,,! ,,advance ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,la/ ,,half-,,c5tury ,,by ,t4,h4 ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahhi ,,! ,,advance ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,la/ ,,half-,,c5tury ,sid5ote3 ,rec5t indu/rial progress ,! mo/ obvi\s & ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 is ! wond]ful increase ( indu/rial production by ! application ( ma*9]y1 ! improvem5t ( old te*nical processes & ! inv5tion ( new ones1 accompani$ by an ev5 m rem>kable developm5t ( old & new means ( locomotion & int]communication4 ,by ?is rapid & va/ multiplication ( ! commodities & conv5i5ces ( exi/5ce1 ! g5]al /&>d ( com=t has be5 rais$1 ! ravages ( pe/il5ce & fam9e h be5 *eck$1 & ! natural ob/acles1 :i* "t & space (f] to mutual int]c\rse1 h be5 r$uc$ 9 a mann]1 & to an ext5t1 unkn[n to =m] ages4 ,! dim9ution or removal ( local ignorance & prejudice1 ! creation ( common int]e/s among ! mo/ widely sep>at$ peoples1 & ! /r5g!n+ ( ! =ces ( ! organisation ( ! commonweal? aga9/ ^? ( political or social an>*y1 ?us effect$1 h ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! pres5t & future =tunes ( mank9d ! full significance ( :i* may be div9$1 b _c1 z yet1 be e/imat$ at its full value4 ,sid5ote3 caus$ by ! increase ( physical sci5ce ,?is revolution--= x is no?+ less--9 ! political & social aspects ( mod]n civilisation has be5 prec$$1 accompani$1 & 9 great measure caus$1 by a less obvi\s1 b no less m>vell\s1 increase ( natural k1 & especially ( t "p ( x :i* is kn[n z ,physical ,sci5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ! application ( sci5tific me?od to ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,n t ! gr[? ( physical sci5ce is an exclusive pr]ogative ( ! ,victorian age4 ,its pres5t /r5g? & volume m]ely indicate ! highe/ level ( a /ream :i* took its rise1 alongside ( ! primal f\nts ( ,philosophy1 ,lit]ature1 & ,art1 9 anci5t ,greece2 &1 aft] be+ damm$ up = a ?\s& ye>s1 once m began to fl[ ?ree c5turies ago4 ,sid5ote3 ,greek & m$ival sci5ce4 ,x may be d\bt$ if ev5-h&$ ju/ice1 z free f fulsome panegyric z f capti\s depreciation1 has ev] yet be5 dealt out to ! sages ( antiquity :o1 = eight c5turies1 f ! "t ( ,?ales to t ( ,gal51 toil$ at ! f\ndations ( physical sci5ce4 ,b1 )\t ent]+ into ! discussion ( t l>ge "q1 x is c]ta9 t ! labors ( ^! e>ly work]s 9 ! field ( natural k 7 br\ght to a /&/ill by ! decay & disruption ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! consequ5t disorganisation ( society1 & ! div]sion ( m5's ?\ghts f sublun>y matt]s to ! problems ( ! sup]natural _w sugge/$ by ,*ri/ian dogma 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,&1 not)/&+ sporadic attempts to recall m5 to ! inve/igation ( nature1 "h & !re1 x 0 n until ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies t physical sci5ce made a new />t1 f\nd+ itself1 at fir/1 altoge!r ^u t :i* _h be5 done by ! ,greeks4 ,inde$1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 ?\gh /&+ on ! %\ld]s ( ! old philosoph]s1 7 a long "t be=e !y saw z mu* z _! =]unn]s _h done4 ,! fir/ s]i\s attempts to c>ry fur!r ! unf9i%$ "w ( ,ar*im$es1 ,hipp>*us1 & ,ptolemy1 ( ,ari/otle & ( ,gal51 naturally en\gh arose among ! a/ronom]s & ! physicians4 ,= ! imp]i\s necessity ( seek+ "s rem$y = ! physical ills ( life _h insur$ ! pres]vation ( m or less ( ! wisdom ( ,hippocrates & 8 successors1 &1 by a happy conjunction ( circum/ances1 ! ,jewi% & ! ,arabian physicians & philosoph]s escap$ _m ( ! influ5ces :i*1 at t "t1 blight$ natural k 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sup]/iti\s hopes & fe>s :i* af=d$ c\nt5ance to a/rology & to al*emy also %elt]$ a/ronomy & ! g]ms ( *emi/ry4 ,:e!r = ?is1 or = "s bett] reason1 ! f\nd]s ( ! s*ools ( ! ,middle ,ages includ$ a/ronomy1 along ) geometry1 ari?metic1 & music1 z "o ( ! f\r bran*es ( advanc$ education2 &1 9 ?is respect1 x is only j to !m to obs]ve t !y 7 f> 9 advance ( ^? :o sit 9 _! seats4 ,! s*ool m5 consid]$ no "o to be prop]ly educat$ unless he 7 acqua9t$ )1 at any rate1 "o bran* ( physical sci5ce4 ,we h n1 ev5 yet1 rea*$ t /age ( enlight5m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,fur!r advance aft] ,r5aissance4 ,9 ! e>ly decades ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance c\ld %[ t !y _h already put out to good int]e/ ! treasure bequea!d to !m by ! ,greeks4 ,!y _h produc$ ! a/ronomical sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 ) ,kepl]'s great additions2 ! a/ronomical discov]ies & ! physical inve/igations ( ,galileo2 ! me*anics ( ,/ev9us & ! ',de ,magnete' ( ,gilb]t2 ! anatomy ( ! great ,fr5* & ,italian s*ools & ! physiology ( ,h>vey4 ,9 ,italy1 :i* _h succe$$ ,greece 9 ! hegemony ( ! sci5tific _w1 ! ,accademia dei ,lyncei & sundry o!r su* associations = ! inve/igation ( nature1 ! models ( all subsequ5t academies & sci5tific societies1 _h be5 f\nd$1 :ile ! lit]>y skill & bit+ wit ( ,galileo _h made ! great sci5tific que/ions ( ! day n only intelligible1 b attractive1 to ! g5]al public4 ,sid5ote3 ,francis ,bacon4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ,francis ,bacon1 _h essay$ to sum up ! pa/ ( physical sci5ce1 & to indicate ! pa? :i* x mu/ foll[ if its great de/9ies 7 to be fulfill$4 ,& ?\gh ! attempt 0 j su* a magnific5t failure z might h be5 expect$ f a man ( great end[m5ts1 :o 0 s s+ul>ly devoid ( sci5tific insight t he c\ld n und]/& ! value ( ! "w already a*iev$ by ! true in/aurators ( physical sci5ce2 yet ! maje/ic eloqu5ce & ! f]vid vatic9ations ( "o :o 0 conspicu\s alike by ! greatness ( 8 rise & ! dep? ( 8 fall1 drew ! att5tion ( all ! _w to ! 'new bir? ( ,"t4' ,sid5ote3 ,! defect ( 8 me?od4 ,b x is n easy to discov] satisfactory evid5ce t ! ',novum ,organum' _h any direct b5eficial influ5ce on ! advancem5t ( natural k4 ,no delusion is great] ?an ! notion t me?od & indu/ry c make up = lack ( mo!rwit1 ei!r 9 sci5ce or 9 practical life2 & x is /range t1 ) 8 k ( mank9d1 ,bacon %\ld h dream$ t 81 or any o!r1 'via inv5i5di sci5tias' w\ld 'level m5's wits' & leave little scope = t inborn capacity :i* is call$ g5ius4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,bacon's 'via' has prov$ hopelessly impracticable2 :ile ! 'anticipation ( nature' by ! inv5tion ( hypo!ses bas$ on incomplete inductions1 :i* he specially condemns1 has prov$ itself to be a mo/ effici5t1 inde$ an indisp5sable1 in/rum5t ( sci5tific progress4 ,f9ally1 t transc5d5tal al*emy--! sup]9ducem5t ( new =ms on matt]--:i* ,bacon decl>es to be ! supreme aim ( sci5ce1 has be5 :olly ignor$ by ^? :o h creat$ ! physical k ( ! pres5t day4 ,ev5 ! eloqu5t advocacy ( ! ,*ancellor br\ght no unmix$ good to physical sci5ce4 ,x 0 natural en\gh t ! man :o1 9 8 bett] mom5ts1 took 'all k = 8 patrimony1' b1 9 8 worse1 sold t bir?right = ! mess ( pottage ( ,c\rt favor & pr(essional success1 = pomp & %[1 %\ld be l$ to atta* an undue value to ! practical advantages :i* he =esaw1 z ,rog] ,bacon &1 inde$1 ,s5eca _h =ese51 long be=e 8 "t1 mu/ foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ! advancem5t ( natural k4 ,! burd5 ( ,bacon's plead+s = sci5ce is ! ga!r+ ( fruit'--! importance ( w9n+ solid mat]ial advantages by ! inve/igation ( ,nature & ! desirabl5ess ( limit+ ! application ( sci5tific me?ods ( inquiry to t field4 ,sid5ote3 ,hobbes4 ,sid5ote3 ,desc>tes4 ,bacon's y\ng] contempor>y1 ,hobbes1 ca/+ aside ! prud5t res]ve ( 8 pr$ecessor 9 reg>d to ^? matt]s ab\t :i* ! ,cr[n or ! ,*ur* might h some?+ to say1 ext5d$ sci5tific me?ods ( inquiry to ! ph5om5a ( m9d & ! problems ( social organisation2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 he indicat$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! prov9ce ( real1 & t ( imag9>y1 k4 ,! ',pr9ciples ( ,philosophy' & ! ',levia?an' embody a coh]5t sy/em ( purely sci5tific ?\ght 9 language :i* is a model ( cle> & vigor\s ,engli% /yle4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ,france1 a man ( f> great] sci5tific capacity ?an ei!r ,bacon or ,hobbes1 ,r5 ,desc>tes1 n only 9 8 immortal ',disc\rs de la ,m?ode' & else:]e1 w5t d[n to ! f\ndations ( sci5tific c]ta9ty1 b1 9 8 ',pr9cipes de ,philosophie1' indicat$ :]e ! goal ( physical sci5ce really lay4 ,h[ev]1 ,desc>tes 0 an em95t ma!matician1 & x w\ld seem t ! b5t ( 8 m9d l$ him to ov]e/imate ! value ( d$uctive reason+ f g5]al pr9ciples1 z mu* z ,bacon _h und]e/imat$ x4 ,! progress ( physical sci5ce has be5 effect$ nei!r by ,baconians nor by ,c>tesians1 z su*1 b by m5 l ,galileo & ,h>vey1 ,boyle & ,newton1 :o w\ld h done _! "w j z well if nei!r ,bacon nor ,desc>tes _h ev] prop\nd$ _! views respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* sci5tific inve/igation %\ld be pursu$4 ,sid5ote3 ,= a "t ! progress )\t fruits4 ,! progress ( sci5ce1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,bacon's dea?1 by means v]ifi$ 8 sangu9e pr$iction ( ! fruits :i* x w\ld yield4 ,=1 ?\gh ! reviv$ & r5ew$ /udy ( nature _h spread & gr[n to an ext5t :i* surpass$ reasonable expectation1 ! practical results--! 'good to m5's e/ate'--71 at fir/1 by no means app>5t4 ,sixty ye>s aft] ,bacon's dea?1 ,newton _h cr[n$ ! long labors ( ! a/ronom]s & ! physici/s1 by coord9at+ ! ph5om5a ( sol> motion ?r\gh\t ! visible univ]se into "o va/ sy/em2 b ! ',pr9cipia' help$ no man to ei!r weal? or com=t4 ,desc>tes1 ,newton1 & ,leibnitz _h op5$ up new worlds to ! ma!matician1 b ! acquisitions ( _! g5ius enri*$ only man's ideal e/ate4 ,desc>tes _h laid ! f\ndations ( rational cosmogony & ( physiological psy*ology2 ,boyle _h produc$ models ( exp]im5tation 9 v>i\s bran*es ( physics & *emi/ry2 ,pascal & ,torricelli _h weigh$ ! air2 ,malpighi & ,grew1 ,ray & ,will\ghby _h done "w ( no less importance 9 ! biological sci5ces2 b weav+ & sp9n+ 7 c>ri$ on ) ! old appliances2 nobody c\ld travel fa/] by sea or by l& ?an at any previ\s "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & ,k+ ,george c\ld s5d a message f ,london to ,york no fa/] ?an ,k+ ,john might h done4 ,metals 7 work$ f _! ores by immemorial rule ( ?umb1 & ! c5tre ( ! iron trade ( ^! isl&s 0 /ill among ! oak =e/s ( ,sussex4 ,! utmo/ skill ( our me*anicians did n get beyond ! production ( a co>se wat*4 ,! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury is illu/rat$ by a ho/ ( great names 9 sci5ce--,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,italian--especially 9 ! fields ( *emi/ry1 geology1 & biology2 b ?is deep5+ & broad5+ ( natural k produc$ next to no imm$iate practical b5efits4 ,ev5 if1 at ?is "t1 ,francis ,bacon c\ld h return$ to ! sc5e ( 8 greatness & ( 8 littl5ess1 he mu/ h reg>d$ ! philosophic _w :i* prais$ & disreg>d$ 8 precepts ) great disfavor4 ,if gho/s are consi/5t1 he w\ld h said1 ',^! p are all wa/+ _! "t1 j z ,gilb]t & ,kepl] & ,galileo & my wor?y physician ,h>vey did 9 my day4 ,:]e are ! fruits ( ! re/oration ( sci5ce :i* ,i promis$8 ,?is accumulation ( b>e k is all v well1 b cui bono8 ,n "o ( ^! p is do+ :at ,i told him specially to d1 & seek+ t secret ( ! cause ( =ms :i* w enable m5 to deal1 at w1 ) matt]1 & sup]9duce new natures ^u ! old f\ndations4' ,sid5ote3 ,its rec5t effect on life4 ,b1 a little lat]1 t gr[? ( k beyond imag9able utilit>ian ends1 :i* is ! condition prec$5t ( its practical utility1 began to produce "s effect ^u practical life2 & ! op]ation ( t "p ( nature we call human ^u ! re/ began to create1 n 'new natures1' 9 ,bacon's s5se1 b a new ,nature1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is dep5d5t ^u m5's ef=ts1 :i* is subs]vi5t to _! wants1 & :i* w\ld disappe> if man's %ap+ & guid+ h& 7 )drawn4 ,e me*anical artifice1 e *emically pure sub/ance employ$ 9 manufacture1 e abnormally f]tile race ( plants1 or rapidly gr[+ & fatt5+ bre$ ( animals1 is a "p ( ! new ,nature creat$ by sci5ce4 ,)\t x1 ! mo/ d5sely populat$ regions ( mod]n ,europe & ,am]ica mu/ reta9 _! primitive1 sp>sely inhabit$1 agricultural or pa/oral condition2 x is ! f\ndation ( our weal? & ! condition ( our safety f subm]g5ce by ano!r flood ( b>b>\s hordes2 x is ! bond :i* unites into a solid political :ole1 regions l>g] ?an any empire ( antiquity2 x secures u f ! recurr5ce ( ! pe/il5ces & fam9es ( =m] times2 x is ! s\rce ( endless com=ts & conv5i5ces1 :i* are n m]e luxuries1 b conduce to physical & moral well-be+4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 ?is new bir? ( "t1 ?is new ,nature begott5 by sci5ce ^u fact1 has press$ itself daily & h\rly ^u our att5tion1 & has work$ miracles :i* h modifi$ ! :ole fa%ion ( our lives4 ,sid5ote3 ,^! results (t5 too mu* reg>d$2 ,:at wond]1 !n1 if ^! a/oni%+ fruits ( ! tree ( k are too (t5 reg>d$ by bo? fri5ds & enemies z ! be-all & end-all ( sci5ce8 ,:at wond] if "s eulogise1 & o!rs revile1 ! new philosophy = its utilit>ian ends & its m]ely mat]ial triumphs8 ,sid5ote3 = sci5tific rese>* r>ely direct$ to practical ends ,9 tru?1 ! new philosophy des]ves nei!r ! praise ( its eulogi/s1 nor ! blame ( its sl&]]s4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 its disciples 7 guid$ by no se>* aft] practical fruits1 dur+ ! great p]iod ( its gr[?1 & x rea*$ adolesc5ce )\t be+ /imulat$ by any rew>ds ( t nature4 ,! b>e enum]ation ( ! names ( ! m5 :o 7 ! great lights ( sci5ce 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? & ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ( ,h]s*el1 ( ,laplace1 ( ,"y1 ( ,fresnel1 ( ,o]/$1 ( ,cav5di%1 ( ,lavoisi]1 ( ,davy1 ( ,lam>ck1 ( ,cuvi]1 ( ,jussieu1 ( ,dec&olle1 ( ,w]n] & ( ,hutton1 suffices to indicate ! /r5g? ( physical sci5ce 9 ! age imm$iately prec$+ t ( :i* ,i h to treat4 ,b ( :i* ( ^! great m5 c x be said t _! labors 7 direct$ to practical ends8 ,i d n call to m9d ev5 an inv5tion ( practical utility :i* we owe to any ( !m1 except ! safety lamp ( ,davy4 ,w]n] c]ta9ly paid att5tion to m9+1 & ,i h n =gott5 ,james ,watt4 ,b1 ?\gh "s ( ! mo/ important ( ! improvem5ts by :i* ,watt conv]t$ ! /eam-eng9e1 inv5t$ long be=e 8 "t1 into ! ob$i5t slave ( man1 7 sugge/$ & guid$ by 8 acqua9tance ) sci5tific pr9ciples1 8 skill z a practical me*anician1 & ! effici5cy ( ,bolton's workm5 _h q z mu* to d ) ! realisation ( 8 projects4 ,sid5ote3 b in/igat$ by love ( k ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( physical sci5ce tea*es 7& we _c too c>efully take ! lesson to he>t7 t ! practical advantages1 atta9able ?r\gh its ag5cy1 nev] h be51 & nev] w be1 suffici5tly attractive to m5 inspir$ by ! inborn g5ius ( ! int]pret] ( nature1 to give !m c\rage to und]go ! toils & make ! sacrifices :i* t call+ requires f its vot>ies4 ,t :i* /irs _! pulses is ! love ( k & ! joy ( ! discov]y ( ! causes ( ?+s sung by ! old poets--! supreme delight ( ext5d+ ! realm ( law & ord] ev] f>!r t[>ds ! unatta9able goals ( ! inf9itely great & ! inf9itely small1 betwe5 :i* our little race ( life is run4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 ! physical philosoph]1 sometimes int5tionally1 mu* m (t5 un9t5tionally1 lights ^u some?+ :i* proves to be ( practical value4 ,great is ! rejoic+ ( ^? :o are b5efit$ !reby2 &1 = ! mom5t1 sci5ce is ! ,diana ( all ! craftsm54 ,b1 ev5 :ile ! cries ( jubilation res\nd & ?is floatsam & jetsam ( ! tide ( inve/igation is be+ turn$ into ! wages ( workm5 & ! weal? ( capitali/s1 ! cre/ ( ! wave ( sci5tific inve/igation is f> away on its c\rse ov] ! illimitable ocean ( ! unkn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is 9 its turn assi/$ by indu/rial improvem5ts4 ,f> be x f me to depreciate ! value ( ! gifts ( sci5ce to practical life1 or to ca/ a d\bt ^u ! propriety ( ! c\rse ( action ( ^? :o foll[ sci5ce 9 ! hope ( f9d+ weal? alongside tru?1 or ev5 weal? alone4 ,su* a pr(ession is z respectable z any o!r4 ,& q z little d ,i desire to ignore ! fact t1 if indu/ry owes a heavy debt to sci5ce1 x has l>gely repaid ! loan by ! important aid :i* x has1 9 its turn1 r5d]$ to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,9 consid]+ ! causes :i* h9d]$ ! progress ( physical k 9 ! s*ools ( ,a!ns & ( ,alex&ria1 x has (t5 /ruck me,a t :]e ! ,greeks did wond]s 0 9 j ^? bran*es ( sci5ce1 su* z geometry1 a/ronomy1 & anatomy1 :i* are susceptible ( v consid]able developm5t )\t any1 or any b ! simple/1 appliances4 ,x is a curi\s speculation to ?9k :at w\ld h become ( mod]n physical sci5ce if glass & alcohol _h n be5 easily obta9able2 & if ! gradual p]fection ( me*anical skill = indu/rial ends _h n enabl$ inve/igators to obta91 at comp>atively little co/1 microscopes1 telescopes1 & all ! exquisitely delicate app>atus = det]m9+ weight & measure & = e/imat+ ! lapse ( "t ) exactness1 :i* !y n[ comm&4 ,if sci5ce has r5d]$ ! colossal developm5t ( mod]n indu/ry possible1 beyond a d\bt indu/ry has done no less = mod]n physics & *emi/ry1 & = a great deal ( mod]n biology4 ,& z ! capta9s ( indu/ry h1 at la/1 begun to be aw>e t ! condition ( success 9 t w>f>e1 "u ! =ms ( peace1 :i* is kn[n z indu/rial competition lies 9 ! discipl9e ( ! troops & ! use ( arms ( precision1 j z mu* z x does 9 ! w>f>e :i* is call$ w>1 _! dem& = t discipl9e1 :i* is te*nical education1 is react+ ^u sci5ce 9 a mann] :i* w1 assur$ly1 /imulate its future gr[? to an incalculable ext5t4 ,x has become obvi\s t ! int]e/s ( sci5ce & ( indu/ry are id5tical1 t sci5ce _c make a /ep =w>d )\t1 soon] or lat]1 op5+ up new *annels = indu/ry1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t e advance ( indu/ry facilitates ^? exp]im5tal inve/igations1 ^u :i* ! gr[? ( sci5ce dep5ds4 ,we may hope t1 at la/1 ! we>y misund]/&+ betwe5 ! practical m5 :o pr(ess$ to despise sci5ce1 & ! high & dry philosoph]s :o pr(ess$ to despise practical results1 is at an end4 ,nev]!less1 t :i* is true ( ! infancy ( physical sci5ce 9 ! ,greek _w1 t :i* is true ( its adolesc5ce 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 rema9s true ( its rip] age 9 ^! latt] days ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! great /eps 9 its progress h be5 made1 are made1 & w be made1 by m5 :o seek k simply because !y crave = x4 ,!y h _! weaknesses1 _! follies1 _! vanities1 & _! rivalries1 l ! re/ ( ! _w2 b :atev] by-ends may m> _! dignity & imp$e _! usefulness1 ?is *ief end r$eems !m4,b ,no?+ great 9 sci5ce has ev] be5 done by m51 :atev] _! p[]s1 9 :om ! div9e afflatus ( ! tru?-seek] 0 want+4 ,m5 ( mod]ate capacity h done great ?+s because x animat$ !m2 & m5 ( great natural gifts h fail$1 absolutely or relatively1 because !y lack$ ?is "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,sid5ote3 ,true aim & me?od ( rese>*4 ,to anyone :o kn[s ! bus9ess ( inve/igation practically1 ,bacon's notion ( e/abli%+ a company ( inve/igators to "w = 'fruits1' z if ! pursuit ( k 7 a k9d ( m9+ op]ation & only requir$ well-direct$ picks & %ovels1 seems v /range4,c ,9 sci5ce1 z 9 art1 &1 z ,i believe1 9 e o!r sph]e ( human activity1 !re may be wisdom 9 a multitude ( c\nsellors1 b x is only 9 "o or two ( !m4 ,&1 9 sci5tific inquiry1 at any rate1 x is to t "o or two t we mu/ look = light & guidance4 ,newton said t he made 8 discov]ies by 'int5d+' 8 m9d on ! subject2 no d\bt truly4 ,b to equal 8 success "o mu/ h ! m9d :i* he 'int5d$4' ,=ty less] m5 might h int5d$ _! m9ds till !y crack$1 )\t any l result4 ,x w\ld be idle ei!r to affirm or to d5y t ! la/ half-c5tury has produc$ m5 ( sci5ce ( ! calibre ( ,newton4 ,x is suffici5t t x c %[ a few capacities ( ! fir/ rank1 compet5t n only to deal pr(itably ) ! inh]itance bequea!d by _! sci5tific =efa!rs1 b to pass on to _! successors physical tru?s ( a high] ord] ?an any yet rea*$ by ! human race4 ,& if !y h succe$$ z ,newton succe$$1 x is because !y h s\ght tru? z he s\ght x1 ) no o!r object ?an ! f9d+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,progress f #ahcg to #ahhg4 ,i am consci\s t 9 und]tak+ to progress give ev5 ! briefe/ sket* ( ! progress ( physical sci5ce1 9 all its bran*es1 dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 ,i may be ?\ght to h exhibit$ m c\rage ?an discretion1 & p]haps m presumption ?an ei!r4 ,s f> z physical sci5ce is conc]n$1 ! days ( ,admirable ,cri*tons h long be5 ov]1 & ! mo/ indefatigable ( h>d work]s may ?9k he has done well if he has ma/]$ "o ( its m9or subdivisions4 ,nev]!less1 x is possible = anyone1 :o has famili>is$ himself ) ! op]ations ( sci5ce 9 "o dep>tm5t1 to compreh5d ! significance1 & ev5 to =m a g5]al e/imate ( ! value1 ( ! a*ievem5ts ( speciali/s 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,nor is _! any lack ei!r ( guidance1 or ( aids to ignorance4 ,by a happy *ance1 ! fir/ edition ( ,:ewell's ',hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces' 0 publi%$ 9 #ahcg1 & x af=ds a v useful view ( ! /ate ( ?+s at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,victorian epo*4 ,z to subsequ5t ev5ts1 !re are num]\s excell5t summ>ies ( ! progress ( v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 especially up to #ahha1 :i* 0 ! jubilee ye> ( ! ,briti% ,association4,d ,&1 ) respect to ! biological sci5ces1 ) "s p>ts ( :i* my /udies h famili>is$ me1 my p]sonal exp]i5ce ne>ly co9cides ) ! prec$+ half-c5tury4 ,i may hope1 !re=e1 t my *ance ( escap+ s]i\s errors is z good z t ( anyone else1 :o might h be5 p]suad$ to und]take ! some:at p]il\s ent]prise 9 :i* ,i f9d myself engag$4 ,!re is yet ano!r prefatory rem>k :i* x seems desirable ,i %\ld make4 ,x is t ,i ?9k x prop] to conf9e myself to ! "w done1 )\t say+ any?+ ab\t ! do]s ( x4 ,m$dl+ ) que/ions ( m]it & priority is a ?orny bus9ess at ! be/ ( times1 & unless 9 case ( necessity1 altoge!r undesirable :5 "o is deal+ ) contempor>ies4 ,no su* necessity lies ^u me1 & ,i %all1 !re=e1 m5tion no names ( liv+ m51 le/1 p]*ance1 ,i %\ld incur ! repro( :i* ! ,israelites1 :o /ruggl$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! field1 address$ to ,moses--',:o made !e a pr9ce & a judge ov] u4' ,sid5ote3 ,! aim ( physical sci5ce ,physical sci5ce is "o & indivisible4 ,al?\gh1 = practical purposes1 x is conv5i5t to m>k x out into ! prim>y regions ( ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 & ,biology1 & to subdivide ^! into subord9ate prov9ces1 yet ! me?od ( inve/igation & ! ultimate object ( ! physical inquir] are ev]y:]e ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ! discov]y ( ! rational ord] ( ! univ]se ,! object is ! discov]y ( ! rational ord] :i* p]vades ! univ]se1 ! me?od consi/s ( obs]vation & exp]im5t 7:i* is obs]vation "u artificial conditions7 = ! det]m9ation ( ! facts ( nature1 ( inductive & d$uctive reason+ = ! discov]y ( _! mutual relations & connection4 ,! v>i\s bran*es ( physical sci5ce diff] 9 ! ext5t to :i* at any giv5 mom5t ( _! hi/ory1 obs]vation on ! "o h&1 or ratioc9ation on ! o!r1 is _! m obvi\s feature1 b 9 no o!r way1 & no?+ c be m incorrect ?an ! assumption "o sometimes meets )1 t physics has "o me?od1 *emi/ry ano!r1 & biology a ?ird4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is bas$ on po/ulates ,all physical sci5ce />ts f c]ta9 po/ulates4 ,"o ( !m is ! objective exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w4 ,x is assum$ t ! ph5om5a :i* are compreh5d$ "u ?is "n h a 'sub/ratum' ( ext5d$1 imp5etrable1 mobile sub/ance1 :i* exhibits ! quality kn[n z in]tia1 & is t]m$ matt]4,e ,ano!r po/ulate is ! univ]sality ( ! law ( causation2 t no?+ happ5s )\t a cause 7t is1 a necess>y prec$5t condition71 & t ! /ate ( ! physical univ]se1 at any giv5 mom5t1 is ! consequ5ce ( its /ate at any prec$+ mom5t4 ,ano!r is t any ( ! rules1 or s-call$ 'laws ( nature1' by :i* ! relation ( ph5om5a is truly def9$1 is true = all "t4 ,! validity ( ^! po/ulates is a problem ( metaphysics2 !y are nei!r self-evid5t nor are !y1 /rictly speak+1 demon/rable4 ,! ju/ification ( _! employm5t1 z axioms ( physical philosophy1 lies 9 ! circum/ance t expectations logically bas$ ^u !m are v]ifi$1 or1 at any rate1 n contradict$1 :5ev] !y c be te/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 & uses hypo!ses4 ,physical sci5ce !re=e re/s on v]ifi$ or uncontradict$ hypo!ses2 &1 su* be+ ! case1 x is n surpris+ t a great condition ( its progress has be5 ! inv5tion ( v]ifiable hypo!ses4 ,x is a favorite popul> delusion t ! sci5tific inquir] is "u a sort ( moral obligation to ab/a9 f go+ beyond t g5]alisation ( obs]v$ facts :i* is absurdly call$ ',baconian' induction4 ,b anyone :o is practically acqua9t$ ) sci5tific "w is aw>e t ^? :o refuse to g beyond fact1 r>ely get z f> z fact2 & anyone :o has /udi$ ! hi/ory ( sci5ce kn[s t almo/ e great /ep !re9 has be5 made by ! 'anticipation ( ,nature1' t is1 by ! inv5tion ( hypo!ses1 :i*1 ?\gh v]ifiable1 (t5 _h v little f\ndation to />t )2 &1 n unfrequ5tly1 9 spite ( a long c>e] ( usefulness1 turn$ out to be :olly errone\s 9 ! long run4 ,sid5ote3 ,fruitful use ( an hypo!sis ev5 :5 wrong4 ,! geoc5tric sy/em ( a/ronomy1 ) its ecc5trics & its epicycles1 0 an hypo!sis utt]ly at v>iance ) fact1 :i* nev]!less did great ?+s = ! advancem5t ( a/ronomical k4 ,kepl] 0 ! wilde/ ( guess]s4 ,newton's corpuscul> !ory ( light 0 ( mu* tempor>y use 9 optics1 ?\gh nobody n[ believes 9 x2 & ! undulatory !ory1 :i* has sup]s$$ ! corpuscul> !ory & has prov$ "o ( ! mo/ f]tile ( in/rum5ts ( rese>*1 is bas$ on ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( an 'e!r1' ! prop]ties ( :i* are def9$ 9 propositions1 "s ( :i*1 to ord9>y appreh5sion1 seem physical ant9omies4 ,x s\nds p>adoxical to say t ! atta9m5t ( sci5tific tru? has be5 effect$1 to a great ext5t1 by ! help ( sci5tific errors4 ,b ! subject-matt] ( physical sci5ce is furni%$ by obs]vation1 :i* _c ext5d beyond ! limits ( our faculties2 :ile1 ev5 )9 ^? limits1 we _c be c]ta9 t any obs]vation is absolutely exact & exhau/ive4 ,h5ce x foll[s t any giv5 g5]alisation f obs]vation may be true1 )9 ! limits ( our p[]s ( obs]vation at a giv5 "t1 & yet turn out to be untrue1 :5 ^? p[]s ( obs]vation are directly or indirectly enl>g$4 ,or1 to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 a doctr9e :i* is untrue absolutely1 may1 to a v great ext5t1 be susceptible ( an int]pretation 9 accordance ) ! tru?4 ,at a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomical sci5ce1 ! assumption t ! planets move 9 circles 0 true en\gh to s]ve ! purpose ( correlat+ su* obs]vations z 7 !n possible2 aft] ,kepl]1 ! assumption t !y move 9 ellipses became true en\gh 9 reg>d to ! /ate ( obs]vational a/ronomy at t "t4 ,we say /ill t ! orbits ( ! planets are ellipses1 because1 = all ord9>y purposes1 t is a suffici5tly ne> approximation to ! tru?2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( a planet describes nei!r an ellipse or any o!r simple curve1 b an imm5sely complicat$ undulat+ l9e4 ,x may fairly be d\bt$ :e!r any g5]alisation1 or hypo!sis1 bas$ ^u physical data is absolutely true1 9 ! s5se t a ma!matical proposition is s2 b1 if its errors c become app>5t only outside ! limits ( practicable obs]vation1 x may be j z usefully adopt$ = "o ( ! symbols ( t algebra by :i* we int]pret nature1 z if x 7 absolutely true4 ,! developm5t ( e bran* ( physical k pres5ts ?ree /ages :i*1 9 _! logical relation1 are successive4 ,! fir/ is ! det]m9ation ( ! s5sible "* & ord] ( ! ph5om5a4 ,?is is ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 ! orig9al s5se ( ! t]m1 & "h no?+ b obs]vation & exp]im5t avail u4 ,! second is ! det]m9ation ( ! con/ant relations ( ! ph5om5a ?us def9$1 & _! expression 9 rules or laws4 ,! ?ird is ! explication ( ^! p>ticul> laws by d$uction f ! mo/ g5]al laws ( matt] & motion4 ,! la/ two /ages con/itute ,natural ,philosophy 9 its orig9al s5se4 ,9 ?is region1 ! inv5tion ( v]ifiable hypo!ses is n only p]missible1 b is "o ( ! conditions ( progress4 ,sid5ote3 & mutual assi/ance ( obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & speculation4 ,hi/orically1 no bran* ( sci5ce has foll[$ ?is ord] ( gr[?2 b1 f ! dawn ( exact k to ! pres5t day1 obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & speculation h gone h& 9 h&2 &1 :5ev] sci5ce has halt$ or /ray$ f ! "r pa?1 x has be51 ei!r because its vot>ies h be5 cont5t ) m]e unv]ifi$ or unv]ifiable speculation 7& ?is is ! commone/ case1 because obs]vation & exp]im5t are h>d "w1 :ile speculation is amus+72 or x has be51 because ! accumulation ( details ( obs]vation has = a "t exclud$ speculation4 ,sid5ote3 ,recognition ( ^! tru?s 9 rec5t times1 & consequ5t progress4 ,! progress ( physical sci5ce1 s9ce ! revival ( le>n+1 is l>gely due to ! fact t m5 h gradually le>n$ to lay aside ! consid]ation ( unv]ifiable hypo!ses2 to guide obs]vation & exp]im5t by v]ifiable hypo!ses2 & to consid] ! latt]1 n z ideal tru?s1 ! real entities ( an intelligible _w beh9d ph5om5a1 b z a symbolical language1 by ! aid ( :i* nature c be int]pret$ 9 t]ms appreh5sible by our intellects4 ,& if physical sci5ce1 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 has atta9$ dim5sions beyond all =m] prec$5t1 & c exhibit a*ievem5ts ( great] importance ?an any =m] su* p]iod c %[1 x is because able m51 animat$ by ! true sci5tific _s1 c>efully tra9$ 9 ! me?od ( sci5ce1 & hav+ at _! disposal imm5sely improv$ appliances1 h devot$ !mselves to ! enl>gem5t ( ! b\nd>ies ( natural k 9 great] numb] ?an dur+ any previ\s half-c5tury ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree great a*ievem5ts4 ,doctr9es ( 7#a7 molecul> con/itution ( matt]1 7#b7 cons]vation ( en]gy1 7#c7 evolution4 ,i h said t our epo* c produce a*ievem5ts 9 physical sci5ce ( great] mom5t ?an any o!r has to %[1 advis$ly2 & ,i ?9k t !re are ?ree great products ( our "t :i* ju/ify ! ass]tion4 ,"o ( ^! is t doctr9e conc]n+ ! con/itution ( matt] :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ,i w call 'molecul>2' ! second is ! doctr9e ( cons]vation ( en]gy2 ! ?ird is ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,ea* ( ^! 0 =e%ad[$1 m or less di/9ctly1 9 =m] p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce2 &1 s f> is ei!r f be+ ! outcome ( purely inductive reason+1 t x w\ld be h>d to ov]rate ! influ5ce ( metaphysical1 & ev5 ( !ological1 consid]ations ^u ! developm5t ( all ?ree4 ,! peculi> m]it ( our epo* is t x has %[n h[ ^! hypo!ses connect a va/ numb] ( seem+ly indep5d5t p>tial g5]alisations2 t x has giv5 !m t precision ( expression :i* is necess>y = _! exact v]ification2 & t x has practically prov$ _! value z guides to ! discov]y ( new tru?4 ,all ?ree doctr9es are intimately connect$1 & ea* is applicable to ! :ole physical cosmos4 ,b1 z might h be5 expect$ f ! nature ( ! case1 ! fir/ two grew1 ma9ly1 out ( ! consid]ation ( physico-*emical ph5om5a2 :ile ! ?ird1 9 great measure1 owes its rehabilitation1 if n its orig91 to ! /udy ( biological ph5om5a4 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,molecul> con/itution ( matt]4 ,9 ! e>ly decades ( ?is c5tury1 a numb] ( important tru?s applicable1 9 "p1 to matt] 9 g5]al1 &1 9 "p1 to p>ticul> =ms ( matt]1 _h be5 asc]ta9$ by ! physici/s & *emi/s4 ,! laws ( motion ( visible & tangible1 or mol>1 matt] _h be5 work$ out to a great degree ( ref9em5t & embodi$ 9 ! bran*es ( sci5ce kn[n z ,me*anics1 ,hydro/atics1 & ,pneumatics4 ,^! laws _h be5 %[n to hold good1 s f> z !y c\ld be *eck$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 on ! assumption t all su* masses ( matt] possess$ in]tia & 7 susceptible ( acquir+ motion1 9 two ways1 fir/ly by impact1 or impulse f )\t2 &1 secondly1 by ! op]ation ( c]ta9 hypo!tical causes ( motion t]m$ '=ces1' :i* 7 usually suppos$ to be resid5t 9 ! p>ticles ( ! masses !mselves1 & to op]ate at a di/ance1 9 su* a way z to t5d to draw any two su* masses toge!r1 or to sep>ate !m m widely4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two !ories z to matt]4 ,) respect to ! ultimate con/itution ( ^! masses1 ! same two antagoni/ic op9ions :i* _h exi/$ s9ce ! "t ( ,democritus & ( ,ari/otle 7 /ill face to face4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 matt] 0 discont9u\s & consi/$ ( m9ute indivisible p>ticles or atoms1 sep>at$ by a univ]sal vacuum2 accord+ to ! o!r1 x 0 cont9u\s1 & ! f9e/ di/+ui%able1 or imag9able1 p>ticles 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! att5uat$ g5]al sub/ance ( ! pl5um4 ,a r\gh analogy to ! latt] case w\ld be af=d$ by granules ( ice diffus$ ?r\gh wat]2 to ! =m]1 su* granules diffus$ ?r\gh absolutely empty space4 ,sid5ote3 ,reass]tion by ,dalton ( atomic !ory4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! *emi/s _h arriv$ at sev]al v important g5]alisations respect+ ^? prop]ties ( matt] ) :i* !y 7 especially conc]n$4 ,h[ev] pla9ly pond]able matt] seem$ to be orig9at$ & de/roy$ 9 _! op]ations1 !y prov$ t1 z mass or body1 x rema9$ inde/ructible & +5]able2 & t1 s f>1 x v>i$ only 9 its p]ceptibility by our s5ses4 ,! c\rse ( inve/igation fur!r prov$ t a c]ta9 numb] ( ! *emically sep>able k9ds ( matt] 7 unalt]able by any kn[n means 7except 9 s f> z !y might be made to *ange _! /ate f solid to fluid1 or vice v]s71 unless !y 7 br\ght into contact ) o!r k9ds ( matt]1 & t ! prop]ties ( ^! sev]al k9ds ( matt] 7 always ! same1 :atev] _! orig94 ,all o!r bodies 7 f\nd to consi/ ( two or m ( ^!1 :i* ?us took ! place ( ! f\r 'elem5ts' ( ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,fur!r1 x 0 prov$ t1 9 =m+ *emical comp\nds1 bodies always unite 9 a def9ite proportion by weight1 or 9 simple multiples ( t proportion1 & t1 if any "o body 7 tak5 z a /&>d1 e o!r c\ld h a numb] assign$ to x z its proportional comb9+ weight4 ,x 0 on ?is f\ndation ( fact t ,dalton bas$ 8 re-e/abli%m5t ( ! old atomic hypo!sis on a new empirical f\ndation4 ,x is obvi\s1 t if elem5t>y matt] consi/s ( inde/ructible & indivisible p>ticles1 ea* ( :i* con/antly pres]ves ! same weight relatively to all ! o!rs1 comp\nds =m$ by ! aggregation ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m su* p>ticles mu/ exemplify ! rule ( comb9ation 9 def9ite proportions d$uc$ f obs]vation4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ! gradual reception ( ! undulatory !ory ( light necessitat$ ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( an 'e!r' fill+ all space4 ,b :e!r ?is e!r 0 to be reg>d$ z a /rictly mat]ial & cont9u\s sub/ance 0 an undecid$ po9t1 & h5ce ! reviv$ atomism1 escap$ /rangl+ 9 its bir?4 ,= x is cle>1 t if ! e!r is admitt$ to be a cont9u\s mat]ial sub/ance1 ,democritic atomism is at an end & ,c>tesian cont9uity takes its place4 ,sid5ote3 ,! real value ( hypo!sis2 x pr$icates ! exi/5ce ( units ( matt]4 ,! real value ( ! new atomic hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 did n lie 9 ! two po9ts :i* ,democritus & 8 foll[]s w\ld h consid]$ ess5tial--namely1 ! indivisibility ( ! 'atoms' & ! pres5ce ( an int]atomic vacuum--b 9 ! assumption t1 to ! ext5t to :i* our means ( analysis take u1 mat]ial bodies consi/ ( def9ite m9ute masses1 ea* ( :i*1 s f> z physical & *emical processes ( division g1 may be reg>d$ z a unit--hav+ a practically p]man5t individuality4 ,j z a man is ! unit ( sociology1 )\t ref]5ce to ! actual fact ( 8 divisibility1 s su* a m9ute mass is ! unit ( physico-*emical sci5ce--t smalle/ mat]ial p>ticle :i* "u any giv5 circum/ances acts z a :ole4,f ,! doctr9e ( specific heat orig9at$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x means t ! same mass ( a body1 "u ! same circum/ances1 always requires ! same quantity ( heat to raise x to a giv5 temp]ature1 b t equal masses ( diff]5t bodies require diff]5t quantities4 ,ultimately1 x 0 f\nd t ! quantities ( heat requir$ to raise equal masses ( ! m p]fect gases1 ?r\gh equal ranges ( temp]ature1 7 inv]sely proportional to _! comb9+ weights4 ,?us a def9ite relation 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! hypo!tical units & heat4 ,! ph5om5a ( electrolytic decomposition %[$ t !re 0 a l close relation betwe5 ^! units & electricity4 ,! quantity ( electricity g5]at$ by ! comb9ation ( any two units is suffici5t to sep>ate any o!r two :i* are susceptible ( su* decomposition4 ,! ph5om5a ( isomorphism %[$ a relation betwe5 ! units & cry/all9e =ms2 c]ta9 units are ?us able to replace o!rs 9 a cry/all9e body )\t alt]+ its =m1 & o!rs are n4 ,aga91 ! laws ( ! effect ( pressure & heat on gase\s bodies1 ! fact t !y comb9e 9 def9ite proportions by volume1 & t su* proportion be>s a simple relation to _! comb9+ weights1 all h>monis$ ) ! ,daltonian hypo!sis1 & l$ to ! bold speculation kn[n z ! law ( ,avogadro--t all gase\s bodies1 "u ! same physical conditions1 conta9 ! same numb] ( units4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 fir/ enunciat$1 ?is hypo!sis 0 incorrect--p]haps x is n exactly true 9 any =m2 b x is h>dly too mu* to say t *emi/ry & molecul> physics w\ld nev] h advanc$ to _! pres5t condition unless x _h be5 assum$ to be true4 ,ano!r imm5se s]vice r5d]$ by ,dalton1 z a coroll>y ( ! new atomic doctr9e1 0 ! creation ( a sy/em ( symbolic notation1 :i* n only made ! nature ( *emical comp\nds & processes easily intelligible & easy ( recollection1 b1 by its v =m1 sugge/$ new l9es ( inquiry4 ,! atomic notation 0 z s]viceable to *emi/ry z ! b9omial nom5clature & ! classificatory s*ematism ( ,l9nu 7 to zology & botany4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 biology a l !ory ( molecul>/ructure4 ,side by side ) ^! advances arose 9 ano!r1 :i* also has a close p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( biological sci5ce4 ,if ! unit ( a comp\nd is made up by ! aggregation ( elem5t>y units1 ! notion t ^! mu/ h "s sort ( def9ite arrangem5t inevitably sugge/s itself2 & su* ph5om5a z d\ble decomposition po9t$1 n only to ! exi/5ce ( a molecul> ar*itecture1 b to ! possibility ( modify+ a molecul> fabric )\t de/roy+ x1 by tak+ out "s ( ! compon5t units & replac+ !m by o!rs4 ,! class ( neutral salts1 = example1 includes a great numb] ( bodies 9 _m ways simil>1 9 :i* ! basic molecules1 or ! acid molecules1 may be replac$ by o!r basic & o!r acid molecules )\t alt]+ ! neutrality ( ! salt2 j z a cube ( bricks rema9s a cube1 s long z any brick t is tak5 out is replac$ by ano!r ( ! same %ape & dim5sions1 :atev] its weight or o!r prop]ties may be4 ,facts ( ?is k9d gave rise to ! conception ( 'types' ( molecul> /ructure1 j z ! recognition ( ! unity 9 div]sity ( ! /ructure ( ! species ( plants & animals gave rise to ! notion ( biological 'types4' ,! notation ( *emi/ry enabl$ ^! ideas to be repres5t$ ) precision2 & !y acquir$ an imm5se importance1 :5 ! improvem5t ( me?ods ( analysis1 :i* took place ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our p]iod1 enabl$ ! composition ( ! s-call$ 'organic' bodies to be det]m9$ )1 rapidity & precision4,g ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! comp\nds conta9 n m ?an ?ree or f\r elem5ts1 ( :i* c>bon is ! *ief2 b _! numb] is v great1 & ! div]sity ( _! physical & *emical prop]ties is a/oni%+4 ,! asc]ta9m5t ( ! proportion ( ea* elem5t 9 ^! comp\nds af=ds little or no help t[>ds acc\nt+ = _! div]sities2 widely diff]5t bodies be+ (t5 v simil>1 or ev5 id5tical1 9 t respect4 ,&1 9 ! la/ case1 t ( isom]ic comp\nds1 ! appeal to div]sity ( arrangem5t ( ! id5tical compon5t units 0 ! only obvi\s way out ( ! difficulty4 ,"h1 aga91 hypo!sis prov$ to be ( great value2 n only 0 ! se>* = evid5ce ( div]sity ( molecul> /ructure successful1 b ! /udy ( ! process ( tak+ to pieces l$ to ! discov]y ( ! way to put toge!r2 & va/ numb]s ( comp\nds1 "s ( !m previ\sly kn[n only z products ( ! liv+ economy1 h ?us be5 artificially con/ruct$4 ,*emical "w1 at ! pres5t day1 is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 syn!tic or creative--t is to say1 ! *emi/ det]m9es1 !oretically1 t c]ta9 non-exi/5t comp\nds ought to be producible1 & he proce$s to produce !m4 ,x is l>gely because ! *emical !ory & practice ( our epo* h pass$ into ?is d$uctive & syn!tic /age1 t !y are entitl$ to ! "n ( ! ',new ,*emi/ry' :i* !y commonly receive4 ,b ?is new *emi/ry has gr[n up by ! help ( hypo!ses1 su* z ^? ( ,dalton & ( ,avogadro1 & t s+ul> conception ( 'bonds' inv5t$ to colligate ! facts ( 'val5cy' or 'atomicity1' ! fir/ ( :i* took "s "t to make its way2 :ile ! second fell into oblivion1 = _m ye>s aft] x 0 prop\nd$1 = lack ( empirical ju/ification4 ,z = ! ?ird1 x may be d\bt$ if anyone reg>ds x z m ?an a tempor>y contrivance4 ,b "s ( ^! hypo!ses h done yet fur!r s]vice4 ,comb9+ !m ) ! me*anical !ory ( heat & ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 :i* are also products ( our "t1 physici/s h arriv$ at an entirely new conception ( ! nature ( gase\s bodies & ( ! relation ( ! physico-*emical units ( matt] to ! diff]5t =ms ( en]gy4 ,! conduct ( gases "u v>y+ pressure & temp]ature1 _! diffusibility1 _! relation to radiant heat & to light1 ! evolution ( heat :5 bodies comb9e1 ! absorption ( heat :5 !y are dissociat$1 & a ho/ ( o!r molecul> ph5om5a1 h be5 %[n to be d$ucible f ! dynamical & /atical pr9ciples :i* apply to mol> motion & re/2 & ! t5d5cy ( physico-*emical sci5ce is cle>ly t[>ds ! r$uction ( ! problems ( ! _w ( ! inf9itely little1 z x already has r$uc$ ^? ( ! inf9itely great _w1 to que/ions ( me*anics4,h ,9 ! mean:ile1 ! primitive atomic !ory1 :i* has s]v$ z ! scaffold+ = ! edifice ( mod]n physics & *emi/ry1 has be5 quietly dismiss$4 ,i _c discov] t any contempor>y physici/ or *emi/ believes 9 ! real indivisibility ( atoms1 or 9 an int]atomic matt]less vacuum4 ',atoms' appe> to be us$ z m]e names = physico-*emical units :i* h n yet be5 subdivid$1 & 'molecules' = physico-*emical units :i* are aggregates ( ! =m]4 ,& ^! individualis$ p>ticles are suppos$ to move 9 an endless ocean ( a va/ly m subtle matt]--! e!r4 ,if ?is e!r is a cont9u\s sub/ance1 !re=e1 we h got back f ! hypo!sis ( ,dalton to t ( ,desc>tes4 ,b !re is mu* reason to believe t sci5ce is go+ to make a /ill fur!r j\rney1 &1 9 =m1 if n altoge!r 9 sub/ance1 to return to ! po9t ( view ( ,ari/otle4 ,sid5ote3 ,elem5t>y bodies ,! great] numb] ( ! s-call$ 'elem5t>y' bodies1 n[ kn[n1 _h be5 discov]$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( our epo*2 & x _h become app>5t t !y 7 by no means equally simil> or dissimil>1 b t "s ( !m1 at any rate1 con/itut$ gr\ps1 ! sev]al memb]s ( :i* 7 z mu* l "o ano!r z !y 7 unlike ! re/4 ,*lor9e1 iod9e1 brom9e1 & fluor9e ?us =m$ a v di/9ct gr\p2 sulphur & sel5ium ano!r2 boron & silicon ano!r2 potassium1 sodium1 & li?ium ano!r2 & s on4 ,9 "s cases1 ! atomic weights ( su* alli$ bodies 7 ne>ly ! same1 or c\ld be arrang$ 9 s]ies1 ) l diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al t]ms4 ,9 fact1 ! elem5ts af=d$ indications t !y 7 susceptible ( a classification 9 natural gr\ps1 su* z ^? into :i* animals & plants fall4 ,sid5ote3 fall into diff]5t s]ies4 ,rec5tly ?is subject has be5 tak5 up afre%1 ) a result :i* may be /at$ r\ghly 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,if ! sixty-five or sixty-eight recognis$ 'elem5ts' are arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! atomic weights--f hydrog51 ! lighte/1 z unity1 to uranium1 ! heavie/1 z #bdj--! s]ies does n exhibit "o cont9u\s progressive modification 9 ! physical & *emical *>act]s ( its sev]al t]ms1 b breaks up into a numb] ( sections1 9 ea* ( :i* ! sev]al t]ms pres5t analogies ) ! correspond+ t]ms ( ! o!r s]ies4 ,?us ! :ole s]ies does n run3 a1 b1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 i1 k1 c41 b a1 b1 c1 d1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 alpha1 beta1 gamma1 delta1 c42 s t x is said to express a p]iodic law ( recurr5t simil>ities4 ,or ! relation may be express$ 9 ano!r way4 ,9 ea* section ( ! s]ies1 ! atomic weight is great] ?an 9 ! prec$+ section1 s t if w is ! atomic weight ( any elem5t 9 ! fir/ segm5t1 wx w repres5t ! atomic weight ( any elem5t 9 ! next1 & wxy ! atomic weight ( any elem5t 9 ! next1 & s on4 ,!re=e ! sections may be repres5t$ z p>allel s]ies1 ! correspond+ t]ms ( :i* h analog\s prop]ties2 ea* successive s]ies />t+ ) a body ! atomic weight ( :i* is great] ?an t ( any 9 ! prec$+ s]ies1 9 ! foll[+ fa%ion3 d ,d delta c ,c gamma b ,b beta a ,a alpha - ----- --------- w w x w x y ,sid5ote3 ,! possibility ( a prim>y =m ( matt]4 ,?is is a conception )1 :i* biologi/s are v famili>1 animal & plant gr\ps con/antly appe>+ z s]ies ( p>allel modifications ( simil> & yet diff]5t prim>y =ms4 ,9 ! liv+ _w1 facts ( ?is k9d are n[ und]/ood to mean evolution f a common prototype4 ,x is difficult to imag9e t 9 ! n-liv+ _w !y are devoid ( significance4 ,is x n possible1 nay probable t !y may mean ! evolution ( our 'elem5ts' f a prim>y undiff]5tiat$ =m ( matt]8 ,fifty ye>s ago1 su* a sugge/ion w\ld h be5 sc\t$ z a revival ( ! dreams ( ! al*emi/s4 ,at pres5t1 x may be said to be ! burn+ "q ( physico-*emical sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! s-call$ 'vortex-r+' hypo!sis is a v s]i\s & rem>kable attempt to deal ) mat]ial units f a po9t ( view :i* is consi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,x supposes ! e!r to be a uni=m sub/ance1 & t ! 'elem5t>y' units are1 broadly speak+1 p]man5t :irlpools1 or vortices1 ( ?is e!r1 ! prop]ties ( :i* dep5d on _! actual & pot5tial modes ( motion4 ,x is curi\s & highly int]e/+ to rem>k t ?is hypo!sis rem9ds u n only ( ! speculations ( ,desc>tes1 b ( ^? ( ,ari/otle4 ,! resemblance ( ! 'vortex-r+s' to ! 't\rbillons' ( ,desc>tes is little m ?an nom9al2 b ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! mod]n & ! anci5t notion ( a di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & d]ivative matt] is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 real4 ,= ?is e!real ',ur/(f' ( ! mod]n corresponds v closely ) ! prht hyl ( ,ari/otle1 ! mat]ia prima ( 8 m$ival foll[]s2 :ile matt]1 diff]5tiat$ into our elem5ts1 is ! equival5t ( ! fir/ /age ( progress t[>ds ! hes*hat hyl1 or f9i%$ matt]1 ( ! anci5t philosophy4 ,if ! mat]ial units ( ! exi/+ ord] ( nature are specialis$ portions ( a relatively homog5e\s mat]ia prima--:i* 7 orig9at$ "u conditions t h long ceas$ to exi/ & :i* rema9 un*ang$ & un*angeable "u all conditions1 :e!r natural or artificial1 hi!rto kn[n to u--x foll[s t ! speculation t !y may be indef9itely alt]$1 or t new units may be g5]at$ "u conditions yet to be discov]$1 is p]fectly legitimate4 ,!oretically1 at any rate1 ! transmutability ( ! elem5ts is a v]ifiable sci5tific hypo!sis2 & su* inquiries z ^? :i* h be5 set afoot1 into ! possible dissociative action ( ! great heat ( ! sun ^u our elem5ts1 are n only legitimate1 b are likely to yield results :i*1 :e!r affirmative or negative1 w be ( great importance4 ,! idea t atoms are absolutely +5]able & immutable 'manufactur$ articles' /&s on ! same sort ( f\ndation z ! idea t biological species are 'manufactur$ articles' /ood ?irty ye>s ago2 & ! suppos$ con/ancy ( ! elem5t>y atoms1 dur+ ! enorm\s lapse ( "t measur$ by ! exi/5ce ( our univ]se1 is ( no m weight aga9/ ! possibility ( *ange 9 !m1 9 ! inf9ity ( antec$5t "t1 ?an ! con/ancy ( species 9 ,egypt1 s9ce ! days ( ,rameses or ,*eops1 is evid5ce ( _! immutability dur+ all pa/ epo*s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,x seems safe to prophesy t ! hypo!sis ( ! evolution ( ! elem5ts f a primitive matt] w1 9 future1 play no less a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ?an ! atomic hypo!sis1 :i*1 to beg9 )1 _h no great]1 if s great1 an empirical f\ndation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old & ! new atomic !ory4 ,x may p]haps occur to ! read] t ! boa/$ progress ( physical sci5ce does n come to mu*1 if our pres5t conceptions ( ! fundam5tal nature ( matt] are expressible 9 t]ms employ$1 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 by ! old 'ma/] ( ^? t "k4' ,su* a criticism1 h[ev]1 w\ld involve =getfulness ( ! fact1 t ! connotation ( ^! t]ms1 9 ! m9d ( ! mod]n1 is almo/ inf9itely diff]5t f t :i* !y possess$ 9 ! m9d ( ! anci5t1 philosoph]4 ,9 antiquity1 !y meant little m ?an vague speculation2 at ! pres5t day1 !y indicate def9ite physical conceptions1 susceptible ( ma!matical treatm5t1 & giv+ rise to innum]able d$uctions1 ! value ( :i* c be exp]im5tally te/$4 ,! old notions produc$ little m ?an floods ( dialectics2 ! new are p[]ful aids t[>ds ! increase ( solid k4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,ev]yday obs]vation %[s t1 ( ! bodies :i* compose ! mat]ial _w1 "s are 9 motion & "s are1 or appe> to be1 at re/4 ,( ! bodies 9 motion1 "s1 l ! sun & />s1 exhibit a con/ant movem5t1 regul> 9 am\nt & direction1 = :i* no ext]nal cause appe>s4 ,o!rs1 z /ones & smoke1 seem also to move ( !mselves :5 ext]nal imp$im5ts are tak5 away4 ,b ^! appe> to t5d to move 9 opposite directions3 ! bodies we call heavy1 su* z /ones1 d[nw>ds1 & ! bodies we call light1 at lea/ su* z smoke & /eam1 upw>ds4 ,&1 z we fur!r notice t ! e>?1 bel[ our feet1 is made up ( heavy matt]1 :ile ! air1 above our heads1 is extremely light matt]1 x is easy to reg>d ?is fact z evid5ce t ! l[] region is ! place to :i* heavy ?+s t5d--_! prop] place1 9 %ort--:ile ! upp] region is ! prop] place ( light ?+s2 & to g5]alise ! facts obs]v$ by say+ t bodies1 :i* are free to move1 t5d t[>ds _! prop] places4 ,all ^! seem to be natural motions1 dep5d5t on ! inh]5t faculties1 or t5d5cies1 ( bodies !mselves4 ,b !re are o!r motions :i* are artificial or viol5t1 z :5 a /one is ?r[n f ! h&1 or is knock$ by ano!r /one 9 motion4 ,9 su* cases z ^!1 = example1 :5 a /one is ca/ f ! h&1 ! di/ance travell$ by ! /one appe>s to dep5d p>tly on its weight & p>tly ^u ! ex]tion ( ! ?r[]4 ,s t1 ! weight ( ! /one rema9+ ! same1 x looks z if ! motive p[] communicat$ to x 7 measur$ by ! di/ance to :i* ! /one travels--z if1 9 o!r words1 ! p[] ne$$ to s5d x a hundr$ y>ds 0 twice z great z t ne$$ to s5d x fifty y>ds4 ,^!1 app>5tly obvi\s1 conclusions f ! ev]yday appe>ances ( re/ & motion fairly repres5t ! /ate ( op9ion ^u ! subject :i* prevail$ among ! anci5t ,greeks1 & rema9$ dom9ant until ! age ( ,galileo4 ,! publication ( ! ',pr9cipia' ( ,newton1 9 #afhf-g1 m>ks ! epo* at :i* ! progress ( me*anical physics _h effect$ a complete revolution ( ?\ght on ^! subjects4 ,by ?is "t1 x _h be5 made cle> t ! old g5]alisations 7 ei!r incomplete or totally errone\s2 t a body1 once set 9 motion1 w cont9ue to move 9 a /raight l9e = any conceivable "t or di/ance1 unless x is int]f]$ )2 t any *ange ( motion is proportional to ! '=ce' :i* causes x1 & takes place 9 ! direction 9 :i* t '=ce' is ex]t$2 & t1 :5 a body 9 motion acts z a cause ( motion on ano!r1 ! latt] ga9s z mu* z ! =m] loses1 & vice v]s4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t :ile1 9 contradi/9ction to ! anci5t idea ( ! inh]5t t5d5cy to motion ( bodies1 ! abs5ce ( any su* spontane\s p[] ( motion 0 accept$ z a physical axiom by ! mod]ns1 ! old conception virtually ma9ta9$ itself is a new %ape4 ,=1 9 spite ( ,newton's well-kn[n w>n+ aga9/ ! 'absurdity' ( suppos+ t "o body c act on ano!r at a di/ance ?r\gh a vacuum1 ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] 7 g5]ally assum$ to be ! seats ( p]5nial causes ( motion t]m$ 'attractive & repulsive =ces1' 9 virtue ( :i*1 any two su* p>ticles1 )\t any ext]nal impression ( motion1 or int]m$iate mat]ial ag5t1 7 suppos$ to t5d to approa* or remove f "o ano!r2 & ?is view ( ! duality ( ! causes ( motion is v widely held at ! pres5t day4 ,ano!r important result ( inve/igation1 atta9$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 ! pro( & quantitative e/imation ( physical in]tia4 ,9 ! old philosophy1 a curi\s conjunction ( e?ical & physical prejudices _h l$ to ! notion t !re 0 some?+ e?ically bad & physically ob/ructive ab\t matt]4 ,ari/otle attributes all irregul>ities & app>5t dy/eleologies 9 nature to ! disob$i5ce1 or sluggi% yield+1 ( matt] to ! %ap+ & guid+ influ5ce ( ^? reasons & causes :i* 7 hypo/atis$ 9 8 ideal ',=ms4' ,9 mod]n sci5ce1 ! conception ( ! in]tia1 or resi/ance to *ange1 ( matt] is complex4 ,9 "p1 x conta9s a coroll>y f ! law ( causation3 ,a body _c *ange its /ate 9 respect ( re/ or motion )\t a suffici5t cause4 ,b1 9 "p1 x conta9s g5]alisations f exp]i5ce4 ,"o ( ^! is t !re is no su* suffici5t cause resid5t 9 any body1 & t !re=e x w re/1 or cont9ue 9 motion1 s long z no ext]nal cause ( *ange acts ^u x4 ,! o!r is t ! effect :i* ! impact ( a body 9 motion produces ^u ! body on :i* x imp+es dep5ds1 o!r ?+s be+ alike1 on ! relation ( a c]ta9 quality ( ea* :i* is call$ 'mass4' ,giv5 a cause ( motion ( a c]ta9 value1 ! am\nt ( motion1 measur$ by di/ance travell$ 9 a c]ta9 "t1 :i* x w produce 9 a giv5 quantity ( matt]1 say a cubic in*1 is n always ! same1 b dep5ds on :at t matt] is--a cubic in* ( iron w g fa/] ?an a cubic in* ( gold4 ,h5ce1 x appe>s1 t s9ce equal am\nts ( motion h1 ex hypo!si1 be5 produc$1 ! am\nt ( motion 9 a body does n dep5d on its spe$ alone1 b on "s prop]ty ( ! body4 ,to ?is ! "n ( 'mass' has be5 giv54 ,& s9ce x seems reasonable to suppose t a l>ge quantity ( matt]1 mov+ sl[ly1 possesses z mu* motion z a small quantity mov+ fa/]1 'mass' has be5 held to express 'quantity ( matt]4' ,x is fur!r demon/rable t1 at any giv5 "t & place1 ! relative mass ( any two bodies is express$ by ! ratio ( _! weights4 ,sid5ote3 ,me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,:5 all ^! great tru?s respect+ mol> motion1 or ! movem5ts ( visible & tangible masses1 _h be5 %[n to hold good n only ( t]re/rial bodies1 b ( all ^? :i* con/itute ! visible univ]se1 & ! movem5ts ( ! macrocosm _h ?us be5 express$ by a g5]al me*anical !ory1 !re rema9$ a va/ numb] ( ph5om5a1 su* z ^? ( light1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 & ^? ( ! physical & *emical *anges1 :i* d n involve mol> motion4 ,newton's corpuscul> !ory ( light 0 an attempt to deal ) "o great s]ies ( ^! ph5om5a on me*anical pr9ciples1 & x ma9ta9$ its gr\nd until1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! undulatory !ory prov$ itself to be a mu* bett] work+ hypo!sis4 ,heat1 up to t "t1 & inde$ mu* lat]1 0 reg>d$ z an impond]able sub/ance1 caloric2 z a ?+ :i* 0 absorb$ by bodies :5 !y 7 wann$1 & 0 giv5 out z !y cool$2 & :i*1 moreov]1 0 capable ( ent]+ into a sort ( *emical comb9ation ) !m1 & s becom+ lat5t4 ,rum=d & ,davy _h giv5 a great bl[ to ?is view ( heat by prov+ t ! quantity ( heat :i* two portions ( ! same body c\ld be made to give out1 by rubb+ !m toge!r1 0 practically illimitable4 ,?is result br\ght philosoph]s face to face ) ! contradiction ( suppos+ t a f9ite body c\ld conta9 an inf9ite quantity ( ano!r body2 b x 0 n until #ahdc1 t cle> & unque/ionable exp]im5tal pro( 0 giv5 ( ! fact t !re is a def9ite relation betwe5 me*anical "w & heat2 t s mu* "w always gives rise1 "u ! same conditions1 to s mu* heat1 & s mu* heat to s mu* me*anical "w4 ,?us orig9at$ ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 :i* became ! />t+-po9t ( ! mod]n doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,mol> motion _h appe>$ to be de/roy$ by friction4 ,x 0 prov$ t no de/ruction took place1 b t an exact equival5t ( ! en]gy ( ! lo/ mol> motion appe>s z t ( ! molecul> motion1 or motion ( ! smalle/ p>ticles ( a body1 :i* con/itutes heat4 ,! loss ( ! masses is ! ga9 ( _! p>ticles4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>li] approa*es t[>ds doctr9e ( cons]vation4 ,be=e #ahdc1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e ( cons]vation ( en]gy _h be5 approa*$ ,bacon's *ief contribution to positive sci5ce is ! happy guess 7= ! context %[s t x 0 little m7 t heat may be a mode ( motion2 ,desc>tes affirm$ ! quantity ( motion 9 ! _w to be con/ant2 ,newton ne>ly gave expression to ! complete !orem2 :ile ,rum=d's & ,davy's exp]im5ts sugge/$1 ?\gh !y did n prove1 ! equival5cy ( me*anical & !rmal en]gy4 ,aga91 ! discov]y ( voltaic electricity1 & ! m>vell\s developm5t ( k1 9 t field1 effect$ by su* m5 z ,davy1 ,f>aday1 ,o]/$1 ,ampre1 & ,melloni1 _h br\ght to light a numb] ( facts :i* t5d$ to %[ t ! s-call$ '=ces' at "w 9 light1 heat1 electricity1 & magnetism1 9 *emical & 9 me*anical op]ations1 7 intimately1 &1 9 v>i\s cases1 quantitatively relat$4 ,x 0 demon/rat$ t any "o c\ld be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( any o!r2 & app>atus 0 devis$ :i* exhibit$ ! evolution ( all ^! k9ds ( action f "o s\rce ( en]gy4 ,h5ce ! idea ( ! 'correlation ( =ces' :i* 0 ! imm$iate =]unn] ( ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,x is a rem>kable evid5ce ( ! greatness ( ! progress 9 ?is direction :i* has be5 effect$ 9 our "t1 t ev5 ! second edition ( ! ',hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1' :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdf1 conta9s no allusion ei!r to ! g5]al view ( ! ',correlation ( ,=ces' publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdb1 or to ! publication 9 #ahdc ( ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( exp]im5ts by :i* ! me*anical equival5t ( heat 0 correctly asc]ta9$4,i ,su* a failure on ! "p ( a contempor>y1 ( great acquirem5ts & rem>kable intellectual p[]s1 to read ! signs ( ! times1 is a lesson & a w>n+ wor?y ( be+ deeply pond]$ by anyone :o attempts to progno/icate ! c\rse ( sci5tific progress4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ?is doctr9e is4 ,i h po9t$ out t ! gr[? ( cle> & def9ite views respect+ ! con/itution ( matt] has l$ to ! conclusion t1 s f> z natural ag5cies are conc]n$1 x is +5]able & inde/ructible4 ,9 s f> z matt] may be conceiv$ to exi/ 9 a purely passive /ate1 x is1 imag9ably1 old] ?an motion4 ,b1 z x mu/ be assum$ to be susceptible ( motion1 a p>ticle ( b>e matt] at re/ mu/ be end[$ ) ! pot5tiality ( motion4 ,su* a p>ticle1 h[ev]1 by ! supposition1 c h no en]gy1 = !re is no cause :y x %\ld move4 ,suppose n[ t x receives an impulse1 x w beg9 to move ) a velocity inv]sely proportional to its mass1 on ! "o h&1 & directly proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! impulse1 on ! o!r1 & w possess k9etic en]gy1 9 virtue ( :i* x w n only cont9ue to move = ev] if unimp$$1 b if x imp+es on ano!r su* p>ticle1 x w imp>t m or less ( its motion1 to ! latt]4 ,let x be conceiv$ t ! p>ticle acquires a t5d5cy to move1 & t nev]!less x does n move4 ,x is !n 9 a condition totally diff]5t f t 9 :i* x 0 at fir/4 ,a cause compet5t to produce motion is op]at+ ^u x1 b1 = "s reason or o!r1 is unable to give rise to motion4 ,if ! ob/acle is remov$1 ! en]gy :i* 0 !re1 b c\ld n manife/ itself1 at once gives rise to motion4 ,:ile ! re/ra9t la/s1 ! en]gy ( ! p>ticle is m]ely pot5tial2 & ! case suppos$ illu/rates :at is meant by pot5tial en]gy4 ,9 ?is contra/ ( ! pot5tial ) ! actual1 mod]n physics is turn+ to acc\nt ! mo/ famili> ( ,ari/otelian di/9ctions--t betwe5 dunamis & en]geia4 ,t k9etic en]gy appe>s to be imp>t$ by impact is a fact ( daily & h\rly exp]i5ce3 we see bodies set 9 motion by bodies1 already 9 motion1 :i* seem to come 9 contact ) !m4 ,x is a tru? :i* c\ld h be5 le>n$ by no?+ b exp]i5ce1 & :i* _c be expla9$1 b mu/ be tak5 z an ultimate fact ab\t :i*1 explicable or inexplicable1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,/rictly speak+1 we h no direct appreh5sion ( any o!r cause ( motion4 ,b exp]i5ce furni%es innum]able examples ( ! production ( k9etic en]gy 9 a body previ\sly at re/1 :5 no impact is disc]nible z ! cause ( t en]gy4 ,9 all su* cases1 ! pres5ce ( a second body is a necess>y condition2 & ! am\nt ( k9etic en]gy1 :i* its pres5ce enables ! fir/ to ga91 is /rictly dep5d5t on ! relative positions ( ! two4 ,h5ce ! phrase en]gy ( position1 :i* is frequ5tly us$ z equival5t to pot5tial en]gy4 ,if a /one is pick$ up & held1 say1 six feet above ! gr\nd1 x has pot5tial en]gy1 because1 if let g1 x w imm$iately beg9 to move t[>ds ! e>?2 & ?is en]gy may be said to be en]gy ( position1 because x dep5ds ^u ! relative position ( ! e>? & ! /one4 ,! /one is solicit$ to move b _c1 s long z ! muscul> /r5g? ( ! hold] prev5ts ! solicitation f tak+ effect4 ,! /one1 !re=e1 has pot5tial en]gy1 :i* becomes k9etic if x is let g1 & ! am\nt ( t k9etic en]gy :i* w be develop$ be=e x /rikes ! e>? dep5ds on its position--on ! fact t x is1 say1 six feet (f ! e>?1 nei!r m nor less4 ,moreov]1 x c be prov$ t ! rais] ( ! /one _h to ex]t z mu* en]gy 9 ord] to place x 9 its position1 z x w develop 9 fall+4 ,h5ce ! en]gy :i* 0 ex]t$1 & app>5tly exhau/$1 9 rais+ ! /one1 is pot5tially 9 ! /one1 9 its rais$ position1 & w manife/ itself :5 ! /one is set free4 ,?us ! en]gy1 )drawn f ! g5]al /ock to raise ! /one1 is return$ :5 x falls1 & !re is no *ange 9 ! total am\nt4 ,en]gy1 z a :ole1 is cons]v$4 ,tak+ ?is z a v broad & g5]al /atem5t ( ! ess5tial facts ( ! case1 ! rais+ ( ! /one is intelligible en\gh1 z a case ( ! communication ( motion f "o body to ano!r4 ,b ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! rais$ /one is n s easily intelligible4 ,to all appe>ance1 !re is no?+ ei!r pu%+ or pull+ x t[>ds ! e>?1 or ! e>? t[>ds x2 & yet x is q c]ta9 t ! /one t5ds to move t[>ds ! e>? & ! e>? t[>ds ! /one1 9 ! way def9$ by ! law ( gravitation4 ,9 ! curr5tly accept$ language ( sci5ce1 ! cause ( motion1 9 all su* cases z ?is1 :5 bodies t5d to move t[>ds or away f "o or ano!r1 )\t any disc]nible impact ( o!r bodies1 is t]m$ a '=ce1' :i* is call$ 'attractive' 9 ! "o case1 & 'repulsive' 9 ! o!r4 ,& su* attractive or repulsive =ces are (t5 spok5 ( z if !y 7 real ?+s1 capable ( ex]t+ a pull1 or a pu%1 ^u ! p>ticles ( matt] conc]n$4 ,?us ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! /one is commonly said to be due to ! '=ce' ( gravity :i* is cont9ually op]at+ ^u x4 ,ano!r illu/ration may make ! case pla9]4 ,! bob ( a p5dulum sw+s fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r ( ! c5tre ( ! arc :i* x describes4 ,suppose x to h j rea*$ ! summit ( its "r-h& half-sw+4 ,x is said t ! 'attractive =ces' ( ! bob = ! e>?1 & ( ! e>? = ! bob1 set ! =m] 9 motion2 & z ^! '=ces' are cont9ually 9 op]ation1 !y conf] an accel]at$ velocity on ! bob2 until1 :5 x rea*es ! c5tre ( its sw+1 x is1 s to speak1 fully *>g$ ) k9etic en]gy4 ,if1 at ?is mom5t1 ! :ole mat]ial univ]se1 except ! bob1 7 aboli%$1 x w\ld move = ev] 9 ! direction ( a tang5t to ! middle ( ! arc describ$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is compell$ to travel ?r\gh its left-h& half-sw+1 & ?us virtually to g up hill4 ,consequ5tly1 ! 'attractive =ces' ( ! bob & ! e>? are n[ act+ aga9/ x1 & con/itute a resi/ance :i* ! *>ge ( k9etic en]gy has to ov]come4 ,b1 z ?is *>ge repres5ts ! op]ation ( ! attractive =ces dur+ ! passage ( ! bob ?r\gh ! "r-h& half-sw+ d[n to ! c5tre ( ! arc1 s x mu/ ne$s be us$ up by ! passage ( ! bob upw>ds f ! c5tre ( ! arc to ! summit ( ! left-h& half-sw+4 ,h5ce1 at ?is po9t1 ! bob comes to a mom5t>y re/4 ,! la/ fraction ( k9etic en]gy is j neutralis$ by ! action ( ! attractive =ces1 & ! bob has only pot5tial en]gy equal to t ) :i* x />t$4 ,s t ! sum ( ! ph5om5a may be /at$ ?us3 ,at ! summit ( ei!r half-arc ( its sw+1 ! bob has a c]ta9 am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy2 z x desc5ds x gradually ex*anges ?is = k9etic en]gy1 until at ! c5tre x possesses an equival5t am\nt ( k9etic en]gy2 f ?is po9t onw>ds1 x gradually loses k9etic en]gy z x asc5ds1 until1 at ! summit ( ! o!r half-arc1 x has acquir$ an exactly simil> am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy4 ,?us1 on ! :ole transaction1 no?+ is ei!r lo/ or ga9$2 ! quantity ( en]gy is always ! same1 b x passes f "o =m into ! o!r4 ,to all appe>ance1 ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! p5dulum are n to be acc\nt$ = by impact3 9 fact1 x is usually assum$ t correspond+ ph5om5a w\ld take place if ! e>? & ! p5dulum 7 situat$ 9 an absolute vacuum1 & at any conceivable di/ance f1 "o ano!r4 ,if ?is be s1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be two totally diff]5t k9ds ( causes ( motion3 ! "o impact--a v]a causa1 ( :i*1 to all appe>ance1 we h con/ant exp]i5ce2 ! o!r1 attractive or repulsive '=ce'--a metaphysical entity :i* is physically inconceivable4 ,newton expressly repudiat$ ! notion ( ! exi/5ce ( attractive =ces1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m is ord9>ily und]/ood2 & he refus$ to put =w>d any hypo!sis z to ! physical cause ( ! s-call$ 'attraction ( gravitation4' ,z a g5]al rule1 8 successors h be5 cont5t to accept ! doctr9e ( attractive & repulsive =ces1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t ! philosophical difficulties :i* x involves4 ,b ?is has n always be5 ! case2 & ! attempt ( ,le ,sage1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 to %[ t ! ph5om5a ( attraction & repulsion are susceptible ( explanation by 8 hypo!sis ( bomb>dm5t by ultra-mundane p>ticles1 :e!r t5able or n1 has ! great m]it ( be+ an attempt to get rid ( ! dual conception ( ! causes ( motion :i* has hi!rto prevail$4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 ! hamm]+ ( ! ultra-mundane corpuscles on ! bob conf]s its k9etic en]gy1 on ! "o h&1 & takes x away on ! o!r2 & ! /ate ( pot5tial en]gy means ! condition ( ! bob dur+ ! in/ant at :i* ! en]gy1 conf]r$ by ! hamm]+ dur+ ! "o half-arc1 has j be5 exhau/$ by ! hamm]+ dur+ ! o!r half-arc4 ,x seems safe to look =w>d to ! "t :5 ! conception ( attractive & repulsive =ces1 hav+ s]v$ its purpose z a useful piece ( sci5tific scaffold+1 w be replac$ by ! d$uction ( ! ph5om5a kn[n z attraction & repulsion1 f ! g5]al laws ( motion4 ,! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy :i* ,i h endeavor$ to illu/rate is ?us def9$ by ! late ,cl]k ,maxwell3 ',! total en]gy ( any body or sy/em ( bodies is a quantity :i* c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$ by any mutual action ( su* bodies1 ?\gh x may be trans=m$ into any "o ( ! =ms ( :i* en]gy is susceptible4' ,x foll[s t en]gy1 l matt]1 is inde/ructible & +5]able 9 nature4 ,! ph5om5al _w1 s f> z x is mat]ial1 expresses ! evolution & involution ( en]gy1 its passage f ! k9etic to ! pot5tial condition & back aga94 ,:]ev] motion ( matt] takes place1 t motion is effect$ at ! exp5se ( "p ( ! total /ore ( en]gy4 ,h5ce1 z ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by liv+ be+s1 9 s f> z !y are mat]ial1 are all mol> or molecul> motions1 ^! are includ$ "u ! g5]al law4 ,a liv+ body is a ma*9e by :i* en]gy is trans=m$ 9 ! same s5se z a /eam-eng9e is s1 & all its movem5ts1 mol> & molecul>1 are to be acc\nt$ = by ! en]gy :i* is suppli$ to x4 ,! ph5om5a ( consci\sness :i* arise1 along ) c]ta9 trans=mations ( en]gy1 _c be int]polat$ 9 ! s]ies ( ^! trans=mations1 inasmu* z !y are n motions to :i* ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy applies4 ,&1 = ! same reason1 !y d n necessitate ! us+ up ( en]gy2 a s5sation has no mass & _c be conceiv$ to be susceptible ( movem5t4 ,t a p>ticul> molecul> motion does give rise to a /ate ( consci\sness is exp]im5tally c]ta92 b ! h[ & :y ( ! process are j z inexplicable z 9 ! case ( ! communication ( k9etic en]gy by impact4 ,:5 deal+ ) ! doctr9e ( ! ultimate con/itution ( matt]1 we f\nd a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 ! olde/ speculations & ! newe/ doctr9es ( physical philosoph]s4 ,b !re is no su* resemblance betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n views ( motion & its causes1 except 9 s f> z ! conception ( attractive & repulsive =ces may be reg>d$ z ! modifi$ desc5dant ( ! ,ari/otelian conception ( =ms4 ,9 fact1 x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! ess5tial & fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n physical sci5ce lies 9 ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! true laws ( /atics & dynamics 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies2 & 9 ! inv5tion ( ma!matical me?ods ( deal+ ) all ! consequ5ces ( ^! laws4 ,! ultimate aim ( mod]n physical sci5ce is ! d$uction ( ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by mat]ial bodies f physico-ma!matical fir/ pr9ciples4 ,:e!r ! human intellect is /rong en\gh to atta9 ! goal set be=e x may be a "q1 b ?i!r w x surely /rive4 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,evolution4 ,! ?ird great sci5tific ev5t ( our "t1 ! rehabilitation ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 is "p ( ! same t5d5cy ( increas+ k to unify itself1 :i* has l$ to ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,& ?is t5d5cy1 aga91 is ma9ly a product ( ! increas+ /r5g? conf]r$ by physical inve/igation on ! belief 9 ! univ]sal validity ( t ord]ly relation ( facts1 :i* we express by ! s-call$ ',laws ( ,nature4' ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly /ages ( ?is !ory ,! gr[? ( a plant f its se$1 ( an animal f its egg1 ! app>5t orig9 ( innum]able liv+ ?+s f mud1 or f ! putrefy+ rema9s ( =m] organisms1 _h furni%$ ! e>li] sci5tific ?9k]s ) abundant analogies sugge/ive ( ! conception ( a correspond+ me?od ( cosmic evolution f a =mless '*aos' to an ord]$ _w :i* might ei!r cont9ue = ev] or und]go dissolution into its elem5ts be=e />t+ on a new c\rse ( evolution4 ,x is !re=e no wond] t1 f ! days ( ! ,ionian s*ool onw>ds1 ! view t ! univ]se 0 ! result ( su* a process %\ld h ma9ta9$ itself z a lead+ dogma ( philosophy4 ,! emani/ic !ories :i* play$ s great a "p 9 ,neoplatonic philosophy & ,gno/ic !ology are =ms ( evolution4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,desc>tes prop\nd$ a s*eme ( evolution1 z an hypo!sis ( :at might h be5 ! mode ( orig9 ( ! _w1 :ile pr(ess+ to accept ! ecclesia/ical s*eme ( creation1 z an acc\nt ( t :i* actually 0 its mann] ( com+ into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,kant put =? a rem>kable speculation z to ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 closely simil> to t subsequ5tly adopt$ by ,laplace & de/9$ to become fam\s "u ! title ( ! 'nebul> hypo!sis4' ,! c>eful obs]vations & ! acute reason+s ( ! ,italian geologi/s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies2 ! speculations ( ,leibnitz 9 ! ',protogaea' & ( ,buffon 9 8 ',?orie de la ,t]re2' ! sob] & pr(\nd reason+s ( ,hutton1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 all ^! t5d$ to %[ t ! fabric ( ! e>? itself impli$ ! cont9uance ( processes ( natural causation = a p]iod ( "t z great1 9 relation to human hi/ory1 z ! di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies f u are1 9 relation to t]re/rial /&>ds ( measurem5t4 ,! abyss ( "t began to loom z l>ge z ! abyss ( space4 ,& ?is revelation to sight & t\*1 ( a l9k "h & a l9k !re ( a practically inf9ite *a9 ( natural causes & effects1 prep>$ ! way1 z p]haps no?+ else has done1 = ! mod]n =m ( ! anci5t !ory ( evolution4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,de ,maillet made ! fir/ s]i\s attempt to apply ! doctr9e to ! liv+ _w4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( x1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,goe!1 ,treviranus1 & ,lam>ck took up ! "w m vigor\sly & ) bett] qualifications4 ,! "q ( special creation1 or evolution1 lay at ! bottom ( ! fi]ce disputes :i* broke out 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy betwe5 ,cuvi] & ,/4-,hilaire2 &1 = a "t1 ! support]s ( biological evolution 7 sil5c$1 if n answ]$1 by ! alliance ( ! greate/ naturali/ ( ! age ) _! ecclesia/ical oppon5ts4 ,cata/rophism1 a %ort-sight$ teleology1 & a /ill m %ort-sight$ or?odoxy1 jo9$ =ces to cru% evolution4 ,lyell & ,p\lett ,scrope1 9 ?is c\ntry1 resum$ ! "w ( ! ,italians & ( ,hutton2 & ! =m]1 aid$ by a m>vell\s p[] ( cle> exposition1 plac$ ^u an irrefragable basis ! tru? t natural causes are compet5t to acc\nt = all ev5ts1 :i* c be prov$ to h occurr$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! secul> *anges :i* h tak5 place dur+ ! deposition ( ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,! publication ( ',! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1' 9 #ahcj1 con/itut$ an epo* 9 geological sci5ce4 ,b x also con/itut$ an epo* 9 ! mod]n hi/ory ( ! doctr9es ( evolution1 by rais+ 9 ! m9d ( e intellig5t read] ?is "q3 ,if natural causation is compet5t to acc\nt = ! n-liv+ "p ( our globe1 :y %\ld x n acc\nt = ! liv+ "p8 ,by keep+ ?is "q be=e ! public = "s ?irty ye>s1 ,lyell1 ?\gh ! ke5e/ & mo/ =midable ( ! oppon5ts ( ! transmutation !ory1 z x 0 =mulat$ by ,lam>ck1 0 ( ! greate/ possible s]vice 9 facilitat+ ! reception ( ! s\nd] doctr9es ( a lat] day4 ,&1 9 l fa%ion1 ano!r vehem5t oppon5t ( ! transmutation ( species1 ! eld] ,agassiz1 0 doom$ to help ! cause he hat$4 ,agassiz n only ma9ta9$ ! fact ( ! progressive advance 9 organisation ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>? at ea* successive geological epo*1 b he insi/$ ^u ! analogy ( ! /eps ( ?is progression ) ^? by :i* ! embryo advances to ! adult condition1 among ! highe/ =ms ( ea* gr\p4 ,9 fact1 9 endeavor+ to support ^! views he w5t a good way beyond ! limits ( any cauti\s int]pretation ( ! facts !n kn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,d>w9 ,al?\gh little acqua9t$ ) biological sci5ce1 ,:ewell seems to h tak5 p>ticul> pa9s ) t "p ( 8 "w :i* deals ) ! hi/ory ( geological & biological speculation2 & sev]al *apt]s ( 8 sev5te5? & eighte5? books1 :i* comprise ! hi/ory ( physiology1 ( comp>ative anatomy & ( ! paltiological sci5ces1 vividly reproduce ! controv]sies ( ! e>ly days ( ! ,victorian epo*4 ,b "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 ! hi/orian ( ! inductive sci5ces has no prophetic insight2 n ev5 a suspicion ( t :i* ! ne> future 0 to br+ =?4 ,& ^? :o /ill repeat ! once favorite objection t ,d>w9's ',orig9 ( ,species' is no?+ b a new v]sion ( ! ',philosophie zoologique' w f9d t1 s late z #ahdd1 ,:ewell _h n ! slighte/ suspicion ( ,d>w9's ma9 !orem1 ev5 z a logical possibility4 ,9 fact1 ! publication ( t !orem by ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 9 #ahei1 took all ! biological _w by surprise4 ,nei!r ^? :o 7 incl9$ t[>ds ! 'progressive transmutation' or 'developm5t' doctr9e1 z x 0 !n call$1 nor ^? :o 7 oppos$ to x1 _h ! slighte/ suspicion t ! t5d5cy to v>iation 9 liv+ be+s1 :i* all admitt$ z a matt] ( fact2 ! selective influ5ce ( conditions1 :i* no "o c\ld d5y to be a matt] ( fact1 :5 8 att5tion 0 drawn to ! evid5ce2 & ! occurr5ce ( great geological *anges :i* also 0 matt] ( fact2 c\ld be us$ z ! only necess>y po/ulates ( a !ory ( ! evolution ( plants & animals :i*1 ev5 if n at once1 compet5t to expla9 all ! kn[n facts ( biological sci5ce1 c\ld n be %[n to be inconsi/5t ) any4 ,s f> z biology is conc]n$1 ! publication ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' = ! fir/ "t1 put ! doctr9e ( evolution1 9 its application to liv+ ?+s1 ^u a s\nd sci5tific f\ndation4 ,x became an in/rum5t ( inve/igation1 & 9 no h&s did x prove m brilliantly pr(itable ?an 9 ^? ( ,d>w9 himself4 ,8 publications on ! effects ( dome/ication 9 plants & animals1 on ! influ5ce ( cross-f]tilisation1 on fl[]s z organs = effect+ su* f]tilisation1 on insectivor\s plants1 on ! motions ( plants1 po9t$ out ! r\tes ( exploration :i* h s9ce be5 foll[$ by ho/s ( inquir]s1 to ! great pr(it ( sci5ce4 ,d>w9 f\nd ! biological _w a m ?an suffici5t field = ev5 8 great p[]s1 & left ! cosmical "p ( ! doctr9e to o!rs4 ,n mu* has be5 add$ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 s9ce ! "t ( ,laplace1 except t ! attempt to %[ 7aga9/ t hypo!sis7 t all nebul are /> clu/]s1 has be5 met by ! spectroscopic pro( ( ! gase\s condition ( "s ( !m4 ,moreov]1 physici/s ( ! pres5t g5]ation appe> n[ to accept ! secul> cool+ ( ! e>?1 :i* is "o ( ! coroll>ies ( t hypo!sis4 ,9 fact1 attempts h be5 made1 by ! help ( d$uctions f ! data ( physics1 to lay d[n an approximate limit to ! numb] ( millions ( ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! e>? 0 habitable by liv+ be+s4 ,if ! conclusions ?us rea*$ %\ld /& ! te/ ( fur!r inve/igation1 !y w und\bt$ly be v valuable4 ,b1 :e!r true or false1 !y c h no influ5ce ^u ! doctr9e ( evolution 9 its application to liv+ organisms4 ,! occurr5ce ( successive =ms ( life ^u our globe is an hi/orical fact1 :i* _c be disput$2 & ! relation ( ^! successive =ms1 z /ages ( evolution ( ! same type1 is e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s cases4 ,! biologi/ has no means ( det]m9+ ! "t ov] :i* ! process ( evolution has ext5d$1 b accepts ! computation ( ! physical geologi/ & ! physici/1 :atev] t may be4 ,sid5ote3 & philosophy ,evolution z a philosophical doctr9e applicable to all ph5om5a1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 :e!r manife/$ by mat]ial atoms or by m5 9 society1 has be5 dealt ) sy/ematically 9 ! ',syn!tic ,philosophy' ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,comm5t on t great und]tak+ w\ld n be 9 place "h4 ,i m5tion x because1 s f> z ,i "k1 x is ! fir/ attempt to deal1 on sci5tific pr9ciples1 ) mod]n sci5tific facts & speculations4 ,= ! ',philosophic positive' ( ,m4 ,comte1 ) :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em ( philosophy is sometimes comp>$1 ?\gh x pr(esses a simil> object1 is un=tunately p]meat$ by a ?or\ghly unsci5tific _s1 & its au?or _h no adequate acqua9tance ) ! physical sci5ces ev5 ( 8 own "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! doctr9e ( evolution1 s f> z ! pres5t physical cosmos is conc]n$1 po/ulates ! fixity ( ! rules ( op]ation ( ! causes ( motion 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,if all k9ds ( matt] are modifications ( "o k9d1 & if all modes ( motion are d]iv$ f ! same en]gy1 ! ord]ly evolution ( physical nature out ( "o sub/ratum & "o en]gy implies t ! rules ( action ( t en]gy %\ld be fix$ & def9ite4 ,9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 back to t po9t1 !re c be no room = *ance or disord]4 ,b x is possible to raise ! "q :e!r ?is univ]se ( simple/ matt] & def9itely op]at+ en]gy1 :i* =ms our hypo!tical />t+ po9t1 may n itself be a product ( evolution f a univ]se ( su* matt]1 9 :i* ! manife/ations ( en]gy 7 n def9ite--9 :i*1 = example1 our laws ( motion held good = "s units & n = o!rs1 or = ! same units at "o "t & n at ano!r--& :i* w\ld !re=e be a real epicurean *ance-_w8 ,= myself1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i f9d ! air ( ?is region ( speculation too r>efi$ = my con/itution1 & ,i am dispos$ to take refuge 9 'ignoramus et ignorabimus4' ,sid5ote3 ,o!r a*ievem5ts 9 physical sci5ce4 ,! execution ( my fur!r task1 ! indication ( ! mo/ important a*ievem5ts 9 ! sev]al bran*es ( physical sci5ce dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 is emb>rass$ by ! abundance ( ! objects ( *oice2 & by ! difficulty :i* ev]yone1 b a speciali/ 9 ea* dep>tm5t1 mu/ f9d 9 draw+ a due di/9ction betwe5 discov]ies :i* /rike ! imag9ation by _! novelty1 or by _! practical influ5ce1 & ^? unobtrusive b pregnant obs]vations & exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! g]ms ( ! great ?+s ( ! future really lie4 ,moreov]1 my limits re/rict me to little m ?an a b>e *ronicle ( ! ev5ts :i* ,i h to notice4 ,sid5ote3 ,physics & *emi/ry4 ,9 physics & *emi/ry1 ! old b\nd>ies ( :i* sci5ces are rapidly becom+ effac$1 "o c h>dly g wrong 9 ascrib+ a prim>y value to ! inve/igations into ! relation betwe5 ! solid1 liquid1 & gase\s /ates ( matt] on ! "o h&1 & degrees ( pressure & ( heat on ! o!r4 ,almo/ all1 ev5 ! mo/ refractory1 solids h be5 vaporis$ by ! int5se heat ( ! electric arc2 & ! mo/ refractory gases h be5 =c$ to assume ! liquid1 & ev5 ! solid1 =ms by ! comb9ation ( high pressure ) int5se cold4 ,x has fur!r be5 %[n t !re is no discont9uity betwe5 ^! /ates--t a gas passes into ! liquid /ate ?r\gh a condition :i* is nei!r "o nor ! o!r1 & t a liquid body becomes solid1 or a solid liquid1 by ! int]m$iation ( a condition 9 :i* x is nei!r truly solid nor truly liquid4 ,!oretical & exp]im5tal inve/igations h concurr$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! view t a gas is a body1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are 9 incessant rectil9e> motion at high velocities1 collid+ ) "o ano!r & b\nd+ back :5 !y /rike ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel2 &1 on ?is !ory1 ! already asc]ta9$ relations ( gase\s bodies to heat & pressure h be5 %[n to be d$ucible f me*anical pr9ciples4 ,imm5se improvem5ts h be5 effect$1 9 ! means ( exhau/+ a giv5 space ( its gase\s cont5ts2 & exp]im5tation on ! ph5om5a :i* att5d ! electric dis*>ge & ! action ( radiant heat1 )9 ! extremely r>efi$ m$ia ?us produc$1 has yield$ a great numb] ( rem>kable results1 "s ( :i* h be5 made famili> to ! public by ! ,giesel] tubes & ! radiomet]4 ,already1 ^! inve/igations h af=d$ an unexpect$ insight into ! con/itution ( matt] & its relations ) !rmal & electric en]gy1 & !y op5 up a va/ field = future inquiry into "s ( ! deepe/ problems ( physics4 ,o!r important /eps1 9 ! same direction1 h be5 effect$ by inve/igations into ! absorption ( radiant heat proce$+ f diff]5t s\rces by solid1 fluid1 & gase\s bodies4 ,& x is a curi\s example ( ! int]connection ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( physical sci5ce1 t "s ( ! results ?us obta9$ h prov$ ( great importance 9 meteorology4 ,sid5ote3 ,! spectroscope4 ,! exi/5ce ( num]\s d>k l9es1 con/ant 9 _! numb] & position 9 ! v>i\s regions ( ! sol> spectrum1 0 made out by ,fraunh(] 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 b m ?an =ty ye>s elaps$ be=e _! causes 7 asc]ta9$ & _! importance recognis$4 ,spectroscopy1 :i* !n took its rise1 is probably t employm5t ( physical k1 already won1 z a means ( fur!r acquisition1 :i* mo/ impresses ! imag9ation4 ,= x has sudd5ly & imm5sely enl>g$ our p[] ( ov]com+ ! ob/acles :i* almo/ inf9ite m9ut5ess on ! "o h&1 & almo/ inf9ite di/ance on ! o!r1 h hi!rto oppos$ to ! recognition ( ! pres5ce & ! condition ( matt]4 ,"o eighte5-million? ( a gra9 ( sodium 9 ! flame ( a _s-lamp may be detect$ by ?is in/rum5t2 &1 at ! same "t1 x gives tru/-wor?y indications ( ! mat]ial con/itution n only ( ! sun1 b ( ! f>!/ ( ^? fix$ />s & nebul :i* af=d suffici5t light to affect ! eye1 or ! photographic plate1 ( ! inquir]4 ,sid5ote3 ,electricity4 ,! ma!matical & exp]im5tal elucidation ( ! ph5om5a ( electricity1 & ! /udy ( ! relations ( ?is =m ( en]gy ) *emical & !rmal action1 _h made ext5sive progress be=e #ahcg4 ,b ! det]m9ation ( ! influ5ce ( magnetism on light1 ! discov]y ( diamagnetism1 ( ! influ5ce ( cry/all9e /ructure on magnetism1 & ! completion ( ! ma!matical !ory ( electricity1 all belong to ! pres5t epo*4 ,to x also app]ta9 ! practical execution & ! work+ out ( ! results ( ! great int]national sy/em ( obs]vations on t]re/rial magnetism1 sugge/$ by ,humboldt 9 #ahcf2 & ! inv5tion ( in/rum5ts ( inf9ite delicacy & precision = ! quantitative det]m9ation ( electrical ph5om5a4 ,! voltaic batt]y has receiv$ va/ improvem5ts2 :ile ! inv5tion ( magneto-electric eng9es & ( improv$ means ( produc+ ord9>y electricity has provid$ s\rces ( electrical en]gy va/ly sup]ior to any be=e extant 9 p[]1 & f> m conv5i5t = use4 ,x is p]haps ?is bran* ( physical sci5ce :i* may claim ! palm = its practical fruits1 no less ?an = ! aid :i* x has furni%$ to ! inve/igation ( o!r p>ts ( ! field ( physical sci5ce4 ,! idea ( ! practicability ( e/abli%+ a communication betwe5 di/ant po9ts1 by means ( electricity1 c\ld h>dly fail to h simm]$ 9 ! m9ds ( +5i\s m5 s9ce1 well nigh a c5tury ago1 exp]im5tal pro( 0 giv5 t electric di/urbances c\ld be propagat$ ?r\gh a wire twelve ?\s& feet long4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( c>ry+ ! sugge/ion into practice _h be5 c>ri$ out ) "s degree ( success2 b ! sy/em ( electric telegraphy1 :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 br+s all p>ts ( ! civilis$ _w )9 a few m9utes ( "o ano!r1 orig9at$ only ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! epo* "u consid]ation4 ,9 its influ5ce on ! c\rse ( human affairs1 ?is inv5tion takes its place beside t ( gunp[d]1 :i* t5d$ to aboli% ! physical inequalities ( fight+ m52 ( pr9t+1 :i* t5d$ to de/roy ! effect ( inequalities 9 weal? among le>n+ m52 ( /eam transport1 :i* has done ! l = travell+ m54 ,all ^! gifts ( sci5ce are aids 9 ! process ( levell+ up2 ( remov+ ! ignorant & baneful prejudices ( nation aga9/ nation1 prov9ce aga9/ prov9ce1 & class aga9/ class2 ( assur+ t social ord] :i* is ! f\ndation ( progress1 :i* has r$eem$ ,europe f b>b>ism1 & aga9/ :i* "o is glad to ?9k t ^? :o1 9 our "t1 are employ+ !mselves 9 fann+ ! emb]s ( anci5t wrong1 9 sett+ class aga9/ class1 & 9 try+ to te> asund] ! exi/+ bonds ( unity1 are und]tak+ a futile /ruggle4 ,! telephone is only second 9 practical importance to ! electric telegraph4 ,inv5t$1 z x 71 only ! o!r day1 x has already tak5 its place z an appliance ( daily life4 ,sixty ye>s ago1 ! extraction ( metals f _! solutions1 by ! electric curr5t1 0 simply a highly int]e/+ sci5tific fact4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! galvano-pla/ic art is a great indu/ry2 &1 9 comb9ation ) photography1 promises to be ( endless s]vice 9 ! arts4 ,electric light+ is ano!r great gift ( sci5ce to civilisation1 ! practical effects ( :i* h n yet be5 fully develop$1 l>gely on acc\nt ( its co/4 ,b ^? ^: memories g back to ! t9d]-box p]iod1 & recollect ! co/ ( ! fir/ lucif] mat*es1 w n despair ( ! results ( ! application ( sci5ce & +5uity to ! *eap production ( any?+ = :i* !re is a l>ge dem&4 ,! influ5ce ( ! progress ( electrical k & inv5tion ^u t ( inve/igation 9 o!r fields ( sci5ce is highly rem>kable4 ,! comb9ation ( electrical ) me*anical contrivances has produc$ in/rum5ts by :i*1 n only may extremely small int]vals ( "t be exactly measur$1 b ! v>y+ rapidity ( movem5ts1 :i* take place 9 su* int]vals & appe> to ! ord9>y s5se in/antane\s1 is record$4 ,! duration ( ! w9k+ ( an eye is a prov]bial expression = an in/antane\s action2 b1 by ! help ( ! revolv+ cyl9d] & ! electrical m>k+-app>atus1 x is possible to obta9 a graphic record ( su* an action1 9 :i*1 if x endures a second1 t second %all be subdivid$ into a hundr$1 or a ?\s&1 equal p>ts1 & ! /ate ( ! action at ea* hundr$?1 or ?\s&?1 ( a second exhibit$4 ,9 fact1 ^! in/rum5ts may be said to be "t-microscopes4 ,su* appliances h n only effect$ a revolution 9 physiology1 by ! p[] ( analys+ ! ph5om5a ( muscul> & n]v\s activity :i* !y h conf]r$1 b !y h furni%$ new me?ods ( measur+ ! rate ( movem5t ( projectiles to ! artill]i/4 ,aga91 ! microphone1 :i* r5d]s ! m9ute/ movem5ts audible1 & :i* enables a li/5] to he> ! footfall ( a fly1 has equipp$ ! s5se ( he>+ ) ! means ( ent]+ almo/ z deeply into ! p5etralia ( nature1 z does ! s5se ( sight4 ,sid5ote3 ,photography z an in/rum5t ( sci5ce4 ,t light ex]ts a rem>kable influ5ce 9 br++ ab\t c]ta9 *emical comb9ations & decompositions 0 well kn[n fifty ye>s ago1 & v>i\s m or less successful attempts to produce p]man5t pictures1 by ! help ( t k1 _h already be5 made4 ,x 0 n till #ahci1 h[ev]1 t practical success 0 obta9$2 b ! 'dagu]reotypes' 7 bo? cumbr\s & co/ly1 & photography w\ld nev] h atta9$ its pres5t important developm5t _h n ! progress ( inv5tion sub/itut$ pap] & glass = ! silv]$ plates !n 9 use4 ,x is n my affair to dwell ^u ! practical application ( ! photography ( ! pres5t day1 b x is g]mane to my purpose to rem>k t x has furni%$ a mo/ valuable accessory to ! me?ods ( record+ motions & lapse ( "t already 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! a/ronom] & ! meteorologi/1 x has yield$ means ( regi/]+ t]re/rial1 sol>1 planet>y1 & /ell> ph5om5a1 indep5d5t ( ! s\rces ( error att5dant on ord9>y obs]vation2 9 ! h&s ( ! physici/1 n only does x record spectroscopic ph5om5a ) unsurpassable ease & precision1 b x has reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( rays hav+ p[]ful *emical en]gy1 or beyond ! visible limits ( ei!r end ( ! spectrum2 :ile1 to ! naturali/1 x furni%es ! means by :i* ! =ms ( _m highly complicat$ objects may be repres5t$1 )\t t possibility ( error :i* is inh]5t 9 ! "w ( ! draughtsman4 ,9 fact1 9 _m cases1 ! /]n imp>tiality ( photography is an objection to its employm5t3 x makes no di/9ction betwe5 ! important & ! unimportant2 & h5ce photographs ( dissections1 = example1 are r>ely s useful z ! "w ( a draughtsman :o is at once accurate & intellig5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,a/ronomy1 ,! det]m9ation ( ! exi/5ce ( a new planet1 ,neptune1 f> beyond ! previ\sly kn[n b\nds ( ! sol> sy/em1 by ma!matical d$uction f ! facts ( p]turbation2 & ! imm$iate confirmation ( t det]m9ation1 9 ! ye> #ahdf1 by obs]v]s :o turn$ _! telescopes into ! "p ( ! heav5s indicat$ z its place1 con/itute a rem>kable te/imony ( nature to ! validity ( ! pr9ciples ( ! a/ronomy ( our "t4 ,9 addition1 s _m new a/]oids h be5 add$ to ^? :i* 7 already kn[n to circulate 9 ! place :i* !oretically %\ld be occupi$ by a planet1 betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 t _! numb] n[ am\nts to betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$4 ,i h already allud$ to ! ext5sion ( our k ( ! nature ( ! heav5ly bodies by ! employm5t ( spectroscopy4 ,x has n only ?r[n wond]ful light ^u ! physical & *emical con/itution ( ! sun1 fix$ />s1 & nebul1 & comets1 b x holds out a prospect ( obta9+ def9ite evid5ce z to ! nature ( our s-call$ elem5t>y bodies4 ,sid5ote3 its relation to geology4 ,! application ( ! g5]alisations ( !rmotics to ! problem ( ! duration ( ! e>?1 & ( d$uctions f tidal ph5om5a to ! det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( ! day & ( ! "t ( revolution ( ! moon1 9 pa/ epo*s ( ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se2 & ! demon/ration ( ! compet5cy ( ! great secul> *anges1 kn[n "u ! g5]al "n ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 to cause correspond+ modifications 9 ! climate ( ! two hemisph]es ( our globe1 h br\ght a/ronomy into intimate relation ) geology4 ,geology1 9 fact1 proves t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>?1 ! climatic conditions ( ! same region h be5 widely diff]5t1 & seeks ! explanation ( ?is important tru? f ! si/] sci5ces4 ,! facts t1 9 ! middle ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 ev]gre5 trees ab\nd$ )9 ! arctic circle2 & t1 9 ! long subsequ5t ,quat]n>y epo*1 an arctic climate1 ) its accompanim5t ( gigantic glaci]s1 obta9$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 z f> s\? z ,switz]l& & ,c5tral ,france1 are z well e/abli%$ z any tru?s ( sci5ce4 ,b1 :e!r ! explanation ( ^! extreme v>iations 9 ! mean temp]ature ( a great "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e is to be s\ght 9 ! concomitant *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] surfaces ( :i* geology af=ds evid5ce1 or 9 a/ronomical conditions1 su* z ^? to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 is a "q :i* mu/ await its answ] f ! sci5ce ( ! future4 ,sid5ote3 ,biological sci5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,! 'cell !ory4' ,turn+ n[ to ! great /eps 9 t progress :i* ! biological sci5ces h made s9ce #ahcg1 we are met1 on ! ?re%old ( our epo*1 ) p]haps ! greate/ ( all--namely1 ! promulgation by ,s*wann1 9 #ahci1 ( ! g5]alisation kn[n z ! 'cell !ory1' ! application & ext5sion ( :i* by a ho/ ( subsequ5t inve/igators has revolutionis$ morphology1 developm5t1 & physiology4 ,?anks to ! imm5se s]ies ( labors ?us inaugurat$1 ! foll[+ fundam5tal tru?s h be5 e/abli%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,fundam5tal tru?s e/abli%$4 ,all liv+ bodies conta9 sub/ances ( closely simil> physical & *emical composition1 :i* con/itute ! physical basis ( life1 kn[n z protoplasm4 ,s f> z our pres5t k goes1 ?is takes its orig9 only f pre-exi/+ protoplasm4 ,all complex liv+ bodies consi/1 at "o p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 ( an aggregate ( m9ute portions ( su* sub/ance1 ( simil> /ructure1 call$ cells1 ea* cell hav+ its own life indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 ?\gh influ5c$ by !m4 ,all ! morphological *>act]s ( animals & plants are ! results ( ! mode ( multiplication1 gr[?1 & /ructural metamorphosis ( ^! cells1 consid]$ z morphological units4 ,all ! physiological activities ( animals & plants--assimilation1 secretion1 excretion1 motion1 g5]ation--are ! expression ( ! activities ( ! cells consid]$ z physiological units4 ,ea* individual1 among ! high] animals & plants1 is a syn!sis ( millions ( subord9ate individualities4 ,its individuality1 !re=e1 is t ( a 'civitas' 9 ! anci5t s5se1 or t ( ! ,levia?an ( ,hobbes4 ,!re is no absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 animals & plants4 ,! intimate /ructure1 & ! modes ( *ange1 9 ! cells ( ! two are fundam5tally ! same4 ,moreov]1 ! high] =ms are evolv$ f l[]1 9 ! c\rse ( _! developm5t1 by analog\s processes ( diff]5tiation1 coalesc5ce1 & r$uction 9 bo? ! vegetable & ! animal worlds4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! cell !ory1 9 consequ5ce ( rec5t inve/igations into ! /ructure & metamorphosis ( ! 'nucleus1' is und]go+ a new developm5t ( great significance1 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 =e%ad[s ! possibility ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a physical !ory ( h]$ity1 on a saf] f\ndation ?an ^? :i* ,buffon & ,d>w9 h devis$4 ,sid5ote3 ,spontane\s g5]ation disprov$4 ,! popul> belief 9 abiog5esis1 or ! s-call$ 'spontane\s' g5]ation ( ! l[] =ms ( life1 :i* 0 accept$ by all ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 held its gr\nd d[n to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,not)/&+ ! frequ5t citation ( ! phrase1 wrongfully attribut$ to ,h>vey1 ',omne vivum ex ovo1' t great physiologi/ believ$ 9 spontane\s g5]ation z firmly z ,ari/otle did4 ,& x 0 only 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t ,r$i1 by simple & well-devis$ exp]im5ts1 demon/rat$ t1 9 a great numb] ( cases ( suppos$ spontane\s g5]ation1 ! animals :i* made _! appe>ance ow$ _! orig9 to ! ord9>y process ( reproduction1 & ?us %ook ! anci5t doctr9e to its f\ndations4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 reviv$1 9 a new =m1 by ,ne$ham & ,buffon2 b ! exp]im5ts ( ,spallanzani en=c$ ! conclusions ( ,r$i1 & compell$ ! advocates ( ! occurr5ce ( spontane\s g5]ation to seek evid5ce = _! hypo!sis only among ! p>asites & ! l[e/ & m9ute/ organisms4 ,x is j fifty ye>s s9ce ,s*wann & o!rs prov$ t1 ev5 ) respect to !m1 ! suppos$ evid5ce ( abiog5esis 0 untru/wor?y4 ,dur+ ! pres5t epo*1 ! "q1 :e!r liv+ matt] c be produc$ 9 any o!r way ?an by ! physiological activity ( o!r liv+ matt]1 has be5 discuss$ afre% ) great vigor2 & ! problem has be5 inve/igat$ by exp]im5tal me?ods ( a precision & ref9em5t unkn[n to previ\s inve/igators4 ,! result is t ! evid5ce 9 favor ( abiog5esis has utt]ly brok5 d[n1 9 e case :i* has be5 prop]ly te/$4 ,s f> z ! l[e/ & m9ute/ organisms are conc]n$1 x has be5 prov$ t !y nev] make _! appe>ance1 if ^? precautions by :i* _! g]ms are c]ta9ly exclud$ are tak54 ,&1 9 reg>d to p>asites1 e case :i* seem$ to make = _! g5]ation f ! sub/ance ( ! animal1 or plant1 :i* !y infe/ has be5 prov$ to h a totally diff]5t significance4 ,:e!r n-liv+ matt] may pass1 or ev] has1 "u any conditions1 pass$ into liv+ matt]1 )\t ! ag5cy ( pre-exi/+ liv+ matt]1 necess>ily rema9s an op5 "q2 all t c be said is t x does n und]go ?is metamorphosis "u any kn[n conditions4 ,^? :o take a moni/ic view ( ! physical _w may fairly hold abiog5esis z a pi\s op9ion1 support$ by analogy & def5d$ by our ignorance4 ,b1 z matt]s /&1 x is equally ju/ifiable to reg>d ! physical _w z a sort ( dual mon>*y4 ,! k+doms ( liv+ matt] & ( n-liv+ matt] are "u "o sy/em ( laws1 & !re is a p]fect fre$om ( ex*ange & transit f "o to ! o!r4 ,b no claim to biological nationality is valid except bir?4 ,sid5ote3 ,morphology4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( anatomy & developm5t1 a ho/ ( accurate & pati5t inquir]s1 aid$ by novel me?ods ( prep>ation1 :i* enable ! anatomi/ to exhau/ ! details ( visible /ructure & to reproduce !m ) geometrical precision1 h inve/igat$ e important gr\p ( liv+ animals & plants1 no less ?an ! fossil relics ( =m] faun & flor4 ,an enorm\s addition has ?us be5 made to our k1 especially ( ! l[] =ms ( life1 & x may be said t morphology1 h[ev] inexhau/ible 9 detail1 is complete 9 its broad features4 ,classification1 :i* is m]ely a conv5i5t summ>y expression ( morphological facts1 has und]gone a correspond+ improvem5t4 ,! breaks :i* =m]ly sep>at$ our gr\ps f "o ano!r1 z animals f plants1 v]tebrates f inv]tebrates1 cryptogams f phan]ogams1 h ei!r be5 fill$ up1 or %[n to h no !oretical significance4 ,! "q ( ! position ( man1 z an animal1 has giv5 rise to mu* disputation1 ) ! result ( prov+ t !re is no anatomical or developm5tal "* by :i* he is m widely di/+ui%$ f ! gr\p ( animals mo/ ne>ly alli$ to him1 ?an !y are f "o ano!r4 ,9 fact1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! classification ( ,l9nu has be5 prov$ to be m 9 accordance ) ! facts ?an ^? ( mo/ ( 8 successors4 ,sid5ote3 ,an?ropology4 ,! /udy ( man1 z a g5us & species ( ! animal _w1 conduct$ ) ref]5ce to no o!r consid]ations ?an ^? :i* w\ld be admitt$ by ! inve/igator ( any o!r =m ( animal life1 has giv5 rise to a special bran* ( biology1 kn[n1 z ,an?ropology1 :i* has gr[n ) great rapidity4 ,num]\s societies devot$ to ?is portion ( sci5ce h sprung up1 & ! en]gy ( its devotees has produc$ a copi\s lit]ature4 ,! physical *>act]s ( ! v>i\s races ( m5 h be5 /udi$ ) a m9ut5ess & accuracy h]et(ore unkn[n2 & demon/rative evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( human contempor>ies ( ! ext9ct animals ( ! late/ geological epo* has be5 obta9$1 physical sci5ce has ?us be5 br\ght into ! close/ relation ) hi/ory & ) ar*ology2 & ! /rik+ inve/igations :i*1 dur+ our "t1 h put beyond d\bt ! va/ antiquity ( ,babylonian & ,egyptian civilisation1 are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! conclusions ( an?ropology z to ! antiquity ( ! human species4 ,classification is a logical process :i* consi/s 9 putt+ toge!r ^? ?+s :i* are l & keep+ asund] ^? :i* are unlike2 & a morphological classification1 ( c\rse1 takes notes only ( morphological lik5ess & unlik5ess4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z our morphological k 0 almo/ :olly conf9$ to anatomy1 ! *>act]s ( gr\ps 7 solely anatomical2 b z ! ph5om5a ( embryology 7 explor$1 ! lik5ess & unlik5ess ( individual developm5t _h to be tak5 into acc\nt2 &1 at pres5t1 ! /udy ( ance/ral evolution introduces a new elem5t ( lik5ess & unlik5ess :i* is n only em95tly des]v+ ( recognition1 b mu/ ultimately pr$om9ate ov] all o!rs4 ,a classification :i* %all repres5t ! process ( ance/ral evolution is1 9 fact1 ! end :i* ! labors ( ! philosophical taxonomi/ mu/ keep 9 view4 ,b x is an end :i* _c be atta9$ until ! progress ( palontology has giv5 u f> m insight ?an we yet possess1 into ! hi/orical facts ( ! case4 ,mu* ( ! speculative 'phylog5y1' :i* ab\nds among my pres5t contempor>ies1 rem9ds me v =cibly ( ! speculative morphology1 un*eck$ by a k ( developm5t1 :i* 0 rife 9 my y\?4 ,z hypo!sis1 sugge/+ inquiry 9 ?is or t direction1 x is (t5 extremely useful2 b1 :5 ! product ( su* speculation is plac$ on a level ) ^? g5]alisations ( morphological tru?s :i* are repres5t$ by ! def9itions ( natural gr\ps1 x t5ds to confuse fancy ) fact & to create m]e confusion4 ,we are 9 dang] ( drift+ into a new ',natur-,philosophie' worse ?an ! old1 because !re is less excuse = x4 ,boyle did great s]vice to sci5ce by 8 ',sceptical ,*emi/1' & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t1 at ! pres5t day1 a ',sceptical ,biologi/' might ex]t an equally b5efic5t influ5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,physiology4 ,:oso wi%es to ga9 a cle> conception ( ! progress ( physiology1 s9ce #ahcg1 w d well to comp>e ,mll]'s ',physiology1' :i* appe>$ 9 #ahce1 & ,drapiez's edition ( ,ri*>d's ',n\veaux ,elm5ts de ,botanique1' publi%$ 9 #ahcg1 ) any ( ! pres5t h&books ( animals & vegetable physiology4 ,mll]'s "w 0 a ma/]piece1 unsurpass$ s9ce ! "t ( ,hall]1 & ,ri*>d's book enjoy$ a great reputation at ! "t2 b _! successors transport "o into a new _w4 ,t :i* *>act]ises ! new physiology is t x is p]meat$ by1 & inde$ bas$ ^u1 conceptions :i*1 ?\gh n :olly abs5t1 are b dawn+ on ! m9ds ( ! old] writ]s4 ,mod]n physiology sets =? z its *ief ends3 ,fir/ly1 ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! facts & conditions ( cell-life 9 g5]al4 ,secondly1 9 composite organisms1 ! analysis ( ! functions ( organs into ^? ( ! cells ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,?irdly1 ! explication ( ! processes by :i* ?is local cell-life is directly1 or indirectly1 controll$ & br\ght into relation ) ! life ( ! re/ ( ! cells :i* compose ! organism4 ,f\r?ly1 ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( life 9 g5]al1 on ! assumption t ! physical & *emical processes :i* take place 9 ! liv+ body are ( ! same ord] z ^? :i* take place out ( x2 & t :atev] en]gy is ex]t$ 9 produc+ su* ph5om5a is d]iv$ f ! common /ock ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se4 ,9 ! fif? place1 mod]n physiology inve/igates ! relation betwe5 physical & psy*ical ph5om5a1 on ! assumption t molecul> *anges 9 def9ite portions ( n]v\s matt] /& 9 ! relation ( necess>y antec$5ts to def9ite m5tal /ates & op]ations4 ,! "w :i* has be5 done 9 ea* ( ! directions "h indicat$ is va/1 & ! accumulation ( solid k1 :i* has be5 effect$1 is correspond+ly great4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 physiologi/s are n[ 9 ! position to say t !y h arriv$ at cle> & di/9ct1 ?\gh by no means complete1 conceptions ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! great functions ( assimilation1 respiration1 secretion1 di/ribution ( nutrim5t1 removal ( wa/e products1 motion1 s5sation1 & reproduction are p]=m$2 :ile ! op]ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z a regulative app>atus1 :i* influ5ces ! orig9ation & ! transmission ( manife/ations ( activity1 ei!r )9 itself or 9 o!r organs1 has be5 l>gely elucidat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,practical value ( physiological discov]y4 ,i h po9t$ out1 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is *apt]1 t ! hi/ory ( all bran*es ( sci5ce proves t !y mu/ atta9 a consid]able /age ( developm5t be=e !y yield practical 'fruits2' & ?is is em95tly true ( physiology4 ,x is only )9 ! pres5t epo*1 t physiology & *emi/ry h rea*$ ! po9t at :i* !y c\ld (f] a sci5tific f\ndation to agriculture2 & x is only )9 ! pres5t epo*1 t zoology & physiology h yield$ any v great aid to pa?ology & hygi5e4 ,b )9 t "t1 !y h already r5d]$ highly important s]vices by ! exploration ( ! ph5om5a ( p>asitism4 ,n only h ! hi/ory ( ! animal p>asites1 su* z ! tapeworms & ! tri*9a1 :i* infe/ m5 & animals1 ) deadly results1 be5 cle>$ up by means ( exp]im5tal inve/igations1 & effici5t modes ( prev5tion d$uc$ f ! data s obta9$2 b ! t]rible ag5cy ( ! p>asitic fungi & ( ! inf9itesimally m9ute microbes1 :i* "w f> great] havoc among plants & animals1 has be5 br\ght to light4 ,! 'p>ticulate' or 'g]m' !ory ( disease1 z x is call$1 long s9ce sugge/$1 has obta9$ a firm f\ndation1 9 s f> z x has be5 prov$ to be true 9 respect ( sundry epidemic disord]s4 ,moreov]1 x has !oretically ju/ifi$ prophylactic measures1 su* z vacc9ation1 :i* =m]ly re/$ on a m]ely empirical basis2 & x has be5 ext5d$ to o!r diseases ) excell5t results4 ,fur!r1 j z ! discov]y ( ! cause ( scabies prov$ ! absurdity ( _m ( ! old prescriptions = ! prev5tion & treatm5t ( t disease2 s ! discov]y ( ! cause ( spl5ic fev]1 & o!r su* maladies1 has giv5 a new direction to prophylactic & curative measures aga9/ ! wor/ sc\rges ( humanity4 ,unless ! fanaticism ( philozoic s5tim5t ov]p[]s ! voice ( philan?ropy1 & ! love ( dogs & cats sup]s$es t ( "o's neighbor1 ! progress ( exp]im5tal physiology & pa?ology w1 indubitably1 9 c\rse ( "t1 place m$ic9e & hygi5e ^u a rational basis4 ,two c5turies ago ,engl& 0 deva/at$ by ! plague2 cleanl9ess & common s5se 7 en\gh to free u f its ravages4 ,"o c5tury s9ce1 small-pox 0 almo/ z great a sc\rge2 sci5ce1 ?\gh work+ empirically1 & almo/ 9 ! d>k1 has r$uc$ t evil to relative insignificance4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 sci5ce1 work+ 9 ! light ( cle> k1 has attack$ spl5ic fev] & has beat5 x2 x is attack+ hydrophobia ) no mean promise ( success2 soon] or lat] x w deal1 9 ! same way1 ) diph!ria1 typhoid & sc>let fev]4 ,to "o :o has se5 half a /reet swept cle> ( its *ildr51 or has lo/ 8 own by ^! horrible pe/il5ces1 pass+ "o's (fspr+ ?r\gh ! fire to ,molo* seems humanity1 comp>$ ) ! proposal to deprive !m ( half _! *ances ( heal? & life because ( ! discom=t to dogs & cats1 rabbits & frogs1 :i* may be involv$ 9 ! se>* = means ( gu>d+ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5tific exploration4 ,an imm5se ext5sion has be5 effect$ 9 our k ( ! di/ribution ( plants & animals2 & ! elucidation ( ! causes :i* h br\ght ab\t t di/ribution has be5 greatly advanc$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( meteorological obs]vations by all civilis$ nations1 has furni%$ a solid f\ndation to climatology2 :ile a gr[+ s5se ( ! importance ( ! influ5ce ( ! '/ruggle = exi/5ce' af=ds a :olesome *eck to ! t5d5cy to ov]rate ! influ5ce ( climate on di/ribution4 ,exp$itions1 su* z t ( ! ,*all5g]1' equipp$1 n = geographical exploration & discov]y1 b = ! purpose ( ?r[+ light on problems ( physical & biological sci5ce1 h be5 s5t out by our own & o!r ,gov]nm5ts1 & h obta9$ /ores ( in=mation ( ! greate/ value4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 we are 9 possession ( some?+ l precise k ( ! physical features ( ! deep seas1 & ( ! liv+ population ( ! floor ( ! ocean4 ,! c>eful & exhau/ive /udy ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! accumulations ( sn[ & ice1 9 pol> & m\nta9\s regions1 :i* has tak5 place 9 our "t1 has n only reveal$ to ! geologi/ an ag5t ( d5udation & transport1 :i* has sl[ly & quietly produc$ effects1 =m]ly confid5tly ref]r$ to diluvial cata/rophes1 b x has sugge/$ new me?ods ( acc\nt+ = v>i\s puzzl+ facts ( di/ribution4 ,sid5ote3 ,palontology4 ,palontology1 :i* treats ( ! ext9ct =ms ( life & _! succession & di/ribution ^u our globe1 a bran* ( sci5ce :i* c\ld h>dly be said to exi/ a c5tury ago1 has und]gone a wond]ful developm5t 9 our epo*4 ,9 "s gr\ps ( animals & plants1 ! ext9ct repres5tatives1 already kn[n1 are m num]\s & important ?an ! liv+4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora is b ! la/ t]m ( a long s]ies ( equally num]\s contempor>y species1 :i* h succe$$ "o ano!r1 by ! sl[ & gradual sub/itution ( species = species1 9 ! va/ int]val ( "t :i* has elaps$ betwe5 ! deposition ( ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s /rata & ! pres5t day4 ,!re is no reasonable gr\nd = believ+ t ! olde/ rema9s yet obta9$ c>ry u ev5 ne> ! beg9n+s ( life4 ,! impressive w>n+s ( ,lyell aga9/ ha/y speculations1 bas$ ^u negative evid5ce1 h be5 fully ju/ifi$2 "t aft] "t1 highly organis$ types h be5 discov]$ 9 =mations ( an age 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( su* =ms ( life _h be5 confid5tly decl>$ to be impossible4 ,! we/]n t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone h yield$ a _w ( ext9ct animal =ms1 undream$ ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,&1 :]ev] suffici5tly num]\s s]ies ( ! rema9s ( any giv5 gr\p1 :i* has endur$ = a long space ( "t1 are c>efully exam9$1 _! morphological relations are nev] 9 discordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 & (t5 af=d conv9c+ evid5ce ( x4 ,at ! same "t1 x has be5 %[n t c]ta9 =ms p]si/ ) v little *ange1 f ! olde/ to ! newe/ fossilif]\s =mations2 & ?us %[ t progressive developm5t is a cont+5t1 & n a necess>y result1 ( ! nature ( liv+ matt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,geology4 ,geology is1 z x 71 ! biology ( our planet z a :ole4 ,9 s f> z x comprises ! surface configuration & ! inn] /ructure ( ! e>?1 x answ]s to morphology2 9 s f> z x /udies *anges ( condition & _! causes1 x corresponds ) physiology2 9 s f> z x deals ) ! causes :i* h effect$ ! progress ( ! e>? f its e>lie/ to its pres5t /ate1 x =ms "p ( ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution4 ,an int]e/+ contra/ betwe5 ! geology ( ! pres5t day & t ( half a c5tury ago1 is pres5t$ by ! complete emancipation ( ! mod]n geologi/ f ! controll+ & p]v]t+ influ5ce ( !ology1 all-p[]ful at ! e>li] date4 ,z ! geologi/ ( my "y days wrote1 he _h "o eye ^u fact1 & ! o!r on ,g5esis2 at pres5t1 he wisely keeps bo? eyes on fact1 & ignores ! p5tateu*al my?ology altoge!r4 ,! publication ( ! ',pr9ciples ( ,geology' br\ght ^u its illu/ri\s au?or a p]iod ( social o/racism2 ! in/ruction giv5 to our *ildr5 is bas$ ^u ^? pr9ciples4 ,:ewell _h ! c\rage to attack ,lyell's fundam5tal assumption 7:i* surely is a dictate ( common s5se7 t we ought to exhau/ kn[n causes be=e seek+ = ! explanation ( geological ph5om5a 9 causes ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce4 ,b geology has advanc$ to its pres5t /ate by work+ f ,lyell's,j axiom2 &1 to ?is day1 ! record ( ! /ratifi$ rocks af=ds no pro( t ! int5sity or ! rapidity ( ! causes ( *ange has ev] v>i$1 betwe5 wid] limits1 ?an ^? betwe5 :i* ! op]ations ( nature h tak5 place 9 ! y\nge/ geological epo*s4 ,an incalculable b5efit has accru$ to geological sci5ce f ! accurate & detail$ surveys1 :i* h n[ be5 execut$ by skill$ geologi/s employ$ by ! ,gov]nm5ts ( all p>ts ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,9 geology1 ! /udy ( l>ge maps is z important z x is said to be 9 politics2 & sections1 on a true scale1 are ev5 m important1 9 s f> z !y are ess5tial to ! appreh5sion ( ! extraord9>y insignificance ( geological p]turbations 9 relation to ! :ole mass ( our planet4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t :at we call 'cata/rophes1' are1 9 relation to ! e>?1 *anges1 ! equival5ts ( :i* w\ld be well repres5t$ by ! developm5t ( a few pimples1 or ! scrat* ( a p91 on a man's head4 ,va/ regions ( ! e>?'s surface rema9 geologically unkn[n2 b ! area already fairly explor$ is _m times great] ?an x 0 9 #ahcg2 &1 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! /ructure ( ! sup]ficial cru/ ( ! e>? has be5 inve/igat$ ) great m9ut5ess4 ,! p>allel betwe5 ,biology & ,geology1 :i* ,i h drawn1 is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! mod]n gr[? ( t bran* ( ! sci5ce kn[n z ,petrology1 :i* answ]s to ,hi/ology1 & has made ! microscope z ess5tial an in/rum5t to ! geological z to ! biological inve/igator4 ,! evid5ce ( ! importance ( causes n[ 9 op]ation has be5 wond]fully enl>g$ by ! /udy ( glacial ph5om5a2 by t ( e>?quakes & volcanoes2 & by t ( ! efficacy ( heat & cold1 w9d1 ra91 & riv]s z ag5ts ( d5udation & transport4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exploration ( coral reefs & ( ! deposits n[ tak+ place at ! bottom ( ! great oceans1 has prov$ t1 9 animal & plant life1 we h ag5ts ( recon/ruction ( a pot5cy hi!rto unsuspect$4 ,!re is no /udy bett] fitt$ ?an t ( geology to impress ^u m5 ( g5]al culture t conviction ( ! unbrok5 sequ5ce ( ! ord] ( natural ph5om5a1 ?r\gh\t ! duration ( ! univ]se1 :i* is ! great1 & p]haps ! mo/ important1 effect ( ! increase ( natural k4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,!re are excell5t rem>ks to ! same effect 9 ,zell]'s ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 ,!il ,,ii4 ,ab?4 ii p4 #djg1 & 9 ,euck5's ,die ,me?ode d] ,ari/otelis*51 ,=s*ung1 pp4 #acf et seq4 ,b ,fresnel1 aft] a brilliant c>e] ( discov]y 9 "s ( ! mo/ difficult regions ( physico-ma!matical sci5ce1 di$ at ?irty-n9e ye>s ( age4 ,! foll[+ passage ( a lett] f him to ,"y 7writt5 9 ,novemb] #ahbd71 quot$ by ,:ewell1 s aptly illu/rates ! _s :i* animates ! sci5tific inquir] t ,i may cite x3 ',= a long "t t s5sibility1 or t vanity1 :i* p call love ( glory is mun* blunt$ 9 me4 ,i labor mu* less to cat* ! suffrages ( ! public ?an to obta9 an inw>d approval :i* has always be5 ! m5tal rew>d ( my ef=ts4 ,)\t d\bt ,i h (t5 want$ ! spur ( vanity to excite me to pursue my rese>*es 9 mom5ts ( disgu/ & disc\ragem5t4 ,b all ! complim5ts :i* ,i h receiv$ f ,m4,m4 ,arago1 ,de ,laplace1 or ,biot1 nev] gave me s mu* pleasure z ! discov]y ( a !oretical tru? or ! confirmation ( a calculation by exp]im5t4' ,c ',mmorable exemple de l'impuissance des re*]*es collectives appliques la dc\v]te des vrits n\velles6' says "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( liv+ ,fr5* savants ( ! corporate *emical "w ( ! old ,acadmie des ,sci5ces4 7,see ,b]!lot1 ,sci5ce et ,philosophie1 p4 #bja47 ,d ,i am p>ticul>ly indebt$ to my fri5d & colleague ,pr(essor ,rck]1 ,f4,r4,s41 = ! _m acute criticisms & sugge/ions on my rem>ks respect+ ! ultimate problems ( physics1 ) :i* he has favor$ me1 & by :i* ,i h greatly pr(it$4 ,e ,i am aw>e t ?is proposition may be *all5g$4 ,x may be said1 = example1 t1 on ! hypo!sis ( ,boscovi*1 matt] has no ext5sion1 be+ r$uc$ to ma!matical po9ts s]v+ z c5tres ( '=ces4' ,b z ! '=ces' ( ! v>i\s c5tres are conceiv$ to limit "o ano!r's action 9 su* a mann] t an area ar\nd ea* c5tre has an individuality ( its own ext5sion comes back 9 ! =m ( t area4 ,aga91 a v em95t ma!matician & physici/--! late ,cl]k ,maxwell--has decl>$ t imp5etrability is n ess5tial to our notions ( matt]1 & t two atoms may conceivably occupy ! same space4 ,i am lo? to dispute any dictum ( a philosoph] z rem>kable = ! subtlety ( 8 intellect z = 8 va/ k2 b ! ass]tion t "o & ! same po9t or area ( space c h diff]5t 7conceivably opposite7 attributes appe>s to me to violate ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 :i* is ! f\ndation n only ( physical sci5ce1 b ( logic 9 g5]al4 ,x means t ,a c be n-,a4 ,f ',molecule' w\ld be ! m appropriate "n = su* a p>ticle4 ,un=tunately1 *emi/s employ ?is t]m 9 a special s5se1 z a "n = an aggregation ( _! smalle/ p>ticles1 = :i* !y reta9 ! designation ( 'atoms4' ,g ',at pres5t m organic analyses are made 9 a s+le day ?an 7 accompli%$ be=e ,liebig's "t 9 a :ole ye>4'--,h(mann1 ,f>aday ,lecture1 p4 #df4 ,h ,9 ! preface to 8 ,mcanique ,*imique ,m4 ,b]!lot decl>es 8 object to be 'ram5] la *imie t\t entirre 444 aux mmes pr9cipes mcaniques qui rgiss5t dj les div]ses bran*es de la physique4' ,i ,?is is ! m curi\s1 z ,ampre's hypo!sis t vibrations ( molecules1 caus+ & caus$ by vibrations ( ! e!r1 con/itute heat1 is discuss$4 ,see vol4 ii4 p4 #ehg1 #bnd ed4 ,9 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 #bnd ed41 #ahdg1 p4 #bci1 ,:ewell rem>ks1 propos ( ,bacon's def9ition ( heat1 't x is an expansive1 re/ra9$ motion1 modifi$ 9 c]ta9 ways1 & ex]t$ 9 ! small] p>ticles ( ! body2' t 'al?\gh ! exact nature ( heat is /ill an obscure & controv]t$ matt]1 ! sci5ce ( heat n[ consi/s ( _m important tru?s2 & t to none ( ^! tru?s is !re any approximation 9 ,bacon's essay4' ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,bacon's /atem5t1 h[ev] mu* op5 to criticism1 does conta9 a di/9ct approximation to ! mo/ important ( all ! tru?s respect+ heat :i* _h be5 discov]$ :5 ,:ewell wrote4 ,j ,p]haps ,i ought r to say ,button's axiom4 ,= t great naturali/ & writ] embodi$ ! pr9ciples ( s\nd geology 9 a pi?y phrase ( ! ,?oris de la ,t]re3 ',p\r jug] de ce qui e/ arriv1 et mme de ce qui arriv]a1 n\s n'avons qu' exam9] ce qui arrive4' ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley',s ,,works4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,! ,,crayfi%3 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,zo,,logy4 ,) #hb ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,sci5ce ,,prim]s3 ,,introductory4 #ahmo4 ,flexible clo?1 #de c5ts4 ,,man',s ,,place ,,9 ,,nature4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,m ,,criticisms ,,on ,,d>w91 ,,& ,,adm9i/rative ,,nihilism4 #abmo4 ,limp clo?1 #ej c5ts4 ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,v]tebrat$ ,,animals4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,inv]tebrat$ ,,animals4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,lay ,,s]mons1 ,,addresses1 ,,& ,,reviews4 #ab mo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,critiques ,,& ,,addresses4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,am]ican ,,addresses2 ,,) ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,biology4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,physiography3 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,nature4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,color$ ,plates4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,huxley ,,& ,,y\mans',s ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,physiology ,,& ,,hygi5e4 ,by ,t4,h4 ,,huxley & ,w4,j4 ,,y\mans4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,john ,,tyndall',s ,,works4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,float+ ,,matt] ,,( ,,! ,,air1 9 ,relation to ,putrefaction & ,infection4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,on ,,=ms ,,( ,,wat]1 9 ,cl\ds1 ,riv]s1 ,ice1 & ,glaci]s4 ,) #ce ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,heat ,,z ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,motion4 ,new edition4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,on ,,s\nd3 ,a ,c\rse ( ,eight ,lectures deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,new edition4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,unsci5tific ,,p4 #abmo4 ,new revis$ & enl>g$ edition4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,light ,,& ,,electricity4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,electricity1 #ahge-'gf4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,h\rs ,,( ,,ex]cise ,,9 ,,! ,,alps4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,f>aday ,,z ,a ,,discov]]4 ,a ,memoir4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,contributions ,,to ,,molecul> ,,physics 9 ! ,doma9 ( ,radiant ,heat4 #e4jj4 ,,six ,,lectures ,,on ,,light4 ,deliv]$ ,9 ,am]ica 9 #ahgb-'gc4 ,) an ,app5dix & num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 assembl$ at ,belfa/4 ,revis$ ) ,additions4 #abmo4 ,pap]1 #ej c5ts4 ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,diamagnetism ,,& ,,magnecry/allic ,,action1 includ+ ! ,"q ( ,diamagnetic ,pol>ity4 ,) ,t5 ,plates4 #abmo1 clo?4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9',s ,,works4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,natural ,,selection1 ,,or ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,favor$ ,,races ,,9 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,life4 ,f six? & la/ ,london edition4 #b vols41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #d4jj4 ,,desc5t ,,( ,,man1 ,,& ,,selection ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,sex4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,a new edition4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #c4jj4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,rese>*es ,,into ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,geology ,,( ,,c\ntries ,,visit$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,beagle ,,r\nd ,,! ,,_w4 ,new edition4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,emotional ,,expressions ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,l[] ,,animals4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,,! ,,v>iations ,,( ,,animals ,,& ,,plants ,,"u ,,dome/ication4 ,) a ,preface1 by ,pr(essor ,,asa ,,gray4 #b vols4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,,insectivor\s ,,plants4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,movem5ts ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,climb+ ,,plants4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,contrivances ,,by ,,:i* ,,or*ids ,,are ,,f]tiliz$ ,,by ,,insects4 ,revis$ edition1 ) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,cross ,,& ,,self ,,f]tilization ,,9 ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+dom4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,fl[]s ,,on ,,plants ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,species4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,movem5t ,,9 ,,plants4 ,by ,,*>les ,,d>w91 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 assi/$ by ,,francis ,,d>w94 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,vegetable ,,m\ld ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,worms4 ,) ,obs]vations on _! ,habits4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,alex&] ,,ba9',s ,,works4 ,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,! ,,intellect4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba94 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,! object ( ?is treatise is to give a full & sy/ematic acc\nt ( two pr9cipal divisions ( ! sci5ce ( m9d--! s5ses & ! intellect4 ,! value ( ! ?ird edition ( ! "w is greatly enhanc$ by an acc\nt ( ! psy*ology ( ,ari/otle1 :i* has be5 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,grote4 ,,! ,,emotions ,,& ,,! ,,w4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,! pres5t publication la a sequel to ! =m] "o on ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 & completes a sy/ematic exposition ( ! human m9d4 ,,m5tal ,,sci5ce4 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,psy*ology & ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,design$ z a ,text-book = ,high-,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 lea!r back1 #a4ej4 ,?is pres5t volume is an ab/ract ( two volum9\s works1 ,! ,s5ses & ! intellect & ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 & pres5ts 9 a compress$ & lucid =m ! views :i* are !re m ext5sively elaborat$4 ,,moral ,,sci5ce4 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,e?ics4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 lea!r back1 #a4ej4 ,! pres5t diss]tation falls "u two divisions4 ,! fir/ division entitl$ ,! ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 gives an acc\nt ( ! que/ions or po9ts br\ght into discussion1 & h&les at l5g? ! two ( greate/ prom95ce1 ! ,e?ical ,/&>d & ! ,moral ,faculty4 ,! second division--on ! ,e?ical ,sy/ems--is a full detail ( all ! sy/ems1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,,m9d ,,& ,,body4 ,!ories ( _! ,relations4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,a =cible /atem5t ( ! connection betwe5 m9d & body1 /udy+ _! subtile int]work+s by ! light ( ! mo/ rec5t physiological inve/igations4--,*ri/ian ,regi/]4 ,,logic1 ,,d$uctive ,,& ,,inductive4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 ,revis$ edition1 #abmo4 ,clo?1 lea!r back1 #b4jj4 ,,education ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,engli% ,,composition ,,& ,,rhetoric4 ,enl>g$ edition4 ,"p ,i4 ,intellectual ,elem5ts ( ,/yle4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d41 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,logic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 #abmo4 ,clo?1 lea!r back1 #a4ej4 ,,on ,,tea*+ ,,engli%4 ,) ,detail$ ,examples & an ,inquiry into ! ,def9ition ( ,poetry ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,,practical ,,essays4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,e/abli%$ by ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,y\mans4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly1 ,edit$ by ,w4,j4 ,,y\mans1 ,is fill$ ) sci5tific articles by well-kn[n writ]s on subjects ( popul> & practical int]e/4 ,its range ( topics1 :i* is wid5+ ) ! advance ( sci5ce1 comprises3 ,dome/ic & ,social ,economy4 ,political ,sci5ce1 or ! ,functions ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,psy*ology & ,education4 ,relations ( ,sci5ce & ,religion4 ,conditions ( ,heal? & ,prev5tion ( ,disease4 ,art & ,ar*itecture 9 ,practical ,life4 ,race ,developm5t4 ,agriculture & ,food ,products4 ,natural ,hi/ory2 ,exploration2 ,discov]y4 ,etc4 ,9 volume ,,xxxii1 :i* beg9s ) ! numb] = ,novemb]1 #ahhg1 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,le ,conte w discuss ! ,relations ( ,evolution & ,religion1 & ! ,hon4 ,david ,a4 ,wells w cont9ue 8 valuable pap]s on ,rec5t ,economic ,di/urbances4 ,! volume w also conta9 illu/rat$ articles on ,a/ronomy1 ,geography1 ,an?ropology1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ! ,applications ( ,sci5ce2 & w be enri*$ ) contributions by ,pr(essors ,j4,s4 ,newb]ry1 ,f4,w4 ,cl>ke1 ,n4,s4 ,%al]4 ,mr4 ,grant ,all51 ,mr4 ,appleton ,morgan1 & o!r di/+ui%$ writ]s4 ,x conta9s ,illu/rat$ ,articles1 ,biographical ,sket*es2 records & advance made 9 e bran* ( sci5ce2 is n te*nical2 & is int5d$ = non-sci5tific z well z sci5tific read]s4 ,no magaz9e 9 ! _w conta9s pap]s ( a m in/ructive & at ! same "t ( a m int]e/+ "*4 ,s+le numb]1 #ej c5ts4 ,ye>ly subscription1 #e4jj4