,,works999999         ,,john ,,stuart   
,,mill3 ,,his ,,life ,,and ,,works      
,twelve ,sketches by  ,herbert ,spencer1
 ,henry ,fawcett1 ,frederic ,harrison1  
and ,other ,distinguished ,authors      
,boston3 ,james ,r ,osgood and ,company 
7,late ,ticknor  ,field and ,fields     
,osgood1  ,co47  #ahgc                  
,,contents4  ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill     
,i4 ,a ,,sketch ,,of ,,his ,,life4      
,h4 ,r4 ,fox ,bourne    ,,ii4 ,,his     
,,career ,,in ,,the ,,india ,,house4    
,w4 ,t4 ,thornton   ,,iii4 ,,his ,,moral
 ,,character4          ,herbert ,spencer
    ,,iv4 ,,his ,,botanical ,,studies4  
,henry ,trimen     ,v4 ,,his ,,place    
,,as ,a ,,critic4          ,w4 ,minto   
,,vi4 ,,his ,,work ,,in ,,philosophy4   
,j4 ,h4 ,levy   ,,vii4 ,,his ,,studies  
,,in ,,morals ,,and ,,jurisprudence4    
,w4 ,a4 ,hunter  ,,viii4 ,,his ,,work   
,,in ,,political ,,economy4          ,j4
 ,e4 ,cairnes    ,,ix4 ,,his ,,influence
 ,,at ,,the ,,universities4             
,henry ,fawcett     ,x4 ,,his           

,,influence ,,as ,a ,,practical         
,,politician4          ,millicent       
,garrett ,fawcett    ,,xi4 ,,his        
,,relation ,,to ,,positivism4           
,frederic ,harrison   ,,xii4 ,,his      
,,position ,,as ,a ,,philosopher4       
,w4 ,a4 ,hunter     ,i4  ,a ,,sketch    
,,of ,,his ,,life   ,john ,stuart ,mill 
was born on the #bjth of ,may1 #ahjf4 ,i
 am glad1 wrote ,george ,grote to him in
 #ahfe1 with reference to a forthcoming 
article on his ,examination of ,sir     
,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 to get
 an opportunity of saying what ,i think 
about your ',system of ,logic' and      
',essay on ,liberty1' but ,i am still   
more glad to get 7or perhaps to make7 an
 opportunity of saying something about  
your father4 ,it has always rankled in  
my thoughts that so grand and powerful a
 mind as his left behind it such        
insufficient traces in the estimation of
 successors4 ,that regret was natural4  
,the grand and powerful mind of ,james  
,mill left very notable traces1 however1

 in the philosophical literature of his 
country1 and in the training of the son 
who was to carry on his work1 and to be 
the most influential teacher in a new   
school of thought and action1 by which  
society is likely to be revolutionized  
far more than it has been by any other  
agency since the period of ,erasmus and 
,martin ,luther4 ,james ,mill was       
something more than the disciple of     
,bentham and ,ricardo4 ,he was a        
profound and original philosopher1 whose
 depth and breadth of study were all the
 more remarkable because his thoughts   
were developed and his knowledge was    
acquired mainly by his own exertions4   
,he had been helped out of the humble   
life into which he had been born by ,sir
 ,john ,stuart1 who assisted him to     
attend the lectures of ,dugald ,stewart 
and others at ,edinburgh with a view to 
his becoming a minister in the ,church  
of ,scotland4 ,soon finding that calling
 distasteful to him1 he had1 in or near 
the year #ahjj1 settled in ,london as a 

journalist1 resolved by ephemeral work  
to earn enough money to maintain him and
 his family in humble ways while he     
spent his best energies in the more     
serious pursuits to which he was        
devoted4 ,his talents soon made him     
friends1 and the greatest of these was  
,jeremy ,bentham4  ,as erroneous        
opinions have been current as to the    
relations between ,bentham and ,james   
,mill and have lately been repeated in  
more than one newspaper1 it may be well 
here to call attention to the           
contradiction of them that was published
 by the son of the latter in ,the       
,edinburgh ,review for #ahdd4 ,mr4 ,mill
 and his family1 we there read1 lived   
with ,mr4 ,bentham for half of four     
years at ,ford ,abbey1--that is1 between
 #ahad and #ahag1--;and they passed     
small portions of previous summers with 
him at ,barrow ,green4 ,his last visit  
to ,barrow ,green was of not more than a
 month's duration1 and the previous ones
 all together did not extend to more    

than six months1 or seven at most4 ,the 
pecuniary benefit which ,mr4 ,mill      
derived from his intimacy with ,bentham 
consisted in this1--that he and his     
family lived with him as his guests1    
while he was in the country1 periods    
amounting in all to about two years and 
a half4 ,i have no reason to think that 
his hospitality was either given or     
accepted as pecuniary assistance1 and ,i
 will add that the obligation was not   
exclusively on one side4 ,bentham was   
not then1 as he was afterwards1         
surrounded by persons who courted his   
society1 and were ever ready to         
volunteer their services1 and1 to a man 
of his secluded habits1 it was no little
 advantage to have near him such a man  
as ,mr4 ,mill1 to whose advice and aid  
he habitually had recourse in all       
business transactions with the outward  
world of a troublesome or irksome       
nature4 ,such as the connection was1 it 
was not of ,mr4 ,mill's seeking4 ,on the
 same unquestionable authority we learn1

 that ,mr4 ,mill never in his life was  
in debt1 and his income1 whatever it    
might be1 always covered his expenses4  
,it is clear1 that1 from near the       
commencement of the present century1    
,james ,mill and ,bentham lived for many
 years on terms of great intimacy1 in   
which the poorer man was thoroughly     
independent1 although it suited the     
other to make a fair return for the     
services rendered to him4 ,a very       
characteristic letter is extant1 dated  
#ahad1 in which ,james ,mill proposes   
that the relations between him and his  
dear friend and master shall be to some 
extent altered1 but only in order that  
their common objects may be the more    
fully served4 ,in reflecting1 he says1  
upon the duty which we owe to our       
principles1--to that system of important
 truths of which you have the immortal  
honor to be the author1 but of which ,i 
am a most faithful and fervent disciple1
 and hitherto1 ,i have fancied1 my      
master's favorite disciple1--,i have    

considered that there was nobody at all 
so likely to be your real successor as  
myself4 ,of talents it would be easy to 
find many superior4 ,but1 in the first  
place1 ,i hardly know of anybody who has
 so completely taken up the principles1 
and is so thoroughly of the same way of 
thinking with yourself4 ,in the next    
place1 there are very few who have so   
much of the necessary previous          
discipline1 my antecedent years having  
been wholly occupied in acquiring it4   
,and1 in the last place1 ,i am pretty   
sure you cannot think of any other      
person whose whole life will be devoted 
to the propagation of the system4 ,there
 was during the last few years of       
,bentham's life1 said ,james ,mill's    
son1 less frequency and cordiality of   
intercourse than in former years1       
chiefly because ,bentham had acquired   
newer1 and to him more agreeable        
intimacies1 but ,mr4 ,mill's feeling    
never altered towards him1 nor did he   
ever fail1 publicly or privately1 in    

giving due honor to ,bentham's name and 
acknowledgment of the intellectual debt 
he owed to him4  ,those extracts are    
made1 not only in justice to the memory 
of ,james ,mill1 but as a help towards  
understanding the influences by which   
his son was surrounded from his earliest
 years4 ,james ,mill was living in a    
house at ,pentonville when this son was 
born1 and partly because of the peculiar
 abilities that the boy displayed from  
the first1 partly because he could not  
afford to procure for him elsewhere such
 teaching as he was able himself to give
 him1 he took his education entirely    
into his own hands4 ,with what          
interest--even jealous interest1 it     
would seem--,bentham watched that       
education1 appears from a pleasant      
little letter addressed to him by the   
elder ,mill in #ahab4 ,i am not going to
 die1 he wrote1 notwithstanding your    
zeal to come in for a legacy4 ,however1 
if ,i were to die any time before this  
poor boy is a man1 one of the things    

that would pinch me most sorely would be
 the being obliged to leave his mind    
unmade to the degree of excellence of   
which ,i hope to make it4 ,but another  
thing is1 that the only prospect which  
would lessen that pain would be the     
leaving him in your hands4 ,i therefore 
take your offer quite seriously1 and    
stipulate merely that it shall be made  
as soon as possible2 and then we may    
perhaps leave him a successor worthy of 
both of us4 ,it was a bold hope1 but one
 destined to be fully realized4 ,at the 
time of its utterance1 the poor boy was 
barely more than six years old4 ,the    
intellectual powers of which he gave    
such early proof were carefully1 but    
apparently not excessively1 cultivated4 
,mrs4 ,grote1 in her lately-published   
,personal ,life of ,george ,grote1 has  
described him as he appeared in #ahag1  
the year in which her husband made the  
acquaintance of his father4 ,john       
,stuart ,mill1 then a boy of about      
twelve years old1--he was really only   

eleven1--was studying1 with his father  
as sole preceptor1 under the paternal   
roof4 ,unquestionably forward for his   
years1 and already possessed of a       
competent knowledge of ,greek and       
,latin1 as well as of some subordinate  
though solid attainments1 ,john was1 as 
a boy1 somewhat repressed by the elder  
,mill1 and seldom took any share in the 
conversation carried on by the society  
frequenting the house4 ,it is perhaps   
not strange that a boy of eleven1 at any
 rate a boy who was to become so modest 
a man1 should not take much part in     
general conversation2 and ,mr4 ,mill    
himself never1 in referring to his      
father1 led his hearers to suppose that 
he had1 as a child1 been in any way     
unduly repressed by him4 ,the tender    
affection with which he always cherished
 his father's memory in no way sanctions
 the belief that he was at any time     
subjected to unreasonable discipline4   
,by him his father was only revered as  
the best and kindest of teachers4       

,there was a break in the home teaching 
in #ahbj4 ,james ,mill1 after bearing   
bravely with his early difficulties1 had
 acquired so much renown by his famous  
,history of ,india1 that1 in spite of   
its adverse criticisms of the           
,east-,india ,company1 the directors of 
the ,company in #ahag honorably bestowed
 upon him a post in the ,india ,house1  
where he steadily and rapidly rose to a 
position which enabled him to pass the  
later years of his life in more comfort 
than had hitherto been within his reach4
 ,the new employment1 however1          
interfered with his other occupation as 
instructor to his boy2 and for this     
reason1 as well probably as for others  
tending to his advancement1 the lad was1
 in the summer of #ahbj1 sent to ,france
 for a year and a half4 ,for several    
months he lived in ,paris1 in the house 
of ,jean ,baptiste ,say1 the political  
economist4 ,the rest of his time was    
passed in the company of ,sir ,samuel   
,bentham1 ,jeremy ,bentham's brother4   

,early in #ahbb1 before he was eighteen1
 he returned to ,london1 soon to enter  
the ,india ,office as a clerk in the    
department of which his father was      
chief4 ,in that office he remained for  
five and thirty years1 acquitting       
himself with great ability1 and         
gradually rising to the most responsible
 position that could be there held by a 
subordinate4  ,but1 though he was thus  
early started in life as a city clerk1  
his self-training and his education by  
his father were by no means abandoned4  
,the ancient and modern languages1 as   
well as the various branches of         
philosophy and philosophical thought in 
which he was afterwards to attain such  
eminence1 were studied by him in the    
early mornings1 under the guidance of   
his father1 before going down to pass   
his days in the ,india ,office4 ,during 
the summer evenings1 and on such        
holidays as he could get1 he began those
 pedestrian exploits for which he       
afterwards became famous1 and in which  

his main pleasure appears to have       
consisted in collecting plants and      
flowers in aid of the botanical studies 
that were his favorite pastime1 and     
something more than a pastime1 all      
through his life4 ,his first printed    
writings are said to have been on       
botany1 in the shape of some articles   
contributed to a scientific journal     
while he was still in his teens1 and it 
is probable1 that1 could they now be    
detected1 we should find in other       
periodicals traces of his work1 at      
nearly if not quite as early a period in
 other lines of study4 ,that he worked  
early and with wonderful ability in at  
least one very deep line1 appears from  
the fact that while he was still only a 
lad1 ,jeremy ,bentham intrusted to him  
the preparation for the press1 and the  
supplementary annotation1 of his        
,rationale of ,judicial ,evidence4 ,that
 work1 for which he was highly commended
 by its author1 published in #ahbg1     
contains the first publicly acknowledged

 literary work of ,john ,stuart ,mill4  
,while he was producing that result of  
laborious study in a special and        
intricate subject1 his education in all 
sorts of other ways was continued4 ,in  
evidence of the versatility of his      
pursuits1 the veteran author of a short 
and ungenerous memoir that was published
 in ,the ,times of ,may the #ajth       
contributes one interesting note4 ,it is
 within our personal knowledge1 he says1
 that he was an extraordinary youth     
when1 in #ahbd1 he took the lead at the 
,london ,debating ,club in one of the   
most remarkable collections of 'spirits 
of the age' that ever congregated for   
intellectual gladiatorship1 he being by 
two or three years the junior of the    
clique4 ,the rivalry was rather in      
knowledge and reasoning than in         
eloquence1 mere declamation was         
discouraged2 and subjects of paramount  
importance were conscientiously thought 
out4 ,in evidence of his more general   
studies1 we may here repeat a few       

sentences from an account1 by an        
intimate friend of both these great men1
 of the life of ,mr4 ,grote1 which was  
published in our columns two years ago4 
,about this time a small society was    
formed for readings in philosophical    
subjects4 ,the meetings took place at   
,mr4 ,grote's house in ,threadneedle    
,street1 on certain days from half past 
eight till ten in the morning1 at which 
hour the members 7all in official       
employment7 had to repair to their      
respective avocations4 ,the members were
 ,grote1 ,john ,mill1 ,roebuck1 ,william
 ,ellice1 ,william ,henry ,prescott1 two
 brothers ,whitmore1 and ,george ,john  
,graham4 ,the mentor of their studies   
was the elder ,mr4 ,mill4 ,the meetings 
were continued for two or three years4  
,the readings embraced a small manual of
 logic1 by ,du ,trieu1 recommended by   
,mr4 ,mill1 and reprinted for the       
purpose1 ,whately's ,logic1 ,hobbes's   
,logic1 and ,hartley on ,man1 in        
,priestley's edition4 ,the manner of    

proceeding was thorough4 ,each          
paragraph1 on being read1 was commented 
on by every one in turn1 discussed and  
rediscussed1 to the point of total      
exhaustion4 ,in #ahbh the meetings      
ceased2 but they were resumed in #ahcj1 
upon ,mill's ',analysis of the ,mind1'  
which was gone over in the same manner4 
,these philosophical studies were not   
only of extreme advantage in            
strengthening and developing the merits 
of ,mr4 ,mill and his friends1 nearly   
all of whom were considerably older than
 he was1 they also served to unite the  
friends in close and lasting intimacy of
 the most refined and elevating sort4   
,mr4 ,grote1 his senior by twelve years1
 was perhaps the most intimate1 as he   
was certainly the ablest1 of all the    
friends whom ,mr4 ,mill thus acquired4  
,many of these friends were contributors
 to the original ,westminster ,review1  
which was started by ,bentham in #ahbd4 
,bentham himself and the elder ,mill    
were its chief writers at first2 and in 

#ahbh1 if not sooner1 the younger ,mill 
joined the number4 ,in that year he     
reviewed ,whately's ,logic2 and it is   
probable that in the ensuing year he    
contributed numerous other articles4    
,his first literary exploit1 however1   
which he cared to reproduce in his      
,dissertations and ,discussions was an  
article that appeared in ,the ,jurist1  
in #ahcc1 entitled ,corporation and     
,church ,property4 ,that essay1 in some 
respects1 curiously anticipated the     
,irish ,church legislation of nearly    
forty years later4 ,in the same year he 
published1 in ,the ,monthly ,repository1
 a remarkably able and quite a different
 production1--,poetry and its           
,varieties1 showing that in the         
department of belles-lettres he could   
write with nearly as much vigor and     
originality as in the philosophical and 
political departments of thought to     
which1 ostensibly1 he was especially    
devoted4 ,shortly after that he embarked
 in a bolder literary venture4          

,differences having arisen concerning   
,the ,westminster ,review1 a new        
quarterly journal--,the ,london         
,review--was begun by ,sir ,william     
,molesworth1 with ,mr4 ,mill for editor1
 in #ahce4 ,the ,london was next year   
amalgamated with ,the ,westminster1 and 
then the nominal if not the actual      
editorship passed into the hands of ,mr4
 ,john ,robertson4 ,mr4 ,mill continued1
 however1 to be one of its most constant
 and able contributors until the ,review
 passed into other hands in #ahdj4 ,he  
aided much to make and maintain its     
reputation as the leading organ of bold 
thought on religious and social as well 
as political matters4 ,besides such     
remarkable essays as those on           
,civilization1 on ,armand ,carrel1 on   
,alfred de ,vigny1 on ,bentham1 and on  
,coleridge1 which1 with others1 have    
been republished in his collection of   
minor writings1 he contributed many of  
great importance4 ,one on ,mr4          
,tennyson1 which was published in #ahce1

 is especially noteworthy4 ,others      
referred more especially to the politics
 of the day4 ,from one1 which appeared  
in #ahcg1 reviewing ,albany             
,fonblanque's ,england under ,seven     
,administrations1 and speaking generally
 in high terms of the politics of ,the  
,examiner1 we may extract a few         
sentences which define very clearly the 
political ground taken by ,mr4 ,mill1   
,mr4 ,fonblanque1 and those who had then
 come to be called ,philosophical       
,radicals4 ,there are divers schools of 
,radicals1 said ,mr4 ,mill4 ,there are  
the historical ,radicals1 who demand    
popular institutions as the inheritance 
of ,englishmen1 transmitted to us from  
the ,saxons or the barons of ,runnymede4
 ,there are the metaphysical ,radicals1 
who hold the principles of democracy1   
not as means to good government1 but as 
corollaries from some unreal            
abstraction1--from 'natural liberty' or 
'natural rights4' ,there are the        
radicals of occasion and circumstance1  

who are radicals because they disapprove
 the measures of the government for the 
time being4 ,there are1 lastly1 the     
,radicals of position1 who are          
,radicals1 as somebody said1 because    
they are not lords4 ,those whom1 in     
contradistinction to all these1 we call 
,philosophical ,radicals1 are those who 
in politics observe the common manner of
 philosophers2 that is1 who1 when they  
are discussing means1 begin by          
considering the end1 and1 when they     
desire to produce effects1 think of     
causes4 ,these persons became ,radicals 
because they saw immense practical evils
 existing in the government and social  
condition of this country1 and because  
the same examination which showed them  
the evils showed also that the cause of 
those evils was the aristocratic        
principle in our government1--the       
subjection of the many to the control of
 a comparatively few1 who had an        
interest1 or fancied they had an        
interest1 in perpetuating those evils4  

,these inquirers looked still farther1  
and saw1 that1 in the present imperfect 
condition of human nature1 nothing      
better than this self-preference was to 
be expected from a dominant few2 that   
the interests of the many were sure to  
be in their eyes a secondary            
consideration to their own ease or      
emolument4 ,perceiving1 therefore1 that 
we are ill-governed1 and perceiving     
that1 so long as the aristocratic       
principle continued predominant in our  
government1 we could not expect to be   
otherwise1 these persons became         
,radicals2 and the motto of their       
,radicalism was1 ,enmity to the         
aristocratical principle4  ,the period  
of ,mr4 ,mill's most intimate connection
 with ,the ,london and ,westminster     
,review forms a brilliant episode in the
 history of journalism2 and his         
relations1 then and afterwards1 with    
other men of letters and political      
writers1--some of them as famous as ,mr4
 ,carlyle and ,coleridge1 ,charles      

,buller and ,sir ,henry ,taylor1 ,sir   
,william ,molesworth1 ,sir ,john        
,bowring1 and ,mr4 ,roebuck1--yield     
tempting materials for even the most    
superficial biography2 but we must pass 
them by for the present4 ,and here we   
shall content ourselves with            
enumerating1 in the order of their      
publication1 those lengthier writings   
with which he chiefly occupied his      
leisure during the next quarter of a    
century2 though that work was frequently
 diversified by important contributions 
to ,the ,edinburgh and ,the ,westminster
 ,review1 ,fraser's ,magazine1 and other
 periodicals4 ,his first great work was 
,a ,system of ,logic1 the result of many
 years' previous study1 which appeared  
in #ahdc4 ,that completed1 he seems     
immediately to have paid chief attention
 to politico-economical questions4 ,in  
#ahdd appeared ,essays on ,some         
,unsettled ,questions of ,political     
,economy1 which were followed1 in #ahdh1
 by the ,principles of ,political       

,economy4 ,after that there was a pause 
of ten years1 though the works that were
 issued during the next six years show  
that he had not been idle during the    
interval4 ,in #aheg were published two  
volumes of the ,dissertations and       
,discussions1 consisting solely of      
printed articles1 the famous essay ,on  
,liberty1 and the ,thoughts on          
,parliamentary ,reform4 ,considerations 
on ,representative ,government appeared 
in #ahfa1 ,utilitarianism1 in #ahfc1    
,auguste ,comte and ,positivism and the 
,examination of ,sir ,william           
,hamilton's ,philosophy1 in #ahfe4      
,after that1 besides the very welcome   
,inaugural ,address at ,st4 ,andrew's in
 #ahfg1 his only work of importance was 
,the ,subjection of ,women1 published in
 #ahfi4 ,a fitting conclusion to his    
more serious literary labors appeared   
also in #ahfi in his annotated edition  
of his father's ,analysis of the        
,phenomena of the ,human ,mind4  ,when  
we remember how much and what varied    

knowledge is in those learned books1 it 
is almost difficult to believe1 that1   
during most of the years in which he was
 preparing them1 ,mr4 ,mill was also a  
hard worker in the ,india ,house1       
passing rapidly1 and as the reward only 
of his assiduity and talent1 from the   
drudgery of a junior clerk to a position
 involving all the responsibility1 if   
not quite all the dignity1 of a         
secretary of state4 ,one of his most    
intimate friends1 and the one who knew  
far more of him in this respect than any
 other1 has in another column penned    
some reminiscences of his official life2
 but if all the state papers that he    
wrote1 and all the correspondence that  
he carried on with ,indian officials and
 the native potentates of the ,east1    
could be explored1 more than one volume 
would have to be written in supplement  
to his father's great ,history of       
,british ,india4  ,having retired from  
the ,india ,house in #aheh1 ,mr4 ,mill  
went to spend the winter in ,avignon1 in

 the hope of improving the broken health
 of the wife to whom he was devotedly   
attached4 ,he had not been married many 
years1 but ,mrs4 ,mill1 who was the     
widow of ,mr4 ,john ,taylor1 a ,london  
merchant1 had been his friend since     
#ahce1 or even earlier4 ,during more    
than twenty years he had been aided by  
her talents1 and encouraged by her      
sympathy1 in all the work he had        
undertaken1 and to her rare merits he   
afterwards paid more than one tribute in
 terms that have no equal for the       
intensity of their language1 and the    
depth of affection contained in them4   
,mrs4 ,mill's weak state of health seems
 to have hardly repressed her powers of 
intellect4 ,by her was written the      
celebrated essay on ,the                
,enfranchisement of ,women contributed  
to ,the ,westminster ,review1 and       
afterwards reprinted in the             
,dissertations and ,discussions1 with a 
preface avowing1 that by her ,mr4 ,mill 
had been greatly assisted in all that he

 had written for some time previous4    
,but the assistance was to end now4     
,mrs4 ,mill died at ,avignon on the #c;d
 of ,november1 #aheh1 and over her grave
 was placed one of the most pathetic and
 eloquent epitaphs that have been ever  
penned4 ,her great and loving heart1 her
 noble soul1 her clear1 powerful1       
original1 and comprehensive intellect1  
it was there written1 made her the guide
 and support1 the instructor in wisdom1 
and the example in goodness1 as she was 
the sole earthly delight1 of those who  
had the happiness to belong to her4 ,as 
earnest for all public good as she was  
generous and devoted to all who         
surrounded her1 her influence has been  
felt in many of the greatest            
improvements of the age1 and will be in 
those still to come4 ,were there even a 
few hearts and intellects like hers1    
this earth would already become the     
hoped-for heaven4 ,henceforth1 during   
the fourteen years and a half that were 
to elapse before he should be laid in   

the same grave1 ,avignon was the chosen 
haunt of ,mr4 ,mill4  ,passing much of  
his time in the modest house that he had
 bought1 that he might be within sight  
of his wife's tomb1 ,mr4 ,mill was also 
frequently in ,london1 whither he came  
especially to facilitate the new course 
of philosophical and political writing  
on which he entered4 ,he found relief   
also in excursions1 one of which was    
taken nearly every year1 in company with
 his step-daughter1 ,miss ,helen        
,taylor1 into various parts of ,europe4 
,italy1 ,switzerland1 and many other    
districts1 were explored1 partly on     
foot1 with a keen eye both to the       
natural features of the localities1     
especially in furtherance of those      
botanical studies to which ,mr4 ,mill   
now returned with the ardor of his      
youth1 and also to their social and     
political institutions4 ,perhaps the    
longest and most eventful of these      
excursions was taken in #ahfb to        
,greece4 ,on this occasion it had been  

proposed that his old friend1 ,mr4      
,grote1 should accompany him4 ,to go    
through those scenes1 and especially to 
go through them in your company1 wrote  
,mr4 ,grote in ,january1 would be to me 
pre-eminently delightful2 but1 alas6 my 
physical condition altogether forbids   
it4 ,i could not possibly stay away from
 ,london1 without the greatest          
discomfort1 for so long a period as two 
months4 ,still less could ,i endure the 
fatigue of horse and foot exercise which
 an excursion in ,greece must inevitably
 entail4 ,the journey occupied more than
 two months2 but in the autumn ,mr4     
,mill was at ,avignon2 and1 returning to
 ,london in ,december1 he spent         
,christmas week with ,mr4 ,grote at his 
residence1 ,barrow ,green1--,bentham's  
old house1 and the one in which ,mr4    
,mill had played himself when he was a  
child4 ,he is in good health and        
spirits1 wrote ,mr4 ,grote to ,sir      
,g4,c4 ,lewis after that visit2 violent 
against the ,south in this ,american    

struggle2 embracing heartily the extreme
 ,abolitionist views1 and thinking about
 little else in regard to the general   
question4  ,it was only to be expected  
that ,mr4 ,mill would take much interest
 in the ,american civil war1 and        
sympathize strongly with the            
,abolitionist party4 ,his interest in   
politics had been keen1 and his judgment
 on them had been remarkably sound all  
through life1 as his early articles in  
,the ,morning ,chronicle and ,the       
,london and ,westminster ,review1 and   
his later contributions to various      
periodicals1 helped to testify2 but     
towards the close of his life the       
interest was perhaps keener1 as the     
judgment was certainly more mellowed4   
,it was not strange1 therefore1 that his
 admirers among the working classes1 and
 the advanced radicals of all grades1   
should have urged him1 and that1 after  
some hesitation1 he should have         
consented1 to become a candidate for    
,westminster at the general election of 

#ahfe4 ,that candidature will be long   
remembered as a notable example of the  
dignified way in which an honest man1   
and one who was as much a philosopher in
 practice as in theory1 can do all that 
is needful1 and avoid all that is       
unworthy1 in an excited electioneering  
contest1 and submit without injury to   
the insults of political opponents and  
of political time-servers professing to 
be of his own way of thinking4 ,the     
result of the election was a far greater
 honor to the electors who chose him    
than to the representative whom they    
chose2 though that honor was greatly    
tarnished by ,mr4 ,mill's rejection when
 he offered himself for re-election     
three years later4  ,this is hardly the 
place in which to review at much length 
,mr4 ,mill's parliamentary career1      
though it may be briefly referred to in 
evidence of the great and almost        
unlooked-for ability with which he      
adapted himself to the requirements of a
 philosophical politician as distinct   

from a political philosopher4 ,his first
 speech in the ,house of ,commons1      
delivered very soon after its           
assembling1 was on the occasion of the  
second reading of the ,cattle ,diseases 
,bill1 on the #adth of ,february1 #ahff1
 when he supported ,mr4 ,bright in his  
opposition to the proposals of ,mr4     
,lowe for compensation to their owners  
for the slaughter of such animals as    
were diseased or likely to spread       
infection4 ,his complaint against the   
bill was succinctly stated in two       
sentences1 which fairly illustrated the 
method and basis of all his arguments   
upon current politics4 ,it compensates1 
he said1 a class for the results of a   
calamity which is borne by the whole    
community4 ,in justice1 the farmers who 
have not suffered ought to compensate   
those who have2 but the bill does what  
it ought not to have done1 and leaves   
undone what it ought to have done1 by   
not equalizing the incidence of the     
burden upon that class1 inasmuch as1    

from the operation of the local         
principle adopted1 that portion of an   
agricultural community who have not     
suffered at all will not have to pay at 
all1 and those who have suffered little 
will have to pay little2 while those who
 have suffered most will have to pay a  
great deal4 ,an aristocracy1 he added1  
in words that as truly indicate the way 
in which he subjected all matters of    
detail to the test of general principles
 of truth and expediency1--an           
aristocracy should have the feelings of 
an aristocracy2 and1 inasmuch as they   
enjoy the highest honors and advantages1
 they ought to be willing to bear the   
first brunt of the inconveniences and   
evils which fall on the country         
generally4 ,this is the ideal character 
of an aristocracy3 it is the character  
with which all privileged classes are   
accustomed to credit themselves2 though 
,i am not aware of any aristocracy in   
history that has fulfilled those        
requirements4  ,that1 and the later     

speeches that ,mr4 ,mill delivered on   
the ,cattle ,diseases ,bill1 at once    
announced to the ,house of ,commons and 
the public1 if they needed any such     
announcement1 the temper and spirit in  
which he was resolved to execute his    
legislative functions4 ,the same spirit 
and temper appeared in the speech on the
 ,habeas ,corpus ,suspension 7,ireland7 
,bill1 which he delivered on the #agth  
of ,february2 but his full strength as a
 debater was first manifested during the
 discussion on ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,reform
 ,bill of #ahff1 which was brought on   
for second reading on the #abth of      
,april4 ,his famous speech on that      
occasion1 containing the most powerful  
arguments offered by any speaker in     
favor of the measure1 and his shorter   
speech during its discussion on the     
#cast of ,may1 need not here be         
recapitulated4 ,they were only admirable
 developments in practical debate of    
those principles of political science   
which he had already enforced in his    

published works4 ,the other leading     
topics handled by ,mr4 ,mill during the 
session of #ahff were the expediency of 
reducing the ,national ,debt1 which he  
urged on the occasion of ,mr4 ,neate's  
proposal on the #agth of ,april2 the    
,tenure and ,improvement of ,land       
7,ireland7 ,bill1 on which he spoke at  
length and with force on the #agth of   
,may1 then practically initiating the   
movement in favor of land-reform1 which 
he partly helped to enforce in part with
 regard to ,ireland1 and for the more   
complete adoption of which in ,england  
he labored to the last2 the ,jamaica    
outbreak1 and the conduct of ,governor  
,eyre1 on which he spoke on the #cast of
 ,july2 and the electoral disabilities  
of women1 which he first brought within 
the range of practical politics by      
moving1 on the #bjth of ,july1 for a    
return of the numbers of householders1  
and others who1 fulfilling the          
conditions of property or rental        
prescribed by law as the qualification  

for the electoral franchise1 are        
excluded from the franchise by reason of
 their sex4  ,in the session of #ahfg   
,mr4 ,mill took a prominent part in the 
discussions on the ,metropolitan ,poor  
,bill2 and he spoke on various other    
topics1--his introduction of the        
,women's ,electoral ,disabilities       
,removal ,bill being in some respects   
the most notable3 but his chief action  
was with reference to ,mr4 ,disraeli's  
,reform ,bill1 several clauses of which 
he criticised and helped to alter in    
committee4 ,though he was as zealous as 
ever1 however1 in his attendance to     
public business1 he made fewer great    
speeches1 being content to set a wise   
example to other and less able men in   
only speaking when he felt it absolutely
 necessary to do so1 and in generally   
performing merely the functions of a    
silent member4  ,in #ahfh he was1 if not
 more active1 somewhat more prominent4  
,on ,march the #fth1 on the occasion of 
,mr4 ,shaw-,lefevre's motion respecting 

the ,alabama ,claims1 he forcibly       
expressed his opinions as to the wrong  
done by ,england to the ,united ,states 
during the civil war1 and the need of   
making adequate reparation2 and on the  
#abth of the same month he spoke with   
equal boldness on ,mr4 ,maguire's motion
 for a committee to inquire into the    
state of ,ireland1 repeating anew and   
enforcing the views he had lately put   
forward in his pamphlet on ,ireland1 and
 considerably aiding by anticipation the
 passage of ,mr4 ,gladstone's two great 
measures of ,irish ,reform4 ,he took an 
important part in the discussion of the 
,election ,petitions and ,corrupt       
,practices ,bill2 and among a great     
number of other measures on which he    
spoke was the ,married ,women's         
,property ,bill of ,mr4 ,shaw-,lefevre4 
,soon after that the ,house of ,commons 
was dissolved1 and ,mr4 ,mill's too     
brief parliamentary career came to an   
end4 ,the episode1 however1 had to some 
extent helped to quicken his always keen

 interest in political affairs4 ,this   
was proved1 among other ways1 by the    
publication of his pamphlet on ,england 
and ,ireland in #ahfh1 and of his       
treatise ,on the ,subjection of ,women  
in #ahfi1 as well as by the especial    
interest which he continued to exhibit  
in two of the most important political  
movements of the day1--all the more     
important because they are yet almost in
 their infancy1--the one for the        
political enfranchisement of women1 the 
other for a thorough reform of our      
system of land tenure4 ,the latest proof
 of his zeal on the second of these     
important points appeared in the address
 which he delivered at ,exeter ,hall on 
the #ahth of last ,march1 and in two    
articles which he contributed to ,the   
,examiner at the commencement of the    
present year4 ,we may be permitted to   
add that it was his intention to use    
some of the greater quiet that he       
expected to enjoy during his stay at    
,avignon in writing frequent articles on

 political affairs for publication in   
these columns4 ,he died while his       
intellectual powers were as fresh as    
they had ever been1 and when his        
political wisdom was only ripened by    
experience4  ,in this paper we purposely
 limit ourselves to a concise narrative 
of the leading events of ,mr4 ,mill's   
life1 and abstain as far as possible    
from any estimate of either the value or
 the extent of his work in philosophy1  
in economics1 in politics1 or in any    
other of the departments of thought and 
study to which1 with such depth and     
breadth of mind1 he applied himself2 but
 it is impossible for us to lay down the
 pen without some slight reference1     
however inadequate it may be1 to the    
nobility of his character1 and the      
peculiar grace with which he exhibited  
it in all his dealings with his friends 
and with the whole community among whom 
he lived1 and for whom he worked with   
the self-sacrificing zeal of an apostle4
 ,if to labor fearlessly and ceaselessly

 for the good of society1 and with the  
completest self-abnegation that is      
consistent with healthy individuality1  
be the true form of religion1 ,mr4 ,mill
 exhibited such genuine and profound    
religion--so permeating his whole life1 
and so engrossing his every action--as  
can hardly be looked for in any other   
man of this generation4 ,great as were  
his intellectual qualities1 they were   
dwarfed by his moral excellences4 ,he   
did not1 it is true1 aim at any fanciful
 ideal1 or adopt any fantastic          
shibboleths4 ,he was only a utilitarian4
 ,he believed in no inspiration but that
 of experience4 ,he had no other creed  
or dogma or gospel than ,bentham's      
axiom1--,the greatest happiness of the  
greatest number4 ,but many will think   
that herein was the chief of all his    
claims to the honor of all men1 and the 
best evidence of his worth4 ,at any     
rate1 he set a notable example of the   
way in which a man1 making the best use 
in his power of merely his own reason   

and the accumulated reason of those who 
have gone before him1 wisely exercising 
the faculties of which he finds himself 
possessed1 and seeking no guidance or   
support from invisible beacons and      
intangible props1 may lead a blameless  
life1 and be one of the greatest        
benefactors of his race4 ,no one who had
 any personal knowledge of him could    
fail to discern the singular purity of  
his character2 and to those who knew him
 best that purity was most apparent4 ,he
 may have blundered and stumbled in his 
pursuit of truth2 but it was part of his
 belief that stumbling and blundering   
are necessary means towards the finding 
of truth1 and that honesty of purpose is
 the only indispensable requisite for   
the nearest approach towards truth of   
which each individual is capable4 ,that 
belief rendered him as charitable       
towards others as he was modest         
concerning his own attainments4 ,he     
never boasted2 and he despised no one4  
,the only things really hateful to him  

were arrogance and injustice1 and for   
these he was1 to say the least1 as      
willing and eager to find excuse as     
could be the most devout utterer of the 
prayer1 ,father1 forgive them1 for they 
know not what they do4 ,we had noted    
many instances1 coming within our own   
very limited observation1 of his        
remarkable1 almost unparalleled         
magnanimity and generosity2 but such    
details would here be almost out of     
place1 and they who need such will      
doubtless before long receive much more 
convincing proof of his moral           
excellence4  ,we shall not here dilate  
on those minor qualities of mind and    
heart that made ,mr4 ,mill's society so 
charming to all who were fortunate      
enough to have any share in it2 and     
these1 especially in recent years1 were 
many4 ,when the first burden of his     
grief at the loss of his wife had       
passed1--perhaps partly as a relief from
 the solitude1 save for one devoted     
companion1 that would otherwise have    

been now forced upon him1--he mixed more
 freely than he had done before in the  
society of all whose company could yield
 him any satisfaction or by whom his    
friendship was really valued4 ,his      
genial and graceful bearing towards     
every one who came near him must be     
within the knowledge of very many who   
will read this column2 and they will    
remember1 besides his transparent       
nobility of character1 and the genial   
ways in which it exhibited itself1      
certain intellectual qualities for which
 he was remarkable4 ,we here refer1 not 
to his higher abilities as a thinker1   
but to such powers of mind as displayed 
themselves in conversation4 ,without any
 pedantry1--without any sort of         
intentional notification to those with  
whom he conversed that he was the       
greatest logician1 metaphysician1       
moralist1 and economist of the day1--his
 speech was always1 even on the most    
trivial subjects1 so clear and incisive1
 that it at once betrayed the           

intellectual vigor of the speaker4 ,not 
less remarkable also than his uniform   
refinement of thought1 and the deftness 
with which he at all times expressed it1
 were the grasp and keenness of his     
observation1 and the strength of memory 
with which he stored up every thing he  
had ever seen1 heard1 or read4 ,nothing 
escaped his notice at the time of its   
occurrence3 nothing was forgotten by him
 afterwards4 ,his friends often found1  
to their astonishment1 that he knew far 
more about any passages in their lives  
that he had been made aware of than they
 could themselves remember2 and1        
whenever that disclosure was made to    
them1 they must have been rejoiced to   
think1 that this memory of his1 instead 
of being1 as it might well have been1 a 
dangerous garner of severe judgments and
 fairly-grounded prejudices1 was a magic
 mirror1 in which their follies and     
foibles were hardly at all reflected1   
and only kindly reminiscences and       
generous sympathies found full          

expression4  ,but he is dead now4       
,although the great fruits of his       
life--a life in which mind and heart1 in
 which senses and emotions1 were        
singularly well balanced--are fruits    
that cannot die1 all the tender ties of 
friendship1 all the strictly personal   
qualities that so much aided his work as
 a teacher of the world1 as the foremost
 leader of his generation in the search 
after truth and righteousness1 are now  
snapped forever4 ,only four weeks ago he
 left ,london for a three-months' stay  
in ,avignon4 ,two weeks ago he was in   
his customary health4 ,on the #eth of   
,may he was attacked by a virulent form 
of erysipelas4 ,on the #hth he died4 ,on
 the #ajth he was buried in the grave to
 which he had1 through fourteen years1  
looked forward as a pleasant            
resting-place1 because during fourteen  
years there had been in it a vacant     
place beside the remains of the wife    
whom he so fondly loved4  ,h4 ,r4 ,,fox 
,,bourne4     ,,ii4  ,,his ,,career ,,in

 ,,the ,,india ,,house   ,i have        
undertaken to prepare a sketch of ,mr4  
,mill's official career1 but find1 on   
inquiry1 scarcely any thing to add to   
the few particulars on the subject which
 have already found their way into      
print4 ,of his early official           
associates1 all have1 with scarcely an  
exception1 already passed away2 and     
there is no one within reach to whom ,i 
can apply for assistance in verifying or
 correcting my own impressions4 ,these  
are in substance the following4  ,in the
 few last decades of its existence1 the 
,east-,india ,company's establishment1  
in ,leadenhall ,street1 consisted of    
three divisions1--the secretary's1      
military secretary's1 and examiners'    
offices1--in the last of which most of  
the despatches and letters were composed
 which were afterwards signed by the    
directors or the secretary4 ,into this  
division1 in the year #ahba1 the        
directors1 perceiving an infusion of new
 blood to be very urgently required1    

introduced1 as assistant examiners1 four
 outsiders1--,mr4 ,strachey 7father of  
the present ,sir ,john and ,major-,gen4 
,richard ,strachey71 ,thomas ,love      
,peacock 7author of ,headlong ,hall71   
,mr4 ,harcourt1 and ,mr4 ,james ,mill2  
the selection of the last-named being   
all the more creditable to them1        
because1 in his ,history of ,british    
,india1 he had animadverted with much   
severity on some parts of the ,company's
 administration4 ,two years afterwards1 
in #ahbc1 the historian's son1 the      
illustrious subject of these brief      
memoirs1 then a lad of seventeen1       
obtained a clerkship under his father4  
,according to the ordinary course of    
things in those days1 the               
newly-appointed junior would have had   
nothing to do1 except a little          
abstracting1 indexing1 and searching1 or
 pretending to search1 into records2 but
 young ,mill was almost immediately set 
to indite despatches to the governments 
of the three ,indian ,presidencies1 on  

what1 in ,india-,house phraseology1 were
 distinguished as political             
subjects1--subjects1 that is1 for the   
most part growing out of the relations  
of the said governments with native     
states or foreign potentates4 ,this     
continued to be his business almost to  
the last4 ,in #ahbh he was promoted to  
be assistant examiner1 and in #ahef he  
succeeded to the post of chief examiner2
 after which his duty consisted rather  
in supervising what his assistants had  
written than in writing himself3 but for
 the three and twenty years preceding he
 had had immediate charge of the        
political department1 and had written   
almost every political despatch of any  
importance that conveyed the            
instructions of the merchant princes of 
,leadenhall ,street to their pro-consuls
 in ,asia4 ,of the quality of these     
documents1 it is sufficient to say1 that
 they were ,john ,mill's2 but1 in       
respect to their quantity1 it may be    
worth mentioning that a descriptive     

catalogue of them completely fills a    
small quarto volume of between three    
hundred and four hundred pages1 in their
 author's handwriting1 which now lies   
before me2 also that the share of the   
,court of ,directors in the             
correspondence between themselves and   
the ,indian governments used to average 
annually about ten huge vellum-bound    
volumes1 foolscap size1 and five or six 
inches thick1 and that of these volumes 
two a year1 for more than twenty years  
running1 were exclusively of ,mill's    
composition2 this1 too1 at times1 when  
he was engaged upon such voluntary work 
in addition as his ,logic and ,political
 ,economy4  ,in #aheg broke out the     
,sepoy war1 and in the following year   
the ,east-,india ,company was           
extinguished in all but the name1 its   
governmental functions being transferred
 to the ,crown4 ,that most illustrious  
of corporations died hard2 and with what
 affectionate loyalty ,mill struggled to
 avert its fate is evidenced by the     

famous ,petition to ,parliament which he
 drew up for his old masters1 and which 
opens with the following effective      
antithesis3 ,your petitioners1 at their 
own expense1 and by the agency of their 
own civil and military servants1        
originally acquired for this country its
 magnificent empire in the ,east4 ,the  
foundations of this empire were laid by 
your petitioners1 at that time neither  
aided nor controlled by ,parliament1 at 
the same period at which a succession of
 administrations under the control of   
,parliament were losing1 by their       
incapacity and rashness1 another great  
empire on the opposite side of the      
,atlantic4  ,i am fortunate enough to be
 the possessor of the original ,,ms4 of 
this admirable state paper1 which ,i    
mention1 because ,i once heard its real 
authorship denied in that quarter of all
 others in which it might have been     
supposed to be least likely to be       
questioned4 ,on one of the last         
occasions of the gathering together of  

the ,proprietors of ,east-,india ,stock1
 ,i could scarcely believe my ears1 when
 one of the directors1 alluding to the  
petition1 spoke of it as having been    
written by a certain other official who 
was silting by his side1 adding1 after a
 moment's pause1 with the assistance1 as
 he understood1 of ,mr4 ,mill1 likewise 
present4 ,as soon as the ,court broke   
up1 ,i burst into ,mill's room1 boiling 
over with indignation1 and exclaiming1  
,what an infamous shame6 and no doubt   
adding a good deal more that followed in
 natural sequence on such an exordium4  
,what's the matter8 replied ,mill as    
soon as he could get a word in4         
,m----the director was quite right4 ,the
 petition was the joint work of ---- and
 myself4--,how can you be so perverse8  
,i retorted4 ,you know that ,i know you 
wrote every word of it4--,no1 rejoined  
,mill1 you are mistaken3 one whole line 
on the second page was put in by----4   
,in ,august1 #aheh1 the ,east-,india    
,company's doom was pronounced by       

,parliament4 ,the ,east-,india ,house   
was completely re-organized1 its very   
name being changed into that of the     
,india ,office1 and a ,secretary of     
,state in ,council taking the place of  
the ,court of ,directors4 ,but a change 
of scarcely secondary importance to many
 of those immediately concerned was     
,mill's retirement on a pension4 ,a few 
months after he had left us an attempt  
was made to bring him back4 ,at that    
time only one-half of the ,council were 
nominated by the ,crown1 the other half 
having been elected1 and the law        
prescribing that any vacancy among these
 latter should be filled by election on 
the part of the remaining elected       
members4 ,on the first occasion of the  
kind that occurred1 ,mill was           
immediately proposed2 and ,i had the    
honor of being commissioned to sound him
 on the subject of the intended offer1  
and to endeavor to overcome the         
objections to acceptance which it was   
feared he might entertain4 ,i went      

accordingly to his house at ,blackheath1
 but had no sooner broached the subject 
than ,i saw that my mission was         
hopeless4 ,the anguish of his recent    
bereavement was as yet too fresh4 ,he   
sought eagerly for some slight          
alleviation of despair in hard literary 
labor2 but to face the outside world was
 for the present impossible4  ,here my  
scanty record must end1 unless ,i may be
 permitted to supplement its meagreness 
by one or two personal--not to say      
egotistical--reminiscences4 ,the death  
of ,mr4 ,mill senior1 in #ahcf1 had     
occasioned a vacancy at the bottom of   
the examiner's office1 to which ,i was  
appointed through the kindness of ,sir  
,james ,carnac1 then chairman of the    
,company1 in whose gift it was4 ,within 
a few months1 however1 ,i was           
transferred to a newly-created branch of
 the secretary's office2 owing to which 
cause1 and perhaps also to a little 7or 
not a little7 mutual shyness1 ,i for    
some years came so seldom into contact  

with ,mr4 ,mill1 that1 though he of     
course knew me by sight1 we scarcely    
ever spoke1 and generally passed each   
other without any mark of recognition   
when we happened to meet in or out of   
doors4 ,early in #ahdf1 however1 ,i sent
 him a copy of a book ,i had just       
brought out1 on ,over-population4 ,a day
 or two afterwards he came into my room 
to thank me for it2 and during the      
half-hour's conversation that thereupon 
ensued1 sprang up1 full grown at its    
birth1 an intimate friendship1 of which 
,i feel that ,i am not unduly boasting  
in declaring it to have been equally    
sincere and fervent on both sides4 ,from
 that time for the next ten or twelve   
years1 a day seldom passed without1 if  
,i did not go into his room1 his coming 
into mine1 often telling me as he       
entered1 that he had nothing particular 
to say2 but that1 having a few minutes  
to spare1 he thought we might as well   
have a little talk4 ,and what talks we  
have had on such occasions1 and on what 

various subjects6 and not unfrequently1 
too1 when the room was ,mill's1 ,grote1 
the historian1 would join us1 first     
announcing his advent by a peculiar and 
ever-welcome rat-tat with his           
walking-stick on the door4 ,i must not  
dwell longer over these recollections2  
but there are two special obligations of
 my own to ,mill which ,i cannot permit 
myself to pass over4 ,when1 in #ahef1 he
 became examiner1 he had made it1 as ,i 
have been since assured by the then     
chairman of the ,east-,india ,company1 a
 condition of his acceptance of the     
post1 that ,i1 whose name very likely   
the ,chairman had never before heard1   
should be associated with him as one of 
his assistant examiners2 and ,i was     
placed1 in consequence1 in charge of the
 ,public-,works ,department4 ,not long  
afterwards1 having lapsed into a state  
of nervous weakness1 which for nearly a 
year absolutely incapacitated me for    
mental labor1 ,i should1 but for ,mill1 
have been compelled to retire from the  

service4 ,from this1 however1 he saved  
me by quietly taking upon himself1 and  
for the space of twelve months          
discharging1 the whole of my official   
duties1 in addition to his own4 ,is it  
wonderful that such a man1 supposed by  
those who did not know him to be cold1  
stern1 and dry1 should have been        
enthusiastically beloved by those who   
did8  ,it is little to say1 that my own 
friendship with him was1 from first to  
last1 never once ruffled by difference  
or misunderstanding of any kind4        
,differences of opinion we had in       
abundance2 but my open avowal of them   
was always recognized by him as one of  
the strongest proofs of respect1 and    
served to cement instead of weakening   
our attachment4#a ,the nearest approach 
made throughout our intercourse to any  
thing of an unpleasant character was    
about the time of his retirement from   
the ,india ,house4 ,talking over that   
one day with two or three of my         
colleagues1 ,i said it would not do to  

let ,mill go without receiving some     
permanently-visible token of our regard4
 ,the motion was no sooner made than it 
was carried by acclamation4 ,every      
member of the examiners' office--for we 
jealously insisted on confining the     
affair to ourselves--came tendering his 
subscription1 scarcely waiting to be    
asked2 in half an hour's time some fifty
 or sixty pounds--,i forget the exact   
sum--was collected1 which in due course 
was invested in a superb silver         
inkstand1 designed by our friend1 ,digby
 ,wyatt1 and manufactured by ,messrs4   
,elkington4 ,before it was ready1       
however1 an unexpected trouble arose4   
,in some way or other1 ,mill had got    
wind of our proceeding1 and1 coming to  
me in consequence1 began almost to      
upbraid me as its originator4 ,i had    
never before seen him so angry4 ,he     
hated all such demonstrations1 he said1 
and was quite resolved not to be made   
the subject of them4 ,he was sure they  
were never altogether genuine or        

spontaneous2 there were always several  
persons who took part in them merely    
because they did not like to refuse2    
and1 in short1 whatever we might do1 he 
would have none of it4 ,in vain ,i      
represented how eagerly everybody1      
without exception1 had come forward2    
that we had now gone too far to recede2 
that1 if he would not take the inkstand1
 we should be utterly at a loss what to 
do with it2 and that ,i myself should be
 in a specially embarrassing position4  
,mill was not to be moved4 ,this was a  
question of principle1 and on principle 
he could not give way4 ,there was       
nothing left1 therefore1 but resort to a
 species of force4 ,i arranged with     
,messrs4 ,elkington that our little     
testimonial should be taken down to ,mr4
 ,mill's house at ,blackheath by one of 
their men1 who1 after leaving it with   
the servant1 should hurry away without  
waiting for an answer4 ,this plan       
succeeded2 but ,i have always suspected1
 though she never told me so1 that its  

success was mainly due to ,miss ,helen  
,taylor's good offices4 ,but for her1   
the inkstand would almost certainly have
 been returned1 instead of being        
promoted1 as it eventually was1 to a    
place of honor in her own and her       
father's drawing-room4  ,mine is        
scarcely just now the mood in which ,i  
should have been naturally disposed to  
relate anecdotes like this2 but1 in the 
execution of my present task1 ,i have   
felt bound chiefly to consider what     
would be likely to interest the reader4 
,w4,t4 ,,thornton4  ,,footnotes3        
#a ,i may be permitted here1 without    
,mr4 ,thornton's      knowledge1 to     
recall a remark made by ,mr4 ,mill only 
a few      weeks ago4 ,we were speaking 
of ,mr4 ,thornton's recently            
published ,old-fashioned ,ethics and    
,common-,sense      ,metaphysics1 when  
,i remarked on ,mr4 ,mill's wide        
divergence      from most of the views  
contained in it4 ,yes1 he replied1      
it is pleasant to find something on     

which to differ from      ,thornton4    
,mr4 ,mill's prompt recognition of the  
importance      of ,mr4 ,thornton's     
refutation of the wage-fund theory is   
only      one out of numberless         
instances of his peculiar               
magnanimity4--,b4     ,,iii4  ,,his     
,,moral ,,character4   ,to dilate upon  
,mr4 ,mill's achievements1 and to insist
 upon the wideness of his influence over
 the thought of his time and            
consequently over the actions of his    
time1 seems to me scarcely needful4 ,the
 facts are sufficiently obvious1 and are
 recognized by all who know any thing   
about the progress of opinion during the
 last half century4 ,my own estimate of 
him1 intellectually considered1 has been
 emphatically though briefly given on an
 occasion of controversy between us1 by 
expressing my regret at 'having to      
contend against the doctrine of one     
whose agreement ,i should value more    
than that of any other thinker4'        
,while1 however1 it is almost           

superfluous to assert of him that       
intellectual height so generally        
admitted there is more occasion for     
drawing attention to a moral elevation  
that is less recognized partly because  
his activities in many directions       
afforded no occasion for exhibiting it1 
and partly because some of its most     
remarkable manifestations in conduct are
 known only to those whose personal     
relations with him have called them     
forth4 ,i feel especially prompted to   
say something on this point1 because1   
where better things might have been     
expected1 there has been1 not only a    
grudging recognition of intellectual    
rank1 but a marked blindness to those   
fine traits of character1 which1 in the 
valuation of men1 must go for more than 
superiority of intelligence4  ,it might 
indeed have been supposed1 that even    
those who never enjoyed the pleasure of 
personal acquaintance with ,mr4 ,mill   
would have been impressed with the      
nobility of his nature as indicated in  

his opinions and deeds4 ,how entirely   
his public career has been determined by
 a pure and strong sympathy for his     
fellow men1 how entirely this sympathy  
has subordinated all desires for        
personal advantage1 how little even the 
fear of being injured in reputation or  
position has deterred him from taking   
the course which he thought equitable or
 generous--ought to be manifest to every
 antagonist1 however bitter4 ,a         
generosity that might almost be called  
romantic was obviously the feeling      
prompting sundry of those courses of    
action which have been commented upon as
 errors4 ,and nothing like a true       
conception of him can be formed1 unless1
 along with dissent from them1 there    
goes recognition of the fact that they  
resulted from the eagerness of a noble  
nature impatient to rectify injustice   
and to further human welfare4  ,it may  
perhaps be that my own perception of    
this pervading warmth of feeling has    
been sharpened by seeing it exemplified1

 not in the form of expressed opinions  
only1 but in the form of private        
actions1 for ,mr4 ,mill was not one of  
those1 who1 to sympathy with their      
fellow men in the abstract1 join        
indifference to them in the concrete4   
,there came from him generous acts that 
corresponded with his generous          
sentiments4 ,i say this1 not from       
second-hand knowledge1 but having in    
mind a remarkable example known only to 
myself and a few friends4 ,i have       
hesitated whether to give this example1 
seeing that it has personal             
implications4 ,but it affords so clear  
an insight into ,mr4 ,mill's character1 
and shows so much more vividly than any 
description could do how fine were the  
motives swaying his conduct1 that ,i    
think the occasion justifies disclosure 
of it4  ,some seven years ago1 after    
bearing as long as was possible the     
continued losses entailed on me by the  
publication of the ,system of           
,philosophy1 ,i notified to the         

subscribers that ,i should be obliged to
 cease at the close of the volume then  
in progress4 ,shortly after the issue of
 this announcement ,i received from ,mr4
 ,mill a letter1 in which1 after        
expressions of regret1 and after naming 
a plan which he wished to prosecute for 
re-imbursing me1 he went on to say1 ,in 
the next place 444 what ,i propose is1  
that you should write the next of your  
treatises1 and that ,i should guarantee 
the publisher against loss2 i4e41 should
 engage1 after such length of time as   
may be agreed on1 to make good any      
deficiency that may occur1 not exceeding
 a given sum1--that sum being such as   
the publisher may think sufficient to   
secure him4 ,now1 though these          
arrangements were of kinds that ,i could
 not bring myself to yield to1 they none
 the less profoundly impressed me with  
,mr4 ,mill's nobility of feeling1 and   
his anxiety to further what he regarded 
as a beneficial end4 ,such proposals    
would have been remarkable even had     

there been entire agreement of opinion1 
but they were the more remarkable as    
being made by him under the             
consciousness that there existed between
 us certain fundamental differences1    
openly avowed4 ,i had1 both directly and
 by implication1 combated that form of  
the experiential theory of human        
knowledge which characterizes ,mr4      
,mill's philosophy3 in upholding        
,realism1 ,i had opposed in decided ways
 those metaphysical systems to which his
 own ,idealism was closely allied2 and  
we had long carried on a controversy    
respecting the test of truth1 in which  
,i had similarly attacked ,mr4 ,mill's  
positions in an outspoken manner4 ,that1
 under such circumstances1 he should    
have volunteered his aid1 and urged it  
upon me1 as he did1 on the ground that  
it would not imply any personal         
obligation1 proved in him a very        
exceptional generosity4  ,quite recently
 ,i have seen afresh illustrated this   
fine trait1--this ability to bear with  

unruffled temper1 and without any       
diminution of kindly feeling1 the       
publicly-expressed antagonism of a      
friend4 ,the last evening ,i spent at   
his house was in the company of another 
invited guest1 who1 originally agreeing 
with him entirely on certain disputed   
questions1 had some fortnight previously
 displayed his change of view1--nay1 had
 publicly criticised some of ,mr4       
,mill's positions in a very undisguised 
manner4 ,evidently1 along with his own  
unswerving allegiance to truth1 there   
was in ,mr4 ,mill an unusual power of   
appreciating in others a like           
conscientiousness1 and so of suppressing
 any feeling of irritation produced by  
difference1--suppressing it1 not in     
appearance only1 but in reality1 and    
that1 too1 under the most trying        
circumstances4  ,i should say indeed1   
that ,mr4 ,mill's general               
characteristic1 emotionally considered1 
was an unusual predominance of the      
higher sentiments1--a predominance which

 tended1 perhaps1 both in theory and    
practice1 to subordinate the lower      
nature unduly4 ,that rapid advance of   
age which has been conspicuous for some 
years past1 and which doubtless prepared
 the way for his somewhat premature     
death1 may1 ,i think1 be regarded as the
 outcome of a theory of life which made 
learning and working the occupations too
 exclusively considered4 ,but when we   
ask to what ends he acted out this      
theory1 and in so doing too little      
regarded his bodily welfare1 we see that
 even here the excess1 if such we call  
it1 was a noble one4 ,extreme desire to 
further human welfare was that to which 
he sacrificed himself4  ,,herbert       
,,spencer4     ,,iv4  ,,his ,,botanical 
,,studies4   ,if we would have a just   
idea of any man's character1 we should  
view it from as many points1 and under  
as many aspects1 as we can4 ,the        
side-lights thrown by the lesser        
occupations of a life are often very    
strong1 and bring out its less obvious  

parts into startling prominence4 ,much  
especially is to be learned of character
 by taking into consideration the       
employment of times of leisure or       
relaxation2 the occupation of such hours
 being due almost solely to the natural 
bent of the individual1 without the     
interfering action of necessity or      
expediency4 ,most men1 perhaps          
especially eminent men1 have a          
hobby1--some absorbing object1 the      
pursuit of which forms the most natural 
avocation of their mind1 and to which   
they turn with the certainty of at least
 satisfaction1 if not of exquisite      
pleasure4 ,the man who follows any      
branch of natural science in this way is
 almost always especially happy in its  
prosecution2 and his mental powers are  
refreshed and invigorated for the more  
serious and engrossing if less congenial
 occupation of his life4 ,mr4 ,mill's   
hobby was practical field botany2 surely
 in all ways one very well suited to    
him4  ,of the tens of thousands who are 

acquainted with the philosophical       
writings of ,mr4 ,mill1 there are       
probably few beyond the circle of his   
personal friends who are aware that he  
was also an author in a modest way on   
botanical subjects1 and a keen searcher 
after wild plants4 ,his short           
communications on botany were chiefly if
 not entirely published in a monthly    
magazine called ,the ,phytologist1      
edited1 from its commencement in #ahda1 
by the late ,george ,luxford1 till his  
death1 in #ahed1 and afterwards         
conducted by ,mr4 ,a4 ,irvine of        
,chelsea1 an intimate friend of ,mr4    
,mill's1 till its discontinuance in     
#ahfc4 ,in the early numbers of this    
periodical especially will be found     
frequent notes and short papers on the  
facts of plant distribution brought to  
light by ,mr4 ,mill during his botanical
 rambles4 ,his excursions were chiefly  
in the county of ,surrey1 and especially
 in the neighborhood of ,guildford and  
the beautiful vale of the               

,sittingbourne1 where he had the        
satisfaction of being the first to      
notice several plants of interest1 as   
,polygonum dumetorum1 ,isatis tinctoria1
 and ,impatiens fulva1 an ,american     
species of balsam1 affording a very     
remarkable example of complete          
naturalization in the ,wey and other    
streams connected with the lower course 
of the ,thames4 ,mr4 ,mill says he first
 observed this interloper in #ahbb at   
,albury1 a date which probably marks    
about the commencement of his botanical 
investigations1 if not that of the first
 notice of the plant in this country4   
,mr4 ,mill's copious ,,ms lists of      
observations in ,surrey were            
subsequently forwarded to the late ,mr4 
,salmon of ,godalming1 and have been    
since published with the large          
collection of facts made by that        
botanist in the ,flora of ,surrey1      
printed under the auspices of the       
,holmesdale 7,reigate7 ,natural ,history
 ,club4 ,mr4 ,mill also contributed to  

the same scientific magazine some short 
notes on ,hampshire botany1 and is      
believed to have helped in the          
compilation of ,mr4 ,g4,g4 ,mill's      
,catalogue of the ,plants of ,great     
,marlow1 ,bucks4  ,the mere recording of
 isolated facts of this kind of course  
affords no scope for any style in       
composition4 ,it may1 however1 be       
thought worth while to reproduce here   
the concluding paragraph of a short     
article on ,spring ,flowers in the      
,south of ,europe1 as a sample of ,mr4  
,mill's popular manner1 as well as for  
its own sake as a fine description of a 
matchless scene4 ,he is describing the  
little mountain range of ,albano1       
beloved of painters1 and1 after         
comparing its vernal flora with that in 
,england1 goes on3--       ',if we would
 ascend the highest member of the       
mountain group1      the ,monte ,cavo1  
we must make the circuit of the north   
flank      of the mountains of ,marino1 
on the edge of the ,albano ,lake1       

and ,rocca di ,tassa1 a picturesque     
village in the hollow      mountain     
side1 from which we climb through woods1
 abounding      in ,galanthus nivalis   
and ,corydalis cava1 to that summit     
which was the arx of ,jupiter ,latialis1
 and to which the      thirty ,latian   
cities ascended in solemn procession to 
offer      their annual sacrifice4 ,the 
place is now occupied by a      convent1
 under the wall of which ,i gathered    
,orinthogalum      nutans2 and from its 
neighborhood ,i enjoyed a panoramic     
view1 surely the most glorious1 in its  
combination of      natural beauty and  
grandeur of historical recollections1 to
      be found anywhere on earth4 ,the  
eye ranged from ,terracina on      one  
side to ,veii on the other1 and beyond  
,veii to the hills      of ,sutrium and 
,nepete1 once covered by the ,cimmian   
forests1      then deemed an            
impenetrable barrier between the        
interior of      ,etruria and ,rome4    
,below my feet the ,alban mountain1 with

 all      its forest-covered folds1 and 
in one of them the dark-blue      ,lake 
of ,nemi2 that of ,albano1 ,i think1 was
 invisible4 ,to the      north1 in the  
dim distance1 the ,eternal ,city1 to the
 west      the eternal sea1 for eastern 
boundary1 the long line of      ,sabine 
mountains from ,soracte past ,tibur and 
away towards      ,proeneste4 ,the range
 then passed behind the ,alban group1   
but      re-appeared to the south-east  
as the mountain crescent of      ,cora  
and ,pometia1 enclosing between its     
horns the ,pontine      marshes1 which  
lay spread out below as far as the sea  
line1      extending east and west from 
,terracina in the bay of ,fondi1        
the ,volscian ,anxur1 to the angle of   
the coast where rises      suddenly1    
between the marshes and the sea1 the    
mountain      promontory of ,circeii1   
celebrated alike in history and in      
fable4 ,within the space visible from   
this one point1 the      destinies of   
the human race were decided4 ,it took   

the ,romans      nearly five hundred    
years to vanquish and incorporate the   
warlike tribes who inhabited that narrow
 tract1 but1 this      being            
accomplished1 two hundred more sufficed 
them to      complete the conquest of   
the world4  ,during the frequent and    
latterly prolonged residence at         
,avignon1 ,mr4 ,mill1 carrying on his   
botanical propensities1 had become very 
well acquainted with the vegetation of  
the district1 and at the time of his    
death had collected a mass of notes and 
observations on the subject4 ,it is     
believed to have been his intention to  
have printed these as the foundation of 
a flora of ,avignon4  ,in the slight    
contributions to the literature of      
botany made by ,mr4 ,mill1 there is     
nothing which gives any inkling of the  
great intellectual powers of their      
writer4 ,though always clear and        
accurate1 they are merely such notes as 
any working botanical collector is able 
to supply in abundance4 ,mainly content 

with the pursuit as an outdoor          
occupation1 with such an amount of home 
work as was necessary to determine the  
names and affinities of the species1    
,mr4 ,mill never penetrated deeply into 
the philosophy of botany1 so as to take 
rank among those who have1 like ,herbert
 ,spencer1 advanced that science by     
original work either of experiment or   
generalization1 or have entered into the
 battle-field where the great biological
 questions of the day are being fought  
over4 ,the writer of this notice well   
remembers meeting1 a few years since1   
the 7at that time7 parliamentary        
logician1 with his trousers turned up   
out of the mud1 and armed with the tin  
insignia of his craft1 busily occupied  
in the search after a marsh-loving      
rarity in a typical spongy wood on the  
clay to the north of ,london4  ,but     
however followed1 the investigation of  
nature cannot fail to influence the mind
 in the direction of a more just        
appreciation of the necessity of system 

in arrangement1 and of the principles   
which must regulate all attempts to     
express notions of system in a          
classification4 ,traces of this are not 
difficult to find in ,mr4 ,mill's       
writings4 ,it may be safely stated1 that
 the chapters on classification in the  
,logic would not have taken the form    
they have1 had not the writer been a    
naturalist as well as a logician4 ,the  
views expressed so clearly in these     
chapters are chiefly founded on the     
actual needs experienced by the         
systematic botanist2 and the argument is
 largely sustained by references to     
botanical systems and arrangements4     
,most botanists agree with ,mr4 ,mill in
 his objections to ,dr4 ,whewell's views
 of a natural classification by         
resemblance to types1 instead of in     
accordance with well-selected           
characters2 and indeed the whole of     
these chapters are well deserving the   
careful study of naturalists1           
notwithstanding that the wonderfully    

rapid progress in recent years of new   
ideas1 lying at the very root of all the
 natural sciences1 may be thought by    
some to give the whole argument1 in     
spite of its logical excellence1 a      
somewhat antiquated flavor4 ,how fully  
,mr4 ,mill recognized the great         
importance of the study of biological   
classifications1 and the influence such 
a study must have had on himself1 may be
 judged from the following quotation3-- 
,although the scientific arrangements of
 organic nature      afford as yet the  
only complete example of the true       
principles of rational classification1  
whether as to the      formation of     
groups or of series1 those principles   
are      applicable to all cases in     
which mankind are called upon to        
bring the various parts of any extensive
 subject into mental      co-ordination4
 ,they are as much to the point when    
objects      are to be classed for      
purposes of art or business as for      
those of science4 ,the proper           

arrangement1 for example1 of a      code
 of laws1 depends on the same scientific
 conditions as      the classifications 
in natural history2 nor could there be a
      better preparatory discipline for 
that important function      than the   
study of the principles of a natural    
arrangement1      not only in the       
abstract1 but in their actual           
application to      the class of        
phenomena for which they were first     
elaborated1      and which are still the
 best school for learning their use4    
,of this1 the great authority on        
codification1 ,bentham1 was             
perfectly aware2 and his early          
',fragment on ,government1' the         
admirable introduction to a series of   
writings unequalled in      their       
department1 contains clear and just     
views 7as far as      they go7 on the   
meaning of a natural arrangement1 such  
as      could scarcely have occurred to 
any one who lived anterior      to the  
age of ,linnaeus and ,bernard de        

,jussieu 7,system of      ,logic1 ed4   
#f1 ii41 p4 #bhh74  ,,henry ,,trimen4   
,v  ,,his ,,place ,,as ,a ,,critic      
,mr4 ,mill's achievements as an         
economist1 logician1 psychologist1 and  
politician are known more or less       
vaguely to all educated men2 but his    
capacity and his actual work as a critic
 are comparatively little regarded4 ,in 
the three volumes of his collected      
miscellaneous writings1 very few of the 
papers are general reviews either of    
books or of men2 and even these volumes 
derive their character from the essays  
they contain on the severer subjects    
with which ,mr4 ,mill's name has been   
more peculiarly associated4 ,nobody buys
 his ,dissertations and ,discussions for
 the sake of his theory of poetry1 or   
his essays on ,armand ,carrel and       
,alfred de ,vigny1 noble though these   
are in many ways4 ,his essay on         
,coleridge is very celebrated2 but it   
deals1 not with ,coleridge's place as a 
poet1 but with his place as a           

thinker--with ,coleridge as the         
antagonistic power to ,bentham in       
forming the opinions of the generation  
now passing away4 ,still at such a time 
as this it is interesting to make some  
endeavor to estimate the value of what  
,mr4 ,mill has done in the way of       
criticism4 ,it is at least worth while  
to examine whether one who has shown    
himself capable of grappling effectively
 with the driest and most abstruse      
problems that vex the human intellect   
was versatile enough to study poetry    
with an understanding heart1 and to be  
alive to the distinctive powers of      
individual poets4  ,it was in his       
earlier life1 when his enthusiasm for   
knowledge was fresh1 and his active     
mind1 all as hungry as the sea1 was     
reaching out eagerly and strenuously to 
all sorts of food for                   
thought1--literary1 philosophical1 and  
political1--that ,mr4 ,mill set himself1
 among other things1 to study and       
theorize upon poetry and the arts       

generally4 ,he could hardly have failed 
to know the most recent efflorescence of
 ,english poetry1 living as he did in   
circles where the varied merits of the  
new poets were largely and keenly       
discussed4 ,he had lived also for some  
time in ,france1 and was widely read in 
,french poetry4 ,he had never passed    
through the ordinary course of ,greek   
and ,latin at school and college1 but he
 had been taught by his father to read  
these languages1 and had been accustomed
 from the first to regard their         
literature as literature1 and to read   
their poetry as poetry4 ,these were     
probably the main elements of his       
knowledge of poetry4 ,but it was not his
 way to dream or otherwise luxuriate    
over his favorite poets for pure        
enjoyment4 ,mr4 ,mill was not a         
cultivator of art for art's sake4 ,his  
was too fervid and militant a soul to   
lose itself in serene love and culture  
of the calmly beautiful4 ,he read poetry
 for the most part with earnest1        

critical eye1 striving to account for   
it1 to connect it with the tendencies of
 the age1 or he read to find sympathy   
with his own aspirations after heroic   
energy4 ,he read ,de ,vigny and other   
,french poets of his generation1 with an
 eye to their relations to the convulsed
 and struggling state of ,france1 and   
because they were compelled by their    
surroundings to take life au srieux1 and
 to pursue1 with all the resources of   
their art1 something different from     
beauty in the abstract4 ,luxurious      
passive enjoyment or torpid             
half-enjoyment must have been a         
comparatively rare condition of his     
finely-strung1 excitable1 and fervid    
system4 ,i believe that his moral       
earnestness was too imperious to permit 
much of this4 ,he was capable indeed of 
the most passionate admiration of       
beauty1 but even that feeling seems to  
have been interpenetrated by a certain  
militant apostolic fervor2 his love was 
as the love of a religious soldier for a

 patron saint who extends her aid and   
countenance to him in his wars4 ,i do   
not mean to say that his mind was in a  
perpetual glow3 ,i mean only that this  
surrender to impassioned transports was 
more characteristic of the man than     
serene openness to influx of enjoyment4 
,his ,thoughts on ,poetry and its       
,varieties1 while clear and strenuous as
 most of his thoughts were1 are neither 
scientifically precise1 nor do they     
contain any notable new idea not        
previously expressed by ,coleridge1     
except perhaps the idea1 that emotions  
are the main links of association in the
 poetic mind3 still his working out of  
the definition of poetry1 his           
distinction between novels and poems1   
and between poetry and eloquence1 is    
interesting as throwing light upon his  
own poetic susceptibilities4 ,he holds  
that poetry is the delineation of the   
deeper and more secret workings of human
 emotion4 ,it is curious to find one who
 is sometimes assailed as the advocate  

of a grovelling philosophy complaining  
that the chivalrous spirit has almost   
disappeared from books of education1    
that the youth of both sexes of the     
educated classes are growing up         
unromantic4 ,catechisms1 he says1 will  
be found a poor substitute for the old  
romances1 whether of chivalry or faery1 
which1 if they did not give a true      
picture of actual life1 did not give a  
false one1 since they did not profess to
 give any1 but 7what was much better7   
filled the youthful imagination with    
pictures of heroic men1 and of what are 
at least as much wanted1--heroic women4 
,if ,mr4 ,mill did not love poetry with 
a purely disinterested love1 but with an
 eye to its moral causes and effects1   
neither did he study character from mere
 delight in observing the varieties of  
mankind4 ,armand ,carrel the ,republican
 journalist1 ,alfred de ,vigny the      
,royalist poet1 ,coleridge the          
,conservative1 and ,bentham the         
,reformer1 are taken up and expounded1  

not as striking individuals1 but as     
types of influences and tendencies4     
,this habit of keeping in view mind in  
the abstract1 or men in the aggregate1  
may have been in a large measure a      
result of his education by his father2  
but ,i am inclined to think that he was 
of too ardent and pre-occupied a        
disposition1 perhaps too much disposed  
to take favorable views of individuals1 
to be very sensitive to differences of  
character4 ,it should not1 however1 be  
forgotten that in one memorable case he 
showed remarkable discrimination4 ,soon 
after ,mr4 ,tennyson published his      
second issue of poems1 ,mr4 ,mill       
reviewed them in ,the ,westminster      
,review for ,july1 #ahce1 and1 with his 
usual earnestness and generosity1       
applied all his powers to making a just 
estimate of the new aspirant4 ,to have  
reprinted this among his miscellaneous  
writings might have seemed rather       
boastful1 as claiming credit for the    
first full recognition of a great poet3 

still it is a very remarkable review2   
and one would hope it will not be       
omitted if there is to be any further   
collection of his casual productions4 ,i
 shall quote two passages which seem    
obvious enough now1 but which required  
true insight1 as well as courageous     
generosity1 to write them in #ahce--    
,of all the capacities of a poet1 that  
which seems to have      arisen earliest
 in ,mr4 ,tennyson1 and in which he most
      excels1 is that of scene-painting 
in the higher sense of the      term2   
not the mere power of producing that    
rather vapid      species of composition
 usually termed descriptive             
poetry1--for there is not in these      
volumes one passage of      pure        
description1--but the power of creating 
scenery in      keeping with some state 
of human feeling1 so fitted to it as    
to be the embodied symbol of it1 and to 
summon up the state      of feeling     
itself with a force not to be surpassed 
by any      thing but reality4          

99       99       99       99       99  
,the poems which we have quoted from    
,mr4 ,tennyson prove      incontestably 
that he possesses in an eminent degree  
the      natural endowment of a         
poet1--the poetic temperament4 ,and it  
appears clearly1 not only from a        
comparison of the two      volumes1 but 
of different poems in the same volume1  
that      with him the other element of 
poetic excellence1      intellectual    
culture1 is advancing both steadily and 
rapidly2 that he is not destined1 like  
so many others1 to be      remembered   
for what he might have done rather than 
for what      he did2 that he will not  
remain a poet of mere temperament1      
but is ripening into a true artist4444  
,we predict1 that1 as      ,mr4         
,tennyson advances in general spiritual 
culture1 these      higher aims will    
become more and more predominant in his 
writings2 that he will strive more and  
more diligently1 and1      even without 
striving1 will be more and more impelled

 by the      natural tendencies of an   
expanding character1 towards what       
has been described as the highest object
 of poetry1--'to      incorporate the   
everlasting reason of man in forms      
visible      to his sense1 and suitable 
to it4'  ,this last sentence might      
easily be construed into a prediction of
 ,in ,memoriam and ,the ,idyls of the   
,king4  ,if it is asked why ,mr4 ,mill1 
with all his width of knowledge and     
sympathy1 has achieved so little of a   
reputation as a miscellaneous writer1   
part of the reason no doubt is1 that he 
sternly repressed his desultory         
tendencies1 and devoted his powers to   
special branches of knowledge1 attaining
 in them a distinction that obscured his
 other writings4 ,another reason is1    
that1 although his style is extremely   
clear1 he was for popular purposes      
dangerously familiar with terms         
belonging more or less to the schools4  
,he employed these in literary          
generalizations1 without remembering    

that they were not equally familiar to  
his readers2 and thus general readers1  
like ,tom ,moore1 or the author of the  
recent notice in ,the ,times1 who read  
more for amusement than instruction1    
were disposed to consider ,mr4 ,mill's  
style vastly unreadable4  ,w4 ,,minto4  
,,vi4  ,,his ,,work ,,in ,,philosophy   
,to a savage contemplating a railway    
train in motion1 the engine would       
present itself as the master of the     
situation1--the determining cause of the
 motion and direction of the train4 ,it 
visibly takes the lead1 it looks big and
 important1 and it makes a great noise4 
,even people a long way up in the scale 
of civilization are in the habit of     
taking these attributes1 perhaps not as 
the essential ones of leadership1 but at
 all events as those by which a leader  
may be recognized4 ,still that          
blustering machine1 which puffs and     
snorts1 and drags a vast multitude in   
its wake1 is moving along a track       
determined by a man hidden away from the

 public gaze4 ,a line of rail lies      
separated from an adjacent one1 the     
pointsman moves a handle1 and the       
foaming giant1 that would1 it may be1   
have sped on to his destruction and that
 of the passive crew who follow in his  
rear1 is shunted to another line running
 in a different direction and to a more 
desirable goal4  ,the great intellectual
 pointsman of our age--the man who has  
done more than any other of this        
generation to give direction to the     
thought of his contemporaries--has      
passed away2 and we are left to measure 
the loss to humanity by the result of   
his labors4 ,mr4 ,mill's achievements in
 both branches of philosophy are such as
 to give him the foremost place in      
either4 ,whether we regard him as an    
expounder of the philosophy of mind or  
the philosophy of society1 he is facile 
princeps4 ,still it is his work in      
mental science which will1 in our       
opinion1 be in future looked upon as his
 great contribution to the progress of  

thought4 ,his work on political economy 
not only put into thorough repair the   
structure raised by ,adam ,smith1       
,malthus1 and ,ricardo1 but raised it at
 least one story higher4 ,his           
inestimable ,system of ,logic was a     
revolution4 ,it hardly needs1 of course1
 to be said that he owed much to his    
predecessors1--that he borrowed from    
,whewell much of his classification1    
from ,brown the chief lines of his      
theory of causation1 from ,sir ,john    
,herschel the main principles of the    
inductive methods4 ,those who think this
 a disparagement of his work must have  
very little conception of the mass of   
original thought that still remains to  
,mr4 ,mill's credit1 the great critical 
power that could gather valuable truths 
from so many discordant sources1 and the
 wonderful synthetic ability required to
 weld these and his own contributions   
into one organic whole4  ,when ,mr4     
,mill commenced his labors1 the only    
logic recognized was the syllogistic4   

,reasoning consisted solely1 according  
to the then dominant school1 in deducing
 from general propositions other        
propositions less general4 ,it was even 
asserted confidently1 that nothing more 
was to be expected1--that an inductive  
logic was impossible4 ,this conception  
of logical science necessitated some    
general propositions to start with2 and 
these general propositions being ex     
hypothesi incapable of being proved from
 other propositions1 it followed1 that1 
if they were known to us at all1 they   
must be original data of consciousness4 
,here was a perfect paradise of question
 begging4 ,the ultimate major premise in
 every argument being assumed1 it could 
of course be fashioned according to the 
particular conclusion it was called in  
to prove4 ,thus an 'artificial          
ignorance1' as ,locke calls it1 was     
produced1 which had the effect of       
sanctifying prejudice by recognizing    
so-called necessities of thought as the 
only bases of reasoning4 ,it is true1   

that outside of the logic of the schools
 great advances had been made in the    
rules of scientific investigation2 but  
these rules were not only imperfect in  
themselves1 but their connection with   
the law of causation was but imperfectly
 realized1 and their true relation to   
syllogism hardly dreamt of4  ,mr4 ,mill 
altered all this4 ,he demonstrated that 
the general type of reasoning is neither
 from generals to particulars1 nor from 
particulars to generals1 but from       
particulars to particulars4 ,if from our
 experience of ,john1 ,thomas1 c41 who  
once were living1 but are now dead1 we  
are entitled to conclude that all human 
beings are mortal1 we might surely1     
without any logical inconsequence1 have 
concluded at once from those instances1 
that the ,duke of ,wellington is mortal4
 ,the mortality of ,john1 ,thomas1 and  
others is1 after all1 the whole evidence
 we have for the mortality of the ,duke 
of ,wellington4 ,not one iota is added  
to the proof by interpolating a general 

proposition4 ,we not only may1 according
 to ,mr4 ,mill1 reason from some        
particular instances to others1 but we  
frequently do so4 ,as1 however1 the     
instances which are sufficient to prove 
one fresh instance must be sufficient to
 prove a general proposition1 it is most
 convenient to at once infer that       
general proposition1 which then becomes 
a formula according to which 7but not   
from which7 any number of particular    
inferences may be made4 ,the work of    
deduction is the interpretation of these
 formulas1 and therefore1 strictly      
speaking1 is not inferential at all4    
,the real inference was accomplished    
when the universal proposition was      
arrived at4  ,it will easily be seen    
that this explanation of the deductive  
process completely turns the tables on  
the transcendental school4 ,all         
reasoning is shown to be at bottom      
inductive4 ,inductions and their        
interpretation make up the whole of     
logic2 and to induction accordingly ,mr4

 ,mill devoted his chief attention4 ,for
 the first time induction was treated as
 the opus magnum of logic1 and the      
fundamental principles of science traced
 to their inductive origin4 ,it was     
this1 taken with his theory of the      
syllogism1 which worked the great       
change4 ,both his ,system of ,logic and 
his ,examination of ,sir ,william       
,hamilton's ,philosophy are for the most
 part devoted to fortifying this        
position1 and demolishing beliefs       
inconsistent with it4 ,as a systematic  
psychologist ,mr4 ,mill has not done so 
much as either ,professor ,bain or ,mr4 
,herbert ,spencer4 ,the perfection of   
his method1 its application1 and the    
uprooting of prejudices which stood in  
its way1--this was the task to which    
,mr4 ,mill applied himself with an      
ability and success rarely matched and  
never surpassed4  ,the biggest lion in  
the path was the doctrine of so-called  
necessary truth4 ,this doctrine was     
especially obnoxious to him1 as it set  

up a purely subjective standard of      
truth1 and a standard--as he was easily 
able to show--varying according to the  
psychological history of the individual4
 ,such thinkers as ,dr4 ,whewell and    
,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer had to be met in 
intellectual combat4 ,dr4 ,whewell held1
 not that the inconceivability of the   
contradictory of a proposition is a     
proof of its truth co-equal with        
experience1 but that its value          
transcends experience4 ,experience may  
tell us what is2 but it is by the       
impossibility of conceiving it otherwise
 that we know it must be4 ,mr4 ,herbert 
,spencer1 too1 holds that propositions  
whose negation is inconceivable have a  
higher warrant than any other whatever4 
,it is through this door that           
ontological belief was supposed to      
enter4 ,things in themselves were to be 
believed in because we could not help   
it4 ,modern ,noumenalists agree that we 
can know nothing more of things in      
themselves than their existence1 but    

this they continue to assert with a     
vehemence only equalled by its want of  
meaning4  ,in his ,examination of ,sir  
,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 ,mr4  
,mill gives battle to this mode of      
thought4 ,after reviewing1 in an opening
 chapter1 the various views which have  
been held respecting the relativity of  
human knowledge1 and stating his own    
doctrine1 he proceeds to judge by this  
standard the philosophy of the absolute 
and ,sir ,william ,hamilton's relation  
to it4 ,the argument is really on the   
question whether we have or have not an 
intuition of ,god1 though1 as ,mr4 ,mill
 says1 the name of ,god is veiled under 
two extremely abstract phrases1--',the  
,infinite' and ',the ,absolute4' ,so    
profound and friendly a thinker as the  
late ,mr4 ,grote held this raising of   
the veil inexpedient1 but he proved1 by 
a mistake he fell into1 the necessity of
 looking at the matter in the concrete4 
,he acknowledged the force of ,mr4      
,mill's argument1 that ,the ,infinite   

must include a farrago of               
contradictions2 but so also1 he said1   
does the ,finite4 ,now undoubtedly      
finite things1 taken distributively1    
have contradictory attributes1 but not  
as a class4 ,still less is there any one
 individual thing1 ,the ,finite1 in     
which these contradictory attributes    
inhere4 ,but it was against a           
corresponding being1 ,the ,infinite1    
that ,mr4 ,mill was arguing4 ,it is this
 that he calls a fasciculus of          
contradictions1 and regarded as the     
reductio ad absurdissimum of the        
transcendental philosophy4  ,mr4 ,mill's
 religious tendencies may very well be  
gathered from a passage in his review of
 ,auguste ,comte1 a philosopher with    
whom he agreed on all points save those 
which are specially ,m4 ,comte's4       
,candid persons of all creeds may be    
willing to admit1 that if a person has  
an ideal object1 his attachment and     
sense of duty towards which are able to 
control and discipline all his other    

sentiments and propensities1 and        
prescribe to him a rule of life1 that   
person has a religion2 and though every 
one naturally prefers his own religion  
to any other1 all must admit1 that if   
the object of his attachment1 and of    
this feeling of duty1 is the aggregate  
of our fellow-creatures1 this religion  
of the infidel cannot in honesty and    
conscience be called an intrinsically   
bad one4 ,many indeed may be unable to  
believe that this object is capable of  
gathering round it feelings sufficiently
 strong2 but this is exactly the point  
on which a doubt can hardly remain in an
 intelligent reader of ,m4 ,comte3 and  
we join with him in contemning1 as      
equally irrational and mean1 the        
conception of human nature as incapable 
of giving its love1 and devoting its    
existence1 to any object which cannot   
afford in exchange an eternity of       
personal enjoyment4 ,never has the libel
 of humanity involved in the current    
theology been more forcibly pointed out1

 with its constant appeal to low motives
 of personal gain1 or still lower       
motives of personal fear4 ,never has the
 religious sentiment which must take the
 place of the present awe of the unknown
 been more clearly indicated4 ,it is    
this noble sentiment which shines out   
from every page of ,mr4 ,mill's writings
 and all his relations to his           
fellow-creatures3 the very birds about  
his dwelling seemed to recognize it4 ,it
 is this noble sentiment which infuses a
 soul of life into his teachings1 and   
the enunciation and acting-out of which 
constitute him1 not only the great      
philosopher1 but also the great prophet 
of our time4  ,j4 ,h4 ,,levy4     ,,vii 
,,his ,,studies ,,in ,,morals ,,and     
,,jurisprudence   ,the two chief        
characteristics of ,mr4 ,mill's mind are
 conspicuous in the field of morals and 
jurisprudence4 ,he united in an         
extraordinary degree an intense delight 
in thinking for its own sake1 with an   
almost passionate desire to make his    

intellectual excursions contribute to   
the amelioration of the lot of mankind1 
especially of the poorer and suffering  
part of mankind4 ,and yet he never      
allowed those high aims to clash with   
one another3 he did not degrade his     
intellect to the sophistical office of  
finding reasons for a policy arising    
from mere emotion1 nor did he permit it 
to run waste in barren speculations1    
which might have excited admiration1 but
 never could have done any good4 ,this  
is the reason why so many persons have  
been unable to understand him as the    
prophet of utilitarianism4 ,a man of    
such exquisite feeling1 of such pure    
conscientiousness1 of such self-denying 
life1 must surely be an advocate of what
 is called absolute morality4           
,utilitarianism is the proper creed of  
hard unemotional natures1 who do not    
respond to the more subtle moral        
influences4 ,such is the view natural to
 those who cannot dissociate the word   
utilitarianism from the narrow meaning  

of utility1 as contrasted with the      
pleasures of art4 ,the infirmity of     
human language excuses such errors2 for 
the language in which controversy is    
conducted is so colored by sentiment    
that it may well happen that two shall  
agree on the thing1 and fight to the    
death about the word4 ,we need the      
support of such reflections when we     
recall the history of such a word as    
pleasure4 ,to pursue pleasure1 say the  
anti-utilitarians1 is a swinish         
doctrine4 ,yes1 replied ,mr4 ,mill1 if  
men were swine1 and capable only of the 
pleasures appropriate to that species of
 animals4 ,those who could not answer   
this argument1 and at the same time     
cannot divest themselves of the         
association of pleasure with the        
ignoble1 took refuge in the charge of   
inconsistency1 and1 finding there was   
not less but more nobility in ,mr4      
,mill's writing than their own theory1  
accused him of abandoning the tradition 
of his school4 ,mahomet would not go to 

the mountain1 and they pleased          
themselves with the thought that the    
mountain had gone to ,mahomet4 ,such a  
charge is really tantamount to a        
confession that popular antipathy was   
more easily excited by the word than by 
the real doctrine4 ,nevertheless ,mr4   
,mill did an incalculable service in    
showing not less by his whole life1 than
 by his writings1 that utilitarianism   
takes account of all that is good in    
man's nature1 and includes the highest  
emotions1 as well as those that are more
 commonplace4 ,he took away a certain   
reproach of narrowness1 which was never 
in the doctrine1 and which was loudly1  
though perhaps with little reason1 urged
 against some of its most conspicuous   
supporters4 ,an important addition to   
the theory of morals is also contained  
in the book on ,utilitarianism4 ,his    
analysis of justice is one of the       
happiest efforts of inductive definition
 to be found in any book on ethics4     
,from any point of view1 it must be     

regarded as a valuable addition to the  
literature of ethical philosophy4  ,the 
somewhat technical subject of           
jurisprudence was not too much for ,mr4 
,mill's immense power of assimilation4  
,one of his earliest efforts was as     
editor of ,bentham's ,rationale of      
,judicial ,evidence4 ,he must1          
therefore1 at an early period1 have been
 master of the most original and        
enlightened theory of judicial evidence 
that the world has seen4 ,he lived to   
see nearly all the important innovations
 proposed by ,bentham become part and   
parcel of the law of the land2 one of   
the last relics of bigotry--the         
exclusion of honest atheists 7and only  
of such7 from the witness-box--having   
been removed two or three years ago4    
,mr4 ,mill1 in after years1 attended    
,austin's famous lectures on            
jurisprudence1 taking extensive notes2  
so that he was able to supply the matter
 wanting to complete two important      
lectures1 as they were printed in the   

first edition of ,austin's works4 ,among
 the ,dissertations and ,discussions1 is
 a criticism of ,austin's work1 which   
shows that he was far more than a       
scholar1--a most competent judge of his 
master4 ,he pointed out in ,austin's    
definition of right a real defect4 ,one 
of the points that ,austin elaborated   
most was a classification such as might 
serve for a scientific code of law4 ,mr4
 ,mill fully acknowledged the merits of 
the scheme1 but laid his finger         
unerringly on its weakest part4 ,his    
remarks show1 that1 if he had followed  
up the subject with an adequate         
knowledge of any good system of law1 he 
would have rivalled or surpassed his    
achievements in other departments of    
knowledge4  ,w4 ,a4 ,,hunter4           
,,viii4  ,,his ,,work ,,in ,,political  
,,economy4   ,the task of fairly        
estimating the value of ,mr4 ,mill's    
achievements in political economy--and  
indeed the same remark applies to what  
he has done in every department of      

philosophy--is rendered particularly    
difficult by a circumstance which       
constitutes their principal merit4 ,the 
character of his intellectual1 no less  
than of his moral nature1 led him to    
strive to connect his thoughts1 whatever
 was the branch of knowledge at which he
 labored1 with the previously-existing  
body of speculation1 to fit them into   
the same framework1 and exhibit them as 
parts of the same scheme2 so that it    
might be truly said of him1 that he was 
at more pains to conceal the originality
 and independent value of his           
contributions to the stock of knowledge 
than most writers are to set forth those
 qualities in their compositions4 ,as a 
consequence of this1 hasty readers of   
his works1 while recognizing the        
comprehensiveness of his mind1 have     
sometimes denied its originality2 and in
 political economy in particular he has 
been frequently represented as little   
more than an expositor and popularizer  
of ,ricardo4 ,it cannot be denied that  

there is a show of truth in this        
representation2 about as much as there  
would be in asserting that ,laplace and 
,herschel were the expositors and       
popularizers of ,newton1 or that        
,faraday performed a like office for    
,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,in truth1 this is 
an incident of all progressive science4 
,the cultivators in each age may1 in a  
sense1 be said to be the interpreters   
and popularizers of those who have      
preceded them2 and it is in this sense1 
and in this sense only1 that this part  
can be attributed to ,mill4 ,in this    
respect he is to be strongly contrasted 
with the great majority of writers on   
political economy1 who1 on the strength 
perhaps of a verbal correction or an    
unimportant qualification of a received 
doctrine1 if not on the score of a pure 
fallacy1 would fain persuade us that    
they have achieved a revolution in      
economic doctrine1 and that the entire  
science must be rebuilt from its        
foundation in conformity with their     

scheme4 ,this sort of thing has done    
infinite mischief to the progress of    
economic science2 and one of ,mill's    
great merits is1 that both by example   
and by precept he steadily              
discountenanced it4 ,his anxiety to     
affiliate his own speculations to those 
of his predecessors is a marked feature 
in all his philosophical works1 and     
illustrates at once the modesty and     
comprehensiveness of his mind4  ,it is  
quite true that ,mill1 as an economist1 
was largely indebted to ,ricardo2 and he
 has so fully and frequently            
acknowledged the debt1 that there is    
some danger of rating the obligation too
 highly4 ,as he himself used to put it1 
,ricardo supplied the backbone of the   
science2 but it is not less certain that
 the limbs1 the joints1 the muscular    
developments1--all that renders         
political economy a complete and        
organized body of knowledge1--have been 
the work of ,mill4 ,in ,ricardo's great 
work1 the fundamental doctrines of      

production1 distribution1 and exchange  
have been laid down1 but for the most   
part in mere outline2 so much so1 that  
superficial students are in general     
wholly unable to connect his statement  
of principles with the facts1 as we find
 them1 of industrial life4 ,hence we    
have innumerable refutations of         
,ricardo1--almost invariably refutations
 of the writers' own misconceptions4 ,in
 ,mill's exposition1 the connection     
between principles and facts becomes    
clear and intelligible4 ,the conditions 
and modes of action are exhibited by    
which human wants and desires--the      
motive powers of industry--come to issue
 in the actual phenomena of wealth1 and 
political economy becomes a system of   
doctrines susceptible of direct         
application to human affairs4 ,as an    
example1 ,i may refer to ,mill's        
development of ,ricardo's doctrine of   
foreign trade4 ,in ,ricardo's pages1 the
 fundamental principles of that         
department of exchange are indeed laid  

down with a master's hand2 but for the  
majority of readers they have little    
relation to the actual commerce of the  
world4 ,turn to ,mill1 and all becomes  
clear4 ,principles of the most abstract 
kind are translated into concrete       
language1 and brought to explain        
familiar facts2 and this result is      
achieved1 not simply or chiefly by      
virtue of mere lucidity of exposition1  
but through the discovery and exhibition
 of modifying conditions and links in   
the chain of causes overlooked by       
,ricardo4 ,it was in his ,essays on     
,unsettled ,questions in ,political     
,economy that his views upon this       
subject were first given to the         
world1--a work of which ,m4 ,cherbuliez 
of ,geneva speaks as un travail le plus 
important et le plus original dont la   
science economique se soit enrichie     
depuis une vingtaine d'annes4  ,on some 
points1 however1 and these points of    
supreme importance1 the contributions of
 ,mill to economic science are very much

 more than developments--even though we 
understand that term in its largest     
sense--of any previous writer4 ,no one  
can have studied political economy in   
the works of its earlier cultivators    
without being struck with the dreariness
 of the outlook which1 in the main1 it  
discloses for the human race4 ,it seems 
to have been ,ricardo's deliberate      
opinion1 that a substantial improvement 
in the condition of the mass of mankind 
was impossible4 ,he considered it as the
 normal state of things that wages      
should be at the minimum requisite to   
support the laborer in physical health  
and strength1 and to enable him to bring
 up a family large enough to supply the 
wants of the labor-market4 ,a temporary 
improvement indeed1 as the consequence  
of expanding commerce and growing       
capital1 he saw that there might be2 but
 he held that the force of the principle
 of population was always powerful      
enough so to augment the supply of labor
 as to bring wages ever again down to   

the minimum point4 ,so completely had   
this belief become a fixed idea in      
,ricardo's mind1 that he confidently    
drew from it the consequence1 that in no
 case could taxation fall on the        
laborer1 since--living1 as a normal     
state of things1 on the lowest possible 
stipend adequate to maintain him and his
 family--he would inevitably1 he argued1
 transfer the burden to his employer2   
and a tax nominally on wages would in   
the result become invariably a tax upon 
profits4 ,on this point ,mill's doctrine
 leads to conclusions directly opposed  
to ,ricardo's1 and to those of most     
preceding economists4 ,and it will      
illustrate his position as a thinker1 in
 relation to them1 if we note how this  
result was obtained4 ,mill neither      
denied the premises nor disputed the    
logic of ,ricardo's argument3 he        
accepted both2 and in particular he     
recognized fully the force of the       
principle of population2 but he took    
account of a further premise which      

,ricardo had overlooked1 and which1 duly
 weighed1 led to a reversal of          
,ricardo's conclusion4 ,the minimum of  
wages1 even such as it exists in the    
case of the worst-paid laborer1 is not  
the very least sum that human nature can
 subsist upon3 it is something more than
 this2 in the case of all above the     
worst-paid class it is decidedly more4  
,the minimum is1 in truth1 not a        
physical but a moral minimum1 and as    
such1 is capable of being altered with  
the changes in the moral character of   
those whom it affects4 ,in a word1 each 
class has a certain standard of comfort 
below which it will not consent to live1
 or at least to multiply1--a standard1  
however1 not fixed1 but liable to       
modification with the changing          
circumstances of society1 and which1 in 
the case of a progressive community1 is1
 in point of fact1 constantly rising1 as
 moral and intellectual influences are  
brought more and more effectually to    
bear on the masses of the people4 ,this 

was the new premise brought by ,mill to 
the elucidation of the wages question2  
and it sufficed to change the entire    
aspect of human life regarded from the  
point of view of political economy4 ,the
 practical deductions made from it were 
set forth in the celebrated chapter on  
,the ,future of the ,industrial         
,classes1--a chapter which it is no     
exaggeration to say places a gulf       
between ,mill and all who preceded him1 
and opens an entirely new vista to      
economic speculation4  ,the doctrine of 
the science with which ,mill's name has 
been most prominently associated within 
the last few years is that which relates
 to the economic nature of land1 and the
 consequences to which this should lead 
in practical legislation4 ,it is very   
commonly believed1 that on this point   
,mill has started aside from the beaten 
highway of economic thought1 and        
propounded views wholly at variance with
 those generally entertained by orthodox
 economists4 ,no economist need be told 

that this is an entire mistake4 ,in     
truth1 there is no portion of the       
economic field in which ,mill's         
originality is less conspicuous than in 
that which deals with the land4 ,his    
assertion of the peculiar nature of     
landed property1 and again his doctrine 
as to the unearned increment of value   
arising from land with the growth of    
society1 are simply direct deductions   
from ,ricardo's theory of rent1 and     
cannot be consistently denied by any one
 who accepts that theory4 ,all that     
,mill has done here has been to point   
the application of principles all but   
universally accepted to the practical   
affairs of life4 ,this is not the place 
to consider how far the plan proposed by
 him for this purpose is susceptible of 
practical realization2 but it may at    
least be confidently stated1 that the   
scientific basis on which his proposal  
rests is no strange novelty invented by 
him1 but simply a principle as          
fundamental and widely recognized as any

 within the range of the science of     
which it forms a part4  ,i have just    
remarked that ,mill's originality is    
less conspicuous in relation to the     
economic theory of land than in other   
problems of political economy1 but the  
reader must not understand me from this 
to say1 that he has not very largely    
contributed to the elucidation of this  
topic4 ,he has indeed done so1 though   
not1 as is commonly supposed1 by setting
 aside principles established by his    
predecessors1 but1 as his manner was1   
while accepting those principles1 by    
introducing a new premise into the      
argument4 ,the new premise introduced in
 this case was the influence of custom  
as modifying the action of competition4 
,the existence of an active competition1
 on the one hand between farmers seeking
 farms1 on the other between farming and
 other modes of industry as offering    
inducements to the investment of        
capital1 is a constant assumption in the
 reasoning by which ,ricardo arrived at 

his theory of rent4 ,granting this      
assumption1 it followed that farmers as 
a rule would pay neither higher nor     
lower rents than would leave them in    
possession of the average profits on    
their capital current in the country4   
,mill fully acknowledged the force of   
this reasoning1 and accepted the        
conclusion as true wherever the         
conditions assumed were realized2 but he
 proceeded to point out1 that1 in point 
of fact1 the conditions are not realized
 over the greater portion of the world1 
and1 as a consequence1 that the rent    
actually paid by the cultivators to the 
owners of the soil by no means1 as a    
general rule1 corresponds with that     
portion of the produce which ,ricardo   
considered as properly rent4 ,the real  
regulator of actual rent over the       
greater part of the habitable globe was1
 he showed1 not competition1 but custom2
 and he further pointed out that there  
are countries in which the actual rent  
paid by the cultivators is governed     

neither by the causes set forth by      
,ricardo1 nor yet by custom1 but by a   
third cause different from either1--the 
absolute will of the owners of the soil1
 controlled only by the physical        
exigencies of the cultivator1 or by the 
fear of his vengeance if disturbed in   
his holding4 ,the recognition of this   
state of things threw an entirely new   
light over the whole problem of         
land-tenure1 and plainly furnished      
grounds for legislative interference in 
the contracts between landlords and     
tenants4 ,its application to ,ireland   
was obvious2 and ,mill himself1 as the  
world knows1 did not hesitate to urge   
the application with all the energy and 
enthusiasm which he invariably threw    
into every cause that he espoused4  ,in 
the above remarks1 ,i have attempted to 
indicate briefly some few of the salient
 features in ,mill's contributions to   
the science of political economy4 ,there
 is still one more which ought not to be
 omitted from even the most meagre      

summary4 ,mill was not the first to     
treat political economy as a science2   
but he was the first1 if not to         
perceive1 at least to enforce the       
lesson1 that1 just because it is a      
science1 its conclusions carried with   
them no obligatory force with reference 
to human conduct4 ,as a science1 it     
tells us that certain modes of action   
lead to certain results2 but it remains 
for each man to judge of the value of   
the results thus brought about1 and to  
decide whether or not it is worth while 
to adopt the means necessary for their  
attainment4 ,in the writings of the     
economists who preceded ,mill1 it is    
very generally assumed1 that to prove   
that a certain course of conduct tends  
to the most rapid increase of wealth    
suffices to entail upon all who accept  
the argument the obligation of adopting 
the course which leads to this result4  
,mill absolutely repudiated this        
inference1 and1 while accepting the     
theoretic conclusion1 held himself      

perfectly free to adopt in practice     
whatever course he preferred4 ,it was   
not for political economy or for any    
science to say what are the ends most   
worthy of being pursued by human beings2
 the task of science is complete when it
 shows us the means by which the ends   
may be attained2 but it is for each     
individual man to decide how far the end
 is desirable at the cost which its     
attainment involves4 ,in a word1 the    
sciences should be our servants1 and not
 our masters4 ,this was a lesson which  
,mill was the first to enforce1 and by  
enforcing which he may be said to have  
emancipated economists from the thraldom
 of their own teaching4 ,it is in no    
slight degree through the constant      
recognition of its truth1 that he has   
been enabled to divest of repulsiveness 
even the most abstract speculations1 and
 to impart a glow of human interest to  
all that he has touched4  ,j4 ,e4       
,,cairnes4     ,,ix4  ,,his ,,influence 
,,at ,,the ,,universities4   ,some time 

ago1 when there was no reason to suppose
 that we should so soon have to mourn   
the loss of the great thinker and of the
 kind friend who has just passed away1  
,i had occasion to remark upon the      
influence which ,mr4 ,mill had exercised
 at the universities4 ,i will quote my  
words as they stand1 because it is      
difficult to write with impartiality    
about one whose recent death we are     
deploring2 and ,mr4 ,mill would1 ,i am  
sure1 have been the first to say1 that  
it is certainly not honoring the memory 
of one who is dead to lavish upon him   
praise which would not be bestowed upon 
him if he were living4 ,i will therefore
 repeat my words exactly as they were   
written two years since3 ',any one who  
has resided during the last twenty years
 at either of our universities must have
 noticed that ,mr4 ,mill is the author  
who has most powerfully influenced      
nearly all the young men of the greatest
 promise4' ,in thus referring to the    
powerful influence exercised by ,mr4    

,mill's works1 ,i do not wish it to be  
supposed that this influence is to be   
measured by the extent to which his     
books form a part of the university     
curriculum4 ,his ,logic has no doubt    
become a standard examination-book at   
,oxford4 ,at ,cambridge the mathematical
 and classical triposes still retain    
their former prestige4 ,the moral       
science tripos1 though increasing in    
importance1 still attracts a            
comparatively small number of students1 
and there is probably no other          
examination for which it is necessary to
 read ,mr4 ,mill's ,logic and ,political
 ,economy4 ,this fact affords the most  
satisfactory evidence that the influence
 he has exerted is spontaneous1 and is  
therefore likely to be lasting in its   
effects4 ,if students had been driven to
 read his books by the necessity which  
examinations impose1 it is quite        
possible1 that1 after the examination1  
the books might never be looked at      
again4 ,a resident1 however1 at the     

university can scarcely fail to be      
struck with the fact1 that many who     
perfectly well know that they will never
 in any examination be asked to answer a
 question in logic or political economy 
are among the most diligent students of 
,mr4 ,mill's books4 ,when ,i was an     
undergraduate1 ,i well remember that    
most of my friends who were likely to   
take high mathematical honors were      
already so ultimately acquainted with   
,mr4 ,mill's writings1 and were so much 
imbued with their spirit1 that they     
might have been regarded as his         
disciples4 ,many looked up to him as    
their teacher2 many have since felt that
 he then instilled into them principles1
 which1 to a great extent1 have guided  
their conduct in after life4 ,any one   
who is intimately acquainted with ,mr4  
,mill's writings will readily understand
 how it is that they possess such       
peculiar attractiveness for the class of
 readers to whom ,i am now referring4   
,there is nothing more characteristic in

 his writings than generosity and       
courage4 ,he always states his          
opponent's case with the most judicial  
impartiality4 ,he never shrinks from the
 expression of opinion because he thinks
 it unpopular2 and there is nothing so  
abhorrent to him as that bigotry which  
prevents a man from appreciating what is
 just and true in the views of those who
 differ from him4 ,this toleration1     
which is so predominant a feature of his
 writings1 is probably one of the rarest
 of all qualities in a controversialist4
 ,those who do not possess it always    
produce an impression that they are     
unfair2 and this impression1 once       
produced1 exercises a repelling         
influence upon the young4 ,another cause
 of the attractiveness of ,mr4 ,mill's  
writings is the precision with which his
 views are expressed1 and the systematic
 form which is given to his opinions4   
,confidence is reposed in him as a      
guide1 because it is found that there is
 some definite goal to which he is      

leading his readers3 he does not conduct
 them they know not whither1 as a       
traveller who has lost his way in a     
mist1 or a navigator who is steering his
 ship without a compass4 ,the influence 
exercised by ,mr4 ,mill does not chiefly
 depend upon the originality of his     
writings4 ,he did not make any great    
discovery which will form an epoch in   
the history of human thought2 he did not
 create a new science1 or become the    
founder of a new system of philosophy4  
,there is perhaps not so much           
originality in his ,political ,economy  
as in ,ricardo's2 but there are         
thousands who never thought of reading  
,ricardo who were so much attracted by  
,mr4 ,mill's book1 that its influence   
might be traced throughout the rest of  
their lives4 ,no doubt one reason of his
 attractiveness as a writer1 in addition
 to other circumstances to which        
allusion has already been made1 is the  
unusual power he possessed in applying  
philosophical principles to the facts of

 ordinary life4 ,to those who believe   
that the influence ,mr4 ,mill has       
exercised at the universities has been  
in the highest degree beneficial1--to   
those who think that his books not only 
afford the most admirable intellectual  
training1 but also are calculated to    
produce a most healthy moral            
influence1--it may be some consolation1 
now that we are deploring his death1 to 
know1 that1 although he has passed away1
 he may still continue to be a teacher  
and a guide4 ,i believe he never visited
 the ,english universities3 it was      
consequently entirely through his books 
that he was known4 ,not one of those who
 were his greatest admirers at          
,cambridge1 when ,i was an              
undergraduate1 ever saw him till many   
years after they had left the           
,university4 ,i remember that we often  
used to say1 that there was nothing we  
should esteem so great a privilege as to
 spend an hour in ,mr4 ,mill's society4 
,there is probably no bond of attachment

 stronger than that which unites a pupil
 to one who has attracted him to new    
intellectual pursuits1 and has awakened 
in him new interests in life4 ,some four
 or five years after taking my degree1  
,i met ,mr4 ,mill for the first time2   
and from that hour an intimate          
friendship commenced1 which ,i shall    
always regard as a peculiarly high      
privilege to have enjoyed4 ,intimacy    
with ,mr4 ,mill convinced me1 that1 if  
he had happened to live at either of the
 universities1 his personal influence   
would have been no less striking than   
his intellectual influence4 ,nothing1   
perhaps1 was so remarkable in his       
character as his tenderness to the      
feelings of others1 and the deference   
with which he listened to those in every
 respect inferior to himself4 ,there    
never was a man who was more entirely   
free from that intellectual conceit     
which breeds disdain4 ,nothing is so    
discouraging and heart-breaking to young
 people as the sneer of an intellectual 

cynic4 ,a sarcasm about an act of       
youthful mental enthusiasm not only     
often casts a fatal chill over the      
character1 but is resented as an injury 
never to be forgiven4 ,the most humble  
youth would have found in ,mr4 ,mill the
 warmest and most kindly sympathy4  ,it 
may be said1 if ,mr4 ,mill has not      
become the founder of a new             
philosophical school at the universities
 where must we seek the result of his   
influence8 ,i cannot give any thing like
 a complete reply to this question now2 
but any one who has observed the marked 
change which has come over the mode of  
thought in the universities in the last 
few years will be able to form some idea
 of the kind of influence which has been
 exercised by ,mr4 ,mill4 ,speaking     
generally1 he has obtained a very wide  
acceptance of the utilitarian doctrines3
 they were presented by ,bentham in a   
form so harsh and unattractive as to    
produce an almost repelling effect4 ,mr4
 ,mill1 on the contrary1 showed that the

 utilitarian philosophy might inspire   
the most active benevolence and the most
 generous enthusiasm4 ,this acceptance  
of utilitarianism has produced a very   
striking effect in modifying the        
political opinions prevalent in the     
universities4 ,for many years what has  
been known as the liberalism of young   
,oxford and ,cambridge is in many       
respects fundamentally different from   
what is known as liberalism outside the 
universities4 ,the liberalism of the    
universities1 as well as that of the    
,manchester school1 are both popularly  
described as advanced but between the   
two there is in many essentials the     
widest possible divergence4 ,what is    
known as ,philosophical ,radicalism will
 long bear the impression of ,mr4       
,mill's teaching4  ,it should be        
particularly remembered1 that1 avowing  
himself a liberal1 he never forgot that 
it is the essence of true liberalism to 
be tolerant of opinions from which one  
differs1 and to appreciate the          

advantages of branches of learning to   
which one has not devoted special       
attention4 ,it is somewhat rare to find 
that those who profess themselves       
undoubted liberals are prepared to      
accept a consistent application of their
 principles4 ,there is almost sure to be
 some region of inquiry which they      
regard as so dangerous that they regret 
that any one should enter upon it4      
,sometimes it is said that freedom of   
thought1 though admirable in politics1  
is mischievous in theology3 some1       
advancing what they believe to be one   
step further1 express a general         
approbation of freedom of thought1 but  
stigmatize free-thinkers4 ,again1 it may
 be not infrequently observed that      
devotion to some particular study makes 
men illiberal to other branches of      
knowledge4 ,metaphysicians and          
physiologists who have never taken the  
trouble to master mathematical          
principles dogmatically denounce the    
influence of mathematics4 ,eminent      

classics and mathematicians have too    
frequently sneered at each other's      
studies4 ,no one was ever more free from
 this kind of bigotry than ,mr4 ,mill1  
and it probably constitutes one of the  
main causes of his influence4 ,some     
years ago ,i happened to be conversing  
at ,cambridge with three men who were   
respectively of great eminence in       
mathematics1 classics1 and physiology4  
,we were discussing the inaugural       
address which ,mr4 ,mill had just       
delivered as rector of the ,st4         
,andrew's ,university4 ,the             
mathematician said1 that he had never   
seen the advantages to be derived from  
the study of mathematics so justly and  
so forcibly described2 the same remark  
was made by the classic about classics1 
and by the physiologist about natural   
science4 ,no more fitting homage can    
probably be offered to the memory of one
 to whom so many of us are bound by the 
strongest ties of gratitude and         
affection1 than if1 profiting by his    

example1 we endeavor to remember1 that  
above all things he was just to his     
opponents1 that he appreciated opinions 
from which he differed1 and that one of 
his highest claims to our admiration was
 his general sympathy with all branches 
of knowledge4  ,,henry ,,fawcett4       
,x4  ,,his ,,influence ,,as ,a          
,,practical ,,politician4   ,every one  
must be familiar with the often         
expressed opinion1 that1 as a practical 
politician1 ,mr4 ,mill's career was     
essentially a failure4 ,it has been said
 a thousand times that the principal    
result of his brief representation of   
,westminster was to furnish an          
additional proof1 if one were wanted1   
that a philosopher is totally incapable 
of exercising any useful influence in   
the direction of practical politics4 ,it
 is proposed briefly to examine this    
opinion1 though it may1 indeed1 with    
truth be urged that the present time is 
not calculated to make the examination  
an impartial one4 ,the inquiry involves 

an almost constant reference1 either    
expressed or implied1 to ,mr4 ,mill's   
personal character and influence1 and it
 is hardly possible for those who are   
mourning him as a friend to speak of    
these dispassionately4 ,it is perhaps   
hardly necessary at such a time as this 
to ask the indulgence of the reader if  
this unworthy tribute to the memory of a
 great man is colored by personal       
reverence and gratitude4  ,when1 it is  
said that ,mr4 ,mill failed as a        
practical politician1 there are two     
questions to be asked3 ,who says he has 
failed8 ,and ,what is it said that he   
failed in8 ,now1 it seems that the      
persons who are loudest in the assertion
 of his failure are precisely those to  
whom the reforms advocated by ,mr4 ,mill
 in his writings are distasteful4 ,they 
are those who pronounce all schemes of  
electoral reform embodying the principle
 of proportional representation to be   
the result of a conspiracy of fools and 
rogues2 they are those who sneer at the 

fanciful rights of women2 they are those
 who think our present land tenure      
eminently calculated to make the rich   
contented1 and keep the poor in their   
proper places2 they are those who       
believe that republicans and atheists   
ought to be treated like vermin1 and    
exterminated accordingly2 they are those
 who think that all must be well with   
,england if her imports and exports are 
increasing1 and that we are justified in
 repudiating our foreign engagements1 if
 to maintain them would have an         
injurious effect upon trade4 ,the       
assertion of failure coming from such   
persons does not mean that ,mr4 ,mill   
failed to promote the practical success 
of those objects the advocacy of which  
forms the chief feature of his political
 writings4 ,it is rather a measure of   
his success in promoting these objects1 
and of the disgust with which his       
success is regarded by those who are    
opposed to his political ideas4 ,it was 
known1 or ought to have been known1 by  

every one who supported ,mr4 ,mill's    
candidature in #ahfe1 that he was a     
powerful advocate of proportional       
representation1 and that he attributed  
the very greatest importance to the     
political1 industrial1 and social       
emancipation of women2 he advocated     
years ago1 in his ,political ,economy1  
the scheme of land tenure reform with   
which his name is now practically       
associated2 his essay ,on ,liberty left 
no doubt as to his opinions upon the    
value of maintaining freedom of thought 
and speech1 his article entitled ,a ,few
 ,words on ,non-intervention might have 
warned the partisans of the ,manchester 
school that he had no sympathy with     
their views on foreign policy4 ,there is
 little doubt that the majority of ,mr4 
,mill's supporters in #ahfe did not know
 what his political opinions were1 and  
that they voted for him simply on his   
reputation as a great thinker4 ,a large 
number1 however1 probably supported him1
 knowing in a general way the views     

advocated in his writings1 but thinking 
that he would probably be like many     
other politicians1 and not allow his    
practice to be in the least degree      
influenced by his theories4 ,just as    
radical heirs apparent are said to lay  
aside all inconvenient revolutionary    
opinions when they come to the throne1  
it was believed that ,mr4 ,mill in      
,parliament would be an entirely        
different person from ,mr4 ,mill in his 
study4 ,it was one thing to write an    
essay in favor of proportional          
representation it was another thing to  
assist in the insertion of the principle
 of proportional representation in the  
,reform ,bill1 and to form a school of  
practical politicians who took care to  
insure the adoption of this principle in
 the school board elections4 ,it was one
 thing to advocate theoretically the    
claims of women to representation it was
 another to introduce the subject into  
the ,house of ,commons1 to promote an   
active political organization in its    

favor1 and thus to convert it1 from a   
philosophical dream1 into a question of 
pressing and practical importance4 ,it  
was one thing to advocate freedom of    
thought and discussion in all political 
and religious questions it was another  
to speak respectfully of ,mr4 ,odger1   
and to send ,mr4 ,bradlaugh a           
contribution toward the expenses of his 
candidature for ,northampton4 ,the      
discovery that ,mr4 ,mill's chief       
objects in ,parliament were the same as 
his chief objects out of ,parliament    
branded him at once as an unpractical   
man3 and his success in promoting these 
objects constituted his failure as a    
politician4 ,his fearless disregard of  
unpopularity1 as manifested in his      
prosecution1 in conjunction with ,mr4   
,p4,a4 ,taylor1 of ,ex-,governor ,eyre1 
was another proof that he was entirely  
unlike the people who call themselves   
practical politicians4 ,his persistency 
in conducting this prosecution was one  
of the main causes of his defeat at the 

election of #ahfh4  ,if to be unpopular 
because he promoted the practical       
success of the opinions his life had    
been spent in advocating is to have     
failed1 then ,mr4 ,mill failed4 ,if1    
however1 the success of a politician is 
to be measured by the degree in which he
 is able personally to influence the    
course of politics1 and attach to       
himself a school of political thought1  
then ,mr4 ,mill1 in the best meaning of 
the words1 has succeeded4 ,if ,mr4 ,mill
 had died ten years ago1 is it probable 
that his views on representative reform 
would have received so much practical   
recognition as they have obtained during
 the last five years8 ,if he had never  
entered the ,house of ,commons1 would   
the women's-suffrage question be where  
it now is8 ,before he introduced the    
subject into the ,house of ,commons in  
#ahfg1 it may be said to have had no    
political existence in this country4    
,the whole question was held in such    
contempt by practical politicians1 that 

the ,house would probably have refused  
to listen to any member1 except ,mr4    
,mill1 who advocated the removal of the 
political disabilities of women4 ,mr4   
,mill was the one member of ,parliament 
whose high intellectual position enabled
 him to raise the question without being
 laughed down as a fool4 ,to every one's
 astonishment1 seventy-four members     
followed ,mr4 ,mill into the lobby3 the 
most sanguine estimate1 previous to the 
division1 of the number of his          
supporters had been thirty4 ,since that 
time1 the movement in favor of women's  
suffrage has made rapid and steady      
progress4 ,like all genuine political   
movements1 it has borne fruit in many   
measures which are intended to remove   
the grievances of which those who       
advocate the movement complain3 among   
these collateral results of the         
agitation for women's suffrage1 may be  
enumerated the ,married ,women's        
,property ,act1 the ,custody of ,infants
 ,bill1 and the admission of women to   

the municipal and educational franchises
 and to seats upon school-boards4 ,a    
large part of the present anxiety to    
improve the education of girls and women
 is also due to the conviction that the 
political disabilities of women will not
 be maintained4 ,in this question of the
 general improvement of the position of 
women1 ,mr4 ,mill's influence can       
scarcely be over-estimated4 ,all through
 his life he regarded it as a question  
of first-rate importance2 and the extent
 to which he was able practically to    
promote it is sufficient in itself to   
make his career as a politician a       
success4 ,a strong proof of the vitality
 of the movement1 of which he was the   
principal originator1 is that his death 
cannot injuriously affect its activity  
or its prospects of ultimate success4   
,what he has done for women is final3 he
 gave to their service the best powers  
of his mind and the best years of his   
life4 ,his death consecrates the gift3  
it can never lessen its value4  ,what is

 true of ,mr4 ,mill's influence on the  
women's-suffrage question is true also  
of the other political movements in     
which he took an active interest4 ,he   
was able in all of these powerfully to  
influence the political history of his  
day in the direction in which he desired
 to influence it4 ,if this is failure1  
failure is worth much more than success4
  ,of the influence of ,mr4 ,mill's     
personal character on those who were his
 political associates1 it is difficult  
to speak too warmly4 ,no one could be   
with him or work with him without being 
conscious of breathing a purer moral    
atmosphere3 he made mean personal       
ambitions and rivalries seem despicable 
and ridiculous1 not so much by any thing
 that he said directly on the subject1  
as by contrast with his own noble1      
strong1 and generous nature4 ,it is     
almost impossible to imagine that any   
one could be so insensible to the high  
morality of ,mr4 ,mill's character as to
 suggest to him any course of conduct   

that was not entirely upright and       
consistent4 ,a year or two ago1 however1
 a story was told of a gentleman who    
asked ,mr4 ,mill to stand for an ,irish 
constituency1 and stated that the only  
opinion it would be necessary for him to
 change was the one he had so often     
expressed against denominational        
education4 ,a smile at the man's        
stupidity1 and the remark1 ,i should    
like to have seen ,mill's face when he  
heard this suggestion1 is the almost    
invariable comment on this story4 ,it is
 a very suggestive indication of the    
impression ,mr4 ,mill's moral influence 
made on those who knew him4  ,an apology
 is due to the readers of these pages   
that the task of speaking of ,mr4 ,mill 
as a practical politician has not fallen
 into more competent hands4 ,no one can 
be more deeply sensible of my inability 
to deal adequately with the subject than
 ,i am myself4 ,this sketch ought to    
have been written by one who is in every
 way more qualified to speak of ,mr4    

,mill's political career than ,i am4    
,unavoidable circumstances1 however1    
prevented his undertaking the work2 and 
as the time was too short to allow of   
any being spent in a search that might  
have proved fruitless1 the honor of     
writing these lines has devolved upon   
me4  ,,millicent ,,garrett ,,fawcett4   
,,xi4  ,,his ,,relation ,,to            
,,positivism4#b  ,the present course of 
lectures on a special subject has made  
no pretension to present the religious  
aspect of ,positivism1 and ,i shall not 
venture to intrude on one of its gravest
 functions the due commemoration of the 
dead4 ,but nothing that is spoken here  
should have a merely scientific form1   
nor can ,i be satisfied until ,i have   
tried to give expression to the feeling 
which must be foremost in the minds of  
all present4 ,it is impossible to forget
 that it was by ,mr4 ,mill that ,comte  
was first made known in this country1   
and that by him first in this country   
the great doctrines of positive thought1

 the supreme reign of law in the moral  
and social world1 no less than in the   
intellectual world1 were reduced to     
system and life4 ,this conception as a  
whole has been gradually forming in the 
minds of all modern thinkers2 but its   
full scope and force were presented to  
,englishmen for the first time by ,mr4  
,mill4 ,the growth of my own mind1 and  
of that of all those with whom ,i have  
been associated1 has been simply the    
recognition of this truth in all its    
bearings and force2 and it was in minds 
saturated with this principle by the    
teaching of ,mr4 ,mill that the great   
phases of ,english thought have         
germinated in our day4 ,in this place it
 is impossible to forget1 that1 in      
introducing to the ,english world the   
principles of ,comte1 ,mr4 ,mill so     
clearly and ardently professed the      
positive philosophy at that time        
restricted to its earlier phase alone4  
,in this place it is impossible1 too1 to
 forget the generous assistance which he

 extended to ,comte1 whereby he was     
enabled to continue his labors in       
philosophy1 impossible also to forget   
the active communion of mind between    
them1 and the large space which their   
intercourse occupied in the thoughts and
 labors of both4 ,nor can ,i1 and many  
present here1 forget the many occasions 
on which we have been guided by his     
counsel and supported by his help in    
many a practical work in which we have  
depended on his example and experience4 
,it is needless to repeat1 for it must  
be present to all minds1 how many and   
deep are the differences which separate 
him from the later doctrines of ,comte1 
and how completely he repudiated        
connection with the religious           
reconstruction of ,positivism4 ,we here1
 at any rate1 shall claim ,mr4 ,mill for
 ,positivism in no other sense than that
 in which he claimed it for himself in  
his own latest writings4 ,these         
differences we shall neither exaggerate 
nor veil4 ,they stand all written most  

clearly for all men to weigh and to use4
 ,but naturally we shall point1 as one  
of us has already publicly pointed1 to  
the cardinal features of agreement1 and 
the vast importance of the features for 
which we may claim the whole weight of  
his authority4 ,yet ,i would not pretend
 that it is only on this side of his    
connection with the founder and         
principles of ,positivism1 that we dwell
 on the memory of ,mr4 ,mill with       
admiration and sympathy4 ,we reverence  
that unfaltering fearlessness of spirit1
 that warmth of generous emotion1 that  
guileless simplicity of nature1 which   
made his life heroic4 ,neither insult1  
failure1 nor abandonment could shake his
 sense of duty1 or touch his gentle and 
serene fortitude4 ,for us his high      
example1 his noble philosophic calm1    
continue to live and to teach4 ,he1     
being dead1 yet speaketh4 ,and1 if his  
great heart and brain are no longer     
amongst us as visible and conscious     
agencies1 his spirit lives yet in all   

that he has given to the generation of  
to-day3 the work of his spirit is not   
ended1 nor the task of his life         
accomplished2 but we feel that his      
nature is entering on a new and greater 
life amongst us1--one that is entirely  
spiritual1 intellectual1 and moral4     
,,frederic ,,harrison4  ,,footnotes3    
#b ,part of a lecture on ,political     
,institutions1 delivered      at the    
,positivist ,school1 ,may #aa4          
,,xii4  ,,his ,,position ,,as ,a        
,,philosopher4   ,it is always hazardous
 to forecast the estimation in which any
 man will be held by posterity4 ,in one 
sense truly we have no right to         
anticipate the judgment of the future1  
sufficient for us to form opinions      
satisfactory within the limits of our   
own generation4 ,sometimes1 by evil     
chance1 a great name is covered with    
undeserved reproach2 and it is reserved 
for a distant future to do it justice4  
,but such a work as ,mr4 ,carlyle did   
for ,cromwell we may confidently        

anticipate will never be required for   
the name of ,john ,stuart ,mill4 ,he is 
already enrolled among the first of     
contemporary thinkers1 and from that    
list his name will never be erased4 ,the
 nature of ,mr4 ,mill's work is such as 
to make it easy to predict the character
 of his future reputation4 ,his is the  
kind of philosophy that is destined to  
become the commonplace of the future4   
,we may anticipate that many of his most
 remarkable views will become obsolete  
in the best sense3 they will become     
worked up into practice1 and embodied in
 institutions4 ,indeed1 the place that  
he will hold will probably be closely   
resembling that of the great father of  
,english philosophy1--,john ,locke4     
,there is indeed1 amid distinguishing   
differences1 a remarkable similarity    
between the two men1 and the character  
of their influence on the world4 ,what  
,locke was to the liberal movements of  
the seventeenth century1 ,mr4 ,mill has 
more than been to the liberal movement  

of the nineteenth century4 ,the         
intellectual powers of the two men had  
much in common1 and they were exercised 
upon precisely similar subjects4 ,the   
,essay on the ,human ,understanding     
covered doubtless a field more purely   
psychological than the ,logic2 but we   
must remember that the ,analysis of the 
,mind by the elder ,mill had recently   
carried the inductive study of mind to  
an advanced point4 ,if1 however1 we     
regard less the topics on which these   
two illustrious men wrote1 than the     
special service rendered by each of them
 to intellectual progress1 we may not   
unfittingly compare the work of         
,locke--the descent from metaphysics to 
psychology--to the noble purpose of     
redeeming logic from the superstition of
 the ,aristotelians1 and exalting it to 
something higher than a mere verbal     
exercise for school-boys4 ,the attack   
that ,locke opened with such tremendous 
effect on the a priori school of        
philosophy was never more ably supported

 than by the ,logic and controversial   
writings of ,mr4 ,mill4  ,the remarkable
 fact in regard to both these great     
thinkers--these conquerors in the realms
 of abstract speculation--is their      
relation to politics4 ,locke was the    
political philosopher of the ,revolution
 of #afhh2 ,mr4 ,mill has been the      
political philosopher of the democracy  
of the nineteenth century4 ,the vast    
space that lies between their treatises 
represents a difference1 not in the men1
 but in the times4 ,locke found opposed 
to the common weal an odious theory of  
arbitrary and absolute power4 ,it is    
interesting to remember what were the   
giants necessary to be slain in those   
days4 ,the titles of his first chapters 
on ,government significantly attest the 
rudimentary condition of political      
philosophy in ,locke's day4 ,adam was   
generally considered to have had a      
divine power of government1 which was   
transmitted to a favored few of his     
descendants4 ,accordingly ,locke        

disposes of ,adam's title to sovereignty
 to whatever origin it may have been    
ascribed1--to creation1 donation1 the   
subjection of ,eve1 or fatherhood4      
,there is something almost ludicrous in 
discussing fundamental questions of     
government with reference to such       
scriptural topics2 and it is a striking 
evidence of the change that has passed  
over ,england since the ,revolution1    
that1 whereas ,locke's argument looks   
like a commentary on the ,bible1 even   
the bishops now do not in ,parliament   
quote the ,bible on the question of     
marriage with a deceased wife's sister4 
,nevertheless ,locke clearly propounded 
the great principle1 which1 in spite of 
many errors and much selfishness1 has   
been the fruitful heritage of the ,whig 
party4 ,political power1 then1 ,i take  
to be a right of making laws with       
penalties of death1 and consequently all
 less penalties1 for the regulating and 
preserving of property1 and of employing
 the force of the community in the      

execution of such laws1 and in the      
defence of the commonwealth from foreign
 injury1 and all this only for the      
public good4 ,locke also enounced the   
maxim1 that the state of nature is one  
of equality4 ,mr4 ,mill's special views 
on the land question are not without    
parallel in ,locke2 for that acute      
thinker distinctively laid down that    
labor was the true ground even of       
property in land4 ,still it must be     
confessed that ,locke's political       
philosophy is much cruder than ,mr4     
,mill's4 ,his ,essay on ,government is  
as the rough work of a boy of genius1   
the ,representative ,government a       
finished work of art of the experienced 
master4 ,and this difference corresponds
 with the rate of political progress4   
,the ,english constitution1 as we now   
understand it1 was unknown at the       
,revolution3 it had to be slowly        
created4 ,now the great task of the     
future is to raise the mass of the      
people to a higher standard of political

 intelligence and material comfort4 ,to 
that great end no man has contributed so
 much as ,mr4 ,mill4  ,perhaps the one  
writing for which above all others ,mr4 
,mill's disciples will love his memory  
is his essay ,on ,liberty4 ,in this     
undertaking ,mr4 ,mill followed the     
noble precedent of ,locke1 with greater 
largeness of view and perfection of     
work4 ,locke's four letters ,concerning 
,toleration constitute a splendid       
manifesto of the ,liberals of the       
seventeenth century4 ,the principle1    
that the ends of political society are  
life1 health1 liberty1 and immunity from
 harm1 and not the salvation of souls1  
has taken nearly two centuries to root  
itself in ,english law1 but has long    
been recognized by all but the          
shallowest bigots4 ,and yet ,locke spoke
 of atheism being a crime1 which1 for   
its madness as well as guilt1 ought to  
shut a man out of all sober and civil   
society4 ,here again1 what a stride does
 the ,liberty make8 ,it is1 once more1  

the difference of the times1 rather than
 of the men4 ,the same noble and        
prescient insight into the springs of   
national greatness and social progress  
characterizes the work of both men1 but 
in what different measures8 ,again1 we  
must say1 the disciple is greater than  
the master4 ,closely bearing on this    
topic is the relation of the two men to 
,christianity4 ,locke not only wrote to 
show the ,reasonableness of             
,christianity1 but paraphrased several  
of the books of the ,new ,testament4    
,mr4 ,mill has never written one        
sentence to give the least encouragement
 to ,christianity4 ,but1 although a     
contrast appears to exist1 there is     
really none4 ,locke was what may be     
called a ,bible ,christian4 ,he rejected
 all theological systems1 and           
constructed his religious belief in the 
truly ,protestant way1--with the ,bible 
and his inner consciousness4 ,his creed 
was the ,bible as conformed to reason2  
but he never doubted which1 in the event

 of a conflict1 ought to give way4 ,to  
him the destructive criticism of        
biblical scholars and the discoveries of
 geology had given no disquietude2 and  
he died with the happy conviction1 that1
 without abandoning his religious       
teaching1 he could remain faithful to   
reason4 ,mr4 ,mill inherited a vast     
controversy1 and he had to make a choice
 like ,locke1 he remained faithful only 
to reason4  ,perhaps1 it might be urged1
 this comparison leaves out of account  
the very greatest work of ,mr4          
,mill1--his ',political ,economy4'      
,locke lived too soon to be an ,adam    
,smith2 but1 curiously enough1 the      
parallel is not broken even at this     
point4 ,in #afia and again in #afie he  
wrote1 ,some considerations of the      
consequences of the lowering of         
interest1 and raising the value of      
money1 in which he propounded among     
other views1 that1 taxes1 however       
contrived1 and out of whose hands soever
 immediately taken1 do1 in a country    

where the great fund is in land for the 
most part terminate upon land4 ,there is
 of course no comparison between the two
 men on this head3 nevertheless it is   
interesting to note in prototype the    
germs of the great work of ,mr4 ,mill4  
,it shows the remarkable and by no means
 accidental similarity between the men4 
,the parallel is already too much drawn 
out1 otherwise it would be worth        
observing on the characters and lives of
 these two men4 ,enough1 however1 has   
been said to show that we may not       
unreasonably anticipate for ,mr4 ,mill a
 future such as has fallen to ,locke4   
,his wisdom will be the commonplace of  
other times3 his theories will be       
realized in political institutions2 and 
we may hope and believe the             
working-class will rise to such a       
standard of wealth and culture and      
political power as to realize the       
generous aspirations of one of          
,england's greatest sons4  ,w4,a4       
,,hunter4