#g7999999 ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,italy ,! ,age ( ! ,despots by ,,john ,,add+ton ,,symonds ,au?or ( ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets1 ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece1 etc4 ',di que/i adunque oziosi pr9cipi1 e di que/e vilissime armi1 s>a pi5a la mia ,i/oria' ,ma*4 #a/4 ,fior4 lib4 i4 ,new ,york ,h5ry ,holt & ,company #ahhh ,,to ,,my ,,fri5d ,,john ,,b$doe1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,i ,,d$icate ,,my ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,italian ,,r5aissance4 ,,au?or',s ,,edition ,,au?or',s ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,am]ican ,,edition4 ,?\gh ^! books tak5 toge!r & 9 ! ord] plann$ by ! au?or =m "o connect$ /udy ( ,italian culture at a c]ta9 p]iod ( hi/ory1 /ill ea* aims at a complet5ess ( its own1 & ea* c be read indep5d5tly ( its companions4 ,t ! au?or does n reg>d acqua9tance ) any "o ( !m z ess5tial to a pr(itable read+ ( any o!r has be5 %[n by ! publication ( ea* ) a sep>ate title-page & )\t num]ation ( ! volumes1 :ile all ?ree be> ! same g5]al head+ ( ,r5aissance 9 ,italy4 ,,preface4 ,?is volume is ! ,fir/ ,"p ( a "w ^u ! ',r5aissance 9 ,italy4' ,! ,second ,"p treats ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,! ,?ird1 ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,! ,f\r? ,"p1 9 two volumes1 is devot$ to ,italian ,lit]ature4 ,ow+ to ! ext5t ( ! gr\nd ,i h attempt$ to trav]se1 ,i feel consci\s t ! /ud5ts ( special dep>tm5ts w f9d mu* to be desir$ 9 my h&l+ ( ea* "p4 ,9 "s respects ,i hope t ! sev]al portions ( ! "w may complete & illu/rate ea* o!r4 ,_m topics1 = example1 h be5 omitt$ f ,*apt] ,,viii4 9 ?is volume because !y seem$ bett] adapt$ to treatm5t 9 ! future4 ,"o ( ! *ief difficulties :i* ! critic has to meet 9 deal+ ) ! ,italian ,r5aissance is ! det]m9ation ( ! limits ( ! epo*4 ,two dates1 #adec & #aebg1 m>k+ respectively ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople & ! sack ( ,rome1 are conv5i5t = fix+ 9 ! m9d t n>r[ space ( "t dur+ :i* ! ,r5aissance culm9at$4 ,b 9 ord] to trace its progress up to ?is po9t1 x is necess>y to g back to a f> m remote p]iod2 nor1 aga91 is x possible to ma9ta9 /rict *ronological consi/5cy 9 treat+ ( ! sev]al bran*es ( ! :ole !me4 ,! books ( :i* ! mo/ frequ5t use has be5 made 9 ?is fir/ portion ( ! "w are ,sismondi's ',republiques ,itali5nes'2 ,muratori's ',r]um ,italic>um ,scriptores'2 ! ',ar*ivio ,/orico ,italiano'2 ! sev5? volume ( ,mi*elet's ',hi/oire de ,france'2 ! sev5? & eigh? volumes ( ,gregorovius' ',ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom'2 ,f]r>i's ',rivoluzioni d' ,italia'2 ,alb]i's s]ies ( ,despat*es2 ,g9o ,capponi's ',/oria della ,repubblica di ,fir5ze'2 & ,burckh>dt's ',cultur d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali54' ,to ! la/-nam$ essay ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge especial obligations4 ,x fell "u my notice :5 ,i _h plann$1 & 9 a great measure f9i%$1 my own "w4 ,b x w\ld be difficult = me to exagg]ate ! pr(it ,i h d]iv$ f ! comp>ison ( my op9ions ) ^? ( a writ] s ?or\gh 9 8 le>n+ & s delicate 9 8 p]ceptions z ,jacob ,burckh>dt1 or ! am\nt ,i owe to 8 acute & philosophical h&l+ ( ! :ole subject4 ,i mu/ also express a special debt to ,f]r>i1 _m ( ^: views ,i h adopt$ 9 ! ,*apt] on ',italian ,hi/ory4' ,) reg>d to ! alt]ations introduc$ into ! sub/ance ( ! book 9 ?is edition1 x w be en\gh to say t ,i h endeavor$ to br+ ea* *apt] up to ! level ( pres5t k4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i once m ask indulg5ce = a volume :i*1 ?\gh x aims at a complet5ess ( its own1 is pr(ess$ly b "o "p ( a long inquiry4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,difficulty ( fix+ ,date--,mean+ ( ,^w ,r5aissance--,! ,emancipation ( ! ,reason--,relation ( ,feudalism to ! ,r5aissance--,m$iaeval ,w>n+s ( ! ,r5aissance--,abel>d1 ,bacon1 ,joa*im ( ,flora1 ! ,prov5cals1 ! ,h]etics1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4--,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio--,physical ,en]gy ( ! ,italians--,! ,revival ( ,le>n+--,! ,d\ble ,discov]y ( ! ,_w & ( ,man--,exploration ( ! ,univ]se & ( ! ,globe--,sci5ce--,! ,f9e ,arts & ,s*ol>%ip--,art ,humanizes ! ,conceptions ( ! ,*ur*--,?ree ,/ages 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,s*ol>%ip--,! ,age ( ,desire--,! ,age ( ,acquisition--,! ,leg5d ( ,julia's ,corpse--,! ,age ( ! ,pr9t]s & ,critics--,! ,emancipation ( ! ,consci5ce--,! ,re=mation & ! ,mod]n ,critical ,_s--,me*anical ,inv5tions--,! ,place ( ,italy 9 ! ,r5aissance ,p4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,italian ,,hi/ory4 ,! special ,difficulties ( ?is ,subject--,app>5t ,confusion--,want ( lead+ ,motive--,! ,papacy--,! ,empire--,! ,republics--,! ,despots--,! ,p--,! ,dismemb]m5t ( ,italy--,two ma9 ,topics--,! ,rise ( ! ,communes--,go?ic ,k+dom--,lomb>ds--,franks--,g]mans--,! ,bi%ops--,! ,consuls--,! ,pode/as--,civil ,w>s--,despots--,! ,balance ( ,p[]--,! ,five ,italian ,/ates--,! ,italians fail to a*ieve ,national ,unity--,! ,causes ( ?is ,failure--,conditions "u :i* x might h be5 a*iev$--,a ,republic--,a ,k+dom--,a ,conf$]ation--,a ,tyranny--,! ,"p play$ by ! ,papacy ,p4 #cb4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,despots4 ,sali5t ,qualities ( ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies 9 ,italy--,relation ( ,italy to ! ,empire & to ! ,*ur*--,! ,illegitimate ,title ( ,italian ,pot5tates--,! ,free ,em]g5ce ( ,p]sonality--,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & ! ,influ5ce ( 8 ,example--,ezzel9o da ,romano--,six ,sorts ( ,italian ,despots--,feudal ,seigneurs--,vic>s ( ! ,empire--,capta9s ( ! ,p--,condotti]i--,nephews & ,sons ( ,popes--,em95t ,burgh]s--,italian ,incapacity = ,self-gov]nm5t 9 ,commonweal?s--,=cible ,t5ure ( ,p[] enc\rag$ ,p]sonal ,ability--,! ,condition ( ! ,despot's ,life--,in/ances ( ,dome/ic ,crime 9 ! ,rul+ ,h\ses--,macaulay's ,description ( ! ,italian ,tyrant--,savon>ola's & ,matteo ,villani's ,descriptions ( a ,tyrant--,! ,absorption ( ,small] by ,great] ,tyrannies 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury--,hi/ory ( ! ,visconti--,francesco ,s=za--,! ,"p play$ 9 ,italian ,politics by ,milit>y ,lead]s--,m]c5>y ,w>f>e--,alb]ico da ,b>biano1 ,braccio da ,montone1 ,s=za ,att5dolo--,hi/ory ( ! ,s=za ,dyna/y--,! ,murd] ( ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za--,! ,e?ics ( ,tyrannicide 9 ,italy--,relation ( ! ,despots to ,arts & ,lett]s--,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a--,duke ,f$]igo ( ,urb9o--,! ,s*ool ( ,vittor9o & ! ,c\rt ( ,urb9o--,! ,cortegiano ( ,ca/iglione--,! ,ideals ( ! ,italian ,c\rti] & ! ,mod]n ,g5tleman--,g5]al ,retrospect ,p4 #ii4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,republics4 ,! diff]5t ,physiognomies ( ! ,italian ,republics--,! ,simil>ity ( _! ,"* z ,municipalities--,! ,rights ( ,citiz5%ip--,causes ( ,di/urbance 9 ! ,commonweal?s--,belief 9 ! ,pla/icity ( ,con/itutions--,example ( ,g5oa--,savon>ola's ,con/itution--,ma*iavelli's ,disc\rse to ,leo ,x4--,complexity ( ,int]e/s & ,factions--,example ( ,si5a--,small ,size ( ,italian ,cities--,mutual ,mi/ru/ & ,jeal\sy ( ! ,commonweal?s--,! notable ,exception ( ,v5ice--,con/itution ( ,v5ice--,h] wise ,sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t--,contra/ ( ,flor5t9e ,vicissitudes--,! ,magi/racies ( ,flor5ce--,balia & ,p>lam5to--,! ,arts ( ! ,m$ici--,comp>ison ( ,v5ice & ,flor5ce 9 respect to ,intellectual ,activity & ,mobility--,p>allels betwe5 ,greece & ,italy--,ess5tial ,diff]5ces--,! ,m]cantile ,"* ( ,italian ,burghs--,! ',trattato del ,gov]no della ,famiglia'--,! ,b\rgeois ,tone ( ,flor5ce1 & ! ,ideal ( a ,burgh]--,m]c5>y ,arms ,p4 #aic4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,hi/orians4 ,flor5ce1 ! ,city ( ,intellig5ce--,cupidity1 ,curiosity1 & ! ,love ( ,beauty--,flor5t9e ,hi/orical ,lit]ature--,philosophical ,/udy ( ,hi/ory--,ricordano ,malesp9i--,flor5t9e ,hi/ory comp>$ ) ! ,*ronicles ( o!r ,italian ,t[ns--,! ,villani--,! ,date #acjj--,/ati/ics--,dante's ,political ,essays & ,pamphlets--,d9o ,compagni--,lat9 ,hi/ories ( ,flor5ce 9 ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,lion>do ,bruni & ,poggio ,bracciol9i--,! ,hi/orians ( ! ,fir/ ,half ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury--,m5 ( ,action & ,m5 ( ,lett]s2 ! ,doctr9aires--,flor5ce betwe5 #adid & #aecg--,v>*i1 ,segni1 ,n>di1 ,pitti1 ,n]li1 ,guicci>d9i--,! ,political ,importance ( ^! ,writ]s--,! ,la/ ,ye>s ( ,flor5t9e ,indep5d5ce1 & ! ,siege ( #aebi--,/ate ( ,p>ties--,filippo ,/rozzi--,diff]5t ,views ( ,flor5t9e ,weakness tak5 by ! ,hi/orians--,_! ,lit]>y ,qualities--,francesco ,guicci>d9i & ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli--,sci5tific ,/ati/s--,discord betwe5 ,life & ,lit]ature--,! ,biography ( ,guicci>d9i--,8 ',i/oria d',italia1' ',dialogo del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze1' ',/oria ,fior5t9a1' ',ricordi'--,biography ( ,ma*iavelli--,8 ,s*eme ( a ,national ,militia--,d$ication ( ',! ,pr9ce'--,political ,e?ics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance--,! ',discorsi'--,! ,sev5 ,books on ! ,art ( ,w> & ! ',hi/ory ( ,flor5ce4 ,p4 #bdf4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ',,! ,,pr9ce' ,,( ,,ma*iavelli4 ,! ,s9c]ity ( ,ma*iavelli 9 ?is ,essay--,ma*iavellism--,8 delib]ate ,=mulation ( a cynical political ,!ory--,analysis ( ',! ,pr9ce'--,n9e ,conditions ( ,pr9cipalities--,! ,int]e/ ( ! ,conqu]or ackn[l$g$ z ! sole ,motive ( 8 ,policy--,critique ( ,l\is ,,xii4--,feudal ,mon>*y & ,ori5tal ,despotism--,?ree ,ways ( subdu+ a free ,city--,example ( ,pisa--,pr9cipalities f\nd$ by ,adv5tur]s--,moses1 ,romulus1 ,cyrus1 ,!seus--,savon>ola--,francesco ,s=za--,ces>e ,borgia--,ma*iavelli's p]sonal ,relation to him--,ma*iavelli's ,admiration ( ,ces>e's ,g5ius--,a ,sket* ( ,ces>e's ,c>e]--,conc]n+ ^? :o h atta9$ to ,sov]eignty by ,crimes--,oliv]otto da ,f]mo--,! ,uses ( ,cruelty--,mess] ,ramiro d' ,orco--,! pessimi/ic ,morality ( ,ma*iavelli--,on ! ,fai? ( ,pr9ces--,alex&] ,,vi4--,! ,policy ( seem+ virtu\s & hone/--,abs5ce ( *ivalr\s ,feel+ 9 ,italy--,! ,milit>y ,sy/em ( a p[]ful ,pr9ce--,criticism ( ,m]c5>ies & ,auxili>ies--,necessity ( ,national ,militia--,! ,art ( ,w>--,patriotic ,conclusion ( ! ,treatise--,ma*iavelli & ,savon>ola ,p4 #ccd4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,popes ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,! ,papacy betwe5 #addg & #aebg--,! ,contradictions ( ! ,r5aissance ,p]iod exemplifi$ by ! ,popes--,relaxation ( _! hold ov] ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* & ,rome dur+ ! ,exile 9 ,avignon--,ni*olas ,v4--,8 ,conception ( a ,papal ,mon>*y--,pius ,,ii4--,! ,crusade--,r5aissance ,pontiffs--,paul ,,ii4--,p]secution ( ! ,platoni/s--,sixtus ,,iv4--,nepotism--,! ,families ( ,ri>io & ,delia ,rov]e--,av>ice--,love ( ,w>f>e--,pazzi ,conspiracy--,inquisition 9 ,spa9--,innoc5t ,,viii4--,frances*etto ,cibo--,! ,election ( ,alex&] ,,vi4--,8 ,consolidation ( ! ,temporal ,p[]--,policy t[>d ,colonna & ,ors9i ,families--,v5ality ( ev]y?+ 9 ,rome--,policy t[>d ! ,sultan--,! ,index--,! ,borgia ,family--,lucrezia--,murd] ( ,duke ( ,g&ia--,ces>e & 8 ,advancem5t--,! ,dea? ( ,alex&]--,julius ,,ii4--,8 viol5t ,temp]--,great ,projects & comm&+ ,"*--,leo ,x4--,8 ,inf]iority to ,julius--,s4 ,pet]'s & ! ,re=mation--,adrian ,,vi4--,8 ,hatr$ ( ,pagan ,culture--,disgu/ ( ! ,roman ,c\rt at 8 ,election--,clem5t ,,vii4--,sack ( ,rome--,enslavem5t ( ,flor5ce ,p4 #cga4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,morality4 ,corruption ( ! ,*ur*--,degradation & ,division ( ,italy--,op9ions ( ,ma*iavelli1 ,guicci>d9i1 & ,k+ ,f]d9& ( ,naples--,incapacity ( ! ,italians = ?or\gh ,re=mation--,! ,worldl9ess & ,culture ( ! ,r5aissance--,witness ( ,italian ,au?ors aga9/ ! ,papal ,c\rt & ! ,conv5ts--,sup]/iti\s ,respect = ,relics--,sep>ation betwe5 ,religion & ,morality--,mixture ( ,contempt & ,rev]5ce = ! ,popes--,gianpaolo ,baglioni--,religi\s ,s5tim5ts ( ! ,tyrannicides--,pietro ,paolo ,boscoli--,t5acity ( ,religions--,! direct ,int]e/ ( ! ,italians 9 ,rome--,rev]5ce = ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*--,op9ions pron\nc$ by ,engli%m5 on ,italian ,immorality--,bad ,fai? & ,s5suality--,! ,elem5t ( ! ,fancy 9 ,italian ,vice--,! ,italians n ,cruel1 or ,brutal1 or ,intemp]ate by ,nature--,dome/ic ,murd]s--,s5se ( ,honor 9 ,italy--,onore & ,one/a--,g5]al ,ref9em5t--,good ,qualities ( ! ,p--,religi\s ,revivalism ,p4 #ddg4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,savon>ola4 ,! ,attitude ( ,savon>ola t[>d ! ,r5aissance--,8 ,p>5tage1 ,bir?1 & ,*ildhood at ,f]r>a--,8 ,poem on ! ,ru9 ( ! ,_w--,jo9s ! ,dom9icans at ,bologna--,lett] to 8 ,fa!r--,poem on ! ,ru9 ( ! ,*ur*--,beg9s to prea* 9 #adhb--;,fir/ ,visit to ,flor5ce--,san ,gemignano--,8 ,prophecy--,brescia 9 #adhf--,p]sonal ,appe>ance & ,/yle ( ,oratory--,effect on 8 audi5ce--,! ?ree ,conclusions--,8 ,visions--,savon>ola's ,%ortcom+s z a patriotic ,/atesman--,8 s9c]e ,belief 9 8 prophetic ,call+--,fri5d%ip ) ,pico della ,mir&ola--,settles 9 ,flor5ce1 #adij--;,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co--,savon>ola's ,relation to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici--,! dea? ( ,lor5zo--,s]mons ( #adic & #adid--! ,con/itution ( #adie--,!ocracy 9 ,flor5ce--,piagnoni1 ,bigi1 & ,arrabbiati--,w> betwe5 ,savon>ola & ,alex&] ,,vi4--,! ,signory susp5ds him f prea*+ 9 ! ,duomo 9 #adih--;,attempts to call a ,c\ncil--,! ,ordeal by ,fire--,san ,m>co /orm$ by ! ,mob--,trial & ,execution ( ,savon>ola ,p4 #dig4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,*>les ,,viii4 ,! ,italian ,/ates confront ! ,great ,nations ( ,europe--,policy ( ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france--,"* ( ,*>les ,,viii4--,prep>ations = ! ,invasion ( ,italy--,position ( ,lodovico ,s=za--,diplomatic ,difficulties 9 ,italy aft] ! ,dea? ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici--,weakness ( ! ,republics--,il ,moro--,! ye> #adid---;,alfonso ( ,naples--,ineffici5cy ( ! ,allies to cope ) ,france--,*>les at ,lyons is /irr$ up to ! ,invasion ( ,italy by ,giuliano della ,rov]e--,*>les at ,a/i & ,pavia--,murd] ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,s=za--,mi/ru/ 9 ! ,fr5* ,army--,rapallo & ,fivizzano--,! ,entrance into ,tuscany--,"p play$ by ,pi]o de' ,m$ici--,*>les at ,pisa--,8 ,entrance into ,flor5ce--,pi]o ,capponi--,! ,m>* on ,rome--,entry into ,rome--,panic ( ,alex&] ,,vi4--,! ,m>* on ,naples--,! ,spani% ,dyna/y3 ,alfonso & ,f]d9&--,alfonso ,,ii4 escapes to ,sicily--,f]d9& ,,ii4 takes ,refuge 9 ,is*ia--,*>les at ,naples--,! ,league aga9/ ! ,fr5*--,de ,com9es at ,v5ice--,*>les makes 8 ,retreat by ,rome1 ,si5a1 ,pisa1 & ,pontremoli--,! ,battle ( ,=novo--,*>les rea*es ,a/i & returns to ,france--,italy becomes ! ,prize to be f\ght = by ,france1 ,spa91 & ,g]many--,importance ( ! ,exp$ition ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ,p4 #ecg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dices4 ,no4 ,i4--,! ,blood-madness ( ,tyrants #ehi ,no4 ,,ii4--,translations ( ,n>di1 ',i/orie di ,fir5ze1' lib4 l4 cap4 #d2 & ( ,v>*i1 ',/oria ,fior5t9a1' lib4 iii4 caps4 #bj1 #ba1 #bb2 lib4 ix4 caps4 #dh1 #di1 #df #eib ,no4 ,,iii4--,! ,"* ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 f ,guicci>d9i's ',/oria ,fior5t9a1' cap4 #bg #fjc ,no4 ,,iv4--,religi\s ,revivals 9 ,m$iaeval ,italy #fjf ,no4 ,v4--,! ',somm>io della ,/oria d' ,italia dal #aeaa al #aebg1 by ,francesco ,vettori #fbd ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,italy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,difficulty ( fix+ ,date--,mean+ ( ,^w ,r5aissance--,! ,emancipation ( ! ,reason--,relation ( ,feudalism to ! ,r5aissance--,m$iaeval ,w>n+s ( ! ,r5aissance--,abel>d1 ,bacon1 ,joa*im ( ,flora1 ! ,prov5cals1 ! ,h]etics1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4--,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio--,physical ,en]gy ( ! ,italians--,! ,revival ( ,le>n+--,! ,d\ble ,discov]y ( ! ,_w & ( ,man--,exploration ( ! ,univ]se & ( ! ,globe--,sci5ce--,! ,f9e ,arts & ,s*ol>%ip--,art ,humanizes ! ,conceptions ( ! ,*ur*--,?ree ,/ages 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,s*ol>%ip--,! ,age ( ,desire--,! ,age ( ,acquisition--,! ,leg5d ( ,julia's ,corpse--,! ,age ( ! ,pr9t]s & ,critics--,! ,emancipation ( ! ,consci5ce--,! ,re=mation & ! ,mod]n ,critical ,_s--,me*anical ,inv5tions--,! ,place ( ,italy 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ^w ,r5aissance has ( late ye>s receiv$ a m ext5d$ significance ?an t :i* is impli$ 9 our ,engli% equival5t--! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,we use x to d5ote ! :ole transition f ! ,middle ,ages to ! ,mod]n ,_w2 & ?\gh x is possible to assign c]ta9 limits to ! p]iod dur+ :i* ?is transition took place1 we _c fix on any dates s positively z to say--betwe5 ?is ye> & t ! movem5t 0 accompli%$4 ,to d s w\ld be l try+ to "n ! days on :i* spr+ 9 any p>ticul> season began & end$ ,yet we speak ( spr+ z diff]5t f w9t] & f summ]4 ,! tru? is1 t 9 _m s5ses we are /ill 9 mid-,r5aissance4 ,! evolution has n be5 complet$4 ,! new life is our own & is progressive4 ,z 9 ! trans=mation sc5e ( "s great ,masque1 s "h ! wan+ & ! wax+ %apes are m+l$2 ! new =ms1 at fir/ %ad[y & filmy1 ga9 ^u ! old2 & n[ bo? bl5d2 & n[ ! old sc5e fades into ! backgr\nd2 /ill1 :o %all say :e!r ! new sc5e be f9ally set up8 ,9 l mann] we _c ref] ! :ole ph5om5a ( ! ,r5aissance to any "o cause or circum/ance1 or limit !m )9 ! field ( any "o dep>tm5t ( human k4 ,if we ask ! /ud5ts ( art :at !y mean by ! ,r5aissance1 !y w reply t x 0 ! revolution effect$ 9 ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 & sculpture by ! recov]y ( antique monum5ts4 ,/ud5ts ( lit]ature1 philosophy1 & !ology see 9 ! ,r5aissance t discov]y ( manuscripts1 t passion = antiquity1 t progress 9 philology & criticism1 :i* l$ to a correct k ( ! classics1 to a fre% ta/e 9 poetry1 to new sy/ems ( ?\ght1 to m accurate analysis1 & f9ally to ! ,lu!ran s*ism & ! emancipation ( ! consci5ce4 ,m5 ( sci5ce w disc\rse ab\t ! discov]y ( ! sol> sy/em by ,cop]nicus & ,galileo1 ! anatomy ( ,vesalius1 & ,h>vey's !ory ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! orig9ation ( a truly sci5tific me?od is ! po9t :i* int]e/s !m mo/ 9 ! ,r5aissance4 ,! political hi/orian1 aga91 has 8 own answ] to ! "q4 ,! ext9ction ( feudalism1 ! developm5t ( ! great nationalities ( ,europe1 ! gr[? ( mon>*y1 ! limitation ( ! ecclesia/ical au?ority & ! erection ( ! ,papacy into an ,italian k+dom1 & 9 ! la/ place ! gradual em]g5ce ( t s5se ( popul> fre$om :i* explod$ 9 ! ,revolution2 ^! are ! aspects ( ! movem5t :i* engross 8 att5tion4 ,juri/s w describe ! dissolution ( legal fictions bas$ ^u ! false decretals1 ! acquisition ( a true text ( ! ,roman ,code1 & ! attempt to introduce a rational me?od into ! !ory ( mod]n jurisprud5ce1 z well z to comm5ce ! /udy ( int]national law4 ,m5 ^: att5tion has be5 turn$ to ! hi/ory ( discov]ies & inv5tions w relate ! exploration ( ,am]ica & ! ,ea/1 or w po9t to ! b5efits conf]r$ ^u ! _w by ! arts ( pr9t+ & engrav+1 by ! compass & ! telescope1 by pap] & by gunp[d]2 & w insi/ t at ! mom5t ( ! ,r5aissance all ^! in/rum5ts ( me*anical utility />t$ into exi/5ce1 to aid ! dissolution ( :at 0 rott5 & mu/ p]i%1 to /r5g!n & p]petuate ! new & useful & life-giv+4 ,yet nei!r any "o ( ^! answ]s tak5 sep>ately1 nor inde$ all ( !m toge!r1 w (f] a solution ( ! problem4 ,by ! t]m ,r5aissance1 or new bir?1 is indicat$ a natural movem5t1 n to be expla9$ by ?is or t *>act]i/ic1 b to be accept$ z an ef=t ( humanity = :i* at l5g? ! "t _h come1 & 9 ! onw>d progress ( :i* we /ill p>ticipate4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance is n ! hi/ory ( arts1 or ( sci5ces1 or ( lit]ature1 or ev5 ( nations4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( ! atta9m5t ( self-consci\s fre$om by ! human _s manife/$ 9 ! ,european races4 ,x is no m]e political mutation1 no new fa%ion ( art1 no re/oration ( classical /&>ds ( ta/e4 ,! arts & ! inv5tions1 ! k & ! books1 :i* sudd5ly became vital at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 _h long la9 neglect$ on ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea :i* we call ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 n _! discov]y :i* caus$ ! ,r5aissance4 ,b x 0 ! intellectual en]gy1 ! spontane\s outbur/ ( intellig5ce1 :i* enabl$ mank9d at t mom5t to make use ( !m4 ,! =ce !n g5]at$ /ill cont9ues1 vital & expansive1 9 ! _s ( ! mod]n _w4 ,h[ 0 x1 !n1 t at a c]ta9 p]iod1 ab\t f\rte5 c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 to speak r\ghly1 ! intellect ( ! ,we/]n races awoke z x 7 f slumb] & began once m to be active8 ,t is a "q :i* we c b imp]fectly answ]4 ,! my/]y ( organic life defeats analysis2 :e!r ! subject ( our inquiry be a g]m-cell1 or a ph5om5on s complex z ! comm5cem5t ( a new religion1 or ! orig9ation ( a new disease1 or a new phase 9 civilization1 x is alike impossible to d m ?an to /ate ! conditions "u :i* ! fre% gr[? beg9s1 & to po9t out :at are its manife/ations4 ,9 do+ s1 moreov]1 we mu/ be c>eful n to be c>ri$ away by words ( our own mak+4 ,r5aissance1 ,re=mation1 & ,revolution are n sep>ate ?+s1 capable ( be+ isolat$2 !y are mom5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race :i* we f9d x conv5i5t to "n2 :ile hi/ory itself is "o & cont9u\s1 s t our utmo/ endeavors to reg>d "s portion ( x indep5d5tly ( ! re/ w be defeat$4 ,a glance at ! hi/ory ( ! prec$+ c5turies %[s t1 aft] ! dissolution ( ! fabric ( ! ,roman ,empire1 !re 0 no imm$iate possibility ( any intellectual revival4 ,! b>b>\s races :i* _h delug$ ,europe _h to absorb _! b>b>ism3 ! fragm5ts ( ,roman civilization _h ei!r to be de/roy$ or assimilat$3 ! ,g]manic nations _h to receive culture & religion f ! p !y _h sup]s$$2 ! ,*ur* _h to be creat$1 & a new =m giv5 to ! old idea ( ! ,empire4 ,x 0 fur!r necess>y t ! mod]n nationalities %\ld be def9$1 t ! mod]n languages %\ld be =m$1 t peace %\ld be secur$ to "s ext5t1 & weal? accumulat$1 be=e ! indisp5sable conditions = a resurrection ( ! free _s ( humanity c\ld exi/4 ,! fir/ nation :i* fulfill$ ^! conditions 0 ! fir/ to inaugurate ! new era4 ,! reason :y ,italy took ! lead 9 ! ,r5aissance 01 t ,italy possess$ a language1 a favorable climate1 political fre$om1 & comm]cial prosp]ity1 at a "t :5 o!r nations 7 /ill semi-b>b>\s4 ,:]e ! human _s _h be5 buri$ 9 ! decay ( ! ,roman ,empire1 !re x arose ^u ! ru9s ( t ,empire2 & ! ,papacy1 call$ by ,hobbes ! gho/ ( ! dead ,roman ,empire1 seat$1 ?ron$ & cr[n$1 ^u ! a%es !re(1 to "s ext5t bridg$ ov] ! gulf betwe5 ! two p]iods4 ,keep+ /eadily 9 sight ! tru? t ! real quality ( ! ,r5aissance 0 intellectual1 t x 0 ! emancipation ( ! reason = ! mod]n _w1 we may inquire h[ feudalism 0 relat$ to x4 ,! m5tal condition ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 "o ( ignorant pro/ration be=e ! idols ( ! ,*ur*--dogma & au?ority & s*ola/icism4 ,aga91 ! nations ( ,europe dur+ ^! c5turies 7 b\nd d[n by ! brute weight ( mat]ial necessities4 ,)\t ! p[] ov] ! out] _w :i* ! physical sci5ces & useful arts communicate1 )\t ! ease ( life :i* weal? & pl5ty secure1 )\t ! traditions ( a civiliz$ pa/1 em]g+ sl[ly f a /ate ( utt] rawness1 ea* nation c\ld b>ely d m ?an ga9 & keep a difficult hold ^u exi/5ce4 ,to depreciate ! "w a*iev$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,yet we may po9t out t x 0 done unconsci\sly--t x 0 a gradual & in/9ctive process ( becom+4 ,! reason1 9 "o ^w1 0 n awake2 ! m9d ( man 0 ignorant ( its own treasures & its own capacities4 ,x is pa!tic to ?9k ( ! m$iaeval /ud5ts por+ ov] a s+le ill-translat$ s5t5ce ( ,porphyry1 endeavor+ to extract f its clauses :ole sy/ems ( logical sci5ce1 & tortur+ _! bra9s ab\t puzzles h>dly less idle ?an ! dilemma ( ,buridan's donkey1 :ile all ! "t1 at ,con/ant9ople & at ,seville1 9 ,greek & ,arabic1 ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 alive b sleep+1 await+ only ! call ( ! ,r5aissance to bid !m speak ) voice intelligible to ! mod]n m9d4 ,x is no less pa!tic to wat* tide aft] tide ( ! ocean ( humanity sweep+ f all p>ts ( ,europe1 to break 9 passionate b unavail+ foam ^u ! %ores ( ,pale/9e1 :ole nations lay+ life d[n = ! *ance ( see+ ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 wor%ip+ ! sepul*] :5ce ,*ri/ _h ris51 load+ _! fleet ) relics & ) c>goes ( ! sacr$ e>?1 :ile all ! "t )9 _! brea/s & bra9s ! _s ( ! ,"l 0 ) !m1 liv+ b unrecogniz$1 ! _s ( fre$om :i* erelong 0 de/9$ to re/ore its bir?right to ! _w4 ,mean:ile ! middle age accompli%$ its own "w4 ,sl[ly & obscurely1 amid /upidity & ignorance1 7 be+ =g$ ! nations & ! languages ( ,europe4 ,italy1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 ,g]many took %ape4 ,! actors ( ! future drama acquir$ _! sev]al *>act]s1 & =m$ ! tongues :]eby _! p]sonalities %\ld be express$4 ,! qualities :i* r5d] mod]n society diff]5t f t ( ! anci5t _w1 7 be+ impress$ ^u ^! nations by ,*ri/ianity1 by ! ,*ur*1 by *ivalry1 by feudal cu/oms4 ,!n came a fur!r phase4 ,aft] ! nations _h be5 mold$1 _! mon>*ies & dyna/ies 7 e/abli%$4 ,feudalism pass$ by sl[ degrees into v>i\s =ms ( m or less def9$ autocracy4 ,9 ,italy & ,g]many num]\s pr9cipalities sprang into pre-em95ce2 & ?\gh ! nation 0 n unit$ "u "o head1 ! mon>*ical pr9ciple 0 ackn[l$g$4 ,france & ,spa9 submitt$ to a despotism1 by "r ( :i* ! k+ c\ld say1 ',l',etat c'e/ moi4' ,engl& develop$ h] complicat$ con/itution ( popul> "r & royal pr]ogative4 ,at ! same "t ! ,lat9 ,*ur* und]w5t a simil> process ( trans=mation4 ,! ,papacy became m autocratic4 ,l ! k+1 ! ,pope began to say1 ',l',eglise c'e/ moi4' ,?is m]g+ ( ! m$iaeval ,/ate & m$iaeval ,*ur* 9 ! p]sonal supremacy ( ,k+ & ,pope may be t]m$ ! special feature ( ! la/ age ( feudalism :i* prec$$ ! ,r5aissance4 ,x 0 ?us t ! necess>y conditions & ext]nal circum/ances 7 prep>$4 ,! organization ( ! five great nations1 & ! level+ ( political & spiritual int]e/s "u political & spiritual despots1 =m$ ! prelude to t drama ( lib]ty ( :i* ! ,r5aissance 0 ! fir/ act1 ! ,re=mation ! second1 ! ,revolution ! ?ird1 & :i* we nations ( ! pres5t are /ill evolv+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! democratic idea4 ,mean:ile1 x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! ,r5aissance bur/ sudd5ly ^u ! _w 9 ! fifte5? c5tury )\t premonitory symptoms4 ,f> f t3 )9 ! middle age itself1 ov] & ov] aga91 ! reason /rove to break loose f its fett]s4 ,abel>d1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 tri$ to prove t ! int]m9able dispute ab\t entities & words 0 f\nd$ on a misappreh5sion4 ,rog] ,bacon1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 anticipat$ mod]n sci5ce1 & proclaim$ t man1 by use ( nature1 c d all ?+s4 ,joa*im ( ,flora1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! two1 drank "o drop ( ! cup ( prophecy (f]$ to 8 lips1 & cri$ t '! ,gospel ( ! ,fa!r 0 pa/1 ! ,gospel ( ! ,son 0 pass+1 ! ,gospel ( ! ,_s 0 to be4' ,^! ?ree m51 ea* 9 8 own way1 ! ,fr5*man z a logician1 ! ,engli%man z an analy/1 ! ,italian z a my/ic1 div9$ ! future b inevitable emancipation ( ! reason ( mank9d4 ,nor 7 !re want+ signs1 especially 9 ,prov5ce1 t ,aphrodite & ,phoebus & ! ,graces 7 ready to resume _! sway4 ,! premature civilization ( t favor$ region1 s cruelly ext+ui%$ by ! ,*ur*1 0 itself a reaction ( nature aga9/ ! re/rictions impos$ by ecclesia/ical discipl9e2 :ile ! songs ( ! w&]+ /ud5ts1 kn[n "u ! title ( ,c>m9a ,burana1 indicate a revival ( ,pagan or pre-,*ri/ian feel+ 9 ! v /ronghold ( m$iaeval le>n+4 ,we h1 moreov]1 to rememb] ! ,ca?>i1 ! ,pat]9i1 ! ,fraticelli1 ! ,albig5ses1 ! ,hussites--h]etics 9 :om ! new light dimly %one1 b :o 7 in/antly ext]m9at$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,we h to commemorate ! va/ conception ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 :o /rove to f\nd a new society ( humane culture 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 & to anticipate ! adv5t ( ! _s ( mod]n tol]ance4 ,he1 too1 & all 8 race 7 ext]m9at$ by ! ,papal jeal\sy4 ,truly we may say ) ,mi*elet t ! ,sibyl ( ! ,r5aissance kept (f]+ h] books 9 va9 to feudal ,europe4 ,9 va9 because ! "t 0 n yet4 ,! ideas project$ ?us e>ly on ! mod]n _w 7 immature & abortive1 l ^? headless trunks & zoophitic memb]s ( half-mold$ humanity :i*1 9 ! vision ( ,emp$ocles1 prec$$ ! bir? ( full-=m$ man4 ,! nations 7 n ready4 ,franciscans imprison+ ,rog] ,bacon = v5tur+ to exam9e :at ,god _h meant to keep secret2 ,dom9icans prea*+ crusades aga9/ ! cultivat$ nobles ( ,t\l\se2 ,popes /amp+ out ! se$ ( enlight5$ ,fr$]ick2 ,b5$ict9es eras+ ! ma/]pieces ( classical lit]ature to make way = _! own litanies & lurries1 or sell+ pieces ( ! p>*m5t = *>ms2 a laity devot$ by sup]/ition to sa9ts & by sorc]y to ! devil2 a cl]gy sunk 9 s5sual slo? or fev]$ ) demoniac zeal3 ^! /ill rul$ ! intellectual de/9ies ( ,europe4 ,!re=e ! fir/ anticipations ( ! ,r5aissance 7 fragm5t>y & /]ile4 ,!n came a second p]iod4 ,dante's poem1 a "w ( consci\s art1 conceiv$ 9 a mod]n _s & writt5 9 a mod]n tongue1 0 ! fir/ true sign t ,italy1 ! lead] ( ! nations ( ! ,we/1 _h %ak5 (f h] sleep4 ,petr>* foll[$4 ,8 ideal1 ( antique culture z ! ev]la/+ solace & ! univ]sal education ( ! human race1 8 lifelong ef=t to recov] ! classical h>mony ( ?\ght & spee*1 gave a direct impulse to "o ( ! *ief movem5ts ( ! ,r5aissance--its passionate outgo+ t[>d ! anci5t _w4 ,aft] ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio op5$ yet ano!r *annel = ! /ream ( fre$om4 ,8 conception ( human exi/5ce z joy to be accept$ ) ?anksgiv+1 n z a gloomy error to be rectifi$ by suff]+1 famili>iz$ ! f\rte5? c5tury ) t =m ( semi-pagan gladness :i* m>k$ ! real ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio ,italy recov]$ ! consci\sness ( intellectual lib]ty4 ,:at we call ! ,r5aissance _h n yet arriv$2 b _! a*ievem5t r5d]$ its appe>ance 9 due season c]ta94 ,) ,dante ! g5ius ( ! mod]n _w d>$ to /& alone & to create confid5tly aft] its own fa%ion4 ,) ,petr>* ! same g5ius rea*$ =? across ! gulf ( d>kness1 resum+ ! tradition ( a spl5did pa/4 ,) ,boccaccio ! same g5ius proclaim$ ! beauty ( ! _w1 ! goodl9ess ( y\? & /r5g? & love & life1 unt]rifi$ by hell1 unappall$ by ! %ad[ ( imp5d+ dea?4 ,x 0 n[1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 ,italy _h lo/ inde$ ! h]oic _s :i* we admire 9 h] ,communes ( ! ?irte5?1 b _h ga9$ in/ead ease1 weal?1 magnific5ce1 & t repose :i* spr+s f long prosp]ity1 t ! new age at la/ began4 ,europe 01 z x 71 a fall[ field1 b5ea? :i* lay buri$ ! civilization ( ! old _w4 ,beh9d /ret*$ ! c5turies ( m$iaevalism1 intellectually b>r5 & in]t4 ,( ! future !re 7 z yet b fa9t =e%ad[+s4 ,mean:ile1 ! =ce ( ! nations :o 7 de/9$ to a*ieve ! com+ trans=mation 0 unexhau/$2 _! physical & m5tal faculties 7 unimpair$4 ,no ages ( en]vat+ luxury1 ( intellectual endeavor1 ( life artificially pres]v$ or +5i\sly prolong$1 _h sapp$ ! fib] ( ! m5 :o 7 ab\t to inaugurate ! mod]n _w4 ,sev]ely nurtur$1 unus$ to delicate liv+1 ^! giants ( ! ,r5aissance 7 l boys 9 _! capacity = endurance1 _! inord9ate appetite = enjoym5t4 ,no g5]ations1 hungry1 sickly1 effete1 critical1 disillusion$1 trod !m d[n4 ,ennui & ! fatigue t spr+s f skepticism1 ! despair ( ?w>t$ ef=t1 7 unkn[n4 ,_! fre% & unp]v]t$ s5ses r5d]$ !m ke5ly alive to :at 0 beautiful & natural4 ,!y ye>n$ = magnific5ce1 & in/9ctively compreh5d$ spl5dor4 ,at ! same "t ! p]iod ( satiety 0 /ill f> (f4 ,ev]y?+ seem$ possible to _! "y en]gy2 nor _h a s+le pleasure pall$ ^u _! appetite4 ,born1 z x 71 at ! mom5t :5 desires & faculties are ev5ly balanc$1 :5 ! p]ceptions are n blunt$ nor ! s5ses cloy$1 op5+ _! eyes = ! fir/ "t on a _w ( wond]1 ^! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance enjoy$ :at we may t]m ! fir/ transc5d5t spr+tide ( ! mod]n _w4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! fullness ( ! life t ?robb$ 9 !m4 ,natures ri* 9 all capacities & end[$ ) e k9d ( s5sibility 7 frequ5t4 ,nor 0 !re any limit to ! play ( p]sonality 9 action4 ,we may apply to !m :at ,mr4 ,br[n+ has writt5 ( ,sordello's temp]am5t3-- ,a footfall !re ,suffices to upturn to ! w>m air ,half g]m9at+ spices1 m]e decay ,produces ri*] life1 & day by day ,new poll5 on ! lily-petal gr[s1 ,& /ill m labyr9?9e buds ! rose4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages man _h liv$ envelop$ 9 a c[l4 ,he _h n se5 ! beauty ( ! _w or _h se5 x only to cross himself1 & turn aside & tell 8 beads & pray4 ,l ,s4 ,b]n>d travel+ along ! %ores ( ! ,lake ,leman1 & notic+ nei!r ! azure ( ! wat]s1 nor ! luxuriance ( ! v9es1 nor ! radiance ( ! m\nta9s ) _! robe ( sun & sn[1 b b5d+ a ?\ght-burd5$ =ehead ov] ! neck ( 8 mule2 ev5 l ?is monk1 humanity _h pass$1 a c>eful pilgrim1 int5t on ! t]rors ( s91 dea?1 & judgm5t1 along ! highways ( ! _w1 & _h sc>cely kn[n t !y 7 sightwor?y1 or t life is a bless+4 ,beauty is a sn>e1 pleasure a s91 ! _w a fleet+ %[1 man fall5 & lo/1 dea? ! only c]ta9ty1 judgm5t inevitable1 hell ev]la/+1 heav5 h>d to w92 ignorance is acceptable to ,god z a pro( ( fai? & submission2 ab/95ce & mortification are ! only safe rules ( life3 ^! 7 ! fix$ ideas ( ! ascetic m$iaeval ,*ur*4 ,! ,r5aissance %att]$ & de/roy$ !m1 r5d+ ! ?ick veil :i* !y _h drawn betwe5 ! m9d ( man & ! out] _w1 & fla%+ ! light ( reality ^u ! d>k5$ places ( 8 own nature4 ,= ! my/ic tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* 0 sub/itut$ culture 9 ! classical humanities2 a new ideal 0 e/abli%$1 :]eby man /rove to make himself ! mon>* ( ! globe on :i* x is 8 privilege z well z de/9y to live4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 ! lib]ation ( ! reason f a dungeon1 ! d\ble discov]y ( ! out] & ! inn] _w4 ,an ext]nal ev5t det]m9$ ! direction :i* ?is outbur/ ( ! _s ( fre$om %\ld take4 ,?is 0 ! contact ( ! mod]n ) ! anci5t m9d :i* foll[$ ^u :at is call$ ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,! fall ( ! ,greek ,empire 9 #adec1 :ile x signaliz$ ! ext9ction ( ! old ord]1 gave an impulse to ! n[ accumulat$ =ces ( ! new4 ,a belief 9 ! id5tity ( ! human _s "u all previ\s manife/ations & 9 its un9t]rupt$ cont9uity 0 g5]at$4 ,m5 f\nd t 9 classical z well z ,biblical antiquity exi/$ an ideal ( human life1 bo? moral & intellectual1 by :i* !y might pr(it 9 ! pres5t4 ,! mod]n g5ius felt confid5ce 9 its own en]gies :5 x le>n$ :at ! anci5ts _h a*iev$4 ,! guesses ( ! anci5ts /imulat$ ! ex]tions ( ! mod]ns4 ,! :ole _w's hi/ory seem$ once m to be "o4 ,! great a*ievem5ts ( ! ,r5aissance 7 ! discov]y ( ! _w & ! discov]y ( man4#a ,"u ^! two =mulae may be classifi$ all ! ph5om5a :i* prop]ly belong to ?is p]iod4 ,! discov]y ( ! _w divides itself into two bran*es--! exploration ( ! globe1 & t sy/ematic exploration ( ! univ]se :i* is 9 fact :at we call ,sci5ce4 ,columbus made kn[n ,am]ica 9 #adib2 ! ,portuguese r\nd$ ! ,cape 9 #adig2 ,cop]nicus expla9$ ! sol> sy/em 9 #aejg4 ,x is n necess>y to add any?+ to ?is pla9 /atem5t2 =1 9 contact ) facts ( su* mom5t\s import1 to avoid :at seems l commonplace reflection w\ld be difficult4 ,yet x is only :5 we contra/ ! t5 c5turies :i* prec$$ ^! dates ) ! f\r c5turies :i* h ensu$1 t we c e/imate ! magnitude ( t ,r5aissance movem5t by means ( :i* a new hemisph]e has be5 add$ to civilization4 ,9 l mann]1 x is wor? :ile to pause a mom5t & consid] :at is impli$ 9 ! sub/itution ( ! ,cop]nican = ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,! _w1 reg>d$ 9 old times z ! c5t] ( all ?+s1 ! apple ( ,god's eye1 = ! sake ( :i* 7 creat$ sun & moon & />s1 sudd5ly 0 f\nd to be "o ( ! _m balls t roll r\nd a giant sph]e ( light & heat1 :i* is itself b "o among innum]able suns att5d$ ea* by a cortege ( planets1 & scatt]$1 h[ we "k n1 ?r\gh inf9ity4 ,:at has become ( t braz5 seat ( ! old gods1 t ,p>adise to :i* an asc5d+ ,deity might be caught up ?r\gh cl\ds1 & hidd5 = a mom5t f ! eyes ( 8 disciples4 ,! demon/ration ( ! simple/ tru?s ( a/ronomy de/roy$ at a bl[ ! leg5ds t 7 mo/ significant to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians by annihilat+ _! symbolism4 ,well might ! ,*ur* p]secute ,galileo = 8 pro( ( ! _w's mobility4 ,in/9ctively %e p]ceiv$ t 9 ?is "o proposition 0 involv$ ! pr9ciple ( ho/ility to h] mo/ *]i%$ conceptions1 to ! v core ( h] my?ology4 ,sci5ce 0 born1 & ! w>f>e betwe5 sci5tific positivism & religi\s metaphysic 0 decl>$4 ,h5ce=? ,god c\ld n be wor%ip$ "u ! =ms & idols ( a sac]dotal fancy2 a new mean+ _h be5 giv5 to ! words3 ',god is a ,_s1 & !y t wor%ip ,him mu/ wor%ip ,him 9 _s & 9 tru?4' ,! reason ( man 0 at la/ able to /udy ! s*eme ( ! univ]se1 ( :i* he is a "p1 & to asc]ta9 ! actual laws by :i* x is gov]n$4 ,?ree c5turies & a half h elaps$ s9ce ,cop]nicus revolutioniz$ a/ronomy4 ,x is only by reflect+ on ! mass ( k we h s9ce acquir$1 k n only inf9itely curi\s b also incalculably useful 9 its application to ! arts ( life1 & !n consid]+ h[ mu* gr\nd ( ?is k9d 0 acquir$ 9 ! t5 c5turies :i* prec$$ ! ,r5aissance1 t we are at all able to e/imate ! expansive =ce :i* 0 !n g5]at$4 ,sci5ce1 rescu$ f ! h& ( a/rology1 geomancy1 al*emy1 began h] real life ) ! ,r5aissance4 ,s9ce !n1 z f> z to ! pres5t mom5t %e has nev] ceas$ to gr[4 ,progressive & durable1 ,sci5ce may be call$ ! fir/-born ( ! _s ( ! mod]n _w4 #a ,x is to ,mi*elet t we owe ^! =mulae1 :i* h pass$ into ! language ( hi/ory4 ,?us by ! discov]y ( ! _w is meant on ! "o h& ! appropriation by civiliz$ humanity ( all corn]s ( ! habitable globe1 & on ! o!r ! conque/ by ,sci5ce ( all t we n[ "k ab\t ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! discov]y ( man1 aga91 x is possible to trace a tw(old process4 ,man 9 8 temporal relations1 illu/rat$ by ,pagan antiquity1 & man 9 8 spiritual relations1 illu/rat$ by ,biblical antiquity2 ^! are ! two regions1 at fir/ app>5tly di/9ct1 aft]w>ds f\nd to be int]p5etrative1 :i* ! critical & inquisitive g5ius ( ! ,r5aissance op5$ = inve/igation4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! regions we f9d two ag5cies at "w1 art & s*ol>%ip4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! pla/ic arts1 l philosophy1 _h deg5]at$ into b>r5 & mean+less s*ola/icism--a frigid reproduction ( lifeless =ms copi$ te*nically & )\t inspiration f debas$ patt]ns4 ,pictures became symbolically connect$ ) ! religi\s feel+s ( ! p1 =mulae f :i* to deviate w\ld be impi\s 9 ! arti/ & confus+ to ! wor%ip]4 ,sup]/iti\s rev]5ce b\nd ! pa9t] to copy ! almond eyes & /iff jo9ts ( ! sa9ts :om he _h ador$ f infancy2 &1 ev5 _h x be5 o!rwise1 he lack$ ! skill to imitate ! natural =ms he saw ar\nd him4 ,b ) ! dawn+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 a new _s 9 ! arts arose4 ,m5 began to conceive t ! human body is noble 9 itself & wor?y ( pati5t /udy4 ,! object ( ! arti/ !n became to unite devotional feel+ & respect = ! sacr$ leg5d ) ! utmo/ beauty & ! utmo/ fidelity ( del9eation4 ,he /udi$ f ! nude2 he drew ! body 9 e po/ure2 he compos$ drap]y1 inv5t$ attitudes1 & adapt$ ! action ( 8 figures & ! expression ( 8 faces to ! subject he _h *os54 ,9 a ^w1 he humaniz$ ! alt>-pieces & ! cloi/]-frescoes ^u :i* he work$4 ,9 ?is way ! pa9t]s rose above ! anci5t symbols1 & br\ght heav5 d[n to e>?4 ,by draw+ ,madonna & h] son l liv+ human be+s1 by dramatiz+ ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 !y sil5tly sub/itut$ ! love ( beauty & ! int]e/s ( actual life = ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! sa9t or angel became an occasion = ! display ( physical p]fection1 & to introduce 'un bel corpo ignudo' into ! composition 0 ( m mom5t to !m ?an to repres5t ! mac]ations ( ! ,magdal54 ,m5 ?us le>n$ to look beyond ! relique & ! ho/1 & to =get ! dogma 9 ! lovely =ms :i* gave x expression4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! classics came to aid ?is "w ( progress1 a new _w ( ?\ght & fancy1 div9ely *>m+1 :olly human1 0 reveal$ to _! a/oni%$ eyes4 ,?us art1 :i* _h begun by humaniz+ ! leg5ds ( ! ,*ur*1 div]t$ ! att5tion ( its /ud5ts f ! leg5d to ! "w ( beauty1 & la/ly1 sev]+ itself f ! religi\s tradition1 became ! expon5t ( ! maje/y & spl5dor ( ! human body4 ,?is f9al emancipation ( art f ecclesia/ical trammels culm9at$ 9 ! great age ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,gaz+ at ,mi*ael ,angelo's prophets 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 we are inde$ 9 contact ) ideas orig9ally religi\s4 ,b ! treatm5t ( ^! ideas is purely1 broadly human1 on a level ) t ( ! sculpture ( ,pheidias4 ,titian's ,virg9 receiv$ into ,heav51 so>+ midway betwe5 ! ar*angel :o desc5ds to cr[n h] & ! apo/les :o ye>n to foll[ h]1 is f> less a ,madonna ,assunta ?an ! apo!osis ( humanity conceiv$ z a radiant "m4 ,?r\gh\t ! picture !re is no?+ ascetic1 no?+ my/ic1 no?+ devotional4 ,nor did ! art ( ! ,r5aissance /op "h4 ,x w5t fur!r1 & plung$ into ,paganism4 ,sculptors & pa9t]s comb9$ ) ar*itects to cut ! arts loose f _! connection ) ! ,*ur* by introduc+ a _s & a s5tim5t ali5 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( art1 & ( all ! ideas :i* art introduc$ into daily life1 ! ,r5aissance wr\ght = ! mod]n _w a real resurrection ( ! body1 :i*1 s9ce ! de/ruction ( antique civilization1 _h la9 swa!d up 9 hair-%irts & c]em5ts )9 ! tomb ( ! m$iaeval cloi/]4 ,x 0 s*ol>%ip :i* reveal$ to m5 ! weal? ( _! own m9ds1 ! dignity ( human ?\ght1 ! value ( human speculation1 ! importance ( human life reg>d$ z a ?+ ap>t f religi\s rules & dogmas4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages a few /ud5ts _h possess$ ! poems ( ,virgil & ! prose ( ,boe?ius--& ,virgil at ,mantua1 ,boe?ius at ,pavia1 _h actually be5 honor$ z sa9ts--toge!r ) fragm5ts ( ,lucan1 ,ovid1 ,/atius1 ,juv5al1 ,cic]o1 & ,horace4 ,! ,r5aissance op5$ to ! :ole read+ public ! treasure-h\ses ( ,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,at ! same "t ! ,bible 9 its orig9al tongues 0 r$iscov]$4 ,m9es ( ,ori5tal le>n+ 7 laid b>e = ! /ud5ts ( ! ,jewi% & ,arabic traditions4 ,! ,aryan & ,semitic revelations 7 = ! fir/ "t subject$ to some?+ l a critical comp>ison4 ,) un]r+ in/9ct ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance nam$ ! volum9\s subject-matt] ( s*ol>%ip ',litt]ae ,humaniores1'--! m human lit]ature1 or ! lit]ature t humanizes4 ,!re are ?ree /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( s*ol>%ip dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,! fir/ is ! age ( passionate desire2 ,petr>* por+ ov] a ,hom] he c\ld n und]/&1 & ,boccaccio 9 8 maturity le>n+ ,greek1 9 ord] t he might dr9k f ! well-head ( poetic inspiration1 are ! h]oes ( ?is p]iod4 ,!y inspir$ ! ,italians ) a ?ir/ = antique culture4 ,next comes ! age ( acquisition & ( libr>ies4 ,ni*olas ,v41 :o f\nd$ ! ,vatican ,libr>y 9 #adec1 ,cosimo de ,m$ici1 :o began ! ,m$icean ,collection a little e>li]1 & ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 :o ransack$ all ! cities & conv5ts ( ,europe = manuscripts1 toge!r ) ! tea*]s ( ,greek1 :o 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury escap$ f ,con/ant9ople ) preci\s freights ( classic lit]ature1 are ! h]oes ( ?is second p]iod4 ,x 0 an age ( accumulation1 ( uncritical & indiscrim9ate en?usiasm4 ,manuscripts 7 wor%ip$ by ^! m51 j z ! reliques ( ,holy ,l& _h be5 ador$ by _! great-gr&fa!rs4 ,! eag]ness ( ! ,crusades 0 reviv$ 9 ?is que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail ( anci5t k4 ,waifs & /rays ( ,pagan au?ors 7 valu$ l preci\s gems1 revel$ 9 l odorif]\s & gorge\s fl[]s1 consult$ l oracles ( ,god1 gaz$ on l ! eyes ( a belov$ mi/ress4 ,! good1 ! bad1 & ! indiff]5t receiv$ an almo/ equal homage4 ,criticism _h n yet begun4 ,! _w 0 b5t on ga!r+ up its treasures1 frantically bewail+ ! lo/ books ( ,livy1 ! lo/ songs ( ,sappho--absorb+ to intoxication ! /rong w9e ( multitud9\s ?\ghts & passions t kept p\r+ f ^? long-buri$ amphora ( inspiration4 ,:at is mo/ rem>kable ab\t ?is age ( s*ol>%ip is ! en?usiasm :i* p]vad$ all classes 9 ,italy = antique culture4 ,popes & pr9ces1 capta9s ( adv5ture & peasants1 noble ladies & ! lead]s ( ! demi-monde1 alike became s*ol>s4 ,!re is a /ory told by ,infessura :i* illu/rates ! temp] ( ! times ) s+ul> felicity4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,april #adhe a report circulat$ 9 ,rome t "s ,lomb>d workm5 _h discov]$ a ,roman s>cophagus :ile digg+ on ! ,appian ,way4 ,x 0 a m>ble tomb1 engrav$ ) ! inscription1 ',julia1 ,daught] ( ,claudius1' & inside ! c(f] lay ! body ( a mo/ beautiful girl ( fifte5 ye>s1 pres]v$ by preci\s ungu5ts f corruption & ! injury ( "t4 ,! bloom ( y\? 0 /ill ^u h] *eeks & lips2 h] eyes & m\? 7 half op52 h] long hair float$ r\nd h] %\ld]s4 ,%e 0 in/antly remov$1 s goes ! leg5d1 to ! ,capitol2 & !n began a procession ( pilgrims f all ! qu>t]s ( ,rome to gaze ^u ?is sa9t ( ! old ,pagan _w4 ,9 ! eyes ( ^? en?usia/ic wor%ip]s1 h] beauty 0 beyond imag9ation or description3 %e 0 f> fair] ?an any woman ( ! mod]n age c\ld hope to be4 ,at la/ ,innoc5t ,,viii4 fe>$ le/ ! or?odox fai? %\ld suff] by ?is new cult ( a hea!n corpse4 ,julia 0 buri$ secretly & at night by 8 direction1 & naught rema9$ 9 ! ,capitol b h] empty m>ble c(f94 ,! tale1 z told by ,infessura1 is repeat$ 9 ,mat>azzo & 9 ,nantiporto ) slight v>iations4 ,"o says t ! girl's hair 0 yell[1 ano!r t x 0 ( ! glossie/ black4 ,:at f\ndation = ! leg5d may really h exi/$ ne$ n "h be que/ion$4 ,let u r use ! my?us z a p>able ( ! ec/atic devotion :i* prompt$ ! m5 ( t age to discov] a =m ( unimag9able beauty 9 ! tomb ( ! classic _w4#a #a ,! mo/ rem>kable docum5t reg>d+ ! body ( ,julia :i* has yet be5 publi%$ is a ,lat9 lett]1 writt5 by ,b>?olomaeus ,fontius to 8 fri5d ,franciscus ,saxe?us1 m9utely describ+ h]1 ) details :i* appe> to prove t he _h n only se5 b h&l$ ! corpse4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ,janits*ek1 ,die ,gesells*aft d] ,r4 9 ,x43 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgi1 p4 #abj4 ,!n came ! ?ird age ( s*ol>%ip--! age ( ! critics1 philolog]s1 & pr9t]s4 ,:at _h be5 collect$ by ,poggio & ,aurispa _h n[ to be expla9$ by ,fic9o1 ,poliziano1 & ,erasmus4 ,!y began _! task by dige/+ & arrang+ ! cont5ts ( ! libr>ies4 ,!re 7 !n no %ort cuts to le>n+1 no compreh5sive lexicons1 no diction>ies ( antiquities1 no c>efully prep>$ !sauri ( my?ology & hi/ory4 ,ea* /ud5t _h to hold 9 8 bra9 ! :ole mass ( classical erudition4 ,! text & ! canon ( ,hom]1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ! trag$ians _h to be decid$4 ,greek type _h to be /ruck4 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 ,basle1 ,lyons1 & ,p>is groan$ ) pr9t+ presses4 ,! ,aldi1 ! ,/ephani1 & ,frob5 toil$ by night & day1 employ+ scores ( s*ol>s1 m5 ( supreme devotion & ( mighty bra91 ^: "w x 0 to asc]ta9 ! "r read+ ( s5t5ces1 to acc5tuate1 to punctuate1 to commit to ! press1 & to place beyond ! rea* ( monki% hatr$ or ( envi\s "t t ev]la/+ solace ( humanity :i* exi/s 9 ! classics4 ,all subsequ5t a*ievem5ts 9 ! field ( s*ol>%ip s9k into insignificance beside ! labors ( ^! m51 :o ne$$ g5ius1 en?usiasm1 & ! sympa?y ( ,europe = ! accompli%m5t ( _! titanic task4 ,virgil 0 pr9t$ 9 #adgj1 ,hom] 9 #adhh1 ,ari/otle 9 #adih1 ,plato 9 #aeac4 ,!y !n became ! inali5able h]itage ( mank9d4 ,b :at vigils1 :at anxi\s exp5diture ( ?\ght1 :at agonies ( d\bt & expectation1 7 endur$ by ^? h]oes ( humaniz+ s*ol>%ip1 :om we are apt to ?9k ( m]ely z p$ants6 ,:i* ( u n[ w>ms & ?rills ) emotion at he>+ ! "n ( ,aldus ,manutius1 or ( ,h5ricus ,/ephanus1 or ( ,johannes ,frob58 ,yet ?is we surely ought to d2 = to !m we owe 9 a great measure ! fre$om ( our _s1 our /ores ( intellectual enjoym5t1 our comm& ( ! pa/1 our c]ta9ty ( ! future ( human culture4 ,?is ?ird age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance ,s*ol>%ip may be said to h rea*$ its climax 9 ,erasmus2 = by ?is "t ,italy _h h&$ on ! tor* ( le>n+ to ! nor!rn nations4 ,! publication ( 8 ,adagia 9 #aejj1 m>ks ! adv5t ( a m critical & selective _s1 :i* f t date onw>d has be5 gradually ga9+ /r5g? 9 ! mod]n m9d4 ,criticism1 9 ! true s5se ( accurate te/+ & sift+1 is "o ( ! po9ts :i* di/+ui% ! mod]ns f ! anci5ts2 & criticism 0 develop$ by ! process ( assimilation1 comp>ison1 & appropriation1 :i* 0 necess>y 9 ! gr[? ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! ultimate effect ( ?is recov]y ( classic lit]ature 01 once & = all1 to lib]ate ! intellect4 ,! mod]n _w 0 br\ght into close contact ) ! free virility ( ! anci5t _w1 & emancipat$ f ! ?ralldom ( unprov$ traditions4 ,! =ce to judge & ! desire to create 7 g5]at$4 ,! imm$iate result 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 an abrupt secession ( ! le>n$1 n m]ely f mona/icism1 b also f ! true _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! m9ds ( ! ,italians assimilat$ ,paganism4 ,9 _! hatr$ ( m$iaeval ignorance1 9 _! loa?+ ( c[l$ & cloi/]$ fools1 !y flew to an extreme1 & affect$ ! mann] ( an irrevocable pa/4 ,?is extravagance l$ ( necessity to a reaction--9 ! nor? to ,puritanism1 9 ! s\? to :at has be5 t]m$ ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation effect$ "u ,spani% influ5ces 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 t mo/ preci\s possession ( ! mod]n _w1 0 nev] s]i\sly imp]il$ by ! classical en?usiasm ( ! ,r5aissance2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! progressive emancipation ( ! reason mat]ially ret>d$ by ! reaction x produc$4 ,! transition at ?is po9t to ! ?ird bran* 9 ! discov]y ( man1 ! revelation to ! consci\sness ( its own spiritual fre$om1 is natural4 ,n only did s*ol>%ip re/ore ! classics & enc\rage lit]>y criticism2 x also re/or$ ! text ( ! ,bible1 & enc\rag$ !ological criticism4 ,9 ! wake ( !ological fre$om foll[$ a free philosophy1 no long] subject to ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*4 ,to purge ! ,*ri/ian fai? f false conceptions1 to lib]ate ! consci5ce f ! tyranny ( prie/s1 & to int]pret religion to ! reason has be5 ! "w ( ! la/ c5turies2 nor is ?is "w z yet by any means accompli%$4 ,on ! "o side ,desc>tes & ,bacon1 ,sp9oza & ,locke1 are sons ( ! ,r5aissance1 *ampions ( new-f\nd philosophical fre$om2 on ! o!r side1 ,lu!r is a son ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! h]ald ( new-f\nd religi\s fre$om4 ,! :ole movem5t ( ! ,re=mation is a phase 9 t accel]at$ action ( ! mod]n m9d :i* at its comm5cem5t we call ! ,r5aissance4 ,x is a mi/ake to reg>d ! ,re=mation z an isolat$ ph5om5on or z a m]e ef=t to re/ore ! ,*ur* to purity4 ,! ,re=mation exhibits 9 ! region ( religi\s ?\ght & national politics :at ! ,r5aissance displays 9 ! sph]e ( culture1 art1 & sci5ce--! recov]$ en]gy & fre$om ( ! reason4 ,we are too apt to treat ( hi/ory 9 p>cels1 & to attempt to draw lessons f deta*$ *apt]s 9 ! biography ( ! human race4 ,to obs]ve ! connection betwe5 ! sev]al /ages ( a progressive movem5t ( ! human _s1 & to recognize t ! =ces at "w are /ill active1 is ! true philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! ,re=mation1 l ! revival ( sci5ce & ( culture1 _h its m$iaeval anticipations & =e%ad[+s4 ,! h]etics :om ! ,*ur* successfully combat$ 9 ,nor? ,italy1 ,france1 & ,bohemia 7 ! precursors ( ,lu!r4 ,! s*ol>s prep>$ ! way 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,tea*]s ( ,hebrew1 f\nd]s ( ,hebrew type--,reu*l9 9 ,g]many1 ,ale&] 9 ,p>is1 ,von ,hutt5 z a pamphlete]1 & ,erasmus z a humani/--contribute ea* a def9ite mom5tum4 ,lu!r1 = 8 "p1 inc>nates ! _s ( revolt aga9/ tyrannical au?ority1 urges ! necessity ( a return to ! ess5tial tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 z di/+ui%$ f ! idols ( ! ,*ur*1 & ass]ts ! "r ( ! individual to judge1 int]pret1 criticise1 & con/ruct op9ion = himself4 ,! veil :i* ! ,*ur* _h int]pos$ betwe5 ! human s\l & ,god 0 brok5 d[n4 ,! fre$om ( ! consci5ce 0 e/abli%$4 ,?us ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 :at we call ! ,re=mation 7 mom5t\s4 ,connect$ on ! "o side ) s*ol>%ip & ! /udy ( texts1 x op5$ ! pa? = mod]n biblical criticism4 ,connect$ on ! o!r side ) ! intol]ance ( m]e au?ority x l$ to :at has s9ce be5 nam$ rationalism--! attempt to reconcile ! religi\s tradition ) ! reason1 & to def9e ! logical ideas t und]lie ! conceptions ( ! popul> religi\s consci\sness4 ,aga91 by promulgat+ ! doctr9e ( p]sonal fre$om1 & by connect+ itself ) national politics1 ! re=mation 0 l9k$ hi/orically to ! revolution4 ,x 0 ! ,puritan ,*ur* 9 ,engl& /imulat$ by ! patriotism ( ! ,dut* ,prote/ants1 :i* e/abli%$ our con/itutional lib]ty1 & introduc$ 9 ,am]ica ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! equality ( m54 ,?is high political ab/raction1 lat5t 9 ,*ri/ianity1 evolv$ by criticism1 & promulgat$ z a gospel 9 ! second half ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 ext]naliz$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! "w t yet rema9s to be accompli%$ = ! mod]n _w is ! organization ( society 9 h>mony ) democratic pr9ciples4 ,?us :at ! ^w ,r5aissance really means is new bir? to lib]ty--! _s ( mank9d recov]+ consci\sness & ! p[] ( self-det]m9ation1 recogniz+ ! beauty ( ! out] _w1 & ( ! body ?r\gh art1 lib]at+ ! reason 9 sci5ce & ! consci5ce 9 religion1 re/or+ culture to ! intellig5ce1 & e/abli%+ ! pr9ciple ( political fre$om4 ,! ,*ur* 0 ! s*oolma/] ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,culture 0 ! humaniz+ & ref9+ influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! problem = ! pres5t & ! future is h[ ?r\gh education to r5d] k accessible to all--to break d[n t b>ri] :i* 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 set betwe5 cl]k & layman1 & :i* 9 ! int]m$iate p]iod has aris5 betwe5 ! intellig5t & ignorant classes4 ,:e!r ! ,utopia ( a mod]n _w1 9 :i* all m5 %all enjoy ! same social1 political1 & intellectual advantages1 be realiz$ or n1 we _c d\bt t ! :ole movem5t ( humanity f ! ,r5aissance onw>d has t5d$ 9 ?is direction4 ,to de/roy ! di/9ctions1 m5tal & physical1 :i* nature raises betwe5 individuals1 & :i* con/itute an actual hi]>*y1 w always be impossible4 ,yet x may happ5 t 9 ! future no civiliz$ man w lack ! opportunity ( be+ physically & m5tally ! be/ t ,god has made him4 ,x rema9s to speak ( ! in/rum5ts & me*anical inv5tions :i* aid$ ! emancipation ( ! _s 9 ! mod]n age4 ,discov]$ ov] & ov] aga91 & (f]$ at int]vals to ! human race at v>i\s times & on div]s soils1 no effective use 0 made ( ^! mat]ial res\rces until ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! compass1 discov]$ accord+ to tradition by ,gioja ( ,naples 9 #acjb1 0 employ$ by ,columbus = ! voyage to ,am]ica 9 #adib4 ,! telescope1 kn[n to ! ,arabians 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & describ$ by ,rog] ,bacon 9 #abej1 help$ ,cop]nicus to prove ! revolution ( ! e>? 9 #aecj1 & ,galileo to sub/antiate 8 !ory ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,pr9t+1 aft] num]\s useless revelations to ! _w ( its res\rces1 became an art 9 #adch2 & pap]1 :i* _h long be5 kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 0 fir/ made ( cotton 9 ,europe ab\t #ajjj1 & ( rags 9 #acai4 ,gunp[d] ent]$ into use ab\t #acbj4 ,z employ$ by ! ,g5ius ( ! ,r5aissance1 ea* "o ( ^! inv5tions became a lev] by means ( :i* to move ! _w4 ,gunp[d] revolutioniz$ ! art ( w>4 ,! feudal ca/le1 ! armor ( ! ,knight & 8 battle-horse1 ! pr[ess ( "o man aga9/ a hundr$1 & ! pride ( ari/ocratic cavalry trampl+ ^u ill-arm$ militia1 7 annihilat$ by ! fla%es ( ! canon4 ,c\rage became m a moral ?an a physical quality4 ,! victory 0 deliv]$ to ! bra9 ( ! g5]al4 ,pr9t+ has e/abli%$1 z inde/ructible1 all k1 & dissem9at$1 z ! common prop]ty ( e "o1 all ?\ght2 :ile pap] has made ! "w ( pr9t+ *eap4 ,su* reflections z ^!1 h[ev]1 are trite1 & mu/ occur to e m9d4 ,x is f> m to ! purpose to repeat t n ! inv5tions1 b ! intellig5ce t us$ !m1 ! consci\s calculat+ _s ( ! mod]n _w1 %\ld rivet our att5tion :5 we direct x to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ! "w ( ! ,r5aissance all ! great nations ( ,europe %>$4 ,b x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t z a matt] ( hi/ory ! true ,r5aissance began 9 ,italy4 ,x 0 !re t ! ess5tial qualities :i* di/+ui% ! mod]n f ! anci5t & ! m$iaeval _w 7 develop$4 ,italy creat$ t new spiritual atmosph]e ( culture & ( intellectual fre$om :i* has be5 ! life-brea? ( ! ,european races4 ,z ! ,jews are call$ ! *os5 & peculi> p ( div9e revelation1 s may ! ,italians be call$ ! *os5 & peculi> vessels ( ! prophecy ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 art1 9 s*ol>%ip1 9 sci5ce1 9 ! m$iation betwe5 antique culture & ! mod]n intellect1 !y took ! lead1 h&+ to ,g]many & ,france & ,engl& ! re/or$ humanities complete4 ,spa9 & ,engl& h s9ce done m = ! exploration & colonization ( ! _w4 ,g]many a*iev$ ! labor ( ! ,re=mation almo/ s+le-h&$4 ,france has collect$1 c5traliz$1 & diffus$ intellig5ce ) irresi/ible en]gy4 ,b if we return to ! fir/ orig9s ( ! ,r5aissance1 we f9d t1 at a "t :5 ! re/ ( ,europe 0 in]t1 ,italy _h already begun to organize ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! mod]n _s1 & to set ! fa%ion :]eby ! o!r great nations %\ld le>n & live4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,italian ,,hi/ory4 ,! special ,difficulties ( ?is ,subject--,app>5t ,confusion--,want ( lead+ ,motive--,! ,papacy--,! ,empire--,! ,republics--,! ,despots--,! ,p--,! ,dismemb]m5t ( ,italy--,two ma9 ,topics--,! ,rise ( ! ,communes--,go?ic ,k+dom--,lomb>ds--,franks--,g]mans--,! ,bi%ops--,! ,consuls--,! ,pode/as--,civil ,w>s--,despots--,! ,balance ( ,p[]--,! ,five ,italian ,/ates--,! ,italians fail to a*ieve ,national ,unity--,! ,causes ( ?is ,failure--,conditions "u :i* x might h be5 a*iev$--,a ,republic--,a ,k+dom--,a ,conf$]ation--,a ,tyranny--,! ,"p play$ by ! ,papacy4 ,aft] a fir/ glance into ,italian hi/ory ! /ud5t recoils z f a *aos ( inscrutable confusion4 ,to fix ! mom5t ( transition f anci5t to mod]n civilization seems impossible4 ,!re is no =mation ( a new p1 z 9 ! case ( ,g]many or ,france or ,engl&1 to s]ve z />t+-po9t4 ,diff] z ! ,italian races d 9 _! orig9al type2 ,gauls1 ,ligurians1 ,etruscans1 ,umbrians1 ,lat9s1 ,iapygians1 ,greeks h be5 fus$ toge!r b5ea? ! /ress ( ,roman rule into a nation t survives political mutations & ! disa/]s ( b>b>ian invasions4 ,go?s1 ,lomb>ds1 & ,franks bl5d successively ) ! masses ( ?is complex population1 & lose ! outl9es ( _! sev]al p]sonalities4 ,! we/]n ,empire melts imp]ceptibly away4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* gr[s no less imp]ceptibly1 & =ms ! ,holy ,roman ,empire z ! equival5t ( its own spiritual greatness 9 ! sph]e ( secul> au?ority4 ,^! two in/itutions1 ! cr[n+ monum5ts ( ,italian creative g5ius1 dom9ate ! ,middle ,ages1 p[]ful z facts1 b /ill m p[]ful z ideas4 ,yet nei!r ( !m controls ! evolution ( ,italy 9 ! same s5se z ,france 0 controll$ by ! mon>*ical1 & ,g]many by ! f$]ative1 pr9ciple4 ,! =ces ( ! nation1 divid$ & sway$ f side to side by ?is comm&+ dualism1 escap$ bo? influ5ces 9 s f> z ei!r ,pope or ,emp]or /rove to mold !m into unity4 ,mean:ile ! dom9ation ( ,byzant9e ,greeks 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces1 ! k+dom ( ! ,go?s at ,rav5na1 ! k+dom ( ! ,lomb>ds & ,franks at ,pavia1 ! incursions ( ,huns & ,s>ac5s1 ! k+dom ( ! ,normans at ,pal]mo1 =m$ b accid5ts & mom5ts 9 a national developm5t :i* ow$ important modifications to ea* successive episode1 b 0 n f9ally det]m9$ by any ( !m4 ,:5 ! ,communes em]ge into prom95ce1 %ak+ (f ! supremacy ( ! ,greeks 9 ! ,s\?1 v9dicat+ _! lib]ties aga9/ ! ,empire 9 ! ,nor?1 jeal\sly gu>d+ _! indep5d5ce f ,papal encroa*m5t 9 ! c5t]1 !y h already assum$ %apes ( m>k$ di/9ctness & bewild]+ div]sity4 ,v5ice1 ,milan1 ,g5oa1 ,flor5ce1 ,bologna1 ,si5a1 ,p]ugia1 ,amalfi1 ,lucca1 ,pisa1 to m5tion only a few ( ! m notable1 are indiscrim9ately call$ ,republics4 ,yet !y diff] 9 _! int]nal type no less ?an 9 ext]nal conditions4 ,ea* we>s f ! fir/ & pres]ves a physiognomy t ju/ifies our ?9k+ & speak+ ( ! t[n z an inc>nate entity4 ,! cities ( ,italy1 d[n to ! v smalle/1 be> ! attributes ( individuals4 ,! mutual attractions & repulsions t presid$ ov] _! gr[? h giv5 !m specific qualities :i* !y w nev] lose1 :i* w be reflect$ 9 _! ar*itecture1 9 _! cu/oms1 9 _! language1 9 _! policy1 z well z 9 ! in/itutions ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,we ?9k ( !m involunt>ily z p]sons1 & res]ve = !m epi!ts t m>k ! p]man5ce ( _! di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,to treat ( !m collectively is almo/ impossible4 ,ea* has its own biography1 & plays a "p ( consequ5ce 9 ! great drama ( ! nation4 ,accord+ly ! /udy ( ,italian politics1 ,italian lit]ature1 ,italian art1 is really n ! /udy ( "o national g5ius1 b ( a :ole family ( cognate g5iuses1 gr\p$ toge!r1 consci\s ( aff9ity1 obey+ ! same g5]al conditions1 b issu+ 9 m>k$ly div]g5t *>act]i/ics4 ,democracies1 olig>*ies1 ari/ocracies spr+ into be+ by laws ( natural selection )9 ! limits ( a s+le prov9ce4 ,e municipality has a sep>ate nom5clature = its magi/racies1 a some:at diff]5t me?od ( di/ribut+ adm9i/rative functions4 ,9 "o place !re is a ,doge appo9t$ = life2 9 ano!r ! gov]nm5t is put into commission among (fic]s elect$ = a p]iod ( mon?s4 ,"h we f9d a ,patrician1 a ,s5ator1 a ,tribune2 !re ,consuls1 ,rectors1 ,priors1 ,anci5ts1 ,buonuom9i1 ,cons]vatori4 ,at "o p]iod & 9 "o city ! ,pode/a seems p>am\nt2 across ! bord] a ,capta9 ( ! ,p or a ,gonfaloni]e di ,giu/izia is supreme4 ,vic>s ( ! ,empire1 ,ex>*s1 ,catapans1 ,rectors = ! ,*ur*1 ,legates1 ,commiss>ies1 succe$ ea* o!r ) dazzl+ rapidity4 ,c\ncils are multipli$ & call$ by names t h _! orig9 & mean+ buri$ 9 ! du/ ( ar*aeology4 ,consigli del ,popolo1 ,cr$5za1 ,consiglio del ,comune1 ,s5ato1 ,gran ,consiglio1 ,prati*e1 ,p>lam5ti1 ,monti1 ,consiglio de' ,savi1 ,arti1 ,p>te ,guelfa1 ,consigli di ,dieci1 di ,tre1 ,i ,nove1 ,gli ,otto1 ,i ,c5to--su* are a few ( ! titles *os5 at r&om f ! con/itutional records ( diff]5t localities4 ,n "o is insignificant4 ,n "o b indicates "s mom5t ( importance 9 ! social evolution ( ! /ate4 ,n "o b speaks ( civil /rife1 :]eby ! burgh 9 "q /ruggl$ into individuality & def9$ itself aga9/ its neighbor4 ,l fossils1 9 geological /rata1 ^! names survive long aft] _! old uses h be5 =gott51 to guide ! explor] 9 8 recon/ruction ( a buri$ pa/4 ,:ile "o t[n appe>s to respect ! feudal lord%ip ( great families1 ano!r pron\nces nobility to be a crime1 & =ces on its citiz5s ! reality or ! pret5se ( labor4 ,"s recognize ! supremacy ( ecclesia/ics4 ,o!rs1 l ,v5ice1 resi/ ! lea/ encroa*m5t ( ! ,*ur*1 & /& alo( f ,roman ,*ri/ianity 9 jeal\s isolation4 ,! int]e/s ( "o class are m>itime1 ( ano!r milit>y1 ( a ?ird indu/rial1 ( a f\r? f9ancial1 ( a fif? educational4 ,amalfi1 ,pisa1 ,g5oa1 & ,v5ice dep5d = p[] ^u _! fleets & colonies2 ! little cities ( ,romagna & ! ,m>* supply ! ,capta9s ( adv5ture ) recruits2 ,flor5ce & ,lucca live by manufacture2 ,milan by bank+2 ,bologna1 ,padua1 ,vic5za1 owe _! weal? to /ud5ts attract$ by _! univ]sities4 ,=eign alliances or geographical aff9ities connect "o c5t] ) ! ,empire ( ! ,ea/1 a second ) ,france1 a ?ird ) ,spa94 ,! ,nor? is ov]%ad[$ by ,g]many2 ! ,s\? is disquiet$ by ,islam4 ,! types ?us =m$ & ?us discrim9at$ are vital1 & p]si/ = c5turies ) ! t5acity ( physical gr[?s4 ,ea* diff]5tiation owes its orig9 to causes deeply root$ 9 ! locality4 ,! fre$om & app>5t wayw>dness ( nature1 :5 %e sets ab\t to =m cry/als ( v>y+ %apes & colors1 t %all la/ & be> h] /amp = ev]1 h gov]n$ _! upris+ & _! progress to maturity4 ,at ! same "t !y exhibit ! ke5 jeal\sies & mutual hatr$s ( rival families 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,pisa de/roys ,amalfi2 ,g5oa1 ,pisa2 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa2 ) ru?less & remorseless egotism 9 ! conflict ( comm]cial int]e/s4 ,flor5ce enslaves ,pisa because %e ne$s a way to ! sea4 ,si5a & ,p]ugia1 ^u _! inl& altitudes1 consume !mselves 9 brilliant b unavail+ ef=ts to exp&4 ,milan engulfs ! less] t[ns ( ,lomb>dy4 ,v]ona absorbs ,padua & ,treviso4 ,v5ice ext5ds dom9ion ov] ! ,friuli & ! ,v]onese conque/s4 ,/rife & covet\sness reign f ! ,alps to ! ,ionian ,sea4 ,b x is a /rife ( liv+ en]gies1 ! covet\sness ( impassion$ & puissant units4 ,italy z a :ole is almo/ invisible to ! /ud5t by reason ( ! _m-sid$1 combative1 self-c5t]$ cr[d ( numb]less ,italian communities4 ,proximity fom5ts hatr$ & /imulates ho/ility4 ,fiesole looks d[n & ?reat5s ,flor5ce4 ,flor5ce returns fr[n = fr[n1 & does n re/ till %e has made h] neighbor ( ! hills a slave4 ,p]ugia & ,assissi turn ! ,umbrian pla9 into a wild]ness ( wolves by _! recurr5t w>f>e4 ,sc[l+ at "o ano!r across ! ,valdi*iana1 ,p]ugia re>s a t[] aga9/ ,*iusi1 & ,*iusi builds h] ,becca ,que/a 9 responsive m5ace4 ,! t9ie/ burgh ^u ! ,arno receives f ,dante1 ! poet ( ?is int]nec9e /rife & fi]ce t[n-rivalry1 its /igma ( immortaliz+ satire & insult+ epi!t1 = no app>5t reason b t its dwell]s d>e to dr9k ( ! same wat] & to brea! ! same air z ,flor5ce4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! mo/ anci5t furies ( antagoni/ic races1 en*a9$ & susp5d$ = c5turies by ! magic ( ,rome1 _h be5 unloos$2 z ?\gh ! indig5\s populations ( ,italy1 tam$ by antique culture1 7 rev]t+ to _! primal in/9cts1 ) all ! discords & divisions introduc$ by ! milit>y sy/em ( ! ,lomb>ds1 ! feudalism ( ! ,franks1 ! ali5 in/itutions ( ! ,g]mans1 sup]add$ to exasp]ate ! passions ( a nation bl9dly /ruggl+ aga9/ ob/acles t block ! *annel ( cont9u\s progress4 ,nor is ?is ! end ( ! p]plexity4 ,n only are ! cities at w> ) "o ano!r1 b !y are plung$ 9 ceaseless /rife )9 ! circuit ( _! ramp>ts4 ,! p ) ! nobles1 ! burghs ) ! ca/les1 ! plebeians ) ! burgh] ari/ocracy1 ! m5 ( comm]ce ) ! m5 ( arms & anci5t l9eage1 ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 cla% toge!r 9 p]si/5t fury4 ,"o half ! city expels ! o!r half4 ,! exiles roam abroad1 cem5t alliances1 & return to extirpate _! conqu]ors4 ,fre% proscriptions & new expulsions foll[4 ,aga9 alliances are made & revolutions accompli%$1 till ! anci5t feuds ( ! t[ns are cross$1 recross$1 & tangl$ 9 a web ( madness t defies analysis4 ,?r\gh ! m$ley ( qu>rel+1 divid$1 subdivid$1 & int]twi/$ factions1 ride ,emp]ors foll[$ by _! b&s ( knights1 appe>+ = a season on va9 que/s1 & )draw+ aft] !y h t5fold conf\nd$ ! confusion4 ,papal ,legates dr[n ! cities ( ! ,*ur* 9 blood1 prea* crusades1 fulm9ate int]dictions1 r\se insurrections 9 ! ,/ates t own allegiance to ! ,empire4 ,monks /ir republican revivals 9 old cities t h lo/ _! lib]ties1 or assemble ! populations ( crime-madd5$ di/ricts 9 aimless com$ies ( piety & false pacification1 or lead !m b>efoot$ & intoxicat$ ) %rill cries ( ',m]cy' ov] pla9 & m\nta94 ,pr9ces ( ,france1 ,k+s ( ,bohemia & ,hung>y1 m>* & c\nt]m>* f nor? to s\? & back aga91 =m leagues1 e/abli% realms1 head conf$]ations1 :i* melt l %apes we =m f cl\ds to no?+4 ,at "o "t ! ,pope & ,emp]or use ,italy z ! ar5a ( a deadly duel1 draw+ ! congregat$ =ces ( ! nation into _! dispute4 ,at ano!r !y jo9 h&s to divide ! spoil ( ru9$ prov9ces4 ,great g5]als ) armies at _! backs />t into be+ f app>5t no?+ness1 dispute ! sov]eignty ( ,italy 9 bloodless battles1 f\nd ephem]al dyna/ies1 & pass away l mi/s ^u a m\nta9-side b5ea? a puff ( w9d4 ,conflict1 ru91 desolation1 an>*y are ev] yield+ place to concord1 re/oration1 peace1 prosp]ity1 & !n recurr+ ) a mighty flood ( viol5ce4 ,con/ruction1 de/ruction1 & recon/ruction play _! "p 9 crises t h to be c\nt$ by ! ?\s&s4 ,9 ! mean "t1 f ?is hurricane ( disord] rises ! cle> ideal ( ! national g5ius4 ,italy becomes self-consci\s & atta9s ! spiritual primacy ( mod]n ,europe4 ,art1 ,le>n+1 ,lit]ature1 ,/ate-craft1 ,philosophy1 ,sci5ce build a sacr$ & inviolable city ( ! s\l amid ! tumult ( sev5 ?\s& revolutions1 ! du/ & cra% ( fall+ cities1 ! trampl+s ( recurr5t invasions1 ! infamies & outrages ( tyrants & m>aud]s :o oppress ! l&4 ,un%ak5 by ! /orms t rage ar\nd x1 ?is refuge ( ! _s1 rais$ by ,italian poets1 ?9k]s1 arti/s1 s*ol>s1 & discov]]s1 gr[s unceas+ly 9 bulk & /r5g?1 until ! y\ng] nations take _! place b5ea? its ample dome4 ,!n1 :ile yet ! ?+ ( wond] & ( beauty /&s 9 fre% p]fection1 at t supreme mom5t :5 ,italy is tranquil & suffici5t to fulfill ! noble/ mission = ! _w1 we f9d h] cru%$ & trampl$ "u foot4 ,h] tempe/u\s b spl5did /ory closes 9 ! calm ( tyranny impos$ by ,spa94 ,ov] ?is v]tig9\s abyss ( hi/ory1 :]e ! memories ( antique civilization bl5d ) ! gr[+ impulses ( mod]n life 9 an un9t]rupt$ sequ5ce ( national consci\sness2 ?r\gh ?is _m-*amb]$ laboratory ( conflict+ pr9ciples1 :]e ! ideals ( ! ,middle ,age are %ap$1 & laws are fram$ = ,europe2 across ?is wond]-l& ( wan+ & ( wax+ culture1 :]e ,go?s1 ,greeks1 ,lomb>ds1 ,franks1 & ,normans come to =m !mselves by contact ) ! ev]-liv+ s\l ( ,rome2 :]e ,fr5*m51 ,spani>ds1 ,swiss1 & ,g]mans at a lat] p]iod battle = ! ri*e/ prize 9 ,europe1 & le>n by conque/ f ! conqu]$ to be m52 h[ %all we guide our c\rse8 ,if we foll[ ! =tunes ( ! ,*ur*1 & make ! ,papacy ! ?read on :i* ! hi/ory ( ,italy %all hang1 we ga9 ! advantage ( bas+ our n>rative ^u ! mo/ vital & cont9u\s memb] ( ! body politic4 ,b we are soon =c$ to lose sight ( ! ,italians 9 ! cr[d ( o!r ,*ri/ian races4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* is cosmopolitan4 ,! ,sph]e ( ! ,papacy ext5ds 9 all directions ar\nd ,italy tak5 z a local c5t]4 ,its influ5ce1 moreov]1 0 inv>iably "o ( discord r ?an ( h>mony )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! p59sula4 ,if we take ! ,empire z our /&+-gr\nd1 we h to write ! annals ( a su/a9$ /ruggle1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! ,italian cities 7 successful1 :5 !y r$uc$ ! ,emp]or to ! condition ( an abs5tee ) m]ely nom9al privileges4 ,aft] ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ! ,empire play$ no important "p 9 ,italy until its rights 7 reass]t$ by ,*>les ,v4 ^u ! plat=m ( mod]n politics4 ,a p[] s ext]nal to ! true life ( ! nation1 s successfully resi/$1 s impot5t to control ! developm5t ( ! ,italians1 _c be *os5 z ! c5tral po9t ( _! hi/ory4 ,if we elect ! ,republics1 we are met ) ano!r class ( difficulties4 ,! hi/orian :o makes ! ,commune 8 unit1 :o conf9es att5tion to ! gradual developm5t1 reciprocal animosities1 & f9al decad5ce ( ! republics1 c h>dly d ju/ice to ! ,k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies & ! ,papacy1 :i* occupy no less ?an half ! c\ntry4 ,aga91 ! great age ( ! ,r5aissance1 :5 all ! free burghs accept$ ! rule ( despots1 & :5 ! g5ius ( ! ,italians culm9at$1 is = him a p]iod ( d[nfall & degradation4 ,besides1 he leaves ! hi/ory ( ! ,italian p be=e ! />t+-po9t ( ! ,republics unexpla9$4 ,he has1 at ! close ( _! c>e]1 to acc\nt = ! reason :y ^! ,communes1 s p[]ful 9 self-developm5t1 s intellig5t1 s weal?y1 & s capable ( play+ (f ! ,pope aga9/ ! ,empire1 fail$ to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,9 o!r words he selects "o phase ( ,italian evolution1 & writes a n>rative t _c b be p>tial4 ,if we make ! ,despots our ma9 po9t1 we repeat ! same error 9 a worse =m4 ,! ,despotisms imply ! ,communes z _! pr$ecessors4 ,ea* & all ( !m grew up & fl\ri%$ on ! soil ( decad5t or tir$ ,republics4 ,?\gh !y are all-important at "o p]iod ( ,italian hi/ory--! p]iod ( ! pres5t "w--!y d b =m an episode 9 ! great epic ( ! nation4 ,he :o attempts a g5]al hi/ory ( ,italy f ! po9t ( view ( ! despotisms1 is tak+ a s+le sc5e = ! :ole drama4 ,f9ally we might pref] ! p--t p1 in/9ctively & p]si/5tly fai?ful to ,roman traditions1 :i* absorb$ into itself ! successive hordes ( b>b>ian invad]s1 civiliz$ !m1 & adopt$ !m z m5 ( ,italy2 t p :i* de/roy$ ! k+doms ( ! ,go?s & ,lomb>ds humbl$ ! ,empire at ,legnano1 & evolv$ ! ,communes2 t p :i* resi/$ ali5 feudalism1 & sp5t its prime ^u eradicat+ e trace ( ! repugnant sy/em f its mid/2 t p :i* f9ally atta9$ to ! consci\sness ( national unity by ! recov]y ( s*ol>%ip & culture "u ! dom9ion ( despotic pr9ces4 ,?is p is ,italy4 ,b ! docum5ts t %\ld ?r[ light ^u ! e>ly annals ( ! p are defici5t4 ,x does n appe> ^u ! sc5e be=e ! reign ( ,o?o ,i4 ,nor does x become supreme till aft] ! ,peace ( ,con/ance4 ,its biography is b\nd up ) t ( ! republics & ! despots4 ,be=e ! date ( _! asc5d5cy we h to deal ) ,bi%ops ( ,rome1 ,emp]ors ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,ex>*s & ,k+s ( ,italy1 ! feudal ,lords ( ! ,m>*es1 ! ,dukes & ,c\nts ( ,lomb>d & ,franki% rul]s4 ,?r\gh t long p]iod ( incubation1 :5 ,italy fre$ h]self f dep5d5ce ^u ,byzantium1 creat$ ! ,papacy & =m$ ! second ,roman ,empire1 ! p exi/s only z a _s resid5t 9 ,roman t[ns & fo/]$ by ! ,*ur*1 :i* effectually repell$ all attempts at mon>*ical unity1 play+ ! ,lomb>ds (f aga9/ ! ,go?s1 ! ,franks aga9/ ! ,lomb>ds1 ! ,normans aga9/ ! ,greeks1 m]g+ ! ,italian ,k+dom 9 ! ,empire :5 x became ,g]man1 & resi/+ ! ,empire ( its own creation :5 ! t[ns at la/ 7 /rong en\gh to /& alone4 ,to speak ab\t ! p 9 ?is e>ly p]iod is1 !re=e1 to invoke a my?2 to write its hi/ory is ! same z writ+ an ideal hi/ory ( m$iaeval ,europe4 ,! tru? is t none ( ^! /&po9ts 9 isolation suffices = ! /ud5t ( ,italy4 ,h] inn] hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( social & intellectual progress evolv+ itself "u ! conditions ( attraction & repulsion g5]at$ by ! d\ble ideas ( ,papacy & ,empire4 ,political unity is ev]y:]e & at all times imp]i\sly reject$4 ,! mo/ v>i$ con/itutional =ms are ne$$ = ! self-effectuation ( a race t has no analogue 9 ,europe4 ,! !ocracy ( ,rome1 ! mon>*y ( ,naples1 ! ari/ocracy ( ,v5ice1 ! democracy ( ,flor5ce1 ! tyranny ( ,milan are equally in/rum5tal 9 elaborat+ ! national g5ius t gave art1 lit]ature1 & m5tal lib]ty to mod]n society4 ,! /ruggles ( city ) city = supremacy or b>e exi/5ce1 ! int]nec9e w>s ( p>ty aga9/ p>ty1 ! nev]-end+ cla% ( pr9ciples )9 ! ,/ates1 educat$ ! p to multif>i\s & vivid en]gy4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^? long complicat$ conte/s1 ! *ief c5t]s acquir$ sep>ate p]sonalities1 assum$ ! physiognomy ( consci\s fre$om1 & /amp$ ! m>k ( _! own _s on _! citiz5s4 ,at ! end ( all discords1 at ! close ( all cata/rophes1 we f9d 9 ea* ( ! great t[ns a population releas$ f m5tal bondage & fitt$ to p]=m ! "w ( intellectual emancipation = ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,?us ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,italy is div]sity1 controll$ & h>moniz$ by an ideal rhy?m ( progressive movem5t4#a ,we :o are ma9ly occupi$ 9 ?is book ) ! ,italian g5ius z x express$ itself 9 society1 s*ol>%ip1 f9e art1 & lit]ature1 at its mo/ brilliant p]iod ( r5asc5ce1 may accept ?is fact ( political dismemb]m5t ) acquiesc5ce4 ,x 0 to ! v>iety ( conditions (f]$ by ! ,italian communities t we owe ! unexampl$ ri*ness ( ! m5tal life ( ,italy4 ,yet x is impossible to ov]look ! weakness inflict$ on ! p by ^? same conditions :5 ! "t came = ,italy to try h] /r5g? aga9/ ! nations ( ,europe4#b ,x 0 !n %[n t ! div]sities :i* /imulat$ spiritual en]gy 7 a fatal s\rce ( national in/ability4 ,! pride ( ! ,italians 9 _! local indep5d5ce1 _! intol]ance ( unification "u a s+le head1 ! jeal\sies t prev5t$ !m f =m+ a p]man5t conf$]ation1 r5d]$ !m incapable ( cop+ ) races :i* _h yield$ to ! c5tripetal =ce ( mon>*y4 ,if x is true t ! unity ( ! nation "u a k+dom f\nd$ at ,pavia w\ld h depriv$ ! _w ( mu* t ,italy has yield$ 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght & art1 x is c]ta9ly n less true t su* c5tralization alone c\ld h av]t$ ! ru9 ( ! sixte5? c5tury :i* gives ! aspect ( a trag$y to ea* volume ( my "w on ! ,r5aissance4 #a ,see ,guicci>d9i 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bh7 = an eloqu5t demon/ration ( ! happ9ess1 prosp]ity1 & spl5dor conf]r$ on ! ,italians by ! indep5d5ce ( _! sev]al c5t]s4 ,he is argu+ aga9/ ,ma*iavelli's lam5tation ov] _! failure to a*ieve national unity4 #b ,?is 0 ! po9t urg$ by ,ma*iavelli1 9 ! ,pr9cipe1 ! ,discorsi1 & ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,) ke5] political insight ?an ,guicci>d9i1 he p]ceiv$ t ! old felicity ( ,italy 0 ab\t to fail h] ?r\gh ! v indep5d5ce ( h] local c5t]s1 :i* ,guicci>d9i rightly recogniz$ z ! s\rce ( h] unp>allel$ civilization & weal?4 ,! "o ?+ ne$ful 9 ! %ock ) ,france & ,spa9 0 unity4 ,)\t seek+ to attack ! :ole problem ( ,italian hi/ory1 two ma9 topics mu/ be briefly discuss$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] be=e ent]+ on ! prop] matt] ( ?is "w4 ,! fir/ relates to ! gr[? ( ! ,communes1 :i* prec$$1 necessitat$1 & det]m9$ ! despotisms ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! second raises ! "q :y ,italian diff]s f any o!r national hi/ory1 :y ! p fail$ to a*ieve unity ei!r "u a sov]eign or 9 a p[]ful conf$]ation4 ,^! two subjects ( inquiry are closely connect$ & int]dep5d5t4 ,!y br+ into play ! sev]al po9ts t h be5 indicat$ z p>tially & imp]fectly explanatory ( ! problem ( ,italy4 ,b1 s9ce ,i h und]tak5 to write nei!r a con/itutional nor a political hi/ory1 b a hi/ory ( culture at a c]ta9 epo*1 x w be en\gh to treat ( ^! two que/ions briefly1 ) ! special view ( %[+ "u :at conditions ! civilization ( ! ,r5aissance came to maturity 9 num]\s indep5d5t ,communes1 r$uc$ at la/ by necess>y laws ( circum/ance to tyranny2 & h[ x 0 *eck$ at ! po9t ( transition to its second phase ( mod]n exi/5ce1 by political weakness insep>able f ! want ( national coh]5ce 9 ! %ock ) mighti] milit>y races4 ,mod]n ,italian hi/ory may be said to beg9 ) ! retirem5t ( ,honorius to ,rav5na & ! subsequ5t f\ndation ( ,odoac]'s ,k+dom 9 #dgf4 ,! ,we/]n ,empire end$1 & ,rome 0 recogniz$ z a ,republic4 ,:5 ,z5o s5t ! ,go?s into ,italy1 ,!odoric e/abli%$ himself at ,rav5na1 cont9u$ ! in/itutions & usages ( ! anci5t ,empire1 & s\ght by bl5d+ ) ! p to naturalize 8 ali5 au?ority4 ,rome 0 respect$ z ! sacr$ city ( anci5t culture & civility4 ,h] ,consuls1 appo9t$ by ! ,s5ate1 7 confirm$ 9 due c\rse by ! ,greek ,emp]or2 & ,!odoric made himself ! viceg]5t ( ! ,caes>s r ?an an indep5d5t sov]eign4 ,:5 we criticise ! ,o/ro-,go?ic occupation by ! light ( subsequ5t hi/ory1 x is cle> t ?is exclusion ( ! capital f ,!odoric's conque/ & 8 v5]ation = ! ,et]nal ,city 7 fatal to ! unity ( ! ,italian realm4 ,f ! mom5t t ,rome 0 sep>at$ f ! au?ority ( ! ,italian ,k+s1 !re exi/$ two p[]s 9 ! ,p59sula--! "o secul>1 mon>*ical1 ) ! milit>y /r5g? ( ! b>b>ians impos$ ^u its anci5t municipal organization2 ! o!r ecclesia/ical1 pontifical1 rely+ on ! undef9$ ambitions ( ,s4 ,pet]'s ,see & ! unconqu]$ in/9cts ( ! ,roman p scatt]$ ?r\gh ! /ill surviv+ cities4#a ,ju/9ian1 b5t ^u ass]t+ 8 rights z ! successor ( ! ,caes>s1 wre/$ ,italy f ! h&s ( ! ,go?s2 b sc>cely 0 ?is revolution effect$ :5 ,n>ses1 ! successor ( ,belis>ius1 call$ a new nation ( b>b>ians to support 8 policy 9 ,italy4 ,n>ses di$ be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,lomb>ds2 b !y desc5d$1 9 =ces f> m =midable ?an ! ,go?s1 & e/abli%$ a second k+dom at ,pavia4 ,"u ! ,lomb>d dom9ation ,rome 0 left unt\*$4 ,v5ice1 ) h] population ga!r$ f ! ru9s ( ! neighbor+ ,roman cities1 rema9$ 9 quasi-subjection to ! ,empire ( ! ,ea/4 ,rav5na became a ,greek g>rison1 rul+ ! ,ex>*ate & ,p5tapolis "u ! "n ( ! ,byzant9e ,emp]ors4 ,! we/]n coa/ escap$ ! ,lomb>d dom9ation2 = ,g5oa grew sl[ly into p[] ^u h] n>r[ cornice betwe5 hills & sea1 :ile ,pisa defi$ ! b>b>ians intr5*$ 9 milit>y /ations at ,fiesole & ,lucca4 ,9 l mann] ! isl&s1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,corsica1 7 deta*$ f ! ,lomb>d ,k+dom2 & ! m>itime cities ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,b>i1 ,naples1 ,amalfi1 & ,gaeta ass]t$ indep5d5ce "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,greek asc5d5cy4 ,:at ! ,lomb>ds a*iev$ 9 _! conque/1 & :at !y fail$ to accompli%1 decid$ ! future ( ,italy4 ,!y broke ! c\ntry up into unequal blocks2 = :ile ! inl& regions ( ! nor? obey$ ,pavia1 :ile ! great du*ies ( ,spoleto 9 ! c5t] & ( ,b5ev5to 9 ! s\? own$ ! nom9al sway ( ,albo9's successors1#b ,v5ice & ! ,rivi]a1 ,pisa & ! m>itime republics ( ,apulia & ,calabria1 ,rav5na & ! isl&s1 repell$ _! sov]eignty4 ,rome rema9$ inviolable b5ea? ! aegis ( h] anci5t pre/ige1 & ! decad5t ,empire ( ! ,ea/ 0 too in]t to *eck ! fre$om ( ! t[ns :i* recogniz$ its titul> supremacy4 #a ,:5 ,i apply ! t]m ,roman "h & else:]e to ! inhabitants ( ! ,italian t[ns1 ,i wi% to indicate ! indig5\s ,italic populations mold$ by ,roman rule into homog5eity4 ,! resurg5ce ( ?is population & its reatta9m5t ( intellectual consci\sness by ! recov]y ( pa/ traditions & ! rejection ( =eign influ5ce con/itutes ! hi/ory ( ,italy ^u ! close ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 #b ,x w be rememb]$ by /ud5ts ( e>ly ,italian hi/ory t ,b5ev5to & ,spoleto jo9$ ! ,*ur* 9 h] w> ^u ! ,lomb>d k+dom4 ,spoleto 0 brok5 up4 ,b5ev5to surviv$ z a ,lomb>d du*y till ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,lomb>ds endur$ two c5turies1 & left ineffaceable m>ks ^u ,italy4 ,a cordon ( milit>y cities 0 drawn r\nd ! old ,roman c5t]s 9 ,lomb>dy1 ,tuscany1 & ! ,du*y ( ,spoleto4 ,pavia rose aga9/ ,milan1 :i* _h be5 a second ,rome1 ,cividale aga9/ ,aquileia1 ,fiesole aga9/ ,flor5ce1 ,lucca aga9/ ,pisa4 ,! c\ntry 0 divid$ into ,du*ies & ,m>*es2 milit>y s]vice 0 exact$ f ! population1 & ! laws ( ! ,lomb>ds1 as99um jus1 quoddam jus quod faciebant reges p] se1 z ! juri/s aft]w>ds def9$ !m1 7 impos$ ^u ! desc5dants ( ,roman civilization4 ,yet ! outly+ cities ( ! sea-coa/1 z we h already se51 7 indep5d5t2 & ,rome rema9$ to be ! c5t] ( revolution>y ideas1 ! rally+-po9t ( a policy inimical to ,lomb>d unity4 ,n long aft] _! settlem5t1 ! pr9ces ( ! ,lomb>d race took ! fatal /ep ( jo9+ ! ,ca?olic communion1 :]eby !y /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ,rome & exclud$ !mselves f tyranniz+ 9 ! la/ resort ov] ! gr[+ indep5d5ce ( ! ,papal ,see4 ,! causes ( _! conv]sion f ,arianism to or?odox ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity are buri$ 9 obscurity4 ,b x is probable t !y 7 driv5 to ?is measure by ! rebelli\sness ( _! great vassals & ! necessity ( re/+ = support ^u ! indig5\s populations !y _h subjugat$4 ,rome1 pr(it+ by ! errors & ! weakness ( h] antagoni/s1 ext5d$ h] spiritual dom9ion by en=c+ sacram5ts1 ordeals1 & appeals to ecclesia/ical tribunals1 organiz$ h] hi]>*y "u ,gregory ! ,great1 & lo/ no opportunity ( enri*+ & aggr&iz+ h] bi%oprics4 ,9 #gah %e %ook (f ! yoke ( ,byzantium by repell+ ! h]esies ( ,leo ! ,isaurian2 & :5 ?is insurrection m5ac$ h] ) ! dome/ic tyranny ( ! ,lomb>d ,k+s1 :o possess$ !mselves ( ,rav5na 9 #gbh1 %e call$ ! ,franks to h] aid aga9/ ! n[ p[]ful realm4 ,/eph5 ,,ii4 j\rney$ 9 #gec to ,gaul1 nam$ ,pipp9 ,patrician ( ,rome1 & invit$ him to ! conque/ ( ,italy4 ,9 ! w> t foll[$1 ! ,franks subdu$ ! ,lomb>ds1 & ,*>les ! ,great 0 inve/$ ) _! k+dom & cr[n$ ,emp]or 9 #hjj by ,leo ,,iii4 at ,rome4 ,! fam\s compact betwe5 ,*>les ! ,great & ! ,pope 0 9 effect a ratification ( ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s4 ,! new ,emp]or took = himself & conv]t$ into a ,franki% ,k+dom all ! prov9ces t _h be5 wre/$ f ! ,lomb>ds4 ,he rel9qui%$ to ! ,papacy ,rome ) its patrimony1 ! portions ( ,spoleto & ,b5ev5to t _h already yield$ to ! ,see ( ,s4 ,pet]1 ! s\!rn prov9ces t own$ ! nom9al asc5d5cy ( ,byzantium1 ! isl&s & ! cities ( ! ,ex>*ate & ,p5tapolis :i* =m$ no "p ( ! ,lomb>d conque/4 ,by ?is /ipulation no real temporal p[] 0 accord$ to ! ,papacy1 nor did ! new ,empire surr5d] its p>am\nt rights ov] ! p59sula at l>ge4 ,! ,italian k+dom1 transf]r$ to ! ,franks 9 #hjj1 0 ! k+dom f\nd$ by ! ,lomb>ds2 :ile ! outly+ & unconqu]$ di/ricts 7 plac$ b5ea? ! protectorate ( ! p[] :i* _h guid$ _! emancipation4 ,?us ! dualism introduc$ into ,italy by ,!odoric's v5]ation = ,rome1 & confirm$ by ! failure ( ! ,lomb>d conque/1 0 ratifi$ 9 ! settlem5t :]eby ! ,pope gave a new ,empire to ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,v5ice1 ,pisa1 ,g5oa1 & ! m>itime ,republics ( ! s\?1 exclud$ f ! k+dom1 7 left to pursue _! own c\rse ( indep5d5ce2 & ?is is ! *ief among _m reasons :y !y rose s e>ly into prom95ce4 ,rome consolidat$ h] anci5t patrimonies & ext5d$ h] rector%ip 9 ! c5t]1 :ile ! ,franki% k+s1 :o succe$$ ea* o!r ?r\gh eight reigns1 develop$ ! ,regno ^u feudal pr9ciples by p>cel+ ! l& among _! ,c\nts4 ,new m>*es 7 =m$1 trav]s+ ! previ\s ,lomb>d fabric & introduc+ divisions t dec5traliz$ ! k+dom4 ,?us ! great vassals ( ,ivrea1 ,v]ona1 ,tuscany1 & ,spoleto rais$ !mselves aga9/ ,pavia4 ,! mon>*s1 plac$ betwe5 ! ,papacy & _! ambiti\s nobles1 7 unable to consolidate ! realm2 & :5 ,b]5g>1 ! la/ indep5d5t sov]eign /rove to en=ce ! decl9+ au?ority ( ,pavia1 he 0 met ) ! resi/ance & ! hatr$ ( ! nation4 ,! k+dom ,b]5g> attempt$ to ma9ta9 aga9/ 8 vassals & ! ,*ur* 0 virtually abrogat$ by ,o?o ,i41 :om ! ,lomb>d nobles summon$ into ,italy 9 #iea4 ,:5 he reappe>$ 9 #ifa1 he 0 cr[n$ ,emp]or at ,rome1 & assum$ ! title ( ! ,k+ ( ,italy4 ,?us ! ,regno 0 m]g$ 9 ! ,empire1 & ,pavia ceas$ to be a capital4 ,h5ce=? ! two great pot5tates 9 ! p59sula 7 an un>m$ ,pontiff & an abs5t ,emp]or4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,italians %[s h[ !y succe$$ 9 r$uc+ bo? ^! p[]s to ! condition ( pr9ciples1 ma9ta9+ ! pontifical & imp]ial ideas1 b repell+ ! practical au?ority ( ei!r pot5tate4 ,o?o creat$ new m>*es & gave !m to m5 ( ,g]man orig94 ,! h\ses ( ,savoy & ,montf]rat rose into importance 9 8 reign4 ,to ,v]ona 7 intru/$ ! passes betwe5 ,g]many & ,italy4 ,! ,pr9ces ( ,e/e at ,f]r>a held ! keys ( ! ,po1 :ile ! family ( ,canossa accumulat$ fiefs t /ret*$ f ,mantua across ! pla9 ( ,lomb>dy1 ov] ! ,ap5n9es to ,lucca1 & s\?w>d to ,spoleto4 ,?us ! anci5t ,italy ( ,lomb>ds & ,franks 0 sup]s$$ by a new ,italy ( ,g]man feudalism1 ow+ allegiance to a suz]a9 ^: int]e/s deta9$ him 9 ! prov9ces beyond ! ,alps4 ,at ! same "t ! organization ( ! ,*ur* 0 =tifi$4 ,! ,bi%ops 7 plac$ on an equality ) ! ,c\nts 9 ! *ief cities1 & ,visc\nts 7 creat$ to repres5t _! civil jurisdiction4 ,x is difficult to exagg]ate ! importance ( ,o?o's concessions to ! ,bi%ops4 ,dur+ ! prec$+ p]iod ( ,franki% rule ab\t "o ?ird ( ! soil ( ,italy _h be5 yield$ to ! ,*ur*1 :i* _h ! "r ( free+ its vassals f milit>y s]vice2 & s9ce ! ecclesia/ical sees 7 f\nd$ ^u anci5t sites ( ,roman civilization1 )\t reg>d to ! milit>y c5t]s ( ! b>b>ian k+doms1 ! new privileges ( ! ,bi%ops accru$ to ! b5efit ( ! indig5\s population4 ,milan1 = example1 d[n-trodd5 by ,pavia1 /ill rema9$ ! major ,see ( ,lomb>dy4 ,aquileia1 ?\gh a des]t1 _h h] patri>*1 :ile ,cividale1 e/abli%$ z a =tress to co]ce ! neighbor+ ,roman t[ns1 0 ecclesia/ically b a village4 ,at ?is epo* a ?ird p[] em]g$ 9 ,italy4 ,b]5g> _h giv5 ! cities p]mission to inclose !mselves ) walls 9 ord] to repel ! invasions ( ! ,huns4#a ,o?o respect$ _! "r ( self-def5se1 & f ! date ( 8 coronation ! hi/ory ( ! free burghs beg9s 9 ,italy4 ,x is at fir/ closely connect$ ) ! *anges wr\ght by ! ext9ction ( ! k+dom ( ,pavia1 by ! exaltation ( ! cl]gy1 & by ! dislocation ( ! previ\s sy/em ( feud-hold+1 :i* foll[$ ^u ,o?o's det]m9ation to remodel ! c\ntry 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,! ,regno 0 aboli%$4 ,! anci5t l&m>ks ( nobility 7 alt]$ & confus$4 ,! cities "u _! ,bi%ops assum$ a novel "* ( indep5d5ce4 ,^? ( ,roman orig91 be+ ecclesia/ical c5t]s1 _h a di/ant advantage ov] ! m rec5t f\ndations ( ! ,lomb>d & ! ,franki% mon>*s4 ,! ,italic population ev]y:]e em]g$ & display$ a vitality t _h be5 cru%$ & ov]laid by c5turies ( invasion & milit>y oppression4 #a ,x is wor?y ( notice t to ?is date belongs ! w>-*ant ( ! ,mod5ese s5t9els1 ) its allusions to ,troy & ,hector1 :i* is recogniz$ z ! e>lie/ specim5 ( ! ,italian h5decasyllabic met]4 ,! burghs at ?is epo* may be reg>d$ z lum9\s po9ts 9 ! d5se d>kness ( feudal ari/ocracy4#a ,ga!r+ r\nd _! ,ca!dral z a c5t]1 ! t[ns inclose _! dwell+s ) ba/ions1 f :i* !y gaze ^u a c\ntry bri/l+ ) ca/les1 occupi$ by s]fs1 & lord$ ov] by ! hi]>*ical nobility4 ,)9 ! city ! ,bi%op & ! ,c\nt hold equal sway2 b ! ,bi%op has ^u 8 side ! sympa?ies & passions ( ! burgh]s4 ,! fir/ ef=t ( ! t[ns is to expel ! ,c\nt f _! mid/4 ,"s accid5t ( misrule infuriates ! citiz5s4 ,!y fly to arms & are support$ by ! ,bi%op4 ,! ,c\nt has to retire to ! op5 c\ntry1 :]e he /r5g!ns himself 9 8 ca/le4#b ,!n ! ,bi%op rema9s victor 9 ! t[n1 & =ms a gov]nm5t ( ri* & noble burgh]s1 :o control ) him ! =tunes ( ! new-born /ate4 ,at ?is crisis we beg9 to he> = ! fir/ "t a ^w t has be5 mu* misund]/ood4 ,! ,popolo appe>s ^u ! sc5e4 ,int]pret+ ! pa/ by ! pres5t1 & import+ ! connotation ga9$ by ! ^w p 9 ! revolutions ( ! la/ two c5turies1 /ud5ts are apt to assume t ! ,popolo ( ! ,italian burghs includ$ ! :ole population4 ,9 reality x 0 at fir/ a close ari/ocracy ( influ5tial families1 to :om ! au?ority ( ! sup]s$$ ,c\nts 0 transf]r$ 9 commission1 & :o held x by h]$it>y "r4#c ,unless we firmly grasp ?is fact1 ! subsequ5t vicissitudes ( ! ,italian commonweal?s are un9telligible1 & ! elaborate def9itions ( ! ,flor5t9e doctr9aires lose half _! mean+4 ,! int]nal revolutions ( ! free cities 7 almo/ inv>iably caus$ by ! necessity ( enl>g+ ! ,popolo1 & ext5d+ its fran*ise to ! non-privileg$ inhabitants4 ,ea* ef=t aft] expansion provok$ an ob/9ate resi/ance f ^? families :o held ! rights ( burgh]%ip2 & ?us ! te*nical t]ms primo popolo1 secondo popolo1 popolo grasso1 popolo m9uto1 frequ5tly occurr+ 9 ! records ( ! ,republics1 indicate sev]al /ages 9 ! progress f olig>*y to democracy4 ,! con/itution ( ! city at ?is e>ly p]iod 0 simple4 ,at ! head ( its adm9i/ration /ood ! ,bi%op1 ) ! ,popolo ( enfran*is$ burgh]s4 ,! ,commune includ$ ! ,popolo1 toge!r ) ! non-qualifi$ inhabitants1 & 0 repres5t$ by ,consuls1 v>y+ 9 numb] accord+ to ! division ( ! t[n into qu>t]s4#d ,?us ! ,commune & ! ,popolo 7 orig9ally sep>ate bodies2 & ?is di/9ction has be5 p]petuat$ 9 ! ar*itecture ( ^? t[ns :i* /ill c %[ a ,palazzo del ,popolo ap>t f ! ,palazzo del ,commune4 ,s9ce ! affairs ( ! city _h to be conduct$ by discussion1 we f9d ,c\ncils correspond+ to ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! burgh4 ,!re is ! ,p>lam5to1 9 :i* ! inhabitants meet toge!r to he> ! decisions ( ! ,bi%op & ! ,popolo1 or to take measures 9 extreme cases t affect ! city z a :ole2 ! ,gran ,consiglio1 :i* is only op5 to duly qualifi$ memb]s ( ! ,popolo2 & ! ,cr$5za1 or privy c\ncil ( specially delegat$ burgh]s1 :o debate on matt]s dem&+ secrecy & diplomacy4 ,su*1 g5]ally speak+1 & )\t reg>d to local diff]5ces1 0 ! int]nal con/itution ( an ,italian city dur+ ! supremacy ( ! ,bi%ops4 #a ,x is n necess>y to raise antiqu>ian que/ions "h relat+ to ! orig9 ( ! ,italian ,commune4 ,:e!r reg>d$ z a survival ( ! anci5t ,roman municipium or z an (f%oot f ! ,lomb>d guild1 x 0 a new bir? ( mod]n times1 a new organism evolv$ to express ! functions ( ,italian z diff]5t f anci5t ,roman or m$iaeval ,lomb>d life4 ,! affection ( ! p = _! pa/ induc$ !m to use ! nom5clature ( ,lat9 civility = ! (fic]s & c\ncils ( ! ,commune4 ,?us a speci\s air ( classical antiquity1 r lit]>y & s5tim5tal ?an real1 0 giv5 to ! ,commune at ! outset4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,rome h]self _h suff]$ no sub/antial int]ruption ( republican exi/5ce dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,!re=e ! free burghs1 ?\gh _! vitality 0 ! outcome ( :olly new conditions1 ?\gh !y 7 built up ( guilds & associations repres5t+ int]e/s ( mod]n orig91 flatt]$ !mselves ) an un9t]rupt$ municipal succession f ! ,roman era1 & po9t$ = pro( to ! ,et]nal ,city4 #b ,! ,italian ^w contado is a survival f ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,x repres5ts a mom5t 9 ! national developm5t :5 ! sph]e ( ! ,c\nt outside ! city 0 def9$ aga9/ ! sph]e ( ! municipality4 ,! ,contad9i are ! p ( ! ,contado1 ! ,c\nt's m54 #c ,ev5 ,petr>*1 9 8 lett] to f\r ,c>d9als 7,lett4 ,fam4 xi4 #af1 ed4 ,fracassetti7 on ! re=mation ( ! ,roman ,commonweal?1 recomm5ds ! exclusion ( ! neighbor+ burghs & all /rang]s1 inclusive ( ! ,colonna & ,ors9i families1 f ! fran*ise4 ,none b pure ,romans1 h[ to be discov]$ f ! colluviet omnium g5tium deposit$ ^u ! ,sev5 ,hills by c5turies ( immigration he does n cle>ly say1 %\ld be *os5 to revive ! fall5 maje/y ( ! ,republic4 ,see 9 p>ticul> ! p]oration ( 8 argum5t 7op4 cit4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ie74 ,9 o!r words1 he aims at a n>r[ ,popolo1 a pura cittad9anza1 9 ! s5se ( ,cacciaguida ,p>4 xvi4 #d ,9 "s places we f9d z _m z twelve ,consuls4 ,x appe>s t bo? ! con/itu5t families ( ! ,popolo & ! numb]s ( ! ,consuls 7 det]m9$ by ! ,sections ( ! city1 s _m be+ told (f = ea* qu>t]4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,italy n a few ( ! great] vassals1 among :om may be m5tion$ ! h\ses ( ,canossa1 ,montf]rat1 ,savoy1 & ,e/e1 creations ( ! ,salic ,emp]ors1 look$ ) favor ^u ! developm5t ( ! t[ns1 :ile "s nobles w5t s f> z to con/itute !mselves feudatories ( ,bi%ops4#a ,! angry w>f>e c>ri$ on aga9/ ,canossa by ! ,lomb>d b>ons has probably to be int]pret$ by ! jeal\sy ?is popul> policy excit$4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany 7 e/abli%+ _! municipal lib]ties1 a sympa!tic movem5t began 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 :i* result$ 9 ! conque/ ( ,apulia1 ,calabria1 & ,sicily by ! ,normans4 ,omitt+ all ! details ( ?is episode1 ?an :i* no?+ m dramatic is pres5t$ by ! hi/ory ( mod]n nations1 x mu/ be en\gh to po9t out "h t ! ,normans f9ally sev]$ ,italy f ! ,greek ,empire1 gave a mon>*ical /amp to ! s\? ( ! p59sula1 & br\ght ! ,regno !y consolidat$ into ! sph]e ( national politics "u ! protection ( ! ,pope4 ,up to ! date ( _! conque/ ,s\!rn ,italy _h a sep>ate & confus$ hi/ory4 ,x n[ ent]$ ! ,italian community1 & by ! peculi> circum/ances ( its cession to ! ,holy ,see 0 de/9$ 9 ! future to become ! *ief in/rum5t :]eby ! ,popes di/urb$ ! equilibrium ( ! p59sula 9 fur!rance ( _! ambiti\s s*emes4 #a ,! ,pelavic9i ( ,s4 ,donn9o1 = example1 gave !mselves to ,p>ma4 ,! greatness ( ! ,roman cities "u ! popul> rule ( _! ,bi%ops is illu/rat$ by ,milan1 second only to ,rome 9 ! la/ days ( ! ,empire4 ,milan _h be5 r$uc$ to ! condition ( abject mis]y by ! ,k+s1 :o sp>$ no pa9s to exalt ,pavia at ! exp5se ( h] eld] si/]4 ,aft] ! dissolution ( ! k+dom1 %e />t$ into a new life1 & 9 #ajcg h] ar*bi%op1 ,h]ib]t1 0 s+l$ out by ,conrad ,,ii4 z ! protagoni/ ( ! episcopal revolution aga9/ feudalism4#a ,h]ib]t 0 9 tru? ! h]o ( ! burghs 9 _! fir/ /rife = indep5d5ce4 ,x 0 he :o devis$ ! ,c>roccio1 an imm5se c> drawn by ox51 be>+ ! bann] ( ! ,commune1 ) an alt> & prie/s m9i/rant1 ar\nd :i* ! pikem5 ( ! city mu/]$ :5 !y w5t to w>4 ,?is inv5tion ( ,h]ib]t's 0 soon adopt$ by ! cities ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,x gave cohesion & confid5ce to ! citiz5s1 rem9d$ !m t ! ,*ur* 0 on _! side 9 ! /ruggle = fre$om1 & s]v$ z symbol ( _! milit>y /r5g? 9 union4 ,! fir/ au!ntic records ( a ,p>liam5t1 embrac+ ! nobles ( ! ,popolo1 ! cl]gy1 & ! multitude1 are transmitt$ to u by ! ,milanese ,*ronicles1 9 :i* ,h]ib]t figures z ! presid5t ( a republic4 ,f ?is date ,milan takes ! lead 9 ! conte/s = municipal indep5d5ce4 ,h] in/itutions l t ( ! ,c>roccio1 toge!r ) h] tameless _s1 are communicat$ to ! neighbor+ cities ( ,lomb>dy1 cross ! ,ap5n9es1 & animate ! anci5t burghs ( ,tuscany4 #a ,he 0 summon$ be=e ! ,diet ( ,pavia = hav+ dispossess$ a noble ( 8 feud4 ,hav+ f\nd$ _! lib]ties ^u ! episcopal presid5cy1 ! cities n[ proce$$ to claim ! "r ( *oos+ _! own ,bi%ops4 ,!y refus$ ! prelates s5t !m by ! ,emp]or1 & dem&$ an election by ! ,*apt]s ( ea* t[n4 ,?is privilege 0 virtually won :5 ! w> ( ,inve/itures broke out 9 #ajgc4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,gregory ,,vi4 9 #ajdf1 ! ,emp]ors resolv$ to en=ce _! "r ( nom9at+ ! ,popes4 ,! two fir/ prelates impos$ on ,rome1 ,clem5t ,,ii4 & ,damatus ,,ii41 di$ "u suspicion ( poison4 ,?us ! ,roman p refus$ a =eign ,pope1 z ! ,lomb>ds _h reject$ ! bi%ops s5t to rule !m4 ,! next ,popes1 ,leo ,,ix4 & ,victor ,,ii41 7 p]suad$ by ,hildebr&1 :o n[ appe>s ^u ! /age1 to und]go a second election at ,rome by ! cl]gy & ! p4 ,!y escap$ assass9ation4 ,b ! fif? ,g]man1 ,/eph5 ,x41 aga9 di$ sudd5ly2 & n[ ! =midable monk ( ,soana felt himself p[]ful en\gh to cause ! election ( 8 own c&idate1 ,ni*olas ,,ii4 ,a ,lat]an c\ncil1 inspir$ by ,hildebr&1 transf]r$ ! election ( ,popes to ! ,c>d9als1 approv$ by ! cl]gy & p ( ,rome1 & confirm$ ! privilege ( ! cities to *oose _! bi%ops1 subject to ,papal ratification4 ,9 #ajgc ,hildebr& assum$ ! ti>a z ,gregory ,,vii41 & decl>$ a w> t la/$ m ?an =ty ye>s aga9/ ! ,empire4 ,at its close 9 #aabb ! ,*ur* & ! ,empire 7 c\nt]pos$ z mutually exclusive autocracies1 ! "o claim+ illimitable spiritual sway1 ! o!r recogniz$ z no less illimitably p>am\nt 9 civil society4 ,f ! pr9ciples rais$ by ,hildebr& & conte/$ 9 ! /ruggles ( ?is duel1 we may date ^? new conceptions ( ! two *ief p[]s ( ,*ri/5dom :i* f\nd f9al expression 9 ! !ocratic philosophy ( ! ,summa & ! imp]ial absolutism ( ! ,de ,mon>*ia4 ,mean:ile ! ,empire & ! ,papacy1 :ile try+ _! =ce aga9/ ea* o!r1 _h prov$ to ,italy _! ess5tial weakness4 ,:at !y ga9$ z ideas1 controll+ ! speculations ( ! next two c5turies1 !y lo/ z pot5tates 9 ! p59sula4 ,x 0 impossible = ei!r ,pope or ,emp]or to c>ry on ! w> )\t bidd+ = ! support ( ! cities2 & !re=e1 at ! end ( ! /ruggle1 ! free burghs f\nd !mselves /r5g!n$ at ! exp5se ( bo? p[]s4 ,/ill x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! w>s ( ,inve/itures1 :ile !y develop$ ! indep5d5t _s & ! milit>y en]gies ( ! ,republics1 p5etrat$ ,italy ) ! vice ( p>ty conflict4 ,! in]adicable divisions ( ,guelf & ,ghibell9e 7 a heavy price to pay = a /ep =w>d on ! pa? ( emancipation2 nor 0 ! ecclesia/ical revolution1 :i* t5d$ to ,italianize ! ,papacy1 :ile x magnifi$ its cosmopolitan asc5d5cy1 o!r ?an a s\rce ( evil to ! nation4 ,! =ces lib]at$ 9 ! cities by ^! w>s br\ght ! ,consuls to ! front4 ,! ,bi%ops _h und]m9$ ! feudal fabric ( ! k+dom1 depress$ ! ,c\nts1 & re/or$ ! ,roman t[ns to prosp]ity4 ,dur+ ! w> bo? ,popolo & ,commune grew 9 vigor1 & _! ,consuls began to use ! au?ority t _h be5 conqu]$ by ! prelates4 ,at fir/ ! ,consuls occupi$ a subord9ate position z m5 ( affairs & not>ies1 ne$$ to transact ! bus9ess ( ! m]cantile inhabitants4 ,!y n[ took ! lead z political ag5ts ( ! fir/ magnitude1 repres5t+ ! city 9 its public acts1 & sup]s$+ ! ecclesia/ics4 ,! ,popolo 0 enl>g$ by ! admission ( new burgh] families1 & ! rul+ ca/e1 ?\gh /ill olig>*ical1 became m fairly repres5tative ( ! inhabitants4 ,?is progress 0 inevitable1 :5 we rememb] t ! cities _h be5 organiz$ = w>f>e1 & t1 except _! ,consuls1 !y _h no (ficials :o comb9$ civil & milit>y functions4 ,"u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,consuls ,roman law 0 ev]y:]e sub/itut$ = ,lomb>d /atutes1 & ano!r /rong bl[ 0 ?us dealt aga9/ decay+ feudalism4 ,! s*ool ( ,bologna eclips$ ! univ]sity ( ,pavia4 ,ju/9ian's ,code 0 /udi$ ) passionate en]gy1 & ! ,italic p en?usia/ically rev]t$ to ! in/itutions ( _! pa/4 ,9 ! fable ( ! ,codex ( ! ,p&ects br\ght by ,pisa f ,amalfi we c trace ! f]vor ( ?is movem5t1 :]eby ! ,romans ( ! cities /ruggl$ aft] resurrection4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ manife/ations ( municipal vitality 0 ! w> ( city aga9/ city1 :i* began to blaze ) fury 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & endur$ s long z free t[ns la/$ to p]petuate ! conflict4 ,no soon] _h ! burghs e/abli%$ !mselves b5ea? ! presid5cy ( _! ,consuls ?an !y turn$ ! arms !y _h acquir$ 9 ! w> ( indep5d5ce1 aga9/ _! neighbors4 ,! ph5om5on 0 n conf9$ to any s+le di/rict4 ,x reveal$ a new necessity 9 ! v con/itution ( ! commonweal?s4 ,p5n$ up )9 ! n>r[ limits ( _! petty dep5d5cies1 ?robb+ ) fre% life1 ov]fl[+ ) a populace inur$ to w>f>e1 dem&+ *annels = _! en]gies 9 comm]ce1 compet+ ) ea* o!r on ! pa?s ( indu/ry1 !y cla%$ 9 deadlie/ duels = brea?+ space & means ( weal?4 ,! occasions t provok$ "o ,commune to decl>e w> ^u its rival 7 trivial4 ,! animosity 0 int]nec9e & p]si/5t4 ,life or dea? hung 9 ! balance4 ,x 0 a conflict = asc5d5cy t br\ght ! /]ne/ passions into play1 & decid$ ! survival ( ! fitte/ among hundr$s ( compet+ cities4 ,! deeply root$ jeal\sies ( ,roman & feudal c5t]s1 ! rec5t p>tisan%ip ( ,papal & ,imp]ial pr9ciples1 imbitt]$ ?is /rife4 ,b :at lay b5ea? all sup]ficial causes ( diss5sion 0 ! economic /ruggle ( communities1 = :om ! soil ( ,italy already _h begun to seem too n>r[4 ,s sup]abundant 7 ! =ces ( h] population1 s va/ 7 ! en]gies emancipat$ by h] atta9m5t ( municipal fre$om1 t ?is mighty "m ( peoples c\ld n af=d equal su/5ance to all h] *ildr54 ,new-born1 !y _h to /rangle "o ano!r z !y hung ^u ! brea/ t gave !m n\ri%m5t4 ,x 0 impossible = ! ,emp]or to ov]look ! app>5t an>*y ( 8 faire/ prov9ce4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa 0 elect$ 9 #aaeb1 8 fir/ ?\ght 0 to r$uce ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,empire to ord]4 ,soon aft] 8 election he desc5d$ into ,lomb>dy & =m$ two leagues among ! cities ( ! ,nor?1 ! "o head$ by ,pavia1 ! c5t] ( ! abrogat$ k+dom1 ! o!r by ,milan1 :o inh]it$ ! maje/y ( ,rome & conta9$ )9 h] lo9s ! future ( ,italian fre$om4 ,x is n necess>y to foll[ 9 detail ! conflict ( ! ,lomb>d burghs ) ,fr$]ick1 s en?usia/ically describ$ by _! hi/orian1 ,sismondi1 ,x is en\gh = our pres5t purpose to rememb] t 9 ! c\rse ( t cont5tion bo? leagues made common cause aga9/ ! ,emp]or1 drew ! ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii4 into _! qu>rel1 & at la/ 9 #aahc1 aft] ! victory ( ,legnano _h conv9c$ ,fr$]ick ( 8 weakness1 extort$ by ! ,peace ( ,con/ance privileges :]eby _! autonomy 0 amply gu>ante$ & recogniz$4 ,! advantages won by ,milan :o su/a9$ ! brunt ( ! imp]ial onslaughts1 & by ! spl5dor ( h] m>tyrdom surm\nt$ ! petty jeal\sies ( h] municipal rivals1 7 ext5d$ to ! cities ( ,tuscany4 ,aft] ! date ( t compact sign$ by ! ,emp]or & 8 insurg5t subjects1 ! burghs obta9$ an assur$ position z a ?ird p[] betwe5 ! ,empire & ! ,*ur*4 ,! mo/ rem>kable po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is cont5tion is ! unanim\s submission ( ! ,communes to :at !y reg>d$ z ! j suz]a9ty ( ,caes>'s repres5tative4 ,?\gh !y 7 omnipot5t 9 ,lomb>dy1 !y took no measures = clos+ ! gates ( ! ,alps aga9/ ! ,g]mans4 ,! ,emp]or 0 free to come & g z he li/$2 & :5 peace 0 sign$1 he reckon$ ! burgh]s :o _h beat5 him by arms & policy1 among 8 loyal vassals4 ,/ill ! _s ( indep5d5ce 9 ,italy _h be5 amply ass]t$4 ,?is is notably display$ 9 ! address pres5t$ to ,fr$]ick1 be=e 8 coronation1 by ! s5ate ( ,rome4 ,reg5]at$ by ,arnold ( ,brescia's revolution>y mission1 ! ,roman p assum$ its antique maje/y 9 ^! rem>kable words3 ',?\ wa/ a /rang]2 ,i h made !e citiz52 ?\ came/ f regions f beyond ! ,alps2 ,i h conf]r$ on !e ! pr9cipality4'#a ,presumptu\s boa/ z ?is s\nd$ 9 ! e>s ( ,fr$]ick1 x prov$ t ! ,italic nation _h n[ %>ply def9$ itself aga9/ ! ,*ur* & ! b>b>ians4 ,x /ill accept$ ! ,empire because ! ,empire 0 ! glory ( ,italy1 ! cr[n t gave to h] p ! presid5cy ( civilization4 ,x /ill recogniz$ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* because ! ,*ur* 0 ! elde/ daught] ( ,italy em]g5t f ! wrecks ( ,roman society4 ,b ! nation _h become consci\s ( its "r to /& ap>t f ei!r4 #a3 ',hospes eras1 civem feci4 ,adv5a fui/i ex transalp9is p>tibus1 pr9cipem con/itui4 ,quod meum jure fuit1 tibi d$i4' ,see ,ottonis ,episcopi ,fris+5sis ,*ronicon1 ,de ,rebus ,ge/is ,frid4 i4 ,imp4 ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #ba4 ,basileae1 #aefi4 ,! ,legates appo9t$ by ! ,s5ate met ! ,emp]or at ,sutri1 & deliv]$ ! oration ( :i* ! s5t5ce j quot$ 0 "p4 ,x began3 ',urbis legati nos1 rex optime1 ad tuam a ,s5atu1 populoque ,romano de/9ati sumus excell5tiam1' & conta9$ ?is rem>kable passage3 ',orbis imp]ium affectas1 coronam praebitura gratant] assurgo1 jocant] occurro 444 indebitum cl]icorum excussurus jugum4' ,if ! words are fai?fully report$1 ! ,republic sep>ates itself abruptly f ! ,papacy1 & claims a k9d ( prec$5ce 9 honor be=e ! ,empire4 ,fr$]ick is said to h int]rupt$ ! ,legates 9 a rage be=e !y c\ld f9i% _! address1 & to h repli$ ) angry contempt4 ,! spee* put into 8 m\? is probably a rhetorical composition1 b x may h express$ 8 s5tim5ts4 ',multa de ,romanorum sapi5tia seu =titud9e hact5us audivimus1 magis tam5 de sapi5tia4 ,qu>e satis mir>i non possumus1 quod v]ba ve/ra plus arrogantiae tumore insipida quam sale sapi5tiae condita s5timus4444 ,fuit1 fuit quondam 9 hac ,republica virtus4 ,quondam dico1 atque o ut9am tam v]acitur quam lib5t] nunc dic]e possemus1' etc4 ,/r5g!n$ by _! conte/ ) ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 recogniz$ 9 _! rights z bellig]5t p[]s1 & left to _! own guidance by ! ,empire1 ! cities 7 n[ free to prosecute _! w>s ^u ! remnants ( feudalism4 ,! t[n1 z we h le>n$ to "k x1 0 surr\nd$ by a s]ri$ rank ( ca/les1 :]e ! nobles held /ill undisput$ au?ority ov] s]fs ( ! soil4 ,aga9/ ?is cordon ( =tresses e city ) s+ul> unanimity direct$ ! =ces x _h =m$ 9 ! prec$+ conflicts4 ,at ! same "t ! municipal /ruggles ( ,commune aga9/ ,commune lo/ none ( _! virul5ce4 ,! ,c\nts1 press$ on all sides by ! t[ns t _h gr[n up ar\nd !m1 adopt$ ! policy ( pitt+ "o burgh aga9/ ano!r4 ,:5 a noble 0 attack$ by ! t[n%ip ne> 8 ca/le1 he esp\s$ ! animosities ( a m di/ant city1 compromis$ 8 indep5d5ce by accept+ ! capta9cy or lieut5ancy ( communes ho/ile to 8 natural enemies1 & ?us became ! s]vant or ally ( a ,republic4 ,9 8 desp]ation he emancipat$ 8 s]fs1 & s ! folk ( ! ,contado pr(it$ by ! diss5sions ( ! cities & _! feudal ma/]s4 ,?is new phase ( republican evolution la/$ ov] a long & ill-def9$ p]iod1 assum+ diff]5t *>act]s 9 diff]5t c5t]s2 b ! end ( x 0 t ! nobles 7 =c$ to submit to ! cities4 ,!y 7 admitt$ to ! burgh]%ip1 & agre$ to sp5d a c]ta9 portion ( e ye> 9 ! palaces !y rais$ )9 ! circuit ( ! walls4 ,?us ! ,c\nts plac$ !mselves b5ea? ! jurisdiction ( ! ,consuls1 & ! ,italic population absorb$ into itself ! relics ( ,lomb>d1 ,frank1 & ,g]man ari/ocracy4 ,/ill ! ga9 ^u ! side ( ! republics 0 n cle>4 ,?\gh ! feudal lord%ip ( ! nobles _h be5 de/roy$1 _! weal?1 _! l&s1 & _! pre/ige rema9$ unt\*$4 ,9 ! city !y felt !mselves b ali5s4 ,_! real home 0 /ill ! ca/le on ! neighbor+ m\nta94 ,nor1 :5 !y /oop$ to become burgh]s1 _h !y rel9qui%$ ! use ( arms4 ,in/ead ( build+ peaceable dwell+-h\ses 9 ! city1 !y fill$ its qu>t]s ) =tresses & t[]s1 :5ce !y c>ri$ on feuds among !mselves & imp]il$ ! safety ( ! /reets4 ,x 0 spe$ily discov]$ t ! w> aga9/ ! ,ca/les _h become a w> aga9/ ! ,palaces1 & t ! ar5a _h be5 transf]r$ f ! op5 ,contado to ! ,piazza & ! b>ricade4 ,! au?ority ( ! consuls prov$ insuffici5t to ma9ta9 an equilibrium betwe5 ! p & ! nobles4 ,accord+ly a new magi/rate />t$ into be+1 comb9+ ! (fices ( supreme ju/ici>y & milit>y dictator4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa attempt$ to gov]n ! rebelli\s ,lomb>d cities 9 ! common int]e/ ( ! ,empire1 he e/abli%$ 9 _! mid/ a =eign judge1 call$ ,pode/a quasi hab5s pote/atem ,imp]atoris 9 hac p>te4 ,?is in/itution only s]v$ at ! mom5t to inflame & imbitt] ! resi/ance ( ! ,communes3 b ! title ( ,pode/a 0 subsequ5tly conf]r$ ^u ! (ficial summon$ to ma9ta9 an equal balance betwe5 ! burgh]s & ! nobles4 ,he 0 inv>iably a =eign]1 elect$ = "o ye>1 intru/$ ) summ>y jurisdiction 9 all matt]s ( dispute1 ex]cis+ ! p[] ( life & dea?1 & dispos+ ( ! municipal militia4 ,! old con/itution ( ! ,commune rema9$ to control ?is dictator & to gu>d ! indep5d5ce ( ! city4 ,all ! ,c\ncils cont9u$ to act1 & ! ,consuls 7 =tifi$ by ! =mation ( a ,college ( ,anci5ts or ,priors4 ,! ,pode/a 0 creat$ ) ! express purpose ( effect+ a syn!sis betwe5 two rival sections ( ! burgh4 ,he 0 nev] reg>d$ z o!r ?an an ali5 to ! city1 adopt$ z a tempor>y m$iator & controll] ( incompatible elem5ts4 ,! lord%ip ( ! burgh /ill resid$ ) ! ,consuls1 :o f ?is "t =w>d began to lose _! individuality 9 ! ,college ( ! ,signoria--call$ ,priori1 ,anziani1 or ,rettori1 z ! case might be 9 v>i\s di/ricts4 ,! ,italian republics _h rea*$ ?is /age :5 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 unit$ ! ,empire & ! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies4 ,x 0 a crisis ( ! utmo/ mom5t = ,italian indep5d5ce4 ,ma/] ( ! ,s\?1 ,fr$]ick s\ght to reconqu] ! lo/ pr]ogatives ( ! ,empire 9 ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany2 nor is x improbable t he might h succe$$ 9 unit+ ,italy b5ea? 8 sway b = ! viol5t animosity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! w>f>e ( ext]m9ation c>ri$ on by ! ,popes aga9/ ! h\se ( ,hoh5/auff5 0 no pro( ( _! p>tiality = ! cause ( fre$om4 ,!y dread$ ! reality ( a k+dom t %\ld base itself on ,italy & be ! rival ( _! own au?ority4 ,!re=e !y esp\s$ ! cause ( ! free burghs aga9/ ,fr$]ick1 & :5 ! ,nor? 0 deva/at$ by 8 ,vic>s1 !y prea*$ a crusade aga9/ ,ezzel9o da ,romano4 ,9 ! convulsions t %ook ,italy f ,nor? to ,s\? ! p>ties ( ,guelf & ,ghibell9e took %ape1 & acquir$ an in]adicable =ce4 ,all ! previ\s humors & discords ( ! nation 7 absorb$ by !m4 ,! ,guelf p>ty meant ! burgh]s ( ! consul> ,communes1 ! m5 ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 ! uphold]s ( civil lib]ty1 ! fri5ds ( democratic expansion4 ,! ,ghibell9e p>ty includ$ ! naturaliz$ nobles1 ! m5 ( arms & idl5ess1 ! advocates ( feudalism1 ! politicians :o reg>d$ con/itutional progress ) disfavor4 ,t ! bann] ( ! ,*ur* float$ ov] ! "o camp1 :ile ! /&>d ( ! ,empire ralli$ to itself ! ho/ile p>ty1 0 a matt] ( comp>atively sup]ficial mom5t4 ,! true /r5g? ( ! w> lay 9 ! population1 divid$ by irreconcilable ideals1 ea* eag] to possess ! city = itself1 ea* prep>$ to die = its adopt$ pr9ciples4 ,! /ruggle is a social /ruggle1 play$ out )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,commune1 = ! supremacy ( "o or ! o!r moiety ( ! :ole p4 ,a city does n pron\nce itself ei!r ,guelf or ,ghibell9e till half ! burgh]s h be5 exil$4 ,! victori\s p>ty organizes ! gov]nm5t 9 its own int]e/1 e/abli%es itself 9 a ,palazzo ap>t f ! ,commune1 :]e x develops its ma*9]y at home & abroad1 & /r5g!ns its f9ance by =c$ contributions & confiscations4#a ,! exiles make common cause ) memb]s ( _! own faction 9 an adv]se burgh2 & ?us1 by ! diplomacy ( ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 ! mo/ di/ant c5t]s are drawn into ! network ( a common dualism4 ,9 ?is way we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ,italy a*iev$ h] national consci\sness ?r\gh /rife & conflict2 = ! ,communes ceas$ to be isolat$1 cem5t$ by tempor>y leagues1 or engag$ 9 m]ely local conflicts4 ,!y 7 br\ght toge!r & connect$ by ! sympa?ies & antipa?ies ( an antagonism :i* embrac$ & dom9at$ ! municipalities1 set ,republics & ,regno on equal foot+1 & m]g$ ! titul> lead]s ( ! /ruggle1 ,pope & ,emp]or1 9 ! uncontrollable tumult4 ,! issue 0 no vulg> "o2 no m]ely egoti/ic int]e/s 7 at /ake4 ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es alike int]rogat$ ! oracle1 ) p]fect w to obey its inspiration = ! common good2 b !y read ! utt]ances ( ! ,py?ia 9 adv]se s5ses4 ,! ,ghibell9e he>d ,italy call+ ^u him to build a citadel t %\ld be gu>d$ by ! lance & %ield ( *ivalry1 :]e ! hi]>*ies ( feudalism1 rang$ b5ea? ! dais ( ! ,empire1 might disp5se culture & civil ord] 9 due measure to ! p4 ,! ,guelf believ$ t %e 0 bidd+ him to multiply arts & guilds )9 ! burgh1 b5ea? ! mantle ( ! ,pope1 :o /ood = ,*ri/1 ! prea*] ( equality & peace = all mank9d1 9 ord] t ! beehive ( indu/ry %\ld 9 c\rse ( "t evolve a civil ord] & a culture repres5tative ( its own freely act+ =ces4 #a ,x is en\gh to ref] to ! importance ( ! ,p>te ,guelfa 9 ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce4 ,dur+ ! /ress & /orm ( ! fi]ce w>f>e c>ri$ on by ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 ! ,pode/a fell into ! second rank4 ,he _h be5 creat$ to meet an em]g5cy2 b n[ ! discord 0 too vehem5t = arbitration4 ,a new function>y appe>s1 ) ! title ( ,capta9 ( ! ,p4 ,*os5 :5 "o or o!r ( ! factions ga9s supreme p[] 9 ! burgh1 he repres5ts ! victori\s p>ty1 takes ! lead 9 proscrib+ _! oppon5ts1 & ratifies on 8 responsibility ! *anges introduc$ into ! con/itution4 ,! old magi/racies & c\ncils1 mean:ile1 are n abrogat$4 ,! ,consiglio del ,popolo1 ) ! ,capitano at its head1 takes ! lead2 & a new memb]1 call$ ! ,consiglio della ,p>te1 is f\nd beside !m1 wat*ful to ma9ta9 ! policy ( ! victori\s faction4 ,b ! ,consiglio del ,comune1 ) ! ,pode/a1 :o has n ceas$ to ex]cise judicial functions1 /ill subsi/s4 ,! ,priors =m ! signory z ( old4 ,! ,cr$5za goes on work+1 & ! ,gran ,consiglio repres5ts ! body ( privileg$ burgh]s4 ,! p>ty does b tyrannize ov] ! city x has conqu]$1 & manipulates ! anci5t con/itution = its own advantage4 ,9 ?is cla% ( ,guelf ) ,ghibell9e ! b5efici>ies 7 ! l[] classes ( ! p4 ,exclud$ f ! ,popolo ( episcopal & consul> revolutions1 ! trades & indu/ries ( ! great cities n[ ass]t _! claims to be enfran*is$4 ,! adv5t ( ! ,arti is ! *ief social ph5om5on ( ! crisis4#a ,?us ! f9al issue ( ! conflict 0 a new ,italy1 deeply divid$ by factions t 7 little und]/ood1 because !y 7 s vital1 because !y repres5t$ two adv]se curr5ts ( national en]gy1 incompatible1 irreconcilable1 et]nal 9 antagonism z ! poles4 ,b ?is discordant nation 0 m comm]cial & m democratic4 ,families ( m]*ants rose ^u ! ru9s ( ! old nobility4 ,roman cities ( indu/ry r$uc$ _! milit>y rivals ( e>li] or lat] orig9 to insignificance4 ,! pla91 ! riv]1 & ! port ass]t$ !mselves aga9/ ! m\nta9 fa/ness & ! b>rackburgh4 ,! sev]al classes ( society1 triturat$1 %ak5 toge!r1 level$ by w>f>e & equaliz$ by indu/ry1 pres5t$ b few ob/acles to ! em]g5ce ( comm&+ p]sonalities1 h[ev] humble1 f _! ranks4 ,n only _h ! hi]>*y ( feudalism disappe>$2 b ! con/itution ( ! city itself 0 confus$1 & ! ,popolo1 :e!r 'primo' or 'secondo or ev5 't]zo1' 0 dilut$ ) rec5tly fran*is$ ,contad9i & all k9ds ( 'novi hom9es4'#b ,! ,div9e ,com$y1 writt5 aft] ! culm9ation ( ! ,guelf & ,ghibell9e diss5sions1 yields ! measure ( _! animosity4 ,dante f9ds no place 9 ,hell ,heav51 or ,purgatory = ! s\ls :o /ood alo( f /rife1 ! angels :o 7 nei!r ,guelf nor ,ghibell9e 9 ,p>adise4 ,8 ,vigliac*i1 'wret*es :o nev] liv$1' because !y nev] felt ! pangs or ec/asies ( p>tisan%ip1 w&] homeless on ! skirts ( ,limbo1 among ! abortions & (fsc\r+s ( creation4 ,ev5 s !re 0 no /&+-gr\nd 9 ,italy outside "o or ! o!r ho/ile camp4 ,society 0 riv5 d[n to its f\ndation4 ,rancors dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury endur$ long aft] ! great p>ties ceas$ to h a mean+4 ,!y 7 p]petuat$ 9 cu/oms1 & express$ !mselves 9 ! mo/ trivial details4 ,bann]s1 ensigns1 & h]aldic colors foll[$ ! divisions ( ! factions4 ,ghibell9es wore ! fea!rs 9 _! caps ^u "o side1 ,guelfs ^u ! o!r4 ,ghibell9es cut fruit at table crosswise1 ,guelfs /raight d[n4 ,9 ,b]gamo "s ,calabrians 7 murd]$ by _! ho/1 :o discov]$ f _! way ( slic+ g>lic t !y sid$ ) ! ho/ile p>ty4 ,ghibell9es drank out ( smoo?1 & ,guelfs out ( *as$1 goblets4 ,ghibell9es wore :ite1 & ,guelfs r$1 roses4 ,yawn+1 pass+ 9 ! /reet1 ?r[+ dice1 ge/ures 9 speak+ or swe>+1 7 us$ z pretexts = di/+ui%+ ! "o half ( ,italy f ! o!r4 ,s late z ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,ghibell9es ( ,milan tore ,*ri/ f ! high-alt> ( ! ,ca!dral at ,crema & burn$ him because he turn$ 8 face to ! ,guelf %\ld]4 ,e great city has a tale ( love & dea? t c>ries ! cont5tion ( its adv]se families into ! region ( romance & leg5d4 ,flor5ce dat$ h] calamities f ! insult (f]$ by ,buondelmonte dei ,buondelmonti to ! ,amidei 9 a brok5 m>riage4 ,bologna nev] =got ! pa?os ( ,imelda ,lamb]tazzi /ret*$ 9 dea? ^u h] lov] ,bonifazio ,gi]emei's corpse4 ,! /ory ( ,romeo & ,juliet at ,v]ona is a my? :i* br+s bo? factions into play1 ! well-mean+ int]v5tion ( peace-mak+ monks1 & ! ineffectual ef=ts ( ! ,pode/a to curb ! viol5ce ( p>ty w>f>e4 #a ,! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce illu/rates m cle>ly ?an t ( any o!r t[n ! va/ importance acquir$ by trades & guilds 9 politics at ?is epo* ( ! civil w>s4 #b ,?is is ! /+ ( ,cacciaguida's scornful lam5tation ov] ,flor5ce ,p>4 xvi4 ,ma la cittad9anza1 *' e or mi/a ,di ,campi e di ,c]taldo e di ,figgh9e1 ,pura v$easi nell' ultimo arti/a4 ,tal fatto e fior5t9o1 e cambia e m]ca1 ,*e si s>ebbe volto a ,semifonti1 ,la dove &ava l' avolo alia c]ca4 ,sempre la confusione delle p]sone ,pr9cipio fu del mal della cittade1 ,come del corpo il cibo *e s' appone4 ,s deep & dreadful 0 ! discord1 s utt] ! exhau/ion1 t ! di/ract$ ,communes 7 fa9 at la/ to f9d "s peace 9 tyranny4 ,at ! close ( _! long qu>rel ) ! h\se ( ,hoh5/auff51 ! ,popes call$ ,*>les ( ,anj\ into ,italy4 ,! f9al issue ( t policy = ! nation at l>ge w be discuss$ 9 ano!r portion ( ?is "w4 ,x is en\gh to po9t out "h t1 z ,ezzel9o da ,romano introduc$ despotism 9 its wor/ =m z a p>ty lead] ( ! ,ghibell9es1 s ,*>les ( ,anj\ became a typical tyrant 9 ! ,guelf int]e/4 ,he 0 recogniz$ z *ief ( ! ,guelf p>ty by ! ,flor5t9es1 & ! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies 0 conf]r$ ^u him z ! price ( 8 dictator%ip4 ,! republics almo/ simultane\sly ent]$ ^u a new phase4 ,democratiz$ by ! ext5sion ( ! fran*ise1 corrupt$1 to use ,ma*iavelli's phrase1 9 _! old organization ( ! ,popolo & ,commune1 !y fell into ! h&s ( tyrants1 :o employ$ ! pre/ige ( _! p>ty1 ! indiff]5ce ( ! ,vigliac*i1 & ! peace-lov+ in/9cts ( ! middle class = ! consolidation ( _! selfi% autocracy4#a ,plac+ himself above ! law1 manipulat+ ! ma*9]y ( ! ,/ate = 8 own ends1 sub/itut+ ! w ( a s+le rul] = ! cla% ( ho/ile passions 9 ! factions1 ! tyrant impos$ a =cible tranquillity ^u ! city he _h grasp$4 ,! ,capta9cy ( ! p 0 conf]r$ ^u him4#b ,! ,c\ncils 7 suffocat$ & r$uc$ to sil5ce4 ,! ari/ocracy 0 p]secut$ = ! pr(it ( ! plebs4 ,"u 8 rule comm]ce fl\ri%$2 ! t[ns 7 adorn$ ) spl5did edifices2 =eign w>s 7 c>ri$ on = ! aggr&izem5t ( ! ,/ate )\t reg>d to facti\s rancors4 ,?us ! tyrant m>k$ ! fir/ em]g5ce ( p]sonality supreme )9 ! ,/ate1 resum+ its old =ces 9 an autocratic w1 sup]s$+ & at ! same "t consci\sly controll+ ! mute1 collective1 bl9dly work+ impulses ( previ\s revolutions4 ,8 adv5t 0 welcom$ z a bless+ by ! rec5tly develop$ p ( ! cities he r$uc$ to peace4 ,b ! great families & lead]s ( ! p>ties reg>d$ him ) loa?+1 z a reptile spawn$ by ! corruption & disease ( ! decay+ body politic4 ,9 _! fury !y address$ !mselves to ! two *iefs ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,boniface ,,viii41 answ]+ to ?is appeal1 call$ 9 a second ,fr5*man1 ,*>les ( ,valois1 ) ! titles ( ,m>quis ( ,ancona1 ,c\nt ( ,romagna1 ,capta9 ( ,tuscany1 :o 0 bidd5 to r$uce ,italy to ord] on ,guelf pr9ciples4 ,dante 9 8 m\nta9 solitudes invok$ ! ,emp]or1 & ,italy beheld ! p[]less m>* ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,nei!r ,pope nor ,emp]or 0 /rong en\gh to control ! curr5ts ( ! factions :i* 7 surely :irl+ ,italy into ! abyss ( despotism4 ,boniface di$ ( grief aft] ,sci>ra ,colonna1 ! t]rible ,ghibell9e's outrage at ,anagni1 & ! ,papal ,c\rt 0 transf]r$ to ,avignon 9 #acaf4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 expir$1 ( poison probably1 at ,buonconv5to1 9 #acac4 ,! p>ties tore ea* o!r to fragm5ts4 ,tyrants 7 murd]$4 ,:ole families 7 extirpat$4 ,yet ^! convulsions bore no fruit ( lib]ty4 ,! only exit f ! situation 0 9 despotism--! despotism ( a jeal\s olig>*y z at ,flor5ce1 or ! despotism ( new tyrants 9 ,lomb>dy & ! ,romagna4#c #a ,n to m5tion ! republics ( ,lomb>dy & ,romagna1 :i* took ! f9al /amp ( despotism at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x is noticeable t ,pisa submitt$ to ,uguccione da ,faggiuola1 ,lucca to ,ca/ruccio ,ca/racane1 & ,flor5ce to ! ,duke ( ,a!ns4 ,! revolution ( ,pisa 9 #acaf deliv]$ x f ,uguccione2 ! premature dea? ( ,ca/ruccio 9 #acbh de/roy$ ! ,tuscan du*y he 0 build+ up ^u ! basem5t ( ,ghibell9ism2 :ile ! rebellion ( #acdc av]t$ tyranny f ,flor5ce = ano!r c5tury4 #b ,ma*iavelli's ,vita di ,ca/ruccio ,ca/racane1 ?\gh x is r a hi/orical romance ?an a tru/wor?y biography1 illu/rates ! gradual advances made by a bold & ambiti\s lead] f ! ,capta9cy ( ! p1 conf]r$ ^u him = "o ye>1 to ! tyranny ( 8 city4 #c ,! ,div9e com$y is1 "u "o ( its aspects1 ! ,epic ( ,italian tyranny1 s _m ( its episodes are *os5 f ! hi/ory ( ! civil w>s3 ,*e le t]re d' ,italia tutte pi5e ,son di tiranni2 ed un ,m>cel div5ta ,ogni villan *e p>teggi&o vi5e4 ,^? l9es occur 9 ! apo/rophe to ,italy 7,purg4 vi47 :]e ,dante ref]s to ! ,empire1 idealiz$ by him z ! supreme au?ority 9 ,europe4 ,mean:ile ! p]ils to :i* ! tyrants 7 expos$ taught !m to employ cruelty & craft 9 comb9ation4 ,f ! confus$ & spasmodic ef=ts ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,capta9s ( ! p & lead]s ( ! p>ty seiz$ a mom5t>y gu/ ( p[]1 !re arose a second sort ( despotism1 m cauti\s 9 its policy1 m me?odic 9 its use ( means to ends1 :i* end$ by metamorphos+ ! ,italian cities & prep>+ ! great age ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x w\ld be s5tim5tal to utt] lam5tations ov] ?is *ange1 & unphilosophical to deplore ! dim9ution ( republican lib]ty z an unmix$ evil4 ,! divisions ( ,italy & ! weakness ( bo? ,papacy & ,empire left no o!r solution ( ! political problem4 ,all bran*es ( ! municipal adm9i/ration1 /ra9$ to ! crack+-po9t by ! t5sion ( p>ty conflict1 7 n[ isolat$ f ! organism1 abnormally develop$1 requir+ ! comb9+ ef=t ( a s+le ?9k] to reunite _! scatt]$ =ces 9 "o sy/em or absorb !m 9 himself4 ,! indirect re/ra9ts :i* a calm] p]iod ( municipal vitality _h plac$ ^u tyrannic ambition1 7 remov$ by ! level+ ( classes & ! pres5tation ( an equal surface to ! build] ( ! palace-dome ( mon>*y4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t :at ! ,italians !n und]/ood by fre$om 0 municipal autonomy controll$ by rul+ h\ses 9 ! int]e/ ( ! few4 ,^! consid]ations ne$ n *eck our sympa?y ) ,flor5ce 9 ! w>f>e %e c>ri$ on aga9/ ! ,milanese tyrants4 ,b !y %\ld lead u to be cauti\s 9 adopt+ ! conclusions ( ,sismondi1 :o saw ,italian greatness only 9 h] free cities4 ,! oblit]ation ( ! p>ties b5ea? despotism 0 ne$$1 "u actual conditions1 = t developm5t ( arts & indu/ry :i* rais$ ,italy to a fir/ place among civiliz$ nations4 ,( ! mann]s ( ! ,despots1 & ( ! demoralization !y enc\rag$ 9 ! cities ( _! rule1 en\gh w be said 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s1 :i* set =? ! social conditions ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy4 ,b att5tion %\ld "h be call$ to ! g5]al "* ( despotic au?ority1 & to ! influ5ce ! ,despots ex]cis$ = ! pacification ( ! c\ntry4 ,we are n ju/ifi$ by facts 9 assum+ t _h ! free burghs cont9u$ indep5d5t1 arts & lit]ature w\ld h ris5 to a great] height4 ,v5ice1 9 spite ( an un9t]rupt$ republican c>e]1 produc$ no comm&+ m5 ( lett]s1 & ow$ mu* ( h] spl5dor 9 ! art ( pa9t+ to ali5s f ,cadore1 ,ca/elfranco1 & ,v]ona4 ,g5oa rema9$ sil5t & irresponsive to ! arti/ic movem5t ( ,italy until ! la/ days ( ! republic1 :5 h] indep5d5ce 0 b a %ad[4 ,pisa1 ?\gh a burgh ( ,tuscany1 display$ no lit]>y tal5t1 :ile h] ar*itecture dates f ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,commune4 ,si5a1 ^: republican exi/5ce la/$ long] ev5 ?an t ( ,flor5ce1 contribut$ no?+ ( importance to ,italian lit]ature4 ,! art ( ,p]ugia 0 develop$ dur+ ! asc5d5cy ( despotic families4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! ,milanese ,s*ool ow$ its orig9 to ,lodovico ,s=za1 & surviv$ ! tragic cata/rophes ( 8 capital1 :i* suff]$ m ?an any o!r f ! brutalities ( ,spani>ds & ,fr5*m54 ,next to ,flor5ce1 ! mo/ brilliant c5t]s ( lit]>y activity dur+ ! bright days ( ! ,r5aissance 7 pr9cely ,f]r>a & royal ,naples4 ,la/ly1 we might insi/ ^u ! fact t ! ,italian language took its fir/ flight 9 ! c\rt ( imp]ial ,pal]mo1 :ile republican ,rome rema9$ dumb ?r\gh\t ! e>li] /age ( ,italian lit]>y evolution4 ,?us ! facts ( ! case seem to %[ t culture & republican indep5d5ce 7 n s closely unit$ 9 ,italy z "s hi/orians w\ld seek to make u believe4 ,on ! o!r h& x is impossible to prove t ! despotisms ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 necess>y to ! p]fect+ ( art & lit]ature4 ,all t c be safely advanc$ ^u ?is subject1 is t ! pacification ( ,italy 0 dem&$ z a prelim9>y condition1 & t ?is pacification came to pass ?r\gh ! action ( ! pr9ces1 *eck$ & equilibrat$ by ! olig>*ies ( ,v5ice & ,flor5ce4 ,x might fur!r be urg$ t ! ,despots 7 9 close sympa?y ) ! masses ( ! p1 %>$ _! en?usiasms1 & promot$ _! indu/ry4 ,:5 ! classical revival took place at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !y div9$ ?is movem5t ( ! ,italic races to resume _! pa/1 & gave x all enc\ragem5t4 ,to be a pr9ce1 & n to be ! patron ( s*ol>%ip1 ! pupil ( humani/s1 & ! f\nd] ( libr>ies1 0 an impossibility4 ,9 l mann] !y employ$ _! weal? ^u ! developm5t ( arts & indu/ries4 ,! great age ( ,flor5t9e pa9t+ is indissolubly connect$ ) ! memories ( ,casa ,m$ici4 ,rome owes h] magnific5ce to ! despotic ,popes4 ,ev5 ! pott]y ( ,gubbio 0 a creation ( ! ducal h\se ( ,urb9o4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,papal exile at ,avignon1 ! ,guelf p>ty became ! rally+-po9t ( municipal indep5d5ce1 ) its headqu>t]s 9 ,flor5ce4 ,ghibell9ism unit$ ! pr9ces 9 an opposite camp4 ',! ,guelf p>ty1' writes ,giovanni ,villani1 '=ms ! solid & unalt]able basis ( ,italian lib]ty1 & is s antagoni/ic to all tyranny t1 if a ,guelf become a tyrant1 he mu/ ( necessity become at ! same mom5t ,ghibell9e4' ,milan1 fir/ to ass]t ! rights ( ! free burghs1 0 n[ ! *ief c5t] ( despotism2 & ! ev5ts ( ! next c5tury resume !mselves 9 ! long /ruggle betwe5 ,flor5ce & ! ,visconti4 ,! *ronicle ( ! ,villani & ! ,flor5t9e hi/ory ( ,poggio conta9 ! record ( ?is /rife1 :i* seem$ to !m ! all-important crisis ( ,italian affairs4 ,9 ! ,milanese annals ( ,galvano ,fiamma & ,mussi1 on ! o!r h&1 ! advantages ( a despotic sov]eignty 9 giv+ national coh]5ce1 ! crimes ( ! ,papacy1 :i* promot$ an>*y 9 its ill-gov]n$ ,/ates1 & ! prospect ( a compreh5sive ,italian tyranny "u ! great h\se ( ! ,visconti1 are eloqu5tly plead$4 ,! t]ms ( ! ma9 issue be+ ?us cle>ly def9$1 we may reg>d ! w>f>e c>ri$ on by ,b]tr& du ,poiet & ,l\is ( ,bav>ia 9 ! int]e/s ( ,*ur* & ,empire1 ! spl5did campaigns ( ,egidio d',albornoz1 & ! deliri\s cruelty ( ,rob]t ( ,g5eva1 no less ?an ! pr$atory excursions ( ,*>les ,,iv41 z episodical4 ,! ma9 pr(its ( ^? convulsions1 :i* dr[n$ ,italy 9 blood dur+ ne>ly all ! f\rte5? c5tury1 accru$ to ! ,despots1 :o held _! gr\nd 9 spite ( all attempts to dispossess !m4 ,! great] h\ses1 notably ! ,visconti1 acquir$ /r5g? by revolutions 9 :i* ! ,*ur* & ,empire neutraliz$ ea* o!r's action4 ,! less] families /ruck firm roots into cities1 infuriat$ r ?an intimidat$ by su* acts ( viol5ce z ! massacres ( ,fa5za & ,ces5a 9 #acgg4 ,! relations ( ! imp]ial & pontifical p>ties 7 confus$2 :ile ev5 9 ! c5t] ( republican indep5d5ce1 at ,flor5ce1 social *anges1 det]m9$ 9 great measure by ! exhau/ion ( ! city 9 its conflict1 prep>$ ! way = ! ,m$icean tyranny4 ,nei!r ! ,*ur* nor ! ,empire ga9$ /eady foot+ 9 ,italy1 :ile ! pre/ige ( bo? 0 ru9$4#a ,municipal fre$om1 in/ead ( be+ enl>g$1 0 ext+ui%$ by ! ambition ( ! ,flor5t9e olig>*s1 :o1 :ile !y sp5t ! la/ flor9 ( ! ,commune 9 oppos+ ! ,visconti1 nev] miss$ an opportunity ( enslav+ ! si/] burghs ( ,tuscany4 ,9 a ^w1 ! de/9y ( ! nation 0 irresi/ibly impell+ x t[>d despotism4 #a ,ma*iavelli1 9 8 ,i/orie ,fior5t9e 7,fir5ze1 #ahah1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dg1 #dh71 po9ts out h[ ! competition ( ! ,*ur* & ,empire1 dur+ ! ,papacies ( ,b5$ict ,,xii4 & ,clem5t ,,vi4 & ! reign ( ,l\is /r5g!n$ ! tyrants ( ,lomb>dy1 ,romagna1 & ! ,m>*4 ,ea* ( ! two cont5d+ p[]s gave away :at did n belong to !m1 bidd+ aga9/ ea* o!r = any support !y might obta9 f ! ma/]s ( ! t[ns4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! cont9ual prosp]ity ( ! pr9ces amid ! cla% ( =ces br\ght to be> aga9/ !m f s _m sides1 we mu/ rememb] t !y 7 ! p>tisans ( social ord] 9 di/ract$ burghs1 ! h]oes ( ! middle classes & ! multitude1 ! quell]s ( faction1 ! adm9i/rators ( imp>tial laws1 & ! aggr&iz]s ( ! city at ! exp5se ( its neighbors4 ,s] ,gorello1 s++ ! praises ( ! ,bi%op ,guido dei ,t>lati di ,pietra ,mala1 :o rul$ ,arezzo 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 makes ! ,commune say3#a ',he 0 ! "l s valiant & magnific5t1 s full ( grace & d>+1 s agreeable to bo? ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es4 ,he1 = 8 virtue1 0 *os5 by common cons5t to be ! ma/] ( my p4 ,peace & ju/ice 7 ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( 8 lord%ip1 :i* remov$ all discord f ! ,/ate4 ,by ! greatness ( 8 valor ,i grew 9 t]ritory r\nd ab\t4 ,e neighbor rev]5c$ me1 "s ?r\gh love & "s ?r\gh dread2 = x 0 de> to !m to re/ b5ea? 8 mantle4' ,^! v]ses set =? ! qualities :i* unit$ ! mass ( ! populations to _! new lords4 ,! ,despot deliv]$ ! indu/rial classes f ! tyranny & an>*y ( faction1 sub/itut+ a reign ( p]sonal t]rorism t weigh$ m heavily ^u ! nobles ?an ^u ! artisans or peasants4 ,rul+ m by p]fidy1 corruption1 & fraud ?an by ! sword1 he turn$ ! lead]s ( p>ties into c\rti]s1 br\ght proscrib$ exiles back into ! city z (ficials1 flatt]$ local vanity by cont9u+ ! municipal ma*9]y 9 its functions ( p>ade1 & /opp$ ! m\?s ( unruly demagogues by mak+ x _! pecuni>y int]e/ to prea* 8 b5efits abroad4 ,s long z ! burgh]s rema9$ peaceable b5ea? 8 sway & refra9$ f attack+ him 9 p]son1 he 0 mild4 ,b at ! same mom5t ! gall[s1 ! torture-*amb]1 ! iron cage susp5d$ f ! giddy height ( palace-ro( or *ur* t[]1 & ! dreadful dungeons1 :]e a prison] c\ld nei!r /& nor lie at ease1 7 ev] ready = ! man :o d>$ dispute 8 au?ority4 ,t au?ority dep5d$ solely on 8 p]sonal qualities ( w1 c\rage1 physical endurance4 ,he held x by intellig5ce1 be+ z x 7 an artificial product ( political necessities1 an equilibrium ( =ces1 sub/itut$ )\t legal title = ! ,*ur* & ,empire1 & accumulat+ 9 8 despotic individuality ! privileges previ\sly acquir$ by c5turies ( consuls1 ,pode/as1 & ,capta9s ( ! p4 ,! *ief dang] he _h to fe> 0 conspiracy2 & 9 provid+ himself aga9/ ?is p]il he exp5d$ all ! res\rces sugge/$ by ref9$ +5uity & height5$ t]ror4 ,yet1 :5 ! ,despot 0 attack$ & murd]$1 x foll[$ ( necessity t ! successful conspirator became 9 turn a tyrant4 ',cities1' wrote ,ma*iavelli1#b 't are once corrupt & accu/om$ to ! rule ( pr9ces1 c nev] acquire fre$om1 ev5 ?\gh ! pr9ce ) all 8 k9 be extirpat$4 ,"o pr9ce is ne$$ to ext+ui% ano!r2 & ! city has no re/ except by ! creation ( a new "l1 unless x *ance t "o burgh] by 8 goodness & great qualities may dur+ 8 lifetime pres]ve its tempor>y indep5d5ce4' ,palace intrigues1 !re=e1 took ! place ( ,piazza revolutions1 & dyna/ies 7 swept away to make room = new tyrants )\t mat]ial *ange 9 ! condition ( ! populace4 #a ,mur4 ,scr4 ,r4 ,x4 xv4 #hbf4 ,comp>e :at ,g4 ,m]ula wrote ab\t ,azzo ,visconti3 ',he conciliat$ ! p to him by equal ju/ice )\t di/9ction ( ,guelf or ,ghibell9e4' #b ,discorsi4 i4 #ag4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal policy ( ! ,despots to dis>m _! subjects4 ,prompt$ by consid]ations ( p]sonal safety1 & dem&$ by ! necessity ( extirpat+ ! factions1 ?is measure 0 highly popul>4 ,x reliev$ ! burgh]s ( t mo/ burd5some ( all public duties1 milit>y s]vice4 ,a tax on silv] & salt 0 sub/itut$ 9 ! ,milanese prov9ce = ! conscription1 :ile ! ,flor5t9e olig>*s1 actuat$ probably by ! same motives1 laid a tax ^u ! c\ntry4 ,! effect ( ?is *ange 0 to make f9ancial & economical que/ions all-important1 & to introduce a new elem5t into ! balance ( ,italian p[]s4 ,! pr9cipalities 7 trans=m$ into great banks1 :]e ! lords ( cities sat 9 _! bureau1 c\nt$ _! money1 & calculat$ ! co/ ( w>s or ! value ( t[ns !y s\ght to acquire by b>ga94 ,at fir/ !y us$ _! m]c5>y troops l pawns1 buy+ up a c]ta9 numb] = "s special project1 & dismiss+ !m :5 x _h be5 accompli%$4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t ! m]c5>ies awoke to ! s5se ( _! own p[]1 & plac$ !mselves b5ea? capta9s :o secur$ !m a c]ta9ty ( pay ) cont9uity ( pr(itable s]vice4 ,?us ! ,condotti]i came into exi/5ce1 & ,italy beheld ! spectacle ( mov+ despotisms1 arm$ & m\nt$1 seek+ to effect e/abli%m5t ^u ! weake/1 wor/-def5d$ po9ts ( ! p59sula4 ,!y prov$ a grave cause ( disquietude alike to ! tyrants & ! republics2 & until ! settlem5t ( ,francesco ,s=za 9 ! ,du*y ( ,milan1 :5 ! employ]s ( auxili>ies _h come to und]/& ! arts ( deal+ ) !m by p]fidy1 secret assass9ation1 & a sy/em ( elaborate c\nt]-*ecks1 ! equilibrium ( p[] 9 ,italy 0 s]i\sly ?reat5$4 ,! c\ntry suff]$ at fir/ f m>aud+ excursions conduct$ by piratical lead]s ( adv5tur\s troops1 by ,w]n] ( ,ursl+51 ! ,conte ,l&o1 & ,fra ,moriale2 aft]w>ds f ! discords ( ,braccio da ,montone & ,s=za ,att5dolo1 incessantly plott+ to c>ve du*ies = !mselves f prov9ces !y _h be5 summon$ by a ma/] to subdue4 ,at ?is p]iod gold rul$ ! de/9ies ( ,italy4 ,! ,despots1 rely+ solely on _! ex*equ] = _! p[]1 7 driv5 to extortion4 ,cities became bankrupt1 pl$g$ _! rev5ues1 or sold !mselves to ! highe/ bidd]4#a ,indescribable mis]y oppress$ ! poor] classes & ! peasants4 ,a s]ies ( obscure revolutions 9 ! small] despotic c5t]s po9t$ to a vehem5t plebeian reaction aga9/ a /ate ( ?+s t _h become unbe>able4 ,! l[] classes ( ! burgh]s rose aga9/ ! 'popolani grassi1' & a new class ( pr9ces em]g$ at ! close ( ! crisis4 ,?us ! plebs =c$ ! ,b5tivogli on ,bologna & ! ,m$ici on ,flor5ce1 & ,baglioni on ,p]ugia & ! ,petrucci on ,si5a4 #a ,p]ugia1 = example1 f>m$ out ! tax ^u h] c\ntry population = #ab1jjj flor9s1 ^u h] bak+-h\ses = #g1bff1 ^u h] w9e = #d1jjj1 ^u h] lake = #e1bjj1 ^u contracts = #a1ejj4 ,two bank]s accept$ ! ,p]ugian loan at ?is price 9 #achh4 ,! em]g5ce ( ! ,condotti]i at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! an>*y !y enc\rag$ = _! own aggr&izem5t1 & ! f9ancial di/ress :i* ensu$ ^u ! sub/itution ( m]c5>y = civic w>f>e1 complet$ ! democratization ( ! ,italian cities1 & m>k$ a new p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( despotism4 ,f ! date ( ,francesco ,s=za's entry into ,milan z conqu]or 9 #adej1 ! pr9ces became mild] 9 _! ex]cise ( p[] & less ambiti\s4 ,hav+ begun by dis>m+ _! subjects1 !y n[ proce$$ to lay d[n arms !mselves1 employ+ small =ces = ! protection ( _! p]son & ! ,/ate1 engag+ m cauti\sly 9 =eign /rife1 & sub/itut+ diplomacy1 :]ev] x 0 possible1 = w>f>e4 ,gold /ill rul$ 9 politics1 b x 0 sp5t 9 brib]y4 ,to ! ambiti\s milit>y s*emes ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti succe$$ ! comm]cial cynicism ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 :o enslav$ ,flor5ce by a/ute demoralization4#a ,! _s ( ! age 0 mat]iali/ic & positive4 ,! ,despots held _! /ate by trea*]y1 craft1 & corruption4 ,! elem5t ( =ce be+ virtually elim9at$1 intellig5ce at la/ ga9$ undivid$ sway2 & ! ideal /atecraft ( ,ma*iavelli 0 realiz$ ) m or less complet5ess 9 all p>ts ( ! p59sula4 ,at ?is mom5t & by ^! means ,italy obta9$ a brief b gold5 p]iod ( peace b5ea? ! conf$]ation ( h] great p[]s4 ,ni*olas ,v4 _h re/or$ ! ,papal c\rt to ,rome 9 #addg2 :]e he assum$ ! mann]s ( despotism & c\nt$ z "o among ! ,italian ,signori4 ,lomb>dy rema9$ tranquil "u ! rule ( ,francesco ,s=za1 & ,tuscany "u t ( ! ,casa ,m$ici4 ,! k+dom ( ,naples1 conqu]$ by ,alfonso ( ,aragon 9 #addb1 0 equally rul$ 9 ! _s ( enlight5$ despotism1 :ile ,v5ice1 :o _h s long =m$ a /ate ap>t1 by h] rec5t acquisition ( a doma9 on t]ra firma1 ent]$ ! community ( ,italian politics4 ,?us ! c\ntry _h f9ally resolv$ itself into five gr& con/itu5t elem5ts--! ,du*y ( ,milan1 ! ,republic ( ,s4 ,m>k1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 & ! k+dom ( ,naples--all ( !m1 ?\gh widely diff]+ 9 previ\s hi/ory & con/itutional peculi>ities1 n[ animat$ by a common _s4#b ,politically !y t5d$ to despotism2 = ?\gh ,v5ice cont9u$ to be a republic1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,v5etian olig>*y 0 b despotism put into commission4 ,intellectually1 ! same en?usiasm = classical /udies1 ! same arti/ic en]gy1 & ! same impulse to revive ,italian lit]ature br\ght ! sev]al c5t]s ( ! nation into ke5] sympa?y ?an !y _h felt be=e4 ,a network ( diplomacy embrac$ ! cities2 & r\nd ! lead]s ( ! conf$]ation 7 gr\p$ inf]ior burghs1 republican or tyrannical z ! case might be1 l satellites ar\nd ! lum9>ies ( a sol> sy/em4 ,:5 ,con/ant9ople 0 tak5 by ! ,turks 9 #adec1 ,italy felt ! ne$ ( suppress+ h] old jeal\sies1 & ,ni*olas ,v4 induc$ ! f\r great p[]s to sign ) him a treaty ( peace & amity4 ,! political tact & sagacity ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici enabl$ him to develop & sub/antiate ! pr9ciple ( balance !n introduc$ into ,italian politics2 nor 0 !re any app>5t reason :y ! equilibrium s h>dly won1 s skillfully ma9ta9$1 %\ld n h subsi/$ b = ,lodovico ,s=za's invitation to ! ,fr5* 9 #adid4 ,up to t date ! m rec5t w>s ( ,italy _h be5 pr9cipally caus$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( ,v5ice & ! nepotism ( successive ,popes4 ,!y rais$ no new en?usiasm ho/ile to ! int]e/s ( peace4 ,! ,empire 0 elim9at$ & =gott5 z an obsolete antiquity4 ,italy seem$ at la/ det]m9$ to manage h] own affairs by mutual agreem5t betwe5 ! five great p[]s4 #a ,i h attempt$ to analyze ,cosimo's me?od 9 ! article on ',flor5ce & ! ,m$ici1' ,/udies & ,sket*es 9 ,italy4 #b ,?is c5tralization ( ,italy 9 five great p[]s 0 n obta9$ )\t ! depression or total ext9ction ( small] cities4 ,f]r>i c\nts sev5te5 t[ns1 :o di$1 to use 8 =cible expression1 at ! close ( ! civil w>s4 ,/oria delle ,rivoluzioni d' ,italia1 iii4 #bci4 ,/ill ! gr\nd b5ea? ?is speci\s fabric ( diplomacy rung holl[4 ,! tyrannies repres5t$ a transi5t political necessity4 ,!y 7 n ! product ( progressive social gr[?1 satisfy+ & regulat+ organic functions ( ! nation4 ,f> f be+ ! f9al outcome ( a sl[1 delib]ate accretion 9 ! /ates !y _h absorb$1 we see 9 !m ! climax ( conflict+ humors1 ! spl5did canc]s & impo/humes ( a desp]ate disease4 ,t solid basis ( national morality :i* gr\nds ! mon>* firm ^u ! sympa?ies & int]e/s ( ! p :om he seems to lead1 b :om he 9 reality expresses1 fail$ !m4 ,!re=e ea* individual despot trembl$ = 8 ?rone1 :ile ,italy1 z 9 ! om9\s picture drawn by h] hi/orian1 felt t all ! elem5ts 7 comb9+ to dev\r h] ) a com+ /orm4 ,! l& ( e>?quakes div9$ a cataclysm1 to cope ) :i* %e 0 unable4 ,an app>5tly insignificant ev5t det]m9$ ! cata/rophe4 ,! ,s=za appeal$ to ,france1 & aft] ! disa/r\s desc5t ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ! :ole tide ( ev5ts turn$4 ,in/ead ( int]nal self-gov]nm5t by any sy/em ( balance1 ,italy submitt$ to a succession ( invasions t]m9at+ 9 =eign tyranny4 ,! problem :y ! ,italians fail$ to a*ieve ! unity ( a coh]5t nation has be5 implicitly discuss$ 9 ! =ego+ pages ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,communes & ! developm5t ( despotism4 ,we h already se5 t _! conception ( municipal indep5d5ce made a n>r[ olig>*y ( enfran*is$ burgh]s lords ( ! city1 :i* 9 its turn oppress$ ! c\ntry & ! subject burghs ( its doma94 ,e conque/ by a republic r$uc$ "s village or c5t] ( civil life to ! condition ( s]fdom4 ,! voices ( ! inhabitants 7 no long] he>d debat+ que/ions t affect$ _! int]e/s4 ,!y submitt$ to dictation f _! ma/]s1 ! enfran*is$ few 9 ! asc5dant commonweal?4 ,?us1 z ,guicci>d9i po9t$ out 9 8 ',consid]ations on ! ,disc\rses ( ,ma*iavelli1' ! subjection ( ,italy by a dom9ant republic w\ld h meant ! ext9ction ( numb]less political communities & ! sway ( a close olig>*y f ! ,alps to ! ,ionian ,sea4#a ,! #c1bjj burgh]s :o con/itut$ ,flor5ce 9 #adid1 or ! nobles ( ! ,gold5 ,book at ,v5ice1 w\ld by su* unification ( ! c\ntry "u a victori\s republic h become sov]eigns1 adm9i/]+ ! res\rces ( ! nation = _! pr(it4 ,! dread ( ?is cata/rophe r5d]$ ,v5ice odi\s to h] si/] commonweal?s at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ju/ifi$1 accord+ to ,guicci>d9i's views ( hi/ory1 ! action tak5 by ,cosimo de' ,m$ici 9 #adej1 :5 he r5d]$ ,milan /rong by support+ h] despot1 ,francesco ,s=za4#b ,9 a ^w republican fre$om1 z ! t]m is n[ und]/ood1 0 unkn[n 9 ,italy4 ,municipal autonomy1 imply+ ! "r ( ! municipality to rule its conque/s = its own p>ticul> pr(it1 0 ! dom9ant idea4 ,to h advanc$ f ?is /age ( ?\ght to ! highly develop$ conception ( a national republic1 c5traliz+ ! =ces ( ,italy & at ! same "t giv+ free play to its local en]gies1 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,?is k9d ( republican unity implies a previ\s unification ( ! p 9 "s o!r =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,x fur!rmore dem&s a sy/em ( repres5tation ext5d$ to all sections ( ! nation4 ,_! v nature1 !re=e1 prev5t$ ! republican in/itutions won by ! ,italians 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages f suffic+ = _! indep5d5ce 9 a national republic4 #a ,op4 ,in$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bh4 #b ,ib4 vol4 iii4 p4 #h4 ,x may ) m reason be ask$ 9 ! next place :y ,italy did n become a mon>*y1 & aga9 :y %e nev] produc$ a conf$]ation1 unit+ ! ,communes z ! ,swiss ,cantons 7 comb9$ = mutual support & self-def5se4 ,:5 we attack ! fir/ ( ^! two que/ions1 our imm$iate answ] mu/ be t ! ,italians _h a root$ dis9cl9ation = mon>*ical union4#a ,_! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts 7 direct$ aga9/ x :5 x seem$ to ?reat5 !m4 ,x may be rememb]$ t !y 7 n a new p1 ne$+ conc5tration to secure _! b>e exi/5ce4 ,ev5 dur+ ! great days ( anci5t ,rome !y _h n be5 :at we are wont to call a nation1 b a conf$]acy ( municipalities gov]n$ & direct$ by ! mi/ress ( ! globe4 ,:5 ,rome pass$ away1 ! fragm5ts ( ! body politic 9 ,italy1 ?\gh rudely %ak51 reta9$ "s portion ( ! old vitality t jo9$ !m to ! pa/4 ,x 0 to ! pa/ r ?an ! future t ! new ,italians look$2 & ev5 z !y lack$ initiative =ces 9 _! lit]ature1 s 9 _! political sy/ems !y v5tur$ on no fre% beg9n+4 ,?\gh ,rome h]self 0 ru9$1 ! %ad[ ( ! "n ( ,rome1 ! mighty memory ( ,roman greatness1 /ill abode ) !m4 ,in/ead ( a mod]n capital & a mod]n k+1 !y _h an idea = _! rally+-po9t1 a spiritual city = _! metropolis4 ,nor 0 !re any imm$iate reason :y !y %\ld h sacrific$ _! local indep5d5ce 9 ord] to obta9 ! security af=d$ by a sov]eign4 ,x 0 n till a lat] epo* t ,italy le>n$ by bitt] exp]i5ce t unity at any co/ w\ld be acceptable1 face to face ) ! organiz$ armies ( mod]n ,europe4 ,b :5 ! *ance ( secur+ t safegu>d 0 (f]$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x mu/ h be5 b\ght by subjection to =eign]s1 by tol]ation ( feudalism1 by ! ext9ction ( ,roman culture 9 ! laws & cu/oms ( b>b>ians4 ,?us x is n too mu* to say t ! ,italians !mselves reject$ x4 ,moreov]1 ! problem ( unify+ ,italy 9 a mon>*y 0 nev] s practically simple z t ( =m+ nations out ( ! ,teutonic tribes4 ,n only 0 ! in/9ct ( clan%ip abs5t1 b be=e ! ye> #hjj all attempts to e/abli% a mon>*ical /ate 7 ?w>t$ by ! /ill =midable proximity ( ! ,greek ,empire & by ! gr[+ p[] ( ecclesia/ical ,rome4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ,go?s err$ by submitt+-to ! ,empire & m]g+ _! au?ority 9 a decl9+ organization4 ,we h se5 aga9 h[ ! ,lomb>ds err$ by adopt+ ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity & ?us entangl+ !mselves 9 ! policy ( ,papal ,rome4 ,bo? ,go?s & ,lomb>ds committ$ ! mi/ake ( sp>+ ! ,et]nal ,city2 or x may be m accurate to say t nei!r ( !m 7 /rong en\gh to lay h&s ( viol5ce ^u ! sacr$ & my/]i\s metropolis & hold x z _! seat ( mon>*y aga9/ ! _w4 ,s long z ,rome rema9$ indep5d5t1 nei!r ,rav5na nor ,pavia c\ld head a k+dom 9 ! p59sula4 ,mean:ile ,rome l5t h] pre/ige to ! advancem5t ( a spiritual p[] :i*1 subject to no dyna/ic weakness1 ) ! p]si/5t =ce ( an idea t _c die1 0 b5t on subjugat+ ,europe4 ,! ,papacy ne$$ ,italy z ! basis ( its op]ations1 & c\ld n brook a rival t might r$uce ! ,see ( ,s4 ,pet] to ! level ( an ord9>y bi%opric4 ,rome !re=e1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 upheld ! s-call$ lib]ties ( ,italy aga9/ all com]s2 & :5 %e summon$ ! ,franks1 x 0 to break ! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,lomb>d mon>*s4 ,! pact betwe5 ! ,popes & ,*>les ! ,great1 h[ev] we may int]pret its mean+1 /ill fur!r remov$ ! possibility ( a k+dom by divid+ ,italy into two sections ) sep>ate allegiances2 & s9ce ! sway ( nei!r ,pope nor ,emp]or1 ! "o un>m$1 ! o!r abs5t1 0 /r+5t en\gh to *eck ! gr[? ( indep5d5t cities1 a ?ird & all-important factor 0 add$ to ! previ\s *ecks ^u national unity4 #a ,guicci>d9i 7,op4 ,in$4 i4 #bi7 rem>ks3 ',o sia p] qual*e fato d' ,italia1 o p] la complessione degli uom9i temp]ata 9 modo *e hanno +egno e =ze1 non e mai que/a prov9cia /ata facile a ridursi sotto uno imp]io4' ,he speaks aga9 ( h] disunion z 'quello modo di viv]e *e e piu secondo la antiquissima consuetud9e e incl9azione sua4' ,b ,guicci>d9i1 ) t defect ( vision :i* r5d]$ him incapable ( appreciat+ ! :ole situation :ile he analyz$ its details s pr(\ndly1 0 reckon+ )\t ! great nations ( ,europe4 ,see above1 pp4 #dj1 #da4 ,aft] #abjj ! problem *anges its aspect4 ,we h n[ to ask ourselves :y1 :5 ! /ruggle ) ! ,empire 0 ov]1 :5 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa _h be5 defeat$ at ,legnano1 :5 ! ,lomb>d & ! ,tuscan ,leagues 7 9 full vigor be=e ! ,guelf & ,ghibell9e factions _h confus$ ! ma9spr+s ( political activity1 & :ile ! national militia 0 /ill en]getic1 ! ,communes did n advance f ! conception ( local & municipal indep5d5ce to t ( national fre$om 9 a conf$]acy simil> to ! ,swiss ,bund4 ,! ,italians1 x may be sugge/$1 saw no imm$iate necessity = a conf$]ation t w\ld h limit$ ! absolute autonomy ( _! sev]al p>cels4 ,only ! light ca/ by subsequ5t ev5ts ^u _! e>ly hi/ory makes u p]ceive t !y miss$ an unique opportunity at ?is mom5t4 ,:at !y !n desir$ 0 fre$om = expansion ea* aft] 8 own political type1 fre$om = ! developm5t ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 fre$om = ! social organization ( ! city belov$ by its burgh]s above ! nation z a :ole4 ,special difficulties1 moreov]1 lay 9 ! way ( conf$]ation4 ,! ,communes 7 n di/ricts1 l ! ,swiss ,cantons1 b t[ns at w> ) ! ,contado r\nd !m & at w> among !mselves4 ,mutually jeal\s & mi/ru/ful1 ) a c\ntry population t b p>tially obey$ _! rule1 ^! c5t]s ( ,italian fre$om 7 9 a v diff]5t position f ! peasant communities ( ,s*wytz1 ,uri1 ,unt5vald54 ,italy1 moreov]1 c\ld n h be5 f$]ally unit$ )\t ! cons5t ( ,naples & ! ,*ur*4 ,! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 r5d]$ def9itely mon>*ical by ! ,norman ,conque/1 (f]$ a s]i\s ob/acle2 & ?\gh ! ,regno might h be5 defi$ & absorb$ by a vigor\s conc]t$ movem5t f ! ,nor? & c5t]1 !re /ill rema9$ ! opposition ( ! ,papacy4 ,x _h be5 ! rec5t policy ( ! ,popes to support ! free burghs 9 _! w> ) ,fr$]ick4 ,b !y did ?is only because !y c\ld n tol]ate a rival ne> _! base ( spiritual p[]2 & ! v reasons :i* _h made !m side ) ! cities 9 ! w>s ( lib]ation w\ld h r\s$ _! ho/ility aga9/ a f$]ative union4 ,to h enc\rag$ an ,italian ,bund1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y w\ld h f\nd ! ,*ur* un>m$ & on a level ) ! puissant t[ns ( ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany1 mu/ h seem$ to !m a suicidal error4 ,su* a coalition1 if attempt$1 c\ld n b h be5 oppos$ ) all _! might2 = ! :ole hi/ory ( ,italy proves t ,ma*iavelli 0 "r :5 he ass]t$ t ! ,*ur* _h p]si/5tly ma9ta9$ ! nation 9 disunion = ! fur!rance ( h] own selfi% ends4 ,we h fur!rmore to add ! pre/ige :i* ! ,empire pres]v$ = ! ,italians1 :o fail$ to conceive ( any civiliz$1 human society :]e( ! repres5tative ( ,caes> %\ld n be ! ,god-appo9t$ head4 ,?\gh ! mat]ial p[] ( ! ,emp]ors 0 on ! wane1 x /ill exi/$ z a dom9ant idea4 ,italy 0 /ill ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,empire no less ?an ! ,?rone ( ,*ri/ on e>?4 ,aft] ! burghs _h wrung :at !y reg>d$ z _! reasonable rights & privileges f ,fr$]ick1 !y laid d[n _! arms1 & 7 cont5t to fl\ri% b5ea? ! imp]ial %ad[4 ,to raise up a political association z a bulw>k aga9/ ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 & by ! =mation ( ?is def5se to become an indep5d5t & unit$ nation1 in/ead ( rema9+ an aggregate ( scatt]$ t[n%ips1 w\ld h seem$ to _! m9ds little %ort ( sacrilege4 ,up to ?is po9t ! ,*ur* & ! ,empire _h be51 !oretically at lea/1 concordant4 ,!y 7 ! sun & moon ( a sacr$ social sy/em :i* rul$ ,europe ) light & might4 ,b ! ,w>s ( ,inve/iture plac$ !m 9 antagonism1 & ! result ( t qu>rel 0 /ill fur!r to divide ! ,italians1 /ill fur!r to remove ! hope ( national unity into ! region ( ?+s unatta9able4 ,! great p>ties acc5tuat$ communal jeal\sies & gave ext]nal =m & sub/ance to ! /ruggles ( t[n ) t[n4 ,s f> di/ant 0 ! possibility ( conf$]ation on a gr& scale t e city /rove )9 itself to e/abli% "o ( two contradictory pr9ciples1 & ! en]gies ( ! p 7 exp5d$ 9 a /ruggle t set neighbor aga9/ neighbor on ! field ( w> & 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,! confusion1 exhau/ion1 & demoralization eng5d]$ by ^! conflicts det]m9$ ! adv5t ( ! ,despots2 & aft] #adjj ,italy c\ld only h be5 unit$ "u a tyrant's iron rule4 ,at su* an univ]sal despotism ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti 0 aim+ :5 ! plague cut %ort 8 s*emes4 ,ces>e ,borgia play$ 8 highe/ /akes = x4 ,leo ,x4 dream$ ( x = 8 family4 ,ma*iavelli1 at ! end ( ! ,pr9cipe1 :5 ! trag$y ( ,italy 0 almo/ accompli%$1 invok$ x4 ,b ev5 = ?is la/ *ance ( unification x 0 n[ too late4 ,! great nations ( ,europe 7 9 movem5t1 & ! de/9ies ( ,italy dep5d$ ^u ,france & ,spa94 ,:5 ,*>les ,v4 rema9$ victor 9 ! /ruggle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 he /]eotyp$ & petrifi$ ! divisions ( ,italy 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 own dyna/ic policy4 ,! only ,italian p[] t rema9$ un*angeable ?r\gh\t all *anges 0 ! ,papacy--! fir/ to em]ge into prom95ce aft] ! decay ( ! old ,we/]n ,empire1 ! la/ to suff] dim9ution 9 spite ( vicissitudes1 humiliations1 s*isms1 & int]nal trans=mation4 ,z ! ,papacy _h creat$ & ma9ta9$ a divid$ ,italy1 z x _h oppos$ itself to e successive prospect ( unification1 s x surviv$ ! ext9ction ( ,italian indep5d5ce1 & l5t its aid to t imp]ial tyranny :]eby ! disunion ( ! nation 0 confirm$ & prolongat$ till ! pres5t c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,despots4 ,sali5t ,qualities ( ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,c5turies 9 ,italy--,relation ( ,italy to ! ,empire & to ! ,*ur*--,! ,illegitimate ,title ( ,italian ,pot5tates--,! ,free ,em]g5ce ( ,p]sonality--,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & ! ,influ5ce ( 8 ,example--,ezzel9o da ,romano--,six ,sorts ( ,italian ,despots--,feudal ,seigneurs--,vic>s ( ! ,empire--,capta9s ( ! ,p--,condotti]i--,nephews & ,sons ( ,popes--,em95t ,burgh]s--,italian ,incapacity = ,self-,gov]nm5t 9 ,commonweal?s--,=cible ,t5ure ( ,p[] enc\rag$ ,p]sonal ,ability--,! ,condition ( ! ,despot's ,life--,in/ances ( ,dome/ic ,crime 9 ! ,rul+ ,h\ses--,macaulay's ,description ( ! ,italian ,tyrant-- ,savon>ola's & ,matteo ,villani's ,description ( a ,tyrant--,! ,absorption ( ,small] by ,great] ,tyrannies 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury--,hi/ory ( ! ,visconti--,francesco ,s=za--,! ,"p play$ 9 ,italian ,politics by ,milit>y ,lead]s--,m]c5>y ,w>f>e--,alb]ico da ,b>biano1 ,braccio da ,montone1 ,s=za ,att5dolo--,hi/ory ( ! ,s=za ,dyna/y--,! ,murd] ( ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za--,! ,e?ics ( ,tyrannicide 9 ,italy--,relation ( ! ,despots to ,arts & ,lett]s--,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a--,duke ,f$]igo ( ,urb9o--,! ,s*ool ( ,vittor9o & ! ,c\rt ( ,urb9o--,! ,cortegiano ( ,ca/iglione--,! ,ideals ( ! ,italian ,c\rti] & ! ,mod]n ,g5tleman--,g5]al ,retrospect4 ,! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies may be call$ ! ,age ( ! ,despots 9 ,italian hi/ory1 z ! twelf? & ?irte5? are ! ,age ( ! ,free ,burghs1 & z ! sixte5? & sev5te5? are ! ,age ( ,=eign ,enslavem5t4 ,x 0 dur+ ! age ( ! ,despots t ! conditions ( ! ,r5aissance 7 evolv$1 & t ! ,r5aissance itself assum$ a def9ite "* 9 ,italy4 ,"u tyrannies1 9 ! mid/ ( intrigues1 w>s1 & revolutions1 ! peculi> individuality ( ! ,italians obta9$ its ultimate developm5t4 ,?is individuality1 z rem>kable = sali5t g5ius & diffus$ tal5t z = self-consci\s & delib]ate vice1 det]m9$ ! qualities ( ! ,r5aissance & affect$ by example ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,italy l$ ! way 9 ! education ( ! ,we/]n races1 & 0 ! fir/ to realize ! type ( mod]n z di/+ui%$ f classical & m$iaeval life4 ,dur+ ?is age ( ! despots1 ,italy pres5ts ! spectacle ( a nation devoid ( c5tral gov]nm5t & comp>atively un9flu5c$ by feudalism4 ,! "r ( ! ,emp]or _h become nom9al1 & s]v$ z a pretext = usurp]s r ?an z a s\rce ( ord]4 ,! visits1 = in/ance1 ( ,*>les ,,iv4 & ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7 ei!r begg+ exp$itions or holiday excursions1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ambiti\s adv5tur]s b\ght titles to ! gov]nm5t ( t[ns1 & mean+less honors 7 %[]$ ^u va9 c\rti]s4 ,x 0 n till ! reign ( ,maximilian t ,g]many adopt$ a m s]i\s policy ) reg>d to ,italy1 :i* by t "t _h become ! c5tral po9t ( ,european intrigue4 ,*>les ,v4 aft]w>ds us$ =ce to reass]t imp]ial rights ov] ! ,italian cities1 act+ n s mu* 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,empire z = ! aggr&izem5t ( ! ,spani% mon>*y4 ,at ! same "t ! ,papacy1 :i* _h done s mu* to und]m9e ! au?ority ( ! ,empire1 ex]cis$ a p[] at once anomal\s & ill-recogniz$ except 9 ! imm$iate ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*4 ,by ! ext9ction ( ! ,h\se ( ,hoh5/auff5 & by ! assum$ "r to grant ! inve/iture ( ! k+dom ( ,naples to =eign]s1 ! ,popes n only /ruck a dea?-bl[ at imp]ial influ5ce1 b also prep>$ ! way = _! own exile to ,avignon4 ,?is involv$ ! loss ( ! second great au?ority to :i* ,italy _h be5 accu/om$ to look = ! ma9t5ance ( "s sort ( national coh]5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! ,*ur*1 ?\gh impot5t to unite all ,italy b5ea? h] own sway1 _h p[] en\gh to prev5t ! =mation ei!r by ,milan or ,v5ice or ,naples ( a sub/antial k+dom4 ,! result 0 a p]petually recurr+ process ( composition1 dismemb]m5t1 & recomposition1 "u diff]5t =ms1 ( ! scatt]$ elem5ts ( ,italian life4 ,! ,guelf & ,ghibell9e p>ties1 inh]it$ f ! w>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 surviv$ ! political int]e/s :i* _h giv5 !m bir?1 & prov$ an insurm\ntable ob/acle1 long aft] !y _h ceas$ to h any real significance1 to ! pacification ( ! c\ntry4#a ,! only important /ate :i* ma9ta9$ an unbrok5 dyna/ic succession ( h[ev] disput$ a nature at ?is p]iod 0 ! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies4 ,! only great republics 7 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 & ,flor5ce4 ,( ^!1 ,g5oa1 aft] be+ r$uc$ 9 p[] & prosp]ity by ,v5ice1 0 ov]%ad[$ by ! successive lords ( ,milan2 :ile ,flor5ce 0 de/9$ at ! end ( a long /ruggle to fall b5ea? a family ( despots4 ,all ! re/ ( ,italy1 especially to ! nor? ( ! ,ap5n9es1 0 ! battle-field ( tyrants1 ^: title 0 illegitimate--bas$1 t is to say1 on no feudal pr9ciple1 d]iv$ 9 no regul> mann] f ! ,empire1 b g5]ally held z a gift or extort$ z a prize f ! pr$om9ant p>ties 9 ! great t[ns4 #a ,s late z #aebf we f9d ! burlesque poet ,fol5go exclaim+ 7,orl&9o1 ii4 #ei7-- ,*e se non fuss] le gran p>ti 9 quella1 ,dom9]ebbe il mondo ,italia bella4 ,if we exam9e ! con/itution ( ^! tyrannies1 we f9d abundant pro(s ( _! despotic nature4 ,! succession f fa!r to son 0 always unc]ta94 ,legitimacy ( bir? 0 h>dly respect$4 ,! la/ ,la ,scalas 7 ba/>ds4 ,! h\se ( ,aragon 9 ,naples desc5d$ f a ba/>d4 ,gabriello ,visconti %>$ ) 8 half-bro!rs ! h]itage ( ,gian ,galeazzo4 ,! l9e ( ! ,m$ici 0 cont9u$ by pr9ces ( m ?an d\btful orig94 ,suspicion re/$ on ! bir? ( ,fr$]ick ( ,urb9o4 ,! h\ses ( ,e/e & ,malate/a honor$ _! ba/>ds 9 ! same degree z _! lawful prog5y4 ,! great family ( ! ,b5tivogli at ,bologna ow$ _! importance at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury to an obscure & probably spuri\s pret5d]1 dragg$ f ! wool-factories ( ,flor5ce by ! policy ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici4 ,! sons ( popes rank$ ) ! pr\de/ ( ari/ocratic families4 ,nobility 0 less reg>d$ 9 ! *oice ( a rul] ?an p]sonal ability4 ,p[] once acquir$ 0 ma9ta9$ by =ce1 & ! hi/ory ( ! rul+ families is "o long catalogue ( crimes4 ,yet ! cities ?us gov]n$ 7 ord]ly & prosp]\s4 ,police regulations 7 c>efully e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by gov]nors ^: int]e/ x 0 to rule a quiet /ate4 ,culture 0 widely diffus$ )\t reg>d to rank or weal?4 ,public edifices ( colossal gr&eur 7 multipli$4 ,mean:ile ! p at l>ge 7 be+ fa%ion$ to t self-consci\s & intellig5t activity :i* is fo/]$ by ! modes ( life peculi> to political & social c5t]s 9 a condition ( cont9u$ rivalry & *ange4 ,"u ! ,italian despotisms we obs]ve ne>ly ! opposite ( all ! influ5ces br\ght to be> 9 ! same p]iod ^u ! nations ( ! ,nor?4 ,!re is no gradual absorption ( ! great vassals 9 mon>*ies1 no fix$ allegiance to a reign+ dyna/y1 no feudal aid or milit>y s]vice atta*$ to ! t5ure ( ! l&1 no t5d5cy to c5tralize ! :ole intellectual activity ( ! race 9 any capital1 no suppression ( individual "* by /rongly bias$ public feel+1 by immutable law1 or by ! sup]9cumb5t weight ( a social hi]>*y4 ,ev]y?+1 on ! contr>y1 t5ds to ! free em]g5ce ( p]sonal passions & p]sonal aims4 ,?\gh ! vassals ( ! despot are nei!r 8 soldi]s nor 8 loyal lieges1 b 8 c\rti]s & taxpay]s1 ! cont9ual object ( 8 cruelty & fe>1 yet ea* subject has ! *ance ( becom+ a pr9ce l ,s=za or a companion ( pr9ces l ,petr>*4 ,equality ( s]vitude goes f> to democratize a nation1 & common hatr$ ( ! tyrant leads to ! comb9ation ( all classes aga9/ him4 ,!nce foll[s ! f]m5tation ( arrogant & self-reliant passions 9 ! brea/s ( ! l[e/ z well z ! highe/4#a ,! rapid mutations ( gov]nm5t tea* m5 to c>e = !mselves & to dep5d ^u !mselves alone 9 ! battle ( ! _w2 :ile ! necessity ( craft & policy 9 ! conduct ( complicat$ affairs %>p5s intellig5ce4 ,! sanction ( all means t may secure an end "u conditions ( social viol5ce enc\rages v]satility unprejudic$ by moral consid]ations4 ,at ! same "t ! freely indulg$ vices ( ! sov]eign are an example ( self-indulg5ce to ! subject1 & 8 ne$ ( lawless in/rum5ts is a practical sanction ( =ce 9 all its =ms4 ,?us to ! play ( p]sonality1 :e!r 9 combat ) society & rivals1 or 9 ! gratification ( individual caprice1 e lib]ty is all[$4 ,might is sub/itut$ = "r1 & ! s5se ( law is supplant$ by a m]e dread ( co]cion4 ,:at is ! wond] if a ,b5v5uto ,cell9i %\ld be ! outcome ( ! same society z t :i* =m$ a ,ces>e ,borgia8 ,:at is ! miracle if ,italy "u ^! circum/ances produc$ orig9al *>act]s & _m-sid$ intellects 9 great] pr(usion ?an any o!r nation at any o!r p]iod1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,greece on h] em]g5ce f ! age ( h] despots8 ,x 0 ! mis=tune ( ,italy t ! age ( ! despots 0 succe$$ n by an age ( free political exi/5ce1 b by "o ( =eign s]vitude4 #a ,see ,guicci>d9i1 ',dialogo del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze1' ,op4 ,in$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ec1 = a critique ( ! motives ( tyrannicide 9 ,italy4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 0 at ! same "t ! la/ emp]or :o ma9ta9$ imp]ial sway 9 ,italy 9 p]son1 & also ! beg9n] ( a new sy/em ( gov]nm5t :i* ! despots aft]w>ds pursu$4 ,8 e/abli%m5t ( ! ,s>ac5 colony at ,noc]a1 z ! nucleus ( an army ready to fulfill 8 ord]s ) scrupul\s disreg>d = ,italian sympa?ies & cu/oms1 taught all future rul]s to r$uce _! subjects to a /ate ( un>m$ passivity1 & to c>ry on _! w>s by ! aid ( ,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,swiss1 ,gascon1 ,breton1 or ,hung>ian m]c5>ies1 z ! case might be4 ,fr$]ick1 aga91 d]iv$ f 8 ,mussulman pr$ecessors 9 ,sicily ! arts ( taxation to ! utmo/ limits ( ! national capacity1 & f\nd$ a prec$5t = ! levy+ ( tolls by a ,cata/o or s*$ule ( ! prop]ties attribut$ to ea* individual 9 ! /ate4 ,he also de/roy$ ! self-gov]nm5t ( burghs & di/ricts1 by reta9+ = himself ! "r to nom9ate (fic]s1 & by e/abli%+ a sy/em ( judicial jurisdiction :i* d]iv$ au?ority f ! ?rone4 ,aga91 he introduc$ ! example ( a pr9ce mak+ pr(it out ( ! indu/ries ( 8 subjects by monopolies & protective duties4 ,9 ?is pa? he 0 foll[$ by illu/ri\s successors--especially by ,sixtus ,,iv4 & ,alfonso ,,ii4 ( ,aragon1 :o enri*$ !mselves by traffick+ 9 ! corn & olive-oil ( _! fami%$ prov9ces4 ,la/ly1 ,fr$]ick e/abli%$ ! prec$5t ( a c\rt =m$ ^u ! model ( t ( ,ori5tal ,sultans1 9 :i* *amb]la9s & secret>ies took ! rank ( h]$it>y nobles1 & functions ( /ate 7 confid$ to ! body-s]vants ( ! mon>*4 ,?is c\rt gave curr5cy to ^? habits ( polite culture1 magnific5t liv+1 & p]sonal luxury :i* play$ s prom95t a "p 9 all subsequ5t ,italian despotism4 ,x is tempt+ to ov]/ra9 a po9t 9 e/imat+ ! direct influ5ce ( ,fr$]ick's example4 ,9 _m respects d\btless he 0 m]ely some:at 9 advance ( 8 age2 & :at we may be incl9$ to ascribe to him p]sonally1 w\ld h foll[$ 9 ! natural evolution ( ev5ts4 ,yet x rema9s a fact t he fir/ realiz$ ! type ( cultivat$ despotism :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t ,italy 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,italian lit]ature began 9 8 c\rt1 & _m ,s>ac5ic cu/oms ( /atecraft 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh him f ,pal]mo to ,lomb>dy4 ,:ile ,fr$]ick =e%ad[$ ! comp>atively mod]n tyrants ( ! com+ age1 8 ,vic> 9 ! ,nor? ( ,italy1 ,ezzel9o da ,romano1 repres5t$ ! atrocities t[>ds :i* !y always t5d$ to deg5]ate4 ,reg>d+ himself ) a sort ( awful v5]ation z ! div9ely appo9t$ sc\rge ( humanity1 ?is mon/] 9 8 lifetime 0 execrat$ z an ab]ration f '! k9dly race ( m51' & aft] 8 dea? he became ! h]o ( a fi5di% my?us4 ,b 9 ! succe$+ c5turies ( ,italian hi/ory 8 k9d 0 only too common2 ! immorality ) :i* he work$ out 8 selfi% aims 0 sy/ematically adopt$ by pr9ces l ! ,visconti1 & r$uc$ to rule by !ori/s l ,ma*iavelli4 ,ezzel9o1 a small1 pale1 wiry man1 ) t]ror 9 8 face & en?usiasm = evil 9 8 he>t1 liv$ a foe to luxury1 cold to ! pa?os ( *ildr51 dead to ! en*antm5t ( wom54 ,8 "o passion 0 ! gre$ ( p[]1 height5$ by ! lu/ = blood4 ,orig9ally a noble ( ! ,v]onese ,m>*es1 he f\nd$ 8 illegal au?ority ^u ! capta9cy ( ! ,imp]ial p>ty delegat$ to him by ,fr$]ick4 ,v]ona1 ,vic5za1 ,padua1 ,feltre1 & ,belluno made him _! capta9 9 ! ,ghibell9e int]e/1 conf]r+ on him judicial z well z milit>y supremacy4 ,h[ he fe>fully abus$ 8 p[]1 h[ a crusade 0 prea*$ aga9/ him1#a & h[ he di$ 9 sil5ce1 l a bo> at bay1 r5d+ f 8 w\nds ! dress+s t 8 foes _h plac$ to keep him alive1 are notori\s matt]s ( hi/ory4 ,at ,padua alone he erect$ eight prisons1 two ( :i* conta9$ z _m z ?ree hundr$ captives ea*2 & ?\gh ! execution] nev] ceas$ to ply 8 trade !re1 !y 7 always full4 ,^! dungeons 7 design$ to torture by _! noisom5ess1 _! want ( air & light & space4 ,ezzel9o made himself t]rible n m]ely by executions & imprisonm5ts b also by mutilations & torm5ts4 ,:5 he captur$ ,friola he caus$ ! population1 ( all ages1 sexes1 occupations1 to be depriv$ ( _! eyes1 noses1 & legs1 & to be ca/ =? to ! m]cy ( ! elem5ts4 ,on ano!r occasion he wall$ up a family ( pr9ces 9 a ca/le & left !m to die ( fam9e4 ,weal?1 em95ce1 & beauty attract$ 8 displeasure no less ?an insubord9ation or disob$i5ce4 ,nor 0 he less crafty ?an cruel4 ,sons betray$ _! fa!rs1 fri5ds _! comrades1 "u ! fallaci\s safegu>d ( 8 promises4 ,a gigantic in/ance ( 8 s*em+ 0 ! c\p-de-ma9 by :i* he succe$$ 9 entrapp+ #aa1jjj ,paduan soldi]s1 only #bjj ( :om escap$ ! mis]ies ( 8 prisons4 ,?us by 8 absolute contempt ( law1 8 inord9ate cruelty1 8 prolong$ massacres1 & 8 infliction ( plagues ^u :ole peoples1 ,ezzel9o e/abli%$ ! ideal 9 ,italy ( a tyrant m>*+ to 8 end by any means :atev]4 ,9 va9 0 ! humanity ( ! race revolt$ by ! hide\s spectacle4 ,va9ly did ! monks assemble pity-/rick5 multitudes ^u ! pla9 ( ,paqu>a to atone ) te>s & p5it5ce = ! insults (f]$ to ! sa9ts 9 heav5 by ,ezzel9o's fury4 ,x laid a deep hold ^u ! ,italian imag9ation1 &1 by ! glamor ( loa?+ t has /r5g? to fasc9ate1 prov$ 9 ! end contagi\s4 ,we are apt to ask ourselves :e!r su* m5 are mad--:e!r 9 ! case ( a ,n]o or a ,m>e*al de ,retz or an ,ezzel9o ! love ( evil & ! ?ir/ = blood are n a monomaniacal p]v]sion ( b>b>\s passions :i* ev5 9 a cannibal are morbid4#b ,is !re 9 fact su* a ?+ z ,haematomania1 ,bloodmadness8 ,b if we answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative1 we %all h to place h[ _m ,visconti1 ,s=zes*i1 ,malate/i1 ,borgias1 ,f>nesi1 & pr9ces ( ! h\ses ( ,anj\ & ,aragon 9 ! li/ ( ^! maniacs8 ,ezzel9o 0 inde$ only ! fir/ ( a long & horrible procession1 ! mo/ t]ror-/rik+ because ! e>lie/1 prefigur+ all ! re/4 #a ,alex&] ,,iv4 issu$ lett]s = ?is crusade 9 #abee4 ,x 0 prea*$ next ye> by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,rav5na4 #b ,see ,app5dix1 ,no4 ,i4 ,ezzel9o's cruelty 0 no m]e ,b]s]kir fury or ,lycan?ropia com+ ov] him 9 gu/s & leav+ him exhau/$4 ,x 0 /eady & cont9u\s4 ,9 8 madness1 if su* we may call ?is inhumanity1 !re 0 me?od2 he us$ x to ! end ( ! consolidation ( 8 tyranny4 ,yet1 inasmu* z x pass$ all limits & prep>$ 8 d[nfall1 x may be said to h obta9$ ov] 8 nature ! ma/]y ( an insane appetite4 ,:ile apply+ ! nom5clature ( disease to ^! exceptional mon/]s1 we ne$ n all[ t _! atrocities 71 at fir/ at any rate1 beyond _! control4 ,moral insanity is (t5 no?+ m ?an ! hyp]trophy ( "s vulg> passion--lu/1 viol5ce1 cruelty1 jeal\sy1 & ! l4 ,! tyrant1 plac$ above law & less influ5c$ by public op9ion ?an a private p]son1 may easily all[ a gre$ = pleasure or a love ( blood%$ to acquire morbid proportions 9 8 nature4 ,he !n is n unju/ly t]m$ a monomaniac4 ,)9 ! circle ( 8 vitiat$ appetite he proves himself irrational4 ,he becomes ! puppet ( passions :i* ! sane man _c s mu* z picture to 8 fancy1 ! victim ( desire1 ev] recurr+ & ev] de/9$ to rema9 unsatisfi$2 nor is any halluc9ation m ak9 to lunacy ?an ! mirage ( a joy t leaves ! s\l ?ir/i] ?an x 0 be=e1 ! p>oxysm ( unnatural pleasure :i* we>ies ! n]ves t crave = x4 ,9 ,fr$]ick1 ! mod]n autocrat1 & ,ezzel9o1 ! leg5d>y tyrant1 we obta9 ! e>lie/ specim5s ( two types ( despotism 9 ,italy4 ,_! fame long aft] _! dea? p[]fully affect$ ! fancy ( ! p1 work$ itself into ! lit]ature ( ! ,italians1 & creat$ a consci\sness ( tyranny 9 ! m9ds ( irresponsible rul]s4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies we f9d1 r\ghly speak+1 six sorts ( despots 9 ,italian cities4#a ,( ^! ! fir/ class1 :i* is a v small "o1 _h a dyna/ic or h]$it>y "r accru+ f long seignioral possession ( _! sev]al di/ricts4 ,! mo/ em95t are ! h\ses ( ,montf]rat & ,savoy1 ! ,m>quises ( ,f]r>a1 ! ,pr9ces ( ,urb9o4 ,at ! same "t x is difficult to "k :]e to draw ! l9e betwe5 su* h]$it>y lord%ip z t ( ! ,e/e family1 & tyranny bas$ on popul> favor4 ,! ,malate/i ( ,rim9i1 ,pol5tani ( ,rav5na1 ,manfr$i ( ,fa5za1 ,ordelaffi ( ,=li1 ,*iavelli ( ,fabriano1 ,v>ani ( ,cam]9o1 & o!rs1 might claim to rank among ! =m]1 s9ce _! cities submitt$ to !m )\t a long p]iod ( republican indep5d5ce l t :i* prec$$ despotism 9 ! cases to be next m5tion$4 ,yet ^! families /yl$ !mselves ,capta9s ( ! burghs !y rul$2 & 9 _m in/ances !y obta9$ ! additional title ( ,vic>s ( ! ,*ur*4#b ,ev5 ! ,e/5si 7 made h]$it>y capta9s ( ,f]r>a at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :ile !y also ackn[l$g$ ! supremacy ( ! ,papacy4 ,!re 0 9 fact no "r outside ! ,empire 9 ,italy2 & despots ( :atev] orig9 or complexion gladly accept$ ! support :i* a title d]iv$ f ! ,empire1 ! ,*ur*1 or ! ,p might give4 ,br\ght to ! front amid ! tumults ( ! civil w>s1 & accept$ z pacificators ( ! factions by ! multitude1 !y ga9$ ! confirmation ( _! anomal\s au?ority by repres5t+ !mselves to be lieut5ants or viceg]5ts ( ! ?ree great p[]s4 ,! second class comprise ^? nobles :o obta9$ ! title ( ,vic>s ( ! ,empire1 & built an illegal p[] ^u ! basis ( imp]ial "r 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,( ^!1 ! ,della ,scala & ,visconti families are illu/ri\s in/ances4 ,f9d+ 9 _! (ficial capacity a ready-made f\ndation1 !y ext5d$ x beyond its j limits1 & 9 defiance ( ! ,empire con/itut$ dyna/ies4 ,! ?ird class is important4 ,nobles *>g$ ) milit>y or judicial p[]1 z ,capitani or ,pode/as1 by ! free burghs1 us$ _! au?ority to enslave ! cities !y 7 *os5 to adm9i/]4 ,x 0 ?us t almo/ all ! num]\s tyrants ( ,lomb>dy1 ,c>r>esi at ,padua1 ,gonzaghi at ,mantua1 ,rossi & ,correggi at ,p>ma1 ,torr5si & ,visconti at ,milan1 ,scotti at ,piac5za1 & s =?1 fir/ erect$ _! despotic dyna/ies4 ,?is fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian tyranny is noticeable4 ,! font ( honor1 s to speak1 0 9 ! citiz5s ( ^! great burghs4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! limits ( au?ority delegat$ to _! capta9s by ! p 7 ov]/epp$1 ! sway ( ! pr9ces became confess$ly illegal4 ,illegality c>ri$ ) x all ! consequ5ces ( an evil consci5ce1 all ! insecurities ( usurp$ dom9ion all ! dang] f )\t & f )9 to :i* an arbitr>y gov]nor is expos$4 ,9 ! f\r? class we f9d ! pr9ciple ( =ce /ill m op5ly at "w4 ,to x may be assign$ ^? ,condotti]i :o made a prey ( cities at _! pleasure4 ,! illu/ri\s ,uguccione della ,faggiuola1 :o neglect$ to foll[ up 8 victory ov] ! ,guelfs at ,monte ,cat9i1 9 ord] t he might cem5t 8 p[] 9 ,lucca & ,pisa1 is an e>ly in/ance ( ?is k9d ( tyrant4 ,8 successor1 ,ca/ruccio ,ca/racane1 ! h]o ( ,ma*iavelli's romance1 is ano!r4 ,b x 0 n until ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury t pr(essional ,condotti]i became p[]ful en\gh to f\nd su* k+doms z t1 = example1 ( ,francesco ,s=za at ,milan4#c ,! fif? class includes ! nephews or sons ( ,popes4 ,! ,ri>io pr9cipality ( ,=li1 ! ,della ,rov]e ( ,urb9o1 ! ,borgia ( ,romagna1 ! ,f>nese ( ,p>ma1 =m a di/9ct species ( despotisms2 b all ^! are ( a comp>atively late orig94 ,until ! ,papacies ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 & ,innoc5t ,,viii4 ! ,popes _h n be?\ght !m ( provid+ 9 ?is way = _! relatives4 ,also1 x may be rem>k$1 !re 0 an ess5tial weakness 9 ^! tyrannies4 ,s9ce !y _h to be c>v$ out ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,pope :o _h e/abli%$ 8 son1 say 9 ,romagna1 di$ be=e he c\ld see him well confirm$ 9 a prov9ce :i* ! next ,pope s\ght to wre/ f 8 h&s1 9 ord] to be/[ x on 8 own favorite4 ,! fabric ( ! ,*ur* c\ld n long h /ood ?is disgraceful wrangl+ betwe5 ,papal families = ! dyna/ic possession ( ,*ur* prop]ty4 ,luckily = ! cont9uance ( ! ,papacy1 ! tide ( c\nt]-re=mation :i* set 9 aft] ! sack ( ,rome & ! great ,nor!rn ,s*ism1 put a /op to nepotism 9 its mo/ b>efac$ =m4 #a ,?is classification mu/ ( necessity be imp]fect1 s9ce _m ( ! tyrannies belong 9 "p to two or m ( ! k9ds :i* ,i h m5tion$4 #b ,see ,guicc4 ,i/4 end ( ,book #d4 #c ,john ,hawkwood 7di$ #acic71 ! ,engli% adv5tur]1 held ,cotignola & ,bagnacavallo f ,gregory ,,xi4 ,9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! ef=ts ( ! ,condotti]i to erect tyrannies 7 mo/ frequ5t4 ,braccio da ,montone e/abli%$ himself 9 ,p]ugia 9 #adaf1 & aspir$1 n )\t good gr\nds = hope1 to acquir+ ! k+dom ( ,italy4 ,francesco ,s=za1 be=e ga9+ ,milan1 _h begun to =m a despotism at ,ancona4 ,s=za's rival1 ,giacomo ,picc99o1 w\ld probably h succe$$ 9 8 own attempt1 _h n ,f]d9& ( ,aragon trea*]\sly murd]$ him at ,naples 9 #adfe4 ,9 ! disorganization caus$ by ,*>les ,,viii41 ,vidov]o ( ,brescia 9 #adie e/abli%$ himself at ,ces5a & ,ca/elnuovo1 & _h to be assass9at$ by ,p&olfo ,malate/a at ! in/igation ( ,v5ice4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti1 9 #adjb1 ! g5]als :om he _h employ$ 9 ! consolidation ( 8 va/ dom9ions attempt$ to divide ! spoil among !mselves4 ,naples1 ,v5ice1 ,milan1 ,rome1 & ,flor5ce 7 9 c\rse ( "t made ke5ly alive to ! risk ( suff]+ a capta9 ( adv5ture to run 8 c\rse un*eck$4 ,!re rema9s ! six? & la/ class ( despots to be m5tion$4 ,?is aga9 is l>ge & ( ! fir/ importance4 ,citiz5s ( em95ce1 l ! ,m$ici at ,flor5ce1 ! ,b5tivogli at ,bologna1 ! ,baglioni ( ,p]ugia1 ! ,vitelli ( ,citta di ,ca/ello1 ! ,gambacorti ( ,pisa1 l ,p&olfo ,petrucci 9 ,si5a 7#aejb71 ,romeo ,pepoli1 ! usur] ( ,bologna 7#acbc71 ! plebeian1 ,alticl9io1 & ,agolanti ( ,padua 7#acac71 ,giovanni ,vignate1 ! millionaire ( ,lodi 7#adjb71 acquir$ m ?an _! due weight 9 ! conduct ( affairs1 & gradually t5d$ to tyranny4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases great weal? 0 ! orig9al s\rce ( despotic asc5d5cy4 ,x 0 n uncommon to buy cities toge!r ) _! ,signory4 ,?us ! ,rossi b\ght ,p>ma = #ce1jjj flor9s 9 #accc2 ! ,appiani sold ,pisa2 ,a/orre ,manfr$i sold ,fa5za & ,imola 9 #acgg4 ,9 #addd ,galeazzo ,malate/a sold ,pes>o to ,aless&ro ,s=za1 & ,fossombrone to ,urb9o2 9 #adfa ,c]via 0 sold to ,v5ice by ! same family4 ,frances*etto ,cibo pur*as$ ! ,c\nty ( ,anguill>a4 ,t[ns at la/ came to h _! m>ket value4 ,x 0 kn[n t ,bologna 0 wor? #bjj1jjj flor9s1 ,p>ma #fj1jjj1 ,arezzo #dj1jjj ,lucca #cj1jjj1 & s =?4 ,b p]sonal qualities & nobility ( blood might also produce despots ( ! six? class4 ,?us ! ,b5tivogli claim$ desc5t f a ba/>d ( ,k+ ,enzo1 son ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 :o 0 = a long "t an honorable prison] 9 ,bologna4 ,! ,baglioni1 aft] a protract$ /ruggle ) ! rival family ( ,oddi1 ow$ _! supremacy to ability & vigor 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b ! neighborhood ( ! ,papal p[]1 & _! own int]nal diss5sions1 r5d]$ ! hold ( ?is family ^u ,p]ugia prec>i\s4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,m$ici & ! ,b5tivogli1 _m g5]ations might elapse be=e su* burgh] families assum$ dyna/ic au?ority4 ,b to ?is end !y 7 always advanc+4 ,! hi/ory ( ! b\rgeois despots proves t ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 und]go+ a natural process ( det]m9ation t[>d tyranny4 ,sismondi may attempt to demon/rate t ,italy 0 'n answ]able = ! crimes ) :i* %e 0 sulli$ by h] tyrants4' ,b ! facts %[ t %e 0 answ]able = *oos+ despots in/ead ( rema9+ free1 or r t %e in/9ctively obey$ a law ( social evolution by :i* pr9ces _h to be sub/itut$ = municipalities at ! end ( ^? fi]ce int]nal conflicts & exhau/+ w>s ( jeal\sy :i* clos$ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ma*iavelli1 ) all 8 love ( lib]ty1 is =c$ to admit t 9 8 day ! mo/ p[]ful prov9ces ( ,italy _h become incapable ( fre$om4 ',no accid5t1 h[ev] weighty & viol5t1 c\ld ev] re/ore ,milan or ,naples to lib]ty1 ow+ to _! utt] corruption4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t aft] ! dea? ( ,filippo ,visconti1 :5 ,milan tri$ to rega9 fre$om1 %e 0 unable to pres]ve x4'#a ,:e!r ,ma*iavelli is "r 9 ref]r+ ?is incapacity = self-gov]nm5t to ! corruption ( morals & religion may be que/ion$4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ?r\gh\t ! /ates ( ,italy1 ) ! "o exception ( ,v5ice1 causes 7 at "w inimical to republics & favorable to despotisms4 #a ,discorsi1 i4 #ag4 ,! ,flor5t9e philosoph] rem>ks 9 ! same passage1 ',cities1 once corrupt1 & accu/om$ to ! rule ( a pr9ce1 c nev] acquire _! fre$om ev5 ?\gh ! pr9ce ) all 8 ki? & k9 be extirpat$4 ,"o pr9ce is ne$$ to ext+ui% ano!r2 & ! city has no re/ except by ! creation ( a new "l1 unless "o burgh] by 8 goodness & 8 great qualities may *ance to pres]ve its indep5d5ce dur+ 8 lifetime4' ,x w be obs]v$ 9 ?is classification ( ,italian tyrants t ! t5ure ( _! p[] 0 almo/ uni=mly =cible4 ,!y g5]ally acquir$ x ?r\gh ! p 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ma9ta9$ x by ! ex]cise ( viol5ce4 ,rank _h no?+ to d ) _! claims4 ,! ba/>ds ( ,popes1 :o l ,sixtus ,,iv4 _h no p$igree1 m]*ants l ! ,m$ici1 ! son ( a peasant l ,francesco ,s=za1 a ri* usur] l ,pepoli1 _h almo/ equal *ances ) nobles ( ! anci5t h\ses ( ,e/e1 ,visconti1 or ,malate/a4 ,! *ief po9t 9 favor ( ! latt] 0 ! famili>ity :i* ?r\gh long ye>s ( au?ority _h accu/om$ ! p to _! rule4 ,:5 exil$1 !y _h a bett] *ance ( return to p[] ?an p>v5us1 ^: p>ty-cry & ensigns 7 comp>atively fre% & /irr$ no s5tim5t ( loyalty--if inde$ ! ^w loyalty c be appli$ to t pref]5ce = ! e/abli%$ & ! cu/om>y :i* made ! mob1 di/ract$ by ! wrangl+ ( doctr9aires & intrigu]s1 welcome back a ,b5tivoglio or a ,malate/a4 ,despotism 9 ,italy z 9 anci5t ,greece 0 democratic4 ,x recruit$ its ranks f all classes & erect$ its ?rones ^u ! sov]eignty ( ! peoples x oppress$4 ,! impulse to ! free play ( ambiti\s individuality :i* ?is /ate ( ?+s communicat$ 0 enorm\s4 ,capacity might raise ! meane/ monk to ! *air ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ! meane/ soldi] to ! du*y ( ,milan4 ,audacity1 vigor1 unscrupul\s crime 7 ! *ief requisites = success4 ,x 0 n till ,ces>e ,borgia display$ 8 magnific5ce at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 till ! ,italian adv5tur] mat*$ himself ) royalty 9 its legitimate spl5dor1 t ! l[ness ( 8 orig9 & ! frivolity ( 8 pret5sions appe>$ 9 any gl>+ light4#a ,9 ,italy itself1 :]e !re exi/$ no "t-honor$ hi]>*y ( classes & no f\nta9 ( nobility 9 ! p]son ( a sov]eign1 "o man 0 a mat* = ano!r1 provid$ he knew h[ to ass]t himself4 ,to ! conditions ( a society bas$ on ^! pr9ciples we may ascribe ! unrival$ em]g5ce ( great p]sonalities among ! tyrants1 z well z ! extraord9>y t5acity & vigor ( su* races z ! ,visconti4 ,9 ! conte/ = p[]1 & 9 ! ma9t5ance ( an illegal au?ority1 ! pick$ a?letes came to ! front4 ,! /ruggle by :i* !y e/abli%$ _! tyranny1 ! ef=ts by :i* !y def5d$ x aga9/ =eign foes & dome/ic adv]s>ies1 tra9$ !m to endurance & to d>+4 ,!y liv$ habitually 9 an atmosph]e ( p]il :i* tax$ all _! en]gies4 ,_! activity 0 extreme1 & _! passions correspond$ to _! vehem5t vitality4 ,ab\t su* m5 !re c\ld be no?+ on a small or m$iocre scale4 ,:5 a weakl+ 0 born 9 a despotic family1 8 bro!rs murd]$ him1 or he 0 depos$ by a wat*ful rival4 ,?us only gladiators ( tri$ capacity & iron n]ve1 sup]ior to religi\s & moral scruples1 dead to national affection1 p]fect$ 9 p]fidy1 sci5tific 9 ! use ( cruelty & t]ror1 employ+ fir/-rate faculties ( bra9 & w & bodily p[]s 9 ! s]vice ( transc5d5t egotism1 only ! virtuosi ( political craft z !oriz$ by ,ma*iavelli1 c\ld survive & hold _! own ^u ?is p]il\s ar5a4 #a ,brantome ,capita9es ,etrang]s1 ,disc\rs #dh1 gives an acc\nt ( ! entrance ( ! ,borgia into ,*9on 9 #adih1 & adds3 ',! k+ be+ at ! w9d[ saw him arrive1 & !re c be no d\bt h[ he & 8 c\rti]s ridicul$ all ?is /ate1 z unbecom+ ! petty ,duke ( ,val5t9ois4' ,! life ( ! despot 0 usually "o ( prolong$ t]ror4 ,immur$ 9 /rong places on high rocks1 or conf9$ to gloomy =tresses l ! ,milanese ,ca/ello1 he surr\nd$ 8 p]son ) =eign troops1 protect$ 8 b$*amb] ) a pick$ gu>d1 & wat*$ 8 meat & dr9k le/ !y %\ld be poison$4 ,8 *ief associates 7 arti/s1 m5 ( lett]s1 a/rolog]s1 buffoons1 & exiles4 ,he _h no real fri5ds or equals1 & aga9/ 8 own family he adopt$ an attitude ( fi]ce suspicion1 ju/ifi$ by ! frequ5t intrigues to :i* he 0 expos$4#a ,8 timidity v]g$ on monomania4 ,l ,alfonso ,,ii4 ( ,naples1 he 0 tortur$ ) ! gho/s ( />v$ or /rangl$ victims2 l ,ezzel9o1 he felt ! my/]i\s fasc9ation ( a/rology2 l ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti1 he trembl$ at ! s\nd ( ?und]1 & set "o b& ( body-gu>ds to wat* ano!r next 8 p]son4 ,he d>$ n hope = a quiet end4 ,no "o believ$ 9 ! natural dea? ( a pr9ce3 pr9ces mu/ be poison$ or poign>d$4#b ,out ( ?irte5 ( ! ,c>r>a family1 9 little m ?an a c5tury 7#acah-adce71 ?ree 7 depos$ or murd]$ by ne> relatives1 "o 0 expell$ by a rival f 8 /ate1 f\r 7 execut$ by ! ,v5etians4 ,out ( five ( ! ,la ,scala family1 ?ree 7 kill$ by _! bro!rs1 & a f\r? 0 poison$ 9 exile4 #a ,see :at ,guicci>d9i 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce says ab\t ! suspici\s temp] ( ev5 su* a tyrant z ! cultivat$ & philosophical ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,see too ! incomp>ably eloqu5t & p5etrat+ allegory ( ,sospetto1 & its application to ! tyrants ( ,italy 9 ,ario/o's ,c9que ,canti 7,c4 #b4 ,/4 #a-i74 #b ,our dramati/ ,web/]1 ^: g5ius 0 fasc9at$ by ! crimes ( ,italian despotism1 makes ! ,duke ( ,bracciano exclaim on 8 dea?-b$3-- ',o ?\ s(t natural ,dea?1 ?\ art jo9t-tw9 ,to sweete/ ,slumb]6 no r\gh-be>d$ comet ,/>es on ?y mild dep>ture2 ! dull owl ,beats n aga9/ ?y casem5t2 ! ho>se wolf ,sc5ts n ?y c>rion3 pity w9ds ?y corse1 ,:il/ horror waits on pr9ces4' ,in/ances ( dome/ic crime might be multipli$ by ! hundr$4 ,besides ^? :i* w foll[ 9 ^! pages1 x is en\gh to notice ! murd] ( ,giovanni ,francesco ,pico1 by 8 nephew1 at ,mir&ola 7#aecc72 ! murd] ( 8 uncle by ,oliv]otto da ,f]mo2 ! assass9ation ( ,giovanni ,v>ano by 8 bro!rs at ,cam]9o 7#adcd72 ,o/asio da ,pol5ta's fratricide 7#acbb72 ,obizzo da ,pol5ta's fratricide 9 ! next g5]ation1 & ! murd] ( ,ugol9o ,gonzaga by 8 bro!rs2 ,gian ,francesco ,gonzaga's murd] ( 8 wife2 ! poison+ ( ,francesco ,s=za's fir/ wife1 ,poliss5a1 ,c\ntess ( ,montalto1 ) h] little girl1 by h] aunt2 & ! murd] ( ,galeotto ,manfr$i1 by 8 wife1 at ,fa5za 7#adhh74 ,to enum]ate all ! cata/rophes ( reign+ families1 occurr+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury alone1 w\ld be q impossible )9 ! limits ( ?is *apt]4 ,yet x is only by dwell+ on ! m important t any adequate notion ( ! p]ils ( ,italian despotism c be =m$4 ,?us ,girolamo ,ri>io 0 murd]$ by 8 subjects at ,=li 7#adhh71 & ,francesco ,vico dei ,prefetti 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,si/o at ,vit]bo#a 7#achg74 ,at ,lodi 9 #adjb ,antonio ,fisiraga burn$ ! *ief memb]s ( ! rul+ h\se ( ,vi/>9i on ! public squ>e1 & di$ himself ( poison aft] a few mon?s4 ,8 successor 9 ! tyranny1 ,giovanni ,vignate1 0 imprison$ by ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti 9 a wood5 cage at ,pavia1 & beat 8 bra9s out 9 despair aga9/ its b>s4 ,at ! same epo* ,gabr9o ,fondulo slaught]$ sev5ty ( ! ,cavalcabo family toge!r 9 8 ca/le ( ,maca/ormo1 ) ! purpose ( acquir+ _! tyranny ov] ,cremona4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds behead$ z a traitor at ,milan 7#adbe74 ,ottobon ,t]zi 0 assass9at$ at ,p>ma 7#adjh71 ,nicola ,borghese at ,si5a 7#adii74 ,altobello ,dattiri at ,todi 7ab\t #aejj71 ,raimondo & ,p&olfo ,malate/a at ,rim9i1 & ,oddo ,antonio di ,montefeltro at ,urb9o 7#addd74b ,! ,v>ani 7 massacr$ to a man 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,dom9ic at ,cam]9o 7#adcd71 ! ,tr9ci at ,foligno 7#adcd71 & ! ,*iavelli ( ,fabriano 9 *ur* ^u ,asc5sion ,day 7#adce74 ,?is :olesale extirpation ( ?ree reign+ families introduces "o ( ! mo/ romantic episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian despotism4 ,f ! slaught] ( ! ,v>ani "o only *ild1 ,giulio ,ces>e1 a boy ( two ye>s old1 0 sav$ by 8 aunt ,tora4 ,%e conceal$ him 9 a truss ( hay & c>ri$ him to ! ,tr9ci at ,foligno4 ,h>dly _h %e ga9$ ?is refuge1 :5 ! ,tr9ci 7 de/roy$1 & %e _h to fly ) h] burd5 to ! ,*iavelli at ,fabriano4 ,!re ! same sc5es ( blood%$ await$ h]4 ,a ?ird "t %e took to flight1 & n[ conceal$ h] preci\s *>ge 9 a nunn]y4 ,! boy 0 aft]w>ds /ol5 f ! t[n on horseback by a soldi] ( adv5ture4 ,aft] surviv+ ?ree massacres ( ki? & k91 he return$ z despot at ! age ( twelve to ,cam]9o1 & became a g5]al ( di/9ction4 ,b he 0 n de/9$ to end 8 life 9 peace4 ,ces>e ,borgia f9ally murd]$ him1 toge!r ) ?ree ( 8 sons1 :5 he _h rea*$ ! age ( sixty4 ,less romantic b n less significant 9 ! annals ( tyranny is ! /ory ( ! ,tr9ci4 ,a rival noble ( ,foligno1 ,pietro ,rasiglia1 _h be5 injur$ 9 8 honor by ! *ief ( ! rul+ h\se4 ,he contriv$ to assass9ate two bro!rs1 ,nicola & ,b>tolommeo1 9 8 ca/le ( ,noc]a2 b ! ?ird1 ,corrado ,tr9ci1 escap$1 & took a fe>ful v5geance on 8 enemy4 ,by ! help ( ,braccio da ,montone he possess$ himself ( ,noc]a & all its inhabitants1 ) ! exception ( ,pietro ,rasiglia's wife1 :om h] husb& flung f ! battlem5ts4 ,corrado !n but*]$ ! m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ( ! ,rasiglia clan1 to ! numb] ( ?ree hundr$ p]sons1 accompli%+ 8 v5geance ) details ( atrocity too inf]nal to be dwelt on 9 ^! pages4 ,x is record$ t ?irty-six asses lad5 ) _! mangl$ limbs p>ad$ ! /reets ( ,foligno z a t]ror-/rik+ spectacle = ! inhabitants4 ,he !n rul$ ! city by viol5ce1 until ! w>like ,c>d9al dei ,vitelles*i av5g$ society ( s mu* mis*ief by de/roy+ ! tyrant & five ( 8 sons1 9 ! same ye>4 ,equally fanta/ic are ! annals ( ! great h\se ( ! ,baglioni at ,p]ugia4 ,rais$ 9 #achi ^u ! ru9s ( ! b\rgeois faction call$ ,raspanti1 !y f\nd$ _! tyranny 9 ! p]son ( ,p&olfo ,baglioni1 :o 0 murd]$ toge!r ) sixty ( 8 clan & foll[]s by ! p>ty !y _h dispossess$4 ,! new despot1 ,biordo ,mi*elotti1 0 /abb$ 9 ! %\ld]s ) a poison$ dagg] by 8 relative1 ! abbot ( ,s4 ,pietro4 ,!n ! city1 9 #adaf1 submitt$ to ,braccio da ,montone1 :o rais$ x to unprec$5t$ p[] & glory4 ,on 8 dea? x fell back into new discords1 f :i* x 0 rescu$ aga9 by ! ,baglioni 9 #adff1 n[ f9ally successful 9 _! prolong$ w>f>e ) ! rival family ( ,oddi4 ,b !y did n hold _! despotism 9 tranquillity4 ,9 #aejj "o ( ! memb]s ( ! h\se1 ,grifonetto degli ,baglioni1 conspir$ aga9/ 8 k9sm5 & slew !m 9 _! palaces at night4 ,z told by ,mat>azzo1 ?is trag$y (f]s an epitome ( all t is mo/1 brilliant & t]rible 9 ! dome/ic feuds ( ! ,italian tyrants4#c ,! vicissitudes ( ! ,b5tivogli at ,bologna pres5t ano!r s]ies ( cata/rophes1 due less to _! p]sonal crimes ?an to ! fury ( ! civil /rife t rag$ ar\nd !m4 ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio began ! dyna/y 9 #adjj4 ,! next ye> he 0 /abb$ to dea? & p\nd$ 9 a w9e-vat by ! infuriat$ populace1 :o ?\ght he _h betray$ _! int]e/s 9 battle4 ,8 son1 ,antonio1 0 behead$ by a ,papal ,legate1 & num]\s memb]s ( ! family on _! return f exile suff]$ ! same fate4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! ,b5tivogli made !mselves ador$ by ! p2 & :5 ,picc99o imprison$ ! heir ( _! h\se1 ,annibale1 9 ! ca/le ( ,v>ano1 f\r y\?s ( ! ,m>escotti family und]took 8 rescue at ! p]il ( _! lives1 & rais$ him to ! ,signory ( ,bologna4 ,9 #adde ! ,canetoli1 p[]ful nobles1 :o hat$ ! popul> dyna/y1 invit$ ,annibale & all 8 clan to a *ri/5+ fea/1 :]e !y ext]m9at$ e memb] ( ! reign+ h\se4 ,n "o ,b5tivoglio 0 left alive4 ,9 rev5ge = ?is massacre1 ! ,m>escotti1 aid$ by ! populace1 hunt$ d[n ! ,canetoli = ?ree :ole days 9 ,bologna1 & nail$ _! smok+ he>ts to ! doors ( ! ,b5tivoglio palace4 ,!y !n drew f 8 obscurity 9 ,flor5ce ! ba/>d ,santi ,b5tivoglio1 :o f\nd himself sudd5ly lift$ f a wool-factory to a ?rone4 ,:e!r he 0 a g5u9e ,b5tivoglio or n1 matt]$ little4 ,! h\se _h become necess>y to ,bologna1 & its popul>ity _h be5 baptiz$ 9 ! blood%$ ( f\r massacres4 ,:at rema9s ( its /ory c be briefly told4 ,:5 ,ces>e ,borgia besieg$ ,bologna1 ! ,m>escotti intrigu$ ) him1 & eight ( _! numb] 7 sacrific$ by ! ,b5tivogli 9 spite ( _! old s]vices to ! dyna/y4 ,! survivors1 by ! help ( ,julius ,,ii41 return$ f exile 9 #aecf1 to witness ! f9al bani%m5t ( ! ,b5tivogli & to take "p 9 ! de/ruction ( ! palace1 :]e _! ance/ors _h nail$ ! he>ts ( ! ,canetoli ^u ! walls4 #a ,! family ( ! ,prefetti f$ up ! murd]] 9 _! ca/le & !n gave him alive to be eat5 by _! h\nds4 #b ,s=za ,att5dolo kill$ ,t]zi by a spe>-?ru/ 9 ! back4 ,p&olfo ,petrucci murd]$ ,borghese1 :o 0 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,raimondo ,malate/a 0 /abb$ by 8 two nephews disguis$ z h]mits4 ,dattiri 0 b\nd nak$ to a plank & kill$ piecemeal by ! p1 :o bit 8 fle%1 cut slices out1 & sold & ate x--di/ribut+ 8 liv+ body z a sort ( inf]nal sacram5t among !mselves4 #c ,see ! article ',p]ugia' 9 my ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece4 ,to multiply ! records ( crime rev5g$ by crime1 ( =ce repell$ by viol5ce1 ( treason heap$ on trea*]y1 ( insult repaid by fraud1 w\ld be easy en\gh4 ,inde$1 a huge book might be compil$ conta9+ no?+ b ! episodes 9 ?is grim hi/ory ( despotism1 n[ tragic & pa!tic1 n[ t]ror-mov+ 9 sublimity ( passion1 n[ despicable by ! bas5ess ( ! motives br\ght to light1 at "o "t revolt+ ?r\gh excess ( physical horrors1 at ano!r fasc9at+ by ! spectacle ( h]oic c\rage1 intellig5ce1 & resolution4 ,en\gh h[ev]1 has be5 said to describe ! atmosph]e ( dang] 9 :i* ! tyrants brea!d & mov$1 & f :i* n "o ( !m 0 ev] capable ( f9d+ fre$om4 ,ev5 a pr9cely h\se s well bas$ 9 its dyna/y & s spl5did 9 its p>ade ( culture z t ( ! ,e/5si (f]s a long li/ ( t]rific trag$ies4 ,"o pr9cess is execut$ = adult]y ) h] /epson 7#adbe72 a ba/>d's ba/>d tries to seize ! ?rone1 & is put to dea? ) all 8 k9 7#adic72 a wife is poison$ by h] husb& to prev5t h] poison+ him 7#adic72 two bro!rs cabal aga9/ ! legitimate heads ( ! h\se1 & are imprison$ = life 7#aejf74 ,su* 0 ! labyr9? ( plot & c\nt]plot1 ( =ce repell$ by viol5ce1 9 :i* ! pr9ces prais$ by ,ario/o & by ,tasso liv$4 ,isolat$1 crime-haunt$1 & remorseless1 at ! same "t fi]ce & timor\s1 ! despot n unfrequ5tly made ( vice a f9e art = 8 amusem5t1 & op5ly defi$ humanity4 ,8 pleasures t5d$ to extravagance4 ,inord9ate lu/ & ref9$ cruelty sat$ 8 irritable & jad$ appetites4 ,he de/roy$ pity 9 8 s\l1 & f$ 8 dogs ) liv+ m51 or sp5t 8 bra9s ^u ! inv5tion ( new tortures4 ,f ! game ( politics aga9 he won a fev]i% pleasure1 play+ = /ates & cities z a man plays *ess1 & endeavor+ to extract ! utmo/ excitem5t f ! v>y+ turns ( skill & *ance4 ,x w\ld be an exagg]ation to ass]t t all ! pr9ces ( ,italy 7 ( ?is sort4 ,! san]1 bett]1 & nobl] among !m--m5 ( ! /amp ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti1 ,c ,gr&e della ,scala1 ,francesco & ,lodovico ,s=za1 f\nd a m humane enjoym5t 9 ! consolidation ( _! empire1 ! cem5t+ ( _! alliances1 ! society ( le>n$ m51 ! fri5d%ip ( great arti/s1 ! f\ndation ( libr>ies1 ! build+ ( palaces & *ur*es1 ! execution ( va/ s*emes ( conque/4 ,o!rs1 l ,galeazzo ,visconti1 indulg$ a comp>atively innoc5t ta/e = magnific5ce4 ,"s1 l ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a1 comb9$ ! vices ( a b>b>ian ) ! en?usiasm ( a s*ol>4 ,o!rs aga91 l ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & ,fr$]ick ( ,urb9o1 exhibit$ ! model ( mod]ation 9 /atecraft & a noble wid? ( culture4 ,b ! t5d5cy to deg5]ate 0 fatal 9 all ! despotic h\ses4 ,! /ra9 ( tyranny prov$ too /rong4 ,crime1 illegality1 & ! s5se ( p]il1 desc5d+ f fa!r to son1 produc$ mon/]s 9 ! %ape ( m54 ,! la/ ,visconti1 ! la/ ,la ,scalas1 ! la/ ,s=zas1 ! la/ ,malate/as1 ! la/ ,f>nesi1 ! la/ ,m$ici are among ! wor/ specim5s ( human nature4 ,macaulay's brilliant description ( ! ,italian tyrant 9 8 essay on ,ma*iavelli des]ves c>eful /udy4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ t ! picture is too favorable4 ,macaulay omits ! d>k] crimes ( ! despots1 & draws 8 portrait almo/ exclusively f su* m5 z ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti1 ,francesco & ,lodovico ,s=za1 ,fr$]ick ( ,urb9o1 & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,! po9t he is seek+ to e/abli%--t political immorality 9 ,italy 0 ! national correlative to ,nor!rn brutality--leads him to idealize ! polite ref9em5t1 ! discipl9$ passions1 ! firm & a/ute policy1 ! p[] ov] m51 & ! excell5t gov]nm5t :i* di/+ui%$ ! noble/ ,italian pr9ces4 ,:5 he says ',wanton cruelty 0 n 9 8 nature3 on ! contr>y1 :]e no political object 0 at /ake1 8 disposition 0 s(t & humane'2 he seems to h =gott5 ,gian ,m>ia ,visconti1 ,corrado ,tr9ci1 ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a1 & ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,:5 he writes1 ',8 passions1 l well-tra9$ troops1 are impetu\s by rule1 & 9 _! mo/ head/rong fury nev] =get ! discipl9e to :i* !y h be5 accu/om$1' he leaves ,francesco ,m>ia della ,rov]e1 ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za1 ,pi] ,luigi ,f>nese1 ,alex&] ,,vi41 out ( ! reckon+4 ,if all ! despots _h be5 :at ,macaulay describes1 ! revolutions & conspiracies ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies w\ld n h tak5 place4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be rem>k$ t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! conduct ( ! tyrant t[>d 8 subjects assum$ an ext]nal =m ( mildness4 ,z ,italy mix$ ) ! ,european nations1 & z tyranny came to be legaliz$ 9 ! ,italian /ates1 ! despots develop$ a policy n ( t]rorism b ( en]vation 7,lor5zo de' ,m$ici is ! great example71 & aspir$ to be pat]nal gov]nors4 ,:at ,i h said ab\t ,italian despotism is no m]e fancy picture4 ,! actual details ( ,milanese hi/ory1 ! innum]able trag$ies ( ,lomb>dy1 ,romagna1 & ! ,m>*es ( ,ancona1 dur+ ! asc5d5cy ( despotic families1 are f> m t]rible ?an any fiction2 nor w\ld x be easy = ! imag9ation to inv5t s p]plex+ a mixture ( savage b>b>ism ) mod]n ref9em5t4 ,savon>ola's d5unciations#a & ,villani's descriptions ( a despot read l passages f ,plato's ,republic1 l ! mo/ pregnant ( ,ari/otle's criticisms ^u tyranny4 ,! prologue to ! six? book ( ,matteo ,villani's ,*ronicle may be cit$ z a fair specim5 ( ! judgm5t pass$ by contempor>y ,italian ?9k]s ^u _! pr9ces 7,libro ,se/o1 cap4 i473 ',! crimes ( despots always h9d] & (t5 neutralize ! virtues ( good m54 ,_! pleasures are at v>iance ) morality4 ,by !m ! ri*es ( _! subjects are swall[$ up4 ,!y are foes to m5 :o gr[ 9 wisdom & 9 greatness ( s\l 9 _! dom9ions4 ,!y dim9i% by _! impo/s ! weal? ( ! peoples rul$ by !m4 ,_! unbridl$ lu/ is nev] satiat$1 b _! subjects h to suff] su* outrages & insults z _! fancy may f "t to "t sugge/4 ,b inasmu* z ! viol5ce ( tyranny is manife/$ to all eyes by ^! & _m o!r atrocities1 we ne$ n enum]ate !m afre%4 ,x is en\gh to select "o feature1 /range 9 appe>ance b famili> 9 fact2 = :at c be m extraord9>y ?an to see pr9ces ( anci5t & illu/ri\s l9eage b[+ to ! s]vice ( despots1 m5 ( high desc5t & "t-honor$ nobility frequ5t+ _! tables & accept+ _! b\nties8 ,yet if we consid] ! end ( all ?is1 ! glory ( tyrants (t5 turns to mis]y & ru94 ,:o c exagg]ate _! wret*$ness8 ,!y "k n :]e to place _! confid5ce2 & _! c\rti]s are always on ! look\t = ! despot's fall1 gladly l5d+ _! influ5ce & be/ endeavors to undo him 9 spite ( previ\s s]vility4 ,?is does n happ5 to h]$it>y k+s1 because _! conduct t[>d _! subjects1 z well z _! good qualities & all _! circum/ances1 are ( a nature contr>y to t ( tyrants4 ,!re=e ! v causes :i* produce & =tify & augm5t tyrannies1 conceal & n\ri% 9 !mselves ! s\rces ( _! ov]?r[ & ru94 ,?is inde$ is ! greate/ wret*$ness ( tyrants4' #a ,see ! passage cond5s$ f 8 ,s]mons 9 ,vill>i's ,life ( ,savon>ola 7,eng4 ,tr4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fb74 ,! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ analysis ( despotic crim9ality is conta9$ 9 ,savon>ola's ,tractato circa el ,reggim5to e ,gov]no della ,citta di ,fir5ze1 ,trattato ii4 cap4 #b4 ,della ,malitia e pessime ,conditioni del ,tyranno4 ,x may be object$ t ?is sweep+ criticism1 f ! p5 ( a ,flor5t9e citiz5 at w> ) ,milan1 p>takes ( ! nature ( an invective4 ,yet abundant pro(s c be furni%$ f ! *ronicles ( burghs :i* ow$ mat]ial spl5dor to _! despots1 confirm+ ! c5sure ( ,villani4 ,mat>azzo1 = example1 ^: sympa?y ) ! h\se ( ,baglioni is s /rik+1 & :o exults 9 ! di/9ction !y conf]r$ ^u ,p]ugia1 writes no less bitt]ly conc]n+ ! p]nici\s effects ( _! misgov]nm5t4#a ,x is to be notic$ t ,villani & ,mat>azzo agree ab\t ! special evils br\ght ^u ! populations by _! tyrants4 ,lu/ & viol5ce take ! fir/ place4 ,next comes extortion2 !n ! protection ( ! lawless & ! crim9al aga9/ ! bett] sort ( citiz5s4 ,b ! ,flor5t9e1 ) intellectual acum51 lays 8 f+] on "o ( ! *ief vices ( _! rule4 ,!y ret>d ! developm5t ( m5tal greatness 9 _! /ates1 & *eck ! gr[? ( m5 ( g5ius4 ,ario/o1 9 ! comp>ative calm ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 tyrannies _h yield$ to ! protectorate ( ,spa91 sums up ! records ( ! pa/ 9 ! foll[+ memorable passage3#b ',happy ! k+doms :]e an op5-he>t$ & blameless man gives law6 ,wret*$ inde$ & pitiable are ^? :]e inju/ice & cruelty hold sway1 :]e burd5s ev] great] & m griev\s are laid ^u ! p by tyrants l ^? :o n[ ab\nd 9 ,italy1 ^: infamy w be record$ ?r\gh ye>s to come z no less black ?an ,caligula's or ,n]o's4' ,guicci>d9i1 ) pregnant brevity1 obs]ves3#c ',! mort> ) :i* ! /ates ( ! tyrants are cem5t$ is ! blood ( ! citiz5s4' #a ,ar*4 ,/or4 xvi4 #ajb4 ,see my ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece1 p4 #hd4 #b ,c9que ,canti1 ii4 #e4 #c ,ricordi ,politici1 ccxlii4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian despotism two po9ts ( fir/-rate importance w dem& att5tion4 ,! fir/ is ! process by :i* ! great] tyrannies absorb$ ! small] dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! second is ! relation ( ! *ief ,condotti]i to ! tyrants ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! evolution ( ^! two ph5om5a _c be trac$ m cle>ly ?an by a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ,milan1 :i* at ! same "t pres5ts a detail$ picture ( ! policy & "* ( ! ,italian despot dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! dyna/ies ( ,visconti & ,s=za f #acjj to #aejj bridg$ ov] ! ye>s t int]v5$ betwe5 ! ,middle ,age & ! ,r5aissance1 betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! free burghs & ! p]iod dur+ :i* ,italy 0 de/9$ to become ! !at] ( ! action ( m p[]ful nations4 ,_! alliances & diplomatic relations prep>$ ! way = ! int]f]5ce ( =eign]s 9 ,italian affairs4 ,_! p$igree illu/rates ! p[] acquir$ by milit>y adv5tur]s 9 ! p59sula4 ,! magnitude ( _! political s*emes displays ! mo/ so>+ ambition :i* x 0 ev] grant$ to ,italian pr9ces to indulge4 ,! spl5dor ( _! c\rt & ! intellig5ce ( _! culture be> witness to ! high /ate ( civilization :i* ! ,italians _h rea*$4 ,! p[] ( ! ,visconti 9 ,milan 0 f\nd$ ^u t ( ! ,della ,torre family1 :o prec$$ !m z ,capta9s ,g5]al ( ! p at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,o?o1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan1 fir/ laid a sub/antial basis = ! dom9ion ( 8 h\se by imprison+ ,napoleone ,della ,torre & five ( 8 relatives 9 ?ree iron cages 9 #abgg1 & by caus+ 8 nephew ,matteo ,visconti to be nom9at$ bo? by ! ,emp]or & by ! p ( ,milan z imp]ial ,vic>4 ,matteo1 :o head$ ! ,ghibell9e p>ty 9 ,lomb>dy1 0 ! model ( a prud5t ,italian despot4 ,f ! date #acaa1 :5 he f9ally succe$$ 9 8 attempts ^u ! sov]eignty ( ,milan1 to #acbb1 :5 he abdicat$ 9 favor ( 8 son ,galeazzo1 he rul$ 8 /ates by =ce ( "*1 craft1 & insight1 m ?an by viol5ce or cruelty4 ,excell5t z a g5]al1 he 0 /ill bett] z a diplomati/1 w9n+ m cities by money ?an by ! sword4 ,all ?r\gh 8 life1 z became a ,ghibell9e *ief at t "t1 he p]si/$ 9 fi]ce enmity aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,b j be=e 8 dea? a *ange came ov] him4 ,he %[$ signs ( sup]/iti\s t]ror1 & began to fe> ! ban ( excommunication :i* lay ^u him4 ,?is weakness al>m$ ! suspicions ( 8 sons1 t]rible & wolf-l m51 :om ,matteo _h hi!rto controll$ ) bit & bridle4 ,!y !re=e induc$ him to abdicate 9 #acbb1 & :5 9 ! same ye> he di$1 !y buri$ 8 body 9 a secret place1 le/ x %\ld be exhum$1 & scatt]$ to ! w9ds 9 accordance ) ! ,papal edict aga9/ him4#a ,galeazzo1 8 son1 0 less =tunate ?an ,matteo1 surnam$ ,il ,gr&e by ! ,lomb>ds4 ,! ,emp]or ,l\is ( ,bav>ia ?rew him into prison on ! occasion ( 8 visit to ,milan 9 #acbg1 & only releas$ him at ! int]cession ( 8 fri5d ,ca/ruccio ,ca/racane4 ,to su* an ext5t 0 ! gr[+ tyranny ( ! ,visconti /ill dep5d5t ^u _! (fice delegat$ f ! ,empire4 ,?is ,galeazzo m>ri$ ,beatrice d' ,e/e1 ! wid[ ( ,n9o di ,gallura1 ( :om ,dante speaks 9 ! eigh? canto ( ! ,purgatory1 & _h by h] a son nam$ ,azzo4 ,azzo b\ght ! city1 toge!r ) ! title ( ,imp]ial ,vic>1 f ! same ,l\is :o _h imprison$ 8 fa!r4#b ,:5 he 0 ?us seat$ 9 ! tyranny ( 8 gr&fa!r1 he proce$$ to =tify x fur!r by ! addition ( t5 ,lomb>d t[ns1 :i* he r$uc$ b5ea? ! supremacy ( ,milan4 ,at ! same "t he consolidat$ 8 own p[] by ! murd] ( 8 uncle ,m>co 9 #acbi1 :o _h gr[n too mighty z a g5]al4 ,giovio describes him z fair ( complexion1 blue-ey$1 curly-hair$1 & subject to ! h]$it>y disease ( g\t4#c ,azzo di$ 9 #acci1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 uncle ,luc*9o4 ,9 ,luc*9o ! d>k] side ( ! ,visconti "* appe>s = ! fir/ "t4 ,cruel1 moody1 & jeal\s1 he pass$ 8 life 9 p]petual t]ror4 ,8 nephews1 ,galeazzo & ,b>nabas1 conspir$ aga9/ him1 & 7 exil$ to ,fl&]s4 ,8 wife1 ,isabella ,fies*i1 intrigu$ ) ,galeazzo & disgrac$ him by h] am\rs ) ,ugol9o ,gonzaga & ,d&olo ! ,doge ( ,v5ice4 ,f9ally suspicion rose to su* a pit* betwe5 ?is ill-assort$ c\ple1 t1 :ile ,luc*9o 0 plott+ h[ to murd] ,isabella1 %e succe$$ 9 poison+ him 9 #acdi4 ,9 spite ( ^! dome/ic calamities1 ,luc*9o 0 pot5t z a g5]al & gov]nor4 ,he b\ght ,p>ma f ,obizzo d' ,e/e1 & made ! t[n ( ,pisa dep5d5t ^u ,milan4 ,already 9 8 policy we c trace ! encroa*m5t :i* *>act]iz$ ! s*emes ( ! ,milanese despots1 :o 7 always plott+ to advance _! foot beyond ! ,ap5n9es z a prelude to ! complete subjugation ( ,italy4 ,luc*9o left sons1 b none ( prov$ legitimacy4#d ,consequ5tly he 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,giovanni1 son ( old ,matteo il ,gr&e1 & ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan4 ,?is man1 ! fri5d ( ,petr>*1 0 "o ( ! mo/ notable *>act]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,f9d+ himself at ! head ( sixte5 cities1 he add$ ,bologna to ! tyranny ( ! ,visconti 9 #acej1 & made himself /rong en\gh to defy ! ,pope4 ,clem5t ,,vi41 res5t+ 8 encroa*m5ts on ,papal t]ritory1 summon$ him to ,avignon4 ,giovanni ,visconti repli$ t he w\ld m>* ?i!r at ! head ( #ab1jjj cavalry & #f1jjj infantry4 ,9 ! ,duomo ( ,milan he asc5d$ 8 ?rone ) ! crosi] 9 8 left h& & a drawn sword 9 8 "r2 & ?us he is always repres5t$ 9 pictures4 ,! /ory ( ,giovanni's answ] to ! ,papal ,legate is well told by ,corio3#e ',aft] ,mass 9 ! ,ca!dral ! great-he>t$ ,ar*bi%op un%ea!d a fla%+ sword1 :i* he _h gird$ on 8 ?igh1 & ) 8 left h& seiz$ ! cross1 say+1 ,?is is my spiritual scept]1 & ,i w wield ! sword z my temporal1 9 def5se ( all my empire4' ,aft]w>ds he s5t c\ri]s to engage lodg+s = 8 soldi]s & 8 tra9 = six mon?s4 ,visitors to ,avignon f\nd no room 9 ! city1 & ! ,pope 0 fa9 to decl9e s t]rible a gue/4 ,9 #acec ,giovanni annex$ ,g5oa to ! ,milanese pr9cipality1 & di$ 9 #aced1 hav+ e/abli%$ ! rule ( ! ,visconti ov] ! :ole ( ! ,nor? ( ,italy1 ) ! exception ( ,pi$mont1 ,v]ona1 ,mantua1 ,f]r>a & ,v5ice4 #a ,we may comp>e :at ,dante puts into ! m\? ( ,manfr$ 9 ! ',purgatory' 7canto iii474 ,! great ,ghibell9e poet "h prote/s aga9/ ! use ( excommunication z a political weapon4 ,8 s5se ( ju/ice w n all[ him to believe t ,god c reg>d ! s5t5ce ( prie/s & pontiffs1 actuat$ by ! spite ( p>tisans2 yet ! examples ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & ( ?is ,matteo ,visconti prove h[ t]rify+1 ev5 to ! bolde/1 ^? s5t5ces cont9u$ to be4 ,few _h ! resolute w ( ,galeazzo ,pico di ,mir&ola1 :o expir$ 9 #adii "u ! ban ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* he _h borne = sixte5 ye>s4 #b ,?is 0 9 #acbh4 ,azzo agre$ to pay #be1jjj flor9s4 ,! va/ weal? ( ! ,visconti amass$ dur+ _! ye>s ( peaceful occupation always /ood !m 9 good /ead :5 bad times came1 & :5 ! ,emp]or 0 %ort ( ca%4 ,azzo des]ves special comm5dation f ! /ud5t ( art = ! exquisite octagonal t[] ( ,s4 ,gott>do1 :i* he built ( t]ra cotta ) m>ble pila/]s1 9 ,milan4 ,x is q "o ( ! lovelie/ monum5ts ( m$iaeval ,italian ar*itecture4 #c ,luc*9o & ,galeazzo ,visconti 7 bo? afflict$ ) g\t1 ! latt] to su* an ext5t z to be almo/ crippl$4 #d ,?is w\ld n h be5 by itself a b> to succession 9 an ,italian tyranny4 ,b ,luc*9o's ba/>ds 7 n ( ! prop] /uff to cont9ue _! fa!r's gov]nm5t1 :ile _! fi]y uncle 0 precisely ! man to su/a9 ! honor & ext5d ! p[] ( ! ,visconti4 #e ,/oria di ,milano1 #aeed1 p4 #bbc4 ,! reign ( ! ar*bi%op ,giovanni m>ks a new epo* 9 ! despotism ( ! ,visconti4 ,!y are n[ no long] ! successful rivals ( ! ,della ,torre family or dep5d5ts on imp]ial caprice1 b self-made sov]eigns1 ) a well-e/abli%$ p[] 9 ,milan & a wide ext5t ( subject t]ritory4 ,_! dyna/y1 ?\gh bas$ on =ce & ma9ta9$ by viol5ce1 has come to be ackn[l$g$2 & we %all soon see !m ally+ !mselves ) ! royal h\ses ( ,europe4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,giovanni1 ,matteo's sons 7 ext9ct4 ,b ,/efano1 ! la/ ( 8 family1 _h left ?ree *ildr51 :o n[ succe$$ to ! l&s & cities ( ! h\se4 ,!y 7 nam$ ,matteo1 ,b]nabo1 & ,galeazzo4 ,betwe5 ^! ?ree pr9ces a p>tition ( ! h]itage ( ,giovanni ,visconti 0 effect$4 ,matteo took ,bologna1 ,lodi1 ,piac5za1 ,p>ma1 ,bobbio1 & "s o!r t[ns ( less importance4 ,b]nabo receiv$ ,cremona1 ,crema1 ,brescia1 & ,b]gamo4 ,galeazzo held ,como1 ,nov>a1 ,v]celli1 ,a/i1 ,tortona1 & ,aless&ria4 ,milan & ,g5oa 7 to be rul$ by ! ?ree 9 common4 ,x may "h be notic$ t ! dismemb]m5t ( ,italian despotisms among jo9t-heirs 0 a n unfrequ5t s\rce ( di/urbance & a cause ( weakness to _! dyna/ies4 ,at ! same "t ! practice foll[$ naturally ^u ! illegal nature ( ! tyrant's title4 ,he dealt ) 8 cities z s _m pieces ( p]sonal prop]ty1 :i* he c\ld di/ribute z he *ose1 n z a coh]5t :ole to be bequea!d to "o rul] = ! common b5efit ( all 8 subjects4 ,9 consequ5ce ( su* p>tition1 x became ! int]e/ ( bro!r to murd] bro!r1 s z to effect a reconsolidation ( ! family e/ates4 ,some?+ ( ! sort happ5$ on ?is occasion4 ,matteo ab&on$ himself to be/ial s5suality2 & 8 two bro!rs1 f9d+ him bo? feeble & likely to br+ discr$it on _! rule1 caus$ him to be assass9at$ 9 #acee4a ,!y !n jo9tly sway$ ! ,milanese1 ) unanimity rem>kable 9 despots4 ,galeazzo 0 di/+ui%$ z ! h&some/ man ( 8 age4 ,he 0 tall & graceful1 ) gold5 hair1 :i* he wore 9 long plaits1 or ti$ up 9 a net1 or else loose & cr[n$ ) fl[]s4 ,fond ( display & magnific5ce1 he sp5t mu* ( 8 va/ weal? 9 %[s & fe/ivals1 & 9 ! build+ ( palaces & *ur*es4 ,! same ta/e = spl5dor l$ him to seek royal m>riages = 8 *ildr54 ,8 daught] ,violante 0 w$d$ to ! ,duke ( ,cl>5ce1 son ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ( ,engl&1 :o receiv$ ) h] = d[ry ! sum ( #bjj1jjj gold5 flor9s1 z well z five cities bord]+ on ,pi$mont4#b ,x mu/ h be5 a /range exp]i5ce = ?is bro!r ( ! ,black ,pr9ce1 leav+ ,london1 :]e ! /reets 7 /ill unpav$1 ! h\ses ?at*$1 ! b$s laid on /raw1 & :]e w9e 0 sold z m$ic9e1 to pass into ! luxuri\s palaces ( ,lomb>dy1 wall$ ) m>ble1 & rais$ high above smoo? /reets ( /one4 ,( 8 m>riage ) ,violante ,giovio gives "s curi\s details4 ,he says t ,galeazzo on ?is occasion made spl5did pres5ts to m ?an #bjj ,engli%m51 s t he 0 reckon$ to h outdone ! greate/ k+s 9 g5]osity4 ,at ! banquet ,gian ,galeazzo1 ! bride's bro!r1 lead+ a *oice company ( well-born y\?s1 br\ght to ! table ) ea* c\rse fre% gifts4#c ',at "o "t x 0 a matt] ( sixty mo/ beautiful horses ) trapp+s ( silk & silv]2 at ano!r1 plate1 hawks1 h\nds1 horse-ge>1 f9e cuirasses1 suits ( armor fa%ion$ ( wr\ght /eel1 helmets adorn$ ) cre/s1 surcoats embroid]$ ) pe>ls1 belts1 preci\s jewels set 9 gold1 & great quantities ( clo? ( gold & crimson /uff = mak+ raim5t4 ,su* 0 ! pr(usion ( ?is banquet t ! remnants tak5 f ! table 7 en\gh & to sp>e = #aj1jjj m54' ,petr>*1 we may rememb]1 assi/$ at ?is fe/ival & sat among ! pr9ces4 ,x 0 ?us t ,galeazzo display$ 8 weal? be=e ! feudal nobles ( ! ,nor?1 & at ! same "t /ret*$ ! h& ( fri5dly patronage to ! greate/ lit]>y man ( ,europe4 ,mean:ile he also m>ri$ 8 son ,gian ,galeazzo to ,isabella1 daught] ( ,k+ ,john ( ,france1 sp5d+ on ?is occasion1 x is said1 a simil> sum ( money = ! honor ( a royal alliance4#d #a ,m4 ,villani1 v4 #ha4 ,comp>e ,corio1 p4 #bcj4 ,corio gives ! date #acef4 #b ,namely1 ,alba1 ,cuneo1 ,c>a/ro1 ,mondovico1 ,braida4 ,see ,corio1 p4 #bch1 :o adds s5t5ti\sly1 'il *e quasi fu l' ultima ro9a del suo /ato4' #c ,corio 7pp4 #bci1 #bdj7 gives ! bill ( f>e ( ! banquet4 #d ,sismondi says he gave #fjj1jjj flor9s to ,*>les1 ! bro!r ( ,isabella1 b au?orities diff] ab\t ! actual am\nt4 ,galeazzo held 8 c\rt at ,pavia4 ,8 bro!r reign$ at ,milan4 ,b]nabo display$ all ! wor/ vices ( ! ,visconti4 ,8 sy/em ( taxation 0 mo/ oppressive1 & at ! same "t s lucrative t he 0 able1 accord+ to ,giovio's e/imate1 to settle n9e ( 8 daught]s at an exp5se ( some?+ l two millions ( gold pieces4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( 8 tyranny relates to 8 hunt+ e/abli%m5t4 ,hav+ saddl$ 8 subjects ) ! keep ( #e1jjj bo>-h\nds1 he appo9t$ (fic]s to g r\nd & see :e!r ^! brutes 7 ei!r too lean or too well-f$ to be 9 good condition = ! *ase4 ,if any?+ appe>$ defective 9 _! managem5t1 ! peasants on :om !y 7 qu>t]$ _h to suff] 9 _! p]sons & _! prop]ty4#a ,?is ,b]nabo 0 also rem>kable = 8 cold-blood$ cruelty4 ,toge!r ) 8 bro!r1 he devis$ & caus$ to be publicly ann\nc$ by edict t ,/ate crim9als w\ld be subject$ to a s]ies ( tortures ext5d+ ov] ! space ( =ty days4 ,9 ?is inf]nal programme e v>iety ( torm5t f\nd a place1 & days ( respite 7 s calculat$ z to prolong ! lives ( ! victims = fur!r suff]+1 till at la/ !re 0 little left ( !m t _h n be5 hack$ & hew$ & flay$ away4#b ,to su* extremities ( t]rorism 7 ! despots driv5 9 ! ma9t5ance ( _! illegal p[]4 #a ',p] cagione di que/a caccia cont9oam5te t5eva c9que mila cani2 e la maggior p>te di quelle di/ribuiva alla cu/odia de i cittad9i1 e an*e a i contad9i1 i quali niun altro cane *e quelli potevano t5]e4 ,que/i due volte il mese erano t5uti a f> la mo/ra4 ,onde trov&oli macri 9 gran somma di dan>i erano condannati1 e se grossi erano1 incolp&oli del troppo1 erano multati2 se morivano1 li pigliava il tutto4--,corio1 p4 #bdg4 ,read ,m4 ,villani1 vii4 #dh1 = ! /ory ( a peasant :o 0 giv5 to ,b]nabo's dogs to be dev\r$ = hav+ kill$ a h>e4 ,corio 7p4 #bdg7 describes ! puni%m5ts :i* he inflict$ on 8 subjects :o 7 convict$ ( poa*+--eyes put out1 h\ses burn$1 etc4 ,a "y man :o dream$ ( kill+ a bo> _h an eye put out & a h& cut (f because he imprud5tly rec\nt$ 8 vision ( sport 9 sleep4 ,on "o occasion he burn$ two fri>s :o v5tur$ to remon/rate4 ,we may comp>e ,pontanus1 ',de ,immanitate1' vol4 i4 pp4 #cah1 #cbj1 = simil> cruelty 9 ,f]d9&1 ,k+ ( ,naples4 #b ,?is programme may be read 9 ,sismondi1 iv4 #bhb4 ,galeazzo di$ 9 #acgh1 & 0 succe$$ 9 8 own portion ( ! ,visconti doma9 by 8 son ,gian ,galleazzo4 ,n[ began "o ( ^? long1 sl[1 int]nec9e /ruggles :i* 7 s common betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! rul+ families 9 ,italy4 ,b]nabo & 8 sons s*em$ to get possession ( ! "y pr9ce's e/ate4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 det]m9$ to supplant 8 uncle1 & to reunite ! :ole ,visconti pr9cipality b5ea? 8 own sway4 ,craft 0 ! weapon :i* he *ose 9 ?is enc\nt]4 ,%utt+ himself up 9 ,pavia1 he made no disguise ( 8 physical c[>dice1 :i* 0 real1 :ile he simulat$ a timidity ( _s :olly ali5 to 8 temp]am5t4 ,he pret5d$ to be absorb$ 9 religi\s obs]vances1 & gradually induc$ 8 uncle & c\s9s to despise him z a poor creature :om !y c\ld make %ort "w ( :5 occasion s]v$4 ,9 #ache1 hav+ ?us prep>$ ! way = treason1 he av[$ 8 int5tion ( proce$+ on a pilgrimage to ,our ,lady ( ,v>ese4 ,/>t+ f ,pavia ) a body gu>d ( ,g]mans1 he pass$ ne> ,milan1 :]e 8 uncle & c\s9s came =? to meet him4 ,gian ,galeazzo feign$ a c\rte\s greet+2 b :5 he saw 8 relatives )9 8 grasp1 he gave a wat*word 9 ,g]man to 8 troops1 :o surr\nd$ ,b]nabo & took him prison] ) 8 sons4 ,gian ,galeazzo m>*$ imm$iately into ,milan1 poison$ 8 uncle 9 a dungeon1 & proclaim$ himself sole "l ( ! ,visconti heir%ip4#a #a ,! n>rative ( ?is c\p-de-ma9 may be read ) advantage 9 ,corio1 p4 #beh4 ,! reign ( ,gian ,galeazzo1 :i* began ) ?is c\p-de-ma9 7#ache-adjb71 =ms a v important *apt] 9 ,italian hi/ory4 ,we may fir/ see :at sort ( man he 01 & !n proce$ to trace 8 aims & a*ievem5ts4 ,giovio describes him z hav+ be5 a rem>kably s$ate & ?\ghtful boy1 s wise beyond 8 ye>s t 8 fri5ds fe>$ he w\ld n gr[ to man's e/ate4 ,no pleasures 9 aft]-life drew him away f bus9ess4 ,hunt+1 hawk+1 wom51 _h alike no *>ms = him4 ,he took mod]ate ex]cise = ! pres]vation ( 8 heal?1 read & m$itat$ mu*1 & relax$ himself 9 conv]sation ) m5 ( lett]s4 ,pure intellect1 9 fact1 _h rea*$ to p]fect indep5d5ce 9 ?is pr9ce1 :o 0 f> above ! boi/]\s pleasures & viol5t activities ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,9 ! erection ( public build+s he 0 magnific5t4 ,! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia & ! ,duomo ( ,milan ow$ _! f\ndation to 8 s5se ( spl5dor4 ,at ! same "t he complet$ ! palace ( ,pavia1 :i* 8 fa!r _h begun1 & :i* he made ! noble/ dwell+-h\se 9 ,europe4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia 0 rais$ by him f a /ate ( decad5ce to "o ( great prosp]ity1 p>tly by munific5t end[m5ts & p>tly by a wise *oice ( pr(essors4 ,9 8 milit>y und]tak+s he display$ a k9dr$ ta/e = va/ eng9e]+ projects4 ,he contemplat$ & p>tly c>ri$ out a s*eme = turn+ ! ,m9cio & ! ,br5ta f _! *annels1 & = dry+ up ! lagoons ( ,v5ice4 ,9 ?is way he purpos$ to attack 8 la/ great enemy1 ! ,republic ( ,s4 ,m>k1 ^u h] /ronge/ po9t4 ,yet 9 ! mid/ ( ^! huge designs he 0 able to att5d to ! mo/ trifl+ details ( economy4 ,8 love ( ord] 0 s precise t he may be said to h appli$ ! me?od ( a bank]'s (fice to ! conduct ( a /ate4 ,x 0 he :o inv5t$ ,bureaucracy by creat+ a special class ( paid cl]ks & secret>ies ( dep>tm5ts4 ,_! duty consi/$ 9 committ+ to books & l$g]s ! m9ute/ items ( 8 private exp5diture & ! outgo+s ( 8 public purse2 9 not+ ! details ( ! sev]al taxes1 s z to be able to pres5t a survey ( ! :ole /ate rev5ue2 & 9 record+ ! names & qualities & claims ( 8 g5]als1 capta9s1 & (ficials4 ,a sep>ate (fice 0 devot$ to 8 correspond5ce1 ( all ( :i* he kept accurate copies4#a ,by apply+ ?is m]cantile ma*9]y to ! managem5t ( 8 va/ dom9ions1 at a "t :5 public economy 0 b little und]/ood 9 ,europe1 ,gian ,galeazzo rais$ 8 weal? enorm\sly above t ( 8 neighbors4 ,8 income 9 a s+le ye> is said to h am\nt$ to #a1bjj1jjj gold5 flor9s1 ) ! addition ( #hjj1jjj gold5 flor9s levi$ by extraord9>y calls4#b ,! p]sonal timidity ( ?is =midable pr9ce prev5t$ him f lead+ 8 armies 9 ! field4 ,he !re=e f\nd x necess>y to employ paid g5]als1 & took into 8 s]vice all ! *ief ,condotti]i ( ! day1 ?us giv+ an impulse to ! cu/om :i* 0 de/9$ to corrupt ! :ole milit>y sy/em ( ,italy4 ,( ^! m51 :om he well knew h[ to *oose1 he 0 himself ! bra9 & mov+ pr9ciple4 ,he might h boa/$ t he nev] took a /ep )\t calculat+ ! co/1 c>efully consid]+ ! object1 & proportion+ ! means to 8 end4 ,h[ mad to su* a man mu/ h seem$ ! ,crusad]s ( previ\s c5turies1 or ! *ivalr\s ,pr9ces ( ,nor!rn ,g]many & ,burgundy1 :o exp5d$ _! =ce ^u su* unpr(itable & impossible und]tak+s z ! subjugation1 = in/ance1 ( ,switz]l&6 ,n a s+le trait 9 8 "* rem9ds u ( ! ,middle ,ages1 unless x be t he 0 said to c>e = reliques ) a sup]/iti\s passion wor?y ( ,l\is ,,xi4 ,sismondi sums up ! description ( ?is extraord9>y despot 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 :i* may be quot$ = _! graphic brevity3 ',false & pitiless1 he jo9$ to immeasurable ambition a g5ius = ent]prise1 & to immovable con/ancy a p]sonal timidity :i* he did n endeavor to conceal4 ,! lea/ unexpect$ motion ne> him ?rew him into a p>oxysm ( n]v\s t]ror4 ,no pr9ce employ$ s _m soldi]s to gu>d 8 palace1 or took su* multipli$ precautions ( di/ru/4 ,he seem$ to ackn[l$ge himself ! enemy ( ! :ole _w4 ,b ! vices ( tyranny _h n weak5$ 8 ability4 ,he employ$ 8 imm5se weal? )\t prodigality2 8 f9ances 7 always fl\ri%+2 8 cities well g>rison$ & victual$2 8 army well paid2 all ! capta9s ( adv5ture scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,italy receiv$ p5sions f him1 & 7 ready to return to 8 s]vice :5ev] call$ ^u4 ,he enc\rag$ ! w>riors ( ! new ,italian s*ool2 he knew well h[ to di/+ui%1 rew>d1 & w9 _! atta*m5t4'#c ,su* 0 ! tyrant :o aim$ at no?+ less ?an ! r$uction ( ! :ole ( ,italy b5ea? ! sway ( ! ,visconti1 & :o might h a*iev$ 8 purpose _h n 8 c>e] ( conque/ be5 *eck$ by ! ,republic ( ,flor5ce1 & aft]w>ds cut %ort by a premature dea?4 #a ,giovio is p>ticul> ^u ^! po9ts3 ',ho v$uto io ne gli arm>i de' suoi ,ar*ivi m>avigliosi libri 9 c>ta pecora1 i quali cont5evano d' anno 9 anno i nomi de' capitani1 condotti]i1 e soldati vec*i1 e le paghe di ogn' uno1 e 'l rotulo delle cavall]ie1 et delle fant]ie3 v' erano anco regi/rate le copie delle lett]e le quali negli importantissimi maneggi di f> gu]ra o pace1 o egli haveva scritto ai pr9cipi o haveva ricevuto da loro4' #b ,! description giv5 by ,corio 7pp4 #bfj1 #bff-fh7 ( ! d[] 9 money1 plate1 & jewels br\ght by ,val5t9a ,visconti to ,l\is d',orleans is a good pro( ( ,gian ,galeazzo's weal?4 ,besides ! t[n ( ,a/i1 %e took ) h] 9 money #djj1jjj gold5 flor9s4 ,h] gems 7 e/imat$ at #fh1heh flor9s1 & h] plate at #a1ffg m>ks ( ,p>is4 ,! inv5tory is curi\s4 #c ',hi/ory ( ! ,italian ,republics' 7#a vol4 ,longmans71 p4 #aij4 ,at ! "t ( 8 accession ! ,visconti _h already root$ out ! ,correggi & ,rossi ( ,p>ma1 ! ,scotti ( ,piac5za1 ! ,pelavic9i ( ,san ,donn9o1 ! ,tornielli ( ,nov>a1 ! ,ponzoni & ,cavalcabo ( ,cremona1 ! ,becc>ia & ,langus*i ( ,pavia1 ! ,fisiraghi ( ,lodi1 ! ,brusati ( ,brescia4 ,_! vip] _h swall[$ all ^! less] snakes4#a ,b ! ,c>r>a family /ill rul$ at ,padua1 ! ,gonzaga at ,mantua1 ! ,e/e at ,f]r>a1 :ile ! great h\se ( ,scala 0 9 possession ( ,v]ona4 ,gian ,galeazzo's s*emes 7 fir/ direct$ aga9/ ! ,scala dyna/y4 ,f\nd$1 l t ( ! ,visconti1 ^u ! imp]ial au?ority1 x rose to its greate/ height "u ! ,ghibell9e g5]al ,c ,gr&e & 8 nephew ,ma/9o1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7#acab-ea74 ,ma/9o _h himself *]i%$ ! project ( an ,italian ,k+dom2 b he di$ be=e approa*+ its accompli%m5t4 ,! deg5]acy ( 8 h\se began ) 8 ?ree sons4 ,! two y\ng] kill$ ! elde/2 ( ! survivors ! /rong] slew ! weak] & !n di$ 9 #acgd1 leav+ 8 doma9s to two ( 8 ba/>ds4 ,"o ( ^!1 nam$ ,antonio1 kill$ ! o!r 9 #acha1b & aft]w>ds fell a prey to ! ,visconti 9 #achg4 ,9 8 subjugation ( ,v]ona ,gian ,galeazzo contriv$ to make use ( ! ,c>r>a family1 al?\gh ^! pr9ces 7 alli$ by m>riage to ! ,scalig]s1 & _h ev]y?+ to lose by _! d[nfall4 ,he next proce$$ to attack ,padua1 & ga9$ ! co-op]ation ( ,v5ice4 ,9 #achh ,francesco da ,c>r>a _h to c$e 8 t]ritory to ,visconti's g5]als1 :o 9 ! same ye> possess$ !mselves = him ( ! ,trevisan ,m>*es4 ,x 0 !n t ! ,v5etians saw too late ! error !y _h committ$ 9 suff]+ ,v]ona & ,padua to be annex$ by ! ,visconti1 :5 !y ought to h be5 =tifi$ z def5ses int]pos$ betwe5 8 gr[+ p[] & !mselves4 ,hav+ n[ made himself ma/] ( ! ,nor? ( ,italy1#c ) ! exception ( ,mantua1 ,f]r>a1 & ,bologna1 ,gian ,galeazzo turn$ 8 att5tion to ^! cities4 ,alb]to d' ,e/e 0 rul+ 9 ,f]r>a2 ,francesco da ,gonzaga 9 ,mantua4 ,x 0 ! ,visconti's policy to enfeeble ^! two pr9ces by caus+ !m to appe> odi\s 9 ! eyes ( _! subjects4#d ,accord+ly he r\s$ ! jeal\sy ( ! ,m>quis ( ,f]r>a aga9/ 8 nephew ,obizzo to su* a pit* t ,alb]to behead$ him toge!r ) 8 "m1 burn$ 8 wife1 & hung a ?ird memb] ( 8 family1 besides tortur+ to dea? all ! suppos$ accomplices ( ! un=tunate "y man4 ,aga9/ ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua ,gian ,galeazzo devis$ a /ill m diabolical plot4 ,by =g$ lett]s & subtly contriv$ incid5ts he caus$ ,francesco da ,gonzaga to suspect 8 wife ( infidelity ) 8 secret>y4#e ,9 a fit ( jeal\s fury ,francesco ord]$ ! execution ( 8 wife1 ! "m ( sev]al ( 8 *ildr51 toge!r ) ! secret>y4 ,!n he discov]$ ! ,visconti's treason4 ,b x 0 too late = any?+ b impot5t hatr$4 ,! inf]nal device _h be5 successful2 ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua 0 no less discr$it$ ?an ! ,m>quis ( ,f]r>a by 8 crime4 ,x w\ld seem t ^! m5 7 n ( ! /amp & calib] to be successful villans1 & t ,gian ,galeazzo _h reckon$ ^u ?is defect 9 _! "*4 ,_! viol5ce caus$ !m to be r loa!d ?an fe>$4 ,! :ole ( ,lomb>dy 0 n[ pro/rate be=e ! ,milanese tyrant4 ,8 next move 0 to set foot 9 ,tuscany4 ,= ?is purpose ,pisa _h to be acquir$2 & "h aga9 he resort$ to 8 devili% policy ( incit+ o!r m5 to crimes by :i* he alone w\ld pr(it 9 ! long-run4 ,pisa 0 rul$ at t "t by ! ,gambacorta family1 ) an old m]*ant nam$ ,pietro at _! head4 ,?is man _h a fri5d & secret>y call$ ,jacopo ,appiano1 :om ! ,visconti p]suad$ to turn ,judas1 & to entrap & murd] 8 b5efactor & 8 *ildr54 ,! assass9ation took place 9 #acib4 ,9 #acii ,gh]>do1 son ( ,jacopo ,appiano1 :o held ,pisa at ! disposal ( ,gian ,galeazzo1 sold him ?is city = #bjj1jjj flor9s4#f ,p]ugia 0 next attack$4 ,"h ,p&olfo1 *ief ( ! ,baglioni family1 held a semi-con/itutional au?ority1 :i* ! ,visconti fir/ help$ him to transmute into a tyranny1 & !n1 ^u ,p&olfo's assass9ation1 seiz$ z 8 own4#g ,all ,italy & ev5 ,g]many _h n[ begun to reg>d ! usurpations ( ! ,milanese despot ) al>m4 ,b ! sluggi% ,emp]or ,w5ceslaus refus$ to take action aga9/ him2 nay1 9 #acie he grant$ to ! ,visconti ! inve/iture ( ! ,du*y ( ,milan = #ajj1jjj flor9s1 res]v+ only ,pavia = himself4 ,9 #acii ! ,duke laid h&s on ,si5a2 & 9 ! next two ye>s ! plague came to 8 assi/ance by enfeebl+ ! rul+ families ( ,lucca & ,bologna1 ! ,gu9izzi & ! ,b5tivogli1 s t he 0 n[ able to take possession ( ^? cities4 #a ,il ,biscione1 or ! ,great ,s]p5t1 0 ! "n commonly giv5 to ! tyranny ( ! ,visconti 7see ,m4 ,villani1 vi4 #h71 9 allusion to _! ensign ( a nak$ *ild issu+ f a snake's m\?4 #b ,corio1 p4 #bee1 tells h[ ! murd] 0 accompli%$4 ,antonio tri$ to make x appe> t 8 bro!r ,b>tolommeo _h met 8 dea? 9 ! prosecution ( infam\s am\rs4 #c ,savoy 0 n 9 8 h&s1 h[ev]1 & ! ,m>quisate ( ,montf]rat rema9$ nom9ally indep5d5t1 ?\gh he held its heir 9 a k9d ( honorable conf9em5t4 ,v5ice1 too1 rema9$ 9 =midable neutrality1 ! spectator ( ! ,visconti's conque/s4 #d ,! policy adopt$ by ! ,visconti aga9/ ! ,e/5si & ! ,gonzaghi 0 t recomm5d$ by ,ma*iavelli 7,disc4 iii4 #cb73 'qu&o alcuno vuole o *e un popolo o un pr9cipe levi al tutto l' animo ad uno accordo1 non ci e altro modo piu v]o1 ne piu /abile1 *e f>gli us>e qual*e grave scell]atezza contro a colui con il qual tu non vuoi *e l' accordo si faccia4' #e ,?is lady 0 a fir/ c\s9 z well z si/]-9-law ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti1 :o 9 second m>riage _h tak5 ,cat]9a1 daught] ( ,b]nabo ,visconti1 to wife4 ,?is fact makes 8 p]fidy ! m disgraceful4 #f ,! ,appiani retir$ to ,piomb9o1 :]e !y f\nd$ a petty despotism4 ,appiano's crime1 :i* gave a tyranny to 8 *ildr51 is simil> to t ( ,tremacoldo1 :o murd]$ 8 ma/]s1 ! ,vi/>9i ( ,lodi1 & to t ( ,luigi ,gonzaga1 :o f\nd$ ! ,ducal h\se ( ,mantua by ! murd] ( 8 patron1 ,pass]9o ,buonacolsi4 #g ,p&olfo 0 murd]$ 9 #acic4 ,gian ,galeazzo possess$ himself ( ,p]ugia 9 #adjj1 hav+ pav$ 8 way = ! usurpation by caus+ ,biordo ,mi*elotti1 ! successor ( ! ,baglioni to be assass9at$ by 8 fri5d ,francesco ,guidalotti4 ,x w be notic$ t he proce$$ sl[ly & surely 9 ! case ( ea* annexation1 lick+ ov] 8 prey aft] he _h ?rottl$ x & be=e he swall[$ x1 l a boa-con/rictor4 ,!re rema9$ no p[] 9 ,italy1 except ! ,republic ( ,flor5ce & ! exil$ b inv9cible ,francesco da ,c>r>a1 to )/& 8 fur!r progress4 ,flor5ce delay$ 8 conque/s 9 ,tuscany4 ,francesco manag$ to return to ,padua4 ,/ill ! p]il :i* ?reat5$ ! :ole ( ,italy 0 imm95t4 ,! ,duke ( ,milan 0 9 ! pl5itude ( manhood--ri*1 prosp]\s1 & full ( m5tal =ce4 ,8 acquisitions 7 well cem5t$2 8 armies 9 good condition2 8 treasury brim full2 8 g5]als highly paid4 ,all 8 lieut5ants 9 city & 9 camp respect$ ! iron w & ! deep policy ( ! despot :o sway$ _! action f 8 arm-*air 9 ,milan4 ,he alone knew h[ to use ! bra9s & h&s t did him s]vice1 to keep !m mutually 9 *eck1 & by _! regulat$ action to make himself n "o b a score ( m54 ,at la/1 :5 all o!r hope ( indep5d5ce = ,italy _h fail$1 ! plague broke out ) fury 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,gian ,galeazzo retir$ to 8 isolat$ =tress ( ,m>ignano 9 ord] to escape infection4 ,yet !re 9 #adjb he sick5$4 ,a comet appe>$ 9 ! sky1 to :i* he po9t$ z a sign ( 8 approa*+ dea?--',god c\ld n b signalize ! end ( s supreme a rul]1' he told 8 att5dants4 ,he di$ ag$ #ee4 ,italy drew a deep brea?4 ,! dang] 0 pass$4 ,! sy/ematic plan conceiv$ by ,gian ,galeazzo = ! enslavem5t ( ,italy1 ! ability & =ce ( intellect :i* su/a9$ him 9 its execution1 & ! p[] ) :i* he b5t m5 to 8 w1 are sc>cely m extraord9>y ?an ! sudd5 dissolution ( 8 duk$om at 8 dea?4 ,too timid to take ! field himself1 he _h tra9$ 9 8 s]vice a b& ( great comm&]s1 among :om ,alb]ico da ,b>b9o1 ,fac9o ,cane1 ,p&olfo ,malate/a1 ,jacopo dal ,v]me1 ,gabr9o ,fondulo1 & ,ottobon ,t]zo 7 ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,z long z he liv$ & held !m 9 lead+ /r+s1 all w5t well4 ,b at 8 dea? 8 two sons 7 /ill m]e boys4 ,he _h to intru/ _! p]sons1 toge!r ) ! conduct ( 8 h>dly won dom9ions1 to ^! capta9s 9 conjunction ) ! ,du*ess ,ca!r9e & a c]ta9 ,francesco ,b>bav>a4 ,?is man _h be5 ! ,duke's body-s]vant1 & 0 n[ ! p>am\r ( ! ,du*ess4 ,! g5]als refus$ to act ) !m2 & ea* seiz$ ^u su* portions ( ! ,visconti inh]itance z he c\ld mo/ easily acquire4 ,! va/ tyranny ( ! fir/ ,duke ( ,milan fell to pieces 9 a day4 ,! :ole be+ bas$ on no legal "r1 b held toge!r artificially by =ce & skill1 its con/itu5t p>ts ei!r reass]t$ _! indep5d5ce or became ! prey ( adv5tur]s4#a ,_m scions ( ! old eject$ families recov]$ _! au?ority 9 ! subject t[ns4 ,we he> aga9 ( ! ,scotti at ,piac5za1 ! ,rossi & ,correggi at ,p>ma1 ! ,b5zoni at ,crema1 ! ,rusconi at ,como1 ! ,so>di & ,colleoni at ,b]gamo1 ! ,l&i at ,bobbio1 ! ,cavalcabo at ,cremona4 ,fac9o ,cane appropriat$ ,aless&ria2 ,p&olfo ,malate/a seiz$ ,brescia2 ,ottonbon ,t]zo e/abli%$ himself 9 ,p>ma4 ,mean:ile ,giovanni ,m>ia ,visconti 0 proclaim$ ,duke ( ,milan1 & 8 bro!r ,filippo ,m>ia occupi$ ,pavia4 ,gabriello1 a ba/>d son ( ! fir/ duke1 =tifi$ himself 9 ,crema4 #a ,! an>*y :i* prevail$ 9 ,lomb>dy aft] ,gian ,galeazzo's dea? makes x difficult to d m ?an signalize a few ( ^! usurpations4 ,corio1 pp4 #bib et seq41 conta9 ! details4 ,9 ! despotic families ( ,italy1 z already h9t$1 !re 0 a progressive t5d5cy to deg5]ation4 ,! /ra9 ( tyranny su/a9$ by =ce & craft = g5]ations1 ! abuse ( p[] & pleasure1 ! isolation & ! dread 9 :i* ! despots liv$ habitually1 br$ a k9d ( h]$it>y madness4#a ,9 ! case ( ,giovanni ,m>ia & ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti ^! pr$ispos+ causes ( insanity 7 probably int5sifi$ by ! fact t _! fa!r & "m 7 fir/ c\s9s1 ! gr&*ildr5 ( ,/efano1 son ( ,matteo il ,gr&e4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! con/itutional f]ocity ( ! race appe>$ z monomania 9 ,giovanni1 & its con/itutional timidity z some?+ ak9 to madness 9 8 bro!r4 ,gian ,m>ia1 ,duke ( ,milan 9 no?+ b 9 "n1 di/+ui%$ himself by cruelty & lu/4 ,he us$ ! h\nds ( 8 ance/ors no long] 9 ! *ase ( bo>s1 b ( liv+ m54 ,all ! crim9als ( ,milan1 & all :om he c\ld get d5\nc$ z crim9als1 ev5 ! p>ticipators 9 8 own enormities1 7 giv5 up to 8 inf]nal sport4 ,8 huntsman1 ,squ>cia ,giramo1 tra9$ ! dogs to _! duty by fe$+ !m on human fle%1 & ! duke wat*$ !m te> 8 victims 9 pieces ) ! avidity ( a lunatic4#b ,9 #adab "s ,milanese nobles succe$$ 9 murd]+ him1 & ?rew 8 mangl$ corpse into ! /reet4 ,a pro/itute is said to h cov]$ x ) roses4 ,filippo ,m>ia mean:ile _h m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ,fac9o ,cane1#c :o br\ght him ne>ly half a million ( flor9s = d[ry1 toge!r ) h] husb&'s soldi]s & ! cities he _h seiz$ aft] ,gian ,galeazzo's dea?4 ,by ! help ( ?is alliance ,filippo 0 n[ gradually recov]+ ! ,lomb>d portion ( 8 fa!r's duk$om4 ,! m9or cities1 purg$ by murd] ( _! usurp]s1 once m fell into ! grasp ( ! ,milanese despot1 aft] a s]ies ( dome/ic & political trag$ies t dr5*$ _! /reets ) blood4 ,piac5za 0 utt]ly depopulat$4 ,x is record$ t = ! space ( a ye> only ?ree ( its inhabitants rema9$ )9 ! walls4 #a ,i may ref] to ,dr4 ,maudsley 7,m9d & ,matt]7 = a sci5tific /atem5t ( ! !ory ( madness develop$ by accumulat$ & h]$it>y vices4 #b ,corio1 p4 #cja1 m5tions by "n ,giovanni da ,pu/]la & ,b]tol9o del ,ma9o z 'lac]ati da i cani del ,duca4' ,memb]s ( ! families ( ^! m5 aft]w>ds help$ to kill him4 #c ,beatrice di ,t5da1 ! wife ( ,fac9o ,cane1 0 tw5ty ye>s old] ?an ! ,duke ( ,milan4 ,z soon z ! ,visconti felt himself assur$ 9 8 du*y1 he caus$ a false accusation to be br\ght aga9/ h] ( adult]y ) ! y\?ful ,mi*ele ,oranbelli1 &1 9 spite ( h] innoc5ce1 behead$ h] 9 #adah4 ,ma*iavelli relates ?is act ( p]fidy ) ,tacitean concis5ess 7#a/4 ,fior4 lib4 i4 vol4 i4 p4 #ee73 ',dipoi p] ess] grato de' b5efici gr&i1 come sono quasi sempre tutti i ,pr9cipi1 accuse ,beatrice sua moglie di /upro e la fece morire4' ,filippo1 ! la/ ( ! ,visconti tyrants1 0 extremely ugly1 & s s5sitive ab\t 8 ill-=m$ p]son t he sc>cely d>$ to %[ himself abroad4 ,he habitually liv$ 9 secret *amb]s1 *ang$ frequ5tly f room to room1 & :5 he issu$ f 8 palace refus$ salutations 9 ! /reets4 ,z an in/ance ( 8 n]v\sness1 ! *ronicl]s report t he c\ld n endure to he> ! noise ( ?und]4#a ,at ! same "t he inh]it$ mu* ( 8 fa!r's insight into "*1 & 8 p[] ( controll+ m5 m bold & active ?an himself4 ,b he lack$ ! ke5 decision & broad views ( ,gian ,galeazzo4 ,he vacillat$ 9 policy & kept plann+ plots :i* seem$ to h no object b 8 own disadvantage4 ,excess ( caution made him surr\nd ! capta9s ( 8 troops ) spies1 & *eck !m at ! mom5t :5 he fe>$ !y might become too p[]ful4 ,?is want ( confid5ce neutraliz$ ! advantage :i* he might h ga9$ by 8 *oice ( fitt+ in/rum5ts4 ,?us 8 selection ( ,francesco ,s=za = 8 g5]al aga9/ ! ,v5etians 9 #adca 0 a wise "o4 ,b he c\ld n atta* ! great soldi] ( =tune to himself4 ,s=za took ! pay ( ,flor5ce aga9/ 8 old patron1 & 9 #adda =c$ him to a ru9\s peace2 "o ( ! conditions ( :i* 0 ! m>riage ( ! ,duke ( ,milan's only daught]1 ,bianca1 to ! son ( ! peasant ( ,cotignola4 ,bianca 0 illegitimate1 & ,filippo ,m>ia _h no male heir4 ,! great family ( ! ,visconti _h dw9dl$ away4 ,consequ5tly1 aft] ! duke's dea? 9 #addg1 ,s=za f\nd 8 way op5 to ! ,du*y ( ,milan1 :i* he fir/ secur$ by =ce & !n claim$ 9 "r ( 8 wife4 ,an adv]se claim 0 set up by ! ,h\se ( ,orleans1 ,l\is ( ,orleans hav+ m>ri$ ,val5t9a1 ! legitimate daught] ( ,gian ,galeazzo4#b ,b bo? ( ^! claims 7 invalid1 s9ce ! inve/iture grant$ by ,w5ceslaus to ! fir/ duke exclud$ females4 ,s ,milan 0 once aga9 ?r[n op5 to ! competition ( usurp]s4 #a ,! mo/ complete acc\nt ( ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti writt5 by a contempor>y is t ( ,pi]o ,c&ido ,decembrio 7,muratori1 vol4 xx474 ,! /ud5t mu/1 h[ev]1 read betwe5 ! l9es ( ?is biography1 = ,decembrio1 at ! reque/ ( ,leonello d' ,e/e1 suppress$ ! d>k] colors ( ! portrait ( 8 ma/]4 ,see ! correspond5ce 9 ,rosm9i's ,life ( ,gu>9o da ,v]ona4 #b ,?is claim ( ! ,h\se ( ,orleans to ,milan 0 "o s\rce ( ,fr5* int]f]5ce 9 ,italian affairs4 ,judg$ by ,italian cu/om1 ,s=za's claim ?r\gh ,bianca 0 z good z t ( ! ,orleans pr9ces ?r\gh ,val5t9a1 s9ce ba/>dy 0 no real b> 9 ! p59sula4 ,x is said t ,filippo ,m>ia bequea!d 8 du*y to ! ,cr[n ( ,naples1 by a w de/roy$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,c\ld ?is beque/ h tak5 effect1 x might h unit$ ,italy b5ea? "o sov]eign4 ,b ! probabilities are t ! jeal\sies ( ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 & ,rome aga9/ ,naples w\ld h be5 s int5sifi$ z to lead to a bloody w> ( succession1 & to ha/5 ! ,fr5* invasion4 ,! inext+ui%able desire = lib]ty 9 ,milan blaz$ =? ^u ! dea? ( ! la/ duke4 ,9 spite ( s _m g5]ations ( despots1 ! p /ill reg>d$ !mselves z sov]eign1 & e/abli%$ a republic4 ,b a /ate :i* _h s]v$ ! ,visconti = ne>ly two c5turies1 c\ld n 9 a mom5t %ake (f its weakness & rely ^u itself alone4 ,! republic1 feel+ ! necessity ( m]c5>y aid1 0 %ort-sight$ en\gh to engage ,francesco ,s=za z comm&]-9-*ief aga9/ ! ,v5etians1 :o _h avail$ !mselves ( ! an>*y 9 ,lomb>dy to pu% _! p[] we/ ( ! ,adda4 ,s=za1 ?\gh ! able/ g5]al ( ! day1 0 precisely ! man :om common prud5ce %\ld h prompt$ ! burgh]s to mi/ru/4 ,9 "o brilliant campaign he drove ! ,v5etians back beyond ! ,adda1 burn$ _! fleet at ,casal ,maggiore on ! ,po1 & utt]ly defeat$ _! army at ,c>avaggio4 ,!n he return$ z conqu]or to ,milan1 r$uc$ ! surr\nd+ cities1 blockad$ ! ,milanese 9 _! capital1 & =c$ !m to receive him z _! ,duke 9 #adej4 ,italy _h lo/ a noble opportunity4 ,if ,flor5ce & ,v5ice _h b tak5 "p ) ,milan1 & _h /imulat$ ! flagg+ en]gies ( ,g5oa1 f\r p[]ful republics 9 f$]ation might h ma9ta9$ ! fre$om ( ! :ole p59sula & h resi/$ =eign int]f]5ce4 ,b ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 sil5tly f\nd+ ! despotism ( 8 own family 9 ,flor5ce1 pref]r$ to see a duke 9 ,milan2 & ,v5ice1 guid$ by ! ,doge ,francesco ,fosc>i1 ?\ght only ( t]ritorial aggr&izem5t4 ,! *ance 0 lo/4 ,! lib]ties ( ,milan 7 ext+ui%$4 ,a new dyna/y 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! du*y1 gr\nd$ on a false h]$it>y claim1 :i*1 z long z x cont9u$1 gave a sort ( color to ! sup]ior b /ill illegal pret5sions ( ! h\se ( ,orleans4 ,x is impossible at ?is po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italy to refra9 f judg+ t ! ,italians _h become incapable ( local self-gov]nm5t1 & t ! prevail+ t5d5cy to despotism 0 n ! results ( accid5ts 9 any comb9ation1 b ( int]nal & inevitable laws ( evolution4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ! old despotisms f\nd$ by ,imp]ial ,vic>s & ,capta9s ( ! ,p came to be supplant$ or cross$ by ^? ( milit>y adv5tur]s1 j z at a some:at lat] "t ! ,condotti]e & ! ,pope's nom9ee 7 bl5t 9 ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,?is is !re=e ! prop] mom5t = glanc+ at ! rise & influ5ce ( m]c5>y g5]als 9 ,italy1 be=e proce$+ to sket* ! hi/ory ( ! ,s=za family4 ,aft] ! w>s 9 ,sicily1 c>ri$ on by ! ,angev9e pr9ces1 _h ceas$ 7#acjb71 a body ( disb&$ soldi]s1 *iefly =eign]s1 0 =m$ "u ,fra ,ruggi]i1 a ,templ>1 & swept ! ,s\? ( ,italy4 ,giovanni ,villani m>ks ?is z ! fir/ sign ( ! sc\rge :i* 0 de/9$ to prove s fatal to ! peace ( ,italy4#a ,b x 0 n any m]ely accid5tal outbreak ( ,b&itti1 su* z ?is1 :i* e/abli%$ ! ,condotti]e sy/em4 ,! causes 7 f> m deeply seat$1 9 ! nature ( ,italian despotism & 9 ! peculi> requirem5ts ( ! republics4 ,we h already se5 h[ ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 f\nd x conv5i5t to employ ,s>ac5s 9 8 w>f>e ) ! ,holy ,see4 ,! same desire to procure troops incapable ( sympa?iz+ ) ! native population induc$ ! ,scala & ,visconti tyrants to hire ,g]man1 ,breton1 ,swiss1 ,engli%1 & ev5 ,hung>ian gu>ds4 ,^! =eign troops rema9$ at ! disposal ( ! tyrants & sup]s$$ ! national militia4 ,! p ( ,italy 7 res]v$ = taxation2 ! =eign]s c>ri$ on ! w>s ( ! pr9ces4 ,nor 0 ?is policy o!rwise ?an popul>4 ,x reliev$ all classes f ! conscription1 leav+ ! burgh] free to ply 8 trade1 ! peasant to till 8 fields1 & dis>m+ ! nobles :o 7 /ill rebelli\s & turbul5t )9 ! city walls4 ,! same cu/om ga9$ gr\nd among ! ,republics4 ,ri* ,flor5t9e citiz5s pref]r$ to /ay at home at ease1 or to travel abroad = comm]ce1 :ile !y intru/$ _! milit>y op]ations to paid g5]als4#b ,v5ice1 jeal\s ( h] own citiz5s1 rais$ no levies 9 h] imm$iate t]ritory1 & made a rule ( nev] confid+ h] armies to ,v5etians4 ,h] admirals1 inde$1 7 select$ f ! great families ( ! ,lagoons4 ,b h] troops 7 plac$ b5ea? ! discipl9e ( =eign]s4 ,! w>f>e ( ! ,*ur*1 aga91 _h ( necessity to be conduct$ on ! same pr9ciples2 = x did n (t5 happ5 t a ,pope arose l ,julius ,,ii41 rejoic+ 9 ! s\nd ( cannon & ! life ( camps4 ,9 ?is way pr9cipalities & republics gradually d5ationaliz$ _! armies1 & came to c>ry+ on campaigns by ! aid ( =eign m]c5>ies "u paid comm&]s4 ,! g5]als1 wi%+ z f> z possible to r5d] _! troops movable & compact1 suppress$ ! infantry1 & conf9$ _! att5tion to p]fect+ ! cavalry4 ,heavy-arm$ cavali]s1 (fic]$ by pr(essional capta9s1 f\ght ! battles ( ,italy2 :ile despots & republics s*em$ 9 _! ca/les1 or debat$ 9 _! c\ncil-*amb]s1 conc]n+ objects ( w>f>e ab\t :i* ! soldi]s ( =tune 7 indiff]5t4 ,! pay receiv$ by m5-at-arms 0 m consid]able ?an t ( ! mo/ skill$ labor]s 9 any peaceful trade4 ,! p]ils ( milit>y s]vice 9 ,italy1 conduct$ on ! mo/ artificial pr9ciples1 7 b slight2 :ile ! opportunities ( self-indulg5ce--( pillage dur+ w> & ( pleasure 9 ! brief int]vals ( peace--attract$ all ! hot blood ( ! c\ntry to ?is s]vice4#c ,!re=e1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! pr(ession ( ,condotti]e fasc9at$ ! ne$i] nobility ( ,italy1 & ! ranks ( _! m5-at-arms 7 recruit$ by t[nsfolk & peasants1 :o delib]ately *ose a life ( adv5ture4 #a ,,viii4 #ea4 #b ,we may rememb] h[ ! ,spani% g5]al ,c>dona1 9 #acbe1 misus$ 8 capta9cy ( ! ,flor5t9e =ces to keep ri* memb]s ( ! republican militia 9 unheal?y /ations1 extort+ money f !m z ! price ( fre$om f p]il\s or irksome s]vice4 #c ,mat>azzo1 9 8 ,*ronicle ( ,p]ugia1 gives a lively picture ( an ,italian city1 9 :i* ! nobles = g5]ations foll[$ ! trade ( ,condotti]i1 :ile ! p enli/$ 9 _! b&s--to ! utt] ru9 ( ! morals & ! peace ( ! community4 ,at fir/ ! =eign troops ( ! despots 7 engag$ z body-gu>ds1 & 7 controll$ by ! au?ority ( _! employ]s4 ,b ! capta9s soon r5d]$ !mselves indep5d5t1 & ent]$ into milit>y contracts on _! own acc\nt4 ,! fir/ notable example ( a rov+ troop exi/+ = ! sake ( pillage1 & sell+ its s]vices to any bidd]1 0 ! s-call$ ,great ,company 7#acdc71 comm&$ by ! ,g]man ,gu>ni]i1 or ,duke ,w]n] :o wrote ^u 8 corselet3 ',enemy ( ,god1 ( ,pity & ( ,m]cy4' ,?is b& 0 employ$ 9 #acdh by ! league ( ! ,montf]rat1 ,la ,scala1 ,c>r>a1 ,e/e1 & ,gonzaga h\ses1 =m$ to *eck ! ,visconti4 ',9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1' writes ,sismondi1#a 'all ! soldi]s :o s]v$ 9 ,italy 7 =eign]s3 at ! end ( ! same c5tury !y 7 all1 or ne>ly all1 ,italian4' ,?is s5t5ce indicates a mo/ important *ange 9 ! ,condotti]e sy/em1 :i* took place dur+ ! lifetime ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti4 ,alb]ico da ,b>biano1 a noble ( ,romagna1 & ! ance/or ( ! ,milanese h\se ( ,belgiojoso1 adopt$ ! c>e] ( ,condotti]e1 & =m$ a ,company1 call$ ! ,company ( ,s4 ,george1 into :i* he admitt$ none b ,italians4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is rule 0 t he ,italianiz$ ! pr(ession ( m]c5>y arms = ! future4 ,all ! great capta9s ( ! p]iod 7 =m$ 9 8 ranks1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ^? w>s :i* he conduct$ = ! ,duke ( ,milan4 ,two rose to p>am\nt importance--,braccio da ,montone1 :o v>i$ 8 ma/]'s sy/em by sub/itut+ ! tactics ( deta*$ bodies ( cavalry = ! solid phalanx 9 :i* ,b>biano _h mov$ 8 troops2 & ,s=za ,att5dolo1 :o adh]$ to ! old me?od4 ,s=za got 8 "n f 8 great physical /r5g?4 ,he 0 a peasant ( ! village ( ,cotignola1 :o1 be+ invit$ to quit ! mattock = a sword1 ?rew 8 pickax into an oak1 & cri$1 ',if x /ays !re1 x is a sign t ,i %all make my =tune4' ,! ax /uck 9 ! tree1 & ,s=za w5t =? to f\nd a l9e ( dukes4#b ,aft] ! dea? ( ,b>biano 9 #adji1 ,s=za & ,braccio sep>at$ & =m$ two di/9ct companies1 kn[n z ! ,s=zes*i & ,bracces*i1 :o c>ri$ on betwe5 !m1 sometimes 9 comb9ation1 b usually 9 opposition1 all ! w>s ( ,italy = ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,^! old comrades1 :o _h p>t$ 9 pursuit ( _! sev]al advantage1 f\nd t !y _h m to lose ?an to ga9 by defeat+ ea* o!r 9 any bloody or inconv5i5tly decisive engagem5t4 ,!re=e !y adopt$ sy/ems ( campaign+ :i* %\ld co/ !m z little z possible1 b :i* enabl$ !m to exhibit a *ess-play]'s capacity = design+ clev] *eckmates4#c ,bo? ,braccio & ,s=za di$ 9 #adbd1 & 7 succe$$ respectively by ,nicolo ,picc99o & ,francesco ,s=za4 ,^! two m5 became 9 _! turn ! *ief *ampions ( ,italy4 ,at ! same "t o!r ,condotti]i rose into notice4 ,! ,malate/a family at ,rim9i1 ! ducal h\se ( ,urb9o1 ! ,ors9i & ! ,vitelli ( ! ,roman ,/ates1 ! ,v>ani ( ,cam]9o1 ! ,baglioni ( ,p]ugia1 & ! y\ng] ,gonzaghi furni%$ republics & pr9ces ) pr(essional lead]s ( tri$ skill & indep5d5t res\rces4 ,! vassals ( ^! noble h\ses 7 turn$ into m5-at-arms1 & ! *iefs acquir$ m importance 9 _! rov+ milit>y life ?an !y c\ld h ga9$ )9 ! n>r[ circuit ( _! little /ates4 #a ,vol4 v4 p4 #bjg4 #b ,?is is ! commonly receiv$ leg5d4 ,corio1 p4 #bee1 does n draw att5tion to ! l[ness ( ,s=za's orig91 b says t he 0 only twelve ye>s ( age :5 he enli/$ 9 ! corps ( ,boldr9o da ,panigale1 condotti]e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 robu/ physical qualities 7 h]$it>y = _m g5]ations 9 8 family4 ,8 son ,francesco 0 tall & well made1 ! be/ runn]1 jump]1 & wre/l] ( 8 day4 ,he m>*$1 summ] & w9t]1 b>ehead$2 ne$$ b little sleep2 0 sp>e 9 diet1 & self-indulg5t only 9 ! matt] ( wom54 ,galeazzo ,m>ia1 ?\gh /a9$ by despicable vices 0 a p[]ful pr9ce1 :o rul$ 8 du*y ) a /rong arm4 ,( 8 illegitimate daught]1 ,cat]9a1 ! wife ( ,girolamo ,ri>io1 a /ory is told1 :i* illu/rates ! /rong co>se ve9 t /ill di/+ui%$ ?is brood ( pr9ces4 ,see ,d5ni/\n1 ',dukes ( ,urb9o1' vol4 i4 p4 #bib1 = ,boccal9i's acc\nt ( ! ,siege ( ,=li1 su/a9$ by ,cat]9a 9 #adhh4 ,comp>e ,sismondi1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bea4 ,cat]9a ,ri>io ,s=za1 z a woman1 0 no unwor?y inh]itor ( h] gr&fa!r's p]sonal h]oism & g5ius = gov]nm5t4 #c ,i %all h to notice ! evils ( ?is sy/em 9 ano!r place1 :ile review+ ! ,pr9cipe ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,9 t treatise ! ,flor5t9e hi/orian traces ! :ole ru9 ( ,italy dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury to ! employm5t ( m]c5>ies4 ,! biography ( "o ( ^! ,condotti]i des]ves special notice1 s9ce x illu/rates ! vicissitudes ( =tune to :i* su* m5 7 expos$1 z well z _! relations to _! patrons4 ,francesco ,c>magnuola 0 a ,pi$montese4 ,he fir/ rose into notice at ! battle ( ,monza 9 #adab1 :5 ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti obs]v$ 8 capacity & brav]y1 & aft]w>ds advanc$ him to ! capta9cy ( a troop4 ,hav+ help$ to r$uce ! ,visconti du*y to ord]1 ,c>magnuola f\nd himself disgrac$ & suspect$ )\t good reason by ! ,duke ( ,milan2 & 9 #adbf he took ! pay ( ! ,v5etians aga9/ 8 old ma/]4 ,dur+ ! next ye> he %[$ ! em95ce ( 8 abilities z a g5]al2 = he defeat$ ! comb9$ =ces ( ,picc99o1 ,s=za1 & o!r capta9s ( ! ,visconti1 & took !m prison]s at ,macalo4 ,c>magnuola nei!r imprison$ nor murd]$ 8 foes4#a ,he gave !m _! lib]ty1 & f\r ye>s lat] _h to su/a9 a defeat f ,s=za at ,sonc9o4 ,o!r rev]ses ( =tune foll[$1 :i* br\ght ^u him ! suspicion ( bad fai? or incapacity4 ,:5 he return$ to ,v5ice1 ! /ate receiv$ _! capta9 ) all honors1 & display$ unusual pomp 9 8 admission to ! audi5ce ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,b no soon] _h _! velvet clut*es clos$ ^u him1 ?an !y ?rew him into prison1 in/itut$ a secret impea*m5t ( 8 conduct1 & on ,may #e1 #adcb1 l$ him out ) 8 m\? gagg$1 to execution on ! ,piazza4 ,no reason 0 assign$ = ?is judicial murd]4 ,_h ,c>magnuola be5 convict$ ( treason8 ,0 he be+ puni%$ = 8 ill success 9 ! campaign ( ! prec$+ ye>s8 ,! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 by ! secrecy 9 :i* %e envelop$ ?is d>k act ( v5geance1 s\ght to inspire ! :ole body ( h] (ficials ) vague al>m4 #a ,su* an act ( viol5ce1 h[ev] consi/5t ) ! morality ( a ,ces>e ,borgia1 a ,v5etian ,republic1 or a ,duke ( ,milan1 w\ld h be5 directly oppos$ to ! code ( honor 9 use among ,condotti]i4 ,no?+1 inde$1 is m s+ul> among ! contradictions ( ?is p]iod ?an ! humanity 9 ! field display$ by hir$ capta9s4 ,w> 0 made less on adv]se armies ?an on ! population ( prov9ces4 ,! adv5tur]s respect$ ea* o!r's lives1 & treat$ ea* o!r ) c\rtesy4 ,!y 7 a bro!rhood :o play$ at campaign+1 r ?an ! repres5tatives ( =ces s]i\sly b5t on cru%+ ea* o!r to ext]m9ation4 ,ma*iavelli says 7,pr9c4 cap4 xii47 ',aveano usato ogni indu/ria p] lev> via a se e a' soldati la fatica e la paura1 non s'ammazz&o nelle zuffe1 ma pigli&osi prigioni e s5za taglia4' ,at ! same "t ! lic5se !y all[$ !mselves aga9/ ! cities & ! di/ricts !y invad$ is well illu/rat$ by ! pillage ( ,piac5za 9 #addg by ,francesco ,s=za's troops4 ,! an>*y ( a sack la/$ =ty days1 dur+ :i* ! inhabitants 7 indiscrim9ately sold z slaves1 or tortur$ = _! hidd5 treasure4 ,sism4 vi4 #agj4 ,b to return to ! ,du*y ( ,milan4 ,francesco ,s=za ent]$ ! capital z conqu]or 9 #adej1 & 0 proclaim$ ,duke4 ,he nev] obta9$ ! sanction ( ! ,empire to 8 title1 ?\gh ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 0 prov]bially lavi% ( su* honors4 ,b ! great ,condotti]e1 possess+ ! sub/ance1 did n c>e = ! ext]nal %[ ( mon>*y4 ,he rul$ firmly1 wisely1 & = ^? times well1 att5d+ to ! prosp]ity ( 8 /ates1 ma9ta9+ good discipl9e 9 8 cities1 & los+ no gr\nd by fooli% or ambiti\s s*emes4 ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france is said to h pr(ess$ himself ,s=za's pupil 9 /atecraft1 ?an :i* no great] tribute c\ld be paid to 8 political sagacity4 ,9 #adff he di$1 leav+ ?ree sons1 ,galeazzo1 ,duke ( ,milan1 ! ,c>d9al ,ascanio1 & ,lodovico1 surnam$ ,il ,moro4 ',francesco's cr[n1' says ,ripamonti1 '0 de/9$ to pass to m ?an six inh]itors1 & ^! five successions 7 accompli%$ by a s]ies ( tragic ev5ts 9 8 family4 ,galeazzo1 8 son1 0 murd]$ because ( 8 abom9able crimes1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 p1 be=e ! alt>1 9 ! middle ( ! sacr$ rites4 ,giovanni ,galeazzo1 :o foll[$ him1 0 poison$ by 8 uncle ,lodovico4 ,lodovico 0 imprison$ by ! ,fr5*1 & di$ ( grief 9 a dungeon4#a ,"o ( 8 sons p]i%$ 9 ! same way2 ! o!r1 aft] ye>s ( mis]y & exile1 0 re/or$ 9 8 *ildless old age to a ?rone :i* _h be5 und]m9$1 & :5 he di$1 8 dyna/y 0 ext9ct4 ,?is 0 ! recomp5se = ! treason ( ,francesco to ! ,/ate ( ,milan4 ,x 0 = su* successes t he pass$ 8 life 9 p]fidy1 privation1 & dang]4' ,9 ^! rapid successions we trace1 besides ! demoralization ( ! ,s=za family1 ! action ( new =ces f )\t4 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,spa9 appe>$ ^u ! /age2 & aga9/ ^! great p[]s ! policy ( ,italian despotism 0 helpless4 #a ,9 ! ca/le ( ,lo*es1 !re is said to be a r\ghly pa9t$ wall-picture ( a man 9 a helmet ov] ! *imney 9 ! room kn[n z 8 prison1 ) ?is leg5d1 ,voila un qui n'e/ pas cont5t4 ,tradition gives x to ,il ,moro4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! ?re%old ( ! true ,r5aissance1 & a new p]iod is be+ op5$ = ,italian politics4 ,! despots are ab\t to measure _! /r5g? ) ! nations ( ! ,nor?4 ,x 0 ,lodovico ,s=za :o1 by 8 invitation ( ,*>les ,,viii4 into ,italy1 inaugurat$ ! age ( ,=eign ,enslavem5t4 ,8 biography belongs1 !re=e1 to ano!r *apt]4 ,b ! life ( ,galeazzo ,m>ia1 husb& ( ,bona ( ,savoy1 & uncle by m>riage to ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france1 =ms an integral "p ( t hi/ory ( ! ,milanese despots :i* we h hi!rto be5 trac+4 ,9 him ! passions ( ,gian ,m>ia ,visconti 7 repeat$ ) ! addition ( extravagant vanity4 ,we may notice 9 p>ticul> 8 p>ade-exp$ition 9 #adga to ,flor5ce1 :5 he flaunt$ ! weal? extort$ f 8 ,milanese subjects be=e ! sob]m9d$ citiz5s ( a /ill free city4 ,fifty palfreys = ! ,du*ess1 fifty *>g]s = ! ,duke1 trapp$ 9 clo? ( gold2 a hundr$ m5-at-arms & five hundr$ foot soldi]s = a body-gu>d2 five hundr$ c\ples ( h\nds & a multitude ( hawks2 prec$$ him4 ,8 suite ( c\rti]s numb]$ two ?\s& on horseback3 #bjj1jjj gold5 flor9s 7 exp5d$ on ?is pomp4 ,ma*iavelli 7#a/4 ,fior4 lib4 #g7 m>ks ?is visit ( ! ,duke ( ,milan z a turn+-po9t f au/]e simplicity to luxury & lic5se 9 ! mann]s ( ! ,flor5t9es1 :om ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 0 already b5d+ to 8 yoke4 ,! mo/ extravagant lu/1 ! meane/ & ! vile/ cruelty1 suppli$ ,galeazzo ,m>ia ) daily recreation4#a ,he x 0 :o us$ to fe$ 8 victims on abom9ations or to bury !m alive1 & :o f\nd a pleasure 9 w\nd+ or degrad+ ^? :om he _h made 8 confidants & fri5ds4 ,! details ( 8 assass9ation1 9 #adgf1 ?\gh well kn[n1 are s int]e/+ t ,i may be excus$ = paus+ to repeat !m "h2 especially z !y illu/rate a moral *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod :i* is intimately connect$ ) ! despotism4 ,?ree "y nobles ( ,milan1 educat$ 9 ! classic lit]ature by ,montano1 a di/+ui%$ ,bolognese s*ol>1 _h imbib$ f _! /udies ( ,greek & ,lat9 hi/ory an ard5t ?ir/ = lib]ty & a deadly hatr$ ( tyrants4#b ,_! names 7 ,c>lo ,visconti1 ,girolamo ,olgiati1 & ,giann&rea ,lampugnani4 ,galeazzo ,s=za _h w\nd$ ! two latt] 9 ! po9ts :i* m5 hold de>e/--_! honor & _! prop]ty#c--;by outrag+ ! si/] ( ,olgiati & by depriv+ ,lampugnani ( ! patronage ( ! ,abbey ( ,miramondo4 ,! _s ( ,h>modius & ,virg9ius 0 k9dl$ 9 ! fri5ds1 & !y det]m9$ to rid ,milan ( h] despot4 ,aft] "s meet+s 9 ! g>d5 ( ,s4 ,ambrogio1 :]e !y matur$ _! plans1 !y laid _! project ( tyrannicide z a holy (f]+ be=e ! patron sa9t ( ,milan4#d ,!n hav+ sp5t a few days 9 poign>d ex]cise = ! sake ( tra9+1#e !y took _! place )9 ! prec9cts ( ,s4 ,/eph5's ,*ur*4 ,!re !y receiv$ ! sacram5t & address$ !mselves 9 pray] to ! ,protom>tyr1 ^: fane 0 ab\t to be hall[$ by ! murd] ( a mon/] odi\s to ,god & man4 ,x 0 on ! morn+ ( ,decemb] #bf1 #adgf1 t ! duke ent]$ ,san ,/efano4 ,at "o & ! same mom5t ! dagg]s ( ! ?ree conspirators /ruck him--,olgiati's 9 ! brea/1 ,visconti's 9 ! back1 ,lampugnani's 9 ! belly4 ,he cri$ ',ah1 ,dio6' & fell dead ^u ! pavem5t4 ,! fri5ds 7 unable to make _! escape2 ,visconti & ,lampugnani 7 kill$ on ! spot2 ,olgiati 0 seiz$1 tortur$1 & torn to dea?4 #a ,allegretto ,allegretti1 ,di>i ,sanesi1 9 ,muratori1 xxiii4 p4 #ggg1 & ,corio1 p4 #dbe1 %\ld be read = ! details ( 8 pleasures4 ,see too 8 "* by ,ma*iavelli1 #a/4 ,fior4 lib4 #g1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caf4 ,yet ,giovio calls him a j & firm rul]1 /a9$ only ) ! vice ( unbridl$ s5suality4 #b ,! /udy ( ! classics1 especially ( ,plut>*1 at ?is "t1 z also dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 fir$ ! imag9ation ( patriots4 ,lor5z9o de' ,m$ici appeal$ to ! example ( ,timoleon 9 #aecg1 & ,pietro ,paolo ,boscoli to t ( ,brutus 9 #aeac4 #c ',le +iurie convi5e *e siano nella roba1 nel sangue1 o nell' onore4444 ,la roba e l'onore sono quelle due cose *e (f5dono piu gli uom9i *e alcun' altra (fesa1 e dalle quali il pr9cipe si debbe gu>d>e3 p]*e e' non puo mai spogli>e uno tanto *e non gli re/i un coltello da v5dic>si2 non puo tanto disonor>e uno *e non gli re/i un animo o/9ato alla v5detta4' ,ma*4 ,disc4 iii4 #f4 #d ,see ,olgiati's pray] to ,sa9t ,ambrose 9 ,sismondi1 vii4 #hg1 & 9 ,ma*4 ,i/4 ,fior4 lib4 #g4 #e ,giovanni ,sanzi's *ronicle1 quot$ by ,d5ni/\n1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc1 describes ! conspirators rehe>s+ on a wood5 puppet4 ,9 ! int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! rack & ! p9c]s1 ,olgiati _h "t to address ?is memorable spee* to ! prie/ :o urg$ him to rep5t3 ',z = ! noble action = :i* ,i am ab\t to die1 x is ?is :i* gives my consci5ce peace2 to ?is ,i tru/ = p>don f ! ,judge ( all4 ,f> f rep5t+1 if ,i _h to come t5 times to life 9 ord] t5 times to die by ^! same torm5ts1 ,i %\ld n hesitate to d$icate my blood & all my p[]s to an object s sublime4' ,:5 ! hangman /ood above him1 ready to beg9 ! "w ( mutilation1 he is said to h exclaim$3 ,mors ac]ba1 fama p]petua1 /abit vetus memora facti--my dea? is untimely1 my fame et]nal1 ! memory ( ! de$ w la/ = aye4' ,he 0 only tw5ty-two ye>s ( age4#a ,!re is an antique gr&eur ab\t ! outl9es ( ?is /ory1 /rangely m+l$ ) m$iaeval ,ca?olicism 9 ! details1 :i* makes x typical ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,conspiracies aga9/ rul]s 7 common at ! "t 9 ,italy2 b none 7 s pure & honorable z ?is4 ,( ! ,pazzi ,conjuration 7#adgh7 :i* ,sixtus ,,iv4 direct$ to 8 ev]la/+ infamy aga9/ ! ,m$ici1 ,i %all h to speak 9 ano!r place4 ,x is en\gh to m5tion "h 9 pass+ ! patriotic attempt ( ,girolamo ,g5tile aga9/ ,galeazzo ,s=za at ,g5oa 9 #adgf1 & ! m selfi% plot ( ,nicolo d' ,e/e1 9 ! same ye>1 aga9/ 8 uncle ,ercole1 :o held ! ,m>quisate ( ,f]r>a to ! prejudice ( 8 own claim4 ,! latt] trag$y 0 r5d]$ memorable by ! v5geance tak5 by ,ercole4 ,he behead$ ,nicolo & 8 c\s9 ,azzo toge!r ) tw5ty-five ( 8 comrades1 effectually prev5t+ by ?is blood%$ any future attempt to set aside 8 title4 ,fall+ z ^! f\r conspiracies d )9 ! space ( two ye>s1 & display+ v>i$ features ( antique h]oism1 simple patriotism1 dyna/ic diss5sion1 & ecclesia/ical p]fidy1 !y pres5t examples ( ! diff]5t =ms & causes ( political trag$ies ) a notewor?y & significant concis5ess4#b #a ,! :ole /ory may be read 9 ,ripamonti1 "u ! head ( ',confessio ,olgiati2' 9 ,corio1 :o 0 a page ( ! ,duke's & an eye-witness ( ! murd]2 & 9 ! sev5? book ( ,ma*iavelli's ',hi/ory4' ,sismondi's summ>y & ref]5ces1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #hf-ij1 are v full4 #b ,x is wor?y ( notice t v _m tyrannicides took place 9 ,*ur*--= example1 ! murd]s ( ,francesco ,vico dei ,prefetti1 ( ! ,v>ani1 ! ,*iavelli1 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 & ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za4 ,! *oice ( public s]vice1 z ! be/ occasion = ! commission ( ^! crimes1 po9ts to ! gu>d$ wat*fulness ma9ta9$ by tyrants 9 _! palaces & on ! /reets4 ,banquets & fe/ivities (f]$ ano!r k9d ( opportunity2 & x 0 on su* occasions t dome/ic trag$ies1 l ,oliv]otto's murd] ( 8 uncle & ,grifonetto ,baglioni's treason1 7 accompli%$4 ,su* 0 ! actual condition ( ,italy at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,nei!r public nor private morality 9 our s5se ( ! ^w exi/$4 ,! crimes ( ! tyrants aga9/ _! subjects & ! memb]s ( _! own families _h produc$ a correlative ord] ( crime 9 ! p ov] :om !y tyranniz$4 ,cruelty 0 met by conspiracy4 ,tyrannicide became honorable2 & ! prov]b1 ',he :o gives 8 own life c take a tyrant's1' _h work$ itself into popul> language4 ,at ?is po9t x may be well to glance at ! op9ions conc]n+ public murd] :i* prevail$ 9 ,italy4 ,ma*iavelli1 9 ! ,discorsi iii4 #f1 discusses ! :ole subject ) 8 usual frigid & exhau/ive analysis4 ,x is no "p ( 8 critical me?od to consid] ! morality ( ! matt]4 ,he deals ) ! facts ( hi/ory sci5tifically4 ,! e/eem 9 :i* tyrannicide 0 held at ,flor5ce is prov$ by ! erection ( ,donatello's ,judi? 9 #adie1 at ! gate ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico1 ) ?is inscription1 exemplum salutis publicae cives posu]e4 ,all ! political !ori/s agree t to rid a /ate ( its despot is a virtu\s act4 ,!y only diff] ab\t its motives & its utility4 ,9 ,guicci>d9i's ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ec1 #ed1 #aad7 ! v>i\s motives ( tyrannicide are discuss$1 & x is conclud$ t po*issimi sono /ati quelli *e si siano mossi m]am5te p] amore della lib]ta della sua patria1 a' quali si convi5e suprema laude4#a ,donato ,giannotti 7,op]e1 vol4 i4 p4 #cda7 bids ! conspirator consid] :e!r ! m]e de/ruction ( ! despot w suffice to re/ore 8 city to true lib]ty & good gov]nm5t--a caution by :i* ,lor5z9o de' ,m$ici 9 8 assass9ation ( ,duke ,aless&ro might h pr(it$2 = he kill$ "o tyrant 9 ord] only to make room = ano!r4 ,lor5z9o's own ,apology 7,v>*i1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bhc-bie7 is an important docum5t1 z %[+ t ! murd]] ( a despot c\nt$ on ! sympa?y ( honorable m54 ,s1 too1 is ! v]dict ( ,boscolo's confessor 7,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i4 p4 #cji71 :o pron\nc$ t conspiracy aga9/ a tyrant 0 no crime4 ,nor did ! demoralization ( ! age /op "h4 ,=ce1 :i* _h be5 sub/itut$ = ,law 9 gov]nm5t1 became1 z x 71 ! ma9spr+ ( society4 ,murd]s1 poison+1 rapes1 & treasons 7 common incid5ts ( private z ( public life4#b ,9 cities l ,naples bloodguilt c\ld be aton$ at an inconceivably l[ rate4 ,a man's life 0 wor? sc>cely m ?an t ( a horse4 ,! palaces ( ! nobles sw>m$ ) pr(essional cut-?roats1 & ! great ecclesia/ics claim$ = _! abodes ! "r ( sanctu>y4 ,popes sold absolution = ! mo/ horrible excesses1 & grant$ indulg5ces be=eh& = ! commission ( crimes ( lu/ & viol5ce4 ,success 0 ! /&>d by :i* acts 7 judg$2 & ! man :o c\ld help 8 fri5ds intimidate 8 enemies1 & c>ve a way to =tune = himself by any means he *ose1 0 reg>d$ z a h]o4 ,ma*iavelli's use ( ! ^w virtu is 9 ?is relation mo/ in/ructive4 ,x has altoge!r lo/ ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( virtue1 & reta9s only s mu* ( ! ,roman virtus z is applicable to ! c\rage1 intellectual ability1 & p]sonal pr[ess ( "o :o has a*iev$ 8 purpose1 be t :at x may4 ,! up%ot ( ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 t individuality ( "* & g5ius obta9$ a fre] scope at ?is "t 9 ,italy ?an dur+ any o!r p]iod ( mod]n hi/ory4 #a ',v few inde$ h ^? be51 ^: motive = tyrannicide 0 a pure love ( _! c\ntry's lib]ty2 & ^! des]ve ! highe/ praise4' #b ,x is q impossible to furni% a complete view ( ,italian society "u ?is aspect4 ,/ud5ts mu/ be ref]r$ to ! /ories ( ! noveli/s1 :o collect$ ! m dramatic incid5ts & pres5t$ !m 9 ! =m ( ent]ta9+ leg5ds4 ,x may suffice "h to m5tion ,b>tolommeo ,colleoni1 ,angelo ,poliziano1 & ,pontano1 all ( :om ow$ _! />t 9 life to ! murd] ( _! respective fa!rs by assass9s2 to ,v>*i & ,filelfo1 ^: lives 7 attempt$ by cut-?roats2 to ,cell9i1 ,p]ug9o1 ,masaccio1 ,b]ni1 9 ea* ( ^: biographies poison & ! knife play _! p>ts4 ,if m5 ( lett]s & arti/s 7 expos$ to ^! p]ils1 ! dang]s ( ! great & noble may be readily imag9$4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t dur+ ?is p]iod ! art & culture ( ! ,r5aissance 7 culm9at+4 ,filelfo 0 receiv+ ! gold ( ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti4 ,gu>9o ( ,v]ona 0 in/ruct+ ! heir ( ,f]r>a1 & ,vittor9o da ,feltre 0 educat+ ! *ildr5 ( ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua4 ,lion>do 0 delight+ ,milan ) 8 music & 8 magic _w ( pa9t+4 ,poliziano 0 p\r+ =? honey$ eloqu5ce at ,flor5ce4 ,fic9o 0 exp\nd+ ,plato4 ,boi>do 0 s++ ! prelude to ,ario/o's melodies at ,f]r>a4 ,pico della ,mir&ola 0 dream+ ( a reconciliation ( ! ,hebrew1 ,pagan1 & ,*ri/ian traditions4 ,x is necess>y to note ^! facts 9 pass+2 j z :5 we are survey+ ! hi/ory ( lett]s & ! arts1 x becomes u to rememb] ! crimes & ! madness ( ! despots :o patroniz$ !m4 ,?is 0 an age 9 :i* ev5 ! wilde/ & mo/ p]fidi\s ( tyrants felt ! ennobl+ influ5ces & ! sacr$ ?ir/ ( k4 ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a1 ! ,"l ( ,rim9i1 might be select$ z a true type ( ! pr9ces :o unit$ a romantic zeal = culture ) ! vices ( b>b>ians4#a ,! co9s :i* be> ! portraits ( ?is man1 toge!r ) ! m$allions c>v$ 9 r$ ,v]ona m>ble on 8 *ur* at ,rim9i1 %[ a n>r[ =ehead1 protub]ant above bu%y eyebr[s1 a long hook$ nose1 holl[ *eeks1 & petulant1 passionate1 compress$ lips4 ,! :ole face seems ready to fla% ) sudd5 viol5ce1 to m]ge its self-control 9 a spasm ( fury4 ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a kill$ ?ree wives 9 succession1 violat$ 8 daught]1 & attempt$ ! *a/ity ( 8 own son4 ,s mu* ( him belongs to ! m]e savage4 ,he caus$ ! magnific5t *ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,rim9i to be rais$ by ,leo ,alb]ti 9 a mann] m wor?y ( a ,pagan ,pan!on ?an ( a ,*ri/ian temple4 ,he incru/$ x ) exquisite bas-reliefs 9 m>ble1 ! triumphs ( ! e>lie/ ,r5aissance /yle1 c>v$ 8 own "n & ensigns ^u e scroll & frieze & po9t ( vantage 9 ! build+1 & d$icat$ a %r9e !re to 8 concub9e--,divae ,isottae ,sacrum4 ,s mu* ( him belongs to ! ,neo-,pagan ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he br\ght back f ,greece ! mortal rema9s ( ! philosoph] ,gemi/os ,ple?on1 buri$ !m 9 a s>cophagus outside 8 *ur*1 & wrote ^u ! tomb ?is epigraph3 ',^! rema9s ( ,gemi/us ( ,byzantium1 *ief ( ! sages ( 8 day1 ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a1 son ( ,p&olfo1 comm&] 9 ! w> aga9/ ! k+ ( ! ,turks 9 ! ,morea1 induc$ by ! mighty love ) :i* he burns = m5 ( le>n+1 br\ght hi!r & plac$ )9 ?is *e/4 #adff4' ,he1 ! mo/ fretful & turbul5t ( m51 read books ) pati5t c>e1 & bore ! contradictions ( p$ants 9 ! c\rse ( long discussions on philosophy & arts & lett]s4 ,s mu* ( him belong$ to ! new _s ( ! com+ age1 9 :i* ! zeal = erudition 0 a passion1 & ! spell ( sci5ce 0 /rong] ?an ! *>ms ( love4 ,at ! same "t1 z ,condotti]e1 he display$ all ! treasons1 duplicities1 cruelties1 sacrileges1 & tortu\s policies to :i* ! mo/ accompli%$ villa9 ( ! age c\ld h aspir$4 #a ,= a full] acc\nt ( him1 see my ',sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece1' article ,rim9i4 ,x w\ld be easy1 foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( ,tirabos*i1 to describe ! patronage aw>d$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury to m5 ( lett]s by pr9ces--! protection ext5d$ by ,ni*olas ,,iii4 ( ,f]r>a to ,gu>9o & ,aurispa--! brilliant promise ( 8 son ,leonello1 :o correspond$ ) ,poggio1 ,filelfo1 ,gu>9o1 ,francesco ,b>b>o1 & o!r s*ol>s--! lib]ality ( ,duke ,borso1 ^: purse 0 op5 to poor /ud5ts4 ,or we might review ! spl5did culture ( ! c\rt ( ,naples1 :]e ,alfonso committ$ ! education ( 8 t]rible son ,f]d9& to ! c>e ( ,lor5zo ,valla & ,antonio ,beccadelli4#a ,m insight1 h[ev]1 into ! nature ( ,italian despotism 9 all its phases may be ga9$ by turn+ f ,milan to ,urb9o1 & by sket*+ a portrait ( ! good ,duke ,fr$]ick4#b ,! life ( ,fr$]ick1 ,c\nt ( ,montefeltro1 creat$ ,duke ( ,urb9o 9 #adgd by ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv41 cov]s ! bett] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7b4 #adbb1 d4 #adhb74 ,a little corn] ( old ,umbria ly+ betwe5 ! ,ap5n9es & ! ,adriatic1 ,rim9i & ,ancona1 =m$ 8 patrimony4 ,speak+ r\ghly1 ! :ole du*y 0 b =ty miles squ>e1 & ! l>g] portion consi/$ ( b>e hillsides & ru9\s rav9es4 ,yet ?is poor t]ritory became ! c5t] ( a spl5did c\rt4 ',f$]igo1' says 8 biograph]1 ,muzio1 'ma9ta9$ a suite s num]\s & di/+ui%$ z to rival any royal h\sehold4' ,! *ivalry ( ,italy flock$ to ,urb9o 9 ord] to le>n mann]s & ! art ( w> f ! mo/ noble g5]al ( 8 day4 ',8 h\sehold1' we he> f ,vespasiano1 ':i* consi/$ ( #ejj m\?s ent]ta9$ at 8 own co/1 0 gov]n$ less l a company ( soldi]s ?an a /rict religi\s community4 ,!re 0 no gam+ nor swe>+1 b ! m5 conv]s$ ) ! utmo/ sobriety4' ,9 a li/ ( ! c\rt (fic]s we f9d =ty-five c\nts ( ! du*y & ( o!r /ates1 sev5te5 g5tlem51 five secret>ies1 f\r tea*]s ( gramm>1 logic1 & philosophy1 f\rte5 cl]ks 9 public (fices1 five ar*itects & eng9e]s1 five read]s dur+ meals1 f\r transcrib]s ( ,,mss4 ,! libr>y1 collect$ by ,vespasiano dur+ f\rte5 ye>s ( assidu\s labor1 conta9$ copies ( all ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors !n discov]$1 ! pr9cipal treatises on !ology & *ur* hi/ory1 a complete s]ies ( ,italian poets1 hi/oriograph]s1 & comm5tators1 v>i\s m$ical1 ma!matical1 & legal works1 essays on music1 milit>y tactics & ! arts1 toge!r ) su* ,hebrew books z 7 accessible to copyi/s4 ,e volume 0 b\nd 9 crimson & silv]1 & ! :ole collection co/ upw>ds ( #cj1jjj ducats4 ,= ! exp5ses ( s l>ge a h\sehold1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ?is f9e libr>y1 n to m5tion a palace t 0 be+ built & *ur*es t requir$ adornm5t1 ! m]e rev5ues ( ! du*y c\ld n h suffic$4 ,f$]igo ow$ 8 weal? to 8 engagem5ts z a g5]al4 ,milit>y s]vice =m$ 8 trade4 ',9 #adec1' says ,d5ni/\n1 '8 w>-pay f ,alfonso ( ,naples exce$$ #h1jjj ducats a mon?1 & = _m ye>s he _h f him & 8 son an annual peace-p5sion ( #f1jjj 9 "n ( pa/ s]vices4 ,at ! close ( 8 life1 :5 capta9-g5]al ( ! ,italian league1 he drew 9 w> #afe1jjj ducats ( annual /ip5d1 #de1jjj be+ 8 own %>e2 9 peace1 #fe1jjj 9 all4' ,z a ,condotti]e1 ,f$]igo 0 fam\s 9 ?is age ( brok5 fai? = 8 pla9 deal+ & s9c]ity4 ,only "o piece ( que/ionable practice--! capture ( ,v]uc*io 9 #adfb by a =g$ lett] pret5d+ to come f ,sigismondo ,malate/a--/a9$ 8 "* = hone/y4 ,to 8 soldi]s 9 ! field he 0 consid]ate & g5]\s2 to 8 enemies compassionate & m]ciful4#c ',9 milit>y sci5ce1' says ,vespasiano1 'he 0 excell$ by no comm&] ( 8 "t2 unit+ en]gy ) judgm5t1 he conqu]$ by prud5ce z mu* z by =ce4 ,! l w>9ess 0 obs]v$ 9 all 8 affairs2 & 9 none ( 8 _m battles 0 he wor/$4 ,nor may ,i omit ! /rict obs]vance ( good fai?1 :]e9 he nev] fail$4 ,all to :om he once gave 8 ^w1 might te/ify to 8 inviolate p]=mance ( x4' ,! same biograph] adds t 'he 0 s+ul>ly religi\s1 & mo/ obs]vant ( ! ,div9e comm&s4 ,no morn+ pass$ )\t 8 he>+ mass ^u 8 knees4' #a ,! ,panormita2 au?or1 by ! way1 ( ! %ameless ',h]maphroditus4' ,?is fact is significant4 ,! moral s5se 0 ext9ct :5 su* a pupil 0 intru/$ to su* a tutor4 #b ,= ! foll[+ details ,i am pr9cipally indebt$ to ',! ,memoirs ( ! ,dukes ( ,urb9o1' by ,james ,d5ni/\n2 #c vols41 ,longmans1 #ahea4 ,vespasiano's ,life ( ,duke ,fr$]ick 7,vite di uom9i illu/ri1 pp4 #gb-aab7 is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ lit]>y portraits extant4 ,x has1 moreov]1 all ! value ( a p]sonal memoir1 = ,vespasiano _h liv$ 9 close relation ) ! ,duke z 8 libr>ian4 #c ,see ! te/imony ( ,francesco di ,giorgio2 ,d5ni/\n1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei4 ,! sack ( ,volt]ra 01 h[ev]1 a blot ^u 8 humanity4 ,:ile a boy1 ,f$]igo _h be5 educat$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,vittor9o da ,feltre at ,mantua4 ,gian ,francesco ,gonzaga invit$ t em95t s*ol> to 8 c\rt 9 #adbe = ! education ( 8 sons & daught]1 assembl+ r\nd him subord9ate tea*]s 9 gramm>1 ma!matics1 music1 pa9t+1 danc+1 rid+1 & all noble ex]cises4 ,! sy/em sup]vis$ by ,vittor9o includ$ n only ! acquisition ( s*ol>%ip1 b also tra9+ 9 manly sports & ! cultivation ( ! moral "*4 ,_m ( ! noble/ ,italians 7 8 pupils4 ,ghib]to da ,correggio1 ,batti/a ,pallavic9i1 ,taddeo ,manfr$i ( ,fa5za1 ,gabbriello da ,cremona1 ,francesco da ,ca/iglione1 ,niccolo ,p]rotti1 toge!r ) ! ,c\nt ( ,montefeltro1 liv$ 9 ,vittor9o's h\se1 associat+ ) ! poor] /ud5ts :om ! b5evol5t philosoph] in/ruct$ = ! love ( le>n+4 ,ambrogio ,camaldolese 9 a lett] to ,niccolo ,niccoli gives ?is animat$ picture ( ! ,mantuan s*ool3 ',i w5t aga9 to visit ,vittor9o & to see 8 ,greek books4 ,he came to meet me ) ! *ildr5 ( ! pr9ce1 two sons & a daught] ( sev5 ye>s4 ,! elde/ boy is elev51 ! y\ng] five4 ,!re are also o!r *ildr5 ( ab\t t51 sons ( nobles1 z well z o!r pupils4 ,he tea*es !m ,greek1 & !y c write t language well4 ,i saw a translation f ,sa9t ,*ryso/om made by "o ( !m :i* pleas$ me mu*4' ,& aga9 a few ye>s lat]3 ',he br\ght me ,giovanni ,lucido1 son ( ! ,m>quis1 a boy ( ab\t f\rte51 :om he has educat$1 & :o !n recit$ two hundr$ l9es compos$ by him ^u ! %[s ) :i* ! ,emp]or 0 receiv$ 9 ,mantua4 ,! v]ses 7 mo/ beautiful1 b ! sweetness & elegance ( 8 recitation made !m /ill m graceful4 ,he also %[$ me two propositions add$ by him to ,euclid1 :i* prove h[ em95t he promises to be 9 ma!matical /udies4 ,!re 0 also a little daught] ( ! ,m>quis1 ( ab\t t51 :o writes ,greek beautifully2 & _m o!r pupils1 "s ( noble bir?1 att5d$ !m4' ,! m$al /ruck by ,pisanello 9 honor ( ,vittor9o da ,feltre be>s ! ensign ( a pelican fe$+ h] "y f a w\nd 9 h] own brea/--a symbol ( ! ma/]'s self-sacrifice4#a ,i hope to return 9 ! second volume ( ?is "w to ,vittor9o4 ,x is en\gh "h to rem>k t 9 ?is good s*ool ! ,duke ( ,urb9o acquir$ t solid culture :i* di/+ui%$ him ?r\gh life4 ,9 aft] ye>s1 :5 ! c>es ( 8 num]\s engagem5ts fell ?ick ^u him1 we he> f ,vespasiano t he /ill prosecut$ 8 /udies1 read+ ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 ,politics1 & ,physics1 li/5+ to ! works ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,scotus read al\d1 p]us+ at "o "t ! ,greek fa!rs & at ano!r ! ,lat9 hi/orians4#b ,h[ pr(itably he sp5t 8 day at ,urb9o may be ga!r$ f ?is acc\nt ( 8 biograph]3 ',he 0 on horseback at daybreak ) f\r or six m\nt$ att5dants & n m1 & ) "o or two foot s]vants un>m$4 ,he w\ld ride out ?ree or f\r miles1 & be back aga9 :5 ! re/ ( 8 c\rt rose f b$4 ,aft] dism\nt+1 he he>d mass4 ,!n he w5t into a g>d5 op5 at all sides1 & gave audi5ce to ^? :o li/$ until d9n]-"t4 ,at table1 all ! doors 7 op52 any man c\ld ent] :]e 8 lord%ip 02 = he nev] ate except ) a full hall4 ,accord+ to ! season he _h books read out z foll[s--9 ,l5t1 spiritual works2 at o!r times1 ! hi/ory ( ,livy2 all 9 ,lat94 ,8 food 0 pla92 he took no comfits1 & drank no w9e1 except dr9ks ( pomegranate1 *]ry1 or apples4' ,aft] d9n] he he>d causes1 & gave s5t5ce 9 ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,!n he w\ld visit ! nuns ( ,santa ,*i>a or wat* ! "y m5 ( ,urb9o at _! games1 us+ ! c\rtesy ( p]fect fre$om ) 8 subjects4 ,8 reputation z a patron ( ! arts & ( le>n+ 0 widely spread4 ',to he> him conv]se ) a sculptor1' says ,vespasiano1 'y w\ld h ?\ght he 0 a ma/] ( ! craft4 ,9 pa9t+1 too1 he display$ ! mo/ acute judgm5t2 & z he c\ld n f9d among ! ,italians wor?y ma/]s ( oil colors1 he s5t to ,fl&]s = "o1 :o pa9t$ = him ! philosoph]s & poets & doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he also br\ght f ,fl&]s ma/]s 9 ! art ( tape/ry4' ,pontano1 ,fic9o1 & ,poggio d$icat$ works ( importance to 8 "n2 & ,pirro ,p]rotti1 9 ! preface to 8 uncle's ',cornucopia1' draws a qua9t picture ( ! reception :i* s le>n$ a book 0 sure to meet ) at ,urb9o4#c ,b ,fr$]ick 0 n m]ely an accompli%$ pr9ce4 ,concurr5t te/imony proves t he rema9$ a good husb& & a con/ant fri5d ?r\gh\t 8 life1 t he controll$ 8 natural quickness ( temp]1 & subdu$ ! s5sual appetites :i* 9 t age ( lax morality he might h indulg$ )\t reproa*4 ,9 8 relations to 8 subjects he %[$ :at a pat]nal mon>* %\ld be1 conv]s+ famili>ly ) ! citiz5s ( ,urb9o1 acco/+ !m ) head uncov]$1 inquir+ into ! necessities ( ! poor] artisans1 reliev+ ! de/itute1 d[]+ orphan girls1 & help+ di/ress$ %opkeep]s ) loans4 ,num]\s anecdotes are told :i* illu/rate 8 consid]ation = 8 old s]vants1 & 8 anxiety = ! welf>e & good ord] ( 8 /ate4 ,at a "t :5 ! ,pope & ! ,k+ ( ,naples 7 mak+ money by monopolies ( corn1 ! ,duke ( ,urb9o fill$ 8 gran>ies f ,apulia1 & sold bread dur+ a ye> ( sc>city at a *eap rate to 8 poor subjects4 ,nor w\ld he all[ 8 (fic]s to prosecute ! indig5t = debts incurr$ by su* pur*ases4 ,he us$ to say3 ',i am n a m]*ant2 x is en\gh to h sav$ my p f hung]4' ,we mu/ rememb] t ?is excell5t pr9ce _h a direct int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! prosp]ity & good-w ( 8 du*y4 ,8 pr(ession 0 w>f>e1 & ! di/rict ( ,urb9o suppli$ him ) 8 be/ troops4 ,yet ?is %\ld n dim9i% ! respect due to ! =esight & b5evol5ce ( a ,condotti]e :o knew h[ to c>ry on 8 call+ ) humanity & g5]osity4 ,f$]igo wore ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 :i* ,h5ry ,,vii4 conf]r$ on him1 ! ,neapolitan ,ord] ( ! ,erm9e1 & ! ,papal decorations ( ! ,rose1 ! ,hat1 ! ,sword4 ,he s]v$ ?ree pontiffs1 two k+s ( ,naples1 & two dukes ( ,milan4 ,! ,republic ( ,flor5ce & m ?an "o ,italian ,league appo9t$ him _! g5]al 9 ! field4 ,if 8 milit>y c>e] 0 less brilliant ?an t ( ! two ,s=zas1 ,picc99o1 or ,c>magnuola1 he avoid$ ! crimes to :i* ambition l$ "s ( ^! m5 & ! rocks on :i* !y /ruck4 ,at 8 dea? he transmitt$ a fl\ri%+ du*y1 a cultivat$ c\rt1 a r5[n$ "n1 & ! lead]%ip ( ! ,italian ,league to 8 son ,guidobaldo4 #a ,pr5dilacqua1 ! biograph] ( ,vittor9o1 says t he di$ s poor t 8 fun]al exp5ses _h to be defray$4 #b ,pius ,,ii4 9 8 ,comm5t>ies gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! conv]sations conc]n+ ! tactics ( ! anci5ts :i* he held ) ,fr$]ick1 9 #adfa1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,tivoli4 #c ,! preface to ! orig9al edition ( ! ',cornucopia' is wor? read+ = ! lively impression :i* x conveys ( ,f$]igo's p]sonality3 ',admirabitur 9 te div9am illam corporis proc]itatem1 membrorum robur eximium1 v5]&am oris dignitatem1 aetatis maturam gravitatem1 div9am qu&am maje/atem cum humanitate conjunctam1 totum praet]ea talem qualem esse oportebat eum pr9cipem quem nup] pontifex maximus et univ]sus s5atus omnium r]um su>um et totius ecclesia/ici imp]ii ducem mod]atoremque con/ituit4' ,! "y ,duke1 ^: c\rt1 describ$ by ,ca/iglione1 may be said to h set ! model ( good bre$+ to all ,europe1 began life "u ! happie/ auspices4 ,f 8 tutor ,odasio ( ,padua we he> t ev5 9 boyhood he c>$ only = /udy & = manly sports4 ,8 memory 0 s ret5tive t he c\ld repeat :ole treatises by he>t aft] ! lapse ( t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 nor did he ev] =get :at he _h resolv$ to reta94 ,9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages he became an accompli%$ s*ol>1#a & :ile he appreciat$ ! poets1 he %[$ peculi> aptitude = philosophy & hi/ory4 ,b 8 developm5t 0 precoci\s4 ,8 zeal = le>n+ & ! excessive ardor ) :i* he devot$ himself to physical ex]cises und]m9$ 8 con/itution4 ,he became an invalid & di$ *ildless1 aft] exhibit+ to 8 c\rt = _m ye>s an example ( pati5ce 9 sickness & ( dignifi$ *e]fulness "u ! re/ra9ts ( en=c$ inaction4 ,8 wife1 ,elizabetta ,gonzaga1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s wom5 ( h] age1 0 no less a patt]n ( noble conduct & s]5e cont5tm5t4 ,su* 7 ! two la/ pr9ces ( ! ,montefeltro dyna/y4#b ,x is necess>y to be> _! virtues 9 m9d :ile dwell+ on ! *>act]i/ics ( ,italian despotism 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,du*y ( ,urb9o1 bo? z an e/abli%$ dyna/y n f\nd$ ^u viol5ce1 & also z a c5t] ( really humane culture1 =m$1 x is true1 an exception to ! rule ( ,italian tyrannies3 yet1 if we omitt$ ?is /ate f our calculation1 conf9+ our att5tion to ! extravagant iniquities ( ! ,borgia family1 or to ! ecc5tricities ( ! ,visconti1 or to ! d>k crimes ( ! c\rt ( ,naples1 we %\ld ga9 a false notion ( ! _m-sid$ "* ( ,italy1 9 :i* at t "t vices & virtues 7 s /rangely bl5d$4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t ! same society :i* produc$ a ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti1 a ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za1 a ,sigismondo ,malate/a1 a ,f]d9& ( ,aragon1 gave bir? also to a ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & a ,f$]igo da ,montefeltro4 ,x is only by /udy+ ! lives ( all ^! m5 9 comb9ation t we c obta9 a correct conception ( ! manifold p]sonality1 ! m+l$ poli% & b>b>ism1 ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 #a ,x is n easy to say :at a panegyri/ ( t p]iod int5d$ by 'a complete k ( ,greek1' or 'flu5t ,greek writ+1' 9 a ,pr9ce4 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t we ought n to und]/& by ^! phrases any?+ l a real famili>ity ) ,greek lit]ature1 b r su* sup]ficial k z w\ld enable a read] ( ,lat9 books to und]/& allusions & quotations4 ,poliziano1 x may be rem>k$1 ?\ght x wor? :ile to flatt] ,guidobaldo 9 a ,greek epigram4 #b ,aft] ,guidobaldo's dea? ! du*y 0 cont9u$ by ! ,della ,rov]e family1 "o ( :om1 ,giovanni1 ,prefect ( ,rome & nephew ( ,sixtus ,,iv41 m>ri$ ! ,duke's si/] ,giovanna 9 #adgd4 ,"s m detail$ acc\nt ( ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione's treatise ,il ,cortegiano w =m a fitt+ conclusion to ?is ,*apt] on ! ,despots4 ,x is true t 8 book 0 writt5 lat] ?an ! p]iod we h be5 consid]+1#a & he describes c\rt life 9 its mo/ graceful aspect4 ,yet all ! antec$5t hi/ory ( ! pa/ two c5turies _h be5 gradually produc+ ! conditions "u :i* 8 c\rti] fl\ri%$2 & ! ,italian ( ! ,r5aissance1 z he appe>$ to ! re/ ( ,europe1 0 su* a g5tleman z he depicts4 ,= ! hi/orian 8 book is ( equal value 9 its own dep>tm5t ) ! ,pr9cipe ( ,ma*iavelli1 ! ,autobiography ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 & ! ,di>y ( ,bur*>d4 #a ,x 0 writt5 9 #aead1 & fir/ publi%$ 9 folio by ! ,aldi ( ,v5ice 9 #aebh4 ,we f9d an ,engli% translation s e>ly z #aefa by ,?omas ,hoby4 ,at ?is "t x 0 9 ! h&s ( all ! g5tlefolk ( ,europe4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! ',cortegiano' ) ,della ,casa's ',galateo1' publi%$ 9 #aeeh4 ,! ',galateo' pr(esses to be a guide = g5tlem5 9 social int]c\rse1 & ! m9ute rules laid d[n w\ld satisfy ! mo/ exact+ puri/ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 mann]s & _! e?ical analysis we h c]ta9ly ga9$ no?+ dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ^! precepts ( conduct are f\nd$ is n etiquette or fa%ion1 b respect = ! s5sibilities ( o!rs4 ,x w\ld be difficult to compose a m philosophical treatise on ! less] duties impos$ ^u u by ! conditions ( society--su* m9ute matt]s z ! prop] way to bl[ ! nose or use ! napk91 be+ ref]r$ to ! "o rule ( act+ s z to cause no inconv5i5ce to our neighbors4 ,9 ! op5+ ( 8 ',cortegiano' ,ca/iglione introduces u to ! c\rt ( ,urb9o--ref9$1 *ivalr\s1 witty1 cultivat$1 g5tle--confess$ly ! pure/ & mo/ elevat$ c\rt 9 ,italy4 ,he br+s toge!r ! ,du*ess ,elizabetta ,gonzaga2 ,emilia ,pia1 wife ( ,antonio da ,montefeltro1 ^: wit is z ke5 & active z t ( ,%akespe>e's ,beatrice2 ,pietro ,bembo1 ! ,cic]onian dictator ( lett]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 ,b]n>do ,bibbi5a1 ,b]ni's patron1 ! au?or ( ',cal&ra1' ^: portrait by ,raphael 9 ! ,pitti enables u to e/imate 8 innate love ( humor2 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 ,duke ( ,nem\rs1 ( :om ! m>ble effigy by ,mi*ael ,angelo /ill gu>ds ! tomb 9 ,san ,lor5zo2 toge!r ) o!r knights & g5tlem5 less kn[n to fame--two ,g5oese ,fregosi1 ,gasp>o ,pallavic9i1 ,lodovico1 ,c\nt ( ,canossa1 ,ces>e ,gonzaga1 l' ,unico ,aret9o1 & ,fra ,s]af9o ! humori/4 ,^! ladies & g5tlem5 hold disc\rse toge!r1 z 0 ! cu/om ( ,urb9o1 9 ! draw+-room ( ! du*ess dur+ f\r consecutive ev5+s4 ,! !me ( _! conv]sation is ! ,p]fect ,c\rti]4 ,:at mu/ t man be :o des]ves ! "n ( ,cortegiano1 & h[ mu/ he conduct himself8 ,! subject ( discussion c>ries u at once into a bygone age4 ,no "o asks n[ :at makes ! p]fect c\rti]2 b 9 ,italy ( ! ,r5aissance1 ow+ to ! *anges f republican to despotic =ms ( gov]nm5t :i* we h trac$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 ! "q 0 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s importance4 ,culture & good bre$+1 ! am5ities ( int]c\rse1 ! pleasures ( ! intellect1 sc>cely exi/$ outside ! sph]e ( c\rts2 = "o effect ( ! ,revival ( ,le>n+ _h be5 to make ! acquisition ( polite k difficult1 & ! prolet>iat 0 less cultivat$ !n ?an 9 ! age ( ,dante4 ,m5 ( ambition :o desir$ to acquire a reputation :e!r z soldi]s or z poets1 z politicians or z orators1 came to c\rt & s]v$ _! *os5 pr9ce 9 w> or at ! c\ncil-table1 or ev5 9 humbl] (fices ( /ate4 ,to be able1 !re=e1 to conduct himself ) dignity1 to "k h[ to w9 ! favor ( 8 ma/] & to secure ! good-w ( 8 pe]s1 to reta9 8 p]sonal honor & to make himself respect$ )\t be+ hat$1 to inspire admiration & to avoid envy1 to out%9e all honorable rivals 9 physical ex]cises & ! craft ( arms1 to ma9ta9 a cr$able equipage & ret9ue1 to be in/ruct$ 9 ! arts ( polite int]c\rse1 to conv]se ) ease & wit1 to be at home alike 9 ! tilt+-y>d1 ! banquet-hall1 ! b\doir1 & ! c\ncil-*amb]1 to und]/& diplomacy1 to live be=e ! _w & yet to keep a fitt+ privacy & di/ance1--^! & a hundr$ o!r matt]s 7 ! climax & p]fection ( ! culture ( a g5tleman4 ,c\rts be+ n[ ! only c5t]s 9 :i* x 0 possible = a man ( bir? & tal5ts to %9e1 x foll[$ t ! p]fect c\rti] & ! p]fect g5tleman 7 synonym\s t]ms4 ,ca/iglione's treatise may !re=e be call$ an essay on ! "* ( ! true g5tleman z he appe>$ 9 ,italy4 ,elim9at+ all qualities t are special to any art or call+1 he def9es ^? ess5tial *>act]i/ics :i* 7 requisite = social excell5ce 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ un*angeable are ! laws ( real polit5ess & ref9em5t4 ,ca/iglione's c\rti] is1 ) "o or two po9ts ( immat]ial diff]5ce1 a mod]n g5tleman1 su* z all m5 ( education at ! pres5t day w\ld wi% to be4 ,! fir/ requisite 9 ! ideal c\rti] is t he mu/ be noble4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,canossa1 :o propos$ ! subject ( debate1 lays d[n ?is z an axiom4 ,gasp> ,pallavic9o d5ies ! necessity#a ,b aft] a lively discussion1 8 op9ion is ov]rul$1 on ! gr\nd t1 al?\gh ! g5tle virtues may be f\nd among p ( obscure orig91 yet a man :o int5ds to be a c\rti] mu/ />t ) ! pre/ige ( noble bir?4 ,next he mu/ be skillful 9 ! use ( weapons & c\rage\s 9 ! battle-field4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 b\nd to h ! special sci5ce ( a g5]al1 nor mu/ he 9 times ( peace pr(ess unique devotion to ! art ( w>3 t w\ld argue a co>s5ess ( nature or va+lory4 ,aga91 he mu/ excel 9 all manly sports & ex]cises1 s z1 if possible1 to beat ! actual pr(essors ( ea* game1 or feat ( skill on _! own gr\nd4 ,yet "h also he %\ld avoid m]e habits ( display1 :i* are unwor?y ( a man :o aspires to be a g5tleman & n an a?lete4 ,ano!r indisp5sable quality is gracefulness 9 all he does & says4 ,9 ord] to secure ?is elegance1 he mu/ bew>e ( e =m ( affectation3 ',let him %un affectation1 z ?\gh x 7 a mo/ p]il\s rock2 & let him seek 9 ev]y?+ a c]ta9 c>elessness1 to hide 8 art1 & %[ t :at he says or does comes f him )\t ef=t or delib]ation4' ,?is vice ( affectation 9 all its k9ds1 & ! ways ( avoid+ x1 are discuss$ ) a delicacy ( insight :i* w\ld d cr$it to a ,*e/]field ( ! pres5t c5tury1 s5d+ =? 8 son into society = ! fir/ "t4 ,ca/iglione goes s f> z to condemn ! p$antry ( f>-fet*$ words & ! coxcombry ( elaborate co/umes1 z dang]\s =ms ( affectation4 ,8 c\rti] mu/ speak & write ) =ce & fre$om4 ,he ne$ n be a puri/ 9 8 use ( language1 b may use su* =eign phrases & mod]n idioms z are curr5t 9 good society1 aim+ only at simplicity & cle>ness4 ,he mu/ add to excell5ce 9 arms polite culture 9 lett]s & s\nd s*ol>%ip1 avoid+ t b>b>ism ( ! ,fr5*1 :o ?9k x impossible to be a good soldi] & an accompli%$ /ud5t at ! same "t4 ,yet 8 le>n+ %\ld be always held 9 res]ve1 to give brilliancy & flavor to 8 wit1 & n br\ght =? = m]ely erudite p>ade4 ,he mu/ h a practical acqua9tance ) music & danc+2 x w\ld be well = him to s+ & t\* v>i\s /r+$ & key$ in/rum5ts1 s z to relax 8 own spirits & to make himself agreeable to ladies4 ,if he c compose v]ses & s+ !m to 8 own accompanim5t1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,f9ally1 he ought to und]/& ! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture2 = criticism1 ev5 ?\gh a man be nei!r poet nor arti/1 is an elegant accompli%m5t4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal qualities ( ! ,cortegiano4 #a ,italy1 e>li] ?an any o!r ,european nation1 develop$ !oretical democracy4 ,dante _h def9$ true nobility to consi/ ( p]sonal excell5ce 9 a man or 9 8 ance/ors2 he also call$ 'nobilta' si/] ( 'filos(ia4' ,poggio 9 8 ',dialogue ,de ,nobilitate1' into :i* he introduces ,niccolo ,niccoli & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 7,cosimo's bro!r71 decides t only m]it con/itutes true nobility4 ,hawk+ & hunt+ are f> less noble occupations ?an agriculture2 desc5t f a long l9e ( hi/oric crim9als is no honor4 ,fr5* & ,engli% ca/le-life1 & ! robb]-knigh?ood ( ,g]many1 he argues1 are b>b>\s4 ,lor5zo pleads ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle 9 favor ( noble blood2 ,poggio conte/s ! passage quot$1 & %[s ! sup]iority ( ! ,lat9 ^w 'nobilitas' 7di/9ction7 ov] ! ,greek t]m ,greek3 eug5eia 7good bir?74 ,! sev]al k9ds ( ari/ocracy 9 ,italy are !n discuss$4 ,9 ,naples ! nobles despise bus9ess & idle _! "t away4 ,9 ,rome !y manage _! e/ates4 ,9 ,v5ice & ,g5oa !y engage 9 comm]ce4 ,9 ,flor5ce !y ei!r take to m]cantile pursuits or live ^u ! produce ( _! l& 9 idl5ess4 ,! :ole way ( look+ at ! subject betrays a lib]al & sci5tific _s1 :olly free f prejudice4 ,ma*iavelli 7',discorsi1' i4 #ee7 is v sev]e on ! ari/ocracy1 :om he def9es z '^? :o live 9 idl5ess on ! produce ( _! e/ates1 )\t apply+ !mselves to agriculture or to any o!r useful occupation4' ,he po9ts out t ! ,v5etian nobles are n prop]ly s call$1 s9ce !y are m]*ants4 ,! diff]5t di/ricts ( ,italy _h widely diff]5t conceptions ( nobility4 ,naples 0 always ari/ocratic1 ow+ to its connection ) ,france & ,spa94 ,f]r>a ma9ta9$ ! *ivalry ( c\rts4 ,^? /ates1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* _h be5 democratiz$1 l ,flor5ce1 by republican cu/oms1 or l ,milan1 by despotism1 set less value on bir? ?an on tal5t & weal?4 ,x 0 n until ! age ( ! ,spani% asc5d5cy 7latt] half ( sixte5? c5tury7 t ,cosimo ,i4 )drew ! "y ,flor5t9es f _! m]cantile pursuits & enroll$ !m 9 8 ord] ( ,s4 ,/eph51 & t ! patricians ( ,g5oa c>ri$ dagg]s inscrib$ '= ! *a/isem5t ( ville9s4' ,! precepts :i* are laid d[n = ! use ( 8 acquirem5ts & 8 g5]al conduct1 resolve !mselves into a /rong recomm5dation ( tact & caution4 ,! c\rti] mu/ /udy ! nature ( 8 pr9ce1 & %[ ! greate/ delicacy 9 approa*+ him1 s z to secure 8 favor1 & to avoid we>y+ him ) importunities4 ,9 t5d]+ 8 advice he mu/ be mode/2 b he %\ld make a po9t ( nev] sacrific+ 8 own lib]ty ( judgm5t4 ,to obey 8 ma/] 9 di%onorable ?+s w\ld be a d]ogation f 8 dignity2 & if he discov]s any meanness 9 ! "* ( ! pr9ce1 x is bett] to quit 8 s]vice4#a ,a c\rti] mu/ be c>eful to create be=eh& a favorable op9ion ( himself 9 places he int5ds to visit4 ,mu* /ress is laid ^u 8 *oice ( clo!s & ! equipm5t ( 8 s]vants4 ,9 ^! respects he %\ld aim at comb9+ individuality ) simplicity1 s z to produce an impression ( novelty )\t extravagance or ecc5tricity4 ,he mu/ be v cauti\s 9 8 fri5d%ips1 select+ 8 associates ) c>e1 & admitt+ only "o or two to intimacy4 #a ,f _m passages 9 ! ',cortegiano' x is cle> t ,ca/iglione is pa9t+ ! "* ( an indep5d5t g5tleman1 to :om self-culture 9 all humane excell5ce is ( f> m importance ?an ! acquisition ( ! art ( pleas+4 ,circum/ances made ! life ( c\rts ! be/ obta9able2 b !re is no trace ( ,fr5* 'oeil-de-boeuf' s]vility4 ,9 connection ) ! g5]al subject ( tact & ta/e1 ! ,c>d9al ,bibbi5a introduces an elaborate discussion ( ! diff]5t sorts ( jokes1 :i* proves ! high value atta*$ 9 ,italy to all displays ( wit4 ,x appe>s t ev5 practical jokes 7 n consid]$ 9 bad ta/e1 b t irrev]5ce & grossness 7 taboo$ z boori%4 ,m]e obsc5ity is especially condemn$1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t _m je/s approv$ ( at t "t w\ld n[ appe> intol]able4 ,b ! ess5tial po9t to be aim$ at !n1 z n[1 0 ! promotion ( mir? by clev]ness1 & n by m]e tricks & clumsy inv5tions4 ,9 br++ ?is *apt] on ,italian ,despotism 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies to a conclusion1 x w be well to ca/ a backw>d glance ov] ! gr\nd :i* has be5 trav]s$4 ,a great int]nal *ange took place & 0 accompli%$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! free burghs :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 gave place to tyrannies1 illegal = ! mo/ "p 9 _! orig91 & ma9ta9$ by =ce4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( dyna/ic "r1 viol5ce & craft 7 in/rum5ts by means ( :i* ! despots f\nd$ & pres]v$ _! p[]4 ,yet ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,italians at l>ge 7 n unfavorable to ! gr[? ( pr9cipalities4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! =ces :i* move society1 ! inn] in/9ct ( ! nation1 & ! laws ( progress & developm5t1 t5d$ ye> by ye> m surely to ! consolidation ( despotisms4 ,city aft] city lo/ its faculty = self-gov]nm5t1 until at la/ ,flor5ce1 s long ! c5t] ( political fre$om1 fell b5ea? ! yoke ( h] m]*ant pr9ces4 ,x is difficult = ! hi/orian n to feel ei!r a mon>*ical or a republican bias4 ,yet ?is int]nal & gradual revolution 9 ! /ates ( ,italy may be reg>d$ nei!r z a matt] = exultation 9 ! cause ( sov]eignty1 nor = lam5tation ov] ! decay ( lib]ty4 ,x 0 b "p ( an inevitable process :i* ! ,italians %>$1 accord+ to ! peculi>ities ( _! condition1 9 common ) ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,visconti & ! ,s=zas our att5tion has be5 naturally direct$ to ! private & political vices ( ! despot4 ,z a contra/ to s mu* viol5ce & trea*]y1 we h /udi$ ! "* ( "o ( ! be/ pr9ces produc$ 9 ?is p]iod4 ,yet x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,duke ( ,urb9o 0 f> less repres5tative ( 8 class ?an ,francesco ,s=za1 & t ! aims & notions ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti =m$ ! ideal to :i* an ,italian pr9ce ( _s1 if he _h ! opportunity1 aspir$4 ,! hi/ory ( art & lit]ature 9 ?is p]iod belongs to ano!r bran* ( ! inquiry2 & a sep>ate *apt] mu/ be devot$ to ! consid]ation ( political morality z !oriz$ by ! ,italians at ! end ( ^! two c5turies ( intrigue4 ,b hav+ insi/$ on ! viol5ce & vices ( ! tyrants1 x seem$ necess>y to close ! review ( _! age by describ+ ! ,italian nobleman z c\rt-life made him4 ,ca/iglione %[s him at ! v be/3 ! d>k] %ad[s ( ! picture are omitt$2 ! requirem5ts ( ! mo/ f9i%$ culture & ! tone ( ! pure/ society 9 ,italy are depict$ ) ! elegance ( a s*ol> & ! ta/e ( a true g5tleman4 ,! fact rema9s t ! v>i\s influ5ces at "w 9 ,italy dur+ ! age ( ! despots _h r5d]$ ! conception ( ?is ideal possible4 ,n[h]e else 9 ,europe c\ld a portrait ( s mu* dignity & sweetness1 comb9+ ! c\rage ( a soldi] ) ! le>n+ ( a /ud5t & ! accompli%m5ts ( an arti/1 ! lib]ality ( fre$om ) ! c\rtesies ( s]vice1 h be5 pa9t$ f ! life & be5 recogniz$ z ! model :i* all memb]s ( polite society %\ld imitate4 ,nobl] *>act]s & m h]oic virtues might h be5 produc$ by ! ,italian commonweal?s if !y _h cont9u$ to enjoy _! anci5t fre$om ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,mean:ile we mu/ r5d] ?is ju/ice to ,italian despotism1 t b5ea? its %ad[ 0 develop$ ! type ( ! mod]n g5tleman4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,republics4 ,! diff]5t ,physiognomies ( ! ,italian ,republics--,! ,simil>ity ( _! ,"* z ,municipalities--,! ,rights ( ,citiz5%ip--,causes ( ,di/urbance 9 ! ,commonweal?s--,belief 9 ! ,pla/icity ( ,con/itutions--,example ( ,g5oa--,savon>ola's ,con/itution--,ma*iavelli's ,disc\rse to ,leo ,x4--,complexity ( ,int]e/s & ,factions--,example ( ,si5a--,small ,size ( ,italian ,cities--,mutual ,mi/ru/ & ,jeal\sy ( ! ,commonweal?s--,! notable ,exception ( ,v5ice--,con/itution ( ,v5ice--,h] wise ,sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t--,contra/ ( ,flor5t9e ,vicissitudes--,! ,magi/racies ( ,flor5ce--,balia & ,p>lam5to--,! ,arts ( ! ,m$ici--,comp>ison ( ,v5ice & ,flor5ce 9 respect to ,intellectual ,activity & ,mobility--,p>allels betwe5 ,greece & ,italy--,ess5tial ,diff]5ces--,! ,m]cantile ,"* ( ,italian ,burghs--,! ',trattato del ,gov]no della ,famiglia'--,! ,b\rgeois ,tone ( ,flor5ce1 & ! ,ideal ( a ,burgh]--,m]c5>y ,arms4 ,! despotisms ( ,italy pres5t ! spectacle ( /ates f\nd$ ^u =ce1 controll$ & mold$ by ! w ( pr9ces1 ^: object 9 ea* case has be5 to ma9ta9 usurp$ p[] by means ( m]c5>y arms & to deprive ! p ( political activity4 ,?us ! ,italian pr9cipalities1 h[ev] !y may diff] 9 _! orig91 ! "* ( _! adm9i/ration1 or _! relation to ,*ur* & ,empire1 all t5d to "o type4 ,! egotism ( ! despot1 consci\s ( 8 selfi% aims & delib]ate 9 _! execution1 =m$ ! motive pr9ciple 9 all alike4 ,! republics on ! contr>y are di/+ui%$ by /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,! hi/ory ( ea* is ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( c]ta9 specific qualities1 :i* modifi$ ! type ( municipal organization common to !m all4 ,_! diff]5ces consi/ *iefly 9 ! v>y+ =ms :i* in/itutions ( a radically simil> design assum$1 & also 9 ^? peculi> local conditions :i* made ! ,v5etians ,levant m]*ants1 ! ,p]ugians capta9s ( adv5ture1 ! ,g5oese admirals & pirates1 ! ,flor5t9es bank]s1 & s =?4 ,ea* commonweal? contract$ a c]ta9 physiognomy ?r\gh ! prolong$ action ( ext]nal circum/ances & by ! ma9t5ance ( "s political pr$ilection4 ,?us ,si5a1 exclud$ f m>itime comm]ce by its situation1 rema9$1 broadly speak+1 fai?ful to ! ,ghibell9e p>ty2 :ile ,p]ugia at ! di/ance ( a few miles1 equally deb>r$ f m]cantile expansion1 ma9ta9$ ! ,guelf cause ) p]t9acity4 ,! annals ( ! "o city record a long succession ( complicat$ p>ty qu>rels1 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( :i* ! ,/ate cont9u$ free2 ! ,guelf lean+s ( ! o!r expos$ x to ! gradual encroa*m5t ( ! ,popes1 :ile its civic indep5d5ce 0 imp]il$ & enfeebl$ by ! conte/s ( a few noble families4 ,lucca & ,pi/oja 9 l mann] are /rongly contra/$1 ! latt] p]si/+ 9 a /ate ( feud & faction :i* deliv]$ x b\nd h& & foot to ,flor5ce1 ! =m] aft] _m vicissitudes atta9+ int]nal quiet "u ! dom9ion ( a n>r[ olig>*y4 ,b :ile recogniz+ ^! diff]5ces1 :i* manife/ !mselves p>tly 9 :at may be describ$ z national *>act]i/ics1 & p>tly 9 con/itutional v>ieties1 we may trace "o c\rse ( hi/orical progression 9 all except ,v5ice4 ,?is is :at natural philosoph]s might call ! morphology ( ,italian commonweal?s4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ,italian republics 7 all municipalities4 ,t is1 l ! ,greek /ates1 !y consi/$ ( a small body ( burgh]s1 :o alone _h ! privileges ( gov]nm5t1 toge!r ) a l>g] population1 :o1 ?\gh !y paid taxes & %>$ ! comm]cial & social advantages ( ! city _h no voice 9 its adm9i/ration4 ,citiz5%ip 0 h]$it>y 9 ^? families by :om x _h be5 once acquir$1 ea* republic hav+ its own crit]ion ( ! "r1 & gu>d+ x jeal\sly aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( non-qualifi$ p]sons4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 = example1 ! burgh] mu/ belong to "o ( ! ,arts4#a ,9 ,v5ice 8 "n mu/ be inscrib$ ^u ! ,gold5 ,book4 ,! rivalries to :i* ?is sy/em ( municipal gov]nm5t gave rise 7 a *ief s\rce ( int]nal weakness to ! commonweal?s4 ,nor did ! burgh]s see f> en\gh or philosophically en\gh to recruit _! numb]s by a cont9u\s admission ( new memb]s f ! weal?y b unfran*is$ citiz5s4#b ,?is alone c\ld h sav$ !m f ! dea? by dw9dl+ & decay to :i* !y 7 expos$4 ,! ,italian conception ( citiz5%ip may be set =? 9 ! words ( "o ( _! acute/ critics1 ,donato ,giannotti1 :o writes conc]n+ ! electors 9 a /ate3#c ',non dico tutti gli abitanti della t]ra1 ma tutti quelli *e hanno grado2 cioe *e hanno acqui/ato1 o egl9o o gli anti*i loro1 faculta d'ott5]e i magi/rate2 e 9 somma *e sono p>ticipes imp]&i et p>5di4' ,no ,italian _h any notion ( repres5tative gov]nm5t 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! problem 0 always h[ to put ! adm9i/ration ( ! /ate mo/ conv5i5tly into ! h&s ( ! fitte/ among ^? :o 7 qualifi$ z burgh]s1 & h[ to give ea* burgh] 8 due %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t2 n h[ to select m5 delegat$ f ! :ole population4 ,! wise/ among _! philosophical politicians s\ght to e/abli% a mix$ con/itution1 :i* %\ld comb9e ! advantages ( pr9cipality1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy4 ,/>t+ ) ! fact t ! eligible burgh]s numb]$ "s #e1jjj1 & ) ! assumption t among ^! ! l>g] portion w\ld be cont5t ) fre$om & a voice 9 ! adm9i/ration1 :ile a c]ta9 body 7 ambiti\s ( honorable di/9ctions1 & a few aspir$ to ! pomp ( titul> presid5cy1 !y ?\ght t ^! sev]al desires might be satisfi$ & reconcil$ 9 a republic compos$ ( a g5]al assembly ( ! citiz5s1 a select ,s5ate1 & a ,doge4 ,9 ^! !ories ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otelian /udies#d & ! example ( ,v5ice are app>5t4 ,at ! same "t x is noticeable t no acc\nt :atev] is tak5 ( ! rema9+ #ie1jjj :o contribut$ _! weal? & indu/ry to ! prosp]ity ( ! city4#e ,! !ory ( ! ,/ate re/s ^u no ab/ract pr9ciple l t ( ! div9e "r ( ! ,empire1 :i* det]m9$ ,dante's speculation 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or t ( ! div9e "r ( k+s1 ) :i* we ,engli%m5 7 made famili> 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 or t aga9 ( ! rights ( m51 on :i* ! democracies ( ,france & ,am]ica 7 f\nd$4 ,! "r contemplat$ by ! ,italian politicians is t ( ! burgh]s to rule ! commonweal? = _! advantage4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,v5ice 0 ! only ,italian republic :i* ma9ta9$ ?is k9d ( olig>*y ) success ?r\gh c5turies ( int]nal tranquillity4 ,! re/ 7 expos$ to a s]ies ( revolutions :i* end$ at la/ 9 _! enslavem5t4 #a ,vill>i1 ,life ( ,savon>ola1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei1 may be consult$ conc]n+ ! fur!r di/9ction ( ,b5efiziati1 ,/atuali1 ,aggravezzati1 at ,flor5ce4 ,see also ,v>*i1 vol4 i4 pp4 #afe-gj4 ,consult ,app5dix ii4 #b ,x mu/ be m5tion$ t a provision = admitt+ des]v+ individuals to citiz5%ip =m$ "p ( ! ,flor5t9e ,con/itution ( #adie4 ,! pr9ciple 0 n1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ at l>ge by ! republics4 #c ,on ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,si5a 7vol4 i4 p4 #cea ( 8 collect$ works73 ',i say n all ! inhabitants ( ! /ate1 b all ^? :o h rank2 t is1 :o h acquir$1 ei!r 9 _! own p]sons or ?r\gh _! ance/ors1 ! "r ( tak+ magi/racy1 9 %ort ^? :o are p>ticipes imp]&i et p>5di4' ,:at has already be5 said 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ab\t ! orig9 ( ! ,italian ,republics w expla9 ?is def9ition ( burgh]%ip4 #d ,x w\ld be v int]e/+ to trace 9 detail ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle's ,politics ^u ! practical & !oretical /ati/s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! :ole ( ,giannotti's works2 ! disc\rses ( de' ,pazzi1 ,vettori1 ,acciaiuoli1 & ! two ,guicci>d9i on ! ,/ate ( ,flor5ce 7,ar*4 ,/4 ,x4 vol4 i472 & ,ma*iavelli's ,discorso sul ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze1 address$ to ,leo ,x41 illu/rate 9 g5]al ! work+ ( ,ari/otelian ideas4 ,at ,flor5ce1 9 #adie1 ,savon>ola urg$ 8 ,con/itution on ! burgh]s by appeals to ,ari/otle's doctr9e & to ! example ( ,v5ice see ,segni1 p4 #ae1 & comp>e ! spee*es ( ,pagolo ,antonio ,sod]9i & ,guido ,antonio ,vespucci1 9 ,guicci>d9i's ,i/oria d' ,italia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aee ( ,ros9i's edition1 on ! same occasion4 ,segni1 p4 #hf1 m5tions a spee* ( ,pi] ,filippo ,p&olf9i1 ! argum5ts ( :i*1 he says1 7 drawn f ,ari/otle & illu/rat$ by ,flor5t9e hi/ory4 ,! ,italian doctr9aires seem to h imag9$ t1 by clev] manipulation ( exi/+ in/itutions1 !y c\ld con/ruct a /ate simil> to t call$ ,greek3 politeia by ,ari/otle1 9 :i* all sections ( ! community %\ld be fairly repres5t$4 ,v5ice1 mean:ile1 0 a practical in/ance ( ! possible prosp]ity ( su* a con/itution ) a /rong olig>*ical complexion4 #e ,^! numb]s1 #ajj1jjj = ! population1 & #e1jjj = ! burgh]s1 are /at$ r\ndly4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 :5 ! ,consiglio ,maggiore 0 op5$ 9 #adie1 x 0 f\nd t ! ,flor5t9es altoge!r numb]$ ab\t #ij1jjj1 :ile ! qualifi$ burgh]s 7 n m ?an #c1bjj4 ,9 #aeha ! population ( ,v5ice numb]$ #acd1hij1 :]e( #a1hdc 7 adult patricians see bel[1 p4 #bji4 ,intol]ant ( =eign rule1 & bl9d$ by ! !oretical supremacy ( ! ,empire to ! ne$ ( look+ beyond its own municipal in/itutions1 ea* city 9 ! twelf? c5tury s\ght to introduce su* a sy/em into ! already exi/+ ma*9]y ( ! burgh z %\ld secure its indep5d5ce & place ! gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( its citiz5s4 ,b ! pass+ ( bad laws1 or ! non-obs]vance ( wise regulations1 or1 aga91 ! passions ( individuals & p>ties1 soon di/urb$ ! equilibrium e/abli%$ 9 ^! little communities4 ,desire = m p[] ?an _! due prompt$ "o section ( ! burgh]s to viol5ce4 ,! love ( indep5d5ce1 or simple insubord9ation1 drove ano!r portion to resi/ance4 ,matt]s 7 fur!r complicat$ by resid5t or neighbor+ nobles4 ,!n foll[$ ! w>s ( factions1 proscriptions1 & exiles4 ,hav+ bani%$ _! rivals1 ! p>ty 9 p[] = ! "t be+ remodel$ ! in/itutions ( ! republic to suit _! own p>ticul> int]e/4 ,mean:ile ! opposition 9 exile fom5t$ e elem5t ( discont5t )9 ! city1 :i* ?is %ort-sight$ policy 0 sure to fo/]4 ,sudd5 revolutions 7 ! result1 att5d$ 9 mo/ cases by massacres consequ5t ^u ! victori\s return ( ! outlaws4 ,to ! action ( ^! peccant humors--umori is ! ^w appli$ by ! eld] ,flor5t9e hi/orians to ! tr\bles att5dant ^u factions--mu/ be add$ ! jeal\sy ( neighbor+ cities1 ! cupidity ( intrigu+ pr9ces1 ! p>tisan%ip ( ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 ! treason & ! egotism ( m]c5>y g5]als1 & ! false =eign policy :i* l$ ! ,italians to rely = aid on ,france or ,g]many or ,spa94 ,little by little1 "u ! prolong$ action ( ^! di/urb+ =ces1 ea* republic 9 turn became weak]1 m confus$ 9 policy1 m mi/ru/ful ( itself & its own citiz5s1 m subdivid$ into petty b in]adicable factions1 until at la/ x fell a prey ei!r to "s =eign pot5tate1 or to ! ,*ur*1 or else to an ambiti\s family among its memb]s4 ,! small scale ( ! ,italian commonweal?s1 tak5 s+ly1 favor$ rapid *ange1 & gave an undue value to di/+ui%$ weal? or unscrupul\s ability among ! burgh]s4 ,! oscillation betwe5 democracy & ari/ocracy & back aga91 ! repetition ( exhau/+ discords1 & ! demoraliz+ influ5ces ( occasional despotism1 s broke ! _s ( ea* commonweal? t 9 ! end ! citiz5s =got _! anci5t zeal = lib]ty1 & 7 glad to accept tyranny = ! sake ( ! protection x pr(ess$ to ext5d to life & prop]ty4 ,to ^! vicissitudes all ! republics ( ,italy1 ) ! exception ( ,v5ice1 7 subject4 ,9 l mann]1 !y %>$ 9 common ! belief t con/itutions c\ld be made at w1 t ! commonweal? 0 some?+ pla/ic1 capable ( tak+ ! complexion & ! =m impress$ ^u x by speculative politicians4 ,s firmly root$ 0 ?is conviction1 & s highly self-consci\s _h ! /atesm5 ( ,italy become1 p>tly by ! exp]i5ce ( _! %ift+ hi/ory1 & p>tly by _! /udy ( antiquity1 t ! idea ( ! ,/ate z some?+ possess$ ( organic vitality c sc>cely be said to h exi/$ among !m4 ,! pr9ciple ( gradual gr[?1 :i* gives its value1 = example1 to ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 0 n recogniz$ by ! ,italians4 ,nor aga9 _h _! pa/ hi/ory taught !m ! necessity1 s well def9$ & recogniz$ by ! ,greek /atesm51 ( ma9ta9+ a fix$ "* at any co/ 9 republics1 :i*1 9 spite ( _! small scale1 aspir$ to p]man5ce4#a ,! mo/ viol5t & arbitr>y *anges :i* ! speculative faculty ( a !ori/ c\ld contrive1 or :i* ! prejudices ( a p>ty c\ld impose1 seem$ to !m n only possible b natural4 #a ,! value ( ! ,greek3 e?os 0 n :olly unrecogniz$ by political !ori/s4 ,giannotti 7vol4 i4 p4 #afj1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #ac71 = example translates x by ! ^w 'temp]am5to4' ,a v notable in/ance ( ?is t5d5cy to treat ! ,/ate z a pla/ic product ( political +5uity1 is af=d$ by ! annals ( ,g5oa4 ,aft] suff]+ = c5turies f ! vicissitudes common to all ,italian free cities--discords betwe5 ! ,guelf & ,ghibell9e factions1 betwe5 ! nobles & ! p1 betwe5 ! enfran*is$ citiz5s & ! prolet>iat--aft] submitt+ to ! rule ( =eign ma/]s1 especially ( ,france & ,milan1 & aft] be+ torn 9 pieces by ! rival h\ses ( ,adorni & ,fregosi1 ! ,g5oese at la/ receiv$ lib]ty f ! h&s ( ,&rea ,doria 9 #aebh4 ,!y !n proce$$ to =m a new ,con/itution = ! protection ( _! fre$om2 & 9 ord] to de/roy ! memory ( ! old p>ties :i* _h caus$ _! ru91 !y oblit]at$ all _! family names ) ! exception ( tw5ty1 "u "o or o!r ( :i* ! :ole body ( citiz5s 7 b\nd to enroll !mselves4#a ,?is 0 no?+ less ?an an attempt to create new g5tes by effac+ ! di/9ctions e/abli%$ by nature & tradition4 ,to p>allel a s*eme s artificial 9 its me?od1 we mu/ g back to ! hi/ory ( ,sicyon & ! *anges wr\ght 9 ! ,dorian tribes by ,clei/h5es4 #a ,see ,v>*i1 ,/4 ,f4 lib4 vii4 cap4 #c4 ,%ort ( su* viol5t exp$i5ts z ^!1 ! :ole hi/ory ( t[ns l ,flor5ce reveals a succession ( simil> attempts4 ,:51 = example1 ! ,m$ici _h be5 expell$ 9 #adid1 ! ,flor5t9es f\nd !mselves )\t a work+ con/itution1 & proce$$ to frame "o4 ,! matt] 0 at fir/ ref]r$ to two em95t juri/s1 ,guido ,antonio ,vespucci & ,paolo ,antonio ,sod]9i1 :o argu$ = & aga9/ ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,gr& ,c\ncil on ! ,v5etian model1 be=e ! ,signory 9 ! ,palazzo4 ,at ?is juncture ,savon>ola 9 8 s]mon = ! ?ird ,sunday 9 ,adv5t#a sugge/$ t ea* ( ! sixte5 ,companies %\ld =m a plan1 t ^! %\ld be submitt$ to ! ,gonfaloni]s1 :o %\ld *oose ! f\r be/1 & t f ^! f\r ! ,signory %\ld select ! mo/ p]fect4 ,at ! same "t he pron\nc$ himself 9 favor ( an imitation ( ! ,v5etian ,consiglio ,gr&e4 ,8 s*eme1 z is well kn[n1 0 adopt$4#b ,runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole political writ+s ( ! ,flor5t9e philosoph]s & hi/orians1 we f9d ! same belief 9 artificial & arbitr>y alt]ations ( ! /ate4 ,ma*iavelli pron\nces 8 op9ion t1 9 spite ( ! corruption ( ,flor5ce1 a wise legislator might effect h] salvation4#c ,skill alone 0 ne$$4 ,!re lay ! wax2 ! sci5tific arti/ _h only to set to 8 h& & model x4 #a ,decemb] #ab1 #adid4 #b ,segni 7pp4 #ae1 #af7 says t ,savon>ola des]v$ to be honor$ = ?is ,con/itution by ! ,flor5t9es no less ?an ,numa by ! ,romans4 ,v>*i 7vol4 i4 p4 #afi7 judges ! ,consiglio ,gr&e to h be5 ! only good in/itution ev] adopt$ by ! ,flor5t9es4 ,we may comp>e ,giannotti 7,sopra la ,repubblica di ,si5a p4 #cdf7 = a simil> op9ion4 ,guicci>d9i1 bo? 9 ! ,/oria d' ,italia & ! ,/oria di ,fir5ze1 gives to ,savon>ola ! :ole cr$it ( hav+ pass$ ?is ,con/itution4 ,n>di & ,pitti might be cit$ to ! same effect4 ,none ( ^! critics d\bt = a mom5t t :at 0 !oretically be/ ought to h be5 f\nd practically feasible4 #c ,/4 ,fior4 lib4 iii4 #a4 ',fir5ze a quel grado e p]v5uta *e facilm5te da uno savio dator di leggi potrebbe ess]e 9 qualunque =ma di gov]no riord9ata4' ,?is is ! dom9ant ?\ght :i* p]vades 8 treatise on ! "r ord]+ ( ! ,/ate ( ,flor5ce address$ to ,leo ,x4#a ,a m consummate piece ( political me*anism ?an t devis$ by ,ma*iavelli 9 ?is essay c h>dly be imag9$4 ,x is l a clock ) sep>ate actions = h\rs1 m9utes1 seconds1 & ! revolutions ( ! moon & planets4 ,all ! complicat$ int]e/ ( p>ties & classes 9 ! /ate1 ! traditional pre-em95ce ( ! ,m$icean family1 ! rights ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! relation ( ,flor5ce to =eign p[]s1 h be5 c>efully consid]$ & provid$ =4 ,! defect ( ?is consummate "w ( art is t x rema9$ a m]e ma*9e1 devis$ to meet ! exig5cies ( ! mom5t1 & p[]less aga9/ su* p]turbations z ! *>act]s & passions ( liv+ m5 mu/ introduce into ! work+ ( a ,commonweal?4 ,_h ,flor5ce be5 a colony e/abli%$ 9 a new c\ntry ) no neighbors b savages1 or _h x be5 an in/itution protect$ f )\t aga9/ ! cupidity ( selfi% rivals1 !n su* a con/itution might h be5 impos$ on x ) pr(it4 ,b to expect t a city dom9at$ by anci5t prejudices1 connect$ by a ?\s& subtle ties n only ) ! re/ ( ,italy b also ) ! /ates ( ,europe1 & rott5 to ! core 9 _m ( its mo/ important memb]s1 c\ld be re/or$ to pri/9e vigor by a doctr9aire h[ev] able1 0 *im]ical4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts contradict$ ?is va9 expectation4 ,mean:ile a few cle>-head$ & positive obs]v]s 7 dimly consci\s ( ! in/ability ( m]ely speculative con/itution-mak+4 ,v>*i1 9 a weighty passage on ! defects ( ! ,flor5t9e republic1 po9ts out t its weakness arose p>tly f ! viol5ce ( factions1 b also 9 a great measure f ! implicit fai? repos$ 9 doctors ( ! law4#b ,! hi/ory ( ! ,flor5t9e ,con/itution1 he says1 is ! hi/ory ( *anges effect$ by successions ( mutually ho/ile p>ties1 ea* 9 its own int]e/ subv]t+ ! "w ( its pr$ecessor1 & ea* 9 turn rely+ on ! !ories ( juri/s1 :o )\t practical g5ius = politics make arbitr>y rules = ! control ( /ate-affairs4 ,yet ev5 ,v>*i %>es ! prevail+ conviction t ! prop] me?od is fir/ to excogitate a p]fect political sy/em1 & !n to impress t l a /amp ^u ! mat]ial ( ! commonweal?4 ,8 criticism is direct$ aga9/ lawy]s1 n aga9/ philosoph]s & practical diplomati/s4 #a ,! language ( ?is treatise is notewor?y4 ,aft] disc\rs+ on ! diff]5ces betwe5 republics & pr9cipalities1 & %[+ t ,flor5ce is m suit$ to ! =m]1 & ,milan to ! latt]1 =m ( gov]nm5t1 he says3 ',ma p]*e f>e pr9cipato dove />ebbe b5e repubblica1' etc4 444 'si p]*e ,fir5ze e subietto attissimo di pigli>e que/a =ma1' etc4 ,! phrases 9 italics %[ h[ ?or\ghly ,ma*iavelli reg>d$ ! commonweal? z pla/ic4 ,we may comp>e ! :ole ( ,guicci>d9i's elaborate essay ',del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze' 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 ii471 z well z ! ',disc\rses' address$ by ,aless&ro de' ,pazzi1 ,francesco ,vettori1 ,rub]to ,acciaiuoli1 ,francesco ,guicci>d9i1 & ,luigi ,guicci>d9i1 to ! ,c>d9al ,giulio de' ,m$ici1 on ! settlem5t ( ! ,flor5t9e ,con/itution 9 #aebb 7,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i474 ,n "o ( ^! m5 d\bt$ t 8 no/rum w\ld effect ! cure ( ! republic und]m9$ by sl[ consumption4 #b ,/4 ,fior4 lib4 vi4 cap4 #d2 vol4 i4 p4 #bid4 ,9 ?is s5se & to ?is ext5t 7 ! republics ( ,italy ! products ( con/ructive skill2 & great 0 ! political sagacity educ$ among ! ,italians by ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,! citiz5s reflect$ on ! pa/1 comp>$ _! in/itutions ) ^? ( neighbor+ /ates1 /udi$ antiquity1 & appli$ ! :ole ( _! intellig5ce to ! "o aim ( giv+ a c]ta9 def9$ =m to ! commonweal?4 ,prejudice & passion di/ort$ _! s*emes1 & ea* successive modification ( ! gov]nm5t 0 apt to h a m]ely tempor>y object4 ,?us ! republics1 z ,i h already h9t$1 lack$ t safegu>d :i* ! ,greek /ates ga9$ by cl++ ea* to its own "*4 ,! ,greeks 7 no less self-consci\s 9 _! political practice & philosophy2 b aft] ! age ( ! ,nomo!tae1 :5 !y _h exp]i5c$ ne>ly e phase ?r\gh :i* a commonweal? c pass1 !y recogniz$ ! importance ( ma9ta9+ ! traditional "* ( _! con/itutions inviolate4 ,sp>ta adh]$ ) s+ul> t5acity to ! code ( ,lycurgus2 & ! ,a!nians1 :ile !y advanc$ f /ep to /ep 9 ! developm5t ( a democracy1 7 b5t on realiz+ ! ideal !y _h set be=e !m4 ,religion1 :i* 9 ,greece1 ow+ to its local & g5ealogical "*1 0 favorable to ?is /ability1 prov$ 9 ,italy "o ( ! mo/ pot5t causes ( disord]4 ,! ,greek city grew up "u ! protection ( a local deity1 ^: blood _h be5 transmitt$ 9 _m in/ances to ! *ief families ( ! burgh4 ,?is ance/ral god gave indep5d5ce & autonomy to ! ,/ate2 & :5 ! ,nomo!tes appe>$1 he 0 und]/ood to h int]pret$ & =mulat$ ! inh]5t law t animat$ ! body politic4 ,?us ! commonweal? 0 a div9ely f\nd$ & div9ely direct$ organism1 self-suffic+1 ) no dep5d5ce ^u =eign sanction1 ) no "q ( its "r4 ,! ,italian cities1 on ! contr>y1 d]iv$ _! law f ! common jus ( ! ,imp]ial sy/em1 _! religion f ! common font ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y c\ld n =get _! orig91 wrung ) difficulty f exi/+ in/itutions :i* prec$$ !m & :i* /ill rema9$ asc5dant 9 ! _w ( civiliz$ humanity4 ,! self-reliant autonomy ( a ,greek /ate1 ow+ allegiance only to its protective deity & its inh]5t ,nomos1 _h no p>allel 9 ,italy outside ,v5ice4 ,all ! o!r republics 7 consci\s ( dep5d5ce on ext]nal p[]1 & reg>d$ !mselves z ab initio artificial r ?an natural creations4 ,long be=e a true con/itutional complexion _h be5 giv5 to any ,italian ,/ate b ,v5ice1 p>ties _h sprung up1 & tak5 su* firm root t ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! republics 0 ! record ( _! factions4 ,to ?is po9t ,i h already allud$2 b x is too important to be pass$ by )\t fur!r illu/ration4 ,! great division ( ,guelf & ,ghibell9e introduc$ a vital discord into ea* section ( ! p1 by e/abli%+ two antagoni/ic !ories respect+ ! "r ( supreme gov]nm5t4 ,!n foll[$ subord9ate qu>rels ( ! nobles ) ! t[nsfolk1 s*isms betwe5 ! weal?i] & poor] burgh]s1 jeal\sies ( ! artisans & m]*ants1 & factions = "o or o!r em95t family4 ,^! diff]5t elem5ts ( discord succe$ ea* o!r ) a/oni%+ rapidity2 & z ea* gives place to ano!r1 x leaves a portion ( its mis*ief rankl+ 9 ! body politic1 until la/ !re rema9s no possibility ( self-gov]nm5t4#a ,! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce1 or ,g5oa1 or ,pi/oja w\ld supply u ) ample illu/rations ( ea* ( ^! ob/acles to ! =mation ( a solid political temp]am5t4 ,b ,si5a furni%es p]haps ! be/ example ( ! ext5t to :i* su* feuds c\ld di/urb a /ate4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is city conduct$ its gov]nm5t = a long c\rse ( ye>s1 ju/ifi$ ,v>*i 9 call+ x 'a jumble1 s to speak1 & *aos ( republics1 r ?an a well-ord]$ & discipl9$ commonweal?4'#b ,! discords ( ,si5a 7 :olly int]nal4 ,!y proce$$ f ! wrangl+ ( five successive factions1 or ,monti1 z ! p ( ,si5a call$ !m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 t]m$ ! ,monte de' ,nobili2 = ,si5a1 l all ,italian free burghs1 _h orig9ally be5 controll$ by c]ta9 noble families1 :o =m$ ! p & exclud$ ! o!r citiz5s f (fices ( /ate4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! plebeians acquir$ weal?1 & ! nobles split into p>ties among !mselves4 ,to su* a pit* 7 ! qu>rels ( ^! nobles c>ri$1 t at la/ !y f\nd x impossible to conduct ! gov]nm5t1 & agre$ to rel9qui% x = a season to n9e plebeian families *os5 f among ! ri*e/ & mo/ influ5tial4 ,?is gave rise to ! ,monte de' ,nove1 :o 7 suppos$ to hold ! city 9 commission = ! nobles1 :ile ! latt] devot$ !mselves to ! prosecution ( _! private animosities4 ,weak5$ by feuds1 ! patricians fell a prey to _! own creatures1 ! ,monte de' ,nove1 :o 9 _! turn rul$ ,si5a l olig>*s1 refus+ to give up ! p[] :i* _h be5 intru/$ to !m4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 _! insol5ce became insuff]able4 ,! populace rebell$1 depos$ ! ,nove1 & inve/$ ) supreme au?ority twelve o!r families ( mix$ orig94 ,! ,monte de' ,dodici1 creat$ aft] ?is fa%ion1 ran ne>ly ! same c\rse z _! pr$ecessors1 except t !y appe> to h adm9i/]$ ! city equitably4 ,gett+ tir$ ( ?is =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! p next sup]s$$ !m by sixte5 m51 *os5 f ! dregs ( ! plebeians1 :o assum$ ! title ( ,ri=matori4 ,?is new ,monte de' ,s$ici or de' ,ri=matori %[$ mu* integrity 9 _! managem5t ( affairs1 b1 z is ! wont ( r$ republicans1 !y 7 n av]se to blood%$4 ,_! cruelty caus$ ! p1 ) ! help ( ! surviv+ patrician h\ses1 toge!r ) ! ,nove & ! ,dodici1 to rise & %ake !m (f4 ,! la/ gov]n+ body =m$ 9 ?is diabolical five-"p fugue ( crazy /atecraft receiv$ ! "n ( ,monte del ,popolo1 because x includ$ all :o 7 !n eligible to ! ,great ,c\ncil ( ! ,/ate4 ,yet ! factions ( ! eld] ,monti /ill surviv$2 & to :at ext5t !y _h absorb$ ! population may be ga!r$ f ! fact t1 on ! defeat ( ! ,ri=matori1 #d1ejj ( ! ,si5ese 7 exil$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ) ! creation ( ea* new ,monte a new p>ty =m$ itself 9 ! city1 & ! traditions ( ^! p>ties 7 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,at la/1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,p&olfo ,petrucci1 :o belong$ to ! ,monte de' ,nove1 made himself 9 reality1 if n 9 "n1 ! ma/] ( ,si5a1 & ! ,duke ( ,flor5ce1 lat] on 9 ! same c5tury ext5d$ 8 dom9ion ov] ! republic4#c ,!re is some?+ almo/ grotesque 9 ! b>e recital ( ^! successive factions2 yet we mu/ rememb] t b5ea? _! dry names !y conceal all elem5ts ( class & p>ty discord4 #a ,ma*iavelli1 9 spite ( 8 love ( fre$om1 says 7,/4 ,fior4 lib4 vii4 #a73 ',coloro *e sp]ano *e una repubblica possa ess]e unita assai di que/a sp]anza s'+annano4' #b ,vol4 i4 pp4 #cbd-cj4 ,see1 too1 ,segni1 p4 #bac1 & ,giannotti1 vol4 i4 p4 #cda4 ,de ,com9es describes ,si5a ?us3 ',la ville e/ de t\t temps en p>tialite1 et se g\v]ne plus follem5t que ville d',italie4' #c ,si5a capitulat$1 9 #aeee1 to ! ,spani% troops1 :o resign$ x to ,duke ,cosmo ,i4 9 #aeeg4 ,:at r5d]$ ! gr[? ( p>ties /ill m p]nici\s1 z already m5tion$1 0 ! smallness ( ,italian republics4 ,v>*i reckon$ #aj1jjj fuo*i 9 ,flor5ce1 #ej1jjj boc*e ( secul>s1 & #bj1jjj boc*e ( religi\s4 ,accord+ to ,zuccagni ,orl&9i !re 7 #ij1jjj ,flor5t9es 9 #adie1 ( :om only #c1bjj 7 burgh]s4 ,v5ice1 accord+ to ,giannotti1 c\nt$ at ab\t ! same p]iod #bj1jjj fuo*i1 ea* ( :i* suppli$ ! /ate ) two m5 fit to be> arms4 ,^! calculations1 ?\gh obvi\sly r\gh & bas$ ^u no accurate returns1 %[ t a republic ( #ajj1jjj s\ls1 ( :om #e1jjj %\ld be citiz5s1 w\ld h tak5 di/+ui%$ rank among ,italian cities4#a ,9 a /ate ( ?is size1 divid$ by feuds ( e k9d1 f ! highe/ political antagonism d[n to ! meane/ p]sonal antipa?y1 *anges 7 v easily effect$4 ,! slighte/ di/urbance ( ! equilibrium 9 any qu>t] made itself felt ?r\gh\t ! city4#b ,! op9ions ( ea* burgh] 7 kn[n & calculat$4 ,individuals1 by _! weal?1 _! p[] ( aid+ or ( suppress+ poor] citiz5s1 & ! =ce ( _! p]sonal ability1 acquir$ a p]il\s importance4 ,at ,flor5ce ! political balance 0 s nicely adju/$ t ! r++ ( ! great bell 9 ! ,palazzo meant a revolution1 & to raise ! cry ( ,palle 9 ! /reets 0 tantam\nt to an outbreak 9 ! ,m$icean int]e/4 ,to call al\d ,popolo e lib]ta 0 no?+ less ?an riot puni%able by law4 ,segni tells h[ ,jacop9o ,alamanni1 hav+ us$ ^! words ne> ! /atue ( ,david on ! ,piazza 9 a p]sonal qu>rel1 0 behead$ = x ! same day4#c ,! secession ( ?ree or f\r families f "o faction to ano!r alt]$ ! political situation ( a :ole republic1 & l$ p]haps to ! exile ( a six? "p ( ! enfran*is$ population4#d ,aft] ?is w\ld foll[ ! intrigues ( ! outlaws eag] to return1 includ+ negotiations ) lukew>m p>ty-lead]s 9 ! city1 alliances ) ho/ile /ates1 & contracts :i* compromis$ ! future conduct ( ! commonweal? 9 ! int]e/ ( a few rev5geful citiz5s4 ,! biographies ( su* m5 z ,cosimo de' ,m$ici ! eld] & ,filippo ,/rozzi ?r[ ! /ronge/ light ^u ^! delicacies & complexities ( p>ty politics 9 ,flor5ce4 #a ,x may be wor? :ile to comp>e ! accurate return ( ! ,v5etian population 9 #aeha furni%$ by ,yri>te 7,vie d'un ,patrici5 de ,v5ise1 p4 #if74 ,! :ole numb] ( ! inhabitants 0 #acd1fjj4 ,( ^! #a1hdc 7 adult patricians2 #d1cji wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! patrician class2 ,cittad9i ( all ages & bo? sexes1 #c1eec2 monks1 nuns1 & prie/s1 #c1ifi2 ,jews1 #a1jdc2 begg>s1 #ahg4 #b ,we might m5tion1 z fam\s in/ances1 ! ,n]i & ,bian*i factions introduc$ into ,pi/oja 9 #abif by a qu>rel ( ! ,cancelli]i family1 ! dismemb]m5t ( ,flor5ce 9 #abae by a feud betwe5 ! ,buondelmonti & ,amidei1 ! trag$y ( ,imelda ,lamb]tazzi1 :i* upset ,bologna 9 #abgc1 ! /ud5t riot :i* ne>ly deliv]$ ,bologna into ! h&s ( ,romeo de' ,pepoli 9 #acba1 ! :ole action ( ! ,/rozzi family at ! p]iod ( ! ext9ction ( ,flor5t9e lib]ty1 ! petty jeal\sies ( ! ,c]*i & ,donati detail$ by ,d9o ,compagni1 9 #abid4 #c ,segni1 ,/4 ,fior4 p4 #ec4 #d ,z an in/ance1 take :at ,m>co ,fosc>i report$ 9 #aebg to ! ,v5etian ,s5ate respect+ ! p>ties 9 ,flor5ce 7,rel4 ,v54 s]ie ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #gj74 ,! ,compagnacci1 "o ( ! ?ree great p>ties1 only numb]$ #hjj p]sons4 ,9 addition to ! evils ( int]nal factions we mu/ reckon all ! s\rces ( mutual mi/ru/ to :i* ! republics 7 expos$4 ,z ! ,italians _h no notion ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 s !y nev] conceiv$ a conf$]ation4 ,! ?ir/ = autonomy 9 ea* /ate 0 z great z ( old among ! cities ( ,greece4 ,to be indep5d5t ( a si/] republic1 ?\gh su* fre$om 7 b\ght at ! price ( ! tyranny ( a native family 0 ! fir/ object ( e commonweal?4 ,at ! same "t ?is passion = indep5d5ce 0 only equal$ by ! gre$ ( =eign usurpation4 ,! second object ( ea* republic 0 to ext5d its p[] at ! exp5se ( its neighbors4 ,z ,pisa swall[$ ,amalfi1 s ,g5oa de/roy$ ,pisa1 & ,v5ice did h] be/ to cripple ,g5oa4 ,flor5ce oblit]at$ ! rival burgh ( ,semifonte1 & ,milan twice r$uc$ ,piac5za to a wild]ness4 ,! notion t ! great m>itime p[]s ( ,italy or ! lead+ cities ( ,lomb>dy %\ld p]man5tly co-op]ate = a common purpose 0 nev] = a mom5t ent]ta9$4 ,su* leagues z 7 =m$ 7 und]/ood to be tempor>y4 ,:5 _! imm$iate object _h be5 ga9$1 ! memb]s return$ to _! initial rivalries4 ,milan1 :51 on ! occasion ( ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti's dea?1 %e _h a *ance ( fre$om1 refus$ to recognize ! lib]ties ( ! ,lomb>d cities1 & fell a prey to ,francesco ,s=za4 ,flor5ce1 "u ! p]nici\s policy ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 help$ to enslave ,milan & ,bologna in/ead ( ent]+ into a republican league aga9/ _! common foes1 ! tyrants4 ,pisa1 ,arezzo1 & ! o!r subject cities ( ,tuscany 7 treat$ by h] ) su* selfi% h>%ness t !y prov$ h] *iefe/ p]il 9 ! h\r ( ne$4#a ,competition 9 comm]ce increas$ ! mutual hatr$ ( ! free burghs4 ,/ates l ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,pisa1 ,g5oa1 dep5d+ = _! exi/5ce ^u m]cantile weal?1 & gov]n$ by m5 ( bus9ess1 took e opportunity !y c\ld ( ru9+ a rival 9 ! m>ket4 ,s mean & n>r[ 0 ! _s ( ,italian policy t no "o acc\nt$ x unpatriotic or di%onorable = ,flor5ce to suck ! v life out ( ,pisa1 or = ,v5ice to /rangle a competitor s dang]\s z ,g5oa4 #a ,see ! in/ructions furni%$ to ,av]>do dei ,m$ici1 quot$ by ,von ,reumont 9 8 ,life ( ,lor5zo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abb1 ,g]man edition4 ,?us ! jeal\sy ( /ate aga9/ /ate1 ( p>ty aga9/ p>ty1 & ( family aga9/ family1 held ,italy 9 p]petual disunion2 :ile diplomatic habits 7 contract$ :i* r5d]$ ! adoption ( any simple policy impossible4 ,:5 ! "t came = ! ,italians to cope ) ! great nations ( ,europe1 ! republics ( ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 ,milan1 ,flor5ce ought to h be5 leagu$ toge!r & support$ by ! weight ( ! ,papal au?ority4 ,!y might !n h /ood aga9/ ! _w4 ,in/ead ( t1 ^! cities pres5t$ no?+ b mutual rancors1 ho/ilities1 & jeal\sies to ! common enemy4 ,moreov]1 ! ,italians 7 s us$ to petty intrigues & to a sy/em ( balance ( p[] )9 ! p59sula1 t !y c\ld n compreh5d ! magnitude ( ! imp5d+ dang]4 ,x 0 difficult = a politician ( ! ,r5aissance1 accu/om$ to ! small !at] ( ,italian diplomacy1 s*ool$ 9 ! traditions ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 sway$ 9 8 calculations by ! old pret5sions ( ,pope & ,emp]or1 dom9at$ by ! dread ( ,v5ice1 ,milan1 & ,naples1 & z yet b dimly consci\s ( ! true =ce ( ,france or ,spa91 to conceive t absolutely ! only *ance ( ,italy lay 9 union at any co/ & "u any =m4 ,ma*iavelli inde$ seems too late to h disc]n$ ?is tru?4 ,b he _h be5 lesson$ by ev5ts1 :i* r5d]$ ! realization ( 8 *]i%$ s*emes impossible2 nor1 c\ld he f9d a ,pr9ce p[]ful en\gh to attempt 8 ,utopia4 ,( ! ,republics he _h ab&on$ all hope4 ,to ! laws :i* gov]n$ ! o!r republics ( ,italy1 ,v5ice (f]$ 9 _m respects a notable exception4 ,divid$ f ! re/ ( ,italy by ! lagoons1 & direct$ by h] comm]ce to ! ,ea/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,v5ice took no "p 9 ! factions :i* r5t ! re/ ( ! p59sula1 & _h comp>atively little to fe> f =eign invasion4 ,h] attitude 0 "o ( pr\d & almo/ scornful isolation4 ,9 ! ,lomb>d ,w>s ( ,indep5d5ce %e rema9$ neutral1 & h] "n does n appe> among ! ,signat>ies to ! ,peace ( ,con/ance4 ,bo? ! ,papacy & ! ,empire recogniz$ h] indep5d5ce4 ,h] true policy consi/$ 9 consolidat+ h] m>itime empire & hold+ alo( f ! affairs ( ,italy4 ,z long z %e adh]$ to ?is c\rse1 %e rema9$ ! envy & ! admiration ( ! re/ ( ,europe4#a ,x 0 only :5 %e s\ght to ext5d h] hold ^u ! ma9l& t %e ar\s$ ! animosity ( ! ,italian p[]s1 & _h to be> ! brunt ( ! ,league ( ,cambray alone4#b ,h] selfi% prud5ce _h be5 a s\rce ( dread long be=e ?is epo*3 :5 %e became aggressive1 %e 0 recogniz$ z a common & intol]able enemy4 #a ,de ,com9es1 9 8 ,memoirs ( ! ,reign ( ,*>les ,,viii4 7tom4 ii4 p1 #fi71 draws a /rik+ picture ( ! impression made ^u 8 m9d by ! good gov]nm5t ( ! /ate ( ,v5ice4 ,?is may be comp>$ ) :at he says ( ! folly ( ,si5a4 #b ,see ,ma*4 #a/4 ,fior4 lib4 i4 ',av5do loro con il tempo occupata ,padova1 ,vic5za1 ,trevigi1 e dipoi ,v]ona1 ,b]gamo e ,brescia1 e nel ,reame e 9 ,romagna molte citta1 cacciati dalla cupidita del dom9>e v5n]o 9 tanta op9ione di pot5za1 *e non solam5te ai pr9cipi ,italiani ma ai ,re oltramontani erano 9 t]rore4 ,onde congiurati quelli contra di loro1 9 un giorno fu tolto loro quello /ato *e si avevano 9 molti anni con inf9iti sp5dii guadagnato4 ,e b5*e ne abb9o 9 que/i ultimi tempi racqui/ato p>te1 non av5do racqui/ata ne la riputazione1 ne le =ze1 a discrezione d'altri1 come tutti gli altri pr9cipi ,italiani vivono4' ,x 0 ,francesco ,fosc>i :o fir/ to any important ext5t l$ ! republic a/ray f its old policy4 ,he m$dl$ 9 ,italian affairs1 & s\ght to encroa* ^u ! ma9l&4 ,= ?is1 & = ! undue popul>ity he acquir$ !reby1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 subject$ him & 8 son ,jacopo to ! mo/ frightfully protract$ m>tyrdom t a rel5tless olig>*y has ev] inflict$ #adde-eg4 ,! ext]nal security ( ,v5ice 0 equal$ by h] int]nal repose4 ,ow+ to cont9u$ fre$om f p>ty qu>rels1 ! ,v5etians 7 able to pursue a consi/5t c\rse ( con/itutional developm5t4 ,!y 9 fact alone ( ! ,italian cities e/abli%$ & pres]v$ ! "* ( _! /ate4 ,hav+ orig9ally f\nd$ a republic "u ! presid5cy ( a ,doge1 :o comb9$ ! (fices ( g5]al & judge1 & rul$ 9 conc]t ) a repres5tative c\ncil ( ! *ief citiz5s 7#fig-aagb71 ! ,v5etians by degrees caus$ ?is =m ( gov]nm5t to assume a /rictly olig>*ical "*4 ,!y began by limit+ ! au?ority ( ! ,doge1 :o1 ?\gh elect$ = life1 0 9 #ajcb =bidd5 to associate 8 son 9 ! supreme (fice ( ! /ate4 ,9 #aagb ! election ( ! ,doge 0 transf]r$ f ! p to ! ,gr& ,c\ncil1 :o1 z a co-opt+ body1 t5d$ to become a close ari/ocracy4 ,9 #aagi ! ,ducal p[] 0 /ill fur!r re/rict$ by ! creation ( a s5ate call$ ! ,qu>antia = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 :ile 9 #abbi ! ,s5ate ( ! ,pregadi1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,doge & ! ,gr& ,c\ncil1 became an integral "p ( ! con/itution4 ,to ?is latt] ,s5ate 7 assign$ all delib]ations ^u peace & w>1 ! vot+ ( supplies1 ! confirmation ( laws4 ,bo? ! ,qu>antia & ! ,pregadi 7 elect$ by ! ,consiglio ,gr&e1 :i* by ?is "t _h become ! virtual sov]eign ( ! ,/ate ( ,v5ice4 ,x is n necess>y "h to m5tion ! fur!r *ecks impos$ ^u ! p[] ( ! ,doges by ! in/itution ( (ficials nam$ ,correttori & ,inquisitori1 ^: special bus9ess x 0 to see t ! coronation oa?s 7 duly obs]v$1 or by ! regulations :i* prev5t$ ! supreme magi/rate f tak+ any important action except 9 conc]t ) c>efully select$ colleagues4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! con/itution ( ,v5ice 0 a pyramid re/+ ^u ! basis ( ! ,gr& ,c\ncil & ris+ to an ornam5t$ apex1 ?r\gh ! ,s5ate1 & ! ,college1 9 ! ,doge4 ,b 9 adopt+ ?is old simile--orig9ally ! happy ?\ght ( ,donato ,giannotti1 x is said#a--we mu/ n =get t ! vital =ce ( ! ,gr& ,c\ncil 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is elaborate sy/em1 & t ! same individuals 7 con/antly appe>+ 9 diff]5t capacities4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! great ev5t ( ! ye>s #abig-acai s all-important = ! future de/9ies ( ,v5ice4 ,at ?is p]iod ! ,gr& ,c\ncil 0 re/rict$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( noble families :o _h h5ce=? ! h]$it>y "r to belong to x4 ,e desc5dant ( a memb] ( ! ,gr& ,c\ncil c\ld take 8 seat !re at ! age ( tw5ty-five2 & no new families1 except ^u ! mo/ extraord9>y occasions1 7 admitt$ to ?is privilege4#b ,by ! ,clos+ ( ! ,gr& ,c\ncil1 z ! ord9ances ( ?is crisis 7 t]m$1 ! adm9i/ration ( ,v5ice 0 ve/$ = p]petuity 9 ! h&s ( a few great h\ses4 ,! f9al completion 0 giv5 to ! olig>*y 9 #acaa by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! celebrat$ ,c\ncil ( ,t51#c :o ex]cis$ a sup]vision ov] all ! magi/racies1 con/itut$ ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( judicature1 & end$ by controll+ ! :ole =eign & int]nal policy ( ,v5ice4 ,! *anges :i* ,i h ?us briefly indicat$ are n to be reg>d$ z viol5t alt]ations 9 ! con/itution1 b r z successive /eps 9 its developm5t4 ,ev5 ! ,c\ncil ( ,t51 :i* seems at fir/ sight ! mo/ tyrann\s /ate-eng9e ev] devis$ = ! enslavem5t ( a nation1 0 9 reality a natural climax to ! evolution :i* _h be5 consi/5tly advanc+ s9ce ! ye> #aagb4 ,creat$ orig9ally dur+ ! tr\bl\s times :i* succe$$ ! clos+ ( ! ,gr& ,c\ncil1 = ! express purpose ( curb+ unruly nobles & prev5t+ ! em]g5ce ( conspirators l ,tiepolo1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 7 specially design$ to act z a *eck ^u ! sev]al ord]s 9 ! /ate & to pres]ve its olig>*ical "* inviolate4 ,!y 7 elect$ by ! ,consiglio ,gr&e1 & at ! expiration ( _! (fice 7 liable to r5d] /rict acc\nt ( all t !y _h done4 ,nor 0 ?is magi/racy covet$ by ! ,v5etian nobles4 ,on ! contr>y1 s burd5some 7 its duties1 & s great 0 ! odium :i* f "t to "t ! ,t5 incurr$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! functions1 t x 0 n always f\nd easy to fill up _! vacancies4 ,a law _h ev5 to be pass$ t ! ,t5 _h n complet$ _! magi/racy be=e _! successors 7 appo9t$4#d ,!y may !re=e be reg>d$ z a select committee ( ! citiz5s1 :o volunt>ily delegat$ dictatorial p[]s to ?is small body 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! own asc5d5cy1 to c5tralize ! conduct ( important affairs1 to pres]ve secrecy 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! republic1 & to avoid ! criticism to :i* ! m public gov]nm5t ( /ates l ,flor5ce 0 expos$4#e ,! weakness ( ?is portion ( ! /ate ma*9]y 0 ?is3 creat$ ) ill-def9$ & almo/ unlimit$ au?ority1#f design$ to sup]s$e ! o!r public function>ies on occasions ( great mom5t1 & compos$ ( m5 ^: ability plac$ !m 9 ! v fir/ rank ( citiz5s1 ! ,t5 c\ld sc>cely fail1 z "t advanc$1 to become a p]man5tly oppressive p[]--a despotism )9 ! bosom ( an olig>*y4 ,?us 9 ! :ole me*anism ( ! /ate ( ,v5ice we trace ! action ( a p]man5t ari/ocracy tol]at+1 ) a view to its own supremacy1 an am\nt ( magi/]ial control :i* 9 c]ta9 cases1 l t ( ! two ,fosc>i1 am\nt$ to ! /]ne/ tyranny4 ,by submitt+ to ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 ! nobility ( ,v5ice secur$ its hold ^u ! p & pres]v$ unity 9 its policy4 #a ,vol4 ii4 ( 8 works1 p4 #cg4 ,on p4 #bi he describes ! population ( ,v5ice z divid$ into ',popol>i1' or plebeians1 ex]cis+ small indu/ries1 & s =?3 ',cittad9i1' or ! middle class1 born 9 ! /ate1 & ( m importance ?an ! plebeians2 ',g5tiluom9i1' or ma/]s ( ,v5ice by sea & l&1 ab\t #c1jjj 9 numb]1 correspond+ to ! burgh]s ( ,flor5ce4 ,:at he says ab\t ! ,con/itution ref]s solely to ?is upp] class4 ,! elaborate "w ( ,m4 ,yri>te1 ,la ,vie d'un ,patrici5 de ,v5ise an ,seizieme ,siecle1 ,p>is1 #ahgd1 conta9s a complete analysis ( ! ,v5etian /ate-ma*9e4 ,see 9 p>ticul> :at he says ab\t ! helplessness ( ! ,doges1 *4 xiii4 ',rex 9 =o1 s5ator 9 curia1 captivus 9 aula1' 0 a curr5t phrase :i* express$ ! contra/ betwe5 _! dignity ( p>ade & real s]vitude4 ,!y _h no p]sonal fre$om1 & 7 always ru9$ by (fice4 ,x 0 necess>y to pass a law compell+ ! ,doge elect to accept ! on]\s di/9ction ?ru/ ^u him4 ,! ,v5etian olig>*s argu$ t x 0 good t "o man %\ld die = ! p4 #b ,see ,giannotti1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ee1 = ! m5tion ( fifte51 admitt$ on ! occasion ( ,baiamonte ,tiepolo's conspiracy1 & ( ?irty ennobl$ dur+ ! ,g5oese w>4 #c ,! actual numb] ( ?is ,c\ncil 0 sev5te51 = ! ,t5 associat$ ) ! ,signoria1 :i* consi/$ ( ! ,doge & six ,c\nselors4 #d ,giannotti1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abc4 #e ,! diplomatic difficulties ( a popul> gov]nm5t1 a 'gov]no l>go1' z oppos$ to a 'gov]no /retto1' are set =? ) great acum5 by ,guicci>d9i1 ,op4 ,in$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #hd4 ,cf4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgb4 #f 'e la sua autorita p>i a quella del ,consiglio de' ,pregati e di utta la citta1' says ,giannotti1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abj4 ,no /ate has ev] ex]cis$ a great] spell ( fasc9ation ov] its citiz5s ?an ,v5ice4 ,( treason aga9/ ! ,republic !re 0 little4 ,aga9/ ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil1 arbitr>y ?\gh !y might be1 no "o s\ght to rebel4 ,! ,v5etian b[$ 9 sil5ce & obey$1 kn[+ t all 8 actions 7 wat*$1 t 8 gov]nm5t _h long arms 9 =eign l&s1 & t to ar\se revolt 9 a body ( burgh]s s ?or\ghly controll$ by common int]e/s1 w\ld be impossible4 ,fur!r security ! ,v5etians ga9$ by _! mild & b5efic5t adm9i/ration ( subject cities1 & by ! prosp]ity 9 :i* _! population fl\ri%$4 ,:51 dur+ ! w> ( ! ,league ( ,cambray1 ,v5ice gave lib]ty to h] t[ns ^u ! ma9l&1 !y volunt>ily return$ to h] allegiance4 ,at home1 ! inhabitants ( ! lagoons1 :o _h nev] se5 a ho/ile army at _! gates1 & ^: taxes 7 light 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! re/ ( ,italy1 reg>d$ ! nobles z ! au?ors ( _! unexampl$ happ9ess4 ,mean:ile1 ^! nobles 7 m]*ants4 ,idl5ess 0 unkn[n 9 ,v5ice4 ,in/ead ( excogitat+ new con/itutions or plann+ v5geance aga9/ h]$it>y foes ! ,v5etian att5d$ to 8 comm]ce on ! sea1 sway$ di/ant prov9ces1 wat*$ ! int]e/s ( ! /ate 9 =eign cities1 & f\ght ! naval battles ( ! republic4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ,v5ice to employ h] patricians only on ! sea z admirals1 & nev] to intru/ h] armies to ! g5]al%ip ( burgh]s4 ,?is policy _h und\bt$ly its wisdom2 = by ^! means ! nobles _h no opportunity ( intrigu+ on a l>ge scale 9 ,italian affairs1 & nev] f\nd ! *ance ( gr[+ dang]\sly p[]ful abroad4 ,b x pl$g$ ! ,/ate to t sy/em ( paid condotti]i & m]c5>y troops1 jeal\sly wat*$ & sc>cely ev] tru/wor?y1 :i* prov$ ne>ly z ru9\s to ,v5ice z x did to ,flor5ce4 ,x is difficult to imag9e a great] contra/ ?an t :i* is pres5t$ by ,flor5ce to ,v5ice4 ,:ile ,v5ice pursu$ "o consi/5t c\rse ( gradual gr[?1 & seem$ immovable1 ,flor5ce rema9$ 9 p]petual flux1 & alt]$ z ! /r5g? ( factions or ( p>ty-lead]s v>i$4#a ,:5 ! /rife ( ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 ,n]i1 & ,bian*i1 _h exhau/$ h] 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 %e submitt$ = a :ile to ! indirect asc5d5cy ( ! k+s ( ,naples1 :o 7 recogniz$ z ,*iefs ( ! ,guelf ,p>ty4 ,!nce %e pass$ = a few mon?s into ! h&s ( a despot 9 ! p]son ( ! ,duke ( ,a!ns 7#acdb-dc74 ,aft] ! confirmation ( h] republican lib]ty1 foll[$ a conte/ betwe5 ! prolet>iat & ! middle classes 7,ciompi #acgh74 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury %e 0 kept cont9ually di/urb$ by ! rivalry ( h] great m]*ant families4 ,! rule ( ! ,albizzi1 :o f\ght ! ,visconti & ext5d$ ! ,flor5t9e t]ritory by num]\s conque/s1 0 virtually ! despotism ( a close olig>*y4 ,?is phase ( h] c>e] 0 t]m9at$ by ! rise ( ! ,m$ici1 :o guid$ h] affairs ) a %[ ( con/itutional equity = f\r g5]ations4 ,9 #adid1 ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 viol5tly %ak54 ,! ,flor5t9es expell$ ! ,m$ici1 :o _h begun to ?r[ (f _! mask & to assume ! airs ( sov]eignty2 !n !y recon/itut$ _! ,commonweal? z ne>ly z !y c\ld ^u ! model ( ,v5ice1 & to ?is new =m ( gov]nm5t ,savon>ola gave a quasi-!ocratic complexion by nam+ ,*ri/ ! k+ ( ,flor5ce4#b ,b ! int]nal elem5ts ( ! discord 7 too pot5t = ! ma9t5ance ( ?is regime4 ,! ,m$ici 7 recall$2 & ?is "t ,flor5ce fell "u ! %ad[ ( ,*ur*-rule1 be+ controll$ by ,leo ,x4 & ,clem5t ,,vii41 ?r\gh ! h&s ( prelates :om !y made ! gu>dians & advis]s ( _! nephews4 ,9 #aebg a f9al ef=t = lib]ty %$ undy+ lu/] on ! noble/ ( ,italian cities4 ,! sack ( ,rome _h p>alyz$ ! ,pope4 ,8 family 7 compell$ to quit ! ,m$icean palace4 ,! ,gr& ,c\ncil 0 re/or$3 a ,gonfaloni] 0 elect$2 ,flor5ce suff]$ ! h>d%ips ( h] memorable siege4 ,at ! end ( h] trials1 m5ac$ alike by ,pope & ,emp]or1 :o %ook h&s ov] h] pro/rate corpse1 betray$ by h] g5]al1 ! infam\s ,malate/a ,baglioni1 & sold by h] own selfi% citiz5s1 %e _h to submit to ! h]$it>y sov]eignty ( ! ,m$ici4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ,lor5z9o ( t h\se pret5d$ to play ,brutus & murd]$ 8 c\s9 ! ,duke ,aless&ro 9 #aecf4 ,cosimo succe$$ 9 ! same ye>1 & won ! title ( ,gr& ,duke1 :i* he transmitt$ to a l9e ( semi-,au/rian pr9ces4 #a ',nunquam 9 eodem /atu p]mans]unt1' says ,m>co ,fosc>i 7z quot$ above1 p4 #db ( 8 report74 ,! flux ( ,flor5ce /ruck a ,v5etian pr(\ndly4 #b ,! ,gonfaloni] ,capponi put up a tablet on ! ,public ,palace1 9 #aebh1 to ?is effect3 ',jesus ,*ri/us ,rex ,flor5t9i ,populi ,s4,f4 decreto electus4' ,?is inscription is diff]5tly giv54 ,see ,v>*i1 vol4 i4 p4 #bff2 ,segni1 p4 #df4 ,no?+ is m significant ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,v5ice & ,flor5ce ?an ! political idealism impli$ 9 ?is religi\s consecration ( ! republic by /atute4 ,9 my essay on ',flor5ce & ! ,m$ici' 7,sket*es & ,/udies 9 ,italy7 ,i h attempt$ to cond5se ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! ,republic & to analyze ! /ate-craft ( ! ,m$ici4 ,?r\gh\t all ^! vicissitudes e =m & phase ( republican gov]nm5t 0 advocat$1 discuss$1 & put 9 practice by ! ,flor5t9es4 ,all ! arts ( factions1 all ! ma*9ations ( exiles1 all ! skill ( demagogues1 all ! selfi%ness ( p>ty-lead]s1 all ! le>n+ ( s*ol>s1 all ! cupidity ( subord9ate (ficials1 all ! d>+ ( conspirators1 all ! +5uity ( !ori/s1 & all ! malice ( traitors1 7 br\ght successively or simultane\sly into play by ! burgh]s1 :o look$ ^u _! ,/ate z some?+ !y might mold at w4 ,"o ?+ at lea/ is cle> amid s mu* app>5t confusion1 t ,flor5ce 0 liv+ a vehem5tly active & self-consci\s life1 ackn[l$g+ no pr9ciple ( /ability 9 h] con/itution1 b always /ret*+ =w>d aft] t ideal ,reggim5to :i* 0 nev] realiz$4#a #a ,9 8 ',proemio' to ! ',trattato del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze1 ,guicci>d9i ?us describes ! desid]atum3 'introdurre 9 ,fir5ze un gov]no one/o1 b5e ord9ato1 e *e v]am5te si potesse *iam>e lib]o1 il *e dalla sua prima orig9e ins9o a oggi non e mai /ato cittad9o alcuno *e abbia saputo o potuto f>e4' ,x is wor? :ile to consid] m 9 detail ! diff]5t magi/racies by :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce 0 conduct$ betwe5 ! ye>s ( #abej & #aeca1 & ! gradual *anges 9 ! con/itution :i* prep>$ ! way = ! ,m$icean tyranny4#a ,x is only ?us an accurate conception ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! republican sy/ems ( ,v5ice & ( ,flor5ce c be ga9$4 ,be=e ! date #abhb1 :i* may be fix$ z ! turn+-po9t 9 ,flor5t9e hi/ory we he> ( twelve ,anziani1 two *os5 = ea* ,se/i]e ( ! city1 act+ 9 conc]t ) a =eign ,pode/a1 & a ,capta9 ( ! ,p *>g$ ) milit>y au?ority4 ,at ?is "t no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 nobles & plebeians2 & ! t[n1 ?\gh ,guelf1 _h n enact$ rigor\s laws aga9/ ! ,ghibell9e families4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 important1 *anges 7 effect$ 9 ! v elem5ts ( ! commonweal?4 ,! ,anziani 7 sup]s$$ by ! ,priors ( ! ,arts4 ,eight ,priors1 toge!r ) a new (fic] call$ ! ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice1 =m$ ! ,signoria1 dwell+ at public *>ge 9 ! ,palazzo & hold+ (fice only = two mon?s4#b ,no "o :o _h n be5 matriculat$ into "o ( ! ,arti or comm]cial guilds c\ld h5ce=? be> (fice 9 ! /ate4 ,at ! same "t sev]e measures1 call$ ,ord9anze della ,giu/izia1 7 pass$1 by :i* ! nobles 7 = ev] exclud$ f ! gov]nm5t1 & ! ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice 0 appo9t$ to ma9ta9 civil ord] by *eck+ _! pride & turbul5ce4#c ,^! modifications ( ! con/itution1 effect$ betwe5 #abhb & #abib1 gave its peculi> "* to ! ,flor5t9e republic4 ,h5ce=w>d ,flor5ce 0 gov]n$ solely by m]*ants4 ,bo? ,v>*i & ,ma*iavelli h record$ unfavorable op9ions ( ! /atute :i* r$uc$ ! republic ( ,flor5ce to a commonweal? ( %op-keep]s4#d ,b :5 we read ^! criticisms1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! int]nec9e f]ocity ( p>ty-/rife at ?is p]iod1 & ! discords to :i* a city divid$ betwe5 a t]ritorial ari/ocracy & a comm]cial b\rgeoisie 0 p]petually expos$4 ,if any?+ c\ld make ! ,ord9anze della ,giu/izia appe> rational1 x w\ld be a cool p]usal ( ! ,*ronicle ( ,mat>azzo1 :i* sets =? ! wret*$ /ate ( ,p]ugia ow+ to ! feuds ( its patrician h\ses1 ! ,oddi & ! ,baglioni4#e ,peace = ! republic 0 n1 h[ev]1 secur$ by ^! /rong measures4 ,! factions ( ! ,n]i & ,bian*i op5$ ! f\rte5? c5tury ) battles & proscriptions2 & 9 #acbc ! con/itution _h aga9 to be modifi$4 ,at ?is date ! ,signoria ( eight ,priors ) ! ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice1 ! ,college ( ! twelve ,buonuom9i1 & ! sixte5 ,gonfaloni]s ( ! companies--call$ collectively i tre maggiori1 or ! ?ree sup]ior magi/racies--7 r5d]$ eligible only to ,guelf citiz5s ( ! age ( ?irty1 :o _h qualifi$ 9 "o ( ! sev5 ,arti ,maggiori1 & ^: names 7 drawn by lot4 ,?is mode ( election1 ! mo/ democratic :i* x is possible to adopt1 held good ?r\gh all subsequ5t *anges 9 ! /ate4 ,its imm$iate object 0 to quiet discont5t & to remove intrigue by op5+ ! magi/racies to all citiz5s alike4 ,b1 z ,n>di has po9t$ out1 x weak5$ ! s5se ( responsibility 9 ! burgh]s1 :o1 :5 _! names 7 once includ$ 9 ! bags kept = ! purpose1 felt sure ( _! election1 & _h no inducem5t to ma9ta9 a high /&>d ( integrity4 ,sismondi also dates f ?is epo* ! )drawal ( ! ,flor5t9es f milit>y s]vice4#f ,nor1 z ! sequel %[s1 0 ! measure effici5t z a *eck ^u ! p]sonal ambition ( encroa*+ p>ty lead]s4 ,! ,squitt9o & ! ,borse became in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( ! ,m$ici = ! consolidation ( _! tyranny4#g ,by ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7ab\t #acgh7! ,flor5t9es _h to meet a new difficulty4 ,! ,guelf citiz5s began to abuse ! s-call$ ,law ( ,admonition1 by means ( :i* ! ,ghibell9es 7 exclud$ f ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is law _h =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ! measures ( #acbc4 ,9 ! int]v5+ half-c5tury a new ari/ocracy1 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( nobili popolani1 _h gr[n up & 7 n[ ?reat5+ ! republic ) a close olig>*y4#h ,! discords :i* _h previ\sly rag$ betwe5 ! p & ! patricians 7 n[ transf]r$ to ?is new ari/ocracy & ! plebeians4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to aboli% ! ,admonition1 :i* _h be5 made a pretext ( exclud+ all novi hom9es f ! gov]nm5t1 & to place ! memb]s ( ! inf]ior ,arti on ! same foot+ z ^? ( ! sup]ior4#i ,at ?is epo* ! ,m$ici1 :o nei!r belong$ to ! anci5t ari/ocracy nor y ! m di/+ui%$ h\ses ( ! nobili popolani1 b r to ! s-call$ g5te grassa or sub/antial tradesm51 fir/ acquir$ importance4 ,x 0 by a law ( ,salve/ro de' ,m$ici's 9 #acgh t ! con/itution receiv$ its f9al developm5t 9 ! direction ( equality4 ,yet aft] all ?is level+1 & 9 ! vehem5t ef=ts made by ! prolet>iat on ! occasion ( ! ,ciompi outbreak1 ! exclusive nature ( ! ,flor5t9e republic 0 ma9ta9$4 ,! fran*ise 0 nev] ext5d$ to m ?an ! burgh]s1 & ! matt] 9 debate 0 always virtually1 :o %all be all[$ to rank z citiz5 ^u ! regi/]8 ,9 fact1 by us+ ! pregnant words ( ,ma*iavelli1 we may sum up ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce to ?is po9t 9 "o s5t5ce3 ',di ,fir5ze 9 prima si divisono intra loro i nobili1 dipoi i nobili e il popolo1 e 9 ultimo il popolo e la plebe2 e molte volte occorse *e una di que/e p>ti rimasa sup]iore1 si divise 9 due4'#aj #a ,i w place 9 an app5dix 7,no4 ii47 translations ( ,v>*i1 book iii4 sections #bj-bb1 & ,n>di1 book i4 cap4 #d1 :i* give complete & cle> acc\nts ( ! ,flor5t9e con/itution aft] #abib4 #b ,see ,ma*iavelli1 ,i/4 ,fior4 lib4 ii4 sect4 ,,ii4 ,! numb] ( ! ,priors 0 fir/ ?ree1 !n six1 & f9ally eight4 ,up to #abhb ! city _h be5 divid$ into ,se/i]i4 ,x 0 !n f\nd conv5i5t to divide x into qu>t]s1 & ! numb]s foll[$ ?is alt]ation4 #c ,ma*iavelli1 ,i/4 ,fior4 lib4 ii4 sect4 #ac1 may be consult$ = ! hi/ory ( ,giano della ,bella & 8 memorable ord9ance4 ,d9o ,compagni's ,*ronicle conta9s ! acc\nt ( a contempor>y4 #d ,see ,v>*i1 vol4 i4 p4 #afi2 ,ma*4 ,i/4 ,fior4 end ( book ii4 #e ,ar*ivio ,/orico1 vol4 xvi4 ,see also ! article ',p]ugia1' 9 my ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece4 #f ,vol4 iii4 p4 #cdg4 #g ,see ,app4 ii4 = ! phrases ',squitt9o' & ',borse4' #h ,( ^! new nobles ! ,albizzi & ,ricci1 deadly foes1 7 ! mo/ em95t4 ,! =m] /rove to exclude ! ,m$ici f ! gov]nm5t4 #i ,! numb] ( ! ,arti v>i$ at diff]5t times4 ,v>*i treats ( !m z f9ally consi/+ ( sev5 maggiori & f\rte5 m9ori4 #aj ,proemio to ,/oria ,fior5t9a4 ',9 ,flor5ce ! nobles fir/ split up1 !n ! nobles & ! p1 la/ly ! p & ! multitude2 & x (t5 happ5$ t :5 "o ( ^! p>ties got ! upp] h&1 x divid$ into two camps4' ,= ! mean+ ( ,popolo see above1 p4 #ee4 ,9 ! next g5]ation ! con/itutional hi/ory ( ,flor5ce exhibits a new phase4 ,! equality :i* _h be5 introduc$ into all classes ( ! commonweal?1 comb9$ ) an abs5ce ( any /ate ma*9]y l t ( ,v5ice1 expos$ ,flor5ce at ?is p]iod to ! encroa*m5ts ( a/ute & selfi% p>v5us4 ,! ,m$ici1 :o _h hi!rto be5 nobodies1 beg9 n[ to aspire to despotism4 ,p>tly by 8 rem>kable tal5t = intrigue1 p>tly by ! clev] use :i* he made ( 8 va/ weal?1 & p>tly by esp\s+ ! plebeian cause1 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici succe$$ 9 monopoliz+ ! gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 ! policy ( ! ,m$ici to create a p>ty dep5d5t = pecuni>y aid ^u _! ri*es1 & atta*$ to _! int]e/s by ! close/ ties ( p]sonal necessity4 ,at ! same "t !y %[$ consummate caution 9 ! conduct ( ! /ate1 & exp5d$ l>ge sums on works ( public utility4 ,!re 0 no?+ mean 9 _! ambition2 & ?\gh po/]ity mu/ condemn ! arts by :i* !y s\ght to sap ! f\ndations ( fre$om 9 _! native city1 we are =c$ to ackn[l$ge t !y %>$ ! noble/ en?usiasms ( _! brilliant era4 ,little by little !y advanc$ s f> 9 ! enslavem5t ( ,flor5ce t ! elections ( all ! magi/rates1 ?\gh /ill conduct$ by lot1 7 det]m9$ at _! *oice3 ! names ( none b m5 devot$ to _! int]e/s 7 admitt$ to ! bags f :i* ! c&idates = (fice 7 select$1 :ile proscriptive measures ( v>i\s degrees ( rigor exclud$ _! enemies f p>ticipation 9 ! gov]nm5t4#a ,at l5g? 9 #adhj ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! republic 0 susp5d$ by ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 9 favor ( ! ,bo>d ( ,sev5ty1 :om he nom9at$1 & ) :om1 act+ l a ,privy ,c\ncil1 he adm9i/]$ ! /ate4#b ,x is cle> t ?is revolution c\ld nev] h be5 effect$ )\t a succession ( c\ps d'etat4 ,! in/rum5t = _! accompli%m5t lay ready to ! h&s ( ! ,m$icean p>ty 9 ! p]nici\s sy/em ( ! ,p>lam5to & ,balia1 by means ( :i* ! p1 assembl$ f "t to "t 9 ! public squ>e1 & intimidat$ by ! reign+ faction1 intru/$ full p[]s to a select committee nom9at$ 9 private by ! *iefs ( ! great h\se4#c ,x is also cle> t s mu* political rogu]y c\ld n h be5 successful )\t an ext5sive demoralization ( ! upp] rank ( citiz5s4 ,! ,m$ici 9 effect b\ght & sold ! honor ( ! public (ficials1 l5t money1 jobb$ po/s ( pr(it1 & w9k$ at peculation1 until !y _h creat$ a suffici5t body ( ames damnees1 m5 :o _h ev]y?+ to ga9 by a cont9uance ( _! corrupt au?ority4 ,! p>ty s =m$1 includ+ ev5 su* di/+ui%$ citiz5s z ! ,guicci>d9i1 ,baccio ,valori1 & ,francesco ,vettori1 prov$ ! *ief ob/acle to ! re/oration ( ,flor5t9e lib]ty 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 #a ,:at ,ma*iavelli says 7,i/4 ,fior4 vii4 #a7 ab\t ! arts ( ,cosimo conta9s ! ess5ce ( ! policy by :i* ! ,m$ici rose4 ,comp>e v4 #d & vii4 #d-f = 8 "* ( ,cosimo4 ,guicci>d9i 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fh7 describes ! use made ( extraord9>y taxation z a weapon ( (f5se aga9/ 8 enemies1 by ,cosimo3 'uso le gravezze 9 luogo de' pugnali *e communem5te suole us>e *i ha simili reggim5ti nelle mani4' ,! ,m>*ese ,g9o ,capponi 7,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i4 pp4 #cae-bj7 analyzes ! :ole ,m$icean policy 9 a critique ( great ability4 #b ,guicci>d9i 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ce-di7 exposes ! pr9ciple & ! modus op]&i ( ?is ,c\ncil ( ,sev5ty1 by means ( :i* ,lor5zo controll$ ! election ( ! magi/racies1 div]t$ ! public moneys to 8 own use1 & made 8 w law 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! c\ncils :i* he sup]s$$ at ?is date 7 ! ,consiglio del ,popolo & ! ,consiglio del ,comune1 ab\t :i* see ,n>di1 lib i4 cap4 #d4 #c ,= ! op]ation ( ! ,p>lam5to & ,balia1 see ,v>*i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgb2 ,segni1 p4 #aii2 ,n>di1 lib4 vi4 cap4 #d4 ,segni says3 ',! ,p>lam5to is a meet+ ( ! ,flor5t9e p on ! ,piazza ( ! ,signory4 ,:5 ! ,signory has tak5 its place to address ! meet+1 ! piazza is gu>d$ by arm$ m51 & !n ! p are ask$ :e!r !y wi% to give absolute p[] 7,balia7 & au?ority to ! citiz5s nam$1 = _! good4 ,:5 ! answ]1 yes1 prompt$ p>tly by incl9ation & p>tly by compulsion1 is return$1 ! ,signory imm$iately retires into ! palace4 ,?is is all t is meant by ?is p>lam5to1 :i* ?us gives away ! full p[] ( effect+ a *ange 9 ! /ate4' ,! description giv5 by ,m>co ,fosc>i1 p4 #dd 7loc4 cit4 supr47 is to ! same effect1 b ! ,v5etian exposes m cle>ly ! despotic nature ( ! in/itution 9 ! h&s ( ! ,m$ici4 ,x is well kn[n h[ ho/ile ,savon>ola 0 to an in/itution :i* _h l5t itself s easily to despotism4 ,?is c\plet he inscrib$ on ! walls ( ! ,c\ncil ,*amb]1 9 #adie3-- ',e sappi *e *i vuol p>lam5to ,vuol torti dalle mani il reggim5to4' ,comp>e ! prov]b1 ',*i disse p>lam5to disse gua/am5to4' ,?is tyranny ( a comm]cial family1 sway+ ! republic )\t ! title & ) b little ( ! pomp ( pr9ces1 subsi/$ until ! h]$it>y presid5cy ( ! /ate 0 conf]r$ ^u ,aless&ro de' ,m$ici1 ,duke ( ,civita di ,p5na1 9 #aeca4 ,cosimo 8 successor1 obta9$ ! rank ( ,gr& ,duke f ,pius ,v4 9 #aefi1 & 8 son receiv$ ! imp]ial sanction to ! title 9 #aege4 ,! re-e/abli%m5t at two diff]5t p]iods ( a free commonweal? ^u ! s\nd] basis ( ! ,consiglio ,gr&e 7#adid-aeab & #aebg-cj7 =m$ b two episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is mask$ b t5aci\s despotism4 ,_h ,savon>ola's con/itution be5 adopt$ 9 ! ?irte5? in/ead ( at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! /ability ( ,flor5ce might h be5 secur$4 ,b at ! latt] date ! roots ( ! ,m$icean influ5ce 7 too widely int]tw9$ ) private int]e/s1 ! jeal\sies ( classes & ( factions 7 too invet]ate1 = any l>ge & :olesome =m ( popul> gov]nm5t to be univ]sally acceptable4 ,besides1 ! burgh]s _h be5 r$uc$ to a n]veless equality ( s]vitude1 9 :i* ambition & av>ice took ! place ( patriotism2 :ile ! corruption ( morals1 fo/]$ by ! ,m$ici = ! confirmation ( _! own au?ority1 0 s widely spread z to ju/ify ,segni1 ,v>*i1 ,giannotti1 ,guicci>d9i1 & ,ma*iavelli 9 repres5t+ ! ,flor5t9es z equally unable to ma9ta9 _! lib]ty & to submit to control4 ,! hi/orical vicissitudes ( ,flor5ce 7 no less rem>kable ?an ! unity ( ,v5ice4 ,if 9 ,v5ice we c trace ! p]man5t & corporate exi/5ce ( a /ate sup]ior to ! individuals :o compos$ x1 ,flor5ce exhibits ! p]sonal activity & consci\s ef=t ( h] citiz5s4 ,n[h]e c ! intricate relations ( classes to ! commonweal? be /udi$ m m9utely ?an 9 ! annals ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 no o!r city h op9ions _h great] value 9 det]m9+ hi/orical ev5ts2 & n[h]e 0 ! influ5ce ( "* 9 m5 ( m>k m notable4 ,9 ?is agitat$ political atmosph]e ! wond]ful ,flor5t9e intellig5ce1 :i* ,v>*i celebrat$ z ! special glory ( ! ,tuscan soil1 & :i* ,vas>i ref]r$ to some?+ felicit\s 9 ,tuscan air1 0 %>p5$ to ! f9e/ edge4#a ,successive g5]ations ( practical & !oretical /atesm5 tra9$ ! race to reason ^u gov]nm5t1 & to reg>d politics z a sci5ce4 ,m5 ( lett]s 7 at ! same "t also prom95t 9 public affairs4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! exiles ( #aebi su$ ,duke ,aless&ro be=e ,*>les ,v4 at ,naples1 ,jacopo ,n>di drew up _! pleas1 & ,francesco ,guicci>d9i rebutt$ !m 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 ma/]4 ,ma*iavelli le>n$ 8 philosophy at ! ,c\rts ( ,france & ,g]many & 9 ! camp ( ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,segni %>$ ! anxieties ( ,nicolo ,capponi1 :5 ! ,gonfaloni] 0 impea*$ = high treason to ! /ate ( ,flor5ce4 ,?is li/ might be ext5d$ almo/ indef9itely1 ) ! object ( prov+ ! intimate connection :i* subsi/$ at ,flor5ce betwe5 ! ?9k]s & ! actors4 ,no o!r ,european community ( mod]n times has ev] acquir$ s subtle a s5se ( its own political exi/5ce1 has ev] reason$ ^u its pa/ hi/ory s acutely1 or has ev] display$ s mu* +5uity 9 attempt+ to control ! future4 ,v5ice on ! contr>y ow$ b little to ! creative g5ius ( h] citiz5s4 ,9 ,v5ice ! /ate 0 ev]y?+3 ! individual 0 almo/ no?+4 ,we f9d b little reflection ^u politics1 & no speculative philosophy ( hi/ory among ! ,v5etians until ! date ( ,trifone ,gabrielli & ,p>uta4 ,_! records are all positive & detail$4 ,! g5]alizations & comp>isons ( ! ,flor5t9es are abs5t2 nor 0 x till a late date ( ! ,r5aissance t ! ,v5etian hi/ory came to be writt5 z a :ole4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! con/itutional /ability :i* =m$ ! secret ( ! /r5g? ( ,v5ice 0 also ! s\rce ( comp>ative intellectual in]tness4 ,?is contra/ betwe5 ! two republics display$ itself ev5 9 _! art4 ,/atues ( ,judi?1 ! tyrannicide1 & ( ,david1 ! lib]ator ( 8 c\ntry1 adorn$ ! squ>es & loggie ( ,flor5ce4 ,! pa9t]s ( ,v5ice repres5t$ _! commonweal? z a beautiful que5 receiv+ ! homage ( h] subjects & ! _w4 ,flor5ce _h no my?us simil> to t :i* made ,v5ice ! ,bride ( ! ,sea1 & :i* ju/ifi$ ! ,doge 9 hail+ ,cat]9a ,corn>o z daught] ( ,s4 ,m>k's 7#adga74 ,x 0 9 ! p]sonal c\rage & intellig5ce ( individual h]oes t ! ,flor5t9es discov]$ ! c\nt]p>t ( _! own _s2 :]eas ! ,v5etians p]sonifi$ _! city z a :ole1 & paid _! homage to ! ,g5ius ( ! ,/ate4 #a ,v>*i1 ix4 #di2 ,vas>i1 xii4 p4 #aeh2 ,burckh>dt1 p4 #bgj4 ,x is n m]ely fanciful to comp>e ,a!ns1 ! city ( self-consci\s political activity1 v>iable1 cultivat$1 & ill-adapt$ by its v fre$om = prolong$ /ability1 ) ,flor5ce2 ,sp>ta1 firmly bas$ ^u an anci5t con/itution1 indiff]5t to culture1 & solid at ! co/ ( "s rigidity1 ) ,v5ice4 ,z 9 ,greece ! philosoph]s ( ,a!ns1 especially ,plato & ,ari/otle1 wond]$ at ! immobility ( ,sp>ta & idealiz$ h] in/itutions2 s did ! !ori/s ( ,flor5ce1 ,savon>ola1 ,giannotti1 ,guicci>d9i1 look ) envy at ! /ate ma*9]y :i* secur$ repose & lib]ty = ,v5ice4 ,! p>allel betwe5 ,v5ice & ,sp>ta becomes /ill m rem>kable :5 we inquire into ! causes ( _! decay4 ,j z ! ,ephors1 introduc$ at fir/ z a safegu>d to ! con/itution1 by degrees ext+ui%$ ! influ5ce ( ! royal families1 sup]s$$ ! s5ate1 & ex]cis$ a tyrann\s control ov] e dep>tm5t ( ! /ate2 s ! ,c\ncil ( ,t51 dang]\s because ( its vaguely def9$ dictatorial functions1 r$uc$ ,v5ice to a despotism4#a ,! gradual dw9dl+ ( ! ,v5etian ari/ocracy1 & ! impov]i%m5t ( _m noble families1 :i* r5d]$ votes 9 ! ,gr& ,c\ncil v5al1 & ?rew ! p[] into ! h&s ( a v limit$ olig>*y1 complete ! p>allel4#b ,"o ( ! *ief s\rces ( decay bo? to ,v5ice & to ,sp>ta 0 t %ortsight$ policy :i* prev5t$ ! nobles f recruit+ _! ranks by ! admission ( new families4 ,! sy/em aga9 ( secret ju/ice1 ! espionage1 & ! calculat$ t]rorism1 by means ( :i* bo? ! ,sp>tan ,ephoralty & ! ,v5etian ,c\ncil impos$ _! w ^u ! citiz5s1 7 /ifl+ to ! free life ( a republic4#c ,v5ice 9 ! end became demoraliz$ 9 politics & pr(ligate 9 private life4 ,h] n>r[+ olig>*y wat*$ ! national deg5]ation ) approval1 kn[+ t x is easi] to control a vitiat$ populace ?an to curb a nation habituat$ to ! manly virtues4 #a ,ari/otle t]ms ! ,sp>tan ,ephoralty ,greek3 isotyrannos4 ,giannotti 7vol-ii4 p4 #abj7 comp>es ! ,t5 to dictators4 ,we might br+ ! /ruggles ( ! ,sp>tan k+s ) ! ,ephoralty into comp>ison ) ! attempts ( ! ,doges ,fali]i & ,fosc>i to make !mselves ! *iefs ( ! republic 9 m ?an "n4 ,muell]1 9 8 ,dorians1 obs]ves t '! ,ephoralty 0 ! mov+ elem5t1 ! pr9ciple ( *ange1 9 ! ,sp>tan con/itution1 &1 9 ! end1 ! cause ( its dissolution4' ,sismondi rem>ks t ! precautions :i* l$ to ! creation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 'd5aturai5t enti]em5t la con/itution de l'etat4' #b ,see :at ,ari/otle 9 ! ,politics says ab\t ,greek3 oligan?ropia1 & ! unequal di/ribution ( prop]ty4 ,z to ! prop]ty ( ! ,v5etian nobles1 see ,sanudo1 ,vite dei ,du*i1 ,murat4 xxii4 p4 #aaid1 :o m5tions ! b5evol5ces ( ! ri*] families to ! poor4 ,!y built h\ses = ari/ocratic paup]s to live 9 free ( r5t4 #c ,a curi\s passage 9 ,plut>*'s ,life ( ,cleom5es 7,cl\gh's ,translation1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dgd7 exactly applies to ! ,v5etian /atecraft3--',!y1 ! ,sp>tans1 wor%ip ,fe>1 n z !y d sup]natural p[]s :i* !y dread1 e/eem+ x hurtful1 b ?9k+ _! polity is *iefly kept up by fe> 444 & !re=e ! ,lac$aemonians plac$ ! temple ( ,fe> by ! ,syssitium ( ! ,ephors1 hav+ rais$ t magi/racy to almo/ regal au?ority4' ,betwe5 ,a!ns & ,flor5ce ! p>allel is n s close4 ,^! two republics1 h[ev]1 resemble "o ano!r 9 ! fre$om & v>iety ( _! in/itutions4 ,9 ,a!ns1 z 9 ,flor5ce1 !re 0 con/ant *ange & a highly develop$ political consci\sness4 ,em95t m5 play$ ! same important "p 9 bo?4 ,9 bo? ! g5ius ( individuals 0 ev5 /rong] ?an ! "* ( ! /ate4 ,aga91 z ,a!ns display$ m ( a ,panhell5ic feel+ ?an any o!r ,greek city1 s ,flor5ce 0 inv>iably m alive to ! int]e/s ( ,italy at l>ge ?an any o!r /ate ( ! p59sula4 ,flor5ce1 l ,a!ns1 0 ! c5t] ( culture = ! nation4 ,l ,a!ns1 %e give laws to h] si/] t[ns 9 language1 9 lit]ature1 9 f9e arts1 poetry1 philosophy1 & hi/ory4 ,)\t ,flor5ce x is n probable t ,italy w\ld h tak5 ! place ( pr\d pre-em95ce %e held s long 9 ,europe4 ,flor5ce nev] atta9$ to ! mat]ial greatness ( ,a!ns1 because h] p[]1 relatively to ! re/ ( ,italy1 0 slight1 h] factions 7 incessant1 & h] connection ) ! ,papacy 0 a p]petual s\rce ( weakness4 ,b _m ( ! causes :i* ru9$ ,a!ns 7 9 full op]ation at ,flor5ce4 ,fir/ & =emo/ 0 ! petulant & v>iable temp] ( a democracy1 s well describ$ by ,plato1 & s ably analyz$ by ,ma*iavelli4 ,! want ( agreem5t among ! v]satile ,flor5t9es1 f]tile 9 plans b incapable ( conc]t$ action1 0 a *ief s\rce ( political debility4 ,v>*i & ,segni bo? relate h[1 9 spite ( weal?1 ability1 & =midable =ces1 ! ,flor5t9e exiles "u ! guidance ( ,filippo ,/rozzi 7#aecc-cg7 became ! laugh+-/ock ( ,italy ?r\gh _! irresolution4 ,! ,v5etian ambassadors agree 9 repres5t+ ! burgh]s ( ,flor5ce z timid f excess ( intellectual mobility4 ,& ,dante1 ^: insight into national *>act]i/ics 0 ( ! ke5e/1 has describ$ 9 ev]-memorable l9es ! temp]am5t ( 8 fickle city 7,purg4 vi4 #ace-ea74 ,mu* ( ?is in/ability 0 due to ! fact t ,flor5t9e1 l ,a!nian1 intellig5ce 0 ov]develop$4 ,x pass$ into m]e clev]ness1 & ov]rea*$ itself4 ,next we may note ! tyranny :i* bo? republics ex]cis$ ov] cities t _h once be5 free4 ,a!ns creat$ a despotic empire in/ead ( =m+ an ,ionian ,conf$]ation4 ,flor5ce r$uc$ ,pisa to ! mo/ mis]able s]vitude1 r5d]$ h]self odi\s to ,arezzo & ,volt]ra1 & nev] re/$ f attempts ^u ! lib]ties ( ,lucca & ,si5a4 ,all ^! /ates1 :i* z a ,tuscan f$]ation %\ld h be5 h] /r5g? 9 ! h\r ( ne$1 took ! fir/ opportunity ( ?r[+ (f h] yoke & help+ h] enemies4 ,:at ,flor5ce sp5t 9 recaptur+ ,pisa1 aft] ! passage ( ,*>les ,,viii4 9 #adid1 is incalculable4 ,& no soon] 0 %e 9 difficulties dur+ ! siege ( #acbi1 ?an bo? ,arezzo & ,pisa decl>$ = h] foes4 ,x w n d to pu% hi/orical p>allels too f>1 int]e/+ z x may be to note a repetition ( ! same ph5om5a at di/ant p]iods & "u v>y+ conditions ( society4 ,at ! same "t1 to obs]ve fundam5tal po9ts ( div]g5ce is no less pr(itable4 ,_m ( ! peculi>ities ( ,greek hi/ory are attributable to ! fact t a ,greek commonweal? consi/$ ( citiz5s liv+ 9 idl5ess1 support$ by _! slaves1 & b\nd to ! /ate by milit>y s]vice & by ! p]=mance ( civic duties4 ,! di/9ctive m>k ( bo? ,v5ice & ,flor5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 0 t _! citiz5s 7 trad]s4 ,! ,v5etians c>ri$ on ! comm]ce ( ! ,levant2 ! ,flor5t9es 7 manufactur]s & bank]s3 ! "o t[n s5t h] sons =? on ! seas to b>t] & ex*ange2 ! o!r 0 full ( speculators1 calculat+ rates ( int]e/ & disc\nt1 & contract+ ) pr9ces = ! conduct ( exp5sive w>s4 ,! m]cantile "* ( ^! ,italian republics is s ess5tial to _! hi/ory t x w n be out ( place to enl>ge a little on ! topic4 ,we h se5 t ! ,flor5t9es r5d]$ comm]ce a condition ( burgh]%ip4 ,giannotti1 writ+ ! life ( "o ( ! *ief patriots ( ! republic1#a says3 ',egli /ette a bottega1 come fanno la maggior p>te de' no/ri1 cosi nobili come ignobili4' ,to quote in/ances 9 a matt] s cle> & obvi\s w\ld be sup]flu\s3 else ,i might %[ h[ ,b>di & ,p]uzzi1 ,/rozzi1 ,m$ici1 ,pitti1 & ,pazzi1 :ile !y rank$ ) pr9ces at ! ,c\rts ( ,france1 or ,rome1 or ,naples1 7 money-l5d]s1 mortgagees & bill-disc\nt]s 9 e great city ( ,europe4 ,! ,palle ( ! ,m$ici1 :i* emboss ! gorge\s ceil+s ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,pisa1 /ill sw+ above ! pawnbrok]'s %op 9 ,london4 ,& ?\gh great families l ! ,ro?s*ilds 9 ! mo/ rec5t days h successfully ass]t$ ! ari/ocracy ( weal? acquir$ by usury1 x /ill rema9s a surpris+ fact t ! daught] ( ! m$iaeval bank]s %\ld h giv5 a mon>* to ! ,fr5* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 #a ,sulle azioni del ,f]ruccio1 vol4 i4 p4 #dd4 ,! report ( ,m>co ,fosc>i on ! /ate ( ,flor5ce1 already quot$ m ?an once1 conta9s a curi\s ari/ocratic comm5t ^u ! %op-life ( illu/ri\s ,flor5t9e citiz5s4 ,see ,app5dix ii4 ,ev5 ,pi]o de' ,m$ici refus$ a ,neapolitan fief on ! gr\nd t he 0 a tradesman4 ,a v lively picture ( ! modes ( life & ! habits ( m9d peculi> to ! ,italian burgh] may be ga9$ by ! p]usal ( ,agnolo ,p&olf9i's treatise1 ,del ,gov]no della ,famiglia4 ,?is essay %\ld be read side by side ) ,ca/iglione's ,cortegiano1 by all :o wi% to und]/& ! private life ( ! ,italians 9 ! age ( ! ,r5aissance4#a ,p&olf9i liv$ at ! "t ( ! w> ( ,flor5ce ) ,filippo ,visconti ! exile1 & ! return ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici4 ,he 0 employ$ by ! republic on important missions1 & 8 sub/ance 0 s great t1 on occasion ( extraord9>y aids1 8 contributions /ood ?ird or f\r? ^u ! li/4 ,9 ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,republic he always advocat$ peace1 & 9 p>ticul> he spoke aga9/ ,impresa di ,lucca4 ,z age advanc$1 he retir$ f public affairs1 & devot$ himself to /udy1 religi\s ex]cises1 & c\ntry excursions4 ,he possess$ a beautiful villa at ,signa1 notable = ! spl5dor ( its ma9t5ance 9 all po9ts :i* befit a g5tleman4 ,!re he _h ! honor on v>i\s occasions ( ent]ta9+ ,pope ,eug5ius1 ,k+ ,r5e1 ,francesco ,s=za1 & ! ,m>*ese ,picc99o4 ,8 sons liv$ ) him1 & sp5t mu* ( _! sp>e "t 9 hawk+ & ! *ase4 ,!y 7 ?ree1 ,c>lo1 :o rose to great dignity 9 ! republic1 ,giannozzo1 /ill m em95t z a public man1 & ,p&olfo1 :o di$ "y4 ,8 wife1 "o ( ! ,/rozzi1 di$ :ile ,agnolo 0 betwe5 ?irty & =ty2 b he nev] m>ri$ aga94 ,he 0 a great fri5d ( ,lion>do ,aret9o1 :o publi%$ no?+ )\t 8 approval4 ,he liv$ to be upw>ds ( eighty-five1 & di$ 9 #addf4 ,^! facts suffici5tly indicate :at sort ( man 0 ! suppos$ au?or ( ! ,essay on ! ,family1 prov+1 z !y d1 t he pass$ 8 leisure among pr9ces & s*ol>s1 & t he play$ "s "p 9 ! public affairs ( ! ,/ate ( ,flor5ce4 ,yet 8 view ( human life is :olly b\rgeois1 ?\gh by no means ignoble4 ,9 8 conception1 ! fir/ ( all virtues is ?rift1 :i* %\ld regulate ! use n only ( money1 b ( all ! gifts ( nature & ( =tune4 ,! prop] economy ( ! m9d involves lib]al /udies1 c\rte\s mann]s1 hone/ conduct1 & religion4#b ,! "r use ( ! body implies keep+ x 9 good heal? by cont95ce1 ex]cise & diet4#c ,! ?rift ( "t consi/s 9 be+ nev] idle4 ,agnolo's sons1 :o are repres5t$ z talk+ ) _! fa!r 9 ?is dialogue1 ask him1 9 relation to ! gifts ( =tune1 :e!r he ?9ks ! honors ( ! ,/ate desirable4 ,?is "q introduces a long & vehem5t invective aga9/ ! life ( a pr(essional /atesman1 z ( necessity fraudul5t1 m5daci\s1 egoti/ic1 cruel4#d ,! private man ( middle /ation is really happie/2 & only a s5se ( patriotism %\ld induce him1 n seek+ b :5 s\ght1 to s]ve ! ,/ate 9 public (fice4 ,! really de> possessions ( a man are 8 family1 8 weal?1 8 good repute1 & 8 fri5d%ips4 ,9 ord] to be successful 9 ! conduct ( ! family1 a man mu/ *oose a l>ge & heal?y h\se1 :]e ! :ole ( 8 (fspr+--*ildr5 & gr&*ildr51 may live toge!r4 ,he mu/ own an e/ate :i* w supply him ) corn1 w9e1 oil1 wood1 f[ls1 9 fact ) all ! necess>ies ( life1 s t he may n ne$ to buy mu*4 ,! ma9 food ( ! family w be bread & w9e4 ,! discussion ( ! utility ( ! f>m leads ,agnolo to praise ! pleasure & pr(it to be d]iv$ f life 9 ! ,villa4 ,b at ! same "t a t[n-h\se has to be ma9ta9$2 & x is "h t ! sons ( ! family %\ld be educat$1 s t !y may le>n caution1 & avoid vice by kn[+ its ugl9ess4 ,9 ord] to meet exp5ses1 "s trade mu/ be foll[$1 silk or wool manufacture be+ pref]r$2 & 9 ?is ! :ole family %\ld jo91 ! head di/ribut+ "w ( v>i\s k9ds to 8 *ildr51 z he deems mo/ fitt+1 & always employ+ !m r ?an /rang]s4 ,?us we get ! ?ree great elem5ts ( ! ,flor5t9e citiz5's life3 ! casa1 or t[n-h\se1 ! villa1 or c\ntry-f>m1 & ! bottega1 or place ( bus9ess4 ,:at foll[s is pr9cipally conc]n$ ) ! details ( economy4 ,exp5ses are ( two sorts3 necess>y1 = ! repair ( ! h\se1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! f>m1 ! /ock+ ( ! %op2 & unnecess>y1 = plate1 h\se decoration1 horses1 gr& clo!s1 ent]ta9m5ts4 ,on ?is topic ,agnolo inveighs ) sev]ity aga9/ h\sehold p>asites1 bravi1 & dissolute dep5d5ts4#e ,a little fur!r on he indulges 9 ano!r diatribe aga9/ great nobles1 i signori1 f :om he w\ld h 8 sons keep cle> at any co/4#f ,x is ! animosity ( ! indu/ri\s burgh] = ! haughty1 pleasure-lov+1 idle1 c>eless man ( blood & high e/ate4 ,9 ! b\rgeois h\sehold describ$ by ,p&olf9i no "o c be indol5t4 ,! m5 h to "w outside & collect weal?1 ! wom5 to /ay at home & pres]ve x4 ,! "* ( a good h\sewife is sket*$ v m9utely4 ,p&olf9i describes h[1 :5 he 0 fir/ m>ri$1 he took 8 wife ov] ! h\se1 & gave up to h] c>e all its cont5ts4 ,!n he w5t into _! b$room1 & made h] kneel ) him be=e ,madonna1 & pray$ ,god to give !m weal?1 fri5ds1 & male *ildr54 ,aft] t he told h] t hone/y w\ld be h] great *>m 9 8 eyes1 z well z h] *ief virtue1 & advis$ h] to =ego ! use ( pa9ts & cosmetics4 ,mu* s\nd advice foll[s z to ! respective positions ( ! ma/] & ! mi/ress 9 ! h\sehold1 ! sup]9t5d5ce ( dome/ics1 & ! "r ord]+ ( ! mo/ insignificant matt]s4 ,! quality ( ! dress :i* w beseem ! *ildr5 ( an honor$ citiz5 on v>i\s occasions1 ! pocket money ( ! boys1 ! food ( ! common table1 are all discuss$ ) "s m9ut5ess3 & ! wife is made to feel t %e mu/ le>n to be nei!r jeal\s nor curi\s ab\t conc]ns :i* h] husb& f9ds x exp$i5t to keep private4 #a ,i ought to /ate t ,p&olf9i is at lea/ a c5tury e>li] 9 date ?an ,casliglione1 & t he repres5ts a m primitive condition ( society4 ,! facts ,i h m5tion$ ab\t 8 life are giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,vespasiano da ,bi/icci4 ,! ref]5ces are made to ! ,milanese edition ( #ahjb4 ,x mu/ also be add$ t !re are /rong reasons = assign+ ! treatise 9 "q to ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti4 ,z x pr(esses1 h[ev]1 to give a picture ( ,p&olf9i's family1 ,i h adh]$ to ! old title4 ,b ! :ole "q ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,famiglia w be fully discuss$ 9 ! la/ section ( my book1 :i* deals ) ,italian lit]ature4 ,p]sonally4 ,i accept ! !ory ( ,alb]ti's au?or%ip4 #b ,a beautiful description ( ! religi\s temp]1 p4 #gd4 #c ,:at ,p&olf9i says ab\t ! beauty ( ! body is wor?y ( a ,greek3 :at he says ab\t ex]cise might h be5 writt5 by an ,engli%man1 p4 #gg4 #d ,pp4 #hb-hi are v important z %[+ h[ l[ ! art ( politics _h sunk 9 ,italy4 #e ,p4 #abe4 #f ,p4 #age4 ,! *>m ( a treatise l t ( ,p&olf9i on ! family evaporates z soon z we try to make a summ>y ( its cont5ts4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 has be5 quot$ to %[ ! ?or\ghly b\rgeois tone :i* prevail$ among ! citiz5s ( ,flor5ce 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4#a ,v important results 7 ! natural issue ( ?is comm]cial _s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,talk+ ( ! ,ord9anze di ,giu/izia1 ,v>*i obs]ves3 ',:ile !y remov$ 9 "p ! civil discords ( ,flor5ce1 !y almo/ entirely ext+ui%$ all nobility ( feel+ 9 ! ,flor5t9es1 & t5d$ z mu* to dim9i% ! p[] & haught9ess ( ! city z to abate ! insol5ce ( ! patriciate4'#b ,a little fur!r on he says3 ',h5ce may all prud5t m5 see h[ ill-ord]$ 9 all ?+s1 save only 9 ! ,gr& ,c\ncil1 has be5 ! commonweal? ( ,flor5ce2 see+ t1 to speak ( n\ght else1 t k9d ( m5 :o 9 a wisely con/itut$ republic ought n to fulfill any magi/racy :atev]1 ! m]*ants & artisans ( all sorts1 are 9 ,flor5ce alone capable ( tak+ (fice1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4' ,ma*iavelli1 less wordy b f> m emphatic ?an ,v>*i1 says ( ! same revolution3 ',?is caus$ ! ab&onm5t by ,flor5ce n only ( arms1 b ( all nobility ( s\l4'#c ,! mo/ notable consequ5ce ( ! m]cantile temp] ( ! republics 0 ! ru9\s sy/em ( m]c5>y w>f>e1 ) all its att5dant evils ( ambiti\s capta9s ( adv5ture1 irresponsible soldi]y1 & mock campaigns1 adopt$ by ! free ,italian ,/ates4 ,x is true t ev5 if ! ,italians _h ma9ta9$ _! national militias 9 full =ce1 !y might n h be5 able to resi/ ! %ock ( ,france & ,spa9 any bett] ?an ! armies ( ,!bes1 ,sp>ta1 & ,a!ns av]t$ ! ,mac$onian hegemony4 ,b !y w\ld at lea/ h run a bett] *ance1 & n p]haps h p]i%$ s ignobly ?r\gh ! treason ( an ,alfonso d',e/e 7#aebg71 ( a ,m>quis ( ,pesc>a 7#aebe71 ( a ,duke ( ,urb9o 7#aebg71 & ( a ,malate/a ,baglioni 7#aecj74d ,ma*iavelli1 9 a weighty passage at ! end ( ! fir/ book ( 8 ,flor5t9e ,hi/ory1 sums up ! v>i\s causes :i* contribut$ to ! disuse ( national arms among ! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! fe> ( ! despot = 8 subjects1 ! prie/-rule ( ! ,*ur*1 ! jeal\sy ( ,v5ice = h] own nobles1 & ! comm]cial sluggi%ness ( ! ,flor5t9e burgh]s1 caus$ ea* & all ( ^! p[]s1 o!rwise s diff]5t1 to intru/ _! armies to paid capta9s4 ',di que/i adunque oziosi pr9cipi e di que/e vilissime armi s>a pi5a la mia i/oria1' is ! contemptu\s phrase ) :i* he w9ds up 8 analysis4#e #a ,v>*i 7book x4 cap4 #fi7 quotes a ,flor5t9e prov]b3 ',*iunque non /a a bottega e ladro4' ,see above1 p4 #bci4 #b ,v>*i1 vol4 i4 p4 #afh2 comp>e vol4 ii4 p4 #hg1 h[ev]4 #c ,i/4 ,fior4 lib4 ii4 end4 ,ari/otle's contempt = ! ,greek3 te*nitai em]ges 9 ^! comm5ts ( ! doctr9aires4 #d ,to multiply ! in/ances ( fraud & treason on ! "p ( ,italian condotti]i w\ld be easy4 ,i h only m5tion$ ! notable examples :i* fall )9 a critical p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,pesc>a betray$ to ,*>les ,v4 ! league = ! lib]ation ( ,italy1 :i* he _h jo9$ at ,milan4 ,! ,duke ( ,f]r>a receiv$ & victual$ ,b\rbon's 7!n ,frundsb]g's7 army on its way to sack ,rome1 because he spit$ ! ,pope1 & want$ to seize ,mod5a = himself4 ,! ,duke ( ,urb9o1 wi%+ to puni% ,clem5t ,,vii4 = p]sonal injuries1 omitt$ to relieve ,rome :5 x 0 be+ plund]$ by ! ,lu!rans1 ?\gh he held ! commission ( ! ,italian ,league4 ,malate/a ,baglioni sold ,flor5ce1 :i* he _h und]tak5 to def5d1 to ! ,imp]ial army "u ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 #e ',) ! records ( ^! indol5t pr9ces & mo/ abject armam5ts1 my hi/ory w1 !re=e1 be fill$4' ,comp>e ! foll[+ passage 9 a lett] f ,ma*iavelli to ,francesco ,guicci>d9i 7,op4 vol4 x4 p4 #bee73 ',com9cio ora a scriv]e di nuovo1 e mi sfogo accus&o i pr9cipi1 *e hanno fatto ogni cosa p] condurci qui4' ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,hi/orians4 ,flor5ce1 ! ,city ( ,intellig5ce--,cupidity1 ,curiosity1 & ! ,love ( ,beauty--,flor5t9e ,hi/orical ,lit]ature--,philosophical ,/udy ( ,hi/ory--,ricordano ,malesp9i--,flor5t9e ,hi/ory comp>$ ) ! ,*ronicles ( o!r ,italian ,t[ns--,! ,villani--,! ,date #acjj--,/ati/ics--,dante's ,political ,essays & ,pamphlets--,d9o ,compagni--,lat9 ,hi/ories ( ,flor5ce 9 ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,lion>do ,bruni & ,poggio ,bracciol9i--,! ,hi/orians ( ! ,fir/ ,half ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury--,m5 ( ,action & ,m5 ( ,lett]s3 ! ,doctr9aires--,flor5ce betwe5 #adid & #aecg--,v>*i1 ,segni1 ,n>di1 ,pitti1 ,n]li1 ,guicci>d9i--,! ,political ,importance ( ^! ,writ]s--,! ,la/ ,ye>s ( ,flor5t9e ,indep5d5ce1 & ! ,siege ( #aebi--,/ate ( ,p>ties--,filippo ,/rozzi--,diff]5t ,views ( ,flor5t9e ,weakness tak5 by ! ,hi/orians--,_! ,lit]>y ,qualities--,francesco ,guicci>d9i & ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli--,sci5tific ,/ati/s--,discord betwe5 ,life & ,lit]ature--,! ,biography ( ,guicci>d9i--,8 ',i/oria d',italia1' ',dialogo del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze1' ',/oria ,fior5t9a1' ',ricordi'--,biography ( ,ma*iavelli--,8 ,s*eme ( a ,national ,militia--,d$ication ( ',! ,pr9ce'--,political ,e?ics ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance--,! ,discorsi--,! ,sev5 ,books on ! ,art ( ,w> & ! ',hi/ory ( ,flor5ce4' ,flor5ce 0 ess5tially ! city ( intellig5ce 9 mod]n times4 ,o!r nations h surpass$ ! ,italians 9 _! g5ius--! quality :i* gave a sup]human p[] ( insight to ,%akespe>e & an univ]sal sympa?y to ,goe!4 ,b n[h]e else except at ,a!ns has ! :ole population ( a city be5 s p]meat$ ) ideas1 s highly intellectual by nature1 s ke5 9 p]ception1 s witty & s subtle1 z at ,flor5ce4 ,! f9e & delicate _s ( ! ,italians exi/$ 9 qu9tess5ce among ! ,flor5t9es4 ,& ( ?is sup]iority n only !y b ! inhabitants also ( ,rome & ,lomb>dy & ,naples1 7 consci\s4 ,boniface ,,viii41 :5 he receiv$ ! ambassadors ( ! ,*ri/ian p[]s 9 ,rome on ! occasion ( ! ,jubilee 9 #acjj1 obs]v$ t all ( !m 7 citiz5s ( ,flor5ce4 ,! witticism :i* he is said to h utt]$1 i ,fior5t9i ess]e il qu9to elem5to1 't ! m5 ( ,flor5ce =m a fif? elem5t1' pass$ into a prov]b4 ,! primacy ( ! ,flor5t9es 9 lit]ature1 ! f9e arts1 law1 s*ol>%ip1 philosophy1 & sci5ce 0 ackn[l$g$ ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,:5 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has be5 successfully t]m9at$1 & ! m]e in/9ct ( self-pres]vation no long] absorbs ! activities ( a p1 !n ! ?ree *ief motive =ces ( civilization beg9 to op]ate4 ,^! are cupidity1 or ! desire ( weal? & all t x procures2 curiosity1 or ! desire to discov] new facts ab\t ! _w & man2 & ! love ( beauty1 :i* is ! p>5t ( all art4 ,comm]ce1 philosophy1 sci5ce1 s*ol>%ip1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 music1 poetry1 are ! products ( ^! rul+ impulses--ev]y?+ 9 fact :i* gives a high] value to ! life ( man4 ,diff]5t nations h be5 sway$ by ^! passions 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,! arti/ic faculty1 :i* owes its en]gy to ! love ( beauty1 has be5 d5i$ to "s2 ! philosophic faculty1 :i* />ts ) curiosity1 to o!rs2 & "s aga9 h %[n b little capacity = amass+ weal? by indu/ry or calculation4 ,x is r>e to f9d a :ole nation possess$ ( all 9 an equal measure ( p]fection4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 7 ! ,flor5t9es4#a ,! m]e sight ( ! city & h] monum5ts w\ld suffice to prove ?is4 ,b we are n r$uc$ to ! necessity ( div9+ :at ,flor5ce 0 by ! inspection ( h] *ur*es1 palaces1 & pictures4 ,t m>vel\s intellig5ce :i* 0 h] pride1 burn$ brightly 9 a long s]ies ( hi/orians & annali/s1 :o h h&$ d[n to u ! biography ( ! city 9 volumes z rem>kable = p5etrative acum5 z = def9ite del9eation & dramatic int]e/4 ,we possess picture-gall]ies ( pages 9 :i* ! great m5 ( ,flor5ce live aga9 & seem to brea! & move1 epics ( ! commonweal?'s vicissitudes f h] e>lie/ comm5cem5t1 detail$ trag$ies & highly f9i%$ episodes1 /udies ( sep>ate *>act]s1 & idylls deta*$ f ! ma9 curr5t ( h] /ory4 ,! :ole mass ( ?is hi/orical lit]ature is in/9ct ) ! _s ( criticism & vital ) exp]i5ce4 ,! writ]s h be5 ei!r actors or spectators ( ! drama4 ,tra9$ 9 ! /udy ( antiquity1 z well z 9 ! c\ncil-*amb]s ( ! republic & 9 ! c\rts ( =eign pr9ces1 !y survey ! matt] ( _! hi/ories f a l(ty vantage gr\nd1 =tify+ _! speculative conclusions by practical k & purify+ _! judgm5t ( contempor>y ev5ts ) ! philosophy ( ! pa/4 ,ow+ to ?is r>e mixture ( qualities1 ! ,flor5t9es des]ve to be /yl$ ! discov]]s ( ! hi/oric me?od = ! mod]n _w4 ,!y fir/ p]ceiv$ t x is unpr(itable to /udy ! hi/ory ( a /ate 9 isolation1 t n w>s & treaties only1 b ! int]nal vicissitudes ( ! commonweal?1 =m ! real subject matt] ( inquiry1#b & t ! smalle/ details1 biographical1 economical1 or topographical1 may h ! greate/ value4 ,:ile ! re/ ( ,europe 0 ignorant ( /ati/ics1 & little apt to pi]ce bel[ ! surface ( ev5ts to ! secret spr+s ( conduct1 9 ,flor5ce a body ( sci5tific hi/orians _h gradually be5 =m$1 :o recogniz$ ! necessity ( bas+ _! inve/igations ^u a dilig5t /udy ( public records1 /ate-pap]s1 & notes ( contempor>y obs]v]s4#c ,! same m5 prep>$ !mselves = ! task ( criticism by a pr(\nd /udy ( e?ical & political philosophy 9 ! works ( ,ari/otle1 ,plato1 ,cic]o1 & ,tacitus4#d ,!y exam9$ ! me?ods ( classical hi/orians1 & comp>$ ! annals ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,pale/9e ) ! *ronicles ( _! own c\ntry4 ,!y attempt$ to div9e ! g5ius & to *>act]ize ! special qualities ( ! nations1 cities1 & individuals ( :om !y _h to treat4#e ,at ! same "t !y sp>$ no pa9s 9 seek+ out p]sons possess$ ( accurate k 9 e bran* ( inquiry t came b5ea? _! notice1 s t _! treatises h ! fre%ness ( orig9al docum5ts & ! *>m ( p]sonal memoirs4 ,mu*1 z ,i h else:]e not$1 0 due to ! peculi>ly re/less temp] ( ! ,flor5t9es1 speculative1 v>iable1 unquiet 9 _! politics4 ,! v qualities :i* expos$ ! commonweal? to revolutions1 develop$ ! intellig5ce ( h] hi/orians2 h] want ( /ability 0 ! price %e paid = intellectual v]satility & acut5ess unrival$ 9 mod]n times4 ',o +5ia magis acria quam matura1 said ,petr>*1 & ) tru?1 ab\t ! wits ( ! ,flor5t9es2 = x is _! prop]ty by nature to h m ( livel9ess & acum5 ?an ( maturity or gravity4'#f #a ,s9ce ! ,greeks1 no p h comb9$ curiosity & ! love ( beauty1 ! sci5tific & ! arti/ic s5se1 9 ! same proportions z ! ,flor5t9es4 #b ,see ,ma*iavelli's critique ( ,lion>do d',arezzo & ,mess] ,poggio1 9 ! ,proemio to 8 ,flor5t9e ,hi/ory4 ,8 own conception ( hi/ory1 z ! attempt to del9eate ! v _s ( a nation1 is highly philosophical4 #c ,! high s5se ( ! requirem5ts ( sci5tific hi/ory atta9$ by ! ,italians is %[n by :at ,giovio relates ( ,gian ,galeazzo's ar*ives 7,vita di ,gio4 ,galeazzo1 p4 #ajg74 ,aft] describ+ ^!1 he adds3 'tal*e1 *i volesse scriv]e un' hi/oria giu/a non potrebbe desid]>e altronde ne piu abbondante ne piu c]ta mat]ia2 p]cioc*e da que/i libri facilissimam5te si traggono le cagioni delle gu]re1 i consigli1 e i successi dell' imprese4' ,! ,proemio to ,v>*i's ,/orie ,fior5t9e 7vol4 i4 pp4 #db-dd71 :i* gives an acc\nt ( 8 prep>atory labors1 is an unconsci\s treatise on ! model hi/orian4 ,accuracy1 pati5ce1 love ( tru?1 s9c]ity 9 criticism1 & labori\s rese>*1 h all _! prop] place assign$ to !m4 ,comp>e ,guicci>d9i1 ,ricordi1 ,no4 cxliii41 = s\nd rem>ks ^u ! hi/orian's duty ( collect+ ! /ati/ics ( 8 own age & c\ntry4 #d ,! prefaces to ,giannotti's critiques ( ,flor5ce & ( ,v5ice %[ h[ ?or\ghly 8 m9d _h be5 imbu$ ) ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle4 ,v>*i ackn[l$ges ! direct influ5ce ( ,polybius & ,tacitus4 ,livy is ,ma*iavelli's favorite4 #e ,on ?is po9t ! ,relazioni ( ,italian ambassadors are invaluable4 ,:at dryly philosophical comp5dia are ! notes ( ,ma*iavelli ^u ! ,fr5* ,c\rt & ,ces>e ,borgia6 ,h[ a/ute are ! ,v5etian lett]s on ! op9ions & qualities ( ! ,roman ,prelates6 #f ,guicc4 ,ricordi1 cciii4 ,op4 ,in$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 ,! ye> #acjj m>ks ! fir/ developm5t ( hi/orical rese>* 9 ,flor5ce4 ,two great writ]s1 ,dante ,alighi]i & ,giovanni ,villani1 at ?is epo* pursu$ diff]5t l9es ( /udy1 :i* det]m9$ ! future ( ?is bran* ( lit]ature = ! ,italians4 ,x is n un*>act]i/ic ( ,flor5t9e g5ius t :ile ! *ief city ( ,tuscany 0 defici5t 9 hi/orians ( h] a*ievem5ts be=e ! date :i* ,i h m5tion$1 h] fir/ essays 9 hi/oriography %\ld h be5 monum5tal & /&>d-mak+ = ! re/ ( ,italy4 ,j z ! great burghs ( ,lomb>dy atta9$ municipal indep5d5ce some:at e>li] ?an ^? ( ,tuscany1 s ! hi/oric s5se develop$ itself 9 ! valley ( ! ,po at a p]iod :5 ! valley ( ! ,arno _h no *ronicl]4 ,sire ,raul & ,ottone ,mor5a1 ! annali/s ( ,milan1 ,fra ,salimb5e1 ! sagaci\s & compreh5sive hi/orian ( ,p>ma1 ,rol&9o1 to :om we owe ! *ronicle ( ,ezzel9o & ! trag$y ( ! ,trevisan ,m>*es1 h no rivals s\? ( ! ,ap5n9es 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,ev5 ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,malesp9i family1 writt5 9 ! vulg> tongue f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to ! ye> #abha1 :i* occupies #adf volumes ( ,muratori's ,collection1 & :i* us$ to be ! pride ( ,tuscan antiqu>ians1 has rec5tly be5 %[n to be 9 all probability a compilation bas$ ^u ! ,annals ( ,villani4#a ,?is makes ! cle> em]g5ce ( a sci5tific s5se = hi/ory 9 ! ye> #acjj at ,flor5ce all ! m rem>kable4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! high quality ( ! "w a*iev$ by ! ,villani x is only necess>y to turn ! pages ( "s e>ly *ronicles ( si/] cities :i* /ill brea! ! _s ( un9tellig5t m$iaeval indu/ry1 be=e ! me?od ( hi/ory _h be5 critically appreh5d$4 ,! naivete ( ^! records may be appreciat$ by ! foll[+ extracts4 ,a ,roman writes#b3 ',i ,lodovico ,bonconte ,monaldes*i 0 born 9 ,orvieto1 & 0 br\ght up 9 ! city ( ,rome1 :]e ,i h resid$4 ,i 0 born 9 ! ye> #acbg1 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 at ! "t :5 ! ,emp]or ,lodovico came4 ,n[ ,i wi% to relate ! :ole hi/ory ( my age1 see+ t ,i liv$ "o hundr$ & fifte5 ye>s )\t illness1 except t :5 ,i 0 born ,i fa9t$1 & ,i di$ ( old age1 & rema9$ 9 b$ twelve mon?s on end4' ,burigozzo's ,*ronicle ( ,milan1 aga91 concludes ) ^! words3#c ',z y w see 9 ! ,annals ( my son1 inasmu* z ! dea? :i* has ov]tak5 me prev5ts my writ+ m4' ,*ronicles conceiv$ & writt5 9 ?is _s are di>ies ( ev5ts1 rep]tories ( /range /ories1 & old wives' tales1 )\t a deep s5se ( p]sonal responsibility1 devoid alike ( criticism & arti/ic unity4 ,v diff]5t is ! "* ( ! hi/orical lit]ature :i* />ts into be+ 9 ,flor5ce at ! op5+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #a ,see ,paul ,s*eff]-,boi*or/1 ,flor5t9] ,/udi51 ,leipzig1 #ahgd1 ,c>l ,hegel1 9 8 def5se ( ,compagni1 ,die ,*ronik des ,d9o ,compagni1 ,v]su* e9] ,rettung1 ,leipzig1 #ahge1 admits ! pro( ( spuri\sness4 ,see ! preface1 p4 v4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 is /ill disput$ by ,flor5t9e s*ol>s ( high au?ority4 ,g9o ,capponi1 9 8 ,/oria della ,repubblica di ,fir5ze 7vol4 i4 ,app5dix1 f9al note71 obs]ves t :ile ! ,villani are popul> 9 tone ! ,malesp9i ,*ronicle is feudal4 ,adolfo ,b>toli 7,/oria della ,lett4 ,x4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aee7 treats ! "q z /ill op54 ,! cu/om ( pres]v+ brief fa/i 9 ! ar*ives ( great h\ses r5d]$ su* compilations z ! ,malesp9i ,*ronicle is n[ suppos$ to h be5 bo? easy & attractive4 ,! ,*ri/ian "n ,ricordano giv5 to ! fir/ ,malesp9i annali/ does n exi/4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t x is due to a misread+ ( an initial s5t5ce1 ,ricordano i ,malesp9i4 #b ,muratori1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ebi4 #c ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 iii4 p4 #eeb4 ,bo? ,monaldes*i & ,burigozzo appe> to m5tion _! own dea?4 ,! probability is t _! annals1 z we h !m1 h be5 freely dealt ) by transcrib]s or cont9uators adopt+ ! hi/oric ',i' aft] ! decease ( ! titul> au?ors4 ,giovanni ,villani relates h[1 hav+ visit$ ,rome on ! occasion ( ! ,jubilee1 :5 #bjj1jjj pilgrims cr[d$ ! /reets ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 he 0 mov$ 9 ! dep? ( 8 s\l by ! spectacle ( ! ru9s ( ! discr[n$ mi/ress ( ! _w4#a ',:5 ,i saw ! great & anci5t monum5ts ( ,rome1 & read ! hi/ories & ! great de$s ( ! ,romans1 writt5 by ,virgil1 & by ,sallu/1 & by ,lucan1 & by ,livy1 & by ,val]ius1 & ,orosius1 & o!r ma/]s ( hi/ory1 :o relat$ small z well z great ?+s ( ! acts & do+s ( ! ,romans1 ,i took /yle & mann] f !m1 ?\gh1 z a le>n]1 ,i 0 n wor?y ( s va/ a "w4' ,l our own ,gibbon1 mus+ ^u ! /eps ( ,ara ,celi1 )9 sight ( ! ,capitol1 & )9 he>+ ( ! monks at pray]1 he felt ! g5ius loci /ir him ) a mixture ( a/oni%m5t & pa?os4 ,!n 'reflect+ t our city ( ,flor5ce1 ! daught] & ! creature ( ,rome1 0 9 ! asc5dant t[>d great a*ievem5ts1 :ile ,rome 0 on ! wane1 ,i ?\ght x seemly to relate 9 ?is new ,*ronicle all ! do+s & ! orig9s ( ! t[n ( ,flor5ce1 z f> z ,i c\ld collect & discov] !m1 & to cont9ue ! acts ( ! ,flor5t9es & ! o!r notable ?+s ( ! _w 9 brief onw>ds s long z x %all be ,god's pleasure1 hop+ 9 :om by ,8 grace ,i h done ! "w r ?an by my poor k2 & !re=e 9 ! ye> #acjj1 :5 ,i return$ f ,rome1 ,i began to compile ?is book1 to ! rev]5ce ( ,god & ,sa9t ,john & ! praise ( ?is our city ,flor5ce4' ,! key-note is /ruck 9 ^! passages4 ,admiration = ! pa/ m+les ) presci5ce ( ! future4 ,! arti/ & ! patriot awake toge!r 9 ,villani at ! sight ( ,rome & ! ?\ght ( ,flor5ce4 #a ,lib4 viii4 cap4 #cf4 ,! result ( ?is visit to ,rome 9 #acjj 0 ! ,*ronicle :i* ,giovanni ,villani c>ri$ 9 twelve books d[n to ! ye> #acdf4 ,9 #acdh he di$ ( ! plague1 & 8 "w 0 cont9u$ on ! same plan by 8 bro!r ,matteo4 ,matteo 9 8 turn di$ ( plague 9 #acfb1 & left ! ,*ronicle to 8 son ,filippo1 :o br\ght x d[n to ! ye> #acfe4 ,( ! ?ree ,villani1 ,giovanni is ! greate/1 bo? z a ma/] ( /yle & z an hi/orical arti/4 ,matteo is valuable = ! g5]al reflections :i* =m exordia to ! elev5 books t be> 8 "n4 ,filippo 0 m ( a rhetorician4 ,he is kn[n z ! public lectur] ^u ! ,div9e ,com$y1 & z ! au?or ( "s int]e/+ b meag] lives ( em95t ,flor5t9es1 8 pr$ecessors or contempor>ies4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ! ,villani is a treasure-h\se ( cle> & accurate del9eations r ?an ( pr(\nd analysis4 ,n only does x embrace ! :ole affairs ( ,europe 9 annals :i* leave little to be desir$ 9 precision ( detail & brevity ( /atem5t2 b1 :at is m to our pres5t purpose1 x conveys a lively picture ( ! int]nal condition ( ! ,flor5t9es & ! /ati/ics ( ! city 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,we le>n1 = example1 t ! ord9>y rev5ues ( ,flor5ce am\nt$ to ab\t #cjj1jjj gold5 flor9s1#a levi$ *iefly by way ( taxes--#ij1bjj proce$+ f ! octroi1 #eh1cjj f ! retail w9e trade1 #ad1dej f ! salt duties1 & s on ?r\gh ! v>i\s impo/s1 ea* ( :i* is c>efully calculat$4 ,!n we are in=m$ conc]n+ ! ord9>y exp5diture ( ! ,commune--#ae1bdj lire = ! pode/a & 8 e/abli%m5t1 #e1hhj lire = ! ,capta9 ( ! p & 8 tra91 #c1fjj = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,signory 9 ! ,palazzo1 & s on d[n to a sum ( #b1djj = ! food ( ! lions1 = c&les1 tor*es1 & bonfires4 ,! am\nt sp5t publicly 9 almsgiv+2 ! sal>ies ( ambassadors & gov]nors2 ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! /ate armory2 ! pay ( ! night-wat*2 ! money sp5t ^u ! ye>ly games :5 ! palio 0 run2 ! wages ( ! city trumpet]s2 & s =?1 are all accurately reckon$4 ,9 fact ! ord9>y ,budget ( ! ,commune is set =?4 ,! rate ( extraord9>y exp5ses dur+ w>-"t is e/imat$ on ! scale ( sums vot$ by ! ,flor5t9es to c>ry on ! w> ) ,m>t9o della ,scala 9 #acch4 ,at t "t !y contribut$ #be1jjj flor9s mon?ly to ,v5ice1 ma9ta9$ full g>risons 9 ! =tresses ( ! republic1 & paid z well = upw>ds ( #a1jjj m5 at arms4 ,9 ord] t a correct notion ( ^! balance-%eets may be obta9$1 ,villani is c>eful to give p>ticul>s ab\t ! value ( ! flor9 & ! lira1 & ! numb] ( flor9s co9$ ye>ly4 ,9 describ+ ! condition ( ,flor5ce at ?is p]iod1 he computes ! numb] ( citiz5s capable ( be>+ arms1 betwe5 ! ages fifte5 & sev5ty1 at #be1jjj2 ! population ( ! city at #ij1jjj1 n c\nt+ ! mona/ic communities1 nor includ+ ! /rang]s1 :o are e/imat$ at ab\t #ae1jjj4 ,! c\ntry di/ricts belong+ to ,flor5ce add #hj1jjj to ?is calculation4 ,x is fur!r notic$ t ! excess ( male bir?s ov] female 0 betwe5 #cjj & #ejj ye>ly 9 ,flor5ce1 t f #h1jjj to #aj1jjj boys & girls le>n$ to read2 t !re 7 six s*ools1 9 :i* f #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj *ildr5 le>n$ ari?metic2 & f\r high s*ools1 9 :i* f #eej to #fjj le>n$ gramm> & logic4 ,!n foll[s a li/ ( ! religi\s h\ses & *ur*es3 among ! *>itable in/itutions are reckon$ #cj hospitals capable ( receiv+ m ?an #a1jjj sick p4 ,"h too x may be m5tion$ t ,villani reckons ! begg>s ( ,flor5ce at #ag1jjj1 ) ! addition ( #d1jjj paup]s & sick p]sons & religi\s m5dicants4#b ,^! m5dicants 7 n all ,flor5t9es1 b receiv$ relief f ! city *>ities4 ,! big wool factories are numb]$ at upw>ds ( two hundr$2 & x is calculat$ t f sixty to eighty ?\s& pieces ( clo? 7 turn$ out ye>ly1 to ! value 9 all ( ab\t #a1bjj1jjj flor9s4 ,m ?an #cj1jjj p]sons liv$ by ?is indu/ry4 ,! calimala factories1 :]e =eign clo?s 7 manufactur$ into f9e mat]ials1 numb]$ ab\t tw5ty4 ,^! import$ "s #aj1jjj pieces ( clo? ye>ly1 to ! value ( #cjj1jjj flor9s4 ,! ex*ange (fices are e/imat$ at ab\t eighty 9 numb]4 ,! =tunes made 9 ,flor5ce by trade & by bank+ 7 colossal = ^? days4 ,villani tells u t ! great h\ses ( ! ,b>di & ,p]uzzi l5t to our ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii4 m ?an #a1cfe1jjj gold5 flor9s4#c ',& m>k ?is1' he cont9ues1 't ^! moneys 7 *iefly ! prop]ty ( p]sons :o _h giv5 x to !m on deposit4' ,?is debt 0 to h be5 recov]$ out ( ! wool rev5ues & o!r income ( ! ,engli%2 9 fact1 ! ,b>di & ,p]uzzi _h negotiat$ a national loan1 by :i* !y hop$ to ga9 a sup]b p]c5tage on _! capital4 ,! speculation1 h[ev]1 prov$ un=tunate2 & ! two h\ses w\ld h fail$1 b = _! enorm\s possessions 9 ,tuscany4 ,we he>1 = example1 ( ! ,b>di buy+ ! villages ( ,v]nia & ,mangona 9 #accg4d ,z x 01 _! cr$it receiv$ a %ock f :i* x nev] ?or\ghly recov]$2 & a little lat] on1 9 #acdb1 aft] ! ru9\s w>s ) ! ,la ,scala family & ,pisa1 & aft] ! loss ( ,lucca1 !y f9ally /opp$ paym5t & decl>$ !mselves bankrupt4#e ,! %ock communicat$ by ?is failure to ! :ole comm]ce ( ,*ri/5dom is well describ$ by ,villani4#f ,! enorm\s weal? amass$ by ,flor5t9e citiz5s 9 comm]ce may be /ill bett] imag9$ :5 we rememb] t ! ,m$ici1 betwe5 ! ye>s #adcd & #adga1 sp5t "s #ffc1gee gold5 flor9s ^u alms & public works1 ( :i* #djj1jjj 7 suppli$ by ,cosimo alone4 ,b to return to ,villani2 n cont5t ) ! /ati/ics :i* ,i h already extract$1 he proce$s to calculate h[ _m bu%els ( :eat1 hog%eads ( w9e1 & head ( cattle 7 consum$ 9 ,flor5ce by ! ye> & ! week4#g ,we are ev5 told t 9 ! mon? ( ,july #abhj1 #dj1jjj loads ( melons ent]$ ! gate ( ,san ,friano & 7 sold 9 ! city4 ,nor are ! mann]s & ! co/ume ( ! ,flor5t9es neglect$3 ! sev]e & dec5t dress ( ! citiz5s 9 ! good old times 7ab\t #abfj7 is contra/$ ) ! new-fangl$ fa%ions introduc$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #acdb4h ,9 addition to all ?is miscellane\s in=mation may be m5tion$ :at we le>n f ,matteo ,villani conc]n+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,monte or ,public ,funds ( ,flor5ce 9 ! ye> #acde1i z well z ! rem>kable essay ^u ! economical & o!r consequ5ces ( ! plague ( #acdh1 :i* =ms ! prelude to 8 cont9uation ( 8 bro!r's ,*ronicle4#aj #a xi4 #fb4 #b x4 #afb4 #c xi4 #hh4 #d xi4 #gd4 ,on ?is occasion a law 0 pass$ =bidd+ citiz5s to become lords ( di/ricts )9 ! t]ritory ( ,flor5ce4 #e xi4 #ch4 #f xi4 #hh4 #g xi1 #id4 #h vi4 #fi2 xii4 #d4 #i iii4 #ajf4 #aj i4 #a-h4 ,9 8 survey ( ! results ( ! ,black ,dea?1 ,matteo notices n only ! dim9ution ( ! population1 b ! alt]ation 9 public morality1 ! displacem5t ( prop]ty1 ! increase 9 prices1 ! dim9ution ( labor1 & ! multiplication ( lawsuits1 :i* 7 ! consequ5ces direct or indirect ( ! frightful mortality4 ,among ! details :i* he has suppli$ ^u ^! topics des]ve to be commemorat$ ! enorm\s beque/s to public *>ities 9 ,flor5ce--#cej1jjj flor9s to ! ,society ( ,orsammi*ele1 #be1jjj to ! ,compagnia della ,mis]icordia1 & #be1jjj to ! ,hospital ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova4 ,! poor] population _h be5 almo/ utt]ly de/roy$ by ! plague2 s t ^! funds 7 = ! mo/ "p wa/$1 misappli$1 & prey$ ^u by mal-adm9i/rators4#a ,! f\ndation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,flor5ce is also m5tion$ z "o ( ! extraord9>y consequ5ces ( ?is calamity4 #a ,matteo ,villani expressly excepts ! ,hospital ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova1 :i* seems to h be5 well manag$4 ,! :ole "w ( ! ,villani rema9s a monum5t1 unique 9 m$iaeval lit]ature1 ( /ati/ical pati5ce & economical sagacity1 prov+ h[ f> 9 advance ( ! o!r ,european nations 7 ! ,italians at ?is p]iod4#a ,dante's aim is :olly diff]5t4 ,( /ati/ics & ( hi/orical detail we ga9 b little f 8 prose works4 ,8 m9d 0 t ( a philosoph] :o g5]alizes1 & ( a poet :o seizes sali5t *>act]i/ics1 n t ( an annali/ :o aims at scrupul\s fidelity 9 8 acc\nt ( facts4 ,i ne$ n d m ?an m5tion "h ! concise & vivid portraits1 :i* he has sket*$ 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y1 ( all ! *ief cities ( ,italy2 b 9 8 treatise ',de ,mon>*ia' we possess ! fir/ attempt at political speculation1 ! fir/ essay 9 con/itutional philosophy1 to :i* ! lit]ature ( mod]n ,europe gave bir?2 :ile 8 lett]s address$ to ! pr9ces ( ,italy1 ! c>d9als1 ! emp]or & ! republic ( ,flor5ce1 are 9 l mann] ! fir/ in/ances ( political pamphlets sett+ =? a rationaliz$ & consi/5t sy/em ( ! rights & duties ( nations4 ,9 ! ',de ,mon>*ia' ,dante bases a !ory ( univ]sal gov]nm5t ^u a def9ite conception ( ! nature & ! de/9ies ( humanity4 ,amid ! an>*y & discord ( ,italy1 :]e selfi%ness 0 ev]y:]e pr$om9ant1 & :]e ! factions ( ! ,papacy & ,empire 7 b cloaks = p>ty /rife1 ,dante endeavors to br+ 8 c\ntrym5 back to a sublime ideal ( a s+le mon>*y1 a true imp]ium1 di/9ct f ! prie/ly au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 b n ho/ile to x1--nay1 r seek+ sanction f ,*ri/'s ,vic> ^u e>? & af=d+ protection to ! ,holy ,see1 z d]iv+ its own "r f ! same ,div9e s\rce4 ,political sci5ce 9 ?is essay takes rank z an indep5d5t bran* ( philosophy1 & ! po9ts :i* ,dante seeks to e/abli% are support$ by argum5ts imply+ mu* hi/orical k1 ?\gh qua9tly s*ola/ic 9 _! application4 ,! ,epi/les conta9 ! same ?\ghts3 peace1 mutual respect1 & ob$i5ce to a common head1 ! duty ( ! *ief to 8 subord9ates & ( ! gov]n$ to _! "l1 are urg$ ) no less =ce1 b 9 a m famili> /yle & ) direct allusion to ! ev5ts :i* call$ ea* lett] =?4 ,!y are 9 fact political bro*ures address$ by a ?9k] f 8 solitude to ! *ief actors 9 ! drama ( hi/ory ar\nd him4 ,nor w\ld x "h be "r to omit "s notice ( ! essay ',de ,vulg>i ,eloquio1' :i*1 consid]+ ! date ( its appe>ance1 is no less orig9al & indicative ( a new _s 9 ! _w ?an ! treatise ',de ,mon>*ia4' ,x is an attempt to write ! hi/ory ( ,italian z a memb] ( ! ,romance ,languages1 to discuss ! qualities ( its sev]al dialects1 & to prove ! advantages to be ga9$ by ! =mation ( a common lit]>y tongue = ,italy4 ,?\gh ,dante 0 ( c\rse devoid ( :at we n[ call comp>ative philology1 & _h b little k ( ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! languages :i* he discusses1 yet x is n m ?an ! tru? to say t ?is essay applies ! true me?od ( critical analysis = ! fir/ "t to ! subject1 & is ! fir/ attempt to reason sci5tifically ^u ! orig9 & nature ( a mod]n language4 #a ,we mu/ rememb] t our own annali/s1 ,hol9%$ & ,/[1 7 lat] by two c5turies ?an ! ,villani4 ,:ile discuss+ ! hi/orical "w ( ,dante & ! ,villani1 x is impossible t ano!r fam\s ,flor5t9e %\ld n occur to our recollection1 ^: "n has long be5 connect$ ) ! civic conte/s t result$ 9 ! exile ( ,italy's greate/ poet f 8 native city4 ,yet x is n easy = a =eign critic to deal ) ! "q ( ,d9o ,compagni's ,*ronicle--a "q :i* = ye>s has divid$ ,italian /ud5ts into two camps1 :i* has produc$ a volum9\s lit]ature ( its own1 & :i* /ill rema9s undecid$4 ,! po9t at issue is by no means insignificant4 ,:ile "o p>ty cont5ds t we h 9 ?is ,*ronicle ! v]aci\s record ( an eye-witness1 ! o!r ass]ts t x is ! impud5t fabrication ( a lat] c5tury1 compos$ on h9ts furni%$ by ,dante1 & obscure docum5ts ( ! ,compagni family1 & express$ 9 language t has little ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! "o reg>ds x z a fai?ful n>rative1 defici5t only 9 m9or details ( accuracy4 ,! o!r /igmatizes x z a :olly untru/wor?y =g]y1 & calls att5tion to numb]less mi/akes1 confusions1 misconceptions1 & misrepres5tations ( ev5ts1 :i* place its g5u95ess beyond ! pale ( possibility4 ,aft] a c>eful consid]ation ( ,s*eff]'s1 ,fanfani's1 ,g9o ,capponi's1 & ,isidoro del ,lungo's argum5ts1 x seems to me cle>ly e/abli%$ t ! ,*ronicle ( ,d9o ,compagni c no long] be reg>d$ z a p]fectly g5u9e docum5t ( f\rte5?-c5tury lit]ature4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* we n[ possess x1 we are r oblig$ to reg>d x z a rifacim5to ( "s au!ntic hi/ory1 compil$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 a prose :i* be>s traces ( ! po/-,boccaccian /yle ( composition4#a ,yet ! au?ority ( ,d9o ,compagni has long be5 su*1 & su* is /ill ! lit]>y value ( ! monograph :i* be>s 8 "n1 t x w\ld be imp]t95t to dismiss ! ',*ronicle' unc]emoni\sly z a m]e fiction4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 fir/ to give an acc\nt ( ! book on its pr(ess$ m]its1 & !n to discuss1 z briefly z ,i c1 ! "q ( its au!nticity4 #a ,! fir/ critic to call ,compagni's au!nticity 9 "q 0 ,pietro ,fanfani1 9 an article ( ,il ,pievano ,arlotto1 #aheh4 ,! cause 0 tak5 up1 %ortly aft] ?is date1 by an abl] ,g]man au?ority1 ,p4 ,s*eff]-,boi*or/4 ,! works :i* ,i h /udi$ on ?is subject are1 #a4 ,flor5t9] ,/udi51 von ,p4 ,s*eff]-,boi*or/1 ,leipzig1 ,hirzel1 #ahgd4 #b4 ,d9o ,compagni v5dicato dalla ,calunnia di ,scrittore della ,cronica1 di ,pietro ,fanfani1 ,milano1 ,c>r>a1 #ahge4 #c4 ,die ,*ronik des ,d9o ,compagni1 ,v]su* e9] ,rettung1 von ,dr4 ,c>l ,hegel1 ,leipzig1 ,hirzel1 #ahge4 #d4 ,die ,*ronik des ,d9o ,compagni1 ,kritik d] ,hegels*5 ,s*rift1 von ,p4 ,s*eff]-,boi*or/1 ,leipzig1 ,hirzel1 #ahge4 #e4 ,! note app5d$ to ,g9o ,capponi's ,/oria della ,repubblica di ,fir5ze4 #f4 ,d9o ,compagni e la sua ,*ronica1 p] ,isidoro del ,lungo1 ,fir5ze1 ,le ,morni]4 ,unluckily1 ! la/-nam$ "w1 ?\gh x consi/s already ( two bulky volumes 9 l>ge #hvo1 is n yet complete2 & ! "p :i* w treat ( ! "q ( au?or%ip & ,,ms4 au?ority has n appe>$4 ,! ye> #acjj1 :i* ,dante *ose = ! date ( 8 desc5t ) ,virgil to ! ne!r _w1 & :i* m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ,villani's ',*ronicle1' is also m5tion$ by ,d9o ,compagni 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! preface to 8 "w4 ',! recollections ( anci5t hi/ories1' he says1 'h a long :ile /irr$ my m9d to writ+ ! p]il\s & ill-fat$ ev5ts1 :i* ! noble city1 daught] ( ,rome1 has suff]$ _m ye>s1 & especially at ! "t ( ! jubilee 9 ! ye> #acjj4' ,d9o ,compagni1 ^: ',*ronicle' embraces ! p]iod betwe5 #abhj & #acab1 took ! popul> side 9 ! /ruggles ( #abhb1 sat z ,prior 9 #abhi1 & 9 #acja1 & 0 *os5 ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice 9 #abic4 ,he 0 !re=e a prom95t actor 9 ! drama ( ^? tr\bl\s times4 ,he di$ 9 #acbd1 two ye>s & f\r mon?s aft] ! date ( ,dante's dea?1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,tr9ita4 ,he 0 a man ( ! same /amp z ,dante2#a burn+ ) love = 8 c\ntry1 b /ill m a lov] ( ! tru?2 sev]e 9 judgm5t1 b beyond suspicion ( m]e p>tisan%ip2 brief 9 utt]ance1 b weighty ) p]sonal exp]i5ce1 pr(\nd conviction1 prophetic int5sity ( feel+1 s9c]ity1 & ju/ice4 ,z a hi/orian1 he n>r[$ 8 labors to ! field ( "o small b highly f9i%$ picture4 ,he und]took to n>rate ! civic qu>rels ( 8 times1 & to %[ h[ ! commonweal? ( ,flor5ce 0 br\ght to ru9 by ! selfi%ness ( h] own citiz5s2 nor c 8 ',*ronicle1' al?\gh x is by no means a ma/]piece ( hi/orical accuracy or ( lucid arrangem5t1 be surpass$ = ! livel9ess ( its del9eation1 ! graphic cle>ness ( its *>act]s1 ! e>ne/ness ( its patriotic _s1 & ! acute analysis :i* lays b>e ! political situation ( a republic torn by factions1 dur+ ! memorable p]iod :i* embrac$ ! revolution ( ,giano della ,bella & ! /ruggles ( ! ,n]i & ,bian*i4 ,! comp>ison ( ,d9o ,compagni ) any contempor>y annali/ 9 ,italy %[s t "h aga91 9 ^! pages1 a new _s has aris54 ,muratori1 pr\d to pr9t !m = ! fir/ "t 9 #agbf1 put !m on a level ) ! ',comm5t>ies ( ,caes>'2 ,giordani welcom$ _! au?or z a second ,sallu/4 ,! political sagacity & sci5tific p5etration1 possess$ 9 s high a degree by ! ,flor5t9es1 appe> 9 full maturity4 ,compagni's ',*ronicle' heads a long li/ ( simil> monographs1 unique 9 ! lit]ature ( a s+le city4#b #a ,! apo/rophes to ! citiz5s ( ,flor5ce at l>ge1 & ! imprecations on "s ( ! wor/ (f5d]s among ! p>ty-lead]s 7especially 9 book ii4 on ! occasion ( ! calamities ( #acja7 are conceiv$ & utt]$ 9 ! /yle ( ,dante4 #b ,among ^! ,i may "h m5tion ,g9o ,capponi's hi/ory ( ! ,ciompi ,rebellion1 ,giovanni ,cavalcanti's memoirs ( ! p]iod betwe5 #adbj & #adeb1 ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti's n>rative ( ,porc>i's attempt ^u ! life ( ,ni*olas ,v41 ,vespasiano's ',biographies1' & ,poliziano's ',essay on ! ,pazzi ,conspiracy4' ,g9o ,capponi1 born ab\t #acej1 0 ,prior 9 #acif1 & ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice 9 #adja & #adah2 he di$ 9 #adba4 ,giovanni ,cavalcanti 0 a zeal\s admir] ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici2 he compos$ 8 ',*ronicle' 9 ! prison ( ! ,/9*e1 :]e he 0 unju/ly inc>c]at$ = a debt to ! ,commune ( ,flor5ce4 ,vespasiano da ,bi/icci contribut$ a s]ies ( mo/ valuable portraits to ! lit]ature ( ,italy3 all ! great m5 ( 8 "t are !re del9eat$ ) a simplicity t is ! sign ( absolute s9c]ity1 ,poliziano 0 pres5t at ! murd] ( ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,duomo4 ,! hi/orians ( ! sixte5? c5tury w be notic$ toge!r fur!r on4 ,! argum5ts aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ,d9o ,compagni's ',*ronicle' may be arrang$ 9 ?ree gr\ps4 ,! fir/ conc]ns ! man himself4 ,x is urg$ t1 ) ! exception ( 8 (fices z ,prior & ,gonfaloni]1 we h no evid5ce ( 8 political activity1 beyond :at is furni%$ by ! disput$ ',*ronicle4' ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 ,d9o play$ a "p ( ! fir/ importance 9 ! complicat$ ev5ts ( #abhj-acab4 ,yet he is n m5tion$ by ,giovanni ,villani1 by ,filippo ,vallani1 or by ,dante4 ,!re is no record ( 8 dea?1 except a ,,ms4 note 9 ! ,magliabec*ian ,codex ( 8 ',*ronicle' ( ! date #aead4a ,he is kn[n 9 lit]ature z ! au?or ( a few lyrics & an oration to ,pope ,john ,,xxii41 ! /yle ( :i* is s r\gh & m$iaeval z to make x incr$ible t ! same writ] %\ld h compos$ ! ma/]ly p>agraphs ( ! ',*ronicle4'#b ,! second gr\p ( argum5ts affects ! sub/ance ( ! ',*ronicle' itself4 ,?\gh ,d9o 0 ,prior :5 ,*>les ( ,valois ent]$ ,flor5ce1 he records t ev5t "u ! date ( ,sunday ! f\r? ( ,novemb]1 :]eas ,*>les arriv$ on ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 & ! fir/ ,sunday ( ! mon? 0 ! fif?4 ,he diff]s f ! concurr5t te/imony ( o!r hi/orians 9 mak+ ! affianc$ bride ( ,buondelmonte dei ,buondelmonti a ,giantruffetti in/ead ( an ,amidei1 & ! ,bi%op ( ,arezzo a ,pazzi in/ead ( an ,ub]t9i4 ,he reckons ! ,arti at tw5ty-f\r1 :]eas !y numb]$ tw5ty-"o4 ,he places ! ,coronation ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ,augu/1 in/ead ( 9 ,june1 #acab4 ,he seems to ref] to ! ,palace ( ! ,signory1 :i* c\ld n h be5 built at ! date 9 "q4 ,he ass]ts t a memb] ( ! ,b5ivi5i family 0 kill$ by "o ( ! ,galligai1 :]eas ! murd]] 0 ( ! blood ( ! ,galli4 ,he repres5ts himself z hav+ be5 ! fir/ ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice :o de/roy$ ! h\ses ( rebelli\s nobles1 :ile ,baldo de' ,ruffoli1 :o held ! (fice be=e him1 _h previ\sly c>ri$ out ! ,ord9ances4 ,speak+ ( ,guido ,cavalcanti ab\t ! ye> #acjj1 he calls him 'uno giovane g5tile'2 & yet ,guido _h m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,f>9ata degli ,ub]ti 9 #abff1 & c]ta9ly did n survive #acjj m ?an a few mon?s4 ,! peace ) ,pisa1 :i* 0 conclud$ dur+ ,compagni's t5ure ( ! ,gonfaloni]ate1 is n m5tion$1 ?\gh ?is mu/ h be5 "o ( ! mo/ important public ev5ts ) :i* he 0 conc]n$4 ,*ronology is hopelessly & inextricably confus$2 :ile inaccuracies & difficulties ( ! k9d describ$ ab\nd on e page ( ! ',*ronicle1' r5d]+ ! labor ( its la/ comm5tator & def5d] "o ( no small difficulty4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( argum5ts assails ! language ( ! ',*ronicle' & its ,,ms4 au?ority4 ,fanfani1 :o %[$ m zeal ?an c\rtesy 9 8 de/ructive criticism1 und]took to prove t ,d9o's /yle 9 g5]al is n di/+ui%$ = ! 'purity1 simplicity1 & propriety' ( ! trec5to#c2 t x ab\nds 9 expressions ( a lat] p]iod1 su* z armata = o/e1 m>ci>e = &>e1 accio = accioc*e1 onde = aff9*e2 t num]\s imitations ( ,dante c be trac$ 9 x2 & t to an acute /ud5t ( e>ly ,italian prose its palpable quattroc5tismo is only slightly veil$ by a p]si/5t affectation ( f\rte5?-c5tury ar*aism4 ,?is argum5t f /yle seems ! /ronge/ t c be br\ght aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ',*ronicle'2 = :ile x is possible t ,d9o may h made innum]able blund]s ab\t ! ev5ts 9 :i* he took a "p1 x is incr$ible t he %\ld h anticipat$ ! gr[? ( ,italian by at lea/ a c5tury4 ,yet judges no less compet5t ?an ,fanfani 9 ?is matt] ( /yle1 & f> m tru/wor?y z witnesses1 ,v9c5zo ,nannucci1 ,g9o ,capponi1 ,isidoro del ,lungo1 are ( op9ion t ,d9o's ',*ronicle' is a ma/]piece ( ,italian f\rte5?-c5tury prose2 & till ,italian exp]ts are agre$1 =eign critics mu/ susp5d _! judgm5t4 ,! analysis ( /yle receives a diff]5t developm5t f ,s*eff]-,boi*or/4 ,9 8 la/ essay he und]takes to %[ t _m passages ( ! ',*ronicle1' especially ! important "o :i* ref]s to ! ,ord9am5ti della ,giu/izia1 h be5 borr[$ f ,villani4#d ,?is critical weapon is difficult to h&le1 = x almo/ always cuts bo? ways4 ,yet ! ,g]man hi/orian has made out an und\bt$ly good case by prov+ ,villani's language clos] to ! orig9al ,ord9am5ti ?an ,compagni's4 ,) reg>d to ,,ms4 au?ority1 ! codices ( ,d9o's ',*ronicle' extant 9 ,italy are all ( !m d]iv$ f a ,,ms4 transcrib$ by ,n(]i ,bus9i & giv5 by him to ,giovanni ,mazzuoli1 surnam$ ,lo ,/rad9o1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! ,flor5t9e ,academy & a gre$y collector ( antiquities4 ,?is ,,ms4 be>s ! date #aead4 ,! rec5t orig9 ( ?is p>5t codex1 & ! que/ionable "* ( ,lo ,/rad9o1 gave rise to n unreasonable suspicions4 ,fanfani r\ndly ass]t$ t ! ',*ronicle' mu/ h be5 fabricat$ z a hoax ^u ! uncritical antiqu>y1 s9ce x sudd5ly appe>$ )\t a p$igree1 at a mom5t :5 su* =g]ies 7 n uncommon4 ,s*eff]-,boi*or/1 9 8 mo/ rec5t pamphlet1 committ$ himself to ! op9ion t ei!r ,lo ,/rad9o himself1 nicknam$ ,cronaca ,scorretta by 8 ,flor5t9e cronies1 or "o ( 8 contempor>ies1 0 ! =g]4#e ,an ,italian impugn] ( ! ',*ronicle1' ,giu/o ,grion ( ,v]ona1 decl>$ = ,antonfrancesco ,doni z ! fabricator4#f ,^! hypo!ses1 h[ev]1 are1 to say ! lea/1 unlucky = _! sugge/ors1 & really s]ve to weak5 r ?an to /r5g!n ! de/ructive l9e ( argum5t4 ,!re exi/s an eld] codex ( :i* ,fanfani & 8 foll[]s 7 ignorant4 ,x is a ,,ms4 ( p]haps ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* 0 pur*as$ = ! ,a%burnham ,libr>y 9 #ahdf4 ,?is ,,ms4 has be5 m9utely describ$ by ,pr(essor ,paul ,mey]2 & ,isidoro del ,lungo publi%es a fac-simile specim5 ( "o ( its pages4#g ,by "s unacc\ntable neglig5ce ?is late/ & mo/ det]m9$ def5d] ( ,compagni has fail$ to exam9e ! ,,ms4 ) 8 own eyes4 #a ,?is is ,isidoro del ,lungo's ,codex ,a4 ,! note occurs also 9 ! ,a%burnham ,,ms4 :i* ,del ,lungo ref]s to ! fifte5? c5tury4 #b ,on ?is po9t x is wor? m5tion+ t "s good critics ref] ! poems to an eld] ,d9o ,compagni1 :o sat z ,anci5t 9 #abea4 ,see ! discussion ( ?is "q1 z also ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,intellig5za1 claim$ by ,isidoro del ,lungo = ! writ] ( ! ',*ronicle1' 9 ,borgogn9i's ,essays 7,scritti ,v>i1 ,bologna1 ,romagnoli1 #ahgg1 vol4 i474 ,) reg>d to ! oration to ,pope ,john ,,xxii4 date #acbf1 x mu/ be not$ t ?is p]=mance 0 fir/ pr9t$ by ,anton ,francesco ,doni 9 #aedg1 & t its g5u95ess may be disput$4 ,see ,c>l ,hegel1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ah-bb4 #c ,! mo/ important ( ,fanfani's num]\s essays on ! ,compagni controv]sy1 toge!r ) m9or notes by 8 support]s1 are collect$ 9 ! book quot$ above1 ,note to p4 #bda4 ,fanfani exce$s all b\nds ( dec5cy 9 ! language he uses1 & 9 8 arrogant claims to be consid]$ an unique judge ( f\rte5?-c5tury /yle4 ,^! claims he bases 9 "s measure ^u ! fact t he deceiv$ ! ,della ,crusca by a =g]y ( 8 own mak+1 :i* 0 actually accept$ = ! ,ar*ivio ,/orico4 ,see op4 cit4 p4 #aha4 #d ,die ,*ronik1 etc41 pp4 #ec-eg4 #e ,die ,*ronik1 etc41 p4 #ci4 #f ,see ,hegel's op4 cit4 p4 #f4 #g ,see ,del ,lungo1 op4 cit4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ai-bc1 & fac-simile1 to face p4 #a4 ,?is ,,ms4 0 b\ght by ,g4 ,libri f ! ,pucci family 9 #ahdj1 & sold to ,"l ,a%burnham4 ,del ,lungo id5tifies x ) a ,,ms4 :i* ,braccio ,compagni 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury spoke ( z 'la copia piu antica1 appresso il ,signor s5atore ,p&olf9i4' ,?us /&s ! "q ( ,d9o ,compagni's ',*ronicle4' ,! def5d]s ( its au!nticity1 =c$ to admit ,compagni's gl>+ inaccuracies1 fall back ^u argum5ts d$uc$ f ! int]nal _s ( ! au?or1 f ! difficulties ( fabricat+ a p]sonal n>rative in/9ct ) ! _s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 f ! hypo!ses ( a copyi/'s errors or ( a ?or\gh-go+ lit]>y process ( rewrit+ at a lat] date1 f ! abs5ce ( any positive evid5ce ( =g]y1 & f g5]al consid]ations affect+ ! validity ( de/ructive criticism4 ,"o ?+ has be5 cle>ly prov$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! controv]sy1 t ! book c h b little hi/orical value :5 n corroborat$4 ,/ill !re is a wide gap betwe5 inaccuracy & willful fabrication4 ,until ! be/ judges ( ,italian /yle are agre$ t ! ',*ronicle' c\ld n h be5 writt5 9 ! second decade ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! argum5ts adduc$ f an exam9ation ( ! facts record$ 9 x are n /rong en\gh to demon/rate a =g]y4 ,!re is ! fur!r "q ( cui bono8 :i* 9 all problems ( lit]>y =g]y mu/ fir/ receive "s probable solution4 ,:at pro( is !re t ! vanity or ! cupidity ( any p>ties 0 satisfi$ by its production8 ,a book exi/s 9 a ,,ms4 ( ab\t #adej1 acquires "s notice 9 a ,,ms4 ( #aead1 b is n publi%$ to ! _w until #agbf4 ,suppos+ x to h be5 a =g]y1 ! labor ( concoct+ x mu/ h be5 enorm\s4 ,) all its defects1 ! ',*ronicle' w\ld /ill rema9 a ma/]piece ( hi/orical rese>*1 imag9ation1 sympa?y ) bygone modes ( feel+1 dramatic vigor1 & antiqu>ian comm& ( language4 ,b :o pr(it$ by t labor8 ,n ! au?or ( ! =g]y1 s9ce he 0 dead or buri$ m ?an two c5turies be=e 8 fabrication became fam\s4 ,n ! ,compagni family2 = !re is no evid5ce to %[ t !y _h piqu$ !mselves ^u be+ ! deposit>ies ( _! ance/ors ma/]piece1 nor did !y make any ef=t1 at a p]iod :5 ! pr9t+-press 0 v active1 to give ?is jewel ( _! ar*ives to ! public4 ,if x be object$ t1 on ! hypo!sis ( g5u95ess1 ! ,,ms4 ( ! ',*ronicle' mu/ h be5 divulg$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we c adduce two plausible answ]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,d9o 0 ! p>tisan ( a conqu]$ cause2 & 8 family _h no?+ to ga9 by publi%+ an acrimoni\s political pamphlet dur+ ! triumph ( 8 antagoni/s4 ,9 ! second place1 ,,mss4 ( ev5 great] lit]>y importance disappe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 to be reproduc$ :5 _! subjects aga9 excit$ int]e/ 9 ! lit]>y _w4 ,! hi/ory ( ,dante's treatise ,de ,vulg>i ,eloquio is a case 9 po9t4 ,) reg>d to /yle1 no =eign] c pret5d to be a compet5t judge4 ,read+ ! celebrat$ description ( ,flor5ce at ! op5+ ( ,d9o's ',*ronicle1' ,i seem inde$1 = my own "p1 to disc]n a po/-,boccaccian artificiality ( phrase4 ,/ill !re is no?+ to r5d] x impossible t ! ',*ronicle1' z we possess x1 9 ! texts ( #adej787 & #aead1 may be a rifacim5to ( an eld] & simpl] "w4 ,9 t section ( my hi/ory :i* deals ) ,italian lit]ature ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,i %all h occasion to %[ t su* remodel+ ( anci5t texts to suit ! fa%ion ( ! "t 0 by no means unfrequ5t4 ,! curi\s discrepancies betwe5 ! ,trattato della ,famiglia z writt5 by ,alb]ti & z ascrib$ to ,p&olf9i c only be expla9$ ^u ! hypo!sis ( su* rifacim5to4 ,if ! hi/orical inaccuracies 9 :i* ! ',*ronicle' ab\nds are adduc$ z conv9c+ pro( ( its fabrication1 x may be repli$ t ! au?or ( s ma/]ly a romance w\ld naturally h be5 anxi\s to pres]ve a /rict accordance ) docum5ts ( ackn[l$g$ validity4 ,consequ5tly1 ^! v blund]s might n unreasonably be us$ to combat ! hypo!sis ( delib]ate =g]y4 ,x is rem>kable1 9 ?is connection1 t only "o meag] ref]5ce is made to ,dante by ! ,*ronicl]1 :o1 _h he be5 a lit]>y =g]1 w\ld sc>cely h omitt$ to enl>ge ^u ?is !me4 ,)\t1 !re=e1 v5tur+ to express a decid$ op9ion on a "q :i* /ill divides ! mo/ compet5t ,italian judges1 ,i see no reason to despair ( ! problem be+ ultimately solv$ 9 a way less unfavorable to ,d9o ,compagni ?an ,s*eff]-,boi*or/ & ,fanfani w\ld approve (4 ,consid]$ z ! fifte5? c5tury rifacim5to ( an eld] docum5t1 ! ',*ronicle' w\ld lose its hi/orical au?ority1 b w\ld /ill rema9 an int]e/+ monum5t ( ,flor5t9e lit]ature1 & w\ld c]ta9ly n des]ve ! unqualifi$ names ( '=g]y' & 'fabrication' t h be5 unhesitat+ly %[]$ ^u x4#a #a ,x is to be hop$ t ! completion ( ,del ,lungo's "w may put an end to ! ,compagni controv]sy1 ei!r by a solid v9dication ( ! ',*ronicle1' or by s weak a def5se z to r5d] fur!r p>tisan%ip impossible4 ,s f> z 8 book has hi!rto appe>$1 x conta9s no signs ( an ultimate triumph4 ,! weightie/ po9t conta9$ 9 x is ! discov]y ( ! ,a%burnham ,,ms4 ,if ,del ,lungo fails to prove 8 position1 we %all be left to *oose betwe5 ,s*eff]-,boi*or/'s absolute skepticism or ! modifi$ view adopt$ by me 9 ! text4 ,! two *ief ,flor5t9e hi/orians ( ! fifte5? c5tury are ,lion>do ,bruni ( ,arezzo1 & ,poggio ,bracciol9i1 ea* ( :om1 9 8 capacity ( ,*ancellor to ! ,republic1 und]took to write ! annals ( ! p ( ,flor5ce f ! e>lie/ date to 8 own "t4 ,lion>do ,aret9o wrote d[n to ! ye> #adjd1 & ,poggio ,bracciol9i to ! ye> #adee4 ,_! hi/ories are compos$ 9 ,lat91 & savor mu* ( ! p$antic _s ( ! age 9 :i* !y 7 project$4#a ,bo? ( !m des]ve ! criticism ( ,ma*iavelli1 t !y fill$ _! pages too exclusively ) ! w>s & =eign affairs 9 :i* ,flor5ce 0 engag$1 fail+ to p]ceive t ! true object ( ! hi/orian is to set =? ! life ( a commonweal? z a cont9u\s :ole1 to draw ! portrait ( a /ate ) due reg>d to its especial physiognomy4#b ,to ?is critique we may add t bo? ,lion>do & ,poggio 7 l$ a/ray by ! false ta/e ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance4 ,_! admiration = ,livy & ! p$antic proprieties ( a labor$ ,lat9ism made !m pay m att5tion to rhetoric ?an to ! sub/ance ( _! "w4#c ,we meet ) frigid imitations & bomba/ic g5]alities1 :]e concise details & graphic t\*es w\ld h be5 acceptable4 ,9 %ort1 ^! works are r /udies ( /yle 9 an age :5 ! greate/ /yli/s 7 b bungl]s & beg9n]s1 ?an valuable hi/ories4 ,! ,italians ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 /riv+ to rival ,cic]o & ,livy1 succe$$ only 9 becom+ lifeless %ad[s ( ! pa/4 ,hi/ory dictat$ "u ! inspiration ( p$antic s*ol>%ip1 & ) ! object ( reproduc+ an obsolete /yle1 by m5 ( lett]s :o _h play$ no prom95t "p 9 ! ,commonweal?1#d _c pret5d to ! vigor & ! fre%ness t we admire s mu* 9 ! writ+s ( m5 l ! ,villani1 ,g9o ,capponi1 ,giovanni ,cavalcanti1 & _m o!rs4 ,yet ev5 aft] mak+ ^! d$uctions1 x may be ass]t$ ) tru? t no city ( ,italy at ?is p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 except ,flor5ce1 c\ld boa/ hi/oriograph]s s compet5t4 ,vespasiano at ! close ( 8 biography ( ,poggio e/imates _! labor 9 s5t5ces :i* des]ve to be rememb]$3 ',among ! o!r s+ul> obligations :i* ! city ( ,flor5ce owes to ,mess] ,lion>do & to ,mess] ,poggio1 is ?is1 t except ! ,roman ,commonweal? no republic or free /ate 9 ,italy has be5 s di/+ui%$ z ! t[n ( ,flor5ce1 9 hav+ _h two su* notable writ]s to record its do+s z ,mess] ,lion>do & ,mess] ,poggio2 = up to ! "t ( _! hi/ories ev]y?+ 0 9 ! greate/ obscurity4 ,if ! republic ( ,v5ice1 :i* c %[ s _m wise citiz5s1 _h ! de$s :i* !y h done by sea & l& committ$ to writ+1 x w\ld be f> m illu/ri\s ev5 ?an x is n[4 ,& ,galeazzo ,m>ia1 & ,filippo ,m>ia1 & all ! ,visconti--_! actions w\ld also be m fam\s ?an !y are4 ,nay1 !re is n any republic t ought n to give e rew>d to writ]s :o %\ld commemorate its do+s4 ,we see at ,flor5ce t f ! f\ndation ( ! city to ! days ( ,mess] ,lion>do & ,mess] ,poggio !re 0 no record ( any?+ t ! ,flor5t9es _h done1 9 ,lat91 or hi/ory devot$ to !mselves4 ,mess] ,poggio foll[s aft] ,mess] ,lion>do1 & writes l him 9 ,lat94 ,giovanni ,villani1 too1 wrote an univ]sal hi/ory 9 ! vulg> tongue ( :atsoev] happ5$ 9 e place1 & introduces ! affairs ( ,flor5ce z !y happ5$4 ,! same did ,mess] ,filippo ,villani1 foll[+ aft] ,giovanni ,villani4 ,^! are !y alone :o h di/+ui%$ ,flor5ce by ! hi/ories t !y h writt54'#e ,! pride ( ! citiz5 & a j s5se ( ! value ( hi/ory1 toge!r ) s\nd rem>ks ^u ,v5ice & ,milan1 m+le curi\sly 9 ?is passage ) ! p$antry ( a fifte5?-c5tury s*ol>4 #a ,poggio's ,hi/oria ,populi ,flor5t9i is giv5 9 ! ,x,xth volume ( ,muratori's collection4 ,lion>do's ,i/oria ,fior5t9a1 translat$ into ,italian by ,donato ,acciajuoli1 has be5 publi%$ by ,le ,monni] 7,fir5ze1 #ahfa74 ,! high praise :i* ,ugo ,foscolo be/[$ ^u ! latt] seems due to a want ( famili>ity4 #b ,see ! preface to ! ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce1 by ,ma*iavelli4 #c ,lion>do ,bruni1 = example1 compla9s 9 ! preface to 8 hi/ory t x is impossible to accommodate ! rude names ( 8 p]sonages to a poli%$ /yle4 #d ,bo? ,poggio & ,lion>do began life z ,papal secret>ies2 ! latt] 0 n made a citiz5 ( ,flor5ce till late 9 8 c>e]4 #e ,vite di ,uom9i ,illu/ri4 ,b>b]a1 #ahei2 p4 #dbe4 ,! hi/orians ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury are a race ap>t4 ,?ree g5]ations ( p$antic erudition & ( c\rtly or s*ola/ic trifl+ _h sep>at$ ! m5 ( lett]s f ! m5 ( action1 & _h made lit]ature a ?+ ( curiosity4 ,?ree g5]ations ( ! mask$ ,m$icean despotism _h de/roy$ ! reality ( fre$om 9 ,flor5ce1 & _h corrupt$ h] citiz5s to ! core4 ,yet1 /range to say1 x 0 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury t ! g5ius ( ! ?irte5? reviv$4 ,italian lit]ature 0 cultivat$ = its own sake "u ! auspices ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,! ye> #adid m>ks ! resurrection ( ! _s ( old lib]ty b5ea? ! trumpet-bla/ ( ,savon>ola's oratory4 ,amid ! univ]sal corruption ( public morals1 f ! dep? ( slo? & s]vitude1 :5 ! reality ( lib]ty 0 lo/1 :5 fate & =tune _h comb9$ to r5d] con/itutional recon/ruction impossible = ! %att]$ republics ( ,italy1 ! intellect ( ! ,flor5t9es display$ itself ) m ?an its old vigor 9 a s]ies ( ! mo/ brilliant political writ]s :o h ev] illu/rat$ "o %ort b ev5tful p]iod 9 ! life ( a s+le nation4 ,t p]iod is m>k$ by ! ye>s #adid & #aecg4 ,x embraces ! two f9al ef=ts ( ! ,flor5t9es to %ake (f ! ,m$icean yoke1 ! disa/r\s siege at ! end ( :i* !y fell a prey to ! selfi%ness ( _! own p>ty-lead]s1 ! p]secution ( ,savon>ola by ,pope ,alex&]1 ! ,*ur*-rule ( ,popes ,leo & ,clem5t1 ! ext9ction ( ! eld] bran* ( ! ,m$ici 9 its two ba/>ds 7,ippolito1 poison$ by 8 bro!r ,aless&ro1 & ,aless&ro poign>d$ by 8 c\s9 ,lor5z9o71 & ! f9al eclipse ( lib]ty b5ea? ! ,spa9-appo9t$ dyna/y ( ! y\ng] ,m$icean l9e 9 ,duke ,cosimo4 ,! names ( ! hi/orians ( ?is p]iod are ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli1 ,jacopo ,n>di1 ,francesco ,guicci>d9i1 ,filippo ,n]li1 ,donato ,giannotti1 ,b5$etto ,v>*i1 ,b]n>do ,segni1 & ,jacopo ,pitti4#a ,9 ^! m5 ! m5tal qualities :i* we admire 9 ! ,villani1 ,dante1 & ,compagni reappe>1 comb9$1 inde$1 9 diff]5t proportions1 temp]$ ) ! new philosophy & s*ol>%ip ( ! ,r5aissance1 & p]meat$ ) q ano!r morality4 ,9 ! int]val ( two c5turies fre$om has be5 lo/4 ,x is only ! desire = fre$om t survives4 ,b t1 aft] ! apa?y ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is /ill a passion4 ,! rectitude ( in/9ct & ! int5se convictions ( ! e>li] age h be5 ex*ang$ = a sci5tific clairvoyance1 a '/oic-epicurean acceptance' ( ! facts ( vitiat$ civilization1 :i* 9 m5 l ,guicci>d9i & ,ma*iavelli is absolutely appall+4 ,ne>ly all ! au?ors ( ?is p]iod be> a d\ble face4 ,!y write "o set ( memoirs = ! public1 & ano!r set = _! own delectation4 ,9 _! inmo/ s\ls !y burn ) ! zeal = lib]ty3 yet !y sell _! abilities to ! highe/ bidd]--to ,popes :om !y despise1 & to ,dukes :om !y revile 9 private4 ,:at makes ! lit]>y labors ( ^! hi/orians d\bly int]e/+ is t !y 7 c>ri$ on = ! mo/ "p indep5d5tly2 = ?\gh !y liv$ at ! same "t1 & 9 "s cases held famili> conv]sation ) ea* o!r1 !y gave expression to diff]5t %ades ( political op9ion1 & _! hi/ories rema9$ 9 manuscript till "s "t aft] _! dea?4#b ,! /ud5t ( ! ,r5aissance has1 !re=e ! advantage ( comp>+ & confront+ a :ole b& ( indep5d5t witnesses to ! same ev5ts4 ,beside _! own delib]ate criticism ( ! drama 9 :i* all play$ "s "p z actors or spectators1 we c use ! n less important te/imony !y af=d unconsci\sly1 accord+ to ! bias ( private or political int]e/ by :i* !y are sev]ally sway$4 #a ,! dates ( ^! hi/orians are z foll[s3-- ,,born4 ,,di$4 ,ma*iavelli #adfi #aebg ,n>di #adgf #aeef ,guicci>d9i #adhb #aedj ,n]li #adhe #aecf ,giannotti #adib #aegb ,v>*i #aejb #aefe ,segni #aejd #aeeh ,pitti #aeai #aehi #b ,v>*i1 x is true1 _h ,n>di's ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce & ,guicci>d9i's ,hi/ory ( ,italy be=e him :ile he 0 compil+ 8 ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce4 ,b ,segni & ,n]li 7 giv5 = ! fir/ "t to ! press 9 ! la/ c5tury2 ,pitti 9 #ahdb1 & ,guicci>d9i's ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce 9 #ahei4 ,! ,/oria ,fior5t9a ( ,v>*i ext5ds f ! ye> #aebg to ! ye> #aech2 t ( ,segni f #aebg to #aeee2 t ( ,n>di f #adid to #aeeb2 t ( ,pitti f #adid to #aebi2 t ( ,n]li f #adid to #aecg2 t ( ,guicci>d9i f #adbj to #aeji4 ,! prefatory *apt]s1 :i* 9 mo/ cases introduce ! special subject ( ea* hi/ory1 conta9 a s]ies ( retrospective surveys ov] ! :ole hi/ory ( ,flor5ce extremely valuable = ! detail$ in=mation !y conta91 z well z = ! critical judgm5ts ( m5 ^: acum5 _h be5 %>p5$ to ! utmo/ by _! practical p>ticipation 9 politics4 ,x w n1 p]haps1 be sup]flu\s to indicate ! diff]5t p>ts play$ by ^! hi/orians 9 ! ev5ts ( _! own "t4 ,guicci>d9i1 x is well kn[n1 _h gov]n$ ,bologna & ,romagna = ! ,m$icean ,popes4 ,he too 0 in/rum5tal 9 plac+ ,duke ,cosimo at ! head ( ! republic 9 #aecf4 ,at ,naples1 9 #aece1 he plead$ ! cause ( ,duke ,aless&ro aga9/ ! exiles be=e ,*>les ,v4 ,n>di on ?is occasion act$ z secret>y & advocate = ,filippo ,/rozzi & ! exiles2 8 own hi/ory 0 compos$ 9 exile at ,v5ice1 :]e he di$4 ,segni 0 nephew ( ! ,gonfaloni] ,capponi1 & %>$ ! anxieties ( ! mod]ate lib]als dur+ ! siege ( ,flor5ce4 ,pitti 0 a memb] ( ! great h\se :o conte/$ ! lead]%ip ( ! republic ) ! ,m$ici 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 8 zeal = ! popul> p>ty & 8 hatr$ ( ! ,palles*i may /ill p]haps be t9ctur$ ) ance/ral animosity4 ,giannotti1 9 ^: critique ( ! ,flor5t9e republic we trace a _s no less democratic ?an ,pitti's1 0 also an actor 9 ! ev5ts ( ! siege1 & aft]w>ds appe>$ among ! exiles4 ,9 ! attempt made by ! ,c>d9al ,salviati 7#aecg7 to reconcile ,duke ,cosimo & ! adh]5ts ( ,filippo ,/rozzi1 ,giannotti 0 *os5 z ! spokesman = ! latt]4 ,he wrote & di$ 9 exile at ,v5ice4 ,n]li aga9 took "p 9 ! ev5ts ( ^? tr\bl\s times1 b on ! wrong side1 by mix+ himself up ) ! exiles & act+ z a spy ^u _! projects4 ,all ! au?ors ,i h m5tion$ 7 citiz5s ( ,flor5ce1 & "s ( !m 7 memb]s ( h] mo/ illu/ri\s families4 ,v>*i1 9 :om ! flame ( ,flor5t9e patriotism burns brighte/1 & :o is by f> ! mo/ copi\s annali/ ( ! p]iod1 0 a native ( ,montev>*i4 ,yet1 z (t5 happ5s1 he 0 m ,flor5t9e ?an ! ,flor5t9es2 & ( ! ev5ts :i* he describes1 he _h = ! mo/ "p be5 witness4 ,duke ,cosimo employ$ him to write ! hi/ory2 x is a cr$it bo? to ! pr9ce & to ! au?or t its *apt]s %\ld be full ( criticisms s outspok51 & ( aspirations aft] lib]ty s vehem5t4 ,on ! v fir/ page ( 8 preface ,v>*i d>es to write ^! words respect+ ,flor5ce--'div5ne1 dico1 di /ato piutto/o corrotto e lic5zioso1 tirannide1 *e di sana e mod]ata repubblica1 pr9cipato'2#a 9 :i* he deals blame ) imp>tial ju/ice all r\nd4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t at ! "t :5 ,v>*i wrote1 ! y\ng] bran* ( ! ,m$ici 7 firmly e/abli%$ on ! ?rone ( ,flor5ce4 ,betwe5 ?is bran* & ! eld] l9e !re _h always be5 a coldness4 ,moreov]1 all p>ties _h agre$ to accept ! du*y z a div9ely appo9t$ in/rum5t = rescu+ ! city f h] factions & r$uc+ h] to tranquillity4#b #a ',x pass$1 ,i say1 f ! condition ( a corrupt & ill-conduct$ commonweal? to tyranny1 r ?an f a heal?y & well-temp]$ republic to pr9cipality4' #b ,see ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i4 p4 xxxv4 ,x w\ld be beyond ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to ent] into ! details ( ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce betwe5 #aebg & #aeca--^? ye>s ( h] la/ /ruggle = fre$om1 :i* h be5 s admirably depict$ by h] great political annali/s4 ,x is r my object to illu/rate ! intellectual qualities ( philosophical analysis & acute obs]vation = :i* h] citiz5s 7 em95t4 ,yet a sket* ( ! situation is necess>y 9 ord] to br+ into relief ! diff]5t po9ts ( view ma9ta9$ by ,segni1 ,n>di1 ,v>*i1 ,pitti1 & ,n]li respectively4 ,at ! p]iod 9 "q ,flor5ce 01 accord+ to ! univ]sal te/imony ( ^! au?ors1 too corrupt = real lib]ty & too turbul5t = ! tranquil acceptance ( a despotism4 ,! yoke ( ! ,m$ici _h de/roy$ ! s5se ( honor & ! pride ( ! old noble families2 :ile ! policy pursu$ by ,lor5zo & ! ,popes _h creat$ a class ( gre$y pr(essional politicians4 ,! city 0 n cont5t ) slav]y2 b ! burgh]s1 em95t = weal? or ability1 7 egoti/ical1 va91 & mutually jeal\s4 ,ea* man s\ght advantage = himself4 ,common action seem$ impossible4 ,! ,m$icean p>ty1 or ,palles*i1 7 ei!r extreme 9 _! devotion to ! rul+ h\se1 & desir\s ( e/abli%+ a tyranny2 or else !y 7 mod]ate & anxi\s to reta9 ! ,m$ici z ! *iefs ( a dom9ant olig>*y4 ,! po9t ( union betwe5 ^! two divisions ( ! p>ty 0 a prejudice 9 favor ( class rule1 a hope to get p[] & weal? = !mselves ?r\gh ! elevation ( ! pr9cely family ,! popul> faction on ! o!r h& agre$ 9 wi%+ to place ! gov]nm5t ( ! city ^u a broad republican basis4 ,b ! lead]s ( ?is section ( ! citiz5s favor$ ! plebeian cause f diff]5t motives4 ,"s s\ght only a way to ri*es & au?ority1 :i* !y c\ld nev] h op5$ = !m "u ! olig>*y contemplat$ by ! ,palles*i4 ,o!rs1 /yl$ ,frates*i or ,piagnoni1 clung to ! ideas ( lib]ty :i* 7 associat$ ) ! high morality & impassion$ cre$ ( ,savon>ola4 ,^! 7 really ! backbone ( ! nation1 ! class :i* might h sav$ ! /ate if salvation _h be5 possible4 ,ano!r section1 /eep$ 9 ! /udy ( anci5t au?ors & imbu$ ) memories ( ,roman patriotism1 ?\ght x /ill possible to secure ! fre$om ( ! /ate by lib]al in/itutions4 ,^! m5 we may call ! ,doctr9aires4 ,_! panacea 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a mix$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 su* z t :i* ,giannotti s le>n$ly illu/rat$4 ,to ^! p>ties mu/ be add$ ! r$ republicans1 or ,arrabbiati--a "n orig9ally res]v$ = ! wor/ adh]5ts ( ! ,m$ici1 b n[ appli$ to fanatics ( ,jacob9 complexion--& ! ,lib]t9es1 :o only c>$ = su* a =m ( gov]nm5t z %\ld p]mit !m to indulge _! passions4 ,amid ?is m$ley ( int]e/s !re result$1 z a matt] ( fact1 two policies at ! mom5t :5 ! affairs ( ,flor5ce1 ?reat5$ by ,pope & ,emp]or 9 comb9ation1 & des]t$ by ,france & ! re/ ( ,italy1 grew desp]ate4 ,"o 0 t ( ! ,gonfaloni] ,capponi1 :o advocat$ mod]ate c\nsels & an accommodation ) ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,! o!r 0 t ( ! ,gonfaloni] ,c>ducci1 :o pu%$ ?+s to extremities & us$ ! en?usiasm ( ! ,frates*i = su/a9+ ! _s ( ! p 9 ! siege4#a ,! latt] policy triumph$ ov] ! =m]4 ,its pr9ciples 7 an ob/9ate belief 9 ,francis1 ?\gh he _h cle>ly turn$ a deaf e> to ,flor5ce2 confid5ce 9 ! g5]als1 ,baglioni & ,colonna1 :o 7 privately traitors to ! cause !y pr(ess$ to def5d2 & reliance on ! prophecies ( ,savon>ola1 support$ by ! prea*+ ( ! ,fri>s ,foiano1 ,b>tolommeo1 & ,zacc>ia4 ,ill-f\nd$ z x 0 9 fact1 ! policy ( ,c>ducci _h on its side all t 0 left ( nobility1 patriotism1 & ! fire ( lib]ty among ! ,flor5t9es4 ,9 spite ( ! hopelessness ( ! attempt1 we _c n[ read )\t emotion h[ bravely & desp]ately ^? la/ *ampions ( fre$om f\ght1 to ma9ta9 ! indep5d5ce ( _! city at any co/1 & 9 ! tee? ( ov]:elm+ opposition4 ,! memory ( ,savon>ola 0 ! inspiration ( ?is policy4 ,f]rucci 0 its h]o4 ,x fail$4 ,x 0 9 va9 t ! ,flor5t9es _h laid wa/e ,vald>no1 de/roy$ _! beautiful suburbs1 & level$ _! cr[n ( t[]s4 ,x 0 9 va9 t !y _h p\r$ =? _! treasures to ! utt]mo/ f>?+1 _h borne plague & fam9e )\t a murmur1 & _h turn$ !mselves at ! call ( _! c\ntry into a nation ( soldi]s1 ,*>les1 ,clem5t1 ! ,palles*i1 & ,malate/a ,baglioni--enemies )\t ! city walls & traitors )9 its gates--7 too p[]ful = ! resi/ance ( burgh]s :o _h le>n$ b ye/]day to h&le arms & to conduct a w> on _! own acc\nt4#b ,flor5ce _h to capitulate4 ,! v5om\s ,palles*i1 ,francesco ,guicci>d9i & ,baccio ,valori1 by proscription1 exile1 & taxation1 dra9$ ! /r5g? & broke ! _s ( ! /ate4 ,caes> & ,*ri/'s ,vic>1 a new ,h]od & a new ,pilate1 embrac$ & made fri5ds ov] ! pro/rate corpse ( sold & slaught]$ lib]ty4 ,flor5ce 0 paid z comp5sation = ! insult (f]$ to ! ,pontiff 9 ! sack ( ,rome4 #a ,guicci>d9i1 writ+ 8 ,ricordi dur+ ! fir/ mon?s ( ! siege1 rem>ks ^u ! p[] ( fai? 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 i4 p4 #hc4 ,comp>e p4 #acd73 ',esemplo a' di no/ri ne e gr&issimo que/a o/9azione de' ,fior5t9i1 *e ess5dosi contro a ogni ragione del mondo messi a aspett>e la gu]ra del papa e imp]adore1 s5za sp]anza di alcuno soccorso di altri1 disuniti e con mille difficulta1 hanno so/5uto 9 quelle mura gia sette mesi gli e s]citi1 e quali non si s>ebbe cr$uto *e avess9o so/5uti sette di2 e condotto le cose 9 luogo *e se v9cess9o1 nessuno piu se ne m>avigli]ebbe1 dove prima da tutti erano giudicati p]duti2 e que/a o/9azione ha causata 9 gran p>te la f$e di non pot]e p]ire1 secondo le pr$icazioni di ,fra ,j]onimo da ,f]r>a4' #b ,see above1 p4 #bch1 = :at ,giannotti says ( ! h]oic ,f]rucci4 ,! "p play$ by ,filippo ,/rozzi 9 ?is la/ drama ( ! lib]ties ( ,flor5ce is feeble & discr$itable1 b at ! same "t hi/orically in/ructive1 s9ce x %[s to :at a po9t ! noble/ ( ! ,flor5t9es _h fall54 ,all ,pitti's invectives aga9/ ! ,ottimati1 bitt] z !y may be1 are ju/ifi$ by ! unv>ni%$ n>rative we read ^u ! pages ( ,v>*i & ,segni conc]n+ ?is mo/ vici\s1 selfi%1 va91 & brilliant h]o ( hi/orical romance4 ,m>ri$ to ,cl>ice de' ,m$ici1 by :om he _h a spl5did family ( h&some & vigor\s sons1 he 0 m ?an ! rival ( 8 wife's pr9cely relatives by 8 weal?4 ,yet ?\gh he made a pr(ession ( patriotism1 ,filippo fail$ to use ?is great influ5ce consi/5tly z a c\nt]poise to ! ,m$icean au?ority4 ,x 0 he1 = in/ance1 :o advis$ ,lor5zo ! y\ng] to make himself ,duke ( ,flor5ce4 ,di/+ui%$1 z he 01 above all m5 ( 8 "t = wit1 urbanity1 accompli%m5ts1 & spl5did liv+1 8 want ( "* neutraliz$ ^! radiant gifts ( nature4 ,8 private morals 7 infam\s4 ,he enc\rag$ by precept & example ! wor/ vices ( 8 age & nation1 consort+ ) "y m5 :om he in/ruct$ 9 ! arts ( dissolute liv+1 & to :om he communicat$ 8 own selfi% ,epicureanism4 ,to him 9 a great measure may be attribut$ ! corruption ( ! ,flor5t9e ari/ocracy 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 8 public action he 0 no less vacillat+ ?an unpr9cipl$ 9 private life4 ,aft] prevail+ ^u ,ippolito & ,aless&ro de' ,m$ici to leave ,flor5ce 9 #aebg1 he fail$ to execute 8 tru/ ( gett+ ,pisa f _! grasp 7mov$1 x is said1 by a guilty fondness = ! "y & h&some ,ippolito71 nor did he aft]w>ds %>e any ( ! h>d%ips & responsibilities ( ! siege4 ,inde$1 he !n f\nd x necess>y to retire into exile 9 ,france1 on ! excuse ( sup]9t5d+ 8 va/ comm]cial affairs at ,lyons4 ,aft] ! re/oration ( ! ,m$ici he return$ to ,flor5ce z ! c\rti] ( ,duke ,aless&ro1 :om he aid$ & abett$ 9 8 juv5ile debau*]ies4 ,qu>rel+ ) ,aless&ro on ! occasion ( an insult (f]$ to 8 daught] ,luisa1 & ! accusation ( murd] br\ght aga9/ 8 son ,pi]o1 he w5t into opposition & exile1 less = political ?an = private reasons4 ,aft] ! murd] ( ,aless&ro1 he receiv$ ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ! fratricide1 ) ! title ( ',second ,brutus' at ,v5ice4 ,mean:ile x 0 he :o paid ! d[ry ( ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici to ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 help+ ?us to /r5g!n ! h\se ( pr9ces aga9/ :om he 0 plott+1 by t spl5did =eign alliance :i* plac$ a desc5dant ( ! ,flor5t9e bill-brok]s on ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,aft] all ^! vicissitudes ,filippo ,/rozzi head$ an arm$ attack ^u ! dom9ions ( ,duke ,cosimo1 0 tak5 9 ! battle ( ,montemurlo1 & f9ally 0 murd]$ 9 t v =tress1 outside ! ,porto a ,fa5za1 :i* he _h c\nsel$ ,aless&ro to con/ruct = ! intimidation ( ! ,flor5t9es4#a ,! hi/orians ) ! exception ( ,n]li agree 9 describ+ him z a pleasure-lov+ & self-seek+ man1 ^: _m *anges ( policy 7 due1 n to conviction1 b to ! desire ( ga9+ ! utmo/ lic5se ( disord]ly liv+4 ,at ! same "t we _c d5y him ! fame ( brilliant m5tal qualities1 a pr9cely be>+1 & great c\rage4 #a ,see ,v>*i1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fa1 = ! fir/ /one laid ( ?is ca/le4 ,x %\ld be said t acc\nts disagree ab\t ,filippo's dea?4 ,n]li v di/9ctly ass]ts t he committ$ suicide4 ,segni incl9es to ! belief t he 0 murd]$ by ! creatures ( ,duke ,cosimo4 ,! moral & political debility :i* prov$ ! real s\rce ( ! ru9 ( ,flor5ce is acc\nt$ = 9 diff]5t ways by ! hi/orians ( ! siege4 ,pitti1 ^: insight into ! situation is p]haps ! ke5e/1 & :o is by f> ! mo/ outspok51 does n ref] ! failure ( ! ,flor5t9es to ! c[>dice or /upidity ( ! popul> p>ty1 b to ! malignity ( ! ,palles*i1 ! d\ble-deal+ & egotism ( ! weal?y nobles1 :o to suit _! own int]e/s favor$ n[ "o & n[ ano!r ( ! p>ties4 ,^! ,ottimati--z he calls !m1 by a title borr[$ f classical phraseology--:e!r !y pr(ess$ ! ,m$icean or ! popul> cause1 7 always b5t on self-aggr&izem5t at ! exp5se ( ! p or _! pr9ces4#a ,! sympa?ies ( ,pitti 7 on ! side ( ! plebeians1 ^: policy dur+ ! siege 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,gonfaloni] ,c>ducci4 ,at ! same "t he admitt$ ! feebl5ess & insuffici5cy ( _m ( ^! m51 call$ f a l[ rank ( life & f me*anical trades to ! adm9i/ration ( ! commonweal?4 ,! /ate ( ,flor5ce "u ,pi]o ,sod]9i--t 'non mai abba/anza lodato cavali]e1' z he calls him--0 ! ideal to :i* he rev]t$ ) long+ eyes4 ,segni1 on ! o!r h&1 condemns ! ambition ( ! plebeian lead]s1 & decl>es 8 op9ion t ! ,/ate c\ld only h be5 sav$ by ! m mod]ate among ! influ5tial citiz5s4 ,he belong$ 9 fact to t section ( ! ,m$icean p>ty :i* ,v>*i /yles ! ,neutrals4 ,he _h /rong ari/ocratic lean+s1 & pref]r$ a gov]nm5t ( nobles to ! popul> democracy :i* fl\ri%$ "u ,francesco ,c>ducci4 ,:ile he desir$ ! lib]ty ( ,flor5ce1 ,segni saw t ! republic c\ld n hold its own aga9/ bo? ,pope & ,emp]or1 at a crisis :5 ! ,k+ ( ,france1 :o ought to h r5d]$ assi/ance 9 ! h\r ( ne$1 0 b\nd by ! treaty ( ,cambray1 & by ! pl$ges he _h giv5 to ,*>les 9 ! p]sons ( 8 two sons4 ,! policy ( :i* ,segni approv$ 0 t :i* ,niccolo ,capponi _h prep>$ be=e 8 fall--a reconciliation ) ,clem5t ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! ,emp]or1 accord+ to ! t]ms ( :i* ! ,m$ici %\ld h be5 re/or$ z citiz5s ( p>am\nt au?ority1 b n z sov]eigns4 ,v>*i1 :ile no less alive to ! insecurity ( ,c>ducci's policy1 0 animat$ ) a m democratic _s4 ,he _h none ( ,segni's ,:ig lean+s1 b %>$ ! patriotic en?usiasm :i* at t supreme mom5t made ! :ole /ate spl5didly audaci\s 9 ! face ( insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,bo? ,segni & ,v>*i disc]n$ ! exagg]at$ & !re=e baneful influ5ce ( ,savon>ola's prophecies ov] ! populace ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 spite ( cont9u$ failure1 ! p kept tru/+ to ! monk's pr$iction t1 aft] h] *a/isem5t1 ,flor5ce w\ld bloom =? ) d\ble lu/]1 & t angels 9 ! la/ resort w\ld man h] walls & repel ! invad]s4 ,!re is some?+ pa!tic 9 ?is delusion ( a great city1 tru/+ ) infant9e p]t9acity to ! promises ( ! man :om !y _h se5 burn$ z an impo/or1 :5 all ! :ile _! /atesm5 & _! g5]als 7 /rik+ b>ga9s ) ! foe4 ,n>di is m s9c]ely ,piagnone ?an ei!r ,segni or ,v>*i4 ,yet1 writ+ aft] ! ev5ts ( ! siege1 8 fai? is %ak52 & :ile he records 8 conviction t ,savon>ola 0 an excell5t ,nomo!tes1 he que/ions 8 prophetic mission1 & deplores ! effect produc$ by 8 va9 promises4 ,n]li1 z might h be5 expect$ f a noble m>ri$ to ,cat]9a ,salviati1 ! niece ( ,leo & ! aunt ( ,cosimo1 :o _h himself be5 c\rti] to ,clem5t & privy c\ncilor to ,aless&ro1 su/a9s ! ,m$icean note ?r\gh\t 8 comm5t>ies4 #a ,he goes s f> z to ass]t t ,leo ,x4 & ,clem5t ,,vii4 wi%$ to give a lib]al con/itution to ,flor5ce1 b t _! plans 7 fru/rat$ by ! av>ice & jeal\sy ( ! w\ld-be olig>*s4 ,see ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i4 pp4 #aba1aca4 ,! passages quot$ f 8 ',apologia de' ,cappucci1' relative to ,ma*iavelli1 ,filippo ,/rozzi1 & ,francesco ,guicci>d9i 7,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i4 pp4 xxxix4 xxxviii471 are v in/ructive2 ) su* gre$y self-seek+ olig>*s1 x 0 impossible = ! ,m$icean ,popes to e/abli% any gov]nm5t b a tyranny 9 ,flor5ce4 ,?us f ^! five au?ors1 writ+ f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 we ga9 a complete insight into ! complicat$ politics ( ,flor5ce1 at a p]iod :5 h] vitality 0 /ill vigor\s1 b :5 %e _h lo/ all faculty = c5traliz$ or conc]t$ action4 ,9 sagacity1 9 ! p[] ( analysis ) :i* !y pi]ce bel[ ! surface1 trace effects to causes1 disc]n "*1 & reg>d ! facts ( hi/ory z ! prop] subject-matt] ( philosophical reflection1 !y h mu* 9 common4 ,he :o has se5 ,rembr&t's pa9t+ ( ! dissect+-room might con/ruct = himself ano!r picture1 9 :i* ! five grave faces ( ^! pati5t obs]v]s %\ld be b5t above ! dead & diseas$ body ( _! native city4 ,life is ext9ct4 ,no?+ is left = sci5ce b1 scalpel 9 h&1 to lay b>e ! secret causes ( dissolution4 ,ea* anatomi/ has 8 own op9ion to deliv] ^u ! nature ( ! malady4 ,ea* records ! facts reveal$ by ! autopsy accord+ to 8 own impressions4 ,! lit]>y qualities ( ^! hi/orians are v diff]5t1 & seem to be d]iv$ f ess5tial diff]5ces 9 _! *>act]s4 ,pitti is by f> ! mo/ brilliant 9 /yle1 conc5trat$ 9 expression to ! po9t ( epigram1 & weighty 9 judgm5t4 ,n>di1 ?\gh defici5t 9 "s ( ! mo/ attractive *>act]i/ics ( ! hi/orian1 is invaluable = s9c]ity ( int5tion & pa9/ak+ accuracy4 ,! philosophical1 rhetorical1 & dramatic passages :i* add s mu* spl5dor to ! works ( ,guicci>d9i are abs5t f ! pages ( ,n>di4 ,he is anxi\s to pres5t a cle> picture ( :at happ5$2 b he _c make x animat$1 & he nev] reflects at l5g? ^u ! matt] ( 8 hi/ory4 ,at ! same "t he lacks ! naiivete :i* makes ,corio1 ,allegretti1 ,infessura1 & ,mat>azzo s amus+4 ,he gossips z little z ,ma*iavelli1 & has no pr(undity to make up = ! want ( piquancy4 ,! int]e/ ( 8 *ronicle is greate/ 9 ! "p :i* conc]ns ,savon>ola1 ?\gh ev5 "h ! peculi>ly retic5t & dubitative nature ( ! man is obvi\s4 ,:ile he sympa?izes ) ,savon>ola's political & moral re=ms1 he raises a d\bt ab\t 8 inn] s9c]ity1 & does n approve ( ! attitude ( ! ,piagnoni4#a ,9 8 e/imation ( m5 ,n>di 0 rem>kably cauti\s1 pref]r+ always to give an ext]nal relation ( ev5ts1 in/ead ( analyz+ motives or criticis+ "*4#b ,he is 9 especial sil5t ab\t bad m5 & crim9al actions4 ,!re=e1 :5 he passes an adv]se judgm5t 7z1 = in/ance1 ^u ,ces>e ,borgia71 or notes a d>k act 7z ! /uprum committ$ ^u ,a/orre ,manfr$i71 8 corroboration ( hi/orians m addict$ to sc&al is important4 ,segni is f> m lively ?an ,n>di1 :ile he is n less pa9/ak+ to be accurate4 ,he %[s a p>tisan feel+1 especially 9 8 admiration = ,niccolo ,capponi & 8 prejudice aga9/ ,francesco ,c>ducci1 :i* gives ! reli% ( p]sonality t ,n>di's cauti\sly dry *ronicle lacks4 ,r>ely h ! entangl$ ev5ts ( a specially dramatic p]iod be5 set =? m lucidly1 m succ9ctly1 & ) great] elegance ( /yle4 ,segni is defici5t1 :5 comp>$ ) ,v>*i1 only p]haps 9 volume1 m9ut5ess1 & t wond]ful mixture ( c&or1 en?usiasm1 & zeal = tru? :i* makes ,v>*i incomp>able4 ,8 sket*es ( m51 critiques1 & digressions ^u /ati/ical details are f> less copi\s ?an ,v>*i's4 ,b 9 idiomatic purity ( language he is sup]ior4 ,v>*i _h be5 spoil$ by academic habits ( composition4 ,8 language is diffuse & lumb]+4 ,he lacks ! vivacity ( epigram1 selection1 & po9t$ phrase4 ,b 8 ,/oria ,fior5t9a rema9s ! mo/ valuable rep]tory ( in=mation we possess ab\t ! lat] vicissitudes ( ! republic1 & ! *>m ( detail comp5sates = ! lack ( /yle4 ,n]li is altoge!r a less int]e/+ writ] ?an ^? t h be5 m5tion$2 yet "s ( ! p>ticul>s :i* he relates1 ab\t ,savon>ola's re=m ( mann]s1 = example1 & ! lit]>y ga!r+s 9 ! ,rucellai g>d5s1 are su* z we f9d n[h]e else4 #a ,book ii4 cap4 #af4 #b ,see lib4 ii4 cap4 #cd3 ',nel no/ro scriv]e non int5diamo f> giudizio delle cose inc]te1 e massimam5te della int5zione e animo segreto degli uom9i1 *e non app>isce *i>a se non p] congettura e riscontro delle cose e/]iori4 ,e p]o /&o t]mo il primo proposito1 vogliamo raccont>e quanto piu possibile ci sia1 la v]ita delle cose fatte1 piu to/o *e delle p5sate o immag9ate4' ,?is is dignifi$ & noble language 9 an age :i* admir$ ! brilliant falsehoods ( ,giovio4 ,_m ( my read]s w d\btless feel t too mu* "t has be5 sp5t 9 ! discussion ( ^! annali/s ( ! siege ( ,flor5ce4 ,yet = ! /ud5t ( hi/ory !y h a value almo/ unique4 ,!y sugge/ ! possibilities ( a true sci5ce ( comp>ative hi/ory1 & reveal a vivacity ( ! hi/oric consci\sness :i* c be p>allel$ by no o!r nation4 ,h[ diff]5t might be our conception ( ! vicissitudes ( ,a!ns betwe5 #djd & #cch ,b4,c4 if we possess$ a simil> ,pleiad ( contempor>y ,greek au?ors6 ,hav+ trac$ ! developm5t ( hi/orical rese>* & political philosophy 9 ,flor5ce f ! ye> #acjj to ! fall ( ! ,republic1 x rema9s to speak ( ! two greate/ ma/]s ( practical & !oretical /atecraft--,francesco ,guicci>d9i & ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli4 ,^! two writ]s comb9e all ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! ,flor5t9e hi/oriograph]s 9 ! mo/ em95t p]fection4 ,at ! same "t !y are1 n m]ely z au?ors b also z m51 mirrors ( ! times 9 :i* !y bo? play$ prom95t p>ts4 ,9 _! biographies & 9 _! works we trace ! _s ( an age devoid ( moral s5sibility1 p5etrative 9 analysis1 b defici5t 9 fai?1 hope1 en?usiasm1 & /ability ( "*4 ,! dry light ( ! intellect det]m9$ _! judgm5t ( m51 z well z _! !ories ( gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sordid conditions ( exi/5ce to :i* !y 7 subject$ z ! s]vants ( corrupt /ates1 or ! in/rum5ts ( wily pr9ces--z diplomati/s int5t ^u ! plans ( k+s l ,f]d9& or adv5tur]s l ,ces>e ,borgia1 privy c\ncilors ( su* ,popes z ,clem5t ,,vii4 & su* tyrants z ,duke ,aless&ro de' ,m$ici--di/ort$ _! philosophy & blunt$ _! in/9cts4 ,= ! /ud5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury !y rema9 riddles1 ! solution ( :i* is difficult1 because by no /ra9 ( ! imag9ation is x easy to place ourselves 9 _! position4 ,"o half ( _! writt5 utt]ances seem to be at v>iance ) ! o!r half4 ,_! actions (t5 contradict _! mo/ brilliant & emphatic precepts2 :ile contempor>ies disagree ab\t _! private "* & public conduct4 ,all ?is confusion1 ?r\gh :i* x is n[ p]haps impossible to disc]n :at ei!r ,guicci>d9i or ,ma*iavelli really 01 & :at !y really felt & ?\ght1 is due to ! anomaly ( consummate ability & unrival$ k ( ! _w exi/+ )\t religi\s or political fai?1 9 an age ( ! utmo/ depravity ( public & private morals4 ,no criticism c\ld be m /r+5t ^u ! contempor>y disorganization ( society 9 ,italy ?an is ! sil5t witness ( ^! m51 sublimely great 9 all m5tal qualities1 b helplessly adrift ^u a sea ( contradictions & ( d\bts1 ignorant ( ! real nature ( mank9d 9 spite ( all _! sci5ce1 because !y leave bo? goodness & beauty out ( _! calculations4 ,francesco ,guicci>d9i 0 born 9 #adhb4 ,9 #aeje1 at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 he _h already s di/+ui%$ himself z a /ud5t ( law t he 0 appo9t$ by ! ,signoria ( ,flor5ce to read ! ,in/itutes 9 public4 ,h[ev]1 z he pref]r$ active to pr(essorial "w1 he began at ?is "t to practice at ! b>1 :]e he soon rank$ z an able advocate & eloqu5t speak]4 ,?is reputation1 toge!r ) 8 "* = gravity & insight1 det]m9$ ! ,signoria to s5d him on an embassy to ! ,c\rt ( ,f]d9& ( ,aragon 9 #aeab4 ,?us ,guicci>d9i ent]$ on ! real "w ( 8 life z a diplomati/ & /atesman4 ,we may also conclude ) safety t x 0 at ! c\rt ( t cr[n$ hypocrite & traitor to all loyalty ( s\l t he le>n$ 8 fir/ lessons 9 political cynicism4 ,! c\rt ( ,spa9 "u ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic 0 a p]fect s*ool ( p]fidy1 :]e ev5 an ,italian might disc]n deep] rea*es ( human depravity & =mulate = 8 own guidance a philosophy ( despair4 ,x 0 :isp]$ by 8 enemies t "h1 ^u ! ?re%old ( 8 public life1 ,guicci>d9i sold 8 honor by accept+ a bribe f ,f]d9&4#a ,c]ta9 x is t av>ice 0 "o ( 8 besett+ s9s1 & t f ?is "t =w>d he pref]r$ exp$i5cy to ju/ice1 & believ$ 9 ! policy ( support+ =ce by clev] dissimulation4#b ,return+ to ,flor5ce1 ,guicci>d9i 01 9 #aeae1 deput$ to meet ,leo ,x4 on ! "p ( ! ,republic at ,cortona4 ,leo1 :o _h ! faculty ( disc]n+ able m5 & mak+ use ( !m1 took him into favor1 & ?ree ye>s lat] appo9t$ him ,gov]nor ( ,reggio & ,mod5a4 ,9 #aeba ,p>ma 0 add$ to 8 rule4 ,clem5t ,,vii4 made him ,vic]oy ( ,romagna 9 #aebc1 & 9 #aebf elevat$ him to ! rank ( ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ( ! ,papal army4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is high commission1 ,guicci>d9i %>$ 9 ! humiliation atta*+ to all ! (fic]s ( ! ,league :o1 ) ! ,duke ( ,urb9o at _! head suff]$ ,rome to be sack$ & ! ,pope to be imprison$ 9 #aebg4 ,! blame ( ?is contemptible display ( c[>dice or private spite _c1 h[ev]1 be ascrib$ to him3 = he att5d$ ! armies ( ! ,league n z g5]al1 b z c\nselor & *ief report]4 ,x 0 8 bus9ess n to control ! movem5ts ( ! army s mu* z to act z ref]ee 9 ! ,pope's int]e/1 & to keep ! ,vatican in=m$ ( :at 0 /irr+ 9 ! camp4 ,9 #aeca ,guicci>d9i 0 advanc$ to ! gov]nor%ip ( ,bologna1 ! mo/ important ( all ! ,papal "l-lieut5ancies4 ,?is po/ he resign$ 9 #aecd on ! election ( ,paul ,,iii41 pref]r+ to foll[ ! =tunes ( ! ,m$icean pr9ces at ,flor5ce4 ,9 ?is sket* ( 8 c>e] ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion t ,guicci>d9i 0 decl>$ a rebel 9 #aebg by ! popul> gov]nm5t on acc\nt ( 8 well-kn[n ,m$icean prejudices1 & t 9 #aecj he _h be5 appo9t$ by ,clem5t ,,vii4 to puni% ! rebelli\s citiz5s4 ,on ! latt] occasion he rev5g$ himself = ! insults (f]$ him 9 #aebg by ! cruelty ) :i* he pu%$ proscription to ! utmo/ limits1 relegat+ 8 enemies to unheal?y places ( exile1 burd5+ !m ) intol]able f9es1 & us+ all ! indirect means :i* 8 +5uity c\ld devise = =c+ !m into outlawry & contumacy4#c ,!re=e :5 he return$ to inhabit ,flor5ce1 he did s z ! creature ( ! ,m$ici1 sworn to ma9ta9 ! ba/>d ,aless&ro 9 8 p[]4 ,he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,s5ate ( eighty2 & s ?or\ghly did he esp\se ! cause ( 8 new ma/]1 t he _h ! face to und]take ! ,duke's def5se be=e ,*>les ,v4 at ,naples 9 #aece4 ,on ?is occasion ,aless&ro1 :o _h r5d]$ himself unbe>able by 8 despotic habits1 & 9 p>ticul> by ! insults :i* he (f]$ to wom5 ( all ranks & conditions 9 ,flor5ce1 0 arraign$ by ! exiles be=e ! b> ( ,caes>4 ,guicci>d9i won ! cause ( 8 cli5t1 & re/or$ ,aless&ro ) an ,imp]ial confirmation ( 8 despotism to ,flor5ce4 ,?is p]iod ( 8 political c>e] des]ves p>ticul> att5tion1 s9ce x displays a gl>+ contradiction betwe5 "s ( 8 unpubli%$ compositions & 8 actions1 & confirms ! accusations ( 8 enemies4#d ,t he %\ld h pref]r$ a gov]nm5t ( ,ottimati1 or weal?y nobles1 to a m popul> con/itution1 & t he %\ld h adh]$ ) fidelity to ! ,m$icean faction 9 ,flor5ce1 is no gr\nd = c5sure4#e ,b :5 we f9d him 9 private unmask+ ! artifices ( ! despots by ! mo/ rel5tless use ( frigid criticism1 & advocat+ a mix$ gov]nm5t ^u ! type ( ! ,v5etian ,con/itution1 we are con/ra9$ to admit ) ,v>*i & ,pitti t 8 support ( ,aless&ro 0 prompt$ less by loyalty ?an by a desire to gratify 8 own ambition & av>ice "u ! protective %ad[ ( ! ,m$icean tyranny4#f ,he belong$ 9 fact to ^? selfi% citiz5s :om ,pitti d5\nces1 diplomati/s & m5 ( ! _w1 ^: ?ir/ = p[] induc$ !m to play into ! h&s ( ! ,m$ici1 wi%+ to suck ! /ate#g !mselves1 & to hold ! pr9ce 9 ! lead+-/r+s ( vice & pleasure = _! own advantage4#h ,aft] ! murd] ( ,aless&ro1 x 0 pr9cipally ?r\gh ,guicci>d9i's influ5ce t ,cosimo 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic ) ! title ( ,duke4 ,cosimo 0 b a boy1 & mu* addict$ to field sports4 ,guicci>d9i !re=e reckon$ t1 ) an assur$ income ( #ab1jjj ducats1 ! y\? w\ld be cont5t$ to amuse himself1 :ile he left ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce 9 ! h&s ( 8 ,vizi]4#i ,b "h ! wily politician ov]rea*$ himself4 ,cosimo wore an old head on 8 "y %\ld]s4 ,) dec5t mode/y & a becom+ %[ ( def]5ce1 he us$ ,guicci>d9i z 8 ladd] to m\nt ! ?rone by1 & !n kick$ ! ladd] away4 ,! fir/ days ( 8 adm9i/ration %[$ t he int5d$ to be sole ma/] 9 ,flor5ce4 ,guicci>d9i1 p]ceiv+ t 8 game 0 spoil$1 retir$ to 8 villa 9 #aecg & sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 9 compos+ 8 hi/ories4 ,! fam\s ,i/oria d' ,italia 0 ! "w ( "o ye> ( ?is en=c$ retirem5t4 ,! "q irresi/ibly rises to our m9d1 :e!r "s ( ! sev]e criticisms pass$ ^u ! ,m$ici 9 8 unpubli%$ compositions 7 ! fruit ( ^! same bitt] leisure h\rs4#aj ,guicci>d9i di$ 9 #aedj at ! age ( fifty-eight1 )\t male heirs4 #a ,see ! ',apologia de' ,cappucci1' ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 iv4 "p #b1 p4 #cah4 #b ,= ! av>ice ( ,guicci>d9i1 see ,v>*i1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah4 ,8 ,ricordi ,politici amply ju/ify ! second1 ?\gh n ! fir/1 clause ( ?is s5t5ce4 #c ,see ,v>*i1 book xii4 7& especially cap4 xxv471 = ^! arts2 he says1 ',nel *e mess] ,francesco ,guicci>d9i si scop]se piu crudele e piu appassionato degli altri4' #d ,kn[+ :at sort ( tyrant ,aless&ro 01 & rememb]+ 'hat ,guicci>d9i _h writt5 7,ricordi1 ,no4 ccxlii473 ',la calc9a con *e si murano gli /ati de' tiranni e il sangue de' cittad9i3 p]o dov]ebbe s=z>si ognuno *e nella citta sua non s'avess9o a mur>e tali palazzi1' x is v difficult to approve ( 8 advocacy ( ! ,duke4 #e ,?\gh ev5 "h ! selfi% ambition ( ! man 0 app>5t to contempor>ies3 'egli arebbe voluto uno /ato col nome d' ,ottimati1 ma 9 fatti de' ,po*i1 nel quale l>ghissima p>te1 p] le sue molte e r>issime qualita1 m]itissimam5te gli si v5ia4'--,v>*i1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah4 #f ,guicci>d9i's ,/oria ,fior5t9a & ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze 7,op4 ,in$4 vols4 i1 & iii47 may be consult$ = 8 private critique ( ! ,m$ici4 ,:at 0 ! judgm5t pass$ ^u him by contempor>ies may be ga!r$ f ,v>*i1 vols4 i4 pp4 #bch1 #cah2 ii4 #daj2 iii4 #bjd4 ,segni1 pp4 #bai1 #ccb4 ,n>di1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhg4 ,pitti1 quot$ 9 ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i4 p4 xxxviii41 & ! ',apologia de' ,cappucci' 7,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 iv4 pt4 #b74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only fair to ,guicci>d9i to record "h 8 op9ion1 express$ 9 ,ricordi1 ,nos4 ccxx4 & cccxxx41 t x 0 ! duty ( good citiz5s to seek to guide ! tyrant3 ',cr$o sia uficio di buoni cittad9i1 qu&o la patria vi5e 9 mano di tiranni1 c]c>e d'av]e luogo con loro p] pot]e p]suad]e il b5e1 e dete/>e il male2 e c]to e int]esse della citta *e 9 qualunque tempo gli uom9i da b5e abb9o autorita2 e ancora *e gli ignoranti e passionati di ,fir5ze l' abb9o sempre intesa altrim5ti1 si accorg]ebbono quanta pe/if]o s>ebbe il gov]no de' ,m$ici1 se non avessi intorno altri *e pazzi e cattivi4' #g ,see ,v>*i1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjd4 ',*e ,cosimo 444 succi>si lo /ato4' #h ,pitti dips 8 p5 9 gall :5 he describes ^! citiz5s3 ',cote/i vogliosi ,ottimati2 i quali non hanno saputo mai ritrov>e luogo *e piaccia loro1 sottom5dosi ora al ,m$ici p] l'+orda av>izia2 ora gitt&osi al popolo1 p] non pot]e a modo loro tiraneggi>e2 ora riv5d5dolo a' ,m$ici1 v$utisi scop]ti e raffr5ati da lui2 e sempre mai con danno della ,repubblica1 e di ciascuna p>te1 inquieti1 insaziabili e fraudol5ti4'--',apologia de' ,cappucci1' ,ar*4 ,/or4 xv4 pt4 ii4 p4 #bae4 #i ,"h is a graphic t\* 9 ,v>*i's ,hi/ory1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjb4 ,guicci>d9i is discuss+ ! appo9tm5t ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici3 ',gli dovess]o ess] pagati p] suo piatto ogn' anno #ab1jjj fior9i d' oro1 e non piu1 av5do il ,guicci>d9o1 abbass&o il viso e alz&o gli oc*i1 detto3 ,un #ab1jjj fior9i d' oro e--un bello sp5d]e4' #aj ,pitti seems to h tak5 ?is view3 see ',apologia de' ,cappucci' 7,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 iv4 "p ii4 p4 #cbi73 ',to/o *e 'l duca ,cosimo lo pose a s$]e insieme con c]ti altri suoi colleghi1 si adiro malam5te2 e se la disputa della provvisione non l' avesse rit5uto1 s>ebbe ito a s]vire papa ,pagolo t]zo4 ,onde1 re/ato confuso e disp]ato1 si tratt5eva alla sua villa di ,santa ,m>g>ita a ,montici2 dove transportato dalla /izza ritocco 9 molte p>ti la sua ,i/oria1 p] mo/r>e di non ess]e /ato della setta ,pallesca2 e dove potette1 accatto l' occasione di p>]e i/rum5to della ,repubblica4' ,guicci>d9i's own apology = 8 treatm5t ( ! ,m$ici1 9 ! proemio to ! treatise ,del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze1 des]ves also to be read4 ,turn+ n[ f ! /atesman to ! man ( lett]s1 we f9d 9 ,guicci>d9i "o ( ! mo/ consummate hi/orians ( any nation or ( any age4 ,! "w by :i* he is be/ kn[n1 ! ,i/oria d' ,italia1 is "o t c sc>cely be surpass$ = ma/]ly control ( a v intricate p]iod1 = subord9ation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole1 = calmness ( judgm5t & = philosophic dep? ( ?\ght4 ,consid]+ t ,guicci>d9i 9 ?is great "w 0 writ+ ! annals ( 8 own times1 & t he _h to dis5tangle ! ravel$ ske9 ( ,italian politics 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ^! qualities are mo/ rem>kable4 ,! :ole movem5t ( ! hi/ory recalls ! pomp & dignity ( ,livy1 :ile a s]ies ( portraits sket*$ f life ) ! un]r+ h& ( an anatomi/ & arti/ add some?+ ( ! vivid =ce ( ,tacitus4 ,yet ,guicci>d9i 9 ?is "w des]ves less comm5dation z a writ] ?an z a ?9k]4 ,!re is a manife/ /ra9+ to secure /yle1 by manipulation & reh&l+1 :i* contra/s unfavorably ) ! unaffect$ ease1 ! pregnant spontaneity1 ( 8 unpubli%$ writ+s4 ,8 p]iods are almo/ int]m9able1 & 8 rhetoric is prolix & monoton\s4 ,we c trace ! ef=t to emulate ! au?ors ( antiquity )\t ! ease :i* is acquir$ by practice or ! ta/e t comes ) nature4 ,! transc5d5t m]it ( ! hi/ory is ?is--t x pres5ts u ) a sci5tific picture ( politics & ( society dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! picture is set =? ) a clairvoyance & a c&or t are almo/ t]rible4 ,! au?or nev] feels en?usiasm = a mom5t3 no "*1 h[ev] great = good or evil1 r\ses him f ! attitude ( tranquil disillusion$ criticism4 ,he utt]s b few exclamations ( horror or ( applause4 ,fai?1 religion1 consci5ce1 self-subord9ation to ! public good1 h no place 9 8 li/ ( human motives2 int]e/1 ambition1 calculation1 envy1 are ! =ces :i*1 accord+ to 8 exp]i5ce1 move ! _w4 ,t ! /rong %\ld trample on ! weak1 t ! wily %\ld circumv5t ! innoc5t1 t hypocrisy & fraud & dissimulation %\ld triumph1 seems to him b natural4 ,8 :ole !ory ( humanity is t+$ ) ! sad gray colors ( a /olid1 cold-ey$1 ill-cont5t$1 egoti/ical indiff]5ce4 ,he is n angry1 desp]ate1 indignant1 b phlegmatically prud5t1 face to face ) ! ru9 ( 8 c\ntry4 ,= him ! _w 0 a game ( intrigue1 9 :i* 8 fri5ds1 8 enemies1 & himself play$ p>ts1 equally sordid1 ) grave faces & he>ts b5t only on ! gratification ( mean desires4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh 8 ma/]y ( detail1 8 compreh5sion ( p]sonal motives1 & 8 analysis ( craft are alike incomp>able1 we f9d him incapable ( =m+ g5]al views ) ! bread? ( philosophic insight or ! sagacity ( a frank & indep5d5t nature4 ,! movem5ts ( ! eagle & ! lion mu/ be un9telligible to ! spid] or ! fox4 ,x 0 impossible = ,guicci>d9i to feel ! real greatness ( ! c5tury1 or to =esee ! new =ces to :i* x 0 giv+ bir?4 ,he c\ld n div9e ! mom5t\s issues ( ! ,lu!ran s*ism2 & ?\gh he p]ceiv$ ! imm$iate effect ^u ,italian politics ( ! invasion ( ! ,fr5*1 he fail$ to compreh5d ! revolution m>k$ out = ! future 9 ! %ock ( ! mod]n nations4 ,:ile criticis+ ! papacy1 he disc]n$ ! p]nici\s results ( nepotism & secul> ambition3 b he _h no in/9ct = ! necessity ( a spiritual & religi\s reg5]ation4 ,8 judgm5t ( ! political situation l$ him to believe t ! sev]al units ( ! ,italian sy/em might be turn$ to pr(it & acc\nt by ! application ( sup]ficial rem$ies1--by ! developm5t ( despotism1 = example1 or ( olig>*y1 :5 9 reality ! decay ( ! nation 0 already pa/ all cure4 ,two o!r ma/]pieces f ,guicci>d9i's p51 ! ,dialogo del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze & ! ,/oria ,fior5t9a1 h be5 giv5 to ! _w dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,to h publi%$ !m imm$iately aft] _! au?or's dea? w\ld h be5 inexp$i5t1 s9ce !y are f> too c&id & outspok5 to h be5 acceptable to ! ,m$icean dyna/y4 ,yet 9 ^! writ+s we f9d ,guicci>d9i at 8 be/4 ,"h he has n yet assum$ ! mantle ( ! rhetorician1 :i* 9 ! ,i/oria d' ,italia sits ^u him some:at cumbr\sly4 ,8 /yle is m spontane\s2 8 utt]ances are less gu>d$4 ,writ+ = himself alone1 he d>es to say m pla9ly :at he ?9ks & feels4 ,at ! same "t ! political sagacity ( ! /atesman is reveal$ 9 all its vigor4 ,i h s frequ5tly us$ bo? ( ^! treatises t ,i ne$ n ent] into a m9ute analysis ( _! cont5ts4 ,x w be en\gh to indicate "s ( ! passages :i* display ! lit]>y /yle & ! sci5tific acum5 ( ,guicci>d9i at _! be/4 ,! ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze is an essay ^u ! =m ( gov]nm5t = :i* ,flor5ce 0 be/ suit$4 ,/>t+ ) a discussion ( ,savon>ola's con/itution1 9 :i* ample ju/ice is done to ! sagacity & promptitude by means ( :i* he sav$ ! commonweal? at a critical juncture 7pp4 #bg-cj71 ! int]locutors pass to an exam9ation ( ! ,m$icean tyranny 7pp4 #cd-di74 ,?is is "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,guicci>d9i's analysis4 ,he %[s h[ ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! di/ribution ( public honors1 & ! =eign policy ( ! republic 7 p]v]t$ by ?is family4 ,he condemns ,cosimo's tyrannical application ( f9es & impo/s 7p4 #fh71 ,pi]o ! y\ng]'s insol5ce 7p4 #df71 & ,lor5zo's appropriation ( ! public moneys to 8 private use 7p4 #dc74 ,yet :ile sett+ =? ! vices ( ?is tyranny 9 language :i* ev5 ,sismondi w\ld h be5 cont5t$ to translate & sign1 ,guicci>d9i %[s no passion4 ,! ,m$ici 7 only act+ z befitt$ pr9ces eag] = p[]1 al?\gh !y cru%$ ! _s ( ! p1 disc\rag$ political ardor1 ext+ui%$ milit>y zeal1 & did all t 9 !m lay to en]vate ! nation !y gov]n$4 ,! sci5tific /ati/ ackn[l$ges no reciprocal rights & duties betwe5 ! gov]nor & ! gov]n$4 ,x is a trial ( /r5g?4 ,if ! tyrant gets ! upp] h&1 ! p mu/ expect to be oppress$4 ,if1 on ! o!r side1 ! p triumph1 !y mu/ take good c>e to ext]m9ate ! despotic brood3 ',! "o true rem$y w\ld be to de/roy & ext+ui% !m s utt]ly t n a ve/ige %\ld rema91 & to employ = ?is purpose ! poign>d or poison1 z may be mo/ conv5i5t2 o!rwise ! lea/ surviv+ sp>k is c]ta9 to cause tr\ble & annoyance = ! future'7p4 #bae74 ,! same precise criticism lays b>e ! weakness ( democracy4 ,m51 says ,guicci>d9i1 always really desire _! own p[] m ?an ! fre$om ( ! /ate 7p4 #ej71 & ! motives ev5 ( tyrannicides are v r>ely pure 7pp4 #ec-ed74 ,! gov]nm5ts e/abli%$ by ! lib]als are full ( defects4 ,! ,consiglio ,gr&e1 = example1 ( ! ,flor5t9es is ignorant 9 its *oice ( magi/rates1 unju/ 9 its apportionm5t ( taxes1 sc>cely less prejudic$ aga9/ individuals ?an a tyrant w\ld be1 & incapable ( diplomatic =eign policy 7pp4 #eh-fi74 ,!n foll[s a discussion ( ! relative m]its ( ! ?ree *ief =ms ( gov]nm5t--! ,gov]no dell' ,uno1 ! ,gov]no degli ,ottimati1 & ! ,gov]no del ,popolo 7p4 #abi74 ,guicci>d9i has already criticis$ ! fir/ & ! ?ird4#a ,he n[ expresses a /rong op9ion t ! second is ! wor/ :i* c\ld be appli$ to ! actual conditions ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic 7p4 #acj74 ,8 panegyric ( ! ,v5etian con/itution 7pp4 #aci-da7 illu/rates 8 plan = comb9+ ! advantages ( ! ?ree species & obviat+ _! respective evils4 ,9 fact he decl>es = t ,utopia ( ! sixte5? c5tury--! ,gov]no ,mi/o--a political inv5tion :i* fasc9at$ ! imag9ation ( ,italian /atesm5 mu* 9 ! same way z ! !ory ( p]petual motion attract$ sci5tific m9ds 9 ! la/ c5tury4#b ,:at foll[s is an elaborate s*eme = apply+ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,gov]no ,mi/o to ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s 9 ,flor5ce4 ,?is lucid & le>n$ disquisition is w\nd up 7p4 #ahh7 ) a m\rnful expression ( ! d\bt :i* hung l a ?ick cl\d ov] all ! political speculations ( bo? ,guicci>d9i & ,ma*iavelli3 ',i hold x v d\btful1 & ,i ?9k x mu* dep5ds on *ance :e!r ?is disorganiz$ con/itution w ev] take new %ape or n 444 & z ,i said ye/]day1 ,i %\ld h m hope if ! city 7 b "y2 see+ t n only does a /ate at ! comm5cem5t take =m ) great] facility ?an "o t has gr[n old "u evil gov]nm5ts1 b ?+s always turn out m prosp]\sly & m easily :ile =tune is yet fre% & has n run its c\rse1' etc4#c ,9 read+ ! ,dialogue on ! ,con/itution ( ,flor5ce x mu/ f9ally be rememb]$ t ,guicci>d9i has ?r[n x back into ! ye> #adid1 & t he speaks ?r\gh ! m\?s ( f\r int]locutors4 ,!re=e we may presume t he int5d$ 8 read]s to reg>d x z a "w ( speculative sci5ce r ?an ( practical political philosophy4 ,yet x is n difficult to ga!r ! drift ( 8 own mean+4 #a ,cf4 ,ricordi1 cxl43 ',*i disse uno popolo1 disse v]am5te uno animale pazzo1 pi5o ni mille errori1 di mille confusioni1 sanza gu/o1 sanza diletto1 sanza /abilita4' ,x %\ld be not$ t ,guicci>d9i "h & else:]e uses ! t]m ,popolo 9 its full] democratic s5se4 ,! successive enl>gem5ts ( ! burgh] class 9 ,flor5ce1 toge!r ) ! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 political philosophy1 _h introduc$ ! mod]n connotation ( ! t]m4 #b ,a lucid criticism ( ! ?ree =ms ( gov]nm5t is conta9$ 9 ,guicci>d9i's ,comm5t on ! second *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ,ma*iavelli's ,discorsi 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 i4 p4 #f73 ',e non e dubio *e il gov]no mi/o delle tre spezie1 pr9cipi1 ottimati e popolo1 e migliore e piu /abile *e uno gov]no semplice di qualunque delle tre spezie1 e massime qu&o e mi/o 9 modo *e di qualunque spezie e tolto il buono e lasciato indietro il cattivo4' ,ma*iavelli _h himself1 9 ! passage criticis$1 exam9$ ! ?ree simple gov]nm5ts & decl>$ 9 favor ( ! mix$ z t :i* gave /ability to ,sp>ta1 ,rome1 & ,v5ice4 ,! same l9e ( ?\ght may be trac$ 9 ! political speculations ( bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! ,a!nians & ,flor5t9es felt ! sup]ior /ability ( ! ,sp>tan & ,v5etian =ms ( gov]nm5t1 j z a ,fr5* !ori/ might idealize ! ,engli% con/itution4 ,! ess5tial elem5t ( ! ,gov]no ,mi/o1 :i* ,flor5ce _h lo/ beyond ! possibility ( rega9+ x1 0 a body ( h]$it>y & patriotic patricians4 ,?is gave its /r5g? to ,v5ice2 & ?is is t :i* hi!rto has di/+ui%$ ! ,engli% nation4 #c ,comp>e ,ricordi ,politici e ,civili1 ,no4 clxxxix41 = a lam5t ( ?is k9d ov] ! decrepitude ( k+doms1 almo/ sublime 9 its /oicism4 ,! ,i/oria ,fior5t9a is a succ9ct n>rative ( ! ev5ts ( ,italian ,hi/ory1 especially z !y conc]n$ ,flor5ce1 betwe5 ! ye>s #acgh & #aeji4 ,9 o!r words x relates ! vicissitudes ( ! ,republic "u ! ,m$ici1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,gonfaloni] ,sod]9i4 ,?is ma/]piece ( hi/orical n>ration sets =? ) brevity & frankness ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts :i* are rhetorically & cauti\sly unfold$ 9 ! ,i/oria d' ,italia4 ,mo/ noticeable are ! *>act]s ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 7cap4 ix471 ( ,savon>ola 7cap4 xvii471 & ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 7cap4 xxvii474 ,! imm$iate consequ5ces ( ! ,fr5* invasion h nev] be5 m ably treat$ ?an 9 ,*apt] xi41 :ile ! :ole progress ( ,ces>e ,borgia 9 8 c>e] ( villany is analyz$ ) exquisite di/9ctness 9 ,*apt] xxvi4 ,! wisdom ( ,guicci>d9i n[h]e appe>s m ripe1 or 8 intellect m ela/ic1 ?an 9 ! ,i/oria ,fior5t9a4 ,/ud5ts :o desire to ga9 a /ill clos] insight into ! work+ ( ,guicci>d9i's m9d %\ld consult ! #djc ,ricordi ,politici e ,civili collect$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,op]e ,in$ite4 ,^! h all ! *>m :i* belongs to occasional utt]ances1 & are fit1 l prov]bs1 to be worn = jewels on ! f+] ( "t4 ,! biography ( ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( a record ( 8 public s]vices to ! ,/ate ( ,flor5ce4 ,he 0 born on ,may #c1 #adfi1 ( p>5ts :o belong$ to ! prosp]\s middle class ( ,flor5t9e citiz5s4 ,8 ance/ry 0 noble2 = ! old tradition :i* connect$ 8 desc5t ) ! feudal h\se ( ,montesp]toli has be5 confirm$ by docum5t>y evid5ce4#a ,8 =efa!rs held (fices ( high di/9ction 9 ! ,commonweal?2 & ?\gh _! weal? & /ation _h decreas$1 ,ma*iavelli inh]it$ a small l&$ e/ate4 ,8 family1 :o 7 orig9ally settl$ 9 ! ,val di ,pesa1 own$ f>ms at ,san ,casciano & 9 o!r villages ( ! ,flor5t9e dom9ion1 a li/ ( :i* may be se5 9 ! return pres5t$ by 8 fa!r ,b]n>do to ! rev5ue (fice 9 #adih4b ,_! weal? 0 no d\bt trivial 9 comp>ison ) t :i* citiz5s amass$ by trade 9 ,flor5ce2 = x 0 n ! usage ( ^? times to draw m ?an ! necess>ies ( life f ! ,villa3 all sup]fluities 7 provid$ by ! ,bottega 9 ! t[n4#c ,yet !re c be no "q1 aft] a comp>ison ( ,b]n>do ,ma*iavelli's return ( 8 l&$ prop]ty ) ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli's w1#d t ! illu/ri\s w> secret>y at all p]iods ( 8 life own$ j suffici5t prop]ty to ma9ta9 8 family 9 a dec5t1 if n a dignifi$1 /yle4 ,ab\t 8 education we "k next to no?+4 ,giovio#e ass]ts t he possess$ b little ,lat91 & t he ow$ ! %[ ( le>n+ 9 8 works to quotations furni%$ by ,m>cellus ,virgilius4 ,?is accusation1 :i*1 :e!r x be true or n1 0 int5d$ to be injuri\s1 has lo/ its =ce 9 an age t1 l ours1 values erudition less ?an native g5ius4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,ma*iavelli knew q en\gh ( ,lat9 & ,greek lit]ature to s]ve 8 turn2 & 8 famili>ity ) "s ( ! classical hi/orians & philosoph]s is intimate4 ,!re is ev5 too mu* p>ade 9 8 works ( illu/rations borr[$ f ,polybius1 ,livy1 & ,plut>*3 ! only "q is :e!r ,ma*iavelli reli$ ^u translations r ?an orig9als4 ,on ?is po9t1 x is also wor?y ( rem>k t 8 culture 0 r ,roman ?an ,hell5ic4 ,_h he at any p]iod ( 8 life made z pr(\nd a /udy ( ,plato's political dialogues z he made ( ,livy's hi/ories1 we _c b feel t 8 !ories bo? ( gov]nm5t & /atecraft might h be5 m concordant ) a sane & normal humanity4 #a ,see ,villani's ,ma*iavelli1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjc4 ,ed4 ,le ,monni]4 #b ,see vol4 i4 ( ! edition ( ,ma*iavelli1 by ,mess4 ,fanfani & ,pass]9i1 ,flor5ce1 #ahgc2 p4 lv4 ,villani's ,ma*iavelli1 ib4 p4 #cjf4 ,! income is e/imat$ at ab\t #ahjl4 #c ,see ,p&olf9i1 ,trattato del ,gov]no della ,famiglia4 #d ,fanfani & ,pass]9i's edition1 vol4 i4 p4 xcii4 #e ,elogia1 cap4 #hg4 ,9 #adid1 ! date ( ! expulsion ( ! ,m$ici1 ,ma*iavelli 0 admitt$ to ! ,*anc]y ( ! ,commune z a cl]k2 & 9 #adih he 0 appo9t$ to ! po/ ( *ancellor & secret>y to ! ,dieci di lib]ta e pace4 ,?is place he held = ! bett] half ( fifte5 ye>s1 t is to say1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ,flor5t9e fre$om4 ,8 diplomatic missions und]tak5 at ! in/ance ( ! ,republic 7 v num]\s4 ,omitt+ ^? ( less importance1 we f9d him at ! camp ( ,ces>e ,borgia 9 #aejb1 9 ,france 9 #aejd1 ) ,julius ,,ii4 9 #aejf1 ) ! ,emp]or ,maximilian 9 #aejg1 & aga9 at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt 9 #aeaj4a ,to ?is dep>tm5t ( 8 public life belong ! dispat*es & ,relazioni :i* he s5t home to ! ,signory ( ,flor5ce1 8 ,monograph ^u ! ,massacre ( ,s9igaglia1 8 treatises ^u ! me?od ( deal+ ) ,pisa1 ,pi/oja1 & ,valdi*iana1 & ^? two rem>kable /udies ( =eign nations :i* are entitl$ ,ritratti delle ,cose dell' ,alemagna & ,ritratti delle ,cose di ,francia4 ,x 0 also 9 ! ye> #aejj t he laid ! fir/ f\ndations ( 8 improv$ milit>y sy/em4 ,! political sagacity & ! patriotism = :i* ,ma*iavelli has be5 admir$ are n[h]e m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! disc]nm5t :i* sugge/$ ?is measure1 & 9 ! indefatigable zeal ) :i* he /rove to c>ry x into effect4 ,pond]+ ^u ! causes ( ,italian weakness :5 confront$ ) nations l ! ,fr5*1 & comp>+ contempor>y ) anci5t hi/ory1 ,ma*iavelli came to ! conclusion t ! univ]sal employm5t ( m]c5>y troops 0 ! *ief secret ( ! insecurity ( ,italy4 ,he !re=e conceiv$ a plan = e/abli%+ a national militia1 & = plac+ ! :ole male population at ! s]vice ( ! /ate 9 times ( w>4 ,he _h to beg9 cauti\sly 9 br++ ?is s*eme be=e ! public2 = ! /ronghold ( ! m]c5>y sy/em 0 ! slo? & luxury ( ! burgh]s4 ,at fir/ he induc$ ! ,dieci di lib]ta e pace1 or w> (fice1 to require ! s]vice ( "o man p] h\se ?r\gh\t ! ,flor5t9e dom9ion2 b at ! same "t he caus$ a c5sus to be tak5 ( all m5 capable ( be>+ arms4 ,8 next /ep 0 to c>ry a law by :i* ! p]man5t militia ( ! /ate 0 fix$ at #aj1jjj4 ,!n 9 #aejc1 hav+ prep>$ ! way by ^! prelim9>y measures1 he address$ ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,burgh]s 9 a set oration1 unfold+ ! pr9ciples ( 8 propos$ re=m1 & appeal+ n only to _! patriotism b also to _! s5se ( self-pres]vation4 ,x 0 8 aim to prove t m]c5>y arms mu/ be ex*ang$ = a national militia1 if fre$om & indep5d5ce 7 to be ma9ta9$4 ,! ,flor5t9es all[$ !mselves to be conv9c$1 &1 on ! recomm5dation ( ,ma*iavelli1 !y vot$ 9 #aejf a new magi/racy1 call$ ! ,nove dell' ,ord9anza e ,milizia1 = ! =mation ( companies1 ! discipl9e ( soldi]s1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! militia 9 a /ate ( read9ess = active s]vice4#b ,ma*iavelli became ! secret>y ( ?is bo>d2 & mu* ( 8 "t 0 sp5t !nce=? 9 ! levy+ ( troops & ! practical developm5t ( 8 sy/em4 ,x requires an intimate famili>ity ) ! ,italian milit>y sy/em ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies to und]/& ! importance ( ?is re=m4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ! sy/ems ( ,militia1 ,conscription1 & ,l&wehr1 by means ( :i* milit>y s]vice has be5 nationaliz$ among ! mod]n races1 t we ne$ to tax our imag9ation be=e we c place ourselves at ! po9t ( view ( m5 to :om ,ma*iavelli's measure 0 a novelty ( g5ius4#c #a ,ma*iavelli nev] bore ! title ( ,ambassador on ^! missions4 ,he w5t z ,secret>y4 ,8 pay 0 mis]able4 ,we f9d him receiv+ "o ducat a day = ma9t5ance4 #b ,docum5ts relat+ to ! in/itution ( ! ,nove dell' ,ord9anza e ,milizia1 & to its op]ations betwe5 ,decemb] #f1 #aejf1 & ,augu/ #f1 #aeab1 f ! p5 ( ,ma*iavelli1 w be f\nd pr9t$ by ,signor ,cane/r9i 9 ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 xv4 pp4 #cgg to #dec4 ,ma*iavelli's treatise ,de re milit>i1 or ,i libri sull' arte della gu]ra1 0 ! "w ( 8 lat] life2 x 0 publi%$ 9 #aeba at ,flor5ce4 #c ,?\gh ,ma*iavelli des]ves ! cr$it ( ?is milit>y sy/em1 ! "p ( ,antonio ,giacom9i 9 c>ry+ x into effect mu/ n be =gott54 ,pitti1 9 8 ',life ( ,giacom9i' 7,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 iv4 pt4 ii4 p4 #bda71 says3 ',av5do p] dieci anni cont9ovi fatto prova nelle fazioni e nelle battaglie de' fanti del dom9io e delli e/]ni1 aveva troppo b5e conosciuto con quanta piu sicurezza si potesse la repubblica s]vire de' suoi propri *e delli i/rani]i4' ,ma*iavelli _h gone z ,commiss>y to ! camp ( ,giacom9i be=e ,pisa 9 ,augu/ #aeje2 !re ! man ( action & ! man ( !ory came to an agreem5t3 bo? f\nd 9 ! ,gonfaloni] ,sod]9i a *ief ( ! republic capable ( ent]+ into _! views4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! new militia prov$ ineffectual 9 ! h\r ( ne$4 ,to revive ! m>tial _s ( a nation1 en]vat$ by tyranny & giv5 ov] to comm]ce1 m]ely by a /roke ( g5ius1 0 beyond ! =ce ( ev5 ,ma*iavelli4 ,:5 ,prato _h be5 sack$ 9 #aeab1 ! ,flor5t9es1 de/itute ( troops1 divid$ among !mselves & head$ by ! excell5t b hesitat+ ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 ?rew _! gates op5 to ! ,m$ici4 ,giuliano1 ! bro!r ( ,pope ,leo1 & ,lor5zo1 8 nephew1 ^: /atues sit ?ron$ 9 ! immortality ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's m>ble ^u _! tombs 9 ,san ,lor5zo1 dispos$ ( ! republic at _! pleasure4 ,ma*iavelli1 z ,w> ,secret>y ( ! anti-,m$icean gov]nm5t1 0 ( c\rse disgrac$ & depriv$ ( 8 appo9tm5ts4 ,9 #aeac he 0 suspect$ ( complicity 9 ! conjuration ( ,pietropaolo ,boscoli & ,ago/9o ,capponi1 0 imprison$ 9 ! ,b>gello1 & tortur$ to ! ext5t ( f\r turns ( ! rack4 ,x seems t he 0 innoc5t4 ,leo ,x4 releas$ him by ! act ( amne/y pass$ ^u ! ev5t ( 8 assum+ ! ti>a2 & ,ma*iavelli imm$iately retir$ to 8 f>m ne> ,san ,casciano4 ,s9ce we are n[ approa*+ ! mo/ critical passage ( ,ma*iavelli's biography1 x may be well to draw f 8 private lett]s a picture ( ! life to :i* ?is /atesman ( ! re/less bra9 0 condemn$ 9 ! solitude ( ! c\ntry4#a ,writ+ on ,decemb] #aj to 8 fri5d ,francesco ,vettori1 he says1 ',i am at my f>m2 &1 s9ce my la/ mis=tunes1 h n be5 9 ,flor5ce tw5ty days4 ,i rise ) ! sun1 & g into a wood ( m9e t is be+ cut1 :]e ,i rema9 two h\rs inspect+ ! "w ( ! previ\s day & conv]s+ ) ! woodcutt]s1 :o h always "s tr\ble on h& among !mselves or ) _! neighbors4 ,:5 ,i leave ! wood1 ,i proce$ to a well1 & !nce to ! place :i* ,i use = sn>+ birds1 ) a book "u my arm--,dante1 or ,petr>*1 or "o ( ! m9or poets1 l ,tibullus or ,ovid4 ,i read ! /ory ( _! passions1 & let _! loves rem9d me ( my own1 :i* is a pleasant pa/ime = a :ile4 ,next ,i take ! road1 ent] ! inn door1 talk ) ! pass]s-by1 inquire ! news ( ! neighborhood1 li/5 to a v>iety ( matt]s1 & make note ( ! diff]5t ta/es & humors ( m54 ,?is br+s me to d9n]-"t1 :5 ,i jo9 my family & eat ! poor produce ( my f>m4 ,aft] d9n] ,i g back to ! inn1 :]e ,i g5]ally f9d ! ho/ & a but*]1 a mill]1 & a pair ( bak]s4 ,) ^! companions ,i play ! fool all day at c>ds or backgammon3 a ?\s& squabbles1 a ?\s& insults & abusive dialogues take place1 :ile we haggle ov] a f>?+1 & %\t l\d en\gh to be he>d f ,san ,casciano4 ,b :5 ev5+ falls ,i g home & ent] my writ+-room4 ,on ! ?re%old ,i put (f my c\ntry habit1 fil?y ) mud & mire1 & array myself 9 royal c\rtly g>m5ts2 ?us wor?ily attir$1 ,i make my entrance into ! anci5t c\rts ( ! m5 ( old1 :]e !y receive me ) love1 & :]e ,i fe$ ^u t food :i* only is my own & = :i* ,i 0 born4 ,i feel no %ame 9 conv]s+ ) !m & ask+ !m ! reason ( _! actions4 ,!y1 mov$ by _! humanity1 make answ]2 = f\r h\rs' space ,i feel no annoyance1 =get all c>e2 pov]ty _c fright51 nor dea? appall me4 ,i am c>ri$ away to _! society4 ,& s9ce ,dante says t !re is no sci5ce unless we reta9 :at we h le>n$1 ,i h set d[n :at ,i h ga9$ f _! disc\rse1 & compos$ a treatise1 ,de ,pr9cipatibus1 9 :i* ,i ent] z deeply z ,i c into ! sci5ce ( ! subject1 ) reason+s on ! nature ( pr9cipality1 its sev]al species1 & h[ !y are acquir$1 h[ ma9ta9$1 h[ lo/4 ,if y ev] lik$ any ( my scribbl+s1 ?is ought to suit y\r ta/e4 ,to a pr9ce1 & especially to a new pr9ce1 x ought to prove acceptable4 ,!re=e ,i am d$icat+ x to ! ,magnific5ce ( ,giuliano4' #a ,?is lett] may be comp>$ ) o!rs ( ab\t ! same date4 ,9 "o 7,aug4 #c1 #aead7 he says3 ',ho lasciato dunque i p5si]i delle cose gr&i e gravi1 non mi diletta piu legg]e le cose anti*e1 ne ragion>e delle mod]ne2 tutte si son conv]se 9 ragionam5ti dolci1' etc4 ,aga9 he writes 7,dec4 #d1 #aead73 ',quod autem ad me p]t9et1 si quid agam scire cupis1 omnem meae vitae rationem ab eodem ,tafano intelliges1 quam sordidam +loriamque1 non s9e indignatione1 si me ut soles amas1 cognosces4' ,lat] on1 we may notice ! same language4 ,?us 7,feb4 #e1 #aeae71 ',sono div5tato inutile a me1 a' p>5ti ed agli amici1' & 7,june #h1 #aeag7 ',ess5domi io ridotto a />e 9 villa p] le avv]sita *e io ho avuto ed ho1 /o qual*e volta un mese *e non mi ricordo di me4' ,fur!r on 9 ! same lett] he writes3 ',i h talk$ ) ,filippo ,casavec*ia ab\t ?is little "w ( m9e1 :e!r ,i ought to pres5t x or n2 & if s1 :e!r ,i ought to s5d or take x myself to him4 ,i 0 induc$ to d\bt ab\t pres5t+ x at all by ! fe> le/ ,giuliano %\ld n ev5 read x1 & t ?is ,ard+helli %\ld pr(it by my late/ labors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i am prompt$ to pres5t x by ! necessity :i* pursues me1 see+ t ,i am consum+ myself 9 idl5ess1 & ,i _c cont9ue long 9 ?is way )\t becom+ contemptible ?r\gh pov]ty4 ,i wi% ^! ,signori ,m$ici w\ld beg9 to make "s use ( me1 if x 7 only to set me to ! "w ( roll+ a /one4#a ,if ,i did n w9 !m ov] to me aft]w>ds1 ,i %\ld only compla9 ( myself4 ,z = my book1 if !y read x1 !y w\ld p]ceive t ! fifte5 ye>s ,i h sp5t 9 /udy+ /atecraft h n be5 wa/$ 9 sleep or play2 & ev]ybody ought to be glad to make use ( a man :o has s fill$ himself ) exp]i5ce at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,ab\t my fidelity !y ought n to d\bt4 ,hav+ always kept fai?1 ,i am n go+ to le>n to break x n[4 ,a man :o has be5 loyal & good = =ty-?ree ye>s1 l me1 is n likely to *ange 8 nature2 & ( my loyalty & goodness my pov]ty is suffici5t witness to !m4' #a ,comp>e ! lett]1 dat$ ,june #aj1 #aead1 to ,fr4 ,vettori3 ',/>ommi dunque cosi tra i miei c5ci1 s5za trov>e uomo *e della mia s]vitu si ricordi1 o *e cr$a *e io possa ess] buono a nulla4 ,ma egli e impossibile *e io possa /> molto cosi1 p]*e io mi logoro1' etc4 ,aga91 ,dec4 #bj1 #aead3 ',e se la =tuna avesse voluto *e i ,m$ici1 o 9 cosa di ,fir5ze o di fuora1 o 9 cose loro p>ticol>i o 9 pubbli*e1 mi avess9o una volta com&ato1 io s>ei cont5to4' ,?is lett]1 invaluable to ! /ud5t ( ,ma*iavelli's works1 is prejudicial to 8 reputation4 ,x 0 writt5 only t5 mon?s aft] he _h be5 imprison$ & tortur$ by ! ,m$ici1 j ?irte5 mon?s aft] ! republic he _h s]v$ s long _h be5 enslav$ by ! pr9ces be=e :om he 0 n[ cr++4 ,x is true t ,ma*iavelli 0 n weal?y2 8 habits ( prodigality made 8 =tune insuffici5t = 8 ne$s4#a ,x is true t he c\ld ill be> ! en=c$ idl5ess ( c\ntry life1 aft] be+ engag$ = fifte5 ye>s 9 ! mo/ important conc]ns ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic4 ,b nei!r 8 pov]ty1 :i*1 aft] all1 0 b comp>ative1 nor 8 inactivity1 = :i* he f\nd relief 9 /udy1 ju/ifies ! tone ( ! conclusion to ?is lett]4 ,:5 we read x1 we _c help rememb]+ ! language ( ano!r exile1 :o :ile he tells u-- ,come sa di sale ,lo pane altrui1 e com' e duro calle ,lo sc5d]e e 'l salir p] l' altrui scale --c yet refuse ! advances ( 8 facti\s city ?us3 ',if ,flor5ce _c be ent]$ honorably1 ,i w nev] set foot )9 h] walls4 ,& :at8 ,%all ,i n be able f any angle :atsoev] ( ! e>? to gaze ^u ! sun & />s8 %all ,i n b5ea? :atev] region ( ! heav5s h p[] to m$itate ! sweete/ tru?s1 unless ,i make myself ignoble fir/1 nay ignom9i\s1 9 ! face ( ,flor5ce & h] p8 ,nor w bread1 ,i w>rant1 fail me6' ,if ,ma*iavelli1 :o 9 ?is v lett] to ,vettori quot$ ,dante1 _h rememb]$ ^! words1 !y ought to h fall5 l drops ( molt5 lead ^u 8 s\l4 ,b su* 0 ! debasem5t ( ! c5tury t probably he w\ld h only %rugg$ 8 %\ld]s & sigh$1 ',tempora mutantur1 nos et mutamur 9 illis4' #a ,see famili> lett]1 ,june #aj1 #aead4 ,9 "s respects ,dante1 ,ma*iavelli1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti may be said to h be5 ! ?ree greate/ intellects produc$ by ,flor5ce4 ,dante 9 exile & 9 opposition1 w\ld hold no sort ( traffic ) h] citiz5s4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 aft] ! siege1 work$ at ! ,m$ici tombs = ,pope ,clem5t1 z a makepeace (f]+ = ! =tification ( ,samm9iato2 :ile ,ma*iavelli entreats to be put to roll a /one by ^! ,signori ,m$ici1 if only he may s escape f pov]ty & dullness4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 we mu/ rememb]1 ow$ a debt ( gratitude z an arti/ to ! ,m$ici = 8 education 9 ! g>d5s ( ,lor5zo4 ,moreov]1 ! quatra9 :i* he wrote = 8 /atue ( ! ,night ju/ifies u 9 reg>d+ t *apel z ! c5otaph design$ by him = murd]$ ,lib]ty4 ,ma*iavelli ow$ no?+ to ! ,m$ici1 :o _h disgrac$ & tortur$ him1 & :om he _h oppos$ 9 all 8 public action dur+ fifte5 ye>s4 ,yet :at 0 ! gift ) :i* he came be=e !m z a suppliant1 crawl+ to ! foot/ool ( _! ?rone8 ,a treatise ,de ,pr9cipatibus2 9 o!r words1 ! celebrat$ ,pr9cipe2 :i*1 misread x z ,ma*iavelli's apologi/s may *oose to d1 or expla9 x z ! rational hi/orian is b\nd to d1 yet c>ries v5om 9 its pages4 ,rememb]+ ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 compos$1 we are 9 a condition to e/imate ! pr\d humility & pro/rate pride ( ! d$ication4 ',niccolo ,ma*iavelli to ! ,magnific5t ,lor5zo1 son ( ,pi]o de' ,m$ici3' s runs ! title4 ',desir+ to pres5t myself to y\r ,magnific5ce ) "s pro( ( my devotion1 ,i h n f\nd among my v>i\s furniture aught t ,i prize m ?an ! k ( ! actions ( great m5 acquir$ by me ?r\gh a long exp]i5ce ( mod]n affairs & a cont9ual /udy ( anci5t4 ,^! ,i h long & dilig5tly revolv$ & exam9$ 9 my m9d1 & h n[ compress$ into a little book :i* ,i s5d to y\r ,magnific5ce4 ,& ?\gh ,i judge ?is "w unwor?y ( y\r pres5ce1 yet ,i am confid5t t y\r humanity w cause y to value x :5 y consid] t ,i c\ld n make y a great] gift ?an ?is ( enabl+ y 9 a few h\rs to und]/& :at ,i h le>n$ ?r\gh p]ils & discom=ts 9 a l5g?y c\rse ( ye>s4' ',if y\r ,magnific5ce w deign1 f ! summit ( y\r height1 "s "t to turn y\r eyes to my l[ place1 y w "k h[ unju/ly ,i am =c$ to endure ! great & cont9u$ malice ( =tune4' ,! "w s d$icat$ 0 s5t 9 ,,ms4 = ! ,magnific5t's private p]usal4 ,x 0 n publi%$ until #aecb1 by ord] ( ,clem5t ,,vii41 aft] ! dea? ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,i int5d to res]ve ! ,pr9cipe1 consid]$ z ! supreme expression ( ,italian political sci5ce1 = a sep>ate /udy2 & aft] ! introduction to ,macaulay's ,essay on ,ma*iavelli1 ,i ne$ h>dly ent] 9 detail into a discussion ( ! v>i\s !ories respect+ ! int5tion ( ?is treatise4#a ,yet ?is is ! prop] place = expla9+ my view ab\t ,ma*iavelli's writ+s 9 relation to 8 biography1 & = attempt+ to connect !m into su* unity z a m9d s /rictly logical z 8 may h design$4 #a ,macaulay's essay is1 ( c\rse1 brilliant & compreh5sive4 ,i d n agree ) 8 !ory ( ! ,italian despot1 z ,i h expla9$ on p4 #abg ( ?is volume4 ,sometimes1 too1 he indulges 9 rhetoric t is m]ely s5tim5tal1 z :5 he says ab\t ! d$ication ( ! ,flor5t9e ,hi/ory to ,clem5t3 ',! mis]ies & humiliations ( dep5d5ce1 ! bread :i* is m bitt] ?an e o!r food1 ! /airs :i* are m pa9ful ?an e o!r asc5t1 _h n brok5 ! _s ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,! mo/ corrupt+ po/ 9 a corrupt+ pr(ession _h n deprav$ ! g5]\s he>t ( ,clem5t4' ,! s5t5ce ,i h pr9t$ 9 italics may p]haps tell ! tru? ab\t ! ,*ur* & ,popes 9 g5]al2 b ! panegyric ( ,clem5t is prepo/]\s4 ,macaulay mu/ h be5 laugh+ 9 8 sleeve4 ,) reg>d to ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ,pr9ce 0 compos$1 en\gh has be5 already said4 ,ma*iavelli's selfi% purpose 9 putt+ x =? seems to my m9d app>5t4 ,he want$ employm5t3 he despair$ ( ! republic3 he /rove to furni% ! pr9ces 9 p[] ) a conv9c+ pro( ( 8 capacity = great affairs4 ,yet x mu/ n on ?is acc\nt be conclud$ t ! ,pr9cipe 0 m]ely a *eap bid = (fice4 ,on ! contr>y1 x conta9$ ! mo/ mature & ! mo/ spl5did ( ,ma*iavelli's ?\ghts1 accumulat$ ?r\gh 8 long ye>s ( public s]vice2 &1 /range z x may seem1 x embodi$ ! dream ( a philosophical patriot = ! re/itution ( lib]ty to ,italy4 ,flor5ce1 inde$1 0 lo/4 ',^! ,signori ,m$ici' 7 9 p[]4 ,b c\ld n ev5 !y be employ$ to purge ! sacr$ soil ( ,italy f ! ,b>b>ians8 ,if we c pret5d to s\nd ! dep?s ( ,ma*iavelli's m9d at ?is di/ance ( "t1 we may conjecture t he _h come to believe ! free cities too corrupt = indep5d5ce4 ,! only *ance ,italy _h ( hold+ h] own aga9/ ! great p[]s ( ,europe 0 by union "u a pr9ce4 ,at ! same "t ! ,utopia ( ?is union1 ) :i* he closes ! ,pr9cipe1 c\ld only be realiz$ by su* a comb9ation z w\ld ei!r neutralize ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 or else ga9 ! ,pope = an ally by motives ( int]e/4 ,n[ at ! p]iod ( ! d$ication ( ! ,pr9cipe to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ,leo ,x4 0 /riv+ to f\nd a pr9cipality 9 ! /ates ( ! ,*ur*4#a ,9 #aeaf he creat$ 8 nephew ,duke ( ,urb9o1 & x 0 ?\ght t ?is 0 b a prelude to /ill fur!r greatness4 ,flor5ce 9 comb9ation ) ,rome might d mu* = ,italy4 ,leo mean:ile 0 /ill "y1 & 8 p>ticipation 9 ! mo/ ambiti\s s*emes 0 to be expect$4 ,?us ! mom5t 0 propiti\s = sugge/+ to ,lor5zo t he %\ld put himself at ! head ( an ,italian k+dom1 :i*1 by its union b5ea? ! /rong w ( a s+le pr9ce1 might suffice to cope ) nations m pot5t 9 numb]s & 9 arms4#b ,! ,pr9cipe 0 !re=e d$icat$ 9 good fai? to ! ,m$ici1 & ! note on :i* x closes 0 n false4 ,ma*iavelli hop$ t :at ,ces>e ,borgia _h b j fail$ 9 accompli%+1 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ) ! assi/ance ( a y\ng] ,pope ?an ,alex&]1 a firm] basis to 8 pr9c$om 9 ,flor5ce1 & a grasp ^u ! /ates ( ! ,*ur* made sure by ! policy ( ,julius ,,ii41 might effect4 ,:e!r s good a judge ( "* z ,ma*iavelli expect$ really mu* f ,lor5zo may be d\bt$4 #a ,we are1 h[ev]1 b\nd to rememb] t ,leo 0 only made ,pope 9 ,m>* #aeac1 & t ! ,pr9cipe 0 ne>ly f9i%$ 9 ! foll[+ ,decemb]4 ,ma*iavelli _c !re=e be cr$it$ ) kn[+ z well z we d n[ to :at l5g? ! ambition ( ! ,m$ici 0 ab\t to run :5 he compos$ 8 "w4 ,he wrote 9 ! hope t x might induce !m to employ him4 #b ,! two long lett]s to ,fr4 ,vettori 7,aug4 #bf1 #aeac7 & to ,pi]o ,sod]9i 7no date7 %\ld be /udi$ side by side ) ! ,pr9cipe = ! light !y ?r[ on ,ma*iavelli's op9ions !re express$4 ,^! circum/ances make ! morality ( ! book ! m rem>kable4 ,to tea* political sci5ce d5ud$ ( commonplace hypocrisies 0 a wor?y object4 ,b :ile seek+ to lay b>e ! spr+s ( action1 & to sep>ate /atecraft f morals1 ,ma*iavelli f\nd himself impell$ to recognize a sy/em ( inv]t$ e?ics4 ,! abrupt division ( ! two realms1 e?ical & political1 :i* he attempt$1 0 mon/r\s2 & he end$ by sub/itut+ inhumanity = human nature4 ,unable to escape ! logic :i* l9ks morality ( "s sort ) conduct1 he gave 8 adhesion to ! false code ( contempor>y practice4 ,he believ$ t ! "r way to atta9 a result s spl5did z ! lib]ation ( ,italy 0 to proce$ by =ce1 craft1 bad fai?1 & all ! petty arts ( a political adv5tur]4 ,! public e?ics ( 8 day _h sunk to ?is l[ level4 ,success by means ( pla9 deal+ 0 impossible4 ,! game ( /atecraft c\ld only be c>ri$ on by guile & viol5ce4 ,ev5 ! cle> g5ius ( ,ma*iavelli _h be5 obscur$ by ! muddy m$ium ( intrigue 9 :i* he _h be5 work+ all 8 life4 ,ev5 8 ke5 insight 0 dazzl$ by ! false spl5dor ( ! adv5tur] ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,to h =mulat$ ! e?ics ( ! ,pr9cipe is n diabolical4 ,!re is no inv5tive sup]fluity ( naught9ess 9 ! treatise4 ,x is simply a h&book ( pr9cecraft1 z t art 0 commonly receiv$ 9 ,italy1 :]e ! pr9ciples ( public morality _h be5 translat$ into t]ms ( mat]ial aggr&izem5t1 glory1 ga91 & greatness4 ,no "o ?\ght ( judg+ m5 by _! motives b by _! practice2 !y 7 n reg>d$ z moral b z political be+s1 responsible1 t is to say1 to no law b ! obligation ( success4 ,crimes :i* we reg>d z horrible 7 !n comm5d$ z magnanim\s1 if x c\ld be %[n t !y 7 prompt$ by a firm w & _h = _! object a delib]ate end4 ,ma*iavelli & ,paolo ,giovio1 = example1 bo? praise ! massacre at ,s9igaglia z a ma/]/roke ( art1 )\t utt]+ a ^w 9 condemnation ( its p]fidy4 ,ma*iavelli sne]s at ,gianpaolo ,baglioni because he _h n ! c\rage to /rangle 8 gue/ ,julius ,,ii4 & to cr[n 8 o!r crimes ) ?is signal act ( magnanimity4 ,:at virtue _h come to mean 9 ! ,italian language we h se5 already4 ,! "o quality :i* e "o despis$ 0 simplicity1 h[ev] ?is might be comb9$ ) l(ty g5ius & noble aims4 ,x 0 because ,sod]9i 0 simple & _h a good he>t t ,ma*iavelli wrote ! fam\s epigram-- ,la notte *e mori ,pi] ,sod]9i ,l' alma n' &o dell' inf]no alla bocca2 ,e ,pluto le grido3 ,anima sciocca1 ,*e inf]no8 va nel limbo de' bamb9i4 ,! night t ,pet] ,sod]9i di$1 ,8 s\l flew d[n unto ! m\? ( hell3 ',:at8 ,hell = y8 ,y silly _s6' cri$ ,! fi5d3 'y\r place is :]e ! babies dwell4' ,z ( old 9 ,corcyra1 s n[ 9 ,italy1 'guilelessness1 :i* is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( g5u9e nobl5ess1 0 laugh$ d[n1 & disappe>$4'#a ,:at m5 fe>$ 0 n ! moral v]dict ( society1 pron\nc+ !m degrad$ by vici\s or viol5t acts1 b ! intellectual e/imate ( incapacity & ! /igma ( dullness4 ,!y 7 afraid ( be+ reckon$ among feebl] p]sonalities2 & to escape f ?is contempt1 by ! commission ev5 ( atrocities1 _h come to be acc\nt$ manly4 ,! tru?1 miss$ almo/ univ]sally1 0 t ! supreme wisdom1 ! p>am\nt virility1 is law-abid+ hone/y1 ! do+ ( "r because "r is "r1 9 scorn ( consequ5ce4 ,no?+ appe>s m cle>ly 9 ! memoirs ( ,cell9i ?an ?is po9t1 :ile ! ,italian novels are full ( matt] be>+ on ! same topic4 ,x is !re=e ridicul\s to assume t an ,italian judg$ ( m5 or conduct 9 any s5se accord+ to our /&>ds4 ,p9turic*io & ,p]ug9o ?\ght x no %ame to "w = pr9ces l ! ,baglioni & = ,popes l ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,lion>do da ,v9ci plac$ 8 tal5ts z an eng9e] at ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 & employ$ 8 g5ius z a musician & a pa9t] = ! amusem5t ( ! ,milanese ,c\rt1 :i* mu/ h be51 accord+ to ,corio's acc\nt1 flagrantly & %amelessly corrupt4 ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ & ! g5tle/ spirits ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance1 9 l mann] l5t 8 ar*itectural ability to ! vanity ( ! iniquit\s ,sigismondo ,malate/a4 ,no3 ! ,pr9cipe 0 n inconsi/5t ) ! g5]al tone ( ,italian morality2 & ,ma*iavelli _c be fairly tax$ ) ! discov]y ( a new inf]nal me?od4 ,! conception ( politics z a b>e art ( means to ends _h gr[n up 9 8 m9d by ! /udy ( ,italian hi/ory & social cu/oms4 ,8 idealization ( ,ces>e ,borgia & 8 romance ( ,ca/ruccio 7 ! fir/ products ( ! !ory he _h =m$ by obs]vation ( ! _w he liv$ 94 ,! ,pr9cipe reveal$ x fully organiz$4 ,b to h pres5t$ su* an essay 9 good fai? to ! despots ( 8 native city1 at t p>ticul> mom5t 9 8 own c>e]1 & "u ! pressure ( trivial di/ress1 is a real blot ^u 8 memory4 #a ,?uc4 iii4 #hc4 ,! :ole ( ! passage ab\t ,corcyra 9 ! ?ird book ( ,?ucydides 7*s4 #hb & #hc7 applies lit]ally to ! moral condition ( ,italy at ?is p]iod4 ,we le>n f ,v>*i t ,ma*iavelli 0 execrat$ 9 ,flor5ce = 8 ,pr9cipe1 ! poor ?9k+ x w\ld tea* ! ,m$ici to take away _! honor1 ! ri* reg>d+ x z an attack ^u _! weal?1 & bo? disc]n+ 9 x a dea?-bl[ to fre$om4#a ,ma*iavelli c sc>cely h calculat$ ^u ?is evil op9ion1 :i* foll[$ him to ! grave3 = ?\gh he %[$ "s hesitation 9 8 lett] to ,vettori ab\t ! propriety ( pres5t+ ! essay to ! ,m$ici1 ?is 0 only gr\nd$ on ! fe> le/ a rival %\ld get ! cr$it ( 8 labors4 ,aga91 he utt]$ no syllable ab\t its be+ int5d$ = a trap to cat* ! ,m$ici1 & commit !m to unp>donable crimes4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ?is explanation ( ! purpose ( ! ,pr9cipe 7:i*1 /range to say1 has approv$ itself to ev5 rec5t critics7 0 promulgat$ ei!r by himself or by 8 fri5ds1 z an aft]-?\ght1 :5 he saw t ! "w _h miss$ its m>k1 & at ! "t :5 he 0 try+ to suppress ! ,,ms4#b ,b]n>do ,giunti 9 ! d$ication ( ! edition ( #aecb1 & ,reg9ald ,pole 9 #aece1 71 ,i believe1 ! fir/ to put =? ?is fanciful !ory 9 pr9t4 ,ma*iavelli c\ld n be=e #aebj h boa/$ ( ! patriotic trea*]y ) :i* he 0 aft]w>ds accr$it$1 s f>1 at any rate1 z to lose ! confid5ce ( ! ,m$icean family2 = 9 t ye> ! ,c>d9al ,giulio de' ,m$ici commission$ him to write ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce4 #a ,/oria ,fior4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #ae4 #b ,see ,v>*i1 loc4 cit4 ,! lett] writt5 by ,ma*iavelli to ,fr4 ,guicci>d9i f ,c>pi1 ,may #ag1 #aeba1 %\ld be /udi$ 9 ?is connection4 ,x is un=tunately too mutilat$ to be :olly intelligible4 ,aft] expla9+ 8 desire to be ( use to ,flor5ce1 b n aft] ! mann] mo/ approv$ ( by ! ,flor5t9es !mselves1 he says3 'io cr$o *e que/o s>ebbe il v]o modo di &>e 9 ,p>adiso1 imp>>e la via dell' ,inf]no p] fuggirla4' ,! ,pr9cipe1 aft] its d$ication to ,lor5zo1 rema9$ 9 ,,ms41 & ,ma*iavelli 0 n employ$ 9 spite ( ! cont9ual solicitations ( 8 fri5d ,vettori4#a ,no?+ rema9$ = him b to seek o!r patrons1 & to employ 8 leisure 9 new lit]>y "w4 ,betwe5 #aeaf & #aeai1 !re=e1 we f9d him tak+ "p 9 ! lit]>y & philosophical discussions ( ! ,flor5t9e ,academy1 :i* assembl$ at t p]iod 9 ! ,rucellai ,g>d5s4#b ,x 0 "h t he read 8 ,disc\rses on ! ,fir/ ,decade ( ,livy--a s]ies ( pr(\nd essays ^u ! adm9i/ration ( ! /ate1 to :i* ! s5t5ces ( ! ,roman hi/orian s]ve z texts4 ,hav+ set =? 9 ! ,pr9cipe ! me?od ( ga9+ or ma9ta9+ sov]eign p[]1 he %[s 9 ! ,discorsi :at in/itutions are necess>y to pres]ve ! body politic 9 a condition ( vigor\s activity4 ,we may !re=e reg>d ! ,discorsi z 9 "s s5se a cont9uation ( ! ,pr9cipe4 ,b ! wisdom ( ! sci5tific politician is no long] plac$ at ! disposal ( a sov]eign4 ,he addresses himself to all ! memb]s ( a /ate :o are conc]n$ 9 its prosp]ity4 ,ma*iavelli's enemies h !re=e be5 able to ins9uate t1 aft] tea*+ tyranny 9 "o pamphlet1 he exp\nd$ ! pr9ciples ( opposition to a tyrant 9 ! o!r1 %ift+ 8 sails z ! w9d ve]$4#c ,! tru? "h also lies 9 ! critical & sci5tific quality ( ,ma*iavelli's me?od4 ,he 0 cont5t to lecture ei!r to pr9ces or to burgh]s ^u politics1 z an art :i* he _h tak5 great pa9s to /udy1 :ile 8 int]e/ 9 ! demon/ration ( pr9ciples r5d]$ him 9 a measure indiff]5t to _! application4#d ,9 fact1 to use ! pi?y words ( ,macaulay1 '! ,pr9ce traces ! progress ( an ambiti\s man1 ! ,disc\rses ! progress ( an ambiti\s p4 ,! same pr9ciples on :i*1 9 ! =m] "w1 ! elevation ( an individual is expla9$1 are appli$ 9 ! latt] to ! long] duration & m complex int]e/ ( a society4' #a ,! political lett]s address$ to ,francesco ,vettori1 at ,rome1 & int5d$ probably = ! eye ( ,leo ,x41 7 writt5 9 #aead4 ,! disc\rse address$ to ,leo1 sulla ri=ma dello /ato di ,fir5ze1 may be ref]r$ p]haps to #aeai4 #b ,( ^! meet+s ,filippo de' ,n]li writes 9 ! ,sev5? ,book ( 8 ,comm5t>ies1 p4 #ach3 ',av5do conv5uto assai tempo nell' orto de' ,rucellai una c]ta scuola di giovani lett]ati e d' elevato +egno1 infra quali praticava cont9uam5te ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli 7ed io ero di ,niccolo e di tutti loro amicissimo1 e molto spesso con loro convirsavo71 s' es]citavano co/oro assai1 m$iante le lett]e1 nelle lezioni dell' i/orie1 e sopra di esse1 ed a loro i/anza compose il ,ma*iavello quel suo libro de' discorsi sopra ,tito ,livio1 e anco il libro di que' trattati e ragionam5ti sopra la milizia4' #c ,see ,pitti1 ',apologia de' ,cappucci1' ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 iv4 pt4 ii4 p4 #bid4 #d ,! d$ication ( ! ,discorsi conta9s a phrase :i* recalls ,ma*iavelli's words ab\t ! ,pr9cipe3 ',p]*e 9 quello io ho espresso quanto io s1 e quanto io ho imp>ato p] una lunga pratica e cont9ua lezione delle cose del mondo4' ,! ,sev5 ,books on ! ,art ( ,w> may be ref]r$ ) c]ta9ty to ! same p]iod ( ,ma*iavelli's life4 ,!y 7 probably compos$ 9 #aebj4 ,if we may v5ture to connect ! works ( ! hi/orian's leisure1 accord+ to ! plan above sugge/$1 ?is treatise =ms a supplem5t to ! ,pr9cipe & ! ,discorsi4 ,bo? 9 8 analysis ( ! successful tyrant & 9 8 description ( ! p[]ful commonweal? he _h insi/$ on ! prime necessity ( w>f>e1 conduct$ by ! p & _! rul]s 9 p]son4 ,! milit>y organization ( a great k+dom is "h develop$ 9 a sep>ate ,essay1 & ,ma*iavelli's favorite s*eme = nationaliz+ ! militia ( ,italy is sy/ematically exp\nd$4 ,giovio's flippant objection1 t ! philosoph] c\ld n 9 practice maneuv] a s+le company1 is no real criticism on ! m]it ( 8 !ory4 ,by ?is "t ! ,m$ici _h det]m9$ to take ,ma*iavelli into favor2 & s9ce he _h express$ a wi% to be set at lea/ to roll+ /ones1 !y f\nd = him a trivial piece ( "w4 ,! ,franciscans at ,c>pi _h to be reque/$ to organize a sep>ate ,prov9ce ( _! ,ord] 9 ! ,flor5t9e dom9ion2 & ! conduct ( ?is weighty matt] 0 intru/$ to ! =m] secret>y at ! ,c\rts ( ,maximilian & ,l\is4 ,sev]al o!r missions dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life devolv$ ^u ,ma*iavelli2 b none ( !m 7 ( mu* importance3 nor1 :5 ! popul> gov]nm5t 0 in/itut$ 9 #aebg1 _h he s f> rega9$ ! confid5ce ( ! ,flor5t9es z to resume 8 old (fice ( w> secret>y4 ,?is po/1 consid]+ 8 rec5t alliance ) ! ,m$icean p>ty1 he c\ld h>dly h expect$ to receive2 & !re=e x is improbable t ! news ( ,gianotti's election at all contribut$ to cause 8 dea?4#a ,disappo9tm5t he may inde$ h felt3 = 8 moral =ce _h be5 squ&]$ dur+ fifte5 ye>s 9 ! attempt to ga9 ! favor ( pr9ces :o 7 n[ once m reg>d$ z ! enemies ( _! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! republic 0 at la/ re/or$1 he f\nd himself 9 nei!r camp4 ,! ov]tures :i* he _h made to ! ,m$ici _h be5 b coldly receiv$2 yet !y 7 suffici5tly notori\s to br+ ^u him ! suspicion ( ! patriots4 ,he _h n s9c]ely act$ up to ! precept ( ,polonius3 ',?is above all1--to ?9e own self be true4' ,8 intellectual ability1 untemp]$ by suffici5t political consi/5cy or moral elevation1 _h plac$ him among ! outca/s3-- *e non furon ribelli1 ,ne fur f$eli a ,dio1 ma p] se =o4 ,! great a*ievem5t ( ^! ye>s 0 ! composition ( ! ,i/orie ,fior5t9e4 ,! commission = ?is "w he receiv$ f ,giulio de' ,m$ici ?r\gh ! ,(ficiali dello ,/udio 9 #aebj1 ) an annual all[ance ( #ajj flor9s4 ,9 #aebg1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 he d$icat$ ! f9i%$ ,hi/ory to ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,?is ma/]piece ( lit]>y art1 ?\gh x may be op5 to ! *>ges ( inaccuracy & sup]ficiality1#b m>ks an epo* 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n hi/oriography4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t x prec$$ ! great "w ( ,guicci>d9i by "s ye>s1 & t be=e ! date ( its appe>ance ! annali/s ( ,italy _h be5 cont5t ) records ( ev5ts1 p]sonal impressions1 & critiques ( p>ticul> p]iods4 ,ma*iavelli 0 ! fir/ to contemplate ! life ( a nation 9 its cont9uity1 to trace ! op]ation ( political =ces ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 to contra/ ! action ( individuals ) ! evolution ( causes ov] :i* !y _h b little control1 & to br+ ! sali5t features ( ! national biography into relief by ! suppression ( comp>atively unimportant details4 ,by ?us apply+ ! philosophical me?od to hi/ory1 ,ma*iavelli enri*$ ! sci5ce ( humanity ) a new dep>tm5t4 ,!re is some?+ 9 8 view ( national exi/5ce beyond ! rea* ( ev5 ! pr(\nde/ ( ! classical hi/orians4 ,8 /yle is adequate to ! matt] ( 8 "w4 ,nev] 7 cle> & def9ite ?\ghts express$ ) great] precision 9 language ( m mascul9e vigor4 ,we are irresi/ibly compell$1 :ile *>act]iz+ ?is /yle1 to ?9k ( ! sp>e s9ews ( a tra9$ gladiator4 ,?\gh ,ma*iavelli 0 a poet1 he indulges 9 no ornam5ts ( rhetoric4#c ,8 images1 r>e & c>efully *os51 seem necess>y to ! ?\ghts !y illu/rate4 ,?\gh a philosoph]1 he nev] w&]s into speculation4 ,facts & exp]i5ce are s ?or\ghly compact$ ) reflection 9 8 m9d1 t 8 wide/ g5]alizations h ! sub/ance ( realities4 ,! elem5t ( unreality1 if su* !re be1 is due to a misconception ( human nature4 ,ma*iavelli seems to h only /udi$ m5 9 masses1 or z political in/rum5ts1 nev] z feel+ & ?9k+ p]sonalities4 #a ,see ,v>*i1 loc4 cit4 #b ,see ! criticisms ( ,ammirato & ,romagnosi1 quot$ by ,cantu1 ,lett]atura ,italiana1 p4 #ahg4 #c ,i %all h to speak else:]e ( ,ma*iavelli's com$ies1 occasional poems1 novel ( ',belphegor1' etc4 ,ma*iavelli1 accord+ to ! lett] address$ by 8 son ,pietro to ,francesco ,nelli1 di$ ( a dose ( m$ic9e tak5 at ! wrong "t4 ,he 0 att5d$ on 8 dea?b$ by a fri>1 :o receiv$ 8 confession4 ,8 private morality 0 b indiff]5t4 ,8 contempt = weakness & simplicity 0 undisguis$4 ,8 k ( ! _w & m5 _h turn$ to cynicism4 ,! frigid philosophy express$ 9 8 political ,essays1 & ! s>ca/ic spee*es 9 :i* he gave a v5t to 8 s\r$ humors1 made him unpopul>4 ,x 0 suppos$ t he _h di$ ) blasphemy ^u 8 lips1 aft] turn+ all ! sanctities ( human nature into ridicule4 ,?r\gh ^! my?s1 z ?r\gh a mi/1 we may disc]n ! bitt]ness ( t great1 dis5*ant$1 disappo9t$ s\l4 ,! des]t 9 :i* spirits ( ! /amp ( ,ma*iavelli w&] is too arid & too a]ial = ! gross sub/antial bugbe>s ( ! vulg> consci5ce to inhabit4 ,moreov]1 z ,v>*i says1 ',9 8 conv]sation ,ma*iavelli 0 pleasant1 s]viceable to 8 fri5ds1 a fri5d ( virtu\s m51 &1 9 a ^w1 wor?y ( hav+ receiv$ f nature ei!r less g5ius or a bett] m9d4' ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ',,! ,,pr9ce' ,,( ,,ma*iavelli4 ,! ,s9c]ity ( ,ma*iavelli 9 ?is ,essay--,ma*iavellism--,8 delib]ate ,=mulation ( a cynical political ,!ory--,analysis ( ! ,pr9ce--,n9e ,conditions ( ,pr9cipalities--,! ,int]e/ ( ! ,conqu]or ackn[l$g$ z ! sole ,motive ( 8 ,policy--,critique ( ,l\is ,,xii4--,feudal ,mon>*y & ,ori5tal ,despotism--,?ree ,ways ( subdu+ a free ,city--,example ( ,pisa--,pr9cipalities f\nd$ by ,adv5tur]s--,moses1 ,romulus1 ,cyrus1 ,!seus--,savon>ola--,francesco ,s=za--,ces>e ,borgia--,ma*iavelli's p]sonal ,relation to him--,ma*iavelli's ,admiration ( ,ces>e's ,g5ius--,a ,sket* ( ,ces>e's ,c>e]--,conc]n+ ^? :o h atta9$ to ,sov]eignty by ,crimes--,oliv]otto da ,f]mo--,! ,uses ( ,cruelty--,mess] ,ramiro d' ,orco--,! pessimi/ic ,morality ( ,ma*iavelli--,on ! ,fai? ( ,pr9ces--,alex&] ,,vi4--,! ,policy ( seem+ virtu\s & hone/--,abs5ce ( *ivalr\s ,feel+ 9 ,italy--,! ,milit>y ,sy/em ( a p[]ful ,pr9ce--,criticism ( ,m]c5>ies & ,auxili>ies--,necessity ( ,national ,militia--,! ,art ( ,w>--,patriotic ,conclusion ( ! ,treatise--,ma*iavelli & ,savon>ola4 ,aft] :at has be5 already said ab\t ! circum/ances "u :i* ,ma*iavelli compos$ ! ,pr9cipe1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ x z a s9c]e expression ( 8 political philosophy4 ,! intellect ( its au?or 0 em95tly analytical & positive2 he knew well h[ to conf9e himself )9 ! /ricte/ limits ( ! subject he _h *os54 ,9 ! ,pr9cipe x 0 n 8 purpose to write a treatise ( morality1 b to set =? ) sci5tific accuracy ! arts :i* he consid]$ necess>y to ! success ( an absolute rul]4 ,we may !re=e accept ?is essay z ! mo/ pr(\nd & lucid exposition ( ! pr9ciples by :i* ,italian /atesm5 7 guid$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,t ,ma*iavellism exi/$ be=e ,ma*iavelli has n[ become a truism4 ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti1 ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france1 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 ! ,papal ,curia1 & ! ,v5etian ,c\ncil _h sy/ematically pursu$ ! policy laid d[n 9 ! *apt]s ( ! ,pr9ce4 ,b x is no less true t ,ma*iavelli 0 ! fir/ 9 mod]n times to =mulate a !ory ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( ! rul] are alone reg>d$1 :i* assumes a sep>ation betwe5 /atecraft & morality1 :i* recognizes =ce & fraud among ! legitimate means ( atta9+ high political ends1 :i* makes success alone ! te/ ( conduct1 & :i* presupposes ! corruption1 v5ality1 & bas5ess ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,x 0 ?is :i* ar\s$ ! animosity ( ,europe aga9/ ,ma*iavelli1 z soon z ! ,pr9ce atta9$ wide circulation4 ,nations accu/om$ to ! ,mon>*ical r ?an ! ,despotic =m ( gov]nm5t res5t$ ! sy/ematic exposition ( an art ( tyranny :i* _h long be5 practic$ among ! ,italians4 ,! p ( ! ,nor?1 ^: moral fib] 0 /ill vigor\s1 & :o reta9$ _! respect = e/abli%$ religion1 c\ld n tol]ate ! cynicism ) :i* ,ma*iavelli analyz$ 8 subject f ! m]ely intellectual po9t ( view4 ,8 "n became a byword4 ',am ,i ,ma*iavel8' says ! ho/ 9 ! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor4 ,m>l[e makes ! gho/ ( ! great ,flor5t9e speak prologue to ! ,jew ( ,malta ?us-- ,i c\nt religion b a *ildi% toy1 ,& hold !re is no s9 b ignorance4 ,:5 ! ,c\nt]-re=mation _h begun 9 ,italy1 & desp]ate ef=ts 7 be+ made to *eck ! speculative fre$om ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,pr9cipe 0 condemn$ by ! ,inquisition4 ,mean:ile x 0 :isp]$ t ! ,spani% pr9ces1 & ! sons ( ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici ^u ! ?rone ( ,france1 conn$ its pages j z a manual ( toxicology might be /udi$ by a ,m>quise de ,br9villi]s4 ,ma*iavelli became ! scapegoat ( great political crimes2 & dur+ ! religi\s w>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 7 n want+ fanatics :o ascrib$ su* acts ( atrocity z ! ,massacre ( ,s4 ,b>?olomew to 8 v5om\s influ5ce4 ,yet ?is book 0 really no?+ m or less ?an a critical comp5dium ( facts respect+ ,italy1 a highly cond5s$ ab/ract ( political exp]i5ce4 ,9 x z 9 a mirror we may /udy ! l9eam5ts ( ! ,italian despot :o by adv5ture or by h]itage succe$$ to ! conduct ( a k+dom4 ,at ! same "t ! political pr9ciples "h e/abli%$ are ^? :i* guid$ ! delib]ations ( ! ,v5etian ,c\ncil & ! ,papal ,c\rt1 no less ?an ! actions ( a ,s=za or a ,borgia ^u ! pa? to p[]4 ,x is !re=e a docum5t ( ! v highe/ value = ! illu/ration ( ! ,italian consci5ce 9 relation to political morality4 ,! ,pr9cipe op5s ) ! /atem5t t all =ms ( gov]nm5t may be classifi$ z republics or z pr9cipalities4 ,( ! latt] "s are h]$it>y1 o!rs acquir$4 ,( ! pr9cipalities acquir$ 9 ! lifetime ( ! rul] "s are :olly new1 l ,milan "u ,francesco ,s=za2 o!rs are add$ ( h]$it>y k+doms1 l ,naples to ,spa94 ,aga91 su* acquir$ /ates h be5 previ\sly accu/om$ ei!r to ! rule ( a s+le man or to self-gov]nm5t4 ,f9ally !y are won ei!r ) ! conqu]or's own or ) borr[$ armies1 ei!r by =tune or by ability4#a ,?us n9e conditions "u :i* pr9cipalities may be consid]$ are e/abli%$ at ! outset4 #a ,! ^w ,virtu1 :i* ,i h translat$ ability1 is almo/ equival5t to ! ,greek ,greek3 arete1 be=e x _h receiv$ a moral def9ition1 or to ! ,roman ,virtus4 ,x is v f>1 z w be ga!r$ f ! sequel ( ! ,pr9cipe1 f d5ot+ :at we mean by ,virtue4 ,! %ort *apt] devot$ by ,ma*iavelli to h]$it>y pr9cipalities may be pass$ ov] z comp>atively unimportant4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,italian politics t ! only in/ance he adduces ( ?is =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ,italy is ! ,du*y ( ,f]r>a4 ,/ates & cities 7 s frequ5tly %ift+ own]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury t ! sci5tific politician 0 ju/ifi$ 9 conf9+ 8 att5tion to ! me?od ( e/abli%+ & pres]v+ pr9cipalities acquir$ by =ce4 ,:5 he passes to ! consid]ation ( ?is class1 ,ma*iavelli ent]s ^u ! real subject ( 8 essay4 ,! fir/ in/ance he discusses is t ( a pr9ce :o has conqu]$ a dom9ion :i* he wi%es to unite z firmly z possible to 8 h]$it>y /ates4 ,! new t]ritory may ei!r belong to ! same nationality & language z ! old possession1 or may n4 ,9 ! =m] case x w be en\gh to ext+ui% ! :ole l9e ( ! anci5t rul]s1 & to take c>e t nei!r ! laws nor ! impo/s ( ! prov9ce be mat]ially alt]$4 ,x w !n 9 c\rse ( "t become by natural coalition "p ( ! old k+dom4 ,b if ! acquir$ dom9ion be sep>ate 9 language1 cu/oms1 & traditions f ! old1 !n arises a real difficulty = ! conqu]or4 ,9 ord] to consolidate 8 empire & to accu/om 8 new subjects to 8 rule1 ,ma*iavelli recomm5ds t he %\ld ei!r take up 8 resid5ce 9 ! subjugat$ prov9ce1 or else plant colonies ?r\gh\t x1 b t he %\ld by no means tru/ m]ely to g>risons4 ',colonies1' he rem>ks1 'are n co/ly to ! pr9ce1 are m fai?ful1 & cause less (f5se to ! subject /ates2 ^? :om !y may injure1 be+ poor & scatt]$1 are prev5t$ f do+ mis*ief4 ,= x %\ld be obs]v$ t m5 ought ei!r to be c>ess$ or trampl$ out1 see+ t small injuries may be av5g$1 :]eas great ones de/roy ! possibility ( retaliation2 & s ! damage t has to be inflict$ ought to be su* t x ne$ involve no fe> ( v5geance4' ,i quote ?is passage z a specim5 ( ,ma*iavelli's direct & sci5tific h&l+ ( ! mo/ inhuman necessities ( /atecraft1 z conceiv$ by him4#a ,he uses no hypocritical palliation to disguise ! egotism ( ! conqu]or4 ,he does n ev5 pret5d to take into consid]ation any int]e/s b ^? ( ! ambiti\s pr9ce4 ,he treats humanity z ?\gh x 7 ! m>ble out ( :i* ! political arti/ %\ld hew ! =m t pleas$ 8 fancy be/4 ,he calculates ! exact am\nt ( oppression :i* w r5d] a nation incapable ( resi/ance1 & relieve ! conqu]or ( tr\ble 9 8 "w ( build+ up a puissant k+dom = 8 own aggr&izem5t4 #a ,x is fair to call att5tion to ! /rong expressions us$ by ,ma*iavelli 9 ! ,discorsi1 lib4 i4 cap4 #ah & cap4 #bf1 on ! infamies & inhumanities to :i* ! aspirant aft] tyranny is condemn$4 ,:at ,ma*iavelli says ab\t mix$ pr9cipalities is po9t$ by a se>*+ critique ( ! ,italian policy ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ,! ,fr5* k+ _h well-kn[n claims ^u ! ,du*y ( ,milan1 :i* ! ,v5etians urg$ him to make good4 ,!y propos$ to unite =ces & to divide ! conqu]$ prov9ce ( ,lomb>dy4 ,ma*iavelli does n blame ,l\is = accept+ ?is (f] & act+ 9 conc]t ) ! ,republic4 ,8 mi/akes began ! mom5t aft] he _h ga9$ possession ( ,milan1 ,g5oa1 & ! majority ( ! ,nor? ,italian cities4 ,x 0 !n 8 true policy to balance ,v5ice aga9/ ,rome1 to assume ! protectorate ( ! m9or /ates1 & to keep all dang]\s rivals out ( ,italy4 ,in/ead ( act+ ?us1 he put ,romagna into ! h&s ( ! ,pope & divid$ ,naples ) ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ',l\is inde$1' concludes ,ma*iavelli1 '0 guilty ( five capital errors3 he de/roy$ ! hopes ( 8 num]\s & weak allies2 he increas$ ! p[]1 already too great1 ( ! ,papacy2 he introduc$ a =eign pot5tate2 he neglect$ to reside 9 ,italy2 he f\nd$ no colonies = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 au?ority4 ,if ,i am told t ,l\is act$ ?us imprud5tly t[>d ,alex&] & ,f]d9& 9 ord] to avoid a w>1 ,i answ] t 9 ea* case ! mi/ake 0 z bad z any w> c\ld be 9 its results4 ,if ,i am rem9d$ ( 8 promise to ! ,pope1 ,i reply t pr9ces ought to "k h[ & :5 to break _! fai?1 z ,i int5d to prove4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,nantes1 ! ,c>d9al ( ,r\5 told me t ! ,italians did n "k h[ to conduct a w>3 ,i retort$ t ! ,fr5* did n und]/& /atecraft1 or !y w\ld n h all[$ ! ,*ur* to ga9 s mu* p[] 9 ,italy4 ,exp]i5ce %[$ t ,i 0 "r2 = ! ,fr5* wr\ght _! own ru9 by aggr&iz+ ! ,papacy & introduc+ ,spa9 into ! realm ( ,naples4' ,?is criticism conta9s ! v ess5ce ( political sagacity4 ,x lays b>e ! secret ( ! failure ( ! ,fr5* "u ,*>les1 "u ,l\is1 & "u ,francis1 to e/abli% !mselves 9 ,italy4 ,exp$itions ( p>ade1 h[ev] brilliant1 tempor>y conque/s1 cross alliances1 & bloody victories d n consolidate a k+dom4 ,!y upset /ates & cause mis]y to nations3 b _! effects pass & leave ! s-call$ conqu]ors worse (f ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,x 0 ! doom ( ,italy to be ravag$ by ^! inconsequ5t m>aud]s1 :o nev] attempt$ by int]nal organization to f\nd a sub/antial empire1 until ! mortma9 ( ! ,spani% rule 0 laid ^u ! p59sula1 & ,au/ria ga9$ by m>riages :at ,france _h fail$ to w9 by =ce ( arms4 ,! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,pr9cipe is devot$ to a p>allel betwe5 ,mon>*ies & ,despotisms :i* is *iefly int]e/+ z %[+ t ,ma*iavelli appreciat$ ! /ability ( k+doms bas$ ^u feudal f\ndations4 ,france is *os5 z ! be/ example ( ! "o & ,turkey ( ! o!r4 ',! :ole empire ( ! ,turk is gov]n$ by "o ,"l2 ! o!rs are 8 s]vants2 he divides 8 k+dom into satrapies1 to :i* he appo9ts diff]5t adm9i/rators1 :om he *anges ab\t at pleasure4 ,b ! ,k+ ( ,france is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( a "t-honor$ company ( lords1 ackn[l$g$ z su* by _! subjects & lov$ by !m2 !y h _! own pr]ogatives1 nor c ! k+ deprive !m ( ^! )\t p]il4' ,h5ce x foll[s t ! pr9ce :o has once dispossess$ a despot f9ds ready to 8 h& a ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t & a b& ( subs]vi5t m9i/]s2 :ile he :o may de?rone a mon>* has imm$iately to cope ) a multitude ( indep5d5t rul]s1 too num]\s to ext+ui% & too pr\d to conciliate4 ,ma*iavelli n[ proce$s to discuss ! be/ me?od ( subjugat+ free cities :i* h be5 acquir$ by a pr9ce4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( do+ x1 he says4 ',! fir/ is to de/roy !m utt]ly2 ! second1 to rule !m 9 y\r own p]son2 ! ?ird1 to leave !m _! con/itution "u ! conduct ( an olig>*y *os5 by y\rself1 & to be cont5t ) tribute4 ,b1 to speak ! tru?1 ! only safe way is to ru9 !m4' ,?is s\nds v mu* l ! advice :i* an old spid] might give to a "y "o3 ,:5 y h caught a big fly1 suck him at once2 suck out at any rate s mu* ( 8 blood z may make him p[]less to break y\r web1 & fe$ on him aft]w>ds at leisure4 ,!n he goes on to give 8 reasons4 ',he :o becomes ! ma/] ( a city us$ to lib]ty1 & does n de/roy x1 %\ld be prep>$ to be undone by x himself1 because t "n ( ,lib]ty1 ^? anci5t usages ( ,fre$om1 :i* no l5g? ( ye>s & no b5efits c ext+ui% 9 ! nation's m9d1 :i* _c be uproot$ by any =e?\ght or by any pa9s1 unless ! citiz5s !mselves be brok5 or disp]s$1 w always be a rally+-po9t = revolution :5 an opportunity occurs4' ,?is t]rific moral--?r\gh :i*1 let x be said 9 ju/ice to ,ma*iavelli1 ! en?usiasm ( a patriot transpires--is po9t$ by ! example ( ,pisa4 ,pisa1 held = a c5tury b5ea? ! heel ( ,flor5ce--h] ports %ut up1 h] fields ab&on$ to m>% fev]1 h] civic life ext+ui%$1 h] arts & sci5ces cru%$ out--_h yet n be5 utt]ly ru9$ 9 ! true s5se ( depopulation or dismemb]m5t4 ,!re=e :5 ,*>les ,,viii4 9 #adid ent]$ ,pisa1 & ,orl&i1 ! orator1 caught him by ! royal mantle1 & bes\ght him to re/ore h] lib]ty1 t ^w1 ! only ^w ! cr[d c\ld cat* 9 8 petition1 inflam$ a nation3 ! lions & lilies ( ,flor5ce 7 eras$ f ! public build+s2 ! ,m>zocco 0 da%$ f its column on ! quay into ! ,arno2 & 9 a mom5t ! dead republic awoke to life4 ,!re=e1 argues ,ma*iavelli1 s t5aci\s is ! vitality ( a free /ate t a prud5t conqu]or w ext+ui% x entirely or w rule x 9 p]son ) a rod ( iron4 ,?is1 be x rememb]$1 is ! advice ( ,ma*iavelli1 ! ! ,flor5t9e patriot1 to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ! ,flor5t9e tyrant1 :o has rec5tly resum$ 8 seat ^u ! neck ( t irrepressible republic4 ,hi!rto we h be5 consid]+ h[ ! /ate acquir$ by a conqu]or %\ld be incorporat$ ) 8 previ\s dom9ions4 ,! next section ( ,ma*iavelli's disc\rse is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,x treats ( pr9cipalities creat$ by ! arms1 p]sonal qualities1 & good =tune ( adv5tur]s4 ,italy alone 9 ! sixte5? c5tury furni%$ examples ( ^! tyrannies3 consequ5tly t portion ( ! ,pr9cipe :i* is conc]n$ ) !m has a special int]e/ = /ud5ts ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,ma*iavelli beg9s ) ! f\nd]s ( k+doms :o h ow$ b little to =tune & h dep5d$ on _! own =ces4 ,! li/ he furni%es1 :5 te/$ by mod]n notions ( hi/ory1 is to say ! lea/ a curi\s "o4 ,x conta9s ,moses1 ,cyrus1 ,romulus1 & ,!seus4 ,hav+ m5tion$ ,moses fir/1 ,ma*iavelli proce$s to expla9 t1 ?\gh we h to reg>d him z ! m]e in/rum5t ( ,god's purpose1 yet ! pr9ciples on :i* ! o!r f\nd]s act$ 7 'n diff]5t f ^? :i* ,moses d]iv$ f s supreme a tea*]4' ,:at ^! m5 sev]ally ow$ to =tune 0 b ! occasion = ! display ( ! greatness t 0 9 !m4 ,moses f\nd ! p ( ,israel enslav$ 9 ,egypt4 ,romulus 0 an exile f ,alba4 ,cyrus _h to deal ) ! ,p]sian p tir$ ( ! empire ( effem9ate ,m$es4 ,!seus und]took to unite ! scatt]$ elem5ts ( ! ,a!nian nation4 ,?us ea* ( ^! f\nd]s _h an op5+ provid$ = him1 by mak+ use ( :i* he 0 able to br+ 8 illu/ri\s qualities into play4 ,! a*ievem5t 9 ea* case 0 aft]w>ds due solely to 8 own ability1 & ! conque/ :i* he made ) difficulty 0 pres]v$ ) ease4 ,?is exordium is n )\t practical importance1 z w be se5 :5 we rea* ! application ( ! :ole argum5t to ! h\se ( ,m$ici at ! conclusion ( ! treatise4 ,! initial ob/acles :i* an innovator has to ov]come1 mean:ile1 are enorm\s4 ',he has = passionate foes all su* z fl\ri% "u ! old ord]1 = fri5ds ^? :o might fl\ri% "u ! new2 b ^! are lukew>m1 p>tly f fe> ( _! oppon5ts1 on ^: side are e/abli%$ law & "r1 p>tly f ! incr$ulity :i* prev5ts m5 f putt+ fai? 9 :at is novel & untri$4' ,x !re=e becomes a matt] ( necessity t ! innovator %\ld be back$ up ) =ce1 t he %\ld be 9 a position to comm& & n oblig$ to sue = aid4 ,?is is ! reason :y all ! prophets :o h us$ arms to en=ce _! revelations h succe$$1 & :y ^? :o h only tru/$ to _! p]sonal asc5d5cy h fail$4 ,moses1 ( c\rse1 is an illu/ri\s example ( ! successful prophet4 ,savon>ola is adduc$ z a notable in/ance ( a re=m] ':o 0 ru9$ 9 8 "w ( innovation z soon z ! multitude lo/ _! fai? 9 him1 s9ce he _h no means ( keep+ ^? :o _h believ$ firm1 or ( compell+ fai? f disbeliev]s4' ,9 ?is critique ,ma*iavelli rema9s true to 8 positive & sci5tific philosophy ( human nature4 ,he w n all[ t !re are o!r p]man5t ag5cies 9 ! _w ?an ! calculat+ ability ( resolute m5 & ! might d]iv$ f physical =ces4 ,among ! em95t examples ( ,italian f\nd]s :o rose to pr9cely p[] by _! own ability or by avail+ !mselves ( ! advantages :i* =tune put )9 _! rea*1 ,ma*iavelli selects ,francesco ,s=za & ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,! =m] is a notable in/ance ( success a*iev$ by pure virtu3 ',francesco1 by us+ ! "r means1 & by 8 own s+ul> ability1 rais$ himself f ! rank ( a private man to ! ,du*y ( ,milan1 & ma9ta9$ ) ease ! ma/]y he _h acquir$ ) inf9ite pa9s4' ,ces>e1 on ! o!r h&1 illu/rates bo? ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( =tuna3 'he acquir$ 8 dom9ion by ! aid d]iv$ f 8 fa!r's position1 & :5 he lo/ t he also lo/ 8 p[]1 not)/&+ t he us$ e endeavor & did all t a prud5t & able man ought to d 9 ord] to plant himself firmly 9 ^? /ates :i* ! arms & =tune ( o!rs _h plac$ at 8 disposal4' ,x is n necess>y to dwell ^u ! c>e] ( ,francesco ,s=za4 ,n he b ,ces>e ,borgia is ,ma*iavelli's h]o 9 ?is treatise1 ! example f :i* he d$uces lessons bo? ( imitation & avoidance = ! b5efit ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,lor5zo1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 l ,ces>e1 w\ld h ! =tunes ( ! ,*ur* to />t ) 9 t c>e] ( ambition to :i* ,ma*iavelli incites him4 ,unlike ,francesco ,s=za1 he 0 no m]e soldi] ( adv5ture1 b a pr9ce1 born 9 ! purple1 & b\nd to make use ( ^? undef9$ advantages :i* he d]iv$ f 8 position 9 ,flor5ce & f ! c\nt5ance ( 8 uncle1 ! ,pope4 ,! ,duke ,val5t9o1 !re=e1 :o is at "o & ! same "t ,ma*iavelli's ideal ( prud5ce & c\rage 9 ! conduct ( affairs1 & also 8 *ief in/ance ( ! in/ability ( =tune1 supplies ! philosoph] ) all he ne$$ = ! guidance ( 8 pr9cely pupil4 ,) ! ,duke ,val5t9o ,ma*iavelli _h conv]s$ on t]ms ( private intimacy1 & !re is no d\bt t 8 imag9ation _h be5 dazzl$ by ! brilliant intellectual abilities ( ?is consummate rogue4 ,dispat*$ 9 #aejb by ! ,flor5t9e ,republic to wat* ! op]ations ( ,ces>e at ,imola1 ) secret in/ructions to (f] ! ,duke false promises 9 ! hope ( elicit+ in=mation t c\ld be reli$ ^u1 ,ma*iavelli _h enjoy$ ! r>e pleasure ( a game at political ec>te ) ! subtle/ & mo/ unscrupul\s diplomati/ ( 8 age4 ,he _h witness$ 8 t]rible yet b5eficial adm9i/ration ( ,romagna4 ,he _h be5 pres5t at 8 murd] ( ! *iefs ( ! ,ors9i faction at ,s9igaglia4 ,ces>e _h confid$ to him1 or _h pret5d$ to confide1 8 s*emes ( p]sonal ambition1 z well z ! motives & ! measures ( 8 secret policy4 ,on ! day ( ! election ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 he _h laid b>e ! :ole ( 8 pa/ hi/ory be=e ! ,flor5t9e secret>y1 & _h po9t$ out ! s+le weakness ( :i* he felt himself to h be5 guilty4 ,9 ^! trials ( skill & ?is ex*ange ( confid5ce x is impossible to say :i* ( ! two game/]s may h be5 ! m deceiv$4 ,b ,ma*iavelli felt t ! ,borgia suppli$ him ) a p]fect specim5 = ! /udy ( ! arts ( /atecraft2 & s deep 0 ! impression produc$ ^u 8 m9d1 t ev5 aft] ! utt] failure ( ,ces>e's designs he made him ! h]o ( ! political romance be=e u4 ,8 arti/ic p]ception ( ! p]fect & ! beautiful1 bo? 9 unscrupul\s conduct & 9 frigid calculation ( conflict+ int]e/s1 0 satisfi$ by ! /eady selfi%ness1 ! p]si/5t p]fidy1 ! pr(\nd mi/ru/ ( m51 ! self-comm& 9 ! execution ( p]il\s designs1 ! mod]ate & delib]ate employm5t ( cruelty = def9ite ends1 :i* he obs]v$ 9 ! "y ,duke1 & :i* he has idealiz$ 9 8 own ,pr9cipe4 ,t nature1 z ( a salam&] adapt$ to its elem5t ( fire1 z ( 'a resolute angel t delights 9 flame1' to :i* no?+ 0 sacr$1 :i* no?+ c\ld daunt1 :i* nev] = a mom5t sacrific$ reason to passion1 :i* 0 incapable ( weakness or fatigue1 _h fasc9at$ ,ma*iavelli's fancy4 ,! moral qualities ( ! man1 ! base f\ndations ^u :i* he rais$ 8 p[]1 ! unutt]able sc&als ( 8 private life1 & ! hatr$ ( all ,*ri/5dom 7 z no?+ 9 ! balance4 ,su* consid]ations _h1 accord+ to ! conditions ( 8 subject1 to be elim9at$ be=e he weigh$ ! intellectual qualities ( ! adv5tur]4 ',if all ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,duke are consid]$'--x is ,ma*iavelli speak+--'x w be f\nd t he built up a great sub/ructure = 8 future p[]2 nor d ,i "k :at precepts ,i c\ld furni% to a pr9ce 9 8 comm5cem5t bett] ?an su* z are to be d]iv$ f 8 example4' ,x is ?us t ,ma*iavelli1 ! citiz51 addresses ,lor5zo1 ! tyrant ( ,flor5ce4 ,he says to him3 ,g ?\ & d likewise4 ,& :at1 !n1 is ?is likewise8 ,ces>e1 be+ a ,pope's son1 _h no?+ to look to b ! influ5ce ( 8 fa!r4 ,at fir/ he design$ to use ?is influ5ce 9 ! ,*ur*2 b aft] murd]+ 8 eld] bro!r1 he ?rew aside ! ,c>d9al's sc>let & proclaim$ himself a political aspirant4 ,8 fa!r c\ld n make him "l ( any /ate1 unless x 7 a portion ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,*ur*3 & ?\gh1 by creat+1 z he did1 twelve ,c>d9als 9 "o day1 he got ! ,sacr$ ,college to sanction 8 inve/iture ( ! ,du*y ( ,romagna1 yet bo? ,v5ice & ,milan 7 oppos$ to ?is s*eme4 ,aga9 !re 0 a difficulty to be enc\nt]$ 9 ! great b>onial h\ses ( ,ors9i & ,colonna1 :o at t "t head$ all ! m]c5>y troops ( ,italy1 & :o1 z ,roman nobles1 _h a natural hatr$ = ! ,pope4 ,x 0 necess>y to use _! aid 9 ! acquisition ( ,ces>e's pr9cipality4 ,x 0 no less ne$ful to humor _! animosity4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,alex&] ?\ght x be/ to invite ! ,fr5* k+ into ,italy1 b>ga9+ ) ,l\is t he w\ld dissolve 8 m>riage 9 return = protection aw>d$ to ,ces>e4 ,! ,colonna faction mean:ile 0 to be cru%$1 & ! ,ors9i to be flatt]$4 ,ces>e1 by ! help ( 8 ,fr5* allies & ! ,ors9i capta9s1 took possession ( ,imola & ,fa5za1 & !nce proce$$ to ov]run ,romagna4 ,9 ?is ent]prise he succe$$ to ! full4 ,romagna _h be51 f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,italian hi/ory1 a ne/ ( petty tyrants :o gov]n$ badly & :o kept no peace 9 _! dom9ions4 ,!re=e ! t[ns 7 b languid 9 _! opposition to ,ces>e1 & 7 soon m ?an cont5t$ ) a conqu]or :o introduc$ a good sy/em = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,b n[ two difficulties arose4 ,! subjugation ( ,romagna _h be5 effect$ by ! help ( ! ,fr5* & ! ,ors9i4 ,ces>e z yet _h =m$ no militia ( 8 own1 & 8 allies 7 becom+ suspici\s4 ,! ,ors9i _h %[n "s slackness at ,fa5za2 & :5 ,ces>e proce$$ to make himself ma/] ( ,urb9o1 & to place a foot 9 ,tuscany by ! capture ( ,piomb9o--:i* conque/s he complet$ dur+ #aejj & #aeja--,l\is began to be jeal\s ( him4 ,! problem = ! ,duke 0 h[ to disemb>rass himself ( ! two =ces by :i* he _h acquir$ a solid basis = 8 future pr9cipality4 ,8 fir/ move 0 to buy ov] ! ,c>d9al d',amboise1 ^: influ5ce 9 ! ,fr5* ,c\rt 0 supreme & ?us to keep 8 cr$it = a:ile afloat ) ,l\is4 ,8 second 0 to neutralize ! p[] ( ! ,ors9i1 p>tly by pitt+ !m aga9/ ! ,colonnesi1 & p>tly by sup]s$+ !m 9 _! comm& z capta9s4 ,= ! latt] purpose he became 8 own ,condotti]e1 draw+ to 8 /&>d by ! lure ( spl5did pay all ! m9or g5try ( ! ,roman ,campagna4 ,?us he collect$ 8 own =ces & 0 able to disp5se ) ! unsafe aid ( m]c5>y troops4 ,at ?is po9t ( 8 c>e] ! ,ors9i1 f9d+ him e/abli%$ 9 ,romagna1 9 ,urb9o1 & 9 "p ( ,tuscany1 :ile _! own /r5g? 0 on ! decl9e1 det]m9$ if possible to *eck ! c>e] ( ?is =midable tyrant by assass9ation4 ,! conspiracy kn[n z ! ',diet ( ,la ,magione' 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,9 ?is conjuration ! ,c>d9al ,ors9i1 ,paolo ,ors9i1 8 bro!r & head ( ! great h\se1 toge!r ) ,vitellozzo ,vitelli1 "l ( ,citta di ,ca/ello1 ! ,baglione ( ,p]ugia1 ! ,b5tivoglio ( ,bologna1 ,antonio da ,v5asso f ,si5a1 & ,oliv]otto da ,f]mo took ea* a "p4 ,! result ( _! ma*9ations aga9/ ! common foe 0 t ,ces>e = a mom5t lo/ ,urb9o1 & 0 ne>ly unseat$ 9 ,romagna4 ,b ! ,fr5* help$ him1 & he /ood firm4 ,/ill x 0 impossible to believe t ,l\is ,,xii4 w\ld suff] him to advance un*eck$ 9 8 c>e] ( conque/2 & z long z he cont9u$ betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,ors9i 8 position 0 ( necessity insecure4 ,! =m] _h to be ca/ (f2 ! latt] to be extirpat$2 & yet he _h n =ce en\gh to play an op5 game4 ',he !re=e1' says ,ma*iavelli1 'turn$ to craft1 & display$ su* skill 9 dissimulation t ! ,ors9i ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,paolo became 8 fri5ds aga94' ,! cruelty ( ,ces>e ,borgia 0 only equall$ by 8 craft2 & x 0 by a supreme ex]cise ( 8 p[] ( fasc9ation t he lur$ ! foes :o _h plott$ aga9/ him at ,la ,magione into 8 sn>e at ,s9igaglia4 ,paolo ,ors9i1 ,francesco ,ors9i1 duke ( ,grav9a1 ,vitellozzo ,vitelli1 & ,oliv]otto da ,f]mo 7 all m5 ( arms1 accu/om$ to intrigue & to blood%$1 & m ?an "o ( !m 7 /a9$ ) crimes ( ! mo/ atroci\s trea*]y4 ,yet su* 7 ! arts ( ,ces>e ,borgia t 9 #aejb he manag$ to assemble !m1 ap>t f _! troops1 9 ! ca/le ( ,s9igaglia1 :]e he _h !m /rangl$4 ,hav+ n[ de/roy$ ! *iefs ( ! opposition & enli/$ _! =ces 9 8 own s]vice1 ,ces>e1 to use ! phrase ( ,ma*iavelli1 '_h laid good f\ndations = 8 future p[]4' ,he comm&$ a suffici5t t]ritory2 he wield$ ! temporal & spiritual p[] ( 8 fa!r2 he 0 fe>$ by ! pr9ces & respect$ by ! p ?r\gh\t ,italy2 8 cruelty & p]fidy & subtlety & boldness caus$ him to be univ]sally admir$4 ,b z yet he _h only laid f\ndations4 ,! empire ( ,italy 0 /ill to w92 = he aspir$ to no?+ else1 & x is ev5 probable t he ent]ta9$ a notion ( secul>iz+ ! ,papacy4 ,france 0 ! *ief ob/acle to 8 ambition4 ,! al>m ( ,l\is _h at la/ be5 r\s$4 ,b ,l\is' own mi/ake 9 br++ ! ,spani>ds into ,naples af=d$ ,ces>e ! means ( %ak+ (f ! ,fr5* control4 ,he esp\s$ ! cause ( ,spa91 & by intrigu+ n[ ) ! "o p[] & n[ ) ! o!r made himself bo? =midable & desirable to ea*4 ,8 geographical position betwe5 ,milan & ,naples en=c$ ?is policy4 ,ano!r difficulty aga9/ :i* he _h to provide 0 9 ! future r ?an ! pres5t4 ,%\ld 8 fa!r die1 & a new ,pope adv]se to 8 int]e/s be elect$1 he might lose n only ! support ( ! ,holy ,see1 b also 8 fiefs ( ,romagna & ,urb9o4 ,to meet ?is cont+5cy he took f\r precautions1 m5tion$ ) great admiration by ,ma*iavelli4 ,9 ! fir/ place he sy/ematically murd]$ ! heirs ( ! rul+ families ( all ! cities he acquir$--z = example ?ree ,v>ani at ,cam]9o1 two ,manfr$i at ,fa5za1 ! ,ors9i & ,vitelli at ,s9igaglia1 & o!rs :om x w\ld be t$i\s to m5tion4 ,by ?is process he left no scion ( ! anci5t h\ses = a future ,pope to re/ore4 ,9 ! second place he atta*$ to 8 p]son by p5sions1 (fices1 & emolum5ts1 all ! ,roman g5try1 s t he might be able to keep ! new ,pope a prison] & un>m$ 9 ,rome4 ,?irdly1 he r$uc$ ! ,college ( ,c>d9als1 by brib]y1 t]rorism1 poison+1 & pack$ elections1 to su* a /ate t he c\ld c\nt on ! creation ( a ,pope1 if n 8 nom9ee1 at lea/ n ho/ile to 8 int]e/s4 ,f\r?ly1 he lo/ no "t1 b pu%$ 8 plans ( conque/ on ) utmo/ spe$1 s z1 if possible1 to comm& a l>ge t]ritory at ! "t ( ,alex&]'s dea?4 ,ma*iavelli1 :o records ^! f\r po9ts ) approbation1 adds3 ',he !re=e1 :o f9ds x ne$ful 9 8 new au?ority to secure himself aga9/ foes1 to acquire allies1 to ga9 a po9t by =ce or fraud1 etc41 etc41 c\ld n discov] an ensample m vigor\s & bloom+ ?an t ( ,ces>e4' ,su* is ! panegyric :i* ,ma*iavelli1 writ+1 z x seems to me1 9 all good fai? & innoc5ce1 records ( a man :o1 tak5 altoge!r1 is p]haps ! mo/ selfi%1 p]fidi\s1 & murd]\s ( adv5tur]s on record4 ,! only fault = :i* he blames him is t he did n prev5t ! election ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 by conc5trat+ 8 influ5ce on ei!r ! ,c>d9al d',amboise or a ,spani>d4 ,x is curi\s to read ! title ( ! *apt] foll[+ t :i* criticises ! action ( ,ces>e ,borgia3 x runs ?us1 ',conc]n+ ^? :o h atta9$ to sov]eignty by crimes4' ,ces>e 0 cle>ly n "o ( ^! m5 9 ! eyes ( ,ma*iavelli1 :o conf9es 8 att5tion to ,aga?ocles ( ,syracuse1 & to ,oliv]otto da ,f]mo1 a brig& :o acquir$ ! lord%ip ( ,f]mo by murd]+ 8 uncle & b5efactor1 ,giovanni ,fogliani1 & all ! *ief m5 ( ! city at a banquet to :i* he _h invit$ !m4 ,?is atrocity1 accord+ to ,ma*iavelli's cre$1 w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$1 if ,oliv]otto _h comb9$ cruelty & subtlety 9 prop] proportions4 ,b 8 savag]y 0 n suffici5tly veil$2 a pr9ce %\ld nev] incur odium by crimes ( viol5ce1 b only use !m z ! means ( inspir+ t]ror4 ,besides1 ,oliv]otto 0 s simple z to fall at la/ into ! sn>e ( ,ces>e ,borgia at ,s9igaglia4 ,ces>e himself supplies ,ma*iavelli ) a notable example ( ! way 9 :i* cruelty c be well us$4 ,hav+ f\nd ! cities ( ,romagna 9 great disord]1 ,ces>e det]m9$ to quell !m by ! f]ocity ( a t]rible gov]nor4 ,= ?is purpose he *ose ,mess] ,ramiro d' ,orco1 'a man cruel & quick ( action1 to :om he gave ! fulle/ p[]4' ,a /ory is told ( ,mess] ,ramiro :i* illu/rates 8 temp] 9 a v biz>re fa%ion3 he "o day kick$ a clumsy page on to ! fire1 & held him !re ) a pok] till he 0 burn$ up4 ,act+ aft] ?is fa%ion1 ) pl5ipot5ti>y au?ority1 ,ramiro soon froze ! :ole prov9ce into comp>ative tranquillity4 ,b x did n suit ,ces>e to incur ! odium :i* ! man's cruelty br\ght on 8 adm9i/ration4 ,accord+ly he _h him decapitat$ "o night & expos$ to public view1 toge!r ) ! block & bloody hat*et1 9 ! squ>e at ,ces5a4 ,( ! art ) :i* ,ces>e fir/ r$uc$ ,romagna to ord] by ! cruelty ( 8 ag5t1 & !n avoid$ ! odium ( ?is cruelty by us+ ! wret*$ creature z an appall+ example ( 8 ju/ice & 8 p[]1 ,ma*iavelli :olly approves4 ,8 !ory is t cruelty %\ld be employ$ = c]ta9 def9ite purposes1 b t ! ,pr9ce %\ld endeavor to %un z f> z possible ! hatr$ x inspires4 ,9 ju/ice bo? to ,ma*iavelli & to ,ces>e1 x %\ld be said t ! adm9i/ration ( ,romagna 0 f> bett] "u ! ,borgia rule ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,! exhibition ( savage viol5ce ( :i* ,ma*iavelli approves 0 p]haps ne$$ to c[ s brutaliz$ a population4 ,9 ^? *apt]s :i* ,ma*iavelli has devot$ to ! exposition ( ! qualities t befit a ,pr9ce1 x is cle> t ,ces>e ,borgia 0 n unfrequ5tlv be=e 8 eyes4#a ,! wor/ ?+ t c be said ab\t ,italy ( ! sixte5? c5tury is t su* an analy/ z ,ma*iavelli %\ld h be5 able to idealize an adv5tur] ^: egoti/ic immorality 0 s undisguis$4 ,! e?ics ( ?is pr(\nd anatomi/ ( human motives 7 bas$ ^u a conviction t m5 are altoge!r bad4 ,:5 discuss+ ! "q :e!r x be bett] to be lov$ or fe>$1 ,ma*iavelli decides t 'x is f> saf] to be fe>$ ?an lov$1 if y mu/ *oose2 see+ t y may say ( m5 g5]ally t !y are ungrateful & *angeable1 dissembl]s1 apt to %un dang]1 eag] = ga92 z long z y s]ve !m1 !y (f] y ev]y?+1 d[n to _! v *ildr51 if y h no ne$2 b :5 y want help1 !y fail y4 ,!re=e x is be/ to put no fai? 9 _! pret5d$ love4' ,?is is language :i* c\ld only be us$ 9 a c\ntry :]e loyalty 0 unkn[n & :]e all political & social comb9ations 7 f\nd$ ^u =ce or conv5i5ce4 ,pr9ces mu/1 h[ev]1 be cauti\s n to injure _! subjects 9 _! honor or _! prop]ty--especially ! latt]1 s9ce m5 '=get ! murd] ( _! fa!rs quick] ?an ! loss ( _! money4' ,"u ano!r head+ ,ma*iavelli returns to ! same topic1 & lays x d[n z an axiom t1 s9ce ! l>ge majority ( m5 are bad1 a pr9ce mu/ le>n 9 self-def5se h[ to be bad1 & mu/ use ?is sci5ce :5 & :]e he deems appropriate1 endeavor+1 h[ev]1 "u all circum/ances to pass = good4 #a ,9 a lett] to ,fr4 ,vettori 7,jan4 #ca1 #aead7 he says3 ',il duca ,val5t9o1 l' op]e del quale io imit]ei sempre qu&o fossi pr9cipe nuove4 ,he br+s ! same desp]ate philosophy ( life1 ! same bitt] exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 to be> ^u 8 discussion ( ! fai? ( pr9ces4 ,! *apt] :i* is entitl$ ',h[ pr9ces ought to keep _! ^w' is "o ( ! mo/ brilliantly compos$ & ?or\ghly ,ma*iavellian ( ! :ole treatise4 ,he />ts ) ! ass]tion t to fight ! battles ( life 9 accordance ) law is human1 to dep5d on =ce is brutal2 yet :5 ! =m] me?od is insuffici5t1 ! latt] mu/ be adopt$4 ,a pr9ce %\ld "k h[ to comb9e ! natures ( ! man & ( ! bea/2 & ?is is ! mean+ ( ! my?us ( ,*eiron1 :o 0 made ! tutor ( ,a*illes4 ,he %\ld /rive to acquire ! qualities ( ! fox & ( ! lion1 9 ord] t he may bo? avoid sn>es & gu>d himself f wolves4 ,a prud5t pr9ce _c & mu/ n keep fai?1 :5 x is h>mful to d s1 or :5 ! occasion "u :i* he promis$ has pass$ by4 ,he w always f9d colorable pretexts = break+ 8 ^w2 & if he le>ns well h[ to feign1 he w h b little difficulty 9 deceiv+ p4 ,among ! innum]able in/ances ( successful hypocrites ,ma*iavelli c ?9k ( none m excell5t ?an ,alex&] ,,vi4 ',he nev] did any?+ else b deceive m51 nor ev] ?\ght ( any?+ b ?is1 & always f\nd apt matt] = 8 practice4 ,nev] 0 !re a man :o _h great] =ce 9 swe>+ & ty+ himself d[n to 8 engagem5ts1 or :o obs]v$ !m less4 ,nev]!less 8 wiles 7 always successful 9 ! way he wi%$1 because he well knew t side ( ! _w4' ,x is curi\s t ,ma*iavelli %\ld h =gott5 t ! :ole elaborate life's policy ( ,alex&] & 8 son 0 ru9$ precisely by _! fall+ into "o ( _! own traps1 & t ! mi/ake or treason ( a s]vant upset ! calculations ( ! two mo/ ma/]ly deceiv]s ( _! age4#a ,foll[+ out ! same l9e ( ?\ght1 :i* implies t 9 a bad _w a pr9ce _c af=d to be good1 ,ma*iavelli ass]ts3 ',x is n necess>y t a pr9ce %\ld be m]ciful1 loyal1 humane1 religi\s1 j3 nay1 ,i w v5ture to say1 t if he _h all ^! qualities & always us$ !m1 !y w\ld h>m him4 ,b he mu/ seem to h !m1 especially if he be new 9 8 pr9cipality1 :]e he w f9d x q impossible to ex]cise ^! virtues1 s9ce 9 ord] to ma9ta9 8 p[] he w be (t5 oblig$ to act contr>y to humanity1 *>ity1 religion4' ,ma*iavelli does n advise him to become bad = ! sake ( badness1 b to "k :5 to quit ! pa? ( virtue = ! pres]vation ( 8 k+dom4 ',he mu/ take c>e to say no?+ t is n full ( ^! five qualities1 & mu/ always appe> all m]cy1 all loyalty1 all humanity1 all ju/ice1 all religion1 especially ! la/4' ,on ! advantage ( a reputation = piety ,ma*iavelli insi/s mo/ /rongly4 ,he po9ts out h[ ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic us$ ! pretext ( religi\s zeal 9 ord] to a*ieve ! conque/ ( ,granada1 to invade ,africa1 to expel ! ,moors1 & h[ 8 p]fidies 9 ,italy1 8 p]juries to ,france1 7 color$ ) a sanctimoni\s dec5cy4 #a ,p]haps ?is is an indirect argum5t aga9/ ! leg5d ( _! dea?4 ,aft] read+ ^! passages we feel t ?\gh x may be true t ,ma*iavelli only spoke ) sci5tific c&or ( ! vices :i* 7 common to all /atesm5 9 8 age--?\gh ! ,italians 7 s corrupt t x seem$ hopeless to deal fairly ) !m--yet !re 0 a radical ta9t 9 ! s\l ( ! man :o c\ld h ! he>t to cull ^! poison\s h]bs ( policy & di/ill _! juices to a qu9tess5ce = ! use ( ! pr9ce to :om he 0 confid+ ! de/9ies ( ,italy4#a ,almo/ involunt>ily we rememb] ! oa? :i* ,ar?ur adm9i/]$ to 8 knights1 :5 he bade !m 'nev] to d outrage nor murd]1 & always to flee treason2 also by no means to be cruel1 b to give m]cy unto him t ask$ m]cy1 ^u pa9 ( =feiture ( _! wor%ip & lord%ip ( ,k+ ,ar?ur = ev]more4' ,9 a l& :]e *ivalry l ?is _h ev] tak5 root1 ei!r z an ideal or z an in/itution1 ! *apt]s ( ,ma*iavelli c\ld sc>cely h be5 publi%$4 ,! ,italians lack$ ! virtues ( knigh?ood4 ,x 0 possible among !m = ! philosoph]s to tea* ! pr9ces t success pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( honor1 loyalty1 humanity1 & tru? might be illu/ri\s4 ,x is refre%+ to turn f ^? *apt]s 9 :i* ,ma*iavelli tea*es ! ,pr9ce h[ to cope ) ! _w by us+ ! vices ( ! wick$1 to 8 exposition ( ! milit>y organization suit$ to ! ma9t5ance ( a great k+dom4 ,ma*iavelli has no mean or humble ambition = 8 ,pr9ce3 'd\ble w 8 glory be1 :o has f\nd$ a new realm1 & =tifi$ & adorn$ x ) good laws1 good arms1 good fri5ds1 & good ensamples4' ,:at ! ent]prise to :i* he fa9 w\ld r\se ,lor5zo really is1 w appe> 9 ! conclusion4 ,mean:ile he enc\rages him by ! example ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic to gird 8 lo9s up = great ent]prises4 ,he bids him be circumspect 9 8 *oice ( secret>ies1 see+ t '! fir/ op9ion =m$ ( a pr9ce & ( 8 capacity is d]iv$ f ! m5 :om he has ga!r$ r\nd him4' ,he po9ts out h[ he %\ld %un flatt]y & seek respectful b s9c]e advice4 ,f9ally he rem9ds him t a pr9ce is impot5t unless he c comm& ob$i5ce by 8 arms4 ,=tresses are a d\btful s\rce ( /r5g?2 aga9/ =eign foes !y are worse ?an useless2 aga9/ subjects !y are wor?less 9 comp>ison ) ! goodwill ( ! p3 '! be/ =tress possible is to escape ! hatr$ ( y\r subjects4' ,ev]y?+ !re=e dep5ds ^u ! well-ord]+ ( a national militia4 ,! neglect ( t ru9$ ! pr9ces ( ,italy & enabl$ ,*>les ,,viii4 to conqu] ! faire/ ( ,european k+doms ) wood5 spurs & a piece ( *alk4#b #a ,9 ! ,discorsi1 lib4 i4 cap4 #ee1 he calls ,italy 'la coruttela del mondo1' & judges t h] case is desp]ate2 'non si puo sp]>e nelle prov9cie *e 9 que/i tempi si veggono corrotte1 come e l' ,italia sopra tutte le altre4' #b ,! ref]5ces 9 ?is p>agraph are made to *apt]s xx4-xxiv4 & *apt] xii4 ( ! ,pr9cipe4 ,9 8 disc\rse on armies ,ma*iavelli lays x d[n t ! troops ) :i* a pr9ce def5ds 8 /ate are ei!r 8 own1 or m]c5>ies1 or auxili>ies1 or mix$4 ',m]c5>y & auxili>y =ces are bo? useless & p]il\s1 & he :o f\nds ! security ( 8 dom9ion on ! =m] w nev] be e/abli%$ firmly3 see+ t !y are disunit$1 ambiti\s1 & undiscipl9$1 )\t loyalty1 trucul5t to _! fri5ds1 c[>dly among foes2 !y h no fe> ( ,god1 no fai? ) m52 y are only safe ) !m be=e !y are attack$2 9 peace !y plund] y2 9 w> y are ! prey ( y\r enemies4 ,! cause ( ?is is t !y h no o!r love nor o!r reason to keep ! field1 beyond a little pay1 :i* is f> f suffici5t to make !m wi% to die = y4 ,!y are will+ en\gh to be y\r soldi]s s long z y are at peace1 b :5 w> comes _! impulse is to fly or sneak away4 ,x ought to be easy to e/abli% ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion1 s9ce ! ru9 ( ,italy is due to no?+ else except ?is1 t we h n[ = _m ye>s dep5d$ ^u m]c5>y arms4'#a ,"h he t\*es ! real weakness ( ! ,italian /ates4 ,!n he proce$s to expla9 fur!r ! rott5ness ( ! ,condotti]e sy/em4 ,capta9s ( adv5ture are ei!r m5 ( ability or n4 ,if !y are1 y h to fe> le/ _! ambition prompt !m to turn _! arms aga9/ y\rself or y\r allies4 ,?is happ5$ to ,que5 ,joan ( ,naples1 :o 0 des]t$ by ,s=za ,att5dolo 9 h] sore/ ne$2 to ! ,milanese1 :5 ,francesco ,s=za made himself _! despot2 to ! ,v5etians1 :o 7 driv5 to decapitate ,c>magnuola because !y fe>$ him4 ,! only reason :y ! ,flor5t9es 7 n enslav$ by ,sir ,john ,hawkwood 0 t1 ?\gh an able g5]al1 he a*iev$ no great successes 9 ! field4 ,9 ! same way !y escap$ by luck f ,s=za1 :o turn$ 8 att5tion to ,milan1 & f ,braccio1 :o =m$ designs aga9/ ! ,*ur* & ,naples4 ,if ,paolo ,vitelli _h be5 victori\s aga9/ ,pisa 7#adih71 he w\ld h held !m at discretion4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases x 0 only ! good =tune ( ! republic :i* sav$ x f a milit>y despotism4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m]c5>y capta9s are m5 ( no capacity1 y are defeat$ 9 ! field4 #a ,see *apt] xii4 ( ! ,pr9cipe4 ,proce$+ to ! hi/orical developm5t ( ?is bad sy/em1 ,ma*iavelli po9ts out h[ aft] ! decl9e ( ! ,imp]ial au?ority 9 ,italy1 ! ,papacy & ! republics got ! upp] h&4 ,prie/s & m]*ants 7 alike unwill+ to engage 9 w>4 ,!re=e !y took m]c5>y troops into _! pay4 ,! companies ( ! ,s=zes*i & ,bracces*i 7 =m$2 & 'aft] ^! came all ^? o!rs :o h rul$ ?is sort ( w>f>e d[n to our own days4 ,! consequ5ce ( _! valor is t ,italy has be5 h>ri$ by ,*>les1 plund]$ by ,l\is1 =c$ by ,f]d9&1 insult$ by ! ,swiss4 ,_! me?od has be5 to enhance ! reputation ( _! cavalry by depress+ ! infantry4 ,be+ )\t dom9ion ( _! own1 & mak+ w> _! comm]ce1 a few foot soldi]s br\ght !m no repute1 :ile !y 7 unable to support _m4 ,!re=e !y conf9$ !mselves to cavalry1 until 9 a =ce ( #bj1jjj m5 y c\ld n numb] #b1jjj infantry4 ,besides ?is !y employ$ all _! +5uity to relieve !mselves & _! soldi]s ( fatigue & p]il1 by refra9+ f slaught] & f tak+ prison]s )\t ransom4 ,night attacks & sorties 7 ab&on$2 /ockades & tr5*es 9 ! camp 7 giv5 up2 no "o ?\ght ( a w9t] campaign4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 all[$1 or r introduc$1 9 ord] to avoid1 z ,i h said1 fatigue & p]il4 ,:]eby !y h r$uc$ ,italy to slav]y & insult4' ,auxili>ies1 su* z ! ,fr5* troops borr[$ by ,ces>e ,borgia1 & ! ,spani>ds engag$ by ,julius ,,ii41 are ev5 worse4 ',he :o wants to be unable to w9 ! game %\ld make use ( ^! =ces2 = !y are f> m dang]\s ?an m]c5>ies1 see+ t 9 !m ! cause ( ru9 is ready made--!y are unit$ toge!r1 & incl9$ to obey _! own ma/]s4 ,ma*iavelli en=ces ?is moral by "o ( ^? r>e b en]getic figures :i* add virile dignity to 8 disc\rse4 ,he comp>es auxili>y troops to ! armor ( ,saul1 :i* ,david refus$1 pref]r+ to fight ,golia? ) 8 /one & sl+4 ',9 "o ^w1 arms borr[$ f ano!r ei!r fall f y\r back1 or weigh y d[n1 or imp$e y\r action4' ,x rema9s = a pr9ce to =m 8 own troops & to take ! field 9 p]son1 l ,ces>e ,borgia1 :5 he disc>d$ 8 ,fr5* allies & ! m]c5>y aid ( ! ,ors9i capta9s4 ,republics %\ld foll[ ! same c\rse1 dispat*+1 z ! ,romans did1 _! own citiz5s to ! w>1 & controll+ by law ! p]sonal ambition ( victori\s g5]als4 ,x 0 ?us t ! ,v5etians prosp]$ 9 _! conque/s1 be=e !y acquir$ _! prov9ces 9 ,italy & adopt$ ! ,condotti]e sy/em f _! neighbors4 ',a pr9ce1 !re=e1 %\ld h b "o object1 "o ?\ght1 "o art--! art ( w>4' ,^? :o h foll[$ ?is rule h atta9$ to sov]eignty1 l ,francesco ,s=za1 :o became ,duke ( ,milan2 ^? :o h neglect$ x h lo/ ev5 h]$it>y k+doms1 l ! la/ ,s=zas1 :o sank f duk$om into private life4 ,ev5 amid ! pleasures ( ! *ase a pr9ce %\ld always be /udy+ ! geographical con=mation ( 8 c\ntry ) a view to its def5se1 & %\ld acquire a m9ute k ( su* /rategical laws z are ev]y:]e applicable4 ,he %\ld read hi/ory ) ! same object1 & %\ld keep be=e 8 eyes ! example ( ^? great m5 ( ! pa/ f :om he c le>n lessons = 8 guidance 9 ! pres5t4 ,?is br+s u to ! p]oration ( ! ,pr9cipe1 :i* conta9s ! practical issue t[>d :i* ! :ole treatise has be5 t5d+1 ! patriotic ?\ght t reflects a k9d ( lu/] ev5 on ! d>ke/ pages t h gone be=e4 ,l ,!tis1 ,ma*iavelli has dipp$ 8 ,a*illes 9 ! ,/yx ( inf]nal c\nsels2 l ,*eiron1 he has %[n him h[ ! human & ! be/ial natures %\ld be comb9$ 9 "o :o has to break ! tee? ( wolves & keep 8 feet f sn>es2 l ,hephai/os1 he has =g$ = him invuln]able armor4 ,! object t[>d :i* ?is prep>ation has be5 lead+ is ! lib]ation ( ,italy f ! b>b>ians4 ,! slav]y ( ,israel 9 ,egypt1 ! oppression ( ! ,p]sians by ! ,m$es1 ! disp]sion ( ! ,a!nians into villages1 7 ! occasions :i* enabl$ ,moses & ,cyrus & ,!seus to display _! greatness4 ,! new ,pr9ce1 :o w\ld fa9 w9 honor 9 ,italy & conf] ^u 8 c\ntry untold b5efits1 f9ds h] at ! pres5t mom5t 'm enslav$ ?an ! ,hebrews1 m d[ntrodd5 ?an ! ,p]sians1 m disunit$ ?an ! ,a!nians1 )\t a *ief1 )\t ord]1 beat51 despoil$1 mangl$1 ov]run1 subject to e sort ( desolation4' ,=tune c\ld n h (f]$ him a nobl] opportunity4 ',see h[ %e prays ,god to s5d h] "s "o :o %\ld save h] f ^! b>b>\s cruelties ind insults6 ,see h] all ready & al]t to foll[ any /&>d1 if only !re be a man to raise x6' ,!n ,ma*iavelli addresses himself to ! *ief ( ! ,m$ici 9 p]son4 ',nor is !re at ! pres5t mom5t any place m full ( hope = h] ?an y\r illu/ri\s ,h\se1 :i* by its valor & its =tune1 favor$ by ,god & by ! ,*ur*1 :]e( x is n[ ! head1 might take ! lead 9 ?is deliv]y4' ,?is is foll[$ by "o ( ! r>e passages ( c\rtly rhetoric :i*1 :5 ,ma*iavelli condesc5ds to indulge 9 !m1 add peculi> spl5dor to 8 /yle4 ,!n he turns aga9 to speak ( ! means :i* %\ld imm$iately be us$4 ,he urges ,lor5zo above all ?+s to put no fai? 9 m]c5>ies or auxili>ies1 b to raise 8 own =ces1 & to rely on ! ,italian infantry4 ,if ,italian armies h always be5 defeat$ 9 ! field dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 x is n due s mu* to _! defective c\rage z to ! weakness ( _! comm&]s4 ,lor5zo w h to raise a =ce capable ( cop+ ) ! ,swiss1 ! ,spani%1 & ! ,fr5*4 ,! respect ) :i* ,ma*iavelli speaks at ?is supreme mom5t ( ^! =eign troops1 proves h[ great 0 _! pre/ige 9 ,italy2 yet he v5tures to po9t out t !re are faults peculi> to ea* ( !m3 ! ,spani% infantry _c /& a cavalry *>ge1 & ! ,switz]s are liable to be disconc]t$ by ! rapid attack ( ! wiry infantry ( ,spa94 ,x is !re=e necess>y to tra9 troops capable ( resi/+ cavalry1 & n afraid ( fac+ any foot soldi]s 9 ! _w4 ',?is opportunity1 !re=e1 mu/ n be suff]$ to slip by2 9 ord] t ,italy may aft] s long a "t at la/ behold h] savi\r4 ,nor c ,i f9d words to describe ! love ) :i* he w\ld be hail$ 9 all ! prov9ces t h suff]$ ?r\gh ^! =eign deluges1 ! ?ir/ = v5geance1 ! /ubborn fidelity1 ! piety1 ! te>s1 t he w\ld meet ,:at gates w\ld be clos$ aga9/ him8 ,:at p w\ld refuse him allegiance8 ,:at jeal\sy w\ld ?w>t him8 ,:at ,italian w\ld be f\nd to refuse him homage8 ,?is rule ( ! b>b>ians /9ks 9 ! no/rils ( u all4 ,!n let y\r illu/ri\s ,h\se assume ?is ent]prise 9 ! _s & ! confid5ce :]e) j ent]prises are begun1 t s1 "u y\r flag1 ?is l& ( ours may be ennobl$1 & "u y\r auspices be br\ght to pass t prophecy ( ,petr>*3-- ',lo1 valor aga9/ rage ,%all take up arms1 nor %all ! fight be long2 ,= t old h]itage ,( c\rage 9 ,italian he>ts is /\t & /rong4 ,) ?is trumpet-cry ( impassion$ patriotism ! ,pr9cipe closes4 ,hegel1 9 8 ',philosophy ( ,hi/ory1' has record$ a judgm5t ( ,ma*iavelli's treatise 9 relation to ! political conditions ( ,italy at ! end ( ! m$iaeval p]iod1 :i* might be quot$ z ! mo/ complete apology = ! au?or x is possible to make4 ',?is book1' he says1 'has (t5 be5 ca/ aside ) horror z conta9+ maxims ( ! mo/ revolt+ tyranny2 yet x 0 ,ma*iavelli's high s5se ( ! necessity ( con/itut+ a /ate :i* caus$ him to lay d[n ! pr9ciples on :i* alone /ates c\ld be =m$ "u ! circum/ances4 ,! isolat$ lords & lord%ips _h to be entirely suppress$2 & ?\gh our idea ( ,fre$om is incompatible ) ! means :i* he proposes bo? z ! only available & also z :olly ju/ifiable--includ+1 z ^! d1 ! mo/ reckless viol5ce1 all k9ds ( deception1 murd]1 & ! l--yet we mu/ confess t ! despots :o _h to be subdu$ 7 assailable 9 no o!r way1 inasmu* z indomitable lawlessness & p]fect depravity 7 ?or\ghly engra9$ 9 !m4' ,yet aft] ! book has be5 %ut & ! apology has be5 weigh$1 we _c b pause & ask ourselves ?is "q1 ,:i* 0 ! tru] patriot--,ma*iavelli1 sy/ematiz+ ! political vices & corruptions ( 8 "t 9 a philosophical essay1 & call+ on ! despot to :om x 0 d$icat$ to lib]ate ,italy2 or ,savon>ola1 d5\nc+ s9 & en=c+ rep5tance--,ma*iavelli1 :o taught z precepts ( pure wisdom ^? v pr9ciples ( public immorality :i* lay at ! root ( ,italy's disunion & weakness2 or ,savon>ola1 :o insi/$ t )\t a moral re=mation no lib]ty 0 possible8 ,we %all h to consid] ! action ( ,savon>ola 9 ano!r place4 ,mean:ile1 x is n too mu* to affirm t1 ) diplomati/s l ,ma*iavelli1 & ) pr9ces l ^? :om he has idealiz$1 ,italy c\ld n be free4 ,hypocrisy1 trea*]y1 dissimulation1 cruelty are ! vices ( ! selfi% & ! enslav$4 ,yet ,ma*iavelli 0 l$ by 8 /udy ( ! pa/ & by 8 exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t to def5d ^! vices1 z ! necess>y qualities ( ! pr9ce :om he w\ld fa9 h *os5 = ! savi\r ( 8 c\ntry4 ,x is legitimate to excuse him on ! gr\nd t ! ,italians ( 8 age _h n conceiv$ a philosophy ( "r :i* %\ld include duties z well z privileges1 & :i* %\ld gu>d ! int]e/s ( ! gov]n$ no less ?an ^? ( ! gov]nor4 ,x is true t ! feudal conception ( ,mon>*y1 s well appreh5d$ by him 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,pr9cipe1 _h n[h]e be5 realiz$ 9 ,italy1 & t !re=e ! "r solution ( ! political problem seem$ to lie 9 sett+ =ce aga9/ =ce1 & fraud aga9/ fraud1 = a sublime purpose4 ,x may also be urg$ ) ju/ice t ! hi/orians & speculators ( antiquity1 e/eem$ beyond _! value by ! /ud5ts ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 confirm$ him 9 8 application ( a positive philosophy to /atecraft4 ,! success :i* att5d$ ! viol5ce & dissimulation ( ! ,romans1 z describ$ by ,livy1 induc$ him to inculcate ! pr9ciples on :i* !y act$4 ,! sci5tific me?od foll[$ by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,politics enc\rag$ him 9 ! adoption ( a simil> analysis2 :ile ! close p>allel betwe5 anci5t ,greece & m$iaeval ,italy 0 suffici5t to create a conviction t ! wisdom ( ! old _w w\ld be precisely applicable to ! conditions ( ! new4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are exculpations ( ! man r ?an ju/ifications ( 8 !ory4 ,! !ory 0 false & vici\s4 ,& ! fact rema9s t ! man1 impregnat$ by ! bad morality ( ! p]iod 9 :i* he liv$1 0 incapable ( asc5d+ above x to ! tru?1 0 impot5t ) all 8 acum5 to read ! deepe/ lessons ( pa/ & pres5t hi/ory1 & 9 spite ( 8 ackn[l$g$ patriotism succe$$ only 9 add+ 8 consci\s & unconsci\s te/imony to ! corruption ( ! c\ntry t he lov$4 ,! broad common-s5se1 ! m5tal s\ndness1 ! humane in/9ct & ! sympa?y ) nature1 :i* give f]tility & :ol5ess to ! political philosophy ( m5 l ,burke1 are abs5t 9 ,ma*iavelli4 ,9 spite ( its vigor1 8 sy/em implies an inv]sion ( ! rul+ laws ( heal? 9 ! body politic4 ,9 spite ( its logical cog5cy1 x is inconclusive by reason ( defective premises4 ,incomp>able z an essay 9 pa?ological anatomy1 x ?r[s no light ^u ! work+ ( a normal social organism1 & has at no "t be5 us$ ) pr(it ev5 by ! ambiti\s & unscrupul\s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,popes ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,! ,papacy betwe5 #addg & #aebg--,! ,contradictions ( ! ,r5aissance ,p]iod exemplifi$ by ! ,popes--,relaxation ( _! hold ov] ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* & ,rome dur+ ! ,exile 9 ,avignon--,ni*olas ,v4--,8 ,conception ( a ,papal ,mon>*y--,pius ,,ii4--,! ,crusade--,r5aissance ,pontiffs--,paul ,,ii4--,p]secution ( ! ,platoni/s--,sixtus ,,iv4--,nepotism--,! ,families ( ,ri>io & ,delia ,rov]e--,av>ice--,love ( ,w>f>e--,pazzi ,conspiracy--,inquisition 9 ,spa9--,innoc5t ,,viii4--,frances*etto ,cibo--,! ,election ( ,alex&] ,,vi4--,8 ,consolidation ( ! ,temporal ,p[]--,policy t[>d ,colonna & ,ors9i ,families--,v5ality ( ev]y?+ 9 ,rome--,policy t[>d !-- ,sultan--,! ,index--,! ,borgia ,family--,lucrezia--,murd] ( ,duke ( ,g&ia ,ces>e & 8 ,advancem5t--,! ,dea? ( ,alex&]--,julius ,,ii4--,8 viol5t ,temp]--,great ,projects & comm&+ ,"*--,leo ,x4--,8 ,inf]iority to ,julius--,s4 ,pet]'s & ! ,re=mation--,adrian ,,vi4--,8 ,hatr$ ( ,pagan ,culture--,disgu/ ( ! ,roman ,c\rt at 8 ,election--,clem5t ,,vii4--,sack ( ,rome--,enslavem5t ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5turies ! au?ority ( ! ,popes1 bo? z ,heads ( ! ,*ur* & z temporal rul]s1 _h be5 impair$ by exile 9 ,france & by ru9\s s*isms4 ,a new era began ) ! election ( ,ni*olas ,v4 9 #addg1 & end$ dur+ ! pontificate ( ,clem5t ,,vii4 ) ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is p]iod ! ,popes act$ m z mon>*s ?an z pontiffs1 & ! secul>ization ( ! ,see ( ,rome 0 e>n$ to its utmo/ limits4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! sac]dotal pret5sions & ! p]sonal immorality ( ! ,popes 0 gl>+2 nor _h ! *iefs ( ! ,*ur* yet le>n$ to reg>d ! lib]alism ( ! ,r5aissance ) suspicion4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,papal ,/ates _h become a recogniz$ k+dom2 :ile ! ,popes ( ?is lat] epo* 7 endeavor+ by means ( ! inquisition & ! educational ord]s to *eck ! free _s ( ,italy4 ,! hi/ory ( ,italy has at all times be5 closely b\nd up ) t ( ! ,papacy2 b at no p]iod has ?is be5 m ! case ?an dur+ ^! eighty ye>s ( ,papal worldl9ess1 ambition1 depotism1 & pr(ligacy1 :i* are also m>k$ by ! irruption ( ! ,european nations into ,italy & by ! secession ( ! ,teutonic races f ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,9 ?is %ort space ( "t a succession ( ,popes fill$ ! ,holy ,*air ) su* dramatic propriety--display+ a pride s regal1 a cynicism s unblu%+1 s selfi% a cupidity1 & a policy s suicidal z to favor ! belief t !y _h be5 plac$ !re 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god to w>n ! _w aga9/ ,babylon4 ,at ! same "t ! hi/ory ( ! ,papal ,c\rt reveals ) peculi> vividness ! contradictions ( ,r5aissance morality & mann]s4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,popes ( ?is p]iod :at has be5 already notic$ 9 ! despots--le>n+1 ! patronage ( ( ! arts1 ! passion = magnific5ce1 & ! ref9em5ts ( polite culture1 alt]nat+ & n unfrequ5tly comb9$ ) b>b>\s f]ocity ( temp] & ) savage & co>se ta/es4 ,on ! "o side we obs]ve a ,pagan dissolut5ess :i* w\ld h sc&aliz$ ! p>asites ( ,commodus & ,n]o2 on ! o!r1 a seem+ zeal = dogma wor?y ( ,s4 ,dom9ic4 ,! ,vic> ( ,*ri/ is at "o "t wor%ip$ z a god by pr9ces seek+ absolution = s9s or lib]ation f burd5some engagem5ts2 at ano!r he is trampl$ "u foot1 9 8 capacity ( sov]eign1 by ! same pot5tates4 ,undisguis$ s5suality2 fraud cynical & unaba%$2 policy m>*+ to its end by murd]s1 treasons1 int]dicts1 & imprisonm5ts2 ! op5 sale ( spiritual privileges2 comm]cial traffic 9 ecclesia/ical emolum5ts2 hypocrisy & cruelty /udi$ z f9e arts2 !ft & p]jury r$uc$ to sy/em--^! are ! ord9>y sc&als :i* beset ! ,papacy4 ,yet ! ,pope is /ill a holy be+4 ,8 foot is kiss$ by ?\s&s4 ,8 curse & bless+ c>ry dea? & life4 ,he rises f ! b$ ( h>lots to unlock or bolt ! gates ( heav5 & purgatory4 ,9 ! mid/ ( crime he believes himself to be ! repres5tative ( ,*ri/ on e>?4 ,^! anomalies1 gl>+ z !y seem to u1 & obvi\s z !y might be to deep] ?9k]s l ,ma*iavelli or ,savon>ola1 did n %ock ! mass ( m5 :o witness$ !m4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 s dazzl+ by its brilliancy1 s confus+ by its rapid *anges1 t moral di/9ctions 7 oblit]at$ 9 a blaze ( spl5dor1 an outbur/ ( new life1 a c>nival ( lib]at$ en]gies4 ,! corruption ( ,italy 0 only equal$ by its culture4 ,its immorality 0 mat*$ by its en?usiasm4 ,x 0 n ! decay ( an old age dy+1 s mu* z ! f]m5tation ( a new age com+ into life1 t br$ ! mon/r\s p>adoxes ( ! fifte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies4 ,! contra/ betwe5 m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity & r5asc5t ,paganism--! %>p conflict ( two adv]se pr9ciples1 de/9$ to fuse _! =ces & to recompose ! mod]n _w--made ! ,r5aissance :at x 0 9 ,italy4 ,n[h]e is ! fir/ eff]vesc5ce ( ^! elem5ts s well display$ z 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? ,pontiffs :o1 aft] /riv+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to suppress humanity b5ea? a c[l1 are n[ ! *ief actors 9 ! com$y ( ,aphrodite & ,priapus rais+ _! =eheads once m to ! light ( day4 ,! /ruggle c>ri$ on betwe5 ! ,popes ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & ! ,h\se ( ,hoh5/auff5 end$ 9 ! elevation ( ! ,pr9ces ( ,anj\ to ! ?rone ( ,naples--! mo/ p]nici\s ( all ! evils inflict$ by ! ,papal p[] on ,italy4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,fr5* tyranny1 "u :i* ,boniface ,,viii4 expir$ at ,anagni4 ,b5$ict ,,xi4 0 poison$ at ! in/igation ( ,philip le ,bel1 & ! ,papal see 0 transf]r$ to ,avignon4 ,! ,popes lo/ _! hold ^u ! city ( ,rome & ^u ^? t]ritories ( ,romagna1 ! ,m>*1 & ,s4 ,pet]'s ,patrimony :i* _h be5 confirm$ to !m by ! grant ( ,rodolph ( ,hapsburg 7#abgc74 ,!y _h to gov]n _! ,italian dep5d5cies by means ( ,legates1 :ile1 "o by "o1 ! cities :i* _h recogniz$ _! sway pass$ b5ea? ! yoke ( indep5d5t pr9ces4 ,! ,malate/i e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,rim9i1 ,pes>o1 & ,fano2 ! h\se ( ,montefeltro confirm$ its occupation ( ,urb9o2 ,cam]9o1 ,fa5za1 ,rav5na1 ,=li1 & ,imola became ! appanages ( ! ,v>ani1 ! ,manfr$i1 ! ,pol5tani1 ! ,ordelaffi1 & ! ,alidosi4#a ,! traditional supremacy ( ! ,popes 0 ackn[l$g$ 9 ^! tyrannies2 b ! nobles ,i h nam$ acquir$ a real au?ority1 aga9/ :i* ,egidio ,albornoz & ,rob]t ( ,g5eva /ruggl$ to a great ext5t 9 va91 & to break :i* at a future p]iod tax$ ! :ole en]gies ( ,sixtus & ( ,alex&]4 #a ,see ,ma*4 ,i/4 ,fior4 lib4 i4 ,:ile ! influ5ce ( ! ,popes 0 ?us weak5$ 9 _! /ates beyond ! ,ap5n9es1 ?ree great families1 ! ,ors9i1 ! ,savelli1 & ! ,colonnesi1 grew to pr9cely em95ce 9 ,rome & its imm$iate neighborhood4 ,!y _h be5 sev]ally rais$ to p[] dur+ ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury by ! nepotism ( ,ni*olas ,,iii41 ,honorius ,,iv41 & ,ni*olas ,,iv4 ,?is nepotism bore baneful fruits 9 ! future2 = dur+ ! exile at ,avignon ! h\ses ( ,colonna & ,ors9i became s ov]be>+ z to ?reat5 ! fre$om & safety ( ! ,popes4 ,x 0 aga9 res]v$ = ,sixtus & ,alex&] to undo ! "w ( _! pr$ecessors & to secure ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,holy ,see by ! co]cion ( ^! t[]+ nobles4 ,9 ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* ! temporal p[] ( ! ,popes1 f\nd$ ^u false donations1 confirm$ by tradition1 & conte/$ by rival despots1 0 an anomaly4 ,9 ,rome itself _! situation1 ?\gh diff]5t1 0 no less peculi>4 ,:ile ! factions ( ,ors9i & ,colonna divid$ ! ,campagna & wrangl$ 9 ! /reets ( ! city1 ,rome cont9u$ to pres]ve1 9 =m at lea/1 ! old con/itution ( ,caporioni & ,s5ator4 ,! ,s5ator1 elect$ by ! p1 swore1 n to obey ! ,pope1 b to def5d 8 p]son4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 o/5sibly republican4 ,! ,pope _h no sov]eign rights1 b only ! asc5d5cy insep>able f 8 weal? & f 8 position z ,primate ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,at ! same "t ! _s ( ,arnold ( ,brescia1 ( ,brancaleone1 & ( ,ri5zi reviv$ f "t to "t 9 patriots l ,porc>i & ,b>oncelli1 :o res5t$ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ,*ur* ^u ! privileges ( ! city4 ,rome af=d$ no real security to ! memb]s ( ! ,holy ,college4 ,!y comm&$ no =tress l ! ,ca/ello ( ,milan1 & _h no army at _! disposition4 ,:5 ! p or ! nobles rose aga9/ !m1 ! be/ !y c\ld d 0 to retire to ,orvieto or ,vit]bo1 & to wait ! pass+ ( ! /orm4 ,su* 0 ! position ( ! ,pope1 consid]$ z "o ( ! rul+ pr9ces ( ,italy1 be=e ! election ( ,ni*olas ,v4 ,8 au?ority 0 wide b undef9$1 confirm$ by prescription1 b bas$ on nei!r =ce nor legal "r4 ,italy1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ ! ,papacy z indisp5sable to h] prosp]ity1 :ile ,rome 0 pr\d to be call$ ! metropolis ( ,*ri/5dom1 & ready to sacrifice ! %ad[ ( republican lib]ty = ! mat]ial advantages :i* might accrue f ! sov]eignty ( h] bi%op4 ,h[ ! ,roman burgh]s may h felt ^u ?is po9t we ga!r f a s5t5ce ( ,leo ,alb]ti's1 ref]r+ to ! adm9i/ration ( ,ni*olas3 ',! city _h become a city ( gold ?r\gh ! jubilee2 ! dignity ( ! citiz5s 0 respect$2 all reasonable petitions 7 grant$ by ! ,pontiff4 ,!re 7 no exactions1 no new taxes4 ,ju/ice 0 fairly adm9i/]$4 ,x 0 ! :ole c>e ( ! ,pontiff to adorn ! city4'#a ,! prosp]ity :i* ! ,papal c\rt br\ght to ,rome 0 ! ma9 support ( ! ,popes z pr9ces1 at a "t :5 _m ?9k]s look$ ) ,dante's jeal\sy ^u ! union ( temporal & spiritual functions 9 ! ,papacy4#b ,moreov]1 ! :ole ( ,italy1 z we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 0 und]go+ a gradual & in/9ctive *ange 9 politics2 commonweal?s 7 be+ sup]s$$ by tyrannies1 & ! s5tim5ts ( ! race at l>ge 7 by no means unfavorable to ?is revolution4 ,n[ 0 ! prop] mom5t1 !re=e1 = ! ,popes to conv]t _! ill-def9$ au?ority into a settl$ despotism1 to secure !mselves 9 ,rome z sov]eigns1 & to subdue ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* to _! temporal jurisdiction4 #a ,see hi/ory ( ,porc>i's ,conspiracy 7,muratori1 vol4 xxv474 #b ,lor5zo ,valla's fam\s declamation aga9/ ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e1 :i* appe>$ dur+ ! pontificate ( ,ni*olas1 conta9$ ^! rem9isc5ces ( ! ',de ,mon>*ia'3 ',ut ,papa tantum vic>ius ,*ri/i sit et non etiam ,caes>is 444 tune ,papa et erit et dicetur pat] sanctus1 pat] omnium1 pat] ecclesae4' ,! "w 0 begun by ,?omas ( ,s>zana1 :o asc5d$ ! ,*air ( ,s4 ,pet]1 z ,ni*olas ,v41 9 #addg4 ,"o "p ( 8 biography belongs to ! hi/ory ( s*ol>%ip1 & ne$ n "h be t\*$ ^u4 ,educat$ at ,flor5ce1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! h\se ( ,m$ici1 he _h imbib$ ^? pr9ciples ( def]5ce to pr9cely au?ority :i* 7 supplant+ ! old republican virtues ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,! s*isms :i* _h r5t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 7 heal$2 & f9d+ no opposition to 8 spiritual p[]1 he det]m9$ to consolidate ! temporalities ( 8 ,see4 ,9 ?is purpose he 0 confirm$ by ! conspiracy ( ,/efano ,porc>i1 a ,roman noble :o _h endeavor$ to r\se republican en?usiasm 9 ! city at ! mom5t ( ! ,pope's election1 & :o subsequ5tly plott$ aga9/ 8 lib]ty1 if n 8 life4 ,porc>i & 8 associates 7 put to dea? 9 #adec1 & by ?is act ! ,pope proclaim$ himself a mon>*4 ,! va/ weal? :i* ! jubilee ( #adej _h p\r$ into ! ,papal c(f]s#a he employ$ 9 beautify+ ! city ( ,rome & 9 creat+ a /ronghold = ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff4 ,! mausoleum ( ,hadrian1 us$ long be=e z a =tress 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 n[ /r5g!n$1 :ile ! bridge ( ,s4 ,angelo & ! ,leon9e city 7 s connect$ & def5d$ by a sy/em ( walls & outworks z to give ! key ( ,rome into ! h&s ( ! ,pope4 ,a new ,vatican began to rise1 & ! f\ndations ( a nobl] ,s4 ,pet]'s ,*ur* 7 laid )9 ! circuit ( ! ,papal doma94 ,ni*olas _h1 9 fact1 conceiv$ ! great idea ( re/or+ ! supremacy ( ,rome1 n aft] ! fa%ion ( a ,hildebr&1 by en=c+ ! spiritual despotism ( ! ,papacy1 b by e/abli%+ ! ,popes z k+s1 by r5ew+ ! ar*itectural magnific5ce ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 & by r5d]+ 8 c\rt ! c5t] ( ,european culture4 ,9 ! w :i* he recit$ on 8 dea?-b$ to ! pr9ces ( ! ,*ur*1 he set =? all t he _h done = ! secul> & ecclesia/ical ar*itecture ( ,rome1 expla9+ 8 deep s5se ( ! necessity ( secur+ ! ,popes f int]nal revolution & ext]nal =ce1 toge!r ) 8 desire to exalt ! ,*ur* by r5d]+ h] *ief seat spl5did 9 ! eyes ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,?is te/am5t ( ,ni*olas rema9s a memorable docum5t4 ,no?+ illu/rates m =cibly ! transition f ! ,middle ,ages to ! worldl9ess ( ! ,r5aissance ?an ! conviction ( ! ,pontiff t ! de/9ies ( ,*ri/ianity dep5d$ on ! /ate & glory ( ! t[n ( ,rome4 ,:at he began 0 c>ri$ on amid crime1 an>*y1 & blood%$ by successive ,popes ( ! ,r5aissance1 until at la/ ! troops ( ,frundsb]g pav$ ! way1 9 #aebg1 = ! ,jesuits ( ,loyola1 & ,rome1 /ill ! ,et]nal ,city1 cloak$ h] spl5dor & h] sc&als b5ea? ! black pall ( ,spani% inquisitors4 ,! political *anges 9 ! ,papacy initiat$ by ,ni*olas _h be51 h[ev]1 by t date fully accompli%$1 & = m ?an ?ree c5turies ! ,popes h s9ce held rank among ! k+s ( ! e>?4 #a ,! bank ( ! ,m$ici alone held #ajj1jjj flor9s = ! ,pope4 ,vespasiano1 ,vit1 ,nic4 ,v4 ,( ,alfonso ,borgia1 :o reign$ = ?ree ye>s z ,calixtus ,,iii41 little ne$ be said1 except t 8 pontificate prep>$ = ! greatness ( 8 nephew1 ,rod]igo ,l5zuoli1 kn[n z ,borgia 9 complim5t to 8 uncle4 ,! la/ days ( ,ni*olas _h be5 imbitt]$ by ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople & ! imm95t p]il :i* ?reat5$ ,europe f ! ,turks4 ,! :ole en]gies ( ,pius ,,ii4 7 direct$ t[>ds ! "o end ( unit+ ! ,european nations aga9/ ! infidel4 ,a,eneas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i1 z an au?or1 an orator1 a diplomati/1 a travell]1 & a c\rti]1 be>s a "n illu/ri\s 9 ! annals ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,z a ,pope1 he claims att5tion = ! s+le-he>t$ zeal :i* he display$ 9 ! va9 attempt to r\se ! piety ( ,*ri/5dom aga9/ ! foes ( civilization & ! fai?4 ,r>ely has a great] contra/ be5 display$ betwe5 ! man & ! pontiff ?an 9 ! case ( ,pius4 ,! pleasure-lov+1 a/ute1 free-?9k+ man ( lett]s & ! _w has become a ,holy ,fa!r1 jeal\s = ,*ri/ian proprieties1 & b5t on /irr+ ,europe by an appeal to motives :i* _h lo/ _! =ce ?ree c5turies be=e4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & ,s4 ,l\is clos$ ! age ( ! ,crusades1 ! "o by /rik+ a b>ga9 ) ! infidel1 ! o!r by snat*+ at a m>tyr's cr[n4 ,a,eneas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i 0 ! mirror ( 8 times--a humani/ & /yli/1 imbu$ ) ! rhetorical & pseudo-classic ta/e ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance4 ,pius ,,ii4 is almo/ an ana*ronism4 ,! disappo9tm5t :i* ! le>n$ _w exp]i5c$ :5 !y discov]$ t ! new ,pope1 f :om s mu* _h be5 expect$1 decl9$ to play ! "p ( _! ,maec5as1 may be ga!r$ f ! epigrams ( ,filelfo ^u 8 dea?#a3-- ,gaudeat orator1 ,musae gaudete ,lat9ae2 ,su/ulit e m$io quod ,deus ipse ,pium4 ,ut b5e consuluit doctis ,deus omnibus aeque1 ,quos ,pius 9 cunctos se tulit usque gravem4 ,nunc sp]>e licet4 ,nobis ,deus optime ,qu9tum ,r$dito ,nicoleon ,eug5iumve patrem4 & aga93-- ,hac sibi quam vivus con/ruxit clauditur arca ,corpore2 nam ,/ygios m5s habet atra lacus4 ,pius himself 0 n unconsci\s ( ! discrepancy betwe5 8 old & 8 new self4 ,a,eneam rejicite1 ,pium recipite1 he exclaims 9 a celebrat$ passage ( 8 ,retractation1 :]e he decl>es 8 he>tfelt sorr[ = ! irrevocable words ( light & va9 romance t he _h scatt]$ 9 8 c>eless y\?4 ,yet ?\gh ,pius ,,ii4 prov$ a virtual failure by lack+ ! /r5g? to lead 8 age ei!r backw>ds to ! ideal ( e>li] ,*ri/ianity or =w>ds on ! pa? ( mod]n culture1 he is ! la/ ,pope ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod :om we c reg>d ) real respect4 ,^? :o foll[1 & ) ^: p]sonal *>act]s1 r ?an _! action z ,pontiffs1 we %all n[ be pr9cipally occupi$1 sacrific$ ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/5dom to family ambition1 secur$ _! sov]eignty at ! price ( discord 9 ,italy1 transact$ ) ! infidel1 & play$ ! "p ( ,anti*ri/ ^u ! !at] ( ,europe4 #a ,rosm9i1 ,vita di ,filelfo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cba4 ,x w\ld be possible to write ! hi/ory ( ^! prie/-k+s )\t dwell+ m ?an lightly on sc&al\s circum/ances1 to m]ge ! c\rt-*ronicle ( ! ,vatican 9 a recital ( ,european politics1 or to hide ! true features ( high ,papal dignit>ies b5ea? ! masks con/ruct$ = !m by ecclesia/ical apologi/s4 ,t _c1 h[ev]1 be ! l9e adopt$ by a writ] treat+ ( civilization 9 ,italy dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,he mu/ pa9t ! ,popes ( ! ,r5aissance z !y appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( society1 :5 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici call$ ,rome 'a s9k ( all ! vices1' & obs]v]s s compet5t z ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i ascrib$ ! moral depravity & political decay ( ,italy to _! influ5ce4 ,x might be object$ t !re is n[ no ne$ to portray ! pr(ligacy ( t c\rt1 :i*1 by ar\s+ ! consci5ce ( ,nor!rn ,europe to a s5se ( intol]able %ame1 prov$ "o ( ! ma9 causes ( ! ,re=mation4 ,b )\t review+ ^? old sc&als1 a true und]/&+ ( ,italian morality1 & a true insight into ,italian social feel+ z express$ 9 lit]ature1 are alike impossible4 ,nor w ! hi/orian ( ?is epo* %r9k f 8 task1 ev5 ?\gh ! transactions he has to record seem to savor ( leg5d r ?an ( simple fact4 ,no fiction conta9s matt] m fanta/ic1 no my? or allegory is m adapt$ to express a tru? 9 figures ( ! fancy1 ?an ! au!ntic well-atte/$ annals ( ?is p]iod ( sev5ty ye>s1 f #adfd to #aecd4 ,paul ! ,second 0 a ,v5etian nam$ ,pietro ,b>bi1 :o began life z a m]*ant4 ,he _h already %ipp$ 8 worldly goods on bo>d a trad+ vessel = a =eign trip1 :5 news rea*$ him t 8 uncle _h be5 made ,pope "u ! "n ( ,eug5ius ,,iv4 ,8 call to ! m9i/ry consi/$ ( ! calculation t he c\ld make 8 =tune 9 ! ,*ur* ) a ,pope = uncle soon] ?an on ! high seas by 8 wits4 ,s he unload$ 8 bales1 took to 8 book1 became a prie/1 & at ! age ( =ty-eight rose to ! ,papacy4 ,be+ a h&some man1 he 0 fa9 to take ! ecclesia/ical title ( ,=mosus2 b ! ,c>d9als dissuad$ him f ?is p>ade ( vanity1 & he assum$ ! ti>a z ,paul 9 #adfd4 ,a vulg> love ( %[ 0 8 rul+ *>act]i/ic4 ,he sp5t enorm\s sums 9 ! collection ( jewels1 & 8 ti>a alone 0 valu$ at #bjj1jjj gold5 flor9s4 ,9 all public c]emonies1 :e!r ecclesia/ical or secul>1 he 0 spl5did1 delight+ equally to sun himself be=e ! eyes ( ! ,romans z ! *ief actor 9 an ,ea/] b5$iction or a ,c>nival procession4 ,! poor] ,c>d9als receiv$ subsidies f 8 purse 9 ord] t !y might add lu/] to 8 pageants by _! ret9ues4 ,! arts f\nd 9 him munific5t patron4 ,= ! build+ ( ! palace ( ,s4 ,m>co1 :i* m>ks an abrupt dep>ture f ! previ\s ,go?ic /yle 9 vogue1 he br\ght ar*itects ( em95ce to ,rome1 & gave employm5t to ,m9o da ,fiesole1 ! sculptor1 & to ,giuliano da ,san ,gallo1 ! wood-c>v]4 ,! ar*es ( ,titus & ,septimius ,sev]us 7 re/or$ at 8 exp5se1 toge!r ) ! /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius & ! horses ( ,monte ,cavallo4 ,b ,paul %[$ 8 connoisseur%ip m especially 9 ! collection ( gems1 m$als1 preci\s /ones1 & cameos1 accumulat+ r>e treasures ( antiquity & co/ly ma/]pieces ( ,italian & ,flemi% gold-"w 9 8 cab9ets4 ,?is patronage ( contempor>y art1 no less ?an ! appreciation ( classical monum5ts1 m>k$ him z a ,maec5as ( ! true ,r5aissance type4#a ,b ! qualities ( a dilettante 7 n calculat$ to %$ lu/] on a ,pontiff :o sp5t ! sub/ance ( ! ,*ur* 9 heap+ up imm5sely valuable curiosities4 ,8 ?ir/ = gold & 8 love ( ho>d+ 7 s extreme t1 :5 bi%oprics fell vacant1 he (t5 refus$ to fill !m up1 draw+ _! rev5ues = 8 own use4 ,8 c\rt 0 luxuri\s1 & 9 private he 0 addict$ to s5sual lu/4#b ,?is w\ld n1 h[ev]1 h br\ght 8 "n into bad odor 9 ,rome1 :]e ! ,holy ,fa!r 0 already reg>d$ z an ,italian despot ) c]ta9 sac]dotal additions4 ,x 0 8 prosecution ( ! ,platoni/s :i* made him unpopul> 9 an age :5 m5 _h ! "r to expect t1 :atev] happ5$1 le>n+ at lea/ w\ld be respect$4 ,! example ( ! ,flor5t9e & ,neapolitan academies _h enc\rag$ ! ,romans to f\nd a society = ! discussion ( philosophical que/ions4 ,! ,pope conceiv$ t a political intrigue 0 ! real object ( ?is club4 ,nor 0 ! suspicion :olly de/itute ( color4 ,! conspiracy ( ,porc>i aga9/ ,ni*olas1 & ! ,catil9>ian riots ( ,tiburzio :i* _h tr\bl$ ! pontificate ( ,pius1 7 /ill fre% 9 p's memories2 nor 0 ! position ( ! ,pope 9 ,rome z yet by any means secure4 ,:at increas$ ,paul's anxiety 0 ! fact t "s s*ol>s1 appo9t$ secret>ies ( ! briefs 7,abbreviatori7 by ,pius & depriv$ ( (fice by himself1 7 memb]s ( ! ,platonic ,society4 ,_! animosity aga9/ him 0 bo? natural & ill-conceal$4 ,at ! same "t ! bitt] hatr$ av[$ by ,laur5tius ,valla aga9/ ! temporal p[] might 9 an age ( conjurations h meant active malice4 ,leo ,alb]ti h9ts t ,porc>i _h be5 support$ by /rong back]s outside ,rome2 & "o ( ! accusations aga9/ ! ,platoni/s 0 t ,pomponius ,laetus _h address$ ,plat9a z ,holy ,fa!r4 ,n[ bo? ,pomponius ,laetus & ,valla _h influ5ce 9 ,naples1 :ile ,paul 0 on ! v]ge ( op5 rupture ) ,k+ ,f]d9&4 ,he !re=e _h suffici5t gr\nds = suspect+ a ,neapolitan intrigue1 9 :i* ! humani/s 7 play+ ! p>ts ( ,brutus & ,cassius4 ,yet ?\gh we take ?is tr\ble to con/ruct "s %[ ( reason = ! panic ( ! ,pope1 ! fact rema9s t he 0 really mi/ak5 at ! outset2 & ( ! /upidity1 cruelty1 & inju/ice ( 8 subsequ5t conduct !re c be no d\bt4 ,he seiz$ ! *ief memb]s ( ! ,roman ,academy1 imprison$ !m1 put !m to ! torture1 & kill$ "s ( !m ^u ! rack4 ',y w\ld h tak5 ,ca/le ,s4 ,angelo = ,phal>is' bull1' writes ,plat9a2 '! holl[ vaults did s res\nd ) ! cries ( innoc5t "y m54' ,no evid5ce ( a conspiracy c\ld be extort$4 ,!n ,paul tri$ ! survivors = unor?odoxy4 ,!y prov$ ! s\ndness ( _! fai? to ! satisfaction ( ! ,pope's inquisitors4 ,no?+ rema9$ b to release !m1 or to %ut !m up 9 dungeons1 9 ord] t ! p might n say ! ,holy ,fa!r _h arre/$ !m )\t due cause4 ,! latt] c\rse 0 *os54 ,plat9a1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,popes1 0 "o ( ! abbreviatori :om ,paul _h ca%i]$1 & "o ( ! ,platoni/s :om he _h tortur$4 ,! tale ( ,papal p]secution loses1 !re=e1 no?+ 9 ! tell+2 = if ! humani/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 p[]ful 9 any?+ x 0 9 writ+ innu5does & invectives4 ,among o!r anecdotes1 he relates h[1 :ile he 0 be+ dislocat$ on ! rack1 ! inquisitors ,vianesi & ,sanga held a sprightly colloquy ab\t a r+ :i* ! "o said je/+ly ! o!r _h receiv$ z a love-tok5 f a girl4 ,! :ole situation is *>act]i/ic ( ,papal ,rome 9 ! ,r5aissance4 #a ,see ,les ,arts a la ,c\r des ,papes p5dant le ,,xv4 et le ,,xvi4 ,siecles1 ,e4 ,mu5tz1 ,p>is1 ,?or91 #bme ,p>tie4 ,m4 ,mu5tz has done good s]vice to ae/hetic ar*aeology by v9dicat+ ! fame ( ,paul ,,ii4 z an employ] ( arti/s f ! :olesale abuse heap$ on him by ,plat9a4 ,x may "h be conv5i5tly notic$ t ev5 ! fi]ce ,sixtus ,,iv4 %[$ intellig5ce z a patron ( arts & lett]s4 ,he built ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 & br\ght ! greate/ pa9t]s ( ! day to ,rome--,signorelli1 ,p]ug9o1 ,botticelli1 ,cosimo1 ,rosselli1 & ,ghirl&ajo4 ,melozzo da ,=li work$ = him4 ,"o ( t pa9t]'s few rema9+ ma/]pieces is ! wall-picture1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 :i* repres5ts ,sixtus among 8 ,c>d9als & ,secret>ies--a magnific5t piece ( vivid portraiture4 ,sixtus aga9 ?rew ! ,vatican libr>y op5 to ! public1 & ,9 8 days ! ,confrat]nity ( ,s4 ,luke 0 f\nd$ = ! enc\ragem5t ( design4 ,rome owes to him ! hospital ( ,s4 ,spirito1 a sev]e build+1 by ,baccio ,pontelli1 & ! *ur*es ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo & ,s4 ,m>ia della ,pace4 ,innoc5t ,,viii4 add$ ! ,belv$]e to ! ,vatican aft] ,antonio del ,pollajuolo's plan1 & comm5c$ ! ,villa ,magliana4 ,alex&] ,,vi4 enri*$ ! ,vatican ) ! fam\s ,borgia ap>tm5ts1 decorat$ by ,p9turhic*io4 ,he also began ! ,palace ( ! ,univ]sity1 & conv]t$ ! ,mausoleum ( ,hadrian into ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo4 ,^! brief allusions mu/ suffice4 ,x is n ! object ( ! pres5t *apt] to treat ( ! ,popes z patrons2 b x %\ld n be =gott5 t1 hav+ accept$ a place among ! despots ( ,italy1 !y /rove to acquit _! debt to art & le>n+ 9 ! _s ( contempor>y pot5tates4 #b ,corio sums up 8 "* ?us3 ',fu co/ui uomo alla libid9e molto proclivo2 9 gr&issimo precio furono le gioie appresso di lui4 ,del giorno faceva notte1 e la notte isp$iva quanto gli occorreva4' ,m>cus ,attilius ,alexius says3 ',paulus ,,ii4 ex concub9a domum replevit1 et quasi /]quil9ium facta e/ s$es ,b>ionis4' ,see ,gregorovius1 ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bae1 = ! latt] quotation4 ,paul did n live z long z 8 comp>ative y\? l$ p to anticipate4 ,he di$ ( apoplexy 9 #adga1 alone & sudd5ly1 aft] supp+ on two huge wat]melons1 duos praegr&es pepones4 ,8 successor 0 a man ( base extraction1 nam$ ,francesco della ,rov]e1 born ne> ! t[n ( ,savona on ! ,g5oese ,rivi]a4 ,x 0 8 :im to be ?\ght noble2 s he b\ght ! goodwill ( ! anci5t h\se ( ,rov]e ( ,tur9 by giv+ !m two c>d9als' hats1 & proclaim$ himself _! k9sman4 ,!irs is ! gold5 oak-tree on an azure gr\nd :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo pa9t$ on ! ro( ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel 9 complim5t to ,sixtus & 8 nephew ,julius4 ,hav+ brib$ ! mo/ v5al memb]s ( ! ,sacr$ ,college1 ,francesco della ,rov]e 0 elect$ ,pope1 & assum$ ! "n ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,he began 8 c>e] ) a lie2 = ?\gh he succe$$ to ! av>ici\s ,paul :o _h sp5t 8 "t 9 amass+ money :i* he did n use1 he decl>$ t he _h only f\nd #e1jjj flor9s 9 ! ,papal treasury4 ,?is ass]tion 0 prov$ false by ! prodigality ) :i* he lavi%$ weal? imm$iately ^u 8 nephews4 ,x is difficult ev5 to h9t at ! horrible suspicions :i* 7 ca/ ^u ! bir? ( two ( ! ,pope's nephews & ^u ! nature ( 8 weakness = !m4 ,yet ! private life ( ,sixtus r5d]$ ! mo/ mon/r\s /ories plausible1 :ile 8 public treatm5t ( ^! m5 recall$ to m9d ! p>tiality ( ,n]o = ,doryphorus4#a ,we may1 h[ev]1 dwell ^u ! pr9cipal features ( 8 nepotism2 = ,sixtus 0 ! fir/ ,pontiff :o delib]ately organiz$ a sy/em = pillag+ ! ,*ur* 9 ord] to exalt 8 family to pr9cipalities4 ,! weakness ( ?is policy has already be5 expos$#b3 its ju/ification1 if !re is any1 lies 9 ! exig5cies ( a dyna/y :i* _h no legitimate or h]$it>y succession4 ,! names ( ! ,pope's nephews 7 ,lion>do1 ,giuliano1 & ,giovanni della ,rov]e1 ! ?ree sons ( 8 bro!r ,raffaello2 ,pietro & ,girolamo ,ri>io1 ! two sons ( 8 si/] ,jol&a2 & ,girolamo1 ! son ( ano!r si/] m>ri$ to ,giovanni ,basso4 ,) ! notable exception ( ,giuliano della ,rov]e1#c ^! "y m5 _h no claim to di/9ction beyond good looks & a c]ta9 m>tial _s :i* ill suit$ ) ! ecclesia/ical dignities ?ru/ ^u "s ( !m4 ,lion>do 0 made prefect ( ,rome & m>ri$ to a natural daught] ( ,k+ ,f]d9& ( ,naples4 ,giuliano receiv$ a ,c>d9al's hat1 &1 aft] a tempe/u\s w>f>e ) ! int]v5+ ,popes1 asc5d$ ! ,holy ,*air z ,julius ,,ii4 ,girolamo ,basso 0 creat$ ,c>d9al ( ,san ,crisogono 9 #adgg1 & di$ 9 #aejg4 ,girolamo ,ri>io w$d$ ,ca!r9e1 a natural daught] ( ,galeazzo ,s=za4 ,= him ! ,pope 9 #adgc b\ght ! t[n ( ,imola ) money ( ! ,*ur*1 &1 aft] add+ to x ,=li1 made ,girolamo a ,duke4 ,he 0 murd]$ by 8 subjects 9 ! latt] place 9 #adhh1 n1 h[ev]1 be=e he _h f\nd$ a l9e ( pr9ces4 ,pietro1 ano!r nephew ( ! ,ri>io blood1 or1 z sc&al !n report$ & ,muratori has s9ce believ$1 a son ( ! ,pope himself1 0 elevat$ at ! age ( tw5ty-six to ! dignities ( ,c>d9al1 ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ,ar*bi%op ( ,flor5ce4 ,he _h no virtues1 no abilities1 no?+ b 8 beauty1 ! sc&al\s affection ( ! ,pope1 & ! extravagant pr(ligacy ( 8 own life to recomm5d him to ! notice ( po/]ity4 ,all ,italy dur+ two ye>s rang ) ! noise ( 8 debau*]ies4 ,8 (ficial rev5ues 7 e/imat$ at #fj1jjj gold5 flor9s2 b 9 8 %ort c>e] ( pr(ligate magnific5ce he manag$ to squ&] a sum reckon$ at n less ?an #bjj1jjj4 ,:5 ,leonora ( ,aragon pass$ ?r\gh ,rome on h] way to w$ ! ,m>quis ( ,f]r>a1 ?is fop ( a ,patri>* erect$ a pavilion 9 ! ,piazza de' ,santi ,apo/oli = h] ent]ta9m5t4#d ,! squ>e 0 p>tition$ into *amb]s communicat+ ) ! palace ( ! ,c>d9al4 ,! ord9>y hang+s 7 ( velvet & ( :ite & crimson silk1 :ile "o ( ! ap>tm5ts 0 drap$ ) ! fam\s tape/ries ( ,ni*olas ,v41 :i* repres5t$ ! ,creation ( ! ,_w4 ,all ! ut5sils 9 ?is magic dwell+ 7 ( silv]--ev5 to ! v vile/4 ,! air ( ! banquet-hall 0 cool$ ) punkahs2 ire mantici cop]ti1 *e facevano cont9oamemte v5to1 are ! words ( ,corio2 & on a column 9 ! c5t] /ood a liv+ nak$ gild$ boy1 :o p\r$ =? wat] f an urn4 ,! description ( ! fea/ takes up ?ree pages ( ! hi/ory ( ,corio1 :]e we f9d a m9ute li/ ( ! di%es--wild bo>s & de] & peacocks1 roa/$ :ole2 peel$ oranges1 gilt & sug>$2 gilt rolls2 rosewat] = wa%+2 & ! tales ( ,p]seus1 ,atalanta1 ,h]cules1 etc41 ,i wr\ght 9 pa/ry--tutte 9 viv&e4 ,we are also told h[ masques ( ,h]cules1 ,jason1 & ,pha$ra alt]nat$ ) ! /ory ( ,susannah & ! ,eld]s1 play$ by ,flor5t9e actors1 & ) ! ,my/]ies ( ,san ,giovan ,batti/a decapitato & quel ,giudeo *e rosfi il corpo di ,cri/o4 ,! s]vants 7 array$ 9 silk1 & ! s5es*al *ang$ 8 dress ( ri*e/ /uffs & jewels f\r times 9 ! c\rse ( ! banquet4 ,nymphs & c5taurs1 s+]s & buffoons1 drank *oice w9e f gold5 goblets4 ,! mo/ em95t & rev]5d ma/] ( ! palace1 mean:ile1 mov$ among 8 gue/s 'l "s great ,caes>'s son4' ,! :ole ent]ta9m5t la/$ f ,saturday till ,?ursday1 dur+ :i* "t ,ercole ( ,e/e & 8 bride assi/$ at ,*ur* c]emonies 9 ,s4 ,pet]'s1 & visit$ ! notabilities ( ,rome 9 ! int]vals ( games1 dances1 & banquets ( ! k9d describ$4 ,we ne$ sc>cely add t1 9 spite ( 8 enorm\s weal?1 ! "y ,c>d9al di$ #fj1jjj flor9s 9 debt4 ,happily = ! ,*ur* & = ,italy1 he expir$ at ,rome 9 ,janu>y #adgd1 aft] p>ad+ 8 impud5t debau*]ies ?r\gh ,milan & ,v5ice z ! ,pope's ,legate4 ,x 0 rumor$1 b nev] well au!nticat$1 t ! ,v5etians help$ 8 dea? by poison4#e ,! s5sual indulg5ces ( e sort 9 :i* ?is *ild ( ! prolet>iat1 sudd5ly rais$ to pr9cely spl5dor1 wall[$ = tw5ty-five cont9u\s mon?s1 are en\gh to acc\nt = 8 immature dea? )\t ! hypo!sis ( poison+4 ,) him expir$ a plan :i* might h end$ 9 mak+ ! ,papacy a secul>1 h]$it>y k+dom4 ,dur+ 8 /ay at ,milan1 ,pietro /ruck a b>ga9 ) ! ,duke1 by ! t]ms ( :i* ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za 0 to be cr[n$ k+ ( ,lomb>dy1 :ile ! ,c>d9al ,legate 0 to return & seize ^u ! ,papal ?rone4#f ,sixtus1 x is said1 0 will+ to abdicate 9 8 nephew's favor1 ) a view to ! firm] e/abli%m5t ( 8 family 9 ! tyranny ( ,rome4 ,! s*eme 0 a wild "o1 yet1 consid]+ ! p[] & weal? ( ! ,s=za family1 n s :olly impracticable z might appe>4 ,! same dream float$1 a few ye>s lat]1 be=e ! imag9ation ( ! two ,borgias2 & ,ma*iavelli wrote 9 8 calm /yle t to make ! ,papal p[] h]$it>y 0 all t rema9$ = nepotism 9 8 days to d4#g ,! op9ion :i* _h be5 conceiv$ ( ! ,c>d9al ( ,san ,si/o dur+ 8 two ye>s ( em95ce may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ c\plets ( an epigram plac$1 z ,corio in=ms u1 on 8 tomb3-- ,fur1 scortum1 l5o1 moe*us1 p$ico1 cyna$us1 ,et scurra1 et fidic5 c$at ab ,italia3 ,namque illa ,ausonii pe/is scel]ata s5atus1 ,petrus1 ad inf]nas e/ modo raptus aquas4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,pietro1 ,sixtus took 8 la/ nephew1 ,giovanni della ,rov]e1 into l favor4 ,he 0 m>ri$ to ,giovanna1 daught] ( ,f$]igo di ,montefeltro1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 & creat$ ,duke ( ,s9igaglia4 ,aft]w>ds he became ,prefect ( ,rome1 ^u ! dea? ( 8 bro!r ,lion>do4 ,?is man f\nd$ ! second dyna/y 9 ! ,duk$om ( ,urb9o4 ,! plebeian viol5ce ( ! della ,rov]e temp] rea*$ a climax 9 ,giovanni's son1 ! ,duke ,francesco ,m>ia1 :o murd]$ 8 si/]'s lov] ) 8 own h& :5 a y\? ( sixte51 /abb$ ! ,papal ,legate to dea? 9 ! /reets ( ,bologna at ! age ( tw5ty1 & knock$ ,guicci>d9i1 ! hi/orian1 d[n ) a bl[ ( 8 fi/ dur+ a c\ncil ( w> 9 #aebf4 #a ,! infam\s /ories ab\t ,sixtus & ,alex&] may 9 "p be fables1 curr5tly report$ by ! vulg> & committ$ to epigrams by s*ol>s4 ,/ill ! fact rema9s t ,infessura1 ,bur*>d1 & ! ,v5etian ambassadors relate ( ^! two ,popes su* traits ( "* & su* abom9able actions z r5d] ! wor/ calumnies probable4 ,infessura1 ?\gh he express$ horror = ! crimes ( ,sixtus1 0 yet a dry *ronicl] ( daily ev5ts1 _m ( :i* pass$ b5ea? 8 own eyes1 ,bur*urd 0 a frigid di>i/ ( ,c\rt c]emonies1 :o report$ ! rapes1 murd]s1 & pr(ligacies ( ,alex&] ) phlegmatic gravity4 ,! evid5ce ( ^! m51 nei!r ( :om indulges 9 satire /rictly s call$1 is m valuable ?an t ( ,tacitus or ,suetonius to ! vices ( ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,! dispat*es ( ! ,v5etian ambassadors1 aga91 are tru/wor?y1 see+ !y 7 always writt5 ) political int5tion & n = ! sake ( gossip4 #b ,see *4 iii4 p4 #aac4 #c ,z ,julius ,,ii41 by f> ! greate/ "n 9 8 age4 ,yet ev5 ,giuliano did n at fir/ impress m5 ) 8 p[]4 ,jacobus ,volat]ranus 7,mur4 xxiii4 #ajg7 writes ( him3 ',vir e/ naturae duriusculae1 ac uti +5ii1 m$iocris lit]aturae4' #d ,= :at foll[s read ,corio1 ,/oria di ,milano1 pp4 #dag-bj4 #e ,ma*4 #a/4 ,fior4 lib4 vii42 ,corio1 p4 #dbj4 #f ,see ,corio1 p4 #dbj4 ,corio h9ts t ! ,v5etians poison$ ! ,c>d9al = fe> ( ?is conv5tion be+ c>ri$ out4 #g #a/4 ,fior1 lib4 i4 vol4 i4 p4 #ch4 ,sixtus1 h[ev]1 :ile ?us provid+ = 8 family1 c\ld n enjoy life )\t "s y\?ful protege ab\t 8 p]son4 ,accord+ly 9 #adfc he made 8 valet1 a lad ( no education & ( base bir?1 ,c>d9al & ,bi%op ( ,p>ma at ! age ( tw5ty4 ,8 m]it 0 ! beauty ( a "y ,olympian4 ,) ?is div9e gift he luckily comb9$ a h>mless ?\gh /upid "*4 ,) all ^! favorites to plant out 9 life1 ! ,pope 0 naturally %ort ( money4 ,he reli$ on two pr9cipal me?ods = repl5i%+ 8 c(f]s4 ,"o 0 ! public sale ( places ab\t ! ,c\rt at ,rome1 ea* ( :i* _h its well-kn[n price4#a ,b5efices 7 dispos$ ( ) r m res]ve & privacy1 = simony _h n yet come to be consid]$ v5ial4 ,yet x 0 notori\s t ,sixtus held no privilege )9 8 pontifical control on :i* he 0 n will+ to raise money3 ',our *ur*es1 prie/s1 alt>s1 sacr$ rites1 our pray]s1 our heav51 our v ,god1 are pur*asable6' exclaims a s*ol> ( ! "t2 :ile ! ,holy ,fa!r himself 0 wont to say1 ',a pope ne$s only p5 & ink to get :at sum he wants4'#b ,! second great f9ancial exp$i5t 0 ! monopoly ( corn ?r\gh\t ! ,papal ,/ates4 ,fictiti\s de>?s 7 creat$2 ! value ( :eat 0 rais$ to fam9e prices2 good gra9 0 sold out ( ! k+dom1 & bad import$ 9 ex*ange2 :ile ,sixtus =c$ 8 subjects to pur*ase f 8 /ores1 & made a pr(it by ! hung] & disease ( 8 emaciat$ prov9ces4 ,f]d9&1 ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 practic$ ! same sy/em 9 ! s\?4 ,x is wor? :ile to he> :at ?is bread 0 l f "o ( ! m5 condemn$ to eat x3 ',! bread made f ! corn ( :i* ,i h spok5 0 black1 /9k+1 & abom9able2 "o 0 oblig$ to consume x1 & f ?is cause sickness frequ5tly took hold ^u ! ,/ate4'#c #a ,! greate/ +5uity 0 display$ 9 promot+ ?is m>ket4 ,infessura writes3 ',multa et inexcogitata 9 ,curia ,romana (ficia ad9v5it et v5didit1' p4 #aahc4 #b ,bapti/a ,mantuanus1 de ,calamitatibus ,temporum1 lib4 iii4 ,v5alia nobis ,templa1 sac]dotes1 alt>ia1 sacra1 coronae1 ,ignes1 ?ura1 preces1 coelum e/ v5ale1 ,deusque4 ,soriano1 ! ,v5etian ambassador1 ap4 ,alb]i ii4 #c1 p4 #ccj1 writes3 ',convi5e ricord>si quello *e soleva dire ,si/o ,,iv41 *e al papa ba/ava solo la mano con la p5na e l'in*io/ro1 p] av]e quella somma *e vuole4' ,cp4 ,a54 ,sylv4 ,picc4 ,ep4 i4 #ff3 ',nihil e/ quod absque arg5to ,romana ,curia d$at2 nam et ipsae manus impositiones et ,spiritus ,sancti dona v5duntur1 nec peccatorum v5ia nisi nummatis imp5ditur4' #c ,infessura1 ,ecc>dus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aida3 ',panis v]o qui ex dicto frum5to fiebat1 erat at]1 foetidus1 et abom9abilis2 e ex necessitate com$ebatur1 ex quo saep5um]o 9 civitate morbus viguit4' ,b ,*ri/5dom beheld 9 ,sixtus n m]ely ! spectacle ( a ,pope :o traffick$ 9 ! bodies ( 8 subjects & ! holy ?+s ( ,god1 to squ&] basely gott5 gold ^u ab&on$ m9ions4 ,! peace ( ,italy 0 de/roy$ by desolat+ w>s 9 ! advancem5t ( ! same wor?less favorites1 ,sixtus desir$ to annex ,f]r>a to ! dom9ions ( ,girolamo ,ri>io4 ,no?+ /ood 9 8 way b ! ,h\se ( ,e/e1 firmly plant$ = c5turies1 & connect$ by m>riage or alliance ) all ! *ief families ( ,italy4 ,! ,pope1 ^: lu/ = blood & broils 0 only equal$ by 8 av>ice & 8 lib]t9ism1#a ru%$ ) wild delight into a project :i* involv$ ! discord ( ! :ole ,p59sula4 ,he made treaties ) ,v5ice & unmade !m1 /irr$ up all ! passions ( ! despots & set !m toge!r by ! e>s1 call$ ! ,swiss m]c5>ies into ,lomb>dy1 & :5 f9ally1 tir$ ( fight+ = 8 nephew1 ! ,italian p[]s conclud$ ! peace ( ,bagnolo1 he di$ ( rage 9 #adhd4 ,! ,pope did actually die ( disappo9t$ fury because peace _h be5 re/or$ to ! c\ntry he _h mangl$ = ! sake ( a favorite nephew4 #a ,?is phrase requires support4 ,infessura 7loc4 cit4 p4 #aida7 relates ! savage pleasure ) :i* ,sixtus wat*$ a combat 'a /eccato *iuso4' ,he>+ t a duel to ! dea? 0 to be f\ght by two b&s ( 8 body-gu>d1 he told !m to *oose ! ,piazza ( ,s4 ,pet] = _! r5dezv\s4 ,!n he appe>$ at a w9d[1 bless$ ! combatants1 & cross$ himself z a signal = ! battle to beg94 ,we :o ?9k ! r+1 ! cockpit1 & ! bullfight b>b>\s1 %\ld /udy ,pollajuolo's engrav+ 9 ord] to imag9e ! horrors ( a duel 'a /eccato *iuso4' ,( ! incl9ation ( ,sixtus to s5suality1 ,infessura writes3 ',hic1 ut f]tur vulgo1 et exp]i5tia demon/ravit1 pu]orum amator et sodomita fuit4' ,aft] m5tion+ ! ,ri>ii & a b>b]'s son1 ag$ twelve1 he goes on3 'taceo nunc alia1 quae circa hoc poss5t recit>i1 quia visa sunt de cont9uo4' ,x 0 n1 p]haps1 a :olly ,prote/ant calumny :i* accus$ ,sixtus ( grant+ private indulg5ces = ! commission ( abom9able crimes 9 c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! crime ( ,sixtus :i* mo/ vividly pa9ts ! corruption ( ! ,papacy 9 8 age rema9s /ill to be told4 ,?is 0 ! sanction ( ! ,pazzi ,conjuration aga9/ ,giuliano & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,9 ! ye> #adgg ! ,m$ici1 aft] exclud+ ! m]*ant pr9ces ( ! ,pazzi family f ! magi/racy at ,flor5ce & o!rwise annoy+ !m1 _h driv5 ,francesco de' ,pazzi 9 disgu/ to ,rome4 ,sixtus *ose him = 8 bank] 9 ! place ( ! ,m$icean ,company4 ,he became intimate ) ,girolamo ,ri>io1 & 0 well receiv$ at ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,political reasons at ?is mom5t made ! ,pope & 8 nephew anxi\s to de/roy ! ,m$ici1 :o oppos$ ,girolamo's s*emes ( aggr&izem5t 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,private rancor induc$ ,francesco de' ,pazzi to second _! views & to /imulate _! passion4 ,! ?ree betwe5 !m hat*$ a plot :i* 0 jo9$ by ,salviati1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,pisa1 ano!r private foe ( ! ,m$ici1 & by ,giambatti/a ,montesecco1 a capta9 well affect$ to ! ,c\nt ,girolamo4 ,! fir/ design ( ! conspirators 0 to lure ! bro!rs ,m$ici to ,rome1 & to kill !m !re4 ,b ! "y m5 7 too prud5t to leave ,flor5ce4 ,pazzi & ,salviati !n proce$$ to ,tuscany1 hop+ ei!r at a banquet or 9 *ur* to succe$ 9 murd]+ _! two enemies toge!r4 ,b]n>do ,b&9i1 a man ( blood by trade1 & ,francesco de' ,pazzi 7 *os5 to assass9ate ,giuliano4 ,giambatti/a ,montesecco und]took to dispose ( ,lor5zo4#a ,! #bf? ( ,april #adgh 0 f9ally fix$ = ! de$4 ,! place select$ 0 ! ,duomo4#b ,! elevation ( ! ,ho/ at ,mass-"t 0 to be ! signal4 ,bo? ! ,m$ici arriv$4 ,! murd]]s embrac$ ,giuliano & discov]$ t ?is timid y\? _h left 8 secret coat ( mail at home4 ,b a difficulty1 :i* ought to h be5 =ese51 arose4 ,monteseoco1 cut-?roat z he 01 refus$ to /ab ,lor5zo be=e ! high alt>3 at ! la/ mom5t "s s5se ( ! religio loci da%$ 8 c\rage4 ,two prie/s 7 !n discov]$ :o _h no su* silly scruples4 ,9 ! words ( an old *ronicle1 ',ano!r man 0 f\nd1 :o1 be+ a prie/1 0 m accu/om$ to ! place & !re=e less sup]/iti\s ab\t its sanctity4' ,?is1 h[ev]1 spoil$ all4 ,! prie/s1 ?\gh m sacrilegi\s ?an ! bravos1 7 less us$ to ! trade ( assass9ation4 ,!y fail$ to /rike home4 ,giuliano1 x is true1 0 /abb$ to dea? by ,b]n>do ,b&9i & ,francesco de' ,pazzi at ! v mom5t ( ! elevation ( ,*ri/'s body4 ,b ,lor5zo escap$ ) a slight fle%-w\nd4 ,! :ole conspiracy collaps$4 ,9 ! retaliation :i* ! infuriat$ p ( ,flor5ce took ^u ! murd]]s1 ! ,ar*bi%op ,salviati1 toge!r ) ,jacopo & ,francesco de' ,pazzi & "s o!rs among ! pr9cipal conspirators1 7 hung f ! w9d[s ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico4 ,= ?is act ( viol5ce to ! sacr$ p]son ( a traitor\s prie/1 ,sixtus1 :o _h ^u 8 own consci5ce ! crime ( m+l$ treason1 sacrilege1 & murd]1 ex-communicat$ ,flor5ce1 & c>ri$ on = ye>s a savage w> ) ! ,republic4 ,x 0 n until #adha1 :5 ! desc5t ( ! ,turks ^u ,otranto made him tremble = 8 own safety1 t he *ose to make peace ) ^! enemies :om he _h himself provok$ & plott$ aga9/4 #a ,8 ',confession1' pr9t$ by ,fabroni1 ,lor5zi ,m$icis ,vita1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afh1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! hat*+ ( ! plot4 ,x is fair to ,sixtus to say t ,montesecco exculpates him ( ! design to murd] ! ,m$ici4 ,he only want$ to ru9 !m4 #b ,x is curi\s to note h[ _m ( ! num]\s ,italian tyrannicides took place 9 *ur*4 ,! ,*iavelli ( ,fabriano 7 murd]$ dur+ a solemn s]vice 9 #adce2 ! s5t5ce ( ! cre$ ',et inc>natus e/' 0 *os5 = ! signal4 ,gian ,m>ia ,visconti 0 kill$ 9 ,san ,gott>do 7#adab71 ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za 9 ,san ,/efano 7#adhd74 ,lodovico ,moro only j escap$ assass9ation 9 ,sant' ,ambrogio 7#adhd74 ,ma*iavelli says t ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici's life 0 attempt$ by ,bati/a ,frescobaldi 9 ! ,c>m9e 7see #a/4 ,fior4 book viii4 ne> ! end74 ,! ,bagliani ( ,p]ugia 7 to h be5 massacr$ dur+ ! m>riage fe/ival ( ,a/orre ) ,lav9ia ,colonna7#aejj74 ,/efano ,porc>i int5d$ to capture ,ni*olas ,v4 at ! great gate ( ,s4 ,pet]'s 7#adec74 ,! only *ance ( cat*+ cauti\s pr9ces (f _! gu>d 0 :5 !y 7 engag$ 9 high solemnities4 ,see above1 p4 #afh4 ,ano!r peculi>ity 9 ! ,pontificate ( ,sixtus des]ves special m5tion4 ,x 0 "u 8 auspices 9 ! ye> #adgh t ! ,inquisition 0 f\nd$ 9 ,spa9 = ! ext]m9ation ( ,jews1 ,moors1 & ,*ri/ians ) a ta9t ( h]esy4 ,dur+ ! next f\r ye>s #b1jjj victims 7 burn$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ca/ile4 ,9 ,seville1 a plot ( gr\nd1 call$ ! ,quemad]o1 or place ( burn+--a new ,aceldama--0 set ap>t = executions2 & "h 9 "o ye> #bhj h]etics 7 committ$ to ! flames1 :ile #gi 7 condemn$ to p]petual imprisonm5t1 & #ag1jjj to light] puni%m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 ,&alusia alone #e1jjj h\ses 7 at once ab&on$ by _! inhabitants4 ,!n foll[$ 9 #adib ! celebrat$ edict aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,be=e f\r mon?s _h expir$ ! :ole ,jewi% population 7 bidd5 to leave ,spa91 c>ry+ ) !m no?+ 9 ! %ape ( gold or silv]4 ,to conv]t _! prop]ty into bills ( ex*ange & movables 0 _! only res\rce4 ,! m>ket spe$ily 0 glutt$3 a h\se 0 giv5 = an ass1 a v9ey>d = a suit ( clo!s4 ,va9ly did ! p]secut$ race endeavor to pur*ase a remission ( ! s5t5ce by ! paym5t ( an exorbitant ransom4 ,torquemada appe>$ be=e ,f]d9& & 8 consort1 rais+ ! crucifix1 & cry+3 ',judas sold ,*ri/ = #cj pieces ( silv]2 sell ye him = a l>g] sum1 & acc\nt = ! same to ,god6' ,! exodus began4 ,eight hundr$ ?\s& ,jews left ,spa9#a--"s = ! coa/ ( ,africa1 :]e ! ,arabs ripp$ _! bodies up 9 se>* = gems or gold !y might h swall[$1 & defl[]$ _! wom5--"s = ,portugal1 :]e !y b\ght ! "r to exi/ = a l>ge head-tax1 & :]e !y saw _! sons & daught]s dragg$ away to baptism be=e _! eyes4 ,o!rs 7 sold z slaves1 or _h to satisfy ! rapacity ( _! p]secutors ) ! bodies ( _! *ildr54 ,_m flung !mselves into ! wells1 & s\ght to bury despair 9 suicide4 ,! ,m$it]ranean 0 cov]$ ) fam9e-/rick5 & plague-bre$+ fleets ( exiles4 ,putt+ into ! ,port ( ,g5oa1 !y 7 refus$ leave to reside 9 ! city1 & di$ by hundr$s 9 ! h>bor4#b ,_! fe/]+ bodies1 br$ a pe/il5ce along ! :ole ,italian sea-bo>d1 ( :i* at ,naples alone #bj1jjj p]sons di$4 ,flitt+ f %ore to %ore1 ^! =lorn spect]s1 ! victims ( bigotry & av>ice1 ev]y:]e pillag$ & ev]y:]e reject$1 dw9dl$ away & disappe>$4 ,mean:ile ! or?odox rejoic$4 ,pico della ,mir&ola1 :o sp5t 8 life 9 reconcil+ ,plato ) ! ,cabala1 f9ds no?+ m to say ?an ?is3 ',! suff]+s ( ! ,jews1 9 :i* ! glory ( ! ,div9e ju/ice delight$1 7 s extreme z to fill u ,*ri/ians ) commis]ation4' ,) ^! words we may comp>e ! foll[+ passage f ,s5>ega3 ',! matt] at fir/ sight seem$ praisewor?y1 z reg>d+ ! honor done to our religion2 yet x involv$ "s am\nt ( cruelty1 if we look ^u !m1 n z bea/s1 b z m51 ! h&iwork ( ,god4' ,a critic ( ?is c5tury c only exclaim ) /upefaction3 ,tantum religio potuit suad]e malorum6 ,?us ,spa9 began to dev\r & depopulate h]self4 ,! curse :i* fell ^u ! ,jew & ,moor desc5d$ next ^u philosoph] & patriot4 ,! v life ( ! nation1 9 its comm]ce1 its indu/ry1 its free ?\ght1 its en]gy ( "*1 0 delib]ately & /eadily ?rottl$4 ,& at no long int]val ( "t ! blight ( ,spa9 0 de/9$ to desc5d on ,italy1 p>alyz+ ! fair movem5ts ( h] manifold exi/5ce to a rigid uni=mity1 %r\d+ ! light & color ( h] art & lett]s 9 ! blackness ( inquisitorial gloom4 #a ,?is numb] is p]haps exagg]at$4 ,limbor* 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition 7p4 #hc7 gives bo? #hjj1jjj & #djj1jjj2 he also speaks ( #agj1jjj families z "o calculation4 #b ,s5>ega's acc\nt ( ! entry ( ! ,jews into ,g5oa is truly awful4 ,he 0 an eye-witness ( :at he relates4 ,! passage may be read 9 ,prescott's ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 *apt] #ag4 ,mo/ s+ul> is ! attitude ( a ,sixtus--indulg+ 8 lu/ & pride 9 ! ,vatican1 adorn+ ! *apel call$ aft] 8 "n ) ma/]pieces1#a r5d+ ,italy ) broils = ! aggr&izem5t ( favorites1 haggl+ ov] ! prices to be paid = bi%oprics1 extort+ money f />v$ prov9ces1 plott+ murd] aga9/ 8 enemies1 h\nd+ ! semi-b>b>\s ,swiss m\nta9e]s on ,milan by indulg5ces1 refus+ aid to ,v5ice 9 h] *ampion%ip ( ,*ri/5dom aga9/ ! ,turk--yet mean:ile ?9k+ to please ,god by holocau/s ( ,moors1 by myriads ( fami%$ ,jews1 conf]r+ on a fai?less & av>ici\s ,f]d9& ! title ( ,ca?olic1 endeavor+ to wipe out 8 s9s by ! blood ( o!rs1 to burn 8 own vices 9 ! autos da fe ( ,seville1 & by ! f\ndation ( t diabolical eng9e ! ,inquisition to secure ! fabric 8 own infamy 0 und]m9+4#b ,?is is n ! language ( a ,prote/ant d5\nc+ ! ,pope4 ,) all respect = ! ,roman ,*ur*1 t ,alma ,mat] ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t augu/ & v5]able monum5t ( immemorial antiquity1 we _c close our eyes to ! contradictions betwe5 practice & pret5sion ^u :i* ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance ?r[s a light s lurid4 #a ,mus+ b5ea? ! ,sibyls & be=e ! ,judgm5t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 x is difficult n to picture to ! fancy ! arraignm5t ( ! ,popes :o built & beautifi$ t *apel1 :5 ! ,*ri/1 ^: blood !y sold1 %\ld appe> ) ,8 m5ac+ "r arm uplift$1 & ! prophets %\ld ?und] _! d5unciations3 ',h[l1 ye %eph]ds1 & cry2 & wall[ y\rselves 9 ! a%es1 ye pr9cipal ( ! flock1 = ! days ( y\r slaught] & y\r disp]sions are accompli%$4' #b ,! same incongruity appe>s also 9 ,innoc5t ,,viii41 ^: bull aga9/ wit*craft 7#adhd7 sy/ematiz$ ! p]secution direct$ aga9/ un=tunate old wom5 & idiots4 ,spr5g]1 9 ! ,malleus ,malefic>um1 m5tions t 9 ! fir/ ye> aft] its publication =ty-"o wit*es 7 burn$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,como1 :ile cr[ds ( suspect$ wom5 took refuge 9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,ar*duke ,sigismond4 ,cantu's ,/oria della ,diocesi di ,como 7,le ,monni]1 #b vols47 may be consult$ = ! p]secution ( wit*es 9 ,valtell9a & ,val ,camonica4 ,cp4 ,fol5go's ,macc>onea = ! preval5ce ( wit*craft 9 ^? di/ricts4 ,aft] ,sixtus ,,iv4 came ,innoc5t ,,viii4 ,8 secul> "n 0 ,giambatti/a ,cibo4 ,! sacr$ ,college1 t]rifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,sixtus into ?9k+ t ano!r ,pope1 s reckless 9 8 creation ( sc&al\s ,c>d9als1 might ru9 ,*ri/5dom1 laid ! mo/ solemn obligations on ! ,pope elect4 ,cibo took oa?s on e relic1 by e sa9t1 to e memb] ( ! conclave1 t he w\ld ma9ta9 a c]ta9 ord] ( appo9tm5t & a purity ( election 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,no ,c>d9al "u ! age ( ?irty1 n m ?an "o ( ! ,pope's own blood1 none )\t ! rank ( ,doctor ( ,!ology or ,law1 7 to be elect$1 & s =?4 ,b z soon z ! ti>a 0 on 8 head1 he r5\nc$ !m all z inconsi/5t ) ! rights & lib]ties ( ,s4 ,pet]'s ,*air4 ,engagem5ts made by ! man might always be brok5 by ! ,pope4 ,( ,innoc5t's ,pontificate little ne$ be said4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,pope publicly to ackn[l$ge 8 sev5 *ildr51 & to call !m sons & daught]s4#a ,av>ice1 v5ality1 slo?1 & ! asc5d5cy ( base favorites made 8 reign loa?some )\t ! blaze & spl5dor ( ! sc&als ( 8 fi]y pr$ecessor4 ,9 corruption he advanc$ a /ep ev5 beyond ,sixtus1 by e/abli%+ a ,bank at ,rome = ! sale ( p>dons4#b ,ea* s9 _h its price1 :i* might be paid at ! conv5i5ce ( ! crim9al3 #aej ducats ( ! tax 7 p\r$ into ! ,papal c(f]s2 ! surplus fell to ,frances*etto1 ! ,pope's son4 ,?is insignificant pr9cel+1 = :om ! c\nty ( ,anguill>a 0 pur*as$1 %[$ no ability or ambition = aught b gett+ & sp5d+ money4 ,he 0 small ( /ature & tame-spirit$3 yet ! de/9ies ( an important h\se ( ,europe dep5d$ on him2 = 8 fa!r m>ri$ him to ,maddal5a1 ! daught] ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 9 #adhg4 ,?is l$ to ,giovanni de' ,m$ici receiv+ a ,c>d9al's hat at ! age ( ?irte51 & ?us ! ,m$icean int]e/ 9 ,rome 0 f\nd$2 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! ,m$ici gave two ,popes to ! ,holy ,see1 & by _! ecclesia/ical influ5ce rivet$ ! *a9s ( ,flor5ce fa/4#c ,! traffic :i* ,innoc5t & ,frances*etto c>ri$ on 9 !ft & murd] fill$ ! ,campagna ) brig&s & assass9s4#d ,travel]s & pilgrims & ambassadors 7 /ripp$ & murd]$ on _! way to ,rome2 & 9 ! city itself m ?an two hundr$ p 7 publicly assass9at$ ) impunity dur+ ! la/ mon?s ( ! ,pope's life4 ,he 0 gradually doz+ (f into 8 la/ long sleep1 & ,frances*etto 0 plann+ h[ to c>ry (f 8 ducats4 ,:ile ! ,holy ,fa!r /ill hov]$ betwe5 life & dea?1 a ,jewi% doctor propos$ to re9vigorate him by ! transfusion ( "y blood into 8 torpid ve9s4 ,?ree boys ?robb+ ) ! elixir ( e>ly y\? 7 sacrific$ 9 va94 ,ea* boy1 says ,infessura1 receiv$ "o ducat4 ,he adds1 n )\t grim humor3 ',et paulo po/ mortui sunt2 ,judaeus quidem aufugit1 et ,papa non sanatus e/4' ,! epitaph ( ?is poor old ,pope reads l a r clev] b blasphem\s witticism3 ',ego autem 9 ,innoc5tia mea +ressus sum4' #a ',primus pontificum filios filiasque palam o/5tavit1 primus eorum ap]tas fecit nuptias1 primus dome/icos hym5aeos celebravit4' ,egidius ( ,vit]bo1 quot$ by ,greg4 ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bgd1 note4 #b ,infessura says he he>d ! ,vice-*ancellor1 :5 ask$ :y crim9als 7 all[$ to pay in/ead ( be+ puni%$1 answ]3 ',god wills n ! dea? ( a s9n]1 b r t he %\ld pay & live4' ,dom9ico di ,vit]bo1 ,apo/olic ,scribe1 =g$ bulls by :i* ! ,pope grant$ indulg5ces = ! commission ( ! wor/ sc&als4 ,8 fa!r tri$ to buy him (f = #e1jjj ducats4 ,innoc5t repli$ t1 z 8 honor 0 conc]n$1 he mu/ h #f1jjj4 ,! poor fa!r c\ld n scrape s mu* money toge!r2 s ! b>ga9 fell ?r\gh1 & ,dom9ico 0 execut$4 ,a ,roman :o _h kill$ two ( 8 own daught]s b\ght 8 p>don = #hjj ducats4 #c ,guicci>d9i1 i4 #a41 po9ts out t ,lor5zo1 hav+ ! ,pope = 8 ally1 0 able to create t balance ( p[] 9 ,italy :i* x 0 8 *ief political m]it to h ma9ta9$ until 8 dea?4 #d ,x is only by read+ ! pages ( ,infessura's ,di>y 7,ecc>dus vol4 ii4 pp4 #bjjc-bjje7 t any notion ( ! mix$ debau*]y & viol5ce ( ,rome at ?is "t c be =m$4 ,mean:ile ! ,c>d9als _h n be5 idle4 ,! t$i\s leisure ( ,innoc5t's long le?>gy 0 employ$ by !m 9 active simony4 ,simony1 x may be said 9 pass+1 gave ! great ,italian families a direct int]e/ 9 ! election ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ pay+ c&idate4 ,x s]v$ ! turn ( a man l ,ascanio ,s=za to fatt5 ! gold5 goose t laid su* eggs1 be=e he kill$ x--9 o!r words1 to take ! bribes ( ,innoc5t & ,alex&]1 :ile def]r+ = a future "t 8 own election4 ,all ! ,c>d9als1 ) ! exception ( ,rod]igo ,borgia1#a 7 ! creatures ( ,sixtus or ( ,innoc5t4 ,hav+ b\ght _! hats ) gold1 !y 7 n[ dispos$ to sell _! votes to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,! ,borgia 0 ! ri*e/1 /ronge/1 wise/1 & mo/ worldly ( !m all4 ,he asc]ta9$ exactly :at ! price ( ea* suffrage w\ld be1 & laid 8 plans accord+ly4 ,! ,c>d9al ,ascanio ,s=za1 bro!r ( ! ,duke ( ,milan1 w\ld accept ! lucrative po/ ( ,vice-,*ancellor4 ,! ,c>d9al ,ors9i w\ld be satisfi$ ) ! ,borgia ,palaces at ,rome & ! ,ca/les ( ,monticello & ,saviano4 ,! ,c>d9al ,colonna _h a m9d = ! ,abbey ( ,subbiaco ) its =tresses4 ,! ,c>d9al ( ,s4 ,angelo pref]r$ ! com=table ,bi%opric ( ,porto ) its palace /ock$ ) *oice w9es4 ,! ,c>d9al ( ,p>ma w\ld take ,nepi4 ,! ,c>d9al ( ,g5oa 0 bribable ) ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,via ,lata4 ,less influ5tial memb]s ( ! ,conclave sold !mselves = gold2 to meet _! dem&s ! ,borgia s5t ,ascanio ,s=za f\r mules lad5 ) co9 9 op5 day1 reque/+ him to di/ribute x 9 prop] portions to ! vot]s4 ,! fi]y ,giuliano della ,rov]e rema9$ implacable & obdurate4 ,9 ! ,borgia 8 vehem5t temp]am5t p]ceiv$ a fit antagoni/4 ,! armor :i* he donn$ 9 _! fir/ enc\nt]s he nev] d(f$1 b wag$ fi]ce w> ) ! :ole brood ( ,borgias at ,o/ia1 at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 9 ,romagna1 :]ev] & :5ev] he f\nd opportunity4#b ,he & five o!r ,c>d9als--among !m 8 c\s9 ,raphael ,ri>io--refus$ to sell _! votes4 ,b ,rod]igo ,borgia1 hav+ corrupt$ ! re/ ( ! college1 assum$ ! mantle ( ,s4 ,pet] 9 #adib1 ) ! ev]-memorable title ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 #a ,rod]igo 0 ! son ( ,isabella ,borgia1 niece ( ,pope ,calixtus ,,iii41 by h] m>riage ) ,j(fre ,l5zuoli4 ,he took ! "n ( ,borgia1 :5 he came to ,rome to be made ,c>d9al1 & to %>e 9 8 uncle's greatness4 #b ,! m>riage ( 8 nephew ,nicolo della ,rov]e to ,laura1 ! daught] ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 by ,giulia ,bella1 9 #aeje1 long aft] ! ,borgia family _h lo/ its hold on ,italy1 is a curi\s & unexpla9$ incid5t4 ,rome rejoic$4 ,! ,holy ,city attir$ h]self 9 fe/ival array1 exhibit+ on e flag & balcony ! ,bull ( ! h\se ( ,borgia1 & cry+ l ! ,egyptians :5 !y f\nd ,apis3-- ,vive diu ,bos6 ,vive diu ,bos6 ,borgia vive6 ,vivit ,alex&]3 ,roma beata manet4 ,9 tru? !re 0 no?+ to conv9ce ! ,romans ( ! com+ woe1 or to raise suspicion t a ,pope _h be5 elect$ :o w\ld des]ve ! execration ( succe$+ c5turies4 ,9 ,rod]igo ,borgia ! p only saw1 z yet1 a man accompli%$ at all po9ts1 ( h&some p]son1 royal c>riage1 maje/ic pres5ce1 affable address4 ,he 0 a brilliant orator1 a passionate lov]1 a demigod ( c\rt pageantry & ecclesia/ic p>ade--qualities :i*1 ?\gh !y d n suit our notions ( a *ur*man1 impos$ ^u ! ta/e ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,z he rode 9 triumph t[>d ! ,lat]an1 voices 7 l\d 9 8 praise4 ',he sits ^u a sn[-:ite horse1' writes "o ( ! humani/s ( ! c5tury1#a ') s]5e =ehead1 ) comm&+ dignity4 ,z he di/ributes 8 bless+ to ! cr[d1 all eyes are fix$ ^u him1 & all he>ts rejoice4 ,h[ admirable is ! mild composure ( 8 mi56 h[ noble 8 c\nt5ance6 8 glance h[ free6 ,8 /ature & c>riage1 8 beauty & ! full heal? ( 8 body1 h[ !y enhance ! rev]5ce :i* he inspires6' ,ano!r panegyri/#b describes 8 'broad =ehead1 k+ly br[1 free c\nt5ance full ( maje/y1' add+ t '! h]oic beauty ( 8 :ole body' 0 giv5 him by nature 9 ord] t he might 'adorn ! seat ( ! ,apo/les ) 8 div9e =m 9 ! place ( ,god4' ,h[ little 9 ! e>ly days ( 8 ,pontificate ! ,borgia resembl$ t ,alex&] ) :om ! leg5d ( 8 subsequ5t life has famili>iz$ our fancy1 may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ acc\nt3#c ',he is h&some1 ( a mo/ glad c\nt5ance & joy\s aspect1 gift$ ) honey$ & *oice eloqu5ce2 ! beautiful wom5 on :om 8 eyes are ca/ he lures to love him1 & moves !m 9 a wondr\s way1 m p[]fully ?an ! magnet influ5ces iron4' ,^!1 we mu/ rememb]1 are ! te/imonies ( m5 ( lett]s1 imbu$ ) ! ,pagan s5tim5ts ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & rejoic+ 9 ! adv5t ( a ,pope :o w\ld1 !y hop$1 make ,rome ! capital ( luxury & lic5se4 ,!re=e !y require to be receiv$ ) caution4 ,yet !re is no reason to suppose t ! majority ( ! ,italians reg>d$ ! elevation ( ! ,borgia ) peculi> horror4 ,z a ,c>d9al he _h giv5 pro( ( 8 ability1 b %[n no signs ( =ce or cruelty or fraud4 ,nor 7 8 morals worse ?an ^? ( 8 colleagues4 ,if he 0 ! fa!r ( sev]al *ildr51 s 0 ,giuliano della ,rov]e1 & s _h be5 ,pope ,innoc5t be=e him4 ,?is matt]$ b little 9 an age :5 ! ,primate ( ,*ri/5dom _h come to be reg>d$ z a secul> pot5tate1 less =tunate ?an o!r pr9ces inasmu* z 8 rule 0 n h]$it>y1 b m =tunate 9 s f> z he c\ld wield ! ?und]s & disp5se ! privileges ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a few m5 ( disc]nm5t knew :at _h be5 done1 & %udd]$4 ',! k+ ( ,naples1' says ,guicci>d9i1 '?\gh he dissembl$ 8 grief1 told ! que51 8 wife1 ) te>s--te>s :i* he 0 wont to *eck ev5 at ! dea? ( 8 own sons--t a ,pope _h be5 made :o w\ld prove mo/ pe/il5t to ! :ole ,*ri/ian commonweal?4' ,! "y ,c>d9al ,giovanni de' ,m$ici1 aga91 %[$ 8 disc]nm5t ( ! situation by :isp]+ 9 ! ,conclave to 8 k9sman ,cibo3 ',we are 9 ! wolf's jaws2 he w gulp u d[n1 unless we make our flight good4' ,besides1 !re 0 9 ,italy a widely spread repugnance to ! ,spani% intrud]s--,m>rani1 or r5egade ,moors1 z !y 7 prop]ly call$--:o cr[d$ ! ,vatican & ?reat5$ to possess ! l& ( _! adoption l conqu]ors4 ',t5 ,papacies w\ld n suffice to satiate ! gre$ ( all ?is k9dr$1' wrote ,giann&rea ,boccaccio to ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a 9 #adib3 & ev5ts prov$ t ^! appreh5sions 7 ju/ifi$2 = dur+ ! ,pontificate ( ,alex&] eighte5 ,spani% ,c>d9als 7 creat$1 five ( :om belong$ to ! h\se ( ! ,borgias4 #a ,see ,mi*ael ,f]nus1 quot$ by ,greg4 ,lucrezia ,borgia1 p4 #de4 #b ,jason ,ma9us1 quot$ by ,greg1 ,/adt ,rom4 p4 #cad1 note4 #c ,gasp4 ,v]41 quot$ by ,greg4 ,/adt ,rom4 p4 #bjh1 note4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! pr(\nd horror ) :i* ! "n ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 /rikes a mod]n e> 0 n felt among ! ,italians at ! "t ( 8 election4 ,! s5tim5t ( hatr$ ) :i* he 0 aft]w>ds reg>d$ arose p>tly f ! crimes by :i* 8 ,pontificate 0 r5d]$ infam\s1 p>tly f ! fe> :i* 8 son ,ces>e inspir$1 & p>tly f ! my/]ies ( 8 private life1 :i* revolt$ ev5 ! corrupt consci5ce ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is s5tim5t ( hatr$ _h gr[n to univ]sal execration at ! date ( 8 dea?4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! att5tion ( ! ,nor!rn nations _h be5 direct$ to ! iniquities ( ,rome1 & :5 ! gl>+ discrepancy betwe5 ,alex&]'s pret5sion z a ,pope & 8 conduct z a man _h be5 appreh5d$1 x inspir$ a leg5d :i*1 l all leg5ds1 di/orts ! facts :i* x reflects4 ,alex&] 01 9 tru?1 a man em95tly fitt$ to close an old age & to inaugurate a new1 to demon/rate ! p>adoxical situation ( ! ,popes by ! inexorable logic ( 8 practical impiety1 & to fuse two conflict+ _w-=ces 9 ! cynicism ( supreme corruption4 ,! ,emp]ors ( ! ,julian h\se _h exhibit$ ! extreme ( s5sual insol5ce 9 _! autocracy4 ,:at !y desir$ ( /range & sweet & t]rible 9 ! =bidd5 fruits ( lu/1 !y _h enjoy$4 ,! ,popes ( ! ,middle ,ages--,hildebr& & ,boniface--_h display$ ! extreme ( spiritual insol5ce 9 _! !ocracy4 ,:at !y desir$ ( tyrann\s & =ceful 9 ! ex]cise ( an usurp$ despotism ov] s\ls1 !y _h enjoy$4 ,! ,borgia comb9$ bo? impulses t[>d ! illimitable4 ,to describe him z ! ,g5ius ( ,evil1 ^: s5sualities1 z unre/ra9$ z ,n]o's1 7 reliev$ aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( flame & smoke :i* ,*ri/ianity _h rais$ = fle%ly s9s1 is ju/ifiable4 ,8 spiritual tyranny1 t arrogat$ ,jus1 by "r ( :i* he claim$ ! hemisph]e reveal$ by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 & impos$ ^u ! press ( ,europe ! c5sure ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 0 r5d]$ t5 times mon/r\s by ! gl>e reflect$ on x f ! unqu5*$ furnace ( a godless life4 ,! univ]sal consci5ce ( ,*ri/ianity is revolt$ by ^? unnamable delights1 orgies ( blood & fe/ivals ( lu/1 :i* 7 enjoy$ 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 gre5 & vigor\s old age by ?is v]satile diplomati/ & subtle prie/1 :o controll$ ! c\ncils ( k+s1 & :o *ant$ ! sacram5tal s]vice = a li/5+ _w on ,ea/] ,day 9 ,rome4 ,rome has nev] be5 small or weak or m$iocre4 ,& n[ 9 ! ,pontificate ( ,alex&] 't memorable sc5e' pres5t$ to ! nations ( ! mod]n _w a pageant ( ,anti*ri/ & ,antiphysis--! negation ( ! ,gospel & ( nature2 a gl>+ spectacle ( discord betwe5 humanity z x aspires to be at its be/1 & humanity z x is at its wor/2 a tragi-com$y compos$ by "s inf]nal ,ari/ophanes1 9 :i* ! s]vant ( s]vants1 ! ano9t$ ( ! ,"l1 ! lieut5ant ^u e>? ( ,*ri/1 play$ ! *ief "p4 ,x may be object$ t ?is is ! language n ( hi/ory b ( ! leg5d4 ,i reply t !re are occasions :5 ! leg5d has caught ! _s ( ! tru?4 ,alex&] 0 a /rong] & a firm] man ?an 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ',he comb9$1' says ,guicci>d9i1 'craft ) s+ul> sagacity1 a s\nd judgm5t ) extraord9>y p[]s ( p]suasion2 & to all ! grave affairs ( life he appli$ ability & pa9s beyond belief4'#a ,8 fir/ c>e 0 to r$uce ,rome to ord]4 ,! old factions ( ,colonna & ,ors9i1 :i* ,sixtus _h scot*$1 b :i* _h rais$ _! heads aga9 dur+ ! dotage ( ,innoc5t1 7 de/roy$ 9 8 ,pontificate4 ,9 ?is way1 z ,ma*iavelli obs]v$1#b he laid ! real basis = ! temporal p[] ( ! ,papacy4 ,alex&]1 inde$1 z a sov]eign1 a*iev$ = ! ,papal ,see :at ,l\is ,,xi4 _h done = ! ?rone ( ,france1 & made ,rome on its small scale foll[ ! type ( ! l>ge ,european mon>*ies4 ,! fai?lessness & p]juries ( ! ,pope1 ':o nev] did aught else b deceive1 nor ev] ?\ght ( any?+ b ?is1 & always f\nd occasion = 8 frauds1'#c :5 comb9$ ) 8 logical intellect & p]suasive eloqu5ce1 made him a r$\btable antagoni/4 ,all consid]ations ( religion & morality 7 subord9at$ by him ) /rict imp>tiality to policy3 & 8 policy he re/ra9$ to two objects--! advancem5t ( 8 family1 & ! consolidation ( ! temporal p[]4 ,^! 7 n>r[ aims = ! ambition ( a pot5tate :o ) "o /roke ( 8 p5 pret5d$ to conf] ! new-f\nd _w on ,spa94 ,yet !y tax$ 8 :ole /r5g?1 & drove him to ! p]petration ( enorm\s crimes4 #a ,x is b fair to ,guicci>d9i to complete 8 s5t5ce 9 a note3 ',^! good qualities 7 f> surpass$ by 8 vices2 private habits ( ! utmo/ obsc5ity1 no %ame nor s5se ( tru?1 no fidelity to 8 engagem5ts1 no religi\s s5tim5t2 insatiable av>ice1 unbridl$ ambition1 cruelty beyond ! cruelty ( b>b>\s races1 burn+ desire to elevate 8 sons by any means3 ( ^! !re 7 _m1 & among !m--9 ord] t he might n lack vici\s in/rum5ts = effect+ 8 vici\s s*emes--"o n less dete/able 9 any way ?an 8 fa!r4' ,/4 d',x4 vol4 i4 p4 #i4 ,i %all translate & put into ! app5dix ,guicci>d9i's "* ( ,alex&] f ! ,/oria di ,fir5ze4 #b ,9 ! s5t5ces :i* close ! #aa? *apt] ( ! ,pr9ce4 #c ,ma*4 ,pr9ce1 *4 xvii4 ,9 ! ,satires ( ,ario/o 7,satire i4 #bjh-bg7 !re is a brilliant & s+ul>ly outspok5 passage on ! nepotism ( ! ,popes & its ru9\s results = ,italy4 ,=m] ,pontiffs _h rais$ money by ! sale ( b5efices & indulg5ces3 ?is1 ( c\rse1 ,alex&] also practic$--to su* an ext5t1 inde$1 t an epigram ga9$ curr5cy3 ',alex&] sells ! keys1 ! alt>s1 ,*ri/4 ,well1 he b\ght !m2 s he has a "r to sell !m4' ,b he w5t fur!r & took lessons f ,tib]ius4 ,hav+ sold ! sc>let to ! highe/ bidd]1 he us$ to fe$ 8 prelate ) ri* b5efices4 ,:5 he _h fatt5$ him suffici5tly1 he poison$ him1 laid h&s ^u 8 ho>ds1 & recomm5c$ ! game4 ,paolo ,capello1 ! ,v5etian ,ambassador1 wrote 9 ! ye> #aejj3 ',e night !y f9d 9 ,rome f\r or five murd]$ m51 ,bi%ops & ,prelates & s =?4' ,panv9ius m5tions ?ree ,c>d9als :o 7 kn[n to h be5 poison$ by ! ,pope2 & to _! names may be add$ ^? ( ! ,c>d9als ( ,capua & ( ,v]ona4#a ,to be a pr9ce ( ! ,*ur* 0 dang]\s 9 ^? days2 & if ! ,borgia _h n at la/ poison$ himself by mi/ake1 he mu/ 9 ! long-run h _h to pay p to accept s p]il\s a privilege4 ,8 traffic 9 ,*ur* dignities 0 c>ri$ on ^u a gr& scale3 twelve ,c>d9als' hats1 = example1 7 put to auction 9 a s+le day 9 #aejj4b ,?is 0 :5 he wi%$ to pack ! ,conclave ) votes 9 favor ( ! cession ( ,romagna to ,ces>e ,borgia1 z well z to repl5i% 8 exhau/$ c(f]s4 ,=ty-?ree ,c>d9als 7 creat$ by him 9 elev5 promotions3 ea* ( ^! 0 wor? on an av]age #aj1jjj flor9s2 :ile ! price paid by ,francesco ,sod]9i am\nt$ to #bj1jjj & t paid by ,dom5ico ,grimani rea*$ ! sum ( #cj1jjj4 #a ,see ! au?orities 9 ,burckh>dt1 pp4 #ic1 #id4 #b ,guicc4 ,/4 d',x4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ae4 ,=m] ,popes _h prea*$ crusades aga9/ ! ,turk1 languidly or en]getically accord+ z ! coa/s ( ,italy 7 ?reat5$4 ,alex&] frequ5tly invit$ ,bajazet to ent] ,europe & relieve him ( ! pr9ces :o oppos$ 8 intrigues 9 ! favor ( 8 *ildr54 ,! frat]nal feel+ :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ! ,pope & ! ,sultan 0 to "s ext5t dep5d5t on ! fate ( ,pr9ce ,djem1 a bro!r ( ,bajazet & son ( ! conqu]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o _h fl$ = protection to ! ,*ri/ian p[]s1 & :om ! ,pope kept prison]1 receiv+ #dj1jjj ducats ye>ly f ! ,porte = 8 jail fee4 ,innoc5t ,,viii4 _h be5 ! fir/ to sn>e ?is lucrative gue/ 9 #adhi4 ,! ,lance ( ,long9us 0 s5t him z a tok5 ( ! ,sultan's gratitude1 & ,innoc5t1 :o built an alt> = ! relique1 caus$ 8 own tomb to be rais$ close by4 ,8 effigy 9 bronze by ,pollajuolo /ill c>ries 9 its h& ?is blood-gift f ! infidel to ! ,high ,prie/ ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,djem mean:ile rema9$ 9 ,rome1 & held 8 ,moslem ,c\rt side by side ) ! ,pontiff 9 ! ,vatican4 ,dispat*es are extant 9 :i* ,alex&] & ,bajazet ex*ange t]ms ( ! w>me/ fri5d%ip1 ! ,turk implor+ 8 ,greatness--s he address$ ! ,pope--to put an end to ! unlucky ,djem1 & promis+ z ! price ( ?is assass9ation a sum ( #cjj1jjj ducats & ! tunic worn by ,*ri/1 presumably t v seamless coat ov] :i* ! soldi]s ( ,calv>y _h ca/ _! dice4#a ,! money & ! relique arriv$ 9 ,italy & 7 int]cept$ by ! p>tisans ( ,giuliano della ,rov]e4 ,alex&]1 be=e ! b>ga9 ) ! ,sultan _h be5 conclud$ by ! murd] ( ,djem1 0 =c$ to h& him ov] to ! ,fr5* k+4 ,b ! unlucky ,turk c>ri$ 9 8 con/itution ! sl[ poison ( ! ,borgias1 & di$ 9 ,*>les's camp betwe5 ,rome & ,naples4 ,:atev] crimes may be condon$ 9 ,alex&]1 x is difficult to ext5uate ?is traffic ) ! ,turks4 ,by 8 appeal f ! p[]s ( ,europe to ! ,sultan1 at a "t :5 ! p]il to ! ,we/]n _w 0 /ill mo/ s]i\s1 he /&s atta9$ = high treason aga9/ ,*ri/5dom1 ( :i* he pr(ess$ to be ! *ief2 aga9/ civilization1 :i* ! ,*ur* pret5d$ to protect2 aga9/ ,*ri/1 ^: vic> he presum$ to /yle himself4 #a ,see ! lett]s 9 ! ',preuves et ,obs]vations1' pr9t$ at ! end ( ! ,memoires de ,com9es4 ,l ,sixtus1 ,alex&] comb9$ ?is deadness to ! _s & ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ianity ) zeal = dogma4 ,he nev] fl9*$ 9 =mal or?odoxy1 & ! measures :i* he took = rivet+ ! *a9s ( sup]/ition on ! p 7 calculat$ ) ! milit>y firmness ( a ,napoleon4 ,x 0 he :o e/abli%$ ! c5sure ( ! press1 by :i* pr9t]s 7 oblig$1 "u pa9 ( excommunication1 to submit ! books !y issu$ to ! control ( ! ,ar*bi%ops & _! delegates4 ,! ,brief ( ,june #a1 #aeja1 :i* conta9s ?is ord]1 may be reasonably said to h ret>d$ civilization1 at lea/ 9 ,italy & ,spa94 ,c>nal s5suality 0 ! besett+ vice ( ?is ,pope ?r\gh\t 8 life4#a ,?is1 toge!r ) 8 almo/ insane weakness = 8 *ildr51 :]eby he became a slave to ! t]rible ,ces>e1 caus$ all ! crimes :i* he committ$4 ,at ! same "t1 ?\gh s5sual1 ,alex&] 0 n glutton\s4 ,boccaccio1 ! ,f]r>ese ,ambassador1 rem>ks3 ',! ,pope eats only ( "o di%4 ,x is1 !re=e1 disagreeable to h to d9e ) him4' ,9 ?is respect he may be favorably contra/$ ) ! ,roman prelates ( ! age ( ,leo4 ,8 relations to ,vannozza ,catanei1 ! titul> wife fir/ ( ,giorgio de ,croce1 & !n ( ,c>lo ,canale1 & to ,giulia ,f>nese1#b surnam$ ,la ,bella1 ! titul> wife ( ,ors9o ,ors9i1 7 op5 & ackn[l$g$4 ,^! two sultanas rul$ him dur+ ! great] portion ( 8 c>e]1 conniv+ mean:ile at ! h>em1 :i*1 aft] truly ,ori5tal fa%ion1 he ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,an incid5t :i* happ5$ dur+ ! ,fr5* invasion ( #adid br+s ! dome/ic circum/ances ( a ,pope ( ! ,r5aissance vividly be=e u4 ,monseigneur d',allegre caught ! ladies ,giulia & ,girolama ,f>nese1 toge!r ) ! lady ,adriana de ,mila1 :o 0 employ$ z _! du5na1 ne> ,capodimonte1 on ,novemb] #bi1 & c>ri$ !m to ,montefiascone4 ,! sum fix$ = _! ransom 0 #c1jjj ducats4 ,?is ! ,pope paid1 & on ,decemb] #a !y 7 releas$4 ,alex&] met !m outside ,rome1 attir$ l a layman 9 a black j]k9 trimm$ ) gold brocade1 & fa/5$ r\nd 8 wai/ by a ,spani% girdle1 f :i* hung 8 dagg]4 ,lodovico ,s=za1 :5 he he>d :at _h happ5$1 rem>k$ t x 0 weak to release ^! ladies1 :o 7 '! v eyes & he>t' ( 8 ,hol9ess1 = s small a ransom--if #ej1jjj ducats _h be5 dem&$1 !y w\ld h be5 paid4 ,?is & a few simil> jokes1 utt]$ at ! ,pope's exp5se1 make u und]/& to :at ext5t ! ,italians 7 accu/om$ to reg>d _! high prie/ z a secul> pr9ce4 ,ev5 ! pageant ( ,alex&] seat$ 9 ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ) 8 daught] ,lucrezia on "o side ( 8 ?rone & 8 daught]-9-law ,sancia ^u ! o!r1 mov$ no moral indignation2 nor 7 ! ,romans a/oni%$ :5 ,lucrezia 0 appo9t$ ,gov]nor ( ,spoleto1 & pl5ipot5ti>y ,reg5t ( ! ,vatican 9 h] fa!r's abs5ce4 ,^! sc&als1 h[ev]1 creat$ a v diff]5t impression 9 ! nor?1 & prep>$ ! way = ! ,re=mation4 #a ,guicci>d9i 7,/4 ,fior4 cap4 #bg7 writes3 ',fu lussoriosissimo nell' uno e nell' altro sesso1 t55do publicam5te fem9e e g>zoni1 ma piu ancora nelle fem9e4' ,a notion ( ! public disord]s connect$ ) 8 dissolute life may be ga9$ f ?is passage 9 ,sanuto's ,di>y 7,gregorovius1 ,lucrezia ,borgia1 p4 #hh73 ',da ,roma p] le lett]e del orator no/ro se intese et etiam de private p]sone cossa assai abom9evole 9 le *iesa di ,dio1 *e al papa erra nato un fiolo di una dona romana m>itata1 *' el padre l' havea rufianata1 e di que/a il m>ito invito il suoc]o a la vigna e lo uccise tagli&oli el capo1 pon5do quello sopra uno legno con let]e *e diceva que/o e il capo de mio suoc]o *e a rufianato sua fiola al papa1 et *e inteso que/o il papa fece mett] el dito 9 exilio di ,roma con taglia4 ,que/a nova v5ne p] let]e p>ticul>2 etiam si godea con la sua spagnola m5atali p] suo fiol duca di ,g&ia novam5te li v5uto4' #b ,h] bro!r ,alex&]1 aft]w>ds ,paul ,,iii41 ow$ 8 promotion to ! purple to ?is liaison1 :i* 01 !re=e1 ! orig9 ( ! greatness ( ! ,f>nesi4 ,! tomb ( ,paul ,,iii4 9 ! ,tribune ( ,s4 ,pet]'s has ?ree notable family portraits--! ,pope himself 9 bronze2 8 si/] ,giulia1 nak$ 9 m>ble1 z ,ju/ice2 & _! old "m1 ,giovanna ,gaetani1 ! bawd1 z ,prud5ce4 ,! nepotism ( ,sixtus 0 l wat] to ! /rong w9e ( ,alex&]'s pat]nal ambition4 ,! passion ( pat]nity1 exagg]at$ beyond ! b\nds ( natural affection1 & sc&al\s 9 a ,roman ,pontiff1 0 ! ma9 motive ( ! ,borgia's action4 ,( 8 *ildr5 by ,vannozza1 he caus$ ! elde/ son to be creat$ ,duke ( ,g&ia2 ! y\nge/ he m>ri$ to ,donna ,sancia1 a daught] ( ,alfonso ( ,aragon1 by :om ! boy 0 honor$ ) ! ,duk$om ( ,squillace4 ,ces>e1 ! second ( ?is family1 0 appo9t$ ,bi%op ( ,val5tia1 & ,c>d9al4 ,! ,duk$oms ( ,cam]9o & ,nepi 7 giv5 to ano!r ,john1 :om ,alex&] fir/ decl>$ to be 8 gr&son ?r\gh ,ces>e1 & aft]w>ds ackn[l$g$ z 8 son4 ,?is ,john may possibly h be5 ,lucrezia's *ild4 ,! ,duk$om ( ,s]moneta1 wr5*$ = a mom5t f ! h&s ( ! ,gaetani family1 :o /ill own x1 0 conf]r$ ^u ,lucrezia's son1 ,rod]igo4 ,lucrezia1 ! only daught] ( ,alex&] by ,vannozza1 took ?ree husb&s 9 succession1 aft] hav+ be5 =mally betro!d to two ,spani% nobles1 ,don ,*]ub9o ,juan de ,c5telles1 & ,don ,gasp>o da ,procida1 son ( ! ,c\nt ( ,av]sa4 ,^! contracts1 made be=e h] fa!r became ,pope1 7 annull$ z n magnific5t en\gh = ! ,pontiff's daught]4 ,9 #adib %e 0 m>ri$ to ,giovanni ,s=za1 ,"l ( ,pes>o4 ,b 9 #adig ! pret5sions ( ! ,borgias _h outgr[n ?is alliance1 & _! public policy 0 incl9+ to relations ) ! ,s\!rn ,c\rts ( ,italy4 ,accord+ly %e 0 divorc$ & giv5 to ,alfonso1 ,pr9ce ( ,biseglia1 a natural son ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,:5 ?is man's fa!r lo/ 8 cr[n1 ! ,borgias1 n c>+ to be connect$ ) an ex-royal family1 caus$ ,alfonso to be /abb$ on ! /eps ( ,s4 ,pet]'s 9 #aeja2 & :ile he l+]$ betwe5 life & dea?1 !y _h him /rangl$ 9 8 sick-b$1 by ,mi*ellozzo1 ,ces>e's assass9 9 *ief4 ,f9ally ,lucrezia 0 w$d$ to ,alfonso1 cr[n-pr9ce ( ,f]r>a1 9 #aejb4a ,! pr\d heir ( ! ,e/e dyna/y 0 =c$ by policy1 aga9/ 8 incl9ation1 to take to 8 bo>d & b$ a ,pope's ba/>d1 twice divorc$1 once sev]$ f h] husb& by murd]1 & soil$1 :e!r ju/ly or n1 by atroci\s rumors1 to :i* h] fa!r's & h] bro!r's conduct gave b too mu* color4 ,%e prov$ a model pr9cess aft] all1 & di$ at la/ 9 *ildbir?1 aft] hav+ be5 prais$ by ,ario/o z a second ,lucrece1 bright] = h] virtues ?an ! /> ( regal ,rome4 #a ,h] d[ry 0 #cjj1jjj ducats1 besides w$d+ pres5ts1 & c]ta9 important immunities & privileges grant$ to ,f]r>a by ! ,pope4 ,hi/ory has at la/ done ju/ice to ! memory ( ?is woman1 ^: long yell[ hair 0 s beautiful1 & ^: "* 0 s colorless4 ,! leg5d :i* made h] a poison-brew+ ,ma5ad has be5 prov$ a lie--b only at ! exp5se ( ! :ole society 9 :i* %e liv$4 ,! simple nor!rn folk1 famili> ) ! tales ( ,*riemhild1 ,brynhild1 & ,gudrun1 :o help$ to =ge ?is leg5d1 c\ld n und]/& t a woman %\ld be irresponsible = all ! crimes & sc&als p]petrat$ 9 h] "n4 ,yet x seems n[ cle> en\gh t n h]s1 b h] fa!r's & h] bro!r's1 7 ! atrocities :i* made h] m>ri$ life 9 ,rome a byword4 ,%e sat & smil$ ?r\gh all ! tempe/s :i* toss$ h] to & fro1 until %e f\nd at la/ a fair port 9 ! ,du*y ( ,f]r>a4 ,nurs$ 9 ! corruption ( ,papal ,rome1 :i* ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici describ$ to 8 son ,giovanni z 'a s9k ( all ! vices1' consort+ habitually ) h] fa!r's concub9es1 & consci\s t h] own "m _h be5 m>ri$ = %[ to two successive husb&s1 x is n possible t ,lucrezia rul$ h] conduct at any "t ) propriety4 ,x is ev5 probable t ! d>ke/ tales ab\t h] are true4 ,! ,"l ( ,pes>o1 we mu/ rememb]1 told 8 k9sman1 ! ,duke ( ,milan1 t ! assign$ reasons = 8 divorce 7 false1 & t ! fact 0 :at c sc>cely be record$4#a ,/ill1 !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t1 9 ! matt] ( h] fir/ husb&'s divorce & ! second's murd]1 %e 0 m ?an a passive ag5t 9 ! h&s ( ,alex&] & ,ces>e4 ,! pleasure-lov+1 c>eless woman ( ! ,r5aissance is v diff]5t f ! ,m$ea ( ,victor ,hugo's romance2 & :at rema9s mo/ revolt+ to ! mod]n consci5ce 9 h] conduct is complac5t acquiesc5ce 9 sc5es ( debau*]y devis$ = h] amusem5t4#b ,in/ead ( view+ h] ) dread z a pot5t & malignant wit*1 we h to reg>d h] ) contempt z a feeble woman1 soil$ ) s5sual f\lness f ! cradle4 ,x is also due to tru? to rememb] t at ,f]r>a %e won ! e/eem ( a husb& :o _h m>ri$ h] unwill+ly1 atta*$ ! :ole /ate to h] by h] sweetness ( temp]1 & receiv$ ! panegyrics ( ! two ,/rozzi1 ,bembo1 ,ario/o1 ,aldo ,manuzio1 & _m o!r m5 ( note4 ,=eign]s :o saw h] surr\nd$ by h] brilliant ,c\rt exclaim$1 l ! ,fr5* biograph] ( ,bay>d3 ',j'ose bi5 dire que1 de son temps1 ni beau c\p avant1 il ne s'e/ po9t tr\ve de plus triomphante pr9cesse2 c> elle etait belle1 bonne d\ce1 et c\rtoise a t\tes g5s4' #a ,! :ole "q ( ,lucrezia's guilt has be5 ably inve/igat$ by ,gregorovius 7,lucrezia ,borgia1 pp4 #aja1 #aei-fd74 ,*>ity sugge/s t ! dreadful tradition ( h] relation to h] fa!r & bro!rs is f\nd$ less ^u fact ?an ^u ! sc&als curr5t aft] h] divorce4 ,:at ,giovanni ,s=za said 0 ?is3 'anzi hav]la conosciuta inf9ite volte1 ma *el ,papa non gelha tolta p] altro se non p] us>e con lei4' ,?is confession ( ! injur$ husb& w5t ! r\nd ( all ! ,c\rts ( ,italy1 0 repeat$ by ,malipi]o & ,paolo ,capello1 =m$ ! sub/ance ( ! satires ( ,sannaz>o & ,pontano1 crept into ! *ronicle ( ,mat>azzo1 & surviv$ 9 ! hi/ories ( ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 8 words to a/oni% m5 :o 7 cognizant ( ! acts ( ,gianpaolo ,baglioni & ,sigismondo ,malate/a2 :ile ! frantic passion ( ,alex&] = 8 *ildr51 closely alli$ z ?is feel+ 0 9 him to excessive s5suality1 gave !m confirmation4 ,7 !y1 h[ev]1 true2 or 7 !y a malevol5t lie8 ,t is ! real po9t at issue4 ,psy*ological speculation w help b little "h4 ,x is true t ,lucrezia 9 aft]-life %[$ all ! signs ( a cle> consci5ce4 ,b s also did ,alex&]1 ^: buoyancy ( spirits la/$ till ! v day ( 8 dea?4 ,yet he 0 /a9$ ) crimes f\l en\gh to d>k5 ! consci5ce ( any man1 at any p]iod ( life1 & 9 any position4 #b ,see ,bur*>d1 ed4 ,leibnitz1 pp4 #gg & #gh4 ,yet ev5 at ,f]r>a trag$ies :i* might rem9d h] ( ! ,vatican cont9u$ to surr\nd h] pa?4 ,alfonso1 rude 9 mann]s & devot$ to gun-f\ndry1 int]f]$ b little ) ! life %e l$ among ! wits & s*ol>s :o surr\nd$ h]4 ,"o day1 h[ev]1 9 #aejh1 ! poet ,ercole ,/rozzi1 :o _h sung h] praises1 0 f\nd dead1 wrapp$ 9 8 mantle1 & pi]c$ ) two-&-tw5ty w\nds4 ,no judicial inquiry into ?is murd] 0 made4 ,rumor cr$it$ bo? ,alfonso & ,lucrezia ) ! de$--,alfonso1 because he might be jeal\s ( 8 wife--,lucrezia1 because h] poet _h rec5tly m>ri$ ,b>b>a ,torelli4 ,two ye>s e>li] ano!r d>k crime at ,f]r>a br\ght ! "n ( ,borgia be=e ! public4 ,"o ( ,lucrezia's ladies1 ,angela ,borgia1 0 c\rt$ by bo? ,giulio d' ,e/e & ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito4 ,! girl prais$ ! eyes ( ,giulio 9 ! he>+ ( ! ,c>d9al1 :o =?) hir$ assass9s to mutilate 8 bro!r's face4 ,giulio escap$ f _! h&s ) ! loss ( "o ( 8 eyes1 & s\ght ju/ice f ! ,duke aga9/ ! ,c>d9al 9 va94 ,!reupon he v[$ to be rev5g$ on bo? ,ippolito & ,alfonso4 ,8 plot 0 to murd] !m1 & to place ,f]d9& ( ,e/e on ! ?rone4 ,! treason 0 discov]$2 ! conspirators appe>$ be=e ,alfonso3 he ru%$ ^u ,f]d9&1 & ) 8 dagg] /abb$ him 9 ! face4 ,bo? ,giulio & ,f]d9& 7 ?r[n into ! dungeons ( ! palace at ,f]r>a1 :]e !y langui%$ = ye>s1 :ile ! ,duke & ,lucrezia enjoy$ !mselves 9 its spaci\s halls & su ny loggie among _! c\rti]s4 ,f]d9& di$ 9 prison1 ag$ sixty-?ree1 9 #aedj4 ,giulio 0 releas$ 9 #aeei & di$1 ag$ eighty-?ree1 9 #aefa4 ,^! facts des]ve to be record$ 9 connection ) ,lucrezia's m>ri$ life at ,f]r>a1 le/ we %\ld pay too mu* att5tion to ! flatt]ies ( ,ario/o4 ,at ! same "t h] hi/ory z ,du*ess consi/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! record ( ! bir? ( *ildr54 ,l h] "m ,vannozza1 %e gave h]self1 9 ! decl9e ( life1 to works ( *>ity & m]cy4 ,aft] ?is fa%ion ! bright & baleful dames ( ! ,r5aissance sav$ _! s\ls4 ,b to return to ! dome/ic hi/ory ( ,alex&]4 ,! murd] ( ! ,duke ( ,g&ia br+s ! :ole ,borgia family ^u ! sc5e4 ,x is relat$ ) great circum/antiality & ) surpris+ sangfroid by ,bur*>d1 ! ,pope's ,ma/] ( ! ,c]emonies4 ,! ,duke ) 8 bro!r ,ces>e1 !n ,c>d9al ,val5t9o1 supp$ "o night at ! h\se ( _! "m ,vannozza4 ,on _! way home ! ,duke said t he %\ld visit a lady ( _! acqua9tance4 ,he p>t$ f ,ces>e & 0 nev] se5 aga9 alive4 ,:5 ! news ( 8 disappe>ance spread abroad1 a boatman ( ! ,tib] depos$ to hav+ wat*$ ! body ( a man ?r[n into ! riv] on ! night ( ! ,duke's dea?1 ! #ad? ( ,june2 he _h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to report ?is fact1 = he _h se5 'a hundr$ bodies 9 8 day ?r[n into ! wat] at ! said spot1 & no que/ions ask$ ab\t !m aft]w>ds4' ,! ,pope _h ! ,tib] dragg$ = "s h\rs1 :ile ! wits ( ,rome made epigrams ^u ?is true successor ( ,s4 ,pet]1 ?is new fi%] ( m54 ,at la/ ! body ( ! ,duke ( ,g&ia 0 haul$ up3 n9e w\nds1 "o 9 ! ?roat1 ! o!rs 9 ! head & legs & trunk1 7 f\nd ^u ! corpse4 ,f ! evid5ce accumulat$ on ! subject ( ! murd] x appe>$ t ,ces>e _h plann$ x2 :e!r1 z "s h suppos$1 out ( a jeal\sy ( 8 bro!r too dreadful to describe1 or1 z is m probable1 because he wi%$ to take ! fir/ place 9 ! ,borgia family1 we d n "k exactly4 ,! ,pontiff 9 8 rage & grief 0 l a wild bea/ driv5 to bay4 ,he %ut himself up 9 a private room1 refus$ food1 & h[l$ ) s t]rible a voice t x 0 he>d 9 ! /reets beyond 8 palace4 ,:5 he rose up f ?is agony1 remorse seem$ to h /ruck him4 ,he assembl$ a ,conclave ( ! ,c>d9als1 wept be=e !m1 r5t 8 robes1 confess$ 8 s9s1 & in/itut$ a commission = ! re=m ( ! abuses he _h sanction$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! /orm ( angui% sp5t its /r5g? at la/4 ,a visit f ,vannozza1 ! "m ( 8 *ildr51 wr\ght a sudd5 *ange f fury to reconcilem5t4 ,:at pass$ betwe5 !m is n kn[n = c]ta92 ,vannozza is suppos$1 h[ev]1 to h po9t$ out1 :at 0 indisputably true1 t ,ces>e 0 m fitt$ to support ! dignity ( ! family by 8 abilities ?an _h be5 ! weak & amiable ,duke ( ,g&ia4 ,! mis]able fa!r rose f ! e>?1 dri$ 8 eyes1 took food1 put f him 8 remorse1 & =got toge!r ) 8 grief = ,absalom ! re=ms :i* he _h promis$ = ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce=? he devot$ himself ) su/a9$ en]gy to build+ up ! =tunes ( ,ces>e1 :om he releas$ f all ecclesia/ical obligations1 & to ^: s]vice he seem$ b\nd by "s my/]i\s p[]4 ,nor did he ev5 res5t ! savag5ess & cruelty :i* ?is "y hell-cat v5t$ 9 8 pres5ce on ! p]sons ( 8 favorites4 ,at "o "t ,ces>e /abb$ ,p]otto1 ! ,pope's m9ion1 ) 8 own h&1 :5 ! y\? _h tak5 refuge 9 ,alex&]'s arms3 ! blood spirt$ out ^u ! prie/ly mantle1 & ! "y man di$ !re4#a ,at ano!r "t he employ$ ! same diabolical temp] = ! delectation ( 8 fa!r4 ,he turn$ out "s prison]s s5t5c$ to dea? 9 a c\rt-y>d ( ! palace1 array$ himself 9 fanta/ic clo!s1 & amus$ ! papal p>ty by %oot+ ! unlucky crim9als4 ,!y ran r\nd & r\nd ! c\rt cr\*+ & d\bl+ to avoid 8 arr[s4 ,he %[$ 8 skill by hitt+ ea* :]e he ?\ght fit4 ,! ,pope & ,lucrezia look$ on applaud+ly4 ,o!r sc5es1 n ( blood%$1 b ( grovel+ s5suality1 devis$ = ! ent]ta9m5t ( 8 fa!r & 8 si/]1 ?\gh describ$ by ! dry p5 ( ,bur*>d1 c sc>cely be transf]r$ to ^! pages4 #a ,! acc\nt is giv5 by ,capello1 ! ,v5etian envoy4 ,! hi/ory ( ,ces>e's attempt to f\nd a pr9cipality belongs prop]ly to ano!r *apt]4#a ,b ! assi/ance r5d]$ by 8 fa!r is ess5tial to ! biography ( ,alex&]4 ,! vision ( an ,italian sov]eignty :i* ,*>les ( ,anj\1 ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti1 & ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za _h successively ent]ta9$1 n[ fasc9at$ ! imag9ation ( ! ,borgias4 ,hav+ resolv$ to make ,ces>e a pr9ce1 ,alex&] alli$ himself ) ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france1 promis+ to annul 8 fir/ m>riage & to sanction 8 nuptials ) ,ann ( ,brittany1 if he w\ld und]take ! advancem5t ( 8 son4 ,?is bribe induc$ ,l\is to create ,ces>e ,duke ( ,val5ce & to conf] on him ! h& ( ,*>lotte ( ,nav>re4 ,he also ent]$ ,italy & ) 8 arms enabl$ ,ces>e to subdue ,romagna4 ,! sy/em adopt$ by ,alex&] & 8 son 9 _! conque/s 0 a simple "o4 ,!y took ! capitals & murd]$ ! pr9ces4 ,?us ,ces>e /rangl$ ! ,v>ani at ,cam]9o 9 #aejb1 & ! ,vitelli & ,ors9i at ,s9igaglia 9 ! same ye>3 by 8 means ! ,m>cscotti _h be5 massacr$ :olesale 9 ,bologna2 ,pes>o1 ,rim9i1 & ,=li _h be5 treat$ 9 l mann]2 & aft] ! capture ( ,fa5pza 9 #aeja1 ! two "y ,manfr$i _h be5 s5t to ,rome2 :]e !y 7 expos$ to ! wor/ insults1 dr[n$ or /rangl$4#b ,a sy/em ( equal simplicity kept _! policy alive 9 =eign ,c\rts4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,cette 9 ,france 0 poison$ = h9t+ at a secret ( ,ces>e's 7#adih72 ! ,c>d9al d',amboise 0 brib$ to ma9ta9 ! cr$it ( ! ,borgias ) ,l\is ,,xii42 ! (f] ( a r$ hat to ,briconnet sav$ ,alex&] f a g5]al c\ncil 9 #adid4 ,! hi/orical int]e/ ( ,alex&]'s me?od consi/s ( its delib]ate adaptation ( all ! means 9 8 p[] to "o end--! elevation ( 8 family4 ,8 spiritual au?ority1 ! weal? ( ! ,*ur*1 ! honors ( ! ,holy ,college1 ! arts ( an assass91 ! diplomacy ( a despot1 7 all devot$ sy/ematically & op5ly to ! purpose 9 view4 ,:atev] c\ld be done to weak5 ,italy by =eign invasions & int]nal discords1 s z to r5d] x a prey = 8 poison\s son1 he attempt$4 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xii4 made 8 infam\s alliance ) ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic = ! spoliation ( ! h\se ( ,aragon 9 ,naples1 ! ,pope gladly gave x 8 sanction4 ,! two k+s qu>rel$ ov] _! prey3 !n ,alex&] fom5t$ _! discord 9 ord] t ,ces>e might h an opportunity ( c>ry+ on 8 op]ations 9 ,tuscany un*eck$4 ,patriotism 9 8 brea/1 :e!r ! patriotism ( a born ,spani>d or ! patriotism ( an ,italian pot5tate1 0 z dead z ,*ri/ianity4 ,to make pr(it = ! h\se ( ,borgia by fraud1 sacrilege1 & ! dismemb]m5t ( nations1 0 ! ,papal policy4 #a ,see ,*apt] ,,vi4 #b ,_! fa!r1 ,galeotto ,manfr$i1 _h be5 murd]$ 9 #adhh by _! "m1 ,francesca ,b5tivogli4 ,( ,a/orre's dea? ,guicci>d9i writes3 ',a/orre1 *e era m9ore di diciotto anni e di =ma eccell5te 444 condotto a ,roma1 saziata prima 7secondo *e si disse7 la libid9e di qualcuno1 fu occultam5te insieme con un suo fratello naturale privato della vita4' ,n>di 7,/orie ,flor5t9e1 lib4 iv4 #ac7 cr$its ,ces>e ) ! violation & murd] ( ! boy4 ,h[ f>1 we may ask1 7 ^! d>k crimes ( viol5ce actuat$ by a/rological sup]/ition8 ,?is "q is rais$ by ,burckh>dt 7p4 #cfc7 apropos ( ,sigismondo ,malate/a's assault ^u 8 son1 & ,pi] ,luigi ,f>nese's violation ( ! ,bi%op ( ,fano4 ,to a temp]am5t l ,alex&]'s1 h[ev]1 m]e lu/ enhanc$ by cruelty1 & season$ ) ! joy ( insult to an enemy1 0 a suffici5t motive = ! commission ( mon/r\s crime4 ,x is we>isome to cont9ue to ! end ! catalogue ( 8 misdo+s4 ,we are reliev$ :5 at la/ ! f9al cra% arrives4 ,! two ,borgias1 s runs ! leg5d ( _! d[nfall1 invit$ !mselves to d9e ) ! ,c>d9al ,adriano ( ,corneto 9 a v9ey>d ( ! ,vatican belong+ to _! ho/4 ,?i!r by ! h&s ( ,alex&]'s butl] !y previ\sly convey$ "s poison$ w9e4 ,by mi/ake1 or by ! contrivance ( ! ,c>d9al1 :o may h brib$ ?is tru/$ ag5t1 !y drank ! dea?-cup m+l$ = _! victim4 ,ne>ly all contempor>y ,italian annali/s1 includ+ ,guicci>d9i1 ,paolo ,giovio1 & ,sanudo1 gave curr5cy to ?is v]sion ( ! trag$y1 :i* became ! common prop]ty ( hi/orians1 noveli/s1 & morali/s4#a ,yet ,bur*>d :o 0 on ! spot1 record$ 9 8 di>y t bo? fa!r & son 7 attack$ by a malignant fev]2 & ,giu/9iani wrote to 8 ma/]s 9 ,v5ice t ! ,pope's physician ascrib$ 8 illness to apoplexy4#b ,! season 0 rem>kably unheal?y1 & dea?s f fev] _h be5 frequ5t4 ,a circul> lett] to ! ,g]man ,pr9ces1 writt5 probably by ! ,c>d9al ( ,gurk1 & dat$ ,augu/ #ca1 #aejc1 di/9ctly m5tion$ fev] z ! cause ( ! ,pope's sudd5 decease1 ex hoc seculo horr5da febrium inc5sione absorptum4#c ,ma*iavelli1 aga91 :o conv]s$ ) ,ces>e ,borgia ab\t ?is turn+-po9t 9 8 c>e]1 gave no h9t ( poison1 b spoke only ( son & fa!r be+ simultane\sly pro/rat$ by disease4 #a ,! /ory is relat$ by ,c9?io 9 8 ,ecatommi?i1 ,decemb] #i1 ,novemb] #aj4 #b ,! v>i\s acc\nts ( ,alex&]'s dea? h be5 epitomiz$ by ,gregorovius 7,/adt ,rom1 vol4 vii471 & h be5 discuss$ by ,vill>i 9 8 edition ( ! ,giu/9iani ,dispat*es1 #b vols4 ,flor5ce1 ,le ,monni]4 ,gregorovius ?9ks ! "q /ill op54 ,vill>i decides 9 favor ( fev] aga9/ poison4 #c ,repr9t$ by ,r4 ,g>nett 9 ,a!naeum1 ,jan4 #af1 #ahge4 ,at ?is di/ance ( "t1 & )\t fur!r details ( evid5ce1 we are unable to decide :e!r ,alex&]'s dea? 0 natural1 or :e!r ! s+ul>ly circum/antial & commonly accept$ /ory ( ! poison$ w9e conta9$ ! tru?4 ,on ! "o side1 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis ( fev]1 we h ,bur*>d's te/imony1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 exactly agree ) ,giu/9iani's1 :o report$ apoplexy to ! ,v5etian s5ate z ! cause ( dea?1 & ^: report1 ev5 at ,v5ice1 0 reject$ by ,sanudo = ! hypo!sis ( poison4 ,on ! o!r side1 we h ! cons5t ( all contempor>y hi/orians1 ) ! s+le &1 x mu/ be all[$1 rem>kable exception ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,paolo ,giovio goes ev5 s f> z to ass]t t ! ,c>d9al ,corneto told him he _h n>r[ly escap$ f ! effects ( antidotes tak5 9 8 extreme t]ror to c\nt]act ! possibility ( poison4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! proximate cause ( 8 sickness1 ,alex&] di$1 a black & swoll5 mass1 hide\s to contemplate1 aft] a %>p /ruggle ) ! v5om he _h absorb$4#a ',all ,rome1' says ,guicci>d9i1 'ran ) indescribable gladness to view ! corpse4 ,m5 c\ld n satiate _! eyes ) fe$+ on ! c>cass ( a s]p5t :o1 by 8 unb\nd$ ambition & pe/if]\s p]fidy1 by e demon/ration ( horrible cruelty1 mon/r\s lu/1 & unhe>d-( av>ice1 sell+ )\t di/9ction ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane1 _h fill$ ! _w ) v5om4' ,ces>e langui%$ = "s days on a sick b$2 b 9 ! end1 by ! aid ( a p[]ful con/itution1 he recov]$1 to f9d 8 claws cut & 8 plans 9 irretrievable confusion4 ',! /ate ( ! ,duke ( ,val5ce1' says ,filippo ,n]li1#b 'vani%$ ev5 z smoke 9 air1 or foam ^u ! wat]4' #a ',morto *el fu1 il corpo com9cio a bollire1 e la bocca a spum>e come f>ia uno cald>o al fo*o1 assi p]sev]o m5tre *e fu sopra t]ra2 div5ne an*or ultra modo grosso 9 tanto *e 9 lui non app>ea =ma di corpo humano1 ne dala l>ghezza ala lunghezza del corpo suo era diff]5zia alcuna' 7lett] ( ,m>quis ( ,mantua74 #b ,comm5t>i1 lib1 v4 ,! moral s5se ( ! ,italians express$ itself aft] ,alex&]'s dea? 9 ! leg5d ( a devil1 :o _h c>ri$ (f 8 s\l4 ,bur*>d1 ,giu/9iani1 ,sanudo1 & o!rs m5tion ?is incid5t ) app>5t belief4 ,b a lett] f ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua to 8 wife1 dat$ ,septemb] #bb1 #aejc1 gives ! fulle/ p>ticul>s3 ',9 8 sickness ! ,pope talk$ 9 su* a way t ^? :o did n "k :at 0 9 8 m9d ?\ght him w&]+1 ?\gh he spoke ) great feel+1 & 8 words 73 ,i w come2 x is b "r2 wait yet a little :ile4 ,^? :o 7 privy to 8 secret ?\ght1 expla9$ t1 aft] ! dea? ( ,innoc5t1 :ile ! ,conclave 0 sitt+1 he b>ga9$ ) ! devil = ! ,papacy at ! price ( 8 s\l2 & among ! agreem5ts 0 ?is1 t he %\ld hold ! ,see twelve ye>s1 :i* he did1 ) ! addition ( f\r days2 & "s atte/ !y saw sev5 devils 9 ! room at ! mom5t t he brea!d 8 la/4' ,m]e old wives' tales2 yet !y m>k ! po9t to :i* ! cr$it ( ! ,borgia _h fall51 ev5 9 ,italy1 s9ce ! h\r :5 ! humani/s _h prais$ 8 godlike c>riage & h]oic mi5 ^u ! day ( 8 election4 ,?us1 ov]rea*+ !mselves1 end$ ?is pair ( villa9s--! mo/ notable adv5tur]s :o ev] play$ _! "p ^u ! /age ( ! great _w4 ,! fruit ( s _m crimes & su* p]si/5t ef=t 0 reap$ by _! enemy1 ,giuliano della ,rov]e1 = ^: b5efit ! nobles ( ! ,roman /ate & ! despots ( ,romagna _h be5 extirpat$4#a ,alex&] _h prov$ ! old ord] ( ,ca?olicity to be unt5able4 ,! ,re=mation 0 imp]i\sly dem&$4 ,8 v vices spurr$ ! _s ( humanity to fre$om4 ,be=e a sa9tly ,pontiff ! new age might /ill h trembl$ 9 sup]/iti\s rev]5ce4 ,! ,borgia to all logical intellects r5d]$ ! pret5sions ( a ,pope to sway ! s\ls ( m5 ridicul\s4 ,?is is an excuse = dwell+ s long ^u ! spectacle ( 8 enormities4 ,bett] ?an any o!r s]ies ( facts1 !y illu/rate1 n only ! corruption ( society1 & ! sep>ation betwe5 morality & religion 9 ,italy1 b also ! absurdity ( t ,*ur* policy :i* 9 ! age ( ! ,r5aissance conf9$ ! action ( ! head ( ,*ri/5dom to ! n>r[ int]e/s ( a brood ( p>v5us & ba/>ds4 #a ,ces>e1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 _h o/5sibly r$uc$ ! cities ( ,lomb>dy1 ,romagna1 & ! ,m>*1 z ,gonfaloni] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,( ,pius ,,iii41 :o reign$ = a few days aft] ,alex&]1 no acc\nt ne$ be tak54 ,giuliano della ,rov]e 0 made ,pope 9 #aejc4 ,:atev] op9ion may be =m$ ( him consid]$ z ! high-prie/ ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 !re c be no d\bt t ,julius ,,ii4 0 "o ( ! greate/ figures ( ! ,r5aissance1 & t 8 "n1 in/ead ( t ( ,leo ,x41 %\ld by "r be giv5 to ! gold5 age ( lett]s & ( arts 9 ,rome4 ,he /amp$ ! c5tury ) ! impress ( a p[]ful p]sonality4 ,x is to him we owe ! mo/ spl5did ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's & ,raphael's ma/]pieces4 ,! ,basilica ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 t mat]ializ$ idea1 :i* rema9s to symbolize ! transition f ! ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages to ! mod]n semi-secul> supremacy ( ,papal ,rome1 0 8 ?\ght4 ,no nepotism1 no loa?some s5suality1 no flagrant violation ( ecclesia/ical ju/ice1 /a9 8 pontificate4 ,8 "o purpose 0 to secure & ext5d ! temporal au?ority ( ! ,popes2 & ?is he a*iev$ by curb+ ! ambition ( ! ,v5etians1 :o ?reat5$ to absorb ,romagna1 by r$uc+ ,p]ugia & ,bologna to ! ,papal sway1 by annex+ ,p>ma & ,piac5za1 & by ent]+ on ! h]itage bequea!d to him by ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,at 8 dea? he transmitt$ to 8 successors ! l>ge/ & mo/ solid sov]eignty 9 ,italy4 ,b re/less1 turbid1 nev] happy unless fight+1 ,julius dr[n$ ! p59sula 9 blood4 ,he has be5 call$ a patriot1 because f "t to "t he rais$ ! cry ( driv+ ! b>b>ians f ,italy3 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t x 0 he1 :ile /ill ,c>d9al di ,san ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 :o f9ally mov$ ,*>les ,,viii4 f ,lyons2 x 0 he :o /irr$ up ! ,league ( ,cambray aga9/ ,v5ice1 & :o invit$ ! ,swiss m]c5>ies into ,lomb>dy2 9 ea* case add+ ! weight ( ! ,papal au?ority to ! =ces :i* 7 enslav+ 8 c\ntry4 ,julius1 aga91 has be5 v>i\sly repres5t$ z ! savi\r ( ! ,papacy1 & z ! curse ( ,italy4#a ,he 0 emphatically bo?4 ,9 ^? days ( national an>*y x 0 p]haps impossible = ,julius to magnify ! ,*ur* except at ! exp5se ( ! nation1 & to a*ieve ! purpose ( 8 life )\t inflict+ ! sc\rge ( =eign w> ^u 8 c\ntrym54 ,! p[]s ( ,europe _h outgr[n ! ,papal discipl9e4 ,italian que/ions 7 be+ decid$ 9 ! cab9ets ( ,l\is1 ,maximilian1 & ,f]d9&4 ,in/ead ( controll+ ! arbit]s ( ,italy1 a ,pope c\ld only play (f "o aga9/ ano!r4 #a ',fatale in/rum5to e allora e prima e poi de' mali d',italia1' says ,guicci>d9i1 ,/oria d',italia1 vol4 i4 p4 #hd4 ',d] ,rett] des ,pap/?ums1' says ,burckh>dt1 p4 #ie4 ,leo ,x4 succe$$ ,julius 9 #aeac1 to ! great relief ( ! ,romans1 we>i$ ) ! cont9ual w>f>e ( ! old ,pontifice t]ribile4 ,9 ! gorge\s pageant ( 8 triumphal procession to ! ,lat]an1 ! /reets 7 deck$ ) ar*es1 emblems1 & inscriptions4 ,among ^! may be notic$ ! c\plet emblazon$ by ! bank] ,ago/9o ,*igi be=e 8 palace3 ,olim habuit ,cypris sua tempora2 tempora ,mavors ,olim habuit2 sua nunc tempora ,pallas habet4 ',v5us rul$ "h ) ,alex&]2 ,m>s ) ,julius2 n[ ,pallas ent]s on h] reign ) ,leo4' ,to ?is epigram ! goldsmi? ,antonio di ,san ,m>co answ]$ ) "o pi?y l9e3 ,m>s fuit2 e/ ,pallas2 ,cypria semp] ero3 ',m>s reign$2 ,pallas reigns2 ,v5us' own ,i %all always be4' ,?is fir/ ,pope ( ! h\se ( ,m$ici enjoy$ at ,rome ! fame ( 8 fa!r ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t at ,flor5ce4 ,extoll$ z an ,augu/us 9 8 lifetime1 he has giv5 8 "n to :at is call$ ! gold5 age ( ,italian culture4 ,z a man1 he 0 well qualifi$ to repres5t ! neo-pagan fre$om ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,saturat$ ) ! _s ( 8 p]iod1 he _h no sympa?y ) religi\s e>ne/ness1 no conception ( moral elevation1 no aim beyond a sup]ficial poli% ( ! und]/&+ & ! ta/e4 ,good ,lat9ity seem$ to him ( m importance ?an true doctr9e3 ,jupit] s\nd$ bett] 9 a s]mon ?an ,jehovah2 ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 an op5 topic = debate4 ,at ! same "t he 0 extravagantly munific5t to m5 ( culture1 & he>ty 9 8 zeal = ! diffusion ( lib]al k4 ,b :at 0 reasonable 9 ! man 0 ridicul\s 9 ! pontiff4 ,!re rema9$ an irreconcilable incongruity betwe5 8 pr(ession ( ! ,primacy ( ,*ri/ianity & 8 easy epicurean philosophy4 ,leo1 l all ! ,m$ici aft] ! fir/ ,cosimo1 0 a bad f9anci]4 ,8 reckless exp5diture contribut$ 9 no small measure to ! corruption ( ,rome & to ! ru9 ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 :ile x won ! praises ( ! lit]>y _w4 ,julius1 :o _h ex]cis$ rigid economy1 left #gjj1jjj ducats 9 ! c(f]s ( ,s4 ,angelo4 ,! v jewels ( ,leo's ti>a 7 pl$g$ to pay 8 debts1 :5 he di$ sudd5ly 9 #aeba4 ,dur+ ! heyday ( 8 spl5dor he sp5t #h1jjj ducats mon?ly on pres5ts to 8 favorites & on 8 play-debts4 ,8 table1 :i* 0 op5 to all ! poets1 s+]s1 s*ol>s1 & buffoons ( ,rome1 co/ half ! rev5ues ( ,romagna & ! ,m>*4 ,he f\nd$ ! knightly ,ord] ( ,s4 ,pet] to repl5i% 8 treasury1 & turn$ ! conspiracy ( ! ,c>d9al ,petrucci aga9/ 8 life to su* good acc\nt--extort+ f ! ,c>d9al ,ri>io a f9e ( #e1jjj ducats1 & f ! ,c>d9als ,sod]9i & ,hadrian ! sum ( #abe1jjj--t ,von ,hutt5 0 almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ ! :ole ( t d>k bus9ess z a m]e f9ancial speculation4 ,! creation ( ?irty-n9e ,c>d9als 9 #aeag br\ght him 9 above #ejj1jjj ducats4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ^! exp$i5ts = gett+ gold1 ! bank]s ( ,rome 7 half ru9$ :5 he di$4 ,! ,b9i _h l5t him #bjj1jjj ducats2 ! ,gaddi1 #cb1jjj2 ! ,ricasoli1 #aj1jjj2 ! ,c>d9al ,salviati claim$ a debt ( #hj1jjj2 ! ,c>d9als ,santi ,quattro & ,armell9i1 ea* #aej1jjj4a ,^! figures are only int]e/+ :5 we rememb] t ! m\nta9s ( gold :i* !y d5ote 7 squ&]$ 9 ae/hetic s5suality4 ,:5 ! ,pope 0 made1 he said to ,giuliano 7,duke ( ,nem\rs73 ',let u enjoy ! ,papacy s9ce ,god has giv5 x u--godiamoci il ,papato1 poi*e ,dio ce l' ha dato4#b' ,x 0 9 ?is _s t ,leo adm9i/]$ ! ,holy ,see4 ,! keynote :i* he /ruck dom9at$ ! :ole society ( ,rome4 ,at ,ago/9e ,*igi's banquets1 prelates ( ! ,*ur* & ,apo/olic secret>ies sat side by side ) beautiful ,imp]ias & smoo?-*eek$ s++-boys2 fi%es f ,byzantium & rag\ts ( p>rots' tongues 7 s]v$ on gold5 platt]s1 :i* ! gue/s ?rew f ! op5 w9d[s into ! ,tib]4 ,masques & balls1 com$ies & c>nival processions fill$ ! /reets & squ>es & palaces ( ! ,et]nal ,city ) a mimicry ( pagan fe/ivals1 :ile art w5t h& 9 h& ) luxury4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh ,bac*us & ,pallas & ,priapus w\ld be re9/at$ 9 _! old realm1 & yet ,rome _h n ceas$ to call h]self ,*ri/ian4 ,! ho>se rhetoric ( fri>s 9 ! ,coliseum1 & ! drone ( piff]>i f ! ,ara ,coeli1 m+l$ ) ! ,lat9 declamations ( ! ,capitol & ! twang ( lute-/r+s 9 ! ,vatican4 ,mean:ile1 amid cr[ds ( ,c>d9als 9 hunt+-dress1 dances ( half-nak$ girls1 & masques ( ,c>nival ,bac*antes1 mov$ pilgrims f ! ,nor? ) wide1 a/oni%$1 woeful eyes--disciples ( ,lu!r1 9 ^: s\l1 z 9 a scabb>d1 lay %ea!d ! sword ( ! ,_s1 ready to fla% =? & smite4 #a ,see ,gregorovius1 ,/adt ,rom1 book xiv4 *4 #c4 #b ',relazione di ,m>9o ,giorgi1' ,m>* #ag1 #aeag4 ,alb]i1 s]ies ii4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ea4 ,a m complete conception may be =m$ ( ,leo by comp>+ him ) ,julius4 ,julius di/urb$ ! peace ( ,italy ) a view to e/abli%+ ! temporal p[] ( 8 see4 ,leo return$ to ! old nepotism ( ! previ\s ,popes1 & fom5t$ discord = ! sake ( ! ,m$ici4 ,x 0 at "o "t 8 project to secure ! k+dom ( ,naples = 8 bro!r ,giuliano1 & a ,milanese sov]eignty = 8 nephew ,lor5zo4 ,on ! latt] he succe$$ 9 conf]r+ ! ,du*y ( ,urb9o1 to ! prejudice ( its rightful own]s4#a ,) ,flor5ce 9 _! h&s & ! ,papacy "u _! control1 ! ,m$ici might h sway$ all ,italy4 ,su* plans1 h[ev]1 9 ! days ( ,francis ,i4 & ,*>les ,v4 _h become impracticable2 nor _h any ( ! ,m$icean family /uff to und]take m ?an ! subjugation ( _! native city4 ,julius 0 viol5t 9 temp]1 b obs]vant ( 8 promises4 ,leo 0 suave & slipp]y4 ,he lur$ ,gianpaolo ,baglioni to ,rome by a safe-conduct1 & !n _h him imprison$ & behead$ 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo4 ,julius delight$ 9 w> & 0 nev] happi] ?an :5 ! cannons ro>$ ar\nd him at ,mir&ola4 ,leo vex$ ! s\l ( 8 ma/] ( ! c]emonies because he w\ld ride out a-hunt+ 9 topboots4 ,julius design$ ,s4 ,pet]'s & compreh5d$ ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,leo _h ! wit to patronize ! poets1 arti/s & hi/orians :o add$ lu/] to 8 ,c\rt2 b he br\ght no new great man ( g5ius to ! front4 ,! portraits ( ! two ,popes1 bo? f ! h& ( ,raphael1 are exce$+ly *>act]i/ic4 ,julius1 b5t & emaciat$1 has ! n]v\s glance ( a passionate & en]getic temp]am5t2 ?\gh ! br& is ho> ) a%es & m ?an half burn$ out1 x gl[s & c inflame a conflagration4 ,leo1 heavy jaw$1 dull-ey$1 ) ?ick lips & a brawny j[l1 betrays ! co>s] fib] ( a s5suali/4 #a ,he w\ld h giv5 x to ,giuliano1 b ,giuliano 0 an hone/ man & rememb]$ :at he ow$ to ! della ,rov]e family4 ,see ! ',relazione' ( ,m>9o ,giorgi 7,rel4 ,v54 s]4 ii4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ea74 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t bo? ,julius & ,leo rais$ money by ! sale ( indulg5ces ) a view to ! build+ ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ?us aggravat+ "o ( ! *ief sc&als :i* provok$ ! ,re=mation4 ,9 t age ( maladju/$ impulses ! desire to execute a great "w ( art1 comb9$ ) ! cynical resolve to turn ! sup]/itions ( ! p to acc\nt1 =c$ rebellion to a head4 ,leo 0 unconsci\s ( ! magnitude ( ,lu!r's movem5t4 ,if he ?\ght at all s]i\sly ( ! ph5om5on1 x /irr$ 8 wond]4 ,nor did he feel ! necessity ( re=mation 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,italy4 ,! ri* & _m-sid$ life ( ,rome & ! diplomatic int]e/s ( ,italian despotism absorb$ 8 :ole att5tion4 ,x 0 b a small matt] :at b>b>ians ?\ght or did4 ,! sudd5 dea? ( ,leo ?rew ! ,holy ,college into great p]plexity4 ,to *oose ! new ,pope )\t ref]5ce to political int]e/s 0 impossible2 & ^! 7 divid$ betwe5 ,*>les ,v4 & ,francis ,i4 ,aft] twelve days sp5t by ! ,c>d9als 9 conclave1 ! result ( _! innum]able s*emes & c\nt]-s*emes 0 ! election ( ! ,c>d9al ( ,tortosa4 ,no "o knew him2 & 8 elevation to ! ,papacy1 due to ! influ5ce ( ,*>les1 0 almo/ z great a surprise to ! electors z to ! ,romans4 ,9 _! rage & horror at hav+ *os5 ?is b>b>ian1 ! ,college began to talk ab\t ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 seek+ ! mo/ improbable ( all excuses = ! mi/ake to :i* intrigue _h driv5 !m4 ',! c\rti]s ( ! ,vatican & *ief (fic]s ( ! ,*ur*1' says an eyewitness1 'wept & scream$ & curs$ & gave !mselves up to despair4' ,along ! blank walls ( ! city 0 scrawl$3 ',rome to let4' ,sonnets fell 9 %[]s1 accus+ ! c>d9als ( hav+ deliv]$ ov] '! fair ,vatican to a ,g]man's fury4'#a ,adrian ,,vi4 came to ,rome = ! fir/ "t z ,pope4#b ,he knew no ,italian1 & talk$ ,lat9 ) an acc5t unfamili> to s\!rn e>s4 ,8 /udies _h be5 conf9$ to s*ola/ic philosophy & !ology4 ,) c\rts he _h no comm]ce2 & he 0 s ignorant ( ! /ate a ,pope %\ld keep 9 ,rome1 t he wrote be=eh& reque/+ t a mode/ h\se & g>d5 might be hir$ = 8 abode4 ,:5 he saw ! ,vatican1 he exclaim$ t "h ! successors1 n ( ,pet]1 b ( ,con/ant9e %\ld dwell4 ,leo kept "o hundr$ grooms = ! s]vice ( 8 /able2 ,adrian reta9$ b f\r4 ,two ,flemi% valets suffic$ = 8 p]sonal att5dance1 & to ^! he gave ea* ev5+ "o ducat = ! exp5ses ( ! next day's liv+4 ,a ,flemi% s]v+ woman cook$ 8 food1 made 8 b$ & wa%$ 8 l954 ,rome1 ) its spl5did immorality1 its classic art & pagan culture1 made ! same impression on him t x made on ,lu!r4 ,:5 8 c\rti]s po9t$ to ! ,laocoon z ! mo/ illu/ri\s monum5t ( anci5t sculpture1 he turn$ away ) horror1 murmur+3 ',idols ( ! ,pagans6' ,! ,belv$]e1 :i* 0 fa/ becom+ ! fir/ /atue-gall]y 9 ,europe1 he wall$ up & nev] ent]$4 ,at ! same "t he set himself ) e>ne/ purpose1 s f> z 8 ti$ h&s & limit$ ability w\ld g1 to re=m ! m pat5t abuses ( ! ,*ur*4 ,leo _h rais$ ab\t ?ree million ducats by ! sale ( (fices1 :i* repres5t$ an income ( #cdh1jjj ducats to ! pur*as]s1 & provid$ places = #b1eej p]sons4 ,by a /roke ( 8 p5 ,adrian cancel$ ^! contracts & ?rew ^u ! _w a cr[d ( angry & defraud$ (ficials4 ,x 0 b poor ju/ice to rem9d !m t _! b>ga9 ) 8 pr$ecessor _h be5 illegal4 ,su* attempts1 h[ev]1 at a re=mation ( ecclesia/ical society 7 z ineffectual z p9-pricks 9 ! cure ( a fev] :i* dem&s blood-lett+4 ,! real corruption ( ,rome1 deeply seat$ 9 high places1 rema9$ unt\*$4 ,lu!r mean:ile _h c>ri$ all be=e him 9 ! ,nor?1 & accurate obs]v]s 9 ,rome itself dread$ "s awful cata/rophe = ! guilty city4 ',?is /ate is set ^u ! razor-edge ( p]il2 ,god grant we h n soon to take flight to ,avignon or to ! ends ( ! ocean4 ,i see ! d[nfall ( ?is spiritual mon>*y at h&4 ,unless ,god help1 x is all ov] ) u4'#c ,adrian met ! em]g5cy1 & took up arms aga9/ ! sea ( tr\bles by express+ 8 horror ( simony1 s5suality1 ?iev]y & s =?4 ,! result 0 t he 0 simply laugh$ at4 ,pasqu9 made s m]ry ) 8 "n t ,adrian v[$ he w\ld ?r[ ! /atue into ! ,tib]2 :]eupon ! ,duke ( ,sessa wittily repli$3 ',?r[ him to ! bottom1 &1 l a frog1 he'll g on croak+4' ,b]ni1 aga91 wrote "o ( 8 clev]e/ ,capitoli ^u ! dunce :o c\ld n compreh5d 8 age2 & :5 he di$1 8 doctor's door 0 ornam5t$ ) ?is inscription3 ,lib]atori patriae ,s5atus ,populusque ,romanus4 #a ,see ,greg4 ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #chb1 #chc4 ,! details ab\t ,adriano are *iefly tak5 f ! ,relazioni ( ! ,v5etian embassadors1 s]ies ii4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ge-abj4 #b ,8 fa!r's "n 0 ,florus or ,fl]5tius1 ( ! ,flemi% family1 x is suppos$1 ( ,d$el4 ,b]ni calls him a c>pet-mak]4 ,o!r acc\nts repres5t him z a %ip's c>p5t]4 ,! ,pope's baptismal "n 0 ,adrian4 #c ,see ! passage quot$ f ! ,lett]e de ,pr9cipi1 ,rome1 ,m>* #ag1 #aebc1 by ,burckh>dt1 p4 #ii1 note4 ,great 0 ! rejoic+ :5 ano!r ,m$ici 0 made ,pope 9 #aebc4 ,p hop$ t ! m]ry days ( ,leo w\ld return4 ,b ?+s _h gone too f> t[>d dissolution4 ,clem5t ,,vii4 fail$ to give satisfaction to ! c\rti]s :om 8 m g5ial c\s9 _h delight$3 ev5 ! s*ol>s & ! poets grumbl$4#a ,8 rule 0 weak & vacillat+1 s t ! ,colonna faction rais$ its head aga9 & drove him to ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo4 ,! political horizon ( ,italy grew d>k] & m sull5 daily1 z be=e "s dreadful /orm4 ,ov] ,rome itself imp5d$ ru9-- z :5 ,god ,w o'er "s high-vic$ city hang 8 poison ,9 ! sick air4#b ,at la/ ! cra% came4 ,clem5t by a s]ies ( treaties1 trea*]ies1 & t]giv]sations _h depriv$ himself ( e fri5d & exasp]at$ e foe4 ,italy 0 s worn out ) w>f>e1 s accu/om$ to ! an>*y ( aimless revolutions & to ! trampl+ to & fro ( /rang] squadrons on h] %ores1 t ! news ( a ,lu!ran troop1 levi$ ) ! express object ( pillag+ ,rome1 & re9=c$ ) ,spani% ruffians & ! scum ( e nation1 sc>cely r\s$ h] apa?y4 ,! s-call$ army ( ,frundsb]g--a horde ( robb]s held toge!r by ! hope ( plund]--m>*$ )\t difficulty to ! gates ( ,rome4 ,s l[ _h ! honor ( ,italian pr9ces fall5 t ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 by direct aid giv51 & ! ,duke ( ,urb9o1 by c\nt]-=ce )held1 op5$ ! passes ( ! ,po & ( ! ,ap5n9es to ^! m>aud]s4 ,!y lo/ _! g5]al 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,! ,con/able ,b\rbon1 :o succe$$ him1 di$ 9 ! assault ( ! city4 ,!n ,rome = n9e mon?s 0 ab&on$ to ! lu/1 rapacity1 & cruelty ( "s #cj1jjj brig&s )\t a lead]4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ to :at l5g?s ( insult1 viol5ce1 & be/iality ! brutal b>b>ism ( ,g]mans & ! av>ice ( ,spani>ds c\ld be c>ri$4 ,clem5t1 beleagu]$ 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo1 saw day & night ! smoke asc5d f desolat$ palaces & desecrat$ temples1 he>d ! wail+ ( wom5 & ! groans ( tortur$ m5 m+le ) ! je/s ( ,lu!ran drunk>ds & ! curses ( ,ca/ilian b&its4 ,roam+ its gall]ies & lean+ f its w9d[s he exclaim$ ) ,job3#c ',qu>e de vulva eduxi/i me8 qui ut9am consumptus essem1 ne oculus me vid]et4' ,:at ! ,romans1 emasculat$ by luxury & prie/ rule1 :at ! ,c>d9als & prelates1 lapp$ 9 s5suality & slo?1 7 made to suff] dur+ ?is long agony1 c sc>cely be describ$4 ,x is too horrible4 ,:5 at la/ ! b>b>ians1 sat$ ) blood1 surfeit$ ) le*]y1 glutt$ ) gold1 & decimat$ by pe/il5ce1 )drew1 ,rome rais$ h] head a wid[4 ,f ! %ame & torm5t ( t sack %e nev] recov]$1 nev] became aga9 ! gay lic5ti\s lovely capital ( arts & lett]s1 ! glitt]+ gild$ ,rome ( ,leo4 ,b ! k+s ( ! e>? took pity on h] desolation4 ,! treaty ( ,ami5s 7,augu/ #ah1 #aebg71 conclud$ betwe5 ,francis ,i4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 aga9/ ,*>les ,v41 9 ^: "n ?is insult _h be5 (f]$ to ! ,holy ,city ( ,*ri/5dom1 toge!r ) ,*>les's own t>dy will+ness to make am5ds1 re/or$ ! ,papacy to ! respect ( ,europe4 #a ,see1 = in/ance1 ,b]ni's sonnets4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 ,b]ni v p[]fully describes ! vacillation & irresolution ( ,clem5t's /ate-policy4 #b ,see ,v>*i's picture ( ! /ate ( ,rome1 ,/4 ,fior4 ii4 #c ,s ,luigi ,guicci>d9i 9 8 acc\nt ( ! sack ( ,rome relates4 ,x is well kn[n t at ?is crisis ! ,emp]or s]i\sly ?\ght ( putt+ an end to ! ,/ate ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 c\ncilors advis$ him to re/ore ! ,pope to 8 orig9al rank ( ,bi%op1 & to make ,rome aga9 ! seat ( ,empire4#a ,b to h done ?is w\ld h be5 impossible "u ! political conditions ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! face ( ,*ri/5dom /ill ,ca?olic4 ,8 delib]ations1 !re=e1 co/ ,rome ! mis]ies ( ! sack2 b !y 7 spe$ily sup]s$$ by ! det]m9ation to /r5g!n ! ,papal by means ( ! ,imp]ial au?ority 9 ,italy4 ,flor5ce 0 giv5 z a make-peace (f]+ to ! contemptible ,m$ici2 & x rema9s ! wor/ %ame ( ,clem5t t he us$ ! dregs ( ! army t _h sack$ ,rome = ! enslavem5t ( 8 "m-city4 #a ,see ! au?orities 9 ,greg4 ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #efi1 #ege4 ,int]nally1 ! ,papal ,/ate _h le>n$ by its mis=tunes ! necessity ( a re=m4 ,sadoleto1 writ+ 9 ! ,septemb] ( t memorable ye> to ,clem5t1 rem9ds him t ! suff]+s ( ,rome h satisfi$ ! wra? ( ,god1 & t ! way 0 n[ op5 = an amelioration ( mann]s & laws4#a ,no =ce ( arms c\ld prev5t ! ,holy ,city f return+ to a bett] life1 & prov+ t ! ,*ri/ian prie/hood 0 n a m]e mock]y & %am4#b ,9 tru? ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation may be said to date hi/orically f #aebg4 #a ,x 0 univ]sally recogniz$ 9 ,italy t ! sack ( ,rome 0 a puni%m5t inflict$ by ,provid5ce ^u ! godless city4 ,)\t quot+ great au?orities l ,sadoleto or ! ,bi%op ( ,fossombrone1 "o ( ^: lett]s gives a really awful picture ( ,roman pr(ligacy 7,op]e di ,m4,g4 ,guidiccioni1 ,b>b]a1 vol4 i4 p4 #aic71 we f9d abundant te/imony to ?is p]suasion reg>d+ ! intol]ible vice ( ,rome1 ev5 9 m5 devoid ( moral consci5ce4 ,aret9o 7,la ,cortegiana1 end ( ,act i4 ,sc4 xxiii47 writes3 ',io mic r$eva *e il ca/igo1 *e l' ha dato ,cri/o p] mano degli ,spagnuoli1 l'avesse fatta migliore1 et e piu scell]ata *e mai4' ,b&ello 7,novelle1 ,p>te ii4 xxxvii47 allud+ to ! sack1 rem>ks 9 a p>5!sis1 'b5*e i peccati di quella citta m]itass]o ess] ca/igati4' ,aft] adduc+ two su* witnesses1 x w\ld weak5 ! case to cite ,triss9o or ,vettori1 bo? ( :om express$ !mselves ) =ce ^u ! iniquities ( ,papal ,rome4 #b ,comp>e ,lett]e de' ,pr9c4 ii4 #gg2 ,c>d9al ,cajetanus1 & o!r te/imonies quot$ by ,greg4 ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #efh1 #egh4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,morality4 ,corruption ( ! ,*ur*--,degradation & ,division ( ,italy--,op9ions ( ,ma*iavelli1 ,guicci>d9i1 & ,k+ ,f]d9& ( ,naples--,incapacity ( ! ,italians = ?or\gh ,re=mation--,! ,worldl9ess & ,culture ( ! ,r5aissance--,witness ( ,italian ,au?ors aga9/ ! ,papal ,c\rt & ! ,conv5ts--,sup]/iti\s ,respect = ,relics--,sep>ation betwe5 ,religion & ,morality--,mixture ( ,contempt & ,rev]5ce = ! ,popes--,gianpaolo ,baglioni--,religi\s ,s5tim5ts ( ! ,tyrannicides--,pietro ,paolo ,boscoli--,t5acity ( ,religions--,! direct ,int]e/ ( ! ,italians 9 ,rome--,rev]5ce = ! ,sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*--,op9ions pron\nc$ by ,engli%m5 on ,italian ,immorality--,bad ,fai? & ,s5suality--,! ,elem5t ( ! ,fancy 9 ,italian ,vice--,! ,italians n ,cruel1 or ,brutal1 or ,intemp]ate by ,nature--,dome/ic ,murd]s--,s5se ( ,honor 9 ,italy--,onore & ,one/a--,g5]al ,ref9em5t--,good ,qualities ( ! ,p--,religi\s ,revivalism4 ,! corruption ( ! ,papal ,c\rt involv$ a correspond+ moral weakness ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,?is makes ! hi/ory ( ! ,popes ( ! ,r5aissance important precisely 9 ^? details :i* =m$ ! subject ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,morality & religion suff]$ an almo/ complete sep>ation 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! *iefs ( ! ,*ur* ) cynical effront]y violat$ e tradition ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 s t ! example ( ,rome 0 9 "s s5se ! ju/ification ( fraud1 viol5ce1 lu/1 fil?y liv+1 & ungodl9ess to ! :ole nation4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ! spiritual pret5sions ( ! ,popes & _! actual worldl9ess 0 n s gl>+ to ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 accu/om$ by long habit to ! spectacle ( ?is anomaly1 z x is to u4 ,nor w\ld x be sci5tific to imag9e t any ,italian 9 t age judg$ by moral /&>ds simil> to ours4 ,a,esthetic propriety r ?an /rict conceptions ( duty rul$ ! conduct ev5 ( ! be/1 & x is wond]ful to obs]ve ) :at artless simplicity ! wor/ s9n]s believ$ !y might make peace 9 "t ( ne$ ) heav54 ,yet !re 7 n want+ pr(\nd ?9k]s :o trac$ ! national decay ( ! ,italians to ! corruption ( ! ,*ur*4 ,among ^! ,ma*iavelli /&s =emo/4 ,9 a celebrat$ passage ( ! ,discorsi1#a aft] treat+ ! :ole subject ( ! connection betwe5 good gov]nm5t & religion1 he breaks =? into ?is fi]y criticism ( ! ,papacy3 ',_h ! religion ( ,*ri/ianity be5 pres]v$ accord+ to ! ord9ances ( its f\nd]1 ! /ates & commonweal?s ( ,*ri/5dom w\ld h be5 f> m unit$ & f> happi] ?an !y are4 ,nor is x possible to =m a bett] e/imate ( its decay ?an by obs]v+ t1 9 proportion z we approa* ne>] to ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ! head ( ?is religion1 we f9d less piety prevail among ! nations4 ,consid]+ ! primitive con/itution ( t ,*ur*1 & not+ h[ div]se are its pres5t cu/oms1 we are =c$ to judge t )\t d\bt ei!r ru9 or a sc\rge is n[ imp5d+ ov] x4 ,& s9ce "s m5 are ( op9ion t ! welf>e ( ,italy dep5ds ^u ! ,*ur*1 ,i wi% to put =? su* argum5ts z occur to my m9d to ! contr>y2 & ( ^! ,i w adduce two1 :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 are irrefutable4 ,! fir/ is ?is3 t ow+ to ! evil ensample ( ! ,papal ,c\rt1 ,italy has lo/ all piety & all religion3 :5ce foll[ inf9ite tr\bles & disord]s2 = z religion implies all good1 s its abs5ce implies ! contr>y4 ,consequ5tly1 to ! ,*ur* & prie/s ( ,rome we ,italians owe ?is obligation fir/--t we h become void ( religion & corrupt4 ,b we also owe !m ano!r1 ev5 great]1 :i* is ! cause ( our ru94 ,i mean t ! ,*ur* has ma9ta9$ & /ill ma9ta9s ,italy divid$4 ,( a tru? no prov9ce ev] 0 unit$ & prosp]\s1 unless x 7 r$uc$ b5ea? ! sway ( "o republic or "o mon>*1 z is ! case ) ,france & ,spa94 ,& ! reason :y ,italy is n 9 ?is condition1 b has nei!r commonweal? nor mon>* = h] head1 is none o!r ?an ! ,*ur*3 = ! ,*ur*1 e/abli%$ 9 our mid/ & ex]cis+ a temporal au?ority1 has nev] _h ! =ce or vigor to ext5d its sway ov] ! :ole c\ntry & to become ! rul+ p[] 9 ,italy4 ,nor on ! o!r h& has x be5 s feeble z n to be able1 :5 afraid ( los+ its temporalities1 to call 9 a =eign pot5tate1 z a c\nt]poise 9 its def5se aga9/ ^? p[]s :i* ?reat5$ to become supreme4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is1 pa/ hi/ory furni%es _m in/ances2 z :51 by ! help ( ,*>lemagne1 ! ,popes expell$ ! ,lomb>ds2 & :5 9 our own days !y humbl$ ,v5ice by ! aid ( ,france1 & aft]w>ds drove out ! ,fr5* by call+ 9 ! ,swiss4 ,s !n ! ,*ur*1 be+ on ! "o h& too weak to grasp ! :ole ( ,italy1 & at ! same "t too jeal\s to all[ ano!r p[] to d s1 has prev5t$ our union b5ea? "o head1 & has kept u "u scatt]$ lords & pr9ces4 ,^! h caus$ s mu* discord & debility t ,italy has become ! prey n only ( p[]ful b>b>ians1 b also ( e assailant4 ,& ?is we owe solely & entirely to ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ord] to le>n by exp]i5ce ! tru? ( :at ,i say1 "o ought to be able to s5d ! ,roman ,c\rt1 arm$ ) l au?ority to t x wields 9 ,italy1 to take up its abode among ! ,swiss1 :o at ! pres5t mom5t are ! only nation liv+1 z reg>ds religion & milit>y discipl9e1 accord+ to ! antique fa%ion2 he w\ld !n see t ! evil habits ( t ,c\rt w\ld 9 no long space ( "t create m disord]s ?an any o!r mis=tune t c\ld arise !re 9 any p]iod :atev]4' ,9 ?is sci5tific & delib]ate op9ion pron\nc$ by ! pr(\nde/ ?9k] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,papacy is accus$ ( hav+ caus$ bo? ! moral depravation & ! political disunion ( ,italy4 ,! second ( ^! po9ts1 :i* belongs to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! ,italian nation1 might be illu/rat$ abundantly3 b "o o!r s5t5ce f ! p5 ( ,ma*iavelli exposes ! ru9\s & selfi% policy ( ! ,*ur* m =cibly ?an c\ld be done by copi\s examples3#b ',9 ?is way ! ,pontiffs at "o "t by love ( _! religion1 at o!r times = ! fur!rance ( _! ambiti\s s*emes1 h nev] ceas$ to s[ ! se$s ( di/urbance & to call =eign]s into ,italy1 spread+ w>s1 mak+ & unmak+ pr9ces1 & prev5t+ /rong] pot5tates f hold+ ! prov9ce !y 7 too feeble to rule4' #a ,lib4 i4 cap4 #ab4 #b ,i/4 ,fior4 lib4 i4 ,guicci>d9i1 comm5t+ ^u ! ,discorsi ( ,ma*iavelli1 beg9s 8 gloss ^u ! passage ,i h j translat$1 ) ^! emphatic words3#a ',x w\ld be impossible to speak s ill ( ! ,roman ,c\rt b t m abuse w\ld n be m]it$1 see+ x is an infamy1 an example ( all ! %ames & sc&als ( ! _w4' ,he !n proce$s to argue1 l ,ma*iavelli1 t ! greatness ( ! ,*ur* prev5t$ ,italy f becom+ a nation "u "o head1 %[+1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t t ! ,italians _h d]iv$ mu* b5efit f _! division into sep>ate /ates4#b ,to ! concurr5t te/imony ( ^! great philosophic writ]s may be add$ ! evid5ce ( a practical /atesman1 ,f]d9&1 k+ ( ,naples1 :o 9 #adic wrote z foll[s3#c ',f ye> to ye> up to ?is "t we h se5 ! ,popes seek+ to hurt & hurt+ _! neighbors1 )\t hav+ to act on ! def5sive or receiv+ any injury4 ,( ?is we are ourselves ! witness1 by reason ( ?+s !y h done & attempt$ aga9/ u ?r\gh _! inborn ambition2 & ( ! _m mis=tunes :i* h happ5$ ( late 9 ,italy x is cle> t ! ,popes are au?ors4' ,x is n s mu* h[ev] ) ! political z ) ! moral aspect ( ! ,*ur* t we are at pres5t conc]n$3 & on ! latt] po9t ,guicci>d9i may once m be confront$ ) 8 illu/ri\s contempor>y4 ,9 8 aphorisms he says3#d ',no man hates ! ambition1 av>ice1 & effem9acy ( ! prie/s m ?an ,i d2 = ^! vices1 odi\s 9 !mselves1 are mo/ unseemly 9 m5 :o make a pr(ession ( liv+ 9 special dep5d5ce on ! ,deity4 ,besides1 !y are s contradictory t !y _c be comb9$ except 9 a v extraord9>y subject4 ,my position "u sev]al ,popes has compell$ me to desire _! aggr&izem5t = ! sake ( my own pr(it4#e ,o!rwise1 ,i %\ld h lov$ ,m>t9 ,lu!r l myself--n t ,i might break loose f ! laws :i* ,*ri/ianity1 z x is usually int]pret$ & compreh5d$1 imposes on u1 b t ,i might see t horde ( villa9s r$uc$ )9 due limits1 & =c$ to live ei!r )\t vices or )\t p[]4' #a ,guicc4 ,op4 ,in$4 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 #b ,9 ano!r place 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 i4 p4 #ajd7 ,guicci>d9i describes ! rule ( prie/s z f\nd$ on viol5ce ( two sorts2 'p]*e ci s=zano con le armi temporali e con le spirituali4' ,x may be well to collect ! *ief passages 9 ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i1 besides ^? already quot$1 :i* criticise ! ,papacy 9 relation to ,italian politics4 ,! mo/ fam\s is at ! end ( ! f\r? book ( ! ,i/oria d' ,italia 7,edn4 ,ros9i1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bah-cj74 ,next may be plac$ ! sket* ( ,papal ,hi/ory 9 ,ma*iavelli's ,i/orie ,fior5t9e 7lib4 i4 cap4 #i-be74 ,! elev5? *apt] ( ! ,pr9cipe gives a %ort sket* ( ! gr[? ( ! temporal p[]1 s fram$ z to be acceptable to ! ,m$ici1 b /eep$ 9 ! mo/ acid irony4 ,see1 9 p>ticul>1 ! s5t5ce ',co/oro solo hanno /ati e non li dif5dono1 hanno sudditi e non li gov]nano1' etc4 #c ,see ! dispat* quot$ by ,gregorovius1 ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 vii4 p4 #g1 note4 #d ,op4 ,in$4 ,ricordi ,no4 #bh4 ,comp>e ,ario/o1 ,satire i4 #bjh-bg4 #e ,guicci>d9i _h be5 secret>y & viceg]5t ( ! ,m$icean ,popes4 ,see back1 p4 #bjf4 ,^! utt]ances are all ! m rem>kable because !y d n proce$ f ! deep s5se ( hol9ess :i* animat$ re=m]s l ,savon>ola4 ,ma*iavelli 0 n zeal\s = ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity s mu* z = ! dec5cies ( an e/abli%$ religion4 ,9 "o passage ( ! ,discorsi he ev5 pron\nces 8 op9ion t ! ,*ri/ian fai? comp>$ ) ! cre$s ( antiquity1 _h enfeebl$ national _s4#a ,privately1 moreov]1 he 0 himself /a9$ ) ! moral corruption :i* he publicly condemn$4 ,guicci>d9i1 aga91 9 ! passage be=e u1 op5ly av[s 8 egotism4 ,ke5-sight$ z !y 7 9 !ory1 ^! politicians suff]$ 9 _! own lives f t gangr5e :i* _h p5etrat$ ! upp] classes ( ,italy to ! m>r[4 ,_! patriotism & _! desire = righte\sness 7 n /rong en\gh to make !m rel9qui% ! pleasure & ! pr(it !y d]iv$ f ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s4 ,nor _h !y ! en]gy or ! opportunity to in/itute a ?or\gh revolution4 ,italy1 z ,ma*iavelli po9t$ out 9 ano!r passage ( ! ,discorsi1 _h become too prematurely decrepit = re9vigorat+ *anges2#b & ! spl5did appeal ) :i* ! ,pr9cipe is clos$ mu/ ev5 to its au?or h s\nd$ l a fl\ri% ( rhetorical trumpets4 #a ,discorsi1 ii4 #b1 iii4 #a4 ,^! *apt]s brea! ! bitt]e/ contempt = ,*ri/ianity1 ! mo/ undisguis$ hatr$ = its hi/orical developm5t1 ! int5se/ rancor aga9/ ,ca?olic ecclesia/ics4 #b ,discorsi1 i4 #ee4 ,moreov]1 x seem$ impossible = an ,italian to rise above ! conception ( a m]ely =mal re=mation1 or to rea* t high] pr9ciple ( life :i* consi/s 9 ! enunciation ( a new religi\s tru?4 ,! :ole argum5t 9 ! ,discorsi :i* prec$es ! *apt] ,i h quot$1 treats religion n 9 its ess5ce z pure ,*ri/ianity1 b z a /ate eng9e = ! ma9t5ance ( public ord] & national well-be+4#a ,t ,milton & ,cromwell may h s reg>d$ religion is true3 b !y _h1 besides1 a p]sonal s5se ( ! necessity ( righte\sness1 ! fe> ( ,god1 at ! root ( _! political convictions4 ,:ile ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i wi%$ to deprive ! ,popes ( temporal sov]eignty1 9 ord] t ! wor/ sc&als ( _! ,c\rt might be suppress$1 & t ! peace ( ,italy might be secur$1 ,savon>ola desir$ to purge ! ,*ur* ( s91 b to reta9 its hi]>*y & its dogmas inviolate4 ,nei!r ! politicians nor ! prophet _h disc]n$1 :at ,lu!r & ! nations ( ! ,nor? saw cle>ly1 t a fre% elem5t ( spiritual vitality 0 necess>y = ! reg5]ation ( society2 or 9 o!r words1 t good gov]nm5t presupposes liv+ religion1 & n t religion %\ld be us$ z an eng9e = ! consolidation ( empire ov] ! p4#b #a ,ma*4 ,disc4 i4 #ab1 aft] expos+ ! %ams on :i*1 z he believ$1 ! religi\s in/itutions ( ,numa re/$1 ass]ts t1 h[ev] mu* gov]nors may be p]suad$ ( ! fals5ess ( religions1 x is _! duty to ma9ta9 !m3 'e debbono 444 come *e le giudicass]o false1 favorirle e accresc]le4' #b ,yet read ! curi\s passage 7,disc4 iii4 #a7 9 :i* ,ma*iavelli discusses ! reg5]ation ( religion by a return to its vital pr9ciple1 & %[s h[ ,s4 ,francis & ,s4 ,dom9ic _h done ?is 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 precisely :at ,lu!r 0 design+ :ile ,ma*iavelli 0 writ+4 ,! inh]5t feebl5ess ( ,italy 9 ?is respect proce$$ f an intellectual apa?y t[>d religi\s que/ions1 produc$ p>tly by ! /igma atta*+ to unor?odoxy1 p>tly by ! absorb+ int]e/s ( secul> culture1 p>tly by ! worldl9ess ( ! ,r5aissance1 p>tly by ! infamy ( ! ecclesia/ics1 & p>tly by ! en]vat+ influ5ce ( tyrannies4 ,h[ev] bold a man might be1 he dread ( h]etic2 ! t]m pat]9o1 orig9ally appli$ to religi\s innovators1 _h become synonym\s 9 common phraseology ) rogue4 ,x 0 a po9t ( good society & ref9$ ta/e to support ! ,*ur*4 ,aga91 ! m5tal faculties ( ,italy _h = ?ree c5turies be5 tax$ to ! utmo/ 9 /udies wide ap>t f ! field ( religi\s fai?4 ,art1 s*ol>%ip1 philosophy1 & m$itation ^u politics _h giv5 a def9ite direction to ! m9ds ( ?9k+ m51 s t little en]gy 0 left = ^? in/9ctive movem5ts ( ! _s :i* produc$ ! ,g]man ,re=mation4 ,! great "w ( ,italy _h be5 ! g5esis ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! developm5t ( mod]n culture4 ,& ! t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance 7 worldly3 its ideal ( human life left no room = a pure1 & ard5t intuition into spiritual tru?4 ,s*ol>s occupi$ ) ! int]pretation ( classic au?ors1 arti/s b5t ^u inve/+ curr5t notions ) ! =m ( beauty1 c\ld h>dly be expect$ to exclaim3 ',! fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom2 & to dep>t f evil1 t is und]/&+4'#a ,mat]ialism rul$ ! speculations no less ?an ! conduct ( ! age4 ,pamponazzo prea*$ an a!i/ic doctr9e1 ) ! plausible res]vation ( ,salva ,fide1 :i* !n cov]$ all4 ,! m delicate ?9k]s1 ,pico & ,fic9o1 s\ght to reconcile irreconcilables by fus+ philosophy & !ology1 :ile !y di/+ui%$ tru?s ( sci5ce f tru?s ( revelation4 ,x seems mean:ile to h occurr$ to no "o 9 ,italy t ! lib]ation ( ! reason necessitat$ an abrupt dep>ture f ,ca?olicism4 ,!y did n p]ceive t a p[] antagoni/ic to m$iaeval or?odoxy _h be5 g5]at$4 ,?is 0 9 great measure due to indiff]5ce2 = ! ,*ur* h]self _h taught h] *ildr5 by example to reg>d h] dogmas & h] discipl9e z a conv5i5t conv5tion4 ,x requir$ all ! sc\rges ( ! ,inquisition to flog ! nation back1 n to lively fai?1 b to hypocrisy4 ,fur!rmore1 ! political conditions ( ,italy 7 highly unfavorable to a pr(\nd religi\s revolution4 ,! ?ir/ = national lib]ty :i* inspir$ ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 impell+ ! despotic ,tudors to ca/ (f ! yoke ( ,rome1 arm+ ,h[>d ! ,ca?olic aga9/ ! holy fleet ( ,philip1 & jo9+ pr9ce & p 9 "o aspiration aft] fre$om1 0 impossible 9 ,italy4 ,! tone ( ,ma*iavelli's ,pr9cipe1 ! :ole t5or ( ,ca/iglione's ,cortigiano1 prove ?is )\t ! ne$ ( fur!r demon/ration4 #a ,x is well kn[n t ,savon>ola's objection to classical culture 0 bas$ ^u 8 p]ception ( its worldl9ess4 ,x is v rem>kable to note ! feel+ on ?is po9t ( "s ( ! greate/ nor!rn s*ol>s4 ,erasmus1 = example1 writes3 'unus adhuc scrupulus habet animum meum1 ne sub obt5tu priscae lit]aturae r5asc5tis caput erig]e conetur ,paganismus1 ut sunt int] ,*ri/ianos qui titulo pa5e duntaxat ,*ri/um agnoscunt1 cet]um intus ,g5tilitatem spirant'--,lett] #bjg 7quot$ by ,milman 9 8 ,qu>t]ly article on ,erasmus74 ,as*am & ,melan*?on pass$ simil> judgm5ts ^u ! ,italian s*ol>s4 ,! nations ( ! nor? _h ! ,italians at a disadvantage1 = !y ent]$ into _! labors1 & all ! dang]\s "w ( sympa?y ) ! anci5t _w1 ^u :i* mod]n s*ol>%ip 0 bas$1 _h be5 done 9 ,italy be=e ,g]many & ,engl& came into ! field4 ,few ?+s are m difficult ?an to e/imate ! exact condition ( a p at any giv5 p]iod ) reg>d to morality & religion4 ,& ?is difficulty is increas$ t5fold :5 ! age pres5ts su* rapid transitions & su* bewild]+ complexities z m>k ! ,r5aissance4 ,yet we _c omit to notice ! attitude ( ! ,italians at l>ge 9 relation to ! ,*ur*1 & to det]m9e 9 "s degree ! "* ( _! national morality4 ,aga9/ ! corruption ( ,rome "o cry ( hatr$ & contempt arises f a cr[d ( witnesses4 ,dante's fi]y d5unciations1 ,jacopone's ?reats1 ! fi]ce invectives ( ,petr>*1 & ! ?und]+ prophecies ( ,joa*im lead ! *orus4 ,boccaccio foll[s ) 8 sca?+ irony4 ',s5d ! mo/ ob/9ate ,jew to ,rome1' he says1 '& ! pr(ligacy ( ! ,papal ,c\rt w n fail to conv]t him to ! fai? t c resi/ su* obloquy4'#a ,ano!r gl>+ sc&al 0 ! condition ( ! conv5ts4 ,all noveli/s comb9e 9 pa9t+ ! depravity ( ! religi\s h\ses z a pat5t fact 9 social life4 ,boccaccio1 ,sac*etti1 ,b&ello1 & ,masuccio may be m5tion$ 9 p>ticul> = _! famili> del9eation ( a pr(ligacy :i* 0 int]wov5 ) ! national exi/5ce4#b ,! comic poets take ! same c\rse1 & delight 9 ridicul+ ! gross mann]s ( ! cl]gy4 ,nor d ! ecclesia/ies sp>e !mselves4 ,poggio1 ! au?or ( ! ,facetiae1 held b5efices & places at ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,b&ello 0 a ,dom9ican & nephew ( ! ,g5]al ( 8 ord]4 ,fol5go 0 a ,b5$ict9e4 ,bibbi5a became a c>d9al4 ,b]ni receiv$ a ,canonry 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce4 ,su* 0 ! op5 & ackn[l$g$ immorality ( ! prie/s 9 ,rome t m ?an "o ,papal edict 0 issu$ =bidd+ !m to keep h\ses ( bad repute or to act z p&]s4#c ,among ! aphorisms ( ,pius ,,ii4 is record$ ! say+ t if !re 7 good reasons = enjo9+ celibacy on ! cl]gy1 !re 7 f> bett] & /rong] argum5ts = insi/+ on _! m>riage4#d #a ,we may comp>e ?is ,umbrian ,rispetto = ! opposite view4 ,a ,roma ,santa ce s gito an*'io1 ,e ho vi/o co'miei oc*i il fatto mio3 ,e qu&o a ,roma ce s'e po/o il pi$e1 ,re/a la rabbia e se ne va la f$e4 #b ,x may n be out ( place to collect "s passages f ,masuccio's ,novelle on ! ,cl]gy1 premis+ t :at he writes ) ! fi]c5ess ( indignation is repeat$ ) ! cynicism ( indulg5ce by contempor>y noveli/s4 ,speak+ ( ! ,popes1 he says 7ed1 ,napoli1 ,morano1 #ahgd73 'me tac]o non solo de loro scele/i ed enormissimi vizi e pubblici e occulti adop]ati1 e de li (ficii1 de b5eficil1 prelature1 i v]migli cappelli1 *e all' incanto p] loro morte v5dono1 ma del camauro del pr9cipe ,san ,pietro *e ne e gia /ato latto p>tuito b>atto non f>o alcuna m5tione4' ,desc5d+ to prelates1 he uses simil> language 7p4 #fd73 'non possa mai p]v5ire ad alcun grado di prelatura se non col favore del mae/ro della zecca1 e quelle convi5sela compr>e all' incanto come si fa dei cavalli 9 fi]a4' ,a prie/ is 7p4 #ca7 'il v5]abile lupo4' ,! memb]s ( religi\s ord]s are 7p4 #ecd7 'm9i/ri de satanasso 444 soldati del gran diavolo3 7p4 #be7 'piu facilm5te tra c5to soldati se ne trov>ebb]o la meta buoni1 *e tra tutto un capitolo de frati ne fosse uno s5za bruttissima mac*ia4' ,x is p]il\s to hold any communication ) !m 7p4 #ci73 ',con loro non altri *e usurai1 =nicatori1 e om9i di mala sorte conv]s>e si v$5o4' ,_! s9s aga9/ nature 7p4 #fe71 ! secret m>riages ( monks & nuns 7p4 #hc71 ! 'fetide cioa*e oi mona*e1' *ok$ ) ! fruits ( infanticide 7p4 #ha71 n to m5tion _! av>ice 7p4 #ee7 & gross impiety 7p4 #eb71 are describ$ ) a nak$ s9c]ity t be>s ^u its face ! /amp ( tru?4 #c ,a fam\s passage f ,agrippa 7,de ,vanitate ,sci5ti>um7 des]ves a place "h4 ,aft] allud+ to ,sixtus ,,iv1 he says t _m /ate (fic]s '9 civitatibus suis lupan>ia con/ruunt fov5tque1 non nihil ex m]etricio que/u etiam a]>io suo accumulantes emolum5ti2 quod quidem 9 ,italia non r>um e/1 ubi etiam ,romana scorta 9 s+ulas hebdomadas ,julium p5d5t ,pontifici1 qui c5sus annuus nonnunquam vig9ti millia ducatos exc$it1 adeoque ,ecclesiae proc]um id munus e/1 ut una cum ,ecclesi>um prov5tibus etiam l5oc9iorum num]5t m]c$em4 ,sic enim ego illos supputantes aliqu&o audivi3 ,habet1 inqui5tes1 ille duo b5eficia1 unum curaturn aureorum vig9ti1 alt]um prioratum ducatorum quadrag9ta1 el tres putanas 9 burdello1 quae r$dunt s+ulis hebdomadibus ,julios ,vig9ti4' #d ,v few ecclesia/ics ( high rank escap$ ! contagion ( ,roman society4 ,x 0 fa%ionable = m5 l ,bembo & ,la ,casa to =m connections ) wom5 ( ! demi-monde & to recognize _! *ildr51 ^: legitimation !y frequ5tly procur$4 ,! ,capitoli ( ! burlesque poets %[ t ?is laxity ( conduct 0 p>donable1 :5 comp>$ ) o!r laugh+ly av[$ & all b univ]sal indulg5ces4 ,once m1 comp>e ,guidiccioni's lett] to ,m4 ,giamb4 ,b]n>di ,opp4 vol4 i4 p4 #ajb4 ,"s ( ! contempt & hatr$ express$ by ! ,italian satiri/s = ! two great ord]s ( ,s4 ,francis & ,s4 ,dom9ic may p]haps be due to an anci5t grudge aga9/ !m z a ,papal police f\nd$ 9 ! int]e/s ( or?odoxy4 ,b ! *ief po9t aim$ at is ! mixture ( hypocrisy ) immorality1 :i* r5d]$ !m odi\s to all classes ( society4 ,at ! same "t ! ,franciscans embrac$ among _! lay bre?r5 ne>ly all ! population ( ,italy1 & to die 9 ! habit ( ! ord] 0 ?\ght ! safe/ way ( *eat+ ! devil ( 8 due4 ,corruption _h gone s f> & deep t x 0 univ]sally recogniz$ & treat$ ) ! s>casm ( levity4 ,x r\s$ no s9c]e reaction1 & /imulat$ no p]si/5t indignation4 ,e "o ackn[l$g$ x2 yet e "o cont9u$ to live indol5tly accord+ to ! fa%ion ( 8 =efa!rs1 act+ up to ,ovid's maxim-- ,pro magna p>te vetu/as ,cr$itur2 acceptam p>ce mov]e fidem4 ,x is only ?is incurable indiff]5ce t r5d]s ,ma*iavelli's comic portraits ( ,fra ,alb]igo & ,fra ,timoteo at all intelligible4 ,!y are nei!r satires nor c>icatures1 b simple pictures drawn = ! amusem5t ( contempor>ies & ! /upefaction ( po/]ity4 ,! criticism ( ! ,italian writ]s1 s f> z we h yet foll[$ x1 0 direct$ aga9/ two sep>ate evils--! vici\s worldl9ess ( ,rome1 & ! demoralization ( ! cl]gy bo? 9 _! deal+s ) ! p & 9 _! conv5tual life4 ,contempt = false miracles & spuri\s reliques1 & ! horror ( ! traffic 9 indulg5ces1 swell$ ! /orm ( discont5t among ! m enlight5$4 ,b ! p cont9u$ to make sa9ts1 to adore wond]-work+ %r9es1 & to pr(it by ! spiritual advantages :i* c\ld be b\ght4 ,pius ,,ii41 m9dful ( ! honor ( 8 native city1 canoniz$ ,s4 ,b]n>d9e & ,s4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a4 ,innoc5t ,,viii consecrat$ a *apel = ! ,lance ( ,long9us1 :i* he _h receiv$ f ! ,turk z "p-paym5t = ! gu>dian%ip ( ,djem4 ,! ,v5etian ,s5ate (f]$ #aj1jjj ducats = ! seamless coat ( ,*ri/ 7#adee74 ,! :ole ( ,italy 0 agitat$ by ! news t ,s4 ,&rew's head _h arriv$ f ,patras 7#adfb74 ,! ,pope & 8 ,c>d9als w5t =? to meet x ne> ! ,milvian bridge4 ,!re ,pius ,,ii4 pron\nc$ a ,lat9 spee* ( welcome1 :ile ,bess>ion deliv]$ an oration :5 ! preci\s memb] 0 deposit$ 9 ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,9 ?is passion = reliques two diff]5t s5tim5ts seem to h be5 comb9$--! m]ely sup]/iti\s belief 9 ! efficacy ( *>ms1 :i* caus$ ! ,v5etians to gu>d ! body ( ,s4 ,m>k s jeal\sly1 & ! ,neapolitans to wat* ! liqifaction ( ! blood ( ,s4 ,janu>ius ) a fr5zy ( excitem5t--& t nobl] respect = ! p]sons ( ! mighty dead :i* induc$ ,sigismondo ,malate/a to transport ! body ( ,gemi/us ,ple?o to ,rim9i1 & :i* r5d]$ ! suppos$ c(f9 ( ,ari/otle at ,pal]mo an object ( admiration to ,mussulman & ,*ri/ian alike4 ,! bones ( ,virgil1 x w be rememb]$1 _h be5 built into ! walls ( ,naples1 :ile ^? ( ,livy 7 honor$ ) spl5did sepulture at ,padua4 ,ow+ to ! sep>ation betwe5 religion & morality :i* exi/$ 9 ,italy "u ! influ5ce ( ,papal & mona/ic pr(ligacy1 ! ,italians saw no reason :y spiritual b5efits %\ld n be pur*as$ f a notori\sly rapaci\s ,pontiff1 or :y ! p5alty ( hell %\ld n dep5d ^u ! m]e ^w ( a consecrat$ mon/]4 ,! ,pope z successor ( ,s4 ,pet]1 & ! ,pope z ,roman sov]eign1 7 two sep>ate be+s4 ,_m curi\s indications ( ! mix$ feel+ ( ! p ^u ?is po9t1 & ( ! advantage :i* ! ,pope d]iv$ f 8 anomal\s position1 may be ga!r$ f ! hi/orians ( ! p]iod4 ,ma*iavelli1 9 8 n>rative ( ! massacre at ,s9igaglia1 relates t ,vitellozzo ,vitelli1 :ile be+ /rangl$ by ,ces>e ,borgia's assass91 begg$ h>d t ! fa!r ( 8 murd]]1 ! horrible ,alex&]1 might be entreat$ to pron\nce 8 absolution4 ,! same ,alex&] 0 ne>ly suffocat$ 9 ! ,vatican by ! ,fr5* soldi]s :o cr[d$ r\nd to kiss 8 mantle1 & :o _h made him tremble = 8 life a few days previ\sly4 ,cell9i on 8 knees implor$ ,pope ,clem5t to absolve him f ! guilt ( homicide & !ft1 yet spoke ( him z 'trans=m$ to a savage bea/' by a sudd5 access ( fury4 ,at "o "t he trembl$ be=e ! awful ,maje/y ( ,*ri/'s ,vic>1 reveal$ 9 ,paul ,,iii42 at ano!r he revil$ him z a man ':o nei!r believ$ 9 ,god nor 9 any o!r article ( religion4 ,a my/]i\s sanctity environ$ ! p]son ( ! ,pontiff4 ,:5 ,gianpaolo ,baglioni held ,julius ,,ii4 9 8 p[] 9 ,p]ugia1 he respect$ ! ,pope's fre$om1 ?\gh he knew t ,julius w\ld ov]?r[ 8 tyranny4 ,ma*iavelli condemns ?is z c[>dice1 b x 0 :olly consi/5t ) ! s5tim5t ( ! age4 ',x _c h be5 goodness or consci5ce :i* re/ra9$ him1' writes ! philosoph] ( ,flor5ce1 '= ! he>t ( a man :o cohabit$ ) 8 si/]1 & _h massacr$ 8 c\s9s & 8 nephews1 c\ld n h h>bor$ any piety4 ,we mu/ conclude t m5 "k n h[ to be ei!r guilty 9 a noble mann]1 or entirely good4 ,al?\gh crime may h a c]ta9 gr&eur ( its own1 or at lea/ a mixture ( m g5]\s motives1 !y d n atta9 to ?is4 ,gianpaolo1 c>eless ?\gh he 0 ab\t ince/ & p>ricide1 c\ld n1 or d>$ n1 on a j occasion1 a*ieve an exploit = :i* ! :ole _w w\ld h admir$ 8 _s1 & by :i* he w\ld h won immortal glory3 = he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to %[ h[ little prelates1 liv+ & rul+ z !y d1 des]ve to be e/eem$1 & w\ld h done a de$ sup]ior 9 its greatness to all ! infamy1 to all ! p]il1 t x might h br\ght ) x4'#a ,x is difficult to "k :i* to admire mo/1 ! sup]/ition ( ,gianpaolo1 or ! cynicism ( ! comm5t>y1 ! spuri\s piety :i* made ! tyrant miss 8 opportunity1 or ! false /&>d ( moral sublimity by :i* ! half-ironical critic measures 8 mi/ake4 ,9 comb9ation !y produce a lively impression ( ! tru? ( :at ,i h attempt$ to e/abli%--t 9 ,italy at ?is p]iod religion surviv$ z sup]/ition ev5 among ! mo/ deprav$1 & t ! crimes ( ! ,*ur* _h produc$ a s*ism betwe5 ?is sup]/ition & morality4 #a ,discorsi1 i4 #bg4 ,?is episode 9 ,gianpaolo ,baglioni's life may be illu/rat$ by ! curi\s /ory told ab\t ,gabr9o ,fondulo1 ! tyrant ( ,cremona4 ,! ,emp]or ,sigismund & ,pope ,john ,,xxiii4 7 8 gue/s toge!r 9 ! ye> #adad4 ,"p ( _! ent]ta9m5t consi/$ 9 visit+ ! sights ( ,cremona ) _! ho/1 :o took !m up ! great ,t[] 7#cif feet high7 )\t any escort4 ,!y all ?ree return$ safely1 b :5 ,gabr9o 0 execut$ at ,milan 9 #adbe1 he rem>k$ t he only regrett$ "o ?+ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life--namely1 t he _h n pit*$ ,pope & ,emp]or toge!r f ! ,torazzo4 ,:at a gold5 opportunity to h let slip6 ,! /ory is told by ,antonio ,campo1 ,hi/oria di ,cremona 7,milan1 #afde71 p4 #aad4 ,:ile ! ,*ur* 0 ?us gradually deviat+ m & m directly f ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 & 0 exhibit+ to ,italy an ensample ( worldl9ess & evil liv+1 ! ,italians1 e>li] ?an any o!r ,european nation1 _h become imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,in/ead ( ! ,gospel & ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 m5 /udi$ ,plut>* & ,livy ) avidity4 ,! tyrannicides ( ,greece & ! suicides ( ! ,roman ,empire1 patriots l ,h>modius & ,brutus1 philosoph]s l ,s5eca & ,paetus ,?rasea1 seem$ to ! humani/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury m admirable ?an ! m>tyrs & confessors ( ! fai?4 ,pagan virtues 7 /rangely m+l$ ) confus$ & ill-assimilat$ precepts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :ile pagan vices wore a halo borr[$ f ! lu/] ( ! newly f\nd & passionately welcom$ poets ( antiquity4 ,bl5d+ ! vision>y intuitions ( ! ,middle ,ages ) ! positive & mundane e?ics ( ! anci5ts1 ! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance /rove to adopt ! s5tim5ts & cu/oms ( an age long dead & n to be resuscitat$4 ,at ! same "t ! rhetorical ta/e ( ! nation incl9$ ! m adv5tur\s & passionate natures to seek glory by dramatic exhibitions ( p]sonal h]oism4 ,! ,greek ideal ( ,greek3 to ealon1 ! ,roman conception ( ,virtus1 agitat$ ! imag9ation ( a p :o _h be5 p[]fully influ5c$ by pr(essors ( eloqu5ce1 by public orators1 by m5 ( lett]s1 ma/]s 9 ! arts ( /yle & ( p>ade4 ,pa9t+ & sculpture1 & t magnific5ce ( public life :i* *>act]iz$ ! fifte5? c5tury1 contribut$ to ! sub/itution ( ae/hetic = moral or religi\s /&>ds4 ,actions 7 e/imat$ by ! effect :i* !y produc$2 & to s9 aga9/ ! laws ( culture 0 ( m mom5t ?an to transgress ! code ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,/ill1 ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance c\ld n =get ! cre$ :i* !y _h drawn 9 ) _! mo!rs' milk1 b :i* ! ,*ur* _h n adju/$ to ! new conditions ( ! gr[+ age4 ,! result 0 a wild phantasmagoric *aos ( confus$ & cla%+ influ5ces4 ,( ?is peculi> moral condition ! records ( ! num]\s tyrannicides supply _m int]e/+ examples4#a ,girolamo ,olgiati (f]$ pray]s to ,s4 ,ambrose = protection be=e he /abb$ ! ,duke ( ,milan 9 ,s4 ,/eph5's ,*ur*4#b ,! ,pazzi conspirators1 intimidat$ by ! sanctity ( ! ,flor5t9e ,duomo1 _h to employ a prie/ to wield ! sacrilegi\s dagg]4#c ,pietro ,paolo ,boscoli's la/ confession1 aft] ! failure ( 8 attempt to assass9ate ! ,m$ici 9 #aeac1 adds fur!r details 9 illu/ration ( ! mixture ( religi\s feel+ ) patriotic paganism4 ,luca della ,robbia1 ! nephew ( ! great sculptor ( t "n1 & himself no mean arti/1 visit$ 8 fri5d ,boscoli on ! night ( 8 execution1 & wrote a m9ute acc\nt ( _! int]view4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 7 memb]s ( ! ,confrat]nita de' ,n]i1 :o assum$ ! duty ( com=t+ condemn$ prison]s ) spiritual c\nsel1 pray]1 & exhortation4 ,! n>rative1 dictat$ 9 ! *oice/ v]nacul> ,tuscan1 by an arti/ ^: *>ity & beauty ( s\l transpire 9 e l9e 9 contra/ ) ! fi]c] =titude ( ,boscoli1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable orig9al docum5ts = ?is p]iod :i* we possess4#d ,:at is mo/ /rik+ is ! comb9ation ( deeply root$ & almo/ infant9e piety ) antique h]oism 9 ! "y patriot4 ,he is greatly conc]n$ because1 ignorant ( 8 approa*+ end1 he _h eat5 a he>ty supp]3 ',son troppo c>ico di cibo1 et ho mangiatccose insalate2 9 modo *e non mi p>e pot] unir ,io spirito a ,dio 444 ,iddio abbi di me mis]icordia1 *e co/oro m' hanno c>ico di cibo4 ,oh indiscrezione6'#e ,!n he expresses a vehem5t desire = ! s]vices ( a le>n$ confessor1 to resolve 8 intellectual d\bts1 plead+ ) all ! e>ne/ness ( desp]ate conviction t ! salvation ( 8 s\l mu/ dep5d ^u 8 or?odoxy at ! la/4 ,he compla9s t he ought to h be5 all[$ at lea/ a mon?'s seclusion ) good fri>s be=e he 0 br\ght face to face ) dea?4 ,at ano!r "t he is *iefly anxi\s to free himself f classic memories3 ',deh6 ,luca1 cavatemi della te/a quel ,bruto1 accio *' io faccia que/o passo int]am5te da ,cri/iano'4#f ,!n aga9 x grieves him t ! te>s ( compunction1 :i* he has be5 taught to reg>d z ! true sign ( a s\l at "o ) ,god1 w n fl[4 ,ab\t ! m]e fact ( dy+ he has no anxiety4 ,! philosoph]s h /r5g!n$ him ^u t po9t4 ,he is only eag] to die pi\sly4 ,:5 he tries to pray1 he c b>ely rememb] ! ,pat]no/] & ! ,ave ,m>ia4 ,t rem9ds him h[ easy x w\ld h be5 to h sp5t 8 "t bett]1 & he bids ,luca rememb] t ! m9d a man makes = himself 9 life1 w be ) him 9 dea?4 ,:5 !y br+ him a picture ( ,*ri/1 he asks :e!r he ne$s t to fix 8 s\l ^u 8 ,savi\r4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long cont5tion ( s _m v>y+ ?\ghts1 he nev] que/ions ! morality ( ! act = :i* he is condemn$ to die4 ,luca1 h[ev]1 has 8 d\bts1 & privately asks ! confessor :e!r ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as _h n disc\nt5anc$ tyrannicide4 ',yes1' answ]s ! monk1 '9 case ! p h elect$ _! own tyrant1 b n :5 he has impos$ himself on !m by =ce4' ,?is casui/ical answ] satisfies ,luca t 8 fri5d may reasonably be held blameless4 ,aft] confess+1 ,boscoli receiv$ ! sacram5t ) great piety1 & di$ bravely4 ,! confessor told ,luca1 weep+1 t he 0 sure ! "y man's s\l _h gone /raight to ,p>adise1 & t he might be reckon$ a real m>tyr4 ,8 head aft] dea? 0 l t ( an angel2 & ,luca 01 we "k1 a connoisseur 9 angels' heads4 ,boscoli 0 only ?irty-two ye>s ( age2 he _h light hair1 & 0 %ort-sight$4 #a ,= ! ,italian e?ics ( tyrannicide1 see back1 pp4 #afi1 #agj4 #b ,see p4 #aff4 #c ,see p4 #cih4 #d ,x is pr9t$ 9 ,ar*4 ,/or1 vol4 i4 #e ',i am ov]-burd5$ ) food1 & ,i h eat5 salt meats2 s t ,i d n seem able to jo9 my _s to ,god4444 ,god h pity on me1 = !y h burd5$ me ) food4 ,oh1 h[ ?\ghtless ( !m6' ,8 words _c be translat$4 ,naif 9 ! extreme1 !y become ludicr\s 9 ,engli%4 #f ',ah1 ,luca1 turn t ,brutus out ( my head1 9 ord] t ,i may take ?is la/ /ep :olly z a ,*ri/ian man6' ,to ?is n>rative might be add$ ! apology writt5 by ,lor5z9o de' ,m$ici1 aft] ! murd] ( 8 c\s9 ,aless&ro 9 #aecf4a ,he relies = 8 def5se entirely ^u argum5ts borr[$ f ,pagan e?ics1 & by 8 treatm5t ( ! subject v9dicates = himself t "n ( ,brutus ) :i* ,filippo ,/rozzi 9 p]son at ,v5ice1 & ,v>*i & ,molsa 9 ,lat9 epigrams1 salut$ him4 ,!re is no trace ( ,*ri/ian feel+ 9 ?is /rong & spl5did display ( rhetorical ability2 nor does any docum5t ( ! age m =cibly exhibit ! ext5t to :i* classical /udies _h influ5c$ ! morality ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,lor5z9o1 h[ev]1 :5 he wrote x1 0 n1 l ,boscoli1 ^u ! po9t ( dy+4 #a ,x is pr9t$ at ! end ( ! ?ird volume ( ,v>*i1 pp4 #bhc-ie2 comp>e p4 #baj4 ,a m$al 9 honor ( ,lor5z9o's tyrannicide 0 /ruck ) a pr(ile copi$ f ,mi*ael ,angelo's bu/ ( ,brutus4 ,! la/ ?+ to p]i% 9 a nation is its fai?4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w proves t no anomalies are s gl>+1 no inconsi/5cies s p>adoxical1 z to sap ! cr$it ( a religi\s sy/em :i* has once be5 firmly root$ 9 ! habits1 in/9cts1 & traditions ( a race3 & :at rema9s longe/ is (t5 ! lea/ rational portion4 ,religions f ! fir/ are n ! product ( logical reflection or exp]im5t1 b ( s5tim5t & aspiration4 ,!y come into be+ z simple intuitions1 & aft]w>ds invade ! prov9ce ( ! reason & assimilate ! ?\ght ( c5turies to _! own conceptions4 ,?is is ! secret ( _! /r5g? z well z ! s\rce ( _! weakness4 ,x is only a /rong] en?usiasm1 a new intuition1 a fre% outbur/ ( emotional vitality1 t c supplant ! old3-- ',cotal rim$io ha que/o aspro furore1 ,tale acqua suole spegn] que/o fuoco1 ,come d'asse si trae *iodo con *iodo4' ,criticism f )\t1 int]nal corruption1 pat5t absurdity1 are comp>atively p[]less to de/roy ^? habits ( belief :i* once h tak5 hold ^u ! fancy & ! feel+ ( a nation4 ,! "w ( dissolution proce$s 9 sil5ce & 9 secret4 ,b ! e/abli%$ ord] subsi/s until ! mom5t comes = a new syn!sis4 ,& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! necess>y impulse ( reg5]ation 0 to come1 n f ,italy1 satisfi$ ) ! s]5ity ( h] art1 preoccupi$ ) h] culture1 & h>d5$ to ! infamy ( h] corruption1 b f ! ,g]many ( ! b>b>ians %e despis$4 ,^! consid]ations w help to expla9 h[ x 0 t ! ,*ur*1 9 spite ( its corruption1 /ood its gr\nd & reta9$ ! respect ( ! p 9 ,italy4 ,we mu/ moreov] be> 9 m9d t1 bad z x 01 x /ill to "s ext5t ma9ta9$ ! ,*ri/ian v]ity4 ,ap>t f ! ,roman ,curia & ! ,conv5ts1 !re exi/$ a hi]>*y ( able & ,god-fe>+ m51 :o by ! sanctity ( _! lives1 by ! gravity ( _! doctr9e1 by ! eloqu5ce ( _! prea*+1 by _! m9i/ration to ! sick1 by ! relief ( ! poor1 by ! ma9t5ance ( hospitals1 ,monti di ,pieta1 s*ools & orphanages1 kept alive 9 ! p ( ,italy ! ideal at lea/ ( a religion pure & undefil$ be=e ,god4#a ,9 ! tott]+ /atue ( ! ,*ur* "s true metal might be f\nd betwe5 ! p9*beck at ! summit & ! clay ( ! f\ndation4 #a ,see ! life ( ,s4 ,anton9o1 ! good ,ar*bi%op ( ,flor5ce4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ h[ f> ! worldly int]e/s & dome/ic sympa?ies ( ! ,italians 7 engag$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( _! ,*ur* sy/em4 ,! fib]s ( ! ,*ur* 7 int]tw9$ ) ! v he>t/r+s ( ! p4 ,few families c\ld n %[ "o or m memb]s :o _h *os5 ! cl]ical c>e]1 & :o look$ to ,rome = patronage1 employm5t1 & p]haps advancem5t to ! highe/ honors4 ,! :ole nation felt a pride 9 ! ,et]nal ,city3 patriotic vanity & p]sonal int]e/ 7 alike involv$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! metropolis ( ,*ri/5dom1 :i* drew ! suites ( ambassadors1 multitudes ( pilgrims1 & ! religi\s traffic ( ! :ole ( ,europe to ! %ores ( ,italy4 ,x 0 easy = ,g]mans & ,engli%m5 to reason calmly ab\t de?ron+ ! ,papal hi]>*y4 ,italians1 h[ev] !y might loa! ! temporal p[]1 c\ld n will+ly =ego ! spiritual primacy ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,moreov]1 ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 ! absolutions1 consecrations1 & b5$ictions :i* prie/s disp5s$ or )held at pleasure1 _h by no means lo/ _! p[]4 ,to :at ext5t ev5 ! nations ( ! nor? /ill clung to !m is prov$ by our own ,liturgy1 fram$ 9 ! tumult ( w> ) ,rome1 yet s word$ z to leave ! utmo/ resemblance to ! old ritual consi/5t ) ! _s ( ! ,re=mation4 ,f> m impos+ 7 !y 9 _! effect ^u ! imag9ation ( ,italians1 :o _h nev] dream$ ( actual rebellion1 :o possess$ ! f\nta9 ( ,apo/olical privileges 9 ! p]son ( ! ,pope1 & ^: s\!rn temp]am5t incl9$ !m to a m s5su\s & less metaphysical conception ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ! ,g]mans or ! ,engli%4 ,! dread ( ! ,papal ,int]dict 0 /ill a reality4 ,?\gh ! cl]gy ( ,flor5ce1 r\s$ to retaliative fury1 might fl+ back 9 ! tee? ( ,sixtus su* words z l5o matris suae1 adult]orum m9i/]1 diaboli vic>ius1 yet ! p c\ld n long endure '! nigg>dly & imp]fect rites1 ! baptism sp>+ly adm9i/]$1 ! extreme unction or ! la/ sacram5t coldly v\*saf$ to ! *os5 few1 ! *ur*y>d clos$ aga9/ ! dead1' :i*1 to quote ! en]getic language ( ,dean ,milman1#a 7 ! prop] fruits ( ! ,papal ban1 h[ev] unju/ly issu$ & h[ev] manfully resi/$4 #a ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cfa4 ,! hi/ory ( ! despots & ! ,popes1 toge!r ) ! analysis ( ,ma*iavelli's political e?ics1 prove ! demoralization ( a society 9 :i* crimes s extravagant c\ld h _! orig91 & cynicism s delib]ate c\ld be accept$ z a sy/em4 ,yet x rema9s 9 e/imat+ ! g5]al "* ( ,italian morality to record ! judgm5t pass$ ^u x by =eign nations ( a diff]5t complexion4 ,! morality ( races1 z ( individuals1 is r>ely o!rwise ?an mix$--virtue balanc+ vice & evil vitiat+ goodness4 ,/ill ! impression produc$ by ,r5aissance ,italy ^u obs]v]s f ! ,nor? 0 almo/ :olly bad4 ,our own ance/ors return$ f _! ,italian travels ei!r horrifi$ ) :at !y _h witness$1 or else contam9at$4 ,as*am writes3#a ',i 0 once 9 ,italy myself2 b ,i ?ank ,god my abode !re 0 b n9e days2 & yet ,i saw 9 t little "t1 9 "o city1 m lib]ty to s9 ?an ev] ,i he>d tell ( 9 our noble ,city ( ,london 9 n9e ye>s4 ,i saw x 0 !re z free to s91 n only )\t all puni%m5t1 b also )\t any man's m>k+1 z x is free 9 ! ,city ( ,london to *oose )\t all blame :e!r a man lu/ to we> %oe or pantocle4' ,rob]t ,gre5e1 :o did s mu* to introduce ! novels ( ,italy into ,engl&1 confesses t dur+ 8 y\?ful travels 9 ! s\? he 'saw & practic$ su* villany z x is abom9able to decl>e4'#b ,! :ole ( our dramatic lit]ature corroborates ^! witnesses1 :ile ! prov]b1 ,+lese ,italianato e un diavolo inc>nato1 quot$ by ,sidney1 ,h[ell1 ,p>k]1 ,as*am1 %[s h[ p]nici\s to ! co>s] natures ( ! nor? 7 ! ref9$ vices ( ! s\?4 ,:at pr9cipally /ruck our ance/ors 9 ! morality ( ! ,italians 0 ! lic5se all[$ 9 s5sual indulg5ces1 & ! bad fai? :i* ta9t$ all public & private deal+s4 ,9 respect to ! latt] po9t1 :at has already be5 said ab\t ,ma*iavelli is en\gh4#c ,loyalty 0 a virtue b little e/eem$ 9 ,italy3 engagem5ts seem$ made to be brok52 ev5 ! crime ( viol5ce 0 aggravat$ by ! crime ( p]fidy1 a bravo's /iletto or a sl[ poison be+ reckon$ among ! legitimate means = ridd+ m5 ( rivals or = rev5g+ a slight4 ,yet x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! comm]cial integrity ( ! ,italians rank$ high4 ,9 all c\ntries ( ,europe !y c>ri$ on ! bank+ bus9ess ( mon>*s1 cities1 & private p]sons4 #a ,! ,s*oolma/]2 edn4 #ahfc1 p4 #hg4 ,! :ole disc\rse on ,italian travel+ & ,italian influ5ce is v curi\s1 :5 we reflect t at ?is "t contact ) ,italy 0 =m+ ! *ief culture ( ! ,engli% 9 lit]ature & social mann]s4 ,! n9? satire 9 ,m>/on's ,sc\rge ( ,villanie conta9s mu* int]e/+ matt] on ! same po9t4 ,h[ell's ,in/ructions = =re9e ,travell furni%es ! foll[+ illu/ration3 ',& be+ 9 ,italy1 t great limbique ( work+ bra9es1 he mu/ be v circumspect 9 8 c>riage1 = %e is able to turne a ,sa9t into a devill1 & deprave ! be/ natures1 if "o w ab&on himself1 & become a prey to dissolute c\rses & wantonnesse4' #b ,! ,rep5tance ( ,rob]t ,gre5e1 quot$ 9 ! memoir to ,dyce's edition ( 8 ,dramatic ,works4 #c ,see *apt] v4 ,) ref]5ce to c>nal vice1 x _c be d5i$ t ! corruption ( ,italy 0 %ameful4 ,putt+ aside ! pr(ligacy ( ! conv5ts1 ! ,city ( ,rome 9 #adij is report$ to h held z _m z #f1hjj public pro/itutes1 besides ^? :o practic$ _! trade "u ! cloak ( concub9age4#a ,^! wom5 7 accompani$ by conf$]ate ruffians1 ready to /ab1 poison1 & extort money2 ?us viol5ce & lu/ w5t h& 9 h&1 & to ?is pr(ligate l[] /ratum ( society may be ascrib$ ! crimes ( lawlessness :i* r5d]$ ,rome "u ,innoc5t ,,viii4 almo/ un9habitable4 ,v5ice1 prais$ = its piety by ,de ,com9es1#b 0 ! resort ( all ! debau*ees ( ,europe :o c\ld af=d ! "t & money to visit ?is mod]n ,cor9?4 ,tom ,coryat1 ! ecc5tric ,engli% travel]1 gives a curi\s acc\nt ( ! spl5dor & ref9em5t display$ by ! demi-monde ( ! lagoons1 & ,m>/on describes ,v5ice z a s*ool ( luxury 9 :i* ! mon/r\s ,aret9e play$ pr(essor4#c ,( ! /ate ( morals 9 ,flor5ce ,savon>ola's s]mons give ! be/ picture4 #a ,infessura1 p4 #aiig4 ,he adds3 ',consid]atur modo qualit] vivatur ,romae ubi caput fidei e/4' ,f :at ,p>5t ,du*atelet 7,pro/itution dans la ,ville de ,p>is1 p4 #bg7 has not$ conc]n+ ! t5d5cy to exagg]ate ! numb]s ( pro/itutes 9 any giv5 t[n1 we h e reason to reg>d ! e/imate ( ,infessura z excessive4 ,9 ,p>is1 9 #ahed1 !re 7 only #d1bjf regi/]$ 'filles publiques1' :5 ! population ( ! city numb]$ #a1ejj1jjj p]sons2 :ile ^? :o ex]cis$ _! call+ cl&e/9ely 7 v>i\sly comput$ at #bj1jjj or #dj1jjj & upw>ds to #fj1jjj4 ,accurate /ati/ics relat+ to ! population ( any ,italian city 9 ! fifte5? c5tury d n1 un=tunately1 exi/4 #b ,memoirs1 lib4 vii4 ',c'e/ la plus triomphante cite que j'ai jamais vue1 et qui plus fait d'honneur a ambassadeurs et etrang]s1 et qui plus sagem5t se g\v]ne1 et ou le s]vice de ,dieu e/ le plus solemnellem5t faict4' ,! pro/itutes ( ,v5ice 7 comput$ to numb] #aa1fed s f> back z ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,see ,filiasi1 quot$ by ,mut9elli 9 8 ,annali urbani di ,v5ezia4 #c ,satires1 ii4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic vice ( ! ,italian 0 n co>se s5suality4 ,he requir$ ! fasc9ation ( ! fancy to be add$ to ! allurem5t ( ! s5ses4#a ,x is ?is :i* makes ! ,capitoli ( ! burlesque poets1 ( m5 ( note l ,b]ni1 ,la ,casa1 ,v>*i1 ,mauro1 ,molsa1 ,dolce1 ,bembo1 ,fir5zuola1 ,bronz9o1 ,aret9o1 & de' ,m$ici1 s amaz+4 ,! crude/ =ms ( debau*]y receive ! mo/ ref9$ & highly f9i%$ treatm5t 9 poems :i* are z rem>kable = _! wit z = _! cynicism4 ,a l ve9 ( elaborate innu5do runs ?r\gh ! ,canti ,c>nasciales*i ( ,flor5ce1 prov+ t h[ev] pr(ligate ! p might h be51 !y 7 n cont5t$ ) grossness unless season$ ) wit4 ,! same excitem5t ( ! fancy1 play+ freely 9 ! lawlessness ( s5sual self-indulg5ce & height5+ ! consci\sness ( p]sonal =ce 9 ! ag5t1 r5d]$ ! ex]cise ( +5uity or ! avoidance ( p]il an enhancem5t ( pleasure to ! ,italians4 ,?is is p]haps "o ( ! reasons :y all ! imag9ative compositions ( ! ,r5aissance1 especially ! ,novelle1 turn ^u adult]y4 ,judg+ by ! majority ( ^! romances1 by ! com$ies ( ! "t1 & by ! poetry ( ,ario/o1 we are compell$ to believe t su* illicit love 0 m]ely s5sual1 & ow$ its pr9cipal attractions to ! scope x af=d$ = :imsical adv5tures4 ,yet ,bembo's ,asolani1 ,ca/iglione's panegyric ( ,platonic ,love1 & mu* ( ! lyrical poetry 9 vogue w>n u to be cauti\s4 ,! old romantic s5tim5t express$ by ! ,flor5t9es ( ! ?irte5? c5tury /ill surviv$ to "s ext5t1 add+ a sort ( dignity 9 =m at lea/ to ^! affections4 #a ,mu* might be writt5 ab\t ! play ( ! imag9ation :i* gave a peculi> complexion to ! pr(ligacy1 ! jeal\sy1 & ! v5geance ( ! ,italians4 ,i %all h occasion else:]e to ma9ta9 t 9 _! lit]ature at lea/ ! ,italians 7 n a highly imag9ative race2 nor 7 !y subject to ^? highly wr\ght conditions ( ! brood+ fancy1 t]m$ by ! nor!rn nations ,melan*oly1 :i* ,du]] has p]sonifi$ 9 8 celebrat$ et*+1 & ,burton has describ$ 9 8 ,anatomy4 ,b 9 _! love & hatr$1 _! lu/ & _! cruelty1 ! ,italians requir$ an intellectual elem5t :i* br\ght ! imag9ative faculty into play4 ,x 0 due aga9 9 a great measure to _! dem& = imag9ative excitem5t 9 all matt]s ( ! s5se1 to _! desire = ! extravagant & extraord9>y z a season+ ( pleasure1 t ! ,italians came to des]ve s t]rible a "n among ! nations = unnatural passions4#a ,?is is a subject :i* c h>dly be t\*$ 9 pass+3 yet ! op9ion may be record$ t x belongs r to ! sci5ce ( psy*opa?y ?an to ! *ronicle ( vulg> lu/s4 ,engli% poets h giv5 u ! "r key to ! ,italian temp]am5t1 on ?is z on s _m o!r po9ts4 ,%elley 9 8 portrait ( ,francesco ,c5ci has drawn a man 9 :om cruelty & ince/ h become appetites ( ! di/emp]$ s\l2 ! love ( ,giovanni & ,annabella 9 ,=d's trag$y is rightly depict$ z m imag9ative ?an s5sual4 ,x is no excuse = ! ,italians to say t !y _h spiritualiz$ abom9able vices4 ,:at ?is really means is t _! immorality 0 ne>] t ( devils ?an ( bea/s4 ,b 9 seek+ to di/+ui% its true "*1 we mu/ take notice ( ! highly wr\ght fantasy :i* season$ bo? _! luxury & _! jeal\sy1 _! v5geance & _! lu/4 #a ,italian lit]ature is l\d-voic$ on ?is topic4 ,! conclud+ /anzas ( ,poliziano's ,orfeo1 recit$ be=e ! ,c>d9al ( ,mantua1 ! ,capitoli ( ,b]ni1 ,bronz9o1 ,la ,casa1 & "s ( ! ,canti ,c>nasiales*i1 might be cit$4 ,we might add ,v>*i's express te/imony z to ! morals ( ,filippo ,/rozzi1 ,lor5z9o de' ,m$ici1 ,pi] ,luigi ,f>nese1 & ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,:at ,segni 7lib4 x4 p4 #dji7 tells u ab\t ! brave ,giovanni ,b&9i is also v significant4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,san ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a1 ,vespasiano 7,vite di ,illu/ri ,uom9i1 p4 #ahf7 writes3 ',l',italia1 *' era pi5a di que/e t5ebre1 e aveva lasciata ogni norma di buoni co/umi1 e non era piu *i conoscesse ,iddio4 ,tanto erano somm]si e sepulti ne' maladetti e abbom9evoli vizi nef&i6 ,gli avevano 9 modo messi 9 uso1 *e non temevano ne ,iddio ne l'onore del mondo4 ,maladetta cecita6 ,9 tanto eccesso era v5uto ogni cosa1 *e gli scell]ati ed enormi vizi non era piu *i gli /imasse1 p] lo maladetto uso *e n'avevano fatto 444 massime il maladetto e abom9&o e dete/&o peccato della sodomia4 ,erano 9 modo /racorsi 9 que/a cecita1 *e bisognava *e l'onnipot5te ,iddio facesse un' altra volta piov]e dal cielo zolfo e fuoco come egli fece a ,sodoma e ,gomorra4' ,comp>e ,savon>ola passim1 ! inductions to ! ,sacre ,rappres5tazioni1 ! famili> lett]s ( ,ma*iavelli1 & ! /atute ( ,cosimo aga9/ ?is vice 7ye> #aedb1 ,sabellii ,summa4 ,v5ice1 #agae2 vol4 v4 p4 #bhg74 ,! same is to "s ext5t true ( _! cruelty4 ,! really cruel nation ( ! ,r5aissance 0 ,spa91 n ,italy4#a ,! ,italians1 z a rule1 7 g5tle & humane1 especially 9 w>f>e4#b ,no ,italian army w\ld sy/ematically h tortur$ ! :ole population ( a captur$ city day aft] day = mon?s1 z ! ,spani>ds did 9 ,rome & ,milan1 to satisfy _! av>ice & glut _! /olid appetite = blood4 ,_! respect = human life aga9 0 high] ?an t ( ! ,fr5* or ,swiss4 ,!y gave qu>t] to _! foes ^u ! battle-field1 & 7 horrifi$ ) ! massacres 9 cold blood p]petrat$ at ,fivizzano & ,rapallo by ! army ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ,b :5 ! demon ( cruelty possess$ ! imag9ation ( an ,italian1 :51 l ,gian ,m>ia ,visconti1 he came to reli% ! sight ( torm5t = its own sake1 or :5 he s\ght to inspire fe> by ! spectacle ( pa91 !n no ,spani>d surpass$ him 9 ! +5uity ( 8 devices4 ,9 gratify+ 8 ?ir/ = v5geance he 0 nev] cont5t$ ) m]e murd]4 ,to obta9 a p]sonal triumph at ! exp5se ( 8 enemy by ! display ( sup]ior cunn+1 by r5d]+ him ridicul\s1 by expos+ him to m5tal z well z physical angui%1 by w\nd+ him ?r\gh 8 affections or 8 s5se ( honor1 0 ! end :i* he pursu$4 ,?is is :y s _m acts ( viol5ce 9 ,italy assum$ fanta/ic =ms4 ,ev5 ! c\ntry folk %[$ an inf]nal art 9 ! execution ( _! v5dette4 ,to s]ve ! fle% ( *ildr5 up to _! fa!rs at a meal ( c\rtesy is m5tion$1 = example1 z "o mode ( wreak+ v5geance 9 c\ntry villages4 ,?us ! high culture & ae/hetic temp]am5t ( ! ,italians gave an intellectual quality to _! vices4 ,crude lu/ & blood%$ 7 insipid to _! palates3 !y requir$ ! pung5t sauce ( a melodramatic cata/rophe4 #a ,^? :o wi% to ga9 a lively notion ( ,spani% cruelty 9 ,italy %\ld read1 besides ! acc\nts ( ! ,sacco di ,roma by ,guicci>d9i & ,buonap>te1 ! n>rative ( ! ,sacco di ,prato 9 ! ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,italiano1 vol4 i41 & ,cagnola's acc\nt ( ! ,spani% occupation ( ,milan1 ib4 vol4 iii4 #b ,de ,com9es m ?an once notices ! humanity %[n by ! ,italian peasants to ! ,fr5* army4 ,! drunk5ness & gluttony ( nor!rn nations = a l reason f\nd no favor 9 ,italy4 ,x disgu/$ ! ,romans beyond measure to witness ! sw9i% excesses ( ! ,g]mans4 ,_! own s5suality prompt$ !m to a ref9$ ,epicureanism 9 food & dr9k2 on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! prelates1 "h z else:]e =emo/ 9 pr(ligacy1 disgrac$ ! age ( ,leo ) banquets wor?y ( ,vitellius4#a ,we trace ! same play ( ! fancy1 ! same promptitude to quick5 & int5sify ! imm$iate s5se ( p]sonality at any co/ ( aft]-suff]+1 9 ano!r *>act]i/ic vice ( ! ,italians4 ,gambl+ among !m 0 c>ri$ fur!r & produc$ m h>m ?an x did 9 ! transalp9e cities4 ,?is we ga!r f ,savon>ola's d5unciations1 f ! animat$ pictures drawn by ,alb]ti 9 8 ,trattato della ,famiglia & ,c5a della ,famiglia & also f ! inductions to _m ( ! ,sacre ,rappres5tazioni4#b #a ,see ,gregorovius1 ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bbe3 ',e li c>d9ali com5z>ono a vomit> e cussi li altri1' quot$ f ,sanudo4 #b ,"o ( ! excell5t *>act]i/ics ( ,alfonso ! ,great 7,vespasiano1 p4 #di7 0 8 abhorr5ce ( gambl+4 ,ano!r po9t :i* /ruck a nor!rn visitor 9 ,italy 0 ! frequ5cy ( private & dome/ic murd]s4#a ,! ,italians _h & des]v$ a bad reputation = poison+ & assass9ation4 ,to ref] to ! de$s ( viol5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( a s+le family1 ! ,baglioni ( ,p]ugia1 z record$ by _! *ronicl] ,mat>azzo2 to cite ! passages 9 :i* ,v>*i relates ! dea?s by poison ( ,luisa ,/rozzi1 ,c>d9al ,ippolito de' ,m$ici1 & ,sanga2 or to translate ! pages ( annali/s1 :o describe ! palaces ( nobles sw>m+ ) bravi1 w\ld be a v easy task4#b ,b ! sket* ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i's autobiography1 :i* w =m "p ( my ?ird volume1 gives s lively a picture ( ?is aspect ( ,italian life1 t !re is no reason to enl>ge ^u ! topic n[4 ,x is en\gh to obs]ve t1 9 _! employm5t ( poison & ( paid assass9s1 ! ,italians 7 guid$ by ^? habits ( calculation :i* di/+ui%$ _! "*4#c ,!y ?\ght no?+ ( remov+ an enemy by craft or viol5ce3 b !y took no pleasure 9 murd] = its own sake4#d ,! object :i* !y _h 9 view prompt$ !m to take a man's life2 ! m]e delight 9 brawls & blood%$ ( ,switz]s1 ,g]mans1 & ,spani>ds (f5d$ _! ta/e4 #a ,see ,guicc4 ,/4 ,il4 vol4 i4 p4 #aja1 = ! impression produc$ ^u ! army ( ,*>les by ! murd] by poison ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,s=za4 #b ,a vivid illu/ration ( ! me?od adopt$ by hir$ assass9s 9 track+ & hunt+ d[n _! victims is pres5t$ by ,francesco ,bibboni's n>rative ( 8 murd] ( ,lor5z9o de' ,m$ici at ,v5ice4 ,x ca/s mu* curi\s light1 moreov]1 on ! relations betwe5 paid bravi & _! employ]s1 ! e/eem 9 :i* pr(essional cut?roats 7 held1 & _! connection ) ! police ( ! ,italian t[ns4 ,x is publi%$ 9 a tract conc]n+ ,lor5z9o1 ,milano1 ,daelli1 #ahfb4 #c ,see ! in/ructions giv5 by ! ,v5etian gov]nm5t to _! ag5ts = ! pur*ase ( poison & ! hir+ ( secret murd]]s4 ,see also ! ,maxims laid d[n by ,s>pi4 #d ,?is at lea/ 0 acc\nt$ ecc5tric & b>b>\s 9 ! extreme4 ,see ,pontano1 de ,immanitate1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbf1 conc]n+ ,niccolo ,=tibraccio1 ,antonio1 ,pontad]a1 & ! ,riccio ,monte*i>o1 :o /abb$ & /rangl$ = ! pleasure ( see+ m5 die4 ,i h already discuss$ ! blood-madness ( "s ( ! despots4 ,:ile ! imag9ation play$ s important a "p 9 ! morality ( ! ,italians1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y 7 defici5t 9 t :i* is ! highe/ imag9ative safegu>d aga9/ vice1 a scrupul\s s5se ( honor4 ,x is true t ! ,italian au?ors talk mu* ab\t ,onore4 ,p&olf9i tells 8 sons t ,onore is "o ( ! qualities :i* require ! greate/ ?rift 9 keep+1 & ,ma*iavelli ass]ts t x is almo/ z dang]\s to attack m5 9 _! ,onore z 9 _! prop]ty4 ,b :5 we come to analyze ! ^w1 we f9d t x means some?+ diff]5t f t mixture ( consci5ce1 pride1 & self-respect :i* makes a man true to a high ideal 9 all ! possible circum/ances ( life4 ,! ,italian ,onore consi/$ p>tly ( ! cr$it atta*+ to public di/9ction1 & p>tly ( a reputation = ,virtu1 und]/&+ t ^w 9 its ,ma*iavellian usage1 z =ce1 c\rage1 ability1 virility4 ,x 0 n incompatible ) craft & dissimulation1 or ) ! indulg5ce ( s5sual vices4 ,/atesm5 l ,guicci>d9i1 :o1 by ! way1 has writt5 a f9e p>agraph ^u ! v ^w 9 "q1#a did n ?9k x unwor?y ( _! honor to traffic 9 affairs ( /ate = private pr(it4 ,ma*iavelli n only recomm5d$ brea*es ( political fai?1 b sacrific$ 8 pr9ciples to 8 pecuni>y int]e/s ) ! ,m$ici4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to inquire h[ f> ! obtuse s5sibility ( ! ,italians on ?is po9t 0 due to _! fre$om f vanity4#b ,no nation is p]haps less influ5c$ by m]e op9ion1 less incl9$ to value m5 by _! adv5titi\s advantages3 ! ,italian has ! c\rage & ! indep5d5ce ( 8 p]sonality4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m important to take notice t ,*ivalry nev] took a firm root 9 ,italy2 & honor1 z di/+ui%$ f vanity1 am\r propre1 & cr$it1 draws its life f t ideal ( ! knightly "* :i* ,*ivalry e/abli%$4 ,! true knight 0 equally s5sitive ^u ! po9t ( honor1 9 all t conc]n$ ! ma9t5ance ( an unsulli$ self1 :e!r he f\nd himself 9 a k+'s c\rt or a robb]'s d54 ,*ivalry1 z epitomiz$ 9 ! celebrat$ oa? impos$ by ,ar?ur on 8 pe]s ( ! ,r\nd ,table1 0 a nor!rn1 a ,teutonic1 in/itution4 ,! s5se ( honor :i* =m$ its v ess5ce 0 fur!r develop$ by ! social atmosph]e ( a mon>*'s c\rt4 ,x became ! virtue ( ! nobly born & *ivalr\sly nurtur$1 z appe>s v rem>kably 9 ?is passage f ,rabelais#c3 ',en leur reigle n'e/oit que ce/e clause3 ,fay ce que v\ldras4 ,p>ce que g5s lib]es1 bi5 nayz1 bi5 in/ruictz1 conv]sans en compaignies honne/ies1 ont p> nature ung in/9ct et aguillon qui t\j\rs les p\lse a faitctz v]tueux1 et retire de vice3 lequel ils nommoy5t honneur4' ,n[ 9 ,italy n only 0 ,*ivalry z an in/itution weak2 b ! feudal c\rts 9 :i* x produc$ its faire/ fl[]1 ! knightly s5se ( honor1 did n exi/4#d ,in/ead ( a circle ( pe]s ga!r$ f all qu>t]s ( ! k+dom r\nd ! font ( honor 9 ! p]son ( ! sov]eign1 comm]cial republics1 =ceful tyrannies1 & ! ,papal ,curia gave ! tone to society4 ,9 e "p ( ! p59sula ri* bank]s :o b\ght & sold cities1 adv5tur]s :o grasp$ at pr9cipalities by viol5ce or intrigue1 & prie/s :o s\ght ! aggr&izem5t ( a sac]dotal corporation1 7 br\ght toge!r 9 ! me%es ( diplomacy4 ,! few noble families :i* claim$ a feudal orig9 c>ri$ on w>s = pay by contract 9 ! int]e/ ( burgh]s1 popes1 or despots4 ,( ^! conditions n "o 0 conducive to ! s5se ( honor z conceiv$ 9 ,france or ,engl&4 ,tak5 altoge!r & 9 comb9ation1 !y c\ld n fail to be em95tly unfavorable to its developm5t4 ,9 su* a society ,bay>d & ,sir ,walt] ,manny w\ld h be5 out ( place3 ! motto noblesse oblige w\ld h _h b little mean+4#e ,in/ead ( ,honor1 ,virtu rul$ ! _w 9 ,italy4 ,! moral atmosph]e aga9 0 critical & highly intellectualiz$4 ,m5tal ability comb9$ ) p]sonal d>+ gave rank4 ,b ! v subtlety & =ce ( m9d :i* =m$ ! /r5g? ( ! ,italians prov$ ho/ile to any delicate s5tim5t ( honor4 ,analysis enfeebles ! tact & spontaneity ( feel+ :i* con/itute its /ronge/ safegu>d4 ,all ?is is obvi\s 9 ! e?ics ( ! ,pr9cipe4 ,:at mo/ a/\nds u 9 t treatise is ! assumption t no m5 w be b\nd by laws ( honor :5 utility or ! object 9 view require _! sacrifice4 ,9 conclusion2 al?\gh ! ,italians 7 n lack+ 9 integrity1 hone/y1 probity1 or pride1 _! positive & highly analytical g5ius 0 b little influ5c$ by t *ivalr\s honor :i* 0 an en?usiasm & a religion to ! feudal nations1 surviv+ ! decay ( *ivalry z a pres]vative in/9ct m undef9able ?an absolute morality4 ,honor ) ! nor!rn g5try 0 subjective2 ) ! ,italians ,onore 0 objective--an addition conf]r$ f )\t1 9 ! %ape ( reputation1 glory1 titles ( di/9ction1 or (fices ( tru/4#f #a ,ricordi politici e civili1 ,no4 #aah1 ,op4 ,in$4 vol4 i4 #b ,see ,de ,/5dhal1 ,hi/oire de la pe9ture en ,italie1 pp4 #bhe-ia1 = a curi\s catalogue ( examples4 ,! mod]n s5se ( honor is bas$1 no d\bt1 to "s ext5t on a delicate am\r propre1 :i* makes a man desir\s ( w9n+ ! e/eem ( 8 neighbors = its own sake4 ,grant+ t consci5ce1 pride1 vanity1 & self-respect are all con/itu5ts ( honor1 we may1 p]haps1 f9d m pride 9 ! ,spani%1 m am\r propre 9 ! ,fr5*1 & m consci5ce 9 ! ,engli%4 #c ,g>gantua1 lib4 #a4 *4 #eg4 #d ,see1 h[ev]1 :at ,i h already said ab\t ,ca/iglione & 8 ideal ( ! c\rti] 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,we mu/ rememb] t he repres5ts a late p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance4 #e ,x is curi\s to comp>e1 = example1 ! "p play$ by ,italians1 especially by ,v5ice1 ,pisa1 ,g5oa1 ,amalfi1 z contractors & m]*ants 9 ! ,crusades1 ) ! en?usiasm ( ! nor!rn nations4 #f ,9 confirmation ( ?is view ,i may call att5tion to ,giannotti's critique ( ! ,flor5t9e con/itution 7,flor5ce1 #ahej1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ae & #aef71 & to :at ,ma*iavelli says ab\t ,gianpaolo ,baglioni 7,disc4 i4 #bg71 ',gli uom9i non sanno ess]e onorevolm5te tri/i'2 m5 "k n h[ to be bad ) cr$it to !mselves4 ,! context proves t ,gianpaolo fail$ to w9 ! honor ( a signal crime4 ,comp>e ! use ( ! ^w onore 9 ,lor9z9o de' ,m$ici's ',apologia4' ,) ! ,italian conception ( ,onore we may comp>e _! view ( ,one/a 9 ! female sex4 ,?is is set =? pla9ly by ,piccolom9i 9 ,la ,bella ,creanza delle ,donne4#a ,z 9 ! case ( ,onore1 we h "h to deal1 n ) an exquisite p]sonal ideal1 b ) some?+ f> m mat]ial & ext]nal4 ,! one/a ( a m>ri$ woman is compatible ) secret infidelity1 provid$ %e does n expose h]self to ridicule & c5sure by lett+ h] am\r be kn[n4 ,"h aga91 !re=e1 ! prop] translation ( ! ^w seems to be cr$it4 ,f9ally1 we may allude to ! invective aga9/ honor :i* ,tasso puts into ! m\?s ( 8 %eph]ds 9 ,am9ta#b ,?\gh at ?is p]iod ! influ5ce ( ,france & ,spa9 _h communicat$ to ari/ocratic society 9 ,italy an exotic s5se ( honor1 yet a c\rt poet d>$ to condemn x z unwor?y ( ! ,bell' eta dell' oro1 because x int]f]$ ) pleasure & introduc$ disagreeable duties into life4 ,su* a tirade w\ld n h be5 endur$ 9 ! ,london ( ,elizabe? or 9 ! ,p>is ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,tasso himself1 x may be said 9 pass+1 0 almo/ fev]i%ly punctili\s 9 matt]s t t\*$ 8 reputation4 #a ,la ,raffaella1 ovv]o ,delia bella ,creanza delle ,donne 7,milano1 ,daelli74 ,comp>e ! /atem5t ( ! au?or 9 8 preface1 p4 #d1 :]e he speaks 9 8 own p]son1 ) ! def9ition ( ,onore giv5 by ,raffaella1 pp4 #ej & #ea ( ! ,dialogue3 'l'onore non e ripo/o 9 altro1 se non nella /imazione appresso agli uom9i 444 l'onor della donna non consi/e1 come t'ho detto1 nel f>e o non f>e1 *e que/o importa poco1 ma nel cr$]si o non cr$]si4' #b ,?is invective might be p>allel$ f "o ot ,masuccio's ,novelle 7ed4 ,napoli1 pp4 #chi1 #cij71 9 :i* he almo/ cynically exposes ! inconv5i5ce ( self-respect & delicacy4 ,! situation ( two fri5ds1 :o agree t honor is a nuisance & %>e _! wives 9 common1 is a favorite ( ! ,noveli/s4 ,an important consid]ation1 affect+ ! :ole "q ( ,italian immorality1 is ?is4 ,:]eas ! nor!rn races _h hi!rto rema9$ 9 a /ate ( comp>ative pov]ty & b>b>ism1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh villages & c\ntry di/ricts1 ! p ( ,italy _h enjoy$ c5turies ( weal? & civilization 9 great cities4 ,_! t[ns 7 ! c5t]s ( luxuri\s life4 ,! sup]flu\s income ( ! ri* 0 sp5t 9 pleasure1 nor _h mod]n decorum taught !m to conceal ! vices ( advanc$ culture b5ea? ! cloak ( propriety4 ,!y 7 at ! same "t bo? indiff]5t to op9ion & self-consci\s 9 a high degree4 ,! v wor/ ( !m 0 se5 at a glance & record$ ) m9ute p>ticul>ity4 ,! depravity ( less cultivat$ races rema9$ unnotic$ because no "o took ! tr\ble to describe m]e b>b>ism4#a ,vices ( ! same sort1 b less widely disp]s$1 p]haps1 ?r\gh\t ! p1 7 notori\s 9 ,italy1 because !y 7 comb9$ ) s mu* t 0 beautiful & spl5did4 ,9 a ^w1 ! faults ( ! ,italians 7 su* z belong to a highly intellectualiz$ society1 z yet b imp]fectly p5etrat$ ) culture1 rais$ above ! bruti%ness ( b>b>ians1 b n advanc$ to ! self-control ( civilization1 hamp]$ by ! corruption ( a ,*ur* t traffick$ 9 crime1 ta9t$ by uncritical contact ) pagan art & lit]ature1 & emasculat$ by political despotism4 ,_! vices1 bad z !y 7 9 reality1 seem$ /ill worse because !y attack$ ! imag9ation in/ead ( m]ely ex]cis+ ! s5ses4 ,z a correlative to _! depravity1 we f9d a sobriety ( appetite1 a c\rtesy ( behavior1 a mildness & *e]fulness ( disposition1 a widely diffus$ ref9em5t ( s5tim5t & mann]s1 a lib]al _s ( tol]ation1 :i* c n[h]e else be p>allel$ 91 ,europe at t p]iod4 ,x 0 no small m>k ( sup]iority to be less ignorant & gross ?an ,engl&1 less brutal & /olid ?an ,g]many1 less rapaci\s ?an ,switz]l&1 less cruel ?an ,spa91 less va9 & inconsequ5t ?an ,france4 #a ,read1 h[ev]1 ! ,saxon ,*ronicles or ! annals ( ,irel& 9 ,fr\de4 ,italy aga9 0 ! l& ( emancipat$ individuality4 ,:at ,mill 9 8 ,essay on ,lib]ty desir$1 :at seems e day m unatta9able 9 mod]n life1 0 enjoy$ by ! ,italians4 ,!re 0 no *eck to ! gr[? ( p]sonality1 no gr9d+ ( m5 d[n to mat* ! av]age4 ,if great vices em]g$ m op5ly ?an !y did else:]e 9 ,europe1 great qualities also _h ! opportunity ( free developm5t 9 h]oes l ,f]rucci1 9 sa9ts l ,savon>ola1 9 arti/s l ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,:ile ! social atmosph]e ( ! ,papal & despotic c\rts 0 unfavorable to ! highe/ type ( "*1 we f9d at lea/ no ext]nal eng9e ( repression1 no omnipot5t inquisition1 no ov]p[]+ ari/ocracy4#a ,false political sy/ems & a corrupt ,*ur* creat$ a mal>ia1 :i* poison$ ! noble spirits ( ,ma*iavelli1 ,ario/o1 ,guicci>d9i1 ,giuliano della ,rov]e4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[ !re=e t ! humanities ( ! race at l>ge1 9 spite ( sup]/ition & bad gov]nm5t1 7 vitiat$4 #a ,i am ( c\rse speak+ ( ! ,r5aissance z di/+ui%$ f t new phase ( ,italian hi/ory :i* foll[$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t & ! ,spani% despotism4 ,we h positive pro(s to ! contr>y 9 ! art ( ! ,italians4 ,! ,april fre%ness ( ,giotto1 ! piety ( ,fra ,angelico1 ! virg9al purity ( ! "y ,raphael1 ! sweet gravity ( ,john ,bell9i1 ! philosophic dep? ( ,da ,v9ci1 ! sublime elevation ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! suavity ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ! delicacy ( ! ,della ,robbia1 ! re/ra9$ f]vor ( ,rosell9i1 ! rapture ( ! ,si5ese & ! rev]5ce ( ! ,umbrian ma/]s1 ,francia's pa?os1 ,mantegna's dignity1 & ,lu9i's div9e simplicity1 7 qualities :i* belong$ n only to ^! arti/s b also to ! p ( ,italy f :om !y sprang4 ,if m5 n few ( :om 7 born 9 cottages & educat$ 9 work%ops c\ld feel & ?9k & fa%ion z !y did1 we _c d\bt t _! mo!rs & _! fri5ds 7 pure & pi\s1 & t ! race :i* gave !m to ! _w 0 n deprav$4 ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 ne>] to ! p ?an lit]ature3 x 0 less a matt] ( education ?an in/9ct1 a product ( temp]am5t r ?an ( culture4 ,italian art alone suffices to prove to my m9d t ! immorality ( ! age desc5d$ f ! upp] /ratum ( society d[nw>ds4 ,selfi% despots & luxuri\s prie/s 7 ! ru9 ( ,italy2 & ! bad qualities ( ! pr9ces1 secul> & ecclesia/ical1 f\nd expression 9 ! lit]ature ( poets & humani/s1 _! p>asites4 ,b 9 :at o!r nation ( ! fifte5? c5tury c we %[ ! same ( social urbanity & intellectual light diffus$ ?r\gh\t all classes f ! highe/ to ! l[e/8 ,x is true t ! sixte5? c5tury ca/ a blight ^u _! lu/]4 ,b x 0 n until ,italian ta/e _h be5 impair$ by ! vices ( ,papal ,rome & by contact ) ! ,spani>ds t ! arts became ei!r co>se or s5sual4 ,giulio ,romano 7#adib-aedf7 & ,b5v5uto ,cell9i 7#aejj-gj7 m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! *ange4 ,9 ,rib]ia1 a ,spani>d1 9 ,c>avaggio1 & 9 ! :ole s*ool ( ,bologna1 x 0 accompli%$4 ,yet nev] at any p]iod did ! native ,italian ma/]s le>n to love ugl9ess ) ! devotion t reveals innate grossness4 ,x rema9$ = ,du]]1 ,rembr&t1 & ,hog>? to elevate ! grotesque into ! region ( high art1 = ,rub5s to a*ieve ! apo!osis ( pure animalism1 = ,t5i]s to devote di/+ui%$ g5ius to ! s]vice ( ! commonplace4 ,9 any review ( ,italian religion & morality1 h[ev] fragm5t>y x may be1 z ?is inde$ is1 "o feature :i* di/+ui%es ! acute s5sibility ( ! race ought n to be omitt$4 ,defici5t 9 pr(\nd intellectual convictions1 incapable ( a fix$ & radical det]m9ation t[>ds national hol9ess1 devoid ( ^? passionate & imag9ative intuitions into ! my/]ies ( ! _w :i* g5]ate religions & philosophies1 ! ,italians 7 at ! same "t ke5ly susceptible to ! beauty ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? reveal$ to !m by inspir$ orators4 ,:at we call ,revivalism 0 an in/itution 9 ,italy1 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 too wise to disc\nt5ance or to suppress1 al?\gh ! prea*]s ( rep5tance 7 (t5 insubord9ate & sometimes ev5 ho/ile to ! ,papal sy/em4 ,! names ( ,arnold ( ,brescia1 ,san ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a1 ,john ( ,vic5za1 ,jacopo ,bussol>i1 ,alb]to da ,lecce1 ,giovanni ,capi/rano1 ,jacopo della ,m>ca1 ,girolamo ,savon>ola1 br+ be=e ! memory ( ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ,italian hi/ory innum]able pictures ( multitudes commov$ to te>s1 ( tyrannies de/roy$ & con/itutions f\nd$ by tumultu\s assemblies1 ( ho/ile p>ties & v9dictive nobles lock$ 9 frat]nal embraces1 ( cities clo!d 9 sackclo? = _! s9s1 ( exhortations to peace e*o+ by ! banks ( riv]s swoll5 ) blood1 ( squ>es & hillsides resonant ) sobs1 ( ,l5t5 nights illum9at$ ) bonfires ( ,vanity4#a ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! melodramatic sc5es t[]s ! s+le =m ( a ,dom9ican or ,franciscan fri>3 :ile "o voice ?und]+ woe or plead+ peace dom9ates ! cr[d4 ,( ! tempor>y effects produc$ by ^! prea*]s !re c be no "q4 ,! *anges :i* !y wr\ght 9 /ates & cities prove t ! en?usiasm !y ar\s$ 0 m ?an m]ely hy/]ical4 ,savon>ola1 ! greate/ ( 8 class1 f\nd$ n only a transi5t commonweal? 9 ,flor5ce1 b also a political p>ty ( importance1 & left 8 la/+ impress on ! greate/ s\l ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,italy--,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti4 ,!re 0 a real religi\s vigor 9 ! p correspond+ to ! prea*]'s zeal4 ,b ! action ( ?is e>ne/ mood 0 int]mitt5t & spasmodic4 ,x coexi/$ ) too mu* sup]/ition & ) passions too vehem5tly re/less to =m a settl$ tone ( "*4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,italian nation /&s n extravagantly pictur$ 9 ! life ( ,cell9i1 ^: viol5ce1 self-indulg5ce1 ke5 s5se ( pleasure1 & pagan delight 9 physical beauty 7 int]rupt$ at int]vals by inexplicable int]ludes ( rep5tance1 ,bible-read+1 psalm-s++1 & visions4 ,to del9eate ,cell9i w be ! bus9ess ( a di/ant *apt]4 ,! =m ( ! greate/ ( ,italian prea*]s mu/ occupy ! =egr\nd ( ! next4 #a ,i h ?r[n into an app5dix "s ( ! pr9cipal passages f ! *ronicles ab\t revivals 9 m$iaeval ,italy4 ,be=e clos+ ! imp]fect & scatt]$ notices collect$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x w be well to attempt "s recapitulation ( ! po9ts already sugge/$4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to ! dogmatism ( a !ory1 we are l$ to c]ta9 g5]al conclusions on ! subject ( ,italian society 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! fi]ce p>ty qu>rels :i* clos$ ! ,middle ,ages _h accu/om$ ! population to viol5ce1 & ?is viol5ce surviv$ 9 ! too frequ5t occurr5ce ( brutal crimes4 ,! artificial sov]eignty ( ! despots be+ gr\nd$ ^u p]fidy1 x foll[$ t guile & fraud came to be recogniz$ 9 private no less ?an public life4 ,) ! em]g5ce ( ! b\rgeois classes a self-satisfi$ positivism1 vividly portray$ 9 ! p]son ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 sup]s$$ ! passions & en?usiasms ( a previ\s age4 ,?us =ce1 craft1 & practical mat]ialism =m$ ! basis ( ,italian immorality4 ,vehem5t cont5tion 9 ! sph]e ( politics1 re/less speculation1 toge!r ) ! loos5+ ( e tie t b\nd society toge!r 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 emancipat$ p]sonality & sub/itut$ ! fre$om ( self-c5t]$ vigor & virility 7,virtu7 = ! prescriptions ( civil or religions ord]4 ,9 ! nation t _h %ak5 (f bo? ,papal & ,imp]ial au?ority no conception ( law rema9$ to control caprice4 ,in/ead ( law m5 obey$ ! in/9cts ( _! sev]al *>act]s1 sway$ by arti/ic ta/e or tyrann\s appetite1 or by ! spl5did h]oism ( ext9ct antiquity4 ,! ,*ur* _h ali5at$ ! p f true piety4 ,yet no new =m ( religi\s belief arose2 & p>tly ?r\gh respect = ! pa/1 p>tly ?r\gh ! conv5i5ce ( cl++ to exi/+ in/itutions1 ,ca?olicism 0 indulg5tly tol]at$4 ,at ! same "t ! humani/s introduc$ an ideal antagoni/ic to ,*ri/ianity ( ! mona/ic type4 ,)\t abruptly sev]+ !mselves f ! communion ( ! ,*ur*1 & :ile 9 =m at lea/ obs]v+ all its ord9ances1 !y ?\ght1 wrote1 spoke1 felt1 & act$ l ,pagans4 ,to ! hypocrisies ( obsolete asceticism 7 add$ ! affectations ( ana*roni/ic lic5se4 ,mean:ile1 ! national g5ius = art atta9$ its fulle/ developm5t1 simultane\sly ) ! decay ( fai?1 ! ext9ction ( political lib]ty1 & ! an>*y ( e?ics4 ,s /rong 0 ! ae/hetic impulse t x seem$ = a :ile capable ( draw+ all ! =ces ( ! nation to itself4 ,a society t re/$ ^u =ce & fraud1 corrod$ ) cynicism1 cank]$ ) hypocrisy recogniz+ no /&>d ap>t f success 9 action & beauty 9 =m1 s consci\s ( its own corruption t x produc$ no satiri/ among ! _m :o laugh$ lightly at its vices1 wore ! ext]nal aspect ( exquisite ref9em5t1 & 0 delicately s5sitive to e discord4 ,^? :o und]/ood ! contradictions ( ! age mo/ deeply 7 ! lea/ capable ( ris+ above !m ,consequ5tly we obta9 9 ,ma*iavelli's works ! ideal picture ( p]sonal "*1 mov+ to calculat$ ends by sci5tifically select$ means1 none ( :i* are sanction$ by ! unwritt5 code ( law t gov]ns human progress4 ,cosimo's positivism is r$uc$ to !ory4 ,fraud becomes a rule ( conduct4 ,=ce is advocat$1 :5 ! dagg] or ! poison$ draught or ! ext]m9ation ( a city may lead ! individual /raight =w>d to 8 object4 ,religion is %[n to be a political eng9e4 ,hypocrisy is a mask t mu/ be worn4 ,! sanctities ( anci5t use & cu/om controll+ appetite h no place assign$ !m 9 ! sy/em4 ,action is analyz$ z a bran* ( ! f9e arts2 & ! _s ( ! age1 ( :i* ! philosoph] makes himself ! hi]ophant1 compels him to portray x z a s9i/] & evil art4 ,9 ! civilization ( ,italy1 c>ri$ prematurely beyond ! conditions ( ! ,middle ,ages1 be=e ! in/itutions ( m$iaevalism _h be5 de/roy$ or its prejudices _h be5 ov]come1 we ev]y:]e disc]n ! want ( a co-ord9at+ pr9ciple4 ,! old religion has di$2 b !re is no new fai?4 ,! ,communes h be5 prov$ inadequate2 b !re is no nationality4 ,practical positivism has oblit]at$ ! virtues ( a *ivalr\s & feudal pa/2 b sci5ce has n yet be5 born4 ,s*ol>%ip floods ! _w ) ! le>n+ ( antiquity2 b ?is k is /ill undige/$4 ,art triumphs2 b ! ae/hetic in/9ct has invad$ ! regions ( politics & e?ics1 ow+ to defective analysis 9 !ory1 & 9 practice to ov]-confid5t reliance on p]sonal ability4 ,! individual has atta9$ to fre$om2 b he has n le>n$ ! necessity ( submitt+ 8 volition to law4 ,at all po9ts ! developm5t ( ! ,italians /rikes u z precoci\s1 ) ! weakness ( precocity sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! decay ( old age4 ,a transition f ! po9t atta9$ 9 ! ,r5aissance to "s firm] & m solid gr\nd 0 imp]atively dem&$4 ,b ! fatality ( ev5ts preclud$ ! ,italians f mak+ x4 ,_! evolution1 *eck$ 9 mid c>e] by ! brilliant ambition ( ,france & ! cauti\s reaction>y despotism ( ,spa91 rema9$ susp5d$4 ,/ud5ts are left1 face to face ) ! sixte5? c5tury1 to deciph] an inscription t lacks its lead+ v]b1 to puzzle ov] a riddle :]e( ! solution is hidd5 f u by ! ru9 ( a p4 ,x mu/ ev] be an undecid$ "q :e!r ! ,italians1 undi/urb$ by =eign int]f]5ce1 c\ld h pass$ beyond ! artificial & exceptional /age ( ! ,r5aissance to a s\nd] & m sub/antial phase ( national vitality2 or :e!r1 z _! inn] consci5ce seems to h assur$ !m1 _! dis5gagem5t f moral obligation & _! m5tal f]m5t =ebod$ an inevitable cata/rophe4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,savon>ola4 ,! ,attitude ( ,savon>ola t[>d ! ,r5aissance--,8 ,p>5tage1 ,bir?1 & ,*ildhood at ,f]r>a--,8 ,poem on ! ,ru9 ( ! ,_w--,jo9s ! ,dom9icans at ,bologna--,lett] to 8 ,fa!r--,poem on ! ,ru9 ( ! ,*ur*--,beg9s to prea* 9 #adhb--;,fir/ ,visit to ,flor5ce--,san ,gemignano--,8 ,prophecy--,brescia 9 #adhf--,p]sonal ,appe>ance & ,/yle ( ,oratory--,effect on 8 audi5ce--,! ?ree ,conclusions--,8 ,visions--,savon>ola's ,%ortcom+s z a patriotic ,/atesman--,8 s9c]e ,belief 9 8 prophetic ,call+--,fri5d%ip ) ,pico della ,mir&ola--,settles 9 ,flor5ce1 #adij--;,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co--,savon>ola's ,relation to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici--,! dea? ( ,lor5zo--,s]mons ( #adic & #adid--! ,con/itution ( #adie--,!ocracy 9 ,flor5ce--,piagnoni1 ,bigi1 & ,arrabbiati--,w> betwe5 ,savon>ola & ,alex&] ,,vi4--,! ,signory susp5ds him f prea*+ 9 ! ,duomo 9 #adih--;,attempts to call a ,c\ncil--,! ,ordeal by ,fire--,san ,m>co /orm$ by ! ,mob--,trial & ,execution ( ,savon>ola4 ,no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( ! %>p contra/s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance ?an ! em]g5ce n only f ! same society1 b also f ! bosom ( ! same ,*ur*1 ( two m5 s div]se z ! ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 & ! ,prophet ,girolamo ,savon>ola4 ,savon>ola has be5 claim$ z a precursor ( ! ,lu!ran ,re=m]s1 & z an inspir$ expon5t ( ! _s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 reality he nei!r %>$ ! revolution>y g5ius ( ,lu!r1 :i* gave a new vitality to ! fai?s ( ,*ri/5dom1 nor did he sympa?ize ) t free movem5t ( ! mod]n m9d :i* f\nd its fir/ expression 9 ! arts & humani/ic /udies ( ,r5aissance ,italy4 ,bo? t[>d ,r5aissance & ,re=m he pres]v$ ! attitude ( a monk1 %[+ on ! "o h& an au/]e mi/ru/ ( pagan culture1 & on ! o!r no desire to alt] ei!r ! cre$s or ! traditions ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*4 ,yet ! hi/ory ( ,savon>ola is n to be dissociat$ f t ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,he m cle>ly ?an any o!r man disc]n$ ! moral & political situation ( 8 c\ntry4 ,:5 all ! /ates ( ,italy seem$ sunk 9 peace & cradl$ 9 prosp]ity1 he pr$ict$ w>1 & felt ! imm95ce ( ov]:elm+ calamity4 ,! purification ( cu/oms :i* he prea*$ 0 dem&$ by ! flagrant vices ( ! ,popes & by ! wick$ness ( ! tyrants4 ,! sc\rge :i* he prophesi$ did 9 fact desc5d ^u ,italy4 ,9 addition to ?is clairvoyance by "r ( :i* we call him prophet1 ! hold he took on ,flor5ce at a critical mom5t ( ,italian hi/ory is alone en\gh to entitle him to m ?an m]ely pass+ notice4 ,girolamo ,savon>ola 0 born at ,f]r>a 9 #adeb4a ,8 gr&fa!r ,mi*ele1 a ,paduan ( noble family1 _h remov$ to ! capital ( ! ,e/e pr9ces at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re he held ! (fice ( c\rt physician2 & ,girolamo 0 int5d$ = ! same pr(ession4 ,b e>ly 9 8 boyhood ! future prophet %[$ signs ( dis9cl9ation = a worldly life1 & an inv9cible dislike ( ! c\rt4 ,"u ! ,h\se ( ,e/e1 ,f]r>a 0 fam\s ?r\gh\t ,italy = its gayety & spl5dor4 ,no city enjoy$ m brilliant & m frequ5t public %[s4 ,n[h]e did ! ari/ocracy ma9ta9 s mu* ( feudal magnific5ce & *ivalr\s enjoym5t4 ,! squ>e ca/le ( r$ brick1 :i* /ill /&s 9 ! middle ( ! t[n1 0 ?rong$ ) poets1 play]s1 fools :o enjoy$ an almo/ ,european reputation1 c\rt flatt]]s1 knights1 pages1 s*ol>s & fair ladies4 ,b b5ea? its cube ( solid masonry1 on a level ) ! moat1 %ut out f daylight by a sev5fold s]ies ( iron b>s1 lay dungeons 9 :i* ! objects ( ! ,duke's displeasure clank$ *a9s & sigh$ _! lives away4#b ,)9 ! prec9cts ( ?is palace ! "y ,savon>ola le>n$ to hate alike ! worldly vices & ! despotic cruelty aga9/ :i* 9 aft]-life he prophesi$ & f\ght unto ! dea?4 #a ,9 ?is *apt] on ,savon>ola ,i h made use ( ,vill>i's ,life 7translat$ by ,leon>d ,horn]1 ,longmans1 #ahfc1 #b vols471 ,mi*elet's ,hi/oire de ,france1 vol4 vii41 ,milman's article on ,savon>ola 7,john ,murray1 #ahgj71 ,n>di's ,i/oria ,fior5t9a1 book ii41 & ! ,memoirs ( ,de ,com9es4 #b ,see p4 #dbd4 ,( 8 boyhood we "k b little4 ,8 biograph]s only tell u t he 0 grave & solit>y1 frequ5t+ *ur*es1 pray+ ) passionate p]si/5ce1 ob/9ately refus+1 ?\gh o!rwise docile1 to jo9 8 fa!r 9 8 visits to ! c\rt4 ,ari/otle & ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as seem to h be5 ! favorite ma/]s ( 8 /udy4 ,9 fact he refus$ ! new lights ( ! humani/s1 & adh]$ to ! ecclesia/ical tra9+ ( ! s*oolm54 ,already at ! age ( tw5ty we f9d him compos+ a poem 9 ,italian on ! ,ru9 ( ! ,_w1 9 :i* he cries3 ',! :ole _w is 9 confusion3 all virtue is ext+ui%$1 & all good mann]s2 ,i f9d no liv+ light abroad1 nor "o :o blu%es = 8 vices4' ,8 po9t ( dep>ture _h be5 tak51 & ! keynote ( 8 life _h be5 /ruck4 ,! s5se ( intol]able s9 t came ^u him 9 ,f]r>a haunt$ him ?r\gh manhood1 set 8 h& aga9/ ! ,popes & despots ( ,italy1 & gave peculi> tone to 8 prophetic utt]ances4 ,! attractions ( ! cloi/]1 z a refuge f ! /orms ( ! _w1 & z a re/ f ! torm5ts ( ! s9s ( o!rs1 n[ began to sway 8 m9d4#a ,b he communicat$ 8 desire to no "o4 ,x w\ld h griev$ 8 fa!r & 8 "m to f9d t _! son1 :o 01 !y hop$1 to be a %9+ light at ! c\rt ( ,f]r>a1 _h det]m9$ to assume ! c[l4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 came ! "t at :i* he felt t leave ! _w he mu/4 ',x 0 on ! #bc;d ( ,april #adge1' says ,vill>i2 'he 0 sitt+ ) 8 lute & play+ a sad melody2 8 "m1 z if mov$ by a _s ( div9ation1 turn$ sudd5ly r\nd to him1 & exclaim$ m\rnfully1 ,my son1 t is a sign we are soon to "p4 ,he r\s$ himself1 & cont9u$1 b ) a trembl+ h&1 to t\* ! /r+s ( ! lute1 )\t rais+ 8 eyes f ! gr\nd4' ,?is w\ld make a picture3 spr+ twilight 9 ! qua9t ,italian room1 ) p]haps a bran* ( fig-tree or ( bay across ! op5 w9d[2 ! "m look+ up ) anxi\s face f h] ne$lework2 ! y\?1 ) ^? t]rible eyes & t5se lips & dilat$ no/rils ( ! future prophet1 n yet worn by ye>s ( c>e1 b /rongly m>k$ & unmi/akable1 b5d+ ov] ! melan*oly *ords ( ! lute1 dress$ almo/ = ! la/ "t 9 secul> attire4 #a ,(t5 9 lat] life ,savon>ola cri$ t he _h s\ght ! cloi/] to f9d re/1 b t ,god _h *os51 in/ead ( br++ him into calm wat]s1 to ca/ him on a tempe/-swoll5 sea4 ,see ! ,s]mon quot$ by ,vill>i1 vol4 i4 p4 #bih4 ,on ! v next day ,girolamo left ,f]r>a 9 secret & j\rney$ to ,bologna4 ,!re he ent]$ ! ord] ( ,s4 ,dom9ic1 ! ord] ( ! ,prea*]s1 ! ord] ( 8 ma/] ,s4 ,?omas1 ! ord] too1 let u rememb]1 ( inquisitorial crusades4 ,! lett] writt5 to 8 fa!r aft] tak+ ?is /ep is memorable4 ,9 x he says3 ',! motives by :i* ,i h be5 l$ to ent] into a religi\s life are ^!3 ! great mis]y ( ! _w2 ! iniquities ( m51 _! rapes1 adult]ies1 robb]ies1 _! pride1 idolatry1 & fe>ful blasphemies3 s t ?+s h come to su* a pass t no "o c be f\nd act+ righte\sly4 ,_m times a day h ,i repeat$ ) te>s ! v]se3 ,heu1 fuge crudeles t]ras1 fuge littus av>um6 ,i c\ld n endure ! enorm\s wick$ness ( ! bl9d$ p ( ,italy2 & ! m s because ,i saw ev]y:]e virtue despis$ & vice honor$4' ,we see cle>ly t ,savon>ola's vocation took its orig9 9 a deep s5se ( ! wick$ness ( ! _w4 ,x 0 ! same _s z t :i* drove ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ,alex&ria into ! ,!baid4 ,au/]e & hagg>d1 consum$ ) ! zeal ( ! ,"l1 he _h mov$ long en\gh among ! ,f]r>ese holiday-mak]s4 ,^? elegant "y m5 9 tight hose & p>ticolor$ jackets1 ) oa?s ^u _! lips & de$s ( viol5ce & lu/ )9 _! he>ts1 7 no associates = him4 ,x is t\*+1 h[ev]1 to note t no text ( ,ezekiel or ,j]emiah1 b ,virgil's musical hexamet]1 s\nd$ ?r\gh 8 s\l ! w>n+ to dep>t4 ,9 ?is ye> ,savon>ola compos$ ano!r poem1 ?is "t on ! ,ru9 ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 8 boyhood he _h witness$ ! pomp\s %[s :i* greet$ ,a,eneas ,sylvius1 m l a ,roman g5]al ?an a new-made ,pope1 on 8 entrance into ,f]r>a4 ,s9ce !n he _h se5 ! mon/] ,sixtus m\nt ! ,papal ?rone4 ,no wond] if he1 :o _h fl$ f ! _w to ! ,*ur* = purity & peace1 %\ld ne$ to v5t 8 passion 9 a song4 ',:]e1' he cries1 'are ! doctors ( old times1 ! sa9ts1 ! le>n+1 *>ity1 *a/ity ( ! pa/8' ,! ,*ur* answ]s by display+ h] r5t raim5t & w\nd$ body1 & by po9t+ to ! cav]n 9 :i* %e has to make h] home4 ',:o1' exclaims ! poet1 'has wr\ght ?is wrong8' ,una fallace1 sup]ba m]etrice--,rome6 ,!n inde$ ! passion ( ! novice breaks 9 fire3-- ,deh6 p] ,dio1 donna1 ,se romp] si potria quelle gr&i ale6 ,! ,*ur* replies3-- ,tu piangi e taci3 e que/o meglio p>mi4 ,no o!r answ] c\ld be giv5 to ,savon>ola's impati5t ye>n+s ev5 by 8 own hot he>t1 :ile he yet rema9$ a "y & unkn[n monk 9 ,bologna4 ,nor1 /rive z he might /rive ?r\gh all 8 life1 0 x grant$ to him to break ^? outspread w+s ( arrogant ,rome4 ,! c>e] ( ,savon>ola z a prea*] began 9 #adhb1 :5 he 0 s5t fir/ to ,f]r>a & !n to ,flor5ce on missions by 8 sup]iors4 ,b at nei!r place did he f9d acceptance4 ,a prophet has no honor 9 8 own c\ntry2 & = pagan-he>t$ ,flor5ce1 ?\gh de/9$ to be ! !at] ( 8 life-drama1 ,savon>ola _h z yet no ?undr\s burd5 ( invective to utt]4 ,besides1 8 voice 0 %>p & ?92 8 face & p]son 7 n prepossess+4 ,! /yle ( 8 disc\rse 0 adapt$ to cloi/]al disputations1 & ov]load$ ) s*ola/ic di/9ctions4 ,! great orator _h n yet aris5 9 him4 ,! fri>1 ) all 8 dryness & sev]ity1 0 b too app>5t4 ,) :at /range feel+s mu/ ! y\? h trodd5 ! /reets ( ,flor5ce6 ,9 aft]-days he us$ to say t he =eknew ^? /reets & squ>es 7 de/9$ to be ! sc5e ( 8 labors4 ,b !n1 voiceless1 p[]less1 )\t control ( 8 own g5ius1 )\t ! consci\sness ( 8 prophetic mission1 he brood$ alone & out ( h>mony ) ! beautiful & mundane city4 ,! *>m ( ! hills & g>d5s ( ,vald>no1 ! lovel9ess ( ,giotto's t[]1 ! amplitude ( ,brunelles*i's dome--^! may h sunk deep into 8 s\l4 ,& ! subtle temp] ( ! ,flor5t9e intellect mu/ h attract$ 8 own ke5 _s by a secret sympa?y4 ,= ,flor5ce erelong became ! city ( 8 love1 ! fir/-born ( 8 ye>n+s4 ,9 ! cloi/]s ( ,san ,m>co1 enri*$ ) spl5did libr>ies by ! lib]ality ( ! ,m$icean pr9ces1 he 0 at peace4 ,! walls ( t conv5t _h rec5tly be5 decorat$ ) frescoes by ,fra ,angelico1 ev5 z a man might cr[d ! leaves ( a missal ) illum9ations4 ,among ^! ,savon>ola m$itat$ & 0 happy4 ,b 9 ! pulpit & 9 contact ) ! holiday folk ( ,flor5ce he 0 ill at ease4 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici ov]%ad[$ ! :ole city4 ,lor5zo1 9 :om ! pagan _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! _s ( free culture1 f\nd a prop] inc>nation1 0 ! v opposite ( ,savon>ola1 :o _h already judg$ ! classical revival by its fruits1 & _h conceiv$ a spiritual resurrection = 8 c\ntry4 ,at ,flor5ce a passionate love ( art & le>n+--! en?usiasm :i* prompt$ m5 to sp5d _! =tunes ^u ,,mss4 & /atues1 ! s5sibility to beauty :i* produc$ ! ma/]works ( ,donatello & ,ghib]ti1 ! ?ir/ = k :i* burn$ 9 ,pico & ,poliziano & ,fic9o--exi/$ side by side ) impud5t immorality1 religi\s deadness1 cold contempt = tru?1 & cynical admiration ( successful villa9y4 ,bo? ! good & ! evil :i* fl\ri%$ on ?is f]tile soil s luxuriantly 7 comb9$ 9 ! v]satile g5ius ( ! m]*ant pr9ce1 ^: policy x 0 to /ifle fre$om by c>ess+ ! follies1 vices1 & intellectual ta/es ( 8 p4 ,! "y ,savon>ola 0 z yet no mat* = ,lor5zo4 ,& :i!r c\ld he look = help8 ,! re=m ( morals he s ard5tly desir$ 0 n to be expect$ f ! ,*ur*4 ,flor5ce well knew t ,sixtus _h plott$ to murd] ! ,m$ici be=e ! alt> at ! mom5t ( ! elevation ( ! ,ho/4 ,excommunicat$ = a de$ ( ju/ice aft] ! failure ( ?is ,popi% plot1 ! city _h long be5 at w> ) ! pontiff4 ,if any:]e x 0 9 ! cells ( ! philosoph]s1 9 t retreat :]e ,fic9o burn$ 8 lamp to ,plato1 9 t hall :]e ! ,academy cr[n$ _! ma/]'s bu/ ) laurels1 t ! m sob]-m9d$ citiz5s f\nd gho/ly com=t & advice4 ,b f ?is philosophy ! f]v5t s\l ( ,savon>ola turn$ ) no less loa?+1 & ) m contempt1 ?an f ! ,canti ,c>nasciales*i & ,ari/ophanic pageants ( ,lor5zo1 :i* made ,flor5ce at ,c>nival "t affect ! fa%ions ( ,a!ns dur+ ! ,dionysia4 ,x is true t ,italy ow$ mu* to ! elevat$ !ism develop$ by ,platonic /ud5ts4 ,:ile ! humani/s 7 exalt+ pagan lic5se1 & :ile ! ,*ur* 0 tea*+ ! wor/ k9ds ( immorality1 ! philosoph]s kept alive 9 cultivat$ m9ds a s5se ( ,god4 ,b ! monk1 n\ri%$ on ! ,bible & ,s4 ,?omas1 valu$ ?is confusion ( spirits & cre$s 9 a *aos ( indiscrim9ate erudition1 at a small price4 ,he _h ! c\rage 9 ! fifte5? c5tury at ,flor5ce to proclaim t ! philosoph]s 7 9 hell1 & t an old woman knew m ( sav+ fai? ?an ,plato4 ,savon>ola & ,lor5zo 7 oppos$ z *ampions ( two ho/ile pr9ciples alike em]g5t f ! v life ( ! ,r5aissance3 paganism reborn 9 ! "o1 ! _s ( ! gospel 9 ! o!r4 ,bo? 7 ess5tially mod]n2 = x 0 ! function ( ! ,r5aissance to re/ore to ! s\l ( man its d\ble h]itage ( ! classic pa/ & ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 free+ x f ! fett]s :i* ! ,middle ,ages _h =g$4 ,n yet1 h[ev]1 7 ,lor5zo & ,savon>ola de/9$ to cla%4 ,! obscure fri> at ?is "t 0 prea*+ to an audi5ce ( "s ?irty p]sons 9 ,san ,lor5zo1 :ile ,poliziano & all ! fa%ion ( ! t[n cr[d$ to ! s]mons ( ,fra ,m>iano da ,g5ezzano 9 ,santo ,spirito4 ,?is man flatt]$ ! ta/e ( ! mom5t by compos+ orations on ! model ( ,fic9o's addresses to ! ,academy1 & by complim5t+ ,*ri/ianity ^u its simil>ity to ,platonism4 ,:o c\ld !n h guess$ t b5ea? ! c[l ( ! h>%-voic$ ,dom9ican1 8 rival1 burn$ ?\ghts t 9 a few ye>s w\ld inflame ,flor5ce ) a conflagration p[]ful en\gh to de/roy ! fabric ( ! ,m$icean despotism8 ,f ,flor5ce1 :]e he _h met ) no success1 ,savon>ola 0 s5t to ,san ,gemignano1 a little t[n on ! top ( a high hill betwe5 ,flor5ce & ,si5a4 ,we n[ visit ,san ,gemignano 9 ord] to /udy "s fad+ frescoes ( ,gozzoli & ,ghirl&ajo1 or else = ! sake ( its /range feudal t[]s1 tall pill>s ( br[n /one1 cr[d$ toge!r )9 ! n>r[ circle ( ! t[n walls4 ,v beautiful is ! prospect f ^! ramp>ts on a spr+ morn+1 :5 ! song ( night+ales & ! sc5t ( acacia fl[]s asc5d toge!r f ! groves ^u ! slopes b5ea?4 ,! gray ,tuscan l&scape = scores & scores ( miles all r\nd melts into blu5ess1 l ! blu5ess ( ! sky1 fleck$ "h & !re ) w&]+ cl\d-%ad[s4 ,let ^? :o pace ! grass-gr[n /reets ( ! hu%$ city rememb] t "h ! fir/ fla% ( au!ntic g5ius k9dl$ 9 ,savon>ola's s\l4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t he prophesi$3 ',! *ur* w be sc\rg$1 !n reg5]at$1 & ?is quickly4' ,^! are ! celebrat$ ?ree conclusions1 ! ?ree po9ts to :i* ,savon>ola 9 all 8 prophetic utt]ances adh]$4 ,b n yet _h he fully ent]$ on 8 vocation4 ,8 voice 0 weak2 8 /yle unc]ta92 8 s\l1 we may believe1 /ill wav]+ betwe5 /range dread & awful joy1 z he beheld1 ?r\gh _m a backw>d roll+ mi/ ( d\bt1 ! mantle ( ! prophets desc5d ^u him4 ,already he _h ab&on$ ! s*oolm5 = ! ,bible4 ,already he _h le>n$ by he>t ea* v]se ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,pond]+ on _! texts1 he _h discov]$ f\r sep>ate int]pretations = e sugge/ion ( ,sacr$ ,writ4 ,= "s ( ! pregnant utt]ances ( ! prophets he f\nd hundr$s1 p\r+ =? metaphor & illu/ration 9 wild & dazzl+ pr(usion ( audaci\s1 unc\? imag]y4 ,! flame :i* began to sm\ld] 9 him at ,san ,gemignano bur/ =? into a blaze at ,brescia1 9 #adhf4 ,savon>ola 0 n[ ag$ ?irty-f\r4 ',midway ^u ! pa? ( life' he op5$ ! ,book ( ,revelation3 he figur$ to ! p ( ,brescia ! f\r-&-tw5ty eld]s ris+ to d5\nce ! s9s ( ,italy1 & to decl>e ! calamities t mu/ ensue4 ,he pictur$ to !m _! city fl[+ ) blood4 ,8 voice1 :i* n[ became ! int]pret] ( 8 s\l1 9 its resonance & e>ne/ness & pi]c+ %rillness1 ?rill$ 8 he>]s ) /range t]ror4 ,already !y believ$ 8 prophecy2 & tw5ty-six ye>s lat]1 :5 ! soldi]s ( ,ga/on de ,foix slaught]$ six ?\s& s\ls 9 ! /reets ( ,brescia1 h] citiz5s recall$ ! ,apocalyptic w>n+s ( ! ,dom9ican monk4 ,z ,savon>ola is n[ laun*$ ^u 8 vocation ( prophecy1 ?is is ! "r mom5t to describe 8 p]sonal appe>ance & 8 /yle ( prea*+4 ,we h abundant mat]ial = judg+ :at 8 features 71 & h[ !y fla%$ b5ea? ! /orm ( inspiration4#a ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 "o ( 8 foll[]s1 pa9t$ a pr(ile ( him 9 ! "* ( ,s4 ,pet] ,m>tyr4 ,?is %[s all ! b5ignity & grace ( expression :i* 8 /]n l9eam5ts c\ld assume4 ,x is a picture ( ! sweet & g5tle nature lat5t )9 ! fi]y arraign] ( 8 nation at ! b> ( ,god4 ,9 contempor>y m$als ! face appe>s h>d1 ke51 uncompromis+1 b5ea? its heavy c[l4 ,b ! noble/ portrait is an intaglio engrav$ by ,giovanni della ,corniole1 n[ to be se5 9 ! ,uffizzi at ,flor5ce4 ,( ?is "w ,mi*ael ,angelo1 himself a disciple ( ,savon>ola1 said t art c\ld g no fur!r4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! engrav] has n only repres5t$ fai?fully ! outl9e ( ,savon>ola's face1 b has also indicat$ 8 peculi> expression4 ,a ?ick hood cov]s ! :ole head & %\ld]s4 ,b5ea? x c be trac$ ! curve ( a long & some:at flat skull1 r\nd$ into extraord9>y fullness at ! base & side4 ,f a deeply sunk5 eye-socket em]ges1 sc>cely se51 b p[]fully felt1 ! eye t blaz$ ) lightn+4 ,! nose is /rong1 prom95t1 & aquil9e1 ) wide no/rils1 capable ( t]rible dilation "u ! /ress ( vehem5t emotion4 ,! m\? has full1 compress$1 project+ lips4 ,x is l>ge1 z if made = a torr5t ( eloqu5ce3 x is suppli$ ) massive muscles1 z if to move ) en]gy & calculat$ =ce & utt]ance4 ,! jawbone is h>d & heavy2 ! *eekbone em]g5t3 betwe5 ! two ! fle% is holl[$1 n s mu* ) ! emaciation ( mona/ic vigils z ) ! a?letic ex]cise ( wre/l+s 9 ! ?roes ( prophecy4 ,! face1 on ! :ole1 is ugly1 b n repell5t2 &1 9 spite ( its great /r5g?1 x %[s signs ( fem99e s5sibility4 ,l ! faces ( ,cic]o & ,demo/h5es1 x seems ! fit ma*9e = oratory4 ,b ! furnaces hidd5 away beh9d t skull1 b5ea? t c[l1 h made x hagg>d ) a fire n to be f\nd 9 ! s]5] features ( ! classic orators4 ,savon>ola 0 a vision>y & a monk4 ,! discipl9e ( ! cloi/] left its trace ^u him4 ,! w+s ( dreams h w9n[$ & )]$ t *eek z !y pass$ ov] x4 ,! _s ( pray] quiv]s ^u ^? eag] lips4 ,! color ( ,savon>ola's fle% 0 br[n3 8 n]ves 7 exquisitely s5sitive yet /rong2 l a network ( wr\ght /eel1 ela/ic1 easily ov]/ra9$1 !y recov]$ _! tone & temp] less by repose ?an by ! evolution ( fre% electricity4 ,) ,savon>ola fa/s 7 succe$$ by trances1 & trances by tempe/s ( vehem5t improvization4 ,f ! mid/ ( su* pr(\nd debility t he c\ld sc>cely crawl up ! pulpit /eps1 he w\ld pass sudd5ly into ! pl5itude ( p[]1 fill+ ! ,dome ( ,flor5ce ) d5unciations1 su/a9+ 8 disc\rse by no m]e trick ( rhetoric t fl[s to wa/e ^u ! lips ( %all[ prea*]s1 b m>%al+ ! phalanx ( embattl$ argum5ts & po9t$ illu/rations1 p\r+ 8 ?\ght =? 9 columns ( cont9u\s flame1 m+l+ figures ( sublime/ imag]y ) reason+s sev]e/ accuracy1 at "o "t melt+ 8 audi5ce te>s1 at ano!r freez+ !m ) t]ror1 aga9 quick5+ _! s\ls ) pray]s & plead+s & bless+s t _h 9 !m ! sweetness ( ! v _s ( ,*ri/4 ,8 s]mons began ) s*ola/ic exposition2 z !y advanc$1 ! ec/asy ( inspiration fell ^u ! prea*]1 till ! sympa?ies ( ! :ole p ( ,flor5ce ga!r$ r\nd him1#b met & atta9$1 z x 71 to s+le consci\sness 9 him4 ,he !n no long] re/ra9$ ! impulse ( 8 oratory1 b became ! m\?piece ( ,god1 ! int]pret] to !mselves ( all t ho/4 ,9 a fi]y cresc5do1 nev] flagg+1 nev] los+ firmness ( grasp or lucidity ( vision1 he asc5d$ ! alt> /eps ( prophecy1 &1 /&+ l ,moses on ! m\nt betwe5 ! ?und]s ( ,god & ! tab]nacles ( ! pla91 fulm9at$ p]iod aft] p]iod ( impassion$ eloqu5ce4 ,! walls ( ! *ur* re-e*o$ ) sobs & wail+s dom9at$ by "o r++ voice4 ,! scribe to :om we owe ! fragm5ts ( ^! s]mons1 at times breaks (f ) ^! words3 ',"h ,i 0 s ov]come ) weep+ t ,i c\ld n g on4' ,pico della ,mir&ola tells u t ! m]e s\nd ( ,savon>ola's voice1 />tl+ ! /illness ( ! ,duomo1 ?rong$ ?r\gh all its space ) p1 0 l a clap ( doom3 a cold %iv] ran ?r\gh ! m>r[ ( 8 bones1 ! hairs ( 8 head /ood on end1 z he li/5$4 ,ano!r witness reports3 ',^! s]mons caus$ su* t]ror1 al>m1 sobb+1 & te>s t e "o pass$ ?r\gh ! /reets )\t speak+1 m dead ?an alive4' #a ,engrav+s ( ! sev]al portraits may be se5 9 ,h>=d's ,life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti 7,longmans1 #aheg vol4 i471 & also 9 ,vill>i4 #b ,n>di1 9 8 ,i/orie di ,fir5ze 7lib4 ii4 cap4 #af71 describes ! cr[d assembl$ 9 ! ,duomo to he> ,savon>ola prea*3 ',p] la moltitud9e degli uditori non ess5do quasi ba/ante la *iesa catt$rale di santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 ancora *e molto gr&e e capace sia1 fu necess>io edific> d5tro lungo i p>eti di quella1 dirempetto al p]gamo1 c]ti gradi di legname rilevati con ord9e di s$]i1 a guisa di teatro1 e cosi dalla p>te di sopra all' entrata del coro e dalla p>te di sotto 9 v]so le porte della detta *iesa4' ,su* 0 ! prea*]3 & su* 0 ! effect ( 8 oratory4 ,! !me on :i* he lov$ to dwell 0 ?is4 ,rep5t6 ,a judgm5t ( ,god is at h&4 ,a sword is susp5d$ ov] y4 ,italy is doom$ = h] iniquity--= ! s9s ( ! ,*ur*1 ^: adult]ies h fill$ ! _w--= ! s9s ( ! tyrants1 :o enc\rage crime & trample ^u s\ls--= ! s9s ( y p1 y fa!rs & mo!rs1 y "y m51 y maid5s1 y *ildr5 t lisp blasphemy6 ,nor did ,savon>ola deal 9 g5]alities4 ,he describ$ 9 pla9 language e vice2 he laid b>e e abuse2 s t a mirror 0 held up to ! s\ls ( 8 he>]s1 9 :i* !y saw _! mo/ secret faults appall+ly portray$ & r+$ ar\nd ) fire4 ,he ent]$ ) p>ticul>ity into ! details ( ! com+ woes4 ,"o by "o he enum]at$ ! blood%$1 ! ru9 ( cities1 ! trampl+ d[n ( prov9ces1 ! passage ( armies1 ! desolat+ w>s t 7 ab\t to fall on ,italy4#a ,y may read pages ( 8 s]mons :i* seem l vivid n>ratives ( :at aft]w>ds took place 9 ! sack ( ,prato1 9 ! /orm+ ( ,brescia1 9 ! battle ( ! ,ronco1 9 ! cav]n-massacre ( ,vic5za4 ,no wond] t he /irr$ 8 audi5ce to _! c5t]4 ,! hell )9 !m 0 reveal$4 ,! com+ doom above !m 0 made manife/4 ,ezekiel & ,j]emiah 7 n m prophetic4 ,john cry+ to a g5]ation ( vip]s1 ',rep5t ye1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&6' 0 n m weighty ) ! mission ( au!ntic inspiration4 #a ,savon>ola's :ole view ( ! situation & ( ! p]ils ( ,italy 0 t ( a prophet4 ,he saw m cle>ly ?an o!r p :at 0 inevitable4 ,b 8 disciples & ! vulg> believ$ implicitly 9 8 prophetic gift 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 t is1 9 8 p[] to pr$ict ev5ts1 su* z ! dea?s ( ,lor5zo & ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 ! puni%m5t ( ,*>les ,,viii1 9 ! loss ( ! dauph91 etc4 ,pico says3 ',savon>ola c\ld read ! future z cle>ly z "o sees ! :ole is great] ?an ! "p4' ,& !re is no d\bt t1 z "t w5t on1 ,savon>ola came to believe himself t he possess$ ?is faculty4 ,aft] 8 trial & execution a v uncom=table s5se ( d\bt rema9$ ^u ! m9ds ( ^? :o _h be5 witnesses ( 8 life-drama4 ,^u ?is topic ,guicci>d9i1 ,/or4 ,fior41 ,op4 ,in$4 vol4 iii4 p4 #agi2 ,n>di1 ,/or4 ,fior4 lib4 ii4 caps4 #af & #cf1 may be read ) advantage4 ',i began'--,savon>ola writes himself ) ref]5ce to a c\rse ( s]mons deliv]$ 9 #adia--';,i began publicly to exp\nd ! ,revelation 9 our ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>k4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ye> ,i cont9u$ to develop to ! ,flor5t9es ^! ?ree propositions3 ,t ! ,*ur* w\ld be r5ew$ 9 our "t2 t be=e t r5ovation ,god w\ld /rike all ,italy ) a fe>ful *a/isem5t2 t ^! ?+s w\ld happ5 %ortly4' ,x is by "r ( ! =esight ( a new age conta9$ 9 ^! ?ree fam\s s-call$ conclusions t ,savon>ola des]ves to be nam$ ! ,prophet ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,he 0 no apo/le ( re=m3 x did n occur to him to recon/ruct ! cre$1 to dispute ! discipl9e1 or to criticise ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he 0 no f\nd] ( a new ord]3 unlike 8 pr$ecessors1 ,dom9ic & ,francis1 he nev] attempt$ to organize a society ( sa9ts or prea*]s2 unlike 8 successors1 ,c>affa ! ,!at9e & ,loyola ! ,jesuit1 he enroll$ no militia = ! def5se ( ! fai?1 con/ruct$ no ma*9]y = education4 ,/>t+ ) simple horror at ! wick$ness ( ! _w1 he _h rec\rse to ! old prophets4 ,he /eep$ himself 9 ,bible /udies4 ,he caught ! language ( ,mala*i & ,j]emiah4 ,he became conv9c$ t = ! wick$ness ( ,italy a judgm5t 0 imm95t4 ,f t conclusion he rose ^u ! w+s ( fai? to ! belief t a new age w\ld dawn4 ,! orig9ality ( 8 intuition consi/$ 9 ?is1 t :ile ,italy 0 asleep1 & no man trembl$ = ! future1 he alone felt t ! /illness ( ! air 0 fraught ) ?und]1 t its tranquillity 0 l t :i* prec$es a tempe/ bl[n f ! v no/rils ( ! ,god ( ,ho/s4 ,to ! a/oni%m5t ( 8 he>]s1 & p]haps also ( himself1 8 prophecies began to fulfill !mselves4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s aft] 8 fir/ s]mon 9 ,s4 ,m>k's1 ,*>les ,,viii4 _h ent]$ ,italy1 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 0 dead1 & politicians no less ?an my/ics felt t a new *apt] _h be5 op5$ 9 ! book ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! ,re=m ( ! ,*ur* 0 also de/9$ to foll[4 ,:at ,savon>ola _h =ese51 "h too happ5$2 b n 9 ! way he w\ld h wi%$1 nor by ! means he w\ld h us$4 ,x is "o ?+ to be a prophet 9 ! s5se ( disc]n+ ! cata/rophe to :i* circum/ances mu/ inevitably lead1 ano!r ?+ to trace be=eh& ! pa? :i* w be tak5 by ! hurricanes t *ange ! face ( ! _w4 ,rema9+ 9 8 s\l a monk1 atta*$ by education & by natural sympa?y to ! pa/ r ?an ! future1 he felt 9 spite ( himself ! _s ( ! com+ age4 ,_h he liv$ b "o c5tury e>li]1 we %\ld n h call$ him prophet4 ,x 0 ! ,r5aissance :i* set ! seal ( tru? ^u 8 utt]ances4 ,yet 9 8 vision ( ! _w to be1 he 0 l ,balaam prophesy+ bl9dly ( a />4 ,sixtus ,,iv4 _h di$ & be5 succe$$ by ,innoc5t ,,viii4 ,innoc5t _h giv5 place to ,alex&]4 ,! v nadir ( ! abyss _h be5 rea*$4 ,!n ,savon>ola saw a vision & he>d a voice3 ,ecce gladius ,dom9i sup] t]ram cito et velocit]4 ,! sword turn$ e>?w>d2 ! air 0 d>k5$ ) fi]y sleet & arr[s2 ?und]s roll$2 ! _w 0 fill$ ) pe/il5ces1 w>s1 fam9es4 ,at ano!r "t he dream$ & look$ t[>d ,rome4 ,f ! ,et]nal ,city !re rose a black cross1 rea*+ to heav51 & on x 0 inscrib$ ,crux irae ,dei4 ,!n too ! skies 7 tr\bl$2 cl\ds ru%$ ?r\gh ! air dis*>g+ d>ts & fire & swords1 & multitudes bel[ 7 dy+4 ,^! visions he publi%$ 9 s]mons & 9 pr9t4 ,pictures 7 made f !m4 ,!y & ! ?ree conclusions w5t abroad ?r\gh ,italy4 ,aga91 ,*>les 0 prep>+ = 8 exp$ition4 ,savon>ola took ! ,ark ( ,noah = 8 !me4 ,! deluge 0 at h&2 he bade 8 he>]s ent] ! %ip ( refuge be=e ! t]rible & mighty nation came3 ',o ,italy6 ,o ,rome6 ,i give y ov] to ! h&s ( a p :o w wipe y out f among ! nations6 ,i see !m desc5d+ l lions4 ,pe/il5ce comes m>*+ h& 9 h& ) w>4 ,! dea?s w be s _m t ! buri]s %all g ?r\gh ! /reets cry+ out3 ,:o ha? dead1 :o ha? dead8 & "o w br+ 8 fa!r1 & ano!r 8 son4 ,o ,rome6 ,i cry aga9 to y to rep5t1 ,rep5t1 ,v5ice6 ,milan1 rep5t6' ',! prophets a hundr$ ye>s ago proclaim$ to y ! flagellation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= five ye>s ,i h be5 ann\nc+ x3 & n[ aga9 ,i cry to y4 ,! ,"l is full ( wra?4 ,! angels on _! knees cry to ,him3 ,/rike1 /rike6 ,! good sob & groan3 ,we c no m4 ,! orphans1 ! wid[s say3 ,we are dev\r$1 we _c g on liv+4 ,all ! ,*ur* triumphant ha? cri$ to ,*ri/3 ,?\ di$/ 9 va94 ,x is heav5 :i* is 9 combat4 ,! sa9ts ( ,italy1 ! angels1 are leagu$ ) ! b>b>ians4 ,^? :o call$ !m 9 h put ! saddles to ! horses4 ,italy is 9 confusion1 sai? ! ,"l2 ?is "t %e %all be y\rs4 ,& ! ,"l come? above 8 sa9ts1 above ! bless$ ones :o m>* 9 battle-array1 :o are drawn up 9 squadrons4 ,:i!r are !y b\nd8 ,s4 ,pet] is = ,rome1 cry+3 ,to ,rome1 to ,rome6 & ,s4 ,paul & ,s4 ,gregory m>*1 cry+3 ,to ,rome6 ,& beh9d !m g ! sword1 ! pe/il5ce1 ! fam9e4 ,s4 ,john cries3 ,up1 up1 to ,flor5ce6 ,& ! plague foll[s him4 ,s4 ,an?ony cries3 ,ho = ,lomb>dy6 ,s4 ,m>k cries3 ,ha/e we to ! city t is ?ron$ ^u ! wat]s6 ,& all ! angels ( heav51 sword 9 h&1 & all ! cele/ial consi/ory1 m>* on unto ?is w>4' ,!n he speaks ( 8 own fate3 ',:at %all be ! end ( our w>1 y ask8 ,if ?is be a g5]al "q1 ,i %all answ] ,victory6 ,if y ask x ( myself 9 p>ticul>1 ,i answ]1 ,dea?1 or to be hewn 9 pieces4 ,?is is our fai?1 ?is is our gu]don1 ?is is our rew>d6 ,we ask = no m ?an ?is4 ,b :5 y see me dead1 be n !n tr\bl$4 ,all ^? :o h prophesi$ h suff]$ & be5 sla94 ,to make my ^w prevail1 !re is ne$$ ! blood ( _m4' ,^! are ! prophecies ) :i* ,savon>ola anticipat$ ! com+ ( a =eign conqu]or4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace 9 8 apo/rophes ! d\ble feel+ ( ! prophet4 ,desire = ! adv5t ( ,*>les z a ,messiah1 lib]ator1 & purifi] ( ! ,*ur*1 cont5ds ) an in/9ctive horror ( ! b>b>ian4 ,savon>ola1 l ,dante1 l all ,italian patriots1 except only ,ma*iavelli1 :o too late _h be5 lesson$ by bitt] exp]i5ce to put no tru/ 9 =eign pr9ces1 c\ld n refra9 f hop+ ev5 aga9/ hope t good might come f beyond ! ,alps4 ,yet :5 ! =eign]s appe>$1 he trembl$ at ! viol5ce !y wr\ght ^u ! anci5t lib]ties ( ,italy4 ,savon>ola's *ief %ortcom+ z a patriot consi/$ 9 ?is1 t he /r5g!n$ ! old folly ( ! ,flor5t9es 9 lean+ ^u /rang]s4#a ,_h he taught ! ,italians to "w out _! self-reg5]ation f )91 in/ead ( prep>+ !m to accept an ali5's yoke1 he w\ld h won a f> m la/+ me$ ( fame4 ,z x 01 toge!r ) ! passion = lib]ty :i* became a religion ) 8 foll[]s1 he /rove to revive ! obsolete tactics ( an e>li] age1 & bequea!d to ,flor5ce ! weak policy ( wait+ ^u ,france4 ,?is legacy bore bitt] fruits 9 ! next c5tury4 ,if x 0 ! memory ( ! ,fri> :i* n]v$ ! citiz5s ( ,flor5ce to su/a9 ! siege ( #aebh1 ! same memory b\nd !m to seek aid f inconsequ5t ,francis1 & to hope t at ! la/ mom5t a cohort ( s]aphim w\ld def5d _! walls4#b #a ,segni1 ,i/4 ,fior4 lib4 i4 p4 #bc1 records a say+ ( ,savon>ola's1 ,gigli con gigli dov] fiorire1 z "o ( ! causes ( ! ob/9ate ,fr5* p>tiality ( ! ,flor5t9es 9 #aebi4 #b ,see ,v>*i1 ,segni1 & ,n>di1 :o agree on ^! po9ts4 ,t ,savon>ola believ$ 9 8 own prophecies !re is no d\bt4 ,!y 7 9 fact1 z ,i h already tri$ to %[1 a view ( ! political & moral situation ( ,italy1 express$ ) ! =ce ( pr(\nd religi\s conviction & bas$ ^u a !ory ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,b n[ f> he all[$ himself to be guid$ by visions & by words utt]$ to 8 s\l 9 trance1 is a some:at diff]5t "q4 ,x is j at ?is po9t t a man possess$ ( acute insight & tru/+ to ! tru? ( 8 in/9cts may be tempt$ "u /rong devotional excitem5t to pass ! bord] l& :i* sep>ates heal?y intuition f halluc9ation4 ,if ,savon>ola's /udies ( ! ,hebrew prophets incl9$ him to believe 9 dreams & revelations1 yet on ! o!r h& ! /rong logic ( 8 intellect1 tra9$ 9 s*ola/ic di/9ctions1 taught him to mi/ru/ ! prompt+s ( a p[] t spoke to him :5 he 0 some:at m or less ?an 8 prosaic self4 ,h[ c\ld he be sure t ! _s came f ,god8 ,we "k = c]ta9 t he /ruggl$ aga9/ ! impulse ( div9ation & refus$ at times to obey x4 ,b x ov]came him4 ,l ! ,cass&ra ( ,a,eschylus1 he pant$ 9 ! grasp ( "o mighti] ?an himself4 ',an inw>d fire1' he cri$1 'consumes my bones & =ces me to speak out' ,& aga93 ',i h1 ,o ,"l1 burnt my w+s ( contemplation1 & ,i h laun*$ into a tempe/u\s sea1 :]e ,i h f\nd contr>y w9ds 9 e qu>t]4 ,i wi%$ to rea* a h>bor1 b c\ld n f9d ! way ?i!r2 ,i wi%$ to lay me d[n1 b c\ld meet ) no re/+-place4 ,i long$ to be sil5t & to utt] n a ^w4 ,b ! ^w ( ! ,"l is 9 my he>t2 & if x does n come =?1 x mu/ consume ! m>r[ ( my bones4 ,?us1 ,o ,"l1 if x be ,?y w t ,i %\ld navigate 9 deep wat]s1 ,?y w1 be done4' ,at ano!r "t he says3 ',i rememb] well t ^u "o occasion1 9 ! ye> #adia1 :5 ,i 0 prea*+ 9 ! ,duomo1 hav+ compos$ my s]mon entirely ^u ^! visions1 ,i det]m9$ to ab/a9 f all allusion to !m1 & 9 future to adh]e to ?is resolution4 ,god is my witness t ! :ole ( ,saturday & ! :ole ( ! succe$+ night ,i lay awake1 & c\ld see no o!r c\rse1 no o!r doctr9e4 ,at daybreak1 worn out & depress$ by ! _m h\rs ,i _h la9 awake1 :ile ,i 0 pray+ ,i he>d a voice t said to me3 ,fool t ?\ art1 do/ ?\ n see t x is ,god's w t ?\ %\ld/ keep to ! same pa?8 ,! consequ5ce ( :i* 0 t on ! same day ,i prea*$ a trem5d\s s]mon4' ,^! passages leave ^u ! m9d no d\bt ( ,savon>ola's s9c]ity4 ,if he deceiv$ o!rs1 he 0 himself ! fir/ to be deceiv$1 & t too n be=e he _h subject$ himself to ! mo/ se>*+ exam9ation1 seek+ 9 va9 to escape f ! =ce :i* compell$ him to play ! "p ( prophet4 ,t]rible1 inde$1 mu/ h be5 ! wre/l+s & que/ion+s ( ?is /rong-fib]$ intellect1 alone & diffid5t1 )9 ! toils ( ec/asy4 ,return+ to ! details ( ,savon>ola's biography1 we f9d him /ill 9 ,lomb>dy 9 #adhf4 ,aft] leav+ ,brescia he mov$ to ,reggio1 :]e he made ! fri5d%ip ( ! fam\s ,giovanni ,pico della ,mir&ola4 ,!y cont9u$ intimate till ! dea? ( ! latt] 9 #adid2 x 0 8 nephew1 ,giovanni ,francesco ,pico della ,mir&ola1 :o aft]w>ds wrote ! ,life ( ,savon>ola4 ,f ,reggio ! fri> w5t to ,g5oa2 & by ?is "t 8 fame z a prophet 9 ! nor? ( ,lomb>dy 0 well e/abli%$4 ,n[ came ! turn+-po9t 9 8 life4 ,f\rte5 hundr$ & n9ety is ! date :i* det]m9$ 8 public action z a man ( p[] 9 ,italy4 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 /rangely en\gh1 0 ! in/rum5t ( 8 recall 9 ?is ye> to ,flor5ce4 ,lor5zo1 :o1 if he c\ld h =ese5 ! future ( 8 own family 9 ,flor5ce1 w\ld r h /ifl$ ?is monk's voice 9 8 c[l1 took pa9s to s5d = him & br+ him to ,s4 ,m>k's1 ! conv5t ^u :i* 8 fa!r _h lavi%$ s mu* weal?4 ,he hop$ to add lu/] to 8 capital by ! prea*+ ( ! mo/ eloqu5t fri> 9 ,italy4 ,cle>-sight$ z he 01 he c\ld n disc]n ! flame ( lib]ty :i* burn$ 9 ,savon>ola's s\l4 ,savon>ola1 ! democratic p>ty lead]1 0 a =ce 9 politics z incalculable be=eh& z ,f]rucci ! h]o4 ,on ,augu/ #a1 #adij1 ! monk asc5d$ ! pulpit ( ,s4 ,m>k's1 & deliv]$ a trem5d\s s]mon on a passage f ! ,apocalypse4 ,on ! eve ( ?is comm5cem5t he is report$ to h said3 ',tomorr[ ,i %all beg9 to prea*1 & ,i %all prea* = eight ye>s4' ,! ,flor5t9es 7 greatly mov$4 ,savon>ola _h to remove f ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>k to ! ,duomo2 & ?us began ! spiritual dictator%ip :i* he ex]cis$ !nce=? )\t int]mission till 8 dea?4 ,lor5zo soon began to res5t ! influ5ce ( ?is uncompromis+ monk1 :o1 n cont5t ) moral exhortations1 confid5tly pr$ict$ ! com+ ( a =eign conqu]or1 ! fall ( ! ,magnific5t1 ! p]il ( ! ,pope1 & ! ru9 ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,yet x 0 no long] easy to suppress ! prea*]4 ,v e>ly 9 8 ,flor5t9e c>e] ,savon>ola _h prov$ himself to be fully z great an adm9i/rator z an orator4 ,! ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co dom9at$ by 8 p]sonal au?ority1 _h made him ,prior 9 #adia1 & he 0 already engag$ 9 a ?or\gh re=m ( all ! ,dom9ican mona/]ies ( ,tuscany4 ,x 0 usual = ! ,priors elect ( ,s4 ,m>k to pay a complim5t>y visit to ! ,m$ici1 _! patrons4 ,savon>ola1 ?9k+ ?is a worldly & unseemly cu/om1 omitt$ to obs]ve x4 ,lor5zo1 notic+ ! disc\rtesy1 is report$ to h said1 ) a smile3 ',see n[6 "h is a /rang] :o has come into my h\se1 & w n deign to visit me4' ,he =got t ,savon>ola look$ ^u 8 conv5t z a h\se ( ,god4 ,at ! same "t ! pr9ce made ov]tures ( goodwill to ! ,prior1 frequ5tly att5d$ 8 s]vices1 & dropp$ gold into ! alms-box ( ,s4 ,m>k's4 ,savon>ola took no notice ( him1 & h&$ 8 flor9s ov] to ! poor ( ! city4 ,!n ,lor5zo /irr$ up ,fra ,m>iano da ,g5ezzano1 ,savon>ola's old rival1 aga9/ him2 b ! clev] rhetorician 0 no long] a mat* = ! full-gr[n a?lete ( inspir$ eloqu5ce4 ,da ,g5ezzano 0 =c$ to leave ,flor5ce 9 angry discomfiture4 ,) su* unb5d+ haught9ess did ,savon>ola already d>e to brave ! p[]s t be4 ,he _h recogniz$ ! oppressor ( lib]ty1 ! corrupt] ( morality1 ! oppon5t ( true religion1 9 ,lor5zo4 ,he hat$ him z a tyrant4 ,he w\ld n give him ! "r h& ( fri5d%ip or ! salute ( civility4 ,9 ! same _s he aft]w>ds d5\nc$ ,alex&]1 scorn$ 8 excommunication1 & plott$ ) ! k+s ( ,*ri/5dom = ! conv5+ ( a ,c\ncil4 ,lor5zo1 h[ev]1 0 a man ( supreme insight into "*1 & knew h[ to value 8 antagoni/4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! h\r = dy+ came1 & :51 true *ild ( ! ,r5aissance t he 01 he felt ! ne$ ( sacram5ts & absolution1 he s5t = ,savon>ola1 say+ t he 0 ! only hone/ fri> he knew4 ,! magnanimity ( ! ,m$ici 0 only equal$ by ! firmness ( ! monk4 ,/&+ by ! b$side ( ! dy+ man1 :o _h confess$ 8 s9s1 ,savon>ola said3 ',?ree ?+s are requir$ ( y3 to h a full & lively fai? 9 ,god's m]cy2 to re/ore :at y h unju/ly ga9$2 to give back lib]ty to ,flor5ce4' ,lor5zo ass5t$ readily to ! two fir/ requisitions4 ,at ! ?ird he turn$ 8 face 9 sil5ce to ! wall4 ,he mu/ inde$ h felt t to dem& & promise ?is 0 easi] ?an to c>ry x into effect4 ,savon>ola left him )\t absolution4 ,lor5zo di$4#a #a ,x is j to obs]ve t great d\bt has be5 ?r[n on ! facts above relat$ conc]n+ ,lor5zo's dea?4 ,poliziano1 :o 0 ) ,lor5zo dur+ 8 la/ illness1 does n m5tion !m 9 8 lett] to ,jacobus ,antiqu>ius 7xv4 ,kal4 ,jun4 #adib74 ,b ,burlmac*i1 ,pico1 ,b>santi1 ,razzi1 & o!rs ( ! ,frate's p>ty1 agree 9 ! /ory4 ,:at ,poliziano wrote 0 t ,savon>ola confess$ ,lor5zo & retir$ )\t volunte]+ ! bless+4 ,razzi says ! int]view betwe5 ,savon>ola & ,lor5zo took place )\t witnesses2 ,pico & ,burlamac*i relate ! ev5t z !y he>d ( x f ! lips ( ,savon>ola4 ,we h !re=e to judge betwe5 ! te/imony ( ,poliziano1 :o held no communication ) ! fri>1 & ! v]acity ( sev]al n>rators1 biass$ inde$ by ho/ility t[>d ! ,m$ici1 b 9 direct int]c\rse ) ! only man :o c\ld tell ! exact tru? ( :at pass$--! confessor1 ,savon>ola1 :o _h be5 alone ) ,lor5zo4 ,vill>i1 aft] sift+ ! evid5ce1 arrives at ! conclusion t we may believe ,burlamac*i4 ,! ,b>on ,reumont1 9 8 rec5t ,life ( ,lor5zo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eij1 gives "s solid reasons = accept+ ?is conclusion ) caution1 & ,g9o ,capponi expresses a di/9ct disbelief 9 ,burlamac*i's n>ration4 ,! ?ird po9t insi/$ ^u by ! fri>1 ,re/ore lib]ty to ,flor5ce1 n only broke ! peace ( ! dy+ pr9ce1 b x also aft]w>ds = ev] rul$ ! conduct ( ,savon>ola4 ,f ?is "t 8 life is t ( a /atesman no less ?an ( a prea*]4 ,:at ,lor5zo refus$1 or 0 inde$ ^u 8 dea?b$ q unable to p]=m1 ! monk det]m9$ to a*ieve4 ,h5ce=? he became ! *ampion ( popul> lib]ty 9 ! pulpit4 ,feel+ t 9 ! p alone lay any hope ( reg5]ation = ,italy1 he made x ! "w ( 8 :ole life to give ! /r5g? & sanction ( religion to republican fre$om4 ,?is "w he seal$ ) m>tyrdom4 ,! _s ( ! cre$ :i* he bequea!d to 8 p>tisans 9 ,flor5ce 0 political no less ?an pi\s4 ,:e!r ,savon>ola 0 "r to emb>k ^u ! p]il\s sea ( /atecraft _c n[ be que/ion$4 ,:at prophet ( ,israel f ,samuel to ,isaiah 0 n ! mak] & de/roy] ( k+s & con/itutions8 ,:5 we call him by _! title1 we mean to say t he1 l !m1 controll$ by spiritual =ce ! =tunes ( 8 p4 ,:e!r he s\ght x or n1 ?is role ( politician 0 ?ru/ ^u him by ! c\rse ( ev5ts3 nor 0 ! hi/ory ( ,italian cities defici5t 9 prec$5ts ( simil> functions assum$ by prea*+ fri>s4#a #a ,x is en\gh to allude to ,arnold ( ,brescia 9 ,rome1 to ,fra ,bussol>i 9 ,pavia1 ami to ,john ( ,vic5za4 ,sec ,app5dix iv4 ,to ,lor5zo succe$$ ! incompet5t ,pi]o de' ,m$ici1 :o surr5d]$ ! =tresses ( ,tuscany to ! ,fr5* army4 ,:ile ,savon>ola 0 prophesy+ a sword1 a sc\rge1 a deluge1 ,*>les ,,viii4 rode at ! head ( 8 knigh?ood into ,flor5ce4 ,! city 0 lead]less1 unus$ to lib]ty4 ,:o b ! monk :o _h pr$ict$ ! invasion %\ld n[ attempt to control x8 ,:o b he ^: voice alone _h p[] to assemble & to sway ! ,flor5t9es %\ld n[ direct !m8 ,8 adm9i/rative faculty 9 a n>r[ sph]e _h be5 prov$ by 8 re=m ( ! ,dom9ican ,conv5ts4 ,8 div9e mission 0 au!nticat$ by ! arrival ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,"l _h rais$ him up to act z well z to utt]4 ,he felt ?is3 ! p felt x4 ,he 0 n ! man to refuse responsibility4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( #adic & #adid1 :5 ,flor5ce toge!r ) ,italy 0 9 imm95t p]il1 ! voice ( ,savon>ola nev] ceas$ to r+4 ,8 s]mons on ! psalm ',quam bonus' & on ! ,ark ( ,noah are among ! mo/ /up5d\s triumphs ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,f 8 pulpit b5ea? ! somb] dome ( ,brunelles*i he kept p\r+ =? words ( p[] to resuscitate ! free _s ( 8 ,flor5t9es4 ,9 #adie1 :5 ! ,m$ici _h be5 expell$ & ! ,fr5* army _h gone ^u its way to ,naples1 ,savon>ola 0 call$ ^u to recon/itute ! /ate4 ,he bade ! p ab&on _! old sy/em ( ,p>lam5ti & ,balia1 & e/abli% a ,gr& ,c\ncil aft] ! ,v5etian type4#a ,?is in/itution1 :i* seem$ to ! ,flor5t9es ! be/ !y _h ev] adopt$1 might be reg>d$ by ! hi/orian z only "o among _! _m exp]im5ts 9 con/itution-mak+1 if ,savon>ola _h n /amp$ x ) 8 peculi> g5ius by ann\nc+ t ,*ri/ 0 to be consid]$ ! ,head ( ! ,/ate4#b ,?is /ep at once gave a !ocratic bias to ! gov]nm5t1 :i* det]m9$ all ! acts ( ! monk's adm9i/ration4 ,n cont5t ) political organization1 too impati5t to await ! gr[? ( good mann]s f s\nd in/itutions1 he set ab\t a moral & religi\s re=mation4 ,pomps1 vanities1 & vices 7 to be ab&on$4 ,imm$iately ! wom5 & ! "y m5 ?rew aside _! silks & f9e attire4 ,! ,c>nival songs ceas$4 ,hymns & processions took ! place ( obsc5e *oruses & pagan triumphs4 ,! laws 7 remodel$ 9 ! same sev]e & abrupt _s4 ,usury 0 aboli%$4 ,:atev] ,savon>ola orda9$1 ,flor5ce execut$4 ,by ! magic ( 8 influ5ce ! city = a mom5t assum$ a new aspect4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh ! old au/]ity :i* ,dante & ,villani prais$ 7 ab\t to return )\t ! facti\s hate & pride t ru9$ m$aeival ,tuscany4 ,9 ev]y?+ done by ,savon>ola at ?is epo* !re 0 a /range comb9ation ( political sagacity ) mona/ic zeal4 ,nei!r ,guicci>d9i nor ,ma*iavelli1 writ+ ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ,savon>ola _h fall5 & ,flor5ce 0 aga9 enslav$1 c\ld propose any?+ wis] ?an 8 ,consiglio ,gr&e4 ,yet ! fi]ce revivalism advocat$ by ! fri>--! bonfire ( ,lor5zo di ,cr$i's & ,fra ,b>tolommeo's pictures1 ( ,,mss1 ( ,boccaccio & classic poets1 & ( all ^? f9]ies :i* a ,v5etian ,jew is said to h valu$ 9 "o heap at #bb1jjj flor9s--! recitation ( su* ,bac*analian songs z ?is-- ,nev] 0 !re s sweet a gladness1 ,joy ( s pure & /rong a fa%ion1 ,z ) zeal & love & passion ,?us to embrace ,*ri/'s holy madness6 ,cry ) me1 cry z ,i n[ cry1 ,madness1 madness1 holy madness6 --! procession ( boys & girls ?r\gh ! /reets1 %am+ _! eld]s into hypocritical piety1 & bre$+ 9 _! own he>ts ! intol]able priggi%ness ( premature pietism--c\ld n br+ =? excell5t & solid fruits4 ,! *ange 0 f> too viol5t4 ,! temp] ( ! race 0 n prep>$ = x4 ,x cla%$ too rudely ) ,r5aissance culture4 ,x outrag$ ! s5se ( propriety 9 ! m mod]ate citiz5s1 & r\s$ to v9dictive fury ! wor/ passions ( ! self-indulg5t & ! worldly4 ,a reaction 0 inevitable4#c #a ,?is *ange 0 c]ta9ly wr\ght out by ! influ5ce ( ! fri> & approv$ by him4 ,segni1 lib4 i4 p4 #ae1 speaks cle>ly on ! po9t1 & says t ! fri> = ?is s]vice to ! city 'debbe ess] messo tra buoni datori di leggi1 e debbe ess]e amato e onorato da' ,fior5t9i non altrim5ti *e ,numa dai ,romani e ,solone dagli ,at5iesi e ,licurgo da' ,lac$emoni4' ,! evil ( ! old sy/em 0 t ! ,p>lam5to1 :i* consi/$ ( ! citiz5s assembl$ 9 ! ,piazza1 0 expos$ to intimidation1 & _h no prop] initiative1 :ile ! ,balia1 or select body1 to :om !y !n intru/$ pl5ipot5ti>y au?ority1 0 always ! faction = ! mom5t upp]mo/4 ,= ! mode ( work+ ! ,p>lam5to & ,balia1 see ,segni1 p4 #aii2 ,n>di1 lib4 vi4 cap4 #d2 ,v>*i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgb4 ,savon>ola inscrib$ ?is octave /anza on ! wall ( ! ,consiglio ,gr&e3 ',se que/o popol> consiglio e c]to ,gov]no1 popol1 de la tua cittate ,cons]vi1 *e da ,dio t'e /ato (f]to1 ,9 pace />ai sempre e lib]tate3 ,ti5 dunque l'oc*io della m5te ap]to1 ,*e molte insidie ognor ti fi5 p>ate2 ,e sappi *e *i vuol f> p>lam5to ,vuol torti dalle mani il reggim5to4' #b ,see ,v>*i1 vol4 i4 p4 #afi4 ,niccolo ,capponi1 9 #aebg1 return+ to ! policy ( ,savon>ola1 caus$ ! ,flor5t9es to elect ,*ri/ = _! k+1 & inscrib$ ^u ! door ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico3-- ,y4,h4,s4 ,,*ri/us ,,rex ,,flor5t9i ,,populi ,s4,p4 ,,decreto ,,electus4 #c ,! position ( ! ,puritan lead]s 9 ,engl& 0 some:at simil> to ,savon>ola's4 ,b !y _h at ! end ( a long w>1 ! majority ( ! nation ) !m4 ,besides1 ! ,engli% temp]am5t 0 m adapt$ to ,puritanism ?an ! ,italian1 nor 7 ! manife/ations ( piety prescrib$ by ,p>liam5t s extravagant4 ,& yet ev5 9 ,engl& a reaction took place "u ! ,re/oration4 ,mean:ile ! /rong w9e ( prophecy intoxicat$ ,savon>ola4 ,8 fi]y temp]am5t1 /ra9$ to ! utmo/ by ! dead weight ( ,flor5t9e affairs t press$ ^u him1 became m irritable day by day4 ,vision succe$$ vision2 trance foll[$ ^u trance2 agonies ( dejection 7 sudd5ly trans=m$ into outbur/s ( magnific5t & s\l-su/a9+ en?usiasm4 ,x 0 no wond] if1 pass+ z he _h done f ! discipl9e ( ! cloi/] to ! dictator%ip ( a republic1 he %\ld make extravagant mi/akes4 ,! t5sion ( ?is abnormal situation 9 ! city grew to be excessive1 & cool ?9k]s pr$ict$ t ,savon>ola's position w\ld become unt5able4 ,p>ties began to =m & ga!r to a head4 ,! foll[]s ( ! monk1 by f> ! l>ge/ section ( ! p1 receiv$ ! "n ( ,piagnoni or ,frates*i4 ,! fri5ds ( ! ,m$ici1 few at fir/ & cauti\s1 7 call$ ,bigi4 ,! oppon5ts ( ,savon>ola & ( ! ,m$ici1 :o hat$ 8 !ocracy1 b desir$ to see an olig>*y & n a tyranny 9 ,flor5ce1 7 kn[n z ! ,arrabbiati4 ,! discont5t :i* g]m9at$ 9 ,flor5ce display$ itself 9 ,rome4 ,alex&] f\nd x intol]able to be assail$ z ,anti*ri/ by a monk :o _h made himself ma/] ( ! *ief ,italian republic4 ,at fir/ he us$ 8 arts ( bl&i%m5t & honey$ words 9 ord] to lure ,savon>ola to ,rome4 ,! fri> refus$ to quit ,flor5ce4 ,!n ,alex&] susp5d$ him f prea*+4 ,savon>ola obey$1 b wrote at ! same "t to ,*>les ,,viii4 d5\nc+ 8 indol5ce & call+ ^u him to re=m ! ,*ur*4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic1 ?\gh /ill suff]+ f ! ,pope's int]dict1 he !n resum$ 8 prea*+4 ,alex&] s\ght next to corrupt ! man he c\ld n intimidate4 ,to ! sugge/ion t a ,c>d9al's hat might be (f]$ him1 ,savon>ola repli$ t he pref]r$ ! r$ cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 ,asc5d+ ! pulpit ( ! ,duomo 9 #adif1 he prea*$ ! mo/ fi]y ( all 8 ,l5t5 c\rses4 ,( ?is s]ies ( orations ,milman writes3 ',8 triumphal c>e] began ) ! ,adv5t ( #adid on ,haggai & ! ,psalms4 ,b x is 9 ! ,c>eme ( #adif on ,amos & ,ze*>iah t ! prea*] girds himself to 8 full /r5g?1 :5 he _h atta9$ 8 full au?ority1 & c\ld n b be consci\s t !re 0 a deep & dang]\s rebellion brood+ 9 ! he>ts ( ! ho/ile factions at ,flor5ce1 & :5 already om9\s rumors began to be he>d f ,rome4 ,he t w\ld "k ! p[]1 ! d>+1 ! oratory ( ,savon>ola1 mu/ /udy ?is volume4'#a #a ,^! s]mons 7 pr9t$ f ! notes tak5 by ,lor5zo ,violi 9 "o volume at ,v5ice1 #aecd4 ,v t]rific inde$ are ! d5unciations conta9$ 9 ^! disc\rses--d5unciations fulm9at$ )\t disguise aga9/ ! ,pope & prie/s ( ,rome1 aga9/ ! ,m$ici1 aga9/ ! ,flor5t9es !mselves1 9 :om ! traces ( rebellion 7 beg9n+ to appe>4 ,m+l$ ) ^! vehem5t invectives1 c\*$ 9 ,savon>ola's mo/ impassion$ /yle & height5$ by 8 mo/ impressive imag]y1 are political h>angues & polemical argum5ts aga9/ ! ,pope4 ,! position assum$ by ! fri> 9 8 w> ) ,rome 0 n a /rong "o1 & ! reason+ by :i* he support$ x 0 m>k$ by curi\s self-deception m+l$ ) app>5t ef=ts to deceive 8 audi5ce4 ,he _h n ! audaci\s orig9ality ( ,lu!r4 ,he nev] w5t to ! l5g? ( brav+ ,alex&] by burn+ 8 bulls & by d5y+ ! au?ority ( popes 9 g5]al4 ,n d>+ to break all connection ) ! ,holy ,see1 he 0 driv5 to quibble ab\t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! (fice & ! man1 assum+ a haz>d\s attitude ( ob$i5ce to ! ,*ur* ^: head & *ief he daily outrag$4 ,at ! same "t he took no pa9s to enli/ ! sympa?ies ( ! ,italian pr9ces1 _m ( :om might presumably h be5 ho/ile to ! ,pope1 on 8 side ( ! qu>rel4 ,all ! tyrants came 9 = a %>e ( 8 prophetic indignation4 ,lodovico ,s=za1 ! "l ( ,mir&ola1 & ,pi]o de' ,m$ici felt !mselves specially aggriev$1 & kept urg+ ,alex&] to ext+ui% ?is s\rce ( sc&al to e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts4 ,aga9/ s great & p[]ful a ho/ "o man c\ld n /& alone4 ,savon>ola's position became daily m dang]\s 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! m]*ants1 excommunicat$ by ! ,pope & ?us expos$ to pillage 9 =eign m>kets1 grumbl$ at ! fri> :o spoil$ _! trade4 ,! ban ( int]diction lay ^u ! city1 :]e ! sacram5ts c\ld no long] be adm9i/]$ or ! dead be buri$ ) ! rites ( ,*ri/ians4 ,mean:ile a b& ( high-spirit$ & pr(ligate "y m51 call$ ,compagnacci1 us$ e occasion to insult & int]rupt him4 ,at la/ 9 ,m>* #adih 8 /aun* fri5ds1 ! ,signory1 or supreme executive ( ,flor5ce1 susp5d$ him f prea*+ 9 ! ,duomo4 ,ev5 ! populace 7 we>y ( ! protract$ qu>rel ) ! ,holy ,see3 nor c\ld any b 8 own fanatical adh]5ts anticipate ! w>s :i* ?reat5$ ! /ate1 ) equanimity4 ,savon>ola himself felt t ! supreme h\r 0 come4 ,"o m res\rce 0 left2 to t he w\ld n[ betake himself3 he c\ld aft]w>ds b die4 ,?is la/ /ep 0 ! conv5+ ( a g5]al c\ncil4#a ,accord+ly he address$ lett]s to all ! ,european pot5tates4 ,"o ( ^!1 inscrib$ to ,*>les ,,viii41 0 dispat*$1 int]cept$1 & convey$ to ,alex&]4 ,he wrote also to ! ,pope & w>n$ him ( 8 purpose4 ,! t]m9ation ( t epi/le is notewor?y3 ',i c ?us h no long] any hope 9 y\r ,hol9ess1 b mu/ turn to ,*ri/ alone1 :o *ooses ! weak ( ?is _w to conf\nd ! /rong lions among ! p]v]se g5]ations4 ,he w assi/ me to prove & su/a91 9 ! face ( ! _w1 ! hol9ess ( ! "w = ! sake ( :i* ,i s greatly suff]3 & ,he w inflict a j puni%m5t on ^? :o p]secute me & w\ld imp$e its progress4 ,z = myself1 ,i seek no e>?ly glory1 b long eag]ly = dea?4 ,may y\r ,hol9ess no long] delay b look to y\r salvation4' #a ,?is s*eme 0 by no means utt]ly unpractical4 ,! ,borgia _h only j escap$ deposition 9 #adie by ! gift ( a ,c>d9al's hat to ! ,bi%op ( ,s4 ,malo4 ,he 0 hat$ no less ?an fe>$ ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ,italy4 ,b ,savon>ola _h all[$ ! favorable mom5t to pass by4 ,b :ile gird+ on 8 armor = ?is s+leh&$ combat ) ! ,primate ( ,*ri/5dom & ! ,pr9ces ( ,italy1 ! m>tyrdom to :i* ,savon>ola n[ look$ =w>d fell ^u him4 ,gr[+ ye>ly m confid5t 9 8 visions & m will+ to admit 8 sup]natural p[]s1 he _h imp]ceptibly prep>$ ! pit :i* f9ally +ulf$ him4 ,(t5 _h he pr(ess$ 8 read9ess to prove 8 vocation by fire4 ,n[ came ! mom5t :5 ?is defiance to an ordeal 0 answ]$4#a ,a ,franciscan ( ,apulia (f]$ to meet him 9 ! flames & see :e!r he 7 ( ,god or n4 ,fra ,dom5ico1 ,savon>ola's devot$ fri5d1 took up ! gauntlet & propos$ himself z *ampion4 ,! furnace 0 prep>$3 bo? monks /ood ready to ent] x3 all ,flor5ce 0 assembl$ 9 ! ,piazza to witness :at %\ld happ54 ,v>i\s ob/acles1 h[ev]1 arose2 & aft] wait+ a :ole day = ! fri>'s triumph1 ! p _h to retire to _! homes "u a pelt+ %[] ( ra91 unsatisfi$1 & ) a dre>y s5se t aft] all _! prophet 0 b a m]e man4 ,! ,compagnacci got ! upp] h&4 ,s4 ,m>k's conv5t 0 besieg$4 ,savon>ola 0 l$ to prison1 nev] to issue till ! day ( 8 execution by ! rope & faggot4 ,we may draw a veil ov] ^? la/ weeks4 ,little inde$ is kn[n ab\t !m1 except t 9 8 cell ! ,fri> compos$ 8 m$itations on ! ! #ca/ & #ea/ ,psalms1 ! latt] ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,g]many ) a preface by ,lu!r 9 #aegc4 ,( ! re/ we he> only ( prolong$ torture be=e /upid & malignant judges1 ( falsifi$ evid5ce & ( contradictory confessions4 ,:at he really said & *ose to /& by1 :at he retract$1 :at he %riek$ out 9 ! delirium ( ! rack1 & :at 0 falsely imput$ to him1 no "o n[ c settle4#b ,?\gh ! _s 0 /rong1 ! fle% 0 weak2 he _h ! w b n ! n]ve to be a m>tyr4 ,at t5 o'clock on ! #bc;d ( ,may #adih he 0 l$ =? toge!r ) bro!r ,salve/ro1 ! confidant ( 8 visions1 & bro!r ,dom5ico1 8 *ampion 9 ! affair ( ! ordeal1 to a /age prep>$ 9 ! ,piazza4#c ,^! two m5 7 hang$ fir/4 ,savon>ola 0 left till ! la/4 ,z ! hangman ti$ ! rope r\nd 8 neck1 a voice f ! cr[d %\t$3 ',prophet1 n[ is ! "t to p]=m a miracle6' ,! ,bi%op ( ,vasona1 :o conduct$ ! execution1 /ripp$ 8 fri>'s frock f him1 & said1 ',i sep>ate !e f ! ,*ur* militant & triumphant4' ,savon>ola1 firm & combative ev5 at ! po9t ( dea?1 repli$1 ',militant yes3 triumphant1 no3 t is n y\rs4' ,! la/ words he utt]$ 71 ',! ,"l has suff]$ z mu* = me4' ,!n ! noose 0 tight5$ r\nd 8 neck4 ,! fire b5ea? 0 light$4 ,! flames did n rea* 8 body :ile life 0 9 x2 b ^? :o gaz$ int5tly ?\ght !y saw ! "r h& give ! sign ( b5$iction4 ,a little *ild aft]w>ds saw 8 he>t /ill :ole among ! a%es ca/ into ! ,arno2 & almo/ to ?is day fl[]s h be5 plac$ e morn+ ( ! #bc;d ( ,may ^u ! slab ( ! ,piazza :]e 8 body fell4 #a ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ?is ,ordeal by ,fire 0 f9ally got up by ! ,compagnacci ) ! sanction ( ! ,signory1 :o 7 anxi\s to relieve !mselves by any means ( ,savon>ola4 ,! ,franciscan *os5 to ent] ! flames toge!r ) ,fra ,dom5ico 0 a c]ta9 ,giuliano ,rond9elli4 ,n>di calls him ,&rea ,rond9elli4 #b ,n>di1 lib4 ii4 vol4 i4 p4 #abh1 treats ! :ole matt] ( ,savon>ola's confessions "u torture ) good s5se4 ,he says3 ',av5do dom&ato il frate quello *e diceva e aff]mava delle sue esam9e fatte inf9o a quel di1 rispose1 *e cio *' egli aveva ne' tempi passati detto e pr$etto era la pura v]ita1 e *e quello di *e s'era ridetto e aveva ritratto1 era tutto falso e era seguito p] il dolor gr&e e p] la paura *e egli aveva de' torm5ti1 e *e di nuovo si ridirebbe e ritratt]ebbe tante volte1 quante ci fusse di nuovo torm5tato1 p]cio *e si conosceva molto debole e incon/ante nel sopport>e i supplicii4' ,bur*>d1 9 8 ,di>y1 reports ! *ildi%1 f\l1 malignant gossip curr5t 9 ,rome4 ,?is may be read 9 ! ',preuves et ,obs]vations' app5d$ to ! ,memoirs ( ,de ,com9es1 vol4 v4 p4 #eab4 ,see ! ,m>*ese ,g9o ,capponi's ,/oria della ,fir5ze 7tom4 ii4 pp4 #bdh-ea7 = a critical analysis ( ! depositions falsely ascrib$ to ,savon>ola4 #c ,!re is a curi\s old picture 9 ! ,p9acoteca ( ,p]ugia :i* repres5ts ! burn+ ( ! ?ree fri>s4 ,! :ole ,piazza della ,signoria is %[n1 ) ! h\ses ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & )\t ! /atues :i* aft]w>ds adorn$ x4 ,! spectator fronts ! ,palazzo1 & has to 8 extreme "r ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi4 ,! c5t] ( ! squ>e is occupi$ by a great circul> pile ( billets & fagots1 to :i* a wood5 bridge ( scaffold+ leads f ! left angle ( ! ,polazzo4 ,f ! middle ( ! pile rises a pole1 to :i* ! bodies ( ! fri>s 9 _! :ite clo!s are susp5d$4 ,/a ,m>ia del ,fiore1 ! ,badia t[]1 & ! di/ant hills above ,fiesole complete a sc5e :i* is no d\bt accurate 9 detail4 ,?us di$ ,savon>ola3 & imm$iately he became a sa9t4 ,8 s]mons & o!r works 7 univ]sally di/ribut$4 ,m$als 9 8 honor 7 /ruck4 ,raphael pa9t$ him among ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura ( ! ,vatican4 ,! ,*ur*1 ) /range inconsi/5cy1 propos$ to canonize ! man :om %e _h burn$ z a contumaci\s h]etic & a corrupt] ( ! p4 ,?is canonization nev] took place3 b _m ,dom9ican ,*ur*es us$ a special (fice ) 8 "n & 9 8 honor4#a ,a leg5d simil> to t ( ,s4 ,francis 9 its weal? ( my?ical details embalm$ ! memory ( ev5 ! smalle/ details ( 8 life4 ,b1 above all1 he liv$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,flor5t9es4 ,= _m ye>s to come 8 "n 0 ! wat*word ( _! fre$om2 8 prophecies su/a9$ _! _s dur+ ! siege ( #aebh2b & x 0 only by return+ to 8 policy t ,niccolo ,capponi & ,francesco ,c>ducci rul$ ! p ?r\gh ^? tr\bl\s times4 ,! political action ( ,savon>ola =ms b a %ort episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce4 ,8 moral revival belongs to ! hi/ory ( popul> en?usiasm4 ,8 philosophical & !ological writ+s are *iefly int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( po/-m$aeival s*ola/icism4 ,8 attitude z a mona/ic lead] ( ! populace1 attempt+ to play ! old game :]eby ! facti\s w>f>e ( a previ\s age _h be5 susp5d$ by appeals to piety1 & politicians _h look$ = aid outside ! nation1 0 ana*roni/ic4 ,b 8 prophecy1 8 insight into ! com+ ( a new era = ! ,*ur* & = ,italy1 is a ma9 fact 9 ! psy*ology ( ! ,r5aissance4 #a ,(ficio del ,savon>ola1 ) preface by ,ces>e ,gua/i4 ,fir5ze1 #ahfc4 #b ,guicci>d9i1 9 8 ,ricordt1 ,no4 i41 ref]s ! incr$ible ob/9acy ( ! ,flor5t9es at ?is p]iod 9 hop+ aga9/ all hope & reason to ,savon>ola3 'que/a o/9azione ha causata 9 gran p>te a f$e di non pot]e p]ire1 secondo le pr$icazioni di ,fra ,j]onirno da ,f]r>a4' ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,*>les ,,viii4 ,! ,italian ,/ates confront ! ,great ,nations ( ,europe--,policy ( ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france--,"* ( ,*>les ,,viii4--,prep>ations = ! ,invasion ( ,italy--,position ( ,lodovico ,s=za--,diplomatic ,difficulties 9 ,italy aft] ! ,dea? ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici--,weakness ( ! ,republics--,,ii ,moro--,! ye> #adid--;,alfonso ( ,naples--,ineffici5cy ( ! ,allies to cope ) ,france--,*>les at ,lyons is /irr$ up to ! ,invasion ( ,italy by ,giuliano della ,rov]e--,*>les at ,a/i & ,pavia--,murd] ( ,gian ,galeazzo ,s=za--,mi/ru/ 9 ! ,fr5* ,army--,rapallo & ,fivizzano--,! ,entrance into ,tuscany--,"p play$ by ,pi]o de' ,m$ici--,*>les at ,pisa--,8 ,entrance into ,flor5ce--,pi]o ,capponi--,! ,m>* on ,rome--,entry into ,rome--,panic ( ,alex&] ,,vi4--,! ,m>* on ,naples--,! ,spani% ,dyna/y3 ,alfonso & ,f]d9&--,alfonso ,,ii4 escapes to ,sicily--,f]d9& ,,ii4 takes ,refuge 9 ,is*ia--,*>les at ,naples--,! ,league aga9/ ! ,fr5*--,de ,com9es at ,v5ice--,*>les makes 8 ,retreat by ,rome1 ,si5a1 ,pisa1 & ,pontremoli--,! ,battle ( ,=novo--,*>les rea*es ,a/i & returns to ,france--,italy becomes ! ,prize to be f\ght = by ,france1 ,spa91 & ,g]many--,importance ( ! ,exp$ition ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ,"o ( ! *ief features ( ! ,r5aissance 0 ! appe>ance = ! fir/ "t on ! /age ( hi/ory ( full-=m$ & colossal nations4 ,france1 ,spa91 ,au/ria1 & ,engl& are n[ to measure _! /r5g?4 ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,milan1 ,naples1 ev5 ,rome1 are de/9$ 9 ! p]iod t is op5+ = ,europe to play b second>y p>ts4 ,italy1 incapable ( cop+ ) ^! great p[]s1 w become ! m]e ar5a ( _! conte/s1 ! object ( _! spoliations4 ,yet ! ,italians !mselves 7 f> f be+ consci\s ( ?is *ange4 ,accu/om$ ?r\gh ?ree c5turies to a sy/em ( diplomacy & intrigue among _! own small /ates1 !y /ill ?\ght m ( ! balance ( p[] )9 ! p59sula ?an ( ! means to be adopt$ = repell+ =eign =ce4 ,_! petty jeal\sies kept !m disunit$ at an epo* :5 ! be/ *ance ( national fre$om lay 9 a f$]ation4 ,firmly l9k$ toge!r 9 "o league1 or subject to a s+le pr9ce1 ! ,italians might n only h met _! foes on equal gr\nd1 b ev5 h tak5 a =emo/ place among ! mod]n nations4#a ,in/ead ( t1 _! pr9ces 7 fooli% en\gh to ?9k t !y c\ld set ,france1 ,g]many1 or ,spa9 9 motion = ! atta9m5t ( selfi% objects )9 ! n>r[ sph]e ( ,italian politics1 =gett+ ! disproportion betwe5 ^! huge mon>*ies & a s+le city l ,flor5ce1 a m]e prov9ce l ! ,milanese4 ,x 0 j possible = ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici to secure ! tranquillity ( ,italy by comb9+ ! ,h\ses ( ,s=za & ( ,aragon ) ! ,papal ,see 9 ! *a9s ( ! same int]e/$ policy ) ! ,commonweal? ( ,flor5ce4 ,x 0 ridicul\s ( ,lodovico ,s=za to fancy t he c\ld br+ ! ,fr5* into ! game ( p59sul> intrigue )\t irrevocably ru9+ its artificial equilibrium4 ,! fir/ sign ( ! alt]ation ab\t to take place 9 ,european hi/ory 0 ! invasion ( ,italy by ,*>les ,,viii4 ,?is holiday excursion ( a hairbra9$ y\? 0 z transi5t z a bord]-=ay on a l>ge scale4 ,! s-call$ conque/ 0 only less sudd5 ?an ! subsequ5t loss ( ,italy by ! ,fr5*4 ,yet ! tornado :i* swept ! p59sula f nor? to s\?1 & return$ ^u its pa? f s\? to nor? )9 ! space ( a few mon?s1 left ineffaceable traces on ! c\ntry :i* x trav]s$1 & *ang$ ! :ole complexion ( ! politics ( ,europe4 #a ,read1 h[ev]1 ,sismondi's able argum5t aga9/ ! view t ,italy1 unit$ z a s+le nation "u a sov]eign1 w\ld h be5 bett] (f1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bih et seq4 ,he is ( op9ion t h] only *ance lay 9 a ,conf$]ation4 ,see *apt] ii4 above1 = a discussion ( ?is *ance4 ,! invasion ( ,italy _h be5 long prep>$ 9 ! c\nsels ( ,l\is ,,xi4 ,aft] sp5d+ 8 lifetime 9 ! consolidation ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y1 he con/ruct$ an inh]itance ( fur!r empire = 8 successors by dictat+ to ! old ,k+ ,r5e ( ,anj\ 7#adgd7 & to ! ,c\nt ( ,ma9e 7#adha7 ! two wills by :i* ! pret5sions ( ! ,h\se ( ,anj\ to ! ,cr[n ( ,naples 7 transmitt$ to ! royal family ( ,france4#a ,on ! dea? ( ,l\is1 ,*>les ,,viii4 became ,k+ 9 #adhc4 ,he 0 !n ag$ only ?irte51 & 0 /ill gov]n$ by 8 eld] si/]1 ,anne de ,beaujeu4#b ,x 0 n until #adib t he actually took ! re9s ( ! k+dom into 8 own h&s4 ,?is ye>1 we may rem>k1 is "o ( ! mo/ memorable dates 9 hi/ory4 ,9 #adib ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica3 9 #adib ,rod]igo ,borgia 0 made ,pope3 9 #adib ,spa9 became a nation by ! conque/ ( ,granada4 ,ea* ( ^! ev5ts 0 no less fruitful ( consequ5ces to ,italy ?an 0 ! accession ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 foll[$ 9 ano!r six ye>s by ,vasco de' ,gama's exploration ( ! ,indian seas1 div]t$ ! comm]ce ( ! _w into new *annels2 ,alex&] ,,vi4 made ! ,re=mation & ! ,nor!rn ,s*ism c]ta9ties2 ! consolidation ( ,spa9 prep>$ a way = ! autocracy ( ,*>les ,v4 ,?us ! comm]cial1 ! spiritual1 & ! political scept] fell 9 ?is "o ye> f ! grasp ( ! ,italians4 #a ,sismondi1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bhe4 ,! ,app5dix ( ,pieces ,ju/ificatives to ,philip de ,com9es' ,memoirs conta9s ! w ( ,r5e ,k+ ( ,sicily1 ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 dat$ ,july #bb1 #adgd1 by :i* he con/itutes 8 nephew1 ,*>les ( ,anj\1 ,duke ( ,calabria1 ,c\nt ( ,ma9e1 8 heir-9-*ief2 z well z ! w ( ,*>les ( ,anj\1 ,k+ ( ,sicily1 ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 dat$ ,decemb] #aj1 #adha1 by :i* he makes ,l\is ,,xi4 8 heir1 nam+ ,*>les ! ,dauph9 next 9 succession4 #b ,h] husb& 0 a cadet ( ! ,h\se ( ,b\rbon4 ,bo? ,philip de ,com9es & ,guicci>d9i h describ$ ! appe>ance & ! "* ( ! pr9ce :o 0 de/9$ to play a "p s prom95t1 s pregnant ( results1 & yet s trivial 9 ! affairs ( ,europe4 ,provid5ce1 x w\ld seem1 deigns frequ5tly to use = ! mo/ mom5t\s purposes "s pantaloon or puppet1 environ+ ) special protection & ) ! pray]s & aspirations ( :ole peoples a m]e manik94 ,su* a puppet 0 ,*>les4 ',f infancy he _h be5 weak 9 con/itution & subject to illness4 ,8 /ature 0 %ort1 & 8 face v ugly1 if y except ! dignity & vigor ( 8 glance4 ,8 limbs 7 s disproportion$ t he _h less ! appe>ance ( a man ?an ( a mon/]4 ,n only 0 he ignorant ( lib]al arts1 b he h>dly knew 8 lett]s4 ,?\gh eag] to rule1 he 0 9 tru? made = any?+ b t2 = :ile surr\nd$ by dep5d5ts1 he ex]cis$ no au?ority ov] !m & pres]v$ no k9d ( maje/y4 ,hat+ bus9ess & fatigue1 he display$ 9 su* matt]s z he took 9 h& a want ( prud5ce & ( judgm5t4 ,8 desire = glory sprang r f impulse ?an f reason4 ,8 lib]ality 0 inconsid]ate1 immod]ate1 promiscu\s4 ,:5 he display$ inflexibility ( purpose1 x 0 m (t5 an ill-f\nd$ ob/9acy ?an firmness1 & t :i* _m p call$ 8 goodness ( nature r des]v$ ! "n ( coldness & feebl5ess ( _s4' ,?is is ,guicci>d9i's portrait4 ,de ,com9es is m brief3 ',! k+ 0 "y1 a fl$gl+ f ! ne/2 provid$ nei!r ) money nor ) good s5se2 weak1 willful1 & surr\nd$ by fooli% c\nselors4' ,^! fooli% c\nselors1 or1 z ,guicci>d9i calls !m1 'm5 ( l[ e/ate1 body-s]vants = ! mo/ "p ( ! k+1' 7 head$ by ,/eph5 de ,vesc1 :o _h be5 rais$ f ! po/ ( ! k+'s valet de *ambre to be ! ,s5es*al de ,beaucaire1 & by ,william ,briconnet1 =m]ly a m]*ant1 n[ ,bi%op ( ,s4 ,malo4 ,^! m5 _h ev]y?+ to ga9 by an und]tak+ :i* w\ld flatt] ! vanity ( _! ma/]1 & draw him into /ill clos] relations ) !mselves4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! ,c\nt ( ,belgioioso arriv$ at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt f ,milan1 urg+ ! k+ to press 8 claims on ,naples1 & promis+ him a free entrance into ,italy ?r\gh ! prov9ce ( ,lomb>dy & ! port ( ,g5oa1 he f\nd ready li/5]s4 ,anne de ,beaujeu 9 va9 oppos$ ! s*eme4 ,! spl5dor & novelty ( ! proposal to conqu] su* a realm z ,italy inflam$ ! imag9ation ( ,*>les1 ! cupidity ( 8 c\rti]s1 ! ambition ( de ,vesc & ,briconnet4 ,9 ord] to assure 8 situation at home1 ,*>les conclud$ treaties ) ! neighbor+ great p[]s4 ,he b\ght peace ) ,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,engl& by ! paym5t ( l>ge sums ( money4 ,! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 ^: res5tm5t he _h ar\s$ by s5d+ back 8 daught] ,m>g>et aft] break+ 8 promise to m>ry h]1 & by tak+ to wife ,anne ( ,brittany1 :o 0 already engag$ to ! ,au/rian1 _h to be appeas$ by ! cession ( prov9ces4 ,f]d9& ( ,spa9 receiv$ z ! price ( 8 neutrality ! /rong places ( ! ,pyr5ees :i* =m$ ! key to ,france ^u t side4 ,hav+ ?us secur$ tranquillity at home by ru9\s concessions1 ,*>les 0 free to turn 8 att5tion to ,italy4 ,he began by conc5trat+ /ores & %ips on ! s\!rn ports ( ,m>seilles & ,g5oa2 !n he mov$ d[nw>d ) 8 army1 to ,lyons1 9 #adid4 ,at ?is po9t we are call$ to consid] ! affairs ( ,italy1 :i* l$ ! ,s=za to invite 8 dang]\s ally4 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici dur+ 8 lifetime _h ma9ta9$ a balance ( p[] betwe5 ! sev]al /ates by 8 treaties ) ! ,c\rts ( ,milan1 ,naples1 & ,f]r>a4 ,:5 he di$1 ,pi]o at once %[$ signs ( dep>ture f 8 fa!r's policy4 ,! son & husb& ( ,ors9i1#a he embrac$ ! feudal pride & traditional p>tialities ( ! great ,roman h\se :o _h always be5 devot$ to ! cause ( ,naples4 ,! suspicions ( ,lodovico ,s=za 7 n unreasonably ar\s$ by notic+ t ! tyrant ( ,flor5ce incl9$ to ! alliance ( ,k+ ,f]d9& r ?an to 8 own fri5d%ip4 ,at ?is same "t ,alfonso1 ! ,duke ( ,calabria1 heir to ! ?rone ( ,naples1 0 press+ ! rights ( 8 son-9-law1 ,gian ,galeazzo ,s=za1 on ! att5tion ( ,italy1 compla9+ l\dly t 8 uncle ,lodovico ought no long] to )hold f him ! re9s ( gov]nm5t4#b ,gian ,galcazzo 0 9 fact ! legitimate successor ( ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za1 :o _h be5 murd]$ 9 ,santo ,/efano 9 #adgf4 ,aft] ?is assass9ation ,madonna ,bona ( ,savoy & ,cecco ,simonetta1 :o _h adm9i/]$ ! ,du*y z gr& vizi] dur+ ?ree reigns ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( half a c5tury1 gov]n$ ,milan z reg5ts = ! "y ,duke4 ,b ,lodovico1 feel+ himself p[]ful en\gh to assume ! tyranny1 behead$ ,simonetta at ,pavia 9 #adhj1 & caus$ ,madonna ,bona1 ! ,duke's "m1 on ! pretext ( h] immorality1 to quit ! reg5cy4 ,?us he took ! affairs ( ,milan into 8 own h&s1 conf9$ 8 nephew 9 an honorable prison1 & act$ 9 a way to make x cle> t he int5d$ !nce=? to be ,duke 9 fact4#c ,x 0 ! bad consci5ce insep>able f ?is usurpation :i* made him mi/ru/ ! pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,aragon1 ^: rights 9 ,isabella1 wife ( ! "y ,duke1 7 set at n\ght by him4 ,! same uneasy s5se ( wrong incl9$ him to look ) dread ^u ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,m$ici = ! rul+ family ( ,naples4 #a ,8 "m ,cl>ice & 8 wife ,alfons9a 7 bo? ( !m ,ors9i4 ,guicci>d9i1 9 8 ',dialogo del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze' 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #df71 says ( him3 's5do nato di madre =e/i]a1 era imba/>dito 9 lui il sangue ,fior5t9o1 e deg5]ato 9 co/umi e/]ni1 e troppo insol5ti e alti]i al no/ro viv]e4' ,pi]o1 nev]!less1 refus$ to accept e/ates f ,k+ ,alfonso :i* w\ld h made him a ,b>on & feudatory ( ,naples4 ,see ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i4 p4 #cdg4 #b ,! "y ,duke 0 ag$ tw5ty-f\r 9 #adic4 #c ,lodovico _h tak5 measures = cloak+ 8 usurpation ) ! %[ ( legitimate "r4 ,he betro!d 8 niece ,bianca ,m>ia1 9 #adid1 to ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 ) a d[] ( #djj1jjj ducats1 receiv+ 9 return an inve/iture ( ! ,du*y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he kept secret4 ,:ile affairs 7 9 ?is /ate1 & z yet no op5 di/urbance 9 ,lor5zo's balance ( p[] _h tak5 place1 ,alex&] ,,vi4 0 elect$ to ! ,papacy4 ,x 0 usual = ! pr9ces & cities ( ,italy to complim5t ! ,pope ) embassies on 8 assumption ( ! ti>a2 & ,lodovico sugge/$ t ! repres5tatives ( ,milan1 ,flor5ce1 ,f]r>a1 & ,naples %\ld ent] ,rome toge!r 9 a body4 ,! fooli% vanity ( ,pi]o1 :o want$ to display ! spl5dor ( 8 own equipage )\t rivals1 induc$ him to refuse ?is proposal1 & l$ to a simil> refusal on ! "p ( ,f]d9&4 ,?is trivial circum/ance confirm$ ! suspicions ( ,lodovico1 :o1 naturally subtle & intrigu+1 ?\ght t he disc]n$ a deep political design 9 :at 0 really little m ?an ! p]sonal conceit ( a broad-%\ld]$ simpleton4#a ,he already =esaw t ! old sy/em ( alliances e/abli%$ by ,lor5zo mu/ be ab&on$4 ,ano!r slight incid5t contribut$ to ?r[ ! affairs ( ,italy into confusion by caus+ a rupture betwe5 ,rome & ,naples4 ,lor5zo1 by ! m>riage ( 8 daught] to ,frances*etto ,cibo1 _h contriv$ to engage ,innoc5t ,,viii4 9 ! s*eme ( policy :i* he fram$ = ,flor5ce1 ,naples1 ,milan1 & ,f]r>a4 ,b on ! accession ( ,alex&]1 ,frances*etto ,cibo det]m9$ to get rid ( ,anguill>a1 ,c]vetri1 & o!r fiefs1 :i* he _h tak5 ) 8 fa!r's connivance f ! ,*ur*4 ,he f\nd a pur*as] 9 ,virg9io ,ors9i4 ,alex&] compla9$ t ! sale 0 an infr+em5t ( 8 rights4 ,f]d9& support$ ! title ( ! ,ors9i to 8 new acquisitions4 ,?is ali5at$ ! ,pope f ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 & made him will+ to jo9 ) ,milan & ,v5ice 9 a new league =m$ 9 #adic4 #a ,pi]o de' ,m$ici 0 :at ! ,fr5* call a bel homme1 & little m4 ,he 0 tall1 muscul>1 & well-made1 ! be/ play] at pallone 9 ,italy1 a good horseman1 flu5t & agreeable 9 conv]sation1 & excessively va9 ( ^! advantages4 ,?us ! old equilibrium 0 de/roy$1 & fre% comb9ations betwe5 ! disunit$ p[]s ( ,italy took place4 ,lodovico1 h[ev]1 d>$ n tru/ 8 new fri5ds4 ,v5ice _h too long hank]$ aft] ,milan to be dep5d$ ^u = real support2 & ,alex&] 0 kn[n to be 9 treaty = a matrimonial alliance betwe5 8 son ,ge(frey & ,donna ,sancia ( ,aragon4 ,lodovico 0 !re=e alone1 )\t a firm ally 9 ,italy1 & ) a manife/ly fraudul5t title to ma9ta94 ,at ?is juncture he turn$ 8 eyes t[>ds ,france2 :ile 8 fa!r-9-law1 ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 :o secretly hat$ him1 & :o selfi%ly hop$ to secure 8 own advantage 9 ! g5]al confusion :i* he anticipat$1 urg$ him to ?is fatal c\rse4 ,alex&] at ! same "t1 wi%+ to fright5 ! pr9ces ( ,naples into a conclusion ( ! project$ m>riage1 foll[$ ! lead ( ,lodovico1 & %[$ himself at ?is mom5t n av]se to a ,fr5* invasion4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ! private cupidities & spites ( pr9ces br\ght woe on ,italy3 ,lodovico's det]m9ation to secure himself 9 ! usurp$ ,du*y ( ,milan1 ,ercole d' ,e/e's conceal$ hatr$1 & ,alex&]'s unholy eag]ness to aggr&ize 8 ba/>ds1 7 ! vile & trivial causes ( an ev5t :i*1 h[ev] inevitable1 ought to h be5 z long z possible def]r$ by all true patriots 9 ,italy4 ,b 9 ,italy !re 0 no zeal = fre$om left1 no honor among pr9ces1 no virtue 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,italy1 :i* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury numb]$ #a1hjj1jjj citiz5s--t is1 memb]s ( free cities1 ex]cis+ ! fran*ise 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _! own /ates--c\ld %[ 9 ! fifte5? only ab\t #ah1jjj su* burgh]s3#a & ^! 9 ,v5ice 7 subject to ! tyranny ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,t51 9 ,flor5ce _h be5 en]vat$ by ! ,m$ici1 9 ,si5a 7 r$uc$ by p>ty feuds & vulg> despotism to political imbecility4 ,amid all ! spl5dors ( reviv$ lit]ature & art1 ( gorge\s c\rts & ref9$ societies1 ?is inde$ 0 ! "r mom5t = ! ,dom9ican vision>y to publi% 8 prophecies1 & = ! hun*back puppet ( de/9y to fulfill !m4 ,guicci>d9i deplores1 n )\t reason1 ! bitt] s>casm ( fate :i* impos$ ^u 8 c\ntry ! insult ( su* a conqu]or z ,*>les4 ,he might ) equal ju/ice h po9t$ out 9 ,lodovico ,s=za ! actor ( a tragi-comic "p ^u ! /age ( ,italy4 ,lodovico1 call$ ,,ii ,moro1 n1 z ! great hi/orian ass]ts1 because he 0 ( d>k complexion1 b because he _h adopt$ ! mulb]ry-tree = 8 device1#b 0 9 himself an epitome ( all ! qualities :i* = ! la/ two c5turies _h contribut$ to ! degradation ( ,italy 9 ! p]sons ( ! despots4 ,gift$ orig9ally ) good abilities1 he _h s accu/om$ himself to petty intrigues t he 0 n[ incapable ( tak+ a /raight=w>d /ep 9 any direction4 ,:ile he boa/$ himself ! ,son ( ,=tune & li/5$ ) complac5cy to a fooli% rhyme t ran3 ,god only & ! ,moor =ekn[ ! future safe & sure1 he nev] act$ )\t blund]+1 & liv$ to end 8 days 9 ! intol]able t$ium ( imprisonm5t at ,lo*es4 ,he 0 a ?\ghtful & pa9/ak+ rul]2 yet he s f> fail$ to w9 ! affection ( 8 subjects t !y toss$ up _! caps = joy at ! fir/ *ance ( gett+ rid ( him4 ,he dislik$ blood%$2 b ! judicial murd] ( ,simonetta1 & ! arts by :i* he =c$ 8 nephew into an e>ly grave1 h left an ineffaceable /a9 ^u 8 memory4 ,8 c\rt 0 adorn$ by ! pres5ce ( ,lion>do da ,v9ci2 b at ! same "t x 0 s corrupt t1 z ,corio tells u1#c fa!rs sold _! daught]s1 bro!rs _! si/]s1 & husb&s _! wives !re4 ,9 a ^w ,lodovico1 9 spite ( 8 boa/$ prud5ce1 wr\ght ! ru9 ( ,italy & himself by 8 tortu\s policy1 & contribut$ by 8 private crimes & dissolute /yle ( liv+ no little to ! g5]al depravity ( 8 c\ntry4#d #a ,?is is ,sismondi's calculation 7vol4 vii4 p4 #cje74 ,x mu/ be tak5 z a r\gh "o4 ,/ill /ud5ts :o h weigh$ ! facts pres5t$ 9 ,f]r>i's ,rivoluzioni d' ,italia w n ?9k ! e/imate exagg]at$4 ,9 ! municipal & civil w>s1 free burghs 7 ext+ui%$ by ! score4 #b ,see ,v>*i1 vol4 i4 p4 #di4 ,also ! ,elogia ( ,paulus ,jovius1 :o rem>ks t ! complexion ( ,lodovico 0 fair4 ,8 surname1 h[ev]1 provok$ puns4 ,me _h1 = example1 a picture pa9t$1 9 :i* ,italy1 dress$ l a que51 is hav+ h] robe bru%$ by a ,moori% page4 ,a motto ran b5ea?1 ,p] ,italia nett> d' ogni bruttura4 ,he adopt$ ! mulb]ry because ,pl9y call$ x ! mo/ prud5t ( all trees1 inasmu* z x waits till w9t] is well ov] to put =? its leaves1 & ,lodovico piqu$ himself on 8 sagacity 9 *oos+ ! "r mom5t = action4 #c ,l' ,hi/oria di ,milano1 ,v9egia1 #aeed1 p4 #ddh3 ',a quella 7scola di ,v5]e7 p] ogni canto vi si conv5ivan bellissimi giovani4 ,i padri vi conc$evano le figliuole1 i m>iti le mogli]e1 i fratelli le sorelle2 e p] sifatto modo s5z' alcun rigu>do molti concorreano all' amoroso ballo1 *e cosa /up5dissima era riputata p] qualunque l' int5deva4' #d ,guicci>d9i1 ,/oria d' ,italia1 lib4 iii4 p4 #ce1 sums up ! "* ( ,lodovico ) ma/]ly complet5ess4 ,amid ?is g5]al p]turbation ( ! old political ord] ! ye> #adid1 m>k$ 9 its fir/ mon? by ! dea? ( ,k+ ,f]d9&1 began--'a ye>1' to quote f ,guicci>d9i1 '! mo/ un=tunate = ,italy1 ! v fir/ 9 tru? ( our disa/r\s ye>s1 s9ce x op5$ ! door to numb]less & horrible calamities1 9 :i* x may be said t a great portion ( ! _w has subsequ5tly %>$4' ,! expectation & uneas9ess ( ! :ole nation 7 proportion$ to ! magnitude ( ! com+ *ange4 ,on e side ! invasion ( ! ,fr5* 0 reg>d$ ) t sort ( fasc9ation :i* a v new & excit+ ev5t is wont to inspire4 ,9 "o mood ! ,italians 7 incl9$ to hail ,*>les z a g5]al pacificator & re/or] ( old lib]ties4#a ,savon>ola _h prea*$ ( him z ! flagellum ,dei1 ! m9i/] appo9t$ to reg5]ate ! ,*ur* & purify ! font ( spiritual life 9 ! p59sula4 ,9 ano!r frame ( m9d !y %udd]$ to ?9k :at ! adv5t ( ! b>b>ians--s ! ,fr5* 7 call$--might br+ ^u !m4 ,x 0 univ]sally agre$ t ,lodovico by 8 invitation _h done no m ?an br+ d[n1 z x 71 by a brea? ! avalan*e :i* _h be5 long imp5d+4 ',n only ! prep>ations made by l& & sea1 b also ! cons5t ( ! heav5s & ( m51 ann\nc$ ! woes 9 /ore = ,italy4 ,^? :o pret5d ei!r by art or div9e inspiration to ! k ( ! future1 proclaim$ unanim\sly t great] & m frequ5t *anges1 occurr5ces m /range & awful ?an _h = _m c5turies be5 se5 9 any "p ( ! _w1 7 at h&4' ,aft] enum]at+ div]s signs & port5ts1 su* z ! pass+ day aft] day 9 ! region r\nd ,arezzo ( innum]able arm$ m5 m\nt$ on gigantic horses ) a hide\s d9 ( drums & trumpets1 ! great hi/orian resumes3 ',^! ?+s fill$ ! p ) incr$ible fe>2 =1 long be=e1 !y _h be5 t]rifi$ by ! reputation ( ! p[] ( ! ,fr5* & ( _! fi]c5ess1 see+ t hi/ories are full ( _! de$s--h[ !y _h already ov]run ! :ole ( ,italy1 sack$ ! city ( ,rome ) fire & sword1 subdu$ _m prov9ces ( ,asia1 & at "o "t or ano!r smitt5 ) _! arms all qu>t]s ( ! _w4' #a ,?is 0 ! /rictly popul> z oppos$ to ! ari/ocratic feel+4 ,! common folk1 eag] = novelty & sm>t+ "u ! bad rule ( mon/]s l ! ,aragonese pr9ces1 expect$ 9 ,*>les ,,viii4 a ,messiah1 & cri$ ',b5$ictus qui v5it 9 nom9e ,dom9i4' ,see passages quot$ 9 a note bel[4 ,among all ! pot5tates ( ,italy1 ,alfonso ( ,naples _h ! mo/ to dread2 = aga9/ him ! invasion 0 specially direct$4 ,no "t 0 to be lo/4 ,he assembl$ 8 allies at ,vicov>o ne> ,tivoli 9 ,july & expla9$ to !m 8 !ory ( resi/ance4 ,! allies 7 ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 ,bologna1 & all ! m9or p[]s ( ,romagna4#a ,= once ! s\!rn & ! middle /ates ( ,italy 7 unit$ aga9/ a common foe4 ,aft] ,alfonso1 ,alex&] felt himself 9 greate/ p]il1 = he dread$ ! assembly ( a ,c\ncil :i* might depose him f ! ?rone he _h b\ght by simony4 ,s /rong 0 8 t]ror t he _h already s5t ambassadors to ! ,sultan implor+ him = aid aga9/ ! ,mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 & _h entreat$ ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 in/ead ( und]tak+ a crusade aga9/ ! ,turk1 to employ 8 arms 9 opposition to ! ,fr5*4 ,b ,bajazet 0 too f> (f to be ( use2 & ,f]d9& 0 prud5t4 ,x rema9$ = ! allies to repel ! invad] by _! unassi/$ =ce4 ,?is might h be5 done if ,alfonso's plan _h be5 adh]$ to4 ,he design$ s5d+ a fleet1 "u 8 bro!r ,don ,f$]igo1 to ,g5oa1 & hold+ ) 8 own troops ! passes ( ! ,ap5n9es to ! ,nor?1 :ile ,pi]o de' ,m$ici und]took to gu>d ! entrances to ,tuscany on ! side ( ,lunigiana4 ,! ,duke ( ,calabria mean:ile 0 to raise ,gian ,galeazzo's /&>d 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,b t absolute agreem5t :i* is necess>y 9 ! execution ( a s*eme s bold & compreh5sive 0 impossible 9 ,italy4 ,! ,pope insi/$ t att5tion %\ld fir/ be paid to ! ,colonnesi--,prosp]o & ,fabrizio be+ secret fri5ds ( ,france1 & _! ca/les (f]+ a desirable booty4 ,alfonso1 !re=e1 det]m9$ to occupy ! conf9es ( ! ,roman t]ritory on ! side ( ! ,abruzzi1 :ile he s5t 8 son1 ) ! g5]als ,giovan ,jacopo da ,trivulzi & ! ,c\nt ( ,pitigliano1 into ,lomb>dy4 ,!y nev] advanc$ beyond ,ces5a1 :]e ! troops ( ! ,s=za1 9 conjunction ) ! ,fr5*1 held !m at bay4 ,! fleet "u ,don ,f$]igo sail$ too late to effect ! desir$ ris+ 9 ,g5oa4 ,! ,fr5*1 =ew>n$1 _h ?r[n #b1jjj ,swiss "u ! ,baily ( ,dijon & ! ,duke ( ,orleans into ! city1 & ! ,neapolitan admiral fell back ^u ,leghorn4 ,! =ces ( ! league 7 fur!r enfeebl$ & divid$ by ! necessity ( leav+ ,virg9io ,ors9i to *eck ! ,colonnesi 9 ! neighborhood ( ,rome4 ,h[ utt]ly ,pi]o de' ,m$ici by 8 folly & defection ru9$ :at rema9$ ( ! plan w be se5 9 ! sequel4 ,?is sluggi%ness 9 action & dismemb]m5t ( =ces--?is total inability to /rike a sudd5 bl[--seal$ be=eh& ! success ( ,*>les4 ,alfonso1 a tyrant afraid ( 8 own subjects1 ,alex&]1 a ,pope :o _h b\ght ! ti>a to ! disgu/ ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,pi]o1 consci\s t 8 policy 0 disapprov$ by ! ,flor5t9es1 toge!r ) a p>cel ( egoti/ical petty despots1 7 n ! m5 to save a nation4 ,italy 0 conqu]$1 n by ! ,fr5* k+1 b by ! vices ( h] own lead]s4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ,*>les's exp$ition is "o n>rative ( headlong ra%ness triumph+ ov] difficulties & dang]s :i* only ! discord ( tyrants & ! disorganization ( peoples r5d]$ h>mless4 ,! ,ate ( ! gods _h desc5d$ ^u ,italy1 z ?\gh to ju/ify ! common belief t ! exp$ition ( ,*>les 0 div9ely su/a9$ & guid$4#b #a ,v5ice rema9$ neutral4 ,%e _h refus$ to side ) ,*>les1 on ! pretext t ! fe> ( ! ,turk kept h] engag$4 ,%e decl9$ to jo9 ! league ( ,alfonso by say+ x 0 mad to save o!rs at ! risk ( draw+ ! w> into y\r own t]ritory4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ ?an ! want ( patriotic s5tim5t or g5]\s concurr5ce to a common end 9 ,italy at ?is "t4 ,flor5ce1 by temp] & tradition favorable to ,france1 _h be5 drawn into ! league by ,pi]o de' ,m$ici1 ^: sympa?ies 7 firm = ! ,aragonese pr9ces4 #b ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 ,savon>ola's prophecy4 ,b bo? ,guicci>d9i & ,de ,comities use inv>iably ! same language4 ,! phrase ,dieu mon/roit conduire l'entreprise frequ5tly recurs 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,de ,com9es4 ,:ile ,alfonso & ,alex&] 7 provid+ = _! safety 9 ! ,s\?1 ,*>les rema9$ at ,lyons1 /ill unc]ta9 :e!r he %\ld ent] ,italy by sea or l&1 or inde$ :e!r he %\ld ent] x at all4 ,hav+ advanc$ s f> z ! ,rhone valley1 he felt satisfi$ ) 8 a*ievem5t & indulg$ himself 9 a long b\t ( t\rnam5ts & pa/imes4 ,besides1 ! want ( money1 :i* 0 to be 8 *ief emb>rassm5t ?r\gh\t ! exp$ition1 _h already made itself felt4#a ,x 0 an ,italian :o at l5g? r\s$ him to make good 8 purpose aga9/ ,italy--,giuliano della ,rov]e1#b ! haughty nephew ( ,sixtus1 ! implacable foe ( ,alex&]1 :om he 0 de/9$ to succe$ 9 c\rse ( "t ^u ! ,papal ?rone4 ,burn+ to puni% ! ,m>rano1 or apo/ate ,moor1 z he call$ ,alex&]1 ,giuliano /irr$ ! k+ ) taunts & m5aces until ,*>les felt he c\ld delay 8 m>* no long]4 ,:5 once ! ,fr5* army got "u weigh1 x mov$ rapidly4 ,leav+ ,vi5ne on ,augu/ #bc1 #adid1 #c1fjj m5 at arms1 ! fl[] ( ! ,fr5* *ivalry1 #f1jjj ,breton ar*]s1 #f1jjj crossb[m51 #h1jjj ,gascon infantry1 #h1jjj ,swiss & ,g]man lances1 cross$ ! ,mont ,g5evre1 deb\*$ on ,susa1 pass$ ?r\gh ,tur91 & ent]$ ,a/i on ,septemb] #ai4c ,nei!r ,pi$mont nor ,montf]rat /irr$ to resi/ !m4 ,yet at almo/ any po9t ^u ! r\te !y might h be5 at lea/ delay$ by h>dy m\nta9e]s until ! commiss>iat ( s l>ge a =ce _h prov$ an insurm\ntable difficulty4 ,b be=e ?is hun*back conqu]or ) ! big head & little legs1 ! valleys _h be5 exalt$ & ! r\gh places _h be5 made pla94 ,! pr9ces ^: int]e/ x might h be5 to ?r[ ob/acles 9 ! way ( ,*>les 7 b *ildr54 ,! ,duke ( ,savoy 0 only twelve ye>s old1 ! ,m>quis ( ,montf]rat f\rte52 _! mo!rs & gu>dians made t]ms ) ! ,fr5* k+1 & op5$ _! t]ritories to 8 armies4 #a ',la desp5se de ces navires e/oit =t gr&e1 et suis d'advis qu'elle c\/a trois c5s mille francs1 et si ne s]vit de ri51 et y alla t\t l'arg5t contant que le ,roy peut f9] de ses f9ances3 c> comme j'ay dit1 il n'e/oit po9t p\rveu ne de s5s1 ne d'arg5t1 oy d'autre *ose necessaire a telle entreprise1 et si en v9t bi5 a b\t1 moy5nant la grace de ,dieu1 qui clairem5t le donna a9si a cognoi/re4' ,de ,com9es1 lib4 vii4 #b ,guicci>d9i calls him on ?is occasion 'fatale in/rum5to e allora e prima e poi de' mali d' ,italia4' ,lib4 i4 cap4 #c4 #c ,i h foll[$ ! calculation ( ,sismondi 7vol4 vii4 p4 #chc71 to :i* %\ld be add$ p]haps ano!r #aj1jjj 9 all atta*$ to ! artill]y1 & #b1jjj = sapp]s1 m9]s1 c>p5t]s1 etc4 ,see ,d5ni/\n1 ,dukes ( ,urb9o1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcc1 = a detail$ li/ ( ,*>les's armam5ts by l& & sea4 ,at ,a/i ,*>les 0 met by ,lodovico ,s=za & 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,ercole d' ,e/e4 ,! :ole ( t ,milanese ,c\rt :i* ,corio describes#a foll[$ 9 _! tra94 ,x 0 ! policy ( ! ,italian pr9ces to entrap _! conqu]or ) c\rtesies1 & to entangle 9 silk5 me%es ! b>b>ian !y dread$4 ,:at _h happ5$ already at ,lyons1 :at 0 go+ to repeat itself at ,naples1 took place at ,a/i4 ,! ,fr5* k+ lo/ 8 he>t to ladies1 & confus$ 8 policy by promises made to ,delilahs 9 ! ballroom4 ,at ,a/i he fell ill ( ! small-pox1 b aft] a %ort "t he recov]$ 8 heal?1 & proce$$ to ,pavia4 ,"h a s]i\s entanglem5t ( int]e/s arose4 ,*>les 0 b\nd by treaties & engagem5ts to ,lodovico & 8 pr\d wife ,beatrice d' ,e/e2 ! v object ( 8 exp$ition 0 to de?rone ,alfonso & to assume ! cr[n ( ,naples2 yet at ,pavia he _h to endure ! pa!tic spectacle ( 8 =lorn c\s9#b ! "y ,giovanni ,galeazzo ,s=za 9 prison1 & to he> ! pite\s plead+s ( ! beautiful ,isabella ( ,aragon4 ,nurs$ 9 *ivalr\s traditions1 incapable ( resi/+ a woman's te>s1 :at 0 ,*>les to d1 :5 ?is pr9cess 9 di/ress1 ! wife ( 8 fir/ c\s91 ! victim ( 8 fri5d ,lodovico1 ! si/] ( 8 foe ,alfonso1 fell at 8 feet & bes\ght him to h m]cy on h] husb&1 on h] bro!r1 on h]self8 ,! situation 0 inde$ en\gh to move a /\t] he>t ?an t ( ! feeble "y k+4 ,= ! mom5t ,*>les return$ evasive answ]s to 8 petition]s2 b ! tr\ble ( 8 s\l 0 manife/1 & no soon] _h he set =? on 8 way to ,piac5za ?an ! ,moor resolv$ to remove ! cause ( fur!r vacillation4 ,s5d+ to ,pavia1 ,lodovico _h 8 nephew poison$4#c ,:5 ! news ( ,gian ,galeazzo's dea? rea*$ ! ,fr5* camp1 x spread t]ror & imbitt]$ ! mi/ru/ :i* 0 already spr++ up betwe5 ! frank cavali]s & ! plausible ,italians ) :om !y _h to deal4 #a ,see above1 p4 #edh4 #b ,! mo!rs ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,gian ,galeazzo 7 si/]s1 pr9cesses ( ,savoy4 #c ,sismondi does n discuss ! fact m9utely1 b he incl9es to believe t ,gian ,galeazzo 0 murd]$4 ,mi*elet raises a d\bt ab\t x1 ?\gh ! evid5ce is su* z he w\ld h accept$ )\t "q 9 ! case ( a ,borgia4 ,guicci>d9i1 :o rec\nts ! :ole matt] at l5g?1 says t all ,italy believ$ ! ,duke _h be5 murd]$1 & quotes ,teodoro da ,pavia1 "o ( ! royal physicians1 :o atte/$ to hav+ se5 cle> signs ( a sl[ poison 9 ! "y man4 ,pontano1 de ,prud5tia1 lib4 #d1 repeats ! accusation4 ,guicci>d9i only d\bts ,lodovico's motives4 ,he incl9es to ?9k ! murd] _h be5 plann$ long be=e1 & t ,*>les 0 invit$ into ,italy 9 ord] t ,lodovico might h a good opportunity = effect+ x1 :ile at ! same "t he _h tak5 c>e to get ! inve/iture ( ! ,du*y f ! ,emp]or ready aga9/ ! ev5t4 ,:at 0 ?is beautiful l& 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y f\nd !mselves1 a l& ^: m>ble palaces 7 ?rong$ ) cut-?roats 9 disguise1 ^: pr9ces poison$ :ile !y smil$1 ^: luxuriant mead[s conceal$ fev]1 ^: ladies c>ri$ disease ^u _! lips8 ,to ! capta9s & ! soldi]y ( ,france1 ,italy already appe>$ a spl5did & fasc9at+ ,circe1 array$ ) *>ms1 surr\nd$ ) illusions1 hid+ beh9d p]fum$ ?ickets h] victims *ang$ to brutes1 & build+ ! c\* ( h] s$uction on ! bones ( murd]$ m54 ,yet %e 0 s beautiful t1 halt z !y might = a mom5t & gaze back ) ye>n+ on ! ,alps t !y _h cross$1 !y f\nd !mselves unable to resi/ h] smile4 ,=w>d !y mu/ m>* ?r\gh ! g>d5 ( en*antm5t1 h5ce=? tak+ ! precaution to walk ) drawn sword1 &1 l ,orl&o 9 ,morgana's p>k1 to /uff _! casques ) roses t !y might n he> ! sir5's voice too cle>ly4 ,x 0 ?us t ,italy began ! "p %e play$ ?r\gh ! ,r5aissance = ! p ( ! ,nor?4 ,! ,:ite ,devil ( ,italy is ! title ( "o ( ,web/]'s be/ trag$ies4 ,a :ite ,devil1 a radiant daught] ( s9 & dea?1 hold+ 9 h] h&s ! fruit ( ! k ( good & evil1 & tempt+ ! nations to eat3 ?is is h[ ,italy /ruck ! fancy ( ! m5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,%e 0 fem99e1 & !y 7 virile2 b %e c\ld tea* & !y mu/ le>n4 ,%e gave !m pleasure2 !y br\ght =ce4 ,! fruit ( h] embraces ) ! nations 0 ! _s ( mod]n culture1 ! g5ius ( ! age 9 :i* we live4 ,two t]rible calamities w>n$ ! ,italians ) :at new enemies !y _h to deal4 ,twice at ! comm5cem5t ( ! invasion did ! ,fr5* use ! sword :i* !y _h drawn to intimidate ! sorc]ess4 ,^! t]ror-/rik+ examples 7 ! massacres ( ! inhabitants ( ,rapallo on ! ,g5oese ,rivi]a1 & ( ,fivizzano 9 ,lunigiana4 ,soldi]s & burgh]s1 ev5 prison]s & w\nd$ m5 9 ! hospitals1 7 but*]$1 fir/ by ! ,swiss & ,g]man gu>ds1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,fr5*1 :o w\ld n be outdone by !m 9 en]gy4 ,x 0 ?us t ! ,italians1 aft] a c5tury ( bloodless battles & p>ade campaign+1 le>n$ a new art ( w>1 & witness$ ! fir/ act ( ^? ,apocalyptic trag$ies :i* 7 de/9$ to dr[n ! p59sula ) ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,g]man1 ,swiss1 & native blood4 ,mean:ile ! ,fr5* ho/ _h rea*$ ,p>ma1 trav]s+1 all ?r\gh ! gold5 autumn wea!r1 ^? pla9s :]e mulb]ry & elm are m>ri$ by fe/oons ( v9es above a bill[y expanse ( maize & corn4 ,f ,p>ma1 plac$ b5ea? ! nor!rn spurs ( ! ,ap5n9es1 to ,s>zana1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,italy1 :]e ! m>bles ( ,c>r>a build _! b>ri] aga9/ ! ,tyrrh5e ,sea1 !re leads a w9d+ b>r5 m\nta9 pass4 ,*>les took ?is r\te ) 8 army1 & arriv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] be=e ! walls ( ,s>zana4 ,mean:ile we may well ask :at ,pi]o de' ,m$ici _h be5 do+1 & h[ he _h fulfill$ 8 engagem5t ) ,alfonso4 ,he _h und]tak51 x w be rememb]$1 to hold ! passes ( ! ,ap5n9es ^u ?is side4 ,to h emb>rass$ ! ,fr5* troops among ^? lime/one m\nta9s1 ?9ly =e/$ ) p9e & *e/nut-trees1 & gu>d$ "h & !re ) anci5t =tresses1 w\ld h be5 a matt] ( no difficulty4 ,) l advantages #b1jjj ,swiss troops dur+ _! w>s ( indep5d5ce w\ld h laugh$ to scorn ! :ole =ces ( ,burgundy & ,au/ria4 ,b ,pi]o1 a feeble & false tyrant1 preoccupi$ ) ,flor5t9e factions1 afraid ( ,lucca1 & dis9cl9$ to pu% =w>d into ! t]ritory ( ! ,s=za1 _h z yet done no?+ :5 ! news arriv$ t ,s>zana 0 on ! po9t ( capitulation4 ,9 ?is mom5t ( p]il he rode z fa/ z horses c\ld c>ry him to ! ,fr5* camp1 bes\ght an int]view ) ,*>les1 & !n & !re deliv]$ up to him ! keys ( ,s>zana & its citadel1 toge!r ) ^? ( ,pietra ,santa1 ,librafratta1 ,pisa1 & ,leghorn4 ,any "o :o has foll[$ ! sea-coa/ betwe5 ,pisa & ,s>zana c appreciate ! enorm\s value ( ^! concessions to ! invad]4 ,!y reliev$ him ( ! difficulty ( =c+ 8 way along a n>r[ belt ( l&1 :i* is hemm$ 9 on "o side by ! sea & on ! o!r by ! highe/ & mo/ abrupt m\nta9 range 9 ,italy4 ,to h done ?is 9 ! tee? ( a resi/+ army & b5ea? ! walls ( ho/ile ca/les w\ld h be5 all b impossible4 ,z x 01 ,pi]o cut ! ,gordian knot by 8 incr$ible c[>dice1 & = himself ga9$ only ru9 & di%onor4 ,*>les1 ! foe aga9/ :om he _h plott$ ) ,alfonso & ,alex&]1 laugh$ 9 8 face & m>*$ at once into ,pisa4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 :om he _h hi!rto engag$ 9 ah unpopul> policy1 n[ rose 9 fury1 expell$ him f ! city1 sack$ 8 palace1 & eras$ f _! memory ! "n ( ,m$ici except = execration4 ,! unsuccessful tyrant1 :o _h prov$ a traitor to 8 allies1 to 8 c\ntry1 & to himself1 sav$ 8 life by fly+ fir/ to ,bologna & !nce to ,v5ice1 :]e he rema9$ 9 a sort ( polite captivity--safe1 b a slave1 until ! ,doge & 8 c\ncil saw :i* way affairs w\ld t5d4 ,on ! #i? ( ,novemb] ,flor5ce aft] a tyranny ( fifty ye>s1 & ,pisa aft] ! s]vitude ( a c5tury1 recov]$ _! lib]ties & 7 able to recon/itute republican gov]nm5ts4 ,b ! situation ( ! two /ates 0 v diff]5t4 ,! ,flor5t9es _h nev] lo/ ! "n ( lib]ty1 :i* 9 ,italy at t p]iod meant less ! fre$om ( ! inhabitants to ex]cise self-gov]nm5t ?an ! indep5d5ce ( ! city 9 relation to its neighbors4 ,! ,pisans on ! o!r h& _h be5 r$uc$ to subjection by ,flor5ce3 _! civic life _h be5 /ifl$1 _! pride w\nd$ 9 ! t5d]e/ po9t ( honor1 _! population decimat$ by proscription & exile4 ,! great s9 ( ,flor5ce 0 ! enslavem5t ( ,pisa3 & ,pisa 9 ?is mom5t ( an>*y burn$ to oblit]ate h] %ame ) blood%$4 ,! ,fr5*1 und]/&+ none ( ! niceties ( ,italian politics1 & ignorant t 9 giv+ fre$om to ,pisa !y 7 robb+ ,flor5ce ( h] rights1 look$ on ) wond] at ! citiz5s :o toss$ ! lion ( ! tyrant t[n into ! ,arno & took up arms aga9/ its (fic]s4 ,x is sad to witness ?is la/ spasm ( ! long-suppress$ passion = lib]ty 9 ! ,pisans1 :ile we "k h[ soon !y 7 r$uc$ aga9 to slav]y by ! selfi% si/] /ate1 h]self too ?or\ghly corrupt = lib]ty4 ,! "p ( ,*>les1 :o esp\s$ ! cause ( ! ,pisans ) blund]+ c>elessness1 pret5d$ to protect ! new republic1 & !n ab&on$ x a few mon?s lat] to its fate1 provokes no?+ b ! languid contempt :i* all 8 acts inspire4 ,aft] ! flight ( ,pi]o & ! proclamation ( ,pisan lib]ty ! ,k+ ( ,france 0 hail$ z savi\r ( ! free ,italian t[ns4 ,*>les receiv$ a magnific5t address f ,savon>ola1 :o proce$$ to ,pisa1 & h>angu$ him z ! *os5 vessel ( ! ,"l & ! deliv]] ( ! ,*ur* f an>*y4 ,at ! same "t ! fri> convey$ to ! ,fr5* k+ a c\rte\s invitation f ! ,flor5t9e republic to ent] _! city & enjoy _! hospitality4 ,*>les1 aft] upsett+ ,pi]o de' ,m$ici ) ! non*alance ( a horseman 9 ! tilt+ y>d1 & re/or+ ! fre$om ( ,pisa = a caprice1 rema9$ z devoid ( policy & indiff]5t to ! "p assign$ him by ! prophet z he 0 be=e4 ,he rode1 arm$ at all po9ts1 into ,flor5ce on ,novemb] #ag1 & took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! palace ( ! ,m$ici4 ,!n he in=m$ ! eld]s ( ! city t he _h come z conqu]or & n z gue/1 & t he int5d$ to res]ve to himself ! disposition ( ! /ate4 ,x 0 a dramatic mom5t4 ,flor5ce1 ) ! ,arno fl[+ ?r\gh h] mid/1 & ! hills ar\nd h] gray ) olive-trees1 0 !n ev5 m lovely ?an we see h] n[4 ,! :ole circuit ( h] walls rema9$1 nor _h _! cr[n ( t[]s be5 level$ yet to make resi/ance ( invad+ =ce m easy ,brunelles*i's dome & ,giotto's t[] & ,arnolfo's ,palazzo & ! ,loggie ( ,orcagna gave di/9ction to h] /reets & squ>es4 ,h] *ur*es 7 spl5did ) frescoes 9 _! bloom1 & ) pa9t$ glass1 ov] :i* z yet ! injury ( b a few brief ye>s _h pass$4 ,h] palaces1 t are z /rong z ca/les1 ov]fl[$ ) a population cultivat$1 poli%$1 elegant1 ref9$1 & haughty4 ,?is ,flor5ce1 ! city ( s*ol>s1 arti/s1 intellectual syb>ites1 & citiz5s 9 :om ! blood ( ! old factions beat1 f\nd h]self sudd5ly possess$ z a prey ( w> by flaunt+ ,gauls 9 _! outl&i% f9]y1 plum$ ,g]mans1 kilt$ ,celts1 & p>ticolor$ ,swiss4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! b>b>ians awoke 9 a t]re/rial p>adise ( natural & ae/hetic beauty4 ,:i* ( u :o has enjoy$ ! late gleams ( autumn 9 ,vald>no1 b c picture to himself ! revelation ( ! inn] mean+ ( ! _w1 incompreh5sible yet s\l-subdu+1 :i* !n fir/ dawn$ ^u ! ,breton b[m5 & ! bulls ( ,uri8 ,_! impulse no d\bt 0 to pillage & possess ! weal? be=e !m1 z a *ild pulls to pieces ! wond]ful fl[] t has surpris$ x on "s m\nta9 mead[4 ,b 9 ! v rud5ess ( desire !y paid a homage to ! new-f\nd lovel9ess ( :i* !y _h n dream$ be=e4 ,*>les "h z else:]e %[$ 8 imbecility4 ,he _h ent]$ & laid h&s on hospitable ,flor5ce l a foe4 ,:at w\ld he n[ d ) h]--re=m ! republic--legislate--impose a levy on ! citiz5s1 & lead !m =? to battle8 ,no4 ,he ask$ = a huge sum ( money1 & began to b>ga94 ,! ,flor5t9e secret>ies refus$ 8 t]ms4 ,he insi/$4 ,!n ,pi]o ,capponi snat*$ ! pap] on :i* !y 7 writt51 & tore x 9 pieces be=e 8 eyes4 ,*>les cri$3 ',i %all s\nd my trumpets4' ,capponi answ]$3 ',we w r+ our bells4' ,beautiful z a dream is ,flor5ce2 b h] somb] /reets1 ov]%ad[$ by gigantic belfries & mask$ by grim br[n palace-fronts1 conta9$ a m5ace t ! ,fr5* k+ c\ld n face4 ,let ,capponi s\nd ! tocs91 & ea* h\se w\ld become a =tress1 ! /reets w\ld be b>ricad$ ) iron *a9s1 e qu>t] w\ld p\r =? m5 by hundr$s well v]s$ 9 ! arts ( civic w>f>e4 ,*>les gave way1 cov]+ ) a bad joke ! discomfiture he felt3 ,ah1 ,ciappon1 ,ciappon1 voi siete un mal ,ciappon6 ,! secret>ies beat d[n 8 t]ms4 ,all he c>$ = 0 to get money4#a ,he agre$ to cont5t himself ) #abj1jjj flor9s4 ,a treaty 0 sign$1 & 9 two days he quitt$ ,flor5ce4 ,hi!rto ,*>les _h met ) no s]i\s ob/acle4 ,8 invasion _h fall5 l ! ra9 f heav51 & l ra91 z f> z he 0 conc]n$1 x ran away to wa/e4 ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany1 ! two fir/ sc5es 9 ! pageant display$ by ,italy be=e ! ,fr5* army1 _h be5 left beh9d4 ,rome n[ lay be=e !m1 magnific5t 9 desolation2 n ! ,rome :i* ! ,f>nesi & ,*igi & ,b>b]9i h built up f ! qu>ri$ ru9s ( amphi!at]s & ba?s1 b ! ,rome ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! city cr[n$ ) relics ( a pagan pa/1 h]self /ill pagan1 & hold+ 9 h] mid/ ! mod]n ,anti*ri/4 ,! progress ( ! ,fr5* 0 a cont9u$ triumph4 ,!y rea*$ ,si5a on ! second ( ,decemb]4 ,! ,duke ( ,urb9o & ! lords ( ,pes>o & ,bologna laid d[n _! arms at _! approa*4 ,! ,ors9i op5$ _! ca/les3 ,virg9io1 ! capta9-g5]al ( ! ,aragonese army & gr& con/able ( ! k+dom ( ,naples1 ha/5$ to w9 = himself favorable t]ms f ! ,fr5* sov]eign4 ,! ,baglioni betook !mselves to _! own rancors 9 ,p]ugia4 ,! ,duke ( ,calabria retreat$4 ,italy seem$ b5t on prov+ t c[>dice & selfi%ness & incapacity _h conqu]$ h]4 ,vit]bo 0 ga9$3 ! ,cim9ian heights 7 trav]s$3 ! ,campagna1 b\nd$ by ! ,alban & ! ,sab9e hills1 ) ,rome1 a blui% cl\d ^u ! l[l&s ( ! ,tib]1 spread its solemn bread? ( beauty at ! invad]'s feet4 ,n a bl[ _h be5 /ruck1 :5 he rea*$ ! ,porta del ,popolo ^u ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] #adid4 ,at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon began ! entry ( ! ,fr5* army4 ,x 0 n9e at night be=e ! la/ soldi]s1 "u ! fl>+ light ( tor*es & flambeaux1 defil$ ?r\gh ! gates1 & took _! qu>t]s 9 ! /reets ( ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,! gigantic b>b>ians ( ! cantons1 flaunt+ ) plumes & emblazon$ surcoats1 ! *ivalry ( ,france1 spl5did ) silk mantles & gild$ corselets1 ! ,scot* gu>d 9 _! wild co/ume ( kilt & philibeg1 ! scy!-l halb]ds ( ! ,g]man lanz-kne*ts1 ! tangl$ elf-locks ( /]n-featur$ ,bretons1 /amp$ an ineffaceable impression on ! p ( ! ,s\?4 ,on ?is memorable occasion1 z 9 a %[ ^u "s holiday1 m>*$ pa/ be=e !m specim5s & vangu>ds ( all ^? legion$ races :i* 7 soon to be too well at home 9 e fair ,italian dwell+-place4 ,no?+ 0 want+ to complete ! symbol ( ! com+ doom b a repres5tative ( ! grim1 black1 wiry infantry ( ,spa94 #a ,! want ( money det]m9$ all ,*>les's op]ations 9 ?is exp$ition4 ,borr[+ f ,lodovico1 lay+ requisitions on ,pi]o & ! ,flor5t9es1 pawn+ ! jewels ( ! ,savoy pr9cesses1 he pass$ f place to place1 b>ga9+ & contract+ debts in/ead ( dictat+ laws & f\nd+ con/itutions4 ,la c>e/ia dei dan>i is a phrase cont9ually recurr+ 9 ,guicci>d9i4 ,speak+ ( ! jewels l5t to ,*>les by ! royal families ( ,savoy & ,montf]rat at ,tur91 de ,com9es exclaims3 ',et p\vez voir quel comm5cem5t de gu]re c'e/oit1 si ,dieu n'eut guide l'oeuvre4' ,! ,borgia mean:ile cr\*$ )9 ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo4 ,h[ w\ld ! ,conqu]or1 n[ /yl$ ,flagellum ,dei1 deal ) ! abom9ation ( desolation seat$ 9 ! holy place ( ,*ri/5dom8 ,at ! side ( ,*>les 7 ! ,c>d9als ,ascanio ,s=za & ,giuliano della ,rov]e1 urg+ him to summon a c\ncil & depose ! ,pope4 ,b /ill clos] to 8 e> 0 ,briconnet1 ! ci-devant tradesman1 :o ?\ght x w\ld become 8 dignity to we> a c>d9al's hat4 ,on ?is trifle turn$ ! de/9ies ( ,rome1 ! doom ( ,alex&]1 ! fate ( ! ,*ur*4 ,*>les det]m9$ to compromise matt]s4 ,he dem&$ a few =tresses1 a r$ hat = ,briconnet1 ,ces>e ,borgia z a ho/age = f\r mon?s1 & ,djem1 ! bro!r ( ! ,sultan4#a ,aft] ^! agreem5ts _h be5 made & ratifi$1 ,alex&] v5tur$ to leave 8 ca/le & receive ! homage ( ! fai?ful4 ,*>les /aid99 a mon? 9 ,rome1 & !n set out = ,naples4 ,! f\r? & la/ sc5e 9 ! ,italian pageant 0 n[ to be display$4 ,aft] ! ri* pla9 & pr\d cities ( ,lomb>dy1 b5ea? _! ramp>t ( p]petual sn[2 aft] ! olive g>d5s & fair t[ns ( ,tuscany2 aft] ! great "n ( ,rome2 ,naples1 at l5g?1 betwe5 ,vesuvius & ! sea1 t fir/ /ation ( ! ,greeks 9 ,italy1 _w-fam$ = its leg5ds ( ! ,sibyl & ! sir5s & ! sorc]] ,virgil1 receiv$ h] k+4 ,! v names ( ,p>!nope1 ,posilippo1 ,in>ime1 ,sorr5to1 ,capri1 h _! fasc9ation4 ,!re too ! orange & lemon groves are m luxuriant2 ! grapes yield sweet] & m intoxicat+ w9e2 ! villag]s are m classically graceful2 ! volcanic soil is m f]tile2 ! waves are blu] & ! sun is bright] ?an else:]e 9 ! l&4 ,none ( ! conqu]ors ( ,italy h _h ! =ce to resi/ ! allurem5ts ( ! bay ( ,naples4 ,! ,greeks lo/ _! native en]gy ^u ^! %ores & realiz$ 9 ! hi/ory ( _! colonies ! my? ( ,ulysses' comrades 9 ! g>d5s ( ,circe4 ,hannibal 0 tam$ by ,capua4 ,! ,romans 9 _! turn dream$ away _! vigor at ,baiae1 at ,pompeii at ,capreae1 until ! :ole region became a byword = voluptu\s liv+4 ,"h ! ,s>ac5s 7 subdu$ to mildness1 & became physicians in/ead ( pirates4 ,lomb>ds & ,normans alike 7 s(t5$ d[n1 & lo/ _! b>b>\s fi]c5ess amid ! en*antm5ts ( ! s\!rn sorc]ess4 #a ,see above1 p4 #daf1 = ! hi/ory ( ?is un=tunate pr9ce4 ,:5 ,alex&] c$$ ,djem1 :om he held z a captive = ! ,sultan at a ye>ly rev5ue ( #dj1jjj ducats1 he 0 "u engagem5ts ) ,bajazet to murd] him4 ,accord+ly ,djem di$ ( sl[ poison soon aft] he became ! gue/ ( ,*>les4 ,! ,borgia pref]r$ to keep fai? ) ! ,turk4 ,naples 0 n[ de/9$ to ru9 = ,*>les :atev] n]ve yet rema9$ to 8 fe/ival army4 ,! wit* too1 :ile brew+ = ! ,fr5* h] mo/ attractive potions1 mix$ ) !m a deadly poison--! virus ( a fell disease1 memorable 9 ! annals ( ! mod]n _w1 :i* 0 de/9$ to infect ! nations ( ,europe f ?is c5t]1 & to prove m =midable to our cities ?an ev5 ! leprosy ( ! ,middle ,ages4#a #a ,^? :o are curi\s to trace ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( syphilis1 %\ld /udy ! article ^u ! subject 9 ,von ,hirs*1 ,hi/oris*-geographis*e ,pa?ologie 7,erlang51 #ahfj71 & 9 ,ros5baum ,ges*i*te d] ,lu/seu*e im ,alt]?um 7,halle1 #ahde74 ,"s curi\s contempor>y obs]vations conc]n+ ! rapid diffusion ( ! disease 9 ,italy1 its symptoms1 & its cure1 are conta9$ 9 ,mat>azzo's ,cronaca di ,p]ugia 7,ar*4 ,/or4 ,x4 vol4 xvi4 "p ii4 pp4 #cb-cf71 & 9 ,portov5]e 7,ar*4 ,/4 vol4 vi4 pt4 ii4 p4 #cch74 ,! celebrat$ poem ( ,fraca/orius des]ves to be read bo? = its f9e ,lat9ity & = its in=mation4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ works issu$ f ! ,ald9e press 9 #adig 0 ! ,libellus de ,epidemia quam vulgo morbum ,gallicum vocant4 ,x 0 writt5 by ,nicolas ,leonic5o1 & d$icat$ to ! ,c\nt ,francesco de la ,mir&ola4 ,! k+dom ( ,naples1 ?r\gh ! frequ5t unc]ta9ty :i* att5d$ ! succession to ! ?rone1 z well z ! suz]a9ty assum$ & misus$ by ! ,popes1 _h be5 = c5turies a /&+ cause ( discord 9 ,italy4 ,! dyna/y :i* ,*>les n[ hop$ to dispossess 0 ,spani%4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,joanna ,,ii4 9 #adce1 ,alfonso1 ,k+ ( ,aragon & ,sicily1 :o _h no claim to ! cr[n beyond :at he d]iv$ ?r\gh a ba/>d bran* ( ! old ,norman dyna/y1 conqu]$ ,naples1 expell$ ,c\nt ,r5e ( ,anj\1 & e/abli%$ himself 9 ?is new k+dom1 :i* he pref]r$ to ^? he _h inh]it$ by "r4 ,alfonso1 surnam$ ! ,magnanim\s1 0 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant & romantic p]sonages ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,hi/orians are nev] we>y ( relat+ 8 victories ov] ,caldora & ,francesco ,s=za1 ! c\p-de-ma9 by :i* he expell$ 8 rival ,r5e1 & ! fasc9ation :i* he ex]cis$ 9 ,milan1 :ile a captive1 ov] ! jeal\s _s ( ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti4#a ,s*ol>s are no less pr(use 9 _! praises ( 8 virtues1 ! ju/ice1 humanity1 religion1 g5]osity1 & culture :i* r5d]$ him pre-em95t among ! pr9ces ( t spl5did p]iod4#b ,8 love ( le>n+ 0 a passion4 ,:e!r at home 9 ! retirem5t ( 8 palace1 or 9 8 t5t dur+ w>1 he 0 always att5d$ by /ud5ts1 :o read al\d & comm5t$ on ,livy1 ,s5eca1 or ! ,bible4 ,no pr9ce 0 m pr(use 9 8 pres5ts to le>n$ m54 ,b>tolommeo ,fazio receiv$ #ejj ducats a ye> = ! composition ( 8 hi/ories1 & :51 at _! conclusion1 ! s*ol> ask$ = a fur!r gift ( #bjj or #cjj flor9s1 ! pr9ce be/[$ ^u him #a1ejj4 ,! ye> he di$1 ,alfonso di/ribut$ #bj1jjj ducats to m5 ( lett]s alone4 ,?is immod]ate lib]ality is ! only vice ( :i* he is accus$4 ,x bore its usual fruits 9 ! disorganization ( f9ance4 #a ,ma*4 ,i/4 ,fior4 lib4 v4 cap4 #e4 ,corio1 pp4 #ccb1 #ccc1 may be consult$ ^u ! difficulties :i* ,alfonso ov]came at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 conque/4 ,defeat$ by ! ,g5oese ne> ! ,isle ( ,ponza1 & c>ri$ a prison] to ,milan1 he succe$$ 9 prov+ to ,filippo ,visconti t x 0 m to 8 int]e/ to h him k+ ( ,naples ?an to keep ! ,fr5* !re4 ,^u1 ?is ! ,duke ( ,milan re/or$ him ) honor to 8 ?rone1 & confirm$ him 9 ! conque/ :i* be=e he _h successfully oppos$4 ,x is a s+ul> in/ance ( ! ext5t to :i* ,italian pr9ces 7 controll$ by policy & reason4 #b ,vespasiano's ,life ( ,alfonso 7,vite di ,uom9i ,illu/ri1 pp4 #dh-gb7 is a model ( agreeable composition & vivid del9eation4 ,x is writt5 ( c\rse f ! s*ol>'s m ?an ! politician's po9t ( view4 ,comp>e ) x ,giovio1 ,elogia1 & ,pontanus1 de ,lib]alitate4 ,! g5]\s humanity ( ,alfonso ende>$ him greatly to ! ,neapolitans4 ,dur+ ! half-c5tury 9 :i* s _m ,italian pr9ces succumb$ to ! dagg] ( _! subjects1 he1 9 ,naples1 :]e1 accord+ to ,pontano1 'no?+ 0 *eap] ?an ! life ( a man1' walk$ up & d[n un>m$ & unatt5d$4 ',:y %\ld a fa!r fe> among 8 *ildr58' he 0 wont to say 9 answ] to sugge/ions ( ! dang] ( ?is want ( caution4 ,! _m spl5did qualities by :i* he 0 di/+ui%$ 7 enhanc$ r ?an obscur$ by ! romance ( 8 private life4 ,m>ri$ to ,m>g>et ( ,ca/ile1 he _h no legitimate *ildr52 ,f]d9&1 ) :om he %>$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,naples 9 #addc1 & :om he designat$ z 8 successor 9 #adeh1 0 suppos$ to be 8 son by ,m>g>et de ,hij>4 ,x 0 ev5 :isp]$ t ?is ,f]d9& 0 ! *ild ( ,ca!r9e ! wife ( ,alfonso's bro!r ,h5ry1 :om ,m>g>et1 to save ! honor ( ! k+1 ackn[l$g$ z h] own4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! tru? ( ?is d>k hi/ory1 x 0 kn[n = c]ta9 t ! que5 _h murd]$ h] rival1 ! unhappy ,m>g>et de ,hij>1 & t ,alfonso nev] =gave h] or w\ld look ^u h] f t day4 ,pontano1 :o 0 ,f]d9&'s secret>y1 told a diff]5t tale4 ,he affirm$ t ! real fa!r ( ! ,duke ( ,calabria 0 a ,m>rano ( ,val5tia4 ,?is la/ /ory is r5d]$ probable by ! brusque contra/ betwe5 ! "* ( ,alfonso & t ( ,f]d9&4 ,x w\ld be t]rible to ?9k t su* a fa!r c\ld h be5 ! p>5t ( su* a son4 ,9 ,f]d9& ! in/9ct ( lib]al culture deg5]at$ into vulg> magnific5ce2 c\rtesy & confid5ce gave place to cold suspicion & brutal cruelty4 ,8 f]ocity bord]$ ^u madness4 ,he us$ to keep ! victims ( 8 hatr$ 9 cages1 :]e _! mis]y af=d$ him ! same delight z "s m5 d]iv$ f wat*+ ! antics ( monkeys4#a ,9 8 hunt+ e/abli%m5t 7 repeat$ ! wor/ atrocities ( ,b]nabo ,visconti3 wret*es mutilat$ = neglect ( 8 h\nds ext5d$ _! h&less /umps = *>ity to ! travel]s ?r\gh 8 villages4#b ,in/ead ( ! g5]osity = :i* ,alfonso _h be5 fam\s1 ,f]d9& develop$ all ! arts ( av>ice4 ,l ,sixtus ,,iv4 he made ! sale ( corn & oil a royal monopoly1 traffick+ 9 ! hung] ( 8 subjects4#c ,l ,alex&] ,,vi4 he fatt5$ 8 vizi]s & secret>ies ^u ! pr(its ( extortion :i* he %>$ ) !m1 & :5 !y 7 fully gorg$ he cut _! ?roats & proclaim$ himself ! heir ?r\gh _! atta9d]4#d ,alfonso _h be5 fam\s = 8 c&or & s9c]ity4 ,f]d9& 0 a demon ( dissimulation & trea*]y4 ,8 murd] ( 8 gue/ ,jacopo ,picc99o at ! end ( a fe/ival1 :i* ext5d$ ov] tw5ty-sev5 days ( v>i$ ent]ta9m5ts1 won him ! applause ( ,ma*iavellian spirits ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,x realiz$ ! ideal ( treason conceiv$ z a f9e art4 ,n less p]fect z a specim5 ( diabolical cunn+ 0 ! v5geance :i* ,f]d9&1 c\nsel$ by 8 son ,alfonso1 inflict$ on ! b>ons :o conspir$ aga9/ him4#e ,alfonso 0 a son wor?y ( 8 t]rible fa!r4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m 0 t ,f]d9& dissembl$1 :ile ,alfonso1 ^: brav]y at ,otranto aga9/ ! ,turks _h surr\nd$ him ) milit>y glory1 ab&on$ himself ) cynicism to 8 passions4 ,sket*+ *>act]s ( bo? 9 ! same p>agraph1 de ,com9es writes3 ',nev] 0 man m cruel ?an ,alfonso1 nor m vici\s1 nor m wick$1 nor m poison\s1 nor m glutton\s4 ,8 fa!r 0 m dang]\s1 because he c\ld conceal 8 m9d & ev5 8 ang] f sight2 9 ! mid/ ( fe/ivity he w\ld take & slaught] 8 victims by trea*]y4 ,grace or m]cy 0 nev] f\nd 9 him1 nor yet compassion = 8 poor p4 ,bo? ( !m laid =cible h&s on wom54 ,9 matt]s ( ! ,*ur* !y obs]v$ nor rev]5ce nor ob$i5ce4 ,!y sold bi%oprics1 l t ( ,t>5to1 :i* ,f]d9& dispos$ ( = #ac1jjj ducats to a ,jew 9 favor ( 8 son :om he call$ a ,*ri/ian4' #a ,see ,pontanus1 de ,immanitate1 ,aldus1 #aeah1 vol4 #a4 p4 #cah3 ',f]d9&us ,rex ,neapolitanorum praecl>os etiam viros conclusos c>c]e etiam b5e atque abunde pascebat1 e&em ex iis voluptatem capi5s quam pu]i e conclusis 9 cavea aviculis3 qua de re saep5um]o sibi ipsi int] intimos suos diu multumque gratulatus subbl&itusque 9 risum t&em ac ca*9nos pr(undebatur4' #b ,see ,pontanus1 de ,immanitate1 ,aldus2 #aeah1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbj3 ',f]d4 ,r4,n4 qui c]vum aprumve occidiss5t furtimve palamve1 alios remo addixit1 alios manibus mutilavit1 alios susp5dio affecit3 agros quoque s]5dos ind]dixit dom9is1 leg5dasque aut gl&es aut poma1 quae s]v>i quidem volebat 9 escam f]is ad v5ationis suae usum4' #c ,c>acciolo1 de ,v>ietate ,=tunae1 ,muratori1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #hg1 exposes ?is sy/em 9 a passage :i* %\ld be comp>$ ) ,infessura on ! practices ( ,sixtus4 ,de ,com9es1 lib4 vii4 cap4 #aa1 may be read ) pr(it on ! same subject4 #d ,see ,c>acciolo1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #hh1 #hi1 conc]n+ ! judicial murd] ( ,francesco ,coppola & ,antonello ,p]ucci1 bo? ( :om _h be5 rais$ to em95ce by ,f]d9&1 us$ ?r\gh _! lives z ! in/rum5ts ( 8 extortion1 & murd]$ by him 9 _! ri* old age4 #e ,see ,de ,com9es1 lib4 vii4 cap4 #aa2 ,sismondi1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bbi4 ,read also ! %ort acc\nt ( ! massacre ( ! ,b>ons giv5 9 ! ,*ronicon ,v5etum1 ,muratori1 xxiv4 p4 #ae1 :]e ! int5se loa?+ felt ?r\gh\t ,italy = ,f]d9& & 8 son ,alfonso is p[]fully express$4 ,?is k9d ( tyranny c>ri$ 9 itself its own dea?-w>rant4 ,x ne$$ n ! voice ( ,savon>ola to proclaim t ,god w\ld rev5ge ! crimes ( ,f]d9& by plac+ a new sov]eign on 8 ?rone4 ,x 0 commonly believ$ t ! old k+ di$ 9 #adid ( remorse & appreh5sion1 :5 he knew t ! ,fr5* exp$ition c\ld no long] be delay$4 ,alfonso1 = 8 "p1 bold g5]al 9 ! field & able man ( affairs z he might be1 f\nd no c\rage to resi/ ! conqu]or4 ,x is no fiction ( a poet or a morali/1 b pla9 fact ( hi/ory1 t ?is ,k+ ( ,naples1 gr&son ( ! great ,alfonso & fa!r ( ! ,f]d9& to be1 quail$ be=e ! myriads ( accus+ dead t rose to haunt 8 tortur$ fancy 9 ! supreme h\r ( p]il4 ,! *amb]s ( 8 palace 9 ,naples 7 ?rong$ ) gho/s by battalions1 pale spect]s ( ! ?\s&s he _h r$uc$ to />vation1 bloody phantoms ( ! b>ons he _h murd]$ aft] nameless tortures1 ?9 wrai?s ( ^? :o _h wa/$ away 9 dungeons "u 8 remorseless rule4 ,! p ar\nd 8 gates mutt]$ 9 rebellion4 ,he abdicat$ 9 favor ( 8 son1 took %ip = ,sicily1 & di$ !re consci5ce-/rick5 9 a conv5t ere ! ye> 0 out4 ,f]d9&1 a brave y\?1 belov$ by ! nation 9 spite ( 8 fa!r's & gr&fa!r's tyranny1 reign$ 9 8 /ead4 ,yet ev5 = him ! situation 0 unt5able4 ,ev]y:]e he 0 beset by traitors--by 8 :ole army at ,san ,g]mano1 by ,trivulzi at ,capua1 by ! ,g]man guide at ,naples4 ,)\t soldi]s1 )\t allies1 ) no?+ to rely ^u b ! untri$ goodwill ( subjects :o _h j reason to execrate 8 race1 & ) ! conqu]ors ( ,italy advanc+ daily ?r\gh 8 /ates1 retreat alone 0 left to him4 ,aft] ab&on+ 8 ca/les to pillage1 burn+ ! %ips 9 ! h>bor ( ,naples1 & sett+ ,don ,f$]igo toge!r ) ! ,que5 d[ag] & ! pr9cess ,joanna ^u a quick-sail+ galley1 ,f]d9& bade f>ewell to 8 k+dom4 ,hi/orians relate t z ! %ore rec$$ f 8 view he kept inton+ 9 a l\d voice ?is v]se ( ! #abg? ,psalm3 ',except ! ,"l keep ! city1 ! wat*man wake? b 9 va94' ,betwe5 ! bea* ( ,naples & ! rocky %ore ( ,is*ia1 = :i* ! exiles 7 b\nd1 !re is only ! di/ance ( "s sev5te5 miles4 ,x 0 9 ,febru>y1 a mon? ( mild & melan*oly sun%9e 9 ^? s\!rn regions1 :5 ! :ole bay ( ,naples ) its belt ( di/ant hills is wont to take "o t9t ( modulat$ azure1 t ! royal fugitives p]=m$ ?is voyage4 ,ov] ! sleep+ sea !y glid$2 :ile f ! galley's /]n ! k+ ) a voice z sad z ,boabdil's :5 he sat d[n to weep = ,granada1 cri$3 ',except ! ,"l keep ! city1 ! wat*man wake? b 9 va94' ,!re 0 no want ( c\rage 9 ! y\?4 ,by 8 simple pres5ce he _h intimidat$ a mob ( rebels 9 ,naples4 ,by ! firmness ( 8 c>riage he subdu$ ! insol5t gov]nor ( ,is*ia1 & made himself ma/] ( ! isl&4 ,!re he wait$ till ! /orm 0 ov]pa/4 ,t5 times m a man ?an ,*>les1 he wat*$ ! ,fr5* k+ dep>t f ,naples leav+ sc>cely a rack beh9d--"s troops decimat$ by disease & unn]v$ by debau*]y1 & a g5]al or two )\t en]gy or vigor4 ,!n he return$ & ent]$ on a c>e] ( great] popul>ity ?an c\ld h be5 enjoy$ by him if ! ,fr5* _h nev] made ! fickle race ( ,naples feel h[ f> m odi\s is a =eign ?an a famili> yoke4#a ,*>les ent]$ ,naples z a conqu]or or lib]ator on ,febru>y #bb1 #adie4 ,he 0 welcom$ & fet$ by ! ,neapolitans1 ?an :om no p are m *ildi%ly delight$ ) a *ange ( ma/]s4 ,he enjoy$ 8 usual sports1 & indulg$ 9 8 usual love-affairs4 ,) suicidal insol5ce & want ( policy he ali5at$ ! sympa?ies ( ! noble families by divid+ ! titles1 (fices1 & fiefs ( ! k+dom among 8 ret9ue4#b ,)\t receiv+ s mu* z a provisional inve/iture f ! ,pope1 he satisfi$ 8 vanity by p>ad+ on ,may #ab z sov]eign1 ) a ball 9 "o h& & a scept] 9 ! o!r1 ?r\gh ! city4 ,!n he 0 =c$ to return ^u 8 pa? & to seek ,france ) ! precipitancy he _h %[n 9 ga9+ ,naples4 ,alex&]1 :o 0 witty1 said ! ,fr5* _h conqu]$ ,italy ) lumps ( *alk & wood5 spurs1 because !y rode un>m$ 9 slipp]s & s5t c\ri]s be=e !m to select _! qu>t]s4 ,x rema9$ to be se5 t ! a*ievem5ts ( ?is conque/ c\ld be effac$ z easily z a *alk m>k is rubb$ out1 or a pair ( wood5 spurs are brok54 #a ,! mis=tunes & ! brav]y ( ?is "y pr9ce inspire a deep feel+ ( int]e/4 ,x is sad to read t aft] recov]+ 8 k+dom 9 #adif1 he di$ 9 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye>1 worn out ) fatigue & ) ! pleasures ( 8 m>riage to 8 aunt ,joanna1 :om he lov$ too passionately4 ,8 uncle ,fr$]ick1 ! bro!r ( ,alfonso ,,ii41 succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,?us 9 ?ree ye>s ,naples _h five ,sov]eigns4 #b ',t\s e/ats et (fices fur5t donnez aux ,francois1 a deux ou trois1' says ,de ,com9es4 ,:ile ,*>les 0 amus+ himself at ,naples1 a /orm 0 ga!r+ 9 8 re>4 ,a league aga9/ him _h be5 =m$ 9 ,april by ! great p[]s ( ,europe4 ,v5ice1 al>m$ = ! indep5d5ce ( ,italy1 & urg$ by ! ,sultan1 :o _h reason to dread ,*>les ,,viii41#a head$ ! league4 ,lodovico1 n[ t he _h atta9$ 8 selfi% object 9 ! quiet position ( ,milan1 0 anxi\s = 8 safety4 ,! ,pope /ill fe>$ a g5]al c\ncil4 ,maximilian1 :o c\ld n =get ! slight put ^u him 9 ! matt] ( 8 daught] & 8 bride1 0 will+ to co-op]ate aga9/ 8 rival4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 hav+ secur$ !mselves 9 ,r\ssillon1 ?\ght x behoov$ !m to re-e/abli% ,spani>ds ( _! ki? & k9 9 ,naples4 ,ea* ( ! contract+ p>ties _h 8 role assign$ to him4 ,spa9 und]took to aid ,f]d9& ( ,aragon 9 ,calabria4 ,v5ice 0 to attack ! seaports ( ! k+dom2 ,lodovico ,s=za1 to occupy ,a/i2 ! ,k+ ( ! ,romans1 to make a div]sion 9 ! ,nor?4 ,flor5ce alone1 ?\gh deeply injur$ by ,*>les 9 ! matt] ( ,pisa1 kept fai? ) ! ,fr5*4 #a ,*>les1 by an act dat$ ,a4,d4 #adid1 ,septemb] #f1 _h b\ght ! title ( ,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople & ,trebizond f ,&rew ,palaeologus 7see ,gibbon1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ahc1 ed4 ,milman74 ,:5 he took ,djem f ,alex&] 9 ,rome1 8 object 0 to make use ( him 9 a w> aga9/ ,bajazet2 & ! ,pope 0 always impress+ on ! ,turk ! p]il ( a ,franki% crusade4 ,! dang] 0 imm95t4 ,already ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic _h disemb>k$ troops on ! %ore ( ,sicily1 & 0 ready to ?r[ an army into ! ports ( ,reggio & ,tropea4 ,alex&] _h refus$ to c>ry out 8 treaty by ! surr5d] ( ,spoleto4 ,ces>e ,borgia _h escap$ f ! ,fr5* camp4 ,! ,lomb>ds 7 m5ac+ ,a/i1 :i* ! ,duke ( ,orleans held1 & )\t ! possession ( :i* !re 0 no safe return to ,france4 ,a/i inde$ at ?is juncture w\ld h fall51 & ,*>les w\ld h be5 caught 9 a trap1 if ! ,v5etians _h only be5 quick or w>y en\gh to engage ,g]man m]c5>ies4#a ,! dang] ( ! situation may be/ be judg$ by read+ ! ,memoirs ( ,de ,com9es1 :o 0 !n ambassador at ,v5ice4 ',! league 0 conclud$ v late "o ev5+4 ,! next morn+ ! ,signory s5t = me e>li] ?an usual4 ,!y 7 assembl$ 9 great numb]s1 p]haps a hundr$ or m1 & held _! heads high1 made a good *e]1 & _h n ! same c\nt5ance z on ! day :5 !y told me ( ! capture ( ! citadel ( ,naples4#b ,my he>t 0 heavy1 & ,i _h grave d\bts ab\t ! p]son ( ! k+ & ab\t all 8 company2 & ,i ?\ght _! s*eme m ripe ?an x really 01 & fe>$ !y might h ,g]mans ready2 & if x _h be5 s1 nev] c\ld ! k+ h got safe out ( ,italy4' ,nev]!less ,de ,com9es put a brave face on ! matt]1 & told ! c\ncil t he _h already receiv$ in=mation ( ! league & _h s5t dispat*es to 8 ma/] on ! subject4#c ',aft] d9n]1' cont9ues ,de ,com9es1 'all ! ambassadors ( ! league met = an excursion on ! wat]1 :i* is ! *ief recreation at ,v5ice1 :]e e "o goes accord+ to ! ret9ue he keeps1 or at ! exp5se ( ! ,signory4 ,!re may h be5 z _m z =ty gondolas1 all be>+ display$ ! arms ( _! ma/]s ^u bann]s4 ,i saw ! :ole ( ?is company pass be=e my w9d[s1 & !re 7 _m m9/rels on bo>d4 ,^? ( ,milan1 "o at lea/ ( !m :o _h (t5 kept my company1 put on a brave face n to "k me2 & = ?ree days ,i rema9$ )\t go+ =? into ! t[n1 nor my p1 nor 0 !re all t "t a s+le c\rte\s ^w said to me or to any ( my suite4' #a ,see ,de ,com9es1 lib4 vii4 cap4 #ae1 pp4 #gh1 #gi4 #b ,de ,com9es' acc\nt ( ! al>m felt at ,v5ice on t occasion is v graphic3 ',!y s5t = me "o morn+1 & ,i f\nd !m to ! numb] ( fifty or sixty 9 ! ,doge's b$*amb]1 = he 0 ill ( colic2 & !re he told me ! news ) a good c\nt5ance4 ,b none ( ! company knew s well h[ to feign z he4 ,"s 7 seat$ on a wood5 b5*1 lean+ _! heads on _! h&s1 & o!rs o!rwise2 & all %[$ great heav9ess at he>t4 ,i ?9k t :5 ! news rea*$ ,rome ( ! battle ( ,cannae1 ! s5ators 7 n m conf\nd$ or fright5$4' #c ,bembo1 9 8 ,v5etian ,hi/ory 7lib4 ii4 p4 #cb71 tells a diff]5t tale4 ,he repres5ts ,de ,com9es q unn]v$ by ! news4 ,return+ nor?w>d by ! same r\te1 ,*>les pass$ ,rome & rea*$ ,si5a on ,june #ac4 ,! ,pope _h tak5 refuge1 fir/ at ,orvieto1 & aft]w>ds at ,p]ugia1 on 8 approa*2 b he made no concessions4 ,*>les c\ld n obta9 f him an inve/iture ( ! k+dom he pret5d$ to h conqu]$1 :ile he _h himself to surr5d] ! =tresses ( ,civita ,vec*ia & ,t]rac9a4 ,o/ia alone rema9$ 9 ! clut* ( ,alex&]'s implacable enemy1 ! ,c>d9al della ,rov]e4 ,9 ,tuscany ! ,pisan "q 0 aga9 op5$4 ,! ,fr5* army desir$ to see ! lib]ties ( ,pisa e/abli%$ on a solid basis be=e !y quitt$ ,italy4 ,on _! way to ,naples ! mis=tunes ( t anci5t city _h t\*$ !m3 n[ on _! return !y 7 clamor\s t ,*>les %\ld gu>antee its fre$om4 ,b to secure ?is object 0 an affair ( difficulty4 ,! =ces ( ! league _h already tak5 ! field1 & ! ,duke ( ,orleans 0 be+ besieg$ 9 ,nov>a4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 jeal\s ( ! favor %[n1 9 manife/ infr+em5t ( _! rights1 to citiz5s :om !y reg>d$ z rebelli\s bondsm51 assum$ an attitude ( m5ace4 ,*>les c\ld only reply ) vague promises to ! solicitations ( ! ,pisans1 /r5g!n ! ,fr5* g>risons 9 _! =tresses1 & m>* =w>d z quickly z possible into ! ,ap5n9es4 ,! key ( ! pass by :i* he s\ght to rega9 ,lomb>dy is ! t[n ( ,pontremoli4 ,leav+ t 9 a%es on ,june #bi1 ! ,fr5* army1 di/ress$ = provisions & 9 p]il among ^? melan*oly hills1 pu%$ onw>d ) all spe$4 ,!y knew t ! alli$ =ces1 comm&$ by ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 7 wait+ = !m at ! o!r side ^u ! ,t>o1 ne> ! village ( ,=novo4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 ! ,fr5* ought to h be5 cru%$4 ,!y numb]$ ab\t #i1jjj m5 9 all1 :ile ! allies 7 close ^u #dj1jjj4 ,! ,fr5* 7 we>y ) long m>*es1 insuffici5t food1 & bad lodg+s4 ,! ,italians 7 fre% & well c>$ =4 ,yet 9 spite ( all ?is1 9 spite ( bl9d g5]al%ip & total blund]+1 ,*>les cont9u$ to play 8 "p ( =tune's favorite to ! end4 ,a bloody battle1 :i* la/$ = an h\r1 took place ^u ! banks ( ! ,t>o4#a ,! ,italians suff]$ s sev]ely t1 ?\gh !y /ill f> outnumb]$ ! ,fr5*1 no p]suasions c\ld make !m rally & r5ew ! fight4 ,*>les 9 8 own p]son ran great p]il dur+ ?is battle2 & :5 x 0 ov]1 he _h /ill to effect 8 retreat ^u ,a/i 9 ! tee? ( a =midable army4 ,! good luck ( ! ,fr5* & ! dilatory c[>dice ( _! oppon5ts sav$ !m n[ aga9 = ! la/ "t4 #a ,! action at ,=novo la/$ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 accord+ to ,de ,com9es4 ,! pursuit ( ! ,italians occupi$ ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r m4 ,unaccu/om$ to ! quick tactics ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italians1 :5 once brok51 p]si/$ 9 retreat+ ^u ,reggio & ,p>ma4 ,! ,gonzaghi alone di/+ui%$ !mselves = ob/9ate c\rage1 & lo/ f\r or five memb]s ( _! pr9cely h\se4 ,! ,/radiots1 ^: scimit>s ought to h dealt rudely ) ! heavy ,fr5* m5-at-arms1 employ$ _! "t 9 pillag+ ! ,royal pavilion1 v wisely ab&on$ to _! av>ice by ! ,fr5* capta9s4 ,to su* an ext5t 7 milit>y affairs miscon/ru$ 9 ,italy1 t1 on ! /r5g? ( ?is brig&age1 ! ,v5etians claim$ ,=novo = a victory4 ,see my essay ',=novo1' 9 ,sket*es & ,/udies 9 ,italy1 = a description ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! battle 0 f\ght4 ,on ,july #ae1 ,*>les at ! head ( 8 little =ce m>*$ into ,a/i & 0 practically safe4 ,"h ! "y k+ cont9u$ to give signal pro(s ( 8 weakness4 ,?\gh he knew t ! ,duke ( ,orleans 0 h>d press$ 9 ,nov>a1 he made no ef=t to relieve him2 nor did he attempt to use ! #bj1jjj ,switz]s :o desc5d$ f _! ,alps to aid him 9 ! /ruggle ) ! league4 ,f ,a/i he remov$ to ,tur91 :]e he sp5t 8 "t 9 flirt+ ) ,anna ,sol]i1 ! daught] ( 8 ho/4 ,?is girl _h be5 s5t to h>angue him ) a set oration1 & _h fulfill$ h] task1 9 ! words ( an old witness1 ')\t wav]+1 c\gh+1 spitt+1 or giv+ way at all4' ,h] *>ms delay$ ! k+ 9 ,italy until ,octob] #ai1 :5 he sign$ a treaty at ,v]celli ) ! ,duke ( ,milan4 ,at ?is mom5t ,*>les might h held ,italy 9 8 grasp4 ,8 =ces1 /r5g!n$ by ! unexpect$ arrival ( s _m ,switz]s1 & by a junction ) ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t to ov]:elm ! army ( ! league1 & to intimidate ! faction ( ,f]d9& 9 ,naples4 ,yet s light-m9d$ 0 ,*>les1 & s impati5t 7 8 c\rti]s1 t he n[ only c>$ = a quick return to ,france4 ,res]v+ to himself ! nom9al "r ( us+ ,g5oa z a naval /ation1 he resign$ t t[n to ,lodovico ,s=za1 & confirm$ him 9 ! tranquil possession ( 8 ,du*y4 ,on ,octob] #bb he left ,tur91 & ent]$ 8 own dom9ions ?r\gh ! ,alps ( ,dauph9e4 ,already 8 fam\s conque/ ( ,italy 0 reckon$ among ! wond]s ( ! pa/1 & 8 sov]eignty ov] ,naples _h become ! %ad[ ( a "n4 ,he _h obta9$ = himself no?+ b mom5t>y glory1 :ile he impos$ on ,france a p]il\s =eign policy1 & on ,italy ! burd5 ( bloody w>f>e 9 ! future4 ,a little m ?an a ye> _h elaps$ betwe5 ! fir/ entry ( ,*>les into ,lomb>dy & 8 return to ,france4 ,l _m o!r brilliant episodes ( hi/ory1 ?is conque/1 s %[y & s ephem]al1 0 m important z a sign ?an z an actual ev5t4 ',8 passage1' says ,guicci>d9i1 '0 ! cause n only ( *ange 9 /ates1 d[nfalls ( k+doms1 desolations ( :ole di/ricts1 de/ructions ( cities1 b>b>\s but*]ies2 b also ( new cu/oms1 new modes ( conduct1 new & bloody habits ( w>1 diseases hi!rto unkn[n4 ,! organization ^u :i* ! peace & h>mony ( ,italy dep5d$ 0 s upset t1 s9ce t "t1 o!r =eign nations & b>b>\s armies h be5 able to trample h] "u foot & to ravage h] at pleasure4' ,! only error ( ,guicci>d9i is ! assumption t ! holiday excursion ( ,*>les ,,viii4 0 9 any deep s5se ! cause ( ^! calamities4#a ,9 tru? ! ,fr5* invasion op5$ a new era = ! ,italians1 b only 9 ! same s5se z a pageant may =m ! prelude to a trag$y4 ,e mon>* ( ,europe1 dazzl$ by ! spl5did display ( ,*>les & =getful ( its insignificant results1 began to look ) gre$y eyes ^u ! weal? ( ! p59sula4 ,! ,swiss f\nd 9 ^? ri* prov9ces an inexhau/ible field = depr$ation4 ,! ,g]mans1 "u ! pret5se ( religi\s zeal1 gave a loose re9 to _! animal appetites 9 ! metropolis ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,france & ,spa9 engag$ 9 a duel to ! dea? = ! possession ( s fair a prey4 ,! ,fr5*1 madd5$ by m]e cupidity1 ?rew away ^? *ances :i* ! goodwill ( ! race at l>ge af=d$ !m4#b ,l\is ,,xii4 lo/ himself 9 petty intrigues1 by :i* he f9ally weak5$ 8 own cause to ! pr(it ( ! ,borgias & ,au/ria4 ,francis ,i4 foam$ 8 =ce away l a sp5t wave at ,m>ignano & ,pavia4 ,! real conqu]or ( ,italy 0 ,*>les ,v4 ,italy 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 de/9$ to receive ! impress ( ! ,spani% _s1 & to be> ! yoke ( ,au/rian dukes4 ,h& 9 h& ) political despotism m>*$ religi\s tyranny4 ,! ,c\nt]-,re=mation ov] :i* ! ,inquisition presid$1 0 "p & p>cel ( ! ,spani% policy = ! enslavem5t ( ! nation no less ?an = ! re/oration ( ! ,*ur*4 ,mean:ile ! weakness1 discord1 egotism1 & corruption :i* prev5t$ ! ,italians f resi/+ ! ,fr5* invasion 9 #adid1 cont9u$ to increase4 ,in/ead ( be+ lesson$ by exp]i5ce1 ,popes1 ,pr9ces1 & ,republics vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 call+ 9 ! /rang]s1 pitt+ ,spani>d aga9/ ,fr5*man1 & pay+ ! ,g]mans to expel ! ,swiss1 oblivi\s t ea* new army ( =eign]s !y summon$ 0 9 reality a new sw>m ( dev\r+ locu/s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is an>*y x is laughable to he> ! %rill voice ( prie/s1 l ,julius & ,leo1 proclaim+ be=e ,god _! v[s to rid ,italy ( ! b>b>ians4 ,! confusion 0 t5fold conf\nd$ :5 ! old factions ( ,guelf & ,ghibell9e put on a new g>b ( ,fr5* & ,spani% p>tisan%ip4 ,t[n f\ght ) t[n & family ) family1 9 ! cause ( /rang]s :om !y ought to h resi/$ ) "o w & /eady hatr$4 ,! fasc9ation ( fe> & ! love ( novelty alike sway$ ! fickle population ( ,italian cities4 ,! =eign soldi]s :o inflict$ on ! nation su* cruel injuries made a gr& %[ 9 _! /reets1 & !re w always be a mob s *ildi% z to covet pageants at ! exp5se ( fre$om & ev5 ( safety4 #a ,guicci>d9i's ,dialogo del ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze 7,op4 ,in$4 vol4 ii4 p4 #id7 sets =? ! /ate ( int]nal an>*y & ext]nal viol5ce :i* foll[$ ! dep>ture ( ,*>les ,,viii41 ) wond]ful acut5ess4 ',se p] sorte l' uno ,oltramontano cacc]a l' altro1 ,italia re/]a 9 e/rema s]vitu1' is an exact prophecy ( :at happ5$ be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,spa9 _h beat5 ,france 9 ! duel = ,italy4 #b ,mat>azzo1 9 8 ,cronaca della ,citta di ,p]ugia 7,ar*4 ,/41 vol4 xvi4 "p #b1 p4 #bc71 gives a lively picture ( ! eag]ness ) :i* ! ,fr5* 7 greet$ 9 #adie1 & ( ! wanton brutality by :i* !y soon ali5at$ ! p4 ,9 ?is he agrees almo/ textually ) ,de ,com9es1 :o writes3 ',le peuple n\s adv\oit comme ,sa9cts1 e/imans en n\s t\te foy et bonte2 mais ce propos ne leur dura gu]es1 tant p\r no/re desordre et pill]ie1 et qu'aussi les ennemis oppres*oi5t le peuple en t\s qu>ti]s1' etc41 lib4 vii4 cap4 #f4 ,9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( ! ,*ronicon ,v5etum 7,muratori1 vol4 xxlv4 p4 #e71 we read conc]n+ ! adv5t ( ,*>les3 ',i popoli tutti dicevano ,b5$ictus qui v5it 9 nom9e ,dom9i4 ,ne v'era alcuno *e li potesse contra/>e1 ne resi/]e1 tanto era da tutti i popoli ,italiani *iamato4' ,! ,flor5t9es1 z burgh]s ( a ,guelf city1 7 always loyal to ! ,fr5*4 ,besides1 _! comm]ce ) ,france 7e4g4 ! weal? ( ,filippo ,/rozzi7 made x to _! int]e/ to favor ! cause ( ! ,fr5*4 ,see ,guicc4 i4 #b1 p4 #fb4 ,?is loyalty rose to en?usiasm "u ! influ5ce ( ,savon>ola1 surviv$ ! /upidities ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii41 & committ$ ! ,flor5t9es 9 #acbh to ! p]il\s policy ( expect+ aid f ,francis ,i4 ,9 spite ( its transitory "* ! invasion ( ,*>les ,,viii41 !re=e1 0 a great fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x 01 to use ! pregnant phrase ( ,mi*elet1 no less ?an ! revelation ( ,italy to ! nations ( ! ,nor?4 ,l a gale sweep+ across a =e/ ( trees 9 blossom1 & be>+ _! f]tiliz+ poll51 aft] x has brok5 & defl[]$ _! bran*es1 to f>-di/ant trees t hi!rto h bloom$ 9 b>r5ness1 ! /orm ( ,*>les's army c>ri$ f> & wide ?r\gh ,europe ?\ght-du/1 imp]ceptible1 b pot5t to enri* ! nations4 ,! ,fr5* alone1 says ,mi*elet1 und]/ood ,italy4 ,h[ t]rible w\ld h be5 a conque/ by ,turks ) _! b>b>ism1 ( ,spani>ds ) _! ,inquisition1 ( ,g]mans ) _! brutality6 ,b ,france1 impressible1 sympa!tic1 ard5t = pleasure1 g5]\s1 amiable & va91 0 capable ( compreh5d+ ! ,italian _s4 ,f ! ,italians ! ,fr5* communicat$ to ! re/ ( ,europe :at we call ! movem5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ?is panegyric ( ,mi*elet's4 ,! passage ( ! army ( ,*>les ,,viii4 m>ks a turn+-po9t 9 mod]n hi/ory1 & f ?is epo* dates ! diffusion ( a _s ( culture ov] ,europe4 ,b ,mi*elet =gets to notice t ! ,fr5* nev] rightly und]/ood _! vocation ) reg>d to ,italy4 ,!y _h x 9 _! p[] to fo/] t free _s :i* might h made h] a nation capable1 9 conc]t ) ,france1 ( resi/+ ,*>les ,v4 ,in/ead ( do+ s1 !y pursu$ ! pettie/ policy ( av>ice & egotism4 ,nor did !y prev5t t ,spani% conque/ ! horrors ( :i* _! hi/orian has s eloqu5tly describ$4 ,aga91 we mu/ rememb] t x 0 ! ,spani>ds & n ! ,fr5* :o sav$ ,italy f be+ b>b>iz$ by ! ,turk4 ,= ! hi/orian ( ,italy x is sad & humiliat+ to h to ackn[l$ge t h] fate dep5d$ :olly on ! action ( m p[]ful nations1 t %e lay in]t & helpless at ! discretion ( ! conqu]or 9 ! duels betwe5 ,spa9 & ,france & ,spa9 & ,islam4 ,yet ?is is ! tru?4 ,x w\ld seem t ^? peoples to :om we *iefly owe advance 9 art & k1 are (t5 ?us ! captives ( _! intellectual inf]iors4 ,_! spiritual asc5d5cy is pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( political solidity & national prosp]ity4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,greece1 ) ,judah1 & ) ,italy4 ,! civilization ( ! ,italians1 f> 9 advance ( t ( o!r ,european nations1 unn]v$ !m 9 ! conflict ) robu/ b>b>ian races4 ,lett]s & ! arts & ! civilities ( life 7 _! glory4 ',indol5t pr9ces & mo/ despicable arms' 7 _! ru94 ,:e!r ! ,r5aissance ( ! mod]n _w w\ld n h be5 yet m brilliant if ,italy _h rema9$ free1 :o %all say8 ,! v conditions :i* produc$ h] culture seem to h r5d]$ t impossible4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i4 ,blood-madness4 ,see ,*apt] iii1 p4 #aji4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances af=d$ by hi/ory ( ,haematomania 9 a tyrant is ,ibrahim ibn ,ahm$1 pr9ce ( ,africa & ,sicily 7,a4,d4 #hge74 ,?is man1 besides display+ peculi> f]ocity 9 8 treatm5t ( enemies & prison]s ( w>1 delight$ 9 ! execution ( horrible but*]ies )9 ! walls ( 8 own palace4 ,8 a/rolog]s hav+ once pr$ict$ t he %\ld die by ! h&s ( a 'small assass91' he kill$ (f ! :ole ret9ue ( 8 pages1 & fill$ up _! places ) a suit ( negroes :om he proce$$ to treat aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,on ano!r occasion1 :5 "o ( 8 ?ree hundr$ eunu*s _h by *ance be5 witness ( ! tyrant's drunk5ness1 ,ibrahim slaught]$ ! :ole b&4 ,aga91 he is said to h put an end to sixty y\?s1 orig9ally select$ = 8 pleasures1 burn+ !m by gangs ( five or six 9 ! furnace1 or suffocat+ !m 9 ! hot *amb]s ( 8 ba?s4 ,eight ( 8 bro!rs 7 murd]$ 9 8 pres5ce2 & :5 "o1 :o 0 s diseas$ t he c\ld sc>cely /ir1 implor$ to be all[$ to end 8 days 9 peace1 ,ibrahim answ]$3 ',i make no exceptions4' ,8 own son ,abul-,aghlab 0 behead$ by 8 ord]s be=e 8 eyes2 & ! execution ( *amb]la9s1 secret>ies1 m9i/]s1 & c\rti]s 0 ( common occurr5ce4 ,b 8 fi]ce/ fury 0 direct$ aga9/ wom54 ,he seems to h be5 d>kly jeal\s ( ! p]petuation ( ! human race4 ,wives & concub9es 7 /rangl$1 sawn asund]1 & buri$ alive1 if !y %[$ signs ( pregnancy4 ,8 female *ildr5 7 murd]$ z soon z !y saw ! light2 sixte5 ( !m1 :om 8 "m manag$ to conceal & re> at h] own p]il1 7 massacr$ ^u ! spot :5 ,ibrahim discov]$ :om !y claim$ z fa!r4 ,contempor>y ,arab *ronicl]s1 pond]+ ^u ! fi]ce & gloomy passions ( ?is man1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t he 0 ! subject ( a /range disease1 a port5t\s secretion ( black bile produc+ ! melan*oly :i* impell$ him to atroci\s crimes4 ,nor does ! pr9ciple on :i* ?is diagnosis ( 8 case 0 f\nd$ appe> unreasonable4 ,ibrahim 0 a great g5]al1 an able rul]1 a man ( firm & /eady purpose2 n a weak & ineffectual lib]t9e :om lu/ = blood & le*]y _h plac$ bel[ ! level ( brute bea/s4 ,:5 ! "t = 8 abdication arriv$1 he ?rew aside 8 mantle ( /ate & donn$ ! mean g>b ( an ,arab devotee1 prea*$ a crusade1 & l$ an army into ,italy1 :]e he di$ ( dys5t]y be=e ! city ( ,cos5za4 ,! only way ( expla9+ 8 ecc5tric ?ir/ = slaught] is to suppose t x 0 a d>k monomania1 a =m ( psy*opa?y analog\s to t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,m>e*al de ,retz & ! ,m>quise de ,br9villi]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ symptoms ( ?is disease 0 ! curiosity :i* l$ him to explore ! entrails ( 8 victims1 & to fea/ 8 eyes ^u _! quiv]+ he>ts4 ,aft] caus+ 8 fir/ m9i/] ,ibn-,semsama to be beat5 to dea?1 he cut 8 body op51 & ) 8 own knife slic$ ! brave man's he>t4 ,on ano!r occasion he _h #ejj prison]s br\ght be=e him4 ,seiz+ a %>p lance he fir/ explor$ ! region ( ! ribs1 & !n plung$ ! spe>-po9t into ! he>t ( ea* victim 9 succession4 ,a g>l& ( ^! he>ts 0 made & hung up on ! gate ( ,tunis4 ,! ,arabs reg>d$ ! he>t z ! seat ( ?\ght 9 man1 ! ?rone ( ! w1 ! c5t] ( intellectual exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is preoccupation ) ! he>ts ( 8 victims we may !re=e trace ! jeal\sy ( human life :i* ,ibrahim display$ 9 8 murd] ( pregnant wom51 z well z a tyrant's fury aga9/ ! organ :i* _h su/a9$ 8 foes 9 _! resi/ance4 ,we c only compreh5d ! comb9ation ( sangu9>y lu/ ) ,ibrahim's vigor\s conduct ( civil & milit>y affairs1 on ! hypo!sis t ?is man-tig]1 z ,am>i1 to :om ,i owe ^! details1 calls him1 0 possess$ ) a specific madness4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,n>di1 ,i/orie di ,fir5ze1 lib4 i4 cap4 #d4 ,see ,*ap4 iv4 p4 #aie4 ,aft] ! fre$om rega9$ by ! expulsion ( ! ,duke ( ,a!ns & ! humbl+ ( ! nobles1 regul>ity = ! future 9 ! gov]nm5t might h be5 expect$1 s9ce a v great equality among ! burgh]s _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ^? tr\bles4 ,! city too _h be5 divid$ into qu>t]s1 & ! supreme magi/racy ( ! republic assign$ to ! eight priors1 call$ ,signori ,priori di lib]ta1 toge!r ) ! ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice4 ,! eight priors 7 *os51 two = ea* qu>t]2 ! ,gonfaloni]1 _! *ief1 diff]$ 9 no respect f 8 colleagues save 9 prec$5ce ( dignity2 & z ! f\r? "p ( ! honors p]ta9$ to ! memb]s ( ! less] arts1 _! turn kept com+ r\nd to t qu>t] to :i* ! ,gonfaloni] belong$4 ,?is magi/racy rema9$ = two :ole mon?s1 always liv+ & sleep+ 9 ! ,palace2 9 ord] t1 accord+ to ! notion ( our ance/ors1 !y might be able to att5d ) great] dilig5ce to ! affairs ( ! commonweal?1 9 conc]t ) _! colleagues1 :o 7 ! sixte5 gonfaloni]s ( ! companies ( ! p1 & ! twelve buoni uom9i1 or special advis]s ( ! ,signory4 ,^! magi/rates collectively 9 "o body 7 call$ ! ,college1 or else ! ,signory & ! ,colleagues4 ,aft] ?is magi/racy came ! ,s5ate2 ! numb] ( :i* v>i$1 & ! "n ( :i* 0 alt]$ sev]al times up to ! ye> #adid1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! l>g] c\ncils1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to discuss & make ! laws & all provisions bo? g5]al & p>ticul>1 7 until t date two2 ! "o call$ ! ,c\ncil ( ! p1 =m$ only by ! cittad9i popolani1 & ! o!r ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,commune1 because x embrac$ bo? nobles & plebeians f !-date ( ! =mation ( ^! c\ncils4#a ,! appo9tm5t ( ! magi/rates1 :i* ( old times & "u ! be/ & mo/ equitable gov]nm5ts 0 made on ! occasion ( ea* election1 9 ?is m mod]n p]iod 0 consign$ to a special c\ncil call$ ,squitt9o4#b ,! mode & act ( ! election 0 t]m$ ,squitt9>e1 :i* is equival5t to ,scrut9ium 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 because m9ute inve/igation 0 made into ! qualities ( ! eligible burgh]s4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 t5d$ greatly to corrupt ! good mann]s ( ! city1 inasmu* z1 ! said scrut9y be+ made e ?ree or five ye>s1 & n on ea* occasion1 z w\ld h be5 "r1 consid]+ ! pres5t quality ( ! burgh]s & ! badness ( ! times1 ^? :o _h once obta9$ _! nom9ation & be5 put into ! purses !reto appo9t$1 be+ c]ta9 to arrive "s "t at ! honors & (fices = :i* !y 7 design$1 became c>eless & neglig5t ( good cu/oms 9 _! lives4 ,! prop] function ( ! ,gonfaloni]s 01 9 conc]t ) _! ,gonfalons & companies1 to def5d ) arms ! city f p]ils =eign & civil1 :5 occasion rose1 & to control ! fire-gu>ds specially deput$ by t magi/racy 9 f\r conv5i5t /ations4 ,all ! laws & provisions1 z well private z public1 propos$ by ! ,signory1 _h to be approv$ & c>ri$ by t ,college1 !n by ! ,s5ate1 & la/ly by ! ,c\ncils nam$ above4 ,not)/&+ ?is rule1 ev]y?+ ( high importance p]ta9+ to ! /ate 0 discuss$ & c>ri$ into execution dur+ ! :ole "t t ! ,m$ici adm9i/]$ ! city by ! ,c\ncil vulg>ly call$ ,balia1 compos$ ( m5 devot$ to t gov]nm5t4 ,:ile ! ,m$ici held sway1 ! magi/racy ( ! ,dieci della ,gu]ra or ( ,lib]ty & ,peace 7 sup]s$$ by ! ,otto della ,pratica 9 ! conduct ( all t conc]n$ w>s1 truces1 & treaties ( peace1 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ! *ief ag5ts ( t gov]nm5t4 ,! ,otto di gu>dia e balia 7 !n z n[ delegat$ to crim9al bus9ess1 b !y 7 appo9t$ by ! =e-nam$ ,c\ncil ( ,balia1 or r su* au?ority & commission 0 assign$ !m by ! ,signory1 & ?is usage 0 aft]w>ds cont9u$ on _! entry into (fice4 ,let ?is suffice ^u ^! matt]s4 ,n[ ! burgh]s :o h ! "r ( discuss+ & det]m9+ ! affairs ( ! republic 7 & /ill are call$ privileg$1 b5eficiati or /atuali1 ( t quality & condition to :i*1 accord+ to ! laws ( our city1 ! gov]nm5t belongs2 9 o!r words !y are eligible = (fice1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? :o h n ?is privilege4 ,consequ5tly ! b5efiziati & /atuali ( ,flor5ce correspond to ! g5tiluom9i ( ,v5ice4 ,( ^! burgh]s !re 7 ab\t #djj families or h\ses1 b at diff]5t times ! numb] 0 l>g]1 & be=e ! plague ( #aebg !y made up a total ( ab\t #d1jjj citiz5s eligible = ! ,consiglio ,gr&e4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( fre$om betwe5 #adid & #aeab ! o!r or nonprivileg$ citiz5s c\ld be elevat$ to ?is rank ( enfran*isem5t accord+ z !y 7 judg$ wor?y by ! ,c\ncil3 at ! pres5t "t !y ga9 ! same di/9ction by su* m]its z may be pleas+ to ! rul] ( ! city = ! "t be+3 our commonweal? f ! ye> #adcc hav+ be5 gov]n$ accord+ to ! w ( its own citiz5s1 ?\gh "o faction has f "t to "t prevail$ ov] ano!r1 & ?\gh be=e t date ! republic 0 di/ress$ & %ak5 by ! divisions :i* affect$ ! :ole ( ,italy1 & by _m o!rs :i* are r to be reckon$ z s$ition peculi> & natural to free cities4 ,see+ t m5 by good & evil arts 9 comb9ation are always /riv+ to atta9 ! summit ( human affairs1 toge!r also ) ! favor ( =tune1 :o ev] insi/s on hav+ h] "p 9 our actions4 #a ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici sup]s$$ ^! two c\ncils by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,sev5ty1 )\t1 h[ev]1 suppress+ !m4 #b ,a corruption ( ,scrut9io4 ,v>*i3 ,/oria ,fior5t9a1 lib4 iii4 caps4 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4 ,! :ole city ( ,flor5ce is divid$ into f\r qu>t]s1 ! fir/ ( :i* takes 9 ! :ole ( t "p :i* is n[ call$ ,beyond ! ,arno1 & ! *ief *ur* ( ! di/rict gives x ! "n ( ,santo ,spirito4 ,! o!r ?ree1 :i* embrace all t is call$ ,?is side ! ,arno1 also take _! names f _! *ief *ur*es1 & are ! ,qu>t]s ( ,/a4 ,croce1 ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella1 & ,san ,giovanni4 ,ea* ( ^! f\r qu>t]s is divid$ into f\r gonfalons1 nam$ aft] ! diff]5t animals or o!r ?+s !y c>ry pa9t$ on _! ensigns4 ,! qu>t] ( ,santo ,spirito includes ! gonfalons ( ! ,ladd]1 ! ,%ell1 ! ,:ip1 & ! ,dragon2 t ( ,santa ,croce1 ! ,c>1 ! ,ox1 ! ,gold5 ,lion1 & ! ,:eels2 t ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ! ,vip]1 ! ,unicorn1 ! ,r$ ,lion1 & ! ,:ite ,lion2 t ( ,san ,giovanni1 ! ,black ,lion1 ! ,dragon1 ! ,keys1 & ! ,vair4 ,n[ all ! h\seholds & families ( ,flor5ce are includ$ & classifi$ "u ^! f\r qu>t]s & sixte5 gonfalons1 s t !re is no burgh] ( ,flor5ce :o does n rank 9 "o ( ! f\r qu>t]s & "o ( ! sixte5 gonfalons4 ,ea* gonfalon _h its /&>d-be>]1 :o c>ri$ ! /&>d l capta9s ( b&s2 & _! *ief (fice 0 to run ) arms :5ev] !y 7 call$ by ! ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice1 & to def5d1 ea* "u 8 own ensign1 ! palace ( ! ,signory1 & to fight = ! p's lib]ty2 :]e=e !y 7 call$ ,gonfaloni]s ( ! companies ( ! p1 or1 m briefly1 f _! numb]1 ! ,sixte54 ,n[ s9ce !y nev] assembl$ by !mselves alone1 see+ t !y c\ld n propose or c>ry any measure )\t ! ,signory1 !y 7 also call$ ! ,colleagues1 t is1 ! companions ( ! ,signory1 & _! title 0 v5]able4 ,?is1 aft] ! ,signory1 0 ! fir/ & mo/ honorable magi/racy ( ,flor5ce2 & aft] !m came ! ,twelve ,buonuom9i1 also call$1 = ! l reason1 ,colleagues4 ,s ! ,signory ) ! ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice1 ! ,sixte51 & ! ,twelve 7 call$ ! ,?ree ,great]4 ,no man 0 said to h ! fran*ise 7av] lo /ato71 & 9 consequ5ce to frequ5t ! c\ncil1 or to ex]cise any (fice1 ^: gr&fa!r or fa!r _h n occupi$ or be5 pass$ = 7s$uto o v$uto7 "o ( ^! ?ree magi/racies4 ,to be pass$ 7v$uto7 ,gonfaloni] or ,colleague meant ?is3 :5 a man's "n 0 drawn f ! purse ( ! ,gonfaloni]s or ( ! ,college to ex]cise ! (fice ( ,gonfaloni] or ,colleague1 b by reason ( be+ bel[ ! legal age1 or = "s o!r cause1 he nev] sat himself ^u ! ,bo>d or 0 9 fact ,gonfaloni] or ,colleague1 he 0 !n said to h be5 pass$2 & ?is held good ( all ! o!r magi/racies ( ! city4 ,x %\ld also be kn[n t all ! ,flor5t9e burgh]s 7 oblig$ to rank 9 "o ( ! tw5ty-"o arts3 t is1 no "o c\ld be a burgh] ( ,flor5ce unless he or 8 ance/ors _h be5 approv$ & matriculat$ 9 "o ( ^! arts1 :e!r !y practic$ x or no4 ,)\t ! pro( ( su* matriculation he c\ld n be drawn = any (fice1 or ex]cise any magi/racy1 or ev5 h 8 "n put into ! bags4 ,! arts 7 ^!3 i4 ,judges & ,not>ies 7= ! doctors ( ! law 7 /yl$ ( old 9 ,flor5ce ,judges72 ,m]*ants1 or ! ,arts (2 ii4 ,calimala1#a iii4 ,ex*ange1 iv4 ,wool2 ,porta ,santa ,m>ia1 or ! ,arts (2 v4 ,silk2 vi4 ,physicians & ,apo!c>ies2 vii4 ,furri]s4 ,! o!rs 7 viii4 ,but*]s1 ix4 ,%oemak]s1 x4 ,blacksmi?s1 xi4 ,l95-drap]s & ,clo!sm51 xii4 ,ma/]s1 or ,masons1 & ,/one-cutt]s1 xiii4 ,v9tn]s1 xiv4 ,innkeep]s1 xv4 ,oilsell]s1 ,pork-but*]s1 & ,rope-mak]s1 xvi4 ,hosi]s1 xvii4 ,armor]s1 xviii4 ,locksmi?s1 xix4 ,saddl]s1 xx4 ,c>p5t]s1 xxi4 ,bak]s4 ,! la/ f\rte5 7 call$ ,less] ,arts2 :oev] 0 enroll$ or matriculat$ into "o ( ^! 0 said to rank ) ! less] 7&>e p] la m9ore72 & ?\gh !re 7 9 ,flor5ce _m o!r trades ?an ^!1 yet hav+ no guild ( _! own !y 7 associat$ to "o or o!r ( ^? t ,i h nam$4 ,ea* art _h1 z may /ill be se51 a h\se or mansion1 l>ge & noble1 :]e !y assembl$1 appo9t$ (fic]s1 & gave acc\nt ( debit & cr$it to all ! memb]s ( ! guild4#b ,9 processions & o!r public assemblies ! heads 7= s ! *iefs ( ! sev]al arts 7 call$7 _h _! place & prec$5ce 9 ord]4 ,moreov]1 ^! arts at fir/ _h ea* an ensign = ! def5se1 on occasion1 ( lib]ty ) arms4 ,_! orig9 0 :5 ! p 9 #abhb ov]came ! nobles 7,gr&i71 & pass$ ! ,ord9ances ( ,ju/ice aga9/ !m1 :]eby no nobleman c\ld ex]cise any magi/racy2 s t su* ( ! patricians z desir$ to be able to hold (fice _h to ent] ! ranks ( ! p1 z did _m great h\ses ( quality1 & matriculate into "o ( ! arts4 ,:i* ?+1 :ile x p>tly allay$ ! civil /rife ( ,flor5ce1 almo/ :olly ext+ui%$ all noble feel+ 9 ! s\ls ( ! ,flor5t9es2 & ! p[] & haught9ess ( ! city 7 no less abat$ ?an ! insol5ce & pride ( ! nobles1 :o s9ce !n h nev] lift$ up _! heads aga94 ,^! arts1 ! great] z well z ! less]1 h v>i$ 9 numb]s at diff]5t times2 & (t5 h n only be5 rivals1 b ev5 foes1 among !mselves2 s mu* s t ! less] arts once got x pass$ t ! ,gonfaloni] %\ld be appo9t$ only f _! body4 ,yet aft] long dispute x 0 f9ally settl$ t ! ,gonfaloni] c\ld n be *os5 f ! less]1 b t he %\ld always rank ) ! great]1 & t 9 all o!r (fices & magi/racies1 ! less] %\ld always h a f\r? & no m4 ,consequ5tly1 ( ! eight ,priors1 two 7 always ( ! less]2 ( ! ,twelve1 ?ree2 ( ! ,sixte51 f\r2 & s on ?r\gh all ! magi/racies4 #a ,! "n ,calimala 0 giv5 to a trade 9 clo? c>ri$ on at ,flor5ce by m]*ants :o b\ght r\gh goods 9 ,france1 ,fl&]s1 & ,engl&1 & manufactur$ !m into m delicate mat]ials4 #b ,m>co ,fosc>i1 quot$ l[] d[n1 e/imates ! prop]ty ! ,arts at #bjj1jjj ducats4 ,z a consequ5ce f :at has be5 said1 x is easy to p]ceive t all ! inhabitants ( ,flor5ce 7by inhabitants ,i mean ^? only :o are really settl$ !re1 = ( /rang]s1 :o are pass+ or soj\rn+ a :ile1 we ne$ n "h take any acc\nt7 are ( two sorts4 ,! "o class are liable to taxation 9 ,flor5ce1 t is1 !y pay ti!s ( _! goods & are inscrib$ ^u ! books ( ! ,commune1 & ^! are call$ contributors4 ,! o!rs are n tax$ nor inscrib$ ^u ! regi/]s ( ! ,commune1 inasmu* z !y d n pay ! ti!s or o!r ord9>y impo/s2 & ^! are call$ non-contributors3 :o1 see+ t !y live by _! h&s1 & c>ry on me*anical arts & ! vile/ trades1 %\ld be call$ plebeians2 & ?\gh !y h rul$ ,flor5ce m ?an once1 ought n ev5 to ent]ta9 a ?\ght ab\t public affairs 9 a well-gov]n$ /ate4 ,! contributors are ( two sorts3 = "s1 :ile !y pay ! taxes1 d n enjoy ! citiz5%ip 7i4e4 _c att5d ! c\ncil or take any (fice72 ei!r because none ( _! ance/ors1 & 9 p>ticul> _! fa!r or _! gr&fa!r1 has sat or be5 pass$ = any ( ! ?ree great] magi/racies2 or else because !y h n _h !mselves submitt$ to ! scrut9y1#a or1 if !y h advanc$ s f>1 h n be5 approv$ & nom9at$ = (fice4 ,^! are inde$ entitl$ citiz5s3 b he :o kn[s :at a citiz5 is really1 kn[s also t1 be+ unable to %>e ei!r ! honors or ! advantages ( ! city1 !y are n truly citiz5s2 !re=e let u call !m burgh]s1 )\t fran*ise4 ,^? aga9 :o pay taxes & enjoy ! citiz5%ip 7:om we w !re=e call enfran*is$ burgh]s7 are 9 l mann] ( two k9ds4 ,! "o class1 inscrib$ & matriculat$ into "o ( ! sev5 fir/ arts1 are said to rank ) ! great]2 :5ce we may call !m ,burgh]s ( ! ,great]3 ! o!rs1 inscrib$ & matriculat$ into ! f\rte5 less] arts1 are said to rank ) ! less]2 :5ce we may call !m ,burgh]s ( ! ,less]4 ,?is di/9ction _h ! ,romans1 b n = ! same reason4 ,v>*i3 ,/oria ,fior5t9a1 lib4 ix4 *s4 #dh1 #di1 #df4 ,z = natural abilities1 ,i = my "p _c believe t any "o ei!r c\ld or ought to d\bt t ! ,flor5t9es1 ev5 if !y d n excel all o!r nations1 are at lea/ inf]ior to none 9 ^? ?+s to :i* !y give _! m9ds4 ,9 trade1 :]eon ( a tru? _! city is f\nd$1 & :]e9 _! indu/ry is *iefly ex]cis$1 !y ev] h be5 & /ill are reckon$ n less tru/y & true ?an great & prud5t3 b besides trade1 x is cle> t ! ?ree mo/ noble arts ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture h rea*$ t degree ( supreme excell5ce 9 :i* we f9d !m n[1 *iefly by ! toil & by ! skill ( ! ,flor5t9es1 :o h beautifi$ & adorn$ n only _! own city b also v _m o!rs1 ) great glory & no small pr(it to !mselves & to _! c\ntry4 ,&1 see+ t ! fe> ( be+ held a flatt]] %\ld n prev5t me f te/ify+ to ! tru?1 ?\gh ?is w turn to ! highe/ fame & honor ( my lords & patrons1 ,i say t all ,italy1 nay ! :ole _w1 owes x solely to ! judgm5t & ! g5]osity ( ! ,m$ici t ,greek lett]s 7 n ext+ui%$ to ! great injury ( ! human race1 & t ,lat9 lit]ature 0 re/or$ to ! incalculable pr(it ( all m54 #a ,= an explanation ( ,squitt9o & ,squitt9>e1 see ,n>di1 p4 #eic above4 ,i am :olly ( op9ion oppos$ to t ( "s1 :o1 because ! ,flor5t9es are m]*ants1 hold !m = nei!r noble nor high-spirit$1 b = tame & l[4#a ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h (t5 wond]$ ) myself h[ x c\ld be t m5 :o h be5 us$ f _! *ildhood upw>ds = a paltry pr(it to c>ry bales ( wool & baskets ( silk l port]s1 & to /& l slaves all day & great "p ( ! night at ! loom1 c\ld summon1 :5 & :]e 0 ne$1 su* greatness ( s\l1 su* high & haughty ?\ghts1 t !y h wit & he>t to say & d ^? _m noble ?+s we "k ( !m4 ,pond]+ on ! causes ( :i*1 ,i f9d none tru] ?an ?is1 t ! ,flor5t9e climate1 betwe5 ! f9e air ( ,arezzo & ! ?ick air ( ,pisa1 infuses into _! brea/s ! temp]am5t ( :i* ,i spoke4 ,& :oso %all well consid] ! nature & ! ways ( ! ,flor5t9es1 w f9d !m born m apt to rule ?an to obey4 ,nor w\ld x be easily believ$ h[ mu* 0 ga9$ = ! y\? ( ,flor5ce by ! in/itution ( ! militia2 = :]eas _m ( ! "y m51 he$less ( ! commonweal? & c>eless ( !mselves1 us$ to sp5d all ! day 9 idl5ess1 hang+ ab\t places ( public resort1 gird+ at "o ano!r1 or talk+ sc&al ( ! pass]s by1 !y imm$iately1 l bea/s by "s b5evol5t ,circe trans=m$ aga9 to m51 gave all _! he>t & s\l1 reg>dless ( p]il or loss1 to ga9+ fame & honor = !mselves1 & lib]ty & safety = _! c\ntry4 ,i d n by :at ,i h be5 say+ mean to d5y t among ! ,flor5t9es may be f\nd m5 pr\d1 ambiti\s1 & gre$y ( ga92 = vices w exi/ z long z human nature la/s3 nay1 r1 ! ungrateful1 ! envi\s1 ! malici\s1 & ! evil-m9d$ among !m are s 9 ! highe/ degree1 j z ! virtu\s are supremely virtu\s4 ,x is inde$ a common prov]b t ,flor5t9e bra9s h no mean ei!r way2 ! fools are exce$+ simple1 & ! wise exce$+ prud5t4 #a ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ,v>*i1 quot$ above1 p4 #bdc4 ,! ,report ( ,m>co ,fosc>i1 ,relazioni ,v5ete1 s]ies ii1 vol4 i4 p4 #i et seq41 conta9s a rem>kable e/imate ( ! ,flor5t9e "*4 ,he attributes ! timidity & weakness :i* he obs]ves 9 ! ,flor5t9es to _! m]cantile habits1 & notices1 precisely :at ,v>*i "h obs]ves ) admiration3 'li primi *e gov]nano lo /ato vanno alle loro botteghe di seta1 e gittati li lembi del mantello sopra le spalle1 pongonsi alia caviglia e lavorano pubblicam5te *e ognuno li v$e2 ed i figliuoli loro /anno 9 bottega con li grembiuli d9anzi1 e portano il sacco e le sporte alle mae/re con la seta e fanno gli altri es]cizi di bottega4' ,a /rong ari/ocratic prejudice transpires 9 e l9e4 ,?is report 0 writt5 e>ly 9 #aebg4 ,! ev5ts ( ! ,siege mu/ h surpris$ ,m>co ,fosc>i4 ,he notices among o!r ?+s1 z a s\rce ( weakness1 ! c\ntry villas :i* 7 all )9 a few mon?s de/roy$ by _! armies = ! public good4 ,_! mode ( life is simple & frugal1 b wond]fully & incr$ibly clean & neat2 & x may be said ) tru? t ! artisans & h&icraftsm5 live at ,flor5ce ev5 bett] ?an ! citiz5s !mselves3 = :]eas ! =m] *ange f tav]n to tav]n1 accord+ z !y f9d good w9e1 & only ?9k ( joy\s liv+2 ! latt] 9 _! homes1 ) ! frugality ( m]*ants1 :o = ! mo/ "p make b d n sp5d money1 or ) ! mod]ation ( ord]ly burgh]s1 nev] exce$ m$iocrity4 ,nev]!less !re are n want+ families1 :o keep a spl5did table & live l nobles1 su* z ! ,ant9ori1 ! ,b>tol9i1 ! ,tornabuoni1 ! ,pazzi1 ! ,borgh]9i1 ! ,gaddi1 ! ,rucellai1 & among ! ,salviati1 ,pi]o d',alamanno & ,alamanno d',jacopo1 & "s o!rs4 ,at ,flor5ce e "o is call$ by 8 prop] "n or 8 surname2 & ! common usage1 unless !re be "s m>k$ di/9ction ( rank or age1 is to say ?\ & n y2 only to knights1 doctors1 & preb5d>ies is ! title ( mess]e all[$2 to doctors t ( mae/ro1 to monks don1 & to fri>s padre4 ,true1 h[ev]1 is x t s9ce !re 0 a ,c\rt at ,flor5ce1 fir/ t ( ,giulio1 ! ,c>d9al de' ,m$ici1 !n t ( ! ,c>d9al ( ,cortona1 :i* enjoy$ m lic5se ?an ! =m]1 ! mann]s ( ! city h become m ref9$--or %all ,i say m corrupt8 ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,! ,"* ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 f ,guicci>d9i's ,/ory1 ,fior5t9a1 cap4 #bg4 ,see ,*ap4 vii4 p4 #dab above4 ,s di$ ,pope ,alex&]1 at ! height ( glory & prosp]ity2 ab\t :om x mu/ be kn[n t he 0 a man ( ! utmo/ p[] & ( great judgm5t & _s1 z 8 actions & behavior %[$4 ,b z 8 fir/ accession to ! ,papacy 0 f\l & %ameful1 see+ he _h b\ght ) gold s high a /ation1 9 l mann] 8 gov]nm5t disagre$ n ) ?is base f\ndation4 ,!re 7 9 him1 & 9 full measure1 all vices bo? ( fle% & _s2 nor c\ld !re be imag9$ 9 ! ord]+ ( ! ,*ur* a rule s bad b t he put x into work+4 ,he 0 mo/ s5sual t[>d bo? sexes1 keep+ publicly wom5 & boys1 b m especially t[>d wom52 & s f> did he exce$ all measure t public op9ion judg$ he knew ,madonna ,lucrezia1 8 own daught]1 t[>d :om he bore a mo/ t5d] & b\ndless love4 ,he 0 exce$+ly av>ici\s1 n 9 keep+ :at he _h acquir$1 b 9 gett+ new weal?3 & :]e he saw a way t[>d draw+ money1 he _h no respect :atev]2 9 8 days 7 sold z at auction all b5efices1 disp5sations1 p>dons1 bi%oprics1 c>d9al%ips1 & all c\rt dignities3 unto :i* matt]s he _h appo9t$ two or ?ree m5 privy to 8 ?\ght1 exce$+ prud5t1 :o let !m out to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,he caus$ ! dea? by poison ( _m c>d9als & prelates1 ev5 be ri* 9 b5efices & und]/ood to h ho>d$ mu*1 ) ! view ( seiz+ on _! weal?4 ,8 cruelty 0 great1 see+ t by 8 direction _m 7 put to viol5t dea?2 nor 0 ! +ratitude less ) :i* he caus$ ! ru9 ( ! ,s=zes*i & ,colonnesi1 by ^: favor he acquir$ ! ,papacy4 ,!re 0 9 him no religion1 no keep+ ( 8 tro?3 he promis$ all ?+s lib]ally1 b /ood to n\ght b :at 0 useful to himself3 no c>e = ju/ice1 s9ce 9 8 days ,rome 0 l a d5 ( ?ieves & murd]]s3 8 ambition 0 b\ndless1 & su* t x grew 9 ! same measure z 8 /ate increas$3 nev]!less1 8 s9s meet+ ) no due puni%m5t 9 ?is _w1 he 0 to ! la/ ( 8 days mo/ prosp]\s4 ,:ile "y & /ill almo/ a boy1 hav+ ,calixtus = 8 uncle1 he 0 made ,c>d9al & !n ,vice-,*ancellor3 9 :i* high place he cont9u$ till 8 papacy1 ) great rev5ue1 good fame1 & peace4 ,hav+ become ,pope1 he made ,ces>e1 8 ba/>d son & bi%op ( ,pampeluna1 a ,c>d9al1 aga9/ ! ord9ances & decrees ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* =bid ! mak+ ( a ba/>d ,c>d9al ev5 ) ! ,pope's disp5sation1 :]e=e he br\ght pro( by false witnesses t he 0 born 9 w$lock4 ,aft]w>ds he made him a layman & took away ! ,c>d9al's dignity f him1 & turn$ 8 m9d to mak+ a realm2 :]e9 he f>$ f> bett] ?an he purpos$1 & beg9n+ ) ,rome1 aft] undo+ ! ,ors9i1 ,colonnesi1 ,savelli1 & ^? b>ons :o 7 wont to be held 9 fe> by =m] ,popes1 he 0 m full ma/] ( ,rome ?an ev] _h be5 any ,pope be=e4 ,) greate/ ease he got ! lord%ips ( ,romagna1 ! ,m>*1 & ! ,du*y2 & hav+ made a mo/ fair & p[]ful /ate1 ! ,flor5t9es held him 9 mu* fe>1 ! ,v5etians 9 jeal\sy1 & ! ,k+ ( ,france 9 e/eem4 ,!n hav+ got toge!r a f9e army1 he %[$ h[ great 0 ! might ( a ,pontiff :5 he ha? a valiant g5]al & "o 9 :om he c place fai?4 ,at la/ he grew to t po9t t he 0 c\nt$ ! balance 9 ! w> ( ,france & ,spa94 ,9 "o ^w he 0 m evil & m lucky ?an ev] = _m ages p]adv5ture _h be5 any pope be=e4 ,,app5dix ,,iv4 ,religi\s ,revivals 9 ,m$iaeval ,italy4 ,see ,*ap4 viii4 p4 #dia above4 ,x w\ld be unsci5tific to conf\nd ev5ts ( su* ,european importance z ! f\ndation ( ! ord]s ( ,s4 ,francis & ,s4 ,dom9ic ) ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,/ill x may be rem>k$1 t ! sudd5 rise & ! extraord9>y asc5d5cy ( ! m5dicants & prea*]s 7 due 9 a great measure to ! s5sitive & lively imag9ation ( ! ,italians4 ,! ,popes ( ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 %rewd en\gh to disc]n ! political & ecclesia/ical importance ( movem5ts :i* seem$ at fir/ to owe _! =ce to m]e fanatical revivalism4 ,!y calculat$ on ! int5sely excitable temp]am5t ( ! ,italian nation1 & employ$ ! ,franciscans & ,dom9icans z _! militia 9 ! crusade aga9/ ! ,empire & ! h]etics4 ,aga91 x is necess>y to di/+ui% :at 0 ess5tially national f :at 0 common to all ,europeans 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,e c\ntry _h its w&]+ hordes ( flagellants & p5it5ts1 its crusad]s & its pilgrims4 ,! va/ unsettl$ populations ( m$iaeval ,europe1 haunt$ ) ! recurr5t in/9ct ( migration1 & nightm>e-ridd5 by imp]i\s religi\s ye>n+s1 p\r$ flood aft] flood ( fanatics ^u ! %ores ( ,pale/9e4 ,half-nak$ savages roam$1 danc+ & groan+ & sc\rg+ _! fle%1 f city to city1 "u ! /ress ( semi-be/ial impulses4 ,!n came ! p]iod ( organiz$ pilgrimages4 ,! celebrat$ %r9es ( ,europe--,rome1 ,compo/ella1 ,monte ,g>gano1 ,cant]bury--act$ l lightn+-conductors to ! tempe/u\s devotion ( ! m$iaeval races1 l setons to _! ov]-*>g$ imag9ation4 ,9 all ^! univ]sal movem5ts ! ,italians _h _! %>e3 be+ m advanc$ 9 civilization ?an ! ,nor!rn peoples1 !y turn$ ! crusades to comm]cial c\nt1 & ma9ta9$ "s mod]ation 9 ! fakir fury ( _! piety4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 ) ! g5]al hi/ory ( religi\s en?usiasm 9 ! ,middle ,ages t we h to d1 b r ) ^? int]mitt5t manife/ations ( revivalism :i* 7 peculi> to ! ,italians4 ,! *ief po9ts to be notic$ are ! political influ5ce acquir$ by monks 9 "s ( ! ,italian cities1 ! prea*+ ( peace & moral re=mation1 ! panics or sup]/iti\s t]ror :i* seiz$ ^u wide di/ricts1 & ! p]sonal asc5d5cy ( h]mits unaccr$it$ by ! ,*ur*1 b believ$ by ! p to be div9ely inspir$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ picturesque figures ( ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is ! ,dom9ican monk1 ,john ( ,vic5za4 ,8 ord]1 :i* _h rec5tly be5 f\nd$1 0 already engag$ 9 ! "w ( p]secution4 ,france 0 reek+ ) ! slaught] ( ! ,albig5ses1 & ! /akes 7 smok+ 9 ! t[n ( ,milan1 :5 ?is fri> und]took ! noble task ( pacify+ ,lomb>dy4 ,e t[n 9 ! nor? ( ,italy 0 at t p]iod torn by ! factions ( ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es2 private feuds cross$ & int]m+l$ ) political discords2 & ! savage tyranny ( ,ezzel9o _h %ak5 ! fabric ( society to its f\ndations4 ,x seem$ utt]ly impossible to br+ ?is p = a mom5t to agreem5t4 ,yet :at popes & pr9ces _h fail$ to a*ieve1 ! voice ( a s+le fri> accompli%$4 ,john ( ,vic5za began 8 prea*+ 9 ,bologna dur+ ! ye> #abcc4 ,! citiz5s & ! c\ntry folk ( ! surr\nd+ di/ricts flock$ to he> him4 ,x 0 notic$ ) especial wond] t soldi]s ( all descriptions yield$ to ! magic ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,! !mes ( 8 disc\rse 7 inv>iably reconciliation & =giv5ess ( injuries4 ,! heads ( rival h\ses1 :o _h prosecut$ h]$it>y feuds = g5]ations1 met be=e 8 pulpit1 & swore to live !nce=? 9 amity4 ,ev5 ! magi/rates entreat$ him to exam9e ! /atutes ( _! city1 & to po9t out any alt]ations by :i* ! peace ( ! commonweal? might be assur$4 ,hav+ done 8 be/ = ,bologna1 ,john j\rney$ to ,padua1 :]e ! fame ( 8 sanctity _h be5 already spread abroad4 ,! c>roccio ( ! city1 on :i* ! /&>d ( ,padua float$1 & :i* _h l$ ! burgh]s to _m a bloody battle1 0 s5t out to meet him at ,monselice1 & he ent]$ ! gates 9 triumph4 ,9 ,padua ! same exhortations to peace produc$ ! same results4 ,old enmities 7 ab&on$1 & h&s 7 clasp$ :i* _h (t5 be5 rais$ 9 fi]ce frat]nal conflict4 ,treviso1 ,feltre1 ,beliuno1 ,conegliano1 & ,romano1 ! v ne/s ( ! grim brood ( ,ezzel9o1 yield$ to ! *>m4 ,v]ona1 :]e ! ,scalas 7 ab\t to reign1 ,vic5za1 ,mantua1 & ,brescia1 all plac$ !mselves at ! disposition ( ! monk1 & pray$ him to re=m _! con/itution4 ,b x 0 n en\gh to re/ore peace to ea* sep>ate community1 to reconcile h\sehold ) h\sehold1 & to efface ! mis]ies ( civil discord4 ,john ( ,vic5za aim$ at consolidat+ ! ,lomb>d cities 9 "o common bond4 ,= ?is purpose he bade ! burgh]s ( all ! t[ns :]e he _h prea*$ to meet him on ! pla9 ( ,paqu>a1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,v]ona4 ,! #bh? ( ,augu/ 0 ! day fix$ = ?is great national assembly4 ,m ?an f\r hundr$ ?\s& p]sons1 accord+ to ! computation ( ,p>isio di ,c]eta1 appe>$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,?is multitude includ$ ! populations ( ,v]ona1 ,mantua1 ,brescia1 ,padua1 & ,vic5za1 m>%al$ "u _! sev]al /&>ds1 toge!r ) cont+5ts furni%$ by ,f]r>a1 ,mod5a1 ,reggio1 ,p>ma1 & ,bologna4 ,nor 0 ! assembly conf9$ to ! common folk4 ,! bi%ops ( ^! fl\ri%+ cities1 ! haughty ,m>quis ( ,e/e1 ! fi]ce "l ( ,romano1 & ! ,patri>* ( ,aquileia1 obey$ ! invitation ( ! fri>4 ,!re1 on ! banks ( ! ,adige1 & )9 sight ( ! ,alps1 ,john ( ,vic5za asc5d$ a pulpit t _h be5 prep>$ = him1 & prea*$ a s]mon on ! text1 ,pacem meam d vobis1 pacem rel9quo vobis4 ,! horrors ( w>1 & ! ,*ri/ian duty ( reconciliation1 =m$ ! subject ( 8 s]mon1 at ! end ( :i* he con/ra9$ ! ,lomb>ds to ratify a solemn league ( amity1 v[+ to et]nal p]dition all :o %\ld v5ture to break ! same1 & imprecat+ curses on _! crops1 _! v9es1 _! cattle1 & ev]y?+ !y _h4 ,fur!rmore1 he induc$ ! ,m>quis ( ,e/e to take 9 m>riage a daught] ( ,alb]ico da ,romano4 ,up to ?is mom5t ,john ( ,vic5za _h made a noble use ( ! /range p[] :i* he possess$4 ,b 8 success seems to h turn$ 8 head4 ,in/ead ( conf9+ himself to ! "w ( pacification s well begun1 he n[ dem&$ to be made "l ( ,vic5za1 ) ! titles ( ,duke & ,c\nt1 & to receive ! supreme au?ority 9 ,v]ona4 ,! p1 believ+ him to be a sa9t1 readily acc$$ to 8 wi%es2 b "o ( ! fir/ ?+s he did1 aft] alt]+ ! /atutes ( ^! burghs1 0 to burn sixty citiz5s ( ,v]ona1 :om he _h himself condemn$ z h]etics4 ,! ,paduans revolt$ aga9/ 8 tyranny4 ,oblig$ to h rec\rse to arms1 he 0 beat5 & put 9 prison2 & :5 he 0 releas$1 at ! int]cession ( ! ,pope1 he f\nd 8 wond]ful pre/ige annihilat$4#a #a ,! mo/ int]e/+ acc\nts ( ,fra ,giovanni da ,vic5za are to be f\nd 9 ,muratori1 vol4 viii41 9 ! ,annals ( ,rol&9i & ,g]>dus ,maurisius4 ,! position ( ,fra ,jacopo del ,bussol>o 9 ,pavia diff]$ f t ( ,fra ,giovanni da ,vic5za 9 ,v]ona4 ,yet ! comm5cem5t ( 8 political au?ority 0 v ne>ly ! same4 ,! son ( a poor boxmak] ( ,pavia1 he e>ly took ! habit ( ! ,augu/9es1 & acquir$ a reputation = sanctity by lead+ ! au/]e life ( a h]mit4 ,x happ5$ 9 ! ye> #acef t he 0 commission$ by ! sup]iors ( 8 ord] to prea* ! ,l5t5 s]mons to ! p ( ,pavia4 ',!n1' to quote ,matteo ,villani1 'x pleas$ ,god t ?is monk %\ld make 8 s]mons s agreeable to e species ( p1 t ! fame ( !m & ! devotion !y inspir$ increas$ m>vel\sly4 ,& he1 see+ ! conc\rse ( ! p1 & ! fai? !y b>e him1 began to d5\nce vice1 & specially usury1 rev5ge1 & ill-behavior ( wom52 & !reupon he began to speak aga9/ ! disord]ly lord%ip ( ! tyrants2 & 9 a %ort "t he br\ght ! wom5 to mode/ mann]s1 & ! m5 to r5unciation ( usury & feuds4' ,! only citiz5s ( ,pavia :o resi/$ 8 eloqu5ce 7 ! ,becc>ia family1 :o at t "t rul$ ,pavia l despots4 ,8 mo/ animat$ d5unciations 7 direct$ aga9/ _! extortions & excesses4 ,!re=e !y s\ght to slay him4 ,b ! p gave him a bodygu>d1 & at la/ he wr\ght s p[]fully ) ! burgh]s t !y expell$ ! h\se ( ,becc>ia & e/abli%$ a republican gov]nm5t4 ,at ?is "t ! ,visconti 7 lay+ siege to ,pavia3 ! passes ( ! ,tic9o & ! ,po 7 occupi$ by ,milanese troops1 & ! city 0 r$uc$ to a /ate ( blockade4 ,fra ,jacopo assembl$ ! able-bodi$ burgh]s1 animat$ !m by 8 eloqu5ce1 & l$ !m to ! attack ( _! besieg]s4 ,!y broke ?r\gh ! l9es ( ! beleagu]+ camp1 & re-e/abli%$ ! fre$om ( ,pavia4 ,:at rema9$1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,becc>ia p>ty pass$ ov] to ! enemy1 & ?rew ! :ole weight ( _! influ5ce into ! scale ( ! ,visconti3 s t at ! end ( a ?ree ye>s' manful conflict1 ,pavia 0 deliv]$ to ,galeazzo ,visconti 9 #acei4 ,fra ,jacopo made ! be/ t]ms t he c\ld = ! city1 & took no pa9s to secure 8 own safety4 ,he 0 consign$ by ! conqu]ors to ! sup]iors ( 8 ord]1 & di$ 9 ! dungeons ( a conv5t at ,v]celli4 ,9 8 case1 ! sanctity ( an au/]e life1 & ! eloqu5ce ( an au?oritative prea*] ( rep5tance1 _h be5 /rictly subord9at$ to political aims 9 ! int]e/s ( republican lib]ty4 ,fra ,jacopo des]ves to rank ) ,savon>ola3 l ,savon>ola1 he fell a victim to ! selfi% & immoral oppressors ( 8 c\ntry4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,savon>ola1 we c trace ! connection :i* subsi/$ 9 ,italy betwe5 a high /&>d ( morality & patriotic h]oism4#a #a ,! be/ au?orities = ! life & actions ( ,fra ,jacopo are ,matteo ,villani1 bks4 #h & #i1 & ,pet] ,az>ius1 9 8 ,*ronicle 7,groevius1 vol4 ix474 ,san ,b]n>d9o da ,massa heads a long li/ ( prea*]s1 :o1 )\t tak+ a prom95t "p 9 contempor>y politics1 devot$ all _! en]gies to ! moral reg5]ation ( ! p4 ,8 life1 writt5 by ,vespasiano da ,bi/icci1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable docum5ts :i* we possess = ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,italy 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,8 p>5ts1 :o 7 p ( good condition1 s5t him at an e>ly age to /udy ! ,canon law at ,si5a4 ,!y design$ him = a lucrative & important (fice 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,b1 :ile yet a y\?1 he 0 seiz$ ) a pr(\nd conviction ( ! degradation ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,! s5se ( s9 s weigh$ ^u him t he sold all 8 sub/ance1 ent]$ ! ord] ( ,s4 ,francis1 & began to prea* aga9/ ! vices :i* 7 flagrant 9 ! great ,italian cities4 ,aft] travel+ ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ! p59sula1 & w9n+ all m5 by ! magic ( 8 eloqu5ce1 he came to ,flor5ce4 ',!re1' says ,vespasiano1 '! ,flor5t9es be+ by nature v well dispos$ inde$ to tru?1 he s dealt t he *ang$ ! :ole ,/ate & gave x1 "o may say1 a second bir?4 ,& 9 ord] to aboli% ! false hair :i* ! wom5 wore1 & games ( *ance1 & o!r vanities1 he caus$ a sort ( l>ge /all to be rais$ 9 ! ,piazza di ,santa ,croce1 & bade e "o :o possess$ any ( ^! vanities to place !m !re2 & s !y did2 & he set fire !reto & burn$ ! :ole4' ,s4 ,b]n>d9o prea*$ unremitt+ly = =ty-two ye>s 9 e qu>t] ( ,italy1 & di$ at la/ worn out ) fatigue & sickness4 ',( _m enmities & dea?s ( m5 he wr\ght peace & remov$ deadly hatr$s2 & numb]less pr9ces1 :o h>bor$ feuds to ! dea?1 he reconcil$1 & re/or$ tranquillity to _m cities & peoples4' ,a vivid picture ( ! me?od adopt$ by ,s4 ,b]n>d9o 9 8 deal+s ) ^! cities is pres5t$ to u by ,graziani1 ! *ronicl] ( ,p]ugia3 ',on ,septemb] #bc1 #adbe1 a ,sunday1 !re 71 z f> z we c\ld reckon1 upw>ds ( #c1jjj p]sons 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,8 s]mon 0 f ! ,sacr$ ,scripture1 reprov+ m5 ( e vice & s91 & tea*+ ,*ri/ian liv+4 ,!n he began to rebuke ! wom5 = _! pa9ts & cosmetics1 & false hair1 & su* l wanton cu/oms2 & 9 l mann] ! m5 = _! c>ds & dice-bo>ds & masks & amulets & *>ms3 insomu* t )9 a =tnight ! wom5 s5t all _! false hair & gewgaws to ! ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,francis1 & ! m5 _! dice1 c>ds1 & su* ge>1 to ! am\nt ( _m loads4 ,& on ,octob] #bi ,fra ,b]n>d9o collect$ all ^! devili% ?+s on ! piazza1 :]e he erect$ a k9d ( wood5 ca/le betwe5 ! f\nta9 & ! ,bi%op's palace2 & 9 ?is he put all ! said articles1 & set fire to !m2 & ! fire 0 s great t none dur/ g ne>2 & 9 ! fire 7 burn$ ?+s ( ! greate/ value1 & s great 0 ! ha/e ( m5 & wom5 to escape t fire t _m w\ld h p]i%$ b = ! quick aid ( ! burgh]s4' ,toge!r ) ?is onslaught ^u vanities1 ,fra ,b]n>d9o connect$ ! prea*+ ( peace & amity4 ,x is noticeable t :ile 8 s]mon la/$ & ! great bell ( ,s4 ,lor5zo w5t on toll+1 no man c\ld be tak5 or imprison$ 9 ! city ( ,p]ugia4#a #a ,see ,vespasiano1 ,vite di ,uom9i ,illu/ri1 pp4 #ahe-ib4 ,graziani1 ,ar*ivio ,/orico1 vol4 xvi4 "p i4 pp4 #cac1 #cad4 ,! same city 0 ! sc5e ( _m simil> displays4 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury x rema9$ 9 a /ate ( ! mo/ mis]able int]nal discord1 ow+ to ! feuds ( its noble families4 ,graziani gives an acc\nt ( ! prea*+ !re ( ,fra ,jacopo della ,m>ca1 9 #adde3 on ?is occasion a tempor>y truce 0 pat*$ up betwe5 old enemies1 a wit* 0 burn$ = ! edification ( ! burgh]s1 ! p 7 reprov$ = _! extravagance 9 dress1 & two peacemak]s 7paci]i7 7 appo9t$ = ea* gate4 ,on ,m>* #bb1 aft] und]go+ ?is discipl9e1 ! :ole ( ,p]ugia seem$ to h rep5t$ ( its s9s2 b ! fir/ entry = ,april #ae is ! murd] ( "o ( ! ,rani]i family by ano!r ( ! same h\se4 ,s transitory 7 ! effects ( su* revivals4#a ,ano!r entry 9 ,graziani's ,*ronicle des]ves to be notic$4 ,he describes h[1 9 #addh1 ,fra ,rob]to da ,lecce 7l ,s4 ,b]n>d9o & ,fra ,jacopo della ,m>ca1 a ,franciscan ( ! ,ord] ( ,obs]vance7 came to prea* 9 ,janu>y4 ,he 0 only tw5ty-two ye>s ( age2 b 8 fame 0 s great t he drew ab\t #ae1jjj p]sons into ! piazza to li/5 to him4 ,! /one pulpit1 we may say 9 pass+1 is /ill %[n1 f :i* ^! s]mons 7 deliv]$4 ,x is built into ! wall ( ! ,ca!dral1 & comm&s ! :ole squ>e4 ,rob]to da ,lecce began by exhibit+ a crucifix1 :i* mov$ ! audi5ce to te>s2 '& ! weep+ & cry+1 ,jesu mis]icordia6 la/$ ab\t half an h\r4 ,!n he made f\r citiz5s be *os5 = ea* gate z peacemak]s4' ,:at foll[s 9 ,graziani is an acc\nt ( a !atrical %[1 exhibit$ ^u ! /eps ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,on ,good ,friday ! fri> assembl$ all ! citiz5s1 & prea*$2 & :5 ! mom5t came = ! elevation ( ! crucifix1 '!re issu$ =? f ,san ,lor5zo ,eliseo di ,*ri/(oro1 a b>b] ( ! qu>t] ( ,sant ,angelo1 l a nak$ ,*ri/ ) ! cross on 8 %\ld]1 & ! cr[n ( ?orns ^u 8 head1 & 8 fle% seem$ to be bruis$ z :5 ,*ri/ 0 sc\rg$4' ,! p 7 imm5sely mov$ by ?is sight4 ,!y groan$ & cri$ out1 ',mis]icordia6' & _m monks 7 made ^u ! spot4 ,at la/1 on ,april #g1 ,fra ,rob]to took 8 leave ( ! ,p]ugians1 cry+ z he w5t1 ',la pace sia con voi6'#b ,we h a glimpse ( ! same ,fra ,rob]to da ,lecce at ,rome1 9 ! ye> #adhb4 ,! feuds ( ! noble families della ,croce & della ,valle 7 !n rag+ 9 ! /reets ( ,rome4 ,on ! night ( ,april #c !y f\ght a pit*$ battle 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,pan!on1 ! factions ( ,ors9i & ,colonna jo9+ 9 ! fray4 ,_m ( ! combatants 7 left dead be=e ! palaces ( ! ,vall5si2 ! numb]s ( ! w\nd$ 7 v>i\sly e/imat$2 & all ,rome seem$ to be ^u ! v]ge ( civil w>4 ,rob]to da ,lecce1 :o 0 draw+ l>ge congregations1 n only ( ! common folk1 b also ( ! ,roman prelates1 to 8 s]mons at ,santa ,m>ia sopra ,m9]va1 int]rupt$ 8 disc\rse ^u ! foll[+ ,friday1 & held be=e ! p ! image ( _! crucifi$ ,savi\r1 entreat+ !m to make peace4 ,z he plead$ ) !m1 he wept2 & !y too fell to weep+--fi]ce satellites ( ! rival factions & worldly prelates lift+ up _! voice 9 conc]t ) ! fri> :o _h t\*$ _! he>ts4#c ,ano!r memb] ( ! ,franciscan ,ord] ( ,obs]vance %\ld be m5tion$ aft] ,fra ,rob]to4 ,?is 0 ,fra ,giovanni da ,capi/rano1 ( ^: prea*+ at ,brescia 9 #adea we h receiv$ a m9ute acc\nt4 ,he br\ght ) him a great reputation = sanctity & eloqu5ce1 & = ! miracul\s cures :i* he _h wr\ght4 ,! ,rectors ( ! city1 toge!r ) #cjj ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ burgh]s ^u horseback1 & a cr[d ( well-born ladies on foot1 w5t out to meet him on ,febru>y #i4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made = ! ent]ta9m5t ( himself & #ajj foll[]s1 at public co/4 ,next morn+1 ?ree h\rs be=e dawn1 !re 7 already assembl$ upw>ds ( #aj1jjj p on ! piazza1 wait+ = ! prea*]4 ',?9k1 !re=e1' says ! ,*ronicle1 'h[ _m !re mu/ h be5 9 ! daytime6 & m>k ?is1 t !y came less to he> 8 s]mon ?an to see him4' ,z he made 8 way ?r\gh ! ?rong1 8 frock 0 almo/ torn to pieces on 8 back1 ev]ybody /ruggl+ to get a fragm5t4#d #a ,see ,graziani1 pp4 #efe-fh4 #b ,graziani1 pp1 #eig-fja4 #c ,see ,jacobus ,volat]ranus4 ,muratori1 xxiii4 pp4 #abf1 #aef1 #afg4 #d ,see ,i/oria ,bresciana4 ,muratori1 xxi4 #hfe4 ,x did n always ne$ ! int]position ( a fri> to ar\se a /rong religi\s panic 9 ,italian cities4 ,aft] an unusually fi]ce b\t ( discord ! burgh]s !mselves w\ld (t5 attempt to give ! sanction ( solemn rites & v[s be=e ! alt> to _! tempor>y truces4 ,si5a1 :i* 0 always m di/urb$ by civil /rife ?an any ( h] neighbors1 (f]$ a notable example ( ?is cu/om 9 ! ye> #adid4 ,! factions ( ! ,monti de' ,nove & del ,popolo _h be5 rag+2 ! city 0 full ( feud & suspicion1 & all ,italy 0 agitat$ by ! ,fr5* invasion4 ,x seem$ good1 !re=e1 to ! heads ( ! *ief p>ties t an oa? ( peace %\ld be tak5 by ! :ole body ( ! burgh]s4 ,allegretti's acc\nt ( ! c]emony1 :i* took place at dead ( night 9 ! beautiful ,ca!dral ( ,si5a1 is wor?y to be translat$4 ',! conditions ( ! peace 7 !n read1 :i* took up eight pages1 toge!r ) an oa? ( ! mo/ horrible sort1 full ( mal$ictions1 imprecations1 excommunications1 invocations ( evil1 r5unciation ( b5efits temporal & spiritual1 confiscation ( goods1 v[s1 & s _m o!r woes t to he> x 0 a t]ror2 et etiam t 9 articulo mortis no sacram5t %\ld accrue to ! salvation1 b r to ! damnation ( ^? :o might break ! said conditions2 insomu* t ,i1 ,allegretto di ,nanni ,allegretti1 be+ pres5t1 believe t nev] 0 made or he>d a m awful & horrible oa?4 ,!n ! not>ies ( ! ,nove & ! ,popolo1 on ei!r side ( ! alt>1 wrote d[n ! names ( all ! citiz5s1 :o swore ^u ! crucifix1 = on ea* side !re 0 "o1 & e c\ple ( ! "o & ! o!r faction kiss$2 & ! bells cla%$1 & ,te ,deum laudamus 0 sung ) ! organs & ! *oir :ile ! oa? 0 be+ tak54 ,all ?is happ5$ betwe5 "o & two h\rs ( ! night1 ) _m tor*es light$4 ,n[ may ,god w t ?is be peace inde$1 & tranquillity = all citiz5s1 :]e( ,i d\bt4'#a ,! d\bt ( ,allegretti 0 b too reasonable4 ,si5a pr(it$ little by ^! dreadful oa?s & t]rify+ functions4 ,two ye>s lat] on1 ! same *ronicl] tells h[ x 0 believ$ t blood _h ra9$ outside ! ,porta a ,lat]9o1 & t v>i\s visions ( sa9ts & spect]s _h appe>$ to holy p]sons1 proclaim+ *anges 9 ! /ate1 & comm&+ a public demon/ration ( rep5tance4 ,ea* p>i% organiz$ a procession1 & all 9 turn m>*$1 "s by day & "s by night1 s++ ,litanies1 & beat+ & sc\rg+ !mselves1 to ! ,ca!dral1 :]e !y d$icat$ c&les2 & '"o ransom$ prison]s1 = an (f]+1 & ano!r d[]$ a girl 9 m>riage4' ,9 ,bologna 9 #adeg a simil> revival took place on ! occasion ( an outbreak ( ! plague4 ',flagellants w5t r\nd ! city1 & :5 !y came to a cross1 !y all cri$ ) a l\d voice3 ,mis]icordia6 mis]icordia6 ,= eight days !re 0 a /rict fa/2 ! but*]s %ut _! %ops4' ,:at foll[s 9 ! ,*ronicle is comic3 ',m]etrices ad concubita nullum admittebant4 ,ex eis quadam quae cupiditate lucri adolesc5tem admis]at1 depreh5sa1 aliae m]etrices ita illius nates nudas corrigiis p]cuss]unt1 ut sangu9em emitt]et4'#b ,f]r>a exhibit$ a l devotion 9 #adif1 on ev5 a l>g] scale4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! entire ,italian nation 0 panic-/rick5 by ! passage ( ,*>les ,,viii41 & by ! *anges 9 /ates & k+doms :i* ,savon>ola _h pr$ict$4 ,! ,f]r>ese1 to quote ! language ( _! *ronicl]1 expect$ t '9 ?is ye>1 ?r\gh\t ,italy1 w\ld be ! greate/ fam9e1 w>1 & want t _h ev] be5 s9ce ! _w began4' ,!re=e !y fa/$1 & '! ,duke ( ,f]r>a fa/$ toge!r ) ! :ole ( 8 c\rt4 ,at ! same "t a proclamation 0 made aga9/ swe>+1 games ( haz>d1 & unlawful trades3 & x 0 enact$ t ! ,jews %\ld resume _! obnoxi\s yell[ gab]d9e ) ! ,o ^u _! brea/s4 ,9 #aejj ^! edicts 7 repeat$4 ,! condition ( ,italy _h gr[n worse & worse3 x 0 necess>y to besiege ! sa9ts ) /ill m en]getic demon/rations4 ,!re=e '! ,duke ,ercole d' ,e/e1 = good reasons to him kn[n1 & because x is always well to be on good t]ms ) ,god1 orda9$ t processions %\ld be made e ?ird day 9 ,f]r>a1 ) ! :ole cl]gy1 & ab\t #d1jjj *ildr5 or m f twelve ye>s ( age upw>ds1 dress$ 9 :ite1 & ea* hold+ a bann] ) a pa9t$ ,jesus4 ,8 lord%ip1 & 8 sons & bro!rs1 foll[$ ?is procession1 namely ! ,duke on horseback1 because he c\ld n !n walk1 & all ! re/ on foot1 beh9d ! ,bi%op4'#c ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( irony transpires 9 ?is quotation1 :i* w\ld make "o fancy t ! *ronicl] suspect$ ! ,duke ( ult]ior1 & p]haps political1 motives4 #a ,see ,muratori1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #hci4 #b ,annales ,bononi5ses4 ,mur4 xxiii4 #hij4 #c ,di>io ,f]r>ese4 ,mur4 xxiv4 pp4 #ag-chf4 ,x sometimes happ5$ t ! contagion ( su* devotion spread f city to city2 on "o occasion1 9 #acii1 x travel$ f ,pi$mont ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,italy4 ,! epidemic ( flagellants1 ( :i* ,giovanni ,villani speaks 9 #acaj 7lib4 viii4 cap4 #aba71 began also 9 ,pi$mont1 & spread along ! ,g5oese ,rivi]a4 ,! ,flor5t9e au?orities refus$ entrance to ^! fanatics into _! t]ritory4 ,9 #accd1 ,villani m5tions ano!r outbur/ ( ! same devotion 7lib xi4 cap4 #bc71 :i* 0 excit$ by ! prea*+ ( ,fra ,v5tur9o da ,b]gamo4 ,! p5it5ts on ?is occasion wore = badge a dove ) ! olive-bran*4 ,!y /aid fifte5 days 9 ,flor5ce1 sc\rg+ !mselves be=e ! alt>s ( ! ,dom9ican *ur*es1 & fea/+1 five hundr$ at a "t1 9 ! ,piazzi di ,s4 ,m4 ,novella4 ,corio1 9 ! ,/oria di ,milano 7p4 #bha71 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ^! ':ite p5it5ts1' z !y 7 call$1 9 ! ye> #acii3 ',multitudes ( m51 wom51 girls1 boys1 small & great1 t[nspeople & c\ntryfolk1 nobles & burgh]s1 laity & cl]gy1 ) b>e feet & dress$ 9 :ite %eets f head to foot1' visit$ ! t[ns & villages ( e di/rict 9 succession4 ',on _! j\rney1 :5 !y came to a cross-road or to crosses1 !y ?rew !mselves on ! gr\nd1 cry+ ,mis]icordia ?ree times2 !n !y recit$ ! ,"l's ,pray] & ! ,ave ,m>ia4 ,on _! entrance into a city1 !y walk$ s++ ,/abat ,mat] dolorosa & o!r litanies & pray]s4 ,! population ( ! places to :i* !y came 7 divid$3 = "s w5t =? & told ^? :o /aid t !y %\ld assume ! same habit1 s t at "o "t !re 7 z _m z #aj1jjj1 & at ano!r z _m z #ae1jjj ( !m4' ,aft] admitt+ t ! fruit ( ?is devotion 0 9 _m cases p5it5ce1 amity1 & alms-giv+1 ,corio goes on to obs]ve3 ',h[ev]1 m5 return$ to a worse life ?an ev] aft] x 0 ov]4' ,x is noticeable t ,italy 0 deva/at$ 9 #adjj by a horrible plague2 & x is impossible n to believe t ! cr[d+ ( s _m p5it5ts toge!r on ! highways & 9 ! cities l$ to ?is result4 ,dur+ ! an>*y ( ,italy betwe5 #adid--! date ( ! invasion ( ,*>les ,,viii4--& #aebg--! date ( ! sack ( ,rome--! voice ( prea*+ fri>s & h]mits 0 (t5 rais$1 & ! effect 0 always to drive ! p to a fr5zy ( revivali/ic piety4 ,milan 0 ! c5t] ( ! milit>y op]ations ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,swiss1 ! ,spani>ds1 & ! ,g]mans4 ,no city suff]$ m cruelly1 & 9 none 7 fanatical prophets receiv$ ) great] sup]/ition4 ,9 #aeaf !re appe>$ 9 ,milan 'a layman1 l>ge ( /ature1 gaunt1 & beyond measure wild1 )\t %oes1 )\t %irt1 b>ehead$1 ) bri/ly hair & be>d1 & s ?9 t he seem$ ano!r ,julian ! h]mit4' ,he liv$ on wat] & millet-se$1 slept on ! b>e e>?1 refus$ alms ( all sorts1 & prea*$ ) wond]ful au?ority4 ,9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! ,ar*bi%op & ! ,*apt]1 he *ose ! ,duomo = 8 !at]2 & !re he d5\nc$ ! vices ( ! prie/s & monks to va/ congregations ( eag] li/5]s4 ,9 a ^w1 he engag$ 9 op5 w>f>e ) ! cl]gy on _! own gr\nd4 ,b !y ( c\rse prov$ too /rong = him1 & he 0 driv5 out ( ! city4 ,he 0 a native ( ,si5a1 ag$ #cj4a ,we may comp>e ) ?is picturesque app>ition ( ,j]onimo 9 ,milan :at ,v>*i says ab\t ! prophets :o haunt$ ,rome l birds ( evil om5 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! pontificate ( ,clem5t ,,vii4 ',n only fri>s f ! pulpit1 b h]mits on ! piazza1 w5t ab\t prea*+ & pr$ict+ ! ru9 ( ,italy & ! end ( ! _w ) wild cries & ?reats4'#b ,9 #aebc ,milan beheld ! spectacle ( a p>ody ( ! old prea*]s4 ,!re appe>$ a c]ta9 ,frate di ,s4 ,m>co1 :om ! p held = a sa9t1 & :o 'enc\rag$ ! ,milanese aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 say+ x 0 a m]it ) ,jesus ,*ri/ to slay ^? ,fr5*m51 & t !y 7 pigs4' ,he seems to h be5 a feeble & ignorant fell[1 ^: head _h be5 turn$ by ! examples ( ,bussol>o & ,savon>ola4#c ,aga91 9 #aebi1 we f9d a c]ta9 monk1 ,tommaso1 ( ! ord] ( ,s4 ,dom9ic1 /irr+ up a great commotion ( piety 9 ,milan4 ,! city _h be5 br\ght to ! v l[e/ /ate ( mis]y by ! ,spani% occupation2 &1 /range to say1 ?is fri> 0 himself a ,spani>d4 ,9 ord] to propitiate (f5d$ deities1 he organiz$ a procession on a great scale4 #gjj wom51 #ejj m51 & #b1ejj *ildr5 assembl$ 9 ! ca!dral4 ,! *ildr5 7 dress$ 9 :ite1 ! m5 & wom5 9 sackclo?1 & all 7 b>efoot$4 ,!y prom5ad$ ! /reets ( ,milan1 incessantly %\t+ ,mis]icordia6 & besieg$ ! ,duomo ) ! same dismal cry1 ! ,bi%op & ! ,municipal au?orities ( ,milan tak+ "p 9 ! devotion4#d ,^! gu/s ( p5it5tial piety 7 matt]s ( real national importance4 ,writ]s imbu$ ) ! classic _s ( ! ,r5aissance ?\ght !m wor?y ( a place 9 _! philosophical hi/ories4 ,?us we f9d ,pitti1 9 ! ,/oria ,fior5t9a 7,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 i4 p4 #aab71 describ+ :at happ5$ at ,flor5ce 9 #aead3 ',!re appe>$ 9 ,santa ,croce a ,frate ,francesco da ,montepulciano1 v "y1 :o rebuk$ vice ) sev]ity1 & affirm$ t ,god _h will$ to sc\rge ,italy1 especially ,flor5ce & ,rome1 9 s]mons s t]rible t ! audi5ce kept cry+ ) floods ( te>s1 ,mis]icordia6 ,! :ole p 7 /ruck dumb ) horror1 = ^? :o c\ld n he> ! fri> by reason ( ! cr[d1 li/5$ ) no less fe> to ! reports ( o!rs4 ,at la/ he prea*$ a s]mon s awful t ! congregation /ood l m5 :o _h lo/ _! s5ses2 = he promis$ to reveal ^u ! ?ird day h[ & f :at s\rce he _h receiv$ ?is prophecy4 ,h[ev]1 :5 he left ! pulpit1 worn out & exhau/$1 he 0 seiz$ ) an illness ( ! lungs1 :i* soon put an end to 8 life4 ,pitti goes on to relate ! fr5zy ( revivalism excit$ by ?is monk's prea*+1 :i* _h r\s$ all ! old memories ( ,savon>ola 9 ,flor5ce4 ,x became necess>y = ! ,bi%op to put d[n ! devotion by special edicts1 :ile ! ,m$ici endeavor$ to di/ract ! m9ds ( ! p by t\rnam5ts & public %[s4 #a ,see ,prato & ,burigozzo1 ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ceg1 #dca4 ,x is "h wor? notic+ t ,si5a1 ! city ( civil discord1 0 also ! city ( fr5etic piety4 ,! names ( ,s4 ,cat]9a1 ,s4 ,b]n>d9o1 & ,b]n>do ,tolomei occur to ! m9d4 #b ,/oria ,fior9t9a1 vol4 i4 p4 #hg4 #c ,ar*4 ,/or4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ddc4 #d ,burigozzo1 pp4 #dhe-hi4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 quot$ f v>i\s orig9al s\rces to illu/rate ! fev]i% recurr5ces ( sup]/iti\s panics 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance4 ,x w be obs]v$1 f :at has be5 said ab\t ,john ( ,vic5za1 ,jacopo del ,bussol>o1 ,s4 ,b]n>d9o1 ,rob]to da ,lecce1 ,giovanni della ,m>ca1 & ,fra ,capi/rano1 t ,savon>ola 0 by no means an extraord9>y ph5om5on 9 ,italian hi/ory4 ,comb9+ ! me?ods & ! aims ( all ^! m51 & rema9+ )9 ! sph]e ( _! conceptions1 he impress$ a role1 :i* _h be5 (t5 play$ 9 ! *ief ,italian t[ns1 ) ! /amp ( 8 peculi> g5ius4 ,x 0 a s\rce ( weakness to him 9 8 combat ) ,alex&] ,,vi41 t he c\ld n rise above ! mona/ic ideal ( ! prophet :i* prevail$ 9 ,italy1 or grasp "o ( ^? reg5]ative conceptions :i* =m$ ! motive =ce ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! inh]5t defects ( all ,italian revivals1 spasmodic 9 _! p>oxysms1 vehem5t :ile !y la/$1 b transi5t 9 _! effects1 are exhibit$ ^u a tragic scale by ,savon>ola4 ,:at /rikes u1 aft] /udy+ ! records ( ^! movem5ts 9 ,italy1 is *iefly _! want ( true m5tal en]gy4 ,! mom5t>y effect produc$ 9 great cities l ,flor5ce1 ,milan1 ,v]ona1 ,pavia1 ,bologna1 & ,p]ugia is q out ( proportion to ! slight intellectual p[] ex]t$ by ! prophet 9 ea* case4 ,he has no?+ really new or life-giv+ to communicate4 ,he prea*es inde$ ! duty ( rep5tance & *>ity1 in/itutes a re=m ( gl>+ moral abuses1 & works z =cibly z he c ^u ! imag9ation ( 8 audi5ce4 ,b he sets no curr5t ( fre% ?\ght 9 motion4 ,!re=e1 :5 8 p]sonal influ5ce 0 once =gott51 he left no m>k ^u ! nation he s deeply agitat$4 ,we c only wond] t1 9 _m cases1 he obta9$ s complete an asc5d5cy 9 ! political _w4 ,all ?is is z true ( ,savon>ola z x is ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o4 ,x is ?is :i* removes him s immeasurably f ,huss1 f ,wesley & f ,lu!r4 ,,app5dix ,v4 ,! ',somm>io della ,/oria d',italia dal #aeaa al #aebg1' by ,francesco ,vettori4#a ,i h res]v$ = special notice 9 ?is ,app5dix ! %ort hi/ory writt5 ( ! p]iod betwe5 #aeaa & #aebg by ,francesco ,vettori2 n because ,i might n h made use ( x 9 sev]al ( ! previ\s *apt]s1 b because x seem$ to me t x 0 bett] to conc5trate 9 "o place ! illu/rations ( ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i :i* x supplies4 ,francesco ,vettori 0 born at ,flor5ce 9 #adgd ( a family :i* _h di/+ui%$ itself by giv+ _m able public s]vants to ! ,commonweal?4 ,he adopt$ ! politics ( ! ,m$icean p>ty1 rema9+ loyal to 8 ari/ocratic cre$ all ?r\gh ! tr\bl\s times :i* foll[$ ! ,fr5* invasion ( #adid1 ! sack ( ,prato 9 #aeab1 ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg1 & ! murd] ( ,duke ,aless&ro 9 #aecf4 ,ev5 :5 he seem$ to favor a republican policy1 he cont9u$ 9 secret /an* to ! family by :om he hop$ to obta9 honors & privileges 9 ! /ate4 ,l all ! ,ottimati1 s furi\sly abus$ by ,pitti1 ,francesco ,vettori f\nd himself at la/ deceiv$ 9 8 expectations4 ,to ! ,m$ici !y sold ! fre$om ( _! native city1 & 9 return = ?is unpatriotic loyalty !y 7 condemn$ to exile1 dea?1 imprisonm5t1 or fro/y tol]ation by ! prud5t ,cosimo4 ,two ye>s aft] ,cosimo _h be5 made ,duke1 ,vettori di$1 ag$ upw>ds ( sixty1 )\t hav+ %>$ 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! pr9ces to ^: s]vice he _h consecrat$ 8 life & = ^: sake he _h help$ to enslave ,flor5ce4 ,to respect ?is species ( fidelity1 or to feel any pity = ! m5 :o 7 s cruelly disappo9t$ ( _! selfi% expectations1 is impossible4 #a ,pr9t$ 9 ,ar*4 ,/or4 ,x4 ,app5dice ,no4 #bb1 vol4 vl4 ,francesco ,vettori held (fices ( importance on v>i\s occasions 9 ! ,commonweal? ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 #aebj1 = example1 he ent]$ ! ,signory2 & 9 #aeba he 0 ,gonfaloni] ( ,ju/ice4 ,_m ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t on =eign missions1 z ambassador to ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 resid5t ambassador at ! ,c\rts ( ,julius & ,leo1 ambassador toge!r ) ,filippo ,/rozzi to ! ,c\rt ( ,francis ,i41 & orator at ,rome on ! election ( ,clem5t4 ,he _h !re=e1 l ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i1 ! be/ opportunities ( =m+ a correct judgm5t ( ! m5 ^: *>act]s he weigh$ 9 8 ,somm>io1 & ( obta9+ a fai?ful acc\nt ( ! ev5ts :i* he relat$4 ,he des]ves a place ^u ! mu/]-roll ( lit]>y /atesm5 m5tion$ by me 9 *apt] ,v42 nor %\ld ,i h omitt$ him f ! company ( ,segni & ,v>*i1 _h n 8 hi/ory be5 exclusively devot$ to an e>li] p]iod ?an !irs4 ,at ! same "t he 0 an intimate fri5d bo? ( ,guicci>d9i & ,ma*iavelli4 ,"s ( ! mo/ preci\s compositions ( ! latt] are lett]s address$ f ,flor5ce or ,san ,casciano to ,francesco ,vettori1 at ! "t :5 ! ex-w>-secret>y 0 attempt+ to ga9 ! favor ( ! ,m$ici4 ,! clairvoyance & acut5ess1 ! cynical philosophy ( life1 ! def9ite judgm5t ( m51 ! cle> compreh5sion ( ev5ts1 :i* we trace 9 ,ma*iavelli1 are to be f\nd 9 ,vettori4 ,vettori1 h[ev]1 _h none ( ,ma*iavelli's g5ius4 ,:at he writes is1 !re=e1 valuable z prov+ t ! ,ma*iavellian philosophy 0 n peculi> to t great man1 b 0 %>$ by _m inf]ior ?9k]s4 ,flor5t9e culture at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury culm9at$ 9 ^! /ati/s ( h>d bra9 & /ony he>ts1 :o only saw ! bad 9 human nature1 b :o 7 n l$ by cynicism or skepticism to lose _! int]e/ 9 ! game ( politics4 ,9 ! d$ication ( ! ,somm>io della ,/oria d' ,italia to ,francesco ,sc>fi1 ,vettori says t he compos$ x at 8 villa1 :i!r he retir$ 9 #aebg4 ,i d n purpose to extract portions ( ! hi/orical n>rative conta9$ 9 ?is sket*2 to d s inde$ w\ld be to transcribe ! :ole1 s closely & succ9ctly is x writt52 b r to quote ! passages :i* ?r[ a light ^u ! op9ions ( ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i1 or confirm ! views ( m5 & morals adopt$ 9 my previ\s *apt]s4 ,aft] t\*+ on ! sack ( ,prato & ! con/]nation :i* ensu$ 9 ,flor5ce1 ,vettori describes ! return ( ! ,m$ici 9 #aeab4 ,giuliano1 ! son ( ,lor5zo1 0 ! fir/ to appe>3 aft] him came ! ,c>d9al ,giovanni1 & ,giuliano's son ,giulio4#a ,! eld] among _! p>tisans p]suad$ !m to call a ,p>lam5to & assume ! gov]nm5t 9 e>ne/4 ,on ,septemb] #af1 accord+ly1 ! ,c>d9al took possession ( ! palace1 fece pigli>e il ,palazzo2 ! ,signory summon$ ! p into ! piazza--a m]e matt] ( =m2 a ,balia ( =ty m5 0 appo9t$2 ! ,gonfaloni] ,ridolfi resign$2 & ! city 0 r$uc$ to ! w & pleasure ( ! ,c>d9al de' ,m$ici4 ,!n reasons sons ,vettori3#b ',?is 0 :at is call$ an absolute tyranny2 yet1 speak+ ( ! ?+s ( ?is _w )\t prejudice & accord+ to ! tru?1 ,i say t if x 7 possible to in/itute republics l t imag9$ by ,plato1 or feign$ to exi/ 9 ,utopia by ,?omas ,m1 we might affirm !y 7 n tyrannical gov]nm5ts3 b all ! commonweal?s or k+doms ,i h se5 or read (1 h1 x seems to me1 a savor ( tyranny4 ,nor is x a matt] = a/oni%m5t t p>ties & factions h (t5 prevail$ 9 ,flor5ce1 & t "o man has aris5 to make himself ! *ief1 :5 we reflect t ! city is v popul\s1 t _m ( ! burgh]s desire to %>e 9 its advantages1 & t !re are few prizes to di/ribute3 :]e=e "o p>ty always mu/ h ! upp] h& & enjoy ! honors & b5efits ( ! /ate1 :ile ! o!r /&s by to wat* ! game4' ,he !n proce$s to criticise ,france1 :]e ! nobles alone be> arms & pay no taxes1 & :]e ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is sl[ & exp5sive2 & ,v5ice1 :]e ?ree ?\s& g5tlem5 keep m ?an #ajj1jjj ( ! inhabitants bel[ _! feet1 unhonor$1 p[]less1 unprivileg$1 oppress$4 ,hav+ demon/rat$ ! elem5ts ( tyranny & inju/ice bo? 9 a k+dom & a commonweal? reput$ prosp]\s & free1 he %[s t1 accord+ to 8 own philosophy1 no blame atta*es to a burgh] :o succe$s 9 usurp+ ! sole ma/]y ( a free /ate1 provid$ he rule wisely2 = all k+doms 7 orig9ally f\nd$ ei!r by =ce or by craft4 ',we ought n !re=e to call t private citiz5 a tyrant :o has usurp$ ! gov]nm5t ( 8 /ate1 if he be a good man2 nor aga9 to call a man ! real "l ( a city :o1 ?\gh he has ! inve/iture ( ! ,emp]or1 is bad & malevol5t4' ,?is critique ( con/itutions f ! p5 ( a doctr9aire1 :o 0 also a man ( exp]i5ce1 is int]e/+1 p>tly = its positive frankness1 & p>tly z %[+ :at elem5t>y notions /ill prevail$ ab\t ! purposes ( gov]nm5t4 ,vettori's ultimate crit]ion is ! p]sonal quality ( ! ambiti\s rul]4 #a ,giovanni & ,giulio 7 aft]w>ds ,leo ,x4 & ,clem5t ,,vii4 #b ,p4 #bic4 ,pass+ to :at he says ab\t ,leo ,x41#a x is wor? :ile to note t he attributes 8 election *iefly to ! impression produc$ ^u ! ,c>d9als by ,alex&] & ,julius4 ',dur+ ! reign ( two fi]ce & p[]ful ,pontiffs1 ,c>d9als _h be5 put to dea?1 imprison$1 depriv$ ( _! prop]ty1 exil$1 & kept 9 cont9ual al>m2 & s great 0 ! dread among !m n[ ( elect+ ano!r su* ,pope1 t !y unanim\sly *ose ,giovanni de' ,m$ici4 ,up to t "t he _h always %[n himself lib]al & easy1 or1 r1 prodigal 9 squ&]+ ! little t he own$2 he _h moreov] manag$ s to dissemble z to acquire a reputation = mo/ excell5t habits ( life4' ,vettori adds t 8 p[] 9 ,flor5ce help$ him1 & t he ow$ mu* to ! ability display$ by ,b]n>do da ,bibbi5a 9 w9n+ votes4 ,! joy ( ! ,flor5t9es at 8 election is attribut$ to mean motives3 'be+ all ( !m giv5 ov] to comm]ce & ga91 !y ?\ght !y ought to get "s pr(it f ?is ,papacy4'#b ,! gov]nm5t :i* ,lor5zo1 aft]w>ds ,duke ( ,urb9o1 n[ e/abli%$ 9 ,flor5ce is v favorably describ$ by ,vettori4#c ',lor5zo1 ?\gh /ill a "y man1 appli$ himself ) great att5tion to ! bus9ess ( ! city1 provid+ t equal ju/ice %\ld be adm9i/]$ to all1 t ! public moneys %\ld be levi$ & sp5t ) frugality1 & t disputes %\ld be settl$ to ! satisfaction ( all p>ties4 ,8 rule 0 tol]at$1 because1 :ile ! rev5ues 7 l>ge & ! exp5ses small1 ! citiz5s 7 n tr\bl$ ) taxes2 & ?is is ! *ief way to please a p1 see+ _! affection = a pr9ce is measur$ by ! good !y get f him4 ,tak+ ?is op9ion ( ,lor5zo1 x is possible = ,vettori 9 ano!r place to say ( him t 'he gov]n$ ,flor5ce l a citiz52'#d & on ! occasion ( 8 dea? 9 #aebj1 he passes :at am\nts to a panegyric on 8 "*4 ',8 dea? 0 a mis=tune = ,flor5ce1 :i* x w\ld be difficult to describe4 ,?\gh "y1 he _h ! qualities ( virtu\s maturity4 ,he bore a real affection t[>d ! citiz5s1 0 p>simoni\s ( ! moneys ( ! ,commune1 prodigal ( 8 own2 :ile a foe to vice1 he 0 n too sev]e on ^? :o err$4 ,?\gh he began 8 milit>y life at tw5ty-?ree1 he always bore ! cuirass ( a man at arms ^u 8 %\ld]s day & night on active s]vice4 ,he slept v little1 0 sob] 9 8 diet1 temp]ate 9 love4 ,! ,flor5t9es did n love him1 because x is n possible = m5 us$ to fre$om to love a rul]2 b he1 = 8 "p1 _h n s\ght ! (fice :i* 0 ?ru/ ^u him by ! w ( o!rs4 ,madonna ,alfons9a1 8 "m1 br\ght unpopul>ity ^u him2 = %e 0 av>ici\s1 & ! ,flor5t9es1 :o notic$ e detail1 ?\ght h] grasp+3 & ?\gh he want$ to re/ra9 h]1 he f\nd himself unable to d s ?r\gh ! high e/eem 9 :i* he held h]4 ,maddal5a1 8 wife1 di$ six days be=e him1 aft] giv+ bir? to a daught] ,ca!r9e4' ,?is is !1 no d\bt1 highly favorable portrait ( ! man to :om ,ma*iavelli d$icat$ 8 ,pr9cipe4 ,! some:at negative good qualities ( ,lor5zo1 8 prud5ce & p>simony1 8 fre$om f despotic ambition1 & dislike ( dang]\s s]vice1 comb9$ ) 8 def]5ce to ! p[]ful memb]s ( 8 own family1 are v unlike ,ma*iavelli's ideal ( ! f\nd] ( a /ate4 ,ces>e ,borgia 0 almo/ ! exact opposite4 ,! impression produc$ by ,vettori's panegyric is fur!r confirm$ by :at he says ab\t ,lor5zo's dis9cl9ation to und]take ! ,du*y ( ,urb9o4#e #a ,p4 #big4 #b ,p4 #cjj4 #c ,ibid4 #d ,p4 #cjf4 #e ,p4 #cba4 ,see too p4 #cjg4 ,b to return to ! e>ly days ( ,leo's pontificate4 ,vettori m>ks 8 int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( ,lucca z ! fir/ great mi/ake he made4#a ,8 advis]s 9 ,flor5ce _h n reflect$ ':at infamy x w\ld br+ ^u ! ,pope 9 ! op9ion ( all m51 or :at suspicion x w\ld r\se among ! pr9ces1 if 9 ! fir/ mon?s ( 8 p[] he 7 l$ to sanction an attack by ! ,flor5t9es ^u ! ,luc*ese1 _! neighbors & allies4 ,h[ too c\ld ! burgh]s ( ,flor5ce1 :o _h urg$ him to ?is /ep1 rem9d ! pontiff t he ought to mod]ate 8 desire ( ga9+ dom9ion = ! ,*ur* & = 8 k91 by ! example ( =m] ,popes1 all ( :om1 9 ! int]e/ ( _! dep5d5ts1 _h acquir$ to _! own di%onor ) p]il & exp5se :at 9 a few days ^u _! dea? return$ to ! old & rightful own]s8' ,! conduct ( ,leo ) reg>d to ,lucca1 8 policy 9 ,flor5ce1 & ! spl5dor ma9ta9$ by 8 bro!r at ,rome1 did 9 fact r\se ! jeal\sy ( ! ,italian p[]s bo? great & small4#b ',k+ ,f]d9& rem>k$3 ,if ,giuliano has left ,flor5ce1 he mu/ be aim+ at some?+ bett]1 :i* c be no?+ b ! realm ( ,naples4 ,! ,dukes ( ,milan1 ,f]r>a1 & ,urb9o said ! same4 ,! ,si5ese ?\ght3 ,if ! pope all[s ! ,flor5t9es to attack ,lucca1 :i* is s /rong1 well furni%$1 & h>moni\s1 f> m w he cons5t to _! encroa*+ ^u u1 :o are weak1 ill-provid$1 & at odds among ourselves4 ,! ,duke ( ,f]r>a _h fur!r reasons = discont5t 9 respect to ,mod5a & ,reggio4' ,altoge!r1 ,leo began to lose cr$it4 ,secret alliances 7 =m$ aga9/ him by ! della ,rov]e1 ! ,baglioni1 & ! ,petrucci2 & ?\gh he took c>e to att5d public s]vices & to fa/ m ?an etiquette requir$1 nobody believ$ 9 him4 ,vettori's comm5t reads l an e*o ( ,ma*iavelli & ,guicci>d9i4#c ',assur$ly x is mo/ difficult to comb9e temporal lord%ip ) a reputation = religion3 = !y are two ?+s :i* w n h>monize4 ,he :o well consid]s ! law ( ! ,gospel w obs]ve t ! pontiffs1 ?\gh call$ ,*ri/'s ,vic>s1 h orig9at$ a new religion unlike t ( ,*ri/ except 9 "n4 ,8 enjo9s pov]ty2 !y desire ri*es4 ,he prea*$ humility2 !y foll[ aft] pride4 ,he comm&$ ob$i5ce2 !y aim at univ]sal sov]eignty4 ,i c\ld enl>ge ^u _! o!r vices2 b x is en\gh to allude to ^!1 )\t ent]+ into inconv5i5t disc\rses4' ,:ile treat+ ( ! affairs ( ,urb9o1#d h[ev]1 ,vettori rem>ks t ,leo c\ld n h done o!rwise ?an puni% ,francesco ,m>ia della ,rov]e1 if he wi%$ to ma9ta9 ! ,papacy at ! height ( reputation to :i* x _h be5 rais$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 #a ,p4 #cja4 #b ,p4 #cjc4 #c ,p4 #cjd4 #d ,p4 #cai4 ,9 8 g5]al e/imate ( ,leo1 ,vettori confirms all t we "k ab\t ?is ,pope f o!r s\rces4 ,he insi/s m p]haps ?an o!r hi/orians ^u ! able diplomacy by :i* ,lodovico ,canossa1 ,bi%op ( ,tric>ico1 made t]ms ) ,francis aft] ,m>ignano1#a & traces ,leo's fatal alliance ) ,*>les ,v4 9 #aebj to ! influ5ce ( ,j]onimo ,adorno4#b ,! secret spr+s ( ,leo's conduct1 :5 he 0 va9ly endeavor+ to /e] to 8 own pr(it betwe5 ! great rivals = p[] 9 ,europe1 are expos$ ) admirable precision at bo? ( ^! po9ts4 ,( ! prodigality :i* help$ to ru9 ?is ,pope1 & :i* made 8 two successors impot5t1 he speaks ) sne]+ s>casm4 ',x 0 z easy = him to keep #a1jjj ducats toge!r z = a /one to fly into ! air by its own weight4'#c ,:5 ! news ( ! capture ( ,milan rea*$ him on ,novemb] #bg1 #aebj1 ,leo 0 at ! ,villa ,magliana 9 ! neighborhood ( ,rome4#d ,:e!r he took cold at a w9d[1 or :e!r 8 anxiety & jeal\sy di/urb$ 8 con/itution1 ,vettori rema9s unc]ta94 ,at any rate1 he 0 attack$ ) fev]1 return$ to ,rome1 & di$4 ',x 0 said t 8 dea? 0 caus$ by poison2 b ^! /ories are always circulat$ ab\t m5 ( high e/ate1 especially :5 !y succumb to acute disease4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o knew ! con/itution & physical con=mation ( ,leo1 & 8 habits ( life1 w r wond] t he liv$ s long4' ,aft] summ+ up ! vicissitudes ( 8 c>e] & pass+ a critique ^u 8 vacillat+ policy1 ,vettori resumes3#e ':ile on ! "o h& he w\ld fa9 h nev] _h "o c>e to tr\ble him2 on ! o!r he 0 desir\s ( fame & s\ght to aggr&ize 8 k9dr$4 ,=tune1 to rid him ( ?is ambition1 remov$ 8 bro!r & 8 nephew 9 8 lifetime4 ,la/ly1 :5 he _h engag$ 9 a w> aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,france1 9 :i*1 if he won1 he lo/1 & 0 go+ to meet obvi\s ru91 =tune remov$ him f ! _w s t he might n see 8 own mis*ance4 ,9 8 pontificate at ,rome !re 0 no plague1 no pov]ty1 no w>4 ,lett]s & ! arts fl\ri%$1 & ! vices 7 also at _! height4 ,alex&] & ,julius _h be5 wont to seize ! inh]itance n only ( ! prelates b ( e little prie/ or cl]k :o di$ 9 ,rome4 ,leo ab/a9$ entirely f su* practices4 ,!re=e p came 9 cr[ds2 & x may be said = c]ta9 t 9 ! eight ye>s ( 8 papacy1 ! population ( ,rome increas$ by "o ?ird4' ,vettori prud5tly refuses to sum up ! good & bad ( ,leo's "* 9 "o decisive s5t5ce4 ,he notes1 h[ev]1 t he 0 blam$ = n keep+ to 8 ^w3 'x 0 a favorite expression ) him1 t pr9ces ought to give su* answ]s z w\ld s5d petition]s away satisfi$2 accord+ly he made s _m promises2 & f$ p ) su* great expectations1 t x became impossible to please !m4' #a ,p4 #cac4 #b ,p4 #ccd4 #c ,p4 #cbb4 #d ,p4 #cch4 #e ,p4 #cci4 ,! election ( ,adrian is attribut$ by ,vettori to ! mutual hatr$ & jeal\sy ( ! ,c>d9als4#a ,he ascribes ! loss ( ,rhodes to ! ,pope's want ( int]e/ 9 great affairs1 adds 8 te/imony to 8 private excell5ce & public incapacity1 & dismisses him )\t fur!r notice4#b #a ,p4 #cda4 #b ,pp4 #cdc1 #cdg4 ,:at he tells u ab\t ,clem5t is m int]e/+4 ,9 ! d$ication to ! ,somm>io he apologiz$ 9 express t]ms = ! high op9ion record$ ( ?is ,pope4 ,yet ! impression :i* he leaves ^u our m9d by :at he writes is s unfavorable z to make x cle> :at ,clem5t's foes habitually said aga9/ him4 ,he rem>ks1 z "o excuse = 8 ill-success 9 (fice1 t he succe$$ to a ,papacy ru9$ by ! prodigality 9 w> & peace ( ,leo4#a ,z knight ( ,rhodes1 z gov]nor ( ,flor5ce1 & z ,c>d9al1 ,clem5t _h %[n himself an able man4 ,=tune heap$ h] favors on him !n4 ,z soon z he 0 made ,pope1 %e ve]$ r\nd4 ',f a puissant & respect$ ,c>d9al1 he became a feeble & discr$it$ ,pope4' ,8 fir/ c>e 0 to provide = ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a decision1 he ask$ c\ncil ( ! ,flor5t9e orators & f\r o!r noble burgh]s !n 9 ,rome1 z to :e!r he c\ld advantage\sly intru/ ! city to ! ,c>d9al ( ,cortona 9 gu>dian%ip ov] ,ippolito & ,aless&ro1 ! "y ba/>ds ( ! ,m$ici4#b ',all m5 ne>ly1' says ,vettori1 'are flatt]]s1 & say :at !y believe w please great folk1 al?\gh !y ?9k ! contr>y4 ,( ! ?irte5 :om ! ,pope consult$1 t5 advis$ him to s5d ,ippolito to ,flor5ce "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! ,c>d9al ( ,cortona4' ,! rema9+ ?ree1 :o 7 ,rub]to ,acciajuoli1 ,lor5zo ,/rozzi1 & ,francesco ,vettori1 po9t$ out ! impropriety ( adm9i/]+ a free city ?r\gh a prie/ :o held 8 title f a subject t[n4 ,!y recomm5d$ ! appo9tm5t ( a ,gonfaloni] = "o ye>1 & s on1 till a memb] ( ! ,m$icean family c\ld take ! lead4 ,clem5t1 h[ev]1 decid$ on ! o!r c\rse2 & to ?is cause may be trac$ half ! tr\bles ( 8 reign4 #a ,p4 #cdh4 #b ,p4 #cdi4 ,!y 7 #ad & #ac ye>s ( age respectively4 ,! great] "p ( :at rema9s ( ! ,somm>io is occupi$ ) ! w>s & intrigues ( ,francis1 ,*>les1 & ,clem5t4 ,vettori1 x may be said 9 pass+1 records a v unfavorable op9ion ( ! ,m>quis ( ,pesc>a1 :o 01 he h9ts1 guilty ( fir/ turn+ a favorable e> to ,moroni's plot & !n ( discov]+ ! :ole to 8 ma/]4#a ,a few days aft] 8 brea* ( fai? ) ! ,milanese1 he fell ill & di$4 ',he 0 a man ^: milit>y excell5ce _c be d5i$2 b pr\d beyond all measure1 envi\s1 ungrateful1 av>ici\s1 v5om\s1 cruel1 )\t religion or humanity1 he 0 born to be ! ru9 ( ,italy2 & x may be truly said t ( ! evil %e has suff]$ & /ill suff]s1 a l>ge "p 0 caus$ by him4' #a ,pp4 #ceh1 #cei4 ,( ! brea* ( fai? ( ,francis1 aft] he _h left 8 ,spani% prison1 ,vettori speaks 9 t]ms ( ! v highe/ comm5dation4#a ,8 refusal to c$e ,burgundy to ,*>les 0 j & patriotic4 ,t he broke 8 fai? 0 no crime2 =1 ?\gh a man ought r to die ?an =swe> himself1 yet 8 fir/ duty is to ,god1 8 second to 8 c\ntry1 ,francis 0 cle>ly act+ = ! b5efit ( 8 k+dom2 & _h he n left 8 two sons z ho/ages 9 ,spa98 ,! :ole def5se is a good piece ( speci\s plead+1 & might be us$ to illu/rate ! *apt] on ! ,fai? ( ,pr9ces 9 ! ,pr9cipe4 #a ,p4 #cfb4 ,by f> ! mo/ /rik+ passage 9 ,vettori's ,somm>io is ! description ( ! m>* ( ,frundsb]g's & ,de ,b\rbon's army ^u ,rome4#a ,he makes x cle> to :at ext5t ! calamity ( ! sack 0 due to ! selfi%ness & c[>dice ( ! ,italian pr9ces4 ,fir/ ( all ! ,v5etians refus$ to (f] any ob/acles be=e ! passage ( ! ,po1 feel+ t by do+ s !y might draw tr\ble on _! own prov9ces4 ,!n ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a suppli$ ! ,lu!rans ) artill]y1 ( :i* !y hi!rto _h /ood 9 ne$4 ,! fir/ use !y made ( _! fire-arms 0 to %oot ! be/ capta9 9 ,italy1 ,giovanni de' ,m$ici ( ! ,black ,b&s4 ,! ,duke ( ,urb9o1 ! ,m>quis ( ,saluzzo1 & ,guido ,rangoni wat*$ !m cross ! riv] & proce$ by easy /ages ?r\gh ! di/rict ( ,piac5za1 'foll[+ !m l lacqueys wait+ on _! lords4' ,! same ?+ happ5$ at ,p>ma & ,mod5a1 :ile ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a kept supply+ ! =eign]s ) food & money4 ,clem5t mean:ile 0 p5niless 9 ,rome4 ,ri* z ! city 01 he _h s utt]ly lo/ cr$it t he d>$ n ask = loans1 & 0 s feeble t he c\ld n rob4 ,! ,colonnesi1 moreov]1 :o _h rec5tly plund]$ ! ,vatican1 kept him 9 a /ate ( t]ror4 ,z ! invad]s1 n[ comm&$ by ! ,con/able de ,b\rbon1 approa*$ ,tuscany1 ! y\? ( ,flor5ce dem&$ to be arm$ 9 def5se ( _! he>?s & homes4 ,! ,c>d9al ( ,cortona1 fe>+ a popul> ris+1 refus$ to grant _! reque/4 ,a riot broke out1 & ! ,m$ici 7 ?reat5$ ) expulsion3 b by ! aid ( influ5tial citiz5s a revolution 0 av]t$4 ,! ,con/able1 avoid+ ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 m>*$ /raight on ,rome1 /ill wat*$ b unmole/$ by ! armies ( ! ,league4 ,he left 8 artill]y on ! road1 &1 z is well kn[n1 c>ri$ ! walls ( ,rome by assault on ! morn+ ( ,may #c1 dy+ himself at ! mom5t ( victory4 ,f :at has j be5 rapidly n>rat$1 x w be se5 h[ utt]ly abject 0 ! :ole ( ,italy at ?is mom5t1 :5 a b& ( ruffians1 head$ by a rebel f 8 sov]eign1 9 disob$i5ce to ! vic]oy ( ! k+ he pret5d$ to s]ve1 0 n only all[$ b actually help$ to trav]se riv]s1 pla9s1 & m\nta9s1 on _! way to ,rome4 ,:at happ5$ aft] ! capture ( ! ,tran/ev]9e "p ( ! city moves ev5 deep] scorn4 ',x /ill rema9$ = ! ,imp]ial troops to ent] ! popul\s & weal?y qu>t]s2 & ^! !y _h to rea* by "o ( ?ree bridges4 ,!y numb]$ h>dly m ?an #be1jjj m51 all told4 ,9 ,rome 7 at lea/ #cj1jjj m5 fit to be> arms betwe5 ! ages ( sixte5 & fifty1 & among !m 7 _m tra9$ soldi]s1 besides cr[ds ( ,romans1 swagg]+ bragg>ts us$ to daily qu>rels1 ) be>ds ^u _! brea/s4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 f\nd impossible to get #ejj toge!r 9 "o b& = ! def5se ( "o ( ! ?ree bridges4' ,:at imm$iately foll[s gives s /rik+ a picture ( ! sack3 t a translation ( x w =m a fit conclusion to ?is volume4 ',! soldi]s slew at pleasure2 pillag$ ! h\ses ( ! middle classes & small folk1 ! palaces ( ! nobles1 ! conv5ts ( bo? sexes1 & ! *ur*es4 ,!y made prison]s ( m51 wom51 & ev5 ( little *ildr51 )\t reg>d to age1 or v[s1 or any o!r claim on pity4 ,! slaught] 0 n great1 = m5 r>ely kill ^? :o (f] no resi/ance3 b ! booty 0 incalculable1 9 co91 jewels1 gold & silv] plate1 clo!s1 tape/ries1 furniture1 & goods ( all descriptions4 ,to ?is %\ld be add$ ! ransoms1 :i* am\nt$ to a sum t1 if set d[n1 w\ld w9 no cr$5ce4 ,let any "o consid] ?r\gh h[ _m ye>s ! money ( all ,*ri/5dom _h be5 fl[+ into ,rome1 & /ay+ !re 9 a great measure2 let him rememb] ! ,c>d9als1 ,bi%ops1 ,prelates1 & public (fic]s1 ! weal?y m]*ants1 bo? ,roman & =eign1 sell+ at high prices1 lett+ _! h\ses at de> r5ts1 & pay+ no?+ 9 ! way ( taxes2 let him call to m9d ! artisans1 ! poor] folk1 ! pro/itutes2 & he w judge t nev] 0 a city sack$ ( :i* ! memory rema9s1 :5ce great] /ore ( treasure c\ld be drawn4 ,?\gh ,rome has at o!r times be5 tak5 & pillag$1 yet nev] be=e 0 x ! ,rome ( our days4 ,moreov]1 ! sack la/$ s long t :at might n p]haps h be5 discov]$ on ! fir/ day soon] or lat] came to light4 ,?is disa/] 0 an example to ! _w t m5 pr\d1 av>ici\s1 envi\s1 murd]\s1 lu/ful1 hypocritical1 _c long pres]ve _! /ate4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t ! inhabitants ( ,rome1 especially ! ,romans1 7 /a9$ ) all ^! vices1 & ) _m great]4' #a ,pp4 #cgb-hb4 ,,index ,a ,abel>d1 #i4 ,adrian ,,vi41 #dda4 ,agrippa quot$1 #dei4 ,ahm$1 #ehi4 ,albig5ses1 #i4 ,aldi1 !1 #bc4 ,ale&]1 #bg4 ,alex&] ,,vi41 #djf1 #djg seq441 #fjc2 dea?1 #dcj 7see ,papacy74 ,alfonso ,i4 ( ,naples1 #efh4 ,alfonso ,,ii41 #aai1 #egb4 ,allegre1 #dah1 ,allegretti1 works1 #bib2 cit$1 #afe2 quot$1 #faf ,am]ica1 effects ( its discov]y1 #edj4 ,ammanati1 works1 #dhi4 ,anj\1 h\se (1 transf]s its claims to ,sicily1 #eci4 ,appiani1 #adh4 ,ario/o1 works1 #aai2 cit$1 #dac2 quot$1 #acj ,ari/otle1 influ5ce ( 8 writ+s1 #aig2 quot$1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,art 9 ,middle ,age1 #ag2 effect ( religi\s conv5tionalism1 #ah2 revolution made by ,r5aissance1 #ah1 #ai4 ,italian1 inimical to ugl9ess1 #dij2 fl\ri%es "u despots1 #gi4 ,as*am1 ,r41 quot$1 #dgb4 ,b ,bacon1 ,francis1 #bf2 ,rog]1 #i1 #aj4 ,baglioni1 #abb1 #adh4 ,b>biano1 #aei4 ,b>toli1 ,a41 cit$1 #beb4 ,beccadelli1 #agd4 ,bell9i1 works1 #dhh4 ,b5tivogli1 #ajb1 #aae1 #abc4 ,b]gamo1 ,v4 da1 #fah4 ,b]n>d1 ,/41 #ac4 ,b]ni cit$1 #ddc4 ,bibbi5a1 #ahd2 quot$1 #aij4 ,bible1 discov]y ( ! orig9al1 #bj4 ,blood-madness1 #aji1 #ehi seq4 ,boccaccio1 #aa1 #bj4 ,boiado1 #aga4 ,bologna1 #abc1 #fag4 ,boniface ,,viii41 #gf4 ,borgia1 ,ces>e1 #aag1 #cbd1 #cde seq41 #dbf1 #egg2 murd]s1 #ceb4 ,borgia1 ,lucrezia1 #dai2 "* cle>$ ( calumny1 #dbj4 ,borgia1 ,rod]igo 7see ,alex&] ,,vi74 ,boscoli1 ,p4 ,p41 #dff4 ,bracciol9i1 ,p41 #bgd4 ,brantome quot$1 #aag4 ,brescia1 #fae2 ,arnold (1 #fd4 ,br[n+1 ,r41 quot$1 #ac4 ,bruni1 ,l41 #bgd4 ,buon>otti1 #dia2 works1 #ai4 ,bur*>d cit$1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,burckh>dt cit$1 #dbh2 quot$1 #dcd4 ,burton1 ,rob]t1 cit$1 #dge4 ,bussol>o1 ,j4 del1 #faj4 ,byzant9e empire1 effect ( its fall1 #ad ,c ,capi/rano1 ,g4 da1 #fae4 ,capponi1 ,p41 #bhd1 #efc4 ,c>ducci1 #bhd1 #bhi2 works1 #bic4 ,c>magnuola1 ,f41 #afa4 ,c>m9a ,burana1 #i4 ,c>r>a1 #adi4 ,c>roccio1 #eh4 ,ca/iglione1 works1 #ahc1 #deg4 ,ca?olic ,*ur* 7see ,papacy74 ,support ( ,*ur* requir$ by good society1 #dee2 philosophy & !ology fus$1 #def2 religion divorc$ f morality1 #dfb1 #dic2 influ5ce ( anci5t lit]ature1 #dfd2 ae/heticism1 #dfe2 humanism antagoni/ic to ,*ri/ianity1 #dic2 its corruption1 #ddh seq42 n univ]sal1 #dgj2 immorality ( prie/s1 #deh1 #dei2 sup]/ition1 #dff2 relics1 #dfa2 sanctity ( pope1 #dfb2 p[] ( =ms1 #dga2 c\nt]-re=mation1 #be2 p[] ( ecclesia/ical eloqu5ce1 #dia2 revivals1 #dij1 #fjf seq42 inde/ructable vigor ( religi\s fai?1 #dfi4 ,cell9i1 ,b41 #ajd1 #dfb1 #dib2 memoirs1 #cbe4 ,*>les ,,viii4 7see ,italy1 hi/ory71 #edj seq42 escape1 #ehj4 ,*>les ( ,anj\1 #ge4 ,*>les ! ,great1 #ej4 ,*ivalry1 #dhc4 ,*ri/ianity 7see ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,morals71 influ5ce 9 =m+ mod]n society1 #g2 h[ affect$ by ,r5aissance1 #be4 ,clem5t ,,vii41 #ddc1 #fcc4 ,colonnesi1 #cge4 ,columbus1 #ae4 ,com9es cit$1 #daf2 quot$1 #bad1 #dge1 #eda1 #eec1 #egb1 #egh4 ,condotti]i1 #hf1 #aac1 #aca1 #aef seq42 #bde1 #cfa2 "* ( w>f>e1 #ajb1 #cfc4 ,compagni1 ,d9o1 *ronicle (1 #bfb2 its au!nticity1 #bff seq4 ,cop]nicus1 #ae4 ,corio1 works1 #bib2 quot$1 #ace1 #adc1 #ade1 #aeb4 #afj1 #che1 #cia1 #cib1 #fai4 ,coryat1 ,t41 quot$1 #dge4 ,croce1 della1 #fad4 ,cromwell1 #ded4 ,cruelty 7see ,blood-madness71 in/ances (1 #aea1 #dgh1 #ega2 ( ,fr5*1 #eeg1 #ehc2 its use1 #ced4 ,crusades1 #g4 ,d ,dante1 political views1 #bfa2 works1 #aj1 #aa1 #gc1 #bfj2 quot$1 #gc1 #gf1 #gg1 #acc4 ,democratic idea1 its gradual gr[?1 #h4 ,d5ni/\n cit$1 #afj4 ,desc>tes1 #bf4 ,djem1 #dae1 #eff1 #egf4 ,du]]1 works1 #dij2 cit$1 #dge4 ,e ,erasmus1 #bd1 #bg4 ,e/e1 h\se (1 #cie1 #dbj2 ,nicolo1 #afh4 ,f ,fanfoni1 ,p41 cit$1 #bfc1 #bfh4 ,feltre1 ,v4 da1 #aga1 #agf4 ,f]d9& ( ,arragon1 #bif1 #ceh2 ( ,naples1 #egj4 ,f]r>a1 #dii1 #fag2 c\rt1 #dbc4 ,fic9o1 #age1 #def4 ,fiesole1 ,g4 da1 ,works1 #dhh4 ,filelfo1 #aga2 quot$1 #cha4 ,flora1 ,joa*im (1 #i4 ,flor5ce1 its con/itution1 #aie1 #bja1 #eib1 #eif1 #eih2 numb] ( citiz5s1 #eih2 p>ties1 #baa2 p]petual flux1 #bba2 gov]nm5t by m]*ants1 #bbe2 ! p>lam5to1 #bcj2 cause ( failure ( popul> gov]nm5t1 #bca2 population1 #bef2 ! arti1 #eig2 militia1 its value1 #fja2 ,ma*iavelli's re=ms1 #cab2 rev5ues1 #bee2 topography1 #eie2 hi/ory 7see ,italy71 rule ( ! ,m$ici1 #bgg1 #cje1 #fbi1 ye>s #aebg-ca1 #bhb2 recov]s lib]ty ?r\gh ! ,fr5*1 #efj2 occupation1 #efb2 commonweal?1 #bhb2 divisions ( popul> p>ty1 #bhc2 siege1 #bhe2 effect ( ,savon>ola's prophecies1 #bij2 ,pazzi conspiracy1 #cih2 f9al subjugation1 #ddf2 "* ( its hi/orians1 #bdh seq41 #bgd4 ,society1 "* ( p1 #fjj2 _! enlight5m5t & immorality1 #ejd2 abs5ce ( religi\s fai?1 #bie2 excess ( intellectual mobility1 #bcg2 comm]cial "*1 #bch2 social life1 #bdb4 ,a city ( intellig5ce1 #bcb1 #bdf4 ,fondulo1 ,g41 #dfc4 ,=d1 ,j41 cit$1 #dgg4 ,fosc>i1 ,f41 #bae2 quot$1 #fjj4 ,francia1 works1 #dhi4 ,frattcelli1 #i4 ,fr$]ick ,i41 #fc4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 #aj1 #fh1 #aje4 ,frob51 ,j41 #bc4 ,g ,gambacorta1 #adg4 ,gemi/os ,ple?on1 #agc4 ,g5ezzano1 #ejf1 #ebb4 ,g5oa1 #gi2 hi/ory1 #bja4 ,giacom9i1 #cac4 ,giannotti cit$1 #bag2 quot$1 #afi1 #aif1 #baf1 #bch1 #bgh1 #bhj4 ,giotto1 works1 #dhh4 ,giovio1 quot$1 #bdi4 ,god1 m$ieval idea (1 #af4 ,gonzaghi1 #adf4 ,gov]nm5t1 ,guicci>d9i's !ories1 #cje4 ,see ,ma*iavelli4 ,graziani quot$1 #fad4 ,greek1 k (1 9 ,r5aissance1 #ahb4 ,gre5e1 ,r41 quot$1 #dgc4 ,gregorovius cit$1 #dba1 #dcj1 #dgi14 ,gu>9o1 #aga4 ,gu>ni]i1 #aeh4 ,guelphs & ,ghibeli9es1 #fi1 #bjf4 ,guicci>d9i1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #bie1 #dhb2 works1 #bia1 #bid1 #cja seq42 political !ories analyz$1 #cjd seq42 quot$1 #dd1 #ia1 #ib1 #aai1 #afi1 #bbc1 #bhd1 #djd1 #dji1 #dab1 #dag1 #dca1 #dcd1 #dea1 #ecf4 #eda4 #edg1 #edi1 #ehb1 #ehc1 #fjc4 ,h ,hawkwood1 ,j41 #aac4 ,hegel quot$1 #cfg4 ,hegel1 ,c1 cit$1 #beb4 ,h]ib]t1 #eh4 ,hildebr&1 #ei4 ,hirs* cit$1 #efg4 ,hog>?1 works1 #dij4 ,h[ell cit$1 #dgc4 ,hussites1 #i4 ,hutt51 #bg4 ,i ,infessura1 works1 #bib2 cit$1 #dje2 quot$1 #cie1 #djd1 #dgd1 ,innoc5t ,,viii41 #djc4 ,inquisition 9 ,spa91 #cii4 ,inv5tions ( ,r5aissance1 #bi4 ,italy1 hi/ory 7see ,condotti]i1 ,papacy71 its "*1 #cb2 papacy & empire1 #cc1 #da1 #dc1 #id1 #ig1 #ii2 v>iety ( gov]nm5ts1 #ce1 #dc2 _! influ5ce on national developm5t1 #dd2 politics1 #cf2 invasions1 #ci2 want ( hi/orical cont9uity1 #da2 ! despotisms1 #db2 orig9 ( mod]n hi/ory1 #df2 ! ,lomb>ds1 #dh2 ,*>les ! ,great1 #ea2 ,b]5g>1 #eb2 ,o?o ,i41 #eb2 gr[? ( p[] ( ,*ur*1 #ec2 ,fr$]ick ,i41 #fc2 ,*>les ( ,anj\1 #ge2 convulsions ( #ad? c5tury1 #ha2 /ates ( #ae? c5tury1 #hh2 ob/acles to unity1 #hi2 to mon>*y1 #ib2 to f$]alism1 #ie2 9 "t ( ,ma*iavelli1 #cfe2 policy ( ,lor5zo1 #edc2 equilibrium de/roy$1 #ede2 ,fr5* invasion1 #edi2 "* ( _! army1 #efe2 league aga9/ !m1 #egf2 cause ( _! failure1 #cdj2 effect ( _! example1 #ehc2 on o!r nations1 #ehe2 ,*>les ,v41 #ih4 ,italians incapable ( help+ !mselves1 #ehf2 responsible = _! despots1 #aae2 developm5t precoci\s & uns\nd1 #die2 fatal effects ( want ( union1 #ech1 #eeb4 ,! ,republics1 "* ( _! hi/ory1 #cc1 #aic2 beg9n+ ( ! p[] ( ! cities1 #ec2 _! orig91 #ed2 c\nt & bi%op1 #ee2 p1 #ee2 commune1 #ef2 consuls1 #ef2 effect ( /ruggle ( papacy & empire1 #fa2 influ5ce ( latt]1 #aih2 ,guelphs & ,ghibeli9es1 #fi1 #hj1 #bjf2 w>s ( cities1 #fb2 ,fr$]ic ,i41 #fd2 /ruggle ) nobles1 #ff2 ! pode/a1 #fg2 capta9 ( ! p1 #ga2 ! arti1 #gb2 di/9ction betwe5 p>ties1 #gd2 n repres5tative gov]nm5ts1 #aif2 n democratic1 #aie2 factions1 #aie1 #baj2 small numb] ( active citiz5s1 #bji2 temporal "* ( alliances1 #bab4 ,! ,despotisms1 #db1 #gf2 _! ju/ification1 #hc2 idea ( lib]ty1 #gh2 republican fre$om unkn[n1 #ia2 policy comm]cial1 #he2 taxation1 #hf2 diplomacy sub/itut$ = w>f>e1 #hg2 illegitimacy1 #ajb2 good gov]nm5t1 #ajc2 bad effect ( _! example1 #ajd2 c\rts1 #ajf1 #ahf2 v>ieties ( despotisms1 #aji2 claims ( despots due to =ce1 n rank1 #aaf2 _! democratic "*1 #aag2 unc]ta9ty ( t5ure ( p[]1 #aag1 #abi2 dome/ic crime1 #aai2 murd]s1 #abj2 ta/es & pursuits1 #abf2 deg5]acy ( _! h\ses1 #abf1 #aea2 bad effects ( rule1 #acj2 c5traliz+ t5d5cies1 #aca2 cruelty1 #aea2 abs5ce ( all morality1 #afh4 ,society4 ,:y ,italy took ! lead 9 ! ,r5aissance1 #e2 ,italians g5tle & humane1 #dgh2 n gluttons1 #dgi2 p]sonal orig9ality n disc\rag$1 #dhh2 ,italy orig9ates type ( g5tleman1 #aib2 c\rti]s1 idea ( nobility1 #ahf2 community ( int]e/ ) t ( ,roman ,*ur*1 #dgj2 immorality n great relatively1 #dhg2 sup]iority to _! contempor>ies1 #dhi2 purity ( _! art %[s t he>t ( ! p 0 n vitiat$1 #dhh2 comm]cial integrity1 #dgd2 demoralization ( society1 #dgb2 immorality came f above1 #dhi2 commonness ( crime1 #agj1 #dhj2 exceptions to rule1 #ahc2 murd]s1 #dhj2 defici5cy 9 s5se ( honor1 #dha2 *a/ity 9 wom51 #dhf2 unnatural passions1 #dgg2 *>ms ( illicit love1 #dgf2 immoral lit]ature1 #dge4 ,lit]ature1 e>ly1 #ec4 ,j ,jews1 expulsion f ,spa91 #djj4 ,julia1 daught] ( ,claudius1 #bb1 #bc4 ,julius ,,ii41 #chi1 #djf1 #dcb seq4 ,l ,lecce1 ,rob]to da1 #fad4 ,leo ,x41 #dce1 #fcj4 ,libr>ies ( ,r5aissance1 #ba4 ,locke1 ,j41 #bf4 ,lomb>ds1 #dh seq4 ,london1 m$iaeval1 #acg4 ,l\is ,,xii41 #cci4 ,lu9i1 works1 #dhi4 ,lungo1 del1 cit$1 #bgc4 ,lu!r1 #bf1 #ddb1 #ded1 #ecj4 ,m ,macaulay on ! despots1 #abg1 #cbj4 ,ma*iavelli1 #bcb1 #bgh1 #cjh seq42 prop]ty1 #cji2 education1 #caj2 political c>e]1 #caa2 cr++ "*1 #cag2 int]c\rse ) ,ces>e ,borgia1 #cdg2 comp>$ ) ,savon>ola1 #cfh2 la/ ye>s1 #cbh2 dea?1 #ccc4 ,works1 #gf1 #afi1 #bjc1 #bdi1 #ccb1 #cfi1 #deg1 #did2 milit>y sy/em1 #cab2 ,art ( ,w>1 #cbh2 ,hi/ory1 #cca2 ,! ,pr9ce1 #cai2 object 9 writ+ x1 #cba2 appeal to ! ,m$ici1 #cff2 apology = ! au?or1 #cfg2 morality ( ! "w1 #cbd-f2 au?or's s9c]ity1 #ccc2 n ! inv5tor ( ,ma*iavellianism1 #cce2 x assumes ,rep>ation ( /atecraft & morality1 #cce2 an ab/ract ( political exp$i5cy1 #ccf2 h[ p]man5tly to assimilate prov9ces1 #cch2 colonies1 #cch2 f\nd]s ( mon>*ies1 #cdc2 di/9ction betwe5 mon>* & despot1 #cda2 use ( cruelty1 #ced2 value ( di/ru/1 #ceh2 milit>y precautions1 #cfj2 ! "w condemn$ by ! ,inquisition1 #ccf2 op9ion ( x 9 ,france1 #cbf2 quot$1 #de1 #hb1 #hd1 #if1 #ih1 #aae1 #aaf1 #adf1 #aeb1 #ahg1 #bjb1 #bad1 #bae1 #bde1 #cbe1 #ddg1 #dej1 #dec1 #dfj4 ,madonna1 conv5tional idea (1 #ah4 ,malate/a1 #agb4 ,malesp9i1 *ronicle1 #bea4 ,mantegna1 works1 #dhi4 ,mantuanus1 ,b41 quot$1 #cid4 ,m>l[e quot$1 #ccf4 ,m>/on1 cit$1 #dgc1 #dge4 ,massa1 ,b4 da1 #faa4 ,masuccio quot$1 #deh1 #dhf4 ,mat>azzo1 works1 #bib2 quot$1 #ehc4 ,m$ici1 _! policy1 #hg1 #ij1 #abh1 #aee1 #bbh1 #bcj2 expulsion1 #bbb2 connection ) papacy1 #djd2 s]vices to lit]ature1 #fjj4 ,aless&ro1 #bih2 ,cosimo1 #cjj1 #dib2 ,lor5zo1 #ejd1 #fbh2 dea?1 #ebc2 ,pi]o1 #eeh4 ,mi*elet quot$1 #ae1 #ehe4 ,middle ,age3 m5tal condition1 #f1 #ac2 inaccessibility to m5tal ideas1 #g2 political "*1 #h2 art1 #ag2 s*ol>%ip1 #bj4 ,milan1 #eh2 ,visconti & ,s=za1 #aed4 ,milman quot$1 #ecj4 ,milton1 #ded4 ,mir&ola1 #aga1 #def1 #ebj2 quot$1 #dja1 #eaa4 ,monaldes*i1 ,l4 ,b41 #beb4 ,montf]rat1 #adf4 ,montone1 ,b4 da1 #abc1 #aei4 ,morals 7see ,italy1 society2 ,papacy1 c\rt2 ,virtu27 9 ,cell9i's memoirs1 #cbe2 sexual immorality1#dgd2 tyrannicide def5d$1 #dfh4 ,mu5tz1 ,e41 cit$1 #chd4 ,muzio quot$1 #agd4 ,n ,naples 7see ,italy71 attraction = =eign]s1 #eff2 claims ( h\se ( ,anj\1 #eci2 flight ( k+1 #egd4 ,n>di1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bij2 works1 #bia2 quot$1 #bib1 #eaa1 #ecd1 #eib4 ,n]li1 #bgh1 #bij2 works1 #bic seq42 quot$1 #cbh4 ,ni*olas ,v41 #cgh4 ,normans ,9 ,italy1 #eh4 ,o ,olgiati1 #aff4 ,ors9i1 #cge4 ,o?o #a41 #eb4 ,p ,pamponazzo1 #def4 ,p&olf9i1 #bci2 works1 #bda4 ,papacy 7see ,ca?olic ,*ur*71 ! gho/ ( ! ,roman empire1 #f2 *ur* & /ate1 #h2 ,*>les ! ,great1 #ea2 imp]ial nom9ees1 #ei2 *ange 9 mode ( election1 #fj2 effect ( cru%+ ! ,hoh5/auff51 #aja2 nepotism1 #aad2 au?ority 9 #ad? c5tury1 #cga1 #cge2 secul>ization1 #cga1 #cge2 temporal p[]1 #cgf2 its consolidation1 #cgh2 its ext5t1 #dcd2 p]secution1 #djb2 ( ,platoni/s1 #dag2 its effect1 #dah2 plan to trans=m ,papacy to k+dom1 #cib2 sale ( p>dons1 #djd1 #dci2 no horror felt at election ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 #daj2 ,turks invit$ to ,italy1 #dae1 #eea2 c5sure ( press1 #daf3 alliance ) ,france1 #dbg1 #eff2 political crimes ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 #dbh2 tide turns ) ,julius ,,ii41 #dcc2 re=ms ( ,adrian ,,vi41 #dda2 moral advantage ( sack ( ,rome1 #dde4 ,c\rt1 #cgb2 its sc&al\s hi/ory1 #cij1 #djc1 #daa1 #dad1 #dbj1 #dbd1 #dci1 #deg2 extravagance1 #cij1 #dcf1 #dcg2 extortion1 #dcg2 monopolies1 #cid2 nepotism1 #dai1 #dch2 simony1 #cid1 #dje1 #dad2 art patronage1 #chd1 #dja1 #dcc1 #dcf4 ,pat]9i1 #i4 ,paul ,,ii41 #chc4 ,pazzi conspiracy1 #cif4 ,p]rotti quot$1 #agi4 ,p]ugia1 #fab4 ,pesc>a1 m>quis (1 #fcd4 ,petr>*1 #aa1 #bj2 quot$1 #bej4 ,piccolom9i 7see ,pius ,,ii474 ,pisa1 #cdb1 #efj4 ,pitti1 #bge1 #bhj2 works1 #bia1 ,pius ,,ii41 #chj4 ,poggio quot$1 #ahg4 ,poliziano1 #aga1 ,poontano cit$1 #dha4 ,pr9t]s ( ,r5aissance1 #bc1 ,prov5ce1 civilization (1 #i4 ,puritanism1 #be1 #cg4 ,r ,raffaella quot$1 #dhc4 ,raphael1 works1 #dhh4 ,re=mation1 #dcc2 h[ affect$ by ,r5aissance1 #bg4 ,rembr&t1 works1 #dij4 ,r5aissance 7see ,middle ,age71 n synonym\s ) revival ( le>n+1 #a2 n complet$1 #b2 ext5t ( signification1 #b-c2 orig91 #d2 idea n sep>able f ,re=mation1 ,revolution1 #e2 effect on old beliefs1 #ad1 #af2 all its t5d5cies worldly1 #dee2 re/ores d\ble pa/1 ,*ri/ian & pagan1 #ejf2 ob/acles 9 ! way1 #e2 prep>ation1 #i2 opposition ( ! ,*ur*1 #aj2 "* ( ! m51 #ab2 discov]ies1 #ae2 s*ol>%ip1 #bj2 assimilation ( paganism1 #be2 reaction aga9/ enlight5m5t1 #be2 inv5tions1 #bi4 ,reu*l91 #bg4 ,reumont1 ,a4 von1 cit$1 #bab1 #ebd4 ,ripamonti quot$1 #afc1 #afg4 ,robbia1 works1 #dhi4 ,romagna1 #cdi4 ,romano1 ,ezzel9o da1 #fi1 #ge1 #ajf1 #aai2 ,giulio1 works1 #dij4 ,rome 7see ,italy1 ,papacy71 effect ( its ru9s1 #bec2 appe>ance at "t ( ,fr5* occupation1 #efd2 e>ly m$iaeval hi/ory1 #dg2 opposition to ,lomb>ds1 #di2 gov]nm5t semi-indep5d5t ( pope1 #cgf2 advantages d]iv$ f pres5ce ( papal c\rt1 #cgg2 improvem5ts "u ,ni*olas ,v41 #cgh2 impunity ( crim9als1 #dje2 factions de/roy$1 #dac2 ris+ ( ,colonnas1 #ddc2 sack1 #ddd1 #fcf2 pro/itutes1 #dgd4 ,romeo & ,juliet1 #gd1 ,rosell9i1 works1 #dhi1 ,ros5baum cit$1 #efg4 ,roy]e1 ,f4 della 7see ,sixtus ,,iv472 ,francesco ,m>ia1 #cic2 ,giuliano 7see ,julius ,,ii172 ,pietro1 #cij4 ,rub5s1 works1 #dij4 ,s ,sadoleto1 quot$1 #ddf4 ,savelli1 #cge4 ,savon>ola1 #bjb1 #bba1 #bcj1 #bgg1 #bhc1 #bij1 #cde1 #cfh1 #dec1 #ded1 #def1 #dia1 #dih seq41 #efa1 #fbb2 poems1 #ejb2 settles 9 ,flor5ce1 #ejd2 portraits1 #ejh2 eloqu5ce1 #eaj2 cre$1 #eac2 prophecies1 #ead2 political c>e]1 #ebf2 hatr$ ( secul> culture1 #ebg2 d>es n break ) ,rome1 #eca2 m>tyrdom1 #ecc2 works1 #ecf2 quot$1 #abh4 ,savoy1 #adf4 ,scala1 della1 family1 #ade1 #beh4 ,s*eff]-,bol*or/ cit$1 #beb1 #bfi4 ,segal1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhi2 works #bib1 seq4 ,s=za family1 #aca seq42 _! magnifici5ce1 #afd2 to be made k+s ( ,lomb>dy1 #cib2 ,francesco1 #aec1 #aei seq41 #cde2 ,galeazzo1 #afe2 ,ludovico1 #edc seq4 ,%elley cit$1 #dgg4 ,si5a1 #bjg1 #faf4 ,sismondi quot$1 #ach1 #add1 #aei1 #bbf1 #ecc4 ,sixtus ,,iv41 #chh seq41 #ejb4 ,sod]9i1 ,p41 #bhi1 #cbd4 ,spani>ds1 cruelty (1 #dgh4 ,sp9oza1 #bf4 ,/5dhal cit$1 #dhb4 ,/ephani1 !1 #bc4 ,/rozzi1 ,ercole1 #dbc2 ,f41 #bhe4 ,swiss1 #dej4 ,syphilis1 hi/ory (1 #efg4 ,t ,tasso1 #dhf4 ,temporal ,p[] 7see ,papacy74 ,t5da1 ,beatrice di1 #aeb4 ,!odoric1 #dg4 ,!ology1 effect ( ,r5aissance ^u1 #af4 ,tirabos*i1 quot$1 #agc4 ,titian1 works1 #ai ,torre1 della1 #acb4 ,tr9ci1 #abb4 ,u ,urb9o1 dukes (1 #agd seq41 #cic1 #dch4 ,v ,valois1 ,*>les (1 #gf4 ,v>ani1 #aba4 ,v>*i1 #bgh1 #bij2 works1 #bgi1 #cjc seq42 quot$1 #bjd1 #bdd1 #eje4 ,v5ice1 #gi1 #hh1 #ia2 an exception among ! republics1 #aie1 #bad2 con/itution1 #bae2 ! ,t51 #bah2 fasc9ation ex]cis$ by gov]nm5t1 #bbj2 milit>y sy/em1 #bbj2 no initiative m9+ citiz5s1 #bcc2 comp>$ ) ,sp>ta1 #bcd2 indiff]5ce to prosp]ity ( ,italy1 #eej4 ,vespusiano quot$1 #agd1 #dgg1 #fab4 ,vettori1 ,f41 #fbd2 works1 #fbf4 ,vic5za1 ,john (1 #fjg4 ,villani1 ,m41 works1 #bea seq41 quot$1 #abh1 #aci4 ,vill>i1 quot$1 #aie1 #ejj4 ,v9ci1 da1 #cbf1 #edh2 works1 #dhi4 ,virgil1 #bj4 ,virtu1 #aga1 #ccg1 #cde1 #dhd1 #dic4 ,visconti1 family1 #aca seq42 _! realm falls to pieces1 #aej2 ,filippo1 #aeb2 ,gisa1 #ada2 ,violante1 #acg4 ,w ,web/]1 ,j41 quot$1 #aai1 #eeg4 ,wit*craft p]secutions1 #djb4 ,y ,yri>te1 quot$1 #baj1 #bag4