,,nitro-,,explosives ,illu/ration3 ,,dang] ,,build+ ,,%[+ ,,protect+ ,,m\nds4 7,see page #f47 ,,nitro-,,explosives ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,prop]ties1 ,,manufacture1 ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,nitrat$ ,,sub/ances1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,fulm9ates1 ,,smokeless ,,p[d]s1 ,,& ,,celluloid ,,by ,p4 ,,g]ald ,,san=d1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,public ,analy/ to ! ,bor\gh ( ,p5zance2 late ,consult+ ,*emi/ to ! ,cotton ,p[d] ,company ,limit$2 & =m]ly ,resid5t ,*emi/ at ! ,/[m>ket ,works ( ! ,new ,explosives ,company ,limit$1 & ! ,hayle ,works ( ! ,national ,explosive ,company ,limit$ ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,,preface4 ,9 compil+ ! foll[+ treatise1 my aim has be5 to give a brief b ?or\ghly practical acc\nt ( ! prop]ties1 manufacture1 & me?ods ( analysis ( ! v>i\s nitro-explosives n[ s l>gely us$ = m9+ & bla/+ purposes & z propulsive ag5ts2 & x is believ$ t ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e & ( ! gelat9e dynamites w be f\nd m complete ?an 9 any simil> "w yet publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= _m ( ! facts & figures conta9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,smokeless ,p[d]s ,i am indebt$ to 7among/ o!rs7 ! late ,mr ,j4,d4 ,d\gall & ,messrs ,a4,c4 ,ponsonby & ,h4,m4 ,*apman1 ,f4,c4,s42 & = details ) reg>d to ,roburite to ,messrs ,h4,a4 ,krohn & ,w4,j4 ,orsman1 ,f4,i4,c4 ,to ^! g5tlem5 my cordial ?anks are due4 ,among ! au?orities :i* h be5 consult$ 9 ! g5]al prep>ation ( ! "w may be m5tion$ ! ,j\rnals ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,in/itute1 & ! ,royal ,artill]y ,in/itution4 ,i h also ref]r$ to sev]al volumes ( ! p]iodical publication ,arms & ,explosives2 to v>i\s pap]s by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,abel1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,g5]al ,w>dell1 ,r4,a41 on ,gun-,cotton2 to ,mod]n ,artill]y1 by ,capt4 ,lloyd1 ,r4,n41 & ,a4,g4 ,hadcock1 ,r4,a42 to ! late ,colonel ,cundill's ,diction>y ( ,explosives2 z well z to ! works ( ,messrs ,eissl]1 ,b]!lot1 & o!rs4 ,! illu/rations h be5 prep>$ *iefly f my own draw+s4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 h be5 tak5 7by p]mission7 f ! pages ( ,arms & ,explosives1 or f o!r s\rces :i* are ackn[l$g$ 9 ! text4 ,p4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,laboratory1 #bj ,,cullum ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,may #ahif4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,second ,edition ( ?is "w1 ,i h *iefly made use ( ! curr5t te*nical j\rnals1 especially ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 ,! s\rce ( my in=mation has 9 e case be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,i am also indebt$ to sev]al manufactur]s ( explosives = in=mation respect+ _! special products--among o!rs ! ,new ,explosives ,company ,ltd42 ,messrs ,curtis's & ,h>vey ,ltd42 ,! ,s*ultze ,gunp[d] ,company ,ltd42 & ,mr ,w4,d4 ,borl&1 ,f4,i4,c41 ( ! ,e4,c4 ,p[d] ,company ,ltd4 ,to my fri5d ,mr ,a4 ,/anley ,fox1 ,f4,c4,s41 ( ,fav]%am1 my be/ ?anks are also due = 8 help 9 _m dep>tm5ts1 & 8 k9dness 9 po9t+ out sev]al ref]5ces4 ,! *apt] on ,smokeless ,p[d]s has be5 consid]ably enl>g$ & 7z f> z possible7 br\ght up to date2 b x has n always be5 possible to give ! process ( manufacture or ev5 ! composition1 z ^! details h n1 9 sev]al cases1 be5 made public4 ,p4 ,,g]ald ,,san=d4 ,,london1 ,june #aijf4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,introduction4 ,! ,nitro-,explosives--,sub/ances t h be5 ,nitrat$--,! ,dang] ,area-- ,sy/ems ( ,pr(essors ,lodge1 ,z5g]1 & ,mels5s = ! ,protection ( ,build+s f ,lightn+1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,nitro-,,glyc]9e4 ,prop]ties ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e--,manufacture--,nitratio n--,sep>ation--,wa%+ & ,filt]+--,dry+1 ,/or+1 c4--,! ,wa/e ,acids--,_! ,treatm5t-- ,nitric ,acid ,plants ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,nitro-,,cellulose1 ,c4 ,cellulose ,prop]ties--,discov]y ( ,gun-,cotton--,prop]ties ( ,gun-,cotton-- ,v>ieties ( ,soluble & ,insoluble ,gun-,cottons--,manufacture ( ,gun-,cotton-- ,dipp+ & ,/eep+,:irl+ ,out ! ,acid--,wa%+1 ,boil+1 ,pulp+1 ,compress+--,! ,wal?am ,abbey ,process--,le ,b\*et ,process--,granulation ( ,gun-,cotton--,collodion-,cotton--,manuf acture--,acid ,mixture ,us$--,cotton ,us$1 c4--,nitrat$ ,gun-,cotton--,tonite--,dang]s 9 ,manufacture ( ,gun-,cotton-- ,tr5*'s ,fire-,ext+ui%+ ,comp\nd--,uses ( ,collodion-,cotton--,celluloid-- ,manufacture1 c4--,nitro-,/>*1 ,nitro-,jute1 & ,nitro-,mannite ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,dynamite4 ,kieselguhr ,dynamite--,classification ( ,dynamites--,prop]ties & ,effici5cy ( ,ord9>y ,dynamite--,o!r =ms ( ,dynamite--,gelat9e & ,gelat9e ,dynamites1 ,suitable ,gun-,cotton =1 & ,treatm5t (--,o!r ,mat]ials ,us$--,composition ( ,gelignite--,bla/+ ,gelat9e--,gelat9e ,dynamite--,absorb+ ,mat]ials--,wood ,pulp--,potassium ,nitrate1 c4-- ,manufacture1 c4--,app>atus ,us$--,! ,prop]ties ( ! ,gelat9e ,comp\nds ,,*apt] ,v4--,,nitro-,,b5zol1 ,,roburite1 ,,bellite1 ,,picric ,,acid1 c4 ,explosives d]iv$ f ,b5z5e--,tolu5e & ,nitro-,b5z5e--,di- & ,tri-nitro-,b5z5e--,roburite3 ,prop]ties & ,manufacture--,bellite3 ,prop]ties1 c4--,securite--,tonite ,no4 #c4--,nitro-,tolu5e-- ,nitro-,naph?al5e--,ammonite--,spr5gel's ,explosives--,picric ,acid-- ,picrates--,picric ,p[d]s--,mel9ite--,abel's ,mixture--,brugre's ,p[d]s-- ,! ,fulm9ates--,composition1 ,=mula1 ,prep>ation1 ,dang] (1 c4-- ,detonators3 ,sizes1 ,composition1 ,manufacture--,fuses1 c4 ,,! ,,fulm9ates4 ,composition1 ,=mula1 ,prep>ation1 ,dang] (1 c4--,detonators3 ,sizes1 ,composition1 ,manufacture--,fuses1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,smokeless ,,p[d]s ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,cordite--,axite--,balli/ite--,u4,s4 ,naval ,p[d]--,s*ultze's ,e4,c4 ,p[d]-- ,indurite--,vielle ,p\dre--,walsrode & ,cooppal ,p[d]s--,amb]ite-- ,troisdorf--,b4,n4 ,p[d]--,wett]9--,normal ,p[d]--,maximite--,picric ,acid ,p[d]s1 c4 c4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,analysis ,,( ,,explosives4 ,kieselguhr ,dynamite--,gelat9e ,comp\nds--,tonite--,cordite--,vasel9e-- ,acetone--,s*eme = ,analysis ( ,explosives--,nitro-,cotton--,solubility ,te/-- ,non-,nitrat$ ,cotton--,alkal9ity--,a% & ,inorganic ,matt]--,det]m9ation ( ,nitrog5--,lung1 ,*ampion & ,pellet's1 ,s*ultze-,tieman1 & ,kjeldahl's ,me?ods--,celluloid--,picric ,acid & ,picrates--,res9\s & ,t>ry ,matt]s-- ,sulphuric ,acid & ,hydro*loric ,acid & ,oxalic ,acid--,nitric ,acid-- ,inorganic ,impurities--,g5]al ,impurities & ,adult]ations--,potassium ,picrate1 c4--,picrates ( ! ,alkaloids--,analysis ( ,glyc]9e--,residue-- ,silv] ,te/--,nitration--,total ,acid ,equival5t--,neutrality--,free ,fatty ,acids--,comb9$ ,fatty ,acids--,impurities--,oleic ,acid--,sodium ,*loride-- ,det]m9ation ( ,glyc]9e--,wa/e ,acids--,sodium ,nitrate--,m]cury ,fulm9ate--,cap ,composition--,table = ,correction ( ,volumes ( ,gases1 = ,temp]ature & ,pressure ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,fir+ ,,po9t ,,( ,,explosives1 ,,heat ,,te/s1 ,c4 ,horsley's ,app>atus--,table ( ,fir+ ,po9ts--,! ,gov]nm5t ,heat ,te/ ,app>atus1 c41 = ,dynamites1 ,nitro-,glyc]9e1 ,nitro-,cotton1 & ,smokeless ,p[d]s--,guttmann's ,heat ,te/--,liquefaction & ,exudation ,te/s-- ,page's ,regulator = ,heat ,te/ ,app>atus--,specific ,gravities ( ,explosives--,w's ,te/ = ,nitro-,cellulose--,table ( ,temp]ature ( ,detonation1 ,s5sitiv5ess1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,relative ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,explosives4 ,effectiv5ess ( an ,explosive--,high & ,l[ ,explosives--,!oretical ,effici5cy--,m4,m4 ,r\x & ,s>rau's ,results--,abel & ,noble's--,nobel's ,balli/ic ,te/--,! ,mort>--,pressure or ,cru%] ,gauge--,calculation ,volume ( ,gas ,evolv$1 c4--,lead ,cyl9d]s--,! ,foot-,p\nds ,ma*9e--,noble's ,pressure ,gauge--,lieut4 ,walke's ,results--,calculation ( ,pressure ,develop$ by ,dynamite & ,gun-,cotton--,mc,nab's & ,ri/ori's ,results ( ,heat ,develop$ by ! ,explosion ( ,v>i\s ,explosives--,composition ( "s ( ! ,explosives 9 ,common ,use = ,bla/+1 c4 ,,index ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,frontispiece--,dang] ,build+ %[+ ,protect+ ,m\nds4 #a4 ,section ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e ,conduit #b4 ,mels5s ,sy/em ( ,lightn+ ,conductors #c4 ,fr5* ,sy/em #d;a #d;b4 ,engli% ,gov]nm5t ,sy/em #e4 ,upp] ,portion ( ,nitrator = ,nitro-,glyc]9e #f4 ,small ,nitrator #g4 ,na?an's ,nitrator #h4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e ,sep>ator #i4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e ,filt]+ ,app>atus #aj4 ,cotton-,wa/e ,dri] #aa4 ,dipp+ ,tank #ab4 ,cool+ ,pits #ac4 ,/eep+ ,pot = ,gun-,cotton #ad4 ,hydro-,extractor or ,c5trifugal ,dri] #ae;a #ae;b4 ,gun-,cotton ,beat] #af;a4 ,poa*] = ,pulp+ ,gun-,cotton #af;b4 ,plan ( same #af;c4 ,ano!r =m ( ,poa*] #ag #ah4 ,compress$ ,gun-,cotton #ai4 ,hydraulic ,press #bj4 ,?omson's ,app>atus--,elevation #ba4 ,elevation ,plan #bb4 ,tr5*'s ,safety ,c>tridge #bc4 ,vessel us$ 9 ,nitrat+ ,pap] #bd4 ,cage ditto--,:ite ,s*upphaus' ,app>atus #be4 ,d4 d4 d4 #bf #bg4 ,nitrat+ ,pot = ,celluloid #bh #bi4 ,plunge ,tank 9 ,plan & ,section #cj4 ,messrs ,w]n]1 ,pfleid]] ,p]k9s' ,mix+ ,ma*9e #ca4 ,m4 ',rob]ts' ,mix+ ,ma*9e = ,bla/+ ,gelat9e #cb4 ,plan ( same #cc4 ,c>tridge ,ma*9e = ,gelat9es #cd4 ,c>tridge fitt$ ) ,fuse & ,detonator #ce4 ,gun-,cotton ,prim] #cf4 ,electric ,fir+ ,app>atus #cg4 ,metal ,drum = ,w9d+ ,cordite #ch4 ,t5-,/r&+ #ci4 ,curve %[+ relation betwe5 ,pressures ( ,cordite & ,black ,p[d]1 by ,pr(essor ,vivian ,lewes #dj4 ,m>%all's ,app>atus = ,moi/ure 9 ,cordite #da4 ,lung's ,nitromet] #db4 ,modifi$ d4 #dc4 ,horn's ,nitromet] #dd4 ,s*ultze-,tieman ,app>atus = ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrog5 9 ,gun-,cotton #de4 ,decomposition ,flask = ,s*ultze-,tieman ,me?od #df4 ,abel's ,heat ,te/ ,app>atus #dg4 ,app>atus = ,sep>ation ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e f ,dynamite #dh4 ,te/ ,tube arrang$ = ,heat ,te/ #di4 ,page's ,regulator #ej4 ,d4 %[+ ,bye-,pass & ,cut-(f ,arrangem5t #ea4 ,w's ,app>atus #eb #ec4 ,curves obta9$ #ed4 ,dynamite ,mort> #ee4 ,qu9an's ,pressure ,gauge #ef4 ,/eel ,pun* & ,lead ,cyl9d] = ,use ) ,pressure ,gauge #eg4 ,micromet] ,calip]s = ,measur+ ,?ickness ( ,lead ,cyl9d]s #eh4 ,section ( ,lead ,cyl9d]s be=e & aft] ,explosion #ei4 ,noble's ,pressure ,gauge #fj4 ,cru%] ,gauge ,,nitro-,,explosives4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! ,nitro-,explosives--,sub/ances t h be5 ,nitrat$--,! ,dang] ,area-- ,sy/ems ( ,pr(essors ,lodge1 ,z5g]1 & ,mels5s = ! ,protection ( ,build+s f ,lightn+1 c4 ,! manufacture ( ! v>i\s nitro-explosives has made great advances dur+ late ye>s1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( nitro-comp\nds are gradually replac+ ! old] =ms ( explosives1 bo? = bla/+ purposes & also = propulsive ag5ts1 "u ! =m ( smokeless p[d]s4 ,! nitro-explosives belong to ! s-call$ ,high ,explosives1 & may be def9$ z any *emical comp\nd possess$ ( explosive prop]ties1 or capable ( comb9+ ) metals to =m an explosive comp\nd1 :i* is produc$ by ! *emical action ( nitric acid1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) sulphuric acid1 ^u any c>bonace\s sub/ance1 :e!r su* comp\nd is me*anically mix$ ) o!r sub/ances or n4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,def9ition giv5 9 ,ord] ( ,c\ncil1 ,no4 #a1 ,explosives ,act1 #ahge4 ,! numb] ( comp\nds & mixtures includ$ "u ?is def9ition is v l>ge1 & !y are ( v diff]5t *emical composition4 ,among ! sub/ances t h be5 nitrat$ are3--,cellulose1 "u v>i\s =ms1 e4g41 cotton1 lign91 c42 glyc]9e1 b5z5e1 />*1 jute1 sug>1 ph5ol1 wood1 /raw1 & ev5 su* sub/ances z treacle & horse-dung4 ,"s ( ^! are n made ^u ! l>ge scale1 o!rs are b little us$4 ,^? ( mo/ importance are nitro-glyc]9e & nitro-cellulose4 ,! =m] ent]s into ! composition ( all dynamites1 & sev]al smokeless p[d]s2 & ! second includes gun-cotton1 collodion-cotton1 nitrat$ wood1 & ! majority ( ! smokeless p[d]s1 :i* consi/ g5]ally ( nitro-cotton1 nitro-lign91 nitro-jute1 c4 c41 toge!r ) metallic nitrates1 or nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! nitro-explosives consi/ g5]ally ( "s organic sub/ance 9 :i* ! ,,no#b gr\p1 kn[n z nitryl1 has be5 sub/itut$ 9 place ( hydrog54 ,?us 9 glyc]9e1 ,,oh ,c#c;,h#e,,oh1 ,,oh :i* is a tri-hydric alcohol1 & :i* occurs v widely di/ribut$ z ! alcoholic or basic con/itu5t ( fats1 ! hydrog5 atoms are replac$ by ! ,,no#b gr\p1 to =m ! highly explosive comp\nd1 nitro-glyc]9e4 ,if "o atom only is ?us displac$1 ! mono-nitrate is =m$ ?us1 ,,ono#b ,c#c;,h#e,,oh2 ,,oh & if ! ?ree atoms are displac$1 ,c#c;,h#e7,,ono#b7c1 or ! tri- nitrate1 is =m$1 :i* is comm]cial nitro-glyc]9e4 ,ano!r class1 ! nitro-celluloses1 are =m$ f cellulose1 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e1 :i* =ms ! gr\ndwork ( all vegetable tissues4 ,cellulose has "s ( ! prop]ties ( ! alcohols1 & =ms e!real salts :5 treat$ ) nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,! hexa-nitrate1 or gun-cotton1 has ! =mula1 ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#d7,,ono#b7f2 & collodion-cotton1 pyroxyl91 c41 =m ! l[] nitrates1 i4e41 ! tetra- & p5ta-nitrates4 ,^! la/ are soluble 9 v>i\s solv5ts1 su* z e!r-alcohol & nitro-glyc]9e1 9 :i* ! hexa-nitrate is insoluble4 ,!y all dissolve1 h[ev]1 9 acetone & acetic e!r4 ,! solution ( ! soluble v>ieties 9 e!r-alcohol is kn[n z collodion1 :i* f9ds _m applications 9 ! arts4 ,! hydroc>bon b5z5e1 ,c#f;,h#f1 prep>$ f ! light oil obta9$ f coal-t>1 :5 nitrat$ =ms nitro-b5z5es1 su* z mono-nitro-b5z5e1 ,c#f;,h#e,,no#b1 & di-nitro-b5z5e1 ,c#f;,h#d7,,no#b7b1 9 :i* "o & two atoms are replac$ by ! ,,no#b gr\p4 ,! latt] ( ^! comp\nds is us$ z an explosive1 & ent]s into ! composition ( su* well-kn[n explosives z roburite1 c4 ,! pres5ce ( nitro gr\ps 9 a sub/ance increases ! difficulty ( fur!r nitration1 & 9 any case n m ?an ?ree nitro gr\ps c be introduc$ into an aromatic comp\nd1 or ! ph5ols4 ,all aromatic comp\nds ) ! g5]al =mula1 ,c#f;,h#d,x#b1 give1 h[ev]1 ?ree s]ies4 ,!y are call$ or?o1 meta1 or p>a comp\nds1 dep5d+ ^u ! position ( ,,no#b gr\ps introduc$4 ,c]ta9 regul>ities h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! =mation ( nitro- comp\nds4 ,if1 = example1 a sub/ance conta9s alkyl or hydroxyl gr\ps1 l>ge quantities ( ! p>a comp\nd are obta9$1 & v little ( ! or?o4 ,! sub/itution takes place1 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely 9 ! meta position1 if a nitro1 c>boxyl1 or aldehyde gr\p be pres5t4 ,ord9>y ph5ol1 ,c#f;,h#e4,,oh1 gives p>a- & or?o-nitro-ph5ol2 tolu5e gives p>a- & or?o-nitro-tolu5e2 b nitro-b5z5e =ms meta-di-nitro- b5z5e & b5zoic acid1 meta-nitro-b5zoic acid4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,organic ,*emi/ry1 ,pr(4 ,hjelt4 ,translat$ by ,j4,b4 ,t+le1 ,ph4,d4 ,if ! graphic =mula ( b5z5e be repres5t$ ?us 7,no4 #a71 !n ! positions #a & #b repres5t ! or?o1 #a & #c ! meta1 & #a & #d ! p>a comp\nds4 ,:5 ! body ph5ol1 ,c#f;,h#e4,,oh1 is nitrat$1 a comp\nd is =m$ kn[n z tri-nitro-ph5ol1 or picric acid1 ,c#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,,oh1 :i* is us$ v ext5sively z an explosive1 bo? z picric acid & 9 ! =m ( picrates4 ,ano!r nitro body t is us$ z an explosive is nitro-naph?al5e1 ,c#aj;,h#f7,,no#b7b1 9 roburite1 securite1 & o!r explosives ( ?is class4 ,! hexa-nitro- mannite1 ,c#f;,h#h7,,ono#b7f1 is =m$ ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,meta-,,d9itro-,,b5z5e ,no4#b by treat+ a sub/ance kn[n z mannite1 ,c#f;,h#h7,,oh7#f1 an alcohol =m$ by ! lactic acid f]m5tation ( sug> & closely relat$ to ! sug>s1 ) nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,x is a solid sub/ance1 & v explosive2 x conta9s #ah4eh p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,nitro-/>* has also be5 us$ = ! manufacture ( an explosive4 ,muhlhau] has describ$ 7,d+4 ,poly4 ,j\r41 #gc1 #acg-adc7 ?ree nitric e!rs ( />*1 ! tetra-nitro-/>*1 ,c#ab;,h#af,o#f7,,ono#b7d1 ! p5ta- & hexa-nitro-/>*4 ,!y are =m$ by act+ ^u potato />* dri$ at #ajj ,c4 ) a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids at a temp]ature ( #bj to #be ,c4 ,rice />* has also be5 us$ 9 its production4 ,muhlhau] proposes to use ?is body z a smokeless p[d]1 & to nitrate x ) ! sp5t mix$ acids f ! manufacture ( nitro- glyc]9e4 ,?is sub/ance conta9s f #aj4if to #aa4ji p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,x is a :ite sub/ance1 v /able & soluble ev5 9 cold nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! explosive bodies =m$ by ! nitration ( jute h be5 /udi$ by ,messrs ,cross & ,bevan4 & also by ,mhlhu]4 ,! =m] *emi/s give jute ! =mula ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#i1 & believe t its conv]sion into a nitro-comp\nd takes place accord+ to ! equation-- ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#i #c;,,hno#c #c;,h#b,o ,c#ab;,h#ae,o7#f7,,no#c7c4 ,?is is equival5t to a ga9 9 weight ( #dd p] c5t4 = ! tri- nitrate1 & #eh p] c5t4 = ! tetra-nitrate4 ,! =mation ( ! tetra-nitrate appe>s to be ! limit ( nitration ( jute fibre4 ,messrs ,cross & ,bevan say1 ,9 o!r words1 if we repres5t ! ligno-cellulose molecule by a ,c#ab =mula1 x w conta9 f\r hydroxyl 7,,oh7 gr\ps1 or two less ?an cellulose simil>ly repres5t$4 ,x conta9s #aa4e p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,! jute nitrates resemble ^? ( cellulose1 & are 9 all ess5tial po9ts nitrates ( ligno-cellulose4 ,nitro-jute is us$ 9 ! composition ( ! well-kn[n ,cooppal ,smokeless ,p[d]s4 ,cross & ,bevan are ( op9ion t !re is no v obvi\s advantage 9 ! use ( lignifi$ textile fibres z raw mat]ials = explosive nitrates1 see+ t a numb] ( raw mat]ials conta9+ cellulose 7*iefly z cotton7 c be obta9$ at f #aj to #be a ton1 & yield also #aej to #agj p] c5t4 ( explosive mat]ial :5 nitrat$ 7:]eas jute only gives #aed4d p] c5t471 & are 9 _m ways sup]ior to ! products obta9$ f jute4 ,nitro-lign91 or nitrat$ wood1 is1 h[ev]1 l>gely us$ 9 ! composition ( a good _m ( ! smokeless p[d]s1 su* z ,s*ultze's1 ! ,smokeless ,p[d] ,co4's products1 & o!rs4 ,! ,dang] ,area4--,t portion ( ! works t is devot$ to ! actual manufacture or mix+ ( explosive mat]ial is g5]ally designat$ by ! t]m dang] area1 & ! build+s erect$ ^u x are spok5 ( z dang] build+s4 ,! be/ mat]ial ( :i* to con/ruct ^! build+s is ( wood1 z 9 ! ev5t ( an explosion !y w (f] less resi/ance1 & w cause mu* less dang] ?an brick or /one build+s4 ,:5 an explosion ( nitro-glyc]9e or dynamite occurs 9 "o ( ^! build+s1 ! sides are g5]ally bl[n out1 & ! ro( is rais$ "s consid]able height1 & f9ally desc5ds ^u ! bl[n-out sides4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! same explosion _h occurr$ 9 a /rong brick or /one build+1 ! walls ( :i* w\ld (f] a mu* l>g] resi/ance1 l>ge pieces ( brickwork w\ld probably h be5 ?r[n = a consid]able di/ance1 & h caus$ s]i\s damage to surr\nd+ build+s4 ,x is also a v good plan to surr\nd all dang] build+s ) m\nds ( s& or e>?1 :i* %\ld be cov]$ ) turf1 & ( su* a height z to be above ! ro( ( ! build+s t !y are int5d$ to protect 7see frontispiece74,a ,^! m\nds are ( great value 9 conf9+ ! =ce ( ! explosion1 & ! sides ( ! build+s be+ ?r[n aga9/ !m are prev5t$ f travell+ any di/ance4 ,9 gunp[d] works x is n unusual to surr\nd ! dang] build+s ) trees or d5se und]wood in/ead ( m\nds4 ,?is w\ld be ( no use 9 *eck+ ! =ce ( explosion ( ! high explosives1 b has be5 f\nd a v useful precaution 9 ! case ( gunp[d]4 ,footnote ,a3 ,at ! ,bael5 ,factory1 ,belgium1 ! dang] build+s are erect$ on a novel plan4 ,!y are circul> 9 gr\nd plan & light$ entirely f ! ro( by means ( a pat5t glass hav+ wire-nett+ 9 x1 & :i* x is claim$ w n let a spl9t] fall1 ev5 if badly crack$4 ,! m\nds are !n erect$ "r up aga9/ ! walls ( ! build+1 exce$+ !m 9 height by sev]al metres4 ,= ?is me?od ( con/ruction x is claim$ t ! =ce ex]t$ by an explosion w exp& itself 9 a v]tical direction 7,report on ,visits to ,c]ta9 ,explosive ,factories1 ,h4,m4 ,inspectors1 #aije74 ,9 ,great ,brita9 x is necess>y t all dang] build+s %\ld be a specifi$ di/ance ap>t2 a lic5se also mu/ be obta9$4 ,! application = a lic5se mu/ give a plan 7drawn to scale7 ( ! propos$ factory or magaz9e1 & ! site1 its b\nd>ies1 & surr\nd+s1 & di/ance ! build+ w be f any o!r build+s or works1 c41 also ! "*1 & con/ruction ( all ! m\nds1 & nature ( ! processes to be c>ri$ on 9 ! factory or build+4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,explosives ,act1 #ch ,vict4 *4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,( ,,nitro-,,glyc]9e ,,conduit4 a1 lid2 b1 lead l9+2 c1 c9d]s4 ,! selection ( a site = ! dang] area requires "s att5tion4 ,! purpose = :i* x is requir$1 t is1 ! k9d ( explosive t x is int5d$ to manufacture1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,a p]fectly level piece ( gr\nd might probably be q suitable = ! purpose ( erect+ a factory = ! manufacture ( gun-cotton or gunp[d]1 & su* mat]ials1 b w\ld be m or less unsuitable = ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e1 :]e a numb] ( build+s are requir$ to be ^u diff]5t levels1 9 ord] to all[ ( ! fl[ ( ! liquid nitro- glyc]9e f "o build+ to ano!r ?r\gh a sy/em ( conduits4 ,^! conduits 7,fig4 #a71 :i* are g5]ally made ( wood & l9$ ) lead1 ! space betwe5 ! woodwork & ! lead l9+1 :i* is g5]ally "s #d or #e in*es1 be+ fill$ ) c9d]s1 connect ! v>i\s build+s1 & %\ld slope g5tly f "o to ! o!r4 ,x is also desirable t1 z f> z possible1 !y %\ld be protect$ by e>?-"w banks1 9 ! same way z ! dang] build+s !mselves4 ,!y %\ld also be provid$ ) cov]s1 :i* %\ld be :itewa%$ 9 hot wea!r4 ,a great deal ( att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ^! conduits1 & !y %\ld be v frequ5tly inspect$4 ,:5ev] x is f\nd t a portion ( ! lead l9+ requires repair+1 be=e cutt+ away ! lead x %\ld be v c>efully wa%$1 = sev]al feet on ei!r side ( ! portion t x is int5d$ to remove1 ) a solution ( cau/ic soda or pota% dissolv$ 9 me?ylat$ _s & wat]1 & aft]w>ds ) wat] alone4 ,?is decomposes ! nitro-glyc]9e =m+ glyc]9e & potassium nitrate4 ,x w be f\nd t ! mix$ acids attack ! lead r quickly1 =m+ sulphate & nitrate ( lead1 b *iefly ! =m]4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t x has be5 propos$ to use pipes made ( guttap]*a1 b ! great drawback to _! use is t 9 ! case ( any?+ occurr+ inside ! pipes1 su* z ! freez+ ( ! nitro- glyc]9e 9 w9t]1 x is m difficult to f9d x out1 & ! condition ( ! inside _c be se51 :]eas 9 ! case ( wood5 conduits x is an easy matt] to lift ! lids along ! :ole l5g? ( ! conduit4 ,! build+s :i* require to be connect$ by conduits are ( c\rse ^? conc]n$ ) ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,^! build+s are--7#a7 ,! nitrat+ h\se2 7#b7 ! sep>at+ h\se2 7#c7 ! filt] h\se2 7#d7 ! second>y sep>ator2 7#e7 ! deposit ( wa%+s2 7#f7 ! settl+ or precipitation h\se2 & ea* ( ^! build+s mu/ be on a level l[] ?an ! prec$+ "o1 9 ord] t ! nitro-glyc]9e or acids may fl[ easily f "o build+ to ! next4 ,^! build+s are1 z f> z possible1 be/ plac$ toge!r1 & away f ! o!r dang] build+s1 su* z ! c>tridge huts & dynamite mix+ h\ses1 b ?is is n ess5tial4 ,all dang] build+s %\ld be protect$ by a lightn+ conductor1 or cov]$ ) b>b$ wire1 z sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,sir ,oliv] ,j4 ,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essors ,z5g]1 ( ,prague1 & ,mels5s1 ( ,brussels1 & ev]y?+ possible %\ld be done to keep !m z cool z possible 9 ! summ]4 ,) ?is object !y %\ld be made d\ble1 & ! int]v5+ space fill$ ) c9d]s4 ,! ro( also %\ld be kept :itewa%$1 & ! w9d[s pa9t$ ov] ?9ly ) :ite pa9t4 ,a !rmomet] %\ld be susp5d$ 9 e h\se4 ,x is v ess5tial t ! floors ( all ^! build+s %\ld be wa%$ e day be=e ! "w-p leave4 ,9 case any nitro-glyc]9e is spilt ^u ! floors1 aft] spong+ x up z f> z possible1 ! floor %\ld be wa%$ ) an alcoholic solution ( soda or pota% to decompose ! nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* x does accord+ to ! equation,a-- ,c#c;,h#e7,,no#c7c #c,,koh ,c#c;,h#h,o#c #c,,kno#c4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see also ,b]!lot1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #aijj1 #acaab1 #eai- #eba4 ,e "o employ$ 9 ! build+s %\ld we> li/ or sewn lea!r %oes1 :i* ( c\rse mu/ be worn 9 ! build+s only4 ,! v>i\s h\ses %\ld be connect$ by pa?s laid ) c9d]s1 or bo>d$ ) planks1 & any loose s& ab\t ! site ( ! works %\ld be cov]$ ov] ) turf or c9d]s1 to prev5t its bl[+ ab\t & gett+ into ! build+s4 ,x is also ( importance t /& pipes %\ld be plac$ ab\t ! works ) a good pressure ( wat]1 ! necess>y hose be+ kept 9 c]ta9 kn[n places :]e !y c be at once got at 9 ! case ( fire1 su* z ! dang] area laboratory1 ! =eman's (fice1 c4 ,x is also desirable t ! above precautions aga9/ fire %\ld be te/$ once a week4 ,) reg>d to ! heat+ ( ! v>i\s build+s 9 ! w9t]1 /eam pipes only %\ld be us$1 & %\ld be br\ght f a boil]-h\se outside ! dang] area1 & %\ld be cov]$ ) kieselguhr or fossil meal & t>r$ canvas4 ,^! pipes may be support$ ^u poles4 ,a /ove ( "s k9d %\ld be plac$ 9 ! corn] ( ea* build+1 b x mu/ be entirely cov]$ 9 ) woodwork1 & z small a l5g? ( /eam pipes %\ld be )9 ! build+ z possible4 ,9 ! case ( a factory :]e nitro-glyc]9e & dynamite are manufactur$1 x is necess>y t ! "w-p %\ld we> diff]5t clo!s ^u ! dang] area ?an usual1 z !y are apt to become impregnat$ ) nitro-glyc]9e1 & ?us n v desirable or safe to we> outside ! works4 ,x is also necess>y t ^! clo!s %\ld n conta9 any pockets1 z ?is less5s ! *ance ( mat*es or /eel implem5ts be+ tak5 ^u ! dang] area4 ,*ang+ h\ses1 "o = ! m51 & ano!r = ! girls1 %\ld also be provid$4 ,! tools us$ ^u ! dang] area %\ld1 :5ev] ! build+ is 9 use1 or conta9s explosives1 be made ( phosphor bronze or brass1 & brass nails or wood5 pegs %\ld be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( all ! build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,mels5s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,lightn+ ,conductors4--,! ,explosive ,sub/ances ,act1 #ch ,vict4 *4 #ag1 clause #aj1 says1 ,e factory magaz9e & exp5se magaz9e 9 a factory1 & e dang] build+ 9 a magaz9e1 %all h atta*$ !reto a suffici5t lightn+ conductor1 unless by reason ( ! con/ruction by excavation or ! position ( su* magaz9e or build+1 or o!rwise1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate consid]s a conductor unnecess>y1 & e dang] build+ 9 a factory %all1 if s requir$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 h atta*$ !reto a suffici5t lightn+ conductor4 ,! exact =m ( lightn+ conductor mo/ suitable = explosive works & build+s has n yet be5 def9itely settl$4 ,lightn+-rod eng9e]s fav\r :at is kn[n z ! ,mels5s sy/em1 due to ,pr(essor ,mels5s1 ( ,brussels1 & ,pr(essor ,z5g]1 ( ,prague1 b fir/ sugge/$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,cl]k-,maxwell4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ,cl]k-,maxwell propos$ to protect p[d]-magaz9es f ! effects ( lightn+ by completely surr\nd+ or encas+ !m ) %eet metal1 or a cage ( metallic conductors4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 sev]al objections to 8 sy/em z he left x4 ,pr(essor ,mels5s,a has1 :ile us+ ! idea1 made sev]al important alt]ations4 ,he has multipli$ ! t]m9als1 ! conductors1 & ! e>?-connections4 ,8 t]m9als are v num]\s1 & assume ! =m ( an aigrette or bru% ) five or sev5 po9ts1 ! c5tral po9t be+ a little high] ?an ! re/1 :i* =m ) x an angle ( #de4 ,he employs = ! mo/ "p galvanis$-iron wire4 ,he places all metallic bodies1 if !y are ( any consid]able size1 9 communication ) ! conduct+ sy/em 9 su* a mann] z to =m clos$ metallic circuits4 ,8 sy/em is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 tak5 f ,arms & ,explosives4 ,footnote ,a3 ,belgian ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is sy/em is a ne> approximation to ,j4,c4 ,maxwell's cage4 ,! sy/em 0 really design$ = ! protection ( p[d]-magaz9es or /ore build+s plac$ 9 v expos$ situations4 ,z5g]'s sy/em is id5tical ) t ( ,mels5s1 & has be5 ext5sively tri$ by ! ,au/rian milit>y au?orities1 & ,colonel ,hess has report$ ^u ! absolute safety ( ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,fr5* ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em ( protect+ p[d]-magaz9es is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 :]e !re are no bru% t]m9als or aigrettes4 ,! ,fr5* milit>y au?orities also protect magaz9es by erect+ two or m lightn+-rods on poles ( suffici5t height plac$ close to1 b n t\*+1 ! walls ( ! magaz9e4 ,^! conductors are jo9$ bel[ ! f\ndations & e>!d z usual4 ,9 ! in/ructions issu$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 x is /at$ t ! lightn+-rods plac$ ^u p[d]-mills %\ld be ( su* a height1 & s situat$1 t no dang] is incurr$ 9 ignit+ ! p[d]-du/ 9 ! air by ! lightn+ dis*>ge at ! po9t$ rod4 ,9 su* a case a =k or aigrette ( five or m po9ts %\ld inv>iably be us$ 9 place ( a s+le po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d;a4--,,gov]nm5t ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors ,,= ,,l>ge ,,build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d;b4--,,gov]nm5t ,,sy/em ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,conductors ,,= ,,small ,,build+s4 ,9 ,fig4 #d 7a & b7 is %[n ! ,gov]nm5t me?od = protect+ build+s 9 :i* explosives are made or /or$4 ,multiple po9ts or aigrettes w\ld be bett]4 ,"l ,kelv9 & ,pr(essor ,mels5s fav\r po9ts1 & x is g5]ally admitt$ t lightn+ does n /rike build+s at a s+le po9t1 b r 9 a %eet2 h5ce1 9 su* cases1 or 9 ! ev5t ( ! globul> =m be+ assum$ by ! lightn+1 ! aigrette w con/itute a mu* m effective protection ?an a s+le po9t4 ,z to ! spac+ ( conductors1 !y may1 ev5 on ! mo/ important build+s1 be spac$ at int]vals ( #ej feet4 ,!re w !n be no po9t on ! build+ m ?an #be feet f ! conductor4 ,?is #be-;feet rule c be adh]$ to ) advantage 9 all ov]gr\nd build+s = explosives4 ,und]gr\nd magaz9es %\ld1 :5ev] possible1 also be protect$1 because1 al?\gh less expos$ ?an ov]gr\nd build+s1 !y frequ5tly conta9 explosives pack$ 9 metal cases1 & h5ce w\ld pres5t a l9e ( small] electrical resi/ance ?an ! surr\nd+ e>? w\ld (f] to ! lightn+4 ,! conductor %\ld be arrang$ on ! same sy/em z = ov]gr\nd build+s1 b be appli$ to ! surface ( ! gr\nd ov] ! magaz9es4 ,9 all situations :]e sev]al conductors are jo9$ 9 "o sy/em1 ! v]tical conductors %\ld be connect$ bo? at ! top & ne> ! gr\nd l9e4 ,! angles & ! prom95t portions ( a build+ be+ ! mo/ liable to be /ruck1 ! conductors %\ld be c>ri$ ov] & along ^! projections1 & !re=e along ! ridges ( ! ro(4 ,! conductors %\ld be connect$ to any outside metal on ! ro(s & walls1 & specially to ! foot ( ra9-wat] pipes4 ,all ! lightn+ conductors %\ld be p]iodically te/$1 to see t !y are 9 work+ condition1 at lea/ e ?ree mon?s1 accord+ to ,mr ,ri*>d ,&]son4 ,! object ( ! te/ is to det]m9e ! resi/ance ( ! e>?-connection1 & to localise any defective jo9ts or p>ts 9 ! conductors4 ,! be/ sy/em ( te/+ ! conductors is to balance ! resi/ance ( ea* ( ! e>?s aga9/ ! rema9d] ( ! sy/em1 f :i* ! /ate ( ! e>?s may be inf]r$ ) suffici5t accuracy = all practical purposes4 ,capta9 ,bucknill1 ,r4,e41 has design$ an in/rum5t to te/ resi/ance :i* is bas$ on ! ,po/ ,(fice patt]n resi/ance coil1 & is capable ( te/+ to approximate accuracy up to #bjj ohms1 & to measure r\ghly up to #b1jjj ohms4 ,mr ,r4 ,&]son's app>atus is also v h&y1 consi/+ ( a case conta9+ ?ree ,leclan* cells1 & a galvanomet] ) a tang5t scale & c]ta9 /&>d resi/ances4 ,"s useful articles on ! protection ( build+s f lightn+ w be f\nd 9 ,arms & ,explosives1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb] #ahib1 & by ,mr ,&]son1 ,brit4 ,assoc41 #ahgh-hj4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e4--,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( mod]n explosive ag5ts is nitro-glyc]9e4 ,x is ! explosive conta9$ 9 dynamite1 & =ms ! great] "p ( ! v>i\s =ms ( bla/+ gelat9es1 su* z gelat9e dynamite & gelignite1 bo? ( :i* sub/ances consi/ ( a mixture ( gun-cotton dissolv$ 9 nitro-glyc]9e1 ) ! addition ( v>y+ proportions ( wood-pulp & saltpetre1 ! latt] sub/ances act+ z absorb+ mat]ials = ! viscid gelat9e4 ,nitro-glyc]9e is also l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( smokeless p[d]s1 su* z cordite1 balli/ite1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,nitro-glyc]ol1 or glyc]ol tri-nitrate1 0 discov]$ by ,sobr]o 9 ! ye> #ahdg4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to ,m4 ,pel\se1 he says1 :5 glyc]ol is p\r$ into a mixture ( sulphuric acid ( a specific gravity ( #a4hd1 & ( nitric acid ( a gravity ( #a4e1 :i* has be5 cool$ by a freez+ mixture1 t an oily liquid is =m$4 ,?is liquid is nitro-glyc]ol1 or nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* = "s ye>s f\nd no important use 9 ! arts1 until ! ye> #ahfc1 :5 ,alfr$ ,nobel fir/ />t$ a factory 9 ,/ockholm = its manufacture ^u a l>ge scale2 b on acc\nt ( "s s]i\s accid5ts tak+ place1 its use did n become g5]al4 ,x 0 n until ,nobel conceiv$ ! idea 79 #ahff7 ( absorb+ ! liquid 9 "s absorb5t e>?1 & ?us =m+ ! mat]ial t is n[ kn[n z dynamite1 t ! use ( nitro-glyc]9e z an explosive became g5]al4 ,among ^? :o improv$ ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e 0 ,m[bray1 :o1 by us+ pure glyc]9e & nitric acid free f nitr\s acid1 made v great advances 9 ! manufacture4 ,m[bray 0 probably ! fir/ to use compress$ air = ! purpose ( keep+ ! liquids well agitat$ dur+ ! process ( nitration1 :i* he conduct$ 9 e>!nw>e pots1 ea* conta9+ a *>ge ( #ag lbs4 ( ! mix$ acids & #b lbs4 ( glyc]ol4 ,a few ye>s lat] 7#ahgb71 ,,mm4 ,b\tnny & ,fau*]1 ( ,vonges1,a propos$ to prep>e nitro-glyc]9e by mix+ ! sulphuric acid ) ! glyc]9e1 ?us =m+ a sulpho-glyc]ic acid1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds mix$ ) a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,!y claim$ = ?is me?od ( proc$ure t ! f9al temp]ature is mu* l[]4 ,! two mixtures are mix$ 9 ! proportions--,glyc]9e1 #ajj2 nitric acid1 #bhj2 & sulphuric acid1 #fjj4 ,!y /ate t ! rise ( temp]ature ^u mix+ is limit$ f #aj to #ae ,c42 b ?is me?od requires a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs to complete ! nitration1 :i*1 consid]+ ! dang] ( keep+ ! nitro-glyc]9e 9 contact ) ! mix$ acids = s long1 probably m ?an comp5sates = ! some:at d\btful advantage ( be+ able to p]=m ! nitration at su* a l[ temp]ature4 ,! ,b\tnny process 0 9 op]ation = "s "t at ,pembrey ,burr[s 9 ,wales1 b aft] a s]i\s explosion ! process 0 ab&on$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ge2 & ,desortiaux1 ,trait sur la ,p\dre1 #fhd-fhf4 ,nitro-glyc]9e is n[ g5]ally made by add+ ! glyc]9e to a mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acids4 ,! sulphuric acid1 h[ev]1 takes no "p 9 ! reaction1 b is absolutely necess>y to comb9e ) ! wat] t is =m$ by ! decomposition1 & ?us to keep up ! /r5g? ( ! nitric acid1 o!rwise l[] nitrates ( glyc]9e w\ld be =m$ t are soluble 9 wat]1 & :i* w\ld be lo/ 9 ! subsequ5t process ( wa%+ to :i* ! nitro-comp\nd is subject$1 9 ord] to remove ! excess ( acids1 ! ret5tion ( :i* 9 ! nitro-glyc]ol is v dang]\s4 ,nitro-glyc]ol1 :i* 0 =m]ly consid]$ to be a nitro-sub/itution comp\nd ( glyc]ol1 0 ?\ght to be =m$ ?us-- ,c#c;,h#h,o#c #c;,,hno#c ,c#c;,h#e7,,no#b7c,o#c #c;,h#b,o2 b m rec5t rese>*es r po9t to its be+ reg>d$ z a nitric e!r ( glyc]ol1 or glyc]9e1 & to its be+ =m$ ?us-- ,c#c;,h#h,o#c #c ,,hno#c ,c#c;,h#e7,,no#c7c #c;,h#b,o4 #ib #bbg ,,oh ,! =mula ( glyc]9e is ,c#c;,h#h,o#h1 or ,c#c;,h#e,,oh ,,oh ,,ono#b & t ( ! mono-nitrate ( glyc]9e1 ,c#c;,h#e,,oh ,,oh ,,ono#b & ( ! tri-nitrate or 7nitro-glyc]9e71 ,c#c;,h#e,,ono#b ,,ono#b t is1 ! ?ree hydrog5s ( ! semi-molecules ( hydroxyl 9 ! glyc]9e h be5 replac$ by ! ,,no#b gr\p4 ,9 ! manufacture ^u ! l>ge scale1 a mixture ( ?ree p>ts by weight ( nitric acid & five p>ts ( sulphuric acid are us$4 ,f ! above equation x w be se5 t e #a lb4 ( glyc]ol %\ld give #b4dg lbs4 ( nitro-glyc]ol 77#bbga7_/ib #b4dg71 b 9 practice ! yield is only ab\t #b lbs4 to #b4bb1 ! loss be+ acc\nt$ = by ! unavoidable =mation ( "s ( ! l[] nitrate1 :i* dissolves 9 wat]1 & is ?us wa%$ away1 & p>tly p]haps to ! pres5ce ( a little wat] 7or o!r non-nitrable matt]7 9 ! glyc]9e1 b *iefly to ! =m]1 :i* is due to ! acids hav+ become too weak4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,nitro-,,glyc]9e4 ,prop]ties ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e--,manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e--,nitration-- ,! ,na?an ,nitrator--,sep>ation--,filt]+ & ,wa%+--,! ,wa/e ,acids-- ,treatm5t ( ! ,wa/e ,acid f ! ,manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e & ,gun-,cotton4 ,prop]ties ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e4--,nitro-glyc]ol is a heavy oily liquid ( specific gravity #a4f at #ae ,c41 & :5 q pure is col\rless4 ,! comm]cial product is a pale /raw yell[1 b v>ies mu* accord+ to ! purity ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 cry/allises at #aj4e ,c41 b diff]5t comm]cial samples behave v diff]5tly 9 ?is respect1 & m9ute impurities prev5t or delay cry/allisation4 ,solid nitro-glyc]ol,a melts at ab\t #ab ,c41 b requires to be expos$ to ?is temp]ature = "s "t be=e melt+4 ,! specific gravity ( ! solid =m is #a4gce at #aj ,c42 x contracts "o-twelf? ( its volume 9 solidify+4 ,beck]heim,b gives ! specific heat z #j4dbdh betwe5 ! temp]atures ( #i4e & #i4h ,c41 & ,l4 de ,bruyn gives ! boil+ po9t z above #bjj4 ,footnote ,a3 ,di-nitro-mono *lorhydr91 :5 add$ to nitro-glyc]9e up to #bj p] c5t41 is said to prev5t its freez+4 ,footnote ,b3 ,isb41 ,*em4 ,te*41 #bb1 #dha-dhg4 #ahgf4 ,nitro-glyc]9e has a sweet ta/e1 & causes great depression & v]tigo4 ,x is soluble 9 e!r1 *lor(orm1 b5z5e1 glacial acetic acid1 & nitro-b5z5e1 9 #a4ge "p ( me?ylat$ _s1 v ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]1 & practically insoluble 9 c>bon bisulphide4 ,its =mula is ,c#c;,h#e7,,no#c7c1 & molecul> weight #bbg4 ,:5 pure1 x may be kept any l5g? ( "t )\t decomposition4 ,b]!lot kept a sample = t5 ye>s1 & ,mr ,g4 ,m',rob]ts1 ( ! ,arde] ,factory1 = n9e ye>s1 )\t _! %[+ signs ( decomposition2 b if x %\ld conta9 ! smalle/ trace ( free acid1 decomposition is c]ta9 to be />t$ be=e long4 ,?is w g5]ally %[ itself by ! =mation ( little gre5 spots 9 ! gelat9e comp\nds1 or a gre5 r+ ^u ! surface ( liquid nitro-glyc]9e4 ,sunlight w (t5 cause x to explode2 9 fact1 a bucket conta9+ "s wat] t _h be5 us$ to wa% nitro-glyc]9e1 & _h be5 left /&+ 9 ! sun1 has 9 our exp]i5ce be5 kn[n to explode ) consid]able =ce4 ,nitro-glyc]9e :5 pure is q /able at ord9>y temp]atures1 & samples h be5 kept = ye>s )\t any trace ( decomposition4 ,x is v susceptible to heat1 & ev5 :5 q pure w n /& a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 = a long] p]iod ?an a few h\rs1 )\t und]go+ decomposition4 ,up to a temp]ature ( #de ,c41 h[ev]1 prop]ly made & purifi$ nitro- glyc]9e w rema9 un*ang$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,! p]c5tage composition ( nitroglyc]9e is z foll[s3-- ,f\nd4 ,!ory = ,c#c;,h#e7,n#jb7c4 ,c>bon #ae4fb #ae4hf p] c5t4 ,hydrog5 #b4dj #b4bj ,nitrog5 #ag4ij #ah4ej ,oxyg5 444 #fc4dd ,! above analysis is by ,beck]heim4 ,sau] & ,ad\ give ! nitrog5 z #ah4ce to #aj4ed p] c5t4 by ,dumas' me?od2 b ,i h nev] f\nd any difficulty 9 obta9+ p]c5tages z high z #ah4df by ! use ( ,lunge's nitromet]4 ,! decomposition products by explosion are %[n by ! foll[+ equation-- #b;,c#c;,h#e7,,no#c7c #f;,,co#b #e;,h#b,o #f,n ,o2 t is1 x conta9s an excess ( #c4eb p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 above t requir$ = complete combu/ion2 #ajj grms4 w\ld be conv]t$ into-- ,c>bonic ,acid 7,,co#b7 #eh4ae p] c5t4 ,wat] #ai4hc ,oxyg5 #c4eb p] c5t4 ,nitrog5 #ah4ej ,! volume ( gases produc$ at #j & #gfj mm41 calculat$ f ! above1 is #gad litres p] kilo1 ! wat] be+ tak5 z gase\s4 ,nitro-glyc]9e is decompos$ diff]5tly if x is ignit$ z dynamite 7i4e41 kieselguhr dynamite71 & if ! gases are all[$ to escape freely "u a pressure ne>ly equal to t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,s>rau & ,vieille obta9$ "u ^! conditions1 = #ajj volumes ( gas-- ,,no #dh4b p] c5t4 ,,co #ce4i ,,co#b #ab4g ,h #a4f p] c5t4 ,n #a4c ,,*#d #j4c ,^! conditions are simil> to ^? "u :i* a m9+ *>ge1 simply ignit$ by ! cap1 burns away sl[ly "u a l[ pressure 7i4e41 a miss fire74 ,9 a rec5t communication1 ,p4,f4 ,*alon 7,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ahib7 says1 t 9 practice nitro-glyc]9e vap\r1 c>bon monoxide1 & nitr\s oxide1 are also produc$ z ! result ( detonation1 b he attributes _! =mation to ! use ( a too feeble detonator4 ,nitro-glyc]9e explodes v viol5tly by concussion4 ,x may be burn$ 9 an op5 vessel1 b if heat$ above #bej ,c4 x explodes4 ,pr(essor ,c4,e4 ,munroe gives ! fir+ po9t z #b,o#c-b,o#e ,c41 & ,l4 de ,bruyn,a /ates its boil+ po9t z #ahe4 ,he us$ ! app>atus devis$ by ,horsley4 ,! heat ( =mation ( nitro-glyc]9e1 z d$uc$ f ! heat ( combu/ion by ,m4 ,longu99e1 is #dcb calories = #a grm42 & ! heat ( combu/ion equals #a1egf cals4 = #a grm4 ,9 ! case ( nitro-glyc]9e ! heat ( total combu/ion & ! heat ( complete decomposition are int]*angeable t]ms1 s9ce x conta9s an excess ( oxyg54 ,accord+ to ,dr ,w4,h4 ,p]k91 ,f4,r4,s41,b ! magnetic rotation ( nitro-gylc]9e is #e1djg1 & t ( tri-me?yl5e nitrate1 #d4gfi 7diff4 4#fch74 ,dr ,p]k9 says3 ,_h nitro-glyc]9e conta9$ its nitrog5 9 any o!r comb9ation ) oxyg5 ?an z -,o-,,no#b1 z x might if its con/itution _h be5 repres5t$ z ,c#c;,h#b7,,no#b7c7,,oh7#c1 ! rotation :5 comp>$ ) propyl nitrate 7#d4jhe7 w\ld be abnormal4 ,footnote ,a3 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,june #ahif1 p4 #dga4 ,footnote ,b3 ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,w4,h4 ,p]k91 #ahhi1 p4 #gbf4 ,! solubility ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 v>i\s solv5ts has be5 inve/igat$ by ,a4,h4 ,elliot2 8 results may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- ,solv5t4 ,cold4 ,w>m4 ,wat] ,insoluble ,slightly soluble ,alcohol1 absolute ,soluble ,soluble #ic #hj ,sl[ly soluble #ej ,insoluble ,slightly soluble ,me?yl alcohol ,soluble ,soluble ,amyl ,e!r1 e?ylic acetic ,*lor(orm ,acetone ,sulphuric acid 7#a4hde7 ,nitric acid 7#a4djj7 ,sl[ly soluble ,hydro*loric acid 7#a4bjj7 ,insoluble1 decompos$ ,sl[ly soluble ,acetic acid1 glacial ,soluble ,soluble ,c>bolic acid ,a/ral oil ,insoluble ,insoluble ,olive ,soluble ,soluble ,/e>9e oil ,m9]al jelly ,insoluble ,insoluble ,glyc]9e ,b5z5e ,soluble ,soluble ,nitro-b5z5e ,tolu5e ,c>bon bi-sulphide ,insoluble ,slightly affect$ ,turp5t9e ,soluble ,petroleum naph?a1 #ga-gf ,b4 ,insoluble ,cau/ic soda 7#a3aj solution7 ,insoluble4 ,insoluble4 ,borax1 #e solution ,ammonia 74#ihj7 slightly affect$4 ,ammonium sulph-hydrate ,insoluble1 sulphur ,decompos$4 sep>ates ,iron sulphate solution ,slightly affect$ ,affect$4 ,iron *loride 7#a4d grm4 ,fe ,sl[ly affect$ ,decompos$4 to #aj c4c4 ,n#b,o7 ,t9 *loride ,slightly affect$ ,affect$4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to prep>e nitro-glyc]9e explosives capable ( )/&+ comp>atively l[ temp]atures )\t freez+1 b no satisfactory solution ( ! problem has be5 f\nd4 ,among ! sub/ances t h be5 propos$ & us$ ) m or less success1 are nitro- b5z5e1 nitro-tolu5e1 di-nitro-mono-*lorhydr9e1 solid nitro d]ivatives ( tolu5e1,a are /at$ to l[] ! freez+ po9t ( nitro-glyc]9e to -#bj;,c4 )\t alt]+ its s5sitiv5ess & /ability4 ,! subject has be5 inve/igat$ by ,s4 ,nauckh(f1,b :o /ates t nitroglyc]9e c be cool$ to temp]atures 7-#dj to -#ej ,c47 mu* bel[ its true freez+ po9t1 )\t solidify+1 by ! addition ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,:5 cool$ by means ( a mixture ( solid c>bon1 dioxide1 & e!r1 x sets to a glassy mass1 )\t any p]ceptible cry/allisation4 ,! mass :5 w>m$ to #j;,c4 fir/ rapidly liquefies & !n beg9s to cry/allise4 ,! true freez+ po9t ( pure nitro- glyc]9e 0 f\nd to be #ab4c;,c4 ,! te*nical product1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( di-nitro-glyc]9e1 freezes at #aj4e ,c4 ,accord+ to ,ra\lt's law1 ! l[]+ ( ! freez+ po9t caus$ by m grms4 ( a sub/ance ) ! molecul> weight ,m1 :5 dissolv$ 9 #ajj grms4 ( ! solv5t1 is express$ by ! =mula3 ,delta ,e7m_/,m71 :]e ,e is a con/ant *>act]i/ic = ! solv5t 9 "q4 ,! value ( ,e = nitro- glyc]9e 0 f\nd to be #gj4e :5 calculat$1 accord+ to ,van't ,h(f's =mula1 f ! melt+ po9t & ! lat5t heat ( fusion ( ! sub/ance4 ,det]m9ations ( ! l[]+ ( ! freez+ po9t ( nitro- glyc]9e by additions ( b5z5e1 nitro-b5z5e1 di-nitro-b5z5e1 tri- nitro-b5z5e1 p4-nitro-tolu5e1 o4-nitro-tolu5e1 di-nitro-tolu5e1 naph?al5e1 nitro-naph?al5e1 di-nitro-naph?al5e1 e?yl acetate1 e?yl nitrate1 & me?yl alcohol1 gave results agree+ fairly well ) ,ra\lt's =mula1 except 9 ! case ( me?yl alcohol1 = :i* ! calculat$ l[]+ ( ! freez+ po9t 0 great] ?an t obs]v$1 probably ow+ to ! =mation ( complex molecules 9 ! solution4 ,! results %[ t1 9 g5]al1 ! capacity ( a sub/ance to l[] ! freez+ po9t ( nitro-glyc]9e dep5ds1 n ^u its freez+ po9t1 or its *emical composition or con/itution1 b ^u its molecul> weight4 ,nauckh(f /ates t a suitable sub/ance = dissolv+ 9 nitro- glyc]9e1 9 ord] to l[] ! freez+ po9t ( ! latt]1 mu/ h a relatively l[ molecul> weight1 mu/ n appreciably dim9i% ! explosive p[] & /ability ( ! explosive1 & mu/ n be easily volatile at relatively high atmosph]ic temp]atures2 x %\ld1 if possible1 be a solv5t ( nitro-cellulose1 & 9 e case mu/ n h a prejudicial influ5ce on ! gelat9isation ( ! nitro-cellulose4 ,footnote ,a3 ,eng4 ,pat4 #be1gig1 ,novemb] #aijd4 ,footnote ,b3 ,z4 ,angew4 ,*em41 #aije1 #ah1 #aa-bb1 #ec-fj4 ,manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e4--,nitro-glyc]9e is prep>$ ^u ! manufactur+ scale by gradually add+ glyc]9e to a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids ( great /r5g?4 ,! mix$ acids are conta9$ 9 a lead vessel1 :i* is kept cool by a /ream ( wat] cont9ually pass+ ?r\gh worms 9 ! int]ior ( ! nitrat+ vessel1 & ! glyc]9e is gradually add$ 9 ! =m ( a f9e /ream f above4 ,! manufacture c be divid$ into ?ree di/9ct op]ations1 viz41 nitration1 sep>ation1 & wa%+1 & x w be well to describe ^! op]ations 9 ! above ord]4 ,nitration4--,! mo/ ess5tial condition ( nitrat+ is ! correct composition & /r5g? ( ! mix$ acids4 ,! be/ proportions h be5 f\nd to be ?ree p>ts by weight ( nitric acid ( a specific gravity #a4ebe to #a4ecj1 & conta9+ z small a portion ( ! oxides ( nitrog5 z possible1 to five p>ts by weight ( sulphuric acid ( a specific gravity ( #a4hdj at #ae ,c41 & ab\t #ig p] c5t4 ( mono- hydrate4 ,x is ( ! v greate/ importance t ! nitric acid %\ld be z /rong z possible4 ,no?+ "u a gravity ( #a4eb %\ld ev] be us$ ev5 to mix ) /rong] acid1 & ! nitration w be proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! acid us$1 provid$ ! sulphuric acid is also /rong en\gh4 ,x is also ( great importance t ! oxides ( nitrog5 %\ld be l[1 & t !y %\ld be kept d[n to z l[ z #a p] c5t41 or ev5 l[]4 ,x is also v desirable t ! nitric acid %\ld conta9 z little *lor9e z possible4 ,! foll[+ is ! analysis ( a sample ( nitric acid1 :i* gave v good results ^u ! comm]cial scale3--,specific gravity1 #a4ebe1 ,n#b,o#d1 #a4jc p] c5t42 nitric acid 7,,hno#c71 #ie4eh p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( real nitric acid 7mono-hydrate7 & ! am\nt ( nitric p]oxide pres5t 9 any sample %\ld always be det]m9$ be=e x is us$ = nitrat+ purposes4 ,! specific gravity is n a suffici5t guide to ! /r5g? ( ! acid1 z an acid hav+ a high gravity1 due to "s #c or #d p] c5t ( nitric oxides 9 solution1 w give v poor nitration results4 ,a t5? normal solution ( sodium hydroxide 7,na,o,h71 ) ph5ol-ph?ale9 z indicator1 w be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( det]m9+ ! total acid pres5t4 ,! foll[+ me?od w be f\nd to be v rapid & reliable3--,weigh a #ajj c4c4 flask1 conta9+ a few cubic c5timetres ( di/ill$ wat]1 & !n add f a pipette #a c4c4 ( ! nitric acid to be exam9$1 & reweigh 7?is gives ! weight ( acid tak574 ,n[ make up to #ajj c4c4 at #ae ,c42 %ake well1 & take out #aj c4c4 ) a pipette2 dra9 into a small ,erl5mey] flask1 & add a little ( ! ph5ol-ph?ale9 solution1 & titrate ) ! t5? normal soda solution4 ,! nitric p]oxide c be det]m9$ ) a solution ( potassium p]manganate ( ,n_/#aj /r5g?1 ?us3 ,take a small conical flask1 conta9+ ab\t #aj c4c4 ( wat]1 & add f a burette #aj to #af c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution2 !n add #b c4c4 ( ! acid to be te/$1 & %ake g5tly1 & cont9ue to add p]manganate solution z long z x is decol\ris$1 & until a fa9t p9k col\r is p]man5t4 ,example4 ,n_/#aj p]manganate #c4af grms4 p] litre1 #a c4c4 ,o4#jjdf grm4 ,n#b,o#d1 #b c4c4 ( sample ( acid specific gravity #a4eb #c4jd grms4 tak5 = analysis4 ,took #bj c4c4 p]manganate solution1 ,o4#jjdf x #bj 4#jib grm4 ,n#b,o#d1 & 74#jib x #ajj7_/c4jd #c4jb p] c5t4 ,n#b,o#d4 ,! specific gravity %\ld be tak5 ) an hydromet] t gives ! specific gravity directly1 or1 if pref]r$1 ! #b c4c4 ( acid may be weigh$4 ,a v good me?od ( rapidly det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( ! sulphuric acid is z foll[s3--,weigh out 9 a small weigh+ bottle1 z ne>ly z possible1 #b4de grms4 ,?is is be/ done by runn+ 9 #a4cc c4c4 ( ! acid 7#a4cc x #a4hd #b4ddg74 ,wa% into a l>ge ,erl5mey] flask1 c>efully wa%+ out ! bottle1 & also ! /opp]1 c4 ,add a drop ( ph5ol- ph?ale9 solution & titrate1 ) a half normal solution ( sodium hydrate 7use a #ajj c4c4 burette74 ,!n if #b4de grms4 exactly h be5 tak51 ! read+s on ! burette w equal p]c5tages ( ,h#b,,s#d 7mono-hydrate7 if n1 calculate ?us3--#b4ddd grms4 weigh$1 requir$ #ie4d c4c4 ,na,o,h4 ,!n-- #b4ddd 3 #ie4d 33 #b4de 3 x #ie4fd p] c5t4 ,h#b,,s#d4 ,x has be5 propos$ to free nitric acid f ! oxides ( nitrog5 by bl[+ compress$ air ?r\gh x1 & ?us driv+ ! gases 9 solution out4 ,! acid 0 conta9$ 9 a clos$ lead tank1 f :i* ! escap+ fumes 7 conduct$ into ! *imney %aft1 & on ! bottom ( :i* 0 a lead pipe1 b5t 9 ! =m ( a circle1 & pi]c$ ) holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! compress$ air 0 made to pass2 b ! process 0 n f\nd to be ( a v satisfactory nature1 & x is c]ta9ly bett] n to all[ ! =mation ( ^! comp\nds 9 ! manufacture ( ! acid 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,ano!r plan1 h[ev]1 is to heat ! acid g5tly1 & ?us drive out ! nitr\s gases4 ,bo? processes involve loss ( nitric acid4 ,hav+ obta9$ nitric & sulphuric acids z pure z possible1 ! next op]ation is to mix !m4 ,?is is be/ done by weigh+ ! c>boys 9 :i* ! acids are g5]ally /or$ be=e ! acids are drawn (f into !m f ! cond5s]s1 & keep+ _! weights con/antly atta*$ to !m by means ( a label4 ,x is !n a simple matt] to weigh (f z _m c>boys ( acid z may be requir$ = any numb] ( mix+s1 & subtract ! weights ( ! c>boys4 ,! two acids %\ld1 aft] be+ weigh$1 be p\r$ into a tank & mix$1 & subsequ5tly all[$ to fl[ into an acid egg or montjus1 to be aft]w>ds =c$ up to ! nitrat+ h\se 9 ! dang] area4 ,! montjus or acid egg is a /rong ca/-iron tank1 ( ei!r an egg %ape1 or a cyl9d] ) a r\nd end4 ,if ( ! =m] %ape1 x w\ld lie on its side1 & ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & w\ld h a manhole at "o end1 ^u :i* a lid w\ld be /rongly bolt$ d[n2 b if ( ! latt] %ape1 ! lid1 ( c\rse1 is ^u ! top1 & ! montjus itself is let into ! gr\nd4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,"o pipe1 made ( /\t lead1 goes to ! bottom1 & ano!r j inside to convey ! compress$ air1 ! acids fl[+ away z ! pressure is put on1 j z bl[+ d[n "o tube ( an ord9>y wa%- bottle =ces ! wat] up ! o!r tube to ! jet4 ,! pressure necess>ily w1 ( c\rse1 v>y imm5sely1 & w dep5d ^u ! height to :i* ! acid has to be rais$ & ! di/ance to be trav]s$4 ,! mix$ acids hav+ be5 =c$ up to ! dang] area1 & to a level high] ?an ! position ( ! nitrat+ h\se1 %\ld1 be=e be+ us$1 be all[$ to cool1 & lead5 tanks ( suffici5t capacity to hold at lea/ en\gh acid = f\r or five nitrations %\ld be plac$ 9 a wood5 h\se ^u a level at lea/ #f or #g feet above ! nitrat+ h\se4 ,9 ?is h\se also %\ld be a small] lead tank1 hold+1 :5 fill$ to a c]ta9 m>k1 j en\gh ( ! mix$ acids = "o nitration4 ,! object ( ?is tank is1 t z soon z ! man 9 *>ge kn[s t ! la/ nitration is f9i%$1 he refills ?is small] tank 7:i* conta9s j en\gh ( ! mix$ acids71 & all[s its cont5ts to fl[ d[n into ! nitrat+ h\se & into ! nitrator1 ready = ! next nitration4 ,! nitration is usually conduct$ 9 a vessel con/ruct$ ( lead1 "s #d feet wide at ! bottom1 & r less at ! top1 & ab\t #d feet or s high4 ,! size1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds ^u ! volume ( ! *>ge x is int5d$ to nitrate at "o op]ation1 b x is always bett] t ! tank %\ld be only two-?irds full4 ,a good *>ge is #af cwt4 ( ! mix$ acids1 9 ! proportion ( ?ree to five2 t is1 #f cwt4 ( nitric acid1 & #aj cwt4 ( sulphuric acid1 & #bdg lbs4 ( glyc]9e4 ,^u ref]5ce to ! equation %[+ ! =mation ( nitro-glyc]9e1 x w be se5 t = e #a lb4 ( glyc]9e #b4dg lbs4 ( nitro- glyc]9e %\ld be furni%$1,a b 9 practice ! yield is only a little ov] #b lbs41 ! loss be+ acc\nt$ = by ! unavoidable =mation ( "s ( ! l[] nitrate ( glyc]9e 7! mono-nitrate71 :i* aft]w>d dissolves 9 ! wa%+ wat]s4 ,! lead tank 7,fig4 #e7 is g5]ally cas$ 9 woodwork1 ) a plat=m 9 front = ! man 9 *>ge ( ! nitrat+ to /& ^u1 & :5ce to "w ! v>i\s taps4 ,! top ( ! tank is clos$ 9 ) a dome ( lead1 9 :i* is a small glass w9d[1 ?r\gh :i* ! progress ( ! nitrat+ op]ation c be wat*$4 ,f ! top ( ?is dome is a tube ( lead :i* is c>ri$ up ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,x s]ves z a *imney to c>ry (f ! acid fumes :i* are giv5 (f dur+ ! nitration4 ,! int]ior ( ?is tank conta9s at lea/ ?ree conc5tric spirals ( at lea/ #a-;in* lead pipe1 ?r\gh :i* wat] c be made to fl[ dur+ ! :ole op]ation ( nitrat+4 ,ano!r lead pipe is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! dome ( ! tank1 z f> z ! bottom1 :]e x is b5t r\nd 9 ! =m ( a circle4 ,?r\gh ?is pipe1 :i* is pi]c$ ) small holes1 ab\t #a in* ap>t1 compress$ air is =c$ at a pressure ( ab\t #fj lbs4 9 ord] to keep ! liquids 9 a /ate ( con/ant agitation dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( nitration4 ,!re mu/ also be a r wide pipe1 ( say #b in*es int]nal diamet]1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! dome ( ! tank1 :i* w s]ve to c>ry ! mix$ acid to be us$ 9 ! op]ation into ! tank4 ,!re is /ill ano!r pipe to g ?r\gh ! dome1 viz41 "o to c>ry ! glyc]9e into ! tank4 ,?is ne$ n be a l>ge bore pipe1 z ! glyc]9e is g5]ally add$ to ! mix$ acids 9 a ?9 /ream 7an injector is (t5 us$74 ,footnote ,a3 ,?us if #ib lbs4 glyc]9e give #bbg lbs4 nitro-glyc]9e1 7#bgg x #a7_/ib #b4dg lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,top ,,( ,,nitrator4 ,a1 ,fume ,pipe2 ,b1 ,wat] ,pipes = ,cool+2 ,c1 ,acid ,mixture ,pipe2 ,e1 ,compress$ ,air2 ,g1 ,glyc]9e ,pipe & ,funnel2 ,t1 ,!rmomet]2 ,w1 ,w9d[4 ,be=e ! app>atus is ready = use1 x requires to h two !rmomet]s fix$1 "o long "o to rea* to ! bottom ( ! tank1 & "o %ort "o j long en\gh to dip "u ! surface ( ! acids4 ,:5 ! tank conta9s its *>ge1 ! =m] gives ! temp]ature ( ! bottom1 & ! latt] ( ! top ( ! mixture4 ,! glyc]9e %\ld be conta9$ 9 a small ci/]n1 fix$ 9 "s conv5i5t spot ^u ! wall ( ! nitrat+ h\se1 & %\ld h a pipe let 9 flu% ) ! bottom1 & go+ ?r\gh ! dome ( ! nitrat+ app>atus4 ,x mu/ ( c\rse be provid$ ) a tap or /op-cock1 :i* %\ld be plac$ j above ! po9t :]e ! pipe goes ?r\gh ! lead dome4 ,"s me?od ( measur+ ! quantity ( glyc]9e us$ mu/ be adopt$4 ,a gauge-tube graduat$ 9 in*es is a v good plan1 b x is ess5tial t ! graduations %\ld be cle>ly visible to ! op]ator ^u ! plat=m 9 front ( ! app>atus4 ,a l>ge tap made ( e>!nw>e 7& cov]$ ) lead7 is fix$ 9 ! side ( ! nitrat+ tank j above ! bottom1 to run (f ! *>ge aft] nitration4 ,?is %\ld be s arrang$ t ! *>ge may be at option run d[n ! conduit to ! next h\se or dis*>g$ into a dr[n+ tank1 :i* may sometimes be necess>y 9 cases ( decomposition4 ,! dr[n+ tank is g5]ally "s #c or #d y>ds long & sev]al feet deep1 l9$ ) cem5t1 & plac$ close outside ! build+4 ,! app>atus hav+ receiv$ a *>ge ( mix$ acids1 ! wat] is />t$ runn+ ?r\gh ! pipes coil$ inside ! tank1 & a slight pressure ( compress$ air is turn$ on1,a to mix ! acids up well be=e />t+4 ,! nitration %\ld n be comm5c$ until ! two !rmomet]s regi/] a temp]ature ( #ah ,c4 ,! glyc]9e tap is !n p>tially op5$1 & ! glyc]9e sl[ly admitt$1 & ! compress$ air turn$ on full1 until ! cont5ts ( ! app>atus are 9 a /ate ( v brisk agitation4 ,a pressure ( ab\t #dj lbs4 is ab\t ! m9imum 7if #bdg lbs4 ( glyc]9e & #af cwt4 ( acids are 9 ! tank74 ,if ! glyc]9e tube is fitt$ ) an injector1 x may be turn$ on almo/ at once4 ,! nitration w take ab\t ?irty m9utes to complete1 b ! compress$ air & wat] %\ld be kept on = an additional t5 m9utes aft] ?is1 to give "t = all ! glyc]9e to nitrate4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be kept z l[ z possible 7n above #ah ,c474 ,footnote ,a3 ,at ! ,halton ,factory1 ,g]many1 cyl9d]s ( compress$ c>bon dioxide are connect$ ) ! air pipes s t 9 ! ev5t ( a failure ( ! air supply ! /irr+ c be cont9u$ ) ?is gas if necess>y4 ,! *ief po9ts to att5d to dur+ ! progress ( ! nitration are-- #a4 ,! temp]ature regi/]$ by ! two !rmomet]s4 #b4 ,! col\r ( ! nitr\s fumes giv5 (f 7z se5 ?r\gh ! little w9d[ 9 ! dome ( ! app>atus74 #c4 ,! pressure ( ! compress$ air z se5 f a gauge fix$ ^u ! air pipe j be=e x ent]s ! app>atus4 #d4 ,! gauge %[+ ! quantity ( glyc]9e us$4 ,! temp]ature1 z %[n by ei!r ( ! two !rmomet]s1 %\ld n be at any "t high] ?an #be ,c4 ,if x rises mu* above ?is po9t1 ! glyc]9e %\ld be at once %ut (f1 & ! pressure ( air increas$ = "s few m9utes until ! temp]ature falls1 & no m r$ fumes are giv5 (f4 ,! nitration be+ f9i%$1 ! l>ge e>!nw>e tap at ! bottom ( ! tank is op5$1 & ! *>ge all[$ to fl[ away d[n ! conduit to ! next build+1 i4e41 to ! sep>ator4 ,! nitrat+ h\se is be/ built ( wood1 & %\ld h a close-bo>d$ floor1 :i* %\ld be kept scrupul\sly clean1 & free f grit & s&4 ,a wood5 pail & a sponge %\ld be kept 9 ! h\se 9 ord] t ! workman may at once clean up any mess t may be made1 & a small broom %\ld be h&y1 9 ord] t any s&1 c41 may be at once remov$4 ,x is a good plan = ! nitrator to keep a book 9 :i* he records ! "t ( />t+ ea* nitration1 ! temp]ature at />t+ & at ! f9i%1 ! "t occupi$1 & ! date & numb] ( ! *>ge1 z ?is enables ! =eman ( ! dang] area at any "t to see h[ _m *>ges h be5 nitrat$1 & gives him o!r useful in=mation conducive to safe work+4 ,edw>d ,lieb]t has devis$ an improvem5t 9 ! treatm5t ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,he adds ammonium sulphate or ammonium nitrate to ! mix$ acids dur+ ! op]ation ( nitrat+1 :i* he claims de/roys ! nitr\s acid =m$ accord+ to ! equation-- 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d #b;,,hno#c ,h#b,,s#d #b,n#b #d;,h#b,o4 ,i am n aw>e t ?is modification ( ! process ( nitration is 9 use at ! pres5t "t4 ,! newly made *>ge ( nitro-glyc]9e1 ^u leav+ ! nitrat+ h\se1 fl[s away d[n ! conduit1 ei!r made ( rubb] pipes1 or bett] /ill1 ( woodwork1 l9$ ) lead & cov]$ ) lids made ( wood 79 %ort l5g?s71 9 ord] t by lift+ !m at any po9t ! condition ( ! conduit c be exam9$1 z ?is is ( ! greate/ importance1 & ! conduit requires to be frequ5tly wa%$ out & ! sulphate ( lead remov$4 ,?is sulphate always conta9s nitro-glyc]9e1 & %\ld !re=e be burnt 9 "s spot f> remov$ f any dang] build+ or magaz9e1 z x frequ5tly explodes ) consid]able viol5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,small ,,nitrator4 ,n1 ,tap = ,dis*>g+2 ,p1 ,wat] ,pipes2 ,t1 ,!rmomet]2 ,w1 ,w9d[s2 ,p'1 ,glyc]9e ,pipe4 ,9 works :]e ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e is ( second>y importance1 & "s explosive conta9+ only p]haps #aj p] c5t4 ( nitroglyc]9e is manufactur$1 & :]e #ej or #ajj lbs4 ( glyc]9e are nitrat$ at "o "t1 a v mu* small] nitrat+ app>atus ?an ! "o t has be5 already describ$ w be probably all t is requir$4 ,9 ?is case ! =m ( app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #f w be f\nd v satisfactory4 ,x %\ld be made ( /\t lead 7all lead us$ = tanks1 c41 mu/ be *emical lead71 & may be made to hold #ej or #ajj lbs4 z f\nd mo/ conv5i5t4 ,?is nitrator c v well be plac$ 9 ! same h\se z ! sep>ator2 9 fact1 :]e su* a small quantity ( nitro- glyc]9e is requir$1 ! :ole s]ies ( op]ations1 nitrat+1 sep>ation1 & wa%+1 c41 may v well be p]=m$ 9 ! same build+4 ,x w ( c\rse be necess>y to place ! nitrator on a high] level ?an ! sep>ator1 b ?is c easily be done by hav+ plat=ms ( diff]5t heights1 ! nitration be+ p]=m$ ^u ! highe/4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is nitrator is ess5tially ! same z 9 ! l>g] "o1 ! %ape only be+ some:at diff]5t4 ,two wat] coils w probably be en\gh1 & "o !rmomet]4 ,x w n be necess>y to cov] ?is =m 9 ) woodwork4 ,! ,na?an ,nitrator4,a--,?is nitrator is ! pat5t ( ,lt4 ,col4 ,f4,l4 ,na?an & ,messrs ,j4,m4 ,?omson & ,w4 ,r9t\l ( ,wal?am ,abbey1 & w probably be=e long entirely sup]s$e all ! o!r =ms ( nitrator on acc\nt ( its effici5cy & economy ( work+4 ,) ?is nitrator x is possible to obta9 f #b4ba to #b4bb p>ts ( nitro-glyc]9e f e #a "p ( glyc]9e4 ,! app>atus is s arrang$ t ! nitration ( ! glyc]9e1 ! sep>ation ( nitro-glyc]9e produc$1 z well z ! op]ation ( aft]-sep>ation1 are c>ri$ out 9 "o vessel4 ,! usual nitrat+ vessel is provid$ ) an acid inlet pipe at ! bottom1 & a glass sep>ation cyl9d] ) a lat]al exit or ov]fl[ pipe at ! top4 ,?is cyl9d] is cov]$ by a glass hood or bell j> dur+ nitration to direct ! escap+ air & fumes into a fume pipe :]e ! fl[ ( ! latt] may be assi/$ by an air injector4 ,! lat]al pipe 9 ! sep>ation cyl9d] is 9 connection ) a funnel lead+ to ! prewa% tank4 ,! draw+ 7,fig4 #g7 %[s a v]tical section ( ! app>atus2 a is ! nitrat+ vessel ( usual con/ruction1 hav+ at ! bottom an acid inlet pipe ) ?ree bran*es1 "o lead+ to ! de-nitrat+ plant1 c lead+ to ! dr[n+ tank1 & d1 :i* ext5ds upw>ds & has two bran*es1 e lead+ to ! nitrat+ acids tank1 & f to ! wa/e acid tank4 ,on ! slop$ bottom ( ! nitrat+ vessel a lies a coil g ( p]=at$ pipe = bl[+ air1 & !re are 9 ! vessel sev]al coils h1 ?ree %[n 9 ! draw+1 = circulation ( cool+ wat]4 ,at ! top ( ! vessel !re is a glass cyl9d] i1 hav+ a lat]al outlet j direct$ into ! funnel m\? ( a pipe k lead+ to ! prewa% tank4 ,ov] ! cyl9d] i is a glass globe l1 into :i* op5s a pipe m = lead+ (f fumes :i* may be promot$ by a compress$ air jet f a pipe r op]at+ z an injector4 ,into an op5+ ( ! glass dome l is ins]t$ a vessel n1 :i* is connect$ by a flexible pipe p to ! glyc]9e tank1 & f ! bottom ( n1 :i* is p]=at$ & cov]$ ) a disc p]=at$ ) holes regi/]+ ) ^? ?r\gh ! bottom1 ?is disc be+ connect$ by a /em ) a knob q by :i* x c be turn$ s z to ?rottle or cut (f passage ( glyc]9e ?r\gh ! bottom4 s is a !rmomet] = indicat+ ! temp]ature ( ! cont5ts ( ! vessel4 ,footnote ,a3 ,eng4 ,pat4 #ae1ihc1 ,augu/ #aija4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,na?an',s ,,nitrator ,,= ,,nitro-,,glyc]9e4 7a7 ,nitrat+ ,vessel2 7b7 to ,sep>at+ ,vessel2 7c7 to ,dr[n+ ,tank2 7e7 ,nitrat+ ,acids ent] 7f7 to ! ,wa/e ,acids2 7g7 ,coils = ,compress$ ,air2 7h7 ,pipes = ,cool+ ,wat]2 7i7 ,glass ,cyl9d]2 7j7 ,outlet to k2 7k7 lead+ to ,prewa% ,tank2 7l7 ,glass ,dome2 7m7 ,pipe to lead (f = ,escape ( ,fumes2 7n7 ,vessel2 7p7 ,pipe convey+ ,glyc]9e2 7q7 ,knob to turn (f ,glyc]9e2 7r7 ,compress$ ,air ,jet2 7s7 ,!rmomet]4 ,9 op]at+ ) ?is app>atus ! nitrat+ acid is introduc$ into ! nitrat+ vessel by op5+ ! cock ( ! pipe e4 ,! glyc]9e is !n run 9 by introduc+ n & op5+ ! valve at its bottom1 ! cont5ts ( ! vessel be+ agitat$ by air bl[n ?r\gh ! p]=ations ( ! pipe g4 ,:5 ! glyc]9e is all nitrat$ & ! temp]ature has slightly fall51 ! circulation ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! coils h & ! air-/irr+ are /opp$1 & ! glyc]9e supply vessel n is remov$4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e z x sep>ates f ! acids is rais$ by introduc+ by ! pipe f wa/e acid f a previ\s *>ge1 ?is displac+ ! nitro-glyc]9e upw>ds & caus+ x to fl[ by ! outlet1 j & pipe k to ! prewa% tank4 ,:5 ne>ly all ! nitro-glyc]9e has be5 sep>at$ 9 ?is mann] ! acids 9 ! app>atus may be run (f by ! pipe b to an aft] sep>at+ vessel = fur!r settl+1 ?us leav+ ! app>atus free = ano!r nitration1 or ! nitrat+ vessel itself may be us$ z an aft] sep>at+ bottle displac+ ! nitro-glyc]9e ) wa/e acid z x rises to ! top1 or skimm+ (f 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:5 ! sep>ation ( ! nitro- glyc]9e is complete ! wa/e acid is run (f & d5itrat$ z usual1 a portion ( x be+ res]v$ = ! displacem5t ( ! nitro-glyc]9e 9 a subsequ5t op]ation4 ,9 a fur!r pat5t 7,eng4 ,pat4 #c1jbj1 #aijc7 ! au?ors propose ) ! object ( prev5t+ ! =mation & sep>ation ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 ! wa/e acids1 aft] ! nitro-glyc]9e initially =m$ 9 ! nitrat+ vessel has be5 sep>at$ & remov$1 to add a small quantity ( wat] to ! wa/e acids2 ?is is c>ri$ out z foll[s4 ,a relatively small quantity ( wat] is add$1 & ?is prev5ts all fur!r sep>ation ( nitro-glyc]9e1 & at ! same "t ! /r5g? ( ! wa/e acids is s slightly r$uc$ t _! sep>ation & re-conc5tration are n affect$4 ,aft]-sep>ation is ?us done away )1 & ! nitro- glyc]9e plant simplifi$ & its output increas$4 ,aft] nitration sep>ation is comm5c$ at a temp]ature su* t :5 all ! displac+ acid has be5 add$1 & ! sep>ation ( ! nitro-glyc]9e is complete1 ! temp]ature ( ! cont5ts ( ! nitrat+ vessel %all n be l[] ?an #ae ,c4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( ! displac+ acid is !n run (f ?r\gh ! wa/e-acid cock to all[ ( ! rema9+ acids be+ air-/irr$ )\t spla%+ ov] ! top4 ,a small quantity ( wat]1 f #b to #c p] c5t4 accord+ to /r5g? ( acid2 if wa/e consi/s ( sulphuric acid 7monohydrate71 #fb p] c5t42 nitric acid 7anhydr\s71 #cc p] c5t4 & wat] #e p] c5t42 temp]ature #ae ,c41 !n #b p] c5t4 ( wat] is add$2 if wa/e acids conta9 less ?an #d p] c5t4 ( wat] ( temp]ature l[] ?an #ae ,c41 f #c to #e p] c5t4 ( wat] may h to be add$4 ,! wat] is add$ sl[ly ?r\gh ! sep>ator cyl9d]1 & ! cont5ts ( ! nitrator air-/irr$1 b n cool$1 ! temp]ature be+ all[$ to rise sl[ly & regul>ly z ! wat] is add$--usually ab\t #c ,c4 = ea* p] c5t4 ( wat] add$4 ,:5 air-agitation has be5 /opp$1 ! acids are kept at re/ = a %ort "t1 9 ord] to all[ ( any small quantity ( initially =m$ nitro-glyc]9e adh]+ to ! coils & sides ( ! vessel ris+ to ! top4 ,:5 ?is has be5 sep>at$ by displacem5t1 ! acids are ready = d5itration1 or c be safely /or$ )\t fur!r precaution4 ,sep>ation4--,! nitro-glyc]9e1 toge!r ) ! mix$ acids1 fl[s f ! nitrat+ h\se to ! sep>at+ h\se1 :i* mu/ be on a l[] level ?an ! =m]4 ,! sep>at+ h\se conta9s a l>ge lead-l9$ tank1 clos$ 9 at ! top ) a wood5 lid1 into :i* a lead pipe ( l>ge bore is fix$1 & :i* is c>ri$ up ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! build+1 & acts z a *imney to c>ry (f any fumes4 ,a little glass w9d[ %\ld be fix$ 9 ?is pipe 9 ord] t ! col\r ( ! escap+ fumes may be se54 ,! conduit convey+ ! nitro-glyc]9e ent]s ! build+ close "u ! ro(1 & dis*>ges its cont5ts into ! tank ?r\gh ! pipe ,g 7,fig4 #h74 ,! tank is only ab\t two-?irds fill$ by ! *>ge4 ,!re is 9 ! side ( ! tank a small w9d[ ( ?ick plate glass1 :i* enables ! workman to see ! level ( ! *>ge1 & also to obs]ve ! progress ( ! sep>ation1 :i* w take f ?irty m9utes to "o h\r4 ,! tank %\ld be 9 connection ) a dr[n+ tank1 z ! *>ge sometimes gets v dang]\s 9 ?is build+4 ,x mu/ also be connect$ by a conduit ) ! filt] h\se1 & also to ! second>y sep>ator by ano!r conduit4 ,! tank %\ld also be fitt$ ) a compress$ air pipe1 b5t 9 ! =m ( a loop4 ,x %\ld lie ^u ! bottom ( ! vat4 ,! object ( ?is is to mix up ! *>ge 9 case x %\ld get too hot ?r\gh decomposition4 ,a !rmomet] %\ld ( c\rse be fix$ 9 ! lid ( ! tank1 & its bulb %\ld rea* d[n to ! middle ( ! nitro-glyc]9e 7:i* re/s ^u ! surface ( ! mix$ acids1 ! specific gravity ( ! nitro-glyc]9e be+ #a4f1 & t ( ! wa/e acids #a4g2 ! composition ( ! acids is n[ #aa p] c5t4 ,,hno#c1 #fg p] c5t4 ,h#b,,s#d1 & #bb p] c5t4 wat]71 & ! temp]ature c>efully wat*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,sep>ator4 ,a1 ,compress$ ,air ,pipes2 ,g1 ,nitro- glyc]9e ent]s f ,nitrator2 ,n1 ,nitro-glyc]9e to ,p2 ,l1 ,lant]n ,w9d[2 ,w1 ,w9d[ 9 ,side2 ,s1 ,wa/e ,acids to ,second>y ,sep>ator2 ,t1 ,tap to remove la/ traces ( ,nitro-glyc]9e2 ,p1 ,lead ,wa%+ ,tank2 ,a1 ,compress$ ,air2 ,w1 ,wat] ,pipe2 ,n1 ,nitro-glyc]9e f ,sep>ator4 ,if no?+ unusual occurs1 & x has n be5 necess>y to br+ ! compress$ air into use1 & s di/urb ! process ( sep>ation1 ! wa/e acids may be run away f b5ea? ! nitro-glyc]9e1 & all[$ to fl[ away to ! second>y sep>ator1 :]e any fur!r quantity ( nitro-glyc]9e t !y conta9 sep>ates out aft] re/+ = "s days4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e itself is run into a small] tank 9 ! same h\se1 :]e x is wa%$ ?ree or f\r times ) its own bulk ( wat]1 conta9+ ab\t #c lbs4 ( c>bonate ( soda to neutralise ! rema9+ acid4 ,?is small] tank %\ld conta9 a lead pipe1 pi]c$ & coil$ ^u ! bottom1 ?r\gh :i* compress$ air may be pass$1 9 ord] to /ir up ! *>ge ) ! wat] & soda4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y wa%+1 ! nitro-glyc]9e is drawn (f into indi>ubb] buckets1 & p\r$ d[n ! conduit to ! filt] h\se4 ,! wa% wat]s may be s5t d[n a conduit to ano!r build+1 9 ord] to all[ ! small quantity ( nitro-glyc]9e t has be5 reta9$ 9 ! wat] z m9ute globules to settle1 if ?\ght wor? ! tr\ble ( sav+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w dep5d ^u ! usual out-turn ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 a day1 & ! g5]al scale ( op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,filt]+ ,,& ,,wa%+ ,,plant4 ,w1 ,lead ,wa%+ ,tank2 ,,wp1 ,wat] ,pipe2 ,l1 ,lid2 ,s1 ,nitro-glyc]9e f ,sep>ator2 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,filt]+ ,tanks2 ,b#b1 ,indi>ubb] ,bucket4 ,filt]+ & ,wa%+4--,! filt] h\se 7,fig4 #i71 :i* mu/ ( c\rse be aga9 on a some:at l[] level ?an ! sep>at+ h\se1 mu/ be a consid]ably l>g] build+ ?an ei!r ! nitrat+ or sep>at+ h\ses1 z x is always necess>y to be wa%+ "s five or six *>ges at ! same "t4 ,^u ! arrival ( ! nitro-glyc]9e at ?is h\se1 x fir/ fl[s into a lead-l9$ wood5 tank 7,w71 conta9+ a compress$ air pipe1 j l ! "o 9 ! small tank 9 ! sep>at+ h\se4 ,?is tank is half fill$ ) wat]1 & ! compress$ air is turn$ on f half to a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] ! introduction ( ! *>ge4 ,! wat] is !n drawn (f1 & fre% wat] add$4 ,f\r or five wa%+s are g5]ally necess>y4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e is !n run into ! next tank 7,a71 ! top ( :i* is on a level ) ! bottom ( ! fir/ "o4 ,across ! top ( ?is tank is /ret*$ a frame ( flannel1 ?r\gh :i* ! nitroglyc]9e has to filt]4 ,?is removes any solid matt]s1 su* z dirt or scum4 ,^u leav+ ?is tank1 x passes ?r\gh a simil> flannel frame across ano!r tank 7,b71 & is f9ally drawn (f by a tap 9 ! bottom ( ! tank into rubb] buckets4 ,! taps 9 ^! tanks are be/ made ( vulcanite4 ,at ?is /age1 a sample %\ld be tak5 to ! laboratory & te/$4 ,if ! sample w n pass ! te/s1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 ! *>ge mu/ be rewa%$ = "o h\r1 or "s o!r "t1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! *emi/ 9 *>ge4 ,9 ! case ( an ob/9ate *>ge1 x is ( mu* m avail to wa% a l>ge numb] ( times ) small quantities ( wat]1 & = a %ort "t1 ?an to use a lot ( wat] & wa% = half an h\r4 ,pl5ty ( compress$ air %\ld be us$1 z ! comp\nd nitric e!rs :i* are =m$ are ?us got rid (4 ,z five or six *>ges are (t5 9 ?is h\se at "o "t1 x is necess>y to h z _m tanks arrang$ 9 ti]s1 o!rwise "o or two refractory *>ges w\ld /op ! nitrat+ h\se & ! re/ ( ! nitro-glyc]9e plant4 ,! *ief causes ( ! wa%$ mat]ial n pass+ ! heat te/ are1 ei!r t ! acids 7 n clean1 or !y conta9$ objectionable impurities1 or m frequ5tly1 ! quality ( ! glyc]9e us$4 ,! glyc]9e us$ = mak+ nitro-glyc]9e %\ld con=m to ! foll[+ te/s1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are ( great] importance ?an o!rs4 ,! glyc]9e %\ld-- #a4 ,h m9imum specific gravity at #ae ,c4 ( #a4bfa4 #b4 ,%\ld nitrify well4 #c4 ,sep>ation %\ld be %>p )9 half an h\r1 )\t ! sep>ation ( floccul5t matt]1 nor %\ld any :ite floccul5t matt] 7due to fatty acids7 be =m$ :5 ! nitrat$ glyc]9e is ?r[n into wat] & neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( soda4 #d4 ,%\ld be free f lime & *lor9e1 & conta9 only traces ( ars5ic1 sulphuric acid1 c4 #e4 ,%\ld n leave m ?an #j4be p] c5t4 ( inorganic & organic residue toge!r :5 evaporat$ 9 a plat9um di% )\t ebullition 7ab\t #afj ,c47 or p>tial decomposition4 #f4 ,silv] te/ fair4 #g4 ,! glyc]9e1 :5 dilut$ "o-half1 %\ld give no deposit or sep>ation ( fatty acids :5 nitric p]oxide gas is pass$ ?r\gh x4 7,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #e are ! mo/ ess5tial47 ,! :ite floccul5t matt] sometimes =m$ is a v great nuisance1 & any sample ( glyc]ol :i* gives su* a precipitate :5 tri$ 9 ! laboratory %\ld at once be reject$1 z x w give no end ( tr\ble 9 ! sep>at+ h\se1 & also 9 ! filt] h\se1 & x w be v difficult inde$ to make ! nitro-glyc]9e pass ! heat te/4 ,! out- turn ( nitro-glyc]9e also w be v l[4 ,! tr\ble w %[ itself *iefly 9 ! sep>at+ op]ation4 ,v (t5 #b or #c in*es w rise to ! surface or hang ab\t 9 ! nitro-glyc]9e1 & at ! po9t ( contact betwe5 x & ! mix$ acids1 & w aft]w>ds be v difficult to get rid ( by filtration4 ,! mat]ial appe>s to be p>tly an emulsion ( ! glyc]9e1 & p>tly due to fatty acids1 & z !re appe>s to be no really satisfactory me?od ( prev5t+ its =mation1 or ( gett+ rid ( x1 ! bett] plan is n to use any glyc]9e = nitrat+ t has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t ^u ! laboratory scale to give ?is objectionable matt]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful me?ods ( te/+ ! glyc]9e1 o!r ?an nitrat+1 is to dilute ! sample "o-half ) wat]1 & !n to pass a curr5t ( nitric p]oxide gas ?r\gh x1 :5 a floccul5t precipitate ( eladic acid 7less soluble 9 glyc]9e ?an ! orig9al oleic acid7 w be =m$4 ,nitrog5 p]oxide1 ,n#b,o#d1 is be/ obta9$ by heat+ dry lead nitrate 7see ,all51 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 vol4 ii41 #cja74 ,:5 a sample ( nitro-glyc]9e is br\ght to ! laboratory f ! filt] h\se1 x %\ld fir/ be exam9$ to see t x is n acid4,a ,a weak solution ( ,congo r$ or me?yl orange may be us$4 ,if x appe>s to be decid$ly alkal9e1 x %\ld be p\r$ into a sep>at+ funnel1 & %ak5 ) a little di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is %\ld be repeat$1 & ! wa%+s 7ab\t #djj c4c47 run into a beak]1 a drop ( ,congo r$ or me?yl orange add$1 & a drop or s ( ,n_/#b hydro*loric acid add$1 :5 x %\ld give1 ) two or ?ree drops at mo/1 a blue col\r ) ! ,congo r$1 or p9k ) ! me?yl orange1 c4 ,! object ( ?is te/ is to %[ t ! nitro-glyc]9e is free f any excess ( soda1 i4e41 t ! soda has be5 prop]ly wa%$ out1 o!rwise ! heat te/ w %[ ! sample to be bett] ?an x is4 ,! heat te/ mu/ also be appli$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,a4 ,l]\x1 ,bul4 ,soc4 ,*im4 de ,bel41 xix41 ,augu/ #aije1 cont5ds t exp]i5ce does n w>rant ! assumption t free acid is a s\rce ( dang] 9 nitro-glyc]9e or nitro-cellulose2 free alkali1 he /ates1 promotes _! decomposition4 ,^u leav+ ! filt] h\se1 :]e x has be5 wa%$ & filt]$1 & has satisfactorily pass$ ! heat te/1 x is drawn (f f ! l[e/ tank 9 indi>ubb] buckets1 & p\r$ d[n ! conduit lead+ to ! precipitat+ h\se1 :]e x is all[$ to /& = a day1 or sometimes long]1 9 ord] to all[ ! little wat] x /ill conta9s to rise to ! surface4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 x is suffici5t to all[ x to /& 9 cov]$-9 tanks ( a conical =m1 & ab\t #c or #d feet high4 ,9 _m works x is previ\sly filt]$ ?r\gh common salt1 :i* ( c\rse absorbs ! la/ traces ( wat]4 ,x is !n ( a pale yell[ col\r1 & %\ld be q cle>1 & c be drawn (f by means ( a tap 7( vulcanite71 fix$ at ! bottom ( ! tanks1 into rubb] buckets1 & is ready = use 9 ! prep>ation ( dynamite1 or any ( ! v>i\s =ms ( gelat9e comp\nds1 smokeless p[d]s1 c41 su* z cordite1 balli/ite1 & _m o!rs4 ,mikolajezak 7,*em4 ,zeit41 #aijd1 ,rep4 #agd7 /ates t he has prep>$ mono- & di-nitro-glyc]9e1 & believes t ! latt] comp\nd w =m a valuable basis = explosives1 z x is unfreezable4 ,x is /at$ to be an od\rless1 unfreezable oil1 less s5sitive to p]cussion1 friction1 & increase ( temp]ature1 & to possess a great] solv5t p[] = collodion-cotton ?an ord9>y nitro-glyc]9e4 ,x c ?us be us$ = ! prep>ation ( explosives ( high /ability1 :i* w ma9ta9 _! pla/ic nature ev5 9 w9t]4 ,! di-nitro-glyc]9e is a solv5t = tri-nitro-glyc]9e1 x c !re=e be mix$ ) ?is sub/ance1 9 ! v>i\s gelat9e explosives 9 ord] to l[] ! freez+ po9t4 ,! ,wa/e ,acids4--,! wa/e acids f ! sep>at+ h\se1 f :i* ! nitro-glyc]9e has be5 z completely sep>at$ z possible1 are run d[n ! conduit to ! second>y sep>ator1 9 ord] to recov] ! la/ traces ( nitro-glyc]9e t !y conta94 ,! composition ( ! wa/e acids is g5]ally some:at z foll[s3--,specific gravity1 #a4gjge at #ae ,c42 sulphuric acid1 #fg4b p] c5t42 nitric acid1 #aa4je p] c5t42 & wat]1 #ba4g p] c5t41 ) p]haps z mu* z #b p] c5t4 ( nitric oxide1 & ( c\rse v>y+ quantities ( nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* mu/ be sep>at$1 z x is impossible to run ?is liquid away 7unless x c be run into ! sea7 or to recov] ! acids by di/illation z long z x conta9s ?is sub/ance4 ,! mixture1 !re=e1 is g5]ally run into l>ge circul> lead-l9$ tanks1 cov]$ 91 & v mu* l ! nitrat+ app>atus 9 con/ruction1 t is1 !y conta9 worms coil$ r\nd inside1 to all[ ( wat] be+ run ?r\gh to keep ! mixture cool1 & a compress$ air pipe1 9 ord] to agitate ! mixture if necess>y4 ,! top also %\ld conta9 a w9d[1 9 ord] to all[ ( ! int]ior be+ se51 & %\ld h a lead5 *imney to c>ry (f ! fumes :i* may arise f decomposition4 ,x is also useful to h a glass tube ( #c or #d in*es 9 diamet] sub/itut$ = ab\t a foot ( ! lead *imney1 9 ord] t ! man on duty c at any "t see ! col\r ( ! fumes aris+ f ! liquid4 ,!re %\ld also be two !rmomet]s1 "o long "o rea*+ to ! bottom ( ! tank1 & "o to j a few in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e1 ( c\rse1 collects ^u ! surface1 & c be drawn (f by a tap plac$ at a conv5i5t height = ! purpose4 ,! cov] ( ! tank is g5]ally conical1 & is jo9$ to a glass cyl9d]1 :i* is cem5t$ to ! top ( ?is lead cov]1 & also to ! lead *imney4 ,9 ?is glass cyl9d] is a hole into :i* fits a gr\nd glass /opp]1 ?r\gh :i* ! nitro-glyc]9e c be drawn (f4 ,!re w probably nev] be m ?an an in* ( nitro-glyc]9e at ! mo/1 & seldom t4 ,x %\ld be tak5 to ! filt] h\se & treat$ along ) ano!r *>ge4 ,! acids !mselves may ei!r be run to wa/e1 or bett] treat$ by "s d5itration plant4 ,?is h\se probably requires m att5tion ?an any o!r 9 ! dang] area1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( ! decomposition ( ! small quantities ( nitro-glyc]9e1 :i*1 z x is mix$ ) su* a l>ge quantity ( acids & wat]1 is v apt to become hot1 & decomposition1 :i* sets up 9 spots :]e a little globule ( nitro-glyc]9e is float+1 surr\nd$ by acids t gradually get hot1 gives (f nitr\s fumes1 & p]haps explodes1 & ?us causes ! sudd5 explosion ( ! :ole4 ,! only way to prev5t ?is is = ! workman 9 *>ge to look at ! !rmomet]s frequ5tly1 & at ! col\r ( ! escap+ fumes1 & if he %\ld notice a rise ( temp]ature or any appe>ance ( r$ fumes1 to turn on ! wat] & air1 & /ir up ! mixture1 :5 probably ! temp]ature w sudd5ly fall1 & ! fumes cease to come (f4 ,! cause ( explosions 9 ?is build+ is ei!r ! non-att5tion ( ! workm5 9 *>ge1 or ! bur/+ ( "o ( ! wat] pipes1 by :i* means1 ( c\rse1 ! wat]1 f9d+ its way into ! acids1 causes a sudd5 rise ( temp]ature4 ,if ! latt] ( ^! two causes %\ld occur1 ! wat] %\ld at once be %ut (f & ! air turn$ on full1 b if x is se5 t an explosion is likely to occur1 ! tank %\ld at once be empti$ by all[+ its cont5ts to run away into a dr[n+ tank plac$ close outside ! h\se1 :i* %\ld be ab\t #d feet deep1 & "s #af feet long by #f feet wide2 9 fact1 l>ge en\gh to hold a consid]able quantity ( wat]4 ,b ?is la/ c\rse %\ld only be resort$ to z a la/ extremity1 z x is extremely tr\blesome to recov] ! small quantity ( nitro-glyc]9e f ! bottom ( ?is tank1 :i* is g5]ally a brick$ & cem5t$ excavation "s few y>ds f ! h\se4 ,x has be5 propos$ to treat ^! wa/e acids1 conta9+ nitro- glyc]9e1 9 ,mr ,m4 ,pr5tice's nitric acid retort4 ,9 ?is case !y w\ld be run into ! retort1 toge!r ) nitrate ( soda1 9 a f9e /ream1 & ! small quantity ( nitro-glyc]9e1 com+ into contact ) ! hot mixture already 9 ! retort1 w\ld probably be at once decompos$4 ,?is process1 al?\gh n yet tri$1 promises to be a success4 ,sev]al processes h be5 us$ = ! d5itration ( ^! acids4 ,treatm5t ( ! ,wa/e ,acid f ! ,manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e & ,gun-,cotton4--,! composition ( ^! acids is z foll[s3-- ,nitro-glyc]9e & ,gun-cotton ,wa/e ,acid4 ,sulphuric acid #gj p] c5t4 #gh p] c5t4 ,nitric acid #aj #ab ,wat] #bj #aj ,! wa/e acid f ! manufacture ( gun-cotton is g5]ally us$ direct = ! manufacture ( nitric acid1 z x conta9s a fairly l>ge am\nt ( sulphuric acid1 & ! small am\nt ( nitro-cellulose :i* x also g5]ally conta9s decomposes gradually & )\t explosion 9 ! retort4 ,nitric acid may be fir/ di/ill$ (f1 ! result+ sulphuric acid be+ !n add$ to ! equival5t am\nt ( nitrate ( soda4 ,nitric acid is !n di/ill$ ov] & cond5s$ 9 ! usual way4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! wa/e acid is add$ direct to ! *>ge ( nitrate )\t previ\sly elim9at+ ! nitric acid4 ,! treatm5t ( ! wa/e acid f ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e is some:at diff]5t4 ,! small am\nt ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 ?is acid mu/ always be elim9at$4 ,?is is effect$ ei!r by all[+ ! wa/e acid to /& = at lea/ tw5ty- f\r h\rs 9 a big vessel ) a conical top1 :]e all ! nitro- glyc]9e :i* w h sep>at$ to ! surface is remov$ by skimm+2 or1 bett] /ill1 ! wat]+ d[n process ( ,col4 ,na?an may be employ$4 ,9 ,na?an's nitrator e exi/+ trace ( nitro-glyc]9e is sep>at$ f ! acids 9 a few h\rs aft] ! nitration1 & any fur!r =mation ( nitro-glyc]9e is prev5t$ by add+ ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( wat] to ! wa/e acids1 :i* are kept agitat$ dur+ ! addition4 ,! wa/e acid1 n[ free f nitro-glyc]9e1 b :i* may /ill conta9 organic matt]1 is d5itrat$ by br++ x into contact ) a jet ( /eam4 ,! wa/e acid is pass$ 9 a small /ream d[n ?r\gh a t[] ( acid-resi/+ /onew>e 7volvic /one71 :i* is closely pack$ ) e>!nw>e1 & at ! bottom ( :i* is ! /eam jet4 ,decomposition proce$s z ! acid meets ! /eam1 nitric & nitr\s acids are dis5gag$ & are pass$ out at ! top ( ! t[] ?r\gh a pipe to a s]ies ( cond5s]s & t[]s1 :]e ! nitric acid is collect$4 ,! nitr\s acid may be conv]t$ into nitric acid by introduc+ a hot compress$ air jet into ! gases be=e !y pass into ! cond5s]s4 ,weak sulphuric acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4f collects 9 a sauc] 9 :i* ! t[] /&s1 & is !n pass$ ?r\gh a cool+ worm4 ,! weak sulphuric acid1 n[ entirely free f nitric & nitr\s acids1 may be conc5trat$ to sp4 gr4 #a4hdb & #if p] c5t4 ,h#b,,s#d by any ( ! well-kn[n processes1 e4g41 ,kessl]1 ,webb1 ,b5k]1 ,delplace1 c41 & x may be us$ aga9 9 ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e or gun-cotton4 ,two po9ts 9 ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e are ( ! greate/ importance1 viz41 ! purity ( ! glyc]9e us$1 & ! /r5g? & purity ( ! acids us$ 9 ! nitration4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^!1 great c>e %\ld be tak51 & a complete analysis & ?or\gh exam9ation1 includ+ a prelim9>y exp]im5tal nitration1 %\ld always be in/itut$4 ,z reg>ds ! second1 ! sulphuric acid %\ld n only be /rong 7#if p] c5t471 b z free f impurities z possible4 ,) ! nitric acid1 :i* is g5]ally made at ! explosive works :]e x is us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t x is z /rong z possible 7#ig p] c5t4 & upw>ds74 ,?is c easily be obta9$ if ! plant design$ by ,mr ,osc> ,guttmann,a is us$4 ,hav+ work$ ,mr ,guttmann's plant = "s "t1 ,i c te/ify z to its value & effici5cy4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! ,manufacture ( ,nitric ,acid1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,m>* #ahic4 ,ano!r =m ( nitric acid plant1 :i* promises to be ( consid]able s]vice to ! manufactur] ( nitric acid = ! purpose ( nitrat+1 is ! inv5tion ( ! late ,mr ,mann+ ,pr5tice1 ( ,/[m>ket4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr ,pr5tice1 ,i visit$ 8 works to see ! plant 9 op]ation4 ,x consi/s ( a /ill1 divid$ into comp>tm5ts or *amb]s 9 su* a mann] t ! fluid may pass cont9u\sly f "o to ! o!r4 ,! nitric acid be+ cont9u\sly sep>at$ by di/illation1 ! cont5ts ( ea* division v>y--! fir/ conta9+ ! full proportion ( nitric acid1 & ea* succe$+ "o less ( ! nitric acid1 until f ! ov]fl[ ( ! la/ "o ! bisulphate ( soda fl[s away )\t any nitric acid4 ,! nitrate ( soda is plac$ 9 weigh$ quantities 9 ! hopp]1 :5ce x passes to ! fe$]4 ,! fe$] is a m9iature horizontal pug-mill1 :i* receives ! /reams ( sulphuric acid & ( nitrate1 & aft] ?or\ghly mix+ !m1 deliv]s !m into ! /ill1 :]e1 "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 !y rapidly become a homog5e\s liquid1 f :i* nitric acid cont9u\sly di/ils4 ,mr ,pr5tice says3 ,i may po9t out t :ile ! ord9>y process ( mak+ nitric acid is "o ( fractional di/illation by "t1 m9e is fractional di/illation by space4 ,in/ead ( ! op]ation be+ always at ! same po9t ( space1 b diff]+ by ! successive po9ts ( "t1 ,i arrange = ! diff]5ces to take place at diff]5t po9ts ( space1 & ^! diff]5ces exi/ at "o & ! same po9ts ( "t4 ,x is possible ) ?is plant to produce ! full product ( nitric acid ( a gravity ( #a4ejj1 or to obta9 ! acid ( v>y+ /r5g?s f ! diff]5t /ill-heads4 ,"o ( ^! /ills1 capable ( produc+ ab\t #d tons ( nitric acid p] week1 weighs less ?an #b tons4 ,x is claim$ t !re is by _! use a sav+ ( m ?an two-?irds 9 fuel1 & f\r- fif?s 9 cond5s+ plant4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s & illu/rations w be f\nd 9 ,mr ,pr5tice's pap] 7,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 #ahid1 p4 #cbc74 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,nitro-,,cellulose1 c4 ,cellulose ,prop]ties--,discov]y ( ,gun-,cotton--,prop]ties ( ,gun-,cotton-- ,v>ieties ( ,soluble & ,insoluble ,gun-,cottons--,manufacture ( ,gun-,cotton-- ,dipp+ & ,/eep+--,:irl+ out ! ,acid--,wa%+--,boil+--,pulp+-- ,compress+--,! ,wal?am ,abbey ,process--,le ,b\*et ,process--,granulation ( ,gun-,cotton--,collodion-,cotton--,manuf acture--,acid ,mixture us$--,cotton us$1 c4--,nitrat$ ,gun-,cotton--,tonite--,dang]s 9 ,manufacture ( ,gun-,cotton-- ,tr5*'s ,fire-,ext+ui%+ ,comp\nd--,uses ( ,collodion-,cotton--,celluloid-- ,manufacture1 c4--,nitro-,/>*1 ,nitro-,jute1 & ,nitro-,mannite4 ,! ,nitro-,celluloses4--,! sub/ance kn[n z cellulose =ms ! gr\ndwork ( vegetable tissues4 ,! cellulose ( ! woody p>ts ( plants 0 at "o "t suppos$ to be a di/9ct body1 & 0 call$ lign9e1 b !y are n[ reg>d$ z id5tical4 ,! =mula ( cellulose is 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#f7,x1 & x is g5]ally assum$ t ! molecul> =mula mu/ be repres5t$ by a multiple ( ! empirical =mula1 ,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aj be+ (t5 reg>d$ z ! m9imum4 ,! assumption is bas$ on ! exi/5ce ( a p5ta-nitrate & ! insoluble & colloidal nature ( cellulose4 ,gre5 7,zeit4 ,f>b4 ,text4 ,ind41 #aijd1 #c1 #ig7 consid]s ^! reasons insuffici5t1 & pref]s to employ ! s+le =mula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,cellulose c be extract$ 9 ! pure /ate1 f "y & t5d] portions ( plants by fir/ cru%+ !m1 to rupture ! cells1 & !n extract+ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r 9 succession1 until none ( ^! solv5ts remove any?+ m4 ,f9e pap] or cotton wool yield v ne>ly pure cellulose by simil> treatm5t4 ,cellulose is a col\rless1 transp>5t mass1 absolutely insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 or e!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 soluble 9 a solution ( cuprammoniac solution1 prep>$ f basic c>bonate or hydrate ( copp] & aque\s ammonia4 ,! specific gravity ( cellulose is #a4be to #a4de4 ,accord+ to ,s*ulze1 its elem5t>y composition is express$ by ! p]c5tage numb]s3-- ,c>bon #dd4j p] c5t4 #dd4b p] c5t4 ,hydrog5 #f4c #f4d ,oxyg5 #di4g #di4d ,^! numb]s repres5t ! composition ( ! a% free cellulose4 ,ne>ly all =ms ( cellulose1 h[ev]1 conta9 a small proportion ( m9]al matt]s1 & ! union ( ^! ) ! organic portion ( ! fibre or tissue is ( su* a nature t ! a% left on ignition pres]ves ! =m ( ! orig9al4 ,x is only 9 ! gr[+ po9t ( c]ta9 "y %oots t ! cellulose tissue is free f m9]al con/itu5ts 7,h(mei/]74 ,cellulose is a v in]t body4 ,cold conc5trat$ sulphuric acid causes x to swell up1 & f9ally dissolves x1 =m+ a visc\s solution4 ,hydro*loric acid has little or no action1 b nitric acid has1 & =ms a s]ies ( bodies kn[n z nitrates or nitro-celluloses4 ,cellulose has "s ( ! prop]ties ( alcohols1 among !m ! p[] ( =m+ e!real salts ) acids4 ,:5 cellulose 9 any =m1 su* z cotton1 is br\ght into contact ) /rong nitric acid at a l[ temp]ature1 a nitrate or nitro product1 conta9+ nitryl1 or ! ,,no#b gr\p1 is produc$4 ,! m or less complete replacem5t ( ! hydroxylic hydrog5 by ,,no#b gr\ps dep5ds p>tly on ! conc5tration ( ! nitric acid us$1 p>tly on ! duration ( ! action4 ,if ! mo/ conc5trat$ nitric & sulphuric acids are employ$1 & ! action all[$ to proce$ = "s consid]able "t1 ! highe/ nitrate1 kn[n z hexa-nitro- cellulose or gun-cotton1 ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#d7,o4,,no#b7f1 w be =m$2 b ) weak] acids1 & a %ort] exposure to _! action1 ! tetra & p5ta & l[] nitrates w be =m$4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,! pap] by ,pr(4 ,lunge1 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aija1 #bch1 #ebg-egi1 conta9s valuable in=mation on ?is subject4 ,besides ! nitrate1 ,a4 ,luck,a has propos$ to use o!r e/]s ( cellulose1 su* z ! acetate1 b5zoate1 or butyrate4 ,x is f\nd t cellulose acetate =ms ) nitro-glyc]9e a gelat9\s body )\t requir+ ! addition ( a solv5t4 ,a sport+ p[d] is propos$ compos$ ( #ge p>ts ( cellulose nitrate 7#ac p] c5t4 ,n47 mix$ ) #ac p>ts ( cellulose acetate4 ,footnote ,a3 ,eng4 ,pat4 #bd1ffb1 #bbnd ,novemb] #ahih4 ,! discov]y ( gun-cotton is g5]ally attribut$ to ,s*nbe9 7#ahdf71 b ,braconnot 79 #ahcb7 _h previ\sly nitrat$ />*1 & six ye>s lat] ,pel\se prep>$ nitro-cotton & v>i\s o!r nitro bodies1 & ,dumas nitrat$ pap]1 b ,s*nbe9 0 app>5tly ! fir/ *emi/ to use a mixture ( /rong nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,_m *emi/s1 su* z ,piob]t 9 ,france1 ,mor9 9 ,russia1 & ,abel 9 ,engl&1 /udi$ ! subject2 b x 0 9 ,au/ria1 "u ! auspices ( ,b>on ,von ,l5k1 t ! greate/ progress 0 made4 ,l5k us$ cotton 9 ! =m ( y>n1 made up into hanks1 :i* he fir/ wa%$ 9 a solution ( pota%1 & !n ) wat]1 & aft] dry+ dipp$ !m 9 ! acids4 ,! acid mixture us$ consi/$ ( #c p>ts by weight ( sulphuric to #a "p ( nitric acid1 & 7 prep>$ "s "t be=e use4 ,! cotton 0 dipp$ "o ske9 at a "t1 /irr$ = a few m9utes1 press$ out1 /eep$1 & excess ( acid remov$ by wa%+ ) wat]1 !n ) dilute pota%1 & f9ally ) wat]4 ,von ,l5k's process 0 us$ 9 ,engl& at ,fav]%am 7,messrs ,hall's ,works71 b 0 giv5 up on acc\nt ( an explosion 7#ahdg74 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,abel1 work+ at ,/[m>ket & ,wal?am ,abbey1 introduc$ sev]al v important improvem5ts into ! process1 ! *ief among ^! be+ pulp+4 ,hav+ trac$ ! cause ( its in/ability to ! pres5ce ( sub/ances caus$ by ! action ( ! nitric acid on ! res9\s or fatty sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! cotton fibre1 he succe$$ 9 elim9at+ !m1 by boil+ ! nitro-cotton 9 wat]1 & by a ?or\gh wa%+1 aft] pulp+ ! cotton 9 poa*]s4 ,al?\gh gun-cottons are g5]ally spok5 ( z nitro-celluloses1 !y are m correctly describ$ z cellulose nitrates1 = unlike nitro bodies ( o!r s]ies1 !y d n yield1 or h n yet done s1 amido bodies1 on r$uction ) nasc5t hydrog54,a ,! equation ( ! =mation ( gun-cotton is z foll[s3-- #b7;,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7 #f;,,hno#c ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#d7,,no#c7f #f,,oh#b4 ,cellulose4 ,nitric ,acid4 ,gun-,cotton4 ,wat]4 ,! sulphuric acid us$ does n take "p 9 ! reaction1 b its pres5ce is absolutely ess5tial to comb9e ) ! wat] set free1 & ?us to prev5t ! weak5+ ( ! nitric acid4 ,! acid mixture us$ at ,wal?am ,abbey consi/s ( #c p>ts by weight ( sulphuric acid ( #a4hd specific gravity1 & #a "p ( nitric acid ( #a4eb specific gravity4 ,! same mixture is also us$ at ,/[m>ket 7! ,new ,explosive ,company's ,works74 ,! use ( weak] acids results 9 ! =mation ( collodion- cotton & ! l[] nitrates g5]ally4 ,footnote ,a3 ,cellulose1 by ,cross & ,bevan1 ed4 by ,w4,r4 ,hodgk9son1 p4 #i4 ,! nitrate :i* goes "u ! "n ( gun-cotton is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! hexa-nitrate1 & to conta9 #ad4ad p] c5t4 ( nitrog52 b a high] p]c5tage ?an #ac4g has n be5 obta9$ f any sample4 ,x is almo/ impossible 7at any rate ^u ! manufactur+ scale7 to make pure hexa-nitro-cellulose or gun-cotton2 x is c]ta9 to conta9 sev]al p] c5ts4 ( ! soluble =ms1 i4e41 l[] nitrates4 ,x (t5 conta9s z mu* z #ae or #af p] c5t41 & only f #ac4jg;,a to #ac4f p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,footnote ,a3 ,mr ,j4,j4 ,say]s1 9 evid5ce be=e ! c\rt 9 ! ,cordite ,case1 says he f\nd #ae4b & #af4a p] c5t4 soluble cotton1 & #ac4jg & #ac4jh p] c5t4 nitrog5 9 two samples ( ,wal?am ,abbey gun-cotton4 ,a :ole s]ies ( nitrates ( cellulose are suppos$ to exi/1 ! highe/ memb] be+ ! hexa-nitrate1 & ! l[e/ ! mono-nitrate4 ,gun-cotton 0 at "o "t reg>d$ z ! tri-nitrate1 & collodion-cotton z ! di-nitrate & mono-nitrate1 _! respective =mula be+ giv5 z foll[s3-- ,mono-nitro-cellulose ,c#f;,h#i7,,no#b7,o#e #f4gfc p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,di-nitro-cellulose ,c#f;,h#h7,,no#b7b,o#e #aa4aa ,tri-nitro-cellulose ,c#f;,h#g7,,no#b7c,o#e #ad4ad ,b gun-cotton is n[ reg>d$ z ! hexa-nitrate1 & collodion-cotton z a mixture ( all ! o!r nitrates4 ,9 fact1 *emi/s are n[ m incl9$ to divide nitro-cellulose into ! soluble & insoluble =ms1 ! reason be+ t x is q easy to make a nitro-cellulose entirely soluble 9 a mixture ( e!r-alcohol1 & yet conta9+ z high a p]c5tage ( nitrog5 z #ab4f2 :]eas ! di-nitrate,a %\ld !oretically only conta9 #aa4aa p] c5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n possible to make gun-cotton ) a high] p]c5tage ( nitrog5 ?an ab\t #ac4g1 ev5 :5 x does n conta9 any nitro-cotton t is soluble 9 e!r-alcohol4,b ,! fact is t x is n at pres5t possible to make a nitro-cellulose :i* %all be ei!r entirely soluble or entirely insoluble1 or :i* w conta9 ! !oretical cont5t ( nitrog5 to suit any ( ! above =mul = ! cellulose nitrates4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,lunge gives ! foll[+ li/ ( nitration products ( cellulose3-- ,footnote ,a3 ,! p5ta-nitrate ,c#ab;,h#ae,o#e7,,no#c7e #ab4ge p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,footnote ,b3 ,9 ! ,cordite ,trial 7#ahid7 ,sir ,f4,a4 ,abel said1 ,be=e #ahhh !re 0 a broad di/9ction betwe5 soluble & insoluble nitro- cellulose1 collodion-cotton be+ soluble 79 e!r-alcohol7 & gun-cotton insoluble4 ,sir ,h4,e4 ,roscoe1 ,t he _h be5 unable to make a nitro-cotton ) a high] nitrog5 cont5t ?an #ac4g4 ,& ,pr(essor ,g4 ,lunge said1 ,gun-cotton always conta9$ soluble cotton1 & vice v]sa4 ,^! op9ions 7 also g5]ally confirm$ by ,sir ,e4 ,frankl&1 ,sir ,w4 ,crookes1 ,dr ,arm/rong1 & o!rs4 ,dodeca-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#bh,o#bj7,,no#b7ab #ad4af p] c5t4 nitrog54 7 old tri-nitro-cellulose7 ,endeca-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#bi,o#bj7,,no#b7aa #ac4ej p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,deca-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#cj,o#bj7,,no#b7aj #ab4gh p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,ennea-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#ca,o#bj7,,no#b7i #aa4ih p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,octo-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#cb,o#bj7,,no#b7h #aa4ac p] c5t4 nitrog54 7 old di-nitro-cellulose7 ,hepta-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#cc,o#bj7,,no#b7g #aj4ai p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,hexa-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#cd,o#bj7,,no#b7f #i4ag p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,p5ta-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#ce,o#bj7,,no#b7e #h4jd p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,tetra-nitro-cellulose ,c#bd;,h#cf,o#bj7,,no#b7d #f4gg p] c5t4 nitrog54 7 old mono-nitro-cellulose7 ,x is n unlikely t a long s]ies ( nitrates exi/s4 ,x is at any rate c]ta9 t :atev] /r5g? ( acids may be us$1 & :atev] temp]ature or o!r conditions may be pres5t dur+ ! nitration1 t ! product =m$ always consi/s ( a mixture ( ! soluble & insoluble nitro-cellulose4 ,!oretically #ajj p>ts ( cotton by weight %\ld produce #bah4d p>ts ( gun-cotton1 b 9 practice ! yield is a good deal less1 bo? 9 ! case ( gun-cotton or collodion-cotton4 ,9 speak+ ( soluble & insoluble nitro-cellulose1 x is _! behavi\r1 :5 treat$ ) a solution consi/+ ( #b p>ts e!r & #a ( alcohol1 t is ref]r$ to4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r v important diff]5ce1 & t is _! diff]5t solubility 9 nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! l[] nitrates or soluble =m is soluble 9 nitro-glyc]9e "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 a temp]ature ( ab\t #ej ,c4 be+ requir$4 ,at l[] temp]atures ! dissolution is v imp]fect inde$2 & aft] ! mat]ials h be5 left 9 contact = days1 ! ?reads ( ! cotton c /ill be di/+ui%$4 ,! insoluble =m or gun-cotton is entirely insoluble 9 nitro-glyc]9e4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be made to dissolve,a by ! aid ( acetone or acetic e!r4 ,bo? or r all ! =ms ( nitro-cellulose c be dissolv$ 9 acetone or acetic e!r4 ,!y also dissolve 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & ! p5ta-nitrate 9 nitric acid at ab\t #hj or #ij ,c4 ,footnote ,a3 ,or r to =m a transp>5t jelly4 ,! p5ta-nitrate may be obta9$ 9 a pure /ate by ! foll[+ process1 devis$ by ,ed]3--,! gun-cotton is dissolv$ 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid at #ij ,c41 & reprecipitat$ by ! addition ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,aft] cool+ to #j ,c41 & mix+ ) a l>g] volume ( wat]1 ! precipitat$ nitrate is wa%$ ) wat]1 !n ) alcohol1 dissolv$ 9 e!r-alcohol1 & aga9 precipitat$ ) wat]1 :5 x is obta9$ pure4 ,?is nitrate is soluble 9 e!r-alcohol1 & slightly 9 acetic acid1 easily 9 acetone1 acetic e!r1 & me?yl-alcohol1 insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,/rong pota% 7,,koh7 solution conv]ts into ! di-nitrate ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#h7,,no#c7b4 ,! hexa-nitrate is n soluble 9 acetic acid or me?yl-alcohol4 ,! l[] nitrates kn[n z ! tetra- & tri-nitrates are =m$ toge!r :5 cellulose is treat$ ) a mixture ( weak acids1 & all[$ to rema9 9 contact ) !m = a v %ort "t 7tw5ty m9utes74 ,!y _c be sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 z !y all dissolve equally 9 e!r-alcohol1 acetic e!r1 acetic acid1 me?yl-alcohol1 acetone1 amyl acetate1 c4 ,z f> z ! manufacture ( explosive bodies is conc]n$1 ! two =ms ( nitro-cellulose us$ & manufactur$ are gun-cotton or ! hexa- nitrate 7once reg>d$ z tri-nitro-cellulose71 :i* is also kn[n z insoluble gun-cotton1 & ! soluble =m ( gun-cotton1 :i* is also kn[n z collodion1 & consi/s ( a mixture ( sev]al ( ! l[] nitrates4 ,x is probable t x *iefly consi/s1 h[ev]1 ( ! next highe/ nitrate to gun-cotton1 z ! !oretical p]c5tage ( nitrog5 = ?is body14 ! p5ta-nitrate1 is #ab4ge p] c5t41 & analyses ( comm]cial collodion-cotton1 entirely soluble 9 e!r-alcohol1 (t5 give z high a p]c5tage z #ab4f4 ,we %all only describe ! manufacture ( ! two =ms kn[n z soluble & insoluble1 & %all ref] to !m "u _! bett] kn[n names ( gun-cotton & collodion-cotton4 ,! foll[+ w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ! =mul,a & p]c5tage ( nitrog5 ( ! complete s]ies3-- ,hexa-nitro-cellulose ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#d7,,no#c7f #ad4ad p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,p5ta-nitro-cellulose ,c#ab;,h#ae,o#e7,,no#c7e #ab4ge p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,tetra-nitro-cellulose ,c#ab;,h#af,o#f7,,no#c7d #aa4aa p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,tri-nitro-cellulose ,c#ab;,h#ag,o#g7,,no#c7c #i4ac p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,di-nitro-cellulose ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#h7,,no#c7b #g4fe p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,mono-nitrocellulose ,c#ab;,h#ai,o#i7,,no#c7 #c4hj p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,footnote ,a3 ,b]!lot takes ,c#bd;,h#dj,o#bj z ! =mula ( cellulose2 & ,m4 ,vieille reg>ds ! highe/ nitrate z 7,c#bd;,h#ah7,,no#c;,h7#aa,o#i74 ,compt4 ,r5d41 #ahhb1 p4 #acb4 ,prop]ties ( ,gun-,cotton4--,! absolute d5sity ( gun-cotton is #a4e4 ,:5 9 lumps its app>5t d5sity is #j4a2 if twi/$ into ?read1 #j4be2 :5 subject$1 9 ! =m ( pulp1 to hydraulic pressure1 #a4j to #a4d4 ,gun-cotton pres]ves ! appe>ance ( ! cotton f :i* x is made4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 h>%] to ! t\*2 x is only slightly hygroscopic 7dry gun-cotton absorbs #b p] c5t4 ( moi/ure f ! air74 ,x possesses ! prop]ty ( becom+ electrifi$ by friction4 ,x is soluble 9 acetic e!r1 amyl acetate1 & acetone1 insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 e!r1 e!r-alcohol1 me?yl-alcohol1 c4 ,x is v explosive1 & is ignit$ by contact ) an ignit$ body1 or by %ock1 or :5 x is rais$ to a temp]ature ( #agb ,c4 ,x burns ) a yell[i% flame1 almo/ )\t smoke1 & leaves little or no residue4 ,! volume ( ! gases =m$ is l>ge1 & consi/s ( c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 nitrog51 & wat] gas4 ,compress$ gun-cotton :5 ignit$ (t5 explodes :5 previ\sly heat$ to #ajj ,c4 ,gun-cotton kept at #hj to #ajj ,c4 decomposes sl[ly1 & sunlight causes x to und]go a sl[ decomposition4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be pres]v$ = ye>s )\t und]go+ any alt]ation4 ,x is v susceptible to explosions by influ5ce4 ,= in/ance1 a torp$o1 ev5 plac$ at a long di/ance1 may explode a l9e ( torp$oes *>g$ ) gun-cotton4 ,! velocity ( ! propagation ( ! explosion 9 metallic tubes fill$ ) pulv]is$ gun-cotton has be5 f\nd to be f #e1jjj to #f1jjj mms4 p] second 9 t9 tubes1 & #d1jjj 9 lead5 tubes 7,seb]t74 ,gun-cotton loosely expos$ 9 ! op5 air burns eight times z quickly z p[d] 7,piob]t74 ,a ?9 disc ( gun-cotton may be fir$ into f a rifle )\t explosion2 b if ! ?ickness ( ! disc be increas$1 an explosion may occur4 ,! effect ( gun-cotton 9 m9es is v ne>ly ! same z t ( dynamite = equal weights4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 a /rong] detonator1 & x gives rise to a l>g] quantity ( c>bonic oxide gas4 ,gun-cotton %\ld be neutral to litmus1 & %\ld /& ! ,gov]nm5t heat te/--temp]ature ( #aej ,f4 = fifte5 m9utes 7see page #bdi74 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,navy gun-cotton is submitt$ to a heat te/ ( #fe ,c4 7 #adi ,f47 = elev5 m9utes4 ,x %\ld conta9 z small a p]c5tage ( soluble nitro-cotton & ( non-nitrat$ cotton z possible4 ,! products ( p]fectly detonat$ gun-cotton may be express$ by ! foll[+ equation3-- #b;,c#ab;,h#ad,o#d7,,no#c7f #ah;,,co #f;,,co#b #ad;,h#b,o #ab,n4 ,x does n !re=e conta9 suffici5t oxyg5 = ! complete combu/ion ( its c>bon4 ,x is = ?is reason t :5 us$ = m9+ purposes a nitrate is g5]ally add$ to supply ?is defect 7z1 = in/ance1 9 tonite74 ,x t5ds also to prev5t ! evolution ( ! poison\s gas1 c>bonic oxide4 ,! success ( ! v>i\s gelat9e explosives is due to ?is fact1 viz41 t ! nitro-glyc]9e has an excess ( oxyg51 & ! nitro-cotton too little1 & ?us ! two explosives help "o ano!r4 ,9 practice ! gases result+ f ! explosion ( gun-cotton are-- ,c>bonic oxide1 #bh4ee2 c>bonic acid1 #ai4aa2 m>% gas 7,,*#d71 #aa4ag2 nitric oxide1 #h4hc2 nitrog51 #h4ef2 wat] vap\r1 #ba4ic p] c5t4 ,! late ,mr ,e4,o4 ,br[n1 ( ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 discov]$ t p]fectly wet & un9flammable compress$ gun-cotton c\ld be easily detonat$ by ! detonation ( a prim+ *>ge ( ! dry mat]ial 9 contact ) x4 ,?is r5d]$ ! use ( gun-cotton v mu* saf] = use z a milit>y or m9+ explosive4 ,z a m9+ explosive1 h[ev]1 gun-cotton is n[ *iefly us$ "u ! =m ( tonite1 :i* is a mixture ( half gun-cotton & half b>ium nitrate4 ,?is mat]ial is sometimes spok5 ( z nitrat$ gun-cotton4 ,! weight ( gun-cotton requir$ to produce an equal effect ei!r 9 heavy ordnance or 9 small arms is to ! weight ( gunp[d] 9 ! proportion ( #a to #c1 i4e41 an equal weight ( gun-cotton w\ld produce ?ree times ! effect ( gunp[d]4 ,its rapidity ( combu/ion1 h[ev]1 requires to be modifi$ = use 9 fire>ms4 ,h5ce ! l[] nitrates are g5]ally us$1 or su* comp\nds z nitro-lignose1 nitrat$ wood1 c41 are us$4 ,! initial pressure produc$ by ! explosion ( gun-cotton is v l>ge1 equal to #ah1ace atmosph]es1 & #h1gdj kilogrammes p] squ>e c5timetre = #a kilo41 ! heat lib]at$ be+ #a1jge calories 7wat] liquid71 or #iig4g cals4 7wat] gase\s71 b ! quantity ( heat lib]at$ *anges ) ! equation ( decomposition4 ,accord+ to ,b]!lot1,a ! heat ( =mation ( collodion-cotton is #fif cals4 = #a1jec grms41 or #ffa cals4 = #a kilo4 ,! heat lib]at$ 9 ! total combu/ion ( gun-cotton by free oxyg5 at con/ant pressure is #b1fcc cals4 = #a1adc grms41 or = #a kilo4 gun-cotton #b1cjb cals4 7wat] liquid71 or #b1agg cals4 7wat] gase\s74 ,! heat ( decomposition ( gun- cotton 9 a clos$ vessel1 f\nd by exp]im5t at a l[ d5sity ( *>ge 7#j4jbc71 am\nts to #a1jga cals4 = #a kilo4 ( ! sub/ance1 dry & free f a%4 ,to obta9 ! maximum effect ( gun-cotton x mu/ be us$ 9 a compress$ /ate1 = ! initial pressures are !reby increas$4 ,wet gun-cotton s mu* less s5sitive to %ock ?an dry4 ,p>aff9 also r$uces its liability to explode1 s also does camphor4 ,footnote ,a3 ,explosives & _! ,p[]1 trans4 by ,hake & ,m',nab4 ,! sub/ance kn[n z celluloid1 a v>iety ( nitro-cellulose ne>ly correspond+ to ! =mula ,c#bd;,h#bd7,,no#c;,h7#h,o#ab1 to :i* camphor & v>i\s in]t sub/ances are add$1 s z to r5d] x non-s5sitive to %ock1 may be work$ ) tools1 & turn$ 9 ! la! 9 ! same mann] z ivory1 in/ead ( :i* mat]ial celluloid is n[ l>gely us$ = su* articles z knife h&les1 combs1 c4 ,celluloid is v pla/ic :5 heat$ t[>ds #aej ,c41 & t5ds to become v s5sitive to %ock1 & 9 l>ge quantities might become explosive dur+ a fire1 ow+ to ! g5]al heat+ ( ! mass1 & ! consequ5t evaporation ( ! camphor4 ,:5 kept 9 ! air ba? at #ace ,c41 celluloid decomposes quickly4 ,9 an exp]im5t 7made by ,m4 ,b]!lot7 9 a clos$ vessel at #ace ,c41 & ! d5sity ( ! *>ge be+ #j4d1 x end$ 9 explod+1 develop+ a pressure ( #c1jjj kilos4 ,a l>ge package ( celluloid combs also explod$ 9 ! gu>d's van on "o ( ! ,g]man railways a few ye>s ago4 ,al?\gh x is n an explosive "u ord9>y circum/ances1 or ev5 ) a p[]ful detonator1 consid]able c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 its manufacture4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,gun-,cotton4--,! me?od us$ = ! manufacture ( gun-cotton is t ( ,abel 7,spec4 ,no4 #aajb1 #bj4 #d4 #fe74 ,x 0 work$ out *iefly at ,/[m>ket,a & ,wal?am ,abbey1,b b has 9 ! c\rse ( "t und]gone sev]al alt]ations4 ,^! modifications h tak5 place1 h[ev]1 *iefly ^u ! ,cont95t1 & relate m to ! app>atus & ma*9]y us$ ?an to any alt]ation 9 ! process itself4 ,! =m ( cellulose us$ is cotton-wa/e1,c :i* consi/s ( ! clipp+s & wa/e mat]ial f cotton mills4 ,aft] x has be5 clean$ & purifi$ f grease1 oil1 & o!r fatty sub/ances by treatm5t ) alkal9e solutions1 x is c>efully pick$ ov]1 & e piece ( col\r$ cotton rag or /r+ c>efully remov$4 ,! next op]ation to :i* x is submitt$ has = its object ! op5+ up ( ! mat]ial4 ,= ?is purpose x is put ?r\gh a c>d+ ma*9e1 & aft]w>ds ?r\gh a cutt+ ma*9e1 :]eby x is r$uc$ to a /ate suitable = its subsequ5t treatm5t ) acids1 t is1 x has be5 cut into %ort l5g?s1 & ! fibres op5$ up & sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! ,new ,explosive ,co4 ,works4 ,footnote ,b3 ,royal ,gunp[d] ,factory4 ,footnote ,c3 ,co/s f #aj to #be a ton4 ,9 8 description ( ! ,prep>ation ( ,cotton-wa/e = ! ,manufacture ( ,smokeless ,p[d]1 ,a4 ,h]tzog /ates t ! ,g]man milit>y au?orities require a cotton :i* :5 ?r[n into wat] s9ks 9 two m9utes2 :5 nitrat$1 does n dis9tegrate2 :5 treat$ ) e!r1 yields only #j4i p] c5t4 ( fat2 & conta9+ only traces ( *lor9e1 lime1 magnesia1 iron1 sulphuric acid1 & phosphoric acid4 ,if ! cotton is v greasy1 x mu/ be fir/ boil$ ) soda-lye "u pressure1 wa%$1 blea*$ ) *lor9e1 wa%$1 treat$ ) sulphuric acid or ,h,cl1 aga9 wa%$1 c5trifugat$1 & dri$2 if v greasy inde$ a prelim9>y treatm5t ) lime-wat] is desirable4 ,see also ,inspection ( ,cotton-,wa/e = ,use 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,gun-cotton1 by ,c4,e4 ,munro1 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahie1 #ag1 #ghc4 ,dry+ ! ,cotton4--,?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,! cotton may ei!r be plac$ ^u %elves 9 a dry+ h\se1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( hot air circulates1 or dri$ 9 /eam-jacket$ cyl9d]s4 ,x is v ess5tial t ! cotton %\ld be z dry z possible be=e dipp+ 9 ! acids1 especially if a :olly insoluble nitro-cellulose is to be obta9$4 ,aft] dry+ x %\ld n conta9 m ?an #j4e p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 & less ?an ?is if possible4 ,! m g5]al me?od ( dry+ ! cotton is 9 /eam-jacket$ tubes1 i4e41 d\ble cyl9d]s ( iron1 "s #e feet long & #a-a_/b foot wide4 ,! cotton is plac$ 9 ! c5tral *amb] 7,fig4 #aj71 :ile /eam is made to circulate 9 ! surr\nd+ jacket1 & keeps ! :ole cyl9d] at a high temp]ature 7/eam pipes may be coil$ r\nd ! outside ( an iron tube1 & w answ] equally well74 ,by means ( a pipe :i* communicates ) a compress$ air res]voir1 a curr5t ( air ent]s at ! bottom1 & f9ds its way up ?r\gh ! cotton1 & helps to remove ! moi/ure t x conta9s4 ,! raw cotton g5]ally conta9s ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( moi/ure & %\ld be dri$ until x conta9s only #a_/b p] c5t4 or less4 ,= ?is x w g5]ally h to rema9 9 ! dry+ cyl9d] = ab\t five h\rs4 ,at ! end ( t "t a sample %\ld be tak5 f ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 & dri$ 9 ! wat] ov5 7#ajj ,c4,a7 = an h\r to an h\r & a half1 & re-weigh$1 & ! moi/ure !n rema9+ 9 x calculat$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,x is dri$ at #ahj ,c4 at ,wal?am ,abbey1 9 a specially con/ruct$ dry+ *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,cotton ,,dri]4 ,x is v conv5i5t to h a l>ge copp] wat] ov51 conta9+ a lot ( small sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 l>ge en\gh to hold ab\t a h&ful ( ! cotton1 & ea* comp>tm5t numb]$1 & correspond+ to "o ( ! dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,! :ole app>atus %\ld be fix$ aga9/ ! wall ( ! laboratory1 & may be heat$ by br++ a small /eam pipe f ! boil]-h\se4 ,x is useful to h a s]ies ( copp] trays1 ab\t #c in*es by #f in*es1 numb]$ to correspond to ! divisions 9 ! /eam ov51 & exactly fitt+ !m4 ,^! trays c !n be tak5 by a boy to ! dry+ cyl9d]s1 & a h&ful ( ! cotton f ea* plac$ 9 !m1 & aft]w>ds br\ght to ! laboratory & weigh$ 7a boy c d ?is v well71 plac$ 9 _! respective divisions ( ! ov51 & left = "o to "o & a half h\rs1 & re-weigh$4 ,:5 ! cotton is f\nd to be dry ! bottom ( ! dry+ cyl9d] is remov$1 & ! cotton pu%$ out f ! top by means ( a piece ( flat wood fix$ on a broom-h&le4 ,x is !n pack$ away 9 galvanis$- iron air-tight cases1 & is ready = ! next op]ation4 ,at "s works ! cotton is dri$ ^u %elves 9 a dry+ h\se ?r\gh :i* hot air circulates1 ! %elves be+ ( canvas or ( brass wire nett+4 ,! hot air mu/ pass "u ! %elves & ?r\gh ! cotton1 or ! process w be a v sl[ "o4 ,dipp+ & ,/eep+4--,! dry cotton has n[ to be nitrat$4 ,?is is done by dipp+ x into a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,! acids us$ mu/ be /rong1 t is1 ! nitric acid mu/ be at lea/ ( a gravity ( #a4ec to #a4eb1 & %\ld conta9 z little nitric oxide z possible4 ,! sulphuric acid mu/ h a specific gravity ( #a4hd at #ae ,c41 & conta9 ab\t #ig p] c5t4 ( ! mono-hydrate 7,h#b,,s#d74 ,9 fact1 ! /ronge/ acids obta9able %\ld be us$ :5 ! product requir$ is gun-cotton1 i4e41 ! highe/ nitrate4 ,! sulphuric acid takes no "p 9 ! *emical reaction involv$1 b is necess>y 9 ord] to comb9e ) ! wat] t is lib]at$ 9 ! reaction1 & ?us to ma9ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! nitric acid4 ,! reaction :i* takes place is ! foll[+3-- #b7;,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7 #f;,,hno#c ,c#ab;,h#ad7,,no#c7f #f ,h#b,o4 #cbd #cgh #eid #ajh4 ,cellulose4 ,gun-,cotton4 ,!oretically1,a !re=e1 #a "p ( cellulose %\ld =m #a4h "p ( gun-cotton4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 ?is is nev] obta9$1 & #a4f lb4 f #a lb4 ( cellulose is v good work+4 ,! mixture ( acids us$ is g5]ally #a to #c1 or #be p] c5t4 nitric acid to #ge p] c5t4 sulphuric acid4 ,footnote ,a3 7#eid x #a7_/cbd #a4hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,tank ,,= ,,dipp+ ,,cotton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,! ,,cool+ ,,pits4 ,! dipp+ is done 9 ca/-iron tanks 7,fig4 #aa71 a s]ies ( :i* is arrang$ 9 a r[1 & cool$ by a /ream ( cold wat] fl[+ r\nd !m4 ,! tanks hold ab\t #ab gallons1 & ! cotton is dipp$ 9 portions ( #a lb4 at a "t4 ,x is ?r[n into ! acids1 & ! workman moves x ab\t = ab\t ?ree m9utes ) an iron rabble4 ,at ! end ( t "t he lifts x up on to an iron grat+1 j above ! acids1 fix$ at ! back ( ! tank1 :]e by means ( a movable lev] he g5tly squeezes x1 until x conta9s ab\t t5 times its weight ( acids 7! #a lb4 weighs #aj lbs474 ,x is !n transf]r$ to e>!nw>e pots to /eep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,cotton ,,/eep+ ,,pot4 ,/eep+4--,! nitrat$ cotton1 :5 )drawn f ! dipp+ tanks1 & /ill conta9+ an excess ( acids1 is put into e>!nw>e pots ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,! lid is put on1 & ! pots plac$ 9 r[s 9 l>ge cool+ pits1 ab\t a foot deep1 ?r\gh :i* a /ream ( wat] is con/antly fl[+4 ,^! pits =m ! floor ( ! /eep+ h\se4 ,! cotton rema9s 9 ^! pots = a p]iod ( =ty-eight h\rs1 & mu/ be kept cool4 ,betwe5 #ah & #ai ,c4 is ! highe/ temp]ature desirable1 b ! cool] ! pots are kept ! bett]4 ,at ! end ( =ty-eight h\rs ! *emical reaction is complete1 & ! cotton is or %\ld be :olly conv]t$ into nitro-cellulose2 t is1 !re %\ld be no unnitrat$ cotton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,hydro-,,extractor4 ,:irl+ ,out ! ,acid4--,! next op]ation is to remove ! excess ( acid4 ,?is is done by plac+ ! cont5ts ( two or ?ree or m pots into a c5trifugal hydro-extractor 7,fig4 #ad71 mak+ #a1jjj to #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! hydro-extractor consi/s ( a ma*9e ) bo? an inn] cyl9d] & an out] "o1 bo? revolv+ 9 conc]t & driv+ outw>dly ! liquid to ! *amb]1 f :i* x runs away by a dis*>ge pipe4 ,! wet cotton is plac$ ar\nd ! inn] cone4 ,! cotton1 :5 dry1 is remov$1 & at once ?r[n into a l>ge tank ( wat]1 & ! wa/e acids are collect$ 9 a tank4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 hot wea!r t ! gun-cotton does n fire1 z x does sometimes1 directly ! workman goes to remove x aft] ! ma*9e is /opp$4 ,x occurs m (t5 9 damp wea!r4 ,dr ,s*pphaus1 ( ,brooklyn1 ,u4,s4,a41 proposes to treat ! wa/e acids f ! nitration ( cellulose by add+ to !m sulphuric anhydride & nitric acid4 ,! sulphuric anhydride add$ conv]ts ! wat] lib]at$ f ! cellulose into sulphuric acid4 ,wa%+4--,! cotton has n[ to be c>efully wa%$4 ,?is is done 9 a l>ge wood5 tank fill$ ) wat]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a riv] or canal runs ?r\gh ! works1 a s]ies ( wood5 tanks1 ! sides & bottoms ( :i* are pi]c$ ) holes1 s z to all[ ( ! free circulation ( wat]1 %\ld be sunk into a wood5 plat=m t ov]hangs ! surface ( ! riv] 9 su* a way t ! tanks are imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 & ( c\rse always full4 ,dur+ ! "t t ! cotton is 9 ! wat] a workman turns x ov] con/antly ) a wood5 paddle4 ,a /ream ( wat]1 9 ! =m ( a cascade1 %\ld be all[$ to fall into ^! tanks4 ,! cotton may !n be ?r[n on to ?is /ream ( wat]1 :i*1 fall+ "s height1 at once c>ries ! cotton b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is proce$+ is necess>y because ! cotton /ill reta9s a l>ge excess ( /rong acids1 & :5 mix$ ) wat] gives rise to consid]able heat1 especially if mix$ sl[ly ) wat]4 ,aft] ! cotton has be5 well wa%$1 x is aga9 wrung out 9 a c5trifugal ma*9e1 & aft]w>ds all[$ to /eep 9 wat] = "s "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae;a4--,,! ,,beat] ,,= ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,boil+4--,! wa%$ cotton is put into l>ge iron boil]s ) pl5ty ( wat]1 & boil$ = "s "t at #ajj ,c4 ,9 "s works lead-l9$ tanks are us$1 into :i* a /eam pipe is l$4 ,! soluble impurities ( un/able "*1 to :i* ,sir ,f4,a4 ,abel trac$ ! liability ( gun- cotton to in/ability1 are !reby remov$4 ,^! impurities consi/ ( ! products =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid on ! fatty & res9\s sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! cotton fibres4 ,! wat] 9 ! tanks %\ld be e n[ & aga9 r5ew$1 & aft] ! fir/ few boil+s ! wat] %\ld be te/$ ) litmus pap] until !y are no long] f\nd to be acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae;b4--,,:eel ,,( ,,beat]4 ,pulp+4--,! idea ( pulp+ is also due to ,abel4 ,by its means a v mu* m uni=m mat]ial is obta9$4 ,! process is c>ri$ out 9 an app>atus kn[n z a ,beat] or ,holl&] 7,fig4 #ae1 a1 b74 ,x consi/s ( a k9d ( wood5 tank "s #b or #c feet deep ( an oblong %ape1 9 :i* a :eel c>ry+ a s]ies ( knives is made to revolve1 ! floor ( ! tank be+ slop$ up s z to almo/ t\* ! revolv+ :eels4 ,?is "p ( ! floor1 kn[n z ! craw1 is a solid piece ( oak1 & a box ( knives is fix$ into x1 aga9/ :i* ! knives 9 ! revolv+ :eel are press$4 ,! beat] is divid$ into two p>ts--! work+ side1 9 :i* ! cotton is cut & torn betwe5 ! knife edges 9 ! revolv+ cyl9d] & ^? 9 ! box2 & ! runn+ side1 into :i* ! cotton passes aft] pass+ "u ! cyl9d]4 ,! :eel is g5]ally box$ 9 to prev5t ! cotton f be+ ?r[n out dur+ its revolution4 ,! cotton is ?us 9 con/ant motion1 cont9ually travell+ r\nd1 & pass+ betwe5 ! knives 9 ! revolv+ cyl9d] & ^? 9 ! box fix$ 9 ! wood5 block b5ea? x4 ,! beat] is kept full ( wat]1 & ! cotton is gradually r$uc$ to a condition ( pulp4 ,! :eel revolves at ! rate ( #ajj to #aej times a m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;a4--,,poa*] ,,= ,,wa%+ ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;b4--,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,poa*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;c4--,,ano!r ,,=m ,,( ,,poa*]4 ,:5 ! gun-cotton is judg$ to be suffici5tly f9e1 ! cont5ts ( ! beat] are run into ano!r v simil> piece ( ma*9]y1 kn[n z ! poa*] 7,fig4 #af1 a1 b1 c71 9 :i* ! gun-cotton is cont9u\sly agitat$ toge!r ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 :i* c be easily run (f & replac$ z (t5 z requir$4 ,:5 ! mat]ial is fir/ run into ! poa*] f ! beat]1 ! wat] ) :i* x is !n mix$ is fir/ run away & clean wat] add$4 ,! paddle :eel is !n set 9 motion1 & at int]vals fre% wat] is add$4 ,!re is a /ra9] at ! bottom ( ! poa*] :i* enables ! wat] to be drawn (f )\t di/urb+ ! cotton pulp4 ,aft] ! gun-cotton has be5 9 ! poa*] = "s "t1 a sample %\ld be tak5 by hold+ a r l>ge me% sieve 9 ! curr5t = a m9ute or s4 ,! pulp w ?us p>tly pass ?r\gh & p>tly be caught ^u ! sieve1 & an av]age sample w be ?us obta9$4 ,! sample is squeez$ out by h&1 bottl$1 & tak5 to ! laboratory to be te/$ by ! heat te/ = purity4 ,x fir/1 h[ev]1 requires to be dri$4 ,?is is be/ done by plac+ ! sample betwe5 co>se filt] pap]1 & !n putt+ x "u a h&-screw press1 :]e x c be subject$ to a tol]ably sev]e pressure = ab\t ?ree m9utes4 ,x is !n rubb$ up v f9ely ) ! h&s1 & plac$ ^u a pap] tray1 ab\t #f in*es by #d-a_/b in*es1 :i* is !n plac$ inside a wat] ov5 ^u a %elf ( co>se wire gauze1 ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 be+ kept z ne> z possible to #abj ,f4 7#di ,c471 ! gauze %elves 9 ! ov5 be+ kept ab\t #c in*es ap>t4 ,! sample is all[$ to rema9 at re/ = fifte5 m9utes 9 ! ov51 ! door ( :i* is left wide op54 ,aft] ! lapse ( fifte5 m9utes ! tray is remov$ & expos$ to ! air ( ! laboratory 7away f acid fumes7 = two h\rs1 ! sample be+ at "s po9t )9 t "t rubb$ ^u ! tray ) ! h&1 9 ord] to r$uce x to a f9e & uni=m /ate ( division4 ,tw5ty gra9s 7#a4bif grm47 are us$ = ! te/4 7,see ,heat ,te/1 page #bdi47 ,if ! gun-cotton sample remov$ f ! poa*] /&s ! heat te/ satisfactorily1 ! ma*9e is /opp$1 & ! wat] dra9$ (f4 ,! cotton is all[$ "s little "t to dra91 & is !n dug out by means ( wood5 spades1 & is !n ready = press+4 ,! poa*]s hold ab\t #b1jjj lbs4 ( mat]ial1 & z ?is repres5ts ! products ( _m hundr$ di/9ct nitrat+ op]ations1 a v uni=m mixture is obta9$4 ,two p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( soda is sometimes add$1 b x is n really necess>y if ! cotton has be5 prop]ly wa%$4 ,compress+ ,gun-,cotton4--,! gun-cotton1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is remov$ f ! poa*]1 conta9s f #bh to #cj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is1 ! cotton has to be compress$ by hydraulic p[]4 ,! dry compress$ gun-cotton is pack$ 9 boxes conta9+ #b1ejj lbs4 ( dry mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! wet cotton mu/ be put into ! press1 x is necess>y to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,?is may be done by dry+ #b1jjj gra9s ^u a pap] tray 7previ\sly dri$ at #ajj ,c47 9 ! wat] ov5 at #ajj ,c4 = ?ree h\rs1 & re-weigh+ & calculat+ ! p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,x is !n easy to calculate h[ mu* ( ! wet gun-cotton mu/ be plac$ 9 ! hopp] ( ! press 9 ord] to obta9 a block ( compress$ cotton ( ! requir$ weight4 ,v>i\s =ms ( presses are us$1 & gun-cotton is s5t out ei!r z solid blocks1 compress$ discs1 or 9 ! =m ( an almo/ dry p[d]1 9 z9c- l9$1 air-tight cases4 ,! discs are (t5 soak$ 9 wat] aft] compression until !y h absorb$ #be p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,old ,,me?od4 #ajj ,,pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,new ,,me?od4 ,,"o ,,solid ,,block4 ,at ! ,new ,explosives ,company's ,/[m>ket ,works l>ge solid blocks ( gun-cotton are press$ up "u a new process1 :]eby blocks ( gun- cotton1 = use 9 subm>9e m9es or 9 torp$o w>heads1 are produc$4 ,l>ge *>ges ( compress$ gun-cotton h hi!rto be5 built up f a numb] ( suitably %ap$ *>ges ( small dim5sions 7,fig4 #ag71 z x has be5 impossible to compress l>ge *>ges 9 a prop] mann]4 ,! =mation ( l>ge-siz$ blocks ( gun-cotton 0 ! inv5tion ( ,mr ,a4 ,holl+s4 ,prior to ! introduction ( ?is me?od1 #h or #i lbs4 _h be5 ! limit ( weight = a block4 ,?is process has be5 p]fect$ at ! ,/[m>ket factory1 :]e blocks v>y+ f ! arm\r-pi]c+ %ell *>ge ( a few ounces up to blocks ( compress$ gun-cotton me*anically true1 weigh+ #d to #e cwts4 = torp$oes or subm>9e m9es1 are n[ produc$4 ,at ! same "t ! new process ensures a uni=m d5sity ?r\gh\t ! block1 & p]mits ( any requir$ d5sity1 f #a4d d[nw>ds1 be+ atta9$2 x is also possible exactly to regulate ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure1 & to ensure its uni=m di/ribution4 ,! maximum p]c5tage ( moi/ure dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! d5sity4 ,by ! me?ods ( compression gun-cotton blocks hi!rto employ$1 blocks ( a great] ?ickness ?an #b in*es1 or ( a great] weight ?an #i lbs41 c\ld n be made1 b ) ! new process blocks ( any %ape1 size1 ?ickness1 or weight t is likely to be requir$ c be made readily & safely4 ,! advantages :i* are claim$ = ! process may be enum]at$ z foll[s3--7#a47 ,!re is no space wa/$1 z 9 ! case ) built-up *>ges1 ?r\gh slightly imp]fect contact betwe5 ! individual blocks1 & ?us ei!r a heavi] *>ge--i4e41 ab\t #ae p] c5t4 m gun- cotton--c be got into ! same space1 or less space w be occupi$ by a *>ge ( a giv5 weight4 7#b47 ,! metallic cases = solid *>ges may be mu* light] ?an = ^? built-up1 s9ce ) ! =m] _! function is m]ely to prev5t ! loss ( moi/ure f wet gun-cotton1 or to prev5t ! absorption ( moi/ure by dry gun-cotton4 ,!y c ?us be made light]1 z ! solid *>ge inside w prev5t de=mation dur+ transport4 ,) built-up *>ges ! case mu/ be /rong en\gh to prev5t damage1 ei!r to itself or to ! *>ge x conta9s4 ,= _m uses a metal case1 h[ev] light1 may be disc>d$1 & "o ( a ?9 wat]pro( mat]ial sub/itut$4 7#c47 ,! uni=m d5sity ( *>ges made by ?is process is v fav\rable to ! complete & effective detonation ( ! entire mass1 & to ! pres5ce ( ! uni=m am\nt ( moi/ure 9 e "p ( ! *>ge4 7#d47 ,any requir$ d5sity1 f ! maximum d[nw>ds1 may be obta9$ ) ease1 & any requir$ am\nt ( moi/ure left 9 ! *>ge4 ,^! po9ts are ( great importance 9 cases :]e1 l torp$o *>ges1 x is ess5tial to h ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! *>ge 9 a pr$et]m9$ position bo? v]tically & longitud9ally1 & ! *>ge s fix$ 9 its conta9+ case t ! c5tre ( gravity _c %ift4 ,! difficulty ( ensur+ ?is ) a l>ge torp$o *>ge built up f a numb] ( discs & segm5ts is well kn[n4 ,ev5 ) pla9 cyl9drical or prismatic *>ges a m>k$ sav+ 9 ! process ( production is effect$ by ?is new sy/em4 ,! *>ges be+ 9 "o block !y are m easily h&l$ = ! usual p]iodical exam9ation1 & !y d n break or *afe at ! edges1 z 9 ! case ( discs & cubes 9 built-up *>ges4 ,a g5]al view ( ! press is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! gun-cotton 9 a conta9] is plac$ on a cradle fix$ at an angle to ! press4 ,! m\ld is swivell$ r\nd1 & ! *>ge pu%$ into x ) a ramm]1 & x is !n swivell$ back into position4 ,! m\ld is made up ( a numb] ( w$ge pieces :i* close circumf]5tially on ! enclos$ mass1 :i* is also subject$ to end pressure4 ,holes are provid$ = ! escape ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,a #d-;,,cwt4 ,,block ,,( ,,gun-,,cotton ,,be+ ,,tak5 ,,f ,,hydraulic ,,press4 ,! ,wal?am ,abbey ,process4--,at ! ,royal ,gunp[d] ,factory1 ,wal?am ,abbey1 ! manufacture ( gun-cotton has be5 c>ri$ out = _m ye>s4 ,! process us$ diff]s b little f t us$ at ,/[m>ket4 ,! cotton us$ is ( a good quality1 x is sort$ & pick$ ov] to remove =eign matt]s1 c41 & is !n cut up by a k9d ( guillot9e into #b-;in* l5g?s4 ,x is !n dri$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! cotton is plac$ ^u an endless b&1 :i* conducts x to ! /ove1 or dry+ closet1 a *amb] heat$ by means ( hot air & /eam traps to ab\t #ahj ,f42 x falls ^u a second endless b&1 plac$ bel[ ! fir/2 x travels back aga9 ! :ole l5g? ( ! /ove1 & s on until deliv]$ into a receptacle at ! bottom ( ! f>!r end1 :]e x is kept dry until requir$ = use4 ,! spe$ at :i* ! cotton travels is #f feet p] m9ute1 & z ! l5g? ( ! b& travell$ am\nts to #abf feet1 ! op]ation ( dry+ takes tw5ty-"o m9utes4 ,"o & a qu>t] lb4 are weigh$ out & plac$ 9 a t9 box2 a truck1 fitt$ to receive a numb] ( ^! boxes1 c>ries x along a tramway to a cool room1 :]e x is all[$ to cool4 ,dipp+4--,mix$ acids are us$ 9 ! proportion ( #a to #c1 specific gravity nitric acid #a4eb1 & sulphuric acid #a4hd4 ,! dipp+ tank is made ( ca/ iron1 & holds #bbj lbs4 ( mix$ acids1 & is surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by a wat] space 9 ord] to keep x cool4 ,! mix$ acids are /or$ 9 iron tanks beh9d ! dipp+ tanks1 & are all[$ to cool be=e use4 ,dur+ ! nitration1 ! temp]ature ( ! mix$ acids is kept at #gj ,f41 & ! cotton is dipp$ 9 quantities ( #a-a_/b lb4 at a "t4 ,x is put into a t9 %oot at ! back ( ! dipp+ tank1 & rak$ into ! acids by means ( a rabble4 ,x rema9s 9 ! acids = five or six m9utes1 & is !n remov$ to a grat+ at ! back1 press$ & remov$4 ,aft] ea* *>ge ( cotton is remov$ f ! tank1 ab\t #ad lbs4 ( fre% mix$ acids are add$1 to replace am\nt remov$ by *>ge4 ,! *>ge n[ weighs1 ) ! acids reta9$ by x1 #ae lbs42 x is n[ plac$ 9 ! pots1 & left to /eep = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! temp]ature be+ kept z l[ z possible1 to prev5t ! =mation ( soluble cotton1 & also prev5t fir+4 ,! proportion ( soluble =m$ is likely to be high] 9 hot wea!r ?an cold4 ,! pots mu/ be cov]$ to prev5t ! absorption ( moi/ure f ! air1 or ! accid5tal entrance ( wat]1 :i* w\ld cause decomposition1 & consequ5t fum+ (f1 ?r\gh ! heat g5]at$ by ! action ( ! wat] ^u ! /rong acids4 ,! excess ( acids is n[ extract$ by means ( hydro-extractors1 z at ,/[m>ket4 ,!y are work$ at #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & :irl$ = five m9utes 7#aj-a_/b lbs4 ( wa/e acids are remov$ f ea* *>ge dipp$74 ,! *>ge is !n wa%$ 9 a v simil> mann] to t previ\sly describ$1 & aga9 wrung out 9 a c5trifugal extractor 7#a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute74 ,! gun-cotton is n[ boil$ by means ( /eam 9 wood5 tanks = eight h\rs2 x is !n aga9 wrung out 9 ! extractors = ?ree m9utes1 boil$ = eight h\rs m1 & aga9 wrung out2 x is !n s5t to ! beat] & aft]w>ds to ! poa*]4 ,! poa*]s hold #a1ejj gals4 ea*1 or #ah cwt4 ( cotton4 ,! cotton rema9s six h\rs 9 ! poa*]s4 ,be=e m\ld+1 #ejj gals4 ( wat] are run into ! poa*]1 & #ejj gals4 ( lime wat] conta9+ #i lbs4 ( :it+ & #i gals4 ( a cau/ic soda solution4 ,?is mixture is ( su* a /r5g? t x is calculat$ to leave 9 ! f9i%$ gun-cotton f #a to #b p] c5t4 ( alkal9e matt]4 ,by means ( vacuum pressure1 ! pulp is n[ drawn (f & up into ! /uff *e/--a l>ge cyl9drical iron tank1 suffici5tly elevat$ on iron /&>ds to all[ room = ! small gauge tanks & m\ld+ app>atus bel[4 ,x holds ! cont5ts ( "o poa*] 7#ah cwt471 & is provid$ ) revolv+ arms to keep ! pulp /irr$ up1 s t x may be uni=mly susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,rec5tly a new process1 inv5t$ by ,j4,m4 & ,w4,t4 ,?omson 7,eng4 ,pat4 ,no4 #h1bgh1 #aijc71 has be5 introduc$ at ! ,wal?am ,abbey ,factory4 ,! object ( ?is inv5tion is ! removal ( ! acids ( nitration f ! nitrat$ mat]ial aft] ! action has be5 complet$1 & )\t ! aid ( mov+ ma*9]y1 su* z presses1 roll]s1 c5trifugals1 & ! l4 ,! inv5tion consi/s 9 ! manufacture ( nitrat$ celluloses by remov+ ! acids f ! nitrat$ cellulose directly by displacem5t )\t ! employm5t ( ei!r pressure or vacuum or me*anical appliances ( any k9d1 & at ! same "t secur+ ! m9imum dilution ( ! acids4 ,x 0 f\nd t if wat] 0 c>efully run on to ! surface ( ! acids 9 :i* ! nitro-cellulose is imm]s$1 & ! acids be sl[ly drawn (f at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 ! wat] displaces ! acid f ! int]/ices ( ! nitro-cellulose )\t any undesirable rise 9 temp]ature1 & ) v little dilution ( ! acids4 ,by ?is process almo/ ! :ole ( ! acid is recov]$ 9 a condition suitable = conc5tration1 & ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = prelim9>y wa%+ is v greatly r$uc$4 ,! app>atus :i* is us$ = ! purpose consi/s ( a cyl9drical or rectangul> vessel con/ruct$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom & a cock at its l[e/ po9t = runn+ (f ! liquid4 ,means are also provid$ to enable ! displac+ wat] to be run quietly on to ! surface ( ! nitrat+ acids4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,9 a fur!r pat5t 7,eng4 ,pat4 #g1bfi1 #aijc1 ,f4,l4 ,na?am71 ,j4,m4 ,?omson & ,w4,t4 ,?omson propose by use ( alcohol to replace ! wat]1 us$ 9 wa%+ nitro-cellulose1 & aft]w>d to remove ! alcohol by press+ & c5trifug+4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b,o1 side elevation1 & 9 ,fig4 #ba a plan ( ! nitrat+ vessel & its accessories is giv54 ,9 ,fig4 #bj is %[n 9 sectional elevation "o ( ! tr\gh devices = enabl+ liquids to be add$ to ^? 9 ! nitrat+ vessel )\t sub/antial di/urbance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,sectional ,,elevation ,,( ,,?omson',s ,,app>atus1 a1 ,tank2 b1 ,false ,bottom2 c1 ,bottom2 c'1 ,ribs2 d1 ,dra9+ ,outlet2 e1 ,grid2 f1 ,tr\ghs1 ) ,aprons g2 h1 ,pipe1 ) ,bran*es h'1 lead+ to ,tr\ghs1 f2 k'1 ,outlet ,pipe ( ! ,sulphuric ,acid ,tank k2 l1 ,wat] ,supply ,pipe2 m1 ,pipe to supply ( ,nitrat+ ,acids2 o1 ,p]=ations ( ,tr\gh f2 p1 ,cock to remove ,acid4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is inv5tion a rectangul> lead-l9$ or e>!nw>e tank a is employ$1 hav+ a false bottom b1 support$ by ribs c'1 ov] ! real bottom c1 :i* slopes d[n to a dra9+ outlet pipe d1 provid$ ) a p]=at$ grid or plate e1 adapt$ to prev5t *ok+ ( ! outlet4 ,suitably support$ ne> ! top ( ! vessel a are provid$ two tr\ghs1 f hav+ dep5d+ aprons g1 a pipe h has two bran*es h'1 lead+ to ! tr\ghs1 f4 ,?is pipe h is adapt$ to be connect$ by a rubb] pipe ei!r to ! outlet pipe k' ( ! sulphuric acid tank k or ! wat] supply pipe l4 ,! nitrat+ acids are suppli$ ?r\gh ! pipe m4 ,a *>ge ( mix$ nitrat+ acids is introduc$ into ! vessel a say up to ! level n1 & ! dry cellulose ?r[n into ! acids 9 small quantities at a "t1 be+ pu%$ "u ! surface 9 ! usual way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,plan ,,( ,,?omson',s ,,app>atus1 a1 ,tank2 b1 ,false ,bottom2 c'1 ,ribs2 e1 ,grid2 f1 ,tr\ghs2 g1 ,aprons2 h & h'1 ,pipes to ,tr\ghs f2 k1 ,sulphuric ,acid ,tank2 m1 ,pipe to ,nitrat+ ,acids ,tank2 o1 ,p]=ations ( ,tr\ghs2 p1 ,cock to remove ,acid4 ,a ?9 lay]1 say half an in*1 ( a suitable liquid1 pref]ably sulphuric acid1 ( a gravity n exce$+ t ( ! wa/e acid to be produc$1 is run c>efully on ! top ( ! acids by means ( ! tr\ghs f1 :i* are p]=at$ z %[n at o1 s t ! sulphuric acid runs d[n ! aprons g1 & floats on ! nitrat+ acids4 ,! :ole is !n all[$ to /& till nitration has be5 complet$4 ,wat] is !n suppli$ to ! tr\ghs by way ( ! pipes l1 h1 & h'1 & is all[$ to float v g5tly ov] ! surface ( ! sulphuric acid1 & :5 a suffici5t lay] has be5 =m$1 ! cock p at ! bottom ( ! app>atus is op5$1 & ! acid sl[ly drawn (f1 wat] be+ suppli$ to ma9ta9 ! level con/ant4 ,x is f\nd t ! rate ( displacem5t ( ! acids is a factor :i* ex]ts a consid]able influ5ce on ! prop]ties ( ! result+ nitro-cellulose1 & af=ds a means ( regulat+ ! temp]ature ( displacem5t4 ,a rate ( displacem5t :i* has be5 f\nd suitable is ab\t two in*es 9 dep? ( ! vessel p] h\r :5 treat+ highly nitrat$ celluloses1 b ?is rate may1 9 "s cases1 be consid]ably increas$4 ,! fl[ ( wat] at ! top ( ! app>atus is regulat$ s t a con/ant level is ma9ta9$4 ,by ?is means ! wat] gradually & entirely displaces ! acids f ! int]/ices ( ! nitro-cellulose1 ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! acids & ! wat] be+ fairly %>ply def9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! fl[ ( wat] is cont9u$ until t issu+ at ! bottom is f\nd to be free f all trace ( acid4 ,! purification ( ! nitro-cellulose is !n proce$$ ) z usual1 ei!r 9 ! same vessel or ano!r4 ,9 ! process above describ$1 ! object ( ! introduction ( a small lay] ( sulphuric acid is ma9ly to prev5t ! fum+ :i* w\ld o!rwise take place1 & is n ess5tial1 z x is f\nd x c be omitt$ )\t any delet]i\s effect4 ,9 ord] to use ! mix$ acids 9 ! mo/ economical mann]1 ! wa/e acid f a previ\s op]ation may be us$ = a fir/ nitration ( ! cellulose2 be+ aft]w>ds displac$ ) fre% acids :i* c>ry ! nitration to ! requir$ degree be=e !y are 9 turn displac$ by wat]4 ,! app>atus may be us$ m]ely = ! removal ( ! acid1 9 :i* case ! nitration is c>ri$ out 9 o!r vessels 9 ! usual way1 & ! nitro-cellulose remov$ to ! displacem5t app>atus :]e x is j cov]$ ) wa/e acid1 & ! displacem5t !n proce$$ ) z above describ$4 ,9 "s cases ! process is c>ri$ out 9 an ord9>y nitrat+ c5trifugal1 us+ ! latt] to effect prelim9>y dry+ aft] acid extraction4 ,?is gives a great advantage ov] ! usual me?od ( work+ ord9>y c5trifugal nitrat+ app>atus1 because ! acid be+ remov$ be=e ! c5trifugal is run1 practically all dang] ( fir+ !re9 disappe>s1 & a great] proportion ( ! wa/e acid is recov]$4 ,9 "s cases ! acids & wat] may be suppli$ by p]=at$ pipes1 ly+ along ! edges ( ! nitrat+ vessel1 & ^! edges may1 if desir$1 be !mselves made incl9$1 l ! sides ( ! tr\ghs f4 ,9 ! case ( effect+ nitration 9 c5trifugals z above1 ! displac+ sulphuric acid & wat] may ?us be suppli$ r\nd ! edges ( ! ma*9es1 or removal tr\ghs su* z f may be us$4 ,x w be obvi\s t any in]t liquid ( suitable specific gravity may be us$ in/ead ( sulphuric acid1 z a sep>ation lay]4 ,m\ld+4--,by means ( ! small measur+ tank above ref]r$ to1 ! gun-cotton pulp is drawn (f f ! /uff *e/1 & run into m\lds ( ! %apes & sizes requir$4 ,!nce a l>ge proportion ( ! wat] is drawn (f by means ( tubes connect$ ) ! vacuum eng9e1 ! m\lds hav+ bottoms ( f9e wire gauze1 9 ord] to prev5t ! pulp f pass+ ?r\gh4 ,hydraulic pressure ( ab\t #cd lbs4 on ! squ>e in* is !n appli$1 :i* has ! effect ( compress+ ! pulp into a /ate 9 :i* x has suffici5t consi/5cy to enable x to be h&l$ ) c>e1 & also expels a portion ( ! rema9+ wat]4 ,compress+4--,! m\ld$ gun-cotton is n[ tak5 to ! press h\se1 :i* is situat$ at "s di/ance f ! re/ ( ! factory4 ,"h ! m\lds are subject$ to p[]ful hydraulic pressure1 f #e to #f tons p] squ>e in*1 & is compress$ to "o-?ird ( its previ\s bulk4 ,! slabs or discs ?us =m$ are kept "u pressure = a %ort "t1 n exce$+ a m9ute & a half1 to give ! requisite d5sity4 ,x %\ld1 :5 remov$1 be compact1 & j s9k 9 wat]1 & %\ld p]ceptibly yield to ! pressure ( ! f+]s4 ,!re are p]=ations 9 ! press blocks1 to all[ ( ! escape ( gases1 if =m$1 by reason ( suffici5t heat be+ g5]at$4 ,! m5 work+ ! press are plac$ "u cov]1 beh9d /rong rope mantlets hav+ eye tubes :i* comm& a view ( ! press4 ,pack+4--,! f9i%$ slabs & discs are dipp$ into a solution ( soda & c>bolic acid1 & pack$ 9 special wood metal-l9$ cases4 ,:5 x is to be s5t abroad1 ! metal l9+1 :i* is made ( t9n$ copp]1 is sold]$ d[n1 b bo? ! out] wood5 & inn] metal cases are fitt$ ) air-tight screw-plugs1 s t :5 necess>y wat] c be add$ )\t unfa/5+ ! cases4 ,rework$ gun-cotton does n make su* good discs z new pulp$ gun- cotton1 probably because ! fibr\s t5acity ( ! gun-cotton has be5 de/roy$ by ! am\nt ( pressure x has previ\sly und]gone1 s t :5 repulp$ x resembles f9e du/1 & a long "t is requir$ to press x into any prescrib$ =m4 ,x is g5]ally boil$ = eight h\rs to op5 up ! fibre & remove alkali1 !n brok5 up by h& ) wood5 mallets1 pulp$1 & !n us$ ) fre% gun-cotton 9 ! proportion ( #a to #e p>ts4 ,manufacture at ,le ,b\*et4--,at ,le ,b\*et gun-cotton 0 made ?us3--#bjj grms4 ( cotton 7 /eep$ = an h\r 9 #b litres ( a mixture ( #a volume conc5trat$ nitric & #b volumes sulphuric acid4 ,! cotton 0 !n remov$ & press$1 :]eby #g_/aj?s ( ! wa/e acids 0 recov]$4 ,aft] ?is x 0 wa%$ = "o to "o & a half h\rs 9 runn+ wat]1 /rongly press$ aga92 all[$ to lie = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 wood-a% lye2 !n well wa%$ 9 runn+ wat]2 press$1 & f9ally dri$ on a wide l95 %eet1 ?r\gh :i* 0 =c$ air heat$ to #fj ,c4 ,! av]age yield f #ajj p>ts ( cotton 0 #afe p>ts ( gun- cotton4 ,! /rong press+s ( ! gun-cotton1 :ile /ill impregnat$ ) acids1 caus$ subsequ5t wa%+s to be difficult & labori\s4 ,granulation ( ,gun-,cotton4--,gun-cotton is (t5 requir$ 9 ! granulat$ =m = use ei!r alone or ) "s =m ( smokeless p[d]4 ,?is is done "u ! pat5t ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,abel 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! gun-cotton f ! poa*] is plac$ 9 a c5trifugal ma*9e1 v simil> to ! hydro-extractors be=e m5tion$1 & us$ = wr++ out ! acids4 ,9 ?is ma*9e x loses wat] until x only conta9s #cc p] c5t41 & is at ! same "t r$uc$ to a m or less fibr\s /ate4 ,x is !n tak5 to ! granulat+ room1 :]e x is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh sieves or p]=ations1 :i* break up ! mass into little pieces l %ot4 ,! mat]ial is !n transf]r$ to a revolv+ drum made ( wood or /\t lea!r1 :i* is kept con/antly revolv+ = "s "t4 ,! mat]ial is occasionally spr9kl$ ) wat]4 ,! drum 9 turn+1 ( c\rse1 c>ries ! granules p>tially r\nd ) x1 b ! action ( gravity causes !m to desc5d con/antly to ! l[e/ po9t1 & ?us to roll ov] "o ano!r cont9ually4 ,! spe$ ( ! drum mu/ n be too rapid4 ,none ( ! granules mu/ be c>ri$ r\nd by c5trifugal =ce1 b x mu/ be fa/ en\gh to c>ry !m "s little di/ance up ! side ( ! drum4 ,aft] removal f ! drum ! granules are dri$ ^u %elves 9 ! dry+ h\se4 ,gun-cotton is also dissolv$ 9 acetone or acetic e!r until x has tak5 ! =m ( a jelly4 ,x is !n roll$ into ?9 %eets1 & :5 dry cut up into little squ>es4 ,9 ! manufacture ( smokeless p[d]s f nitro-cellulose1 nitro-lign9e1 c41 ! v>i\s sub/ances are mix$ ) ! gun-cotton or collodion-cotton be=e granulat+4 ,collodion-,cotton4--,9 ! manufacture ( collodion or soluble cotton ! f9] qualities ( cotton-wa/e are us$ & ! acids us$ 9 ! dipp+ tanks are mu* weak]4 ,! manufacture ( collodion-cotton has become ( m importance ?an gun-cotton1 by reason ( its use = ! manufacture ( ! v>i\s =ms ( gelat9e1 su* z gelat9e dynamite1 gelignite1 =cite1 c41 & also on acc\nt ( its ext5sive use 9 ! manufacture ( _m ( ! smokeless p[d]s4 ,x is also us$ = ! manufacture ( collodion1 :i* is a solution ( collodion-cotton 9 e!r-alcohol2 = ! prep>ation ( celluloid1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,x is less explosive ?an gun-cotton1 & consi/s ( ! l[] nitrates ( cellulose4 ,x is soluble 9 nitro-glyc]9e1 & 9 a mixture ( #b p>ts ( e!r & #a ( alcohol2 also 9 acetone1 acetic e!r1 & o!r solv5ts4 ,,mm4 ,mn>d & ,domonte 7 ! fir/ to prep>e a soluble gun- cotton1 & its inve/igation 0 c>ri$ on by ,b*amp1 :o %[$ t its prop]ties & composition 7 diff]5t to ^? ( gun-cotton4 ,manufacture4--,! cotton us$ is cotton-wa/e4,a ,x is ?\ght by "s t ,egyptian cotton is pref]able1 & especially long fibre v>ieties4 ,! /r5g? ( ! acids us$ is1 h[ev]1 ( m importance ?an ! quality ( ! cotton4 ,! p]c5tage composition ( ! acid mixture :i* gives ! be/ results is z foll[s3--,nitric acid1 #bc p] c5t42 sulphuric acid1 #ff p] c5t42 & wat]1 #aa p] c5t2 & has a specific gravity ( #a4gab 7ab\t74 ,x c be made by mix+ sulphuric acid ( specific gravity #a4hd ) nitric acid ( specific gravity #a4cfh 9 ! proportions ( #ff p] c5t4 & #cd p] c5t4 respectively4 7,! production ( ! p5ta-nitro-cellulose is aim$ at if ! collodion-cotton is = use z an explosive47 ,if ! acids are mu* weak] ?an ?is1 or potassium nitrate & sulphuric acid is us$1 ! l[] nitrates w be =m$4 ,! product1 :ile be+ entirely soluble 9 e!r-alcohol or nitro-glyc]9e1 w h a l[ nitrog5 cont5t1 :]eas a mat]ial ) z high a nitrog5 z #ab or #ab4f is to be aim$ at4 ,footnote ,a3 ,raw cotton is (t5 us$4 ,! cotton %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 9 ! dipp+ tanks = m ?an five m9utes1 & ! acid mixture %\ld be kept at a temp]ature ( #bh ,c4 or !reab\ts2 & ! cotton %\ld be remov$ aft] a few m9utes1 & %\ld n be press$ out1 z 9 ! case ( gun-cotton1 b at once transf]r$ to ! pots & all[$ to /eep = =ty-eight h\rs4 7,"s pref] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b !re is m *ance 9 ?is case ( ! product conta9+ non-nitrat$ cellulose47 ,:5 ! nitration is complete1 ! collodion-cotton is remov$ f ! pots1 & treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z describ$ "u gun-cotton4 ,! produce %\ld be entirely soluble 9 e!r-alcohol & nitro-glyc]9e1 & conta9 z ne> #ab4g p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 z possible4 ,! !oretical nitrog5 is = ! p5ta-nitro-cellulose #ab4ge p] c5t4 ,?is w1 h[ev]1 seldom if ev] be obta9$4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results ,i h obta9$ f diff]5t samples3-- ,nitrog54 7#a47 7#b47 7#c47 ,g]man make #aa4fd #aa4dh #aa4di p] c5t4 ,/[m>ket #ab4eg #ab4fj #aa4bb ,walsrode #aa4fa #ab4jg #aa4ii ,fav]%am #ab4ad #aa4gj #aa4fj & ! foll[+ 0 ! analysis ( a sample 7,no4 #a7 ( ,g]man-made collodion-cotton1 :i* made v good bla/+ gelat9e3-- ,soluble cotton 7collodion7 #ii4aah p] c5t4 ,nitrog5 #aa4fd p] c5t4 ,gun-cotton #j4fdb ,non-nitrat$ cotton #j4bdj ,total a% #j4be ,x %\ld conta9 z little non-nitrat$ or unconv]t$ cotton & z little gun-cotton z possible1 z !y are bo? insoluble 9 nitro- glyc]ol4 ,! quality & composition ( any sample ( collodion-cotton c be quickly inf]r$ by det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 by means ( ! nitromet] & ! use ( ! solubility te/4,a ,a high nitrog5 cont5t c\pl$ ) a high solubility is ! end to be aim$ at2 a high nitrog5 ) a l[ solubility %[s ! pres5ce ( gun-cotton1 & a l[ nitrog51 toge!r ) a l[ solubility1 ! pres5ce ( unnitrat$ cotton4 ,:]e complete solubility is ess5tial & ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 less important1 ,dr ,lunge recomm5ds nitration ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( sulphuric & nitric acids conta9+ f #ai to #bj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,analysis ( ,explosives4 ,mr ,t4,r4 ,france claims to h inv5t$ "s improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( soluble nitro-cellulose4 ,8 object has be5 to produce an article z uni=m z possible4 ,8 explanation ( ! imp]fect action ( ! acids is t1 h[ev] uni=m ! mix$ acids may be 9 /r5g? & proportions1 & h[ev] c>efully ! op]ations ( nitrat+1 c41 may be conduct$1 !re are v>iable elem5ts f\nd 9 diff]5t samples ( cotton4 ,! cotton fibre has = its protection a glaz$ surface4 ,x is tubul> & cellul> 9 /ructure1 & conta9s a natural semi-fluid sub/ance compos$ ( oil or gum1 :i* v>ies 9 nature accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil ^u :i* ! cotton is gr[n4 ,! tubes ( ! fibre seem to be op5 at "o end only :5 ! fibre is ( normal l5g?4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! cotton is subject$ to ! action ( ! mix$ acids1 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance seems to be tak5 by !m1 viz41 ! insides ( ! tubes con/itut+ ! fibre ( ! cotton1 into :i* !y are tak5 by capill>y attraction1 & are subject to *ange z !y progress1 & to ! increas$ resi/ance f ! oil or gum1 c41 9 _! progress1 & !re=e to modifi$ action1 ! result ( :i* is sl[] & sl[] action1 or *emical *ange4 ,he also ?9ks x is possible t ! p[] ( capill>y attraction is balanc$ 9 ! tubes by air conta9$ !re91 aft] a little1 suffici5tly s to prev5t ! acids f tak+ full effect4 ,to get ov] ?is1 ,mr ,france uses 8 cotton 9 a f9e /ate1 almo/ du/1 9 fact1 & !n nitrates 9 ! usual mixture ( acids at #dj to #ij ,f41 ! excess ( acids be+ remov$ by pressure4 ,he says he does n f9d x necess>y to wa% ?is f9e cotton du/ 9 an alkal9e solution previ\s to nitration4 ,8 mix$ acids consi/ ( #h p>ts ,,hno#c #db ,b41 & #ab p>ts ,h#b,,s#d #ff ,b41 & he /irs 9 ! dipp+ tank = fifte5 m9utes1 ! temp]ature be+ #ej ,f4 to #ajj ,f41 ! temp]ature pref]r$ be+ #ge ,f4 ,nitrat$ ,gun-,cotton4--,! nitrates t are or h be5 mix$ ) gun-cotton 9 ord] to supply oxyg5 are potassium nitrate1 ammonium nitrate1 & b>ium nitrate 7tonite74 ,! total combu/ion ( gun-cotton by potassium nitrate corresponds to ! equation3-- #aj;,c#bd;,h#ah7,,no#c;,h7#aa,o#i #hb,,kno#c #aii;,,co#b #da,k#b;,,co#c #ade;,h#b,o #if,n#b1 or #hbh grms4 ( nitrate = #a1adc grms4 ( gun-cotton1 or #db p] c5t4 nitrate & #eh p] c5t4 gun-cotton4 ,! explosive made at ,fav]%am by ! ,cotton ,p[d] ,company1 & kn[n z tonite ,no4 #a1 consi/s ( v ne>ly half gun-cotton & half b>ium nitrate4 ,! relations by weight ( total combu/ion w\ld be #ea4f ( gun-cotton to #dh4d ( b>ium nitrate4 ,! av]age composition ( tonite ,i h f\nd by analysis to be #ea p] c5t4 gun-cotton to #di p] c5t4 b>ium nitrate4 ,! heat lib]at$ is practically ! same z = an equival5t weight ( ,,kno#c2 b ! b>ium nitrate mixture weighs #b1bbc grms4 in/ead ( #a1iga grms41 or "o-eigh? m4 ,! advantage 9 mix+ a nitrate ) gun-cotton is t x supplies oxyg51 & by conv]t+ all ! c>bon into c>bonic acid1 prev5ts ! =mation ( ! poison\s gas c>bonic oxide 7,,co74 ,! nitrates ( potassium & b>ium are also us$ admix$ ) nitro- cellulose 9 sev]al ( ! sport+ smokeless p[d]s4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,tonite4--,! explosive tonite 0 pat5t$ by ,messrs ,tr5*1 ,faure1 & ,mackie1 & is manufactur$ at ,fav]%am & ,mell+ at ! works ( ! ,cotton ,p[d] ,company1 & at ,san ,francisco by ! ,tonite ,p[d] ,company4 ,x consi/s ( f9ely divid$ & mac]at$ gun-cotton incorporat$ ) f9ely gr\nd nitrate ( b>ium :i* has be5 c>efully recry/allis$4 ,x is made by act+ ^u c>bonate ( b>ium,a ) nitric acid4 ,! wet & p]fectly purifi$1 f9ely pulp$ gun-cotton is intimately mix$ up betwe5 edge runn]s ) ab\t ! same weight ( nitrate1 & ! mix+ & gr9d+ cont9u$ until ! :ole has become an intimately mix$ pa/e4 ,?is pa/e is !n compress$ into c>tridges1 =m$ ) a recess at "o end = ! purpose ( ins]t+ ! detonator4 ,! :ole is !n cov]$ ) p>aff9$ pap]4 ,footnote ,a3 ,)]ite1 ,ba,c,o#c #b;,,hno#c ,ba7,,no#c7b ,,co#b ,h#b,o4 ,! tonite ,no4 #b consi/$ ( gun-cotton1 nitrates ( pota% & soda1 *>coal & sulphur4 ,tonite ,no4 #c;,a is compos$ z foll[s3--,gun-cotton1 #ai p] c5t42 di-nitro-b5zol1 #ac p] c5t42 & b>ium nitrate1 #fh p] c5t4 or simil> proportions4 ,x is a yell[i% col\r1 & be+ sl[] 9 its explosive action1 is bett] adapt$ = bla/+ s(t rock4 ,footnote ,a3 ,tonite ,no4 #a 0 pat5t$ by ,messrs ,tr5*1 ,faure1 & ,mackie1 & tonite ,nos4 #b & #c by ,tr5* alone4 ,tonite is ext5sively us$ 9 torp$oes & = subm>9e bla/+1 also = qu>ries1 c4 ,l>ge quantities 7 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal4 ,among its advantages are1 t ! ,engli% railways w take tonite on ! same foot+ z gunp[d]2 x is a v d5se mat]ial2 if wett$ x c easily be dri$ 9 ! sun2 x v readily explodes by ! use ( a prop] detonator2 :ile x burns v sl[ly & )\t ! lea/ dang]2 ! c>tridges be+ wat]pro($1 x c be employ$ 9 wet bore holes1 & x c be tamp$ ) wat]2 & f9ally1 z x conta9s suffici5t oxyg5 to oxidise ! c>bon1 no c>bonic oxide 7,,co7 gas is =m$1 i4e41 its detonation is p]fect4 ,x is a v safe explosive to use1 be+ little susceptible to ei!r bl[s or friction4 ,n long ago1 a committee1 compos$ ( ,pr(4 ,p4 ,b$son1 ,drs ,drummond & ,hume1 ,mr ,t4 ,bell1 "o ( ,h4,m4 ,inspectors ( ,coal ,m9es1 & o!rs1 9 consid]+ ! problem :e!r ! fumes produc$ by ! combu/ion ( tonite 7 injuri\s to heal?1 c>ri$ out a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 coal m9es = ?is purpose4 ,! air at ! intake 0 analys$1 also ! air ( ! return1 & ! smoky air 9 ! vic9ity ( ! %ot holes4 ,! c>tridge 0 surr\nd$ by ! flame-ext+ui%+ mixture1 & pack$ 9 a br[n pap] bag4 ,dur+ ! fir/ exp]im5t n9ete5 %ots 7 fir$ 7 #f4bi lbs4 tonite74 ,! return air %[$ only a trace ( c>bonic oxide gas 7,,co74 ,at ! second exp]im5t ?irte5 %ots 7 fir$ 7 #d4dj lbs4 tonite71 & analysis ( ! air ( ! return %[$ t ,,co 0 pres5t 9 traces only1 :il/ ! fumes conta9$ only #a4i to #d4h p>ts p] #aj1jjj4 ,dang]s 9 connection ) ! ,manufacture ( ,guncotton1 c4--,( all ! nitro comp\nds1 ! lea/ dang]\s to manufacture are gun-cotton & collodion-cotton4 ,! fact t ! ,/[m>ket ,factory is )9 five m9utes' walk ( ! t[n %[s h[ safe ! manufacture ( ?is explosive is reg>d$4 ,) ! exception ( ! nitration & ! compression into blocks or discs1 ! :ole process is work$ ) a l>ge excess ( wat]1 & ! probability ( an explosion is ?us r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,among ! precautions t %\ld1 h[ev]1 be tak51 are--fir/1 ! c>eful extraction ( ! res9\s & soluble sub/ances f ! cotton be=e nitration1 z x 0 %[n _m ye>s ago by ,sir ,f4,a4 ,abel t ! in/ability ( ! gun-cotton fir/ manufactur$ 9 ,engl& & ,au/ria 0 *iefly due to ^! comp\nds4 ,!y are g5]ally remov$ by boil+ ! cotton 9 a soda solution4 ,! actual nitration ( cotton is n a dang]\s op]ation1 b ! op]ations ( wr++ 9 ! hydro-extractors1 & wa%+ ! nitro- cotton aft] x leaves ! fir/ c5trifugal ma*9e1 are some:at s4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! wrung-out nitro-cotton at once comes 9 contact ) a l>ge excess ( wat]1 i4e41 is at once imm]s$ entirely 9 ! wat]1 s9ce at ?is /age x is especially liable to decomposition1 :i*1 once />t$1 is v difficult to /op4 ,! w>m] ! mixture & ! less wat] x conta9s1 ! m liable x is to decomposition2 h5ce x is t on w>m & damp days ! c5trifugal ma*9es are mo/ likely to fire4 ,! comm5cem5t ( decomposition may be at once detect$ by ! evolution ( r$ fumes4 ,directly ! gun-cotton is imm]s$ 9 ! l>ge quantity ( wat] 9 ! beat] & poa*] x is safe4 ,9 ord] t ! f9al product may be /able & h good keep+ qualities1 x is necess>y t x %\ld be wa%$ completely free f acid4 ,! treatm5t 9 ! beat] & poa*]1 by caus+ ! mat]ial to assume ! /ate ( a f9e pulp1 9 contact ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 does a good deal to get rid ( ! free acid1 b ! boil+ process is absolutely necess>y4 ,x has be5 propos$ to neutralise ! free acid ) a dilute solution ( ammonia2 & ,dr ,c4,o4 ,web] has publi%$ "s exp]im5ts be>+ ^u ?is treatm5t4 ,he f\nd t aft] treatm5t ) ammonia1 pyroxyl9e assum$ a slightly yell[i% t+e1 :i* 0 a sure sign ( alkal9ity4 ,x 0 !n remov$ f ! wat]1 & r\ghly dri$ betwe5 folds ( filt] pap]1 & aft]w>ds dri$ 9 an ov5 at #gj ,c4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs1 h[ev]1 an explosion took place1 :i* entirely de/roy$ ! /rong copp] ov5 9 :i* ! nitro- cotton 7ab\t "o oz47 _h be5 dry+4 ,! explosion 0 9 "s respects rem>kable4 ,! pyroxyl9e 0 ! di-nitro-cellulose 7or possibly ! p5ta-nitro871 & ! temp]ature 0 bel[ ! ignit+ po9t ( ?is mat]ial 7#dj ,c4 w\ld h be5 a bett] temp]ature74 ,dr ,web] det]m9$ ! ignition po9t ( 8 di-nitro-cellulose1 & f\nd x to be #aid to #aih ,c41 & he is !re=e ( op9ion t ! explosion 0 due to ! treatm5t ( ! p>tially wa%$ mat]ial ) ammonia4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( ammonium nitrate 0 probably =m$1 & subsequ5tly dri$ ^u ! nitro-cellulose1 9 a /ate ( v f9e subdivision4 ,! fa9te/ trace ( acid w\ld !n be suffici5t to br+ ab\t ! explosive ignition ( ! ammonium nitrate4 ,! dry+ ( gun-cotton or collodion-cotton is also a some:at dang]\s op]ation4 ,a temp]ature ( #dj ,c4 7#ajd ,f47 %\ld n be exce$$1 & !rmomet]s %\ld be plac$ 9 ! nitro-cotton1 & ! temp]ature frequ5tly obs]v$4 ,an electric al>m !rmomet] is also a useful adjunct to ! cotton dry+ h\se4 ,great c>e mu/ also be tak5 t !re are no expos$ hot-wat] pipes or /oves 9 ! dry+ h\se1 z ! f9e gun-cotton du/ produc$ by ! turn+ or mov+ ( ! mat]ial ^u ! %elves w\ld settle ^u su* pipes or /oves1 & becom+ hot1 w\ld be v s5sitive to ! lea/ friction4 ,! floor also %\ld be cov]$ ) l9oleum or indi>ubb]4 ,:5 hot curr5ts ( air are made to pass ov] ! surface ( gun-cotton1 ! gun-cotton becomes electrifi$4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 to provide "s means to c>ry x away4 ,mr ,w4,f4 ,reid1 ,f4,i4,c41 0 ! fir/ to use metal frames1 c>ri]s1 & sieves1 ^u :i* is secur$ ! clo? hold+ ! gun-cotton1 & to e>? !m4 ,! compression ( gun-cotton into blocks1 discs1 c41 is also att5d$ ) consid]able risk4 ,mr ,o4 ,guttmann1 9 an int]e/+ pap] ^u ,! ,dang]s 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,explosives 7,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,no4 #c1 vol4 xi41 #ahib71 says3 ,! compression ( gun-cotton into c>tridges requires f> m c>e ?an t ( gunp[d]1 z ?is is done 9 a w>m /ate1 & gun-cotton ev5 :5 cold1 is m s5sitive ?an gunp[d]4 ,:5 com+ out ( ! c5trifugal ma*9es1 ! gun-cotton %\ld always pass fir/ ?r\gh a sieve1 9 ord] to detect nails or mat*es :i* may by *ance h got into x4 ,:at has be5 said z to gunp[d] presses applies /ill m to ^? = gun-cotton1 al?\gh ! latt] are always hydraulic presses4 ,g5]ally ! pi/ons fit ! m\ld p]fectly1 t is to say1 !y make aspiration l ! pi/on ( a pump4 ,b !re is no metal z yet kn[n :i* = any l5g? ( "t w /& ! con/ant friction ( compression1 & aft] "s "t ! m\ld w be wid] 9 t "p :]e ! greate/ compression takes place4 ,! be/ metal = ?is purpose has prov$ to be a special /eel made by ,krupp1 b ?is also is only relatively bett]2 = pi/ons ,i pref] h>d ca/ iron4 ,if ! position ( ! m\lds & pi/ons is n exactly ! same 9 all cases1 :at ! ,g]mans call ',eck5' 7,engli% 'b9d+'7 w take place1 viz41 ! m\ld w /& obliquely to ! pi/on1 & a dang]\s friction w result4 ,( c\rse1 x is necess>y to protect ! man work+ ! hydraulic valves dur+ compression4 ,at ,wal?am ,abbey !y h a curta9 made ( %ip's haws]s1 :i* is at ! same "t ela/ic & resi/ant4 ,mr ,guttmann has f\nd t a p>tition wall #ab in*es ?ick1 made ( #b-;in* planks1 & fill$ ) gr\nd c9d]s1 gives v effective protection4 ,a door 9 ?is p>tition enables ! workman to get to ! press1 & a conical tube p5etrates ! wall1 enabl+ ! man to see ! :ole "w f a safe /&po9t4 ,! ro(1 or "o side ( ! build+1 %\ld be ( glass1 s z to give ! explosion a direction4 ,tr5*'s ,fire-ext+ui%+ ,comp\nd is manufactur$ by ! ,cotton ,p[d] ,company at ,fav]%am1 & is ! inv5tion ( ,mr ,george ,tr5*1 ,f4,c4,s41 ! manag] ( ! ,company4 ,! object ( ! inv5tion is to surr\nd ! c>tridges ( tonite1 :5 us$ 9 coal m9es1 ) a fire- ext+ui%+ comp\nd4 ,if a *>ge ( tonite1 dynamite1 or gelat9e dynamite is put inside a few ounces ( ?is mixture1 & !n fir$1 n ! lea/ trace ( flame c be obs]v$1 & exp]im5ts appe> to %[ t !re is no flame at all4 ,! comp\nd consi/s ( sawdu/ impregnat$ ) a mixture ( alum & *lorides ( sodium & ammonia4 ,fig4 #bb %[s ! mann] ( plac+ ! tonite c>tridge 9 ! pap] bag1 & surr\nd+ x ) ! fire-ext+ui%+ comp\nd1 aa4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! fuse & detonator is also %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,tr5*',s ,,fire-,,ext+ui%+ ,,c>tridge4 ,! foll[+ report 7tak5 f ! ,fav]%am ,news1 #bbnd ,oct4 #ahhg7 ( exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ! pres5ce ( sev]al sci5tific & m9+ m5 w %[ its value3--,a l>ge wr\ght-iron tank1 ( #de cubic feet capacity1 _h be5 sunk level ) ! gr\nd 9 ! middle ( ! y>d2 to ?is tank ! gas _h be5 laid on1 = a purpose t w be expla9$ lat] on4 ,! *>ges 7 fir$ by means ( electricity1 a small dynamo fir+ ma*9e be+ plac$ f #cj to #dj y>ds away f ! 'm9e4' ,op]ations 7 comm5c$ by ! top ( ! tank be+ cov]$ ov] & pla/]$ d[n 9 ord] to make x air-tight2 !n a suffici5t quantity ( coal gas 0 plac$ 9 x to make x highly inflammable & explosive1 ! quantity be+ asc]ta9$ by a met] :i* _h be5 fix$ specially = ! purpose4 ,:il/ ! gas 0 be+ inject$ ! c>tridge 0 prep>$4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 to try :e!r a small *>ge ( tonite--fir$ )\t ! pat5t ext+ui%]--w\ld ignite ! gas4 ,! gas hav+ be5 turn$ on1 a m9]'s lamp 0 plac$ 9 ! tank1 b ?is 0 ext+ui%$ be=e ! full quantity ( gas _h gone ?r\gh ! met]4 ,h[ev]1 ! gas be+ 91 ! *>ge ( #a-a_/d oz4 tonite 0 plac$ 9 ! m9e1 ! detonator 0 connect$ by means ( long wires to ! dynamo ma*9e1 & ! ^w 0 giv5 to fire4 ,) a trem5d\s report1 & a fla% ( fire1 ! cov]+ ( ! m9e flew 9 all directions1 cle>ly %[+ t ! gas _h explod$4 ,! next c>tridge 7a simil> *>ge7 0 prep>$ ) ! pat5t comp\nd4 ,fir/ ( all a br[n pap] case ( ab\t #b in*es diamet] 0 tak51 & "o ( ! tonite c>tridges 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( x1 ! int]v5+ space betwe5 ! *>ge &-! case be+ pack$ ) ! fire-ext+ui%+ comp\nd4 ,! m9e hav+ _h ano!r supply ( gas inject$1 ! protect$ c>tridge 0 plac$ inside & fir$4 ,! result 0 a/oni%+1 ! explosion n be+ ne>ly s l\d1 :il/ !re 0 n ! lea/ fla% ( fire4 ,protect$ & unprotect$ *>ges 7 fir$ at int]vals1 gas be+ turn$ into ! tank on ea* occasion4 ,*>ges ( tonite v>y+ f #a to #f oz4 7 also us$ ) ! comp\nd4 ,! report 0 trifl+1 :il/ no fla% c\ld be se54 ,uses ( ,collodion-,cotton4--,! collodion or soluble gun-cotton is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,! *ief use is1 h[ev]1 = ! manufacture ( ! v>i\s explosive gelat9e comp\nds1 ( :i* bla/+ gelat9e is ! type4 ,x is also v ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture ( smokeless p[d]s1 bo? milit>y & sport+--9 fact1 v few ( !m d n conta9 x4 ,9 "s1 h[ev]1 nitro-lignose or nitrat$ wood is us$ in/ead4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is *emically ! same ?+1 viz41 nitro- cellulose1 ! cellulose be+ d]iv$ f ! wood fibre4 ,x is m us$ 9 ?is connection ?an ! high] nitrate gun-cotton4 ,ano!r use to :i* x has be5 appli$ v ext5sively1 ( rec5t ye>s1 is 9 ! manufacture ( celluloid4 ,x is us$ 9 photography = ! prep>ation ( ! films on ! s5sitis$ plates1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,dissolv$ 9 a solution ( two p>ts e!r & "o ( alcohol1 x =ms ! solution kn[n z collodion1 us$ = a v>iety ( purposes1 su* z a v>ni%1 z a pa9t = signals2 9 surg]y1 = unit+ ! edges ( w\nds4 ,q lately1 ,mr ,alfr$ ,nobel1 ! well-kn[n inv5tor ( dynamite1 has pat5t$ ! use ( nitro-cellulose1 hydro- or oxy-cellulose1 z an artificial sub/itute = indi>ubb]4 ,= ?is purpose x is dissolv$ 9 a suitable non-volatile or slightly volatile solv5t1 su* z nitro- naph?al5e1 di-nitro-b5z5e1 nitro-tolu5e1 or its homologues2 products are obta9$ v>y+ f a gelat9\s consi/5cy to ! h>dness ( ebonite4 ,! proportions w v>y f ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( nitro- cellulose 9 ! f9i%$ product1 =m+ a s(t rubb]1 to #ej p] c5t4 nitrat+ celluloid1 & ! solv5t *os5 w dep5d on ! use to :i* ! rubb] sub/itute is to be put1 ! liquids giv+ a m ela/ic sub/ance1 :il/ mixtures ( solids & liquids may be employ$ :5 ! product is to be us$ at high temp]atures4 ,by means ( roll]s /eam heat$1 ! incorporation may be accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( a volatile liquid1 or ! nitro-cellulose may be employ$ wet1 ! wat] be+ remov$ aft] solution4 ,x is advisable to use ! cellulose nitrat$ only j en\gh to r5d] x suitable1 9 ord] to r$uce ! inflammability ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,mr ,w4 ,all51 ,m4,p41 ( ,gate%ead1 propos$ to use celluloid = c>tridge cases1 & ?us to light5 ammunition1 & prev5t jamb+1 = ! case w be resolv$ into gases along ) ! p[d]4 ,extractors w also be done away )4 ,celluloid is an intimate me*anical mixture ( pyroxyl9e 7gun-cotton or collodion-cotton7 ) camphor1 fir/ made by ,hyatt1 ( ,new>k1 ,u4,s4,a41 & obta9$ by add+ ! pyroxyl9e to melt$ camphor1 or by /rongly compress+ ! two sub/ances toge!r1 or by dissolv+ ! con/itu5ts 9 an appropriate solv5t1 e4g41 alcohol or e!r1 & evaporat+ to dryness4 ,a comb9ation ( ! two latt] me?ods1 i4e41 p>tial solution1 ) pressure1 is n[ usually adapt$4 ,! pyroxyl9e employ$ is g5]ally ! tetra- & p5ta-nitrat$ cellulose1 ! hexa-nitrate 7gun-cotton7 be+ b seldom us$ on acc\nt ( its explosive prop]ties4 ,c>e is tak5 to prev5t ! =mation ( ! hexa-nitrate by imm]s+ ! cellulose 9 only mod]ately /rong nitric acid1 or 9 a w>m mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,! pap]1 ei!r 9 small pieces or 9 %eets1 is imm]s$ = ab\t tw5ty-five m9utes 9 a mixture ( #b p>ts ( nitric acid & #e p>ts ( sulphuric acid1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cj ,c41 aft] :i* ! nitrat$ cellulose is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat] to remove ! la/ traces ( free acid1 press$1 & :il/ /ill moi/1 mix$ ) ! camphor4 ,9 ! process ( ,treb\illet & ,de ,besancele1 ! cellulose1 :i* may be 9 ! =m ( pap]1 cotton1 or l951 is twice nitrat$--fir/ 9 ! acid mixture employ$ 9 a previ\s op]ation2 & secondly1 9 a fre% mixture ( #c p>ts sulphuric acid ( #a4hc specific gravity1 & #b p>ts conc5trat$ nitric acid conta9+ nitr\s acid4 ,aft] ea* nitration ! mass is subject$ to pressure1 & is !n c>efully wa%$ ) wat]1 to :i*1 at ! la/1 a small quantity ( ammonia or cau/ic soda is add$ to remove ! f9al traces ( acid4 ,! impregnation ( ! pyroxyl9e ) ! camphor is effect$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! usual proportion ( ! con/itu5ts is #b p>ts pyroxyl9e & #a "p camphor4 ,9 ,treb\illet & ,de ,besancele's process1 #ajj p>ts ( pyroxyl9e are intimately mix$ ) f #dj to #ej p>ts camphor1 & m\ld$ toge!r by /rong pressure 9 a hot press1 & aft]w>ds dri$ by exposure to air1 desiccat$ by calcium *loride or sulphuric acid4 ,! usual me?od is1 h[ev]1 to dissolve ! camphor 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( alcohol1 & spr9kle ! solution ov] ! dry pyroxyl9e1 :i* is !n cov]$ ) a second lay] ( pyroxyl9e1 & ! :ole aga9 treat$ ) ! camphor solution1 ! addition ( pyroxyl9e & camphor solution be+ repeat$ alt]nately until ! requisite am\nt ( celluloid mixture is obta9$4 ,! mass1 :i* s9ks toge!r 9 transp>5t lumps1 is work$ = ab\t an h\r betwe5 cold iron roll]s1 & !n = ! same p]iod betwe5 roll]s :i* c be g5tly heat$ by /eam4 ,! lay] ( celluloid surr\nd+ ! roll]s is !n cut away & aga9 press$1 ! result+ cake1 :i* is n[ ab\t #a cm4 ?ick1 be+ cut into plates ( ab\t #gj cm4 long & #cj cm4 broad4 ,^! are plac$ "o above ! o!r1 & /rongly press$ toge!r by hydraulic pressure at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ?ick cakes are once m cut into plates ( ! desir$ ?ickness1 & plac$ 9 a *amb] heat$ f #cj to #dj = eight to f\rte5 days1 :]eby !y become ?or\ghly dry1 & are readily made into v>i\s articles ei!r by be+ m\ld$ :ile w>m "u pressure1 cut1 or turn$4 ,occasionally o!r liquids1 e4g41 e!r & wood _s1 are us$ 9 place ( alcohol z solv5ts = ! camphor4 ,celluloid readily col\rs1 & c be m>bl$ = manufactur+ purposes1 c4 ,x is highly inflammable & n explosive ev5 "u pressure1 & may be work$ "u ! hamm] or betwe5 roll]s )\t risk4 ,x s(t5s 9 boil+ wat]1 & may be m\ld$ or press$4 ,its specific gravity v>ies slightly ) its composition & ) ! degree ( pressure x has receiv$4 ,x is usually #a4ce4 ,x appe>s to be m]ely a mixture ( its compon5ts1 s9ce by treatm5t ) appropriate solv5ts ! camphor may be readily extract$1 & on heat+ ! pyroxyl9e burns away :ile ! camphor volatilises4 ,! manufacture ( pyroxyl9e = ! purpose ( mak+ celluloid has v mu* increas$ dur+ rec5t ye>s1 & ) ?is increase ( production improv$ me?ods ( manufacture h be5 inv5t$4 ,a s]ies ( int]e/+ pap]s ^u ! manufacture ( pyroxyl9e has be5 publi%$ by ,mr ,walt] ,d4 ,field1 ( ,new ,york1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society,a f :i* ! foll[+ p>ticul>s are tak53-- ,footnote ,a3 ,vol4 xv41 ,no4 #c1 #ahic2 ,vol4 xvi41 ,no4 #g1 #ahid2 ,vol4 xvi41 ,no4 #h1 #ahid4 ,figs4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 & #bc are tak5 f ,mr ,field's pap]4 ,selection ( ! ,fibre4--,cotton fibre1 wood fibre1 & flax fibre 9 ! =m ( raw cotton1 sc\r$ cotton1 pap]1 & rags are mo/ g5]ally us$1 & give ! be/ results4 ,z ! fibres diff] greatly 9 _! /ructure1 !y require diff]5t me?ods ( nitrat+4 ,! cotton fibre is a flatt5$ holl[ ribbon or collaps$ cyl9drical tube1 twi/$ a numb] ( times1 & clos$ at "o end to =m a po9t4 ,! c5tral canal is l>ge1 & runs ne>ly to ! apex ( ! fibre4 ,its side walls are membrane\s1 & are readily p5etrat$ by ! mix$ acids1 & consequ5tly ! highe/ nitration results4 ,9 ! flax fibre ! walls are comp>atively ?ick1 ! c5tral canal small2 h5ce x is to be presum$ t ! nitration mu/ proce$ m sl[ly ?an 9 ! case ( cotton4 ,! ,new ,zeal& flax gives ! mo/ p]fectly soluble nitrates ( any ( ! flaxes4 ,cotton gives a glut9\s collodion1 & calico a fluid collodion4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ manufactur]s ( pyroxyl9e 9 ! ,/ates uses ! ,memphis ,/> br& ( cotton4 ,?is is an upl& cotton1 & its fibres are v s(t1 moi/1 & ela/ic4 ,its col\r is light creamy :ite1 & is reta9$ aft] nitration4 ,! /aple is %ort1 & ! twi/ inf]ior to o!r grades1 ! /raight ribbon-l filam5ts be+ q num]\s4 ,?is cotton is us$ c>d$1 b n sc\r$4 ,?is br& ( cotton conta9s a l>ge quantity ( half & ?ree-qu>t] ripe fibre1 :i* is extremely ?9 & transp>5t1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! bulk ( ! cotton 7,monie41 ,cotton ,fibre1 #fg74 ,mr ,field says1 ,?is is a significant fact :5 x is kn[n t f ?is cotton an extremely soluble pyroxyl9e c be produc$4 ,pyroxyl9e ( an inf]ior grade z reg>ds col\r only c be produc$ f ! cotton wa/es ( ! trade4 ,!y mu/ be sc\r$ be=e !y are fit = nitrat+4 ,pap] made f ! pulps ( sulphite & sulphate processes is capable ( yield+ a v soluble pyroxyl9e4 ,x c be nitrat$ at high temp]atures & /ill yield good results4 ,tissue pap] made f flax fibre is also us$ aft] be+ cut into squ>es4 ,m[bray 7,u4,s4,p41 ,no4 #ddc1 #aje1 #crd ,decemb] #ahij7 says t a pure cotton tissue pap] less ?an #a_/ejj in* 9 ?ickness1 ?9 z x is1 takes on a glut9\s or colloid surface1 & ?us requires "s ?irty m9utes to enable ! nitration to take place4 ,) a ?ick] pap] only ! surface w\ld be nitrat$4 ,he !re=e uses a fibre t has be5 saturat$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( soda1 & aft]w>ds dri$ sl[ly1 claim+ t ! salt cry/allises 9 ! fibre1 or ent]s by ! action t]m$ osmose1 & op5s up ! fibre to ! action ( ! acid4 ,?is process w\ld only be useful :5 ! cotton is to be nitrat$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,at a high temp]ature x w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,dietz & ,wayne 7,u4,s4,p41 ,no4 #acc1 #ifi7 use ramie1 rheca1 or ,*9a grass = produc+ a soluble pyroxyl9e4 ,t made f ramie is always ( uni=m /r5g? & solubility1 & requires a small] quantity ( solv5t to dissolve x ?an t made f cotton4 ,mr ,field's exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 is entirely contr>y to ?is /atem5t4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( ! physical =m ( ! fibre on ! process ( nitration1 t :5 flax fibre & cotton fibre are nitrat$ ) acid mixtures ( exactly ! same /r5g?1 & at ! same temp]ature1 ! solution ( ! fir/ is glut9\s or ?ick1 & ! second fluid or ?94 ,by simply nitrat+ at a high] temp]ature ?an ! cotton1 ! flax w yield a pyroxyl9e giv+ an equally fluid collodion4 ,! pres5ce ( *lor9e 9 ! fibre mu/ be c>efully avoid$1 z su* a fibre w yield an acid product :i* _c be wa%$ neutral4 ,! fibre mu/ be dry be=e nitration2 & ?is is be/ done1 accord+ to ,mr ,field1 by us+ ! =m ( dri] us$ 9 dry+ wool4 ,nitration ( ! ,fibre4--,mix$ cotton & flax fibre 9 ! =m ( pap]1 f #b_/ajjj to #c_/ajjj in* ?ick1 & cut into #a-;in* squ>es1 is nitrat$ by ! ,celluloid ,manufactur+ ,company1 & ! same pap]1 left 9 long /rips1 #a in* wide1 is us$ = nitration by ! ,xylonite ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,nor? ,adams1 ,mass4 7,u4,s4,a474 ,! ,celluloid ,company introduce ! cut pap] into ! mix$ acids by means ( a holl[1 rapidly revolv+ tube1 fl>$ at ! l[] end1 & imm]s$ 9 ! mix$ acids4 ,! c5trifugal =ce ( ! revolv+ tube ?r[s ! pap] t[>ds ! sides ( ! vessel1 leav+ ! c5tre ( ! vessel ready = fre% pap]4 ,! ,xylonite ,company simply cut ! pap] into long /rips1 & introduce x into ! mix$ acids by means ( =ks4 ,! arrangem5t us$ by ?is ,company = hold+ ! mix$ acids is a cyl9drical vessel divid$ into a numb] ( sections1 ! :ole revolv+ l a turntable1 ?us all[+ ! workman to nitrate successively ea* lot ( pap] at a giv5 po9t4 ,?is ,company did n remove ! acid f ! pap] aft] its imm]sion1 b plung$ x imm$iately into ! wat]1 ?us los+ a l>ge proportion ( ! wa/e acid4 ,! ,celluloid ,company1 by us+ ! pap] 9 small] pieces1 & m pap] to a p\nd ( acid1 & wr++ ! mix$ acid f ! pap] be=e imm]sion 9 wat]1 _h a bett] process ( nitration4 ,o!r manufactur]s use e>!nw>e vessels1 & glass or /eel rods1 hook$ at "o end1 hav+ small pieces ( rubb] hose pull$ ov] ! o!r end to prev5t ! h& f slipp+4 ,! =m ( vessel 9 g5]al use is t giv5 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,x is l>ge en\gh to nitrate #a lb4 ( cotton at a "t4 ,! hook at "o end ( ! rod enables ! workman to pull ! pyroxyl9e ap>t1 & ?us ensures saturation ( ! fibre4 ,9 ! w9t] ! room 9 :i* ! nitrat+ is done mu/ be kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj ,f4 9 ord] to secure equality 9 ! bat*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,vessel ,,= ,,nitrat+ ,,cotton ,,or ,,pap]4 ,! nitrat+ app>atus ( ,:ite & ,s*upphaus 7,u4,s4,p41 ,no4 #dah1 #bcg1 #hi7 ,mr ,field consid]s to be bo? novel & excell5t4 ,! cage 7,fig4 #bd71 ) its c5tral p]=at$ cyl9d] 7,fig4 #be71 is int5d$ to ensure ! rapid & p]fect saturation ( ! tissue pap] us$ = nitrat+4 ,! pat5tees say t no /irr+ is requir$ ) _! app>atus4 ,?is1 says ,mr ,field1 might be true :5 pap] is us$1 or ev5 cotton1 :5 ! temp]ature ( nitration is f #cj to #ce ,c41 b w\ld n be true if ! temp]ature 7 rais$ to #ej to #ee ,c4 ,! process is z foll[s3-- ,! pap] is nitrat$ 9 ! cage 7,fig4 #be71 ! bottom ( :i* is =m$ by ! flang$ plate ,c1 fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! int]nal cyl9d] ,b4 ,aft] nitration ! cage is c>ri$ to a wr+]1 :i* =ms ! basket1 & ! acids remov$4 ,f9ally1 ! cage is tak5 to a plunge tank1 :]e ! pap] is remov$ f ! cage by simply pull+ out ! c5tral p]=at$ cyl9d] ,b4 ,fig4 #bf %[s ! nitrat+ pot1 ) its automatic cov]4 ,! plunge tank is %[n 9 plan & section 9 ,figs4 #bh & #bi4 ,?is app>atus is suitable = ! nitration ( cotton fibre 9 bulk at high or l[ temp]atures4 ,o!r me?ods t h be5 pat5t$ are ,m[bray's 7,u4,s4,p41 ,no4 #dcd1 #bhg71 9 :i* x is propos$ to nitrate pap] 9 cont9u\s l5g?s1 & ,hyatt's 7,u4,s4,p41 ,no4 #baj1 #faa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,c5tral ,,p]=at$ ,,cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,! ,,cage4 ,,:ite ,,& ,,s*upphaus' ,,nitrat+ ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,celluloid ,,nitrat+ ,,pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,ano!r ,,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #bh1 #bi4--,,plunge ,,tank1 ,,9 ,,plan ,,& ,,section4 ,! ,acid ,mixture4--,v>i\s =mul h be5 publi%$ = produc+ soluble nitro-cellulose4 ,9 _m in/ances1 al?\gh ! obs]vations 7 correct = ! s+le exp]im5t1 a doz5 exp]im5ts w\ld h produc$ a doz5 diff]5t products4 ,! composition ( ! acids us$ dep5ds ^u ! sub/ance to be nitrat$1 & ! temp]ature at :i* ! nitration w be work$4 ,practically !re are ?ree =mul 9 g5]al use--! "o us$ by ! celluloid manufactur]s2 ano!r 9 :i* ! cotton is nitrat$ at high temp]atures2 & a ?ird 9 :i* ! temp]ature ( ! imm]sion is l[1 & ! "t ( nitration ab\t six h\rs4 ,( ! ?ree1 ! be/ me?od is ! la/ "o1 or ! "o 9 :i* ! cotton is imm]s$ at a l[ temp]ature1 & !n ! reaction all[$ to proce$ 9 pots hold+ f #e to #aj lbs4 ( cotton4 ,! =mula us$ by ! celluloid manufactur]s = ! production ( ! l[ =m ( nitrat$ product :i* !y use is3-- ,sulphuric acid #ff p>ts by weight4 ,nitric acid #ag ,wat] #ag ,temp]ature ( imm]sion1 #cj ,c4 ,"t1 tw5ty to ?irty m9utes4 ,! cellulose is us$ 9 ! =m ( tissue pap] #b_/ajjj in* ?ick1 #a lb4 to #ajj ( acid mixture4 ,! nitro-cellulose produc$ by ?is =mula is v insoluble 9 ! comp\nd e!rs & o!r solv5ts ( pyroxyl9e1 & is seem+ly only conv]t$ or gelat9is$ by ! action ( ! solv5t4 ,! next =mula produces a mixture ( tetra-& p5ta-nitro- celluloses h>dly soluble 9 me?yl-alcohol 7free f acetone71 b v soluble 9 anhydr\s comp\nd e!rs1 ketones1 & aldehydes3-- ,nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #a4dce #h lbs4 ,sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #a4hc #ae-c_/d lbs4 ,cotton #ad oz4 ,temp]ature ( nitration1 #fj ,c4 ,"t ( imm]sion1 =ty-five m9utes4 ,! #fj ( temp]ature is develop$ by mix+ ! acids toge!r4 ,! cotton is all[$ to rema9 9 ! acid until x feels %ort to ! rod4 ,! foll[+ table1 due to ,mr ,w4,d4 ,field1 %[s v pla9ly ! great v>iation 9 ! "t ( ! imm]sion & ! temp]ature by seem+ly v slight causes4 ,x ext5ds ov] f\rte5 work+ days1 dur+ :i* "t x ra9$ f\r days4 ,! =mula us$ is t giv5 above1 except t ! specific gravity ( ! nitric acid is some:at l[]4 ,! product obta9$ diff]s only f t produc$ by us+ nitric acid ( specific gravity #a4dc 9 be+ soluble 9 me?yl-alcohol4 ,f #cj to #ce lbs4 ( pyroxyl9e 7 produc$ 9 ea* ( ! f\rte5 days4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ?is table w prove v in/ructive4 ,! increase 9 yield v>ies f #ca p] c5t4 to no?+1 & ! loss runs z high z #aj p] c5t41 yet c>e 0 tak5 to make ! product uni=m 9 quality4 ,on ! days x ra9$ !re 0 a loss1 ) ! exception ( ! f\r? day1 :5 !re 0 nei!r a loss nor a ga94 ,on ! days x 0 p>tly cle>1 z j be=e or aft] ra91 ! table %[s a loss 9 product4 ,we c expla9 ?is fact by reason ( ! moi/ure-absorb+ qualities ( ! cotton4 ,on ! ra9y days x w\ld absorb ! moi/ure f ! air until1 :5 imm]s$ 9 ! acids1 !y 7 weak5$1 & ! fibre dissolv$ m or less 9 weak5$ acid1 produc+ :at is kn[n z burn+ 9 ! bat*4 ,x w also be notic$ t on days :i* %[ a loss1 ! "t ( ! imm]sion 0 correspond+ly %ort1 z on ! a loss1 ! "t ( ! imm]sion 0 correspond+ly %ort1 z on ! t5?1 twelf?1 & sev5? days4 ,specific ,gravity4 ,"t4 ,h#b,s#jd4;,,hno#c4;,h\rs4,m9utes4,h\rs4 ,m9utes4 #a4 ,cle> #a4hch #a4dbdi 444 #bj #d 444 #b4 #a4hcg #a4dbdi 444 #bj #b 444 #c4 ,cl\dy #a4hcg #a4dbbf 444 #de #b 444 #d4 ,ra9 #a4hcg #a4dbj 444 #bj #a #bj #e4 ,cle> #a4hcgg #a4db #a #ae #b 444 #f4 ,ra9y #a4hcia #a4dbb 444 #ce #a #dj #g4 ,cl\dy #a4hce #a4dbbf 444 #bj 444 #ce #h4 ,cle> #a4hce #a4dbb 444 #ce #a #aj #i4 ,p>tly ,cle> #a4hbd #a4dbga 444 #bj #a 444 #aj4 #a4hc #a4dbga 444 #aj 444 #be #aa4 ,cl\dy #a4hcb #a4dbe 444 #aj 444 #ej #ab4 ,ra9y #a4hbb #a4dbe 444 #aj 444 #bj #ac4 ,p>tly ,c,lear #a4hcgh #a4dbeg 444 #fj #a #dj #ad4 ,cl\dy #a4hcg #a4dbeg #a #ef #d #dj ,temp41 ,deg4 ,c4 ,p]c5tage ,f ,to ,increase4 ,loss4 #a4 ,cle> #eg #fb #ca 444 #b4 #fj #fb #ah 444 #c4 ,cl\dy #fj #fb #g 444 #d4 ,ra9 #fj #fc #j #j #e4 ,cle> #eh #fb #ae 444 #f4 ,ra9y #eh #fb 444 #b #g4 ,cl\dy #fb #fe 444 #aj #h4 ,cle> #fj #fb #e 444 #i4 ,p>tly ,cle> #ej #fj 444 #c #aj4 #eh #fj 444 #aj #aa4 ,cl\dy #eh #fj #h 444 #ab4 ,ra9y #eh #fj 444 #aj #ac4 ,p>tly ,c,lear #ej #eh #bj 444 #ad4 ,cl\dy #ej #fj #af 444 ,! lesson ?is table tea*es is1 t x is almo/ impossible to nitrate cellulose 9 small quantities1 & get uni=m results1 :5 ! nitration is c>ri$ on at high temp]atures4 ,z reg>ds ! solubility ( pyroxyl9e1 ,p>ks f\nd t nitro-b5z5e1 anil9e1 glacial acetic acid1 & camphor1 dissolv$ 9 ! m volatile solv5ts me?yl-alcohol & alcohol-e!r1 7 mu* ! be/ solv5ts = produc+ a pla/ic1 z !y are less volatile1 & develop great] solv5t action "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,nitro-b5z5e gives a solution t is granul>2 x seems to m]ely conv]t ! pyroxyl9e1 & n to dissolve x2 b on ! addition ( alcohol1 a solution is at once obta9$1 & ! granul> appe>ance disappe>s1 & ! solution becomes homog5e\s4 ,! acid mixture & ! me?od ( nitrat+ h mu* to d ) ! action ( ! v>i\s solv5ts1 s also has ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,dr ,s*upphaus f\nd t propyl & isobutyl alcohols ) camphor 7 active solv5ts1 & ! ketones1 palmitone1 & /e>one 9 alcohol solution1 also alpha- & beta-naph?ol1 ) alcohol & an?raqu9one 7diph5yl5e diketone7 9 alcoholic solution1 & also iso-val]ic aldehyde & its d]ivatives1 amylid5-dime?yl & amylid5-die?yl e!rs4 ,augu/ ,say] 7,u4,s4,p41 ,no4 #dgj1dea7 f9ds die?yl-ketone1 dibutyl-ketone1 di-p5tyl-ketone1 & ! mix$ ketones1,a me?yl-e?yl1 me?yl-propyl1 me?yl-butyl1 me?yl-amyl1 & e?yl-butyl ketones are active solv5ts ( pyroxyl9e2 & ,paget f9ds t al?\gh me?yl-amyl oxide is a solv5t1 t e?yl-amyl oxide is n4 ,footnote ,a3 ,ketones are d]iv$ f ! fatty acids by ! sub/itution ( ! hydroxyl ( ! latt] by a monad positive radical4 ,!y ?us resemble aldehydes 9 con/itution4 ,! be/-kn[n ketone is acetone ,,*#c;,,co4,,*#c4 ,mix$ ketones are obta9$ by di/ill+ toge!r salts ( two diff]5t fatty acids4 ,?us potassic butyrate & potassic acetate =m propyl-me?yl-ketone-- ,c7,c#b;,h#e7;,h#b ,,co4,,*#c ,! solv5ts ( pyroxyl9e c be divid$ into g5]al classes--,fir/1 ^? :i* are solv5ts )\t ! aid ( heat or solution 9 alcohol2 second1 ^? t are solv5ts :5 dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,^! solv5ts are ^? :i* also develop a solv5t action :5 heat$ to _! melt+ po9t 9 comb9ation ) pyroxyl9e4 ,mr ,w4,d4 ,field gr\ps ! solv5ts ( pyroxyl9e into classes ?us3 ,two ( ! monohydric alcohols2 comp\nd e!rs ( ! fatty acids ) monohydric alcohols1 aldehydes2 simple & mix$ ketones ( ! fatty acid s]ies4 ,^! f\r classes include ! great] numb] ( ! solv5ts ( pyroxyl9e4 ,^? n includ$ are z foll[s3--,amyl-nitrate & nitrite1 me?yl5e-di-me?yl e!r1 e?id5e-die?yl e!r1 amyl-*loracetate1 nitro-b5z5e & di-nitro-b5z5e1 c\m>91 camphor1 glacial acetic acid1 & mono-1 di-1 & tri-acet94 ,ri*>d ,hale uses ! foll[+ solv5t3--,amyl-acetate1 #d volumes2 petroleum naph?a1 #d volumes2 me?yl-alcohol1 #b volumes2 pyroxyl9e1 #d to #e ounces to ! gallon ( solv5t4 ,hale us$ petroleum naph?a to ha/5 ! dry+ qualities ( ! v>ni%1 s t x w\ld set on ! article to be v>ni%$ be=e x _h a *ance to run (f4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! non-hygroscopic "* ( ! solv5t t makes ! v>ni% successful4 ,?is =mula is v l>gely us$ = ! production ( pyroxyl9e v>ni%1 :i* is us$ = v>ni%+ p5s1 p5cils1 c41 also brass-"w & silv]-w>e4 ,! body kn[n z oxy-cellulose,a is =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid ^u cellulose :5 boil$ ) x4 ,! quantity =m$ is ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( cellulose act$ ^u4 ,:5 wa%$ free f acid1 x gelat9ises4 ,x is !n soluble 9 dilute alkalies1 & c be reprecipitat$ f solution by alcohol1 acids1 or sal9e solutions4 ,messrs ,cross & ,bevan assign to x ! =mula ,c#ah;,h#bf,o#af4 ,x dissolves 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & ) nitric acid =ms a nitro body ( ! =mula ,c#ah;,h#bc,o#afc7,,no#b71 :i* is prep>$ z foll[s3--,! gelat9\s oxy-cellulose is wa%$ ) /rong nitric acid until free f wat]1 & is !n diffus$ ?r\gh a mixture ( equal volumes ( /rong sulphuric & nitric acids1 9 :i* x quickly dissolves4 ,! solution1 aft] /&+ = ab\t an h\r1 is p\r$ 9 a f9e /ream into a l>ge volume ( wat]1 by :i* ! nitro body is precipitat$ z a :ite floccul5t mass4 ,! product1 aft] dry+ at #aaj ,c41 0 f\nd ^u analysis to conta9 #f4dh p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,footnote ,a3 ,on ! ,oxidation ( ,cellulose1 by ,c4,f4 ,cross & ,e4,j4 ,bevan1 ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahhc1 p4 #bb4 ,,miscellane\s ,,nitro-,,explosives4 ,nitro-,/>*4--,x is only rec5tly t1 by means ( ! process introduc$ by ! ,acti5gesells*aft ,dynamit ,nobel1 x has be5 possible to make ?is explosive ^u ! manufactur+ scale4 ,nitro-/>* has be5 kn[n s9ce #ahhc1 :5 ,braconnot discov]$ x1 & call$ x xyloid9e4 ,its =mula is ,c#f;,h#h,o#c7,,no#c7b1 b ,dr ,otto ,mhlhus5 has lately succe$$ 9 prep>+ high] nitrat$ comp\nds1 viz43-- 7a47 ,c#f;,h#g-a_/b,o#b-a_/b7,,no#c7b-a_/b4 7b47 ,c#f;,h#g,o#d7,,no#c7c4 ,or d\bl+ ! molecule ( />*3-- ,nitrog54 i4 ,tetra-nitro-/>* ,c#ab;,h#af,o#f7,,ono#b7d #aa4aa p] c5t4 ii4 ,p5ta-nitro-/>* ,c#ab;,h#ae,o#e7,,ono#b7e #ab4ge iii4 ,hexa-nitro-/>* ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#d7,,ono#b7f #ad4ad ,he reg>ds !m z true e!rs 7e/]s7 ( nitric acid4 ,?us on treatm5t ) sulphuric acid1 ^! comp\nds yield ,,no#c;,h1 ! residue ,o4,,no#b ?us appe>+ to be replac$ by ! sulphuric acid residue4 ,on treatm5t ) a solution ( f]r\s *loride1 nitric oxide & soluble />* are reg5]at$4 ,on %ak+ ) sulphuric acid ov] m]cury1 all ! nitrog5 is split (f z ,,no4 ,tetra-nitro-/>* is prep>$ ^u ! l>ge scale z foll[s3--,a quantity ( potato-/>* is tak5 & expos$ 9 "s suitable desiccat+ app>atus at a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 until all ! moi/ure :i* x conta9s is completely driv5 (f4 ,x is !n r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] by gr9d+1 & dissolv$ 9 nitric acid ( specific gravity #a4eja4 ,! vessel 9 :i* ?is solution is accompli%$ is made ( lead1 & mu/ be provid$ ) two jackets1 cool$ by means ( wat]4 ,x %\ld fur!r be fitt$ ) a screw-agitator1 9 ord] to keep ! nitric acid circulat+ freely4 ,! *>ge ( />* is introduc$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! cov] ( ?is dige/+ vessel1 & ! proportions ( acid to />* are #aj kilogrammes ( />* to #ajj kilos4 ( acid4 ,! temp]ature is kept )9 ! limits #bj to #be ,c4 ,:5 ! solution ( ! />* is complete1 ! liquid is conduct$ into a precipitat+ app>atus1 :i* is also provid$ ) a cool+ jacket1 = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! temp]ature4 ,! bottom ( ?is vessel is d\ble & p]=at$1 & "h is plac$ a lay] ( gun-cotton to act z a filt]4 ,?is vessel is fill$ ) sp5t nitro-sulphuric acid obta9$ z a wa/e product f ! nitro-glyc]9e manufactory1 & ! solution ( />* 9 nitric acid is spray$ into x ?r\gh an injector work$ by compress$ air1 :]eby ! nitro-/>* is ?r[n d[n 9 ! =m ( a f9e-gra9$ p[d]y precipitate4 ,9 ord] to precipitate #ajj kilos4 ( ! acid solution ( />*1 x is necess>y to employ #ejj kilos4 ( sp5t nitro-sulphuric acid4 ,z x is precipitat$ ! nitro-/>* collects on ! gun-cotton filt]1 & ! acid liquor is run (f ?r\gh a tap plac$ b5ea? ! p]=at$ d\ble bottom ( ! vessel1 & ( c\rse bel[ ! filt] pad4 ,! precipitat$ />* is fur!r cleans$ f acid by repeat$ wa%+s & by pressure1 until all trace ( acidity has be5 elim9at$1 & ! sub/ance exhibits a neutral reaction4 ,! next /ep is to treat ! nitro-/>* ) a #e p] c5t4 solution ( soda1 9 contact ) :i* x is all[$ to /& = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! product is !n gr\nd up until a sort ( milk or emulsion is obta9$1 & la/ly treat$ ) a solution ( anil9e1 s t :5 press$ into cake1 x conta9s ab\t #cc p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & #a p] c5t4 ( anil9e4 ,dr ,mhlhus51 work+ on ^! l9es 9 ! laboratory1 prep>$ nitro- />* :i* conta9$ #aj4if & #aa4ji p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,:5 9 ! /ate ( p[d] x is sn[-:ite 9 col\r2 x becomes electrifi$ :5 rubb$2 x is v /able1 & soluble ev5 9 ! cold 9 nitro- glyc]9e4 ,he has also prep>$ a tetra-nitro-/>* conta9+ #aj4eh & #aj4ej p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 by p\r+ wat] into a solution ( />* 9 nitric acid :i* _h /ood = sev]al days4 ,! sub/ance ?us produc$ 9 ! laboratory _h all ! prop]ties ( t prep>$ by ! o!r process4 ,! production ( p5ta-nitro-/>* is effect$ by add+ #bj grms4 ( rice-/>*--previ\sly dri$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj;,c41 9 ord] to elim9ate all moi/ure--to a mixture ( #ajj grms4 ( nitric acid1 specific gravity #a4eja1 & #cjj grms4 ( sulphuric acid1 specific gravity #a4h 7"s tetra-nitro-/>* is also =m$ at ! same "t74 ,aft] /&+ 9 contact ) ^! mix$ acids = "o h\r ! />* has und]gone a *ange1 & ! mass may n[ be dis*>g$ into a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & !n wa%$1 fir/ ) wat]1 & f9ally ) an aque\s solution ( soda4 ,! yield 9 ,dr ,mhlhus5's exp]im5ts 0 #adg4e p] c5t4 ,! sub/ance ?us =m$ is n[ heat$ ) e!r-alcohol1 ! e!r is di/ill$ (f1 & ! p5ta-nitro-/>* appe>s z a precipitate1 :il/ ! tetra-nitro-/>*1 :i* is =m$ simultane\sly1 rema9s 9 solution 9 ! alcohol4 ,z obta9$ by ?is process1 x conta9$ #ab4gf & #ab4ih p] c5t4 nitrog51 :il/ ! soluble tetra-nitro-/>* conta9$ #aj4de p] c5t4 ,hexa-nitro-/>* is ! product *iefly =m$ :5 #dj grms4 ( dry />* are treat$ ) #djj grms4 ( nitric acid1 specific gravity #a4eja1 & all[$ to /& 9 contact = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 #bjj grms4 ( ?is mixture are !n p\r$ into #fjj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid ( #ff ,b4 ,! result ( ?is manipulation is a :ite precipitate1 :i* conta9s #ac4eb-ac4bc & #ac4bb p] c5t4 nitrog52 & consi/s1 !re=e1 ( a mixture ( p5ta- & hexa-nitro-/>*4 ,! exp]im5ts und]tak5 ) ^! sub/ances demon/rat$ t ^? prep>$ by precipitat+ ! nitro-/>* ) /rong sulphuric acid 7 less /able 9 "* or prop]ties ?an ^? :i* 7 precipitat$ by wat] or weak sulphuric acid4 ,dr ,mhlhus5 is ( op9ion t possibly 9 ! =m] case a sulpho-gr\p may be =m$1 :i* 9 small quantity may occasion ?is in/ability4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! behavi\r ( ^! sub/ances prep>$ 9 diff]5t ways & "u v>i\s conditions3-- ,,samples4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,ignition-po9t #age ,c4 #agj ,c4 #aeb ,c4 #aba ,c4 #aee ,c4 ,/ability ,/able ,/able ,un/able,un/able,un/able ,p] c5t4 ( ,n4 #aa4jb #aj4ed #ab4hg #ab4ei #ac4eb #if p] c5t4 alcohol ,sol4 ,sol4 ,insol4 ,insol4 ,insol4 ,e!r ,insol4 ,insol4 ,insol4 ,insol4 ,insol4 ,e!r-alcohol ,sol4 ,sol4 ,sol4 ,sol4 ,sol4 ,acetic ,e!r ,sol4 ,sol4 ,sol4 ,sol4 ,sol4 ,^! samples 7 prep>$ z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,f #a "p nitric acid & #b p>ts sulphuric acid 7conta9+ #gj p] c5t4 ,h#b,o74 ,b4 ,f #a "p nitric acid & wat]4 ,c4 ,f #a "p nitric & #c p>ts ,h#b,,s#d 7con474 ,d4 ,f #a "p nitric & #c4e p>ts con4 ,h#b,,s#d4 ,e4 ,f #a "p nitric & #c p>ts con4 ,h#b,,s#d4 ,dr ,mhlhus5 is ( op9ion t ^! comp\nds may be turn$ to practical acc\nt 9 ! production ( good smokeless p[d]4 ,he recomm5ds ! foll[+ proportions & me?od4 ,six grms4 ( nitro-jute & #b grms4 ( nitro-/>* are mix$ toge!r1 & moi/5$ ) acetic e!r4 ,^! +r$i5ts are !n work$ toge!r into a uni=m mass1 & dri$ at a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 ! limits #ej to #fj ,c4 ,he has himself prep>$ su* a smokeless p[d]1 :i* prov$ to conta9 #aa4ed p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 & 0 v /able4 ,fur!r details ( ,dr ,mhlhus5's "w ^u nitro-/>* c be f\nd 9 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 pap] ,die hhr5 ,salpet]sure!r d] ,/rke1 #ahib1 ,b& #bhd1 s4 #acg-adc1 & a ,bibliography up to #ahib 9 ,arms & ,explosives1 ,decemb] #ahib4 ,m4 ,b]!lot gives ! heat ( =mation ( nitro-/>* z #hab cals4 = #a grm41 & ! heat ( total combu/ion z equal to #gjf4e cals4 = #bjg grms41 or = #a grm4 #c1dac cals4 ,! heat ( decomposition c\ld only be calculat$ if ! products ( decomposition 7 giv51 b !y h n z yet be5 /udi$1 & ! quantity ( oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! comp\nd is f> f be+ suffici5t = its complete combu/ion4 ,b]!lot & ,vieille f\nd ! av]age velocities = nitro-/>* p[d]1 d5sity ( *>ge ab\t #a4b1 9 a t9 tube #d mm4 ext]nal diamet]1 to be1 9 two exp]im5ts1 #e1bbb m4 & #e1fgd m4 ,9 a t9 tube #e4e mm4 ext]nal diamet]1 ! velocity 0 #e1hae m41 & 9 lead tube #e1jjf m4 7d5sity #a4a to #a4b74 ,! />* p[d] is hygroscopic1 & is insoluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,:5 dry x is v explosive1 & takes fire at ab\t #cej ,f4 ,mr ,alfr$ ,nobel has tak5 out a pat5t 7,eng4 ,pat4 ,no4 #f1efj1 #hh7 = ! use ( nitro-/>*4 ,8 inv5tion relates to ! treatm5t ( nitro- />* & nitro-dextr9e1 = ! purpose ( produc+ an explosive p[d]1 to be us$ 9 place ( gunp[d]4 ,he incorporates ^! mat]ials ) nitro-cellulose1 & dissolves ! :ole 9 acetone1 :i* is aft]w>ds di/ill$ (f4 ,a p]fect incorporation ( ! +r$i5ts is ?us br\ght ab\t4 ,nitro-,jute4--,x is obta9$ by treat+ jute ) nitric acid4 ,its prop]ties h be5 /udi$ by ,messrs ,cross & ,bevan 7,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 #aii71 & by ,mhlhus54 ,! latt] us$ = its nitration an acid mixture compos$ ( equal p>ts ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 :i* 0 all[$ to act ^u ! jute = "s "t4 ,he f\nd t ) long exposure1 i4e41 f ?ree to f\r h\rs 9 ! acids1 !re 0 a dis9tegrat+ ( ! fibre-bundles1 & ! nitration 0 att5d$ by second>y decomposition & conv]sion into products soluble 9 ! acid mixture4 ,cross & ,bevan's "w ^u ?is subject leads !m to conclude t ! highe/ yield ( nitrate is repres5t$ by an increase ( weight ( #ea p] c5t4 ,!y give jute ! empirical =mula ,c#ab;,h#ah,o#i 7,c #dg p] c5t4 ,h #f p] c5t41 & ,o #dg p] c5t471 & believe its conv]sion into a nitro comp\nd to take place ?us3-- ,c#ab;,h#ah,o #c;,,hno#c ,c#ab;,h#ae,o#f7,,no#c7c #c;,h#b,o4 ,?is is equival5t to a ga9 9 weight ( #dd p] c5t4 = ! tri- nitrate1 & ( #eh p] c5t4 = ! tetra-nitrate4 ,! =mation ( ! tetra-nitrate appe>s to be ! limit ( nitration ( jute-fibre4 ,9 o!r words1 if we repres5t ! ligno-cellulose molecule by a ,c#ab =mula1 x w conta9 f\r hydroxyl 7,,oh7 gr\ps1 or two less ?an cellulose simil>ly repres5t$4 ,! foll[+ are _! nitration results3-- ,acids us$4--,i4 ,,hno#c sp4 gr4 #a4dc1 & ,h#b,,s#d #a4hd equal p>ts4 ,,ii4 #a vol4 ,,hno#c7a4e71 #a vol4 ,h#b,,s#d7a4hd74 ,,iii4 #a vol4 ,,hno#c7a4e71 #ge vols4 ,h#b,,s#d7a4hd74 ,i4 #add4d2 ,,ii4 #aec4c2 ,,iii4 #aed4d grms42 #ajj grms4 ( fibre be+ us$ 9 all ?ree cases4 ,duration ( exposure1 ?irty m9utes at #ah ,c4 ,! nitrog5 0 det]m9$ 9 ! products1 & equall$ #aj4e p] c5t4 ,!ory = ,c#ab;,h#ae,o#f7,,no#c7c #i4e p] c5t4 & = ,c#ab;,h#ae,o#f7,,no#c7d #aa4e p] c5t4 ,^! nitrates resemble ^? ( cellulose1 & are 9 all ess5tial po9ts nitrates ( ligno- cellulose4 ,mhlhus5 obta9$ a mu* l[] yield1 & probably1 z po9t$ out by ,cross & ,bevan1 a second>y decomposition took place1 & 8 products1 !re=e1 probably approximate to ! d]ivatives ( cellulose r ?an to ^? ( ligno-cellulose1 ! m oxidisable1 non-cellulose1 or lignone con/itu5ts hav+ be5 decompos$4 ,9 fact1 he reg>ds 8 product z cellulose p5ta-nitrate 7,c#ab;,h#af,o#e7,,ono#b7e74 ,! ,*emik] ,zeitung1 xxi41 p4 #afc1 conta9s a fur!r pap] by ,mhlhus5 on ! explosive nitro-jute4 ,aft] purify+ ! jute-fibre by boil+ x ) a #a p] c5t4 solution ( sodium c>bonate1 & wa%+ ) wat]1 he treat$ #a "p ( ! purifi$ jute ) #ae p>ts ( nitro-sulphuric acid1 & obta9$ ! foll[+ results ) diff]5t proportions ( nitric to sulphuric acids3-- ,yield ,ignition ,nitrog54 p] c5t4 ,po9t4 ,exp]im5t ,i4-- #a4 ,,hno#c #a4 ,h#b,,s#d #abi4e #agj ,c4 #aa4if ,,ii4 #b4 #acb4b #afg ,c4 #ab4ae ,,iii4 #c4 #ace4h #afi ,c4 #aa4ia ,an exp]im5t made ) f9e c>d$ jute & ! same mixture ( acids z 9 ,no4 ,,ii4 gave #ade4d p] c5t4 nitro-jute1 :i* ignit$ at #aib ,c41 & conta9$ #ab p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,?is explosive is n at pres5t manufactur$ ^u ! l>ge scale1 & ,messrs ,cross & ,bevan are ( op9ion t !re is no v obvi\s advantage 9 ! use ( lignifi$ textile fibre z raw mat]ials = explosive nitrates1 see+ t a l>ge numb] ( raw mat]ials conta9+ cellulose 7*iefly z cotton7 c be obta9$ at a *eap] rate1 & yield also #aej to #agj p] c5t4 ( explosive mat]ial :5 nitrat$1 & are 9 _m ways sup]ior to ! products obta9$ hi!rto f jute4 ,nitro-mannite is =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid on mannite1 a hex-acid alcohol closely relat$ to sug>4 ,x occurs abundantly 9 manna1 :i* is ! p>tly dri$ sap ( ! manna-a% 7,frax9us ornus74 ,x is =m$ 9 ! lactic acid f]m5tation ( sug>1 & by ! action ( nasc5t hydrog5 on glucose & cellulose1 or on inv]t sug>4 ,its =mula is ,c#f;,h#h7,,oh7#f & t ( nitro-mannite ,c#f;,h#h7,,no#c7f4 ,mannite cry/allises 9 ne$les or rhombic prisms1 :i* are soluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 & h a sweet ta/e4 ,nitro-mannite =ms :ite ne$le-%ap$ cry/als1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 e!r or alcohol4 ,:5 rapidly heat$1 !y ignite at ab\t #cgd ,f41 & explode at ab\t #eij ,f4 ,x is m susceptible to friction & p]cussion ?an nitro-glyc]9e1 & unless pure x is liable to spontane\s decomposition4 ,x is consid]$ z ! nitric e!r ( ! hexatomic alcohol mannite4 ,x is =m$ by ! action ( a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids ^u mannite-- ,c#f;,h#h7,,oh7#f #f;,,hno#c ,c#f;,h#h7,,no#c7f #f;,h#b,o4 ,its products ( explosion are z %[n 9 ! foll[+ equation3-- ,c#f;,h#h7,,oh7#f #f;,,co#b #d;,h#b,o #c,n#b ,o#b4 ,its p]c5tage composition is z foll[s3--,c>bon1 #ae4i p] c5t42 hydrog51 #a4h p] c5t42 nitrog51 #ah4f p] c5t42 & oxyg51 #fc4g p] c5t4 ,its melt+ po9t is #aab to #aac ,c41 & x solidifies at #ic4 ,:5 c>efully prep>$ & purifi$ by recry/allisation f alcohol1 & kept protect$ f sunlight1 x c be kept = sev]al ye>s )\t alt]ation4 ,nitro-mannite is m dang]\s ?an nitro-glyc]9e1 z x is m s5sitive to %ock4 ,x is int]m$iate 9 its %att]+ prop]ties betwe5 nitro-glyc]9e & fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,x explodes by ! %ock ( copp] on iron or copp]1 & ev5 ( porcela9 on porcela91 provid$ ! latt] %ock be viol5t4 ,its heat ( =mation f its elem5ts is #aef4a calories4 ,x is n manufactur$ ^u ! comm]cial scale4 ,besides ! nitro comp\nds already describ$1 !re are _m o!rs1 b !y are ( little importance1 & are none ( !m made ^u ! l>ge scale4 ,among su* sub/ances are nitro-coal1 :i* is made by ! action ( nitric acid on coal2 nitro-colle1 a product :i* results f ! action ( nitric acid on is+lass or gelat9e1 soak$ 9 wat]4 ,x is !n treat$ ) ! usual acids4 ,ano!r me?od is to place /rong glue 9 cold wat] until x has absorb$ ! maximum am\nt ( ! latt]4 ,! mixture is solidifi$ by ! addition ( nitric acid1 nitrat$ 9 ! usual way1 & well wa%$4 ,abel's ,glyoxil9e is only nitrat$ gun-cotton impregnat$ ) nitro- glyc]9e4 ,nitro-lign9e is only nitro-cellulose made f wood in/ead ( cotton2 & nitro-/raw is also only nitro-cellulose4 ,! explosive kn[n z ,keil's ,explosive conta9s nitro-glucose4 ,nitro-molasses1 :i* is a liquid product1 has also be5 propos$1 & nitro-sac*>ose1 ! product obta9$ by ! nitration ( sug>4 ,x is a :ite1 s&y1 explosive sub/ance1 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,:5 made f cane sug>1 x does n cry/allise2 b if made f milk sug>1 x does4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 p]cussion caps1 be+ /rong] & quick] ?an nitro-glyc]9e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v s5sitive & v hygroscopic1 & v prone to decomposition4 ,nitro-t>1 made f crude t>-oil1 by nitration ) nitric acid ( a specific gravity ( #a4ec to #a4ed4 ,nitro-toluol is us$1 mix$ ) nitro-glyc]9e4 ,?is li/1 h[ev]1 does n exhau/ ! v>i\s sub/ances t h be5 nitrat$ & propos$ z explosives4 ,ev5 su* unlikely sub/ances z horse dung h be5 exp]im5t$ )4 ,none ( !m are v mu* us$1 & v few ( !m are made ^u ! manufactur+ scale4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,dynamite ,,& ,,gelat9es4 ,kieselguhr ,dynamite--,classification ( ,dynamites--,prop]ties & ,effici5cy ( ,ord9>y ,dynamite--,o!r ,=ms ( ,dynamite--,gelat9e & ,gelat9e ,dynamites1 ,suitable ,gun-,cotton =1 & ,treatm5t (--,o!r ,mat]ials us$--,composition ( ,gelignite--,bla/+ ,gelat9e--,gelat9e ,dynamite--,absorb+ ,mat]ials--,wood ,pulp--,potassium ,nitrate1 c4-- ,manufacture & ,app>atus us$1 & ,prop]ties ( ,gelat9e ,dynamites-- ,cordite--,composition & ,manufacture4 ,dynamite4--,dynamite consi/s ( nitro-glyc]9e ei!r absorb$ by "s por\s mat]ial1 or mix$ ) "s o!r sub/ance or sub/ances :i* are ei!r explosives or m]ely in]t mat]ials4 ,among ! por\s sub/ances us$ is kieselguhr1 a silici\s e>? :i* consi/s *iefly ( ! skeletons ( v>i\s species ( diatoms4 ,?is e>? occurs 9 b$s *iefly 9 ,hanov]1 ,sw$51 & ,scotl&4 ,! be/ quality = ! purpose ( manufactur+ dynamite is t :i* conta9s ! l>ge/ quantity ( ! long tubul> bacill>i1 & less ( ! r\nd & lancet-%ap$ =ms1 su* z pleurosigmata & diclyo*1 z ! tube-%ap$ diatoms absorb ! nitro-glyc]9e bett]1 & x becomes pack$ into ! c5tre ( ! silici\s skeleton ( ! diatoms1 ! skeleton act+ z a k9d ( tamp+1 & increas+ ! int5sity ( ! explosion4 ,dynamites are classifi$ by ! late ,colonel ,cundill1 ,r4,a41 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,explosives z foll[s3-- #a4 ,dynamites ) an in]t base1 act+ m]ely z an absorb5t4 #b4 ,dynamites ) an active base1 i4e41 an explosive base4 ,no4 #b may be aga9 divid$ into ?ree m9or classes1 :i* conta9 z base-- 7a47 ,*>coal4 7b47 ,gunp[d] or o!r nitrate1 or *lorate mixture4 7c47 ,gun-cotton or o!r nitro comp\nd 7nitro-b5zol1 c474 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 viz41 *>coal1 0 "o ( ! fir/ absorb5ts = nitro-glyc]9e ev] us$2 ! second is repres5t$ by ! well-kn[n ,atlas p[d]2 & ! la/ includes ! well-kn[n & l>gely us$ gelat9e comp\nds1 viz41 gelignite & gelat9e dynamite1 & also tonite ,no4 #c1 c4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfg ,nobel produc$ dynamite by absorb+ ! nitro-glyc]9e 9 an in]t sub/ance1 =m+ a pla/ic mass4 ,9 8 pat5t he says3 ,?is inv5tion relates to ! use ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 an alt]$ condition1 :i* r5d]s x f> m practical & safe = use4 ,! alt]$ condition ( ! nitro-glyc]9e is effect$ by caus+ x to be absorb$ 9 por\s unexplosive sub/ances1 su* z *>coal1 silica1 pap]1 or simil> mat]ials1 :]eby x is conv]t$ into a p[d]1 :i* ,i call dynamite1 or ,nobel's safety p[d]4 ,by ! absorption ( ! nitro- glyc]9e 9 "s por\s sub/ance x acquires ! prop]ty ( be+ 9 a high degree ins5sible to %ocks1 & x c also be burn$ ov] a fire )\t explod+4 ,ord9>y dynamite consi/s ( a mixture ( #ge p] c5t4 ( nitro-glyc]9e & #be p] c5t4 ( kieselguhr4 ,! guhr z import$ 7,messrs ,a4 ,haake ,co4 are ! *ief import]s7 conta9s f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ( wat] & organic matt]4 ,! wat] may be v easily e/imat$ by dry+ a weigh$ quantity 9 a plat9um crucible at #ajj ,c4 = "s "t & re-weigh+1 & ! organic matt] by ignit+ ! residue /rongly ov] a ,buns5 burn]4 ,be=e ! guhr c be us$ = mak+ dynamite x mu/ be calc9$1 9 ord] n only to get rid ( moi/ure1 b also ! organic matt]4 ,a good guhr %\ld absorb f\r times its weight ( nitro-glyc]9e1 & %\ld !n =m a comp>atively dry mixture4 ,x %\ld be pale p9k1 r$ br[n1 or :ite4 ,! p9k is g5]ally pref]r$1 & x %\ld be z free z possible f grit ( all k9ds1 qu>tz p>ticles1 c41 & %\ld h a smoo? feel+ :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 & %\ld %[ a l>ge quantity ( diatoms :5 view$ "u ! microscope4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! analysis ( a dri$ sample ( kieselguhr3--,silica1 #id4cj2 magnesia1 #b4aj2 oxide ( iron & alum9a1 #a4c2 organic matt]1 #j4dj2 moi/ure1 #a4ij p] c5t4 ,! guhr is g5]ally dri$ 9 a rev]b]atory muffle furnace4 ,x is spread out on ! bottom to ! ?ickness ( #c or #d in*es1 & %\ld e n[ & !n be turn$ ov] & rak$ ab\t ) an iron rabble or hoe4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be suffici5tly high to make ! guhr r$ hot1 or ! organic matt] w n be burnt (f4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 calc9+ w dep5d ( c\rse ^u ! quality ( ! guhr be+ op]at$ ^u4 ,^? conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( wat] & organic matt] w ( c\rse take long] ?an ^? t d n4 ,a sample ( ! calc9$ guhr %\ld n conta9 m ?an #j4e p] c5t4 ( moi/ure & organic matt] toge!r4 ,aft] ! guhr is dry x requires to be sift$ & cru%$4 ,! cru%+ is done by pass+ x betwe5 iron roll]s fix$ at ! bottom ( a cone or hopp]1 & revolv+ at a mod]ate spe$4 ,b5ea? ! roll]s a f9e sieve %\ld be plac$1 ?r\gh :i* ! guhr mu/ be made to pass4 ,! kieselguhr hav+ be5 dri$1 cru%$1 & sift$1 %\ld be pack$ away 9 bags1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t x does n aga9 absorb moi/ure1 z if x conta9s any?+ above ab\t five-t5?s p] c5t4 ( wat] x w cause ! dynamite made ) x to exude4 ,! guhr ?us prep>$ is tak5 up to ! dang] area1 & mix$ ) nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e us$ %\ld be q free f wat]1 & cle>1 & %\ld h be5 /&+ = a day or two 9 ! precipitat+ h\se4 ,! guhr & nitro-glyc]9e are mix$ 9 lead tanks 7ab\t #a-a_/b foot deep1 & #b to #c feet long71 9 ! proportions ( #ge ( ! nitro-glyc]9e to #be ( ! guhr1 unless ! guhr is f\nd to be too absorb5t1 :i* w cause ! dynamite to be too dry & to crumble4 ,9 ?is case a small quantity ( b>ium sulphate1 say ab\t #a p] c5t41 %\ld be add$ to ! guhr4 ,?is w less5 its absorb+ p[]s1 or a highly absorptive sample ( guhr may be mix$ ) "o ( less absorptive p[]1 9 ! proportions f\nd by exp]im5t to be ! be/ suit$ to make a fairly moi/ dynamite1 b "o t w n exude4 ,! mix+ itself is g5]ally p]=m$ 9 a sep>ate h\se4 ,9 a s]ies ( lead-l9$ tanks ! guhr is weigh$1 plac$ 9 a tank1 & ! nitro- glyc]9e p\r$ on to x4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e may be weigh$ out 9 indi>ubb] buckets4 ,! :ole is !n mix$ by h&1 & well rubb$ betwe5 ! h&s1 & aft]w>ds pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,at ?is /age ! dynamite %\ld be dry & p[d]y1 & ( a uni=m col\r4 ,x is n[ ready to be made up into c>tridges1 & %\ld be tak5 ov] to ! c>tridge huts4 ,^! are small build+s surr\nd$ ) m\nds1 & conta9 a s+le c>tridge ma*9e4 ,ea* hut requires ?ree girls--"o to "w ! press1 & two to wrap up ! c>tridges4 ,! c>tridge press consi/s ( a %ort cyl9d] ( ! diamet] ( ! c>tridge t x is int5d$ to make4 ,into ?is cyl9d] a pi/on1 po9t$ ) ivory or lignum vit wood1 works up & d[n f a spr+ work$ by a lev]4 ,r\nd ! upp] edge ( ! cyl9d] is fa/5$ a canvas bag1 into :i* ! p[d]y dynamite is plac$ by means ( a wood5 scoop1 & ! desc5d+ pi/on =ces ! dynamite d[n ! cyl9d] & out ( ! op5 end1 :]e ! compress$ dynamite c be brok5 (f at conv5i5t l5g?s4 ,! :ole ma*9e %\ld be made ( gun-metal1 & %\ld be upright aga9/ ! wall ( ! build+4 ,! two girls1 :o sit at tables plac$ on ea* side ( ! press1 wrap ! c>tridges 9 p>*m5t pap]4 ,f ^! huts ! c>tridges are collect$ by boys e t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & tak5 to ! pack+ room1 :]e !y are pack$ 9 #e-lb4 c>dbo>d boxes1 :i* are !n fur!r pack$ 9 deal boxes l9$ ) indi>ubb]1 & fa/5$ d[n air tight4 ,! wood5 lids are !n nail$ d[n ) brass or z9c nails1 & a label pa/$ on ! outside giv+ ! weight & description ( ! cont5ts4 ,! boxes %\ld !n be remov$ to ! magaz9es4 ,x is well to take a c]ta9 numb] ( c>tridges f ! pack+ h\se at diff]5t times dur+ ! day1 say ?ree or f\r samples1 & to te/ !m by ! heat te/4 ,a sample cut f a c>tridge1 ab\t #a in* long1 %\ld be plac$ "u a glass %ade1 toge!r ) wat] 7a l>ge desiccator1 9 fact71 & left = "s days4 ,a good dynamite %\ld n1 "u ^! conditions1 %[ any signs ( exudation1 ev5 aft] weeks4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,= analysis ( dynamite1 see *apt] on ,analysis1 & au?or's article 9 ,*em4 ,news1 #bcrd ,septemb] #ahib4 ,prop]ties ( ,kieselguhr ,dynamite4--,"o cubic foot ( dynamite weighs #gf lbs4 #d oz4 ,! specific gravity ( #ge p] c5t4 dynamite is1 h[ev]1 #a4ej4 ,x is a r$ or grey col\r1 & r greasy to ! t\*4 ,x is mu* less s5sitive to %ock ?an nitro-glyc]9e1 b explodes occasionally ) ! %ock ( a rifle bullet1 or :5 /ruck4 ,! addition ( a few p] c5t4 ( camphor w consid]ably dim9i% its explosive qualities to su* an ext5t t x c be made non-explosive except to a v /rong fulm9ate detonator4 ,! direct contact ( wat] dis9tegrates dynamite1 sep>at+ ! nitro-glyc]9e1 h5ce great caution is necess>y 9 us+ x 9 wet places4 ,x freezes at ab\t #dj ,fahr4 7#d ,c471 & rema9s froz5 at temp]atures consid]ably exce$+ t po9t4 ,:5 froz51 x is comp>atively useless z an explosive ag5t1 & mu/ be ?aw$ ) c>e4 ,?is is be/ done by plac+ ! c>tridges 9 a w>m+ pan1 :i* consi/s ( a t9 c1 ) d\ble sides & bottom1 into :i* hot wat] 7#acj ,fahr47 c be p\r$4 ,! dynamite w require to be left 9 = "s consid]able "t be=e x becomes s(t4 ,on no acc\nt mu/ x be plac$ on a hot /ove or ne> a fire1 z _m s]i\s accid5ts h occurr$ 9 ?is way4 ,froz5 dynamite is a h>d mass1 ) alt]$ prop]ties1 & requires #a4e grm4 ( fulm9ate in/ead ( #j4e grm4 to explode x4 ,?aw+ may also cause exudation ( ! nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* is mu* m s5sitive to %ock1 & if accid5tally /ruck ) an iron tool1 may explode4 ,x is a dang]\s ?+ to cut a froz5 c>tridge ) a knife4 ,ramm+ is ev5 m dang]\s2 9 fact x is n only dang]\s1 b wa/eful1 to use dynamite :5 9 a froz5 /ate4 ,dynamite explodes at a temp]ature ( #cfj ,fahr41 & is v s5sitive to friction :5 hot4 ,9 hot c\ntries x %\ld nev] be expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be kept 9 a damp or moi/ place1 z ?is is liable to cause exudation4 ,sunlight1 if direct1 c cause a sl[ decomposition1 z ) all nitro & nitric comp\nds4 ,electric sp>ks ignite1 )\t explod+ x1 at lea/ :5 op]at+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,dynamite1 :5 made ) neutral nitro-glyc]9e1 appe>s to keep indef9itely4 ,sodium or calcium c>bonate to ! ext5t ( #a p] c5t4 is (t5 add$ to dynamite to ensure its be+ neutral4 ,if x has comm5c$ to und]go *ange1 h[ev]1 x rapidly becomes acid1 & sometimes explodes spontane\sly1 especially if conta9$ 9 resi/+ envelopes4 ,nev]!less1 neutral & well-made dynamite has be5 kept = ye>s 9 a magaz9e )\t loss ( its explosive =ce4 ,if wat] is br\ght into contact ) x1 ! nitro-glyc]9e is gradually displac$ f ! silica 7guhr74 ,?is action t5ds to r5d] all wet dynamite dang]\s4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t a dynamite made ) wood sawdu/ c be moi/5$ & !n dri$ )\t m>k$ alt]ation1 & f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ( wat] may be add$ to cellulose dynamite )\t depriv+ x ( ! p[] ( explod+ by /rong detonator 7?is is simil> to wet gun-cotton74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ mu* less s5sitive to %ock4 ,) reg>d to ! p[] ( ,no4 #a dynamite1 exp]im5ts made 9 lead cyl9d]s give ! relative value ( ,no4 #a dynamite1 #a4j2 bla/+ gelat9e1 #a4d2 & nitro-glyc]9e1 #a4d4 ,! heat lib]at$ by ! sudd5 explosion ( dynamite is ! same z its heat ( combu/ion1,a & proportionate to ! weight ( nitro-glyc]9e conta9$ 9 ! mixture4 ,! gases =m$ are c>bonic acid1 wat]1 nitrog51 & oxyg54 ,footnote ,a3 ,b]!lot1 ,explosives & _! ,p[]4 ,! explosive wave 7( ,b]!lot7 = dynamite is ab\t #e1jjj metres p] second4 ,at ?is rate ! explosion ( a c>tridge a foot long w\ld only occupy #a_/bdjjj "p ( a second1 :ile a ton ( dynamite c>tridges ab\t #g_/h diamet]1 laid end to end1 & measur+ "o mile 9 l5g?1 w\ld be explod$ 9 "o-qu>t] ( a second by detonat+ a c>tridge at ei!r end4,a ,mr ,c4 ,napi] ,hake1 ,f4,i4,c41 ! ,inspector ( ,explosives = ! ,victorian ,gov]nm5t1 9 8 pap]1 ,notes on ,explosives1 says3 ,! !oretical effici5cy ( an explosive _c 9 practice be realis$ 9 useful "w = sev]al reasons1 z = in/ance 9 bla/+ rock-- #a4 ,incomplete combu/ion4 #b4 ,compression & *emical *anges induc$ 9 surr\nd+ mat]ial4 #c4 ,en]gy exp5d$ 9 crack+ & heat+ ( ! mat]ial :i* is n displac$4 #d4 ,! escape ( gas ?r\gh ! bla/-hole & ! fissures caus$ by ! explosion4 ,! useful "w consi/s p>tly 9 displac+ ! %att]$ masses4 ,! proportion ( useful "w obta9able has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #ad to #cc p] c5t4 ( ! !oretical maximum pot5tial4 ,footnote ,a3 ,c4,n4 ,hake1 ,notes on ,explosives1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahhi4 ,among ! v>i\s =ms ( dynamite t are manufactur$ is c>bo- dynamite1 ! inv5tion ( ,messrs ,walt] ,f4 ,reid & ,w4,d4 ,borl&4 ,! base is nitro-glyc]9e1 & ! absorb5t is c>bon 9 ! =m ( burnt cork4 ,x is z *eap z ord9>y dynamite1 & has great] explosive =ce1 see+ t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! mixture is pure nitro-glyc]9e1 & ! absorb5t itself is highly combu/ible4 ,x is also claim$ t if ?is dynamite becomes wet1 no exudation takes place4 ,atlas p[d] is a dynamite1 *iefly manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica at ! ,repanno ,*emical ,works1 ,philadelphia4 ,x is a composition ( nitro-glyc]9e1 wood-pulp1 nitrate ( soda1 & c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,?is 0 ! explosive us$ 9 ! outrages committ$ 9 ,london1 by ! s-call$ dynamit]s4 ,diff]5t v>ieties conta9 f #bj to #ge p] c5t4 ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! ,rh5i% dynamite1 consid]ably us$ 9 ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 is compos$ ( #gj p>ts ( a solution ( #b to #c p] c5t4 ( naph?al5e 9 nitro-glyc]9e1 #c p>ts ( *alk1 #g p>ts ( sulphate ( b>ium1 & #bj ( kieselguhr4 ,kieselguhr dynamites are be+ l>gely giv5 up 9 fav\r ( gelat9e explosives4 ,! late ,colonel ,cundill1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,explosives1 gives a li/ ( ab\t #abe k9ds ( dynamites4 ,_m ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are n manufactur$4 ,among ! be/ kn[n aft] ! ord9>y ,no4 #a dynamite are =cite1 ammonia dynamite1 li?o-fracteur1 r5dock1 ,atlas p[d]1 giant p[d]1 & ! v>i\s explosive gelat9es4 ,!y all conta9 nitro- glyc]9e1 mix$ ) a v>iety ( o!r sub/ances1 su* z absorb5t e>?s1 wood-pulp1 nitro-cotton1 c>bon 9 "s =m or o!r1 nitro- b5zol1 p>aff91 sulphur1 nitrates1 or *lorates1 c4 c4 ,bla/+ ,gelat9e & ,gelat9e ,dynamite4--,! gelat9e explosives *iefly 9 use are kn[n "u ! names ( bla/+ gelat9e1 gelat9e dynamite1 & gelignite4 ,!y all consi/ ( ! v>iety ( nitro- cellulose kn[n z collodion-cotton1 i4e41 a mixture ( ! p5ta- & tetra-nitrates dissolv$ 9 nitro-glyc]9e1 & made up ) v>i\s proportions ( wood-pulp1 & "s nitrate1 or o!r mat]ial ( a simil> nature4 ,z ! gun-cotton conta9s too little oxyg5 = complete combu/ion1 & ! nitro-glyc]9e an excess1 a mixture ( ! two sub/ances is v b5eficial4 ,bla/+ gelat9e consi/s ( collodion-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e )\t any o!r sub/ance1 & 0 pat5t$ by ,mr ,alfr$ ,nobel 9 #ahge4 ,x is a cle>1 semi-transp>5t1 jelly-l sub/ance1 ( a specific gravity ( #a4e to #a4ee1 slightly ela/ic1 resembl+ indi>ubb]1 & g5]ally consi/s ( #ib p] c5t4 to #ic p] c5t4 ( nitro-glyc]9e1 & #g to #h p] c5t4 ( nitro-cotton4 ,! cotton f :i* x is made %\ld be ( good quality4 ,! foll[+ is ! analysis ( a sample ( nitro-cellulose :i* made v good gelat9e3- ,soluble cotton #ii4aah p] c5t4 ,gun-cotton #j4fdb ,non-nitrat$ cotton #j4bdj ,nitrog5 #aa4fd ,total a% #j4be ,! soluble cotton1 :i* is a mixture ( ! tetra- & p5ta-nitrates1 is soluble 9 e!r-alcohol1 & also 9 nitro-glyc]9e1 & _m o!r solv5ts1 :]eas ! hexa-nitrate 7gun-cotton71 ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#d7,,ono#b7f1 is n soluble 9 ! above liquids1 al?\gh x is soluble 9 acetone or acetic e!r4 ,x is v ess5tial1 !re=e1 t ! nitro-cotton us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! gelat9e explosives %\ld be z free z possible f gun-cotton1 o!rwise little lumps ( undissolv$ nitro-cotton w be left 9 ! f9i%$ gelat9e4 ,! non-nitrat$ or unconv]t$ cotton %\ld also be v l[1 9 fact consid]ably "u #a_/b p] c5t4 ,! nitro-cotton & ! nitro-glyc]9e us$ %\ld always be te/$ be=e use by ! heat te/1 because if !y d n sep>ately /& ?is te/1 x _c be expect$ t ! gelat9e made f !m w d s4 ,x (t5 occurs1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh bo? ! +r$i5ts /& ?is te/ sep>ately be=e be+ mix$1 t aft] ! process ( manufacture "o or o!r or bo? fail to d s4 ,! nitro-cotton mo/ suitable = gelat9e mak+ is t :i* has be5 f9ely pulp$4 ,if x is n already f9e en\gh1 x mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a f9e brass wire sieve4 ,x w be f\nd t x requires to be rubb$ ?r\gh by h&1 & w n g ?r\gh at all if 9 ! lea/ degree damp4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to dry x fir/4 ,! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! nitrat$ cotton %\ld be ov] #aa p] c5t4 ,x %\ld be z free z possible f s& or grit1 & %\ld give b little a% ^u ignition1 n m ?an #j4be p] c5t4 ,! cotton1 :i* is g5]ally pack$ wet 9 z9c-l9$ wood5 boxes1 w require to be dri$1 z x is v ess5tial inde$ t none ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( gelat9e %\ld conta9 m ?an ! slighte/ trace ( wat]4 ,if !y d1 ! gelat9e subsequ5tly made f !m w mo/ c]ta9ly exude1 & become dang]\s & comp>atively valueless4 ,x w also be mu* m difficult to make ! nitro-cotton dissolve 9 ! nitro-glyc]9e if ei!r conta9s wat]4 ,9 ord] to f9d out h[ long any sample ( cotton requires to be dri$1 a sample %\ld be tak5 f ! c5tre ( sev]al boxes1 well mix$1 & ab\t #a1jjj grms4 spread out on a pap] tray1 weigh$1 & ! :ole !n plac$ 9 ! wat] ov5 at #ajj ,c41 & dri$ = an h\r or s1 & aga9 weigh$1 & ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure calculat$ f ! loss 9 weight4 ,?is w be a guide to ! "t t ! cotton w probably require to be 9 ! dry+ h\se4 ,samples g5]ally conta9 f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,aft] dry+ = a p]iod ( =ty-eight h\rs1 a sample %\ld be aga9 dri$ 9 ! ov5 at #ajj ,c41 & ! moi/ure det]m9$1 & s on at int]vals until ! bulk ( ! cotton is f\nd to be dry1 i4e41 to conta9 f #j4be to #j4e p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,x is !n ready to be sift$4 ,dur+ ! process ( remov+ to ! sift+ h\se & ! sift+ itself1 ! cotton %\ld be expos$ to ! air z little z possible1 z dry nitro-cotton absorbs z mu* z #b p] c5t4 ( moi/ure f ! air at ord9>y temp]atures & av]age dryness4 ,! dry+ h\se usually consi/s ( a wood5 build+1 ! inside ( :i* is fitt$ ) %elves1 or r framework to conta9 draw]s1 made ( wood1 ) brass or copp] wire nett+ bottoms4 ,a curr5t ( hot air is made to pass ?r\gh ! %elves & ov] ! surface ( ! cotton1 :i* is spread out ^u !m to ! dep? ( ab\t #b in*es4 ,?is curr5t ( air c be obta9$ 9 any way t may be f\nd conv5i5t1 su* z by means ( a fan or ,root's bl[]1 ! air be+ pass$ ov] hot bricks1 or hot-wat] pipes be=e ent]+ ! build+4 ,! cotton %\ld also be occasionally turn$ ov] by h& 9 ord] t a fre% surface may be cont9ually expos$ to ! action ( ! hot air4 ,! build+ itself may be heat$ by means ( hot-wat] pipes1 b on no acc\nt %\ld any ( ! pipes be expos$4 ,!y %\ld all be mo/ c>efully cov]$ ov] ) wood-"w1 because :5 ! dry nitro-cotton is mov$1 z 9 turn+ x ov]1 v f9e p>ticles get into ! air1 & gradually settl+ on ! pipes1 w9d[ l$ges1 c41 may become v hot1 :5 ! slighte/ friction might cause explosion4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ?is h\se %\ld be v c>efully swept out e day4 ,x is also v desirable t ! floor ( ?is h\se %\ld be cov]$ ) oilclo? or l9oleum1 z be+ s(t1 x less5s ! friction4 ,li/ %oes %\ld always be worn 9 ?is build+1 & a !rmomet] hung up some:]e ab\t ! c5tre ( ! h\se1 & "o %\ld also be kept 9 "o ( ! trays to give ! temp]ature ( ! cotton1 especially ! bottom ( ! trays4 ,! "o ne>e/ to ! hot air inlet %\ld be select$4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! h\se is kept at ab\t #dj ,c4 x w be q high en\gh4 ,! build+ mu/ ( c\rse be prop]ly v5tilat$1 & x w be f\nd v useful to h ! walls made d\ble1 & ! int]v5+ space fill$ ) c9d]s1 & ! ro( cov]$ ) felt1 z ?is helps to prev5t ! loss ( heat ?r\gh radiation1 & to pres]ve a uni=m temp]ature1 :i* is v desirable4 ,! dry cotton ?us obta9$1 if n already f9e en\gh1 %\ld be sift$ ?r\gh a brass sieve1 & pack$ away ready = use 9 z9c air-tight cases1 or 9 indi>ubb] bags4 ,! v>i\s gelat9e comp\nds1 gelignite1 gelat9e dynamite1 & bla/+ gelat9e1 are manufactur$ 9 exactly ! same way4 ,! =ms kn[n z gelat9e dynamite diff] f bla/+ gelat9e 9 conta9+ c]ta9 proportions ( wood-pulp & potassium nitrate1 c4 ,! foll[+ are analyses ( "s typical samples ( ! ?ree comp\nds3-- ,gelat9e ,bla/+ ,gelignite4 ,dynamite4 ,gelat9e4 ,nitro-glyc]9e #fj4ead #ga4abh #ib4id p] c5t4 ,nitro-cellulose #d4hhh #g4fcb #g4jf ,wood-pulp #g4agh #d4bei 444 ,potassium nitrate #bg4dbj #af4gbj 444 ,wat] 444 #j4bfa 444 ,! gelignite & gelat9e dynamites consi/1 !re=e1 ( bla/+ gelat9e1 ?ick5$ up ) a mixture ( absorb+ mat]ials4 ,al?\gh ! bla/+ gelat9e is weight = weight m p[]ful1 x is m difficult to make ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two comp\nds1 x be+ some:at difficult to make x /& ! exudation & melt+ te/s4 ,! high] p]c5tage ( nitro-cotton1 too1 makes x exp5sive4 ,:5 ! dry nitro-cotton1 :i* has be5 c>efully weigh$ out 9 ! proportions necess>y ei!r = bla/+ gelat9e or any ( ! o!r gelat9e explosives1 is br\ght to ! gelat9e mak+ h\se1 x is plac$ 9 a lead-l9$ tr\gh1 & ! necess>y quantity ( pure dry nitro- glyc]9e p\r$ ^u x4 ,! :ole is !n well /irr$ up1 & kept at a temp]ature ( f #dj to #de ,c4 ,x %\ld n be all[$ to g mu* above #dj ,c42 b high] temp]atures may be us$ if ! nitro-cotton is v ob/9ate1,a & w n dissolve4 ,great caution mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ 9 ?is case4 ,! mixture %\ld be con/antly work$ ab\t by ! workman ) a wood5 paddle = at lea/ half an h\r4 ,at a temp]ature ( #dj to #de ! nitro-glyc]9e acts ^u ! nitro-cotton & =ms a jelly4 ,)\t heat ! gelat9isation is v imp]fect inde$1 & at temp]atures "u #dj ,c4 takes place v sl[ly4 ,footnote ,a3 ,g5]ally due to ! nitro-cotton be+ damp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,w]n]1 ,,pfleid]]1 ,,p]k9s' ,,mix+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! limit ( temp]ature is #ej ,c4 or !reab\ts4 ,beyond ?is ! jelly %\ld nev] be all[$ to g1 & to #ej only "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,! tank 9 :i* ! jelly is made is d\ble-l9$1 9 ord] to all[ ( ! passage ( hot wat] betwe5 its inn] & out] l9+s4 ,a s]ies ( su* tanks are g5]ally built 9 a wood5 framework1 & ! d\ble l9+s are made to communicate1 s t ! hot wat] c fl[ f "o to ! o!r consecutively4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] %\ld be ab\t #fj ,c4 if x is int5d$ to gelat9ise at #de ,c41 & ab\t #hj if at #ej ,c42 b ?is po9t mu/1 ( c\rse1 be f\nd by exp]im5t = ! p>ticul> plant us$4 ,an arrangem5t %\ld be made to enable ! workman to at once cut (f ! supply ( hot wat] & pass cold wat] ?r\gh ! tanks 9 case ! explosive becomes too hot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,mr ,m',,rob]ts' ,,mix] ,,= ,,gelat9e ,,explosives4 ,! be/ way to keep ! temp]ature ( ! wat] con/ant is to h a l>ge tank ( wat] rais$ ^u a plat=m1 "s #e or #f feet high1 outside ! build+1 :i* is automatically suppli$ ) wat]1 & into :i* /eam is turn$4 ,a !rmomet] /uck ?r\gh a piece ( cork & float$ ^u ! surface ( ! tank w give ! means ( regulat+ ! temp]ature4 ,:5 ! jelly 9 ! tanks has become semi-transp>5t & ! cotton has entirely dissolv$1 ! mixture %\ld be transf]r$ to ! mix+ ma*9e4 ,! mix+ ma*9es are specially design$ = ?is "w1 & are built 9 iron1 ) /eel or bronze knead+- & mix+-blades1 accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,a suitable ma*9e = ! purpose is t kn[n z ! ,nito-,univ]sal ,incorporator1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 :i* has be5 specially con/ruct$ by ,messrs ,w]n]1 ,pfleid]]1 ,p]k9s1 ,ltd41 aft] _m ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! mix+ ( explosive mat]ials1 & is n[ almo/ exclusively adopt$ 9 bo? ,gov]nm5t & private factories4 ,mr ,george ,m',rob]ts',a mix+ ma*9e1 h[ev]1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 is /ill us$ 9 "s factories = dynamite jelly4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahij1 #bfg4 ,if x is int5d$ to make gelignite1 or gelat9e dynamite1 x is at ?is po9t t ! prop] proportions ( wood-pulp,a & potassium nitrate %\ld be add$1 & ! :ole well mix$ = at lea/ half an h\r1 until ! v>i\s +r$i5ts are ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,mo/ ( ! wood-pulp us$ 9 ,engl& is obta9$ f p9e-trees1 b popl>1 lime1 bir*1 & bee* wood are also us$4 ,x is *iefly import$ z wood-pulp4 ,! pulp is prep>$ z foll[s3--,! b>k & roots are fir/ remov$1 & ! logs !n sawn into bo>ds1 f :i* ! knots are remov$4 ,! pieces ( wood are aft]w>ds put ?r\gh a ma*9e :i* breaks !m up into small pieces ab\t an in* long1 :i* are !n cru%$ betwe5 roll]s4 ,^! fragm5ts are f9ally boil$ ) a solution ( sodium bisulphite1 "u a pressure ( ab\t #ij lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ! duration ( ! boil+ be+ f t5 to twelve h\rs4 ,sulphur\s acid has also be5 us$4 ,p9e-wood yields ab\t #de p] c5t4 & bir* ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( pulp :5 treat$ by ?is process4 ,! pulp is aft]w>ds blea*$ & wa%$1 c4 ,bir*4 ,bee*4 ,lime4 ,p9e4 ,popl>4 ,cellulose #ee4eb #de4dg #ec4ji #ef4ii #fb4gg p] c5t4 ,res9 #a4ad #j4da #c4ic #j4ig #a4cg ,aque\s extract #b4fe #b4dg #c4ef #a4bf #b4hh ,wat] #ab4dh #ab4eg #aj4aj #ac4hg #ab4aj ,lign9e #bh4ba #ci4ad #bi4cb #bf4ia #bj4hh ,! foll[+ analysis ( woods is by ,dr ,h4 ,mll]3--,^! mix+ ma*9es c ei!r be turn$ by h&1 or a %aft c be br\ght into ! h\se & ! ma*9e work$ by means ( a belt at tw5ty to ?irty revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! be>+s %\ld be kept con/antly greas$ & exam9$1 & ! explosive mixture c>efully exclud$4 ,:5 ! gelat9e mixture has be5 ?or\ghly incorporat$1 & nei!r p>ticles ( nitrate or wood meal c be detect$ 9 ! mass1 x %\ld be transf]r$ to wood5 boxes & c>ri$ away to ! c>tridge-mak+ ma*9es to be work$ up into c>tridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,box ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,explosive1 ,,9 ,m',,rob]ts' ,,ma*9e4 ,! application ( heat 9 ! manufacture ( ! jelly f collodion- cotton & nitro-glyc]9e is absolutely necess>y1 unless "s o!r solv5t is us$ besides ! nitro-glyc]9e1 su* z acetone1 acetic e!r1 me?yl1 or e?yl-alcohol4 7,!y are all too exp5sive1 ) ! exception ( acetone & me?yl-alcohol1 = use ^u ! l>ge scale47 ,^! liquids n only dissolve ! nitro-cellulose 9 ! cold1 b r5d] ! result+ gelat9e comp\nd less s5sitive to concussion1 & r$uce its quickness ( explosion 7z 9 cordite74 ,!y also l[] ! temp]ature at :i* ! nitro-glyc]9e becomes congeal$1 i4e41 !y l[] ! freez+ po9t,a ( ! result+ gelat9e4 ,footnote ,a3 ,x has be5 propos$ to mix dynamite ) amyl alcohol = ?is purpose4 ,di-nitro-mono-*lorhydr9e has also be5 propos$4 ,! f9i%$ gelat9e pa/e1 ^u ent]+ ! c>tridge huts1 is at once transf]r$ to ! c>tridge-mak+ ma*9e1 :i* is v l an ord9>y sausage-mak+ ma*9e,a 7,fig4 #cc74 ,! :ole ?+ mu/ be made ( gun-metal or brass1 & x consi/s ( a conical case conta9+ a %aft & screw4 ,! revolutions ( ! %aft cause ! ?read ( ! screw to pu% =w>d ! gelat9e introduc$ by ! hopp] on ! top to ! nozzle1 ! apex ( ! cone-%ap$ case1 f :5ce ! gelat9e issues z a cont9u\s rope4 ,! nozzle is ( c\rse ( a diamet] accord+ to ! size ( c>tridge requir$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,g4 ,m',rob]ts1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ca/ ,m>* #ahij1 p4 #bff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,c>tridge-,,mak+ ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,gelat9e ,,explosives4 ,! issu+ gelat9e c ( c\rse be cut (f at any l5g?4 ,?is is be/ done ) a piece ( h>d wood plan$ d[n to a cutt+ edge1 i4e41 w$ge-%ap$4 ,mr ,tr5* has devis$ a k9d ( brass frame1 into :i* ! gelat9e issu+ f ! nozzle ( ! c>tridge ma*9e is =c$1 f9d+ its way along a s]ies ( grooves4 ,:5 ! frame is full1 a wood5 frame1 :i* is h+$ to "o end ( ! bottom frame1 & fitt$ ) a s]ies ( brass knives1 is %ut d[n1 !reby cutt+ ! gelat9e up into l5g?s ( ab\t #d in*es4 ,x is ess5tial t ! c>tridge ma*9es %\ld h no metallic contacts inside4 ,! be>+ = ! screw %aft mu/ be fix$ outside ! cone conta9+ ! gelat9e4 ,"o ( ^! ma*9es c conv]t f #e to #aj cwt4 ( gelat9e into c>tridges p] diem1 dep5d+ ^u ! diamet] ( ! c>tridges made4 ,aft] be+ cut up into l5g?s ( ab\t #c in*es1 ! gelat9e is roll$ up 9 c>tridge pap]4 ,wat]pro( pap] is g5]ally us$4 ,! c>tridges are !n pack$ away 9 c>dbo>d boxes1 :i* are aga9 pack$ 9 deal boxes l9$ ) indi>ubb]1 & screw$ d[n air tight1 brass screws or z9c or brass nails be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,^! boxes are s5t to ! magaz9es4 ,be=e ! boxes are fa/5$ d[n a c>tridge or s %\ld be remov$ & te/$ by ! heat te/1 ! liquefaction te/1 & ! te/ = liability to exudation4 7,app5dix1 p4 #f1 ,explosives ,act1 #ahge47 ,a c>tridge also %\ld be /or$ 9 ! magaz9e 9 case ( any subsequ5t dispute aft] ! bulk ( ! mat]ial has left ! factory4 ,! object ( ! liquefaction te/ is to ensure t ! gelat9e %all be able to )/& a fairly high temp]ature 7su* z x might enc\nt] 9 a %ip's hold7 )\t melt+ or runn+ toge!r4 ,! te/ is c>ri$ out z foll[s3--,a cyl9d] ( ! gelat9e dynamite is cut f ! c>tridge ( a l5g? equal to its diamet]4 ,! edges mu/ be %>p4 ,?is cyl9d] is to be plac$ on end on a flat surface 7su* z pap]71 & secur$ by a p9 ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & expos$ = #add consecutive h\rs to a temp]ature ( #he to #ij ,f41 & dur+ su* "t ! cyl9d] %\ld n dim9i% 9 height by m ?an "o-f\r? ( an in*1 & ! cut edges %\ld rema9 %>p4 ,!re %\ld also be no /a9 ( nitroglyc]9e ^u ! pap]4 ,! exudation te/ consi/s 9 freez+ & ?aw+ ! gelat9e ?ree times 9 succession4 ,"u ^! conditions !re %\ld be no exudation ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,all ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( gelat9e explosives %\ld be subject$ to analytical exam9ation be=e use1 z success l>gely dep5ds ^u ! purity ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,! wood-pulp1 = in/ance1 mu/ be exam9$ = acidity4 ,prop]ties ( ! ,gelat9e ,comp\nds4--,bla/+ gelat9e is g5]ally compos$ ( #ic to #ie p>ts nitro-glyc]9e1 & #e to #g p>ts ( nitro- cellulose1 b ! relative proportions ( explosive base & nitro- glyc]9e1 c41 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( ! gelat9e explosives d n always correspond to ^? necess>y = total combu/ion1 ei!r because an incomplete combu/ion gives rise to a great] volume ( gas1 or because ! rapidity ( decomposition & ! law ( expansion v>ies accord+ to ! relative proportions & ! conditions ( application4 ,! v>i\s additions to bla/+ gelat9e g5]ally h ! effect ( l[]+ ! /r5g? by r$uc+ ! am\nt ( nitro-glyc]9e1 b ?is is sometimes done 9 ord] to *ange a %att]+ ag5t into a propulsive =ce4 ,if ?is process be c>ri$ too f>1 we ( c\rse lose ! advantages due to ! pres5ce ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,!re is !re=e a limit to ^! additions4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,mica is said to increase ! rapidity ( explosion :5 mix$ ) gelat9e4 ,! homog5e\sness & /ability ( ! mixture are ( ! highe/ importance4 ,x is highly ess5tial t ! nitro-glyc]9e %\ld be completely absorb$ by ! sub/ances ) :i* x is mix$1 & t x %\ld n subsequ5tly exude :5 subject$ to heat or damp4 ,x is also important t !re %\ld be no excess ( nitro-glyc]9e1 z ?is may dim9i% in/ead ( augm5t ! /r5g?1 ow+ to a diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( ! propagation ( ! explosive wave 9 ! liquid1 & 9 ! mixture4 ,nitro-glyc]9e at its freez+ po9t has a t5d5cy to sep>ate f its absorb+ mat]ial1 9 fact to exude4 ,:5 froz51 too1 x requires a m p[]ful detonation to explode x1 b x is less s5sitive to %ock4 ,! specific gravity ( bla/+ gelat9e is #a4e 7i4e41 ne>ly equal to t ( nitro-glyc]ol72 t ( gun-cotton 7dry7 is #a4j4 ,bla/+ gelat9e burns 9 ! air :5 unconf9$ )\t explosion1 at lea/ 9 small quantities & :5 n previ\sly heat$1 b x is r unc]ta9 9 ?is respect4 ,x c be kept at a mod]ately high temp]ature 7#gj ,c47 )\t decomposition4 ,at high] temp]atures ! nitro-glyc]9e w p>tially evaporate4 ,:5 sl[ly heat$1 x explodes at #bjd ,c4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x conta9s z mu* z #aj p] c5t4 ( camphor1 x burns )\t explod+4 ,accord+ to ,b]!lot1,a gelat9e compos$ ( #ia4f p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e & #h4d p] c5t4 ( nitro-cellulose1 :i* are ! proportions correspond+ to total combu/ion1 produces by explosion #agg;,,co#b #adc;,h#b,o #h,n#b4 ,footnote ,a3 ,b]!lot1 ,explosives & _! ,p[]s4 ,he takes ,c#bd;,h#bb7,,no#c;,h7#i,o#aa z ! =mula ( ! nitro- cellulose1 & #ea;,c#c;,h#b7,,no#c;,h7#c ,c#bd;,h#bb7,,no#c;,h7#i,o#aa z ! =mula ( ! gelat9e itself1 its equival5t weight be+ #ab1cfj grms4 ,! heat lib]at$ by its explosion is equal to #ai1cha calories1 or = #a kilo4 #a1ece calories4 ,volume ( gases r$uc$ temp]ature equals #h1iej litres4 ,! relative value,a ( bla/+ gelat9e to nitro- glyc]9e is z #a4d to #a4de1 kieselguhr dynamite be+ tak5 z #a4j4 ,footnote ,a3 ,r\x & ,s>ran4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,nitro-,,b5zol1 ,,roburite1 ,,bellite1 ,,picric ,,acid1 c4 ,explosives d]iv$ f ,b5z5e--,tolu5e & ,nitro-,b5z5e--,di- & ,tri-nitro-,b5z5e--,roburite3 ,prop]ties & ,manufacture--,bellite3 ,prop]ties1 c4--,securite--,tonite ,no4 #c4--,nitro-,tolu5e-- ,nitro-,naph?al5e--,ammonite--,spr5gel's ,explosives--,picric ,acid-- ,picrates--,picric ,p[d]s--,mel9ite--,abel's ,mixture--,brugre's ,p[d]s-- ,! ,fulm9ates--,composition1 ,=mula1 ,prep>ation1 ,dang] (1 c4-- ,detonators3 ,sizes1 ,composition1 ,manufacture--,fuses1 c4 ,! ,explosives d]iv$ f ,b5z5e4--,!re is a l>ge class ( explosives made f ! nitrat$ hydro-c>bons--b5z5e1 ,c#f;,h#f2 tolu5e1 ,c#g;,h#h2 naph?al5e1 ,c#aj;,h#h2 & also f ph5ol 7or c>bolic acid71 ,c#f;,h#e,,oh4 ,! b5z5e hydro-c>bons are g5]ally col\rless liquids1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,!y g5]ally di/il )\t decomposition4 ,!y burn ) a smoky flame1 & h an e!real od\r4 ,!y are easily nitrat$ & sulphurat$2 mono1 di1 & tri d]ivatives are readily prep>$1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! acids us$4 ,x is only ! ,h-atoms ( ! b5z5e nucleus :i* ent] into reaction4 ,b5z5e 0 discov]$ by ,f>aday 9 #ahbe1 & detect$ 9 coal-t> by ,h(mann 9 #ahde4 ,x c be obta9$ f t portion ( coal-t> :i* boils at #hj to #he by fractionat+ or freez+4,a ,! ord9>y b5z5e ( comm]ce conta9s ?ioph5e 7,c#d;,h#d,s71 f :i* x may be fre$ by %ak+ ) sulphuric acid4 ,its boil+ po9t is #gi ,c42 specific gravity at #j equals #j4i4 ,x burns ) a lum9\s smoky flame1 & is a good solv5t = fats1 res9s1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 c4 ,tolu5e 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcg1 & is prep>$ f coal-t>4 ,x boils at #aaj ,c41 & is /ill liquid at #bh ,c4 ,footnote ,a3 ,x may be prep>$ *emically pure by di/ill+ a mixture ( b5zoic acid & lime4 ,! mono-1 *loro-1 bromo-1 & iodo-b5z5es are col\rless liquids ( peculi> od\r4 ,di-*loro-1 di-bromo-b5z5es1 tri- & hexa-*loro- & bromo-b5z5es1 are also kn[n2 & mono-*loro-1 ,c#f;,h#d;,cl7,,*#c71 & bromo-tolu5es1 toge!r ) di d]ivatives 9 ! or?o1 meta1 & p>a modifications4 ,! nitro-b5z5es & tolu5es are us$ z explosives4 ,! foll[+ summ>y is tak5 f ,dr ,a4 ,b]n?s5's ,organic ,*emi/ry3-- ,,summ>y4 ,c#f;,h#e7,n#jb7 ,nitro-b5z5e4 ,liq4 ,b4,pt4 #bjf ,c4 ,c#f;,h#d7,,no#b7b ,or?o-1 meta-1 & p>a- di-nitro-b5z5es4 ,solid4 ,m4,p4 #aah1 #ij1 & #agb ,c4 ,c#f;,h#c7,,no#c7c ,s4-,tri-nitro-b5z5e4 ,solid4 ,m4,p4 #aba ,c4 ,c#f;,h#d7;,,*#c7,,no#b ,or?o-1 meta-1 & p>a- nitro-tolu5es4 ,b4,p4 #bah1 #bcj1 & #bcd ,c1 ,p>a comp\nd solid4 ,c#f;,h#c7;,,*#c7b,,no#b ,nitro-xyl5e4 ,liquid4 ,c#f;,h#b7;,,*#c7c,,no#b ,nitro-mesityl5e4 ,solid4 ,c#f;,h#c7;,,*#c77,,no#b7b ,di-nitro-tolu5es4 ,c#f;,h#d;,cl7,,no#b7 ,nitro-*loro-b5z5es4 ,c#f;,br#d7,,no#b7b ,tetra-bromo-di-nitrob5z5e4 ,! nitro comp\nds are mo/ly pale yell[ liquids1 :i* di/il un*ang$1 & volatilise ) wat] vap\r1 or col\rless or pale yell[ ne$les or prisms4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 are ( an int5se yell[ col\r4 ,_m ( !m explode ^u be+ heat$4 ,!y are heavi] ?an wat]1 & insoluble 9 x1 b mo/ly soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & glacial acetic acid4 ,nitro-b5z5e1 ,c#f;,h#e7,,no#b71 0 discov]$ 9 #ahcd by ,mits*]li*4 ,x is a yell[ liquid1 ) a melt+ po9t ( #c ,c4 ,x has an int5se od\r ( bitt] almonds4 ,x solidifies 9 ! cold4 ,9 di-nitro-b5z5e1 ! two nitro gr\ps may be 9 ! meta1 or?o1 or p>a position1 ! meta position be+ ! mo/ g5]al 7see fig41 page #d74 ,by recry/allis+ f alcohol1 pure meta-di-nitro-b5z5e may be obta9$ 9 long col\rless ne$les4 ,! or?o comp\nd cry/allises 9 tables1 & ! p>a 9 ne$les4 ,!y are bo? col\rless4 ,:5 tolu5e is nitrat$1 ! p>a & or?o are *iefly =m$1 & a v little ( ! meta comp\nd4 ,nitro ,comp\nds ( ,b5z5e & ,tolu5e4--,! prep>ation ( ! nitro d]ivatives ( ! hydroc>bons ( ! b5z5e s]ies is v simple4 ,x is only necess>y to br+ ! hydroc>bon into contact ) /rong nitric acid1 :5 ! reaction takes place1 & "o or m ( ! hydrog5 atoms ( ! hydroc>bon are replac$ by ! nitryl gr\p 7,,no#b74 ,?us by ! action ( nitric acid on b5z5e 7or b5zol71 mono-nitro-b5z5e is =m$3-- ,c#f;,h#f ,,hno#c ,c#f;,h#e4,,no#b ,h#b,o4 ,mono-nitro-b5z5e4 ,by ! action ( ano!r molecule ( nitric acid1 ! di-nitro-b5z5e is =m$3-- ,c#f;,h#e4,,no#b ,,hno#c ,c#f;,h#d7,,no#b7b ,h#b,o4 ,di-nitro-b5z5e4 ,^! nitro bodies are n acids1 nor are !y e!real salts ( nitr\s acid1 z nitro-glyc]9e is ( glyc]9e4 ,!y are reg>d$ z =m$ f nitric acid by ! replacem5t ( hydroxyl by b5z5e radicals4 ,mono-nitro ,b5z5e is made by treat+ b5z5e ) conc5trat$ nitric acid1 or a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,! latt]1 z 9 ! case ( ! nitration ( glyc]9e1 takes no "p 9 ! reaction1 b only prev5ts ! dilution ( ! nitric acid by ! wat] =m$ 9 ! reaction4 ,small quantities may be made ?us3--,take #aej c4c4 ( ,h#b,,s#d & #ge c4c4 ,,hno#c1 or #a "p nitric to #b p>ts sulphuric acid1 & put 9 a beak] /&+ 9 cold wat]2 !n add #ae to #bj c4c4 ( b5z5e1 drop by drop1 wait+ betwe5 ea* addition = ! completion ( ! reaction1 & %ake well dur+ ! op]ation4 ,:5 f9i%$1 p\r cont5ts ( beak] into ab\t a litre ( cold wat]2 ! nitro-b5zol w s9k to ! bottom4 ,decant ! wat]1 & wa% ! nitro-b5zol two or ?ree times 9 a sep>at+ funnel ) wat]4 ,f9ally1 dry ! product by add+ a little granulat$ calcium *loride1 & all[+ to /& = "s little "t1 x may !n be di/ill$4 ,nitro-b5z5e is a heavy oily liquid :i* boils at #bje ,c41 has a specific gravity ( #a4b1 & an od\r l t ( oil ( bitt] almonds4 ,9 ! arts x is *iefly us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( anil9e4 ,di-nitro ,b5z5e is a product ( ! fur!r action ( nitric acid on b5z5e or nitro-b5z5e4 ,x cry/allises 9 long f9e ne$les or ?9 rhombic plates1 & melts at #hi4i ,c4 ,x c be made ?us3--,! acid mixture us$ consi/s ( equal p>ts ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 say #ej c4c4 ( ea*1 & )\t cool+ add v sl[ly #aj c4c4 ( b5z5e f a pipette4 ,aft] ! action is ov]1 boil ! mixture = a %ort "t1 !n p\r into ab\t half a litre ( wat]1 filt] (f ! cry/als ?us produc$1 press betwe5 lay]s ( filt] pap]1 & cry/allise f alcohol4 ,di-nitro-b5z5e1 or meta-di-nitro-b5z5e1 z x is sometimes call$1 ent]s into ! composition ( sev]al explosives1 su* z tonite ,no4 #c1 roburite1 securite1 bellite4 ,nitro-b5z5e is manufactur$ ^u ! l>ge scale z foll[s3--,along a b5* a r[ ( glass flasks1 conta9+ #a gallon ea* 7#a to #b lbs4 b5z5e71 are plac$1 & ! acids add$ 9 small portions at a "t1 ! workm5 comm5c+ ) ! fir/1 & add+ a small quantity to ea* 9 turn1 until ! nitration 0 complete4 ,?is process 0 a dang]\s "o1 & is n[ obsolete4 ,! fir/ nitro-b5z5e made comm]cially 9 ,engl&1 by ,messrs ,simpson1 ,maule1 & ,ni*olson1 ( ,k5n+ton1 9 #ahef1 0 by ?is process4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 v]tical iron cyl9d]s1 made ( ca/-iron1 are us$ = ! nitrat+ op]ation4 ,!y are ab\t #d feet 9 diamet] & #d feet deep1 & a s]ies are g5]ally arrang$ 9 a r[1 at a conv5i5t height f ! gr\nd1 b5ea? a l9e ( %aft+4 ,ea* cyl9d] is cov]$ ) a ca/-iron lid hav+ a rais$ rim all r\nd4 ,a c5tral orifice gives passage to a v]tical %aft1 & two or m o!r conv5i5tly arrang$ op5+s all[ ! b5z5e & ! mix$ acids to fl[ 94 ,ea* ( ^! op5+s is surr\nd$ ) a deep rim1 s t ! :ole top ( ! cyl9d] c be flood$ ) wat] "s in*es 9 dep?1 )\t any ( x runn+ into ! int]ior ( ! nitrator4 ,! lid ov]hangs ! cyl9d] some:at1 & 9 ! out] rim a numb] ( %ot- holes or tubes all[ ! wat] to fl[ d[n all ov] ! outside ( ! cyl9d] into a %all[ ca/-iron di%1 9 :i* x /&s4 ,by means ( a good supply ( cold wat]1 ! top1 sides1 & bottom ( ! :ole app>atus is ?us cool$ & cont9ually flood$4 ,! agitator consi/s ( ca/-iron arms key$ to a v]tical %aft1 ) fix$ arms or da%-plates secur$ to ! sides ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! %aft has a mitre :eel key$ on ! top1 :i* works into a correspond+ :eel on ! horizontal %aft+ runn+ along ! top ( ! conv]t]s4 ,?is latt] is secur$ to a clut*2 & !re is a fea!r on ! %aft1 s t any "o ( ! conv]t]s c if necess>y be put ei!r 9 or out ( ge>4 ,?is arrangem5t is necess>y1 z rigg]s or belts ( lea!r1 cotton1 or indi>ubb] w n /& ! atmosph]e ( ! nitro-b5zole h\se4 ,above & close to ea* nitrator /&s its acid /ore tank1 ( iron or /onew>e4 ,! build+ 9 :i* ! nitration is c>ri$ out %\ld consi/ ( "o /ory1 h a light ro(1 walls ( h>d brick1 & a concrete floor ( #i to #ab in*es ?ick1 & cov]$ ) pit*1 to protect its surface f ! action ( ! acids4 ,! floor %\ld be incl9$ to a dra91 to save any nitro-b5zol spilt4 ,fire hydrants %\ld be plac$ at conv5i5t places1 & x %\ld be possible to at once fill ! build+ ) /eam4 ,a #b-;in* pipe1 ) a cock outside ! build+1 is advisable4 ,! build+ %\ld also be z f> z possible isolat$4 ,! acids are mix$ be=eh&1 & all[$ to cool be=e use4 ,! nitric acid us$ has a specific gravity ( #a4chh1 & %\ld be z free z possible f ! l[] oxides ( nitrog54 ,! sulphuric acid has a specific gravity ( #a4hde1 & conta9s f #ie to #if p] c5t4 ( mono- hydrate4 ,a good mixture is #ajj p>ts ( nitric to #adj p>ts ( sulphuric acid1 & #gh p>ts ( b5z5e2 or #abh p>ts ,,hno#c1 #agi ( ,h#b,,s#d1 & #ajj ( b5z5e 7,c#f;,h#f74 ,! b5z5e hav+ be5 introduc$ into ! cyl9d]1 ! wat] is turn$ on & ! app>atus cool$1 ! agitators are set runn+1 & ! acid cock turn$ on s z to all[ x to fl[ 9 a v ?9 /ream into ! nitrator4 ,%\ld x be necess>y to *eck ! ma*9]y ev5 = a mom5t1 ! /ream ( acid mu/ be /opp$ & ! agitation cont9u$ = "s "t1 z ! action proce$s ) su* vig\r t if ! b5z5e be+ nitrat$ comes to re/ & acid cont9ues to fl[1 local heat+ occurs1 & ! mixture may inflame4 ,accid5ts f ?is cause h be5 n infrequ5t4 ,! op]ation requires betwe5 eight to t5 h\rs1 agitation & cool+ be+ kept up all ! "t4 ,:5 all ! acid is add$ ! wat] is %ut (f1 & ! temp]ature all[$ to rise a little1 to ab\t #ajj ,c4 ,:5 x ceases to rise ! agitators are ?r[n out ( ge>1 & ! mixture all[$ "s h\rs to cool & settle4 ,! acid is !n drawn (f1 & ! nitro-b5z5e is well wa%$ ) wat]1 & sometimes di/ill$ ) wet /eam1 to recov] a little unconv]t$ b5z5e & a trace ( p>aff9 7ab\t 4#e p] c5t4 toge!r74 ,at _m ,engli% works1 #ajj to #bjj gallons1 or #hjj to #a1gfj lbs41 are nitrat$ at a "t1 & tolu5e is (t5 us$ in/ead ( b5z5e1 especially if ! nitro-b5z5e is = use z ess5ce ( myrbane4 ,! wa/e acids1 specific gravity #a4f to #a4g1 conta9 a little nitro-b5z5e 9 solution & "s oxalic acid4 ,!y are conc5trat$ 9 ca/-iron pots & us$ ov] aga94 ,di-nitro ,b5z5e is obta9$ by treat+ a *>ge ( ! hydroc>bon b5z5e ) d\ble ! quantity ( mix$ acids 9 two op]ations1 or r 9 two /ages1 ! second lot ( acid be+ run 9 directly aft] ! fir/4 ,! cool+ wat] is !n %ut (f1 & ! temp]ature all[$ to rise rapidly1 or nitro-b5z5e already manufactur$ is tak5 & aga9 nitrat$ ) acids4 ,a l>ge quantity ( acid fumes come (f1 & "s ( ! nitro- & di-nitro-b5zol produc$ comes (f at ! high temp]ature :i* is atta9$1 & a good cond5s+ app>atus ( /onew>e mu/ be us$ to prev5t loss4 ,! product is sep>at$ f ! acids1 wa%$ ) cold wat] & !n ) hot4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 s t ! wa%+ wat]s mu/ be kept & us$ ov] aga94 ,f9ally x is all[$ to settle1 & run :ile /ill w>m into iron trays1 9 :i* x solidifies 9 masses #b or #d in*es ?ick4 ,x %\ld n conta9 any nitro-b5zol1 nor soil a piece ( pap] :5 laid on x1 %\ld be well cry/allis$1 fairly h>d1 & almo/ od\rless4 ,! *ief product is meta-di-nitro-b5z5e1 melt+ po9t #hi4h1 b or?o-di-nitro-b5z5e1 melt+ po9t #aah1 & p>a-di-nitro1 melt+ po9t #agb1 are also produc$4 ,! melt+ po9t ( ! comm]cial product is betwe5 #he to #hg ,c4 ,di-nitro-tolu5e is made 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! tri-nitro-b5z5e c only be made by us+ a v l>ge excess ( ! mix$ acids4 ,nitro- b5z5e1 :5 r$uc$ ) iron1 z9c1 or t91 & hydro*loric acids1 =ms anil9e4 ,roburite4--,?is explosive is ! inv5tion ( a ,g]man *emi/1 ,dr ,c>l ,ro? 7,engli% pat5t #bfg;,a1 #ahhg71 & is n[ manufactur$ 9 ,engl&1 at ,ga?ur/1 ne> ,wigan4 ,x consi/s ( two compon5t p>ts1 non-explosive 9 !mselves 7,spr5gel's pr9ciple71 b :i*1 :5 mix$1 =m a p[]ful explosive4 ,! two sub/ances are ammonium nitrate & *lor9at$ di-nitro-b5zol4 ,nitro-naph?al5e is also us$4 ,nitrate ( soda & sulphate ( ammonium are all[$ to be mix$ ) x4 ,! advantages claim$ = ! introduction ( *lor9e into ! nitro comp\nd are t *lor9e ex]ts a loos5+ effect ^u ! ,,no#b gr\ps1 & enables ! comp\nd to burn m rapidly ?an :5 ! nitro gr\ps alone are pres5t4 ,! =mula ( *loro-di-nitro-b5zol is ,c#f;,h#c;,cl7,,no#b7b4 ,! !oretical p]c5tage ( nitrog51 !re=e1 is #ac4hb1 & ( *lor9e #ag4ec4 ,dr ,ro? /ates t1 f exp]im5ts he has made1 ! dynamic effect is consid]ably increas$ by ! introduction ( *lor9e into ! nitro comp\nd4 ,roburite burns quickly1 & is n s5sitive to %ock2 x mu/ be us$ dry2 x _c be made to explode by concussion1 pressure1 friction1 fire1 or lightn+2 x does n freeze2 x does n give (f delet]i\s fumes1 & x is to all int5ts & purposes flameless2 & :5 prop]ly tamp$ & fir$ by electricity1 c be safely us$ 9 fi]y m9es1 nei!r f9e du/ nor gases be+ ignit$ by x4 ,! action is r5d+ & n pulv]is+4 ,comp>$ to gunp[d]1 x is m p[]ful 9 a ratio rang+ f #b-a_/b to #d to #a1 accord+ to ! sub/ance act$ ^u4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 bla/+1 pit s9k+1 qu>ry+1 c41 b especially 9 coal m9+4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,ro?1 ! foll[+ is ! equation ( its decomposition3-- ,c#f;,h#c;,cl7,,no#b7b #i;,,hn#d,,no#c #f;,,co#b #bj,n ,h,cl4 ,9 appe>ance roburite is a br[ni% yell[ p[d]1 ) ! *>act]i/ic smell ( nitro-b5zol4 ,its specific gravity is #a4dj4 ,! ,company's /atem5t t ! fumes ( roburite 7 h>mless hav+ be5 que/ion$ by ! m9]s ( ! ,g>swood ,coal & ,iron ,works ,colli]y1 a sci5tific committee 0 appo9t$ by ! managem5t & ! m5 jo9tly = ! purpose ( settl+ ! "q4 ,! memb]s ( ?is committee 7 ,dr ,n4 ,hannah1 ,dr ,d4,j4 ,m\ncey1 & ,pr(essor ,h4,b4 ,dixon1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ,ow5s ,college4 ,aft] a protract$ inve/igation1 a long & te*nical report 0 issu$1 completely v9dicat+ ! innocu\sness ( roburite :5 prop]ly us$4 ,9 ! words ( ,! ,iron & ,coal ,trades' ,review 7,may #bd1 #ahhi71 ,! v]dict1 ?\gh n on e po9t 9 fav\r ( ! use 9 all circum/ances ( roburite 9 coal m9es1 is yet ( s pron\nc$ a "* 9 its fav\r z an explosive t x is impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t ! claims put =w>d on its behalf re/ on solid gr\nds4 ,roburite 0 also "o ( ! explosives inve/igat$ by ! committee appo9t$ 9 ,septemb] #ahhi by ! ,durham ,coal[n]s' & ,m9]s' ,associations1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r ! fumes produc$ by c]ta9 explosives are injuri\s to heal?4 ,bo? own]s & workm5 7 repres5t$ on ! committee1 :i* elect$ ,mr ,t4 ,bell1 ,h4,m4 ,inspector ( ,m9es1 z its *airman1 ) ,pr(essor ,p4,p4 ,b$son & ,drs ,drummond & ,hume z pr(essional advis]s4 ,! problem consid]$ 0 :e!r ! fumes produc$ by ! combu/ion ( c]ta9 explosives1 "o ( :i* 0 roburite1 7 injuri\s to heal?4 ,! trial compris$ ! *emical analysis ( ! air at ! intake1 & ( ! vitiat$ air dur+ ! fir+ ( ! %ots at ! return1 & also ( ! smoky air 9 ! vic9ity ( ! %ot-holes4 ,five p\nds & a half ( roburite 7 us$ 9 tw5ty-?ree %ots4 ,x _h be5 ass]t$ t ! fumes f ?is explosive conta9$ c>bon-monoxide1 ,,co1 b no trace ( ?is gas c\ld be discov]$ aft] ! explosion4 ,on ano!r occasion1 h[ev]1 :5 #d4g lbs4 ( roburite 7 explod$ 9 tw5ty-?ree %ots1 ! air at ! return %[$ traces ( ,,co gas to ! ext5t ( 4#jdb to 4#jai p] c5t4 ,! m$ical report :i* ,drs ,hume & ,drummond pres5t$ to ! committee %[s t !y inve/igat$ e case ( suspect$ illness produc$ by exposure to fumes1 & !y c\ld f9d no evid5ce ( acute illness be+ caus$4 ,!y say1 ,no case ( acute illness has1 ?r\gh\t ! inquiry1 be5 br\ght to our k1 & we are l$ to ! conclusion t su* cases h n occurr$4 ,manufacture4--,z n[ made1 roburite is a mixture ( ammonium nitrate & *lor9at$ di-nitro-b5zol4 ,! nitrate ( ammonia is fir/ dri$ & gr\nd1 & !n heat$ 9 a clos$ /eam-jacket$ vessel to a temp]ature ( #hj ,c41 & ! melt$ organic comp\nd is add$1 & ! :ole /irr$ until an intimate mixture is obta9$4 ,on cool+1 ! yell[ p[d] is ready = use1 & is /or$ 9 /raight cani/]s or made up into c>tridges4 ,ow+ to ! deliquesc5t nature ( ! nitrate ( ammonia1 ! f9i%$ explosive mu/ be kept out ( contact ) ! air1 & = ?is reason ! c>tridges are wat]pro($ by dipp+ !m 9 melt$ wax4 ,roburite is made 9 ,g]many1 at ,witt51 ,we/phalia2 & also at ! ,engli% ,company's ext5sive works at ,ga?ur/1 ne> ,wigan1 :i* h be5 at "w n[ = "s eighte5 ye>s1 hav+ />t$ 9 #ahhh4 ,^! works are ( consid]able ext5t1 cov]+ #cj acres ( gr\nd1 & are equal to an output ( #aj tons a day4 ,a canal runs ?r\gh ! c5tre1 sep>at+ ! *emical f ! explosive portions ( ! works1 & ! ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire ,railway runs up to ! doors4 ,besides s5d+ l>ge quantities ( roburite itself abroad1 ! ,company also export to ! v>i\s colonies ! two compon5ts1 z manufactur$ 9 ! *emical works1 & :i* sep>ately are q non-explosive1 & :i*1 hav+ arriv$ at _! de/9ation1 c be easily mix$ 9 ! prop] proportions4 ,among ! special advantages claim$ = roburite are3--,fir/1 t x is impossible to explode a c>tridge by p]cussion1 fire1 or electric sp>ks4 ,if a c>tridge or lay] be /ruck ) a heavy hamm]1 ! portion /ruck is decompos$1 ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( heat develop$ by ! bl[4 ,! rema9+ explosive is n 9 ! lea/ affect$1 & no detonation :atev] takes place4 ,if roburite be mix$ ) gunp[d]1 & ! gunp[d] fir$1 ! explosion simply scatt]s ! roburite )\t affect+ x 9 ! lea/4 ,9 fact1 ! only way to explode roburite is to detonate x by means ( a cap ( fulm9ate1 conta9+ at lea/ #a gramme ( fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,secondly1 its great safety = use 9 coal m9es4 ,roburite has ! great advantage ( explod+ by detonation at a v l[ temp]ature1 inde$ s l[ t a v slight am\nt ( tamp+ is requir$ :5 fir$ 9 ! mo/ explosive mixture ( air & coal gas possible1 & n at all 9 a mixture ( air & coal du/--a condition 9 :i* ! use ( gunp[d] is highly dang]\s4 ,mr ,w4,j4 ,orsman1 ,f4,i4,c41 9 a pap] read at ! ,univ]sity ,college1 ,nott+ham1 9 #ahic1 gives ! temp]ature ( detonation ( roburite z bel[ #b1ajj ,c41 & ( ammonium nitrate z #a1acj ,c41 :]eas t ( bla/+ gelat9e is z mu* z #c1bbj ,c4 ,) reg>d to ! composition ( ! fumes =m$ by ! explosion ( roburite1 ,mr ,orsman says3 ,) c]ta9 safety explosives--roburite1 = in/ance--an excess ( ! oxidis+ mat]ial is add$1 namely1 nitrate ( ammonia2 b 9 ?is case ! excess ( oxyg5 "h causes a dim9ution ( temp]ature1 z ! nitrate ( ammonia on be+ decompos$ absorbs heat4 ,?is excess ( oxyg5 effectually prev5ts ! =mation ( c>bon monoxide 7,,co7 & ! oxides ( nitrog54 ,! foll[+ table 7,a71 also f ,mr ,orsman's pap]1 gives ! composition ( five prom95t explosives1 & %[s ! composition ( ! gases =m$ on explosion4 ,! gases 7 collect$ aft] detonat+ #aj grms4 ( ea* 9 a clos$ /rong /eel cyl9d]1 hav+ an int]nal diamet] ( #e in*es4 ,) respect to ! influ5ce ( ammonium nitrate 9 l[]+ ! temp]ature ( explosion ( ! v>i\s sub/ances to :i* x is add$1 x 0 f\nd by a ,fr5* ,commission t1 :5 dry & f9ely p[d]$1 ammonium nitrate succe$s 9 depreciat+ ! heat ( decomposition )\t r$uc+ ! p[] ( ! explosive bel[ a useful limit4 ,! foll[+ table 7,b7 %[s ! composition ( ! explosives exam9$1 & ! temp]atures :i* accompani$ _! explosion4 ,a ,composition ( ,gases4 ,volume ,explosive4 ( ,gas =m$4,,co#b4 ,,co4 ,,*#d ,n4 ,h4 ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] c4c4 c5t4 c5t4c5t4 c5t4 ,gunp[d]-- ,nitre #ge p>ts ,sulphur #aj '' #b1bad #ea4c #c4e #c4e #da4g ,*>coal #ae '' ,gelignite-- ,nitro-glyc]9e #ef4e p>ts ,nitro-cotton #c4e '' #d1ihj #be #g 444 #fg ,wood-meal #h4j '' ,,kno#c #cb4j '' ,tonite-- ,nitro-,cotton #c1gej #cj #h 444 #fb ,b>ium nitrate ,roburite-- ,ammonium nitrate1 #hf p>ts ,di-nitro-*loro-b5zol #ad '' #d1ghj #cb 444 444 #fh ,c>bonite ,nitro-glyc]9e #be p>ts ,wood-meal #dj '' #b1ajj #ai #ae #bf 444 ,potas4 nitrate #cd '' ,b ,orig9al ,p]c5tage ,f9al ,explosive4 ,temp]ature ,,nh#d4,,no#c ,temp]ature ,co-effici5t4 add$4 ,co-effici5t4 ,nitro-glyc]9e #c1bjj 444 444 ,bla/+ gelat9e 7#h p] c5t4 gun-cotton7 #c1jij #hh #a1dic ,dynamite 7#be p] c5t4 silica7 #b1idj #hj #a1dfh ,gun-cotton1 #a #b1fej 444 444 #b1jfj #ij4e #a1dej ,ammonium nitrate #a1acj 444 444 ,bellite is ! pat5t ( ,mr ,c>l ,lamm1 ,manag+ ,director ( ! ,rtebro ,explosive ,company1 ( ,/ockholm1 & is lic5s$ = manufacture 9 ,engl&4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( nitrate ( ammonia ) di- or tri-nitro-b5zol1 x has a specific gravity ( #a4b to #a4d 9 its granulat$ /ate1 & #a litre weighs #hjj to #hge grms4 ,heat$ 9 an op5 vessel1 bellite loses its consi/5cy at #ij ,c41 b does n comm5ce to sep>ate be=e a temp]ature ( #bjj ,c4 is rea*$1 :5 x evaporates )\t explod+4 ,if heat$ sudd5ly1 x burns ) a sooty flame1 some:at l t>1 b if ! s\rce ( heat is remov$1 x w cease burn+1 & assume a c>amel-l /ructure4 ,x absorbs v little moi/ure f ! air aft] x has be5 press$1 & if ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$ :ile ! explosive is hot1 ! subsequ5t increase ( weight is only #b p] c5t4 ,:5 subject$ to ! mo/ p[]ful bl[ ) a /eel hamm] ^u an iron plate1 x nei!r explodes nor ignites4 ,a rifle bullet fir$ into x at #ej y>ds' di/ance w n explode x4 ,granulat$ bellite explodes fully by ! aid ( fulm9at+ m]cury4 ,fifte5 grms4 ( bellite fir$ by means ( fulm9ate1 project$ a %ot f an ord9>y mort>1 weigh+ #ij lbs41 a di/ance ( #ge y>ds1 #ae grms4 ( gunp[d]1 "u ! same conditions1 ?r[+ x only #ab y>ds4 ,a weight ( #g-a_/b lbs4 fall+ #ade c5timetres fail$ to explode #a grm4 ( bellite4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts & trials h be5 made ) ?is explosive by ,pr(essor ,p4,t4 ,cleve1 ,m4,p4,f4 ,*alon1 ,c4,n4 ,hake1 & by a committee ( (fic]s ( ! ,sw$i% ,royal ,artill]y4 ,x is claim$ t x is a v p[]ful & extremely safe explosive2 t x _c be made to explode by friction1 %ock1 or pressure1 nor by electricity1 fire1 lightn+1 c41 & t x is specially adapt$ = use 9 coal m9es1 c42 t x c only be explod$ by means ( a fulm9ate detonator1 & is p]fectly safe to h&le & manufacture2 t x does n freeze1 c be us$ z a fill+ = %ells1 & la/ly1 c be *eaply manufactur$4 ,securite consi/s ( #bf p>ts ( meta-di-nitro-b5zol & #gd p>ts ( ammonium nitrate4 ,x is a yell[ p[d]1 ) an od\r ( nitro-b5zol4 ,x 0 lic5s$ 9 #ahhf4 ,x sometimes conta9s tri-nitro-b5zol1 & tri-nitro-naph?al5e4 ,! equation ( its combu/ion is giv5 z ,c#f;,h#d7,,no#b7b #aj7,,nh#d,,no#c7 #f;,,co#b #bb;,h#b,o #aa,n#b &1 l bellite & roburite1 x is claim$ to be p]fectly safe to use 9 ! pres5ce ( fire damp & coal du/4,a ,! v>iety kn[n z ,flameless ,securite consi/s ( a mixture ( nitrate & oxalate ( ammonia & di-nitro-b5zol4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see pap] by ,s4,b4 ,coxon1 ,nor? ( ,eng4 ,in/4 ,m9+ & ,me*4 ,eng41 #aa1 #b1 #hg4 ,k9etite4--,a few ye>s ago an explosive call$ ,k9etite,a 0 introduc$1 b is n manufactur$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 ! pat5t ( ,messrs ,petry & ,fall5/e91 & consi/$ ( nitro-b5zol1 ?ick5$ or gelat9is$ by ! addition ( "s collodion-cotton1 incorporat$ ) f9ely gr\nd *lorate ( pota% & precipitat$ sulphide ( antimony4 ,an analysis gave ! foll[+ p]c5tages3-- ,nitro-b5zol1 #ai4d p] c5t4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 #gf4i p] c5t4 ,sulphide ( antimony nitro-cotton1 #c4g p] c5t4 ,footnote ,a3 ,v4 ,watson ,smi?1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,janu>y #ahhg4 ,x requires a v high temp]ature to ignite x1 & _c1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 :5 unconf9$1 be explod$ by ! application ( heat4 ,x is little affect$ by imm]sion 9 wat]1 unless prolong$1 :5 ! *lorate dissolves out1 leav+ a practical inexplosive residue4,a ,x 0 f\nd to be v s5sitive to comb9$ friction & p]cussion1 & to be readily ignit$ by a glanc+ bl[ ( wood ^u wood4 ,x 0 also defici5t 9 *emical /ability1 & has be5 kn[n to ignite spontane\sly bo? 9 ! laboratory & 9 a magaz9e4 ,x is an orange- col\r$ pla/ic mass1 & smells ( nitro-b5zol4 ,footnote ,a3 ,col4 ,cundill1 ,r4,a41 ,dict4 ( ,explosives1 says3 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be expos$ to moi/ & dry air alt]nately1 ! *lorate cry/allises out on ! surfaces1 & r5d]s ! explosive v s5sitive4 ,tonite ,no4 #c conta9s #aj to #ad p] c5t4 ( nitro-b5zol 7see ,tonite74 ,tr5*'s ,flameless ,explosive conta9s #aj p] c5t4 ( di-nitro-b5zol1 toge!r ) #he p] c5t4 ( nitrate ( ammonia1 & #e p] c5t4 ( a mixture ( alum1 & ! *lorides ( sodium & ammonia4 ,tri-nitro-,tolu5e4--,tolu5e1 ,c#g;,h#h1 n[ *iefly obta9$ f coal- t>1 0 =m]ly obta9$ by ! dry di/illation ( tolu-balsam4 ,x may be reg>d$ z me?yl-b5z5e1 or b5z5e 9 :i* "o hydrog5 is replac$ by me?yl 7,,*#c71 ?us 7,c#f;,h#e;,,*#c71 or z ph5yl- me?ane1 or me?ane 9 :i* "o hydrog5 atom is replac$ by ! radical ph5yl 7,c#f;,h#e71 ?us 7,,*#c;,c#f;,h#e74 ,tolu5e is a col\rless liquid1 boil+ at #aaj ,c41 has a specific gravity ( 4#hhbd at #j ,c41 & an aromatic od\r4 ,tri-nitro-tolu5e is =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid on tolu5e4 ,accord+ to ,huss]mann1 x is m advantage\s to />t ) ! or?o-p>a-di-nitro-tolu5e1 :i* is prep>$ by all[+ a mixture ( #ge p>ts ( #ia to #ib p] c5t4 nitric acid & #aej p>ts ( #ie to #if p] c5t4 sulphuric acid to run 9 a ?9 /ream into #ajj p>ts ( p>a-nitro-tolu5e1 :ile ! latt] is kept at a temp]ature betwe5 #fj to #fe ,c41 & cont9ually /irr$4 ,:5 ! acid has all be5 run 91 ?is mixture is heat$ = half an h\r to #hj ,c41 & all[$ to /& till cold4 ,! excess ( nitric acid is !n remov$4 ,! residue aft] ?is treatm5t is a homog5e\s cry/all9e mass ( or?o-p>a-di-nitro- tolu5e1 ( :i* ! solidify+ po9t is #fi4e ,c4 ,to conv]t ?is mass into tri-nitro d]ivative1 x is dissolv$ by g5tly heat+ x ) f\r times its weight ( sulphuric acid 7#ie to #if p] c5t471 & x is !n mix$ ) #a-a_/b times its weight ( nitric acid 7#ij to #ib p] c5t471 ! mixture be+ kept cool4 ,aft]w>ds x is dige/$ at #ij to #ie ,c41 ) occasional /irr+1 until ! evolution ( gas ceases4 ,?is takes place 9 ab\t f\r or five h\rs4 ,! op]ation is n[ /opp$1 ! product all[$ to cool1 & ! excess ( nitric acid sep>at$ f x4 ,! residue is !n wa%$ ) hot wat] & v dilute soda solution1 & all[$ to solidify )\t purification4 ,! solidify+ po9t is #gj ,c41 & ! mass is !n :ite1 ) a radiat+ cry/all9e /ructure4 ,bright sp>kl+ cry/als1 melt+ at #ha4e ,c4 may1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ by recry/allisation f hot alcohol4 ,! yield is f #ajj p>ts di-nitro-tolu5e1 #aej p>ts ( ! tri-nitro d]ivative4 ,huss]mann /ates also t #a3b3d3f tri-nitro- tolu5e c be obta9$ f ord9>y comm]cial di-nitro-tolu5e melt+ at #fj to #fd ,c42 b :5 ?is is us$1 great] precautions mu/ be ex]cis$1 = ! reactions are m viol5t4 ,moreov]1 #aj p] c5t4 m nitric acid is requir$1 & ! yield is #aj p] c5t4 less4 ,he also draws att5tion to ! slight solubility ( tri-nitro-tolu5e 9 hot wat]1 & to ! fact t x is decompos$ by dilute alkalies & alkal9e c>bonates--facts :i* mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 wa%+ ! sub/ance4 ,?is mat]ial is nei!r difficult nor dang]\s to make4 ,x behaves z a v /able sub/ance :5 expos$ to ! air "u v>y+ conditions ( temp]ature 7-#aj to #ej ,c47 = sev]al mon?s4 ,x _c be explod$ by flame1 nor by heat+ x 9 an op5 vessel4 ,x is only slightly decompos$ by /rong p]cussion on an anvil4 ,a fulm9ate detonator produces ! be/ explosive effect ) tri-nitro-tolu5e4 ,x c be us$ 9 conjunction ) ammonium nitrate1 b su* admixture weak5s ! explosive p[]2 b ev5 !n x is /at$ to be /rong] ?an an equival5t mixture ( di-nitro-b5z5e & ammonium nitrate4 ,m[bray pat5t$ a mixture ( #c p>ts nitro-toluol to #g ( nitro-glyc]9e1 also 9 ! proportions ( #a to #c1 :i* he /ates to be a v safe explosive4 ,fav]%am ,p[d]4--,"o ( ! explosives on ! p]mitt$ li/ 7coal m9es7 is ext5sively us$1 & is manufactur$ by ! ,cotton ,p[d] ,co4 ,ltd4 at ,fav]%am4 ,x is compos$ ( tri-nitro-toluol #aa p>ts1 ammonium nitrate #ic p>ts1 & moi/ure #a "p4 ,?is explosive mu/ be us$ only :5 conta9$ 9 a case ( an alloy ( lead1 t91 z9c1 & antimony ?or\ghly wat]pro(2 x mu/ be us$ only ) a detonator or electric detonator ( n less /r5g? ?an t kn[n z ,no4 #f4 ,nitro-,naph?al5e4--,nitro-naph?al5e is =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid on naph?al5e 7,c#aj;,h#h74 ,its =mula is ,c#aj;,h#g,,no#b1 & x =ms yell[ ne$les1 melt+ at #fa ,c42 & ( di-nitro-naph?al5e 7,c#aj;,h#f7,,no#b7b71 melt+ po9t #baf ,c4 ,!re are also tri-nitro & tetra-nitro & alpha & beta d]ivatives ( nitro-naph?al5e4 ,x is ! di-nitro-naph?al5e t is *iefly us$ 9 explosives4 ,x is conta9$ 9 roburite1 securite1 romit1 ,volney's p[d]1 c4 ,fehv5 has pat5t$ an explosive consi/+ ( #aj p>ts ( nitro-naph?al5e mix$ ) ! crude +r$i5ts ( gunp[d] z foll[s3--,nitro-naph?al5e1 #aj p>ts2 saltpetre1 #ge p>ts2 *>coal1 #ab4e p>ts2 & sulphur1 #ab4e p>ts4 ,he /ates t he obta9s a mono-nitro-naph?al5e1 conta9+ a small proportion ( di-nitro-naph?al5e1 by dige/+ #a "p ( naph?al5e1 ) or )\t heat1 9 #d p>ts ( nitric acid 7specific gravity #a4dj7 = five days4 ,q lately a pat5t has be5 tak5 out = a mixture ( nitro- naph?al5e or di-nitro-b5z5e ) ammonium nitrate1 & consi/s 9 us+ a solv5t = "o or o!r or bo? ( ! +r$i5ts1 effect$ 9 a wet /ate1 & !n evaporat+ (f ! solv5t1 c>e be+ tak5 n to melt ! hydroc>bon4 ,9 ?is way a m intimate mixture is ensur$ betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ! compon5ts1 & ! explosive ?us prep>$ c be fir$ by a small detonator1 viz41 by #j4ed grms4 ( fulm9ate4 ,favi]'s explosive also conta9s mono-nitro-naph?al5e 7#h4e p>ts71 toge!r ) #ia4e p>ts ( nitrate ( ammonia4 ,?is explosive is made 9 ,engl& by ! ,m9]s' ,safety ,explosive ,co4 ,a v>iety ( roburite conta9s *loro-nitro-naph?al5e4 ,romit consi/s ( #ajj p>ts ammonium nitrate & #g p>ts potassium *lorate mix$ ) a solution ( #a "p nitro- naph?al5e & #b p>ts rectifi$ p>aff9 oil4 ,ammonite4--,?is explosive 0 orig9ally made at ,vilvorde 9 ,belgium1 "u ! title ( ! ,favi] ,explosive1 consi/+ ( a compress$ holl[ cyl9d] compos$ ( #ia4e p] c5t4 ( nitrate ( ammonia1 & #h4e p] c5t4 ( mono-nitro-naph?al5e fill$ inside ) loose p[d] ( ! same composition4 ,! c>tridges 7 wrapp$ 9 pap] saturat$ ) p>aff9-wax1 & aft]w>ds dipp$ 9 hot p>aff9 to secure _! be+ wat]-tight4 ,! ,m9]s' ,safety ,explosives ,co41 :5 mak+ ?is explosive at _! factory at ,/an=d-le-,hope1 ,essex1 ab&on$ aft] a %ort trial ! above composition1 & sub/itut$ di-nitro-naph?al5e #aa4e p] c5t4 = ! mono-nitro-naph?al5e1 & us$ ?9 lead envelopes fill$ ) loose p[d] slightly press$ 91 9 place ( ! compress$ cyl9d]s conta9+ loose p[d]4 ,! process ( manufacture is %ortly z foll[s3--#acb-c_/d lbs4 ( ?or\ghly dri$ nitrate ( ammonium is plac$ 9 a mill pan1 heat$ at ! bottom ) live /eam1 & gr\nd = ab\t tw5ty m9utes until x becomes s dry t a slight du/ foll[s ! roll]s2 !n #ag-a_/b lbs4 ( ?or\ghly dry di-nitro-naph?al5e is add$1 & ! gr9d+ cont9u$ = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,cold wat] is !n circulat$ ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! pan until ! mat]ial appe>s ( a lighti% col\r & falls to p[d]4 7,:ile ! pan is hot ! :ole mass looks slightly pla/ic & ( a d>k] col\r ?an :5 cold47 ,a slide 9 ! bottom ( ! pan is !n )drawn1 ! :ole mass work+ out until ! pan is empty2 x is n[ remov$ to ! sift+ ma*9e1 bru%$ ?r\gh a wire sieve ( ab\t #ab holes to ! in*1 & is !n ready = fill+ into c>tridges4 ,! h>d core is return$ f ! sift+ ma*9e & turn$ into "o ( ! pans a few m9utes be=e ! *>ge is )drawn4 ,! ammonite is fill$ into ! metallic c>tridges by means ( an ar*im$ian screw work+ ?r\gh a brass tube1 pu%+ (f ! c>tridges z ! explosive is f$ into !m aga9/ a slight back pressure2 a cov] is screw$ on1 & !y !n g to ! dipp+ room1 :]e !y are dipp$ 9 hot wax to seal ! ends2 !y are !n pack$ 9 boxes ( #e lbs4 ea* & are ready = deliv]y4 ,! di-nitro-naph?al5e is made at ! factory4 ,mono-nitro-naph?al5e is fir/ made z foll[s3--#ab p>ts ( comm]cial nitrate ( soda are gr\nd to a f9e p[d]1 & fur!r gr\nd ) ! addition ( #ae p>ts ( ref9$ naph?al5e until ?or\ghly incorporat$2 x is !n plac$ 9 an e>!nw>e pan1 & #cj p>ts ( sulphuric acid ( #ff ,b4 add$1 #b p>ts at a "t1 dur+ =ty-eight h\rs 7! rate ( add+ ,h#b,,s#d dep5ds on ! condition ( ! *>ge1 & keep+ x 9 a fluid /ate71 ) frequ5t agitation1 day & night1 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree or f\r days1 aft]w>ds ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,9 all f\rte5 days are occupi$ 9 ! nitration process4 ,x is !n /ra9$ ?r\gh an e>!nw>e /ra9]1 wa%$ ) w>m wat]1 dra9$1 & dri$4 ,= ! purpose ( produc+ ?is mat]ial 9 a granulat$ condition1 :i* is f\nd m conv5i5t = dry+1 & fur!r nitrification1 x is plac$ 9 a tub1 & live /eam pass$ ?r\gh1 until br\ght up to ! boil+ po9t 7! tub %\ld be ab\t half full71 cold wat] is !n run 9 :il/ viol5tly agitat+ ! cont5ts until ! naph?al5e solidifies2 x c !n be easily dra9$ & dri$4 ,= ! fur!r treatm5t to make di-nitro-naph?al5e1 #ah p>ts ( nitro-naph?al5e are plac$ 9 an e>!nw>e pan1 toge!r ) #ci p>ts ( sulphuric acid ( #ff ,b41 !n #ae p>ts ( nitric acid ( #dj ,b4 are add$1 9 small quantities at a "t1 /irr+ ! mixture cont9ually4 ,?is add+ ( nitric acid is controll$ by ! fum+1 :i* %\ld be kept d[n z mu* z possible4 ,! op]ation takes t5 to twelve days1 :5 #ajj times ! above quantities1 tak5 9 kilogrammes1 are tak54 ,at ! end ( ! nitration ! di-nitro-naph?al5e is remov$ to e>!nw>e /ra9]s1 all[$ to dra91 wa%$ ) hot wat] & soda until all acid is remov$1 wa%$ ) wat] & dri$4 ,! di-nitro- naph?al5e gives "s tr\ble 9 wa%+1 z "s acid is held 9 ! cry/als :i* is liable to make its appe>ance :5 cru%$4 ,to avoid ?is x %\ld be gr\nd & wa%$ ) c>bonate ( soda be=e dry+2 an excess ( c>bonate ( soda %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be us$4 ,electronite4--,?is is a high explosive design$ to af=d safety 9 coal gett+4 ,?is important end has be5 atta9$ by us+ su* +r$i5ts1 & s proportion+ !m1 z w ensure on detonation a degree ( heat insuffici5t "u ! conditions ( a bl[n-out %ot1 to ignite fire damp or coal du/4 ,x is ( ! nitrate ( ammonium class ( p]mitt$ explosives4 ,x conta9s ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( nitrate ( ammonium1 ) ! addition ( nitrate ( b>ium1 wood meal1 & />*4 ,! gases result+ f detonation are *iefly wat] 9 ! gase\s =m1 nitrog51 & a little c>bon dioxide4 ,x is granulat$ ) ! object ( prev5t+ missfires f ramm+1 to :i* nitrate ( ammonium explosives are some:at susceptible4 ,?is explosive und]w5t "s exhau/ive exp]im5ts at ! exp]im5tal /ation ne> ,wigan 9 #ahie1 :5 #h oz4 or #ab oz4 *>ges 7 fir$ un/emm$ into an admixture ( coal du/ & #aj p] c5t4 ( gas1 )\t any ignition tak+ place4 ,x is manufactur$ by ,messrs ,curtis's ,h>vey ,ltd4 at _! factory1 ,tonbridge1 ,k5t4 ,spr5gel's ,explosives4--,?is is a l>ge class ( explosives4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( !m all is ! admixture ( an oxidis+ ) a combu/ible ag5t at ! "t (1 or j be=e1 be+ requir$ = use1 ! con/itu5ts ( ! mixture be+ v (t5 non-explosive bodies4 ,?is type ( explosive is due to ! late ,dr ,h]man ,spr5gel1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,foll[+ up ! idea t an explosion is a sudd5 combu/ion1 he submitt$ a v>iety ( mixtures ( oxidis+ & combu/ible ag5ts to ! viol5t %ock ( a detonator ( fulm9ate4 ,^! mixtures 7 made 9 su* proportions t ! mutual oxidation or de-oxidation %\ld be !oretically complete4 ,among !m are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,"o *emical equival5t ( nitro-b5z5e to equival5ts ( nitric acid4 #b4 ,five equival5ts ( picric acid to #ac equival5ts ( nitric acid4 #c4 ,eighty-sev5 equival5ts ( nitro-naph?al5e to #dac equival5ts ( nitric acid4 #d4 ,por\s cakes1 or lumps ( *lorate ( pota%1 explod$ viol5tly ) bisulphide ( c>bon1 nitro-b5zol1 c>bonic acid1 sulphur1 b5z5e1 & mixtures ( ^! sub/ances4 ,no4 #a cov]s ! explosive kn[n z ,hellh(fite1 & ,no4 #b is really oxonite1 & ,no4 #d resembles rack-a-rock1 an explosive inv5t$ by ,mr ,s4,r4 ,div9e1 & consi/+ ( a mixture ( *lorate ( pota% & nitro- b5zol4 ,roburite1 bellite1 & securite %\ld p]haps be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,spr5gel class ( explosives1 o!rwise ?is class is n manufactur$ or us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! pr9cipal memb]s are kn[n z ,hellh(fite1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( nitro-petroleum or nitro-t> oils & nitric acid1 or ( meta-di-nitro-b5zol & nitric acid2 ,oxonite1 consi/+ ( picric & nitric acids2 & ,pancla/ite1 a "n giv5 to v>i\s mixtures1 propos$ by ,m4 ,turp91 su* z liquid nitric p]oxide1 ) bisulphide ( c>bon1 b5zol1 petroleum1 e!r1 or m9]al oils4 ,picric ,acid1 ,tri-nitro-,ph5ol1 or ,c>bazotic ,acid4--,picric acid1 or a tri-nitro-ph5ol 7,c#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,,oh7#b3d3f1 is produc$ by ! action ( nitric acid on _m organic sub/ances1 su* z ph5ol1 indigo1 wool1 anil9e1 res9s1 c4 ,at "o "t a yell[ gum f ,botany ,bay 7,xan?orrhoea ha/ilis7 0 *iefly us$4 ,"o "p ( ph5ol 7c>bolic acid71 ,c#f;,h#e,,oh1 is add$ to #c p>ts ( /rong fum+ nitric acid1 slightly w>m$1 & :5 ! viol5ce ( ! reaction has subsid$1 boil$ till nitr\s fumes are no long] evolv$4 ,! res9\s mass ?us produc$ is boil$ ) wat]1 ! result+ picric acid is conv]t$ into a sodium salt by a solution ( sodium c>bonate1 :i* ?r[s d[n sodium picrate 9 cry/als4 ,ph5ol-sulphuric acid is n[1 h[ev]1 m g5]ally us$1 & ! app>atus employ$ = produc+ x closely resembles t us$ 9 mak+ nitro-b5zol4 ,x is also made comm]cially by melt+ c>bolic acid1 & mix+ x ) /rong sulphuric acid1 !n dilut+ ! sulpho- c>bolic,a acid ) wat]1 & aft]w>ds runn+ x sl[ly into a /one tank conta9+ nitric acid4 ,?is is all[$ to cool1 :]e ! crude picric acid cry/allises out1 & ! acid liquid 7:i* conta9s practically no picric acid1 b only sulphuric acid1 ) "s nitric acid7 be+ p\r$ d[n ! dra9s4 ,! crude picric acid is !n dissolv$ 9 wat] by ! aid ( /eam1 & all[$ to cool :5 mo/ ( ! picric acid recry/allises4 ,! "m liquor is transf]r$ to a tank & treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 :5 a fur!r crop ( picric acid cry/als is obta9$4 ,! cry/als ( picric acid are fur!r purifi$ by recry/allisation1 dra9$1 & dri$ at #ajj ,f4 on glaz$ e>!nw>e trays by ! aid ( /eam4 ,x c also be obta9$ by ! action ( nitric acid on or?o-nitro-ph5ol1 p>a-nitro-ph5ol1 & di-nitro-ph5ol 7#b3d & #b3f71 b n f meta-nitro-ph5ol1 a fact :i* indicates its con/itution4,b ,footnote ,a3 ,o4 & p4 ph5olsulphonic acids4 ,c#c;,h#d7,,oh74,,s#c;,h #c;,,hno#c ,c#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,,oh ,h#b,,s#d #b;,h#b,o4 7,picric acid74 ,footnote ,b3 ,c>ey ,lea1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 7ii471 xxxii4 #ahj4 ,picric acid cry/allises 9 yell[ %9+ prisms or lam9 hav+ an int5sely bitt] ta/e1 & is poison\s4 ,x melts at #abb4e ,c41 sublimes :5 cauti\sly heat$1 dissolves sp>+ly 9 cold wat]1 m easily 9 hot wat]1 /ill m 9 alcohol4 ,x /a9s ! sk9 an int5se yell[ col\r1 & is us$ z a dye = wool & silk4 ,x is a /rong acid1 =m+ well cry/allis$ yell[ salts1 :i* detonate viol5tly :5 heat$1 "s ( !m also by p]cussion4 ,! potassium salt1 ,c#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,,ok1 cry/allises 9 long ne$les v slightly soluble 9 wat]4 ,! sodium1 ammonium1 & b>ium salts are1 h[ev]1 easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,picric acid1 :5 heat$1 burns ) a lum9\s & smoky flame1 & may be burnt away 9 l>ge quantity )\t explosion2 b ! m]e contact ( c]ta9 metallic oxides1 ) picric acid1 9 ! pres5ce ( heat1 develops p[]ful explosives1 :i* are capable ( act+ z detonators to an indef9ite am\nt ( ! acid1 wet or dry1 :i* is )9 rea* ( _! detonative influ5ce4 ,! =mula ( picric acid is ,c#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c ,,oh4 :i* %[s its =mation f ph5ol 7,c#f;,h#e,,oh471 ?ree hydrog5 atoms be+ displac$ by ! ,,no#b gr\p4 ,! equation ( its =mation f ph5ol is z foll[s3-- ,c#f;,h#e4,,oh #c;,,hno#c ,c#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,,oh #c;,h#b,o4 ,accord+ to ,b]!lot1 its heat ( =mation f its elem5ts equals #di4a calories1 & its heat ( total combu/ion by free oxyg5 is equal to #fah4d cals4 ,x h>dly conta9s m ?an half ! oxyg5 necess>y = its complete combu/ion4 #b;,c#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,,oh ,o#aj #ab;,,co#b #c;,h#b #c,n#b4 ,! p]c5tage composition ( picric acid is--,nitrog51 #ah4cd2 oxyg51 #di4bb2 hydrog51 #a4jj2 & c>bon1 #ca4dd1 equal to #fj4bf p] c5t4 ( ,,no#b4 ,! products ( decomposition are c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog51 & ! heat lib]at$1 accord+ to ,b]!lot1 w\ld be #acj4f cals41 or #egj cals4 p] kilogramme4 ,! r$uc$ volume ( ! gases w\ld be #aij litres p] equival5t1 or #hbi litres p] kilogramme4 ,to obta9 a total combu/ion ( picric acid x is necess>y to mix ) x an oxidis+ ag5t1 su* z a nitrate1 *lorate1 c4 ,x has be5 propos$ to mix picric acid 7#aj p>ts7 ) sodium nitrate 7#aj p>ts7 & potassium bi*romate 7#h4c p>ts74 ,^! proportions w\ld furni% a ?ird ( oxyg5 9 excess ( ! necess>y proportion4 ,picric acid 0 n consid]$ to be an explosive1 prop]ly s call$1 = a long "t aft] its discov]y1 b ! disa/r\s accid5t :i* occurr$ at ,man*e/] 7vide ,gov4 ,rep4 ,no4 ,,lxxxi41 by ,colonel 7n[ ,sir ,v4,d47 ,maj5die1 ,c4,b471 & "s exp]im5ts made by ,dr ,dupr & ,colonel ,maj5die to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! accid5t1 conclusively prov$ t ?is view 0 wrong4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,b]!lot 7,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,*im4 de ,p>is1 xlix41 p4 #def7 on ! explosive decomposition ( picric acid are also des]v+ ( att5tion 9 ?is connection4 ,if a small quantity ( picric acid be heat$ 9 a mod]ate fire1 9 a crucible1 or ev5 9 an op5 te/ tube1 x w melt 7at #abj ,c4 comm]cial acid71 !n give (f vap\rs :i* cat* fire ^u contact ) air1 & burn ) a sooty flame1 )\t explod+4 ,if ! burn+ liquid be p\r$ out ^u a cold slab1 x w soon g out4 ,a small quantity c>efully heat$ 9 a tube1 clos$ at "o end1 c ev5 be completely volatilis$ )\t app>5t decomposition4 ,x is ?us obvi\s t picric acid is mu* less explosive ?an ! nitric e!rs1 su* z nitro-glyc]ol & nitro-cellulose1 & v consid]ably less explosive ?an ! nitrog5 comp\nds & fulm9ates4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be q errone\s to assume t picric acid _c explode :5 simply heat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,b]!lot has prov$ t ?is is n ! case4 ,if a glass tube be heat$ to r$ness1 & a m9ute quantity ( picric acid cry/als be !n ?r[n 91 x w explode ) a curi\s *>act]i/ic noise4 ,if ! quantity be increas$ s t ! temp]ature ( ! tube is mat]ially r$uc$1 no explosion w take place at once1 b ! sub/ance w volatilise & !n explode1 ?\gh ) mu* less viol5ce ?an be=e1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube4 ,f9ally1 if ! am\nt ( picric acid be /ill fur!r increas$ "u ^! conditions1 x w und]go p>tial decomposition & volatilise1 b w n ev5 deflagrate4 ,nitro-b5z5e1 di-nitrob5z5e1 & mono-1 di-1 & tri-nitro-naph?al5es behave simil>ly4 ,! mann] 9 :i* picric acid w decompose is ?us dep5d5t ^u ! initial temp]ature ( ! decomposition1 & if ! surr\nd+ mat]ial absorb heat z fa/ z x is produc$ by ! decomposition1 !re w be no explosion & no deflagration4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! absorption is n suffici5t to prev5t deflagration1 ?is may s increase ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ mat]ials t ! deflagration w !n end 9 explosion4 ,?us1 if an explosion 7 />t$ 9 an isolat$ spot1 x w\ld ext5d ?r\gh\t ! mass1 & give rise to a g5]al explosion4 ,9 ! manufacture ( picric acid ! fir/ obvi\s & mo/ necess>y precaution is to isolate ! sub/ance f o!r *emicals ) :i* x might accid5tally come into contact4 ,if pure mat]ials only are us$1 ! manufacture pres5ts no dang]4 ,! f9i%$ mat]ial1 h[ev]1 mu/ be c>efully kept f contact ) nitrates1 *lorates1 or oxides4 ,if only a little bit ( lime or pla/] become accid5tally mix$ ) x1 x may become highly dang]\s4 ,a local explosion may occur :i* might h ! effect ( caus+ ! explosion ( ! :ole mass4 ,picric acid c be fir$ by a detonator1 #e-;gra9 fulm9ate1 & ,m4 ,turp9 pat5t$ ! use ( picric acid1 unmix$ ) any o!r sub/ance1 9 #ahhe4 ,! detonation ( a small quantity ( dry picric acid is suffici5t to detonate a mu* l>g] quantity conta9+ z mu* z #ag p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,x is *iefly due to ,fr5* *emi/s 7& to ,dr ,spr5gel7 t picric acid has come to ! front z an explosive4 ,mel9ite1,a a sub/ance us$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t = fill+ %ells1 0 due to ,m4 ,turp91 & is suppos$ to be little else ?an fus$ picric acid mix$ ) gun-cotton dissolv$ 9 "s solv5t 7acetone or e!r-alcohol74 ,sir ,f4,a4 ,abel has also propos$ to use picric acid1 mix$ ) nitrate ( pota% 7#c p>ts7 & picrate ( ammonia 7#b p>ts7 z a fill+ = %ells4 ,?is sub/ance requires a viol5t bl[ & /rong conf9em5t to explode x4 ,i am n aw>e1 h[ev]1 t x has ev] be5 (ficially adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,messrs ,dsignolles & ,brugre h introduc$ milit>y p[d]s1 consi/+ ( mixtures ( potassium & ammonium picrates ) nitrate ( potassium4 ,m4 ,dsignolles introduc$ ?ree k9ds ( picrate p[d]s1 compos$ z foll[s3-- ,= ,torp$oes ,= ,guns4 ,= ,small & ,%ells4 ,ord9>y4 ,heavy4 ,arms4 ,picrate ( ,pota% #ee-ej #af4d- #i4f #i #bh4f-bb4i ,saltpetre #de-ej #gd4d-gi4g #hj #fe4j-fi4d ,*>coal 444 #i4b-aj4g #aa #f4d- #g4g ,!y 7 made mu* l ord9>y gunp[d]1 #f to #ad p] c5t4 ( moi/ure be+ add$ :5 be+ mill$4 ,! advantages claim$ ov] gunp[d] are great] /r5g?1 & consequ5tly great] balli/ic or disruptive effect1 comp>ative abs5ce ( smoke1 & fre$om f injuri\s action on ! bores ( guns1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( sulphur4 ,brugre's p[d] is compos$ ( ammonium picrate & nitre1 ! proportions be+ #ed p] c5t4 picrate ( ammonia & #df p] c5t4 potassic nitrate4 ,x is /able1 safe to manufacture & h&le1 b exp5sive4 ,x gives good results 9 ! ,*assept rifle1 v little smoke1 & its residue is small1 & consi/s ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,x is /at$ t #b4f grms4 us$ 9 a rifle gave an effect equal to #e4e grms4 ( ord9>y gunp[d]4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! ,briti% ,lydite & ! ,japanese ,%imose are said to be id5tical ) ,mel9ite4 ,turp9 has pat5t$ v>i\s mixtures ( picric acid1 ) gum-arabic1 oils1 fats1 collodion jelly1 c4 ,:5 ! la/-nam$ sub/ance is dilut$ 9 ! proportion ( f #c to #e p] c5t4 9 a mixture ( e!r & alcohol1 he /ates t ! blocks ( picric acid m\ld$ ) x w explode 9 a clos$ *amb] ) a prim+ ( f #a to #c grammes ( fulm9ate4 ,he also ca/s picric acid into projectiles1 ! ca/ acid hav+ a d5sity ( ab\t #a4f4 ,9 ?is /ate x resi/s ! %ock produc$ by ! fir+ ( a cannon1 :5 conta9$ 9 a projectile1 hav+ an initial velocity ( #fjj metres4 ,x is made 9 ! foll[+ way3--,! acid is fus$ 9 a vessel provid$ ) a false bottom1 heat$ to #acj to #ade ,c4 by a curr5t ( /eam "u pressure1 or simply by ! circulation "u ! false bottom ( a liquid1 su* z oil1 *loride ( z9c1 glyc]9e1 c41 heat$ to ! same temp]ature4 ,! melt$ picric acid is run into m\lds ( a =m correspond+ to t ( ! blocks requir$1 or x may be run into projectiles1 :i* %\ld be heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,c41 9 ord] to prev5t too rapid solidification4 ,:5 cresylic acid 7or cresol1 ,c#f;,h#d7;,,*#c7,,oh47 is act$ ^u by nitric acid x produces a s]ies ( nitro comp\nds v simil> to ^? =m$ by nitric acids on ph5ol1 su* z sodium di-nitro-cresylate1 kn[n 9 ! arts z victoria yell[4 ,naph?ol1 a ph5ol-l body obta9$ f naph?al5e1 "u ! same conditions1 produces sodium di-nitro- naph?alic acid1 ,c#aj;,h#f7,,no#b7b,o4 ,! explosive kn[n z roburite conta9s *loro-nitro-naph?al5e1 & romit1 a ,sw$i% explosive1 nitro-naph?al5e4 ,tri-nitro-cresol1 ,c#g;,h#d7,,no#b7c,,oh4--,a body v simil> to tri- nitro-ph5ol1 cry/allises 9 yell[ ne$les1 slightly soluble 9 cold wat]1 r m s 9 boil+ wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r4 ,x melts at ab\t #ajj ,c4 ,9 ,france x is kn[n z ,cresilite1 & mix$ ) mel9ite1 is us$ = *>g+ %ells4 ,by neutralis+ a boil+ saturat$ solution ( tri-nitro-cresol ) ammonia1 a d\ble salt ( ammonium & nitro-cresol cry/allises out ^u cool+1 :i* is simil> to ammonium picrate4 ,?is salt is kn[n z ,ecrasite1 & has be5 us$ 9 ,au/ria = *>g+ %ells4 ,x is a bright yell[ solid1 greasy to ! t\*1 melts at #ajj ,c41 is unaffect$ by moi/ure1 heat1 or cold1 ignites :5 br\ght into contact ) an inc&esc5t body or op5 flame1 burn+ h>mlessly away unless /rongly conf9$1 & is ins5sitive to friction or concussion4 ,x is claim$ to possess d\ble ! /r5g? ( dynamite1 & requires a special detonator 7n less ?an #b grms4 ( fulm9ate7 to provoke its full =ce4 ,not)/&+ ! excell5t prop]ties attribut$ to ?is explosive1 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,walke 7,lectures on ,explosives1 p4 #aha7 says1 ,sev]al imp]fectly expla9$ & unexpect$ explosions h occurr$ 9 load+ %ells ) ?is sub/ance1 & h prev5t$ its g5]al adoption up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,fulm9ates4--,! fulm9ates are salts ( fulm9ic acid1 ,c#b,n#b,o#b;,h#b4 ,_! con/itution is n v well und]/ood4 ,dr ,e4 ,div]s1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,mr ,kawakita 7,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\r41 #ahhd1 pp4 #ac-ai71 give ! =mul ( m]cury & silv] fulm9ates z ,,oc ,n ,ag,o,c ,n _/ ,hg ,o & ,o _/ _/ -,c ,n ,ag,c ,n :]eas ,dr ,h4,e4 ,arm/rong1 ,f4,r4,s41 w\ld pref] to write ! =mula ( fulm9ic acid ,,on4,c4,,oh4 ,c7,n4,,oh71 & ,a4,f4 ,holleman 7,b]i*te1 v4 xxvi41 p4 #adjc71 assigns to m]cury fulm9ate ! =mula ,c3,n4,o ,hg ,c3,n4,o1 & ,r4 ,s*ol 7,b]41 v4 xxiii41 p4 #ceje71 ,c3,,no ,hg4 ,c3,,no ,!y are v g5]ally reg>d$ z iso-nitroso comp\nds4 ,! pr9cipal comp\nd ( fulm9ic acid is ! m]cury salt commonly kn[n z fulm9at+ m]cury4 ,x is prep>$ by dissolv+ m]cury 9 nitric acid1 & !n add+ alcohol to ! solution1 #a "p ( m]cury & #ab p>ts ( nitric acid ( specific gravity #a4cf1 & #e-a_/b p>ts ( #ij p] c5t4 alcohol be+ us$4 ,z soon z ! mixture is 9 viol5t reaction1 #f p>ts m ( alcohol are add$ sl[ly to mod]ate ! action4 ,at fir/ ! mixture black5s f ! sep>ation ( m]cury1 b ?is soon vani%es1 & is succe$$ by cry/all9e flocks ( m]cury fulm9ate :i* fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,dur+ ! reaction1 l>ge quantities ( volatile oxidation products ( alcohol1 su* z aldehyde1 e?ylic nitrate1 c41 are evolv$ f ! boil+ liquid1 :il/ o!rs1 su* z glycollic acid1 rema9 9 solution4 ,! m]cury fulm9ate is !n cry/allis$ f hot wat]4 ,x =ms :ite silky1 delicate ne$les1 :i* are ) difficulty soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,9 ! dry /ate x is extremely explosive1 detonat+ on heat+1 or by friction or p]cussion1 z also on contact ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! reaction t takes place ^u its decomposition is z foll[s3-- ,c#b,n#b,o#b;,hg ,hg #b;,,co ,n#b 7#bhd7 ,accord+ to ?is equation #a grm4 ( ! fulm9ate %\ld yield #bce4h c4c4 7 #ff4if litres = #bhd grms474 ,b]!lot & ,vicille h obta9$ a yield ( #bcd4b c4c41 equal to #ff4g litres = "o equival5t #bhd grms4 ,dry fulm9ate explodes viol5tly :5 /ruck1 compress$1 or t\*$ ) sulphuric acid1 or z an inc&esc5t body4 ,if heat$ sl[ly1 x explodes at #aeb ,c41 or if heat$ rapidly1 at #ahg ,c4 ,x is (t5 us$ mix$ ) potassium *lorate 9 detonators4 ,! reaction :i* takes place 9 ?is case is #c;,c#b,n#b,o#b;,hg #b,k,cl,o#c #c;,hg #f;,,co#b #c,n#b #b,k,cl4 ,on add+ copp] or z9c to a hot saturat$ solution ( ! salt1 fulm9ate ( copp] or z9c is =m$4 ,! copp] salt =ms highly explosive gre5 cry/als4 ,!re is also a d\ble fulm9ate ( copp] ( ammonia1 & ( copp] & potassium4 ,silv] fulm9ite1 ,c#b,n#b,o#b;,ag#b1 is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! m]cury salt4 ,x sep>ates 9 f9e :ite ne$les1 :i* dissolve 9 #cf p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 & are ) difficulty soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,at above #ajj ,c41 or on ! weake/ bl[1 x explodes ) fe>ful viol5ce4 ,ev5 :5 cov]$ ) wat] x is m s5sitive ?an ! m]cury salt4 ,x =ms a v s5sitive d\ble salt ) ammonia & sev]al o!r metals4 ,) hydrog5 x =ms ! acid fulm9ate ( silv]4 ,x is us$ 9 crack]s & bon-bons1 & o!r toy fireworks1 9 m9ute quantities4 ,gay ,lussac f\nd x to be compos$ z foll[s3--,c>bon1 #g4ib p] c5t42 nitrog51 #i4bd p] c5t42 silv]1 #gb4ai p] c5t42 oxyg51 #aj4fe p] c5t42 & he assign$ to x ! =mula1 ,c#b,n#b;,ag#b,o#b4 ,laur5t & ,g]h>dt give x ! =mula1 ,c#b,n7,,no#b7;,ag#b1 & ?us suppose x to conta9 nitryl1 ,,no#b4 ,on add+ potassium *loride to a boil+ solution ( arg5tic fulm9ate1 z long z a precipitate ( arg5tic *loride =ms1 !re is obta9$ on evaporation brilliant :ite plates1 ( a v explosive nature1 ( potassic arg5tic fulm9ate1 ,c7,,no#b7,k,ag4,,cn1 f ^: aque\s solution nitric acid precipitates a :ite p[d] ( hydric arg5tic fulm9ate1 ,c7,,no#b7;,h,ag4,,cn4 ,all attempts to prep>e fulm9ic acid1 or nitro-aceto- nitrile1 ,c7,,no#b7;,h#b;,,cn1 f ! fulm9ates h fail$4 ,!re is a fulm9ate ( gold1 :i* is a viol5tly explosive buff precipitate1 =m$ :5 ammonia is add$ to t]-*loride ( gold1 & fulm9ate ( plat9um1 a black precipitate =m$ by ! addition ( ammonia to a solution ( oxide plat9um1 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,fulm9at+ silv] is a comp\nd obta9$ by ! action ( ammonia on oxide ( silv]4 ,x is a v viol5t explosive4 ,pure m]cury fulm9ate may be kept an indef9ite l5g? ( "t4 ,wat] does n affect x4 ,x explodes at #ahg ,c41 & on contact ) an ignit$ body4 ,x is v s5sitive to %ock & friction1 ev5 t ( wood ^u wood4 ,x is us$ = dis*>g+ bullets 9 saloon rifles4 ,its inflammation is s sudd5 t x scatt]s black p[d] on :i* x is plac$ )\t ignit+ x1 b x is suffici5t to place x 9 an envelope1 h[ev] weak1 = ignition to take place1 & ! m resi/+ ! envelope ! m viol5t is ! %ock1 a circum/ance t plays an important "p 9 caps & detonators4 ,! pres5ce ( #cj p] c5t4 ( wat] prev5ts decomposition1 #aj p] c5t4 prev5ts explosion4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only true = small quantities1 & does n apply to silv] fulm9ate1 :i* explodes "u wat] by friction4 ,moi/ fulm9ates sl[ly decompose on contact ) ! oxidisable metals4 ,! 7r$uc$7 volume ( gases obta9$ f #a kilo4 is accord+ to ,b]!lot1 #bce4f litres4 ,! equation ( its decomposition is ,c#b;,hg,n#b,o#b #b;,,co ,n#b ,hg4 ,fulm9ate ( m]cury is manufactur$ ^u ! l>ge scale by two me?ods4 ,"o ( ^!1 commonly kn[n z ! ,g]man me?od1 is conduct$ z foll[s3--,"o "p ( m]cury is dissolv$ 9 #ab p>ts ( nitric acid ( a specific gravity ( #a4cge1 & to ?is solution #af4e p>ts ( absolute alcohol are add$ by degrees1 & heat is !n sl[ly appli$ to ! mixture until ! d5se fumes fir/ =m$ h disappe>$1 & :5 ! action has become m viol5t "s m alcohol is add$1 equal 9 volume to t :i* has already be5 add$4 ,?is is add$ v gradually4 ,! product obta9$1 :i* is m]cury fulm9ate1 is #aab p] c5t4 ( ! m]cury employ$4 ,ano!r me?od is to dissolve #aj p>ts ( m]cury 9 #ajj p>ts ( nitric acid ( a gravity ( #a4d1 & :5 ! solution has rea*$ a temp]ature ( #ed ,c1 to p\r x sl[ly ?r\gh a glass funnel into #hc p>ts ( alcohol4 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce ceases1 x is filt]$ ?r\gh pap] filt]s1 wa%$1 & dri$ ov] hot wat]1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ajj ,c4 ,! fulm9ate is !n c>efully pack$ 9 pap] boxes1 or 9 cork$ bottles4 ,! product obta9$ by ?is process is #acj p] c5t4 ( ! m]cury tak54 ,?is process is ! safe/1 & at ! same "t ! *eape/4 ,fulm9ate %\ld be kept1 if possible1 9 a damp /ate4 ,comm]cial fulm9ate is (t5 adult]at$ ) *lorate ( pota%4 ,detonators1 or caps1 are metallic capsules1 usually ( copp]1 & resemble v long p]cussion caps4 ,! explosive is pure fulm9ate ( m]cury1 or a mixture ( t sub/ance ) nitrate or *lorate ( pota%1 gun-p[d]1 or sulphur4 ,! foll[+ is a common cap mixture3-- #ajj p>ts ( fulm9ate ( m]cury & #ej p>ts ( potassium nitrate1 or #ajj p>ts ( fulm9ate & #fj p>ts ( meal p[d]4 ,silv] fulm9ate is also sometimes us$ 9 caps4 ,!re are eight sizes made1 :i* v>y 9 dim5sions & 9 am\nt ( explosive conta9$4 ,!y are fur!r di/+ui%$ z s+les1 d\bles1 trebles1 c41 accord+ to _! numb]4 ,colonel ,cundill1 ,r4,a4 7,dict4 ( ,explosives71 gives ! foll[+ li/3-- ,no4 #a conta9s #cjj grms4 ( explosive p] #ajjj4 #b #djj #c #edj #d #fej #e #hjj #f #a1jjj #g #a1ejj #h #b1jjj ,trebles are g5]ally us$ = ord9>y dynamite1 #e1 #f1 or #g = gun-cotton1 bla/+ gelat9e1 roburite1 c4 ,9 ! ,briti% s]vice p]cussion caps1 fuses1 c41 are =m$ ( #f p>ts by weight ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 #f ( *lorate ( pota%1 & #d ( sulphide ( antimony2 "t fuses ( #d p>ts ( fulm9ate1 #f ( potassium *lorate1 #d ( sulphide ( antimony1 ! mixture be+ damp$ ) a v>ni% consi/+ ( #fde gra9s ( %ellac dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( me?ylat$ _s4 ,abel's fuse 7,no4 #a7 consi/s ( a mixture ( sulphide ( copp]1 phosphide ( copp]1 *lorate ( pota%1 & ,no4 #b ( a mixture ( gun-cotton & gun-p[d]4 ,!y are detonat$ by means ( a plat9um wire heat$ to r$ness by means ( an electric curr5t4 ,ba9's fuse mixture is a mixture ( subphosphide ( copp]1 sulphide ( antimony1 & *lorate ( pota%4 ,9 ! manufacture ( p]cussion caps & detonators ! copp] blanks are cut f copp] /rips & /amp$ to ! requir$ %ape4 ,! blanks are !n plac$ 9 a gun-metal plate1 ) ! concave side upp]mo/--a tool compos$ ( a plate ( gun-metal1 9 :i* are ins]t$ a numb] ( copp] po9ts1 ea* ( ! same l5g?1 & s spac$ ap>t z to exactly fit ea* po9t into a cap :5 inv]t$ ov] a plate conta9+ ! blanks4 ,! po9ts are dipp$ into a vessel conta9+ ! cap composition1 :i* has be5 previ\sly moi/5$ ) me?ylat$ _s4 ,x is !n remov$ & plac$ ov] ! blanks1 & a slight bl[ s]ves to deposit a small portion ( ! cap mixture into ea* cap4 ,a simil> tool is !n dipp$ into %ellac v>ni%1 remov$ & plac$ ov] ! caps1 :5 a drop ( v>ni% f ea* ( ! copp] po9ts falls into ! caps1 :i* are !n all[$ to dry4 ,?is is a v safe & efficaci\s me?od ( work+4 ,at ! works ( ! ,cotton-,p[d] ,company ,limit$1 at ,fav]%am1 ! fulm9ate is mix$ wet ) a v f9ely gr\nd mixture ( gun-cotton & *lorate ( pota%1 9 ab\t ! proportions ( #f p>ts fulm9ate1 #a "p gun-cotton1 & #a "p *lorate4 ,! wat] 9 :i* ! fulm9ate is usually /or$ is fir/ dra9$ (f1 & replac$ by displacem5t by me?yl-alcohol4 ,:ile ! fulm9ate is moi/ ) alcohol1 ! gun-cotton & *lorate mixture is add$1 & well mix$ ) x4 ,?is mixture is !n di/ribut$ 9 ! detonators /&+ 9 a frame1 & ea* detonator is put sep>ately into a ma*9e = ! purpose ( press+ ! pa/e into ! detonator %ell4 ,at ! elev5? annual meet+ ( ! repres5tatives ( ! ,bav>ian *emical indu/ries at ,reg5sburg1 att5tion 0 drawn to ! unheal?y nature ( ! process ( *>g+ p]cussion caps4 ,num]\s m9iature explosions occur1 & ! air becomes lad5 ) m]curial vap\rs1 :i* ex]cise a delet]i\s influ5ce ^u ! heal? ( ! op]atives4 ,!re is equally j cause = appreh5sion 9 respect to ! poison\s gases :i* are evolv$ dur+ ! solution ( m]cury 9 nitric acid1 & especially dur+ ! subsequ5t treatm5t ) alcohol4 ,_m me?ods h be5 propos$ = deal+ ) ! wa/e products aris+ dur+ ! manufacture & manipulation ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 b accord+ to ,kmm]]1 only "o ( comp>atively rec5t introduction appe>s to be at all satisfactory4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! fact t m]curic fulm9ate1 :5 heat$ ) a l>ge volume ( wat] "u high pressure1 splits up into metallic m]cury & non-explosive m]curial comp\nds ( unkn[n composition4 ,9 mix+ ! v>i\s +r$i5ts ) m]cury fulm9ate to =m cap mixtures1 !y %\ld n be too dry2 9 fact1 !y are g5]ally m or less wet1 & mix$ 9 small quantities at a "t1 9 a special h\se1 ! floors ( :i* are cov]$ ) c>pet1 & ! tables ) felt4 ,felt %oes are also worn by ! workpeople employ$4 ,all ! tools & app>atus us$ mu/ be kept v clean2 = granulat+1 hair sieves are us$1 & ! granulat$ mixture is aft]w>ds dri$ on light frames1 ) canvas trays ! bottoms ( :i* are cov]$ ) ?9 pap]1 & ! frames fitt$ ) indi>ubb] cu%ions1 to r$uce any j>s !y may receive4 ,! w9d[s ( ! build+ %\ld be pa9t$ :ite to keep out ! rays ( ! sun4 ,mr ,h4 ,maxim1 ( ,new ,york1 has lately pat5t$ a composition = detonators = use ) high explosives1 :i* c also be ?r[n f ordnance 9 consid]able quantities ) safety4 ,! composition is prep>$ z foll[s3--,nitro-glyc]9e is ?ick5$ ) pyroxyl9e to ! consi/5cy ( raw rubb]4 ,?is is done by employ+ ab\t #ge to #he p] c5t4 ( nitro-glyc]9e1 & #ae to #be p] c5t4 ( pyroxyl9e1 accord+ to ! /iffness or ela/icity ( ! comp\nd desir$4 ,"s solv5t t dissolves ! nitro-cotton is also us$4 ,! product ?us =m$ is a k9d ( bla/+ gelat9e1 & %\ld be 9 a pa/y condition1 9 ord] t x may be mix$ ) fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,! solv5t us$ is acetone1 & ! quantity ( fulm9ate is betwe5 #ge to #he p] c5t4 ( ! entire comp\nd4 ,if desir$1 ! comp\nd c be made less s5sitive to %ocks by giv+ x a spongy consi/5cy by agitat+ x ) air :ile x is /ill 9 a syrupy condition4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e1 especially 9 ?is latt] case1 may be omitt$4 ,9 "s cases1 :5 x is desirable to add a det]r+ m$ium1 nitro-b5z5e or "s suitable gum is add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,*>ge4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ a bla/+ *>ge is z foll[s3--,a piece ( ,bick=d fuse ( ! requir$ l5g? is cut clean & is ins]t$ into a detonator until x rea*es ! fulm9ate4 ,! upp] portion ( ! detonator is !n squeez$ r\nd ! fuse ) a pair ( nipp]s4 ,! object ( ?is is n only to secure t ! full p[] ( ! detonator may be develop$1 b also to fix ! fuse 9 ! cap 7,fig4 #cd74 ,:5 ! detonator1 c41 is to be us$ "u wat]1 or 9 a damp situation1 grease or tall[ %\ld be plac$ r\nd ! junction ( ! cap ) ! fuse1 9 ord] to make a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,a c>tridge is !n op5$ & a hole made 9 its upp] end1 & ! detonator pu%$ 9 ne>ly up to ! top4 ,gun-cotton or tonite c>tridges g5]ally h a hole already made 9 ! end ( ! *>ge4 ,small *>ges ( dry gun-cotton1 kn[n z prim]s1 are g5]ally us$ to explode wet gun-cotton4 ,! detonators 7:i* are (t5 fir$ by electrical means7 are plac$ inside ^! prim]s 7,fig4 #ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,prim]4 ,"o ( ! =ms ( electric explod]s us$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,?is app>atus is made by ,messrs ,john ,davis ,son1 & is simply a small h& dynamo1 capable ( produc+ a curr5t ( electricity ( high t5sion4 ,?is firm are also mak]s ( v>i\s =ms ( l[ t5sion explod]s4 ,a *>ge hav+ be5 prep>$1 z 9 ,fig4 #cd1 ins]t into ! bore-hole "o or m c>tridges z judg$ necess>y1 & squeeze ea* "o d[n sep>ately ) a wood5 ramm]1 s z to leave no space r\nd ! *>ge1 & above ?is ins]t ! c>tridge conta9+ ! fuse & detonator4 ,n[ fill up ! re/ ( ! bore-hole ) s&1 gravel1 wat]1 or o!r tamp+4 ,) gelat9e dynamites a firm tamp+ may be us$1 b ) ord9>y dynamite loose s& is bett]4 ,! *>ge is n[ ready = fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,electric ,,explod]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,smokeless ,,p[d]s4 ,smokeless ,p[d] 9 ,g5]al--,cordite--,axite--,balli/ite--,u 4,s4 ,naval ,p[d]--,s*ultze's ,e4,g4 ,p[d]--,indurite--,vielle ,p\dre--,rifleite-- ,cannonite--,walsrode--,cooppal ,p[d]s--,amb]ite--,troisdorf--,maximite- - ,picric ,acid ,p[d]s1 c41 c4 ,! progress made 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! manufacture ( smokeless p[d]s has be5 v great4 ,) a few exceptions1 ne>ly all ^! p[d]s are nitro comp\nds1 & *iefly consi/ ( "s =m ( nitro-cellulose1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( nitro-cotton or nitro-lign9e2 or else conta91 9 addition to ! above1 nitro-glyc]9e1 ) v (t5 "s su* sub/ance z camphor1 :i* is us$ to r$uce ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! explosive4 ,o!r nitro bodies t are us$1 or h be5 propos$1 are nitro-/>*1 nitro-jute1 nitrat$ pap]1 nitro-b5z5e1 di-nitro-b5z5e1 mix$ ) a l>ge numb] ( o!r *emical sub/ances1 su* z nitrates1 *lorates1 c4 ,& la/ly1 !re are ! picrate p[d]s1 consi/+ ( picric acid1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) o!r sub/ances4 ,! v>i\s smokeless p[d]s may be r\ghly divid$ into milit>y & sport+ p[d]s4 ,b ?is classification is v r\gh2 because al?\gh "s ( ! bett] kn[n purely milit>y p[d]s are n suit$ = use 9 sport+ guns1 ne>ly all ! manufactur]s ( sport+ p[d]s also manufacture a special v>iety ( _! p>ticul> explosive1 fitt$ = use 9 mod]n rifles or ma*9e guns1 & occasionally1 x is claim$1 = big guns also4 ,( ! purely milit>y p[d]s1 ! be/ kn[n are cordite1 balli/ite1 & ! ,fr5* ,b4,n4 p[d]1 ! ,g]man smokeless 7:i* conta9s nitro- glyc]9e & nitro-cotton72 & among ! g5]al p[d]s1 two v>ieties ( :i* are manufactur$ ei!r = rifles or sport+ guns1 ,s*ultze's1 ! ,e4,c4 ,p[d]s1 ,walsrode p[d]1 cannonite1 ,cooppal p[d]1 amb]ite1 c41 c4 ,cordite1 ! smokeless p[d] adopt$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 is ! pat5t ( ! late ,sir ,f4,a4 ,abel & ,sir ,james ,dew>1 & is some:at simil> to bla/+ gelat9e4 ,x is *iefly manufactur$ at ! ,royal ,gunp[d] ,factory at ,wal?am ,abbey1 b also at two or ?ree private factories1 includ+ ^? ( ! ,national ,explosives ,company ,limit$1 ! ,new ,explosives ,company ,limit$1 ! ,cotton-,p[d] ,company ,limit$1 ,messrs ,kynock's1 c4 ,z fir/ manufactur$ x consi/$ ( gun-cotton #cg p] c5t41 nitro-glyc]9e #eh p] c5t41 & vasel9e #e p] c5t41 b ! modifi$ cordite n[ made consi/s ( #fe p] c5t4 gun-cotton1 #cj p] c5t4 ( nitro-glyc]9e1 & #e p] c5t4 ( vasel9e4 ,! gun-cotton us$ is compos$ *iefly ( ! hexa-nitrate1,a :i* is n soluble 9 nitro- glyc]9e4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to use "s solv5t su* z acetone1 9 ord] to =m ! jelly ) nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! process ( manufacture ( cordite is v simil>1 z f> z ! *emical "p ( ! process is conc]n$1 to t ( bla/+ gelat9e1 ) ! exception t "s solv5t = ! gun-cotton1 o!r ?an nitro-glyc]9e has to be us$4 ,bo? ! nitro-glyc]9e & ! gun-cotton employ$ mu/ be z dry z possible1 & ! latt] %\ld n conta9 m ?an 4#f p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt] & n m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( soluble nitro-cellulose1 & a nitrog5 cont5t ( n less ?an #ab4e p] c5t4 ,! dry gun-cotton 7ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( moi/ure7 is plac$ 9 an incorporat+ tank1 :i* consi/s ( a brass-l9$ box1 "s ( ! acetone is add$1 & ! ma*9e 7,fig4 #bi71 is />t$2 aft] "s "t ! re/ ( ! acetone is add$ 7#bj p] c5t4 9 all7 & ! pa/e knead$ = ?ree & a half h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! ,vasel9e is add$1 & ! knead+ cont9u$ = a fur!r ?ree & a half h\rs4 ,! knead+ ma*9e 7,fig4 #bi7 consi/s ( a tr\gh1 compos$ ( two halves ( a cyl9d]1 9 ea* ( :i* is a %aft :i* c>ries a revolv+ blade4 ,^! blades revolve 9 opposite directions1 & "o makes ab\t half ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! o!r4 ,z ! blades v ne>ly t\* ! bottom ( ! tr\gh1 any mat]ial br\ght into ! ma*9e is divid$ into two p>ts1 knead$ aga9/ ! bottom1 !n pu%$ along ! blade1 turn$ ov]1 & completely mix$4 ,dur+ knead+ ! acetone gradually p5etrates ! mixture1 & dissolves bo? ! nitro-cellulose & nitro-glyc]9e1 & a uni=m d\gh is obta9$ :i* gradually assumes a buff col\r4 ,dur+ knead+ ! mass becomes heat$1 & !re=e cold wat] is pass$ ?r\gh ! jacket ( ! ma*9e to prev5t heat+ ! mixture above ! normal temp]ature1 & consequ5t evaporation ( ! acetone4 ,! top ( ! ma*9e is clos$ 9 ) a glass door1 9 ord] to prev5t z f> z possible ! evaporation ( ! solv5t4 ,:5 ! v>i\s +r$i5ts are =m$ into a homog5e\s mass1 ! mixture is tak5 to ! press h\se1 :]e 9 ! =m ( a pla/ic mass x is plac$ 9 cyl9drical m\lds4 ,! m\ld is ins]t$ 9 a specially design$ press1 & ! cordite pa/e =c$ ?r\gh a die ) "o or m holes4 ,! pa/e is press$ out by hydraulic pressure1 & ! long cord is w\nd on a metal drum 7,fig4 #ch71 or cut into l5g?s2 9 ei!r case ! cordite is n[ s5t to ! dry+ h\ses1 & dri$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,f4 f ?ree to f\rte5 days1 ! "t v>y+ ) ! size4 ,?is op]ation drives (f ! acetone1 & any moi/ure ! cordite may /ill conta91 & its diamet] decreases some:at4 ,9 case ( ! f9] cordite1 su* z ! rifle cordite1 ! next op]ation is bl5d+4 ,?is process consi/s 9 m\nt+ t5 ( ! metal drums on a reel+ ma*9e simil> to ^? us$ = y>ns1 & w9d+ ! t5 cords on to "o drum4 ,?is op]ation is kn[n z t5-/r&+4 ,fur!rmore1 six t5-/r&$ reels are aft]w>ds w\nd ^u "o1 & ! sixty-/r&$ reel is !n ready to be s5t away1 ,?is is done 9 ord] to obta9 a uni=m bl5d+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,) cordite ( a l>g] diamet]1 ! cord is cut into l5g?s ( #ab in*es4 ,e lot ( cordite f ea* manufactur] has a consecutive numb]1 numb]s repres5t+ ! size & "o or m initial lett]s to id5tify ! manufactur]4 ,^! regulations d n apply to ! ,royal ,gunp[d] ,factory1 ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,! f9i%$ cordite resembles a cord ( gutta-p]*a1 & its col\r v>ies f light to d>k br[n4 ,x %\ld n look black or %rivell$1 & %\ld always possess suffici5t ela/icity to return to its orig9al =m aft] slight b5d+4 ,cordite is practically smokeless4 ,on explosion a v ?9 vap\r is produc$1 :i* is dissipat$ rapidly4 ,?is smokelessness c be und]/ood f ! fact t ! products ( combu/ion are ne>ly all non-cond5sible gases1 & conta9 no solid products ( combu/ion :i* w\ld cause smoke4 ,= ! same muzzle velocity a small] *>ge ( cordite ?an gunp[d] is requir$ ow+ to ! great] am\nt ( gas produc$4 ,cordite is v sl[ 9 burn+ comp>$ to gunp[d]4 ,= fir+ blank c>tridges cordite *ips conta9+ no vasel9e is us$4 ,! rate at :i* cordite explodes dep5ds 9 a measure ^u ! diamet] ( ! cords1 & ! pressure develop$ ^u its me*anical /ate4 ,! sizes ( cordite us$ are giv5 by ,colonel ,b>k]1 ,r4,a41 z foll[s3-- ,= ! 4#cjc rifle 4#jcge in* diamet]4 #ab ,pr4 ,b4,l4 gun 4#je 4#jge #d4g-;in* ,q4,f4 gun 4#ajj #f-;in* ,q4,f4 gun 4#cjj heavy guns 4#dj to 4#ej ,= rifles ! cordite is us$ 9 bundles ( sixty /r&s1 9 field-guns 9 l5g?s ( #aa to #ab in*es1 & ! ?ick] cordite is cut up into #ad-;in* l5g?s4 ,colonel ,b>k] says t ! effect ( heat ^u cordite is n great] z reg>ds its %oot+ qualities ?an ^u black p[d]1 & 9 speak+ ( ! effect t cordite has ^u ! guns 9 :i* x is us$ 7,r4,a4 ,in/47 said t !y _h at ,wal?am ,abbey a #d4g-;in* ,q4,f4 gun t _h fir$ #dj r\nds ( black p[d]1 & #bdi r\nds ( cordite 7#eh p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e7 & 0 /ill 9 excell5t condition1 & %[$ v little sign ( action1 & also a #ab-lb4 ,b4,l4 gun t _h be5 mu* us$ & 0 9 no wise injur$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! gun-cotton us$ conta9s #ab p] c5t4 ( soluble gun-cotton1 & a nitrog5 cont5t ( n less ?an #ab4h to #ac4a p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg ,scale1 #a in* #a foot4 ,s+le ,/r& ,reel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,t5-,,/r&+4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts made by ,capta9 ,sir ,a4 ,noble1,a ) ! old cordite conta9+ #eh p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e1 a *>ge ( #e lbs4 #aj oz4 ( cordite ( #j4b in* diamet] 0 fir$4 ,! mean *amb] cru%] gauge pressure 0 #ac4c tons p] squ>e in* 7maximum #ac4f1 m9imum #ab4i71 or a mean ( #b1jbg atmosph]es 7max4 #b1jgj1 m94 #a1igj74 ,! muzzle velocity 0 #b1adf foot seconds1 & ! muzzle en]gy #a1dcg foot tons4 ,a gramme ( cordite g5]at$ #gjj c4c4 ( p]man5t gases at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 pressure4 ,! quantity ( heat develop$ 0 #a1bfj gramme units4 ,9 ! case ( cordite1 z also ) balli/ite1 a consid]able quantity ( aque\s vap\r has to be add$ to ! p]man5t gases =m$4 ,a simil> trial1 9 :i* #ab lbs4 ( ord9>y pebble p[d] 0 us$1 gave a pressure ( #ae4i tons p] squ>e in*1 or a mean ( #b1dbd atmosph]es4 ,x gave a #de-lb4 projectile a mean muzzle velocity ( #a1hci foot seconds1 ?us develop+ a muzzle en]gy ( #a1jee foot tons4 ,a gramme ( ?is p[d] at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 g5]ates #bhj c4c4 ( p]man5t gases1 & develops #gbj grm4 units ( heat4 ,footnote ,a3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 lii41 ,no4 #cae4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! ,w> ,(fice ,*emical ,committee on ,explosives 9 #ahia1 x 0 conclusively %[n t consid]able quantities ( cordite may be burnt away )\t explosion4 ,a numb] ( wood5 cases1 conta9+ #ejj to #fjj lbs4 ea* ( cordite1 7 plac$ ^u a l>ge bonfire ( wood1 & burn$ = ov] a qu>t] ( an h\r )\t explosion4 ,at ,woolwi* 9 #ahib a br[n pap] packet conta9+ t5 cordite c>tridges 0 fir$ into ) a rifle 74#cjc7 load$ ) cordite1 )\t ! explosion ( a s+le "o ( !m1 :i* %[s its ins5sibility to %ock4 ,) respect to ! action ( cordite ^u guns1 ,sir ,a4 ,noble po9ts out t ! erosion caus$ is ( a totally diff]5t k9d to t ( black p[d]4 ,! surface ( ! b>rel 9 ! case ( cordite appe>s to be wa%$ away smoo?ly by ! gases1 & n pitt$ & eat5 into z ) black p[d]4 ,! erosion also ext5ds ov] a %ort] l5g? ( surface1 & 9 small arms x is said to be no great] ?an 9 ! case ( black p[d]4 ,sir ,a4 ,noble says 9 ?is connection3 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to expla9 t fre$om f rapid erosion is ( v high importance 9 view ( ! rapid det]ioration ( ! bores ( l>ge guns :5 fir$ ) *>ges develop+ v high en]gies4 ,z might p]haps be anticipat$ f ! high] heat ( balli/ite1 its erosive p[] is slightly great] ?an t ( cordite1 :ile ! erosive p[] ( cordite is aga9 slightly great] ?an t ( br[n prismatic4 ,amide p[d]1 on ! o!r h&1 possesses ! peculi>ity ( erod+ v mu* less ?an any o!r p[d] ) :i* ,i h exp]im5t$1 its erosive p[] be+ only "o-f\r? ( t ( ! o!r p[d]s enum]at$4 ,,table ,,giv+ ,,"s ,,( ,,sir4 ,a4 ,,noble',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,velocities ,,obta9$4 ,9 a #dj ,9 a #ej ,9 a #ge ,9 a #ajj ,cal4 ,gun4 ,cal4 ,gun4 ,cal4 ,gun4 ,cal4 ,gun4 ,foot ,secs4,foot ,secs4,foot ,sees4,foot ,secs4 ,) cordite #j4d 94 diam4 #b1gid #b1idj #c1aff #c1bhf #j4c #b1dfi #b1fai #b1haa #b1ije balli/ite #j4c 94 cubes #b1daf #b1ecg #b1gac #b1hjf ,fr5* ,b4,n4 = #f-;in* guns #b1bdi #b1cfj #b1ecf #b1faf prismatic amide #b1bah #b1cdb #b1eaa #b1egd ,,en]gies ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,above ,,velocities4 ,foot ,tons4,foot ,tons4,foot ,tons4,foot ,tons4 ,cordite #j4d in* #e1dac #e1iid #f1iej #g1dgh ,balli/ite #j4c in* cubes #d1bbg #d1ged #e1dgi #e1heb ,fr5* ,b4,n4 #d1jdg #d1dfc #e1ajd #e1dfj ,prismatic amide #c1ejg #c1hfb #d4dfj #d1gde ,& aga91 9 speak+ ( 8 own exp]im5ts1 he says3 ,"o #d4g-;in* gun has fir$ #a1bai r\nds1 & ano!r #iec1 all ) full *>ges ( cordite1 :ile a #f-;in* gun has fir$ #ehh r\nds ) full *>ges1 ( :i* #cee 7 cordite4 ,9 ! :ole ( ^! guns1 s f> z ,i c judge1 ! erosion is c]ta9ly n great] ?an ) ord9>y p[d]1 & diff]s f x rem>kably 9 appe>ance4 ,) ord9>y p[d] a gun1 :5 mu* erod$1 is deeply furr[$ 7^! furr[s hav+ a great t5d5cy to develop into cracks71 & pres5ts mu* ! appe>ance 9 m9iature ( a v r\ghly pl\gh$ field4 ,) cordite1 on ! contr>y1 ! surface appe>s to be pretty smoo?ly swept away1 :ile ! l5g? ( ! surface erod$ is consid]ably less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,comp>ative ,,pressure ,,curves ,,( ,,cordite ,,& ,,black ,,p[d]4 a1 ,*>ge1 #dh lbs4 p[d]2 b1 *>ge1 #ac lbs4 #d oz4 cordite2 c1 *>ge1 #ac lbs4 #d oz4 p[d]4 ,weight ( projectile1 #ajj lbs4 9 #f-;in* gun4 ,m4,v4 ,cordite #aifj feet seconds4 ,! pressures giv5 by cordite comp>$ ) ^? giv5 by black p[d] 9 ! #f-;in* gun w be se5 ^u ref]5ce to ,fig4 #ci1 :i* is tak5 f ,pr(essor ,v4,b4 ,lewes's pap]1 read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts2 & due to ,dr ,w4 ,&]son1 ,f4,r4,s41 ! ,director-,g5]al ( ,ordnance ,factories4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! erosive effect is 9 direct proportion to ! nitro-glyc]9e pres5t4 ,! cordite ,m4,d41 :i* conta9s only #cj p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e1 gives only ab\t half ! erosive effect ( ! old s]vice cordite4 ,) reg>d to ! heat+ effect ( cordite & cordite ,m4,d4 on a rifle1 ,mr ,t4,w4 ,jones made "s exp]im5ts4 ,he fir$ fifty r\nds ( 4#cjc c>tridges 9 fifte5 m9utes 9 ! s]vice rifle4 ,cordite rais$ ! temp]ature ( ! rifle #bgj ,f41 & cordite ,m4,d4 #afj ,f4 only4 ,) reg>d to ! effect ( heat ^u cordite1 !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,dr ,w4 ,&]son1 ,f4,r4,s41 says t !re is no d\bt t ! effect ( heat ^u cordite is great] ?an ^u black p[d]4 ,at a temp]ature ( #aaj ,f4 ! cordite us$ 9 ! #d4g-;in* gun is consid]ably affect$ z reg>ds pressure4 ,colonel ,b>k]1 ,r4,a41 9 reply to a "q rais$ by ,colonel ,tr5*1 ,r4,a4 7at ! ,royal ,artill]y ,in/itution71 conc]n+ ! %oot+ qualities ( cordite heat$ to a temp]ature ( #aaj ,f41 said3 ,heat+ cordite & fir+ x hot und\bt$ly does di/urb its %oot+ qualities1 b z f> z we c see1 n mu* m ?an gunp[d]4 ,i fe> t we mu/ always expect abnormal results ) heat$ propellants1 ei!r gunp[d] or cordite2 & :5 fir$ hot1 ! increase 9 pressure & velocities w dep5d ^u ! heat above ! normal or av]age temp]ature at :i* fir+ takes place4 ,colonel ,b>k] also1 9 ref]r+ to exp]im5ts t _h be5 made 9 =eign climates1 said3 ,climatic trials h be5 c>ri$ out all ov] ! _w1 & !y h s f> prov$ em95tly satisfactory4 ,! ,arctic cold ( ! w9t] 9 ,canada1 ) ! temp]ature bel[ z]o1 & ! tropical sun ( ,india1 h z yet fail$ to %ake ! /ability ( ! composition1 or abnormally injure its %oot+ qualities4 ,dr ,&]son is ( op9ion t cordite %\ld n be /or$ 9 naval magaz9es ne> to ! boil]s4 ,pr(essor ,vivian ,b4 ,lewes1 9 8 rec5t ,cantor ,lectures be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 sugge/s t ! magaz9es ( w>%ips %\ld be wat]- jacket$1 & ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature t does n rise above #ajj ,f4 ,axite4--,?is p[d] is manufactur$ by ,messrs ,kynock ,limit$1 at _! works at ,witton1 ,birm+ham4 ,! ma9 con/itu5ts ( cordite are reta9$ al?\gh ! proportions are alt]$2 +r$i5ts are add$ :i* imp>t prop]ties n possess$ by cordite1 & ! me?ods ( its manufacture h be5 modifi$4 ,! =m has also be5 alt]$4 ,axite is made 9 ! =m ( a ribbon1 ! cross section be+ simil> 9 %ape to a d\ble- head$ rail4 ,x is claim$ = ?is p[d]1 t x does n corrode ! b>rel 9 ! way cordite does1 t ) equal pressure x gives greatly increas$ velocity1 & !re=e flatt] trajectory4 ,t ! effect ( temp]ature on ! pressure & velocity ) axite is only half t ) cordite4 ,t ! maximum flame temp]ature ( axite is consid]ably less ?an t ( cordite1 & ! erosive effect is !re=e consid]ably less4 ,t ! deposit left 9 ! b>rel aft] fir+ axite c>tridges r$uces ! friction betwe5 ! bullet & ! b>rel4 ,x is !re=e practicable to use axite c>tridges giv+ high] velocities ?an c be employ$ ) cordite1 z ) su* velocities ! latt] w\ld nickel ! b>rel by excessive friction4 ,x is also claim$ t ! accuracy is greatly increas$4 ,! foll[+ results h be5 obta9$ ) ?is same "t1 & "u ! same conditions3-- ,axite ,c>tridges ) #bjj-;gra9 bullets4 ,velocity #b1gbf ,f4,s4 ,pressure #bj4ie tons4 ,axite ,c>tridges ) #bae-;gra9 bullets4 ,velocity #b1dih ,f4,s4 ,pressure #ai4bd tons4 ,axite ,s]vice ,c>tridges4 ,velocity #b1agi ,f4,s4 ,pressure #ae4gf tons4 ,cordite ,s]vice ,c>tridges4 ,velocity #b1jaj ,f4,s4 ,pressure #ae4fg tons4 ,five r\nds f ! ,s]vice axite & ,s]vice cordite 7 plac$ 9 an ov5 & heat$ to a temp]ature ( #aaj ,f4 = "o h\r1 & 7 !n fir$ = pressure4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3-- ,axite4 ,cordite4 ,be=e heat+ #ae4gf tons p] sq4 94 #ae4fg tons p] sq4 94 ,aft] #af4gc #ag4ba ,increase 4#ig #f4a #a4ed #i4h ,av]age ,velocities-- ,be=e heat+ #b1aej ,f4,s4 #b1jcj ,f4,s4 ,aft] #b1ahj #b1jij ,increase #cj ,f4,s4 #a-a_/b #fj4j ,f4,s4 #c ,9 ord] to %[ ! accuracy giv5 by axite1 sev5 r\nds 7 fir$ f a ma*9e re/ at a t>get fix$ at #ajj y>ds f a rifle4 ,six ( ! sev5 %ots c\ld be cov]$ by a p5ny piece1 ! o!r be+ j outside4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! relative heat imp>t$ to a rifle by ! explosion ( axite & cordite1 t5 r\nds ea* ( axite & cordite c>tridges 7 fir$ f a 4#cjc rifle1 at int]vals ( t5 seconds1 ! temp]ature ( ! rifle b>rel be+ tak5 be=e & aft] ea* s]ies3-- ,,! ,,rise ,,9 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,rifle ,,b>rel ,) axite 0 #ga ,f4 ,) cordite 0 #hi ,f4 ,diff]5ce 9 fav\r ( axite #ah ,f4 #bj4b ,! lubricat+ action ( axite is %[n by ! fact t a s]ies ( cordite c>tridges fir$ f a 4#cjc rifle 9 ! ord9>y way1 foll[$ by a second s]ies1 ! b>rel be+ lubricat$ betwe5 ea* %ot by fir+ an axite c>tridge alt]nately ) ! cordite c>tridge4 ,! mean velocity ( ! fir/ s]ies ( cordite c>tridges 0 #a1igd ft4 p] second2 ! mean velocity ( ! second s]ies 0 #b1jga ft4 p] second2 ! increas$ velocity due to ! lubricat+ effect ( axite !re=e 0 #ig ft4 p] second4 ,?is p[d]1 x is evid5t1 has v _m v excell5t qualities1 & consid]able advantages ov] cordite4 ,x is und]/ood t axite is at pres5t "u ! consid]ation ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t = use z ! ,s]vice p[d]4 ,balli/ite4--,nobel's p[d]1 kn[n z balli/ite1 orig9ally consi/$ ( a camphorat$ bla/+ gelat9e1 & 0 made ( #aj p>ts ( camphor 9 #ajj p>ts ( nitro-glyc]9e1 to :i* #bjj p>ts ( b5zol 7 !n add$1 & #ej p>ts ( nitro-cotton 7soluble7 7 !n /eep$ 9 ?is mixture1 :i* 0 !n heat$ to evaporate (f ! b5zol1 & ! result+ comp\nd aft]w>ds pass$ betwe5 /eam-heat$ roll]s1 & =m$ into %eets1 :i* 7 !n f9ally cut up into small squ>es or o!r %apes z conv5i5t4 ,! camphor conta9$ 9 ?is sub/ance 01 h[ev]1 f\nd to be a disadvantage1 & its use discont9u$4 ,! composition is n[ #ej p] c5t4 ( soluble nitro-cotton & #ej p] c5t4 ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,z nitro-glyc]9e w n dissolve its own weight ( nitro-cotton 7ev5 ! soluble v>iety71 b5zol is us$ z a solv5t1 b is aft]w>ds remov$ f ! f9i%$ product1 j z ! acetone is remov$ f cordite4 ,ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( diph5ylam9e is add$ = ! purpose ( increas+ its /ability4 ,! col\r ( balli/ite is a d>ki% br[n4 ,x burns 9 lay]s :5 ignit$1 & emits sp>ks4 ,! size ( ! cubes into :i* x is cut is a #j4b-;in* cube4 ,its d5sity is #a4f4 ,x is also1 by means ( a special ma*9e1 prep>$ 9 ! =m ( %eets1 aft] be+ mix$ 9 a wood5 tr\gh fitt$ ) d\ble z9c plates1 & subject$ to ! heat+ process by means ( hot-wat] pipes4 ,x is pass$ betwe5 hot roll]s1 & roll$ into %eets1 :i* are aft]w>ds put ?r\gh a cutt+ ma*9e & granulat$4 ,sir ,a4 ,nobel's exp]im5ts,a ) ?is p[d] gave ! foll[+ results3--,! *>ge us$ 0 #e lbs4 #h oz41 ! size ( ! cubes be+ #j4b in*4 ,! mean cru%]-gauge pressure 0 #ad4c tons p] squ>e in* 7maximum1 #b1baj2 m9imum1 #b1adb71 & av]age pressure #b1ahj atmosph]es4 ,! muzzle velocity 0 #b1adj foot seconds1 & ! muzzle en]gy #a1dbi foot tons4 ,a gramme ( balli/ite g5]ates #fae c4c4 ( p]man5t gases1 & gives rise to #a1cfe grm4 units ( heat4 ,balli/ite is manufactur$ at ,arde] 9 ,scotl&1 at ,*ilwor? 9 ,surrey1 & also 9 ,italy1 "u ! "n ( ,filite1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( cords in/ead ( cubes4 ,! balli/ite made 9 ,g]many conta9$ m nitro-cellulose1 & ! f9i%$ p[d] 0 coat$ ) graphite4 ,its use has be5 discont9u$ z ! ,s]vice p[d] 9 ,g]many1 b x is /ill ! ,s]vice p[d] 9 ,italy4 ,footnote ,a3 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 lii41 p4 #cae4 ,u4,s4 ,naval ,smokeless ,p[d]4--,?is p[d] is manufactur$ at ! ,u4,s4 ,naval ,torp$o ,/ation = use 9 guns ( all calibres 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,x is a nitro-cellulose p[d]1 a mixture ( insoluble & soluble nitro- cellulose toge!r ) ! nitrates ( b>ium & potassium1 & a small p]c5tage ( calcium c>bonate4 ,! proportions 9 ! case ( ! p[d] = ! #f-;in* rapid-fire gun are z foll[s3--,mix$ nitro-cellulose 7soluble & insoluble7 #hj p>ts1 b>ium nitrate #ae p>ts1 potassium nitrate #d p>ts1 & calcium c>bonate #a "p4 ,! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! insoluble nitro-cellulose mu/ be #ac4cjj4ae1 & 9 ! soluble #aa4fjj4ae1 & ! mean nitration /r5g? ( ! mixture mu/ be #ab4ge p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,! solv5t us$ 9 mak+ ! p[d] is a mixture ( e!r 7sp4 gr4 #j4gbj7 #b p>ts1 & alcohol 7#ie p] c5t4 by volume7 #a "p4 ,! process ( manufacture is briefly z foll[s3,a--,! soluble & insoluble nitro-cellulose are dri$ sep>ately at a temp]ature f #ch to #da ,c41 until !y d n conta9 m ?an #j4a p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,! calcium c>bonate is also f9ely pulv]is$ & dri$1 & is add$ to ! mix$ nitro-celluloses aft] !y h be5 sift$ ?r\gh a #af-me% sieve4 ,! nitrates are next weigh$ out & dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 & to ?is solution is add$ ! mixture ( nitro-celluloses & calcium c>bonate ) con/ant /irr+ until ! entire mass becomes a homog5e\s pa/e4 ,?is pa/y mass is next spread ^u trays & re-dri$ at a temp]ature betwe5 #ch & #dh ,c41 & :5 ?or\ghly dry x is transf]r$ to ! knead+ ma*9e4 ,! e!r- alcohol mixture is n[ add$1 & ! process ( knead+ begun4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t ! am\nt ( solv5t requir$ to secure ?or\gh incorporation is ab\t #ejj c4c4 to ea* #ejj grms4 ( dri$ pa/e4 ,to prev5t loss ( solv5t due to evaporation1 ! knead+ ma*9e is made vap\r light4 ,! mix+ or knead+ is cont9u$ until ! result+ greyi%-yell[ pa/e is absolutely homog5e\s s f> z c be detect$ by ! eye1 :i* requires f ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,! pa/e is next treat$ 9 a prelim9>y press 7kn[n z ! block press & is actuat$ by hydraulic p[]71 :]e x is press$ into a cyl9drical mass ( uni=m d5sity & ( su* dim5sions z to fit x = ! f9al or p[d] press4 ,! cyl9drical masses f ! block press are transf]r$ to ! f9al press1 :5ce !y are =c$ out ( a die "u a pressure ( ab\t #ejj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,z x em]ges f ! f9al press ! p[d] is 9 ! =m ( a ribbon or %eet1 ! wid? & ?ickness ( :i* is det]m9$ by ! dim5sions ( ! p[d] *amb] ( ! gun 9 :i* ! p[d] is to be us$4 ,on ! inn] surface ( ! die are ribs ext5d+ 9 ! direction ( ! p[d] z x em]ges f ! press1 ! object ( ^! ribs be+ to score ! %eets or ribbons 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 s t ! p[d] w yield uni=mly to ! pressure ( ! gases g5]at$ 9 ! gun dur+ ! combu/ion ( ! *>ge4 ,! ribbon or %eet is next cut into pieces ( a wid? & l5g? correspond+ to ! *amb] ( ! gun = :i* x is int5d$1 ! g5]al rule be+ t ! ?ickness ( ! gra9 7:5 p]fectly dry7 %all be fifte5 "o-?\s&?s 74#jae7 ( ! calibre ( ! gun1 & ! l5g? equal to ! l5g? to fit ! p[d] *amb]4 ,?us1 9 case ( ! #f-;in* rapid-fire gun ! ?ickness ( ! gra9 7or %eet7 is #j4ji ( an in* & ! l5g? #cb in*es4 ,! %eets are next ?or\ghly dri$1 fir/ betwe5 %eets ( por\s blott+-pap] "u mod]ate pressure & at a temp]ature betwe5 #ae ,c4 & #ba4e ,c4 = ?ree days1 & !n expos$ to free circulation ( ! air at ab\t #ba4e ,c4 = sev5 days1 & f9ally subject$ = a week or long] to a temp]ature n exce$+ #ch ,c4 until !y cease to lose weight4 ,footnote ,a3 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,walke1 ,lectures on ,explosives1 p4 #ccj4 ,! %eets1 :5 ?or\ghly dri$1 are ( a uni=m yell[i%-grey col\r1 & ( ! *>act]i/ic colloidal consi/5cy2 !y possess a p]fectly smoo? surface1 & are free f int]nal bli/]s or cracks4 ,! temp]ature ( ignition ( ! f9i%$ p[d] %\ld n be bel[ #agb ,c41 & :5 subject$ to ! heat or /ability te/1 x is requir$ to resi/ exposure to a temp]ature ( #ga ,c4 = ?irty m9utes )\t caus+ discoloration ( ! te/ pap]4 ,w4,a4 ,p[d]4--,?is p[d] is made by ! ,am]ican ,smokeless ,p[d] ,company1 & x 0 propos$ = use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army & ,navy4 ,x is made 9 sev]al grades accord+ to ! balli/ic conditions requir$4 ,x consi/s ( insoluble gun-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e1 toge!r ) metallic nitrates & an organic sub/ance us$ z a det]r5t or regulator4 ,! details ( its manufacture are v simil> to ^? ( cordite1 ) ! exception t ! nitro-glyc]9e is dissolv$ 9 a portion ( ! acetone1 be=e x is add$ to ! gun-cotton4 ,! p[d] is press$ into solid ?reads1 or tubul> cords or cyl9d]s1 accord+ to ! calibre ( ! gun 9 :i* ! p[d] is to be us$4 ,z ! ?reads em]ge f ! press !y are receiv$ ^u a canvas belt1 :i* passes ov] /eam-heat$ pipes1 & deposit$ 9 wire baskets4 ,! l>g] cords or cyl9d]s are cut into ! prop] l5g?s & expos$ ^u trays 9 ! dry+-h\se4 ,! p[d] = small arms is granulat$ by cutt+ ! ?reads into %ort cyl9d]s1 :i* are subsequ5tly tumbl$1 du/$1 &1 if n p]fectly dry1 aga9 plac$ ^u trays 9 ! dry+- h\se4 ,be=e be+ s5t away f ! factory1 f five to t5 lots ( #ejj lbs4 ea* are mix$ 9 a bl5d+ ma*9e1 9 ord] to obta9 great] uni=mity4 ,! col\r ( ! ,w4,a4 p[d] is v light grey1 ! gra9s are v uni=m 9 size1 dry & h>d4 ,! p[d] = l>g] guns is ( a yell[i% col\r1 almo/ transluc5t1 & almo/ z h>d z vulcanite4 ,! p[d] is said to be unaffect$ by atmosph]ic or climatic conditions1 to be /able1 & to h giv5 excell5t balli/ic results2 x is n s5sitive to ! impact ( bullets1 & :5 ignit$ burns quietly1 unless /rongly conf9$4 ,turn+ n[ to ! smokeless p[d]s1 9 :i* ! *ief +r$i5t is nitro-cellulose 9 "s =m 7ei!r gun-cotton or nitro-lign9e1 c471 "o ( ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,pr5tice's gun-cotton1 :i* consi/$ ( nitrat$ pap] #ae p>ts1 mix$ ) #he p>ts ( unconv]t$ cellulose4 ,x 0 roll$ into a cyl9d]4 ,ano!r 0 ,pun%on's gun-cotton p[d]1 :i* consi/$ ( gun-cotton soak$ 9 a solution ( sug>1 & !n mix$ ) a nitrate1 su* z sodium or potassium nitrate4 ,b>ium nitrate 0 aft]w>ds us$1 & ! mat]ial 0 granulat$1 & consi/$ ( nitrat$ gun-cotton4 ,! explosive kn[n z tonite1 made at ,fav]%am1 0 at fir/ int5d$ = use z a gunp[d]1 b is n[ only us$ = bla/+4 ,! ,s*ultze ,p[d]4--,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! successful p[d]s introduc$ into ?is c\ntry 0 ,s*ultze's p[d]1 ! inv5tion ( ,colonel ,s*ultze1 ( ! ,prussian ,artill]y1 & is n[ manufactur$ by ! ,s*ultze ,gunp[d] ,company ,limit$1 ( ,london4 ,! composition ( ?is p[d]1 z giv5 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,explosives by ! late ,colonel ,cundall1 is z foll[s3-- ,soluble nitro-lign9e #ad4hc p] c5t4 ,insoluble #bc4cf ,lign9e 7unconv]t$7 #ac4ad ,nitrates ( ,k & ,ba #cb4ce ,p>aff9 #c4fe ,matt]s soluble 9 alcohol #j4aa ,moi/ure #b4ef ,?is p[d] 0 ! fir/ to solve ! difficulty ( mak+ a smokeless1 or ne>ly smokeless p[d] :i* c\ld be us$ ) safety & success 9 small arms4 ,previ\sly1 gun-cotton _h be5 tri$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 & 9 ne>ly e in/ance disa/] to ! weapon _h foll[$1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( tam+ ! combu/ion to a safe degree4 ,b ab\t #ahff ,colonel ,s*ultze produc$1 z ! result ( exp]im5ts1 a nitrat$ wood fibre :i* gave great promise ( be+ m pliable & m easily regulat$ 9 its burn+ ?an gun-cotton1 & ?is 0 at once introduc$ into ,engl&1 & ! ,s*ultze ,gunp[d] ,company ,limit$ 0 =m$ to comm5ce its manufacture1 :i* x did 9 ! ye> #ahfh4 ,dur+ ! ye>s f its fir/ appe>ance1 ,s*ultze gunp[d] has pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s modifications4 ,x 0 fir/ made 9 a small cubical gra9 =m$ by cutt+ ! actual fibre ( timb] transv]sely1 & !n break+ ?is v5e] into cubes4 ,lat] on improvem5ts 7 introduc$1 & ! wood fibre s produc$ 0 cru%$ to a f9e degree1 & !n re=m$ into small irregul> gra9s4 ,aga91 an advance 0 made 9 ! =m ( ! wood fibre us$1 ! fibre be+ brok5 d[n by ! action ( *emicals "u high temp]ature1 & s produc+ an extremely pure =m ( woody fibre4 ,! next improvem5t 0 to r5d] ! gra9s ( ! p[d] practically wat]pro( & less affect$ by ! atmosph]ic influ5ces ( moi/ure & dryness1 & ! la/ improvem5t to ! process 0 t ( h>d5+ ! gra9s by means ( a solv5t ( nitro-lign9e1 s z to d away ) ! du/ t 0 (t5 =m$ f ! rubb+ ( ! gra9s dur+ transit4 ,m9or modifications h f "t to "t also be5 made1 9 ord] to meet ! gradual alt]ation :i* has tak5 place dur+ ?is long p]iod 9 ! manufacture ( sport+ guns & c>tridge cases to be us$ ) ?is p[d]1 b ?r\gh all its evolution ?is ,company has adh]$ to ! fir/ idea ( us+ woody fibre 9 pref]5ce to cotton z ! basis ( _! smokeless p[d]1 z exp]i5ce has confirm$ ! orig9al op9ion t a p[d] c be ?us made less s5sitive to occasional diff]5ces 9 load+1 & m satisfactory all r\nd ?an :5 made f ! cotton base4 ,! p[d] has always be5 regulat$ s t bulk = bulk x occupies ! same measure z ! be/ black p[d]1 & z reg>ds its weight1 j "o half ( t ( black4 ,! process ( manufacture ( ?is p[d] is briefly z foll[s3-- ,wood ( clean gr[? is treat$ by ! well-kn[n sulphite process = produc+ pure woody fibre1 :i* is v c>efully purifi$1 & ?is1 aft] dry+1 is /eep$ 9 a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 to r5d] x a nitro-comp\nd & ! explosive base ( ! p[d]4 ,?is nitro comp\nd is c>efully purifi$ until x /&s ! v high purity requirem5ts ( ! ,home ,(fice1 & is !n gr\nd ) oxyg5-be>+ salts1 c41 & ! :ole is =m$ into little irregul>-%ap$ gra9s ( ! desir$ size1 :i* gra9s are dri$ & h>d5$ by /eep+ 9 a suitable solv5t = ! nitro comp\nd1 & aft] f9ally dry+1 sift+1 c41 ! p[d] is /or$ 9 magaz9es = sev]al mon?s be=e x is issu$4 ,:5 issu$1 a v l>ge bl5d is made ( _m tons weight1 :i* ensures absolute uni=mity 9 ! mat]ial4 ,!re is 9 ,engl& a /&>d load adopt$ by e "o = te/+ a sport+ p[d]2 ?is *>ge is #db gra9s ( p[d] & #a-a_/h oz4 ,no4 #f %ot--?is %ot fir$ f a #ab-;bore gun1 patt]ns be+ tak5 at #dj y>ds1 ! velocity at any requir$ di/ance4 ,! /&>d muzzle velocity ( ,s*ultze gunp[d] is #a1bbj feet p] second4 ,! mean #dj y>ds ditto is #hge feet p] second4 ,! mean #bj y>ds ditto is #a1jej feet p] second4 ,! int]nal pressure n to exce$ #c4e tons4 ,?is ,company also manufactures a new =m ( p[d]1 kn[n z ,imp]ial ,s*ultze4 ,x is a p[d] some:at light] 9 gravity2 #cc gra9s occupies ! bulk *>ge1 z comp>$ ) ! #db gra9s ( ! old4 ,x foll[s 9 its composition mu* ! l9es ( ! old] p[d]1 b x is q free f smoke1 & leaves no residue :atev]4 ,! ,e4,g4 ,p[d]4--,?is is "o ( ! olde/ ( ! nitro p[d]s4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,reid & ,johnson 9 #ahhb4 ,x is n[ manufactur$ by ! ,e4,g4 ,p[d] ,company ,limit$1 at _! factory ne> ,d>t=d1 ,k5t1 & 9 ,am]ica by ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,e4,g4 ,p[d] ,company1 at ,new ,j]sey4 ,! basis ( ?is p[d] is a f9e =m ( cellulose1 d]iv$ f cotton1 c>efully purifi$1 & fre$ f all =eign sub/ances1 & c>efully nitrat$4 ,its manufacture is some:at z foll[s3--,pure nitro-cotton1 9 ! =m ( a f9e p[d]1 is rotat$ 9 a drum1 spr9kl$ ) wat]1 & ! drum rotat$ until ! nitro-cotton has tak5 ! =m ( gra9s4 ,! gra9s are !n dri$ & moi/5$ ) e!r-alcohol1 :]eby ! moi/ure is gelat9is$1 & aft]w>ds col\r$ ) aur9e1 :i* gives !m an orange col\r4 ,!y are !n dri$ & put ?r\gh a sieve1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! gra9s :i* may h /uck toge!r dur+ ! gelat9is+ process4 ,s9ce its introduction soon aft] #ahha1 ,e4,g4 p[d] has und]gone consid]able modifications1 & is n[ a di/9ctly diff]5t product f a practical po9t ( view4 ,x is n[ & has be5 s9ce #ahig :at is kn[n z a #cc-;gra9 p[d]1 t is to say1 ! old /&>d *>ge ( #c drams by measure = a #ab-;bore gun weighs #cc gra9s1 z comp>$ ) #db gra9s = ! orig9al ,e4,g4 & o!r nitro p[d]s4 ,?is improvem5t 0 effect$ by a r$uction ( ! b>ium nitrate & ! use ( nitro- cellulose ( a high] degree ( nitration1 & also m gelat9isation 9 manufacture4 ,! granules are v h>d1 & resi/ moi/ure to an ext5t hi!rto unatta9able by any bulk p[d]4 ,irregul>ities ( pressure 9 load+ h also a m9imum effect by reason ( ! h>dness ( ! gra9s4 ,! col\r+ matt] us$ is aur9e1 & ! small quantity ( nitrate us$ is ! b>ium salt4 ,! p[d] is /&>dis$ = pressure velocity ) ,b\l5g *ronograph1,a patt]n & gravimetric d5sity by elaborate daily te/s1 & is cont9ually subject$ to sev]e trials = /ability "u v>i\s conditions ( /orage1 ! result be+ t x may be kept = :at 9 practice am\nt to indef9ite p]iods ( "t1 ei!r 9 c>tridges or 9 bulk )\t any alt]ation be+ fe>$4 ,! ,e4,c4 p[d]s are us$ 9 sport+ guns4 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b ,e4,c4 are n at pres5t manufactur$1 ,e4,c4 ,no4 #c hav+ tak5 _! place entirely4 ,s9ce #ahij ^! p[d]s h be5 manufactur$ "u ! ,borl&-,johnson pat5ts1 ^! improv$ p[d]s be+ = "s "t kn[n z ! ,j4,b4 p[d]s4 ,! ,e4,c4 ,no4 #a 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,e4,c4 ,no4 #b1 made "u ! ,borl&-,johnson pat5ts1 & ?is 9 its turn by ! ,e4,c4 ,no4 #c 79 #ahig74 ,footnote ,a3 ,inv5t$ 9 #ahfi by ,major ,le ,b\l5g1 ,belgian ,artill]y4 ,x is int5d$ to record ! mean velocity betwe5 any two po9ts1 & f its simplicity & accuracy is l>gely employ$4 ,o!r =ms h be5 inv5t$ by ,capt4 ,brg]1 ,fr5* ,artill]ie de la ,m>9e1 & ,capt4 ,hold51 ,r4,a4 ,indurite is ! inv5tion ( ,pr(essor ,c4,e4 ,munroe1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,naval ,torp$o ,/ation4 ,x is made f insoluble nitro-cotton1 treat$ 9 a p>ticul> mann] by /eam1 & mix$ ) nitro-b5z5e4 ,! ,dupont p[d] is v simil> to ,indurite4 ,m4,e4 ,leon>d1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 inv5t$ a p[d] consi/+ ( #ge p>ts ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #be p>ts ( gun-cotton1 #e p>ts ( lycopodium p[d]1 & #d p>ts ( urea cry/als dissolv$ 9 acetone4 ,! ,fr5* smokeless p[d]1 ,vielle p\dre 7p\dre ,b71 us$ 9 ! ,lebel rifle1 is a mixture ( nitro-cellulose & tann91 mix$ ) b>ium & potassium nitrates4 ,x gives a v feeble report1 & v little blui% smoke4 ,! ,nobel ,company is said to be p]fect+ a smokeless p[d] 9 :i* ! *ief +r$i5ts are nitro-amido- & tri- nitro-b5z5e4 ,c4,o4 ,lundholm has pat5t$ 7,u4,s4 ,pat1 #gja1eia1 #aija7 a smokeless p[d] conta9+ nitro-glyc]9e #cj1 nitro-cellulose #fj1 diamyl ph?alate #aj 7or diamyl ph?alate #e1 & m9]al jelly #e74 ,! diamyl ph?alate is add$1 ) or )\t ! m9]al jelly to nitro-glyc]9e & nitro-cellulose4 ,walsrode ,p[d]4--,! smokeless p[d] kn[n z ,walsrode p[d] consi/s ( absolutely pure gelat9is$ nitro-cellulose1 gra9$ by a *emical n a me*anical process1 consequ5tly ! gra9s d n ne$ fac+ ) gelat9e to prev5t _! break+ up1 z is ! case ) _m nitro p[d]s4 ,= ?is same reason1 z well z f ! me?od ( gett+ rid ( ! solv5t us$1 ! ,walsrode has no t5d5cy :atev] to absorb moi/ure4 ,9 fact1 x c lie 9 wat] = sev]al days1 & :5 tak5 out & dri$ aga9 at a mod]ate temp]ature w be f\nd z good z be=e4 ,nor is x influ5c$ by heat1 :e!r dry or damp1 & x c be /or$ = ye>s )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ affect$4 ,x is claim$ also t x heats ! b>rels ( guns mu* less ?an black p[d]1 & does n injure !m4 ,! /&>d *>ge is #cj gra9s1 & x is claim$ t ) ?is *>ge ,walsrode p[d] w prove second to none4 ,a l>ge cap is necess>y1 z ! gra9s ( ?is p[d] are v h>d1 & require a l>ge flame to prop]ly ignite !m4 ,9 load+ c>tridges = sport+ purposes1 an extra felt wad is requir$ to comp5sate = ! small space occupi$ by ! *>ge2 b = milit>y use ! p[d] c be left q loose4 ,! gas pressure ( ?is p[d] is l[ 79 sev]al milit>y rifles only "o- half t ( o!r nitros71 & ! recoil consequ5tly small2 & x is claim$ t ) ! slight increase ( ! *>ge 7f #bi to #cj grs47 bo? p5etration & initial velocity w be l>gely increas$1 :il/ ! gas pressure & recoil w n be great]4 ,?is p[d] 0 us$ at ,bisley1 at ! ,national ,rifle ,association's ,meet+1 ) satisfactory results4 ,x is made by ! ,walsrode ,smokeless & ,wat]pro( ,gunp[d] ,company4 ,! nitro-cotton is gelat9is$ by means ( acetic e!r1 & ! sk9 produc$ ret>ds burn+4 ,! nitro-cotton is mix$ ) acetic e!r1 & :5 ! gelat9isation has tak5 place1 ! pla/ic mass is =c$ ?r\gh holes 9 a metal plate into /rips1 :i* are !n cut up into pieces ! size ( gra9s4 ,! ,m4,h4 ,walsrode p[d] is a leaflet p[d]1 light 9 col\r1 ab\t #dj gra9s ( :i* give a muzzle velocity ( #a1cej feet & a pressure ( #c tons4 ,x is1 l ! o!r ,walsrode p[d]s1 wat]pro( & heat-pro(4 ,cooppal ,p[d] is manufactur$ by ,messrs ,cooppal ,co4 at _! ext5sive p[d] works 9 ,belgium4 ,x consi/s ( nitro-jute or nitro- cotton1 ) or )\t nitrates1 treat$ ) a solv5t to =m a gelat9is$ mass4 ,!re are a great _m v>ieties ( ?is p[d]4 ,"o k9d is 9 ! =m ( little squ>es2 ano!r1 = use 9 ,hot*kiss guns1 is =m$ into #c-millimetre cubes1 & is black4 ,o!r v>ieties are col\r$ ) anil9e dyes ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,amb]ite is a nitro-cellulose p[d] ( ! #db-;gra9 type ( sport+ gunp[d]s1 & is manufactur$ by ,messrs ,curtis's ,h>vey ,limit$1 at _! ,smokeless ,p[d] ,factory1 ,tonbridge1 ,k5t4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( nitro-cellulose1 p>aff91 b>ium1 nitrate1 & "s o!r +r$i5ts4 ,x is claim$ = ?is p[d] t x comb9es h>d %oot+ ) safety1 great p5etration1 & mod]ate /ra9 on ! gun4 ,x is h>d & t\gh 9 gra91 & may be load$ l black p[d]1 & subject$ to h>d friction )\t break+ into p[d]1 t x is smokeless1 & leaves no residue 9 ! gun4 ,! *>ge = #ab bores is #db gra9s by weight1 & #a-a_/h oz4 or #a-a_/af oz4 %ot4 ,! p[d]s kn[n z cannonite,a & ruby p[d]1 also manufactur$ by ,messrs ,curtis's ,h>vey ,limit$1 are analog\s products hav+ ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,footnote ,a3 ,= fur!r details ( cannonite1 see ,fir/ ,edition1 p4 #aha4 ,smokeless ,diamond1 also manufactur$ by ! above m5tion$ firm1 is a nitro-cellulose p[d] ( ! #cc-;gra9 type ( sport+ gunp[d]s4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,mr ,h4,m4 ,*apman4 ,! manufacture ( ,smokeless ,diamond1 z c>ri$ out at ,tonbridge1 is %ortly z foll[s3--,! gun-cotton1 :i* is ! *ief +r$i5t ( ?is p[d]1 is fir/ /ov$1 !n mix$ ) c]ta9 comp\nds :i* act z mod]ators1 & aft] ! solv5ts are add$1 is work$ up into a homog5e\s pla/ic condition4 ,x !n und]goes ! processes ( granulation1 sift+1 du/+1 dry+1 & glaz+4 ,9 ord] to ensure uni=mity sev]al bat*es are bl5d$ toge!r1 & /or$ = "s "t be=e be+ issu$ = use4 ,x is claim$ = ?is p[d] t x is quick ( ignition1 ! quickness be+ probably due to ! peculi> /ructure ( ! gra9s :i*1 :5 look$ at "u ! microscope1 h ! appe>ance ( coke4 ,! *>ge = a #ab bore is #cc gra9s & #a-a_/af oz4 %ot1 :i* gives a velocity ( #a1jej feet p] second1 & a pressure ( #c tons p] squ>e in*4 ,gre9]'s ,p[d] consi/s ( nitro-cellulose1 nitro-b5zol1 graphite1 & lampblack4 ,b4,n4 ,p[d]4--,?is p[d] is ( a light grey or drab col\r1 p]fectly opaque1 & r\gh to ! t\*4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture1 nitro-cellulose & ! nitrates ( b>ium & potassium4 ,its composition is z foll[s3-- ,insoluble nitro-cellulose #bi4ac p>ts ,soluble nitro-cellulose #da4ca ,b>ium nitrate #ai4jj ,potassium nitrate #g4ig ,sodium c>bonate #b4jc ,volatile matt] #a4dc ,?is p[d] is a modification ( ! ,p\dre ,b41 or ,vieille's p[d] inv5t$ = use 9 ! ,lebel rifle1 & :i* consi/$ ( a mixture ( ! nitro-celluloses ) p>aff94 ,von ,fo/]'s ,p[d] conta9s no?+ b pure gelat9is$ nitro- cellulose1 toge!r ) a small quantity ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! ,g]man ,troisdorf ,p[d] is a mixture ( gelat9is$ nitro-cellulose1 ) or )\t nitrates4 ,maximite is ! inv5tion ( ,mr ,hudson ,maxim1 & is a nitro-comp\nd1 ! base be+ gun-cotton4 ,! exact composition & me?od ( manufacture are1 h[ev]1 kept secret4 ,x is made by ! ,columbia ,p[d] ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 & 9 two =ms--"o = use z a smokeless rifle p[d]1 & ! o!r = bla/+ purposes4 ,wett]5 ,p[d]4--,?is p[d] 0 manufactur$ at ! ,royal ,gunp[d] ,factory at ,wett]51 & us$ 9 ! ,belgian s]vice4 ,orig9ally x 0 a mixture ( nitro-glyc]9e & nitro-cellulose1 ) amyl acetate z solv5t4 ,its composition has1 h[ev]1 be5 alt]$ f "t to "t4 ,"o v>iety consi/s *iefly ( nitro-cellulose1 ) amyl acetate z solv5t4 ,x is ( a d>k br[n col\r1 & ( ! consi/5cy ( indi>ubb]4 ,x is roll$ into %eets & f9ally granulat$4 ,h5rite is a nitro-cellulose p[d]4 ,normal ,p[d]4--,! ,sw$i% p[d] kn[n z ,normal ,smokeless ,p[d]1 & manufactur$ by ! ,sw$i% ,p[d] ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,l&skrona1 ,sw$51 & us$ = "s ye>s pa/ 9 ! ,swiss ,army1 is made 9 f\r =ms4 ,= field guns ( #h4d calibre1 x is us$ 9 ! =m ( cyl9drical gra9s ( a yell[ col\r1 ( a diamet] ( 4#h to 4#i mm4 & d5sity ( 4#gij--;ab\t #hdj gra9s ( x g to "o gun4 ,= rifles1 x is us$ 9 ! =m ( grey squ>es1 d5sity 4#gej1 & #a grm4 equals ab\t #a1jad gra9s4 ,"o hundr$ r\nds ( ?is p[d]1 fir$ 9 eighte5 m9utes1 rais$ ! temp]ature ( ! gun b>rel #bhd ,f4 ,a nitro- glyc]9e p[d]1 fir$ "u ! same conditions1 gave a temp]ature ( #dfd ,f4 ,?is p[d] is said to keep well--a sample kept #c-a_/b ye>s gave z good results z :5 fir/ made--is easy to make1 v /able1 ignites easily1 n v s5sitive to %ock or friction1 is v light1 c4 ,eight hundr$ r\nds fir$ f a heavy gun produc$ no injury to ! int]ior ( ! weapon4 ,samples kept = elev5 mon?s 9 ! moi/ atmosph]e ( a cell>1 :5 fir$ gave a muzzle velocity ( #a1dej ft4 secs4 & pressure ( #a1cab atmosph]es1 & ! moi/ure 0 f\nd to h ris5 f #a4b to #a4f p] c5t4 ,aft] tw5ty-?ree mon?s 9 ! damp x conta9$ #b p] c5t4 moi/ure1 gave a muzzle velocity ( #a1dgh ft4 sees41 & pressure ( #a1cef atmosph]es4 ,9 a #g4e millimetre rifle1 #ac4h grm4 bullet1 & *>ge ( #b grms41 x gives a muzzle velocity ( #b1jce ft4 secs4 & a pressure ( #b1bjj atmosph]es4 ,9 ! #h4d cm4 field-gun1 ) *>ge ( #fjj grms41 & projectile ( #f4g kilogrammes1 muzzle velocity 0 equal to #a1fdj ft4 secs4 & pressure #a1gej4 ,a sample ( ! p[d] = use 9 ! 4#cjc ,m4 rifle1 lately analys$ by ! au?or1 gave ! foll[+ result3-- ,gun-cotton #if4ba p] c5t4 ,soluble cotton #a4hj ,non-nitrat$ cotton trace4 ,res9 & o!r matt]s #a4ii #ajj4jj ,! v>i\s =ms ( p[d] inv5t$ & manufactur$ by ,mr ,c4,f4 ,h5g/ are *iefly compos$ ( nitrat$ /raw t has be5 f9ely pulp$4 ,! /raw is treat$ fir/ ) acids & aft]w>ds ) alkalies1 & ! result is a firm fibr\s sub/ance :i* is granulat$4 ,x is claim$ t ?is p[d] is entirely smokeless & flameless1 t x does n f\l ! gun nor heat ! b>rel1 & is at ! same "t #aej p] c5t4 /rong] ?an black p[d]4 ,! ,g]man ,troisdorf p[d] consi/s ( nitro-cellulose t has be5 gelat9is$ toge!r ) a nitrate4 ,kolf's p[d] is also gelat9is$ ) nitro-cellulose4 ,! p[d]s inv5t$ by ,mr ,e4,j4 ,ryves conta9 nitro- glyc]9e1 nitro-cotton1 ca/or-oil1 pap]-pulp1 & c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,maxim p[d] conta9s bo? soluble & insoluble nitro- cellulose1 nitro-glyc]9e1 & c>bonate ( soda4 ,! smokeless p[d] made by ! ,dynamite ,acti5gesells*aft ,nobel consi/s ( nitro-/>* #gj to #ii p>ts1 & ( di- or tri-nitro-b5z5e #a to #cj p>ts4 ,an ,am]ican wood p[d]1 kn[n z ,bracket's ,sport+ ,p[d]1 consi/s ( soluble & insoluble nitro-lign9e1 mix$ ) *>r$ lign9e1 humus1 & nitrate ( soda4 ,mr ,f4,h4 ,snyd]1 ( ,new ,york1 is ! inv5tor ( a %ell p[d] kn[n z ! ,snyd] ,explosive1 consi/+ ( #id p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e1 #f p] c5t4 ( soluble nitro-cotton1 & camphor1 :i* is said to be safe 9 use4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) x 9 a #f-;in* rifl$ gun1 fir$ at a t>get #bbj y>ds away1 compos$ ( twelve #a-;in* /eel plates weld$ toge!r1 & back$ ) #ab-;in* & #ad-;in* oak beams1 & weigh+ #bj tons4 ,! %ots entirely de/roy$ x4 ,! *>ge ( explosive us$ 0 #aj lbs4 9 ea* %ell4 ,comp>ative ,te/s ( ,black & ,nitro ,p[d]s1 f ,am]ican ,field4-- ,! results giv5 9 table bel[ 7 obta9$ at ! ,g]man ,%oot+ ,association's gr\nds at ,coep5ick1 ,b]l94 ,p5etration 0 calculat$ by plac+ frames1 ea* hold+ five c>ds ( #a millimetre 9 ?ickness 7equals 4#jcicg in*71 & #c in*es ap>t1 9 a bee-l9e1 at di/ances ( #bj in*es4 ,velocity1 patt]n1 & p5etration 7 tak5 at #dj y>ds f ! muzzle ( a #ab-;gauge *oke-bore d\ble-b>rel gun4 ,gas pressure 0 tak5 by a special app>atus4 ,all %ells 7 load$ ) #a-a_/h oz4 ( ,no4 #c %ot1 equal to #abj pellets1 & ! numb] giv5 bel[ repres5ts ! av]age numb] 9 ! #cj-;in* patt]n4 ,! numb] ( %eets pass$ ?r\gh gives ! av]age p5etration4 ,"o atmosph]e equals pressure equal to #a kilogramme 7#b4b lbs47 on ! squ>e c5timetre1 h5ce #a1jjj atmosph]es equal #b1bjj lbs4 on ! squ>e c5timetre4 ,! ,e4,c41 ,s*ultze1 & ,walsrode p[d]s 7 load$ 9 ,elcy's special %ells1 #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,! av]ages 7 tak5 f a l>ge numb] ( %ots1 & ! same s]ies ( %ots fir$ "u precisely ! same conditions4 ,gas ,pressure4 ,velocity4 ,patt]n4 ,p5etration4 ,atmosph]es4 ,metres4 ,%eets4 ,f9e-gra9$ black p[d]1 /&>d *>ge #ead4b #bhj #gh4f #ff #ai4,o ,co>se-gra9$ black p[d]1 /&>d *>ge #dgc4d #bha4d #gh4b #fe #ai4d ,s*ultze p[d]1 #db gra9s #iba4j #bij4j #fd4b #ed #bj4b ,s*ultze p[d]1 #de gra9s #ajeb4h #cje4h #eb4b #db #bj4f ,e4,g4 smokeless1 #db gra9s #ibj4b #bih4d #ha4d #fg #ah4h ,walsrode1 #bi gra9s #ehf4d #bhj4f #hc4j #fi #ai4j ,b>omet]1 #gfj mm4 ,!rmomet]1 #cj ,c4 ,hydromet] #fe4 ,w9d1 ,s4,w4 ,picric ,p[d]s4--,! *ief ( ^! is ,mel9ite1 ! composition ( :i* is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,x is believ$ to be melt$ picric acid toge!r ) gun-cotton dissolv$ 9 acetone or e!r-alcohol4 ,walke gives ! foll[+ proportions--#cj p>ts ( tri-nitro-cellulose dissolv$ 9 #de p>ts ( e!r-alcohol 7#b to #a71 & #gj p>ts ( fus$ & pulv]is$ picric acid4 ,! e!r-alcohol mixture is all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 & ! result+ cake granulat$4 ,! ,fr5* claim1 h[ev]1 t ! orig9al inv5tion has be5 s modifi$ & p]fect$ t ! mel9ite ( to-day _c be recognis$ 9 ! e>li] product4 ,mel9ite has a yell[ col\r1 is almo/ )\t cry/all9e appe>ance1 & :5 ignit$ by a flame or heat$ wire1 x burns ) a r$di%-yell[ flame1 giv+ (f copi\s volumes ( black smoke4 ,mel9ite z at pres5t us$ is said to be a p]fectly safe explosive1 bo? z reg>ds manufacture1 h&l+1 & /orage4 ,lyddite1,a ! picric acid explosive us$ 9 ! ,briti% s]vice1 is suppos$ to be id5tical ) ! orig9al mel9ite1 b its composition has n be5 made public4 ,footnote ,a3 ,s*imose1 ! ,japanese p[d]1 is /at$ to be id5tical ) ,lyddite & ,mel9ite 7,*em4 ,c5tr41 #aijf1 #a1 #aaif74 ,picrates are m (t5 us$ ?an picric acid itself 9 p[d]s4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n is ,brugre's ,p[d]1 :i* is a mixture ( #ed p>ts ( picrate ( ammonia & #de p>ts ( saltpetre4 ,x is /able & safe to manufacture4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 ! ,*assept rifle ) good results1 gives little smoke1 & a small residue only ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,! next 9 importance is ,designolle's ,p[d]1 made at ,b\*on1 consi/+ ( picrate ( pota%1 saltpetre1 & *>coal4 ,x 0 made 9 ?ree v>ieties1 viz41 = rifles1 big guns1 & torp$oes & %ells4 ,^! p[d]s are made mu* 9 ! same way z gunp[d]4 ,! advantages claim$ = !m ov] gunp[d] are1 great] /r5g?1 comp>ative abs5ce ( smoke1 & fre$om f injuri\s action on ! bores ( guns4 ,emm5site is ! inv5tion ( ,dr ,/eph5 ,emm5s1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,emm5s cry/als are produc$ by treat+ picric acid ) fum+ nitric acid ( specific gravity ( #a4eb4 ,! acid dissolves ) ! evolution ( r$ fumes4 ,! liquid1 :5 cool$1 deposits cry/als1 /at$ to be diff]5t to picric acid1 & lu/r\s flakes4 ,^! flakes1 :5 heat$ 9 wat]1 sep>ate into two new bodies4 ,"o ( ^! ent]s into solution & =ms cry/als unlike ! fir/1 :ile ! o!r body rema9s undissolv$4 ,! acid cry/als are us$ mix$ ) a nitrate4 ,emm5site has be5 subject$ to exp]im5t by ! direction ( ! ,u4,s4 ,secret>y = ,w>1 & f\nd satisfactory4 ,a sample ( ,emm5site1 9 ! =m ( a co>se p[d]1 0 fir/ tri$ 9 a pi/ol1 & prov$ sup]ior 9 propell+ p[] to ord9>y gunp[d]4 ,:5 te/$ aga9/ explosive gelat9e1 x did v good "w 9 %att]+ iron plates4 ,x is claim$ = ?is explosive t x enjoys ! di/9ction ( be+ ! only high explosive :i* may be us$ bo? = fire>ms & bla/+4 ,?is view is support$ by ! trials made by ! ,am]ican ,w> ,(fice au?orities1 & %[s ,emm5site to be a useful explosive bo? = bla/+ & z a smokeless p[d]4 ,its explosive p[]1 z te/$1 is #bhc tons p] squ>e in*1 & its specific gravity is #a4h4 ,abel propos$ to use picric acid = fill+ %ells4 ,8 ,picric ,p[d] consi/$ ( #c p>ts ( saltpetre1 & #b ( picrate ( ammonia4 ,victorite consi/s ( *lorate ( pota%1 picric acid1 & olive oil1 & ) occasionally "s *>coal4 ,x has ! =m ( a co>se yell[i% grey p[d]1 & leaves an oily /a9 on pap]1 & x is v s5sitive to friction & p]cussion4 ,! composition is z foll[s3--,k,cl,o#c #hj p>ts2 picric acid1 #aaj p>ts2 saltpetre1 #aj p>ts2 *>coal1 #e p>ts4 ,x is n manufactur$ 9 ,engl&4 ,ts*9]'s ,p[d] is v simil> to ,victorite 9 composition1 b conta9s res94 ,a li/ ( ! *ief picric p[d]s w be f\nd 9 ! late ,colonel ,j4,p4 ,cundill1 ,r4,a4's ,diction>y ( ,explosives4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,explosives4 ,kieselguhr ,dynamite--,gelat9e ,comp\nds--,tonite--,cordite--,vasel9e-- ,acetone--,s*eme = ,analysis ( ,explosives--,nitro-,cotton--,solubility ,te/-- ,non-,nitrat$ ,cotton--,alkal9ity--,a% & ,inorganic ,matt]--,det]m9ation ( ,nitrog5--,lung1 ,*ampion & ,pellet's1 ,s*ultze-,tieman1 & ,kjeldahl's ,me?ods--,celluloid--,picric ,acid & ,picrates--,res9\s & ,t>ry ,matt]s-- ,sulphuric ,acid & ,hydro*loric ,acid & ,oxalic ,acid--,nitric ,acid-- ,inorganic ,impurities--,g5]al ,impurities & ,adult]ations--,potassium ,picrate1 c4--,picrates ( ! ,alkaloids--,analysis ( ,glyc]9e--,residue-- ,silv] ,te/--,nitration--,total ,acid ,equival5t--,neutrality--,free ,fatty ,acids--,comb9$ ,fatty ,acids--,impurities--,oleic ,acid--,sodium ,*loride-- ,det]m9ation ( ,glyc]9e--,wa/e ,acids--,sodium ,nitrate--,m]cury ,fulm9ate--,cap ,composition--,table = ,correction ( ,volumes ( ,gases1 = ,temp]ature & ,pressure ,kieselguhr ,dynamite4--,! mat]ial g5]ally consi/s ( #ge p] c5t4 ( nitro-glyc]9e & #be p] c5t4 ( ! infusorial e>? kieselguhr4 ,! analysis is v simple1 & may be conduct$ z foll[s3--,weigh out ab\t #aj grms4 ( ! sub/ance1 & place ov] calcium *loride 9 a desiccator = "s six to eight days1 & !n re-weigh4 ,! loss ( weight gives ! moi/ure4 ,?is w g5]ally be v small1 probably nev] m ?an #a p] c5t41 & usually less4 ,mr ,james ,o4 ,h&y1 9 ord] to save "t1 proposes to dry dynamite 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he places #a grm4 ( ! mat]ial 9 a porcela9 crucible #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! crucible is !n support$ at ! bottom ( an extra wide-m\!d bottle ( ab\t #fjj c4c4 capacity4 ,air1 :i* has be5 dri$ by bubbl+ ?r\gh /rong sulphuric acid1 is n[ drawn ov] ! surface ( ! sample = ?ree h\rs by means ( an ord9>y aspirator4 ,! air %\ld pass approximately at ! rate ( #aj c4c4 p] second4 ,! tube by :i* ! dry air ent]s ! bottle ext5ds to )9 #a in* ( ! crucible conta9+ ! dynamite4 ,an empty safety bottle is connect$ ) ! inlet1 & ano!r ) ! outlet ( ! wide-m\!d bottle4 ,! fir/ gu>ds aga9/ ! me*anical c>ry+ ov] by ! air curr5t ( sulphuric acid f ! acid bottle into ! sample1 :il/ ! second prev5ts spasmodic outbur/s ( wat] f ! exhau/ f rea*+ ! sample4 ,! me?od also gave satisfactory results ) nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! dry sub/ance may n[ be wrapp$ 9 filt] pap]1 ! :ole weigh$1 & ! nitro-glyc]9e extract$ 9 ! ,soxhlet app>atus ) e!r4 ,! e!r %\ld be di/ill$ ov] at lea/ tw5ty-f\r times4 ,i h f\nd1 h[ev]1 t mu* quick]1 & q z accurate1 results may be obta9$ by leav+ ! dynamite 9 contact ) e!r 9 a small ,erl5mey] flask = tw5ty-f\r h\rs--leav+ x ov]night is bett]-- & decant+1 & aga9 all[+ ! sub/ance to rema9 9 contact ) a little fre% e!r = an h\r1 & f9ally filt]+ ?r\gh a weigh$ filt]1 dry+ at #ajj ,c41 & weigh+4 ,?is gives ! weight ( ! kieselguhr4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e mu/ be obta9$ by diff]5ce1 z x is q useless to evaporate d[n ! e!real solution to obta9 x1 z x is itself volatile to a v consid]able ext5t at ! temp]ature ( evaporation ( ! e!r1 & ! result1 !re=e1 w always be mu* too l[4 ,! dry guhr c1 ( c\rse1 be exam9$1 ei!r qualitatively or quantitatively1 = o!r m9]al salts1 su* z c>bonate ( soda1 c4 ,an actual analysis ( dynamite ,no4 #a made by ! au?or at ,hayle gave-- ,moi/ure1 #j4ib p] c5t42 kieselguhr1 #bf4ae p] c5t42 & nitro- glyc]9e1 #gb4ic p] c5t41 ! la/ be+ obta9$ by diff]5ce4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e4--,x is sometimes desir$ to te/ an explosive sub/ance = nitro-glyc]9e4 ,if an oily liquid is ooz+ f ! sub/ance1 soak a drop ( x 9 filt] pap]4 ,if x is nitro-glyc]9e x w make a greasy spot4 ,if ! pap] is n[ plac$ ^u an iron anvil1 & /ruck ) an iron hamm]1 x w explode ) a %>p report1 if light$ x burns ) a yell[i% to gre5i% flame1 emitt+ a crackl+ s\nd1 & plac$ ^u an iron plate & heat$ f b5ea?1 x explodes %>ply4 ,if a few drops ( nitro-glyc]9e are plac$ 9 a te/ tube1 & %ak5 up ) me?yl-alcohol 7previ\sly te/$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 to see t x produces no turbidity71 & filt]$1 on ! addition ( di/ill$ wat]1 ! solution w become milky1 & ! nitro-glyc]9e w sep>ate out1 & f9ally collect at ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,if to a solution ( a trace ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 me?yl-alcohol1 a few drops ( a solution1 compos$ ( #a volume ( anil9e1 & #dj volumes sulphuric acid 7#a4hd7 be add$1 a deep purple col\r w be produc$4 ,?is col\r *anges to gre5 ^u ! addition ( wat]4 ,if x is necess>y to det]m9e ! nitro-glyc]9e quantitatively 9 an explosive1 ! s*eme on page #bac may be foll[$4 ,e!r is ! be/ solv5t to use4 ,nitrog5 %\ld be det]m9$ 9 ! nitromet]4 ,gelat9e ,comp\nds4--,! simple/ ( ^! comp\nds is1 ( c\rse1 bla/+ gelat9e1 z x consi/s ( no?+ b nitro-cotton & nitro- glyc]9e1 ! nitro-cellulose be+ dissolv$ 9 ! glyc]9e to =m a cle> jelly1 ! usual proportions be+ ab\t #ib p] c5t4 ( nitro- glyc]9e to #h p] c5t4 nitro-cotton1 b ! cotton is f\nd z high z #aj p] c5t4 9 "s gelat9es4 ,gelat9e dynamite & gelignite are bla/+ gelat9es1 ) v>y+ proportions ( wood-pulp & saltpetre 7,,kno#c7 mix$ ) a ?9 bla/+ gelat9e4 ,! me?od ( analysis is z foll[s3--,weigh out #aj grms4 ( ! sub/ance1 previ\sly cut up into small pieces ) a plat9um spatula1 & place ov] calcium *loride 9 a desiccator = "s days4 ,reweigh4 ,! loss equals moi/ure4 ,?is is g5]ally v small4 ,or ,h&y's me?od may be us$4 ,! dri$ sample is !n transf]r$ to a small ?i/le-head$ funnel :i* has be5 cut (f f its /em1 & ! op5+ plugg$ ) a little glass wool1 & r\nd ! top rim ( :i* a piece ( f9e plat9um wire has be5 fa/5$1 9 ord] t x may aft]w>ds be easily remov$ f ! ,soxhlet tube4 ,! weight ( ?is funnel & ! glass wool mu/ be accurately kn[n4 ,x is !n transf]r$ to ! ,soxhlet tube & exhau/$ ) e!r1 :i* dissolves out ! nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! weigh$ residue mu/ aft]w>ds be treat$ 9 a flask ) e!r-alcohol to dissolve out ! nitro-cotton4 ,b ! m exp$iti\s me?od1 & "o q z accurate1 is to transf] ! dri$ gelat9e to a conical ,erl5mey] flask ( ab\t #ejj c4c4 capacity1 & add #bej c4c4 ( a mixture ( e!r-alcohol 7#b e!r to #a alcohol71 & all[ to /& ov]night4 ,sometimes a fur!r addition ( e!r-alcohol is necess>y4 ,x is always bett] to add ano!r #cjj c4c41 & leave = tw5ty m9utes or s aft] ! solution has be5 filt]$ (f4 ,! undissolv$ portion1 :i* consi/s ( wood-pulp1 potassium nitrate1 & o!r salts1 is filt]$ (f ?r\gh a l95 or pap] filt]1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,solution4--,! e!r-alcohol solution conta9s ! nitro-cotton & ! nitro-glyc]9e 9 solution4,a ,to ?is solution add excess ( *lor(orm 7ab\t #ajj c4c4 w be requir$71 :5 ! nitro-cellulose w be precipitat$ 9 a gelat9\s =m4 ,?is %\ld be filt]$ (f ?r\gh a l95 filt]1 & all[$ to dra94 ,x is useless to attempt to use a filt] pump1 z x g5]ally causes x to set solid4 ,! precipitat$ cotton %\ld !n be r$issolv$ 9 e!r-alcohol1 & aga9 precipitat$ ) *lor(orm 7#bj c4c4 ( e!r-alcohol %\ld be us$74 ,?is precaution is absolutely necess>y1 if ! sub/ance has be5 treat$ ) e!r- alcohol at fir/ in/ead ( e!r only1 o!rwise ! results w be mu* too high1 ow+ to ! gelat9\s precipitate reta9+ v consid]able quantities ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! precipitate is !n all[$ to dra9 z completely z possible1 & f9ally all[$ to dry 9 ! air ba? at #dj ,c41 until x is easily deta*$ f ! l95 filt] by ! aid ( a spatula1 & is !n transf]r$ to a weigh$ wat*-glass1 replac$ 9 ! ov51 & dri$ at #dj ,c4 until con/ant 9 weight4 ,! weight f\nd1 calculat$ ^u ! #aj grms4 tak51 gives ! p]c5tage ( nitro- cellulose4 ,footnote ,a3 ,if ! sub/ance has be5 treat$ ) e!r alone 9 ! ,soxhlet1 ! nitro-glyc]9e w ( c\rse be dissolv$ out fir/1 & ! e!r-alcohol solution w only conta9 ! nitro-cellulose4 ,! ,residue left aft] treat+ ! gelat9e ) e!r-alcohol is1 9 ! case ( bla/+ gelat9e1 v small1 & w probably consi/ ( no?+ b c>bonate ( soda4 ,x %\ld be dri$ at #ajj ,c4 & weigh$1 b 9 ! case ( ei!r gelignite or gelat9e dynamite ?is residue %\ld be transf]r$ to a beak] & boil$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! wat] decant$ "s eight or t5 times1 & ! residue f9ally transf]r$ to a t>r$ filt] & wa%$ = "s "t ) hot wat]4 ,! residue left ^u ! filt] is wood-pulp4 ,?is is dri$ at #ajj ,c4 until con/ant1 & weigh$4 ,! solution & wa%+s f ! wood are evaporat$ d[n 9 a plat9um di%1 & dri$ at #ajj ,c4 ,x w consi/ ( ! potassium nitrate1 & any o!r m9]al salts1 su* z c>bonate ( soda1 :i* %\ld always be te/$ = by add+ a few drops ( nitric acid & a little wat] to ! residue1 & aga9 evaporat+ to dryness & re-weigh+4 ,f ! diff]5ce 9 weight ! soda c be calculat$1 sodium nitrate hav+ be5 =m$4 ,?us-- ,na#b;,,co#c #b;,,hno#c #b,na,n,o#c ,,co#b ,h#b,o4 ,mol4 wt4 #ajf #agj 7#agj - #ajf #fd7 & x 7#ajf x d7_/#fd :]e x equals grms4 ( sodium c>bonate 9 residue1 & d equals ! diff]5ce 9 weight ( residue1 be=e & aft] treatm5t ) nitric acid4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e is be/ f\nd by diff]5ce1 b if desir$ ! solutions f ! precipitation ( ! nitro-cellulose may be evaporat$ d[n ^u ! wat] ba? at #cj to #dj ,c41 & f9ally dri$ ov] ,ca,cl#b until no smell ( e!r or *lor(orm c be detect$1 & ! nitro- glyc]9e weigh$4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 always be mu* too l[4 ,an actual analysis ( a sample ( gelat9e dynamite gave ! foll[+ result3-- ,nitrocellulose 7collodion7 #c4hai p] c5t4 ,nitro-glyc]9e #ff4fia ,wood-pulp #af4bij ,,kno#c #ab4hij ,na#b;,,co#c ,nil4 ,wat] #j4cdj ,?is sample 0 probably int5d$ to conta9 #cj p] c5t4 ( absorb+ mat]ial to #gj p] c5t4 ( explosive sub/ances4 ,_m dynamites conta9 o!r sub/ances ?an ! above1 su* z p>aff91 res91 sulphur1 wood1 coal-du/1 *>coal1 also m9]al salts1 su* z c>bonate ( magnesia1 *lorate ( pota%1 c4 ,9 ^! cases ! above-describ$ me?ods mu/ ( c\rse be consid]ably modifi$4 ,p>aff91 res91 & mo/ ( ! sulphur w be f\nd 9 ! e!r solution if pres5t4 ,! solution %\ld be evaporat$ 7& 9 ?is case ! explosive %\ld 9 ! fir/ case be treat$ ) e!r only1 & n e!r-alcohol71 & ! residue weigh$1 & !n treat$ on ! wat] ba? ) a solution ( cau/ic soda4 ,! res9 goes into solution1 & is sep>at$ by decantation f ! residue1 & precipitat$ by hydro*loric acid1 & collect$ on a t>r$ filt] 7dri$ at #ajj ,c471 & dri$ at #ajj ,c4 & weigh$4 ,! nitro- glyc]9e residue is treat$ ) /rong alcohol1 decant$1 & ! residue ( p>aff9 & sulphur wa%$ ) alcohol1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,to sep>ate ! p>aff9 f ! sulphur ! residue is heat$ ) a solution ( ammonium sulphide4 ,aft] cool+ ! p>aff9 collects z a cru/ ^u ! surface ( ! liquid1 & by prick+ a small hole ?r\gh x ) a glass rod ! liquid und]nea? c be p\r$ (f1 & ! p>aff9 !n wa%$ ) wat]1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,sulphur is f\nd by diff]5ce4 ,mr ,f4,w4 ,smi? 7,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aija1 #bc #h1 #ehe-ehi7 det]m9es ! sulphur 9 dynamite gelat9e z foll[s3--,ab\t #b grms4 are w>m$ 9 a #ajj c4c4 silv] crucible on ! wat] ba? ) an alcoholic solution ( sodium hydroxide1 & :]e ! nitro-glyc]9e is decompos$1 ! liquid is evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue is fus$ ) #dj grms4 ( ,,koh & #e grms4 ( potassium nitrate1 ! mass dissolv$ 9 dilute acetic acid & filt]$1 & ! sulphates precipitat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,if camphor is pres5t1 x c be extract$ ) bisulphide ( c>bon aft] ! mat]ial has be5 treat$ ) e!r-alcohol4 ,9 t case ! sulphur1 p>aff91 & res9 w also be dissolv$4 ,! camphor be+ easily volatile1 c be sep>at$ by evaporation4 ,let ! weight ( ! extract1 fre$ f e!r-alcohol be=e treatm5t ) bisulphide ( c>bon1 equal ,a1 & ! weight ( extract aft] treatm5t ) ,,cs#b & evaporation ( ! same equal ,b2 & weight ( ! residue :i* is left aft] evaporation ( ! ,,cs#b & ! camphor 9 solution equal ,c1 ! p]c5tage ( camphor w be ,a - ,b - ,c4 ,! residue ,c may conta9 traces ( nitro-glyc]9e1 res91 or sulphur4 ,camphor may be sep>at$ f nitro-glyc]9e by means ( ,,cs#b4 ,if ! solution ( camphor 9 nitro-glyc]9e be %ak5 ) ,,cs#b1 ! camphor & a little ( ! nitro-glyc]9e w dissolve4 ,! bisulphide solution is decant$1 or p\r$ into a sep>at+ funnel & sep>at$ f ! nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! two solutions are !n heat$ on ! wat] ba? to #bj ,c4 & !n to #fj ,c41 & aft]w>ds 9 a vacuum ov] ,ca,cl#b until ! ,,cs#b has evaporat$ f !m4 ,! camphor evaporates1 & leaves ! small quantity ( nitro-glyc]9e :i* _h be5 dissolv$ ) x4 ,! o!r portion is ! nitro-glyc]9e1 n[ free f ,,cs#b4 ,! two are weigh$ & _! weights add$ toge!r1 & equals ! nitro- glyc]9e pres5t4 ,!re is a loss ( nitro-glyc]9e1 x be+ p>tly evaporat$ along ) ! ,,cs#b4 ,capta9 ,hess has %[n t x is equal to ab\t #a4be p] c5t4 ,?is quantity %\ld !re=e be add$ to t f\nd by analysis4 ,morton ,liebs*utz1 9 a pap] 9 ! ,moniteur ,sci5tifique = ,janu>y #ahic1 v rightly obs]ves t ! v>iety ( dynamites manufactur$ is v great1 all ( !m hav+ a special composition :i*1 good or bad1 is sometimes ( s complicat$ a nature t ! det]m9ation ( _! elem5ts is difficult4 ,! det]m9ation ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 simple dynamite ,no4 #a is easy2 b n s :5 ! dynamite conta9s sub/ances soluble 9 e!r1 su* z sulphur1 res91 p>aff91 & naph?al5e4 ,aft] detail+ at l5g? ! me?ods he employs1 he concludes ) ! obs]vation t ! k ( ! use ( acetic acid--9 :i* nitro-glyc]9e dissolves--= ! det]m9ation ( nitro-glyc]9e may be s]viceable4 ,mr ,f4,w4 ,smi?,a gives ! foll[+ indirect me?od ( det]m9+ nitro-glyc]9e 9 gelat9e dynamite1 c4 ,ab\t #ae grms4 ( ! sample are extract$ ) *lor(orm 9 a ,soxhlet app>atus1 & ! loss 9 weight det]m9$4 ,9 a second portion ! moi/ure is det]m9$4 ,a ?ird portion ( ab\t #b grms4 is mac]at$ ) e!r 9 a small beak]1 ! e!real extract filt]$1 & ! process ( extraction repeat$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,! unit$ filtrates are all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 & ! residue w>m$ g5tly on ! wat] ba? ) #e c4c4 ( ammonium sulphide solution1 & #aj c4c4 ( alcohol until ! nitro-glyc]9e is decompos$1 aft] :i* ab\t #bej c4c4 ( wat] & suffici5t hydro*loric acid to r5d] ! liquid /rongly acid1 are add$1 & ! liquid filt]$4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ free f acid1 & !n wa%$ ?r\gh ! filt] ) /rong alcohol & *lor(orm into a weigh$ plat9um di%1 :i* is dri$ to con/ant weight at #ej ,c4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di% are n[ transf]r$ to a silv] crucible1 & ! sulphur det]m9$4 ,?is am\nt ( sulphur1 d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! cont5ts ( ! plat9um di%1 gives ! quantity ( sub/ances soluble 9 *lor(orm ) ! exception ( ! nitro-glyc]9e1 moi/ure1 & sulphur4 ,! am\nt ( ! =m] sub/ances plus ! moi/ure & sulphur1 d$uct$ f ! total loss on extraction ) *lor(orm1 gives ! quantity ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,nitro-b5z5e may be detect$1 accord+ to ,j4 ,m>purgo1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,9 a porcela9 bas9 are plac$ two drops ( liquid ph5ol1 ?ree drops ( wat]1 & a fragm5t ( pota% z l>ge z a pea4 ,! mixture is boil$1 & ! aque\s solution to be te/$ !n add$4 ,on prolong$ boil+ nitro-b5z5e produces at ! edge ( ! liquid a crimson r+1 :i* on ! addition ( a solution ( blea*+ p[d] turns em]ald- gre54 ,& nitro-glyc]9e 9 e!r solution1 by plac+ a few drops ( ! suspect$ solution1 toge!r ) a drop or two ( anil9e1 ^u a wat*-glass1 evaporat+ (f ! e!r1 & !n add+ a drop ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid to ! residue1 :51 if nitro-glyc]9e is pres5t1 ! ,h#b,,s#d w /rike a crimson col\r1 due to ! action ( ! anil9e sulphate ^u ! nitric acid lib]at$ f ! nitro- glyc]9e4 ,footnote ,a3 ,notes on ! ,analysis ( ,explosives1 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aija1 #bc #h1 #ehe-ehi4 ,tonite4--,! analysis ( ?is explosive is a comp>atively easy matt]1 & c be p]=m$ z foll[s3--,weigh out #aj grms41 or a small] quantity1 & boil ) wat] 9 a beak]1 decant+ ! liquid f\r or five times1 & filt]4 ,! aque\s solution w conta9 ! nitrate ( b>ium4 ,!n put ! residue on ! filt]1 & wa% two or ?ree times ) boil+ wat]4 ,evaporate ! filtrate to dryness 9 a plat9um di%4 ,dry & weigh4 ,?is equals ! ,ba7,,no#c7b4 ,if ! sample is tonite ,no4 #c1 & conta9s di-nitro-b5zol1 treat fir/ ) e!r to dissolve out ?is sub/ance4 ,filt] into a di%1 & evaporate (f ! e!r1 & weigh ! di-nitro-b5zol1 & aft]w>ds treat residue ) wat] z be=e4 ,! residue is dri$ & weigh$1 & equals ! gun-cotton pres5t4 ,x %\ld !n be treat$ ) a solution ( e!r-alcohol 9 a conical flask1 all[$ to /& "s ?ree h\rs1 !n filt]$ ?r\gh a weigh$ filt] pap]1 dri$ at #dj ,c41 & weigh$4 ,?is w give ! gun-cotton1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is la/ weight & ! previ\s "o w give ! collodion-cotton4 ,a portion ( ! residue conta9+ bo? ! gun- cotton & ! soluble cotton c be te/$ 9 ! nitromet]1 & ! nitrog5 det]m9$4 ,cordite4--,?is explosive consi/s ( gun-cotton 7) a little collodion-cotton 9 x z impurity71 nitro-glyc]9e1 & vasel9e--! proportions be+ giv5 z #cj p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e1 #fe p] c5t4 gun- cotton1 & #e p] c5t4 vasel9e4 ,its analysis is p]=m$ by a modification ( ! me?od giv5 = gelat9es4 ,five grms4 may be dissolv$ 9 e!r-alcohol 9 a conical flask1 all[$ to /& all night1 & !n filt]$ ?r\gh a l95 filt]4 ,! residue is wa%$ ) a little e!r1 press$1 & dri$ at #dj ,c41 & weigh$4 ,x equals ! gun-cotton4 ,! solution conta9s ! nitro-glyc]9e1 soluble cotton1 & vasel9e4 ,! cotton is precipitat$ ) *lor(orm1 filt]$ (f1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,! two e!r-alcohol solutions are mix$1 & c>efully evaporat$ d[n 9 a plat9um di% ^u ! wat] ba? at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! residue is aft]w>ds treat$ ) /rong #hj p] c5t4 acetic acid1 :i* dissolves out any nitro-glyc]9e left 9 x4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e is !n obta9$ by diff]5ce1 or ! me?od sugge/$ to me privately by ,mr ,w4,j4 ,williams may be us$4 ,! residue obta9$ by evaporation ( ! e!r-alcohol solution1 aft] weigh+1 is treat$ ) alcoholic pota% to decompose ! nitro-glyc]9e1 wat] is add$ & ! alcohol evaporat$ (f4 ,"s e!r is !n add$1 & ! mixture %ak51 & ! e!r sep>at$ & evaporat$1 & ! residue weigh$ z vasel9e4 ,! moi/ure %\ld1 h[ev]1 be det]m9$ by ! me?od devis$ by ,mr ,ar?ur ,m>%all1 ,f4,i4,c41 ( ! ,royal ,gunp[d] ,works1 ,wal?am ,abbey1 :i* is c>ri$ out z foll[s3--,! cordite or o!r explosive is prep>$ 9 ! mann] laid d[n = ! ,abel heat te/1 t is t say1 x is gr\nd 9 a small mill1 & t portion is select$ :i* passes ?r\gh a sieve hav+ holes ( ! size ( ,no4 #h wire gauge1 b n ?r\gh "o ) holes ,no4 #ad wire gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,m>%all',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,moi/ure ,,9 ,,cordite4 ,! =m ( app>atus us$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,x consi/s ( an alum9ium di% ,a1 hav+ ! dim5sions %[n1 & ! glass cone ,b weigh+ n m ?an #cj grms4 ,five grms4 ( ! cordite are weigh$ into ! alum9ium di% ,a4 ,?is is cov]$ ) ! cone ,b1 & ! :ole is accurately weigh$1 & is !n plac$ ^u a metal plate heat$ by /eam f a wat] ba?4 ,x is left ^u ! ba? until all ! moi/ure has be5 driv5 (f1 !n x is all[$ to cool = ab\t half-an-h\r 9 a desiccator & is weigh$4 ,! loss 9 weight gives accurately ! moi/ure ( ! sample4 ,= cordite ( ! orig9al composition1 "o h\r's heat+ is suffici5t to entirely drive (f ! moi/ure2 = modifi$ cordite conta9+ #fe p] c5t4 ( gun-cotton1 two h\rs is en\gh1 provid$ t !re be n m ?an #a4c p] c5t4 ( moi/ure pres5t4 ,if ! proportion ( nitro-glyc]9e be high]1 a long] heat+ is necess>y4 ,! alum9ium di% mu/ n be %all[] ?an %[n 9 ! figure1 = if ! di/ance betwe5 ! sub/ance & ! edge ( ! glass cone be less ?an half an in*1 "s nitro-glyc]9e w be lo/4 ,aga91 ! sample mu/ n be gr\nd f9] ?an /at$1 else "s ( ! moi/ure w be lo/ 9 ! gr9d+ & siev+ op]ations1 & ! result w be too l[4 ,9 ord] to be able to drive (f all ! moi/ure 9 ! times m5tion$1 x is ess5tial t ! glass cone %all n fit too closely on ! alum9ium di%1 consequ5tly ! horizontal l$ge r\nd ! top ( ! di% %\ld be b5t1 s z to r5d] x slightly untrue1 & leave a cle>ance ( ab\t #j4jb in* 9 "s places4 ,if ^! few simple precautions be tak51 ! me?od w be f\nd to be v accurate4 ,duplicate det]m9ations d n diff] m ?an #j4ja p] c5t4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,det]m9ation ( ,moi/ure 9 ,nitro-glyc]9e ,explosives1 by ,a4 ,m>%all1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,feb4 #bi1 #aijd1 p4 #aed4 ,! ,vasel9e 7,c#af;,h#cd71 or petroleum jelly1 us$ has a fla%-po9t ( #djj ,f4 ,x mu/ n conta9 m ?an #j4b p] c5t4 volatile matt] :5 heat$ = #ab h\rs on ! wat] ba?1 & %\ld h a specific gravity ( #j4hg at #ajj ,f41 & a melt+ po9t ( #hf ,f4 ,x is obta9$ dur+ ! di/illation ( petroleum1 & consi/s ma9ly ( ! portions di/ill+ above #bjj ,c4 ,x boils at ab\t #bgh ,c4 ,acetone 7,,*#c;,,co4,,*#c71 or dime?yl ketone1 is =m$ :5 iso-propyl alcohol is oxidis$ ) potassium bi*romate & sulphuric4 ,x is also produc$ 9 consid]able quantities dur+ ! dry di/illation ( wood1 & _m o!r organic comp\nds4 ,crude wood _s1 :i* has be5 fre$ f acetic acid1 consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( a mixture ( acetone & me?yl- alcohol4 ,! two sub/ances may be r\ghly sep>at$ by ! addition ( calcium *loride1 :i* comb9es ) ! me?yl-alcohol4 ,on subsequ5t di/illation crude acetone passes ov]1 & may be purifi$ by conv]sion into ! bisulphite comp\nd4 ,acetone is usually prep>$1 h[ev]1 by ! dry di/illation ( crude calcium or b>ium acetate4 7,,*#c4;,,coo7#b;,ca ,,*#c4;,,co4,,*#c ,ca,c,o#c4 ,! di/illate is fractionat$1 & ! portion1 boil+ betwe5 #ej & #fj ,c41 mix$ ) /rong solution ( sodium bisulphite4 ,! cry/all9e cake ( acetone sodium bisulphite1 :i* sep>ates on /&+1 is well press$1 to free x f impurities1 decompos$ by di/illation ) dilute sodium c>bonate1 & ! aque\s di/illate ( pure acetone dehydrat$ ov] calcium *loride4 ,acetone is a col\rless1 mobile liquid ( sp4 gr4 4#gib at #bj ,c41 x boils at #ef4e ,c41 has a peculi>1 pleasant1 e!real od\r1 & is mixible ) wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r 9 all proportions4 ,! acetone us$ 9 ! manufacture ( cordite %\ld con=m to ! foll[+ specification3-- ,,specification ,,= ,,acetone4 #a4 ,! acetone to be n m ?an #j4hjb specific gravity at #fj ,f4 ,:5 mix$ ) di/ill$ wat] x mu/ %[ no turbidity1 & mu/ leave no residue on evaporation at #bab ,f4 ,on di/illation1 f\r-fif?s by volume ( ! quantity tak5 mu/ di/il ov] at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ach ,f4 ,! residual matt] left aft] ?is di/illation mu/ n conta91 besides acetone1 any +r$i5t t is n a bye-product incid5tal to ! manufacture ( acetone4 #b4 ,"o c4c4 ( #j4aj p] c5t4 solution 9 di/ill$ wat] ( pure p]manganate ( pota%1 add$ to #ajj c4c4 ( ! acetone1 mu/ reta9 its di/9ctive col\r = n less ?an #cj m9utes4 ,?is te/ %\ld be made at a temp]ature ( #fj ,f4 #c4 ,! acetone te/$ by ! foll[+ me?od mu/ n %[ m ?an #j4jje p] c5t4 ( acid1 calculat$ to acetic acid3-- ,to #ej c4c4 ( ! sample dilut$ ) #ej c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 ) #b c4c4 ( ph5ol-ph?ale9 solution 7#a gramme to #a1jjj c4c4 ( #ej p] c5t4 alcohol7 add$ z an indicator1 add f a burette ,n_/#ajj sodium hydrate solution 7#a c4c4 #j4jjjf gramme acetic acid71 & calculate to acetic acid 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! wat] us$ = ! dilution ( ! acetone mu/ be c>efully te/$ = acidity1 & ! pipettes us$ = measur+ %\ld n be bl[n out1 z x w\ld be possible ?us to neutralise ne>ly #b c4c4 ( ! soda solution4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] 9 a sample ( acetone may be detect$ by ,s*weitz] & ,lungwitz's me?od 7,*em4 ,zeit41 #ahie1 xix41 p4 #achd71 :i* consi/s 9 %ak+ toge!r equal volumes ( acetone & petroleum e!r 7boil+ po9t1 #dj to #fj ,c471 :5 if pres5t a sep>ation ( ! liquid 9 lay]s w take place4 ,e/imation ( ,acetone4--,kebl] 7,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahig1 #ai1 #caf- #cbj7 has improv$ ,squibb's modification ( ,rob9eau & ,roll9s' me?od4 ,! foll[+ solutions are requir$3-- 7#a47 ,a #f p] c5t4 solution ( hydro*loric acid4 7#b47 ,a dec9ormal solution ( sodium ?iosulphate4 7#c47 ,alkal9e potassium iodide solution prep>$ by dissolv+ #bej grms4 ( potassium iodide 9 wat]1 made up to a litre2 dissolv+ #beg grms4 ( sodium hydroxide 7by alcohol7 9 wat]1 likewise made up to a litre4 ,aft] all[+ ! latt] to /&1 #hjj c4c4 ( ! cle> solution are add$ to ! litre ( ,,ki4 7#d47 ,sodium hypo*lorite solution3 #ajj grms4 ( blea*+ p[d] 7#ce p] c5t47 are mix$ ) #djj c4c4 ( wat]3 to ?is is add$ a hot solution ( #abj grms4 ( cry/allis$ sodium c>bonate 9 #djj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,aft] cool+1 ! cle> liquid is decant$1 ! rema9d] filt]$1 & ! filtrate made up to a litre2 to ea* litre is add$ #be c4c4 ( sodium hydroxide solution 7sp4 gr4 #a4bi74 7#e47 ,an aque\s solution ( ! acetone1 conta9+ #a or #b p] c5t4 ( acetone4 7#f47 ,bic>bonat$ />* solution prep>$ by treat+ #j4abe grm4 ( />* ) #e c4c4 ( cold wat]1 !n add+ #bj c4c4 ( boil+ wat]1 boil+ a few m9utes1 cool+1 & add+ #b grms4 ( sodium bic>bonate4 ,to #bj c4c4 ( ! potassium iodide solution are add$ #aj c4c4 ( ! dilut$ aque\s acetone1 an excess ( ! sodium hypo*lorite solution is !n run 9 f a burette & well %ak5 = a m9ute4 ,! mixture is !n acidifi$ ) ! hydro*loric acid solution1 & :ile agitat$1 an excess ( sodium ?iosulphate solution is add$1 ! mixture be+ aft]w>ds all[$ to /& a few m9utes4 ,! />* indicator is !n add$1 & ! excess ( ?iosulphate re-titrat$4 ,! relation ( ! sodium hypo*lorite solution to ! sodium ?iosulphate be+ kn[n1 ! p]c5tage ( acetone c be readily calculat$4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,! ,te/+ ( ,acetone1 ,conroy1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ca/ ,m>* #aijj1 vol4 xix4 ,dr ,s4,j4,m4 ,auld has rec5tly 7,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,feb4 #ae1 #aijf1 vol4 xxv47 work$ out a volumetric me?od = ! e/imation ( acetone1 dep5d+ on ! =mation ( brom(orm1 & its subsequ5t hydrolysis ) alcoholic pota%4 ,! hydrolysis is probably express$ ?us-- #c;,c,h,br#c #i,,koh ,c#b;,h#e,,oh #c;,,co ,c#b;,h#d #i,k,br #g;,h#b,o z x has be5 %[n by ,h]mann & ,long t exactly #c volumes ( c>bon monoxide to #a ( e?yl5e are evolv$4 ,! residual potassium bromide is e/imat$ by means ( /&>d silv] nitrate solution4 ,brom(orm is specially suitable = ?is purpose = sev]al reasons4 ,x is v readily =m$ by ! action ( brom9e & pota% on acetone1 & al?\gh v volatile 9 /eam1 x is n liable to loss due to its own evaporation4 ,fur!r1 its high molecul> weight & l>ge p]c5tage ( brom9e conduce to accurate results1 #eh grms4 ( acetone be+ responsible = ! =mation ( #ceg grms4 ( ,k,br4 ,! me?od ( c>ry+ out ! analysis is z foll[s3-- ,a kn[n quantity ( ! solution to be te/$1 conta9+ acetone to ! ext5t ( #j4a to #j4b grm41 is pipett$ into a #ejj c4c4 r\nd-bottom flask1 dilut$ ) a little wat]1 & mix$ ) #bj to #cj c4c4 ( a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( cau/ic pota%4 ,! flask is connect$ ) a long reflex cond5s]1 & is also fitt$ ) a dropp+ funnel conta9+ a solution ( brom9e 9 potassium bromide 7#bjj grms4 ( ,br & #bej grms4 ( ,k,br to #a litre ( wat]74 ,! brom9e solution is all[$ to fl[ into ! mixture until x has acquir$ a fa9t yell[ t+e1 ! flask & its cont5ts be+ !n heat$ on ! wat] ba? at ab\t #gj ,c4 = half-an- h\r4 ,brom9e solution is add$ drop by drop until ! slight coloration is p]man5t1 excess ( brom9e be+ got rid ( by boil+ = a m9ute or two ) a little m cau/ic pota%4 ,! mixture is !n di/ill$ until ! di/illate is free f brom(orm1 halog5 be+ te/$ = 9 ! usual mann]4 ,wat] is add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! flask if necess>y4 ,x may be "h obs]v$ t no acetone c be detect$ 9 ! di/illate by means ( ! m]curic oxide te/1 & free brom9e is also abs5t4 ,! cond5s] hav+ be5 wa%$ out ) a little alcohol1 9 ord] to remove any traces ( brom(orm :i* may h collect$1 ! di/illate & wa%+s are mix$ ) #ej c4c4 ( alcohol & suffici5t solid cau/ic pota% to make an approximately #aj p] c5t4 solution4 ,! mixture is !n heat$ on ! wat] ba? "u a reflux cond5s] until ! brom(orm is completely decompos$4 ,?is g5]ally occupies ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,! liquid is all[$ to cool1 evaporat$ to small] bulk if necess>y1 & exactly neutralis$ ) dilute nitric acid4 ,x is !n dilut$ ) wat] to #ejj c4c41 & an aliquot "p titrat$ ) ,n_/#aj silv] nitrate solution1 us+ potassium *romate z indicator2 #bdj p>ts ( brom9e correspond to #eh p>ts ( acetone4 ,! complete analysis c be p]=m$ 9 "o & a half to two h\rs4 ,x is imp]ative t ! brom9e us$ %\ld be pure1 z crude brom9e frequ5tly conta9s brom(orm4 ,! me?od is suitable = ! e/imation ( acetone 9 wood-_s1 ! _s be+ dilut$ to #aj times its volume1 & #e c4c4 ( ?is solution employ$ = ! det]m9ation4 ,= example-- 7#a47 ,?ree c4c4 ( a solution conta9+ #i4fa p] c5t4 acetone gave #a4ghej grm4 ,k,br4 ,acetone f\nd #i4ff p] c5t4 7#b47 ,t5 c4c4 ( a solution conta9+ #j4if p] c5t4 acetone gave #j4ehdg grm4 ,k,br4 ,acetone f\nd #j4ie p] c5t4 ,nitro-,cotton4--,! fir/ ?+ ^u op5+ a case ( wet cotton1 or 9 receiv+ a sample f ! poa*]1 t requires to be det]m9$ is ! p]c5tage ( wat] t x conta9s4 ,x is be/ done by weigh+ out ab\t #a1jjj grms4 ^u a pap] tray1 :i* has be5 previ\sly dri$ 9 ! ov5 at #ajj ,c4 = "s "t1 & become con/ant 9 weight4 ,! trayful ( cotton is !n plac$ 9 a wat] ov51 kept at #ajj ,c41 & dri$ z long z x loses wat]4 ,! loss gives ! p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,x v>ies f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 z a rule 9 wet cotton4 ,,outl9e ,,s*eme ,,= ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,nitro-,,explosives ,exhau/ dri$ sub/ance ) ,anhydr\s ,e!r 9 ,soxhlet's ,fat ,extraction ,app>atus4 ,solution--,divide into two p>ts ,a4 & ,b4 ,a4 ,all[ e!r to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,dry residue 9 vacuo ov] ,h#b,,s#d & weigh4 ,equals nitro-glyc]9e1 res91 camphor1 & p>aff94 ,! nitro-glyc]9e 9 ?is residue may be decompos$ by heat+ ) a solution ( alcoholic pota%4 ,wat] may !n be add$1 & ! alcohol evaporat$ (f on ! wat] ba?4 ,f ?is solution ! res9 may be precipitat$ by ,h,cl1 filt]$ (f1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,solution conta9+ ! p>aff9 is treat$ ) ,am,s solution & heat$4 ,on cool+ ! p>aff9 sep>ates1 & may be sep>at$4 ,residue may be %ak5 ) ,,cs#b to remove camphor4 ,b4 ,add ph5ol-ph?ale9 & titrate ) alcoholic pota%1 #a c4c4 normal ,,kho 4#ccj grm4 res91 & add consid]ably m ,,kho4 ,evaporate1 dissolve residue 9 wat]1 %ake ) e!r1 & sep>ate4 ,e!real ,solution evaporat$ leaves p>aff94 ,aque\s ,solution-- ,add bromide1 acidify ) ,h,cl1 sep>ate any res9 & precipitate1 filtrate ) ,ba,cl#b ,ba,s,o#d x 4#acgc ,sulphur4 ,residue-- ,dry1 weigh1 & exhau/ ) wat] pref]ably 9 ,soxhlet4 ,solution-- ,residue-- ,conta9s metallic ,dry1 weigh1 & agitate an aliquot "p ) nitrates1 *lorates1 ) ,h#b,,s#d & ,hg 9 nitromet]4 ,if soluble c>bonates1 nitro-cellulose is pres5t1 treat rema9d] ( ! sum ( :i* residue ) e!r-alcohol4 7except ,am,c,o#c7 c be det]m9$ by evaporat+ d[n at ,solution-- #ajj ,c4 to dryness ,evaporate & weigh4 ,residue consi/s ( & weigh+4 soluble nitro-cellulose4 ,nitrates c be det]m9$ by ,residue-- ,dry & weigh & det]m9e hexa-nitro- cellulose 9 nitromet]1 if pres5t4 ,exhau/ rema9d] ) acetic e!r4 ,solution-- ,residue-- ,hexa-nitro-cellulose ,dry & weigh1 ignite 7,gun cotton74 & reweigh4 ,loss ,cellulose4 ,residue consi/s ( sawdu/1 *>coal1 coal1 *alk1 guhr1 or m9]al matt]1 c4 ,,note4--,camphor is f\nd by diff]5ce4 ,sulphur is only p>tially soluble 9 e!r4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to extract "s ( ! orig9al sub/ance ) wat]1 & treat residue ) alcoholic ,,kho4 ,add bromide1 acidify1 & precipitate z ,ba,s,o4 ,! ,solubility ,te/4--,! object ( ?is te/ is to asc]ta91 9 ! case ( gun-cotton1 ! p]c5tage ( soluble 7p5ta & l[] nitrates7 cotton t x conta9s1 or 9 ! case ( soluble cotton1 ! quantity ( gun-cotton4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3--,five grms4 ( ! sample :i* has be5 previ\sly dri$ at #ajj ,c41 & aft]w>ds expos$ to ! air = two h\rs1 is transf]r$ to a conical flask1 & #bej c4c4 e!r-alcohol add$ 7#b e!r to #a alcohol74 ,! flask is !n cork$ & all[$ to dige/1 ) repeat$ %ak+1 = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,! :ole is !n transf]r$ to a l95 filt]1 & :5 ! solution has pass$ ?r\gh ! filt]1 is wa%$ ) a little e!r1 & press$ 9 a h&-screw press betwe5 folds ( filt] pap]4 ,! sample is !n return$ to ! flask1 & ! previ\s treatm5t repeat$1 b x w be suffici5t = x to dige/ = "o h\r ! second "t4 ,! filt] is !n aga9 press$ fir/ g5tly by h&1 !n 9 ! press1 & aft]w>ds op5$ up & ! e!r all[$ to evaporate4 ,! gun-cotton is !n remov$ f ! filt] & transf]r$ to a wat*-glass1 & dri$ 9 ! wat] ov5 at #ajj ,c4 ,:5 dry x is expos$ to ! air = two h\rs & weigh$4 ,x equals ! am\nt ( gun-cotton & unconv]t$ cotton 9 ! #e grms4 ,! unconv]t$ cotton mu/ be det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate #e grms4 & d$uct$4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! soluble cotton n[ us$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t laboratories is z foll[s3--,fifty gra9s ( ! nitro-cotton are dissolv$ 9 #aej c4c4 ( e!r-alcohol1 & all[$ to /&1 ) frequ5t %ak+s1 9 a #bjj c4c4 /opp]$ measure = six h\rs2 #ge c4c4 ( ! cle> solution are !n drawn (f by ! aid ( a pipette & evaporat$ 9 a di% on ! wat] ba?1 & f9ally 9 ! wat] ov5 at #abj ,f4 7#di ,c471 until con/ant 9 weight4 ,! weight f\nd equals ! quantity ( soluble cotton 9 ! #ge c4c41 :i*1 multipli$ by #d1 equals ! p]c5tage1 ?us3 ,suppose t #b4cj gra9s 0 ! weight f\nd1 !n 7#b4c x #aej7_/ge #d4f 9 #ej #i4bj p] c5t4 ,a me?od = ! det]m9ation ( soluble nitro-cellulose 9 gun-cotton & smokeless p[d] has be5 publi%$ by ,k4,b4 ,qu9an 7,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #bc #d1 #beh74 ,9 ?is me?od ab\t #a grm4 ( ! f9ely divid$ dry sample to be analys$ is plac$ 9 an alum9ium cup #a4i in* 9 diamet] & #d-a_/h in* deep4 ,x is !n cov]$ & well /irr$ ) #ej c4c4 ( alcohol1 #ajj c4c4 ( e!r are !n add$1 & ! mixture is /irr$ = sev]al m9utes4 ,aft] remov+ ! /irr]1 ! cup is lightly cov]$ ) an alum9ium lid1 & is !n plac$ 9 ! /eel cup ( a c5trifugal ma*9e1 :i* is gradually got up to a spe$ ( #b1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! total c5trifugal =ce at ! position occupi$ by ! cups 7:i* become horizontal :5 9 rapid rotation7 is ab\t #dej lbs4 ,!y are rotat$ at ! full spe$ = t5 to twelve m9utes1 & ! ma*9e is !n gradually /opp$4 ,by ?is "t ! :ole ( ! insoluble matt] w be at ! bottom ( ! cup1 & ! sup]natant solution w be cle>4 ,x is drawn (f to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! bottom 7)\t di/urb+ ! s$im5t71 ) ! aid ( a pipette4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! solution ?us )drawn is p]fectly cle>4 ,ab\t #aj to #ae c4c4 ( colloid solution & a film ( insoluble matt] rema9 at ! bottom ( ! cup2 ^! are /irr$ up well1 ! /irr] is r9s$ ) e!r-alcohol1 ab\t #ej c4c4 ( fre% e!r-alcohol are add$2 ! mixture is aga9 treat$ 9 ! c5trifugal app>atus = ab\t eight m9utes2 ! :ole wa%+ process is !n repeat$ until all soluble matt] has be5 remov$4 ,?is may require ab\t sev5 or eight 7or = samples ) mu* insoluble matt] t5 or twelve or m7 wa%+s1 b z ! extraction proce$s1 ! p]iod ( rotation may be some:at r$uc$4 ,aft] extraction is complet$1 ! insoluble matt] is transf]r$ to a ,goo* crucible ) ! usual asbe/os pad1 dri$ at #ajj ,c41 & weigh$4 ,! residue may1 if wi%$1 be dri$ & weigh$ 9 ! alum9ium cup1 b !n x _c be ignit$4 ,! :ole "t = an analysis exclusive ( t requir$ = dry+1 is f "o to two h\rs--av]age "t1 #a-a_/d h\r4 ,! results are satisfactory bo? z to accuracy & rapidity4 ,acetone-soluble nitro-cellulose may be det]m9$ by ! same me?od4 ,! ,unconv]t$ or ,non-nitrat$ ,cotton4--,h[ev] well ! cotton has be5 nitrat$1 x is almo/ c]ta9 to conta9 a small quantity ( non- nitrat$ or unconv]t$ cotton4 ,?is c be det]m9$ ?us3--,five grms4 ( ! sample are boil$ ) a saturat$ solution ( sodium sulphide1 & !n all[$ to /& = =ty-eight h\rs1 & aft]w>ds filt]$ or decant$1 & aga9 boil$ ) fre% solutions ( sulphide1 & aga9 filt]$1 wa%$ fir/ ) dilute ,h,cl & !n ) wat]1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,! residue is ! cellulose t 0 n nitrat$1 plus a%1 c4 ,x %\ld be ignit$1 & ! weight ( ! a% d$uct$ f ! previ\s weight4 ,acetone1 & acetic-e!r 7e?yl-acetate7 may also be us$ z solv5ts = ! nitro-cellulose4 ,ano!r process is to boil ! gun-cotton1 c41 9 a solution ( sodium /annate made by add+ cau/ic soda to a solution ( /ann\s *loride1 until ! precipitate fir/ =m$ is j re-dissolv$4 ,?is solution dissolves ! cellulose nitrates1 b does n affect ! cellulose4 ,dr ,lung f\nd ! foll[+ process m satisfactory 9 ! case ( ! m highly nitrat$ products3--,! reag5t is an alcoholic solution ( sodium-e?ylate prep>$ by dissolv+ #b to #c grms4 ( sodium 9 #ajj c4c4 ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol1 & mix+ ! filt]$ solution ) #ajj c4c4 ( acetone4 ,x has no effect ^u cellulose1 b decomposes nitro-cellulose ) ! =mation ( a r$di% br[n comp\nd1 :i* is soluble 9 wat]4 ,9 ! det]m9ation1 #e grms4 ( gun-cotton are heat$ to #dj or #ej ,c4 on ! wat] ba? ) #aej c4c4 ( ! reag5t1 ! liquid be+ %ak5 at int]vals = tw5ty to ?irty m9utes2 or ! mixture may be all[$ to /& = a few h\rs at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,! br[n-r$ solution is decant$ f ! undissolv$ residue1 & ! latt] wa%$ ) alcohol & ) wat]1 by decantation1 & !n on ! filt] ) hot wat]1 to :i* a little hydro*loric acid is add$ = ! f9al wa%+s4 ,= ord9>y "w ?is cellulose is dri$ imm$iately & weigh$1 b 9 exact det]m9ations x is wa%$ ) alcohol1 aga9 treat$ ) #ej c4c4 ( ! reag5t1 & sep>at$ & wa%$ z be=e4 ,! cellulose ?us obta9$1 gives no trace ( gas 9 ! nitromet]1 & duplicate det]m9ations agree )9 #j4a to #j4b p] c5t4 :5 ! weight ( un*ang$ cellulose am\nts to ab\t #j4b grm4 ,gun-cotton1 :i* is completely soluble 9 acetone1 conta9s only traces ( cellulose1 & :5 z mu* z #j4he p] c5t4 is pres5t x does n dissolve entirely4 ,?is me?od is n applicable to ! det]m9ation ( cellulose 9 l[] nitrat$ products1 & ,dr ,lung attributes ?is to ! fact t ^! be+ prep>$ ) less conc5trat$ acid inv>iably conta9 oxy-cellulose4 ,alkal9ity4--,five grms4 ( ! air-dri$ & v f9ely divid$ sample are tak5 f ! c5tre ( ! slabs or discs1 & dige/$ ) ab\t #bj c4c4 ( ,n_/#b hydro*loric acid1 & dilut$ ) wat] to ab\t #bej c4c41 & %ak5 = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,! liquid is !n decant$1 & wa%$ ) wat] until ! wa%+s no long] give an acid reaction4 ,! solution1 toge!r ) ! wa%+s1 are titrat$ ) ,n_/#d sodium c>bonate1 us+ litmus z indicator4 ,a% & ,inorganic ,matt]4--,?is is be/ det]m9$ by mix+ #b or #c grms4 ( ! nitro-cotton 9 a plat9um crucible ) %av+s ( p>aff91 heat+ suffici5tly to melt ! p>aff91 & !n all[+ ! cont5ts ( ! crucible to cat* fire & burn away quietly4 ,! temp]ature is !n rais$1 & ! c>bonace\s residue inc9]at$1 cool$1 weigh$1 c41 & ! p]c5tage ( a% calculat$4 ,s*j]n+ proce$s 9 ! foll[+ way3--,he takes #e grms4 ( ! nitro-cotton 9 a l>ge plat9um crucible1 he !n moi/5s x ) a mixture ( alcohol & e!r1 9 :i* p>aff9 has be5 dissolv$ to saturation1 & filt]$ & mix$ ) "o-f\r? ( its volume ( wat]4 ,"s fragm5ts ( solid p>aff9 are !n add$1 & ! e!r set on fire4 ,:il/ ?is is 9 progress ! crucible is kept 9 an oblique position1 & is rotat$ s t ! gun-cotton may absorb ! p>aff9 uni=mly4 ,! p>tially *>r$ residue is n[ rubb$ d[n ) a r\nd$ glass rod1 & ! crucible is cov]$ & heat$ = f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes ov] ! bl[-pipe1 ! lid be+ occasionally remov$4 ,! residue is soon conv]t$ into a%1 :i* is weigh$1 & !n wa%$ out into a porcela9 bas9 & treat$ ) hydro*loric acid heat$ to #ij ,c4 ,! oxide ( iron1 alum9a1 lime1 & magnesia are ?us dissolv$1 & ! silica rema9s z insoluble residue4 ,! re/ ( ! analysis is conduct$ accord+ to ! well-kn[n me?ods ( sep>ation4 ,! p]c5tage ( a% z a :ole is g5]ally all t is requir$4 ,exam9ation ( ,nitrat$ ,celluloses ) ,pol>is$ ,light4--,dr ,g4 ,lung 7,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aija1 #bc #h1 #ebg7 has =m$ ! foll[+ conclusions3--,! mo/ highly nitrat$ products appe> blue 9 pol>is$ light1 b ^? conta9+ betwe5 #ac4i & #ac4j p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 _c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by pol>isation4 ,z ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 rises1 ! blue col\r becomes less int5se1 & "h & !re grey fibres c be obs]v$1 ?\gh n 9 proportion to ! increase 9 ! nitrog54 ,bel[ #ab4d p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 ! fibres %[ a grey lu/re1 :i* usually appe>s yell[ :5 ! top light is cut (f4 ,bel[ #aj p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 ! /ructure is inv>iably p>tially de/roy$ & no c]ta9 obs]vations possible4 ,x is only possible to di/+ui% ) c]ta9ty1 fir/ly any un*ang$ cellulose by its fla%+ up 9 v>iegat$ 7ra9b[7 col\rs2 & secondly1 highly nitrat$ products 7f #ab4ge p] c5t4 ,n upw>ds71 by _! fla%+ up less /rongly 9 blue col\rs4 ,! purple transition /age 9 ! fibres conta9+ ov] #aa4bh p] c5t4 ( ,n 7,*>donnet7 0 n obs]v$ by ,dr ,lung4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrog5 by ,lung ,nitromet]4--,! det]m9ation ( ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 a sample ( gun-cotton or collodion is p]haps ( m value1 & af=ds a bett] idea ( its purity & composition1 ?an any ( ! =ego+ me?ods ( exam9ation1 & tak5 9 conjunction ) ! solubility te/1 x w g5]ally give ! analy/ a v fair idea ( ! composition ( 8 sample4 ,if we reg>d gun-cotton z ! hexa-nitro-cellulose1 ! !oretical am\nt ( nitrog5 requir$ = ! =mula is #ad4ad p] c5t41 & 9 ! same way = collodion-cotton1 :i* consi/s ( ! l[] nitrates1 *iefly1 h[ev]1 ( ! p5ta- nitrate1 ! !oretical nitrog5 is #ab4ge p] c5t41 s t if 9 a sample ( nitro-cotton ! nitrog5 falls mu* l[] ?an #ad p] c5t41 x probably conta9s consid]able quantities ( ! l[] nitrates1 & p]haps "s non-nitrat$ cellulose z well 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7x1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld also l[] ! p]c5tage ( nitrog54 ,! mo/ exp$iti\s me?od ( det]m9+ ! nitrog5 9 ^! nitro bodies is by ! use ( ,lung's nitromet] 7,fig4 #da71 & ! be/ way ( work+ ! process is z foll[s3--,weigh out ) ! greate/ c>e #j4f grm4 ( ! previ\sly dri$ sub/ance 9 a small weigh+ bottle ( ab\t #ae c4c4 capacity1 & c>efully add #aj c4c4 ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid f a pipette1 & all[ to /& until all ! cotton is dissolv$4 ,! nitromet] %\ld be ( a capacity #aej to #bjj c4c41 & %\ld conta9 a bulb ( #ajj c4c4 capacity at ! top1 & %\ld be fitt$ ) a ,gre9] & ,fri$]i*'s ?ree-way tap4 ,:5 ! nitro-cotton has entirely dissolv$ to a cle> solution1 raise ! pressure tube ( ! nitromet] s z to br+ ! m]cury 9 ! measur+ tube close up to ! tap4 ,op5 ! tap 9 ord] to all[ ( ! escape ( any air bubbles1 & clean ! surface ( ! m]cury & ! inside ( ! cup ) a small piece ( filt] pap]4 ,n[ close ! tap1 & p\r ! solution ( ! nitro-cotton into ! cup4 ,r9se out ! bottle ) #ae c4c4 ( sulphuric acid1 conta9$ 9 a pipette1 p\r+ a little ( ! acid ov] ! /opp] ( ! weigh+ bottle 9 case "s ( ! solution may be on x4 ,n[ l[] ! pressure tube a little1 j en\gh to cause ! solution to fl[ into ! bulb ( ! measur+ tube1 :5 ! tap is slightly op5$4 ,:5 ! solution has run 9 almo/ to ! end1 turn (f ! tap1 wa% d[n ! sides ( ! bottle1 & add to ! cup ( ! nitromet]2 all[ x to fl[ 9 z be=e1 & !n wa% d[n ! sides ( ! cup ) #aj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid1 add+ little by little1 & all[+ ea* portion add$ to fl[ into ! bulb ( ! nitromet] be=e add+ ! next portion4 ,great c>e is necess>y to prev5t air bubbles obta9+ admission1 & if ! pressure tube is l[]$ too f>1 ! acid w run ) a ru% & c>ry air along ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,ord9>y ,,=m ,,( ,,lung ,,nitromet]4 ,! solution be+ all 9 ! measur+ tube1 ! pressure tube is aga9 slightly rais$1 & ! tube conta9+ ! nitro-cotton solution %ak5 = t5 m9utes ) consid]able viol5ce4 ,x is !n replac$ 9 ! clamp1 & ! pressure reliev$ by l[]+ ! pressure tube1 & ! :ole app>atus all[$ to /& = tw5ty m9utes1 9 ord] to all[ ! gas evolv$ to assume ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,a !rmomet] %\ld be hung up close to ! bulb ( ! measur+ tube4 ,at ! end ( ! tw5ty m9utes1 ! levels ( ! m]cury 9 ! pressure & measur+ tubes are equalis$1 & ! f9al adju/m5t obta9$ by slightly op5+ ! tap on ! measur+ tube 7v slightly71 aft] fir/ add+ a little sulphuric acid to ! cup1 & obs]v+ :e!r ! acid runs 9 or moves up4 ,?is mu/ be done ) v great c>e4 ,:5 accurately adju/$1 x %\ld move nei!r way4 ,n[ read (f ! volume ( ! ,,no gas 9 cubic c5timetres f ! measur+ tube4 ,read also ! !rmomet] susp5d$ ne> ! bulb1 & take ! height ( ! b>omet] 9 millimetres4 ,! calculation is v simple4 ,,example--,,collodion-,,cotton4 #j4f;,a grm4 tak54 ,read+ on measur+ tube #aad4f c4c4 ,,no4 ,b>omet]-- #geh mm4 ,temp]ature--#ae ,c4 ,footnote ,a3 #j4e grm4 is en\gh 9 ! case ( gun-cotton4 ,s9ce #a c4c4 ,,no #j4fbgb milligramme ,n1 & correct+ = temp]ature & pressure by ! =mula #gfj x 7#a d#b7 7d 4#jjcffe71 = temp]ature #ae #hja4gh1;,a !n 7#aad4f x #ajj x #gej x 4#fbgb7_/7hja4g x4 #f7 #aa4bb p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,table1 page #bdd4 ,! nitrog5 9 nitro-glyc]9e may ( c\rse be det]m9$ by ! nitromet]1 b 9 ?is case x is bett] to take a mu* small] quantity ( ! sub/ance4 ,f #j4a to #j4b grm4 is q suffici5t4 ,?is w give f #cj to #fj c4c4 ( gas1 & !re=e a measur+ tube )\t a #ajj c4c4 bulb mu/ be us$4 ,,example4 #j4ajdh grm4 nitroglyc]9e tak5 gave #cb4e c4c4 ,,no4 ,b>omet]1 #gfa mm4 ,temp]ature1 #ae ,c4 ,!re=e1 7#c4be x #ajj x #gfa x 4#fbgb7_/7hja4gh x4#ajdh7 #ah4df p] c5t4 ,n4 ,!ory #ah4ej p] c5t4 ,pr(essor ,lung has devis$ ano!r =m ( nitromet] 7,fig4 #db71 v useful 9 ! nitrog5 det]m9ation 9 explosives4 ,x consi/s ( a measur+ tube1 :i* is wid5$ out 9 ! middle to a bulb1 & is graduat$ above & bel[ into #a_/aj c4c4 ,! capacity ( ! :ole app>atus is #acj c4c42 t ( ea* portion ( ! tube be+ #cj c4c41 & ( ! bulb #gj c4c4 ,! upp] portion ( ! graduat$ tube s]ves to measure small volumes ( gas1 :il/ l>g] volumes are read (f on ! l[] "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,"s ,,new ,,=ms ,,( ,,nitromet]4 ,f4,m4 ,horn 7,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie1 #ahib1 p4 #ceh7 has devis$ a =m ( nitromet] 7,fig4 #dc7 :i* he has f\nd especially useful 9 ! exam9ation ( smokeless p[d]s4 ,! tap ,h is provid$ ) a wide bore ?r\gh :i* a weigh$ quantity ( ! p[d] is dropp$ bodily into ! bulb ,k4 ,f #d to #e c4c4 ( sulphuric acid :i* has be5 heat$ to #cj ,c4 are !n add$ ?r\gh ! funnel ,t1 ! tap ,h be+ imm$iately clos$4 ,:5 ! p[d] has dissolv$--a process :i* may be ha/5$ by w>m+ ! bulb v c>efully--! ?ick solution is drawn into ! nitromet] tube ,n1 & ! bulb r9s$ sev]al times ) fre% acid1 aft] :i* op]ation ! analysis is proce$$ ) 9 ! usual way4 ,dr ,lung's me?od ( us+ a sep>ate nitromet] 9 :i* to measure ! ,,no gas evolv$ to ! "o 9 :i* ! reaction has tak5 place1 ! gas be+ transf]r$ f ! "o to ! o!r by jo9+ !m by means ( indi>ubb] tub+1 & !n driv+ ! gas ov] by rais+ ! pressure tube ( ! "o conta9+ ! gas1 ! taps be+ op51 ,i h f\nd to be a great improvem5t4 #a c4c4 ,,no gas at #j & #gfj mm4 ,equals #j4fbgb milligrammes 7,n7 nitrog54 #a4cdc nitric oxide4 #b4hbj 7,,hno#c7 nitric acid4 #c4hje 7,na,n,o#c7 sodium nitrate4 #d4ebc 7,,kno#c7 potassium nitrate4 ,*ampion & ,pellet's ,me?od4--,?is me?od is n[ v little us$4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! fact t :5 nitro-cellulose is boil$ ) f]r\s *loride & hydro*loric acid1 all ! nitrog5 is dis5gag$ z nitric oxide 7,,no74 ,x is p]=m$ z foll[s3--,a vacuum is made 9 a flask1 fitt$ ) a funnel tube1 ) a glass /opp] on ! tube2 a deliv]y tube t c also be clos$1 & :i* dips "u a solution ( cau/ic soda conta9$ 9 a tr\gh1 & ! end plac$ "u a graduat$ tube1 also full ( cau/ic soda4 ,f #j4ab to #j4af grm4 cotton dissolv$ 9 #e to #f c4c4 ( sulphuric acid is all[$ to fl[ into ! flask1 :i* conta9s ! f]r\s *loride & hydro*loric acid1 & 9 :i* a vacuum has be5 =m$ by boil+1 & !n clos+ ! taps4 ,! solution is !n heat$1 ! taps on ! deliv]y tube op5$1 & ! end plac$ "u ! collect+ tube1 & ! ,,no evolv$ collect$4 ,! ,,no gas is n evolv$ until ! solution has become some:at conc5trat$4 ,ed] sub/itut$ a solution ( f]r\s sulphate 9 ,h,cl = f]r\s *loride4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! flask us$ is /rong en\gh to /& ! pressure1 or x w bur/4 ,! same *emi/s 7,compt4 ,r5dus1 lxxxiii4 #gjg7 also devis$ ! foll[+ me?od = det]m9+ ! ,,no#b 9 nitro-glyc]9e3--,a kn[n quantity ( a solution ( f]r\s sulphate ( previ\sly asc]ta9$ r$uc+ p[] is plac$ 9 a flask1 acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & its surface cov]$ ) a lay] ( petroleum oil4 ,ab\t 4#e grm4 ( ! nitro-glyc]9e is !n introduc$1 & ! flask heat$ on ! wat] ba?4 ,:5 ! sample is completely decompos$1 ! liquid is heat$ to boil+ to remove nitric oxide1 & ! excess ( f]r\s sulphate asc]ta9$ by titration ) /&>d p]manganate2 #ef ( iron 7,fe7 oxidis$ by ! sample correspond to #bc ( ,,no#b 9 ! sample ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! ,s*ultze-,tieman ,me?od = det]m9+ nitrog5 9 nitro-explosives1 especially nitro-cellulose & nitro-glyc]9e4--,! figure 7,no4 #dd7 %[s ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! app>atus4 ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ description ( ! me?od ( work+ x to my fri5d1 ,mr ,william ,bate1 ( ,hayle4 ,to fill ! app>atus ) ! soda solution1 ! gas burette is put on ! indi>ubb] /opp] ( bas9 ,w1 & firmly clamp$ d[n4 ,!n ! taps ,a & ,c are op5$1 & ,b clos$4 ,:5 ! burette is fill$ ) soda solution half-way up ! funnel ,y1 ,a & ,c are clos$1 & ,b op5$4 ,! arr[s %[ ! inlet & outlet = ! cool+ wat] t is kept runn+ ?r\gh ! wat] jacket r\nd ! nitromet] tube4 ,to collect ! gas1 raise ! nitromet] (f ! rubb] /opp]1 & place ! gas tube f ! decomposition app>atus 9 ! glass di% ,w & "u ! op5+ ( ! nitromet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,s*ultze-,,tieman ,,app>atus4 ,= ! e/imation ( nitrog5 9 nitro-cellulose take 4#e to 4#fe grm41 & place 9 ! decomposition flask f 7,fig4 #de71 wa%+ 9 ) ab\t #be c4c4 ( wat] by alt]nately op5+ clips ,d & ,e4 ,! air 9 ! flask is driv5 out by boil+1 :il/ ! air is %ut (f by ! tube i dipp+ into ! bas9 ,w1 :i* is fill$ ) ! soda lye1 & tube ,k is plac$ 9 ! te/ tube ,r1 :i* conta9s a few c4c4 ( wat]4 ,z soon z all ! air is completely driv5 out1 clips ,d & ,e are clos$1 & ! gas jet is tak5 away4 7,?is flask mu/ be a /rong "o1 or x w bur/47 ,into te/ tube ,r1 #be c4c4 ( conc5trat$ solution ( proto*loride ( iron & #aj to #ae c4c4 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid are p\r$1 :i* are suck$ up into ! develop+ flask f by op5+ clip ,e1 air be+ c>efully kept f ent]+4 ,! clip ,e is n[ clos$1 & tube i is put und]nea? ! burette1 & ! developm5t ( ,,no gas is comm5c$ by heat+ ! cont5ts ( ! flask f4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! flask has become great] ?an ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 ! connect+ tube beg9s to swell at i1 :]eupon clip ,d is op5$1 & ! boil+ cont9u$ ) frequ5t %ak+ ( ! bulb1 until no m nitr\s gas bubbles rise up into ! soda lye1 ! di/ill+ ov] ( ! ,h,cl causes a crackl+ noise1 ! clip ,d is clos$1 & ,e op5$4 ,! burette is aga9 put h]metically on ! indi>ubb] /opp] 9 bas9 ,w1 & ! app>atus is left to cool until ! wat] dis*>g$ ?r\gh ,p %[s ! same temp]ature z ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh 7into ! cool+ jacket7 ,z4 ,if ! level ( ! soda solution 9 ! tube ,x is n[ put on exactly ! same level z t 9 ! burette by l[]+ or elevat+ ! tube ,x z requir$1 ! volume ( ,,no obta9$ 9 c4c4 c be read (f )9 #a_/aj c4c41 & ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 calculat$ by ! usual =mula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,decomposition ,flask = ,s*ultze-,tieman ,me?od4 ,! solution ( proto*loride ( iron is obta9$ by dissolv+ iron nails1 c41 9 conc5trat$ ,h,cl1 ! iron be+ 9 excess4 ,:5 ! developm5t ( hydrog5 ceases1 x is necess>y to filt] w>m ?r\gh a pap] filt]1 & acidify filtrate ) a few drops ( ,h,cl4 ,! soda solution us$ has a sp4 gr4 ( #a4baj to #a4bfj2 equals #be to #cj ,b4 ,! nitro-cellulose is dri$ 9 quantities ( #b grms4 at #gj ,c4 dur+ eight to t5 h\rs1 & !n ?ree h\rs 9 an exiccator ov] ,h#b,,s#d4 ,! results obta9$ ) ?is app>atus are v accurate4 ,! reaction is f\nd$ ^u t ( ,,mm4 ,*ampion & ,pellet's me?od4 ,! ,kjeldahl ,me?od ( ,det]m9+ ,nitrog54--,?is me?od1 :i* has be5 s l>gely us$ by analy/s = ! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 9 organic bodies1 m especially p]haps 9 manures1 0 propos$ by ,j4 ,kjeldahl1,a ( ! ,c>lsb]g ,laboratory ( ,cop5hag54 ,x 0 aft]w>ds modifi$ by ,jodlbau]1 ( ,muni*1,b & appli$ to ! analysis ( nitro- explosives by ,m4 ,*5el1 ( ! ,laboratoire ,c5trale des ,p\dres1 ^: me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3--#j4e grm4 ( ! f9ely p[d]$ sub/ance is dige/$ 9 ! cold ) a solution ( #a4b grm4 ( ph5ol & #j4d grm4 phosphoric anhydride 9 #cj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid4 ,! mixture is kept well %ak5 until ! solution is complete4 ,f #c to #d grms4 ( z9c-du/ is !n cauti\sly & gradually add$1 ! temp]ature ( ! mass be+ kept d[n until complete r$uction has be5 effect$4 ,f9ally1 #j4g grm4 ( m]cury is add$1 & ! process cont9u$ 9 ! usual way1 accord+ to ,kjeldahl2 t is1 ! liquid is di/ill$ until all ! ammonia has pass$ ov]1 & is absorb$ 9 ! /&>d acid4 ,! di/illate is !n titrat$ ) /&>d ammonia4 ,footnote ,a3 ,j4 ,kjeldahl1 ,zeits*rift ,anal4 ,*em41 #ahhc1 xxii41 p4 #cff4 ,footnote ,b3 ,jodlbau]1 ,*emis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhf1 pp4 #dcd-dhd4 ,see also ,arms & ,explosives1 #ahic1 p4 #hg4 ,! ,,no#b gr\p is at ! mom5t ( solution fix$ ^u ! ph5ol ) ! production ( mono-nitro-ph5ol1 :i* is aft]w>ds r$uc$ by ! action ( ! z9c-du/ into ! amido d]ivative4 ,dur+ ! subsequ5t combu/ion1 ! nitrog5 ( ! amido-ph5ol becomes fix$ 9 ! /ate ( ammonia4 ,m4 ,*5el is p]fectly satisfi$ ) ! results obta9$1 b he po9ts out t ! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds ^u ! complete conv]sion ( ! ph5ol into ! mono-nitro d]ivatives4 ,?is takes place :5ev] ! organic comp\nd =ms a cle> solution 9 ! cold sulphuric acid mixture4 ,sub/ances l collodion or gun-cotton mu/ be v f9ely divid$ = successful treatm5t4 ,! foll[+ table %[s "s ( ! results obta9$ by ,m4 ,*5el3-- ,total ,nitrog54 ,sub/ances ,analys$4 ,calculat$4 ,f\nd4 ,saltpetre 7,,kno#c7 #ac4hf #ac4ia #ac4hb #ac4gc #ac4if ,ammonium nitrate #ce4jj #ce4ca #cd4ij #cd4if ,b>ium nitrate #aj4gb #aj4fg #aj4fb ,nitro-glyc]ol #ah4ej #ah4de ,di-nitro-b5zol,a #af4fg #af4gh #af4eg ,p>a-nitro-ph5ol #aj4jg #aj4jc ,picric acid,a #ah4cd #ah4db #ah4dc ,ammonium picrate #bb4gf #bb4fc #bb4fg ,di-nitro-or?o-cresol #ad4ad #ad4aj #ac4ih ,tri-nitro-meta-cresol #ag4bh #ag4eg #ag4bg ,footnote ,a3 ,dr4 ,b]n>d ,dy] obta9$ #ah4ci p] c5t4 = picric acid & #af4ed p] c5t4 = di-nitro-b5zol4--,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,aug4 #ahie4 ,:5 ,*5el endeav\r$ to apply ,jodlbau]'s modification ( ,kjeldahl's process to ! exam9ation ( ! tri- & tetra-nitrat$ naph?al5es1 he f\nd t good results 7 n obta9able1 because ^! comp\nds d n dissolve completely 9 ! cold sulphuric acid4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be us$ if !y are previ\sly conv]t$ into ! naph?ylam9es1 accord+ to ! plan propos$ by ,d',agui> & ,lautemann 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 vol4 iii41 new s]ies1 p4 #bef74 ,?is is rapidly effect$ z foll[s3--,twelve grms4 ( iod9e are gradually add$ to a solution ( #b grms4 ( phosphorus 9 ab\t #ae or #bj c4c4 ( bisulphide ( c>bon1 ?is solution be+ conta9$ 9 a flask ( #bej c4c4 capacity4 ,! flask & its cont5ts are heat$ on ! wat] ba? at #ajj ,c4 ) con/ant att5tion1 until ! la/ traces ( ! c>bon bisulphide h di/ill$ away4 ,x is !n cool$1 & ! iodide ( phosphorus is deta*$ f ! sides ( ! flask by %ak+1 b n expell$4 ,! next /ep is to add ab\t #j4e to #j4f grm4 ( ! sub/ance t is to be analys$1 aft] :i* #h grms4 ( wat] are introduc$1 & ! flask is agitat$ g5tly two or ?ree times4 ,z soon z ! reaction becomes lively1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are well %ak54 ,x is usually f9i%$ ab\t "o m9ute aft] ! addition ( ! wat]4 ,! flask is n[ cool$1 & #be c4c4 ( sulphuric acid1 toge!r ) #j4g grm4 ( m]cury1 are gradually add$2 hydriodic acid 7,,hi7 =ms1 & ! temp]ature ( ! flask mu/ be rais$ suffici5tly to expel x4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! op]ation is z 9 ! ord9>y ,kjeldahl process4 ,m4 ,*5el has f\nd ?is process ! be/ = ! analysis ( ! nitro- naph?al5es1 & = imp]vi\s sub/ances l collodion or gun-cotton4 ,p]sonally1 ,i h nev] be5 able to obta9 satisfactory results ) ?is process 9 ! analysis ( nitro-cellulose1 & ,i am ( op9ion t ! process does n possess any advantage ov] ! nitromet] me?od1 at any rate = ! analysis ( gun-cotton4 ,table giv+ ! ,p]c5tages ( ,nitrog5 & ,oxide ( ,nitrog5 9 ,v>i\s ,sub/ances us$ 9 or z ,explosives3 ,"n ,,=mul ,,nitrog5 ,,no#b p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,nitroglyc]9e ,c#c;,h#e7,,ono#b7c #ah4ej #fj4gj ,hexa-nitro-cellulose ,c#ab;,h#ad,o#d7,,ono#b7f #ad4ad #df4db ,p5ta-nitro-cellulose ,c#f;,h#h,o#e7,,ono#b7e #aa4aa #cf4ej ,nitro-b5z5e ,c#f;,h#e,,no#b #aa4ch #cg4ci ,di-nitro-b5z5e ,c#f;,h#d7,,no#b7b #af4fg #ed4gg ,tri-nitro-b5z5e ,c#f;,h#c7,,no#b7c #ai4bd #fc4bb ,nitro-tolu5e ,c#g;,h#g,,no#b #aj4ba #cc4di ,nitro-naph?al5e ,c#aj;,h#g,,no#b #h4ji #bf4ec ,di-nitro-naph?al5e ,c#aj;,h#f7,,no#b7b #ab4hd #db4ab ,nitro-mannite ,c#f;,h#g7,,no#c7f #bc4ei #gg4cg ,nitro-/>* ,c#f;,h#h,o#d7;,,hno#c7 #f4gf #bb4ah ,picric acid 7,tri-nitro-ph5ol7 ,c#f;,h#b,,oh7,,no#b7c #ah4cd #fj4ae ,*loro-nitro-b5z5e ,c#f;,h#c;,cl7,,no#b7b #ac4hb #de4dc ,ammonium nitrate ,,nh#d,,no#c #ce4jj ,sodium nitrate ,na,n,o#c #af4dg ,potassium nitrate ,,kno#c #ac4hf ,nitric acid ,,hno#c #bb4bb ,b>ium nitrate ,ba7,,no#c7b #aj4gb ,analysis ( ,celluloid4--,! f9ely divid$ celluloid is well /irr$1 by means ( a plat9um wire1 ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 9 ! cup ( a ,lung nitromet]1 & :5 dissolv$ ! nitrog5 det]m9$ 9 ! solution 9 ! usual way4 ,to prev5t int]f]5ce f camphor1 ! foll[+ treatm5t is sugge/$ by ,h4 ,zauns*irm 7,*em4 ,zeit41 xiv41 #ije74 ,dissolve a weigh$ quantity ( ! celluloid 9 a mixture ( e!r- alcohol1 mix$ ) a weigh$ quantity ( wa%$ & ignit$ asbe/os1 or pumice-/one1 dry1 & dis9tegrate ! mass1 & aft]w>ds extract ! camphor ) *lor(orm1 dry1 & weigh3 !n extract ) absolute me?yl-alcohol1 evaporate1 weigh1 & exam9e ! nitro-cellulose 9 ! nitromet]4 ,picric ,acid & ,picrates4--,picric acid is soluble 9 hot wat]1 & to ! ext5t ( #a "p 9 #ajj 9 cold wat]1 also 9 e!r1 *lor(orm1 glyc]9e1 #aj p] c5t4 soda solution1 alcohol1 amylic alcohol1 c>bon bisulphide1 b5z5e1 & petroleum4 ,if a solution ( picric acid be boil$ ) a /rong solution ( potassium cyanide1 a deep r$ liquid is produc$1 ow+ to ! =mation ( potassium iso-purpurate1 :i* cry/allises 9 small r$di%-br[n plates ) a beetle-gre5 lu/re4 ,?is1 by reaction ) ammonium *loride1 gives ammonium iso-purpurate 7,,nh#d;,c#h;,h#d,n#e,o#f71 or artificial murexide1 :i* dies silk & wool a beautiful r$ col\r4 ,on add+ b>ium *loride to ei!r ( ! above salts1 a v]milion-r$ precipitate 0 =m$1 consi/+ ( b>ium iso-purpurate4 ,) ammonio-sulphate ( copp]1 solutions ( picric acid give a bright gre5 precipitate4 ,mr ,a4,h4 ,all5 gives ! foll[+ me?ods = ! assay ( comm]cial picric acid1 9 8 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis3-- ,res9\s & ,t>ry matt]s are n unfrequ5tly pres5t4 ,!y are left insoluble on dissolv+ ! sample 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! sep>ation is m p]fect if ! hot solution be exactly neutralis$ by cau/ic soda4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,hydro*loric ,acid1 & ,oxalic ,acid1 & _! salts are detect$ by add+ to ! filt]$ aque\s solution ( ! sample solutions ( ! picrates ( b>ium1 silv]1 & calcium4 ,^! salts are readily made by boil+ picric acid ) ! c>bonates ( ! respective metals & filt]+3 o!r soluble salts ( ^! me?ods may be sub/itut$ = ! picrates1 b !y are less satisfactory4 ,nitric ,acid may be detect$ by ! r$ fumes evolv$ on w>m+ ! sample ) copp] turn+s4 ,inorganic ,impurities & ,picrates ( ,pota% & ,sodium1 c41 leave residues on cauti\s ignition4 ,g5]al ,impurities & ,adult]ations may be detect$ & det]m9$ by %ak+ #a grm4 ( ! sample ( acid 9 a graduat$ tube ) #be c4c4 ( e!r1 ! pure acid dissolves1 :ile any oxalic acid1 nitrates1 picrates1 boric acid1 alum1 sug>1 c41 w be left insoluble1 & aft] removal ( ! e!real liquid1 may be readily id5tifi$ & det]m9$4 ,= ! detection & det]m9ation ( wat] & ( oxalic acid1 #ej c4c4 ( w>m b5z5e may be advantage\sly sub/itut$ = e!r4 ,sug> may be sep>at$ f ! o!r impurities by treat+ ! residue insoluble 9 e!r or b5z5e ) rectifi$ _s1 9 :i* sug> & boric acid alone w dissolve4 ,if boric acid be pres5t1 ! alcoholic solution w burn ) a gre5 flame4 ,mono- & di-nitroph5ic acids l[] ! melt+ po9t 7#abb ,c74 ,_! calcium salts are less soluble ?an ! picrate1 & may be approximately sep>at$ f x by fractional cry/allisation1 or by precipitat+ ! hot saturat$ solution ( ! sample ) excess ( lime wat]4 ,picric acid may be det]m9$ by extract+ ! acidulat$ aque\s solution by agitation ) e!r or b5z5e1 & subsequ5tly remov+ & evaporat+ (f ! solv5t4 ,x may also be precipitat$ z ! potassium salt4 ,potassium ,picrate ,,kc#f;,h#b7,,no#b7c,o4 ,:5 a /rong solution ( picric acid is neutralis$ by c>bonate ( pota%1 ?is salt is ?r[n d[n 9 yell[ cry/all9e ne$les1 :i* require #bfj p>ts ( cold or #ad p>ts ( hot wat] = _! solution4 ,9 alcohol x is mu* less soluble4 ,ammonium ,picrate is m soluble 9 wat] ?an ! above1 & sodium picrate is readily soluble 9 wat]1 b ne>ly insoluble 9 solution ( sodium c>bonate4 ,picrates ( ! ,alkaloids4--,picric acid =ms insoluble salts ) _m ( ! alkaloids1 & picric acid may be det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,to ! solution ( picric acid1 or a picrate1 add a solution ( sulphate ( c9*on9e acidulat$ ) ,h#b,,s#d4 ,! precipitat$ picrate ( c9*on9e ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o7,c#f;,h#b,n#c,o#g7b is wa%$ ) cold wat]1 r9s$ (f ! filt] into a porcela9 crucible or di%1 ! wat] evaporat$ on ! wat] ba?1 & ! residual salt weigh$4 ,its weight1 multipli$ by 4#fabc1 gives ! quantity ( picric acid 9 ! sample tak54 ,analysis ( ,glyc]9e4,a ,glyc]9e t is to be us$ = ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e %\ld h a m9imum specific gravity ( #a4bfa at #ae ,c4 ,?is c be det]m9$1 ei!r by ! aid ( a ,s>torius specific gravity balance1 or by us+ an ord9>y specific gravity bottle4 ,"o ( #aj or #be c4c4 capacity is v conv5i5t4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see also ,sulman & ,b]ry1 ,analy/1 xi41 #ab-cd1 & ,all5's ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 vol4 ii41 "p i4 ,residue,a left ^u evaporation %\ld n be m ?an #j4be p] c5t4 ,to det]m9e ?is1 take #be grms4 ( ! glyc]9e1 & evaporate x at a temp]ature ( ab\t #afj ,c4 9 a plat9um bas91 & f9i% 9 an air ba?4 ,weigh until con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,aft]w>ds inc9]ate ov] a buns5 burn]1 & weigh ! a%4 ,footnote ,a3 ,organic matt] up to 4#f p] c5t4 is n always prejudicial to ! nitrat+ quantities ( a glyc]9e4 ,silv] ,te/4 ,a portion ( ! sample ( glyc]9e to be te/$ %\ld be put 9 a small weigh+ bottle1 & a qu>t] ( its bulk ( ,n_/#aj silv] nitrate solution add$ to x1 !n %ake x1 & place 9 a d>k cupbo>d = fifte5 m9utes4 ,x mu/ be pron\nc$ bad if x becomes black or d>k br[n )9 t "t 7acrole91 =mic1 & butyric acids74 ,! ,g]man (ficial te/ = glyc]9e = ph>maceutical purposes is mu* m /r+5t1 #a c4c4 ( glyc]9e heat$ to boil+ ) #a c4c4 ( ammonia solution & ?ree drops ( silv] nitrate solution mu/ give nei!r col\r or precipitate )9 five m9utes4 ,nitration4 ,fifty grms4 ( ! glyc]9e are p\r$ f a beak] into a mixture ( conc5trat$ nitric acid 7specific gravity #a4ec7 & sulphuric acid 7#a4hd71 mix$ 9 ! proportions ( #c ,,hno#c to #e ,h#b,,s#d 7ab\t #djj c4c4 ( mix$ acids74 ,! mix$ acids %\ld be put into a r l>ge beak]1 & held 9 ! "r h& 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 & ! glyc]9e sl[ly p\r$ into !m f a small] "o held 9 ! left4 ,a con/ant rotatory motion %\ld be giv5 to ! beak] 9 :i* ! nitration is p]=m$4 ,:5 all ! glyc]9e has be5 add$1 & ! mixture has be5 %ak5 = a few m9utes long]1 x is p\r$ into a sep>ator1 & all[$ to /& = "s "t4 ,x %\ld1 if ! glyc]9e is a good "o1 h sep>at$ f ! mix$ acids 9 t5 m9utes1 & ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! nitro-glyc]9e & ! acid %\ld be cle> & %>p1 nei!r %\ld !re be any :ite floccul5t matt] susp5d$ 9 ! liquid4 ,! excess ( acids is n[ drawn (f1 & ! nitro-glyc]9e %ak5 once or twice ) a w>m solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 & aft]w>ds ) wat] alone4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e is !n drawn (f into a weigh$ beak]1 ! surface dri$ ) a piece ( filt] pap]1 & weigh$2 #ajj p>ts ( a good glyc]9e %\ld yield ab\t #bcj ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,a quick] me?od is to take only #aj c4c4 ( ! glyc]9e1 ( :i* ! specific gravity is already kn[n1 nitrate z be=e1 & p\r into a burette1 read (f ! volume ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 c4c4 & multiply !m by #a4f 7! specific gravity ( nitro-glyc]9e71 ?us3 #aj grms4 gave #ad4e c4c4 nitro-glyc]9e1 & #ad4e x #a4f #bc4b grms41 !re=e #ajj w\ld give #bcb grms4 nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! po9ts to be not$ 9 ! nitration ( a sample ( glyc]9e are3 ! sep>ation %\ld be %>p1 & )9 half an h\r or less1 & !re %\ld be no :ite floccul5t matt] =m$1 especially :5 ! c>bonate ( soda solution is add$4 ,total ,acid ,equival5t4 ,mr ,g4,e4 ,b>ton 7,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahie7 proposes to det]m9e ?us3 #ajj c4c4 ( glyc]9e are dilut$ to #cjj c4c4 9 a beak]1 a few drops ( a #a p] c5t4 solution ( ph5olph?ale9 & #aj c4c4 ( normal cau/ic soda solution are add$2 aft] boil+1 ! liquid is titrat$ ) normal hydro*loric acid 7fatty acids are ?us indicat$ & r\ghly det]m9$74 ,neutrality4 ,! same *emi/ det]m9es ! neutrality ( glyc]9e ?us3 #ej c4c4 ( glyc]9e mix$ ) #ajj c4c4 ( wat] & a few drops ( alcoholic ph5olph?ale9,a are titrat$ ) hydro*loric acid or sodium hydroxide2 n m ?an #j4c c4c4 normal hydro*loric acid or normal soda solution %\ld be requir$ to r5d] ! sample neutral2 raw glyc]9es conta9 f 4#e to #a4j p] c5t4 ( sodium c>bonate4 ,footnote ,a3 ,sulman & ,b]ry pref] litmus z indicator4 ,det]m9ation ( ,free ,fatty ,acids4 ,a weigh$ quantity ( ! glyc]9e is %ak5 up ) "s neutral e!r 9 a sep>at+ funnel1 ! glyc]9e all[$ to settle1 drawn (f1 & ! e!r wa%$ ) ?ree sep>ate lots ( wat]4 ,! wat] mu/ h be5 rec5tly boil$1 & be q free f ,,co#b4 ,all ! free fatty acid is n[ 9 ! e!r1 & no o!r soluble acid4 ,a drop ( ph5olph?ale9 is n[ add$1 a little wat]1 & ! acidity det]m9$ by titration ) deci-normal b>yta solution1 & ! b>yta solution tak5 calculat$ z oleic acid4 ,comb9$ ,fatty ,acid4 ,ab\t #cj grms4 ( ! glyc]9e are plac$ 9 a flask1 & to x is add$ ab\t half a grm4 ( cau/ic soda 9 solution4 ,! mixture is heat$ = t5 m9utes at #aej ,c4 ,aft] cool+ "s pure e!r is add$ to x1 & en\gh dilute ,h#b,,s#d to r5d] x di/9ctly acid4 ,x is well %ak54 ,all ! fatty acids g into ! e!r4 ,! aque\s solution is !n remov$1 & ! e!r well wa%$ to remove all ,h#b,,s#d4 ,aft] ! addition ( ph5olph?ale9 ! acid is titrat$1 & ! am\nt us$ calculat$ into oleic acid4 ,f ?is total am\nt ( fatty acids ! free fatty acid is d$uct$1 & ! quantity ( comb9$ fatty acids ?us obta9$4 ,impurities4 ,! foll[+ impurities may be f\nd 9 bad samples ( glyc]9e3--,lead1 ars5ic1 lime1 *lor9e1 sulphuric acid1 ?io-sulphates1 sulphides1 cyanog5 comp\nds1 organic acids 7especially oleic acid & fatty acids,a71 ros9 products1 & o!r organic bodies4 ,x is also said to be adult]at$ ) sug> & glucose dextr9e4 ,traces ( sulphuric acid & ars5ic may be all[$1 also v small traces inde$ ( lime & *lor9e4 ,footnote ,a3 ,^! sub/ances (t5 cause tr\ble 9 nitrat+1 :ite floccul5t matt] be+ =m$ dur+ ! process ( wa%+4 ,! organic acids1 =mic & butyric acids may be detect$ by heat+ a sample ( ! glyc]9e 9 a te/ tube ) alcohol & sulphuric acid1 :51 if pres5t1 comp\nd e!rs1 su* z e?ylic =mate & butyrate1 ! =m] smell+ l pea*es & ! latt] ( p9e-apple1 w be =m$4 ,oleic ,acid1 if pres5t 9 l>ge quantity1 w come d[n ^u dilut+ ! sample ) wat]1 b small] quantities may be detect$ by pass+ a curr5t ( nitrog5 p]oxide1 ,n#b,o#d 7obta9$ by heat+ lead nitrate71 ?r\gh ! dilut$ sample1 :5 a :ite floccul5t precipitate ( elaidic acid1 :i* is less soluble ?an oleic acid1 w be ?r[n d[n4 ,by agitat+ glyc]ol ) *lor(orm1 fatty acids1 ros9 oil1 & "s o!r impurities are dissolv$1 :ile c]ta9 o!rs =m a turbid lay] betwe5 ! *lor(orm & ! sup]natant liquid4 ,on sep>at+ ! *lor(orm & evaporat+ x to dryness1 a residue is obta9$ :i* may be fur!r exam9$4 ,sodium ,*loride c be det]m9$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ( ! glyc]9e by add+ a little wat]1 neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate1 & !n titrat$ ) a deci-normal solution ( silv] nitrate1 us+ potassium *romate z indicator4 ,organic ,impurities ( v>i\s k9ds occur 9 crude glyc]9e1 & are mo/ly objectionable4 ,_! sum may be det]m9$ ) fair accuracy by ,sulman & ,b]ry's me?od3 #ej grms4 ( ! sample are dilut$ ) twice its measure ( wat]1 c>efully neutralis$ ) acetic acid1 & w>m$ to expel c>bonic acid2 :5 cold1 a solution ( basic lead acetate is add$ 9 slight b di/9ct excess1 & ! mixture well agitat$4 ,! =mation ( an abundant precipitate1 :i* rapidly subsides1 is an indication ( consid]able impurity 9 ! sample4 ,to asc]ta9 its am\nt1 ! precipitate is fir/ wa%$ by decantation1 & !n collect$ on a t>$1 or pref]ably a d\ble c\nt]-pois$ filt]1 :]e x is fur!r wa%$1 dri$ at #ajj to #aje ,c41 & weigh$4 ,! precipitate & filt] pap] are !n ignit$ sep>ately 9 porcela91 at a l[ r$ heat1 ! residues moi/5$ ) a few drops ( nitric acid & reignit$2 ! weight ( ! lead oxide d$uct$ f t ( ! orig9al precipitate gives ! weight ( ! organic matt] precipitat$ by ! lead4 ,raw glyc]9es conta9 f #j4e to #a4j p] c5t4 ,album9\s ,matt]s4 ,an approximate det]m9ation ( ! album9\s matt]s may be made by precipitat+ ) basic lead acetate z already describ$1 & det]m9+ ! nitrog5 by ! ,kjeldahl me?od2 ! nitrog5 multipli$ by #f4be gives ! am\nt ( album9\s matt] 9 ! precipitate4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ,glyc]9e4 ,! acet9 me?od ( ,b5$ikt & ,canton dep5ds ^u ! conv]sion ( glyc]9e into triacet91 & ! saponification ( ! latt]1 & r$uces ! e/imation ( glyc]9e to an acidmetric me?od4 ,ab\t #a4e grm4 ( crude glyc]9e is heat$ to boil+ ) #g grms4 ( acetic anhydride1 & #c to #d grms4 ( anhydr\s sodium acetate1 "u an upright cond5s] = "o & a half h\rs4 ,aft] cool+1 #ej c4c4 ( wat] are add$1 & ! mixture heat$ until all ! triacet9 has dissolv$4 ,! liquid is !n filt]$ into a l>ge flask1 ! residue on ! filt] is well wa%$ ) wat]1 ! filtrate q cool$1 ph5olph?ale9 is add$ & ! fluid exactly neutralis$ ) a dilute 7#b to #c p] c5t47 solution ( alkali4 ,tw5ty-five c4c4 ( a #aj p] c5t4 cau/ic soda solution1 :i* mu/ be accurately /&>dis$ ^u normal acid1 are !n pipett$ into ! liquid1 :i* is heat$ to boil+ = t5 m9utes to saponify ! triacet91 & ! excess ( alkali is !n titrat$ back ) normal acid4 ,"o c4c4 ( normal acid corresponds to 4#jcjfg grm4 ( glyc]9e4 ,precautions4--,! heat+ mu/ be done ) a reflux cond5s]1 ! triacet9 be+ some:at volatile4 ,! sodium acetate us$ mu/ be q anhydr\s1 or ! conv]sion ( ! glyc]9e to triacetyl is imp]fect4 ,triacet9 9 contact ) wat] gradually decomposes4 ,aft] acetylation is complete1 !re=e1 ! op]ations mu/ be conduct$ z rapidly z possible4 ,x is necess>y to neutralise ! free acetic acid v cauti\sly1 & ) rapid agitation1 s t ! alkali may n be locally 9 excess4 ,! ,lead ,oxide ,me?od4--,two grms4 ( sample are mix$ ) ab\t #dj grms4 ( pure li?>ge1 & heat$ 9 an air ba? to #acj ,c4 until ! weight becomes con/ant1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! li?>ge is free f su* lead comp\nds & o!r sub/ances z might injuri\sly affect ! results1 & t ! heat+ ( ! mixture takes place 9 an air ba? free f c>bonic acid4 ,! increase 9 weight 9 ! li?>ge1 m9us ! weight ( sub/ance n volatilisable f #b grms4 ( glyc]9e at #afj ,c41 multipli$ by ! factor #a4bdc1 is tak5 z ! weight ( glyc]9e 9 ! #b grms4 ( sample4 ,! glyc]9e mu/ be fairly pure1 & free f res9\s sub/ances & ,,s#c1 to give good results by ?is process4 ,analysis ( ! ,wa/e ,acids f ! ,manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9e or ,gun-,cotton4 ,det]m9e ! specific gravity by ! specific gravity bottle or hydromet]1 & ! oxides ( nitrog5 by ! p]manganate me?od describ$ "u nitro-glyc]9e4 ,n[ det]m9e ! total acidity ( ! mixture by means ( a t5? normal solution ( sodium hydrate1 & calculate x z nitric acid 7,,hno#c71 !n det]m9e ! nitric acid by means ( ,lung nitromet]1 & subtract p]c5tage f\nd f total acidity1 & calculate ! diff]5ce into sulphuric acid1 ?us3-- ,total acidity equals #ig4df p] c5t4--#aa4jg p] c5t4 ,,hno#c #hf4ci p] c5t41 !n 7#hf4ci x #di7_/fc #fg4bj p] c5t4 ,h#b,,s#d4 ,!n analysis ( sample w be3-- ,sulphuric acid #fg4bj p] c5t4 ,nitric acid #aa4jg - ,specific gravity #a4gjge4 ,wat] #ab4gc ,?is me?od is accurate en\gh = g5]al use 9 ! nitric acid factory4 ,! acid mixture may be tak5 by volume = det]m9+ nitric oxide 9 nitromet]4 ,two c4c4 is a conv5i5t quantity 9 ! above case1 !n #b x #a4gjge 7specific gravity7 #c4dad grms4 tak51 gave #ade c4c4 ,,no 7b>omet] #gdh mm1 & temp]ature #ae;,c47 equals #acd4i c4c4 7corr47 & z #a c4c4 ,,no 4#jbhb grm4 ,,hno#c #ace x 4#jbhb 4#cgh grm4 #aa4jg p] c5t4 nitric acid4 ,sodium ,nitrate4 ,det]m9e moi/ure & *lor9e by ! usual me?ods1 & ! total1 ,na,n,o#c1 by means ( nitromet]--#j4de grm4 is a v conv5i5t quantity to "w on 7gives ab\t #abc c4c4 gas72 gr9d v f9e1 & dissolve 9 a v little hot wat] 9 ! cup ( ! nitromet]2 use ab\t #ae c4c4 conc5trat$ ,h#b,,s#d4 ,"o cubic c5t4 ( ,,no equals 4#jjchje grm4 ( ,na,n,o#c4 ,! insoluble matt]1 bo? organic & inorganic1 %\ld also be det]m9$1 also sulphate ( soda & lime te/$ =4 ,analysis ( ,m]cury ,fulm9ate 7,div]s & ,kawakita's ,me?od74--,a weigh$ quantity ( m]cury fulm9ate is add$ to excess1 b measur$ quantity ( fum+ hydro*loric acid conta9$ 9 a retort connect$ ) a receiv] hold+ wat]4 ,aft] heat+ = "s "t1 ! cont5ts ( ! retort & receiv] are mix$ & dilut$1 & ! m]cury is precipitat$ by hydrog5 sulphide4 ,by w>m+ & exposure to ! air 9 op5 vessels ! hydrog5 sulphide is = ! mo/ "p dissipat$4 ,! solution is !n titrat$ ) potassium hydroxide 7,,koh71 z well z ano!r quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 equal to t us$ ) ! fulm9ate4 ,z ! m]cury *loride is reconv]t$ into hydro*loric acid by ! hydrog5 sulphide1 & z ! hydroxylam9e does n neutralise to litmus ! hydro*loric acid comb9$ ) x1 !re is an equal am\nt ( hydro*loric acid free or available 9 ! two solutions4 ,any excess ( acid 9 ! "o :i* has receiv$ ! fulm9ate w !re=e be due to ! =mic acid g5]at$ f ! fulm9ate4 ,dr4 ,div]s & ,m4 ,kawakita1 work+ by ?is me?od1 h obta9$ #ca4ca p] c5t4 =mic acid1 in/ead ( #cb4dj requir$ by !ory4 7,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 p4 #ag1 #ahhd47 ,div]s & ,kawakita proce$ ?us3 #b4cea grms4 dissolv$1 z already describ$1 9 ,h,cl1 & aft]w>ds dilut$1 gave m]cury sulphide equal to #gj4dj p] c5t4 m]cury4 ,! same solution1 aft] removal ( m]cury1 titrat$ by iod9e = hydroxylam9e1 gave nitrog5 equal to #i4he p] c5t41 & :5 evaporat$ ) hydroxyl ammonium *loride equal to #i4ee p] c5t4 ,a solution ( #b4fffe grms4 fulm9ate 9 ,h,cl ( kn[n am\nt1 aft] removal ( m]cury by hydrog5 sulphide1 gave by titration ) potassium hydrate1 =mic acid equal to #h4ag p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,collect+ & comp>+ ) calculation f =mula we get-- ,calc4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,m]cury #gj4db #gj4dj 444 444 ,nitrog5 #i4hf #i4he #i4ee 444 ,c>bon #h4de 444 444 #h4ag ,oxyg5 #aa4bg 444 444 444 #ajj4jj ,! ,analysis ( ,cap ,composition4--,messrs ,f4,w4 ,jones & ,f4,a4 ,willcox 7,*em4 ,news1 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahif7 h propos$ ! foll[+ process = ! analysis ( ?is sub/ance3--,cap composition usually consi/s ( ! +r$i5ts--potassium *lorate1 antimony sulphide1 & m]cury fulm9ate1 & to e/imate ^! sub/ances 9 ! pres5ce ( ea* o!r by ord9>y analytical me?ods is a difficult process4 ,s9ce ! sep>ation ( antimony sulphide & m]cury fulm9ate 9 ! pres5ce ( potassium *lorate necessitates ! treatm5t ( ! mixture ) hydro*loric acid1 & ?is produces an evolution ( hydrog5 sulphide f ! sulphide1 & a consequ5t precipitation ( sulphur2 & potassium *lorate _c be sep>at$ f ! o!r +r$i5ts by treatm5t ) wat]1 ow+ to ! appreciable solubility ( m]cury fulm9ate 9 cold wat]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s exp]im5ts on ! solubility ( m]cury fulm9ate ,messrs ,jones & ,willcox obs]v$ t ?is body 0 readily soluble 9 acetone & o!r e!real solv5ts :5 !y 7 saturat$ ) ammonia gas1 & t *lorate ( pota% & sulphide ( antimony 7 insoluble 9 pure acetone saturat$ ) ammonia2 ^! obs]vations at once af=d$ a simple me?od ( sep>at+ ! ?ree +r$i5ts ( cap composition4 ,by employ+ ?is solution ( acetone & ammonia an analysis c be made 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 & yields results ( suffici5t accuracy = all te*nical purposes4 ,! foll[+ are ! details ( ! process3-- ,a t>$ filt] pap] is plac$ 9 a funnel to ! neck ( :i* has be5 fitt$ a piece ( rubb] tub+ provid$ ) a clip4 ,! pap] is moi/5$ ) a solution ( acetone & ammonia1 ! cap composition is weigh$ (f directly on to ! filt] pap] & is !n cov]$ ) ! solution ( acetone & ammonia & all[$ to /& ?irty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is !n wa%$ repeat$ly ) ! same solution until ! wa%+s give no coloration ) ammonium sulphide1 & aft]w>ds wa%$ ) acetone until wa%+s give no residue on evaporation dri$ & weigh$4 ,! pap] is aga9 put 9 ! funnel & wa%$ ) wat] until free f potassium *lorate1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,if c weight ( composition tak51 d filt] pap]1 a aft] fir/ extraction1 b second extraction1 !n cd-a weight ( fulm9ate1 cd-a-b ,k,cl,o#c1 b-d sulphide ( antimony4 ,! composition %\ld be f9ely gr\nd 9 an agate mort>4 ,! results ( ! analysis by ?is me?od ( two mixtures ( kn[n composition are giv5 bel[-- ,a ,b ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ,tak54 ,f\nd4 ,tak54 ,f\nd4 ,antimony ,sulphide #cf4dg #cf4be #cg4cd #cg4bb ,potassium ,*lorate #cc4be #cc4ga #df4jc #df4dc ,m]cury ,fulm9ate #cj4bg #cj4jb #af4fa #af4cd ,dr4 ,h4,w4 ,br[nsdon's 7,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 xxiv41 ,april #aije7 process is z foll[s3--,! cap composition is remov$ by squeez+ ! cap ) pli]s1 :ile held ov] a porcela9 bas9 ( ab\t #bjj c4c4 capacity1 & remov+ ! loos5$ foil & brok5 composition by means ( a po9t$ wood5 *ip4 ,composition adh]+ to ! %ell or foil is loos5$ by alcohol1 & wa%$ into ! di% by means ( alcohol 9 a small wa% bottle4 ,! %ell & foil are put to "o side & subsequ5tly weigh$ :5 dry4 ,! composition 9 ! di% is brok5 d[n q f9e ) a flat-head$ glass rod1 & ! alcohol evaporat$ on ! wat] ba? till ! residue is moi/1 b n q dry1 #be c4c4 ( wat] are !n add$1 & ! composition well /irr$ f ! bottom4 ,aft] ! addition ( #j4e grm4 ( pure sodium1 ?iosulphate1 ! cont5ts ( ! di%1 is well /irr$ = two & a half m9utes4 ,"o drop ( me?yl orange is !n add$1 & ! solution titrat$ ) ,n_/#bj sulphuric acid1 :i* has be5 /&>dis$ aga9/ weigh+s ( #j4je-j4a grm4 fulm9ate to :i* #be c4c4 ( wat] is add$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 !n #j4e grm4 ( ?iosulphate1 & aft] /irr+ = two & a half m9utes1 titrat$ ) ,n_/#bj sulphuric acid4 ,! small am\nt ( antimony sulphide pres5t does n int]f]e ) ! recognition ( ! end po9t4 ,aft] titration1 ! solution is filt]$ ?r\gh a small #e-a_/b cm4 filt] pap]1 :i* reta9s ! antimony sulphide4 ,! filt] pap] conta9+ ! ,sb#b,s#c is well wa%$ & !n transf]r$ to a l>ge #f by #a te/ tube4 ,five c4c4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid are add$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! tube boil$ g5tly = a few seconds until ! sulphide is dissolv$ & all ! ,h#b,s driv5 (f or decompos$3 #b-c c4c4 ( a saturat$ solution ( t>t>ic acid are add$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! tube wa%$ into a #bej c4c4 ,erl5mey] flask4 ,! solution is !n ne>ly neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate1 excess ( bi-c>bonate add$1 & aft] ! addition ( "s />* solution titrat$ ) ,n_/#bj iod9e solution4 ,?is me?od = small quantities ( /ibnite is bo? quick & accurate1 ! error be+ ab\t #j4jjjc grm4 ,sb#b,s#c at ! outside4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is me?od is to give slightly l[ figures = ! fulm9ate1 b s9ce ^! are uni=m )9 a negligible error1 x does n affect ! value ( ! results z a crit]ion ( uni=mity4 ,! foll[+ te/ results 7 obta9$ by ,dr ,br[nsdon3-- ,fulm9ate ,tak54 ,fulm9ate ,f\nd4 ,error4 ,grm4 ,grm4 ,grm4 #j4jjhf #j4jjhc -#j4jjjc #j4jjhb #j4jjha -#j4jjja #j4jjgd #j4jjga -#j4jjjc #j4jjfh #j4jjff -#j4jjjb ,/ibnite ,tak54 ,sb#b,s#c1 ,f\nd4 ,error4 ,grm4 ,grm4 ,grm4 #j4jjhe #j4jjhd -#j4jjja #j4jjih #j4jjii #j4jjja #j4jafj #j4jaeg -#j4jjjc #j4jjii #j4jajj #j4jjja ,,table ,,= ,,correction ,,( ,,volumes ,,( ,,gases ,,= ,,temp]ature1 ,,giv+ ,,! ,,divisor ,,= ,,! ,,=mula4 ,v#a ,v x ,b_/7#gfj x 7#a dt77 7d #j4jjcffe7 #a dt f #j to #cj ,c4 t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 #j4j #gej4jjj #a4g #gfd4gceb #c4d #gfi4dgjd 4#a #gfj4bghe 4#h #gfe4jacg 4#e #gfi4gdhi 4#b #gfj4eega 4#i #gfe4bibc 4#f #ggj4jbgd 4#c #gfj4hcef #b4j #gfe4egjh 4#g #ggj4cjfj 4#d #gfa4aadb 4#a #gfe4hdic 4#h #ggj4ehde 4#e #gfa4cibg 4#b #gff4abgi 4#i #ggj4hfca 4#f #gfa4fgab 4#c #gff4djfd #d4j #gga4adaf 4#g #gfa4idih 4#d #gff4fhej 4#a #gga4dbja 4#h #gfb4bbhc 4#e #gff4ifce 4#b #gga4fihg 4#i #gfb4ejfi 4#f #gfg4bdbj 4#c #gga4iggb #a4j #gfb4ghed 4#g #gfg4ebjf 4#d #ggb4beeh 4#a #gfc4jfci 4#h #gfg4giia 4#e #ggb4ecdc 4#b #gfc4cdbe 4#i #gfh4jggg 4#f #ggb4habh 4#c #gfc4fbaj #c4j #gfh4cefb 4#g #ggc4jiad 4#d #gfc4hiif 4#a #gfh4fcdg 4#h #ggc4cfii 4#e #gfd4agha 4#b #gfh4iacc 4#i #ggc4fdhe 4#f #gfd4deff 4#c #gfi4aiah #e4j #ggc4ibgj t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 #e4a #ggd4bjee 4#i #ghg4egee 4#g #hjj4ided 4#b #ggd4dhda #aj4j #ghg4hedj 4#h #hja4bbci 4#c #ggd4gfbf 4#a #ghh4acbe 4#i #hja4ejbe 4#d #gge4jdab 4#b #ghh4daaa #ae4j #hja4ghaj 4#e #gge4caig 4#c #ghh4fhif 4#a #hjb4jeie 4#f #gge4eihb 4#d #ghh4ifhb 4#b #hjb4ccha 4#g #gge4hgfh 4#e #ghi4bdfg 4#c #hjb4faff 4#h #ggf4aeec 4#f #ghi4ebeb 4#d #hjb4hieb 4#i #ggf4dcci 4#g #ghi4hjch 4#e #hjc4agcg #f4j #ggf4gabd 4#h #gij4jhbc 4#f #hjc4debb 4#a #ggf4iiji 4#i #gij4cfji 4#g #hjc4gcjh 4#b #ggg4bfie #aa4j #gij4fcid 4#h #hjd4jjic 4#c #ggg4edhj 4#a #gij4iagi 4#i #hjd4bhgi 4#d #ggg4hbff 4#b #gia4aife #af4j #hjd4effd 4#e #ggh4ajea 4#c #gia4dgej 4#a #hjd4hddi 4#f #ggh4chcf 4#d #gia4gecf 4#b #hje4abce 4#g #ggh4ffbb 4#e #gib4jcba 4#c #hje4djbj 4#h #ggh4idjg 4#f #gib4cajf 4#d #hje4fhjf 4#i #ggi4baic 4#g #gib4ehib 4#e #hje4ieia #g4j #ggi4digh 4#h #gib4hfgg 4#f #hjf4bcgf 4#a #ggi4ggfc 4#i #gic4adfc 4#g #hjf4eafb 4#b #ghj4jedi #ab4j #gic4dbdh 4#h #hjf4gidg 4#c #ghj4cccd 4#a #gic4gjcc 4#i #hjg4jgcc 4#d #ghj4fabj 4#b #gic4ihai #ag4j #hjg4ceah 4#e #ghj4hije 4#c #gid4bfjd 4#a #hjg4fcjc 4#f #gha4afij 4#d #gid4ecij 4#b #hjg4ijhi 4#g #gha4ddgf 4#e #gid4hage 4#c #hjh4ahgd 4#h #gha4gbfa 4#f #gie4jifj 4#d #hjh4dffj 4#i #ghb4jjdg 4#g #gie4cgdf 4#e #hjh4gdde #h4j #ghb4bhcb 4#h #gie4feca 4#f #hji4jbcj 4#a #ghb4efag 4#i #gie4icag 4#g #hji4cjaf 4#b #ghb4hdjc #ac4j #gif4bajb 4#h #hji4ehja 4#c #ghc4aahh 4#a #gif4dhhg 4#i #hji4hehg 4#d #ghc4cigd 4#b #gif4gfgc #ah4j #haj4acgb 4#e #ghc4fiei 4#c #gig4jdeh 4#a #haj4dage 4#f #ghc4iedd 4#d #gig4cbdd 4#b #haj4fidc 4#g #ghd4bccj 4#e #gig4fjbi 4#c #haj4igbh 4#h #ghd4eaae 4#f #gig4hhad 4#d #haa4bead 4#i #ghd4gija 4#g #gih4afjj 4#e #haa4ebii #i4j #ghe4jfhf 4#h #gih4dche 4#f #haa4hjhd 4#a #ghe4cdga 4#i #gih4gaga 4#g #hab4jhgj 4#b #ghe4fbeg #ad4j #gih4iief 4#h #hab4cfee 4#c #ghe4ijdb 4#a #gii4bgda 4#i #hab4fdda 4#d #ghf4ahbh 4#b #gii4eebg #ai4j #hab4ibbf 4#e #ghf4dfac 4#c #gii4hcab 4#a #hac4bjaa 4#f #ghf4gcih 4#d #hjj4ajih 4#b #hac4dgig 4#g #ghg4jahd 4#e #hjj4chhc 4#c #hac4gehb 4#h #ghg4bifi 4#f #hjj4fffh 4#d #had4jcfh t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 t4 #gfjx7#a;dt74 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 #ai4e #had4caec #bc4j #hbd4jfdb 4#e #hcc4haca 4#f #had4eich 4#a #hbd4cdbg 4#f #hcd4jiaf 4#g #had4hgbd 4#b #hbd4fbac 4#g #hcd4cgjb 4#h #hae4aejj 4#c #hbd4hiih 4#h #hcd4fdhg 4#i #hae4dibe 4#d #hbe4aghd 4#i #hcd4ibgc #bj4j #hae4gjhj 4#e #hbe4defi #bg4j #hce4bjeh 4#a #hae4ihfe 4#f #hbe4gced 4#a #hce4dhdc 4#b #haf4bfea 4#g #hbf4jadj 4#b #hce4gfbi 4#c #haf4edcf 4#h #hbf4bibe 4#c #hcf4jdad 4#d #haf4hbbb 4#i #hbf4egaa 4#d #hcf4cbjj 4#e #hag4ajjg #bd4j #hbf4hdif 4#e #hcf4eihe 4#f #hag4cgib 4#a #hbg4abha 4#f #hcf4hggj 4#g #hag4fegh 4#b #hbg4djfg 4#g #hcg4aeef 4#h #hag4icfc 4#c #hbg4fheb 4#h #hcg4dcda 4#i #hah4badi 4#d #hbg4ifch 4#i #hcg4gabg #ba4j #hah4dicd 4#e #hbh4bdbc #bh4j #hcg4iiab 4#a #hah4ggai 4#f #hbh4ebjh 4#a #hch4bfig 4#b #hai4jeje 4#g #hbh4giid 4#b #hch4edhc 4#c #hai4cbij 4#h #hbi4jggi 4#c #hch4hbfh 4#d #hai4fjgf 4#i #hbi4cefe 4#d #hci4ajed 4#e #hai4hhfa #be4j #hbi4fcej 4#e #hci4chci 4#f #hbj4afdf 4#a #hbi4iace 4#f #hci4ffbd 4#g #hbj4ddcb 4#b #hcj4aiba 4#g #hci4idaj 4#h #hbj4gbag 4#c #hcj4dgjf 4#h #hdj4baie 4#i #hba4jjjc 4#d #hcj4gdib 4#i #hdj4diha #bb4j #hba4bghh 4#e #hca4jbgg #bi4j #hdj4ggff 4#a #hba4eegc 4#f #hca4cjfb 4#a #hda4jeea 4#b #hba4hhei 4#g #hca4ehdh 4#b #hda4cccg 4#c #hbb4aadd 4#h #hca4hfcc 4#c #hda4fabb 4#d #hbb4cicj 4#i #hcb4adai 4#d #hda4hijh 4#e #hbb4fgae #bf4j #hcb4dbjd 4#e #hdb4afic 4#f #hbb4iejj 4#a #hcb4fihi 4#f #hdb4ddgh 4#g #hbc4bbhf 4#b #hcb4igge 4#g #hdb4gbfd 4#h #hbc4ejga 4#c #hcc4befj 4#h #hdc4jjdi 4#i #hbc4gheg 4#d #hcc4ecdf 4#i #hdc4bhce #cj4j #hdc4efbj ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fir+ ,,po9t ,,( ,,explosives1 ,,heat ,,te/s1 c4 ,horsley's ,app>atus--,table ( ,fir+ po9ts--,! ,gov]nm5t ,heat-,te/ ,app>atus = ,dynamites--,nitro-,glyc]9e1 ,nitro-,cotton1 & ,smokeless ,p[d]s--,liquefaction & ,exudation ,te/s--,page's ,regulator = ,heat-,te/ ,app>atus--,specific ,gravities ( ,explosives--,table ( ,temp]ature ( ,detonation1 ,s5sitiv5ess1 c4 ,! ,fir+ ,po9t ( ,explosives4--,! fir+ po9t ( an explosive may be det]m9$ z foll[s3--,a copp] di%1 ab\t #c in*es deep1 & #f or m wide1 & fitt$ ) a lid1 also ( copp]1 is requir$4 ,! lid conta9s sev]al small holes1 into ea* ( :i* is sold]$ a ?ick copp] tube ab\t #e mm4 9 diamet]1 & #c in*es long1 ) a r l>g] "o 9 ! c5tre 9 :i* to place a !rmomet]4 ,! di% is fill$ ) ,rose's metal1 or p>aff91 accord+ to ! probable temp]ature requir$4 ,! fir+ po9t is !n tak5 ?us3--,aft] putt+ a little piece ( asbe/os felt at ! bottom ( ! c5tre tube1 ! !rmomet] is ins]t$1 & a small quantity ( ! explosive to be te/$ is plac$ 9 ! o!r holes2 ! lid is !n plac$ on ! di% conta9+ ! melt$ p>aff9 or metal1 9 su* a way t ! copp] tubes dip bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid2 ! temp]ature ( ! ba? is n[ rais$ until ! explosive fires1 & ! temp]ature not$4 ,! initial temp]ature %\ld also be not$4 ,,! ,,fir+ ,,po9t ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,explosives 7by ,c4 ,e4 ,munroe74 7,horsley's ,app>atus us$47 ,c4 ,nitro-glyc]9e1 #e ye>s old 7a s+le drop tak57 #bjc-bje ,gun-cotton 7compress$ milit>y cotton1 sp4 gr4 #a4e7 #aib-bja ,air-dri$ gun-cotton1 /or$ = #d ye>s #agi-ahg ,ditto1 /or$ = #a ye> #ahg-ahi ,air-dri$ collodion-cotton1 long /aple ,r$ ,isl& cotton1 #c ye>s old #ahf-aia ,air-dri$ collodion1 #c ye>s old1 /or$ wet #aig-aii ,hydro-nitro-cellulose #bja-bac ,kieselguhr dynamite1 ,no4 #a #aig-bjj ,explosive gelat9e #bjc-bji ,m]cury fulm9ate #age-aha ,gunp[d] 7%ell7 #bgh-bhg ,hill's picric p[d] 7%ells7 ,be5 9 /ore #aj ye>s4 #bgc-bhc ,ditto 7musket7 ,compos$ (-- #bhb-bij ,ammonium picrate #db4ah ,potassium picrate #ec4gi ,*>coal 7ald]7 #c4he #ii4hb ,=cite1 ,no4 #a #ahg-bjj ,atlas p[d] 7#ge ,,ng7 #age-ahe ,emm5site1 ,no4 #a ,sample _h be5 /or$ 9 #afg-ahd magaz9e = "s mon?s 9 a wood5 box4 ,no4 #b ,/or$ 9 t9 case4 #afe-agg ,no4 #e #bje-bag ,c4 ,p[d] us$ 9 ,*assept rifle #aia ,by ,leygue ,*ampion4 ,fr5* gunp[d] #bie ,rifle p[d] 7picrate7 #ceh ,cannon #chj ,horsley's app>atus consi/s ( an iron /& ) a r+ support1 hold+ a hemisph]ical iron vessel or ba? 9 :i* solid p>aff9 is put4 ,above ?is is ano!r movable support1 f :i* a !rmomet] is susp5d$1 & s adju/$ t its bulb is imm]s$ 9 ! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ! iron vessel4 ,a ?9 copp] c>tridge-case1 #e_/h in* 9 diamet] & #a-ae_/af in* long1 is susp5d$ ov] ! ba? by means ( a triangle1 s t ! end ( ! case is j #a in* bel[ ! surface ( ! molt5 mat]ial4 ,on beg9n+ ! exp]im5t ( det]m9+ ! fir+ po9t ( any explosive1 ! mat]ial 9 ! ba? is heat$ to j above ! melt+ po9t2 ! !rmomet] is ins]t$ 9 x1 & a m9ute quantity ( ! explosive is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! c>tridge-case4 ,! initial temp]ature is not$1 & !n ! c>tridge-case conta9+ ! explosive is ins]t$ 9 ! ba?4 ,! temp]ature is quickly rais$ until ! cont5ts ( ! c>tridge-case fla% (f or explode1 :5 ! temp]ature is not$ z ! fir+ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,,heat ,,te/ ,,app>atus4 ,pr(essor ,c4,e4 ,munroe1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,torp$o ,/ation1 has det]m9$ ! fir+ po9t ( sev]al explosives by means ( ?is app>atus4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,heat ,te/ 7,explosives ,act1 #ahge73 ,app>atus requir$4--,a wat] ba?1 consi/+ ( a sph]ical copp] vessel 7a71 ,fig4 #df1 ( ab\t #h in*es diamet]1 & ) an ap]ture ( ab\t #e in*es2 ! ba? is fill$ ) wat] to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! edge4 ,x has a loose cov] ( %eet copp] ab\t #f in*es 9 diamet] 7b7 & re/s on a tripod /& ab\t #ad in*es high 7c71 :i* is cov]$ ) co>se wire gauze 7e71 & is surr\nd$ ) a scre5 ( ?9 %eet copp] 7d74 ,)9 ! latt] is plac$ an arg& burn] 7f7 ) glass *imney4 ,! cov] 7b7 has f\r holes arrang$1 z se5 9 ,fig4 ,,ii41 ,no4 #d to conta9 a ,page's,a or ,s*eibl]'s regulator1 ,no4 #c ! !rmomet]1 ,nos4 #a & #b ! te/ tubes conta9+ ! explosive to be te/$4 ,ar\nd ! holes #a & #b on ! "u side ( ! cov] are sold]$ ?ree pieces ( brass wire ) po9ts slightly conv]g+ 7,fig4 ,,iii472 ^! act z spr+s1 & all[ ! te/ tubes to be easily plac$ 9 position & remov$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\r41 #ahgf1 i4 #bd4 ,f4,j4,m4 ,page4 ,te/ ,tubes1 f #e-a_/d to #e-a_/b in*es long1 & ( su* a diamet] t !y w hold f #bj to #bb cubic c5timetres ( wat] :5 fill$ to a height ( #e in*es2 r ?ick glass is pref]able4 ,indi>ubb] /opp]s1 fitt+ ! te/ tubes1 & c>ry+ an arrangem5t = hold+ ! te/ pap]s1 viz41 a n>r[ glass tube pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! /opp]1 & t]m9at+ 9 a plat9um wire hook4 ,a glass rod drawn out & ! end turn$ up to =m a hook is bett]4 ,! ,!rmomet] %\ld h a range f #cj to #bab ,f41 or f #a to #ajj ,c4 ,a m9ute clock is useful4 ,te/ ,pap]4--,! te/ pap] is prep>$ z foll[s3--#de gra9s 7#b4i grms47 ( :ite maize />* 7corn fl\r71 previ\sly wa%$ ) cold wat]1 are add$ to #h-a_/b oz4 ( wat]4 ,! mixture is /irr$1 heat$ to boil+1 & kept g5tly boil+ = t5 m9utes2 #ae gra9s 7#a grm47 ( pure potassium iodide 7previ\sly recry/allis$ f alcohol1 absolutely necess>y7 are dissolv$ 9 #h-a_/b oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! two solutions are ?or\ghly mix$ & all[$ to get cold4 ,/rips or %eets ( :ite ,engli% filt] pap]1 previ\sly wa%$ ) wat] & re-dri$1 are dipp$ into ! solution ?us prep>$1 & all[$ to rema9 9 x = n less ?an t5 seconds2 !y are !n all[$ to dra9 & dry 9 a place free f laboratory fumes & du/4 ,! upp] & l[] m>g9s ( ! /rips or %eets are cut (f1 & ! pap] is pres]v$ 9 well- /opp]$ or cork$ bottles1 & 9 ! d>k4 ,! dim5sions ( ! pieces ( te/ pap] us$ are ab\t #d_/aj in* by #h_/aj in* 7#aj mm4 by #bj mm474,a ,footnote ,a3 ,:5 ! pap] is fre%ly prep>$1 & z long z x rema9s 9 good condition1 a drop ( dilut$ acetic acid put on ! pap] ) a glass rod produces no coloration4 ,9 process ( "t x w become br[ni%1 :5 treat$ ) ! acid1 especially if x has be5 expos$ to sunlight4 ,x is !n n fit = use4 ,9 ,g]many z9c-iodide />* pap] is us$1 :i* is consid]$ to be m s5sitive ?an potassium iodide4 ,/&>d ,t9t ,pap]4--,a solution ( c>amel 9 wat] is made ( su* conc5tration t :5 dilut$ "o hundr$ times 7#aj c4c4 made up to #a litre7 ! t9t ( ?is dilut$ solution equals ! t9t produc$ by ! ,nessl] te/ 9 #ajj c4c4 wat] conta9+ 4#jjjjge grm4 ( ammonia1 or 4#jjjbceje grm4 ,am,cl4 ,) ?is c>amel solution l9es are drawn on /rips ( :ite filt] pap] 7previ\sly well wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 to remove traces ( blea*+ matt]1 & dri$7 by means ( a quill p54 ,:5 ! m>ks ?us produc$ are dry1 ! pap] is cut into pieces ( ! same size z ! te/ pap] previ\sly describ$1 9 su* a way t ea* piece has a br[n l9e across x ne> ! middle ( its l5g?1 & only su* /rips are pres]v$ 9 :i* ! br[n l9e has a bread? v>y+ f #ab mm4 to #a mm4 7#a_/ej ( an in* to #a_/be ( an in*74 ,te/+ ,dynamite1 ,bla/+ ,gelat9e1 & ,gelat9e ,dynamite4--,nitro- glyc]9e prep>ations1 f :i* ! nitro-glyc]9e c be extract$ 9 ! mann] describ$ bel[1 mu/ satisfy ! foll[+ te/1 o!rwise !y w n be consid]$ z manufactur$ ) ?or\ghly purifi$ nitro-glyc]9e1 viz41 fifte5 m9utes at #afj ,f4 7#gb ,c474 ,app>atus requir$4--,a funnel #b in*es across 7d71 a cyl9drical measure divid$ into gra9s 7e71 ,fig4 #dg4 ,mode ( ,op]ation4--,ab\t #cjj 7#ai4d grms47 to #djj gra9s 7#bf grms47 ( dynamite 7b71 f9ely divid$1 are plac$ 9 ! funnel1 :i* is loosely plugg$ by fre%ly ignit$ asbe/os 7a74 ,! surface is smoo!d by means ( a flat-head$ glass rod or /opp]1 & "s clean wa%$ & dri$ kieselguhr 7c7 is spread ov] x to ! dep? ( ab\t #a_/h in*4 ,wat] is !n p\r$ on f a wa% bottle1 & :5 ! fir/ portion has be5 soak$ up m is add$2 ?is is repeat$ until suffici5t nitro- glyc]9e has collect$ 9 ! graduat$ measure 7e74 ,if any wat] %\ld h pass$ ?r\gh1 x mu/ be remov$ f ! nitro-glyc]9e by filt] pap]1 or ! nitro-glyc]9e may be filt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,sep>at+ ,,! ,nl,t,r,o-,,glyc]9e ,,f ,,dynamite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,te/ ,,tube ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,heat ,,te/4 ,application ( ,te/4--,! !rmomet] is fix$ s z to be ins]t$ ?r\gh ! lid ( ! wat] ba? into ! wat]1 :i* is ma9ta9$ at #afj ,f4 7#gb ,c471 to a dep? ( #b-c_/d in*es4 ,fifty gra9s 7 #c4bi grms47 ( nitro-glyc]9e to be te/$ are weigh$ into ! te/ tube1 9 su* a way z n to soil ! sides ( ! tube 7use a pipette74 ,a te/ pap] is fix$ on ! hook ( ! glass rod1 s t :5 ins]t$ into ! tube x w be 9 a v]tical position4 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( a mixture ( half di/ill$ wat] & half glyc]9e1 to moi/5 ! upp] half ( ! pap]1 is n[ appli$ to ! upp] edge ( ! te/ pap] by means ( a glass rod or camel's hair p5cil2 ! cork c>ry+ ! rod & pap] is fix$ into ! te/ tube1 & ! position ( ! pap] adju/$ s t its l[] edge is ab\t half way d[n ! tube2 ! latt] is !n ins]t$ ?r\gh "o ( ! holes 9 ! cov] to su* a dep? t ! l[] m>g9 ( ! moi/5$ "p ( ! pap] is ab\t #e_/h in* above ! surface cov]4 ,! te/ is complete :5 ! fa9t br[n l9e1 :i* aft] a "t makes its appe>ance at ! l9e ( b\nd>y betwe5 ! dry & moi/ "p ( ! pap]1 equals 9 t9t ! br[n l9e ( ! /&>d t9t pap]4 ,bla/+ ,gelat9e1 ,gelat9e ,dynamite1 ,gelignite1 c4--,fifty gra9s 7 #c4bi grms47 ( bla/+ gelat9e are intimately mix$ ) #ajj gra9s 7 #f4e grms47 ( ,fr5* *alk4 ,?is is done by c>efully work+ ! two mat]ials toge!r ) a wood5 pe/le 9 a wood5 mort>4 ,! mixture is !n gradually introduc$ into ! te/ tube1 ) ! aid ( g5tle tapp+ ^u ! table betwe5 ! introduction ( successive portions ( ! mixture into ! tube1 s t :5 ! tube conta9s all ! mixture x %all be fill$ to ! ext5t ( #a-c_/d in* ( its height4 ,! te/ pap] is !n ins]t$ z above describ$ = nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! sample te/$ mu/ /& a temp]ature ( #afj ,f4 = a p]iod ( t5 m9utes be=e produc+ a discoloration ( ! te/ pap] correspond+ 9 t9t to ! /&>d pap]4 ,n4,b4--,non-gelat9is$ nitro-glyc]9e prep>ations1 f :i* ! nitro-glyc]9e _c be expell$ by wat]1 are te/$ )\t any previ\s sep>ation ( ! +r$i5ts1 ! temp]ature be+ z above #afj ,f41 & ! "t be+ sev5 m9utes4 ,gun-,cotton1 ,s*ultze ,gunp[d]1 ,e4,c4 ,p[d]1 c43 ,a4 ,compress$ ,gun- ,cotton4--,suffici5t mat]ial to s]ve = two or m te/s is remov$ f ! c5tre ( ! c>tridge by g5tle scrap+1 & if necess>y1 fur!r r$uc$ by rubb+ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,! f9e p[d] ?us produc$ is spread out 9 a ?9 lay] ^u a pap] tray #f in*es by #d-a_/b in*es1 :i* is !n plac$ inside a wat] ov51 kept z ne>ly z possible at #abj ,f4 7#di ,c474 ,! wire gauze %elves ( ! ov5 %\ld be ab\t #c in*es ap>t4 ,! sample is all[$ to rema9 at re/ = fifte5 m9utes 9 ! ov51 ! door ( :i* is left wide op54 ,aft] ! lapse ( fifte5 m9utes ! tray is remov$ & expos$ to ! air ( ! room = two h\rs1 ! sample be+ at "s po9t )9 t "t rubb$ ^u ! tray ) ! h&1 9 ord] to r$uce x to a f9e & uni=m /ate ( division4 ,! heat te/ is p]=m$ z be=e1 except t ! temp]ature ( ! ba? is kept at #agj ,f4 7#ff ,c471 & regulator set to ma9ta9 t temp]ature4 ,tw5ty gra9s 7#a4bif grm47 are us$1 plac$ 9 ! te/ tube1 g5tly press$ d[n until x occupies a space ( z ne>ly z possible #a-e_/aj in* 9 ! te/ tube ( dim5sions previ\sly specifi$4 ,! f9e cotton adh]+ to ! sides ( ! tube c be remov$ by a clean clo? or silk h&k]*ief4 ,! pap] is moi/5$ by t\*+ ! upp] edge ) a drop ( ! #ej p] c5t4 glyc]9e solution1 ! tube ins]t$ 9 ! ba? to a dep? ( #b-a_/b in*es1 measur$ f ! cov]1 ! regulator & !rmomet] be+ ins]t$ to ! same dep?4 ,! te/ pap] is to be kept ne> ! top ( ! te/ tube1 b cle> ( ! cork1 until ! tube has be5 imm]s$ = ab\t five m9utes4 ,a r+ ( moi/ure w ab\t ?is "t be deposit$ ^u ! sides ( ! te/ tube1 a little above ! cov] ( ! ba?4 ,! glass rod mu/ !n be l[]$ until ! l[] m>g9 ( ! moi/5$ "p ( ! pap] is on a level ) ! bottom ( ! r+ ( moi/ure 9 ! tube4 ,! pap] is n[ closely wat*$1 ,! te/ is complete :5 a v fa9t br[n coloration makes its appe>ance at ! l9e ( b\nd>y betwe5 ! dry & moi/ p>ts ( ! pap]4 ,x mu/ /& ! te/ = n less ?an t5 m9utes at #agj ,f4 7,! "t is reckon$ f ! fir/ ins]tion ( ! tube 9 ! ba? until ! appe>ance ( a discoloration ( ! te/ pap]47 ,b4 ,s*ultze ,p[d]1 ,e4,c4 ,p[d]1 ,collodion-,cotton1 c4--,! sample is dri$ 9 ! ov5 z above = fifte5 m9utes1 & expos$ = two h\rs to ! air4 ,! te/ z above = compress$ gun-cotton is !n appli$4 ,c4 ,cordite mu/ /& a temp]ature ( #ahj ,f4 = fifte5 m9utes4 ,! sample is prep>$ z foll[s3--,pieces half an in* long are cut f "o end ( e /ick select$ = ! te/3 9 ! case ( ! ?ick] cordites1 ea* piece s cut is fur!r subdivid$ into ab\t f\r portions4 ,^! cut pieces are !n pass$ once ?r\gh ! mill1 ! fir/ portion ( mat]ial :i* passes ?r\gh be+ reject$ on acc\nt ( ! possible pres5ce ( =eign matt] f ! mill4 ,! gr\nd mat]ial is put on ! top sieve ( ! ne/ ( sieves1 & sift$4 ,t portion :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! top sieve & be5 /opp$ by ! second is tak5 = ! te/4 ,if ! mill is prop]ly set1 ! great] portion ( ! gr\nd mat]ial w be ( ! prop] size4 ,if ! volatile matt] 9 ! explosive exce$s #j4e p] c5t41 ! sift$ mat]ial %\ld be dri$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #adj ,f1 until ! proportion does n exce$ #j4e p] c5t4 ,aft] ea* sample has be5 gr\nd1 ! mill mu/ be tak5 to pieces & c>efully clean$4 ,! sieves us$ consi/ ( a ne/ ( two sieves ) holes drill$ 9 %eet copp]4 ,! holes 9 ! top sieve h a diamet] #ad ,b4,w4,g41 ^? 9 ! second #ba ,b4,w4,g4 ,if too h>d = ! mill1 ! cordite may be s(t5$ by exposure to ! vap\r ( acetone1,a or r$uc$1 to ! necess>y degree ( subdivision by means ( a %>p mod]ately-co>se rasp4 ,%\ld x h become too s(t 9 ! acetone vap\r = ! mill1 x %\ld be cut up into small pieces1 :i* may be br\ght to any desir$ degree ( h>dness by simple exposure to air4 ,explosives :i* consi/ p>tly ( gelat9is$ collodion-cotton1 & p>tly ( ungelat9is$ gun-cotton1 are be/ r$uc$ to p[d] by a rasp1 or s(t5$ by exposure to mix$ e!r & alcohol vap\r at a temp]ature ( #dj ,f4 to #ajj ,f4 ,footnote ,a3 ,mr ,w4 ,cull5 7,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,jan4 #ca1 #aija7 says3-- ,und\bt$ly ! adv5t ( ! horny smokeless p[d]s ( mod]n times has made x a little difficult to give ! te/ ! same scope z x _h :5 fir/ introduc$4 ,z a rule a simple explanation c be f\nd = e app>5tly abnormal result1 & 9 ! accid5tal ret5tion ( a portion ( ! solv5t us$ 9 ! manufacture1 w frequ5tly be f\nd an explanation ( ! tr\ble exp]i5c$4 ,balli/ite4--,9 ! case ( balli/ite ! treatm5t is ! same1 except t :5 x is 9 a v f9ely granulat$ condition x ne$ n be cut up4 ,guttmann's ,heat ,te/4--,?is te/ 0 propos$ by ,mr ,osc> ,guttmann 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry 7vol4 xvi41 #ahig71 9 ! place ( ! potassium iodide />* pap] us$ 9 ! ,abel te/4 ,! filt] pap] us$ is wett$ ) a solution ( diph5ylam9e,a 9 sulphuric acid4 ,! solution is prep>$ z foll[s3--,take #j4ajj grm4 ( diph5ylam9e cry/als1 put !m 9 a wide-neck$ flask ) a gr\nd /opp]1 add #ej c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid 7#aj c4c4 ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid to #dj c4c4 ( wat]71 & put ! flask 9 a wat] ba? at betwe5 #ej & #ee ,c4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! diph5ylam9e w melt1 & at once dissolve 9 ! sulphuric acid1 :5 ! flask %\ld be tak5 out1 well %ak51 & all[$ to cool4 ,aft] cool+1 add #ej c4c4 ( ,price's d\ble di/ill$ glyc]9e1 %ake well1 & keep ! solution 9 a d>k place4 ,! te/ has to be appli$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,! explosives t h to be te/$ are f9ely subdivid$1 gun-cotton1 nitro-glyc]9e1 dynamite1 bla/+ gelat9e1 c41 9 ! same way z at pres5t direct$ by ! ,home ,(fice regulations4 ,smokeless p[d]s are all to be gr\nd 9 a bell-%ap$ c(fee mill z f9ely z possible1 & sift$ z hi!rto4 #a4e grm4 ( ! explosive 7f ! second sieve 9 ! case ( smokeless p[d]7 is to be weigh$ (f & put into a te/ tube z hi!rto us$4 ,/rips ( well-wa%$ filt] pap]1 #be mm4 wide1 are to be hung on a hook$ glass rod z usual4 ,a drop ( ! diph5ylam9e solution is tak5 up by means ( a clean glass rod1 & ! upp] corn]s ( ! filt] pap] are t\*$ ) x1 s t :5 ! two drops run toge!r ab\t a qu>t] ( ! filt] pap] is moi/4 ,?is is !n put into ! te/ tube1 & ?is aga9 into ! wat] ba?1 :i* has be5 heat$ to #gj ,c4 ,! heat te/ reaction %\ld n %[ 9 a %ort] "t ?an fifte5 m9utes4 ,x w beg9 by ! moi/ "p ( ! pap] acquir+ a gre5i% yell[ col\r1 & f ?is mom5t ! pap] %\ld be c>efully wat*$4 ,aft] "o or two m9utes a d>k blue m>k w sudd5ly appe> on ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! wet & dry "p ( ! filt] pap]1 & ?is is ! po9t t %\ld be tak54 ,footnote ,a3 ,dr ,g4 ,spica 7,rivi/a1 ,aug4 #ahig7 proposes to use hydro*loride ( meta-ph5yl5$iam9e4 ,exudation & ,liquefaction ,te/ = ,bla/+ ,gelat9e1 ,gelat9e ,dynamite1 c4--,a cyl9d] ( bla/+ gelat9e1 c41 is to be cut f ! c>tridge to be te/$1 ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d] to be equal to its diamet]1 & ! ends be+ cut flat4 ,! cyl9d] is to be plac$ on end on a flat surface )\t any wrapp]1 & secur$ by a p9 pass+ v]tically ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,9 ?is condition ! cyl9d] is to be expos$ = #add consecutive h\rs 7six days & nights7 to a temp]ature rang+ f #he to #ij ,f4 7inclusive71 & dur+ su* exposure ! cyl9d] %all n dim9i% 9 height by m ?an "o-f\r? ( its orig9al height1 & ! upp] cut surface %all reta9 its flatness & ! %>pness ( its edge4 ,exudation ,te/4--,!re %all be no sep>ation f ! g5]al mass ( ! bla/+ gelat9e or gelat9e dynamite ( a sub/ance ( less consi/5cy ?an ! bulk ( ! rema9+ portion ( ! mat]ial "u any conditions ( /orage1 transport1 or use1 or :5 ! mat]ial is subject$ ?ree times 9 succession to alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+1 or :5 subject$ to ! liquefaction te/ be=e describ$4 ,picric ,acid4--,! mat]ial %all conta9 n m ?an #j4c "p ( m9]al or non-combu/ible matt] 9 #ajj p>ts by weight ( ! mat]ial dri$ at #afj ,f4 ,x %\ld n conta9 m ?an a m9ute trace ( lead4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( ! dry mat]ial %all n conta9 m ?an #j4c "p ( total 7free & comb9$7 sulphuric acid1 ( :i* n m ?an #j4a "p %all be free sulphuric acid4 ,its melt+ po9t %\ld be betwe5 #bdh & #bec ,f4 ,ammonite1 ,bellite1 ,roburite1 & ,explosives ( simil> ,composition4-- ,^! are requir$ to /& ! same heat te/ z compress$ nitro-cellulose1 gun-cotton1 c4 ,*lorate ,mixtures4--,! mat]ial mu/ n be too s5sitive1 & mu/ %[ no t5d5cy to increase 9 s5sitiv5ess 9 keep+4 ,x mu/ conta9 no?+ liable to r$uce ! *lorate4 ,*lorides calculat$ z potassium *loride mu/ n exce$ #j4be p] c5t4 ,! mat]ial mu/ conta9 no free acid1 or sub/ance liable to produce free acid4 ,explosives ( ?is class conta9+ nitro-comp\nds w be subject to ! heat te/4 ,page's ,regulator4--,! mo/ conv5i5t gas regulator to use 9 connection ) ! heat-te/ app>atus is ! "o inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,f4,j4,m4 ,page1 ,b4,sc4,a 7,fig4 #di74 ,x is n affect$ by v>iations ( ! b>ometric pressure1 & is simple & easy to fit up4 ,x consi/s ( a !rmomet] ) an elongat$ glass bulb #e_/h in* diamet] & #c in*es long4 ,! /em ( ! !rmomet] is #e in*es long & #a_/h in* to #c_/af in* int]nal diamet]4 ,"o & a half in* f ! top ( ! /em is fus$ 9 at "r angles a piece ( glass tube1 #a in* long1 ( ! same diamet] z ! /em1 s z to =m a ,t4 ,a piece ( glass tube 7,a71 ab\t #g_/af in* ext]nal diamet] & #a-a_/b in* long1 is fitt$ at "o end ) a %ort1 s\nd cork 7,c1 ,fig4 #ej74 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ?is cork a hole is bor$1 s t ! /em ( ! !rmomet] j fits into x4 ,! o!r end ( ?is glass tube is clos$ by a tightly fitt+ cork1 pref]ably ( indi>ubb] 7,i71 :i* is pi]c$ by a f9e bradawl ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,into ! hole ?us made is =c$ a piece ( f9e glass tube 7,b7 #c in*es long1 & small en\gh to fit loosely inside ! /em ( ! !rmomet]4 ,footnote ,a3 ,*emical ,soc4 ,j\r41 #ahgf1 i4 #bd4 ,! !rmomet] is fill$ by p\r+ 9 m]cury ?r\gh a small funnel until ! level ( ! m]cury 7:5 ! !rmomet] is at ! desir$ temp]ature7 is ab\t #a-a_/b in* bel[ ! ,t4 ,! piece ( glass tube ,a1 clos$ at its upp] extremity by ! cork ,i1 ?r\gh :i* ! f9e glass tube ,b passes into ! /em ( ! !rmomet]1 is n[ fill$ by means ( ! p]=at$ cork at its l[] extremity on ! /em ( ! !rmomet]4 ,! gas supply tube is atta*$ to ! top ( ! tube ,a1 ! burn] to ! ,t1 s t ! gas passes 9 at ! top1 d[n ! f9e tube ,b1 rises 9 ! space betwe5 ,b & ! inside wall ( ! /em ( ! !rmomet]1 & escapes by ! ,t4 ,! regulator is set = any giv5 temp]ature by pu%+ ! cork ,c1 & consequ5tly ! tubes ,a & ,b1 :i* are firmly atta*$ to x1 up or d[n ! /em ( ! !rmomet]1 until ! regulator j cuts (f ! gas at ! desir$ temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,page',s ,,regulator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,page',s ,,gas ,,regulator1 ,,%[+ ,,bye-,,pass ,,& ,,cut-,,(f ,,arrangem5t4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature falls1 ! m]cury contracts1 & ?us op5s ! end ( ! tube ,b4 ,! gas is ?us turn$ on1 & ! temp]ature rises until ! regulator aga9 cuts (f ! gas4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! possible ext9ction ( ! flame by ! regulator1 ! brass tube :i* c>ries ! gas to ! regulator is connect$ ) ! tube :i* br+s ! gas f ! regulator to ! burn] by a small brass tap 7,fig4 #b74 ,?is tap =ms an adju/able bye-pass1 & ?us a small flame c be kept burn+1 ev5 ?\gh ! regulator be completely %ut (f4 ,x is obvi\s t ! quantity ( gas suppli$ ?r\gh ! bye-pass mu/ always be less ?an t requir$ to ma9ta9 ! desir$ temp]ature4 ,?is regulator1 plac$ 9 a beak] ( wat] on a tripod1 w ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] dur+ f\r or five h\rs )9 #j4b ,c41 & an air ba? dur+ six weeks )9 #j4e ,c4 ,to sum up briefly ! me?od ( us+ ! regulator3--,be+ fill$ ) m]cury to ab\t #ab in* bel[ ! ,t1 atta* ! gas supply z 9 diagram 7,fig4 #b71 ! brass tap be+ op51 & ! tube ,b unclos$ by ! m]cury4 ,all[ ! gas to completely expel ! air 9 ! app>atus4 ,pu% d[n ! tube ,a s t ! end ( ,b is well "u ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,turn (f ! tap ( ! bye-pass until ! smalle/ bead ( flame is visible4 ,raise ,a & ,b1 & all[ ! temp]ature to rise until ! desir$ po9t is atta9$4 ,!n pu% ! tubes ,a & ,b sl[ly d[n until ! flame is j %ut (f4 ,! regulator w !n keep ! temp]ature at t po9t4 ,w's ,te/ = ,nitro-,cellulose4--,! pr9ciple ( ,dr ,w4 ,w's te/,a may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3--,! regul>ity ) :i* nitro- cellulose decomposes "u conditions admitt+ ( ! removal ( ! products ( decomposition imm$iately foll[+ _! =mation is a measure ( its /ability4 ,z decompos+ ag5t a suffici5tly high temp]ature 7#ace ,c47 is employ$1 ! explosive be+ kept 9 a con/antly *ang+ atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxide1 heat$ to ! same temp]ature3 ! oxides ( nitrog5 :i* result are swept ov] r$-hot copp]1 & are !n r$uc$ to nitrog51 & f9ally1 ! rates ( evolution ( nitrog5 are measur$ & comp>$4 ,dr ,w consid]s t ! be/ def9ition & te/ ( a /able nitro-cellulose is t x %\ld give (f at a high temp]ature equal quantities ( nitrog5 9 equal times4 ,= ! purposes ( manufacture1 x is specially important t ! mat]ial %\ld be purifi$ to its limit1 i4e41 ! po9t at :i* fur!r wa%+ produces no fur!r *ange 9 its spe$ ( decomposition measur$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,w4 ,w1 ,mitt4 a4 d4 ,c5trall/elle f4 ,wiss5*4 ,te*n4 ,unt]su*ung5 ,nuo-,babelsb]g ,b]l91 #aijb #b1 #e-bd4 ,! sample ( gun-cotton 7#b4e grms47 is pack$ into ! decomposition tube #ae mm4 wide & #aj cm4 high1 & heat$ by an oil ba? to a con/ant temp]ature1 ! oxides s produc$ are =c$ ov] ignit$ copp]1 :]e !y are r$uc$1 & ! nitrog5 reta9$ 9 ! measur+ tubes4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! acid decomposition products d n cond5se 9 any portion ( ! app>atus4 ,! air 9 ! :ole app>atus is fir/ displac$ by a /ream ( c>bon dioxide issu+ f a c>bon dioxide g5]ator1 or gas-hold]1 & pass+ ?r\gh scrubb]s1 & ?is /ream ( gas is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! exp]im5t1 ! gas be+ absorb$ at ! end ( ! sy/em by /rong solution ( cau/ic pota%4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( explosions1 :i* occasionally occur1 ! decomposition tube & oil ba? are surr\nd$ by a l>ge cas+ ) walls compos$ ( iron plate & /rong glass4 ,dr ,w's app>atus has be5 modifi$ by ,dr ,rob]tson1,a ( ! ,royal ,gunp[d] ,factory1 ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,! =m ( ! app>atus us$ by him is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,co#b ,hold]s4--,al?\gh objection has be5 tak5 to ! use ( compress$ ,,co#b 9 /eel cyl9d]s on acc\nt ( ! alleg$ l>ge & v>iable am\nt ( air pres5t1 x has1 nev]!less1 be5 f\nd possible to obta9 ?is gas ) z little z #j4jb p] c5t4 ( air4 ,frequ5t e/imations ( ! air pres5t 9 ! ,,co#b ( a cyl9d] %[ t ev5 ) ! comm]cial article1 aft] ! bulk ( ! ,,co#b has be5 remov$1 ! residual gas conta9s only a v small am\nt ( air1 :i* decreases 9 a gradual & p]fectly regul> mann]4 ,= example1 "o cyl9d] :i* gave #j4jc p] c5t4 ( air by volume1 aft] ?ree mon?s' con/ant use gave #j4jb p] c5t4 ,! advantage ( us+ ,,co#b f ?is s\rce is obvi\s :5 comp>$ ) ! difficulty ( evolv+ a /ream ( gas ( con/ant composition f a ,kipps or ,f9k5] app>atus4 ,a micromet] screw1 9 addition to ! ma9 valve ( ! ,,co#b cyl9d]1 is useful = gov]n+ ! rate ( fl[4 ,a blank exp]im5t %\ld be made to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( air 9 ! ,,co#b & ! correction made 9 ! read+s aft]w>ds4 ,footnote ,a3 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,june #cj1 #aijb1 p4 #hai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ea4--,w's ,app>atus = ,te/+ ,nitro-cellulose ,measurem5t ( ,pressure & ,rate ( ,fl[4--,great att5tion is paid to ! measurem5t ( ! rate ( fl[ ( gas1 :i* is arriv$ at by c\nt+ ) a /op-wat* ! numb] ( bubbles ( gas p] m9ute 9 a small sulphuric acid wa% bottle4 ,a m]cury manomet] is introduc$ "h1 & is useful = detect+ a leak 9 ! app>atus4 ,! rate ( fl[ t gives ! mo/ satisfactory results is #a1jjj c4c4 p] h\r4 ,if too rapid x does n become suffici5tly preheat$ 9 ! glass spiral1 & if too sl[ !re is a m rapid decomposition ( ! nitro-cellulose by ! oxides ( nitrog5 :i* are n remov$4 ,decomposition ,tube4--,?is is ( ! =m & dim5sions giv5 by ,dr ,w 7#ae mm4 wide & #aj cm4 high71 ! preheat+ worm be+ ( ! ?9ne/ hydromet] /em tub+4 ,! gr\nd-9 exit tube is kept 9 position by a small screw clamp ) trunnion be>+s4 ,ba?4--,to p]mit ( two exp]im5ts be+ c>ri$ on simultane\sly1 ! ba? is adapt$ = two decomposition tubes1 & is on ! pr9ciple ( ,lo?> ,mey]'s air ba?1 t is1 ! ba? prop] fill$ ) a high- fla%+ hydroc>bon oil1 & fitt$ ) a lid p]=at$ ) two circul> holes = ! spiral tubes1 is surr\nd$ by an asbe/os-cov]$ envelope1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* circulate ! products ( combu/ion ( num]\s small gas jets4 ,! /irr]1 agitat$ by a wat] motor1 or1 bett] /ill1 a hot-air eng9e1 has a s]ies ( helical blades curv$ to give a ?or\gh mix+ to ! oil4 ,great uni=mity & con/ancy ( temp]ature are ?us obta9$4 ,! ba? is fitt$ also ) a temp]ature regulator & !rmomet]4 ,r$uction ,tube--,?is is ( copp]1 & consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! out] tube & an inn] rea*+ to ne>ly ! bottom ( ! =m]4 ,into ! inn] tube fits a spiral ( r$uc$ copp] gauze1 & into ! annul> space betwe5 ! tubes is fitt$ a tightly pack$ r$uc$ copp] spiral4 ,at ! bottom ! inlet tube dips into a lay] ( copp] oxide asbe/os1 on ! top ( :i* is a lay] ( r$uc$ copp] asbe/os4 ,?r\gh ! indi>ubb] cork passes a glass tube1 :i* leads ! ,,co#b & nitrog5 out ( ! r$uction tube4 ,z ! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ! spirals is heat$ to r$ness1 wat] jackets are provid$ on bo? inn] & out] tubes to protect ! indi>ubb] cork4 ,nitrog5 ,measur+ ,app>atus4--,! measur+ tube ) zigzag arrangem5t is us$1 hav+ be5 f\nd v economical 9 pota%4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t to take read+s by c\nt]balanc+ ! column ( pota% solution & read+ (f ! volume ( gas at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,= ?is purpose ! tap imm$iately 9 front ( ! measur+ tube is mom5t>ily clos$1 ?is hav+ be5 prov$ to be )\t ill effect on ! progress ( ! te/4 ,9 all exp]im5ts done by ?is te/ ! air correction is subtract$ f ea* read+1 & ! rema9d] br\ght to milligrams ( nitrog5 ) ! usual corrections4 ,z objection has frequ5tly be5 tak5 to ! te/ on ! gr\nd ( difficulty 9 int]pret+ ! results obta9$1 ,dr ,rob]tson made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( /&>dis+ ! te/1 & at ! same "t ( arriv+ at ! condition "u :i* x c\ld be appli$ 9 ! mo/ s5sitive & effici5t mann]4 ,a v>iety ( nitro-celluloses hav+ be5 te/$1 !re 7 *os5 z typical1 ( /able & un/able products1 s]vice gun-cotton on ! "o h&1 & an exp]im5tal gun- cotton1 ,z1 on ! o!r4 ,! fir/ po9t br\ght out by ^! exp]im5ts 0 ! /rik+ uni=mity ( s]vice gun-cotton1 fir/ 9 reg>d to ! rectil9e> nature ( ! curve ( evolution ( nitrog51 & secondly 9 reg>d to ! small range )9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( results is includ$1 #ae samples ly+ betwe5 #f4f & #h4g mgms4 ( nitrog5 evolv$ 9 f\r h\rs4 ,9 ! case ( s]vice gun-cotton1 little diff]5ce 9 ! rate ( evolution ( nitrog5 evolv$ is obta9$ on alt]+ ! rate ( passage ( ,,co#b gas ?r\gh ! wide range ( #ejj c4c4 p] h\r to #b1ejj c4c4 p] h\r4 ,) ,z gun-cotton 7see ,fig4 #eb71 h[ev]1 ! case is v diff]5t4 ,op]at+ at a rate ( #a1jjj c4c4 ( ,,co#b p] h\r1 a curve ( nitrog5 evolution is obta9$1 :i* is b5t & =ms a good repres5tation ( ! inh]5t in/ability ( ! mat]ial z prov$ to exi/ f o!r consid]ations4 ,op]at+ at ! rate ( #a1ejj c4c4 p] h\r1 z recomm5d$ by ,dr ,w1 ! evolution ( nitrog5 is repres5t$ by a /raight l9e1 /eep]1 h[ev]1 ?an t ( s]vice gun-cotton4 ,! rate ( passage ( ,,co#b 0 !re=e *os5 at #a1jjj c4c4 p] h\r1 or two-?irds ( ! rate ( ,dr ,w1 & ?is rate1 besides possess+ ! advantage claim$ ( r5d]+ diagno/ic ! mann] ( nitrog5 evolution 9 ,z gun-cotton1 has 9 o!r cases be5 useful 9 br++ out relation%ips1 :i* ! high] rate w\ld h entirely mask$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,dr4 ,rob]tson's results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,s]vice ,guncotton = ,cordite made at a ,private ,factory4 ,read+s are tak5 ?irty m9utes f ! "t ! nitro-cellulose is heat$1 & are tak5 at int]vals ( fifte5 m9utes = ab\t f\r h\rs2 fre% cau/ic pota% is add$ e ?irty m9utes or s4 ,x is conv5i5t to plot ! results 9 curves4 ,! curves giv5 9 ,fig4 #ec are f gun-cotton manufactur]s 9 ,engl& at a private factory4 ,! rate ( evolution ( nitrog5 is z foll[s3-- ,9 #a h\r4 ,9 #b h\rs4 ,9 #c h\rs4 ,9 #d h\rs4 ,n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,n4 9 milligrammes4 #a4be #b4ee #d4e #e4ge #a4e #c4be #e4be #f4ge ,^! results are v satisfactory1 ! gun-cotton 0 ( a v good quality4 ,sev]al h\rs are necess>y to remove all ! air f ! app>atus4 ,dr ,w /at$ fifte5 m9utes 9 8 orig9al pap]1 b ?is has n be5 f\nd suffici5t4 ,x has n be5 satisfactorily prov$ t ,w's te/ c be appli$ to gelat9is$ nitro-cellulose p[d]s4 ,x is conv5i5t to plot ! results 9 curves2 ! nitrog5 is g5]ally giv5 9 cubic c5timetres or 9 milligrammes1 & read+s tak5 e fifte5 m9utes4 ,! /eepness ( ! curve is a measure ( ! /ability ( ! nitro-cellulose :i* is be+ exam9$4 ,! /eep] ! curve ! m nitrog5 is evolv$ p] unit ( "t1 & ! less /able ! nitro- cellulose4 ,9 ! case ( un/able nitro-celluloses heat$ "u ! conditions describ$1 ! sep>ation ( nitrog5 is mu* great] at fir/ ?an at a lat] p]iod4 ,if ! nitro-cellulose be v un/able1 explosions are produc$4 ,if ! sep>ation ( nitrog5 is uni=m dur+ ! prolong$ heat+1 !n ! nitro-cellulose may be reg>d$ z normal4 ,if x be desir$ to det]m9e ! absolute am\nt ( nitrog5 sep>at$ f a nitro-cellulose1 ! foll[+ conditions mu/ be obs]v$3--7#a47 ,accurate weigh+ ( ! nitro-cellulose2 7#b47 ,det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( air 9 ! ,,co#b1 & d$uction ( ?is f ! volume ( gas obta9$2 7#c47 ,r$uction ( ! volume ( ! gas to ! volume at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 pressure4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,see also ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,dec4 #aijb1 pages #aede-aeee1 on ! ,/ability ( ,nitro-cellulose & ,exam9ation ( ,nitro- cellulose1 ,dr ,w4 ,b]grnann & ,junk,a describe a te/ = nitro-cellulose t has be5 9 use 9 ! ,prussian te/+ /ation = "s ye>s4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a clos$ copp] ba? provid$ ) a cond5s] & #aj c\nt]sunk tubes ( #bj cm4 l5g?4 ,by boil+ amyl-alcohol 9 ! ba?1 ! tubes c be kept at a con/ant temp]ature ( #acb ,c4 ,! explosive to be te/$ is plac$ 9 a glass tube #ce cm4 long & #b cm4 wide1 hav+ a gr\nd neck into :i* an absorption bulb is fitt$4 ,! :ole app>atus is surr\nd$ by a %ield1 9 case ( explosion4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! te/1 #b grms4 ( ! explosive are plac$ 9 ! glass tube & well press$ d[n4 ,! absorption bulb is half fill$ ) wat]1 & fitt$ into ! gr\nd neck ( ! glass tube1 :i* is !n plac$ 9 "o ( ! tubes 9 ! ba? previ\sly br\ght to ! boil+ po9t 7#acb ,c474 ,! evolv$ oxides ( nitrog5 are absorb$ 9 ! wat] 9 ! bulb1 & at ! end ( two h\rs ! tubes are remov$ f ! ba?1 & on cool+1 ! wat] f ! bulb fl[s back & wets ! explosive4 ,! cont5ts ( ! tube are filt]$ & wa%$1 ! filtrate is oxidis$ ) p]manganate1 & ! nitrog5 det]m9$ z nitric oxide by ! ,s*ultze-,tieman me?od4 ,! au?ors conclude t a /able gun-cotton does n evolve m ?an #b4e c4c4 ( nitric oxide p] grm4 on be+ heat$ to #acb ,c4 = two h\rs1 & a /able collodion-cotton n m ?an #b c4c4 "u ! same conditions4 ,! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 ! sample to be te/$ %\ld be kept z l[ z possible4 ,a sample ( nitro-cellulose conta9+ #a4ig ( moi/ure gave an evolution ( #b4f c4c4 p] grm41 :ile ! same sample ) #c4d moi/ure gave an evolution ( ov] #ej c4c4 p] grm4 ,sodium c>bonate add$ to an un/able nitro-cellulose dim9i%es ! rate ( decomposition1 b if sodium c>bonate be intimately mix$ ) a /able nitro-cellulose ! rate ( decomposition w be increas$4 ,calcium c>bonate & m]cury *loride h no influ5ce4 ,if an un/able nitro- cellulose be extract$ ) alcohol a /able comp\nd is produc$4 ,! p]c5tage solubility ( a nitro-cellulose 9 e!r-alcohol rises on heat+ to #acb ,c4 ,a sample :i* be=e heat+ _h a solubility ( #d4g _h its solubility increas$ to #hb4e aft] six h\rs' heat+4 ,footnote ,a3 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 xxiii41 ,oct4 #ae1 #aijd1 p4 #iec4 ,mr ,a4,p4 ,sy 7,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aijc7 describes a new /ability te/ = nitro-cellulose :i* he t]ms ,! ,ela/ic ,limit ( ,p[d] ,resi/ance to ,heat4 ,! te/ consi/s 9 heat+ ! p[d] on a wat* glass 9 an ov5 to a temp]ature ( #aae ,c41 aft] eight h\rs ! wat* glass & p[d] are weigh$ & ! process repeat$ daily = six days or less4 ,he claims t ! p[d] is te/$ 9 its natural /ate1 all ! products ( decomposition are tak5 into acc\nt1 :il/ 9 ! old te/s only ! acid products are %[n1 & 9 ! ,w te/ only nitrog51 t x af=ds an indication ( ! effect ( small quantities ( add$ sub/ances or =eign matt]s on ! /ability & t x is simple1 & n subject to ! v>iations ( ! old te/s4 ,ob]mll] 7,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,april #ae1 #aije7 consid]s ,b]gmann & ,junk's te/ is too complicat$ & occupies too mu* "t2 he proposes to heat gun-cotton to #adj ,c4 9 vacuo1 & to measure cont9u\sly by means ( a m]cury manomet] ! pressure ex]t$ by ! evolv$ gases1 ! latt] be+ ma9ta9$ at con/ant volume2 ! rate at :i* ! pressure increases is a measure ( ! rate ( decomposition ( ! nitro- cellulose4 ,,specific ,,gravities ,,( ,,explosives1 ,c4 ,nitro-glyc]9e #a4f ,gun-cotton 7dry7 #a4jf 7#be p] c5t4 wat]7 #a4cb ,dynamite ,no4 #a #a4fb ,bla/+ gelat9e #a4ed ,gelat9e dynamite #a4ee ,balli/ite #a4f ,=cite #a4ea ,tonite #a4bh ,roburite #a4dj ,bellite #a4b-a4d ,c>bo-dynamite #a4e ,turp9's ca/ picric acid #a4f ,nitro-mannite #a4f ,nitro-/>* #a4e ,emm5site #a4h ,mono-nitro-b5z5e #a4b ,meta-di-nitro-b5z5e #a4ege at #ah ,c4 ,or?o-di-nitro-b5z5e #a4eij ,p>a-di-nitro-b5z5e #a4fbe ,briti% gunp[d]1 ,e4,x4,e4 #a4hj ,s4,b4,c4 #a4he ,cannonite 7p[d]7 #a4fj ,celluloid #a4ce ,cellulose #a4de ,ammonium nitrate #a4gjg ,m]cury fulm9ate #d4db ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,detonation4 ,bla/+ gelat9e #cbbj ,nitro-glyc]9e #cagj ,dynamite #bidj ,gun-cotton #bfej ,tonite #bfdh ,picric acid #bfbj ,roburite #bajj ,ammonia nitrate #aacj ,,relative ,,s5sitiv5ess ,,to ,,detonation 7by ,pr(essor ,c4,e4 ,munroe1 ,u4,s4 ,naval ,torp$o ,/ation74 ,maximum ,di/ance at :i* ,detonation occurr$4 ,,cm4 ,gun-cotton #aj ,nitro-glyc]9e #hf4e nitro-cotton #i4e1 camphor #d p] c5t4 ,explosive gelat9e #bj ,,nh#d,,no#c #e p>ts1 7camphorat$7 ,c#f;,h#d7,n#jc7b #a "p4 ,judson p[d]1 ,r4,r4,p4 #be ,emm5site 7,no4 #bei7 #cj ,rack-a-rock #cb ,k,cl,o#c #gi p>ts1 ,c#f;,h#e7,,no7#b #ba p>ts4 ,bellite #ej ,=cite ,no4 #a #fa ,kieselguhr dynamite ,no4 #a #fd #ge p] c5t4 nitro-gyc]9e4 ,atlas p[d] ,no4 #a #gd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,relative ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,explosives4 ,effectiv5ess ( an ,explosive--,high & ,l[ ,explosives--,!oretical ,effici5cy--,,mm4 ,r\x & ,s>rau's ,results--,abel & ,noble's--,nobel's ,balli/ic ,te/--,! ,mort>1 ,pressure1 or ,cru%] ,gauge--,lead ,cyl9d]s-- ,! ,foot-,p\nds ,ma*9e--,noble's ,pressure ,gauge--,lieut5ant ,walke's ,results--,calculation ( ,pressure ,develop$ by ,dynamite & ,gun-,cotton-- ,macnab's & ,ri/ori's ,results ( ,heat ,develop$ by ! ,explosion ( ,v>i\s ,explosives--,composition ( "s ( ! ,explosives 9 ,common ,use = ,bla/+1 c4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,relative ,/r5g? ( ,explosives4--,explosives may be r\ghly divid$ into two divisions1 viz41 ^? :i* :5 explod$ produce a %att]+ =ce1 & ^? :i* produce a propulsive =ce4 ,explosives ( ! fir/ class are g5]ally kn[n z ! high explosives1 & consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( nitro comp\nds1 or mixtures ( nitro comp\nds ) o!r sub/ances4 ,any explosive ^: detonation is v rapid is a high explosive1 b ! t]m has *iefly be5 appli$ to ! nitro-explosives4 ,! effectiv5ess ( an explosive dep5ds ^u ! volume & temp]ature ( ! gases =m$1 & ^u ! rapidity ( ! explosion4 ,9 ! high explosives ! *emical trans=mation is v rapid1 h5ce !y ex]t a cru%+ ( %att]+ effect4 ,gunp[d]1 on ! o!r h&1 is a l[ explosive1 & produces a propell+ or heav+ effect4 ,! maximum "w t an explosive is capable ( produc+ is proportionate to ! am\nt ( heat dis5gag$ dur+ its *emical trans=mation4 ,?is may be express$ 9 kilogrammetres by ! =mula #dbe,q1 :]e ,q is ! numb] ( units ( heat evolv$4 ,! !oretical effici5cy ( an explosive _c1 h[ev]1 be expect$ 9 practice = _m reasons4 ,9 ! case ( bla/+ rock1 = in/ance3,a--#a4 ,incomplete combu/ion ( ! explosive4 #b4 ,compression & *emical *anges induc$ 9 ! surr\nd+ mat]ial op]at$ on4 #c4 ,en]gy exp5d$ 9 ! crack+ & heat+ ( ! mat]ial :i* is n displac$4 #d4 ,! escape ( gas ?r\gh ! bla/-hole1 & ! fissures caus$ by ! explosion4 ,! proportion ( useful "w has be5 e/imat$ to be f #ad to #cc p] c5t4 ( ! !oretical maximum pot5tial4 ,footnote ,a3 ,c4,n4 ,hake1 ,gov]nm5t ,inspector ( ,explosives1 ,victoria1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ahhi4 ,= ! purposes ( comp>ison1 manufactur]s g5]ally rely m ^u ! practical ?an ! !oretical effici5cy ( an explosive4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 /& 9 ! same relation to "o ano!r1 z ! foll[+ table ( ,messrs ,r\x & ,s>rau w %[3-- ,,me*anical ,,equival5t ,,( ,,explosives4 ,!oretical ,"w ,relative 9 ,kilos4 ,value4 ,bla/+ p[d] 7#fb p] c5t4 ,,kno#c7 #bdb1cce #a4j ,dynamite 7#ge p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e7 #edh1bej #b4bf ,bla/+ gelat9e 7#ib p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e7 #gff1hac #c4af ,nitro-glyc]9e #gid1efc #c4bh ,exp]im5ts made 9 lead cyl9d]s give-- ,dynamite #a4j ,bla/+ gelat9e #a4d ,nitro-glyc]9e #a4d ,sir ,fr$]ick ,abel & ,capta9 ,w4,h4 ,noble1 ,r4,a41 h %[n t ! maximum pressure ex]t$ by gunp[d] is equal to #dhf foot-tons p] lb4 ( p[d]1 or t :5 #a kilo1 ( ! p[d] gases occupy ! volume ( #a litre1 ! pressure is equal to #f1djj atmosph]es2 & ,b]!lot has calculat$ t e gramme ( nitro-glyc]9e explod$ gives #a1cbj units ( heat4 ,,mm4 ,r\x & ,s>rau1 ( ! ,dept ,c5trales des ,p\dres1 ,p>is1 by means ( calorimetric det]m9ations1 h %[n t ! foll[+ units ( heat are produc$ by ! detonation (-- ,nitro-glyc]9e #a1ghd heat units4 ,gun-cotton #a1abc ,potassic picrate #hdj :i*1 multipli$ by ! me*anical equival5t p] unit1 gives-- ,nitro-glyc]9e #ggh metre tons p] kilogramme4 ,gun-cotton #dhi ,picrate ( pota% #cff ,nobel's ,balli/ic ,te/4--,alfr$ ,nobel 0 ! fir/ to make use ( ! mort> te/ to measure ! 7balli/ic7 p[] ( explosives4 ,! use ( ! mort> = measur+ ! relative p[] ( explosives does n give v accurate results1 b at ! same "t ! in=mation obta9$ is ( consid]able value f a practical po9t ( view4 ,! mort> consi/s ( a solid cyl9d] ( ca/ iron1 "o end ( :i* has be5 bor$ to a dep? ( #i in*es1 ! diamet] ( ! bore be+ #d in*es4 ,at ! bottom ( ! bore-hole is a /eel disc #c in*es ?ick1 9 :i* ano!r hole has be5 bor$ #c in*es by #b in*es4 ,! mort> 7,fig4 #ed7 itself is fitt$ ) trunnions1 & firmly fix$ 9 a v solid wood5 c>riage1 :i* is securely bolt$ d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! %ot us$ %\ld weigh #bh lbs41 & be turn$ accurately to fit ! bore ( ! mort>4 ,d[n its c5tre is a hole ?r\gh :i* ! fuse is put4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( mak+ an exp]im5t3--,a piece ( h>d wood is turn$ 9 ! la! to exactly fit ! hole 9 ! /eel disc at ! bottom ( ! bore4 ,?is wood5 cyl9d] itself conta9s a small cavity into :i* ! explosive is put4 ,t5 grms4 is a v conv5i5t quantity4 ,be=e plac+ 9 ! mort>1 a hole may be made 9 ! explosive by means ( a piece ( glass rod ( su* a size t ! detonator to be us$ w j fit into x4 ,aft] plac+ ! wood5 cyl9d] conta9+ ! explosive 9 ! cavity at ! bottom ( ! bore1 ! %ot1 slightly oil$1 is all[$ to fall g5tly d[n on to x4 ,a piece ( fuse ab\t a foot long1 & fitt$ ) a detonator1 is n[ pu%$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ot until ! detonator is emb$d$ 9 ! explosive4 ,! fuse is n[ light$1 & ! di/ance to :i* ! %ot is ?r[n is c>efully measur$4 ,! range %\ld be m>k$ out ) pegs into y>ds & fractions ( y>ds1 especially at ! end opposite to ! mort>4 ,! mort> %\ld be incl9$ at an angle ( #de4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) ?is app>atus1 ! =ce & direction ( ! w9d w be f\nd to h consid]able influ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,mort> ,,= ,,measur+ ,,! ,,balli/ic ,,p[] ,,( ,,explosives4 ,a1 ,%ot2 ,b1 ,/eel ,disc2 ,c1 ,section ( ,mort> 7,ca/ ,iron72 ,d1 ,wood5 ,plug hold+ ,explosive 7,e72 ,f1 ,fuse4 ,mr ,t4 ,johnson made "s balli/ic te/s4 ,he us$ a /eel mort> & a %ot weigh+ #bi ,ibs41 & he adopt$ ! plan ( measur+ ! di/ance to :i* a giv5 *>ge1 #e grms41 w\ld ?r[ ! %ot4 ,he obta9$ ! foll[+ results3-- ,range 9 ,feet4 ,bla/+ gelat9e 7#ij p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e & nitro-cellulose7 #cib ,ammonite 7#fj p] c5t4 ,am7,,no#c7 & #aj p] c5t4 nitro-naph?al5e7 #caj ,gelignite 7#fj p] c5t4 nitro-gelat9e & gun-cotton7 #cjf ,roburite 7,am,n,o#c & *loro-nitro-b5zol7 #bid ,no4 #a dynamite 7#ge p] c5t4 nitro-gelat9e7 #bfd ,/onite 7#fh p] c5t4 nitro-gelat9e & #cb p] c5t4 wood-meal7 #bec ,gun-cotton #bcd ,tonite 7gun-cotton & nitrates7 #bbc ,c>bonite 7#be p] c5t4 nitro-gelat9e1 #dj p] c5t4 wood-meal1 & #cj p] c5t4 nitrates7 #aih ,securite 7,,kno#c & nitro-b5zol7 #ahc ,gunp[d] #adc ,calculation ( ! ,volume ( ,gas ,evolv$ 9 an ,explosive ,reaction4--,! volume ( gas evolv$ 9 an explosive reaction may be calculat$1 b only :5 !y are simple & /able products1 su* calculations be+ made at #j & #gfj mm4 ,let x be requir$1 = example1 to det]m9e ! volume ( gas evolv$ by #a gram-molecule ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! explosive reaction ( nitro-glyc]9e may be repres5t$ by ! equation4 ,c#c;,h#e,o#c7,,no#b7c #c;,,co#b #b-a_/b;,h#b,o #a-a_/b,n#b #a_/d,o#b ,by weight #bbg #acb #de #db #h ,by volume #b #c #b-a_/b #a-a_/b #a_/d ,! weights ( ! sev]al products ( ! above reactions are calculat$ by multiply+ _! specific gravities by ! weight ( #a litre ( hydrog5 at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 7#j4jhif grm74 ,?us1 ,"o litre ( ,,co#b #bb x 4#jhif #a4igab grm4 ,h#b,o #i x #j4hjfd ,n#b #ad x #a4bedd ,o#b #af x #a4dccf ,! volume ( p]man5t gases at #j & #gfj mm4 is con/ant1 & assum+ ! gramme z ! unit ( mass1 is f\nd to be #bb4cb litres4 ,?us3-- ,volume ( #dd ( ,,co#b1 at #j & #gfj mm4 #dd_/a4igab #bb4cb litres4 #ah ,h#b,o #ah_/j4hjdd #bb4cb #bh ,n#b #bh_/a4bedd #bb4cb #cb ,o#b #cb_/a4dcff #bb4cb ,!re=e #acb grms4 ( ,,co#b at #j ,c & #gfj mm4 #bb4cb x #c #ff4if litres4 #de ,h#b,o #bb4cb x #b-a_/b #ee4hj #db ,n#b #bb4cb x #a-a_/b #cc4dh #h ,o#b #bb4cb x #a_/d #e4eh #afa4hb ,!re=e #a gram-molecule or #bbg grms4 ( nitro-glyc]9e :5 explod$1 produces #afa4hb litres ( gas at #j ,c & #gfj mm4 ,to det]m9e ! volume ( gas at ! temp]ature ( explosion1 we simply apply ! law ( ,*>les4,a ,?us-- ,v 3 ,v' 33 ,t 3 ,t' or ,v' ,,vt'_/,t 9 :i* ,v repres5ts ! orig9al volume4 ,v' new volume4 ,t orig9al temp]ature on ! absolute scale4 ,t' new temp]ature ( ! same scale ,9 ! pres5t case ,t' #fjja4 ,!re=e sub/itut+1 we h ,v' #afa4hbx#fjja_/bgc #ceeg litres or at ! temp]ature ( explosion #a gram-molecule ( nitro-glyc]9e produces #c1eeg litres ( p]man5t gas4 ,footnote ,a3 ,accord+ to ! law ( ,*>les1 ! volume ( any gas v>ies directly z its temp]ature on ! absolute scale1 provid$ ! pressure rema9s con/ant4 ,kn[+ ! temp]ature on ! c5tigrade scale1 ! correspond+ temp]ature on ! absolute scale is obta9$ by add+ #bgc to ! degrees c5tigrade4 ,pressure or ,cru%] ,gauge4--,!re are _m =ms ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,z long ago z #agib ,c\nt ,rum=d us$ a pressure gauge4 ,! s-call$ cru%] gauge 01 h[ev]1 fir/ us$ by ,capta9 ,sir ,&rew ,noble 9 8 rese>*es on p[d]4 ,o!r =ms are ! ,rodman,a pun* ,u*atius ,epr\vette1 & ! cru%] gauge ( ! ,engli% ,commission on ,explosives4 ,!y are all bas$ ei!r ^u ! size ( an ind5t made ^u a copp] disc by a /eel pun* fitt$ to a pi/on1 act$ ^u by ! gases ( ! explosive1 or ^u ! cru%+ or flatt5+ ( copp] or lead cyl9d]s4 ,footnote ,a3 ,inv5t$ by ,g5]al ,rodman1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,eng9e]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,pressure ,,gauge4 ,b]!lot uses a cyl9d] ( copp]1 z also did ! ,engli% ,commission1 b 9 ! simpl] =m ( app>atus mo/ly us$ by manufactur]s lead cyl9d]s are us$4 ,?is =m ( app>atus 7,fig4 #ee7 consi/s ( a base ( iron to :i* f\r uprights a are fix$1 set r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( a #d-;in* circle2 ! lead plug re/s ^u ! /eel base let into ! solid iron block4 ,a r+ c holds ! uprights d toge!r at ! top4 ,! pi/on b1 :i* re/s ^u ! lead plug1 is a cyl9d] ( temp]$ /eel #d in*es 9 diamet] & #e in*es 9 l5g?2 x is turn$ away at ! sides to light5 x z mu* z possible4 ,x %\ld move freely betwe5 ! uprights d4 ,9 ! top ( ?is cyl9d] is a cavity to hold ! *>ge ( explosive4 ,! weight ( ?is pi/on is #ab-a_/d lbs4 ,! %ot e is ( temp]$ /eel1 & #d in*es 9 diamet] & #aj in*es 9 l5g?1 & weighs #cd-a_/b lbs4 ,x is bor$ ?r\gh its axis to receive a capp$ fuse4 ,! in/rum5t is us$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a plug ( lead #a in* long & #a in* 9 diamet]1 & ( a cyl9drical =m1 is plac$ ^u ! /eel plate betwe5 ! uprights a1 ! pi/on plac$ ^u x1 ! c>efully weigh$ explosive plac$ 9 ! cavity1 & ! %ot l[]$ g5tly ^u ! pi/on4 ,a piece ( fuse1 ) a detonator fix$ at "o end1 is !n pu%$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! %ot until x rea*es ! explosive conta9$ 9 ! cavity 9 ! pi/on4 ,! fuse is light$4 ,:5 ! *>ge is explod$1 ! %ot is ?r[n out1 & ! lead cyl9d] is m or less compress$4 ,! lead plugs mu/ be ( a uni=m d5sity & homog5e\s /ructure1 & %\ld be cut f lead rods t h be5 drawn1 & n ca/ sep>ately f small masses ( metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;b1 ,,/eel ,,pun*2 c1 ,,lead ,,cyl9d] ,,= ,,use ,,) ,,pressure ,,gauge4 ,! /r5g? ( ! explosive is proportional to ! "w p]=m$ 9 r$uc+ ! height ( ! lead 7or copp]7 plug1 & to get an expression = ! "w done x is necess>y to f9d ! numb] ( foot-p\nds 7or kilogrammetres7 requir$ to produce ! diff]5t am\nts ( compression4 ,?is is done by submitt+ exactly simil> cyl9d]s ( lead to a cru%+ "u weights act+ )\t initial velocity1 & measur+ ! r$uc$ heights ( ! cyl9d]s2 f ^! results a table is con/ruct$ e/abli%+ empirical relations betwe5 ! r$uc$ heights & ! correspond+ weights2 ! cyl9d]s are measur$ bo? be=e & aft] ins]tion 9 ! pressure gauge by means ( an in/rum5t kn[n z ! micromet] calip]s 7,fig4 #eg74;,a ,footnote ,a3 ,an in/rum5t call$ a ,foot-p\nds ,ma*9e has be5 inv5t$ by ,lieut4 ,qu9an1 ,u4,s4 ,army4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree bo>ds1 connect$ s z to =m a slide #af feet high1 9 :i* a weight 7! %ot ( ! pressure gauge7 c fall freely4 ,"o ( ! bo>ds is graduat$ into feet & half feet4 ,! horizontal bo>d at ! bottom1 ^u :i* ! o!rs are nail$1 re/s ^u a heavy po/ set deep 9 ! gr\nd1 ^u :i* is plac$ ! pi/on ( ! gauge1 :i* 9 ?is case s]ves z an anvil on :i* to place ! lead cyl9d]s4 ,! %ot is rais$ by means ( a pulley1 fix$ at ! top ( ! /ructure1 to any desir$ height1 & let g by releas+ ! clut* t holds x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al l5g? & ! r$uc$ l5g? gives ! compression caus$ by ! bl[ ( ! %ot 9 fall+1 & gives ! value 9 foot-p\nds requir$ to produce ! diff]5t am\nts ( compression4 7,vide ,j\r4 ,u4,s4 ,naval ,in/41 #ahib47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,micromet] ,,calip]s ,,= ,,measur+ ,,diamet] ,,( ,,lead ,,cyl9d]s4 ,! ,use ( ,lead ,cyl9d]s4--,! me?od ( us+ lead cyl9d]s to te/ ! /r5g? ( an explosive is a v simple affair1 & is conduct$ z foll[s3--,a solid ca/ lead cyl9d]1 ( any conv5i5t size1 is bor$ d[n ! c5tre = "s in*es1 g5]ally until ! bore-hole rea*es to ab\t ! c5tre ( ! block4 ,! volume ( ?is hole is !n accurately measur$ by p\r+ wat] into x f a graduat$ measure1 & its capacity 9 cubic c5timetres not$4 ,! bore-hole is !n empti$ & dri$1 & a weigh$ quantity 7say #aj grms47 ( ! explosive press$ well d[n to ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,a hole is !n made 9 ! explosive 7if dynamite7 ) a piece ( clean & r\nd$ glass rod1 l>ge en\gh to take ! detonator4 ,a piece ( fuse1 fitt$ ) a detonator1 is !n ins]t$ into ! explosive & light$4 ,aft] ! explosion a l>ge pe>- %ap$ cavity w be f\nd to h be5 =m$1 ! volume ( :i* is !n measur$ 9 ! same way z be=e4 ,! results ?us obta9$ are only relative1 b are ( consid]able value = comp>+ dynamites among !mselves 7or gun-cottons74 ,exp]im5ts 9 lead cyl9d]s gave ! relative values = nitro-glyc]9e #a4d1 bla/+ gelat9e #a4d1 & dynamite #a4j4 7,fig4 #eh %[s sections ( lead cyl9d]s be=e & aft] use47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,lead ,,cyl9d]s ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,use4 ,/&>d regulations = ! prep>ation ( lead cyl9d]s may be f\nd 9 ! ,*em4 ,zeit41 #aijc1 #bg #gd1 #hih4 ,!y 7 drawn up by ! ,fif? ,int]national ,congress ( ,app4 ,*em41 ,b]l94 ,! cyl9d] ( lead %\ld be #bjj mm4 9 height & #bjj mm4 9 diamet]4 ,9 its axis is a bore-hole1 #abe mm4 deep & #be mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! lead us$ mu/ be pure & s(t1 & ! cyl9d] us$ 9 a s]ies ( te/s mu/ be ca/ f ! same melt4 ,! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d]s %\ld be #ae to #bj ?r\gh\t4 ,t5 grms4 ( explosive %\ld be us$ & wrapp$ 9 t9-foil4 ,a detonator ) a *>ge ( #b grms41 to be fir$ electrically1 is plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! explosive4 ,! c>tridge is plac$ 9 ! bore-hole1 & g5tly press$ aga9/ ! bottom1 ! fir+ wires be+ kept 9 c5tral position4 ,! bore-hole is !n fill$ ) dry qu>tz s&1 :i* mu/ pass ?r\gh a sieve ( #add me%es to ! sq4 cm41 ! wires be+ 4#ce mm4 diamet]4 ,! s& is fill$ 9 ev5ly1 any excess be+ levell$ (f4 ,! *>ge ?us prep>$ is !n fir$ electrically4 ,! lead cyl9d] is !n inv]t$1 & any residues remov$ ) a bru%4 ,! numb] ( c4c4 ( wat] requir$ to fill ! cavity1 9 excess ( ! orig9al volume ( ! bore-hole1 is a measure ( ! /r5g? ( ! explosive4 ,! results are only comp>able if made ) ! same class ( explosive4 ,a result is to be ! mean ( at lea/ ?ree exp]im5ts4 ,! accuracy ( ! me?od dep5ds on 7a7 ! uni=m temp]ature ( ! lead cyl9d] 7#ae to #bj ,c4 #g72 7b7 on ! uni=mity ( ! qu>tz s&2 7c7 on ! uni=mity ( ! measurem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,,noble',s ,,pressure ,,gauge4 ,noble's ,pressure ,gauge4--,! orig9al explosive vessels us$ by ,capta9 ,sir ,a4 ,noble 9 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 7 practically exactly simil> to ^? t he n[ employs1 :i* consi/s ( a /eel b>rel ,a 7,fig4 #ei71 op5 at bo? ends1 :i* are clos$ by c>efully fitt$ screw plugs1 furni%$ ) /eel gas *ecks to prev5t any escape pa/ ! screw4 ,! action ( ! gas *ecks is exactly ! same z ! lea!rs us$ 9 hydraulic presses4 ,! pressure ( ! gas act+ on bo? sides ( ! annul> space presses ^! sides firmly aga9/ ! cyl9d] & aga9/ ! plug1 & s effectually prev5ts any escape4 ,9 ! fir+ plug ,f is a conical hole clos$ by a cone fitt+ ) great exactness1 :i*1 :5 ! vessel is prep>$ = fir+1 is cov]$ ) f9e tissue pap] to act z an insulator4 ,! two fir+ wires ,,gg1 "o 9 ! insulat$ cone1 ! o!r 9 ! fir+ plug1 are connect$ by a v f9e plat9um wire pass+ ?r\gh a glass tube fill$ ) meal p[d]4 ,! wire becomes r$-hot :5 connection is made ) a ,leclan* batt]y1 & ! *>ge :i* has previ\sly be5 ins]t$ into ! vessel is fir$4 ,! cru%] plug is fitt$ ) a cru%] gauge ,h = det]m9+ ! pressure ( ! gases at ! mom5t ( explosion1 & 9 addition !re is frequ5tly a second cru%] gauge app>atus screw$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 x is desir$ to all[ ! gases to escape = exam9ation1 ! screw ,j is slightly )drawn4 ,! gases !n pass into ! passage ,i1 & c be l$ to suitable app>atus 9 :i* _! volume c be measur$1 or 9 :i* !y c be seal$ = subsequ5t *emical analysis4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts ) ?is app>atus2 x is p>ticul>ly necess>y to be sure t all ! jo9ts are p]fectly tight be=e explod+ ! *>ge4 ,%\ld ?is n be ! case1 ! gases ^u _! g5]ation w cut _! way out1 or completely bl[ out ! "p improp]ly secur$1 9 ei!r case de/roy+ ! app>atus4 ,! effect produc$ ^u ! app>atus :5 ! gas has escap$ by cutt+ a passage = itself is v curi\s4 ,! surface ( ! metal :]e ! escape occurr$ pres5ts ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 wa%$ away 9 a /ate ( fusion by ! ru% ( ! highly heat$ products4 ,! ,pressure ,gauge4--,! pressure is f\nd by ! use ( a little in/rum5t kn[n z ! pressure gauge :i* consi/s ( a small *amb] =m$ ( /eel1 inside ( :i* is a copp] cyl9d]1 & ! entrance be+ clos$ by a screw gl&1 9 :i* a pi/on1 hav+ a def9ite sectional area1 works4 ,!re is a gas *eck ,e 7,fig4 #fj7 plac$ 9 ! gl&1 & ov] ! pi/on1 :i* prev5ts ! admission ( gas to ! *amb]4 ,:5 x is desir$ to f9d ! pressure 9 ! *amb] ( a gun1 "o or m ( ^! cru%]s are made up ) or ins]t$ at ! extreme re> end ( ! c>tridge1 9 ord] to avoid _! be+ bl[n out ( ! gun :5 fir$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 (t5 takes place1 9 :i* case ! gauges are usually f\nd a few y>ds 9 front ( ! muzzle4 ,! copp] cyl9d]s :i* regi/] ! pressure are made #j4e in* long f specially select$ copp]1 ! diamet]s be+ regulat$ to give a sectional area ( ei!r #a_/ab or #a_/bd squ>e in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,cru%] ,,gauge4 ,e1 ,,gas ,,*eck4 ,holl[ copp] cyl9d]s are manufactur$ ) r$uc$ sectional areas = measur+ v small pressures4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ^! copp] cyl9d]s are compress$ to def9ite l5g?s = c]ta9 pressures ) rem>kable uni=mity4 ,?us a copp] cyl9d] hav+ a sectional area ( #a_/ab squ>e in*1 & orig9ally #a_/b in* long1 is cru%$ to a l5g? ( #j4db in* by a pressure ( #aj tons p] squ>e in*4 ,by subsequ5tly apply+ a pressure ( #ab tons p] squ>e in* ! cyl9d] is r$uc$ to a l5g? ( #j4cic in*4 ,be=e us+ ! cyl9d]s1 :e!r = exp]im5t+ ) clos$ vessels or ) guns1 x is advisable to fir/ cru% !m by a pressure a little "u t expect$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,capta9 ,sir ,a4 ,noble us$ 9 8 exp]im5ts a modification ( ,rodman's gauge4 7,ordnance ,dept41 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahfa47 ,by ,calculation4--,to calculate ! pressure develop$ by ! explosion ( dynamite 9 a bore-hole #c c5timetres 9 diamet]1 *>g$ ) #a kilogramme ( #ge p] c5t4 dynamite1 ,messrs ,vieille & ,s>rau employ ! foll[+ =mula3-- ,p ,vo7#a ,q_/#bgc4;c7_/7,v - v74 ,:]e ,vo ! volume 7r$uc$ to #j & #gfj mm47 ( ! gases produc$ by a unit ( weight ( ! explosive2 ,q ! numb] ( calories dis5gag$ by a unit ( weight ( ! explosive2 c equals ! specific heat at con/ant volume ( ! gases2 ,v ! volume 9 cubic c5timetres ( a unit ( weight ( ! explosive2 v ! volume occupi$ by ! in]t mat]ials ( ! explosive4 ,! volume ( gas produc$ by ! explosion ( #a kilogramme ( nitro-glyc]9e 7at #j & #gfj mm47 is #dfg litres4 ,vo w !re=e equal #j4ge x #dfg #cej4be4 ,! specific heat c is1 accord+ to ,s>rau1 4#bbj 7c72 & accord+ to ,buns51 #a kilogramme ( dynamite ,no4 #a dis5gages #a1bij 7,q7 calories4 ,! d5sity ( dynamite is equal to #a4e1 !re=e ,v #a_/a4e 4#fff4 ,if we take ! volume ( ! kieselguhr z 4#a1 we f9d f above =mula t ,p #cej7a #abij_/7bgc x 4#bbb77_/74fjj - 4#a7 #ac1ijj atmosph]es1 :i* is equal to #ad1cag kilogrammes p] squ>e c5timetre4 ,! pressure develop$ by #a kilogramme ( pure nitro-glyc]9e equals #ah1ecc atmosph]es1 equals #ai1aea kilogrammes4 ,apply+ ?is =mula to gun- cotton1 & tak+ aft] ,b]!lot1 ,q #ajge1 & aft] ,vieille & ,s>rau1 ,vo #fga litres1 & c z 4#bcad1 & ! d5sity ( ! nitro-cellulose z #a4e1 we h 7,v ,o7 ,p #fga7a #ajge_/7bgc x 4#bcad77_/4fff #ah1ace atmosph]es4 ,to conv]t ?is into pressure ( kilogrammes p] squ>e c5timetre1 x is necess>y to multiply x by ! weight ( a column ( m]cury #j4gfj m4 high1 & #a squ>e c5timetre 9 section1 :i* is equal to increas+ x by #a_/cj4 ,x ?us becomes ,pk 7#a #a_/cj74 ,pk #ah1ace x #a4jcc #ah1gcc kilogrammes4 ,! foll[+ tables1 tak5 f ,messrs ,william ,macnab's & ,e4 ,ri/ori's pap] 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ef1 #h-ai71 ,rese>*es on ,mod]n ,explosives1 are v int]e/+4 ,!y record ! results ( a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts made to det]m9e ! am\nt ( heat evolv$1 & ! quantity & composition ( ! gases produc$ :5 c]ta9 explosives & v>i\s smokeless p[d]s 7 fir$ 9 a clos$ vessel f :i* ! air _h be5 previ\sly exhau/$4 ,! explosions 7 c>ri$ out 9 a calorimetric bomb ( ,b]!lot's patt]n4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,= description ( bomb1 see ,explosives & _! ,p[]1 ,b]!lot1 trans4 by ,hake & ,macnab1 p4 #aej4 7,murray47 ,table ,%[+ ,quantity ( ,heat & ,volume & ,analysis ( ,gas ,develop$ p] ,gramme ) ,diff]5t ,sport+ & ,milit>y ,smokeless ,p[d]s ,n[ ,9 ,use ,"n ( ,explosive4 ,calories ,p]man5t ,aque\s ,total ,volume p] grm4 ,gases4 ,vap\r4 ( ,gas at #j & #gfj mm4 cc_/grm cc_/grm cc_/grm ,e4,c4 p[d]1 ,engli% #hjj #dbj #aed #egd ,s4,s4 p[d] #gii #ehd #aej #gcd ,troisdorf1 ,g]man #idc #gjj #aie #hie ,rifleite1 ,engli% #hfd #gff #aei #ibe ,b4,n41 ,fr5* #hcc #gch #afh #ijf ,cordite1 ,engli% #abec #fdg #bce #hhb ,balli/ite1 ,g]man #abia #eia #bca #hbb ,balli/ite1 ,italian #acag #ehl #bde #hbf & ,spani% ,! figures 9 column head$ ,co-effici5t ( ,pot5tial ,en]gy s]ve z a measure ( comp>ison ( ! p[] ( ! explosives1 & are ! products ( ! numb] ( calories by ! volume ( gas1 ! la/ ?ree figures be+ suppress$ 9 ord] to simplify ! results4 ,! am\nts ( wat] f\nd 7 calculat$ = comp>ison z volumes ( ,h#b,o gas at #j & #gfj mm4 ,e4,c4 p[d] consi/s pr9cipally ( nitro-cellulose mix$ ) b>ium nitrate & a small proportion ( camphor4 ,s4,s4 ( nitro-lign9e mix$ ) b>ium nitrate & nitro-b5z5e4 ,troisdorf p[d] is gelat9is$ nitro-cellulose2 rifleite gelat9is$ nitro-cellulose & nitro-b5z5e4 ,cordite conta9s #eh p] c5t4 nitro-glyc]9e1 #cg p] c5t4 gun-cotton1 & #e p] c5t4 vasel9e4 ,balli/ite 7,italian7 consi/s ( equal p>ts nitro-cellulose & nitro- glyc]9e1 & #a_/b p] c5t4 ( anil9e4 ,! ,g]man conta9s a high] p]c5tage ( nitro-cellulose4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,heat ,,develop$ ,,by ,,explosives ,,conta9+ ,,nitro-,,glyc]9e ,,& ,,nitro-,,cellulose ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,proportions4 ,composition ( ,explosives4 ,calories p] c5t4 ,nitro-cellulose 7,n #ac4c p] c5t474 ,nitro-glyc]9e4 #ajj p] c5t4 dry pulp #j #ajfa #ajj gelat9is$ #j #ibb #ij #aj p] c5t4 #ajdd #hj #bj #aaei #gj #cj #abfg #fj #dj #acdg #ej #ej #adaj #dj #fj #adfg #j #ajj #afeb ,nitro-cellulose 7,n#ab4bd p] c5t47 ,nitro-glyc]9e4 #hj p] c5t4 #bj p] c5t4 #ajfb #fj #dj #abhh #ej #ej #acdi #dj #fj #adje ,nitro-cellulose 7,n #ac4c p] c5t474 ,nitro-glyc]9e4 ,vasel9e4 #ee p] c5t4 #dj p] c5t4 #e p] c5t4 #aacd #ce #fj #e #abhj ,,table ,,( ,,results ,,obta9$ ,,by ,,lieut4 ,w4 ,,walke41 ,,( ,,! ,,artill]y1 ,u4,s4,a1 ,,) ,,qu9an',s ,,pressure ,,gauge4 ,nitro-glyc]9e be+ tak5 z #ajj4 7,f ,u4,s4 ,naval ,in/4 ,j\r47 ,compression ,ord] ( ,"n ( ,explosive4 ( ,lead ,/r5g?4 ,in*4 ,explosive gelat9e #j4ehe #ajf4ag ,hellh(fite #j4ehe #ajf4ag ,nitro-glyc]9e #j4eea #ajj4jj ,/&>d1 ,n4,g4 ,nobel's smokeless p[d] #j4eji #ib4ch ,nitro-glyc]9e #j4eji #ib4cg ,gun-cotton #j4deh #hc4ab ,u4,s4 naval torp$o gun-cotton ,gun-cotton #j4deh #hc4ab ,/[m>ket4 ,nitro-glyc]9e #j4dea #ha4he ,v\ges1 ,n4,g4 ,gun-cotton #j4ddh #ha4ca ,dynamite ,no4 #a #j4ddh #ha4ca ,dynamite de ,traul #j4dcg #gi4ca ,emm5site #j4dbi #gg4hf ,amide p[d] #j4che #fi4hg ,oxonite #j4chc #fi4ea ,tonite #j4cgf #fh4bd ,g4,c4 #eb4e1 & ,ba7,,no#c7b1 #dg4e ,bellite #j4cfb #fe4gj ,rack-a-rock #j4cdj #fa4ga ,atlas p[d] #j4ccc #fj4dc ,ammonia dynamite #j4ccb #fj4be ,volney's p[d] ,no4 #a #j4cbb #eh4dd ,nitrat$ naph?al5e4 ,no4 #b #j4bid #ec4ah ,mel9ite #j4bhj #ej4hb ,picric acid #gj1 & sol4 nitro-cotton #cj4 ,silv] fulm9ate #j4bgg #ej4bg ,m]cury #j4bge #di4ia ,mort> p[d] #j4aee #bh4ac ,composition ( "s ( ! ,explosives 9 ,common ,use4 ,ord9>y ,dynamite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ge p] c5t4 ,kieselguhr #be ,amvis4 ,nitrate ( ,ammonia #ij p] c5t4 ,*loro-di-nitro ,b5z5e #e ,wood ,pulp #e ,ammonia ,nitrate ,p[d]4 ,nitrate ( ,ammonia #hj p] c5t4 ,*lorate ( ,pota% #e ,nitro-,glucose #aj ,coal ,t> #e ,celtite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ef-ei p>ts4 ,nitro-,cotton #b-c4e ,,kno#c #ag-ba ,wood ,meal #h-i ,ammonium ,oxalate #aa-ac ,moi/ure #j4e-a4e ,atlas ,p[d]s4 ,sodium ,nitrate #b4j p] c5t4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ge4j ,wood ,pulp #ba4j ,magnesium ,c>bonate #b4j ,daul9e4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ej p] c5t4 ,sawdu/ #cj ,nitrate ( ,pota% #bj ,vulcan ,p[d]4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #cj p] c5t4 ,nitrate ( ,soda #eb4e ,sulphur #g4j ,*>coal #aj4e ,vigorite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #cj p] c5t4 ,nitrate ( ,soda #fj ,*>coal #e ,sawdu/ #e ,r5drock4 ,nitrate ( ,pota% #dj p] c5t4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #dj ,wood ,pulp #ac ,p>aff9 or ,pit* #g ,ammonia ,nitrate ,p[d]4 ,ammonia ,nitrate #hj p] c5t4 ,potassium ,*lorate #e ,nitro-,glucose #aj ,coal ,t> #e ,h]cules ,p[d]s4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ge to #dj p] c5t4 ,sug> #a #ae4ff ,*lorate ( ,pota% #a4je #c4cd ,nitrate ( ,pota% #b4aj #ca4jj ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia #bj4he #aj4jj ,c>bo-,dynamite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ij p] c5t4 ,*>coal #aj ,geloxite 7,p]mitt$ ,li/74 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #fd-ed p>ts4 ,nitro-,cotton #e-d ,nitrate ( ,pota% #bb-ac ,ammonium ,oxalate #ae-ab ,r$ ,o*re #a-j ,wood ,meal #g-d ,! ,wood ,meal to conta9 n m ?an #ae & n less ?an #e moi/ure4 ,giant ,p[d]4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #dj p] c5t4 ,sodium ,nitrate #dj ,ros9 #f ,sulphur #f ,guhr #h ,dynamite de ,trauzel4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ge p>ts4 ,gun-,cotton #be ,*>coal #b ,rh5i% ,dynamite4 ,solution ( ,n4,g4 9 ,naph?al5e #ge p] c5t4 ,*alk1 or ,b>ium ,sulphate #b ,kieselguhr #bc ,ammonia ,dynamite4 ,ammonia ,nitrate #ge p>ts4 ,p>aff9 #d ,*>coal #c ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ah ,bla/+ ,gelat9e4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ic p] c5t4 ,nitro-,cotton #c to #g ,gelat9e ,dynamite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ga p] c5t4 ,nitro-,cotton #f ,wood ,pulp #e ,potassium ,nitrate #ah ,gelignite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #fj to #fa p] c5t4 ,nitro-,cotton #d #e ,wood ,pulp #i #g ,potassium ,nitrate #bg ,=cite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #di p] c5t4 ,nitro-,cotton #a4j ,sulphur #a4e ,t> #aj4j ,sodium ,nitrate #ch4j ,wood ,pulp #e 7,! ,n4-,g41 c41 v>ies47 ,tonite ,no4 #a4 ,gun-,cotton #eb-ej p] c5t4 ,b>ium ,nitrate #dg-dj ,tonite ,no4 #b4 ,conta9s ,*>coal also4 ,tonite ,no4 #c4 ,gun-,cotton #ah to #bj p] c5t4 ,ba7,,no#c7b #gj #fg ,di-nitro-,b5zol #aa #ac ,moi/ure #j4e #a ,c>bonite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #ag4gf p] c5t4 ,nitro-,b5z5e #a4gj ,soda #j4db ,,kno#c #cd4bb ,ba7,,no#c7b #i4ga ,cellulose #a4ee ,cane ,sug> #cd4bg ,moi/ure #j4cf #ii4ii ,roburite4 ,ammonium ,nitrate #hf p] c5t4 ,*loro-di-nitro-,b5zol #ad ,fav]%am ,p[d]4 ,ammonium ,nitrate #he p] c5t4 ,di-nitro-,b5zol #aj ,tr5*'s ,flame-ext+ui%+ ,comp\nd #e ,favi]ite ,no4 #a4 ,ammonium ,nitrate #hh p] c5t4 ,di-nitro-,naph?al5e #ab ,favi]ite ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #a ,p[d] #ij p] c5t4 ,ammon4 ,*loride #aj ,bellite4 ,ammonium ,nitrate #e p>ts4 ,meta-di-nitro-,b5zol #a ,petr(acteur4 ,nitro-,b5z5e #aj p] c5t4 ,*lorate ( ,pota% #fg ,nitrate ( ,pota% #bj ,sulphide ( ,antimony #c ,securite4 ,mixtures ( ,meta-di-nitro-,b5zol #bf p] c5t4 & ,nitrate ( ,ammonia #gd ,rack-a-,rock4 ,potassium ,*lorate #gi p>ts4 ,mono-nitro-,b5z5e #ba ,oxonite4 ,nitric ,acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4e7 #ed p>ts4 ,picric ,acid #df ,emm5site4 ,emm5s ,acid #e p>ts4 ,ammonium ,nitrate #e ,picric ,acid #f ,brugre ,p[d]4 ,ammonium ,picrate #ed p] c5t4 ,nitrate ( ,pota% #df ,designolle's ,torp$o ,p[d]s4 ,potassium ,picrate #ee to #ej p] c5t4 ,nitrate ( ,pota% #de #ej ,/[ite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #eh to #fa p>ts4 ,nitro-,cotton #d4e #e ,potassium ,nitrate #ah #bj ,wood ,meal #f #g ,oxalate ( ,ammonia #aa #ae ,! ,wood ,meal %all conta9 n m ?an #ae & n less ?an #e by weight ( moi/ure4 ,! explosive %all be us$ only :5 conta9$ 9 a non-wat]-pro($ wrapp] ( p>*m5t--,no4 #f detonator4 ,fav]%am ,p[d]4 ,nitrate ( ,ammonium #ic to #hg ,tri-nitro-,toluol #aa #i ,moi/ure #a -- ,kynite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #bd-bf p>ts4 ,wood-,pulp #b4e-c4e ,/>* #cb4e-c4e ,b>ium ,nitrate #ca4e-cd4e ,ca,c,o#c #j-j4e ,moi/ure #c4j-f4j ,mu/ be put up only 9 wat]-pro( p>*m5t pap]1 & ,no4 #f electric detonator us$4 ,rexite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #f4e-h4e p>ts4 ,ammonium ,nitrate #fd-fh ,sodium ,nitrate #ac-af ,tri-nitro-,tolul5e #f4e-h4e ,wood ,meal #c-e ,moi/ure 4#e-a4d ,mu/ be conta9$ 9 wat]-pro( case 7/\t pap]71 wat]-pro($ ) ,res9 & ,c]as9--,no4 #f detonator4 ,)nell ,p[d]4 ,ammonium ,nitrate #hh-ib p>ts4 ,tri-nitro-,tolu5e #d-f ,fl\r 7dri$ at #ajj ,c47 #d-f ,moi/ure #j-ae ,only to be us$ :5 conta9$ 9 a l95 pap] c>tridge1 wat]-pro($ ) ,c>nuba ,wax1 ,p>raf9--,no4 #g detonator us$4 ,ph5ix ,p[d]4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #bh-ca p>ts4 ,nitro-,cotton #j-a ,potassium ,nitrate #cj-cd ,wood ,meal #cc-cg ,moi/ure #b-f ,,smokeless ,,p[d]s4 ,cordite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #eh p] c5t4 or- 4#ge ,nitro-,cotton #cg or- 4#fe ,vasel9e #e or- 4#be ,cordite1 ,m4,d4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #cj p] c5t4 or- #a ,nitro-,cotton #fe or- #a ,vasel9e #e or- 4#be ,analysis (-- ,by ,w4 ,mancab & ,a4,e4 ,leighton4 ,e4,c4 ,p[d]4 ,nitro-,cotton #gi4j p] c5t4 ,potassium ,nitrate #d4e ,b>ium ,nitrate #g4e ,camphor #d4a ,wood ,meal #c4h ,volatile ,matt] #a4a ,wal>ode ,p[d]4 ,nitro-,cotton #ih4f p] c5t4 ,volatile ,matt] #a4d ,kyno*'s ,smokeless4 ,nitro-,cotton #eb4a p] c5t4 ,di-nitro-,tolu5e #ai4e ,potassium ,nitrate #a4d ,b>ium ,nitrate #bb4b ,wood ,meal #b4g ,a% #j4i ,volatile ,matt] #a4b ,s*ultze4 ,nitro-,l+9 #fb4a p] c5t4 ,potassium ,nitrate #a4h ,b>ium ,nitrate #bf4a ,vasel9e #d4i ,/>* #c4e ,volatile ,matt] #a4j ,imp]ial ,s*ultze4 ,nitro-,lign9 #hj4a p] c5t4 ,b>ium ,nitrate #aj4b ,vasel9e #g4i ,volatile ,matt] #a4h ,cannonite4 ,nitro-,cotton #hf4d p] c5t4 ,b>ium ,nitrate #e4g ,vasel9e #b4i ,lamp ,black #a4c ,potassium ,f]ro-cyanide #b4d ,volatile ,matt] #a4c ,amb]ite4 ,nitro-,cotton #ga4j p] c5t4 ,potassium ,nitrate #a4c ,b>ium ,nitrate #ah4f ,wood ,meal #a4d ,vasel9e #e4h ,sport+ ,balli/ite4 ,nitro-,glyc]9e #cg4f p] c5t ,nitro-,cotton #fb4c ,volatile ,matt] #j4a ,! foll[+ is a complete ,li/ ( ! ,p]mitt$ ,explosives z ,def9$ 9 ! ,s*$ules to ! ,explosives 9 ,coal ,m9es ,ord]s ( ! #bj? ,decemb] #aijb1 ( ! #bd? ,decemb] #aijc1 ( ! #e? ,septemb] #aijc1 & #aj? ,decemb] #aijc3-- ,albionite4 ,ammonal4 ,ammonite4 ,amvis4 ,aphosite4 ,arkite4 ,bellite ,no4 #a4 ,bellite ,no4 #b4 ,bobb9ite4 ,britonite4 ,cambrite4 ,c>bonite4 ,clydite4 ,coronite4 ,dahm5ite ,a4 ,dragonite4 ,electronite4 ,fav]%am ,p[d]4 ,fracturite4 ,geloxite4 ,haylite ,no4 #a4 ,kynite4 ,negro ,p[d]4 ,nobel's ,arde] ,p[d]4 ,nobel ,c>bonite4 ,normanite4 ,pit-ite4 ,roburite ,no4 #c4 ,saxonite4 ,/[-ite4 ,?und]ite4 ,victorite4 ,virite4 ,we/ ,falite ,no4 #a4 ,we/ ,falite ,no4 #b4 ,,index4 ,abel's1 ,sir ,fr$]ick1 me?od ( manufactur+ gun-cotton1 #eg4 ,abel's heat te/1 #bdi4 ,acid mixture = nitrat+ nitro-glyc]9e1 #bc4 ,air pressure 9 nitrator1 #bh4 ,alkal9ity 9 nitro-cellulose1 #bag4 ,amb]ite1 #ahi4 ,ammonite1 #adi4 ,analyses ( collodion-cotton1 #ha4 gelat9e dynamites1 #abc4 ,analysis ( explosives1 #aig4 acetone1 #bji4 bla/+ gelat9e1 #aii4 cap composition1 #bda4 cordite1 #bjf4 celluloid1 #bcj4 dynamite1 #aig4 =cite1 #bjb4 fulm9ate1 #bdj4 glyc]9e1 #bcc4 gun-cotton1 #bab4 nitric acid1 #bd4 picric acid1 #bcj4 tonite1 #bje4 wa/e acids1 #bci4 ,arm/rong on ! con/itution ( ! fulm9ates1 #aei4 ,atlas p[d]1 #aai4 ,auld on acetone1 #baa4 ,axite1 #agf4 ,balli/ite1 #agi4 ,beat] or ,holl&] = pulp+ gun-cotton1 #fd4 ,b$son1 ,pr(41 on roburite explosion gases1 #adj4 ,bellite1 #adb4 ,b5z5e1 explosives d]iv$ f1 #acb4 ,b5z5e1 mono-nitro- & di-nitro-b5z5e1 #acd4 ,b]gmann & ,junk on nitro-cellulose te/s1 #bfh4 ,b]n?s5 summ>y ( nitro-b5z5es1 #acc4 ,bla/+ gelat9e1 #aai4 ,bla/+ *>ge1 prep>ation (1 #aff4 ,b4,n4 p[d]1 #aij4 ,boil+-po9t ( ,n4,g41 #ai4 ,b\tnny's nitro-glyc]9e process1 #ae4 ,br[n on wet gun-cotton1 #ef4 ,brugre's p[d]1 #aie4 ,bucknill's resi/ance coil1 #ac4 ,calculation ( volume ( gas evolv$ 9 an explosive reaction1 #bgf4 ,cannonite1 #ahi4 ,cellulose1 #b1 #dg4 ,celluloid manufacture1 #ia4 analysis1 #bcj4 c>tridges1 #ia4 uses (1 #ij4 ,field's pap]s on1 #ic4 fibre =1 #id4 nitration ( fibre1 c41 #ie4 =mula (1 #eg4 ,*ampion & ,pellet's me?od ( det]m9+ nitrog51 #bbc4 ,*5el's modification ( ,kjeldahl's me?od1 #bbg4 ,collodion-cotton1 #gi4 ,comp>ative te/s ( black & nitro-p[d]s1 #aic4 ,compress+ gun-cotton1 #gg4 ,composition ( wa/e acids f nitro-glyc]9e1 #dc4 ,composition ( "s common explosives1 #bij4 ,conduits = nitro-glyc]9e1 #g4 ,cooppal p[d]1 #e1 #ahi4 ,cordite manufacture1 #afi4 analysis1 #bjf4 ,cresilite1 #aeh4 ,cross & ,bevan on nitro-jute1 #ajg4 ,cru%] gauge1 #bhd4 ,cundill1 ,colonel1 classification ( dynamites1 #aab4 ,dang] area1 #e4 ,dang]s 9 ! manufacture ( gun-cotton1 #he4 ,decomposition ( cellulose1 #ed4 ,def9ition ( explosives 9 ,ord] ( ,c\ncil 7,explosives ,act71 #a4 ,det]m9ation ( ,n#b,o#d 9 nitric acid1 #bd4 ,det]m9ation ( /r5g? ( ,h#b,,s#d1 #be4 ,det]m9ation ( relative /r5g? ( explosives1 #bgb4 ,detonators1 #afc4 ,di-nitro-tolu5e1 #ach4 ,dipp+ cotton 9 manufacture ( gun-cotton1 #fj4 ,div]s & ,kawakita on ! fulm9ates1 #aei4 ,dixon1 ,pr(4 ,h4,b41 on roburite explosions1 #aci4 ,dry+ h\se = gun-cotton1 #abb4 ,dynamite1 effici5cy (1 #aah4 froz5 dynamite1 #aaf4 gelat9e dynamite1 #aai4 prop]ties ( kieselguhr dynamite1 #aaf4 ,reid ,borl&'s c>bo-dynamite1 #aai4 ,rh5i% dynamite1 #aai4 v>i\s k9ds (1 #aai4 ,e4,c4 p[d]1 #ahf4 ,electronite1 #aea4 ,emm5site1 #aie4 ,equation ( =mation ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #af4 ,equation ( =mation ( nitro-cellulose1 #ej4 ,explod]s1 electric1 #afg4 ,explosion gases ( dynamite1 #ai4 nitro-glyc]9e1 #ah4 gun-cotton1 #ee4 roburite1 #aci4 ,exudation te/ gelat9es1 #beg4 ,fav]%am p[d]1 #adg4 ,favi]'s explosive1 #adi4 ,field on celluloid1 #ic1 #ii4 ,fir+-po9t ( explosives1 #bdg4 ,filite1 #ahj4 ,filt]+ nitre-glyc]9e1 #cg4 ,flameless explosives1 #hi1 #ach1 #add4 ,=mation ( :ite matt] 9 ! nitration ( ,n4,g41 #ci4 ,=cite1 #aai4 ,france1 #hb4 ,free fatty acid 9 glyc]9e1 #ci1 #bce4 ,free+ nitric acid f ,n#b,o#d1 #be4 ,freez+-po9t ( ,n4,g41 #ba4 ,fr5* ,commission on ,ammonium ,nitrate1 #adb4 ,fulm9ates con/itution1 #aei4 ,fulm9ate ( m]cury1 #aei1 #bdj4 ,fulm9ate ( silv]1 #afa4 ,fuses1 v>i\s k9ds (1 #aff4 ,gases =m$ by ! decomposition ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #ah4 ,gelat9e explosives1 analysis (1 #aii4 ,glyc]9e1 analysis (1 #bcc4 =mula (1 #af4 nitration (1 #bc4 ,gre9]'s p[d]1 #aij4 ,gun-cotton1 analysis (1 #bab4 boil+1 #fd4 complete s]ies (1 #eb1 #ed4 compress+1 m\ld+1 & pack+1 #fg1 #gg1 #gh4 dipp+ & /eep+ ! cotton1 #fj4 dry+ ! cotton1 #eh4 granulation (1 #gi4 manufacture (1 #eg4 ,abel's me?od1 #eg4 ,/[m>ket1 #eg4 ,wal?am ,abbey1 #ga4 products ( decomposition (1 #ee4 prop]ties (1 #ed4 pulp+1 #fe4 wa%+1 #fc4 z a m9+ explosive1 #ef4 ,guttmann's nitric acid plant1 #de4 ,guttmann's heat te/1 #bef4 ,h&y's me?od = det]m9+ moi/ure 9 dynamite1 #aig4 ,hannah1 ,dr ,n41 on roburite explosion gases1 #aci4 ,heat develop$ by explosives conta9+ nitro-glyc]9e1 c41 #bhh4 ,heat te/1 ,abel1 #bdi4 ,hellh(fite1 #aeb4 ,h5rite p[d]1 #aia4 ,holl&]1 #fe4 ,horsley's app>atus1 #bdh4 ,hydro-extractors = wr++ out gun-cotton1 #fb4 ,impurities 9 comm]cial glyc]9e1 #ci1 #bcc4 ,impurities 9 fulm9ate1 #bdj4 nitro-glyc]9e1 #ch4 picric acid1 #bca4 ,ketones z solv5ts = pyroxyl9e1 #aja4 ,kieselguhr dynamite1 #aab4 ,k9etite1 #ade4 ,kjeldahl me?od ( det]m9+ nitrog51 #bbg4 ,le ,b\*et1 manufacture ( gun-cotton at1 #gh4 ,lead cyl9d]s = te/+ /r5g? ( explosives1 #bha4 ,l5k's improvem5ts 9 gun-cotton manufacture1 #di4 ,lewes on ! pressure ( cordite1 #age4 ,leib]t's treatm5t ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #cj4 ,lightn+ conductors = dang] build+s1 #aj4 ,liquefaction te/ = gelat9e1 #beg4 ,lodge on lightn+ conductors1 #h4 ,l[]+ ( freez+-po9t ( ,n4,g41 #ba4 ,lung's nitromet]1 #bai4 ,lydite1 #aef4 ,manufacture ( gun-cotton1 #eg4 ,manufacture ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #ag4 cordite1 #afi4 roburite1 #adj4 fulm9ates1 #afb4 tonite1 #hd4 di-nitro-b5z5e1 #ach4 nitro-/>*1 #ajc4 celluloid1 #ia4 ,maj5die 7,col4 ,sir ,v4,d471 report on a picric acid explosion1 #aee4 ,maximite1 #aia4 ,maxim's detonator mixture1 #afe4 ,m',rob]t's mix+ ma*9e1 #abf4 ,me*anical equival5t ( explosives1 #bgc4 ,mel9ite1 #aef4 ,mono-nitro-glyc]9e1 di-nitro-nitro-glyc]9e1 #da4 ,m\ld+ gun-cotton1 #gg4 ,m\nds = protection ( dang] build+s1 #f4 ,mort> = balli/ic te/s1 #bge4 ,m[bray on use ( compress$ air1 #ae4 ,mhlhus5 on nitro-/>*1 #d1 #e1 #ajc4 ,na?an's nitrator1 #cb4 ,nitric p]oxide 9 ,n4,g41 #bd4 ,nitration products ( cellulose1 #eb1 #ed4 ,nitro-glyc]9e1 analysis (1 #aih4 prop]ties1 #ag4 nitration1 #bc4 sep>ation1 #ce4 wa%+1 #cg4 uses (1 #da4 manufacture (1 #ag4 ,nitro-b5z5e1 prop]ties & manufacture (1 #acb1 #acg4 ,nitro-cellulose1 #b1 #dg1 #fj1 #bab4 ,nitro-jute1 #e1 #ajg4 ,nitro-mannite1 #d1 #aji4 ,nitro-naph?al5e1 #adh4 ,nitro-/>*1 #d1 #ajc4 ,nitro-tolu5e1 #acb4 ,nitrat$ gun-cotton1 #hc4 ,nitrog51 det]m9ation (1 ,lung me?od1 #bai4 ,*ampion & ,pellet's1 #bbc4 ,s*ultze-,tieman1 #bbd4 ,kjeldahl-,*5el's1 #bbg4 p]c5tages ( 9 v>i\s explosives1 #bbh4 ,nitromet]s1 ,lung1 ,horn's1 c41 #bbj1 #bbb4 ,nobel's balli/ic te/1 #bgd4 ,noble's pressure gauge1 #bhb4 exp]im5ts on cordite1 #agb4 ,normal p[d]1 #aia4 ,oleic acid 9 glyc]9e1 #bcf4 ,orsman on roburite1 #adb4 ,oxonite1 #aeb4 ,oxy-cellulose1 #ajb4 ,pack+ gun-cotton1 #gh4 dynamite1 #aaf4 ,page's regulator1 #bfj4 ,pancla/ite1 #aeb4 ,p]c5tage composition ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #ah4 ,p]k9 on magnetic rotation ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #ai4 ,ph5ol1 tri-nitro-ph5ol1 #aeb4 ,picric acid1 #aeb1 #bca4 p[d]s1 #aeg1 #ahi4 ,picrates1 #aed1 #bca4 ,pol>is$ light & nitro-cellulose1 #bah4 ,position ( ! ,,no#b gr\p 9 nitro-explosives1 #b1 #c1 #af4 ,pr5tice's nitric acid plant1 #dc4 ,pressure gauge1 #bhb4 ,prim]s ( gun-cotton1 #aff4 ,prop]ties ( dynamite1 #aaf4 gelat9e comp\nds1 #acj4 ,pulp+ gun-cotton1 #fe4 ,pyroxyl9e = celluloid1 #if4 solv5ts =1 #aja4 ,qu9an's foot-p\nd ma*9e1 #bhj4 ,ra\lt's law & ,n4,g41 #ba4 ,rework$ gun-cotton1 #gh4 ,rh5i% dynamite1 #aai4 ,roburite1 prop]ties & manufacture (1 #ach4 ,b$son's report on1 #adj4 ,orsman on gases produc$ by explosion (1 #adb4 ,romit1 #adh4 ,s>rau & ,vieille1 gases obta9$ f ignition ( dynamite1 #ai4 ,say]s1 #ej4 ,s*eme = analysis ( explosives1 #bac4 ,s*ultze's p[d]1 #ahc4 ,s*ultze-,tieman me?od ( det]m9+ nitrog51 #bbd4 ,securite1 #add4 ,sep>ation ( nitro-glyc]9e f mix$ acids1 #ce4 ,%imose1 #aef4 ,silv] te/ = glyc]9e1 #bcc4 ,smokeless p[d]s1 #afh4 ,smokeless diamond1 #aij4 ,snyd]'s p[d]1 #aic4 ,sobr]o discov]$ nitro-glyc]9e1 #ad4 ,sodium nitrate1 analysis (1 #bci4 ,soluble & insoluble nitro-cellulose1 #ea4 ,solubility ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #bj4 ,solv5ts = soluble gun-cotton1 #eb1 #aja4 ,solubility te/ = gun-cotton1 #bad4 ,specific gravity ( explosives1 #bgj4 ,spr5gel's explosives1 #aea4 ,/[m>ket1 manufacture ( gun-cotton at1 #eg4 ,sulphuric acid1 det]m9ation ( /r5g? (1 #bd4 ,sy on te/ = nitro-cellulose1 #bfi4 ,temp]ature ( nitration ( nitro-glyc]9e1 #bi4 ,?omson's pat5ts1 #gc4 ,tolu5e1 #adf4 ,tonite1 #hd1 #adf4 analysis (1 #bje4 fumes f1 #he4 ,treatm5t ( wa/e acids1 #dc4 ,tr5*'s fire-ext+ui%+ comp\nd1 #hh4 ,treb\illet & ,de ,besancele on celluloid manufacture1 #ib4 ,tri-nitro-cresol1 #aeh4 ,tri-nitro-tolu5e1 #adf4 ,tri-nitro-ph5ol1 #aeb4 ,tri-nitro-glyc]9e1 #b1 #ad4 ,troisdorf p[d]1 #aia1 #aib4 ,turp9's mel9ite1 #aef4 ,u4,s4 naval p[d]1 #ahj4 ,uses ( celluloid1 #ia1 #ic1 #ajb4 ,uses ( collodion-cotton1 #ij4 ,vasel9e1 #bjh4 ,vielle p\dre1 #aij4 ,volney's p[d]1 #adh4 ,von ,fo/]'s p[d]1 #aia4 ,walsrode p[d]1 #ahh4 ,w4,a4 p[d]1 #ahb4 ,wal?am ,abbey1 manufacture ( gun-cotton at1 #ga4 manufacture ( cordite at1 #afi4 ,walke's pressure gauge results1 #bhi4 ,w> ,(fice exp]im5ts ) cordite1 #agc4 ,wa%+ gun-cotton1 #fc4 nitro-glyc]9e1 #cg4 ,wa/e acids f nitro-glyc]9e1 #da1 #bbf4 ,welt]n p[d]1 #aia4 ,w]n] ,pfleid]]'s mix+ ma*9e1 #abd4 ,:irl+ out ! acids f gun-cotton1 #fb4 ,w's te/ = nitre-cellulose1 #bfa4 ,wood pulp1 #abf4 ,xylonite ,company's process1 #if4 ,z5g]'s lightn+ conductors1 #aa4 ,pr9t$ at ,,! ,,d>l5 ,,press1 ,ed9burgh4