,a ,library ,primer  ,john ,cotton ,dana
  ,third ,edition  ,library ,bureau1    
,chicago #aijc     ,copyright1 #ahii1 by
 ,library ,bureau     ,to ,samuel ,s4   
,green1 ,william ,i4 ,fletcher1 and     
,charles ,a4 ,cutter     ,,preface4  ,a 
library primer was published in the     
first six numbers of ,public ,libraries 
in #ahif4 ,it was quite largely made up 
of extracts from an article by ,dr      
,w4,f4 ,poole on ,the organization and  
management of public libraries1 which   
formed part of the report on ,public    
libraries in the ,u4,s41 published by   
the ,u4,s4 ,bureau of education in      
#ahgf2 from ,w4,i4 ,fletcher's ,public  
libraries in ,america2 from ,mary ,w4   
,plummer's ,hints to small libraries2   
and from papers in the ,library journal 
and ,a4,l4,a4 proceedings4  ,at the     
request of a number of people interested
 ,i have revised1 rewritten1 and        
extended the original draft for         
publication in book form4 ,additional   
material has been taken from many       

sources4 ,i have tried to give credit in
 good measure4 ,the prevailing tendency 
among librarians is to share ideas1 to  
give to one another the benefit of all  
their suggestions and experiences4 ,the 
result is a large fund of library       
knowledge which is common property4     
,from this fund most of this book is    
taken4  ,the ,library ,primer is what   
its name implies4 ,it does not try to be
 exhaustive in any part of the field4   
,it tries to open up the subject of     
library management for the small        
library1 and to show how large it is and
 how much librarians have yet to learn  
and to do4  ,the ,city library1         
,j4,c4,d4 ,springfield1 ,mass4          
,,contents  ,,chapter                   
,,page        ,i1 ,the                  
beginnings--,library law                
#i       ,,ii1 ,preliminary work        
#aj      ,,iii1 ,what does a public     
library do for a community8  #ab        
,,iv1 ,general policy of the library    
#ae        ,v1 ,trustees                

#ag       ,,vi1 ,the librarian          
#bj      ,,vii1 ,the trained librarian  
#bc     ,,viii1 ,rooms1 building1       
fixtures1 furniture            #be      
,,ix1 ,things needed in beginning work  
#cj        ,x1 ,the ,library ,bureau    
#ce       ,,xi1 ,selecting books        
#ci      ,,xii1 ,reference books for a  
small library             #df           
,,xiii1 ,reference work                 
#ec      ,,xiv1 ,reading room           
#eg       ,,xv1 ,list of periodicals    
#fa      ,,xvi1 ,buying books           
#fc     ,,xvii1 ,ink and handwriting    
#fi    ,,xviii1 ,care of books          
#gc      ,,xix1 ,accessioning           
#gf       ,,xx1 ,classifying            
#gh      ,,xxi1 ,decimal classification 
#ha     ,,xxii1 ,expansive              
classification                          
#hd    ,,xxiii1 ,author numbers or book 
marks                    #ia     ,,xxiv1
 ,shelf list                            
#ib      ,,xxv1 ,cataloging             
#id     ,,xxvi1 ,preparing books for the

 shelf                   #ii    ,,xxvii1
 ,binding and mending                   
#ajc   ,,xxviii1 ,pamphlets             
#ajh     ,,xxix1 ,public documents      
#aaj      ,,xxx1 ,checking the library  
#aac     ,,xxxi1 ,lists1 bulletins1 and 
printed catalogs         #aad           
,,xxxii1 ,charging systems              
#aaf   ,,xxxiii1 ,meeting the public    
#abb    ,,xxxiv1 ,the public library for
 the public              #abc           
,,xxxv1 ,advice to a librarian          
#abf    ,,xxxvi1 ,the librarian as a    
host                        #abh        
,,xxxvii1 ,making friends for the       
library                 #aca  ,,xxxviii1
 ,public libraries and recreation       
#acc    ,,xxxix1 ,books as useful tools 
#acd       ,,xl1 ,village library       
successfully managed           #ace     
,,xli1 ,rules for the public            
#acg     ,,xlii1 ,rules for trustees and
 employes                #adj           
,,xliii1 ,reports                       
#adf     ,,xliv1 ,library legislation   

#adg      ,,xlv1 ,a4,l4,a4 and other    
library associations          #aeb      
,,xlvi1 ,library schools and classes    
#aed    ,,xlvii1 ,library department of 
,n4,e4,a4                   #aef        
,,xlviii1 ,young people and the schools 
#aeg     ,,xlix1 ,how can the library   
assist the school8         #afj         
,l1 ,children's room                    
#afc       ,,li1 ,schoolroom libraries  
#afd      ,,lii1 ,children's home       
libraries                      #aff     
,,liii1 ,literary clubs and libraries   
#afh      ,,liv1 ,museums1 lectures1    
etc4                        #agj        
,,lv1 ,rules for the care of photographs
               #aga     ,library ,primer
   ,,chapter ,i  ,the                   
beginnings--,library law   ,if the      
establishment of a free public library  
in your town is under consideration1 the
 first question is probably this3 ,is   
there a statute which authorizes a tax  
for the support of a public library8    
,your state library commission1 if you  

have one1 will tell you if your state   
gives aid to local public libraries4 ,it
 will also tell you about your library  
law4 ,if you have no library commission1
 consult a lawyer and get from him a    
careful statement of what can be done   
under present statutory regulations4 ,if
 your state has no library law1 or none 
which seems appropriate in your         
community1 it may be necessary to       
suspend all work1 save the fostering of 
a sentiment favorable to a library1     
until a good law is secured4  ,in       
chapters #dd and #de will be found a    
list of state library commissions1      
important provisions in library laws1   
and the names of the states having the  
best library laws at present4  ,before  
taking any definite steps1 learn about  
the beginnings of other libraries by    
writing to people who have had          
experience1 and especially to libraries 
in communities similar in size and      
character to your own4 ,write to some of
 the new libraries in other towns and   

villages of your state1 and learn how   
they began4 ,visit several such         
libraries1 if possible1 the smaller the 
better if you are starting on a small   
scale4     ,,chapter ,,ii  ,preliminary 
work   ,often it is not well to lay     
great plans and invoke state aid at the 
very outset4 ,make a beginning1 even    
though it be small1 is a good general   
rule4 ,this beginning1 however petty it 
seems1 will give a center for further   
effort1 and will furnish practical      
illustrations for the arguments one may 
wish to use in trying to interest people
 in the movement4  ,each community has  
different needs1 and begins its library 
under different conditions4 ,consider   
then1 whether you need most a library   
devoted chiefly to the work of helping  
the schools1 or one to be used mainly   
for reference1 or one that shall run    
largely to periodicals and be not much  
more than a reading room1 or one        
particularly attractive to girls and    
women1 or one that shall not be much    

more than a cheerful resting-place1     
attractive enough to draw man and boy   
from street corner and saloon4 ,decide  
this question early1 that all effort may
 be concentrated to one end1 and that   
your young institution may suit the     
community in which it is to grow1 and   
from which it is to gain its strength4  
,having decided to have a library1 keep 
the movement well before the public4    
,the necessity of the library1 its great
 value to the community1 should be urged
 by the local press1 from the platform1 
and in personal talk4 ,include in your  
canvass all citizens1 irrespective of   
creed1 business1 or politics2 whether   
educated or illiterate4 ,enlist the     
support of teachers1 and through them   
interest children and parents4          
,literary1 art1 social1 and scientific  
societies1 ,chautauqua circles1 local   
clubs of all kinds should be champions  
of the movement4  ,in getting notices of
 the library's work in the newspapers1  
or in securing mention of it from the   

lecture platform1 or in clubs1 and      
literary1 artistic1 and musical         
societies1 it is better to refrain from 
figures and to deal chiefly in general  
statements about what the library aims  
to do and what it has done4             
,,chapter ,,iii  ,what does a public    
library do for a community8   ,and what 
good does a public library do8 ,what is 
it for8  #a7 ,it supplies the public    
with recreative reading4 ,to the masses 
of the people--hard-worked and living   
humdrum lives--the novel comes as an    
open door to an ideal life1 in the      
enjoyment of which one may forget1 for a
 time1 the hardships or the tedium of   
the real4 ,one of the best functions of 
the public library is to raise this     
recreative reading of the community to  
higher and higher levels2 to replace    
trash with literature of a better order4
  #b7 ,a proper and worthy aim of the   
public library is the supplying of books
 on every profession1 art1 or           
handicraft1 that workers in every       

department who care to study may perfect
 themselves in their work4  #c7 ,the    
public library helps in social and      
political education--in the training of 
citizens4 ,it is1 of course1 well       
supplied with books and periodicals     
which give the thought of the best      
writers on the economic and social      
questions now under earnest discussion4 
#d7 ,the highest and best influence of  
the library may be summed up in the     
single word1 culture4 ,no other word so 
well describes the influence of the     
diffusion of good reading among the     
people in giving tone and character to  
their intellectual life4  #e7 ,the free 
reading room connected with most of our 
public libraries1 and the library proper
 as well1 if it be rightly conducted1 is
 a powerful agent for counteracting the 
attractions of saloons and low resorts4 
,especially useful is it to those boys  
and young men who have a dormant        
fondness for reading and culture1 but   
lack home and school opportunities4  #f7

 ,the library is the ever-ready helper  
of the school-teacher4 ,it aids the work
 of reading circles and other           
home-culture organizations1 by          
furnishing books required and giving    
hints as to their value and use2 it adds
 to the usefulness of courses of        
lectures by furnishing lists of books on
 the subjects to be treated2 it allies  
itself with university extension work2  
in fact1 the extension lecture given in 
connection with the free use of a good  
library seems to be the ideal university
 of the people4  ,the public library1   
then1 is a means for elevating and      
refining the taste1 for giving greater  
efficiency to every worker1 for         
diffusing sound principles of social and
 political action1 and for furnishing   
intellectual culture to all4  ,the      
library of the immediate future for the 
,american people is unquestionably the  
free public library1 brought under      
municipal ownership1 and1 to some       
extent1 municipal control1 and treated  

as part of the educational system of the
 state4 ,the sense of ownership in it   
makes the average man accept and use the
 opportunities of the free public       
library while he will turn aside from   
book privileges in any other guise4     
,that the public library is a part of   
the educational system should never be  
lost sight of in the work of            
establishing it1 or in its management4  
,to the great mass of the people it     
comes as their first and only           
educational opportunity4 ,the largest   
part of every man's education is that   
which he gives himself4 ,it is for this 
individual1 self-administered education 
that the public library furnishes the   
opportunity and the means4 ,the schools 
start education in childhood2 libraries 
carry it on4     ,,chapter ,,iv         
,suggestions as to general policy of the
 library   ,in general1 remember always 
#a7 that the public owns its public     
library1 and #b7 that no useless lumber 
is more useless than unused books4      

,people will use a library1 not because1
 in others' opinions1 they ought to1 but
 because they like to4 ,see to it1 then1
 that the new library is such as its    
owner1 the public1 likes2 and the only  
test of this liking is use4 ,open wide  
the doors4 ,let regulations be few and  
never obtrusive4 ,trust ,american genius
 for self-control4 ,remember the        
deference for the rights of others with 
which you and your fellows conduct      
yourselves in your own homes1 at public 
tables1 at general gatherings4 ,give the
 people at least such liberty with their
 own collection of books as the         
bookseller gives them with his4 ,let the
 shelves be open1 and the public        
admitted to them1 and let the open      
shelves strike the keynote of the whole 
administration4 ,the whole library      
should be permeated with a cheerful and 
accommodating atmosphere4 ,lay this down
 as the first rule of library           
management2 and for the second1 let it  
be said that librarian and assistants   

are to treat boy and girl1 man and      
woman1 ignorant and learned1 courteous  
and rude1 with uniform good-temper      
without condescension2 never pertly4    
,finally1 bear in mind these two        
doctrines1 tempering the one with the   
other3 #a7 that the public library is a 
great educational and moral power1 to be
 wielded with a full sense of its great 
responsibilities1 and of the            
corresponding danger of their neglect or
 perversion2 #b7 that the public library
 is not a business office1 though it    
should be most business-like in every   
detail of its management2 but is a      
center of public happiness first1 of    
public education next4     ,,chapter ,v 
,trustees  ,condensed from paper by     
,c4,c4 ,soule   #a7 ,size of the        
board4--,the library board should be    
small1 in small towns not over three    
members4 ,in cities a larger board has  
two advantages3 it can include men      
exceptionally learned in library        
science1 and it can represent more      

thoroughly different sections of the    
town and different elements in the      
population4  #b7 ,term of office4--,the 
board should be divided into several    
groups1 one group going out of office   
each year4 ,it would be wise if no      
library trustee could hold office for   
more than three successive terms of     
three years each4 ,a library can1 under 
this plan1 keep in close touch with     
popular needs and new ideas4  #c7       
,qualifications4--,the ideal            
qualifications for a trustee of a public
 library--a fair education and love of  
books being taken for granted--are3     
sound character1 good judgment1 common  
sense1 public spirit1 capacity for work1
 literary taste1 representative fitness4
 ,don't assume that because a man has   
been prominent in political business or 
social circles he will make a good      
trustee4 ,capacity and willingness to   
work are more useful than a taste for   
literature without practical qualities4 
,general culture and wide reading are   

generally more serviceable to the public
 library than the knowledge of the      
specialist or scholar4 ,see that        
different sections of the town's        
interests are represented4 ,let neither 
politics nor religion enter into the    
choice of trustees4  #d7 ,duties4--,the 
trustee of the public library is elected
 to preserve and extend the benefits of 
the library as the people's university4 
,he can learn library science only by   
intelligent observation and study4 ,he  
should not hold his position unless he  
takes a lively interest in the library1 
attends trustees' meetings1 reads the   
library journals1 visits other libraries
 than his own1 and keeps close watch of 
the tastes and requirements of his      
constituency4 ,his duties include the   
care of funds1 supervision of           
expenditures1 determination of the      
library's policy1 general direction of  
choice and purchase of books1 selection 
of librarian and assistants1 close watch
 of work done1 and comparison of the    

same with results reached in other      
libraries4  ,a large board ordinarily   
transacts business through its chairman1
 secretary1 treasurer1 and one or more  
committees4 ,it is doubtful if the      
librarian should act as secretary of the
 board4 ,the treasurer1 if he holds the 
funds in his hands1 should always be put
 under bonds4 ,it is well to have as    
many committees as can be actively      
employed in order to enlist the         
cooeperation of all the trustees4  ,the 
executive committee should take charge  
of the daily work of the library1 of    
purchases1 and of the care of the       
building2 they should carry their duties
 as far as possible without assuming too
 much of the responsibility which       
properly belongs to the full board4 ,it 
will be best to entrust the choice of   
books to a book committee appointed for 
that purpose purely4 ,the finance       
committee should make and watch         
investments and see that purchases are  
made on most favorable terms4  #e7      

,relations with the librarian4--,the    
trustees are the responsible managers of
 the library2 the librarian is their    
agent1 appointed to carry out their     
wishes4 ,if they have1 however1 a       
first-class librarian1 the trustees     
ought to leave the management of the    
library practically to him1 simply      
supplementing his ability without       
impeding it4 ,they should leave to a    
librarian of good executive ability the 
selection1 management1 and dismissal of 
all assistants1 the methods and details 
of library work1 and the initiative in  
the choice of books4 ,a wise librarian  
the trustees may very properly take into
 their confidence1 and invite his       
presence at all meetings1 where his     
advice would be of service4  #f7 ,other 
employes4--,efficiency of employes can  
best be obtained through application of 
the cardinal principles of an           
enlightened civil service1 viz41        
absolute exclusion of all political and 
personal influence1 appointment for     

definitely ascertained fitness1         
promotion for merit1 and retention      
during good behavior4     ,,chapter ,,vi
  ,the librarian   ,if circumstances    
permit1 the librarian should be engaged 
even before the general character of the
 library and plan of administration have
 been determined upon4 ,if properly     
selected1 he or she will be a person of 
experience in these matters1 and will be
 able to give valuable advice4          
,politics1 social considerations1 church
 sympathies1 religious prejudices1      
family relationship--none of these      
should be allowed to enter into his     
selection4 ,secure an efficient officer1
 even at what may seem at first a       
disproportionate expense4 ,save money in
 other ways1 but never by employing a   
forceless man or woman in the position  
of chief librarian4  ,recent            
developments of schools of library      
economy1 and recent rapid growth of     
public libraries throughout the country1
 have made it possible for any new      

library to secure good material for a   
librarian4 ,if lack of funds or other   
conditions make it necessary to employ  
some local applicant1 it will be wise to
 insist that that person1 if not already
 conversant with library economy1 shall 
immediately become informed on the      
subject4 ,it will not be easy1 it may   
not be possible1 for trustees to inform 
themselves as to library organization   
and administration4 ,they can1 however1 
with very little difficulty1 so far     
inform themselves as to be able to judge
 whether the person they select for     
their chief officer is taking pains to  
acquaint himself with the literature of 
the subject1 or trying to get in touch  
with the knowledge and experience of    
others4 ,they should not submit for a   
moment to ignorance or indifference on  
the part of their chosen administrator4 
,success or failure of a library1 as of 
a business1 depends on the ability of   
the man or woman at its head1 and only  
trained men and women should be in      

charge4 ,the business of the librarian  
is a profession1 and a practical        
knowledge of the subject is never so    
much needed as in starting a new        
enterprise4  ,the librarian should have 
culture1 scholarship1 and executive     
ability4 ,he should keep always in      
advance of his community1 and constantly
 educate it to make greater demands upon
 him4 ,he should be a leader and a      
teacher1 earnest1 enthusiastic1 and     
intelligent4 ,he should be able to win  
the confidence of children1 and wise to 
lead them by easy steps from good books 
to the best4 ,he has the greatest       
opportunity of any teacher in the       
community4 ,he should be the teacher of 
teachers4 ,he should make the library a 
school for the young1 a college for     
adults1 and the constant center of such 
educational activity as will make       
wholesome and inspiring themes the      
burden of the common thought4 ,he should
 be enough of a bookworm to have a      
decided taste and fondness for books1   

and at the same time not enough to be   
such a recluse as loses sight of the    
point of view of those who know little  
of books4  ,as the responsible head of  
the institution1 he should be consulted 
in all matters relating to its          
management4 ,the most satisfactory      
results are obtained in those libraries 
where the chief librarian is permitted  
to appoint assistants1 select books1 buy
 supplies1 make regulations1 and decide 
methods of cataloging1 classifying1 and 
lending2 all subject to the approval of 
the trustees4 ,trustees should impose   
responsibility1 grant freedom1 and exact
 results4  ,to the librarian himself one
 may say3 ,be punctual2 be attentive2   
help develop enthusiasm in your         
assistants2 be neat and consistent in   
your dress2 be dignified but courteous  
in your manner4 ,be careful in your     
contracts2 be square with your board2 be
 concise and technical2 be accurate2 be 
courageous and self-reliant2 be careful 
about acknowledgments2 be not worshipful

 of your work2 be careful of your       
health4 ,last of all1 be yourself4      
,,chapter ,,vii  ,the trained librarian 
in a small library  ,julia ,a4 ,hopkins1
 of the ,rochester 7,n4,y47 ,public     
library1 in ,public ,libraries1         
,december1 #ahig   ,the value of        
training for the man or woman who shall 
take charge of a large city library is  
now so firmly established that no one   
thinks of discussing the question4 ,if  
it is true that technical training is   
essential for the headship of a large   
library1 why is it not equally necessary
 for that of a small library8 ,trained  
service is always of greater value than 
untrained service1 be the sphere great  
or small4 ,if a woman argued from the   
standpoint that1 because the house she  
was to take charge of had only seven    
rooms instead of twenty she needed to   
know nothing of cooking1 sweeping1 and  
the other details of household work1 ,i 
am afraid that her house and her family 
would suffer for her ignorance4 ,so in  

many departments of library work the    
accident of size makes little or no     
difference2 the work is precisely the   
same4 ,the difference lies in the fact  
that the head of a large library        
oversees and directs the work done by   
others1 where the village librarian     
must1 in many cases1 do all of the work 
himself4 ,in the distinctly professional
 duties1 such as the ordering1          
classifying1 and cataloging of books1   
there is a difference only in amount    
between the greater and the less4 ,and  
it is precisely these professional      
duties of which the person untrained in 
library work is in most cases wofully   
ignorant4  ,it is inevitable that in    
starting a library there should be some 
mistakes made2 but with a trained       
librarian in charge1 these mistakes will
 be fewer in number4 ,for example1 what 
does the novice know of classification8 
,he realizes that the books1 for        
convenience in use1 must be grouped in  
classes4 ,if he has had the use of a    

good library 7as a college student      
would7 he has some idea as to how the   
class divisions are made1 and knows also
 that there must be some sort of        
notation for the classes4 ,necessity    
being the mother of invention1 he       
contrives some plan for bringing        
together books on the same subject4 ,but
 with the addition of books to the      
library and the demand which growth     
makes1 he finds that constant changes   
have to be made in order to get books   
into their right places2 and then some  
day he awakens to the fact that there is
 some perfectly well-known and adopted  
system of classification which will     
answer all his purposes1 and be a great 
deal more satisfactory in its           
adaptability to the needs of his library
 than the one he has been struggling to 
evolve4 ,then he exclaims in despair3   
,if ,i had only known of that at the    
beginning6 ,he feels that the hours     
which he has spent in rearranging his   
books1 taking them out of one class and 

putting them into another1 although     
hours of such hard work1 are in reality 
so many hours of wasted time4 ,and he is
 right2 for every minute spent in       
unnecessary work is so much lost time4  
,not only that1 but it is unnecessary   
expense1 and one of the most important  
things which a small library has to     
consider is economy4  ,is it not of     
value to the library that its librarian 
should know how best to expend the money
 given him to use8 that he should not   
have to regret hours of time lost over  
useless experiments8 ,surely if training
 teaches a librarian a wise expenditure 
of money and an economy of time1 then   
training must be valuable4     ,,chapter
 ,,viii  ,rooms1 building1 fixtures1    
furniture   ,the trustees will be wise  
if they appoint their librarian before  
they erect a building1 or even select   
rooms1 and leave these matters largely  
to him4 ,they should not be in haste to 
build4 ,as a rule it is better to start 
in temporary quarters1 and let the      

building fund accumulate while trustees 
and librarian gain experience1 and the  
needs of the library become more        
definite4 ,plans should be made with the
 future enlargement of the building in  
view2 libraries increase more rapidly   
than is generally supposed4  ,rooms of  
peculiar architecture are not required  
for the original occupation and         
organization of a library4 ,the         
essential requirements are a central    
location1 easy access1 ample space1 and 
sufficient light4 ,the library and the  
reading room should be1 if possible1 on 
the same floor4 ,make the exterior      
attractive1 and the entrance inviting4  
,in arranging the rooms1 or building1   
plan from the first1 as already         
suggested1 to permit visitors to go to  
the books themselves4  ,a collection of 
the printed matter on library           
architecture should be carefully studied
 by both trustees and librarian before  
any plans are made4 ,while no specific  
plan can be recommended that would suit 

all cases1 there are a few general rules
 that meet with the approval of the     
library profession as a whole4 ,they    
maybe thus summed up1 following in the  
main a paper on the subject by ,c4,c4   
,soule3  ,a library building should be  
planned for library work4  ,every       
library building should be planned      
especially for the kind of work to be   
done1 and the community to be served4   
,the interior arrangement ought to be   
planned before the exterior is          
considered4  ,no convenience of         
arrangement should be sacrificed for    
mere architectural effect4  ,the plan   
should be adapted to probabilities and  
possibilities of growth and development4
  ,simplicity of decoration is essential
 in the working rooms and reading rooms4
  ,the building should be planned with a
 view to economical administration4     
,the rooms for public use should be so  
arranged as to allow complete           
supervision with the fewest possible    
attendants4  ,there should be throughout

 as much natural light as possible4     
,windows should extend up to the        
ceiling1 to light thoroughly the upper  
part of every room4  ,windows in a book 
room should be placed opposite the      
intervals between bookcases4  ,in a     
circulating library the books most in   
use should be shelved in floor cases    
close to the delivery desk4  ,a space of
 at least five feet should be left      
between floor cases4 7,if the public is 
excluded1 three feet is ample47  ,no    
shelf1 in any form of bookcase1 should  
be higher than a person of moderate     
height can reach without a stepladder4  
,shelving for folios and quartos should 
be provided in every book room4         
,straight flights are preferable to     
circular stairs4  ,the form of shelving 
which is growing in favor is the        
arrangement of floor cases in large     
rooms with space between the tops of the
 bookcases and the ceiling for          
circulation of air and the diffusion of 
light4  ,modern library plans provide   

accommodations for readers near the     
books they want to use whatever system  
of shelving is adopted4  ,single shelves
 should not be more than three feet     
long1 on account of the tendency to sag4
 ,ten inches between shelves1 and a     
depth of eight inches1 are good         
dimensions for ordinary cases4 ,shelves 
should be made movable and easily       
adjustable4 ,many devices are now in the
 market for this purpose1 several of    
which are good4  ,don't cut up your     
library with partitions unless you are  
sure they are absolutely necessary4     
,leave everything as open as possible4  
,a light rail will keep intruders out of
 a private corner1 and yet will not shut
 out light1 or prevent circulation of   
air1 or take away from the feeling of   
openness and breadth the library room   
ought to have4  ,for interior finish use
 few horizontal moldings2 they make     
traps for dust4 ,use such shades at the 
windows as will permit adjustment for   
letting in light at top or bottom1 or   

both4 ,the less ornamentation in the    
furniture the better4 ,a simple pine or 
white-wood table is more dignified and  
easier kept clean than a cheaply carved 
one of oak4 ,but get solid1             
honestly-made1 simple furniture of oak  
or similar wood1 if funds permit4       
,arm-chairs are not often desirable4    
,they take up much room1 are heavy to   
move1 and are not easy to get in and out
 of at a table4 ,in many cases simple   
stools on a single iron standard1       
without a revolving top1 fastened to the
 floor1 are more desirable than chairs4 
,the loafer doesn't like them2 very few 
serious students object to them4  ,a    
stack room for small libraries is not   
advisable4 ,don't crowd your cases close
 together unless it is absolutely       
necessary4  ,an excellent form of wooden
 case is one seven feet high1 with      
shelves three feet long and seven and a 
half inches wide1 supported on iron     
pegs4 ,the pegs fit into a series of    
holes bored one inch apart in the sides 

of the case1 thus making the shelves    
adjustable4 ,these pegs can be bought in
 the market in several shapes4 ,the     
shelves have slots cut in the under side
 at the ends to hold the projecting ends
 of the pegs1 thus giving no            
obstructions to the free movement of the
 books4 ,with some forms of pegs the    
slots are not needed4 ,the uprights are 
made of inch and a half stuff1 or even  
inch and an eighth4 ,the shelves are    
inch stuff1 finished to seven-eighths of
 an inch4 ,the backs are half inch      
stuff1 tongued and grooved and put in   
horizontally4 ,this case-unit 7#c' x #g'
 x #h7 may be doubled or trebled1 making
 cases six and nine feet long2 or it may
 be made double-faced4 ,if double-faced1
 and nine feet long1 it will hold about 
a thousand books of ordinary size when  
full4 ,it is often well to build several
 of your cases short and with a single  
front--wall cases--as they are when in  
this form more easily adjusted to the   
growing needs of the library4  ,a       

library can never do its best work until
 its management recognizes the duty and 
true economy of providing skilled       
assistants1 comfortable quarters1 and   
the best library equipment of fittings  
and supplies4  ,for cases1 furniture1   
catalog cases1 cards1 trays1 and        
labor-saving devices of all kinds1      
consult the catalog of the ,library     
,bureau4  ,very many libraries1 even the
 smallest1 find it advantageous to use  
for book cases what are known as steel  
stacks4 ,the demand for these cases has 
been so great from libraries1 large and 
small1 that shelving made from a        
combination of wood and steel has been  
very successfully adapted to this use1  
and at a price within the reach of all  
libraries4 ,one of the principal        
advantages in buying such steel stack   
shelving1 with parts all                
interchangeable1 is that in the         
rearrangement of a room1 or in moving   
into a new room or a new building1 it   
can be utilized to advantage1 whereas   

the common wooden book cases very       
generally cannot4     ,,chapter ,,ix    
,things needed in beginning             
work--,books1 periodicals1 and tools    
,the books and other things included in 
the following list--except those starred
 or excepted in a special note1 the     
purchase of which can perhaps be        
deferred until the library contains a   
few thousand volumes--are essential to  
good work1 and should be purchased1 some
 of them as soon as a library is        
definitely decided upon1 the others as  
soon as books are purchased and work is 
actually begun4  ,i4 ,,books            
99,american catalog of books in print   
from #ahgf-ahif1 #ev4 with annual       
supplement4 ,the ,publishers' weekly1   
,n4,y4 ,several of the volumes are out  
of print4 ,all are expensive4 ,they are 
not needed by the very small library4   
,the recent years of the annual volumes 
are essential4  ,card catalog rules2    
accessions-book rules2 shelf-list rules2
 ,library ,bureau1 #ahii1 #a4be4 ,these 

are called the ,library school rules4   
,catalog of ,a4,l4,a4 library2 #ejjjv4  
for a popular library1 selected by the  
,american ,library ,association1 and    
shown at the ,world's ,columbian        
exhibition1 ,washington1 #ahic4 ,sent   
free from the ,united ,states ,bureau of
 education4  99,english catalog1        
#ahce-ahif1 #ev41 with annual           
supplement4 ,the annual supplements for 
recent years are needed by the small    
library2 the others are not4  ,five     
thousand books1 an easy guide to books  
in every department4 ,compiled for the  
,ladies' home journal1 #ahie4 ,curtis   
,publishing ,company1 ,philadelphia1    
,pa4 ,paper1 #aj cents4 ,out of print1  
but can probably be found second-hand4  
,fletcher1 ,w4,i4 ,public ,libraries in 
,america1 #ahid4 ,roberts ,bros41       
,boston1 #a4  ,library ,bureau catalog1 
containing list of library tools1       
fittings1 and appliances of all kinds1  
#ahih4 ,to be obtained of the ,library  
,bureau1 ,chicago1 #bae ,madison ,st42  

,boston1 #ecj ,atlantic ,ave42 ,new     
,york1 #bej ,broadway2 ,philadelphia1   
#aab ,n4 ,broad ,st42 ,washington1 #adaf
 ,f ,st41 ,n4,w4  ,plummer1 ,m4,w4      
,hints to small libraries1 #ahih4       
,truslove  ,comba1 ,n4,y41 #ej cents4   
,public library handbook1 by the ,public
 library1 ,denver1 #ahid4 ,out of print4
  ,publishers' trade list annual1 #aijj1
 v4 #bh4 ,office of the ,publishers'    
weekly1 ,n4,y41 #b4 ,catalogs of all    
important ,american publishers bound    
together in one volume4  ,reference     
catalog of current literature1 #ahih4   
,catalogs of ,english publishers1 bound 
in one volume and indexed4 ,j4 ,whitaker
  ,sons1 ,london1 #e4  ,rules for an    
author and title catalog1 condensed4    
,see ,cutter1 ,rules for a dictionary   
catalog1 #ahia1 p4 #ii-ajc4 ,sent from  
the ,united ,states ,bureau of          
education1 ,washington1 free4 ,these are
 the rules adopted by the ,american     
,library ,association4  99,sonnenschein1
 ,w4,s4 ,best books1 readers' guide1    

#ahia4 ,sonnenschein1 ,london1 #h4      
,gives author1 title1 publisher and     
price of about #ej1jjj carefully        
selected and carefully classified books4
  ,sonnenschein1 ,w4,s4 ,reader's guide 
to contemporary literature 7#ej1jjjv471 
supplement to ,best books1 #ahie4       
,sonnenschein1 ,london1 #f4ej4          
99,subject headings for use in          
dictionary catalogs1 ,library ,bureau1  
#ahih1 #b4 ,in a small library this is  
not needed1 but it will save trouble to 
get it4  ,lawrence1 ,i4 ,classified     
reading4 ,a list with publishers and    
prices of books for the school1 the     
library1 and the home1 #ahih4 ,normal   
school1 ,st ,cloud1 ,minn41 #a4be4      
,iles1 ,george4 ,list of books for girls
 and women and their clubs1 #ahie4      
,library ,bureau1 #a4  ,world's library 
congress1 papers prepared for1 held at  
,world's ,columbian exposition1         
,chicago1 #ahic4 ,united ,states ,bureau
 of education1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41     
free4 ,covers very fully the entire     

field of library economy4  ,,ii4        
,,periodicals  ,book news1 monthly4     
,wanamaker1 ,philadelphia1 #ej cents4   
7,book reviews47  ,dial1 semi-monthly1  
#bd ,adams ,st41 ,chicago1 #b4 7,book   
reviews1 notes and essays47             
,literature1 weekly4 ,harper  ,bros41   
,n4,y41 #d4 7,current ,english and      
,american literature47  ,nation1 weekly4
 ,new ,york1 #c4 7,book reviews1 art1   
politics47  ,publishers' weekly1 the    
,american book trade journal1 #ei ,duane
 ,st41 ,n4,y41 #e4 7,lists nearly all   
,american and best ,english books as    
published47  ,library journal1 monthly1 
#e a year1 #eh ,duane ,st41 ,new ,york4 
,this is the official organ of the      
,american ,library ,association4        
,public libraries1 monthly1 #a a year1  
#bae ,madison ,st41 ,chicago4 ,presents 
library methods in a manner especially  
helpful to small libraries4  ,new ,york 
,times ,saturday review of books and    
art4 ,the ,times1 ,n4,y41 #a4  ,monthly 
cumulative book index4 ,an author1      

title1 and subject index to the books   
published during the current year1      
brought up to date in one alphabet each 
month4 ,morris  ,wilson1 ,minneapolis1  
,minn41 #a4ej  ,,iii4 ,,other ,,things  
,accession book4 ,see catalog of the    
,library ,bureau4 ,for a very small     
library a common blank-book will do4    
,agreement blanks1 which the borrower   
signs before getting his borrower's card
 giving him the right to use the        
library4 ,see chapter on charging       
systems4  ,book cards4 ,see chapter on  
charging systems1 and ,library ,bureau  
catalog4  ,book pockets4 ,see ,library  
,bureau catalog1 and also chapter on    
charging systems4  ,borrowers' cards4   
,given to borrowers as evidence of their
 right to draw books4 ,see chapter on   
charging systems4  ,borrowers' register1
 best kept on cards4 ,see chapter on    
charging systems4  ,catalog cards4      
,these are of two sizes and many        
thicknesses4 ,select what suits you4    
,see ,library ,bureau catalog4  ,catalog

 case4 ,see ,library ,bureau catalog4   
,for a very small library a few japanned
 tin trays will serve4 ,but your catalog
 will grow faster than you suppose4     
,cole size card2 a sheet marked in such 
a way as to give one at a glance the    
proper letter to use in indicating the  
size of any book placed on it4 ,see     
,library ,bureau catalog4 ,in a very    
small library not needed4               
,classification scheme4 ,see chapters on
 classification4  ,cutter author table  
for book numbers4 ,see chapter on book  
numbers4 ,for a very small library one  
can use numbers only4  ,daters and ink  
pads for dating borrowers' cards1 etc4  
,the pencil daters are best4 ,see       
chapter on charging systems4  ,ink4 ,for
 all outside labels use ,higgins'       
,american drawing ink1 waterproof4 ,for 
book cards1 borrowers' cards1 etc41 use 
any good black1 non-copying ink4        
,carter's fluid is very good4  ,labels4 
,round ones are best and those ready    
gummed do well if carefully put on4     

,dennison's #hh;,a are good4  ,paste4   
,binder's paste is good2 for library use
 it needs thinning4 ,higgins' photo     
mounter and other like bottled pastes   
are better4  ,rubber stamps and ink pad 
for marking books with name of library4 
,see chapter on preparing books for the 
shelves4  ,shelf list cards4 ,see       
,library ,bureau catalog4  ,shelf list  
sheets 7or cards74 ,see ,library ,bureau
 catalog4 ,in a very small library      
sheets of ordinary ruled writing paper  
will serve4 ,it is better1 however1 to  
get the right thing at the start4       
,,chapter ,x  ,the relation of the      
,library ,bureau to libraries  ,geo4 ,b4
 ,meleney1 ,ch4 ,mgr41 in ,public       
,libraries1 ,may1 #ahif   ,the          
consideration of the relations of the   
,library ,bureau to libraries brings us 
back to the organization of the         
,american ,library ,association in      
#ahgf4 ,at this gathering of the        
prominent librarians of the country1 the
 discussion of methods brought out the  

lack of unanimity in1 and the need of   
cooeperation for1 a uniform system in   
the various branches of library work4   
,to carry out uniform methods requires  
uniform material1 and this was hard to  
obtain4 ,the ,american ,library         
,association as such1 of course1 could  
not take up a business venture of this  
kind1 but it was decided to advise an   
organization for keeping on sale such   
supplies and library aids as the        
association might decide were needed4   
,the ,library ,bureau was then organized
 for this purpose1 and has continued to 
keep the same relation toward the       
library association as was originally   
intended4 ,referring to the numbers of  
the ,library ,bureau catalogs1 one may  
trace the history of the development not
 only of the appliances furnished by the
 ,library ,bureau1 but also of ideas of 
library economy as they are gathered    
there from every source4 ,it confined   
its attention at first to libraries     
only1 the business being divided into   

four departments3 employment1 to bring  
together libraries and librarians2      
consultation1 to give expert advice on  
any phase of any library question2      
publication1 to publish the various     
needed helps 7from point of usefulness  
to libraries rather than profit to      
publishers72 supply1 to furnish at lower
 prices all articles recommended by the 
,a4,l4,a41 and to equip any library with
 best known devices in everything       
needful4 ,among the things noticed in   
these departments are catalog cards1    
cases1 trays1 and outfits1 book         
supports1 blanks1 book pockets1 boxes1  
desks1 inks1 etc4 ,some specialties are 
noted in library devices1 and helpful   
advice as to their economical use is    
given4 ,the successive catalogs follow  
the same line1 attention being directed 
toward all improvements in old material1
 and to all advanced work in library    
administration wherever found4 ,not all 
the material recommended was            
manufactured by the ,library ,bureau1   

but a generous spirit is shown in       
recommending any device1 plan1 or       
publication known to be helpful to the  
library profession4 ,it has brought to  
notice many notable contributions to    
library literature1 such as the ,author 
table1 by ,c4,a4 ,cutter1 of the ,boston
 athenaeum2 ,decimal classification and 
relative index and ,library notes1 by   
,melvil ,dewey2 ,library journal2       
,library school rules2 ,perkins' manual2
 ,linderfelt's rules2 ,sargent's        
,reading for the young2 ,lists of books 
for different clubs2 ,subject headings  
of ,a4,l4,a41 etc4 ,the ,library ,bureau
 catalog itself is one of the best      
library aids ever published4 ,these     
catalogs have always been sent free to  
library workers4  ,libraries grew in    
numbers and size largely because of the 
enthusiasm of earnest workers1 but very 
frequently with hardly enough financial 
assistance to warrant more than the     
purchase of a few books1 and frequently 
with limited knowledge of how to make   

the small store of use to the waiting   
public4 ,the management of the ,library 
,bureau at this time was certainly doing
 a missionary work2 but its chief       
problem was the financial one1 or how to
 make both ends meet1 and it was not    
until library methods were introduced   
into business houses that this question 
was solved4 ,the constant and untiring  
efforts of the management of the        
,library ,bureau toward the assistance  
and upbuilding of the smaller and       
younger libraries have had much to do   
with the growth of library sentiment1   
which is now so apparent on every hand1 
and indirectly this knowledge of library
 work and library methods has done much 
to enlarge the facilities of the        
,library ,bureau4  ,from a very         
unpretentious concern1 publishing a few 
library aids1 manufacturing such library
 devices as could not be obtained       
elsewhere1 and keeping for sale a few   
articles of library furnishing1 the     
,library ,bureau has grown to be a      

corporation of no small proportions1    
having numerous branches both in this   
country and ,europe1 maintaining a card 
factory1 cabinet works in ,boston and   
,chicago1 and facilities for the        
manufacture of steel stacks unexcelled  
in this country4  ,the ,library ,bureau1
 however1 has never forgotten the cause 
of its birth or the teachings of its    
youth1 as is clearly evidenced from year
 to year by the various undertakings and
 publications which a careful observer  
can clearly see are not put forward with
 any presage of success when viewed     
entirely from a business standpoint4    
,this lesson is constantly taught to the
 employes of the ,library ,bureau1 and  
they are positively instructed that1    
regardless of the promise of success in 
other directions1 the attention to      
library requirements is the first       
demand4  ,the ,library ,bureau maintains
 at its various offices persons         
thoroughly versed in library economy1   
for the express purpose of furnishing   

detailed information and aid to those   
younger members of the profession whom  
they have the pleasure and opportunity  
of assisting over the stumbling-blocks  
in their daily work4 ,with this same    
idea in view it publishes from the      
,chicago office a monthly magazine      
called ,,public ,,libraries1 of an      
elementary character1 which is          
entertaining1 instructive1 and          
inspiring1 and helps to encourage a     
sentiment favorable to public libraries 
and to make librarianship a profession  
of high standing4     ,,chapter ,,xi    
,selecting books--,fitting the library  
to its owners   ,the selection of books 
should be left to the librarian1 under  
the general direction of trustees or    
book committee4  ,there should be made  
at the start a collection of            
encyclopedias1 dictionaries1 gazetteers1
 and scientific compendiums1 which      
should not be lent4 ,the extent of this 
collection will depend on the scope and 
purposes of the library4 ,no library1   

however small1 can dispense with some   
books of reference4 ,but for a small    
library don't buy expensive works4 ,the 
,encyclopaedia ,britannica is an example
 of what not to get4  ,there must be    
taken into consideration1 in determining
 the character of the books to be       
purchased1 these factors among others3  
a7 ,presence or absence of other        
libraries in the vicinity1 and their    
character1 if present4  b7 ,the avowed  
purposes of the free1 tax-supported     
public library1 to-wit3 #a7 ,to help    
people to be happy2 #b7 to help them to 
become wise2 #c7 to encourage them to be
 good4  c7 ,the amount of money to be   
expended and the sum that will probably 
be available for each succeeding year4  
d7 ,the manner in which the books are to
 be used2 whether they are to be lent1  
or are to be used only for reference1 or
 are to form both a reference and a     
lending library4  e7 ,the class of      
people by whom they are to be used1 and 
if children1 whether for school work    

only1 or for general reading1 or for    
both4  f7 ,the occupations and leading  
local interests of the community4  g7   
,the character and average degree of    
intelligence of the community4  h7 ,the 
habits1 as to reading and study1 of     
those who will use the library4  ,the   
village library1 in its early days1 can 
well afford to begin at the level of the
 community's average reading4 ,at the   
same time it must always try to go a    
little ahead of the demands of the      
people1 and develop a taste and desire  
for the very best books it can get4 ,the
 masses of the people have very little  
of literary culture4 ,it is the purpose 
of the public library to develop this by
 creating in them the habit of reading4 
,as a rule people read books which are  
above their own intellectual and moral  
standard1 and hence are benefited by    
reading4 ,the reading of books generally
 leads to the reading of better books4  
,then do not aim too high4 ,avoid trash1
 but do not buy literature which will   

not be read simply because it is        
standard or classic4 ,remember that the 
public library is a popular institution 
in every sense of the word2 that it has 
become possible only by the approval of 
the majority of the population1 and that
 the majority of the population is      
confined in its turn to a majority of   
people of the most commonplace kind4    
,do not pander to any sect1 creed1 or   
partisan taste4 ,buy largely books      
costing from #ej cents to #b1 found in  
so many of the series now published4    
,these are fresh1 up-to-date1 written   
for the most part by competent men1 and 
are reliable4 ,they are not dull1       
because no one can afford to be dull in 
a #abmo volume4 ,as a general thing they
 are well made1 supplied with maps and  
illustrations when needed1 and have     
indexes4 ,put much of your money into   
the history1 travel1 and literature of  
your own country first1 and then see    
what you have left for ,greece and      
,rome4 ,the common people nowadays      

should be encouraged in their interest  
in their own country1 its description1  
history1 politics1 biography1 mineral   
resources1 literature4 ,the people will 
inquire for these books1 and they should
 be provided for them4 ,wait until the  
library is larger before investing much 
money in the history of worn out        
empires1 simply because such and such a 
person wants them1 or because some      
library anywhere from two to twenty     
times as large has them4 ,use common    
sense and much of it4  ,put into the    
people's hands books worthy of their    
respect1 then insist that they be       
handled carefully and treated always    
with consideration4 ,expensive books2   
that is1 books which are first-class in 
paper1 ink1 and binding1 are generally  
better worth their cost than cheap ones4
  ,in the first purchases buy largely   
for children4 ,they are the library's   
best pupils4 ,they are more easily      
trained to enjoy good books than their  
elders4 ,through them the homes are best

 reached4 ,they will1 by their free use 
of the library1 and by their approval of
 it1 do much to add to its popularity4  
,the best books for children will be    
enjoyed by all4  ,in selecting fiction1 
get from the older librarians a         
statement of what are the most popular  
of the wholesome novels found on their  
shelves4 ,a better guide than this it   
will be difficult to find4 ,fiction is  
of the greatest value in developing a   
taste for reading4 ,everyone should be  
familiar with the great works of        
imagination4 ,nearly all the greatest   
literature of the world is fiction4 ,the
 educational value of the novel is not  
often questioned4  ,but don't buy a     
novel simply because it is popular4 ,if 
you follow that line you will end with  
the cheapest kind of stuff4 ,some       
librarians pretend that they must buy to
 please the public taste2 that they     
can't use their own judgment in         
selecting books for a library which the 
public purse supports4 ,why these       

librarians don't supply the ,police     
gazette it is difficult to understand4  
,the public would like it--some of them4
 ,we select school committees and       
superintendents and teachers to run our 
schools4 ,we ask them to inform         
themselves on the subject and give us   
the best education they can4 ,they don't
 try to suit everybody4 ,they try to    
furnish the best4 ,library trustees and 
librarian are in a like case4 ,the      
silly1 the weak1 the sloppy1 the        
wishy-washy novel1 the sickly love      
story1 the belated tract1 the crude     
hodge-podge of stilted conversation1    
impossible incident1 and moral platitude
 or moral bosh for children--these are  
not needed4 ,it is as bad to buy them   
and circulate them1 knowingly1 as it    
would be for our school authorities to  
install in our schoolrooms as teachers  
romantic1 giggling girls and smarty     
boys4 ,buy good novels1 those the wise  
approve of1 in good type1 paper1 and    
binding2 keep plenty of copies of each  

on hand2 put them where your readers can
 handle them2 add a few each year of the
 best only of the latest novels1 and    
those chiefly on trial 7not to be bought
 again if found not to have real merit7 
and your public will be satisfied1 and  
your library will be all the time       
raising the taste of the community4     
,some books should not be put1 at least 
not without comment1 into the hands of  
young people4 ,other books1 some people 
think1 should not be read by young      
people4 ,other books1 some people think1
 should not be in a public library at   
all4 ,a good course to follow in regard 
to such books is to consider the temper 
of your community and put into the      
library as many of them as are          
noteworthy in a literary way as your    
public and your resources permit4  ,in  
other departments follow at first the   
guidance of some one of the good book   
lists now available4  ,other things     
being equal1 ,american scientific books 
are preferable to those by foreign      

authors4 ,in all departments select the 
latest editions1 and1 at first1 the     
recent book rather than the older book4 
,the proportion of books in the         
different departments of knowledge must 
vary greatly in different libraries4    
,the following is a good general guide3 
,per cent4 ,general works          4#jd 
,philosophy             4#ja ,religion  
4#jb ,sociology              4#ji       
,philology              4#ja ,science   
4#jh ,useful arts            4#jf ,fine 
arts              4#jd ,literature      
4#ab ,biography              4#aj       
,history                4#ac ,travels   
4#aj ,fiction                4#bj       
,total                  #ajj  ,local    
interest should be fostered by buying   
freely books on local history and       
science and books by local authors4     
,the librarian should keep informed of  
coming events1 and see that the library 
is provided with the books for which    
there is sure to be a future demand4 ,he
 should avoid personal hobbies and be   

impartial on all controversial          
questions4 ,he should not be            
overconfident in his knowledge of what  
will elevate and refine the community4  
,it is better to buy #aj extra copies of
 a wholesome book wanted by the public  
than one copy each of #aj other books   
which will not be read4  ,do not waste  
time1 energy1 and money--certainly not  
in the early days of the library--in    
securing or arranging public documents1 
save a few of purely local value4 ,take 
them if offered and store them4  ,do not
 be too much impressed by the local     
history plea1 and spend precious money  
on rare volumes or old journals in this 
line4  ,certain work can judiciously be 
done toward collecting and preserving   
materials for local history that will   
involve neither expense nor much labor1 
and this the librarian should do4 ,do   
not turn the public library1 which is   
chiefly to be considered as a branch of 
a live1 everyday system of popular      
education1 into a local antiquarian     

society2 but simply let it serve        
incidentally as a picker-up of          
unconsidered trifles4 ,a wide-awake1    
scholarly librarian will like his town1 
and delight in at least some study of   
its antecedents4 ,and such a librarian  
need not be a crank1 but must needs be  
an enterprising1 wide-awake1            
appreciative student1 who can scent the 
tastes and needs of posterity4  ,put no 
money into rare books4 ,a book which was
 out of print #aj years or #bjj years   
ago1 and has not insisted upon          
republication since1 has1 ordinarily1 no
 place in the active1 free public       
library4 ,if you get it1 sell it and buy
 a live book4  ,the free public library 
should encourage its readers to suggest 
books not in the library1 by providing  
blanks for that purpose1 and paying     
courteous attention to all requests4    
,ask by letter1 by circulars1 and by    
notes in the local papers1 for gifts of 
books1 money1 and periodicals4          
,acknowledge every gift4 ,remember that 

one who has helped the library1 be it   
ever so little1 has thereby become      
interested in it1 and is its friend4    
,,chapter ,,xii  ,reference books for a 
small library1 compiled by ,c4,a4       
,baker1 of the ,public library1 ,denver 
,this list includes about #ge books1    
costing about #eej4 ,it is arranged     
alphabetically4 ,it is subdivided into  
four lists1 arranged according to       
relative importance4 ,this subdivision  
is shown by the numbers prefixed to each
 entry4  #b4 ,adams1 ,c4,k4 ,manual of  
historical literature4 #ahhi4 ,o4       
,harper1 cl4 #b4ej4  #a4 ,adams1 ,o4,f4 
,dictionary of ,american authors4 #ahig4
 ,o4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin1 cl4 #c4  #a4  
,adler1 ,g4,j4 ,dictionary of the       
,german and ,english languages4 #ahic4  
,q4 ,appleton1 mor4 #e4  #d4 ,allibone1 
,s4,a4 ,critical dictionary of ,english 
literature4 #ahia1 #c v4 ,q4            
,lippincott1 sh4 #bb4ej4  #d4 ,allibone1
 ,s4,a4 ,supplement to the critical     
dictionary of ,english literature1 by   

,j4,f4 ,kirk4 #ahib1 #b v4 ,q4          
,lippincott1 sh4 #ae4  #a4 ,appleton's  
annual cyclopaedia and register of      
important events4 ,q4 ,appleton1 cl4 #e4
  #c4 ,appleton's cyclopaedia of        
,american biography4 #ahhh-ib1 #f v4,q4 
,appleton1 cl4 #cj1 half mor4 #db4  #a4 
,appleton's cyclopaedia of applied      
mechanics1 ed4 by ,p4 ,benjamin4 #ahic1 
#b v4 ,q4 ,appleton1 sh4 #ae1 half mor4 
#ag4  #b4 ,appleton's modern mechanism1 
supplement to ,cyclopaedia of applied   
mechanics4 #ahib1 #a v4 ,q4 ,appleton1  
sh4 #g4ej1 half mor4 #h4ej4  #b4        
,bartlett1 ,j41 ed4 ,familiar           
quotations4 #ahib4 ,o4 ,little1 cl4 #c4 
#c4 ,bliss1 ,e4,m41 ed4 ,cyclopaedia of 
missions1 #b v4 #ahia4 ,q4 ,funk        
,wagnalls1 cl4 #ab4  #a4 ,bliss1        
,w4,d4,p4 ,cyclopaedia of social reform1
 including political economy1 science1  
sociology1 statistics1 anarchism1       
charities1 civil service1 currency1     
land1 etc4 #ahig4 ,q4 ,funk  ,wagnalls1 
cl4 #g4ej1 sh4 #i4ej4  #c4 ,brannt1     

,w4,t4 and ,wahl1 ,w4,h4                
,technico-chemical receipt book4 #ahie4 
,d4 ,baird1 cl4 #b4  #a4 ,brewer1 ,e4,c4
 ,reference library1 #ahhe-ih4 #d v4 ,o4
 ,lippincott4 #ac4 ,dictionary of       
miracles1 ,historic notebook1           
,dictionary of phrase and fable1        
,reader's handbook4  #b4 ,brown1 ,e4 and
 ,strauss1 ,a4 ,dictionary of ,american 
politics4 #ahie4 ,d4 ,burt1 cl41 #a4    
#a4 ,bryant1 ,w4,c1 ed4 ,library of     
poetry and song4 #ahgf4 ,q4 ,fords1     
,howard1 cl41 #e4  #c4 ,century         
dictionary and cyclopaedia4 7,century   
dictionary and the ,century cyclopaedia 
of names combined with the atlas of the 
world47 #aj v4 ,prices from #fj to #aej4
 ,often can be picked up second-hand4   
#a4 ,century atlas of the world4 #ahig4 
,f4 ,century ,co41 cl4 #ab4ej1 half mor4
 #ae4  #a4 ,century cyclopaedia of      
names1 n4d4 ,f4 ,century ,co41 cl4      
#aj4ej1 buf4 #ab4ej4  7,note4--,the two 
last are included in the ,century       
dictionary and cyclopaedia1 but can be  

bought separately47  #b4 ,chambers1 ,r41
 ed4 ,book of days1 #b v4 ,o4           
,lippincott4 #ahic4 #g4  #b4 ,champlin1 
,j4,d4 jr4 ,young folks' cyclopaedia of 
common things4 #ahic4 ,o4 ,holt1 cl4    
#b4ej4  #b4 ,champlin1 ,j4,d4 jr4 ,young
 folks' cyclopaedia of persons and      
places4 #ahib4 ,o4 ,holt1 cl4 #b4ej4    
#b4 ,champlin1 ,j4,d4 jr4 and ,bostwick1
 ,a4,e4 ,young folks' cyclopaedia of    
games and sports4 #ahij4 ,o4 ,holt1 cl4 
#b4ej4  #b4 ,channing1 ,e4 and ,hart1   
,a4,b4 ,guide to the study of ,american 
history4 ,o4 ,ginn4 #ahif4 #b4  #a4     
,clement1 ,c4,e4 ,painters1 architects1 
engravers1 and their work4 #ahha4 ,d4   
,houghton1 ,mifflin1 cl4 #c4 7,artists  
not living47  #a4 ,clement1 ,c4,e4 and  
,hutton1 ,l4 ,artists of the #aith      
century and their work4 #ahhe ,d4       
,houghton  ,mifflin1 cl4 #c4  #d4       
,cram's ,bankers and brokers' railroad  
atlas2 complete alphabetical index4     
#ahih4 ,f4 ,cram4 #ag4ej4  #a4          
,cumulative index of periodicals1       

monthly and annual4 #ahih4              
,helman-,taylor ,co41 ,cleveland1 pa4   
#e4  #d4 ,cyclopaedia of ,american      
biographies4 ,j4,h4 ,brown1 ed4 #ahig4  
v4 #a1 ,a-,c4 ,q4 ,cyclo4 ,pub4 ,co41   
,boston1 half mor4 #g4  #b4 ,fields1    
,j4,t4 and ,whipple1 ,e4,p41 ed4 ,family
 library of ,british poetry4 #ahhb4 ,q4 
,houghton1 cl4 #e1 mor4 #aj4  #c4       
,fletcher1 ,w4,i41 ed4 ,a4,l4,a4 index  
to general literature4 #ahic4 ,q4       
,houghton1 cl4 #e4  #a4 ,fletcher1      
,w4,i41 ed41 and ,bowker1 ,r4,r4 ,annual
 literary index1 including periodicals  
and essays4 #ahii4 ,o4 ,publishers'     
weekly1 cl4 #c4ej4  #c4 ,frey1 ,a4,r4   
,sobriquets and nicknames4 #ahhh4 ,o4   
,houghton1 cl4 #b4  #a4 ,goodholme1     
,t4,s4 ,domestic encyclopaedia of       
practical information4 #ahhi4 ,o4       
,scribners1 cl4 #e4  #a4 ,harper's book 
of facts4 ,c4,t4 ,lewis1 ed4 #ahie4 ,q4 
,harper4 ,sub4 only1 #h4  #c4 ,harper's 
cyclopaedia of ,british and ,american   
poetry4 ,e4 ,sargent1 ed4 #ahha4 ,q4    

,harper1 hf4 leather1 #e4  #b4 ,harper's
 dictionary of classical literature and 
antiquities4 ,h4,t4 ,peck1 ed4 #ahig4   
,q4 ,harper1 cl4 #f4  #d4 ,hastings1 ,j4
 ,dictionary of the ,bible1 #d v4 ,o4   
#ahih4 ,clark1 cl4 #bhs per vol41 half  
mor4 #cds4 per vol4  #c4 ,haydn's       
dictionary of dates4 ,b4 ,vincent1 ed4  
#ahie4 ,o4 ,putnam1 cl4 #f1 half mor4   
#i4  #b4 ,hazell's annual2 record of men
 and topics of the day4 #ahii4 ,d4      
,hazell1 #cs4 #f;d4  #b4 ,hopkins1      
,a4,a4 ,scientific ,american cyclopaedia
 of receipts1 notes1 and queries4 #ahib4
 ,o4 cl4 #e1 sh4 #f4  #a4 ,hoyt1 ,j4,k4 
,cyclopaedia of practical quotations1   
,english1 ,latin1 and modern foreign4   
#ahif4 ,q4 ,funk  ,wagnalls1 cl4 #e1 sh4
 #h4  #a4 ,jameson1 ,j4,f4 ,dictionary  
of ,united ,states history1 #adib-ahid4 
#ahid4 ,q4 ,puritan ,pub41 cl4 #b4ge1   
half mor4 #c4ej4  #a4 ,johnson's        
universal cyclopaedia4 #ahic1 #hv4 ,q4  
,johnson1 half mor4 #ef1 cl4 #dh4  #b4  
,king1 ,m41 ed4 ,handbook of the ,united

 ,states4 #ahia4 ,o4 ,king 7,matthews1  
,northrop ,co471 cl4 #b4ej4  #c4        
,larned1 ,j4,n41 ed4 ,history for ready 
reference1 from the best historians1    
biographers1 and specialists4 #ahid4 #e 
v4 ,maps4 ,nichols ,co41 ,springfield1  
,mass4 cl4 #e each1 half mor4 #f each4  
#b4 ,lalor1 ,j4,j41 ed4 ,cyclopaedia of 
political science1 political economy1   
and political history of the ,united    
,states4 #ahij-ic4 #c v4 ,q4,c4,e4      
,merrill1 #ae4  #a4 ,leypoldt1 ,a4,h4   
and ,iles1 ,g4 ,list of books for girls 
and women4 ,dewey classification numbers
 with each entry4 #ahie4 ,library       
,bureau1 cl4 #a4  #a4 ,lippincott's     
gazetteer of the world4 #ahif4 ,q4      
,lippincott1 sh4 #h4  #d4 ,lippincott's 
universal pronouncing dictionary of     
biography and mythology1 by ,j4 ,thomas4
 #ahib4 ,q4 ,lippincott1 in #a v41 sh4  
#h1 half turkey #aa2 in #b v41 sh4 #aj4 
#b4 ,lossing1 ,b4,j4 ,popular           
cyclopaedia of ,united ,states history4 
#ahic4 #b v4 ,q4 ,harper1 mor4 #ae4  #c4

 ,luebke1 ,w4 ,outlines of the history  
of art4 #ahia4 #b v4 ,o4 ,dodd1 ,mead1  
half roan1 #g4ej4  #a4 ,matson1 ,h4     
,references for literary workers4 #ahic4
 ,o4 ,mc,clurg1 #b4ej4  #a4 ,men and    
women of the time4 #adth ed4 #ahie4 ,o4 
,routledge4 #e4  #c4 ,mineral industry1 
its statistics1 technology1 and trade1  
ed4 by ,r4,r4 ,rothwell1 annual4 ,o4    
,scientific ,pub4 ,co1 cl4 #e4  #b4     
,mulhall1 ,m4,g4 ,dictionary of         
statistics4 #ahih4 ,ed4 #d4 ,q4         
,routledge1 cl4 #h4  #c4 ,mulhall1      
,m4,g4 ,industries and wealth of        
nations4 #ahif4 ,o4 ,longman1 cl4 #c4   
#a4 ,patrick1 ,d4 and ,gramme1 ,f4,h41  
eds4 ,chambers biographical dictionary4 
#ahih4 ,o4 ,lippincott1 half mor4 #c4ej4
  #d4 ,poole1 ,w4,f4 and ,fletcher1 ,w4 
,poole's index to periodical literature4
 ,o4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin4   ,v4 #a4 in  
two parts1 cl4 #af1 sh4 #bd4   ,v4 #b4  
,jan4 l#hhb-;,jan4 #ahhg4 cl4 #h1 sh4   
#aj4   ,v4 #c4 ,jan4 l#hhg-;,jan4 #ahib4
 cl4 #h1 sh4 #ab4   ,v4 #d4 ,jan4       

l#hib-;,jan4 #ahig4 cl4 #aj1 sh4 #ab4   
,in a small library having bound        
periodicals of recent date only1 volume 
#d alone is sufficient4  #a4            
,rand-,mc,nally indexed atlas of the    
world4 #ahig4 #b v4 #eh x #da cm4       
,rand-,mc,nally4 cl4 #ah4ej1 half       
leather1 #bc4ej4  #c4 ,riemann1 ,h4     
,dictionary of music4 ,o4 ,augenev1     
#c4ge4  #b4 ,smith1 ,h4,p4 and ,johnson1
 ,h4,k4 ,dictionary of terms1 phrases1  
and quotations4 #ahie4 ,o4 ,appleton1   
half leather1 #c4  #c4 ,smith1 ,w4      
,classical dictionary4 ,new edition by  
,marindin4 #ahid4 ,o4 ,appleton1 #f4    
#a4 ,smith1 ,w4 ,dictionary of the      
,bible4 #ahhd4 ,o4 ,coates1 cl4 #b1 half
 mor4 #c4  #c4 ,smith1 ,w4 and          
,cheetham1 ,s4 ,dictionary of ,christian
 antiquities4 #ahia4 #b v4 ,o4 ,burr1   
,hartford1 ,conn41 cl4 #g1 leather #h4  
#a4 ,soule1 ,r4 ,dictionary of ,english 
synonyms4 #ahie4 ,o4 ,lippincott1 cl4   
#b4be1 mor4 #b4ge4  #a4 ,spiers1 ,a4 and
 ,surenne1 ,o4 ,french and ,english     

pronouncing dictionary4 #ahia4 ,q4      
,appleton1 half mor4 #e4  #a4 ,standard 
dictionary of the ,english language1 #b 
v4 ,q4 #ahie4 ,funk  ,wagnalls1 half    
rus4 #ae2 with ,denison's reference     
index1 #ag4  #c4 ,statesmen's year book1
 #ahii1 v4 #cf4 ,d4 ,macmillan1 #c4  #b4
 ,walsh1 ,w4,s4 ,handy book of literary 
curiosities4 #ahic4 ,o4 ,lippincott1    
half leather1 #c4ej4  #b4 ,walsh1 ,w4,s4
 ,curiosities of popular customs1 and of
 rites1 ceremonies1 observances and     
miscellaneous antiquities4 #ahih4 ,o4   
,lippincott1 half leather1 #c4ej4  #a4  
,webster1 ,n4 ,international dictionary4
 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,merriam4 #ahia4  
#aj4  #b4 ,wheeler1 ,w4,a4 ,familiar    
allusions4 #ahia4 ,d4 ,houghton1 cl4 #b4
  #b4 ,wheeler1 ,w4,a4 ,explanatory and 
pronouncing dictionary of noted names of
 fiction4 #ahib4 ,d4 ,houghton1 cl4 #b4 
#c4 ,wheeler1 ,w4,a4 and ,c4,g4 ,who    
wrote it8 ,d4 ,lee  ,shepard1 cl4 #b4   
#b4 ,whitaker's almanac4 #ahii4 ,d4     
,whitaker1 paper1 #bs4 #f;d4            

,whitaker's directory of titled persons 
for the year #ahih2 a companion to his  
,almanac4 ,d4 ,whitaker1 paper1 #bs4    
#f;d4  #c4 ,who's who8 annual2          
autobiographies of the leading men and  
women of the day2 complete peerage1 etc4
 #ahii4 ,d4 ,black1 cl4 #cs4 #f;d4  #a4 
,world almanac and encyclopaedia4 #ahih4
 ,d4 ,new ,york ,world1 pa4 #be cents4  
#b4 ,young1 ,r4 ,analytical concordance 
to the ,bible1 n4d4 ,ed4 #f4 ,q4        
,religious tract society1 cl4 #bds41    
mor4 #cjs4     ,,chapter ,,xiii         
,reference work---,helping the          
inexperienced inquirer--,periodicals    
,reference work in libraries large and  
small has for its first rule3 ,meet the 
inquirer more than half way4 ,to the    
stranger a library is often an          
oppressive place1 an awesome place--in  
his imagination4 ,he comes in shyly2    
everyone appears busy1 his question     
suddenly seems to him trivial2 he won't 
trouble these wise and busy people with 
it--and goes out4  ,a good second rule  

is3 ,learn at once just exactly what the
 inquirer wishes to know4 ,this is not  
always easy4 ,tact and a little patience
 will generally effect it4  ,a good     
third rule is3 ,whenever possible show  
the inquirer how the answer is found1 so
 that he may next time in some measure  
help himself4 ,it is surprising how     
many1 especially of the younger people  
in a community1 can be taught within one
 year1 on their occasional visits1 to   
make the proper use of at least a few   
reference books4  ,another rule of very 
general application is3 ,go first to a  
dictionary4 ,in many cases a question   
answers itself1 or betrays where its    
answer may best be found1 if it is once 
plainly stated4 ,and nothing is better  
than reference to a few words in a      
dictionary for the clear statement of a 
question4 ,the larger dictionaries1     
moreover1 and notably the ,century1 will
 answer many more inquiries than even   
great readers often suppose4  ,many     
questions come up again and again4 ,of  

these1 and of the references which      
answered them1 notes should be kept on  
cards for future use4 ,in fact it is    
well to keep an index in this way of the
 references looked up for all the more  
important inquiries4  ,the following    
excellent advice is from an article on  
,the use of periodicals in reference    
work1 by ,frederick ,winthrop ,faxon1 in
 ,public ,libraries for ,june1 #ahih3   
,in all reference work periodicals play 
a large part4 ,they may be roughly      
divided into two great classes1 the     
technical and the popular4 ,the former  
are indispensable to the scholar1 or the
 expert1 and in the rapid advancement of
 science are the only real sources of   
information4 ,text-books or treatises   
are out of date before published2       
therefore for a correct present view1 or
 a complete history of the development  
of any science1 the technical reviews   
and society transactions must be        
consulted4 ,these will be the principal 
part of a scientific library1 and should

 be in the large public and college     
libraries in order to cover advanced    
study4  ,they have1 on the other hand1  
little place in small libraries--they   
would seldom be of use1 and are very    
expensive4  ,but the popular periodicals
 every library needs4 ,in the better    
class of these reviews it is possible1  
if we know where to look1 to find       
several articles on both sides of almost
 any subject4 ,furthermore1 these are   
often written by the foremost authors or
 scientists1 and are in a language      
intelligible to all4 ,the amateur cannot
 give the time or patience to wade      
two-volume deep in the subject his club 
wishes him to treat in half an hour's   
speech4 ,the magazine gives just what he
 wants in several pages4 ,there are     
periodicals exclusively devoted to every
 branch of every science1 and magazines 
which1 in their files1 include articles 
on all subjects4 ,this mine of          
information has been opened up by       
,poole's index4 ,since #ahha1 when the  

third and enlarged edition of ,poole's  
index was published1 all this is common 
property for the asking4 ,grouped around
 ,poole and keeping pace with the times 
are the ,poole supplements1 which ought1
 perhaps1 to be named the ,fletchers1   
covering the five-year periods since    
#ahha1 ending respectively #ahhf1 #ahia1
 #ahif4 ,then the ,annual literary index
 gives a yearly index of subjects and   
authors1 and serves as a supplement to  
the ,poole supplement4 ,for such as     
cannot be even a year without a         
periodical index we now have the        
admirable ,cumulative index1 bi-monthly1
 edited by the ,cleveland public        
library4 ,thus all the principal        
periodicals since the beginning of the  
century may be consulted by reference to
 one or more of five single books or    
alphabets4  ,the ,review of reviews must
 be mentioned as a useful monthly index 
to current periodical literature1 but of
 little value for study reference as    
compared with the indexes just          

mentioned4 ,an annual index issued by   
the ,review of reviews1 since #ahij1 is 
good in its way1 though rather          
superficial4 ,sargent's ,reading for the
 young1 and its supplement1 index the   
juvenile sets of ,st ,nicholas1         
,harper's young people1 and ,wide       
,awake4 ,poole and the ,cumulative are  
of little use without a fair assortment 
of the sets therein indexed4  ,thus far 
#ddb titles 7practically all of them    
serials published since #ahjj7 have been
 indexed4 ,it is a mistake1 however1 to 
suppose that most of these are necessary
 in a small library before ,poole's     
index should be purchased or can be of  
use4 ,given ,poole and a complete set of
 ,littell's living age1 and ,harper's   
monthly1 more reference work can be done
 than with twice the number of reference
 books not periodicals4 ,a small        
collection of sets has enabled more than
 one struggling library to hold its own 
with the students and club members1 and 
to accomplish work which could not have 

been done as well with many works of    
reference1 the purchase of which would  
have exhausted the whole book fund4     
,,chapter ,,xiv  ,reading               
room--,periodicals   ,a free reading    
room is generally opened in connection  
with the library1 and often proves its  
most attractive feature4 ,it should be  
comfortably furnished and scrupulously  
clean4 ,as the room is for the use of   
all clean and orderly people1 quiet     
should be maintained to give all a      
chance to read and study without        
interruption4 ,there should be no signs 
commanding things1 and the fewest       
possible--and they                      
unobtrusive--requesting things4 ,signs  
giving information helpful to readers   
are always permissible2 but see that    
they harmonize with the furnishings of  
the room and are clean4 ,gray1 or some  
modest tint1 is preferable to white     
cardboard for all signs4 ,the general   
atmosphere of the place should be such  
as one would wish to have in his own    

home--orderly1 inviting1 cheerful4  ,the
 village library ought to preserve for  
reference a file of local papers2 and it
 seems proper for it to provide for     
public use a few dailies or weeklies    
from the nearest cities4 ,further than  
this in this direction it would not seem
 expedient to go1 because better work   
can be done1 with the money newspapers  
would cost1 in other directions4 ,in    
fact1 where the room is limited1 as well
 as funds1 it will often be better to   
provide no newspapers at all4 ,few are  
unable to get papers to read elsewhere4 
,the library can well devote itself to  
the encouraging the reading of other    
things4 ,most people read the newspapers
 enough1 library or no library4 ,many1  
save for the library1 would not read the
 standard ,american and ,english        
periodicals4  ,illustration3 ,magazine  
binder4 7,reduced2 various sizes47  ,the
 young people are the library's most    
hopeful material4 ,to them the librarian
 hopes to give1 through books and       

journals1 an added pleasure2 and in them
 he hopes to awaken a taste for reading 
something--in time something good4 ,to  
attract the children it will be wise to 
have on file a few juvenile journals and
 picture papers and illustrated         
magazines4 ,as to the standard and      
popular monthlies and quarterlies there 
seems to be no question2 they should be 
taken freely4 ,the magazines furnish us 
with the best fiction1 the best poetry1 
the best essays1 the best discussions of
 all subjects1 old and new1 and the     
latest science4 ,it is a question if    
many a village library would not do     
more1 vastly more1 to stimulate the     
mental life of its community1 and to    
broaden its views and sympathies1 and to
 encourage study1 if it diverted a far  
larger part of its income than it now   
does from inferior books1 and especially
 inferior novels1 to weekly journals and
 popular and standard magazines4 ,it is 
not yet fully impressed upon us that the
 thing the community needs is not a     

library--it may have a street lined with
 libraries and still dwell in the outer 
darkness--but contact with the printed  
page4 ,get this contact first1 then1 by 
means of attractive rooms1 and clean1   
wholesome1 interesting periodicals and  
books1 and let the well rounded         
students' collection of books come on as
 it will4  ,from #e to #bj per cent can 
very often be saved on the cost of      
periodicals by ordering them through a  
reliable subscription agency4  ,the     
custom is extending of taking extra     
numbers of the popular magazines and    
lending them as if they were books      
though generally for a shorter period   
and without the privilege of renewal4   
,when this is done1 put each magazine in
 a binder made for the purpose1 and     
marked with the library's name1 to keep 
it clean and smooth1 and to identify it 
as library property4 ,similar binders   
are often put on the magazines which are
 placed in the reading rooms4 7,see     
,library ,bureau catalog47  ,complete   

volumes of the magazines are in great   
demand with the borrowing public4 ,the  
magazine indexes now available will make
 useful to the student the smallest     
library's supply of periodical          
literature4  ,in small reading rooms the
 periodicals that are supplied should be
 placed on tables where readers can     
consult them without application to the 
attendants4 ,files and racks for        
newspapers1 special devices for holding 
illustrated journals1 and other things  
of like nature1 are to be found in great
 variety4  ,post up in the reading room 
a list of the periodicals regularly     
received2 also a list of those in the   
bound files4  ,a careful record should  
be kept of each magazine ordered1 of the
 date when ordered1 the date when the   
subscription begins and expires1 the    
price paid1 the agency from which it is 
ordered1 and the date of that agency's  
receipted bill4 ,if the list of journals
 taken is small this record can be kept 
very conveniently in a blank book4 ,if  

it is large and constantly growing or   
changing1 it is best kept on cards1 a   
card to each journal1 and all           
alphabetically arranged4 ,it saves much 
trouble when dealing with an agency to  
have subscriptions coincide with the    
calendar year1 disregarding the volume  
arrangements of the publishers4         
,,chapter ,,xv  ,list of periodicals for
 a small library  ,see also chapter     
,list of things needed in beginning     
work4   ,century magazine 7monthly71    
illus4 ,n4,y4 ,century ,co4 ,ed4 by     
,r4,w4 ,gilder1 #d4  ,harper's new      
monthly magazine1 illus4 ,n4,y4 ,harper4
 ,ed4 by ,h4,m4 ,alden1 #d4  ,harper's  
round table 7monthly71 illus4 ,n4,y4    
,harper1 #a4  ,st ,nicholas 7monthly71  
illus4 ,n4,y4 ,century ,co4 ,ed4 by     
,mary ,mapes ,dodge1 #c4  ,forum        
7monthly71 ,n4,y4 ,forum ,co41 #c4      
,harper's weekly1 illus4 ,n4,y4 ,harper1
 #d4  ,youth's companion 7weekly74      
,boston4 ,perry ,mason ,co41 #a4ge4     
,mc,clure's magazine 7monthly71 illus4  

,n4,y4 ,doubleday  ,mc,clure1 #a4       
,ladies' home journal 7monthly71 illus4 
,phila4 ,curtis ,pub4 ,co41 #a4         
,independent 7weekly74 ,n4,y4 #b4       
,outlook 7weekly71 illus4 ,n4,y4 #c4    
,engineering magazine 7monthly74 ,n4,y4 
#c4  ,life 7weekly71 illus4 ,n4,y4 #e4  
,nineteenth century 7monthly74 ,n4,y4   
,leonard ,scott ,co41 #d4ej4  ,review of
 reviews 7monthly71 illus4 ,n4,y4 ,ed4  
by ,albert ,shaw1 #b4ej4  ,contemporary 
review 7monthly74 ,n4,y4 ,leonard ,scott
 ,co41 #d4ej4  ,critic 7monthly71 illus4
 ,n4,y4 ,critic ,co41 #b4  ,nation      
7weekly74 ,n4,y4 ,evening ,post ,co41   
#c4  ,educational review 7monthly71     
,n4,y4 ,holt1 #c4  ,kindergarten        
magazine 7monthly71 illus4 ,chicago     
,kindergarten ,literature ,co41 #b4     
,appleton's popular science monthly1    
illus4 ,n4,y4 ,appleton1 #e4            
,scientific ,american 7weekly71 illus4  
,n4,y4 ,munn1 #c4 ,with supplement1 #g4 
,scientific ,american supplement        
7weekly71 illus4 ,n4,y4 ,munn1 #e4  ,art

 amateur 7monthly71 illus4 ,n4,y4       
,montague ,marks4 #d4  ,outing          
7monthly71 illus4 ,n4,y4 ,outing ,co41  
#c4     ,,chapter ,,xvi  ,buying books  
,a good book for a library1 speaking of 
the book as to its wearing qualities and
 as to the comfort of its users1 is     
printed on paper which is thin and      
pliable1 but tough and opaque4 ,its type
 is not necessarily large1 but is       
clear-cut and uniform1 and set forth    
with ink that is black1 not muddy4 ,it  
is well bound1 the book opening easily  
at any point4 ,the threads in the back  
are strong and generously put in4 ,the  
strings or tapes onto which it is sewn  
are stout1 and are laced into the inside
 edges of the covers1 or are strong     
enough to admit of a secure fastening   
with paste and paper4 ,in ordering books
 of which several editions are on the   
market1 specify the edition you wish4   
,when you have found a good edition of a
 popular author like ,scott or ,dickens1
 make a note of it on the shelf-list4   

,in giving your orders1 always try your 
local dealer first4 ,if he cannot give  
you good terms1 or1 as is very likely to
 be the case1 has not the information or
 the facilities which enable him to     
serve you well1 submit a copy of the    
list to several large book dealers1     
choosing those nearest your town1 and   
ask for their discounts4 ,it is         
economical1 generally1 to purchase all  
your books through one dealer1 thus     
saving letter writing1                  
misunderstandings1 freight1 express1 and
 general discomfort4  ,keep a record of 
all books ordered4 ,the best form of    
record is on slips1 using a separate    
slip for each book4 ,these order slips  
should have on them the author's        
surname1 brief title1 number of volumes1
 abbreviated note of place1 publisher1  
year1 publisher's price if known1 name  
of dealer of whom ordered1 date when    
ordered1 and if its purchase has been   
requested by anyone that person's name  
and address4  ,for transmitting the     

order to the book dealer1 a list on     
sheets should be made from the order    
slips1 arranged either by publishers or 
alphabetically by authors4 ,this list   
may be written on one side of the paper 
only1 with copying ink1 and a           
letter-press copy taken2 or1 make a     
carbon copy of the sheet sent to the    
dealer4 ,the carbon copy has the        
advantage of being easier to handle and 
better to write on4 ,the books as       
received should be checked by this copy1
 or by the order cards4 ,the cards for  
books received should be put by         
themselves1 alphabetically1 and kept    
until the books they represent have been
 cataloged and the cards for them have  
been properly entered in the card       
catalog4 ,you thus will have lists #a7  
of books ordered and not received2 #b7  
of books received and not cataloged2 #c7
 of books cataloged4 ,if few books are  
bought this work is unnecessary4        
,illustration3 ,simple form of order    
slip on plain paper4 7,reduced2 actual  

size1 #g-a_/b x #ab-a_/b cm47  ,sent #bg
 ,aug '#ic ,fiske1 ,j ,discovery of     
,america ,houghton ,miff4 '#ic #bv4     
#d4jj  ,notify ,j4 ,winson #abdg        
,arapahoe  ,books will often be ordered 
at the request of interested persons4   
,in such cases the name and address of  
the person asking for the book should be
 entered on the bottom of the order slip
 for that book4 ,when the book comes1   
and has been made ready for use1 send a 
note to this person1 notifying him of   
the fact of its arrival4  ,illustration3
 ,order slip4 7,reduced2 actual size1   
#g-a_/b x #ab-a_/b cm47  ,library ,no4  
#aj ,order ,no4 #ba ,ordered #f;,f#if   
,of ,mc,c ,received #i ,mr ,cost #a4ge  
,approved #g ,not now ordered ,checkmark
 ,not in library ,checkmark  ,,write    
,,legibly ,author's surname1 followed by
 given names or initials3 ,howard1      
,george ,title3 ,second ,marriages      
,edition3 #b ,place3 ,n4,y4 ,publisher3 
,stone ,year3 #ahhi ,no4 of ,vols4      
,size3 ,d ,total ,price3 #b ,,not in    

great haste ,,not stricken out in haste 
,i recommend the above for the library4 
,notice of receipt is ,,not asked       
,signature3 ,john ,carr ,address3       
,anderson ,fill above as fully as       
possible4 ,cross out ,,not1 if notice is
 wanted1 if in great need or special    
haste ,put a 8 before items of which you
 are not sure4 ,give reasons for        
recommending ,,on ,,the ,,back4  ,do not
 be tempted by a large discount to give 
orders to irresponsible persons4 ,a     
library should secure from #be to #ce   
per cent discount4 ,do not buy ordinary 
subscription books or books on the      
installment plan4 ,do not anticipate    
revenues1 and do not spend all your     
money at once2 if you do you will miss  
many a bargain1 and have to go without  
books that are needed more than those   
you have bought4 ,buy good but not      
expensive editions4 ,do not spend on a  
single costly work1 of interest to few  
and seldom used by that few1 a sum that 
would buy #bj or perhaps #ajj volumes   

that would be in constant and profitable
 use by many4 ,buy no book unless by    
personal acquaintance1 or upon competent
 and trustworthy testimony1 it is worth 
adding to your library4 ,do not feel    
that you must buy complete sets of an   
author1 or all of any series2 all the   
works of very few authors are worth     
having4 ,do not buy cheap editions of   
fiction2 the paper1 presswork1 and      
binding is poor1 and is simply a waste  
of money4 ,the best is none too good in 
buying fiction1 for it wears out fast1  
and has to be rebound1 and then         
replaced4 ,do not buy a lot of          
second-hand fiction to put into the     
hands of the people4 ,you cannot expect 
them to keep their books clean if you   
start them out with dirty pages1 soiled 
plates1 and a general hand-me-down air4 
,books for young people must be         
interesting4 ,no amount of excellence in
 other directions will compensate for   
dull books4  ,do not trust too much to  
the second-hand dealer4 ,avoid          

subscription books4 ,do not buy of a    
book peddler2 in nine cases out of ten  
you can find better and cheaper books at
 the stores4 ,a well selected and       
judiciously purchased library1 with such
 works of reference as are needed1 will 
cost1 on an average1 #a4be a volume4    
,the following notes were prepared by a 
bookseller of experience1 and should be 
carefully considered before beginning to
 buy books3  ,any bookseller worthy your
 patronage will be able to assist you by
 pointing out the most desirable edition
 for general library use4  ,there is    
every reason for placing your orders    
with your local dealer so long as he can
 care for them intelligently4 ,a large  
discount should not be the sole factor  
in deciding where to buy1 but keep in   
mind this1 a conscientious bookseller   
can save you money by carefully watching
 your interests in the very many details
 that pertain to bookbuying4 ,having    
decided on your bookseller agent1 place 
all your orders with him4 ,it will save 

you time1 which is equivalent to money4 
,keep an exact duplicate copy of every  
order you place1 and for this purpose a 
manifold book is preferable4 ,in writing
 your orders never write on both sides  
of a sheet2 arrange your items          
alphabetically by author1 and make all  
your entries as complete and full as    
possible4 ,this is particularly         
important in the case of books in the   
field of science1 history1 and          
biography4 ,the more clear and definite 
your orders are made out1 the more      
promptly and completely can your        
bookseller supply them4  ,an ideal      
bookseller1 qualified to act as your    
agent1 is one who has familiarized      
himself with the various editions of    
books1 and will always make selections  
with greater stress on quality than     
quantity2 who will not send you the     
second edition of a scientific work when
 a third is out2 who will avoid sending 
you expensive publications 7even though 
you may have ordered them7 until he is  

satisfied that you want them2 who will  
exert himself to get desirable books    
that may be out of print or issued by an
 out-of-the-way publisher2 who will     
always be prepared to advise you as to  
the latest work on any particular       
subject1 as well as the best work4      
,these points are of greater importance 
to the live librarian than is the       
percentage of discount4 ,say nothing    
about per cents2 to do so is misleading 
and unsatisfactory always4 ,no one      
understands you4  ,it is safe to        
estimate that your purchases of fiction 
and juvenile literature will average    
inside of #a per volume4  ,a general    
list1 including reference books1 of say 
#djjjv41 would average about #a4be per  
volume1 or #ejjj4  ,make your purchases 
with the needs of your community clearly
 in mind1 securing such books as will be
 constantly in use1 and thereby get     
returns for your expenditure4 ,the      
expensive publications and books that   
are called for only at rare intervals   

should be left to libraries with very   
large incomes1 and to those making      
special collections4  ,where possible to
 do so avoid buying large bills of books
 at long intervals4 ,it is better to    
spend an income of #fjj per year in     
monthly installments of #ej1 than it is 
to buy twice a year #cjj lots4  ,the    
frequent purchase will bring you the new
 and talked of books while they are     
fresh in the minds of people1 and there 
is greater economy of time in cataloging
 and shelving them4  ,second-hand books 
are rarely cheap at any price4  ,have   
confidence in your agent1 for your      
interests are always his4     ,,chapter 
,,xvii  ,ink and handwriting   ,for     
catalog cards and all other records use 
a non-copying black1 permanent ink4     
,carter's record ink is good4 ,it has   
been adopted1 after careful             
investigation1 by the state of          
,massachusetts for all official records4
 ,the ,new ,york state library school1  
at ,albany1 has issued a little handbook

 on library handwriting1 which          
recommends ,carter's record1 and says   
they use ,stafford's blue writing ink   
for blue and his carmine combined for   
red4  ,for all labels on the outside of 
books1 and for all writing on surfaces  
which may be much handled1 use ,higgins'
 ,american drawing ink1 waterproof4     
,the vertical hand should be used in all
 library work4 ,the following rules1    
with the illustrations1 are taken from  
the ,albany school handbook above       
referred to3  ,brief rules  #a ,ink4    
,use only standard library ink and let  
it dry without blotting4  #b ,position4 
,sit squarely at the desk and as nearly 
erect as possible4  #c ,alphabets4      
,follow the library hand forms of all   
letters1 avoiding any ornament1         
flourish1 or lines not essential to the 
letter4  #d ,size4 ,small letters1      
taking m as the unit1 are one space or  
two millimeters high2 i4e4 one-third the
 distance between the rulings of the    
standard catalog card4  ,capitals and   

extended letters are two spaces high    
above the base line or run one space    
below1 except t1 the character 1 and    
figures1 which are one and one-half     
spaces high4  #e ,slant4 ,make letters  
upright with as little slant as         
possible1 and uniformly the same1       
preferring a trifle backward rather than
 forward slant4  #f ,spacing4 ,separate 
words by space of one m and sentences by
 two m's4 ,leave uniform space between  
letters of a word4  #g ,shading4 ,make a
 uniform black line with no shading4    
,avoid hair line strokes4  #h           
,uniformity4 ,take great pains to have  
all writing uniform in size1 slant1     
spacing1 blackness of lines and forms of
 letters4  #i ,special letters and      
figures4 ,in both joined and disjoined  
hands dot i and cross t accurately to   
avoid confusion2 e4g4 ,giulio carelessly
 dotted has been arranged under ,guilio 
in the catalog4 ,cross t one space from 
line4 ,dot i and j one and one-half     
spaces from line4 ,in foreign languages 

special care is essential4  ,joined     
hand4 ,connect all the letters of a word
 into a single word picture4 ,complete  
each letter2 e4g4 do not leave gap      
between body and stem of b and d1 bring 
loop of f back to stem1 etc4  ,avoid    
slanting r and s differently from other 
letters4 ,they should be a trifle over  
one space in height4 ,the small p is    
made as in print1 and is not extended   
above the line as in ordinary script4   
,disjoined hand4 ,avoid all unnecessary 
curves4 ,the principal down strokes in  
b1 d1 f1 h1 i1 j1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 q1 r1  
t1 u1 and the first line in e1 should be
 straight4   ,,specimen ,,alphabets     
,,and ,,figures  ,illustration3 ,joined 
,hand  ,illustration3 ,disjoined ,hand  
,make all the small letters1 except f1  
i1 j1 k1 t1 x and y1 without lifting pen
 from paper4  ,make g and ,q in one     
stroke1 moving from left to right like  
the hands of a watch4 ,begin on the     
line4  ,take special pains with the     
letter r1 as carelessly made it is      

easily mistaken for v or y4  ,make the  
upper part of ,b1 ,r1 and ,s a trifle   
smaller than the lower part4  ,figures4 
,make all figures without lifting the   
pen4 ,begin #d with the horizontal line4
 ,make the upper part of #c and #h      
smaller than the lower part2 #h is best 
made by beginning in the center4        
,,chapter ,,xviii  ,the care of books   
,books of moderate size should stand up 
on the shelves4 ,large books keep better
 if they are laid on their sides2 when  
they stand1 the weight of the leaves is 
a pull on the binding which tends to    
draw the books out of shape1 and        
sometimes breaks them4 ,books which     
stand up should never be permitted to   
lean over1 but should be kept always    
perfectly erect2 the leaning wrenches   
them out of shape1 and soon breaks the  
binding4 ,a row of books which does not 
comfortably fill a shelf should be kept 
up at one end by a book support4 ,there 
are several good supports on the market4
 ,the ,crocker is excellent2 so is the  

one described in the ,library ,bureau   
catalog4  ,illustration3 ,l4,b4 book    
supports4 7,reduced47  ,books as they   
come from the dealer are not always     
perfect4 ,to make sure that their       
purchases are in good condition some    
libraries collate all their books as    
soon as received1 that is1 look them    
through with care for missing pages1 and
 injuries of any kind4 ,imperfect       
volumes are returned4 ,but save with    
very expensive books this labor is      
unnecessary1 and doesn't pay4 ,the time 
spent on it easily amounts to more than 
the cost of replacing the very few books
 which may by chance be later found     
imperfect4 ,in fact1 any responsible    
dealer will usually replace an imperfect
 copy with a good one even if the former
 bears a library mark1 and has been     
handled a little4  ,use care in cutting 
pages4 ,don't cut them with anything but
 a smooth1 dull edge4 ,cut them at the  
top close to the fold in the back4  ,the
 worst enemies of books are careless    

people4  ,another enemy is damp4 ,it is 
bad for the binding2 it is very bad for 
the paper4  ,gas1 with heat1 is very    
destructive to books1 especially to the 
bindings4  ,books should occasionally be
 taken from their shelves and wiped with
 a soft cloth4 ,the shelves should at   
the same time be taken down and cleaned 
thoroughly4  ,don't hold a book by one  
of its covers4  ,don't pile up books    
very high4  ,don't rub dust into them   
instead of rubbing it off4  ,don't wedge
 books tightly into the shelves4  ,those
 who use a public library are all       
desirous that its books be clean and    
neat1 and with a little encouragement   
will take pretty good care of them4     
,there are exceptions1 of course1 and   
especially among the children4 ,these   
must be looked after and reasoned with4 
,don't cover your books4 ,the brown     
paper cover is an insult to a good book1
 a reproach to every reader of it1 an   
incentive to careless handling1 and an  
expense without good return4  ,a few    

simple rules like the following can be  
brought in an unobtrusive way to the    
attention of those who use the library4 
,always be sure that the library sets a 
good example in its handling of books4  
,keep books dry4  ,do not handle them   
when the hands are moist2 of course     
never when the hands are soiled4  ,use  
them to read1 and for nothing else4     
,never mark in them4  ,do not turn down 
their pages4  ,do not lay them face     
downwards4  ,do not strap them up       
tightly4  ,never let them fall4  ,open  
them gently4  ,the book you are reading 
will go to others4 ,pass it on to them  
neat and clean1 hoping that they will do
 the same by you4     ,,chapter ,,xix   
,accessioning books   ,a careful record 
should be made of all books received4   
,use for this purpose what is called an 
accession book4 ,this is a blank book1  
ruled and lettered and numbered         
especially for library invoices4 7,see  
the ,library ,bureau catalog47 ,it is   
the library's chief record1 and should  

contain a complete history of every     
volume on its shelves4 ,the items       
entered in the accession book concerning
 every volume in the library are        
commonly the following3 date of entry2  
accession number2 class number          
7religion1 sociology1 etc472 author2    
title2 place of publication and name of 
publisher2 date of publication2 binding 
7cloth1 leather1 etc472 size 7octavo1   
quarto1 etc472 number of pages2 name of 
dealer from whom purchased2 cost2       
remarks 7maps1 plates1 etc42 books      
rebound2 magazines1 etc42 lost1 worn    
out1 replaced by another book1 etc474   
,illustration3 ,accession book1         
left-hand page4 7,reduced size47  ,date 
#bi #e '#ib     ,,accession ,f4,t4      
,,class   ,,book   ,,vol4  ,,author     
,,title         #geha   #dbh     ,b#hh  
,bunce1 ,o4,b4   ,don't #geha4ic   #hb  
,z#gac          ,zola1 ,e4      ,soil   
,scr4#ae4ib #hc   #igc4a   ,f#ed    v4#a
    ,fiske1 ,j4     ,discovery of ,amer4
           #hd   #igc4a   ,f#ed    v4#b 

#he                                     
,illustration3 ,accession book1         
right-hand page4 7,reduced size47       
,,place ,,and ,,publisher   ,,date      
,,binding   ,,source    ,,cost          
,,remarks ,n4,y4           ,app4   #ahhe
    pa4      ,scribner     #bh   ,bind  
,no4 #ced ,l4        ,vizetelly   #ahhh 
cl4                  #ha          #cee  
,b4            ,ho4,m4   #ahib;c        
#b4ig                                   
,each book and each volume of a set has 
a separate accession number and a       
separate entry4 ,each entry occupies a  
line2 each line is numbered from one up 
to such a number as the library has     
volumes4 ,the number of each line1      
called the accession number1 is written 
on the first page after the title-page  
of the book described on that line4 ,the
 accession book is a life history of    
every book in the library4 ,it forms    
such a record as any business-like      
person would wish to have of property   
entrusted to his care4 ,it is also a    

catalog of all books in the library1 and
 a useful catalog as long as the library
 is small4 ,never use an old accession  
number for a new book1 even though the  
original book has disappeared from the  
library4  ,record should be made of all 
books1 pamphlets1 reports1 bulletins1   
magazines1 etc41 received by the library
 as gifts2 and every gift should be     
promptly and courteously acknowledged in
 writing1 even if previously            
acknowledged in person4 ,keep this      
record in a blank book1 alphabetizing   
all gifts by the names of the givers1   
with dates of receipt4 ,books given     
should appear on the accession register 
the same as books purchased4            
,,chapter ,,xx  ,classifying books      
,the smallest public library should be  
classified and cataloged4 ,this will    
make its resources more easily          
available1 and will prevent the         
confusion and waste of labor which are  
sure to come if systematic treatment of 
the books is deferred4 ,get the best    

advice obtainable2 consider the         
library's field and its possibilities of
 growth1 and let the first work on the  
books be such as will never need to be  
done over4  ,to classify books is to    
place them in groups1 each group        
including1 as nearly as may be1 all the 
books treating of a given subject1 for  
instance1 geology2 or all the books1 on 
whatever subject1 cast in a particular  
form--for instance1 poetry2 or all the  
books having to do with a particular    
period of time--for instance1 the middle
 ages4 ,few books are devoted           
exclusively to one subject and belong   
absolutely in any one class4 ,the       
classification of books must be a       
continual compromise4 ,its purpose is   
not accurately to classify all printed  
things1 this can't be done2 but simply  
to make certain sources of              
information--books--more available4 ,any
 classification1 if it gets the books on
 a given subject side by side1 and those
 on allied subjects near one another1 is

 a good one4  ,books may be classified  
into groups in a catalog or list1 yet   
themselves stand without order on the   
shelves4 ,for convenience in getting for
 anyone all the books on a given        
subject1 and especially for the help of 
those who are permitted to visit the    
shelves1 all books should stand in their
 appropriate classes4 ,each book1       
therefore1 should bear a mark which will
 tell in what class it belongs2         
distinguish it from all other books in  
that class2 show where it stands on the 
shelves among its fellows of the same   
class2 and indicate which one it is of  
several possible copies of the same     
book4 ,this mark can be used to         
designate the book in all records of it1
 instead of the larger entry of its     
author and title4  ,there are two       
classification systems worthy of        
consideration1 the ,dewey1 or decimal1  
and the ,cutter1 or expansive4 ,they are
 outlined in the following chapters4    
,don't try to devise a system of your   

own4  ,having decided on your system of 
classification1 begin to classify4 ,this
 is one of the many things which can    
only be learned by doing4 ,give fiction 
no class number1 but an author number or
 book-mark only1 as explained in a later
 chapter4 ,give all biography a single  
letter as its class number1 and follow  
this by the author number4  ,distinguish
 all juvenile books1 whether fiction or 
other1 by writing before their numbers  
some distinguishing symbol4  ,take up   
first1 in classification proper1 the    
subjects of history and travel1 which   
will be found comparatively easy4  ,it  
is easier to classify #be or #ej books  
at a time in any given class than it is 
to classify them singly as you come to  
them in the midst of books of other     
classes4 ,consequently1 group your books
 roughly into classes before you begin  
work on them4  ,as soon as a book is    
classified enter it at once in your     
shelf-list--explained in a later        
chapter--and see that an author-card for

 it is put in the author                
catalog--explained later--with its      
proper number thereon4  ,if1 after you  
have made up your mind1 from an         
examination of the title-page1 or table 
of contents1 or a few pages here and    
there1 what subject a book treats of in 
the main1 you are still in doubt in what
 class to place it1 consider what kind  
of readers will be likely to ask for it1
 and in what class they will be likely  
to look for it1 and put it into that    
class4 ,in doubtful cases the catalogs  
of other libraries are often good       
guides4  ,keep your classification as   
consistent as possible4 ,before putting 
a book1 about which there is any        
opportunity for choice1 in the class you
 have selected for it1 examine your     
shelf-list and see that the books       
already there are of like nature with   
it4  ,classify as well as you can1 and  
don't worry if you find you have made   
errors4 ,there are always errors4 ,don't
 get into the habit of changing4 ,be    

consistent in classifying1 and stick by 
what you have done4     ,,chapter ,,xxi 
,the ,dewey or ,decimal system of       
classification  ,from the ,introduction 
to the ,decimal classification and      
,relative index4 ,published by the      
,library ,bureau1 #e4   ,the field of   
knowledge is divided into nine main     
classes1 and these are numbered by the  
digits #a to #i4 ,cyclopedias1          
periodicals1 etc41 so general in        
character as to belong to no one of     
these classes1 are marked nought1 and   
form a tenth class4 ,each class is      
similarly separated into nine divisions1
 general works belonging to no division 
having nought in place of the division  
number4 ,divisions are similarly divided
 into nine sections1 and the process is 
repeated as often as necessary4 ,thus   
#eab means ,class #e 7,natural science71
 ,division #a 7,mathematics71 ,section  
#b 7,algebra71 and every algebra is     
numbered #eab4  ,the books on the       
shelves and the cards in the subject    

catalog are arranged in simple numerical
 order1 all class numbers being         
decimals4 ,since each subject has a     
definite number1 it follows that all    
books on any subject must stand         
together4 ,the tables show the order in 
which subjects follow one another4 ,thus
 #eab ,algebra precedes #eac ,geometry1 
and follows #eaa ,arithmetic4  ,in the  
book after the tables of the classes    
arranged in their numerical order is an 
index1 in which all the heads of the    
tables are arranged in one simple       
alphabet1 with the class number of each 
referring to its exact place in the     
preceding tables4 ,this index includes  
also1 as far as they have been found1   
all the synonyms or alternative names   
for the heads1 and many other entries   
that seem likely to help a reader find  
readily the subject sought4 ,though the 
user knows just where to turn to his    
subject in the tables1 by first         
consulting the index he may be sent to  
other allied subjects1 where he will    

find valuable matter which he would     
otherwise overlook4  ,the claims of the 
system may be summed up as follows3     
compared with other systems it is less  
expensive2 more easily understood1      
remembered1 and used2 practical rather  
than theoretical2 brief and familiar in 
its nomenclature2 best for arranging    
pamphlets1 sale duplicates1 and notes1  
and for indexing2 susceptible of partial
 and gradual adoption without confusion2
 more convenient in keeping statistics  
and checks for books off the shelves2   
the most satisfactory adaptation of the 
card catalog principle to the shelves4  
,it requires less space to shelve the   
books2 uses simpler symbols and fewer of
 them2 can be expanded1 without limit   
and without confusion or waste of labor1
 in both catalogs and on shelves1 or in 
catalogs alone2 checks more thoroughly  
and conveniently against mistakes2      
admits more readily numerous cross      
references2 is unchangeable in its      
call-numbers1 and so gives them in all  

places where needed1 as given in no     
other system2 in its index affords an   
answer to the greatest objection to     
class catalogs1 and is the first        
satisfactory union of the advantages of 
the class and dictionary systems4  ,the 
,decimal system is used by a large      
number of libraries in this country1 and
 has gained recognition and has been put
 to use by some librarians and men of   
science in ,europe4  ,divisions  #jjj   
,general ,works #jaj ,bibliography4 #jbj
 ,library ,economy4 #jcj ,general       
,cyclopedias4 #jdj ,general             
,collections4 #jej ,general             
,periodicals4 #jfj ,general ,societies4 
#jgj ,newspapers4 #jhj ,special         
,libraries4 ,polygraphy4 #jij ,book     
,rarities4  #ajj ,philosophy #ajj       
,metaphysics4 #abj ,special             
,metaphysical ,topics4 #acj ,mind and   
,body4 #adj ,philosophical ,systems4    
#aej ,mental ,faculties4 ,psychology4   
#afj ,logic4 #agj ,ethics4 #ahj ,ancient
 ,philosophers4 #aij ,modern            

,philosophers4  #bjj ,religion #baj     
,natural ,theology4 #bbj ,bible4 #bcj   
,doctrinal ,theol4 ,dogmatics4 #bdj     
,devotional and ,practical4 #bej        
,homiletic4 ,pastoral4 ,parochial4 #bfj 
,church4 ,institutions4 ,work4 #bgj     
,religious ,history4 #bhj ,christian    
,churches and ,sects4 #bij              
,non-,christian ,religions4  #cjj       
,sociology #caj ,statistics4 #cbj       
,political ,science4 #ccj ,political    
,economy4 #cdj ,law4 #cej               
,administration4 #cfj ,associations and 
,institutions4 #cgj ,education4 #chj    
,commerce and ,communication #cij       
,customs4 ,costumes4 ,folk-lore4  #djj  
,philology #daj ,comparative4 #dbj      
,english4 #dcj ,german4 #ddj ,french4   
#dej ,italian4 #dfj ,spanish4 #dgj      
,latin4 #dhj ,greek4 #dij ,minor        
,languages4  #ejj ,natural ,science #eaj
 ,mathematics4 #ebj ,astronomy4 #ecj    
,physics4 #edj ,chemistry4 #eej         
,geology4 #efj ,paleontology4 #egj      
,biology4 #ehj ,botany4 #eij ,zoology4  

#fjj ,useful ,arts #faj ,medicine4 #fbj 
,engineering4 #fcj ,agriculture4 #fdj   
,domestic ,economy4 #fej ,communication 
and ,commerce #ffj ,chemical            
,technology4 #fgj ,manufactures4 #fhj   
,mechanic ,trades4 #fij ,building4  #gjj
 ,fine ,arts #gaj ,landscape ,gardening4
 #gbj ,architecture4 #gcj ,sculpture4   
#gdj ,drawing1 ,design1 ,decoration4    
#gej ,painting4 #gfj ,engraving4 #ggj   
,photography4 #ghj ,music4 #gij         
,amusements4  #hjj ,literature #haj     
,american4 #hbj ,english4 #hcj ,german4 
#hdj ,french4 #hej ,italian4 #hfj       
,spanish4 #hgj ,latin4 #hhj ,greek4 #hij
 ,minor ,languages4  #ijj ,history #iaj 
,geography and ,description4 #ibj       
,biography4 #icj ,ancient ,history4 #idj
        ,europe4         #iej           
,asia4           #ifj        ,africa4   
,modern #igj        ,north ,america4    
#ihj        ,south ,america4  #iij      
,oceanica and ,polar ,regions4          
,,chapter ,,xxii  ,the ,expansive       
classification3 ,c4,a4 ,cutter's   ,the 

classification  ,those who have used it 
call it common-sense and up-to-date4    
,they say that it is clear and easy to  
apply1 and that it gives a suitable     
place for many classes of books for     
which other systems make no provision1  
or provide badly4 ,it has been maturing 
for #bj years4 ,before it was printed it
 was applied 7with a different notation7
 to the arrangement of a library of over
 #aej1jjj v4 ,the experience thus gained
 has been supplemented as each part was 
prepared for the press by searching     
catalogs1 bibliographies1 and treatises 
on the subject classified4 ,this ensured
 fullness4 ,overclassification1 on the  
other hand1 has been guarded against in 
four ways3 #a7 ,by not introducing at   
all distinctions that are purely        
theoretical or very difficult to apply2 
#b7 by printing in small type those     
divisions which are worth making only   
when a large number of books calls for  
much subdivision2 #c7 by warning        
classifiers in the notes that certain   

divisions are needed only in large      
libraries2 #d7 by printing separately   
seven classifications of progressive    
fullness1 the first having only #aa     
classes1 which would be enough for a    
very small library2 the second having   
#ae classes and #af geographical        
divisions1 suiting the small library    
when it has grown a little larger2 the  
third having #cj classes and #bi        
geographical divisions2 and so on1 till 
the seventh would suffice for the very  
largest library4 ,the same notation is  
used throughout1 so that a library can  
adopt the fuller classification with the
 least possible change of mark4  ,it    
often suggests alternative places for a 
subject1 stating the reasons for and    
against each1 so that classifiers have a
 liberty of choice according to the     
character of their libraries1 or of     
their clientage1 or their own           
preferences4   ,the notation  ,the      
original feature of this notation is the
 use of letters to mark non-local       

subjects and figures for places4 ,this  
makes it possible to express the local  
relations of a subject in a perfectly   
unmistakable way1 the letters never     
being used to signify countries1 and the
 figures never being used for any other 
subjects but countries4 ,thus #de is    
,england wherever it occurs2 e4g4 ,f    
being history and ,g geography1 ,f#de is
 the history of ,england1 ,g#de the     
geography of ,england4 ,this local      
notation can be used not merely with the
 main classes1 but in every subdivision1
 no matter how minute1 which is worth   
dividing by countries4 ,whenever one    
wishes to separate what relates to      
,england from other works on any subject
 one has only to add the two figures    
#de4 ,whenever one sees #de in the mark 
of a book one knows that the book so    
marked treats its subject with special  
reference to ,england4 ,this local list 
by the figures from #aa to #ii gives    
marks to the #hh most important         
countries4 ,the addition of a third and 

sometimes of a fourth figure gives marks
 for all the independent countries in   
the world4 ,parts of and places in      
countries are arranged alphabetically   
under each1 and are marked either by the
 usual ,cutter order-table1 which has   
initial letters followed by figures1 or 
by a special ,cutter order-table        
composed of figures alone4  ,non-local  
subjects are marked with letters1 first1
 to distinguish them from local         
subjects2 and1 second1 because of the   
greater capacity4 ,there are #bf main   
classes1 ,a to ,z4 ,by adding a second  
letter these are divided into #fgf      
parts1 and these1 by adding a third     
letter1 into #ag1egf parts1 making      
#ah1bgh in all1 so that as one uses     
successively three1 four1 or five       
characters1 one gets respectively #ah   
times1 #df times1 and #aah times the    
capacity of a decimal notation4 ,the    
result is1 short marks1 numerous        
subdivisions1 much greater elasticity1  
much greater power to properly express  

the relations of subjects to one        
another1 and their relations to         
subordinate subjects1 and much more     
opportunity of making the different     
portions of the classification          
correspond to each other4  ,the first   
part of the classification1 as          
published1 contains the first six       
classifications and a combined index to 
them all4 ,the seventh1 the fullest     
classification1 will have #aj sections4 
,five of them are published1 each with  
its own index4 ,of two 7,social sciences
 and ,language and literature7 about    
half is published4 ,when these and the  
other three 7,natural sciences1         
,industrial arts1 ,recreative and fine  
arts7 are printed1 a full index to the  
whole will be made4   ,expansive        
classification4 ,outline  ,a            
,generalia4 ,a        ,general works4   
,ae       ,general encyclopedias4 ,ap   
,general periodicals4 ,ar               
,reference works4 ,as       ,general    
societies4  ,b-,d  ,spiritual sciences4 

,b        ,philosophy4 ,ba-,bf          
,national ,philosophies and ,systems of 
philosophy4 ,bg         ,metaphysics4   
,bh         ,logic4 ,bi                 
,psychology4 ,bm         ,moral         
,philosophy4 ,br       ,religion1       
,natural theology4 ,bt       ,religions 
,bu         ,folk-lore4 ,ca             
,judaism4 ,cb         ,bible4 ,cc       
,christianity4 ,cce                     
,patristics4 ,ce                        
,apologetics1 ,evidences4 ,cf           
,doctrinal theology4 ,ck                
,ethical theology4 ,cp                  
,ritual theology and church ,polity4 ,cx
            ,pastoral theology4 ,cz     
,sermons4 ,d             ,ecclesiastical
 history4 ,dk            ,particular    
churches and sects4  ,e-,g  ,historical 
sciences4 ,e        ,biography and      
,portraits4 ,f-,fz     ,history4 ,f     
,universal history4 ,f#jb               
,ancient history4 ,f#jc        ,modern  
history4 ,f#jd        ,medieval history4
 ,f#aa-;,f#ii    ,history of single     

countries 7using local list74 ,fa-,fw   
,allied studies1 as ,chronology1        
,philosophy of history1                 
,history of ,civilization1 ,antiquities1
 ,numismatics1                          
,chivalry1 ,heraldry4  ,g               
,geography1 ,travels4 ,g#aa-;,g#ii      
,single countries 7using local list74   
,ga         ,ancient geography4 ,gf     
,surveying and ,map-making4 ,gz         
,maps4  ,h    ,social sciences4 ,hb     
,statistics4 ,hc       ,economics4 ,he  
,production4 ,hf         ,labor4 ,hi    
,slavery4 ,hj         ,transportation4  
,hk         ,commerce4 ,hm              
,money4 ,hn         ,banking4 ,hr       
,private finance4 ,ht         ,taxation 
and ,public finance4 ,hu                
,tariff4 ,hw         ,property1         
,capital4 ,hz         ,consumption4  ,i 
,demotics1 ,sociology4 ,ic              
,crime4 ,ig         ,charity4 ,ih       
,providence4 ,ik         ,education4  ,j
        ,civics1 ,government1 ,political
 science4 ,ju         ,constitutions and

 ,politics4  ,k        ,law and         
,legislation4 ,kd         ,public       
documents4  ,l-,q  ,natural sciences4 ,l
        ,general works1 ,metrics4       
,l  ,number and space4 ,lb              
,mathematics4            ,lh-,lr        
,matter and force4 ,lh       ,physics4  
,lo       ,chemistry4 ,lr               
,astronomy4            ,m-,q  ,matter   
and life ,m        ,natural history4 ,mg
       ,geology1 incl4 ,mineralogy1     
,crystallography1                       
,physical geography1 ,meteorology1      
,paleontology4 ,my       ,biology4 ,n   
,botany4            ,cryptogams4        
,phanerogams4 ,o       ,zoology4        
,invertebrates4 ,p                      
,vertebrates4 ,pg            ,mammals4  
,pw         ,anthropology1 ,ethnology1  
,ethnography4 ,q      ,medicine4  ,q-,z 
,arts4 ,r      ,general works1          
,exhibitions1 ,patents4 ,rd-,rg         
,extractive arts4 ,rd         ,mining4  
,re         ,metallurgy4 ,rf            
,agriculture4 ,rh         ,horticulture4

 ,ri         ,silviculture4 ,rj         
,animaliculture4 ,rq    ,chemic arts4   
,rt    ,electric arts4 ,ry    ,domestic 
arts4 ,rz    ,food and ,cookery4 ,s     
,constructive arts1 ,engineering4 ,sg   
,building4 ,sj         ,sanitary        
engineering4 ,sl         ,hydraulic     
engineering4 ,st         ,transportation
 and ,communication4  ,t                
,fabricative arts1 ,machinery1          
,manufactures1                 and      
,handicrafts4  ,u     ,protective arts1 
i4e41 ,military and ,naval              
arts1 ,life-preserving1 ,fire fighting4 
,v     ,athletic and ,recreative arts1  
,sports and                 ,games4 ,vs 
,gymnastics4 ,vt        ,theater4 ,vv   
,music4  ,w     ,fine arts1 plastic and 
graphic4 ,we        ,landscape          
gardening4 ,wf        ,architecture4 ,wj
        ,sculpture4 ,wk        ,casting1
 ,baking1 ,firing4 ,wm        ,drawing4 
,wp        ,painting4 ,wq               
,engraving4 ,wr        ,photography4 ,ws
        ,decorative arts1 including     

,costume4  ,x-,yf  ,communicative arts  
7by language74 ,x         ,philology4 ,x
         ,inscriptions4 ,x              
,language4 ,y         ,literature4 ,yf  
,english ,fiction4  ,z     ,book arts   
7making and use of books74 ,za-,zk      
,production4 ,za            ,authorship4
 ,zb            ,rhetoric4 ,zd          
,writing4 ,zh            ,printing4 ,zk 
,binding4 ,zl       ,distribution       
7,publishing and ,bookselling74 ,zp     
,storage and ,use 7,libraries74 ,zt     
,description 7,zt ,bibliography2 ,zx    
,selection of reading2                  
,zy ,literary history2 ,zz ,national    
bibliography47     ,,chapter ,,xxiii    
,author-numbers1 or book-marks   ,the   
books in a given group or class should  
stand on the shelves in the alphabetical
 order of their authors' names1 though  
this is not necessary in a small        
library4 ,this result is best secured by
 adding to the class-mark of every book 
another mark1 called an author-number or
 book-number or book-mark1 made up of   

the first letter of the author's name   
and certain figures4 ,books bearing     
these author-numbers1 if arranged first 
alphabetically by the letters1 and then 
in the numerical order of the numbers   
following the letters1 will always stand
 in the alphabetical order of the       
authors' names4 ,different books by the 
same author are distinguished from one  
another by adding other figures to the  
author-number1 or by adding to the      
author-numbers the first letter of the  
title of each book4  ,these book-marks  
cannot be chosen arbitrarily4 ,they     
should be taken from the printed set of 
them worked out by ,mr ,cutter1 and     
called the ,cutter author-tables4 7,see 
,library ,bureau catalog47  ,in a very  
small library the books in a given class
 can be distinguished one from another  
by writing after the class-number of    
each book the number of that book in its
 class4 ,if the class-mark of religion1 
for example1 is #bj1 the books          
successively placed in that class will  

bear the numbers #bj4a1 #bj4b1 #bj4c1   
etc4  ,fiction should have              
author-numbers only4 ,the absence of a  
class-number will sufficiently          
distinguish it from other classes4      
,,chapter ,,xxiv  ,the shelf-list       
,many books can be very properly put in 
any one of several different classes4   
,in which one a given book should be    
placed will often be decided by noting  
where other like books have been placed4
 ,books by authors of the same name will
 often fall into the same class1 and to 
each of these a different author-number 
must be given4 ,you must have at hand1  
then1 a list of the books already       
classified1 to see at once1 in          
classifying the next book1 what kinds of
 books and books by what authors are in 
each class4 ,every book in the library1 
as soon as it has been classified1 and  
has received its proper author-number1  
should be entered in a list in the order
 first of its class-number1 next of its 
author-number4 ,this list is called the 

shelf-list4 ,it is commonly kept on     
sheets1 but many librarians believe it  
best kept on cards2 a card for each     
different book4 ,it is a catalog of all 
the books in the library arranged in the
 order in which they stand on the       
shelves4 ,it is a subject-index of the  
library4 ,it is indispensable in the    
work of properly placing1               
class-numbering1 and author-numbering   
new books4 ,it is a list from which it  
is very easy to check over the library  
and learn what books are missing or out 
of place4 ,it includes usually only the 
class- and author-number1 author's name1
 brief title1 and accession number4     
,this last enables one to refer at once 
from the brief entry of a certain book  
in the shelf-list to the full           
information in the accession book4      
,there are advantages in adding to the  
shelf-list record the publisher and     
price4 ,as soon as a book has received  
its class- and author-numbers1 which    
together are sometimes called the       

call-number1 as being the mark to be    
used by the public in calling for a     
book1 these numbers1 or combinations of 
numbers and letters1 should be written  
in the accession book in a column left  
for the purpose1 on the line given up to
 the description of the book in hand4   
,this enables one to refer at once from 
the accession entry of a given book to  
the shelf-list entry of the same book4  
,illustration3 ,shelf list sheet4       
7,reduced2 actual size4 #aj x #be cm47  
,book ,no4  ,accession ,no4   ,vol4     
,author    ,title q,g#fb      #hhcij    
,goodrich  ,british eloquence ,m#aa     
#edj           #b      ,macauley        
,speeches             #hbj ,w#gb        
#didjh                  ,windham        
,illustration3 ,shelf-list card4        
7,reduced2 actual size1 #e x #ab-a_/b   
cm47  #jij ,slater ,s#aa  ,book         
collecting                       #cebh  
,,chapter ,,xxv  ,cataloging books      
,after the books are accessioned1       
classified1 author-numbered or          

book-marked1 and shelf-listed1 they     
should be cataloged4 ,a catalog is a    
labor-saving device in library work4    
,from it both reader and attendant can  
ascertain whether the library has a     
certain book4 ,by consulting the catalog
 for the class-number1 the book may be  
looked for in its proper place1 thus    
often saving hunting through the shelves
 in several classes4  ,a printed list or
 catalog of the library is one of the   
first things that will be asked for by  
the public4 ,it is useful especially for
 those who cannot well visit the        
library4 ,but it is very expensive2 it  
is out of date as soon as issued2 it    
cannot often be sold2 it requires       
training and experience to make it      
properly1 and the money it will cost can
 be better spent otherwise4 ,do not     
issue one4 ,print lists of additions in 
newspapers4 ,post them in the library4  
,issue an occasional bulletin of the    
latest purchases if you think it will be
 popular4 ,put your time1 skill1 energy1

 and money into the making of a full    
card catalog2 keep this up to date2 give
 the public access to it2 teach them how
 to use it1 and you will find the       
printed catalog not needed4  ,on cards  
prepared for the purpose see chapter on 
,things needed 7#i7 and ,library ,bureau
 catalog1 a card for each book--and a   
book is a book although in several      
volumes--write the author's surname 7if 
the book is anonymous write first the   
title71 given name or names1 if known1  
title1 date of copyright1 date of       
publication1 call-number1 and such other
 data as seem desirable4 ,the price1 for
 example1 may be put here1 and the size1
 indicating this by a letter4 ,see ,cole
 size card in chapter on ,things needed 
7#i7 and in ,library ,bureau catalog4   
,arrange these cards alphabetically1 by 
authors' names for an author catalog4   
,this catalog will be in constant use in
 the purchasing of books1 in classifying
 new purchases1 etc4 ,by the call-number
 one can refer from any entry in it to  

the entry of the same book in the       
shelf-list4 ,to make possible a like    
reference to the accession book1 write  
the accession number of each book near  
the bottom of the card on which it is   
entered4 ,in making the catalog entries 
observe certain fixed rules of          
alphabetization1 capitalization1        
punctuation1 arrangement1 etc41 as set  
forth in the catalog rules which may be 
adopted4 ,only by so doing can you      
secure uniformity of entry1 neatness in 
work1 and the greatest possible meaning 
from every note1 however much           
abbreviated4  ,illustration3 ,author    
card4 7,reduced2 actual size1 #g-a_/b x 
#ab-a_/b cm47  #igc4b ,coffin1 ,charles 
,carleton1 #ahbc- ,c#fe      ,old times 
in the colonies4       #dfj p4 il4 ,o   
,n4,y4 c#ahhj  ,preserve this catalog   
with great care4 ,it is the key to the  
records in shelf-list and accession     
book4 ,in a small library the public may
 very properly use it4 ,as soon as      
possible1 if your library is to be quite

 large and much used1 prepare for public
 use a duplicate of it1 omitting all    
those entries in the original which are 
of use only to the librarian4  ,the     
average reader more often remembers the 
titles of books than their authors4     
,add1 therefore1 to the author-list1 in 
your public catalog--not in your private
 or official catalog1 for which         
author-entries alone are sufficient--a  
title-list2 a set of cards like the     
author cards1 except that on each one   
the book's title is entered first       
instead of its author4 ,arrange author  
and title-lists in one alphabetical     
series4  ,illustration3 ,title card4    
7,reduced2 actual size1 #g-a_/b x       
#ab-a_/b cm47  #igc4b   ,old times in   
the colonies ,c#fe   ,coffin1 ,c4,c4    
,as the use of the library for reference
 work increases1 the question will often
 be asked1 has it any books on a certain
 subject8 ,add1 therefore1 to your      
author- and title-list a subject-list4  
,make this by writing a card for each   

book with the subject of which it treats
 the first word upon it4 ,arrange this  
also in the same alphabetical series    
with the other two4 ,in some cases the  
book's title and its subject will be    
identical2 for example1 ,geology1 by    
,tompkins1 or ,washington's boyhood1 by 
,jones4 ,for such books one card answers
 for title and subject4 ,for fiction no 
subject-card is necessary4 ,on the other
 hand1 many books have to do with more  
than one subject2 a volume of essays1   
for example1 or a group of biographical 
sketches4 ,for such it is desirable to  
add to the subject-list by writing as   
many cards for each book as the         
importance of the several subjects      
therein and the space the author gives  
to them seem to demand4 ,each card will 
have for the first word of its entry the
 subject to which it refers1 followed by
 the author and title of the book4      
,arrange these cards also alphabetically
 with all the others4 ,put on every card
 in the catalog the call-number of the  

book to which it refers4 ,this          
author-title-subject-list1 or dictionary
 catalog1 will tell at a glance if the  
library has books a7 by a certain       
author2 b7 with a given title2 c7 on a  
given subject4 ,these are the questions 
most often asked4  ,illustration3       
,subject card4 7,reduced2 actual size1  
#g-a_/b x #ab-a_/b cm47  #igc4b   ,u4,s4
 history- colonial4 ,c#fe  ,coffin1     
,charles ,carleton #ahbc-         ,old  
times in the colonies4         #dfj p4  
il4 ,o  ,n4,y4 c#ahhj  ,there are in    
print several books giving rules for    
cataloging4 ,some of these are mentioned
 in the chapter on ,things needed 7#i74 
,in a small library which is always to  
be small it is not necessary to follow  
all the rules laid down in these books4 
,it is much better1 however1 to do all  
the work1 even in a very small library1 
according to the most approved methods4 
,so to do brings you in touch with your 
fellows and gives you the comfort which 
comes from the consciousness of work    

well done1 even if the amount of the    
work be small4  ,in writing the         
subject-headings difficulties will soon 
arise unless you follow certain general 
rules and are careful also to be        
consistent in your work4 ,for instance1 
at intervals during a few months you add
 to the library books on horses1 cows1  
sheep1 goats1 camels1 and pigs2 some    
dealing with one animal1 some with two  
or more4 ,if for the first one you write
 a subject-card with the catch-word or  
entry-word at the top ,domestic animals1
 and for the next one ,farm animals1 and
 for the next one ,animals1 domestic1   
you will scatter the references to      
domesticated animals all through your   
catalog1 to the despair of those who    
would use it4 ,you can guard against    
this1 and easily1 if your catalog is    
small1 by looking to see what you have  
already written every time you write a  
new subject-entry-word1 and by following
 out a previously devised plan in the   
making of your entries4 ,the safest way 

is to get a printed list of headings and
 catalog rules and follow them4 7,see   
chapter on ,things needed1 #i47  ,with a
 printed list of subject-headings at    
hand it is not difficult to keep your   
catalog consistent and reasonable4      
,this same list of subject-headings will
 serve also as a guide in the writing of
 the cross-reference cards for your     
catalog1 the cards1 that is1 which refer
 the searcher from the topic pigs1 for  
example1 to swine1 or from both to      
domestic animals4  ,of course the       
subject-headings' list must be          
systematically used1 and must be marked 
and annotated to fit your special needs4
 ,this work1 like classifying1 can best 
be learned by doing4  ,there are many   
ways of keeping your catalog cards4 ,the
 thing to use is a set of trays made for
 the purpose4 7,see ,library ,bureau    
catalog47 ,the cards are extremely      
valuable1 and expense should not be     
spared in providing for their safe      
keeping and handy use4     ,,chapter    

,,xxvi  ,preparing books for the shelves
   ,all books should be marked with the 
name of the library4 ,this is cheaply   
done with a rubber stamp and violet or  
red ink pad4 ,an embossing stamp makes a
 good and indelible mark4 ,the type used
 should be of moderate size and open    
faced4 ,a perforating stamp now on the  
market marks a book neatly and most     
permanently4 ,mark books freely1 to     
assure their being recognized as the    
library's property wherever seen4 ,have 
some definite pages on which stamps     
always appear4 ,many use the title-page1
 fifty-first or one hundred and first1  
and the last page4 ,this need not       
interfere with marking elsewhere4       
,illustration3 ,embossing stamp4  ,on   
the back of the book write the          
call-number4 ,for this purpose use a tag
 or label4 ,they can be had in several  
sizes2 round ones are best4 ,paste the  
label where it will mar the book least1 
as near the middle as possible4 ,it is  
well to put all labels at the same      

height from the bottom of the back1 so  
far as this can be done without covering
 essential parts of the lettering4 ,four
 inches is a good height for the lower  
edge of all labels4 ,labels stick better
 if the place where they are to be      
pasted is moistened with a solution of  
ammonia and water1 to remove varnish or 
grease4 ,if this is done the mucilage or
 gum on the labels when purchased will  
be found usually to stick well4 ,after  
the call-number is written1 varnish the 
label with a thin solution of shellac in
 alcohol4 ,labels put on in this way    
will keep clean1 remain legible1 and    
rarely come off4  ,if a charging system 
using a pocket is adopted1 no book-plate
 is needed1 if the pocket1 that is1 is  
pasted on the inside of the front cover 
and has the name of the library on it4  
,when books are classified the          
call-number is written with hard pencil 
on a certain page1 the same page in all 
books2 a common place is the first right
 hand page after the title-page1 and    

near the inner margin4  ,this           
call-number should be written with ink  
on the pocket and book slip1 which is   
kept in the pocket1 or on the           
book-plate4 ,it is advisable also to    
write the call-number in ink on some    
definite page bearing the library's     
stamp4  ,if a book-plate is adopted let 
it be small and simple4 ,have a special 
plate for gifts1 with space on it for   
writing the name of the giver4  ,books  
wear better if they are carefully opened
 in a number of places before they are  
placed on the shelves4 ,this makes the  
backs flexible and less likely to break 
with rough handling4 ,in cutting the    
leaves be sure that the paper knife does
 its work to the very back edge of the  
top folds1 that it is never sharp enough
 to cut down into the leaves1 and that  
it is held nearly parallel to the fold  
to be cut4  ,the following is a list of 
things to be done before books are ready
 for use in a public library3  #a ,book 
notices and reviews are read and the    

library's needs and funds considered4   
#b ,order slips are made out1 arranged  
alphabetically1 and compared with the   
catalog to see if the books listed on   
them are already in the library4  #c    
,order list is made out1 approved1 and  
sent to dealer4  #d ,books arrive and   
are checked by the bill1 and brief notes
 of date of purchase1 initials of       
dealer1 and price are written on the    
left margin of the second page after the
 title-page4  #e ,bill is checked for   
items and prices by order slips4  #f    
,gifts when received are a7 properly    
acknowledged2 b7 entered in gift book2  
c7 marked with small gift-book plates   
pasted inside the front cover4  #g      
,books are looked over 7if you wish71   
collated1 especially the expensive ones1
 to see if complete and sound4  #h      
,books are entered in the accession     
book4  #i ,books are stamped with       
library stamp4  #aj ,books are opened to
 loosen binding1 and pages cut1 if      
necessary4  #aa ,the book-plates are    

pasted inside the front cover--if       
book-plates are used4  #ab ,pockets are 
pasted on the inside of front cover or  
wherever the system adopted places them4
  #ac ,labels are put on the backs4  #ad
 ,books are classified1 author-numbered 
and call-numbered4  #ae ,books are      
entered on shelf-list4  #af ,catalog    
cards are written--author1 title1 and   
subject4  #ag ,bulletin lists of the    
books are made out for posting up and   
for newspapers4  #ah ,call-numbers are  
written on the labels1 the pockets1 and 
the book slips4  #ai ,labels are        
varnished4  #bj ,the call-number of each
 book is entered in the proper place on 
the line which that book occupies in the
 accession book4  #ba ,books are placed 
on the library shelves for public use4  
#bb ,catalog cards1 author1 title1 and  
subject1 are arranged alphabetically in 
one series and distributed in catalog4  
,,chapter ,,xxvii  ,binding and mending 
,binding a book means not only covering 
it1 but preserving it4 ,good binding1   

even at a high price1 educates the      
public taste and promotes a desire to   
protect the library from injury and     
loss4 ,cheap binding degrades books and 
costs more in the end than good work4   
,keep in a bindery-book1 which may be   
any simple blank book1 or one especially
 made for the purpose 7see ,library     
,bureau catalog71 a record of each      
volume that the library binds or        
rebinds4  ,enter in the bindery-book    
consecutive bindery number1 book-number1
 author1 title1 binding to be used1 date
 sent to bindery1 date returned from    
bindery1 and cost of binding4  ,books   
subject to much wear should be sewn on  
tapes1 not on strings2 should have cloth
 joints1 tight backs1 and a tough1      
flexible leather1 or a good1 smooth     
cloth of cotton or linen such as is now 
much used by good binders4 ,most of the 
expensive leather1 and all cheap        
leather1 rots in a short time2 good     
cloth does not4 ,very few libraries can 
afford luxurious binding4 ,good         

material1 strong sewing1 and a moderate 
degree of skill and taste in finishing  
are all they can pay for4 ,learn to tell
 a substantial piece of work when you   
see it1 and insist that you get such    
from your binder4 ,the beginners' first 
business is to inform himself carefully 
as to character1 value1 cost and        
strength of all common binding          
materials4  ,from binders1 or from      
dealers in binding material1 you can get
 samples of cloth1 leather1 tapes1      
string1 thread1 etc41 which will help   
you to learn what to ask for from your  
local binder4  ,the following notes are 
from a lecture by ,john ,h4,h4 ,mc,namee
 before the ,massachussets library club 
in #ahif1 on the ,essentials of good    
binding3  ,had ,i the ordering of       
bindings for any public or circulating  
library where books are given out to all
 classes of people1 and subjected to the
 handling which such books must receive1
 ,i should1 from my experience as a     
binder1 recommend the following rules3  

,for the smaller volumes of juveniles1  
novels1 and perishable books 7by which  
,i mean books which are popular for a   
short time1 and then may lie on the     
shelves almost as so much lumber71 have 
each book pulled to pieces and sewed    
with ,hayes' linen thread on narrow     
linen tapes1 with edges carefully       
trimmed4  ,have the books rounded and   
backed1 but not laced in4 ,have the     
boards placed away from the backs about 
one-fourth of an inch1 in order to give 
plenty of room for them to swing easily 
and avoid their pulling off the first   
and last signatures of the book when    
opened4 ,give the back and joint a      
lining of super or cheese cloth4 ,have  
them covered with ,american duck or     
canvas pasted directly to the leaves1   
pressed well and given plenty of time to
 dry under pressure1 and so avoid as    
much as possible all warping of boards  
and shrinkage of the cloth4 ,for all    
large folios1 newspapers and kindred    
works1 use heavy canvas1 as it is       

somewhat cheaper than sheep1 and as     
easily worked4 ,have them sewed strongly
 on the requisite number of bands1 every
 band laced into the boards1 which      
should be made by pasting two heavy     
binder's boards together1 to prevent    
warping and give solidity to the volume4
  ,the reason ,i say lace in large      
volumes is that the heavy books will sag
 and pull out of covers by their great  
weight unless tightly fastened to a     
solid board1 thus giving the book a good
 foundation to stand on4  ,for all      
periodicals not bound in leather ,i     
should prescribe the same treatment4    
,these volumes can be lettered in ink on
 the canvas1 or in gold on a colored    
leather label pasted on the cloth4 ,but 
for all books which are destined to be  
bound in leather ,i should surely1 and  
without any hesitation whatever1 order  
morocco1 and by this ,i mean goat skin1 
and ,i should go still further and      
demand a good ,german or ,french goat2  
boards hard and laced in at every band1 

super joints1 full1 open backs1         
lettering clear and distinct1 and the   
paper on the sides to match the leather4
  ,i would also recommend that a        
schedule be used1 giving a space for    
schedule number2 then the name of book  
or books1 or lettering to be used on    
each volume2 space for the number of    
volumes1 space for description of       
binding1 and finally for price1 thus    
giving the binder a complete order on a 
large sheet1 which he is in no danger of
 losing4 ,all he will have to do is to  
mark on the title of each volume1 in    
small figures1 its schedule number1 and1
 when the books are done1 put down the  
prices and add up the column of figures1
 and make out his statement as per the  
number of schedule4  ,this method gives 
the librarian a complete list of volumes
 sent and returned1 and by laying away  
these schedules she has for handy       
reference a very complete list of       
prices4 ,it saves the binder from       
writing out the name of each volume on  

his bill1 and as the librarian must keep
 a list of books sent1 why not keep them
 this way as well as any other8 ,i have 
mislaid or lost hundreds of lettering   
slips1 which are the bane of a          
bookbinder's existence4 ,lay down some  
rules for the cutting of books1 placing 
of plates1 binding of covers1 and       
advertisements1 style of lettering1     
etc41 and have your binder follow them4 
,don't ever cut with a folder before    
sending to binder1 as it makes the      
sewing more difficult4  ,don't pull to  
pieces or take out titles and indexes4  
,the binder always takes care of that4  
,don't take off ads1 as it sometimes    
leaves unsightly tears or takes away    
pages1 and if all leaves are paged the  
binder is at a loss to know if the book 
is complete4  ,don't ever use mucilage  
or glue4 ,your bookbinder will send you 
a little paste1 or you can make it by   
boiling flour and water and sprinkling  
in a little salt4 ,if you wish to keep  
it for a long time1 mix a few drops of  

oil of cloves with it and seal up4  ,of 
course there are cases where some of    
these rules don't apply1 such as volumes
 made up from leaves taken from several 
other volumes or pamphlets4  ,in case of
 a book of this kind place every leaf in
 correct order1 and write directions    
very carefully4  ,many books will need  
repair4 ,a few hours spent in the       
bindery1 studying the methods of putting
 a book together1 will be helpful1 not  
only in the matter of securing good     
binding1 but in the repairing of books  
that have gone to pieces4 ,mend and     
rebind your books the minute they seem  
to need it4 ,delay is the extravagant   
thing in this case4 ,if you are slow in 
this matter1 leaves and sections will be
 lost1 and the wear the broken-backed   
volume is getting will soon remove a    
part of the fold at the back of the     
several sections1 and make the whole    
book a hopeless wreck forever4          
,,chapter ,,xxviii  ,pamphlets   ,save  
all pamphlets having to do with local   

history1 and save also those of a       
general nature which promise ever to be 
of any importance4 ,in a small library1 
however1 or in any library in which     
money for salaries is limited1 and the  
work to be done in the regular matter of
 attending to the public1 lending books1
 etc41 is great1 do not waste time in   
trying to arrange or catalog pamphlets4 
,simply let them accumulate1 arranging  
them roughly in classes4 ,bind at once  
only those that seem absolutely to      
demand it4 ,in the history of almost any
 library the time will come when it will
 be possible to sort out pamphlets1     
arrange them properly1 catalog such as  
are worth it1 bind them singly or in    
groups1 and incorporate them into the   
library4 ,but any system of arranging   
and sorting pamphlets which does        
anything more than very roughly to      
arrange and store them1 and attempts to 
make them1 without much labor1          
accessible to the general public1 is    
almost sure to be a failure4 ,this is   

not true of pamphlets to which the      
public has not access4 ,but pamphlets   
not fully cataloged and not accessible  
to the public are1 no matter how        
scientifically arranged1 almost useless 
plunder4 ,to keep them clean and in     
order nothing is as good as a pamphlet  
case1 which any boxmaker can make1 of   
cardboard about #i inches high1 #g      
inches deep1 and #b inches thick1 open  
at the back4 ,they will cost from #d to 
#ab cents each1 according to quality of 
board used and quantity ordered4 ,for   
holding a few pamphlets together        
temporarily ,ballard's klips are best4  
,sold by ,h4,h4 ,ballard1 ,pittsfield1  
,mass4  ,illustration3 ,l4,b4 pamphlet  
case4 7,various sizes47     ,,chapter   
,,xxix  ,public documents  ,adelaide ,r4
 ,hasse1 of the ,new ,york ,public      
library   ,how issued  ,government      
documents are issued in two sets or     
editions1 viz43 the ,congressional or   
sheep1 and the ,departmental or cloth4  
,the annual reports of the heads of     

departments1 with many of the serial and
 occasional publications of the various 
departments1 are contained in the sheep 
set1 and in addition1 all the reports of
 committees1 and records of the         
transactions of congress1 except the    
debates which are contained in the      
,congressional record4 ,the cloth set   
contains all the publications of the    
various departments1 irrespective of the
 fact that some of them may have        
appeared in the sheep set4   ,to whom   
issued  ,the depository libraries       
receive the sheep set by law from the   
superintendent of documents4 ,each      
department has its own list of exchanges
 7i4e41 designations7 which receive     
gratis the publications of that         
department intended for general         
distribution4 ,non-depository libraries 
receive their documents regularly from  
the departments when on the department  
exchange list1 or irregularly from their
 representatives in congress4 ,remainder
 libraries receive from the             

superintendent of documents such        
documents as can be supplied from the   
fractional quotas sent to him after the 
editions ordered for the use of congress
 have been equally divided among the    
senators and representatives4  ,special 
libraries are those libraries specially 
designated by members of congress to    
receive the publications of the         
geological survey4  ,many thousands of  
books have been sent on special         
application to libraries not on the     
list4 ,the depository1 remainder1 and   
special libraries together now number   
over #acjj4  ,all the departments still 
control the distribution of their own   
publications1 the superintendent of     
documents only distributing the sheep   
set1 and such of the department         
publications as have been turned over to
 him by the departments for this        
purpose1 or of which there have been    
remainders4 ,sometimes the number of    
copies of its own publications allotted 
to the department is very small and soon

 exhausted4  ,librarians and others who 
want full information about the         
distribution1 present methods of issue1 
etc41 of public documents1 should send  
for the ,first annual report of the     
superintendent of documents4 ,in        
addition there have been issued from his
 office1 since its establishment in     
,march1 #ahie1 a check list of public   
documents1 and since ,january1 #ahie1 a 
monthly catalog of current publications4
 ,both are mailed free upon application4
   ,care in a library  ,the question of 
the most economical1 and at the same    
time satisfactory manner of caring for  
documents in a library1 cannot be       
considered in the space of so brief an  
article as this necessarily must be4    
,after all1 it is a question that must  
be settled by each library for itself1  
since it rests chiefly upon the extent  
to which the library can afford         
duplication4  ,depository libraries have
 better opportunities than others for   
filling up the sheep set1 and having    

this set they have the greater portion  
of those documents useful to the average
 library4 ,a complete sheep set from the
 #aeth ,congress to the close of the    
#ec;d ,congress numbers slightly over   
#ccdc,v41 and will require #hfj feet of 
shelving1 or six modern iron book       
stacks4  ,though it is done in a few    
cases1 the subject classification of the
 sheep set is not to be recommended4    
,where subject classification1 or the   
incorporation of the documents in the   
general library1 is desired1 the cloth  
set is preferable1 and is in most cases 
procurable4 ,if a library can afford    
shelf room for both1 it will be found   
more satisfactory to keep the sheep set 
intact1 and to make a selection of such 
reports from the cloth set as will be   
locally useful to the library4  ,no     
small library should undertake to       
acquire any documents but those for     
which it has an actual use2 only the    
largest libraries can afford the task of
 filling up sets of documents simply for

 the sake of having a complete record4  
,small libraries1 and all libraries in  
need of any special report or document1 
can get it1 in most cases1 by applying  
to the superintendent of documents4     
,return all your duplicates to the      
superintendent of documents2            
arrangements for their transportation   
will be made by him upon notification1  
and anything he has that is needed will 
be sent in exchange4  ,do not try to    
collect a complete set of government    
documents2 the government of the ,united
 ,states has not yet been able to do    
that4     ,,chapter ,,xxx  ,checking the
 library   ,check the library over      
occasionally4 ,it need not be done every
 year4 ,it is an expensive thing to do1 
in time1 and is not of great value when 
done2 but now and then it must be gone  
through with4 ,it is not necessary to   
close the library for this purpose4     
,take one department at a time and check
 it by the shelf-list4 ,make a careful  
list of all books missing4 ,check this  

list by the charging slips at the       
counter4 ,for those still missing make a
 general but hasty search through the   
library4 ,go over each part of the      
library in this way4 ,then compile all  
lists of missing books into one list1   
arranged in the order of their          
call-numbers4 ,once or twice a week for 
several months go over the library with 
this list1 looking for missing books4   
,even with access to the shelves1 and   
with great freedom in matters of        
circulation1 not many books will be     
found missing1 under ordinary           
circumstances1 at the end of a six      
months' search4 ,such books as are still
 missing at the end of any given period1
 together with those that have been     
discarded as worn out1 and those that   
have been lost by borrowers1 should be  
properly marked on the shelf-list1 and  
should have an entry in the accession   
book1 stating what has become of them4  
,if they are not replaced1 it will be   
advisable to withdraw the cards         

representing them from the card catalog1
 or to write on the cards the fact of   
withdrawal and the cause4  ,keep a      
record of all books withdrawn from the  
library for whatever reason4            
,,chapter ,,xxxi  ,lists1 bulletins1    
printed catalog   ,give the public      
access to the card catalog if possible4 
,if a dictionary catalog is made it will
 prove to be most helpful to the serious
 students4 ,for the average reader1 the 
person who wishes to get a recent book1 
the latest novel1 etc41 prepare lists of
 additions from month to month1 post    
them up in some convenient place in the 
library1 and put them in a binder to be 
left on desk or table in the delivery   
room4  ,print lists of additions1 if    
possible1 in the local papers2 also     
publish reference lists having to do    
with current events and matters of      
popular interest4 ,oftentimes the       
newspapers will furnish1 for a small    
sum1 extra copies of the lists which    
they have printed4 ,if the means warrant

 the expenditure1 a periodical bulletin1
 appearing once a month1 or even        
oftener1 containing information about   
the library1 notes on recent additions1 
suggestions as to the use of books1     
lists on special subjects1 and lists of 
books lately added may prove useful4    
,such a bulletin can often be maintained
 without cost to the library by having  
it published by some one who will pay   
its expenses by means of advertisements4
 ,the very best way of bringing new     
books to the attention of readers is to 
print a list of additions1 with         
call-numbers1 as condensed as possible1 
and with no other matter1 for free      
distribution in the library4  ,in       
printing lists of books1 make the       
classes covered special1 not general4   
,give lists suitable for as many        
different needs and occasions as        
possible4 ,there can't be too many of   
them4 ,for instance1 a teacher would    
find thoroughly helpful and practicable 
such classified lists of books as1 for  

beginners in third and fourth grades1   
for the intermediate pupils1 for boys1  
for girls1 numerous references to the   
current events of the day2 historical   
readings divided into periods and       
adapted to different grades2 historical 
fiction under several forms of          
classification2 biographies and         
biographical sketches suited to         
different ages2 geographical aids1      
including travel1 description1 life1    
scenes1 and customs in different        
countries2 natural history and          
elementary science2 the resources of the
 library available for the purpose of   
illustrating topics in history1 art1 and
 science2 material for theme studies2   
special lists for anniversary days now  
so generally observed in schools1 and so
 on4  ,lists in which the titles of the 
books come first are better liked by the
 general public than are author-lists4  
,people commonly know books by name1 not
 by author4  ,don't make the mistake of 
spending much money1 at the library's   

beginning1 for a printed catalog4 ,a    
printed catalog1 as stated in chapter   
#be1 is not a necessity4 ,it is useful1 
particularly for home use1 to tell      
whether the library owns certain books2 
but with a good card catalog1 newspaper 
lists1 special lists1 and the like1 it  
is not a necessity4 ,few large libraries
 now publish complete catalogs4         
,,chapter ,,xxxii  ,charging system     
,on the inside of the front cover of    
every book in the library paste a       
manilla pocket4 7,see ,library ,bureau  
catalog47 ,or paste1 by the bottom and  
the upper corners1 thus making a pocket 
of it1 a sheet of plain1 stout paper at 
the bottom of the first page of the     
first flyleaf4 ,on this pocket1 at the  
top1 write the call-number of the book4 
,below this print information for       
borrowers1 if this seems necessary4 ,in 
this pocket place a book-card of heavy  
ledger paper or light cardboard4 ,on    
this book-card1 at the top1 write the   
call-number of the book in the pocket of

 which it is placed4  ,illustration3    
,card-pocket4 7,reduced2 actual size1 #g
 x #ac-a_/b cm47  ,,chicago ,,public    
,,library         99       99       99  
99       99  ,,extract ,,from ,,city    
,,ordinance4  ,,sec4 #a4--;,any person  
who shall willfully or maliciously cut1 
write upon1 injure1 deface1 tear1 or    
destroy any ,book1 ,newspaper1 ,plate1  
,picture1 ,engraving1 or ,statue        
belonging to the ,chicago ,public       
,library1 shall be liable to a fine of  
not less than five dollars1 nor more    
than fifty dollars for every such       
offense4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,,extract ,,from ,,rules4  
#bg4--;,books may be retained two weeks1
 and may be once renewed for the same   
period4  #cj4--;,a fine of three cents a
 day shall be paid on each work1 whether
 bound in one or more volumes1 which is 
not returned according to the provisions
 of the preceding rules2 and no other   
book will be delivered to the party     
incurring the fine until it is paid4 99 

99 99         99       99       99      
99       99  ,,received4          99    
99       99       99       99  ,acme    
,library ,card ,pocket4 ,under ,pat4    
,sept4 #bf1 '#gf1 ,ref4 ,index ,file4   
,made by ,,library ,,bureau1 #abe       
,franklin ,st41 ,chicago         99     
99       99       99       99  ,keep    
your ,card ,in this ,pocket4  ,to every 
borrower the library issues a borrower's
 card4 ,this card is made of heavy1     
colored tag-board1 and contains the     
borrowers' name and address1 and his    
number in the series of borrowers'      
numbers4  ,the librarian1 before        
delivering a book to a borrower1 takes  
from the pocket the book-card1 writes on
 it the number found at the top of the  
borrower's card1 and after it1 with a   
dater1 stamps the day of the month4 ,at 
the same time he stamps the same date on
 the borrower's card1 and on the pocket 
in the book or on a dating slip pasted  
in the book opposite the pocket4        
,illustration3 ,book card4 7,reduced2   

actual size #ab-a_/b x #g-a_/b cm47     
#cdj         ,d#fh ,dole1 ,e4,p4 ,talks 
about law ,ja4 #d  #hbf  ,ja4 #aa ,f4 #f
   #bdf  ,f4 #ae ,ap4 #a  #hcf  ,the    
borrower's card he places in the book   
pocket1 the book-card he retains as a   
record of the loan1 and the borrower    
takes the book away4 ,the book-card1    
with all others representing the books  
issued on the same day1 he places in a  
tray behind a card bearing the date of  
the day of issue4 ,all the book-cards   
representing books issued on a certain  
day are arranged in the order of their  
call-numbers4  ,illustration3 ,tray for 
book-cards4  ,under this system the     
borrower can tell1 by looking at his    
card1 on what date the book he has was  
taken from the library4 ,if he wishes to
 renew it without taking it back to the 
library1 he can do so by a letter       
stating that he took on a certain day a 
book bearing a certain number1 and      
wishes it renewed4  ,the librarian can  
tell1 from the book-cards1 what books   

are in circulation1 and how many of each
 class were lent on a certain day4      
,illustration3 ,no4 #a4 ,postal notice4 
7,reduced47  ,city ,library ,association
 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,feb4 #ad1 #ahii4 
,the book noted below is now in the     
library and will be reserved for you    
until #i ,p4,m41 ,feb4 #ae4  ,please    
present this notice and your library    
card4 ,a charge of two cents is made for
 this notice4  ,,john ,,cotton ,,dana1  
,librarian4  ,per4 ,s4,m4,j4  ,book ,no4
 #bagc4ed ,title1 etc4 ,ave ,roma       
,immortalis4  ,reserve ,postal1 ,form   
#a1 ,jan4 #cj4 '#ih1 #ejj  ,the         
borrower's number1 written on the       
book-card of any given book in          
circulation1 will give1 through the     
register of borrowers1 the name and     
address of the person having that book4 
,overdue books are automatically        
indicated1 their cards remaining in the 
tray1 behind the card indicating the    
date they were lent1 after the day for  
their return has passed4  ,when a       

borrower returns a book the librarian   
can learn1 from the date on the pocket1 
whether or no a fine should be paid on  
it2 if not1 he can1 if in haste1        
immediately take out the borrower's card
 from the book pocket1 stamp the date of
 its return at the right of the date on 
which it was lent1 thus canceling the   
charge against the borrower1 and lay the
 book aside and look up its book-card   
later4  ,illustration3 ,no4 #b4         
,registration card1 face4 7,reduced2    
actual size1 #g-a_/b x #ab-a_/b cm47    
,name4  ,geo4 ,brown      ,no4   #hj    
,residence4  #gb ,vernon4 ,employment4  
,machinist4 ,employer4  ,smith          
,wesson's4 ,place of business4   #he    
,main4  ,illustration3 ,no4 #c4         
,registration card1 reverse4 7,reduced2 
actual size1 #g-a_/b x #ab-a_/b cm47    
,feb4 #ad1 #ahii4  ,i hereby declare    
that ,i am a resident of the ,city of   
,springfield1 and in consideration of   
the right to use the ,free ,city        
,library1 agree to comply with all      

,regulations provided for its           
government4  ,george ,brown4  ,i hereby 
certify that the above subscriber is a  
fit person to enjoy the privileges of   
the ,city ,library1 and that ,i will be 
responsible for any loss or injury the  
,library may sustain from the permission
 given to draw books in consequence of  
this certificate4  ,signature 7in ink7  
,residing at ,no4     ,street4  ,double 
and special borrowers' cards are not    
needed under this system4 ,it           
accommodates itself readily to a        
two-book system4 ,on the book-cards     
belonging to the second book1 and all   
other books after the first1 which any  
borrower may take1 the librarian writes 
the borrower's number preceded by any   
letter or sign which will serve to      
indicate that these books are charged1  
not on the borrower's card1 but to the  
borrower direct1 on the strength of a   
general permission to him to take more  
than one book4  ,illustration3 ,no4 #d4 
,overdue notice4 7,postal card1         

reduced47  ,the ,city ,library          
,association1 ,springfield1 ,mass4      
,,literature3 ,,art3 ,,science4  ,the   
,library3 ,circulating ,department4     
,the rules of the library require all   
books to be returned in two weeks4 ,book
 ,no4 ,g#fdg4b stands charged to you    
7,card ,no4 #aijf7 as taken from the    
library ,feb4 #b4 '#ii4  ,you are       
incurring a fine of two cents for every 
day's detention4  ,if you think a       
mistake has been made1 please notify us4
  ,a charge of two cents is made for    
sending this notice4  ,the ,city        
,library4 ,per ,b4  ,present this notice
 with your library card4  ,the postal   
notice no4 #a1 the registration cards #b
 and #c1 the notice that the book is    
overdue1 no4 #d1 the fine slip1 no4 #e1 
all explain themselves4  ,in most       
places1 certainly in all small towns1 a 
sufficient safeguard against the loss of
 books is found in the signature of the 
borrower himself4 ,no guarantee need be 
called for4 ,to ask for a guarantor for 

a reputable resident is simply to       
discommode two people instead of one4   
,the application which the borrower     
signs should be brief and plain4 ,name1 
residence1 place of business1 and any   
necessary references1 should be written 
in by the librarian on one side2 the    
signature to an agreement to obey the   
library rules can be written by the     
applicant on the other4 ,all borrowers  
agreements should be filed in           
alphabetical order4 ,they should receive
 borrowers' numbers in the order of     
their issue1 and the date4 ,the         
borrowers' cards should state that they 
expire in a definite number of years    
from the date of issue1 and the date of 
issue should be stamped on them4 ,an    
index of borrower's agreements should be
 kept by their numbers4 ,this need      
contain only the borrower's number1 his 
name1 and1 when necessary1 his address4 
,it is conveniently kept in a book4 ,it 
is better to keep it on cards4          
,illustration3 ,no4 #e4 ,fine slip4     

7,reduced2 actual size #ab-a_/b x       
#g-a_/b cm47  ,the ,city ,library       
,assocation ,springfield1 ,mass4  ,fines
 received  ,,feb #ad  ,no4 #cd4 #e-hb   
,d4   #d  #b #af  #f #bb  #h  #b  #d  #f
     ,,chapter ,,xxxiii  ,meeting the   
public   ,if the public is not admitted 
to the shelves1 it will be necessary to 
supply catalogs for public use as well  
as slips on which lists of books wanted 
can be made out2 but the fullest        
possible catalogs and the finest        
appointments in the delivery room cannot
 take the place of direct contact       
between librarian or assistants and the 
public4 ,wherever possible1 the person  
to whom the borrower applies for a book 
should go himself to the shelves for it4
  ,the stranger in the library should be
 made welcome4 ,encourage the timid1    
volunteer to them directions and        
suggestions1 and instruct them in the   
library's methods4 ,conversation at the 
counter having to do with wants of      
borrowers should be encouraged rather   

than discouraged4 ,no mechanical devices
 can take the place of face to face     
question and answer4  ,the public like  
to handle and examine their books1 and  
it is good for them to do it4 ,they like
 the arrangements in the library to be  
simple2 they object to red tape and     
rules4 ,they like to have their         
institutions seem to assume--through1   
for example1 the absence of signs--that 
they know how to conduct themselves     
courteously without being told4 ,they   
don't like delays4 ,they like to be     
encouraged to ask questions4 ,they like 
to be consulted as to their wants1 and  
as to changes in arrangements and       
methods4 ,they like to feel at home in  
their library4     ,,chapter ,,xxxiv    
,the public library for the public      
,the librarian of former times was      
almost invariably a bookworm1 and was   
often a student properly so called4 ,the
 older librarians of the present day1   
and the librarians of the great         
libraries of our cities1 are also very  

commonly men of letters1 men of         
learning1 men who admire the student    
spirit and know how to appreciate it4   
,the librarian of former days actually  
felt that the books of which he had     
charge were to be used1 if they were    
used at all1 chiefly1 if not only1 by   
persons who wished to make some careful 
and painstaking research2 and the older 
librarians1 and the librarians of the   
greater libraries of today1 are also    
inclined to think that their libraries  
are best used1 or at least are used as  
fully as they need be1 when they are    
visited by those who are engaged in     
original investigation or serious study 
of some sort4 ,as a fellow librarian    
once wrote me1 for example1 of one of   
his colleagues1 ,his whole trend is     
scholarly rather than popular2 he       
appreciates genuine contributions to    
art1 science1 and industry1 but has     
little taste for the great class of     
books that the main body of readers care
 for4 ,this view of literature1         

libraries1 and the use of books1 and    
this special fondness for what may be   
called genuine contributions to art1    
science1 and industry1 are proper enough
 in their time and place2 but it cannot 
be too often impressed upon the library 
world1 and upon those who contribute to 
the support of libraries1 and upon      
trustees and directors generally1 that  
the thing that is of great consequence  
in the work of the free public library  
is not its product in the shape of books
 which are the results of careful       
research1 or of books which are         
contributions to science1 art1 and      
industry2 it is the work that the       
library does from day to day in         
stimulating the inquiring spirit1 in    
adding to the interest in things1 and in
 broadening the minds of the common     
people who form #ij per cent at least of
 the public library patrons4 ,that is to
 say1 the public library is chiefly     
concerned not in the products of        
education1 as shown in the finished     

book1 but in the process of education as
 shown in the developing and training of
 the library users1 of the general      
public4  ,it is from this               
common-folks-education point of view    
that the advocate of the open-shelf     
system looks upon the question of       
library administration4 ,a free public  
library is not a people's post-graduate 
school1 it is the people's common       
school4  ,the more ,i see and learn of  
free public libraries the more ,i am    
convinced that a public library can     
reach a high degree of efficiency in its
 work only when its books are accessible
 to all its patrons4 ,the free public   
library should not be managed for the   
use of the special student1 save in     
special cases1 any more than is the free
 public school4 ,that it should be      
solely or chiefly or primarily the      
student's library1 in any proper sense  
of the word1 is as contrary to the      
spirit of the whole free public library 
movement as would be the making of the  

public schools an institution for the   
creation of ,greek philologians4        
,everyone engaged in educational work1  
and especially those thus engaged who   
are most thoroughly equipped for the    
work in a literary way1 and are most in 
touch with the literary and scholarly   
spirit1 should have his attention called
 again and again to the needs of the    
crowd1 the mass1 the common people1 the 
general run1 the #ij per cent who either
 have never been within a schoolroom1 or
 left it forever by the time they were  
thirteen years of age4 ,and his         
attention should be again and again     
called to the fact that of the millions 
of children who are getting an education
 in this country today1 not over #e or  
#f per cent at the outside1 and perhaps 
even less than that1 ever get as far1   
even1 as the high-schools4 ,the few1 of 
course1 rule and must keep the lamp     
burning1 but the many must have         
sufficient education to know how to walk
 by it if democracy is to endure4 ,and  

the school for the many is1 and is to   
be1 if the opinions of librarians are   
correct1 the free public library2 but it
 cannot be a school for the many unless 
the many walk into it1 and go among its 
books1 handle them1 and so doing come to
 know them and to love them and to use  
them1 and to get wisdom from them4      
,,chapter ,,xxxv  ,advice to a librarian
  ,from ,public ,libraries1 ,june1 #ahig
   ,as a matter of fact the position of 
librarian is more of an executive       
business affair than a literary one4    
,let me give you fair warning--it is in 
no sense your business to dictate to    
others as to what they may or may not1  
should or should not1 read1 and if you  
attempt to assume such responsibility   
you will make unnumbered enemies1 and   
take upon yourself a thankless and      
uncalled-for task4  ,frankly1 do you    
know what is good for me to read8 ,are  
you not very much in doubt what is best 
for yourself8 ,isn't there a doubt in   
the best and most candid minds upon this

 same subject8 ,let the board of        
directors assume the responsibilities1  
work carefully and cautiously for the   
things that are considered best by      
persons of some authority1 the people   
with sound1 healthy bodies and clean    
minds1 and thoroughly distrust the      
literary crank4 ,don't be too sure of   
your own judgment2 the other fellow may 
be right1 especially as to what he wants
 and needs4  ,hang on to your tastes and
 prejudices for yourself1 but don't     
impose them upon others4 ,cultivate your
 own tastes carefully by reading but    
little1 and that little of the best2    
avoid the latest sensation until you are
 quite sure it is more than a sensation2
 if you have to buy it to please the    
patrons1 have some convenient 7literary7
 dog of good appetite and digestive     
organs1 and try it on him or her and    
watch the general effect4 ,you will be  
astonished how much you will find out   
about a book1 its morals and manners1 by
 the things they don't say4 ,our mutual 

friend's father1 ,mr ,d----1 used to    
utterly damn a book to me when he said  
it was ,just fair1 and his ,it's a      
likely story1 put things in the front   
ranks4 ,just get the confidence of as   
many readers as you can1 grapple some of
 the most divergent minds with hooks of 
steel2 and in finding out how little you
 know that is of any real value to      
anyone else1 you will begin to be of    
some little value to yourself4 ,don't   
try to direct4 ,the fellow that wants   
your direction will cause you to ooze   
out the information he needs1 and you   
will hardly know that you have told him 
anything4  ,i may be1 and doubtless am1 
saying much that is quite unnecessary1  
but ,i have tried to bear in mind some  
of my own mistakes1 and of others around
 me4 ,i have been impressed with the    
fact that librarians seem to think that 
they must or ought to know everything1  
and get to think they do know4 ,it is a 
delusion4 ,one can't know it all1 and   
only a hopeless case tries4  ,be more   

than content to be ignorant on many     
things4 ,look at your position as a     
high-grade business one1 look after the 
working details1 have things go         
smoothly1 know the whereabouts and      
classification of the books1 and let    
people choose their own mental food1 but
 see to it that all that is put before  
them is wholesome4     ,,chapter ,,xxxvi
  ,the librarian as a host  ,maude ,r4  
,henderson1 in ,public ,libraries1      
,september1 #ahif   ,each librarian     
needs to have an ideal for society2 must
 have before him an end of which his    
work will be only a part4  ,it is the   
peculiar position of the librarian to be
 so situated that with the consent of   
his trustees he may1 simply by virtue of
 his office1 be able to draw about him  
more of the elements of usefulness than 
almost any other person4 ,even a        
librarian who is a stranger is not      
taking matters unduly into his own hands
 in immediately availing himself of this
 privilege1 for he is placed in the     

community where he can bring together   
those who have something to give and    
those who wish to receive4 ,his         
invitation is non-partisan1             
non-sectarian1 and without social       
distinctions4  ,the object of this      
article upon the librarian as a host is 
to suggest methods of usefulness for the
 community through the forms of         
entertainment at the disposal of the    
librarian4 ,a surprising number of      
people1 not having attractive           
surroundings1 and not having unbounded  
resources within themselves1 lead dull  
lives4 ,the theater is expensive1       
sometimes not available1 often not      
attractive1 and one of the attractions  
of a library evening will be that it is 
some place to go1 but does no violence  
either to their scruples or their ideas 
of economy4 ,many who will not identify 
themselves with clubs1 from an aversion 
to organization1 will appreciate the    
freedom from it here1 for there will be 
no officers1 no rules1 no fees4  ,if    

there is no especial note that the      
librarian thinks it would be well to    
sound1 he may let it be known that the  
first of a series of entertainments to  
be given by the library1 at the library1
 will be1 for instance1 a talk upon the 
,child in ,history1 ,our ,american      
,illustrators1 or some attractive       
subject4  ,there are always a number of 
specialists1 even in small places1 who  
can contribute liberally to these plans1
 thus relieving the librarian of any    
real work beyond that of planning1 while
 it accomplishes the double purpose of  
engaging the interest of the speaker in 
the work of the library1 and of         
furnishing the entertainment for others4
 ,the following suggestions1 which have 
been prepared for the work of a small   
library1 will give a more definite idea 
of the plan4  ,very often there will be 
found some one who1 having a special    
fondness for one school of art1 has made
 a collection of reproductions of its   
famous works in photographs1 casts or   

engravings1 who will willingly loan them
 for the illustration of a talk upon    
this theme1 even if not quite as        
willingly giving the talk himself4  ,a  
beautiful program for a musical evening 
would consist of the conversation or    
paper upon a certain musical form1 such 
as the opera1 symphony1 or perhaps dance
 music1 being illustrated and varied by 
the performance of examples of those    
forms4 ,the organized musical clubs     
could here be of the greatest service in
 taking charge of the whole             
entertainment4  ,an enthusiasm for a    
work or this kind may be somewhat       
crushed out by the press of regular     
duties1 but the librarian may be greatly
 helped by the cooeperation of organized
 clubs4 ,musical societies1             
,saengerbunds1 the ,elks1 ,daughters of 
the ,revolution1 and other societies are
 constantly preparing excellent         
entertainments1 which it is hoped they  
will be willing to reproduce for those  
who have either not the leisure or the  

inclination to study4 ,such a movement  
does not in any way divert the energies 
of the library from their original aims1
 but is only another means of enhancing 
their efficacy4 ,the resources of the   
library upon each of the subjects       
presented can be made known in many ways
 familiar to the librarian1 such as     
posted lists1 bulletins1 and by the     
mention of them in the talks4  ,upon a  
night which the librarian might consider
 of interest to them1 special           
invitations may be sent to the different
 organized societies of working people1 
such as the retail clerks1 labor unions1
 etc1 who might not include themselves  
readily in a general published          
invitation4  ,it has been generally     
observed that more people are willing to
 read than know what to read1 and are   
always glad of help in selection4  ,the 
originality of the librarian will       
develop many themes and schemes1 and the
 work itself will doubtless show new    
veins which may be followed up4 ,it may 

be that not many will avail themselves  
of any one invitation1 but with a       
constant change of topic and manner of  
presentation1 there cannot fail to be a 
great number1 eventually1 whose         
attention will be enlisted4             
,,chapter ,,xxxvii  ,library            
patrons--,making friends of them        
,library patrons may be roughly divided 
into classes1 thus3 ,first--,the adult  
student who1 on rare occasions1 calls to
 supplement the resources of his own    
collection of books with the resources  
of the public institution4 ,this class  
is very small4 ,second--,the dilettante1
 or amateur1 who is getting up an essay 
or a criticism for some club or society1
 and wishes to verify his impression as 
to the color of ,james ,russell         
,lowell's hair1 or the exact words      
,dickens once used to ,james ,t4 ,fields
 in speaking of a certain               
ought-to-be-forgotten poem of           
,browning's4 ,this class is large1 and  
its annual growth in this country is    

probably an encouraging sign of the     
times4 ,it indicates interest4          
,third--,the serious-minded reader who  
alternately tackles ,macaulay1 ,darwin1 
and ,tom ,jones with frequent and       
prolonged relapses--simply to rest his  
mind--into ,mrs ,wistar and ,capt4      
,king4 ,this class is quite large1 and  
though in too large a measure the       
victims of misplaced confidence in ,sir 
,john ,lubbock and ,frederick ,harrison1
 they make excellent progress and do    
much to keep up the reading habit4      
,fourth--,the ,oh1                      
just-anything-good-you-know reader4 ,her
 name is legion4 ,she never knows what  
she has read4 ,yet the social student   
who failed to take into account the     
desultory1 pastime reader1 would miss a 
great factor in the spread of ideas4    
,fifth--,the person who does not read4  
,he is commoner than most suppose4 ,he  
is often young1 more often boy than     
girl1 oftener young man than young      
woman4 ,he commits eternally what ,mr   

,putnam aptly calls the great crime     
against the library of staying away from
 it4 ,he is classed among the patrons of
 the library somewhat as the western    
schoolma'am brought in knowledge of the 
capital of ,massachusetts as part of her
 mental baggage3 ,well1 ,i know ,i ought
 to know it4 ,he ought to be a library  
patron4 ,how make him one8 ,there are   
many methods1 and all should be tried4  
,the ,pears' soap plan of printers' ink 
is one of the finest and best4  ,if a   
library has or is a good thing for the  
community let it so be said1 early1     
late1 and often1 in large1 plain type4  
,so doing shall the library's books     
enter--before too old to be of          
service--into that state of utter       
worn-out-ness which is the only known   
book-heaven4 ,another way1 and by some  
found good1 is to work the sinfully     
indifferent first up into a library     
missionary1 and then transform him into 
a patron4 ,a library is something to    
which he can give an old book1 an old   

paper1 an old magazine1 with no loss to 
himself4 ,having given1 the library is  
at once his field1 a ,timbuctoo for his 
missionary spirit1 is in part his       
creation4 ,ever after he is its         
interested friend4 ,he wants to know    
about it4 ,he goes to see it4 ,he uses  
it4     ,,chapter ,,xxxviii  ,public    
libraries and recreation  ,w4,i4        
,fletcher in ,public ,libraries1 ,july1 
#ahih   ,there is nothing out of place  
in the comparing of the library to the  
school and the college1 but its true    
mission is not to be so limited4 ,to a  
large extent it is to be compared1 as an
 object of public care and expense1 with
 the park1 the modern common1 where     
there are flower-beds1 rare plants in   
conservatories1 lakes with boats in     
summer and skating in winter1 and music 
by excellent bands4 ,not very strictly  
useful1 these things1 but recognized    
everywhere as ministering to the real   
culture of the people4 ,let this        
library1 then1 be the place where you   

will come1 not merely to study and store
 your minds with so-called useful       
knowledge1 but also often to have a good
 time2 to refresh your minds and hearts 
with humor and poetry and fiction4 ,let 
the boys find here wholesome books of   
adventure1 and tales such as a boy      
likes2 let the girls find the stories   
which delight them and give their fancy 
and imagination exercise2 let the tired 
housewife find the novels which will    
transport her to an ideal realm of love 
and happiness2 let the hard-worked man1 
instead of being expected always to read
 improving books of history or politics1
 choose that which shall give him       
relaxation of mind and nerve1 perhaps   
the ,innocents abroad1 or ,josh         
,billings' ,allminax1 or ,samanthy at   
,saratoga4     ,,chapter ,,xxxix  ,books
 as useful tools   ,there is still too  
much of superstition and reverence      
mingled with the thought of books and   
literature1 and study and studentship in
 the popular mind4 ,books are tools1 of 

which here and there one is useful for a
 certain purpose to a certain person4   
,the farmer consults his farm paper on  
the mixing of pig-feed2 the cook takes  
from the latest treatise the rules for a
 new salad2 the chemist finds in his    
journal the last word on the detection  
of poisons2 the man of affairs turns to 
the last market reports for guidance in 
his day's transactions2 and all have    
used books1 have studied literature4    
,the hammer and the poem1 the hoe and   
the dictionary1 the engine and the      
encyclopedia1 the trowel and the        
treatise on philosophy--these are tools4
 ,one and all1 they are expressions of  
the life of the race4 ,but they are not1
 for that reason1 to be reverenced4     
,they are proper for man's service1 not 
man for theirs4 ,approach books1 then1  
as you would a sewing machine1 a school1
 or a factory4  ,literature1 after all1 
is simply all that's printed4 ,in print 
are found the sum of the experience and 
observation of the whole race4 ,out of  

this print it is the librarian's        
business to help his fellows to draw    
such facts and suggestions as may aid   
them in their work4     ,,chapter ,,xl  
,a village library successfully managed 
,james ,r4 ,garfield1 in ,public        
,libraries1 ,october1 #ahif   ,mentor1  
,ohio1 is a village of but #ejj people2 
therefore we are somewhat limited in our
 ability to raise funds for carrying on 
library work4 ,but some six years ago   
#ae of us got together and began holding
 a series of meetings every month1      
something in the nature of the old ,new 
,england township meeting1 for the      
purpose of stirring up an interest in   
town affairs1 and in doing that we      
considered it necessary to have some    
central point of interest around which  
we could all work1 and we chose as that 
the library4 ,there had never been a    
library in the village except a small   
circulating library4 ,we all believed   
that the use of books and the greater   
knowledge of books would be a common    

center of interest around which we could
 all work and toward which we would be  
glad to give work4 ,the result of five  
years' work in this way was that we now 
have a library of about #afjjv41 and two
 years ago1 acting under a general law  
of the state1 we became incorporated1   
and requested the village council to    
levy a tax for the work of the library4 
,we at that time had about #ajjjv4 ,the 
council very readily saw the advantage  
of this kind of work4 ,they appreciated 
what was being done for the citizens and
 schools of the state1 and therefore    
they levied a tax and turned the        
proceeds of the tax over to the library 
board4 ,in this way1 you will see1 the  
library board is kept entirely aloof    
from politics4 ,there are no elections  
by the people1 nor is the board         
appointed by any political officers4 ,it
 is a self-constituted body1 a corporate
 body under the laws of this state1 and 
as long as we maintain our corporate    
existence the village may turn over the 

funds to the library4 ,we settled the   
difficulty of women's rights by having  
an equal number of both men and women on
 the board1 and then in order to avoid  
the question of disruption of families  
we made the other member of the family  
who was not on an honorary member of the
 board4 ,in this way we increased the   
number of workers and at the same time  
satisfied the desire of many people to  
hold office4  ,but we found that #ae1   
together with the supernumerary and     
honorary members1 were unwieldy1 and the
 work practically devolved upon very few
 of the members4 ,therefore1 when we    
incorporated1 we made an executive board
 consisting of five members1 and they   
had absolute management of the library  
proper4 ,they are elected every year    
from the members of the association1 and
 have absolute control of the library4  
,although our library is supported by   
the village1 we make it absolutely free 
to anyone who desires to use it4 ,those 
outside the village or township are     

required to put up a nominal deposit1   
merely for the safe return of the book4 
,we made this the ideal toward which we 
are working--that the friendship of     
books is like the friendship of men1 it 
is worth nothing and avails nothing     
unless it is used constantly and        
improved constantly4     ,,chapter ,,xli
  ,rules for the public   ,printed      
rules1 telling the public how they may  
use the library1 are best put in the    
form of information and suggestions4    
,thus published they do not give the    
impression of red tape and restrictions 
so much as of help in making access to  
the library's resources easier and      
pleasanter4  ,the following suggestions 
and rules are copied with slight        
modification from a set in actual use4  
,the ,utopia free public library        
,information and suggestions   ,,general
  ,the library is open to everyone4  ,do
 not hesitate to ask questions4         
,suggestions of books for purchase and  
of changes in methods are asked for4    

,,circulating ,,department  ,the        
circulating department is open from #aj 
to #i4  ,all persons residing in the    
city of ,utopia1 and giving satisfactory
 reference1 are entitled to use the     
circulating department of the library on
 subscribing to the following agreement3
  ,i hereby certify that ,i am a        
resident of the city of ,utopia1 and1 in
 consideration of the right to use the  
free circulating department of the      
library1 agree to comply with the       
regulations provided for its government4
  ,a card-holder is responsible for all 
books taken on his card4  ,immediate    
notice should be given of change of     
residence4  ,the library card should be 
presented when a book is drawn1 renewed1
 or returned4  ,to renew a book1 bring  
or send your card and the number of the 
book4  ,lost cards can be replaced at   
once on payment of #aj cents for        
renewal1 or without charge after a delay
 of two weeks4  ,one book1 or one work  
if not in more than three volumes1 may  

be taken at a time and kept two weeks1  
when it may be renewed for two weeks4   
,four weeks is the limit of time that a 
book can be retained in any one         
household4  ,books must be returned on  
the same card on which they are drawn4  
,a book cannot be transferred from one  
account to another unless it is brought 
to the library4  ,a fine at the rate of 
#b cents per day is assessed on each    
book retained over time1 payable on its 
return4  ,a book retained more than a   
week beyond the time limited may be sent
 for at the expense of the delinquent4  
,books marked with a 99 in the catalogs 
are reference books1 and are not lent4  
,no pen or pencil marks should be made  
in the books4  ,any person who refuses  
to pay the fines or expenses mentioned1 
or wilfully violates any of the         
foregoing rules1 forfeits thereby all   
right to the use of the library4        
,teachers1 and for good cause others1   
can take out more than one book 7other  
than fiction7 at a time1 for such a term

 as may have been agreed upon before the
 books leave the library4 ,in the       
absence of such agreement the books can 
be kept for the usual time only4        
,persons not resident in the city may be
 allowed1 at the discretion of the      
librarian1 to take books on payment of  
#a per year1 and on signing an agreement
 to comply with the regulations of the  
library4   ,,reference ,,department     
,the librarian and assistants are glad  
of opportunities to help those wishing  
to do reference work of any kind to a   
knowledge of the location of the books  
and the use of catalogs1 indexes1 and   
other aids4   ,,reading ,,room  ,the    
reading room is open from #i a4m4 to #i 
p4m4 on week days2 and on ,sundays from 
#a p4m4 to #f p4m4  ,conversation and   
conduct inconsistent with quiet and     
order are prohibited4  ,back numbers of 
papers and periodicals may be had on    
application to the attendants4  ,the    
books1 papers1 and periodicals should be
 carefully used1 and neither marked nor 

cut4  ,persons who wilfully violate any 
of the foregoing rules thereby forfeit  
all right to the use of the reading     
room4     ,,chapter ,,xlii  ,rules for  
the government of the ,board of trustees
 and employes of the public library     
,slightly modified from the rules of the
 ,erie 7,pa47 public library4           
,,article ,i  ,,meetings ,,of ,,the     
,,board  ,section #a4 ,the regular      
meetings of the board of trustees shall 
be held on the ,monday preceding the    
first ,thursday of every month1 at #h   
p4m4  ,sec4 #b4 ,special meetings shall 
be called by the president whenever1 in 
his judgment1 they may be necessary2 or 
at the written request of three members 
of the board4   ,,article ,,ii          
,,quorums  ,section #a4 ,five members of
 the board and two of any standing      
committee shall constitute a quorum1 in 
either case1 for the transaction of     
business4   ,,article ,,iii  ,,order    
,,of ,,business  ,section #a4 ,the order
 of business at all regular meetings of 

the board shall be as follows3  #a4     
,roll call4  #b4 ,reading of the        
minutes4  #c4 ,petitions and            
communications4  #d4 ,hearing of        
citizens and others4  #e4 ,report of the
 secretary4  #f4 ,report of the         
librarian4  #g4 ,report of the book     
committee4  #h4 ,report of the finance  
committee4  #i4 ,report of the building 
committee4  #aj4 ,report of special     
committees4  #aa4 ,bills and pay-rolls4 
#ab4 ,new business4   ,,article ,,iv    
,,officers  ,section #a4 ,the officers  
of the board shall consist of a         
president1 vice-president1 and          
secretary1 each of whom shall be elected
 at the regular meeting in ,january1 to 
serve for one year4 ,in case of a       
vacancy the board may elect a person to 
fill the unexpired term at any regular  
meeting4 ,temporary appointments may be 
made in the absence of the regular      
officers4  ,sec4 #b4 ,the president     
shall preside at the meetings of the    
board2 appoint the various committees2  

certify all bills that have been        
recommended for payment by the board2   
prepare the annual report2 see to the   
general enforcement of the rules2 and   
perform such other duties as the board  
may direct4 ,in conjunction with the    
finance committee1 he shall make an     
estimate at the close of each fiscal    
year of the probable expenses for the   
ensuing year1 and submit the same to the
 board for its action4  ,sec4 #c4 ,the  
vice-president shall perform the duties 
of the president in the latter's        
absence4  ,sec4 #d4 ,the secretary shall
 record all proceedings of the board2   
read the minutes of the preceding       
meeting1 or meetings1 at each regular   
meeting2 keep a detailed account of     
receipts and expenses2 report the same  
to the board monthly2 file all          
communications1 vouchers1 and other     
papers2 certify all bills that have been
 recommended for payment by the board2  
transmit all resolutions and            
recommendations that may require it to  

the board of education or the proper    
committee thereof2 prepare an annual    
report of receipts and expenses2 and    
perform such other duties as the board  
may require4   ,,article ,v             
,,committees  ,section #a4 ,the standing
 committees of the board shall be a     
finance committee1 a book committee1 and
 a committee on building and grounds1   
each to consist of three members1 to be 
named by the president at the regular   
meeting in ,february of each year4      
,sec4 #b4 ,the finance committee shall  
certify to the correctness of all bills 
and pay-rolls before their presentation 
to the board2 require a voucher for all 
expenses2 see that the accounts are     
properly kept2 aid the president in     
making up his annual estimates2 verify  
the fiscal reports of the secretary and 
librarian2 and look after the financial 
affairs of the board generally4  ,sec4  
#c4 ,the book committee shall be        
consulted by the librarian in the       
selection of all books1 magazines1      

newspapers1 etc42 prepare the rules for 
the management of the library2 supervise
 the cataloging1 labeling1 and shelving 
of the various publications2 have       
general charge of the book rooms2       
suggest suitable persons for employes   
7except the janitor and his assistants71
 and fix the duties of the same2 require
 a list of all gifts1 purchases and     
losses to be kept by the librarian1 and 
verify his monthly and annual statements
 of the same4  ,sec4 #d4 ,the committee 
on building and grounds shall purchase  
and take charge of the furniture and    
fixtures in the ,library building2 look 
after all matters pertaining to the     
building and grounds 7inclusive of      
sidewalks1 lawns1 heating1 lighting1 and
 ventilation71 and suggest the proper   
persons to serve as janitor and         
assistants to the same4 ,they shall     
require all parts of the premises to be 
kept in a neat1 clean1 and creditable   
condition1 and report all defects that  
require repair or remedy4   ,,article   

,,vi  ,,expenditures  ,section #a4      
,unless otherwise ordered by the board1 
no indebtedness shall be incurred       
without the previous approval of the    
proper committee4  ,sec4 #b4 ,no        
committee shall authorize an expense of 
more than #be in any one month without  
having secured the sanction of the board
 in advance4  ,sec4 #c4 ,no bill shall  
be recommended to be paid by the board  
until it has been approved by the proper
 committee in writing4  ,sec4 #d4 ,all  
bills recommended for payment by the    
board shall be certified by the         
president and secretary4  ,sec4 #e4     
,when bids are asked for supplies1      
furniture1 repairs1 labor1 etc41 they   
shall be made under seal1 and shall only
 be opened at a meeting of the board or 
of the committee to which the matter has
 been referred4   ,,article ,,vii  ,,to 
,,be ,,in ,,writing  ,section #a4 ,all  
reports1 recommendations1 and           
resolutions shall be submitted in       
writing4  ,sec4 #b4 ,reports of         

committees shall be signed by two       
members thereof4   ,,article ,,viii     
,,employes  ,section #a4 ,the terms of  
all regular employes shall continue     
until their successors are appointed4   
,they shall be subject1 however1 to     
removal for cause1 at any time1 by a    
vote of the board4  ,sec4 #b4 ,the      
president may suspend any employe1 for  
cause1 subject to the action of the     
board at its next meeting4  ,sec4 #c4   
,the salaries of employes shall be fixed
 before their election4   ,,article ,,ix
  ,,the ,,librarian  ,section #a4       
,subject to the direction of the board  
and the several committees1 the         
librarian shall have supervisory charge1
 control1 and management of the ,library
 building and all of its appurtenances1 
as well as of all the employes in and   
about the same4  ,sec4 #b4 ,he shall be 
held strictly responsible for the care  
and preservation of the property in     
charge of the board2 the courtesy and   
efficiency of the library service2 the  

accuracy of the records2 the reliability
 of his accounts and statements2 the    
classifying1 cataloging1 and shelving of
 the books2 the enforcement of the      
rules2 the cleanliness and good         
condition of the building1 grounds1 and 
sidewalks2 and the proper heating1      
lighting1 and ventilation of the        
building4  ,sec #c4 ,he shall attend the
 meetings of the board and assist the   
secretary in keeping his minutes and    
accounts4  ,sec4 #d4 ,he shall keep an  
account1 in permanent form1 of all his  
receipts and expenses on behalf of the  
library1 and report the same to the     
board monthly4  ,sec4 #e4 ,he shall make
 a monthly report of the operations of  
the library1 including a list of all    
accessions to the various departments of
 the same1 whether by gift or purchase1 
with such recommendations as1 in his    
opinion1 will promote its efficiency4   
,sec4 #f4 ,he shall keep record books of
 all accessions to the library by       
purchase1 and of all gifts for its      

several departments1 with the dates when
 received1 and1 in the case of          
donations1 the names and places of      
residence of the donors4  ,sec4 #g4 ,he 
shall promptly and courteously          
acknowledge all gifts to the library or 
any of its departments4  ,sec4 #h4 ,he  
shall keep an account of the time of the
 several employes2 prepare the pay-rolls
 in accordance therewith1 and place the 
same before the finance committee in    
advance of each regular meeting4  ,sec4 
#i4 ,he shall prepare an annual report  
showing1 as fully as may be practical1  
the operation of the library and its    
several departments during the preceding
 year1 with an inventory of the         
furniture1 books1 and other contents of 
the building4  ,sec4 #aj4 ,the first    
assistant librarian shall perform the   
duties of the librarian during the      
latter's absence4   ,,article ,x        
,,amendments  ,section #a4 ,amendments  
hereto shall only be made at a regular  
meeting of the board1 and must be       

proposed at least one month previous to 
final action on the same4     ,,chapter 
,,xliii  ,reports   ,as far as the      
welfare of the library is concerned1 the
 money spent in publishing an elaborate 
annual report can often be better       
invested in a few popular books1 or1    
better still1 in a few attractively     
printed statements of progress and of   
needs1 distributed through the community
 on special occasions4 ,if there must be
 an annual report for the general       
public--which will not read it--it      
should be brief and interesting1 without
 many figures and without many          
complaints4 ,do not think it necessary1 
in making up your report1 to adopt the  
form or the list of contents usually    
followed by libraries4 ,give the        
necessary figures as briefly as may be1 
and adapt the rest of the report to the 
library and its community4     ,,chapter
 ,,xliv  ,library legislation  ,prank   
,c4 ,patten1 librarian ,helena 7,mont47 
public library   ,the modern library    

movement is embodying ideas that are yet
 to make public libraries about as      
common as public schools1 and           
correspondingly important in educational
 value4 ,after a generation of most     
remarkable growth of public libraries in
 number1 size1 and recognized           
usefulness1 experience can now enlighten
 us in regard to plans of library       
support and organization4 ,the best     
interests of the movement are served by 
embodying the results of this experience
 in law4 ,such a law1 by setting forth a
 good plan1 encourages the establishment
 and promotes the growth of these       
popular educational institutions4       
,outline of a good law  ,the following  
outline 7with explanatory notes7        
embraces the important provisions of a  
good state library law3  #a             
,establishment and                      
maintenance4--,authorize the governing  
body in connection with the voters of   
any city1 town1 county1 school district1
 or other political body that has power 

to levy and collect taxes1 to establish 
and maintain a public library for the   
free use of the people4 ,provide also   
for joint establishment and maintenance1
 for aiding a free library with public  
money1 and for contract with some       
existing library for general or special 
library privileges4 ,provide for        
maintenance by regular annual rate of   
tax4 ,authorize special tax or bonds to 
provide rooms1 land1 or buildings4      
,provide that on petition of #be or #ej 
taxpayers the questions of              
establishment1 rate of tax1 and bonds   
shall first be decided by vote of the   
people at general or special election1  
to be changed only by another vote4     
,note4--,it is believed that there need 
be no limit of rate placed in the state 
law1 as a community is not at all likely
 to vote to tax itself too high for     
library support4 ,the people of a small 
place will1 in fact1 often fail to      
realize that in order to raise money    
enough to accomplish their object the   

tax rate must be higher than in a large 
place4 ,it is not impossible that       
communities will1 by and by1 spend about
 as much in support of their public     
libraries as in support of their public 
schools4  #b ,management4--,establish an
 independent board of trustees and place
 the management wholly in its hands4    
,constitute the library a public        
corporation1 with power to acquire1     
hold1 transfer1 and lease property1 and 
to receive donations and bequests4      
,secure a permanent board with gradual  
change of membership1 the number of     
members to be not less than three1 and  
the term of office certainly to be not  
less than three years4  ,note4--,in     
order to remove public library          
management from the influences of party 
politics1 the library and its property  
should be wholly left to the control of 
trustees selected from citizens of      
recognized fitness for such a duty4     
,ex-officio membership in a library     
board should generally be avoided1      

especially in case of a small board2    
fitness for the position alone should be
 considered4 ,experience seems to show  
that in cities the proper board of      
trustees can best be secured through    
appointment by the mayor and            
confirmation by the council4 ,it is a   
good way to provide for five trustees1  
one to be appointed each year for a term
 of five years4 ,this number is large   
enough to be representative1 and small  
enough to avoid the great difficulty in 
securing a quorum if the number is      
large4 ,the length of term in connection
 with gradual change of membership      
encourages careful planning1 and it     
secures the much needed continuity of   
management and political independence4  
,and yet there is sufficient change of  
officers so that the board will not be  
too far removed from the public will4   
#c ,miscellaneous4--,state the purpose  
of a public library broadly1 perhaps in 
the form of a definition4 ,make possible
 the maintenance of loan1 reference1    

reading room1 museum1 lecture1 and      
allied educational features1 and of     
branches4 ,prescribe mode for changing  
form of organization of an existing     
library to conform to new law4 ,impose  
penalties for theft1 mutilation1        
over-detention1 and disturbance4        
,provide for distributing all           
publications of the state free to public
 libraries4  ,note4--,it is probably    
most convenient to have the library year
 correspond with the calendar year4 ,it 
is well to have the trustees appointed  
and the report of the library made at a 
different time of the year from either  
the local or general elections4 ,the    
library is thus more likely to be free  
from the influences of party politics4  
,to have a library treasurer is probably
 the better plan1 but library money may 
be kept in the hands of the municipal   
treasurer as a separate fund1 and be    
paid out by order of the board of       
trustees only4  ,libraries for          
schoolrooms1 to be composed of reference

 books1 books for supplementary reading1
 class duplicates1 and professional     
books for teachers1 should be provided  
for in the public school law4 ,school   
funds should be used and school         
authorities should manage these         
libraries4 ,the business of lending     
books for home use is better and more   
economically managed by a public        
library1 having an organization that is 
independent of the school authorities4  
#d ,a state central                     
authority4--,establish a state library  
commission2 appointments on this        
commission to be made by the governor   
and confirmed by the senate1 one each   
year for a term of five years4 ,make the
 commission the head of the public      
library system of the state with        
supervisory powers4 ,let the commission 
manage the state library entirely1 and  
center all its work at that institution4
 ,let it be the duty of the commission1 
whenever it is asked1 to give advice and
 instruction in organization and        

administration to the libraries in the  
state2 to receive reports from these    
libraries and to publish an annual      
report2 to manage the distribution of   
state aid1 and to manage a system of    
traveling libraries4  ,note4--,within a 
few years each of several states has    
provided for a state library commission1
 to be in some sense the head of the    
public library system of the state1 as  
the state board of education is the head
 of the public school system of the     
state4 ,by having small traveling       
libraries of #ej or #ajjv4 each1 to lend
 for a few months to localities that    
have no libraries1 and by having a      
little state aid to distribute wisely1  
the state library commission is able to 
encourage communities to do more for    
themselves in a library way than they   
otherwise would4 ,there may be cases    
where the work of the commission might  
better be centered at the state         
university library4 ,the state library  
commission has proved to be a useful    

agency wherever tried1 and the plan     
seems likely to spread throughout the   
country4 ,in ,wyoming the income from   
#cj1jjj acres of state land forms a     
library fund4 ,it would seem probable   
that other states will adopt this plan4 
,by far the most complete and successful
 state system that has yet been         
organized is that of ,new ,york1 where  
all centers in the state library at     
,albany as headquarters4   ,reading     
matter on library legislation  ,the     
report of the ,united ,states           
commissioner of education for #ahie-if  
contains a compilation of the library   
laws of all the states4 ,every year new 
laws and amendments are enacted in      
several of the states1 and the advance  
is very marked4 ,the laws of ,new ,york1
 ,massachusetts1 ,wisconsin1 and        
,illinois are among the best4           
,essentials of a good law  ,the three   
most essential things to be provided for
 in a good state library law are3  #a ,a
 sure and steady revenue4  #b ,careful  

and consecutive management4  #c ,a      
central library authority4  ,in         
attempting to alter or make new laws1   
these essentials should be kept clearly 
in mind1 but special conditions peculiar
 to each state dictate modifications of 
any general plan4 ,anyone interested in 
the matter could read the general       
articles upon the subject and the       
various state laws1 and then1 with the  
assistance of the best legal talent to  
be obtained1 frame an act appropriate to
 the conditions of his state4           
,,chapter ,,xlv  ,a4,l4,a4 and other    
library associations and clubs   ,the   
,american ,library ,association was     
organized in #ahgf4 ,it holds annual    
meetings4 ,it publishes its proceedings 
in volumes1 of which those now in print 
may be purchased of the ,a4,l4,a4       
,publishing section1 #aj-a_/b ,beacon   
st41 ,boston1 or of the secretary4 ,it  
seeks in every practicable way to       
develop and strengthen the public       
library as an essential part of the     

,american educational system4 ,it       
therefore strives by individual effort  
of members1 and where practicable by    
local organization1 to stimulate public 
interest in establishing or improving   
libraries1 and thus to bring the best   
reading within reach of all4            
,librarians1 trustees1 and persons      
interested may become members2 the      
annual fee is #b4 ,membership entitles  
one to a copy of the proceedings2 it has
 now about #hjj members4  ,every person 
actively engaged in library work owes it
 to herself1 as well as to her          
profession1 to join the ,american       
,library ,association4 ,if the          
association is large1 if its meetings   
are well attended1 if its proceedings as
 published show that the problems of    
library work are carefully studied1 if  
the published proceedings are widely    
circulated1 it is easier to persuade the
 intelligent part of the public that the
 librarian's profession is serious1     
dignified1 and calls to its membership  

men and women of ability and zeal4 ,if  
the public is persuaded of these things1
 the position of the humblest as well as
 of the highest in the profession is    
thereby rendered better worth the       
holding4 ,to attend diligently to one's 
business is sometimes a most proper form
 of advertising one's merits4 ,to be a  
zealous and active member of the        
,a4,l4,a4 is to attend to an important  
part of one's business2 for one can't   
join it and work with it and for it and 
not increase one's efficiency in many   
ways4  ,state associations have been    
organized in the following states3 ,new 
,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,wisconsin1
 ,maine1 ,massachusetts1 ,michigan1     
,minnesota1 ,nebraska1 ,new ,hampshire1 
,new ,jersey1 ,vermont1 ,california1    
,colorado1 ,connecticut1 ,georgia1      
,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,iowa4  ,the       
following states have state library     
commissions3 ,connecticut1 ,georgia1    
,massachusetts1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,new   
,york1 ,ohio1 ,vermont1 ,wisconsin1     

,indiana1 ,colorado1 ,michigan1 ,new    
,jersey1 ,minnesota4  ,the following    
cities have library clubs3 ,buffalo1    
,chicago1 ,minneapolis1 ,new ,york city1
 ,washington city4  ,an inquiry for     
information regarding any of these      
associations or clubs1 addressed to any 
librarian in the states given1 will     
receive attention4  ,much of what is    
said above about the ,a4,l4,a4 applies  
with equal force to the association of  
one's state or neighborhood4 ,often1    
moreover1 it is possible to attend a    
state association meeting at small      
expense of time or money4     ,,chapter 
,,xlvi  ,library schools and training   
classes   ,as libraries have become more
 thoroughly organized1 as they have     
become more aggressive in their methods1
 and as they have come to be looked upon
 by librarians and others as possible   
active factors in educational work1 the 
proper management of them has naturally 
been found to require experience and    
technical knowledge as well as tact1 a  

love of books1 and janitorial zeal4 ,it 
is seen that the best librarians are    
trained as well as born2 hence the      
library school4 ,the library school--a  
list of those now in operation will be  
found at the end of this chapter--does  
not confine itself to education in the  
technical details of library management4
 ,it aims first to arouse in its pupils 
the modern library spirit1 the wish1    
that is1 to make the library an         
institution which shall help its owners1
 the public1 to become happier and      
wiser1 and adds to this work what it can
 of knowledge of books1 their use1 their
 housing1 and their helpful arrangement4
 ,perhaps the ideal preparation for a   
librarian today would be1 after a       
thorough general education1 two or three
 years in a good library school preceded
 and followed by a year in a growing    
library of moderate size4  ,a few       
libraries have tried with much success  
the apprentice system of library        
training1 taking in a class1 or series  

of classes1 for a few months or a year1 
and at the end of the period of         
apprenticeship selecting from the class 
additions to its regular corps4   ,list 
of library schools and training classes 
,new ,york state library school1        
,albany2 ,pratt institute library       
school1 ,brooklyn2 ,wisconsin summer    
school of library science1 ,madison2    
,drexel institute library school1       
,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,university of     
,illinois state library school1         
,champaign2 ,amherst summer school      
library class1 ,amherst1 ,mass42 ,los   
,angeles public library training class2 
,cleveland summer school of library     
science4     ,,chapter ,,xlvii  ,the    
,library department of the ,n4,e4,a4    
,the ,library department of the         
,national educational association holds 
meetings annually at the same time and  
place with the ,n4,e4,a4  ,the ,national
 educational association is the largest 
organized body of members of the        
teaching profession in the world4 ,its  

annual meetings bring together from     
#ejjj to #ae1jjj teachers of every      
grade1 from the kindergarten to the     
university4 ,it includes a number of    
departments1 each devoted to a special  
branch of educational work4 ,the        
,library department was established in  
#ahig4 ,it has held successful meetings4
 ,it is doing much to bring together    
librarians and teachers4 ,it is arousing
 much interest in the subject of the use
 of books by young people1 briefly      
touched on in the later chapters of this
 book4  ,following the example of the   
,n4,e4,a41 many state and county        
associations of teachers throughout the 
country have established library        
departments4 ,at these are discussed the
 many aspects of such difficult and as  
yet unanswered questions as3 ,what do   
children most like to read8 ,how        
interest them in reading8 ,what is the  
best reading for them8     ,,chapter    
,,xlviii  ,young people and the schools 
,if possible give the young people a    

reading room of their own1 and a room in
 which are their own particular books4  
,these special privileges will not bar  
them from the general use of the        
library4 ,make no age limit in issuing  
borrowers' cards4 ,a child old enough to
 know the use of books is old enough to 
borrow them1 and to begin that branch of
 its education which a library only can 
give4 ,the fact that a child is a       
regular attendant at school is in itself
 almost sufficient guarantee for giving 
him a borrower's card4 ,certainly this  
fact1 in addition to the signature of   
parent1 guardian1 or adult friend1 even 
if the signer does not come to the      
library1 will be guarantee enough4      
,teachers should be asked to help in    
persuading children to make the         
acquaintance of the library1 and then to
 make good use of it4 ,to get this help 
from teachers is not easy4 ,they are    
generally fully occupied with keeping   
their pupils up to the required         
scholarship mark4 ,they have no time to 

look after outside matters4  ,visits to 
teachers in their schoolrooms by        
librarian or assistant will often be    
found helpful4 ,lists of books adapted  
to schoolroom use1 both for the teacher 
and for pupils1 are good1 but are very  
little used when offered1 unless        
followed up by personal work4 ,brief    
statements of what the library can do   
and would like to do in the way of      
helping on the educational work of the  
community will be read by the occasional
 teacher4 ,teachers can sometimes be    
interested in a library through the     
interest in it of the children          
themselves4 ,the work of getting young  
people to come to the library and enjoy 
its books should go hand in hand with   
the work of persuading teachers to      
interest children in the library4 ,it is
 not enough to advertise the library's  
advantages in the papers1 or to send to 
teachers a printed statement that they  
are invited and urged to use the        
institution2 nor is it enough to visit  

them and say that the books in the      
library are at their service4 ,these    
facts must be demonstrated by actual    
practice on every possible opportunity4 
,a teacher who goes to a library and    
finds its privileges much hedged about  
with rules and regulations will perhaps 
use it occasionally1 certainly not      
often4 ,appropriate books should be put 
directly into their hands1 the          
educational work of this1 that1 and the 
other teacher should be noted1 and their
 attention called to the new books which
 touch their particular fields4         
,teachers' cards can be provided which  
will give to holders special privileges4
 ,it is a question1 however1 if such a  
system is necessary or worth while4     
,under the charging system already      
described any teacher can be permitted  
to take away as many books as she       
wishes1 and a record of them can be     
easily and quickly made4 ,to give       
teachers' cards1 with accompanying      
privileges1 is to limit to some extent  

the rights of all others4 ,and yet      
teachers may very often properly receive
 special attention4 ,in a measure they  
are part of the library's staff of      
educational workers4 ,but these special 
attentions or favors should be offered  
without proclaiming the fact to the rest
 of the community4 ,many cannot see why 
a teacher should receive favors not     
granted to all4  ,take special pains to 
show children the use of indexes1 and   
indeed of all sorts of reference books2 
they will soon be familiar with them and
 handle them like lifelong students4    
,gain the interest of teachers in this  
sort of work1 and urge them to bring    
their classes and make a study of your  
reference books4     ,,chapter ,,xlix   
,how the library can assist the school  
,channing ,folsom1 superintendent of    
schools1 ,dover1 ,n4,h41 in ,public     
,libraries1 ,may1 #ahih   ,we have to   
consider the teacher1 the school1 the   
pupil1 the home4 ,the teacher is likely 
to be conservative2 to have fallen into 

ruts2 to be joined to his idols2 to make
 the text-book a fetish2 to teach a     
particular book rather than the subject1
 so that the initiative in works of     
cooeperation must come from the library 
side4  ,if1 then1 the library is equally
 conservative1 if the librarian and the 
trustees look upon their books as too   
sacred or too precious to be handled by 
boys and girls1 the desired cooeperation
 will never be attained4  ,in beginning 
the desired work the librarian must have
 a well-defined idea of what is to be   
done and how4 ,there should be a        
well-defined line of differentiation    
between material which the school should
 furnish and that properly belonging to 
the library province4  ,of course all   
text-books1 all supplementary reading   
matter for classroom use1 all ordinary  
reference books1 should be furnished by 
the school authorities4 ,but the more   
extensive and the more expensive        
dictionaries1 gazetteers1 cyclopedias1  
and books for topical reference cannot  

be so furnished4 ,if they are to be used
 by public school pupils1 the library   
must supply them1 and make access to    
them as easy and as pleasant as         
possible4  ,it is within the scope of   
the library to improve the taste in     
reading among the pupils of the schools 
by compiling lists of the best books    
upon the shelves1 and distributing these
 lists to the pupils4 ,such lists may be
 classified as suitable to different    
grades or ages1 or by subjects1 as1     
,history of different countries or      
epochs1 ,biography1 ,travels1 ,nature   
work1 ,fiction1 etc4  ,the possible good
 that may be achieved in this way is    
immeasurable4 ,although1 according to   
,dogberry1 to write and read comes by   
nature1 we must remember that a taste   
for good reading is not innate but      
acquired1 and that it is not ordinarily 
acquired under unfavorable conditions4  
,to ensure the acquirement of this taste
 by the child1 good reading must be made
 as accessible as the bad1 the librarian

 and the teacher must conspire to put   
good reading1 interesting reading1      
elevating reading in his way4 ,the      
well-read person is an educated person4 
,the taste for good reading once        
acquired is permanent4 ,there is little 
danger of backsliding4 ,it grows with   
indulgence4 ,one writer says3 ,no man   
having once tasted good food or good    
wine1 or even good tobacco1 ever        
voluntarily turns to an inferior        
article4 ,so with our reading habits2 a 
taste for good reading once acquired    
becomes a joy forever4  ,teachers do not
 realize1 as does the librarian1 the low
 tone of the reading taste of the       
community4 ,when they fully understand  
this1 together with the fact that the   
acquirement of a reading habit and a    
love for good literature are largely    
dependent1 in a majority of cases1 upon 
the public school training1 then will   
the librarian have to bestir himself to 
supply the demand for good books made by
 the school4  ,the habit thus formed1   

the taste thus acquired1 will be of     
infinitely more value to them than the  
information gained4 ,the latter may soon
 be forgotten1 the former will stay with
 them through life2 but the influence of
 good books taken into the homes of our 
school children1 from the library or    
from the school1 does not stop with the 
children themselves4 ,it is impossible  
that such books should go into even an  
ignorant1 uncouth1 unlettered family    
without exerting an elevating and       
refining influence4  ,thus the school   
opens to the library the broadest field 
for doing the greatest good to the      
greatest number1 the shortest avenue to 
the masses4  ,but the consciousness of  
good done will not be the only reward   
for the library4 ,the reflex action upon
 the library of this intimate connection
 with the school will be highly         
beneficial4 ,a generation will grow up  
trained to associate the library and the
 school as instrumentalities of public  
education1 demanding alike its moral and

 financial support1 a generation that in
 town meetings and in city councils will
 advocate generous appropriations for   
the public library as well as for the   
public school4  ,thus1 your bread cast  
upon the waters shall return unto you   
after many days4     ,,chapter ,l       
,children's room   ,in recent years a   
number of the larger libraries of the   
country have given up a portion of the  
delivery room1 or a separate room       
entire1 to the use of children4 ,all of 
these special arrangements for children 
thus far reported have been successful4 
,the plan that seems to give the        
greatest satisfaction1 is to place in a 
room opening from the delivery room1 and
 perhaps forming in effect a part of it1
 the books in the library especially    
adapted to the use of young people up to
 about #ad years of age4 ,such of these 
books as are not fiction are classified 
as closely as are the books in the main 
part of the library1 and are arranged by
 their numbers on the shelves4  ,in this

 room the children have free access to  
the shelves4 ,an attendant in charge    
gives special attention to the wants of 
the young visitors1 and as far as       
possible gives guidance in the selection
 and instruction in the use of the      
books4 ,a collection of reference books 
adapted to the young is sometimes added 
to the books which circulate4  ,even in 
the very small library a corner for     
young people will usually be found an   
attractive and useful feature4 ,it draws
 the young folks away from the main     
collection1 where their presence        
sometimes proves an annoyance4 ,it does 
not at all prevent the use1 by the      
younger readers1 of the books of the    
elders if they wish to use them1 and it 
makes much easier some slight           
supervision1 at least1 of the former's  
reading4     ,,chapter ,,li  ,schoolroom
 libraries   ,schoolroom library is the 
term commonly applied to a small        
collection1 usually about #ejv41 of     
books placed on an open shelf in a      

schoolroom4 ,in a good many communities 
these libraries have been purchased and 
owned by the board of education1 or the 
school authorities1 whoever they may be4
 ,if they are the property of the school
 board they commonly remain in the      
schoolroom in which they are placed4 ,as
 the children in that room are changed  
each year1 and as the collections       
selected for the different grades are   
usually different1 the child as he      
passes through the rooms comes into     
close contact with a new collection each
 year4 ,there are some advantages in    
having the ownership and control of     
these libraries remain entirely in the  
hands of the school board and the       
superintendent4 ,the library1 however1  
is generally the place in the community 
in which is to be found the greatest    
amount of information about books in    
general1 the purchasing of them1 the    
proper handling of them in fitting them 
for the shelves1 cataloging1 binding1   
etc41 and the selection of those best   

adapted to young people4 ,it is quite   
appropriate therefore1 that1 as is in   
many cities the case1 the public library
 should supply the schools with these   
schoolroom libraries from its own       
shelves1 buying therefor special books  
and often many copies of the same book4 
,if schoolroom libraries do come from   
the public library1 they can with very  
little difficulty be changed several    
times during the school year4 ,with a   
little care on the part of the librarian
 and teachers1 the collection of any    
given room can be by experience and     
observation better and better adapted to
 the children in that room as time goes 
on4  ,there are many ways of using the  
schoolroom library4 ,the books forming  
it should stand on open shelves         
accessible to the pupils whenever the   
teacher gives permission4 ,they may be  
lent to the children to take home4 ,thus
 used they often lead both children and 
parents to read more and better books   
than before1 and to use the larger      

collections of the public library4 ,they
 may be used for collateral reading in  
the schoolroom itself4 ,some of them may
 be read aloud by the teacher4 ,they may
 serve as a reference library in        
connection with topics in history1      
geography1 science1 and other subjects4 
,wherever introduced these libraries    
have been very successful4     ,,chapter
 ,,lii  ,children's home libraries   ,in
 a few cities the following plan for    
increasing the amount of good reading   
among the children of the poorer and    
less educated has been tried with great 
success4 ,it is especially adapted to   
communities which are quite distant from
 the public library or any of its       
branches4 ,it is1 as will be seen1 work 
which is in the spirit of the college   
settlement plan4 ,the home libraries1 if
 they do no more1 serve as a bond of    
common interest between the children and
 their parents1 and the persons who wish
 to add to their lives something of     
interest and good cheer4 ,as a matter of

 fact they do more than this4 ,they lead
 not a few to use the library proper1   
and they give to at least a few boys and
 girls an opportunity for self-education
 such as no other institution yet       
devised can offer4  ,a home library is a
 small collection of books1 usually only
 #ae or #bj1 with one or two young      
folks' periodicals1 put up in a box with
 locked cover4 ,the box is so made that 
it will serve as a bookcase and can be  
hung on a wall or stood on the floor or 
a table4 ,in the neighborhood in which  
it is to be placed a group of four or   
five children is found--or perhaps a    
father or a mother--who will agree to   
look after the books4 ,to one of these1 
called the librarian1 is given the key  
of the box1 and the box itself is placed
 in the spot selected2 perhaps a hallway
 or a living room4 ,under a few very    
simple regulations the librarian lends  
the books in the home library to the    
young people of the neighborhood4 ,if   
the experiment is successful the first  

set of books is changed for another1 and
 the work continues4 ,or perhaps the    
library is enlarged2 and perhaps even   
grows into a permanent institution4     
,,chapter ,,liii  ,literary clubs and   
libraries  ,evva ,l4 ,moore1 ,withers'  
public library  ,public ,libraries1     
,june1 #ahig   ,in your community are a 
number of literary clubs2 if there are  
not1 it lies within the power of the    
librarian to create them3 an evening    
club composed of men and women2 a       
ladies' club for the study of household 
economics2 a young ladies' club for the 
study of music or some literary topic2 a
 club for young men in which to study   
sociology2 a novel club for the study of
 the world's great fiction4 ,for        
constitutions suitable for such clubs1  
account of administration1 organization1
 etc41 consult the ,extension bulletin  
no4 #aa of the university of the state  
of ,new ,york1 and ,bulletin no4 #a1    
,june1 #ahif1 of the ,michigan ,state   
library1 and ,list of books for women   

and girls and their clubs4  ,the study  
club is one of the best means of        
extending the influence of your library2
 of securing the attention and hold of  
the people4 ,it awakens thought1 arouses
 discussions1 puts into circulation     
books which otherwise might stand idle  
on the shelves4  ,it is necessary to    
study carefully the courses of study of 
the different clubs1 and to do this the 
programs must be on file in the library4
 ,if they are printed 7and encourage    
this7 so much the better2 if in         
manuscript they can be used with small  
inconvenience4  ,if the program is      
prepared week by week only1 make        
arrangements to have it sent immediately
 to the library2 also watch your local  
paper for notices4  ,no doubt the       
officers of the various clubs come to   
you for suggestions when arranging the  
course of study for the year1 and to    
inquire as to the resources of the      
library on the subject in hand1 in order
 that every effort may be made to fill  

the gaps in the library collection4     
,when a request of this kind comes1     
suggestions and assistance may be       
obtained from the two bulletins         
mentioned above1 as1 in addition to     
information along the lines of          
organization1 they contain outlines of  
study4  ,harper's bazaar devotes a page 
each week to club women and club work4  
,university-extension bulletins and     
courses of study offer numerous         
suggestions4  ,the literary clubs of the
 smaller towns without libraries1 within
 a radius of a few miles of your own    
small town1 copying after their more    
pretentious sister along literary lines1
 should have your encouragement and     
assistance4 ,lend all the books that you
 can spare on as easy terms as are      
compatible with your rules2 in short1   
institute traveling libraries on a small
 scale4     ,,chapter ,,liv  ,museums1  
lectures1 etc4   ,a museum in connection
 with the library1 either historical or 
scientific1 or an art gallery1 may be   

made a source of attraction1 and of much
 educational value4 ,the collecting of  
antiquities1 or natural history         
specimens1 or rare bindings1 or ancient 
books or manuscripts1 is generally taken
 up by societies organized for such     
purposes4 ,the library should try to    
bring these collections into such       
relations with itself as to add to its  
own attractiveness1 and to make more    
interesting and instructive the         
collections4  ,a library can often very 
happily advertise itself1 and encourage 
the use of its books1 by establishing a 
series of lectures4 ,entertainments1    
somewhat of the nature of receptions1 or
 exhibits of the library's treasures in 
the library itself1 will sometimes add  
to the institution's popularity1 and    
will always afford a good excuse for    
sending to leading people in the        
community a note reminding them of the  
library's existence and perhaps of its  
needs4     ,,chapter ,,lv  ,rules for   
the care of photographs  ,henry ,w4     

,kent1 ,slater museum1 ,norwich1 ,conn4 
,i4 ,accessioning  ,the accession book  
should be ruled in columns under the    
following headings3  ,a1 ,accession     
number2 ,b1 ,author2 ,c1 ,title2 ,d1    
,gallery2 ,e1 ,photographer and place of
 publication2 ,f1 ,date of publication2 
,g1 ,photographer's number2 ,h1         
,process2 ,i1 ,size of print2 ,j1 ,size 
of mount2 ,k1 ,cost2 ,l1 ,cost of       
mounting2 ,m1 ,remarks4  ,a ,accession  
number4 ,the consecutive ,museum number 
to be either written or printed4 ,this  
column should be used to give the date  
of accession4  ,b ,author4 ,for         
photographs of paintings give one       
important name4  ,for photographs of    
sculpture give sculptor's name1 where   
known4  ,for photographs of architecture
 give name of city followed by country  
in parentheses4 ,london 7,eng47  ,c     
,title4 ,for photographs of painting and
 sculpture use short1 catch title1      
bringing1 where possible1 the important 
name first4  ,for photographs of        

architecture1 make first word a word    
descriptive of the kind of building3    
,temple of ,mars2 ,cathedral of ,notre  
,dame2 ,basilica of ,s4 ,paolo4  ,d     
,gallery4 ,this column is used for      
sculpture and painting only4 ,enter     
official name of gallery under name of  
city1 followed by country in            
parentheses1 and separated by hyphen3   
,london 7,eng47-,national ,gallery2     
,paris 7,france7-,louvre4  ,e           
,photographer and place of publication4 
,use the last name of publisher1        
followed by name of city abbreviated4   
,alinari1 ,fio42 ,braun1 ,pa42          
,hanfstaengl1 ,muen4  ,f ,date4 ,the    
high grade photographs have the date of 
their publication on the mount4  ,g     
,publisher's number4 ,to be found on all
 prints4  ,h ,process4 ,state whether   
silver print1 platinotype1 carbon 7give 
color b4 for black1 br4 for brown1 g4   
for gray71 autotype1 collotype1 etc4  ,i
 ,size of print4 ,give size in          
centimeters1 giving width first4  ,j    

,size of mount4 ,use the following      
notation3  ,f for size measuring #bbx#bh
 inches1 and upwards4  ,q for size      
measuring #ahx#bb inches up to #bbx#bh4 
,o for size measuring #adx#ah inches up 
to #ahx#bb4  ,d for all sizes under ,o4 
,k ,cost4 ,give cost of imported prints 
in foreign money2 give total of bill in 
,american money4  ,l ,cost of mounting4 
,m ,remarks4 ,this column will be found 
useful for date of remounting prints4   
,enter all prints in the order of the   
publisher's bill4  ,write the accession 
number on the back of mount 7see under  
,labeling7 and on author card4  ,,ii4   
,card cataloging  ,photographs of       
paintings and sculpture should be       
entered under the following heads3 ,a1  
,author1 ,b1 ,title1 ,c1 ,gallery1 ,d1  
,school of painter or sculptor4  ,use   
,library ,bureau card1 no4 #ccr4  ,a    
,author card4 ,this should show1 a1     
author's name1 dates of birth and death1
 and school2 b1 ,title of work2 c1 ,kind
 of work2 d1 ,gallery2 e1 ,imprint2 f1  

,accession number2 g1 ,classification or
 storage number4   ,illustration3       
,painting card2 author1 with full name  
to precede list of words4               
#a ,giorgione1 ,,ii4 7,giorgio          
,barbarelli7 called4     #adgg-aeaa4    
,italian-,venetian  ,a  ,aa ,enter      
author on first blue line between red   
lines1 under his best known name1 even  
if a nickname1 giving full name with    
nicknames and their translations after  
it1 in parentheses4 ,give dates of birth
 and death in parentheses1 followed by  
name of the school to which the artist  
belonged4 ,make cross-references from   
all forms under which the author might  
be looked for4  7,it will be found      
convenient to give all this data on one 
card1 to precede the list of the        
artist's works1 using on all following  
cards the first1 or well-known name1    
only47  ,illustration3 ,painting card2  
author1 showing title of work1 kind of  
work1 gallery1 etc4                   #b
 ,q  ,giorgione1 ,,ii4 ,g#dc;h   ,holy  

,family4            ,easel-picture4     
,venice7,italy7-,palazzo,giovanelli4    
,naya1 ,venice4 #iic4                   
,silver1 #bgx#ce;cm4  ,a  ,ab ,write the
 title on second blue line1 at the right
 of red lines4 ,make it as brief as     
possible1 using the important name in   
it1 first4 ,christ1 ,baptism of2        
,christ1 ,betrayal of2 ,virgin ,mary1   
,coronation of2 ,st ,john1 ,birth of2   
,st ,peter1 ,martyrdom of4  ,ac         
,indicate after the title whether it is 
an easel-picture1 fresco1 statue1       
relief1 or a part of a larger work4  ,ad
 ,give on fourth blue line1 at left of  
red lines1 the official name of gallery1
 preceded by city1 with country in      
parentheses4 ,london 7,eng47-,national  
,gallery4  ,ae ,give the imprint on     
fifth blue line1 beginning at the right 
of red lines3 name of photographer1     
place of publication1 date1 number of   
print1 process1 size of print in cm41   
bottom by height4  ,b ,title card4 ,this
 card should show1 a1 ,title1 b1        

,author4  ,illustration3 ,painting card2
 title1 with different authors and      
galleries4               ,holy ,family4 
,see         ,buonarotti4               
,florence 7,it47-,palazzo ,uffizi4      
,q-,g#dc;h  ,giorgigne ,,ii4            
,venice 7,it47-,palazzo ,giovanelli4    
,ghirlandaio ,,ii4     ,florence        
7,it47-,palazzo ,uffizi4  ,b  ,ba ,give 
on first blue line1 beginning at the    
left of red lines1 a full title1 but as 
in ,ab make the important name or word  
the first word4 ,christ1 ,baptism of2   
,christ1 ,betrayal of2 ,st ,john1 ,birth
 of2 ,portrait of ,pope ,julius4  ,bb   
,give on second blue line1 between red  
lines1 the one well known or important  
author's name2 the first one used in    
,aa4  ,the title card becomes in most   
cases a series card1 since the title of 
an often-represented subject attracts to
 itself many names of artists4 ,in such 
cases arrange the authors' names        
alphabetically1 in columns1 and against 
them write the names of the galleries   

where the works are to be found4 ,give  
class and author number in blue ink at  
the left4  ,c ,gallery card4 ,this card 
is a series card1 and should show1 a1   
name of gallery2 b1 names of the artists
 and their works in the gallery4  ,ca   
,give official name of gallery preceded 
by the name of the city where it is     
located1 with country in parentheses4   
,cb ,enter alphabetically1 names of     
authors1 with the title of their works1 
one author to a line4 ,give at the left1
 classification numbers in blue ink4    
,illustration3 ,painting card2 gallery1 
with authors and titles of works4       
,venice 7,italy7 - ,palazzo ,giovanelli 
,q-,g#dc;h    ,giargione ,,ii4   ,holy  
,family4  ,c  ,d ,school card4 ,this    
should show under the names ,american1  
,english1 ,french1 ,german1             
,italian-,florentine1                   
,italian-,venetian1 ,italian-,umbrian1  
,italian-,parmesan1 ,spanish1 etc41 all 
the artists of the school arranged      
alphabetically1 with the number of their

 works written in1 in pencil4           
,illustration3 ,painting card2 school1  
all authors of school arranged          
alphabetically with number of works     
written in pencil4         ,school4     
,italian-,venetian4 ,q-,g#dc;h          
,giorgione1 il4     ,veronese  ,d       
,photographs of ,architecture should be 
cataloged according to the foregoing    
rules1 except in the following cases3   
,author card4 ,for author1 give the name
 of the city where the building or      
detail is found1 followed by the country
 in parentheses4  ,for title make the   
first word descriptive of the kind of   
building1 and after the name of the     
building give the point from which the  
view was taken1 affixed to the words    
interior or exterior3 ,temple of ,zeus1 
,exterior from the east4 ,cathedral of  
,notre ,dame1 ,interior of nave looking 
east4  ,instead of gallery1 give style  
of building1 using words ,egyptian1     
,assyrian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,byzantine1  
,romanesque1 ,gothic1 ,renaissance1     

,modern1 etc41 followed by adjective    
indicating country4  ,imprint the same4 
,gallery card will not be needed4       
,illustration3 ,architecture card2      
author1 showing place1 kind of building1
 and style4  ,q  ,poitiers 7,france74   
,p#ge    ,cathedral4     ,interior of   
,nave1 looking ,east4  ,gothic ,french  
,robett1 ,paris #cdh        ,silver1    
#bhx#cc cm4  ,a  ,for school card use ,s
 style card4  ,style card4 ,this should 
show all photographs arranged by cities1
 under styles1 under general term       
,architecture4   ,architecture1         
,gothic--,italian4 ,architecture1       
,gothic--,spanish4 ,architecture1       
,gothic--,english1 perpendicular4       
,architecture1 ,gothic--,english1       
pointed4  ,illustration3 ,architecture  
card2 style1 showing place1 etc4        
,architecture - ,gothic4                
,french     ,abbeyville   ,ch4 of ,s4   
,wulfrand     ,amiens       ,cathedral  
,auxerre  ,s  ,the cards for the three  
divisions1 architecture1 painting1 and  

sculpture1 should be kept in separate   
alphabets4   ,,iii4 ,classification     
,arrange the photographs of sculpture   
and painting alphabetically by authors  
where known2 where not known1 by        
subjects under the various sizes4       
,arrange the photographs of architecture
 alphabetically by cities1 under the    
sizes4  ,indicate the arrangement on    
cards by two numbers1 in blue ink3 the  
,classification number and the ,author  
number4  ,classification number4 ,this  
is indicated by the letters ,f1 ,q1 ,o1 
,d4  ,author number4 ,use the ,c3 ,a4   
,cutter ,letter alphabetic-order table  
for book authors1 and add to the number 
so gained the first one or two letters  
7as the number of prints may require7 of
 the title of the print2 or the numerals
 #a1 #b1 and #c may be used4  ,write    
these two numbers in blue ink on the    
cards1 as follows3  ,author card4 ,class
 number on the first line of upper      
left-hand corner2 author number below   
it4  ,on other cards4 ,write at the left

 of first red line the two numbers on   
one line separated by a hyphen4   ,,iv4 
,labeling  ,give author's name in full1 
with dates1 in parentheses1 and school1 
beginning directly under left-hand      
corner of print4  ,give title1 same as  
on title card1 only reversing the form1 
beginning under the middle of print and 
running out to the right-hand corner4   
,some collections have more or less     
descriptive matter on the mount1 but    
this is to be discouraged4  ,give the   
,gallery or ,style at lower left-hand   
corner of mount #a inch from either     
edge4 ,use waterproof or ,india ink in  
all cases4  ,illustration3 ,showing     
proper method of entering descriptive   
matter on mounted photographs4  ,stamp  
name of collection with rubber stamp on 
back of mount in upper left-hand corner1
 #a-a_/b inches from upper and side     
edges4  ,the stamp should give full name
 and place of museum or library1 leaving
 room above for class and author number1
 and below for accession number4        

,illustration3  ,class   ,author        
,slater ,memorial ,museum   ,norwich1   
,conn4 ,no4    ,v4 ,storage  ,store     
sizes ,q1 ,o1 and ,d1 in drawers of a   
cabinet1 which may be easily removed to 
table1 or in pigeonholes2 stand the     
mounts on long edges1 with backs to the 
front1 so that classification and author
 numbers may be easily seen in turning  
them over4  ,store size ,f in drawers1  
but lying flat4 ,these should be taken  
out of the drawer and laid on a table   
when being handled4 ,the drawers for the
 smaller sizes should be box-shaped1    
with sides cut down somewhat to allow   
the prints to be easily turned4 ,those  
for the large size should have no front1
 but the case containing them should    
have doors4  ,note4--,be very careful in
 handling photographs never to rub or   
pull one over another2 always turn them 
from side to side1 like the leaves of a 
book4   ,,index4  ,accession book1 #cc1 
#gg2  for photographs1 #aga2  sample    
page1 #gf4  ,accession number for       

photographs1 #aga2  in accession book1  
#gf-gg2  on shelf list1 #ic2  on catalog
 cards1 #ie4  ,accessioning photographs1
 #aga-agb4  ,additions1 lists of1 #id1  
#aad4  ,advertising a library1 #aj-aa1  
#acb1 #aeh1 #agj4  ,advice to a         
librarian1 #abf-abg4  ,age limit for    
borrowers1 #aeg4  ,agents1 see ,book    
dealers4  ,agreement blanks1 #cc1       
#aai-aba4  ,alphabetical arrangement1   
dictionary catalog1 #ig1 #ajb2 for      
photographs1 #agg-agh4  ,alphabets1 #fi2
  specimen page1 #ga4  ,amendments to   
rules of library board1 #ade4  ,american
 catalog of books1 #cj4  ,a4,l4,a4      
catalog1 #cj4  ,american library        
association1 fee1 #aeb2  members1       
#aeb-aec2  objects1 #aeb4  ,amherst     
summer school library class1 #aee4      
,ancient manuscripts1 collections1 #agj4
  ,annual literary index1 #ee4  ,annual 
report1 #adf4  ,antiquities1            
collections1 #agj4  ,appointment of     
librarian1 #bj1 #bc1 #be4  ,appointment 
of library assistants1 #ah4             

,appointment of trustees1 #adh4         
,apprentice classes1 #aed4              
,architecture card1 author1 #agg2       
style1 #agg2  title1 #agf4  ,art        
entertainments1 #abi4  ,art galleries1  
#agj4  ,assistant librarian1 duties of1 
#ade4  ,associations1 see ,library      
associations4  ,author card1 #ie2  for  
architecture1 #agf-agg2  for painting   
and sculpture1 #agb-agd4  ,author       
catalog1 #ie-if4  ,author-list1 #if1    
#aae4  ,author-number explained1 #ia2   
for photographs1 #agh2  on shelf list1  
#ic4  ,author table1 see ,cutter author 
table4  ,author's name1 in accession    
book1 #gg2  in catalog1 #id2  in shelf  
list1 #ic2  on order slip1 #fd4  ,baker1
 ,c4,a41 ,reference books for a small   
library1 #df-eb4  ,ballard's klips1     
#aji4  ,beginning work1 things needed   
in1 #cj-cd4  ,beginnings of the library1
 #i-aj4  ,best books 7,sonnenschein71   
#ca4  ,bills1 checking1 #fd1 #aja4      
,binders for magazines1 #eh-ei4         
,bindery-book1 #ajc4  ,bindery number1  

#ajc1 #aje4  ,bindery schedule1         
#aje-ajf4  ,binding1 #fc1 #ajc-ajf2     
materials1 #ajc-ajd2  cloth1 #ajc-ajd2  
leather1 #ajc1 #aje2  sewing1 #ajc-ajd2 
backs1 #ajc-ajd2  joints1 #ajc-ajd2     
lettering1 #aje-ajf2  titles and        
indexes1 #ajf2  advertisements1 #ajf2   
periodicals1 #aje2  folios1 #ajd-aje2   
newspapers1 #ajd2  fiction1 #ajd2       
juveniles1 #ajd2  rules for1 #ajf4      
,biography1 classification of1 #gi4     
,blanks1 agreement1 #cc1 #aai-aba2      
order slip1 #fc-fd2  request1 #de1 #fe4 
,board1 see ,trustees4  ,book-buying1   
see ,buying books4  ,book committee1    
#adb4  ,book cards1 #cc1                
#aaf-aag-aah-aai2 see also ,book slip4  
,book dealers1 #fc1 #ff-fg-fh4          
,book-lists1 see ,lists4  ,book news    
7monthly71 #cb4  ,book-numbers1 #ia4    
,book-plates1 #ajj-aja4  ,book-pockets1 
#cc1 #ajj-aja1 #aaf-aag-aah-aai4        
,book-reviews1 #cb1 #aja4  ,book-slip1  
#ajj1 #ajb2 see also ,book card4  ,book 
supports1 #gc4  ,books1 as useful tools1

 #acd2  for girls and women and their   
clubs 7,iles71 #cb2  needed in beginning
 work1 #cj-cb2  overdue1 #aah2          
reference1 see ,reference books2        
renewal of1 #aah2  selection of1 see    
,selection of books4  ,bookcases1       
#bf-bg2  steel1 #bh2  wooden1 #bh4      
,borrowers1 age limit1 #aeg2  cards for1
 #cc1 #aaf-aag1 #aai-abj1 #aeg-aeh2     
index to1 #aba2  information for1 #acg2 
numbers for1 #aag-aah1 #aba2  register  
of1 #cc1 #aah1 #aba2  responsibility of1
 #abj1 #ach4  ,buildings and grounds    
committee1 #adb4  ,buildings1 library2  
see ,library buildings4  ,bulletins1    
#id1 #ajb1 #aad1 #acj2 see also ,lists4 
,buying books1 #ah1 #fc-fh2  ordering1  
#fd1 #fg2  agents1 #fc1 #ff-fg-fh2      
price1 #fe-ff-fg-fh2  discounts1 #fc1   
#fe-ff-fg2  editions1 #fc1 #fe-ff-fg2   
binding1 type1 quality of paper1 #fc2   
complete sets1 #ff2  series1 #ff2       
second-hand books1 #ff1 #fh2  fiction1  
#ff2  for children1 #ff-fg2  new books1 
#fh2  when to buy1 #fh2  see also       

,selection of books4  ,call-number1     
defined1 #ic2  in book1 #ajj1 #ajb2  on 
book-slip1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aaf2  on pocket1
 #ajj1 #ajb1aaf2  on label1 #ii-ajj1    
#ajb2  in accession book1 #ic1 #ajb2  on
 shelf-list1 #ic2  on catalog-cards1    
#ie1 #ig2  in charging system1 #aag4    
,capitalization1 #ie4  ,card catalog    
rules1 #cj1 #ie-ig2  for photographs1   
#agb-agg4  ,card pocket1 see ,book      
pocket4  ,care of books1 brief rules    
for1 #ge2  dusting books1 #gd2  handling
 books1 #gd1 #ajj-aja2  covering books1 
#ge2  cutting leaves1 #gd1 #aja2  gas1  
heat1 damp1 #gd4  ,carter's ink1 #cd1   
#fi4  ,cases1 see ,bookcases2 ,catalog  
cases4  ,catalog1 arrangement of1 #ajb2 
author1 #ie-if2  dictionary1 #ig2       
duplicate1 #ie2  on cards1 #id2         
printed1 #id1 #aae2  of ,a4,l4,a4       
library1 #cj2  subject headings for1    
#if-ih2  trays for holding1 #ih4        
,catalog cards1 #cc1 #id-ih1 #ajb4      
,catalog case1 #cc1 #ih4  ,catalog      
rules1 #cj1 #id-ih4  ,cataloging books1 

#id-ih4  ,cataloging photographs1       
#agb-agg4  ,chairs1 #bg-bh4  ,change of 
residence1 #ach4  ,charging system      
explained1 #aag4  ,check list of public 
documents1 #aaa4  ,checking bills1 #fd1 
#aja4  ,checking the library1 #aac4     
,children's books1 see ,juvenile books4 
,children's cards1 #aeg4  ,children's   
home libraries1 #aff-afg4  ,children's  
privileges1 #aeg4  ,children's rooms1   
#aeg1 #afc4  ,circulating department1   
#abb1 #acg4  ,class number1 decimal1    
#ha2  expansive1 #he2  explained1 #gi2  
for photographs1 #agh2  in accession    
book1 #gg2  on shelf list1 #ic2  in     
catalog1 #id4  ,classification1 defined1
 #gh2  decimal1 #gi1 #ha-hc2  expansive1
 #gi1 #hd-ij2  of photographs1 #agh2    
how to classify1 #gi-hj2  biography1    
#gi2  fiction1 #gi2  history and travel1
 #gi2  juvenile books1 #gi2  in the     
catalog1 #gh2  on the shelves1 #gh-gi4  
,classification scheme1 #cd4            
,classified reading 7,lawrence71 #cb4   
,cleveland summer school of library     

science1 #aee4  ,cloth bindings1        
#ajc-ajd4  ,club women1 #afi4  ,club    
work1 #afi4  ,clubs1 #acj2              
constitutions for1 #afh2  organization  
of1 #afh2  programs1 #afh2  see also    
,library clubs1 literary clubs1 musical 
clubs4  ,cole size card1 #cc1 #ie4      
,collating books1 #gd1 #aja4            
,commissions1 free library1 #adi-aej1   
#aec4  ,community and the library1 #aj1 
#ab4  ,complete sets1 #ff4              
,conversation in the library1 #abb1     
#aci4  ,co-operation of teachers1       
#aeg-aei1 #afj-afb4  ,copyright date on 
catalog cards1 #ie4  ,covers for books1 
#ge4  ,crocker book support1 #gc4       
,cross-reference cards1 #ih4            
,cumulative index1 #ee4  ,cutter's      
author table1 #cd1 #ia2  expansive      
classification1 #gi1 #hd-ij2  rules for 
a dictionary catalog1 #ca4  ,date1      
copyright1 on catalog cards1 #ie4  ,date
 in charging system1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai2  
of publication1 in accession book1 #gg2 
on catalog cards1 #ie2  on order slip1  

#fd4  ,daters1 #cd1 #aag4  ,dating slip1
 #aag4  ,dealers1 see ,book dealers4    
,decimal classification1 #gi1 #ha-hc4   
,delivery room1 #abb4  ,dennison's      
labels1 #cd4  ,denver public library    
handbook1 #ca4  ,depository libraries1  
#aaj-aaa4  ,dewey1 or ,decimal system of
 classification1 #gi1 #ha-hc4  ,dial    
7semi-monthly71 #cb4  ,dictionaries1 aid
 in reference work1 #ec4  ,dictionary   
catalog1 ,cutter's rules for1 #ca2      
value of1 #aad2  defined1 #ig4          
,discarded books1 #aac4  ,discounts1    
#fc1 #fe-ff-fg4  ,disjoined handwriting1
 #gj-ga4  ,drexel institute library     
school1 #aee4  ,duplicate catalog1 #ie4 
,duplicates for school use1 #adi4       
,dusting books1 #gd4  ,duties of a      
librarian1 #abf-abg1 #add2  of trustees1
 #ah4  ,editions1 #fc1 #fe-ff-fg4       
,education through libraries1 #ac1      
#abd-abe1 #acc1 #aef1 #afj-afb1 #aff1   
#agj2  see also ,influence of the       
library4  ,embossing stamps1 #ii4       
,employes1 appointment of1 #ah1 #add2   

salaries of1 #add2  suspension of1 #add4
  ,english catalog1 #cj4  ,engravings1  
#abi4  ,entertainments1 see ,library    
entertainments4  ,essentials of good    
binding 7,mc,namee71 #ajd-ajf4          
,exhibits1 #agj4  ,expansive            
classification 7,cutter71 #gi1 #hd-ij4  
,expenditures1 #adc4  ,expiration of    
privileges1 #aba4  ,faxon1 ,f4,w41 ,use 
of periodicals in reference work1       
#ed-ef4  ,fiction1 author-numbers for1  
#ia2  binding for1 #ajd2  cataloging1   
#if2  cheap editions of1 #ff2           
classification of1 #gi2  price per      
volume1 #fg2  selecting1 #da-db4        
,figures1 #ga-gb4  ,finance committee1  
#adb4  ,fine slip1 #aba4  ,fines1 #aah1 
#ach4  ,five thousand books1 compiled   
for the ,ladies' home journal1 #ca4     
,fixtures for libraries1 #bf-bg-bh4     
,fletcher1 ,w4,i41 ,libraries and       
recreation1 #acc2  public libraries in  
,america1 #ca4  ,folios1 binding for1   
#ajd-aje4  ,folsom1 ,channing1 how the  
library can assist the school1 #afj-afb4

  ,forfeiture of privileges1 #ach-aci4  
,free library commissions1 #adi-aej4    
,function of the library1 #ab1 #ae-af1  
#abd-abe1 #acc1 #adi4  ,furniture for   
libraries1 #bg-bh-bi4  ,gallery card1   
for painting and sculpture1 #age4       
,garfield1 ,j4,r41 village library      
successfully managed1 #ace-acf4  ,gift  
book1 #aja2  plates1 #ajj-aja4  ,gifts1 
#acb2  acknowledgment of1 #de1 #gg1     
#aja1 #ade4  ,glue1 #ajf4  ,guarantor1  
#abj1 #aeg4  ,handwriting1 brief rules  
for1 #fi-gb4  ,hasse1 ,a4,r44 public    
documents1 #aaj-aab4  ,henderson1       
,m4,r41 ,librarian as host1 #abh-acj4   
,higgins' ink1 #cd1 #fi2  photo mounter1
 #cd4  ,hints to small libraries        
7,plummer71 #ca4  ,history and travel1  
classification of1 #gi4  ,home          
libraries1 #aff-afg4  ,hopkins1 ,j4,a41 
,the trained librarian in a small       
library1 #bc-bd4  ,how the library can  
assist the school 7,folsom71 #afj-afb4  
,iles1 ,george1 ,books for girls and    
women and their clubs1 #cb4  ,imprint1  

for photographs1 #agd1 #agf2  on catalog
 cards1 #ie4  ,index1 annual literary1  
#ee2  cumulative1 #ee2  monthly         
cumulative book1 #cc2  ,poole's1 #ee2   
relative1 #ha2  to borrowers1 #aba4     
,indexes1 their use taught1 #aei2  to   
periodicals1 #ee4  ,influence of the    
library1 #ab2  see also ,education      
through libraries4  ,information for    
borrowers1 #acg4  ,ink1 #cd1 #fi2  for  
photograph labels1 #agi2  pads1 #cd1    
#ii4  ,inquiries1 how to answer1 #ec4   
,inventory taking1 #aac4  ,joined       
handwriting1 #gj-ga4  ,juvenile books1  
binding for1 #ajd2  classification of1  
#gi2  periodicals1 #eh2  price per      
volume1 #fg2  selecting1 #da1 #ff4      
,kent1 ,h4,w41 ,rules for the care of   
photographs1 #aga-ahj4  ,labeling       
photographs1 #agh-agi4  ,labels for     
backs of books1 #ii-ajj1 #ajb2  gummed1 
#cd2  ink for1 #cd1 #fi2  ink for       
photograph1 #agi2  varnishing1 #ajj1    
#ajb4  ,law1 library1 #i4  ,lawrence1   
,i41 ,classified reading1 #cb4  ,leather

 for bindings1 #ajc1 #aje4  ,lectures1  
#abi1 #adi1 #agj4  ,legislation1 see    
,library legislation4  ,librarian1      
advice to a1 #abf-abg2  and trustees1   
#ah-ai2  annual report of1 #ade-adf2    
appointment of1 #bj1 #bc1 #be2  as a    
host 7,henderson71 #abh1 #acj2  duties  
of a1 #add2  monthly report of1 #ade2   
qualifications of1 #bj-bb1 #abc1 #aed2  
the trained 7,hopkins71 #bc-bd4         
,libraries1 establishment and           
maintenance of1 #adg2  function of1 #ab1
 #ae-af1 #abd-abe1 #acc1 #adh2          
management of1 #ae1 #ai1 #adh4          
,libraries and communities1 #aj1 #ab4   
,libraries and clubs1 #afh-afi4         
,libraries and education1 #ac1 #abd-abe1
 #acc4  ,libraries and politics1 #adh4  
,libraries and the public1 #ae1 #abb1   
#abd-abe4  ,libraries and recreation    
7,fletcher71 #acc4  ,libraries and      
schools1 #ac1 #aeg-aei1 #afj-afb4       
,library advertising1 see ,advertising a
 library4  ,library assistants1         
appointment of1 #ah4  ,library          

associations1 #aeb-aec4  ,library       
beginnings1 #i-aj4  ,library board1 see 
,trustees4  ,library buildings and the  
community1 #bf4  ,library buildings1    
architecture1 #be-bf2  convenience1 #bf2
  decoration1 #bf2  exterior1 #be-bf2   
fixtures1 #bf-bg-bh2  furniture1        
#bg-bh-bi2  interior1 #bf-bg2           
partitions1 #bg2  requirements1 #be2    
stairs1 #bg2  windows1 #bf4  ,l4,b4 book
 support1 #gc4  ,l4,b4 pamphlet case1   
#ajh4  ,l4,b4 steel stacks1 #cg4        
,library ,bureau1 relation to libraries 
7,meleney71 #ce-ch2  catalog of1 #bi1   
#ca1 #ce-cf2  organization of1 #ce2     
publications of1 #cf1 #ch2  cabinet     
works of1 #cg2  card factory of1 #cg2   
consultation department1 #ce1 #ch2      
employment department1 #ce2  supply     
department1 #cf4  ,library clubs1 #aec4 
,library entertainments1 #abh-acj1 #agj4
  ,library journal 7monthly71 #cb4      
,library law1 #i2  essentials of a good1
 #aea2  outline of a good1 #adg2  see   
also ,library legislation4  ,library    

league1 #ge4  ,library literature1      
#cj-cc1 #cf4  ,library legislation      
7,patten71 #adg2  reference list on1    
#aej2  see also ,library law4  ,library 
patrons1 #aca4  ,library policy1 #ae-af4
  ,library rooms1 #be-bf-bg4  ,library  
school rules1 #cj4  ,library schools and
 training classes1 aim and scope of1    
#aed4  ,library schools and training    
classes1 list of1 #aee4  ,light in      
libraries1 #bf4  ,list of books for     
girls and women 7,iles71 #cb1 #afh2  of 
books needed in beginning work1 #cj-cb2 
of periodicals for a small library1     
#fa-fb2  of periodicals needed in       
beginning work1 #cb-cc2  of reference   
books1 #df-eb2  of things needed in     
beginning work1 #cc-cd2  of things to be
 done to prepare books for shelves1     
#aja-ajb4  ,lists1 of additions1 #aad2  
for reference1 #aad-aae1 #aeg1 #afa2    
for schools1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afa2  see also
 ,bulletins4  ,literary clubs and       
libraries 7,moore71 #afh-afi4           
,literature1 its use1 #acd4             

,literature1 library1 see ,library      
literature4  ,literature 7weekly71 #cb4 
,loan department1 #abb1 #acc4  ,local   
history1 books on1 #dd4  ,local history 
pamphlets1 #ajh4  ,los ,angeles public  
library training class1 #aee4  ,lost    
cards1 #ach4  ,mc,namee1 ,j4,h4,h41     
,essentials of good binding1 #ajd-ajg4  
,magazine binder1 #eh4  ,magazine       
record1 in blank book1 #fj2  on cards1  
#fj4  ,management of the library1 #ae1  
#ai1 #adh4  ,manuscripts1 see ,ancient  
manuscripts4  ,marking books1 #ii1 #aja4
  ,meeting of board of trustees1 #adj4  
,meleney1 ,g4,b41 ,relation of the      
,library ,bureau to libraries1 #ce-ch4  
,men's and ,women's clubs1 #afh4        
,mending1 see ,repair4  ,missing books1 
#aac4  ,monthly cumulative book index1  
#cc4  ,moore1 ,e4,l41 ,literary clubs   
and libraries1 #afh-afi4  ,morocco for  
bindings1 #aje4  ,mucilage1 #ajf4       
,museums1 #adi1 #agj4  ,musical clubs1  
#abi1 #afh4  ,musical entertainments1   
#abi4  ,nation 7weekly71 #cb4  ,national

 educational association1 #aef4         
,natural history collections1 #agj4     
,new books1 #fh4  ,new ,york state      
library commission1 #aej4  ,new ,york   
state library school1 #aee4  ,new ,york 
,times1 #cc4  ,newspaper lists1 #id1    
#aae4  ,newspapers1 binding for1 #ajd2  
files and racks for1 #ei2  for the      
reading room1 #eg4  ,non-depository     
libraries1 #aaj4  ,non-residents1 #aci4 
,novel clubs1 #afh4  ,officers of board 
of trustees1 #ah4  ,open shelves1 #ae1  
#be1 #abb1 #abd-abe1 #afc4  ,order list1
 #aja4  ,order sheet1 #fd1 #fg4  ,order 
slip1 #fc-fd1 #aja4  ,overdue books1    
#aah1 #ach4  ,overdue notice1 #abj4     
,ownership1 marks of1 #ii1 #aja4        
,pages1 cutting1 #gd1 #aja2  entry in   
accession book1 #gg4  ,painting card1   
author1 #agc2  gallery1 #age2  school1  
#agf2  title1 #agd4  ,pamphlet case1    
#ajh-aji4  ,pamphlets1 cataloging1      
#ajh-aji2  classifying1 #ajh-aji2  klips
 for1 #aji2  local history1 #ajh4       
,paper1 best quality for books1 #fc4    

,paste1 #cd1 #ajf4  ,patten1 ,f4,c41    
,library legislation1 #adg4  ,patrons1  
#aca4  ,penalties1 #adi4  ,perforating  
stamp1 #ii4  ,periodicals1 binder for1  
#eh-ei2  binding for1 #aje2  circulation
 of1 #ei2  cost1 #ei2  for children1    
#eh2  indexes to1 #ee2  list for a small
 library1 #fa-fb2  needed in beginning  
work1 #cb-cc2  record of1 #fj2  use in  
reference work1 #ed-ef4  ,photographs1  
#abi2  accessioning1 #aga-agb2          
cataloging1 #agb-agg2  classifying1     
#agh2  labeling1 #agh-agi2  storage1    
#ahj2  handling1 #ahj4  ,placards1 see  
,signs4  ,place of publication1 in      
accession book1 #gg2  on order slip #fd4
  ,planning library buildings 7,soule71 
#be-bi4  ,plummer1 ,m4,w41 ,hints to    
small libraries1 #ca4  ,pocket1 see     
,book pocket4  ,policy of the library1  
#ae-af4  ,politics and libraries1 #adh4 
,poole's index1 #ee4  ,postal notice1   
#aah4  ,pratt institute library school1 
#aee4  ,preliminary work1 #aj4          
,preparing books for the shelves1       

#ii-ajb4  ,president of library board1  
#ada4  ,printed catalogs1 #id1 #aae4    
,printed rules1 #acg4  ,privileges1     
expiration of1 #aba4  ,privileges for   
children1 #aeg2  forfeiture of1         
#ach-aci2  teachers1 #ach1 #aeh4        
,process1 photograph1 #agb4             
,professional books for teachers1 #adi4 
,public1 contact with the1 #abb2  rules 
for the1 #acg-aci4  ,public documents1  
#dd2  care in a library1 #aaa-aab2      
check list1 #aaa2  collecting1 #dd2     
congressional1 #aaj-aab2  departmental1 
#aaj-aab2  how issued1 #aaj2  to whom   
issued1 #aaj-aaa4  ,public libraries    
7monthly71 #cb1 #ch4  ,public libraries 
in ,america 7,fletcher71 #ca4  ,public  
library handbook1 #ca4  ,publication1   
date of2 see ,date of publication4      
,publication1 place of2 see ,place of   
publication4  ,publisher's name1 in     
accession book1 #gg2  on order slip1    
#fd4  ,publishers' trade list annual1   
#ca4  ,publishers' weekly1 #cb4         
,punctuation1 #ie4  ,purchase of books1 

see ,buying books4  ,qualifications of  
librarian1 #bj-bb1 #abc1 #aed4          
,qualifications of trustees1 #ag4       
,quorum of library board1 #adj4  ,rare  
bindings1 collections1 #agj4  ,rare     
books1 #dd-de4  ,readers1 #bg4          
,readers' guide to contemporary         
literature 7,sonnenschein71 #cb4        
,reading habits1 #afa-afb4  ,reading    
lists1 see ,reference lists4  ,reading  
room1 character of1 #eg2  for children1 
#aeg1 #afc2  newspapers for1 #eg2       
periodicals for1 #eh-fj2  rules for1    
#aci2  value of1 #ab-ac4  ,receptions1  
#agj4  ,recreation1 #acc4  ,reference   
books1 for a small library 7,baker71    
#df-eb2  for schools1 #adi1 #afj1 #afe2 
how indicated1 #ach2  selecting1 #ci4   
,reference catalog of current           
literature1 #ca4  ,reference department1
 #aci4  ,reference list on library      
legislation1 #aej4  ,reference lists1   
for schools1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afa2  on      
cards1 #ed2  special subject1 #aad4     
,reference work1 for children1 #aei1    

#afj1 #afc1 #afe2  suggestions1 #ec2    
use of dictionaries1 #ec2  use of       
periodicals1 #ed-ef4  ,register of      
borrowers1 see ,borrowers4              
,regulations1 see ,rules for the public4
  ,relation of the ,library ,bureau to  
libraries 7,meleney71 #ce-ch4  ,relative
 index1 #ha4  ,remainder libraries1     
#aaj1 #aaa4  ,renewal of books1 #aah1   
#ach4  ,repair1 #ajf4  ,report1 annual1 
#adf2  of librarian1 #ade2  of trustees1
 #adc4  ,request blanks1 #de4           
,responsibility of borrowers1 #abj1     
#ach1 #aeg4  ,review of reviews1 #ee4   
,rooms1 library1 #be-bf-bg4  ,rubber    
stamps1 #cd1 #ii4  ,rules1              
accession-book1 #cj1 #gg2  card catalog1
 #cj1 #ie-ig2  for an author and title  
catalog1 condensed1 #ca2  for a         
dictionary catalog1 #ca1 #ig2  for      
binding1 #ajf2  for care of books1 #ge2 
for government of trustees and employes1
 #adj-ade2  for handwriting1 #fi-gb2    
for the care of photographs 7,kent71    
#aga-ahj2  for the public1 #ae1 #abb1   

#acg-aci2  library school1 #cj2         
shelf-list1 #cj1 #ib-ic2  for planning  
library buildings 7,soule71 #be-bi4     
,sargent's reading for the young1 #ee4  
,school card for painting and sculpture1
 #age-agf4  ,school libraries1 #adi1    
#afj1 #afd-afe4  ,schoolroom libraries1 
see ,school libraries4  ,schools and    
libraries1 #ac1 #aeg-aei1 #afj-afb1     
#afd4  ,schools1 reference books for1   
#adi1 #afj1 #afe4  ,schools1 reference  
lists for1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afa4            
,second-hand books1 #ff1 #fh4           
,secretary of library board1 #ada4      
,selection of books1 extra copies1 #db1 
#dd2  fiction1 #da-db2  for children1   
#da2  for reference1 #ci2  history1     
travel1 literature1 #da2  local history1
 #dd2  natural science1 #dc2  price1    
#dj1 #da2  proportion in each           
department1 #dc2  public documents1 #dd2
  rare books1 #dd1 #de2  request blanks1
 #de1 #fe2  suggestions1 #ci2  with     
reference to the community1 #dj1 #dc1   
#fh2  see also ,buying books4  ,series1 

#ff4  ,shelf-list cards1 #cd1 #ic4      
,shelf-list rules1 #cj1 #ib1 #ic4       
,shelf-list sheets1 #cd1 #ib4  ,shelves1
 for folios and quartos1 #bg2  form1    
#bg2  height1 #bf2  size1 #bg4  ,signs1 
#eg1 #abb4  ,size card1 #cc4  ,size     
letter1 #ie4  ,size notation for        
photographs1 #agb1 #agh1 #ahj4  ,size of
 board of trustees1 #ag4  ,societies1   
see ,clubs4  ,sonnenschein1 ,w4,s41     
,best books1 #ca2  readers' guide to    
contemporaneous literature1 #cb4        
,soule1 ,c4,c41 ,rules for planning     
library buildings1 #be-bi2  trustees1   
#ag1 #ai4  ,special libraries1 #aaa4    
,specialists1 #abi4  ,stafford's ink1   
#fi4  ,stacks1 #bh1 #cg4  ,stamp1       
embossing1 #ii1  perforating1 #ii1      
rubber1 #cd1 #ii2  rubber1 for labeling 
photographs1 #agi4  ,stamping books1    
#ii1 #aja4  ,state library commissions1 
#adi-aej1 #aec4  ,state library         
associations1 #aec4  ,storage of        
photographs1 #ahj4  ,study clubs1 #afh4 
,style card for architecture1 #agg4     

,subject card1 illustration1 #ig4       
,subject headings1 #cb1 #if-ih4         
,subject-list1 #if4  ,supplementary     
reading for schools1 #adi1 #afj4        
,supplies1 #bi-cj-cd1 #cf4  ,supports1  
#gc4  ,tables1 #bg4  ,tax levy for      
libraries1 #adg-adh4  ,teachers' cards1 
#aeh4  ,teachers1 cooeperation of1      
#aeg-aei-afj-afb4  ,teachers'           
privileges1 #ach1 #aeh4  ,teachers1     
professional books for1 #adi4  ,things  
needed in beginning work1 #cc-cd4  ,time
 limit for retaining books1 #ach4       
,title1 in accession book1 #gg2  in     
catalog1 #ie2  on order slip1 #fd2  on  
shelf-list1 #ic4  ,title card1          
illustration1 #if2  for architecture1   
#agf2  for painting and sculpture1      
#agd-age4  ,title-lists1 #if1 #aae4     
,tools1 #cj-cd4  ,tools1 books as       
useful1 #acd4  ,trained librarian in a  
small library 7,hopkins71 #bc-cd4       
,training classes1 #aed-aee4  ,transfer 
of accounts1 #ach4  ,traveling          
libraries1 #aej1 #afi4  ,tray1 for book 

cards1 #aag2  for catalog cards1 #ih4   
,trustees1 appointment of1 #adh2        
committees1 #ah1 #adb2  duties1 #ah2    
meeting of board of1 #adj2  officers1   
#ah1 #ada2  qualifications1 #ag2        
relations with the librarian1 #ah-ai2   
reports1 #adc2  size of board1 #ag2     
term of office1 #ag1 #adh4  ,two-book   
system1 #abj4  ,type1 size of1 #fc4     
,u4,s4 documents1 see ,public documents4
  ,university of ,illinois state library
 school1 #aee4  ,varnish for labels1    
#ajj4  ,vertical hand1 #fi4  ,village   
library successfully managed            
7,garfield71 #ace-acf4  ,volume entry in
 accession book1 #gf4  ,wisconsin summer
 school of library science1 #aee4       
,women on library board1 #acf4  ,women's
 clubs1 #afh-afi4  ,work-number1 see    
,book-number4  ,world's library congress
 papers1 #cb4  ,writing see             
,handwriting4  ,young ladies' clubs1    
#afh4  ,young men's clubs1 #afh4  ,young
 people1 reading for2 see ,juvenile     
books4