa/e heat raises z mu* /eam z t f an ord9>y d\ble furnace4 ,! consumption ( pig iron p] ton ( puddl$ b> 0 r less ?an #ba cwts4 = ! ye> #ahhb2 & t ( m9e = fettl+ 0 #cc lb4 ,! repairs are said to be consid]ably less ?an 9 ! ord9>y furnaces1 & ! puddl]s e>n f #be to #cj p] c5t4 m at ! same tonnage rate4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! l>ge consumption1 reckon$ 9 tons ( pig iron1 ( ! mat]ials = %ipbuild+4 ,,gross ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,%ip ,,build+4 ,x may be useful to add t ! gross tonnage ( iron vessels class$ dur+ #ahhb by ! ?ree societies ( ,lloyd's1 ! ,liv]pool ,regi/ry1 & ! ,bureau ,v]itas 0 #a1adb1jjj1 & ( /eel #adc1jjj tons1 & t ! proportion ( /eel to iron vessels is increas+ f ye> to ye>4 ,i am in=m$ by our colleague1 ,mr4 ,pe>ce1 ( ,messrs4 ,eld]'s firm1 t ! l>ge/ vessel built by !m 9 #ahfi 0 an iron /eam]1 ( #c1jfc tons gross1 ) comp\nd eng9es ( #c1jjj horse p[]1 work+ at #fj lb4 pressure2 spe$1 #ad knots4 ,a ,,gigantic ,,/eam]4 ,! l>ge/ vessel n[ on ! ways is ! ,oregon1 ( #g1djj tons gross1 & #ac1jjj horse p[]2 e/imat$ spe$1 #ah knots4 ,! sup]ficial area ( ! l>ge/ plates 9 ! =m] 0 #bb squ>e feet2 t ( ! l>ge/ plate 9 ! latt] is #bjf squ>e feet4 ,! ,oregon is an iron vessel1 b "s ( ! l>ge/ vessels n[ be+ built by ,mr4 ,pe>ce's firm are ( /eel4 ,! in=mation :i* ,i h obta9$ f ,messrs4 ,?omson1 ( ,glasg[1 is especially emphatic z to ! sup]session ( iron by /eel 9 ! con/ruction ( %ips4 ,!y say t l>ge /eel plates are z *eap z iron ones1 & t !y h nev] _h "o bad plate or angle 9 /eel4 ,?is is confirm$ by ,mr4 ,d5ny1 :o says3 ,:5ev] our %ipwrights or smi?s h to turn out any?+ p>ticul>ly difficult 9 %ape1 & on :i* mu* '"w' has to be put1 !y w get hold ( a piece ( /eel if !y c4 ,,rem>kable ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,tools4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ! rolls1 ! hamm]s1 ! ma*9]y = pun*+1 drill+1 plan+1 etc41 us$ 9 ! manufacture & prep>ation ( plates & angles = %ipbuild+ & armor plates are on a scale f> diff]5t at ! pres5t date f :at !y 7 9 #ahfi4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( p[]ful ma*9]y = ^! purposes are ! great ,creuzot hamm]1 ! fall+ mass ( :i* has rec5tly be5 increas$ to #ajj tons1 & ! new plan+ ma*9es at ! ,cyclops ,works1 :i* weigh upw>d ( #adj tons ea*1 = plan+ comp\nd armor plates #ai 94 ?ick & weigh+ #eg tons4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,"s ( ! em95t m5 :o h prec$$ me 9 ?is *air h made _! inaugural address ! occasion = a =eca/ ( ! improvem5ts 9 practice & ! developm5ts 9 area ( ! great indu/ry 9 :i* we are engag$4 ,sev]al ( ^! =eca/s h be5 v]ifi$ by ! results2 9 o!r cases !y h prov$ to be mi/ak52 nor ne$ ?is excite surprise4 ,i believe t few w\ld h pr$ict$1 :5 ! consid]ation ( ! subject 0 some:at un=tunately def]r$ ?r\gh want ( "t at our ,p>is meet+ ( #ahgh1 t ! basic process w\ld s spe$ily prove itself to be ( su* p>am\nt value z we n[ "k x to possess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ext9ction ( ! old puddl+ process has long be5 ! favorite topic ( "o ( our mo/ practical ex-presid5ts1 & ,i h %[n y by figures t ! process is n only n yet dead1 b t ! manufacture ( wr\ght iron is actually fl\ri%+ side by side ) t ( its y\ng] bro!r1 /eel4 ,h[ mu* long] ?is may cont9ue to be ! case x w\ld n be easy to =etell1 b !re c be little d\bt t1 j z = rails /eel has sup]s$$ iron z be+ *eap] & va/ly m durable1 s x w be 9 reg>d to plates = con/ructive purposes1 & especially = %ipbuild+4 ,x is n[ an asc]ta9$ fact t /eel %ips are z *eap1 ton = ton ( c>ry+ capacity1 z iron ones1 & x is probable t z ! dem& =1 & consequ5tly ! production (1 /eel plates increases1 /eel %ips w become *eap] ?an ^? built ( iron2 b1 :at is m important1 !y h be5 prov$ to be saf]1 & no "t c long elapse be=e ?is w tell on ! premiums ( insurance4 ,/eel =g+s also are sup]s$+1 & mu/ to an increas+ ext5t1 sup]s$e iron2 :ile x is probable t ! =m] w 9 _! turn be replac$ = _m purposes by ! beautiful solid /eel ca/+s :i* are n[ be+ produc$ by ! ,t]re-,noire ,company 9 ,france1 ! ,/eel ,company ( ,scotl&1 & o!r manufactur]s1 by ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 process4 ,on ?is subject ,i believe ,mr4 ,p>k] c give u valuable in=mation2 & on a cognate bran*1 namely1 ! production ( /eel ca/+s f ! ,bessem] conv]t]1 an int]e/+ pap] w be submitt$ to u by ,mr4 ,all5 at our pres5t meet+4 ,i may "h m5tion incid5tally1 t ,i h ( late _h occasion to make trials on a consid]able scale ( edge tools made f ,bessem] /eel1 :i* %[ t1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( ! f9e/ cutl]y1 !re is no long] any occasion to resort to ! crucible = ! production ( ?is quality ( /eel4 ,,railway ,,dem& ,,= ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,b x is 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! _w's railways t we mu/ ma9ly look 9 ! future1 z 9 ! pa/1 = ! support ( our trade4 ,9 ,india ! railway betwe5 ,calcutta & ,bombay 0 only complet$ 9 #ahgj1 & at ! pres5t "t1 ) a population ( #bej1jjj1jjj1 x has less ?an #aj1jjj miles ( railway1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) only #ej1jjj1jjj1 possesses m ?an #ajj1jjj miles4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h fifty times z _m miles ( railway 9 relation to ! population z ,india4 ,ev5 ,russia 9 ,europe has #ad1jjj miles1 or1 9 relation to its population1 ne>ly five times z great a mileage z our ,indian ,empire2 & ! exi/+ ,indian railways are s successful pecuni>ily1 & give su* promise ( contribut+ to ! weal? ( ! ,indian p--or p]haps x w\ld be m j to say1 ( rescu+ !m f _! pres5t /ate ( pov]ty & depression--t x %\ld be ! aim ( ^? :o are responsible = ! well-be+ ( our great dep5d5cy to give to its railways ! utmo/ & mo/ rapid developm5t4 ,z to ! ,unit$ ,/ates !mselves1 ,i look ^u _! railways z a little m ?an ! ma9 art]ies f :i* an indef9itely l>ge circulat+ sy/em w bran* out4 ,besides ^! c\ntries ,i ne$ only allude to ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ^: va/ t]ritory bids fair to rival t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 agricultural importance1 to our ,au/ralian colonies1 to ,brazil1 & o!r c\ntries 9 :i* railways are /ill comp>atively 9 _! infancy1 to %[ t1 q ap>t f ! r5ewal ( exi/+ l9es1 ! _w's manufacture ( rails has an enorm\s future be=e x4 ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,employ]s ,,& ,,workm54 ,i look on ! excell5t feel+ :i* happily prevails betwe5 ! employ]s & ! workm5 9 our great indu/ry z ano!r ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( its future prosp]ity4 ,x conf]s honor on all conc]n$ t by our ,bo>ds ( ,conciliation & ,arbitration1 ru9\s /rikes1 & ev5 mom5t>y susp5sions ( labor1 are avoid$2 & /ill m t ma/]s l our e/eem$ ,treasur]1 ,mr4 ,david ,dale1 %\ld des]ve1 & t l>ge bodies ( workm5 %\ld h ! manl9ess & disc]nm5t to be/[ on him1 ! confid5ce impli$ 9 *oos+ him s frequ5tly z an arbitrator4 ,i believe t simil> fri5dly relations exi/ 9 "s1 at any rate1 ( ! o!r great c5t]s ( ! iron & /eel indu/ries1 & t al?\gh our me?ods may n be adapt$ to ! habits ( all1 !re is no c\ntry 9 :i* "s way does n exi/1 or may n be f\nd1 to avoid ^? conte/s :i* 7 s fatal to our prosp]ity 9 =m] days4 ,la/ly ,i reg>d z "o ( ! mo/ hopeful signs ( ! future ! increas$ e/imate ( ! value ( sci5ce ent]ta9$ by our practical m54 ,9 ?is respect we may claim ) pride t ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute has be5 ! pione]1 at any rate1 s f> z ?is c\ntry is conc]n$4 ,b ! conviction t ! elem5ts ( sci5ce %\ld be plac$ )9 ! rea* ( ^? :o occupy a humbl] position 9 ! indu/rial hi]>*y ?an we d :o are assembl$ "h is rapidly spread+ among u4 ,! iron manufactur]s ( ,we/phalia h be5 ! fir/ to f\nd an in/itution 9 :i* ! intellig5t & ambiti\s ironwork] c qualify himself by /udy = a high] position1 & ,i hope :5 ?is ,in/itute visits ,middlesbr\gh 9 ! autumn1 "s progress w h be5 made 9 t locality t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( a simil> s*ool4 ,o!r di/ricts w d\btless foll[1 & ! result w be1 to quote ! words ( ,sir ,w4 ,siem5s on a late occasion1 t by ! dissem9ation ( sci5ce a high] _s w take possession ( our artisans2 t !y w "w ) ! object ( obta9+ high] results1 in/ead ( only discuss+ que/ions ( wages4 ,x is on ! mutual co-op]ation 9 ?is _s ( all ! work]s ( e grade 9 our great craft t we may build ! hope--nay1 t we may ev5 *]i% ! c]ta9 expectation--( plac+ x on ev5 a high] em95ce ?an t :i* x has already atta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,swall[1 ,a ,,new ,,vehicle4 ,! graceful vehicle %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut is mu* us$ 9 ,pol& & ,russia1 & we believe t x has already made its appe>ance at ,p>is4 ,! build] is ,mr4 ,h5ri ,b>ycki1 ( ,w>saw1 :o has v skillfully utiliz$ a few v curi\s me*anical pr9ciples 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,swall[4 ,! driv]'s seat is fix$ 9 ! int]ior ( a wide r+ to :i* are fa/5$ ! %afts4 ,?is r+ revolves1 by ! aid ( ?ree pulleys or small :eels1 )9 ! l>ge r+ re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,x w be se5 t :5 ! horse is draw+ ! vehicle1 ! friction ( ?is l>ge :eel aga9/ ! gr\nd be+ great] ?an t ( ! conc5tric "o )9 x1 ! latt] w revolve until ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole is situat$ anew 9 a l9e v]tical to ! po9t at :i* x be>s on ! gr\nd4 ,! result ( su* an arrangem5t is t ! driv] rolls on ! l>ge :eel j z he w\ld d on ! surface ( an endless rail4 ,z may be conceiv$1 ! tractive /ress is1 z a consequ5ce1 consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,!re are two side :eels :i* are connect$ by a flexible axle to ! seat ( ! c>riage1 b ^! h no o!r purpose ?an t ( prev5t+ ! affair f turn+ to "o side or ! o!r4 ,! swall[1 = s x is nam$1 is made entirely ( /eel & wr\ght iron4 ,x is v easily kept clean2 ! horse c be h>ness$ to x 9 ?ree m9utes2 &1 aside f its uses = pleasure1 x is capable ( be+ utiliz$ 9 num]\s ways4--,la ,nature4 ,our excell5t contempor>y1 ,la ,nature1 is mi/ak5 9 its acc\nt ( ! above vehicle4 ,x is an ,am]ican inv5tion & 0 fir/ publi%$1 ) engrav+1 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,decemb] #af1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bor+ ,,an ,,oil ,,well4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,hole ,,0 ,,made ,,& ,,! ,,oil ,,br\ght ,,up4 ,a lett] f ,brad=d1 ,pa41 says3 ,! ma*9]y us$ 9 bor+ "o ( ^! deep oil wells1 :ile simple en\gh 9 itself1 requires nice adju/m5t & skill 9 op]at+4 ,fir/ comes ! d]rick1 sixty feet high1 cr[n$ by a massive pulley4 ,! d]rick is a mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! me*anism1 & its %ape & height are ne$$ 9 h&l+ ! long rods1 pip+1 ca/+1 & o!r fitt+s :i* h to be ins]t$ p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! bor] or drill us$ is n mu* diff]5t f ! ord9>y h& arm ( ! /one cutt]s1 & ! blade is exactly ! same1 b is ( massive size1 ?ree or f\r in*es across1 ab\t f\r feet long1 & weigh+ #ajj or #bjj p\nds4 ,a long solid rod1 "s ?irty feet long1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & call$ ! /em1 is screw$ on ! drill4 ,?is /em weighs almo/ a ton1 & its weight is ! hamm] reli$ on = driv+ ! drill ?r\gh dirt & rock4 ,next come ! j>s1 two long loose l9ks ( h>d5$ iron play+ along ea* o!r ab\t a foot4 ,! object ( ! j>s is to raise ! drill ) a %ock1 s z to deta* x :5 s tightly fix$ t a /eady pull w\ld break ! ma*9]y4 ,! upp] "p ( ! two j>s is solidly weld$ to ano!r long rod call$ ! s9k] b>1 to ! upp] end ( :i*1 9 turn1 is atta*$ ! rope lead+ up to ! d]rick pulley1 & !nce to a /ation>y /eam eng9e4 ,9 bor+1 ! /em & drill are rais$ a foot or two1 dropp$1 !n rais$ ) a %ock by ! j>s1 & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,if ,i may haz>d a fur!r illu/ration ( ! int]nal bor+ ma*9]y ( ! well1 let ! read] l9k loosely toge!r ! ?umbs & =ef+]s ( 8 two h&s1 !n br+ 8 =e>ms into a /raight l9e4 ,conceiv+ ?is l9e to be a p]p5dicul> "o1 ! po9t ( "o elb[ w\ld repres5t ! drill blade1 ! adjac5t =e>m & h& ! /em1 ! l9k$ f+] ! j>s1 & ! o!r h& & =e>m ! s9k] b>1 ) ! d]rick cord atta*$ at a po9t repres5t$ by ! second elb[4 ,by rememb]+ ! imm5se & conc5trat$ weight ( ! upright drill & /em1 ! trem5d\s =ce ( ev5 a %ort fall may be conceiv$4 ,! drill w bore _m feet 9 a s+le day ?r\gh solid rock1 & a few h\rs sometimes suffices to =ce x fifty feet ?r\gh dirt or gravel4 ,:5 ! debris accumulates too ?ickly ar\nd ! drill1 ! latt] is drawn up rapidly4 ,! debris has previ\sly be5 r$uc$ to mud by keep+ ! drill surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,a s& pump1 n unlike an ord9>y syr+e1 is !n let d[n1 ! mud suck$ up1 lift$1 & !n ! drill s5t d[n to beg9 its p\nd+ anew4 ,great deftness & exp]i5ce are ne$$ to "w ! drill )\t break+ ! j>s or connect$ ma*9]y1 &1 9 case ( accid5t1 !re are grapples1 hooks1 knives1 & o!r devices )\t numb]1 to be us$ 9 recov]+ lo/ drills1 cutt+ ! rope1 & o!r em]g5cies1 ! briefe/ explanation ( :i* w\ld exce$ ! limits ( ?is lett]4 ,! excit+ mom5t 9 bor+ a well is :5 a drill is p5etrat+ ! upp] cov]+ ( s& rock :i* ov]lies ! oil4 ,! =ce ) :i* ! compress$ gas & petroleum ru%es upw>d almo/ surpasses belief4 ,drill1 j>s1 & s9k] b> are sometimes %ot out along ) debris1 oil1 & hiss+ gas4 ,sometimes ?is gas & oil take fire1 & la/ summ] "o ( ! wells ?us ignit$ burn$ s fi]cely t a numb] ( days elaps$ be=e ! flames c\ld be ext+ui%$4 ,m (t5 ! tankage provid$ is insuffici5t1 & ?\s&s ( b>rels escape4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago1 at ! height ( ! oil production ( ! ,brad=d region1 #h1jjj b>rels a day 7 ?us runn+ to wa/e4 ,b ^? halcyon days ( ,brad=d h gone =ev]4 ,al?\gh n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( ! wells sunk 9 ?is region /ruck oil & fl[$ freely1 mo/ ( !m n[ fl[ sluggi%ly or h to be pump$ two or ?ree times a week4 ,pip+ & cas+1 t]ms sub/antially id5tical1 & mean+ ! l9+ ( ! well ) iron pipe sev]al in*es 9 ! int]ior diamet]1 complete ! labor ( bor+4 ,! well1 if a good fl[+ "o1 does all ! re/ ( ! "w itself1 =c+ ! fluid into ! local tanks1 :5ce x is di/ribut$ into ! tanks ( ! pipe-l9e companies1 & is c>ri$ f !m to ! ref9]ies4 ,! pipe l9es n[ rea* f ! oil regions to ! seabo>d1 c>ry+ ! petroleum ov] hill & valley1 hundr$s ( miles to tide-wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,cem5t ,,res]voir4 ,! annex$ figures repres5t1 on a scale ( #a to #ej1 a plan & v]tical section ( a res]voir ( beton1 #aa cubic met]s 9 capacity1 design$ = ! /orage ( dr9k+ wat] & = collect+ ! ov]fl[ ( a canal4 ,! volume ( beton employ$ 9 its con/ruction 0 #j4i cubic met] p] cubic met] ( wat] to be /or$4 ,! inn] walls 7 cov]$ ) a lay] ( cem5t to insure ( tightness4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cem5t ,,res]voir4 ,t is ! inlet pipe1 ) a diamet] ( #j4jh m4 ,t' is ! di/ribut+ pipe1 & ,t is ! wa/e pipe4--,annales des ,travaux ,publics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,gr9d+ ,,li?ographic ,,inks ,,& ,,colors4 ,! gr9d+ ( ! inks & colors t are employ$ 9 li?ograph+ is a long & delicate op]ation1 :i* x has sc>cely be5 possible up to ! pres5t "t to p]=m satisfactorily o!rwise ?an by h&1 because ( ! p]fect mixture t x is necess>y to obta9 9 ! mat]ials employ$4 ,p] contra1 ?is manual "w1 :ile x has ! advantage ( giv+ a v homog5e\s product1 (f]s ! inconv5i5ce ( tak+ a long "t & be+ co/ly4 ,! ,alauzet ma*9e1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut1 is design$ to p]=m ?is "w me*anically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alauzet',s ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,gr9d+ ,,li?ographic ,,inks4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a flat1 ca/ iron1 rectangul> frame1 re/+ ^u a wood5 base :i* =ms a closet4 ,9 a longitud9al direction !re is m\nt$ on ! ma*9e a rectangul> guide1 along :i* travel two iron slides 9 ! %ape ( a rev]s$ ,u1 :i* make "p ( two small] c>ri]s t are load$ ) weights1 & to :i* are fix$ ca/-/eel mull]s4 ,at ! c5t] ( ! frame !re is fix$ a support :i* c>ries a tra9 ( ge> :eels :i* is set 9 motion by a pulley & belt4 ,^! :eels s]ve to communicate a backw>d & =w>d motion1 longitud9ally1 to ! mull]s ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( a w9*1 & a backw>d & =w>d motion transv]sely to two granite tables on :i* is plac$ ! ink or color to be gr\nd4 ,?is la/-nam$ motion is effect$ by means ( a bevel p9ion :i* is key$ to ! same axle z ! l>ge ge> :eel1 & :i* actuates a he>t :eel--?is latt] be+ adju/$ 9 a horizontal frame :i* is itself connect$ to ! ca/ iron plate into :i* ! tables are set4 ,?is ma*9e1 :i* is #b met]s 9 l5g? by #a met] 9 wid?1 requires a "o-?ird horse p[] to actuate x4 ,x weighs altoge!r ab\t #hjj kilogrammes4--,annales ,indu/rielles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,evaporat+ ,,app>atus4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,socit ,indu/rielle ( ,elbeuf1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,quidet describ$ an app>atus t he _h1 ) ! aid ( ,mr4 ,p]r1 inv5t$ = evaporat+ juices4 ,9 ?is new app>atus a happy application is made ( ^? pipes ) radiat+ disks t h = "s "t be5 advantage\sly employ$ = heat+ purposes4 ,9 addition to ?is x is s con/ruct$ z to give ! be/ ( results z reg>ds evaporation1 ?anks to ! l5g?y travel t ! curr5t ( /eam makes 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]re ,,quidet',s ,,evaporat+ ,,app>atus4 ,x may be se5 f an exam9ation ( ! annex$ cuts1 ! app>atus consi/s ess5tially ( a cyl9drical res]voir1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* revolves a sy/em =m$ ( sev5 pipes1 ) radiat+ disks1 affix$ to plate iron disks1 ,,ee4 ,! res]voir is m\nt$ ^u a ca/-iron frame1 & is provid$ at its l[] "p ) a cock1 ,b1 :i* p]mits ( ! liquid be+ drawn (f :5 x has be5 suffici5tly conc5trat$4 ,x is surm\nt$ ) a cov]1 :i* is bolt$ to lat]al flanges1 s t ! two p>ts z a :ole con/itute a complete cyl9d]4 ,?is %ape1 h[ev]1 is n ess5tial1 & ! inv5tors res]ve ! "r ( giv+ x ! arrangem5t t may be be/ adapt$ to ! application t is to be made ( x4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! app>atus !re is a conduit ^: diamet] is great] ?an t ( ! pipes provid$ ) radiators1 & :i* s]ves to cross-brace ! two ends1 ,,ee1 :i* latt] consi/ ( iron boxes ca/ 9 a piece ) ! holl[ %aft ( ! rot>y sy/em4 ,! /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,f1 trav]ses ! fir/ evaporat+ pipe1 !n ! second1 !n ! ?ird1 & s on1 & cont9ues to circulate 9 ?is mann] till x f9ally rea*es ! la/ "o1 :i* communicates ) ! exit1 ,g4 ,motion is transmitt$ to ! evaporator by a ge>+1 ,h1 :i* is key$ on ! %aft1 & is actuat$ by a p9ion1 ,l1 connect$ ) an int]m$iate %aft :i* is provid$ ) fa/ & loose pulleys4 ,! app>atus is v effici5t 9 its action1 & ?is is due1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! use ( radiators1 :i* greatly increase ! heat+ surface1 & second1 to ! motion communicat$ to ! evaporat+ p>ts4 ,9 fact1 ea* ( ! pipes1 on issu+ f ! liquid to be conc5trat$1 c>ries ^u its entire surface a pellicle :i* evaporates imm$iately4 ,! arrangem5t devis$ by ,messrs4 ,p]r & ,quidet realizes1 !n1 ! be/ !oretic conditions = ?is sort ( "w1 to wit3 #a4 ,a l>ge evaporat+ surface4 #b4 ,a v slight ?ickness ( liquid4 #c4 ,a con/ant temp]ature ( ab\t f #ajj to #abj1 accord+ to ! int]nal pressure ( ! /eam4 ,ow+ to su* advantages1 ?is app>atus w f9d an application 9 num]\s indu/ries1 & w r5d] !m _m s]vices4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fly+4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,y\r correspond5t on ?is subject 9 ! issue ( ,april #ad cites an array ( facts f :i* x w\ld seem ! prop] conclusions %\ld be inf]r$4 ,i ?9k ! :ole difficulty arises f a confusion ( t]ms1 & by ?is ,i mean a want ( c>e to expla9 ! unkn[n /rictly 9 t]ms ( ! kn[n2 & ,i ?9k und]ly+ ?is error is a misconception z to :at an animal is1 & :at animal /r5g? is1 only ( c\rse ) ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> discussion1 i4e41 9 s f> only z !y may be consid]$ physical organisms hav+ no ref]5ce to ! intellectual or moral developm5t1 all ( :i* lies beyond ! sph]e ( our discussion4 ,purely ) ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( physical /r5g?1 :i* alone is "u consid]ation1 any animal organism :atsoev] mu/ be consid]$ simply 9 ! light ( a ma*9e4 ,a comp\nd ma*9e hav+ two p>ts1 fir/ an arrangem5t ( lev]s & po9ts ( application ( p[]1 all ( :i* is purely me*anical1 toge!r ) an arrangem5t ( p>ts1 design$1 fir/1 to conv]t fuel or food into heat1 &1 secondly1 to trans=m heat into =ce1 :i* is purely a *emical *ange 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & a trans=mation ( en]gy 9 ! second4 ,s mu* = ! animal--man or bea/--z a ma*9e physically consid]$4 ,:at !n is animal /r5g? consid]$ 9 ! same light8 ,! animal is n creative4 ,x c make no?+--x c only trans=m4 ,does x create any /r5g? or =ce8 ,no4 ,! /r5g? x puts =? or ex]ts is m]ely ! outcome ( ?is trans=mation1 :i* x is ! (fice ( ! ma*9e to p]=m4 ,:at d we f9d trans=m$8 ,simply ! en]gy1 or pot5tial1 conta9$ 9 ! fuel or food we put into ! ma*9e4 ,its exact equival5t we f9d trans=m$ to ano!r =m ( en]gy1 kn[n z animal /r5g?1 :i* is simply heat )9 ! sy/em available = ! work+ ( its me*anical p>ts4 ,h[1 !n1 is ?is en]gy :i* exi/s 9 ! %ape ( animal /r5g? us$ & di/ribut$8 ,?is is ! "q ! answ] ( :i* und]lies ?is :ole discussion z a pr9ciple4 ,x is di/ribut$ to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ma*9e 9 proportion to ! relative am\nt ( physical "w t nature has made x ! (fice ( any p>ticul> "p to p]=m4 ,let u see h[ x is ) ! bird ma*9e4 ,9 c\rse ( flight he is call$ ^u to rema9 9 ! air1 :i* means t %\ld he cease to make an ef=t to d ?is1 i4e41 %\ld he cease to exp5d en]gy 9 do+ x1 he w\ld fall dur+ ! fir/ second ( "t aft] ceas+ to make ! ef=t "s sixte5 feet t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,b he rema9s 9 ! air = h\rs & days at a "t4 ,:at is he1 !n1 do+ e second ( t "t8 ,he is ov]com+ ! =ce ( gravitation1 :i* is incessantly pull+ him d[n4 ,t is1 e second he is do+ an am\nt ( "w equal to 8 weight--say #aj lb4 multipli$ by #af--say #afj lb4 approximately2 all ?is by beat+ ! air ) 8 w+s4 ,n[ let u in/itute a slight comp>ison--& ! "w %all be p]=m$ by a man1 :o climbs a m\nta9 #aj1jjj feet high 9 #aj h\rs4 ,! man weighs #aej lb42 he climbs #aj1jjj feet2 #a1ejj1jjj foot p\nds is1 !n1 ! "w done4 ,he does x 9 #aj h\rs1 or #cf1jjj seconds1 :i* gives an am\nt ( "w ( only #db foot p\nds p] second p]=m$ by 8 muscles ( locomotion4 ,at ! end ( ! t5 h\rs ! man is exhau/$1 :ile ! bird delights 9 fur!r flight4 ,to :at is ?is diff]5ce ( condition due8 ,x is due simply to ! diff]5ce 9 ! ma*9e2 b ?is1 y say1 is n expla9+ ! unkn[n 9 t]ms ( ! kn[n4 ,let u see1 !n1 if we _c d ?is4 ,9 ! two acc\nts ( "w done z above cit$ 9 ! case ( ! man & ! bird1 an am\nt ( en]gy1 i4e41 heat ( ! sy/em1 has be5 exp5d$ j proportional to ! "w done4 ,n[ :ile ! bird has exp5d$ m en]gy 9 ?is p>ticul> "w ( locomotion ?an has ! man1 we f9d ! bird ma*9e has done little else2 he has consum$ b little ( 8 available heat =ce 9 ex]cis+ 8 bra9 or ! o!r functions ( 8 sy/em1 or 9 pres]v+ ! temp]ature ( ! body1 & b little ( 8 animal heat1 :i* is 8 /r5g?1 has be5 radiat$ into space4 ,9 %ort1 we f9d ! bird ma*9e s devis$ by nature t a v l>ge proportion ( ! available en]gy ( ! sy/em c be us$ 9 work+ ^? p>ts contriv$ = locomotion1 & resi/ ! =ce ( gravity1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 nature has plac$ a great] relative portion ( ! :ole furnace at ! disposal ( ^! p>ts ?an %e has 9 man4 ,! brea/ muscles ( ! bird are s con/ruct$ z to burn a f> great] proportional am\nt ( ! fuel f :i* all en]gy is d]iv$ ?an d ! muscles ( ! re/ ( ! body comb9$4 ,let u see h[ x is ) ! man :o has climb$ ! m\nta94 ,9 ?is ma*9e we f9d affairs 9 a v diff]5t /ate4 ,dur+ 8 climb+ he has be5 do+ a va/ am\nt ( o!r "w1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal4 ,8 arms1 8 :ole muscul> sy/em1 9 fact1 has be5 vigor\sly at "w1 all draw+ ^u 8 total available en]gy4 ,8 bra9 has be5 9 con/ant & unremitt$ action1 z well z ! o!r int]nal organs1 :i* require a great] proportional am\nt ( en]gy ?an !y did 9 ! bird4 ,besides ?is1 he has be5 radiat+ 8 animal heat into space 9 a f> great] am\nt4 ,all ^! p>ts mu/ be suppli$2 !y _c be neglect$ :ile ! accumulat$ surplus is giv5 to ! ma*9]y = locomotion or lift+4 ,?is !n is :at con/itutes :at ,i call ! diff]5ce 9 ! ma*9e1 :i* is purely "o ( organic developm5t dep5d+ ^u ! functions nature has det]m9$ t ! diff]5t organs %all p]=m4 ,z = ! pt]odactyl quot$ 9 ! la/ article1 ,i h only to rem>k t ?is discussion arose purely f a consid]ation ( :at 0 ! be/ type ( fly+ app>atus nature _h giv5 man to /udy1 & ,i claim t ?is prehi/oric bird ( geology does n come )9 ?is class4 ,= if x is n fully e/abli%$ t ?is species _h become ext9ct long be=e ! appe>ance ( man on ! globe1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! man ( t e>ly day _h n dreamt ( fly+ & 0 presumably cont5t if he c\ld f9d o!r means to evade ! pt]odactyl's claw4 ,f4,j4,p41 ,u4,s4 ,army4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,portru% ,,electric ,,railway1 ,,irel&4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,edw>d ,,hopk9son4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahha1 ,mr4 ,w4,a4 ,traill1 late ( ,h4,m4 ,geological ,survey1 sugge/$ to ,dr4 ,siem5s t ! l9e betwe5 ,portru% & ,bu%mills1 = :i* ,p>liam5t>y p[]s _h be5 obta9$1 w\ld be suitable 9 _m respects = electrical work+1 especially z !re 0 abundant wat] p[] available 9 ! neighborhood4 ,dr4 ,siem5s at once jo9$ 9 ! und]tak+1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ out "u 8 direction4 ,! l9e ext5ds f ,portru%1 ! t]m9us ( ! ,belfa/ & ,nor!rn ,c\nties ,railway1 to ,bu%mills 9 ! ,bu% valley1 a di/ance ( six miles4 ,= ab\t half a mile ! l9e passes d[n ! pr9cipal /reet ( ,portru%1 & has an ext5sion along ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ,railway to ! h>bor4 ,= ! re/ ( ! di/ance1 ! rails are laid on ! sea side ( ! c\nty road1 & ! head ( ! rails be+ level ) ! gr\nd1 a footpa? is =m$ ! :ole di/ance1 sep>at$ f ! road by a curb/one4 ,! l9e is s+le1 & has a gauge ( ?ree feet1 ! /&>d ( ! exi/+ n>r[ gauge l9es 9 ,ul/]4 ,! gradi5ts are exce$+ly heavy1 z w be se5 f ! diagram1 be+ 9 p>ts z /eep z #a 9 #ce4 ,! curves are also 9 _m cases v %>p1 hav+ necess>ily to foll[ ! exi/+ road4 ,!re are five pass+ places1 9 addition to ! sid+s at ! t]m9i & at ! c>riage depot4 ,at ! ,bu%mills end1 ! l9e is laid = ab\t #bjj y>ds along ! /reet1 & ends 9 ! m>ketplace ( ! t[n4 ,x is int5d$ to connect x ) an electrical railway f ,d]vock1 = :i* ,p>liam5t>y p[]s h already be5 obta9$1 ?us complet+ ! connection ) ! n>r[ gauge sy/em f ,ballym5a to ,l>ne & ,cu%5dall4 ,ab\t #a1ejj y>ds f ! end ( ! l9e1 !re is a wat]fall on ! riv] ,bu%1 ) an available head ( #bd feet1 & an abundant supply ( wat] at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,turb9es are n[ be+ erect$1 & ! necess>y works execut$ = employ+ ! fall = work+ ! g5]at+ dynamo ma*9es1 & ! curr5t w be convey$ by means ( an und]gr\nd cable to ! end ( ! l9e4 ,( ! application ( ! wat] p[] x is unnecess>y to speak fur!r1 z ! works are n yet complet$4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! l9e is work$ by a small /eam-eng9e plac$ at ! c>riage depot at ! ,portru% end4 ,! :ole ( ! con/ructive works h be5 design$ & c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,traill1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,e4,b4 ,price4 ,! sy/em employ$ may be describ$ z t ( ! sep>ate conductor4 ,a rail ( ,t-iron1 weigh+ #ai p\nds to ! y>d1 is c>ri$ on wood5 po/s1 boil$ 9 pit*1 & plac$ t5 feet ap>t1 at a di/ance ( #bb in*es f ! inside rail & #ag in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,?is rail comes close up aga9/ ! f5ce on ! side ( ! road1 ?us =m+ an additional protection4 ,! conductor is connect$ by an und]gr\nd cable to a s+le %unt-w\nd dynamo ma*9e1 plac$ 9 ! eng9e %$1 & work$ by a small agricultural /eam eng9e ( ab\t #be indicat$ horse p[]4 ,! curr5t is convey$ f ! conductor by means ( two spr+s1 made ( /eel1 rigidly held by two /eel b>s plac$ "o at ea* end ( ! c>1 & project+ ab\t six in*es f ! side4 ,s9ce ! conduct+ rail is iron1 :ile ! bru%es are /eel1 ! we> ( ! latt] is exce$+ly small4 ,9 dry wea!r !y require ! rail to be slightly lubricat$2 9 wet wea!r ! wat] on ! surface ( ! iron provides all ! lubrication requir$4 ,! d\ble bru%es1 plac$ at ! extremities ( ! c>1 enable x to bridge ov] ! num]\s gaps1 :i* necess>ily int]rupt ! conductor to all[ c>t ways into ! fields & commons adjo9+ ! %ore4 ,on ! diagram ! c> is %[n pass+ "o ( ^! gaps3 ! front bru% has brok5 contact1 b s9ce ! back bru% is /ill t\*+ ! rail1 ! curr5t has n be5 brok54 ,be=e ! back bru% leaves ! conductor1 ! front bru% w h aga9 ris5 ^u x1 s t ! curr5t is nev] int]rupt$4 ,!re are two or ?ree gaps too broad to be bridg$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 ^! cases ! driv] w break ! curr5t be=e rea*+ ! gap1 ! mom5tum ( ! c> c>ry+ x ! #aj or #ab y>ds x mu/ travel )\t p[]4 ,! curr5t is convey$ "u ! gaps by means ( an insulat$ copp] cable c>ri$ 9 wr\ght-iron pipes1 plac$ at a dep? ( #ah in*es4 ,at ! pass+ places1 :i* are situat$ on incl9es1 ! conductor takes ! inside1 & ! c> asc5d+ ! hill also runs on ! inside1 :ile ! c> desc5d+ ! hill proce$s by gravity on ! outside l9es4 ,f ! bru%es ! curr5t is tak5 to a commutator work$ by a lev]1 :i* swit*es resi/ance frames plac$ "u ! c>1 9 or out1 z may be desir$4 ,! same lev] alt]s ! position ( ! bru%es on ! commutator ( ! dynamo ma*9e1 rev]s+ ! direction ( rotation1 9 ! mann] %[n by ! electrical hoi/4 ,! curr5t is n1 z x 71 turn$ full on sudd5ly1 b passes ?r\gh ! resi/ances1 :i* are aft]w>d cut out 9 "p or altoge!r1 accord+ z ! driv] desires to run at "p spe$ or full spe$4 ,f ! dynamo ! curr5t is convey$ ?r\gh ! axle boxes to ! axles1 !nce to ! tires ( ! :eels1 & f9ally back by ! rails1 :i* are un9sulat$1 to ! g5]at+ ma*9e4 ,! conductor is laid 9 l5g?s ( ab\t #ba feet1 ! l5g?s be+ connect$ by fi% plates & also by a d\ble copp] loop securely sold]$ to ! iron4 ,x is also necess>y t ! rails ( ! p]man5t way %\ld be connect$ 9 a simil> mann]1 z ! ord9>y fi% plates give a v unc]ta9 electrical contact1 & ! e>? = l>ge curr5ts is altoge!r untru/wor?y z a conductor1 ?\gh no d\bt mat]ially r$uc+ ! total resi/ance ( ! circuit4 ,! dynamo is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! c>1 b5ea? ! floor1 & ?r\gh int]m$iate spur ge> drives by a /eel *a9 on to "o axle only4 ,! rev]s+ lev]s1 & also ! lev]s work+ ! me*anical brakes1 are connect$ to bo? ends ( ! c>1 s t ! driv] c always /& at ! front & h un9t]rupt$ view ( ! rails1 :i* is ( c\rse ess5tial 9 ! case ( a l9e laid by ! side ( ! public road4 ,! c>s are fir/ & ?ird class1 "s op5 & "s cov]$1 & are con/ruct$ to hold tw5ty p1 exclusive ( ! driv]4 ,at pres5t1 only "o is fitt$ ) a dynamo1 b f\r m ma*9es are n[ be+ con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bros41 s t be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! heavy summ] traffic five c>s w be ready2 & s9ce two ( ^! w be fitt$ ) ma*9es capable ( draw+ a second c>1 !re w be an available roll+ /ock ( sev5 c>s4 ,x is n int5d$ at pres5t to "w electrically ! portion ( ! l9e 9 ! t[n at ,portru%1 ?\gh ?is w probably be done h]eaft]2 & a portion1 at lea/1 ( ! m9]al traffic w be left = ! two /eam-tramway eng9es :i* 7 obta9$ = ! tempor>y work+ ( ! l9e p5d+ ! completion ( ! electrical arrangem5ts4 ,let u n[ put 9 a =m suitable = calculation ! pr9ciples ) :i* ,mr4 ,siem5s has illu/rat$ 9 a graphic =m m conv5i5t = ! purposes ( explanation1 & !n %[ h[ ^! pr9ciples h be5 appli$ 9 ! pres5t case4 ,let ,l be ! c\ple1 measur$ 9 foot-p\nds1 :i* ! dynamo mu/ ex]t 9 ord] to drive ! c>1 & w ! necess>y angul> velocity4 ,tak+ ! t>e ( ! c> z #ej cwt41 includ+ ! weight ( ! ma*9]y x c>ries1 & a load ( tw5ty p z #cj cwt41 we h a gross weight ( #d tons4 ,assume t ! maximum requir$ is t ! c> %\ld c>ry ?is load at a spe$ ( sev5 miles an h\r1 on an incl9e ( #a 9 #dj4 ,! resi/ance due to gravity may be tak5 z #ef lb4 p] ton1 & ! frictional resi/ance & t due to o!r causes1 say1 #ad lb4 p] ton1 giv+ a total resi/ance ( #bhj lb41 at a radius ( #ad in*es4 ,! angul> velocity ( ! axle correspond+ to a spe$ ( sev5 miles an h\r1 is #hd revolutions p] m9ute4 ,h5ce ,l #cbg foot p\nds1 & w 7#bpi #hd7 _/ #fj4 ,if ! dynamo be w\nd directly on ! axle1 x mu/ be design$ to ex]t ! c\ple1 ,l1 correspond+ to ! maximum load1 :5 revolv+ at an angul> velocity1 w1 ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! t]m9als be+ ! available ,e4,m4,f4 ( ! conductor1 & ! curr5t ! maximum ! armature w safely /&4 ,?is w be ! case 9 ! ,*>+-cross ,electrical ,railway4 ,b :5 ! dynamo is connect$ by int]m$iate ge> to ! driv+ :eels only1 ! product ( ,l & w rema9s con/ant1 & ! two factors may be v>i$4 ,9 ! pres5t case ,l is dim9i%$ 9 ! ratio ( #g to #a1 & w consequ5tly increas$ 9 ! same ratio4 ,h5ce ! dynamo1 ) its maximum load1 mu/ revolve at #ehh revolutions p] m9ute1 & ex]t a c\ple ( =ty-sev5 foot-p\nds4 ,let ,e be ! pot5tial ( ! conductor f :i* ! curr5t is drawn1 measur$ 9 volts1 ,c ! curr5t 9 amp]es1 & ,e#a ! ,e4,m4,f4 ( ! dynamo4 ,!n ,e#a is proportional to ! product ( ! angul> velocity1 & a c]ta9 function ( ! curr5t4 ,= a velocity omega1 let ?is function be d5ot$ by f7,c74 ,if ! *>act]i/ic ( ! dynamo c be drawn1 !n f7,c7 is kn[n4 ,we h !n w ,e#a -------- f ,omega 7#a47 ,if ,r be ! resi/ance 9 circuit by ,ohm's law1 ,e - ,e#a ,c -------- ,r w ,e ------- f7,c7 ,omega ---------------- ,r & !re=e ,omega7,e - ,,cr7 7#b47 w ----------------- f7,c7 ,let a be ! effici5cy ) :i* ! motor trans=ms electrical into me*anical en]gy1 !n-- ,p[] requir$ ,l w a ,e#a ,c w a ,c ------- f7,c7 ,omega ,divid+ by w1 a ,c f7,c7 ,l -------- 4 7#c47 ,omega ,x mu/ be not$ t ,l is "h measur$ 9 electrical measure1 or1 adopt+ ! unit giv5 by ,dr4 ,siem5s 9 ! ,briti% ,association ,address1 9 j\les4 ,"o j\le equals approximately #j4gd foot p\nd4 ,equation #c gives at once an analytical pro( ( ! second pr9ciple /at$ above1 t = a giv5 motor ! curr5t dep5ds ^u ! c\ple1 & ^u x alone4 ,equation #b %[s t ) a giv5 load ! spe$ dep5ds ^u ,e1 ! electromotive =ce ( ! ma91 & ,r ! resi/ance 9 circuit4 ,x %[s also ! effect ( putt+ into ! circuit ! resi/ance frames plac$ b5ea? ! c>4 ,if ,r be increas$1 until ,,cr is equal to ,e1 !n w vani%es1 & ! c> rema9s at re/4 ,if ,r be /ill fur!r increas$1 ,ohm's law applies1 & ! curr5t dim9i%es4 ,h5ce suitable resi/ances are1 fir/1 a high resi/ance = dim9i%+ ! curr5t1 & consequ5tly1 ! sp>k+ at mak+ & break+ ( ( ! circuit2 &1 secondly1 "o or m l[ resi/ances = v>y+ ! spe$ ( ! c>4 ,if ! =m ( f7,c7 be kn[n1 z is ! case ) a ,siem5s ma*9e1 equations #b & #c c be completely solv$ = w & ,c1 giv+ ! curr5t & spe$ 9 t]ms ( ,l1 ,e1 & ,r4 ,! expressions s obta9$ are n )\t int]e/1 & agree ) ! results ( exp]im5t4 ,x may be obs]v$ t an arc light pres5ts ! conv]se case to a motor4 ,! ,e4,m4,f4 ( ! arc is approximately con/ant1 :atev] ! int5sity ( ! curr5t pass+ betwe5 ! c>bons2 & ! curr5t dep5ds entirely on ! resi/ance 9 circuit4 ,h5ce ! in/ability ( an arc produc$ by ma*9es ( l[ int]nal resi/ance1 unless comp5sat$ by consid]able resi/ance 9 ! leads4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t %[s 9 a /rik+ =m ! pr9ciples j consid]$3 ,an ,edison lamp is plac$ 9 p>allel circuit ) a small dynamo ma*9e1 us$ z a motor4 ,! ,prony brake on ! pulley ( ! dynamo is q slack1 all[+ x to revolve freely4 ,n[ let ! lamp & dynamo be c\pl$ to ! g5]ator runn+ at full spe$4 ,fir/1 ! lamp gl[s1 9 a mom5t x aga9 becomes d>k1 !n1 z ! dynamo gets up spe$1 gl[s aga94 ,if ! brake be screw$ up tight1 ! lamp once m becomes d>k4 ,! explanation is simple4 ,ow+ to ! coeffici5t ( self-induction ( ! dynamo ma*9e be+ consid]able1 x takes a f9ite "t = ! curr5t to obta9 an appreciable int5sity1 b ! lamp hav+ no self-induction1 ! curr5t at once passes ?r\gh x1 & causes x to gl[4 ,secondly1 ! electrical in]tia ( ! dynamo be+ ov]come1 x mu/ draw a l>ge curr5t to produce ! k9etic en]gy ( rotation1 i4e41 to ov]come its me*anical in]tia2 ! lamp is !re=e practically %ort-circuit$1 & ceases to gl[4 ,:5 once ! rotation has be5 e/abli%$1 ! curr5t ?r\gh ! dynamo becomes v small1 hav+ no "w to d except to ov]come ! friction ( ! be>+s1 h5ce ! lamp aga9 gl[s4 ,f9ally1 by screw+ up ! brake1 ! curr5t ?r\gh ! dynamo is increas$1 & ! lamp aga9 %ort-circuit$4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t rev]sal ( ! motor on ! c> w\ld be a mo/ effective brake4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true2 b1 at ! same "t1 x is a brake t %\ld n be us$ except 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,= ?is reason1 ! dynamo revolv+ at a high spe$1 ! mom5tum ( ! curr5t is v consid]able2 h5ce1 ow+ to ! self-induction ( ! ma*9e1 a sudd5 rev]sal w t5d to break d[n ! insulation at any weak po9t ( ! ma*9e4 ,! action is analog\s to ! sp>k produc$ by a ,ruhmkorff coil4 ,?is 0 illu/rat$ at ,portru%2 :5 ! c> 0 runn+ p]haps fifte5 miles an h\r1 ! curr5t 0 sudd5ly rev]s$4 ,! c> came to a /&/ill 9 little m ?an its own l5g?1 b at ! exp5se ( break+ d[n ! insulation ( "o ( ! wires ( ! magnet coils4 ,! way out ( ! difficulty is evid5tly at ! mom5t ( rev]sal to ins]t a high resi/ance to dim9i% ! mom5tum ( ! curr5t4 ,9 det]m9+ ! prop] dim5sions ( a conductor = railway purposes1 ,sir ,william ,?omson's law %\ld prop]ly apply4 ,b on a l9e :]e ! gradi5ts & traffic are v irregul>1 x is difficult to e/imate ! av]age curr5t1 & ! desirability ( hav+ ! rail me*anically /rong1 & ( su* l[ resi/ance t ! pot5tial %all n v>y v mat]ially ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 becomes m important ?an ! economic consid]ations involv$ 9 ,sir ,william ,?omson's law4 ,at ,portru% ! resi/ance ( a mile1 includ+ ! return by e>? & ! gr\nd rails1 is actually ab\t #j4bc ohm4 ,if calculat$ f ! section ( ! iron1 x w\ld be #j4ae ohm1 ! diff]5ce be+ acc\nt$ = by ! resi/ance ( ! copp] loops1 & occasional imp]fect contacts4 ,! ,e4,m4,f4 at :i* ! conductor is ma9ta9$ is ab\t #bbe volts1 :i* is well )9 ! limit ( p]fect safety assign$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson & ,dr4 ,siem5s4 ,at ! same "t ! %ock receiv$ by t\*+ ! iron is suffici5t to be unpleasant1 & h5ce is "s protection aga9/ ! conductor be+ tamp]$ )4 ,consid] a c> requir+ a giv5 con/ant curr5t2 evid5tly ! maximum loss due to resi/ance w occur :5 ! c> is at ! middle po9t ( ! l9e1 & w !n be "o-f\r? ( ! total resi/ance ( ! l9e1 provid$ ! two extremities are ma9ta9$ by ! g5]ators at ! same pot5tial4 ,aga91 by integration1 ! mean resi/ance c be %[n to be "o-six? ( ! resi/ance ( ! l9e4 ,apply+ ^! figures1 & assum+ f\r c>s are runn+1 requir+ #d horse p[] ea*1 ! loss due to resi/ance does n exce$ #d p] c5t4 ( ! p[] develop$ on ! c>s2 or if "o c> only be runn+1 ! loss is less ?an #a p] c5t4 ,b 9 actual practice at ,portru% ev5 ^! e/imates are too high1 z ! g5]ators are plac$ at ! bottom ( ! hills1 & ! middle portion ( ! l9e is m or less level1 h5ce ! m9imum curr5t is requir$ :5 ! resi/ance is at its maximum value4 ,! insulation ( ! conductor has be5 a matt] ( consid]able difficulty1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! moi/ness ( ! climate4 ,an insulation has n[1 h[ev]1 be5 obta9$ ( f #ejj to #a1jjj ohms p] mile1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 by plac+ a cap ( insulite betwe5 ! wood5 po/s & ,t-iron4 ,h5ce ! total leakage _c exce$ #b4e amp]es1 repres5t+ a loss ( ?ree-f\r?s ( a horse p[]1 or "u #e p] c5t1 :5 f\r c>s are runn+4 ,b ap>t f ^! figures1 we h mat]ials = an actual comp>ison ( ! co/ ( work+ ! l9e by electricity & /eam4 ,! /eam tramway eng9es1 tempor>ily employ$ at ,portru%1 are made by ,messrs4 ,wilk9son1 ( ,wigan1 & are g5]ally consid]$ z satisfactory z any ( ! v>i\s tramway eng9es4 ,!y h a pair ( v]tical cyl9d]s1 #h in*es diamet] & "o foot /roke1 & "w at a boil] pressure ( #abj lb41 ! total weight ( ! eng9e be+ #g tons4 ,! electrical c> ) :i* ! comp>ison is made has a dynamo weigh+ #ac cwt41 & ! t>e ( ! c> is #eb cwt4 ,! /eam-eng9es are capable ( draw+ a total load ( ab\t #ab tons up ! hill1 exclud+ ! weight ( ! eng9e2 ! dynamo ov] six tons1 includ+ its own weight2 h5ce1 weight = weight1 ! dynamo w draw five times z mu* z ! /eam-eng9e4 ,f9ally1 comp>e ! foll[+ e/imates ( co/4 ,f actual exp]i5ce1 ! /eam-eng9e1 tak+ an av]age ov] a week1 co/s-- s4 d4 ,driv]'s wages4 #a #aj #j ,clean]'s #j #ab #j ,coke1 #eh cwt4 at #bes4 p] ton4 #c #ac #a ,oil1 #a gallon at #cs4 #a;d4 #j #c #a ,tall[1 #d lb4 at #f;d4 #j #b #j ,wa/e1 #h lb4 at #b;d4 #j #a #d ,depreciation1 #ae p] c5t4 on #gej4 #b #c #c ---------- ,total4 #h #d #i ,! di/ance run 0 #cab miles4 ,also1 f actual exp]i5ce1 ! electrical c>1 draw+ a second beh9d x1 & h5ce provid+ = ! same numb] ( pass5g]s1 consum$ #ah lb4 ( coke p] mile run4 ,h5ce1 calculat+ ! co/ 9 ! same way1 = a di/ance run ( #cab miles 9 a week-- s4 d4 ,wages ( /ok] ( /ation>y eng9e4 #a #j #j ,coke1 #eb cwt4 at #bes4 p] ton4 #b #ae #j ,oil1 #a gallon at #cs4 #a;d4 #j #c #a ,wa/e1 #d lb4 at #b;d4 #j #j #h ,depreciation on /ation>y eng9e1 #aj p] c5t4 on #cjj #aas4 #f;d4 ,depreciation ( electrical app>atus1 #ae p] c5t4 #b #j #d on #ejj1 #a #hs4 #aj;d4 --------- ,total4 #e #ai #a ,a sav+ ( ov] #be p] c5t4 ,! total mileage run is v small1 on acc\nt ( ! light traffic e>ly 9 ! ye>4 ,heavi] traffic w tell v mu* 9 favor ( ! electric c>1 z ! loss due to leakage w be a mu* small] proportion ( ! total p[] develop$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! co/ ( ! tramway eng9es is v mu* 9 excess ( :at is usual on o!r l9es1 b ?is is entirely acc\nt$ = by ! high price ( coke1 & ! exce$+ly difficult nature ( ! l9e to "w1 on acc\nt ( ! curves & gradi5ts4 ,^! causes s5d up ! co/ ( electrical work+ 9 ! same ratio1 h5ce ! comp>ison is valid z betwe5 ! /eam & electricity1 b x w\ld be unsafe to comp>e ! co/ ( ei!r ) horse-traction or wire-rope traction on o!r l9es4 ,! same fuel 0 burnt 9 ! /ation>y /eam-eng9e & 9 ! tramway eng9es1 & ! same roll+ /ock us$ 9 bo? cases2 b1 o!rwise1 ! comp>ison 0 made "u circum/ances 9 favor ( ! tramway eng9e1 z ! /ation>y /eam-eng9e is by no means economical1 consum+ at lea/ #e lb4 ( coke p] horse-p[] h\r1 & ! exp]im5ts 7 made1 9 ! case ( ! electrical c>1 ov] a l5g? ( l9e ?ree miles long1 :i* includ$ ! wor/ hills & curves1 & "o-half ( ! conductor 0 n provid$ ) ! insulite caps1 ! leakage consequ5tly be+ consid]ably l>g] ?an x w be ev5tually4 ,f9ally1 z reg>ds ! spe$ ( ! electrical c>1 x is capable ( runn+ on ! level at ! rate ( #ab miles p] h\r1 b z ! l9e is te*nically a tramway1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ,regulations d n all[ ! spe$ to exce$ #aj miles an h\r4 ,tak+ ^! data z to co/1 & rememb]+ h[ ?is w be r$uc$ :5 ! wat] p[] is made available1 & rememb]+ su* consid]ations z ! fre$om f smoke & /eam1 ! dim9i%$ we> & te> ( ! p]man5t way1 & ! advantage ( hav+ ea* c> indep5d5t1 x may be said t !re is a future = electrical railways4 ,we mu/ n conclude )\t express+ our be/ ?anks to ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bros4 = hav+ k9dly plac$ all ?is app>atus at our disposal to-night1 & all[+ u to publi% ! results ( exp]im5ts made at _! works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,?omson-,,h\/on ,,electric ,,light+ ,,sy/em4 ,! g5]ator is kn[n z ! ,?omson sph]ical1 on acc\nt ( ! ne>ly sph]ical =m ( its armature1 & diff]s radically f all o!rs 9 all ess5tial portions1 viz41 its field magnets1 armature1 & w9d+ !re(1 & 9 its commutator2 bo? 9 pr9ciple & con/ruction1 &1 besides1 x is provid$ ) an automatic regulator1 an atta*m5t n appli$ to o!r g5]ators4 ,! annex$ view ( ! complete ma*9e w convey an idea ( ! g5]al appe>ance & disposition ( its p>ts4 ,! revolv+ armature :i* g5]ates ! electrical curr5t is made int]nally ( a holl[ %ell ( s(t iron secur$ to ! c5tral portion ( ! %aft betwe5 ! be>+s1 & is w\nd ext]nally ) a copp] conduct+ wire1 con/itut+ ?ree coils or helices surr\nd+ ! armature1 :i* coils are1 h[ev]1 p]man5tly jo9$1 & 9 reality act z a s+le ?ree-bran*$ wire4 ,?is wire1 be+ w\nd on ! ext]ior ( ! armature1 is fully expos$ to ! p[]ful magnetic influ5ce ( ! field poles1 :i* inclose ! armature almo/ completely4 ,! armature w ?us be se5 to be ?or\ghly incas$ & protect$1 at ! same "t t all ! wire ^u x is subject to a p[]ful action ( ! surr\nd+ magnets1 result+ 9 an economy 9 ! g5]ation ( curr5t 9 its coils4 ,! =m ( ! armature be+ sph]ical1 v little p[] is lo/ by air friction1 & no injury c occur f increas$ spe$ develop+ c5trifugal =ce4 ,! field magnets1 :i* surr\nd ! armature1 are ca/ iron %ells1 w\nd outside ) _m convolutions ( insulat$ copp] wire1 & are jo9$ ext]nally by iron b>s to convey ! magnetism4 ,^! out] b>s s]ve also z a mo/ effici5t protection to ! wire & armature ( ! ma*9e dur+ transportation or o!rwise4 ,objects _c fall ^u or re/ ^u ! wire coils & injure !m4 ,! coils ( wire ^u ! field magnets surr\nd n only ! iron poles or %ells1 b are situat$ also s z to surr\nd likewise ! revolv+ armature1 & increase ! effect produc$ 9 x by direct induction & magnetism4 ,?is feature is n us$ 9 any o!r g5]ator1 nor does any o!r make use ( a sph]ical armature4 ,! %aft is m\nt$ 9 babbitt$ be>+s ( ample size1 su/a9$ by a h&some frame !re=1 & is ( /eel1 f9ely turn$ & p]fectly true4 ,! %aft & armature toge!r are balanc$ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 & run )\t buzz or rumble4 ,! armature wire is kept cool by an active circulation ( air ov] its :ole surface dur+ revolution4 ,! commutator1 or portion f :i* ! curr5ts develop$ 9 ! armature are c>ri$ out = use1 is a beautiful piece ( me*anism4 ,x is m\nt$ ^u ! end ( ! %aft1 & has atta*$ to x ! wires1 ?ree only1 com+ f ! armature wire ?r\gh ! tubul> %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?omson ,,sph]ical4 ,! commutator is peculi>1 consi/+ ( only ?ree segm5ts ( a copp] r+1 :ile 9 ! simple/ ( o!r cont9u\s curr5t g5]ators sev]al times t numb] exi/1 & frequ5tly #abj6 segm5ts are to be f\nd4 ,^! ?ree segm5ts are made s z to be removable 9 a mom5t = clean+ or replacem5t4 ,!y are m\nt$ ^u a metal support1 & are surr\nd$ on all sides by a free air space1 & _c1 !re=e1 lose _! insulat$ condition4 ,?is feature ( air insulation is peculi> to ?is sy/em1 & is v important z a factor 9 ! durability ( ! commutator4 ,besides ?is1 ! commutator is su/a9$ by supports c>ri$ 9 flanges ^u ! %aft1 :i* flanges1 z an additional safegu>d1 are coat$ all ov] ) h>d rubb]1 "o ( ! f9e/ kn[n insulators4 ,x may be /at$1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t no o!r commutator made is s ?or\ghly insulat$ & protect$4 ,! ?ree commutator segm5ts virtually con/itute a s+le copp] r+1 m\nt$ 9 free air1 & cut into ?ree equal pieces by slots across its face4 ,f\r slit copp] spr+s1 call$ commutator bru%es or collectors1 are all[$ to be> lightly ^u ! commutator :5 x revolves1 & s]ve to take up ! curr5t & convey x to ! circuit4 ,^! commutator bru%es are c>ri$ by movable supports1 & _! position is automatically regulat$ s z to control ! /r5g? ( ! develop$ curr5t--a feature n f\nd 9 o!r sy/ems4 ,?is feature1 z well z ! fact t ! commutator c be oil$ to prev5t we>1 saves att5dance & greatly increases ! durability ( ! we>+ surfaces1 :ile ! commutator bru%es are ma9ta9$ 9 ! position ( be/ adju/m5t4 ,! commutator & bru%es1 9 consequ5ce1 aft] weeks ( runn+1 %[ sc>cely any we>4 ,,! ,,automatic ,,curr5t ,,regulator4 ,?is consi/s ( a peculi> magnet atta*$ to ! frame ( ! g5]ator1 & ! movable armature ( :i* has connections to ! supports ( ! commutator bru%es = controll+ _! position4 ,! regulator magnet is s =m$ z to give a uni=m attraction ^u its armature 9 diff]5t positions4 ,9 ,?omson's improv$ =m ?is is accompli%$ 9 a novel mann] by mak+ ! pole ( ! magnet p>aboloidal 9 =m1 & mak+ an op5+ 9 ! movable armature to encircle said pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,curr5t ,,regulator ,! armature is hung on pivots s z to be free to move only t[>d & f ! regulat+ magnet on *anges 9 ! curr5t trav]s+ ! latt]1 & be+ connect$ to ! commutator bru%es1 automatically adju/s _! position4 ,by ?is means ! p[] ( ! g5]ator is adapt$ to run any numb] ( lights )9 its limit ( capacity1 or may be %ort circuit$ purposely or by accid5t )\t difficulty aris+ !refrom2 & a numb] ( in/ances h occurr$ :]e ! injuri\s effects ( a %ort circuit accid5tally =m$ h be5 entirely obviat$ by ! pres5ce ( ! regulator4 ,9 "o in/ance f\r g5]ators1 9 s]ies repres5t+ ov] =ty lights' capacity1 7 accid5tally %ort circuit$1 & no injury or ev5 noticeable action took place except a quick movem5t ( ! regulators 9 adapt+ !mselves to ! new conditions4 ,_h ?is accid5t occurr$ to g5]ators unprovid$ ) regulators1 great injury or possible de/ruction ( ! app>atus w\ld h result$4 ,x is important to a full und]/&+ ( ! regulation1 to /ate t its action is indep5d5t ( resi/ances introduc$1 t x saves p[] & c>bons 9 proportion to lights ext+ui%$1 & t x comp5sates = spe$ v>iations above ! m9imum spe$4 ,! mann] ( its action is to control ! g5]ation ( curr5t at ! s\rce 9 ! armature1 & x does s by comb9+ c]ta9 electrical actions s z to obta9 a diff]5tial effect1 su* t :5 small =ce ( curr5t only is requir$ x alone is furni%$1 & :5 ! maximum =ce is ne$$ ! same %all be =?com+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,controll] ,,magnet4 ,on ! l>g] g5]ators we comb9e ) ! regulator magnet above describ$ an exce$+ly s5sitive controll] magnet gov]n+ ! regulation1 & by ^: accuracy ! smalle/ v>iations ( curr5t are c\nt]act$1 & ! op]ation ( ! g5]ator r5d]$ p]fect4 ,! controll] magnet is conta9$ 9 a box plac$ on ! wall or o!r support ne> ! g5]ator1 & consi/s ( a delicate d\ble axial magnet controll+ ! admission ( curr5t to ! regulator1 ^u ! g5]ator1 & its action is exce$+ly simple & effective4 ,s p]fect is ! action t 9 a circuit ( tw5ty-five to ?irty lights1 lights may be remov$ or put out 9 rapid succession )\t app>5tly affect+ ^? t rema94 ,besides1 we h be5 enabl$ to put out ev5 eight or t5 lights toge!r in/antly1 :ile ! rema9d] burn z be=e4 ,! features above set =? are peculi> to ! ,?omson-,h\/on sy/em1 & h be5 ?or\ghly cov]$ by pat5ts1 & _c !re=e be adopt$ into o!r sy/ems4 ,,! ,,?omson ,,arc ,,lamp4 ,?is lamp is ess5tially a s]ies lamp2 t is1 any numb] ( !m c be put on "o circuit wire1 b a s+le lamp1 us$ alone1 burns equally well4 ,x consi/s ( a metal frame support+ at ! bottom ! hold] = ! globe & l[] c>bon1 :i* is insulat$ f ! frame4 ,! annex$ figure ( ! pla9 lamp w convey an und]/&+ ( its g5]al appe>ance4 ,! upp] c>bon is f$ d[nw>d by ! me*anism conta9$ 9 ! box above1 & is c>ri$ by a v]tical r\nd rod call$ ! c>bon hold+ rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?omson ,,arc ,,lamp4 ,9 ! regulat+ box ( ! lamp !re exi/s a simple me*anism1 ! result ( c>eful /udy & exp]im5t to discov] ! be/ & simple/ comb9ation ( appliances1 :i* w\ld obviate ! necessity = ! use ( clockwork or da%-pots1 f :i* fluids might be accid5tally spill$1 = obta9+ a gradual fe$+ ( ! c>bon z fa/ z x is consum$ 9 produc+ ! light1 & at ! same "t to ma9ta9 ! arc or space betwe5 ! c>bons 9 burn+1 ( su* ext5t z to give a /eady1 noiseless light1 ( greate/ possible economy4 ,! lamp1 once adju/$1 does n require any readju/m5t1 &1 9 fact1 is built 9 su* a mann] z to avoid ! pres5ce ( adju/+ devices 9 x4 ,! lamp also conta9s an automatic safety device = pres]v+ ! cont9uity ( ! circuit 9 case ( accid5tal injury to ! fe$+ me*anism or ! c>bons ( ! lamps4 ,?is is q important :5 a consid]able numb] ( lights are op]at$ ^u "o circuit wire1 z a break 9 ! circuit1 due to a defective lamp1 w\ld result 9 ! ext+ui%m5t ( all ! lights4 ,) ! safety device m5tion$1 su* a break does n occur1 b ! fl[ ( curr5t is pres]v$ ?r\gh ! faulty lamp4 ,by an exce$+ly simple device ^u ! c>bon hold+ rod1 ! lamps are ext+ui%$ :5 ! c>bons are burn$ out1 & injury by burn+ ! hold]s completely avoid$4 ,! sy/em is bas$ ^u ! jo9t inv5tions ( ,elihu ,?omson & ,edw9 ,j4 ,h\/on1 = g5]ators1 regulators1 & electric lamps1 & also ! pat5ts ( ,elihu ,?omson1 9 g5]ators1 regulators1 & electric lamps2 all ( :i* are n[ op]at$ & controll$ by ! ,?omson-,h\/on ,electric ,co41 #aca ,devon%ire ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,modification ,,( ,,! ,,vibrat+ ,,bell4 ,"o ( ! causes :i* gives rise to induction 9 ! telephone l9es runn+ along ! ,belgian railroads is t !re are s _m electric bells 9 ! /ations4 ,mr4 ,lipp5s proposes z a rem$y = ! tr\ble a slight modification ( ! vibrat+ bell ( 8 inv5tion s z to exclude f ! l9e ! extra curr5ts f ! bell4 ,9 "o ( ! /yles 7,fig4 #a7 a spr+1 ,r1 is atta*$ at ,t to a fix$ metallic rod1 & presses aga9/ ! rod1 ,t4 ,! curr5t ent]s ?r\gh ! t]m9al1 ,b1 trav]ses ! bobb9s1 passes ?r\gh ,t1 ?r\gh ! spr+1 ?r\gh ,t1 & makes its exit ?r\gh ! o!r t]m9al4 ,! armature is attract$1 & ! po9t1 ,p1 fix$ !reto draws back ! spr+ f ! rod1 ,t1 & int]rupts ! curr5t2 b1 at ! mom5t at :i* ! po9t t\*es ! spr+1 & be=e ! latt] has be5 deta*$ f ! rod1 ,t1 ! electro-magnet becomes includ$ 9 a %ort circuit1 & ! l9e curr5t1 in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! bobb9s = a v %ort "t1 passes ?r\gh ! wire1 ,t1 ! armature1 & ! rod1 ,t1 s t ! extra curr5t is no long] s5t into ! l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,9 ano!r /yle 7,fig4 #b7 ! curr5t is n int]rupt$ at all1 b ent]s ?r\gh ! t]m9al1 ,b1 trav]ses ! bobb9s1 & goes ?r\gh ,c to ! t]m9al1 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,z soon z ! armature is attract$1 ! spr+1 ,r1 :i* is fix$ to x presses aga9/ ! fix$ metallic rod1 ,t1 & ?us gives ! electricity a %ort] travel ?an x w\ld take by pref]5ce4 ,! curr5t ceases1 !n1 to pass ?r\gh ! bobb9s1 demagnetization occurs1 & ! spr+ t holds ! armature sep>ates anew4 ,! curr5t n[ passes = a second "t into ! bobb9s & produces a new action1 & s on4 ,!re is no long]1 !n1 any int]ruption ( ! curr5t1 & ! motions ( ! hamm] are br\ght ab\t by ! *ange 9 direction ( ! curr5t1 :i* alt]nately trav]ses & leaves ! bobb9s4 ,9 a communication t he has address$ to u on ! subject ( ^! bells1 ,mr4 ,lipp5s adds a few details 9 reg>d to ! mode ( apply+ ! gr\nd pile to micro-telephone /ations4 ,be+ giv5 any two /ations1 he puts into ! gr\nd at ! fir/ a copp] plate1 & at ! second a z9c "o1 & connects ! two by a l9e wire provid$ ) two vibrat+ bells & two telephone app>atus4 ,! e>? curr5t suffices to actuate ! bells1 b1 9 ord] to effect a call1 ! inv5tor is oblig$ to run !m cont9u\sly & to int]rupt !m at ! mom5t at :i* he wi%es to communicate4 ,! correspond5t is !n notifi$ ?r\gh ! cessation ( noise 9 ! bells1 & ! two call-app>atus are ?r[n out ( ! circuit by ! play ( ! commutator1 & are replac$ by ! micro-telephone app>atus4 ,x is c]ta9ly impracticable to all[ vibrat+ bells to r+ cont9u\sly 9 ?is mann]4 ,! gr\nd pile w\ld1 at ! mo/1 be only admissible 9 cases :]e ! call1 hav+ to be made f only "o ( ! /ations1 might be effect$ by a clos+ ( ! circuit4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! advantage ( light+ vessels by electricity 0 %[n :5 ! /eam] ,c>ol9a1 ( ! old ,bay ,l9e betwe5 ,baltimore & ,norfolk1 ran into ! ,briti% /eam%ip ,riv]sdale 9 a d5se fog (f ,c$> ,po9t1 on ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,! electric lights ( ! ,c>ol9a 7 ext+ui%$ only 9 ! damag$ "p ( ! boat1 & h] (fic]s ?9k t if %e _h be5 light$ 9 any o!r way1 a conflagration w\ld h foll[$ ! collision4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photo ,,plates--,,wet ,,& ,,dry4 ,dr4 ,ed] has rec5tly publi%$1 9 ! ,correspond5z1 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( articles embody+ ! results ( 8 m rec5t "w on gelat9o bromide2 & we n[ reproduce ! sub/ance ( ! article 9 a some:at ab/ract$ =m4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ( a wet plate cont9ues to be us$ z a r\gh & ready /&>d ( comp>ison2 &1 not)/&+ ! fact t x is physically impossible to exactly comp>e ! s5sitiv5ess ( a wet plate ) t ( a gelat9o bromide film1 x is conv5i5t to ref] to wet plates z "s k9d ( a r\gh /&>d4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t a gelat9e plate :i* gives ! numb] #aj on ! ,w>n]ke s5sitomet]1 may be reg>d$ z approximately correspond+ to ! av]age wet plate2 & sett+ out f ?is po9t1 ! foll[+ table has be5 con/ruct$3 ,s5sitomet] ,s5sitiv5ess1 express$ 9 t]ms numb]4 ( a ,wet ,plate4 #aj #a #aa #a-a_/c #ab #a-c_/d #ac #b-a_/c #ad #c #ae #d #af #e #ag #g #ah #i #ai #ab #bj #af #ba #ba #bb #bg #bc #cf #bd #dh #be #fc ,! nature ( ! develop] us$ has1 ( c\rse1 "s influ5ce on ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! plates2 b 9 ! above cases x is assum$ t oxalate develop]1 )\t any addition1 is us$2 or pyro41 to :i* ammonia is add$ at int]vals ( ab\t ?irty seconds1 s z to produce a slight t5d5cy to fog2 ! "t ( developm5t be+ f ?ree to f\r m9utes4 ,! numb]s are suppos$ to be read aft] fixation1 ! plate be+ held aga9/ ! sky4 ,s*umann's /atem5t t a gelat9o bromide plate is less s5sitive :5 develop$ at #cj ,c4 ?an :5 develop$ at #e1 is conte/$2 ! m rec5t inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,ed] s]v+ to demon/rate t a develop] at a mod]ate high temp]ature acts v mu* m rapidly ?an :5 ! temp]ature is l[2 b :5 a suffici5t "t is all[$ = ea* develop] to ?or\ghly p5etrate ! film1 ! diff]5ce becomes less app>5t4 ,"h are examples3 ,a4--,oxalate ,develop]4 ,temp]ature ( develop] #d-h ,c4 #af-ag ,c4 #bf-bh ,c4 ,"t ( developm5t #a m94 #c ,w4 #h ,w4 #ac ,w4 #b m94 #i ,w4 #aj ,w4 #ae ,w4 ,b4--,pyrogallic ,develop]4 ,temp]ature ( develop] #a-b ,c4 #bf-bh ,c4 ,"t ( developm5t m94 #f ,w4 #aj ,w4 #c m94 #ad ,w4 #ae ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,int5sifi] ,,= ,,wet ,,plates4 ,by ,,major ,,wat]h\se4 ,! collodion process is /ill pref]r$ = reproduc+ black & :ite designs1 draw+s1 engrav+s1 etc41 :]e v d5se negatives are desirable4 ,! fix$ & wa%$ plate is put 9 a ba? ( bromide ( copp] 7t5 p] c5t4 solution72 ! film :it5s imm$iately1 & :5 ! color is ev5 all ov]1 ! plate is tak5 out & plung$ into a ba? ( ! ord9>y f]r\s oxalate develop]4 ,x takes a d>k olive t9t1 :i* is v non-act9ic1 ! %ad[s mean:ile rema9+ v cle>4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gelat9o ,,bromide ,,emulsion ,,) ,,bromide ,,( ,,z9c4 ,by ?is "t ( ! ye> ,i h no d\bt _m1 bo? amateur & pr(essional photograph]s1 are ei!r contemplat+ or are actually at "w mak+ _! /ock ( plates = ! com+ season1 & x is to be hop$ t we %all h m favorable wea!r ?an we _h la/ ye>4 ,"s f\r or five ye>s s9ce ,i tri$ us+ bromide ( z9c in/ead ( ! ord9>y salts1 namely1 bromide ( ammonium or potassium4 ,i only made "o bat* ( plates at ! "t1 :i* possess$ sev]al important features ,i consid]$ an advantage1 & ,i ?9k well wor? :ile foll[+ out4 ,i d n ?9k x c be d5i$ t ord9>y gelat9e plates1 if expos$ 9 a weak light1 fall v %ort ( ! results obta9$ ) wet collodion :5 comp>$ side by side1 gelat9e be+ almo/ useless "u ^! conditions1 & !re is a decid$ ga9 9 ! result 9 ?is respect if ! emulsion be made ) z9c bromide4 ,9 us+ bromide ( z9c !re is a slight difficulty to ov]come1 b x c be ov]come1 z ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ a p]fect emulsion4 ,x w1 ,i h no d\bt1 be rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,l4 ,w>n]ke 0 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ?is salt 9 ! days ( collodion emulsion2 & ,i ?9k he claim$ = an emulsion prep>$ ) x t ! image w\ld /& m =c+ )\t fogg+ to ga9 any am\nt ( int5sity4 ,?is 0 said ( a collodion emulsion1 & ,i also f9d t x is ! same :5 us$ 9 a gelat9e emulsion4 ,i h he>d a great _m say1 :5 speak+ ab\t ! int5sity ( gelat9e plates1 t !y c get any am\nt ( int5sity4 ,i grant t 9 a /udio :]e ! op]ator has full comm& ov] ! light+ ( 8 subject by means ( bl9ds1 b x is n s 9 ! field1 especially :5 ! light is dull4 ,i h se5 ?\s&s ( negatives1 & z a rule ,i h f\nd want ( int5sity has be5 ! fault1 & g5]ally ?r\gh ! light4 ,n[ if we c f9d a rem$y = ?is1 x w be a /ep 9 advance4 ,:at ,i claim = bromide ( z9c is t a rapid plate c be made ) x1 & any degree ( int5sity c be readily obta9$ ) a v small proportion ( pyrogallic acid 9 ! develop]4 ,! cry z always is to use pl5ty ( pyrogallic acid & y c get any am\nt ( int5sity4 ,i rememb]1 9 ! e>ly days ( gelat9e1 z mu* z six gra9s be+ recomm5d$1 & ,i h myself1 "u extraord9>y circum/ances1 us$ z mu* z t5 gra9s to ! ounce2 b ,i ?9k x is n[1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,) ! plates to :i* ,i ref]1 ,i f\nd t ,i only requir$ to use = a #g #e plate "o gra9 ( pyrogallic acid 9 ab\t ?ree ounces ( develop] to get full d5sity )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,if ! ord9>y quantity 7 us$ f> too mu* d5sity 0 obta9$1 & ! plate ru9$ beyond recov]y2 b ) s small a quantity ( pyro4 ! plate 0 n s mu* /a9$ z ) a l>g] quantity1 & ! negative took f> less "t to develop on acc\nt ( ! int5sity be+ s readily obta9$4 ,9 mak+ a gelat9e emulsion ) z9c x mu/ be decid$ly acid or x fogs4 ,i pref] nitric acid = ! purpose4 ,i also f\nd t "s samples ( ! bromide behav$ 9 a v peculi> way4 ,all w5t on well until x came to ! wa%+1 :5 ! bromide ( silv] wa%$ out sl[ly1 r5d]+ ! wa%+ wat] slightly milky2 ?is cont9u$ until ! :ole ( ! bromide ( silv] 0 dis*>g$ f ! gelat9e1 & ! latt] r5d]$ p]fectly transp>5t z 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,i rememb] a g5tleman m5tion+ at "o ( ! meet+s ( ! ,s\? ,london ,photographic ,society t he 0 tr\bl$ 9 ! same way z ,i 0 at t "t4 ,i ?9k if a few exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ?is direction ) ! z9c salt & work$ out1 x w\ld be a great advantage4--,wm4 ,brooks1 9 ,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,design ,,= ,a ,,villa4 ,! villa ( :i* we give a p]spective draw+ is int5d$ z a c\ntry resid5ce1 be+ design$ 9 a quiet & picturesque /yle ( dome/ic ,go?ic1 frequ5tly met ) 9 old c\ntry h\ses4 ,x is propos$ to face ! ext]nal walls ) r$ ,suffolk bricks & ,cor%am ,d[n /one dress+s1 ! *imneys to be f9i%$ ) m\ld$ bricks4 ,! attic gables1 etc41 w\ld be half-timb]$ 9 oak1 & ! ro( cov]$ ) r$ ,f>eham tiles laid on felt4 ,int]nally1 ! hall & corridors are to be laid ) tiles2 ! wood f9i%+ on gr\nd floor to be ( walnut1 & on fir/ floor ( pit* p9e4 ,! gr\nd floor conta9s draw+-room1 #bc ft4 by #af ft41 ) octagonal recess 9 angle 7:i* also =ms a feature 9 ! elevation71 & door lead+ to cons]vatory4 ,! morn+-room1 #af ft4 by #af ft41 also leads into cons]vatory4 ,d9+-room1 #bj ft4 by #af ft41 ) s]v+ door lead+ f kit*54 ,! hall & pr9cipal /aircase are conv5i5tly situat$ 9 ! ma9 "p ( ! h\se1 ) doors lead+ to ! sev]al rooms1 & entrances to g>d54 ,! dome/ic (fices1 ?\gh conv5i5tly plac$1 are entirely cut (f f ! ma9 portion ( ! h\se by a door lead+ f ! hall4 ,9 ! basem5t !re is ample cell> accommodation = w9e or o!r purposes4 ,! fir/ floor conta9s f\r b$-rooms1 two dress+-rooms1 ba?-room1 w4c41 etc4 ,! attic floor1 rea*$ by ! s]vants' /aircase1 conta9s two s]vants' b$-rooms1 day & night nurs]ies1 & box & /ore rooms4 ,! e/imat$ co/ is #c1hjj4 ,! design is by ,mr4 ,*>les ,c4 ,bradley1 ( #hb ,wellesley ,road1 ,croydon4--,build+ ,times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,ar*itecture--,,design ,,= ,a ,,villa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,spottiswoode4 ,william ,spottiswoode1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 0 born 9 ,london1 ,jan4 #aa1 #ahbe4 ,he belongs to an anci5t ,scotti% family1 _m memb]s ( :i* h ris5 to di/9ction 9 ,scotl& & also 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,9 #ahde he took a fir/ class 9 ma!matics1 & he aft]w>d won ! junior 7#ahdf7 & ! s5ior 7#ahdg7 univ]sity ma!matical s*ol>%ips4 ,he return$ to ,ox=d = a t]m or two1 & gave a c\rse ( lectures 9 ,balliol ,college on ,geometry ( ,?ree ,dim5sions--a favorite subject ( 84 ,he 0 exam9] 9 ! ma!matical s*ools 9 #aheg-eh4 ,on leav+ ,ox=d1 he imm$iately1 we believe1 took an active "p 9 ! work+ managem5t ( ! bus9ess ( ! ,que5's pr9t]s1 ab\t ?is "t resign$ to him by 8 fa!r1 ,&rew ,spottiswoode1 bro!r ( ! ,laird ( ,spottiswoode4 ,! bus9ess has l>gely develop$ "u 8 h&s4 ,o!r subjects ?an ma!matics h occupi$ 8 att5tion3 at an e>ly age he /udi$ languages1 z well ,ori5tal z ,european4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,spottiswoode4 ,z treasur] & presid5t1 he has be5 cont9u\sly on ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society = a great _m ye>s1 & ?r\gh 8 exceptional gifts z an adm9i/rator he has r5d]$ x invaluable s]vices4 ,he has r5d]$ simil> s]vices to ! ,briti% ,association1 to ! ,london ,ma!matical ,society1 & to ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,we h p]mission to make ! foll[+ extract f a lett] writt5 by a fri5d ( _m ye>s' /&+3 ,9 ! c\ncils 7( ! v>i\s societies7 he has always be5 di/+ui%$ by 8 s\nd judgm5t & 8 deep sympa?y ) _! pure/ & highe/ aims4 ,!re nev] 0 a trace ( p>tisan%ip 9 8 action1 or ( n>r[ness 9 8 sympa?ies4 ,on ! contr>y1 e "o engag$ 9 ?or\ghly sci5tific "w has felt t he _h a w>m support] 9 ,spottiswoode1 on ^: opportune aid he might surely c\nt4 ,! same bread? ( sympa?y & g5]osity ( s5tim5t has m>k$ also 8 relations to ^? m entirely dep5d5t ^u him4 ,! workm5 9 8 l>ge e/abli%m5t all feel t !y h 9 him a true & tru/wor?y fri5d4 ,he has always id5tifi$ himself ) _! educational & social well-be+4 ,we give "h a li/ ( "s ( ! (fices ,mr4 ,spottiswoode has held1 & ( ! honors t h be5 be/[$ ^u him3 ,treasur] ( ! ,briti% ,association f #ahfa to #ahgd1 ( ! ,royal ,in/itution f #ahfe to #ahgc1 & ( ! ,royal ,society f #ahga to #ahgh4 ,9 #ahga he succe$$ ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones z ,honor>y ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,presid5t ( ,section ,a1 #ahfe2 ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahgh2 ( ! ,london ,ma!matical ,society1 #ahgj to #ahgb2 ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ahgi1 :i* (fice he /ill holds4 ,correspond5t ( ! ,in/itut 7,acadmie des ,sci5ces71 ,m>* #bg1 #ahgf4 ,he is also ,,ll4,d4 ( ! ,univ]sities ( ,cambridge1 ,dubl91 & ,ed9burgh1 ,d4,c4,l4 ( ,ox=d1 & ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,9 addition to ^! honors he has _m o!r lit]>y & sci5tific di/9ctions4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,acetate ,,( ,,lime4 ,i h made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) reg>d to f9d+ a reliable me?od ( e/imat+ ! acetic acid 9 comm]cial acetate ( lime1 & f9d ! foll[+ gives ! be/ results3 ,! sample is f9ely gr\nd & ab\t #f grms4 weigh$ into a half-lit] flask1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & dilut$ to ! conta9+ m>k4 #ajj c4c4 ( ?is solution are di/ill$ ) #gj grms4 ( /rong phosphoric acid ne>ly to dryness1 & #ej c4c4 ( wat] are add$ to ! residue 9 ! retort & di/ill$ till ! di/illate gives no precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]1 titrate ! di/illates ) /&>d cau/ic soda1 evaporate to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 & ignite ! residue be=e ! bl[ pipe1 :i* conv]ts ! phosphate ( soda 7=m$ by a little phosphoric acid c>ri$ ov] 9 ! di/illation7 into ! insoluble pyrophosphate & ! acetate ( soda into ,na,h,o2 dissolve 9 wat]1 & titrate ) /&>d ,h#b,,s#d1 :i* gives ! am\nt ( soda comb9$ ) ! acetic acid 9 ! orig9al sample4 ,9 a numb] ( samples analyz$ !y 7 f\nd to v>y h>dly any?+4--,c4 ,h4 ,slaytor1 9 ,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,ammonia ,,f ,,crude ,,gas4 ,9 connection ) ! _m plans n[ br\ght =w>d to utilize ! ammonia 9 ! gases escap+ f coke ov5s & bla/ furnaces1 x may be ( int]e/ to ref] to a process br\ght out "s ye>s ago 9 connection ) illum9at+ gas manufacture by ,messrs4 ,bolton ,wanklyn1 & adapt$ by !m1 we und]/&1 to ! metallurgical bran*es also4 ,:5 bone a% or any o!r sub/ance conta9+ phosphate ( lime is treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 ! products =m$ are sup]phosphate ( lime & hydrat$ sulphate ( lime2 ?is mixture is kn[n z sup]phosphate ( lime1 9 comm]ce1 & is ! sub/ance us$ 9 ?is process4 ,?is sub/ance is capable ( absorb+ c>bonic acid & ammonia f f\l gas4 ,! complete action c only take place 9 ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 proportion ( c>bonic acid1 s t ! process is n s successful ) well-scrubb$ illum9at+ gas4 ,! sup]phosphate is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lime1 :ile ! ammonia comb9es ) ! phosphoric acid to =m phosphate ( ammonia2 ! hydrat$ sulphate ( lime is also act$ ^u1 & =ms c>bonate ( lime & sulphate ( ammonia2 s t1 presum+ ! action to be complete1 & ! mat]ial to be ?or\ghly saturat$ ) c>bonic acid & ammonia f ! f\l gas1 ! result is a mixture ( c>bonate ( lime & phosphate & sulphate ( ammonia4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! mixture absorbs "o equival5t ( c>bonic acid = e f\r equival5ts ( ammonia2 !re=e1 if ! sup]phosphate process be sub/itut$ = ! ord9>y wa%]s & scrubb]s1 a l>ge proportion ( ! c>bonic acid & also ! :ole ( ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 is left 9 ! gas1 & mu/ be dealt ) 9 o!r ways4 ,?is sup]phosphate process has be5 at "w at ! ,s\? ,metropolitan ,gas ,works1 ,old ,k5t ,road1 = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,9 practice x is usual to wat] ! sup]phosphate be=e use ) ammoniacal liquor1 & x is us$ 9 dry purifi]s1 9 lay]s ab\t eight in*es ?ick4 ,?is process has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ at ! ,muni* ,gas ,works1 by ,drs4 ,bunte & ,s*ill+1 & ! report made by ^! g5tlem5 proves its practical effici5cy1 & !re=e ! "q ( its advantage1 z comp>$ ) wa%+ & scrubb+1 is bas$ *iefly ^u f9ancial consid]ations4 ,x is evid5t t 9 =eign p>ts1 or 9 any place :]e !re is a difficulty 9 dispos+ ( ! ammonia1 ! obta9+ ( ! same 9 a dry =m (f]s sev]al advantages z comp>$ ) hav+ x z a weak solution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reconv]sion ,,( ,,nitro-,,glyc]9 ,,into ,,glyc]94 ,by ,c4,l4 ,,bloxam4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts on ?is subject appe> to possess "s int]e/ at ! pres5t mom5t3 #a4 ,nitro-glyc]9 0 %ak5 ) me?ylat$ alcohol1 :i* dissolves x readily1 & ! solution 0 mix$ ) an alcoholic solution ( ,,khs 7prep>$ by dissolv+ ,,kho 9 me?ylat$ _s1 & saturat+ ) ,h#b,s gas74 ,consid]able rise ( temp]ature took place1 ! liquid became r$1 a l>ge quantity ( sulphur sep>at$1 & ! nitro-glyc]9 0 entirely decompos$4 #b4 ,nitro-glyc]9 0 %ak5 ) a /rong aque\s solution ( comm]cial ,k#b,s4 ,! same *anges 7 obs]v$ z 9 #a1 b ! rise ( temp]ature 0 n s great1 & ! liquid became opaque v sudd5ly :5 ! decomposition ( ! nitro-glyc]9 0 complet$4 #c4 ,! ord9>y yell[ solution ( ammonium sulphide us$ 9 ! laboratory _h ! same effect z ! ,k#b,s4 ,9 ?is case ! mixture 0 evaporat$ to dryness on ! /eam ba?1 :5 bubbles ( gas 7 evolv$1 due to ! decomposition ( ! ammonium nitrite4 ,! pa/y mass ( sulphur 0 treat$ ) alcohol1 :i* extract$ ! glyc]91 subsequ5tly recov]$ by evaporation4 ,ano!r portion ( ! mixture ( nitro-glyc]9 ) ammonium sulphide 0 treat$ ) excess ( ,pb,c,o#c & a little lead acetate1 filt]$1 & ! ammonium nitrite detect$ 9 ! solution4 ,^! qualitative results w\ld be express$ by ! equation-- ,c#c;,h#e7,,no7#c,,nh#d;,,hs ,c#c;,h#e7,,oh7#c #c,,nh#d,,no#b ,s#c1 :i* is simil> to t = ! action ( potassium hydrosulphide ^u gun-cotton4 #d4 ,fl[]s ( sulphur & slak$ lime 7 boil$ ) wat]1 till a bright orange solution 0 obta9$4 ,?is 0 filt]$1 & "s nitro-glyc]9 p[]$ into x4 ,! r$uction took place mu* m sl[ly ?an 9 ! o!r cases1 & m agitation 0 requir$1 because ! nitro-glyc]9 became coat$ ) sulphur4 ,9 a few m9utes1 ! r$uction appe>+ to be complete1 ! sep>at$ sulphur 0 filt]$ (f4 ,! filtrate 0 cle>1 & ! sulphur bore hamm]+ )\t ! slighte/ indication ( nitro-glyc]94 ,?is w\ld be ! *eape/ me?od ( decompos+ nitro-glyc]94 ,p]haps ! calcium sulphide ( tank-wa/e1 obta9able f ! alkali works1 might answ] ! purpose4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,& ,,bisulphide ,,( ,,c>bon4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,april #e1 #ahhc4 ,by ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,*emi/s are ev] on ! al]t to notice analogies & resemblances 9 ! atomic /ructure ( diff]5t bodies4 ,!y long ago indicat$ po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 bisulphide ( c>bon & c>bonic acid4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] we h "o atom ( c>bon unit$ to two ( oxyg51 & 9 ! case ( ! =m] "o atom ( c>bon unit$ to two ( sulphur4 ,attempts h be5 made to pu% ! analogy /ill fur!r by ! discov]y ( a comp\nd ( c>bon & sulphur analog\s to c>bonic oxide1 b hi!rto1 ,i believe1 )\t success4 ,i h n[ to note a resemblance ( "s int]e/ to ! physici/1 & ( a m settl$ "* ?an any hi!rto obs]v$4 ,:51 by means ( an electric curr5t1 a metal is volatiliz$ & subject$ to spectrum analysis1 ! rev]sal ( ! bright b& ( ! inc&esc5t vapor is commonly obs]v$4 ,?is is kn[n to be due to ! absorption ( ! rays emitt$ by ! vapor by ! p>tially cool$ envelope ( its own sub/ance :i* surr\nds x4 ,! effect is ! same 9 k9d z ! absorption by cold c>bonic acid ( ! heat emitt$ by a c>bonic oxide flame4 ,= mo/ s\rces ( radiation c>bonic acid is "o ( ! mo/ transp>5t ( gases2 = ! radiation f ! hot c>bonic acid produc$ 9 ! c>bonic oxide flame x is ! mo/ opaque ( all4 ,aga91 = all ord9>y s\rces ( radiant heat1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 bo? 9 ! liquid & vapor\s =m1 is "o ( ! mo/ dia!rman\s bodies ev] kn[n4 ,i ?\ght x wor? :ile to try :e!r a body reput$ to be analog\s to c>bonic acid1 & s p]vi\s to mo/ k9ds ( heat1 w\ld %[ any *ange ( deportm5t :5 pres5t$ to ! radiation f hot c>bonic acid4 ,does ! analogy betwe5 ! two sub/ances ext5d to ! vibrat+ p]iods ( _! atoms8 ,if x does1 !n ! bisulphide1 l ! c>bonic acid1 w ab&on its usually transp>5t "*1 & play ! "p ( an opaque body :5 pres5t$ to ! radiation f ! c>bonic oxide flame4 ,?is prov$ to be ! case4 ,( ! radiation f hydrog51 a ?9 lay] ( bisulphide transmits #ij p] c5t41 absorb+ only #aj4 ,= ! radiation f c>bonic acid1 ! same lay] ( bisulphide transmits only #be p] c5t41 #ge p] c5t4 be+ absorb$4 ,= ?is s\rce ( rays1 inde$1 ! bisulphide transc5ds1 z an absorb5t1 _m sub/ances :i*1 = all o!r s\rces1 f> transc5d x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,hair1 ,,its ,,use ,,& ,,its ,,c>e4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ab/ract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,m$ical ,society1 at ,norri/[n1 ,may #aj1 #ahhc4--,n4,y4 ,m$4 ,j\r4 ,by ,,john ,v4 ,,%oemak]1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,physician to ! ,philadelphia ,hospital = ,sk9 ,diseases4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to briefly describe ! hair & its important functions1 & to sugge/ ! prop] mann] ( pres]v+ x 9 a heal?y /ate4 ,i "k full well t mu* has be5 writt5 ^u ?is useful "p ( ! human economy1 b ! con/ant increase ( bald heads & be>dless faces1 not)/&+ all our mod]n advancem5t 9 ! application ( rem$ies to ! cure ( disease1 prompts me to po9t out to y ! _m ways ( reta9+1 )\t m$ication1 ! hair1 :i* is a def5se1 ornam5tation1 & adornm5t to ! human body4 ,dr4 ,%oemak] "h gave an int]e/+ hi/ory ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! hair & its uses1 :i* we are compell$ to omit4 ,!n1 proce$+1 he said3 ,n[1 ! hair1 :i* fulfills su* an important function 9 ! adornm5t & heal? ( ! body1 requires bo? con/itutional & local c>e to keep x 9 its normal1 heal?y /ate4 ,:5 ,i say con/itutional c>e1 ,i mean t ! v>i\s organs ( ! body t assi/ 9 n\ri%+ & su/a9+ ! hair-=m+ app>atus %\ld1 by judici\s diet1 ex]cise1 & att5tion to ! n]v\s sy/em1 be kept heal?y & s\nd1 9 ord] t !y 9 turn may assi/ 9 pres]v+ ! hairs 9 a vigor\s condition4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t ess5tial mat]ial1 food1 :i* is necess>y to supply ! wa/e & repair ( all animal life1 %\ld be select$1 giv51 or us$ accord+ to good judgm5t & exp]i5ce4 ,?us1 mo!rs %\ld fe$ _! infants at regul> int]vals accord+ to _! age1 & n p]mit !m to con/antly pull at ! brea/ or ! bottle until ! little /oma* becomes gorg$ ) food1 & "s alim5t>y disord] sup]v5es1 (t5 sett+ up a ra% & int]f]+ ) ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! hair4 ,x is likewise important1 9 case ! baby mu/ be artificially f$1 to select good nutriti\s food z ne> z possible l ! "m's--c['s milk1 prop]ly prep>$1 be+ ! only recogniz$ sub/itute4 ,c>e & discretion %\ld likewise be tak5 by p>5ts & nurses1 aft] ! infant has develop$ into *ildhood1 to give simple1 sub/antial1 & v>i$ food at regul> p]iods ( ! day1 & n 9 su* quantities z to ov]load ! /oma*4 ,*ildr5 ne$ active nutrition to develop !m into robu/ & heal?y m5 & wom52 & x is f neglect ( ^! important laws ( heal?1 & 9 all[+ improp] food1 t v (t5 br+ _! results 9 scald head1 r+-worm1 & scr(ula1 t leave _! /amp 9 ! poor developm5t ( ! hair4 ,) ! adv5t ( y\? & ! advance ( ye>s1 food %\ld be select$ & p>tak5 ( accord+ to ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( its acceptable & :olesome action on ! consum]4 ,! meals %\ld also be tak5 at regul> int]vals4 ,at lea/ f\r h\rs %\ld be left betwe5 !m = ! act ( dige/ion & ! prop] re/ ( ! /oma*4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! voice ( nature has be5 /ifl$1 :5 judgm5t & exp]i5ce h be5 set aside1 t mis*ief foll[s2 :5 ! /oma* is teas$ & frett$ ) ov]load+1 & ! food gulp$ d[n )\t be+ ma/icat$1 ga/ric & inte/9al d]angem5t sup]v5es1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ prolific s\rces ( ! e>ly decay & fall ( ! hair4 ,! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important portions ( ! human /ructure1 & :i* controls circulation1 secretion1 & nutrition1 (t5 by be+ impair$1 plays a prom95t "p 9 ! production ( baldness4 ,?us1 x has be5 demon/rat$ by mod]n inve/igation t ! n]ves ( nutrition1 by _! defective action1 are (t5 ! cause ( ?9n+ & loss ( hair4 ,! nutritive action ( a "p is kn[n to sudd5ly fail1 ! hair-=m+ app>atus ceases to act1 ! sk9 *anges f a peculi> heal?y hue to a :ite & %9+ appe>ance1 & (t5 loses at ! same "t its s5sibility2 ! hairs drop out until v few rema91 or ! "p becomes entirely bald4 ,x is ! ov]tax+ ( ! physical p[]s1 excessive bra9 "w1 ! exact+ dem&s made by p>5ts & tea*]s ^u *ildr5's m5tal faculties1 ! loss ( sleep1 incessant c>es1 anxiety1 grief1 excitem5t1 ! sudd5 depression & exaltation ( spirits1 irregul> & ha/ily bolt$ meals1 ! lack ( re/ & recreation1 ! abuse ( tobacco1 spirits1 tea1 c(fee1 & drugs ( all =ms1 t are fruitful s\rces ( ?is defective action ( ! n]ves ( nutrition1 & consequ5t g5]al ?9n+ & loss ( hair4 ,! hair1 p>ticul>ly ( ! head1 %\ld also receive m>k$ local att5tion4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! use ( cov]+s = x1 ,i "k ( no bett] rules ?an ^? :i* ,i laid d[n 9 my *apt] on clo?+ 9 ,h\sehold ,practice ( ,m$ic9e 7vol4 i41 p4 #bah1 ,william ,wood ,co41 ,new ,york71 9 :i* ,i /ate t ! head is ! only "p ( ! body s protect$ by nature z to ne$ no artificial cov]+4 ,! /iff hats s ext5sively worn by m5 produce m or less injury4 ,premature baldness mo/ frequ5tly fir/ attacks t "p ( ! head :]e pressure is made by ! hat4 ,x is1 inde$1 a pity t cu/om has s rigidly decre$ t m5 & wom5 mu/ n appe> out ( doors ) heads uncov]$4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] = ! hair if to be b>e-head$ 7 ! rule1 & to we> a hat ! exception4 ,s9ce we c n *ange our social regulations 9 ?is respect1 we %\ld endeavor to r5d] !m z h>mless z possible4 ,! =ms ( hats t are lea/ injuri\s are3 = ,w9t]1 s(t hats ( light weight1 hav+ an op5 /ructure1 or pi]c$ ) num]\s holes2 = ,summ]1 light /raws1 also ( op5 /ructure4 ,z reg>ds ! head-cov]+ ( wom51 ! fa%ions h be5 = sev]al ye>s favorable to prop] =m4 ,! bonnet & hat h become q small1 & cov] b little ( ! head4 ,?is b5eficial condition1 h[ev]1 is 9 "p c\nt]balanc$ by ! weight ( false curls1 swit*es1 puffs1 etc41 by ! aid ( :i* wom5 dress ! head4 ,^!1 by int]f]+ ) evaporation ( ! secretions1 prev5t prop] regulations ( ! temp]ature ( ! scalp1 & likewise lead to ! ret5tion ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( excrem5titi\s matt]1 bo? ( :i* are prolific s\rces ( rapid ?9n+ & loss ( hair 9 wom54 ,false hair has likewise sometimes be5 ! means ( introduc+ p>asites1 :i* give rise to ob/9ate affections ( ! scalp4 ,cleanl9ess ( ! entire surface ( ! sk9 %\ld next dem& att5tion1 & t %\ld be done by us+ wat] z ! m$ium ( ablution4 ,x is a well-kn[n physiological law t x is necess>y1 9 ord] to enable ! sk9 to c>ry on its heal?ful action1 to h wa%$ (f ) wat] ! con/ant ca/ ( scales :i* become m+l$ ) ! unctu\s & sal9e products1 toge!r ) p>ticles ( dirt :i* coat ov] ! pores1 & ?us int]f]e ) ! developm5t ( ! hairs4 ,wat] = ablution c be ( any temp]ature t may be acceptable & agreeable1 accord+ to ! cu/om & condition ( ! ba!r's heal?4 ,_m *emical sub/ances c be comb9$ ) wat] to cleanse ^! effete productions f ! sk94 ,soap is ! mo/ efficaci\s ( all = cleanl9ess1 heal?1 & ! avoidance ( disease4 ,soap comb9es bett] ) wat] to r5d] ^! unctu\s products miscible1 & readily removes !m ?or\ghly f ! sk94 ,! be/ v>iety ( soap to use is ! pure :ite soap1 :i* _c be s easily adult]at$ by color+ mat]ial1 or disguis$ by "s p]fume or m$ic9al sub/ance4 ,ablution ) soap & wat] %\ld be p]=m$ once or twice a week at lea/1 p>ticul>ly to ! head & be>d1 9 ord] to keep op5 ! hair tubes s t !y may take 9 oxyg51 give out c>bon1 c>ry on _! nutrition1 & ma9ta9 ! hairs 9 a f9e1 poli%$1 & heal?y condition4 ,9 us+ wat] to ! scalp & be>d1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use soap-wat] too frequ5tly1 z x (t5 causes irritation ( ! gl&s1 & leads to ! =mation ( scurf4 ,x is equally important to avoid us+ on ! head1 ! daily %[]-ba?1 :i*1 by its sudd51 rapid1 & heavy fall1 excites local irritation1 &1 z a result1 loss ( hair quickly foll[s4 ,9 case ! heal? dem&s ! %[]-ba?1 ! hair %\ld be protect$ by a ba?+ cap4 ,! mo/ acceptable "t to wa% ! hair1 to ^? n accu/om$ to do+ x ) _! morn+ ba?1 is j be=e retir+1 9 ord] to avoid go+ into ! op5 air or gett+ into a draught & tak+ cold4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! hair %\ld be briskly rubb$ ) r\gh t[els1 ! ,turki% t[el heat$ be+ p>ticul>ly s]viceable4 ,^? :o are delicate or sick1 & fe> tak+ cold or be+ *ill$ f ! wet or damp hairs1 %\ld rub into ! scalp a little bay rum1 alcohol1 or oil1 a %ort "t aft] ! p>ts h be5 well *af$ ) t[els4 ,! oil is p>ticul>ly s]viceable at ?is p]iod1 z x is bett] absorb$1 & at ! same "t ov]comes any dryness ( ! sk9 :i* (t5 foll[s wa%+4 ,x might be well to add 9 ?is connection t ,i h frequ5tly be5 consult$1 by ^? tak+ salt-wat] ba?s1 z to ! c>e ( ! hair dur+ & aft] ! ba?4 ,if ! ba!r is 9 good heal?1 & ! hair is normal1 ! ba!r c g into ! surf & rema9 at lea/ fifte5 m9utes1 & on com+ out %\ld rub ! hair ?or\ghly dry ) t[els4 ,ladies %\ld p]mit x rema9 loose :ile do+ s1 aft] :i* x c be advantage\sly dress$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 injuri\s to bo? m5 & wom5 hav+ "s wa/+ ( ! hair to g into ! surf )\t prop]ly protect+ ! head2 ! sea wat] has n1 z is (t5 ?\ght1 a tonic action on ! scalp2 on ! contr>y1 x (t5 excites irritation & g5]al ?9n+4 ,aga91 x is mo/ decid$ly injuri\s to ! hair = p]sons to rema9 9 ! surf "o or two h\rs1 ! hair wet1 & ! head unprotect$ f ! rays ( ! sun4 ,?is latt] class ( ba!rs1 & ^? :o hurri$ly dress ! hair wet1 :i* soon becomes m\ldy & emits a disagreeable odor1 are frequ5t suff]]s f g5]al loss & ?9n+ ( ! hair4 ,an agreeable & effici5t adjunct aft] ablution1 :i* ,i h already ref]r$ to1 is oil4 ,oil has n only a cleans+ action ^u ! scalp1 b x also ov]comes any r\gh or unev5 /ate ( ! hair1 & gives x a s(t & glossy appe>ance4 ,! oil ( ergot is p>ticul>ly s]viceable 9 fulfill+ ^! indications1 &1 at ! same "t1 by its soo?+ & slight a/r+5t action ^u ! gl&s1 w arre/ ! =mation ( scurf4 ,9 us+ oil1 ! animal & vegetable oils %\ld always be pref]r$1 z m9]al oils1 especially ! petroleum products1 h a v poor aff9ity = animal tissues4 ,pomatum is l>gely us$ by _m 9 place ( oil1 z x rema9s on ! surface & gives a full appe>ance to ! hairs1 ?us hid+1 sometimes1 ! ?9ness ( ! hair4 ,x w d no h>m or no special good if x conta9s pure grease1 wax1 h>mless p]fume1 & color+ matt]1 b x is (t5 highly adult]at$1 or1 ! fat 9 x decompos+1 sets up irritation on ! "p to :i* x is appli$4 ,i !re=e always advise aga9/ its use4 ,! comb & bru% are also ag5ts ( ! toilet by :i* ! hair is kept clean1 vigor\s1 & heal?y4 ,! comb %\ld be ( flexible gum1 ) l>ge1 broad1 blunt1 r\nd1 & co>se tee?1 hav+ pl5ty ( ela/icity4 ,x %\ld be us$ to remove f ! hairs any scurf or dirt t may h become entangl$ 9 !m1 to sep>ate ! hairs & prev5t !m f becom+ matt$ & twi/$ toge!r4 ,! f9e-too? comb1 made ) ! tee? mu* clos] toge!r1 c be us$ 9 place ( ! regul> toilet comb j nam$ :5 ! hair is fill$ ) v f9e p>ticles ( scurf1 dirt1 or :5 p>asites & _! eggs infe/ ! hairs4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 always be borne 9 m9d t combs are only = ! hair1 & n = ! scalp or ! sk91 :i* is too (t5 torn & dug up by c>elessly & r\ghly pull+ ^! valuable & important articles ( toilet ?r\gh ! sk9 z well z ! hair4 ,! bru% ) mod]ately /iff :alebone bri/les may be pass$ g5tly ov] ! hair sev]al times dur+ ! day1 to bru% out ! du/ & ! d&ruff1 & to keep ! hair smoo?1 s(t1 & clean2 r\gh & h>d bru%+ ! hair ) bru%es hav+ v /iff bri/les 9 !m1 especially ! metal or wire bri/les1 is ( no s]vice1 b (t5 irritates ! p>ts & causes ! hair to fall out4 ,dr4 ,%oemak] !n d5\nc$ ! use ( ! s-call$ electric bru%1 say+ its use 0 injuri\s1 z also 0 ! ef=t to remove d&ruff by ! aid ( ! comb & bru%4 ,cont9u+1 he rem>k$3 ,& n[ ! "q arises1 ,%\ld ! hair be p]iodically cut8 ,x may be t cutt+ & %av+ may = ! "t increase ! action ( ! gr[?1 b x has no p]man5t effect ei!r ^u ! hair-bulb or ! hair sac1 & w n 9 any way add to ! life ( ! hair4 ,on ! contr>y1 cutt+ & %av+ w cause ! hair to gr[ long] = ! "t be+1 b 9 ! end w inevitably %ort5 its t]m ( life by exhau/+ ! nutritive action ( ! hair-=m+ app>atus4 ,:5 ! hairs are frequ5tly cut1 !y w usually become co>s]1 (t5 los+ ! beautiful gloss ( ! f9e & delicate hairs4 ,! pigm5t w likewise *ange--br[n1 = in/ance1 becom+ *e/nut1 & black *ang+ to a d>k br[n4 ,9 addition1 ! ends ( v _m w be split & ragg$1 pres5t+ a bru% l appe>ance4 ,if ! hairs appe> /unt$ 9 _! gr[? ^u portions ( ! scalp or be>d1 or gray hairs crop up "h & !re1 ! me?od ( clipp+ (f ! ends ( ! %ort hairs1 ( pluck+ out ! ragg$1 )]$1 & gray hairs1 w all[ !m to gr[ /rong]1 long]1 & ?ick]4 ,mo!rs1 9 re>+ _! *ildr51 %\ld n cut _! hair at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> 7dur+ ! sup]/iti\s "t ( full moon71 9 ord] to increase its l5g? & luxuriance z !y bloom into womanhood1 & manhood4 ,?is habit ( cutt+ ! hair ( *ildr5 br+s evil 9 place ( good1 & is also condemn$ by ! di/+ui%$ work] 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ,pr(essor ,kaposi1 ( ,vi5na1 :o /ates t x is well kn[n t ! hair ( wom5 :o possess luxuriant locks f ! "t ( girlhood nev] aga9 atta9s its orig9al l5g? aft] hav+ once be5 cut4 ,p9cus has made ! same obs]vation by frequ5t exp]im5t1 & he adds t !re is a g5]al op9ion t frequ5t cutt+ ( ! hair increases its l5g?2 b ! effect is diff]5t f t g5]ally suppos$4 ,?us1 ^u "o occasion he /ates t he cut (f circles ( hair an in* 9 diamet] on ! heads ( heal?y m51 & f week to week comp>$ ! int5sity ( gr[? ( ! %orn place ) ! re/ ( ! hair4 ,! result 0 surpris+ to ?is close & c>eful obs]v]1 z he f\nd 9 "s cases ! numb]s 7 equal1 b g5]ally ! gr[? became sl[] aft] cutt+1 & he has nev] obs]v$ an increase 9 rapidity4 ,i might also add t ,i believe _m be>dless faces & bald heads 9 middle & advanc+ age are (t5 due to con/ant cutt+ & %av+ 9 e>ly life4 ,! "y girls & boys se5 daily ^u our /reets ) _! closely cropp$ heads1 & ! "y m5 ) _! clean-%av5 faces1 are1 ye> by ye>1 by ?is fa%ion1 hav+ _! hair-=m+ app>atus ov]/ra9$4 ,i also mu/ condemn ! mod]n practice ( curl+ & crimp+1 ! use ( b&ol9e1 p[d]s1 & all v>ieties ( gum solutions1 %>p hair-p9s1 long-po9t$ metal ornam5ts & hair combs1 ! we>+ ( *ignons1 false plaits1 curls1 & frizzes1 z ! latt] are liable to cause heada*es & t5d to conge/ion4 ,likewise ,i prote/ aga9/ ! use ( ca/or-oil & ! v>i\s mixtures extoll$ z ! be/ hair-tonics1 re/oratives1 vegetable hair-dyes1 or depilatories1 z !y are highly injuri\s in/ead ( b5eficial1 ! majority ( hair-dyes be+ l>gely compos$ ( lead salts4 ,b1 %\ld y\r pati5ts wi% to hide _! gray hairs1 probably ! be/ hair-dye t c be us$ safely is pyrogallic acid or walnut juice1 ! hairs be+ fir/ wa%$ ) an alkal9e solution to get rid ( ! grease4 ,nitrate ( silv] is also a good & safe hair-dye1 b its application %\ld be done by "o exp]i5c$ 9 its use4 ,! judici\s use ( ^! hair-dyes w give ! hair above ! surface ( ! sk9 a br[ni%-black appe>ance1 ! int5sity ( ! color ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,b hair-dye+ = premature grayness %\ld be avoid$1 z ! diseas$ condition may be av]t$ by ! prop] rem$ies4 ,nev] p]mit ! hair to be blea*$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! fa%ionable gold5 hue1 z ! ars5ical solution g5]ally us$ is highly dang]\s2 b1 if y\r pati5ts mu/ h _! hair ( a gold5 color1 insi/ ^u _! hairdress] us+ ! p]oxide ( hydrog51 :i* is less dang]\s ?an ! prep>ation fir/ m5tion$4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ p]nici\s comp\nds us$ = ! hair at ! pres5t day is t :i* is sold 9 ! %ops z a depilatory4 ,x is usually a mixture ( quicklime & ars5ic1 & is wrongly us$ & recomm5d$ at ?is "t by _m physicians to remove hairy moles & an excessive gr[? ( hair ^u ladies' faces4 ,its application excites inflammation ( ! sk92 &1 :ile x removes ! hair f ! surface = a "t1 x (t5 leaves a sc>1 or makes ! "p r\gh1 conge/$1 & de=m$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! hair w gr[ aft] a %ort p]iod /rong]1 co>s]1 & *ang$ 9 color1 :i* w ev5 m disfigure ! p]son's c\nt5ance4 ,) ! pres5t sci5tific k ( ! application ( electrolysis1 hairs c be remov$ f ! face ( ladies or *ildr51 or 9 any improp] situation1 9 ! mo/ h>mless mann] )\t us+ su* obnoxi\s & injuri\s comp\nds z depilatories4 ,9 conclusion1 let me add t1 if ! hair becomes alt]$ 9 texture1 or falls out gradually or sudd5ly1 or *anges 9 color1 a disease ( ! hair1 ei!r locally or g5]ally1 has set 91 & ! hair1 & p]haps ! con/itution1 n[ ne$s1 z 9 any o!r disease1 ! con/ant c>e ( ! physician4 ,a g5]al rem$y = ?is or t hair disease t may develop w n answ]1 z hair diseases1 l o!r affections1 h no "o rem$y :i* w ov]come wa/+1 ?9n+1 or loss ( color4 ,pati5ts reason+ ^u ?is belief1 frequ5tly apply to me = a rem$y to re/ore _! hair to its full vigor or give !m back its color4 ,i always reply t ,i h no su* rem$y4 ,! g5]al heal?1 z well z ! scalp & hairs1 mu/ be exam9$ c>efully1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 ) ! l5s & microscope4 ,all *anges mu/ be wat*$1 & ! treatm5t v>i$ f "t to "t accord+ to ! indications4 ,no "o rem$y c1 !re=e1 "u any circum/ances1 suit1 z ! rem$y us$ to-day may be *ang$ at ! next or succe$+ visit4 ,no rem$y = ! hair w be necess>y if ! =ego+ advice be foll[$ :i* ,i h j n>rat$1 & :i* is ! result ( "s sev5 ye>s ( labor & exp]i5ce4 ,! prop] consid]ation & putt+ into practice ( ^! sugge/ions w mo/ c]ta9ly secure to ! ris+ g5]ation few] bald heads & m luxuriant hair ?an is possess$ at ! pres5t day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conclud$ f ,,supplem5t ,no4 #chg1 page #fagi4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,effective ,,brea?+ ,,9 ,,delay+ ,,! ,,physical ,,*anges ,,incid5t ,,to ,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,life1 ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,pneumonia1 ,,consumption1 ,,& ,,diseases ,,( ,,wom54 ,by ,,david ,,w>k1 ,m4,d41 #i ,ea/ #ab? ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,,pneumonia4 ,dur+ ! pa/ w9t] inflammation ( ! lungs has de/roy$ ! lives ( _m p]sons :o1 al?\gh !y 7 9 mo/ cases pa/ ! m]idian ( life1 yet /ill app>5tly enjoy$ vigor\s heal?1 &1 ,i h little d\bt1 w\ld /ill h be5 alive & well _h ! prev5tive means "h laid d[n aga9/ ! occurr5ce ( ! disease f :i* !y p]i%$ be5 effectively practic$ at ! prop] "t4 ,! mo/ important anatomical *ange occurr+ dur+ ! progress ( pneumonia is ! solidification ( a l>g] or small] "p ( "o or bo? lungs by ! deposit 9 ! t]m9al bron*ial tubes & 9 ! air cells ( a sub/ance by :i* ! spongy lungs are r5d]$ z solid & heavy z a piece ( liv]4 ,! access ( ! respir$ air to ! solidifi$ "p be+ totally prev5t$1 life is inevitably de/roy$ if a suffici5tly l>ge portion ( ! lungs be invad$4 ,?is deposit succe$s ! fir/ or conge/ive /age1 & x occurs ) great rapidity2 an entire lobe ( ! lung may be r5d]$ p]fectly solid by ! exudation f ! blood ( fully two p\nds ( solid matt] 9 ! %ort space ( twelve h\rs or ev5 less4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! lungs become solidifi$ amply acc\nts = ! promptly fatal results t (t5 att5d attacks ( acute pneumonia4 ,if recov]y takes place1 ! =eign matt] by :i* ! lung tissue has be5 solidifi$ is p]fectly absorb$ & ! diseas$ portion is f\nd to be q un9jur$4 ,! only natural me?od by :i* ! blood c be fre$ f ! pres5ce ( =eign matt] is by ! oxidation--! burn+--( su* impure matt]s2 ! results be+ c>bonic acid gas t escapes by ! lungs & c]ta9 mat]ials t are elim9at$ *iefly by ! kidneys4 ,b :5 ^! blood impurities exi/ 9 ! vital fluid 9 unusually l>ge quantities1 or if ! respiratory capacity be inadequate1 ! natural int]nal crematory op]ations are a p>tial failure4 ,b nature w n tol]ate ! pres5ce ( su* impurities 9 ! vital fluid2 if !y _c be elim9at$ by natural means !y mu/ by unnatural means2 !re=e su* mat]ial is v frequ5tly deposit$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 ! po9t ( deposit be+ (t5 det]m9$ by "s local di/urbance or irritation4 ,= in/ance1 if a p]son ^: blood is 9 fairly good condition takes a cold t settles on 8 lungs1 he ei!r recov]s ( x spontane\sly or is readily cur$ by means ( "s c\gh mixture2 b if 8 blood be load$ ) tub]cul> matt]1 ! latt] is extremely liable to be deposit$ 9 8 lungs2 ! c\gh t 0 excit$ 9 ! fir/ place by a simple cold becomes worse & p]si/5t1 9 a few mon?s 8 lungs %[ signs ( disorganization1 & he has consumption ( ! acute or *ronic type1 z ! case may be4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! impure matt] by :i* ! blood is load$ be ( ! k9d t causes ! pulmon>y solidifications ( pneumonia1 ! latt] disease is v likely to be develop$ if a cold on ! lungs be caught4 ,! liability ( any individual to attacks ( acute pneumonia is !re=e det]m9$ v l>gely by ! pres5ce or abs5ce 9 8 blood ( ! matt] already allud$ to4 ,if 8 blood be free f x1 no cold1 h[ev] sev]e1 is compet5t to orig9ate ! disease4 ,!re c be no "q b t good liv+ & s$5t>y habits h a /rong t5d5cy to bef\l ! blood2 ! =m] r5d]s effective respiration all ! m necess>y = ! removal f ! blood ( :atev] nutritive matt] has be5 tak5 beyond ! ne$s ( ! sy/em1 & ! latt] inevitably dim9i%es ! respiratory motions to ! l[e/ po9t consi/5t ) physical com=t4 ,f ^! conditions orig9ates ! active pr$ispos+ cause ( pneumonia1 to :i* we h already allud$4 ,! disease is m fatal 9 ! v "y & 9 ! ag$2 ! mortality seems to be> a direct ratio to ! respiratory capacity2 9 "y subjects ! brea?+ p[]s h n be5 fully develop$ l ! o!r physical capacities1 :ile 9 ! old ! respiratory volume has be5 dim9i%$ by ! /iff5+ ( ! *e/ walls & ( ! lungs by ! s5ile *anges already detail$4 ,!re c be no "q b t protection f cold & judici\s att5tion to ! heal? g5]ally1 by suitable ex]cise & diet1 has a p[]ful t5d5cy to prev5t t ov]load$ condition ( ! blood to :i* ,i believe acute pneumonia to be *iefly due2 /ill ,i h no d\bt b t ! mo/ active prev5tive measure t c be adopt$ is keep+ up ! respiratory capacity to ! full requirem5ts ( ! sy/em1 a precaution :i* is specially necess>y to ease-lov+ & high-liv+ g5tlem5 :o are pa/ ! prime ( life4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t if su* p]sons w\ld cultivate _! brea?+ p[]s by ! simple means "h recomm5d$1 _! liability to pneumonia w\ld be notably r$uc$4 ,,! ,,true ,,fir/ ,,/age ,,( ,,consumption4 ,! progress ( tub]cul> consumption has be5 divid$ by pa?ologi/s into ?ree /ages4 ,! fir/ /age be+ t 9 :i* a deposit ( tub]cul> matt] occurs 9 ! lung tissue1 ! second is ent]$ on :5 ! tub]cles s(t51 & ! ?ird :5 !y h melt$ d[n1 be5 expectorat$1 & cavities h =m$4 ,b ! real beg9n+ ( ?is mo/ insidi\s & ju/ly dread$ disease n infrequ5tly ant$ates = a long "t1 (t5 = sev]al ye>s1 ! deposit ( any tub]cul> matt]4 ,dur+ all ?is "t an exp]t exam9] c detect ! slight b v significant *anges already tak+ place 9 ! pulmon>y organs4 ,physicians det]m9e ! condition ( ! lungs *iefly ?r\gh ! s\nds elicit$ by p]cussion ( ! *e/ walls by ! end ( ! middle f+]1 or a small rubb] hamm] adapt$ to ! purpose1 & by ^? produc$ by ! respir$ air ru%+ 9 to & out ( ! bron*ial tubes & air vesicles4 ,! p]cussion s\nds yield$ by ! *e/ dur+ :at has be5 aptly call$ ! pre-tub]cul> /age d n diff] f ^? elicit$ 9 heal?1 because x is only :5 "s morbid matt] exi/s 9 ! lungs t ! p]cussion note is alt]$1 !re=e negative results only are obta9$ 9 ! real fir/ /age by ?is mode ( exam9ation4 ,b important in=mation c be obta9$ by int]rogat+ ! s\nds due to ! inspir$ air ru%+ into & di/5d+ ! air vesicles4 ,:5 ! lungs are p]fectly heal?y1 ^! are breezy & almo/ musical4 ,dur+ ! pre-tub]cul> /age !y become dri] & h>%]2 qualities ( evil om5 t cont9ue to increase z "t passes1 if prop]ly direct$ means be n adopt$ to correct ! evil2 b s f> none ( ! symptoms t indicate ! slighte/ deposit ( tub]cle c be detect$1 b ! brea?+ capacity ( su* p]sons is nev] up to ! full requirem5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! table already giv51 :i* exhibits ! decl9e ( ! brea?+ capacity ( p]sons suff]+ f consumption 9 its sev]al /ages4 ,:5 ! disease has made su* decid$ progress t tub]cles are already deposit$ 9 ! lungs 9 suffici5t quantity to give rise to ! physical signs by :i* _! pres5ce is prov$1 ?is c>efully compil$ table %[s t ! dim9ution ( ! vital capacity already am\nts to "o-?ird ( t consid]$ by ,dr4 ,hut*9son to be necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( heal?4 ,dur+ ! pre-tub]cul> /age ! brea?+ capacity r>ely falls s mu* z #cc p] c5t4 bel[ ! heal?y /&>d1 b x is nev] up to ! normal vital volume4 ,?is fact is mo/ significant1 especially :5 x occurs 9 an individual ^: relatives h succumb$ to ?is disease2 b x r>ely attracts suffici5t att5tion f su* p]sons z to induce !m to h _! brea?+ capacity measur$1 mu* less to take effective measures to br+ & keep x up to ! heal?y /&>d4 ,s long z !re are1 to !m1 no tangible symptoms ( approa*+ mis*ief1 & !y feel fairly well1 !y act z if !y ?\ght t all m5 7 mortal b !mselves4 ,yet x is f among p]sons :o h an inh]it$ b lat5t t5d5cy to tub]cul> disease1 & ^: lung p[] is bel[ p>1 t ! great army ( consumptives :o die e ye> is recruit$4 ,x is v difficult to induce p]sons :o ought to be int]e/$ 9 ?is matt] to take effective measures = _! future safety :5 ! t]rible symptoms accompany+ ! la/ /ages ( ! disease (t5 fail to %ake ! suff]]'s confid5t expectation ( recov]y2 & we sometimes see !m engag$ 9 lay+ plans = ! future :5 dea? is imm95t4 ,i regret deeply to be oblig$ to make ^! /atem5ts1 because ,i am conv9c$ t if ! sugge/ions laid d[n 9 ?is "w 7 g5]ally r$uc$ to practice by ^? :o h reason to dread ! developm5t ( tub]cul> disease1 _m valuable lives w\ld be sav$4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,tub]cul> ,,matt] ,,9 ,,! ,,blood4 ,dur+ ! dige/ive processes ! />*y1 sac*>9e1 & album9oid elem5ts ( food are dissolv$1 & ! fatty matt]s are emulsifi$4 ,a uni=m milky solution is ?us =m$1 :i* is rapidly absorb$ into ! g5]al circulation2 "s ( x passes directly ?r\gh ! walls ( ! vessels into ! blood1 & "s is tak5 up by ! lacteals & rea*es ! vital fluid by trav]s+ ! complicat$ s]ies ( tubes kn[n z ! absorb5t sy/em1 & ! num]\s gl&s connect$ ) x4 ,! *ief function ( ! />*y & fatty food elem5ts is to keep up ! physical temp]ature1 by be+ submitt$ to oxidation 9 ! organism2 !re=e x is n necess>y t !y %\ld exp]i5ce any vitaliz+ *ange1 b are fitt$ to dis*>ge _! duties 9 ! vital doma9 by simply und]go+ ! solution t fits !m = absorption4 ,b ! mat]ials int5d$ to ent] into ! composition ( ! body mu/ be develop$ into liv+ blood1 9 ord] to be fitt$ to become "p & p>cel ( ! organs by :i* p[] is evolv$1 & ?r\gh ! use ( :i* we see1 he>1 feel1 ?9k1 & move4 ,?is wond]ful process beg9s & is c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! absorb5t sy/em1 :i* has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,c>p5t] z a great blood-mak+ gl&4 ,b ! vital trans=mation is n complet$ until ! nutritive mat]ials h be5 submitt$ to ! action ( ! liv]1 & aft]w>d to ! influ5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! capill>ies ( ! lungs4 ,! food t 0 eat5 a few h\rs be=e is ?us conv]t$ into ri* sc>let art]ial blood1 if e "p ( ! complex vitaliz+ processes has be5 prop]ly conduct$4 ,b ! influ5ce ( oxyg5 is requisite1 n only to complete ! vitalization ( ! embryo blood 9 ! lungs1 x is an absolutely ess5tial elem5t 9 e /ep ( ! vitaliz+ process 9 ! absorb5ts4 ,! av]age quantity ( food requir$ to su/a9 an ord9>y man 9 heal? & /r5g?1 ,i h previ\sly /at$1 is ab\t two p\nds avoirdupois daily1 & an equal weight ( oxyg5 is necess>y to ! integrity ( ! vitaliz+ processes und]gone by ! food1 & to ma9ta9 ! physical temp]ature4 ,:5 ! requisite supply ( oxyg5 is r$uc$1 ! extrication ( heat )9 ! sy/em is promptly dim9i%$1 b ! vitalization ( dige/$ food is unfavorably affect$ mu* m sl[ly1 b ) equal c]ta9ty4 ,if ! quota ( oxyg5 exi/+ 9 ! art]ial blood ( ! vessels ^: duty x is to supply ! vital fluid to ! absorb5t sy/em1 be inadequate to enable ^! op]ations to g on prop]ly1 ! life-giv+ processes mu/ necess>ily be imp]fectly accompli%$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! dige/$ mat]ial is imp]fectly vitaliz$1 & is !re=e inadequately fitt$ to be us$ 9 build+ up & repair+ ! liv+ body4 ,b its c\rse 9 ! sy/em _c be delay$1 mu* less /opp$4 ,! blood possesses a def9ite con/itution1 :i* _c be mat]ially alt]$ )\t ! rapid developm5t ( grave1 p]haps fatal consequ5ces4 ,! nutritive matt]s receiv$ into ! blood mu/ be giv5 up by x to ! tissues = _! repair1 :e!r su* mat]ials are well or ill fitt$ = ! vital purposes4 ,dr4 ,b4,w4 ,c>p5t]1 ( ,london1 ! celebrat$ physiologi/1 makes ! foll[+ p]t95t /atem5ts on ?is subject1 :i* ,i cond5se f 8 great "w on physiology3 ,we frequ5tly f9d an imp]fectly organizable product1 kn[n by ! designation ( tub]cul> matt]1 tak+ ! place ( ! normal elem5ts ( tissue1 bo? 9 ! ord9>y process ( nutrition1 & /ill m :5 inflammation is set up4 ,f ! exam9ation ( ! blood ( tub]cul\s subjects x appe>s t1 al?\gh ! bulk ( ! coagulum obta9$ by /irr+ or beat+ is usually great] ?an t ( heal?y blood1 yet ?is coagulum is n compos$ or well elaborat$ fibriae1 = x is s(t & loose1 & conta9s an unusually l>ge numb] ( colorless blood corpuscles1 :ile ! r$ corpuscles =m an abnormally small proportion ( x4 ,we c und]/&1 !re=e1 t su* a con/ant defici5cy 9 capacity = organization mu/ unfavorably affect ! ord9>y nutritive processes2 & t !re w be a liability to ! deposit ( imp]fectly vitaliz$ matt]1 in/ead ( ! normal elem5ts ( tissue1 ev5 )\t any inflammation4 ,su* appe>s to be ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( tub]cles 9 ! lungs & o!r organs4 ,:5 x occurs z a k9d ( metamorphosis ( ! ord9>y nutritive processes & 9 ?is mann]1 x may proce$ insidi\sly = a long p]iod1 s t a l>ge "p ( ! tissue ( ! lungs %all be replac$ by tub]cul> deposit )\t any o!r sign ?an an increas+ difficulty ( respiration4 ,^! views are /rongly corroborat$ by ! foll[+ facts3 ,9 mak+ po/ mortem exam9ations ( p]sons :o h di$ ( consumption1 tub]cles ( diff]5t k9ds are f\nd 9 ! same subject2 "s ( ^!1 hav+ be5 deposit$ dur+ :at is call$ ! fir/ /age ( ! disease be=e ! brea?+ p[]s 7 mu* impair$1 be> evid5t traces ( organization 9 ! =m ( cells & fib]s m or less obvi\s1 ^! be+ sometimes almo/ z p]fectly =m$ z liv+ matt]1 at lea/ on ! sup]ficial "p ( ! deposit1 :i* is 9 imm$iate contact ) ! liv+ /ructures ar\nd4 ,?is v>iety ( tub]cle has a t5d5cy to contract & rema9 9 ! lungs )\t do+ mu* injury4 ,b z ! disease progress$1 & ! brea?+ capacity progressively dim9i%$1 tub]cul> matt] occurs1 ev9c+ less & less organization1 %[+ a t5d5cy to break d[n & cause inflammation 9 ! surr\nd+ lung tissue1 until at la/ we f9d crude yell[ tub]cles t h become s(t5$1 & =m$ cavities almo/ z soon z !y 7 deposit$4 ,"s cases ( *ronic consumption pass 9 a few mon?s ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages f ! deposit ( ! fir/ tub]cle to a fatal t]m9ation4 ,! progress ( ! disease is det]m9$ l>gely by ! nature ( ! tub]cul> matt] at ! "t x is deposit$4 ,! v>iety ( matt] :i* has be5 p>tially vitaliz$ commonly exi/s 9 small quantity1 has a /rong t5d5cy to ma9ta9 its semi-organiz$ condition un*ang$ by "t1 & r>ely causes inflammation4 ,a small or mod]ate quantity ( ?is sort ( tub]cle exi/s 9 ! lungs ( _m p]sons1 9 :om x produces no tangible symptoms1 & :o are !re=e q unconsci\s ( its pres5ce2 & ev5 :5 x does exi/ 9 suffici5t quantity to develop ! symptoms ( lung disord]1 ! progress ( ! disease is sl[1 (t5 cont9u+ = _m ye>s4 ,x con/itutes a v>iety ( consumption :i* is specially am5able to prop] treatm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s(t1 yell[1 *eesy1 tub]cul> matt]1 :i* is totally de/itute ( any vitality1 is too (t5 deposit$ 9 l>ge quantities1 acts on ! adjac5t lung tissue z an active irritant1 causes inflammation1 und]goes s(t5+1 =ms cavities1 defies treatm5t1 & rapidly hurries ! suff]]s to a premature grave4 ,^! facts1 tak5 9 connection ) ! immunity f lung diseases enjoy$ by ^? ^: respiratory capacity is well develop$ & prop]ly us$1 z well z ! b5eficial effects t are promptly secur$ 9 ! favorable v>ieties ( consumption by any important increase 9 ! vital volume1 ,i believe fully ju/ify ! /atem5t t tub]cles are ! results ( defective nutrition directly traceable to inadequate respiratory capacity1 ei!r cong5ital or acquir$--9 o!r words1 tub]cles are compos$ ( p>ticles ( food :i* h fail$ to acquire suffici5t life :ile und]go+ ! vital processes1 because ! p]son 9 :om !y occur habitually brea!d too little fre% air4 ,p]sons :o possess :at is call$ ! scr(ul\s con/itution are specially liable to ! occurr5ce ( tub]cul> matt] :5 _! respiration is defective1 or !y are expos$ to any o!r influ5ces t favor its developm5t 9 ! organism4 ,b habitually defective respiration1 or ! brea?+ ( an atmosph]e conta9+ too little oxyg51 :i* practically am\nts to ! same ?+1 has a v p[]ful t5d5cy 9 ! same direction1 9 p]sons :o are app>5tly z free f scr(ul\s ta9t z any human be+ c be4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,cod-,,liv] ,,oil ,,9 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,consumption4 ,!re is a broad b n commonly recogniz$ di/9ction betwe5 :at con/itutes a m$ic9e & a food4 ,all ! mat]ials t normally ent] into ! composition ( ! liv+ body1 & are necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( heal? & /r5g?1 may be prop]ty class$ z foods1 :e!r !y be obta9$ f ! animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al k+doms2 ?us ! iron1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 lime1 pota%1 etc41 requir$ by ! sy/em usually exi/ 9 & are organically comb9$ ) ! v>i\s foods 9 common use1 & !y are p]haps q z ess5tial to ! physical well-be+ z album9oid1 fatty1 & sac*>9e matt]s4 ,:5 ! sy/em is suff]+ f lack ( any ( ! above m5tion$ *emicals1 _! adm9i/ration is to be reg>d$ z ! giv+ ( nutritive sub/ances1 al?\gh !y be prescrib$ by a physician 9 divid$ doses & procur$ f a ph>maci/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a m$ic9e is any sub/ance t does n naturally ent] into ! composition ( ! body1 b :i* has ! p[]1 :5 skillfully us$1 to modify ! physical processes s t physiological disord]--disease1 %all be replac$ by physiological h>mony--heal?4 ,belladonna1 hyoscyamus1 opium1 etc41 are famili> examples ( m$icam5ts4 ,!re=e a food is any sub/ance t is capable ( directly contribut+ to ! nutrition ( ! body1 & m$ic9e is a sub/ance compet5t1 "u prop] conditions1 to secure ! same results indirectly4 ,view$ 9 ! light ( ! above def9ition1 cod-liv] oil is to be reg>d$ z a v valuable food1 z well z a mo/ effective rem$y bo? = ! prev5tion & cure ( consumption4 ,i h previ\sly /at$ t food is divid$ by physiologi/s into ?ree great classes4 ,! album9oids are us$ to build up ! organism1 :ile ! fatty & sac*>9e are burn$ 9 ! body to keep x w>m4 ,al?\gh ^! are ! *ief functions devolv+ on ! above m5tion$ food elem5ts1 yet !y are mutually int]dep5d5t on ea* o!r = ! prop] p]=mance ( _! sev]al (fices4 ,?us ! album9oids _c und]go ! wond]ful vitaliz+ process necess>y to fit !m to ent] into & =m "p ( ! liv+ body1 except an adequate quantity ( fatty matt] be pres5t to assi/ 9 ! vital trans=mation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! assi/ance ( ! album9oids is equally necess>y to enable ! fatty & sac*>9e foods to ma9ta9 ! int]nal heat ( ! body4 ,( all fatty matt]s1 :e!r d]iv$ f ! animal or vegetable k+dom1 none possesses ! prop]ty ( /imulat+ & p]fect+ ! nutritive processes 9 s high a degree z cod-liv] oil2 x is m readily emulsifi$ & fitt$ = absorption by ! pancreatic secretion dur+ inte/9al dige/ion ?an any o!r fatty matt] ( :i* we h any k4 ,! b5eficial effects ( its use h be5 prov$ 9 myriads ( cases ( confirm$ consumption1 & if x 7 us$ = prolong$ p]iods by p]sons :o are los+ weight1 & ^: brea?+ capacity is too little1 along ) effective cultivation ( ! latt] function1 _m p]sons w\ld escape ?is disease :o n[ succumb to x4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,normal ,,brea?+ ,,on ,,! ,,female ,,g5]ative ,,organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! body is divid$ into ?ree sep>ate /ories by two p>titions4 ,! diaphragm1 ,a1 sep>ates ! cavity ( ! *e/ f t ( ! abdom54 ,! p>tition1 ,d1 =ms a floor = ! dige/ive cavity1 ,f1 & a ro( = ! pelvis2 ! pelvic cavity is occupi$ ma9ly by ! g5]ative organs4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ut]us is firmly fix$ to ! p>tition1 ,d1 by :i* ! pelvis is cov]$4 ,n[1 ! diaphragm1 ,a1 & ! ext]nal respiratory muscles are 9 ceaseless motion p]=m+ ! act ( brea?+4 ,! diaphragm acts l ! pi/on ( a pump1 bo? on ! lungs above1 & on ! cont5ts ( ! abdom9al & pelvic cavities bel[4 ,:5 x rises f ,b to ,a1 x dim9i%es ! size ( ! ?oracic cavity1 compresses ! lungs1 & assi/s 9 ! expiratory "p ( brea?+2 at ! same "t x acts ?r\gh ! cont5ts ( ! abdom9al cavity on ! pelvic ro(1 ,d1 to :i* ! ut]us is atta*$1 & raises x f ,d to ,c4 ,:5 ! diaphragm contracts1 x desc5ds f ,a to ,b1 increases ! size ( ! ?oracic cavity1 inflates ! lungs1 promotes ! inspiratory "p ( brea?+1 pu%es ! walls ( ! *e/ & abdom5 outw>d f ,f to ,e1 & l[]s ! pelvic ro( at ! same "t ! ut]us s9ks f ,c to ,d4 ,:5 ! effect ( ^! respiratory motions is n dim9i%$ by muscul> debility1 rigidity ( ! ?oracic walls1 or by unsuitable clo?+1 !y h s direct an effect on ! pelvic cont5ts t ! ut]us & its app5dages make two di/9ct motions e "t a woman brea!s4 ,:5 ! diaphragm rises & ! brea? is expell$1 ! womb is elevat$ f "o in* to "o in* & a half1 because ! ro( ( ! pelvis1 to :i* x is atta*$1 is lift$ ab\t ?is di/ance1 because ( g5tle suction f above4 ,! ut]us & its app5dages are ?us kept 9 con/ant motion1 up & d[n1 *iefly by action ( ! muscles by :i* brea?+ is c>ri$ on4 ,sev]al influ5ces comb9e to ma9ta9 ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! pump+ action ( ! he>t & ! aff9ity ( ! blood = ! walls ( ! capill>y vessels require to be assi/$ by ! motion bo? ( ! body z a :ole & ( its p>ts 9 ord] to keep ! circulation fl[+ equably ?r\gh e tissue4 ,!re=e muscul> action & ! result+ bodily motion play a v important "p 9 ma9ta9+ ! g5]al & local blood circulation4 ,dur+ ! contraction ( a muscle1 ! blood curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh x is1 = ! "t be+1 ret>d$1 b :5 relaxation occurs ! blood fl[s into its vessels m freely ?an if no mom5t>y cessation _h tak5 place4 ,:5 ! body or any ( its p>ts is depriv$ ( motion1 ! blood circulation /agnates1 & ! nutrition1 g5]al or local1 z ! case may be1 promptly becomes impair$4 ,?is is specially true ( ! ut]us4 ,g5tle b con/ant motion is absolutely ess5tial to keep up a heal?y ut]9e blood circulation4 ,nature has provid$ = ! automatic p]=mance ( all ! ceaseless int]nal motions t are necess>y to ! cont9uance ( life & ! pres]vation ( heal?2 ?us ! he>t beats1 ! respiratory muscles act1 ! /oma* executes a *urn+ motion dur+ ga/ric dige/ion1 ! inte/9es pass on _! cont5ts by worm-l contractions1 automatically )\t our sup]vision & )\t caus+ fatigue1 be+ "u ! control ( ! sympa!tic sy/em ( n]ves *iefly4 ,x is equally true1 b n s well recogniz$1 t ! previ\sly describ$ motions t are committ$ to ! pelvic organs f ! respiratory app>atus are absolutely necess>y to ! cont9u$ heal? ( ! ut]us & its app5dages4 ,b ! womb is n "u ! control ( ! volunt>y muscles1 !re=e x _c be directly mov$ by !m1 nor are its necess>y motions influ5c$ by ! sympa!tic sy/em ( n]ves z are ! he>t1 /oma*1 & inte/9es1 etc41 b x is =tunately "u ! indirect b positive control ( involunt>y muscles t nev]1 z long z brea?+ cont9ues1 cease _! "w4 ,nature has ?us made ample provision to keep ! ut]us 9 automatic motion4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! natural ceaseless heav+s ( ! lungs1 *e/1 & diaphragm1 aid$ by ! muscles inclos+ ! abdom51 h ! duty assign$ !m ( communicat+ automatic motion to ! ut]us & ! o!r cont5ts ( ! pelvis4 ,:5 ! diaphragm desc5ds f ,a to ,b1 & ! lungs are fill$ ) air1 ! ut]us s9ks 9 ! pelvic cavity 9 ob$i5ce to ! d[nw>d pressure f above1 z be=e /at$2 ! circulation ?r\gh ! ut]us is !n = a mom5t ret>d$1 b ! next in/ant1 :5 ! lungs are empti$ ( air & ! diaphragm rises1 ! blood fl[s =w>d m freely ?an if x _h n be5 mom5t>ily ob/ruct$4 ,ample provision has ?us be5 made to ma9ta9 a heal?y circulation ?r\gh ! ut]us4 ,! ut]9e motions ,i h describ$ are fully adequate = ! purposes indicat$4 ,b :5 ! natural /imulus ( motion is )held1 ! circulation becomes sluggi% caus+ conge/ion1 :i* may develop into inflammation4 ,"u ^! conditions ! ut]us gradually becomes displac$1 fall+ backw>d1 =w>d or d[nw>d z ! case may be4 ,! blood vessels by :i* ! ut]us is suppli$ ?us h _! calib] dim9i%$ by b5d+2 ! circulation ?r\gh !m is ret>d$ j z ! fl[ ( wat] 9 a rubb] tube is ob/ruct$ by a k9k4 ,a v good idea ( :at occurs 9 ! ut]us "u ! conditions j describ$ may be obta9$ by w9d+ a /r+ ar\nd ! f+]s4 ,z ! coats ( ! art]ies are ?ick1 & ! pressure ex]t$ by ! ligature has less p[] to prev5t ! art]ial blood fl[+ outw>d pa/ ! /r+ to ! end ( ! f+] ?an x has to prev5t ! return ( ! v5\s blood t[>d ! he>t1 !re=e ! "p beyond ! ligature soon becomes conge/$1 ! blood /agnat+ 9 ! capill>ies4 ,if ! ligature be suffici5tly tight & kept on long en\gh1 mortification w take place1 b if ! circulation be only mod]ately ob/ruct$1 ! conge/ion w cont9ue until ulc]ation occurs4 ,a simil> condition is develop$ 9 ! ut]us :5 ! necess>y natural /imulus ( motion fails to be communicat$ to x or :5 x is s f> out ( its prop] place t ! circulation ?r\gh x is ob/ruct$4 ,i believe ! above describ$ condition to be a mo/ pot5t b inadequately recogniz$ cause ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ut]9e diseases t di/ress s _m wom54 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,! ,,brea?+ ,,p[]s ,,may ,,be ,,develop$4 ,:5 ! circumf]5ce ( ! *e/ be>s a due proportion to ! size ( ! body g5]ally2 :5 its walls & ! lungs possess a suitable degree ( ela/icity2 :5 ! /r5g? ( ! respiratory muscles is adequate to _! "w1 & no undue opposition is (f]$ to ! brea?+ motions by ! clo?+--!n ! vital volume is always up to ! full requirem5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,b :5 "o or all ( ^! are lack+ 9 any important degree1 ! brea?+ capacity is proportionately dim9i%$4 ,if ! te/imony ( ! spiromet] be corroborat$ by ! impair$ physical condition ( ! individual1 its correction %\ld be s\ght 9 "p at lea/ by enl>g+ ! *e/1 increas+ ! ela/icity ( its walls & ( ! lungs1 & by augm5t+ ! /r5g? ( ! respiratory muscles4 ,^! results may commonly be secur$ by dilig5t & p]sev]+ use ( ! foll[+ ex]cises3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a trapeze1 ,fig4 #b1 %\ld be susp5d$ f ! ceil+1 s t ! b> %all be six in*es above ! head ( ! p]son :o is to use x2 ! toes %\ld be plac$ "u /raps nail$ to ! floor to keep !m 9 position4 ,!n if ! b> be grasp$ & ! body ?r[n =w>d1 ! trapeze1 ! arms1 & ! body w =m ! segm5t ( a circle4 ,! ex]cise is tak5 by caus+ ! body to describe a complete circle 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 ! cut4 ,little muscul> ef=t is requir$ if ! motion be rapid1 because ! mom5tum is suffici5t to c>ry ! body ar\nd2 b if ! rotation be sl[1 m ex]tion is requir$4 ,?is movem5t is specially adapt$ to ! brea?+ p[]s ( weak p]sons1 yet ! mo/ vigor\s c readily get f x all ! ex]cise _! *e/ & lungs require4 ,by means ( ^! ex]cises ! *e/ is g5tly b effectively exp&$ 9 e direction & ! ela/icity ( its walls promot$1 ! air cells are exp&$1 & ! lungs are r5d]$ m p]meable to ! respir$ air1 & ! /r5g? ( ! respiratory muscles is develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #c illu/rates an ex]cise = ! *e/ t is tak5 )\t any app>atus o!r ?an an ord9>y doorway4 ,! ex]cis] %\ld /& 9 ! position indicat$ 9 ! engrav+1 & !n /ep =w>d ) ea* foot alt]nately z f> z possible )\t /ret*+ ! *e/ too sev]ely4 ,! long] ! /ep ! m vigor\s ! ex]cise w be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #d %[s an ex]cise tak5 betwe5 two *airs2 ! position indicat$ 9 ! cut hav+ be5 assum$1 ! *e/ is !n sl[ly l[]$ & rais$ ?ree to six times4 ,?is ex]cise is adapt$ to /rong p]sons only4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,adequate ,,respiration ,,9 ,,special ,,cases4 ,:5 ! nutrition ( ! body is promot$ by effective respiration1 & wa/e matt]s are promptly remov$1 ! *ances t tub]cle w be develop$ 9 p]sons :o are pr$ispos$ !reto are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,bett] mat]ials are furni%$ by ! nutritive processes to r5ew ! tissues1 s t ! occurr5ce ( ^? deg5]ations t result 9 v>i\s fatal affections1 peculi> to ! decl9e ( life1 are r5d]$ mu* less probable or are prev5t$ altoge!r1 & ! *ances t dea? %all take place by old age is increas$4 ,! sy/em possesses mu* great] resi/+ p[] aga9/ ! influ5ce ( mal>ia & ! poisons t give rise to typhoid fev]1 sc>lat9a1 diph!ria1 measles1 etc4 ,:5 ! motions ( a woman's respiratory organs are normal & are prop]ly communicat$ to ! pelvic organs1 %e enjoys ! greate/ possible immunity atta9able aga9/ ! developm5t ( any diseases peculi> to ! sex4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vital ,,discov]ies ,,9 ,,ob/ruct$ ,,air ,,& ,,v5tilation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read by ,wm4 ,c4 ,conant be=e ! ,polyte*nic ,association ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute1 ,new ,york1 ,may #aj1 #ahhc4 ,i suppose t we all consid] ourselves to be suffici5tly impress$ ) ! importance ( v5tilation4 ,if ,i %\ld /op "h to declaim aga9/ f\l exhalations1 or to dwell ^u ! virtues ( fre% air1 y might feel incl9$ to int]rupt me by say+1 ,oh1 we "k all ab\t t6 ,if y h any?+ practical to advance1 come to ! po9t4 ,g5tlem51 ,i beg y\r p>don1 b ,i mu/ say t ! great fact conc]n+ v5tilation1 z yet1 is t its /ronge/ advocates are n consci\s ( "o-half ! s]i\sness ( ! subject2 & ! second fact is t ! suppos$ means ( v5tilation prescrib$ by sci5ce fail to secure x4 ,?is1 !n1 is my po9t to-night--! supreme necessity1 /ill urg5t1 & univ]sally urg5t1 = a re=mation ( ! brea? ( life4 ,i believe 9 a promis$ "t :5 ! days ( a man's life %all aga9 be z ! days ( a tree4 ,& next to ! abolition ( vice & s91 ,i believe t ! v gr&e/ factor ( su* result mu/ be an entire disuse ( ob/ruct$ air = ! lungs4 ,i propose to br+ =w>d "s evid5ce ( ! necessity1 & likewise ( ! possibility1 ( a re=m s radical & sweep+ z ?is4 ,! subject is too wide = ! occasion4 ,i %all be able to read only extracts f :at ,i h prep>$1 9 ! few m9utes t y c give ) pati5ce to my unpractic$ lectur+4 ,! be/ prescription t doctors h to give 7:5 we are n too f> gone to take x7 is to live out ( doors4 ,:y is ?is8 ,:y is life out ( doors prov]bially synonym\s ) robu/ heal?8 ,:y is x t a sup]ior vitality1 & a s+ul> exemption f disease1 notori\sly di/+ui% dwell]s 9 ! op5 air1 by l& or sea8 ,)\t disp>ag+ ! virtues ( ex]cise or ( brac+ temp]ature1 indisp5sable z ^! are = ! recup]ation ( enfeebl$ con/itutions1 we mu/ admit t among ! native & settl$ inhabitants ( ! op5 air high heal? is ! rule 9 w>m climates z well z 9 cold1 & ) ! v lazie/ mortals t bask 9 ! sun1 or loaf 9 ! woods4 ,! fact is t simple vegetative heal? seems to be ne>ly indep5d5t ( all o!r ext]nal conditions b t ( a pure natural diet = ! lungs4 ,man 9 nature seems to ?rive z spontane\sly z plants1 by ! free grace ( air1 e>?1 & sun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v diseases f :i* h\ses are suppos$ to def5d u--t mo/ num]\s class result+ f colds--are ! special sc\rge ( ! lives t are mo/ c>efully %ield$ f _! commonly suppos$ cause--exposure to ! op5 air4 ,^? diseases dim9i%1 & entirely disappe>1 j s f> z exposure 9 ! pure & freely mov+ air becomes complete & habitual4 ,soldi]s1 inur$ to camp life1 cat* cold if !y once sleep 9 a h\se2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! inhabitants ( ! free air contract colds only by exposure to conf9$ exhalations f _! own or o!r bodies1 )9 ! walls ( h\ses4 ,! explanation ( ?is is pla9 & simple3 ,c>bonic acid deta9$ )9 f\r walls accumulates 9 place ( ! brea? ( life--oxyg5--& n>cotizes ! excretory function ( ! sk94 ,! mom5t t ?is great & cont9ual v5t ( wa/e & impurity f ! sy/em is ob/ruct$1 int]nal d]angem5t ensues 9 e direction4 ,all h&s1 s to speak1 are /ra9$ to extra duty to dis*>ge ! noxi\s accumulation4 ,! lungs labor to dis*>ge ! load ?r[n back ^u !m1 ) ha/5$ respiration1 increas$ combu/ion1 & fev]i% heat4 ,! pores ( ! muc\s membrane 9 ! nose1 ?roat1 alim5t>y canal1 or bron*ial passages1 are =c$ by an aggravat$ dis*>ge 7or cat>rh71 & ?is conge/ive & inflammatory pressure is a fev] also4 ,!re is no?+ ( cold ab\t x except z an auxili>y & antec$5t1 9 cases :]e an ext]nal *ill has /ruck ^u n]ves already half p>alyz$ by ! univ]sal n>cotic--c>bonic acid--:i* h\se dwell]s may be said to smoke p]petually4 ,s mu* = n]ve-poison2 b blood-poison+ is a /ill m t]rible *>act]i/ic ( h\se-protect$ exi/5ce4 ,x is n[ ! almo/ univ]sal op9ion ( ! m$ical pr(ession t ! :ole class ( mal>ial & zymotic diseases t make su* frightful progress & havoc 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ communities1 are due to liv+ g]ms ) :i* ! exhalations ( organic wa/e & decay are ev]y:]e load$ 9 inconceivable numb]s4 ,!y are kn[n to multiply !mselves _m times ov]1 e two or ?ree h\rs4 ,!y sw>m into ! blood by millions1 ?r\gh all ! absorb5ts1 especially ^? ( ! lungs1 t dr9k ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y are suff]$ to l+] & propagate4 ,mr4 ,danc]1 ! em95t microscopi/1 c\nt$ 9 a sample f su* an atmosph]e a numb] ( organiz$ g]ms equival5t to #c1gjj1jjj 9 ! volume ( air h\rly inhal$ by "o p]son4 ,t is ov] #fj1jjj g]ms p] m9ute1 & ab\t #b1jjj 9 e brea?4 ,9 ! blood1 !y /ill propagate1 & fe$1 & gr[1 consum+ its oxyg51 ?us defeat+ its purification1 & turn+ t /ream ( o!rwise heal?ful & invigorat+ nutrition into a /ream ( effete & corrupt matt]--a sew] r ?an a riv] ( life--or at be/ an impov]i%$ & impure supply = ! support ( exi/5ce4 ,! same pe/il5tial b invisible ho/s ( bact]ia1 mu/]$ & br$ 9 ! close fil?9ess ( ,ori5tal cities1 & jungles1 sw>m out z ,asiatic *ol]a on ! w+s ( ! w9d1 sweep+ ! wide _w ) havoc4 ,settl$ on ! tropical %ores ( ! ,ea/]n ,atlantic1 !y lie 9 wait = _! victims 9 ! sluggi% & t]rible coa/ fev]4 ,on ! we/]n coa/ ( ! same ocean1 p]haps f "s cause connect$ ) oceanic or atmosph]ic curr5ts1 !y make deva/at+ irruptions inl&1 z yell[ fev]1 9 e direction :]e ! walls ( _! enclosure are l[ en\gh to be freely pass$4 ,^!1 let u rememb]1 are all ess5tially ! same organic poison t is eng5d]$ :]ev] life & dea? are ply+ _! p]petual game2 & ?is1 l ,cleopatra's worm1 w d its k9d 9 ! ve9s ( man1 :]ev] ob/ructions1 natural or artificial1 tempor>y or p]man5t1 int]f]e ) its prompt diffusion 9 ! va/ness ( ! g5]al atmosph]e4 ,our h\se ( life /&s g5]\sly op51 = e inmate bad to come & g ?r\gh ! absorb5t1 unque/ion$1 except 9 ! /oma*1 :]e ! tangible poisons h to g by ! act ( swall[+ & :]e !y are (t5 *all5g$ & eject$4 ,x seems at fir/ ?\ght v /range t we are n s well protect$ by natural in/9ct or s5sibility f ! subtle poisons ( ! atmosph]e z f ^? t c affect u only by ! volunt>y act ( swall[+4 ,! obvi\s explanation1 h[ev]1 ( ?is app>5t neglect is t ,nature protects u 9 g5]al f gase\s poisons by h] own sy/em ( v5tilation2 & if1 :5 we devise h\ses1 necess>ily exclud+ t sy/em1 we fail to devise also a suffici5t sub/itute = x1 ! consequ5ces ( su* neglig5ce are z fairly due z :5 we swall[ tangible poison4 ,i h hi!rto ref]r$ only to ! disp]sion ( poison\s exhalations1 z if ! be/ & mo/ necess>y ?+ ! atmosph]e c d = u 7 to dilute ! dose to a comp>atively h>mless pot5cy4 ,b ?is is n[ kn[n to be n ! true rem$ial process ) respect to ! zymotic g]ms4 ,! mo/ wond]ful a*ievem5t ( rec5t inve/igation reveals a philosophy ( bo? bane & antidote t a/oni%es u ) its simplicity z mu* z ) its effici5cy4 ,at ! mom5t :5 humanity /&s agha/ at ! ann\ncem5t t g]ms are n de/roy$ by dis9fectants1 comes ! c\nt] discov]y t !y are r5d]$ h>mless by oxyg54 ,x seems t x makes no diff]5ce1 really1 ( :at sort or f :at s\rce are ! bact]ia t we take into ! blood4 ,! only mat]ial diff]5ce to u dep5ds on ! sort ( atmosph]e 9 :i* _! h\rly g5]ations are br$4 ,= example1 ! bact]ia develop$ 9 conf9$ air1 f a simple infusion ( hay1 are f\nd by exp]im5t to be z capable ( g5]at+ t mo/ t]rible ( blood poison]s1 ! malignant pu/ule1 z are ! bact]ia tak5 f ! pu/ule itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bact]ia f ! malignant pu/ule itself1 aft] propagat+ = a few h\rs 9 pure & free air1 become a p]fectly h>mless race1 & are actually inject$ into ! blood ) impunity4 ,! explanation ( ! /range discov]y is ?is--note its extreme simplicity--bact]ia br$ 9 copi\s oxyg5 p]i% = want ( x z soon z !y ent] ! blood vessels2 :]eas ^? inur$ to an unv5tilat$ atmosph]e = a few g5]ations1 :i* means only a few h\rs1 are prep>$ to ?rive & propagate inf9itely )9 our ve9s2 & t is ! :ole my/]y ( blood poison+ & zymotic diseases4 ,tak5 9 connection ) ! n>cotic or n]ve-poison+ p[] ( c>bonic acid 7to :i* all ! classes ( diseases result+ f colds are due71 we h also 9 ?is simple b gr& discov]y ! :ole my/]y ( ! "q ) :i* we set out--:y free air is heal?1 & :y sickness is a purely dome/ic product4 ,! re/itution ( natural heal? to mank9d dem&s only1 b dem&s absolutely1 ! con/ant diffusion 9 copi\s & cont9u\s floods ( atmosph]ic oxyg51 ( ! n]ve-poison+ c>bonic acid ( combu/ion 7organic & inorganic71 & ( ! blood-poison+ bact]ia ( organic decomposition4 ,we f9d1 !n1 z a matt] bo? ( exp]i5ce & ( philosophy1 t life or dea?1 9 ! ma9 & 9 ! long run1 turns on ! s+le pivot ( atmosph]ic movem5t or ob/ruction4 ,! resi/ance ( m]e ris+ gr\nd or d5se vegetation to a free movem5t ( ! air f l[-ly+ levels p]=ms an ob/ructive (fice simil> to t ( ! walls & ro(s ( h\ses1 & ) l effect4 ,! inv>iable condition ( unheal?y seasons & days is a /ate ( r>efaction & /agnation ( ! atmosph]e1 :5 ! poison-freight$ vapor _c be lift$ & disp]s$1 & e "o compla9s ( ! sultry1 close1 muggy 7mean+ murky7 feel+ ( ! air4 ,few reflect1 :5 frett$ by ! boi/]\s w9ds ( ,m>*1 ^u ! vital (fice !y p]=m 9 disp]s+ & sanitat+ ! bact]ia-lad5 exhalations let loose by ! fir/ w>m? f ! soak$ soil & ! mac]at$ deposits ( ! =m] ye>4 ,! pass+ air1 !n1 t we brea! s lightly1 is on o!r bus9ess1 & c>ries a load we little ?9k (1 & t is n to be trifl$ )4 ,?is gr& c>ri] ( nature1 on bus9ess ( life or dea?1 mu/ n be deta9$1 mu/ n be h9d]$6 or !y :o int]f]e ) ! bus9ess by re/ra9+ walls & ro(s w take ! consequ5ces4 ,x is a good deal l /opp+ a bullet1 except z to consci\sness & sudd5ness ( effect4 ,t m5 live at all 9 _! ob/ruct$ & !re=e poison-load$ atmosph]e1 is a pro( ( ! wond]ful effici5cy ( ! protective economy ( ,nature )9 u2 s wond]ful1 inde$1 t few c believe ! fact ( liv+ to be consi/5t ) ! real exi/5ce ( su* a deadly environm5t z sci5ce pret5ds to reveal4 ,x is a common impression1 !re=e1 t actual results fail to ju/ify ! al>m s\nd$ by sanit>ians4 ,h5ce ! necessity = call+ att5tion at ! outset to an ample & manife/ equival5t = ! deadly dose ( conf9$ exhalations tak5 daily by all civiliz$ m54 ,we p]ceive t t dose is n lo/1 l ! ,humboldt ,riv]1 9 a s9k1 b reappe>s1 l ! wide-s[n grass1 9 a p]5nial & univ]sal crop ( diseases1 almo/ numb]less & ev] increas+ 9 numb]1 peculi> to h\se-dwell]s4 ,! trail ( ^! plagues /ops n[h]e else2 x leads /raight to ! imprison$ atmosph]e 9 our artificial inclosures1 & !re x ends4 ,t m>vel\s protective economy ( ,nature )9 u1 to :i* we h ref]r$1 is no p]petual gu>anty aga9/ ! consequ5ces ( our neglig5ce2 x is only a limit$ reprieve1 to af=d space = rep5tance2 & unless we ha/5 to improve ! day ( grace1 ! susp5d$ s5t5ce comes d[n1 ^u u at la/ ) =ce ! m accumulat$ by delay4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ! gr& problem ( sanit>y sci5ce 7almo/ unt\*$1 almo/ unrecogniz$7 proves to be no o!r & no less ?an ?is3 ,:at c be done to rem$y ! ob/ructive nature ( an inclosure1 s t its gase\s cont5ts %all move (f1 & be replac$ by pure air1 z freely1 z rapidly1 & z incessantly1 z 9 ! op5 atmosph]e8 ,x happ5s to be ! mo/ necess>y prelim9>y 9 approa*+ ?is problem1 to %[ h[ n to d x1 = t1 respectfully be x spok51 is :at we h hi!rto practic$1 z results abundantly prove4 ,fallacies1 bo? vulg> & sci5tific1 ob/ruct our way4 ,a fundam5tal fallacy respects ! v nature ( ! "w1 :i* is suppos$ to be to get 9 fre% air4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ?is c>e is bo? unnecess>y & comp>atively useless4 ,take c>e ( ! bad air1 & ! fre% air w take c>e ( itself4 ,only make room = x1 & y _c keep x out4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unless y fir/ make room = x1 y _c keep x 92 pump x 9 & bl[ x 9 z y may1 y only bl[ x ?r\gh1 z ! ,jordan fl[s comp>atively uncontam9at$ ?r\gh ! ,dead ,sea4 ,?is is a law ( fluids t mu/ be kept 9 view4 ,! pure air is q z ready to get out z to get 92 :ile ! air load$ ) poison\s vapors is z sluggi% z a gorg$ s]p5t1 & w n budge b on compulsion4 ,su* compulsion ! gr& sy/em ( w9d suction1 actuat$ by ! sun1 supplies on ! scale ( ! univ]se2 & ?is we mu/ imitate & adapt = our m limit$ purposes4 ,x w\ld seem z if we ne$ n pause to notice s %all[ ?\gh common a notion z t :i* usually comes 9 "r "h1 namely1 t conf9$ air w move (f someh[ ( itself1 if y give x lib]ty2 be+ suppos$ to be mu* l a cat 9 a bag1 want+ only a hole to make its escape4 ,air is pond]able matt]--z mu* s z lead--& equally requires =ce ( "s k9d to set x or keep x 9 motion4 ,b appli$ philosophy itself relies on a fallaci\s1 or1 at be/1 inadequate s\rce ( motive p[] = v5tilation4 ,x gravely prescribes v5tilat+ flues & ev5 holes1 & promises u t ! w>m$ air )9 ! h\se w rise ?r\gh ^! flues & holes1 c>ry+ its impurities away ) x1 f ! pressure ( ! cool] & d5s] air )\t4 ,b we v well "k t ! be/ ( flues & *imneys w draw only by favor ( lively fires or cle> wea!r4 ,!y fail u utt]ly :5 mo/ ne$$1 9 w>m & murky wea!r1 :5 ! b>omet] is l[1 & ! ?9 atmosph]e drops1 d[n its damp & dirty cont5ts1 bury+ u to ! *imney tops 9 a pe/il5t congregation ( vapors4 ,nev]!less1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 ^! holes & flues1 at be/ a little fire at ! bottom ( ! latt]1 are ! sole & all-suffici5t exp$i5ts ( sci5ce & ar*itecture = v5tilation to ?is day1 9 spite ( _! total failure 9 exp]i5ce4 ,i c f9d no?+ 9 /&>d treatises or examples f philosoph]s or ar*itects1 beyond a !oretical calculation on s mu* expansion ( air f s _m units ( heat1 & h5ce s mu* asc5sional =ce inf]r$ 9 ! v5tilat+ flue--a result :i* nev] comes to pass1 yet none ! less cont9ues to be *e]fully reli$ on4 ,un=tunately = ! facts1 !y contradict ! philosophy1 & are only to be ignor$ ) sil5t contempt4 ,a ,fr5* ,academician's report on ! v5tilation ( a l>ge public build+1 lately repr9t$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 /ates ) absolute assurance & exactness ! cubic feet ( air *ang$ p] m9ute1 ) ! precise volume & velocity ( its asc5sion1 by burn+ a peck ( coal at ! bottom ( ! trunk flue4 ,no m5tion is made ( ! anemomet] or any o!r gauge ( ! result ass]t$1 & we are left to ! suspicion t x is m]ely a matt] ( !oretical inf]5ce1 z usual2 = e "o :o has _h any acqua9tance ) practical te/s 9 ^! matt]s kn[s t no su* movem5t ( air ev] takes place "u su* conditions1 unless by exceptional favor ( ! wea!r4 ,i h se5 a tall /eam boil] *imney induce ?r\gh a f\r in* pipe a suction /rong en\gh to exhau/ ! air f a l>ge room z fa/ z p]fect v5tilation w\ld require4 ,b ?is1 x is well kn[n1 requires f\r hundr$ or five hundr$ degrees ( heat 9 ! *imney4 ,i nev] saw an ord9>y dome/ic fire ( coals produce any noticeable v5tilat+ suction1 )\t ! use ( a bl[]1 urg+ ! combu/ion to fury1 & ,i presume nobody else ev] did4 ,b1 :ile nobody ev] saw an active suction ( air produc$ by ! m]e heat ( a /ill or unexcit$ fire--unless ! quantity ( heat 7 on a v l>ge scale--ev]ybody has se5 a ro>+ curr5t suck$ ?r\gh ! n>r[$ ?roat ( a *imney or a /ove by a blaz+ h&ful ( %av+s1 pap]1 or /raw4 ,x is v rem>kable1 :5 y come to ?9k ( x1 t ! burn+ ( an insignificant piece ( pap]1 ) less heat 9 x1 p]haps1 ?an a pea ( an?racite1 w cause a ru% ( air t a bu%el ( an?racite _c 9 ! lea/ degree imitate4 ,x is n only a curi\s b a mo/ important fact4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! c>d9al fact on :i* v5tilation practically turns4 ,b :at is ! nature ( x8 ,!re are ?ree factors 9 ! ph5om5on4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! me*anical peculi>ity ( flame1 or gas 9 ! mom5t ( combu/ion1 z comp>$ ) a gas l air m]ely heat$1 is an almo/ explosive velocity ( asc5t4 ,! physical peculi>ity f :i* ?is results is ! int5sity ( its heat--commonly /at$ at #b1jjj degrees1 z to our common illum9at+ gas--act+ in/antane\sly ?r\gh\t its mass1 j z 9 gunp[d]4 ,! gas goes up ! flue 9 its own fla%1 l ! ignit$ *>ge 9 ! b>rel ( a gun3 ! burn+ coals c only s5d1 & by a leisurely mess5g]1 namely1 ! mod]ately heat$ gases1 & contigu\s air1 t rise only by ! gravitation or pressure ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,& yet x is n ! small flame itself t ro>s 9 ! *imney b ! ru% ( air induc$ by x4 ,! semi-explosion ( flame is b = an in/ant1 ?\gh con/antly r5ew$1 & its explosive impulse _c c>ry its light products ( combu/ion v f> ?r\gh /ation>y & resi/ant air4 ,x is ! induction ( air c>ri$ ) x by su* semi-explosive impulse 7"u prop] me*anical conditions7 t is /range to our obs]vation & und]/&+1 & is ! second factor 9 ! ph5om5on we are acc\nt+ = & prep>+ to utilize4 ,! process1 z x actually is1 may be cle>ly exhibit$ by a v simple means4 ,let anyone take a tube1 say an in* 9 diamet]--a roll ( pap] w d z well z any?+--&1 apply+ x closely to 8 m\?1 try ! :ole =ce ( 8 lungs ?r\gh x ^u any light object4 ,! am\nt ( effect w be f\nd surpris+ly small2 & unless ! tube is a %ort "o1 x w be s f> absorb$ by friction & atmosph]ic resi/ance z to be almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,!n let him hold ! same tube ne> to ! m\?1 b n 9 contact1 & repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,) ! be/ adju/m5t1 ! effect may be describ$ z t5fold or fifty-fold1 or almo/ any fold--! effect ( ! simple bl[+ be+ m]ely nom9al z comp>$ ) ! induc$ curr5t add$ by bl[+ into ! tube in/ead ( 9 x4 ,! bla/ ent]s ! free & op5 orifice ) all ! contigu\s air :i* its surface friction & ! vacuum ( its movem5t c involve 9 its roll+ vortex4 ,:ile ! entrance is ?us cr[d$ ) pressure1 ! exit is free2 & ! result at ! exit is a bla/ ( well su/a9$ velocity & magnifi$ volume2 ready itself to repeat ! miracle on a /ill l>g] scale if provid$ ) ! app>atus = do+ s4 ,to te/ ?is1 n[ place a second & l>g] tube 9 su* position z to prolong ! fir/ 9 a /raight l9e1 b ) a slight int]val betwe5 ! meet+ ends2 s t ! bla/1 z magnifi$ 9 volume 9 ent]+ ! fir/ tube1 may ent] 9 l mann] ! second tube & be magnifi$ aga94 ,) correct adju/m5ts ?is exp]im5t w prove m surpris+ ?an ! fir/4 ,put on a ?ird & /ill l>g] tube 9 ! same way1 & /ill l>g] surprise w meet a /ill l>g] volume & =ce ( bla/1 l a /iff breeze set 9 motion by ! puny ef=t ( a s+le expiration4 ,( c\rse1 ! prime impulse mu/ be> a c]ta9 proportion to ! result2 & ! inductive or tractional friction ( ! initial bla/1 ( flame or brea?1 w be us$ up at l5g? unless re-en=c$4 ,9 v5tilat+ practice1 !re is su* re-en=cem5t1 f an excess ( gravity 9 ! cool] atmosph]e outside ! flue 9 :i* ! flame is op]at+ ) its heat z well z its asc5sional traction2 s t !re has be5 f\nd no limit to ! ext5sions & fre% inductions t may be add$ to ! fir/ or trunk flue1 ) increase r ?an dim9ution ( p[] at e po9t4 ,b ! t]ms on :i* su* ext5sions mu/ be made h be5 ref]r$ to 9 our illu/ration1 & mu/ be accurately asc]ta9$ & obs]v$4 ,!y con/itute :at is1 9 effect1 ! ?ird factor 9 ! ph5om5on ( a ro>+ draught1 & also1 !re=e1 ineffective v5tilation4 ,t is1 ! ent]+ or induc$ curr5t ( air mu/ always f9d its *annel ( progress & exit c]ta9 correct degrees l>g] ?an ! op5+ by :i* x ent]$4 ,e "o kn[s t a /ove or *imney wide op5 admits ( b little suction 9 connection ) ev5 ! blaze ( pap] or %av+s4 ,! mobility ( air seems almo/ pret]natural1 :5 ! prop] conditions = sett+ a curr5t 9 motion are suppli$4 ,b )\t a curr5t e/abli%$1 x is surpris+ 9 turn to f9d h[ ob/9ately & elusively immovable x c be4 ,x is l toss+ a fea!r2 or try+ to drive a sw>m ( flies2 dodg+ & evad+ e impulse appli$4 ,b1 giv5 a flue1 to def9e & conduct a /ream2 an upright flue1 to take advantage ( ! slight] gravity ( ! w>m$ air )9 x2 & a flue contract$ at ! inlet & exp&$ z x rises1 s z to free1 diffuse1 & light5 ! column ( air1 t[>d ! exit2 !n1 initiate an induc$ curr5t ( air at ! inlet1 by ! injection ( a jet ( gas 9 ! /ate ( semi-explosive action call$ flame2 ! pressure pu%+ upw>d f ! cr[d$ entrance f9ds easi] way & less resi/ance ! f>!r x goes 9 ! exp&+ flue2 ! w>m? & r$uc$ gravity ( ! /ream comes 9 z an auxili>y 9 ov]com+ friction & any exceptional ob/ruction 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e2 & n[1 z ! ball is once set roll+1 ) a little aid in/ead ( resi/ance f gravitation1 its initial impulse all ! :ile su/a9$ by ! gas jet1 & friction r$uc$ to a v small incid5t--!re is no?+ to prev5t ! curr5t roll+ on ) accel]at$ velocity 7)9 ! limitations impos$ by increas+ friction7 & roll+ on =ev]4 ,i might1 if ,i _h "t1 add a curi\s consid]ation ( ! law ( vortex motion 9 ela/ic fluids1 demon/rat$ by ,helmholtz1 :i* relieves ! motion ( su* fluids f friction1 z :eels facilitate ! movem5t ( a solid2 & :i* also sucks into ! roll+ vortex ! contigu\s air1 ?us entra9+ x1 z we h se51 s mu* m effectively ?an c\ld be done by a direct & rigid curr5t1 l a jet ( wat]1 = in/ance4 ,a :eel set 9 motion on an almo/ frictionless be>+ ( metall9e1 runs )\t p]ceptible abatem5t ( velocity1 until "o beg9s to involunt>ily "q :e!r x w ev] /op4 ,9 ! all b free w9ds t roll ) m9imiz$ friction 9 ! high] atmosph]e1 !re seems to be a self-mov+ =ce2 s p]si/5t is simple mom5tum 9 a mass s inf9itesimally ob/ruct$ & s inf9itely :eel$4 ,an active curr5t ( air 9 a v5tilat+ flue is only less p]fect 9 ! same conditions2 & s x is q conceivable1 & n incr$ible1 t su* a curr5t may be gradually e/abli%$ & !nce=w>d p]man5tly ma9ta9$ by a small motor flame b>ely m ?an en\gh to ov]balance ! m9imiz$ friction4 ,?is is n a suppos$ or !oretically inf]r$ fact1 l ! facts ( v5tilation sometimes alleg$ by !ori/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! !ory ,i h (f]$ is m]ely an attempt to expla9 facts t ,i h witness$ & t anyone c v]ify ) ! anemomet]4 ,b ! !ory by no means cov]s ! art & my/]y ( v5tilation2 = v5tilation is truly an art z well z a my/]y4 ,! art lies 9 a consummate exp]i5ce ( ! sizes1 proportions1 & =ms ( flues1 _! inlets1 expansions1 & exits1 ) _m o!r incid5tal adaptations necess>y1 9 ord] to insure "u all circum/ances ! regul> exhau/ion ( any specific volume ( air requir$1 p] m9ute4 ,& ?is art has by "o man be5 a*iev$4 ,x w\ld be a d\ble inju/ice if ,i %\ld neglect f any motive to in=m my audi5ce to :om ,i am indebt$ = :at ,i "k ab\t v5tilation practically1 & ev5 = ! k t !re is any su* fact z a practicable v5tilation ( h\ses2 "o :o is no !ori/1 b :o has felt 8 way exp]im5tally ) 8 own h&s1 = a lifetime1 to a practical ma/]y ( ! art to :i* ,i h attempt$ to fit a !ory2 e "o pres5t :o is well in=m$ on ?is subject mu/ h anticipat$ already 9 m9d ! "n ( ,h5ry ,a4 ,g\ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,rec5t ,,eruption ,,( ,,etna4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bj? ( ,m>*1 a long s]ies ( e>?quakes spread al>m ?r\gh\t all ! cities & num]\s villages t are scatt]$ ov] ! sides ( ,mt4 ,etna4 ,! %ocks foll[$ ea* o!r at int]vals ( a few m9utes2 dull subt]ranean rumbl+s 7 he>d2 & a cata/rophe 0 se5 to be imp5d+4 ,t[>d ev5+ ! gr\nd crack$ at ! l[] "p ( ! s\? side ( ! m\nta91 at ! limit ( ! cultivat$ zone1 & at f\r kilomet]s to ! nor? ( ! village ( ,nicolosi4 ,!re =m$ on ! e>? a l>ge numb] ( v wide fissures1 ?r\gh :i* escap$ great volumes ( /eam & gases :i* envelop$ ! m\nta9 9 a ?ick haze2 & t[>d night1 a v bright r$ light1 :i*1 se5 f ,catania1 seem$ to come out 9 great waves f ! foot ( ! m\nta91 ann\nc$ ! com+ ( ! lava4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eruption ,,( ,,m\nt ,,etna1 ,,m>* #bb1 #ahhc4 ,elev5 eruptions occurr$ dur+ ! night1 & %ot into ! air fi]y scori :i*1 9 a %ort "t1 =m$ ?ree hillocks f =ty to fifty met]s 9 height4 ,! jet ( scori 0 accompani$ ) /rong detonations1 & ! oscillations ( ! gr\nd 7 ( su* viol5ce t ! bells 9 ! villages ( ,nicolosi & ,p$>a rang ( !mselves4 ,! g5]al con/]nation 0 ! great] 9 t ! locality 9 :i* ! eruptive ph5om5a 7 manife/+ !mselves 0 ne>ly ! same z t :i* =m$ ! !at] ( ! celebrat$ eruption ( #affi4 ,?is locality ov]looks an incl9$ plane :i* is giv5 up to cultivation1 & 9 :i* are scatt]$1 at a %ort di/ance f ! place ( ! eruption1 twelve villages hav+ a total population ( #bj1jjj inhabitants4 ,on ! second day ! "*1 ( ! eruption _h become ( a v al>m+ "*4 ,new fissures %[$ !mselves up to ! vic9ity ( ,nicolosi1 & ! lava fl[$ 9 great waves ov] ! circumjac5t l&s4 ,?is seem$ to indicate a l5g?y eruption2 b1 to ! surprise ( ^? int]e/$ 9 volcanic ph5om5a1 on ! ?ird day ! eruptive movem5t began to decrease1 &1 dur+ ! night1 /opp$ entirely4 ,?is 0 a v =tunate circum/ance1 = ?is eruption w\ld h caus$ imm5se damages4 ,x _c be disguis$1 h[ev]1 t ! eruptive att5dants ( ?is conflagration rema9 "u conditions su* z to con/itute a p]man5t dang] = ! neighbor+ villages4 ,x has happ5$1 9 fact1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! quick cessation ( ! eruption1 ^? second>y ph5om5a ?r\gh :i* nature usually provides a solid clos+ ( ! p>asitic crat]s h n occurr$4 ,s x is probable t :5 a new eruption takes place x w be at ! same po9t at :i* manife/$ itself ! "o t has j abat$4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,physics ,,)\t ,,app>atus4 ,take an ord9>y w9e bottle & place x 9 front ( & )9 a few in*es ( a light$ c&le4 ,bl[ aga9/ ! bottle ) y\r m\? at ab\t f\r or six in*es di/ant f x & 9 a l9e ) ! flame4 ,v curi\sly1 not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( ! bottle & its int]ception ( ! curr5t ( air1 ! c&le w be imm$iately ext+ui%$ z if !re 7 no ob/acle 9 ! way4 ,?is ph5om5on is readily und]/ood :5 we reflect t ! bottle receives ! curr5t ( air on its poli%$ surface & divides x into two1 "o ( :i* is guid$ to ! "r & ! o!r to ! left4 ,^! two curr5ts1 aft] sep>at+ & driv+ back ! surr\nd+ air1 meet aga9 at ! v spot at :i* ! flame is situat$1 & ext+ui% ! c&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mode ,,( ,,ext+ui%+ ,a ,,c&le ,,plac$ ,,beh9d ,a ,,bottle4 ,x is evid5t t ! exp]im5t c be reproduc$ by putt+ ! c&le beh9d a /ove pipe1 a cyl9d] ( glass or metal1 a cyl9drical t9 box1 or any o!r object ( ! same =m ) a diamet] great] ?an t ( a bottle1 b n hav+ a r\gh or angul> surface1 s9ce ! latt] w\ld cause ! curr5t to be lo/ 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,travels ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,"s rec5t discussions ( ! con/itution ( ! sun h turn$ 9 "p ^u :at is kn[n z ! sun's prop] motion 9 space4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ surpris+ & int]e/+ ?+s t sci5ce has ev] br\ght to light1 & yet x is some?+ ( :i* comp>atively few p]sons h any k4 ,x is cu/om>y to look ^u ! sun z if x 7 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 an immovable fi]y globe ar\nd :i* ! e>? & o!r planets revolve :ile x rema9s fix$ 9 "o place4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! tru?4 ,! sun is1 9 fact1 ! mo/ wond]ful ( travel]s4 ,he is fly+ ?r\gh space at ! rate ( n less ?an a hundr$ & sixty millions ( miles 9 a ye>1 & ! e>? & h] si/] planets are 8 fell[ voyag]s1 :i*1 obey+ 8 ov]p[]+ attraction1 circle ab\t him z he advances4 ,9 o!r words1 if we c\ld take up a position 9 op5 space 9 advance ( ! sun1 we %\ld see him ru%+ t[>d u at ! rate ( "s #dej1jjj miles a day1 *as$ by 8 :ole family ( %9+ worlds & ! va/ sw>ms ( meteoric bodies :i* obey 8 attraction4 ,! g5]al direction ( ?is motion ( ! sol> sy/em has be5 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,x is t[>d ! con/ellation ,h]cules1 :i*1 at ?is season1 may be se5 9 ! nor!a/]n sky at #i o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,z ! l9e ( ?is motion makes an angle ( fifty odd degrees ) ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit1 x foll[s t ! e>? is n l a horse at a w9dlass1 circl+ ar\nd ! sun =ev] 9 "o beat5 pa?1 b l a %ip belong+ to a fleet ^: lead] is cont9ually pu%+ its pr[ into unexplor$ wat]s4 ,! pa? ( ! e>? ?r\gh space is spiral1 s t x is all ! "t advanc+ into new regions along ) ! sun4 ,%e is on a b\ndless voyage ( discov]y1 & h] human crew are born & die 9 widely sep>at$ tracts ( space4 ,?9k ( ! di/ance ov] :i* ! travels ( ! sun h borne ! e>? only s9ce ! beg9n+ ( human hi/ory6 ,six ?\s& ye>s ago ! e>? & sun 7 ab\t a million millions ( miles fur!r f ! />s 9 ,h]cules ?an !y are to-day4 ,columbus & 8 contempor>ies liv$ :5 ! e>? 0 9 a region ( ! univ]se m ?an sixty ?\s& millions ( miles f ! place :]e x is n[1 s t s9ce 8 "t ! :ole human race has be5 mak+ a voyage ?r\gh space1 9 comp>ison ) :i* 8 longe/ voyage 0 z ! foot/ep ( a fly4 ,?us ! great ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w may be said to h occurr$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,an almo/ inconceivable di/ance sep>ates ! spot :i* ! e>? occupi$ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] f t :i* x occupi$ :5 ,cs> invad$ ,gaul4 ,! sun & ! e>? h w&]$ s f> f _! bir?place t ! m9d /agg]s 9 ! attempt to guess at ! /up5d\s di/ance :i* n[ probably sep>ates !m f x4 ,x may be t ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em is orbital & t our sun & _m ( ! />s1 8 fell[ suns1 are revolv+ ar\nd "s common c5t]1 b if s1 no means has yet be5 devis$ ( detect+ ! =m or dim5sions ( 8 orbit4 ,s f> z we c see1 ! sun is mov+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,s9ce space is believ$ to be fill$ ) "s sort ( e!real m$ium1 curi\s consequ5ces are se5 to foll[ f ! motions t h be5 describ$4 ,a solid globe l ! e>? ru%+ at great spe$ ?r\gh su* a m$ium w enc\nt] "s resi/ance4 ,if ! m$ium be exce$+ly r>e1 z x mu/ be 9 fact1 ! resi/ance w be correspond+ly small1 b /ill !re w be resi/ance4 ,if ! sun /ood /ill1 ! e>?1 ow+ to ! incl9ation ( its axis to ! plane ( its orbit1 ar\nd ! sun1 w\ld enc\nt] ! resi/ance ( ! e!r pr9cipally on its nor!rn hemisph]e f summ] to w9t]1 & on its s\!rn hemisph]e f w9t] to summ]4 ,b 9 consequ5ce ( ! motion ( ! sun %>$ by ! e>?1 ?is law ( di/ribution is *ang$1 & f summ] to w9t] ! e>? pl[s ?r\gh ! e!r ) its nor? pole =emo/1 :ile f w9t] to summ]1 al?\gh ! resi/ance ( ! e!r is enc\nt]$ m ev5ly by ! two hemisph]es1 yet x is /ill felt pr9cipally 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & ! s\? pole rema9s practically protect$4 ,x foll[s t ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & p>ticul>ly ! s\? pol> regions are m or less completely %elt]$ ! :ole ye> ar\nd4 ,x might !n be suppos$ t ! impact ( ! p>ticles ( ! e!r %\ld]$ aside by ! e>? 9 its swift flight & ! compression produc$ 9 front ( ! advanc+ globe w\ld t5d to raise ! temp]ature ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e z comp>$ ) ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :ile ! s\? pole1 be+ m or less directly 9 ! wake ( ! e>?1 & 9 a region ( r>efaction ( ! e!r1 w\ld con/antly possess a rem>kably l[ temp]ature4 ,n[1 x is kn[n t ! s\? pol> regions are m cov]$ ) ice & sn[ ?an ^? ( ! nor?1 & t ! temp]ature !re ! ye> ar\nd is l[]4 ,:e!r ?is diff]5ce is ow+ to ! effects ( ! e>?'s j\rney ?r\gh ! e!r1 is a "q4 ,! sun1 too1 moves ) 8 nor!rn hemisph]e =emo/1 & x is wor?y ( rem>k t x has be5 suspect$ t ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ! sun radiates m heat ?an ! s\!rn4 ,b :atev] effect x may or may n h ^u ! meteorological condition ( ! e>?1 ! fact t ! sol> sy/em is ?us voyag+ ?r\gh space is 9 itself exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,n ! wilde/ travel]'s dream pres5ts to ! imag9ation su* a voyage z ?is on :i* e inhabitant ( ! e>? is b\nd4 ,a glance at a /> map %[s t ! direction 9 :i* we are go+ is c>ry+ u t[>d a region ( ! heav5s exce$+ly ri* 9 />s1 _m1 & p]haps mo/1 ( :i* are great] suns ?an ours4 ,!re c be little d\bt t :5 ! sun arrives 9 ! neighborhood ( ^? />s1 he w be surr\nd$ by cele/ial sc5]y v diff]5t f & mu* m brilliant ?an t ( ! region ( space 9 :i* he n[ is4 ,! inhabitants ( ! globe at t di/ant p]iod w c]ta9ly behold new & f> m glori\s heav5s1 ?\gh ! e>? may be un*ang$4--,n4,y4 ,sun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,propagation ,,( ,,maple ,,trees4 ,i d n presume t all p ov] ?ree score ye>s ( age are s entirely ignorant z ,i am1 b probably !re are "s4 ,i h liv$ m ?an sixty ye>s almo/ 9 ! woods1 & ,i nev] obs]v$1 & nev] he>d any o!r p]son speak (1 ! bloom+1 se$+1 & matur+ ( ! wat] maple4 ,i h a beautiful l[ ( wat] maple %ade trees along ! /reet 9 front ( my h\se4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahhb1 ,i obs]v$ t !y 7 9 bloom1 & _m bees 7 sw>m+ ab\t !m4 ,aft] ! bees left !m ,i notic$ ! se$ 7specim5s inclos$ ( ?is spr+'s gr[?7 9 millions4 ,z ! leaves put out 9 ,april ! little knife blade se$s fell (f1 s ?ick z to almo/ cov] ! gr\nd4 ,my gr&son pick$ up ?ree or f\r hatfuls1 & ,i s5t ! se$ to my f>m & _h !m drill$ 9 l :eat1 :5 ,i plant$ corn4 ,! result is ,i h f #cjj to #ejj beautiful maples f #f in*es to ?ree feet high4 ,i notic$ ! blooms aga9 ?is spr+1 b a cold snap kill$ ! blooms1 & only n[ & !n c ,i f9d a se$4 ,i _h a sug> tree 9 my y>d1 :i* bloom$ & bore se$ :i* did n fall (f ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,my y>d n[ has z _m little sug> trees z x has leaves ( blue grass4 ,x /rikes me t ! ga!r+ & plant+ ( maple se$ is ! be/ way to wood ! prairies ( ! ,we/ & ! worn-out l&s ( ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates4 ,! tree is valuable = %ade & = timb]1 & is z rapid 9 gr[? z any tree )9 my k4 ,i notic$ "s trees ( ?is sort ye/]day :i* are f #b to #c feet 9 diamet]4 ,! lumb] f su* timb] makes beautiful furniture4 ,?is is int5d$ only = ^? :o h be5 z non-obs]vant z myself1 & n ! wise1 :o are always po/$4 ,frankl91 ,t5n4 ,j4,b4,m4 ,! se$s inclos$ 7 ! sam>as ( ,ac] rubrum1 call$ ! s(t maple 9 _m localities1 & r$ maple 9 o!rs4 ,we h se5 trees only ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet] full ( blossoms4 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ trees to bloom 9 spr+1 & ! pretty w+$ sam>as soon mature & fall4 ,! sug> maple1 ,ac] sac*>9um1 blossoms lat]1 & ! se$s are p]si/5t till autumn1 & lie on ! gr\nd all w9t] be=e g]m9at+4 ,! lumb] f ?is latt] is m valuable ?an s(t maple1 be+ h>d]1 heavi]1 & tak+ a bett] poli%4 ,s(t maple makes an ox-yoke :i* is durable & n heavy4 ,9 e>ly times a decoction ( ! b>k 0 frequ5tly us$ = mak+ a black ink4--,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dioscorea ,,retusa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[]+ ,,spray ,,( ,,dioscorea ,,retusa4 ,"o ( ! mo/ elegant plants "o c h 9 a gre5h\se is ?is tw9]1 a native ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,x has sl5d] /ems clo!d ) di/9ctly ve9$ leaves1 & produces a pr(usion ( creamy :ite fragrant fl[]s 9 p5dul\s clu/]s1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,messrs ,veit* ( ,*elsea1 :o di/ribut$ ! plant a few ye>s ago4 ,on sev]al occasions ,messrs ,veit* h exhibit$ x tra9$ p>asol fa%ion & cov]$ abundantly ) elegant droop+ clu/]s ( fl[]s1 & z su* x has be5 mu* admir$4 ,:5 plant$ out 9 a w>mi% gre5h\se & all[$ to tw9e at w ar\nd an upright pill>1 x is se5 to ! be/ advantage1 &1 ?\gh n %[y1 makes a pleas+ contra/ ) o!r gayly t9t$ fl[]s4 ,x is s unlike any o!r ornam5tal plant 9 cultivation1 t x ought to become m widely kn[n ?an x appe>s to be at pres5t4--,! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ravages ,,( ,a ,,r>e ,,scolytid ,,beetle ,,9 ,,! ,,sug> ,,maples ,,( ,,nor!a/]n ,,new ,,york4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( la/ ,augu/ 7#ahhb7 ,i notic$ t a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! und]gr[? ( ! sug> maple 7,ac] sac*>9um7 9 ,lewis ,c\nty1 ,nor!a/]n ,new ,york1 seem$ to be dy+ ,! leaves droop$ & )]$1 & f9ally %rivel$ & dri$1 b /ill clung to ! bran*es4 ,! majority ( ! plants affect$ 7 bu%es a c5timet] or two 9 ?ickness1 & av]ag+ f "o to two met]s 9 height1 ?\gh a few exce$$ ^! dim5sions4 ,on attempt+ to pull !m up !y uni=mly1 & almo/ )\t exception1 broke (f at ! level ( ! gr\nd1 leav+ ! root undi/urb$4 ,a glance at ! brok5 end suffic$ to reveal ! my/]y1 = x 0 p]=at$1 bo? v]tically & horizontally1 by ! tubul> excavations ( a little ,scolytid beetle :i*1 9 mo/ in/ances1 0 f\nd /ill engag$ 9 8 "w ( de/ruction4 ,at ?is "t ! wood imm$iately above ! "p actually invad$ by ! insect 0 /ill s\nd1 b a c\ple ( mon?s lat] x 0 g5]ally f\nd to be rott54 ,dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob] ,i dug up & exam9$ a l>ge numb] ( app>5tly heal?y "y maples ( ab\t ! size ( ^? already m5tion$1 & 0 some:at surpris$ to discov] t fully t5 p] c5t4 ( !m 7 infe/$ ) ! same beetles1 ?\gh ! excavations _h n z yet be5 suffici5tly ext5sive to affect ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! bu%4 ,!y mu/ all die dur+ ! com+ w9t]1 & next spr+ w %[ t1 9 ,lewis ,c\nty alone1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( "y sug> maples p]i%$ f ! ravages ( ?is ,scolytid dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhb4 ,dr4 ,george ,h ,horn1 ( ,philadelphia1 to :om ,i s5t specim5s = id5tification1 writes me t ! beetle is ,cor?ylus punctatissimus1 ,zim1 & t no?+ is kn[n ( its habits4 ,i take pleasure1 !re=e1 9 contribut+ ! pres5t acc\nt1 meag] z x is1 ( its op]ations1 & h illu/rat$ x ) a few r\gh sket*es t are all ( ! natural size1 except+ ^? ( ! insects !mselves1 :i* are magnifi$ ab\t n9e diamet]s4 ,! hole :i* con/itutes ! entrance to ! excavation is1 )\t exception1 at or v ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & is inv>iably b5ea? ! lay] ( dead & decay+ leaves t ev]y:]e cov]s ! soil 9 our ,nor!rn decidu\s =e/s4 ,ea* burr[ consi/s ( a prim>y1 m or less horizontal1 circul> canal1 t passes completely ar\nd ! bu%1 b does n p]=ate into ! entrance hole1 = x g5]ally takes a slightly spiral c\rse1 s t :5 back to ! />t+ po9t x falls ei!r a little above1 or a little bel[ x--commonly ! latt] 7see ,figs4 #a & #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a & #b--,m9es ( ,cor?ylus punctatissimus4 ,x foll[s ! p]iph]y s closely t ! out] lay] ( gr[+ wood1 sep>at+ x f ! b>k1 does n av]age #j4be mm4 9 ?ickness1 & yet ,i h nev] kn[n x to cut entirely ?r\gh ?is1 s z to lie 9 contact ) ! b>k4 ,f ?is prim>y circul> excavation issue1 at "r angles1 & g5]ally 9 bo? directions 7up & d[n71 a v>y+ numb] ( /raight tubes1 p>allel to ! axis ( ! plant 7see ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c74 ,!y av]age five or six millimet]s 9 l5g?1 & commonly t]m9ate bl9dly1 a mature beetle be+ usually f\nd 9 ! end ( ea*4 ,sometimes1 b r>ely1 "o or m ( ^? v]tical excavations is f\nd to ext5d f>!r1 &1 b5d+ at a "r angle1 to take a turn ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! bu%1 ?us con/itut+ a second horizontal circul> canal f :i*1 z f ! prim>y "o1 a v>y+ numb] ( %ort v]tical tubes bran* (f4 ,& 9 v exceptional cases ^! excavations ext5d /ill deep]1 & !re may be ?ree1 or ev5 f\r1 m or less complete circul> canals4 ,su* an unusual /ate ( ?+s exi/s 9 ! specim5 f :i* ,fig #c is tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #c & #d--,m9es ( ,cor?ylus punctatissimus4 ,x w be se5 t ) few exceptions1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig #d1 all ! excavations 7includ+ bo? ! horizontal canals & _! v]tical (f %oots7 are made 9 ! sap-wood imm$iately "u ! b>k1 & n 9 ! h>d & comp>atively dry c5tral portion4 ,?is is1 d\btless1 because ! out] lay]s ( ! wood are s(t] & m juicy1 & !re=e m easily cut1 besides conta9+ m nutrim5t & be+1 d\bt less1 bett] reli%$ ?an ! dri] int]ior4 ,?is beetle does n bore1 l "s insects1 b dev\rs bodily all ! wood t is remov$ 9 mak+ its burr[s4 ,! dep? ( ea* v]tical tube may be tak5 z an index to ! l5g? ( "t ! animal has be5 at "w1 & ! numb] ( ^! tubes g5]ally tells h[ _m inhabit ea* bu%1 = z a g5]al rule ea* individual makes b "o hole1 & is commonly f\nd at ! bottom ( x4 ,all ( ! excavations are black inside4 ,! beetle is sub-cyl9dric 9 outl9e1 & v small1 measur+ b #c4e mm 9 l5g?4 ,its color is a d>k *e/nut br[n1 "s specim5s be+ almo/ black4 ,its head is b5t d[n "u ! ?orax1 & _c be se5 f above 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #e4--;,cor?ylus punctatissimus4 ,%\ld ?is species become abundant & widely disp]s$1 x c\ld b ex]cise a disa/r\s influ5ce ^u ! maple =e/s ( ! future--,g4 ,h>t ,m]riam1 ,m ,d1 9 ,am]ican ,naturali/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,r$ ,,spid]4 7,tetranyehus tel>ius47 ,! r$ spid] is n correctly speak+ an insect1 ?\gh x is commonly spok5 ( z su*1 nei!r is x a spid]1 z its "n w\ld imply1 b an ac>us or mite4 ,:e!r its "n is correct or n1 x is a mo/ de/ructive & tr\blesome pe/ :]ev] x makes its pres5ce felt1 x by no means conf9es itself to "o or only a few k9ds ( plants1 z _m insects d1 b x is v indiscrim9ate 9 its *oice ( food1 & x attacks bo? plants gr[n "u glass & ^? 9 ! op5 air4 ,:5 ^! pe/s are pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s1 ! leaves on :i* !y fe$ soon pres5t a sickly yell[ or scor*$ appe>ance1 = ! supply ( sap is drawn (f by myriads ( ^! little mites1 :i* congregate on ! "u sides ( ! leaves1 :]e !y live 9 a v delicate web1 :i* !y sp91 & multiply v rapidly2 ?is web & ! excrem5t ( ! r$ spid] soon *oke up ! pores ( ! leaves1 :i*1 depriv$ ( _! prop] am\nt ( sap1 & unable to procure ! c>bon f ! atmosph]e :i* !y s mu* ne$1 are soon 9 a sorry plight4 ,h[ev] promiscu\s ^! mites may be 9 _! *oice ( food plants--melons1 cucumb]s1 kidney beans1 hops1 v9es1 apple1 pe>1 plum1 pea* trees1 limes1 roses1 lauru/9us1 cactuses1 clov]1 f]ns1 or*ids1 & v>i\s /ove & gre5h\se plants be+ _! p>ticul> favorites--!y are by no means ins5sible to ! diff]5ce betwe5 dryness & moi/ure4 ,to ! latt] !y h a mo/ decid$ objection1 & x is only 9 w>m & dry situations t !y give mu* tr\ble1 & x is ne>ly always 9 dry seasons t plants1 etc41 out ( doors suff] mo/ f ^! pe/s4 ,fruit trees gr[n aga9/ walls are p>ticul>ly liable to be attack$1 s9ce f _! position ! air r\nd !m is g5]ally w>m & dry1 & ! cracks & boles 9 ! walls are favorite places = ! r$ spid] to %elt] 91 s t extra c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t !m f be+ infe/$1 ?is may be/ be effect$ by syr++ ! trees well night & morn+ ) pla9 wat]1 direct+ ! wat] p>ticul>ly to ! "u sides ( ! leaves1 s z1 if possible1 to wa% (f ! spid]s & _! webs4 ,if ! trees be already attack$1 add+ s(t soap & sulphur to ! wat] w de/roy !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--,r$ ,spid] 7magnifi$74 ,a #a4 ,ditto 7natural size74 #b4 ,und]side ( head4 #c4 ,foot4 #d4 ,sp9n]et4 ,sulphur is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t ag5ts kn[n = kill+ !m1 b x w n1 h[ev]1 mix prop]ly ) wat] 9 its ord9>y =m1 b %\ld be teat$ accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe3 ,boil toge!r 9 f\r gallons ( wat] #a lb4 ( fl[]s ( sulphur & #b lb4 ( fre% lime1 & add #a lb4 ( s(t soap1 &1 be=e us+1 #c gallons m ( wat]1 or mix #d oz ( sulphate ( lime ) half t weight ( s(t soap1 &1 :5 well mix$1 add #a gallon ( hot wat]4 ,use :5 cool en\gh to be> y\r h& 9 x4 ,any insecticide conta9+ sulphur is useful4 ,! walls %\ld be well wa%$ ) "s insecticide ( ?is k9d4 ,old walls 9 :i* ! po9t+ is bad & ! bricks full ( nail holes1 etc41 are v difficult to keep free f r$ spid]4 ,!y %\ld be pa9t$ ov] ) a /rong solution ( soot wat] mix$ ) clay to =m a pa9t4 ,to a gallon ( ?is pa9t add #a lb4 ( fl[]s ( sulphur & #b oz ( s(t soap4 ,?is mixture %\ld be ?or\ghly rubb$ ) a bru% into e crack & crevice ( ! walls1 & if appli$ regul>ly e ye> w\ld probably prev5t ! trees f be+ badly attack$4 ,z ! r$ spid] passes ! w9t] "u "s %elt]1 frequ5tly *oos+ /ones1 rubbi%1 etc41 ne> ! roots ( ! trees1 keep+ ! gr\nd ne> ! trees clean & well cultivat$ w t5d greatly to dim9i% _! numb]s4 ,9 v9]ies "o ( ! be/ ways ( de/roy+ ^! creatures is to pa9t ! hot wat] pipes ) "o "p ( fre% lime & two p>ts ( fl[]s ( sulphur mix$ into a pa9t4 ,if a flue is pa9t$ 9 ?is way1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! sulphur does n burn1 or mu* damage may be done1 z ! flues may become mu* hott] ?an hot wat] pipes4 ,dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( gr[? keep ! atmosph]e moi/ & impregnat$ ) ammonia by a lay] ( fre% /able litt]1 or by pa9t+ ! hot wat] pipes ) guano made into a pa9t1 z long z ! air 9 ! h\se is kept moi/ !re is n mu* dang] ( a bad attack4 ,z soon z ! leaves are (f1 ! canes %\ld be dress$ ) ! recipe already giv5 = pa9t+ ! walls1 & two in*es or s ( ! surface soil remov$ & replac$ ) fre% & all ! wood & iron "w ( ! h\se well scrubb$4 ,if c>nations are attack$1 ty+ up "s fl[]s ( sulphur 9 a musl9 bag & sulphur+ ! plants lib]ally1 & wa%+ !m well 9 ?ree days' "t has be5 recomm5d$4 ,tobacco wat] & tobacco smoke w also kill ^! pe/s1 b z nei!r tobacco nor sulphur+ ! hot wat] pipes c always be resort$ to ) safety 9 h\ses1 by f> ! bett] way is to keep a %>p look out = ?is pe/1 & z soon z a plant is f\nd to be attack$ to at once clean x ) an insecticide :i* x is kn[n ! plant w be>1 & by ?is means prev5t o!r plants f be+ infe/$4 ,^! little mites bre$ ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 s t great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 at once /opp+ an attack4 ,a lady fri5d ( m9e _h "s ca/or oil plants gr[+ 9 pots 9 a w9d[ :i* 7 badly attack$1 & f\nd t "s lady-birds soon made %ort "w ( ! mites & cle>$ ! plants4 ,! r$ spid] lays its eggs among ! ?reads ( ! web :i* x weaves ov] ! "u sides ( ! leaves2 ! eggs are r\nd & :ite2 ! "y spid]s are hat*$ 9 ab\t a week1 & !y v mu* resemble _! p>5ts 9 g5]al appe>ance1 b !y h only ?ree pairs ( legs in/ead ( f\r at fir/1 & !y d n acquire ! f\r? pair until !y h *ang$ _! sk9s sev]al times2 !y are1 ( c\rse1 mu* small] 9 size1 b are1 h[ev]1 9 proportion j z de/ructive z ! old] ones4 ,!y obta9 ! juices ( ! leaves by eat+ ?r\gh ! sk9 ) _! m&ibles1 & !n ?ru/+ 9 _! probosces or suck]s 7,fig4 #b71 ?r\gh :i* !y draw out ! juices4 ,^! little creatures are s transp>5t1 t x is v difficult to make out all ! details ( _! m\?s accurately4 ,! females are v f]tile1 & bre$ ) great rapidity "u favorable circum/ances all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! r$ spid]s1 z ,i h already /at$1 are n real spid]s1 b belong to ! family ,ac>9a or mites1 a family includ$ 9 ! same class 7! ara*nida7 z ! true spid]s1 f :i* !y may be easily di/+ui%$ by ! want ( any app>5t division betwe5 ! head & ?orax & body2 9 ! true spid]s ! head & ?orax are unit$ toge!r & =m "o piece1 to :i* ! body is jo9$ by a sl5d] wai/4 ,! ara*nid are foll[$ by ! myriapoda 7c5tip$es1 etc471 & ^! by ! insecti or true insects4 ,! r$ spid]s belong to ! k9d ( mites call$ sp9n+ mites1 to di/+ui% !m f ^? :i* d n =m a web ( any k9d4 ,x is n q c]ta9 at pres5t :e!r !re is only "o or m species ( r$ spid]2 b ?is is immat]ial to ! horticulturi/1 z _! habits & ! means = _! de/ruction are ! same4 ,! r$ spid] 7,tetrany*us tel>ius--,fig4 #a7 is v m9ute1 n measur+ m ?an ! sixtie? ( an in* 9 l5g? :5 full gr[n2 _! color is v v>iable1 "s individuals be+ ne>ly :ite1 o!rs gre5i%1 or v>i\s %ades ( orange1 & r$4 ,?is v>iation 9 color probably dep5ds some:at on _! age or food--! r$ ones are g5]ally suppos$ to be ! mo/ mature4 ,! head is furni%$ ) a pair ( po9t$ m&ibles1 betwe5 :i* is a po9t$ beak or suck] 7,fig4 #b74 ,! legs are eight 9 numb]2 ! two front pairs project =w>d & ! o!r two backw>d2 !y are cov]$ ) long /iff hairs2 ! extremities ( ! feet are provid$ ) long b5t hairs1 :i* are ea* t]m9at$ by a knob4 ,! legs & feet appe> to be only us$ 9 draw+ out ! ?reads & weav+ ! web4 ,! ?read is secret$ by a nipple or sp9n]et 7,fig4 #d7 situat$ ne> ! apex ( ! body on ! "u side4 ,! upp] surface ( ! body is sp>+ly cov]$ ) long /iff hairs4--,g4,s4,s41 9 ,! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,helod]ma ,,horridum4 ,! discussion ( ! curi\s liz>d f\nd 9 our ,we/]n ,t]ritories & 9 ,mexico1 & v>i\sly kn[n z ! ,montana alligator1 ! ,gila mon/]1 & ! ,mexican helod]ma1 is becom+ decid$ly int]e/+4 ,z not$ 9 a rec5t issue ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 a live specim5 0 s5t la/ summ] to ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 & by him pres5t$ to ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,at fir/ x 0 h&l$ z any o!r liz>d w\ld be1 )\t special fe> ( its bite1 al?\gh its m\? is well arm$ ) tee?4 ,subsequ5t inve/igation has conv9c$ its keep]s t ! creature is n a fit subject = c>eless h&l+2 t its native reputation is ju/ifi$ by fact2 & t x is an exception to all kn[n liz>ds1 9 t its tee? are poison fangs comp>able ) ^? ( v5om\s s]p5ts4 ,speak+ ( ! ,mexican reputation ( ! liz>d1 9 a rec5t issue ( ,k1 ,dr4 ,&rew ,wilson1 ^: op9ion w be respect$ by all naturali/s1 says t )\t direct evid5ce ( su* a /atem5t no man ( sci5ce1 bas+ 8 k ( liz>d nature on ! exact k to h&1 w\ld h hesitat$ 9 reject+ ! /ory z1 at lea/1 improbable4 ,yet x is cle> t ! /ories ( ! ,new ,_w may h _h an actual basis ( fact2 = ! ,helod]ma horridum has be51 beyond d\bt1 prov$ to be poison\s 9 z high a degree z a cobra or a rattlesnake4 ,at fir/ ! liz>d 0 freely h&l$ by ^? 9 *>ge at ,reg5t's ,p>k1 & be+ a liz>d1 0 reg>d$ z h>mless4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly dull & inactive1 a result probably due to its long voyage & to ! want ( food4 ,?anks1 h[ev]1 to ! exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,gun!r1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & to actual exp]im5t1 we n[ "k t ,helod]ma w require 9 future to be class$ among ! deadly enemies ( o!r animals4 ,exam9+ its m\?1 ,dr4 ,gun!r f\nd t its tee? =m$ a lit]al s]ies ( poison fangs4 ,ea* too?1 app>5tly1 possesses a poison gl&2 & liz>ds1 x may be add$1 are pl5tifully suppli$ ) ^! organs z a rule4 ,exp]im5t+ ^u ! virul5ce ( ! poison1 ,helod]ma 0 made to bite a frog & a gu9ea pig4 ,! frog di$ 9 "o m9ute1 & ! gu9ea-pig 9 ?ree4 ,! virus requir$ to produce ^! effects mu/ be ( s+ul>ly acute & p[]ful nature4 ,x is to be hop$ t no case ( human misadv5ture at ! tee? ( ,helod]ma may happ54 ,!re c be no "q1 judg+ f ! analogy ( s]p5t-bite1 t ! poison ( ! liz>d w\ld affect man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,helod]ma ,,horridum1 ,,or ,,gila ,,mon/] ,9 an article 9 ! ,london ,field1 ,mr4 ,w4,b4 ,tegetmei] /ates t ?is rem>kable liz>d 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ! ,isis1 9 #ahbi1 by ! ,g]man naturali/ ,wiegmann1 :o gave x ! "n x be>s1 & not$ ! ophidian "* ( its tee?4 ,9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( #ahge1 ,m4,f4 ,sumi*ra/ gave a mu* m detail$ acc\nt ( ! habits & mode ( life ( ?is animal1 & =w>d$ specim5s 9 alcohol to ,p>is1 :]e !y 7 dissect$ & c>efully describ$4 ,! results ( ^! inve/igations h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! ,mission ,sci5tifique an ,mexique1 :i*1 be+ devot$ to reptiles1 has be5 edit$ by ,messrs4 ,aug4 ,dum]il & ,bec\rt4 ,! helod]m1 accord+ to ,m4,f4 ,sumi*ra/1 inhabits ! hot zone ( ,mexico--t int]v5+ betwe5 ! high m\nta9s & ! ,pacific 9 ! di/ricts bord]+ ! ,gulf ( ,tehuantepec4 ,x is f\nd only :]e ! climate is dry & hot2 & on ! moi/] ea/]n slopes ( ! m\nta9 *a9 t receive ! damp w9ds f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico x is entirely unkn[n4 ,( its habits b little is kn[n1 z x appe>s to be1 l _m liz>ds1 nocturnal1 or sem9octurnal1 9 its movem5ts1 &1 moreov]1 x is view$ ) extreme dread by ! natives1 :o reg>d x z equally poison\s ) ! mo/ v5om\s s]p5ts4 ,x is obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 a t]re/rial animal1 z x has n a swimm+ tail flatt5$ f side to side1 nor ! climb+ feet t s *>act]i/ically m>k arboreal liz>ds4 ,sumi*ra/ fur!r /ates t ! animal has a /rong nause\s smell1 & t :5 irritat$ x secretes a l>ge quantity ( gluey saliva4 ,9 ord] to te/ its suppos$ poison\s prop]ty1 he caus$ a "y "o to bite a pullet "u ! w+4 ,9 a few m9utes ! adjac5t p>ts became violet 9 color1 convulsions ensu$1 f :i* ! bird p>tially recov]$1 b x di$ at ! expiration ( twelve h\rs4 ,a l>ge cat 0 also caus$ to be bitt5 9 ! foot by ! same helod]m2 x 0 n kill$1 b ! limb became swoll51 & ! cat cont9u$ mew+ = sev]al h\rs1 z if 9 extreme pa94 ,! dead specim5s s5t to ,europe h be5 c>efully exam9$ z to ! "* ( ! tee?4 ,sections ( ^! h be5 made1 :i* demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a canal 9 ea*1 totally di/9ct f & ant]ior to ! pulp cavity2 b ! s(t p>ts _h n be5 exam9$ ) suffici5t c>e to det]m9e ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( any poison gl& 9 imm$iate connection ) ^! p]=at$ tee? until ,dr4 ,gun!r's obs]vations 7 made1 z describ$ by ,dr4 ,wilson4 ,hi!rto1 z not$ 9 a previ\s article1 ,am]ican naturali/s h reg>d$ ! helod]m z q h>mless--an op9ion well su/a9$ by ! judgm5t ( _m p]sons 9 ,arizona & o!r p>ts ( ! ,we/ by :om ! reptile has be5 kept z an int]e/+ ?\gh ugly pet4 ,:ile ! ,indians & native ,mexicans believe ! creature to be v5om\s1 we h nev] he>d an in/ance 9 :i* ! bite ( x has prov$ fatal4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,c4,e4,j41 writ+ f ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 "u date ( ,septemb] #h1 says1 aft] ref]r+ to ! article on ! helod]m 9 our issue ( ,augu/ #bf3 ,hav+ resid$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ?is ,t]ritory = sev5te5 ye>s1 :]e ! m]cury (t5 rea*es #aaj or m 9 ! %ade1 & h&l$ a numb] ( ^! 'mon/]s1' ,i c say t ,i nev] yet knew anybody or any?+ to h p]i%$ f _! bite4 ,we h (t5 _h two or ?ree ( !m ti$ 9 ! door-y>d by a h9d leg1 & ! *ildr5 h freely play$ ar\nd !m--pick+ !m up by ! nape ( ! neck & wat*+ !m snap (f a small bit f ! end ( a /ick :5 pok$ at !m4 ,we h f$ !m raw egg & milk2 ! latt] !y take ) great reli%4 ,at "o "t a small can9e came too ne> ! m\? ( our alligator 7m\nta9 alligator1 we call !m71 :5 x in/antly caught ! pup by ! "u jaw & held on z only x c\ld 7!y h a p[]ful jaw71 nor w\ld x release its hold until *ok$ ne> to dea?1 :i* 0 done by tak+ x beh9d ! bony framework ( ! head1 betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 & press+ h>d4 ,! pup did consid]able h[l+ = half an h\r1 by :i* "t ! jaw 0 mu* swoll51 rema9+ s = two or ?ree days1 aft] :i* x 0 all "r aga94 ,by ?is ,i c\ld only conclude t ! animal 0 b slightly poison\s4 ,i nev] knew ( a human be+ hav+ be5 bitt5 by "o4 ,my si/] kept "o ab\t ! h\se = sev]al weeks1 & f$ x f h] h&s & ) a spoon4 ,! specim5s h g5]ally be5 s5t 7?r\gh ! ,des]et ,museum7 to colleges & museums 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,indians h a great fe> t ^! animals produce at w good or bad wea!r1 & w n mole/ !m4 ,_m times !y h come to see !m1 & told u t we %\ld let !m g or !y w\ld talk to ! /orm _s & s5d w9d & wat] & fire ^u u4 ,an old ,indian ,i once talk$ ) told me ( ano!r :o 0 bitt5 on ! h&1 & said x swell$ up ! arm badly1 b he recov]$4 ,f "s reason we nev] f9d specim5s less ?an #ab or #ad in*es long1 ,i nev] saw a "y "o4 ,!re is a nice /uff$ specim51 #ah in*es long1 9 our museum "h4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock's specim51 %[n 9 ! engrav+ h]e)1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! ,london ,field1 is ab\t #ai in*es 9 l5g?4 ,its g5]al color is a creamy buff1 ) d>k br[n m>k+s4 ,! =ep>t ( ! head & muzzle is entirely d>k1 ! upp] eyelid be+ indicat$ by a light /ripe4 ,! entire body is cov]$ ) circul> w>ts4 ,x is f$ ^u eggs1 :i* x eats gre$ily4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r ! nor!rn specim5s1 if v5om\s at all1 are z fully equipp$ ) poison bags & fangs z ,dr4 ,gun!r f9ds ! ,mexican specim5 to be4 ,"s ( our ,we/]n or ,mexican read]s may be able to make comp>ative te/s4 ,meantime x w\ld be prud5t to limit ! use ( ! mon/] z a *ildr5's pet4 ,! =ego+ appe>$ 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( ,oct4 #g1 #ahhb4 ,we are n[ indebt$ to a correspond5t1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,y4 ,bea*1 ( ! ,gr& ,view ,m9e1 ,grant ,c\nty1 ,s\!rn ,arizona1 = a f9e specim5 ( ?is s+ul> reptile1 j receiv$ alive4 ,! example s5t to u is ab\t tw5ty in*es long1 & answ]s v well to ! description ( ! mon/] & ! engrav+ above giv54 ,9 ! c\rse ( an h\r aft] op5+ ! box 9 :i* ! reptile _h be5 conf9$ dur+ its eight days' j\rney by rail1 x became v mu* at home1 /ret*+ & crawl+ ab\t our (fice floor ) mu* app>5t satisfaction4 ,our correspond5t is locat$ 9 ! m\nta9s1 "s n9e miles di/ant f ! ,gila ,riv]4 ,he /ates t ! reptile he s5ds 0 f\nd 9 "o ( ! %ops p]ta9+ to ! m9e1 :i* _h be5 left unoccupi$ = a week or s4 ,apropos to ! =ego+1 we h receiv$ ! foll[+ lett] f ano!r correspond5t 9 ,arizona3 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,my att5tion has be5 call$ to an article 9 y\r issue ( ,oct4 #g1 #ahhb1 relat+ to ! ,helod]ma horridum1 or commonly kn[n z ! ,gila ,mon/]4 ,dur+ a resid5ce ( t5 ye>s 9 ,arizona ,i h _h _m opportunities ( le>n+ ! habits ( ^! reptiles1 & ,i am satisfi$ _! bite w produce s]i\s effects1 if n dea?1 ( ! human race4 ,i "k ( "o in/ance :]e a g5tleman ( my acqua9tance by ! "n ( ,bo/ick1 at ! ,tiga ,top m9+ camp1 9 ,arizona1 0 bitt5 on ! f+]s1 & suff]$ all ! symptoms ( poison f snake bite4 ,he 0 conf9$ to 8 b$ = six weeks & subsequ5tly di$4 ,i am ( ! op9ion 8 dea? 0 9 "p caus$ by ! effects ( ! poison ( ! ,gila ,mon/]4 ,! ,hualz> ,indians are v mu* afraid ( !m1 & "o ,i %[$ ! picture to ( ! ,mon/] 9 y\r pap] rem>k$1 ,*9amuck1 :i* 9 ,hualz> language means v bad4 ,he said if an ,indian is bitt51 he sometimes dies4 ,i h se5 !m ne>ly two feet 9 l5g?4 ,nev]1 to my k1 are !y kept z pets 9 our portion ( ,arizona4 ,!y live on mice & o!r small animals1 & :5 aggravat$ c jump sev]al times _! l5g?4 ,w4,e4 ,,day1 ,m4,d4 ,huckb]ry1 ,mahone ,co41 ,ar4 ,t41 ,april1 #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,kang>oo4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,9 page #fi ( y\r issue ( #c;d ( ,febru>y1 #ahhc1 ,i notice among ! ,*all5g] ,notes ( ,pr(essor ,mosely ! /atem5t t ,among /ockm51 & ev5 "s well educat$ p 9 ,au/ralia1 !re is a conviction t ! "y kang>oo gr[s out z a sort ( bud on ! teat ( ! "m )9 ! p\*4 ,"s eighte5 mon?s ago ,i notic$ a p>agraph :]e9 "s le>n$ pr(essor 0 report$ to h set at re/ ! conte/$ po9t z to :e!r ! kang>oo come into be+ 9 ! same mann] z ! calves ( ! c[ & o!r mammals1 or :e!r ! "y gr[s1 z alleg$1 ^u ! teat ( its dam )9 ! p\*4 ,! le>n$ pr(essor 9 "q ass]t$ t x did n s gr[ ^u ! teat2 b1 ) all due respect to ! pr(essor's claim to cr$ibility on o!r matt]s1 ,i mu/ 9 ?is in/ance take ! lib]ty ( /at+ t he is 9 error4 ,! "y kang>oo actually oozes out1 if ,i may use su* an expression1 f ! teat4 ,/range z ! /atem5t may seem1 x is a fact t ! fir/ indication ( life on ! "p ( ! kang>oo (fspr+ is a v slight eruption1 9 size n l>g] ?an an ord9>y p9 head4 ,?is gr[? gradually resolves itself into ! =m ( ! m>supial1 & is n deta*$ until close ^u ! expir+ ( ( ! f\r? mon?4 ,x is c>ri$ by ! "m dur+ t p]iod1 & !nce=? exi/s p>tially at lea/ on h]bage4 ,inde$1 f ! f\r? till ! sev5? mon? x is almo/ con/antly 9 ! p\*1 only com+ out occasionally t[>d ! close ( ev5+ to crop ! grass4 ,i _h at "o "t 9 my possession a specim5 ( ! kang>oo g]m :i* ,i cut f (f ! teat1 complete 9 =m1 ^: entire weight 0 less ?an an ounce2 &1 at ! same "t1 ,i _h a kang>oo 9 my possession :i* measur$ sev5 feet six in*es f ! top ( ! e>s to ! extremity ( ! tail4 ,y\r read]s w\ld d\btless feel int]e/$ ) a few p>ticul>s z to my life among ! kang>oos 9 a g5u9e kang>oo c\ntry4 ,i h read some:]e ab\t ! exce$+ beauty ( ! eyes ( ! gazelle2 h[ not$ hunt]s h alleg$ t _! nature s s(t5$ on look+ into ! animal's eyes t !y 7! hunt]s7 _h no he>t to de/roy ! creature4 ,n[1 ,i h nev] se5 a gazelle1 & s _c indulge 9 comp>isons2 b if _! eyes are m beautiful ?an ^? ( a middle-ag$ kang>oo1 !y may inde$ be all t huntsm5 say ( !m4 ,) respect to ! old kang>oos1 _! eyes & face are simply atroci\s 9 _! repulsive ugl9ess4 ,no?+ 9 nature c\ld surpass ! affection :i* ! female kang>oo manife/s = h] "y4 ,!re is some?+ absolutely t\*+ 9 ! anxi\s solicitude display$ by ! dam :ile ! "y ones are at play4 ,on ! lea/ al>m ! y\ng/] in/antly ensconces himself 9 ! p\* ( 8 g5tle "m1 & %\ld he1 9 ! exub]ance ( 8 joy1 ?ru/ 8 head out f 8 place ( refuge1 x is in/antly ?ru/ back by 8 dam4 ,i h1 on sev]al occasions1 by h>d rid+1 press$ a doe to dire extremity1 & x has only be5 :5 hope _h entirely =sak5 h]1 or :5 h] capture 0 inevitable1 t %e has reluctantly ?r[n out ! fawn4 ,_! me?od ( w>f>e has (t5 rem9d$ me ( ! /yle ( two practic$ pugili/s1 ! aim ( ea* be+ to firmly gripe 8 oppon5t by ! %\ld]1 ^u accompli%+ :i*1 ! long h9d leg1 ) its horny blade project+ f its toe1 comes into =midable play4 ,x is lift$ & drawn d[nw>d ) a rapid movem5t1 & "o or o!r ( ! combatants soon %[s ! entrails laid b>e1 :i* is usually ! gr& f9ale4 ,! sp>r+ t takes place betwe5 ! m>supials :ile try+ to get ! advantage\s gripe is m>vel\s--,i _h almo/ said sci5tific2 = ! /yle & rapidity ( ! animals' movem5ts might excite ! admiration ( ! ,tipton ,sla%]4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ^! animals h _! social di/9ctions almo/ z well def9$ z 9 ! case ( ! human species4 ,?us1 "o h]d w n1 on any consid]ation1 associate ) ano!r2 ea* tribe has its r5dezv\s = morn+ & ev5+ reunions1 & ea* its lead] or k+1 :o is ! fir/ to raise an al>m on ! approa* ( dang]1 & ! fir/ to lead ! way1 :e!r 9 ignom9i\s retreat1 confront+ a recogniz$ foe1 or /&+ at bay4 ,^! lead]s are g5]ally extremely cunn+1 "o old /ag] ) :om ,i 0 intimately acqua9t$ hav+ baffl$ all attempts to effect its capture = m ?an t5 mon?s4 ,i got him at la/ by a /ratagem4 ,he _h a knack ( always keep+ ne> a flock ( %eep1 & on ! approa* ( ! dogs dodg$ among !m4 ,by ?is means he _h always succe$$ 9 effect+ 8 escape1 & m ?an t1 ?is noble savage _h actually dr[n$ sev]al ( our be/ dogs1 =1 if at any "t a dog came ^u him at a di/ance f ! %eep flocks1 he w\ld make = a neighbor+ swamp1 on ne>+ :i* he has be5 kn[n to turn r\nd ^u ! pursu+ dog1 seize him1 & c>ry him = "s di/ance "r into ! swamp1 & !n ?ru/ ! dog's head "u wat]1 hold+ him !re till he 0 dr[n$4 ,x 0 amus+ to see h[ "s ( our old kn[+ w>rior dogs gave him be/ :5 !y notic$ t he 0 approa*+ a flock ( %eep1 well rememb]+1 f =m] exp]i5ce1 t x 0 ( no use try+ to get him on t occasion1 & t :5 ne> ! wat] ! attempt at 8 capture 0 bo? dang]\s & impracticable4 ,if y take a new & inexp]i5c$ dog into y\r hunt aft] an old man1 he inv>iably gets 8 ?roat ripp$ up1 or is o!rwise maltreat$ until well us$ to ! sport4 ,aft] a dog has _h "o season's exp]i5ce he becomes a w>rior1 & x is a wond]fully clev] kang>oo t c scrat* him aft] he has atta9$ t position4 ,! "y recruit1 if we may s speak ( a dog :o has nev] _h any practice1 is ov]-impetu\s1 ru%+ into ! trea*]\s embraces ( ! close hugg] some:at unadvis$ly1 & is =tunate if he escapes ) 8 life z a p5alty = 8 ra%ness4 ,! dog ( exp]i5ce always gripes 8 m>supial adv]s>y by ! butt end ( ! tail1 close to ! rump1 or at its juncture ) ! sp9al v]tebr4 ,once ! dog has ?r[n 8 kang>oo1 he makes = ! ?roat1 :i* he gripes firmly1 :ile at ! same "t he is c>eful to keep 8 own body z f> z he conv5i5tly c f ! qu>ry's dang]\s h9d qu>t]s4 ,9 ?is position dog & kang>oo "w r\nd & r\nd = "s "t until "o or ! o!r ( ! combatants is exhau/$4 ,x is notewor?y t ! kang>oo w only make use ( its %>p tee? 9 cases ( ! dire/ extremity4 ,on su* occasions1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ! bite is "o ( a mo/ =midable "*--"o n to be any means und]rat$ or despis$4 ,%\ld ^? few incid5ts prove ( suffici5t int]e/ 9 y\r e/imation1 ,i may /ate t ,i %all will+ly1 at "s future "t1 =w>d y p>ticul>s ( ! ways peculi> ( ! emirs1 b&icoots1 wombats1 opossums1 & o!r rem>kable animals1 ! obs]vance ( :i* =m$ almo/ my sole amusem5t dur+ a r l5g?y soj\rn 9 ! bu% ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,,septimus ,,fre>son4 ,adelaide1 ,s4,a41 ,april1 #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,japanese ,,pepp]m9t4 ,9 m ?an "o p]iodical ! botanical "n ( ?is plant has be5 giv5 z ,m5?a arv5sis1 v>4 purpurasc5s4 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to po9t out t ?is is an error be=e ! /atem5t is fur!r copi$ & ! mi/ake p]petuat$4 ,! plant has gre5 foliage1 ) n a trace ( purple1 & less des]ves ! "n purpurasc5s ?an ! true pepp]m9t 7,m5?a pip]ita71 ( :i* a purpli% leav$ =m is well kn[n4 ,! mi/ake probably arose 9 ! fir/ place 9 a pr9t]'s error4 ,! hi/ory is z foll[s3 ,= "s ye>s pa/ a l>ge quantity ( a sub/ance call$ m5?ol has be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry1 & ext5sively us$ z a topical application = ! relief ( neuralgia1 & 9 "s in/ances z an antiseptic4 ,?is sub/ance 9 appe>ance closely resembles ,epsom salts1 & consi/s ( cry/als deposit$ 9 ! oil ( pepp]m9t di/ill$ f ! ,japanese pepp]m9t plant4 ,?is oil1 :5 sep>at$ f ! cry/als1 is n[ l>gely us$ to flavor *eap pepp]m9t loz5ges1 be+ less exp5sive ?an ! ,engli% oil4 ,! cry/als deposit naturally 9 ! oil ^u keep+1 b ! ,japanese extract ! :ole ( x by submitt+ ! oil sev]al times 9 succession to a l[ temp]ature1 :5 all ! m5?ol cry/allizes out f ! oil & falls to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! s\rce ( ! ,japanese pepp]m9t oil has be5 /at$ to be ,m5?a arv5sis1 v>4 javanica4 ,on exam9+ sev]al specim5s ( ?is plant 9 our national h]b>ia ,i f\nd t ! leaves ta/$ l ^? ( ! common g>d5 m9t 7,m5?a viridis71 & n at all l pepp]m9t1 & t !re=e ! oil & m5?ol c\ld n possibly be d]iv$ f ?is plant4 ,i !n ask$ my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,*ri/y1 :o takes great int]e/ 9 m$ic9al plants1 to endeavor to get specim5s f ,japan ( ! plant yield+ ! oil4 ,aft] _m va9 attempts1 he at la/ succe$$ 9 obta9+ live plants4 ,^! 7 cultivat$ 9 8 g>d5 at ,malv]n ,h\se1 ,syd5ham1 & :5 !y fl[]$ ,i exam9$ ! plant & f\nd t x diff]$ f o!r =ms ( ,m4 arv5sis 9 ! ta/e1 9 ! acum9ate segm5ts ( ! calyx ( ! fl[]1 & 9 ! long] leaf /alks2 ! leaves also tap] m t[>d ! base4 ,dr4 ,fran*et1 ! greate/ liv+ au?ority on ,japanese plants1 to :om ,i s5t specim5s1 confirm$ my op9ion z to ! v>iety des]v+ a special "n1 & ,m4 ,mal9vaud1 a well kn[n au?ority on m9ts1 sugge/$ ! "n pip]asc5s1 :i* ,i adopt$1 call+ ! plant ,m5?a arv5sis1 v>4 pip]asc5s4 ,specim5s ( ! plant k9dly l5t by ,mr4 ,*ri/y = ! purpose 7 exhibit$ by me at an ev5+ meet+ ( ! ,l9nan ,society1 & by a pr9t]'s error 9 ! report ( ! rem>ks !n made1 ! "n ( ! plant appe>$ 9 pr9t z ,m5?a arv5sis1 v>4 purpurasc5s4 ,i tru/ t ! pres5t note1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,! ,g>d51 w prev5t ! p]petuation ( ?is error4 ,?is is ! m important1 z ,i hope t ! plant w come into cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is a robu/ plant ( rapid gr[?1 z easily cultivat$ z ! ,engli% pepp]m9t1 & seems to require less moi/ure1 & is !re=e capable ( cultivation 9 a great v>iety ( localities4 ,! increas+ dem& = m5?ol1 :i* c only be procur$ 9 small quantities f ! ,engli% pepp]m9t1 & ! high price ( ,engli% pepp]m9t oil1 lead to ! hope t in/ead ( import+ m5?ol f ,japan1 x w be prep>$ 9 ?is c\ntry f ! ,japanese plant4 ,) ! appliances ( m advanc$ civilization1 x ought to be possible = ! oil & m5?ol to be made 9 ?is c\ntry at less price ?an ! ,japanese products n[ co/4 ,at ! pres5t "t l>ge quantities ( *eap pepp]m9t oil are import$ into ?is c\ntry f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,*9ese oil is import$ into ,bombay = use 9 ! ,gov]nm5t m$ical /ores4 ,!re is no reason :y ?is %\ld be ! case if ! ,japanese plant 7 cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,irel&1 :]e labor is *eap & ! climate moi/1 ?is crop might af=d a valuable s\rce ( income to ent]pris+ cultivators4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note "h t ! plant us$ 9 ,*9a closely resembles ! ,japanese "o1 diff]+ *iefly 9 ! n>r[] & m glabr\s leaves4 ,i h !re=e nam$ x ,m5?a arv5sis f4 glabrata1 f specim5s s5t to me f ,hong ,kong1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,=d1 ! director ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s !re4 ,e4,m4 ,,holmes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gladiolus4 ,! gladiolus is easily rais$ f se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n 9 e>ly spr+ 9 pots ( ri* soil plac$ 9 heat1 ! pots be+ kept ne> ! glass aft] !y beg9 to gr[1 & ! plants be+ gradually h>d5$ to p]mit _! be+ plac$ out ( doors 9 a %elt]$ spot = ! summ]4 ,9 ,octob] !y w h rip5$ (f1 & mu/ be tak5 out ( ! soil & /or$ 9 pap] bags 9 a dry room secure f fro/4 ,!y w h made little bulbs1 f ! size ( a hazel nut d[nw>d1 accord+ to _! vigor4 ,9 ! subsequ5t spr+ !y %\ld be plant$ l ! old bulbs1 & ! l>g] ones w fl[] dur+ ! season1 :ile ! small] specim5s mu/ be aga9 h>ve/$ & plant$ out z above describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y ,i1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ch ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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